bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A framework for modelling the annual cycle of trees in boreal and temperate regions
Authors: Hänninen Heikki , Kramer Koen
Published: March 2014

Models of the annual development cycle of trees in boreal and temperate regions were reviewed and classified on the basis of their ecophysiological assumptions. In our classification we discern two main categories of tree development: 1) fixed sequence development, which refers to irreversible ontogenetic development leading to visible phenological events such as bud burst or flowering, and 2) fluctuating development, which refers to reversible physiological phenomena such as the dynamics of frost hardiness during winter. As many of the physiological phenomena are partially reversible, we also describe integrated models, which include aspects of both fixed-sequence and fluctuating development. In our classification we further discern simple E-models, where the environmental response stays constant, and more comprehensive ES-models, where the environmental response changes according to the state of development. On the basis of this model classification, we have developed an operational modelling framework, in which we define an explicit state variable and a corresponding rate variable for each attribute of the annual cycle considered. We introduce a unifying notation, which we also use when presenting a selection of previously published models. To illustrate the various developmental phenomena and their modelling, we have carried out model simulations. Finally, we discuss the ecophysiological interpretation of the model variables, methodological aspects of the empirical development and testing of the models, the introduction of new aspects to the modelling, other closely related models, and applications of the models.
Design and Evaluation of Efficient Router Architecture for Triplet-Based Network-on-Chip Topology
Authors: Zhang Yang
Published: March 2014

A network-on-chip (NoC) router serves an important function in network communication performance. A high-performance router will help build a high-throughput, power-efficient, and low-latency NoC. However, the existing baseline router of a triplet-based NoC topology cannot fully optimize the potential performance, because it does not consider the characteristics of triplet-based NoC topology. This paper presents the topology-related router architecture for a triplet-based topology, called X Router. The baseline router architecture is optimized using four measures, namely, simplified crossbar switch, express virtual channel, group-priority scheme, and shared buffer organization. Simulation results using the cycle-accurate simulator Noxim show that the X Router cannot only decrease traffic latency and energy consumption, but also improve throughput over the baseline router architecture.
Uptake and metabolic effects of 3-iodothyronamine in hepatocytes
Authors: Ghelardoni Sandra , Chiellini Grazia , Frascarelli Sabina , Saba Alessandro , Zucchi Riccardo
Published: March 2014

3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) is an endogenous relative of thyroid hormone with profound metabolic effects. In different experimental models, T1AM increased blood glucose, and it is not clear whether this effect is entirely accounted by changes in insulin and/or glucagone secretion. Thus, in the present work, we investigated the uptake of T1AM by hepatocytes, which was compared with the uptake of thyroid hormones, and the effects of T1AM on hepatic glucose and ketone body production. Two different experimental models were used: HepG2 cells and perfused rat liver. Thyronines and thyronamines (T0AMs) were significantly taken up by hepatocytes. In HepG2 cells exposed to 1 μM T1AM, at the steady state, the cellular concentration of T1AM exceeded the medium concentration by six- to eightfold. Similar accumulation occurred with 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Liver experiments confirmed significant T1AM uptake. T1AM was partly catabolized and the major catabolites were 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) (in HepG2 cells) and T0AM (in liver). In both preparations, infusion with 1 μM T1AM produced a significant increase in glucose production, if adequate gluconeogenetic substrates were provided. This effect was dampened at higher concentration (10 μM) or in the presence of the amine oxidase inhibitor iproniazid, while TA1 was ineffective, suggesting that T1AM may have a direct gluconeogenetic effect. Ketone body release was significantly increased in liver, while variable results were obtained in HepG2 cells incubated with gluconeogenetic substrates. These findings are consistent with the stimulation of fatty acid catabolism, and a shift of pyruvate toward gluconeogenesis. Notably, these effects are independent from hormonal changes and might have physiological and pathophysiological importance.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Highly Incomplete SNP Genotype Data with Imputations: An Empirical Assessment
Authors: Fu Yong-Bi
Published: March 2014

Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) recently has emerged as a promising genomic approach for assessing genetic diversity on a genome-wide scale. However, concerns are not lacking about the uniquely large unbalance in GBS genotype data. Although some genotype imputation has been proposed to infer missing observations, little is known about the reliability of a genetic diversity analysis of GBS data, with up to 90% of observations missing. Here we performed an empirical assessment of accuracy in genetic diversity analysis of highly incomplete single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes with imputations. Three large single-nucleotide polymorphism genotype data sets for corn, wheat, and rice were acquired, and missing data with up to 90% of missing observations were randomly generated and then imputed for missing genotypes with three map-independent imputation methods. Estimating heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient from original, missing, and imputed data revealed variable patterns of bias from assessed levels of missingness and genotype imputation, but the estimation biases were smaller for missing data without genotype imputation. The estimates of genetic differentiation were rather robust up to 90% of missing observations but became substantially biased when missing genotypes were imputed. The estimates of topology accuracy for four representative samples of interested groups generally were reduced with increased levels of missing genotypes. Probabilistic principal component analysis based imputation performed better in terms of topology accuracy than those analyses of missing data without genotype imputation. These findings are not only significant for understanding the reliability of the genetic diversity analysis with respect to large missing data and genotype imputation but also are instructive for performing a proper genetic diversity analysis of highly incomplete GBS or other genotype data.
Mapping Saltwater Intrusion in the Biscayne Aquifer, Miami-Dade County, Florida using Transient Electromagnetic Sounding
Authors: Fitterman David V
Published: March 2014

Saltwater intrusion in southern Florida poses a potential threat to the public drinking-water supply that is typically monitored using water samples and electromagnetic induction logs collected from a network of wells. Transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings are a complementary addition to the monitoring program because of their ease of use, low cost, and ability to fill in data gaps between wells. TEM soundings have been used to map saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer over a large part of south Florida including eastern Miami-Dade County and the Everglades. These two areas are very different with one being urban and the other undeveloped. Each poses different conditions that affect data collection and data quality. In the developed areas, finding sites large enough to make soundings is difficult. The presence of underground pipes further restricts useable locations. Electromagnetic noise, which reduces data quality, is also an issue. In the Everglades, access to field sites is difficult and working in water-covered terrain is challenging. Nonetheless, TEM soundings are an effective tool for mapping saltwater intrusion. Direct estimates of water quality can be obtained from the inverted TEM data using a formation factor determined for the Biscayne aquifer. This formation factor is remarkably constant over Miami-Dade County owing to the uniformity of the aquifer and the absence of clay. Thirty-six TEM soundings were collected in the Model Land area of southeast Miami-Dade County to aid in calibration of a helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) survey. The soundings and HEM survey revealed an area of saltwater intrusion aligned with canals and drainage ditches along U.S. Highway 1 and the Card Sound Road. These canals and ditches likely reduced freshwater levels through unregulated drainage and provided pathways for seawater to flow at least 12.4 km inland.
Insights from Academic Participation in the FAF's Initial PIR: The PIR of FIN 48
Authors: Blouin Jennifer L. , Robinson Leslie A.
Published: March 2014

SYNOPSIS

In 2009, the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) determined that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) standard setting process required a formal review to monitor and address issues that can arise after the implementation of accounting standards. The FAF selected FASB Interpretation No. 48 (FIN 48), Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, as the initial post-implementation review (PIR) standard. This paper informs the academic community about the PIR process and provides an academic perspective on the initial PIR of FIN 48. In particular, we demonstrate the role of the academic literature using the FIN 48 literature review prepared as part of the PIR process.
A principal component analysis (PCA) method for predicting the correlation between some fabric parameters and the drape
Authors: Hamdi Thouraya , Ghith Adel , Fayala Faten
Published: March 2014

A new method for predicting correlation between fabric parameters and the drape is developed. This method utilises
a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of intercorrelated influencing parameters (bending rigidity, weight, thickness)
and the drape parameters (drape coefficient and the node number). This paper describes the PCA procedure and
presents the similarities and contrasts between variables.
Recycling Potentials of Critical Metals-Analyzing Secondary Flows from Selected Applications
Authors: Zimmermann Till , Gößling-Reisemann Stefan
Published: March 2014

Metal mobilization in general, as well as the number of metals used in products to increase performance and provide sometimes unique functionalities, has increased steadily in the past decades. Materials, such as indium, gallium, platinum group metals (PGM), and rare earths (RE), are used ever more frequently in high-tech applications and their criticality as a function of economic importance and supply risks has been highlighted in various studies. Nevertheless, recycling rates are often below one percent. Against this background, secondary flows of critical metals from three different end-of-life products up to 2020 are modeled and losses along the products’ end-of-life (EOL) chain are identified. Two established applications of PGM and RE–industrial catalysts and thermal barrier coatings–and CIGS photovoltaic cells as a relatively new product have been analyzed. In addition to a quantification of future EOL flows, the analysis showed that a relatively well working recycling system exists for PGM-bearing catalysts, while a complete loss of critical metals occurs for the other applications. The reasons include a lack of economic incentives, technologically caused material dissipation and other technological challenges.
English as a foreign language—teachers’ perspectives on implementing online instruction in the Iranian EFL context
Authors: Dashtestani Reza
Published: March 2014

This study set out to explore Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ perceptions on the implementation of online EFL instruction. A mixed-methods design, including semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, was employed for the specific purposes of this study. A total of 242 EFL teachers participated in the questionnaire phase of the study. In addition, 46 EFL teachers participated in the interview phase of the study. The teachers worked at a number of universities, schools and language-teaching institutions in Iran. Results suggest that although the Iranian EFL teachers adopted moderately positive attitudes towards the implementation of online instruction, the majority of them preferred blended instruction to online instruction. At the same time, the study revealed that the implementation of online EFL instruction in Iran is challenging due to a number of perceived impediments and obstacles. The most considerable perceived challenges to the implementation of online EFL instruction comprise lack of online facilities and resources, lack of interaction in online instruction, cultural resistances to online instruction and teachers’ limited knowledge of online instruction. The findings of this study provided crucial insights into teachers’ perspectives on a number of measures that can be adopted to facilitate the integration of online instruction in the EFL context of Iran. The findings would provide valuable insights for educational authorities and course designers to integrate online instruction into the EFL curriculum.Keywords: online instruction; blended instruction; teachers' attitudes; challenges; English as a foreign language(Published: 14 March 2014)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2014, 22: 20142 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v22.20142
Geology of Ennadai Lake map-area district of Keewatin
Authors: Eade K E
Published: March 2014

The map-area, situated in the southwest corner of the District of Keewatin, lies entirely within the Churchill Structural Province. Drift is heavy throughout the area. The Hurwitz Group of Aphebian age, comprising orthoquartzite, argillite, greywacke, carbonates,
arkose, and minor volcanic rocks, underlies two broad northeast-trending bands. Conglomerate and greywacke uncomfortably overlie the Hurwitz Group. Metavolcanics, paragneiss, granodiorite - gneiss and granodiorite of probable Archean age underlie the Hurwitz Group. In the southeast paragneiss and
meta-arkose, possibly correlative with the Hurwitz Group, may lie within the northeast extension of the "Wollaston Lake fold belt". Postorogenic (Hudsonian) plutons of quartz monzonite and coarse-grained, porphyritic, fluorite- bearing granite are the youngest exposed rocks. Folds, in both the
sedimentary and older rocks generally trend northeast. All the rocks are extensively faulted. No significant mineralization was discovered.
Hybrid Architecture for Coordination of AGVs in FMS
Authors: Hernandez-Martinez Eduardo G. , Foyo-Valdes Sergio A. , Puga-Velazquez Erika S. , Meda-Campaña Jesús A.
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a hybrid control architecture that coordinates the motion of groups of automated guided vehicles in flexible manufacturing systems. The high-level control is based on a Petri net model, using the industrial standard ISA-95, obtaining a task-based coordination of equipment and storage considering process restrictions, logical precedences, shared resources and the assignment of robots to move workpieces individually or in subgroups. On the other hand, in the low-level control, three basic control laws are designed for unicycle-type robots in order to achieve desired formation patterns and marching behaviours, avoiding inter-robot collisions. The control scheme combines the task assignment for the robots obtained from the discrete-event model and the implementation of formation and marching continuous control laws applied to the motion of the mobile robots. The hybrid architecture is implemented and validated for the case of a flexible manufacturing system and four mobile robots using a virtual reality platform.
The effect of DMSO on ITS2 amplification in the molecular identification of Anopheles farauti Laveran (Diptera: Culicidae), from a colony established in the laboratory
Authors: Suyono Ign. Joko , Situmorang Jesmandt , Soesilohadi R.C. Hidayat , Pratiwi Rarastoeti
Published: March 2014

Sibling species identification is very important in the understanding of malaria epidemiology. Morphological criteria are usually used in the identification of anopheline species, but this fails when sibling or cryptic species occur. Analysis by PCR-RFLP of rDNA ITS2 is currently the most reliable and sensitive method for distinguishing between members of the Anopheles punctulatus group. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of DMSO concentration on ITS2 amplification of An. farauti from the colony maintained at BATAN Jakarta using PCR-RFLP based on the rDNA ITS2. The results showed that the addition of 6 % and 7 % DMSO produced ITS2 amplification products in the size 750 bp. DMSO could be used in PCR to relieve secondary structures when amplifying high GC templates. Molecular identification of An. farauti is found to be Anopheles farauti sensu stricto.
Luciferase Reporter Assay in Drosophila and Mammalian Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Yun Chi , DasGupta Ramanuj
Published: March 2014

Luciferase reporter gene assays are one of the most common methods for monitoring gene activity. Because of their sensitivity, dynamic range, and lack of endogenous activity, luciferase assays have been particularly useful for functional genomics in cell‐based assays, such as RNAi screening. This unit describes delivery of two luciferase reporters with other nucleic acids (siRNA/dsRNA), measurement of the dual luciferase activities, and analysis of data generated. The systematic query of gene function (RNAi) combined with the advances in luminescent technology have made it possible to design powerful whole genome screens to address diverse and significant biological questions. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 6:7‐23. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Halides: Solid‐State Chemistry
Authors: Köhler J.
Published: March 2014

This article on binary metal halides demonstrates their enormous richness of structural topologies and compositions. It emphasizes thermodynamic stabilities, influences of size and electronegativity effects, the intricate balance of ionic and covalent metal–halide and metal–metal interactions, and effects of excess valence electrons of atoms with nonclosed shells, in order to outline relationships of structure and bonding. The most important structure types of the main‐group metal halides are given and pressure effects are discussed. Selected examples show the influence of the stereochemical activity of lone pairs of electrons in reduced halides. Halides of the transition elements are discussed according to their empirical formulas in order to correlate structures and properties with d electron concentration at the metal atoms, which are based on typical Jahn–Teller distortions or the formation of metal–metal bonded units. Finally, a summary of the structures and some structure–property relationships of the rare‐earth element halides is given.
Lanthanide Amides
Authors: Cotton Simon A.
Published: March 2014

Lanthanides form a wide (and increasing) variety of alkyl‐ and arylamides. Most are in the (+3) oxidation state, but simple alkylamides of Sm(II), Eu(II), Yb(II), and Ce(IV) are known. The largest and best characterized group are three coordinate tris(bis(trimethylsilyl)amide) compounds, [Ln(N(SiMe3)2)3], which have unusual pyramidal structures in the solid state. These compounds find application in organic and organometallic syntheses, and form adducts with many Lewis bases, both four and five coordinates. Mono and bis trimethylsilyl)amide derivatives are also known. Other tris(amide) compounds with other amide groups have also been synthesized; these compounds with low coordination numbers form a fertile area for the study of agostic interactions. A recent interesting development has been the interaction of certain amides with small molecules under reducing conditions, notably in the isolation of dinitrogen complexes.
Polylactide‐block‐Polypeptide‐block‐Polylactide Copolymer Nanoparticles with Tunable Cleavage and Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Dorresteijn Robert , Billecke Nils , Schwendy Mischa , Pütz Sabine , Bonn Mischa , Parekh Sapun H. , Klapper Markus , Müllen Klaus
Published: March 2014

A versatile nanoparticle system is presented in which drug release is triggered by enzymatic polymer cleavage, resulting in a physicochemical change of the carrier. The polylactide‐block‐peptide‐block‐polylactide triblock copolymer is generated by initiation of the ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide with a complex bifunctional peptide having an enzymatic recognition and cleavage site (Pro‐Leu‐Gly‐Leu‐Ala‐Gly). This triblock copolymer is specifically bisected by matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2), an enzyme overexpressed in tumor tissues. Triblock copolymer nanoparticles formed by nonaqueous emulsion polymerization are readily transferred into aqueous media without aggregation, even in the presence of blood serum. Cleavage of the triblock copolymer leads to a significant decrease of the glass transition temperature (Tg) from 39 °C to 31 °C, likely mediating cargo release under physiological conditions. Selective drug targeting is demonstrated by hampered mitosis and increased cell death resulting from drug release via MMP‐2 specific cleavage of triblock copolymer carrier. On the contrary, nanocarriers having a scrambled (non‐recognizable) peptide sequence do not cause enhanced cytotoxicity, demonstrating the enzyme‐specific cleavage and subsequent drug release. The unique physicochemical properties, cleavage‐dependent cargo release, and tunability of carrier bioactivity by simple peptide exchange highlight the potential of this polymer‐nanoparticle concept as platform for custom‐designed carrier systems.
Actual treatments for out‐of‐hospital ventricular fibrillation at critical care medical centers in Osaka: a pilot descriptive study
Authors: Sakai Tomohiko , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Iwami Taku , Hayashi Yasuyuki , Rinka Hiroshi , Ohishi Yasuo , Mohri Tomoyoshi , Kishimoto Masafumi , Kawaguchi Ryosuke , Kajino Kentaro , Yumoto Tetsuya , Uejima Toshifumi , Nitta Masahiko , Nishiuchi Tatsuya , Shiokawa Chizuka , Irisawa Taro , Tasaki Osamu , Ogura Hiroshi , Kuwagata Yasuyuki , Shimazu Takeshi
Published: March 2014

Aim

Although advanced treatments are provided to improve outcomes after out‐of‐hospital ventricular fibrillation, including shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation, the actual treatments in clinical settings have been insufficiently investigated. The aim of the current study is to describe the actual treatments carried out for out‐of‐hospital ventricular fibrillation patients, including shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation patients, at critical care medical centers.

Methods

We registered consecutive adult patients suffering bystander‐witnessed out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin, for whom resuscitation was attempted by emergency medical service personnel, who had ventricular fibrillation as an initial rhythm, and who were transported to critical care medical centers in Osaka from March 2008 to December 2008. This study merged data on treatments after transportation, collected from 11 critical care medical centers in Osaka with the prehospital Utstein‐style database.

Results

During the study period, there were 260 bystander‐witnessed ventricular fibrillation arrests of cardiac origin. Of them, 252 received defibrillations before hospital arrival, 112 (44.4%) were transported to critical care medical centers, and 35 had shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation. At the critical care medical centers, 54% (19/35), 40% (14/35), and 46% (16/35) of shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation patients were treated with extracorporeal life support, percutaneous coronary interventions, and therapeutic hypothermia, respectively, but their treatments differed among institutions. Some patients with prolonged arrest without prehospital return of spontaneous circulation who received advanced treatments had neurologically favorable survival, whereas approximately two‐thirds of shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation patients with advanced treatments did not.

Conclusion

This pilot descriptive study suggested that actual treatments for prehospital ventricular fibrillation patients differed between critical care medical centers. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of in‐hospital advanced treatments for ventricular fibrillation including shock‐resistant ventricular fibrillation.
Optimal formulation of rice husk reinforced polyethylene composites for mechanical performance: A mixture design approach
Authors: Bilal Ahmad , Lin Richard J. T. , Jayaraman Krishnan
Published: March 2014

Rice husk (RH) and linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE) were used along with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) to study the effects of component composition on the mechanical properties of the composites. Ten different blends along with four replicated blends were prepared with different selected percentages of RH, MAPE and LMDPE using mixture design approach. Trace and contour plots were used to examine the effects of RH, MAPE and LMDPE on the mechanical properties of the manufactured composites. Regression coefficients were also estimated for each fitted response (mechanical property). The results show that tensile and flexural properties of the composites improved with an increase in amount of RH, whereas Charpy impact strength decreased with increasing fibre loading. Tensile strength, flexural strength and Charpy impact strength increased with an increase in MAPE loading up to a certain percentage of MAPE, beyond which any further increase decreased these properties. The effect of MAPE on tensile and flexural modulus was not significant. The fitted models were used to optimise formulation of RH, MAPE and LMDPE for multiple responses for overall “best” mechanical properties. The optimal formulation for the overall “best” mechanical properties were found to be 50 wt% for RH, 4.1 wt% for MAPE and 45.9 wt% for LMDPE. The mechanical properties of the composite manufactured with this formulation closely matched the values predicted by the models. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40647.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]quinoxalines via Copper‐Catalyzed Process.
Authors: Huang Aiping , Chen Yimu , Zhou Yige , Guo Wei , Wu Xiaodong , Ma Chen
Published: March 2014

An efficient domino process for the synthesis of the title compounds from N‐tosyl‐O‐halogenoanilines and 2‐chlormethylbenzimidazoles is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Approach to 2,4‐Substituted Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines and Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]azepines by Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Fustero Santos , Roman Raquel , Asensio Amparo , Maestro Miguel A. , Acena Jose L. , Simon‐Fuentes Antonio
Published: March 2014

Based on the title approach, the diastereoselective synthesis of potential peptidomimetics [(XI) and (XIV)] is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Rare‐Class Tricyclic Diterpenes with Antitubercular Activity from the Caribbean Sponge Svenzea flava. Application of Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy for Determining Absolute Configuration.
Authors: Aviles Edward , Rodriguez Abimael D. , Vicente Jan
Published: March 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of two new isoneoamphilectane‐based diterpenes
Local Environmental Enforcement Constrained by Central–Local Relations in China
Authors: Qi Ye , Zhang Lingyun
Published: March 2014

Environmental pollution has become a major health concern and has escalated to a major political issue in China. It has been identified that enforcement of environmental regulation is the weakest link in environmental protection. Local government is often the focus of study because of its legal obligation for enforcement under national environmental law, and for its significance in the complex and intriguing central–local relations in the Chinese government system. We propose an interpretative framework to explain the local environmental enforcement dilemma in China, based on an institutional approach. Local governments tend to underperform. We argue that the overall national institutional environment that defines central–local relations in both political and financial terms is key for explaining why local governments fail to meet their obligations. Local governments tend to promote economic growth and maximize tax revenue, by attracting external investment and protecting polluting businesses, at the expense of environmental quality. Inadequate disclosure of environmental data and occasionally intentionally distorting information obstruct public participation and supervision – a key factor for ensuring the accountability of local enforcement. The policy implications of this analysis are that central government, in its capacity as the rule‐maker, must take action to adjust the existing central–local relations with respect to the political promotion system and the tax‐sharing mechanism. In addition, more stringent procedures and standards must be made by central government regarding the disclosure of environmental data to enable effective public participation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Visual memory profiling with CANTAB in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes
Authors: Juncos‐Rabadán Onésimo , Facal David , Pereiro Arturo X. , Lojo‐Seoane Cristina
Published: March 2014

Objective

Although visual memory has been shown to be impaired in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), the differences between MCI subtypes are not well defined. The current study attempted to investigate visual memory profiles in different MCI subtypes.

Methods

One hundred and seventy volunteers aged older than 50 years performed several visual memory tests included in the CANTAB battery. Participants were classified into four groups: (1) multiple domain aMCI (mda‐MCI) (32 subjects); (2) single domain aMCI (sda‐MCI)(57 subjects); (3) multiple domain non amnestic MCI (mdna‐MCI) (32 subjects); and (4) controls (54 healthy individuals without cognitive impairment). Parametric and non parametric analyses were performed to compare the groups and to obtain their corresponding memory profiles.

Results

The mda‐MCI group exhibited impairments in both dimensions of episodic memory (recognition and recollection/recall), and also in learning and working memory, whereas the sda‐MCI only showed impairment in recollection‐delayed recall and learning. The mdna‐MCI group displayed impairment in working memory but good preservation of learning and episodic memory.

Conclusion

The CANTAB visual memory profiles may contribute to better cognitive characterization of patients with different MCI subtypes, allowing comparison across several processes involved in visual memory such as attention, recognition, recollection and working memory. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenolic content and ferric reducing–antioxidant power of cow's milk produced in different pasture‐based production systems in southern Brazil
Authors: Kuhnen Shirley , Moacyr Juliana R , Mayer Jaqueline K , Navarro Bruno B , Trevisan Rafael , Honorato Luciana A , Maraschin Marcelo , Pinheiro Machado Filho Luiz C
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

Phenolic compounds are widely present in forage. However, few studies have been carried out to investigate the presence of these compounds in animal products such as milk. In this study, the total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing–antioxidant power (FRAP) of milk produced under agroecological and conventional management systems in southern Brazil were determined. Three systems were compared: (a) agroecological, with intensive rotational grazing, also known as Voisin grazing (ECO); (b) semi‐intensive conventional (SIC); and (c) conventional grazing (CGR) (n = 8 per group). Pastures with distinct and more diverse botanical composition were observed on the ECO farms.

RESULTS

Significantly (P < 0.05) lower amounts of TPC were found in agroecologically produced milk in autumn and summer and the CGR system showed the highest FRAP value (P < 0.05) for the samples collected in autumn. Positive correlations where found between the TPC and FRAP values obtained for the milk samples (0.198, P < 0.05), milk FRAP and forage TPC values (0.344, P < 0.05), and the TPC and FRAP values obtained for the forage (0.70, p < 0.01). PCA applied to the UV spectra dataset (200–350 nm) clearly distinguished the samples collected from the ECO system in the winter.

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed that, under the conditions prevalent in southern Brazil, since the cows were allowed to graze in all of the systems, the TPC and antioxidant capacity of the milk samples showed minimal variation. However, since the forage TPC and FRAP values for the milk were correlated, TPC appears to be a promising variable for the purpose of monitoring forage prior to its selection aimed at enhancing the antioxidant activity of milk. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasound differentiation of axonal and demyelinating neuropathies
Authors: Grimm Alexander , Heiling Bianka , Schumacher Ulrike , Witte Otto W. , Axer Hubertus
Published: March 2014

Introduction: Ultrasound can be used to visualize peripheral nerve abnormality. Our objective in this study was to prove whether nerve ultrasound can differentiate between axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathies (PNPs). Methods: Systematic ultrasound measurements of peripheral nerves were performed in 53 patients (25 with demyelinating, 20 with axonal, 8 with mixed neuropathy) and 8 healthy controls. Nerve conduction studies of corresponding nerves were undertaken. Results: Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the groups with regard to motor conduction velocity, compound muscle action potential amplitude, and cross‐sectional area (CSA) of different nerves at different locations. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed CSA measurements to be well suited for detection of demyelinating neuropathies, and boundary values of peripheral nerve CSA could be defined. Conclusions: Systematic ultrasound CSA measurement in different nerves helped detect demyelination, which is an additional cue in the etiological diagnosis of PNP, along with nerve conduction studies and nerve biopsy. Muscle Nerve 50: 976–983, 2014
Unraveling reaction mechanisms by means of Quantum Chemical Topology Analysis
Authors: Andrés Juan , González‐Navarrete Patricio , Safont Vicent Sixte
Published: March 2014

A chemical reaction can be understood in terms of geometrical changes of the molecular structures and reordering of the electronic densities involved in the process; therefore, identifying structural and electronic density changes taking place along the reaction coordinate renders valuable information on reaction mechanism. Understanding the atomic rearrangements that occur during chemical reactions is of great importance, and this perspective aims to highlight the major developments in quantum chemical topology analysis, based on the combination of electron localization function and catastrophe theory as useful tools in elucidating the bonding and reactivity patterns of molecules. It reveals all the expected, but still ambiguous, elements of electronic structure extensively used by chemists. The chemical bonds determine chemical reactivity, and this technique offers the possibility of their visualization, allowing chemists to understand how atoms bond, how and where bonds are broken/formed along a given reaction pathway at a most fundamental level, and so, better following and understanding the changes in the bond pattern. Their results clearly herald a new era, in which the atomic imaging of chemical bonds will constitute a new method for examining chemical structures and reaction mechanisms. The important feature of this procedure is that in practice the scope of its values is system‐independent. In addition, from a practical point of view, it is cheap to calculate and implement because wave functions are the required input, which are easily available from standard calculations. To capture these results two reaction mechanisms: isomerization of C(BH)2carbene and the thermal cycloheptatriene‐norcaradiene isomerizations have been selected, indicating both the generality and utility of this type of analysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The generalized principal eigenvalue for Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations of ergodic type
Authors: Ichihara Naoyuki
Published: March 2014

This paper is concerned with the generalized principal eigenvalue for Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations arising in a class of stochastic ergodic control. We give a necessary and sufficient condition so that the generalized principal eigenvalue of an HJB equation coincides with the optimal value of the corresponding ergodic control problem. We also investigate some qualitative properties of the generalized principal eigenvalue with respect to a perturbation of the potential function.
p70S6 kinase mediates breast cancer cell survival in response to surgical wound fluid stimulation
Authors: Segatto Ilenia , Berton Stefania , Sonego Maura , Massarut Samuele , Fabris Linda , Armenia Joshua , Mileto Mario , Colombatti Alfonso , Vecchione Andrea , Baldassarre Gustavo , Belletti Barbara
Published: March 2014

In early breast cancer, local relapses represent a determinant and not simply an indicator of risk for distant relapse and death. Notably, 90% of local recurrences occur at or close to the same quadrant of the primary cancer. Relevance of PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K signaling in breast tumorigenesis is very well documented. However, the pathway/s involved in the process of breast cancer local relapse are not well understood. The ribosomal protein p70S6K has been implicated in breast cancer cell response to post‐surgical inflammation, supporting the hypothesis that it may be crucial also for breast cancer recurrence. Here, we show that p70S6K activity is required for the survival of breast cancer cells challenged in “hostile” microenvironments. We found that impairment of p70S6K activity in breast cancer cells strongly decreased their tumor take rate in nude mice. In line with this observation, if cells were challenged to grow in anchorage independence or in clonogenic assay, growth of colonies was strongly dependent on an intact p70S6K signaling. This in vitro finding was particularly evident when breast cancer cells were grown in the presence of wound fluids harvested following surgery from breast cancer patients, suggesting that the stimuli present in the post‐surgical setting at least partially relied on activity of p70S6K to stimulate breast cancer relapse. From a mechanistic point of view, our results indicated that p70S6K signaling was able to activate Gli1 and up‐regulate the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl2, thereby activating a survival response in breast cancer cells challenged in hostile settings. Our work highlights a previously poorly recognized function of p70S6K in preserving breast cancer cell survival, which could eventually be responsible for local relapse and opens the way to the design of new and more specific therapies aiming to restrain the deleterious effects of wound response.
Assessment of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) level in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis
Authors: Deveci Onur S. , Yavuz Bunyamin , Sen Omer , Deniz Ali , Ozkan Selcuk , Dal Kursat , Ata Naim , Baser Salih , Akin Kadir O. , Kucukazman Metin , Beyan Esin , Ertugrul Derun T.
Published: March 2014

Objectives: Insulin-like growth factor-1 may serve some regulatory function in the immune system. Rheumatic mitral stenosis is related to autoimmune heart valve damage after streptococcal infection. The aim of this study was to assess the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 and its correlation with the Wilkins score in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis.Methods: A total of 65 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and 62 age- and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiography. The mitral valve area and Wilkins score were evaluated for all patients. Biochemical parameters and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were measured.Results: Demographic data were similar in the rheumatic mitral stenosis and control groups. The mean mitral valve area was 1.6±0.4 cm2in the rheumatic mitral stenosis group. The level of insulin-like growth factor-1 was significantly higher in the rheumatic mitral stenosis group than in the control group (104 (55.6–267) versus 79.1 (23.0–244.0) ng/ml; p=0.039). There was a significant moderate positive correlation between insulin-like growth factor-1 and thickening of leaflets score of Wilkins (r=0.541, p<0.001).Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were significantly higher in the rheumatic mitral stenosis group compared with control subjects and that insulin-like growth factor-1 level was also correlated with the Wilkins score. It can be suggested that there may be a link between insulin-like growth factor-1 level and immune pathogenesis of rheumatic mitral stenosis.
Beam-steering in a three-element circular antenna-array
Authors: Garg Rachit , Mishra Gaurav , Purohit Neetesh , Kesari Vishal
Published: March 2014

A simple and volume efficient circular antenna-array design with a low profile programmable beam rotation mechanism was presented. The proper selections of the rotation vector and the excitation coefficients of rectangular array-elements were made for rotation of the beam. The proposed rotation mechanism was capable to rotate the radiation pattern at any desired speed and to transmit in any desired direction, and the design included the ease of construction. Although simulating the radiation pattern using FEKO EM simulator, two basic functions, the power splitter and the introduction of phase difference, were included in feed network of microstrip circuit to divide the power and then individually feeding the each patch after introducing the desired phase difference.
In arterial occlusive disease autoantibodies against ETAR and AT1R correlate with each other but are not associated with classical cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Albert Christian , Schultzendorff Marie , Şalaru Delia , Halloul Zuhir , Dragun Duska , Heidecke Harald , Mertens Peter R.
Published: March 2014

Background: Autoantibodies (Abs) against angiotensin-II type 1 (AT1R) and endothelin-1 type A receptors (ETAR) are investigated in the present study as B-cell originated humoral factors that may activate the respective receptors on endothelial cells. The prevalence of the Abs was determined in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD). Patients and methods: In a prospective observational study 200 patients undergoing angiography and proven advanced PAD were enrolled. Serum samples, clinical data and laboratory values for classical cardiovascular risk factors were collected. Autoantibody titers for AT1R and ETAR were determined by solid-phase ELISA and correlative analyses with laboratory parameters and clinical data for common cardiovascular risk factors were performed. Results: Anti-ETAR antibody titers were detected in 57 % of the patients, elevated anti-AT1R titers in 61.5 %. About 50 % were positive for both Abs. A strong intercorrelation between ETAR and AT1R titers was present (r2 0.79). In patients with positive titers for both Abs females presented significantly higher titers for ETAR (p = 0.045) and AT1R (p = 0.02). Autoantibody titers directed against surface receptors ETA and AT1 are highly correlated in PAD. Titers were independent from classical risk factors in any patient subgroup. Conclusions: This study opens a new perspective on the involvement of the immune system, hereby represented by functional autoantibodies, in the atherosclerotic pathophysiology, leaving behind the common background of classical risk factors.
Abdominal aortic calcification and its distribution in normal-sized and aneurysmatic abdominal aortas
Authors: Heilmaier Christina , Koester Astrid , Moysidis Theodoros , Weishaupt Dominik , Kröger Knut
Published: March 2014

Background: Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) is more and more used for evaluation and quantification of coronary artery calcification, but correlation between the degree of calcification and occurrence of clinical events is also known for other vascular beds such as the aorta. Purpose: To assess possible differences in amount and pattern of calcification in aneurysmatic and non-aneurysmatic abdominal aortas. Patients and methods: Thirty-four subjects displayed infrarenal abdominal aneurysm (AAA) and were compared to 33 patients with normal-sized aortas using MDCT. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed by two radiologists. Calcium scores were assessed for the whole abdominal aorta as well as separately for the supra- and infrarenal segments. Moreover, plaque patterns were evaluated and classified according to their thickness and size. Furthermore, calcium scores were correlated with a number of cardiovascular risk factors. Results: Total calcium scores were comparable in patients with and without AAA (1,213 ± 1,351 and 1,211 ± 1,535, respectively), but significant differences were found regarding plaque density that was considerably higher both in the supra- and infrarenal segments in the non-aneurysmatic group (A suprarenal, 0.01, infrarenal, 0.07; non-A suprarenal, 0.06, infrarenal, 0.16). Plaque pattern were considerably different in the infrarenal segments in aneurysmatic aortas: they were thinner (1 and 2 mm) and smaller (< 100 mm2) than in normal-sized aortas (mainly > 3mm and > 100 mm2). Distribution of risk factors was similar in both groups with the highest mean calcium score being present in patients with 4 risk factors. Pearsons correlation coefficient indicating correlation between total calcium score and number of risk factors was almost the same in both groups: AAA, r = 0.67; non-AAA, r = 0.65. Conclusions: Compared to normal-sized aortas thinner and smaller plaques are present in AAA, which may be due to degenerative processes.
Electrodeposited ZnO nanowires as photoelectrodes in solid-state organic dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Muguerra Hervé , Berthoux Gaëlle , Yahya Wan Zaireen Nisa , Kervella Yann , Ivanova Valentina , Bouclé Johann , Demadrille Renaud
Published: March 2014

ZnO nanowires have been grown on glass and plastic substrates and used as photoelectrodes in solid state dye-sensitized solar cells.
Solvothermal synthesis of pyrochlore-type cubic tungsten trioxide hemihydrate and high photocatalytic activity
Authors: Zheng Yi , Chen Gang , Yu Yaoguang , Wang Yu , Sun Jingxue , Xu Haiming , Zhou Yansong
Published: March 2014

Solvothermal synthesis of c-WO3·0.5H2O with high photocatalytic activity is reported.
Effects of ionic liquid media on the cation selectivity of uranyl structural units in five new compounds produced using the ionothermal technique
Authors: Wylie E. M. , Smith P. A. , Peruski K. M. , Smith J. S. , Dustin M. K. , Burns P. C.
Published: March 2014

The cation selectivity of several uranyl structural units is examined in the context of five new uranyl compounds produced using the ionothermal synthesis technique.
An unusual single-crystal-to-single-crystal [2 + 2] photocyclisation reaction of a TTF-arylnitrile derivative
Authors: Hayward John J. , Gumbau-Brisa Roger , Alberola Antonio , Clarke Caroline S. , Rawson Jeremy M. , Pilkington Melanie
Published: March 2014

Irradiation of single crystals of a benzonitrile substituted tetrathiafulvalene with polychromatic light results in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction.
Microsecond kinetics in model single- and double-stranded amylose polymers
Authors: Sattelle Benedict M. , Almond Andrew
Published: March 2014

Amylose, a component of starch with increasing biotechnological significance, is a linear glucose polysaccharide that self-organizes into single- and double-helical assemblies.