bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimized design of antisense oligomers for targeted rRNA depletion
Authors: Phelps Wesley A , Carlson Anne E , Lee Miler T
Published: October 2020

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is extensively used to quantify gene expression transcriptome-wide. Although often paired with polyadenylate (poly(A)) selection to enrich for messenger RNA (mRNA), many applications require alternate approaches to counteract the high proportion of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in total RNA. Recently, digestion using RNaseH and antisense DNA oligomers tiling target rRNAs has emerged as an alternative to commercial rRNA depletion kits. Here, we present a streamlined, more economical RNaseH-mediated rRNA depletion with substantially lower up-front costs, using shorter antisense oligos only sparsely tiled along the target RNA in a 5-min digestion reaction. We introduce a novel Web tool, Oligo-ASST, that simplifies oligo design to target regions with optimal thermodynamic properties, and additionally can generate compact, common oligo pools that simultaneously target divergent RNAs, e.g. across different species. We demonstrate the efficacy of these strategies by generating rRNA-depletion oligos for Xenopus laevis and for zebrafish, which expresses two distinct versions of rRNAs during embryogenesis. The resulting RNA-seq libraries reduce rRNA to <5% of aligned reads, on par with poly(A) selection, and also reveal expression of many non-adenylated RNA species. Oligo-ASST is freely available at https://mtleelab.pitt.edu/oligo to design antisense oligos for any taxon or to target any abundant RNA for depletion.
The European Bioinformatics Institute: empowering cooperation in response to a global health crisis
Authors: Cantelli Gaia , Cochrane Guy , Brooksbank Cath , McDonagh Ellen , Flicek Paul , McEntyre Johanna , Birney Ewan , Apweiler Rolf
Published: October 2020

The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI; https://www.ebi.ac.uk/) provides freely available data and bioinformatics services to the scientific community, alongside its research activity and training provision. The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the forefront a need for the scientific community to work even more cooperatively to effectively tackle a global health crisis. EMBL-EBI has been able to build on its position to contribute to the fight against COVID-19 in a number of ways. Firstly, EMBL-EBI has used its infrastructure, expertise and network of international collaborations to help build the European COVID-19 Data Platform (https://www.covid19dataportal.org/), which brings together COVID-19 biomolecular data and connects it to researchers, clinicians and public health professionals. By September 2020, the COVID-19 Data Platform has integrated in excess of 170 000 COVID-19 biomolecular data and literature records, collected through a number of EMBL-EBI resources. Secondly, EMBL-EBI has strived to continue its support of the life science communities through the crisis, with updated Training provision and improved service provision throughout its resources. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of EMBL-EBI’s core principles, including international cooperation, resource sharing and central data brokering, and has further empowered scientific cooperation.
Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas and Spinal Epidural Arteriovenous Fistulas
Authors: Brinjikji Waleed , Colombo Elisa , Cloft Harry J , Lanzino Giuseppe
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (SEDAVFs) are an increasingly recognized form of spinal vascular malformation and are distinct from spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). Differentiating between these 2 entities is important as operative strategies often differ based on angioarchitecture.

OBJECTIVE

To compare demographic, clinical, anatomic, and imaging findings of SDAVFs and SEDAVFs.

METHODS

Consecutive patients diagnosed and/or treated for SDAVF or SEDAVF at our institution between January 2000 and November 2018 were included. Data were collected on demographics, clinical presentation, and imaging findings. All cross-sectional and angiographic imaging were reviewed. To compare continuous variables, t-test was used Chi-squared was used for categorical variables.

RESULTS

A total of 169 patients were included. In total 47 patients had SEDAVFs and 122 patients had SDVAFs. Clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging findings were similar between the 2 groups. SEDAVF patients were significantly more likely to have an epidural venous pouch on gadolinium bolus MR angiography (MRA) (0.0% vs 92.1%, P < .0001). SEDAVFs were more commonly located in the lumbar and sacral spine than SDAVFs (85.1% vs 34.4%, P < .0001). When in the lumbar spine, SEDAVFs unlike SDAVFs were more likely to involve the most caudal segments (L4 and L5, P = .02).

CONCLUSION

SEDAVF share clinical and radiological findings similar to SDAVFS, including high T2 cord signal, cord enhancement, and perimedullary flow voids on conventional MRI. However, they have a characteristic appearance on spinal MRA and DSA with a pouch of epidural contrast. SEDAVFs are more commonly located in the lumbosacral spine.
The Intersection Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Environmental Tobacco Smoke in U.S. Households With Children
Authors: Jackson Dylan B , Testa Alexander
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a potent risk factor for secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Research reveals, moreover, that children who are exposed to SHS are at an increased risk of disease and premature mortality. Limited research, however, has examined whether households with children experiencing accumulating adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are also more likely to be characterized by ETS—particularly in the form of family members smoking inside the housing unit.

Aims and Methods

The current study employs a nationally representative sample of 102 341 households with children from the three most recent cohorts of National Survey of Children’s Health. Both multinomial logistic regression and a strategic comparison approach are used to examine the association between ACEs and ETS categories.

Results

A large majority of households characterized by ETS report one or more ACEs, while households without ETS are largely void of ACEs. Findings indicate that this association is not merely a function of general family member smoking, as ACEs are strongly and uniquely associated with family smoking inside the housing unit—above and beyond family members smoking more generally.

Conclusions

Households exhibiting an accumulation of ACEs may benefit from interventions providing resources and education supporting smoke-free home environments. Such families may also be screened and referred through existing family and parenting programs administered in the home environment (eg, home visiting).

Implications

Public health initiatives designed to mitigate child adversities from early life stages may help reduce ETS in housing units—thereby diminishing the risk of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among children.
Recurrent Mycobacterium chelonae Skin Infection Unmasked as Factitious Disorder Using Bacterial Whole Genome Sequence Analysis
Authors: Flohr Sarah , Ramette Alban , Agyeman Philipp K A , Duppenthaler Andrea , Scherer Cordula , Keller Peter M , Aebi Christoph
Published: October 2020

Mycobacterium chelonae infections usually resolve with adequate therapy. We report the case of an adolescent with a chronic and progressive M chelonae infection refractory to combined antimicrobial and surgical therapy. Whole genome sequence analysis of consecutive isolates distinguished reinfection from recurrence and contributed to the diagnosis of a factitious disorder.
Chapter 5
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Archie Leach’s move from vaudeville to Broadway matinee idol is discussed in Chapter 5, which spans the years 1927 to 1931. Under contract first to Arthur Hammerstein and then to the Shubert Organization, Archie appeared in several major shows: Golden Dawn (1927), Polly (1928), Boom Boom (1928), A Wonderful Night (1929), The Street Singer (1930), and Nikki (1931). Spending the summer of 1931 in repertory, with the St Louis Municipal Opera Company, was a sign that his career was not in the ascendant. His most significant asset as a performer was his strikingly handsome appearance. This was often noted by theater critics, but so too were his limitations as an actor and singer. His first film, the Paramount “short” Singapore Sue (1931), demonstrates that he had a lot to learn about screen acting too. His first attempts at creating a public image for himself were also clumsy. His fanciful and largely fictional statements, including the idea that his grandfather was a great Shakespearian actor named Percival Leach, would follow him for many years.
Chapter 10
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Chapter 10, covering the year 1934, explores the jealousy and insecurity that haunted Cary Grant during his short-lived marriage to Virginia Cherrill, which ended in a drunken fiasco that was reported in the press as a suicide attempt. Grant denied attempting suicide, and the chapter argues that he was likely imitating a scene from one of his recent films, Ladies Should Listen (1934), in which his character attempts to lure his lover to his bedside by faking a suicide attempt. The chapter also considers Paramount’s attempt to remake his screen image, casting him in comedies, including one written by Preston Sturges, Thirty Day Princess (1934), which was his best film of this period. He was also cast as an “art deco dandy” in a string of weak comedies that flopped at the box-office: Kiss and Make Up (1934), Ladies Should Listen, and Enter Madame! (1934). The chapter ends with Cherrill’s courtroom claims that Grant abused her physically and emotionally, and Grant’s explanation, in later years, that her charges were not true but were the legally required “grounds for divorce” in the 1930s.
Chapter 11
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Chapter 11 reveals that 1935 was a difficult year for Cary Grant both personally and professionally. Stung by the failure of his first marriage, and the humiliating publicity that accompanied it, he withdrew from public life and filmmaking for the first six months of the year. He enjoyed a rare box-office success with Wings in the Dark (1935), but on his return to Paramount he made the shambolic The Last Outpost (1935), a film so bad it was derided by its cast and crew as “The Last Outhouse”. Grant sought loan-outs to other studios without success until director George Cukor, at RKO, cast him in the cross-dressing comedy Sylvia Scarlett (1935). The first of three films Grant made with Cukor and four films that he made with star Katharine Hepburn, Sylvia Scarlett offered him the opportunity to play a Cockney conman. He earned the best reviews of his career, but otherwise the film was a commercial and critical failure. It would be rediscovered in later decades and gradually gain a reputation as a “queer classic”. Later in the year, he also returned to Britain to make the British film The Amazing Quest (1936), and to see his father one last time before his death in December 1935.
Chapter 12
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

By the mid-1930s, Cary Grant was a well-established member of Hollywood’s social set. He and Randolph Scott lived in a rented beach house in Santa Monica and held pool-side parties most Sundays, attracting other filmmakers and stars. The home also featured in the publicity Paramount created for them. The photographer Jerome Zerbe captured them at home, by the pool, and on the beach in a naturalistic style quite different from the studio-bound glamour photography that was still the norm in Hollywood. Grant’s career, meanwhile, continued to suffer as Paramount cast him in feeble comedies such as Big Brown Eyes (1936) and Wedding Present (1936). On a “loan-out” to MGM, he had a rare hit film with Suzy (1936). Although Jean Harlow was the film’s true star, the producers at MGM allowed him to work with the scriptwriter Lenore Coffee, moulding his character into one that suited him. The cooperative, creative environment was a revelation to him. Other loan-outs, to Columbia for When You’re in Love (1937) and to RKO for The Toast of New York (1937), did not prove as successful. By 1936, he was so disillusioned with Paramount and with the direction that his career was taking that he decided not to renew his contract with the studio. Instead, he took the brave decision to become an independent or freelance star.
Chapter 25
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Cary Grant and Betsy Drake’s marriage limped forward for two years after his affair with Sophia Loren. In the midst of this, Loren arrived in Hollywood and Grant began pursuing her again, asking her to marry him. He was finishing Kiss Them for Me (1957) at the time. Producer Jerry Wald had been trying to film this Second World War story for years, but it was only when Grant signed to star in it that the project got the green light. Grant enjoyed working with the film’s director, Stanley Donen, but he was ill-suited to play a soldier having weekend leave in San Francisco. The film was one of the very few flops in his later career. He then made Houseboat (1958). Drake had written the original screenplay thinking that she and Grant might star in the film together. At Grant’s request, the studio assigned other writers to rewrite it as a vehicle for Sophia Loren. The comedy, about an Italian nanny falling in love with her boss, culminates in their marriage. This was a difficult scene for the stars to film after Loren refused Grant’s own proposal. Indiscreet (1958), directed by Stanley Donen and co-starring Ingrid Bergman, was a happier production. This delightfully sophisticated romantic comedy benefits from Donen’s imaginative direction and from location shooting that captures the glamour of the London setting.
Chapter 26
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Chapter 26 is devoted entirely to Cary Grant’s most famous and frequently revived film, North by Northwest (1959). It argues that North by Northwest is not just a great Cary Grant film, it is the Cary Grant film; that is, a summation of his entire career. The chapter discusses the making of the film, beginning with Ernest Lehmann’s screenplay. Lehmann set out to write “the Hitchcock film to end all Hitchcock films”, and this evidently included many elements of the three previous Hitchcock-Grant collaborations: Suspicion (1941), Notorious (1946), and To Catch a Thief (1955). Each of the five acts of North by Northwest, it is argued, puts the star through the paces of a single Cary Grant film. At the beginning of each act, his character is initially debonair and nonchalant, but then steadily becomes more tense, alarmed and threatened. This is brilliantly realized in the film’s climactic third act, when Roger O. Thornhill is chased across an empty prairie by a crop dusting plane. Both absurdly excessive and genuinely thrilling at the same time, the scene is now one of the most iconic moments in cinema history. The chapter details the film’s extensive location shooting, including time at Mount Rushmore for the final scene. It considers Eve Marie Saint as the quintessential Hitchcock blonde, and it discusses the film’s reception from its first release in 1959 to its modern reputation as a highly influential, classic film.
Sentiments
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: October 2020

This chapter reinterprets the Classical style in terms of eighteenth-century theories of sentiment, largely shaped by the novels of Richardson and Sterne, and the philosophical writings of David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume’s distinction between passion and feeling sharpens the focus on the quality, or phenomenology, of emotions: on what emotions actually feel like, and for whom. In this light, emotion is predicated on the idea of the self as an empty placeholder, filled by a stream of impressions and ideas. These ideas help cast new light on the sentimental emotions of Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven. The chapter also reviews shifting models of “emotional suffering” (after Reddy), including notions of madness, cruelty, and the violence of glory in Beethoven’s “Eroica” Symphony.
Emotions
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: October 2020

Our modern scientific concept of emotion was invented in the nineteenth century in the wake of Darwinist psychology and physiology. This chapter considers this fact against the paradox that post-Kantian philosophy was essentially hostile to emotion, climaxing in the attitude of Hanslick. Musical emotion in the Romantic age is essentially dynamic, playing into the emergent paradigm of music as movement. It is also shaped by the maturity of Western models of subjectivity. These two elements put a historical gloss on the persona theory outlined more theoretically in Chapter 1. This persona theory is then refracted through the various emotional communities of Austro-German, French, Italian, English, and Scandinavian music. The chapter includes a discussion of Darwin’s influence on Gurney’s theory of musical emotion, as well as the writings of Kant, Baudelaire, Hugo, Mazzini, Wagner, and others.
How Children Invented Humanity
Authors: Bjorklund David F.
Published: October 2020

Infants and children are the often-ignored heroes when it comes to understanding human evolution. Evolutionary pressures acted upon the young of our ancestors more powerfully than on adults. Changes over the course of development in our ancestors were primarily responsible for the species and the people we have become. This book takes an evolutionary developmental perspective, emphasizing that developmental plasticity—the ability to change our physical and psychological selves early in life—is the creative force in evolution, with natural selection serving primarily as the Grim Reaper, or a filter, eliminating novel developmental outcomes that did not benefit the survival of those individuals who possessed them, while letting the more successful outcomes through. Over generations as embryos, infants, and children continued to change and to produce slightly different adults, a new species was born—Homo sapiens. This book is about becoming—of becoming human and of becoming mature adults. One theme of this book is about how an understanding of our species’ evolution can help us better understand current development and how to better rear successful and emotionally healthy children. The second theme turns the relation between evolution and development on its head: How can an understanding of human development help us better understand human evolution? The short answer to this second question is that children invented humanity, and that human evolution can be seen as children setting the stage and leading the way to species innovation.
The Adaptive Value of Immaturity (or The Benefits of Being Young at Heart)
Authors: Bjorklund David F.
Published: October 2020

There are many aspects of young children’s thinking that are immature on the surface but have adaptive value for the young learner, a form of cognitive neoteny. These include young children’s self-centered, or egocentric, perspective; inefficient aspects of memory; tendencies to copy all relevant and irrelevant actions of adult models (overimitation); tendencies to overestimate their abilities; and strong propensity to play. Also included are special abilities to learn, and even create, language, due, in part, to aspects of immature cognition. Ancient human adults retained many youthful characteristics including behavioral plasticity, curiosity, play, imagination, and optimism. These characteristics, coupled with enhanced reasoning and executive function, have led to advances in material and intellectual culture far surpassing anything achieved by other species and to the evolution of the modern human mind.
The Twentieth Century
Authors: Fesko J. V.
Published: October 2020

In the twentieth century, critics of the covenant works rejected it for several reasons. First, the doctrine had a faulty understanding of the nature of a covenant. A covenant is promise not agreement. Second, they believed there was scant, if any, biblical evidence for the doctrine. Third, they believed that Reformed scholasticism was an unhelpful development in the Reformed tradition. Conversely, proponents of the doctrine held diametrically opposed views. A covenant is an agreement but context and parties determines the precise nature of the covenant. There were a host of biblical texts that teach the doctrine. And, Reformed scholasticism was a good resource. Especially in the twentieth century, the rise of biblicism marks the period as well as the influx of Idealist-influenced methods.
Two-Part Expositions
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

An exposition’s punctuation sequence may be demarcated in such a way as to suggest the presence of presence of a distinct theme zone. As an analytic strategy for dealing with Galant expositions, it is often best not to presuppose the presence of these theme zones, but to understand them as arising as a possible by-product of the articulation of the punctuation form. Two clear examples of Galant expositions that suggest distinct theme zones are examined in this chapter: from the finale of Leopold Mozart’s Sonata for Keyboard in F and from the first movement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Church Sonata in D, K. 144.
Division Following the New-Key Dominant
Authors: Burstein L. Poundie
Published: October 2020

In many Galant expositions, the punctuation sequence is demarcated by a single pronounced half-cadential break that follows a resting point on V of the new key. In many of these cases, the break seems to divide the exposition into two parts, with a secondary theme zone following the big break. This chapter explores the ways and degrees to which such a layout may or may not give rise to the sense of separate theme zones, along with the possible voice-leading implications of the punctuation sequence within such a layout. The chapter concludes by considering expositions with two half-cadential breaks in which the one following the resting point on V of the new key nonetheless seems to serve as the medial caesura.
Introduction
Authors: Slez Adam
Published: October 2020

The introduction outlines the book’s central argument, while providing an overview of the historical case. It begins by developing the idea that, like other populist projects, the American Populist movement was defined by the coupling of popular mobilization and populist rhetoric. Drawing on the language of field theory, this chapter develops an elite-centered account of electoral Populism. It argues that the task of explaining where electoral Populism comes from amounts to explaining how a particular configuration of the political field came to be. In the case of the American West, field formation was part and parcel of the settlement process. The rise of electoral Populism was an outgrowth of the transformation of physical space resulting from the simultaneous expansion of both state and market, which together served as the organizing force behind western settlement during the late 19th century.
A Different Way of Seeing Things
Authors: Monroe Kristen Renwick
Published: October 2020

Kristen Monroe analyses the Rudolphs’ innovative use of political psychology in their study of identity, political leadership, and the consequences of perception for political action. She draws inspiration from the Rudolphs’ work on Gandhi to develop the concept of ‘moral imagination’, or the capacity to empathize with other people’s lives in ways that recast moral issues in a light that leads to innovative solutions to moral problems. Moral imagination plays a crucial role in explaining altruism and heroism. Conversely, people’s capacity to dehumanize others is an important cause of terrorism and genocide. Monroe’s analysis underscores the importance of emotions in shaping: peoples’ perceptions, moral choices, and political action. She advocates moving beyond mechanical models of ‘scientific’ explanation and developing a humanistic social science that leaves us open to surprises resulting from the innovatively creative behaviour of our fellow human beings.
In Pursuit of Saraswati
Authors: Jayal Niraja Gopal
Published: October 2020

Niraja Gopal Jayal examines the politics of India’s higher education. She revisits the Rudolphs’ (1972) seminal study which explores the politicization of higher education, including the state’s active role during the early decades of the post-colonial era. Jayal highlights the irony that at a time when neoliberal ideologies suggest the roll back of state intervention and the diminution of the political sphere, higher education has become more politicized than ever. Jayal’s discussion of increased regulation by the University Grants Commission, the All India Council for Technical Education, and the Ministry of Human Resources shows how these agencies have hamstrung higher education in recent years. In the name of accountability, the Indian state has increasingly micromanaged higher education in ways that have limited academic freedom and, all too often, substituted partisan for public interest.
New Ideal Womanhood
Authors: Roye Susmita
Published: October 2020

In discussing the divine figure of Bharatmata (Mother India), it is impossible to overlook her human prototype, Bharatiya Nari—the ‘new’ Indian woman. This latter figure did not come into existence overnight. Instead, its emergence by the end of the nineteenth century was the culmination of innumerable social reform debates, discussions, and legislations on women’s issues like sati, widow rehabilitation, child marriage, and female education over the past few decades. Women writers often used their fiction to draw attention to the diverse problems that their fellow women faced, and in doing so, these authors consciously participated in the ongoing social discussion that moulded the ‘new’ woman ideal. Consequently, it is often in their writings that the evolution and sculpting of the Bharatiya Nari are best documented. This chapter discusses works by Ramabai Trikannad, Nalini Turkhud, and K.S. (full name unknown).
Afterword
Authors: Roye Susmita
Published: October 2020

In India, as elsewhere, reforms related to women’s conditions were initiated by men. During the second half of the nineteenth century, a few extraordinary Indian women, realizing the limitations of reforms for women when these are envisioned by men alone, undertook the responsibility of fighting for the rights of their own sex. Women refused to permit men, British or Indian, to entirely monopolize the process of casting women’s image and outlining their identity. This determination to react and respond was whetted by the partial empowerment that was stimulated by the growing influence of the neo-deity ‘Mother India’ and a consequent aura of nationalism. Additionally, the controversy stirred by Catherine Mayo’s notorious book was further a defining moment in eliciting enormous responses from Indian women. In this age of globalism when Indian women’s growing influence is re-defining Indianness and Indian femininity, it is important now to go back to study their ground-breaking efforts.
The Pattern of Economic Growth
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2020

Economic change in colonial India followed a definite pattern. Chapter 3 describes the pattern with statistical data. The chapter shows that the average rate of growth of national income per capita was low, but that the average picture is misleading since the experiences of agriculture on the one hand and industry and services on the other differed greatly. The presence of dissimilar trajectories complicates the task of explaining the pattern of change. The chapter suggests that instead of asking if colonialism and globalization made India rich or poor, we should be asking why colonialism and globalization made some livelihoods rich and left some others poor. Chapter 3 surveys the statistical data that enables asking question like this one.
Conclusion
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2020

The book began by first exploring macroeconomic data and then asking seven questions based on the data. Answering these questions should give us a good understanding of the sources and patterns of economic change in India in the colonial period. Chapter 14 goes over these answers and shows how the answers link up with each other to create a coherent story.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Frederic
Published: October 2020

The Introduction opens with broad reflections on the place of forgery, criticism, and debates over textual authenticity in the reception of Greco-Roman antiquity, whether in Renaissance Europe or today. It surveys recent literature on forgery and antiquity and also discusses the ongoing presence of moralizing language and polemic in works of ostensible dispassionate criticism. It then introduces readers to the text at the center of this book—Dares Phrygius’ De excidio Troiae historia or History of the Destruction of Troy—and discusses antecedents for works of this nature in the Second Sophistic. Thereafter, it examines Dares’ ambiguous place at the intersection of history, myth, and literary fiction, arguing that modern means of distinguishing among these concepts (such as the Weberian theory of “disenchantment”) are unable to explain the motivations of both Dares’ critics and believers. The remainder of the Introduction discusses issues of method, situating The First Pagan Historian within current trends in intellectual history, book history, and classical reception studies.
Dares Survives
Authors: Clark Frederic
Published: October 2020

Chapter 6 moves both forward in time and outward in scope. It traces Dares’ afterlife well into the seventeenth century, and in doing so it moves beyond treatments of the text in isolation. Instead, it examines the afterlives of Dares’ “fellow travelers”—i.e., texts that circulated with him either in manuscripts, printed editions, or even the minds of critics—and reconstructs how together they wove webs of error and confusion that kept Dares alive for longer than we might think possible. These textual companions included such diverse sources as Joseph of Exeter, Dictys, (pseudo)-Pindar, and even Homer himself. As this chapter suggests, the legacy of medieval manuscript culture—and its many unintended consequences—was felt long into the early modern period. The second half of the chapter discusses the role that Dares, along with Dictys, played in debates over the historicity of the distant Trojan past, in an age marked by newfound historical skepticism.
Separate but Faithful
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C.
Published: October 2020

While the Christian Right has long voiced grave concerns about the Supreme Court and cases such as Roe v. Wade, until recently its cultivation of the resources needed to effectively enter the courtroom had paled in comparison with its efforts in more traditional political arenas. A small constellation of high-profile leaders within the Christian Right began to address this imbalance in earnest in the pivot from the twentieth to the twenty-first century, investing in an array of institutions aimed at radically transforming American law and legal culture. Separate But Faithful is the first in-depth examination of these efforts—their causes, contours, and consequences. Drawing on an impressive amount of original data from a variety of sources, the book examines the conditions that gave rise to a set of distinctly “Christian Worldview” law schools and legal institutions. Further, the book analyzes their institutional missions and cultural makeup and evaluates their transformative impacts on law and legal culture to date. Separate But Faithful finds that this movement, while struggling to influence the legal and political mainstream, has succeeded in establishing a resilient Christian conservative beacon of resistance: a separate but faithful space from which to incrementally challenge the dominant legal culture by training and credentialing, in the words of Jerry Falwell, “a generation of Christian attorneys who could . . . infiltrate the legal profession with a strong commitment to the Judeo-Christian ethic.”
The Frankfurter Adage (or, Why Legal Movements Need Support Structures)
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C.
Published: October 2020

Aggregating insights from Support Structure Theory and introducing others based on original research, this chapter introduces the Support Structure Pyramid. This is a model for conceptualizing litigation-based movement support structures, institutions, and their relationship to legal change. Additionally, this chapter presents three support structure types or strategies—infiltration, supplemental, and parallel alternative. Each of these strategies represents a different way to approach the problem of organizational or institutional creation. This typology of strategies is a way of understanding and contextualizing the choices and initial decisions of Christian Right movement leaders and patrons when they decided to consciously invest in institution building as a means of bolstering the legal support structure for their movement.
The Genesis of the Christian Conservative Legal Movement and the Road Not Taken
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C.
Published: October 2020

This chapter addresses larger political contexts, conditions, actors, and institutions that gave rise to the modern Christian Right and the Christian Conservative Legal Movement. In relaying this history, the chapter discusses how and why the Christian Right first invested in traditional politics and then later moved to develop Christian conservative public interest legal organizations. This history is then used to explain the deficiencies in the Christian Right’s initial legal support structures, and why they moved to found Christian conservative law schools and legal training programs. Central to the decision to create new institutions was Christian conservatives’ long-standing mistrust of lawyers, the legal profession, and the nation’s colleges and universities. Baylor University and University of Notre Dame are used as brief case studies to better explain the decision of Christian Right patrons to avoid investing in existing law schools and, instead, create their own.
Intellectual Capital: Preaching to Convert, or to the Converted?
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C.
Published: October 2020

This chapter analyzes the production and dissemination of intellectual capital for the Christian Conservative Legal Movement. In doing so, the chapter takes multiple approaches to conceiving of and measuring scholarship. First, in considering scholarship’s link to prestige, the chapter examines the extent to which faculty at newly created Christian conservative law schools are publishing scholarly work, where they are publishing such work, and how often it is being cited. In order to provide context, the faculty scholarship from Christian conservative law schools is compared with faculty scholarship from a range of other law schools. Second, in thinking of Christian Worldview scholarship as a movement resource, the chapter also measures faculty scholarship and the schools’ in-house journals as means for producing such resources, for creating an intellectual movement, and for inserting Christian Worldview ideas into broader scholarly discussion.
Introduction
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Warren Michael T. , Snow Nancy E.
Published: October 2020

The Introduction discusses the main objectives of the book, describes who it will be relevant for and why, and lays out the plan for each chapter. The main objective of the book is twofold. First, it offers accounts of virtue and character that are both philosophically sound and psychologically realistic—and thus, able to be operationalized into empirically measurable variables. Second, it offers a range of strategies for how virtue and character (so conceived) can be systematically measured. This work will be of interest to philosophers, psychologists and education theorists who are interested in virtue and character.
Our Working Model of Virtue
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Warren Michael T. , Snow Nancy E.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 1, “Our Working Model of Virtue,” presents the conception of virtue that informs the authors’ thinking throughout the volume. This is a modified Aristotelianism, which the authors seek to integrate with Whole Trait Theory (WTT), an empirical account of traits recently developed by Will Fleeson and Eranda Jayawickreme. The authors argue that WTT provides an attractive framework within which to situate a robust account of virtue inspired by Aristotle, whose work on virtue has been especially influential in contemporary virtue ethics. They develop this integrated account of virtue in Chapter 1. They regard it as “ecumenical” in the sense that their account should appeal to a large number of virtue ethicists and virtue theorists, namely, those who endorse a conception of virtue as a type of global trait.
Politics
Authors: Williams Justin A.
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the Scottish independence debate as performed in hip-hop, which deals with issues of power, economics, stereotypes, and civic nationalism in a postcolonial era. The chapter shows how these artists reinvent and subvert the notion of “Otherness” and minority identity by using humor and wordplay to critique stereotypes of Scottishness, Englishness, (African American) mainstream hip-hop, and most politically, the status quo. Stanley Odd and Loki address the referendum in different ways, but both utilize rapping as a folk protest medium by which to sound out their concerns and relevant debates surrounding independence. Primary case study tracks discussed in this chapter include “Marriage Counselling,” “Antiheroics,” “Son I Voted Yes,” all by Stanley Odd, and Loki’s album Government Issue Music Protest (G.I.M.P).
Humor
Authors: Williams Justin A.
Published: October 2020

While different forms of humor have been deployed to different ends and purposes in hip-hop culture, this chapter focuses on humor in hip-hop parody songs by two acts in particular, the Welsh hip-hop parody group Goldie Lookin Chain and the “Eastern European immigrant” character of Bricka Bricka (played by David Vujanic). By comparing these two case studies of “Othering,” the chapter sheds light on themes from opposite sides of the insider/outsider coin, raising issues of hyper-localism, race, and regional and national identity. Their music videos perform a notion of “backwardness” (socially, ideologically, and temporally) that highlights and critiques those who suffer from postcolonial melancholia in post-Empire Britain. Through Welsh provincial and Eastern European stereotypes, and through widely mediatized associations of hip-hop with “blackness,” the groups spotlight the absurdity of such stereotypes.
Politics, Identity, and Belonging
Authors: Williams Justin A.
Published: October 2020

This chapter focuses on Iraqi-British rapper Lowkey, the Palestinian-British “First Lady of Arabic Hip-hop” Shadia Mansour, and Iranian-British rapper Shay D. It discusses the ways in which their multi-layered and heterogeneous identities provide a context for wider political critiques, with lyrics frequently discussing war, terrorism, and post-Imperial power relations in the Middle East. Given Britain’s role in creating “mandatory Palestine,” Iran, Iraq, and other MENA nation-states after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Arab-British and other rappers of Middle Eastern heritage also engage forcefully with the United Kingdom’s colonial and neocolonial politics, intersecting with and co-creating Multicultural London Youth cultures in striking ways.
Conclusion
Authors: Williams Justin A.
Published: October 2020

Yo Theresa May where’s the money for Grenfell?

WHAT YOU THOUGHT WE JUST FORGOT ABOUT GRENFELL!?

—STORMZY

THE FIRST CHAPTER of this book included an account of Kanye West’s 2015 BRIT awards performance as an example of grime’s mainstream and international recognition. I will end with another performance from the same awards show but in 2018. Grime artist Stormzy (who ended up winning two awards that night) performed his hits “Blinded by Your Grace Pt. 2” and “Too Big for Your Boots” with a freestyle in between the two songs. He was front and center stage, with simulated rain falling down on him from above (see ...
True and Proper Pictures
Authors: Foster Karen Polinger
Published: October 2020

This chapter assesses the representation of exotica in European art. This depiction sheds considerable light on the constructs of veracity and the bounds of imagery, from the Middle Ages to the nineteenth century. In addition to their subsidiary but vital roles in historical landscape and commemorative narrative, exotica served as the principals in natural history illustration. Among the first works with detailed, if schematized, illuminations of flora and fauna were religious texts and medieval editions of ancient medical treatises. These largely didactic presentations of European plants and animals provided the pictorial structure for the earliest renderings of exotica. Whether artists drew them from life in the course of their travels, viewed them in menageries and botanical gardens, or based their illustrations on collections of dried or stuffed specimens, they placed their subjects against uniformly plain backgrounds. Land mammals, aquatic creatures, and plants were suspended in a pristine world, while birds were shown perched upon accessory branches.
Crossing the Atlantic
Authors: Foster Karen Polinger
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the existence of exotica in America. The flora and fauna of the Americas offered fresh scope for demonstrating the centrality of European culture. New species had to be ordered, classified, named, and fitted within established parameters. From the start, the same was true for native peoples. Furthermore, pictorial and textual descriptions were used to advance several agendas with far-reaching consequences. Primarily to encourage settlement in the New World, exotica were portrayed as variations on European plants and animals. Early maps of North America thus featured deer, bears, beavers, and rabbits, with only the occasional wild turkey—unique to the New World—intruding upon the familiar bestiary. Throughout the seventeenth and into the eighteenth centuries, European colonizing and commercial interests continued to purvey a vision of American resources as easy to transform into marketable commodities.
Dragnet Surveillance
Authors: Brayne Sarah
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses dragnet surveillance, which is the collection and analysis of information on everyone, rather than merely those under suspicion. Dragnet surveillance—and the data it produces—can be useful for law enforcement to solve crimes. Dragnet surveillance widens and deepens social oversight: it includes a broader swath of people and can follow any single individual across a greater range of institutional settings. It is associated with three key transformations in the practice of policing: the shift from query-based to alert-based systems makes it possible to systematically surveil an unprecedentedly large number of people; individuals with no direct police contact are now included in law enforcement systems, lowering the threshold for inclusion in police databases; and institutional data systems are integrated, with police now collecting and using information gleaned from institutions not typically associated with crime control. However, dragnet surveillance is not an inevitable result of mass digitization. Rather, it is the result of choices that reflect the social and political positions of the subjects and the subject matter under surveillance.
Algorithmic Suspicion and Big Data Searches
Authors: Brayne Sarah
Published: October 2020

This chapter assesses how existing legal frameworks are anachronistic and inadequate for governing police work in the age of big data. There is now a burgeoning body of legal scholarship analyzing the legal implications of big data policing, yet it is largely theoretical. By grounding legal debates about police use of data in empirical detail, the chapter makes the case that basic legal principles are inadequate not simply because they are anachronistic, but also because the legal debates are too narrow. There are a number of ways legal frameworks are overlooking the social side of big data. First, the way the conceptual categories that underpin legal doctrine—like individualized suspicion—are deployed and organized to make normative assessments do not reflect how decision-making plays out on the ground. Second, police are not simply scaling up data collection in the digital age; rather, different kinds of data are being produced. Despite the fact that there is a difference in kind—rather than just degree—old legal doctrine is still being laid on top of these data. Third, relying on extant legal mechanisms like the exclusionary rule involves using what is meant to be a check on state power at one point in time and space, whereas data is fundamentally social and, as such, has a life course. Fourth, unfettered big data policing creates new opportunities for information asymmetries and can threaten due process through a practice called “parallel construction.”
Bolero Trios, Urban Mestizo Panpipe Groups, and Early Incarnations of the Andean Conjunto
Authors: Rios Fernando
Published: October 2020

This chapter provides detailed studies of MNR-era musical acts that developed new directions in Bolivian national music that would influence major trends of the late 1960s and beyond. The first part examines the career, repertoire, and legacy of Conjunto 31 de Octubre, and also briefly discusses the activities of Conjunto Kollasuyo and a few other MNR era groups that represent early incarnations of what would become Bolivia’s Andean conjunto tradition. The second section illuminates how panpipe tropa music increasingly became an integral part of the cultural life of La Paz city, through a close look at the two groups that were at the forefront of this development, Los Cebollitas and Los Choclos. The third section explores Bolivia’s adoption and localization of the bolero trio or trío romántico ensemble format, focusing on the trajectory of singer Raúl Shaw and his backing bands, from his time in Mexico’s celebrated Trío Los Panchos, to his later activities with La Paz’s Los Indios (originally known as Los Peregrinos).
The Mystery of the Dangerous Book
Authors: Andrews Molly
Published: October 2020

What stories are told, and ultimately tellable, has consequences for our ability to imagine the world otherwise. This chapter examines in-depth a particular story told 25 years in retrospect by an East German dissident about a book that he had hidden from the Stasi and that ultimately disappeared. After the wall opened, the narrator reads his Stasi file. Most remarkable to him was what was not there: there was no mention of the stolen book. The narrator invites me, his listener, into a world of intrigue where the stakes are high. Despite not knowing how the book disappeared, it is clear that with its discovery, he could have been jailed for years. The story hinges on a moment in which the narrator was not present and requires a leap from both teller and audience. Ultimately, it delivers its punch from a contemplation of what did not happen, an alternative imagined (yet once fully possible) future that would have followed on the heels of any official reporting of the hidden book. The story conveys much about the dissident, even while it offers insight into a world beyond any one individual