bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spin-driven ordering of Cr in the equiatomic high entropy alloy NiFeCrCo
Authors: Niu C. , Zaddach A. J. , Oni A. A. , Sang X. , Hurt J. W. , LeBeau J. M. , Koch C. C. , Irving D. L.
Published: April 2015

Spin-driven ordering of Cr in an equiatomic fcc NiFeCrCo high entropy alloy (HEA) was predicted by first-principles calculations. Ordering of Cr is driven by the reduction in energy realized by surrounding anti-ferromagnetic Cr with ferromagnetic Ni, Fe, and Co in an alloyed L12 structure. The fully Cr-ordered alloyed L12 phase was predicted to have a magnetic moment that is 36% of that for the magnetically frustrated random solid solution. Three samples were synthesized by milling or casting/annealing. The cast/annealed sample was found to have a low temperature magnetic moment that is 44% of the moment in the milled sample, which is consistent with theoretical predictions for ordering. Scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements were performed and the presence of ordered nano-domains in cast/annealed samples throughout the equiatomic NiFeCrCo HEA was identified.
Effect of ferrite addition above the base ferrite on the coupling factor of wireless power transfer for vehicle applications
Authors: Batra T. , Schaltz E. , Ahn S.
Published: April 2015

Power transfer capability of wireless power transfer systems is highly dependent on the magnetic design of the primary and secondary inductors and is measured quantitatively by the coupling factor. The inductors are designed by placing the coil over a ferrite base to increase the coupling factor and reduce magnetic emissions to the surroundings. Effect of adding extra ferrite above the base ferrite at different physical locations on the self-inductance, mutual inductance, and coupling factor is under investigation in this paper. The addition can increase or decrease the mutual inductance depending on the placement of ferrite. Also, the addition of ferrite increases the self-inductance of the coils, and there is a probability for an overall decrease in the coupling factor. Correct placement of ferrite, on the other hand, can increase the coupling factor relatively higher than the base ferrite as it is closer to the other inductor. Ferrite being a heavy compound of iron increases the inductor weight significantly and needs to be added judiciously. Four zones have been identified in the paper, which shows different sensitivity to addition of ferrite in terms of the two inductances and coupling factor. Simulation and measurement results are presented for different air gaps between the coils and at different gap distances between the ferrite base and added ferrite. This paper is beneficial in improving the coupling factor while adding minimum weight to wireless power transfer system.
Compact electrically detected magnetic resonance setup
Authors: Eckardt Michael , Behrends Jan , Münter Detlef , Harneit Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

Electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) is a commonly used technique for the study of spin-dependent transport processes in semiconductor materials and electro-optical devices. Here, we present the design and implementation of a compact setup to measure EDMR, which is based on a commercially available benchtop electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer. The electrical detection part uses mostly off-the-shelf electrical components and is thus highly customizable. We present a characterization and calibration procedure for the instrument that allowed us to quantitatively reproduce results obtained on a silicon-based reference sample with a “large-scale” state-of-the-art instrument. This shows that EDMR can be used in novel contexts relevant for semiconductor device fabrication like clean room environments and even glove boxes. As an application example, we present data on a class of environment-sensitive objects new to EDMR, semiconducting organic microcrystals, and discuss similarities and differences to data obtained for thin-film devices of the same molecule.
Speculative boundaries: Chicago and the regulatory history of US financial derivative markets
Authors: Muellerleile Chris
Published: April 2015

This paper considers the history of governance and speculation on US derivative markets from their emergence in the middle of the 19th century through their incursion into finance in the late 20th century. It explores the importance of derivatives’ extended ancestry in agricultural markets before analyzing their entanglement with financial markets, which came much later in the 1970s and 1980s. The paper is particularly concerned with the institutional inheritance of a set of legal–regulatory boundaries that prioritized price making and the speculative trading that was necessary to produce a consistent flow of prices. This governance system for derivatives is set in contrast with the governance of securities markets, which during the 1930s became subject to more strict government oversight, particularly with regard to speculative trading. The legal boundaries between these two markets began to deteriorate in the 1970s when the Chicago derivative exchanges applied the speculative logic of agricultural derivative markets to financial instruments. The implications of this are twofold. First the paper argues that market mechanisms and market regulation are analytically inseparable, and ought to be studied as such. Second, employing this approach, the paper argues that US financial derivative markets are originally ‘derivative’ not of New York and the finance sector, but of Chicago and the agricultural sector.
Road network circuity in metropolitan areas
Authors: Giacomin David J , Levinson David M
Published: April 2015

Circuity, the ratio of network to Euclidean distances, describes the directness of trips and the efficiency of transportation networks. This paper measures the circuity of the fifty-one most populated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States and identifies trends in those circuities between 1990 and 2010. Overall circuity has increased between 1990 and 2010: random points have not only become farther apart in distance, their shortest network path has become more circuitous, suggesting that the more recently constructed parts of street networks are laid out more circuitously than older parts of the network. Over this period thirty-five MSAs experienced a statistically significant increase in circuity (six experienced a significant decrease). As expected, short trips are more circuitous than long trips. A new circuity distance-decay function describes how circuity varies with distance within metropolitan areas. The parameters of this function have changed from 1990 to 2010.
European spatial planning observatories and maps: merely spatial databases or also effective tools for planning?
Authors: Soria-Lara Julio A , Zúñiga-Antón María , Pérez-Campaña Rocío
Published: April 2015

Over the past decades, a large number of Spatial Planning Observatories (SPOs) have emerged in Europe in response to certain factors, such as the growing complexity of urban systems, the development of GIScience or European Union territorial policies. Previous studies have shown that SPOs have little effect when confronted with planning practice. It is believed that one of the main reasons is that the maps held by SPOs are not always focused on decision making; however, this argument has not yet been sufficiently proven. To address this problem and inspired by the doctrine of performance-based evaluation for spatial planning, we assess the performance for planning that a relevant number of European SPOs have according to their maps. The assessment takes into consideration two assumptions: (A) maps must be of continuing relevance to the situation as it evolves; (B) maps must help in defining operational decision situations for different focus groups (decision makers, planners, the public). We find that SPO maps could be excellent tools for planning, although an important number of improvements are still needed. In this sense, we discuss the potential role of SPO maps in addressing a collaborative dialogue between key planning agents in analysing urban dynamics, as well as in fostering new urban governance processes through the consideration of public participation.
Global city region governance and multicentered development: a North American perspective
Authors: Kantor Paul , Nelles Jen
Published: April 2015

The impact of governance on multicentered development is examined by surveying the political responses of two leading North American global city regions (GCRs): New York and Toronto. Although both GCRs have experienced very similar policy tensions during recent decades, their process of economic restructuring is strongly mediated by four systemic features in regional governance: concentration of political authority, prevailing social cleavages, civic group resources, and intergovernmental coordination. Differences in these characteristics are found to influence collective action to manage tensions in three major policy areas. Their impact is not entirely cumulative, however. Even though there is evidence that having more of certain governing attributes enhances the possibilities for joint intervention on a regional scale, interaction among system components affects forms of intergovernmental collaboration. Further, the impact of governance systems on collective action also varies with policy area.
‘Avoiding the certainty trap’: a research programme for the policy–practice interface
Authors: Paschen Jana-Axinja , Beilin Ruth
Published: April 2015

This paper outlines the rationale for a research focus on how meaning emerges from the interfaces between research, policy, and practice. In exploring where different constructions of risk, resilience, and landscape occur in the policy and practice discourses surrounding current developments in Victorian bushfire policy, this paper goes beyond simply advocating better science–policy–practice relationships by demonstrating the challenges of operationalising adaptive governance principles. Our findings stress that change can arise from interacting discourses on the policy–practice interface. Yet, although this may be the most adaptive moment in the policy process, producing multiple insights and alternative options, it is vulnerable to institutionalised discourses that obstruct flexible practice. Complex socioecological issues such as bushfire, we argue, require more explicit engagement with the processes of practice inherent in policy formulation. The paper offers coproductive research strategies as contributing to more flexible governance arrangements to improve adaptive policy design.
Assessing the real world effectiveness of the Healthy Eating Activity and Lifestyle (HEAL™) program
Authors: Hetherington Sharon A. , Borodzicz Jerrad A. , Shing Cecilia M.
Published: April 2015

Issue addressed

Community‐based lifestyle modification programs can be a valuable strategy to reduce risk factors for chronic disease. However, few government‐funded programs report their results in the peer‐reviewed literature. Our aim was to report on the effectiveness of the Healthy Eating Activity and Lifestyle (HEAL™) program, a program funded under the Australian government's Healthy Communities Initiative.

Methods

Participants (n = 2827) were recruited to the program from a broad range of backgrounds and each week completed an hour of group‐based physical activity followed by an hour of lifestyle education for 8 weeks. Physical activity, sitting time, fruit and vegetable consumption, anthropometric measures, blood pressure and functional capacity data were gathered at baseline and post‐program.

Results

HEAL™ participation resulted in significant acute improvements in frequency and volume of physical activity, reductions in daily sitting time and increases in fruit and vegetable consumption. HEAL™ participation led to reductions in total body mass, body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure and to improvements in functional capacity (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Based on these findings and the coordinated approach to program delivery, the HEAL™ program warrants consideration as a behaviour change strategy in primary health care networks, local government or community settings.
Diel Patterns and Temporal Trends in Spawning Activities of Robust Redhorse and River Redhorse in Georgia, Assessed Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring
Authors: Straight Carrie A. , Rhett Jackson C. , Freeman Byron J. , Freeman Mary C.
Published: April 2015

The conservation of imperiled species depends upon understanding threats to the species at each stage of its life history. In the case of many imperiled migratory fishes, understanding how timing and environmental influences affect reproductive behavior could provide managers with information critical for species conservation. We used passive acoustic recorders to document spawning activities for two large‐bodied catostomids (Robust RedhorseMoxostoma robustumin the Savannah and Broad rivers, Georgia, and River RedhorseM. carinatumin the Coosawattee River, Georgia) in relation to time of day, water temperature, discharge variation, moonlight, and weather. Robust Redhorse spawning activities in the Savannah and Broad rivers were more frequent at night or in the early morning (0100–0400 hours and 0800–1000 hours, respectively) and less frequent near midday (1300 hours). Spawning attempts in the Savannah and Broad rivers increased over a 3–4‐d period and then declined. River Redhorse spawning activities in the Coosawattee River peaked on the first day of recording and declined over four subsequent days; diel patterns were less discernible, although moon illumination was positively associated with spawning rates, which was also observed for Robust Redhorses in the Savannah River. Spawning activity in the Savannah and Broad rivers was negatively associated with water temperature, and spawning activity increased in association with cloud cover in the Savannah River. A large variation in discharge was only measured in the flow‐regulated Savannah River and was not associated with spawning attempts. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show diel and multiday patterns in spawning activities for anyMoxostomaspecies. These patterns and relationships between the environment and spawning activities could provide important information for the management of these species downstream of hydropower facilities.
Prevalence of Coronary Artery–Pulmonary Artery Collaterals in Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Lee Noel S. , Blanchard Daniel G. , Knowlton Kirk U. , McDivit Anna M. , Pretorius Victor , Madani Michael M. , Fedullo Peter F. , Kerr Kim M. , Kim Nick H. , Poch David S. , Auger William R. , Daniels Lori B.
Published: April 2015

This study sought to determine the prevalence of coronary artery–pulmonary artery collaterals in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and to correlate their presence with the degree of clot burden. CTEPH is a treatable cause of severe pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. Bronchopulmonary collateral vessels have been used as a supplementary diagnostic and prognostic tool for this disease. Coronary artery–pulmonary artery collaterals in this population have not been described. The coronary angiograms of 300 consecutive patients with CTEPH evaluated for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) between January 1, 2007, and May 1, 2014, were examined. Of these patients, 259 (50% male; mean age, 58.3 ± 10.6 years) had cineangiographic images deemed adequate to definitively assess for the presence of coronary artery–pulmonary artery collaterals and were included in the final analyses. Pulmonary angiogram reports were reviewed for extent of pulmonary artery obstruction. The coronary angiograms of 259 age‐ and sex‐matched control patients were also examined. Among 259 CTEPH patients with definitive imaging, 34 coronary artery–pulmonary artery collaterals were found in 28 patients (10.8%), versus 1 coronary artery–pulmonary artery collateral among control subjects (0.4%; P < 0.001). Compared with CTEPH patients without collaterals, patients with collaterals had a significantly higher prevalence of total occlusion of their right or left main pulmonary artery (P < 0.001) or lobar arteries (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the prevalence of coronary artery–pulmonary artery collaterals in CTEPH patients undergoing coronary angiography for possible PTE is approximately 11%. These vessels are associated with more severe pulmonary artery occlusion.
Bigraphical arrangements
Authors: Hopkins Sam , Perkinson David
Published: April 2015

We define the bigraphical arrangement of a graph and show that the Pak-Stanley labels of its regions are the parking functions of a closely related graph, thus proving conjectures of Duval, Klivans, and Martin and of Hopkins and Perkinson. A consequence is a new proof of a bijection between labeled graphs and regions of the Shi arrangement first given by Stanley in 1996. We also give bounds on the number of regions of a bigraphical arrangement.
Keratin 8 absence down-regulates colonocyte HMGCS2 and modulates colonic ketogenesis and energy metabolism
Authors: Helenius Terhi O. , Misiorek Julia O. , Nyström Joel H. , Fortelius Lina E. , Habtezion Aida , Liao Jian , Asghar M. Nadeem , Zhang Haiyan , Azhar Salman , Omary M. Bishr , Toivola Diana M.
Published: April 2015

Simple-type epithelial keratins are intermediate filament proteins important for mechanical stability and stress protection. Keratin mutations predispose to human liver disorders, whereas their roles in intestinal diseases are unclear. Absence of keratin 8 (K8) in mice leads to colitis, decreased Na/Cl uptake, protein mistargeting, and longer crypts, suggesting that keratins contribute to intestinal homeostasis. We describe the rate-limiting enzyme of the ketogenic energy metabolism pathway, mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), as a major down-regulated protein in the K8-knockout (K8−/−) colon. K8 absence leads to decreased quantity and activity of HMGCS2, and the down-regulation is not dependent on the inflammatory state, since HMGCS2 is not decreased in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α, a transcriptional activator of HMGCS2, is similarly down-regulated. Ketogenic conditions—starvation or ketogenic diet—increase K8+/+HMGCS2, whereas this response is blunted in the K8−/−colon. Microbiota-produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), substrates in the colonic ketone body pathway, are increased in stool, which correlates with decreased levels of their main transporter, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). Microbial populations, including the main SCFA-butyrate producers in the colon, were not altered in the K8−/−. In summary, the regulation of the SCFA-MCT1-HMGCS2 axis is disrupted in K8−/−colonocytes, suggesting a role for keratins in colonocyte energy metabolism and homeostasis.
Stoichiometric expression of mtHsp40 and mtHsp70 modulates mitochondrial morphology and cristae structure via Opa1L cleavage
Authors: Lee Byoungchun , Ahn Younghee , Kang Sung-Myung , Park Youngjin , Jeon You-Jin , Rho Jong M. , Kim Sung-Woo
Published: April 2015

Deregulation of mitochondrial heat-shock protein 40 (mtHsp40) and dysfunction of mtHsp70 are associated with mitochondrial fragmentation, suggesting that mtHsp40 and mtHsp70 may play roles in modulating mitochondrial morphology. However, the mechanism of mitochondrial fragmentation induced by mtHsp40 deregulation and mtHsp70 dysfunction remains unclear. In addition, the functional link between mitochondrial morphology change upon deregulated mtHsp40/mtHsp70 and mitochondrial function has been unexplored. Our coimmunoprecipitation and protein aggregation analysis showed that both overexpression and depletion of mtHsp40 accumulated aggregated proteins in fragmented mitochondria. Moreover, mtHsp70 loss and expression of a mtHsp70 mutant lacking the client-binding domain caused mitochondrial fragmentation. Together the data suggest that the molecular ratio of mtHsp40 to mtHsp70 is important for their chaperone function and mitochondrial morphology. Whereas mitochondrial translocation of Drp1 was not altered, optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) short isoform accumulated in fragmented mitochondria, suggesting that mitochondrial fragmentation in this study results from aberration of mitochondrial inner membrane fusion. Finally, we found that fragmented mitochondria were defective in cristae development, OXPHOS, and ATP production. Taken together, our data suggest that impaired stoichiometry between mtHsp40 and mtHsp70 promotes Opa1L cleavage, leading to cristae opening, decreased OXPHOS, and triggering of mitochondrial fragmentation after reduction in their chaperone function.
HIF-dependent regulation of claudin-1 is central to intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity
Authors: Saeedi Bejan J. , Kao Daniel J. , Kitzenberg David A. , Dobrinskikh Evgenia , Schwisow Kayla D. , Masterson Joanne C. , Kendrick Agnieszka A. , Kelly Caleb J. , Bayless Amanda J. , Kominsky Douglas J. , Campbell Eric L. , Kuhn Kristine A. , Furuta Glenn T. , Colgan Sean P. , Glover Louise E.
Published: April 2015

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are exposed to profound fluctuations in oxygen tension and have evolved adaptive transcriptional responses to a low-oxygen environment. These adaptations are mediated primarily through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) complex. Given the central role of the IEC in barrier function, we sought to determine whether HIF influenced epithelial tight junction (TJ) structure and function. Initial studies revealed that short hairpin RNA–mediated depletion of the HIF1β in T84 cells resulted in profound defects in barrier and nonuniform, undulating TJ morphology. Global HIF1α chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis identified claudin-1 (CLDN1) as a prominent HIF target gene. Analysis of HIF1β-deficient IEC revealed significantly reduced levels of CLDN1. Overexpression of CLDN1 in HIF1β-deficient cells resulted in resolution of morphological abnormalities and restoration of barrier function. ChIP and site-directed mutagenesis revealed prominent hypoxia response elements in the CLDN1 promoter region. Subsequent in vivo analysis revealed the importance of HIF-mediated CLDN1 expression during experimental colitis. These results identify a critical link between HIF and specific tight junction function, providing important insight into mechanisms of HIF-regulated epithelial homeostasis.
ABCF1 extrinsically regulates retinal pigment epithelial cell phagocytosis
Authors: Guo Feiye , Ding Ying , Caberoy Nora , Alvarado Gabriela , Wang Feng , Chen Rui , Li Wei
Published: April 2015

Phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is critical to retinal homeostasis and shares many conserved signaling pathways with other phagocytes, including extrinsic regulations. Phagocytotic ligands are the key to cargo recognition, engulfment initiation, and activity regulation. In this study, we identified intracellular protein ATP-binding cassette subfamily F member 1 (ABCF1) as a novel RPE phagocytotic ligand by a new approach of functional screening. ABCF1 was independently verified to extrinsically promote phagocytosis of shed POSs by D407 RPE cells. This finding was further corroborated with primary RPE cells and RPE explants. Internalized POS vesicles were colocalized with a phagosome marker, suggesting that ABCF1-mediated engulfment is through a phagocytic pathway. ABCF1 was released from apoptotic cells and selectively bound to shed POS vesicles and apoptotic cells, possibly via externalized phosphatidylserine. ABCF1 is predominantly expressed in POSs and colocalized with the POS marker rhodopsin, providing geographical convenience for regulation of RPE phagocytosis. Collectively these results suggest that ABCF1 is released from and binds to shed POSs in an autocrine manner to facilitate RPE phagocytosis through a conserved pathway. Furthermore, the new approach is broadly applicable to many other phagocytes and will enable systematic elucidation of their ligands to understand extrinsic regulation and cargo recognition.
Wnt ligand–dependent activation of the negative feedback regulator Nkd1
Authors: Larraguibel Jahdiel , Weiss Alexander R. E. , Pasula Daniel J. , Dhaliwal Rasmeet S. , Kondra Roman , Van Raay Terence J.
Published: April 2015

Misregulation of Wnt signaling is at the root of many diseases, most notably colorectal cancer, and although we understand the activation of the pathway, we have a very poor understanding of the circumstances under which Wnt signaling turns itself off. There are numerous negative feedback regulators of Wnt signaling, but two stand out as constitutive and obligate Wnt-induced regulators: Axin2 and Nkd1. Whereas Axin2 behaves similarly to Axin in the destruction complex, Nkd1 is more enigmatic. Here we use zebrafish blastula cells that are responsive Wnt signaling to demonstrate that Nkd1 activity is specifically dependent on Wnt ligand activation of the receptor. Furthermore, our results support the hypothesis that Nkd1 is recruited to the Wnt signalosome with Dvl2, where it becomes activated to move into the cytoplasm to interact with β-catenin, inhibiting its nuclear accumulation. Comparison of these results with Nkd function in Drosophila generates a unified and conserved model for the role of this negative feedback regulator in the modulation of Wnt signaling.
CHOP links endoplasmic reticulum stress to NF-κB activation in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Willy Jeffrey A. , Young Sara K. , Stevens James L. , Masuoka Howard C. , Wek Ronald C.
Published: April 2015

Free fatty acid induction of inflammation and cell death is an important feature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and has been associated with disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). After chronic UPR activation, the transcription factor CHOP (GADD153/DDIT3) triggers cell death; however, the mechanisms linking the UPR or CHOP to hepatoceullular injury and inflammation in the pathogenesis of NASH are not well understood. Using HepG2 and primary human hepatocytes, we found that CHOP induces cell death and inflammatory responses after saturated free fatty acid exposure by activating NF-κB through a pathway involving IRAK2 expression, resulting in secretion of cytokines IL-8 and TNFα directly from hepatocytes. TNFα facilitates hepatocyte death upon exposure to saturated free fatty acids, and secretion of both IL-8 and TNFα contribute to inflammation. Of interest, CHOP/NF-κB signaling is not conserved in primary rodent hepatocytes. Our studies suggest that CHOP plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of NASH by induction of secreted factors that trigger inflammation and hepatocellular death via a signaling pathway specific to human hepatocytes.
Intranuclear dynamics of the Nup107-160 complex
Authors: Morchoisne-Bolhy Stéphanie , Geoffroy Marie-Claude , Bouhlel Imène B. , Alves Annabelle , Audugé Nicolas , Baudin Xavier , Van Bortle Kevin , Powers Maureen A. , Doye Valérie
Published: April 2015

Nup98 is a glycine-leucine-phenylalanine-glycine (GLFG) repeat–containing nucleoporin that, in addition to nuclear transport, contributes to multiple aspects of gene regulation. Previous studies revealed its dynamic localization within intranuclear structures known as GLFG bodies. Here we show that the mammalian Nup107-160 complex (Y-complex), a major scaffold module of the nuclear pore, together with its partner Elys, colocalizes with Nup98 in GLFG bodies. The frequency and size of GLFG bodies vary among HeLa sublines, and we find that an increased level of Nup98 is associated with the presence of bodies. Recruitment of the Y-complex and Elys into GLFG bodies requires the C-terminal domain of Nup98. During cell division, Y-Nup–containing GLFG bodies are disassembled in mitotic prophase, significantly ahead of nuclear pore disassembly. FRAP studies revealed that, unlike at nuclear pores, the Y-complex shuttles into and out of GLFG bodies. Finally, we show that within the nucleoplasm, a fraction of Nup107, a key component of the Y-complex, displays reduced mobility, suggesting interaction with other nuclear components. Together our data uncover a previously neglected intranuclear pool of the Y-complex that may underscore a yet-uncharacterized function of these nucleoporins inside the nucleus, even in cells that contain no detectable GLFG bodies.
Treaties
Authors: Bradley Curtis A.
Published: April 2015

This chapter considers the status of treaties within the U.S. legal system. The focus is on international agreements concluded through the senatorial advice and consent process specified in Article II of the Constitution. The chapter describes that process, including the Senate’s ability to condition its consent through reservations and other qualifications. It also discusses the role of treaties as supreme law of the land, including the situations in which treaties will be considered “self-executing” and “non–self-executing,” as well as the later-in-time relationship of treaties to federal statutes. The chapter also discusses the relationship of treaties to constitutional limitations concerning the separation of powers and federalism, including the implications of the Supreme Court’s 1920 decision in Missouri v. Holland. The chapter concludes with a consideration of how the United States terminates treaties.
War Powers and the War on Terrorism
Authors: Bradley Curtis A.
Published: April 2015

This chapter considers the relevance of international law within the U.S. legal system to the United States’ initiation and conduct of war. After briefly reviewing some of the most relevant treaties relating to war and warfare, the chapter considers the Constitution’s distribution of war authority between Congress and the President. It then discusses how international law, including the provisions in the UN Charter relating to the authority of the Security Council, as well as collective self-defense treaties, might affect the President’s war authority. The chapter then shifts to the “war on terrorism” and discusses the relevance of international law, including the Geneva Conventions, to issues concerning the scope of the military’s detention authority in that conflict, with particular reference to the Supreme Court’s 2004 decision in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld. International law and other issues relating to the use of military commissions to try terrorist suspects are also considered. The chapter concludes by discussing legal debates relating to coercive interrogation and targeted killing.
Albert Szent-Györgyi
Authors: Hargittai István , Hargittai Magdolna
Published: April 2015

Albert Szent-Györgyi symbolizes the blending of romanticism and reality in assessing the Hungarian share of Nobel Prizes. The popular notion of the inflated number (15) of Hungarian Nobel laureates and Nobel laureates of Hungarian roots is both a blessing and a curse. It is a blessing because it has added to the international reputation of Hungarian science and culture, but it has a negative impact when we ourselves believe in such an inflated number. In reality, some of the Nobel laureates hardly had any roots in the country while others were forced to abandon it, and they achieved their seminal contributions elsewhere. Georg von Békésy; Dennis Gabor; Avram Hershko; George de Hevesy; Imre Kertész; George A. Olah; Albert Szent-Györgyi; Eli Wiesel; Eugene P. Wigner did some or all of their schooling in Hungary. There are statues in Budapest honoring Science. Others commemorate scientists and sovereigns in medieval times.
Ignác Semmelweis
Authors: Hargittai István , Hargittai Magdolna
Published: April 2015

Ignác Semmelweis, our symbol for Hungarian medicine, was the “Savior of Mothers.” Appalled by the frequent incidence of puerperal fever—childbed fever—leading to death, he recognized that the obstetricians themselves transported the poisoning ingredients from the autopsy to the women whom they examined. He introduced disinfection before medical personnel touched a patient after they had performed a postmortem examination. His work preceded the understanding of the germ theory of disease and the existence of bacteria as carriers of diseases. The campuses, clinics, and other institutions of Semmelweis University and the Semmelweis Museum of Medical History abound with memorabilia of famous contributors to the medical profession. They include, among many others, Frigyes and Sándor Korányi, the anatomist János Szentágothai, the initiator of integrated treatment of children suffering from cerebral palsy András Pethő, and the medical historian turned prime minister József Antall.
László Rátz
Authors: Hargittai István , Hargittai Magdolna
Published: April 2015

László Rátz was a high school mathematics teacher who discovered and nurtured talent. The famous Hungarian high schools—the gimnáziums—developed during the “happy peace time,” between 1867 and 1914. They represented outstanding venues of creativity. A few of these schools are introduced: the Lutheran; the Model (Mintagimnázium); the Main Modern of District VI; the Berzsenyi in Markó Street; the Piarist; the Lónyai Street Gimnázium; and the Madách. They graduated seven future Nobel laureates and the five “Martians of Science,”—Theodore von Kármán, Leo Szilard, Eugene P. Wigner, John von Neumann, and Edward Teller. Many other renowned contributors to Hungarian and international scientific, cultural, and political life graduated from these schools, including the financier George Soros, the politician Tom Lantos, the Intel inventor and entrepreneur Andy Grove, the economists Thomas Balogh and Nicholas Kaldor, the chemist turned philosopher Michael Polanyi, the Abel-prize-winning mathematician Peter Lax, and many more.
Phase Space Methods for Degenerate Quantum Gases
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M.
Published: April 2015

Recent experimental progress has enabled cold atomic gases to be studied at nanokelvin temperatures, creating new states of matter where quantum degeneracy occurs—Bose–Einstein condensates and degenerate Fermi gases. Such quantum states are of macroscopic dimensions. As its title suggests, this book presents the phase space theory approach to treating the physics of degenerate quantum gases, an approach already widely used in quantum optics. However, degenerate quantum gases involve massive bosonic and fermionic atoms, not massless photons. The book begins with a review of Fock states for systems of identical atoms, where large numbers of atoms occupy the various single-particle states or modes. First, separate modes are considered, and here the quantum density operator is represented by a phase space distribution function of phase space variables which replace mode annihilation and creation operators, the dynamical equation for the density operator determines a Fokker–Planck equation for the distribution function, and measurable quantities such as quantum correlation functions are given as phase space integrals. Finally, the phase space variables are replaced by time-dependent stochastic variables satisfying Langevin stochastic equations obtained from the Fokker–Planck equation, with stochastic averages giving the measurable quantities. Second, a quantum field approach is then treated, the density operator being represented by a distribution functional of field functions which replace field annihilation and creation operators, the distribution functional satisfying a functional Fokker–Planck equation, etc. A novel feature of this book is that the phase space variables for fermions are Grassmann variables, not c-numbers. However, the book shows that Grassmann distribution functions and functionals still provide equations for obtaining both analytic and numerical solutions.
Canonical Transformations
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M.
Published: April 2015

This chapter focuses on linear canonical unitary transformations of mode annihilation and creation operators, both for bosons and for fermions. The generators of such transformations (which form a Lie algebra) are introduced for the specific case of two-mode systems, and the effects of these transformations on two-mode Fock states are evaluated. Applications of linear canonical transformations to two-mode interference associated with beam splitters and the distinction between boson and fermion cases are presented, followed by a treatment of pair creation processes such as squeezing in one- and two-mode bosonic systems. Treatments of thermofields – used to map mixed thermal states of single-mode systems onto pure states of two-mode systems, which are related to the two-mode vacuum state by a linear transformation – and the Bogoliubov transformations – used in describing excitations in Bose–Einstein condensates – round off the chapter.
Langevin Equations
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M.
Published: April 2015

In this chapter, Langevin equations (or Ito stochastic differential equations, SDEs) are derived that are equivalent to Fokker–Planck equations for bosons and fermions. The approach involves replacing modal phase space variables by stochastic phase space variables satisfying Ito SDEs containing c-number Wiener stochastic variables, as well as functions of stochastic phase variables. It is shown that if the Ito SDE quantities are related to drift and diffusion terms in the FPE, then the time dependences of phase space averages of arbitrary functions equal those for stochastic averages of these functions. Using Takagi factorisation, Ito SDE quantities satisfying the required relationship are found, for both bosons and fermions. The Wiener variable numbers differ—2n for bosons, 2 n2 for fermions. For fermion unnormalised B distributions, both the drift and the diffusion Ito SDE terms are linear in the stochastic phase variables. SDEs are applied to fluctuations and quantum correlation functions.
Functional Calculus for C-Number and Grassmann Fields
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M.
Published: April 2015

This chapter presents the basic mathematical tools required for extending the phase space method involving phase space variables for separate modes to a phase space method involving field functions that incorporate all modes together. Distribution functions are replaced by equivalent distribution functionals, Fokker–Planck equations by functional Fokker–Planck equations and Langevin equations by Langevin field equations. Field functions involve mode expansions with c-numbers (bosons) or Grassmann numbers (fermions) as coefficients. For both cases, the concept of a functional is introduced and examples given, functional derivatives are defined (left and right for Grassmann fields), examples are worked out, differentiation rules are derived and the relationship to derivatives (left and right for fermions) involving phase space variables is established. Functional integration is defined and related to phase space integration involving mode variables. Results for functional integration by parts and for functional differentiation of functional integrals are established.
Langevin Field Equations
Authors: Dalton Bryan J. , Jeffers John , Barnett Stephen M.
Published: April 2015

In this chapter, Langevin field equations (or Ito stochastic field equations, SFEs) are derived that are equivalent to functional Fokker–Planck equations (FFPEs) for bosons and fermions. Phase space fields are replaced by stochastic phase space fields satisfying Ito SFEs containing c-number Wiener increments, together with functions of the stochastic fields. Derivations are carried out both by applying mode expansions to previous results for Ito stochastic differential equations and, more directly, by establishing the relationship required between Ito SFE quantities and the drift and diffusion terms in the FFPE so the phase space functional integral of an arbitrary functional and its stochastic average have the same time dependence. Both derivations give the same result. The Ito SFEs are sums of deterministic and noise fields. The stochastic averages of these terms and their products are determined. For fermion unnormalised distribution functionals, the deterministic and noise fields are linear in the stochastic phase space fields.
Introduction
Authors: Nichols Kate
Published: April 2015

The introduction situates this book in the broader fields of classical reception studies, cultural history, art history, museum studies, and Victorian studies. It sets out methodological approaches to nineteenth-century understandings of the past and historical consciousness. It provides an overview of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, its directors’ ideals, guidebooks, displays, history, and protagonists. It offers a tour of the classical sculpture on display in the Greek, Roman, and Pompeian Courts.
Showing off Archaeological Knowledge
Authors: Nichols Kate
Published: April 2015

Chapter 2 explores the relationship between the Victorian entertainment industry and the emergent ‘professional’ classical archaeological establishment at mid-century. It offers the first overview of the role that classical sculpture and architecture played in nineteenth-century shows of London, spanning actors posing in bodystockings, medical wax work museums, casts at Madame Tussauds, and the Regent’s Park Colosseum. It provides the first detailed assessment of the public display of classical sculpture in 1850s Britain, at the British Museum and beyond, and situates these displays within the history of classical archaeology. It features detailed discussion of 1850s archaeological engagements at the Crystal Palace, looking at polychromy and the relationship between Greek ‘originals’ and Roman ‘copies’ of sculpture. It argues that in 1850s London, ‘amateur’ and ‘professional’, ‘entertainment’, and ‘education’ ought to be seen in tandem, rather than as polar opposites. It foregrounds the Crystal Palace as a prime location for exploring such connections.
Having the right stuff
Authors: McCoy Earl D.
Published: April 2015

The kinds of statistical analyses one can conduct, and the possible conclusions one can draw from them, are determined by the structure and size of the data set employed. In turn, the composition of the data set is constrained by the presuppositions, values, and biases of the investigator. These data constraints are difficult to recognize, can take a number of forms, and are sometimes impossible to avoid. The ways in which scientists value particular methods over others may be a particularly important, yet also a particularly poorly understood, influence on data gathering. This chapter provides brief descriptions of values, value judgments, and biases—which are tightly inter-related—and then describes some characteristic biases found in ecological research. It shows how various kinds of biases can influence the conclusions drawn by ecologists. Finally, the chapter suggests how the inherent complexity of much ecological data enhances the potential danger of flawed conclusions engendered by data constraints. This suggestion is supported with extended examples showing how the interpretation of ecological patterns and processes is related to the scale of examination and the hierarchical nature of observations. Ecologists can draw erroneous conclusions from their data in numerous ways; reducing their likelihood requires awareness of the potential influence of data constraints and conscious planning, well beyond that typically applied to data gathering.
Generalized linear models
Authors: Buckley Yvonne M.
Published: April 2015

Generalized Linear Modeling (GLM) unifies several statistical techniques, providing a stable and modular foundation on which to build a useful working knowledge of statistical modeling. GLMs enable a re-interpretation of previously learned ANOVA and regression techniques and integrate well with more advanced modeling techniques introduced in later chapters. This chapter describes the modular components of a GLM, the linear predictor, error distribution, and link function, and through explanation and examples guides readers to develop a more intuitive understanding of the nature of their data set and the generalized linear models that can be used to make sense of it. Ecologists commonly collect data that contravene the assumptions of ANOVA and regression; GLMs provide a more flexible modeling framework that enables analysis of binary, count, and proportion data, as well as continuous data with non-normal error structures. These data can also be challenging to plot and interpret; examples are provided throughout with associated code for graphing data and the models developed. The chapter also provides guidance on model criticism and inference. Finally there are a number of reasons why your GLM may not work or may be inappropriate, and this chapter discusses how to recognize problems and suggest solutions.
A statistical symphony
Authors: Kendall Bruce E.
Published: April 2015

Ecologists are increasingly using non-experimental data—both “natural experiments” and observational data from monitoring programs—to address questions that cannot be addressed in controlled experiments. Analyses of such data are plagued by confounding variables and bidirectional causality, creating inconsistent parameter estimates and unreliable P values (well known as “correlation does not imply causation”). Less well-known, similar problems arise with measurement error in the predictor variables and for experiments in which the causal variable is not the experimental treatment itself, but something manipulated by the treatment (e.g., using nutrient treatments to manipulate plant biomass or quality as the resource in a consumer-resource experiment). Economists call this phenomenon “endogeneity” (which mathematically manifests as a correlation between residuals and predictors); lacking ready access to experimental data, they have developed a number of tools for reducing or eliminating such endogeneity in observational data. This chapter introduces one of these techniques, instrumental variable regression. The technique is computationally simple; the challenge is finding an appropriate variable to serve as an instrument. The instrumental variable must be correlated with the putatively causal predictor variables, but not have any direct association with the response variable—that is, the instrumental variable is correlated with the response variable only because of its association with the predictor variable. This condition can only be demonstrated via logical argument, rather than via statistical testing. The approach is illustrated for the problem of identifying life-history tradeoffs between current reproduction and subsequent fitness when individuals are heterogeneous in an unobserved “quality” characteristic.
Spatial variation and linear modeling of ecological data
Authors: Negrete-Yankelevich Simoneta , Fox Gordon A.
Published: April 2015

Spatial variation has been often considered undesirable noise in ecological studies because many statistical methods used assume random spatial distributions. It is time to change this because spatial structure is the rule in natural systems. Many ecological processes are driven by spatial structures. This chapter introduces the conceptual framework that allows ecologists to understand and analyze these structures. It also shows a basic set of tools for exploratory data analyses and graphs that will make spatial patterns apparent and help readers make analytical decisions. One of the goals of this chapter is to convince readers of the value of spatial analysis of small data sets and subtle spatial variation. Real ecological data sets are used to demonstrate two approaches to adding spatial structure to linear models. The first approach, Generalized Least Squares, directly models the spatial covariance structure with a variance–covariance matrix incorporating the range and sill of a variogram function fitted to the residuals. The second approach, spatial autoregressive models, uses weight matrices that specify a priori which observations are considered neighbors, as well as the strength of interaction between them. Autoregressive models can model spatial patterns in ecological data as imposed by unknown factors that are either external (e.g. environmental) or endogenous (e.g. competitive or social interactions) to the variable. In brief, there is a spatial world out there to be explored.