bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Emerging and Extraordinary Data Sources to Improve Traffic Safety
Authors: Tarko Andrew P. , Guo Qiming , Pineda-Mendez Raul , Romero Mario A.
Published: June 2021

The current safety management program in Indiana uses a method based on aggregate crash data for conditions averaged over several-year periods with consideration of only major roadway features. This approach does not analyze the risk of crashes potentially affected by time-dependent conditions such as traffic control, operations, weather and their interaction with road geometry. With the rapid development of data collection techniques, time-dependent data have emerged, some of which have become available for safety management. This project investigated the feasibility of using emerging and existing data sources to supplement the current safety management practices in Indiana and performed a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of the new data sources and their relevance to traffic safety analysis. In two case studies, time-dependent data were acquired and integrated to estimate their effects on the hourly probability of crash and its severity on two selected types of roads: (1) rural freeways and (2) signalized intersections. The results indicate a considerable connection between hourly traffic volume, average speeds, and weather conditions on the hourly probability of crash and its severity. Although some roadway geometric features were found to affect safety, the lack of turning volume data at intersections led to some counterintuitive results. Improvements have been identified to be implemented in the next phase of the project to eliminate these undesirable results.
Compressive Strength of Concrete with Nano Cement
Authors: Carmichael Milton Jemimah , Arulraj Gnanaraj Prince
Published: June 2021

Nano technology plays a very vital role in all the areas of research. The incorporation of nano materials in concrete offers many advantages and improves the workability, the strength and durability properties of concrete. In this study an attempt has been made to carry out an experimental investigation on concrete in which cement was replaced with nano sized cement. Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade was ground in a ball grinding mill to produce nano cement. The characterization of nano cement was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Brunauer Emmett–Teller (BET), Energy Dispersive X ray microanalysis (EDAX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). From the characterization studies, it was confirmed that particles were converted to nano size, the specific surface area increased and the chemical composition remained almost the same. The properties of cement paste with and without nano cement were found. For the experimental study, cement was replaced with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of nano cement. Cement mortar of ratio 1:3 and concrete of grades M20, M30, M40 and M50 were used. Compressive strength of cement mortar and concrete with different percentages of nano cement was found. The cement mortar was also subjected to micro structural study. It was found that the strength increased even up to the replacement level of 50%. Further increase in the replacement is not possible since the addition of nano cement reduces the initial and final setting time of cement paste. At 50% replacement level, the initial setting time got reduced to 30 minutes which the least permitted value as per IS 12269: 2013. The increase in strength was due to the fact that nano cement acts not only as a filler material but also the reactivity increased due to the higher specific surface area. The SEM image shows the formation of additional C-S-H gel. The percentage increase in compressive strength was found to increase up to 32%. The workability of concrete with nano cement was found to be significantly more than that of the normal cement concrete.
Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Biomedical Applications of Gypsum-Based Nanocomposite Bone Cements
Authors: F. El-Maghraby Hesham , E. Greish Yaser
Published: June 2021

Hard tissues are natural nanocomposites comprising collagen nanofibers that are interlocked with hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocrystallites. This mechanical interlocking at the nanoscale provides the unique properties of hard tissues (bone and teeth). Upon fracture, cements are usually used for treatment of simple fractures or as an adhesive for the treatment of complicated fractures that require the use of metallic implants. Most of the commercially available bone cements are polymer-based, and lack the required bioactivity for a successful cementation. Besides calcium phosphate cements, gypsum is one of the early recognized and used biomaterials as a basi for a self-setting cementation. It is based on the controlled hydration of plaster of Paris at room temperature and its subsequent conversion to a self-setting solid gypsum product. In our work, we have taken this process further towards the development of a set of nanocomposites that have enhanced bioactivity and mechanical properties. This chapter will outline the formation, characterization, and properties of gypsum-based nanocomposites for bone cement applications. These modified cements can be formulated at room temperature and have been shown to possess a high degree of bioactivity, and are considered potential candidates for bone fracture and defect treatment.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a Cause of Nosocomial Infections
Authors: Labovská Silvia
Published: June 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as a gram-negative aerobic rod, is still one of the most resistant agents of nosocomial infections. It is used for the development of respiratory, urinary and wound infections. It causes bacteremia, especially in patients who are hospitalized for anesthesiology and resuscitation department or ICU, who often have respiratory insufficiency and hemodynamic instability and require artificial lung ventilation. Mechanical ventilation itself is a significant risk factor for the development of pseudomonad pneumonia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has enzymes that are encoded on both chromosomes and plasmids, often in combination with other mechanisms of resistance, such as reducing the permeability of the outer or cytoplasmic membrane. Due to carbapenemases, Pseudomonas aeruginosa loses sensitivity to carbapenem and becomes resistant to this antibiotic. It also becomes resistant to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins and ureidopenicillins. It is also resistant to Quaternary disinfectants. The reservoir of pseudomonas nosocomial infection is hospital water, taps, shower roses, swimming pools, healing waters and others. The intervention of anti-epidemic measures in the case of infections caused by pseudomonad strains has not yet reached such sophistication as in the case of MRSA for time, personnel and economic reasons. In the absence of an epidemic, intervention in sporadic cases consists of informing nursing staff of the occurrence of a multidrug-resistant agent, including providing all patient demographics and relieving careful adherence to the barrier treatment, cleansing, disinfection and isolation regimen.
Antidiabetic Principle in Cucumis sativus L.
Authors: Oluwayemisi Beatrice Ibitoye , Taofeek Olakunle Ajiboye , Azeemat Titilola Abdulazeez , Rukayat Abiodun Oyegoke , Hamdalat Folake Muritala , Fatimah Aluko Abubakar
Published: June 2021

Diabetes is one of the leading cause of death globally. One of the strategies towards managing diabetes is the antidiabetic drugs which has recorded a huge success but accompanied with different degrees of side effect, hence, the use of natural plants products is encouraged. Several reports of antidiabetic medicinal plants have flooded literature but few has led to identification of active ingredient in such. Cucumis sativus is one of such plants reported to have antidiabetic property but there is little or no data on the active agent. This chapter therefore provides report on the active principle and mechanism of action underlying the antidiabetic activity of C. sativus.
Uncertainty Management in Engineering: A Model for the Simulation and Evaluation of the Operations Effectiveness in Land Use and Planning
Authors: Serena Sanseviero Ermelinda
Published: June 2021

The quality of the environment is essential for our health, our economy and our well-being. However, it faces a number of major challenges, not least those related to climate change, unsustainable consumption and production, and various types of pollution.Spatial planning policies (and EU legislation) protect natural habitats, keep water and air clean, ensure adequate waste disposal, improve knowledge of toxic substances and support the transition of businesses towards a sustainable economyThe goal of the work is to develop a standardized methodology for the monitoring and management of spatial information as the basis for spatial planning. The present work makes use of data analysis methods in spatial planning, where the proposed “mathematical” model is of help in supporting decision making. In fact, certain decisions often arise only from the evaluation of certain parameters, which are always small; it is necessary to consider them all, even in a disaggregated way, and give the right weight to each one. The proposed model describes the territorial system as an interaction between the physical system and the social system; it interpret needs and identify problems concerning the physical system and the social system; and formulate purposes and deduce objectives expressed in quantitative magnitude; formulate forecasts on the consequences of decisions to change the uses of the physical system, through electronic processing. The model could be used to evaluate alternative guidelines for change; andto choose from among the possible alternatives the one that is believed to contribute most to the pursuit of the objectives.
Modified Chitosan Forms for Cr (VI) Removal
Authors: Parlayıcı Şerife , Pehlivan Erol
Published: June 2021

The forms of utility in the wastewater treatment of chitosan-based adsorbents acquired from natural substances have attracted numerous attentions in recent years. The use of chitosan modified adsorbents for removal of the chromium has aroused great interest. When chitosan-based modified adsorbents are considered, they have got large amount of an amino (-NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups. Such adsorbents display that they have high activity and therefore they may be extensively utilized in wastewater treatment plants to cast off chromium. In this chapter, the utility outcomes of chitosan-based substances will be explained after applying different parameters to remove Cr (VI) from the aqueous surrounding with the information obtained the use of batch adsorption systems. Application of various chitosan-based adsorbents for Cr (VI) removal application will be demonstrated in a detailed way and they will be discussed within the textual content.
Digital Children’s Right: Human Right Perspective
Authors: Bello Nawaila Muhammad , Mohammed Kani Umar , Kanbul Sezer
Published: June 2021

The utilisation of digital devices and technologies is an integral part of children’s daily lives. Besides the multiple opportunities associated to online environment, like education entertainment and communication, it has also been associated with various risks like grooming and cyber bullying. It is therefore important to assess the level of risk, mediation and digital literacy among children as they form the most vulnerable part of the society. We therefore in this chapter introduce a novel approach to analysing digital children’s right by viewing it from the human right perspectives, where we focus and extensively discuss on digital child rights as they relate to digital divide, technological access, gender issues, internet opportunities and risks, previous studies, policies and rights, frameworks as well as rights of children as a human right.
Application of Cellulose Derivatives in Mineral Processing
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Singh Kaman , Prakash Gupta Satya
Published: June 2021

Cellulose derivatives (CDs) have been recognized as an anionic water-soluble, non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide. The CDs have been used as a viscosity regulator, thickening agent, sizing agent and coating agent and emulsion stabilizer, electrode binder in various industries. These characteristics properties of CDs are associated with hydroxyl groups/functionalized groups present in their structure. The CDs have significant advantages in various fields including several industrial applications such as mineral processing, palletisation process, oil drilling industrial applications due to their non-toxic and selective properties. Moreover, The CDs have been extensively used as a depressant, dispersant as well as flocculants in mineral processing from various ores. During the mineral processing like flotation of sulfide minerals highly toxic inorganic species were used as dispersant and depressant which ultimately cases environmental toxicity. Therefore, there is a current need to introduce CDs as various alternative nontoxic dispersant and flocculants. This chapter emphasized an overview of the application of CDs in mineral processing including the structure, properties of the commonly used minerals processing.
Plasmodium vivax and Drug Resistance
Authors: Budi Setia Asih Puji , Syafruddin Din
Published: June 2021

Resistance to antimalarial drugs is a threat to global efforts to eliminate malaria by 2030. Currently, treatment for vivax malaria uses chloroquine or ACT for uncomplicated P. vivax whereas primaquine is given to eliminate latent liver stage infections (a method known as radical cure). Studies on P. vivax resistance to antimalarials and the molecular basis of resistance lags far behind the P. falciparum as in vitro cultivation of the P. vivax has not yet been established. Therefore, data on the P. vivax resistance to any antimalarial drugs are generated through in vivo studies or through monitoring of antimalarial treatments in mixed species infection. Indirect evidence through drug selective pressure on the parasites genome, as evidenced by the presence of the molecular marker(s) for drug resistance in areas where P. falciparum and P. vivax are distributed in sympatry may reflect, although require validation, the status of P. vivax resistance. This review focuses on the currently available data that may represent the state-of-the art of the P. vivax resistance status to antimalarial to anticipate the challenge for malaria elimination by 2030.
Titanium Aluminide Coating: Structural and Elastic Properties by DFT Approach
Authors: Ouadah Ouahiba
Published: June 2021

The stability, elastic and electronic properties of titanium aluminide compounds have been systematically studied by the first-principles calculation. The calculated lattice parameters are consistent with the results found in the literature. The three Ti-Al binary compounds are thermodynamically stable intermetallics depending on their negative formation enthalpy. It has been found that the Ti-Al binary compounds are composed of both metallic and covalent bonds. Elastic properties revealed that these alloys are more resistant to deformation along the a- and c-axis. Besides, the (001)[100] deformation would be easier than (010)[100] deformation for these alloys. The results found in this chapter give a reliable reference for the design of novel Ti-Al binary alloys.
Oil Losses Problem in Oil and Gas Industries
Authors: Deddy Hermawan Yulius , Kristanto Dedy , Hariyadi
Published: June 2021

Oil losses is a problem that often arises in oil and gas industries either in onshore or offshore area. There is a loss discrepancy between total quantities from shippers and measurement in the storage tanks; the total sending volume is lower than the measured volume in the mixing tank in a gathering station; this is known as oil losses. When this occurs, an agreement to determine a fair share of the losses must be made. There are two categories of oil losses, they are individual and group losses. Individual loss occurs when oil from one shipper has not been mixed yet with other oils. This includes emulsion and evaporative losses. Group loss occurs during mixing oils in the same storage tank or pipeline. Furthermore, by knowing the causes of oil losses, a way to minimize oil losses can be determined.
A View to Anorthosites
Authors: Mohammadiha Homayoon
Published: June 2021

It seems anorthosites are by far interested by geologists because they give us great information about Earth history and how it was evolved in planetary geology. Planetary geology is subject the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. It is nearly abundant in the moon. So, it seems studying of these rocks give us good information about planetary evolution and the own early time conditions. Anorthosites can be divided into few types on earth such as: Archean-age (between 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) anorthosites, Proterozoic (2.5 billion years ago) anorthosite (also known as massif or massif-type anorthosite) – the most abundant type of anorthosite on Earth, Anorthosite xenoliths in other rocks (often granites, kimberlites, or basalts). Furthermore, Lunar anorthosites constitute the light-colored areas of the Moon’s surface and have been the subject of much research. According to the Giant-impact hypothesis the moon and earth were both originated from ejecta of a collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized planetesimal, approximately 4.5 billion years ago. The geology of the Moon (lunar science) is different from Earth. The Moon has a lower gravity and it got cooled faster due to its small size. Also, it has no plate tectonics and due to lack of a true atmosphere it has no erosion and weathering alike the earth. However, Eric A.K. Middlemost believed the astrogeology will help petrologist to make better petrogenic models to understand the magma changing process despite some terms geological differences among the Earth and other extraterrestrial bodies like the Moon. So, it seems that these future studies will clarify new facts about planet formation in planetary and earth, too.
International Benchmark Activity in the Field of Sodium Fast Reactors
Authors: De Luca Domenico , Di Pasquale Simone , Cherubini Marco , Petruzzi Alessandro , Bruna Gianni
Published: June 2021

Global interest in fast reactors has been growing since their inception in 1960 because they can provide efficient, safe, and sustainable energy. Their closed fuel cycle can support long-term nuclear power development as part of the world’s future energy mix and decrease the burden of nuclear waste. In addition to current fast reactors construction projects, several countries are engaged in intense R&D and innovation programs for the development of innovative, or Generation IV, fast reactor concepts. Within this framework, NINE is very actively participating in various Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) organized by the IAEA, aimed at improving Member States’ fast reactor analytical simulation capabilities and international qualification through code-to-code comparison, as well as experimental validation on mock-up experiment results of codes currently employed in the field of fast reactors. The first CRP was focused on the benchmark analysis of Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) Shutdown Heat Removal Test (SHRT-17), protected loss-of-flow transient, which ended in the 2017 with the publication of the IAEA-TECDOC-1819. In the framework of this project, the NINE Validation Process– developed in the framework of NEMM (NINE Evaluation Model Methodology) – has been proposed and adopted by most of the organizations to support the interpretation of the results calculated by the CRP participants and the understanding of the reasons for differences between the participants’ simulation results and the experimental data. A second project regards the CRP focused on benchmark analysis of one of the unprotected passive safety demonstration tests performed at the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF), the Loss of Flow Without Scram (LOFWOS) Test #13, started in 2018. A detailed nodalization has been developed by NINE following its nodalization techniques and the NINE validation procedure has been adopted to validate the Simulation Model (SM) against the experimental data of the selected test. The third activity deals with the neutronics benchmark of China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) Start-Up Tests, a CRP proposed by the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) launched in 2018 the main objective of which is to improve the understanding of the start-up of a SFR and to validate the fast reactor analysis computer codes against CEFR experimental data. A series of start-up tests have been analyzed in this benchmark and NINE also proposed and organized a further work package focused on the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the first criticality test. The present chapter intends to summarize the results achieved using the codes currently employed in the field of fast reactor in the framework of international projects and benchmarks in which NINE was involved and emphasize how the application of developed procedures allows to validate the SM results and validate the computer codes against experimental data.
Smart Monitoring of Flat Wheel in Railway Using Optical Sensors
Authors: Sharan Preeta , Singh Manna Manpreet , Kaur Inderpreet
Published: June 2021

The need for improved safety, reliability and efficiency is one of the most important aspects of the railway industry worldwide. Optical sensors can be used in smart condition monitoring system that can allow real time and continuous monitoring of the structural and operational conditions of trains. Railway monitoring is carried by the use of Fiber Bragg Grating sensors which measures strain, vibration, temperature, acceleration in continuous manner. This chapter covers introduction and working of optical sensors, Finite Element Analysis of rail-wheel geometry and health monitoring of rail wheel. FBG as optical sensor is well known for its advantages such as easy multiplexing, wavelength encoding and multiparameter sensing, immune to electromagnetic interference, reliability, flexibility. Sensitivity of optical sensor in compare to traditional sensors goes as 1.2 pm/μɛ and 10 pm/μɛ for strain and temperature sensor at 1550 nm of wavelength.
Pharmacological Modulation of Toll-Like Receptors in Brain Disorders
Authors: K. Alshammari Tahani , M. Alrasheed Nouf , Alhushan Lina , Alhoutah Reema , F. Bin Dayel Anfal , S. Alonazi Asma , A. Alshammari Musaad
Published: June 2021

The knowledge regarding pathological and treatment resistance mechanisms involved in the pathology of complex brain disorders is far from understood. The neuroinflammation hypothesis of psychiatric, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases is well-acknowledged. However, this hypothesis is far from understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) family is an innate immunity molecule implicated in neuroinflammation in complex brain disorders. This chapter reviews considerable evidence indicating that activation of endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide is a common factor. Additionally, we report clinical and preclinical studies highlighting the link between lipopolysaccharide, TLRs, and different types of brain disorders. Also, we review the current pharmacological modulations of TLRs. Hoping we would help in filling our knowledge gaps and highlight potential links to tackle new angles in managing complex brain disorders. This chapter’s primary goal is to encourage scientists and researchers to conduct future studies characterizing the nature of endotoxin activation of TLRs in complex brain disorders, filling our knowledge gaps, and finding new treatment strategies.
The Impact of Industry 4.0 on the Future of Green Supply Chain
Authors: Bányai Tamás , Zaher Akkad Mohammad
Published: June 2021

The fourth industrial revolution offers new technologies to transform conventional supply chain solutions into cyber-physical supply chain ones. This transformation makes it possible to increase the efficiency, availability, quality, and cost-efficiency of the value-making chain, while the energy consumption and the GHG emission can be decreased. Within the frame of this chapter, the authors introduce the most important Industry 4.0 technologies and Internet of Things tools and demonstrate their potentials to update supply chain operations. This update of conventional operations can lead to greener and more sustainable purchasing, production, and distribution processes. The successful future of the green supply chain is based on a wide range of factors, like production management, logistics management, societal and regulatory environment. However, the Industry 4.0 technologies are expected to strongly influence the whole supply chain performance positively. This chapter aims to explore the potentials of Industry 4.0 technologies and the transformation of conventional supply chain solutions into cyber-physical systems, especially from a municipal waste collection point of view. The research findings can provide useful insights for supply chain experts, manufacturing, and service companies.
Introduction on Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Sadeghalvad Mona , Rezaei Nima
Published: June 2021

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a group of antibodies produced by identical clones of B lymphocytes against a particular antigen. mAbs are identical in several properties such as protein sequence, antigen-binding site region, binding affinity for their targets, and identical downstream functional effects. These characteristics of mAbs highlight their differences with the polyclonal antibodies which have heterogenous activities and recognize different epitopes on an antigen. Murine mAbs was the first generation of mAbs developed by hybridoma technology however, because of their murine origin, they can trigger the anti-mouse antibody response in the host which could accelerate mAb clearance and undesirable allergic reactions upon repeated administration. This issue was resolved by developing engineering methods toward producing less immunologic chimeric or humanized antibodies. mAbs applications have become a novel way of targeting antigens in a wide variety of diseases such as autoimmunity, malignancies, and asthma. In addition, high specificity and high affinity binding properties of mAbs make them effective biological reagents in immunodiagnostic assays. They can be used in diagnosis of infectious diseases and detection of certain antigens or in serological assessments for detection of antibodies against a certain antigen. This chapter summarizes the general properties of mAbs, their production processes, and their important diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
A New Formula for Hemoglobin Level Prediction in Non-enhanced Brain Computed Tomography Scan
Authors: Sasani Mohammad Reza , Toloueitabar Yaser , Rezaeian Nahid , Hosseini Leila , Zadehbagheri Fatemeh , Motevalli Marzieh , Daliri Mahdi , Asadian Sanaz
Published: June 2021

Background: For many patients with neurological complaints, a non-enhanced brain computed tomography (CT) scan is the first workup. In some of these patients, there is no pathological finding. Anemia is a condition that can present with neurological symptoms without any imaging findings. The correlation of dural venous sinus density with hemoglobin (Hb) level has been shown in some recent studies. Objectives: This study aimed to propose a strategy to predict the level of Hb and investigate the possibility of underlying anemia based on dural venous sinus density to facilitate treatment. Patients and Methods: The CT scans of selected patients, who were referred to Faghihi Hospital in Shiraz, Iran, from October 2018 until February 2019, were reviewed in this study; the complete blood count (CBC) was measured for cases without any findings. The data of 78 patients, including CBC parameters and the mean Hounsfield unit (HU) in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), torcula herophili (TH), and transverse sinuses (TS), were also analyzed. Results: A relatively strong direct linear correlation was found between the Hb level and HU. The Hb level was calculated based on the following formula: Hb level = 0.2 × SSS HU + 1.2 × sex factor - 0.01 × age (where sex factor is zero for females and one for males). Besides, measurement of the cutoff point for the mean HU of SSS, based on the ROC curve to predict anemia, showed that with SSS HU ≤ 50, anemia could be predicted with 84.62% sensitivity, 75.38% specificity, and 75.64% accuracy in the general population. Conclusion: A significant positive correlation was found between the Hb level and the mean HU of dural venous sinuses. Therefore, the level of Hb is predictable based on HU, and differential diagnoses are limited.
New species, revision, and phylogeny of Ronzotherium Aymard, 1854 (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae)
Authors: Tissier Jérémy , Antoine Pierre-Olivier , Becker Damien
Published: June 2021

Ronzotherium is one of the earliest Rhinocerotidae in Europe, which first appeared just after the Eocene/Oligocene transition (Grande Coupure), and became extinct at the end of the Oligocene. It is a large-sized rhinocerotid, with a special position in the phylogeny of this group, as being one of the earliest-branching true Rhinocerotidae. However, its intra-generic systematics has never been tested through computational phylogenetic methods and it is basically unknown. Its taxonomical history has gone through numerous complications, and thus we aim to provide here a complete revision of this genus, through phylogenetic methods. After a re-examination of all type specimens (five supposed species) as well as of most well-preserved specimens from all over Europe and ranging through the complete Oligocene epoch, we performed a parsimony analysis to test the position of some problematic specimens. According to our results, five species can be distinguished, Ronzotherium velaunum (type species), R. filholi, R. elongatum and R. romani as well as a new species: R. heissigi sp. nov. We also drastically re-interpret its anatomy and show that the ‘short-limbed’ “Diaceratherium” massiliae, described from Southern France, can be considered as a junior synonym of R. romani. Finally, we exclude the Asian species “Ronzotherium” orientale and “Ronzotherium” brevirostre from Ronzotherium and we consider R. kochi as a junior synonym of R. filholi.
Conservative backbench opposition to international aid: is it driven by hard Euroscepticism?
Authors: Crines Andrew , Heppell Timothy
Published: June 2021

This paper considers the opposition within Conservative parliamentary ranks to the decision of the Cameron administration to ring fence spending on overseas development aid (ODA) or international aid. Using documentary analysis from a range of parliamentary debates and divisions in the 2010 to 2015 Parliament, the paper pieces together the arguments against legally enshrining spending on international aid at 0.7 percent of Gross National Income (GNI) made by Conservative parliamentarians. We define each Conservative parliamentarian as either aid critics (voted or spoke out against the 0.7 percent target); aid sceptics (abstained and did not publicly speak out for the 0.7 percent target); and aid advocates (those who voted and spoke out for the 0.7 percent target). We then consider the overlap between hard Euroscepticism (i.e. Brexit) to see the extent to which issues of national identity may explain hostility towards international aid spending.
Experimental and Numerical Trimming Optimizations for a Mainsail in Upwind Conditions
Authors: Sacher Matthieu , Hauville Frédéric , Duvigneau Régis , Le Maître Olivier , Aubin Nicolas , Durand Mathieu
Published: June 2021

This paper investigates the use of meta-models for optimizing sails trimming. A Gaussian process is used to robustly approximate the dependence of the performance with the trimming parameters to be optimized. The Gaussian process construction uses a limited number of performance observations at carefully selected trimming points, potentially enabling the optimization of complex sail systems with multiple trimming parameters. We test the optimization procedure on the (two parameters) trimming of a scaled IMOCA mainsail in upwind conditions. To assess the robustness of the Gaussian process approach, in particular its sensitivity to error and noise in the performance estimation, we contrast the direct optimization of the physical system with the optimization of its numerical model. For the physical system, the optimization procedure was fed with wind tunnel measurements, while the numerical modeling relied on a fully nonlinear Fluid-Structure Interaction solver. The results show a correct agreement of the optimized trimming parameters for the physical and numerical models, despite the inherent errors in the numerical model and the measurement uncertainties. In addition, the number of performance estimations was found to be affordable and comparable in the two cases, demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach
A Comparison of RANS and LES for Upwind Sailing Aerodynamics
Authors: Nava Stefano , Cater John , Norris Stuart
Published: June 2021

Yacht sails experience complex aerodynamics that are challenging to reproduce with numerical methods. The experiments of Fluck on an idealized upwind sail plan [1] [2] showed areas of flow separation and vortex structures that subsequent Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) calculations have struggled to correctly simulate [3] [4]. Therefore it is of interest to see if other methods, such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES), are able to more accurately predict this flow. To this end the experiments of Fluck have been reproduced in Fluent, using RANS and LES. Both RANS and LES accurately model the attached flow on the lower region of both sails, but RANS fails in capturing the separation bubble occurring at the top section of the mainsail, predicting it as either too short, non-existent, or extended for the entire chord length. However, LES correctly models the leading edge separation bubble with its reattachment point located approximately halfway along the sail chord. The LES calculations are sensitive to the free stream turbulence intensity with an increase in the turbulence intensity from 3% to 12% shortening the separation bubble by half. Accurately reproducing the experimental geometry also improves the numerical results, with modelling the computational domain as a simple box or as the real wind tunnel results in different flow, with the angle of attack varying by 3°. In conclusion, LES, even if it is very sensitive to the mesh and the choice of the solver, is more accurate than a steady RANS calculation, although the computational time increases by a factor of 50.
Numerical Simulations of a Surface Piercing A-Class Catamaran Hydrofoil and Comparison against model tests
Authors: Keller Thilo , Henrichs Juryk , Hochkirch Karsten , Hochbaum Andrés Cura
Published: June 2021

Hydrofoil supported sailing vessels gained more and more importance with in the last years. Due to new processes of manufacturing it is possible to build slender section foils with low drag coefficients and heave stable hydrofoil geometries are becoming possible to construct. These surface piercing foils often tend to ventilate and cavitate at high speeds. The aim of this work is to define a setup to calculate the hydrodynamic forces on such foils with RANSE CFD and to investigate whether the onset of ventilation and cavitation can be predicted. Therefore a surface piercing hydrofoil of an A-Class catamaran is simulated by using the RANSE software FineMarine with its volume of fluid method. The C-shaped hydrofoil is analysed for one speed at Froude Number 7.9 and various angles of attack (AoA). The rake was defined and a leeway angle was applied to simulate realistic set ups. It is presented how the rake and drift angle influence the lift to drag ratio. Over a wide range of AoA there is no ventilation predicted but cavitation may occur from AoA > 10°. Due to the very small aspect ratio (Λ=2.64), the maximum AoA before stall is increased. The simulations have been verified by extensive analyses, including domain size verification for unrestricted water, mesh refinement and y+ verification. The influence of the K27 (cavitation tunnel of the Technical University of Berlin) on the flow around the hydrofoil and the wave system is presented. It is shown how test section of the K27 influences the flow around the foil, the forces and the wave elevation. Finally the CFD results are compared against the experiments conducted in the K27.
Insights from the Load Monitoring Program for the 2014-2015 Volvo Ocean Race
Authors: Russell Suzy , Vanhollebeke Gaspar , Manganelli Paolo
Published: June 2021

This paper describes insights into keel and rigging loads obtained through a data acquisition system fitted on the fleet of Volvo 65 yachts during the 2014-2015 Volvo Ocean Race. In the first part keel fin stress spectra are derived from traces of canting keel ram pressures and keel angle; these are reviewed and compared against equivalent spectra obtained by applying methods proposed by Det Norske Veritas - Germanischer Lloyd (“DNVGL”) guidelines and the ISO 12215 standard. The differences between stress spectra and their validity are discussed, considering two types of keel: milled from a monolithic cast of steel, and fabricated from welded metal sheets. The second part discusses predicted and actual rigging working loads for the Volvo 65 yachts, considering how safety factors vary between design loads proposed by DNVGL and actual recorded loads.
Development of a Routing Software for Inshore Match Races
Authors: Tagliaferri Francesca , Viola Ignazio Maria
Published: June 2021

Yacht races are won by good sailors racing fast boats. A good skipper takes decisions at key moments of the race based on the anticipated wind behavior and on his position on the racing area and with respect to the competitors. His aim is generally to complete the race before all his opponents, or, when this is not possible, to perform better than some of them. In the past two decades some methods have been proposed to compute optimal strategies for a yacht race. Those strategies are aimed at minimizing the expected time needed to complete the race and are based on the assumption that the faster a yacht, the higher the number of races that it will win (and opponents that it will defeat). In a match race, however, only two yachts are competing. A skipper’s aim is therefore to complete the race before his opponent rather than completing the race in the shortest possible time. This means that being on average faster may not necessarily mean winning the majority of races. This papers present the development of software to compute a sailing strategy for a match race that can defeat an opponent who is following a fixed strategy that minimizes the expected time of completion of the race. The proposed method includes two novel aspects in the strategy computation:

A short-term wind forecast, based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model, is performed in real time during the race using the wind measurements collected on board.

Depending on the relative position with respect to the opponent, decisions with different levels of risk aversion are computed. The risk attitude is modeled using Coherent Risk Measures. The software is tested in a number of simulated races. The results confirm that maximizing the probability of winning a match race does not necessarily correspond to minimizing the expected time needed to complete the race.
High risk sexual fantasies and sexual offending: An overview of fundamentals and interventions
Authors: Rossegger Astrid , Bartels Ross M. , Endrass Jérôme , Borchard Bernd , Singh Jay P.
Published: June 2021

Although deviant sexual fantasizing has been found to be an etiological factor for sexual offending, not all deviant sexual fantasies increase risk equally. The aim of the present overview is to provide readers with an introduction to key terminology, a primer on central clinical theories, and a summary of the research literature on “high risk” sexual fantasies over the past 50 years. First, the important difference between “sexual fantasy” and “sexual fantasizing” is described. Second, the link between sexual fantasizing and sexual offending is discussed, with a focus on principle moderators such as physiological reaction, personality profile, and offense-supportive beliefs. Third, the different methods used to assess sexual fantasies are discussed. Fourth, the principles and techniques behind four evidence-based approaches to treating “high risk” sexual fantasies are discussed: (1) the behavioral approach, (2) the cognitive approach, (3) the imagination approach, and (4) the mindfulness-based approach. Finally, a call is issued for practice-based quantitative and qualitative research to further explore this clinical phenomenon. The findings of such investigations would advance the field’s understanding of assessment, management, and monitoring best practices for this important forensic population.
SOCIAL INNOVATION IN COLOMBIAN COMPANIES THROUGH DESIGN MANAGEMENT
Authors: JIMENEZ IBAÑEZ EMILIO , JORDA ALBIÑANA MARIA BEGOÑA , GONZALEZ DEL RIO  COGORNO JIMENA , MAGAL ROYO TERESA
Published: June 2021

Social innovation, SI emerges in any country as a part of companies and services development which improve users` social needs in their immediate environment. This involve a new processes´ and methodologies´ adaptation in the creation of new products and services for society. It is including planning and design management directly connected with empowerment of the agents involved, like final, users, designers and companies. Social innovation and empowerment needs a catalysing agent that becomes a channel for knowledge creation point out to guide companies in the development of new products with social nature. The application of techniques based on Design Thinking are the starting point o f a new design management model adapted to the problems of companies that want to innovate taking in account the society, the environment and the individual necessities itself. The article reflects about to propose a new model of integrated tutoring for the management of Design and social innovation in MYPIME enterprises and how it has been successfully implemented in Colombian companies.
Du livre de poche subversif au standard sobre « à la française » : les trajectoires matérielles d’Invitation to Sociology en anglais et en français1
Authors: Gagné Anne-Marie
Published: June 2021

La traduction d’un ouvrage est généralement accompagnée de changements au plan matériel. Dans le cas des manuels d’introduction à la sociologie, ces transformations liées à l’importation d’un titre dans d’autres espaces culturels et linguistiques n’ont, à notre connaissance, jamais retenu l’attention. Dans le présent article, nous examinons les composantes physiques de certaines versions en anglais et en français d’un manuel d’introduction à la sociologie, Invitation to Sociology (Berger, 1963). Plus précisément, nous nous penchons d’abord sur les dimensions matérielles de la première version publiée de l’ouvrage, pour évaluer son influence potentielle sur les trajectoires des versions ultérieures. Puis, nous analysons les couvertures et le format d’une version adaptée pour le Royaume-Uni (Berger, 1966) en lien avec les traditions visuelles éditoriales de ce pays, avant de réaliser le même travail pour les différentes éditions des deux traductions françaises (Berger, 1973b, 1977, 2006b, 2014). Deux conclusions se dégagent de ce travail exploratoire sur la matérialité des traductions de manuels d’introduction à la sociologie. D’une part, les aspects matériels de la première version ont eu, dans notre étude de cas, un effet important sur la circulation subséquente du manuel et sur sa traduction. D’autre part, les transformations matérielles qui marquent les versions d’Invitation to Sociology au Royaume-Uni et en France laissent entrevoir des changements relatifs au public cible et à la fonction assignée à cet ouvrage par leurs maisons d’édition respectives.
El impacto de la tecnología blockchain en la contratación privada; ¿hacia una contratación inteligente?
Authors: Barceló Compte Rosa
Published: June 2021

El presente trabajo analiza, esencialmente, el impacto de la tecnología blockchain en el derecho contractual mediante los llamados «contratos inteligentes» y su encaje en el ordenamiento jurídico. Así, se aborda el concepto de smart contracts y se examinan las principales características de la tecnología blockchain y del contrato inteligente, así como los límites sustantivos propios de estos contratos.

En este sentido, se presentan las diferencias con la contratación tradicional y se proponen mecanismos de mejora con relación a los contratos inteligentes. De igual modo, se contempla específicamente la cuestión relativa al consentimiento prestado por las partes en esta forma de contratación y se establece la necesidad de intervención notarial en aras a la protección de dicho consentimiento.

Finalmente, se plantea un modelo de arbitraje inteligente que permita paliar el efecto de automatismo propio de los smart contracts.
Comparison of safety and efficacy of 20% salicylic acid with Jessner’s solution in chemical peeling for melasma in asian skin
Authors: Ahsan Uzma , Uzair Muhammad , Aamir Humaira
Published: June 2021

Background: Treatment of melasma is a challenging job for dematologists. Different modalities are in practice with variable results. Superficial chemical peeling is a newly introduced way of treatment in this regard, in which a chemical solution is applied to the skin that causes exfoliation and peeling. Methods: Sixty patients of either sex, with melasma of any type having Fitzpatrick skin type 4 to 6 were enroled from outpatient department. Patients in group A were treated with 20% salicylic acid solution and in group B were treated with Jessener’s solution. Baseline melasma area and severity index (MASI) scoring was done. Result: Both the peeling agents produced a drop in MASI score, but the mean reduction compared in both the groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Both salicylic acid and Jessner’s solution are effective and safe peeling agents in treatment of melasma in Asian skin types, giving comparable results
ОДРЕЂЕЊЕ ПРОСТОРНОГ МИШЉЕЊА. ОД КОНЦЕПАТА КА КОНЦЕПЦИЈАМА
Authors: Трифуновић Млађен
Published: June 2021

У раду се даје приказ различитих приступа у дефинисању феномена просторног мишљења. Анализа показује да је у оквиру тих покушаја могуће издвојити елементе који су им заједнички ‒ концепти простора, различити видови представљања тог простора и оперативно комбиновање тих активности у процесу резоновања. Тврдимо да адекватна дефиниција просторног мишљења, поред тога, мора имати и један дубљи слој који би повезивао наведене елементе у кохерентан логичко-језички систем. Тај елемент, тврдимо, представљају концепције просторности. Сходно томе, истраживања у области просторног мишљена морају укључити резултате анализа на нивоу филозофских теорија простора, савремених неурофизиолошких истраживања и критичке теорије друштва.
ПРОМЈЕНЕ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЕ ВАЗДУХА У ИСТОЧНОЈ ХЕРЦЕГОВИНИ У ПЕРИОДУ 1961‒2016. ГОДИНЕ
Authors: Гњато Слободан , Попов Татјана , Трбић Горан , Иванишевић Марко
Published: June 2021

У раду се анализирају промјене температуре ваздуха у Источној Херцеговини у периоду 1961‒2016. године. На основу података о мјесечним средњим, средњим максималним и средњим минималним температурама ваздуха са метеоролошких и падавинских станица у Источној Херцеговини анализирани су трендови, распоред према перцентилима и промјене у односу на просјечне вриједности у референтном периоду 1961−1990. годи- не. Резултати истраживања показују да је на простору Источне Херцеговине присутна тенденција загријавања. Значајне позитивне трендове на годишњем нивоу испољавају како средње (0.1−0.3°C по деценији), тако и средње максималне (0.3−0.4°C по деценији) и средње минималне (0.1−0.4°C по деценији) температуре ваздуха. Повећање температура ваздуха присутно је током цијеле године, али је најизраженије у сезони љето (средња и средња минимална температура порасла је за 0.3−0.6°C по деценији, а средња максимална за 0.5−0.6°C), а нарочито током два најтоплија мјесеца, јула и августа.