bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
253 Determining the Relationship Between Different Risk Factors with Pelvic Organ Prolapse Incidence in Sows
Authors: Waltrich Andre , Rodrigues João Victor Facchini , Filho Rosiel Cavalcante , Siqueira Amanda P , Lisboa Pedro G , da Silva Gefferson Almedia , Vaz Gilberto Carlos , Silva Rodrigo , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve , Orlando Uislei A
Published: April 2022

Our objective was to evaluate the relationship of different putative factors with the occurrence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in sows. Data from 1,028 sows (PIC Landrace or PIC Camborough, Hendersonville TN) was collected at the final third of gestation, pre-farrowing, at farrowing, and post-farrowing from July to September 2021 in 2 sow farms located in South of Brazil. The annualized prolapse incidence from the 2 farms in 2021 was 2.22 and 3.63%. Whole-herd information and individual sow measurements were collected, including prolapse incidence, farrowing assistance, performance records, tail length, body condition score measured by caliper, perineal score (PS), fecal score (FS), oxytocin use. A logistic regression model using PROC LOGISTIC in SAS (Cary, NC) was utilized to assess risk factors associated with POP incidence rate, with sow as the experimental unit. Sows with PS3 and PS2 had greater (P < 0.001) POP incidence compared with sows with PS1 (38.46, 9.41, and 0.96%, respectively). Thin sows had greater (P < 0.001) POP incidence compared with ideal and fat sows combined (5.8 and 1.76%, respectively). Thin sows with FS1 (dry feces) had greater (P = 0.04) POP incidence compared with thin sows with FS2 and FS3 (normal feces; 8.09% and 1.81%, respectively), but no evidence for differences were observed for fat and ideal sows. Sows receiving farrowing assistance had higher (P <0.001) POP incidence compared with sows that were not sleeved (13.16 and 2.41%, respectively). Sows with tail length <13cm had greater (P = 0.01) POP incidence compared with sows with tail length >13cm (5.18 and 2.25%, respectively). There was also no evidence for an association between use of oxytocin (P = 0.38), total pigs born (P = 0.38), or total litter weight (P = 0.53) and POP incidence. In summary, PS, body condition, FS, farrowing assistance, and tail length appeared to be contributing factors associated with POP incidence in this system.
249 Relationships Between Sow, Litter, and Piglet Parameters and the Rectal Temperature of Piglets at Birth and 30 Min After Birth
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Shull Caleb M , Ellis Michael
Published: April 2022

The objective was to evaluate relationships between sow, litter, and piglet parameters and piglet rectal temperature at birth and 30 min after birth. Data (460 sows/litters; 1,240 piglets) were from 5 studies conducted on the same commercial farrowing facility with the same management. Sow variables included parity and rectal temperature at start of farrowing, and use of farrowing induction. Piglet variables included birth weight, rectal temperature at 0 and 30 min after birth, birth interval (time from the birth of the previous piglet), birth order, and sex. Other variables included room temperature at start of farrowing and number of piglets born alive. Piglets were only handled to collect measurements; no interventions were used. Data were analyzed using PROC REG of SAS. Models accounted for the linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of each independent variable. Mean piglet temperature at birth and 30 min was 38.8 ± 0.55°C and 35.7 ± 1.35°C, respectively. For piglet birth temperature, all variables were related except farrowing induction and piglet sex (Table 1). The relationship with sow temperature at start of farrowing was positive and had the greatest R2 value (0.18). For piglet 30 min temperature, all variables were related (P ≤ 0.05) except sow parity, farrowing induction, and piglet sex (Table 1). The relationship with piglet birth weight was positive and had the greatest R2 value (0.31). Multivariate models including all significant (P ≤ 0.05) terms explained 35 and 50% of the variation in piglet birth and 30 min temperature, respectively. In conclusion, the primary factor affecting piglet birth and 30 min temperature was sow temperature and piglet birth weight, respectively. However, even when combining all of the factors, a large proportion of the variation in piglet temperature at both times remained unexplained.
256 Body Condition Association with Production Records and Feed Management Decisions
Authors: Taylor William E , Matthew Romoser , David Stender , Rademacher Christopher , Ross Jason W , Stalder Kenneth J
Published: April 2022

Body condition prior to and after farrowing has been shown to be associated with sow productivity. The objective for this study was to evaluate body condition impacts at a snapshot in time and determine its association with sow production measures. Data were collected from Midwestern commercial breed-to-wean farms (n = 3). These farms represented typical commercial genetic maternal lines and management systems. Two separate sow groups were measured at each farm representing sows entering farrowing (pre-farrow, n = 717, d 90 – 113 gestation) and sows that had been most recently weaned (post-farrow, n =756, d 2 – 30 post-weaning). A BCS sow caliper was used to objectively assess body condition. Using the caliper measurements, condition was broken into 3 categories: “thin” (< 12), “ideal” (13-15), and “fat” (>16). Production records were obtained for number born live, stillborn, mummified, and weaned piglets as well as the wean-to-estrus interval. Data were evaluated using the mixed model methods (PROC MIXED, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Pre-farrow caliper measurements indicated sows categorized as “fat” had fewer pigs born live compared with “thin” sows (P < 0.15). Sows classified as “fat” prior to farrowing had the least number of pigs weaned compared with sows in “ideal” or “thin” condition (P < 0.05). Retrospective post-farrow results revealed there was tendency for “thin” sows to have had more pigs born live than “fat” sows (P < 0.15). “Thin” sows had weaned the most pigs when compared with sows in either the “ideal” or “fat” category (P < 0.05). This suggests that gestational feed management and preventing sows from putting on excessive body fat prior to farrowing has positive effects on the number of pigs born alive at the subsequent farrowing and pigs weaned following lactation. This leads to feed savings and economic benefits.
32 Communicating Sustainability to Consumers–Finding Common Ground
Authors: Ballerstedt Peter J
Published: April 2022

“Sustainable” and “regenerative,” are popular, if misunderstood, terms. Much of what the non-agricultural audience believes those terms represent have been the focus of agricultural research, extension and practice for decades. Agricultural producers are disconnected from food consumers in numerous ways, including a lack of communication and, therefore, understanding. The ability to bridge this gap through social media must be accepted by those willing to do so. One strategy is to find points of common interest and building from those starting points. Human nutrition / metabolic health is an example. The majority of adult Americans do not enjoy optimal metabolic health. Many diagnosed with metabolic syndrome or one of its related chronic diseases are discovering that a lifestyle intervention featuring Therapeutic Carbohydrate Reduction (TCR) dramatically improves their health. Such a diet includes more animal source foods (especially red meat and full fat dairy) than currently recommended by the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and others. These individuals and their supporting healthcare professionals are receptive to well-founded messages regarding the essential role of ruminant animal agriculture in sustainable food systems. Benefits to those of us in animal agriculture include: Greater visibility; Market opportunities; Political support; Better health for all of us.
36 Kansas State University Feedlot Boot Camp and Teaching Program: Growing Student Interest and Engagement in the Feedlot Industry
Authors: Fike Karol E , Anderson Pete T
Published: April 2022

The Kansas State University Collegiate Feedlot Boot Camp and Teaching Program was initiated in January 2019 with the goal to develop student knowledge, skills, and professional relationships in feedlot management to help meet critical need for trained professionals in the feedlot industry. Allied industry supporters including feedlot nutrition and veterinary consultants, pharmaceutical companies, and lenders, as well as feedlot owners/managers and the Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences and Industry collaborated to develop, sponsor, and offer the program, which is offered at no cost to students who are selected. Specific objectives are to train students in aspects of feedlot management through a 4-d comprehensive “Boot Camp” at Western Kansas feedlots, enhance students’ likelihood of participating in feedlot internships, and cultivate students’ vision of potential career paths within the industry. Boot Camp topics include cattle health, feeding and nutrition, feedlot design and maintenance, and the business of cattle feeding. A networking dinner brings students and feedlot managers together to facilitate students gaining internship and full-time employment with feedlots. Following the January Boot Camp, students share individual presentations on relevant industry topics. Presentations are recorded and shared with feedlot managers to further engagement between students and feedlot managers. Later in the spring semester students also participate in a half-day cattle processing experience at a feedlot near Kansas State to provide additional insight and experience with feedlot health management. Limited to 20 participants per year, 59 undergraduate students have completed the program. When surveyed, over 98% (58/59) of student participants agreed with the statement “My interest in pursuing an internship and (or) career in the feedlot industry grew as a result of this Boot Camp.” Approximately 50% of students participated in feedlot internships or earned full-time jobs working in feedlots. Ranging from students with little to no experience with feedlots to being raised on beef cow-calf or feedlot operations, progress is being made in growing student interest and awareness of career opportunities in the feedlot industry.
37 Enhancing Student Experiences Outside the Classroom: Industry Tour and Study Abroad Opportunities
Authors: Swanson Tara
Published: April 2022

Experiential learning has become a cornerstone in most educational systems. The concept continues to prosper as we see a greater population of animal and equine science undergraduate students coming from urban backgrounds with minimal hands-on animal experience. Experiential learning is accomplished through many pathways in our educational system including, but not limited to: laboratories, internships, field experience, study abroad, and research. Providing these learning options is integral to the success of our students as they enter the workforce. In the Department of Animal Sciences at North Dakota State University we strive to provide unique opportunities to enhance student learning. Study abroad and industry tours are exceptional approaches to expose students to professional opportunities, diversity within industries, international practices, and cultural differences. Although these experiences may or may not offer physical hands-on activities they provide life-changing opportunities for many students, allowing them to gain new perspectives and become more globally aware. Focusing on methods to provide the participants with a sense of ownership is key to immersion within the programs. Having an open dialect where student input is considered, and feedback is applied when forming an itinerary ensures the trips are relevant and diverse. Student understanding of the process from start to finish is imperative. Discussions of travel, culture, tour locations, and expectations prior to departure will help better prepare students for the once in a lifetime experience, they will have traveling on a study abroad or industry tour. While organizing study abroad and industry tour itineraries preparation is key to offering a successful and in-depth experience. Consideration should be placed on allowing students to reflect, analyze, and apply the information obtained. Combining the physical travel with the above three things will result in an impactful experience.
239 Relationship Between Body Temperature and Behavior-Activities of Non-Pregnant Early Lactation Dairy Cows
Authors: Brunton Mercedes E , Montes Maria Elisa , Mann Adrianna , Teeple Kelsey , George Uduak , Boerman Jaquelyn P , Casey Theresa
Published: April 2022

Animal behavior is a component of animal welfare and known to affect physiology as a primary input to the circadian system. Our objectives were to determine if non-pregnant, early lactation dairy cows in a free-stall exhibited circadian rhythms of behavior and core body temperature, and if oscillations in daily behaviors and activities of a cow relate to daily oscillations in body temperature or estrus, parity, and days in milk (DIM). Thirty Holstein cows (21-80 DIM) were observed for a 48-h period. The activities of standing, eating, ruminating, lying, and estrus behavior were recorded every 10 min. Data loggers (ibuttons) secured to blank (progesterone removed) controlled internal drug release (CIDR) devices were placed intravaginally in a subset of cows (n = 11) to record body temperature every 10 min over the same 48 h period. Cows were milked twice each day starting approximately 05:00 and 17:00, and the 70 min period encompassed moving cows to and from the milking parlor. The entire period cows were away from the free-stall was marked as milking. An ethogram was created using a binary system (0,1), with 1 for each behavior. Behavior and temperature data were graphed for visualization, and cosine fit analysis found lack of evidence for circadian rhythms. Programs in R were used to plot behavior to overlay temperature recordings over the 48 h period to determine if temperature varied with behavior-activity. Temperature increased during milking periods in 8 of 11 cows (statistical method in development), but no other relationships were found. To study patterns of behavior, an adjacency matrix was utilized to create a directed graph for each cow. Analysis of the effect of estrus, parity and DIM on behavior patterns is ongoing. Computational approaches are currently being developed that may serve as tools to analyze the effect of production management systems on cow behavior.
242 Effects of Providing a Liquid Sensory Attractant to Suckling Pigs in Lactation and After Weaning on Post-Weaning Pig Performance
Authors: Kim Ty , Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , McKilligan Denny , Upah Nathan
Published: April 2022

A total of 28 litters corresponding with 355 nursery pigs were used in a 42-d trial to determine the effect of a liquid sensory attractant (BlueLite Pro2Lyte; TechMix Global; Stewart, MN) pre- and post-weaning on the feed intake and growth of pigs after weaning. Treatments were arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial with main effects of: 1) pre-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), 2) post-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), and 3) body weight category (light/heavy). Litters that received liquid attractant pre-weaning were provided approximately 88 mL per d, divided into 2 applications, sprayed on the underline of sows for 2-d beginning the morning after farrowing and 2-d prior to weaning. In total, pigs received attractant for 4-d pre-weaning. After weaning, pens of pigs that received liquid attractant were offered approximately 56 mL per d, divided into 3 applications, sprayed on the feed in the feeder pan for 3-d post-weaning. Overall, pre and post-weaning liquid sensory attractant did not have a significant effect (P > 0.10) on growth performance of pigs after weaning. For the percentage of pigs that lost weight by d 3 after weaning, a 3-way interaction was observed (P = 0.016). Sensory attractant pre- or post-weaning reduced the percentage of heavyweight pigs that lost weight after weaning; however, for lightweight pigs, providing the attractant only pre-weaning increased the percentage of pigs that lost weight after weaning. Additionally, a greater percentage of heavyweight pigs lost weight on d 3 (P = 0.007) and d 7 (P = 0.051) compared with lightweight pigs. In summary, liquid sensory attractant application pre- and post-weaning had limited effects on the growth performance of pigs; however, varying responses were observed for the percentage of pigs that lost weight immediately after weaning. Strategies to reduce the number of pigs that lose weight after weaning warrant further investigation.
243 Assessment of Modified Corn Protein as a Protein and Energy Source for Nursery Pigs
Authors: De Mille Carson M , Messerich Hailey , Johnson Jessica M , Miller Kayla A , Nisley Mitchell J , Mertz Keith , Gabler Nicholas K
Published: April 2022

Our objective was to evaluate modified corn protein (MCP) as a protein and energy source in nursery pig diets. A total of 198 weaned pigs (6.25 ± 0.95 kg BW) were assigned across 18 pens (11 pigs/pen) and 2 dietary treatments using a complete randomized design. Pigs were fed in 3 phases consisting of 7, 14, and 21 d respectively. In phases 1 and 2, diets included: 1) Control or 2) 10% MCP, while all pigs were on a common phase 3 diet. Diets were formulated to be iso-caloric with SID Lys at 1.45, 1.40 and 1.35% for phases 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F within phase and overall. At the end of phase 2, fecal samples were collected for determination of apparent total tract digestibility coefficients (ATTD) for dry matter, energy and nitrogen. Pen was considered the experimental unit and all data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect. In phases 1 and 2, ADG, ADFI and G:F did not differ between Control and MCP treatments (P > 0.05). Similarly, performance did not differ between treatments in phase 3 (P > 0.05). Overall, end BW (25.7 vs. 25.3 kg), ADG (0.42 vs. 0.44 kg/d), ADFI (0.58 and 0.61 kg/d) and G:F (0.71 vs. 0.70) did not differ (P > 0.05) between the Control and MCP treatments, respectively. However, compared with the Control, phase 2 ATTD coefficients for dry matter (80.6 vs. 78.2%), nitrogen (77.5 vs. 75.2%) and gross energy (79.7 vs. 76.9%) were significantly reduced in the MCP treatment (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MCP provided equal nursery pig performance when used as an alternative protein and energy source in diet formulations despite lower ATTD.
PSIII-1 Are There Attitudinal Age Differences for Mexican Swine Caretakers Toward Euthanasia?
Authors: Yarian Jacob , Stalder Kenneth J , Arruda Andréia , Ross Jason W , Skaar Brad , Pairis-Garcia Monique , Jass Cassandra , Millman Suzanne , Robles Ivelisse , Johnson Anna K
Published: April 2022

Hispanic and Latino workers represent a growing sector of the swine industry, yet their attitudes euthanasia remain unclear. The objective was to investigate how Mexican TN visa caretaker age affects their euthanasia attitudes. Forty caretakers from a single swine company were enrolled and allocated to 1 of 2 treatments; ≤30 yr (n = 20) and >30 yr (n = 20). All completed a 47-question online survey in Spanish. Demographic questions included age, sex, highest educational degree earned, and euthanasia experience. Non-demographic questions were ranked on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). Questions were categorized into 4 groups (a) confidence defined as knowing a pig is unlikely to recover, and can identify what is wrong (b) knowledge defined as having the skills to care for a ill or injured pig before euthanasia, and knowing how to complete euthanasia (c) decision defined as their thought process that results in a timely euthanasia treatment option and, (d) comfort defined as their feelings towards conducting euthanasia and how they cope afterwards. Furthermore, questions were delineated into adult pig and piglet. A total of 25 male (63%) and 15 female (38%) caretakers completed the survey, 99% had higher education, with 55% never euthanizing an animal prior to working with pigs. Median caretaker responses indicated that they were confident (≤30 yr 4.1 pig/4.0 piglet; >30 yr 4.0 pig/piglet), had knowledge (≤30 yr 3.0 pig and piglet; >30 yr 3.0 pig and piglet), could make timely euthanasia decisions (3.33 for both ages and pig types) and were comfortable performing and coping with euthanasia (≤30 3.08 and >30 3.17 pig; ≤30 3.10 and >30 3.20 piglet). In conclusion, for Mexican TN visa holders, age does not affect their attitude towards euthanasia, which was positive. This is encouraging because their actions will support swine welfare.
PSIII-2 Are There Attitudinal Differences Between Male and Female Mexican Swine Caretakers Toward Euthanasia?
Authors: Yarian Jacob , Stalder Kenneth J , Arruda Andréia , Ross Jason W , Skaar Brad , Pairis-Garcia Monique , Jass Cassandra , Millman Suzanne , Robles Ivelisse , Johnson Anna K
Published: April 2022

Hispanic and Latino workers represent a growing sector of the swine industry, yet their attitudes on euthanasia remain unclear. The objective was to investigate how euthanasia attitudes differ between male and female Mexican TN visa caretakers. A total of 32 (16 male and 16 female) caretakers from a single swine company were enrolled. All completed a 31-question online survey in Spanish. Demographic questions included age, sex, highest educational degree earned, and euthanasia experience. Non-demographic questions were ranked on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree). Questions were categorized into 4 groups (a) confidence defined as knowing a pig is unlikely to recover, and can identify what is wrong (b) knowledge defined as having the skills to care for a ill or injured pig before euthanasia, and knowing how to complete euthanasia (c) decision defined as their thought process that results in a timely euthanasia treatment option and, (d) comfort defined as their feelings towards conducting euthanasia and how they cope afterwards. Furthermore, questions were delineated into adult pig and piglet. Caretaker mean average age was 32 yr (range 24 to 53 yr), and 99% had received a higher education, with 63% never euthanizing an animal prior to working with pigs. Median caretaker responses indicated that they were confident for both pigs and piglets (Male 4.25; Female 4.13), had knowledge (Male 3.34; Female 3.17), could make timely euthanasia decisions (Male 3.33; Female 3.33) and were comfortable performing and coping with euthanasia (Male 3.08 pigs/3.14 piglets; Female 3.17 pigs/3.40 piglets). In conclusion, for Mexican TN visa holders, being male or female does not affect their attitude towards euthanasia, which was positive. This is encouraging because their actions will support swine welfare.
PSIII-5 Effect of Graded Eimeria Vaccine Challenges on Broiler Chicken Performance
Authors: Hernandez Robert A , Klasing Kirk , Liu Yanhong
Published: April 2022

Infection with apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria causes damage to gastrointestinal epithelial cells and increases the malabsorption of nutrients in broiler chickens, resulting in depressed performance and economic loss. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of graded Eimeria vaccine challenges on growth performance, oocyst shedding, and plasma carotenoid levels. A total of 140 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks (55.49 ± 2.55 g BW) were housed in environmentally controlled Petersime battery brooders with modified wire floors, containing 5 birds per pen with 7 replicate pens per treatment. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: a negative control and 3 positive treatments that received 15×, 20×, or 25× the recommended vaccination dose. At 10 d of age, positive treatment birds orally received the ADVENT coccidiosis vaccine containing unattenuated strains of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella. Body weight, average daily gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined after 10, 15, and 20 d of age. On d 15 and 20, one random bird per pen was bled for plasma carotenoid analysis and feces from each pen was collected for oocyst quantification. Body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio were significantly depressed (P < 0.05) among all positive treatments when compared with the negative control on d 20, but no treatment effect on feed intake was observed. Similarly, birds in positive treatment groups had decreased (P < 0.05) plasma carotenoid levels and greater (P < 0.05) oocysts per gram of feces than the negative control on d 20. No differences were observed in performance, plasma carotenoid levels, and fecal oocysts among treatments on d 15. These results indicate that 15, 20, or 25 doses of the ADVENT vaccine can be used to replicate subclinical coccidiosis in broiler chickens.
PSII-13 Effect of Body Weight, Body Temperature, and Blood Glucose on the Survivability of Pull Pigs After Removal
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Stephenson Ethan
Published: April 2022

A total of 988 nursery pigs were used to determine the effect of body weight, body temperature, and blood glucose on the survivability of pull pigs after removal. At weaning, pigs were transported to a 24,000 head hotel-style nursery and placed in rooms based on sow source. Over a 4-week period post-placement, every other pig removed from the general population for welfare considerations (lameness, sick, or fallback) were tagged, weighed, and their body temperature and blood glucose measured. Mortality was tracked through the end of the nursery or approximately 38 d post-placement. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with room as a random effect. The predictor variables of body weight, body temperature, and blood glucose were categorized into biologically significant categories and LSMeans were determined using a binary model with mortality as the outcome. Pigs with a body weight under 4.5 kg at removal had increased mortality rate (32.4%; P< 0.001) compared with pigs with a body weight between 4.5 and 5.4 kg (20.8%) or greater than 5.4 kg (14.6%) at removal. Pigs with a body temperature below 38.6°C or above 39.7°C at removal had increased mortality rate (33.4 or 26.8%, respectively; P < 0.001) compared with pigs with a body temperature between 38.6 and 39.7°C (17.7%) at removal. Pigs with a blood glucose greater than 120 mg/dL at removal had increased mortality rate (43.5%; P < 0.001) compared with pigs with a blood glucose less than 70 mg/dL (23.0%) or between 70 and 120 (17.9%) at removal. In summary, pull pigs with low bodyweight, high or low body temperature, or high blood glucose had decreased survivability. The results of this study indicate that there are metabolic differences between nursery pigs at the time of removal and that these differences may influence survivability.
PSII-15 Effect of Secondary Iron Injection to Suckling Pigs on Growth Performance and Hematocrit Level in Suckling Period
Authors: Albers Sarah , Isensee Paige , Pintens Emily , Lemanski Clara , Jang Young Dal
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of secondary iron injection in suckling pigs on growth performance and hematocrit level in the suckling period. At d 1 of age, a total of 24 suckling pigs from 4 litters were allotted into 3 treatments within litter (8 pigs per treatment) based on body weight and gender as follows: 1) Control: no additional iron injection, 2) Iron100: secondary intramuscular injection of 100 mg iron-dextran, and 3) Iron200: secondary intramuscular injection of 200 mg iron-dextran. The initial 200 mg iron-dextran was injected intramuscularly on d 1 of age with a second injection given to the pigs on 11 d before weaning (d 16 of age). All piglets were weaned at d 27 of age. Body weight and hematocrit level were measured at d 0, 7, and 11 (weaning) post-injection. There was no significant difference in growth performance among the treatments. The Iron100 and Iron200 treatments had greater hematocrit levels than the Control treatment at d 7 and 11 post-injection (P < 0.05) with a greater hematocrit level in the Iron200 treatment than the Iron100 treatment at d 11 post-injection (P < 0.05; 34.25, 38.75, and 41.19% for Control, Iron100 and Iron200, respectively). For changes in hematocrit level, the Iron100 and Iron200 treatments had greater increases than the Control treatment in d 0-7 and d 0-11 post-injection (P < 0.05; -1.31, 4.31, and 5.75%) with no difference between the Iron100 and Iron200 treatments. In d 7-11 post-injection, the Iron200 treatment had a greater increase in hematocrit level than the Iron100 treatment with an intermediate value in the Control treatment (P < 0.05; 0.44, -0.06 and 1.38%). In conclusion, the secondary iron injection to suckling piglets did not affect growth performance until weaning whereas the injections increased hematocrit levels resulting in a greater value at weaning in the higher level of second iron injection.
PSII-19 Supplementing Calcium Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (CAHMB) and Vitamin D3 to Sows Increases Piglet Weights
Authors: Mohr Mike , Rathmacher John A , Fuller John C
Published: April 2022

Previous studies have shown that supplementing sows with calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (CaHMB) or CaHMB plus Vitamin D3 in late gestation and/or lactation improved piglet weight through weaning. This study was conducted at a commercial farrowing operation to confirm previous results, and 52 sows were studied, 26 in each of 2 groups. Sows were randomized to receive either 3 g/d CaHMB plus 500 IU/d Vitamin D3 (HMB/D) or a calcium carbonate containing control top-dressed to the morning ration from day 104 of gestation through weaning. Group 1 consisted of older sows, 4th and 5th parity, while Group 2 sows were younger, 2nd and 3rd parity. Three sows failed to farrow, 1 died after farrowing and 1 farrowed late, therefore forty-seven sows were included in the analysis. Treatment with HMB/D had no effect on sow weights, lactational weight loss, pre- or post-farrowing body condition score, stillborn piglets, mummified piglets, or number of piglets born alive or weaned. In both farrowing groups, birth and 24-hour weights of the piglets from HMB/D-supplemented sows were increased (P < 0.0001). Piglets from sows supplemented with HMB/D were 9.7% heavier at birth and at 24 hours were 9.2% heavier, 1,418.6±21.2 and 1,549.3±22.0 g in Control and HMB/D, respectively. Analysis of birth to weaning dates demonstrated that Control piglets were on average one-half day older than HMB/D piglets at weaning (P < 0.0001). However, adjusting the weaning weights to a standardized 21-d weight (5,205.6±99.5 and 5,423.9±103.5 g for Control and HMB/D piglets, respectively) did not demonstrate statistical significance (P = 0.13). Further analysis by group showed HMB/D tended to increase weaning weights in younger sows (Group 2), 5,073.7±142.7 in Controls, 5,431.7±150.7 g in HMB/D piglets (P < 0.09). In conclusion, our results agree with previous studies demonstrating CaHMB and HMB/D supplementation increased early piglet weights with a tendency to improve weaning weights.
PSII-12 Effect of a Supplemental Water Source on Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Hammers Kelsey L , Jasper Jessica , Kern Simon , Johnston Lee J , Knott Jeff S , Boerboom Mike J
Published: April 2022

Crossbred pigs (Fast Genetics 276 × PIC 800; n = 2,388; initial BW = 74.1 ± 2.0 kg) were used in two, 63-d growth trials to evaluate the addition of a water source (fixed double nipple waterer) to wet/dry feeders on finishing pig performance. Pigs were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments with 27 to 30 pigs per pen and 40 pens per treatment. Pens were equipped with a wet/dry feeder (SDI, drop shelf wet/dry feeder) with no supplemental water or a wet/dry feeder with a supplemental water source available from 74 kg BW until marketing. Growth data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure with repeated measures over time. The model included fixed effects of water treatment, trial, and time with all possible two-way interactions. Removals, mortalities, and total removals were analyzed using a binomial distribution. No differences (P > 0.05) in body weight were observed initially or at the last marketing event between water source treatments; however, a supplemental water source tended (P = 0.061) to decrease average market weight compared to pigs not given a supplemental waterer (Table). Overall average daily gain (ADG) was lower (P = 0.011) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) was decreased (P = 0.002) for pigs given a supplemental waterer compared to pigs only drinking from a wet/dry feeder. No differences were observed for the percentage of mortalities, pigs removed, or total removals (P > 0.05) regardless of treatment. Finally, daily water disappearance was 2.5 liters greater for pigs with a supplemental waterer compared to pigs with no supplemental waterer. In conclusion, the addition of a supplemental water source to wet/dry feeders decreased growth performance.
(PSIV-18) Standardized Ileal Digestible Amino Acids and Digestible Energy Contents in Two Modified Soy Protein Concentrates and Soybean Meal Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Huber Lee-Anne , Zhu Cuilan , Hansen Lauren , Kozole Cierra , Alfonso Cristhiam Jhoseph Munoz , Mark Jessica , Kakhki Reza Akbari Moghaddam , Rho Youngji , Kiarie Elijah
Published: April 2022

Six ileal-cannulated barrows (28.0±1.3 kg initial BW) were used in an incomplete Latin square design over four periods (n=7 or 6) to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and digestible energy of two modified soy protein concentrates [MSPC1 and MSPC2] and soybean meal (SBM). Pigs were fed one of three cornstarch-based diets with either MSPC1 or MSPC2 or SBM as the sole source of AA at a rate of 2.8 × estimated maintenance energy requirement. In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 days followed by 2 days of fecal collection and subsequently, 2 days of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 hours. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses from a previous study for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. The digestible energy of the ingredients was calculated according to the difference method using the nitrogen-free diet that contained the same cornstarch:sucrose:oil ratio as the three test diets. The SID of crude protein was greater for MSPC1 (96.9%) than for SBM (91.3%; P < 0.05), while an intermediate value was observed for MSPC2 (94.3±1.2%). The SID of Ile, Leu, Lys (93.9%), Phe, and Val were not different between MSPC1 and MSPC2 but greater than for SBM (SID Lys: 84.5±1.7%; P < 0.05). The SID of His, Met, and Thr were greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), which were not different. The SID of Arg was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), and greater for MSPC2 than SBM (P < 0.05). The digestible energy was greater for MSPC1 (4,677 kcal/kg) than MSPC2 and SBM (3,896±239 kcal/kg; P < 0.05), which were not different. Therefore, the MSPC1 was a better source of SID AA and digestible energy than either MSPC2 or SBM and could be used as a high-quality protein ingredient in swine rations.
PSIV-9 Effect of Increasing the Level of a Modified Corn Protein on Nursery Pig Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency, and Fecal Dry Matter
Authors: Warner Alan J , Mertz Keith , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: April 2022

A total of 360 barrows (DNA Line 200×400; initially 6.1±0.05 kg) were used in a 38-d study to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of a modified corn protein product on nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter. Upon arrival to the nursery research facility, pigs were randomly assigned to pens (5 pigs/pen) and pens were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments (12 pens/treatment). Experimental diets were fed in 2 phases. Phase 1 (d 0-10) diets were formulated to contain 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15% of a modified corn protein or 6% enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM). Additions of the modified protein product and ESBM were reduced by 50% for phase 2 (d 10 to 25) diets and were: 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 3.0%, respectively. Nutrient loading values were provided by the supplier and diets were formulated to maximize L-Lysine HCl while keeping SID Lys:CP and SID AA:Lys similar across treatments. A common phase 3 diet was fed from d 25-38. During the experimental period (d 0-25), ADG (quadratic, P = 0.030) and ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.036) increased, and G:F worsened (linear, P = 0.006) as the amount of modified corn protein increased. For the overall experiment (d 0-38), ADG (quadratic, P = 0.028) and ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.032) increased then decreased and G:F tended to decrease (linear, P = 0.066) with increasing modified corn protein. There was a marginally significant treatment×day interaction (quadratic, P = 0.064) where fecal DM tended to increase (P = 0.051) on d 25 as the level of the modified corn protein was increased, but no evidence for change on d 10 (P > 0.10). These data suggest that the modified corn protein tested in this trial may be an alternative protein source to consider for nursery pig diets, when fed up to 12% in phase 1 and 6% in phase 2.
PSV-2 Beneficial Impact of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larvae Oil on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Eickleberry Caitlyn , Koutsos Elizabeth , McComb Alejandra , van Heugten Eric
Published: April 2022

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil is a sustainably sourced insect-derived lipid that is notably high in lauric acid. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of BSFL oil on nursery pig growth performance, and serological and hematological indices. This study was conducted using newly weaned nursery pigs (n = 143; BW = 6.70±0.09 kg) that were randomly assigned within BW blocks to 22 mixed sex pens (5 to 7 pigs/pen; 10 to 12 replicated per treatment). Dietary treatments consisted of a control diet with 4% poultry fat or a diet with 4% BSFL oil replacing poultry fat. Treatment diets were fed in 3 phases of 14 d each, for a total study period of 42 d. Pigs fed BSFL oil had greater ADG for Phase 1 (P < 0.001), 2 (P < 0.001), 3 (P = 0.036), and overall (P < 0.001; 484 vs. 409 g/d), resulting in a greater BW at the end of the study (P = 0.005). Feed intake was greater for pigs fed BSFL oil during Phase 2 (P = 0.007) and overall (P = 0.022; 710 vs. 626 g/d), and gain:feed was improved only during Phase 1 (P=0.004). Supplemental BSFL oil did not affect (P > 0.06) serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, urea N, creatinine, glucose, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, triglycerides, amylase, lipase, cholesterol, or creatine phosphokinase, but decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.023) and increased serum Cl concentrations (P = 0.046). White blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelet count were not affected (P >0.07) by BSFL oil. Blood analytical results were within normal expected ranges. Results indicate that BSFL oil effectively improved growth performance of nursery pigs without impacting serological and hematological parameters.
PSVI-1 Effect of Dietary Sodium and Pharmacological Zinc Levels on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Stas Ethan , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: April 2022

A total of 360 pigs (initially 5.7±0.2 kg) were used to determine the effect of pharmacological levels of Zn and dietary Na concentration on nursey pig growth performance. The experiment compared NRC (2012) and European CVB (2020) Na estimates for this weight range (0.35% and 0.24%, respectively), with or without added Zn from ZnO. At weaning, pigs were randomly allotted to pens (6 pigs/pen) and fed a common diet for 7 d. On d-7 after weaning (d-0 of trial), pigs were assigned to 6 dietary treatments with 10 replications/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial with main effects of Zn (0 or 2,000 ppm from ZnO) and Na (0.13, 0.24, or 0.35% from salt). All diets contained 110 ppm of Zn from the trace mineral premix. Following a 14-d experimental period, pigs were fed a common phase 3 diet for 21-d. There were no Zn×Na interactions for ADG or ADFI (P >0.05). From d 0-14, adding dietary ZnO or increasing Na increased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI. An interaction for G:F (linear, P = 0.019) was observed where increasing Na up to 0.35% improved G:F when pharmacological levels of Zn were fed, but pigs fed diets without ZnO had a quadratic response (P =0.024) with maximum G:F at 0.24% dietary Na. From d 14-35 and overall, an interaction was observed (linear, P < 0.05) for G:F. Within the interaction, pigs previously fed diets without ZnO observed a linear decrease in G:F as Na level increased (linear, P =0.001), but pigs previously fed diets with ZnO observed no difference in G:F with increasing Na. In summary, increasing dietary Na and the addition of 2,000 ppm Zn from ZnO independently improved daily gain and feed intake in nursery pigs, but an improvement in G:F from increasing Na up to 0.35% was only observed when pharmacological ZnO was present.
PSVI-4 Effect of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Ammonia Emission in Finishing Swine
Authors: Moran Kory , Chamusco Sandra , Aumiller Tobias
Published: April 2022

Two independent studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of a commercially available phytogenic feed additive (essential oils blend and saponins) to reduce ammonia (NH3) emission in finishing swine. In each experiment, 72 barrows and gilts (Exp. 1: 30.7±3.35kg; Exp. 2: 26.2±1.85kg) were used during 110 and 77 d, respectively. In each experiment, pigs were housed in 8 gas-tight sealed chambers under controlled climatic conditions. Each chamber had three pens with a fully slatted floor. Pigs were allotted into 24 pens (3 pigs/pen). Treatments were assigned to the chambers (4 chambers/treatment). Dietary treatments were: 1) Control, and 2) Phytogenics (100g/MT AromexPro, Delacon Biotechnik GmbH). Diets were offered ad libitum and in mash form. Ammonia emissions were measured during the last 14 d of the experimental period of each study. Ammonia emissions were calculated per chamber as the experimental unit. Air NH3 concentration in the chambers was measured by a Photoacoustic Gas Monitor System INNOVA every 13 minutes. The ventilation rate of each chamber was used to calculate the emission rate. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. In Exp. 1, the phytogenics treatment significantly reduced by 19.5% the daily NH3 produced per animal, and by 20% the NH3 emission per kg body weight gained compared with the control treatment (12.94 vs. 16.07 g NH3/animal/day, P < 0.001 and 13.73 vs. 17.23 g NH3/kg BWG, P = 0.011). Similar findings were observed in Exp. 2, the phytogenic treatment significantly reduced by 19.8% the daily NH3 produced per animal and by 21% the NH3 emission per kg BWG compared with the control treatment (14.40 vs. 17.95 g NH3/animal/day, P = 0.01 and 13.58 vs. 17.18 g NH3/kg BWG, P = 0.01). In conclusion, the results suggest that the phytogenic feed additive used in the present studies can be implemented as a nutritional strategy to reduce NH3 emissions in finishing swine.
PSVI-7 Effects of Increasing Total Dietary Fiber During Gestation and the Pre-Farrowing Period on Sow and Litter Performance in Lactation
Authors: Martinez Gabriela E , Rosero David , Wilcock Pete , Paz Ximena , van Heugten Eric
Published: April 2022

This study evaluated the effects of increasing total dietary fiber (TDF) during gestation and the pre-farrowing period to improve sow and litter performance. Sows (n = 117) were assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement consisting of the following factors: 1) gestation diet with low fiber (9% TDF) or high fiber (18%TDF) using primarily wheat middlings and soyhulls as the fiber sources; and 2) pre-farrowing pelleted supplement (no top-dress or top-dress). The top-dress was formulated to contain 43% TDF, using soyhulls and wheat middlings as the fiber sources and was provided at 0.91 kg daily on top of the normal feed allotment from the time sows were transferred into the farrowing house (112±1 d of gestation) until parturition. Fiber composition of the gestation diet and additional fiber from the top-dress fed pre-farrowing did not impact sow BW at placement (P = 0.39) or at weaning (P = 0.48). High fiber supplementation during gestation reduced the entry-to-farrow days (P = 0.007). The number of pigs born alive tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for sows fed the top-dress (13.03 and 12.88, within low and high fiber diets, respectively) compared with sows not receiving top-dress (11.89 and 11.42). Number of stillborn pigs (1.58, 1.26, 1.30, and 1.64 for the high fiber without and with top-dress, and low fiber without and with top-dress, respectively, P = 0.75) and number of weaned pigs (9.96, 10.30, 9.56, and 9.72) were not impacted by dietary treatments (P = 0.64). However, number of small weaned pigs was less when top-dress was provided to sows fed low fiber diets compared with top-dress supplementation to high fiber diets (0.33 vs 1.30; interaction, P = 0.02). Results suggest that high fiber supplementation during gestation and additional fiber fed immediately pre-farrowing did not influence sow BW, whereas top-dress tended to increase the number of pigs born alive and decreased the number of non-viable pigs at weaning when added to low fiber diets.
PSVII-10 Tonisity PxW Improves Pig Performance to End-Nursery
Authors: Putrino CallaBria , Buzoianu Stefan G , Kahler Katlyn , Firth Ava M
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of administering Tonisity PxW to pigs for 5 d post-weaning on water intake, weight, mortality and fall-behinds until 6 weeks post-weaning. Tonisity PxW (Tonisity Inc, St. Joseph, MO) is a water-soluble supplement containing gut-enhancing amino acids and electrolytes. Tonisity PxW was compared with a commercially available electrolyte (named as Electrolyte-B). The study randomly allocated 5,665 gilts (8 batches; ~21-day weaning; ~3-hour travel), over an 8-month period on a single USA gilt-multiplication farm. Tonisity PxW was administered at a 0.2%-0.1%-0.1%-0.05%-0.05% concentration on d 1-2-3-45 post-weaning. Electrolyte-B was administered as per manufacturer’s instructions (0.2% for 5 d post-weaning). Both treatments were administered ad libitum through the waterlines, with separate water meters for each treatment. Data was collected by treatment for water intake, mortality and fall-behinds, and by pen for weights (weaning, day 14 and day 42 post-weaning; N = 430). Mortality and fall-behinds were analyzed using Fisher’s test. Weights and water intake were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Treatment was a fixed effect. Study day (for water) and weighing day (for weights) were included as repeated measures. Batch was included as random. Weaning weight was a covariate in the weight analysis. Data are presented as LSM±SEM. P ≤ 0.05 is considered significant. The PxW pigs consumed 22% more water on d 1 post-weaning (1.08±0.06 vs 0.89±0.06 L; P = 0.04), and 9% more water over 5 d post-weaning (1.34±0.05 vs 1.23 ±0.05 L; P = 0.19) than Electrolyte-B pigs. The PxW group had 65% fewer fall-behinds (P < 0.0001) and 17% less mortality (P = 0.28) than the Electrolyte-B group. PxW pigs weighed 300 g more than Electrolyte-B pigs at d 42 post-weaning (21.8±0.18 vs 22.1±0.18 kg; P = 0.17). Tonisity PxW resulted in significantly greater water intake in the first 24 hours post-weaning and significantly fewer fall-behinds until d 42 post-weaning compared with Electrolyte-B.