bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TWO NEW SPECIES OF ATRICHOPOGON (DIPTERA:CERATOPOGONIDAE) FROM GUANGXI, CHINA
Authors: Hao Baoshan , Yu Yixin
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Two new species of the genus Atrichopogon from Guangxi, China, A. cristatus sp. nov. and A. gracilis sp. nov. are described.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPONSE OF ‘CAROLINA’ CUCUMBER TO SIMULATED AND ACTUAL STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELI‐DAE) DEFOLIATION*
Authors: Burkness Eric C. , Hutchison William D. , Higley Leon G.
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Field studies were conducted in 1995 to compare the photosynthesis response between simulated striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.), defoliation and actual A. vittatum defoliation in ‘Carolina’ cucumber. Six simulated defoliation levels (0%–100%)were used over 5 timings of defoliation (first true leaf to harvest). Plots were defoliated with scissors twice each week throughout each timing interval, and defined as continuous defoliation. In addition to continuous defoliation, one‐time simulated defoliation treatments were imposed using the same timing treatments but only 4 defoliation levels (0, 25, 50, and 100%). Two cage studies, with A. vittatum adults, were used to provide estimates of actual insect defoliation injury. Beetles were placed in cages for 2 weeks at densities of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10/plant and net photosynthetic rates were measured. No significant differences (P <0. 05 were detected in pho‐tosynthetic rates between simulated and actual insect defoliation treatments. Also, few significant differences in photosynthetic rates were detected between damaged and undamaged leaves in the simulated insect defoliation study. Results indicated that the simulated insect defoliation procedure appeared to accurately reflect the growth response of ‘Carolina’ cucumber subjected to actual A. vittatum defoliation, and that simulated defoliation results should be appropriate for developing economic injury levels for A. vittatum on cucumber.
SELECTION OF RESISTANCE STRAINS IN LIPOSCELIS BOSTRYCHOPHILA BADONNEL TO CO2‐ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES*
Authors: Wang Jinjun , Zhao Zhimo , Li Lungshu
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Adults of the psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel were exposed to atmospheres containing 35% and 55% CO2 for 30 generations to select strains resistant to high CO2 content (HCC). Selection pressure was maintained at around 70% of mortality. At the 30th generation, comparison of sensitivities between the selected strains (HCC1 and HCC2) and the original susceptible strain (MA‐S) revealed a resistance factor (RF) at the 50% mortality level (LT50) of 4. 6‐and 5. 3‐folds, respectively. Throughout the selection process, log‐time against probit‐mortality lines remained roughly parallel and the slopes remained lower than that of MA‐S strain until the last generation. It is inplied that the genetic potential of L. bostrychophila to develop resistance to CO2 was not exhausted until the 30th generation. Removal of selection pressure for 5 generations from 2 sub‐populations of two selected strains from the 25th generation caused significant reduction in resistance. In the absence of MAs exposure, the two selected strains (HCC1 and HCC2) possessed the fitness defect. HCC1 and HCC2 were calculated by R0 to have a fitness value of 0. 52 and 0. 45 relative to MA‐S.
RESISTANCE ALLEVIATION IN THE LARVAL COTTON BOLLWORM TO FENVALERATE AFTER PRE‐TREATMENT WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Authors: Tan Weijia , Liang Gemei , Guo Yuyuan
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Resistance alleviation and mechanism in the 2nd instar larvae of one susceptible and two resistant strains of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera to fenvalerate were studied at 24 h after the larvae were treated with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (B.t.) preparation. The results showed that responses of larvae with B. t pretreatment to fenvalerate were much more sensitive than those without B. t pretreatment. Compared with the susceptible strain (YZ‐S), net ratios between LD50s with and without B. t pretreatment in the two resistant strains increased approximate 62. 6% and 80. 9%, respectively) inhibition of specific inhibitors to esterases displayed that efficacy of malaoxon and paraoxon methyl to acetyl‐cholinesterase increased from 66.1% to 99. 8%in vitro and in vivo; dynamic factors of acetylcholinesterase were significantly changed, in which Km and Vmax values decreased from 45. 58% to 68. 62% and Ki values of malaoxon and paraoxon methyl to acethylcholinesterase increased approximate 60%. It suggested that the sensitivity of the 2nd instar larvae of resistant H. armigera to fenvalerate might increase after B. t pretreatment for 24 h, and change of acetylcholinesterase was an important factor during resistance alleviation by B. t pretreatment. The research showed that it is practicable to bring the coordinated use of B. t and chemical insecticides in IPM system.
QUANTIFYING PREDATION BY UMMELIATA INSEC‐TICEPS BOES. ET STR. (ARANEAE: LINYPHIIDAE) ON RICE PLANTHOPPERS USING ELISA*
Authors: Zhang Guren , Zhang Wenqing , Gu Dexiang
Published: April 2008

Abstract  An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to quantify predation by Ummeliata insecticeps Boes. et Str. on rice planthoppers in paddy fields in Dasha Township, Guangdong Province. The assay was completely specific for rice planthopper materials. The detection periods for antigens after an adult of U. insecticeps had fed on three 3–5th instar nymphs of white‐back planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), and brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), at room temperature were 96 h and 120 h, respectively. The proportion of individual species of predators scoring positive ranged from 19. 05% to 47. 34% for WBPH, and from 9. 25% to 66. 67% for BPH in the early rice season. Although the numbers of the rice planthoppers consumed by U. insecticeps increased with increasing prey densities, the predation rates declined. When rice planthopper densities were low, the predation rates were relatively high. This kind of predation can explain why the rice planthoppers have never reached outbreak levels in rice fields in Dasha Township since 1973.
CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF PATERCULUS ELATUS (YANG) (HEMIPTERA:PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Zhang Hufang , Zheng Leyi
Published: April 2008

Abstract The karyotype of a Chinese pentatomid species Paterculus elatus (Yang) was studied in male germ cells prepared on air‐dried slides stained with Giemsa. Karyotype analyses using specific software were made and model karyotype chart was presented. P. elatus (Yang) has 16 chromosomes on mitosis metaphase plate and a X‐Y sex chromosomal mechanism. The cytogenetic analysis has revealed the presence of a pair of m‐chromosomes and a supernumerary chromosome.
LEARNING BEHAVIOUR OF OPIUS CONCOLOR SZLEPLIGETI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN HOST DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Zhang Long , Raspi Alfio
Published: April 2008

Abstract Laboratory experiment on learning behaviour of Opius concolor in host discrimination was conducted. The superparasitism by both the “inexperienced” and “experienced” wasps at the highest ratio of parasitoid: host (1: 0. 9) was significantly higher than those at two low ratios (1: 5 and 1: 10). The distributions of the eggs of O. concolor females in hosts examined by dissection showed that the eggs laid by both “inexperienced” and “experienced females” at 1: 0. 9 ratio did not agree with the Poisson distribution. However, at 1: 5 ratfio the eggs laid by “experienced” ones did not agree with Poisson distribution, whereas by inexperienced ones agreed with Poisson distribution. On the contrary. the eggs laid both by “inexperienced” and “experienced” wasps at 1: 10 ratio agreed with the Poisson distribution. The results of experiment on the self‐superparasitism indicated that both “experienced” and “inexperienced” single females, in 6 h at ratio 1: 5, could carry out on superparasitization.
EFFECTS OF HOST PLANTS ON POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LIPAPHIS ERYSIMI (KALT.) IN THE FIELD
Authors: Gu Dejiu , Sam Al‐Hassan M. , Pang Xiongfei
Published: April 2008

Abstract The population dynamics of alates and apterous of turnip aphid (TA) Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) together with the incidence of parasitism by Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) on five host vegetable varieties in the field were evaluated. The results showed that the average populations of TA apterous on host vegetable varieties turnip, Chinese kale, leaf mustard, flowering cabbage and Chinese cabbage were 63. 425, 10. 041, 24. 928, 23. 323 and 114. 308 aphids/plant, respectively. The ‘critical day’ was used to estimate the date when TA population density on host vegetable varieties reaches its economic threshold. The relationship between TA apterous population (x) and mummy aphids parasitized by parasitoid D. rapae was significant, and the regression formula is y = 0. 1211 + 0. 01431 (r=0. 9739**).
EVALUATION OF FIPRONIL FOR GRASSHOPPER MANAGEMENT IN THE PASTORAL AREA OF QINGHAI PROVINCE*
Authors: Liu Zhibin , Xu Shenquan , Wang Haichuan , Wang Qingchuan , Zheng Zhemin , Li Tao , Liu Xiaojian , Launois Michel
Published: April 2008

Abstract Cage and field experiments with Fipronil were carried out in Guomaying (Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province) to determine the mode of action, persistence, and the lowest dosage required of this new insecticide in the management of pasture grasshoppers. Three dominant species Angaracris rhodopa, Myrmeleotettix palpalis and Chorthippus dubius were chosen as the experimental materials. The results showed that Fipronil was a powerful contact and stomach poison against different grasshoppers at very low dosages of 4 and 8 g a. i/ha. In the cages, the difference between the effects of 4 and 8 g a. i. /ha of Fipronil on grasshoppers was usually negligible. The knocking down effects of contact were obviously quicker than that of stomach effect; no such difference was, however, found in the tests with the adults of M. palpalis. The persistent effect of Fipronil on the 5th instar of C. dubius nymphs was over 2 weeks. Four levels of Fipronil (2, 3, 5 and 10 g a. i. /ha) and five levels of 20% of Shamieling (90, 75, 60, 45, 30 g a. i. /ha) were compared in the field. The immediate effect of Fipronil was stronger than that of Shamieling. Differences among the effecw of different dosages of Fipronil were mainly shown in terms of survival rate of grasshoppers after the treatment. There was almost no difference as to control results. Twenty‐six days after the treatment, the densities of grasshoppers remained at very low level in the quadrats treated by Fipronil at 3 g a. i. /ha or more. This suggested that the lowest dosage required was 3 g a. i. /ha in the field operation.
EFFECTS OF AGROCHEMICALS ON BROWN PL THOPPER NILAPARVATA LUGENS (STÅL) AND ITS PREDATORY ENEMIES*
Authors: Chen Jianming , Yu Xiaoping , Lu Zhongxian , Zheng Xusong , Cheng Jiaan
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The effects of agrochemicals on brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, three predators were studied. The results showed that with recommendatory concentrations of 0. 30preti‐lachlor EC could cause high mortalities to adults of BPH, Microvelia horvathi and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis; 0. 50 butachlor EC had significant lethal effects on adults of M. horvathi and C. lividipennis, but had negligible effects on BPH and Erogonidium graminicolum; and 40% acetochlor WP had no obvious killing effect to other insects mentioned above, except C. lividipennis. Effects of 0. 50 quincolorac WP, 0. 10 bensulfuron methyl WP, 0. 10 cyclosulfumuron WP and 0. 20 daofuxing WP on these insects were insignificant. As far as fungicides were concerned, 2nd‐3rd instar nymphs of BPH and adults of Microvelia horvathi, and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis were obviously sensitive to 0. 40 IBP EC, but 0. 75 chlorothalonil WP 0. 20 tricyclazol WP, 0. 50 carbendazin WP, 0. 25 yekuling WP, 0. 5 jinggangmycin SL and 0. 20 yeqing shuang WP had no evident effects on them. 0. 4635 urea G had also no obvious insecticidal activity on adults of these insects. The results of toxic regression expression and LC50 of IBP, pretilachlor, butachlor and acetochlor to BPH and its predators were determined.
RESPONSE OF PARASITOID MICROPLITIS MEDIATOR TO PLANT VOLATILES IN AN OLFACTOMETER*
Authors: Wen‐xia DONG , Zhong‐ning ZHANG , Yu‐ling FANG , Feng ZHANG , Wei KAN
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The behavioral responses of Microplitis mediator were measured in a four‐armed olfactometer. Leaves extract of the suitable host plant of its insect host, cotton, elicited higher olfactory responses; while leaves extract of the less suitable host plant of its insect host, tomato or tobacco, elicited moderate responses. Volatiles from the least suitable host plant of its insect host, hot pepper, elicited the lowest responses. The different preferences to four plant leaves extracts suggested that M. mediator could discriminate between suitable and less suitable host plants of its insect host by semiochemicals. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate, hexanal, and nonan‐1‐ol, are the most attractive compound among the 7 tested compounds. The parasitoids preferred host‐damaged plant to undamaged plant, suggesting that they were able to distinguish between host and non‐host of their insect host through varying chemical blends. Experience with cotton leaves extract prior to experiment enhanced their responses to the same odor.
KARYOTYPE POLYMORPHISM IN DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIC POPULATIONS OF GREEN PEACH APHID MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZER) IN CHINA*
Authors: Xiao‐wen YANG , Xiao‐xi ZHANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract  This paper deals with the karyotype of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), with three different life cycles in different regions of China. The results showed that four types of karyotype were found in the natural populations of red form and brown form aphids. Four types of karyotype are as follows: 2n = 12 with autosomes 1, 3 translocated (T1–3); 3n = 18 normal triploid; 3n = 18 with T1–3 translocation; and 2n = 11.

However, in the yellowish‐green aphids there were only two types of karyotype, normal karyotype 2n= 12 (NK) and 2n = 12 with T1–3 translocation. There was no significant difference in the relative lengths of chromosomes in 2n = 12 karyotype among different color forms and groups from different regions.
LABORATORY SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA TO METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE AND NOMURAEA RILEYI*
Authors: Jun MA
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Five isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and one isolate of Nomuraea rileyi were bioassayed against larvae of Plutella xylostella. Larvae were treated by exposing cabbage leaf discs previously immersed in conidial suspension, and were then incubated at 25oC and observed daily. One of M. anisopliae isolates, F11248, originally from Mastotermes darwiniensis was found being most virulent against P. xylostella. The LC50 was estimated as 2.03 times 104conidia/ml with 9 d mortality data, and the LT50 was 4.97 d at concentration of 107conidia/ml. Isolate F163 (N. rileyi) showed virulence to P. xylostella in both tests, but no cadavers sporulated.
THE BIOLOGICAL ACT'IVITIES OF YELLOW AZALEA, RHODODENDRON MOLLE G. DON AGAINST THE VEGETABLE LEAFMINER, LIRIOMYZA SATIVAE (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) *
Authors: Mei‐ying HU , Guo‐hua ZHONG , Qi‐song WU , Shiu‐foon CHIU
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The results of laboratory and greenhouse bioassays indicated that Rhodojaponin‐ III (Abbr. R‐ 1) and extracts of flowers from Rhododendron molle G. Don possessed signficant feeding inhibition and insectcidal properties against the larvae and adults of Liromyzia sativae. Treated with 500 mg/L R‐ III 1 000 mg/L molosul‐tap, and 10 000 mg/L methanol(MeOH) ethyl acetate (EtOAc), CH2Cl2, methanol‐water (MeOH‐H2O) extracts the rates of feeding inhibition were 77. 34 % 74.30 % 82.15 % 77.50 % 67. 33 % 62.85 % against the 2nd instar larvae, and were 67.66% 55.21 % 49.72% 54.26% 46.81 % 38.53% against the 3rd instar larvae, respectively;LC50 values against the 2nd instar larvae were 208.65, 166.05, 2.74 ± 103,766.72, 5.95 ± 103, 1.85 ± 103mg/L, and against 3rd larvae were 300.62, 256.00, 4.33 ±103, 1.03 ± 103,9.79 ± 103, and 2.62± 103mg/L, respectively. Against the adults, LC50 values of R‐III EtOAc extract and molosultap were 159.07.723.87 and 134.55mgL respectively after treatment for 24 h.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CYBOCEPHALIDAE (COLEOP‐TERA) FROM NORTHWEST CHINA
Authors: Ming‐yi TIAN
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Two species of CybocePhalus Erichson (Coleoptera: Cybocephalidae), C. aksuensis from Xinjiang. and C. kuangi from Gansu, China, are described as new to science in this paper. The type specimens are preserved in the Insect Collections of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
EFFECT OF CRY1A δ‐ENDOTOXINS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ON Mg+‐ATPASE IN THE COLUMNAR CELLS OF BOMBYX MORI MIDGUT
Authors: Zong‐ze SHAO , Yan‐kui GUO , Zi‐niu YU
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The effects of Cry1A δendotoxins from Bacillus thringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD‐1 on the activity of M2+‐dependent ATPase in the columnar cells (CC) of Sombyx mori were examined. Cytochemical localization showed a strong M$ ‘ ‐ATPase activity on the apical brush border of CC and even on the peritrophic membrane, but not on the goblet cells except slight activity on their interdigitated valves. Although overdose toxins were imposed to the larvae and resulted in serious cellular pathological changes in the treated midgut in vim, no obvious reduction of the M2+‐ATPase activity on the CC membrane was observed. This may exclude the M2+ ATPase on the CC brush border membrane to be the potential natural channel modulated by B‐endotoxins of B. thuringiensis or a target of the toxin during larval intoxication.
THE COMPARISON BETWEEN FLEA COMMUNITIES ON TEN SPECIES OF SMALL MAMMALS IN THE FOCI OF HUMAN PLAGUE IN YUNNAN CHINA*
Authors: Xian‐guo GUO , Zheng‐da GONG , Ti‐jun QIAN , Xi‐guan FENG , Xingde DUAN , Wei LI , Xi‐kun ZHANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Fleas on the body surface of a certain species of small mammal form a special flea community. On the basis of a series of calculations, a comparison of flea communities on ten species of small mammals in the foci of human plague in Yunnan Province, China, was carried out through a fuzzy clustering analysis. The three flea communities on Rattus flavipectus, Rattus nitidus and Rattus rattus sladeni, which belong to the same genus (genus Rattus) showed a higher similarity than others and they clustered into a group in the phenogram of the clustering analysis. Other flea communities on Anourosorez squamipes Suncus murinus Crocidura attenuata Apodemus draca Eothenomys eleusis, Niviventer confucianus and Mus pahari showed lower similarities between each other. The result suggests that the small mammal hosts may be the most important factor which strongly influence the similarity of ectoparasitic flea communities. When the hosts have a close affinity in the taxonomy, the flea communities on their body surface tend to be similar. The hosts in different genera in this case study tend to have different types of ectoparasitic flea communities.
RELEVANCE OF PLANT VOLATILES TO SEX PHERO‐MONE IN LURING APHIDS IN THE FIELD1
Authors: Feng ZHANG , Jin‐gong XIANGYU , Wen‐jun GENG , Zhong‐ning ZHANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Outdoor trials were made to test the responses of male aphids to pheromone lures in fields with different host‐plants, in order to know whether host‐plants would affect catches of males to pheromone lures. In peach orchard, males of three aphid species, i.e. Myzus persicae, Hyalopterus amygdali and Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae, were found in traps baited with aphid sex pheromone nepetalactone and nepetalactol. The most numerous numbers was M, persicae and it was also attracted by plant‐derived nepetalactone alone in peach orchard and cabbage garden. Schizaphis graminum males were caught in water traps in wheat field. In apple orchard, males of two aphid species, Aphis cifricola and Sappaphis sinipiricola were caught in significantly larger numbers in the pheromone traps than in the control traps. Field study indicated that the sex pheromone of H. amygduli comprises either one or both of nepetalactone and nepetalactol, and nepetalactone may be one component of sex pheromones of A cifricola and S sinipiricola Another field trial had shown that catches were increased if volatiles from a steam‐distilled extract of peach leaves were released simultaneously with nepetalactone. Elec‐troantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from males of M. persicae to volatiles of peach leaves and buds.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF MICROGASTER LATREILLE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) FROM CHINA*
Authors: Wei‐an XU , Jun‐hua HE
Published: April 2008

Abstract The present paper describes two new species of Microgaster Latreille, 1804, viz: M. longiterebra sp. nov. (♂) and M. longicaudatus sp. nov. (♂). M. longiterebra sp. nov. is described from Kunming, Yunnan Prov. in China closely related to M. subcompletus, but differs from the latter in the combination of the following features: 1) APOL as long as OD; 2) Mesonotum strongly punctate on anterior 2/ 3) r shorter than width of stigma; 4) cu‐a of hind wing medially curved; 5) Apex of hypopygium ending far beyond apex of abdomen. M. longicaudatus sp. nov. is described from Tianmushan, Zhejiang Prov. in China closely related to M. ductilis, but differs from the latter in the combination of the following features: 1) middle and hind femora reddish yellow only with apical 1/4 blackish; 2) 1‐SR 0.5 times as long as 1‐M; 3) the hairy part of ovipositor sheath 0.5 times as long as hind tibia; 4) tergite 3 with slightly weaker rugosity. The type specimens are deposited in Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
DISCOVERY OF THE WORKER CASTE OF PLATY‐THYREA CLYPEATA FOREL AND A NEW SPECIES OF PROBOLOMYRMEX MAYR IN YUNNAN, CHINA (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)*
Authors: Zheng‐hui XU , Guang ZENG
Published: April 2008

Abstract The worker caste of the ant species Platythyrea clypeata Forel is discovered and described for the first time. The genus Platythyrea Roger and the species P. clypeata Forel are newly recorded in China. Two species of the genus Probolomyrmex Mayr are recorded in China: P. longinodus Terayama et Ogata from Taiwan Province, and P. longiscapus sp. nov. from Yunnan Province.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FOSSIL GENUS AND SPECIES HUAXIASCIOPHILITES JINGXIENSIS (DIPTERA: MESOSCIOPHILIDAE) FROM EARLY CRETACEOUS JINGXI BASIN OF BEIJING, CHINA*
Authors: Zhi‐jun ZHANG , You‐chong HONG , Zhen‐yu LI
Published: April 2008

Abstract A new fossil genus and species of the family Mesosciophilidae, Huaxiasciophilites jingxiensis gen. et sp. nov. is described. The fossils of the new genus and species were collected from the Early Cretaceous Lushangfen Formation (K41 1) of Jingxi basin of Beijing China. The new genus is established based on the following characters: that Sc short, not exceed the forking of R and Rs, with branches; r‐m longer than basal part of Rs; Rs very thick and undee; and radial cell very short. The phylogenetic tree of Mesosciophilidae superimposed on the geological time scale was also analyzed. The holotype is deposited in the Beijing Forestry University.
ROLE OF RICE VOLATILES IN THE FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF CYRTORHINUS LIVIDIPENNIS REUTER
Authors: Yong‐gen LOU , Jia‐an CHENG
Published: April 2008

Abstract Experiments were conducted in laboratory to study the impacts of rice genotypes and nitrogen levels on the preference of the egg predator, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, for eggs of brown planthopper(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), and their relation to the rice volatiles. In two‐choice tests, the female predators showed different preference for BPH eggs on different rice genotypes, but not for BPH eggs on rice plants treated with different levels of nitrogen. The olfactory response test revealed that more predator oriented to the odour from healthy rice plants compared with the plain air (control); the predator preferred BPH nymph‐damaged plants to healthy plants, and BPH female adult‐damaged plants to BPH nymph‐damaged plants. The comparative studies between rice genotypes and nitrogen levels indicated that there were obvious differences in attractiveness to the predator between rice genotypes, while there was no significant difference between rice plants treated with different levels of nitrogen. The results showed that rice volatiles played an important role in mediating the foraging behaviour of C. lividipennis. Implications for augmenting the effectiveness of natural enemies by adjusting rice attributes and cultural practices are discussed.
THE PEST STATUS OF BEMISIA TABACI IN CHINA AND NON‐CHEMICAL CONTROL STRATEGIES*
Authors: Shun‐xiang REN , Zhen‐zhong WANG , Bao‐li QIU , Yuan XIAO
Published: April 2008

Abstract Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has been considered as a serious pest in all of tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. B. tabaci first recorded as early as in 1940s in China and has been reported as a pest of various crops in 22 provinces or cities. But only recently it has become a severe problem for vegetable and ornamental crops in Guangdong and Beijing. In China B. tabaci is known to transmit at least 5 plant viruses, including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato leaf curl virus (TomLCV), squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV‐C). So far, approximately 18 parasitoids, 17 predators and 1 pathogenic fungus were recorded in China. This paper presents an overview of B. tabaci as a pest and virus vector in China, with special attention given to non‐chemical control strategies.
PARTIAL CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE cDNA OF GENERAL ODORANT BINDING PROTEIN 1 GENE IN THE ANTENNA OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (HÜBNER)*
Authors: Gui‐rong WANG , Kong‐ming WU , Yu‐yuan GUO
Published: April 2008

Abstract Using RT‐PCR and RACE techniques, part of the cDNA encoding the general odorant binding protein 1 gene (named as GOBP1‐Harra) from the antenna of Helwoverpa armigera (Hubner) has been cloned. The cDNA length of GOBP1‐Harm is 876 bp. The results of sequencing and structural analysis showed that the mature protein reading frame of GOBPl‐Harm is 435 base pairs in length and 145 amino acids encoded. The predicted MW and pl are 17.0 kD and 4.89, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a highly similarity to the sequence of GOBP1 from different moth species and shared several common structural features with odorant binding proteins from other insects.
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE TO CYHALOTHRIN IN THE HOUSEFLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Fu‐Xing ZHU , Jian‐zhong YUAN , Pei‐jun ZHUANG , Zhen‐hua TANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract The genetic inheritance of resistance to cyhalothrin in housefly, Musca domstica (L) was investigated.

Reciprocal crosses between susceptible (S) and resistant (R) strains were used to determine the characteristics of resistance. Analysis of probit line from the F1 generation and F2 generation obtained by inbreeding the F1 hybrids indicated that cyhalothrin resistance was controlled by more than one factors and degree of resistance dominance to cyhalothrin was ‐0.10, indicating cyhalothrin resistance is conferred by incompletely recessive gene(s). The realized heritability of resistance to cyhalothrin cyhalothrin calculated from data collected routinely from laboratory selection was 0.12.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CYANAGAPANTHIA BREUNING (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) FROM CHINA
Authors: Wen‐kai WANG , Le‐yi ZHENG
Published: April 2008

Abstract This paper deals with two species of the Cerambycid genus Cyamgapanthia Breuning from China, including a new species: C. aurecens sp. nov. A key to the genus is provided. The type specimen is deposited in the Insect Collection, Nakai University, China.
TAXONOMIC REVIEW ON THE GENUS AICEONA (APHIDIDAE: AICEONINAE) IN CHINA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ONE NEW SPECIES
Authors: Ge‐xia QIAO , Guang‐xue ZHANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract The aphid genus Aiceonu in China is studied. Four Chinese species of this genus were recognized. A new species, Aiceona longifestuca, sp. onv. and hitherto unknown morphs of Aiceona osugii are described and Aiceona juponica is firstly recorded in China. Two keys to the Chinese species of this genus, including geographical distribution, host plants and illustrations of morphological figures of new species are provided. All specimens including types are deposited in Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY AND THEIR DIVERSITY RESTORATION IN LEAFY VEGETABLE FIELDS
Authors: You‐ming HOU , Min‐sheng YOU , Xiong‐fei PANG , Guang‐wen LIANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The effect of chemical insecticides on the structure and diversity of arthropod communities in various vegetable fields and the restoration of their biodiversity after stopping application of chemical insecticides were studied. The results showed that the effect of chemical insecticides on the arthropods in vegetable fields could be characterized the species structure, the diversity index and the evenness of species distribution. Components of arthpod species depended closely on the species number of insect pests, predatory natural enemies and spiders. Investigations showed that the numbers of species in the vegetable fields managed with chemical insecticides were obviously reduced, and their diversity indices were lower comparing with that without chemical insecticides. When the applications of chemical insecticides were stopped in vegetable fields, the index of population trend (I) of dominant insect pests decreased greatly, the control effect of natural enemies on major insect pests increased, and the diversity index of arthropod increased at the same time. Thus, limiting the application of chemical insecticides, resuming the environment of vegetable fields destroyed by using chemical insecticides, escalating the control ability of natural enemies on main insect pests will play an important role in the ecological control of insect pests in vegetable fields.
CLONING AND COMPARISON OF THE GENES ENCODING PREPROAPAMIN FROM THE VENOM OF 2 HONEYBEE AND 4 WASP SPECIES
Authors: Su‐fang ZHANG , Wan‐jun SHI , Jia‐an CHENG , Chuan‐xi ZHANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract Preproapamin genes were amplified by RT‐PCR from total RNA from the venom glands of 2 honeybee species, Apis mellifera, A. cerana cerana, and 4 wasp species, Vespa magnifica, V. velutina nigrothorax and Polistes hebraeus, respectively. Their PCR products were ligated into pGEM® ‐T easy vector and the nucleotide sequences analyzed. The six fragments were all 141 bp in length and contained an ORF coding the precursor of apamin. The apamin precursors of V. magnifica, V. velutina nigrothorax and P. hebraeus had 95% and 93% similarity with that of A. melliera in nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. That of Vespula maculifrons was identical to that of A. mellifera in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Apamin precursors of V. magnifica, P. hebraeus and V. velutina nigrothorax also had the same nucleotide sequences. The nucleotide sequences of preproapamin genes from the Chinese honeybee, A. cerana cerana and 4 wasp species are described for the first time. A notable discovery was that the wasps species had exactly same apamins as the honeybees despite the fact they belong to different insect families.
COMPLEMENTARY SEX DETERMINATION IN HYMENOPTERAN PARASITOIDS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Authors: Zhishan WU , Hopper Keith R. , Ode Paul J. , Fuester Roger W. , Jia‐hua CHEN , Heimpel George E.
Published: April 2008

Abstract In haplodiploid Hymenoptera, unfertilized eggs produce haploid males while fertilized eggs lead to diploid females under most circumstances. Diploid males can also be produced from fertilization under a system of sex determination known as complementary sex determination (CSD). Under single‐locus CSD, sex is determined by multiple alleles at a single sex locus. Individuals heterozygous at the sex locus are female while hemizygous and homozygous individuals develop as haploid and diploid males, respectively. In multiple‐locus CSD, two or more loci, each with two or more alleles, determine sex. Diploid individuals are female if one or more sex loci are heterozygous, while a diploid is male only if homozygous at all sex loci. Diploid males are known to occur in 43 hymenopteran species and single‐locus CSD has been demonstrated in 22 of these species. Diploid males are either developmentally inviable or sterile, so their production constitutes a genetic load. Because diploid male production is more likely under inbreeding, CSD is a form of inbreeding depression. It is crucial to preserve the diversity of sex alleles and reduce the loss of genetic variation in biological control. In the parasitoid species with single‐locus CSD, certain precautionary procedures can prevent negative effects of single‐locus CSD on biological control.
TWO GENARA OF CHEILONEURINI(HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) NEWLY RECORDED FROM CHINA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES
Authors: Zhi‐hong XU , Hui‐mei WANG
Published: April 2008

Abstract The paper presents two new species of Cheiloneurini, Encyrtidae, collected from Liaoning and Jiangsu, China. i.e. Ectroma loui Xu, sp. nov., Platencyrtus aclerus Xu, sp. n., which are described in detail. These two genara Ectroma Westwood and Platencyrtus Ferriere are first recorded from China, and are all parasi‐toids of scale insects. All specimens are deposited in Institute of Applied Entomology, Agriculture & Biotechnology College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou.
EFFECTS OF FIVE NEW COMPOUNDS ON THE LARVAL GROWTH AND DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ASIATIC CORN BORER, OSTRINIA FURNACALIS LARVAE
Authors: He Jia , Yan Zeng–guang , Jiang Zhi‐sheng
Published: April 2008

Five new compounds were tested on the growth and antifeeding activity compared with toosendanin against fifth instar larvae Ostrinia furnacalis. The activities of two proteases, a weak alkaline trypsine‐like enzyme and a chymotrypsin‐like enzyme, in the midgut of Ostrinia furnacalis larvae were also measured. Experimental results suggest that when incorporated into an artificial diet at the concentration of 500mg/kg, the antifeeding activities of toosendanin, C19, C23, C24, C26, C28 were 51.16%, 57.61%, 4.28%, 51.08%, 36.73% and 51.67%, respectively, C19, C24, C28 had no significant difference with toosendanin. At 20mg/kg, the larval growth were remarkably suppressed by C19, C26, C28, the inhibition of C28 was close to toosendanin in 48 h. The two proteases were activated by toosendanin and C28 while they were inhibited in 48 h but activated in 24 h by C19, C24 and C26. In this paper, the related functions and mechanisms were discussed.
SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL INSECT PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE GENE FROM THE CHINESE HONEYBEE, APIS CERANA*
Authors: Li Jiang‐hong , Wang Dun , An Shi‐heng , Liu Yan‐he , Zhang Chuan‐xi
Published: April 2008

A clone inserted with 1 104 bp fragment containing a 765bp Open Reading Frame(ORF), encoding a putative 2,3‐bisphosphoglycerate(2,3BPG) dependent Phosphoglycerate mutase(dPGAM) that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from the C3 carbon atom to the C2 carbon atom of phosphoglycerate, was screened by mass sequencing from the cDNA library of the venom glands of Apis cerana. The deduced amino acid sequence shared high similarities (39% ‐ 88%)with the dPGAM of 7 other organisms, but the similarities with the iPGAM of 4 other organisms were low (10% ‐ 12%). Moreover, the alignment of Ac‐PGAM with the dPGAMs from 7 other organisms showed that all the active site amino acid residues were conserved. This result shows that Ac‐PGAM is a typical dPGAM. Thus, this is the second PGAM gene reported in Insecta. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolutionary tree of PGAMs reflects the systematic relationship of species.
REVISION OF THE GENUS APHYTIS (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM EGYPT
Authors: Abd‐Rabou Shaaban
Published: April 2008

Abstract  The Egyptian species of the aphelinid genus Aphytis Howard are reviewed. Aphytis azai Abd‐Rabou and Aphytis matruhi Abd‐Rabou are described as new species from Egypt. Each species is briefly diagnosed and known information on hosts and distributed is given. A. azai sp. nov. is similar to A. melinus but different in the measurement of antennal segments. A. matruhi sp. nov. differs from A. lepidosaphes by the relative length of propodeum, metanotum and scutellum. A key to the Egyptian species of Aphytis is provided.
COMPARATIVE DEMOGRAPHICS OF A GENERALIST PREDATORY LADYBIRD ON FIVE APHID PREY: A LABORATORY STUDY
Authors: Omkar  , Pervez Ahmad
Published: April 2008

Abstract  Prey driven demographic parameters of an aphidophagous ladybird, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) were studied in attempt to answer how ladybird overcomes the problem of seasonally fluctuating food base. The ladybird reared for five generations in laboratory derived differential nutrition from five food sources (i.e. aphid species, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Uroleucon compositae (Theobald) and Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.)). The order of relative prey suitability was A. gossypii, A. craccivora, R. maidis, U. compositae and L. erysimi. Neonates suffered maximum mortality followed by eggs. Estimates of net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were highest (407. 18, 0.2274 day‐1, 1.2553 day‐1) on A. gossypii and lowest (176.02, 0.1533 day‐1, 1.1657 day‐1) on L. erysirni. Generation time was shortest (26.43 days) on A. gossypii and longest (33.73 days) on L. erysirni. The present study thus, provides an explanation to the high incidence of P. dissecta on A. gossypii, as it experienced high intrinsic rate of increase and optimal values for related demographic parameters.
DECISION TOOLS FOR MULBERRY THRIPS PSEUDODENDROTHRIPS MORI (NIWA, 1908) MANAGEMENT IN SERICULTURAL REGIONS; AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Etebari Kayvan , Matindoost L. , Singh R.N.
Published: April 2008

Abstract Mulberry thrips Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa, 1908) is a major pest of mulberry trees recorded from different sericultural regions of the world. The thrips infestation affects the qualitative and quantitative characters of mulberry leaf, by direct feeding damage to leaves and the ingestion of sap, which in turn affects the silkworm cocoon crop. This is most harmful in dry climates and seasons when heavily attacked plants lose moisture heavily. Under these conditions infestation can seriously deplete yields. The seasonal population fluctuation and the degree of damage caused to the host plant are influenced by various environmental factors including climate, host‐plant variety, topography, soil type, and management regimes. This article attempts to review all available documents on mulberry thrips and to discuss the practical approaches for best control of this pest.
Use of historic water level records for re‐assessing flood frequency: case study of the Spey catchment
Authors: Black Andrew R. , Fadipe David
Published: April 2008

Flood levels are available for four river flow gauging station sites in the Spey catchment, northern Scotland, for the major floods of 1768 and 1829. Field survey and Manning's equation were used to estimate peak discharge for each of the historic flood levels, to assist with the assessment of flood frequency. Standard UK methods encourage the use of historical information, but uptake presently appears to be limited. Compared with pooling and single site analyses, graphical re‐assessments of frequency incorporating estimated historical flows represented increases in the 100‐year flood of between 15 and 116%, illustrating that historical information may lead to major shifts in estimated frequency. These results are preferred over pooling results particularly because of the mismatch in the seasonality of major floods on the lower Spey compared with other sites available for pooling. Practitioners are urged to make use of historical flood information, subject to quality assessment, wherever possible.
Abnormalities and Defects in Pedigree Dogs–IV. Progressive Retinal Atrophy
Authors: BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

Abstract— Retinal atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa or night blindness occurs as an hereditary condition in the dog. The typical history from the owner and the clinical and ophthalmoscopic examination of the animal is described. The breed incidence and possible mode of inheritance, together with odier causes of retinal degeneration, is discussed.

Résume— L'atrophie de la retinue, la rétinite pigmentaire ou la nyctalopie constituent un etat d'étiologie familiale chez le chien. Les symptomes typiques qui ammènent à consulter, ainsi que L'examen clinique et opthalmologique sont décrits. L'incidence selon la race, le mode possible de transmission héréditaire, ainsi que d'autres formes étiologiques de dégénérescence de la rétinue son discutés.

Zusammenfassung— Atrophie der Netzhaut, Retinitis pigmentosa oder Nachtblindheit, kommt beim Hund als vererbbarer Zustand vor. Die typische Geschichte des Besitzers und die klinische und ophtalmoskopische Untersuchung des Tieres wird beschrieben. Die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens bei verschiedenen Rassen und die mögliche Vererbungsweise, sowie andere Ursachen der Netzhauten‐tartung werden hier erörtert.
The Normal and Radiological Anatomy of the Hip Joint of the Dog*
Authors: SMITH R. N.
Published: April 2008

Abstract— The components of the hip joint are described relative to their importance in interpreting radiographs. The appearance of these structures on radiographs is discussed and attention is drawn to some of the effects of the position of the animal during the exposure. The methods used as guides to the normal depth of the acetabulum are outlined.
The Old Cat*
Authors: TAYLOR W. M. WADMAN
Published: April 2008

Abstract— A review is presented of conditions affecting the aged cat, particular emphasis being given to lymphosarcomata. Some consideration is also given to septic and infected conditions and constipation.
Shock and First Aid in the Dog and Cat*
Authors: TURNER T.
Published: April 2008

Abstract— A review of conditions of shock in the dog and cat and the methods of first‐aid treatment is presented. Shock is defined, described, and the theory of shock outlined. Specific reference is made to traumatic shock, haemorrhage, toxic shock, burns, and anaphylactic, electric and anaesthetic shock. Treatment including blood transfusions are discussed.
A progressive axonopathy of Boxer dogs affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems
Authors: GRIFFITHS IAN R. , DUNCAN I. D. , BARKER J.
Published: April 2008

Five Boxer dogs with a new neurological disease are described. There is a progressive ataxia and weakness, initially in the hind‐legs but later involving forelegs. The onset of signs is usually around 6 months of age although an older dog was affected. Proprioceptive function, muscle tone and tendon reflexes are diminished or absent while pedal reflexes and pain sensation are preserved. Muscle atrophy is minimal. The peripheral nerves are depleted in myelinated fibres. Nerve roots and, to a lesser extent, peripheral nerves show demyelination/remyelination changes and in the cervical ventral roots in particular, regenerative clusters are present. Forelimb muscles show evidence of re‐innervation. In the CNS numerous swollen axons are present. The dorsolateral and ventral columns of the spinal cord are affected throughout their length. In the brain a number of nuclei and tracts, particularly in the lower brain stem, are affected and the superior olives are severely involved. The cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter appear normal. Various portions of the auditory and optic pathways are affected pathologically as are a number of cranial nerves. The axonal swellings contain a number of organelles including smooth endoplasmic reticulum, disordered neurofilaments, vesicles and mitochondria. The disease may be specific to Boxer dogs and may be inherited.
Bilateral coxofemoral luxation in a dog: a case report
Authors: READ R. A.
Published: April 2008

A case of bilateral coxofemoral luxation in a dog is presented. The successful treatment by bilateral De Vita pinning is described.
Intestinal mast cell tumour in a dog
Authors: PATNAIK A. K. , TWEDT D. C. , MARRETTA S. M.
Published: April 2008

A 9‐year old male German Shepherd Dog had a primary mast cell tumour in the ileocaecal valve. The dog had diarrhoea and weight loss and there was physical and radiographic evidence of an abdominal mass. A pedunculated mass was seen attached to the ileocaecal valve, and the adjoining lymph nodes were enlarged. The neoplastic cells were characterized by mature mast cells with typical granules replacing the intestinal wall and mesentery, which had metastasized to the lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver and lungs.
A case of otitis in a domestic cat
Authors: PEARSON G. R. , HART C. A.
Published: April 2008

A case of otitis media and interna in a domestic cat is described in which granulation tissue extended into the external ear canal. An unusual histological feature was the presence of mucous glands within the granulation tissue. The possible origin of these glands and a differential diagnosis of this condition is discussed.
Canine pruritus: an approach to diagnosis. Stage I. Preliminary investigation*
Authors: THODAY K. L.
Published: April 2008

This series of three papers describes a straightforward, systematic approach to the investigation of canine pruritus. Those dermatoses which regularly present with this symptom are discussed, with emphasis being placed on clinical signs, diagnosis and differential diagnosis.

In this first paper, the author discusses the preliminary investigation of the itching dog.
Weight and measurement data on tortoises (Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni) and their relationship to health
Authors: JACKSON O. F.
Published: April 2008

Normal bodyweight and carapace lengths for two species of tortoise are presented and a comparison made with changes in bodyweight in sick tortoises. Using these parameters veterinary surgeons will have guidelines for assessing the degree of debility in a tortoise of any age or size. A number of examples are given.
Canine parvovirus: a cause of chronic myocardial fibrosis and adolescent congestive heart failure
Authors: ATWELL R. B. , KELLY W. R.
Published: April 2008

Members of three litters of pups infected with canine parvovirus are compared in relation to the time of clinical presentation, clinical, biochemical, electrocardiographical, radiographical and histological findings. Affected pups under 2 months of age showed no clinical signs of myocarditis whereas adolescent pups (over 5 months of age) showed congestive heart failure. Possible reasons for this age difference are discussed.
A 37XO chromosome complement in a kitten
Authors: LONG SUSAN E. , BEREPUBO N. AMAITAR
Published: April 2008

In two kittens from the same litter with spina bifida and meningocoele the phenotypic male was found to have a normal 38XY chromosome complement whilst the phenotypic female had a 37XO chromosome complement. It was concluded that the spina bifida condition was due to the manx ancestry and not to the 37XO karyotype. The possible effect of the XO complement in cats is discussed.