bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence, firms and consumer behavior: A survey
Authors: Abrardi Laura , Cambini Carlo , Rondi Laura
Published: July 2021

The current advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are likely to have profound economic implications and bring about new trade‐offs, thereby posing new challenges from a policymaking point of view. What is the impact of these technologies on the labor market and firms? Will algorithms reduce consumers' biases or will they rather originate new ones? How competition will be affected by AI‐powered agents? This study is a first attempt to survey the growing literature on the multi‐faceted economic effects of the recent technological advances in AI that involve machine learning applications. We first review research on the implications of AI on firms, focusing on its impact on labor market, productivity, skill composition and innovation. Then we examine how AI contributes to shaping consumer behavior and market competition. We conclude by discussing how public policies can deal with the radical changes that AI is already producing and is going to generate in the future for firms and consumers.
Treatment of isolated REM sleep behavior disorder using melatonin as a chronobiotic
Authors: Kunz Dieter , Stotz Sophia , Bes Frederik
Published: July 2021

Melatonin is recommended as a first‐line treatment in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), although no large patient group has been reported. To assess effects, time course and confounding factors in the treatment of patients with iRBD using melatonin, 209 consecutive patients were included in this single‐center, observational cohort study. A total of 171 patients had taken melatonin according to our chronobiotic protocol (2 mg, ≥6 months, always‐at‐the‐same‐clock time, 10‐11pm, corrected for chronotype), 13 had applied melatonin for about 1‐3 months, and 25 underwent mixed treatments. In total, 1529 clinical evaluations were performed, including Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and a newly developed RBD symptom severity scale (Ikelos‐RS), analyzed using linear mixed models. Validation of Ikelos‐RS showed excellent inter‐rater reliability (ρ = 0.9, P < .001), test‐retest reliability (ρ = 0.9, P < .001) and convergent validity (ρ = 0.9, P < .001). With melatonin, RBD symptom severity gradually improved over the first 4 weeks of treatment (Ikelos‐RS: 6.1 vs. 2.5; CGI Severity: 5.7 vs. 3.2) and remained stably improved (mean follow‐up 4.2 ± 3.1years; range: 0.6‐21.7years). Initial response was slowed to up to 3 months with melatonin‐suppressing (betablockers) or REM sleep spoiling co‐medication (antidepressants) and failed with inadequately timed melatonin intake. When melatonin was discontinued after 6 months, symptoms remained stably improved (mean follow‐up after discontinuation of 4.9 ± 2.5years; range: 0.6‐9.2). When administered only 1‐3 months, RBD symptoms gradually returned. Without any melatonin, RBD symptoms persisted and did not wear off over time. Clock‐timed, low‐dose, long‐term melatonin treatment in patients with iRBD appears to be associated with the improvement of symptoms. The outlasting improvement over years questions a pure symptomatic effect. Clock‐time dependency challenges existing prescription guidelines for melatonin.
The scope of nursing practice in a psychiatric unit: A time and motion study
Authors: Abt Maryline , Lequin Pierre , Bobo Marie‐Louise , Vispo Cid Perrottet Tania , Pasquier Jérôme , Ortoleva Bucher Claudia
Published: July 2021

Accessible Summary

What is known about the subject?

The evaluation of nurse care practices poses many challenges, including the identification of all the aspects of the care given. Few studies have looked at the scope of nursing practice in psychiatry. However, the evaluation of care practices in the mental health field poses many challenges, including the identification of all aspects of care.

What the document adds to existing knowledge?

Findings demonstrated that mental health nurses do not invest in all domains of their scope of practice in the same way and the time spent with patients is low. Several factors contributed to this, including the increasing complexity of care, stagnant staffing levels, and a culture of care that continues to be influenced by the medical model. Current models of care still retain the stigma of this past, prioritizing medically delegated tasks rather than promoting a holistic approach to care. Although the professional identity of nurses is evolving and asserting itself, the paradigm shift in practice is still incomplete.

What are the implications for practice?

It is essential to describe concretely what is actually expected of nurses, to help them allocate their time effectively and to identify opportunities for improvement. The field of practice of nurses is put under stress by a demanding work environment subject to many pressures and constraints. Changing practices so that nurses can use the full scope of nursing practice requires strong nursing leadership and action on education and the organization of care, particularly on clinical assessment.

Introduction

The evaluation of nursing care practices poses many challenges, including identifying all the aspects of the care given. However, few studies have examined the scope of nursing practice in psychiatry.

Aim

The aim of this study was to describe the intensity of nursing activities on a psychiatric unit based on the adaptation of Déry and D'Amour's (2017, Perspect Infirm Rev Off Ordre Infirm Qué, 14, 51) Scope of Nursing Practice Model.

Method

This 56‐day descriptive observational study used the time and motion method to follow eight nurses.

Results

500 h of observations were carried out. The greatest lengths of time were allocated to communication and coordination of care activities and to “non‐healthcare” domains. Less time was devoted to activities related to clinical evaluation and therapeutic education.

Discussion

Findings demonstrated that MHNs do not perform all the possible functions in the domains of their scope of practice in the same way, and time spent with patients was short. Several factors contributed to this, including the fact that nurses are working in increasingly demanding care settings that keep them under constant pressure.
Type specimen sequencing, multilocus analyses, and species delimitation methods recognize the cosmopolitan Corallina berteroi and establish the northern Japanese C. yendoi sp. nov. (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Calderon Martha S. , Bustamante Danilo E. , Gabrielson Paul W. , Martone Patrick T. , Hind Katharine R. , Schipper Soren R. , Mansilla Andrés
Published: July 2021

A partial rbcL sequence of the lectotype specimen of Corallina berteroi shows that it is the earliest available name for C. ferreyrae. Multilocus species delimitation analyses (ABGD, SPN, GMYC, bPTP, and BPP) using independent or concatenated COI, psbA, and rbcL sequences recognized one, two, or three species in this complex, but only with weak support for each species hypothesis. Conservatively, we recognize a single worldwide species in this complex of what appears to be multiple, evolving populations. Included in this species, besides C. ferreyrae, are C. caespitosa, the morphologically distinct C. melobesioides, and, based on a partial rbcL sequence of the holotype specimen, C. pinnatifolia. Corallina berteroi, not C. officinalis, is the cosmopolitan temperate species found thus far in the NE Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, warm temperate NW Atlantic and NE Pacific, cold temperate SW Atlantic (Falkland Islands), cold and warm temperate SE Pacific, NW Pacific and southern Australia. Also proposed is C. yendoi sp. nov. from Hokkaido, Japan, which was recognized as distinct by 10 of the 13 species discrimination analyses, including the multilocus BPP.
Coordinating women's preventive health care for rural veterans
Authors: Kinney Rebecca L. , Haskell Sally , Relyea Mark R. , DeRycke Eric C. , Walker Lorrie , Bastian Lori A. , Mattocks Kristin M.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

As the number of women veterans receiving care from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) continues to increase, so does the need to access gender‐specific preventive health care services through the VHA. In rural areas, women veterans are the numeric minority, so many preventive screenings are performed outside of the VA by community providers. As the numbers of veterans utilizing both VHA and non‐VHA providers for their preventive care continue to increase, so does the need to coordinate this care. This research examines the role of the Women Veterans’ Care Coordinator (WVCC) at rural facilities and their perceptions of coordinating preventive care.

Methods

Between March and July 2019, semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted with WVCCs at 26 rural VA facilities. Each interview was digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were loaded into Atlas.ti for further analysis. Once the codes were refined, the investigators coded the 26 interviews independently and conferred to achieve consensus on the underlying themes.

Findings

Five themes arose from the WVCC interviews: (1) Rural women veterans have varying needs of coordination; (2) Fragmented communication between the VA and non‐VA care settings hinders effective coordination; (3) Difficulties in prioritizing rural care coordination; (4) Care coordination impacts patient care; and (5) WVCC recommendations to improve rural care coordination.

Conclusions

The recent addition of WVCCs to rural facilities has expanded the VA's reach to veterans living in the most rural areas. As a result, many of these women are now receiving timely, quality, and coordinated health care.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis B antibodies among international and domestic university students
Authors: Heywood Anita , Dyda Amalie , Hu William , Saha Amit , Mahimbo Abela , Gidding Heather , Kefalas Bill , Seale Holly , Macintyre C. Raina , Zwar Nicholas , Rawlinson William
Published: July 2021

Chronic hepatitis B prevalence is low in most Australian populations, with universal infant HBV vaccination introduced in 2000. Migrants from high prevalence countries are at risk of acquisition before arrival and non‐immune adults are potentially at risk through skin penetrating procedures and sexual contact, particularly during international travel. The risk profile of young adult students, many from high prevalence countries, is inadequately understood. A cross‐sectional online survey conducted among university students collected data on demographic, vaccination and travel characteristics and blood samples were tested for hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) and hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb). Analyses identified factors associated with HBsAb seroprevalence and self‐reported vaccination. The serosurvey was completed by 804 students born between 1988 and 1993, with 613/804 (76.2%, 95% CI 73.2–79.1) self‐reporting prior HBV vaccination. Overall, 526/804 (65.4%, 95% CI 62.0%–68.6%) students were seropositive to HBsAb, including 438/613 (71.5%, 95% CI 67.8–74.9) students self‐reporting a prior HBV vaccine and 88/191 (46.1%, 95% CI 39.2–53.2) students self‐reporting no prior HBV vaccine. Overall, 8/804 (1.0%, 95% CI 0.5%–2.0%) students were HBcAb positive, of whom 1/804 (0.1%, 95% CI 0.02%–0.7%) was currently infectious. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection was low. However, more than one in four students were susceptible to HBV and over‐estimated their immunity. Future vaccination efforts should focus on domestic students born before the introduction of the infant program and all international students. Screening and vaccination of students, including through campus‐based health services, are an opportunity to catch‐up young adults prior to undertaking at‐risk activities, including international travel.
Influencing factors and necessity of post‐vaccination serologic testing follow‐up for HBsAg‐positive mothers and their infants: A 5‐year prospective study in Zhejiang Province, China (2016–2020)
Authors: Zhou Yang , Lu Zhaojun , He Hanqing , Yan Rui , Deng Xuan , Tang Xuewen , Zhu Yao , Xu Xiaoping
Published: July 2021

In 2016, China officially proposed for the first time that infants born to HBsAg‐positive mothers should be tested for HBsAg and anti‐HBs 1–2 months after their third dose of HepB, also known as the post‐vaccination serological testing programme. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the implementation and influencing factors of PVST to further reduce HBV infection risk in infants and improve the protective effect of HepB to the greatest extent. A prospective observational study was conducted to investigate the interruption of MTCT of hepatitis B. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to explore factors associated with the PVST follow‐up rate among HBsAg‐positive mothers and their infants. Additionally, bivariate analysis was performed on HBsAg and anti‐HBs results in infants born to HBsAg‐positive mothers. Here, the participation rate of PVST was 67.08% among 2120 pairs of positive mothers and infants. The HBsAg‐positive rate among participants was 0.77%, whereas the anti‐HBs positive rate was 96.84%, and both negative rates were 2.39%. Among infants with double negative results (34), only 15 completed three doses of HepB and PVST again, and 14 (93.33%) of which the antibody test results turned positive. Older mothers with high educational levels who reside in the local area were the most likely to PVST follow‐up. The PVST programme is necessary to evaluate the HepB response status of newborns after vaccination. Moreover, revaccination for susceptible infants can effectively improve the MTCT‐blocking rate of hepatitis B. Therefore, the scope of PVST projects in Zhejiang and China should be expanded.
Spatial and temporal interactions between endangered spotted‐tailed quolls and introduced red foxes in a fragmented landscape
Authors: Henderson T. , Fancourt B. A. , Rajaratnam R. , Vernes K. , Ballard G.
Published: July 2021

Habitat fragmentation can have detrimental impacts on native predators globally through the loss of habitat and associated impacts from introduced predators.

The endangered spotted‐tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) is the largest marsupial carnivore on mainland Australia and is sympatric with an introduced predator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Spotted‐tailed quolls are considered a forest‐dependent species and are often associated with large, intact forested habitats where abundance of prey is high and competition with foxes is low. Spotted‐tailed quolls are known to persist in some fragmented habitats in sympatry with foxes; however, the mechanisms facilitating this coexistence are unclear. For 15 months in 2018–19, we used camera traps to investigate whether coexistence between quolls and foxes in a fragmented landscape was facilitated by spatial and/or temporal separation of activity. We found no evidence of spatial separation, with quolls detected on the majority of cameras where foxes were detected. There was considerable temporal overlap between quolls and foxes (Δ1 = 0.71–0.81) and no evidence that fox presence influenced the temporal activity of quolls (Δ1 = 0.76–0.80). Furthermore, there was no evidence of within‐night spatiotemporal avoidance between quolls and foxes (R2 < 0.01). Our findings suggest that quolls do not offset their spatial and temporal activity to avoid foxes in this fragmented landscape. The spatial and temporal sympatry between quolls and foxes is possibly facilitated by low fox density at this site, suggested by low fox detections. The lack of separation between quoll and fox activity could also explain why quolls become locally extinct in other fragmented landscapes because quolls may not modify their activity to avoid foxes. Future research should focus on investigating quoll and fox interactions along a gradient of fox densities and assess if higher fox densities influence spatial and temporal coexistence with quolls in fragmented landscapes.
Exploring the Implementation of Early Math Assessments in Kindergarten Classrooms: AResearch‐PracticeCollaboration
Authors: McDonald Jennifer A. , Merkley Rebecca , Mickle Jacqueline , Collimore Lisa‐Marie , Hawes Zachary , Ansari Daniel
Published: July 2021

Research in cognitive development has highlighted that early numeracy skills are associated with later math achievement, suggesting that these skills should be targeted in early math education. Here we tested whether tools used by researchers to assess mathematical thinking could be useful in the classroom. This paper describes a collaborative project between cognitive scientists and school board researchers/educators implementing numeracy screeners with kindergarten students over the course of three school years. The Give‐N task (Wynn, 1990) was used with first‐year kindergarten students and the Numeracy Screener (Nosworthy, Bugden, Archibald, Evans, & Ansari, 2013) with second‐year kindergarten students. Results indicated that educators (N = 59) found the tools feasible to implement and helpful for exploring their students' thinking and targeting instruction. The educators' feedback also helped inform improvements to the implementation of the tools and future directions for both the schools and the researchers. This work emphasizes the importance of transdisciplinary collaboration to address the research‐practice gap.
A molecular method for biomonitoring of an exotic plant‐pest: Leafmining for environmental DNA
Authors: Pirtle Elia I. , van Rooyen Anthony R. , Maino James , Weeks Andrew R. , Umina Paul A.
Published: July 2021

Understanding how invasive species respond to novel environments is limited by a lack of sensitivity and throughput in conventional biomonitoring methods. Arthropods in particular are often difficult to monitor due to their small size, rapid lifecycles, and/or visual similarities with co‐occurring species. This is true for the agromyzid leafminer fly, Liriomyza sativae, a global pest of vegetable and nursery industries that has recently established in Australia. A robust method based on environmental DNA (eDNA) was developed exploiting traces of DNA left inside “empty” leaf mines, which are straightforward to collect and persist longer in the environment than the fly. This extends the window of possible diagnosis to at least 28 days after a leaf mine becomes empty. The test allowed for visually indistinguishable leafmining damage caused by L. sativae to be genetically differentiated from that of other flies. Field application resulted in the identification of new local plant hosts for L. sativae, including widely distributed weeds and common garden crops, which has important implications for the pest's ability to spread. Moreover, the test confirmed the presence of a previously unknown population of L. sativae on an island in the Torres Strait. The developed eDNA method is likely to become an important tool for L. sativae and other leafmining species of biosecurity significance, which, historically, have been difficult to detect, diagnose and monitor. More generally, eDNA is emerging as a highly sensitive and labour‐efficient surveillance tool for difficult to survey species to improve outcomes for agricultural industries, global health, and the environment.
Behavioural responses of Phlebotomus duboscqi to plant‐derived volatile organic compounds
Authors: Hassaballa I. B. , Matoke‐Muhia D. , Masiga D. K. , Sole C. L. , Torto B. , Tchouassi D. P.
Published: July 2021

Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of Leishmania parasites that cause leishmaniases. Both sexes of sand flies feed on plants primarily for sugars, although the chemical cues that mediate attraction to host plants remain largely unknown. Previously, using coupled gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, the authors identified several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) common to preferred host plants for selected Afrotropical sand flies from the Fabaceae family. Of the identified volatiles, the significance of the monoterpenes linalool oxide, ocimene and p‐cymene and the benzenoid m‐cresol, p‐cresol in sand fly behaviour is unknown. In olfactometer assays, the authors tested these compounds singly and in blends for their attractiveness to Phlebotomus duboscqi, cutaneous leishmaniasis vector in Kenya. In dose–response assays, single compounds increased the responses of males and females over controls, but their optimum attractive doses varied between the sexes. Two five‐component blends, referred to as Blend‐f and Blend‐m for females and males respectively, were formulated and tested in dose–response assays against 1‐octen‐3‐ol (positive control). The results of the present study showed that males and females were significantly attracted to varying levels of the two blends. In pairwise assays, the authors evaluated the most attractive of these blends to each sex (i.e., Blend Am for male against Blend Bf for female), revealing that males were attracted to both blends at varying levels, whereas females were indifferent. The study's results demonstrate that plant‐derived VOCs can be exploited for sand fly management.
An autopsy case report of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease presenting with predominantly upper motor neuron features
Authors: Murakami Aya , Nakamura Masataka , Nakamura Yoshimi , Kaneko Satoshi , Yakushiji Yusuke , Kusaka Hirofumi
Published: July 2021

We describe an autopsy case of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID), a subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with the appearance of fused‐in‐sarcoma (FUS) inclusions (FTLD‐FUS). A 57‐year‐old man developed dysarthria and dysphagia. One year and five months later, he was admitted to a hospital, and pseudobulbar palsy and right upper motor neuron signs were observed on examination. Needle electromyography revealed no active or chronic denervation. His neurological symptoms gradually deteriorated, and behavioral alterations occurred. He died of hemoperitoneum secondary to rupture of a ureteric tumor. The total duration of the disease was six years and 10 months. Neuropathologically, the frontal cortex, including the motor cortex, and the pyramidal tract were severely affected, whereas the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem were mildly damaged. The striatum and substantia nigra were also severely damaged. Hyaline conglomerate inclusions, neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions with a distinct eosinophilic core (so‐called cherry spot), Pick body‐like inclusions, and eosinophilic round inclusions were observed in the remaining neurons. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that these inclusions were immunoreactive for FUS. HC inclusions were also immunoreactive for α‐internexin and phosphorylated neurofilament protein. FUS‐immunoreactive NCIs were abundant in the basal ganglia but not in the hippocampus, in contrast to previously reported NIFID cases. Furthermore, Bunina bodies identified by immunohistochemistry for cystatin C were also observed in the lower motor neurons. Bunina bodies may be present in NIFID. This case confirms the pathological heterogeneity of NIFID and supports the notion of the difference between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and NIFID.
2SLS and IV Estimation of Dynamic Panel Models with Heterogeneous Trend*
Authors: Cao Shiyun , Zhang Yonghui , Zhou Qiankun
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we consider two‐stage least squares (2SLS) and simple instrumental variable (IV) type estimation of dynamic panel data models with both individual‐specific effects and heterogeneous time trend when both N and T tend to infinity. We consider the forward orthogonal deviations (FOD) proposed by (Hayakawa, et al. Econometric Reviews, 2019. Vol. 38, pp. 1055–1088) and the double first difference (2FD) to remove both the individual‐specific effects and heterogeneous trend. As the main theoretical contribution, we establish the asymptotic properties of the 2SLS estimation of the lag coefficient and find that the 2SLS estimation using FOD and optimal 2SLS estimation using 2FD are asymptotically biased of order , while the 2SLS based on 2FD using non‐optimal weighting matrix is asymptotically biased of order . We also establish the asymptotic unbiasedness of the simple IV estimation using first differenced lagged dependent variable as instrument, and establish the invalidity of using level lagged dependent variable as instrument for the simple IV estimation. Monte Carlo simulations confirm our findings in this paper.
Exploring palatal and dental shape variation with 3D shape analysis and geometric deep learning
Authors: Nauwelaers Nele , Matthews Harold , Fan Yi , Croquet Balder , Hoskens Hanne , Mahdi Soha , El Sergani Ahmed , Gong Shunwang , Xu Tianmin , Bronstein Michael , Marazita Mary , Weinberg Seth , Claes Peter
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Palatal shape contains a lot of information that is of clinical interest. Moreover, palatal shape analysis can be used to guide or evaluate orthodontic treatments. A statistical shape model (SSM) is a tool that, by means of dimensionality reduction, aims at compactly modeling the variance of complex shapes for efficient analysis. In this report, we evaluate several competing approaches to constructing SSMs for the human palate.

Setting and Sample Population

This study used a sample comprising digitized 3D maxillary dental casts from 1,324 individuals.

Materials and methods

Principal component analysis (PCA) and autoencoders (AE) are popular approaches to construct SSMs. PCA is a dimension reduction technique that provides a compact description of shapes by uncorrelated variables. AEs are situated in the field of deep learning and provide a non‐linear framework for dimension reduction. This work introduces the singular autoencoder (SAE), a hybrid approach that combines the most important properties of PCA and AEs. We assess the performance of the SAE using standard evaluation tools for SSMs, including accuracy, generalization, and specificity.

Results

We found that the SAE obtains equivalent results to PCA and AEs for all evaluation metrics. SAE scores were found to be uncorrelated and provided an optimally compact representation of the shapes.

Conclusion

We conclude that the SAE is a promising tool for 3D palatal shape analysis, which effectively combines the power of PCA with the flexibility of deep learning. This opens future AI driven applications of shape analysis in orthodontics and other related clinical disciplines.
Satisfaction with oral health and associated factors among homeless people in Midwest Brazil
Authors: Freire Maria do Carmo Matias , Lawder Juliana Aparecida de Campos , de Souza João Batista , de Matos Marcos André
Published: July 2021

Background

Self‐perceived oral health has been extensively investigated, but studies on homeless people are scarce, and there is currently no evidence from Latin America.

Objective

To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with satisfaction with the oral health of homeless individuals in one Brazilian capital of the Midwest region.

Subject and Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out with 351 adult individuals attending a temporary public shelter who were interviewed about sociodemographic and psychosocial aspects, drugs use and oral health. The outcome was satisfaction with oral health (satisfied/dissatisfied). Pearson's chi‐square test and Poisson regression with robust variance were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The prevalence of dissatisfaction with oral health was 68.9% (95% CI = 63.9–73.6). After adjusting for covariates, dissatisfaction was more frequent among individuals who were married/in a stable relationship (PR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.02–1.36), with felt need for treatment (PR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.23–4.17) or complete prosthesis (PR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.18–1.55), and those who used illicit drugs in the past six months (PR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.06–1.39).

Conclusion

The prevalence of dissatisfaction with oral health in the homeless individuals studied was high and associated with their marital status, use of illicit drugs and self‐reported need for dental treatment and complete prosthesis.
Predicting executive vacancies: An organizational approach
Authors: Bello‐Gomez Ricardo A. , Rutherford Amanda
Published: July 2021

When an executive departs, some organizations experience a vacancy while others do not. Recent research shows that the occurrence and length of vacancy instances within and across sectors varies widely. However, the causes of such variance in vacancies have yet to be carefully addressed by public management research. This study explores the determinants of executive vacancy, focusing specifically on organizational‐level characteristics of size, performance, and sector as well as the role of anticipation of a departure. We use data from public and private US doctoral universities to identify 230 leadership transitions between 1993 and 2013. In this context, we find that anticipation of departure is an extremely strong predictor of vacancy. Moreover, private universities are significantly less likely than their public counterparts to experience executive vacancy while organizational performance and size do not appear to influence vacancy.
Fossilization processes have little impact on tip‐calibrated divergence time analyses
Authors: O’Reilly Joseph E. , Donoghue Philip C. J.
Published: July 2021

The importance of palaeontological data in divergence time estimation has increased with the introduction of Bayesian total‐evidence dating methods, which use fossil taxa directly for calibration, facilitated by the joint analysis of morphological and molecular data. Fossil taxa are invariably incompletely known as a consequence of taphonomic processes, resulting in the decidedly non‐random distribution of missing data. The impact of non‐random missing data on the accuracy and precision of clade age estimation is unknown. In an attempt to constrain the impact of taphonomy on tip‐calibrated dating analyses, we compared clade ages estimated from a very complete morphological matrix to ages estimated from the same matrix permuted to simulate the progressive loss of anatomical information resulting from taphonomic processes. We demonstrate that systematically distributed missing data negatively influence clade age estimates, but that successive stages within the taphonomic process introduce greater differences in age estimates, when compared to estimates obtained from untreated data. Despite these effects, the general influence of missing data is weak, presumably due to the compensatory effect of extensive morphological data from extant taxa. We suggest that, in the absence of models that can explicitly account for taphonomic processes, morphological datasets should be constructed to minimize the impact of taphonomy on divergence time estimation.
Behavioral changes after hospital discharge in preschool children experiencing emergence delirium after general anesthesia: A prospective observational study
Authors: Kim Jonghae , Byun Sung Hye , Kim Jun Won , Kim Ji‐Yoon , Kim Yun Jin , Choi Nayeon , Lee Bong Soo , Yu Seungcheol , Kim Eugene
Published: July 2021

Background

Emergence delirium is well known as early postoperative behavioral change after general anesthesia. However, it is unclear whether children with emergence delirium have negative behavioral changes after hospital discharge.

Aim

This observational study investigated the association between emergence delirium and posthospital behavioral changes.

Methods

One‐hundred preschoolers aged 2–7 years undergoing elective surgery were enrolled in 2 tertiary university hospitals. Preoperative anxiety level was assessed using modified Yale preoperative anxiety scale. Emergence delirium was defined via pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium score ≥12 at any time in the recovery room. We divided the delirium score into a delirium‐specific score (the sum of the first 3 items: eye contact, purposeful movement, and awareness of surrounding) and a pain‐related score (the sum of the last 2 items: restlessness and inconsolability). High delirium scores represent severe emergence delirium. Posthospital behavioral changes were assessed by a change in Child Behavior Checklist 1.5–5 scores before and 1 week after surgery. The primary outcome was the total behavior checklist scores 1 week after surgery. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify risk factors for posthospital behavioral changes.

Results

Children with emergence delirium (n = 58) had higher postoperative behavior checklist scores than children without emergence delirium (n = 42) [mean (SD), 22.8 (17.5) vs. 14.0 (12.1); mean difference (95% CI), 8.8 (1.5–16.2)]. Increases in preoperative anxiety level [regression coefficient (b) (95% CI) =0.241 (0.126–0.356)] and peak delirium‐specific score [b = 0.789 (0.137–1.442)] were associated with an increase in behavior checklist score 1 week after surgery, while pain‐related score, type of surgery, premedication, and age were not.

Conclusion

Children with emergence delirium developed more severe behavior changes 1 week after surgery than those without emergence delirium. High preoperative anxiety level and emergence delirium scores were associated with posthospital behavioral changes.
What drives road infrastructure spending?
Authors: Alm James , Dronyk‐Trosper Trey
Published: July 2021

It is widely believed that basic infrastructure in the United States has been seriously underfunded in recent years. We examine this broad issue by focusing on two specific questions. First, how has subnational government spending on infrastructure changed over the last half‐century, focusing especially on transportation spending? Second, what factors have driven these spending changes? To answer these questions, we collect data on local, state, and combined state and local government spending on roads and other expenditure categories from 1957 to 2013. With these data, we first demonstrate that infrastructure spending has increased on average in real per capita terms across all states, even while it has declined significantly across all states as a percentage of government spending. Second, we also examine empirically several causal factors that help explain what has driven these changes in transportation spending over time, using several estimation methods and robustness tests. We find suggestive evidence that it is primarily changes in government spending on welfare programs that have driven these sizeable changes in transportation spending. Indeed, we calculate that, if state governments were spending the same percentage of their budgets on transportation in 2013 as they had been in 1957, then state government spending on transportation across all states would increase in total by an additional $133.5 billion in 2013, an amount equal to an additional $422 per capita.
Dry‐lab benchmarking of a structure from motion workflow designed to monitor marine benthos in three dimensions
Authors: Lochhead Ian , Hedley Nick
Published: July 2021

Structure from motion (SfM) has emerged as a popular method for characterising marine benthos (seabed organisms), particularly in clear, tropical waters. However, there are many environmentally sensitive benthic organisms inhabiting temperate waters, including the reef‐forming glass sponges of the north‐east Pacific Ocean. Broader questions are raised, not just about whether SfM is a capable spatial data acquisition and ecological characterisation method in temperate waters; but whether a systematic assessment of capture methods in dry and wet laboratory conditions reveals critical relationships between SfM parameters, data products and their implications for underwater surveys. This paper, the first of two empirical assessments, reports on a series of dry‐lab tests quantifying the impact that lighting, camera type, camera settings and capture strategy have on data accuracy. These tests provide a crucial accuracy baseline for subsequent wet‐lab and field‐based surveys, revealing that photographs captured from a controlled and stable platform produce superior data products. While the measurable differences were small, they may be critical for accurate change detection in temperate environments.
Explaining Policy Success Using the Multiple Streams Framework: Political Success Despite Programmatic Failure of the Solar Energy Policy in Gujarat, India
Authors: Goyal Nihit
Published: July 2021

Although many scholars have studied policy success and failure, the relationship of these phenomena to the policy process—essential for an explanatory or anticipatory analysis—remains unclear. I address this gap by linking the policy success heuristic with the multiple streams framework (MSF) and developing hypotheses to explain outcomes. I apply this conceptualization to the case of the solar energy policy in Gujarat, India by combining a qualitative policy assessment with a process trace of policy making. The findings show that the conflicted process success and the programmatic failure resulted largely from a top‐down push for a policy without a problem. This push, nevertheless, led to political success that was sustained by recoupling problems and politics through agenda denial, blame avoidance, and credit claiming. I conclude with implications for the research on policy evaluation, the MSF, and policy studies, as well as the governance of a sustainable energy transition.

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Investment in the Latin American Telecommunications Sector: Assessing the Role of Political Institutions
Authors: Kingstone Peter R. , Ponce Aldo F.
Published: July 2021

Political economists have argued that the design of political institutions bears important consequences for the quality of public policy, especially in areas like the privatization and regulation of utilities. Our study looks at how variations in key institutional traits of executive and legislative branches (specifically presidents' legislative powers, presidents' prerogatives to designate the director of the regulatory agency, and legislative fragmentation) affect investment in Latin American telecommunications, a critical sector for economic development. Institutional factors influence how easily executives and important political (legislative) parties can alter policies related to the telecommunications sector. We find that resolute institutional designs foster investment in the sector, but only under private ownership. For state‐owned firms, decisive institutional designs have better effects on investment.

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Montes de Oca Barrera, and Laura Beatriz. 2019. “Persistent Exclusion in Mexico: Regulatory Governance as an Imperfect Project of Political Modernization.”Politics & Policy47 (1): 127‐151.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12291

Moreno, Erika, and Richard C. Witmer. 2015. “Where Capacity and Incentives Meet: Presidential Decree Authority and Property Rights in Latin America.”Politics & Policy43 (3): 315‐346.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12118

Wise, Carol, and Cintia Quiliconi. 2007. “China's Surge in Latin American Markets: Policy Challenges and Responses.”Politics & Policy35 (3): 410‐438.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00067.x
Leaf density and chemical composition explain variation in leaf mass area with spectral composition among 11 widespread forbs in a common garden
Authors: Wang Qing‐Wei , Liu Chenggang , Robson Thomas Matthew , Hikosaka Kouki , Kurokawa Hiroko
Published: July 2021

Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a key leaf functional trait correlated with plant strategies dictating morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. Although sunlight is generally accepted as a dominant factor driving LMA, the contribution of each spectral region of sunlight in shaping LMA is poorly understood. In the present study, we grew 11 widespread forb species in a common garden and dissected the traits underpinning differences in LMA, such as its morphological components (leaf density [LD] and leaf thickness [LT]), macroelement, and metabolite composition under five spectral‐attenuation treatments: (1) transmitting c. 95% of the whole solar spectrum (> 280 nm), (2) attenuating ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B), (3) attenuating both UV‐A and UV‐B radiation, (4) attenuating UV radiation and blue light, (5) attenuating UV radiation, blue, and green light. We found that LMA, LD, and chemical traits varied significantly across species depending on spectral treatments. LMA was significantly increased by UV‐B radiation and green light, while LD was increased by UV‐A but decreased by blue light. LMA positively correlated with LD across treatments but was only weakly related to LT, suggesting that LD was a better determinate of LMA for this specific treatment. Regarding leaf elemental and metabolite composition, carbon, nitrogen, and total phenolics were all positively correlated with LMA, whereas lignin, non‐structural carbohydrates, and soluble sugars had negative relationships with LMA. These trends imply a tradeoff between biomass allocation to structural and metabolically functional components. In conclusion, sunlight can spectrally drive LMA mainly through modifying functional and structural support.
Sequential gains and losses during gambling feedback: Differential effects in time‐frequency delta and theta measures
Authors: Bachman Matthew D. , Watts Adreanna T. M. , Collins Paul , Bernat Edward M.
Published: July 2021

One critical aspect of reward‐feedback is the impact of local outcome history—how past experiences with choices and outcomes influences current behavior and neural activity. Yet, prior event‐related potential work in this area has been contentious. This study contributes to this field by using time‐frequency measures to better isolate constituent processes. Specifically, we identify how theta and delta are differentially sensitive to local outcome history. Participants completed a binary monetary choice task while we collected EEG data. Unbeknownst to them, trial outcomes were manipulated into pre‐determined sequences, ranging from one to eight gains or losses in a row. Analyses were arranged by sequence establishment (first 2 trials of a sequence) and continuation (prolonged sequences of 3–8 trials). During the establishment of a sequence, delta activity to gains and losses were virtually identical on the first (change) trial, demonstrating marked divergence only on the second trial. This difference grew throughout the continuation period, as delta activity was sustained with accruing gains but declined with multiple losses. Theta activity, conversely, demonstrated a maximal loss‐gain difference on the change trial but was insensitive to the establishment of a new sequence. Differential theta activity between outcomes decreased as sequences continued, with theta activity increasing over accruing gains and remaining stable over losses. Results indicate that delta‐gain and theta‐loss signals are relatively stable across sequential outcomes. Furthermore, theta is most sensitive to loss‐gain differences on the initial change trial, while delta is more sensitive to gain‐loss differences with the continuation of a sequence.
Restoring tropical forest–grassland mosaics invaded by woody exotics
Authors: Raghurama Manaswi , Sankaran Mahesh
Published: July 2021

Although important for biological conservation and provisioning of several ecosystem services, tropical forest–grassland mosaics face several threats, one of which is woody invasion in grasslands of these mosaics—an issue proving to be challenging to solve. We present a framework to guide grassland restoration in these mosaics that takes into account their unique ecology, outlines a general chronological sequence of restoration activities, and helps identify research priorities to guide restoration efforts. Specifically, we outline approaches to (1) increase the cost‐effectiveness of restoration programs (e.g. selecting restoration targets and priority sites); (2) restore edaphic processes impacted by woody invasion; (3) maximize the establishment of native grass and forb species, and (4) maintain restored communities in the long‐term by minimizing re‐invasions. We apply this framework to montane southern Indian forest‐grassland mosaics (locally called shola‐grassland mosaics) invaded by nitrogen‐fixing woody exotics to identify research priorities that can act as “game‐changers” in the restoration of these ecosystems. These include (1) identifying invaded areas where passive restoration can be effective, (2) understanding the role of endogenous disturbances, particularly fire, in the spread and management of invasive species and the prevention of re‐invasion, and (3) assessing the role of large‐scale seed farming and emerging seed technologies for the use of seeds to effectively re‐introduce native grassland species. Restoration frameworks that take into account unique ecologies are needed to make the most of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, and we present such a framework for forest‐grassland mosaics—an important ecosystem that is generally neglected.
Policy for the public without the public: Net neutrality in Israel
Authors: Ginosar Avshalom
Published: July 2021

This study investigates the policy process through which net neutrality (NN) policy in Israel has been shaped. The analysis employs a framework based on the Internet Governance concept and the multi‐stakeholder approach. Based on the analysis of formal documents, debates in parliamentary committees and the Parliament plenum, and position papers of various actors, the findings show that NN policy in Israel is one more layer of the neo‐liberal policy in the telecommunication sector. It is demonstrated how experts and bureaucrats, influenced by industry interests, have been dominant during the policy process while civil society groups representing the public interests have been only marginal actors. The paper concludes with a call for a more proactive attitude of all stakeholder groups in order to enable a more balanced governance of central internet issues, such as NN.