bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A survival analysis of South African children under the age of five years
Authors: Worku Zeleke
Published: August 2011

The South African Demographic Health Survey data set (SADHS) of 2003 contains massive individual-level information on South African children under the age of five years selected from a random sample of 7756 households. The data set contains data on socio-economic, demographic, health-related and sanitary variables gathered by using multistage cluster sampling. The objective of the study was to identify key predictors of mortality amongst children under the age of five years. Logistic regression analysis and Cox regression were used for data analysis.Under-five mortality was significantly influenced by three predictor variables (breastfeeding, marital status, and ownership of a flush toilet). The hazard ratio of the variable ‘breastfeeding’ was 3.09 with P = 0.000 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of (1.899, 5.033). The hazard ratio of the variable ‘toilet’ was 2.35 with P = 0.016 and 95% confidence interval of (1.172, 4.707). The hazard ratio of the variable ‘marital status’ was 1.74 with P = 0.035 and 95% confidence interval of (1.041, 2.912). Adjustment was factored in for the mother’s level of education and wealth index.OpsommingDie Suid-Afrikaanse Demografiese en Gesondheidsopname-datastel (The South African Demographic Health Survey data set [SADHS]) van 2003 bevat ‘n enorme hoeveelheid individuele-vlak inligting rakende kinders onder vyf jaar uit 7756 huishoudings in Suid-Afrika. Die datastel bevat inligting rakende sosio-ekonomiese, demografiese, en gesondheidsverwante veranderlikes, en sanitêre-veranderlikes, is versamel deur gebruik te maak van multistadiatrosanalise. Die oogmerk met die studie was die identifisering van sleutelpredikatore ten opsigte van sterftes van kinders onder die ouderdom van vyf jaar. Logistieke-opnameregressie analise en Cox-regressie is gebruik om die data te analiseer. Onder vyf-sterftes word beduidend beïnvloed deur drie predikatorveranderlikes (duurte van borsvoeding, huwelikstatus en toegang tot ‘n spoeltoilet). Die risikoverhouding van die borsvoeding-veranderlike was 3.09 met P = 0.000 en ‘n 95% sekerheidsinterval van (1.899, 5.033). Die risikoverhouding van die toiletveranderlike was 2.35 met P = 0.006 en 95% sekerheidsinterval van (1.172, 4.707). Die risikoverhouding van die huwelikstatus-veranderlike was 1.74 met P = 0.035 en 95% sekerheidsinterval van (1.041, 2.912). Aanpassings is gemaak vir die opvoedingsvlak van die moeder asook die welgesteldheidsindeks.
A Factorization Theorem for Multiplier Algebras of Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Prunaru Bebe
Published: August 2011

Let (X;B; μ) be a σ-finite measure space and let H ⊂ L2(X; μ) be a separable reproducing kernel Hilbert space on X. We show that the multiplier algebra of H has property (A1(1)).
Preconditions for Citizen Journalism: A Sociological Assessment
Authors: Watson Hayley
Published: August 2011

The rise of the citizen journalist and increased attention to this phenomenon requires a sociological assessment that seeks to develop an understanding of how citizen journalism has emerged in contemporary society. This article makes a distinction between two different subcategories of citizen journalism, that is independent and dependent citizen journalism. The purpose of this article is to present four preconditions for citizen journalism to emerge in contemporary society: advanced technology, an “active audience”, a “lived” experience within digital culture, and an organisational change within the news media.
Developments in British Sociology as Shown in British Sociology Journals
Authors: Crothers Charles
Published: August 2011

To provide a factual foundation for understanding of the trajectory of the development in British sociology a content analysis of the journal articles in the main generalist British sociology journals is provided. This contributes both an overall picture, and allows an account of contrasts between the journals. Attention is focused on the extent to which the content differs between British and other authors (and more detailed geographical breakdowns and other aspects of authorship) and how content has changed over time. Finally, how the research outcomes are related to some of the characteristics of producers and producing departments are assayed.
Invariability of relationship between the polar cap magnetic activity and geoeffective interplanetary electric field
Authors: Troshichev O. A. , Podorozhkina N. A. , Janzhura A. S.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The PC (polar cap) index characterizing the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere is calculated with use of parameters α, β, and φ, determining the relationship between the interplanetary electric field (EKL) and the value of magnetic activity δF in the polar caps. These parameters were noted as valid for large and small EKL values, and as a result the suggestion was made (Troshichev et al., 2006) that the parameters should remain invariant irrespective of solar activity. To verify this suggestion, the independent sets of calibration parameters α, β, and φ were derived separately for the solar maximum (1998–2001) and solar minimum (1997, 2007–2009) epochs, with a proper choice of a quiet daily variation (QDC) as a level of reference for the polar cap magnetic activity value. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that parameters α, β, and φ, derived under conditions of solar maximum and solar minimum, are indeed in general conformity and provide consistent (within 10 % uncertainty) estimations of the PC index. It means that relationship between the geoeffective solar wind variations and the polar cap magnetic activity responding to these variations remains invariant irrespective of solar activity. The conclusion is made that parameters α, β, and φ derived in AARI#3 version for complete cycle of solar activity (1995–2005) can be regarded as forever valid.
Intercontinental trans-boundary contributions to ozone-induced crop yield losses in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Hollaway M. J. , Arnold S. R. , Challinor A. J. , Emberson L. D.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Enhanced surface ozone concentrations are known to be harmful to vegetation, reducing crop growth and yields. Tropospheric ozone concentrations have increased steadily since pre-industrial times, driven by in-situ production from anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), CO and volatile organic compounds. Transport of ozone and its precursors between continents has been shown to contribute to surface ozone air quality exceedences in many regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Using a global atmospheric chemistry model, we have quantified for the first time, intercontinental contributions to crop ozone exposure and yield reduction in the Northern Hemisphere. We apply three metrics (AOT40/M7/M12) to assess the impacts of NOx emissions from each of the Northern Hemispheres three major industrialised regions (North (N) America, South East (SE) Asia and Europe) on global and regional exposure of 6 major agricultural crop types to harmful ozone concentrations, and the resultant yield losses during the 2000 growing season. Using these metrics, model calculations show that for wheat, rice, cotton and potato, 100 % reductions in SE Asian anthropogenic NOx emissions tend to produce the greatest global reduction in crop yield losses (48.8 to 94.7 %) with the same cuts to N American emissions resulting in the greatest global impact on crop yield reductions for maize and soybean (57.5 to 81.7 %). N American NOx emissions produce the largest transboundary impact, resulting in European yield loss reductions of between 12.4 % and 55.6 %, when a 100 % cut is applied to NOx emissions from the N American region. European NOx emissions tend to produce a smaller transboundary impact, due to inefficiency of transport from the European domain. The threshold nature of the AOT40 ozone-exposure metric, results in a strong dependence of the diagnosed impact from trans-boundary emissions on local ozone concentration. In addition, we find that in parts of the United States, biomass burning emissions may make important contributions to ozone-induced crop yield reductions. Our results demonstrate that local air quality and emission control strategies have the potential to partly alleviate ozone-induced crop yield loss in continents downstream, in addition to effectively mitigating local ozone-induced yield losses.
Neural network based tomographic approach to detect earthquake-related ionospheric anomalies
Authors: Hirooka S. , Hattori K. , Nishihashi M. , Takeda T.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A tomographic approach is used to investigate the fine structure of electron density in the ionosphere. In the present paper, the Residual Minimization Training Neural Network (RMTNN) method is selected as the ionospheric tomography with which to investigate the detailed structure that may be associated with earthquakes. The 2007 Southern Sumatra earthquake (M = 8.5) was selected because significant decreases in the Total Electron Content (TEC) have been confirmed by GPS and global ionosphere map (GIM) analyses. The results of the RMTNN approach are consistent with those of TEC approaches. With respect to the analyzed earthquake, we observed significant decreases at heights of 250–400 km, especially at 330 km. However, the height that yields the maximum electron density does not change. In the obtained structures, the regions of decrease are located on the southwest and southeast sides of the Integrated Electron Content (IEC) (altitudes in the range of 400–550 km) and on the southern side of the IEC (altitudes in the range of 250–400 km). The global tendency is that the decreased region expands to the east with increasing altitude and concentrates in the Southern hemisphere over the epicenter. These results indicate that the RMTNN method is applicable to the estimation of ionospheric electron density.
On the complementariness of infrasound and seismic sensors for monitoring snow avalanches
Authors: Kogelnig A. , Suriñach E. , Vilajosana I. , Hübl J. , Sovilla B. , Hiller M. , Dufour F.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The paper analyses and compares infrasonic and seismic data from snow avalanches monitored at the Vallée de la Sionne test site in Switzerland from 2009 to 2010. Using a combination of seismic and infrasound sensors, it is possible not only to detect a snow avalanche but also to distinguish between the different flow regimes and to analyse duration, average speed (for sections of the avalanche path) and avalanche size. Different sensitiveness of the seismic and infrasound sensors to the avalanche regimes is shown. Furthermore, the high amplitudes observed in the infrasound signal for one avalanche were modelled assuming that the suspension layer of the avalanche acts as a moving turbulent sound source. Our results show reproducibility for similar avalanches on the same avalanche path.
Seismic reliability of steel moment resisting framed buildings retrofitted with buckling restrained braces
Authors: Güneyisi Esra Mete
Published: August 2011

The present paper investigates the seismic reliability of the application of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) for seismic retrofitting of steel moment resisting framed buildings through fragility analysis. Samples of regular three‐storey and eight‐storey steel moment resisting frames were designed with lateral stiffness insufficient to comply with the code drift limitations imposed for steel moment resisting frame systems in earthquake‐prone regions. The frames were then retrofitted with concentrically chevron conventional braces and BRBs. To obtain robust estimators of the seismic reliability, a database including a wide range of natural earthquake ground motion records with markedly different characteristics was used in the fragility analysis. Nonlinear time history analyses were utilized to analyze the structures subjected to these earthquake records. The improvement of seismic reliability achieved through the use of conventional braces and BRBs was evaluated by comparing the fragility curves of the three‐storey and eight‐storey model frames before and after retrofits, considering the probabilities of four distinct damage states. Moreover, the feasibility of mitigating the seismic response of moment resisting steel structures by using conventional braces and BRBs was determined through seismic risk analysis. The results obtained indicate that both conventional braces and especially BRBs improve significantly the seismic behavior of the original building by increasing the median values of the structural fragility curves and reducing the probabilities of exceedance of each damage state. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lrp5 and Lrp6 play compensatory roles in mouse intestinal development
Authors: Zhong Zhendong , Baker Jacob J. , Zylstra‐Diegel Cassandra R. , Williams Bart O.
Published: August 2011

Low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related proteins 5 and 6 (Lrp5 and Lrp6) are co‐receptors of Wnt ligands and play important roles in Wnt/β‐catenin signal transduction. Mice homozygous for a germline deletion of Lrp6 die at birth with several associated defects, while Lrp5‐deficient mice are viable. Here, we conditionally deleted Lrp5 and/or Lrp6 in the mouse gut (gut−/−) by crossing mice carrying floxed alleles of Lrp5 and Lrp6 to a strain expressing Cre recombinase from the villin promoter (villin‐Cre). The changes in morphology, differentiation, and Wnt signal transduction were validated using immunohistochemistry and other staining. Consistent with observations in mice carrying a homozygous germline deletion in Lrp5, intestinal development in Lrp5gut−/− mice was normal. In addition, mice homozygous for villin‐Cre‐induced deletion of Lrp6 (Lrp6gut−/−) were viable with apparently normal intestinal differentiation and function. However, mice homozygous for villin‐Cre inactivated alleles of both genes (Lrp5gut−/−; Lrp6gut−/−) died within 1 day of birth. Analysis of embryonic Lrp5gut−/−; Lrp6gut−/− intestinal epithelium showed a progressive loss of cells, an absence of proliferation, and a premature differentiation of crypt stem/precursor cells; no notable change in differentiation was observed in the embryos lacking either gene alone. Further immunohistochemical studies showed that expression of the Wnt/β‐catenin target, cyclin D1, was specifically reduced in the intestinal epithelium of Lrp5gut−/−; Lrp6gut−/− embryos. Our data demonstrate that Lrp5 and Lrp6 play redundant roles in intestinal epithelium development, and that Lrp5/6 might regulate intestinal stem/precursor cell maintenance by regulating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 31–38, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct modulation of the protein kinase a catalytic subunit α by growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases
Authors: Caldwell George B. , Howe Alan K. , Nickl Christian K. , Dostmann Wolfgang R. , Ballif Bryan A. , Deming Paula B.
Published: August 2011

The cyclic‐AMP‐dependent protein kinase A (PKA) regulates processes such as cell proliferation and migration following activation of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), yet the signaling mechanisms that link PKA with growth factor receptors remain largely undefined. Here we report that RTKs can directly modulate the function of the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKA‐C) through post‐translational modification. In vitro kinase assays revealed that both the epidermal growth factor and platelet derived growth factor receptors (EGFR and PDGFR, respectively) tyrosine phosphorylate PKA‐C. Mass spectrometry identified tyrosine 330 (Y330) as a receptor‐mediated phosphorylation site and mutation of Y330 to phenylalanine (Y330F) all but abolished the RTK‐mediated phosphorylation of PKA‐C in vitro. Y330 resides within a conserved region at the C‐terminal tail of PKA‐C that allosterically regulates enzymatic activity. Therefore, the effect of phosphorylation at Y330 on the activity of PKA‐C was investigated. The Km for a peptide substrate was markedly decreased when PKA‐C subunits were tyrosine phosphorylated by the receptors as compared to un‐phosphorylated controls. Importantly, tyrosine‐phosphorylated PKA‐C subunits were detected in cells stimulated with EGF, PDGF, and Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and in fibroblasts undergoing PDGF‐mediated chemotaxis. These results demonstrate a direct, functional interaction between RTKs and PKA‐C and identify tyrosine phosphorylation as a novel mechanism for regulating PKA activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 39–48, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High rate of solitary sentinel node metastases identification by fluorescence‐guided lymphatic imaging in breast cancer
Authors: Hirche Christoph , Mohr Zarah , Kneif Sören , Murawa Dawid , Hünerbein Michael
Published: August 2011

Background

The lymph node status was shown to be an important prognostic factor for breast cancer, but controversial issues remain. There has been increased focus on optimizing the visualization of lymph nodes for an accurate and selective approach to axillary lymph nodes. Fluorescence‐guided lymphatic imaging is a potential candidate for further research on remaining controversies.

Methods

Forty‐seven patients were subject to injection of indocyanine green for navigation to the SLN based on fluorescent dye retention detection. In two groups, patients either received intended axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for superstaging or isolated SLNB for minimal‐invasive staging. The prospective study was designed to evaluate the technical feasibility with focus on solitary positive SLN.

Results

Visualization of lymphatic vessels with bright fluorescence of the SLN was feasible in 46 of 47 patients. Eighteen of 19 nodal positive patients were correctly identified with a sensitivity of 94.7% in all patients after ALND. After immunohistochemistry, in 19 of 25 overall nodal positive patients (76%) the SLN was the only positive lymph node.

Conclusion

Fluorescence‐guided imaging using fluorescence retention detection allows transcutaneous navigation with a high rate of solitary positive SLN identification as an alternative technique for further research. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:162–166. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DIEL DIFFERENCES IN 0+ FISH SAMPLES: EFFECT OF RIVER SIZE AND HABITAT
Authors: Janáč M. , Jurajda P.
Published: August 2011

Studies of diel patterns in 0+ fish assemblages in rivers are scarce and produce contradictory results. We compared day and night electrofishing samples at 29 sites on rivers of different sizes in the Czech Republic. Diel patterns of 0+ fish differed among sites, but were consistent within each river stretch. River size was negatively correlated with both the day : night ratio of abundance (day samples produced more 0+ fish in smaller streams, night samples produced more 0+ fish in larger rivers) and similarity between day and night assemblage. A higher day : night ratio of abundance and lower similarity between day and night samples were observed at shelter‐lacking habitats (beach) compared with shelter‐providing habitats (boulder bank and flooded terrestrial vegetation). Differences in 0+ fish size were not dependant on diel period, river size, habitat or species. Day‐only or night‐only samples provided only two‐third of the information provided by a combination of day and night samples. The effect of habitat type and river size on diel differences in electrofishing catches should be considered when deciding on 0+ fish sampling protocol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RNA dynamics: perspectives from spin labels
Authors: Nguyen Phuong , Qin Peter Z.
Published: August 2011

Dynamics are important and indispensible physical attributes that play essential roles in RNA function. RNA dynamics are complex, spanning vast timescales, and encompassing a large number of physical modes. The technique of site‐directed spin labeling (SDSL), which derives information on local structural and dynamic features of a macromolecule by monitoring a chemically stable nitroxide radical using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, has been applied to monitor intrinsic dynamics at defined structural states as well as to probe conformational transition dynamics of RNAs. The current state of SDSL studies of RNA dynamics is summarized here. Further development and application of SDSL promise to open up many more opportunities for probing RNA dynamics and connecting dynamics to structure and function.WIREs RNA2012, 3:62–72. doi: 10.1002/wrna.104

This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry
Clinical utilization of postoperative dendritic cell vaccine plus activated T‐cell transfer in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Shimizu Koichi , Kotera Yoshihito , Aruga Atsushi , Takeshita Nobuhiro , Takasaki Ken , Yamamoto Masakazu
Published: August 2011

Background

The prognosis of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is extremely poor and the recurrence rate after curative operation is very high. There is no standard treatment to prevent recurrence of ICC. In this study, we investigated the clinical utilization of a dendritic cell vaccine plus activated T‐cell transfer in an adjuvant setting for postoperative ICC.

Methods

36 patients with ICC were vaccinated at least 3 times with autologous tumor lysate pulsed dendritic cells plus ex‐vivo activated T‐cell transfer. The 5‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were measured and compared with those of 26 patients who received the curative operation alone as a concurrent control. The registration number was UMIN000005820.

Results

The median PFS and OS were 18.3 and 31.9 months in the patients receiving adjuvant immunotherapy and 7.7 and 17.4 months in the group receiving surgery alone (p = 0.005 and 0.022, respectively). In the treated group, patients whose skin reactions were 3 cm or more at the vaccine site showed dramatically better prognosis (PFSp < 0.001, OSp = 0.001).

Conclusions

A postoperative dendritic cell vaccine plus activated T‐cell transfer would be a feasible and effective treatment for preventing recurrence and achieving long‐term survival in ICC patients.
Redox‐proteomics of the effects of homogentisic acid in an in vitro human serum model of alkaptonuric ochronosis
Authors: Braconi Daniela , Bianchini Claretta , Bernardini Giulia , Laschi Marcella , Millucci Lia , Spreafico Adriano , Santucci Annalisa
Published: August 2011

Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare inborn error of metabolism associated with a deficient activity of homogentisate 1,2‐dioxygenase (HGO), an enzyme involved in tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolism. Such a deficiency leads to the accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA) and its oxidized/polymerized products in connective tissues, where melanin‐like pigments accumulate (ochronosis). Ochronosis involves especially joints, where an ochronotic arthropathy develops. Little is known on the molecular mechanisms leading to ochronosis and ochronotic arthropathy in AKU. Previous works of ours showed that HGA in vitro propagates oxidative stress through its conversion into benzoquinone acetate (BQA). We hence used an in vitro model consisting of human serum treated with HGA and evaluated the activities of glutathione related anti‐oxidant enzymes and levels of compounds indexes of oxidative stress. Proteomics and redox‐proteomics were used to identify oxidized proteins and proteins more likely able to bind BQA. Overall, we found that the production of ochronotic pigment in HGA‐treated serum is accompanied by lipid peroxidation, decreased activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase and massive depletion of thiol groups, together with increased protein carbonylation and thiol oxidation. We also found that BQA was likely to bind carrier proteins and naturally abundant serum proteins, eventually altering their chemico‐physical properties. Concluding, our work points towards a critical importance of thiol compounds in counteracting HGA‐ and BQA‐ mediated stress in AKU, so that future research for disease biomarkers and pharmacological treatments for AKU and ochronosis will be more easily addressed.
Mitochondrial ATP synthase: architecture, function and pathology
Authors: Jonckheere An I. , Smeitink Jan A. M. , Rodenburg Richard J. T.
Published: August 2011

Human mitochondrial (mt) ATP synthase, or complex V consists of two functional domains: F1, situated in the mitochondrial matrix, and Fo, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex V uses the energy created by the proton electrochemical gradient to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. This review covers the architecture, function and assembly of complex V. The role of complex V di‐and oligomerization and its relation with mitochondrial morphology is discussed. Finally, pathology related to complex V deficiency and current therapeutic strategies are highlighted. Despite the huge progress in this research field over the past decades, questions remain to be answered regarding the structure of subunits, the function of the rotary nanomotor at a molecular level, and the human complex V assembly process. The elucidation of more nuclear genetic defects will guide physio(patho)logical studies, paving the way for future therapeutic interventions.
Role of a Disordered Steroid Metabolome in the Elucidation of Sterol and Steroid Biosynthesis
Authors: Shackleton Cedric H. L.
Published: August 2011

In 1937 Butler and Marrian found large amounts of the steroid pregnanetriol in urine from a patient with the adrenogenital syndrome, a virilizing condition known to be caused by compromised adrenal secretion even in this pre‐cortisol era. This introduced the concept of the study of altered excretion of metabolites as an in vivo tool for understanding sterol and steroid biosynthesis. This approach is still viable and has experienced renewed significance as the field of metabolomics. From the first cyclized sterol lanosterol to the most downstream product estradiol, there are probably greater than 30 steps. Based on a distinctive metabolome clinical disorders have now been attributed to about seven post‐squalene cholesterol (C) biosynthetic steps and around 15 en‐route to steroid hormones or needed for further metabolism of such hormones. Forty years ago it was widely perceived that the principal steroid biosynthetic defects were known but interest rekindled as novel metabolomes were documented. In his career this investigator has been involved in the study of many steroid disorders, the two most recent being P450 oxidoreductase deficiency and apparent cortisone reductase deficiency. These are of interest as they are due not to mutations in the primary catalytic enzymes of steroidogenesis but in ancillary enzymes needed for co‐factor oxido‐reduction A third focus of this researcher is Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a cholesterol synthesis disorder caused by 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase mutations. The late George Schroepfer, in whose honor this article has been written, contributed greatly to defining the sterol metabolome of this condition. Defining the cause of clinically severe disorders can lead to improved treatment options. We are now involved in murine gene therapy studies for SLOS which, if successful could in the future offer an alternative therapy for this severe condition.
Fish Oil Supplementation During Late Pregnancy Does Not Influence Plasma Lipids or Lipoprotein Levels in Young Adult Offspring
Authors: Rytter Dorte , Schmidt Erik B. , Bech Bodil H. , Christensen Jeppe H. , Henriksen Tine B. , Olsen Sjurdur F.
Published: August 2011

Nutritional influences on cardiovascular disease operate throughout life. Studies in both experimental animals and humans have suggested that changes in the peri‐ and early post‐natal nutrition can affect the development of the various components of the metabolic syndrome in adult life. This has lead to the hypothesis that n‐3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy may have a beneficial effect on lipid profile in the offspring. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with n‐3 fatty acids during the third trimester of pregnancy on lipids and lipoproteins in the 19‐year‐old offspring. The study was based on the follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial from 1990 where 533 pregnant women were randomized to fish oil (n = 266), olive oil (n = 136) or no oil (n = 131). In 2009, the offspring were invited to a physical examination including blood sampling. A total of 243 of the offspring participated. Lipid values did not differ between the fish oil and olive oil groups. The relative adjusted difference (95% confidence intervals) in lipid concentrations was −3% (−11; 7) for LDL cholesterol, 3% (−3; 10) for HDL cholesterol, −1% (−6; 5) for total cholesterol,−4% (−16; 10) for TAG concentrations, 2%(−2; 7) for apolipoprotein A1, −1% (−9; 7) for apolipoprotein B and 3% (−7; 15) in relative abundance of small dense LDL. In conclusion, there was no effect of fish oil supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy on offspring plasma lipids and lipoproteins in adolescence.
Molluscan Assemblage from the Marine Palaeocene Sequence in Southwestern Kachchh, Gujarat
Authors: Kachhara R. P. , Devi K. Bigyapati , Jodhawat R. L.
Published: August 2011

Presence of oldest marine Tertiary rocks in Kachchh for a long time has remained debatable and controversial. To resolve the issue in better way authors have worked out a section along tributary of Kakdi Nadi about 0.5 km west of village Nareda in southwestern Kachchh and collected molluscan fauna. Systematic study of these fauna reveals presence of 15 taxa of which 12 are of bivalves and 3 of gastropods. This molluscan assemblage leads to the presence of marine Palaeocene sequence around Nareda. Recorded assemblage hitherto not known earlier from Kachchh.
Structural Analyses of the Crystalline Rocks between Dirang and Tawang, West Kameng District, Arunachal Himalaya
Authors: Srivastava Hari B. , Srivastava Vaibhava , Srivastava Rajesh K. , Singh Chandra Kant
Published: August 2011

In Kameng Valley of Arunachal Pradesh, the crystalline rocks of Se La Group of Higher Himalaya are thrust over the Lesser Himalayan rocks of Dirang Formation, Bomdila Group along the Main Central Thrust and exhibit well preserved structures on macro- to microscopic scales. Detailed analysis of structures reveals that the rocks of the area have suffered four phases of deformation D1, D2, D3 and D4. These structures have been grouped into (i) early structures (ii) structures related to progressive ductile thrusting and (iii) late structures. The early structures which developed before thrusting formed during D1 and D2 phases of deformation, synchronous to F1 and F2 phases of folding respectively. The structures related to progressive ductile shearing developed during D3 phase of deformation, when the emplacement of the crystalline rocks took place over the rocks of Dirang Formation along the Main Central Thrust. Different asymmetric structures/kinematic indicators developed during this ductile/brittle-ductile regime suggest top- to -SSW sense of movement of the crystalline rocks of the area. D4 is attributed to brittle deformation. Based on satellite data two new thrusts, i.e. Tawang and Se La thrusts have been identified parallel to Main Central Thrust, which are suggestive of imbricate thrusting. Strain analysis from the quartz grains of the gneissic rocks reveals constriction type of strain ellipsoid where k value is higher near the MCT, gradually decreases towards the north. Further, the dynamic analysis carried out on the mesoscopic ductile and brittle-ductile shear zones suggest a NNE-SSW horizontal compression corresponding to the direction of northward movement of Indian Plate.
Uranium Mineralisation Associated with Felsic Volcanism at Mohar, Shivpuri District, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Bhattacharya D. , Joshi G. B. , Sharma Rakesh
Published: August 2011

Several small lensoidal bodies of felsic volcanics are exposed in a curvilinear pattern within the brecciated granitoids of Bundelkhand Gneissic Complex (BGC) at Mohar. Sub-surface data reveals extensive presence of these felsic volcanics below the sediment of Vindhyan Supergroup. It occurs like a sheet with thickness varying from 12 m to 134 m. Its lateral extent has been traced upto 4.8 km. Multiple flows of felsic magma are identified based on colour, granularity, cross cutting relations and cyclic distribution of multiple vesicular bands along the entire thickness of felsic magma. The felsic rock contains upto 13.21% K2O. Chemical composition of these felsic volcanics varies across the column. Petrographically and chemically all these felsic volcanics are identified as rhyolite or rhyolite tuff.

Significant uranium mineralisation of 0.0165% eU3O8 average grade has been intercepted for 11.10 m thick with <0.005% ThO2 within the felsic rock. Radiometric assay of a mineralised intercept (15 cm length) has revealed up to 0.15% U3O8 with disequilibrium in favour of parent. Uranium occurs as disseminated grains of coffinite - (Y) associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, molybdenite, hematite, fluorite, anglesite and cerrusite. Mineral assemblage and mode of occurrence of the uranium and other minerals in the host rock indicates its hydrothermal nature. This is the first reported uranium occurrence from the volcanogenic environment of Bundelkhand.
Evaluation of Crustal and Upper Mantle Structures Using Receiver Function Analysis: ISM Broadband Observatory Data
Authors: Kayal J. R. , Srivastava V. K. , Kumar P. , Chatterjee Rima , Khan P. K.
Published: August 2011

A three-component broadband seismograph is in operation since January 2007 at the Indian School of Mines (ISM) campus, Dhanbad. We have used the broadband (BB) seismograms of 17 teleseismic events (M ≥ 5.8) recorded by this single BB station during 2008-09 to estimate the crust and upper mantle discontinuities in Dhanbad area which falls in the peninsular India shield. The converted wave technique and the Receiver function analysis are used. A 1-D velocity model has been derived using inversion. The Mohorovicic (Moho) discontinuity (crustal thickness) below the ISM observatory is estimated to be ~41 km, with an average Poisson ratio of ~0.28, suggesting that the crust below the Dhanbad area is intermediate to mafic in nature. The single station BB data shed new light to the estimate of crustal thickness beneath the eastern India shield area, which was hitherto elusive. Further, it is observed that the global upper mantle discontinuity at 410 km is delayed by ~0.6 sec compared to the IASP-91 global model; this may be explained by a slower/hotter upper mantle; while the 660 km discontinuity is within the noise level of data.
National regulations for a borderless industry: US versus UK approaches to online gambling
Authors: Beem Betsi , Mikler John
Published: August 2011

The digital revolution is a key enabling factor for globalisation. New borderless industries like online gambling are said to be the beneficiaries of it. States are not. Online gambling providers have located their operations in territories that license their operations and the industry has developed self-regulatory codes of practice, while two of the industry's largest markets have taken dramatically opposing regulatory approaches: the US has sought to prohibit online gambling, while the UK has regulated and actively encouraged it. We find that US prohibition of online gambling is largely the result of a historically nationally segmented market and regulatory structure that has been lacking in the UK. Rather than the global medium affecting the nature of the regulatory approaches, we demonstrate that the intersection of private market interests with the national public regulatory context is the reason why the UK has formally adopted many of the self-regulatory tools developed by the online gambling industry, effectively legitimising the industry's own framework for self-regulation, while the US has chosen not to do so.
Effect of dietary supplementation with unprocessed and ethanol-extracted apple pomaces on caecal fermentation, antioxidant and blood biomarkers in rats
Authors: Juśkiewicz Jerzy , Żary-Sikorska Ewa , Zduńczyk Zenon , Król Bogusław , Jarosławska Julia , Jurgoński Adam
Published: August 2011

The present 4-week study on growing Wistar rats was aimed at assessing the potential advantages of dietary supplementation with apple pomace containing both fibre and polyphenols, which enables nutritional exploitation of the physiological traits of both compounds. A total of twenty-four rats, assigned to the control (C), group fed with a diet supplemented with 14 % of processed apple pomace (A) and group fed with a diet supplemented with 15 % unprocessed apple pomace (AP) groups, were fed the following iso-fibrous diets: control, ethanol-extracted and unprocessed apple pomaces (low and high level of dietary polyphenols, i.e. 0·002 and 0·018 %, respectively). To measure the animal response, parameters describing the caecal fermentation, antioxidative status and lipoprotein profile of rats were assessed. Both dietary apple pomaces were found to significantly (P ≤ 0·05) decrease caecal pH and ammonia concentration, microbial β-glucuronidase activity as well as to increase caecal SCFA concentration in comparison to the control diet. The unprocessed pomace did not suppress caecal fermentation. Unlike the extracted one, the dietary apple pomace rich in polyphenols significantly (P ≤ 0·05v. C group) increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and serum antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble substances and significantly (P ≤ 0·05v. C group) decreased amounts of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver tissue. Moreover, the 4-week administration of the AP diet to rats evoked a significant decrease in serum glucose concentration (P ≤ 0·05v. C and A groups). In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the polyphenol-rich fibre complexes from apple pomace exerted positive effects on gastrointestinal physiology and antioxidant status of rats.
Wing shape as a potential discriminator of morphologically similar pest taxa within theBactrocera dorsalisspecies complex (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Schutze M.K. , Jessup A. , Clarke A.R.
Published: August 2011

Four morphologically cryptic species of theBactrocera dorsalisfruit fly complex (B. dorsalis s.s., B. papayae, B. carambolaeandB. philippinensis) are serious agricultural pests. As they are difficult to diagnose using traditional taxonomic techniques, we examined the potential for geometric morphometric analysis of wing size and shape to discriminate between them. Fifteen wing landmarks generated size and shape data for 245 specimens for subsequent comparisons among three geographically distinct samples of each species. Intraspecific wing size was significantly different within samples ofB. carambolaeandB. dorsalis s.s.but not within samples ofB. papayaeorB. philippinensis. AlthoughB. papayaehad the smallest wings (average centroid size=6.002 mm±0.061 SE) andB. dorsalis s.s.the largest (6.349 mm±0.066 SE), interspecific wing size comparisons were generally non-informative and incapable of discriminating species. Contrary to the wing size data, canonical variate analysis based on wing shape data discriminated all species with a relatively high degree of accuracy; individuals were correctly reassigned to their respective species on average 93.27% of the time. A single sample group ofB. carambolaefrom locality ‘TN Malaysia’ was the only sample to be considerably different from its conspecific groups with regards to both wing size and wing shape. This sample was subsequently deemed to have been originally misidentified and likely represents an undescribed species. We demonstrate that geometric morphometric techniques analysing wing shape represent a promising approach for discriminating between morphologically cryptic taxa of theB. dorsalisspecies complex.
Conceiving the Multitude: Eighteenth-Century Popular Riots and the Modern Language of Social Disorder
Authors: Sánchez León Pablo
Published: August 2011

The image of the crowd as an irrational, spontaneous multitude is commonly related to the works of a first generation of social psychologists writing in the early twentieth century, yet its basic features can be found in conceptual innovations developed as early as the Enlightenment. This article focuses on a particular protest in eighteenth-century Spain in order to reflect on the transformation in the meaning of essential terms which occurred in the semantic field of disorder. The so-calledmotín de Esquilacheof 1766 forced the authorities to renew their discourse in order to deprive the movement of legitimacy, fostering semantic innovation. The redefinition of riot implied a process of conceptualization that not only stressed the protagonism of the disenfranchized but also altered a long-established tradition that linked riots to conspiracies and devised a new anthropology depicting the populace as a subject unable to produce ideas on its own.
The Precariousness of Freedom in a Slave Society (Brazil in the Nineteenth Century)
Authors: Chalhoub Sidney
Published: August 2011

One of the main features of slavery in Brazil was that slaves had a better chance of achieving freedom than was the case in other slave societies. However difficult freedom may have been to obtain, significant rates of manumission resulted in a high percentage of free and freed people of color in the population of the country throughout the nineteenth century. This article analyzes facets ofthe structural precariousness of freedomin nineteenth-century Brazil. It deals with such themes as the constitutional restrictions on the political rights of freed persons; the masters’ interdiction of their slaves’ learning how to read and write; the practice of granting conditional manumissions; the masters’ right to revoke liberties; the illegal enslavement of free people of color; and police profiling of free and freed blacks under the allegation that they were suspected of being slaves. The idea is to highlight situations which often blurred the distinction between slavery and freedom, therefore rendering insecure the condition of free and freed people of African descent.
Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Confucian Moral Universe of Late Ming China (1550–1644)
Authors: Zurndorfer Harriet T.
Published: August 2011

This study pursues three goals: to unravel the socio-economic conditions which pushed women into prostitution and courtesanship, to analyse their position in Chinese society, and to relate what changes occurred at the end of the Ming dynasty that affected their status. According to contemporary judicial regulations, both prostitutes and courtesans were classified as “entertainers”, and therefore had the status ofjianmin[mean people], which made them “outcasts” and pariahs. But there were great differences, beyond the bestowal of sexual favours, in the kind of work these women performed. That courtesans operated at the elite level of society, and that they were often indistinguishable from women born into the upper or gentry class, is indicative of this era's blurry social strata, which has prompted scholars and writers to elevate the place of the educated courtesan in Ming society.
Jewish Ethics and Women's Work in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Arab-Islamic World
Authors: Hofmeester Karin
Published: August 2011

In this article, Moses Maimonides’interpretationof Jewish law on women and work – as reflected in hisMishneh Torah– is contrasted with the daily lives of Jewish working women as portrayed in the documents of the Cairo Geniza. Later rabbinic writings and European travel accounts are analysed to show how Jewish ethics of women and work were translated into social practice in the late medieval and early modern Arab-Islamic world, where Islamic law and the existence of separate worlds for men and women rather than the contrast between public and private spheres seem to have informed general ideas about women and work.
Labour Ideologies and Labour Relations in Colonial Portuguese America, 1500–1700
Authors: Botelho Tarcisio R.
Published: August 2011

During the two first centuries of Portuguese colonization in America there was an intense debate about the legitimacy of enslaving Africans and Indians. In Portuguese America, the mission to spread the Christian faith was connected with the subjection of populations on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean to an ideology that considered labour as God's punishment for Adam's sin. In that sense, the justification of the unfree labour inflicted upon Indians and Africans in Portuguese America was a product of the same ideology, one that condemned manual work as rendering a man dishonourable. The purpose of this article is to review the debate from its medieval origins in Portugal, and to examine what effect the arrival of the Jesuits in America had on that debate, until the final prohibition of Indian enslavement in the mid-eighteenth century, documented by letters, reports, and sermons.
Norms of Professional Excellence and Good Conduct in Accountancy Manuals of the Mughal Empire
Authors: Haider Najaf
Published: August 2011

In Mughal India, accounts were kept by individuals and institutions for purposes of reference and planning. Accountancy required a set of objectives and techniques for collecting, organizing, and presenting information so that it could then be put to use. It also fostered learning. Subsisting on formal or informal training, professional accountants equipped themselves with linguistic and mathematical skills, the art of notation, mnemonic devices, and the ability to translate loosely defined units into precise terms and numbers. Accountants were an important component of the state apparatus, village administration, and elite household management. In the seventeenth century manuals were produced in Persian by private individuals for the guidance of persons seeking to acquire proficiency in accountancy (siyaq) and clerical work. No study has been made so far of the manuals themselves nor of the people who compiled or used them. This introductory essay examines the manuals (generally titled Dasturu-l Amal) and the information they contain about the system of accountancy as well as about the professional ethics and norms of ideal behaviour of the secretarial class.
Free and Unfree Labour in the Colonial Andes in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Gil Montero Raquel
Published: August 2011

This article analyses free and unfree labour in mining centres in the Andes during early Spanish colonial times. It focuses on two themes: the condition of indigenous or “native” people as “free labourers”, and themitasystem of unfree labour. For that purpose I shall consider the cases of Potosí, the most important mining centre in the Andes, and San Antonio del Nuevo Mundo in southern Bolivia, a large mine unaffected by themitasystem of labour obligations.