bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Face Image Set Recognition Based On Improved HOG-NMF and Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Hao Lixiu , Yu Weiwei
Published: November 2019

Objective Face recognition can be affected by unfavorable factors such as illumination, posture and expression, but the face image set is a collection of people’s various angles, different illuminations and even different expressions, which can effectively reduce these adverse effects and get higher face recognition rate. In order to make the face image set have higher recognition rate, a new method of combining face image set recognition is proposed, which combines an improved Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Method The method firstly segments the face images to be identified and performs HOG to extract features of the segmented images. Secondly, calculate the information entropy contained in each block as a weight coefficient of each block to form a new HOG features, and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is applied to reduce HOG features. Then the reduced-dimensional HOG features are modeled as image sets which keep your face details as much as possible. Finally, the modeled image sets are classified by using a convolutional neural network. Result The experimental results show that compared with the simple CNN method and the HOG-CNN method, the recognition rate of the method on the CMU PIE face set is increased by about 4%~10%. Conclusion The method proposed in this paper has more details of the face, overcomes the adverse effects, and improves the accuracy.
Evaluation of anti-nociceptive effect of venlafaxine in experimental animal model of mice
Authors: Bandapati Sandeep Kumar , Podila Karuna Sree , Rao Yadala Venkata
Published: November 2019

Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensation with varying subjective experience. Its management is always challenging for physicians particularly in case of chronic pain. Chronic pain and depression usually co-exist due to poor quality of life and increase in health care costs posing an individual to suffer from depression. Anti-depressants for pain management are being used successfully using since years. In this study venlafaxine, a newer anti-depressant drug was evaluated for anti-nociceptive activity, tail immersion test an analgesic animal model of albino mice.Methods: Randomly selected albino mice of either sex with reaction time of <6 seconds were included in the study and divided into 7 groups with 6 mice in each group. Grouping was done based on the drug received i.e., venlafaxine 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg, tramadol 10 and 20 mg/kg, control group (normal saline) and combination group venlafaxine 15 mg/kg+tramadol 10 mg/kg. Drugs were administered by intra-peritoneal route.Results: Venlafaxine (30 and 60 mg/kg), tramadol (20 mg/kg) and combination group venlafaxine (15 mg/kg+tramadol 10 mg/kg) has shown significant (p<0.001) increase in tail withdrawal latency compared to control group (normal saline) by tail immersion test. Venlafaxine potentiated anti-nociceptive activity of tramadol on concomitant administration with tramadol. Venlafaxine at 60 mg/kg has comparable anti-nociceptive effect to tramadol at 20 mg/kg.Conclusions: Venlafaxine at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg is having anti-nociceptive effect, but less potent than tramadol.
A cross-sectional observational study on knowledge, attitude and practices about indiscriminate use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance among medical doctors at Sapthagiri Hospital, Bangalore
Authors: K. Navya Teja , Hazra Piyali , Padma L.
Published: November 2019

Background: WHO defines Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as “the ability of a microorganism to stop an antimicrobial from working against it”. The Global burden includes increased morbidity, prolonged illness and a higher mortality rate, along with economic burden. The cause can be tracked down to irrational usage of antibiotics and lack of awareness of rational prescribing practices.Methodology: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based observational study was carried out using a standard pre-validated questionnaire, which was administered to all the medical doctors present in their respective departments during the study period, exploring their knowledge regarding rational antibiotic usage, their attitudes and awareness towards AMR. Informed consent from the participants was obtained verbally, and confidentiality assured. The collected data was analyzed as per descriptive statistics.Results: Majority of doctors (91.3%) have a good knowledge and agree that indiscriminate use of antibiotics leads to antimicrobial resistance. 96.12% of doctors identify it as a global issue but only 85.5% consider it a problem in their hospital. Doctors (78%) have a positive attitude and do not prefer to prescribe an antibiotic for minor illnesses, but only 40% think it might contribute to antimicrobial resistance.Conclusion: Our study has demonstrated that doctors have a good knowledge about the emerging problem of antimicrobial resistance, however a minor percentage of doctors fail to acknowledge this at the level of their own hospital. Regular updates on the local antimicrobial resistance rates & antibiotic stewardship might help to control the global issue of AMR.
Cost minimization analysis of generic and innovator formulations of antihypertensive drugs
Authors: Vadgama Vishalkumar K. , Gaekwad Vishal L.
Published: November 2019

Background: Hypertension, a chronic condition requiring lifelong care, affects approximately 25.3% Indian population. Average annual hypertension management cost which also includes medication cost varies from Rs. 4042 to 7621, amounting up to 40% of total household income of few families. Selection of a different brand or generic formulation may have an immense impact on total expenditure for treatment of hypertension. Present study aims at determining cost variability and cost analysis of various single drug antihypertensive formulations available in Indian market.Methods: One most prescribed drug, each from Joint National Committee recommended antihypertensive- thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers and β blockers were selected for cost analysis. Cheapest, costliest and median priced formulations were searched for individual drugs and were compared to the price of their generic counterparts.Results: Generic formulations of hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, enalapril, losartan and atenolol were cheaper even than their respective cheapest innovator formulations. Costliest innovator formulation of amlodipine was 1750% expensive than generic one. Costliest counterparts of generic formulations were many folds overpriced. Similarly, innovator formulation of losartan was up to 953.89% costly than generic one. Innovator formulations of hydrochlorothiazide were the least costly than its generic counterpart, yet being at least 150% more expensive. Also, there exists considerable broad range of price among similar innovator formulations.Conclusions: By prescribing generic antihypertensive drug, we can reduce treatment expenditure by many folds. Same feat can be marginally achieved by using lower cost innovator formulations.
Prescription audit of online booked outpatients for department of medicine and dermatology in a tertiary care hospital: a comparative observational study
Authors: Majhee Lakhan , Chandra Anshuman , Gari Manju , Shakeel Aasim
Published: November 2019

Background: A regular and effective prescription audit is a key tool to ensure rational use of drugs and to assess drug utilization in the health care system. This study is first of its kind, in Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, highlighting comparative assessment of prescriptions of online booked appointments in department of medicine and dermatology via online registration system (ORS) using WHO prescribing indicators. This ORS is an integral part under Digital India Initiative.Methods: This was a comparative, observational study conducted in Department of Pharmacology of RIMS, Ranchi. The study period was 6 months from 1 March 2019 to 31 August 2019. Prescriptions details of outpatient department (OPD) patients were collected from the government authorized pharmacy facility “Dawai Dost “at RIMS. 75 prescriptions from each of the departments were analyzed.Results: 75 prescriptions from patients who attended medicine and dermatology outpatient department (OPD) during the study period, after registering appointment via ORS, was collected and comparative assessment was done. This audit highlights important correctable parameters although legibility was not the major concern. Adherence to National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) was 45% and 49% for department of medicine and dermatology respectively.Conclusions: The prescription audit process should be done regularly to assess ORS prescription to ensure high quality rational prescribing and support Digital India initiative. Adherence to NLEM of India should be 100%. The latest NLEM of India should be provided to the concerned departments and feedback should be provided to the physicians.
Impact of antiepileptic drugs therapy on thyroid profile in epileptic patients of Punjab origin
Authors: Singh Kuldip , Kaur Harleen
Published: November 2019

Background: Epilepsy requires lifelong therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and having medical and psychological consequence. So, the present study was conducted to evaluate the role of different AEDs on thyroid profile in epileptic patients.Methods: 50 epileptic patients receiving AEDs for minimum 1 year were recruited as study group and 50 healthy subjects considered as control group. These subjects were recruited from general (rural or urban) community of Punjab. Fasting blood samples were drawn from patients and healthy subjects for the evaluation of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.Results: Significant increase in TSH levels were recorded in epileptic patients while no significant change was found in T3 and T4 epileptic patients treated with different AEDs with respect to healthy controls. Maximum increase in TSH was seen in phenytoin, treated epileptic patients and maximum fall in TSH was recorded in levetiracetam treated epileptic patients. Maximum increase in T3 and T4 levels was found in phenytoin while a maximum decrease was recorded T3 and T4 levels in carbamazepine treated epileptic patients in comparison to other drugs treated patients.Conclusions: Aforementioned observations suggested that epileptic patients treated with phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine and levetiracetam for long time could cause initiation of subclinical hypothyroidism further could leads to overt hypothyroidism which in turn responsible for pathophysiology of various coronary heart disease. Routine screening of thyroid profile during chronic use of AEDs is recommended.
Awareness of over the counter antibiotics to combat antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Patil Sunita Sunil , Agarwal Saket
Published: November 2019

Background: In India there is wide use of over the counter (OTC) antibiotics and unawareness of its harmful effects. In India dispensing antibiotics without prescription is a major contribution factor in development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The objectives of the present study were to evaluate awareness and proper use of OTC antibiotics in the community.Methods: Responses to a questionnaire covering various aspects on awareness and usage of OTC antibiotics were obtained from 100 families and 100 pharmacy shops in the community by second year MBBS students after permission from institutional ethical committee. The study period was from January 2019 to June 2019.Results: Among 100 responders 78% used OTC antibiotics for frequently reported illness like common cold (58%), body- ache (19%), fever (13%) and cough (10%). Most common reason for using OTC antibiotic is to avoid high consultation fees (64%).76% pharmacy dispense antibiotics without prescription. 60% pharmacy unaware of increase chance of developing resistance due to OTC antibiotics. 80% pharmacy maintain register book and were aware of laws and regulations of OTC prescription but still 70% dispense drugs due to fear of losing sales and profit. 50% pharmacy said they encourage patients to consult the physician and get the prescription. Most common antibiotic sold without prescription is amoxicillin (51%) and azithromycin (38%).Conclusions: We have identified unawareness among people about use and harmful effects of using OTC antibiotics. Also pharmacies are not following rules and regulations for OTC drugs. So our aim is to increase public knowledge of proper use and harmful effects of OTC antibiotics and help our global program to reduce AMR.
Diving deep into chelation therapy for coronary artery disease: a review
Authors: Santosa Putra Iwan Cahyo , Kamarullah William
Published: November 2019

Chelation therapy is still a mainstay therapy when it comes to dealing with heavy metal intoxication. The ability of various chelators to bind metal and other chemical molecules led to the idea whether chelation therapy can be used as an alternative therapy to enchain calcium element that is known to be present in the atherosclerotic plaque. Various studies have been conducted, one of which is a large trial to assess chelation therapy study to show in case ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelator can be proven by evidence-based in managing coronary heart disease. Despite the favorable results that were found in many literature studies, the results of the study are still under debate in various aspects. To address this issue, we conducted a review article to discuss comprehensively the general description of EDTA as chelation therapy, various mechanisms that can explain the use of EDTA in the management of coronary heart disease, the pharmacokinetic aspects of EDTA chelation therapy, as well as describing various existing studies with a good level of evidence to review the effectiveness of these therapies against coronary artery disease.
Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in learning and memory
Authors: Bairy Laxminarayana Kurady , Kumar Suresh
Published: November 2019

Learning and memory being highly specialized process of human brain involves complex interaction between neurotransmitters and cellular events. Over the years, the understandings of these processes have been evolving from psychological, neurophysiological, and pharmacological perspectives. The most widely appraised model of learning and memory involves attention, acquisition, storage and retrieval. Each of these events involve interplay of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, though preponderance of specific neurotransmitter have been documented. The formation of long-term memory involves cellular events with neuroplasticity. Further, dopamine is documented to play crucial role in the process of forgetting. Understanding of the processes of learning and memory not only facilitates drug discovery, but also helps to understand actions of several existing drugs. In addition, it would also help to enhance psychological interventions in children with learning disabilities. Thus, the review intends to summarize role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators during different phases of learning and memory.
A clinical study of McIndoe vaginoplasty in vaginal agenesis
Authors: Kamal Samarina , Tirkey Sarita , Singh Shashibala , Chakraborty Shobha
Published: November 2019

Background: The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of McIndoe Vaginoplasty in the creation of a neovagina for patients with vaginal agenesis.Methods: this is a retrospective study of 50 cases of vaginal agenesis, who underwent McIndoe Vaginoplasty over a period of 8 years (2004-2012) by using skin graft in 25 cases and amnion as graft in the remaining.Results: McIndoe Vaginoplasty was performed successfully in all 50 patients and post-surgical result was acceptable to the patient psychologically, sexually and aesthetically.Conclusions: McIndoe Vaginoplasty is a safe and effective procedure for providing a satisfactory and functional vagina in patients with MRKH syndrome.
A clinical study of trends of ectopic pregnancy and its management in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Puttaraju Chandana M. , Prasad Nagothi Nagendra , Sailakshmi M. P. A.
Published: November 2019

Background: Ectopic gestation is a gynaecological emergency which culminates in pregnancy loss and causes significant maternal morbidity, mortality besides jeopardizing future conception. The study discusses the incidence, risk factors, symptomatology and management of ectopic pregnancy in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: This was a prospective study of 45 cases of ectopic pregnancies at a tertiary care teaching hospital from January 2012 to December 2013. Information was collected in a structured proforma, tabulated and descriptive analysis was carried out.Results: The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was 1.17%. Majority of the patients (80%) belonged to 20-30 yrs age group. Second gravidas predominated (42.2%). Fallopian tube was the most common site (95.5%). Rudimentary horn ectopic accounted for 4.65%. Previous abdominopelvic surgery (31.1%), IUCD usage (22.2%), PID (20%), abortions (20%), tubectomy (15.5%) were the principal risk factors. 42% of the patients had no risk factor. The triad of amenorrhea, bleeding per vaginum and abdominal pain was seen in 51.1% of cases. Ultrasound, UPT, β-hCG estimation were the diagnostic tools. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy accounted for 64.4%. Nearly 95.5% of patients underwent surgery; salpingectomy (76%). Methotrexate was successful in 4.44%. There was no maternal mortality.Conclusions: Mostly diagnosis, prompt surgical or medical management is cornerstone of treatment. Primary prevention such as improved access to family planning services, sex education, treatment of STI, PID, surgical asepsis  and haemostasis, implementing legislation for dispensing MTP drugs ameliorate risk factors and hence reduce ectopic pregnancy.
Status of seroprevalence of Hepatitis B in pregnant females: a hospital-based study
Authors: Das Rojaleen , Kumar Shilpee
Published: November 2019

Background: India has more than 37 million of HBV carriers and contributes a large proportion of the global burden. The perinatal route is the major route of the transmission. This study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence rate of Hepatits B infection in female of reproductive age group. Since sexual route and perinatal transmission of HBV are major targets to prevent the transmission of the infection, the study focused on pregnant females attending antenatal care (ANC) clinic of the hospital.Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. The cohort enrolled for the study was pregnant females who attended the antenatal care clinic of a tertiary care hospital situated in Delhi. The blood sample was collected as a part of routine screening for HBV infection and the samples were tested for HBsAg by qualitative indirect ELISA. The study period was March to Sept 2019.Results: 7163 pregnant females were enrolled in the study and 113 were sero-positive for HBsAg. The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 1.6% (113/ 7163). The highest prevalence was found in the age group of 31-35 year (2.7%).Conclusions: As observed in the present study, the sero-prevalence rate of HBV infection in pregnant females is 1.6%, this rate amounts to nearly 4 million HBV infected women in the reproductive age and yearly putting 4 lakhs babies at risk of acquiring HBV infections by vertical transmission. The successful implementation of the National Viral Hepatitis Control Program is the need of the hour to protect every child from acquiring HBV infection.
Forceps deliveries and fetomaternal outcome in modern obstetrics
Authors: Okram Sarda Devi , Betha Kalpana , Bodhanapati Jothsna , Tejasri Koorapati
Published: November 2019

Background: In modern obstetrics practice has witnessed an increase in the caesarean section rates everywhere. The incidence of instrumental deliveries varies between 10-12% in UK. The incidence of instrumental deliveries varies between 2.7-5% in India. There is an urgent need to reintroduce instrumental need in the modern obstetrics. Instrumental delivery is one of the basic functions of emergency care according to WHO. This study was done to know the prevalence, indications and fetal outcomes of forceps deliveries.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital, India from January 2014 to December 2018. All cephalic singleton pregnant mothers who underwent forceps delivery after 28 weeks were included. All the forceps delivery done in twins and breech vaginal delivery were excluded. Demographic data, Indication of forceps delivery, maternal complications of forceps delivery like episiotomy extension, cervical tear, vaginal wall tear, PPH and neonatal outcome like low birth weight, NICU admissions, stillbirth, APGAR score at 1 and 5 minutes were recorded. Equal number of mothers of reproductive age group 20-45 ages who underwent normal non breech vaginal deliveries were randomly selected as control.Results: The prevalence of forceps delivery was 5.25%. The most common indication was fetal distress (55%). Most of the mothers were primigravidas in age group 20-30 years (p<0.001). Regarding the neonatal outcome, 72% of the babies were having weight >2.5 kgs.  APGAR <7 at 1 and 5 min was not significant.Conclusions: As fetal distress is the most common indication, every obstetrician should learn the skill of forceps delivery and it should not be a dying art.
Role of color doppler ultrasonography in high risk pregnancies: a retrospective study
Authors: Kavitha Gayak , Palakodeti Nirupama , Samalla Silpahasa
Published: November 2019

Background: Numerous adverse perinatal outcomes are associated with high-risk. The usage of doppler ultrasound bids a non-invasive way to study the fetal and maternal circulation and guide the clinical management. Objective of this study was to investigate the role of color doppler ultrasonography in effective management of high-risk pregnancies.Methods: A retrospective record-based study was carried out Department of obstetrics and gynecology. Record of antenatal women who belonged to the age group of 20-30 years with singleton pregnancy of gestational age of 26 weeks to term and presence of one of the high-risk factors were included in the study. The risk factors which were considered are pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), diabetes, anemia, oligohydramnios. Doppler study of umbilical artery was done. Epi-info 7 was used for analysis.Results: A total of 140 cases were studied in which high-risk pregnancy was most common in the age group of 20-25 years. The most common high-risk factor in pregnancy was PIH which accounted for 50% of cases. Out of 140 cases high-risk pregnancies, 40% of cases resulted in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). 43% of cases, umbilical artery findings were abnormal.Conclusions: Color doppler can be used as most effective for fetal surveillance in high-risk pregnancy cases. Most importantly it helps in guiding early intervention and improving fetal outcome.
Efficacy of combination of oral mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol in termination of pregnancy up to 63 days of gestation
Authors: Gupta Shivani
Published: November 2019

Background: Unsafe and illegal abortions are one of the major problems in women health in India. Despite legal approval for medical termination of pregnancy in 1971, unsafe abortion still remains the third leading cause of maternal deaths in the country, contributes eight percent of such deaths annually. The objective of this study was to study efficacy of Mifepristone 200 mg orally followed 36-48 hours later by Misoprostol 800 microgms per vaginally in women undergoing medical termination of early pregnancy (up to 63 days of gestational age).Methods: The present study included 60 pregnant women requesting termination of pregnancy in the first trimester. Women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Women without medical or surgical contraindications to Mifepristone and Misoprostol were included. Patients with previous caesarean sections were also included.Results: In our study 60 women were included, majority were in age group 20-29 years of age and majority of cases were primipara or multipara. The success rate in terms of complete abortion was 97%, 2% needed surgical evacuation and 1% lost to follow up. Side effects were nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, pyrexia etc. The method proved to be safe, effective, cheap, non-invasive and has minimal or no complications.Conclusions: Medical termination of pregnancy with oral mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol is an effective method for first trimester abortion. The prerequisite for the method is patient counselling, patient participation and willingness for regular follow up and to report any complication. Hence this method comes out to be a safe alternative to surgical method which is invasive and costly.
Clinical and surgical outcomes of 3 cycles versus 6 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Thakur Monika , Kumari Archana , Saha S. C.
Published: November 2019

Background: Epithelial cancers are the most common ovarian malignancy accounting for 90% of all type of ovarian cancer. Objective of this study was to evaluate the surgical morbidity and to study clinical outcomes of 3 cycles versus 6 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Methods: A total 30 women with diagnosis of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer were randomly divided equally to receive either 3 cycles (Group 1) or 6 cycles (Group 2) of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. End points noted were duration of surgery, extent of surgery, perioperative complications and length of stay.Results: Both groups had comparable demographic profile. Surgery was more difficult in early IDS group with lesser percentage of patients achieving minimum intended surgery in early IDS (61.53% versus 80. 47%) peri-operative complications were seen more commonly in early IDS group compared to late IDS group (26.66% versus 69.2%). However mean duration of surgery was similar in both groups. Mean duration of stay in hospital was 5.4 days in late IDS group and 7.6 days in early IDS group. The mean follow-up period in late IDS was 7 months and in early IDS was 5 months. Survival in both groups when patients were followed up till the end of study period (12 months) was similar (p=0.186).Conclusions: Authors conclude that late IDS may be used as a treatment option in the high-risk group of patients. Though there was no significant difference at 6 months follow up, higher percent of women were disease free in late IDS.
Fetal thoraco-abdominal lymphangioma: a case report
Authors: Ghazal Kariman , Rajab Mariam , Malas Abir
Published: November 2019

Lymphangiomas are rare congenital malformations of the lymphatic system. Authors present a case with giant, septated, axillary thoraco-abdominal lymphangioma. Diagnosis was made at 19 weeks’ gestation by antenatal ultrasonography. The case underwent prenatal expectation treatment.
Clinical profile and prognostic indicators of neurotoxic snake bite in rural India
Authors: Hassan Suhail , Saini Rijul , Aggarwal Monuj
Published: November 2019

Background: In rural India, snakebite is an occupational and environmental hazard. WHO listed snakebite as one of the neglected tropical diseases and in rural India it is underreported because of popular traditional methods of treatments and lack of healthcare facilities. This study is an attempt to look into the epidemiological, clinical and prognostic indicators of neurotoxic snake bite in rural India.Methods: This study is a prospective, descriptive study of 25 neurotoxic snake bites admitted in our hospital from January to September 2019. Clinical factors like age, sex, clinical features, management and the outcome of patients are studied.Results: Young males were common victims of snakebite in evening hours during monsoon season. All patients received traditional methods of treatment, and despite this 64% of our patients reported to the hospital within 6 hours after the bite. Overall, the mortality rate in this study was 12%. Poor outcome was also noted in cases who were having respiratory failure and needed artificial ventilation (30%). Mortality was 22.2% in patients where bite to admission time was greater than 6 hours as compared to 6.25% in patients where it was less than 6 hours.Conclusions: Author concluded that a neurotoxic snake bite is a life-threatening emergency. In preventive measures, outdoor activities in dim lights during monsoon season should be restricted. Traditional treatments are still popular and trusted methods of treatment in rural India and these healers can be educated to recognize and refer immediately all neurotoxic bites to nearby medical facilities.
A biomimetic approach to some specifically functionalized cyclic terpenoids.
Authors: Kulciţki Veaceslav
Published: November 2019

The paper relates on the current advancements in the synthesis of complex cyclic terpenoids by superacidic induced cyclization of open chain precursors. It is shown that functional groups disposal in the initial substrate strongly influences the reaction outcome. Possible variations of the investigated compound structures include particularly alpha-functionalization and alpha,omega-bifunctionalization. This approach allowed a selective initiation of cyclization sequence from an internal double bond or suspending the ring closure cascade to partially cyclized compounds. The reported synthetic schemes are attempts to mimic the biogenetical processes postulated in the living systems.
Chemical synthesis of dolichyl phosphates, their analogues and derivatives and application of these compounds in biochemical assays.
Authors: Danilov Leonid L , Druzhinina Tatyana N
Published: November 2019

Several methods for simple and efficient chemical synthesis of dolichyl phosphates and their analogues and derivatives are briefly summarized with a special emphasis on chemical modification of phosphoryl group and preparation of dolichyl phosphates labelled at the omega-end and at the gamma-isoprene unit of the isoprene chain by fluorescent groups, 2-aminopyridine and 1-aminonaphtalene residues. Additionally, data on biochemical assays with application of the compounds mentioned above are presented.
Leukemic stem cells: from metabolic pathways and signaling to a new concept of drug resistance targeting.
Authors: Styczynski Jan , Drewa Tomasz
Published: November 2019

Cancer stem cells are a small subset of cancer cells constituting a reservoir of self-sustaining cells with the exclusive ability to self-renew and maintain the tumor. These cells are identified by specific stem cell markers: antigens, molecules and signaling pathways. Transcription factors and molecules associated with oncogenesis, such as NF-kappaB, Bmi-1, Notch, WNT beta-catenin, Sonic hedgehog and their biochemical pathways, active only in a small minority of cancer cells might play key roles in determining the biology and the overall long-term behavior of a tumor. The molecules and pathways specific for cancer stem cells, which contribute to their drug resistance, are potential targets for new therapeutic strategies.
Polyadenylation and decay of 26S rRNA as part of Nicotiana tabacum response to cadmium.
Authors: Lewandowska Małgorzata , Borcz Barbara , Kamińska Jolanta , Wawrzyński Adam , Sirko Agnieszka
Published: November 2019

In contrast to mRNAs, ribosomal RNAs are generally not considered to be polyadenylated. Only a few recent reports describe non-abundant polyadenylated rRNA-related transcripts that have been detected and characterized in yeast and in human cells. Here we depict the phenomenon of 26S rRNA polyadenylation and degradation that was observed in shoots of Nicotiana tabaccum plants grown in the presence of cadmium. Fragments corresponding to 26S rRNA were identified using suppression subtractive hybridization during screening for genes induced in tobacco plants upon a three-week exposure to 15 microM cadmium chloride. Extracts prepared from the above-ground tissues of cadmium-treated tobacco plants were supposed to contain exclusively polyadenylated mRNAs. Surprisingly, numerous polyadenylated fragments matching parts of 26S rRNA were identified and their presence was confirmed by Northern blot and cDNA amplification techniques. To our knowledge this is the first report on rRNA polyadenylation in plants.
15N magnetic relaxation study of backbone dynamics of the ribosome-associated cold shock response protein Yfia of Escherichia coli.
Authors: Zhukov Igor , Bayer Peter , Schölermann Beate , Ejchart Andrzej
Published: November 2019

In the solution structure of the ribosome-associated cold shock response protein Yfia of Escherichia coli in the free state two structural segments can be distinguished: a well structured, rigid N-terminal part displaying a betaalphabetabetabetaalpha topology and a flexible C-terminal tail comprising last 20 amino-acid residues. The backbone dynamics of Yfia protein was studied by (15)N nuclear magnetic relaxation at three magnetic fields and analyzed using model-free approach. The overall diffusional tumbling of the N-terminal part is strongly anisotropic with a number of short stretches showing increased mobility either on a subnanosecond time scale, or a micro- to millisecond time scale, or both. In contrast, the unstructured polypeptide chain of the C-terminal part, which cannot be regarded as a rigid structure, shows the predominance of fast local motions over slower ones, both becoming faster closer to the C-terminus.
1H-Benzimidazole derivatives as mammalian DNA topoisomerase I inhibitors.
Authors: Alpan A Selcen , Gunes H Semih , Topcu Zeki
Published: November 2019

Benzimidazole is one of the most important heterocyclic groups manifesting various biological properties, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal and antihelmintic activities. Several benzimidazole derivatives are also active as inhibitors of type I DNA topoisomerases. In this study, three 1H-benzimidazole derivatives with different electronic characteristics at position 5-, namely 5-chloro-4-(1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)phenol (Cpd I), 5-methyl-4-(1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)phenol (Cpd II) and 4-(1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)phenol (Cpd III), were synthesized and evaluated for their effects on mammalian type I DNA topoisomerase activity using quantitative in vitro plasmid supercoil relaxation assays. For the structure elucidation of the compounds, melting points, UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectral data and elemental analyses were interpreted. Among the compounds, 5-methyl-4-(1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)phenol (Cpd II) manifested relatively potent topoisomerase I inhibition.
Analysis of individual azurocidin N-glycosylation sites in regard to its secretion by insect cells, susceptibility to proteolysis and antibacterial activity.
Authors: Indyk Katarzyna , Olczak Teresa , Ciuraszkiewicz Justyna , Watorek Wiesław , Olczak Mariusz
Published: November 2019

Azurocidin is an inactive serine protease homolog with primary sequence similarity to neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. The aim of this study was to investigate possible consequences of differential glycosylation of azurocidin in regard to its secretion, protein stability as measured by susceptibility to proteolysis, and antibacterial activity. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to generate mutant azurocidin variants lacking individual N-glycosylation sites. Our results show that N-linked glycans may play a role in proper azurocidin folding and subsequent secretion by insect cells. We also demonstrate that N-linked glycosylation contributes to azurocidin stability by protecting it from proteolysis. The lack of N-glycosylation at individual sites does not significantly influence the azurocidin antibacterial activity.
Structure and functions of plant calcium-dependent protein kinases.
Authors: Klimecka Maria , Muszyńska Grazyna
Published: November 2019

Calcium ions as second messengers play an essential role in many important cellular processes. In plants, transient changes in calcium content in the cytosol (calcium signatures) have been observed during growth, development and under stress conditions. Such diverse functions require many different calcium sensors. One of the largest and most differentiated group of calcium sensors are protein kinases, among them calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) which were identified only in plants and protists. CDPKs have a regulatory domain which is able to bind calcium ions. For regulation of CDPKs activities not only calcium ions but also specific phospholipids and autophosphorylation are responsible. CDPKs have many different substrates, which reflects the diversity of their functions. Potential protein substrates of CDPK are involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, phospholipid synthesis, defense responses, ion and water transport, cytoskeleton organization, transcription and hormone responses. Presently, participation of CDPKs in stress signal transduction pathways (e.g., cold, drought, high salinity, wounding) is intensively studied in many laboratories. An intriguing, but still not fully clarified problem is the cross-talk via CDPKs among different signaling pathways that enables signal integration at different levels and ensure appropriate downstream responses.
Responsiveness of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium to acute UV-C exposure: histo-cytochemistry of the injury and DNA damage.
Authors: Iriti M , Guarnieri S , Faoro F
Published: November 2019

The in vivo and in vitro effects of UV-C (254 nm) exposure (0.039 watt . m(-2) . s for 2 h) of currant tomato (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium), indigenous to Peru and Ecuador, were assayed. H(2)O(2) deposits, dead cells and DNA damage were localized, 12/24 h after irradiation, mainly in periveinal parenchyma of the 1st and 2nd order veins of the leaves, and before the appearance of visible symptoms, which occurred 48 h after irradiation. Cell death index was of 43.5 +/- 12% in exposed leaf tissues, 24 h after treatment. In currant tomato protoplasts, the percentage of viable cells dropped 1 h after UV-C irradiation from 97.42 +/- 2.1% to 43.38 +/- 4.2%. Afterwards, the protoplast viability progressively decreased to 40.16 +/- 7.25% at 2 h, to 38.31 +/- 6.9% at 4 h, and to 36.46 +/- 1.84% at 6 h after the exposure. The genotoxic impact of UV-C radiation on protoplasts was assessed with single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE, or comet assay). UV-C treatment greatly enhanced DNA migration, with 75.37 +/- 3.7% of DNA in the tail versus 7.88 +/- 5.5% in the case of untreated nuclei. Oxidative stress by H(2)O(2) used as a positive control, induced a similar damage on non-irradiated protoplasts, with 71.59 +/- 5.5% of DNA in the tail, whereas oxidative stress imposed on UV-C irradiated protoplasts slightly increased the DNA damage (85.13 +/- 4.1%). According to these results, SCGE of protoplasts could be an alternative to nuclei extraction directly from leaf tissues.
Gamma-radiation-induced ATM-dependent signalling in human T-lymphocyte leukemic cells, MOLT-4.
Authors: Tichý Ales , Záskodová Darina , Rezácová Martina , Vávrová Jirina , Vokurková Doris , Pejchal Jaroslav , Vilasová Zdena , Cerman Jaroslav , Osterreicher Jan
Published: November 2019

ATM kinase (ATM) is essential for activation of cell cycle check points and DNA repair in response to ionizing radiation (IR). In this work we studied the molecular mechanisms regulating DNA repair and cell death in human T-lymphocyte leukemic cells, MOLT-4. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow-cytometric detection of annexin V. Early apoptotic cells were determined as sub-G1 cells and late apoptotic cells were determined as APO2.7-positive ones. Proteins involved in ATM signalling pathway were analysed by Western-blotting. We observed a rapid (0.5 h) phosphorylation of ATM declining after 6 h after irradiation by all the doses studied (1.5, 3.0, and 7.5 Gy). Checkpoint kinase-2 (Chk-2) was also phosphorylated after 0.5 h but its phosphorylated form persisted 4, 2, and 1 h after the doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 7.5 Gy, respectively. The amount of p53 protein and its form phosphorylated on Ser-392 increased 1 h after irradiation (1-10 Gy). The lethal dose of 7.5 Gy caused an immediate induction and phosphorylation of p53 after 0.5 h post-irradiation. At the time of phosphorylation of p53, we found simultaneous phosphorylation of the oncoprotein Mdm2 on Ser-166. Neither ATM nor its downstream targets showed a dose-dependent response after 1 h when irradiated by the doses of 1-10 Gy. MOLT-4 cells were very sensitive to the effect of IR. Even low doses, such as 1.5 Gy, induced apoptosis 16 h after irradiation (evaluated according to the cleavage of nuclear lamin B to a 48-kDa fragment). IR-induced molecular signalling after exposure to all the tested doses was triggered by rapid phosphorylation of ATM and Chk-2. Subsequent induction of p53 protein and its phosphorylation was accompanied by concomitant phosphorylation of its negative regulator, oncoprotein Mdm2, and followed by induction of apoptosis.
Dynamics of estrogen-induced oxidative stress.
Authors: Kobiela Jarek , Stefaniak Tomasz , Krajewski Jacek , Kalinska-Blach Beata , Zurawa-Janicka Dorota , Lachinski Andrzej , Gackowski Daniel , Olinski Ryszard , Nowak Jerzy , Knap Narcyz , Lipinska Barbara , Sledzinski Zbigniew , Wozniak Michal
Published: November 2019

The objective of this study was to assess the dynamics of oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA under conditions of oxidative stress triggering early stages of estrogen-dependent carcinogenesis. A rodent model of carcinogenesis was used. Syrian hamsters were sacrificed after 1, 3, 5 h and one month from the initial implantation of estradiol. Matching control groups were used. Kidneys as target organs for estradiol-mediated oxidative stress were excised and homogenized for biochemical assays. Subcellular fractions were isolated. Carbonyl groups (as a marker of protein oxidation) and lipid hydroxyperoxides were assessed. DNA was isolated and 8-oxodGuo was assessed. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to confirm the results for lipid peroxidation. Exposition to estradiol in the rodent model leads to damage of macromolecules of the cell, including proteins and DNA, but not lipids. Proteins appear to be the primary target of the damage but are closely followed by DNA. It has previously been speculated that protein peroxides can increase DNA modifications. This time sequence was observed in our study. Nevertheless, the direct relation between protein and DNA damage still remains unsolved.
Expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins can distinguish nonalcoholic steatosis from steatohepatitis.
Authors: Bragoszewski Piotr , Habior Andrzej , Walewska-Zielecka Bozena , Ostrowski Jerzy
Published: November 2019

In patients without substantial alcohol use, triglyceride accumulation in the liver can lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The differential diagnosis between NAFLD and NASH can be accomplished only by morphological examination. Although the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and the progression of liver pathologic changes has been described, the exact mechanisms initiating primary liver steatosis and its progression to NASH are unknown. We selected 16 genes encoding mitochondrial proteins which expression was compared by quantitative RT-PCR in liver tissue samples taken from patients with NAFLD and NASH. We found that 6 of the 16 examined genes were differentially expressed in NAFLD versus NASH patients. The expression of hepatic HK1, UCP2, ME2, and ME3 appeared to be higher in NASH than in NAFLD patients, whereas HMGCS2 and hnRNPK expression was lower in NASH patients. Although the severity of liver morphological injury in the spectrum of NAFLD-NASH may be defined at the molecular level, expression of these selected 6 genes cannot be used as a molecular marker aiding histological examination. Moreover, it is still unclear whether these differences in hepatic gene expression profiles truly reflect the progression of morphological abnormalities or rather indicate various metabolic and hormonal states in patients with different degrees of fatty liver disease.
Role of orf73 in the development of lambdoid bacteriophages during infection of the Escherichia coli host
Authors: Karolina Zdrojewska  , Aleksandra Dydecka  , Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk  , Gracja Topka  , Agnieszka Necel  , Węgrzyn Alicja , Grzegorz Węgrzyn  , Bloch Sylwia
Published: November 2019

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a group of pathogenic strains responsible for human infections that result in bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis, often with severe complications. The main virulence factors of STEC are Shiga toxins encoded by stx genes located in genomes of Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages (Stx phages). These bacterial viruses are clustered in the lambdoid bacteriophages family represented by phage λ. Here, we report that expression of orf73 from the exo-xis region of the phage genome promotes the lysogenic pathway of development of λ and Φ24B phages. We demonstrated that the mutant phages with deletions of orf73 revealed higher burst size during the lytic cycle. Moreover, survival rates of E. coli infected with mutant bacteriophages were lower relative to wild-type viruses. Additionally, orf73 deletion negatively influenced the lysogenization process of E. coli host cells. We conclude that orf73 plays an important biological role in the development of lambdoid viruses, and probably it is involved in the network of molecular mechanism of the lysis-vs.-lysogenization decision.
Evaluation of the Relationship Between Childhood Asthma and Helicobacter pylori Sero-Prevalence
Authors: Nasiri Rasoul , Ataee Pedram , Abdi Azad , Moradi Ghobad , Moradveisi Borhan , Eftekhari Kambiz
Published: November 2019

In recent years, the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis has increased in developed countries. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection can exacerbate asthma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between asthma and H. pylori seroprevalence in children. In this cross-sectional study, 100 children aged 5-15 years hospitalized in Besat hospital in Sanandaj were investigated from 2015 to 2016. Fifty children with asthma were considered as the case group and 50 non-asthmatic children as the control group. The questionnaires were completed, including demographic information, history of asthma, exposure to cigarette smoke, and family history of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Blood samples were collected from the children, and the serum level of specific antibodies (IgG) of H. pylori was measured. There were 42 and 31 boys in the case and control group, respectively. The mean age in the case group was 8.12±2.29 and in the control group was 8.9±2.52 years. In the case group, 48% were exposed to cigarette smoke and in the control group, 18%. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of gender and exposure to cigarette smoke (P=0.001 and P=0.013, respectively). There was no significant difference between the case and control groups in terms of H. pylori seroprevalence. (P=0.211). There was no significant association between asthma and H. pylori seroprevalence. (P=0.22). According to our study, there no correlation between childhood asthma and H. pylori seroprevalence.
© 2019 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
Acta Med Iran 2019;57(5):299-302.