bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can bibliographic pointers for known biological data be found automatically? Protein interactions as a case study
Authors: Blaschke Christian , Valencia Alfonso
Published: August 2002

The Dictionary of Interacting Proteins (DIP) (Xenarios et al., ) is a large repository of protein interactions: its March 2000 release included 2379 protein pairs whose interactions have been detected by experimental methods. Even if many of these correspond to poorly characterized proteins, the result of massive yeast two‐hybrid screenings, as many as 851 correspond to interactions detected using direct biochemical methods.

We used information retrieval technology to search automatically for sentences in Medline abstracts that support these 851 DIP interactions. Surprisingly, we found correspondence between DIP protein pairs and Medline sentences describing their interactions in only 30% of the cases. This low coverage has interesting consequences regarding the quality of annotations (references) introduced in the database and the limitations of the application of information extraction (IE) technology to Molecular Biology. It is clear that the limitation of analyzing abstracts rather than full papers and the lack of standard protein names are difficulties of considerably more importance than the limitations of the IE methodology employed. A positive finding is the capacity of the IE system to identify new relations between proteins, even in a set of proteins previously characterized by human experts. These identifications are made with a considerable degree of precision.

This is, to our knowledge, the first large scale assessment of IE capacity to detect previously known interactions: we thus propose the use of the DIP data set as a biological reference to benchmark IE systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meeting Highlights: Genome Sequencing and Biology 2001
Authors: Wixon Jo
Published: August 2002

We bring you a report from the CSHL Genome Sequencing and Biology Meeting, which has a long and prestigious history. This year there were sessions on large‐scale sequencing and analysis, polymorphisms (covering discovery and technologies and mapping and analysis), comparative genomics of mammalian and model organism genomes, functional genomics and bioinformatics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational and experimental studies of di‐ and tetrasubstituted calix[4]arenes
Authors: Banks Harold D. , Dondoni Alessandro , Kleban Martin , Marra Alberto
Published: August 2002

Calixarenes are molecular bowls or baskets that have been demonstrated to serve as hosts for cations, anions, and neutral molecules. The central cavity and scaffolding of various functionalities on the upper and lower rims establishes this class of compounds as extremely important in supramolecular chemistry studies. In earlier studies, calixsugars (molecules that have sugar molecules appended to the upper rim of the calix) were prepared. Among the potential advantages of these molecules are increased water solubility and enhanced possibilities that these chiral attachments can promote enantiomeric selection. Computational studies, however, have indicated that the chosen calixsugars had significantly encumbered upper rims, suggesting that host–guest associations would be limited. In an attempt to understand those factors responsible for the favored conformations of calixsugars, a number of 5,17‐disubstituted and tetrasubstituted calix[4]arenes were prepared and studied experimentally as well as by molecular mechanics conformational searching techniques. Chirality 14:173–179, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of reversible and irreversible models for the determination of the enantiomerization energy barrier for N‐(p‐methoxybenzyl)‐1,3,2‐benzodithiazol‐1‐oxide by supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Oswald P. , Desmet K. , Sandra P. , Krupcik J. , Armstrong D.W.
Published: August 2002

It has been found that the interconversion of enantiomers on a chromatographic column during the separation process can be studied by the first‐order kinetic equations derived both for reversible and irreversible reactions in a stationary system if the extent of interconversion is not too high. The equation derived for irreversible reactions gives, however, results also for higher degrees of enantiomerization while that derived for reversible interconversion failed. The irreversible equation was used to determine the enantiomerization barrier of N‐(p‐methoxybenzyl)‐l,3,2‐benzodithiazol‐l‐oxide enantiomers by supercritical fluid chromatography. The racemate of N‐(p‐methoxybenzyl)‐l,3,2‐benzodithiazol‐l‐oxide was separated by supercritical fluid chromatography on the (R,R)‐Whelk‐Ol column with supercritical carbon dioxide containing 20% methanol as a mobile phase. Peak areas of enantiomers prior to and after the separation used for the calculation of the enantiomerization barrier were determined by computer‐assisted peak deconvolution of peak clusters registered on chromatograms using commercial software. Chirality 14:334–339, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD exciton chirality method for determination of the absolute configuration of β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acid derivatives
Authors: Lo Lee‐Chiang , Chen Jean‐Yin , Yang Chun‐Tzu , Gu Der‐Shang
Published: August 2002

The absolute configuration of β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids was studied by CD exciton chirality method using 7‐diethylaminocoumarin‐3‐carboxylate as a red‐shifted chromophore. The CD spectra of bischromophoric derivatives of (S)‐serine and (2S,3R)‐threonine methyl esters (2 and 7) were compared with those of acyclic vic‐aminoalcohols and diols (3–6 and 8–9). This study indicates that the polar carboxylate group of β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids makes them a unique subclass of vic‐aminoalcohols. By combining the data of CD and NMR coupling constants, we are able to correlate their preferred conformer B and positive CD to the corresponding absolute configuration. Chirality 13:266–271, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort
Authors: Calle Eugenia E. , Rodriguez Carmen , Jacobs Eric J. , Almon M. Lyn , Chao Ann , McCullough Marjorie L. , Feigelson Heather S. , Thun Michael J.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Large‐scale, prospective cohort studies have played a critical role in discovering factors that contribute to variability in cancer risk in human populations. Epidemiologists and volunteers at the American Cancer Society (ACS) were among the first to establish such cohorts, beginning in the early 1950s and continuing through the present, and these ACS cohorts have made landmark contributions in many areas of epidemiologic research.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort was established in 1992 and was designed to investigate the relation between diet and other lifestyle factors and exposures and the risk of cancer, mortality, and survival. The cohort includes over 84,000 men and 97,000 women who completed a mailed questionnaire in 1992. New questionnaires are sent to surviving cohort members every other year to update exposure information and to ascertain new occurrences of cancer; a 90% response rate was achieved for follow‐up questionnaires in 1997 and 1999. Reported cancers are verified through medical records, registry linkage, or death certificates. The cohort is followed actively for all cases of incident cancer and for all causes of death. Through a collaborative effort among ACS national and division staff, volunteers, and the American College of Surgeons, blood samples were collected from a subgroup of 40,000 cohort members and are in storage at a central repository for future investigation of dietary, hormonal, genetic, and other factors and cancer risk. Collection of DNA samples from buccal cells in an additional 50,000 cohort members is underway currently and will be completed in 2002.

CONCLUSIONS

This new cohort of both men and women promises to be particularly valuable for the study of cancer occurrence, mortality, and survival as they relate to obesity and weight change, physical activity at various points in life, vitamin supplement use, exogenous hormone use, other medications (such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs) and cancer screening modalities. Cancer 2002;94:500–11. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Cancer pain management among underserved minority outpatients
Authors: Anderson Karen O. , Richman Stephen P. , Hurley Judith , Palos Guadalupe , Valero Vicente , Mendoza Tito R. , Gning Ibrahima , Cleeland Charles S.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Minority patients with cancer are at risk for undertreatment of cancer‐related pain. Most studies of patient‐related barriers to pain control have surveyed primarily non‐Hispanic Caucasian patients. The purpose of the current study was to explore barriers to optimal pain management among African‐American and Hispanic patients with cancer through the use of structured patient interviews. Structured interviews allowed the authors to probe for previously unidentified barriers to pain management in these populations.

METHODS

Thirty‐one socioeconomically disadvantaged minority patients with cancer (14 African‐American patients and 17 Hispanic patients) who had cancer‐related pain completed structured interviews that assessed three main content areas: information and communication regarding cancer pain, treatment of cancer pain, and the meaning of cancer pain.

RESULTS

The African‐American and Hispanic patients reported severe pain and many concerns about pain management. The majority of patients in both ethnic groups expressed a belief in stoicism and concerns about possible addiction to opioid medications and the development of tolerance. The patients described their physicians as the most frequent and trusted source of information about cancer pain. However, patients also reported difficulties with communication and a reluctance to complain of pain.

CONCLUSIONS

The reported barriers to pain management indicate that socioeconomically disadvantaged African‐American and Hispanic patients can benefit from educational interventions on cancer pain that dispel myths about opioids and teach patients to communicate assertively about their pain with their physicians and nurses. Cancer 2002;94:2295–304. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10414
Evaluation of urine CYFRA 21‐1 for the detection of primary and recurrent bladder carcinoma
Authors: Nisman Benjamin , Barak Vivian , Shapiro Amos , Golijanin Dragan , Peretz Tamar , Pode Dov
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The urinary concentration of soluble cytokeratin 19 fragments, measured by the CYFRA 21‐1 assay, may be used for the noninvasive, early detection of bladder carcinoma.

METHODS

This prospective study examined urine samples from 325 patients. The authors included 152 patients who presented with hematuria or irritative voiding symptoms (Group 1), 107 patients who were under surveillance after undergoing transurethral resection of bladder carcinoma (Group 2), 46 patients with urinary tract pathology other than bladder carcinoma (Group 3), and 20 healthy participants (Group 4). The urine concentration of CYFRA 21‐1 was measured by an immunoradiometric assay. The patients in Groups 1 and 2 underwent cytoscopy and urine cytopathology. Biopsies were obtained if a tumor was seen on cytoscopy or if there was a suspicion of carcinoma in situ (CIS).

RESULTS

The optimal cut‐off concentration for the detection of primary bladder tumors, 4.9 μg/L, resulted in a sensitivity of 79.3% and a specificity of 88.6%. The optimal threshold for the detection of recurrent bladder tumors (excluding patients who had been treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin [BCG]), 4.04 μg/L, resulted in a sensitivity of 76.2% and a specificity of 84.2%. There was no significant advantage for centrifugation of the urine samples or for determination of the creatinine concentration in the urine samples. The CYFRA 21‐1 assay of urine samples provided a three‐fold greater sensitivity compared with the sensitivity of cytology for detecting Grade 1 transitional cell tumors. CYFRA 21‐1 detected 91.9% of Grade 3 tumors, 100% of CIS, and 92.8% of invasive bladder tumors (T2 or higher classification). The CYFRA 21‐1 assay detected all tumors that had positive cytology with the exception of only one tumor. Conversely, the assay identified 71% of primary tumors and 65% of recurrent tumors that were missed by cytopathology. Urinary stones, infection, and previous intravesical BCG immunotherapy caused many false positive results.

CONCLUSIONS

The urinary CYFRA 21‐1 assay is a useful test for the noninvasive detection of bladder carcinoma and for surveillance of patients who were not treated previously with BCG. It may be used in combination with urine cytology and bladder ultrasound. Multi‐institutional trials are required to compare the accuracy as well as the cost of this combination of tests with cystoscopy. Cancer 2002;94:2914–22. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10565
Temporal progression of angiogenesis and basal lamina deposition after contusive spinal cord injury in the adult rat
Authors: Loy David N. , Crawford Charles H. , Darnall Jessica B. , Burke Darlene A. , Onifer Stephen M. , Whittemore Scott R.
Published: August 2002

After spinal cord injury (SCI), the absence of an adequate blood supply to injured tissues has been hypothesized to contribute to the lack of regeneration. In this study, blood vessel changes were examined in 28 adult female Fischer 344 rats at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60 days after a 12.5 g · cm NYU impactor injury at the T9 vertebral level. Laminin, collagen IV, endothelial barrier antigen (SMI71), and rat endothelial cell antigen (RECA‐1) immunoreactivities were used to quantify blood vessel per area densities and diameters in ventral gray matter (VGM), ventral white matter (VWM), and dorsal columns (DC) at levels ranging 15 mm rostral and caudal to the epicenter. This study demonstrates an angiogenic response, defined as SMI71/RECA‐1–immunopositive endothelial cells that colocalize with a robust deposition of basal lamina and basal lamina streamers, 7 days after injury within epicenter VGM. This angiogenesis diminishes concurrent with cystic cavity formation. GAP43‐ and neurofilament‐ (68 kDa and 210 kDa) immunopositive fiber outgrowth was associated with these new blood vessels by day 14. Between 28 and 60 days after injury, increases in SMI71‐immunopositive blood vessel densities were observed in the remaining VWM and DC with a corresponding increase in vessel diameters up to 15 mm rostral and caudal to the epicenter. This second angiogenesis within VWM and DC, unlike the acute response observed in VGM, did not correspond to any previously described changes in locomotor behaviors in this model. We propose that therapies targeting angiogenic processes be directed at the interval between 3 and 7 days after SCI. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:308–324, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic innervation of alpha type II calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase immunoreactive pyramidal neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala
Authors: McDonald Alexander J. , Muller Jay F. , Mascagni Franco
Published: August 2002

Although calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMK) has been shown to play a critical role in long‐term potentiation (LTP) and emotional learning mediated by the basolateral amygdala, little is known about its cellular localization in this region. We have utilized immunohistochemical methods to study the neuronal localization of CaMK, and its relationship to γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic structures, in the rat basolateral amygdala (ABL). Light microscopic observations revealed dense CaMK staining in the ABL. Although the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of virtually every pyramidal cell appeared to be CaMK+, the cell bodies of small nonpyramidal neurons were always unstained. Dual localization of CaMK and GABA immunoreactivity with confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that CaMK and GABA were found in different neuronal populations in the ABL. CaMK was contained only in pyramidal neurons; GABA was contained only in nonpyramidal cells. At the ultrastructural level, it was found that CaMK was localized to pyramidal cell bodies, thick proximal dendrites, thin distal dendrites, most dendritic spines, axon initial segments, and axon terminals forming asymmetrical synapses. These findings suggest that all portions of labeled pyramidal cells, with the exception of some dendritic spines, can exhibit CaMK immunoreactivity. By using a dual immunoperoxidase/immunogold‐silver procedure at the ultrastructural level, GABA+ axon terminals were seen to innervate all CaMK+ postsynaptic domains, including cell bodies (22%), thick (>1 μm) dendrites (34%), thin (<1 μm) dendrites (22%), dendritic spines (17%), and axon initial segments (5%). These findings indicate that CaMK is a useful marker for pyramidal neurons in ultrastructural studies of ABL synaptology and that the activity of pyramidal neurons in the ABL is tightly controlled by a high density of GABAergic terminals that target all postsynaptic domains of pyramidal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:199–218, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in rodent peripheral tissues
Authors: Matsuda Hideki , Brumovsky Pablo R. , Kopp Jutta , Pedrazzini Thierry , Hökfelt Tomas
Published: August 2002

Using a sensitive immunohistochemical technique, the localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1‐receptor (Y1R)‐like immunoreactivity (LI) was studied in various peripheral tissues of rat. Wild‐type (WT) and Y1R‐knockout (KO) mice were also analyzed. Y1R‐LI was found in small arteries and arterioles in many tissues, with particularly high levels in the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In the thyroid gland, Y1R‐LI was seen in blood vessel walls lacking α‐smooth muscle actin, i.e., perhaps in endothelial cells of capillaries. Larger arteries lacked detectable Y1R‐LI. A distinct Y1R‐immunoreactive (IR) reticulum was seen in the WT mouse spleen, but not in Y1R‐KO mouse or rat. In the gastrointestinal tract, Y1R‐positive neurons were observed in the myenteric plexus, and a few enteroendocrine cells were Y1R‐IR. Some cells in islets of Langerhans in the pancreas were Y1R‐positive, and double immunostaining showed coexistence with somatostatin in D‐cells. In the urogenital tract, Y1R‐LI was observed in the collecting tubule cells of the renal papillae and in some epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle. Some chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla were positive for Y1R. The problem of the specificity of the Y1R‐LI is evaluated using adsorption tests as well as comparisons among rat, WT mouse, and mouse with deleted Y1R. Our findings support many earlier studies based on other methodologies, showing that Y1Rs on smooth muscle cells of blood vessels mediate NPY‐induced vasoconstriction in various organs. In addition, Y1Rs in other cells in parenchymal tissues of several organs suggest nonvascular effects of NPY via the Y1R. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:390–404, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex: Regional, laminar, and ultrastructural localization
Authors: Lewis David A. , Melchitzky Darlene S. , Sesack Susan R. , Whitehead Richard E. , Sungyoung Auh  , Sampson Allan
Published: August 2002

Dopamine (DA) influences a number of cognitive and motor functions that are mediated by the primate cerebral cortex, and the DA membrane transporter (DAT) is known to be a critical regulator of DA neurotransmission in subcortical structures in rodents. To gain insight into the possible functional role of cortical DAT, we compared the regional, laminar, and ultrastructural distribution of DAT immunoreactivity to that of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in DA synthesis, in the cerebral cortex of macaque monkeys. DAT‐immunoreactive (DAT‐IR) axons were present throughout the cortical mantle, with substantial differences in density and laminar distribution across cytoarchitectonic areas. In particular, high densities of DAT‐IR axons were present in certain regions (e.g., posterior parietal cortex, dentate gyrus) not previously thought to receive a substantial DA input. The laminar distribution of DAT‐IR axons ranged from a restricted localization of labeled axons to layer 1 in lightly innervated regions to the presence of axons in all six cortical layers, with a particularly dense plexus in deep layer 3, in highly innervated regions. These regional and laminar patterns paralleled those of TH‐IR axons, but several differences in fiber morphology and ultrastructural localization of DAT were observed. For example, in contrast to TH, DAT immunoreactivity in the cortex was localized predominantly to small‐diameter profiles, whereas, in the dorsolateral caudate nucleus, DAT and TH immunoreactivities were present in both large‐diameter and small‐diameter profiles, which may represent varicose and intervaricose axon segments, respectively. Overall, the distribution of DAT‐IR axons confirms and extends the results of previous reports, using other markers of DA axons, that the DA innervation of the primate cerebral cortex is global but specialized on both a regional basis and a laminar basis. In particular, these observations reveal an anatomical substrate for a direct and potent influence of DA over neuronal activity in posterior parietal cortex and in certain regions of the temporal lobe. However, due to its predominant distribution to small‐diameter profiles, immunoreactivity for DAT may not be an appropriate ultrastructural marker for larger DA varicosities in the primate cortex. Moreover, this distribution of DAT suggests that cortical DA fibers may permit greater neurotransmitter diffusion than subcortical DA axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:119–136, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the gene encoding the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) in the mouse and rat brain in response to circulating LPS and proinflammatory cytokines
Authors: Thibeault Isabelle , Laflamme Nathalie , Rivest Serge
Published: August 2002

Accumulating evidence supports the existence of an innate immune response in the brain during systemic inflammation that is associated with a robust induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by specific cells of the central nervous system. The present study investigated the genetic regulation and fine cellular distribution of the monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in the brain of mice and rats in response to systemic immune insults. MCP‐1 belongs to a superfamily of chemokines that have a leading role in the early chemotaxic events during inflammation. In situ hybridization histochemistry failed to detect constitutive expression of the chemokine transcript in the cerebral tissue except for the area postrema (AP) that exhibited a low signal under basal conditions. This contrasts with the strong and transient induction of the mRNA encoding MCP‐1 following a single systemic bolus of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), recombinant interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). These stimuli rapidly triggered (30 to 90 minutes) MCP‐1 transcription in all the circumventricular organs (CVOs), the choroid plexus (chp), the leptomeninges, and along the cerebral blood vessels. The time‐related induction and intensity of the signal differed among the challenges, route of administration and species, but MCP‐1‐expressing cells were always found in vascular‐associated structures and those devoid of blood‐brain barrier. At later times, few isolated microglia across the brain parenchyma depicted positive signal for MCP‐1 mRNA. A dual‐labeling procedure also provided convincing anatomical evidence that endothelial cells of the microvasculature and a few myeloid cells of the CVOs and chp were positive for the transcript during endotoxemia. This gene is under a sophisticated transcriptional regulation, as the hybridization signal returned to undetectable levels 12 to 24 hours after all the treatments in both species. Of interest are the data that only ligands that triggered nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling had the ability to increase MCP‐1 gene expression, because high doses of IL‐6 remained without effects. These data provide the anatomical evidence that MCP‐1 is expressed within specific populations of cells in response to systemic inflammatory molecules that use NF‐κB as intracellular signaling system. This chemokine may therefore play a critical role in the cerebral innate immune response and contribute to the early chemotaxic events during chronic cerebral inflammation. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:461–477, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activity and localization of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ Δ5‐Δ4‐isomerase in the zebrafish central nervous system
Authors: Sakamoto Hirotaka , Ukena Kazuyoshi , Tsutsui Kazuyoshi
Published: August 2002

Little information is available for neurosteroidogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) of lower vertebrates. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the enzymatic activity and localization of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5‐Δ4‐isomerase (3βHSD), a key steroidogenic enzyme, in the CNS of adult male zebrafish to clarify central progesterone biosynthesis. Biochemical studies together with HPLC analysis revealed that the zebrafish brain converted pregnenolone to progesterone, suggesting the enzymatic activity of 3βHSD. This conversion was significantly reduced by trilostane, a specific inhibitor of 3βHSD. By using Western immunoblotting with the polyclonal antiserum directed against purified bovine adrenal 3βHSD, a 3βHSD‐like substance was found in homogenates of the zebrafish brain. Immunocytochemical analysis was then undertaken to investigate the localization of the 3βHSD‐like substance in the zebrafish brain and spinal cord. Clusters of immunoreactive cell bodies were localized in the dorsal telencephalic areas (D), central posterior thalamic nucleus (CP), preoptic nuclei (NPO), posterior tuberal nucleus (PTN), paraventricular organ (PVO), and nucleus of medial longitudinal fascicle (NMLF). 3βHSD‐like immunoreactivity was also observed in somata of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. A widespread distribution of immunoreactive fibers was found throughout the brain and spinal cord. In addition, positively stained cells were restricted to other organs, such as the pituitary and retina. Preabsorbing the antiserum with purified bovine adrenal microsome resulted in a complete absence of 3βHSD‐like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the fish CNS possesses steroidogenic enzyme 3βHSD and produces progesterone. The present study further provides the first immunocytochemical mapping of the site of 3βHSD expression in the fish CNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:291–305, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of ERα and GAD colocalization in the hippocampus of the adult female rat
Authors: Hart Sharron A. , Patton Jennifer D. , Woolley Catherine S.
Published: August 2002

Despite the many effects of estrogen in the hippocampus, there has been little evidence that hippocampal principal cells express nuclear estrogen receptors. In the hippocampus, the α form of the nuclear estrogen receptor (ERα) has been localized to sparsely distributed cells with the morphological characteristics of inhibitory interneurons. Because inhibitory neurons may be involved in the effects of estrogen on hippocampal principal cells, quantitative description of ERα expression in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic (inhibitory) and non‐GABAergic cells of the hippocampus is a key step in understanding the mechanism(s) of estrogen action on hippocampal circuitry. We used single and double‐label immunohistochemistry for ERα and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; a marker of GABAergic neurons) to determine the numbers and distributions of hippocampal GABAergic and non‐GABAergic neurons that express ERα in the adult female rat. We found many more ERα‐expressing cells in the hippocampus than any previous study and observed distinct dorsal vs. ventral differences in hippocampal ERα expression. In the dorsal hippocampus, most ERα‐positive cells were also GAD positive; however, ERα was expressed in only a subset of GAD‐positive cells. Double‐labeled cells were concentrated at the border between str. radiatum and str. lacunosum‐moleculare. In the ventral hippocampus, we found a very high number of ERα‐positive cells, the majority of which were not immunoreactive for GAD and are likely to be pyramidal cells. These findings suggest that ERα can mediate the effects of estrogen primarily in GABAergic neurons in the dorsal hippocampus and in both GABAergic and non‐GABAergic neurons in the ventral hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:144–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A dimension split method for the 3‐D compressible Navier–Stokes equations in turbomachine
Authors: Li Kaitai , Huang Aixiang , Zhang Wen ling
Published: August 2002

In this paper, by using classical tensor calculus, we derive the compressible Navier–Stokes equation on a so‐called stream surface which is a two‐dimensional (2‐D) manifold that gives a definition of a stream function with the equation satisfied by it. Based on this, a new algorithm is proposed which is called dimension split algorithm. This new method is different from the domain decomposition method. In the domain decomposition method, we have to solve a three‐dimensional problem in each subdomain but we solve a 2‐D problem in each subdomain. A numerical experiment for the turbomachine is provided. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A data set for color research
Authors: Barnard Kobus , Martin Lindsay , Funt Brian , Coath Adam
Published: August 2002

We present an extensive data set for color research that has been made available online (www.cs. sfu.ca/∼colour/data). The data are especially germane to research into computational color constancy, but we have also aimed to make the data as general as possible, and we anticipate a wide range of benefits to research into computational color science and computer vision. Because data are useful only in context, we provide the details of the collection process, including the camera characterization, and the data used to determine that characterization. The most significant part of the data is 743 images of scenes taken under a carefully chosen set of 11 illuminants. The data set also has several standardized sets of spectra for synthetic data experiments, including some data for fluorescent surfaces. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 147–151, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10049
On an inequality by N. Trudinger and J. Moser and related elliptic equations
Authors: de Figueiredo Djairo G. , Marcos do Ó João , Ruf Bernhard
Published: August 2002

It has been shown by Trudinger and Moser that for normalized functions u of the Sobolev space 𝕎1, N (Ω), where Ω is a bounded domain in ℝN, one has ∫Ω exp(αN|u|N/(N − 1))dx ≤ CN, where αN is an explicit constant depending only on N, and CN is a constant depending only on N and Ω. Carleson and Chang proved that there exists a corresponding extremal function in the case that Ω is the unit ball in ℝN. In this paper we give a new proof, a generalization, and a new interpretation of this result. In particular, we give an explicit sequence that is maximizing for the above integral among all normalized “concentrating sequences.” As an application, the existence of a nontrivial solution for a related elliptic equation with “Trudinger‐Moser” growth is proved. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Relationship between oxidative burst activity and CD11b expression in neutrophils and monocytes from healthy individuals: Effects of race and gender
Authors: Siddiqi Muhammad , Garcia Zenaida C. , Stein Dana S. , Denny Thomas N. , Spolarics Zoltán
Published: August 2002

Oxidative burst activity and the expression of adhesion molecules have been used as indicators of leukocyte activation status. The aim of the study was to delineate the relationship of oxidative burst activity and the expression of adhesion molecules in neutrophils and monocytes from a pool of healthy volunteers (n = 96). We also tested the potential role of gender and a racial background in the individual response differences. Basal and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)‐stimulated oxidative burst and CD11b expression were determined using dihydrorhodamine 123 and phycoerythrin (PE)‐conjugated anti‐CD11b monoclonal antibodies. PMA markedly increased CD11b expression and cellular oxidant content in neutrophils and monocytes in all samples. However, the responses showed considerable variability among individuals. A positive correlation was observed between the responsiveness of neutrophils and monocytes in their basal or PMA‐stimulated CD11b expressions and PMA‐stimulated oxidative burst activities. In contrast, no correlation was found between the level of adhesion molecule expression and cellular oxidant content in monocytes or neutrophils either under basal or under PMA‐stimulated conditions. The reactivity of oxidative burst (i.e., PMA‐stimulated over basal) was significantly lower in neutrophils from African American males compared with cells from African American females, white females, or white males. In contrast, reactivity of monocytes was significantly elevated in white males compared with all other groups. These findings indicate that leukocytes with a relatively high degree of adhesion molecule expression may display an average or decreased oxidative burst activity, and vice versa. Our findings also indicate that ethnic background may influence the oxidative burst activity in neutrophils and monocytes. This needs consideration in clinical studies utilizing healthy volunteers with mixed gender and ethnic backgrounds. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:243–246, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design techniques of two‐layer architectures for WDM optical networks
Authors: Borella Andrea , Cancellieri Giovanni , Chiaraluce Franco
Published: August 2002

A general method for designing multilayered WDM optical networks, based on the combined use of single‐and multi‐hop connection modes, is presented. It takes into account variable values for the number of users and wavelengths in each cluster. Closed form expressions are derived for the transmission capacity and the optimum number of channels for intra‐cluster communications, either in the case of uniform or non‐uniform traffic distribution. The analytical approach is particularly useful in the presence of constraints on the number of wavelengths, due to technological limits or non‐linear phenomena, when sub‐optimal solutions must be necessarily addressed. The proposed method is integrated with the adoption of well‐known selection procedures, like simulated annealing or genetic algorithms, to reduce the computational effort. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudonoise code tracking loop for a CDMA system with imperfect power control
Authors: Kim Jin Young
Published: August 2002

In this paper, performance of a pseudonoise (PN) code tracking loop is analysed and simulated for a direct‐sequence/code‐division‐multiple‐access (DS/CDMA) system with imperfect power control in a multipath fading channel. A non‐coherent first‐order delay‐locked loop (DLL) is considered as a PN code tracking loop. Power control error is modelled as a log‐normally distributed random variable. The multipath fading channel is modelled as a two‐ray Rayleigh fading model that is typically applied to land mobile communication environments. The tracking performance of DLL is evaluated in terms of tracking jitter and mean‐time‐to‐lose‐lock (MTLL). From the simulation results, it is shown that for smaller discriminator offset, tracking jitter performance is improved while MTLL performance is degraded. It is shown that large power control error and heavy shadowing substantially degrade the PN tracking performance. Therefore, an accurate power control scheme is very essential to compensate for fading and shadowing for a DS/CDMA system. The extension of analysis to higher‐order loop models is very straightforward. The analysis in this paper can be applied to design the PN code tracking loop for a DS/CDMA system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On providing blocking probability and throughput guarantees in a multi‐service environment
Authors: Fodor Gábor , Rácz Sándor , Telek Miklós
Published: August 2002

As the Internet evolves from a packet network supporting a single best effort service class towards an integrated infrastructure supporting several service classes—some with QoS guarantees—there is a growing interest in the introduction of admission control and in devising bandwidth sharing strategies, which meet the diverse needs of QoS‐assured and elastic services. In this paper we show that the extension of the classical multi‐rate loss model is possible in a way that makes it useful in the performance analysis of a future admission control based Internet that supports traffic with peak rate guarantee as well as elastic traffic. After introducing the model, it is applied for the analysis of a single link, where it sheds light on the trade‐off betweenblocking probabilityandthroughput. For the investigation of this trade‐off, we introduce the throughput‐threshold constraint, which bounds the probability that the throughput of a traffic flow drops below a predefined threshold. Finally, we use the model to determine the optimal parameter set of the popular partial overlap link allocation policy: we propose a computationally efficient algorithm that provides blocking probability‐ and throughput guarantees. We conclude that the model and the numerical results provide important insights in traffic engineering in the Internet. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in cyst fluid of tumors of the brain: A report of three cases
Authors: Aron Manju , Kapila Kusum , Sarkar Chitra , Verma Kusum
Published: August 2002

Microfilariae of various nematodes, including Loa loa, Dirofilariae, and Onchocerca volvulus, have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS, however, is a rare site for the isolation of microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti. To the best of our knowledge, the presence of microfilariae of W. bancrofti in tumor cyst fluids or cerebrospinal fluid has not been reported to date. We report three cases in which microfilariae were identified in the cyst fluid of tumors of the brain. Cyst fluid aspirated from space‐occupying lesions in the thalamus and C6–D1 spinal segments in a 46‐yr‐old man and a 35‐yr‐old man, respectively, showed numerous microfilariae of W. bancrofti, along with fragments of tumor suggestive of glioma. In the third case, in a 12‐yr‐old boy, the fluid from the space‐occupying lesion in the third ventricle showed microfilariae in a necrotic dirty background with a few squames and cholesteral crystals. Histopathologic examination of the tumor showed an anaplastic astrocytoma and a low‐grade astrocytoma in the first two cases, respectively, and a craniopharyngioma in the third case. No microfilariae were identified on the histology sections. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:158–162; DOI 10.1002/dc.10074 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phyllodes tumor of the breast with actin inclusions in stromal cells: Diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Ortega E. , Aranda F.I. , Chuliá M.T. , Niveiro M. , Payá A. , Seguí J.
Published: August 2002

The occurrence of hyaline inclusions in stromal cells in fibroepithelial tumors of the breast is very uncommon. These inclusions, characteristic of infantile digital fibromatosis, are comprised of actin filaments. This report illustrates a case of a benign phyllodes tumor of the breast with inclusion bodies, identified by fine‐needle aspiration. Histologically, many of the stromal cells contained round intracytoplasmic inclusions, with positivity for smooth muscle actin. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:115–117. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of endogenous ATP in the regulation of pro‐ and antiinflammatory mediator production
Authors: Vizi E. Sylvester , Haskó György , Lendvai Balázs , Sperlágh Beáta
Published: August 2002

While a wealth of data is accumulating on the immunomodulatory role of purine nucleotides and nucleosides, a major challenge has become to understand the factors that govern purine availability and its dynamics at the site of inflammation. It has been shown that ATP is co‐stored with classical transmitters (noradrenaline, acetylcholine, glutamate) in nerve terminals. Furthermore, ATP is co‐released with the classical transmitters in response to chemical and electrical depolarization. Our recent studies showed that ATP could also be released from postsynaptic cells in response to the action of primary transmitters (noradrenaline, acetylcholine, ATP) on their receptors (cascade transmission) (Vizi et al. [1992] Neuroscience 50:455–465; Vizi and Sperlágh [1999] Prog Brain Res 120:159–169). Apart from direct leakage due to cell injury, ATP and its metabolic degradation products, ADP, AMP, and adenosine accumulate extracellularly during episodes of metabolic stress caused by ischemia and inflammation. In addition, we have recently shown (Sperlágh et al. [1998] Neurochem Int 33:209–215) that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is also a powerful stimulus to elicit endogenous ATP release in cultured RAW264.7 macrophages. The P2Z/P2X7 receptor agonist 3′‐O‐(4‐benzoylbenzoyl)‐adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (BzATP, 10–250 μM) and ATP (30–300 μM) increased, in a concentration‐dependent manner, LPS (10 μg/ml)‐induced nitric oxide production in the RAW 264.7 cells. On the other hand, pretreatment with oxidized adenosine triphosphate (oxyATP), a selective P2Z/P2X7 receptor antagonist (300 μM to 1 mM), strongly decreased LPS‐induced nitric oxide production. Furthermore, in macrophages pretreated with oxyATP (300 μM to 1 mM), BzATP and ATP did not affect LPS‐induced nitric oxide production. Finally, our recent data show that ATP and its analogs suppress the production of both TNF‐α and IL‐12 by LPS‐stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages (Haskó et al. [2000] Br J Pharmacol 129:909–914). Because the effect of ATP was prevented by treatment with adenosine deaminase, it can be suggested that the suppressive effect of ATP on cytokine production was due to its degradation products. Taken together, our findings support the view that endogenous ATP released from various sources plays an important role in the regulation of macrophage responsiveness during inflammation. Drug Dev. Res. 53:117–125, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Permission-based mobile advertising
Authors: Barwise Patrick , Strong Colin
Published: August 2002

This article reports the results of a study of permission-based advertising via mobile phones. The study, part of the proof of concept for a UK startup, specifically explored the effectiveness of SMS text messaging as an advertising medium for reaching young adults. The results suggest that, with the right execution, the mobile channel has the potential to benefit both advertisers and consumers. The findings also include some suggestions about when and how to use this emerging new medium. Although confined to SMS text messaging in the UK, the results are also likely to be relevant to other countries, and to more advanced mobile communication technologies as these are rolled out.
Adaptive selling in a call center environment: A qualitative investigation
Authors: Eveleth Daniel M. , Morris Linda
Published: August 2002

Technological changes and innovations have created the means by which organizations can centralize the selling function into a call-center environment. While there are numerous benefits to this centralization, the fact that potential customers are drawn to a call center via telephone or Web-based communication media from a wide geographic area heightens the need for sales representatives to perform adaptive-selling behaviors. In this study we found evidence to confirm this belief, suggesting that a premium is placed on sales representatives who can accurately assess each situation using limited information (e.g., through tone of voice) and then to correctly adapt their behavior to fit the situation. The results also offer implications for Web-based call centers that link sales representatives with potential customers through text-based communication.
The antecedents and consequences of trust in online-purchase decisions
Authors: Yoon Sung-Joon
Published: August 2002

The primary research objective of this study rests on presenting and validating a model for the antecedents and consequences of consumer trust in the context of online purchase decision-making by means of simulation and survey methods. For this purpose, the study seeks to validate the correlation and causal relationships among the model's elements involving antecedents to trust (transactional security, web-site properties, search functionality, and personal variables), consequences (purchase intention), and mediating variable (web-site awareness).

Based on the findings of a controlled simulation study involving 122 college students, are the following major results: (1) web-site trust showed a significant response to site properties including the image-related variables such as company awareness and company reputation, while satisfaction significantly responded to navigation functionality; (2) personal variables such as familiarity with e-commerce and prior satisfaction with e-commerce were found to have high correlation with web-site satisfaction as well as trust; (3) web-site trust, web-site satisfaction, and web-site awareness all influenced the online-purchase intention, and (4) web-site trust and web-site satisfaction had a high correlation.

The findings of this study suggest a new approach to understanding and identifying the antecedents and consequences of web-site trust whose importance is increasing in the study of Internet commerce. Also, the study findings provide the Internet marketers with the managerial implications to establish effective online marketing strategy.
Expression and potential role of angiopoietins and Tie‐2 in early development of the mouse metanephros
Authors: Kolatsi‐Joannou Maria , Li Xiao Z. , Suda Toshio , Yuan Hai T. , Woolf Adrian S.
Published: August 2002

Angiopoietins (Ang) are secreted factors which bind the Tie‐2 receptor and modulate endothelial growth. This signalling system is known to be expressed in later stages of maturation of the mouse metanephros, the adult kidney precursor. In this study, by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Northern and Western blotting, we demonstrated that Ang‐1, Ang‐2, and Tie‐2 were expressed during early metanephrogenesis when interstitial and glomerular capillaries begin to form. By using immunohistochemistry, embryonic kidney capillaries in the interstitium and glomeruli expressed Tie‐2 at a later stage of differentiation compared with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 and platelet‐endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Addition of 200 ng/ml Ang‐1 to explanted embryonic day (E) 12.5 metanephroi increased the proportion of vascular glomeruli that formed during 1 week in culture. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that Tie‐2 has a role in vascular growth in the early stages of mammalian nephrogenesis and that Tie‐2 activation may maintain the integrity of recently formed interstitial and glomerular vessels. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.