bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioprospection and molecular phylogeny of culturable endophytic fungi associated with yellow passion fruit
Authors: Oliveira João Arthur dos Santos , Polli Andressa Domingos , Polonio Julio Cesar , Orlandelli Ravely Casarotti , Conte Hélio , Azevedo João Lúcio , Pamphile João Alencar
Published: July 2020

Endophytic microorganisms live inside the plants without causing any damage to their hosts. In the agricultural field, these endophytes might be a strategy of biological control for phytopathogens. We aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves, evaluating its biocontrol capacity by in vitro antagonism against phytopathogen Colletotrichum sp. CNPU378. We also carried out greenhouse experiments in bean seedlings. A high colonization frequency was obtained (89%), and the molecular identification based on DNA sequencing attested Colletotrichum as the most frequent genus and minor occurrence of Curvularia endophytes. The endophytes tested showed different types of competitive interactions in in vitro antagonism inhibition rate ranging from 28.8 to 48.8%. There were 10 promising antagonists tested for their antagonist activity of crude extracts of secondary metabolites, in which strain PE-36 (20.8%) stood out among the other strains evaluated. In the greenhouse assay, plants inoculated only with endophyte Colletotrichum sp. PE-36 was symptomless and suggest that the endophyte strengthened the growth promotion in common bean plants, especially in the root length and number of leaves when compared to control plants and other treatments. Despite many fungi of Colletotrichum genus being described as causative agents of anthracnose, in this study, the plant sampled was colonized predominantly by Colletotrichum endophytes living in asymptomatic relationship. By the way, we come across a Colletotrichum sp. endophyte able to antagonize a Colletotrichum sp. pathogen.
Generating DNA profile from low copy number DNA: Strategies and associated risks
Authors: Mateen Rana Muhammad , Tariq Asma , Hussain Mureed
Published: July 2020

Many shreds of evidence found on the crime scenes contain a trace amount of DNA which results in insignificant profiling results for subsequent comparison. This can nullify the potential evidence material and hamper investigation process. Over the years, different strategies have been employed by various DNA testing laboratories to create interpretable DNA profiles generated from low template of DNA. This review highlights different strategies used by forensic laboratories worldwide for creating complete DNA profiles from low copy number template for comparison purposes along with its associated risks for forensic purposes
Effects of microbial conditioning and temperature on the leaf-litter shredding activity of Phylloicus sp.
Authors: Navarro Fernanda Keley Silva Pereira , Gonçalves Junior José Francisco
Published: July 2020

Few studies try to explain the effects in tropical lotic ecosystems of an increase in water temperature on the shredding activity of invertebrate shredders, particularly in association with the quality of the leaf litter and the degree of litter conditioning. Therefore, the aims of this study were as follows: i) to better understand how this key invertebrate shredder group affects the decomposition of different species of leaf litter under gradual increases in temperature and microbial conditioning; and ii) to verify the possible consequences on leaf mass loss (LML). Three species of leaf litter were used in two experiments. In experiment I, the litters of three species (Protium spruceanum, Richeria grandis and Inga laurina) at three conditioning levels (1, 7, 14 days) were tested under five different temperatures (20, 22, 24, 26 and 28°C). In experiment II, the leaf litters of three species were used, without conditioning, under four temperatures (20, 22, 26 and 27°C). The shredding performed by Phylloicus sp. was largely dependent on the lignin and cellulose concentrations in each leaf species, independent of conditioning. The presence or absence of conditioning may cause the shredders to use different energy compensation strategies in response to the temperature increases.
Micropropagation and in vitro conservation of Alcantarea nahoumii (Bromeliaceae), an endemic and endangered species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Silva Simone Sacramento dos Santos , Souza Everton Hilo de , Souza Fernanda Vidigal Duarte , Nepomuceno Cristina Ferreira , Costa Maria Angélica Pereira de Carvalho
Published: July 2020

Alcantarea nahoumii (Leme) J. R. Grant is a species native to the Atlantic Forest that stands out for ornamental purposes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro germination of A. nahoumii seeds and establish a micropropagation protocol for production of seedlings so as to minimize the effects of predatory extractivism and develop an in vitro conservation system. Mature seeds were disinfested, established in three culture media (MS, MS½ and MS⅓) and incubated at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35ºC) in a germination chamber. In the micropropagation experiment, stem segments were introduced in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 μM of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.0, 2.2, 4.4 and 6.6 μM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). For the in vitro conservation, plantlets were established in MS or MS½ medium supplemented with 15 g L-1 or 30 g L-1 of sucrose. The plants were acclimated with commercial substrate. The highest seed germination percentages were promoted by temperature conditions of 20 and 25ºC, with MS culture medium. The highest multiplication rate of shoots was obtained from the treatment without addition of the growth regulator or when combined with 2.2 μM of BAP + 0.5 μM of NAA. The acclimation of the plants occurred with high survival rate. The species can be conserved in vitro under slow growth condition for 24 months when incubated in MS medium supplemented with 30 g L-1 of sucrose.
Qualificação dos estudantes do ensino médio para acesso ao mercado de trabalho: uma experiência na comunidade da Maré
Authors: Jesus Ricardo de , Mello Silvia Conceição Reis Pereira , Avelar Kátia Eliane Santos
Published: July 2020

O cenário contemporâneo de imprevisibilidade e os desafios recorrentes para manter a competitividade vêm exigindo profissionais que sejam capazes de desenvolver suas competências nos mais diferentes contextos. Nesse sentido, a empregabilidade surge como uma exigência do mercado na busca de profissionais cada vez mais eficazes, atualizados e preparados para atuar nas organizações. Nesse aspecto, os jovens pertencentes aos estratos mais pobres são os mais prejudicados, pois não conseguem competir no mercado de trabalho pela falta de competências. Daí a necessidade de prepará-los, ainda durante o período escolar, pois essa é uma das estratégias mais eficientes para qualificação profissional. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer o perfil dos estudantes do ensino médio da Escola Estadual CIEP 326 Professor César Pernetta, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e, com base nas informações obtidas, desenvolver e aplicar oficinas de qualificação, visando a preparação para o acesso ao mercado de trabalho de forma mais satisfatória e com foco nas competências. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem quali-quantitativa de caráter descritiva/exploratória. Os resultados apontam que esses estudantes estão em vulnerabilidade, com pouco ou nenhum conhecimento sobre as formas de alcançar o mercado de trabalho e que desconhecem as competências demandadas pelas empresas. A maioria busca uma oportunidade com carteira assinada (65,4%) e um percentual significativo (22,7%) pretende abrir seu próprio negócio. Durante as oficinas de qualificação foi observada a falta de conhecimento dos estudantes sobre as competências exigidas no mercado de trabalho para aproveitar as oportunidades de emprego e de como se comportar de forma profissional no local de trabalho. Ações que ajudem no plano de desenvolvimento profissional contribuem para o acesso ao trabalho e propiciam aumento da qualidade de vida à medida que estes jovens alcançam o emprego e a renda.
COVID-19: Complement, Coagulation, and Collateral Damage
Authors: Lo Martin W. , Kemper Claudia , Woodruff Trent M.
Published: July 2020

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Although most people are immunocompetent to the virus, a small group fail to mount an effective antiviral response and develop chronic infections that trigger hyperinflammation. This results in major complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiorgan failure, which all carry poor prognoses. Emerging evidence suggests that the complement system plays a key role in this inflammatory reaction. Indeed, patients with severe COVID-19 show prominent complement activation in their lung, skin, and sera, and those individuals who were treated with complement inhibitors all recovered with no adverse reactions. These and other studies hint at complement’s therapeutic potential in these sequalae, and thus, to support drug development, in this review, we provide a summary of COVID-19 and review complement’s role in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome and coagulopathy.
Modern Slavery Responses Need International Business Scholarship
Authors: Trautrims Alexander
Published: July 2020

Modern slavery poses a challenge to many areas of international business and sometimes questions the legitimacy of underlying business models. All businesses are exposed to modern slavery in one way or another through their supply chains, but their actions to address the issue differ hugely. Some blame the complexity and anonymity of international supply chains or the limits of their market power to push for change. These are of course familiar experiences of international business practitioners, but no excuse to avoid action. This article hopes to offer routes and inspiration for international business scholars to contribute to ending modern slavery.
Mother as first line of defense against intestinal disorders among babies of tropical countries
Authors: Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad
Published: July 2020

Mother is the gift of god , it bears a lot of works and perform many duties mainly in rural and non civilized areas in comparison to urban areas where life is very complicated , has a rapid rhythm and most of mothers spent their day time in work place whether its company , factory or even school , they let their young babies in less comfortable and poor hygiene nurseries or in their relatives house whether the grandfather or grandmother of the baby is very busy with cooking, washing of clothes and cleaning ,then they allow to the baby to play on ground and contaminate him/herself with waste present on the ground , sucking their fingers , dirty and long nails also contact with domestic animals ,cats ,dogs , goats and other animals , which is usually stay free in the yard .
Knowledge and Attitude towards Homosexuality among College Students in selected Colleges of Rewa (M.P): A Descriptive Study
Authors: Priyanka Mishra  , Manisha Gupta
Published: July 2020

Homosexuality is attraction between the same sex peoples. A person’s sexual instinct (inborn pattern of romantic and sexual interest and identity) affects the attitudes of others toward him or her. In this time heterosexuality is the standard and most minority groups (counting lesbian Women and gay men) are subjected to stereotypes. The number of people associated with same-sex sexual activities ranges from 4 to17%.1The aim of the study is to assess knowledge and attitude towards homosexuality among college students. A non experimental descriptive survey research design was adopted. 100 college students were selected through purposive sampling technique. The standardized questionnaires were used for the data collection that is Knowledge about Homosexuality Questionnaire (KHQ) and Homosexuality Attitude Scale (HAS). Data was analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 version. The findings showed that the socio demographic variables of college students was found that the majority of 53(53.0%) were in the age group of 20-22 years, 69 (69.0%) of them were female, most of the students 85(85.0%) were Hindus, 93(93%) of students were unmarried, 33(33.0%) were III year students and most of the college students 90 (90.0%) received information towards homosexuality through mass media. Findings related to knowledge 63(63%) students had an average knowledge, 31(31%) had poor knowledge and 6 (6%) had good knowledge towards homosexuality.The attitude of college students towards homosexuality was found to be favorable. In the study 90(90%) of the college students had favorable attitude and 10 (10%) college students had unfavorable attitude towards homosexuality. There was significant association between knowledge score and demographic variables like age of the students and year of study where as no significant association between knowledge score and demographic variables like gender, religion, marital status and source of previous knowledge.The association between socio- demographic variables and attitude score. There was significant association between attitude score and demographic variables like age of the students and year of study where as no significant association between attitude score and demographic variables like gender, religion, marital status and source of previous knowledge.
Effect of behavior on bone health
Authors: Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad
Published: July 2020

Bones are the base of the body because it supports all the body systems and it contains the bone marrow which is the most important component of the body, because it offers blood cell to the organs throughout the body.
Diabetes insipidus: Overview
Authors: Seema Sharma  , Karam Singh
Published: July 2020

Diabetes insipidus is mainly characterized by polyuria, urinary volume over 3 L/day or 40mL/kg/day in adults, leading to subsequent polydipsia; these features are also present in most cases of diabetes mellitus. But today we can use natural treatment to remedy our problems concerning diabetes. This review is about diabetes insipidus which is entirely different from diabetes mellitus. We have read much about diabetes mellitus but now we must know about the diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is a uncommon condition, in which the kidneys are unable to conserve water. The amount of water which is conserved by the kidney is controlled by anti diuretic hormone (ADH) also called as vasopressin. In this disease there is lack of vasopressin in the body. In this overview there is a full disease profile of diabetes insipidus, so we came to know about the causes, sign & symptoms, treatment and medication for this diease.
Effectiveness of information booklet on the knowledge of psychiatric nurses regarding legal responsibilities about patient care at selected mental hospital
Authors: Mr. Binu Joe  , Mrs. Anu Joykutty
Published: July 2020

Nursing is an integral part of the health care system and Nurse’s direct their energies towards the promotion, maintenance and restoration of health. A quasi experimental, with single group pretest post test design was used to assess the existing knowledge and improvement after providing information booklet was carried out among 60 staff Nurse’s. The total mean score was 19.28. this shows that the knowledge deficit is around 50%.
Knowledge About The Mental Health and Mental Illness Among Adolescents
Authors: Gayathri S  , Baby Rathinasabapathy  , A Felicia Chitra Felicia  , ManjuBala Dash  , S Jayanthi
Published: July 2020

Background: People who fail to fulfill their roles and carryout responsibilities or whose behavior is inappropriate to the situation are viewed as Mental Illnesses.About 450 million people suffer from mental of behavioural disorders worldwide today, it was said that mental health problems are more common in developed world than developing world.Aim:This study was aimed to assess the knowledge about mental health and mental illness among Adolescents population.Methodology:A Quantitative Descriptive research design was used. 30 Adolescents were selected by using Purposive sampling technique who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and who were available during the period of data collection at selected Lawspetarea , Puducherry. Data was collected by using Self Structured Questionnaire.Results:It represents the Level of Knowledge among 14(46.7%) of them comes under Moderate Knowledge, 10 (33.3%) of them comes under Adequate Knowledge and 6(20%) of them comes under Inadequate Knowledge.Conclusion: The study conducted among 30 Adolescents. It reveals the significant with demographic variables such as staying in status at the level of knowledge. Majority of Adolescents have moderate knowledge. We provide opportunities for adolescents to gain knowledge regarding mental health and mental illness.
Conviviality as a Tool for Creating Networks The Case of an Early Modern Global Peasant Traveller
Authors: Montero Gil , Albiez-Wieck Sarah
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we analyse an unusual travel account from the seventeenth century. Besides the rarity of travel accounts from this period, its singularity resides primarily in the fact that the traveller, Gregorio de Robles, self-identified as a peasant. This exceptional Spaniard travelled dominions of the Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, and Dutch empires in America and Europe, and even briefly touched Southern Africa. His travel account is rich in information, but here we focus on one specific aspect: conviviality with the people he encountered along his way, with a special emphasis on his fellow compatriots. We will argue that this conviviality allowed Robles to create new networks and accumulate social capital and that the relationship with his paisanos resignified his belonging. By moving and traveling, he could attain a more privileged position than he had apparently been enjoying in his Castilian hometown.
Imperial Conviviality: What Medieval Spanish Legal Practice Can Teach Us about Colonial Latin America
Authors: Graubart Karen
Published: July 2020

Late medieval and early modern Iberian monarchs governed through a competitive delegation of certain forms of jurisdiction. They invited corporate groups, including frontier settlers and urban citizens, but also resident Muslims and Jews, or indigenous peoples of the Americas, to live under customary law that was legitimated under conditions of close interaction and cohabitation. This created a tense form of everyday conviviality, wherein group members were intimately knowledgeable about aspects of the laws of other groups. Convivial relations thus produced legal markers of difference that could reflect the way that superior powers dominated, but subaltern actors could also use those differentiations strategically. The analytic of conviviality, as a way to focus on the ways that difference functioned within everyday life rather than acted solely as a barrier, reveals the ways that consensus had to be constantly renegotiated within multiple group dynamics rather than imposed or achieved.
Articulating Differences and Inequalities Paid Domestic Workers’ and Housewives’ Struggles for Rights in Uruguay and Paraguay
Authors: Rojas Raquel
Published: July 2020

Housewives and paid domestic workers perform – to a certain extent – the same kinds of tasks. They also tend to share interest in the valorisation of domestic work: If this activity were recognised as such – as work – housewives could claim retirement rights, while domestic workers should be granted the same labour rights as any other worker. But even when sharing the historical burden of house and care work, there are other social hierarchies that interrupt the common experience of these women and hinder the creation of alliances between them. This paper analyses the relationship between paid domestic workers’ and housewives’ organisations in Uruguay and Paraguay, two Latin American countries that share many similarities in terms of territorial extension, population and economy size, but show contrasts regarding the organisation of domestic workers, particularly their relation to housewives’ organisations. Drawing on interviews and participant observations carried out in Montevideo and Asunción – the capital cities of Uruguay and Paraguay – I discuss how the negotiations of differences are intertwined with disputes over inequalities, describing how ‘racialised’ contexts use ethnic differences to naturalise the undervaluing of domestic workers and justify the subordinated position they assume in society.
Syrian mothers, why to accept or to refuse HPV vaccine for their teen girls
Authors: Al Saad Mohammed , Ali Jadoo Saad Ahmed
Published: July 2020

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) ranks the eighth most frequent cancer among Syrian women with crude incidence rates 1.4 per 100, 000 populations per year. This study aimed to test the acceptance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among mothers of schoolgirls in sixth-grade class.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted through a structured and self-administrated questionnaire. A total of 400 Syrian mothers of schoolgirls were selected randomly by the cluster sampling method in Aleppo city, Syria, in 2011. Significant variables from univariate analysis were included in an enter technique multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results: The response rate was 86%. If the vaccine was free, 282 (81.7%) mothers would accept the vaccine for themselves and 236 (68.4%) for their daughters, respectively. However, the acceptance rate grossly decreased to 24.6% and 15.1%, respectively, if the vaccine was not provided free. The high cost of the HPV vaccine and lack of knowledge were the significant barriers for mothers' acceptance of the HPV vaccine. Protection of daughters and the trust with health authority were the main encouraging reasons to accept the HPV vaccine. Findings from logistic regression analysis revealed that the employed mothers (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.3–4.4), with a positive history of gynecological examination (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.6–2.9) and having sound knowledge (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.0–5.7) are independent factors related to the acceptance of the HPV vaccine for their daughters.

Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that mothers from different cultural backgrounds, including Syrian mothers, are holding different beliefs on privacy and health that may affect their willingness to accept the HPV vaccine.
Predictors of emotional exhaustion among physicians from Iraq - a descriptive cross-sectional multicentre study
Authors: Ali Jadoo Saad Ahmed , Dastan Ilker , Al-Samarrai Mustafa Ali Mustafa , Yaseen Shukur Mahmood , Torun Perihan
Published: July 2020

Background: Doctors and paramedics in countries suffering from long-acting conflicts, including Iraq, are working in severe and exceptional conditions, putting them under severe physical and psychological pressure, therefore examining burnout is important when dealing with the quality of care and working conditions. This study aimed to assess the point prevalence and to explore factors associated with emotional exhaustion (EE) among medical doctors in Iraq.

Methods: Descriptive and a cross-sectional study was conducted (January to June 2014) among a randomly selected sample of medical doctors (n=576, 87.3% response rate) working in twenty large general hospitals and medical centers. In addition to EE, the self-administered questionnaire used was consisting of questions on sociodemographic, work-related characteristics, conflict-related variables, and job satisfaction. EE was measured using the emotional exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).

Results: The prevalence of EE reported by 60.0% of the respondents. In multiple linear regression analysis, the emotional burnout was higher among doctors who were married, female, bearing children, being threatened, displaced internally, non-specialist doctors, working more than 40 hours per week, experienced unsafe medical practice, disagreed with the way manager handle the staff and those who reported that the doctor-patient relationship as not excellent.

 Conclusion: Our findings suggest that job dissatisfaction, conflict, and violence-related factors were significantly associated with a high level of emotional exhaustion among Iraqi physicians.
Predictive factors of successful extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) for renal stones: evidence of retrospective study
Authors: Yaseen Shukur Mahmood , Ali Jadoo Saad Ahmed , Abdullah Ayad Aziz , Mahmood Anmar Shukur , Abd Al-wahaab Wassan Nasrat
Published: July 2020

Background:

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has proved to be effective in treating ureterolithiasis. This study aimed to investigate the predictive factors related to success ESWL among patient presented with renal stone.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted among 40 patients who underwent ESWL at the urology department, Baquba Teaching Hospital, Diyala University, Iraq. Data was collected between1st October 2018 and 31st January 2019 for renal stones diagnosed by non-enhanced spiral computed tomography (NCCT). The success rate defined as no stone or the remnant stones < 4 mm. We analyzed predictive factors by using multiple linear regression.

Results:

The success rates ranged from 50-90%. In the univariate analysis, body mass index (BMI), skin-to-stone distance (SSD)and the renal stone-attenuation value (in Hounsfield units, HU) were found to be significantly correlated with the outcome of ESWL (p<0.05). However, in the multiple linear regression, only the HU (B = -0.619, P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.03 to 0.07) was theindependent predictive factor.

Conclusion:

Hounsfield Unit is an independent predictive factor influencing the success of ESWL for treating renal stones.
Time to change to improve health: clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care education in Turkey
Authors: Bektay Muhammed Yunus , Sancar Mesut , Ali Jadoo Saad Ahmed , Izzettin Fikret Vehbi
Published: July 2020

The practice of clinical pharmacy had a positive impact on the profession by giving pharmacists more job opportunities. Moreover, the pharmacy began to gain the status it deserved, which was lost many years ago. In this paper, we aimed to give a brief explanation of the clinical pharmacy philosophy and definition of pharmaceutical care. What are the general and specific roles of clinical pharmacists in the modern world healthcare system? Also, how to implement clinical pharmacy in education to obtain competent pharmacists. We shared our observation and experience, specifically on the progress of implementation of clinical pharmacy education in Turkey. The stepwise method has been successfully followed in the implementation of clinical pharmacy education in Turkey. In the undergraduate program, the first step taken was the addition of clinical courses, such as the role of clinical pharmacy, patient education, etc. and practical hospital rounds (internal medicine, pediatrics, and surgery). The post-graduate program, such as master (MSc) and doctoral (Ph.D.) degrees, also offered to prepare clinically oriented pharmacy academicians. The continuous education programs were structured to implement clinical pharmacy idea for the pharmacists in practice. In conclusion, the stepwise approach significantly smoothed the transition from the product-oriented to the patient-oriented pharmacy education. Moreover, the adoption of the skills education system to educate pharmacists needs to review the policy regularly and gradually change it accordingly.
Impact of internal displacement on psychosocial and health status of students residing in the hostel of Anbar University, Iraq
Authors: Al-Samarrai Mustafa Ali Mustafa , AL- Any Ban Nadhum , Al-Delaimy Ahmed K. , Yahyaa Badeaa Thamer , Ali Jadoo Saad Ahmed
Published: July 2020

Background: Displacement in Iraq has been widespread and for frequent periods. Education was one of the most prominent victims of displacement at all levels, including higher education. This study aims to assess the impact of displacement on the psychosocial and health status of undergraduate students living in student accommodation of Anbar University, Iraq.   

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 3rd to 17th April 2017. Data was collected using a universal sampling technique. A total of 355 students (Response Rate: 82.1%.) completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 26 close-ended questions related to the socio-demographic and economic characteristics of students. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Descriptive data presented as the mean and standard deviation (±SD).

Results:  The mean age (±SD) was 22.1 (±1.7) years (range 18-29). About two-third (240, 67.6%) of students experienced some mental disorders. Moreover, 25.1% of students confirmed that the mental disorders were negatively related to their level of performance in college, and the treatment was not available for 31.0% of them. Because of ID, about 45.4% of surveyed students had lost at least one academic year, and 17.5% began to smoke tobacco during the ID period. However, the social and psychological support was absent for about 57.4% of respondents.

Conclusion: Our results suggest an urgent and strategic plane to improve the quality of logistics, health, and infrastructure of student accommodation.
Recuperación del Patrimonio Industrial de la Trashumancia. Una reconstrucción gráfica del Esquileo de Santillana
Authors: Gutiérrez Pérez Nicolás
Published: July 2020

El esquileo de Santillana se constituyó como uno de los complejos lanares más importantes del siglo xviii español, una tipología que surgiría a la luz del auge de la trashumancia ganadera castellana. Grandes edificios, utilizados durante apenas 25 días al año, destinados al corte, clasificación y distribución de la lana fina castellana. Como tales, disponían de lo necesario para cobijar, tanto a sus propietarios, como al resto de trabajadores y pastores trashumantes, así como a gran parte de sus rebaños. La lectura de los ruinosos vestigios de este esquileo ha permitido, junto a una labor de trabajo documental, recuperar de forma gráfica la composición, morfología y particularidades de este icónico esquileo. Con ello, se pretende poner en valor sus características fundamentales, así como las propias de la tipología, para que pueda servir de soporte al conocimiento y recuperación del ingente patrimonio industrial ligado a la trashumancia.
conversando con... Manuel Aires Mateus
Authors: Yanguas Álvarez de Toledo Ana , Gámiz Gordo Antonio
Published: July 2020

Esta conversación se centra en la relación que el arquitecto portugués Manuel Aires Mateus mantiene entre arquitectura y dibujo, e indaga en su dibujar por y para la arquitectura. Tuvo sus inicios en el XI Congreso Internacional EGA (Sevilla - Sanlúcar de Barrameda, 2006) a cuyo Comité Organizador pertenecieron los autores de este artículo, y donde Manuel Aires impartió la conferencia: “Hablar de proyectos es hablar de dibujos”. Manuel usa la palabra dibujo igual que lo hace en portugués, donde el término desenho engloba dos significados: dibujo y proyecto. En lengua castellana la palabra dibujo también los posee, aunque hoy la segunda acepción se encuentra casi en desuso. Aquel título inspiró otras conversaciones posteriores sobre el proceso gráfico de creación arquitectónica, la última, gracias a las nuevas tecnologías, con Manuel en el aeropuerto de Roma, en una de esas esperas interminables, en octubre de 2019.
El proyecto de Halsey Street (Brooklyn, NY): documentación y materialización
Authors: García Sánchez Ana , Torres Barchino Ana
Published: July 2020

El distrito histórico de Bedford (Brooklyn, NY) se desarrolló como un barrio burgués en las dos últimas décadas del siglo xix, siendo la tipología predominante las viviendas unifamiliares en hilera. Su atractivo parque inmobiliario a día de hoy mantiene prácticamente intacta su imagen de ese momento, debido fundamentalmente a la pobreza y a la condición de gueto que lo ha caracterizado durante la segunda mitad del siglo xx.

Este trabajo se realizó a raíz de una investigación sobre la arquitectura de un tramo de calle de este distrito, escogido por configurar un paisaje urbano histórico considerablemente homogéneo y armónico a pesar de los diferentes estilos que presentan sus fachadas, al ser todas ellas viviendas en hilera del mismo material, la misma anchura y prácticamente la misma altura.

La metodología empleada en esta investigación consistió en un análisis histórico y documental de estas fachadas y un estudio de fuentes bibliográficas, con el fin de presentar los aspectos cromáticos y materiales de este entorno.
El dibujo del atlas teatral de España
Authors: Villarreal Colunga Carlos , Aloy Bibiloni Guillem , Ramon Graells Antoni
Published: July 2020

Con motivo del proyecto “Cartografía teatral: España” se han dibujado una serie de mapas que, siguiendo unos criterios determinados, son el soporte gráfico de una investigación acerca de la relación entre teatro, arquitectura y ciudad. El resultado es un atlas interactivo accesible en la web del Observatorio de Espacios Escénicos.
Sobre la condición lúdica de la arquitectura
Authors: Gutiérrez-Mozo María-Elia
Published: July 2020

En la parte inicial de este estudio se propone y justifica la rima poética como metáfora del dibujo arquitectónico, referido a arquitecturas diversas, distantes en el espacio y en el tiempo, que el arquitecto granadino Juan Domingo Santos superpone en su imaginario gráfico. En ambos casos, la rima y el dibujo, se ejercita un juego, audible en el primero, visible en el segundo. A continuación se describe el viaje iniciático del autor, que hace gala de ese ejercicio lúdico en sucesivas etapas: el mapa que refleja sus intuiciones y símbolos; la maqueta que juega con ellos y los pone a prueba; y el proyecto a escala que los dispone para su presunta ejecución. El resultado final evidencia el supuesto de partida: la identidad de paisaje y patrimonio existente en toda arquitectura que se precie de serlo.
Debt, Investment, and Growth in Developing Countries with Segmented Labor Markets
Authors: Buffie Edward , Zanna Luis-Felipe , Adam Christopher , Balma Lacina , Tessema Dawit , Kpodar Kangni
Published: July 2020

We introduce a new suite of macroeconomic models that extend and complement the Debt, Investment, and Growth (DIG) model widely used at the IMF since 2012. The new DIG-Labor models feature segmented labor markets, efficiency wages and open unemployment, and an informal non-agricultural sector. These features allow for a deeper examination of macroeconomic and fiscal policy programs and their impact on labor market outcomes, inequality, and poverty. The paper illustrates the model's properties by analyzing the growth, debt, and distributional consequences of big-push public investment programs with different mixes of investment in human capital and infrastructure. We show that investment in human capital is much more effective than investment in infrastructure in promoting long-run economic development when investments earn their average estimated returns. The decision about how much to invest in human capital versus infrastructure involves, however, an acute intertemporal trade-off. Because investment in education affects labor productivity with a long lag, it takes 15+ years before net national income, the private capital stock, real wages for the poor, and formal sector employment surpass their counterparts in a program that invests mainly in infrastructure. The ranking of alternative investment programs depends on the policymakers' social discount rate and on the weight of distributional objectives in the social welfare function.
The Distributional Impact of Recessions
Authors: Shibata Ippei
Published: July 2020

Using the U.S. Current Population Survey data, this paper compares the distributional impacts of the Pandemic Crisis and those of the Global Financial Crisis in terms of (i) worker characteristics, (ii) job characteristics–“social” (where individuals interact to consume goods), “teleworkable” (where individuals have the option of working at home), and “essential” jobs (which were not subject to government mandated shut-downs during the recent recession), and (iii) wage distributions. We find that young and less educated workers have always been affected more in recessions, while women and Hispanics were more severely affected during the Pandemic Recession. Surprisingly, teleworkable, social and essential jobs have been historically less cyclical. This historical acyclicality of teleworkable occupations is attributable to its higher share of skilled workers. Unlike during the Global Financial Crisis, however, employment in social industries fell more whereas employment in teleworkable and essential jobs fell less during the Pandemic Crisis. Lastly, during both recessions, workers at low-income earnings have suffered more than top-income earners, suggesting a significant distributional impact of the two recessions.
Agricultural Market Integration in India
Authors: Andrle Michal , Blagrave Patrick
Published: July 2020

We assess the degree of cross-market price discrepancy (a proxy for market integration), its evolution over time, and proximate determinants, using monthly price data for 21 agricultural goods and 60 markets in India. Econometric analysis shows that cross-market price integration is positively associated with the level of transportation infrastructure, and distance between market pairs. There is no robust evidence that price integration has increased in recent years, suggesting that any positive effects of recent policy initiatives are either small, outweighed by the identified determinants of integration, or yet to come.
It is Only Natural
Authors: Arena Marco , Di Bella Gabriel , Cuevas Alfredo , Gracia Borja , Nguyen Vina , Pienkowski Alex
Published: July 2020

Estimates of the natural interest rate are often useful in the analysis of monetary and other macroeconomic policies. The topic gathered much attention following the great financial crisis and the Euro Area debt crisis due to the uncertainty regarding the timing of monetary policy normalization and the future path of interest rates. Using a sample of European countries (including several members of the Euro Area), this paper provides estimates of country-specific natural interest rates and some of their drivers between 2000 and 2019. In line with the literature, our findings suggest that natural interest rates declined during this period, and despite a rebound in the last few years of it, they have not recovered to their pre-crisis levels. The paper also discusses the implications of the decline in natural interest rates for monetary conditions and debt sustainability.
Reviewing global estimates of surface reactive nitrogen concentration and deposition using satellite retrievals
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Xiuying , Xu Wen , Liu Xuejun , Lu Xuehe , Wei Jing , Li Yi , Yang Yuyu , Wang Zhen , Wong Anthony Y. H.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Since the industrial revolution, human activities have dramatically changed
the nitrogen (N) cycle in natural systems. Anthropogenic emissions of
reactive nitrogen (Nr) can return to the earth's surface through atmospheric Nr deposition. Increased Nr deposition may improve
ecosystem productivity. However, excessive Nr deposition can cause a
series of negative effects on ecosystem health, biodiversity, soil, and
water. Thus, accurate estimations of Nr deposition are necessary for
evaluating its environmental impacts. The United States, Canada and Europe
have successively launched a number of satellites with sensors that allow
retrieval of atmospheric NO2 and NH3 column density and therefore estimation of surface Nr concentration and deposition at an
unprecedented spatiotemporal scale. Atmosphere NH3 column can be
retrieved from atmospheric infra-red emission, while atmospheric NO2
column can be retrieved from reflected solar radiation. In recent years,
scientists attempted to estimate surface Nr concentration and
deposition using satellite retrieval of atmospheric NO2 and NH3
columns. In this study, we give a thorough review of recent advances of estimating surface Nr concentration and deposition using the satellite
retrievals of NO2 and NH3, present a framework of using satellite
data to estimate surface Nr concentration and deposition based on
recent works, and summarize the existing challenges for estimating surface
Nr concentration and deposition using the satellite-based methods. We
believe that exploiting satellite data to estimate Nr deposition has a
broad and promising prospect.
Source backtracking for dust storm emission inversion using adjoint method: case study of northeast China
Authors: Jin Jianbing , Segers Arjo , Liao Hong , Heemink Arnold , Kranenburg Richard , Lin Hai Xiang
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Emission inversion using data assimilation fundamentally relies on having the correct assumptions on the emission background error covariance. A perfect covariance accounts for the uncertainty based on prior knowledge, and is able to explain differences between model simulations and observations. In practice, emission uncertainties are constructed empirically, hence a partially unrepresentative covariance is unavoidable. Concerning its complex parameterization, dust emissions are a typical example where the uncertainty could be induced from many underlying inputs, e.g., information on soil composition and moisture, landcover and erosive wind velocity, and these can hardly be taken into account together. This paper describes how an adjoint model can be used to detect errors in the emission uncertainty assumptions. This adjoint based sensitivity method could serve as a supplement of a data assimilation inverse modeling system to trace back the error sources, in case that large observation-minus-simulation residues remain after assimilation based on empirical background covariance. The method follows on application of a data assimilation emission inversion for an extreme severe dust storm over East Asia (Jin et al., 2019b). The assimilation system successfully resolved observation-minus-simulation errors using satellite AOD observations in most of the dust-affected regions. However, a large underestimation of dust in northeast China remained despite the fact the assimilated measurements indicated severe dust plumes there. An adjoint implementation of our dust simulation model is then used to detect the most likely source region for these unresolved dust loads. The backward modeling points to the Horqin desert as source region, which was indicated as a non-source region by the existing emission scheme. The reference emission and uncertainty are then reconstructed over the Horqin desert by assuming higher surface erodibility. After the emission reconstruction, the emission inversion is performed again and the posterior dust simulations and reality are now in much closer harmony. Based on our results, it is advised that emission sources in dust transport models include Horqin desert as a more active source region.
Relative impacts of global changes and regional watershed changes on the inorganic carbon balance of the Chesapeake Bay
Authors: St-Laurent Pierre , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Najjar Raymond G. , Shadwick Elizabeth H. , Tian Hanqin , Yao Yuanzhi
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The Chesapeake Bay is a large coastal-plain estuary that has experienced considerable anthropogenic change over the past century. At the regional scale, land-use change has doubled the nutrient input from rivers and led to an increase in riverine carbon and alkalinity. The bay has also experienced global changes, including the rise of atmospheric temperature and CO2. Here we seek to understand the relative impact of these changes on the inorganic carbon balance of the bay between the early 1900s and the early 2000s. We use a linked land–estuarine–ocean modeling system that includes both inorganic and organic carbon and nitrogen cycling. Sensitivity experiments are performed to isolate the effect of changes in (1) atmospheric CO2, (2) temperature, (3) riverine nitrogen loading and (4) riverine carbon and alkalinity loading. Specifically, we find that over the past century global changes have increased ingassing by roughly the same amount (∼30 Gg-C yr−1) as has the increased riverine loadings. While the former is due primarily to increases in atmospheric CO2, the latter results from increased net ecosystem production that enhances ingassing. Interestingly, these increases in ingassing are partially mitigated by increased temperatures and increased riverine carbon and alkalinity inputs, both of which enhance outgassing. Overall, the bay has evolved over the century to take up more atmospheric CO2 and produce more organic carbon. These results suggest that over the past century, changes in riverine nutrient loads have played an important role in altering coastal carbon budgets, but that ongoing global changes have also substantially affected coastal carbonate chemistry.
Linking intrinsic and apparent relationships between
phytoplankton and environmental forcings using machine
learning ‐ What are the challenges?
Authors: Holder Christopher , Gnanadesikan Anand
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Controls on phytoplankton growth are typically determined in two ways: by varying one driver of growth at a time such as nutrient or light in a controlled laboratory setting (intrinsic relationships) or by observing the emergence of relationships in the environment (apparent relationships). However, challenges remain when trying to take the intrinsic relationships found in a lab and scaling them up to the size of ecosystems (i.e., linking intrinsic relationships in the lab to apparent relationships in large ecosystems). We investigated whether machine learning (ML) techniques could help bridge this gap. ML methods have many benefits, including the ability to accurately predict outcomes in complex systems without prior knowledge. Although previous studies have found that ML can find apparent relationships, there has yet to be a systematic study that has examined when and why these apparent relationships will diverge from the underlying intrinsic relationships. To investigate this question, we created three scenarios: one where the intrinsic and apparent relationships operate on the same time and spatial scale, another model where the intrinsic and apparent relationships have different timescales but the same spatial scale, and finally one in which we apply ML to actual ESM output. Our results demonstrated that when intrinsic and apparent relationships are closely related and operate on the same spatial and temporal timescale, ML is able to extract the intrinsic relationships when only provided information about the apparent relationships. However, when the intrinsic and apparent relationships operated on different timescales (as little separation as hourly to daily), the ML methods underestimated the biomass in the intrinsic relationships. This was largely attributable to the decline in the variation of the measurements; the hourly time series had higher variability than the daily, weekly, and monthly-averaged time series. Although the limitations found by ML were overestimated, they were able to produce more realistic shapes of the actual relationships compared to MLR. Future research may use this type of information to investigate which nutrients affect the biomass most when values of the other nutrients change. From our study, it appears that ML can extract useful information from ESM output and could likely do so for observational datasets as well.