bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Territorial Behavior among Males of Protoxaea gloriosa (Fox) (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)
Authors: Cazier M. A. , Linsley E. G.
Published: January 2010

In the vicinity of Douglas, Arizona, male Protoxaea gloriosa were noted establishing territories as early as July 16, 1962, although the principal emergence of both sexes occurred on July 26 and 27, following the first soaking summer rains. The territories involved flowering plants which were guarded during the morning hours, primarily between 7 a.m. and 11 a.m., against all other insect intruders except females of their own species. Guarded plants included those visited by females for nectar, or pollen, or both, as well as plants which they were not observed to visit at any time. Newly emerged females make their first flights during the morning hours in search of nectar for their own use. Male territorial behavior increases the probability of immediate mating with these virgin females. Mated females apparently lose their attractiveness to males and are allowed to visit guarded plants without interference. Such females collect pollen between 6 a.m. and 9:30 a.m., primarily from Solanum, and nectar up to about 11:30 a.m., primarily from Asclepias, Verbesina and Larrea. Male belligerence toward other bee visitors to these plants reduces actual or potential competition for pollen and/or nectar, as the case may be. After leaving their territories late in the morning, the males seek nectar for themselves, and later in the afternoon gather gregariously in large “balls” for “sleeping”, in marked contrast to their earlier intolerance of one another.
Les Formes du Puceron du Pois dans le Sud du Québec
Authors: Cartier J. J.
Published: January 2010

Etant donné qu’on trouve dans le sud du Québec des màles ailés et aptères du puceron du pois,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris) (Homoptera : Aphididae), on ne peut plus considérer cette espèce comme une sous-espèce de l’espèce européenne en se basant sur l’existence de mâles de forme exclusivement ailée en Amérique du Nord et en Afrique de l’Est et de forme aptère en Europe et en Asie. L’espèce québécoise se comporte différemment sur ses plantes-hôtes et ne montre pas de formes rouges comme c’est le cas dans l’espèce européenne.
Four Males of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)
Authors: Knerer Gerhard , Atwood C. E.
Published: January 2010

Many species in the genus Andrena have been described from one sex only. During studies of this genus in Ontario, the authors have associated the males of four species with the appropriate females. The males of Andrena (Trachandrena) alleghaniensis Viereck, A. (Leucandrena) chippewaensis Mitchell, A. (Conandrena) rufosignata Cockerell and A. (Gonandrena) dreisbachi Mitchell, all previously unknown, are described in this paper.
Attack and Brood Production of Ambrosia Beetles in Logging Debris
Authors: Dyer E. D. A.
Published: January 2010

The ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), causes extensive damage to logs in coastal British Columbia. The logging debris or slash felled in the autumn has been found to be an important breeding place for these beetles. The shaded sides of the larger pieces of slash sustained the greatest attacks and produced the most brood. The population increased about four-fold as a result of breeding in slash and this increase was estimated to be more than one quarter of a million beetles per acre on the areas investigated. A very large population of these beetles can develop each year in districts where autumn and winter felling is in progress.
Seasonal and Diurnal Changes in the Age-composition of Adult. Simulium venustum Say (Diptera) Populations near Ottawa
Authors: Davies L.
Published: January 2010

In Gatineau Park near Ottawa Simulium venustum adults were present in appreciable numbers around man (usually 20-100 flies/man/hr.) only between mid-May and mid-June in 1958-60, numbers after late June being negligible apparently because a succeeding generation failed to mature in significant quantity. It is suggested that differences in the duration of the S. venustum biting problem in different parts of eastern Canada largely depend on whether or not streams remain suitable for the aquatic stages after the spring generation derived from overwintered eggs has emerged.

In sweep-net catches of flies attracted to man at fixed sites the proportion of parous flies was nil in mid-May and increased to near 100 per cent by mid-June, 3 change sometimes interrupted by the appearance of a second wave of nulliparous individuals from late fly-producing streams. The latter were anatomically indistinguishable from flies produced earlier apart from reduced body size. The results suggest that the populations studied were anautogenous and that there was no deviation from this condition that could be attributed to variations in the food available for larvae in different streams or at different times.

The proportion of attracted parous flies containing relict eggs sometimes tended to increase towards the end of the season, suggesting that a large proportion of the few flies still remaining had completed two or more ovarian cycles.

Parous flies tended to be particularly active in late afternoon and evening but instances when this diurnal pattern did not occur were observed.
Field Selection of Different Log Odors by Scolytid Beetles
Authors: Chapman J. A.
Published: January 2010

Air from a common source was divided and each portion blown through a separate large box containing, except for an empty control, logs from one tree species. Air from each box was conducted away and released between two window flight traps. Four coniferous tree species were represented in the test. Bark and ambrosia beetles from natural populations responded positively to log odors in the released air. There were differences in the response of beetle species to the log odors represented.
A New Species of Tetralopha (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Vaccinium
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Tetralopha vacciniivora, new species, is described from material reared at Cedar Lake, Ontario, by officers of the Department of Forestry of Canada. The new species is compared with the poplar-feeding T. aplastella (Hulst), the maple-feeding species identified as T. asperatella (Clemens), and the oak-feeding T. expandens (Walker). T. nephelotella (Hulst) is sunk as a synonym of T. expandens.
New Neotropical Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

The following pyraustine taxa are described as new: Syllepis religiosa, Bolivia; Herpetogramma obscurior, Peru; Zeuzerobotys, with type-species Z. mirabilis, Mexico; Megastes australis, Argentina and Bolivia; Liopasia anolopha, Ecuador.
Laboratory Studies on the Feeding Habits of Seven Species of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Ontario
Authors: Ayre G. L.
Published: January 2010

Preliminary laboratory investigations of the feeding habits of seven species of ants occurring in southern Ontario showed that Camponotus herculeanus (Li.), Crematogaster lineolata (Say) and Formica exsectoides Forel are very predacious and will also eat dead insects. Myrmica americana Weber, Solenopsis molesta (Say) and Tapinoma sessile (Say) are also predacious, but probably because of the small size of the individuals and the colonies they are unable to capture large living insects. Lasius neoniger Emery, a relatively timid ant, may develop large populations and consume considerable numbers of other insects, but it is not recommended as a control agent because it can become troublesome on lawns.
Dispersal of Nymphs of the Grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudd.)
Authors: Putnam L. G.
Published: January 2010

Nymphs of Camnula pellucida hatching from an egg-bed originally about 800 square yards in extent had occupied, by the time they had reached the immature adult stage, approximately 160 acres. For the first three weeks the main factors affecting direction of advancing fronts appeared to be topographical features. The average rate of most rapid advance during this stage was only about 6 yards daily. Subsequently, dispersal appeared to become more random and general, proceeding at a maximum rate of about 20 yards daily, and rather rapidly over-running or outflanking most topographical features that had at first seemed to channelize movement. Dispersal in the nymphal stage was followed by characteristic reassembly of adults for breeding.
Some Factors Affecting the Catches of Lepidoptera in Light Traps
Authors: Belton P. , Kempster R. H.
Published: January 2010

By comparing the number of moths caught in box-type traps, attractant light sources can be arranged in the following order of efficiency: 15-watt fluorescent rubes emitting ultraviolet and visible light > 15-watt fluorescent tubes emitting cool white light ≥ germicidal rubes behind glass > 15-watt fluorescent tubes emitting ultraviolet but little visible light ≥ 100-watt mercury-vapour bulbs emitting ultraviolet but little visible light. Noctuoid and large geometroid (sent. lat.) moths discriminate between these light sources on the basis of their spectral content, but pyraloids, other small microlepidoptera and some geometroids probably do not. Pyraloid moths escaped in significant numbers from traps with normal apertures (13/4-inch), after sunrise. They freely entered traps with narrow apertures (1/2-inch) but these traps caught fewer large moths.
Some Effects of Host Age on Parasitism byNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: January 2010

Mortality of immatureNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) was least on young house fly pupae (less than 48 hours old, at 24.5 ± 0.5 °C.) and increased with increasing host age. Increased mortality on old hosts was manifested principally as a decrease in female adult progeny, numbers of adult males and of mature diapause larvae remaining approximately constant. Reduction in the percentage of females in the adult progeny reared on old hosts probably resulted from superparasitism. This kills more female than male larvae and occurred more commonly on old hosts, each of which provides a smaller quantity of suitable food for the immature parasites. Adults reared on old hosts were smaller and relatively fewer of them were able to emerge. The proportion of the total mature parasite progeny that remained in diapause was greater on old hosts, probably because of qualitative differences in the food provided by hosts of different ages.
The External Morphology of the Adults and Ultimate Larval Instar of the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Wong Horne R.
Published: January 2010

Only a few studies have been made on the external morphology of both the adults and larva of a single species of sawfly, viz.: Hoplocampa balcyon (Nort.) (Bird 1926; 1927); Lygaeonematus subarcticus Forsl. (Forsslund 1936); Diprion pini (L.) (Arora 1953; 1959); Cephalcia marginata Middlekauff (Rivard 1955); and Taxonus agrorum Fallén (Ciampolini 1957). The following paper presents a detailed study of the external morphology of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) and represents a consolidated revision of interim technical reports prepared earlier (Wong 1958a; 1958b). A recent paper by Bracken (1961) drew heavily from the wording and organization of the earlier of these reports for description of the external morphology of the adults of Anoplonyx luteipes (Cress.) and A. canadensis Harr. Unfortunately, Bracken incorporated minor morphological misinterpretations that have been corrected in the present paper.
Surveys of Adult Grasshoppers in Saskatchewan in Relation to Seasonal Development
Authors: Riegert P. W. , Pickford R.
Published: January 2010

In the past twenty years in Saskatchewan the rate of nymphal development of three species of grasshoppers has varied considerably from year to year and region to region. Camnula pellucida appeared as early as, or earlier than, the other two species. The average date of attainment of the adult stage was July 21 compared to August 4th for Melanoplus bilituratus and M. bivittatus. Adult surveys in Saskatchewan have generally coincided with the time when the dominant species of grasshoppers, in any region, have attained full morphological and sexual maturity and have had an opportunity to disperse and stabilize density. Duration of the surveys, in any one of seven regions, in the years 1958-1961, varied from 4-31 days and averaged 19 days per year. The total period of survey for the province varied from 25-42 days and averaged 30 days per year.

Variations in seasonal histories of the several grasshopper species demand an elastic schedule for surveys. The concept of maintaining a standard and rigid “best time” for surveys is untenable in the light of the present investigations.
Immature Stages of Four Nearctic Notodontidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Ferguson Douglas C.
Published: January 2010

Last instar larvae and the pupae of Gluphisia avimacula, Notodonta simplaria, Dasylophia thyatiroides and Hyparpax perophoroides are described, compared with those of related species, and in part figured. Various ecological aspects are discussed and host plant information is provided in each case, with comments on the number of generations, times of occurrence and, with respect to simplaria and thyatiroides, on the regional prevalence of melanism.
The Discovery of Streblocera in Canada (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Walley G. Stuart , MacKay Margaret R.
Published: January 2010

While sweeping for Hymenoptera in early June, 1961, in the Gatineau Park region of Quebec, about 15 miles northwest of Ottawa, Ontario, one of the authors took a specimen of the rare and interesting genus Streblocera Westwood. Discovery of this specimen, in a relatively recently glaciated region remote from all localities previously reported for the genus, prompted a search for further material, which however was without avail. Finding the species to be undescribed and also easily recognizable by a number of distinct structural features, the writers venture to present the following description based on the single example at hand.
Chemical‐looping combustion process: Kinetics and mathematical modeling
Authors: Iliuta Ion , Tahoces Raul , Patience Gregory S. , Rifflart Sebastien , Luck Francis
Published: January 2010

Chemical Looping Combustion technology involves circulating a metal oxide between a fuel zone where methane reacts under anaerobic conditions to produce a concentrated stream of CO2 and water and an oxygen rich environment where the metal is reoxidized. Although the needs for electrical power generation drive the process to high temperatures, lower temperatures (600–800°C) are sufficient for industrial processes such as refineries. In this paper, we investigate the transient kinetics of NiO carriers in the temperature range of 600 to 900°C in both a fixed bed microreactor (WHSV = 2‐4 g CH4/h/g oxygen carrier) and a fluid bed reactor (WHSV = 0.014‐0.14 g CH4/h per g oxygen carrier). Complete methane conversion is achieved in the fluid bed for several minutes. In the microreactor, the methane conversion reaches a maximum after an initial induction period of less than 10 s. Both CO2 and H2O yields are highest during this induction period. As the oxygen is consumed, methane conversion drops and both CO and H2 yields increase, whereas the CO2 and H2O concentrations decrease. The kinetics parameter of the gas–solids reactions (reduction of NiO with CH4, H2, and CO) together with catalytic reactions (methane reforming, methanation, shift, and gasification) were estimated using experimental data obtained on the fixed bed microreactor. Then, the kinetic expressions were combined with a detailed hydrodynamic model to successfully simulate the comportment of the fluidized bed reactor. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Heat conduction from two spheres
Authors: Alassar R. S. , Alminshawy B. J.
Published: January 2010

An exact solution of heat conduction from two spheres is obtained using the bispherical coordinates system. The two spheres may be of different diameters and may be located at any distance from each other. The solution is given in terms of the temperature distribution and the local and average Nusselt numbers. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Reduced intensity conditioning regimen with fludarabine, busulfan, and low‐dose TBI (Flu‐BU2‐TBI): Clinical efficacy in high‐risk patients
Authors: Takahata Mutsumi , Hashino Satoshi , Okada Kohei , Onozawa Masahiro , Kahata Kaoru , Sugita Junichi , Shigematsu Akio , Kondo Takeshi , Yamamoto Satoshi , Endo Tomoyuki , Nishio Mitsufumi , Ito Yoichi M. , Tanaka Junji , Koike Takao , Asaka Masahiro , Imamura Masahiro
Published: January 2010

Reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens are widely used in allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). In this study, we retrospectively investigated the clinical outcomes of RIC with fludarabine (Flu; 180 mg/m2), intravenous busulfan (BU; 6.4 mg/kg) or oral BU (8 mg/kg), and low‐dose total body irradiation (TBI; 4 Gy) (Flu‐BU2‐TBI) in 66 patients (median age: 54.5 years) with various hematological malignancies. Thirty‐eight patients (58%) were high‐risk patients (median age: 56 years). The overall survival rate at 2 years of the high‐risk patients was 64.5%, which was comparable to the survival rate of 70.9% in standard‐risk patients (P = 0.68). The relapse rates at 2 years in the standard‐risk and high‐risk patients were 16 and 28%, respectively, and day 100 treatment‐related mortality rates were 0 and 6%, respectively. The Flu‐BU2‐TBI regimen for high‐risk patients showed therapeutic effects equivalent to those for standard‐risk patients and favorable outcomes compared with those of other previous RIC regimens. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Omnipotence, retreat from reality and finance: psychoanalytic reflections on the 2008 financial crisis
Authors: Morante Flavia
Published: January 2010

A crisis of vast proportions struck the global financial sector in 2008 and as the world watched in disbelief venerable financial institutions, thought to be “too big to fail,” collapsed and governments struggled to salvage what they could, individuals, the media and public authorities asked why it happened. As the crisis unfolded and its seriousness became undeniable disbelief turned into anger and need to find and punish the culprits. Public opprobrium fell on governments, regulatory authorities but first and foremost on bankers. Collective responsibility did not seem to enter public awareness.

This paper argues that an important psychological factor underpinning the crisis was the collective need to escape the reality of an increasingly complex and vulnerable global world and find an illusory refuge in the ownership of money and property. On the trail of a favorable economic cycle, financial operators, regulatory authorities and the public colluded in the illusion, which eventually developed into something akin to a psychic retreat, that financial markets would provide effortless and everlasting wealth and home ownership to an increasing number of people. The paper considers how omnipotence, illusion and the absence of the father/authority figure as the psychic representative of reality fostered a manic wave of rampant optimism, greed and overconfident investors. The crisis happened when reality eventually shattered the illusion, the ensuing chasm revealing the world in all its vulnerability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the relation between the association strength and other similarity measures
Authors: Egghe Leo
Published: January 2010

A graph in van Eck and Waltman [JASIST, 60(8), 2009, p. 1644], representing the relation between the association strength and the cosine, is partially explained as a sheaf of parabolas, each parabola being the functional relation between these similarity measures on the trajectories $\vec {X} \cdot \vec {Y} = a $, a constant. Based on earlier obtained relations between cosine and other similarity measures (e.g., Jaccard index), we can prove new relations between the association strength and these other measures.
Global value chains, local collective action and corporate social responsibility: a review of empirical evidence
Authors: Lund‐Thomsen Peter , Nadvi Khalid
Published: January 2010

A key debate in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature is the tension between global pressures and local responses. Developing country suppliers often grumble that CSR compliance adds costs. Yet, local collective action, articulated through industry associations, can potentially reduce costs and promote local embeddedness of CSR initiatives. Through case study analysis, this paper considers how demands for CSR compliance prompted collective action responses in selected developing country export industries. We argue that differences in collective responses can be partially explained by how local export industries are inserted into global value chains. We distinguish between ‘highly visible’ value chains, led by internationally well known brands as lead firms, and relatively ‘less visible’ chains, where external CSR pressures come from a variety of sources, including less dominant lead firms, international/national regulatory frameworks and national media. This differentiation suggests a possible trade‐off between the independence and the embeddedness of collective CSR initiatives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
An investigation on adoption of the engineering simulation lab exercise: A case study in Multimedia University, Malaysia
Authors: Balamuralithara B. , Woods P.C.
Published: January 2010

Simulation‐based laboratory in engineering education become an important and appealing mode of laboratory replacing highly complex physical laboratory. The attitude of the students towards computers and experience of using the computers are very important factors that may affect the students' adoption of simulation‐based laboratory. In addition to those factors, prior knowledge and preferences on the engineering simulation software are also significant determinants that may influence the adoption of simulation lab exercise among the students. At the same time, different learning styles (cognitive) may affect how a student performs in different lab settings. Many researches have been conducted investigating the elements involved in adoption of computer applications but less work has been done looking into those elements in adoption of simulation lab exercise among engineering students. This research brings new sight in engineering education specifically in simulation‐based laboratory. In this article, we investigate the relationship between students' attitude towards computer, experience in computer usage, students' preferences and prior knowledge on simulation software, students' cognitive style and adoption of the simulation lab exercise among Electronics‐Telecommunications engineering students of Multimedia University, Malaysia. A conceptual model was designed to study the correlations among the variables in the model. The findings from the investigation indicated that all the factors—variables—have positive and significant relationships with the adoption of simulation lab exercise among the respondents in this study expect for the students' attitude towards computer and their preference of using engineering simulation software. Different cognitive styles among the students did not have any effects on their attitude towards computer and adoption to simulation‐based laboratory except for the kinesthetic style on adoption to simulation lab. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 339–345, 2012
Exploring the role of emotion in conflict transformation
Authors: Jameson Jessica Katz , Bodtker Andrea M. , Porch Dennis M. , Jordan William J.
Published: January 2010

This study examines the idea that attention to emotion in conflict management leads to conflict transformation. An experimental design compared mediated and negotiated conflict simulations in which participants were primed to discuss emotions as they moved toward agreement. Participants in the mediation group reported increased positive affect, decreased negative affect, and improved perception of other following the simulation. The negotiation group reported decreased positive affect, increased negative affect, and no difference in perception of other, yet they reported increased satisfaction. Mediated agreements included reference to the ongoing relationship, whereas negotiated agreements included tit‐for‐tat arrangements. Implications for organizational conflict management are discussed.
Validation study of a French version of the modified telephone interview for cognitive status (F‐TICS‐m) in elderly women
Authors: Vercambre Marie‐Noël , Cuvelier Hélène , Gayon Yasemin Atakuman , Hardy‐Léger Isabelle , Berr Claudine , Trivalle Christophe , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Clavel‐Chapelon Françoise
Published: January 2010

Objective

To evaluate the performance of a French version of the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (F‐TICS‐m) in identifying cognitive decline among elderly women.

Methods

All women aged 72–86 participating in the ‘Etude Epidémiologique auprès de Femmes de l'Education Nationale’ (E3N) cohort and living in or near Paris constituted the target population of the validation study. Volunteer women (n = 120) underwent both a 20‐min telephone interview and a face‐to‐face neuropsychological examination at an interval of few days (median interval: 10 days). The telephone interview included F‐TICS‐m, as well as a recall of key elements of a short story, arithmetic/verbal problems and two verbal fluency tests. Neuropsychological examination consisted of a standardized battery of cognitive tests (including the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test‐FCSRT, Trailmaking tests A and B, the similarities subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III, etc.) the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living questionnaire, and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Neuropsychological examination led to classification of each subject as cognitively normal (n = 92) or impaired/demented (n = 28).

Results

F‐TICS‐m showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.69). It correlated linearly with MMSE (Pearson's r = 0.72). Concurrent validity against the gold‐standard classification was satisfactory, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.83. The combination of F‐TICS‐m and the other telephone tests had no additional effect on discrimination power in our sample (AUC = 0.81).

Conclusion

F‐TICS‐m is a valid instrument for assessing the overall cognitive status of French elderly women. Its validity in men and its reproducibility warrant further studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The neuropsychological characteristics and regional cerebral blood flow of vascular cognitive impairment‐no dementia
Authors: Cao Xinyi , Guo Qihao , Zhao Qianhua , Jin Lilin , Fu Jianhui , Hong Zhen
Published: January 2010

Objective

To investigate the neuropsychological characteristics of VCI‐ND and to analyze the relationship between deficit pattern and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in various VCI‐ND subtypes defined by cognitive features.

Methods

69 subjects diagnosed with VCI‐ND were recruited, then further classified into four subtypes: amnestic VCI‐ND with single memory impairment (subtype I, n = 19), amnestic VCI‐ND with multi‐domain impairment (subtype II, n = 27), non‐amnestic VCI‐ND with single domain impairment (subtype III, n = 16), and non‐amnestic VCI‐ND with multi‐domain impairment (subtype IV, n = 7) according to their cognitive profile. Xenon‐CT scan was administered to 31 VCI‐ND patients (11 of subtype I, 12 of subtype II and 8 of subtype III) and 10 normal controls (NC) to evaluate rCBF.

Results

The rate of different cognitive domains impairment in VCI‐ND group ranged from 17 to 66%, lowest in clock drawing test and highest in time of modified version of trails making test A and maze tracing compared with NC, significant reduced rCBF was found in bilateral temporal lobe and thalamus, left periventricular white matter and caudate of subtype I, and in left temporal lobe and lenticular nucleus, bilateral periventricular white matter, white matter adjacent to left posterior horn of lateral ventricular and right caudate of subtype III, while significant reduced rCBF of subtype II was found in left subfrontal white matter, bilateral subtemporoparietal white matter, right lenticular nucleus, and in both regions of subtype I and III

Conclusions

The manifestation of rCBF in VCI‐ND subtypes was consistent with performance of neuropsychological assessment Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cholesterol homeostasis markers are localized to mouse hippocampal pyramidal and granule layers
Authors: Valdez Chris M. , Smith Mark A. , Perry George , Phelix Clyde F. , Santamaria Fidel
Published: January 2010

Changes in brain cholesterol homeostasis are associated with multiple diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's; however, controversy persists as to whether adult neurons produce their own cholesterol, or if it is outsourced to astrocytes. To address this issue, we analyzed 25 genes most immediately involved in cholesterol homeostasis from in situ data provided by the Allen Brain Mouse Atlas. We compared the relative mRNA expression in the pyramidal and granule layers, populated with neurons, with the rest of the hippocampus which is populated with neuronal processes and glia. Comparing the expression of the individual genes to markers for neurons and astrocytes, we found that cholesterol homeostasis genes are preferentially targeted to neuronal layers. Therefore, changes in gene expression levels might affect neuronal populations directly. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiovascular diseases and hippocampal infarcts
Authors: Rauramaa Tuomas , Pikkarainen Maria , Englund Elisabet , Ince Paul G. , Jellinger Kurt , Paetau Anders , Parkkinen Laura , Alafuzoff Irina
Published: January 2010

The prevalence of hippocampal lesions such as hippocampal infarcts have not been studied in detail even though hippocampal alterations are known to be associated with various clinical conditions such as age‐related degenerative disorders and epilepsy. Methods: Here we defined the hippocampal infarcts and assessed the prevalence of this lesion in large unselected population of 1,245 subjects age ranging from 1 to 99 years (mean age 79 ± 1 S.E.M). Furthermore, we assessed the association of these lesions with various cardio‐ and cerebro‐vascular disorders and other neurodegenerative lesions. The prevalence of hippocampal infarct in the study population of 1,245 subjects was 12%, increasing to 13% when only those with a clinically diagnosed cognitive impairment (n = 311) were analyzed. Large hemispheric brain infarcts were seen in 31% of the study subjects and these lesions were strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension (43%), coronary disease (32%), myocardial infarct (22%), atrial fibrillation (20%), and heart failure (20%). In contrast, hippocampal infarcts displayed a significant association only with large hemispheric brain infarct, heart failure, and cardiovascular index as assessed postmortem. It is noteworthy that only widespread hippocampal infarcts were associated with clinical symptoms of cognitive impairment or epilepsy. The surprisingly low prevalence of 12% of hippocampal infarcts in aged population found here and the failure to detect an association between this lesion and various cerebro‐ cardio‐vascular lesions is intriguing. Whether susceptibility to ischemia in line with susceptibility to neuronal degeneration in this region is influenced by still undetermined risk‐ factors need further investigation. Furthermore it should be noted that the size of the hippocampal tissue damage, i.e., small vs. large cystic infarcts is of significance regarding clinical alterations. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholinergic activation of hippocampal neural stem cells in aged dentate gyrus
Authors: Itou Yoshie , Nochi Rokuya , Kuribayashi Hiroshi , Saito Yu , Hisatsune Tatsuhiro
Published: January 2010

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to the hippocampal circuit's role in cognitive functioning. New neurons are generated from hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout life, but their generation is substantially diminished in aged animals due to a decrease in NSC proliferation. Because acetylcholine (ACh) is an important neurotransmitter released in the hippocampus during learning and exercise that is known to decrease with aging, we investigated whether aged NSCs can respond to ACh. In this study, we found that cholinergic stimulation has a positive effect on NSC proliferation in both young adult (8–12 weeks old) and aged mice (>2 years old). In fresh hippocampal slices, we observed a rapid calcium increase in NSCs in the dentate gyrus after muscarinic cholinergic stimulation, in both age groups. Furthermore, we found that the exercise‐induced promotion of aged NSC proliferation was abrogated by the specific lesioning of the septal cholinergic system. In turn, cholinergic activation by either eserine (physostigmine) or donepezil treatment promoted the proliferation of NSCs in aged mice. These results indicate that NSCs respond to cholinergic stimulation by proliferating in aged animals. Physiological and/or pharmacological cholinergic stimulation(s) may ameliorate cognitive decline in aged animals, by supporting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the membrane mucin Muc4 in corneal epithelial cells by proteosomal degradation and TGF‐β
Authors: Lomako Joseph , Lomako Wieslawa M. , Carothers Carraway Coralie A. , Carraway Kermit L.
Published: January 2010

MUC4 is a heterodimeric membrane mucin, composed of a mucin subunit ASGP‐1 (MUC4α) and a transmembrane subunit ASGP‐2 (MUC4β), which has been implicated in the protection of epithelial cell surfaces. In the rat stratified corneal epithelium Muc4 is found predominantly in the most superficial cell layers. Since previous studies in other tissues have shown that Muc4 is regulated by TGF‐β via a proteosomal degradation mechanism, we investigated the regulation of corneal Muc4 in stratified cultures of corneal epithelial cells. Application of proteosome or processing inhibitors led to increases in levels of Muc4, particularly in the basal and intermediate levels of the stratified cultures. These changes were accompanied by increases in Muc4 ubiquitination, chaperone association and incorporation into intracellular aggresomes. In contrast, treatment with TGF‐β resulted in reduced levels of Muc4, which were reversed by proteosome inhibition. The results support a model in which Muc4 precursor is synthesized in all layers of the corneal epithelium, but Muc4 is degraded in basal and intermediate layers by a proteosomal mechanism at least partly dependent on TGF‐β inhibition of Muc4 processing. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 209–214, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracellular β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NAD) promotes the endothelial cell barrier integrity via PKA‐ and EPAC1/Rac1‐dependent actin cytoskeleton rearrangement
Authors: Umapathy Nagavedi S. , Zemskov Evgeny A. , Gonzales Joyce , Gorshkov Boris A. , Sridhar Supriya , Chakraborty Trinad , Lucas Rudolf , Verin Alexander D.
Published: January 2010

Extracellular β‐NAD is known to elevate intracellular levels of calcium ions, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphate and cAMP. Recently, β‐NAD was identified as an agonist for P2Y1 and P2Y11 purinergic receptors. Since β‐NAD can be released extracellularly from endothelial cells (EC), we have proposed its involvement in the regulation of EC permeability. Here we show, for the first time, that endothelial integrity can be enhanced in EC endogenously expressing β‐NAD‐activated purinergic receptors upon β‐NAD stimulation. Our data demonstrate that extracellular β‐NAD increases the transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) of human pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC) monolayers in a concentration‐dependent manner indicating endothelial barrier enhancement. Importantly, β‐NAD significantly attenuated thrombin‐induced EC permeability as well as the barrier‐compromising effects of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacterial toxins representing the barrier‐protective function of β‐NAD. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals more pronounced staining of cell–cell junctional protein VE‐cadherin at the cellular periphery signifying increased tightness of the cell‐cell contacts after β‐NAD stimulation. Interestingly, inhibitory analysis (pharmacological antagonists and receptor sequence specific siRNAs) indicates the participation of both P2Y1 and P2Y11 receptors in β‐NAD‐induced TER increase. β‐NAD‐treatment attenuates the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) indicating its involvement in barrier protection. Our studies also show the involvement of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A and EPAC1 pathways as well as small GTPase Rac1 in β‐NAD‐induced EC barrier enhancement. With these results, we conclude that β‐NAD regulates the pulmonary EC barrier integrity via small GTPase Rac1‐ and MLCP‐ dependent signaling pathways. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 215–223, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cdc20 proteolysis requires p38 MAPK signaling and Cdh1‐independent APC/C ubiquitination during spindle assembly checkpoint activation by cadmium
Authors: Yen Ai‐Hsin , Yang Jia‐Ling
Published: January 2010

Cdc20, an activator of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase, initiates the destruction of key mitotic regulators to facilitate mitosis, while it is negatively regulated by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to prevent premature anaphase entry. Activation of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase could contribute to mitotic arrest, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here we report a novel pathway in which the p38 signaling triggers Cdc20 destruction under SAC elicited by cadmium, a human carcinogen. We found that the cadmium‐induced prometaphase arrest was linked to decreased Cdc20 and accumulated cyclin A protein levels in human cells, whereas the activity of cyclin B1–Cdk1 was unaffected. The Cdc20 half‐life was markedly shortened along with its ubiquitination and degradation via 26S proteasome in cadmium‐treated asynchronous or G2‐enriched cells. Depletion of APC3 markedly suppressed the cadmium‐induced Cdc20 ubiquitination and proteolysis, while depletion of Cdh1, another activator of APC/C, did not. Intriguingly, blockage of p38 activity restored the Cdc20 levels for continuing mitosis under cadmium, while inhibition of JNK activity had no effect. The cadmium‐induced Cdc20 proteolysis was also suppressed during transient depletion of p38α or stable expression a dominant negative form of p38. Inhibition of p38 abolished the induction of Mad2–Cdc20–APC3 complex by cadmium. Moreover, forced expression of MKK6–p38 signaling could promote Cdc20 degradation in a Cdh1‐independent APC/C pathway. In summary, accelerated ubiquitination and proteolysis of Cdc20 is essential for prometaphase arrest that is mediated via the p38 signaling during SAC activation. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 327–334, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward an integrated framework for online consumer behavior and decision making process: A review
Authors: Darley William K. , Blankson Charles , Luethge Denise J.
Published: January 2010

This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent empirical studies dealing with online consumer behavior and decision‐making processes. To that end, the paper adapts and extends Engel, Kollat, and Blackwell's (1978) and Engel, Blackwell, and Miniard's (1986) decision‐making model as backdrop in the review of the literature. The vast majority of studies examine the link between external factors and one or more components of the decision‐making process. The findings of this study show a paucity of research on a number of components of decision making, as well as inconsistencies in the way the online environment is characterized. Finally, the findings show that student samples are prevalent among the studies identified and the research method is biased toward the survey method as opposed to experimentation. Discussion and conclusions are provided, and directions for future research are presented. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The value of losing control: Competition in markets for complements
Authors: Pun Hubert , Heese H. Sebastian
Published: January 2010

When selling complementary products, manufacturers can often benefit from considering the resulting cross‐market interdependencies. Although using independent retailers makes it difficult to internalize these positive externalities, the ensuing double marginalization can mitigate within‐market competition. We use standard game theoretic analysis to determine optimal distribution channel strategies (through independent retailers or integrated) for competing manufacturers who participate in markets for complements. Our results suggest that a firm's optimal channel choice is highly dependent on its competitive positioning. A firm with a competitive advantage in terms of product characteristics (customer preferences) or production capabilities (cost) might benefit from selling through company‐controlled stores, allowing coordinated pricing across the two markets, whereas a less competitive firm might be better off using independent channel intermediaries to mitigate price competition. We consider two scenarios depending on whether the two firms make their distribution channel decisions sequentially or simultaneously. Although firms are unlikely to make such decisions at exactly the same instant, the simultaneous model also serves as a proxy for the scenario where firms decide sequentially, but where they cannot observe each other's strategic channel choices. For the sequential case, we find that the sequence of entry can have tremendous impact on the two firms'profits; whereas in some cases, the first mover can achieve substantially higher profits, we find that when the two markets are of sufficiently different size and only loosely related, a firm with a competitive advantage might be better off as a follower. Interestingly, our results suggest that, when the markets are of rather similar size, both firms are better off if they enter the industry sequentially. In those cases, the first entrant has incentive to reveal its planned channel strategies, and the follower has incentive to seek out and consider this information. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
High‐performance aromatic thermosetting resins with hydroxyl and ethynyl groups
Authors: Yang Ming , Shi Song , Wang Mingcun , Luo Zhenhua , Qiu Wenfeng , Wang Yuhui , Feng Zhihai , Zhao Tong
Published: January 2010

A novel hydroxyl‐ethynyl‐arene (HEA) resin was synthesized via Aldol condensation and Sonogashira reaction. The structure of the obtained resin was confirmed by the techniques of mass spectroscopy (MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, (FT‐IR) and elemental analysis (EA). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed an exotherm at the temperature range of 187°C–245°C, attributable to crosslinking reaction of the acetylene groups. After thermal cure, the obtained cured resin possessed excellent thermal stability. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) in nitrogen showed the Td5 (temperature of 5% weight loss) was about 400°C, and the char yield in nitrogen was about 78% at 900°C. The laminate composite of HEA resin was prepared and its mechanical and thermal properties were determined. The usefulness of the HEA resin as matrix for ablative composite was evaluated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ARGET ATRP of acrylonitrile with ionic liquid as reaction media and 1,1,4,7,7‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as both ligand and reducing agent in the presence of air
Authors: Chen Hou , Liu Delong , Song Yuting , Qu Rongjun , Wang Chunhua
Published: January 2010

[C12mim][BF4], [C8mim][BF4], and [C4mim][BF4] were first applied as reaction media for atom transfer radical polymerization using activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET ATRP) of acrylonitrile (AN) with 1,1,4,7,7‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as both ligand and reducing agent in the presence of air. The rate of polymerization in [C12mim][BF4] was considerably faster than in [C8mim][BF4] and [C4mim][BF4]. ARGET ATRP of AN in [C12mim][BF4] were better controlled than in [C8mim][BF4] and [C4mim][BF4] under the same experimental conditions. With an increase in the content of PMDETA, the polymerization provided an accelerated reaction rate and a broader polymer molecular weight distribution. A slow polymerization rate and a broad polydispersity index were observed using TMEDA instead of PMDETA as both ligand and reducing agent. There was an obvious induction period with CuCl2 instead of CuBr2 as catalyst. Well‐defined PAN‐b‐PMMA with higher molecular weight at 104,560 and relatively broader distribution at 1.35 was successfully prepared with PAN as macroinitiator via ARGET ATRP in [C12mim][BF4] in the presence of air. The resultant fibers were obtained with the fineness at 1.17dtex and the tenacity at 6.03cN · dtex−1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of fire retardant blooming in HIPS by molecular modeling
Authors: Alperstein D. , Kornberg N. , Knani D.
Published: January 2010

The blooming process of two fire retardants: FR 1808 (by DSBG) and FR 8010 (by Albemarle) in high impact polystyrene (HIPS) was studied using experimental and computational methods. The degree of blooming was determined by accelerated aging followed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. Several levels of computational tools were used. On the molecular level, forced diffusion, calculations showed that the relative diffusion coefficient of FR 1808 in pure polystyrene (PS) is significantly higher than that of FR 8010. It was shown that this diffusion coefficient could be reduced by the addition of chloroprene and polychloroprene. Cohesive energy density (CED) solubility parameter and heat of mixing calculations showed that FR 1808 was compatible in PS, with an even higher compatibility in the interface of PS and butadiene in HIPS. TEM micrographs were in agreement with these findings. A three‐stage blooming mechanism was suggested: FR 1808 accumulates in the PS butadiene interface and diffuses to the surface, through the butadiene inclusions, due to FR 1808 concentration gradient. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.