bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of Degenerate Band Gaps in Layered Systems
Authors: Ignatov Anton I. , Merzlikin Alexander M. , Levy Miguel , Vinogradov Alexey P.
Published: June 2012

In the review, peculiarities of spectra of one-dimensional photonic crystals made of anisotropic and/or magnetooptic materials are considered. The attention is focused on band gaps of a special type—the so called degenerate band gaps which are degenerate with respect to polarization. Mechanisms of formation and properties of these band gaps are analyzed. Peculiarities of spectra of photonic crystals that arise due to the linkage between band gaps are discussed. Particularly, it is shown that formation of a frozen mode is caused by linkage between Brillouin and degenerate band gaps. Also, existence of the optical Borrmann effect at the boundaries of degenerate band gaps and optical Tamm states at the frequencies of degenerate band gaps are analyzed.
5-(5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carbonyl)furan-3-carboxylate and New Cyclic C-Glycoside Analogues from Carbohydrate Precursors with MAO-B, Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activities
Authors: El-Sadek Mohamed Mohamed , Hassan Seham Yassen , El-Dayem Nagwa Said Abd , Yacout Galila Ahmed
Published: June 2012

Cyclization of acyclic C-glycoside derivatives 1a,b to 2a,b as the major isomers, and 4a,b as the minor isomers were carried out. The isopropylidene derivatives 3a,b were prepared, as well as the hydrazide derivative 6, which was condensed with a variety of aldehydes to give hydrazones 7a–e which were also prepared from the compounds 12a–e. Acetylation of 7a,d gave the corresponding acetyl derivatives 8a,d, respectively. In addition, the dicarbonyl compound 9 was prepared in the hydrate form, which reacted with a number of aroylhydrazines to give the corresponding bisaroyl-hydrazones 10a–d, which were cyclized into 1,3,4-oxadiazoles 11a–d. Furthermore, two of the prepared compounds were examined to show the ability to activate MAO-B. In addition a number of prepared compounds showed antibacterial and antiviral activities.
Synthesis and in Vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation of Aminoquinones Structurally Related to Marine Isoquinolinequinones
Authors: Delgado Virginia , Ibacache Andrea , Theoduloz Cristina , Valderrama Jaime A.
Published: June 2012

The synthesis of 4-methoxycarbonyl-3-methylisoquinolinequinone (1) and a variety of its substitution products with amino-, alkylamino and halogen groups on the quinone nucleus is reported. The series of 6-, 7- and 6,7-subtituted isoquinolinequinones were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxic activity using the MTT colorimetric method. All the newly synthesized compounds showed moderate to high potency against MRC-5 healthy lung fibroblasts and four human tumor cell lines: AGS gastric adenocarcinoma, SK-MES-1 lung, J82 bladder carcinoma, and HL-60 leukemia cells. Among the series, compounds 4b, 12 and 13 exhibited interesting antitumor activity against human gastric adenocarcinoma, human lung and human bladder carcinoma cancer cells. 7-Amino-6-bromoisoquinoline-5,8-quinone (13) was found to be the most promising active compound against the tested cancer cell lines, with IC50 values in the 0.21−0.49 mM range, lower than the anti-cancer agent etoposide used as reference.
Detection of miRNA in Cell Cultures by Using Microchip Electrophoresis with a Fluorescence-Labeled Riboprobe
Authors: Yamamura Shohei , Yatsushiro Shouki , Yamaguchi Yuka , Abe Kaori , Shinohara Yasuo , Kataoka Masatoshi
Published: June 2012

The analysis of a microRNA (miRNA), miR-222 isolated from the PC12 cell line, was performed by use of the ribonuclease (RNase) protection assay, cyanine 5 (Cy5)-labeled miR-222 riboprobe, and a Hitachi SV1210 microchip electrophoresis system, which can be used to evaluate the integrity of total RNA. The fluorescence intensity corresponding to the protected RNA fragment increased in a dose-dependent manner with respect to the complementary-strand RNA. More highly sensitive detection of miRNA by microchip electrophoresis than by conventional method using fluorescence-labeled riboprobe could be obtained in 180 s. An obvious increase in miR-222 expression induced by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells could be observed. These results clearly indicate the potential of microchip electrophoresis for the analysis of miRNA using RNase protection assay with a fluorescence-labeled riboprobe.
A New Inertial Aid Method for High Dynamic Compass Signal Tracking Based on a Nonlinear Tracking Differentiator
Authors: Guo Yao , Wu Wenqi , Tang Kanghua
Published: June 2012

In Compass/INS integrated navigation systems, feedback inertial navigation solutions to baseband tracking loops may eliminate receiver dynamic effects, and effectively improve the tracking accuracy and sensitivity. In the conventional inertially-aided tracking loop, the satellite-receiver line-of-sight velocity is used directly to adjust local carrier frequency. However, if the inertial solution drifts, the phase tracking error will be enlarged. By using Kalman filter based carrier phase tracking loop, this paper introduces a new inertial aid method, in which the line-of-sight jerk obtained from inertial acceleration by a nonlinear tracking differentiator is used to adjust relevant parameters of the Kalman filter’s process noise matrix. Validation is achieved through high dynamic Compass B3 signal with line-of-sight jerk of 10 g/s collected by a GNSS simulator. Experimental results indicate that the new inertial aid method proposed in this paper is free of the impact of the receiver dynamic and inertial errors. Therefore, when the integrated navigation system is starting or re-tracking after losing lock, the inertial error is absent from the navigation solution correction that induces large drift, and the new aid method proposed in this paper can track highly dynamic signals.
A Communication Model to Integrate the Request-Response and the Publish-Subscribe Paradigms into Ubiquitous Systems
Authors: Rodríguez-Domínguez Carlos , Benghazi Kawtar , Noguera Manuel , Garrido José Luis , Rodríguez María Luisa , Ruiz-López Tomás
Published: June 2012

The Request-Response (RR) paradigm is widely used in ubiquitous systems to exchange information in a secure, reliable and timely manner. Nonetheless, there is also an emerging need for adopting the Publish-Subscribe (PubSub) paradigm in this kind of systems, due to the advantages that this paradigm offers in supporting mobility by means of asynchronous, non-blocking and one-to-many message distribution semantics for event notification. This paper analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of both the RR and PubSub paradigms to support communications in ubiquitous systems and proposes an abstract communication model in order to enable their seamless integration. Thus, developers will be focused on communication semantics and the required quality properties, rather than be concerned about specific communication mechanisms. The aim is to provide developers with abstractions intended to decrease the complexity of integrating different communication paradigms commonly needed in ubiquitous systems. The proposal has been applied to implement a middleware and a real home automation system to show its applicability and benefits.
Multichannel Boron Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Ultramicroelectrode Arrays: Design, Fabrication and Characterization
Authors: Kiran Raphael , Rousseau Lionel , Lissorgues Gaëlle , Scorsone Emmanuel , Bongrain Alexandre , Yvert Blaise , Picaud Serge , Mailley Pascal , Bergonzo Philippe
Published: June 2012

We report on the fabrication and characterization of an 8 × 8 multichannel Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) ultramicro-electrode array (UMEA). The device combines both the assets of microelectrodes, resulting from conditions in mass transport from the bulk solution toward the electrode, and of BDD’s remarkable intrinsic electrochemical properties. The UMEAs were fabricated using an original approach relying on the selective growth of diamond over pre-processed 4 inches silicon substrates. The prepared UMEAs were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results demonstrated that the electrodes have exhibited a very fast electrode transfer rate (k0) up to 0.05 cm∙s−1 (in a fast redox couple) and on average, a steady state limiting current (in a 0.5 M potassium chloride aqueous solution containing 1 mM Fe(CN)64− ion at 100 mV∙s−1) of 1.8 nA. The UMEAs are targeted for electrophysiological as well as analytical applications.
Satellite Remote Sensing of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and a Potential Synthesized Framework
Authors: Shen Li , Xu Huiping , Guo Xulin
Published: June 2012

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are severe ecological disasters threatening aquatic systems throughout the World, which necessitate scientific efforts in detecting and monitoring them. Compared with traditional in situ point observations, satellite remote sensing is considered as a promising technique for studying HABs due to its advantages of large-scale, real-time, and long-term monitoring. The present review summarizes the suitability of current satellite data sources and different algorithms for detecting HABs. It also discusses the spatial scale issue of HABs. Based on the major problems identified from previous literature, including the unsystematic understanding of HABs, the insufficient incorporation of satellite remote sensing, and a lack of multiple oceanographic explanations of the mechanisms causing HABs, this review also attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complicated mechanism of HABs impacted by multiple oceanographic factors. A potential synthesized framework can be established by combining multiple accessible satellite remote sensing approaches including visual interpretation, spectra analysis, parameters retrieval and spatial-temporal pattern analysis. This framework aims to lead to a systematic and comprehensive monitoring of HABs based on satellite remote sensing from multiple oceanographic perspectives.
Casting Stones and Casting Aspersions: Let’s Not Lose Sight of the Main Issues in the Euthanasia Debate
Authors: Pereira Jose
Published: June 2012

Downie et al. identified some errors in my article challenging the safeguards that are in place in jurisdictions that have legalized euthanasia and assisted suicide [...]
Toward a Portrait of Canadian Cancer Control
Authors: Bryant Heather
Published: June 2012

This issue of Current Oncology carries the first in a new series of Cancer System Indicator Snapshots that will appear regularly in these pages over the next several issues [...]
Assisted Death and the Slippery Slope—Finding Clarity Amid Advocacy, Convergence, and Complexity
Authors: Shariff M.J.
Published: June 2012

This paper unpacks the slippery slope argument as it pertains to assisted death. The assisted-death regimes of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, and the states of Washington and Oregon are discussed and examined with respect to the slippery slope analytical rubric. In addition to providing a preliminary explanation of how the slippery slope argument has been academically defined and constructed, the paper examines assisted-death models from the perspective of considering what might exist at the top and at the bottom of the slippery slope. It also explores the nature and scope of safeguards implemented to avoid slippage, and shows that what lies at the top and bottom of the slippery slope may be different from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. After identifying some of the recent concerns that have arisen within each of the jurisdictions (concerns that might be viewed by some as evidence of slide), the paper concludes by making note of certain critical issues in the current assisted-death debate that merit deeper examination.
The Tip of the Iceberg
Authors: Narod S.A.
Published: June 2012

In February 2012, Ambry Genetics, a testing company based in Aliso Viejo, California, began to offer the BreastNext genetic test to women with earlyonset or familial breast cancer [...]
Effect of exercise in reducing breast and chest-wall pain in patients with breast cancer: a pilot study
Authors: Wong P. , Muanza T. , Hijal T. , Masse L. , Pillay S. , Chasen M. , Lowensteyn I. , Gold M. , Grover S.
Published: June 2012

Breast or chest-wall pain (bcp) is prevalent in 20%–50% of breast cancer survivors, and it affects quality of life (qol). To determine the feasibility and potential efficacy of an exercise program to improve patient qol and bcp, such a program was offered to breast cancer patients suffering from bcp. The study enrolled 10 breast cancer patients with moderate-to-severe bcp at 3–6 months after completion of all adjuvant treatments. These patients participated in a 12-week comprehensive health improvement program (chip). Intensity was adjusted to reach 65%–85% of the patient’s maximal heart rate. Before the chip and at 1 and 6 months after completion of the chip, qol and pain were measured using questionnaires [European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life core and breast cancer modules (qlq-C30, -BR23) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire short form] completed by the patients. Results were compared with those from case-matched control subjects from another study at McGill University. After the chip, patients reported significant and clinically important improvements in qol and symptoms. At 1 and 6 months post-chip, patients in the study felt, on average, better in overall qol than did historical control subjects. Our study suggests that patients who experience chronic bcp may benefit from an exercise program. A randomized controlled trial is warranted.
Quality-of-Life Outcomes in High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Helical Tomotherapy in a Hypofractionated Radiation Schedule with Long-Term Androgen Suppression
Authors: Pervez N. , Krauze A.V. , Yee D. , Parliament M. , Mihai A. , Ghosh S. , Joseph K. , Murtha A. , Amanie J. , Kamal M. , Pearcey R.
Published: June 2012

Purpose: We examined the impact of hypofractionated radiation therapy and androgen suppression therapy (AST) on quality of life (QOL) in high-risk prostate cancer patients. Methods: Between March 2005 and March 2007, 60 patients with high-risk prostate cancer were enrolled in a prospective phase ii study. All patients received 68 Gy (2.72 Gy per fraction) to the prostate gland and 45 Gy (1.8 Gy per fraction) to the pelvic lymph nodes in 25 fractions over 5 weeks. Of the 60 patients, 58 received AST. The University of California–Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index questionnaire was used to prospectively measure qol at baseline (month 0) and at 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months after radiation treatment. The generalized estimating equation approach was used to compare the QOL scores at 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months with those at baseline. Results: We observed a significant decrease in QOL items related to bowel and sexual function. Several QOL items related to bowel function were significantly adversely affected at both 1 and 6 months, with improvement toward 6 months. Although decreased QOL scores persisted beyond the 6-month mark, they began to re-approach baseline at the 18- to 24-month mark. Most sexual function items were significantly adversely affected at both 1 and 6 months, but the effects were not considered to be a problem by most patients. A complete return to baseline was not observed for either bowel or sexual function. Urinary function items remained largely unaffected, with overall urinary function being the only item adversely affected at 6 months, but not at 1 month. Urinary function returned to baseline and remained unimpaired from 18 months onwards. Conclusions: In our study population, who received hypofractionated radiation delivered using dynamic intensity-modulated radiotherapy with inclusion of the pelvic lymph nodes, and 2–3 years of AST prescription, QOL with respect to bowel and sexual function was significantly affected; QOL with respect to urinary function was largely unaffected. Our results are comparable to those in other published studies.
The Peter Brojde Lung Cancer Centre: A Model of Integrative Practice
Authors: Grossman M. , Agulnik J. , Batist G.
Published: June 2012

Background: The generally poor prognosis and poor quality of life for lung cancer patients have highlighted the need for a conceptual model of integrative practice. Although the philosophy of integrative oncology is well described, conceptual models that could guide the implementation and scientific evaluation of integrative practice are lacking. Purpose: The present paper describes a conceptual model of integrative practice in which the philosophical underpinnings derive mainly from integrative oncology, with important contributions from Traditional Chinese Medicine (tcm) and the discipline of nursing. The conceptual model is described in terms of its purpose, values, concepts, dynamic components, scientific evidence, clinical approach, and theoretical underpinnings. The model argues that these components delineate the initial scope and orientation of integrative practice. They serve as the needed context for evaluating and interpreting the effectiveness of clinical interventions in enhancing patient outcomes in lung cancer at various phases of the illness. Furthermore, the development of relevant and effective integrative clinical interventions requires new research methods based on whole-systems research. An initial focus would be the identification of interrelationship patterns among variables that influence clinical interventions and their targeted patient outcomes.
Fertility Risk Discussions in Young Patients Diagnosed with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Kumar A. , Merali A. , Pond G.R. , Zbuk K.
Published: June 2012

Purpose: In 2006, the American Society of Clinical Oncology established guidelines on fertility preservation in cancer patients, but recent data suggest that the guidelines are not widely followed. To identify the frequency of fertility discussions and the characteristics that influence the rate of discussion, we performed a retrospective chart review for patients less than 40 years of age with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer (crc). Methods: Charts of patients aged 18–40 years with newly diagnosed crc presenting to the Juravinski Cancer Centre from 2000 to 2009 were reviewed for documentation of discussions regarding fertility risks with treatment and reproductive options available. The influences of sex, age, year of diagnosis, stage of cancer, and type of treatment on the frequency of discussions were explored. Results: The review located 59 patients (mean age: 35 years) who met the criteria for inclusion. A fertility discussion was documented in 20 of those patients [33.9%; 95% confidence interval (ci): 22.1% to 47.4%]. In the multivariate analysis, the odds of fertility being addressed was higher for patients receiving radiation [odds ratio (or): 9.31; 95% ci: 2.49 to 34.77, p < 0.001) and lower by age (or: 0.86; 95% ci: 0.74 to 0.99; p = 0.040). Of patients less than 35 years of age undergoing radiation treatment, 85% had a documented fertility discussion. We observed no significant difference in the frequency of discussions after 2006, when the American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines were published (31.4% for 2000–2006 vs. 37.5% for 2007–2009, p = 0.63). Conclusions: Discussions about fertility risks associated with crc treatment occur infrequently among young adults with newly diagnosed crc. However, discussions occur more frequently in younger patients and in those undergoing radiation. Further investigations assessing barriers and physician attitudes to fertility risk discussion and reproductive options are planned.
International Variability in the Reimbursement of Cancer Drugs by Publically Funded Drug Programs
Authors: Cheema P.K. , Gavura S. , Migus M. , Godman B. , Yeung L. , Trudeau M.E.
Published: June 2012

Purpose: Evaluate inter-country variability in the reimbursement of publically funded cancer drugs, and identify factors such as cost containment measures that may contribute to variability. Methods: As of February 28, 2010, licensed indications for 10 cancer drugs (bevacizumab, bortezomib, cetuximab, erlotinib, imatinib, pemetrexed, rituximab, sorafenib, sunitinib, and trastuzumab) were obtained from the drug registries of 6 licensing authorities corresponding to 13 countries or regions: Australia, Canada (Ontario), England, Finland, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden, and the United States (Medicare Parts B and D). Number of licensed indications reimbursed by public payers and the use of cost containment measures were obtained by survey of health authorities involved in reimbursement and through public documents. Results: The 48 identified licensed indications varied between agencies (range: 36–44 indications). Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, and the United States reimbursed the highest percentage of indications (range: 90%–100%). Canada (54%), Australia (46%), Scotland (40%), England (38%), and New Zealand (25%) reimbursed the least. All 5 countries with the lowest rate of reimbursement incorporated a cost-effectiveness analysis into reimbursement decisions and rejected submissions for reimbursement mainly because of lack of cost effectiveness; in New Zealand, lack of cost effectiveness was the second leading cause of rejection after excessive cost. In 9 countries, risk-sharing agreements were used to contain costs. Indications initially not recommended for reimbursement (9 in Australia, 5 in Canada, and 3 in England, New Zealand, and Scotland) were subsequently approved with risk-sharing agreements or special pricing arrangements. Conclusions: Reimbursement of publically funded cancer drugs varies globally. The cause is multifactorial.
THE TOTAL OZONE AMOUNT CHANGES OVER LITHUANIA AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES / BENDROJO OZONO KIEKIO POKYČIAI VIRŠ LIETUVOS IR KAIMYNINIŲ ŠALIŲ
Authors: Tretjakovas Sergejus , Girgždys Aloyzas , Masilevičius Rolandas
Published: June 2012

Changes in the total ozone amount (TOA) above Lithuania and neighbouring countries during the period 1993–2008 have been analysed. The present study focuses on the TOA seasonal variations over the aforementioned area. The statistical data of measurements were analysed. The detailed information of TOA was presented by the Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service and the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC). The net of stations measuring the TOA changes was set; it consisted of 16 meteorological stations. The coefficients of correlation of TOA changes between various stations were calculated basing upon the Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. It was established that the seasonal TOA variation tendencies were coincident between the stations and most linear correlation coefficients between Lithuania and neighbouring countries were 0.9 and 1.0. During the analysis of TOA data, it was established that the results of measurements performed in Lithuania from May 1999 to February 2000 and from May 2000 to January 2001 were insufficiently precise. To estimate TOA in Lithuania (at Kaunas Meteorological Station) without performing direct measurements, the linear function was calculated using the least squares method and the data obtained from the investigated net of meteorological stations. The difference between calculated and measured TOA results was up to 8%. Santrauka Remiantis 1993–2008 m. duomenimis, nagrinėjami bendrojo ozono kiekio (BOK) pokyčiai virš Lietuvos ir kaimyninių šalių. Įvertintos sezoninių šių BOK pokyčių sąsajos. Išsamiõs informacijos apie BOK pateikė Lietuvos hidrometeorologijos tarnyba bei Pasaulio ozono ir ultravioletinės spinduliuotės duomenų centras. Sudarytas bendrojo ozono kiekio matavimo stočių tinklas iš 16 meteorologinių stočių. Analizuojant BOK pokyčių tarp skirtingų stočių tiesinės sąsajos stiprumą taikyti Pirsono koreliacijos koeficientai. Nustatyta, kad BOK sezoninių pokyčių tendencijos tarp šių stočių sutampa, ir dauguma koreliacijos koeficientų (tarp Lietuvos ir kaimyninių šalių) yra 0,9–1,0. Analizuojant BOK duomenis, nustatyta, kad nuo 1999 m. gegužės iki 2000 m. vasario ir nuo 2000 m. gegužės iki 2001 m. sausio Lietuvoje atliktų matavimų rezultatai nėra pakankamai tikslūs. Mažiausiųjų kvadratų metodu apskaičiuota tiesinė funkcija BOK nustatyti Lietuvoje (Kauno meteorologijos stotyje) neatliekant tiesioginių matavimų. BOK skaičiavimo ir matavimo rezultatų skirtumas siekia iki 8%.
STUDY OF GAS–SOLID FLOW IN A MULTICHANNEL CYCLONE / ORO IR KIETŲJŲ DALELIŲ SRAUTO DAUGIAKANALIAME CIKLONE TYRIMAS
Authors: Baltrėnas Pranas , Vaitiekūnas Petras , Jakštonienė Inga
Published: June 2012

This paper aims to analyse the problem of the gas–solid particle (SP) flow in the multichannel cyclone (three rings) with tangential inlet (KDG – equipment for separation of solid particles from gaseous fluid flow). It provides a review of experimental and theoretical papers that describe cyclones with a very complex swirling flow. The paper describes the experimental study and numerical modelling of the flow in the multichannel cyclone, the height of which is 0.72 m and the diameter – 0.50 m; with the height of the cylindrical part amounting to 0.29 m, the height of the conical part – 0.43 m, and the inlet area – 0.29×0.034 m2. The multi-functional measuring instrument Testo 400, intended for measuring the flow velocity in the inlet and outlet of the multichannel cyclone was used in experimental studies of the cyclone. Three-dimensional transport differential equations (Reynolds) for incompressible turbulent flow inside a cyclone are solved numerically using finite volume-based numerical method and turbulence models, namely the Standard k-ϵ model, the RNG k-ϵ model. According to results obtained during the experiments with quartz sand and quartz sand dust pollutants, the highest SP treatment efficiency as regards these pollutants, reaching 85.8-90.4%, was obtained. Modelling results obtained from the numerical tests with the inlet velocity of 6.27–10.78 m/s and, the flow rate of 0.111–0.190 m3/s have demonstrated a reasonable agreement with experimental and theoretical results. The average relative error was ± 4.3%. Santrauka Nagrinėjama dujų ir kietųjų dalelių aerodinamika daugiakanaliame (trijų žiedų) išcentriniame ciklone-filtre (keturkanalis dulkių gaudytuvas – KDG). Srauto įtekėjimas tangentinis. Apžvelgti eksperimentiniai ir teoriniai procesų tokiuose ciklonuose, kuriuose susidaro ypač sudėtingas sūkurinis srautas, tyrimo darbai. Atliktas eksperimentinis tyrimas ir skaitinis oro srauto judėjimo KDG ciklone modeliavimas (ciklonas 0,72 m aukščio ir 0,50 m skersmens, cilindrinės dalies aukštis −0,29 m, kūginės (dulkių rinktuvo) −0,43 m, įtekėjimo angos plotas −0,29×0,034 m2). Ciklono eksperimentiniams tyrimams naudota Testo 400 daugiafunkcis matuoklis, skirtas oro srauto greičiui matuoti daugiakanalio ciklono įtekėjimo ir ištekėjimo angose. Pateiktosios pernašos trimatės diferencialinės lygtys (Reinoldso) atvejo, kai turbulentinis srautas ciklono viduje nespūdusis, skaitiškai spręstos baigtinių tūrių metodu, taikant standartinį k-ϵ, ir RNG k-ϵ turbulencijos modelius. Remiantis tyrimų rezultatais, didžiausiasis ciklono su kvarcinio smėlio ir kvarcinio smėlio dulkių teršalais valymo efektyvumas siekė 85,8–90,4%. Modeliavimo rezultatai, kai įtekėjimo greitis 6,27–10,78 m/s ir debitas −0,111–0,190 m3/s, atitinkamai neblogai sutapo su eksperimentų duomenimis. Vidutinė santykinė paklaida siekė ±4,3 proc.
Recruitment of Memory B Cells to Lymph Nodes Remote from the Site of Immunization Requires an Inflammatory Stimulus
Authors: Shenoy Gautam N. , Chatterjee Priyadarshini , Kaw Sheetal , Mukherjee Snigdha , Rathore Deepak K. , Bal Vineeta , Rath Satyajit , George Anna
Published: June 2012

Successful recall Ab responses require recruitment of quiescent memory B cells to secondary lymphoid organs. However, the cellular dynamics of memory cells responding to local antigenic challenge at lymphoid sites distal from the initial Ag encounter are not well understood. We show in this study that memory B cells generated following s.c. immunization in one footpad generate secondary responses to soluble Ag given i.p. but not to Ag given s.c. in the contralateral footpad unless LPS is coadministered. Memory B cells do not express CD62L, and CD62L−ve cells cannot enter lymph nodes unless LPS-mediated inflammation is induced there. Functional TLR4 is required on the B cells, as well as on non-B cells, in the lymph node to achieve full recruitment. Furthermore, splenectomized mice fail to respond to such inflammatory s.c. challenge in contralateral footpads, unlike lymphadenectomized mice lacking the original draining lymph nodes. Splenectomized mice also fail to respond to i.p. challenge with soluble Ag. Together, these data indicate that, unlike the central memory pool of T cells, which circulates through resting lymph nodes, the majority of long-lived memory B cells are spleen resident and require inflammatory signals for mounting recall responses at distal challenge sites.
Subcuteneous Swelling as the First Clinical Manifestation of Small Cell Carcinoma of Lung
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Gupta Amit , Diwan Sanjay K. , Bhake Arvind
Published: June 2012

Subcutaneous swelling as first clinical presentation of small cell lung carcinoma is uncommon and rarely reported in literature. This case highlights a rare presentation in which subcutaneous swelling was the first clinical manifestation of a small cell carcinoma of lung which also had metastasis to rib bone, muscle and pleural involvement as pleural effusion. We describe the case of a 64-year-old male patient who presented with dyspnea, pleuritic pain, loss of weight and nodule on his anterior chest, back and left arm suspicious of lipoma. Biopsies revealed small cell carcinoma of lung. This case demonstrates the meticulous work up of subcutaneous swelling in the clinical scenario of breathlessness, chest pain and loss of weight.
Aerosol and precipitation chemistry measurements in a remote site in Central Amazonia: the role of biogenic contribution
Authors: Pauliquevis T. , Lara L. L. , Antunes M. L. , Artaxo P.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. In this analysis a 3.5 years data set of aerosol and precipitation chemistry, obtained in a remote site in Central Amazonia (Balbina, (1°55' S, 59°29' W, 174 m a.s.l.), about 200 km north of Manaus) is discussed. Aerosols were sampled using stacked filter units (SFU), which separate fine (d < 2.5 μm) and coarse mode (2.5 μm < d < 10.0 μm) aerosol particles. Filters were analyzed for particulate mass (PM), Equivalent Black Carbon (BCE) and elemental composition by Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). Rainwater samples were collected using a wet-only sampler and samples were analyzed for pH and ionic composition, which was determined using ionic chromatography (IC). Natural sources dominated the aerosol mass during the wet season, when it was predominantly of natural biogenic origin mostly in the coarse mode, which comprised up to 81% of PM10. Biogenic aerosol from both primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol dominates the fine mode in the wet season, with very low concentrations (average 2.2 μg m-3). Soil dust was responsible for a minor fraction of the aerosol mass (less than 17%). Sudden increases in the concentration of elements as Al, Ti and Fe were also observed, both in fine and coarse mode (mostly during the April-may months), which we attribute to episodes of Saharan dust transport. During the dry periods, a significant contribution to the fine aerosols loading was observed, due to the large-scale transport of smoke from biomass burning in other portions of the Amazon basin. This contribution is associated with the enhancement of the concentration of S, K, Zn and BCE. Chlorine, which is commonly associated to sea salt and also to biomass burning emissions, presented higher concentration not only during the dry season but also for the April–June months, due to the establishment of more favorable meteorological conditions to the transport of Atlantic air masses to Central Amazonia. The chemical composition of rainwater was similar to those ones observed in other remote sites in tropical forests. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH was 4.90. The most important contribution to acidity was from weak organic acids. The organic acidity was predominantly associated with the presence of acetic acid instead of formic acid, which is more often observed in pristine tropical areas. Wet deposition rates for major species did not differ significantly between dry and wet season, except for NH4+, citrate and acetate, which had smaller deposition rates during dry season. While biomass burning emissions were clearly identified in the aerosol component, it did not present a clear signature in rainwater. The biogenic component and the long-range transport of sea salt were observed both in aerosols and rainwater composition. The results shown here indicate that in Central Amazonia it is still possible to observe quite pristine atmospheric conditions, relatively free of anthropogenic influences.
Technical Note: Synthesis of isoprene atmospheric oxidation products: isomeric epoxydiols and the rearrangement products cis- and trans-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran
Authors: Zhang Z. , Lin Y.-H. , Zhang H. , Surratt J. D. , Ball L. M. , Gold A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) isomers are key gas-phase intermediates of isoprene atmospheric oxidation. Secondary organic aerosols derived from such intermediates have important impacts on air quality and health. We report here convergent and unambiguous pathways developed for the synthesis of isomeric IEPOX species and the rearrangement products cis- and trans-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran in good yield. The availability of such compounds is necessary to expedite research on isoprene atmospheric oxidation mechanisms and subsequent aerosol formation as well as the toxicological properties of the aerosols.
Crop harvest in Central Europe causes episodes of high airborne Alternaria spore concentrations in Copenhagen
Authors: Skjøth C. A. , Sommer J. , Frederiksen L. , Gosewinkel Karlson U.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. This study tests the hypothesis that Danish agricultural areas are the main source to airborne Alternaria spores in Copenhagen, Denmark. We suggest that the source to the overall load is mainly local, but with intermittent Long Distance Transport (LDT) from more remote agricultural areas. This hypothesis is supported by investigating a 10 yr bi-hourly record of Alternaria spores in the air from Copenhagen. This record shows 232 clinically relevant episodes with a distinct daily profile. The data analysis also revealed potential LDT episodes almost every year. A source map and analysis of atmospheric transport suggest that LDT always originates from the main agricultural areas in Central Europe. A dedicated emission study in cereal crops under harvest during 2010 also supports our hypothesis. The emission study showed that although the fields had been treated against fungal infections, harvesting still produced large amounts of airborne fungal spores. It is likely that such harvesting periods can cause clinically relevant levels of fungal spores in the atmosphere. Our findings suggest that crop harvest in Central Europe causes episodes of high airborne Alternaria spore concentrations in Copenhagen as well as other urban areas in this region. It is likely that such episodes could be simulated using atmospheric transport models.
Effect of spectrally varying albedo of vegetation surfaces on shortwave radiation fluxes and direct aerosol forcing
Authors: Zhu L. , Martins J. V. , Yu H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. This study develops an algorithm for the representation of large spectral variations of albedo over vegetation surfaces based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) observations at 7 discrete channels centered at 0.47, 0.55, 0.67, 0.86, 1.24, 1.63, and 2.11 μm. The MODIS 7-channel observations miss several major features of vegetation albedo including the vegetation red edge near 0.7 μm and vegetation absorption features at 1.48 and 1.92 μm. We characterize these features by investigating aerosol forcing in different spectral ranges. We show that the correction at 0.7 μm is the most sensitive and important due to the presence of the red edge and strong solar radiation; the other two corrections are less sensitive due to the weaker solar radiation and strong atmospheric water absorption. Four traditional approaches for estimating the reflectance spectrum and the MODIS enhanced vegetation albedo (MEVA) are tested against various vegetation types: dry grass, green grass, conifer, and deciduous from the John Hopkins University (JHU) spectral library; aspens from the US Geological Survey (USGS) digital spectral library; and Amazon vegetation types. Compared to traditional approaches, MEVA improves the accuracy of the outgoing flux at the top of the atmosphere by over 60 W m−2 and aerosol forcing by over 10 W m−2. Specifically, for Amazon vegetation types, MEVA can improve the accuracy of daily averaged aerosol forcing at equator at equinox by 3.7 W m−2 (about 70% of the aerosol forcing calculated with high spectral resolution surface reflectance). These improvements indicate that MEVA can contribute to vegetation covered regional climate studies, and help to improve understanding of climate processes and climate change.
Water investment in Mexico City: contradictory elements preventing investment efficiency
Authors: Marquez-Dorantes M. J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The complex connections between environmental and socio-economic variables in the water sector system involve not only ecological changes such as climate change but also a need for changes in socio-economic arenas to reduce the impacts of climate change. It is necessary not only to acknowledge the elements of change but also to understand the constraints preventing change in specific cases. The challenges faced by the water sector in Mexico City, as the world's second largest urban agglomeration with its fast growing population, limited external water sources, depleted aquifers and increased disaster risks, call for urgent measures to resolve the inefficiencies found in the traditional approach to water investment. This paper explores how far the multiple objectives of different actors involved in water projects are balanced to attain integrated water management. The Santa Catarina Water Supply Project, which is in a highly contentious area because of the limited availability of drinking water, is presented as a case study. The analysis shows that the multiple objectives of the different actors involved, together with an institutional structure that perpetuates a traditional engineering approach, constrain the effective and efficient delivery of water projects. The institutional analysis development framework (Ostrom, 2006) is used to analyse the arena of investment decision-making in water for Mexico City. Following the notion of institutional arrangements as "incentives and deterrents" (Ostrom, 1976), eight contradictory elements are proposed to illustrate the process by which institutional arrangements, implemented by specific actors with the intention of producing specific outcomes, are inefficient in delivering the expected outcomes, and can even produce negative ones when interacting with other existing formal and informal arrangements determined by other actors. These elements explain both the resilience of the system, which has so far prevented its collapse, and the magnitude of a growing problem that demands change.
INDOOR LOCALIZATION USING WI-FI BASED FINGERPRINTING AND TRILATERATION TECHIQUES FOR LBS APPLICATIONS
Authors: Chan S. , Sohn G.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The past few years have seen wide spread adoption of outdoor positioning services, mainly GPS, being incorporated into everyday devices such as smartphones and tablets. While outdoor positioning has been well received by the public, its indoor counterpart has been mostly limited to private use due to its higher costs and complexity for setting up the proper environment. The objective of this research is to provide an affordable mean for indoor localization using wireless local area network (WLAN) Wi-Fi technology. We combined two different Wi-Fi approaches to locate a user. The first method involves the use of matching the pre-recorded received signal strength (RSS) from nearby access points (AP), to the data transmitted from the user on the fly. This is commonly known as "fingerprint matching". The second approach is a distance-based trilateration approach using three known AP coordinates detected on the user's device to derive the position. The combination of the two steps enhances the accuracy of the user position in an indoor environment allowing location-based services (LBS) such as mobile augmented reality (MAR) to be deployed more effectively in the indoor environment. The mapping of the RSS map can also prove useful to IT planning personnel for covering locations with no Wi-Fi coverage (ie. dead spots). The experiments presented in this research helps provide a foundation for the integration of indoor with outdoor positioning to create a seamless transition experience for users.
MOBILE MODELLING FOR CROWDSOURCING BUILDING INTERIOR DATA
Authors: Rosser J. , Morley J. , Jackson M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Indoor spatial data forms an important foundation to many ubiquitous computing applications. It gives context to users operating location-based applications, provides an important source of documentation of buildings and can be of value to computer systems where an understanding of environment is required. Unlike external geographic spaces, no centralised body or agency is charged with collecting or maintaining such information. Widespread deployment of mobile devices provides a potential tool that would allow rapid model capture and update by a building's users. Here we introduce some of the issues involved in volunteering building interior data and outline a simple mobile tool for capture of indoor models. The nature of indoor data is inherently private; however in-depth analysis of this issue and legal considerations are not discussed in detail here.
Transports and budgets in a 1/4 ° global ocean reanalysis 1989–2010
Authors: Haines K. , Valdivieso M. , Zuo H. , Stepanov V. N.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Large-scale ocean transports of heat and freshwater have not been well monitored, and yet the regional budgets of these quantities are important to understanding the role of the oceans in climate and climate change. In contrast, atmospheric heat and freshwater transports are commonly assessed from atmospheric reanalysis products, despite the presence of non-conserving data assimilation based on the wealth of distributed atmospheric observations as constraints. The ability to carry out ocean reanalyses globally at eddy-permitting resolutions of 1/4 ° or better, along with new global ocean observation programs, now makes a similar approach viable for the ocean. In this paper we examine the budgets and transports within a global high resolution ocean model constrained by ocean data assimilation, and compare them with independent oceanic and atmospheric estimates.
Los partidos colombianos y la representación de las mujeres (1990-2006). ¿Compromiso de fondo o superficial?
Authors: Wills Obregón María Emma , Cardozo García Florentina
Published: June 2012

Do parties, which proclaim a gender equity commitment, translate such commitment by including quotas for women in their electoral lists and directorate? Do they have financial funds and political training policies expressly directed towards women? As the Colombian case shows, parties are complex and contradictory organizations, which can at the programmatic level express a deep commitment towards gender equity and at other levels, react with hostility against women quotas and exclusionary policies.
Estado, democracia y violencia en América Latina
Authors: Uribe López Mauricio
Published: June 2012

Due to the high levels of violence in Latin America, the security policy debate has hesitated between two approaches: the Zero Tolerance approach and the preventive social policy; it is a false dilemma. The effectiveness of both the ’nightstick’ and the ’carrot’ depends on the quality of democracy. If the State actor’s action responds to particularistic logics, and it is not able to guarantee that the rule of law reaches the entire territory, security policies could become an additional source of insecurity. The quality of democracy as a regime and as the rule of law should be considered prior to uncritically copying foreign security policies. It is wise to do so while designing incentives systems for the security sector.
Signs, curls, and time variations: learning to appreciate Faraday’s law
Authors: Sihvola A. , Leppävirta J. , Kettunen H.
Published: June 2012

In this article, we present the analysis of a study on the development of conceptual understanding of dynamic electromagnetic fields of electrical engineering students in Finland. The focus of the study was teaching and understanding of Faraday’s law. A coil with two light-emitting diodes and a strong permanent magnet were used with which the induced electromotive force could be made visible. However, the field and flux directions, temporal changes, and topological constellations within this setting determine in a subtle manner the character of the resulting electric effect. The demonstration was used on electromagnetic field theory classes at Aalto University, Finland, to assess the conceptual understanding of the students. Drawing from the Peer Instruction principle, the students were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning this experiment, first on their own, and once again after discussing with their neighbors in the classroom. They were asked about the direction of the electric force and the confidence of their answer. The results show that the answer is not very obvious: students tend to vote for the wrong answer. The Peer Instruction discussion greatly improves the situation. Also, the confidence of the students increases thanks to the discussion period with neighbors. The results, however, seem to be somewhat sensitive to the exact constellation and the administration of the experiment.
All-dielectric photonic metamaterials operating beyond the homogenization regime
Authors: Do K. V. , Le Roux X. , Caer C. , Morini D. , Vivien L. , Cassan E.
Published: June 2012

Photonic metamaterials made of graded photonic crystals operating near the bandgap frequency region are proposed for field manipulation around l=1.5μm. Proof-of-concept structures have been studied using Hamiltonian optics and FDTD simulation, fabricated, and characterized using farfield optical measurements. Experimental results are in good agreement with predictions, showing the interest of graded photonic crystals as an (ultra-low loss) alternative solution to the use of metamaterials combining dielectric and metallic materials with sub-wavelength unit cells.