bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and function of proteolysis regulators in seminal fluid
Authors: LaFlamme Brooke A. , Wolfner Mariana F.
Published: October 2012

Proteins in the seminal fluid of animals with internal fertilization effect numerous responses in mated females that impact both male and female fertility. Among these proteins is the highly represented class of proteolysis regulators (proteases and their inhibitors). Though proteolysis regulators have now been identified in the seminal fluid of all animals in which proteomic studies of the seminal fluid have been conducted (as well as several other species in which they have not), a unified understanding of the importance of proteolysis to male fertilization success and other reproductive processes has not yet been achieved. In this review, we provide an overview of the identification of proteolysis regulators in the seminal fluid of humans and Drosophila melanogaster, the two species with the most comprehensively known seminal fluid proteomes. We also highlight reports demonstrating the functional significance of specific proteolysis regulators in reproductive and post‐mating processes. Finally, we make broad suggestions for the direction of future research into the roles of both active seminal fluid proteolysis regulators and their inactive homologs, another significant class of seminal fluid proteins. We hope that this review aids researchers in pursuing a coordinated study of the functional significance of proteolysis regulators in semen. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Human Thrombin: A Pooled Analysis of Results from 10 Clinical Trials
Authors: Singla Neil K. , Foster Kevin N. , Alexander W. Allan , Pribble John P.
Published: October 2012

Study Objective

To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant human thrombin (rThrombin), an active topical stand‐alone hemostatic agent.

Design

Analysis of pooled data from 10 rThrombin clinical trials.

Patients

A total of 644 adult and pediatric patients treated with rThrombin; 609 patients were included in the immunogenicity analysis.

Measurements and Main Results

In all studies, rThrombin was applied during a single surgical procedure (day 1); the procedures consisted of spinal procedures, major hepatic resection, peripheral arterial bypass, arteriovenous graft formation for hemodialysis access, and synchronous burn wound excision and skin grafting. A dosage of 1000 IU/ml of rThrombin was administered for more than 99% of patients. Adverse events and clinical laboratory values were monitored through day 29. Blood samples were obtained for immunogenicity analyses before the procedure and on day 29. Adverse events were mild or moderate in severity for the majority of patients; no patients discontinued from an rThrombin study due to adverse events. The most commonly reported adverse events in the 644 patients were incision site pain (305 patients [47.4%]), procedural pain (215 patients [33.4%]), and nausea (170 patients [26.4%]). Five patients (0.8%) died during the studies; all deaths were considered unrelated to rThrombin treatment. Antibodies to the rThrombin product developed in 5 (0.8%, 95% confidence interval 0.4–2.8%) of 609 patients by day 29, approximately 1 month after treatment; these antibodies did not neutralize the activity of native human thrombin. The development of antibodies did not appear to differ substantively by type of surgical procedure, amount of rThrombin administered, or patient age.

Conclusion

Recombinant human thrombin was well tolerated, and adverse events were consistent with those reported in the postoperative setting in the surgical populations studied. Approximately 1 month after treatment, less than 1% of the patients had developed antibodies to the rThrombin product, and these antibodies did not neutralize the activity of native human thrombin. These results support the safety of rThrombin when used as a topical aid to hemostasis in numerous surgical settings and for patients of differing ages.
Comparison of Prescription Drug Costs in the United States and the United Kingdom, Part 3: Methylphenidate
Authors: Jick Hershel , Wilson Andrew , Wiggins Peter , Chamberlin Douglas P.
Published: October 2012

Study Objective

To compare the annual cost of methylphenidate in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Design

Matched‐cohort cost analysis.

Data Sources

The U.K. General Practice Research Database (GPRD) and MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database, a large, U.S. self‐insured medical claims database.

Study Population

We initially identified 1.6 million people in the GPRD who were younger than 65 years of age in 2005. These people were then matched by year of birth and sex with 1.6 million people in the U.S. database. From this matched pool, we estimated that 98,000 boys aged 5–14 years from each country in 2005 were prescribed at least one drug. Of these, 6485 (6.6%) in the U.S. were prescribed methylphenidate compared with 1405 (1.4%) in the U.K. After excluding those who did not receive methylphenidate continuously, there remained 2298 boys in the U.S. and 939 in the U.K. who were prescribed methylphenidate continuously during 2005 (annual methylphenidate users). We estimated and compared drug costs (presented in 2005 U.S. dollars) for continuous users separately in the two countries.

Measurements and Main Results

Estimated drug costs were determined by random sampling. Estimated annual costs/patient in the U.S. ranged from $402 for doses of 5–10 mg to $821 for doses greater than 20 mg. In the U.K., costs ranged from $146 for doses of 5–10 mg to $661 for doses greater than 20 mg. The total annual cost of the continuous receipt of methylphenidate in the U.S. was $170,199 compared with $39,393 in the U.K.

Conclusion

The cost of methylphenidate for boys aged 5–14 years paid by private insurance companies in the U.S. was more than 4 times higher than comparable costs paid by the government in the U.K.
Process Indicators of Quality Clinical Pharmacy Services During Transitions of Care
Authors:   American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Kirwin Jennifer , Canales Ann E. , Bentley Michael L. , Bungay Kathy , Chan Tammy , Dobson Erica , Holder Renee M. , Johnson Daniel , Lilliston Andrea , Mohammad Rima A. , Spinler Sarah A.
Published: October 2012

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy charged the Public and Professional Relations Committee to develop a short white paper describing quality measures of clinical pharmacists' patient care services in transitional care settings. Transitional care describes patient movement from one health care setting or service to another. Care transitions are associated with an increased risk of adverse events for patients. Pharmacists play an important role in ensuring that medication errors and adverse events are minimized during these transitions, largely through the reconciliation of medications and assurance of continuity of care. Quality measures are often divided into three domains: structure, process, and outcome. Given the typical nature of the pharmacist's role, process indicators are best suited to evaluate quality clinical pharmacist services. However, process indicators relevant to pharmacists' activities are not yet fully described in the literature. The committee searched available literature describing quality measures that are directly influenced by the pharmacist during care transitions. This white paper describes these process indicators as quality measures of clinical pharmacists' services, identifies the transitional settings and activities to which they are most applicable, and provides the published sources from which indicators were derived. For process indicators that could not be found in published sources, we propose relevant measures that can be adapted for use in a given setting. As pharmacists become more involved in diverse and emerging patient care areas such as transitional care, it will be critical that they use these types of measures to document the quality of new services and reinforce the need for pharmacist participation during transitions of care.
Improving Care Transitions: Current Practice and Future Opportunities for Pharmacists
Authors:   American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Hume Anne L. , Kirwin Jennifer , Bieber Heather L. , Couchenour Rachel L. , Hall Deanne L. , Kennedy Amy K. , LaPointe Nancy M. Allen , D.O. Burkhardt Crystal , Schilli Kathleen , Seaton Terry , Trujillo Jennifer , Wiggins Barbara
Published: October 2012

During the past decade, patient safety issues during care transitions have gained greater attention at both the local and national level. Readmission rates to U.S. hospitals are high, often because of poor care transitions. Serious adverse drug events (ADEs) caused by an incomplete understanding of changes in complex drug regimens can be an important factor contributing to readmission rates. This paper describes the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in ensuring optimal outcomes from drug therapy during care transitions. Barriers to effective care transitions, including inadequate communication, poor care coordination, and the lack of one clinician ultimately responsible for these transitions, are discussed. This paper also identifies specific patient populations at high risk of ADEs during care transitions. Several national initiatives and newer care transition models are discussed, including multi‐ and interdisciplinary programs with pharmacists as key members. Among their potential roles, pharmacists should participate on medical rounds where available, perform medication reconciliation and admission drug histories, apply their knowledge of drug therapy to anticipate and resolve problems during transitions, communicate changes in drug regimens between providers and care settings, assess the appropriateness and patient understanding of drug regimens, promote adherence, and assess health literacy. In addition, this paper identifies barriers and ongoing challenges limiting greater involvement of pharmacists from different practice settings during care transitions. Professional degree programs and residency training programs should increase their emphasis on pharmacists' roles, especially as part of interdisciplinary teams, in improving patient safety during care transitions in diverse practice settings. This paper also recommends that Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) standards include specific language regarding the exposure of students to issues regarding care transitions and that students have several opportunities to practice the skills needed for effective care transitions. Moreover, reimbursement mechanisms that permit greater pharmacist involvement in providing medication assistance to patients going through care transitions should be explored. Although health information technology offers the potential for safer care transitions, pharmacists' use of information technology must be integrated into the national initiatives for pharmacists to be effectively involved in care transitions. This paper concludes with a discussion about the importance of recognizing and addressing health literacy issues to promote patient empowerment during and after care transitions.
Bridging the Gap: Preservice Teachers and Their Knowledge of Working With English Language Learners
Authors: Hutchinson Mary
Published: October 2012

A good deal of attention has been focused on the need to prepare teachers to work with the increasing number of English language learners (ELLs) in today's classrooms. Many would argue that this preparation should be provided at the preservice level so that new teachers are ready to meet the demands of all learners, but in particular ELLs. However, teacher education programs are challenged to incorporate this kind of preparation into the existing curriculum, which is heavily laden with other core certification requirements. This study explores the impact of a three‐credit foundations course for teaching English language learners and its corresponding field experience component of observing ELLs offered as part of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree program in elementary education. Data was collected from a pre‐ and post‐Language Attitudes of Teachers Scale survey (Byrnes & Kiger, 1994) and from the preservice teachers' classroom observation reports. The findings from this study show an increase in tolerance and knowledge of ELLs and support for them in the schools. The results present a compelling case to integrate these kinds of experiences into existing teacher preparation programs.
Experimental micromechanical characterisation of wood cell walls
Authors: Eder Michaela , Arnould Olivier , Dunlop John W. C. , Hornatowska Joanna , Salmén Lennart
Published: October 2012

The properties of wood and wood-based materials are strongly dependent on the properties of the fibres, that is, the cell wall properties. It is thus highly important to be able to mechanically characterise cell walls in order to understand structure–property relationships. This article gives a brief overview of the state of the art in experimental techniques to characterise the mechanical properties of wood at both the level of the single cell and that of the cell wall. Challenges, opportunities, drawbacks and limitations of single fibre tensile tests and nanoindentation are discussed with respect to the wood material properties.
Uptake of α‐Linolenic Acid and Its Conversion to Long Chain Omega‐3 Fatty Acids in Rats Fed Microemulsions of Linseed Oil
Authors: Sugasini D. , Lokesh B. R.
Published: October 2012

The present work was designed to prepare linseed oil (LSO) microemulsion and explore the possibility of enhancing the uptake and utilization of α‐linolenic acid (ALA) present in LSO. The bioavailability of encapsulated LSO as against native oil was monitored in rats by measuring the uptake in vitro using the intestinal everted sac model and in‐vivo administration of microemulsions of LSO to rats for a period of 30 days. Microemulsions were prepared by using different binding materials such as gum acacia, whey protein and lipoid. When LSO was encapsulated with gum acacia, whey protein and lipoid, the levels of ALA uptake into intestinal sacs was increased by 6, 17 and 28 % as compared to oil given without encapsulation. EPA and DHA were not observed in the oil absorbed by intestinal everted sacs when given as emulsions with gum acacia or whey protein. When LSO was given as microemulsions with lipoid, EPA + DHA was observed in oil absorbed by intestinal sacs. Similarly when LSO was given as a lipoid emulsion by intubation to rats, the EPA and DHA in serum lipids were found to be 41 and 34 μg/ml, respectively while rats given LSO without encapsulation contained EPA and DHA at 9.1 and 8.8 μg/ml, respectively. Similar changes in omega‐3 fatty acid content in liver lipids were observed when LSO was given as a microemulsion with lipoid. This study indicated that ALA was taken up and metabolized to long chain omega‐3 PUFA when given as microemulsion with lipoid.
Pollen Records of Vegetation and Inferred Climate Change in South-western Madhya Pradesh during the Last ca. 3800 Years
Authors: Chauhan M. S. , Quamar M. F.
Published: October 2012

Pollen analysis of 1.5m deep sediment core from Sapna Lake, Betul District (M.P.) has demonstrated that between 3,800 and 2,700 yr BP, open Acacia-dominant scrub forests interspersed with stretches of herbaceous vegetation comprising grasses, sedges, Asteraceae, Cheno/Am, etc., occurred in the region under a regime of dry climate. A few trees of Madhuca indica, Holoptelea, Shorea robusta, Lagerstroemia parviflora, etc. were also sparingly distributed therein. The vicinity of the lake was under cereal-based agricultural practice as portrayed by the presence of Cerealia and other culture pollen taxa viz., Cheno/Am, Caryophyllaceae, Artemisia and Cannabis sativa. Around 2,700 to 1,260 yr BP the Acacia-dominant scrub forests were succeeded by the open mixed deciduous forests as evidenced from the improvement in frequencies of Madhuca indica, Sapotaceae, Holoptelea, Shorea robusta as well as sporadic invasion of Terminalia, Mitragyna, Flacourtia, Grewia, Lannea coromandelica, etc. This enhancement in the forest floristic reflects the initiation of a warm and humid climate possibly in response to increasing monsoon precipitation. Owing to the prevailing favourable climatic condition there was acceleration in the agricultural practice as indicated by the rising trend of Cerealia and other culture pollen taxa. Since 1,260 yr BP onwards the depletion in the prominent forest constituents such as Madhuca indica, Sapotaceae, Shorea robusta, Holoptelea and other associated trees implies that the forests turned more sparse and less diversified due to the inception of a warm and less humid climate, attributable to reduced monsoon precipitation. However, the agricultural practice continued with almost same intensity as before, because the Cerealia and other culture pollen taxa remain unchanged.
Modeling and Forecasting Health Expectancy: Theoretical Framework and Application
Authors: Majer Istvan M. , Stevens Ralph , Nusselder Wilma J. , Mackenbach Johan P. , van Baal Pieter H. M.
Published: October 2012

Life expectancy continues to grow in most Western countries; however, a major remaining question is whether longer life expectancy will be associated with more or fewer life years spent with poor health. Therefore, complementing forecasts of life expectancy with forecasts of health expectancies is useful. To forecast health expectancy, an extension of the stochastic extrapolative models developed for forecasting total life expectancy could be applied, but instead of projecting total mortality and using regular life tables, one could project transition probabilities between health states simultaneously and use multistate life table methods. In this article, we present a theoretical framework for a multistate life table model in which the transition probabilities depend on age and calendar time. The goal of our study is to describe a model that projects transition probabilities by the Lee-Carter method, and to illustrate how it can be used to forecast future health expectancy with prediction intervals around the estimates. We applied the method to data on the Dutch population aged 55 and older, and projected transition probabilities until 2030 to obtain forecasts of life expectancy, disability-free life expectancy, and probability of compression of disability.
Surface Sensing and Settlement Strategies of Marine Biofouling Organisms
Authors: Rosenhahn A. , Sendra G. H.
Published: October 2012

This review article summarizes some recent insights into the strategies used by marine organisms to select surfaces for colonization. While larger organisms rely on their sensory machinery to select surfaces, smaller microorganisms developed less complex but still effective ways to probe interfaces. Two examples, zoospores of algae and barnacle larvae, are discussed and both appear to have build-in test mechanisms to distinguish surfaces with different physicochemical properties. Some systematic studies on the influence of surface cues on exploration, settlement and adhesion are summarized. The intriguing notion that surface colonization resembles a parallelized surface sensing event is discussed towards its complementarity with conventional surface analytical tools. The strategy to populate only selected surfaces seems advantageous as waves, currents and storms constantly challenge adherent soft and hard fouling organism.
Identifying Potential Areas of Infectivity on High‐Touch Locations in the OR
Authors: Vande Leest LoAnn , Kawczynski Rick , Esser Lipp Fawn , Barrientos Rebecca
Published: October 2012

Personnel at an ambulatory surgery center in Franklin, Wisconsin, used the nationwide emphasis on minimizing health care–associated infections as the impetus to set up an investigation to determine the effectiveness of cleaning procedures for the OR and stationary OR equipment. During the course of one week, we examined areas that we considered to be high touch (ie, with the greatest frequency of multiple hand contacts) for effective cleaning and decontamination in one OR by using a commercial cleaning verification system commonly used in the food service industry and standard culture methods. As a result of this project, we determined that the cleaning and disinfection at our facility was effective. In the process, we gained insight into the dynamics of the cleaning procedure under actual conditions. This project reports a simple method of maintaining or improving cleaning protocols in a cost‐effective manner.
Clinical Issues
Authors: Van Wicklin Sharon A.
Published: October 2012

This Month

Filling pain pump reservoirs

Key words: pain pumps, reservoirs, compounded sterile preparations, US Pharmacopeia chapter <797>.

Laparoscopic procedures involving abdominal and perineal areas

Key words: laparoscopic, perineal, sterile technique, clean‐contaminated.

Postprocedure cleaning of the OR

Key words: health care‐associated infections, environmental surfaces, Environmental Protection Agency‐registered disinfectant.

Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in pregnant women

Key words: venous thromboembolism, prophylaxis, pregnant women.
Novel function of transthyretin in pancreatic alpha cells
Authors: Su Yu , Jono Hirofumi , Misumi Yohei , Senokuchi Takafumi , Guo Jianying , Ueda Mitsuharu , Shinriki Satoru , Tasaki Masayoshi , Shono Makoto , Obayashi Konen , Yamagata Kazuya , Araki Eiichi , Ando Yukio
Published: October 2012

Although transthyretin (TTR) is expressed in pancreatic alpha (glucagon) cells in the islets of Langerhans, the function of TTR in pancreatic alpha cells remains unknown. In this study, by using TTR knockout (TTR KO) mice, we determined the novel role of TTR in glucose homeostasis. We demonstrated that TTR KO mice evidenced impaired recovery of blood glucose and glucagon levels. Lack of TTR induced significantly lower levels of glucagon in the islets of Langerhans. These results suggest that TTR expressed in pancreatic alpha cells may play important roles in glucose homeostasis via regulating the expression of glucagon.
Identification of a HAD superfamily phosphatase, HdpA, involved in 1,3‐dihydroxyacetone production during sugar catabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Jojima Toru , Igari Takafumi , Gunji Wataru , Suda Masako , Inui Masayuki , Yukawa Hideaki
Published: October 2012

Corynebacterium glutamicum produces 1,3‐dihydroxyacetone (DHA) as metabolite of sugar catabolism but the responsible enzyme is yet to be identified. Using a transposon mutant library, the gene hdpA (cgR_2128) was shown to encode a haloacid dehalogenase superfamily member that catalyzes dephosphorylation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to produce DHA. Inactivation of hdpA led to a drastic decrease in DHA production from each of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, indicating that HdpA is the main enzyme responsible for DHA production from sugars in C. glutamicum. Confirmation of DHA production via dihydroxyacetone phosphatase finally confirms a long‐speculated route through which bacteria produce DHA.
DUSP6 is a novel transcriptional target of p53 and regulates p53‐mediated apoptosis by modulating expression levels of Bcl‐2 family proteins
Authors: Piya Sujan , Kim Ji Young , Bae Jeehyeon , Seol Dai-Wu , Moon Ae Ran , Kim Tae-Hyoung
Published: October 2012

p53 regulates various cellular responses through transcriptional regulation of distinct sets of target genes. Dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) is a cytosolic phosphatase that inactivates the extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). This study demonstrates that p53 transactivates DUSP6 in human colorectal HCT116 cells to regulate ERK1/2 in p53‐mediated cell death. DUSP6 is transactivated by p53 overexpression and genotoxic agents, and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed two p53‐binding sites in the DUSP6 promoter responsible for DUSP6 induction. Expression of shDUSP6 inhibited 5′‐FU‐induced cell death, whereas overexpression of DUSP6 increased susceptibility to 5′‐FU. 5′‐FU treatment dephosphorylated ERK in a DUSP6‐dependent manner, resulting in destabilization of Bcl‐2 and stabilization of Bad. These results provide insights on the modulatory role of p53 in the survival pathway by up‐regulating DUSP6.
Effect of microstructural anisotropy on the fluid–particle drag force and the stability of the uniformly fluidized state
Authors: Holloway William , Sun Jin , Sundaresan Sankaran
Published: October 2012

Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of fluid flow through sheared assemblies of monodisperse spherical particles have been performed. The friction coefficient tensor extracted from these simulations is found to become progressively more anisotropic with increasing Péclet number, $Pe= \dot {\gamma } {d}^{2} / D$, where $\dot {\gamma } $ is the shear rate, $d$ is the particle diameter, and $D$ is the particle self-diffusivity. A model is presented for the anisotropic friction coefficient, and the model constants are related to changes in the particle microstructure. Linear stability analysis of the two-fluid model equations including the anisotropic drag force model developed in the present study reveals that the uniformly fluidized state of low Reynolds number suspensions is most unstable to mixed mode disturbances that take the form of vertically travelling waves having both vertical and transverse structures. As the Stokes number increases, the transverse-to-vertical wavenumber ratio decreases towards zero; i.e. the transverse structure becomes progressively less prominent. Fully nonlinear two-fluid model simulations of moderate to high Stokes number suspensions reveal that the anisotropic drag model leads to coarser gas–particle flow structures than the isotropic drag model.
Drag reduction due to spatial thermal modulations
Authors: Hossain M. Z. , Floryan D. , Floryan J. M.
Published: October 2012

It is demonstrated that a significant drag reduction for pressure-driven flows can be realized by applying spatially distributed heating. The heating creates separation bubbles that separate the stream from the bounding walls and, at the same time, alter the distribution of the Reynolds stress, thereby providing a propulsive force. The strength of this effect is of practical interest for heating with wavenumbers $\ensuremath{\alpha} = O(1)$ and for flows with small Reynolds numbers and, thus, it is of potential interest for applications in micro-channels. Explicit results given for a very simple sinusoidal heating demonstrate that the drag-reducing effect increases proportionally to the second power of the heating intensity. This increase saturates if the heating becomes too intense. Drag reduction decreases as ${\ensuremath{\alpha} }^{4} $ when the heating wavenumber becomes too small, and as ${\ensuremath{\alpha} }^{\ensuremath{-} 7} $ when the heating wavenumber becomes too large; this decrease is due to the reduction in the magnitude of the Reynolds stress. The drag reduction can reach up to 87 % for the heating intensities of interest and heating patterns corresponding to the most effective heating wavenumber.
Finite-Péclet-number effects on the scaling exponents of high-order passive scalar structure functions
Authors: Lepore J. , Mydlarski L.
Published: October 2012

The effect of scalar-field (temperature) boundary conditions on the inertial-convective-range scaling exponents of the high-order passive scalar structure functions is studied in the turbulent, heated wake downstream of a circular cylinder. The temperature field is generated two ways: using (i) a heating element embedded within the cylinder that generates the hydrodynamic wake (thus creating a heated cylinder) and (ii) a mandoline (an array of fine, heated wires) installed downstream of the cylinder. The hydrodynamic field is independent of the scalar-field boundary conditions/injection methods, and the same in both flows. Using the two heat injection mechanisms outlined above, the inertial-convective-range scaling exponents of the high-order passive scalar structure functions were measured. It is observed that the different scalar-field boundary conditions yield significantly different scaling exponents (with the magnitude of the difference increasing with structure function order). Moreover, the exponents obtained from the mandoline experiment are smaller than the analogous exponents from the heated cylinder experiment (both of which exhibit a significant departure from the Kolmogorov prediction). Since the observed deviation from the Kolmogorov $n/ 3$ prediction arises due to the effects of internal intermittency, the typical interpretation of this result would be that the scalar field downstream of the mandoline is more internally intermittent than that generated by the heated cylinder. However, additional measures of internal intermittency (namely the inertial-convective-range scaling exponents of the mixed, sixth-order, velocity–temperature structure functions and the non-centred autocorrelations of the dissipation rate of scalar variance) suggest that both scalar fields possess similar levels of internal intermittency – a distinctly different conclusion. Examination of the normalized high-order moments reveals that the smaller scaling exponents (of the high-order passive scalar structure functions) obtained for the mandoline experiment arise due to the smaller thermal integral length scale of the flow (i.e. the narrower inertial-convective subrange) and are not solely the result of a more intermittent scalar field. The difference in the passive scalar structure function scaling exponents can therefore be interpreted as an artifact of the different, finite Péclet numbers of the flows under consideration – an effect that is notably less prominent in the other measures of internal intermittency.
Erythrocyte stearidonic acid and othern-3 fatty acids and CHD in the Physicians' Health Study
Authors: Matsumoto Chisa , Matthan Nirupa R. , Wilk Jemma B. , Lichtenstein Alice H. , Gaziano J. Michael , Djoussé Luc
Published: October 2012

Intake of marine-basedn-3 fatty acids (EPA, docosapentaenoic acid and DHA) is recommended to prevent CHD. Stearidonic acid (SDA), a plant-basedn-3 fatty acid, is a precursor of EPA and may be more readily converted to EPA than α-linolenic acid (ALA). While transgenic soyabeans might supply SDA at low cost, it is unclear whether SDA is associated with CHD risk. Furthermore, associations of othern-3 fatty acids with CHD risk remain inconsistent. The present ancillary study examined the association of erythrocyte SDA as well as othern-3 fatty acids with the risk of CHD. In a prospective nested case–control study of the Physicians' Health Study, we randomly selected 1000 pairs of incident CHD with matching controls. Erythrocyte fatty acids were measured using GC. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate relative risks. Mean age was 68·7 (sd8·7) years. In a multivariable model controlling for matching factors and established CHD risk factors, OR for CHD for each standard deviation increase of log-SDA was 1·03 (95 % CI 0·90, 1·18). Corresponding values for log-ALA and log-marinen-3 fatty acids were 1·04 (95 % CI 0·94, 1·16) and 0·97 (95 % CI 0·88, 1·07), respectively. In conclusion, the present data did not show an association among erythrocyte SDA, ALA or marinen-3 fatty acids and the risk of CHD in male physicians.
THE ROLE OF AN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ADVISER TO GOVERNMENT
Authors: Bouwhuis Stephen
Published: October 2012

At a time when globalization is driving greater connections between governments, this article examines a key facilitator of such connections, namely the international legal adviser. It elaborates on their role, how they are selected, how their offices are structured and what makes a good international legal adviser.
DISENTANGLING THE SOURCES AND NATURE OF INDIGENOUS RIGHTS: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF COMMON LAW JURISPRUDENCE
Authors: Bulkan Arif
Published: October 2012

The ‘indigenous renaissance’ of the last few decades continues to generate copious litigation around the Commonwealth. While courts frequently invoke common principles, it would be going too far to say that a unified jurisprudence exists. Moreover, modern jurisprudence in this area is arguably inconsistent and frequently discriminatory, which means that borrowing across jurisdictions should proceed cautiously, mindful of localized nuances and limitations. This article argues that any suggestion that the common law as it has evolved in any particular jurisdiction should be emulated as a model indigenous rights theory must be rigorously scrutinized, for indiscriminate application of doctrines could lead to discordant outcomes.
GlideScope-assisted nerve integrity monitoring tube placement for intra-operative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring
Authors: Kanotra S P , Kuriloff D B , Lesser J , Rest-Flarer F
Published: October 2012

Objective:

The proper positioning of the Nerve Integrity Monitoring® endotracheal tube during recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring is of paramount importance. This article describes our experience with the GlideScope® and explains how it can facilitate the accurate placement of the Nerve Integrity Monitoring endotracheal tube.

Methods:

Endotracheal intubation with the Nerve Integrity Monitoring endotracheal tube was performed in 250 patients undergoing thyroidectomies using the GlideScope video laryngoscope. The correct positioning of the tube was determined according to impedance values of less than 5 kohm and an impedance imbalance of less than 1 kohm.

Results:

Successful intubation was achieved in all cases. The GlideScope aided the correct placement of the Nerve Integrity Monitoring endotracheal tube in the majority of the cases.

Conclusion:

The GlideScope provides an excellent means to ensure the correct positioning of the Nerve Integrity Monitoring tube. It allows both the surgeon and the anaesthesiologist to participate in the intubation process and confirm correct placement of the tube, whilst also allowing gentle intubation with improved visibility.
Quantum statistical properties of free-electron laser with ion-channel guiding
Authors: MEHDIAN H. , ALIMOHAMADI M. , HASANBEIGI A.
Published: October 2012

The operation of the quantum free-electron lasers (QFELs) with a helical wiggler and in the presence of ion-channel guiding is considered. The quantum Hamiltonian of single particle has been derived in the Bambini-Renieri (BR) frame. Time dependent wave function and three constants of motion are obtained. The Raman-Nath equation (RNE) and its approximation solution have been calculated, and then the resulted solution has been employed to obtain the quantum gain, photon statistics parameter and squeezing parameter. A quantum approach has been used to get quantum statistical properties of the FEL and the photon gain formula for the small signal gain limit. It is found that the ion-channel guiding decreases the squeezing. Also, the conditions for positive (bunching) and negative (antibunching) gain have been studied numerically.
Effectiveness of trivalent and monovalent influenza vaccines against laboratory-confirmed influenza infection in persons with medically attended influenza-like illness in Bavaria, Germany, 2010/2011 season
Authors: ENGLUND H. , CAMPE H. , HAUTMANN W.
Published: October 2012

We estimated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of trivalent and monovalent influenza vaccines, respectively, against laboratory-confirmed influenza infections in patients with influenza-like illness who visited physicians participating in the Bayern Influenza Sentinel in Bavaria, Germany during 2010/2011. Swab specimens were analysed for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3) and B by PCR. VE was estimated using the test-negative case-control study design and logistic regression. In total, 1866 patients (790 cases, 1076 controls) were included. The VE of trivalent vaccines administered in season 2010/2011 against laboratory-confirmed infection with any influenza virus, adjusted for age group, sex, chronic illness and week of arrival of the specimen, was 67·8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 39·2–82·9)]. The adjusted VE of monovalent influenza vaccines administered in season 2009/2010 against laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in 2010/2011 was 38·6% (95% CI −70·0 to 77·8). This is the first VE study conducted in Bavaria. We concluded that the trivalent influenza vaccines were effective in our study population.
Text Messaging as a Strategy to Address the Limits of Audio-Based Communication During Mass-Gathering Events with High Ambient Noise
Authors: Lund Adam , Wong Daniel , Lewis Kerrie , Turris Sheila A. , Vaisler Sean , Gutman Samuel
Published: October 2012

Introduction

The provision of medical care in environments with high levels of ambient noise (HLAN), such as concerts or sporting events, presents unique communication challenges. Audio transmissions can be incomprehensible to the receivers. Text-based communications may be a valuable primary and/or secondary means of communication in this type of setting.

Objectives

To evaluate the usability of text-based communications in parallel with standard two-way radio communications during mass-gathering (MG) events in the context of HLAN.

Methods

This Canadian study used outcome survey methods to evaluate the performance of communication devices during MG events. Ten standard commercially available handheld smart phones loaded with basic voice and data plans were assigned to health care providers (HCPs) for use as an adjunct to the medical team's typical radio-based communication. Common text messaging and chat platforms were trialed. Both efficacy and provider satisfaction were evaluated.

Results

During a 23-month period, the smart phones were deployed at 17 events with HLAN for a total of 40 event days or approximately 460 hours of active use. Survey responses from health care providers (177) and dispatchers (26) were analyzed. The response rate was unknown due to the method of recruitment. Of the 155 HCP responses to the question measuring difficulty of communication in environments with HLAN, 68.4% agreed that they “occasionally” or “frequently” found it difficult to clearly understand voice communications via two-way radio. Similarly, of the 23 dispatcher responses to the same item, 65.2% of the responses indicated that “occasionally” or “frequently” HLAN negatively affected the ability to communicate clearly with team members. Of the 168 HCP responses to the item assessing whether text-based communication improved the ability to understand and respond to calls when compared to radio alone, 86.3% “agreed” or “strongly agreed” that this was the case. The dispatcher responses (n = 21) to the same item also “agreed” or “strongly agreed” that this was the case 95.5% of the time.

Conclusion

The use of smart phone technology for text-based communications is a practical and feasible tool for MG events and should be explored further. Multiple, reliable, discrete forms of communication technology are pivotal to executing effective on-site medical and disaster responses.

LundA, WongD, LewisK, TurrisSA, VaislerS, GutmanS. Text messaging as a strategy to address the limits of audio-based communication during mass-gathering events with high ambient noise. Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(1):1-7.
Generation and characterization of a lysosomally targeted, genetically encoded Ca2+-sensor
Authors: McCue Hannah V. , Wardyn Joanna D. , Burgoyne Robert D. , Haynes Lee P.
Published: October 2012

Distinct spatiotemporal Ca2+ signalling events regulate fundamental aspects of eukaryotic cell physiology. Complex Ca2+ signals can be driven by release of Ca2+ from intracellular organelles that sequester Ca2+ such as the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) or through the opening of Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane and influx of extracellular Ca2+. Late endocytic pathway compartments including late-endosomes and lysosomes have recently been observed to sequester Ca2+ to levels comparable with those found within the ER lumen. These organelles harbour ligand-gated Ca2+-release channels and evidence indicates that they can operate as Ca2+-signalling platforms. Lysosomes sequester Ca2+ to a greater extent than any other endocytic compartment, and signalling from this organelle has been postulated to provide ‘trigger’ release events that can subsequently elicit more extensive Ca2+ signals from stores including the ER. In order to investigate lysosomal-specific Ca2+ signalling a simple method for measuring lysosomal Ca2+ release is essential. In the present study we describe the generation and characterization of a genetically encoded, lysosomally targeted, cameleon sensor which is capable of registering specific Ca2+ release in response to extracellular agonists and intracellular second messengers. This probe represents a novel tool that will permit detailed investigations examining the impact of lysosomal Ca2+ handling on cellular physiology.
Leakage current asymmetry and resistive switching behavior of SrTiO3
Authors: Mojarad Shahin A. , Goss Jonathan P. , Kwa Kelvin S. K. , Zhou Zhiyong , Al-Hamadany Raied A. S. , Appleby Daniel J. R. , Ponon Nikhil K. , O'Neill Anthony
Published: October 2012

The resistive switching characteristics of SrTiO3 metal-insulator-metal capacitors are investigated. The current-density versus voltage (J-V) characteristics show asymmetry at all temperatures examined, with resistive switching behavior observed at elevated temperatures. The asymmetry is explained by the relative lack of electron traps at one electrode, which is determined from the symmetric J-V curve obtained at room temperature due to the redistribution of the dominant electrical defects in the film. We present evidence for the model of resistive switching originating from defect diffusion (possibly oxygen vacancies) at high temperatures.
Temperature dependence of reversible switch-memory in electron field emission from ultrananocrystalline diamond
Authors: Tordjman M. , Bolker A. , Saguy C. , Kalish R.
Published: October 2012

Temperature dependence of reversible hysteretic switching in electron field emission from surface transfer doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) thin films is reported. Sharp jumps (up to 3 orders of magnitude) of the current, at specific ramp up and down extracting electric field values, are found. The memory-window, i.e., hysteresis widths, of the emitted current is controllable by heating (50 °C to 250 °C). The temperature dependence of the hysteresis is explained as being due to conductivity properties of the transfer doped UNCD film namely, by the electrons supply to emission sites. These results may find application in memory-switch devices with tunable properties.
The identity of the Depuch Island rock-wallaby revealed through ancient DNA
Authors: Haouchar D. , Haile J. , Spencer P. B. S. , Bunce M.
Published: October 2012

Ancient DNA is becoming increasingly recognised as a tool in conservation biology to audit past biodiversity. The widespread loss of Australian biodiversity, especially endemic mammal populations, is of critical concern. An extreme example occurred on Depuch Island, situated off the north-west coast of Western Australia, where an unidentified species of rock-wallaby (Petrogale sp.) became extinct as a result of predation by red foxes. Two potential candidate species, Petrogale lateralis and P. rothschildi, both have ranges adjacent to Depuch Island, making identification based on geography difficult. A museum bone (one of the only surviving Depuch Island specimens) was subjected to standard ancient DNA analyses and procedures. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b and hypervariable control region were targeted for species identification. Ancient DNA was successfully recovered from the bone: 200 base pairs (bp) of control region and 975 bp of the cytochrome b gene. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were employed to model the Depuch Island rock-wallaby DNA sequences together with sequences of other rock-wallaby taxa from GenBank. Evidence suggests that of the two Petrogale lateralis subspecies proposed to have inhabited Depuch Island, Petrogale lateralis lateralis was identified as the most likely. The identification of the Depuch Island rock-wallaby population may assist in the reintroduction of an insurance population of Petrogale lateralis lateralis, which is becoming increasingly threatened on mainland Australia.
Trappability of introduced and native rodents in different trap types in coastal forests of south-eastern Australia
Authors: Stokes Vicki L.
Published: October 2012

Trapping is an invaluable tool for estimating community composition and population size and structure of mammals. Bias in the relative contribution of species to a community and the age and sex structure of populations can occur where the traps used do not equally trap all species, sexes or cohorts. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of enclosed Elliott traps and open wire cage traps in trapping the invasive black rat, Rattus rattus, and the native rodent, Rattus fuscipes. Both trap types were suitable for trapping R. fuscipes and there was no apparent bias in capture of sex and age classes. In contrast, black rats were considerably more trappable in cage traps. Juveniles were more readily trapped in Elliott traps than adults, but were still considerably undersampled where only Elliott traps were used. These findings have important implications for sampling invasive rodents in Australian forests where Elliott traps are commonly used to census small mammals. Only using Elliott traps will underestimate density, distribution and impacts of R. rattus in native habitats. Cage traps or a combination of traps are recommended for reliably trapping black rats and obtaining representative data on presence, abundance and distribution.
Reproductive parameters and behaviour of captive short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus acanthion) at Perth Zoo
Authors: Ferguson Arthur , Turner Belinda
Published: October 2012

Despite a long history of captive short-beaked echidnas in zoos worldwide, there have been very few successful attempts to breed them. Perth Zoo has been successful in breeding echidnas on five occasions, with young produced over 3 consecutive years. In this paper we document the results of intensive monitoring undertaken before and during these successful breeding seasons. Video camera surveillance was used to monitor activity and reproductive behaviour of adults during the courtship and mating period and to identify the timing and duration of incubation. Temperature data loggers were used to record and compare proximal body temperature with observed behaviours. Echidnas were found to breed in June and July, with courtship lasting a mean 5.75 ± 1.7 days (range 4–9 days, n = 8). Mean duration of gestation was 21.8 ± 2.4 days (range 19–27 days, n = 7). Females incubated their single egg for a mean 11 ± 0.75 days (range 11–13 days, n = 5) in an artificial burrow with increased temperature stability.