bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Observations and Combined Effects of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves and Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Teng S. , Ma Q. , Tao X.
Published: August 2021

Magnetosonic (MS) waves and Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are important plasma waves in the magnetosphere. Using the Van Allen Probes observations from 2012 to 2017, we constructed the global distribution of simultaneous occurrence of MS and EMIC waves. We found a total of 214 events and the waves distribute from the noon sector to the duskside. Furthermore, we quantitatively analyze the combined effects of both waves on protons and electrons by calculating the particle diffusion coefficients and 2‐D Fokker‐Planck diffusion simulations. The simulation results show the combined effects of MS and EMIC waves. High‐frequency EMIC waves and intense MS waves at low proton harmonics are essential for the enhanced proton acceleration at several hundred eV and enhanced electron loss at several MeV. Our results provide new sights into understanding the distribution of MS and EMIC waves and evaluating their combined effects on the evolution of energetic particles.
Quantifying Relative Contributions of Light‐Absorbing Particles From Domestic and Foreign Sources on Snow Melt at Sapporo, Japan During the 2011–2012 Winter
Authors: Niwano M. , Kajino M. , Kajikawa T. , Aoki T. , Kodama Y. , Tanikawa T. , Matoba S.
Published: August 2021

Depositions of light‐absorbing particles (LAPs), such as black carbon (BC) and dust, on the snow surface modulate the snow albedo; therefore, they are considered key factors of snow‐atmosphere interaction in the present‐day climate system. However, their detailed roles have not yet been fully elucidated, mainly due to the lack of in‐situ measurements. Here, we develop a new model chain NHM‐Chem‐SMAP, which is composed of a detailed regional meteorology‐chemistry model and a multilayered physical snowpack model, and evaluate it using LAPs concentrations data measured at Sapporo, Japan during the 2011–2012 winter. NHM‐Chem‐SMAP successfully reproduces the in‐situ measured seasonal variations in the mass concentrations of BC and dust in the surface snowpack. Furthermore, we find that LAPs from domestic and foreign sources played a role in shortening the snow cover duration by 5 and 10 days, respectively, compared to the completely pure snow condition.
Quantifying the Effect of Precipitation on Landslide Hazard in Urbanized and Non‐Urbanized Areas
Authors: Johnston Elizabeth C. , Davenport Frances V. , Wang Lijing , Caers Jef K. , Muthukrishnan Suresh , Burke Marshall , Diffenbaugh Noah S.
Published: August 2021

Although most landslides are precipitation‐triggered, a number of other complex conditions simultaneously predispose any given slope to failure, with the impact of urbanization posing particular scientific challenges. We use panel regression with fixed effects—which controls for observed and unobserved time‐variant and time‐invariant influences—to quantify the effect of precipitation accumulation on landslide concentration across the Pacific Coast region of the United States. We find that landslide hazard is most sensitive to precipitation variations in urbanized areas. This finding is robust across 1‐day, 10‐day, and 30‐day periods of precipitation accumulation, among individual Pacific Coast states, and when the analysis is confined to the San Francisco Bay Area (a subregion with both urban and rural areas). Our results corroborate existing hypotheses that urbanization increases landslide hazard, while demonstrating the importance of considering interactions with urbanization when predicting landslide hazard in the current climate, and under climate change scenarios.
Weakened Antarctic Dipole Under Global Warming in CMIP6 Models
Authors: Li Shujun , Cai Wenju , Wu Lixin
Published: August 2021

The Antarctic dipole (ADP) depicts the leading mode of interannual variability over the Antarctic region in both sea ice and surface air temperature (SAT) fields. The ADP is superimposed on the long‐term climatic trends, modulating the response of the mean climate to external forcing by modifying the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The response of the ADP to greenhouse warming is unknown. Based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 models that capture main characteristics of the ADP, we find a robust reduction in variability of ADP under greenhouse warming. The warming‐induced sea ice loss limits the magnitude of ADP SAT variability through surface albedo feedback. The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) are two main triggering mechanisms of the ADP on interannual time scale. In a warmer climate, decreased variability of the SAM contributes to weakened ADP but increased ENSO variability plays an offsetting role.
Revisiting the Ocean Color Algorithms for Particulate Organic Carbon and Chlorophyll‐a Concentrations in the Ross Sea
Authors: Chen Shuangling , Smith Walker O. , Yu Xiaolei
Published: August 2021

The Ross Sea is the most productive marginal sea in the Southern Ocean and plays an important role in carbon cycling. However, limited sampling of Chlorophyll‐a (Chl) and particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations from research expeditions constrains our understanding of the biogeochemical processes there. Satellites provide a useful tool for synoptic mapping of surface water properties on regional and global scales, yet the general applicability of the published algorithms in the Ross Sea is poorly known. Based on the data collected from 18 cruises in the past 20 years, we analyzed both the NASA standard and locally developed Chl and POC algorithms applicable to the Ross Sea. Our results show that Chl and POC are markedly underestimated using the NASA standard algorithms, with root mean square difference (RMSD) of 4.72 mg m−3 and 218.0 mg m−3, and mean bias of −3.48 mg m−3 and −159.1 mg m−3, for a wide range of Chl (0.42–16.3 mg m−3) and POC (46.8–812 mg m−3). Similar poor performances were also found for other algorithms applicable in the Ross Sea. We locally tuned both Chl and POC algorithms, and found that the Rrs667‐based approach showed the most robust performances in retrieving both Chl and POC, with improved RMSD of 2.86 mg m−3 and 129.7 mg m−3, and limited biases. Our results show that the algal bloom signals in the Ross Sea in terms of Chl and POC are significantly greater than previously determined. More field observations will further constrain the locally tuned algorithms.
Telocytes promote hepatocellular carcinoma by activating the ERK signaling pathway and miR-942-3p/MMP9 axis
Authors: Xu Ying , Tian Hu , Luan Chao Guang , Sun Kai , Bao Peng Jin , Zhang Hua Yu , Zhang Nan
Published: August 2021

In China, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered a malignant tumor with poor prognosis, frequent metastasis, and a high relapse rate. Telocytes (TCs) participate in tumorigenic, invasive, and migratory processes by secreting functional proteins and transmitting cell-to-cell information, but their functions in HCC are still unknown. TC counts and MMP9 expression in liver cancer tissues were measured using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and RT-PCR. Primary TCs from liver para-cancer tissues were cultured in vitro. To verify the role of TCs in HCC, a metastatic cancer animal model was established using three types of liver cancer cell lines in vivo. TCs promoted HCC cell metastasis by MMP9 expression in vitro and in vivo. Platelet-derived growth factor-alpha (PDGF-α), secreted by HCC cells, activated the Ras/ERK signaling pathway in TCs, thereby increasing MMP9 expression; Moreover, miR-942-3p suppressed MMP9 expression in TCs. Our results reveal the role of TCs in HCC and the mechanisms by which they elicit their effects, and they may serve as novel prognostic markers for HCC.
4D-imaging of drip-line radioactivity by detecting proton emission from 54mNi pictured with ACTAR TPC
Authors: Giovinazzo J. , Roger T. , Blank B. , Rudolph D. , Brown B. A. , Alvarez-Pol H. , Arokia Raj A. , Ascher P. , Caamaño-Fresco M. , Caceres L. , Cox D. M. , Fernández-Domínguez B. , Lois-Fuentes J. , Gerbaux M. , Grévy S. , Grinyer G. F. , Kamalou O. , Mauss B. , Mentana A. , Pancin J. , Pibernat J. , Piot J. , Sorlin O. , Stodel C. , Thomas J.-C. , Versteegen M.
Published: August 2021

Proton radioactivity was discovered exactly 50 years ago. First, this nuclear decay mode sets the limit of existence on the nuclear landscape on the neutron-deficient side. Second, it comprises fundamental aspects of both quantum tunnelling as well as the coupling of (quasi)bound quantum states with the continuum in mesoscopic systems such as the atomic nucleus. Theoretical approaches can start either from bound-state nuclear shell-model theory or from resonance scattering. Thus, proton-radioactivity guides merging these types of theoretical approaches, which is of broader relevance for any few-body quantum system. Here, we report experimental measurements of proton-emission branches from an isomeric state in 54mNi, which were visualized in four dimensions in a newly developed detector. We show that these decays, which carry an unusually high angular momentum, ℓ = 5 and ℓ = 7, respectively, can be approximated theoretically with a potential model for the proton barrier penetration and a shell-model calculation for the overlap of the initial and final wave functions.
A microRNA program regulates the balance between cardiomyocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy and stimulates cardiac regeneration
Authors: Raso Andrea , Dirkx Ellen , Sampaio-Pinto Vasco , el Azzouzi Hamid , Cubero Ryan J. , Sorensen Daniel W. , Ottaviani Lara , Olieslagers Servé , Huibers Manon M. , de Weger Roel , Siddiqi Sailay , Moimas Silvia , Torrini Consuelo , Zentillin Lorena , Braga Luca , Nascimento Diana S. , da Costa Martins Paula A. , van Berlo Jop H. , Zacchigna Serena , Giacca Mauro , De Windt Leon J.
Published: August 2021

Myocardial regeneration is restricted to early postnatal life, when mammalian cardiomyocytes still retain the ability to proliferate. The molecular cues that induce cell cycle arrest of neonatal cardiomyocytes towards terminally differentiated adult heart muscle cells remain obscure. Here we report that the miR-106b~25 cluster is higher expressed in the early postnatal myocardium and decreases in expression towards adulthood, especially under conditions of overload, and orchestrates the transition of cardiomyocyte hyperplasia towards cell cycle arrest and hypertrophy by virtue of its targetome. In line, gene delivery of miR-106b~25 to the mouse heart provokes cardiomyocyte proliferation by targeting a network of negative cell cycle regulators including E2f5, Cdkn1c, Ccne1 and Wee1. Conversely, gene-targeted miR-106b~25 null mice display spontaneous hypertrophic remodeling and exaggerated remodeling to overload by derepression of the prohypertrophic transcription factors Hand2 and Mef2d. Taking advantage of the regulatory function of miR-106b~25 on cardiomyocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy, viral gene delivery of miR-106b~25 provokes nearly complete regeneration of the adult myocardium after ischemic injury. Our data demonstrate that exploitation of conserved molecular programs can enhance the regenerative capacity of the injured heart.
Reactive pathways toward parasitic release of singlet oxygen in metal-air batteries
Authors: Pierini Adriano , Brutti Sergio , Bodo Enrico
Published: August 2021

The superoxide disproportionation reaction is a key step in the chemistry of aprotic metal oxygen batteries that controls the peroxide formation upon discharge and opens the way for singlet oxygen release. Here we clarify the energy landscape of the disproportionation of superoxide in aprotic media catalyzed by group 1A cations. Our analysis is based on ab initio multireference computational methods and unveils the competition between the expected reactive path leading to peroxide and an unexpected reaction channel that involves the reduction of the alkaline ion. Both channels lead to the release of triplet and singlet O2. The existence of this reduction channel not only facilitates singlet oxygen release but leads to a reactive neutral solvated species that can onset parasitic chemistries due to their well-known reducing properties. Overall, we show that the application of moderate overpotentials makes both these channels accessible in aprotic batteries.
Direct roll transfer printed silicon nanoribbon arrays based high-performance flexible electronics
Authors: Zumeit Ayoub , Dahiya Abhishek Singh , Christou Adamos , Shakthivel Dhayalan , Dahiya Ravinder
Published: August 2021

Transfer printing of high mobility inorganic nanostructures, using an elastomeric transfer stamp, is a potential route for high-performance printed electronics. Using this method to transfer nanostructures with high yield, uniformity and excellent registration over large area remain a challenge. Herein, we present the ‘direct roll transfer’ as a single-step process, i.e., without using any elastomeric stamp, to print nanoribbons (NRs) on different substrates with excellent registration (retaining spacing, orientation, etc.) and transfer yield (∼95%). The silicon NR based field-effect transistors printed using direct roll transfer consistently show high performance i.e., high on-state current (Ion) >1 mA, high mobility (μeff) >600 cm2/Vs, high on/off ratio (Ion/off) of around 106, and low hysteresis (<0.4 V). The developed versatile and transformative method can also print nanostructures based on other materials such as GaAs and thus could pave the way for direct printing of high-performance electronics on large-area flexible substrates.
From hidden metal-insulator transition to Planckian-like dissipation by tuning the oxygen content in a nickelate
Authors: Guo Qikai , Noheda Beatriz
Published: August 2021

Heavily oxygen-deficient NdNiO3 (NNO) films, which are insulating due to electron localization, contain pristine regions that undergo a hidden metal-insulator transition. Increasing oxygen content increases the connectivity of the metallic regions and the metal-insulator transition is first revealed, upon reaching the percolation threshold, by the presence of hysteresis. Only upon further oxygenation is the global metallic state (with a change in the resistivity slope) eventually achieved. It is shown that sufficient oxygenation leads to linear temperature dependence of resistivity in the metallic state, with a scattering rate directly proportional to temperature. Despite the known difficulties to establish the proportionality constant, the experiments are consistent with a relationship 1/τ = αkBT/ℏ, with α not far from unity. These results could provide experimental support for recent theoretical predictions of disorder in a two-fluid model as a possible origin of Planckian dissipation.
Network organisation and the dynamics of tubules in the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Perkins Hannah T. , Allan Victoria J. , Waigh Thomas A.
Published: August 2021

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a eukaryotic subcellular organelle composed of tubules and sheet-like areas of membrane connected at junctions. The tubule network is highly dynamic and undergoes rapid and continual rearrangement. There are currently few tools to evaluate network organisation and dynamics. We quantified ER network organisation in Vero and MRC5 cells, and developed an analysis workflow for dynamics of established tubules in live cells. The persistence length, tubule length, junction coordination number and angles of the network were quantified. Hallmarks of imbalances in ER tension, indications of interactions with microtubules and other subcellular organelles, and active dynamics were observed. Clear differences in dynamic behaviour were observed for established tubules at different positions within the cell using itemset mining. We found that tubules with activity-driven fluctuations were more likely to be located away from the cell periphery and a population of peripheral tubules with no signs of active motion was found.
Prevalence of sarcopenia in idiopathic dropped head syndrome patients is similar to healthy volunteers
Authors: Igawa Tatsuya , Ishii Ken , Isogai Norihiro , Suzuki Akifumi , Ishizaka Masahiro , Funao Haruki
Published: August 2021

Dropped head syndrome (DHS) exhibits cervical deformity due to weakness of the cervical extensor group, and sarcopenia is characterized by progressive and systemic reduction in skeletal muscle mass. These clinical finding are associated with reduced activity of daily living, reduced quality of life, and increased risk of mortality. We collected and reviewed prospective registry data for 16 patients with idiopathic DHS continuously collected without dropping out and 32 healthy individuals who matched their gender and age. The prevalence of sarcopenia and body composition data were compared. There were no differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia, appendicular muscle mass, and leg muscle mass between DHS patients and the healthy elderly. Trunk muscle mass in DHS patients was significantly lower than that in healthy individuals. A significant correlation was found between appendicular muscle mass and trunk muscle mass in healthy subjects but not in DHS patients. Sarcopenia was not associated with the onset of idiopathic DHS. The prevalence of sarcopenia was not high in patients with idiopathic DHS due to the preservation of their appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Patients with DHS were characterized by a significant loss of trunk muscle mass that may be related to the disease but not aging.
De novo transcriptome characterization of Iris atropurpurea (the Royal Iris) and phylogenetic analysis of MADS-box and R2R3-MYB gene families
Authors: Bar-Lev Yamit , Senden Esther , Pasmanik-Chor Metsada , Sapir Yuval
Published: August 2021

The Royal Irises (section Oncocyclus) are a Middle-Eastern group of irises, characterized by extremely large flowers with a huge range of flower colors and a unique pollination system. The Royal Irises are considered to be in the course of speciation and serve as a model for evolutionary processes of speciation and pollination ecology. However, no transcriptomic and genomic data are available for these plants. Transcriptome sequencing is a valuable resource for determining the genetic basis of ecological-meaningful traits, especially in non-model organisms. Here we describe the de novo transcriptome assembly of Iris atropurpurea, an endangered species endemic to Israel’s coastal plain. We sequenced and analyzed the transcriptomes of roots, leaves, and three stages of developing flower buds. To identify genes involved in developmental processes we generated phylogenetic gene trees for two major gene families, the MADS-box and MYB transcription factors, which play an important role in plant development. In addition, we identified 1503 short sequence repeats that can be developed for molecular markers for population genetics in irises. This first reported transcriptome for the Royal Irises, and the data generated, provide a valuable resource for this non-model plant that will facilitate gene discovery, functional genomic studies, and development of molecular markers in irises, to complete the intensive eco-evolutionary studies of this group.
In vivo multimodal retinal imaging of disease-related pigmentary changes in retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Meleppat Ratheesh K. , Ronning Kaitryn E. , Karlen Sarah J. , Burns Marie E. , Pugh Edward N. , Zawadzki Robert J.
Published: August 2021

Melanosomes, lipofuscin, and melanolipofuscin are the three principal types of pigmented granules found in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Changes in the density of melanosomes and lipofuscin in RPE cells are considered hallmarks of various retinal diseases, including Stargardt disease and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Herein, we report the potential of an in vivo multimodal imaging technique based on directional back-scattering and short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-FAF) to study disease-related changes in the density of melanosomes and lipofuscin granules in RPE cells. Changes in the concentration of these granules in Abca4−/− mice (a model of Stargardt disease) relative to age-matched wild-type (WT) controls were investigated. Directional optical coherence tomography (dOCT) was used to assess melanosome density in vivo, whereas the autofluorescence (AF) images and emission spectra acquired with a spectrometer-integrated scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) were used to characterize lipofuscin and melanolipofuscin granules in the same RPE region. Subcellular-resolution ex vivo imaging using confocal fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy was performed on the same tissue region to visualize and quantify melanosomes, lipofuscin, and melanolipofuscin granules. Comparisons between in vivo and ex vivo results confirmed an increased concentration of lipofuscin granules and decreased concentration of melanosomes in the RPE of Abca4−/− mice, and provided an explanation for the differences in fluorescence and directionality of RPE scattering observed in vivo between the two mouse strains.
Clusters of hairpins induce intrinsic transcription termination in bacteria
Authors: Gupta Swati , Pal Debnath
Published: August 2021

Intrinsic transcription termination (ITT) sites are currently identified by locating single and double-adjacent RNA hairpins downstream of the stop codon. ITTs for a limited number of genes/operons in only a few bacterial genomes are currently known. This lack of coverage is a lacuna in the existing ITT inference methods. We have studied the inter-operon regions of 13 genomes covering all major phyla in bacteria, for which good quality public RNA-seq data exist. We identify ITT sites in 87% of cases by predicting hairpin(s) and validate against 81% of cases for which the RNA-seq derived sites could be calculated. We identify 72% of these sites correctly, with 98% of them located ≤ 80 bases downstream of the stop codon. The predicted hairpins form a cluster (when present < 15 bases) in two-thirds of the cases, the remaining being single hairpins. The largest number of clusters is formed by two hairpins, and the occurrence decreases exponentially with an increasing number of hairpins in the cluster. Our study reveals that hairpins form an effective ITT unit when they act in concert in a cluster. Their pervasiveness along with single hairpin terminators corroborates a wider utilization of ITT mechanisms for transcription control across bacteria.
Calcitonin gene related peptide α is dispensable for many danger-related motivational responses
Authors: Zajdel Joanna , Sköld Johan , Jaarola Maarit , Singh Anand Kumar , Engblom David
Published: August 2021

Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) expressing neurons in the parabrachial nucleus have been shown to encode danger. Through projections to the amygdala and other forebrain structures, they regulate food intake and trigger adaptive behaviors in response to threats like inflammation, intoxication, tumors and pain. Despite the fact that this danger-encoding neuronal population has been defined based on its CGRP expression, it is not clear if CGRP is critical for its function. It is also not clear if CGRP in other neuronal structures is involved in danger-encoding. To examine the role of CGRP in danger-related motivational responses, we used male and female mice lacking αCGRP, which is the main form of CGRP in the brain. These mice had no, or only very weak, CGRP expression. Despite this, they did not behave differently compared to wildtype mice when they were tested for a battery of danger-related responses known to be mediated by CGRP neurons in the parabrachial nucleus. Mice lacking αCGRP and wildtype mice showed similar inflammation-induced anorexia, conditioned taste aversion, aversion to thermal pain and pain-induced escape behavior, although it should be pointed out that the study was not powered to detect any possible differences that were minor or sex-specific. Collectively, our findings suggest that αCGRP is not necessary for many threat-related responses, including some that are known to be mediated by CGRP neurons in the parabrachial nucleus.
Observation of rescue behaviour in wild boar (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Masilkova Michaela , Ježek Miloš , Silovský Václav , Faltusová Monika , Rohla Jan , Kušta Tomáš , Burda Hynek
Published: August 2021

Here, we provide unique photo documentation and observational evidence of rescue behaviour described for the first time in wild boar. Rescue behaviour represents an extreme form of prosocial behaviour that has so far only been demonstrated in a few species. It refers to a situation when one individual acts to help another individual that finds itself in a dangerous or stressful situation and it is considered by some authors as a complex form of empathy. We documented a case in which an adult female wild boar manipulated wooden logs securing the door mechanism of a cage trap and released two entrapped young wild boars. The whole rescue was fast and particular behaviours were complex and precisely targeted, suggesting profound prosocial tendencies and exceptional problem-solving capacities in wild boar. The rescue behaviour might have been motivated by empathy because the rescuer female exhibited piloerection, a sign of distress, indicating an empathetic emotional state matching or understanding the victims. We discuss this rescue behaviour in the light of possible underlying motivators, including empathy, learning and social facilitation.
Analysis of the influence of a solenoid magnetic field in the azimuth transmission system
Authors: Yang Zhiyong , Song Junchen , Cai Wei , Lu Gaoxiang , Zhang Zhiwei
Published: August 2021

A solenoid magnetic field plays an important role in a non-line-of-sight azimuth transmission system based on polarization-maintaining fiber, which is directly related to the transmission accuracy of azimuth information. This research mainly studies the factors that affect the solenoid magnetic field according to the modulation signal from the direct current to the alternating current, as well as the hollow solenoid. First, the magnetic field components of the static solenoid are derived from the Biot–Savart law by using the uniform cylindrical current equivalent model. Then, the magnetic field of the near axial region is studied from the axial and radial directions, and the feasibility of calculating the magnetic field of the multi-layer solenoid with the superposition principle is verified by measuring the magnetic field of each position on the axis of the solenoid with a Gauss meter. Finally, the alternating electromagnetic field model is established using Maxwell’s equations, and the magnetic and electric fields of the hollow solenoid are further solved. The results show that the magnetic field in the middle part of the magneto-optic glass is more stable, and the magnetic collecting ability of the solenoid is stronger. The magnetic field intensity at the center of the magneto-optic modulation solenoid of the system is the largest, and it decreases with the distance from the center. The alternating electromagnetic field is closely related to frequency. The results provide a reference for the study of the azimuth accuracy of a non-line-of-sight azimuth transmission system.
Superhydrophobic functionalized cellulosic paper by copper hydroxide nanorods for oils purification
Authors: Belal Ahmed S. , Nady Jehan El , Shokry Azza , Ebrahim Shaker , Soliman Moataz , Khalil Marwa
Published: August 2021

Oily water contamination has been sighted as one of the most global environmental pollution. Herein, copper hydroxide nanorods layer was constructed onto cellulosic filter paper surface cured with polydopamine, Ag nanoparticles, and Cu NPs through immersion method. This work has been aimed to produce a superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cellulosic filter paper. The structure, crystalline, and morphological properties of these modified cellulosic filter paper were investigated. Scanning electron microscope images confirmed that the modified surface was rougher compared with the pristine surface. The contact angle measurement confirmed the hydrophobic nature of these modified surfaces with a water contact angle of 169.7°. The absorption capacity was 8.2 g/g for diesel oil and the separation efficiency was higher than 99%. It was noted that the flux in the case of low viscosity solvent as n-hexane was 9663.5 Lm−2 h−1, while for the viscous oil as diesel was 1452.7 Lm−2 h−1.
A numerical analysis of skin–PPE interaction to prevent facial tissue injury
Authors: Jobanputra Rikeen D. , Hayes Jack , Royyuru Sravani , Masen Marc A.
Published: August 2021

The use of close-fitting PPE is essential to prevent exposure to dispersed airborne matter, including the COVID-19 virus. The current pandemic has increased pressure on healthcare systems around the world, leading to medical professionals using high-grade PPE for prolonged durations, resulting in device-induced skin injuries. This study focuses on computationally improving the interaction between skin and PPE to reduce the likelihood of discomfort and tissue damage. A finite element model is developed to simulate the movement of PPE against the face during day-to-day tasks. Due to limited available data on skin characteristics and how these vary interpersonally between sexes, races and ages, the main objective of this study was to establish the effects and trends that mask modifications have on the resulting subsurface strain energy density distribution in the skin. These modifications include the material, geometric and interfacial properties. Overall, the results show that skin injury can be reduced by using softer mask materials, whilst friction against the skin should be minimised, e.g. through use of micro-textures, humidity control and topical creams. Furthermore, the contact area between the mask and skin should be maximised, whilst the use of soft materials with incompressible behaviour (e.g. many elastomers) should be avoided.
Acquired JAK2 mutations confer resistance to JAK inhibitors in cell models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Downes Charlotte E. J. , McClure Barbara J. , Bruning John B. , Page Elyse , Breen James , Rehn Jacqueline , Yeung David T. , White Deborah L.
Published: August 2021

Ruxolitinib (rux) Phase II clinical trials are underway for the treatment of high-riskJAK2-rearranged (JAK2r) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Treatment resistance to targeted inhibitors in other settings is common; elucidating potential mechanisms of rux resistance inJAK2r B-ALL will enable development of therapeutic strategies to overcome or avert resistance. We generated a murine pro-B cell model ofATF7IP-JAK2with acquired resistance to multiple type-I JAK inhibitors. Resistance was associated with mutations within theJAK2ATP/rux binding site, including aJAK2p.G993A mutation. Using in vitro models ofJAK2r B-ALL,JAK2p.G993A conferred resistance to six type-I JAK inhibitors and the type-II JAK inhibitor, CHZ-868. Using computational modeling, we postulate thatJAK2p.G993A enabled JAK2 activation in the presence of drug binding through a unique resistance mechanism that modulates the mobility of the conserved JAK2 activation loop. This study highlights the importance of monitoring mutation emergence and may inform future drug design and the development of therapeutic strategies for this high-risk patient cohort.
Spectral dynamic causal modelling in healthy women reveals brain connectivity changes along the menstrual cycle
Authors: Hidalgo-Lopez Esmeralda , Zeidman Peter , Harris TiAnni , Razi Adeel , Pletzer Belinda
Published: August 2021

Longitudinal menstrual cycle studies allow to investigate the effects of ovarian hormones on brain organization. Here, we use spectral dynamic causal modelling (spDCM) in a triple network model to assess effective connectivity changes along the menstrual cycle within and between the default mode, salience and executive control networks (DMN, SN, and ECN). Sixty healthy young women were scanned three times along their menstrual cycle, during early follicular, pre-ovulatory and mid-luteal phase. Related to estradiol, right before ovulation the left insula recruits the ECN, while the right middle frontal gyrus decreases its connectivity to the precuneus and the DMN decouples into anterior/posterior parts. Related to progesterone during the mid-luteal phase, the insulae (SN) engage to each other, while decreasing their connectivity to parietal ECN, which in turn engages the posterior DMN. When including the most confident connections in a leave-one out cross-validation, we find an above-chance prediction of the left-out subjects’ cycle phase. These findings corroborate the plasticity of the female brain in response to acute hormone fluctuations and may help to further understand the neuroendocrine interactions underlying cognitive changes along the menstrual cycle.
Runt related transcription factor-1 plays a central role in vessel co-option of colorectal cancer liver metastases
Authors: Rada Miran , Kapelanski-Lamoureux Audrey , Petrillo Stephanie , Tabariès Sébastien , Siegel Peter , Reynolds Andrew R. , Lazaris Anthoula , Metrakos Peter
Published: August 2021

Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRCLM) has two major histopathological growth patterns: angiogenic desmoplastic and non-angiogenic replacement. The replacement lesions obtain their blood supply through vessel co-option, wherein the cancer cells hijack pre-existing blood vessels of the surrounding liver tissue. Consequentially, anti-angiogenic therapies are less efficacious in CRCLM patients with replacement lesions. However, the mechanisms which drive vessel co-option in the replacement lesions are unknown. Here, we show that Runt Related Transcription Factor-1 (RUNX1) overexpression in the cancer cells of the replacement lesions drives cancer cell motility via ARP2/3 to achieve vessel co-option. Furthermore, overexpression of RUNX1 in the cancer cells is mediated by Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGFβ1) and thrombospondin 1 (TSP1). Importantly, RUNX1 knockdown impaired the metastatic capability of colorectal cancer cells in vivo and induced the development of angiogenic lesions in liver. Our results confirm that RUNX1 may be a potential target to overcome vessel co-option in CRCLM.
Training machine learning models on climate model output yields skillful interpretable seasonal precipitation forecasts
Authors: Gibson Peter B. , Chapman William E. , Altinok Alphan , Delle Monache Luca , DeFlorio Michael J. , Waliser Duane E.
Published: August 2021

A barrier to utilizing machine learning in seasonal forecasting applications is the limited sample size of observational data for model training. To circumvent this issue, here we explore the feasibility of training various machine learning approaches on a large climate model ensemble, providing a long training set with physically consistent model realizations. After training on thousands of seasons of climate model simulations, the machine learning models are tested for producing seasonal forecasts across the historical observational period (1980-2020). For forecasting large-scale spatial patterns of precipitation across the western United States, here we show that these machine learning-based models are capable of competing with or outperforming existing dynamical models from the North American Multi Model Ensemble. We further show that this approach need not be considered a ‘black box’ by utilizing machine learning interpretability methods to identify the relevant physical processes that lead to prediction skill.
Electrochemistry-driven Electron-transfer Processes in Porphyrinoids
Authors: Nemykin Victor N.
Published: August 2021

The impact of the porphyrinoid macrocycle, central-metal ion, and substituent-based electron-transfer processes under electro- and spectroelectrochemical conditions are discussed in this chapter. Potential applications are highlighted.
Porphyrinoids as Active Masses in Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Holze R.
Published: August 2021

Porphyrins as active masses in secondary batteries, supercapacitors, and redox flow batteries and as auxiliary materials in electrode preparation are reviewed with particular attention given to stability of obtained electrodes and devices.
Liquid Crystalline Phthalocyanines
Authors: Ohta K.
Published: August 2021

This chapter reviews the molecular structures and mesophase structures of phthalocyanine-based liquid crystals. First, the author will give a brief overview of liquid crystals. Second, various molecular structures of phthalocyanine-based liquid crystals will be reviewed. Finally, several topics of the unique molecular structures and mesophase structures will be discussed.
Multiscale structural and rheological features of colloidal low-methoxyl pectin solutions and calcium-induced sol–gel transition
Authors: Huang Ssu-Ting , Yang Cheng-Hao , Lin Peng-Ju , Su Chien-You , Hua Chi-Chung
Published: August 2021

A colloidal pectin agglomerate species fostered in a semidilute LM pectin/Ca2+ solution undergoes hierarchical interior structural transformation during sol–gel transition.
Sandalwood seed oil improves insulin sensitivity in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-fed rats associated with altered intestinal microbiota and its metabolites
Authors: Gao Xiang , Zhang Huijun , Li Kelei , Shi Yan , Guo Xiaofei , Wang Ling , Li Duo
Published: August 2021

The current work shows that the protective effect of sandalwood seed oil (SSO) on insulin resistance (IR) in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-fed rats was associated with altered intestinal microbiota and its metabolites.
Selective kinetic growth and role of local coordination in forming Al2TiO5-based coatings at lower temperatures
Authors: Öhman Sebastian , Qiu Ren , Edvinsson Tomas , Bäcke Olof , Törndahl Tobias , Boman Mats
Published: August 2021

Al2TiO5-based coatings made from aluminium- and titanium-isopropoxide co-deposition using MOCVD, offering reduced temperatures and timescales for its synthesis without binary phase formation.
Microscopically tuning the graphene oxide framework for membrane separations: a review
Authors: Li Bofan , Wang Chen-Gang , Surat'man Nayli Erdeanna , Loh Xian Jun , Li Zibiao
Published: August 2021

This mini-review summarizes the publications within the last 3 years on microscopically tuning the interlayer spacing, lateral size and functional group to improve the properties and separation performance of graphene oxide membranes.
Metal-free regioselective C5-cyanoalkylation of the 8-aminoquinolineamides/sulfonamides via oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling with alkylnitriles
Authors: Doraghi Fatemeh , Kianmehr Ebrahim , Foroumadi Alireza
Published: August 2021

A practical, versatile and Metal-free regioselective C5-cyanoalkylation of the 8-aminoquinolineamides/sulfonamides with acetonitrile has been described.
Preparative separation of gallic acid from Fallopia aubertii using middle-pressure chromatogram isolated gel coupled with reversed-phase chromatography with hydrophilic groups
Authors: Ji Dijun , Wang Qi , Wang Huan , Ma Qian , Wang Min , Lu Yongchang
Published: August 2021

Fallopia aubertii (L. Henry) Holub is a traditional Tibetan medicine to treat gout, but the research on its chemical composition is limited, probably due to the complex purification process.
Study on COD and nitrogen removal efficiency of domestic sewage by hybrid carrier biofilm reactor
Authors: Hou Yuqiu , Liu Mei , Tan Xiao , Hou Siyu , Yang Ping
Published: August 2021

A combined-carrier biofilm reactor could reduce the volumetric filling rate, improving the removal capability of organic matter and the denitrification efficiency.
Research on the influence of polar solvents on CsPbBr3 perovskite QDs
Authors: Sun Yifang , Zhang Huidan , Zhu Kai , Ye Weiguang , She Lushuang , Gao Ximing , Ji Wenyu , Zeng Qinghui
Published: August 2021

All-inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have become a kind of optoelectronic material with huge application prospects due to their excellent physical and optical properties.
Investigation of oxidation mechanism of SiC single crystal for plasma electrochemical oxidation
Authors: Yin Xincheng , Li Shujuan , Ma Gaoling , Jia Zhen , Liu Xu
Published: August 2021

Silicon carbide (SiC) surface modification is an essential step in chemical mechanical polishing. For high quality and high efficiency surface modification of SiC, a green and promising surface modification method named plasma electrochemical oxidation (PECO) is proposed.
Ni2Mn-layered double oxide electrodes in organic electrolyte based supercapacitors
Authors: Hong Jindui , Chen Chunping , Siriviriyanun Ampornphan , Crivoi Dana-Georgiana , Holdway Philip , Buffet Jean-Charles , O'Hare Dermot
Published: August 2021

Ni2Mn-layered double oxide (LDO) electrode not only expands the working voltage and enhances the specific capacitance of layered double hydroxide (LDH) in the organic electrolyte but also outperforms NiO, MnO2 and their physical mixture.
Bioinspired strengthening and toughening of carbon nanotube@polyaniline/graphene film using electroactive biomass as glue for flexible supercapacitors with high rate performance and volumetric capacitance, and low-temperature tolerance
Authors: Wu Dan , Yu Chuying , Zhong Wenbin
Published: August 2021

Electroactive biomass tannin was used to glue rGO and CNT@PANI which endows the CNT@PANI/rGO/TA film with high strength, toughness, and low-temperature energy storage performance.
Monitoring the formation of a colloidal lipid gel at the nanoscale: vesicle aggregation driven by a temperature-induced mechanism
Authors: Talló Kirian , Pons Ramon , González César , López Olga
Published: August 2021

A process involving rupture and fusion of lipid vesicles leads to branched vesicular aggregates at the nanoscale, conferring gel-like behaviour.
Mitochondrial DNA in forensic use
Authors: Syndercombe Court Denise
Published: August 2021

Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has always been a useful tool for forensic geneticists, mainly because of its ubiquitous presence in biological material, even in the absence of nuclear DNA. Sequencing, however, is not a skill that is part of the routine forensic analysis because of the relative rarity of requests, and the need for retention of necessary skill sets and associated accreditation issues. While standard Sanger sequencing may be relatively simple, many requests are made in the face of compromised biological samples. Newer technologies, provided through massively parallel sequencing (MPS), will increase the opportunity for scientists to include this tool in their routine, particularly for missing person investigations. MPS has also enabled a different approach to sequencing that can increase sensitivity in a more targeted approach. In these circumstances it is likely that only a laboratory that specialises in undertaking forensic mtDNA analysis will be able to take these difficult cases forward, more so because reviews of the literature have revealed significantly high levels of typing errors in publications reporting mtDNA sequences. The forensic community has set out important guidelines, not only in the practical aspects of analysis, but also in the interpretation of that sequence to ensure that accurate comparisons can be made. Analysis of low-level, compromised and ancient DNA is not easy, however, as contamination is extremely difficult to eliminate and circumstances leading to sequencing errors are all too easily introduced. These problems, and solutions, are discussed in the article in relation to several historic cases.
SEEDisCS
Authors: Spérone-Longin D. , Jablonka P. , Combes F. , Castignani G. , Krips M. , Rudnick G. , Desjardins T. , Zaritsky D. , Finn R. A. , De Lucia G. , Desai V.
Published: August 2021

This paper is the second of a series that tackles the properties of molecular gas in galaxies residing in clusters and their related large-scale structures. Out of 21 targeted fields, 19 galaxies were detected in CO(3–2) with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, including two detections within a single field. These galaxies are either bona fide members of the CL1301.7−1139 cluster (z = 0.4828, σcl = 681 km s−1), or located within ∼7 × R200, its virial radius. They have been selected to sample the range of photometric local densities around CL1301.7−1139, with stellar masses above log(Mstar) = 10, and to be located in the blue clump of star-forming galaxies derived from the u, g, and i photometric bands. Unlike previous works, our sample selection does not impose a minimum star formation rate or detection in the far-infrared. As such and as much as possible, it delivers an unbiased view of the gas content of normal star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 0.5. Our study highlights the variety of paths to star formation quenching, and most likely the variety of physical properties (i.e., temperature, density) of the corresponding galaxy’s cold molecular gas. Just as in the case of CL1411.1−1148, although to a smaller extent, we identify a number of galaxies with lower gas fraction than classically found in other surveys. These galaxies can still be on the star-forming main sequence. When these galaxies are not inside the cluster virialised region, we provide hints that they are linked to their infall regions within ∼4 × R200.
A young spectroscopic binary in a quintuple system part of the Local Association
Authors: Cardona Guillén Carlos , Lodieu Nicolas , Béjar Víctor J. S. , Baroch David , Montes David , Hoskin Matthew J. , Jeffers Sandra V. , Murgas Felipe , Tremblay Pier-Emmanuel , Schöfer Patrick , Harbeck Daniel , McCully Curtis
Published: August 2021

Context. Double-lined spectroscopic (SB2) binaries allow us to obtain a direct determination of the masses of their components, which is essential to test stellar models. Although these objects only provide a lower limit for the mass, they are more abundant than their eclipsing counterparts as they are not as strongly limited by the inclination of their orbit.

Aims. Our aim is to derive the orbital and physical parameters of GJ 1284, a young SB2. We also revise the membership of this system and its two wide co-moving companions, GJ 898 and GJ 897AB, to a young moving group to assess, along with other youth indicators, their age. Afterwards, we compare the results from these analyses and the photometry of these systems with several pre-main-sequence evolutionary models.

Methods. We use high-resolution spectra to determine the radial velocity of each component of GJ 1284 and the orbit of the system alongside its systemic velocity. Additionally, we use TESS photometry to derive the rotational period of the GJ 1284 and its two wide companions.

Results. GJ 1284 is a binary system located at approximately 16 pc with an eccentric orbit (e = 0.505) of 11.83 d period made up of an M2–M2.5 + M3–M3.5 with minimum masses of M sin 3i = 0.141 ± 0.003 and 0.1189 ± 0.003 M⊙, respectively. The revised systemic velocity of γ = 0.84 ± 0.14 km s−1 suggests that it is a member of the Local Association. The kinematics together with other activity and youth indicators imply an age of 110–800 Myr for this system and its two companions.

Conclusions. The isochronal ages derived from the comparison of the photometry with several evolutionary models are younger than the age estimated from the activity indicators for the three co-moving systems. The masses for the components of GJ 1284, derived from their luminosity and age using the different models, are not consistent with the masses derived from the photometry, except for the PARSEC models, but are compatible with dynamical masses of double-lined eclipsing binaries with similar ages and spectral types. The effect of magnetic activity in the form of spots can reconcile to some extent the photometric and dynamical masses, but is not considered in most of the evolutionary models.