bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pigment and amylase production in Penicillium sp NIOM‐02 and its radical scavenging activity
Authors: Dhale Mohan Appasaheb , Vijay‐Raj Ajakkalamole Srinivas
Published: October 2009

Penicillium sp NIOM‐02 was isolated from the marine sediment, produced red pigment. The pigment extracted from this fungus scavenged 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Penicillium sp NIOM‐02 grown in media containing corn steep liquor scavenged 72–88% of DPPH radical. During solid‐state fermentation on wheat (S1), the fungus produced more pigment (9.232 OD Units). Penicillium sp NIOM‐02 grown on sugarcane bagasse scavenged 91% of DPPH radicals. It secreted more amylase (246 U mg−1) in culture medium No. 5 and the zymogram analysis revealed its molecular mass (53 kDa). The taka‐amylase like character of amylase was determined by acarbose incorporated studies in the culture media. Production of pigment and radical scavenging activity of Penicillium sp NIOM‐02, suggested its applications in food, pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical industries.
Effect of washing with citric acid and antioxidants on the colour and microbiological quality of whole mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus L.)
Authors: Simón Ana , González‐Fandos Elena
Published: October 2009

The effect of washing with citric acid followed by anti‐browning treatment involving rinsing with sodium d‐isoascorbate or sodium l‐ascorbate on the colour, microbiological quality and bacterial blotch of whole mushrooms when stored at 5 °C for up to 13 days at 80% RH was evaluated. Washing with 1% citric acid reduced Pseudomonas counts avoiding bacterial blotch, but caused an important deterioration of colour. When washing with citric acid was followed by an anti‐browning treatment, mushrooms colour was improved, at the same time as bacterial blotch was reduced, although the decrease of Pseudomonas counts was smaller than in mushrooms washed only with citric acid. The most effective treatment was washing with 1% citric acid followed by anti‐browning treatment with 1.5% sodium l‐ascorbate.
Stereological estimation of the total number of ventilatory units in mice lungs
Authors: WULFSOHN D. , KNUST J. , OCHS M. , NYENGAARD J.R. , GUNDERSEN H.J.G.
Published: October 2009

We present an unbiased estimator of the total number of alveolar structures distal to the transition from a bronchiole to an alveolar duct system (‘ventilatory units’, VUs). In species without respiratory bronchioles, including mice, the number of VUs is equivalent to the number of acini. The acinus is a functional unit of gas exchange, defined as a parenchymal unit distal to a terminal bronchiole in which all airways contain alveoli and thus participate in gas exchange. The estimator combines two different estimators of the number of VUs: (1) an estimator derived from the Euler number of all the openings of the bronchial tree and (2) an estimator derived from direct counts of topological changes occurring at bronchiole‐alveolar duct junctions. Combining the two estimators eliminates the requirement to be able to identify even vanishingly small pieces of bronchial tissue in physical disectors. We implemented the fractionator estimator in five adult mice lungs using physical fractionators with varying but known sampling fractions (Horvitz–Thompson estimator). We obtained total values of about 4200 VUs (CV = 0.05) in 21‐day‐old and 4480 (CV = 0.06) in 69‐day‐old animals. Being fractionator estimates, these total numbers are independent of shrinkage. The densities of VUs per unit volume of tissue (values corrected for tissue shrinkage) were similar in left and right lungs.
Is the reverse cycle during chewing abnormal in children with primary dentition?
Authors: SAITOH I. , YAMADA C. , HAYASAKI H. , MARUYAMA T. , IWASE Y. , YAMASAKI Y.
Published: October 2009

Summary  The purpose of this study was to clarify whether the reverse cycle during chewing is abnormal in children with primary dentition. Children with normal primary dentition (N = 23; 5·5 ± 0·8 years) and female adults (N = 25; 20·7 ± 1·9 years) participated in this study. Chewing movement was recorded using an opto‐electronic analysis system with six degrees‐of‐freedom (TRI‐MET, Tokyo‐shizaisha; Tokyo, Japan). Each subject was given a stick of chewing gum (new TRIDENT, WARNER‐LAMBERT CO., Morris Plains, NJ, USA) and instructed to chew it normally. Starting from the maximum intercuspal position, each chewing sequence was recorded over a period of 20 s. A custom computer program identified individual chewing cycles. Frontal views were used to distinguish seven types of cycle shapes according to Ahlgren (Acta Odontol Scand, 24, 1966, 1–109; Acta Odontol Scand, 25, 1967, 3–13). Multilevel statistical models evaluated differences between children and adults. In the adults, type II cycles that initially opened towards the balancing side and then moved towards the working side were the most common, and the closing pathway was lateral to the opening pathway. In the children, type V (reverse) cycles that opened towards the working side were most common, the closing pathway was medial to the opening pathway, and there was a smaller lateral component during opening and closing than in adults (P < 0·05). We conclude that the reverse cycle is not abnormal because normal children with primary dentition have a smaller lateral component and difficulty in controlling asymmetric muscle activity.
Source–sink dynamics structure a common montane mammal
Authors: O’KEEFE KIM , RAMAKRISHNAN UMA , VAN TUINEN MARCEL , HADLY ELIZABETH A.
Published: October 2009

Assessing the relative role of evolutionary processes on genetic diversity is critical for understanding species response to climatic change. However, many processes, independent of climate, can lead to the same genetic pattern. Because effective population size and gene flow are affected directly by abundance and dispersal, population ecology has the potential to profoundly influence patterns of genetic variation over microevolutionary timescales. Here, we use aDNA data and simulations to explore the influence of population ecology and Holocene climate change on genetic diversity of the Uinta ground squirrel (Spermophilus armatus). We examined phylochronology from three modern and two ancient populations spanning the climate transitions of the last 3000 years. Population genetic analyses based on summary statistics suggest that changes in genetic diversity and structure coincided with the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), c. 1000 years ago. Serial coalescent simulations allowed us to move beyond correlation with climate to statistically compare the likelihoods of alternative population histories given the observed data. The data best fit source–sink models that include large, mid‐elevation populations that exchange many migrants and small populations at the elevational extremes. While the MWP is likely to have reduced genetic diversity, our model‐testing approach revealed that MWP‐driven changes in genetic structure were not better supported for the range of models explored. Our results point to the importance of species ecology in understanding responses to climate, and showcase the use of ancient genetic data and simulation‐based inference for unraveling the relative roles of microevolutionary processes.
MEFV mutations in Iranian Azeri Turkish patients with familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Bonyadi M , Esmaeili M , Jalali H , Somi MH , Ghaffari A , Rafeey M , Sakha K , Lotfalizadeh N , Pourhassan A , Khoshbaten M , Ardalan MR , Laghaeian N
Published: October 2009

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disorder with more than 60 disease‐associated mutations in the responsible gene, MEFV. In the present study, we determined 15 MEFV mutations in Iranian Azeri Turkish FMF patients. Five hundred and twenty‐four unrelated patients were tested for 15 known mutations in the MEFV gene using amplification refractory mutation system‐polymerase chain reaction and polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Thirty‐five different genotypes were characterized among the studied patients. Of the alleles investigated, the most common mutation was p.M694V (42.4%), followed by p.V726A (17%), p.E148Q (16.2%), and p.M680I (c.2040G>C) (15.2%). The p.R761H mutation (4.7%) was found to be the most frequent among the rare mutations. The mutations p.M680I (c.2040G>A), p.I692del, p.M694del and p.K695R were not found in this cohort. The remaining mutations account for 7.7% of the identifiable mutations. Five different types of complex alleles were also identified. The results show the diversity and the frequency of the mutations in the Iranian Azeri Turkish FMF patients. The p.R761H mutation is rather prevalent in Azeri Turks; therefore, it should be included in the routine molecular diagnosis of FMF patients from this ethnic group.
The contribution of founder mutations to early‐onset breast cancer in French‐Canadian women
Authors: Ghadirian P , Robidoux A , Zhang P , Royer R , Akbari M , Zhang S , Fafard E , Costa M , Martin G , Potvin C , Patocskai E , Larouche N , Younan R , Nassif E , Giroux S , Narod SA , Rousseau F , Foulkes WD
Published: October 2009

In an ethnically‐homogeneous population, it is valuable to identify founder mutations in cancer‐predisposing genes. Founder mutations have been found in four breast‐cancer‐predisposing genes in French‐Canadian breast cancer families. The frequencies of the mutant alleles have been measured neither in a large series of unselected breast cancer patients from Quebec, nor in healthy controls. These estimates are necessary to measure their contribution to the hereditary burden of breast cancer in Quebec and to help develop genetic screening policies which are appropriate for the province. We studied 564 French‐Canadian women with early‐onset invasive breast cancer who were treated at a single Montreal hospital. Patients had been diagnosed at age 50 or less, and were ascertained between 2004 and 2008. We screened all 564 patients for nine founder mutations: four in BRCA1, three in BRCA2 and one each in PALB2 and CHEK2. We also studied 6433 DNA samples from newborn infants from the Quebec City area to estimate the frequency of the nine variant alleles in the French‐Canadian population. We identified a mutation in 36 of the 564 breast cancer cases (6.4%) and in 35 of 6443 controls (0.5%). In the breast cancer patients, the majority of mutations were in BRCA2 (54%). However, in the general population (newborn infants), the majority of mutations were in CHEK2 (54%). The odds ratio for breast cancer to age 50, given a BRCA1 mutation, was 10.1 (95% CI: 3.7–28) and given a BRCA2 mutation was 29.5 (95% CI: 12.9–67). The odds ratio for breast cancer to age 50, given a CHEK2 mutation, was 3.6 (95% CI: 1.4–9.1). One‐half of the women with a mutation had a first‐ or second‐degree relative diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer. Thus, it can be concluded that a predisposing mutation in BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2 or PALB2 is present in approximately 6% of French‐Canadian women with early‐onset breast cancer. It is reasonable to offer screening for founder mutations to all French‐Canadian women with breast cancer before age 50. The frequency of these mutations in the general population (0.5%) is too low to advocate population‐based screening.
Protective effect of supplemental anthocyanins on Arabidopsis leaves under high light
Authors: Zeng Xue‐Qin , Chow Wah Soon , Su Li‐Juan , Peng Xin‐Xiang , Peng Chang‐Lian
Published: October 2009

Ten anthocyanin components have been detected in roots of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. All the anthocyanins were exclusively cyanidins or peonidin 3‐sophoroside‐5‐glucosides and their acylated derivatives. The total anthocyanin content in purple sweet potato powder obtained by solid‐phase extraction was 66 mg g−1. A strong capacity of purple sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPA) to scavenge reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydroxyl radical) and the stable 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl organic free radical was found in vitro using the electron spin resonance technique. To determine the functional roles of anthocyanins in leaves in vivo, for the first time, supplemental anthocyanins were infiltrated into leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant of the ecotype Landsberg erecta (tt3tt4) deficient in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging showed that anthocyanins significantly ameliorated the inactivation of photosystems II during prolonged high‐light (1300 µmol m−2 s−1) exposure. Comet assay of DNA revealed an obvious role of supplemental PSPA in alleviating DNA damage by high light in leaves. Our results suggest that anthocyanins could function in vitro and in vivo to alleviate the direct or indirect oxidative damage of the photosynthetic apparatus and DNA in plants caused by high‐light stress.
Evaluation of a programme to train Russian émigré nurses
Authors: Baj Pamela
Published: October 2009

Baj PA. International Journal of Nursing Practice 1997; 3: 40–46

Evaluation of a programme to train Russian émigré nurses

This project evaluates a curriculum model designed to specifically help Russian émigré nurses overcome major barriers to employment in the United States of America. Training cycles included: vocational English, basic nursing skills, socialization theory, transcultural care theory, clinical preceptorships, job search workshops and NCLEX‐RN preparation. Specific learning objectives and outcome criteria were developed, evaluated and adapted for subsequent training cycles based on pilot programme testing.
A conjoint appointment involving a nursing research management role
Authors: Elliott Doug
Published: October 2009

Elliot DJ. International Journal of Nursing Practice 1997; 3: 47–52

A conjoint appointment involving a nursing research management role

Nursing conjoint appointments have taken a number of different forms and included various hospital roles such as ward manager, educator and consultant. This paper discusses an appointment trialed at a lecturer/middle manager level with a functional hospital role of Assistant Director of Nursing (research). The hospital role included activities categorized as: research consultations; research proposal reviews; committee membership; and research project involvement. The academic activities included a half‐time teaching load, student clinical placement supervision and thesis/treatise student supervision.

The development and implementation of the position, including background, role structure, appointment conditions and work practices are discussed. Issues that were highlighted during the 2 year trial included: the teaching load compared to reimbursement funding; the actual activities involved in the position; the level of appointment required to be most effective in the role; and concomitant university study by the appointee.
Combined hepatocellular carcinoma and osteoclast‐like giant cell tumor of the liver: Possible clue to histogenesis
Authors: Tanahashi Chisato , Nagae Hiroyuki , Nukaya Takuhisa , Hasegawa Makoto , Yatabe Yasushi
Published: October 2009

Hepatic giant cell tumor is extremely rare, and only five cases have been reported of overt hepatocellular carcinoma, thus its histogenesis is controversial. Herein is reported a case of simultaneous hepatocellular carcinoma and osteoclast‐like giant cell tumor in a single tumor. A liver tumor was found in a 74‐year‐old woman. Histologically the tumor consisted of two distinct components: mononuclear and multinuclear giant cells with osteoclastic giant cells, and a conventional hepatocellular carcinoma. The boundary between the two components showed transitional features. Immunohistochemistry showed that the osteoclast‐like giant cells were CD68 and vimentin positive, but cytokeratin and AFP negative, while spindle‐shaped cells were positive only for vimentin. In a portion of the hepatocellular carcinoma the cells were cytokeratin‐8 and AFP positive. Ki‐67 positivity was 10% for the hepatocellular carcinoma, 60% for the spindle‐shaped cells, and 0% for the giant cells. It is possible that the tumor might have had a hepatocellular carcinoma origin, given the more highly proliferative sarcomatous changes and reactive osteoclast‐like cells. This case provides a clue to the histogenesis of hepatic giant cell tumors.
Efficacy of green tea in the prevention of cancers
Authors: Sturgeon Jenna L. , Williams Mary , Van Servellen Gwen
Published: October 2009

Understanding the literature about the efficacy of green tea consumption in preventing and slowing the progression of cancers is critical. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using an electronic search to identify studies from 2000 to 2008 in the following database: Alt HealthWatch, CINAHL, Medline, Health Source – Consumer Edition, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Web of Science (ISI), and the Cochrane Library. Although the evidence from this review suggested associations between green tea consumption and a decreased risk for some cancers, the findings were inconclusive. In selected cases, green tea was effective in slowing the progression of the earlier stages of cancer. However, contrary evidence is reported and the dose and duration of use is variable. Most evidence stems from self‐reports. Research using more rigorous designs to investigate the efficacy of green tea in humans is needed.
Development of a Web‐based child safety education program for Busan Safe City WHO Certification Project
Authors: Bae Jeongyee , Panuncio Rosel L. , Sohn Haesook
Published: October 2009

As a nation that is tremendously affected by disaster‐ and injury‐related deaths, Korea's second largest city, Busan, earnestly heeds World Health Organization's call for an international network of safe communities. As citizens of Busan dream of a safe city, officials are dedicating efforts in planning, developing and implementing sustainable programs aiming to reduce risk and promote safety awareness.

The present article outlines the Busan Safe City Project and describes the development process of one of its programs, a Web‐based safety education for children. Child safety remains a nationwide issue because in 2007, Korea ranked third in numbers of accident‐related child deaths among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries.

Future stages will involve program evaluation, revision and public release. This development process will guide other programs specific for other target populations. With everyone's help, the city continues to strive to be a healthy, safe, and dynamic Busan.
Mean stress effects in strain–life fatigue
Authors: DOWLING N. E.
Published: October 2009

A mean stress equation can be incorporated into the strain–life curve in a manner that is consistent with the stress‐based use of the same equation. Doing so for the Walker mean stress relationship gives excellent results for a number of strain–life data sets with non‐zero mean stresses, including data on steels, one titanium alloy and aluminium alloys. This approach has a number of advantages: All data at all mean stresses can be combined into a single fitting procedure to determine the constants for the stress–life curve, which values also apply to the elastic strain term of the strain–life curve. The Walker parameter γ that also arises from this fitting is related to the sensitivity of the material to mean stress, giving this approach a versatility that is not possessed by other common mean stress methods. Where non‐zero mean stress data are not available to obtain γ from fitting, an equation based on existing fitted values can be used to make estimates for steels. For precipitation‐hardened aluminium alloys in the 2000 and 7000 series, an estimate of γ= 0.5 may be applied, so that the method becomes similar to that of Smith, Watson and Topper. For other metals, a default estimate of γ= 0.5 is suggested. For life estimates using the strain‐based approach, it is recommended that the Walker mean stress method, incorporated into the strain–life curve, should be employed as an alternative to other methods, or perhaps to even replace them entirely.
Capital is king!
Authors: Mullins John W.
Published: October 2009

The business world is, hopefully, emerging from a mega‐downturn. So, should the savvy businessman be focused on the top line (revenues) or the bottom line (profits)? Says John Mullins: neither! Working capital is what companies like Costco need to survive, and it may also be precisely what your business needs to prosper.
The Sloan Legacy
Authors: Simmons Clarke V.
Published: October 2009

General Motors' legacy as an automotive juggernaut may be in doubt; but there is no question that one of GM's early leaders, Alfred P. Sloan, has left an enduring mark on management science – and London Business School. Clarke Simmons reveals what still can be learned from Sloan.
Undue diligence?
Authors: Goldstein Daniel G.
Published: October 2009

Making big decisions is a daily task for business executives. Dan Goldstein asks if you have given much thought to how those decisions are made. It may be that the way you or your company reach decisions is both time‐consuming and wide of the mark when it should be fast and frugal.
The management spectrum
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian , Goddard Jules
Published: October 2009

While leadership dominates the attention of many, it is management that drives the work at hand. Julian Birkinshaw and Jules Goddard suggest that you reconsider the management model you practice daily to see if it's really working inside your company.
Ownership and trust
Authors: Franks Julian
Published: October 2009

In unique research, Julian Franks looked at over 100 years of data on corporate ownership and found that relationships of trust have been a crucial historical ingredient in the ownership of firms. He argues that relationships of trust are as important now as ever.
‘The Righteous Considereth the Cause of the Poor’? Public Attitudes Towards Poverty in Developing Countries
Authors: van Heerde Jennifer , Hudson David
Published: October 2009

Events in 2005 such as the G8 Summit in Gleneagles and the Make Poverty History campaign have been successful in focusing the public's attention on the problem of world poverty. Despite these high-profile events and consistently high levels of public support for development assistance programmes, people's understanding of poverty and development issues remains shallow and levels of official development aid for many OECD countries fall well below the 0.7 per cent GDP goal. In this article we examine what factors drive individual-level attitudes of concern for poverty, how the media portray poverty in developing countries and how media portrayal affects individuals' concern for poverty. Drawing on extant literature on motivations for aid, we argue that individual concern for poverty can stem from self-interest or moral drivers. However, the implications of the different drivers do not appear to be well understood, yet they have important consequences for DFID and the OECD; strategies based on preference-accommodation rather than preference-shaping strategies may undermine rather than strengthen public concern for poverty. The data for the article come from DFID's 2005 Omnibus survey of public attitudes towards development and a content analysis of eight UK newspapers from January to December 2005. Using a binary logistic regression model we estimate individual concern for poverty in developing countries as a function of moral judgements, self-interest, awareness of poverty and assessments of achieving Millennium Development Goals, controlling for a host of demographic variables. Results from the content analysis show that economic and political frames dominate media coverage of poverty in developing countries. We find differential effects for moral and self-interested attitudes on concern for poverty; moral attitudes are positively related to concern, whereas self-interested attitudes are negatively related to concern.
Crime and Support for Democracy in Africa and Latin America
Authors: Fernandez Kenneth E. , Kuenzi Michele
Published: October 2009

Much of the scholarship on democratization has a myopic focus on economic conditions. Using Afrobarometer and Latinobarómetro survey data, the article examines how crime victimization and perceptions of crime influence citizens' attitudes toward democracy. After elaborating on several theoretical frameworks that help illuminate the relationship between crime and support for democracy, the article applies fixed effects and generalized hierarchical linear models to the cross-national survey data. The results show that a citizen's perception of public safety is as important a factor as any socio-economic variable in predicting support for and satisfaction with democracy. This finding is important because widespread support for democracy among the citizenry is considered a requisite for the consolidation of democracy.
Can Choice in Welfare States Be Equitable?
Authors: Greve Bent
Published: October 2009

Whether choice is fine or dire for the welfare state is a question that cannot be answered theoretically. That is the conclusion of this article, which discusses conditions that must be fulfilled if choice or increased choice are not to be reflected in increased inequality in access to welfare services. The consequences of non‐decision and stress in relation to choice are touched upon. The implication of the analysis is that concrete, empirical analysis is important in order to ascertain whether the conditions for ensuring an informed choice without negative impact on equity in modern welfare states can be fulfilled.
Systemic Bank Risk in Brazil: A Comprehensive Simulation of Correlated Market, Credit, Sovereign and Inter‐Bank Risks
Authors: Barnhill, Jr Theodore M. , Souto Marcos Rietti
Published: October 2009

In this study we present a comprehensive forward‐looking portfolio simulation methodology for assessing the correlated impacts of market risk, private sector and Sovereign credit risk, and inter‐bank default risk. In order to produce better integrated risk assessment for banks and systemic risk assessments for financial systems, we argue that reasonably detailed modeling of bank asset and liability structures, loan portfolio credit quality, and loan concentrations by sector, region and type, as well as a number of financial and economic environment risk drivers, is required. Sovereign and inter‐bank default risks are increasingly important in the current economic environment and their inclusion is an important model extension. This extended model is demonstrated through an application to both individual Brazilian banks (i.e., 28 of the largest banks) and groups of banks (i.e., the Brazilian banking system) as of December 2004. When omitting Sovereign risk, our analysis indicates that none of the banks face significant default risk over a 1‐year horizon. This low default risk stems primarily from the large amount of government securities held by Brazilian banks, but also reflects the banks' adequate capitalizations and extraordinarily high interest rate spreads. We note that none of the banks which we modeled failed during the very stressful 2007‐2008 period, consistent with our results. Our results also show that a commonly used approach of aggregating all banks into one single bank, for purposes of undertaking a systemic banking system risk assessment, results in a misestimate of both the probability and the cost of systemic banking system failures. Once Sovereign risk is considered and losses in the market value of government securities reach 10% (or higher), we find that several banks could fail during the same time period. These results demonstrate the well known risk of concentrated lending to a borrower, or type of borrower, which has a non‐zero probability of default (e.g., the Government of Brazil). Our analysis also indicates that, in the event of a Sovereign default, the Government of Brazil would face constrained debt management alternatives. To the best of our knowledge no one else has put forward a systematic methodology for assessing bank asset, liability, loan portfolio structure and correlated market and credit (private sector, Sovereign, and inter‐bank) default risk for banks and banking systems. We conclude that such forward‐looking risk assessment methodologies for assessing multiple correlated risks, combined with the targeted collection of specific types of data on bank portfolios, have the potential to better quantify overall bank and banking system risk levels, which can assist bank management, bank regulators, Sovereigns, rating agencies, and investors to make better informed and proactive risk management and investment decisions.
Prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in Israeli adolescents: results from a national mental health survey
Authors: Farbstein Ilana , Mansbach‐Kleinfeld Ivonne , Levinson Daphna , Goodman Robert , Levav Itzhak , Vograft Itzik , Kanaaneh Rasim , Ponizovsky Alexander M. , Brent David A. , Apter Alan
Published: October 2009

Background:  The development of epidemiological instruments has enabled the assessment of mental disorders in youth in countries that plan policy according to evidence‐based principles. The Israel Survey of Mental Health among Adolescents (ISMEHA) was conducted in 2004–2005 in a representative sample of 957 adolescents aged 14–17 and their mothers.

Methods:  The aims of this study were to estimate prevalence rates of internalizing and externalizing mental disorders and their socio‐demographic and health correlates. Disorders were ascertained with the Development and Well‐Being Assessment inventory and verified by child psychiatrists.

Results:  The prevalence rates were 11.7%, 8.1% and 4.8% for any disorder, internalizing disorders and externalizing disorders, respectively. Distinct risk factors were associated with the different types of disorders: internalizing disorders were associated with female gender, chronic medical conditions and being cared for by a welfare agency. Risk factors for externalizing disorders were male gender, having divorced or single parents, being an only child or having only one sibling. Learning disability was associated with both types of disorders.

Conclusions:  The risk and protective factors related to internalizing and externalizing disorders are interpreted within the framework of family composition in this multicultural society.
TAXONOMIC REVISION OF SARGASSUM SPECIES (FUCALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM NEW CALEDONIA BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES1
Authors: Mattio Lydiane , Payri Claude Elisabeth
Published: October 2009

Sargassum C. Agardh (1820) is a taxonomically difficult genus distributed worldwide and reported as the most species‐rich genus of the Fucales. It is especially abundant in the Pacific where decreasing species richness is reported to occur from west to east. New Caledonia has been recognized as one of the hotspots of Sargassum diversity; however, species lists available for this region are old and incomplete and have not yet been updated with regard to the latest taxonomic revisions published. This study aimed at revising Sargassum diversity in New Caledonia and to assess its geographic affinities with neighboring Pacific regions. We used combined morphological and DNA analyses on new collections and examined numerous type specimens. Although 45 taxa have been listed in the literature, most of them have been either transferred to synonymy since or misidentified, and in this study, only 12 taxa were recognized as occurring in New Caledonia. They belong to the subgenus Sargassum sect. Binderianae (Grunow) Mattio et Payri (2), sect. Ilicifoliae (J. Agardh) Mattio et Payri (2), sect. Polycystae Mattio et Payri. (1), sect. Sargassum (4), sect. Zygocarpicae (J. Agardh) Setch. (2), and subgenus Phyllotrichia (Aresh.) J. Agardh (1). New Caledonian Sargassum flora appeared as the second richest in the region after the Pacific coast of Australia, with which it has shown high similarity, and shared species with all neighboring regions. One species, S. turbinarioides Grunow, is considered as endemic to New Caledonia. The low genetic diversity detected among several polymorphic species belonging to sect. Sargassum is also discussed.
Prejudicial Attitudes Toward Older Adults May Be Exaggerated When People Feel Vulnerable to Infectious Disease: Evidence and Implications
Authors: Duncan Lesley A. , Schaller Mark
Published: October 2009

Prejudice against elderly people (“ageism”) is an issue of increasing social concern, but the psychological roots of ageism are only partially understood. Recent theorizing suggests that ageism may result, in part, from fallible cue‐based disease‐avoidance mechanisms. The perception of subjectively atypical physical features (including features associated with aging) may implicitly activate aversive semantic concepts (implicit ageism), and this implicit ageism is likely to emerge among perceivers who are especially worried about the transmission of infectious diseases. We report an experiment (N = 88) that provides the first empirical test of this hypothesis. Results revealed that implicit ageism is predicted by the interactive effects of chronic perceptions of vulnerability to infectious disease and by the temporary salience of disease‐causing pathogens. Moreover, these effects are moderated by perceivers' cultural background. Implications for public policy are discussed.
Compassionate Values and Presidential Politics: Mortality Salience, Compassionate Values, and Support for Barack Obama and John McCain in the 2008 Presidential Election
Authors: Vail III Kenneth E. , Arndt Jamie , Motyl Matt , Pyszczynski Tom
Published: October 2009

In line with terror management theory, this research demonstrates that mortality salience motivated increased support for John McCain in the absence of reminders of compassionate values. However, polls had indicated that Barack Obama was generally perceived as the more compassionate of the two candidates. Thus, when compassionate values were made salient, death reminders motivated participants to uphold these values by significantly increasing their support for the more compassionate Barack Obama instead. The implications of these findings for terror management theory, the 2008 presidential election, and political endorsements are discussed.
Scenarios of Waste Management for a Waste Emergency Area
Authors: Mastellone Maria Laura , Brunner Paul H. , Arena Umberto
Published: October 2009

In the Campania region, an area in the south of Italy with 5.7 million inhabitants and a production of about 7,900 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day, an emergency situation was created by inappropriate waste management policy and practice. In order to support decisions regarding future solutions for this crisis, reliable, transparent, and impartial strategies and concepts are needed. For this purpose, six waste management scenarios have been defined and quantitatively assessed by means of substance flow analysis (SFA). The scenarios are based on firm objectives and recent legislation for waste management and take into account regional waste production and composition as well as existing waste treatment infrastructure. They are evaluated and compared with the status quo in view of reaching the goals of waste management. For each scenario, the following material flows were quantified: wastes that would be sent to different processes, such as those of mechanical‐biological treatment, incineration, or anaerobic digestion; treatment residues (in mass and volume) to be diverted to landfills; materials recoverable by recycling processes; and energy obtainable by waste‐to‐energy and anaerobic digestion plants. The results demonstrate that a future waste management system that is based on a combination of more recycling, thermal treatment, anaerobic digestion, and improved landfilling reaches the objectives of waste management much more closely than the present, inadequate system.
Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Clinical and Microbiological Features of Hospitalized Elderly Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis
Authors: Kofteridis Diamantis P. , Papadimitraki Eva , Mantadakis Elpis , Maraki Sofia , Papadakis John A. , Tzifa Garifallia , Samonis George
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To study potential differences in the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis with and without diabetes mellitus.

DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records.

SETTING: University hospital.

PARTICIPANTS: Eighty‐eight patients aged 65 and older with diabetes mellitus (DM) (57 female; 64.8%) and 118 controls without DM (75 female; 63.6%), matched for age and sex, hospitalized with acute pyelonephritis between January 1997 and December 2005.

MEASUREMENTS: Medical records were reviewed for demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics.

RESULTS: The median age of both groups was 74 (range 65–95). Twenty‐seven people with DM (30.7%) and 13 controls (11.0%) had bacteremia (P=.001). People with DM had longer fever (median 4.5 vs 2.5 days; P<.001), longer hospitalization (median 10 vs 7 days; P<.001), and greater mortality (12.5% vs 2.5%; P<.01) than controls. Logistic regression analysis proved DM to be an independent predictor of bacteremia, long hospitalization, and mortality. Escherichia coli was the most common microorganism found in both groups, whereas Candida spp. were implicated more frequently in people with DM than controls (12.7% vs 1.7%; P<.01). Antimicrobial resistance did not increase over the study period.

CONCLUSION: Acute pyelonephritis in elderly people with DM is associated with risk of bacteremia, long hospitalization, and mortality.
3. Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain
Authors: Cornelissen Paul , Van Kleef Maarten , Mekhail Nagy , Day Miles , Van Zundert Jan
Published: October 2009

Persistent idiopathic facial pain, previously known as atypical facial pain, is described as a persistent facial pain that does not have the classical characteristics of cranial neuralgias and for which there is no obvious cause (International Classification of Headache Disorders in 2004). According to these criteria, the diagnosis is possible if the facial pain is localized, present daily, and throughout all or most of the day. By definition, neurological and physical examination findings in persistent idiopathic facial pain should be normal. Forming a diagnosis is not simple and follows a process of elimination of other causes of facial pain.

The precise incidence is unknown. The affliction is seen primarily in older adults and rarely in children. The pathophysiology is unknown. In persistent idiopathic facial pain, there is no abnormal processing of somatosensory stimuli in the pain area or facial area of the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain.

The treatment is difficult and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. The most important part of the treatment is psychological counseling and pharmacological therapy. Pharmacological treatment with tricyclic antidepressants and anti‐epileptic drugs can be tried. The conservative, pharmacological treatment with amitryptiline is the primary choice. Venlafaxine and fluoxetine treatment can also be considered.

When the pharmacological treatment fails, pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the ganglion pterygopalatinum (sphenopalatinum) can be considered (2 C+).
The Eternal Moment
Authors: Milosz Czeslaw
Published: October 2009

Czeslaw Milosz, the great Polish poet and essayist who died in 2004, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1980. Just after the publication of A Book of Luminous Things: An International Anthology of Poetry and his memoir, Road‐side Dog, I sat down with him in July, 1999, in the cozy, book‐lined living room of his cottage on Grizzly Peak Road overlooking the San Francisco Bay shimmering in the distance. After the Cold War he returned in the summers to Krakow, but otherwise lived in Berkeley.
Consumer Society Is the Enemy
Authors: Cousteau Jacques
Published: October 2009

Anyone within range of Western television during the 1960s to the 1980s was likely a fan of Jacques Cousteau's famous “underwater adventures” launched from the Calypso research vessel, which roamed the seven seas.

Not surprisingly, as an explorer immersed in the natural environment, Cousteau became a radical ecologist in his later life as the costs of industrialization and consumerism began to take their toll. In the summer of 1996 I sat down with the famed oceanographer at the Paris offices of the Cousteau Society.
Cultural Background and Individualistic–Collectivistic Values in Relation to Similarity, Perspective Taking, and Empathy
Authors: Heinke Miriam S. , Louis Winnifred R.
Published: October 2009

A path model testing antecedents and consequences of perceived similarity was examined for Asian and European Australian participants (N = 240). Cultural background and values were measured, and participants read scenarios describing a target in distress acting according to individualistic or collectivistic values. Consistent with past research, feeling similar to the target was linked to perspective taking and empathy. Moreover, Asian participants were more collectivistic, and collectivistic values were linked to higher empathy. In the present data, however, both endorsed higher levels of collectivism than individualism; individualism scores were equal; and the two values were positively correlated. Moreover, neither cultural background nor values were consistently linked to similarity. Implications are discussed for research on cultural background, values, and social interactions.
Is a Manipulator's Externality Paradoxical? The Relationship Between Machiavellianism, Economic Opportunism, and Economic Locus of Control
Authors: Sakalaki Maria , Kanellaki Sofia , Richardson Clive
Published: October 2009

Machiavellianism and economic opportunism are defecting strategies founded on manipulating information in order to maximize gain or power. This study investigated their relationship with economic internality. We hypothesized that individuals inclined to adopt defecting strategies would tend to have external economic locus of control (ELOC). A Greek sample of 175 participants completed the ELOC and Mach IV questionnaires and a scale of economic opportunism. Machiavellianism and opportunism were both positively correlated with the ELOC Chance factor. Opportunism was negatively correlated with the ELOC Internal factor. The findings confirmed the hypothesis and showed that this kind of defector overestimates the role of chance, uncertainty, and hazard as sources of economic reinforcements.
Relationships Between Politics, Supervisor Communication, and Job Outcomes
Authors: Harris Kenneth J. , Harris Ranida B. , Wheeler Anthony R.
Published: October 2009

Perceptions of organizational politics (POPs) are ever present and have been shown to have many negative effects. This study investigated the influence of perceptions of politics on the consequences of turnover intentions and job frustration; 2 important outcomes in the organizational politics literature. Additionally, this study examined the role of supervisor communication as a moderator of these relationships. We investigated the relationships in a sample of 246 alumni from a midwestern university who were working in a wide range of occupations. Our results provide support for positive associations between POPs and intentions to turnover and job frustration; supervisor communication moderated these relationships. Managerial recommendations and suggestions for future research are offered.
The Effects of Stereotype Threat and Pacing on Older Adults' Learning Outcomes
Authors: Fritzsche Barbara A. , DeRouin Renée E. , Salas Eduardo
Published: October 2009

This study examined the effects of stereotype threat and pacing on older adult training outcomes. Older adults (N = 51; M age = 71 years) were randomly assigned to stereotype threat and pacing conditions and completed computerized library training. Contrary to expectations, stereotype threat was found to improve performance significantly on both training practice exercises and a post‐training knowledge test. Self‐pacing was not found to affect training performance, but did produce more positive reactions to the training course. Implications for training design and for stereotype threat research are discussed.
Exporting to new destinations and the effects of tariffs: the case of meat commodities
Authors: Ghazalian Pascal L. , Larue Bruno , Gervais Jean‐Philippe
Published: October 2009

This study uses a random parameter probit estimation to examine the effects of tariff liberalization on the probability of establishing new trading relationships in meat commodities. Our simulation results indicate that the effects of tariff reductions decrease with distance, but increase with the level of development. The probabilities of trade increase at an increasing rate with the size of tariff reductions thus justifying calls for ambitious liberalization schemes. Canada and Mexico are the NAFTA countries that are most likely to export in response to EU tariff reductions on bovine and poultry meats, while Brazil and Argentina emerge as the MERCOSUR countries most likely to penetrate the EU bovine meat market after EU tariff reductions. Uruguay's probability to export poultry meat is most responsive to EU tariff reductions.
The interaction between casein kinase Iα and 14‐3‐3 is phosphorylation dependent
Authors: Clokie Samuel , Falconer Helen , Mackie Shaun , Dubois Thierry , Aitken Alastair
Published: October 2009

We have previously shown that casein kinase (CK) Iα from mammalian brain phosphorylates 14‐3‐3 ζ and τ isoforms on residue 233. In the present study, we show that CKIα associates with 14‐3‐3 both in vitro and in vivo. The interaction between CKIα and 14‐3‐3 is dependent on CKIα phosphorylation, unlike centaurin‐α1 (also known as ADAP1), which binds to unphosphorylated CKIα on the same region. CKIα preferentially interacts with mammalian η and γ 14‐3‐3 isoforms, and peptides that bind to the 14‐3‐3 binding pocket prevent this interaction. The region containing Ser218 in this CKIα binding site was mutated and the interaction between CKIα and 14‐3‐3 was reduced. We subsequently identified a second phosphorylation‐dependent 14‐3‐3 binding site within CKIα containing Ser242 that may be the principal site of interaction. We also show that both fission and budding yeast CKI kinase homologues phosphorylate mammalian and budding yeast (BMH1 and BMH2) 14‐3‐3 at the equivalent site.

Structured digital abstract

A list of the large number of protein‐protein interactions described in this article is available via the MINT article ID MINT‐7264069