bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFORM OR A STUDY OF DOUBLE
Authors: Earl Shirley
Published: March 2008

You Are What You Eat was an educational programme produced by Anna Jackson and first transmitted on BBC 1 during January and February 1986. It occupied six ten‐minute Sunday evening slots, from 1820–1830 hours. The media regard 1915 hours as the start of Sunday prime‐time so the programme immediately preceded peak viewing. Mass audience educational topics have been successful in the 1820–1830 slot before and managers agreed that the connection between food and health was likely to be a popular topic. You Are What You Eat was therefore designed both to inform and entertain.
CAP IN HANDWITH GOOD NUTRITION
Authors: Colman David
Published: March 2008

For some important foods the operation of the CAP has actually accelerated or caused reduced levels of consumption. This has happened in the case of red meats for example. Beef and lamb prices have been supported in various ways under the CAP regime whereas those for poultrymeat have not. Markets have operated in the usual way and the more rapid increase in carcase meat prices relative to poultry has helped stimulate a switch from red to white meat consumption.
NATURAL TOXICANTS IN FOOD
Authors: Fenwick Roger
Published: March 2008

In recent years much concern has been expressed about the occurrence and biological consequences of exogenous chemicals — the contaminants, residues and additives in our food. In contrast, much less attention has been paid to naturally occurring chemicals in our diet and to their possibile toxicity.
1992 PROSPECTS FOR THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Authors: Fallows Stephen
Published: March 2008

Stephen Fallows Phd of Food Policy Research Unit, University of Bradford, summarises the background to the Single Market and explains the likely effects it will have on our food, its implications for the food industry and consumers
LISTERIA
Authors: Sadler Michele
Published: March 2008

In recent years the number of cases of listeriosis has been widely publicised. Michele Sadler PhD describes the causes of the problem and explains the reasons for this focus of attention
A quite unreasonable state of affairs: Corporate Social Responsibility and the John Lewis Partnership
Authors: Cathcart Abby
Published: March 2008

On the surface the subjects of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Critical Management Studies (CMS) seem to be closely related. Both are concerned with reflecting on the impact of management and organisation on employees, the wider community and the environment. Both suggest that there may be a need for organisations to take responsibility for and account of people other than shareholders and both have used the concept of accountability to suggest that organisations may need to do more than just comply with the legal framework.
DIETITIANS UP DATE WITH ‘PICK UP’
Authors: Cook Christine
Published: March 2008

The Rowett Research Institute, the largest centre for nutrition research in Europe, was the venue recently for two seminars aimed at up‐dating and providing continuing education for practising dietitians.
JUST DESSERTS
Authors: Silverstone Rob
Published: March 2008

The Consumers' Association is designing a campaign which will encourage catering establishments to introduce more healthy dishes onto their menus. In preparation for this initiative, catering students at Brighton Polytechnic were asked to devise a dessert trolley that would be both appetising and nutritious. This part of a menu presents health‐conscious caterers and customers with perhaps their greatest challenge, as typically all the best intentions seem to dissolve into oodles of cream, lashings of syrup and coatings of chocolate.
POULTRY: CURRENT PROBLEMS, FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: Wheelock Venter
Published: March 2008

Food safety is now big news. As a result of all the recent media publicity, there has been a growth in consumer concern about possible hazards linked to specific foods. Individual products and product ranges can suddenly find themselves highlighted in newspaper articles and in radio and television programmes. This can cause an immediate fall in sales so that large quantities of food have to be destroyed. Inevitably, this has an adverse effect on the profitability of the producers. Factories have been closed down with a consequent loss in jobs and company profits have fallen.
CEREAL BARS
Authors: Mitchell Vince , Boustani Pari
Published: March 2008

The increasing interest in health foods over the past decade has seen a corresponding growth in cereal bars. Consumer health awareness is helping to radically change the nation's eating habits; but how well do products in the health food market live up to expectations? Does the media portray a better nutritional value than these products warrant? Here we report the results of a pilot study which aimed to answer these questions in the cereal bar market.
Classroom experiments on vitamin C
Authors: Spencer Michael
Published: March 2008

Scurvy was at one time one of the most wide‐spread diseases, especially among seamen on long voyages. Little was known about the causes or treatment of the disease, but in 1753 James Lind showed that it could be prevented and cured by eating fresh fruits and vegetables. Captain Cook in his voyages made full use of this discovery to keep his crew in good health. In 1842, Budd suggested that scurvy was the result of ‘abstinence from vegetables and fruits’, but it was not until 1907 that this was demonstrated in practice, when Hoist and Frölich produced experimental scurvy in guinea pigs by using a restricted diet. In 1932 the active factor, ascorbic acid, was isolated in a pure form from lemons by Zilva and found to be identical with a compound obtained by Szent‐Györgyi from cabbages and adrenal glands in 1928. Finally, Haworth and Hirst identified the structure of ascorbic acid or vitamin C, which was synthesised in the same year by Reichstein and others.
WHAT'S NEW IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY?
Authors: Brennan James G.
Published: March 2008

Drying of food for the purpose of preservation is by no means a modern idea. Although its origins are not clear it is known that for many thousands of years man has used sun‐dried fruits and vegetables to sustain him in off‐season periods. Sun‐dried dates, figs and apricots were used by the aboriginal inhabitants of the Mediterranean Basin and the Near East. A dried product prepared from potato was used by the inhabitants of the Andean Highlands up to three thousand years ago. Dried venison or buffalo meat, known as pemmican, was prepared by the American Indians before the arrival of Columbus. Drying of vegetables by artificial means was first reported in Britain in the Eighteenth century. Quantities of dried vegetables were used by the British troops in the Crimean War, by Union troops in the American Civil War and in many other early campaigns and expeditions. Dehydration of fruit by artificial means began towards the end of the nineteenth century in America.
MAKING THE HEALTHY CHOICES THE EASY CHOICES
Authors: Ashton John
Published: March 2008

John Ashton, MBBS, MSC, FFCM, MRCPsych, senior lecturer in Community Health, University of Liverpool, and consultant to Mersey Regional Health Authority, describes the modern approach to public health. This recognises the social aspects of health problems and encourages personal involvement of the community
EAT YOURSELF HEALTHY
Authors: Lupson Sue
Published: March 2008

In early 1985 the Nutrition and Dietetic and Health Promotion Departments of Lancaster Health Authority produced a District Food and Health Policy. This was accepted as a policy document for implementation by the Health Authority 12 months later and has been in operation since.
DIET DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Buttriss Judy
Published: March 2008

Over the years, possibly more contradictory and confusing information has been published about diet in pregnancy than on any other nutritional subject. Earlier this century it was generally considered that diet during pregnancy greatly affected foetal growth and survival. Post‐war studies have not substantiated this and current opinion is that the satisfactory outcome of pregnancy is more likely to be influenced by better medical care, environmental factors and improvements in the diet taken in infancy and childhood: in other words prior to conception. The importance placed by obstetricians on adequate diet throughout childhood to maturity is not surprising since pelvic size is closely correlated to height.
BRITISH ARMY DIET
Authors: Edwards Major John , Thomson James
Published: March 2008

The standards of dietary management for the British Army stationed in barracks have improved quite considerably over the centuries. These improvements have been even more dramatic in the last twenty‐five years since the end of National Service to the point where it could be claimed that the food provided at least equals that found in many industrial catering establishments. The introduction of a wholly volunteer force has increased individual expectations, and if the right calibre of recruit is to be attracted and retained then these expectations need to be satisfied. However, despite the overall improvements in visible standards, these may not have been paralleled by the contribution which the military diet makes to the nutritional status of the soldier. Historically soldiers on joining the army suffered from deficiency diseases and the primary aim was to correct these and prevent any further recurrence. Deficiency diseases are now very rare and the limited research conducted recently indicates that the military diet has followed the general civilian trends. Diseases of affluence are likely to affect the military population in the same way as the civilian population.
Integrated communication: a theoretical perspective
Authors: Whittaker Craig
Published: March 2008

Considers the role of communication theory in the study of corporate communication outlining an approach whereby the former can be integrated into the latter so as to provide maximum benefit for educators, students and professionals. Offers various definitions of corporate communication and looks at a hierarchy of levels of communication theorizing. Also features a taxonomy of teaching and learning strategies and outcomes, noting the value of communication theory in preparing graduates for a diverse world
Tourism in U.S.A.
Authors: Haas John H.
Published: March 2008

The concept of tourism, as we oldtimers are used to it, automatically represents to us a well established and clearly organized domain of thinking. We visualize scientific organization, economical integration, administrative regulations, trade standards, schooling of personnel, surveys of resources, statistics, and so on, to name a few.
Fremdenverkehr und Versicherung
Authors: phil.
Published: March 2008

Mit Recht figurieren in dem von Hunziker (in Heft 3, S. 102, dieser Zeitschrift) aufgestellten Schema des Fremdenverkehrsbetriebs die Versicherungen als besondere Dienstleistungen sowohl der Aufenthalts‐ wie der Reisegestaltung. Selbst wenn man von der Sozialversicherung absieht und sich auf die Individualversicherung beschränkt, findet man in der Tat überraschend viele Versicherungszweige, welche Möglichkeit zur Förderung des Fremdenverkehrs bieten. Würde von ihnen allgemein Gebrauch gemacht, so wäre dies von ebenso grossem Vorteil für die Hotellerie wie für die Touristen.
Situation et chances d'avenir du tourisme français
Authors: Bing Walter‐B.
Published: March 2008

L'évolution de la conjoncture touristique et hôtelière, en France, dépend d'un certain nombre d'éléments économiques et techniques qui ont fait l'objet d'un court résumé dans le dernier numéro de la Revue de Tourisme.
Die Hotelbuchführung in den USA und in der Schweiz
Authors: Bernhard A.
Published: March 2008

In Europa und in Amerika zeigten sich ungefähr zur gleichen Zeit Bestrebungen, der Hotelbuchführung einheitliche und systematisch aufgebaute Kontenpläne zugrunde zu legen. In den USA war es die Hotel Association of New York City, die 1925/26 einen ersten Entwurf eines Kontenplanes ausarbeiten liess. Unabhängig davon schrieb in Deutschland J. Stehle an seinem Werk “Organisation und Technik der Hotel‐Buchhaltung”, das 1925 erschienen ist. Während das in den USA entwickelte Uniform System of Accounts for Hotels bis heute keine grundsätzlichen Änderungen mehr erfahren hat, folgten in Europa auf Stehle — parallel mit der allgemeinen Fortbildung des Rechnungswesens und der Betriebswirtschaftslehre — mehrere neue Vorschläge für den Aufbau der Hotelbuchführung. Zu erwähnen sind namentlich die deutschen Pflichtkontenrahmen für die Hotellerie und das Gastgewerbe und der 1945 erschienene Normal‐Kontenplan der schweizerischen Hotellerie. In der Schweiz hat diese Entwicklung ihren vorläufigen Abschluss gefunden mit dem durch die Betriebswirtschaftliche Abteilung des Forschungsinstitutes für Fremdenverkehr an der Universität Bern entworfenen Kontenplan für die Hotelunternehmung (Vgl. Walther/Kunz, Hotel‐Rechnungswesen nach betriebswirtschaftlichen Grundsätzen, Bern 1947. Hier zitiert als Kontenplan des FIF).
The demand for travel in the national economy
Authors: Kershaw A.G. , Lickorish L.J.
Published: March 2008

Fundamental notions of economic theory based on a static approach are falling into disuse, and the new dynamic economics is hampered in its progress by the belated development of social research and industrial psychology. In a sense, economists have hardly had time to digest the revolutionary Keyoensian doctrines, but already find that they are out‐moded. Particularly embarrassing for present day problems is the fact that there has not been sufficient time to study fully the effects of variations in the balance of international payments on the propensity to consume and on employment. It is the policy in Western Europe, for example, to isolate the effects of a semipermanent imbalance in international payments. These countries are pledged not only to maintain but to raise the high standard of living however slightly in the immediate future. In this essay a brief attempt is made to show that travel is an important factor which research to this end cannot afford to neglect.
Vademecum der Gastlichkeit
Authors: Hunziker W.
Published: March 2008

Die Gefahren einer derartigen Sachlage sind evident. Würde der geschilderten Mentalität des Gastes und Touristen seitens der Gastgeber und der für den Fremdenverkehr verantwortlichen Stellen noch mehr Vorschub geleistet, so wären diese von einer Mitschuld am weitern Kulturniedergang nicht freizusprechen. Es gilt darum, auch im Tourismus Gegenkräfte zu mobilisieren und nach Abwehrmitteln zu suchen, wobei schon viel geholfen ist, wenn man erkennt, in welcher Richtung die Fehler liegen und der schiefe Weg geht.
Der Einfluss der modernen Entwicklung im Fremdenverkehr auf die Betriebswirtschaft der Fremdenverkehrsbetriebe, namentlich der Beherbergungsbetriebe
Authors: Mayerhofer E. , Morgenroth K.
Published: March 2008

Bei der Betrachtung der Entwicklung des Fremdenverkehrs seit dem Ersten Weltkrieg zeigt sich immer stärker eine Umschichtung des Reisepublikums. Einerseits brachten die Kriegs‐und Nachkriegsereignisse weitgehende Vermögensverluste nicht nur in den kriegsbetroffenen Ländern mit sich, anderseits prägte sich durch die sozialpolitischen Errungenschaften des 19. und des beginnenden 20. Jahrhunderts neben der Zunahme der Erwerbstätigkeit in den breiteren Schichten der Bevölkerung ein konstanteres Einkommen und eine bessere Sicherung der Existenz, verbunden mit einem höheren Lebensstandard, aus. Die sozialpolitischen Fortschritte, Urlaubsanspruch und Urlaubsbezahlung, Einführung des Achtstundentages, Krankenversicherung, Altersversicherung, führten zu einem wirtschaftlichen Strukturwandel der Bevölkerung.
Das Verhältnis zwischen Inlands‐und uslandsfremdenverkehr in einigen europäischen Ländern
Authors: Volkswirt Arthur Christl Dipl.
Published: March 2008

Wer sich eingehender mit den Statistiken über den Fremdenverkehr in den europäischen Ländern beschäftigt, wird auf Erscheinungen stossen, in welchen sich gewisse Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Fremdenverkehr einerseits und verschiedenen Grössen — sei es wirtschaftlicher, geographischer, soziologischer und ähnlicher Natur — abzuzeichnen scheinen. Versucht man aber, solche Zusammenhänge schärfer herauszuarbeiten, so gelingt es einem meist wegen fehlender, unvollständiger oder unvollkommener Unterlagen nicht, mehr als gewisse Tendenzen aufzeigen zu können.
Nouvelles mesures en faveur des stations balnéaires de Tchécoslovaquie
Authors: Černý B.V.
Published: March 2008

Nous avons rapporté — voir le No 4/1955 — sur la nouvelle loi balnéaire en Tchécoslovaquie. Après l'expérience d'une année, on peut constater que celle‐ci a donné une base solide aux mesures visant au développement des stations et des établissements balnéaires. La plus importante d'entre elles fut l'ordonnance du Ministère de la santé publique sur la protection des bains naturels curatifs et des sources naturelles curatives. Cette ordonnance prévoit la réglementation juridique des questions suivantes:
La concentration hôtelière des stations de montagne
Authors: Defert Pierre P.
Published: March 2008

La physionomie hôtelière d'une station de tourisme est un des premiers aspects que retient le visiteur. Qui ne s'est pas senti écrasé, en sortant de la petite gare de St‐Moritz, par la superposition au flanc de la montagne de ces hôtels construits comme des châteaux‐forts ? Ce sont effectivement des citadelles, datant d'une époque qui a eu ses Vauban hôteliers. Dans les Rocheuses canadiennes (Banff, Lake Louise), l'habitat touristique qui est un habitat isolé, est concentré dans des palaces énormes aux yeux des Européens, cantonnés de tours, avec des toits en poivrières. Ils s'imposent comme des «Pierre‐fonds » du logement dans le décor de la montagne. Tout au contraire d'autres stations manifestent une pudeur hôtelière du meilleur goût. On dirait qu'elles ne veulent pas se faire remarquer. Dans le Tyrol on cherche en vain un hôtel de style tapageur: tout l'habitat touristique est disséminé dans les stations sous forme de chalets de dimensions modestes offrant souvent 30 chambres et se confondant avec l'habitat rural originel. C'est une autre expression de la physionomie hôtelière. Elle sous‐tend une importante réalité économique: tandis que les palaces‐châteaux représentent un capitalisme hôtelier dont on se demande en maintes régions s'il a fait époque, les petits htels‐chalets sont gérés souvent sous forme artisanale. La concentration nous conduit à penser à deux modes distincts d'exploitation hôtelière. Ces deux modes ne sont pas absolument indépendants de la vie de la station touristique. Pourrait‐on dès lors prendre la concentration hôtelière comme fil conducteur de la structure économique d'une station de tourisme?
Quelques considérations sur les possibilités du tourisme au Portugal
Authors: António Chaves Brilhante Francisco
Published: March 2008

Situé à l'extrémité sud‐ouest de l'Europe, éloigné, par conséquent, de quelques milliers de kilomètres des grands centres populeux de l'Europe centrale et des grandes voies prétendues obligatoires du tourisme international, limité à l'est et au nord par l'Espagne — si riche en attractions diverses qui retiennent le touriste — et à l'ouest et au sud par la mer immense qui restreint encore les possibilités de rapprochement rapide des peuples, le Portugal, quoique possédant actuellement un tourisme international que l'on peut considérer comme très intéressant — ce qui est prouvé par le nombre toujours croissant d'étrangers qui nous visitent — est bien loin d'épuiser ses énormes possibilités en ce secteur.
Il turismo siciliano
Authors: Manlio Valli Dottore
Published: March 2008

Quello del turismo siciliano è un argomento di cosi vasta portata che non puó esaurirsi in una comunicazione necessariamente contenuta in modesti limiti di tempo.
Problèmes particuliers de l'aménagement d'une région touristique dans un pays en voie de développement
Authors: Ballossier Roger
Published: March 2008

Il semble très difficile de généraliser une expérience acquise au cours d'une étude d'aménagement touristique dans un pays déterminé, à l'ensemble des pays en voie de développement.
La stimulation de l'expansion touristique
Authors: Defert Pierre
Published: March 2008

La mise en route d'un programme d'équipement touristique provoque un appel d'emploi temporaire au moment de la construction des infrastructures (hôtels, parcs de sports, téléphériques, routes nouvelles, etc.). Ces emplois disparaissent lorsque ces travaux sont terminés. Le nombre des emplois qui resteront permanents est très faible (conducteur d'un téléphérique, service d'entretien et de jardinage) par rapport aux emplois temporaires de la période de mise en route.
Der Beitrag des Fremdenverkehrs im öffentlichen Finanzhaushalt
Authors: Morgenroth Regierungsdirektor Dr. K.
Published: March 2008

Die hohe Entwicklungsdynamik des Fremdenverkehrs — ausgelöst durch die technischen Fortschritte und die sich daraus ergebenden sozialen Errungenschaften und Neuerungen einer durch die Industrie geprägten Massengesellschaft mit Streben nach einem möglichst vollkommenen Zivilisationskomfort — ist eine Erkenntnis der jüngsten Gegenwart. Die hiermit in Zusammenhang stehenden soziologischen und wirtschaftspolitischen Problemkreise finden immer mehr das Interesse der modernen National‐ökonomie und Betriebswirtschaftslehre. Dies ist sehr zu begrüssen. Untersuchungen mit den Mitteln sowohl der theoretischen als auch der speziellen Wirtschaftswissenschaft sind dringend veranlasst, um zu systematischen Grundlagen für eine weitsichtige, nützliche sowie praxisnahe Wirtschafts‐ und Finanzpolitik des Fremdenverkehrs zu gelangen und wesensfremde Auffassungen zu eliminieren.
Tourism in New Zealand: Observations on statistics, trends and forecasts
Authors: Grunthal A.
Published: March 2008

The national organisations for the promotion of tourism in New Zealand are the Tourist and Publicity Department of the Government and the New Zealand Tourist and Holidays Association which represents private interests. The Government Department in Wellington is headed by a General Manager and consists of the Tourist Division which is responsible to the Minister in Charge of Tourism and Health Resorts, and the Publicity Division under the Minister of Publicity and Information. Until 1956, the Department had a third section, the Hotel Division, but this was brought under the Tourist Corporation a public body that administers state hotels.
Die strukturellen Wandlungen des Fremdenverkehrs und der Fremdenverkehrswirtschaft
Authors: Pfister Bernhard
Published: March 2008

Unter strukturellen Veränderungen in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft versteht man solche, die a) die wesentliche Verschiebung einer oder mehrerer «ökonomischer Grössen», also auch eine ökonomisch messbare Vergrösserung oder Minderung wirtschaftlicher Daten, wie zum Beispiel der Produktionen, der Berufe, der Nachfragen, der Einkommen, der Einfuhren und Ausfuhren u. a. m. involvieren,
Problemi organizzativi della formazione turistica al livello dell'apprendistato
Authors: Albano Mainardi Dott.
Published: March 2008

La preparazione sia scolastica o extrascolastica, destinata ai giovani e agli adulti che iniziano o dovrebbero iniziare la loro carriera professionale nel turismo al livello di apprendistato, forma oggetto del presente studio.
Strukturelle Veränderungen im schweizerischen Fremdenverkehr zufolge Wandlungen der Reisegewohnheiten
Authors: Kaspar PD Dr. C.
Published: March 2008

Das vorliegende Thema geht von einem Abhängigkeitsverhältnis zwischen Fremdenverkehr einerseits und Reiseform bzw. Reisegewohnheit andererseits ans. Begrifflich ist der Fremdenverkehr denn auch zu verstehen als «Inbegriff der Beziehungen und Erscheinungen, die sich aus der Reise und dem Aufenthalt Ortsfremder ergeben, sofern durch den Aufenthalt keine Niederlassung begründet und damit keine Erwerbstätigkeit verbunden wird». Mit andern Worten besteht der Fremdenverkehr aus einer dynamischen Komponente Reise und einer statischen Komponente Aufenthalt, wobei er sich, zunächst rein äusserlich betrachtet und deshalb im engsten Sinne, als Verkehrsvorgang präsentiert:
Neue Entwicklungen in der touristischen Marktforschung und Werbung
Authors: Risch PD Dr. P.
Published: March 2008

Über das im Titel genannte Thema ist in den vergangenen Jahren viel Wissenswertes und Grundlegendes geschrieben und gesagt worden und man darf mit Genugtuung feststellen, dass die jahrelangen Bemühungen, dem Gedanken der Marktforschung auch in touristischen Kreisen Eingang zu gewähren, weitgehend erfolgreich waren. Zahlreiche wertvolle wissenschaftliche Beiträge über die theoretischen Aspekte dieses Problemkreises liegen vor und verschiedene touristische Marktforschungsaktionen lieferten dem Praktiker bereits sehr nützliche Erkenntnisse. Hier kann deshalb auf die Wiedergabe theoretischer Erörterungen über die Marktforschung im Fremdenverkehr wohl verzichtet werden, um Wiederholungen zu vermeiden. Es sei lediglich auf die wichtigsten Publikationen verwiesen, ohne dass diese Zitationen allerdings den Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erheben könnten. Den theoretischen Aspekt hat Schmidhauser in seiner Arbeit «Marktforschung im Fremdenverkehr» in sehr präziser und leichtfasslicher Art herausgestellt, während als praktische Ergänzung hierzu Krippendorfs «Der touristische Verkehrsmarkt der Schweiz» bezeichnet werden darf. Während Schmidhauser die grundsätzlichen Fragen eingehend behandelt, die notwendigen Definitionen und Abgrenzungen hervorhebt und wiedergibt, zeigt Krippendorf an Hand eines Beispiels mehr die methodologischen Schwierigkeiten auf; er führt dem Praktiker vor Augen, wie bei der Organisation und Durchführung von Befragungen vorgegangen werden kann.
Le problème de l'adaptation de l'organisation et de l'administration touristiques
Authors: Vitéz André
Published: March 2008

Quiconque s'est donné la peine de méditer sur la signification du tourisme, tel qu'il a été défini par Hunziker et Krapf comme: «l'ensemble des rapports et phénomènes» («Inbegriff der Beziehungen und Erscheinungen») des voyages et du séjour des étrangers — doit se rendre compte de la complexité de ces phénomènes et de l'envergure de l'activité nécessitée par l'apparition, le maintien et le développement du tourisme.
The primary and secondary beneficiaries of tourist spending
Authors: Archer Brian H.
Published: March 2008

The tourist industry is not a single entity but consists of a heterogeneous group of firms and establishments providing a wide range of services for tourists. Some of these businesses are entirely or mainly dependent upon tourist spending, whilst others cater primarily for the resident population and their income from holiday‐makers forms only a marginal addition to their revenue. Yet tourist spending becomes diffused through a region with multiplier effect and many other sectors of the economy receive secondary benefits from the initial round of tourist spending.
A dynamic programming—integer programming algorithm for allocating touristic investments
Authors: Swart W.W. , Gearing C.E. , Var T.
Published: March 2008

In a companion paper (1) a general mathematical model for the allocation of touristic investments was developed. In this paper a solution methodology for the model is developed based on the principles of dynamic programming. At each stage of the dynamic program an integer program is solved to limit the range of values of the state variable which must explicitly be considered. The algorithm is illustrated through an example, and the advantages of the solution procedure are explained by considering the solution as a base for the strategic decision making in the touristic sector.
Thalassaemia in Britain
Authors: Callender Sheila T. , Mallett Barbara J. , Lehmann H.
Published: March 2008

IN Britain thalassaemia is not usually considered in the differential diagnosis of refractory hypochromic anaemia unless there is a history of Mediterranean ancestry. Israëls and Turner (1955) reported two cases of ‘target‐cell anaemia’in English women which we now consider fitted the criteria for thalassaemia, and Havard, Lehmann and Scott (1958) described one English family with undoubted thalassaemia and suggested that the disorder might be less rare in England than had hitherto been supposed. This paper describes three English families in whom a total of 25 cases of the heterozygous form of thalassaemia were found. In the majority of these the condition was completely symptomless.
Haemostatic Activity of Crude Cephalin Components
Authors: Cruz W. O. , Magalhães J. R. , Dietrich C. P.
Published: March 2008

An extensive literature is available on the role of lipids on blood clotting in vitro, but attempts to investigate the influence of lipids upon haemostasis itself, that is the arrest of bleeding, have been few. The only papers found in literature were those by Hirschfelder (1915), Hanzlik (1918a, b) and Hanzlik and Weidenthal (1919), where it was shown that crude cephalin when applied to the wound has some effect on the control of skin bleeding.

Through the use of dog hind‐leg preparation, adapted for studies on haemostasis in vivo, Cruz and Oliveira (1958) have provided experimental evidence to support the view that coagulation is not necessary for the arrest of bleeding in skin cuts, showing that normal bleeding times were obtained during perfusion with a noncoagulable blood sample (citrated arterial blood). In such preparations only arterial blood stops bleeding, whereas venous blood has no effect (Cruz, Oliveira and Magalhaes, 1958). We have used the inability of venous blood to arrest bleeding to demonstrate the haemostatic properties of various substances (Cruz, Oliveira and Magalhaes, 1959; Cruz, Magalhaes and Oliveira, 19600), which, when added to venous blood, converted it into haemostatic blood.

It has been shown that crude cephalin was the active component of several organ extracts able to convert the non‐haemostatic venous blood into haemostatic blood (Cruz et al, 1959). As a first attempt to identify the active substance of crude cephalin, Folch's fractionation method (Folch, 1942) was used, and the haemostatic capacity of fractions I, HI and V tested. The results, showing that most of the activity of crude cephalin is to be found in fraction V (Fy), are presented in this paper.
Studies on the Exchange of Iron between Transferrin and Reticulocytes
Authors: Morgan E. H. , Laurell C.‐B.
Published: March 2008

Iron is carried in the blood plasma very firmly bound to its specific carrying protein, transferrin, and in this form may be utilized for haemoglobin synthesis by reticulocytes (Walsh, Thomas, Chow, Fluharty and Finch, 1949) as well as by erythropoietic tissue of bone marrow. Although many workers have studied the exchange of iron between transferrin and reticulocytes (Paoletti, Boiron, Tubiana, Truhaut and Bernard, 1958; Jandl, Inman, Simmons and Allen, 1959; Allen and Jandl, 1960; Najean, Ardaillou and Bernard, 1960; Schade and Woodworth, 1961), knowledge of this process is still far from complete. Furthermore the results of various workers differ in certain important respects. For instance Jandl and associates (1959) found that iron uptake by reticulocytes varied with changes in transferrin concentration, while Schade and Woodworth (1961) found it to be independent of transferrin concentration. Similarly it is uncertain whether iron taken up by reticulocytes can (Pollycove and Maqsood, 1962) or cannot (Jandl et al., 1959) be eluted by subsequent incubation with transferrin solutions. The present investigation was undertaken to provide further information on the mechanism of iron transfer from transferrin to reticulocytes and in an attempt to settle some of the differences in the results of previous workers. Rabbit reticulocytes, and rabbit plasma and rabbit transferrin purified by very mild procedures were used.
The Incidence of β‐Thalassaemia in Greek and Italian Migrants in Australia and its Effects in Pregnancy
Authors: Ibbotson R. N. , Crompton Beverly A.
Published: March 2008

Considerable interest and attention has been manifested during the last decade in the distribution and incidence of the various types of abnormal haemoglobins and a large body of evidence relating to the haemoglobins S, C, D and E has been accumulated. The difficulty in establishing a definite diagnosis of the thalassaemia trait has, however, largely excluded this condition from the statistical studies.

In our investigation into the incidence of thalassaemia in the Greek and Italian population of South Australia we have used two approaches to the problem. Firstly, we estimated the haemoglobin A2 levels in the pregnant population at a maternity hospital on the assumption from previous work of our own and other workers (Josephson, Masri, Singer, Dworkin and Singer, 1958) that raised haemoglobin A2 levels are found only in thalassaemia of the β type, in some patients with megaloblastic anaemia and in congenital spherocytic anaemia. These two latter conditions are relatively easy to differentiate on routine haematological grounds. Secondly, the bloods of all pregnant women with haemoglobin values of less than 11.O g. per 100 ml. were surveyed in an attempt to find any cases of thalassaemia with normal haemoglobin A2 values on the grounds of microcytic anaemias with normal serumiron levels and showing no response to iron therapy.

Apart from selected case reports there are few factual data available in the literature on the overall effects of pregnancy on the haematological status of the patient with thalassaemia. This aspect has been investigated in conjunction with the studies of the incidence of the β type of thalassaemia trait.
Neutralization of the Biological Activity of Erythropoietin by Immune Sera*
Authors: Lange R. D. , Gardner E. , Wright C.‐S. , Gallagher N. I.
Published: March 2008

Erythropoietin has been thought to possess only slight antigenicity (Jacobson, Goldwasser and Gurney, 1959; Lowy, Keighley, Borsook and Graybiel, 1959). Schooley and Garcia (1962a), however, recently reported the production of neutralizing antibodies to human urinary erythropoietin. The present report describes the production of antibodies against sheep plasma erythropoietin and confirms and extends the observations of Schooley and Garcia.
Antituberculous Drugs and Sideroblastic Anaemia
Authors: Verwilghen R. , Reybrouck G. , Callens L. , Cosemans J.
Published: March 2008

One of the remarkable features of sideroblastic anaemia is that the anaemia of patients with either the acquired or the hereditary form of the disease may respond to treatment with pyridoxine. However, in spite of the response, the characteristic morphological abnormalities remain and the doses of pyridoxine required to produce benefit are often large. The relationship between pyridoxine deficiency and the ringed sideroblast phenomenon is therefore still obscure.

We have observed five cases of anaemia in patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitation and treated with, among other drugs, isoniazid and cycloserine or pyrazinamide, drugs known to act as pyridoxine antagonists. In these patients there was an erythroid hyperplasia and an accumulation of basophilic and poorly haemoglobinized erythroblasts. Slight megaloblastoid changes were observed in some patients. Numerous ringed sideroblasts were present. The peripheral blood showed a moderate hypochromasia with a dimorphic picture. The leucocyte and platelet counts were normal. The scrum‐iron level was normal in three patients and markedly increased in two. The anaemia and the haematological abnormalities disappeared entirely when the treatment with cycloserine or pyrazinamide was interrupted, even though isoniazid and the other antituberculous drugs were continued.
Studies on the Purification and Stability of Human Antihaemophilic Factor (Factor VIII)
Authors: Kekwick R. A. , Walton P. L.
Published: March 2008

In 1957, Kekwick and Wolf described the preparation and preliminary clinical testing of a concentrate of human antihaemophilic factor (Factor VIII), which was obtained from fresh normal human plasma by a modification of the fractionation scheme devised by Kekwick and Mackay (1954). Almost simultaneously a similar preparation was obtained by a modification of the Cohn fractionation procedure (Blombäck and Blombäck, 1956) and was tested clinically (Blombäck and Nilson, 1958).

The development of an assay of greater precision than that used by Kekwick and Wolf (Pool and Robinson, 1959; Kekwick and Walton, 1964) has made it possible to examine factors affecting the stability of Factor VIII, to define more critically the conditions leading to an optimal recovery of Factor VIII from human plasma, and to explore steps for its further purification.

The primary object of the work was to obtain preparations of greater potency for clinical use by procedures leading to a high recovery of activity and readily adaptable to fractionation on a large scale under aseptic conditions.
Some Observations on the Changes Preceding the Development of Megaloblastic Anaemia in Pregnancy with Particular Reference to the Neutrophil Leucocytes
Authors: Chanarin I. , Rothman D. , Ardeman S. , Berry V.
Published: March 2008

There is considerable difference of opinion about the criteria for the diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia during pregnancy and about the value of laboratory tests both as an aid in diagnosis and as an indication of the nature of the ‘deficiency’. The urinary excretion of form‐iminoglutamic acid as a test for folic acid function in megaloblastic anaemia of pregnancy has been found to be of great value by Hibbard (1964) and of little value by others (Chanarin, Rothman and Watson‐Williams, 1963; Hansen, 1964; Chisholm and Sharp, 1964). Megaloblastic anaemia in pregnancy may be found at a time when the serum L. casei (Folate) level is within the normal range (Waters and Mollin, 1961; Chanarin, 1964; Spray, 1964) but Ball and Giles (1964) find the estimation of the so‐called ‘labile’ serum L. casei activity of value. The data published by Izak, Rachmilewitz, Sadovsky, Bercovici, Aronowitch and Grossowicz (1961) indicate that assay of whole blood folic acid does not permit a distinction in pregnancy between iron deficiency anaemia and megaloblastic anaemia; however, Hansen (1964) found that whole blood folate was abnormally low in those patients with clinically significant folate deficiency in pregnancy.

Recently we have studied the effect of various dietary supplements on the results of tests of folic acid function in pregnancy. These tests were carried out at regular intervals throughout pregnancy. Bone marrow samples were obtained in the last few weeks of pregnancy in 43 women in this study. Haemopoiesis was megaloblastic in 15 of these women and was normo‐blastic in the remaining 28. It is the purpose of this paper to compare the observations throughout pregnancy in the group who developed megaloblastic anaemia with those in women in whom haemopoiesis remained normoblastic.
Folate Deficiency in Polycythaemia Rubra Vera
Authors: Kremenchuzky S. , Hoffbrand A. V.
Published: March 2008

The occurrence of megaloblastic anaemia and polycythaemia rubra vera in the same patient is a rare, but nevertheless well‐recognized association and a number of patients with both conditions have been described since Freund's first report (1919). In the great majority of these patients Addisonian pernicious anaemia was the cause of the megaloblastic anaemia and the association of vitamin B12 deficiency and polycythaemia vera has recently been reviewed several times (Engel and Stickney, 1962; Klipstein, 1962; Douglas and Rifkind, 1964).

The association of folate deficiency and polycythaemia vera has not been adequately investigated, though increased folate clearance is known to occur in the myeloproliferative disorders (Chanarin, Mollin and Anderson, 1958a). The main purpose of the present communication is to describe the incidence and severity of folate deficiency in a group of patients with uncomplicated polycythaemia rubra vera. None of these 69 patients suffered from megaloblastic anaemia. One patient with polycythaemia vera who developed megaloblastic anaemia was studied during the same period. However, unlike the patients in the survey, he was not suffering from uncomplicated polycythaemia vera but had undergone partial gastrectomy 14 years previously and, for this reason, his findings are not included with those of the other patients. Details of the history of this patient are also given separately.
The Effect of Splenic Extract on the Reaction of Cells to Phytohaemagglutinin
Authors: Pegrum G. D.
Published: March 2008

Bain, Vas and Lowenstein (1963, 1964) reported a reaction between peripheral blood leucocytes from different healthy donors, grown together in mixed culture. Cells were mixed in equal numbers in their own plasma following separation from red cells by centrifugation. Control cultures of the cells from each donor were grown separately. Cultures were examined at 5 days. Smears from the mixed cultures showed that some of the cells had undergone blastic transformation and occasional mitoses were observed. Autoradiographs after exposure to 3H‐thymidine revealed a striking increase in cells synthesizing desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) compared with the controls. Other elements of the blood, red cells, platelets, and plasma did not have this effect on homologous leucocytes. Hirschhorn, Bach, Kolodny, Firschein and Hashem (1963) observed a similar reaction with both viable and frozen‐thawed lymphocytes. Skin extracts either from a biopsy specimen, or long‐term cultures of human skin fibroblasts, also produced mitosis when added to lymphocytes of an unrelated individual. Hashem and Rosen (1964) fractionated extracts from human lymphocytes and found that fractions containing ribose nucleic acid (RNA) were mitogenic to homologous lymphocytes. This action was inhibited by RNA‐ase.

Craddock (1960) and his co‐workers had noticed that intact or homogenized human granulocytes inhibited DNA synthesis by dog thoracic duct lymphocytes. A later paper from one of his collaborators and a colleague (Perry and Marsh, 1964) indicated that this same effect could be observed with human leucocytes in cultures. When cells from a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia were grown for a few hours in vitro, normal granulocytes or homogenates of normal or leukaemic cells inhibited DNA synthesis. In contrast to this, ‘incubation supernates’ from chronic myeloid leukaemic cells increased DNA synthesis.

These findings with cellular material suggested it would be interesting to observe the effect of extracts from the reticulo‐endothelial system. Extracts of healthy human spleen were obtained and the effect on cells growing in tissue culture observed. Normal peripheral blood leucocytes were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin and then 24 hours later splenic extract added. In some cases, the extract was added first and the phytohaemagglutinin after 24 hours. Activity in the cultures was assessed by the number of cells taking up 3H‐thymidine.
Seasonal Fluctuation in Adhesive Platelets during Long‐Term Anticoagulant Therapy*
Authors: Eastham R. D. , Avis P. R. D.
Published: March 2008

A mono‐amine oxidase inhibitor (Nialamide) has been shown to reduce the extent of induced thrombosis in experimental animals, and to enhance the anticoagulant effects of both phenindione and warfarin (Shimamoto, Yamazaki, Tsuchihashi and Sunaga, 1961; Shimamoto, Ishioka and Jujita, 1962), but these effects were apparent for only a few hours after administration of the drug. Maschouf, Robinson and LeBeau (1964) were able to demonstrate a rapid reduction in platelet adhesiveness in human subjects following a single dose of 75–100 mg., but long‐term treatment of patients with Nialamide alone in doses of 75–200 mg. daily, or in doses of 75 mg. daily in combination with phenindione, had no obvious effect on the total platelet count, or on the adhesive or non‐adhesive platelet count (Eastham, 1964b; Maschouf et al., 1964).

Control platelet counts taken from male patients on long‐term anticoagulant therapy with phenindione alone appeared to show some seasonal fluctuation. These results have therefore been examined in detail over a 14‐month period.
Platelet Survival in the May‐Hegglin Anomaly*
Authors: Davis J. W. , Wilson S. J.
Published: March 2008

The May‐Hegglin anomaly is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by the association of giant platelets with Döhle bodies containing ribonucleic acid in the cytoplasm of granulocytes and monocytes. It is usually associated with thrombocytopenia (Oski, Naiman, Allen and Diamond, 1962; Davis, Wilson and Larsen, 1964), which was present in the patients reported here. We had the unusual opportunity to investigate the platelet survival of a 69‐year‐old woman with the May‐Hegglin anomaly and of her 66‐year‐old brother, who had had a splenectomy 8 months previously. We have seen giant platelets of irregular shape in the blood and in the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow of these patients. The megakaryocytes appeared normal in number, and we suspected that the platelets might be prematurely destroyed by the reticuloendothelial system because of their large size and irregular shape (Fig. I). Some of the autologous platelet survival data have been published in an abstract (Davis and Wilson, 1965).
Adrenaline and Experimental Thrombosis*
Authors: Rowsell H. C. , Hegardt B. , Downie H. G. , Mustard J. F. , Murphy E. A.
Published: March 2008

The acceleration of blood coagulation in vivo by adrenaline was first demonstrated by Vosburgh and Richards in 1903. They showed in man that adrenaline in doses of 7 μg. per kg. body weight shortened the coagulation time by about 50 per cent. Subsequent studies led to conflicting conclusions until the experiments of Cannon and Gray in 1914, who showed that small doses of adrenaline promoted coagulation, but that larger doses inhibited it. This was confirmed by later investigators (Waldron, 1951; Forwell and Ingram, 1957) but, so far as we know, the effect in normal animals of adrenaline on thrombus formation, as distinct from coagulation, has not been explored. More recently, evidence has been presented that adrenaline increases Factor‐VIII activity (Ingram, 1961), shortens platelet survival and increases platelet turnover (Adelson, Rheingold, Parker, Buenaventura and Crosby, 1961; Özge and Mustard, 1964). Recently, Mitchell and Sharp (1964) and O'Brien (1963) have shown that adrenaline promotes platelet aggregation in vitro.

In the present study we have directed our attention to the effect of this drug on blood coagulation, platelets and thrombus formation. Quantitative study of thrombus formation has been made possible by the development of a standard extracorporeal circulation which allows precise measurement (Downie, Murphy, Rowsell and Mustard, 1963). In view of the findings of earlier investigators studying coagulation, it seemed important to determine how dosage levels affect the results.
The Effect of Acute Haemorrhage and Haemolysis on Folate Metabolism in the Rat
Authors: Izak G. , Rachmilewitz M. , Chirasiri L. , Grossowicz N.
Published: March 2008

It has been reported by several investigators that increased blood production accompanying haemolytic disease is usually associated with folate deficiency (Chanarin, Dacie and Mollin, 1959). In many such instances the bone marrow shows megaloblastic transformation which reverts to normal following treatment with folic acid (Chanarin et al., 1959). It therefore seemed of interest to study the effect of experimentally induced bone marrow proliferation on the requirement and distribution of various folate metabolites in the blood, serum, bone marrow and liver tissue.

The present study deals with the results of such investigations in the rat following repeated massive bleeding and phenylhydrazine injections.