bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theologians as Cultural Brokers: Transatlantic Translation of Ideas during the Emergence of Liberation Theology
Authors: Schnoor Antje
Published: June 2021

The paper sheds light on the transatlantic theological discourse during the emergence of liberation theology. It conceptualizes this discourse as a transatlantic communication process reframing it as a transfer and translation of ideas and concepts. Starting from this perspective, I prove the assumption that the transatlantic theological discourse reflected a Latin American claim to academic equity and I show that European reactions to liberation theology implied answers to that claim. As the focus is on the relationship between Latin America and Europe, the article illustrates the significant role of relationships marked by different forms of dependency (economic, political, intellectual) in the development of liberation theology. Furthermore, the paper argues that for a deeper understanding, it is misleading to speak about Latin American theologians on the one hand and European theologians on the other hand, as if it was about clear-cut groups with homogenous motivations, positions, and goals. On the contrary, there were advocates and opponents of liberation theology on both sides of the Atlantic who moreover formed transatlantic alliances. The paper calls those theologians cultural brokers, since they communicated and mediated across the Atlantic.
Decision Confidence Assessment in Multi-Class Classification
Authors: Bukowski Michał , Kurek Jarosław , Antoniuk Izabella , Jegorowa Albina
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a novel approach to the assessment of decision confidence when multi-class recognition is concerned. When many classification problems are considered, while eliminating human interaction with the system might be one goal, it is not the only possible option—lessening the workload of human experts can also bring huge improvement to the production process. The presented approach focuses on providing a tool that will significantly decrease the amount of work that the human expert needs to conduct while evaluating different samples. Instead of hard classification, which assigns a single label to each class, the described solution focuses on evaluating each case in terms of decision confidence—checking how sure the classifier is in the case of the currently processed example, and deciding if the final classification should be performed, or if the sample should instead be manually evaluated by a human expert. The method can be easily adjusted to any number of classes. It can also focus either on the classification accuracy or coverage of the used dataset, depending on user preferences. Different confidence functions are evaluated in that aspect. The results obtained during experiments meet the initial criteria, providing an acceptable quality for the final solution.
Design and Implementation of an Enhanced Matched Filter for Sidelobe Reduction of Pulsed Linear Frequency Modulation Radar
Authors: Azouz Ahmed , Abosekeen Ashraf , Nassar Sameh , Hanafy Mohamed
Published: June 2021

Pulse compression techniques are commonly used in linear frequency modulated (LFM) waveforms to improve the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and range resolutions of pulsed radars, whose detection capabilities are affected by the sidelobes. In this study, a sidelobe reduction filter (SRF) was designed and implemented using software defined radio (SDR). An enhanced matched filter (EMF) that combines a matched filter (MF) and an SRF is proposed and was implemented. In contrast to the current commonly used approaches, the mathematical model of the SRF frequency response is extracted without depending on any iteration methods or adaptive techniques, which results in increased efficiency and computational speed for the developed model. The performance of the proposed EMF was verified through the measurement of four metrics, including the peak sidelobe ratio (PSLR), the impulse response width (IRW), the mainlobe loss ratio (MLR), and the receiver operational characteristics (ROCs) at different SNRs. The ambiguity function was then used to characterize the Doppler effect on the designed EMF. In addition, the detection of single and multiple targets using the proposed EMF was performed, and the results showed that it overcame the masking problem due to its effective reduction of the sidelobes. Hence, the practical application of the EMF matches the performance analysis. Moreover, when implementing the EMF proposed in this paper, it outperformed the common MF, especially when detecting targets moving at low speeds and having small radar cross-sections (RCS), even under severe masking conditions.
Economic Competition and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sentencing: A Test of Economic Threat Perspective
Authors: D’Amato Christopher , Holmes Bryan , Feldmeyer Ben
Published: June 2021

Economic threat arguments within the broader racial/ethnic threat theory suggest that economic competition between minorities and Whites encourages the majority group to apply formal social controls on minorities to maintain their advantaged positions. Prior sentencing research has given limited attention to economic threat and has only done so using cross-sectional measures, which does not capture changing economic circumstances (a key element of racial/ethnic threat). The goal of this study is to provide a test of economic threat—and racial/ethnic threat more broadly—utilizing time variant measures. To achieve this goal, we use case-level data from the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission (N = 122,666) and county-level data from the United States Census Bureau. Multilevel regression models reveal partial but limited support for economic threat. Specifically, counties with a growing portion of minorities living above the poverty line between 2000 and 2010 had larger minority disadvantages (in comparison to Whites) at incarceration. However, economic threat measures do not significantly contextualize minority–White sentence length differences, while the broader racial/ethnic threat measures do not significantly influence minority–White outcomes at the incarceration or sentencing length decision. The results suggest that economic threat may explain a small but limited portion of the racial disparities identified.
Managing a Circular Food System in Sustainable Urban Farming. Experimental Research at the Turku University Campus (Finland)
Authors: Erälinna Leena , Szymoniuk Barbara
Published: June 2021

People around the world pay increasingly more attention to health, social, environmental, and ethical issues. As a consequence, they seek value in food that is fresh, less processed, and sustainably sourced. The article presents an experimental project supporting the implementation of a circular food system in the city of Turku, Finland. The outcome of the project is a globally replicable concept of managing a local circular food system in sustainable urban farming. The project had two objectives: (1) to reduce food waste in restaurants in the Turku University Campus; (2) to support local recycling of nutrients by composting food waste generated in the pilot restaurant and reuse the nutrients in the process of urban farming. The presented concept is based on the results of two experimental studies. It ties in with UN and EU sustainable development strategies and policies, e.g., Sustainable Development Goals (2, 11, and 12), the European Green Deal, the Farm to Fork Strategy, and the concepts of Circular Economy and Sustainable Cities.
Innovative Community Projects to Educate Informal Settlement Inhabitants in the Sustainment of the Natural Environment
Authors: de Jager Thelma , Maserumule Mashupye Herbert
Published: June 2021

Increasing informal settlements are characterised by unplanned land management; lack of housing, sanitation, sufficient water and electricity supplies; overpopulation; high health risks; and growing urban poverty. These informal settlements are mostly occupied by citizens and immigrant families who seek job opportunities in urban areas. To sustain the ecology of the invaded land and provide a liveable informal settlement, education of the inhabitants is essential. Teachers as the implementers of sustainable environment curricula could be valuable in addressing the environmental challenges these informal settlement communities experience by educating children on how to sustain the environment. Data were collected by means of a literature study and an online survey consisting of closed and open-ended questions completed by student teachers (n = 280). Participants’ perceptions, perspectives, and experiences regarding educating informal settlement inhabitants in the sustainment of the environment were significant in answering the research questions. Most of the participants (n = 216) had visited informal settings, 48 were inhabitants, and 16 had never visited an informal settlement. Most of them believed that educating children at an early age and the inclusion of a compulsory subject on the sustainability of the environment were essential. Education can contribute to the sustainment of clean water, food, and the environment. Additionally, interactive community projects such as recycling, waste management, composting, aquaponics to grow plants, and infrared thermal imaging to detect plant diseases could assist informal settlement inhabitants in sustaining the environment.
The Effect of Returning Farmland to Grassland and Coniferous Forest on Watershed Runoff—A Case Study of the Naoli River Basin in Heilongjiang Province, China
Authors: Bai Xuefeng , Wang Bin , Qi Ying
Published: June 2021

In the 1950s and 1970s, China implemented large-scale wasteland reclamation in the Sanjiang Plain in eastern Heilongjiang Province, which expanded the area of cultivated land. Cultivated areas alter the quantity of water resources, provide the ecological requirements of river basins, and promote the ecological health of land use. In this study, the grid-based Sacramento (GSAC) model was adopted to simulate various changes in arable land, grassland, cultivated land, and deciduous coniferous forest. Quantitative analysis of the influence of cultivated land change on runoff and under dry season flow was conducted. The results showed that the GSAC model attains a high certainty coefficient in the process of simulating the daily basin discharge and reproduces the daily basin discharge process well for many years. The annual runoff increased between 5.07 and 64.05% due to the return of farmland to grassland and coniferous forest. The return of farmland to grassland greatly impacted runoff. The slope of the grassland and coniferous forest converted from farmland was negatively correlated with the discharge in the basin outlet section. The lower the gradient threshold in the scenario of returning arable land to forest or grassland, the more arable land will be replaced by grassland or deciduous coniferous forest, which could result in more water production in the watershed. Among the different change scenarios, the average flow rate of cultivated land with a slope larger than 15° was the closest to the ecological water demand of the studied watershed. The land use mode of converting cultivated land with a slope larger than 15° into grassland is expected to promote the ecological health of the watershed.
Cyanobacterial Toxins and Peptides in Lake Vegoritis, Greece
Authors: Zervou Sevasti-Kiriaki , Moschandreou Kimon , Paraskevopoulou Aikaterina , Christophoridis Christophoros , Grigoriadou Elpida , Kaloudis Triantafyllos , Triantis Theodoros M. , Tsiaoussi Vasiliki , Hiskia Anastasia
Published: June 2021

Cyanotoxins (CTs) produced by cyanobacteria in surface freshwater are a major threat for public health and aquatic ecosystems. Cyanobacteria can also produce a wide variety of other understudied bioactive metabolites such as oligopeptides microginins (MGs), aeruginosins (AERs), aeruginosamides (AEGs) and anabaenopeptins (APs). This study reports on the co-occurrence of CTs and cyanopeptides (CPs) in Lake Vegoritis, Greece and presents their variant-specific profiles obtained during 3-years of monitoring (2018–2020). Fifteen CTs (cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin (ATX), nodularin (NOD), and 12 microcystins (MCs)) and ten CPs (3 APs, 4 MGs, 2 AERs and aeruginosamide (AEG A)) were targeted using an extended and validated LC-MS/MS protocol for the simultaneous determination of multi-class CTs and CPs. Results showed the presence of MCs (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, dmMC-LR, dmMC-RR, MC-HtyR, and MC-HilR) and CYN at concentrations of <1 μg/L, with MC-LR (79%) and CYN (71%) being the most frequently occurring. Anabaenopeptins B (AP B) and F (AP F) were detected in almost all samples and microginin T1 (MG T1) was the most abundant CP, reaching 47.0 μg/L. This is the first report of the co-occurrence of CTs and CPs in Lake Vegoritis, which is used for irrigation, fishing and recreational activities. The findings support the need for further investigations of the occurrence of CTs and the less studied cyanobacterial metabolites in lakes, to promote risk assessment with relevance to human exposure.
General Relativistic Aberration Equation and Measurable Angle of Light Ray in Kerr–de Sitter Spacetime
Authors: Arakida Hideyoshi
Published: June 2021

As an extension of our previous paper, instead of the total deflection angle α, we will mainly focus on the discussion of measurable angle of the light ray ψP at the position of observer P in Kerr–de Sitter spacetime, which includes the cosmological constant Λ. We will investigate the contribution of the radial and transverse motion of the observer which are connected with radial velocity vr and transverse velocity bvϕ (b is the impact parameter) as well as the spin parameter a of the central object which induces the gravito-magnetic field or frame dragging and the cosmological constant Λ. The general relativistic aberration equation is employed to take into account the influence of motion of the observer on the measurable angle ψP. The measurable angle ψP derived in this paper can be applicable to the observer placed within the curved and finite-distance region in the spacetime. The equation of light trajectory will be obtained in such a sense that the background is de Sitter spacetime instead of Minkowski one. As an example, supposing the cosmological gravitational lensing effect, we assume that the lens object is the typical galaxy and the observer is in motion with respect to the lensing object at a recession velocity vr=bvϕ=vH=H0D (where H0 is a Hubble constant and D means the distance between the observer and the lens object). The static terms O(Λbm,Λba) are basically comparable with the second order deflection term O(m2), and they are almost one order smaller that the Kerr deflection −4ma/b2. The velocity-dependent terms O(Λbmvr,Λbavr) for radial motion and O(Λb2mvϕ,Λb2avϕ) for transverse motion are at most two orders of magnitude smaller than the second order deflection O(m2). We also find that even when the radial and transverse velocity have the same sign, asymptotic behavior as ϕ approaches 0 is different from each other, and each diverges to opposite infinity.
From A to m6A: The Emerging Viral Epitranscriptome
Authors: Baquero-Perez Belinda , Geers Daryl , Díez Juana
Published: June 2021

There are over 100 different chemical RNA modifications, collectively known as the epitranscriptome. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most commonly found internal RNA modification in cellular mRNAs where it plays important roles in the regulation of the mRNA structure, stability, translation and nuclear export. This modification is also found in viral RNA genomes and in viral mRNAs derived from both RNA and DNA viruses. A growing body of evidence indicates that m6A modifications play important roles in regulating viral replication by interacting with the cellular m6A machinery. In this review, we will exhaustively detail the current knowledge on m6A modification, with an emphasis on its function in virus biology.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Full-Length Infectious cDNA Clone of Tomato Mottle Mosaic Virus
Authors: Tu Liqin , Wu Shuhua , Gao Danna , Liu Yong , Zhu Yuelin , Ji Yinghua
Published: June 2021

Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) is a noteworthy virus which belongs to the Virgaviridae family and causes serious economic losses in tomato. Here, we isolated and cloned the full-length genome of a ToMMV Chinese isolate (ToMMV-LN) from a naturally infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Sequence analysis showed that ToMMV-LN contains 6399 nucleotides (nts) and is most closely related to a ToMMV Mexican isolate with a sequence identity of 99.48%. Next, an infectious cDNA clone of ToMMV was constructed by a homologous recombination approach. Both the model host N. benthamiana and the natural hosts tomato and pepper developed severe symptoms upon agroinfiltration with pToMMV, which had a strong infectivity. Electron micrographs indicated that a large number of rigid rod-shaped ToMMV virions were observed from the agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves. Finally, our results also confirmed that tomato plants inoculated with pToMMV led to a high infection rate of 100% in 4–5 weeks post-infiltration (wpi), while pepper plants inoculated with pToMMV led to an infection rate of 40–47% in 4–5 wpi. This is the first report of the development of a full-length infectious cDNA clone of ToMMV. We believe that this infectious clone will enable further studies of ToMMV genes function, pathogenicity and virus–host interaction.
Investigation into Multiaxial Character of Thermomechanical Fatigue Damage on High-Speed Railway Brake Disc
Authors: Lu Chun , Mo Jiliang , Sun Ruixue , Wu Yuanke , Fan Zhiyong
Published: June 2021

The multiaxial character of high-speed railway brake disc thermomechanical fatigue damage is studied in this work. Although the amplitudes and distributions of temperature, strain and stress are similar with uniform and rotating loading methods, the multiaxial behavior and out-of-phase failure status can only be revealed by the latter one. With the help of a multiaxial fatigue model, fatigue damage evaluation and fatigue life prediction are implemented, the contribution of a uniaxial fatigue parameter, multiaxial fatigue parameter and out-of-phase failure parameter to the total damage is discussed, and it is found that using the amplitude and distribution of temperature, stress and strain for fatigue evaluation will lead to an underestimation of brake disc thermomechanical fatigue damage. The results indicate that the brake disc thermomechanical fatigue damage belongs to a type of multiaxial fatigue. Using a uniaxial fatigue parameter causes around 14% underestimation of fatigue damage, while employing a multiaxial fatigue parameter without the consideration of out-of-phase failure will lead to an underestimation of about 5%. This work explains the importance of studying the thermomechanical fatigue damage of the brake disc from the perspective of multiaxial fatigue.
The Value of Water—Estimating Water-Disruption Impacts on Businesses
Authors: Sjöstrand Karin , Klingberg Josefine , Zadeh Noor Sedehi , Haraldsson Mattias , Rosén Lars , Lindhe Andreas
Published: June 2021

As water serves as a necessary and often irreplaceable input in a range of goods and services, a disruption in water supply can cause lost production and sales for businesses. Thus, large benefits may be generated by reducing the risk of water disruptions. To enable selection of economically viable risk mitigation measures, the investment costs should be weighed against the benefits of risk mitigation. Consequently, quantitative estimates of the consequences of disruptions need to be available. However, despite the importance of water to businesses, the literature on their financial losses due to short and long-term water disruptions is still scarce. The aim of this paper is to estimate time-dependent water supply resiliency factors for economic sectors, i.e., a metric focusing on the level of output that businesses can uphold during a disruption, to contribute to better decision support for water supply planning and risk management. An online survey was used to gather data from 1405 companies in Sweden on consequences of complete and unplanned water supply outages. Results show that Food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing and Accommodation and food services are the two most severely affected sectors over all analyzed disruption durations.
Drivers of Macrophyte and Diatom Diversity in a Shallow Hypertrophic Lake
Authors: Šumberová Kateřina , Vild Ondřej , Ducháček Michal , Fabšičová Martina , Potužák Jan , Fránková Markéta
Published: June 2021

We studied macrophyte and diatom assemblages and a range of environmental factors in the large hypertrophic Dehtář fishpond (Southern Bohemia, Czech Republic) over the course of several growing seasons. The spatial diversity of the environment was considered when collecting diatoms and water samples in three distinct parts of the fishpond, where automatic sensor stations continually measuring basic factors were established. Macrophytes were mapped in 30 segments of the fishpond littoral altogether. High species richness and spatiotemporal variability were found in assemblages of these groups of autotrophs. Water level fluctuations, caused by the interaction of fish farming management and climatic extremes, were identified as one of the most important factors shaping the structure and species composition of diatom and macrophyte assemblages. The distance of the sampling sites from large inflows reflected well the spatial variability within the fishpond, with important differences in duration of bottom drainage and exposure to disturbances in different parts of the fishpond. Disturbances caused by intensive wave action are most probably a crucial factor allowing the coexistence of species with different nutrient requirements under the hypertrophic conditions of the Dehtář fishpond. Due to a range of variables tested and climatic extremes encountered, our study may be considered as a basis for predictive model constructions in similar hypertrophic water bodies under a progressing climate change.
Hiroshima, Mokusatsu and Alleged Mistranslations
Authors: Naimushin Boris
Published: June 2021

This paper revisits the issue of the importance of context and critical thinking in translation and translation training by examining the linguistic controversy over the translation of the word mokusatsu in the statement of Japan’s Prime Minister Suzuki in response to the Potsdam Declaration. There is a widespread belief that the bombing of Hiroshima in August of 1945 was caused by a translation mistake. The author sides with the opposing view, i.e. that such an approach takes one word of the statement out of context in order to shift the focus of the problem from politics to linguistics. The message of the statement is unambiguous when analyzed in its entirety. As a result, it is obvious there was no translation mistake and the bomb was dropped for reasons other than translation quality. Sadly enough, the myth lives on as a textbook example of ‘the worst translation mistake in history” whereas it should be taught as an example of probably ‘the worst translation myth in history’.
News content on the social network Instagram
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University., Prosyanik Alexandr Igorevich
Published: June 2021

The paper is dedicated to the question of the News values theory functioning in the social network Instagram. The conducted research allows us to assert for effective interaction of a media resource with an audience, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between the content of the news and the way of its presentation.
Presentation of Russian history through the prism of memes
Authors:   Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Sandetsky Arseny Romanovich
Published: June 2021

Technologically mediated communications are becoming an important source of information about the world around them, making up semantic landmarks not only of the present, but also of the past. The article analyzes the digital representation of Russian history in social networks in a creolized form. There are the most popular themes of historical memes: the peacetime of the USSR (18%), the Great Patriotic War (13%), the events of 1917 (11%), the Time of Troubles (9%). Most of the memes show generally accepted and well-known information in an ironic vein, but in 41% of memes the information is ambiguous or little-known. Based on the analysis of memes dedicated to the history of Russia, the most intense topics were identified, causing discussion in the comments (63%).
Using anonymous chats on the VKontakte social network
Authors:   Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Trosheva Anastasia Alekseevna
Published: June 2021

The software tool allows the chatbot user to find and communicate with other random users from the social network without revealing any data about themselves. This article analyzes the statistical data about what you can encounter using anonymous chats on the social network VKontakte. In the course of the work, it was revealed that the dialogues are diverse and depend on the time of day and the gender of the interlocutor. A significant percentage of people use anonymous chats to communicate (37%), but most of the interlocutors are spambots and advertising (26%). Someone spends time in the chat to raise the mood, someone to find support. And very few people are looking for online dating (9%).
RESEARCH OF POSSIBLE CAUSES OF DEFORMATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES BUILT ON SUBSIDENCE LOESS SOILS
Authors: Pasko R. , Terenchuk S.
Published: June 2021

In this article, the authors analyzed the possible causes of deformation of buildings and structures that are built on subsiding loess soils. The research is based on a systematic analysis of the expert practice of identifying the reasons for the deterioration of the technical condition of objects built and operated on such soils. The mechanisms of the development of subsidence deformations of loess soils are considered and the reasons for the change in their hydrogeological regime are analyzed. The main factors and sources are systematized, which with a high probability can lead to changes in the hydrogeological regimes of soils during the construction and operation of buildings and structures operated on subsiding loess soils. Particular attention is paid to the study of the reasons for changes in the hydrogeological regime of soils, which lead to a discrepancy between the calculated characteristics of the soil foundations that were used in the construction of the facility, their actual value. It is shown that this discrepancy is one of the main hidden causes of flooding of buildings and structures, which can lead to uneven subsidence. The relationship between the appearance or development of damage to the building structure and the probable reasons for the deterioration of its technical condition is systematized.
FORENSIC SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS (TO THE 100th ANNIVERSARY OF THE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE)
Authors: Cherniavskyi S. , Yusupov V.
Published: June 2021

It is revealed the process of the formation of forensic scientific schools based on the research of the historical development of the National Academy of Internal Affairs. It is shown the role of heads of departments and leading professors of the National Academy of Internal Affairs in the formation of forensic scientific schools. The main directions of research of forensic scientific schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs are revealed, its contribution to the training of highly qualified scientific and pedagogical workers is highlighted. The achievements of the forensic scientific schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs and its importance in the development of legal science and education in Ukraine are determined.
It is substantiated that the center of the development of forensic scientific schools at the National Academy of Internal Affairs is the Department of Criminalistics and Forensic Medicine. There are systematized main directions of research of forensic scientific schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs. It has been proved that the forensic schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs are developing based on two scientific vectors, innovative research of non-traditional traces of crime (the school of Professor M. V. Saltevskyi). It is also underlined improvement of investigative activities and methods of investigating criminal offenses based on studying the tactics of criminals, modern achievements of science and technology (school of Professor V. P. Bakhin). It is shown the scientific connections of the forensic schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs with other forensic schools and centers of research institutions, higher educational institutions, and law enforcement agencies.
The interrelationships of forensic research made by scientific schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs with other forensic schools and research institutions, higher education institutions, law enforcement agencies are shown. Forensic research of scientific schools of the National Academy of Internal Affairs occupies an important place in the development of legal science and education, promotes the formation of high professionalism of law enforcement officers and lawyers, and ensures the unity of law enforcement practice and educational and scientific activities in higher education of Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine.
Completeness of action in the Russian and German languages: comparative analysis
Authors:   Cherkasy State Technological University, Bereza Liudmyla , Tkachenko Liudmyla ,   Cherkasy State Technological University
Published: June 2021

The aim of this research will be to conduct a comparative study of the category of aspectuality; that implies defining and analysing the whole complex of general and distinctive properties, characteristic of the languages under consideration, that is, Russian and German, revised in the comparative aspect. The research methods include descriptive method, distributive and introspective analyses. The authors indicate that today contrastive studies are especially relevant to identify common and distinctive features in systems of different languages. It is noted that actional and aspectual semantics, as well as the means of its expression, have become objects of study by linguists at the beginning of the 20th century. Attention is drawn to the actual domestic and foreign significant research in the field of aspectology of genetically unrelated languages, as well as languages that are in a distant genetic relationship. The form and tense of a verb are characteristics of temporality, since, for example, in the Slavic languages, the form organizes and determines temporal relationships. In contrast to the Slavic languages, in the Romance and Germanic languages, species relations are structured on the basis of temporal forms. The comparative approach to the study of time and species in languages belonging to different groups makes it possible to better understand the specifics of species-temporal relations. It is pointed out that the grammatical category of the species as a binary category is represented only in some languages. The need to distinguish between species as a grammatical category inherent in the Slavic languages and as a broad functional and semantic category that exists in all languages is emphasized, since it represents the entire complex of linguistic means that express the nature of the course of action. In the process of analyzing some texts, it was concluded that the absence of a grammatical category of the species in the German language does not indicate the absence of a corresponding concept. During the research, the authors came to the conclusion, that when studying the verb tense, it is necessary to take into account several other factors, apart from the verb forms: the context, the lexical, lexical-grammatical, grammatical and syntactic components, considered within the framework of their interaction in speech, since the functional-semantic field includes interacting means, united by the common function of expressing the semantic attribute of aspectuality, namely, grammar, lexical-grammatical and lexical means.
Figures of contrast as a means of the ironic characterization of the characters in I. Ilf and E. Petrov’s novels “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf”
Authors:   Horlivka Institute for Foreign Languages HSEE “Donbass State Pedagogical University”, Gabidullina Alla , Stetsiura Milena ,   Horlivka Institute for Foreign Languages, HSEE “Donbass State Pedagogical University”
Published: June 2021

The present paper is aimed to analyse the figures of contrast used to ironically portray the characters in the novels written by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. It is worth noting that the contrast in both novels under consideration, i.e. “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf” acts both as a compositional principle for constructing a text, visual and expressive means, and as a semantic dominant of the work. It covers consistent and unequivocal speech images, the semantic and stylistic system of works, and it is reflected in numerous figures and tropes, which are organized here in two ways: opposites and contradictions. In the novels “The Twelve Chairs” and “The Golden Calf”, relying on the principle of contrast, the author satirically depicts the soviet bureaucracy, people’s love of slogans and posters, the unstableness and the poverty, the pathological passion for free money, etc. The reader sees the rambling gallery where the people possess narrow interests and worthless values. It should be said that among the opposite figures, the antithesis stands out in the novels and lexical antonyms, converse terms and enantiosemy are the lexical means of its creation. Such figures of contrast as syncrisis (mukabala), paradiastole, diathesis, acrothesis, diaphora and ploka are widely used. A rather rare figure of opposition – alloise, emphasizing the dissimilarity in the similar is skillfully used by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. The authors also do not neglect the false oppositeness, when the final part of the statement seemingly contradicts the initial one in form, but in reality develops and strengthens it. Among the figures of contrast oxymoron, catachreza, antiphrasis, different types of paradox are the most common in I. Ilf and E. Petrov’s works. Paradox can be created by absurd comparisons, absurd hyperbole. The statements, in which the cause and effect relationships are violated, occur quite often, and as a result, the conclusion does not follow from the premise. The referential ambiguity of objects is based on the communicative-pragmatic paradox that relflects the discrepancy between the interlocutors’ illocutionary forces. The prospects of further research suggest the creation of a gallery of satirical linguistic portraits in the above-mentioned novels.
Conceptualization of knowledge in aerospace industry in the mode «image-sense» on the basis of film scripts
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Voloshchuk Iryna , Derkach Alina ,   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to the study of terminological conceptualization in aerospace industry based on the multimodality approach. Multimodal text analysis, in particular of the scientific texts, involves the study of communication and its means by combining several modes of communication, including native, oral and written speech, as well as resources of other semiotic systems (graphics, architecture, audio, video, digital media, etc.). The purpose of the article is to identify lexico-semantic features of aerospace terminology in multimodal texts, to clarify the definition of polycoding text, to analyze the term in the multimodal aspect, to analyze the method of semantic fields used for the classification of aerospace terms and to define the basic semantic fields of aerospace terminology. The concept of multimodality refers to human senses, primarily visual and auditory. The human senses are stated to be intermediaries in the communication process. Any information presented in the oral or written form is perceived by a person as a result of stimulation of the receptors of various sense organs, each of which corresponds to a certain area in the brain in which information is processed. Texts, sounds, video series, etc. are means of transmitting information or modes (visual or semiotic resources) that contain and transmit certain content. The polycode or multimodal text is a type of text in which the sense of lexical units can be understood through several modes of communication (oral and written speech, graphics, sound and so on). The usage of terms in media discourse, speeches, screenplays is an important factor in the extralinguistic development of language, which, accordingly, affects the functioning of terms, can lead to changes in its lexical, semantic, functional and structural features. Therefore, the term acts as an element of polycode text. The term as a semiotic phenomenon represents the connection between the referent that exists in objective reality, its meaning and phonetic and graphic form. In this way, taking into consideration its (term) multifunctionality, we can conclude that studying the term’s nature in the aspect of multimodality in the most appropriate. The presence of various modes of information transfer in polycode texts in the communication process makes it possible to take into account both verbal and nonverbal factors in the analysis, which contributes to a comprehensive study of the terminological unit. The use of semantic fields to describe terminological vocabulary is associated with the division of terminological units into certain lexical-semantic groups, which are separate microsystems within the system of aerospace terminology.
Features of syntax in the novel “Was I not a Viburnum in the Meadow” by V. Shkurupy
Authors:   Academy of Advocacy of Ukraine, Kononchuk Tetiana
Published: June 2021

The present paper is devoted to the analysis of the novel “Was I not a viburnum in the meadow?” written by a modern Ukrainian writer Volodymyr Shkurupy. The novel was written in 1984 and was first published in 1990. The article focuses on the features of syntax in the novel under consideration. The author describes the events which took place in Ukraine after the World War ІІ. The writer builds a narrative based on the true life stories told by relatives and acquaintances. The genre of the novel involves going beyond the main time. The older characters reflect on what happened in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Their narratives are associative pictures of their experience. In the process of research analysis it was specified that the author uses the appropriate syntax to reproduce emotional tension. Phraseologisms appear as generalizations and peculiar formulas that figuratively show the dramatic life circumstances of the famine of 1946–1947 are employed. It is worth noting that one-member sentences play the most productive role. For example, definite-personal sentences (particularly presented from the first person) indicate the presence of the narrator in the circumstances, and therefore their plausibility. Indefinite-personal sentences emphasize the mass repressive measures of the authorities against the Ukrainian population. One-member sentences – definite-personal and indefinite-personal – dominate in the narratives of older characters about the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Their function is similar to that performed by these types of sentences in the pictures of the main tense. Thus, the peculiarity of the syntax in the novel Was I not a viburnum in the meadow? written by V. Shkurupy is that the author used definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences to bring the artistic reality closer to that experienced by the Ukrainians in the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and in 1946–1947. The obtained results undoubtedly have both theoretical and practical significance. In addition, the writer's works require further scientific research.
Functional Semantic Field of Aim in Gagavuz Language
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Pokrovska Iryna , Spotar-Ayar Ganna ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Published: June 2021

Modern studies in linguistics are based on functional approach that gives an opportunity to overcome some classic understandings of a language nature. Theory of functionalism is based on dual-track analyse of grammatical structures such as from function to way of semantically expression and from expression to function. Any field has a structure which consists of the core and the periphery. As a rule the core is formed by lexical, morphological and syntactical means that are the most specialized to express meanings of a semantic category and are systematically used. This article deals with the way of expression of the semantic category of aim in modern Gagauz language. The functional-semantic field of aim in modern Gagauz language consists of the core and the periphery. The core of the field of aim consists of lexemes that express semantic of aim and purpose such as “neet”, “amaç”. These lexemes are used not only in Gagauz language but also in Turkish and in both languages are functioning either as separate verbs or as a part of construction with the meaning of purpose. The semantic of aim is expressed on morphological, lexical and syntactical level. On morphological level it is represented by –sin morpheme. Also, the meaning of aim or purpose is expressed by using verb with dative case. On lexical level the semantic of aim is expressed by words with meaning of aim, goal, purpose. As a rule in Turkic languages these lexemes are used to form syntactical constructions with semantic meaning of purpose, such as deyni. Nowadays deyni is the most frequently used lexeme with the meaning of purpose. The article describes several scientific opinions about the origin of deyni, which is used only in Gagauz language. On syntactic level the semantic of aim is expressed by the means of lexemes ani, aniki which are used both in syntactic constructions an compound sentences. The specific feature of sentences that express the meaning of aim in Gaguz language is that syntagma with the meaning of aim and purpose can be used either in preposition or postposition, while in Turkish it can be used in preposition only. In some cases the semantic of aim can be expressed by syntactic means without using special lexemes. In such cases predicate is used in imperative form. Also, sometimes such type of sentences has auxiliary lexeme tâ. Sentences that express the semantic of aim in Gagauz language have some particularities in compare with same constructions in western Turkic languages, for example Turkish. Due to the influence of Slavic syntax for a long period of time constructions with semantic of aim may have different position in sentence, while in other Turkic languages they are in preposition.
Associative-shaped concept of the world in artistic discourse of Myroslav Dochynets
Authors:   Mukachevo State University, Prokopovych Lidia
Published: June 2021

Recently, cognitive studies in Ukrainian linguistics have been widely developed. Linguists pay special attention to the isomorphism of language and thought, language and culture, investigating the processes of spiritual reflection of the world through the word, and consider language as a system of worldview. The phenomenon of constant spiritual culture is examined in the research of A. Stepanov. It is also worth focusing on the concept of the world as a special linguistic and cultural-mental phenomenon in the artistic discourse of Myroslav Dochynets, in particular, in his novels “Krynychar” and “Maftey”. The purpose of the present paper is the analysis of associative and figurative concept of the world in the artistic discourse of Myroslav Dochynets. The objectives include identifying the body of epitheic, metaphorical and comparative structures of the concept “world”, finding out their functional and stylistic load, and contactive colouring, outlining the place in the system of author's pausing. The language of literary texts written by Myroslav Dochynets is characterised by his artistic vision. This pattern is traced in the image of the world. The analysis enables to state that the associative and figurative structure of the concept “world” in the artistic discourse of Myroslav Dochynets is syncretic. It has been singled out that author's linguistic representation is based on the inherent Ukrainian sacramental perception of the world (the world returns to its circles).The original content of many metaphors motivates the traditional artistic comprehension of associative identification, inter alia, world – joy (The world belongs to joyful), and world – grief. The metaphorical motifs of the unity of a man and the world reveal the cognitive model man – world (the world did not accept me) special ethno-linguistic value has this segment of silence, the image of the world is presented through the prism of language-national symbols of Ukrainian culture. The prospects of further investigations lie in the study of contextual manifestations of grammatical units in the artistic discourse of Myroslav Dochynets.
Lexical means of realization of emotions of medial man (case study of the epic poem «Kudrun»)
Authors:   Kherson State University, Romanova Natalya
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the peculiarities of objectification of the emotions of a medial man in the German heroic epos. The medial man is known to have focused on dual reality, including objective and imaginary. Objective reality includes feudalism, serfdom, colonial policy, internecine wars, the dominance of the church, the struggle between the papacy and the empire, the Crusades in the Middle East, the forcible Christianization of Slavic tribes, social differentiation of the people in the rich and poor, the establishment of towns, the organization of external trade, weak domestic and external policy, etc., the imaginary reality receives a mythopoetic interpretation. Comparing himself with both worlds, a man measures them through his body, activity, space, physical strength, operating on the mythological-religious type of consciousness. Against this background, human emotions are the result of a combination of sociological, religious, economic, political, psychological and cultural factors. The mechanism of their transition is metaphor and metonymy. Three categories of emotions were identified: negative, positive, indefinite. Negative emotions are identical to grief, resentment, hostility, emotional pain, emotional suffering, fear, doubt, anger, positive emotions are equivalent to joy, happiness, satisfaction, pride, affection, surprise, gratitude, love, interest, indefinite emotions are presented through negators, deny hatred, happiness, soul, loneliness, guilt, sadness, anger, disfavor. The activators of these emotions are evolution and attribution. The intensity of emotions is determined by the specifics of upbringing, origin, age, gender, individual psychological properties of the individual (type of temperament), subject / communicative situation. It was found that the lexical means of realization of the lion’s share of emotions appeal to the word, proper name, nickname, and phrase. The emotion of interest can be expressed by an interrogative sentence with or without a question word. On a lexical and grammatical basis, a word is relevant to a noun, adjective, adverb, verb, exclamation, on the structure – these are root and derivative elements. It has been found that the names of emotions of happiness, joy, resentment, grief, contentment, pride, surprise, love, shyness, anger, heartache and indefinite emotions are binary phrases, emotions of cruelty, anger, evil – ternary, respectively.