bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Electric Current into Densification Kinetics During Spark Plasma Sintering of Conductive Powder
Authors: Aleksandrova Elena V. , Ilyina Aleksandra M. , Grigoryev Evgeny G. , Olevsky Eugene A.
Published: August 2015

The shrinkage kinetics of a conductive material (copper powder) under spark plasma sinter‐forging conditions in the presence and absence of the electric current passing directly through the specimen is investigated from both experimental and theoretical points of view. The experiments on the current‐assisted and current‐insulated spark plasma sinter‐forging are conducted using specially developed spark plasma sintering tooling which has a number of particular features. The tooling enables direct temperature measurement at the free lateral surface of a powder sample as well as the simultaneous in situ measurement of the radius and height of a porous cylindrical sample during spark plasma sinter‐forging, rendering conditions of bi‐axial dilatometry. The continuum theory of sintering‐based constitutive model of free upsetting (hot forging with free lateral surface) is refined taking into account the obtained experimental data on the current‐insulated mode of spark plasma sinter‐forging. It is shown that the model framework traditionally utilized for the description of hot deformation of powder materials is not suitable for the simulation of the considered current‐assisted spark plasma sintering modes. Thus, the necessity of the development of new, specific to spark plasma sintering, constitutive models taking into account the direct contributions of electric current into mass transfer, is demonstrated.
Primary Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: A Distinct Arrhythmia Subentity of an Ablation Population
Authors: KONRAD TORSTEN , THEIS CATHRIN , MOLLNAU HANKE , SONNENSCHEIN SEBASTIAN , OCETE BLANCA QUESADA , BOCK KARSTEN , MÜNZEL THOMAS , ROSTOCK THOMAS
Published: August 2015

Primary Persistent AF

Introduction

Persistent atrial fibrillation (persAF) can occur either as a sustained arrhythmia that has progressed from initially paroxysmal AF or as primary persAF without a history of any spontaneously terminated episode. There is a paucity of data differentiating between the 2 different persAF entities. Thus, we prospectively evaluated baseline characteristics, electrophysiological features, and ablation outcome in these 2 patient cohorts.

Methods and results

A total number of 154 consecutive persAF patients (63 ± 10 years, f = 42, longstanding persAF = 60) were characterized in terms of having primary persAF (P‐persAF group) or persAF that secondarily progressed from paroxysmal AF (S‐persAF group). All patients underwent de novo catheter ablation using the stepwise approach. PersAF entities were characterized by detailed patient history, sequential Holter monitoring, and reports of documented modes of AF conversion, respectively.

The P‐persAF group had a higher number of young patients (<50 years), a shorter AF history, and a higher number of congestive heart failure. The HATCH score did not differ between the groups. Procedural AF termination rate was significantly higher in S‐persAF than in P‐persAF patients (n = 55 [81%] vs. n = 58 [68%], P = 0.043). At 1‐year follow‐up, the arrhythmia‐free survival after a single procedure was significantly lower in patients with P‐persAF (26% vs. 43%, P = 0.016). Categorization to P‐persAF was the strongest independent predictor of arrhythmia recurrence.

Conclusions

P‐persAF seems to be a specific arrhythmia entity that is associated with a lower AF‐termination rate and a worse outcome after catheter ablation as compared to S‐persAF.
Analysis of different HER‐2 mutations in breast cancer progression and drug resistance
Authors: Sun Zijia , Shi Yaqin , Shen Yan , Cao Lulu , Zhang Wenwen , Guan Xiaoxiang
Published: August 2015

Studies over the last two decades have identified that amplified human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER‐2; c‐erbB‐2, neu) and its overexpression have been frequently implicated in the carcinogenesis and prognosis in a variety of solid tumours, especially breast cancer. Lots of painstaking efforts were invested on the HER‐2 targeted agents, and significantly improved outcome and prolonged the survival of patients. However, some patients classified as ‘HER‐2‐positive’ would be still resistant to the anti‐HER‐2 therapy. Various mechanisms of drug resistance have been illustrated and the alteration of HER‐2 was considered as a crucial mechanism. However, systematic researches in regard to the HER‐2 mutations and variants are still inadequate. Notably, the alterations of HER‐2 play an important role in drug resistance, but also have a potential association with the cancer risk. In this review, we summarize the possible mutations and focus on HER‐2 variants’ role in breast cancer tumourigenesis. Additionally, the alteration of HER‐2, as a potential mechanism of resistance to trastuzumab, is discussed here. We hope that HER‐2 related activating mutations could potentially offer more therapeutic opportunities to a broader range of patients than previously classified as HER‐2 overexpressed.
Methylomic analysis of salivary DNA in childhood ADHD identifies altered DNA methylation in VIPR2
Authors: Wilmot Beth , Fry Rebecca , Smeester Lisa , Musser Erica D. , Mill Jonathan , Nigg Joel T.
Published: August 2015

Background

Peripheral epigenetic marks hold promise for understanding psychiatric illness and may represent fingerprints of gene–environment interactions. We conducted an initial examination of CpG methylation variation in children with or without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods

Children age 7–12 were recruited, screened, evaluated and assigned to ADHD or non‐ADHD groups by defined research criteria. Two independent age‐matched samples were examined, a discovery set (n = 92, all boys, half control, half ADHD) and a confirmation set (n = 20, half ADHD, all boys). 5‐methylcytosine levels were quantified in salivary DNA using the Illumina 450 K HumanMethylation array. Genes for which multiple probes were nominally significant and had a beta difference of at least 2% were evaluated for biological relevance and prioritized for confirmation and sequence validation. Gene pathways were explored and described.

Results

Two genes met the criteria for confirmation testing, VIPR2 and MYT1L; both had multiple probes meeting cutoffs and strong biological relevance. Probes on VIPR2 passed FDR correction in the confirmation set and were confirmed through bisulfite sequencing. Enrichment analysis suggested involvement of gene sets or pathways related to inflammatory processes and modulation of monoamine and cholinergic neurotransmission.

Conclusions

Although it is unknown to what extent CpG methylation seen in peripheral tissue reflect transcriptomic changes in the brain, these initial results indicate that peripheral DNA methylation markers in ADHD may be promising and suggest targeted hypotheses for future study in larger samples.
Scleredema. A multicentre study of characteristics, comorbidities, course and therapy in 44 patients
Authors: Rongioletti F. , Kaiser F. , Cinotti E. , Metze D. , Battistella M. , Calzavara‐Pinton P.G. , Damevska K. , Girolomoni G. , André J. , Perrot J.‐L. , Kempf W. , Cavelier‐Balloy B.
Published: August 2015

Background

The prognostic and therapeutic features of scleredema are poorly documented.

Objectives

To describe the characteristics of patients with scleredema regarding demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, therapeutic interventions and course.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective multicentre study.

Results

We identified 44 patients (26 men).The mean age at diagnosis was 53.8 years. The most common associated disorders were endocrine/metabolic diseases including 30 patients suffering from diabetes, mostly type 2 diabetes. Monoclonal gammopathies were confirmed in five cases. A preceding respiratory tract infection was not a feature. Treatments with different combination or sequential modalities were used with variable results. Phototherapy (UVA1 or PUVA) was the treatment associated with higher, although partial response. Systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs were reserved to patients with severe disease in whom phototherapy had failed or for patients with multiple myeloma. Forty‐one patients were followed up (mean period: 32.2 months).Thirty‐nine patients are alive, 30 with and 9 without skin disease. Two patients died of cardiovascular complications due to myeloma and severe diabetes.

Conclusions

Scleredema is a chronic debilitating disease associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome, unresponsive to various treatments but not necessarily a life‐threatening condition. Although there is no definitive treatment, phototherapy should be attempted first. Treatment of primary disease including strict glycaemic control combined with physical therapy should be also employed.
Exploration of contextual factors in a successful quality improvement collaborative in English ambulance services: cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Phung Viet‐Hai , Essam Nadya , Asghar Zahid , Spaight Anne , Siriwardena Aloysius N.
Published: August 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Clinical leadership and organizational culture are important contextual factors for quality improvement (QI) but the relationship between these and with organizational change is complex and poorly understood. We aimed to explore the relationship between clinical leadership, culture of innovation and clinical engagement in QI within a national ambulance QI Collaborative (QIC).

Methods

We used a self‐administered online questionnaire survey sent to front‐line clinicians in all 12 English ambulance services. We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of quantitative data and qualitative analysis of free‐text responses.

Results

There were 2743 (12% of 22 117) responses from 11 of the 12 participating ambulance services. In the 3% of responders that were directly involved with the QIC, leadership behaviour was significantly higher than for those not directly involved. QIC involvement made no significant difference to responders' perceptions of the culture of innovation in their organization, which was generally considered poor. Although uptake of QI methods was low overall, QIC members were significantly more likely to use QI methods, which were also significantly associated with leadership behaviour.

Conclusions

Despite a limited organizational culture of innovation, clinical leadership and use of QI methods in ambulance services generally, the QIC achieved its aims to significantly improve pre‐hospital care for acute myocardial infarction and stroke. We postulate that this was mediated through an improvement subculture, linked to the QIC, which facilitated large‐scale improvement by stimulating leadership and QI methods. Further research is needed to understand success factors for QI in complex health care environments.
Investigating Cross‐Sectoral Synergies through Integrated Aquaculture, Fisheries, and Agriculture Phosphorus Assessments: A Case Study of Norway
Authors: Hamilton Helen A. , Brod Eva , Hanserud Ola S. , Gracey Erik O. , Vestrum Magnus I. , Bøen Anne , Steinhoff Franciska S. , Müller Daniel B. , Brattebø Helge
Published: August 2015

Future phosphorus (P) scarcity and eutrophication risks demonstrate the need for systems‐wide P assessments. Despite the projected drastic increase in world‐wide fish production, P studies have yet to include the aquaculture and fisheries sectors, thus eliminating the possibility of assessing their relative importance and identifying opportunities for recycling. Using Norway as a case, this study presents the results of a current‐status integrated fisheries, aquaculture, and agriculture P flow analysis and identifies current sectoral linkages as well as potential cross‐sectoral synergies where P use can be optimized. A scenario was developed to shed light on how the projected 2050 fivefold Norwegian aquaculture growth will likely affect P demand and secondary P resources. The results indicate that, contrary to most other countries where agriculture dominates, in Norway, aquaculture and agriculture drive P consumption and losses at similar levels and secondary P recycling, both intra‐ and cross‐sectorally, is far from optimized. The scenario results suggest that the projected aquaculture growth will make the Norwegian aquaculture sector approximately 4 times as P intensive as compared to agriculture, in terms of both imported P and losses. This will create not only future environmental challenges, but also opportunities for cross‐sectoral P recycling that could help alleviate the mineral P demands of agriculture. Near‐term policy measures should focus on utilizing domestic fish scrap for animal husbandry and/or fish feed production. Long‐term efforts should focus on improving technology and environmental systems analysis methods to enable P recovery from aquaculture production and manure distribution in animal husbandry.
Private Money and Banking Regulation
Authors: MONNET CYRIL , SANCHES DANIEL R.
Published: August 2015

We show that a competitive banking system is inconsistent with an optimum quantity of private money. Because bankers cannot commit to their promises and the composition of their assets is not publicly observable, a positive franchise value is required to induce the full convertibility of bank liabilities. Under perfect competition, a positive franchise value can be obtained only if the return on bank liabilities is sufficiently low, which imposes a cost on those who hold these liabilities for transaction purposes. If the banking system is monopolistic, then an efficient allocation is incentive feasible. In this case, the members of the banking system obtain a higher return on assets, making it feasible to pay a sufficiently high return on bank liabilities. Finally, we argue that the regulation of the banking system is required to obtain efficiency.
The Age of the Dragon: The Effect of Imports from China on Firm‐Level Prices
Authors: BUGAMELLI MATTEO , FABIANI SILVIA , SETTE ENRICO
Published: August 2015

We analyze the impact of increased import penetration from China on the dynamics of firm‐level output prices in Italy. Accounting for potential endogeneity biases we find a significant and negative causal relationship: a 0.1 percentage point higher Chinese import penetration restrains price growth by 0.17 percentage points per year. This relationship reflects a procompetitive effect induced by cheaper imports, and, thanks to the firm‐level dimension of our data, we show that it is driven by low‐productivity firms within less skill‐intensive sectors. Finally, we show that Chinese import competition also had a dampening effect on Italian overall inflation.
Cp/Heph mutant mice have iron‐induced neurodegeneration diminished by deferiprone
Authors: Zhao Liangliang , Hadziahmetovic Majda , Wang Chenguang , Xu Xueying , Song Ying , Jinnah H.A. , Wodzinska Jolanta , Iacovelli Jared , Wolkow Natalie , Krajacic Predrag , Weissberger Alyssa Cwanger , Connelly John , Spino Michael , Lee Michael K. , Connor James , Giasson Benoit , Leah Harris Z. , Dunaief Joshua L.
Published: August 2015

Brain iron accumulates in several neurodegenerative diseases and can cause oxidative damage, but mechanisms of brain iron homeostasis are incompletely understood. Patients with mutations in the cellular iron‐exporting ferroxidase ceruloplasmin (Cp) have brain iron accumulation causing neurodegeneration. Here, we assessed the brains of mice with combined mutation of Cp and its homolog hephaestin. Compared to single mutants, brain iron accumulation was accelerated in double mutants in the cerebellum, substantia nigra, and hippocampus. Iron accumulated within glia, while neurons were iron deficient. There was loss of both neurons and glia. Mice developed ataxia and tremor, and most died by 9 months. Treatment with the oral iron chelator deferiprone diminished brain iron levels, protected against neuron loss, and extended lifespan. Ferroxidases play important, partially overlapping roles in brain iron homeostasis by facilitating iron export from glia, making iron available to neurons.

image

Above: Iron (Fe) normally moves from capillaries to glia to neurons. It is exported from the glia by ferroportin (Fpn) with ferroxidases ceruloplasmin (Cp) and/or Hephaestin (Heph). Below: In mice with mutation of Cp and Heph, iron accumulates in glia, while neurons have low iron levels. Both neurons and glia degenerate and mice become ataxic unless given an iron chelator.
Rapid Discrimination between Groups I and II of Acidovorax citrulli Using a Primer Pair Specific to a pilL Gene
Authors: Zhong Jie , Lin Zhen‐Ya , Ma Ya‐Min , Gao Bi‐Da , Liu Hui‐Qin , Zhao Ting‐Chang , Schaad Norman W.
Published: August 2015

Acidovorax citrulli can be divided into two genetic groups: group I and group II based primarily on pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence classification (MLST). To distinguish more rapidly between strains of the two groups, a pair of specific primer for specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can identify group II strains was designed based on the pilL gene of a group II strain, AAC00‐1. PCR results showed that a 332‐bp band was generated for 51 of 52 group II strains whereas only three of 93 group I strains were positive, largely consisting with previous studies of A. citrulli classification. Results of PCR showed the primers were able to detect group II strains of A. citrulli and distinguish between strains of groups I and II rapidly and accurately.
Structural Reforms, Investment and Zero Lower Bound in a Monetary Union
Authors: Gerali Andrea , Notarpietro Alessandro , Pisani Massimiliano
Published: August 2015

We assess the effects of competition‐friendly reforms on the zero lower bound (ZLB) on the monetary policy rate in a monetary union, using a dynamic general equilibrium model calibrated to two regions within the euro area (EA) and the rest of the world.

Reforms simultaneously implemented in the entire EA favor an earlier exit from the ZLB if they generate sufficient short‐run inflationary effects. This happens if capital accumulation increases, magnifying the expansionary effects of reforms on permanent income and, thus, short‐run aggregate demand. If investment does not increase, the effects are not sufficient to reduce the ZLB duration.
Sensory‐enhanced beverages: Effects on satiety following repeated consumption at home
Authors: Hovard P. , Chambers L. , Hull S. , Re R. , Wickham M. S. J. , Yeomans M. R.
Published: August 2015

Growing research suggests that a consumer's experience of satiety is influenced by information present at the time of, or before, food consumption. For example, making small modifications to the sensory characteristics of a high‐energy beverage (specifically thickness and creaminess) enhances its impact on subsequent satiety. Previous research has examined these sensory‐enhanced satiety effects in the laboratory but not in the ‘real world’. Therefore, the present study, using a cross‐over design, compared the effects of ‘real world’ consumption of two high‐energy versions of a beverage (sensory‐enhanced and unenhanced) and a low‐energy control beverage on satiety. Thirty‐four volunteers were provided with shelf‐stable dry powder mixes for the three test beverages, which varied in energy content and sensory characteristics, to which they added a commercially available juice. The volunteers prepared and consumed each beverage on eight occasions over a 3‐week period at home. Controlled satiety testing occurred in the laboratory either side of this exposure period. Focus groups were also conducted to assess consumer attitudes towards ‘enhanced satiety’ products and claims. Results of the satiety study indicate that appetite sensations and subsequent food intake were lower following consumption of the sensory‐enhanced high‐energy beverage relative to the unenhanced and control versions, and that these effects were maintained following repeated product consumption in the ‘real world’. The focus groups highlighted that consumers are aware of sensory and cognitive influences on satiety, though noted that dieting populations might benefit most from enhanced satiety products. Implications for further research and the role of satiety for consumers and manufacturers are discussed.
A novel dietary strategy to increase colonic propionate production in humans and improve appetite regulation and bodyweight management
Authors: Chambers E. S. , Morrison D. J. , Tedford M. C. , Frost G.
Published: August 2015

A number of animal and human investigations have demonstrated that dietary supplementation with non‐digestible carbohydrates (NDC) improves appetite regulation and bodyweight. These positive metabolic effects have been linked to the elevated production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through fermentation of NDC by the colonic microbiota. Of the principle SCFAs, propionate has the highest affinity for free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), which is expressed on colonic L‐cells and upon stimulation secretes anorectic hormones. Augmenting colonic propionate is therefore an attractive target to improve appetite regulation and, as part of the BBSRC DRINC initiative, we developed a novel dietary molecule, inulin‐propionate ester that we demonstrate increases colonic propionate levels in humans. Our further studies with inulin‐propionate ester in human volunteers suggest that dietary interventions that enhance colonic propionate levels may be a strategy to improve appetite regulation and weight management at the population level.
Patients with refractory reflux symptoms: What do they have and how should they be managed?
Authors: Kahrilas P. J. , Keefer L. , Pandolfino J. E.
Published: August 2015

With the widespread use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the frontier of treating reflux disease has shifted from refractory esophagitis to PPI‐refractory symptoms. However, symptoms are inherently less specific than mucosal disease and, as noted by Herregods et al. in their contribution appearing in this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms often do not have GERD. This review discusses potential etiologies for PPI‐refractory symptoms. Three major concepts are explored: subendoscopic esophagitis, weakly acidic reflux events, and alternative explanations for persistent symptoms. With respect to subendoscopic esophagitis and unsuppressed reflux, ample evidence exists that these are present in PPI‐refractory patients. The problem is that these findings are also often present in substantial numbers of individuals with a satisfactory response to PPI therapy. Hence, the emphasis shifts to determinants of symptom perception. The major conclusion of the review is that psychogenic factors such as hyperalgesia, allodynia, hypervigilance, and heightened anxiety are the most plausible explanations as the dominant determinants of PPI‐refractory symptoms.
Effects of chronic dietary exposure to monosodium glutamate on feeding behavior, adiposity, gastrointestinal motility, and cardiovascular function in healthy adult rats
Authors: López‐Miranda V. , Soto‐Montenegro M. L. , Uranga‐Ocio J. A. , Vera G. , Herradón E. , González C. , Blas C. , Martínez‐Villaluenga M. , López‐Pérez A. E. , Desco M. , Abalo R.
Published: August 2015

Background

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor‐enhancer widely used as a food additive. However, its safe dietary concentration and its toxicity, including its possible implication in the recent metabolic syndrome pandemia, is still a controversial issue. Therefore, a deep knowledge of its effects upon regular dietary use is needed. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure toMSGon feeding behavior, abdominal fat, gastrointestinal motility, and cardiovascular function in rats.

Methods

Two groups of adult male Wistar rats were used: control and treated withMSG(4 g/L in drinking water) for 6 weeks. Different functional parameters were determined and the histological structure was analyzed in tissues of interest.

Key Results

Compared to control animals, chronicMSGincreased water intake but did not modify food ingestion or body weight gain. Neither the abdominal fat volume nor the fat fraction, measured by magnetic resonance imaging, was modified byMSG. Monosodium glutamate did not alter general gastrointestinal motility, but significantly increased the colonic response to mechanical stimulation. It slightly reduced endothelium‐dependent relaxation in aorta, without significantly modifying any other cardiovascular parameters. No significant histological alterations were detected in salivary glands, intestinal wall, aorta, heart, and kidney.

Conclusions & Inferences

Chronic treatment withMSGin the adult rat increased water intake. This supports its potential to improve acceptance of low‐fat regimens and to increase hydration in the elderly and sportspeople, often at risk of dehydration. Changes in colonic contractility and cardiovascular function could have some long‐term repercussions warranting further research.
Comparative genomics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis reveals the secreted protein recognized by the Fom‐2 resistance gene in melon
Authors: Schmidt Sarah Maria , Lukasiewicz Joanna , Farrer Rhys , van Dam Peter , Bertoldo Chiara , Rep Martijn
Published: August 2015

Development of resistant crops is the most effective way to control plant diseases to safeguard food and feed production. Disease resistance is commonly based on resistance genes, which generally mediate the recognition of small proteins secreted by invading pathogens. These proteins secreted by pathogens are called ‘avirulence’ proteins. Their identification is important for being able to assess the usefulness and durability of resistance genes in agricultural settings.

We have used genome sequencing of a set of strains of the melon wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Fom), bioinformatics‐based genome comparison and genetic transformation of the fungus to identify AVRFOM2, the gene that encodes the avirulence protein recognized by the melon Fom‐2 gene.

Both an unbiased and a candidate gene approach identified a single candidate for the AVRFOM2 gene. Genetic complementation of AVRFOM2 in three different race 2 isolates resulted in resistance of Fom‐2‐harbouring melon cultivars. AvrFom2 is a small, secreted protein with two cysteine residues and weak similarity to secreted proteins of other fungi.

The identification of AVRFOM2 will not only be helpful to select melon cultivars to avoid melon Fusarium wilt, but also to monitor how quickly a Fom population can adapt to deployment of Fom‐2‐containing cultivars in the field.
Fungal endophyte infection of ryegrass reprograms host metabolism and alters development
Authors: Dupont Pierre‐Yves , Eaton Carla J. , Wargent Jason J. , Fechtner Susanne , Solomon Peter , Schmid Jan , Day Robert C. , Scott Barry , Cox Murray P.
Published: August 2015

Beneficial associations between plants and microbes play an important role in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. For example, associations between fungi of the genusEpichloë, and cool‐season grasses are known for their ability to increase resistance to insect pests, fungal pathogens and drought. However, little is known about the molecular changes induced by endophyte infection.

To study the impact of endophyte infection, we compared the expression profiles, based on RNA sequencing, of perennial ryegrass infected withEpichloë festucaewith noninfected plants.

We show that infection causes dramatic changes in the expression of over one third of host genes. This is in stark contrast to mycorrhizal associations, where substantially fewer changes in host gene expression are observed, and is more similar to pathogenic interactions. We reveal that endophyte infection triggers reprogramming of host metabolism, favouring secondary metabolism at a cost to primary metabolism. Infection also induces changes in host development, particularly trichome formation and cell wall biogenesis.

Importantly, this work sheds light on the mechanisms underlying enhanced resistance to drought and super‐infection by fungal pathogens provided by fungal endophyte infection. Finally, our study reveals that not all beneficial plant–microbe associations behave the same in terms of their effects on the host.
Effect of varying CRT refresh rate on the measurement of temporal summation
Authors: Mulholland Pádraig J. , Zlatkova Margarita B. , Redmond Tony , Garway‐Heath David F. , Anderson Roger S.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

To quantify the effect of cathode‐tube‐ray (CRT) monitor refresh rate on the measurement of the upper limit of complete temporal summation (critical duration) in the peripheral visual field of healthy observers.

Methods

Contrast thresholds were measured for seven achromatic spot stimuli (diameter 0.48°) of varying duration (nominal values: 10–200 ms) at an eccentricity of 8.8° along the 45°, 135°, 225° and 315° meridians of the visual field in three healthy, psychophysically experienced observers. Stimuli were presented on a CRT display with a refresh rate of 60 and 160 Hz. Contrast thresholds were expressed as contrast energy with stimulus durations being estimated using (1) the sum‐of‐frames (SOF) method and (2) Bridgeman's method incorporating measurements of phosphor persistence. Estimates of the critical duration were produced using iterative two‐phase regression analysis.

Results

With stimulus duration expressed as SOF equivalent the critical duration was, on average, 10.6 ms longer with a refresh rate of 60 Hz (mean 45.7 ms, S.D. 10.1 ms) relative to 160 Hz (35.1 ms, S.D. 7.6 ms). When the Bridgeman method was used, minimal differences (1.8 ms) in critical duration values between the two refresh rates (60 Hz: 33.0 ms, S.D. 9.4 ms; 160 Hz: 31.2 ms, S.D. 7.0 ms) were observed. Identical trends were observed in all three subjects.

Conclusions

Psychophysical measurements of temporal summation are independent of variations in CRT refresh rate when the Bridgeman method, incorporating measured values of phosphor persistence, is used to estimate stimulus duration. This has significant implications for the specification of stimulus duration in psychophysical studies of vision employing conventional display monitors.
Microfluctuations in accommodation: an update on their characteristics and possible role
Authors: Charman W Neil , Heron Gordon
Published: August 2015

Purpose

Following the recognition, some 80 years ago, that the accommodation of the eye is not stable but fluctuates over a range of about ±0.5 D, mainly at frequencies of up to a few Hz, there has been a continuing interest in the characteristics of these microfluctuations (MFs) and their possible role in the control of accommodation. This paper reviews relevant work carried out since 1988, when we previously reviewed the same topic (Charman WN, Heron G. Fluctuations in accommodation: a review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1988; 8: 153–164).

Recent findings

Studies relating to the effects on the MFs of stimulus form, luminance and vergence are described, together with those of pupil diameter, age and ametropia. Important advances in the understanding of the links between the characteristics of the MFs and those of the cardiopulmonary system, higher‐order aberrations and ocular depth‐of‐focus are outlined. Only limited progress has been made in understanding the role of MFs in accommodation control.

While the dependence of the characteristics of the MFs in relation to observing conditions is now reasonably well understood, their involvement in accommodation control still needs clarification. The current consensus appears to be that any role is more likely to be concerned with maintaining an appropriate response, rather than in initiating responses to abrupt changes in stimulus vergence. Fluctuations at lower temporal frequencies (<0.6 Hz) are probably important to the control process, which may make use of the associated changes in the contrast and spatial frequency spectrum of the retinal image.
Current and predicted demographics of high myopia and an update of its associated pathological changes
Authors: Verkicharla Pavan Kumar , Ohno‐Matsui Kyoko , Saw Seang Mei
Published: August 2015

Purpose

Excessive axial elongation of the eye in high myopia can cause biomechanical stretching leading to various ocular complications. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on various pathologic changes, especially in the chorio‐retina and sclera that have been reported recently using advanced ophthalmic bio‐imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and fundus photography.

Recent findings

The prevalence rates of pathologic myopia (myopic retinopathy and maculopathy) mirror the prevalence rates of high myopia as the risks of pathologic myopia increase with high myopia. Peripapillary and sub‐foveal choroidal thinning, scleral thinning, and deformed/irregular eye shapes were found to be strongly associated with various pathologic myopic lesions, especially with posterior staphyloma and chorio‐retinal atrophy. Considering the increasing prevalence rate of myopia and pathologic myopia, these degenerative changes are likely to increase dramatically over the next few decades due to the rapid growth in the number of individuals with high myopia and the ageing population.

The current prevalence rates of pathologic myopia in older adults might have significantly underestimated the future prevalence rates and warrants age of onset of myopia being considered a major risk factor for pathologic myopia. Using advanced technology, identification of novel quantifiable chorio‐retinal and scleral parameters in pathologic myopia would help to identify people at risk of developing pathologic myopia and potentially may revolutionise the management of myopia especially in risk prognostication and monitoring of disease progression.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis induces strigolactone biosynthesis under drought and improves drought tolerance in lettuce and tomato
Authors: Ruiz‐Lozano Juan Manuel , Aroca Ricardo , Zamarreño Ángel María , Molina Sonia , Andreo‐Jiménez Beatriz , Porcel Rosa , García‐Mina José María , Ruyter‐Spira Carolien , López‐Ráez Juan Antonio
Published: August 2015

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis alleviates drought stress in plants. However, the intimate mechanisms involved, as well as its effect on the production of signalling molecules associated with the host plant–AM fungus interaction remains largely unknown. In the present work, the effects of drought on lettuce and tomato plant performance and hormone levels were investigated in non‐AM and AM plants. Three different water regimes were applied, and their effects were analysed over time. AM plants showed an improved growth rate and efficiency of photosystem II than non‐AM plants under drought from very early stages of plant colonization. The levels of the phytohormone abscisic acid, as well as the expression of the corresponding marker genes, were influenced by drought stress in non‐AM and AM plants. The levels of strigolactones and the expression of corresponding marker genes were affected by both AM symbiosis and drought. The results suggest that AM symbiosis alleviates drought stress by altering the hormonal profiles and affecting plant physiology in the host plant. In addition, a correlation between AM root colonization, strigolactone levels and drought severity is shown, suggesting that under these unfavourable conditions, plants might increase strigolactone production in order to promote symbiosis establishment to cope with the stress.
Epigenetically Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy (ePDT) is Superior to Conventional Photodynamic Therapy for Inducing Apoptosis in Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Salva Katrin Agnes , Wood Gary S.
Published: August 2015

Conventional photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinate (ALA‐PDT) selectively induces apoptosis in diseased cells and is highly effective for treating actinic keratoses. However, similar results are achieved only in a subset of patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). Our previous work shows that the apoptotic resistance of CTCL correlates with low expression of death receptors like Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), and that methotrexate upregulates FAS by inhibiting the methylation of its promoter, acting as an epigenetic derepressor that restores the susceptibility of FAS‐low CTCL to caspase‐8‐mediated apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that methotrexate increases the response of CTCL to ALA‐PDT, a concept we refer to as epigenetically enhanced PDT (ePDT). Multiple CTCL cell lines were subjected to conventional PDT versus ePDT. Apoptotic biomarkers were analyzed in situ with multispectral imaging analysis of immunostained cells, a method that is quantitative and 5× more sensitive than standard immunohistology for antigen detection. Compared to conventional PDT or methotrexate alone, ePDT led to significantly greater cell death in all CTCL cell lines tested by inducing greater activation of caspase‐8‐mediated extrinsic apoptosis. Upregulation of FAS and/or tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand pathway components was observed in different CTCL cell lines. These findings provide a rationale for clinical trials of ePDT for CTCL.
More Than Just Light: Clinical Relevance of Light Perception in the Nosocomial Pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii and Other Members of the Genus Acinetobacter
Authors: Ramírez María Soledad , Müller Gabriela Leticia , Pérez Jorgelina Fernanda , Golic Adrián Ezequiel , Mussi María Alejandra
Published: August 2015

A summary of the major findings concerning light modulation in Acinetobacter baumannii, which governs aspects related to the success of this microorganism as a nosocomial pathogen, is presented. Particularly, the evidence shows that light modulates the ability of the bacteria to persist in the environment, its virulence against eukaryotic hosts and even susceptibility to certain antibiotics. The light signal is sensed through different mechanisms, in some cases involving specialized photoreceptors of the BLUF‐type, whereas in others, directly by a photosensitizer molecule. We also provide new data concerning the genomic context of BLUF‐domain containing proteins within the genus Acinetobacter, as well as further insights into the mechanism of light‐mediated reduction in susceptibility to antibiotics. The overall information points toward light being a crucial stimulus in the lifestyle of members of the genus Acinetobacter as well as in other clinically relevant species, such as members of the ESKAPE group, playing therefore an important role in the clinical settings.
Are Some Citizens More Equal than Others? Evidence from a Field Experiment
Authors: Grohs Stephan , Adam Christian , Knill Christoph
Published: August 2015

The equal treatment of all citizens is one of the fundamental principles of good administrative practice. Nevertheless, there are growing numbers of media and scientific reports on unequal treatment by public administrations. This article examines the unequal treatment of citizens by gender and ethnic origin by means of a survey‐based field experiment in German local government. With the help of two vignettes and randomized assignment of names, responses to fake citizen requests by local governments are analyzed for speed, quality, and service orientation. The results show very limited discrimination effects. While there is no evidence for general ethnic discrimination, a more differentiated analysis indicates patterns of ethnic discrimination conditioned by gender.
Computed Tomography of the Prostate Gland in Healthy Intact Dogs and Dogs with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Pasikowska J , Hebel M , Niżański W , Nowak M
Published: August 2015

Contents

To date, there is only scarce data on the evaluation of the prostate gland in dogs using computed tomography (CT). The aims of our study were to describeCTfeatures ofBPHin dogs and to determine the size of the prostate gland in healthy male dogs and dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) throughCT. Additionally, we aimed to compare and establish the most useful parameters forCTmeasurements of the prostate in patients withBPH. The study population consisted of 20 healthy intact male dogs and 20 male intact dogs with confirmedBPH. Pre‐ and post‐contrastCTstudies were evaluated. The most commonCTfeatures in dogs with recognizedBPHwere symmetrical prostatomegaly and heterogeneity of the prostatic parenchyma. The mean prostatic density (D) was 56HU(±4.39) in pre‐contrastCTimages and 84HU(±8) in post‐contrast images in dogs withBPH. The mean prostatic length (L) was 43.87 mm (±11), the mean width (W) amounted to 48.95 mm (±8.76) and the mean height (H) reached 44.9 mm (±9.48) in clinically affected patients. The mean ratios were:rL− 2,12 (±0.5);rW− 2.39 (±0.53) andrH− 2.16 (±0.39) in theBPHgroup. The prostate should be considered to be enlarged whenrLexceeds 3.05;rWexceeds 3.38 andrHexceeds 2.94. Our findings indicated thatCTis a useful tool in diagnosing prostate disorders, includingBPH. The heterogeneity, density and ratios of prostatic length, width and height can be useful parameters in the diagnosis of BPH.
Influence of Delipation on the Energy Metabolism in Pig Parthenogenetically Activated Embryos
Authors: Wang C , Niu Y , Chi D , Zeng Y , Liu H , Dai Y , Li J
Published: August 2015

Contents

This study was designed not only to measure the effect of delipation on the developmental viability of pig parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos, but also to evaluate the changes of mitochondria DNA (mtDNA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and gene (Acsl3, Acadsb, Acaa2, Glut1) expression level at different stages after delipation. Results showed that no effect was observed on the cleavage ability, but significant lower blastocyst rate was obtained in delipated embryos. Copy number of mtDNA decreased gradually from MII to four‐cell stages and subsequently kept consistent with blastocyst stage both in delipated and control embryos, but the copy number of mtDNA in delipated embryos was similar to that in the control groups no matter at which developmental stage was observed. Both in delipated and control embryos, ATP content progressive decreased from one‐cell to blastocyst stages, while just at one‐cell stage, a significant decrease of ATP level was observed in delipated embryos compared with that of control. The level of ROS increased obviously after delipation at cleavage stage, but no difference was seen at blastocyst stage. Finally, the expression level of genes related to fatty acids beta‐oxidation (Acadsb and Acaa2) was decreased, while the expression level of genes related to glucose metabolism (Glut 1) was upregulated after delipation. In conclusion, the reduction of lipids in pig oocytes will affect the developmental competence of pig PA embryos by disturbed energy metabolism and ROS stress.
Effects of Dietary Contamination by Zearalenone and Its Metabolites on Serum Anti‐Müllerian Hormone: Impact on the Reproductive Performance of Breeding Cows
Authors: Fushimi Y , Takagi M , Monniaux D , Uno S , Kokushi E , Shinya U , Kawashima C , Otoi T , Deguchi E , Fink‐Gremmels J
Published: August 2015

Contents

We investigated the effects of in vivo exposure to low zearalenone levels on the anti‐Müllerian hormone endocrine levels and the reproductive performance of cattle. Urine and blood samples and reproductive records were collected from two Japanese Black breeding female cattle herds with dietary zearalenone contamination below the threshold levels (<1 ppm) at 30 days after calving. Urinary zearalenone, α‐zearalenol and β‐zearalenol concentrations were measured by chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, and serum anti‐Müllerian hormone concentrations were determined along with serum biochemical parameters. Urinary concentrations of α‐zearalenol were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cattle in Herd 1 than in cattle in Herd 2, reflecting the different amounts of zearalenone in the diet of the two herds. Although the number of 5‐mm and 10‐mm follicles of the herds and their fertility after artificial insemination were similar, the serum anti‐Müllerian hormone concentrations in herds 1 and 2 were 438.9 ± 48.6 pg/ml and 618.9 ± 80.0 pg/ml, respectively, with a trend towards a significant difference (p = 0.053), which may indicate differences in the antral follicle populations between herds. Thus, zearalenone intake from dietary feed, even when below the threshold zearalenone contamination level permitted in Japan, may affect the ovarian antral follicle populations, but not the fertility, of post‐partum cows.
The Canadian Arctic Marine Ecological Footprint and Free Prior Informed Consent: Making the Case for Indigenous Public Participation through Inclusive Education
Authors: Koutouki Konstantia , Watts Paul , Booth Shawn
Published: August 2015

Public participation of the Inuit concerning climate change adaptation in the Canadian Arctic is essential, given the extensive knowledge they possess about their traditional territories, especially as it relates to resources management. Unfortunately, much of this knowledge is not incorporated into the tertiary educational system and hence not part of the knowledge set of the people most likely to engage in public policy discussions and decisions. This article adopts a transdisciplinary approach, using an analysis of historic fish and marine mammal catch with the marine ecological footprint calculated for the year 2000. This scientific data, supported by the principle of free and prior informed consent as defined in United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples as well as the Tsilhqot'in case in Canada, demonstrates the need for inclusive education. We conclude that indigenous participation in climate change adaptation policies would benefit immensely from the offering of university programmes that incorporate, in a meaningful way, Inuit traditional knowledge and indigenous rights.
The Narrative of Public Participation in Environmental Governance and its Normative Presuppositions
Authors: Sconfienza Umberto
Published: August 2015

This article argues that the narrative of public participation in environmental governance that emerged from the Earth Summit in 1992 can be read as a direct challenge to the neoliberal approach to environmental governance. The challenge comes from constructing the concept of public participation as (i) the practice of providing decision makers with more and better information in order to help them design more equitable policies, and (ii) the practice of potentially influencing policy decisions by bringing new perspectives and values into the decision‐making process. The article shows how this counter‐narrative has itself now become a contested terrain: among a variety of normative presuppositions justifying practices of public participation, one can also find a market‐friendly rationale.
Forests and Climate Change: Strategies and Challenges for Brazilian Civil Society Organizations between 2005 and 2010
Authors: Leonardo Nassar de Oliveira Ana
Published: August 2015

The quest to solve the climate change problem mobilizes representatives from governments, academia, private companies and civil society organizations (CSOs). Several CSOs around the world have demanded urgent measures by governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to support adaptation measures in vulnerable communities that face extreme events, such as droughts, hurricanes and storms. This article identifies and analyses the strategies developed and implemented by a group of Brazilian CSOs between 2005 and 2010 regarding national and international policies on forests and climate change. It finds that CSOs define and change their strategies as a result of specific political contexts and interactions with other social actors.
A big step forward in understanding global differences in respiratory health: First lung function data in African infants
Authors: Usemann Jakob , Korten Insa , Latzin Philipp
Published: August 2015

See article, page 1108