bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An in vitro comparison of the single cone and lateral condensation techniques using ‘friction‐fitted’ and ‘solvent dip‐fitted’ primary gutta‐percha cones
Authors: Narracott P.
Published: May 2009

Extracted teeth, root‐filled by single cone and lateral condensation techniques, using friction fitted and solvent (chloroform and eucalyptol) dip‐fitted primary gutta‐percha cones, were compared with respect to apical sealing as measured by length of dye penetration and frequency of no dye penetration. Overall, the single cone techniques were significantly more effective than lateral condensation techniques regarding length of dye penetration. The single cone techniques were not significantly different from the lateral condensation technique which employed chloroform dip‐fitted primary guttapercha cones regarding length of dye penetration. The single cone and lateral condensation techniques which utilized chloroform dip‐fitted cones ranked first and second with respect to frequency of no dye penetration.
Cement spacing for the one‐step post‐core and crown. A new laboratory technique
Authors: Darveniza M. , Cheong K. , Basford K. E.
Published: May 2009

A technique to provide cement spacing for cast post‐cores prior to construction of their crowns is described. The axial lift of crowns cemented with zinc phosphate was greater, but not significantly, for crowns constructed on non‐spaced post‐cores compared with crowns constructed on spaced post‐cores. Three materials were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in providing cement spacing for post‐cores. The phenomenon of post‐core ‘wedging’ during luting was identified.
Refractory chronic periodontitis: effect of oral tetracycline hydrochloride and root planing
Authors: Papli Rain , Lewis Jenny M.
Published: May 2009

Refractory chronic periodontitis of 16 patients was treated by root planing and adjunctive tetracycline hydrochloride therapy. The antibiotic was taken orally one hour before root planing and continued for six days at a dosage of 250 mg six hourly. The clinical data for each patient were recorded as the number of probing depths in each of the 1–3 mm, 4–6 mm and 7–10 mm ranges. The Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) procedure for repeated measurements was used to analyse the data. The results demonstrated that the number of sites with probing depths of 4–6 mm and 7–10 mm associated with incisors, canines, premolars and molars decreased with a corresponding increase in the number of sites in the 1–3 mm range. Incisor and canine teeth showed a better response to treatment than premolars, which responded better than molars. The cases were followed for varying periods of time from six months to two years following antibiotic therapy. The probing depth reduction achieved following root planing and tetracycline hydrochloride therapy was maintained during this review period.
Service‐mix in general dental practice in Australia
Authors: Spencer A. John , Lewis Jenny M.
Published: May 2009

An understanding of the current service‐mix in private general practice in Australia and the factors that may influence its distribution is important in the anticipation of the future practice of dentistry. The present study aimed to describe service‐mix, to investigate the association of service‐mix with characteristics of presenting patients, and to identify and discuss a number of factors which may be influencing change in service‐mix. Service‐mix was dominated by restorative, diagnostic and preventive services and a limited number of services accounted for most service provision or dentist time. Both the broad areas of service and more frequently provided services were related to age of presenting patients. Service‐mix appears to be changing over time. Changing needs and expectations of patients and philosophies and technologies available to dentists are among factors that push or pull service‐mix in new directions. However, changing service‐mix and practitioner variation require considerably more exploration.
Kaposi's sarcoma of the palate in a patient with AIDS: An unusual presentation
Authors: Daly C. G. , Allan B. P. , Bhagwandeen S. B. , Sutherland D. C.
Published: May 2009

Kaposi's sarcoma, formerly a rare tumour in the western world, is now found frequently in homosexual patients with the Acquired immune Deficiency Syndrome. A common site of occurrence is the mouth. The characteristic intra‐oral appearance of the lesion is of a flat or raised pigmented lesion. An intra‐oral Kaposi's sarcoma which was not pigmented and which presented as a painless, soft swelling on the hard palate is reported. The unusual appearance of the lesion is described and the importance of accurate diagnosis of intra‐oral lesions in patients with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is emphasized.
The restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Part 3. Cores
Authors: Hunter A. J. , Flood A. M.
Published: May 2009

The functions and features of cores in restorative dentistry and the importance of preserving sound tooth tissue are discussed. The experimental and clinical support for a perceived superiority of cast post cores is reviewed. It is suggested that there is a need to re‐evaluate this viewpoint, particularly when restoring posterior teeth. The materials currently in use are briefly discussed as well as research relating to possible core/luting agent interactions.
A discussion of some factors of relevance to the occlusion of complete dentures
Authors: Mack Peter J.
Published: May 2009

There exists general agreement that in the construction of complete dentures the accurate positioning of the plane of occlusion is essential for correct denture function. Yet rarely does a prosthodontist give detailed instructions concerning the positioning of this plane to the technician who is to set the teeth.

In this paper the three‐dimensional location and form of the occlusal plane is discussed.

For both anatomical and mechanical reasons the author favours the use of the mandibular rather than the maxillary record rim as the clinical determinant of the level of the artificial occlusion. A change in the method of setting the face‐bow is recommended to allow for the difference between the cranial Frankfort plane and the axis‐orbital plane of the articulator.

Arguments are advanced to support the proposal that artificial teeth should be set to an intercuspal location forward of centric relation; and that the form of the antero‐posterior compensating curve of the artificial dentition should be determined by the clinician before the teeth are set to the registration rims.
Dens evaginatus
Authors: McAllan L. H. , Defteros P. A.
Published: May 2009

Dens evaginatus is a developmental anomaly primarily in people of Mongoloid origin. The premolar teeth are more often affected, although molars, canines and incisors have been recorded as affected. The anomaly consists of a tubercle of enamel‐covered dentine, containing an extension of pulpal tissue. Early attrition or fracture of the tubercle can result in pulpal necrosis in immature teeth.
Strength properties of three zinc phosphate cements mixed to two different consistencies
Authors: Bruce W. L. , Stevens L.
Published: May 2009

When hand‐mixing is used, clinicians mix zinc phosphate cement to consistencies which allow proper seating of restorations. Slump tests have indicated that the same two preferred consistencies (one for cementing a single unit restoration, the other for cementing a multiple unit restoration) could be obtained at different slab temperatures for three cements by mixing to certain powder‐liquid ratios which were different for each cement. Each cement could be repeatedly mixed to the preferred consistency by using the appropriate powder‐liquid ratio. The compressive and tensile strengths of the cements varied, although mixed to the same consistency. Selection of a cement for clinical use should be based on its strength properties when mixed to a preferred consistency.
The tensile strength of the union between various glass ionomer cements and various composite resins*
Authors: Mount G. J.
Published: May 2009

Increasing use is being made of the glass ionomer cements as a lining for composite resin restorations, particularly when restoring posterior teeth. It has been suggested that it is possible to obtain a mechanical union between the two materials by etching the surface of the cement.

This paper discusses the result of testing a broad variety of combinations of different glass ionomer cements and composite resins that have been reported on previously, and suggests that a number of factors need to be taken into account if the optimum physical properties are to be achieved from the union. There would appear to be four main factors which dictate the final strength of the union. The tensile strength of the cement itself is of primary importance and it seems the wettability of the resin bonding agent is also significant. When using some of the less heavily filled composite resins, the stresses set up by the setting contraction of the resin may be too great and, finally, the more heavily filled composite resins for restoration of posterior teeth often prove difficult to adapt to the underlying cement.

With careful clinical handling, the so‐called ‘sandwich’ technique is very useful. However, not all combinations of glass ionomer cement and composite resin will unite with sufficient strength to be successful clinically.
Colour changes on curing light‐activated anterior restorative resins
Authors: Makinson O. F.
Published: May 2009

With many composite resins operators may notice a change in colour after light curing the restoration. Three types of specimen — a disc, a simulated Class III and a veneer — were made using a series of composite resins. Generally, resins became lighter or more translucent on irradiation. This was not only true for a range of resins from a single company but also the extent of the change was brand dependent. For most resins the opacity decreased with curing and most of this change occurred with a 20 seconds cure. The reflectance was approximately 50 per cent greater for resins placed over a white background than on a dark background for the thin disc specimens.
Changing caries experience and risk factors in five‐ and six‐year‐old Melbourne children
Authors: Spencer A. J. , Wright F. A. C. , Brown L. M. , Brown L. P.
Published: May 2009

Recent studies have shown a decline in the caries experience in Australian children. It has also been shown that a number of socio‐demographic variables are associated with risk of caries experience. The aims of the present study were to identify changes in caries experience and the association of socio‐demographic variables with risk of caries experience in five‐ and six‐year‐old children over the period 1977 to 1985. In 1985, a sample of 174 children resident in the municipality of Brunswick, a suburb of Melbourne, was examined. A similar sample was drawn from the same area in 1977. The percentage of children caries‐free had greatly increased, while caries experience had decreased. Parental birthplace, occupation and ethnicity were associated with caries experience in 1977 and were used to control for socio‐demographic changes in the samples between the two survey times. In 1985 exposure to water fluoridation was also associated with caries experience. The study highlighted the improvement in dental health of five‐ and six‐year‐old children in Melbourne since 1977 and the consistency of associations between socio‐demographic variables and ‘at risk’ children.
A custom‐designed computer network for a dental clinical school
Authors: Moore C. J. , Robinson J. J. , Lester K. S.
Published: May 2009

A local area computer network has been designed and implemented to service predominantly the patient‐related administrative needs of the Westmead Dental Clinical School. The appropriate software has been developed in‐house over a period of time and introduced as the complexity and volume of the tasks increased and as more sophisticated hardware became available.

The present arrangement utilizes NEC APC III and NEC APC IV computers with ACSInet networking hardware added to an OMNInet system. Primary functions include the management of extensive patient waiting lists (up to 16 000), treatment lists and laboratory work flow, as well as the provision of a wide range of related statistical information. Wordprocessing is a large scale daily activity. More specialized secondary functions include monitoring of patients allocated to dental students, support of the management of appointments, recalls, mailing lists and some specific research projects including data collection for a quality assurance programme.

The network functions separately but simultaneously alongside an extensive hospital‐wide VAX cluster and has greatly simplified the handling and management of a vast array of data essential to the management and evaluation of the treatment provided in the Dental Clinical School.
Post‐orthodontic occlusal function
Authors: Smith A. , Freer T. J.
Published: May 2009

The significance of orthodontic treatment in the aetiology of temporomandibular dysfunction continues to be a matter of controversy. However, the evidence of any association has been generally negative. This investigation involved the examination of a study group of 87 post‐orthodontic patients, the average time out of all retention being 52 months. They were compared with an untreated control group. Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction were assessed for both groups. In only one instance, soft joint click, was there found to be a significant association between the treatment category and the occurrence of the symptom, there being a higher rate of soft clicks in the post‐treatment group. While this may be ascribed to orthodontic treatment, there was also a different restorative pattern in the two groups. No other significant associations were found.
The effect of public or private management on patients with temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction
Authors: Gerke D. C. , Sambrook P. , Smales R. J. , Goss A. N.
Published: May 2009

Australians may receive free dental treatment via the public sector if they have a health care card but otherwise must seek treatment via the private sector. These two modes of dental delivery have different objectives, facilities, and patient populations. Two groups of patients, one public and one private, who presented to the same clinicians with temporomandibular joint dysfunction were studied. There were differences in age, numbers of natural teeth and some psychological features. However, the outcome to simple non‐surgical management resulted in similar levels of successful treatment.
Fatal subarachnoid haemorrhage associated with dental local anaesthesia
Authors: Okada Yasusei , Suzuki Hiroko , Ishiyama Ikuo
Published: May 2009

A case is described of sudden death occurring after the use of a noradrenaline‐containing local anaesthetic. Autopsy revealed a massive subarachnoid haemorrhage following a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. The noradrenaline in the local anaesthetic is thought to be an important factor in the cause of the rupture. It is recommended that preparations containing 1:25 000 noradrenaline not be used.
The effect of varnishes and other surface treatments on water movement across the glass ionomer cement surface. II
Authors: Earl M. S. A. , Mount G. J. , Humet W. R.
Published: May 2009

The aesthetic restorative glass ionomer cements undergo a rather prolonged setting reaction during which time they are susceptible to water uptake and water loss. If they can be maintained in isolation long enough in the oral cavity then the clinical result will be superior.

A further series of surface treatments has been tested and it has been shown that immediate covering of the immature glass ionomer cement surface with light‐activated bonding resin is the most effective method of limiting water movement across the surface. This restriction of water movement is not effective for all light‐activated bonding resins suggesting that there may be a physico‐chemical interaction occurring on the glass ionomer cement surface with certain of the resins.
Perceptions of the value of hospital residency and clinical medicine in dental education
Authors: Stacy G. C.
Published: May 2009

A survey of the outlook of 81 participating dental undergraduates concerning the value of a general hospital residency programme has been compared with the perceptions of 240 graduate health professionals (dental and medical practitioners, registered nurses and others). There is convincing statistical evidence of pan‐professional support for such a general hospital residency. Better medical preparation of the dental student prior to residency is strongly favoured. Closer links between medicine and dentistry are inevitable as well as being essential for both professions and the community.
A keloidal scar of the floor of the mouth and its associations
Authors: Ow Richard K. K.
Published: May 2009

A case of extensive scarring of the floor of the mouth mucosa is reported. Its unusual position and possible association with keloid formation of the skin is discussed.
Twins and twinning, dentists and dentistry
Authors: Townsend Grant , Richards Lindsay
Published: May 2009

Comparisons of physical features within identical (monozygous) and non‐identical (dizygous) twin pairs have provided valuable insights into the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to observed variability. The special nature of the twinning process itself also provides an opportunity to learn more about early human development, including how body symmetry is determined.

The mechanisms of twinning, mortality and morbidity in twins, determination of body symmetry including the phenomenon of mirror‐imaging, postnatal growth and development of twins, and zygosity determination are discussed.

Twin studies with direct relevance to clinical dentistry are reviewed and illustrated by examples from an ongoing investigation of dentofacial morphology in South Australian twins.
Condylar replacement with a metatarsal bone implant. Case report
Authors: Watson D. E.
Published: May 2009

A case is reported where a metatarsal bone has been used to replace a mandibular condyle which was surgically removed because of a cystic condition in the meniscus.
Panoramic radiographic survey of hypodontia in Australian Defence Force recruits
Authors: Lynham Anthony
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Comprehensive dental examinations and panoramic radiographs were used to determine the prevalence of hypodontia in 662 Australian Defence Force recruits. Of the sampled population, 6.3 per cent exhibited some degree of hypodontia (third molar agenesis excluded). Previous studies produced similar results. Third molar agenesis occurred in 22.7 per cent of the sample which again is in agreement with other studies. There was no statistical difference between the sexes in third molar agenesis; however, there was a significant difference with upper second premolars. Females exhibited an extremely low incidence of absence of maxillary lateral incisors.
Dimensional change of impressions on sterilization
Authors: Chia W. K. , Stevens L. , Basford K. E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The volume of impressions, before and after disinfection in a gluteraldehyde solution for longer than ten hours (that is, sterilization), was measured indirectly from dies produced from the impressions. Three elastomeric impression materials were used in both acrylic resin and poly‐vinyl‐chloride ‘trays’ to form the impressions. One impression material appeared to be practically superior to the others with respect to variability of volume. The effect of tray material on change in volume (calculated as after disinfection minus before disinfection) was significant for one impression material; acrylic trays produced the greatest effect. The change in volume was significant for two impression materials; acrylic trays were associated with greater increase in volume. It was concluded that if impressions are to be sterilized, a tray material having minimal potential to absorb disinfectant should be used.
Silent periods in dysfunction patients: a preliminary study using a novel approach
Authors: Türker K. S. , Wilkinson T. M. , Miles T. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Strong peri‐oral stimulation is known to elicit a transient inhibition in the activity of the jaw‐closing muscles. Several reports have claimed that this ‘silent period’ (SP) is prolonged in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndromes. In the present preliminary study, the biphasic SP evoked by electrical lip stimulation was tested in single motor units in the masseter muscles of dysfunction patients. In comparison with normal subjects, the pattern of the SP was different in the patients in that the shorter‐latency phase predominated over the later phase, whereas the converse is true for normals.
Correlation between fracture properties and clinical performance of composite resins in Class IV cavities
Authors: Tyas Martin J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— One hundred and two Class IV cavities were restored randomly with four composite resins. The restorations were assessed at six months, one year, two years and three years for surface chipping, bulk fracture and incisal wear. The data were correlated with various mechanical properties of the materials. A significant correlation was found between surface chipping/bulk fracture and fracture toughness (P = 0.002), elastic modulus (P = 0.006) and tensile strength (P = 0.045). There was a trend towards an association between incisal wear and both elastic modulus and inherent flaw size. Fracture toughness may be a useful indicator of the clinical performance of composites in Class IV cavities.
Antibiotics and endodontics
Authors: Abbott Paul V. , Hume Wyatt R. , Pearman John W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Antibiotics can be used as an adjunct to endodontic treatment in a number of ways — locally, systemically and prophylactically. The local or intra‐canal use of antibiotics in the form of medicaments is common. However, the commercially available agents for this purpose may not be the ideal mixtures. Systemic antibiotics should be restricted to patients who have local signs of infection, malaise and elevated body temperature. Prophylactic use of antibiotics has been recommended for patients ‘at risk’ of infective endocarditis, in some pre‐surgical situations and following avulsion and replantation of teeth. The tendency towards indiscriminate antibiotic use should be discouraged. The use of broad spectrum drugs should be restricted so that these medications remain effective in serious situations.
The effect of fluoride consumption and social class on dental caries in 8‐year‐old children
Authors: Brown L. P. , Mulqueen T. F. , Storey E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— School dental service data indicate that whilst Melbourne eight‐year‐old children had worse dental health than similar children in the Geelong area in 1979, the situation in 1985 was the reverse. In order to investigate this, and determine the effects of socio‐economic level (SEL), residential history, and fluoride history on dental caries status, 208 eight‐year‐old children in the Melbourne area and 209 eight‐year‐old children in the Geelong area were examined for dental caries. A questionnaire was administered to gain details of subjects' exposure to water and supplement fluorides. The SEL of the subjects' school was used in place of individual SEL. A high proportion (46 per cent) of Geelong subjects used a fluoride supplement at some stage, but few continued this for most of their life. Residential history was important, with 2.4 per cent of the Melbourne subjects living most of their life in a nonfluoridated area and 3.4 per cent of Geelong subjects living most of their life in a fluoridated area. There was a significant difference between the dmft in Melbourne and Geelong when only children who had lived all their life in the city in which they were examined and did not use a fluoride supplement were included. A large part of this difference is attributed to water fluoridation in Melbourne. A substantial number of children would benefit from fluoridation of the reticulated water supply in Geelong, particularly those in the lower social classes.
Survey of dental practice/dental education in Victoria. Part II. Recent graduates/graduating students
Authors: Ralph William J. , Stewart Barry L. , Macmillan Cleo H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The views of recent graduates and graduating students from the University of Melbourne, School of Dental Science, were sought in regard to their training for registration as dentists. Respondents were requested to indicate the emphasis placed on a number of subjects taught in the dental curriculum over the past ten years in relation to their preparedness for general practice. The priorities to be given to basic science and medical subjects, as indicated by the recent graduates in another section of the survey, were related to the judgment of emphasis given in the undergraduate curriculum. With respect to dental subjects, there were some for which a substantial number of respondents (over 60 per cent in each case) indicated that there was insufficient emphasis given during the undergraduate course. These included both ‘Theory’ and ‘Hands on’ aspects of aesthetic dentistry, fixed prosthodontics, occlusion and orthodontics, ‘Hands on’ aspect of care of the special patient, conservative dentistry, endodontics, medical emergencies and oral surgery and, finally the ‘Theory’ aspect of equipment design. Students also considered both aspects of ethics and legal matters, ‘Hands on’ experience for oral function and disorders of oral function and the theoretical aspect of implant dentistry to be deficient. Appreciable numbers of graduates (over 40 per cent for both ‘Theory’ and ‘Hands on’) indicated insufficient emphasis on implant dentistry, patient management, equipment design, ethics and legal matters, practice management/administration, practice promotion and professional relationships. On the other hand, both graduates and students indicated that too much emphasis was placed on biostatistics, the research topic and community dentistry.
The effects of disinfectants on the dimensional stability of alginate impression materials
Authors: Ralph W. J. , Gin S. S. L. , Cheadle D. A. , Harcourt J. K.
Published: May 2009

Glutaraldehyde and hypochlorite solutions have been shown to be effective disinfectants for use in the dental surgery. However, their use in the disinfecting of alginate hydrocolloid impression materials must be open to question since these materials are dimensionally unstable when immersed in aqueous solutions for any length of time. This project investigated the dimensional changes noted in casts poured into alginate impressions which had been stored for up to 60 minutes in either hypochlorite or glutaraldehyde solutions.

All changes measured were considered to be within clinical tolerance.
Aetiology and diagnosis of clinically evident jaw trismus
Authors: Luyk Neil H. , Steinberg Barry
Published: May 2009

Trismus is a common problem presenting to the dental practitioner. It is usually of a benign nature; however a number of types can have serious implications. This review outlines the aetiology and diagnosis of clinically evident jaw trismus.
Some factors influencing the depth of cure of visible light‐activated composite resins
Authors: Atmadja Gunawan , Bryant Roland W.
Published: May 2009

Some of the factors influencing the depth of cure of four composite resins of different composition were examined. Knoop hardness measurements were carried out at the surface and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 mm below the surface to which the light was applied. The hardness of the composites decreased with increasing depth and shorter exposure times. The composites continued to polymerize after removal of the light source. Composition of the composite resin has a major effect on the surface hardness and depth of polymerization.
Effect of humidity on calcium sulphate hemihydrate
Authors: Torrance A. , Darvell B. W.
Published: May 2009

The conversion of calcium sulphate hemihydrate powders to dihydrate by reaction with atmospheric water vapour has been re‐examined gravimetrically. Storage is usually said to be safe at less than ‘70 per cent RH’, but this is shown to be an inadequate criterion (water vapour pressure being more useful in the context) and based on an inappropriate experiment. At 23°C, greater than about 2.3 kPa water vapour pressure caused rapid reaction, and this may be taken as a more reliable critical value.
Inverted papilloma of the maxillary sinus: an unusual cause of a non‐healing extraction socket. Case report
Authors: Hempenstall P. D. , Savage N. W.
Published: May 2009

Although the healing of extraction sites is generally a rapid and uncomplicated process, delayed healing or overt infection of recent extraction sockets may involve a variety of causes and the clinician must be aware pre‐operatively of both local and systemic influences. Retarded or non‐healing extraction sites always require investigation. This paper looks broadly at the subject of non‐healing extraction sites and reports an unusual case involving an inverted papilloma of the maxillary antrum. To the authors' knowledge this is the first reported case of an antral papilloma causing delayed extraction wound healing.
Factor XI deficiency disclosed following haemorrhage related to a dental extraction. Brief review and case report
Authors: Poker I. D. , Reade P. C. , Cook R. M.
Published: May 2009

Factor XI deficiency is a relatively common hereditary coagulation disorder manifested generally as diffuse oozing from a surgical site. Dentists may be the first to discover this deficiency and other coagulopathies after simple tooth extraction.

A case is reported which illustrates a typical presentation of this disorder. The need for haemato‐logical examination and special dental care is discussed.
Bruxism: A review of the literature. Part I
Authors: Faulkner Keith D. B.
Published: May 2009

A review of the literature on bruxism — a condition which has been clinically recognized since the late nineteenth century — is presented. It will be seen that there is not complete agreement on the definition of this activity, and its aetiology and treatment remain controversial.
Interpersonal processes in dentistry. Part II
Authors: Dunstone Stephen
Published: May 2009

This paper relates an investigation of dentists' perceptions of their patients to a literature review of the interpersonal processes involved in professional helping. Although the concerns of dentists were markedly similar to those of other helping professionals there was a difference in priority possibly reflecting situational factors. The priority of the dentists' concerns were patient likeability, manageability and prognosis.

It has been found that, for other helping professionals, four person‐perception processes that occur in everyday life often lead to unfavourable perceptions of clients and work against the motivation to help them. Significant evidence of three of these four processes was found in the constructs described by the dentists. The three processes were: (a) attraction to similarity, (b) personalistic tendency in attributions, and (c) perceptual consequences of the patient's resistance to influence. The fourth process, a tendency to sample negative aspects of patients' behaviour, was not in evidence; on the contrary there was a significant tendency to sample positive aspects of the patients' behaviour by this sample of dentists.
Integration of basic biological sciences and clinical dentistry in the dental curriculum
Authors: Gotjamanos Theo
Published: May 2009

Although dental curricula have undergone significant revision during the past three decades, the problem of linking basic science with clinical dentistry often remains an unmet challenge in dental education. This paper describes the content and method of presentation of a course in oral and dental anatomy which aims to integrate closely basic biological science and clinical dental practice. The course holds considerable promise for overcoming one of the major deficiencies of the horizontally structured curriculum by presenting basic science information and detailing its clinical relevance simultaneously. The academic background, clinical experience, and educational philosophy of the course co‐ordinator and assisting teaching staff are undoubtedly important factors in determining the extent to which integration between basic and clinical science can be achieved.
Survey of dental practice/dental education in Victoria. Part IV. Specialist dental practice
Authors: Stewart Barry L. , Macmillan Cleo H. , Ralph William J.
Published: May 2009

A survey of dentists registered with the Dental Board and resident in the State of Victoria included two sections, one for specialist/restricted practitioners and the other for practitioners, who had gained a postgraduate degree from the University of Melbourne between December 1982 and 1987. The responses of the former suggested that demand for most specialist services appears to be reasonably healthy at the moment and the majority of the latter indicated that they had been adequately trained for specialist practice.

It was suggested that there are several market forces which could influence the number of applicants seeking specialist training in future. Strongest demand was likely to be sustained for oral surgery and orthodontics. This is despite evidence of a decline in demand for specialist orthodontic services in private practice. Attention was drawn to the 1986 Ministerial Review of Dental Services in Victoria, in which concern was expressed for the lack of access to orthodontic services for low income families. It was proposed that more cost‐effective methods of deploying orthodontic personnel could be used, as in other countries, to provide this access.

Demand for specialist services in endodontics, paediatric dentistry, periodontics and prosthodontics could decline in future as general practitioners steadily broaden their range of services through continuing education courses.
The Palatal Training Appliance. Case reports
Authors: Nair B. R. , Gelfius I.
Published: May 2009

Swallowing difficulties are very common in patients who have suffered cerebrovascular accidents. An inexpensive and simple device called the Palatal Training Appliance was tried successfully in four patients. This appliance could be beneficial for more patients and is under‐utilized at present.
Traumatized anterior teeth in children. A 24‐month follow‐up study
Authors: Meon Rusmah
Published: May 2009

The objectives of this Malaysian study were to investigate the relationship between severity of trauma and interval before treatment, and the effect of delayed treatment on prognosis. A total of 123 traumatized permanent incisors were observed over a 24‐month period. Results of this study suggest that the interval between trauma and emergency treatment is directly related to the severity of injury and the level of dental awareness of the patients. However, prognosis of these teeth is greatly influenced by the interval between trauma and initial treatment. Pathological pulp changes in these teeth can occur as late as two years after injury and this justifies the necessity for a long observation period following treatment.
Estimating the prevalence of dental phobias
Authors: Francis R. D. , Stanley G. V.
Published: May 2009

This paper estimates the prevalence of dental phobias in the community. Information collected from diverse sources yields a rate for dental phobias within the range 10–14 per cent. It is concluded that the difficulty experienced in obtaining subjects/clients to undertake remedial programmes to overcome dental fear is not due to a shortage of such phobics in the community at large.
Cracked tooth syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment and correlation between symptoms and post‐extraction findings
Authors: Ehrmann E. H. , Tyas M. J.
Published: May 2009

Although the cracked tooth syndrome has been known for over twenty years, it frequently remains undiagnosed because the condition is not sufficiently well recognized.

Cracked tooth syndrome has been defined as an incomplete fracture of the dentine in a vital posterior tooth, and must be distinguished from a split tooth. A diagnosis can often be made by means of the history, and must be confirmed by reproducing the patient's symptoms. The ideal treatment consists of applying a stainless steel band to the tooth, with cessation of symptoms confirming the diagnosis, followed by a full coverage restoration.

Case histories illustrating the syndrome are presented, and a further case is reported where a diagnosis of cracked tooth syndrome was made, and the tooth extracted, sectioned and stained to show the nature of the cracks and their relationship to the pulp.
Histiocytosis X (Langerhans‐cell histiocytosis) of the palate. Case report
Authors: Loh H. S. , Quah T. C.
Published: May 2009

A case of histiocytosis X (Langerhans‐cell histiocytosis) occurring in the maxilla of a two‐year‐old boy is presented. Common dental and oral conditions were considered and eliminated. Diagnosis was made through a biopsy which showed aggregates of histiocytes. Management consisted of multi‐modal treatment. Full skeletal radiographic survey and review were essential to detect other possible sites of involvement. None was found in this case over a four‐year review.
Laser therapy for a haemophiliac. Case report
Authors: Chellappah N. K. , Loh H. S.
Published: May 2009

With adequate precaution, dental procedures which are likely to cause haemorrhage in haemophiliac patients may now be performed with a greatly reduced risk. A case report of a ‘moderate’ haemophiliac who presented with acute pericoronitis is described. The operculum associated with an erupting molar tooth was excised using a laser beam. Pre‐ or post‐operative infusion of Factor VIM was not required. The applications and possible implications of the use of this treatment modality are discussed.
Mandibular overdenture treatment. Case report
Authors: Best Helen A.
Published: May 2009

Complete mandibular dentures have a significantly lower success rate compared with complete maxillary dentures. Overdentures are feasible alternatives in many instances in attempting to achieve an optimal clinical result.

The case of a 56‐year‐old female patient requiring prosthetic rehabilitation is discussed. A complete maxillary denture and a complete mandibular overdenture were constructed.
Impression material consistency and peripheral tissues
Authors: Thomas C. J.
Published: May 2009

The behaviour of three alginate impression materials was tested In vivo by sectioning the peripheries of a series of impressions in a standard manner and measuring the extension in three directions: buccal, lingual and into the depth of the sulcus. The three materials used reacted in accordance with their various consistencies. There were statistically significant differences between all the materials in the inferior measurement, but very few differences in the buccal dimension. Lingually however, one extended significantly further than the other two. It is concluded that the facial tissues, probably muscles, play a restraining role in buccal impression material extension but that the inferior and lingual extensions are more susceptible to the consistency of the material rather than the tissues. This should be carefully considered before selecting a suitable material for impressions.
RAS oncogene product expression in normal and malignant oral mucosa
Authors: Freer Elissa , Savage N. W. , Seymour G. J. , Dunn T. L. , Lavin M. F. , Gardiner R. A.
Published: May 2009

Proto‐oncogenes are important in both normal cellular differentiation and in carcinogenesis. The majority of transforming genes belong to the ras family and the ras gene product has been shown to be elevated in some oral carcinomas. RAP‐5 monoclonal antibody was used to determine the expression of the p21ras protein in normal and neoplastic oral mucosa in an immunohistological study. The expression of p21ras protein was generally restricted to acanthous cells with strong staining in normal oral mucosa and well‐differentiated carcinomas. In contrast, the p21ras protein was not detected in significant amounts in severely dysplastic lesions and poorly differentiated carcinomas. These results suggest that expression of p21ras is a normal feature of more fully differentiated tissues, both normal and neoplastic, and is not useful as an indicator of cell proliferation or ‘malignant potential’.
Interpersonal processes in dentistry. Part I
Authors: Dunstone Stephen
Published: May 2009

An investigation of dentists' perceptions of their patients found that they were markedly similar to each other and to the perceptions other professional helpers have of their patients. It is suggested that this concurrence of perceptions reflects similar concerns about patients, in particular likeability, manageability, and prognosis. It has been established that several everyday person‐perception processes work against forming favourable perception of patients and that this reduces the helpers' motivation to help them. In common with other professional helpers, these person‐perception processes were evident in the perceptions of the dentists in this sample.
The oral health of the elderly in Melbourne
Authors: Bergman J. D. , Wright F. A. C. , Hammond R. H.
Published: May 2009

A survey of 303 subjects over the age of 60 years collected demographic and oral health status data for analysis. The majority of the sample (64.2 per cent) were edentulous. Over 90 per cent of the dentate subjects required scaling and the removal of plaque (CPITN score of TN2); however, just less than half of the sextants examined were excluded because they contained fewer than two functional teeth. About one‐third of the dentate subjects required no treatment for dental caries. Of those who required treatment, most needed only one restoration of any particular type. Total tooth loss was associated with gender, level of education, previous occupation, and birthplace. The need for complex periodontal treatment (TN3) was not high, nor was there a high prevalence of root or cervical dental caries.
Dimensional accuracy of small gold alloy castings. Part 1. A brief history and the behaviour of inlay waxes
Authors: Morey Erica F.
Published: May 2009

Part 1 reviews published studies which relate to materials and techniques contributing to the dimensional accuracy of small dental castings. A brief history of the cire perdue or lost‐wax method of casting alloys and the development of modern dental casting materials and techniques are presented. Data on the behaviour of inlay wax, in particular its contraction and distortion, are reviewed as is the extensive literature about the casting shrinkage of gold alloys (Part 2) and the setting and thermal expansion of investments under both laboratory and practical conditions (Part 3). Part 4 discusses the role of the casting ring and its asbestos liner. Asbestos as a liner has now largely been replaced by two alternative materials, one based on cellulose and the other on ceramic fibres. The limited literature on the effect of these newer materials on casting accuracy is also reviewed, as their introduction may require significant changes in the traditional technology of dental casting.
Amalgam and composite resin as an alternative to crown and bridgework in the rehabilitation of an extensively debilitated dentition. Case report
Authors: Roessler David M.
Published: May 2009

A less expensive alternative to alloy‐ceramic crown and bridgework is presented. The aetiology and effects of the extensively debilitated dentition and a treatment rationale are briefly reviewed. A report of the technique and the result of one clinical case then follows.
Maxillary nerve block anaesthesia via the greater palatine canal: A modified technique and case reports
Authors: Wong John D. , Sved Anthony M.
Published: May 2009

A modification of the technique of maxillary nerve block (via the greater palatine canal) is discussed. This technique has been employed in the Exodontia and Oral Surgery Clinics of the United Dental Hospital of Sydney for more than 40 years. Clinical experience in that time has shown that once the greater palatine canal has been negotiated successfully, the palatal canal approach to the maxillary nerve is safe and reliable.

The value of being able to anaesthetize the maxillary nerve and its branches is illustrated by the presentation of two clinical cases where local anaesthesia was achieved and the extractions performed in patients who would otherwise have required a general anaesthetic for the procedures.
Cephalometric errors: A comparison between repeat measurements and retaken radiographs
Authors: Cooke Michael S. , Wei Stephen H. Y.
Published: May 2009

This study compares landmark location errors in cephalometric radiography (when re‐measuring radiographs) and radiographic errors (when retaking the radiograph). The samples comprised 32 remeasured and re‐digitized radiographs and a further series of 22 retaken radiographs drawn from the same overall sample of 12‐year‐old Chinese children in Hong Kong. All radiographs were recorded in natural head posture with the lips in light contact.

The relative size of the errors were assessed by calculating the ‘error percentage’ for both selected dento‐skeletal and soft tissue profile measures. It is suggested that this index is clinically more meaningful than the usually used ‘method error’. It expresses the variance of the method error (me2) as a percentage of the variance of the measurement under study (standard deviation2).

This error percentage was found to be doubled, on average, for measurements on the retaken radiographs. In general, measures with most landmarks in the mid‐sagittal plane showed the least increase in percentage error. The results suggest that errors arising from retaking cephalometric radiographs may effectively be greater than those usually reported. The Frankfort plane, the functional occlusal plane and the incisor long axes displayed poor reproducibility. For the soft tissues the lips served as poor angular landmarks and relatively acute angles with short ‘arms’ also displayed large errors.
The range of functional mandibular movement in bruxists. 2. Materials and method
Authors: Faulkner Keith D. B.
Published: May 2009

Part 2 of this investigation of the range of functional mandibular movement of bruxists consists of the examination (via history, questionnaire and clinical observation) and recording of the mandibular movement of a variety of subjects, non‐bruxist and bruxist.
Comparison between two Procion dyes and Alizarin Red to assess marginal leakage in resin restorations. A laboratory study
Authors: Gage J. P. , Clarke D. F.
Published: May 2009

To assess the width of the gaps that may occur in resin restorations bonded to dentine, buccal and lingual cavities were prepared in 18 caries‐ and restoration‐free extracted molar teeth. All teeth were restored with composite resin. Nine of the teeth were then thermocycled for five hours. All teeth were stained with 0.5 per cent, 1.0 per cent or 1.5 per cent solutions of chloro‐s‐triazinyl dyes (Reactive Red and Reactive Orange 14) or Alizarin Red in order to assess the effectiveness of each stain in detecting marginal leakage. Quantitative assessment indicated that Reactive Orange 14 was superior to the other two stains as it more clearly defined the marginal gaps of the restorations. This superiority was evident for both thermocycled and non‐thermocycled teeth.