bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segara Kerthi as The Foundation of Hospitality Education Strengthening Marine Environmental Awareness Among Students
Authors: Anggayana I Wayan Agus , Osin Rosvita Flaviana , Sumardani Rizki , Sengkey Fenny , Wiramatika I Gede , Asriyani Retny , Lindawati Ni Putu
Published: December 2024

This study aims to comprehensively explore the implementation of the Segara Kerthi concept as a foundational element within hospitality education, with a specific focus on enhancing marine environmental awareness among students in the University. The research was conducted in Bali, involving a sample of 20 students who participated as respondents. The research method employed a qualitative approach, utilizing various data collection techniques, including in-depth interviews, participant observations, and thorough document analysis, to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. The results of this study reveal that the integration of the Segara Kerthi concept into the hospitality education curriculum has a profound impact on increasing students' awareness, knowledge, and appreciation of the importance of preserving marine environments. The students who participated in this study not only exhibited a deeper understanding of marine environmental issues but also demonstrated a heightened level of engagement and active participation in marine conservation activities. This indicates that the educational strategies employed were effective in fostering a strong environmental ethic among students, particularly concerning marine ecosystems. The conclusions drawn from this research suggest that the Segara Kerthi concept serves as a valuable and effective framework for embedding environmental consciousness within the hospitality education sector. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the Segara Kerthi concept be widely adopted and implemented across various hospitality education programs. Additionally, it suggests that collaborative efforts involving multiple stakeholders, including educators, industry professionals, and environmental organizations, be strengthened to enhance the effectiveness of marine environmental conservation initiatives. The scope of this study was limited to students from the Community Academy. Therefore, it is recommended that future research expand the sample size and include a more diverse population to validate and extend the findings of this study.
From Feeds To Beaches: Social Media Driving Coastal Tourism
Authors: Setiawan Wahyu , Azizah Nur
Published: December 2024

This study aims to analyze the impact of social media on Generation Z and Millennial tourists' motivation to visit marine tourism destinations in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. As digital natives, these generations are particularly influenced by social media in their travel decisions, making them a crucial demographic for understanding the evolving landscape of tourism marketing. The research employs a quantitative approach with questionnaire survey. A total of 300 respondents (150 Gen Z and 150 Millennials) who have visited or plan to visit marine tourism destinations in Gunungkidul were surveyed online. Data analysis utilized SMART PLS to examine the relationships between social media engagement, destination image, and travel motivation. The findings reveal a strong positive correlation between social media engagement and the motivation to visit Gunungkidul's marine destinations among both generations. Instagram and TikTok emerged as the most influential platforms, with user-generated content and influencer collaborations playing pivotal roles in shaping destination perceptions. Interestingly, Gen Z showed a higher susceptibility to peer recommendations and viral challenges, while Millennials were more influenced by informative content and authentic travel experiences shared on social media. The study contributes to the theoretical understanding of social media's role in shaping young tourists' motivations in the context of marine tourism. It also provides practical implications for destination marketers and tourism stakeholders in Gunungkidul, offering strategies to effectively leverage social media platforms to attract Gen Z and Millennial visitors
Externalizing Problems in Children: Examining the Role of Caregiver and Child Adversities and Parental Involvement
Authors: Kersey Bailey , Thomsen Kari , Bartelli Debra , Howell Kathryn
Published: December 2024

Previous research has shown that exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is associated with increased behavior problems in children. Few studies, however, have taken a multi-informant approach to examine how different factors involving both the child and caregiver affect children’s externalizing problems. Guided by Bowen’s Family Systems Theory, the current study examined how child age and gender, caregiver age, household income, child and caregiver adversity, and child and caregiver report of caregiver involvement were associated with children’s externalizing problems. The sample included 65 caregiver-child dyads recruited from community programs in the Midsouth, United States. Youth were aged 6-12 years and primarily identified as Black or African American (95.45%) and as boys (54.55%). Two linear regression models were run with caregiver-report of child externalizing problems as the dependent variable in both models. One model focused on child variables, including child age, child gender, child adversity, and child-report of parental involvement, while the other centered caregiver variables, including caregiver age, income, caregiver ACEs, and caregiver report of their own parental involvement. Only the caregiver model was significant, with more caregiver ACEs related to higher child externalizing problems. None of the other independent variables were related to child externalizing problems. These results demonstrate the impact of caregiver’s history of adversity on child functioning. Interventions that target children’s externalizing problems may benefit from incorporating an assessment of parent adversity history. Future research should explore underlying mechanisms that may explain this association to identify modifiable factors that could be included in treatments for youth experiencing externalizing problems. KEYWORDS: Intergenerational; Behavior Problems; Adverse Childhood Experiences; ACEs; Caregiver-child Dyads; Youth Functioning; Family Systems; Multi-informant
Cross-validation Optimal Fold-Number for Model Selection
Authors: Vasilopoulos Angelos , Matthews Gregory
Published: December 2024

The resampling method of k-fold cross-validation is popular for error estimation and model selection in computational research. However, there is limited focus in the literature on the question of what fold number k is appropriate for various dataset dimensions. Here we review relevant literature and present a simulation of linear and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression prediction error estimation at various values of k and sample size n. In agreement with current literature, we find that contrary to a persisting understanding, there is no bias-variance trade-off in selection of k. Instead, with increasing k both bias and variance decrease, perhaps asymptotically. Our results also suggest a predictable relationship between optimal values of k and n. KEYWORDS: Cross-validation; Optimization; Fold number
Effects Of Sex Education Perspectives
Authors: Shojaei Tatiana , Glick Ryan
Published: December 2024

Sex education is crucial for promoting informed and healthy sexual behaviors, though the content and approach of these programs have varied significantly. This study examined three distinct approaches to sex education—love and intimacy-based, biology-based, and abstinence-based—with the aim of evaluating how each influenced perceptions of sex, virginity, love, intimacy, and sexual well-being. By examining the strengths and limitations of these strategies, this research aims to enhance the investigation of diverse sex education perspectives. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: love and intimacy-based, biology-based, abstinence-based, or control, with each group receiving a corresponding educational video, except for the control group. Although no statistically significant differences were observed among the groups, participants who already held abstinence-based perspectives were more likely to view virginity as a gift. Significant gender differences were also found, with women reporting higher levels of stigma and stronger associations of love with sex. These findings underscored the impact of participants’ preexisting sex education perspectives and gender on their attitudes toward sex and virginity, suggesting that sex education programs may benefit from accounting for these individual differences to enhance their effectiveness. KEYWORDS: Sex Education; Comprehensive Sex Education; Abstinence-Based Sex Education; Love And Intimacy-Based Sex Education; Biology-Based Sex Education; Sexual Well-Being; Perceptions Of Virginity; Gender Differences; Sexual Attitudes
Identifying SES Factors in the National Household Education Surveys
Authors: Delore Amanda , Jeanty Ashley , Brown Ron
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine if conceptually and psychometrically rigorous measures of socioeconomic status could be developed for the National Household Educational Surveys (NHES). Exploratory factor analyses were performed for the following NHES: (1) Parent and Family Involvement in Education; (2) School Readiness; (3) Early Childhood Program Participation; (4) After School Programs and Activities; and (5) Adult Education/Adult Education and Lifelong Learning over several years of this administration, including two of the NHES surveys conducted in 2019. The results, while preliminary, suggest that rigorous measures of socioeconomic status (SES) can be constructed for most of the surveys based on Hauser and Warren’s model which used income, education, and occupation. This should enhance inferences based on these data and simultaneously increase the appeal of this database to the educational research community. If the measurement of SES is enhanced, it will fundamentally raise the level of quality of research findings and make them more attractive to educational researchers who use the NHES survey database. KEYWORDS: Educational Attainment; Exploratory Factor Analysis; National Surveys; Parent Involvement; School Readiness; Socioeconomic Status; Data Analysis Methods; Educational Research Databases
On the Center of Mass of the Half n-Ball
Authors: Randall Hugh Riley , Ilie Carolina
Published: December 2024

This project explores how the center of mass (COM) of a half n-ball depends on the dimension, n. We study the case of uniform density, where the COM is equivalent to the object’s centroid, or geometric center. We find a closed form solution, a sequence describing the centroid in n dimensions, which confirms the common two and three dimensional cases. Furthermore, the sequence is analytically proven to converge to zero in the limit as n approaches infinity. KEYWORDS: Mechanics; Mathematical Physics; Center of Mass; Centroid; Hyper-Geometry
Yörük Aile Yapısında Meydana Gelen Değişmelere Dair Sosyolojik Bir Analiz
Authors: Öter Adem , Kemik Asiye
Published: December 2024

Toplumun en temel kurumlarından biri olan aile genel olarak; evlilik yoluyla bir araya gelen kadın ile erkeğin karşılıklı ilişki ve etkileşiminden doğan kurumsal bir yapı olarak tanımlanabilir. Aile, insanlıkla birlikte mevcudiyet kazanan belki de ilk toplumsal kurumdur. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde aile, içinde bulunduğu toplum özelinde farklı biçimsel özelliklere sahip olmakla birlikte her zaman bulunduğu toplumsal yapı içinde önemli işlevler yerine getirmiştir. Modernleşme süreciyle birlikte aile kurumunda da yapısal ve işlevsel değişiklikler olmuştur. Bu değişikliklerden Yörük aile yapısı da ister istemez etkilenmiştir. Aile kurumunda meydana gelen bu değişiklikler aile içi statü ve rollerde ilişkisel düzeyde değişmeye neden olmuştur.
Bu çalışmada modernleşmenin de etkisiyle farklılaşmaya başlayan toplum yapısıyla birlikte değişmeye başlayan aile ilişkileri, Yörük ailesi özelinde sosyolojik bağlamda ele alınmıştır.
Zira ailenin, aile içi rol ve sorumlulukların, içinde bulunulan toplum ve yaşam biçiminden etkilendiği gerçeğinden yola çıkılarak; konargöçer bir yaşam tarzına sahip olan Yörüklerin başta modernleşme olmak üzere, çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı zamanla yerleşik yaşama geçmeye başlamış olmaları, Yörük aile yapısındaki sosyolojik değişimleri beraberinde getirmiştir.
Bu çalışmada konuyla ilgili literatür taraması yapılarak elde edilen veriler sosyolojik olarak değerlendirilip yorumlanmıştır.
Siyasal Parti Teorileri Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme: İYİ Parti
Authors: Demir Oğuz
Published: December 2024

Çalışmanın konusu, İYİ Parti’nin hangi şartlar altında ortaya çıktığı, ne tür süreçlerden geçtiği, hangi temel değerler üzerine kurulduğu ve siyasi partileri açıklamak üzere geliştirilen çeşitli teorilere ne ölçüde uyumluluk gösterdiği sorularına cevap aramak üzerinedir. Türk siyasi hayatında genel ve yerel seçimlerde halkın belli oranda desteğini almış bir partinin hangi süreçler sonucunda ortaya çıktığını açıklamak, alan yazındaki çeşitli teoriler bağlamında inceleyerek Türk demokrasi tarihine neler kattığını değerlendirmek çalışmanın, alana ve araştırmacılara sunacağı veriler açısından değerli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, İYİ Parti’nin oluşumunu tarihsel süreç içerisinde inceleyerek elde edilen çeşitli tarihsel verilerle İYİ Parti’yi bir siyasi parti olarak doğuş teorileri, parti tipolojileri ve kurumsallaşma teorileri bağlamında değerlendirmektir. Çalışmada birincil ve ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılmış ve bu kaynaklar ışığında eleştirel-yorumsamacı metot takip edilerek İYİ Parti’ye ilişkin çıkarımlarda bulunulmuştur. İYİ Parti doğuş teorileri, parti tipolojileri ve kurumsallaşma ölçütleri bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. İYİ Parti’nin parlamento içinden doğan bir parti olduğu, hem kadro hem de kitle partisi özelliği taşıdığı söylenebilir. İYİ Parti’nin kurumsallık ölçütlerinden karmaşıklık ölçütlerini sağlamada zorluk çekmediği, özerklik ve tutarlık ölçütleri açısından İYİ Parti’nin kurumsallaşmada zorlandığı belirtilebilir.
Çocuk Obezitesi ve Obezite Cerrahisi: Tanım, Nedenler, Tedavi ve Yönetim
Authors: Şahin Ahmet Hikmet
Published: December 2024

Çocuk obezitesi, modern sağlık sistemlerinin karşılaştığı en büyük zorluklardan biri haline gelmiştir. Obezite, çocuklarda ve ergenlerde önemli sağlık sorunlarına yol açabilen, kronik bir hastalıktır. Bu durum, sadece fiziksel sağlık üzerinde değil, aynı zamanda psikososyal gelişim üzerinde de derin etkiler yaratmaktadır. Çocuklarda obezite yönetimi, diyet ve yaşam tarzı değişikliklerinden cerrahi müdahalelere kadar geniş bir yelpazede tedavi seçeneklerini içerir. Bu derleme, çocuk obezitesinin nedenleri, sonuçları, tedavi yöntemleri ve özellikle obezite cerrahisinin rolü üzerinde duracaktır.
Digital Film Consumption Beyond Legal Frameworks : A New Form of Cinephilia? A Empirical Investigation of Unauthorized Film Access (2001-2012)
Authors: Gimello-Mesplomb Frédéric
Published: December 2024

This article examines how unauthorized film access practices evolved into sophisticated forms of cultural consumption between 2001-2012, a pivotal decade marked by the fall of Napster and MegaUpload. Through empirical research, it demonstrates that these practices, rather than being mere piracy, represent emerging forms of cinephile behavior characterized by discerning taste and cultural expertise.The study reveals that downloaders exhibit complex consumption patterns that complement rather than replace traditional cinephile practices. They maintain parallel legal consumption through theater attendance and DVD purchases, while using downloading to access rare or unavailable films that traditional distribution channels fail to provide. This "niche cinephilia" reflects a sophisticated taste culture rather than opportunistic consumption.The research shows that downloaders are typically well-equipped consumers, with 56% having both high-speed internet and paid TV subscriptions. They demonstrate high levels of technical knowledge and specific film preferences, actively seeking particular titles rather than downloading randomly - 76% report knowing exactly what films they want before connecting.Their motivations extend beyond economic factors to address market gaps, particularly regarding rare films, foreign cinema, and classic movies unavailable through legal channels. This behavior suggests an evolution in how film culture is accessed and appreciated, pointing to a more complex relationship between legal and unauthorized consumption than previously understood.The findings indicate that these emerging practices have become normalized modes of film consumption presenting few differences from traditional cinephile behaviors. Rather than undermining film culture, they appear to be enriching it by enabling access to a broader range of cinematic works and fostering new forms of expertise and appreciation.The study concludes that unauthorized film access represents a "demand-driven cinephilia" that contrasts with the "supply-driven cinephilia" of traditional distribution channels, reflecting broader changes in how cultural content is consumed and appreciated in the digital age.
Ovipositional preferences of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, on different host plants under laboratory conditions
Authors: Ahmed Agha Mushtaque , Alhilfi Ali Zachi Abdulqadeer , Panhwar Waheed Ali , Khoso Fahad Nazir , Kubar Muhammad Ibhrahim , Gadahi Aamir Mustafa
Published: December 2024

The interaction between insects and their host plants is essential for understanding successful oviposition, particularly for polyphagous insects. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a significant pest affecting over 300 host plant species. In light of its impact, an experiment was conducted to examine FAW oviposition on Brassica rapa L., B. oleracea var. capitata, and Zea mays L. Results from this study revealed a notable influence of host plant species on FAW oviposition preferences. The highest egg count (675 ± 32.4 eggs) was recorded on maize, specifically on the maize strain of FAW. In choice experiments, the FAW maize strain showed a strong preference for ovipositing on maize. Interestingly, neither the mustard strain (139 ± 37.3 eggs) nor the cabbage strain (37.0 ± 4.6 eggs) laid the highest number of eggs on their respective host plants. Among reproductive parameters, the primary difference observed was in the oviposition period. For adult diets, the highest fecundity, with 1188 ± 64.84 eggs, was achieved with a honey + protein solution diet. These findings suggest that adult diet has a substantial impact on oviposition period and can be beneficial for mass-rearing FAW in laboratory settings. In conclusion, the results indicate that FAW in Pakistan still shows a strong preference for maize and has not adapted to other host plants as primary options. This preference for maize warrants focused pest management strategies to keep FAW populations below threshold levels and minimize crop damage.
Molecular identification of leaf spot-like pathogens infecting apples of soe cultivar in Timor Island
Authors: Tang Basry Yadi , Sir Rika Welhelmina , Vertygo Stormy , Swari Wahyu Dani , Parlindo Fitra , Matra Deden Derajat , Hendrastuti Elisabeth Sri
Published: December 2024

Apples of the Soe cultivar are a major horticultural crop on Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. However, their cultivation and productivity are significantly hindered by leaf spot disease. This disease causes severe damage to trees, impairing their ability to photosynthesize and consequently reducing fruit production. Various training initiatives have been implemented to improve fungal pest control in apple cultivation, yet expected results have not been achieved, largely because the specific pathogen had not been identified. Therefore, in the current study, leaf samples showing leaf spot symptoms were collected from apple orchards in five villages of Timor Island: Pubasu, Tunua, Tubuhue, Tobu, and Binaus. The samples underwent DNA extraction, followed by amplification through PCR. The amplified DNA was sequenced and analyzed using BLAST to identify the exact pathogen species. Molecular analysis revealed three primary pathogens responsible for leaf spot in the Soe apple cultivar: Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, and Fusarium solani. The study provided molecular identification and characterization of the major pathogens causing leaf spot in Soe apples on Timor Island. Identifying these pathogens lays the groundwork for developing more targeted and effective disease management strategies, empowering farmers to better manage and potentially eradicate this disease.
In vitro evaluation of maize varieties on the development and reproduction of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Dhiloo Khalid Hussain , Shahid Kainat , Hajano Jamal-U-Ddin , Ahmed Ali , Chandio Waqar Ali , Fatima Kaneez , Lashari Aneeta , Soomro Din Muhammad
Published: December 2024

In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the developmental and reproductive responses of Chilo partellus on different maize varieties in the Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technology Laboratory, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. The maize stem borer, C. partellus, is a highly destructive insect pest that severely affects both fodder and cultivated crops worldwide. Although pesticides provide limited control of early infestations, they are ineffective against internal feeders and pose environmental risks. In contrast, utilizing resistant maize cultivars offers a sustainable, ecologically safe, and socially acceptable pest management strategy. The study revealed significant differences in the survival rates and developmental durations of C. partellus between hybrid and conventional maize under laboratory conditions. On conventional maize, the total developmental period ranged from 46.22 to 69.34 days (mean: 57.78 ± 11.56 days), whereas on hybrid maize, it ranged from 26.87 to 40.99 days (mean: 33.93 ± 7.06 days). Each developmental stage was shorter on hybrid maize. Females survived longer than males on both maize varieties, but their lifespan was notably shorter on hybrid maize. Regarding reproductive traits, C. partellus showed higher mean fecundity on conventional maize (604 ± 104.67 eggs, range: 500.11-709.44) compared to hybrid maize (302 ± 95.06 eggs, range: 207.44-397.56). Egg fertility was also significantly higher on conventional maize (mean: 55.44 ± 1.81%) compared to hybrid maize (mean: 24.61 ± 1.77%). Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in developmental durations and reproductive traits between the two maize varieties. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid maize as a resistant cultivar against C. partellus.
Social, economic, and cultural dimensions of wheat stripe rust dynamics in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Authors: Mehmood Sajid , Hussain Arsalan , Sajid Marina , Rafiq Khadija , Jamal Noman , Latif Shahzad , Irshad Gulshan , Fayyaz Muhammad , Haq Muhammad Inam ul
Published: December 2024

The present study examined the cultural significance of wheat and the threat of wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, aiming to protect wheat farming heritage, promote sustainable practices, and ensure future food security. A mixed-methods approach was employed to capture the multifaceted role of wheat within Rawalpindi’s social structure, traditions, and food security dynamics. Surveys and interviews revealed that most wheat fields were at the tillering and heading stages during the survey period. Sporadic disease outbreaks, particularly at the milking stage, were reported in areas such as Maira Shareef and Chakri villages, highlighting localized infections. To achieve the study objectives, the qualitative component involved in-depth interviews with 10 agricultural specialists in wheat cultivation and 12 experienced wheat farmers, selected through purposive sampling. For the quantitative component, stratified random sampling was used to engage 300 wheat farmers, providing broader insights into farming practices and disease awareness. A significant contrast emerged regarding awareness of wheat stripe rust disease. Although farmers expressed concern about its potential to reduce yields, much of the general population remained unaware of the disease. This underscores the importance of targeted awareness initiatives, such as grassroots campaigns delivered in local languages to address these knowledge gaps effectively. The study emphasized the need for collaborative efforts among stakeholders, including researchers, policymakers, and farmers, to develop disease-resistant wheat varieties. It also advocated for ecosystem-based pest management strategies to mitigate the impact of wheat stripe rust and ensure the sustainability of wheat farming traditions.
Cloning and overexpression of Zea mays cystatin 2 (ccii) gene in Bacillus subtilis to reduce root-knot nematode infection in cucumber plants in Iraq
Authors: Abbas Mohammed , Saadedin Shurook , Suleiman Ahmed
Published: December 2024

Root-knot nematodes significantly reduce cucumber yields, prompting the development of a genetic engineering strategy as an alternative to chemical nematicides. In this study, the maize CCII gene was cloned into the pHT1469 shuttle vector and transformed into the Bacillus subtilis expression system to produce a cystatin that interferes with nematode digestive proteins. The full-length CCII cDNA sequence was optimized for overexpression in B. subtilis, driven by the Pgrac promoter, resulting in a protein of 134 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of 15.01 kDa. After optimization, the relative adaptiveness in the heterologous B. subtilis system improved by 6.72% compared to non-optimized codons. Purification results using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) indicated that the third fraction exhibited the highest inhibition activity, and the purified cystatin was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to be approximately 15 kDa. Treatments with nematode juveniles showed the highest mortality percentages at 30% and 40% concentrations of purified cystatin isolated from both competent and wild B. subtilis cells, yielding mortality rates of 65%, 73.7%, 75.3%, and 89% respectively after 72 h. Furthermore, the recombinant cystatin isolated from the first B. subtilis (wild) strain had a greater impact on juvenile mortality than the second strain. This study aimed to clone and express corn cystatin in heterologous B. subtilis and evaluate its effectiveness in reducing nematode populations, exploring its potential as a biocontrol agent.
Efficacy of silver nanoparticles from Fusarium solani and mycorrhizal inoculation for biological control of Fusarium wilt in tomato
Authors: Taha Zahraa Rafi , Altaai Altifat Fadhil , Mohammad Teeba Hashim , Khajeek Tamara Rafi
Published: December 2024

The present study investigates the characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Fusarium solani and their impact on tomato seed germination, plant growth, and disease resistance. A visible color change from yellow to dark smoky indicated the formation of AgNPs, while UV-visible spectrophotometry revealed an absorbance peak at 437 nm, confirming their presence. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed that the AgNPs ranged from 0 to 39.27 nm in size, with an average height of 5.772 nm, while scanning electron microscopy highlighted their diverse surface morphology. The application of AgNPs and mycorrhizal fungi significantly improved tomato seed germination rates, plant height, and dry weight compared to untreated plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum. The germination rate increased to 81.15% with mycorrhizal fungi and 80.02% with AgNPs treatment alone, compared to 35.63% in infected plants. Plant height also increased, reaching 17.95 cm in mycorrhiza-treated plants and 17.08 cm in those treated with AgNPs. Furthermore, the dry weight and chlorophyll content were significantly higher in treated plants, with mycorrhizal-inoculated plants showing a dry weight of 0.63 g and a chlorophyll content of 28.53 mg/g. AgNP treatment similarly enhanced these parameters infection severity of F. oxysporum was reduced, with the lowest rate observed in plants receiving both AgNPs and mycorrhizal treatments. These results indicate that AgNPs and mycorrhizal fungi offer effective protection against fungal pathogens while promoting overall plant health, highlighting their potential for use in sustainable agricultural practices.
Efficacy of a bioethanol-methanol mixture for trapping coffee berry borer in arabica coffee plantations in Indonesia
Authors: Rimbing Jimmy , Pelealu Jantje , Lumowa Sonja , Rorong Frangky , Engka Reity , Kandowangko Daisy
Published: December 2024

The coffee berry borer (CBB), a primary pest in Indonesia, causes significant damage to coffee fruits and beans, necessitating effective control measures. This study evaluated the efficacy of a synthetic bioethanol-methanol mixture trap for capturing beetles and mitigating their impact. The experiment was conducted in two plots: Plot A, with a Leucaena leucocephala shade density of 19.5%, and Plot B, with a shade density of 13.5%. The attractant mixture used in the traps was prepared in a 1:2 ratio of bioethanol to methanol. Attractant traps were hung on coffee trees at a height of 1.2 to 1.5 meters above the ground, and beetle populations were collected weekly over a nine-week period. Damage to coffee fruits and seeds was assessed in the first, fourth, and eighth weeks. The extent of seed damage was categorized into two groups: ≤50% damage and 50% damage. Plot A, with denser shade, exhibited a significantly higher beetle capture rate of 83.26%, compared to 16.74% in Plot B. Beetle population dynamics fluctuated, peaking during the sixth week of trapping and declining thereafter until the ninth week. The higher shade density and denser coffee canopy in Plot A were associated with an increased beetle population. The use of the bioethanol-methanol attractant traps significantly reduced seed damage in both damage categories (≤50% and 50%). The results demonstrate that the bioethanol-methanol mixture is an effective tool for monitoring and controlling CBB populations, thereby minimizing fruit and seed damage.
Evaluating the efficacy of plant-mediated copper-silver nanoparticles for controlling Cercospora leaf spot in mung beans
Authors: Atiq Muhammad , Malik Laraib , Rajput Nasir Ahmed , Shabbir Maryam , Ashiq Maryam , Matloob Muhammad Jahanzaib , Waseem Aisha , Jabbar Abdul , Ullah Asad , Zawar Rida , Majeed Anosh
Published: December 2024

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by Cercospora canescens, is a highly destructive disease of mung beans, capable of causing up to 95% yield losses under favorable environmental conditions. Plant-mediated nanoparticles (NPs) have gained significant attention in plant disease management due to their unique properties and potential benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of green-synthesized copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles, both individually and in combination, against C. canescens. The nanoparticles were tested at different concentrations (0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%) using the poisoned food technique under laboratory conditions. The most effective concentrations were further assessed under field conditions. In the laboratory, the combination of Cu and Ag nanoparticles showed the least mycelial growth (13.29 mm), followed by Ag nanoparticles (18.18 mm) and Cu nanoparticles (22.22 mm), compared to the untreated control. Similarly, under field conditions, the combination of Cu and Ag nanoparticles resulted in the lowest disease incidence (22.45%), followed by Ag (29.94%) and Cu nanoparticles (36.50%). These findings suggest that hybrid Cu-Ag nanoparticles have significant potential as an effective tool for managing CLS in mung beans, offering a sustainable alternative for disease control.
Evaluation of chemical treatments for managing bacterial leaf spot in chili caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
Authors: Fatima Tahreem , Atiq Muhammad , Aamrao Luqman , Jahangir Muhammad Muzammil , Shafi Jamil , Nawaz Ahmad , Matloob Muhammad Jahanzaib , Ullah Asad , Khan Nasar Ur Rehman , Ijaz Aniqa , Riasat Hadeeqa
Published: December 2024

Chilli, a highly important and valuable crop worldwide, belongs to the Solanaceae family. In Pakistan, Sindh is the leading producer of chilli. However, bacterial leaf spot (BLS) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria poses a significant threat, leading to yield losses of up to 40% globally. Effective management of BLS has become a critical concern. In the current study, five chemicals, Cabrio Top, Oxyrich, Kocide, Electus Super, and Forum Top, were evaluated for their efficacy in managing BLS. An in vitro experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications per treatment and three concentrations (200, 250, and 300 ppm) of each chemical. The results revealed that Cabrio Top exhibited the largest inhibition zone (18.710 mm), followed by Electus Super (16.730 mm), Forum Top (13.653 mm), and Kocide (11.759 mm), compared to the untreated control. Subsequently, an in vivo experiment was designed using the randomized complete block design with three replications and three concentrations (1, 2, and 3 g/L) of the best-performing chemicals. The combined treatment of Cabrio Top + Oxyrich demonstrated the most significant results, showing the lowest disease incidence (23.544%), followed by Oxyrich (31.559%) and Cabrio Top (37.193%). The findings of this study conclude that the combined application of Cabrio Top and Oxyrich is a promising approach for managing BLS in chilli under field conditions.
Influence of willow bark extracts and application times on the production of Roselle
Authors: Ali Hamza , Ahmad Masood , Jabin Shahana , Muqarrab Raja Zohaib , Ahmad Imran , Khan Muskan Alam , Khan Mansoor , Khalil Ibadullah , Basit Abdul , Kamal Mustafa , Ahmad Maaz
Published: December 2024

Roselle is an herbaceous perennial and short-day plant widely recognized for its medicinal properties. It is primarily cultivated for its fiber and, more notably, for calyx production. Given its importance, an experiment was conducted to examine the effect of willow bark extracts and their application timings on the growth and yield of roselle. The study was carried out at the Ornamental Horticultural Nursery, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan, using a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement. The experiment consisted of two factors: Factor A, the time of application (20, 40, and 60 days after transplantation), assigned to the main plot; and Factor B, concentrations of willow bark extract (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%), assigned to the subplot. In total, 15 treatments were evaluated, each treatment replicated three times. The results revealed that plants treated with 8% willow bark extract exhibited the best performance, recording the least days to flowering (139.26), the highest chlorophyll content (45.60), maximum leaf area (143.88 cm²), the greatest number of branches (21.11), the highest number of calyces per plant (64.55), calyx yield (4096.11 kg ha⁻¹), and seed yield (2302.56 kg ha⁻¹). The effects of 8% extract were statistically similar to those of 6% extract in most cases. Furthermore, spraying willow bark extract at 60 days after transplantation resulted in a significant increase in the number of calyces per plant (62.73) and seed yield (2285.87 kg ha⁻¹).
Math in plant pathology: is the early blight of tomato one more example of the golden ratio?
Authors: Vagelas Ioannis
Published: December 2024

The spiral is a common pattern in nature, with Nautilus pompilius often cited as a prime example of the mathematical principles behind spiral growth, such as the “logarithmic spiral.” In plant biology, sunflower seeds are arranged in spirals that follow the Fibonacci sequence, optimizing space and minimizing shadowing among the seeds. The Fibonacci spiral and numbers are also prevalent in nature, appearing in the arrangement of leaves, the structure of pinecones, and the scales of pineapples. This pattern reflects how plants grow efficiently, maximizing space for each leaf and the amount of light they receive. Our study on microorganisms causing early blight disease in tomatoes, such as Alternaria solani, reveals that Fibonacci numbers frequently appear in the lesion patterns of the fungus. Moreover, our data show that these Fibonacci numbers approach the “golden ratio” (approximately 1.618), suggesting that this pattern optimizes resource allocation for fungal mycelial growth within plant tissue and enhances reproductive success of the fungus.
Enhancing real-time detection of rice diseases using an optimized deep learning model
Authors: Nisa Saba Un , Hamza Khalid , Shafiq Abdullah
Published: December 2024

Rice is a vital staple food globally, but it is susceptible to a wide range of diseases. Early detection of leaf-related diseases is essential for ensuring its sustainability. Traditional disease identification methods often rely on manual techniques, which are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and inefficient. This study proposes a more efficient approach for detecting rice diseases using a customized VGG16 convolutional neural network (CNN), addressing these limitations. The proposed model, which includes 14 convolutional layers and a depth of 512 layers, demonstrates enhanced classification effectiveness. A dataset consisting of 3,611 custom-generated images, along with benchmark datasets, was used for evaluation. The model’s performance was assessed using five CNN-based algorithms: DenseNet121, Inception V3, ResNet50, VGG16, and a personalized VGG model. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 96% on new data samples, outperforming current state-of-the-art models. These results highlight the proposed method’s superior effectiveness in identifying rice diseases in real-world scenarios.
Effect of thermal stress on the biological traits of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Iqbal Mubashar , Ahmad Shahbaz , Javaid Arshad , Chattha Muhammad Bilal , Hussain Tajamal , Khurshid Muhammad , Mutahir Zeeshan
Published: December 2024

The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a significant pest of cotton worldwide. Its occurrence and distribution across various cotton-growing regions are influenced by multiple factors, with temperature being a critical determinant. This study aimed to analyze the life history traits of the pink bollworm under different temperature regimes. Biological and demographic parameters of P. gossypiella were systematically examined at five specific temperatures: 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C, under a controlled photoperiod of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness (LD 16:8 h). The results revealed that the total developmental period of the pink bollworm decreased with increasing temperatures, with the highest larval survival rates observed at 30°C and 40°C, reaching 78.93% and 63.89%, respectively. Moreover, pupal weight, mating success, and fecundity were significantly higher at 30°C and 35°C. In contrast, lower egg hatching rates, larval survival, and adult emergence were recorded at the extremes of 20°C and 40°C. These findings offer valuable insights into the population dynamics of P. gossypiella under field conditions and highlight the need for climate-resilient management strategies to mitigate its impact on cotton production.
Morphological and molecular identification of Alternaria dumosa causing post-harvest black spot disease in persimmon (Diospyros Kaki l.) in Pakistan
Authors: Perveen Shagufta , Shoaib Amna , Rafiq Muhammad , Akhtar Naureen , Anwar Muhammad
Published: December 2024

A survey was conducted from October to January 2021 in local fruit markets in Lahore and surrounding areas to collect persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki) displaying small black spots, ranging from 3-5 mm in size. To isolate the pathogen, tissue segments (3-5 mm) from the symptomatic fruit were placed on Malt Extract Agar and incubated at 28°C. After 7 days, light brown mycelia appeared. Based on morphological characteristics, the preliminary pathogen was tentatively identified as Alternaria dumosa. To confirm the identification, genomic DNA was extracted and amplified using primer pairs for ITS, GAPDH, Calmodulin, Actin, and TEF. The resulting sequences were compared to those in GenBank using BLAST searches in NCBI, confirming a close match to A. dumosa. The sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers OK447926, OL754642, OL804135, OL830275, and OL962418. For pathogenicity testing, surface-sterilized, uninfected persimmon fruits were inoculated with a conidial suspension (106 spores/ml) of the isolate from this study, while sterile distilled water was used for the control treatment. The fruits were then incubated at 28°C for 7 days. The experiment was repeated twice for validation. Pathogenicity tests showed that 85% of the inoculated persimmon fruits developed characteristic black spots within 7 days, indicating the high virulence of A. dumosa under controlled conditions. The inoculated fruits displayed symptoms similar to those observed in naturally infected fruits, while the control fruits remained symptom-free. Based on these results, we concluded that A. dumosa is the causative agent of leaf spot disease in persimmon fruit.
Mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress on sunflower plants via foliar application of salicylic acid
Authors: Nosherwan Muhammad , Raza Ali , Ali Muhammad Haider , Noor Hafiz Muhammad Atif , Abbas Joher , Qureshi Iman Shakeel , Rehman Abdul , Rana Muatter , Moosa Anam , Ayub Hafiz Muhammad , Mahmood Tahir
Published: December 2024

Sunflower is the primary oilseed crop of Pakistan, valued for its edible oil and high yield potential under favorable conditions. However, drought stress is a major limiting factor affecting sunflower productivity, causing significant yield reductions. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential role of salicylic acid in enhancing the growth and physiological performance of sunflowers under drought stress. Drought stress was applied 20 days after sowing, with three experimental treatments conducted in five replications: (a) control (normal conditions), (b) drought stress, and (c) drought stress supplemented with 250 mg L? salicylic acid. Key findings revealed that the foliar application of 250 mg L? salicylic acid significantly improved various growth parameters, including shoot length (24.92%), root length (18.97%), fresh shoot weight (15.78%), dry shoot weight (24.15%), fresh root weight (21.32%), and dry root weight (26.72%). Moreover, chlorophyll content increased by 32.90%, stomatal conductance by 19.52%, relative water content by 20.84%, and membrane stability index by 41.79%. Moreover, salicylic acid markedly mitigated oxidative damage, reducing malondialdehyde levels by 32.81% and hydrogen peroxide levels by 17.80% compared to untreated plants. Furthermore, the treatment enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, with superoxide dismutase activity increasing by 17.25%, catalase by 40.05%, and peroxidase by 10.41%. In conclusion, the foliar application of 250 mg L? salicylic acid effectively enhances the growth and physiological parameters of sunflower under drought stress, offering a sustainable and reliable strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of water scarcity on crop production.
Integrated management of tomato gray mold disease using selective plant extracts and rhizobacteria
Authors: Iqbal Rana Javaid , Jatoi Ghulam Hussain , Ahmad Aqeel , Lutf Ayesha , Hussain Qasid , Sukhera Muhammad Nawaz , Khan Muhammad Riaz , Rafiq Saima , Shehzad Tayyab
Published: December 2024

Botrytis cinerea is one of the most significant plant pathogens globally, causing extensive damage to fruits and vegetables. Botrycides remain a widely used method of plant protection; however, the introduction of plant-beneficial bacteria offers a promising and agroecologically sustainable alternative. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of plant extracts and rhizobacteria in controlling diseases caused by B. cinerea in tomatoes. Neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) extracts were tested alongside rhizobacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma harzianum). In vitro experiments showed that, at a 15% extract concentration, neem and garlic inhibited fungal growth by 78% and 72%, respectively, while B. subtilis suppressed mycelial growth by 62%. Synergistic treatments, particularly neem combined with B. subtilis, exhibited the highest inhibition zone (22 mm) and an 85% synergy effect. Greenhouse trials demonstrated that neem extract combined with B. subtilis significantly reduced disease severity, achieving a disease severity index (DSI) of 1.3 and a 75% disease reduction compared to controls, which had a DSI of 4.8. Neem extract and B. subtilis alone reduced disease by 52.1% and 58.3%, respectively. The combination of neem extract and B. subtilis proved more effective in managing grey mold, promoting healthier plants, and providing a potential chemical-free alternative to fungicides. Further field trials are recommended to develop scalable, eco-friendly solutions for sustainable tomato disease management.
Görünüş ve Gerçeklik Arasında Hakikat Sonrası: Post-Truth Söyleme Eleştirel Bir Bakış
Authors: Akyasan Dursun , Sungur Erol
Published: December 2024

Post-truth kavramı ilk kez 1992 yılında Steve Tesich tarafından, Amerikan toplumunun gerçekleri duymak yerine yalanlarla kandırılmayı tercih etmesiyle belirginleşen sosyo-politik bir durumu ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır. Türkçede en kabul gören çevirisiyle hakikat-sonrası kavramı bugün, basitçe artık sözlerin gerçeğe uygun olup olmamasının toplumsal olarak umursanmadığı bir çağa ait özellikleri nitelemek için kullanılmaktadır. İnternet tabanlı haberleşmenin ve sosyal medya araçlarının iletişim üzerindeki etkisi insanların kendilerine ulaşan “haber”in doğruluğuna-yanlışlığına önem vermemesi olgusuyla bir araya geldiğinde günümüzü post-truth olarak tanımlamak isabetli görünmektedir. Fakat görünüş aldatıcı olabilir. Kavram, modernizmin yaşadığı krizlerden siyasal iletişim biçimlerine, postmodernizmle hesaplaşmaktan tekno-determinist sosyal dönüşüm ve yeni medya gibi geniş bir bağlam yelpazesinde anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak, henüz post-truth nitelemesinin yeni bir toplumsal duruma işaret edip etmediği açıkça ortaya konulabilmiş değildir. Dahası post-truth olarak nitelendirilebilecek bir durumun gerçekten var olup olmadığı bile tartışma konusudur. Bu çalışmada post-truth kavramının tartışmalı yönleri ortaya konularak kavramın aslında insanın hakikat karşısında aldığı zihinsel bir tavrın toplumsal düzeydeki görünümlerinden biri olduğu açıklanacaktır. Hakikat karşısındaki bu tavır sosyal medya mekanizmasının işleyiş biçimi nedeniyle günümüzde çok daha görünür olmuştur. Bu da post-truth kavramının, ifade gücünü aşan bir referans ağıyla sarmalanması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Şu andaki kullanımıyla post-truth, kendisine yüklenmeye çalışılan anlamı taşıyamayan bir kavramsallaştırmadır. Post-truth’un yeni bir durumu ifade ettiği söylemi, kavramın anlam çerçevesinin sadece bu yeni görünümü ifade edecek şekilde yeniden çizilmesiyle haklılık kazanabilecektir. Bu durumda şu anda post-truth kavramının içine sığdırılmaya çalışılan fakat aslında çok daha geniş ölçekli bir çerçevenin içine oturtulması gereken durum için yeni bir kavrama ihtiyaç duyulacaktır.