bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media effects: Do terrorist organizations launch foreign attacks in response to levels of press freedom or press attention?
Authors: Asal Victor , Hoffman Aaron M.
Published: May 2015

Terrorists are supposed to be influenced by opportunities for news coverage, but does this mean that groups initiate foreign attacks in response to the absence of press freedom in their country or inattention to that state by foreign media organizations? Using Asal and Rethmeyer’s BAAD1 data on terrorist organizations, we find that increasing levels of attention by the international press reduce the odds of groups launching cross-border attacks. The propensity of groups to launch foreign attacks appears unrelated to press freedom. These results suggest that the protections that states provide for the press motivate foreign terrorism less than the way the media determines newsworthiness.
Preliminary Validation of a New Developmental Screening Tool for Neurodevelopmental Delay in HIV-Infected South African Children
Authors: Boyede Gbemisola , Eley Brian , Donald Kirsty
Published: May 2015

Screening for developmental delays among HIV-infected children is not routine in most pediatric HIV clinics in Africa because of the lack of locally adaptable, simple, sensitive and rapid screening tools. The Division of Developmental Pediatrics of the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital developed a tool for rapid screening of moderate to severe global developmental delays among HIV-infected children aged 9 to 36 months. The diagnostic accuracy of the novel screening tool was evaluated. Forty-seven HIV-infected children aged 9 to 36 months were screened using the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital developmental screening tool. Full developmental assessments of same children were performed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. The Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital tool’s sensitivity was 78.5%, specificity 54.6%, positive predictive value was 42.6%, and negative predictive value was 85.4%. The Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital screening tool was adequately sensitive and therefore recommended for screening of moderate to severe developmental delays among HIV-infected children.
The Role of Gender in Violence Experienced by Adults With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Platt Laura , Powers Laurie , Leotti Sandra , Hughes Rosemary B. , Robinson-Whelen Susan , Osburn Sherri , Ashkenazy Elesia , Beers Leanne , Lund Emily M. , Nicolaidis Christina ,   the Partnering With People With Disabilities to Address Violence Consortium, Hughes Rosemary B. , Powers Laurie E. , Nicolaidis Christina , Katz Marsha , Oschwald Mary , Larson Darren , Plourde Eddie , Raymaker Dora , Howard Lisa , Ashkenazy Elesia , Beers Leanne , Boatman Mark , Gardner Gail Bernice , Gray Nicole , Grantham Leah , Larocque James , Millin Mary , Osburn Sherri , Salomon Janice , Star Albert , Tedlow Andrew , Wallington Annie , Curry Mary Ann , Robinson-Whelen Susan , Allen Patti , Goe Rebecca , Leotti Sandy , Lund Emily M.
Published: May 2015

Violence against people with developmental disabilities is a highly prevalent yet understudied phenomenon. In particular, there is a paucity of literature surrounding the role of gender and the experiences of men. Using a cross-sectional study design, we surveyed 350 people with diverse developmental disabilities about experiences of abuse, perpetrators of abuse, and their physical and mental health status. These data were analyzed to determine whether gender influenced these domains. Statistical methods included chi-square, independent t tests, logistic regression, and hierarchical multiple regressions. Male and female participants reported abuse at high rates, with 61.9% of men and 58.2% of women reporting abuse as children and 63.7% of men and 68.2% of women reporting abuse as adults. More women than men reported adult sexual abuse, but there was no gender difference in the prevalence of any other form of abuse. Women were more likely than men to identify an intimate partner as their abuser, although intimate partners represented the minority of abusers for both men and women. Violence was associated with worse health status regardless of participant gender. These findings confirm that violence is an important issue for both men and women with developmental disabilities. Although some expected gender differences arose, such as higher rates of adult sexual abuse and intimate partner violence against women, these differences were less pronounced than they are in the general population, and the overall picture of abuse was one of gender similarities rather than differences.
Men’s Report of Domestic Violence Perpetration in Bangladesh
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: May 2015

This study provides an examination of the antecedents of domestic violence perpetration among a nationally representative sample of men in Bangladesh using an ecological model. Secondary analysis of survey data from nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey is used to examine potential antecedents of perpetration of domestic violence in a sample of 3,371 ever-married men between the ages of 15 and 54 years. Outcome measure is perpetration of domestic violence as measured by a modified Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS), and predictor variables include maternal domestic violence, egalitarianism, marital age, number of household members, wealth index, marital duration, and demographic variables. Men who reported maternal domestic violence had 0.13 greater probability of perpetrating domestic violence compared with men who did not report maternal domestic violence, men who were egalitarian had 0.04 greater probability of perpetrating domestic violence compared with men who were not egalitarian, men in larger households were less likely to report domestic violence. At the same time, the probability of domestic violence perpetration was 0.07 smaller for men who were married at age 36 years and older, as compared with men who were married between the ages of 16 and 20 years, as well as men who were married for more than 5 years when compared with men married for 0 to 4 years. Finally, the probability of domestic violence perpetration was 0.17 smaller for men who were married between the ages of 21 and 25 years and 0.10 smaller for men married between the ages of 26 and 35 years, compared with men who married below the legal marital age of 21. This study provides support for the use of an ecological model to explain domestic violence perpetration in the context of Bangladesh to suggest a multipronged holistic effort to address this insidious social problem and prevent its intergenerational transmission.
Research on intelligent product conceptual design based on cognitive process
Authors: Zheng Hao , Feng Yixiong , Tan Jianrong , Zhang Zixian
Published: May 2015

Early in the design process, designers attempt to explore in the wide design space to generate a number of feasible solutions and decide the best concept scheme with a high degree of uncertainty according to customer demands. A strategy that can assist designers in exploring and ascertaining design solutions within this vast space is therefore crucial. However, existing product design tools mainly focus on the detailed design phase and due to lack of effective design tools, it is often difficult for human designers to explore in wide multi-disciplinary solution spaces. Therefore, this paper proposes a cognitive process-based approach for assisting designers achieving intelligent conceptual design. By analyzing designers’ thinking characteristics, a design meta-thinking model is defined and a simulation model which is composed of divergent thinking and convergent thinking is put forward. Case-based reasoning and genetic algorithm are applied to stimulate divergent thinking to associate and produce feasible concept solutions. Furthermore, multiple-attribute decision-making method based on intuitionistic fuzzy number is employed to stimulate convergent thinking to obtain the best solution from generated conceptual candidate solutions. Finally, a case study is implemented on a turbo-expander. The result of this example demonstrates that the proposed approach can provide an intelligent manner to perform conceptual design. Meanwhile, a computer-aided design prototype system is developed based on this framework.
Mineralocorticoid exposure and receptor activity modulate microvascular endothelial function in African Americans with and without hypertension
Authors: Mohandas Appesh , Suboc Tisha B , Wang Jingli , Ying Rong , Tarima Sergey , Dharmashankar Kodlipet , Malik Mobin , Widlansky Michael E
Published: May 2015

Prior work suggests blood pressure in African Americans is more sensitive to the effects of aldosterone than in Caucasians. This mechanism may relate to a negative response of the vascular endothelium to aldosterone, including reduced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. Thirty-three African Americans (11 hypertensives, 22 controls) without evidence of diabetes or metabolic syndrome completed the protocol. The protocol included measurement of in vivo microvascular endothelial function by digital pulse arterial tonometry and ex vivo measurement of endothelial function by videomicroscopy of arterioles obtained from these same subjects with and without exposure to aldosterone or spironolactone. Systemic and arteriolar G6PD activities were also measured. In vivo and ex vivo microvascular endothelial function were impaired in African Americans with hypertension. One-hour exposure with aldosterone impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in arterioles from normotensive subjects, while 1 hour of spironolactone exposure reversed endothelial dysfunction in arterioles from hypertensive subjects. G6PD activity was impaired in hypertensive arterioles. Aldosterone-related endothelial dysfunction may be responsible for at least a portion of the greater blood pressure sensitivity to aldosterone in African Americans. This may be in part related to vascular suppression of G6PD activity.
Factors facilitating patient satisfaction among women with medically unexplained long-term fatigue: A relational perspective
Authors: Lian Olaug S , Hansen Anne Helen
Published: May 2015

Bodily conditions that are difficult to identify, explain and treat with the aid of medical knowledge and technology appear to be particularly challenging to medical encounters. Patients are often dissatisfied with the help they receive, and they often experience that their medical needs are not met. To explore factors facilitating patient satisfaction among patients with a medically unexplained condition, we ask: what is the importance of individual versus relational factors in facilitating patient satisfaction in clinical encounters between general practitioners (GPs) and women with medically unexplained long-term fatigue? We approach this question through a statistical analysis of survey data collected from a net sample of 431 women recruited through a patient organisation for people suffering from myalgic encephalomyelitis in 2013. Participants were asked about their experiences with general practitioners in the Norwegian national health system in two different phases: shortly after illness onset, and current regular general practitioner last 12 months. The questions evolved around themes concerning shared understanding and decision making, being taken seriously, being paid due respect and being treated as an equal partner. Through descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analyses, we explored how their experiences were related to individual and relational factors, respectively. Free-text comments from the questionnaires were used while interpreting the results. The analysis illuminates that relational aspects in medical encounters between GPs and ME patients, especially continuity, congruence in doctor–patient views and being seen by a specialist, are important catalysts of patient satisfaction. The probability of being satisfied with the initial investigation was more than six times higher in women who were referred to specialists, compared to those who were not. We conclude that continuity of care and experiences of being in a partnership that operates on a common ground – a shared understanding of the patient’s illness – foster patient satisfaction among women with medically unexplained long-term fatigue.
Clinical burden of pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia in Norway 2 years after 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction
Authors: Munson Samantha , Raluy-Callado Mireia , Lambrelli Dimitra , Wasiak Radek , Eriksson Daniel , Gray Sharon
Published: May 2015

Aims: This population-based, retrospective study quantified the rates of all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia in Norway from 2008 to 2009 and determined the proportions of cases caused by pneumococcal vaccine serotypes. Methods: Data on patients with all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia were obtained from the Norwegian Patient Registry, which collects hospitalization data from all Norwegian public hospitals based on International Classification of Diseases codes. Norwegian Patient Registry case records linked to the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases provided serotype data for invasive pneumococcal disease in patients with microbiological cultures. Results: In 2008 and 2009, hospitalization rates were relatively stable for all-cause pneumonia (5.28 and 5.35, respectively, per 1000), meningitis (10.70 and 9.67, respectively, per 100,000), and septicemia (from 171.81 to 161.46 per 100,000). In contrast, rates decreased for International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnosed pneumococcal pneumonia (from 13.66 to 10.52 per 100,000), although these cases may be under-reported because of inclusion in all-cause pneumonia. Rates also decreased in diagnosed pneumococcal meningitis (from 1.60 to 1.19 per 100,000) and diagnosed pneumococcal septicemia (from 9.08 to 7.94 per 100,000). Diagnosed pneumococcal disease rates were highest in younger children and older adults, peaking at ⩾60 years old. Pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia caused by serotypes included in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine decreased substantially during the study period, with corresponding serotype replacement by non-7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes. Conclusions: From 2008 to 2009, International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnosed pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia decreased in most age groups but remained greatest among subjects aged 0–1 and ⩾60 years.
Identifying and Applying for Professional Development Funding
Authors: Hyden Christel , Escoffery Cam , Kenzig Melissa
Published: May 2015

Participation in ongoing professional development can be critical for maintaining up-to-date knowledge in your field, as well as preparing for promotions and job changes. Career development activities may include formal classroom education, web-based courses, on-the-job training, workshops and seminars, professional conferences, and self-study programs. Developing a career development plan, cultivating a team to support your goals, and actively pursuing continuing education and skill-building opportunities are important across all career stages. However, the financial cost of these opportunities can often place them beyond reach. In this commentary, we summarize several potential sources for career development funding as well as best practices for completing the application process.
An Iterative Process for Developing and Evaluating a Computer-Based Prostate Cancer Decision Aid for African American Men
Authors: Owens Otis L. , Friedman Daniela B. , Brandt Heather M. , Bernhardt Jay M. , Hébert James R.
Published: May 2015

Background. The disproportionate burden of prostate cancer (PrCA) among African American (AA) men amplifies the need for informed decisions about PrCA screening. To create a computer-based decision aid (CBDA) for increasing prostate knowledge, decision self-efficacy, and intention to make an informed decision, the study implemented an iterative approach to develop a culturally appropriate CBDA. Method. A short CBDA prototype containing PrCA information and interactive activities was developed. A sample of 21 AA men aged 37 to 66 years in South Carolina participated in one of seven 90-minute focus groups and completed a 36-item survey. Updates were made to the CBDA based on participant feedback. The CBDA and heuristic evaluation surveys were then distributed to six expert reviewers. Ten men were also randomly selected from our sample population to participate in interviews regarding usability of the CBDA. Results. Participants and expert reviewers expressed consensus on many features of the CBDA, but some suggested changes to the format and graphics in order to enhance the CBDA’s effectiveness. Development and evaluation processes and implications are discussed. Conclusions. Using CBDAs for informed decision making may be appropriate for AA men. It is important to engage the community and experts in an iterative development process to ensure that a CBDA is relevant for priority populations.
Against Colorectal Cancer in Our Neighborhoods, a Community-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Program Targeting Low-Income Hispanics
Authors: Shokar Navkiran K. , Byrd Theresa , Lairson David R. , Salaiz Rebekah , Kim Junghyun , Calderon-Mora Jessica , Nguyen Norma , Ortiz Melchor
Published: May 2015

Background. Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Despite universal screening recommendations, screening rates in the United States remain suboptimal, especially among the poor, the uninsured, recent immigrants, and Hispanics. This article describes the development of a large community-based colorectal cancer screening program designed to address these disparities. Method. The Against Colorectal Cancer in our Neighborhoods program is a bilingual, evidence-based, theory-guided, multicomponent community screening intervention, targeting the uninsured and developed using a systematic planning process. It combines community health worker–led outreach, bilingual and culturally tailored community education, and no-cost screening with provision of the fecal immunochemical test or colonoscopy and navigation services. A detailed process and outcome evaluation is planned. Program development cost calculated prospectively (in 2011 dollars) using a societal perspective and micro-costing methods was $243,278, of which $180,344 was direct cost. Discussion. The detailed description of the development processes and costs of this health promotion program targeting low-income Hispanics will inform health program decision makers about the resource requirements for planning and developing new programs to reduce disease burden in communities.
Experiences of Uncertainty in Men With an Elevated PSA
Authors: Biddle Caitlin , Brasel Alicia , Underwood Willie , Orom Heather
Published: May 2015

A significant proportion of men, ages 50 to 70 years, have, and continue to receive prostate specific antigen (PSA) tests to screen for prostate cancer (PCa). Approximately 70% of men with an elevated PSA level will not subsequently be diagnosed with PCa. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 men with an elevated PSA level who had not been diagnosed with PCa. Uncertainty was prominent in men’s reactions to the PSA results, stemming from unanswered questions about the PSA test, PCa risk, and confusion about their management plan. Uncertainty was exacerbated or reduced depending on whether health care providers communicated in lay and empathetic ways, and provided opportunities for question asking. To manage uncertainty, men engaged in information and health care seeking, self-monitoring, and defensive cognition. Results inform strategies for meeting informational needs of men with an elevated PSA and confirm the primary importance of physician communication behavior for open information exchange and uncertainty reduction.
Analysis of macroscopic and microscopic rotating motions in rotating jets: A direct numerical simulation
Authors: Yang Xingtuan , Gui Nan , Yan Jie , Tu Jiyuan , Jiang Shengyao
Published: May 2015

A direct numerical simulation study of the characteristics of macroscopic and microscopic rotating motions in swirling jets confined in a rectangular flow domain is carried out. The different structures of vortex cores for different swirl levels are illustrated. It is found that the vortex cores of low swirl flows are of regular cylindrical-helix patterns, whereas those of the high swirl flows are characterized by the formation of the bubble-type vortex breakdown followed by the radiant processing vortex cores. The results of mean velocity fields show the general procedures of vortex origination. Moreover, the effects of macroscopic and microscopic rotating motions with respect to the mean and fluctuation fields of the swirling flows are evaluated. The microscopic rotating effects, especially the effects with respect to the turbulent fluctuation motion, are increasingly intermittent with the increase in the swirl levels. In contrast, the maximum value of the probability density functions with respect to the macroscopic rotating effects of the fluctuation motion occurs at moderate swirl levels since the macroscopic rotating effects are attenuated by the formation of the bubble vortex breakdown with a region of stagnant fluids at supercritical swirl levels.
Torsional stress in non-circular cross sections by the finite element method
Authors: Abdelkader Kirad , Toufik Zebbiche , Mohamed Boun-jad
Published: May 2015

The presented work is used to develop a new numerical calculation program to determine the torsional stress in simply connected non-circular cross sections of a beam subjected to a constant torque using the finite element method. The method used is the finite element quadrilateral element with four nodes. The boundary conditions are of Dirichlet. In applications for torsion usually formulas and results for the circular section are used, although the section in the case of type real and not circular. This is due to lack of form for non-circular sections in general. Each section has its own form of the twist angle and strain which is different from one section to another. This formula is connected with the polar moment of inertia if the section is circular and different if the section is not circular. Hence, our interest is directed toward calculating polar moment of inertia and constant torque if the section is not circular. The results presented are chosen for simple sections for comparison and other complex shapes such as airfoil having a physical and practical interest. A calculation error between the theoretical results and the calculated results is done in this context.
H∞ control for path tracking of autonomous underwater vehicle motion
Authors: Wang Lin-Lin , Wang Hong-Jian , Pan Li-Xin
Published: May 2015

In order to simplify the design of path tracking controller and solve the problem relating to nonlinear dynamic model of autonomous underwater vehicle motion planning, feedback linearization method is first adopted to transform the nonlinear dynamic model into an equivalent pseudo-linear dynamic model in horizontal coordinates. Then considering wave disturbance effect, mixed-sensitivity method of H∞ robust control is applied to design state-feedback controller for this equivalent dynamic model. Finally, control law of pseudo-linear dynamic model is transformed into state (surge velocity and yaw angular rate) tracking control law of nonlinear dynamic model through inverse coordinate transformation. Simulation indicates that autonomous underwater vehicle path tracking is successfully implemented with this proposed method, and the influence of parameter variation in autonomous underwater vehicle dynamic model on its tracking performance is reduced by H∞ controller. All the results show that the method proposed in this article is effective and feasible.
A throttle-less single-rod hydraulic cylinder positioning system: Design and experimental evaluation
Authors: Jalayeri Ehsan , Imam Ahmed , Tomas Zeljko , Sepehri Nariman
Published: May 2015

Modern industrial tote dumpers and lifters are equipped with long-stroke single-rod hydraulic cylinders. For years, valve-controlled cylinders have been used in tote dumpers. Valve-controlled actuators are highly inefficient due to huge power losses in throttling valves. They also need a cooling system to remove the wasted heat energy from the hydraulic oil. This article introduces a low-cost throttle-less hydraulic circuit to control the single-rod cylinder of a tote dumper. The system consists of a motor-driven gear pump, an On/Off solenoid valve, to redirect the differential flow of the single-rod hydraulic cylinder and a counterbalance valve, which makes the circuit controllable for assisting loads and keeps the load in position with no effort from the hydraulic pump. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of the circuit. A test rig has been designed to simulate a lifting load. The energy efficiency of the circuit is determined by comparing a valve-controlled circuit with the proposed circuit. The proposed circuit composition is not only efficient and simple but is also accurate in terms of position response using a proportional controller. The circuit is easy to control since the only needed measurement is the displacement of the actuator. The circuit, however, does not recycle energy.
Acoustic radiation analysis of topographically optimized structure using the direct boundary element method
Authors: Trung Chu Khac , DeJie Yu
Published: May 2015

A technique for controlling the noise radiation of folded plate structures is developed in this article. In this technique, the topography optimization method is introduced and an artificial parameter called [Formula: see text] is proposed as the objective function. The parameter [Formula: see text] is the upper bound of the surface velocity. The purpose of the optimization is to minimize [Formula: see text] while taking the surface velocities less than [Formula: see text] as the constraints. The infinite element method was applied to calculate the acoustic radiation pressure level. A numerical example of reducing the radiated noise of a folded plate structure using the proposed optimization technique is given. This article introduces the conjunction between the direct boundary element method and the infinite boundary method for acoustic radiation analysis of structures. The optimization results are quite encouraging and indicate that the design optimization technique developed in this article is pretty effective.
Analysis, manufacturing, testing, and structural optimization of a novel composite kiteboard design
Authors: Stier Bertram , Bednarcyk Brett A , Böddeker Torben , Springmann Raphael , Simon Jaan W , Reese Stefanie
Published: May 2015

A novel foam core sandwich composite kiteboard design was developed, manufactured, tested, and optimized for weight. An innovative geometry was developed to improve performance under the demanding operating conditions experienced by waterborne kiteboards. A computer-aided design model was built and used to produce a tool, which was used in the construction of a prototype kiteboard. The prototype was tested under three-point bend loading, with full-field strain measurements recorded during the test. Both shell and solid finite element models of the kiteboard were developed and validated via comparison with the test data, where the composite material properties used in the models were obtained via coupon tests. The validated shell finite element model was then used in conjunction with the HyperSizer aerospace composite design software to optimize the kiteboard design for minimum weight, while also checking a wide array of composite and sandwich panel failure criteria.
It’s Not You, It’s Me
Authors: Himmelstein Mary , Tomiyama A. Janet
Published: May 2015

Much research focuses on the formation of antifat attitudes, but an understanding of antifat bias is incomplete without incorporating self-perceptions. We tested a model in which self-perceptions influenced stereotyping of the same target shown as obese versus thin via antifat attitudes. Participants rated six targets, two of which were the same individual before and after weight loss. Questionnaires assessed participants’ self-perceptions and antifat bias. Multiple group path analysis indicated participants’ body mass index positively predicted greater perceived body size in men and women, though the relationship was stronger for women. Greater perceived body size predicted decreased antifat attitudes, while greater body shame and beliefs about personal control predicted increased antifat attitudes. Antifat attitudes predicted greater negative stereotyping of the target when shown as obese relative to thin. These findings point toward the importance of self-perception in the stigmatization of others and the need to include self-acceptance in weight-bias interventions.
Doubts about Religious Education in public schooling
Authors: Moulin Daniel
Published: May 2015

This article considers potential problems concerning Religious Education in public (state-funded) secondary schools in England in order to inform ongoing debates about religion in public education in the United States and elsewhere. Findings of empirical studies conducted in England are discussed in relation to arguments that critique Religious Education. It is argued that Religious Education as it is currently conceived and practised in England may be problematic for religious believers because it can misrepresent and critique religions, particularly Christianity. It is also suggested that the subject may be confused in its aims and purpose because it is not based upon any theological or religious authority. It is suggested that these problems may present challenges to religious identity formation among adolescents and therefore may be a cause of concern for religious communities.
Concurrent biliary drainage and portal vein embolization in preparation for extended hepatectomy in patients with biliary cancer
Authors: Nilsson Jan , Eriksson Sam , Nørgaard Larsen Peter , Keussen Inger , Christiansen Frevert Susanne , Lindell Gert , Sturesson Christian
Published: May 2015

Background

Patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer extending into the hilum often present with jaundice and a small future liver remnant (FLR). If resectable, preoperative biliary drainage and portal vein embolization (PVE) are indicated. Classically, these measures have been performed sequentially, separated by 4–6 weeks.

Purpose

To report on a new regime where percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and PVE are performed simultaneously, shortening the preoperative process.

Material and Methods

Six patients were treated with concurrent PTBD and PVE under general anesthesia.

Results

Surgical exploration followed the combined procedure after 35 days (range, 28–51 days). The FLR ratio increased from 22% to 32%. Three patients developed cholangitis after the procedure.

Conclusion

The combined approach of PTBD and PVE seems feasible, but more studies on morbidity are warranted.
The Information and Motivation and Behavioral Skills Model of ART Adherence among HIV-Positive Adults in Mexico
Authors: Santillán Torres Torija Carolina , Villagrán Vázquez Gabina , Robles Montijo Silvia Susana , Eguiluz Romo Luz de Lourdes
Published: May 2015

Introduction:

Middle-income countries are in need of research that uses theoretical-based models to assess factors that predict adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and help in the design, implementation, and evaluation of interventions for nonadherent populations. In Mexico, the Information and Motivation and Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model of ART Adherence constructs is useful in describing and predicting adherence behaviors in various samples but has not been articulated to people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART. The aim of this was to characterize the IMB core constructs and identify correlates of ART adherence in an HIV-positive clinic sample in Mexico.

Methods:

A convenience sample of 109 HIV-positive patients attending their monthly visits at a local public hospital were interviewed with the Spanish version of the LifeWindows IMB ART Adherence Questionnaire (LW-IMB-AAQ) as well as a sociodemographic questionnaire. All participants were recruited from a hospital-based outpatient clinical care site.

Results:

Partial confirmation of the relationships proposed by the IMB Model of ART Adherence was found. As predicted by the model, only behavioral skills had direct association with all measures of self-reported adherence, and motivation was associated with behavioral skills. Information did not demonstrate significant relations to either motivation or behavioral skills, nor did it directly associate with adherence. Self-reported adherence did not associate with CD4 counts, nor did any of the IMB model core constructs.

Conclusion:

Applicability of the IMB Model of ART Adherence in this setting is discussed. The IMB Model of ART Adherence offered promise in this population and could help tailor population-specific interventions to promote high rates of ART adherence.
Reducing False-Positive HIV Diagnosis in Niger
Authors: Simoncini Gina M. , Megill Matthew , van den Berg-Wolf Mary
Published: May 2015

The entry into both HIV care and secondary prevention is first through the knowledge of one’s own HIV status. Testing for HIV remains challenging in countries where clinicians rely on rapid testing algorithms because the routine use of confirmatory Western blot technology is unavailable. In this case report, we describe the case of a pregnant woman in Niger, who was falsely labeled as HIV positive during prenatal visits. We also describe our clinical algorithm that was developed to facilitate retesting in patients who initially tested HIV positive or indeterminant with rapid diagnostic tests. Vigilance is necessary to ensure that appropriate identification and treatment of HIV is provided to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, to appropriately allocate resources, and to avoid falsely labeling patients with HIV.
Effect of cooling rate on microstructure and properties of microalloyed HSLA steel weld metals
Authors: Zhang L. , Pittner A. , Michael T. , Rhode M. , Kannengiesser T.
Published: May 2015

Two high strength Nb/Ti microalloyed S690QL steels were welded with identical filler material, varying welding parameters to obtain three cooling rates: slow, medium and fast cooling. As cooling rate increased, the predominantly acicular ferrite in Nb weld metal (WM) is substituted by bainite, with a consequence of obvious hardness increase, but in Ti WM, no great variation of acicular ferrite at all cooling rates contributed to little increment of hardness. The transition between bainite and acicular ferrite has been analysed from the point view of inclusions characteristics, chemical composition and cooling rate. Excellent Charpy toughness at 233 K was obtained with acicular ferrite as predominantly microstructure. Even with bainite weld of high hardness, the toughness was nearly enough to fulfill the minimal requirements. WM for Ti steel showed to be markedly less sensitive to the variations of cooling rate than that for Nb steel.
Welding deformation and residual stresses in arc welded lap joints by modified iterative analysis
Authors: Huang H. , Ma N. , Hashimoto T. , Murakawa H.
Published: May 2015

Welding residual stresses and deformation in arc welded lap joints of thin steel plates were investigated by both numerical simulation and experimental measurement. A modified iterative substructure method was developed for the large deformation problem with locally strong nonlinearity, and the detailed distribution of welding residual stresses was obtained. It was demonstrated that the deformation mode of the top plate is different from that of the bottom plate. The out of plane deformation along the weld line has a convex shape and that along the transverse section has a concave shape. The strength of the base metal has a large influence on the residual stresses. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method have been validated by comparing numerical results with experimental results.
Preparation and characterisation of manganese–TiO2 nanocomposites for solar water splitting
Authors: Momeni M. M. , Hakimian M. , Kazempour A.
Published: May 2015

In this paper, Mn–TiO2 nanocomposite films were successfully fabricated by the anodising of pure titanium plates in a non-aqueous electrolyte solution containing manganese ions. For the first time, potassium permanganate was used as the Mn source in anodising process. The morphology, structure and composition of these nanocomposite films were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping and UV–Vis absorption spectrum respectively. Characterisation of the as prepared films indicated that potassium permanganate concentration in anodising solution significantly influenced the morphology of the surface, structure and photocatalytic activity of these films. So, to access a specific morphology, a proper concentration of KMnO4 is required. Photocatalytic activity of samples was evaluated by testing the water splitting. The Mn–TiO2–1 nanocomposite exhibited better photocatalytic activity than did the bare TiO2 film and other Mn–TiO2 nanocomposites.
Mechanisms of PD-L1/PD-1–mediated CD8 T-cell dysfunction in the context of aging-related immune defects in the Eµ-TCL1 CLL mouse model
Authors: McClanahan Fabienne , Riches John C. , Miller Shaun , Day William P. , Kotsiou Eleni , Neuberg Donna , Croce Carlo M. , Capasso Melania , Gribben John G.
Published: May 2015

Key Points

PD-L1/PD-1–mediated CD8 T-cell dysfunction develops with CLL in different organs, and similarities to aging-related immune defects exist. PD-1+ normal T cells have markedly different effector functions than PD-1+ CLL T cells.
The synaptic recruitment of lipid rafts is dependent on CD19-PI3K module and cytoskeleton remodeling molecules
Authors: Xu Liling , Auzins Arturs , Sun Xiaolin , Xu Yinsheng , Harnischfeger Fiona , Lu Yun , Li Zhanguo , Chen Ying-Hua , Zheng Wenjie , Liu Wanli
Published: May 2015

Sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich lipid raft microdomains are important in the initiation of BCR signaling. Although it is known that lipid rafts promote the coclustering of BCR and Lyn kinase microclusters within the B cell IS, the molecular mechanism of the recruitment of lipid rafts into the B cell IS is not understood completely. Here, we report that the synaptic recruitment of lipid rafts is dependent on the cytoskeleton-remodeling proteins, RhoA and Vav. Such an event is also efficiently regulated by motor proteins, myosin IIA and dynein. Further evidence suggests the synaptic recruitment of lipid rafts is, by principle, an event triggered by BCR signaling molecules and second messenger molecules. BCR-activating coreceptor CD19 potently enhances such an event depending on its cytoplasmic Tyr421 and Tyr482 residues. The enhancing function of the CD19-PI3K module in synaptic recruitment of lipid rafts is also confirmed in human peripheral blood B cells. Thus, these results improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the recruitment of lipid raft microdomains in B cell IS.
Role of the endothelial surface layer in neutrophil recruitment
Authors: Marki Alex , Esko Jeffrey D , Pries Axel R , Ley Klaus
Published: May 2015

Neutrophil recruitment in most tissues is limited to postcapillary venules, where E- and P-selectins are inducibly expressed by venular endothelial cells. These molecules support neutrophil rolling via binding of PSGL-1 and other ligands on neutrophils. Selectins extend ≤38 nm above the endothelial plasma membrane, and PSGL-1 extends to 50 nm above the neutrophil plasma membrane. However, endothelial cells are covered with an ESL composed of glycosaminoglycans that is ≥500 nm thick and has measurable resistance against compression. The neutrophil surface is also covered with a surface layer. These surface layers would be expected to completely shield adhesion molecules; thus, neutrophils should not be able to roll and adhere. However, in the cremaster muscle and in many other models investigated using intravital microscopy, neutrophils clearly roll, and their rolling is easily and quickly induced. This conundrum was thought to be resolved by the observation that the induction of selectins is accompanied by ESL shedding; however, ESL shedding only partially reduces the ESL thickness (to 200 nm) and thus is insufficient to expose adhesion molecules. In addition to its antiadhesive functions, the ESL also presents neutrophil arrest-inducing chemokines. ESL heparan sulfate can also bind L-selectin expressed by the neutrophils, which contributes to rolling and arrest. We conclude that ESL has both proadhesive and antiadhesive functions. However, most previous studies considered either only the proadhesive or only the antiadhesive effects of the ESL. An integrated model for the role of the ESL in neutrophil rolling, arrest, and transmigration is needed.
Superantigens produced by catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus elicit systemic inflammatory disease in the absence of bacteremia
Authors: Chung Jin-Won , Greenwood-Quaintance Kerryl E , Karau Melissa J , Tilahun Ashenafi , Khaleghi Shahryar Rostamkolaei , Chowdhary Vaidehi R , David Chella S , Patel Robin , Rajagopalan Govindarajan
Published: May 2015

SAgs, produced by Staphylococcus aureus, play a major role in the pathogenesis of invasive staphylococcal diseases by inducing potent activation of the immune system. However, the role of SAgs, produced by S. aureus, associated with indwelling devices or tissues, are not known. Given the prevalence of device-associated infection with toxigenic S. aureus in clinical settings and the potency of SAgs, we hypothesized that continuous exposure to SAgs produced by catheter-associated S. aureus could have systemic consequences. To investigate these effects, we established a murine in vivo catheter colonization model. One centimeter long intravenous catheters were colonized with a clinical S. aureus isolate producing SAgs or isogenic S. aureus strains, capable or incapable of producing SAg. Catheters were subcutaneously implanted in age-matched HLA-DR3, B6, and AEo mice lacking MHC class II molecules and euthanized 7 d later. There was no evidence of systemic infection. However, in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice, which respond robustly to SSAgs, the SSAg-producing, but not the nonproducing strains, caused a transient increase in serum cytokine levels and a protracted expansion of splenic CD4+ T cells expressing SSAg-reactive TCR Vβ8. Lungs, livers, and kidneys from these mice showed infiltration with CD4+ and CD11b+ cells. These findings were absent in B6 and AEo mice, which are known to respond poorly to SSAgs. Overall, our novel findings suggest that systemic immune activation elicited by SAgs, produced by S. aureus colonizing foreign bodies, could have clinical consequences in humans.
“In Things”: The Rebus in Premodern Devotion
Authors: Brantley Jessica
Published: May 2015

A hybrid of letters and pictures arranged to signify a sentence or phrase, the rebus transforms objects into ideas more explicitly than any other kind of communicative system. Its fundamental mechanism of representation enacts a connection between words and things and evokes the ways in which ideas, when inscribed in letters, are necessarily grounded in physical reality. Although the rebus is usually considered a light and popular form, its playful mixture of ideas and things is also used to negotiate sacred meaning, and even to embody the divine. This essay explores the multiple signifying strategies of the rebus in late medieval and early modern Europe, focusing especially on its surprising potential for devotional expression. Combining both objects and words offers readers in this complicated moment of cultural and theological change a powerful way to approach the depiction of God, and also to articulate the contours of the devotional self.
BAZ1B is dispensable for H2AX phosphorylation on Tyrosine 142 during spermatogenesis
Authors: Broering Tyler J. , Wang Yuan-Liang , Pandey Ram Naresh , Hegde Rashmi S. , Wang Shao-Chun , Namekawa Satoshi H.
Published: May 2015

Meiosis is precisely regulated by the factors involved in DNA damage response in somatic cells. Among them, phosphorylation of H2AX on Serine 139 (γH2AX) is an essential signal for the silencing of unsynapsed sex chromosomes during male meiosis. However, it remains unknown how adjacent H2AX phosphorylation on Tyrosine 142 (pTyr142) is regulated in meiosis. Here we investigate the meiotic functions of BAZ1B (WSTF), the only known Tyr142 kinase in somatic cells, using mice possessing a conditional deletion of BAZ1B. Although BAZ1B deletion causes ectopic γH2AX signals on synapsed autosomes during the early pachytene stage, BAZ1B is dispensable for fertility and critical events during spermatogenesis. BAZ1B deletion does not alter events on unsynapsed axes and pericentric heterochromatin formation. Furthermore, BAZ1B is dispensable for localization of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling protein SMARCA5 (SNF2h) during spermatogenesis despite the complex formation between BAZ1B and SMARCA5, known as the WICH complex, in somatic cells. Notably, pTyr142 is regulated independently of BAZ1B and is dephosphorylated on the sex chromosomes during meiosis in contrast with the presence of adjacent γH2AX. Dephosphorylation of pTyr142 is regulated by MDC1, a binding partner of γH2AX. These results reveal the distinct regulation of two adjacent phosphorylation sites of H2AX during meiosis, and suggest that another kinase mediates Tyr142 phosphorylation.
The insulator protein CTCF regulatesDrosophilasteroidogenesis
Authors: Fresán Ujué , Cuartero Sergi , O'Connor Michael B. , Espinàs M. Lluisa
Published: May 2015

The steroid hormone ecdysone is a central regulator of insect development. In this report we show that CTCF expression in the prothoracic gland is required for full transcriptional activation of the Halloween genes spookier, shadow and noppera-bo, which encode ecdysone biosynthetic enzymes, and for proper timing of ecdysone-responsive gene expression. Loss of CTCF results in delayed and less synchronized larval development that can only be rescued by feeding larvae with both, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone and cholesterol. Moreover, CTCF-knockdown in prothoracic gland cells leads to increased lipid accumulation. In conclusion, the insulator protein CTCF is required for Halloween gene expression and cholesterol homeostasis in ecdysone-producing cells controlling steroidogenesis.
Unusual Tautomeric Energetics in 4n Azaheterocycles
Authors: Hatanaka Masashi
Published: May 2015

Unusual imino preference in 4n azaheterocycles is theoretically analyzed. It is attributed to less topological charge stability of the amino forms due to antisymmetric nonbonding molecular orbitals. The theory is applicable for designing stable imino species. The same analysis is also applicable for hydroxyl/oxo tautomerism, and results in very stable lactams.
Development of a Photoresponsive Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Magnet: Layered Cobalt Hydroxides Intercalated with Spiropyran Anions
Authors: Tanaka Naru , Okazawa Atsushi , Sugahara Akira , Kojima Norimichi
Published: May 2015

To develop an organic–inorganic hybrid photomagnet, we performed the intercalation of sulfonate-substituted spiropyran anions into layered cobalt hydroxides, obtaining the photoresponsive compound, Co(OH)1.84(nSPSO3)0.16·0.8H2O (CoLHSP; nSPSO3: 1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline]-5′-sulfonate). After UV irradiation (313 nm), the optical and magnetic properties of CoLHSP clearly changed. A new band emerged in the absorption spectrum at 564 nm, corresponding to the π–π* transition in the open form of nSPSO3. Moreover, the photoisomerization of nSPSO3 induced a new ferrimagnetic phase transition at 10 K in the temperature dependence of DC and AC magnetic susceptibilities in addition to the ferrimagnetic phase transition at 15 K for the unirradiated sample. Analyzing the magnetic measurements before and after UV irradiation, we estimated the phototransformation ratio of the magnetic phase in CoLHSP at approximately 40%.