bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detectability of Hypervascular Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Arterial Phase Images of MR and Spiral CT
Authors: Murakami Takamichi , Kim Tonsok , Oi Hiromichi , Nakamura Hironobu , Igarashi Hideji , Matsushita Masaki , Okamura Jun , Kozuka Takahiro
Published: June 2015

The ability of arterial phase images of breath-hold MR imaging and spiral CT to detect hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) was evaluated. Prior to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with iodized oil, MR images and spiral CT during i.v. bolus injection of contrast medium (IV-MR imaging and IV-spiral CT) and spiral CT during intraarterial injection of contrast media through catheter (IA-spiral CT) of the entire liver were obtained in 24 consecutive patients with 93 HCCs. In the detection of HCCs less than 1 cm in diameter, IA-spiral CT (87.3%) was superior to IV-MR imaging (63.5%) and IV-spiral CT (54.0%) (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in detectability in any tumor size between IV-MR imaging and IV-spiral CT. IA-spiral CT was the best for detecting hypervascular HCCs, and there was no significant difference between IV-MR imaging and IV-spiral CT.
Determination of the Relative Glomerular Filtration Rate of Each Kidney in Man
Authors: Frennby Bo , Almén Torsten , Lilja Bo , Eriksson Lars-Gunnar , Hellsten Sverker , Lindblad Bengt , Nilsson Mats , Nyman Ulf , Törnquist Carl
Published: June 2015

Iohexol and 99mTc-DTPA were used in 43 patients to determine the relative glomerular filtration rate (GFR), i.e., the GFR of each kidney in percent of total GFR. The amount of any GFR marker accumulating in Bowman's space, tubuli and renal pelvis within a few minutes after i.v. injection, before any marker had left the kidney via the ureter, was defined as proportional to the GFR of that kidney. The renal accumulation of iohexol was determined by CT using 10 slices of 8-mm thickness 1 to 4 minutes after injection. The renal accumulation of 99mTc-DTPA was determined with a gamma camera within 2 minutes after injection. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.98. Due to the higher radiation dose from CT than from 99mTc-DTPA injection, relative GFR determination with CT should be performed when there is also a diagnostic need to reveal morphology.
Anatomical Shape of the Airways in Two Different European Populations
Authors: Dimopoulos P. A. , Yarmenitis S. D. , Nikiforidis G. , Alexopoulos C. G.
Published: June 2015

Lateral radiographs of the airways were taken in 20 men and 24 women lying supine with the neck in the normal position. The mean configuration of the airways for men and women is presented in a standard coordinate system. The results (contours of the airways) are compared to those of a Swedish study since the same method was applied in order to find out, if the established model is valid for other populations. Significant differences were found between the two population groups as well as between males and females. This indicates both inter-racial and inter-sexual modification of the anatomical shape of the airways.
Videoradiography of Free Jejunal Grafts for Rehabilitation of Speech in Laryngectomized Patients
Authors: Pokieser P. , Grasl M. C. , Schima W. , Uranitsch K. , Piza-Katzer H. , Niederle B. , Ehrenberger K. , Ekberg O. , Tscholakoff D.
Published: June 2015

In laryngectomized patients a tracheo-esophageal artificial fistula can be used to achieve air flow from the trachea to the esophagus during speech. A one-way plastic valve is often used for the fistula. A free jejunal graft between the trachea and the esophagus can also be used. To avoid aspiration the transplant is attached to the submental area giving the graft a siphon-like shape. We performed 23 videoradiographic examinations using high-density barium in 14 such patients. The aim was to evaluate the protective function of these grafts against aspiration.

Penetration of the bolus and a small amount of residual contrast material in the ascending limb of the graft was a normal finding. If the standard barium bolus reached the descending limb at any time during the examination, this was a sign of aspiration hazard. To avoid aspiration, the vertex of the speech siphon should be higher than the level of the hypopharyngeal anastomosis.
Skull Metastasis from Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Murakami R. , Korogi Y. , Sakamoto Y. , Takahashi M. , Okuda T. , Yasunaga T. , Nishimura R. , Yoshimatsu S.
Published: June 2015

CT, MR and angiographic findings of 6 patients with 9 skull metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were reviewed. In 3 of 6 patients, local pain or neurologic deficit was the initial main manifestation of the disease, although all had been treated for chronic liver disease. In the remaining 3 patients, skull metastases were detected following treatment of HCC. The metastatic lesions appeared as expansile osteolytic masses on CT and as hypervascular masses on angiography. All lesions were demonstrated on MR imaging. Compared with the brain parenchyma, the lesions were iso- or hypointense on T1-weighted and T2-weighted MR images. The lesions were moderately to markedly enhanced by Gd-DTPA. Flow voids were shown in the tumors in 5 lesions. HCC should be included in the differential diagnosis of an osteolytic hypervascular lesion of the skull, especially in Oriental patients. The relatively hypointense tumor on T2-weighted MR images associated with flow void, different from primary skull tumors or directly invasive tumors, may support the diagnosis of HCC metastasis.
Lumbar Disk Herniation Combined with Epidural Hematoma
Authors: Mikkelsen D. B.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

Presentation of a case of simultaneous lumbar disk herniation and epidural hematoma.

Material and Methods:

An 85-year-old patient with symptoms of compression of one or more nerve roots was examined with CT of the 3 lower lumbar intervertebral spaces.

Results:

CT showed a high-density mass in the left side of the spinal canal, lying on the flaval ligament and extending laterally under the left pedicle of the 3rd lumbar vertebra. The correct diagnosis was not established before surgery. At surgery, a lumbar disk herniation and an epidural hematoma, located in the 3rd lumbar intervertebral space, were found.

Conclusion:

Retrospectively, the CT appearance was well in accordance with the findings at operation, but further examination, preferably MR imaging, is suggested in cases of atypical masses in the spinal canal.
Phosphorus-31 MR Spectroscopy in the Preoperative Evaluation of Symptomatic Unilateral Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Ekholm S. , Forssell-Aronsson E. , Starck G. , Kjellman L. , Lundh T. , Holm J. , Volkmann R. , Blomstrand C.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of 31P-MRS (MR spectroscopy) in the pre- and postoperative evaluation of patients referred for endarterectomy.

Material and Methods:

Nine patients with unilateral, hemodynamically significant stenosis in the region of the common carotid bifurcation were examined pre- and postoperatively with CT, SPECT (regional cerebral blood flow), transcranial Doppler, and duplex sonography, and they also underwent neuropsychologic investigation. Phosphorus-31 MRS of each hemisphere was performed before and 27–148 days after surgery. The relative concentrations of phosphomono- and -diesters, inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine, and ATP were estimated.

Results:

No definite changes in concentrations could be detected for any of the metabolites.

Conclusion:

The lack of changes was probably due to well-functioning collaterals and to the partial volume effect, whereby changes in a focal region are hidden when larger volumes are studied.
Videoradiography of Patients with Habitual Snoring and/or Sleep Apnea
Authors: Hillarp B. , Nylander G. , Rosén I. , Wickström O.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

The videoradiographic examination described was designed for habitual snorers and sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) patients and was performed during wakefulness and sleep. During wakefulness the purpose was to reveal any dysfunction in deglutition and speech as well as morphologic abnormalities. The purpose during sleep, which usually was induced by low-dose midazolam intravenously, was to reveal the site and form of obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea patients and the site of snoring in habitual snorers.

Material:

The preoperative results of 104 patients are presented. In 57 patients who had apneas, the occurrence and type of apnea could be determined.

Results and Conclusion:

A continuous recording over some minutes gave a rough estimate of the degree of SAS and mean duration of apnea. Although much information on SAS can be obtained by this method, it cannot replace polygraphic sleep recording in the investigation of habitual snorers and SAS patients. However, these 2 methods are complementary and can be performed simultaneously as polygraphic videoradiography.
Imaging of Tuberculosis
Authors: Lundstedt C. , Nyman R. , Brismar J. , Hugosson C. , Kagevi I.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To describe the radiological findings of tuberculosis (TB) of the abdomen as reflected at our hospital.

Material and Methods:

The radiological files of 503 patients (referred to our institution mainly because of a clinical suspicion of malignancy, and found to have cultureor biopsy-proven TB) were reviewed in order to analyze the spectrum of the TB manifestations in this group of patients.

Results:

Abdominal manifestations were found in 112 patients, in 1/3 abdominal disease was the only evidence of TB. More than half of the patients also had chest TB. The most common abdominal TB manifestations were peritonitis and lymph node enlargement, each occurring in about 1/3 of the patients. Also 1/3 had genitourinary TB manifestations. About 1/5 had TB of the liver, spleen or pancreas or in the gastrointestinal tract, respectively. Multiple organ involvement was common.

Conclusion:

The need to consider TB in the differential diagnosis in patients with obscure abdominal symptoms, especially with multiple organ involvement, is stressed.
Imaging of Tuberculosis
Authors: Lindahl S. , Nyman R. S. , Brismar J. , Hugosson C. , Lundstedt C.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To describe the radiologic findings in patients with spinal tuberculosis (TB).

Material and Methods:

Out of a total of 503 patients with TB, 63 (13%) had involvement of the spine.

Results:

In 40 patients, the spine was the only location; 20 patients had concomitant chest TB. Conventional radiographs gave a good overview, CT visualized the diskovertebral lesions and the paravertebral abscesses, while MR imaging was useful to determine the spread of disease to the soft tissues and the spinal canal. The typical findings were destroyed vertebrae with associated paraspinal soft-tissue mass, with or without abscess formation, sometimes also involving the epidural space together with adjoining disk lesion and focal gibbus formation. Involvement of a single vertebra was a relatively common finding. Large psoas abscesses could occur without any signs of bone involvement. The TB process could sometimes be indistinguishable from malignant processes, and in 3 patients, with multiple lesions in the spine, it mimicked metastatic disease.

Conclusion:

It is stressed that TB should always be considered in the differential diagnosis when radiologic findings suggest spinal infections or primary or secondary spinal tumors.
Imaging of Tuberculosis
Authors: Hugosson C. , Nyman R. S. , Brismar J. , Larsson S.-G. , Lindahl S. , Lundstedt C.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To assess frequency, location, and appearance of peripheral osteoarticular and soft-tissue tuberculosis (TB).

Material and Methods:

Twenty-five of 503 patients with TB had peripheral osteoarticular TB and 5 had soft-tissue TB. Chest radiography, CT, and MR imaging were applied.

Results:

The location of the osteoarticular lesion was articular/epiphyseal in 14 patients, articular/metaphyseal in 3, and metaphyseal without joint involvement in 3. Involvement of flat bone was found in 4 patients (5 lesions). The morphologic appearance was similar to that of a lytic tumour in 9 patients (10 lesions) and that of a destructive joint lesion in 16 patients. The soft-tissue TB in all 5 patients presented as an abscess. Twelve patients had a total of 20 additional sites of involvement: chest in 9, abdomen in 4, spine in 4, the neck in 3, and the central nervous system in one patient.

Conclusion:

On the basis of radiologic appearance, it can be difficult to differentiate peripheral osteoarticular and soft-tissue TB from other degenerative, inflammatory, or neoplastic disorders, and the importance of a high awareness is stressed in order to reach an early diagnosis.
Percutaneous Superselective Coil-Embolization of Intrarenal Arteriovenous Fistulas
Authors: Husstedt H. , Chavan A. , Ghadban F. , Leppert A. , Galanski M.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To evaluate the role of percutaneous transcatheter coil-occlusion in the management of uncontrollable postoperative hematuria due to iatrogenic arteriovenous (AV) fistula.

Material and Methods:

In 2 patients, AV fistulas were occluded with percutaneous catheter-guided superselective coil embolization.

Results:

In both cases, occlusion of the AV fistulas was successful. Only small parts (less than 10%) of the parenchyma had to be sacrificed. No hypertension occurred.

Conclusion:

Percutaneous coil embolization is a useful alternative to surgery in cases of postoperative AV fistulas. Hematuria can be effectively controlled without resulting hypertension.
Total Effective Radiation Dose from Spiral CT and Conventional Radiography of the Pelvis with Regard to Fracture Classification
Authors: Jurik A. G. , Jensen L. C. , Hansen J.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

In most departments CT has replaced special radiographic projections with regard to classification of pelvic fractures. This change of procedure calls for analysis in terms of dosimetry.

Methods:

The total effective radiation doses given with spiral CT and conventional 5 projection radiography were determined according to ICRP 60 by measuring organ doses with an anthropomorphic Rando Alderson phantom packed with thermoluminescence dosimeters. For comparison, easily obtainable calculated effective doses were also determined, based on the CT dose index (CTDI), measured free-in-air and as entrance surface dose using organ conversion factors according to NRPB-R250 and NRPB-R262.

Results:

The total effective radiation dose was lower in spiral CT than in conventional 5 projection radiography, 4.4 and 5.0 mSv, respectively. In spiral CT the calculated effective dose was 11% lower and in conventional radiography 68% higher than the dose obtained by actual measurement using the Alderson phantom.

Conclusion:

As CT gives important diagnostic information with regard to classification of pelvic fractures, and without a greater radiation risk than impacted by 5 projection conventional radiography, we recommend the performance of spiral CT instead of special projections.
Gd-DTPA in Male Urethrography
Authors: Vehmas T. , Tervahartiala P.
Published: June 2015

Patients with a case history of severe side-effects from iodine-containing contrast media present problems in later radiological examination. We report here on an alternative, the first extravascular use of Gd-DTPA in an X-ray urethrography.

By using the standard processing algorithm of our digital radiographic equipment and 60 ml undiluted Gd-DTPA meglumine (469 mg/ml) we achieved good contrast and could exclude the suspected urethral diverticulum in a 26-year-old man. No adverse reactions occurred.

Gd-DTPA seems to offer a reasonable contrast and may be used as an alternative extravascular contrast medium in selected conventional radiographic studies.
Pre- and Postoperative MR Imaging of Craniopharyngiomas
Authors: Hald J. K. , Eldevik O. P. , Quint D. J. , Chandler W. F. , Kollevold T.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To compare the pre- and postoperative MR appearance of craniopharyngiomas with respect to lesion size, tumour morphology and identification of surrounding normal structures.

Material and Methods:

MR images obtained prior to and following craniopharyngioma resection were evaluated retrospectively in 10 patients. Tumour signal characteristics, size and extension with particular reference to the optic chiasm, the pituitary gland, the pituitary stalk and the third ventricle were evaluated.

Results:

Following surgery, tumour volume was reduced in all patients. In 6 patients there was further tumour volume reduction between the first and second postoperative images. Two of these patients received radiation therapy between the 2 postoperative studies, while 4 had no adjuvant treatment to the surgical intervention. There was improved visualization of the optic chiasm in 3, the pituitary stalk in one, and the third ventricle in 9 of the 10 patients. The pituitary gland was identified preoperatively only in one patient, postoperatively only in another, pre- and postoperatively in 5, and neither pre- nor postoperatively in 3 patients. In 3 patients MR imaging 0–7 days postoperatively identified tumour remnants not seen at the end of the surgical procedure. The signal intensities of solid and cystic tumour components were stable from pre- to the first postoperative MR images. Optic tract increased signal prior to surgery was gone 28 days postoperatively in one patient, but persisted on the left side for 197 days after surgery in another.

Conclusion:

Postoperative MR imaging of craniopharyngiomas demonstrated tumour volume reduction and tumour remnants not seen at surgery. Early postoperative MR imaging of craniopharyngiomas may overestimate the size of residual tumour. Improved visualization of peritumoral structures may be achieved.
Relative Processing Fluency
Authors: Wänke Michaela , Hansen Jochim
Published: June 2015

The subjective ease, or fluency, that is experienced during the cognitive processing of information has a large impact on the outcome of the processing. Research on judgment in a variety of domains shows that such fluency effects depend less on the (absolute) level of experienced fluency than on the relative fluency—that is, the change in fluency or the deviation from the expected level of fluency. Changes in an internal state are often more noticeable and perhaps more relevant as a diagnostic cue regarding the environment than the absolute level of that state. Relative experience is therefore particularly informative and accounts for ease-of-retrieval effects as well as classic fluency effects such as the truth effect and the mere-exposure effect.
A Primer on Unrealistic Optimism
Authors: Shepperd James A. , Waters Erika A. , Weinstein Neil D. , Klein William M. P.
Published: June 2015

People display unrealistic optimism in their predictions about countless events, believing that their personal future outcomes will be more desirable than can possibly be true. We summarize the vast literature on unrealistic optimism by focusing on four broad questions: What is unrealistic optimism, when does it occur, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? Unrealistic optimism can be operationalized in multiple ways; is commonplace yet has well-established boundary conditions; occurs for a variety of reasons; and has consequences for affect, decision making, and behavior.
Should the MSMEs be Governed the Corporate Way?
Authors: Saxena Anand , Jagota Rajni
Published: June 2015

This article makes a case for micro small and medium enterprises (MSME) governance as distinct from corporate governance even in instances where MSME firms are organised as bodies corporate.The credence for the suggestion for a separate framework for the governance of the MSME sector comes from (a) the contribution of the MSMEs to the economic and social development in their respective settings, (b) systemic nature of their ailments, (c) institutional and organisational contingency theory of corporate governance and (d) the theory of articulation (upward delegation) of decision making.The model of articulation of governance for the MSME sector (MAG_MSME) developed in the article provides for sharing of the costs and responsibility of governance by the participants in the articulation. Besides, it also addresses to the firm-level antecedents of governance and examines the roles of the entrepreneurs and their families in the MSME governance.
Physiologic imaging in acute stroke: Patient selection
Authors: Morgan Clinton D , Stephens Marcus , Zuckerman Scott L , Waitara Magarya S , Morone Peter J , Dewan Michael C , Mocco J
Published: June 2015

Treatment of acute stroke is changing, as endovascular intervention becomes an important adjunct to tissue plasminogen activator. An increasing number of sophisticated physiologic imaging techniques have unique advantages and applications in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment-decision making of acute ischemic stroke. In this review, we first highlight the strengths, weaknesses, and possible indications for various stroke imaging techniques. How acute imaging findings in each modality have been used to predict functional outcome is discussed. Furthermore, there is an increasing emphasis on using these state-of-the-art imaging modalities to offer maximal patient benefit through IV therapy, endovascular thrombolytics, and clot retrieval. We review the burgeoning literature in the determination of stroke treatment based on acute, physiologic imaging findings.
Voices of the incarcerated father: Struggling to live up to fatherhood
Authors: Chui Wing Hong
Published: June 2015

Despite overwhelming evidence that imprisonment has negative consequences for family members, very few studies have explored the mechanisms by which incarceration affects families and children. In particular, the father role is crucial to family members. Together with the fact that there have been few studies on incarcerated fathers and their relationships with significant others, this study draws on the theoretical bases and predictions of the identity theory to explore qualitatively the extent of expression of the fatherhood identity and the struggles and obstacles they experience in expressing it. This study documents qualitative reports of ex-prisoners’ behavioural responses in resolving the negative emotions (if any) induced by the discrepancy between their internalized standards and the appraisals of significant others. A total of 17 Chinese participants were recruited to take part in semi-structured interviews via referrals from social service centres in Hong Kong. Results were consistent with the predictions of identity theory. That is, ex-prisoners experienced an inability to meet their fatherhood identity standard during and after incarceration, and as a result their identity standards were weakened or they experienced withdrawal of fatherhood identity. However, participants were additionally found to employ positive strategies actively in coping with their compromised identity, suggesting avenues for further research.
Topological fixed point theory and applications to variational inequalities
Authors: Latif Abdul , Ben-El-Mechaiekh Hichem
Published: June 2015

This is the first part of a work on generalized variational inequalities and their applications in optimization. It proposes a general theoretical framework for the solvability of variational inequalities with possibly non-convex constraints and objectives. The framework consists of a generic constrained nonlinear inequality ($\exists\hat{u}\in\Psi(\hat {u})$
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) derived from new topological fixed point theorems for set-valued maps in the absence of convexity. Simple homotopical and approximation methods are used to extend the Kakutani fixed point theorem to upper semicontinuous compact approachable set-valued maps defined on a large class of non-convex spaces having non-trivial Euler-Poincaré characteristic and modeled on locally finite polyhedra. The constrained nonlinear inequality provides an umbrella unifying and extending a number of known results and approaches in the theory of generalized variational inequalities. Various applications to optimization problems will be presented in the second part to this work to be published ulteriorly.
Editing Textual Synergies: New Historicism and “New Textualism”
Authors: Meyer Jürgen
Published: June 2015

New Historicism has alerted critics to the complex conditions of literary production in the age of the printing press. The revisionist challenge presented by Jerome J. McGann to the concept of “the” writer as autonomous authority in the publication of a text has necessitated adjustments in the fields of textual scholarship and editing since the early 1980s. The present article delineates the theoretical parallels between New Historicism as a revisionist critical paradigm and “New Textualism” as its bibliographical counterpart. These approaches are distinguished from the purely analytic, noninterpretive idealistic premises of the earlier textual scholarship known as “New Bibliography.” New Textualist scholars have shifted attention from a disputable end product (an author's “work”) to the genetic details in a range of material text witnesses, highlighting their dynamic “fluidity” and their “contamination” by social agents involved in the production process of the text, including typists, publishers, and editors. However, a few aspects of New Textualism create methodological aporias and produce, in extremo, a virtually unreadable compilation of parallel texts. Using some previously developed categories, this article offers an interpretive textual analysis together with a genetic narrative of Sir Thomas More's Utopia (1516). It demonstrates the extent of text variation caused by agents other than the author and in so doing presents evidence of a highly interactive textual practice in early modern publishing.
Elizabethan Theater Reconstructions Reconsidered: Some Theoretical Aspects of Time-Space-Audience Relationships
Authors: Limon Jerzy
Published: June 2015

This essay concentrates on a relatively neglected aspect of theater reconstructions, namely, the various ways the “reconstructed space” impacts today's spectator, an impact that is substantially different from the impact the original building had on the Elizabethan audience. When a historical building, such as the Globe or the Fortune, is reconstructed, it seems as if two temporal and spatial structures are blended and staged. The theater becomes a sign of the past brought into the present of the local inhabitants or visitors; thus it is not only a piece of architecture but a sign of something it is not—the original building. We may therefore talk of theatricality, of created fictionality, and of the theater building being staged as if in a performance. It becomes an inseparable material component of every production presented on its stage. This is why, among other reasons, reconstructed buildings create a theatrical atmosphere. It may be said that a layer of fictionality is inscribed in the material substance of the building, creating meanings that were not part of the original, because the original was not a historical monument or a reconstruction. It also functioned within its original context, which was not historical at all (the example of staging the Chaste Maid in Cheapside is used here). The semiosis of the theater results in the specific performative function of architecture, which is staged in a historical costume for modern audiences.
Wnt signaling andtbx16form a bistable switch to commit bipotential progenitors to mesoderm
Authors: Bouldin Cortney M. , Manning Alyssa J. , Peng Yu-Hsuan , Farr Gist H. , Hung King L. , Dong Alice , Kimelman David
Published: June 2015

Anterior to posterior growth of the vertebrate body is fueled by a posteriorly located population of bipotential neuro-mesodermal progenitor cells. These progenitor cells have a limited rate of proliferation, and their maintenance is critical for completion of the anterior-posterior axis. How these cells leave the progenitor state and commit to differentiation is largely unknown, in part because widespread modulation of factors essential for this process causes organism-wide effects. Using a novel assay, we show that Tbx16 (Spadetail) is capable of advancing mesodermal differentiation cell-autonomously. We find that Tbx16 locks cells into the mesodermal state by not only activating downstream mesodermal genes, but also by repressing bipotential progenitor genes, in part through a direct repression of sox2. We demonstrate that tbx16 is activated as cells move from an intermediate Wnt environment to a high Wnt environment, and show that Wnt signaling activates the tbx16 promoter. Importantly, high-level Wnt signaling is able to accelerate mesodermal differentiation cell-autonomously, just as we observe with Tbx16. Finally, because our assay for mesodermal commitment is quantitative, we show that the acceleration of mesodermal differentiation is surprisingly incomplete, implicating a potential separation of cell movement and differentiation during this process. Together our data suggest a model in which high levels of Wnt signaling induce a transition to mesoderm by directly activating tbx16, which in turn acts to irreversibly flip a bistable switch, leading to maintenance of the mesodermal fate and repression of the bipotential progenitor state, even as cells leave the initial high Wnt environment.
A Comparative Study of Toxicity and the Scale of Activity of New N-Substituted Benzamide Derivative
Authors: Иванова  , Ivanova E. , Мелешкин  , Meleshkin A. , Скачилова  , Skachilova S. , Елизарова  , Elizarova Yu. , Сингх  , Singkh L. , Блинов  , Blinov D. , Блинова  , Blinova E. , Салямова  , Salyamova E.
Published: June 2015

A promising search direction of modern scientists, involved in antiarrhythmic researchs, is the creation of substances that can suppress the repolarization phase of the action potential of myocardial cells. At the same time, the well-known domestic representative of this group of substances – the Nibentan – has a number of undesirable effects. To correct for these effects, the chemical compound the Nibentan with L-glutamic acid as the anion was created. In experi-ments on mice, it was found that the acute toxicity of the compound is N-substituted Benzamide derivative – Racemate Nibentan with L-glutamic acid is below 1.6 times at the intra-peritoneal injection in comparison with the acute toxicity structural analogue the Nibentan. Studied chemical compound in the range of doses from 1 to 5 % from DL50 suppresses reproduction acontinued disturbances of cardiac rhythm, which may serve as evidence of the ability of compounds to inhibit sodium ion currents through the membrane of cardiomyocytes. The compound of the Racemate Nibentan with L-glutamic acid also has a great therapeutic effect on aconitine arrhythmiac model in rats. On the model of transient ischemic arrhythmias a new compound Nibentan with comparable anti-arrhythmic activity in doses of 5 and 2.5 % from LD50, exceeds the reference product to prevent the formation of occlusion and reperfusion ventricular fibrillation in acute experience on cats. This work was supported by the project (project code - 2859) performed in Mordovia State N.P. Ogarev University under Government job and grant RFBR 14-04-31104.
Medical and Sociological Characteristics of City Multi-Profile Hospital
Authors: Орлов  , Orlov A.
Published: June 2015

The article describes medical and sociological large multidisciplinary inpatient hospital care in Samara city according to study of the opinions of patients and health workers. 357 respondents from among the patients of the hospital and 295 respondents from a number of doctors and paramedical staff of this medical prophylactic institution took part in the survey. The study was conducted on the basis of specially designed questionnaires. Sociological research method was used.The majority of patients were satisfied with both the terms of stay relation in the hospital, and the quality of diagnostic and therapeutic issues incorporated, the organization of medical care. Medical person-nel actively engaged in self-education on the assessment, monitoring and ensuring the quality of care. It was established a high proportion of respondents who consider themselves knowledgeable in matters of quality of care and well-assess the quality of care at the hospital. They believe that the ongoing work to ensure the quality of medical care is in the hospital. It is necessary to continue work in a multidisciplinary hospital staff development in the area of quality of care, as many of the questions, respondents of the number of health workers failed to give a complete and correct answer (in terms of the componentsof the ILC, controls carried out by health insurance organizations, controls).
La ciudad de Vigo en el centro de los análisis de geografía urbana en Galicia
Authors: Lois González Rubén Camilo
Published: June 2015

Las investigaciones de Geografía Urbana tienen un origen muy reciente en Galicia, pues sólo se contabilizan trabajos publicados en los últimos quince años. Destacan los análisis realizados sobre la ciudad de Vigo. En general la temática centrada en las ciudades, las villas y la comarcalización del territorio.
Los señoríos del Duque de Segorbe en la Sierra de Espadán desde la expulsión morisca al primer tercio del siglo XVIII: constitución y desarrollo de unas comunidades rurales
Authors: Grau Escrihuela Antoni F.
Published: June 2015

En la Sierra de Eslida, los establecimientos de los bienes que habían pertenecido a los moriscos se realizaron exclusivamente bajo régimen enfitéutico. Los repartos iniciales de 1612-1614 originaron unas comunidades rurales si no igualitarias sí relativamente homogéneas. Pese al paulatino incremento que experimentó su diferenciación interna, y que se debió más a factores intrínsecos a su propia dinámica que a la actuación de grupos sociales extraños a ellas, hasta el primer tercio del siglo XVIII seguían constituyendo ejemplos típicos de sociedades agrarias con un escaso grado de movilidad social.
Decadencia y degradación de las masas forestales valencianas
Authors: Montiel Molina Cristina
Published: June 2015

El gran número de abusos que, con carácter secular, se han cometido en el espacio forestal valenciano ha generado un proceso de degradación progresiva de la cubierta vegetal, acentuado en los últimos decenios por la escalada de incendios forestales y las consecuencias de la especulación urbanística. Entre las razones que justifican el estado actual de las masas forestales valencianas figuran, en primer lugar, los abusos revanchistas motivados por conflictos o cambios de titularidad desde época señorial y el deterioro ocasionado por aprovechamientos excesivos o desordenados. Los múltiples efectos que desencadenó la política desamortizadora, así como la expansión de las roturaciones arbitrarias, son igualmente fundamentales para entender el proceso de degradación que afecta desde mediados de la centuria pasada al espacio forestal valenciano. Frente a los numerosos factores causantes de la degradación de los montes valencianos, las limitaciones impuestas por una guardería forestal insuficiente y el condicionamiento de unos intereses municipales a menudo contrapuestos a la conservación de la cobertura vegetal, han impedido o dificultado con frecuencia la defensa de los espacios montuosos.
Aproximación al estudio de las nieblas en el valle medio del Duero
Authors: Morales Rodríguez Carlos G. , Ortega Villazán María Teresa
Published: June 2015

Se realiza un estudio detallado de las nieblas en el valle medio del Duero, a fin de conocer su dinámica, frecuencia, distribución espacial y, sobre todo, se pretende analizar de forma pormenorizada los tipos de tiempo a los que se asocian, puesto que no siempre son las situaciones de marcada estabilidad sus causantes. Ante todo se resaltan los principales factores que contribuyen a su génesis, derivados tanto del relieve como la dinámica atmosférica, y se reflexiona sobre sus efectos y consecuencias.
Notas sobre el régimen urbanístico del medio rural: el tratamiento del suelo no urbanizable en el planeamiento de los municipios turísticos alicantinos
Authors: Navalón García Rosario
Published: June 2015

Los instrumentos de planeamiento para llevar a cabo la ordenación urbanística municipal pueden clasificar genéricamente el suelo comprendido en su ámbito territorial como: urbano, urbanizable y no urbanizable. Sin embargo, simplemente esta diferenciación no resuelve los problemas urbanísticos, puesto que la actividad urbanizadora no sólo se manifiesta en suelo urbano o urbanizable, sino también en el medio rústico de nuestros municipios, los cuales se han visto paulatinamente sometidos a fuertes tensiones por la demanda turístico inmobiliaria del litoral, a menudo en detrimento de las actividades tradicionales y del medio ambiente. Por ello, se pretende a continuación esbozar una aproximación a las disposiciones legales en materia de ordenación para este ámbito y su aplicación, junto a algunos aspectos de la actuación urbanística en suelo no urbanizable.
Lluvias de barro en la vertiente mediterránea de la Península Ibérica
Authors: Quereda Sala José , Olcina Cantos Jorge
Published: June 2015

Las lluvias de barro son un fenómeno propio de las condiciones climáticas de la fachada mediterránea peninsular. Conocidas, tradicionalmente, como lluvias de fango o de sangre, su estudio ha cobrado renovada atención por la reiteración que están teniendo, en los últimos años, este tipo de precipitaciones. Pese a la dificultad de su estudio —ausencia de registro sistemático en los observatorios meteorologicos—, en el trabajo se detalla la elevada frecuencia anual que tiene el fenómeno en dicho ámbito, se analiza la composición química de estas lluvias y los factores atmosféricos que confluyen en su gestación. La relación entre la mayor frecuencia de aparición de lluvias de barro y posibles cambios en la circulación atmosférica planetaria se plantea como cuestión, todavía, en ciernes.
Implicaciones didácticas del estudio geográfico de las ciudades
Authors: Souto González Xosé Manuel
Published: June 2015

Los mecanismos financieros y la mediatización de los medios de comunicación ha determinado la universalización de formas de vida, en los últimos años de este siglo, que se difunde a través de los centros urbanos. Por todo ello los programas educativos contemplan el hecho urbano como un asunto relevante. Desde la Geografía se ha venido estudiando el mundo de las ciudades desde diversas perspectivas teóricas, que responden a planteamientos ideológicos y epistemológicos concretos. Su estudio y comprensión es fundamental para organizar los contenidos didácticos, expresión de problemas escolares donde al alumnado se le propone un método y unos conceptos para explicar mejor el mundo donde vive.
Comercio, pesca y sal en el Cap de Cerver (Orihuela) en la Baja Edad Media
Authors: Hinojosa Montalvo José
Published: June 2015

The port of Cap de Cerver was used, along with that of Guardamar, as an inward and outward route for products from Orihuela’s provincial goverment. Jaime II and his successors in the throne favoured chelped it with various privileges, and its activity was oriented towards trade, fishing and exploitation. Wheat was the main exported item, although the yearly vessel movement was scarce. Profits at saltworks were not high either at the end for the Middle Ages. For its defence agsint attacks from pirates and corsairs, it had a tower, maintained by Orihuela, with a keeper in charge of it. A country house and some auxiliary buildings would complete the harbour area complex.
Villa y comarca funcional en Galicia
Authors: Rodríguez González Román
Published: June 2015

Desde los años sesenta Galicia experimenta, como consecuencia de la difusión del proceso de urbanización y la introducción dentro de los circuitos económicos occidentales, una fuerte secuencia de transformación de las estructuras socioeconómicas y territoriales preexistentes. Estas dan como resultado la formación de un modelo de organización espacial dual entre un eje litoral densamente urbanizado, donde se concentra la población y la fuerza económica, y un interior de carácter rural compartimentado en comarcas. El desarrollo urbano y funcional de las villas de las áreas rurales da como resultado la formación de áreas de influencia de carácter supramunicipal que se corresponden con comarcas funcionales. Estas se superponen a las tradicionales comarcas naturales como piezas básicas de la articulación de los espacios agrarios de Galicia.
New York und Tokio in der Medienkunst
Authors: Zaremba Jutta
Published: June 2015

Urbanismusdebatte trifft auf Medienkunst. Am Beispiel von New York und Tokio werden in diesem Band urbane Mythologisierungen aufgezeigt und mit den Imaginationsräumen der Medienkunst abgeglichen. Anhand der für Urbanisierungsprozesse zentralen Begriffe von Musealisierung und Mediatisierung werden acht Werke aus Videokunst, Musikvideo, Netzkunst, CD-Rom und Computerinstallation einer dichten Analyse unterzogen. Die eingehende Betrachtung der Medienkunst bringt vielgestaltige Abwandlungen urbaner Mythen zum Vorschein und führt bei Musealisierung und Mediatisierung zu zahlreichen Begriffserweiterungen auf den Ebenen von Raum, Zeit und Bild.
A note on label propagation for semi-supervised learning
Authors: Bodó Zalán , Csató Lehel
Published: June 2015

Semi-supervised learning has become an important and thoroughly studied subdomain of machine learning in the past few years, because gathering large unlabeled data is almost costless, and the costly human labeling process can be minimized by semi-supervision. Label propagation is a transductive semi-supervised learning method that operates on the—most of the time undirected—data graph. It was introduced in [8] and since many variants were proposed. However, the base algorithm has two variants: the first variant presented in [8] and its slightly modified version used afterwards, e.g. in [7]. This paper presents and compares the two algorithms—both theoretically and experimentally—and also tries to make a recommendation which variant to use.
Accuracy and precision assessment of a new blood glucose monitoring system
Authors: Ji Li-Nong , Guo Li-Xin , Liu Li-Bin
Published: June 2015

Blood glucose self-monitoring by individuals with diabetes is essential in controlling blood glucose levels. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced new standards for blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS) in 2013 (ISO 15197: 2013). The CONTOUR PLUS

This study evaluated the accuracy and precision of CONTOUR PLUS BGMS in quantitative glucose testing of capillary and venous whole blood samples obtained from 363 patients at three different hospitals.

Results of fingertip and venous blood glucose measurements by the CONTOUR PLUS system were compared with laboratory reference values to determine accuracy. Accuracy was 98.1% (96.06%–99.22%) for fingertip blood tests and 98.1% (96.02%–99.21%) for venous blood tests. Precision was evaluated across a wide range of blood glucose values (5.1–17.2 mmol/L), testing three blood samples repeatedly 15 times with the CONTOUR PLUS blood glucose meter using test strips from three lots. All within-lot results met ISO criteria (i.e., SD<0.42 mmol/L for blood glucose concentration <5.55 mmol/L; CV<7.5% for blood glucose concentration ≥5.55 mmol/L). Between-lot variations were 1.5% for low blood glucose concentration, 2.4% for normal and 3.4% for high.

Accuracy of both fingertip and venous blood glucose measurements by the CONTOUR PLUS system was >95%, confirming that the system meets ISO 15197: 2013 requirements.
The equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture and the extended abelian Stark conjecture
Authors: Vallières Daniel
Published: June 2015

The goal of this paper is to show that the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture implies the extended abelian Stark conjecture contained in [12] and [11]. In particular, this gives the first proof of the extended abelian Stark conjecture for the base field

ℚ

{\mathbb{Q}}

, since the equivariant Tamagawa number conjecture away from 2 was proved in this context by Burns and Greither in [8] and Flach completed their results at 2 in [13] and [14].
Exosomes: potential model for complement-stealth delivery systems
Authors: Milosevits Gergely , Szebeni János , Krol Silke
Published: June 2015

Exosomes are nature’s nanocarriers that transport biological information in humans. Their structural properties, origin and functions are making them interesting objects for the diagnosis of diseases, such as cancer, and also, as innovative tools for drug delivery. The interaction of exosomes with the immune system has been one of the focal points of interest; nevertheless their “stealth” properties helping to avoid adverse immune reactions are still not fully understood. In this review, after giving an overview of recent findings on the role of exosomes in disease pathogenesis and physiological functions, we focused on their interaction with the immune system and possibilities for clinical applications. The potential of exosomes of creating stealth nanoparticles that are better tolerated by the immune system than the presently available synthetic drug delivery systems represent a promising new approach in nanomedicine.
A regional survey of the relationship between vowel and consonant duration in Shetland Scots
Authors: Sundkvist Peter , Gao Man
Published: June 2015

The local dialect spoken in the Shetland Isles constitutes a form of Lowland Scots. It has been suggested that stressed syllables in Shetland Scots tend to contain either a long vowel followed by a short consonant (V:C) or a short vowel followed by a long consonant (VC:), and furthermore that this pattern constitutes a trace of complementary quantity in Norn, a Nordic language spoken in Shetland approximately until the end of the eighteenth century. The existence of such a pattern has also been supported by acoustic measurements. Following a summary and overview of Norn’s demise in the Shetland Isles, this paper presents a regional survey of the relationship between vowel and consonant duration in stressed syllables in Shetland Scots. Based on acoustic data from 43 speakers, representing ten separate regions across the Shetland Isles, the inverse correlation between vowel and consonant duration is assessed. The results reveal that the inverse correlation is strongest in the northern part of Shetland and weakest in the south, and displays a general north-to-south decline across Shetland. The results are thus generally consistent with predictions that follow from regional variation concerning Norn’s death; evidence suggests that it survived the longest in the northern parts of Shetland.
Climate-Ready Seeds and Patent Rights: A Question of Climate (in) Justice?
Authors: Saab Anne
Published: June 2015

This paper seeks to examine the concept of climate justice and how it is employed by different actors and for different ends. This will be done through an exploration of invocations of climate justice in discussions about a proposed adaptation strategy, namely ‘climate-ready seeds’. The impacts of climate change are often perceived as a form of injustice, because the most vulnerable regions and people suffer disproportionately while having contributed least to causing climate change. Adaptation strategies intended to alleviate this suffering can be viewed as a pursuit of climate justice. At the same time, some argue that certain adaptation strategies cause more injustice than they alleviate. Climate justice movements thus also aim to correct the injustices caused by adaptation strategies. Critics of climate-ready seeds contend that this proposed adaptation strategy is a profitable business for seed corporations, but does not benefit poor farmers. Even though different actors use the concept of climate justice for different purposes, they often invoke similar notions of ‘rights’. I argue in this paper that reliance on rights in all accounts of climate justice in discourses about climate-ready seeds plays a hand in obscuring the distinct aims and ends contained in the idea of climate justice.