bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peer production, the commons, and the future of the firm
Authors: Benkler Yochai
Published: June 2016

From free and open source software, through Wikipedia to video journalism, peer production plays a more significant role in the information production environment than was theoretically admissible by any economic model of motivation and organization that prevailed at the turn of the millennium. Its sustained success for a quarter of a century forces us to reevaluate three core assumptions of the standard models of innovation and production. First, it places intrinsic and social motivations, rather than material incentives, at the core of innovation, and hence growth. Second, it challenges the centrality of property, as opposed to the interaction of property and commons, to growth. And third, it questions the continued centrality of firms to the innovation process.
Coupling modeling and analysis of a wind energy converter
Authors: Li Jie-jie , Yang E-chuan , Liu Wen-jun , Li Ying-hui
Published: June 2016

In this article, the numerical simulation of a 2.0-MW wind energy converter coupling is achieved by three-dimensional computer-aided design modeling technique and finite element method. The static performances and the buckling characteristics of the diaphragm coupling are investigated. The diaphragm coupling is divided into three substructures, namely, torque input end, the middle section, and the torque output end. Considering the assembly and contact conditions, the simulation analysis for stress responses of the diaphragm coupling is carried out. The buckling factor and buckling mode of the diaphragms are obtained, and the geometric parameters of the diaphragms are optimized according to their buckling characteristics. The relationship between the pretightening force of the bolts, which tighten the friction flange and the friction plate, and the sliding torque is given by an empirical formula. The reasonable ranges of the pretightening force and tighten torque of the bolts are recommended. The fatigue analysis of the diaphragms is completed, and the results show that the diaphragms are competent to the designed life of the diaphragm coupling.
Quantifying over-estimation in early stopped clinical trials and the “freezing effect” on subsequent research
Authors: Wang Hao , Rosner Gary L , Goodman Steven N
Published: June 2016

Background:

Despite the wide use of the design with statistical stopping guidelines to stop a randomized clinical trial early for efficacy, there are unsettled debates of potential harmful consequences of such designs. These concerns include the possible over-estimation of treatment effects in early stopped trials and a newer argument of a “freezing effect” that will halt future randomized clinical trials on the same comparison since an early stopped trial represents an effective declaration that randomization to the unfavored arm is unethical. The purpose of this study is to determine the degree of bias in designs that allow for early stopping and to assess the impact on estimation if indeed future experimentation is “frozen” by an early stopped trial.

Methods:

We perform simulations to study the effect of early stopping. We simulate a collection of trials and contrast the treatment-effect estimates (risk differences and ratios) with the simulation truth. Simulations consider various scenarios of between-study variation, including an empirically derived distribution of effects from the clinical literature.

Results:

Across the trials whose true effects are sampled from a uniform distribution, estimates from trials that stop early for efficacy deviate minimally from the simulation truth (median bias of the estimate of risk difference is 0.005). Over-estimation becomes appreciable only when the true effect is close to the null value 0 (median bias of the risk difference estimate is 0.04) or when stopping happens with 40% information or less; however, stopping under these situations is rare. We also find slight reverse bias of the estimated treatment effect (median bias of the risk difference estimate is −0.002) among trials that do not cross the early stopping boundaries but continue to the final analysis. Similar results occur with relative risk estimates. In contrast, Bayesian estimation of the treatment effect shrinks the estimate from trials stopping early and pulls back under-estimation from completed trials, largely rectifying any over-estimation among trials that terminate early. Regarding the so-called freezing effect, the pooled effects from meta-analyses that include truncated randomized clinical trials show an unimportant deviation from the true value, even when no subsequent trials are conducted after a truncated randomized clinical trial.

Conclusion:

Group sequential designs with stopping rules seek to minimize exposure of patients to a disfavored therapy and speed dissemination of results, and such designs do not lead to materially biased estimates. The likelihood and magnitude of a “freezing effect” is minimal. Superiority demonstrated in a randomized clinical trial stopping early and designed with appropriate statistical stopping rules is likely a valid inference, even if the estimate may be slightly inflated.
Experimental determination of parameters in models of indoor air temperature response to reduction in supplied energy
Authors: Zawada Bernard
Published: June 2016

To diminish peaks of energy power demand in buildings, we need to determine parameters in transmittance models that describe indoor temperature response to changes in heating. This article discusses first- and second-order models as well as an integration model. Calculations deal with indoor temperature drop in the range to −2 K following the heating power reduction for a period of 4–6 h. The second-order model was found to be the most accurate in showing the decrease in temperature. The calculated values of parameters vary within wide ranges, with significant differences occurring even with values obtained in consecutive measurement series. It was shown that the use of averaged values produce large result errors in the predictions of indoor temperature changes. This renders an offline method useless and promotes an online method. The average value of the time constant in the first-order model correlates well with the value of the time constant calculated as a ratio of the heat storage mass to the room heat loss coefficient. This is true if we take into account exclusively this part of the building partition layer that contributes to the heat storage.
Spinal neurons that contain gastrin-releasing peptide seldom express Fos or phosphorylate extracellular signal-regulated kinases in response to intradermal chloroquine
Authors: Bell Andrew M , Gutierrez-Mecinas Maria , Polgár Erika , Todd Andrew J
Published: June 2016

Background

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is thought to play a role in the itch evoked by intradermal injection of chloroquine. Although some early studies suggested that GRP was expressed in pruriceptive primary afferents, it is now thought that GRP in the spinal cord is derived mainly from a population of excitatory interneurons in lamina II, and it has been suggested that these are involved in the itch pathway. To test this hypothesis, we used the transcription factor Fos and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) to look for evidence that interneurons expressing GRP were activated following intradermal injection of chloroquine into the calf, in mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in these cells.

Results

Injection of chloroquine resulted in numerous Fos- or phospho-ERK (pERK) positive cells in the somatotopically appropriate part of the superficial dorsal horn. The proportion of all neurons in this region that showed Fos or pERK was 18% and 21%, respectively. However, among the GRP–EGFP, only 7% were Fos-positive and 3% were pERK-positive. As such, GRP–EGFP cells were significantly less likely than other neurons to express Fos or to phosphorylate ERK.

Conclusions

Both expression of Fos and phosphorylation of ERK can be used to identify dorsal horn neurons activated by chloroquine injection. However, these results do not support the hypothesis that interneurons expressing GRP are critical components in the itch pathway.
Stochastic modelling and prediction of fatigue crack propagation using piecewise-deterministic Markov processes
Authors: Ben Abdessalem Anis , Azaïs Romain , Touzet-Cortina Marie , Gégout-Petit Anne , Puiggali Monique
Published: June 2016

Fatigue crack propagation is a stochastic phenomenon due to the inherent uncertainties originating from material properties, environmental conditions and cyclic mechanical loads. Stochastic processes thus offer an appropriate framework for modelling and predicting crack propagation. In this paper, fatigue crack growth is modelled and predicted by a piecewise-deterministic Markov process associated with deterministic crack laws. First, a regime-switching model is used to express the transition between the Paris regime and rapid propagation that occurs before failure. Both regimes of propagation are governed by a deterministic equation whose parameters are randomly selected in a finite state space. This one has been adjusted from real data available in the literature. The crack growth behaviour is well-captured and the transition between both regimes is well-estimated by a critical stress intensity factor range. The second purpose of our investigation deals with the prediction of the fatigue crack path and its variability based on measurements taken at the beginning of the propagation. The results show that our method based on this class of stochastic models associated with an updating method provides a reliable prediction and can be an efficient tool for safety analysis of structures in a large variety of engineering applications. In addition, the proposed strategy requires only little information to be effective and is not time-consuming.
Your story is our story: Collective memory in obituaries of US military veterans
Authors: Taussig Doron
Published: June 2016

Newspaper obituaries are carriers of collective memory, and researchers have found them to be a valuable source for discerning a society’s values. But obituaries are also about individuals, whose lives and identities they record—and for many people, they represent a unique instance in which their life story is told by a third party. In this article, I consider how collective memory of major public events is woven into the life stories told in obituaries by comparing recent obituaries of veterans of World War II and the Vietnam War. My findings suggest four interrelated ways that collective memory shapes these narratives: selection of defining life experiences, selection and emphasis of specific events and experiences, use of historical detail, and provision of cultural scripts. By influencing these components of the life stories told in obituaries, collective memory both occupies the narratives of individual veterans and maintains itself over time.
The conceptual public sphere and its problems: Habermas, political action and the Arab states
Authors: Abbott Lucy M
Published: June 2016

The main purpose of this article is to examine how Habermas’ account of the transformation of the public sphere is used in the study of political change in the Arab states of the Middle East. The study aims to demonstrate that while Habermas’ motif may provide several constructive pathways forward for the study of transformation in this regional context, its numerous shortcomings leave it susceptible to conceptual overstretch. With the aim of showing this, the article is divided into three sections. The first section shows how the concept has been applied. The second engages critically with the prominent account of the Arab public sphere by reflecting on (1) its methodological assumptions, (2) its empirical claims and (3) its own political role. The third section explores the shortcomings of Habermas’ account and how these present difficulties when making empirical claims about political action and transformation in the Arab states of the Middle East.
Putting the “You” in “Thank You”
Authors: Algoe Sara B. , Kurtz Laura E. , Hilaire Nicole M.
Published: June 2016

Although positive emotions as a class can build interpersonal resources, recent evidence suggests a unique and direct role for gratitude. In the current research, we shine the spotlight on what happens between a grateful person and the benefactor to illuminate what can build a bridge between them. Specifically, we draw on work calling gratitude an “other-praising” emotion. In an original study and a conceptual replication that included two independent samples, couples had video-recorded conversations in which one member expressed gratitude to the other ( n = 370). Expresser’s other-praising behavior was robustly positively associated with the benefactor’s postinteraction perception of expresser responsiveness, personal good feelings in general, and felt loving in particular. Several practical and theoretical alternative explanations are ruled out. By clarifying the specific behavioral and subjective psychological mechanisms through which expressed gratitude promotes relationships, this work advances affective and relationship science, two domains that cut across disciplines within psychology.
Situation Characteristics Are Age Graded
Authors: Brown Nicolas A. , Rauthmann John F.
Published: June 2016

The current work examines mean-level patterns of major dimensions of situation characteristics—the Situational Eight DIAMONDS—across the life span. Using population-representative data from the 2013 and 2014 American Time Use Survey (Study 1) and the 2012 German Socioeconomic Panel (Study 2), we tested hypotheses generated from research on situation cues and personality development. Results demonstrated that the DIAMONDS characteristics were age graded: Individuals tended to be in different kinds of situations as a function of their age. Furthermore, there was evidence that some patterns were country specific, whereas others replicated across the United States and Germany. Overall, these studies suggest that—much like personality traits—situation characteristics have predictable mean-level patterns over the life span.
“Always on and always on them”: Portable radios and the creation of the mobile media experience
Authors: Cohen Mary Morley
Published: June 2016

This article investigates the early history of portable radio in the United States from 1920 through 1954. As the first mobile electronic device, the portable radio reveals important information about how the mobile media experience has developed over time. Portable radio afforded several new experiences that are relevant to today’s media landscape: it allowed users to create customizable, mobile media environments that they could take with them wherever they went; it redefined the radio listening context by allowing users to bring their preferred forms of entertainment with them when travelling to unfamiliar places; and it facilitated more continuous media consumption habits. This interdisciplinary essay combines close textual analysis of historical newspaper articles and advertisements, which are viewed through the lens of a range of media theories. The goal is to uncover some of the complex effects of early mobile media and to lay the groundwork for future in-depth studies of mobile media history.
Ten years of value cocreation: An integrative review
Authors: Leclercq Thomas , Hammedi Wafa , Poncin Ingrid
Published: June 2016

Since Prahalad and Ramaswamy published their seminal text, vast literature on value cocreation has emerged. Yet value cocreation still suffers from the lack of a clear consensus about its conceptualization. Using a systematic method, this integrative review provides an overview of 10 years of research dealing with this still emerging concept, to clarify insights into its definition, foundations, drivers, related processes, expected consequences, and measurement. The resulting integrative framework summarizes existing knowledge and provides a foundation for further empirical investigations, as well as offering propositions to continue stimulating this dynamic research field.
Transphyseal ACL Reconstruction in Skeletally Immature Patients
Authors: Cruz Aristides I. , Lakomkin Nikita , Fabricant Peter D. , Lawrence J. Todd R.
Published: June 2016

Background:

Most studies examining the safety and efficacy of transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction for skeletally immature patients utilize transtibial drilling. Independent femoral tunnel drilling may impart a different pattern of distal femoral physeal involvement.

Purpose:

To radiographically assess differences in distal femoral physeal disruption between transtibial and independent femoral tunnel drilling. We hypothesized that more oblique tunnels associated with independent drilling involve a significantly larger area of physeal disruption compared with vertically oriented tunnels.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

We analyzed skeletally immature patients aged between 10 and 15 years who underwent transphyseal ACL reconstruction utilizing an independent femoral tunnel drilling technique between January 1, 2008, and March 31, 2011. These patients were matched with a transtibial technique cohort based on age and sex. Radiographic measurements were recorded from preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and postoperative radiographs.

Results:

Ten patients in each group were analyzed. There were significant differences between independent drilling and transtibial drilling cohorts in the estimated area of physeal disruption (1.64 vs 0.74 cm2; P < .001), femoral tunnel angles (32.1° vs 72.8°; P < .001), and medial/lateral location of the femoral tunnel (24.2 vs 36.1 mm from lateral cortex; P = .001), respectively. There was a significant inverse correlation between femoral tunnel angle and estimated area of distal femoral physeal disruption ( r = –0.8255, P = .003).

Conclusion:

Femoral tunnels created with an independent tunnel drilling technique disrupt a larger area of the distal femoral physis and create more eccentric tunnels compared with a transtibial technique.

Clinical Relevance:

As most studies noting the safety of transphyseal ACL reconstruction have utilized a central, vertical femoral tunnel, surgeons should be aware that if an independent femoral tunnel technique is utilized during transphyseal ACL reconstruction, more physeal tissue is at risk and tunnels are more eccentrically placed across the physis when drilling at more horizontal angles. Prior studies have shown that greater physeal involvement and eccentric tunnels may increase the risk of growth disturbance.
Postwar American Evangelicals and World Religions: A Case Study of Intervarsity’s Urbana Student Missionary Conventions
Authors: Thomas Amber R.
Published: June 2016

This paper traces the major discussions of “world” or “non-Christian” religions in the speeches, promotion, and scholarly texts related to InterVarsity Christian Fellowship’s triennial “Urbana” Student Missionary Convention, beginning with its 1946 initiation at the University of Toronto and concluding with the final 1960s convention, held in 1967 at the University of Illinois’s Urbana-Champaign campus. The author argues that Urbana sources enlarge the understanding of postwar American evangelicals’ concerns about non-Christian religions by showing that evangelicals assessed the religions’ implications for global evangelization as secondary to those of other geopolitical developments, chiefly Communism, postcolonial nationalism, and internationalism.
The crystal-chemistry of Vietnamese talcs from the Thanh Son district (Phu Tho province, Vietnam)
Authors: Dumas Angela , Martin François , Ke The Ngo , Nguyen Van Hanh , Viet Dung Nguyen , Tat Vinh Nguyen , Quy Nam Kieu , Micoud Pierre , De Parseval Philippe
Published: June 2016

The mineralogy and crystal chemistry of a new talc ore deposit situated at Thu Ngac commune, Thanh Son district, Phu Tho province, Vietnam, was investigated using X-ray fluorescence, electron microprobe, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si and1H) and colorimetry.

Both chemical and crystal-chemical analyses showed that the talcs from the Phu Tho province are very pure because they contain few accessory minerals (chlorite, amphibole and goethite) and few substitutions of Si by Fe and Al in their crystal structure. The talc ore may well meet the standards required for a wide range of industrial applications.
Optimization of oil bleaching parameters, using response surface methodology, for acid-activated sepiolite from Iran
Authors: Saneei Mojtaba , Hossein Goli Sayed Amir , Keramat Javad
Published: June 2016

An Iranian sepiolite was activated with 1.5 M HCl. During activation, the specific surface area increased from 105 to 168 m2/g and the SiO2content increased from 45.4 to 51.6%. The roles of temperature and time and the amount of acid-activated sepiolite used, were investigated and the optimum conditions, where chlorophyll, β-carotene, free fatty acid and peroxide were at their minimum levels, were determined for bleaching of canola oil by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Optimum bleaching conditions were obtained by adding 3% of acid-activated sepiolite at a temperature of 110°C with a bleaching time of 42.46 min during which, the amount of chlorophyll-α, β-carotene, free fatty acid and peroxide were reduced from 12.30 to 0.35 mg/kg, 49.15 to 14.98 mg/kg, 0.62 to 0.15%, and 3.87 to 2.14 meq O2/kg of oil, respectively. At optimum conditions, sepiolite displayed a greater capacity for removal of chlorophyll and β-carotene than a commercial bentonite bleaching agent.
SCOUP: a probabilistic model based on the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process to analyze single-cell expression data during differentiation
Authors: Matsumoto Hirotaka , Kiryu Hisanori
Published: June 2016

Background

Single-cell technologies make it possible to quantify the comprehensive states of individual cells, and have the power to shed light on cellular differentiation in particular. Although several methods have been developed to fully analyze the single-cell expression data, there is still room for improvement in the analysis of differentiation.

Results

In this paper, we propose a novel method SCOUP to elucidate differentiation process. Unlike previous dimension reduction-based approaches, SCOUP describes the dynamics of gene expression throughout differentiation directly, including the degree of differentiation of a cell (in pseudo-time) and cell fate. SCOUP is superior to previous methods with respect to pseudo-time estimation, especially for single-cell RNA-seq. SCOUP also successfully estimates cell lineage more accurately than previous method, especially for cells at an early stage of bifurcation. In addition, SCOUP can be applied to various downstream analyses. As an example, we propose a novel correlation calculation method for elucidating regulatory relationships among genes. We apply this method to a single-cell RNA-seq data and detect a candidate of key regulator for differentiation and clusters in a correlation network which are not detected with conventional correlation analysis.

Conclusions

We develop a stochastic process-based method SCOUP to analyze single-cell expression data throughout differentiation. SCOUP can estimate pseudo-time and cell lineage more accurately than previous methods. We also propose a novel correlation calculation method based on SCOUP. SCOUP is a promising approach for further single-cell analysis and available at https://github.com/hmatsu1226/SCOUP.
Some convergence theorems involving proximal point and common fixed points for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in $\operatorname {CAT}(0)$ spaces
Authors: Chang Shih-sen , Yao Jen-Chih , Wang Lin , Qin Li Juan
Published: June 2016

In this paper, a new modified proximal point algorithm involving fixed point iterates of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in$\operatorname {CAT}(0)$CAT(0)spaces is proposed and the existence of a sequence generated by our iterative process converging to a minimizer of a convex function and a common fixed point of asymptotically nonexpansive mappings is proved.
Fertility is below replacement in Harar Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Harar HDSS), Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Assefa Nega , Semahegn Agumasie
Published: June 2016

Background

Population growth is determined by fertility, mortality and migration rates. Fertility is the prime determinant of population growth, which is highly associated with family planning, literacy, urbanization, and expansion of health system. In many part of Africa, its level is more than twice the replacement level. In Ethiopia, a significant decline in fertility mainly in the urban setting has been reported over the past decade, yet there is a paucity of information on the level of the decline. Therefore, this analysis aims to assess the level of fertility in Harar Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Harar HDSS) Eastern Ethiopia.

Methods

Harar HDSS is an urban HDSS located in the city of Harar, eastern Ethiopia. It was established in 2011. All the population under surveillance are followed regularly and updated every six month for any change in the population demographic characteristics. Data were collected on a face-to-face interview to record demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Data were entered into customized HRS-2 software used for capturing longitudinal data and exported to computational software for analysis. For this analysis fertility data of the year 2013 were used. Fertility levels were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

The total population of Harar HDSS in 2013 was 30,055. Of these, 15,701 (52.2 %) were females and 14, 354 (47.8 %) were males. The crude birth rate and general fertility rate for the year 2013 were 20.3 and 64 births per 1000, respectively. In 2013, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was 1.9 births per women of reproductive age. The 25 to 29 age group has the highest age-specific fertility rates (128.1 births per 1000 women), followed by the 20 to 24 year old women (89.3 births per 1000 women).

Conclusion

Total fertility rate was relatively low. However, there were a significant number of births among adolescent women. Improving and sustaining access for reproductive health care for young women is highly recommended.
Clinical Pattern in Hypotensive Transfusion Reactions
Authors: Metcalf Ryan A. , Bakhtary Sara , Goodnough Lawrence Tim , Andrews Jennifer
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND:

Hypotensive transfusion reactions (HyTRs) may be underreported and have been associated with patients taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) receiving poststorage leukoreduced blood products through negatively charged filters. Although bedside leukoreduction is no longer commonplace, HyTRs still occur and are insufficiently characterized in the prestorage leukoreduction era. We describe recently reported cases at our institution.

METHODS:

We reviewed transfusion reaction records at Stanford Healthcare from January 2014 to April 2015. HyTRs were defined by National Health Safety Network Hemovigilance Module classification.

RESULTS:

Eleven HyTRs occurred in 10 patients. All were adults (mean age 71.7 years; range 45–92 years), 7 were male, and all underwent major surgery 0 to 2 days before the reaction. Nine patients underwent cardiac or vascular surgery, and all 10 were taking ACEIs with the last dose taken within 48 hours of the transfusion reaction in 9 patients. Nine patients were on extracorporeal circuits within 24 hours before the reaction (median duration 180 minutes; range 87–474 minutes). In 5 reactions, the implicated unit was restarted with resultant recurrent hypotension. Implicated units included 9 packed red blood cells, 1 apheresis platelet, and 1 plasma frozen within 24 hours.

CONCLUSIONS:

Contrary to what has been previously reported in the era of prestorage leukoreduction, HyTRs at our institution showed consistent patterns in patients at risk. Patients scheduled to undergo major surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass may benefit from earlier preoperative cessation of ACEIs or temporarily switching to an alternative drug class.
Prediction of Beef Fat Content Simultaneously under Static and Motion Conditions Using near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Dixit Yash , Casado-Gavalda Maria P. , Cama-Moncunill Raquel , Cama-Moncunill Xavier , Cullen Patrick J. , Sullivan Carl
Published: June 2016

Fat content is one of the most important quality indicators for minced beef products. In this study, a multipoint near infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer system, based on a Fabry–Perot interferometer, combined with a four-point photodiode array detector and flexible collimator–probe arrangement, was used for real-time analysis of beef fat content. The system was employed to predict fat content of mixed minced beef samples concurrently under two different conditions: (a) static and slow motion and (b) static and fast motion. Additionally, a separate measurement was conducted to further test the independency of a collimator–probe arrangement by scanning two samples with different fat percentages concurrently under static and motion conditions. Partial least squares regression was employed, obtaining coefficients of determination in calibration ( R2c) of 0.95, confirming a good fit for the three models. The fat contents of samples in the independent set were predicted with reasonable accuracy: r2 in the range 0.82–0.92 and standard error of prediction in the range 3.05–3.98%. Moreover, the spectral features observed for the probe independency test clearly illustrated the flexibility and independency of the collimator–probe arrangement. This study showed that the multipoint NIR spectroscopy system can predict beef fat content concurrently under static and motion conditions and illustrates its potential use as an in-line monitoring tool at various junctions in a meat processing plant.
TheTORsignaling pathway regulates starvation-induced pseudouridylation of yeast U2 snRNA
Authors: Wu Guowei , Radwan Mohamed K. , Xiao Mu , Adachi Hironori , Fan Jason , Yu Yi-Tao
Published: June 2016

Pseudouridine (Ψ) has been identified in various types of RNAs, including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, and many other noncoding RNAs. We have previously shown that RNA pseudouridylation, like DNA and protein modifications, can be induced by stress. For instance, growing yeast cells to saturation induces the formation of Ψ93 in U2 snRNA. Here, we further investigate this inducible RNA modification. We show that switching yeast cells from nutrient-rich medium to different nutrient-deprived media (including water) results in the formation of Ψ93 in U2 snRNA. Using gene deletion/conditional depletion as well as rapamycin treatment, we further show that theTORsignaling pathway, which controls cell entry into stationary phase, regulates Ψ93 formation. TheRAS/cAMP signaling pathway, which parallels theTORpathway, plays no role in this inducible modification.
“PRÁTICAS DE MERCADO” E REESTRUTURAÇÃO DE LAÇOS SOCIAIS: UMA COMBINAÇÃO POSSÍVEL?
Authors: Gonçalves Junior Oswaldo
Published: June 2016

O artigo foca o processo de construção social de mercados da caprinovinocultura no Semiárido nordestino enquanto um novo arranjo com significativo potencial de combate à pobreza. Procura demonstrar como esse processo é induzido por uma rede de entusiastas da caprinovinocultura, formada por agentes-chave ligados a um conjunto de organizações. Além deles, o governo federal, por meio do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA), em parceria com alguns estados do Semiárido, desenvolve o Programa do Leite, política pública que visa garantir mercados para os produtos da agricultura familiar. No nível local, associações de criadores e gestões municipais específicas complementam um capilarizado movimento que tem garantido – apesar de diversos entraves – o avanço dessas experiências, aliando tradição e vocação regional com inovação e inclusão social produtiva de parcelas pobres da população. Sob uma perspectiva de entrelaçamento entre vida econômica e vida social, procura-se demonstrar que o “mercado” não somente é influenciado de forma central por fatores muitas vezes tidos como “não econômicos”, como também, sob certas condições, a ampliação das práticas de mercado pode significar reestruturação de relações, resultando em fortalecimento e diversificação dos laços sociais, e não sua dissolução, como enfatiza parte da teoria social. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Laços sociais, construção social de mercados, desenvolvimento, Semiárido, políticas públicas. ABSTRACT This paper focus on the process of social construction of markets to the raising of sheep and goat in the Semi-arid Northeast of Brazil as a new local arrangement with significant potential on fighting poverty. It seeks to demonstrate how this process is introduced by a “network of enthusiasts” from the area of sheep and goat raising, comprised of key players and social institutions. Apart from them, the federal government, through a program to support financially the purchase of food (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos), established partnership with some states of the Semi-arid and develops the Milk Program (Programa do Leite), public policy to create market for the products of the small family farmers. At regional level, associations of producers and local public management support this imbricate social network and deliver – despite many obstacles – success to the experiences, combining regional vocation, innovation and productive social inclusion of poor people. Taking into consideration the connections between economic life and social life, we intend to demonstrate that the “market” is not only decisively influenced by “non-economic” factors, but also, under certain circumstances, the expansion of “market practices” might lead to reconfiguration of relations, prompting strengthening and diversification of the social ties, not its dissolution, as it was once stated by part of the social theory. KEYWORDS Social ties, social construction of markets, development, Semi-arid, public policies.
TRANSFORMAÇÃO E TRANSMISSÃO DA CULTURA POPULAR: DIÁLOGOS COM AS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE PATRIMONIALIZAÇÃO
Authors: Breschigliari Juliana Oliveira
Published: June 2016

Este ensaio visa a tematizar as tensões que se apresentam na transmissão da cultura popular entre as gerações em tempos de globalização, a partir das ações públicas que se propõe a atuar nesse processo. O ensaio faz um recorte do trabalho de campo etnográfico desenvolvido junto ao grupo Jongo do Tamandaré, situado na cidade de Guaratinguetá, no interior de São Paulo, com o qual a pesquisadora buscou compreender a experiência de transmissão das práticas e valores coletivos. A partir de uma retomada da trajetória das políticas da área do patrimônio cultural, dos órgãos supranacionais ao cenário brasileiro, são elencados seis fatores de mudança considerados significativos nas novas formas de transmissão encontradas no grupo interlocutor, relacionados aos atores envolvidos, linguagens de transmissão, formas de envolvimento, trocas intergeracionais e sentidos dos valores e práticas do grupo. Tais fatores apontam para alguns desafios das políticas cul­turais comprometidas com a promoção da diversidade, sendo o mais fundamental deles a reflexão sobre o olhar que se lança aos indivíduos, grupos e “bens culturais imateriais” que as ações públicas pretendem valorizar PALAVRAS-CHAVE Cultura popular, transmissão cultural, memória, patrimônio imaterial, jongo. ABSTRACT In this essay, we looked at the tensions that manifest themselves in the transmission of popular culture among generations in a time of globalization. The essay focuses on the ethnographic field work developed with the group Jongo do Tamandaré, located in Guaratinguetá city, São Paulo countryside, with which the researcher looked into apprehending the experience of transmission of collective practices and values. Starting with a revision of the development of immaterial patrimony policies, from supranational agencies to the Brazilian scenery, six factors of change are identified and considered relevant in the new means of transmission found in the study group: children and non-African descendants’ participation, jongo’s visibility, practice formalization, official acknowledgement of jongo’s masters, focus on future, enlargement of the social groups involved in jongo. These factors point towards some challenges for cultural policies committed to the promotion of diversity, the most important of which is rethinking about the way we look at the individuals, groups and “immaterial cultural assets” which public actions intend to value. KEYWORDS Popular culture, cultural transmission, memory, immaterial patrimony, jongo.
AÇÃO AFIRMATIVA NO EMPREGO COMO COMBATE À DISCRIMINAÇÃO RACIAL INDIRETA: O CASO DAS AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS JURÍDICAS DO MINISTÉRIO PÚBLICO DO TRABALHO
Authors: Varella Santiago Falluh
Published: June 2016

O artigo descreve a principal política institucional de promoção da igualdade racial do Ministério Público do Trabalho (MPT). Trata-se da primeira tentativa de reconhecimento jurídico da discriminação racial indireta no Brasil. O MPT propôs que o Judiciário reconhecesse a discriminação indireta e referendasse ações afirmativas para reparar prejuízos causados aos interesses da coletividade dos negros. A ação analisada possibilitou observar quais as características dos discursos jurídicos a respeito da igualdade racial e da possibilidade de promovê-la a partir de ações afirmativas. O artigo se ocupa não apenas de descrever as características dessa política pública inovadora, como também delineia os principais discursos jurídicos produzidos pelo Judiciário ao receber novas demandas por promoção da igualdade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Poder Judiciário, direitos coletivos, discriminação racial, ação afirmativa. ABSTRACT The paper analyses de main racial equality promotion policy of the Public Labour Attorney Office (MPT). This is the first attempt of legal recognition of indirect racial discrimination in Brazil. MPT proposed to the Judiciary the recognition of the indirect discrimination concept and the support of the adoption of affirmative action policies to repair the collective interests of the black population. The policy analyzed permitted the observation of what are the characteristics of judicial discourses about racial discrimination and of the possibility of promotion of racial equality by affirmative action policies. The paper is not only dedicated to describe the characteristics of this innovative policy, but also to depict the main juridical discourses produced by the Judicial System while judging new demands for equality promotion. KEYWORDS Judiciary branch, collective rights, racial discrimination, affirmative action.
Acesso a Medicamentos: Análise das Estratégias do Estado para o Desenvolvimento do Programa Farmácia Popular
Authors: Inocencio Marcos , De Vivo Bruna
Published: June 2016

O artigo analisa o Programa Farmácia Popular para entender se o sistema implantado pelo governo federal atende à demanda da população e contribui para a melhora da saúde pública. Analisa-se a eficácia do Programa Farmácia Popular, que possui uma ação em rede através de parceria público-privada, e a contribuição deste Programa para a resolução de problemas de acesso a medicamentos prescritos no sistema de saúde. O principal objetivo desta análise é avaliar o desempenho do atual modelo do Programa Farmácia Popular, considerando a participação dos seus agentes frente à organização em rede. O artigo inclui uma revisão conceitual do modelo de assistência farmacêutica e uma revisão bibliográfica da sociedade em rede. Os dados analisados foram obtidos por meio de levantamento realizado junto a farmácias e drogarias credenciadas pelo Programa Farmácia Popular e em análise do banco de dados de uma empresa gestora de assistência  farmacêutica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Programa Farmácia Popular, políticas públicas, saúde pública, assistência farmacêutica e organização em rede. ABSTRACT This paper aims to examine the Popular Pharmacy Program to understand if the system implemented by the federal governmentmeets the population's demand, contributing to improve public health. Defining the problem the article discusses the effectiveness of the Popular Pharmacy Program, a network which operates through a public-private partnership scheme, and the contribution of this Program to solve the problems related to the lack of access to medicines recommended by the Public Health System. The article's main goal is to evaluate the Popular Pharmacy Program performance, taking into account the model chosen, which is based on a network organization. The paper includes a conceptual review of the pharmaceutical assistance model and a literature review about the network society. The survey data analyzed were obtained from private retail pharmacies accredited for the Program and from a management company from the pharmaceutical sector. KEYWORDS Popular Pharmacy Program, public policies, public health, pharmaceutical assistance e net organization.
Gestão de Custos no Legislativo Municipal como Instrumento de Prestação de Contas: Um Comparativo entre o Custeio por Absorção e o Custeio Baseado em Atividades
Authors: Raupp Fabiano Maury
Published: June 2016

O artigo tem como objetivo comparar a utilização do custeio por absorção com a do custeio baseado em atividades na gestão de custos do legislativo municipal como instrumento de prestação de contas. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, realizado por meio de um estudo de caso, com abordagem predominantemente qualitativa. Entende-se que a implementação do custeio por absorção, além de ser menos onerosa, é feita de forma mais fácil, haja vista que considera critérios de alocação mais simples. As principais críticas estão relacionadas ao rateio dos custos indiretos, considerado arbitrário. Em se tratando do custeio baseado em atividades, sua aplicabilidade também é de fácil realização considerando que o setor público já trabalha com a definição de atividades. Busca-se, a partir desta metodologia, a integração entre as áreas envolvidas, minimizando recursos e maximizando resultados. O custeio baseado em atividades requer mais tempo para a implementação, o que o torna também mais oneroso. A publicação de tais informações por meio de relatórios simplificados, como é o caso dos relatórios decorrentes da gestão de custos, poderá incentivar o exercício da prestação de contas e a construção da accountability. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Gestão de custos, custeio por absorção, custeio baseado em atividades, legislativo municipal, prestação de contas. ABSTRACT The goal of this article is to compare the use of absorption costing and activity-based costing in the City Council's cost management as an instrument of accountability. This is an exploratory study, conducted through a case study, with a predominantly qualitative approach. It is understood that the implementation of absorption costing, besides being less expensive, is proceeded more easily, once it considers simpler criteria for allocation. The main criticisms are related to the apportionment of indirect costs, considered arbitrary. Regarding activity-based costing, its applicability is also easy to do considering that the public sector has been already working with the definition of activities. The goal is to reach, from this methodology, the integration between the involved areas, minimizing resources and maximizing results. The activity-based costing requires more time to be implemented, making it also more costly. The disclosure of such information through simplified reports, such as cost management reports, may encourage the construction and the practice of accountability. KEYWORDS Cost management, absorption costing, activity based costing, City Council, accountability.
Interação de Pessoas Surdas Mediada por Sistemas de Produtos e Serviços de Comunicação
Authors: França Ana Claudia Camila Veiga de , Ono Maristela Mitsuko
Published: June 2016

O presente ensaio tem como propósito apresentar como se desenvolve a interação social de pessoas surdas em seu cotidiano, mediada por produtos e serviços de comunicação, identificando possíveis dificuldades/facilidades. A partir de discussões que envolvem acessibilidade, sociedade e surdez, espera-se contribuir em futuros estudos que apontem possibilidades de transformações positivas e efetivas na sociedade, dentre elas, a inclusão social de grupos como o dos surdos, que, apesar de inegáveis conquistas, ainda têm acesso relativamente restrito à sociedade, seja mediante a cultura material, seja pela comunicação. Os resultados ressaltam a importância de se investigar com maior profundidade temas correlatos a esta problemática, inclusive o desenvolvimento de sistemas de produtos e serviços de comunicação para surdos, e contribuições na identificação de requisitos para tal desenvolvimento.PALAVRAS-CHAVE Tecnologia, sociedade, surdez, comunicação, acessibilidade.ABSTRACT This essay aims at presenting how deaf people socially interact in daily life mediated by communication product and service systems, identifying possible difficulties/facilities. Considering accessibility, society and deafness issues, this study aims at giving a contribution to future studies that could possibly lead to positive and effective society transformations, including the social inclusion of groups, such as those of deaf people that, although having reached important achievements, still have restrict access within society, either in terms of material culture or communication. The results emphasize the need for a deeper investigation of issues related to this problem, such as the development of communication product and service systems, as well as contributions for identifying requirements for their development.KEYWORDS Technology, society, deafness, communication, accessibility.