bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role Problems for Trainers in an Arab-Jewish Conflict-Management Workshop
Authors: Bargal David , Bar Haviva
Published: March 2007

The article describes and analyzes role problems of trainers who conduct conflict-management workshops between Arabs and Jews in Israel. Using role theory concepts, the article focuses on two types of role problems: role ambiguity and role conflict. Role ambiguity in this case stems from two sources: inadequate information concerning ends or goals of conflict-management workshops and inadequate information concerning the trainers' appropriate behavior. Particular instances of person-role conflicts are presented and explained. They evolve around dilemmas in the personal, cultural, and political spheres of the trainers'lives and their professional roles. The article concludes with a discussion regarding consequences of role problems on the trainers'performances. Measures to counteract these consequences are pointed out and discussed.
Deviance and Conflict in Small Group Decision Making
Authors: Pendell Sue D.
Published: March 2007

This study looked at deviance and conflict in small group decision making. Six types of behavior and circumstances that may lead to perceptions of deviance were observed: lack of participation, personality, "testing" others' opinions and solutions, incompatibility of views, the leadership-emergence process, and coalition deviance. Based on these types of deviant behavior, the process of labeling deviance in small group decision making is described. Further, the study indicates that individuals labeled as deviant by the group are nomore likely to initiate conflict than are othergroupmembers, butspecific types of deviance do appear to be related to conflict initiation.
An Analogical Methodology for Analysis and Validation of Anomalous Cognitive and Linguistic Operations in Small Group (Fantasy Theme) Reports
Authors: Haskell Robert E.
Published: March 2007

An initial analogical methodology for the analysis and validation of anomalous cognitive and linguistic operations in small group subliteral narrative (fantasy theme) reports is presented. Subliteral narratives (fantasy themes) are linguistic expressions that carry two or more levels of meaning, often referred to as "symbolic, " "metaphoral, " or figurative language. The methodology and cognitive-linguistic operations are instantiated with data derived from protocols transcribed from small group interactions. The significance of such anomalous findings bear on cognitive research, on story narratives, similarity relations, action ships, speech errors, analogical reasoning, isomorphic relations, structure mapping, metaphor comprehension, affective schemata, and transformation of invariance. Some implications are discussed.
On the Relationship between Formal Conflict Structure and the Social Field
Authors: Ostmann Axel
Published: March 2007

A growing tradition in analyzing bargaining behavior uses an experimental setup to provide intstrumenits to control the parameters of the underlying conflict. Game theory is used to model the conflict, to analyze the possible actions of the agents and the arguments that might be lused within the bargaining process, and to understand the results of the bargaining. Especially in face-to-face bargaining, we find a large variance in the results within a given class of situations (even when the same game is used). It is a major task of bargaining research to explain this variance. This article describes a trial using the concept of the social field to allow for consideration of social forces that may critically influence the possible development of an agreement.
Personality Complementarity as a Determinant of Group Cohesion in Bar Bands
Authors: Dyce Jamie , O'Connor Brian P.
Published: March 2007

This study attempted to find support for the controversial complementarity hypothesis by using more specialized measures than have been used in previous research. One hundred seventy-six musicians from 40 bar bands were interviewed in the venue where they were performing. A significant inverted-U relationship was found between interpersonal dominance and group integration, indicating support for personality complementarity. However, there were no significant effects for desire for control over the band's activities or for individual attraction to the group. These findings confirm the importance of distinguishing between different forms of power motivation in groups and between different forms of group cohesion. Complementarity research shouldfocus on interpersonal relationships rather than on control over activities and individual attraction.
Using Power Analyses to Examine Post Hoc Trends in Small Samples
Authors: Hepler Juanita B.
Published: March 2007

Many of the studies conducted in clinical research use small samples. This is especially true for small group research. These samples may present problems in the statistical analyses, as they reduce or limit the ability of the statistical tests of significance to detect differences between experimental conditions. This problem may befurther exacerbated when effect size is smalL This article discusses the application of a power analysis when such samples are used. The analysis is conducted after the study is completed and provides information concerning the actual power of the tests and important trends in the data that may have reached statistical significance if larger samples had been used
What is Cohesiveness?
Authors: Budman Simon H. , Soldz Stephen , Demby Annette , Davis Michael , Merry Jocelyn
Published: March 2007

This study explores the components of cohesiveness in group psychotherapy and the phase-specific nature of these elements. Ratings were performed on 12 time-limited outpatient psychotherapy groups using the Harvard Community Health Plan Group Cohesiveness Scale (GCS) and the Individual Group Member Interpersonal Process Scale (IGIPS). The GCSmeasures global group cohesiveness and has beenfound to be associated with outcome. The IGIPS measures statement-by-statement group therapy process dimensions hypothesized to be associated with positive outcome in group treatment. The results demonstrate that various types of observable participant behaviors (e.g., many members having the opportunity to speak during a given session) are related to group cohesion. However, the particular participant behaviors that related to cohesion vary according to the phase of the group therapy. Whereas a specific type of member behavior may be viewed as related to cohesion at a given point in treatment, at other periods of the therapy, no such relationship is found to exist. These findings are consistent with current theories of group development and may inform therapists' decisions about specific interventions that could enhance cohesion at different phases of group therapy.
Groups, Tasks, and Technology
Authors: Mcgrath Joseph E. , Arrow Holly , Gruenfeld Deborah H , Hollingshead Andrea B. , O'Connor Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

Thisfinal article presents a summary ofthefindings in thefourpreceding substantive studies, placing them in the context of the theoretical formulations underlying the work. It then discusses some of the issues involved in attempts to do research on the effects of experience and change.
A Multistage Influence Model of Barriers to Group Problem Solving
Authors: Broome Benjamin J. , Fulbright Luann
Published: March 2007

Although writers frequently suggestfuture directionsfor small group research, it is not clear to what extent these suggestions arise from participant concerns rather than researcher interests. Not always do the concerns of scholars coincide with the needs of the user. This article presents a participant-generated agendafor small group research that is constructed from a structural analysis of influence maps developed by seven groups overa 6-yearperiod. Each of these groups was engaged in the generation, structuring, and interpretation of difficulties related to group work. A multistage influence model of barriers to group problem solving is developedfrom the group products, and suggestions are made forfuture research directions based on this modeL Thefollowing agenda is proposed: (a) we must examine more carefully the role of contextual influences in group work (b) we need to provide stronger guidance on methodologies for group work, (c) we must find ways to fully integrate discussions of culture with group process, (d) we should view climate and communication as primary conduits of group interaction, (e) we need to conduct more research on how attitudes are influenced by group factors, and (f) we need to broaden our view of the role of process experts.
The Effects of Communication Motives, Interaction Involvement, and Loneliness on Satisfaction
Authors: Anderson Carolyn M. , Martin Matthew M.
Published: March 2007

A small group model was tested that traced the path by which communication motives influenced interaction involvement and loneliness and the ways that these factors, in turn, influenced group satisfaction. Results indicated that pleasure was a reason for communicating responsively, whereas escape, control, and inclusion were not reasons. Escape was not a motive reported by those who were lonely. With regard to group satisfaction, it was found that loneliness was a mediatingfactor in that members who interacted responsively were not lonely, and those who were not lonely reported satisfaction with the group. Finally, there was a direct link between the need for affection and satisfaction. Implications of the model's findings support the need for communication skills training and understanding members' motives for interacting in ongoing task groups.
Mental Models of Groups as Social Systems
Authors: Hinsz Verlin B.
Published: March 2007

The concept of a mental model is described with regard to the way that individuals interact with social systems such as groups. Important considerations are described for identifying the attributes of a system (group) and the attributes of the individual's interaction with a system (group). These attributes then are considered in relation to the individual's mental model, which reflects beliefs an individual has about the way that states of the system lead to outcomes of the system (group), as well as the manner in which the individual's specific interactions with the system (group) lead to the states of the system, and the system (group) outcomes. The key notion of beliefs is used to describe methodsfor analyzing and identifying the attributes of mental models. One approach for assessing mental models, the belief association matrix, is described to illustrate the conceptualization provided here. An empirical assessment using the belief association matrix is demonstrated Issues related to the reliability and validity of mental models are discussed. It is suggested that valid and reliable measures of mental models can provide a substantialfoundation for understanding the way that individuals perceive the relation between their interactions with social systems such as groups, and the outcomes derivedfrom theirinteractions with social systems. Implications of mental models for understanding group interaction and performance are highlighted.
An Experimental Examination of Biological Sex as a Status Cue in Decision-Making Groups and Its Influence on Information Use
Authors: Propp Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of biological sex as a nonverbal indicator of status on the use of information in a decision-making group. Drawing on status characteristics theory, this article posits that the sex of the group member who introduces a piece of information into discussion affects the likelihood of the information's use in making a decision. More specifically, the author hypothesizes that information introduced by males has a higher probability of use than information introduced by females. The results of the statistical analyses support the hypothesis. Furthermore, if the information is known to all members of the group before discussion, the sex of the group member who introduces it in the discussion has less impact on its use than if the information is unique to one member
Are all Newcomers Judged Similarly?
Authors: Craig Kellina M.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the effects of newcomerstatus and racial status on evaluations of target persons in task groups. Both the race and time of entry into the group were systematically variedfora targetperson in same-sex task-oriented groups. AfricanAmerican newcomers were judged as nmre open minded and their contributions were deemed as more useful than were those provided by other African Americans who were present at the outset and by Whites present as newcomers and old-timers. Moreover; time of entry mattered most for ratings of the African American target person. The implications of these findings for long-tern task group arrangements are discussed.
Sequences and Cycles in Social Interaction
Authors: Shelly Robert K.
Published: March 2007

Studies of group interaction identify several behavioral regularities. Actors reciprocate others'behavior, influence one another, and allocate rewards to reflect emergent hierarchies. Patterns vary based on internal group dynamics and on attributes such as gender, race, or task skill. An issue that has received little attention-the dynamic embedded in these emergent interaction patterns-is the focus of this article. The analysis employs fundamental interaction sequences which include patterns of questioning, answering, and rewarding. Understanding sequences increases understanding of emergent interaction patterns reflected in cycles of interchange patterns. Data from 70 task groups were coded to reveal sequences of interaction. Questions asked correlated with answers given and rewards received. Reciprocity between actors in initiating and receiving answers, as well as initiating and receiving positive and negative rewards, is also common. Thesefindings help link studies of interaction processes and of social structures.
Self-Presentation and Group Influence
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Prapavessis Harry
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the social anxiety of individuals differing in the personality trait of social physique anxiety across three social conditions that varied in degree of group support present. A 2 (high vs. low social physique anxiety) x 3 (alone, with a bestfriend, with a group offriends)factorial design was used with a sample of undergraduate university students (N = 161). The results showed that in comparison with individuals higher in the trait of social physique anxiety, individuals lower in the trait perceived less social anxiety relative to their physique independent of the social condition. Further, group presence served to reduce the social anxiety associated with self-presentation. Progressively less social anxiety was experienced in the company of a best friend and the company of a group offriends than when alone. No interaction was found between the personality trait of social physique anxiety and the three social conditions.
Using simulations on materials development courses
Authors: Tomlinson Brian , Masuhara Hitomi
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors describe the advantages they have discovered of simulations over real-life tasks on materials development courses they have run together in different parts of the world. They outline the principles, objectives, and procedures of the types of simulations they have used and describe examples of simulations to illustrate their points. In particular, they stress the value of simulations in providing a rich but economical experience that the participants are helped to respond to through a simplification of the reference system. This provides focus and direction but challenges the participants to discover and develop ideas and solutions for themselves. In this way, simulations are able to aid the development of both theoretical understanding and practical skills and to contribute to the development of self-confidence and self-esteem.
Effects of Time Scale Focus on System Understanding in Decision Support Systems
Authors: Ford David N. , McCormack Dalton E. M.
Published: March 2007

Successfully managing dynamic complex systems requires an understanding of how structure influences both short-and long-term behavior. Therefore, decision support systems designed to improve performance by increasing user understanding require features that address both short and long time scales. The authors report the results of empirical research on the effects of features that facilitate different time scale focuses by users of management flight simulators on system understanding. System understanding was measured in two ways: with questions about structural relationships and by performance measures pertaining to the management of a complex system. Participants were divided into two time scale groups. Results were disaggregated based on causal distance and the timing of impacts to relate time scale focus and system understanding. A second experiment evaluated and improved the hypothesis to include the interaction of the time scale of system control and the time scale focus on improving system understanding and performance in managing dynamic systems.
Components of an Effective Medical Simulation Software Solution
Authors: Schwid Howard A.
Published: March 2007

Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) is a set of guidelines promoted by the American Heart Association to improve management of cardiac arrest. Numerous studies have shown that retention of the treatment algorithms following ACLS training is poor. The ACLS SIMULATOR is a software solution developed to address this problem. Practice managing simulated cases using the ACLS SIMULATOR has been shown to improve physicians’ retention of ACLS guidelines better than textbook review. There are more than 10,000 copies in use, and hundreds of physicians and nurses have used the software to earn continuing education credits. The ACLS SIMULATOR uses five essential components to achieve an effective simulation training software solution: (a) simulation engine to predict simulated patient responses, (b) graphical user interface, (c) automated record-keeping system, (d) expert system for management help, and (e) automated debriefing system. These five components serve as the basis for development of other case-based simulation training programs. The addition of the expert system and automated debriefing enhance the educational experience and convert the program from being just a simulator to being an efficient learning environment for independent study.
How I Designed a Game-And Discovered the Meaning of Life
Authors: Thiagarajan Sivasailam
Published: March 2007

Treating life as a game, the author conducts a midcourse debriefing of personal experiences related to the design and use of simulation and games and comes up with nine insights. These insights deal with design techniques, participant reactions, alternative approaches to learning, impact of experiential approaches, importance of debriefing, cross-cultural communication, and therapeutic insights.
Simulations: A Safe Place to Take Risks in Discussing Cultural Differences
Authors: Pedersen Paul
Published: March 2007

Non-western cultures, such as Indonesia, provide different perspectives about psychological functions that are surprisingly relevant in western cultural settings. Specific examples developed in Indonesia and Malaysia of simulations and strategies for teaching about psychology are discussed. The uniquely positive function of simulations in teaching about psychology is presented and discussed.
Learning to Be Simple: My Odyssey with Games
Authors: Meadows Dennis L.
Published: March 2007

During 35 years of professional gaming, the author has worked to simplify the methods he uses to convey basic points about growth in a finite world. He describes four games that span his career and indicates how he has learned to use simpler and simpler exercises for conveying profound lessons about limits to growth. One game, PAPER FOLD, is described fully so that the readers can use it in their own teaching.
Group Intervention to Prevent Tobacco Use Among Native American Youth
Authors: Moncher Michael , Schinke Steven
Published: March 2007

Use rates for smoked and smokeless tobacco are rising more quickly among Native American people than among the general population. Effective preventive interventions must target variables specific to ethnic-racial cultures. This article reports findings from a culturally sensitive intervention to reduce tobacco use among Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest that used classrooms and communities as natural groups. Despite few significant results, a number of trends in the data have implications for future research .
Evaluating Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Schizophrenia: Four Single-Case Studies
Authors: Bradshaw William
Published: March 2007

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) has been used infrequently with persons with schizophre nia. This exploratory study delineates the use of CBT strategies, describes the process of treatment, and presents results from the single-subject A-B design (N = 4) that examined the efficacy of CBT of schizophrenia. Standardized measures of psychosocial functioning, severity of symptoms, attainment of treatment goals, and data regarding hospitalizations were used to assess change over the course of 18 months of treatment and follow-up. Analysis of data indicated that the clients experienced considerable reduction in symptomatology and rehospitalizations as well as improvement in psychosocial functioning and attainment of treatment goals. Treatment issues regarding the application of cognitive-behavioral methods with persons with schizophre nia and suggestions for future social work research and practice are discussed.
In their Own Words: The Lived Experience of Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Authors: Wise Barbara V.
Published: March 2007

Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for children with end-stage liver disease. Few studies have examined the experience of transplantation from the child’s perspective. Using a phenomenological approach establishes a safe environment for children to reflect on their lives as transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to uncover the experiences of pediatric liver transplant recipients from the period prior to transplantation, through surgery, and beyond. In-depth conversations with 9 pediatric recipients were carried out. Phenomenological methodology guided the data collection and analysis. The children faced many challenges, including surviving a life-threatening illness while accomplishing normal developmental tasks. The predominant theme was striving for normalcy in their lives.
Exploring the Versatility of Qualitative Design for Evaluating Community Substance Abuse Prevention Projects
Authors: Woodhouse Lynn D. , Livingood William C.
Published: March 2007

Evaluation of community organization and intervention programs presents challenges that cannot be addressed through traditional outcome-oriented paradigms. The versatility of qualitative designs and methodologies was illustrated in their application to a multiple-agency community substance abuse prevention project. The evaluation provided a historical reconstruction of the project along with important summative and formative information. However, the value of qualitative evaluation extended beyond the expected outcomes of evaluation. The interactive nature of the qualitative design and methods contributed to empowerment, enhanced communication, clarified roles, and offered a clearer understanding of the balance of power among the partners involved in the project.
Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research with Hospice Patients
Authors: Raudonis Barbara M.
Published: March 2007

As scientific and medical advances propel the world toward the 21st century, ethical concerns have become an integral part of health care. The protection of human rights is mandated in health care research. The increasing use of qualitative research methods, however, high-lights ethical issues and concerns related to the research process, and these take on new meaning in the context of qualitative research. This article addresses three ethical issues in qualitative research with hospice patients. Examples taken from a naturalistic nursing study of the hospice patient's perspective of empathy describe one researcher's experience with those ethical issues.
Managing Life with a Chronic Condition: The Story of Normalization
Authors: Robinson Carole A.
Published: March 2007

One way that families and individuals manage living with a chronic condition is to construct and live a story of "life as normal." The conceptualization of this process is based on constant comparative analysis of accounts of individuals and family members who are managing chronic conditions. The process begins with construction of the story of life as normal and continues as the story is lived over time. As the story is enacted, persons reauthor their lives. Thus the reciprocal nature of the process becomes evident. Specifically, how individuals and families construct and enact the story is discussed along with the role of health care professionals in the process and associated costs and benefits.
Achieving a Sense of Control in a Context of Uncertainty: Nurses and AIDS
Authors: Reutter Linda I. , Northcott Herbert C.
Published: March 2007

This article describes how nurses cope with their concerns about acquiring HIV infection when caring for persons with AIDS (PWAs). In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 nurses who had cared for PWAs in an active treatment hospital in a Western Canadian city. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative methodology of grounded theory. The findings suggest that nurses work to create and maintain a sense of control by making risk manageable through the use of behavioral and cognitive coping strategies. More specifically, nurses maximize their safety through the use of precautions, reappraise risk as less threatening, and distance from situations that tend to elicit fear. The article concludes with suggestions for further research and implications for practice.
Understanding Sexual Risk Behavior from Drug Users' Accounts of their Life Experiences
Authors: Singer Nicole
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to place drug users' HIV-related risk behaviors in the context of their past and current life experiences. The presented material was taken from interviews of 228 drug users on their sexual attitudes and behaviors. Many clients reported traumatic and abusive childhoods, relationship and sexual difficulties, multiple losses of significant others, and social isolation. It is proposed that sexual risk behavior may be understood and explained in the context of clients' perception of themselves and their relationships as a result of past traumatic events and current lifestyle. The implications for intervention programs that are aimed at changing clients' sexual risk behaviors are discussed in the light of this model.
Grounded Theory and Nursing Knowledge
Authors: Benoliel Jeanne Quint
Published: March 2007

Grounded theory (GT) is a research approach with origins in the interpretive tradition of symbolic interactionism. Its influence on knowledge generation in nursing began in the 1960s and expanded over the next two decades. By the 1980s, published GT research by nurses had increased greatly in scope and direction. The focus of these studies included adaptations to illness, infertility, nurse adaptations and interventions, and status passages of vulnerable persons and groups. Within the nursing culture, use of GT has been influenced by variations in meanings ascribed to GT, changes in interpretive research practices, and environmental circumstances affecting nurse investigators. The identified theories point to the salient influences of social structure and environment on human health and well-being.
(Re)Defining My Self: Women's Process of Recovery from Depression
Authors: Schreiber Rita
Published: March 2007

This grounded theory study examined the process of recovery for women who have been depressed. Twenty-one women who identified themselves as having recovered from depression were recruited through a snowball sampling approach. Women described a basic social psychological process involved in recovery from depression as (Re)Defining My Self, a process that consists of six phases. The women were interviewed and the interviews were audiotaped and transcribed for analysis. The data were analyzed through the constant comparison grounded theory method as developed by Glaser and Strauss and refined by Glaser and Stern. This research builds on existing research by expanding our understanding of the concept of recovery from depression. The study augments our understanding of women's experience with depression by enabling us to better understand the context and the meanings that link the variables that have been studied but remain elusive.
Salvaging Quality of Life in Ethnically Diverse Patients with Advanced HIV/AIDS
Authors: Wilson Holly Skodol , Hutchinson Sally A. , Holzemer William L.
Published: March 2007

This article reports a grounded theory of Salvaging Quality of Life generated in Phase 1 of an instrument development study that aims to generate and then validate an ethnically sensitive quality-of-life (QoL) measure for patients with late-stage HIV/AIDS. A purposive sample of patient participants and family/significant-other caregivers was interviewed, and six focus groups with expert nurse clinicians were conducted yielding more than 2,000 pages of textual data. Analysis using the constant comparative method revealed that patients who are "living with dying" salvage QoL from remnants through three subprocesses: preserving, in which patients attempt to maintain QoL intact and unaltered; sustaining, in which patients suspend the demise of selected dimensions of their QoL; and redeeming, in which patients come to terms with quality of death and surrender QoL issues.
"A Little Sign and a Lot of Love...": Attitudes, Perceptions, and Beliefs of Hispanic Families with Deaf Children
Authors: Steinberg Annie G. , Davila Jose R. , Collazo Jorge , Loew Ruth C. , Fischgrund Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

The authors studied the perception, attitudes, and beliefs about deafness and disability in 9 Hispanic families with deaf children. In-depth interviews were conducted, focusing on the families' experiences in adjusting to the child's hearing loss and emphasizing, in particular, concepts of causation of deafness; communication with the deaf child; and perceptions of the accessibility of services. Most parents expressed positive or neutral feelings about deafness. Concepts of causation varied, with some parents attributing deafness to divine will, others to heredity or physical insult. Many parents reported that their extended families and communities stigmatized the deaf child. Most families were satisfied with the services available. Parents' appraisals of the children's receptive and expressive abilities for oral language were profoundly contradictory. These interviews provide valuable insight into the belief systems and needs of this minority group. Increased awareness of these needs and concerns is necessary to improve services for Hispanic deaf children and their families.
Narrative Turn or Blind Alley?
Authors: Atkinson Paul
Published: March 2007

Sociologists, anthropologists, and others are paying increasing attention to the collection and analysis of personal narratives. This is true of qualitative health research, where narratives of suffering and illness have been granted special status. The article endorses a narrative approach but offers a criticism of research in which narratives are regarded as offering the analyst privileged access to personal experience. It is suggested that an appeal to narratives too often includes inappropriate assumptions concerning human actors and social action. The argument is developed primarily through a reading of several major authors in the field.
Modalities of Body Experience in Illness and Health
Authors: van Manen Max
Published: March 2007

How do we experience our body in illness or health? This is a question that can easily comprise a book-length study. In this article, a selection of basic distinctions is explored that may be especially appropriate for pursuing this question. Increasingly the health science professional is becoming aware that people require not only health care assistance, surgical treatment, or pharmaceutical treatment, but that the professional be much more involved in the way that people experience and live with their problems in a different, sometimes deeply personal and unique manner. It is argued that nursing especially is involved in helping the patient, the elderly, the disabled, or the person whofor reasons of circumstance is out of step with the body to recover a livable relation with his or her psycho-physical being.
Changing Careers: Becoming Clean and Sober in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Marcus Marianne T.
Published: March 2007

Substance abuse remains a major threat to public health. Recovery is complex and variable, occurring with and without intervention. Therapeutic communities (TC) offer a unique long-term approach to recovery. The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of individuals in a TC. Grounded theory provides the methodological basis for the study. Interviews were conducted with 13 individuals in 3 settings. The findings indicate that recovery is analogous to changing careers and suggest a theory that explicates incremental stages in the redirection of the self to achieve a more productive lifestyle. Whereas TCs often purport to bring about character change, the findings of this study emphasize the importance of residual strengths of the previous self-strengths that must be valued to achieve success.
Truthful Self-Nurturing: A Grounded Formal Theory of Women's Addiction Recovery
Authors: Kearney Margaret H.
Published: March 2007

This grounded formal theory study was designed to develop a midrange theory of women's addiction recovery from multiple substantive reports. Ten research reports from diverse contexts were analyzed using theoretical sampling and constant comparison. The basic problem of addiction was found to be self-destructive self-nurturing. The basic process of recovery was truthful self-nurturing, which required a painful awareness shift in which addiction gained meaning as a problem. Subsequent recovery involved three areas of social-psychological change: abstinence work, self-work, and connection work. Consequences were enjoying simple pleasures, growing self-understanding, self-acceptance, and sense of belonging, and empowered connectedness. The theory was supported by findings of other qualitative studies of the same phenomenon.
Probing the Prime Narrative: Illness, Interviewing, and Identity
Authors: Mathieson Cynthia M. , Barrie Cecily M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, semistructured interviews with cancer patients are interpreted as a narrative process. Using a qualitative, inductive method, a coding scheme and lexicon were developed to analyze the form and content of interviews with persons with cancer. The authors introduce and describe the coding scheme by applying it to the audiotapes and transcripts from 13 interviews. This work indicates that there is a prime narrative supported by subnarratives. One can probe the narrative by studying the features of the lexicon: the interview gallery frame movement within the gallery, audio features, milestones, prompts and turn-taking, and the memo. The individual narrative is discussed in terms of a final summary report. This analytic approach enables the researcher to locate and describe the narrative.
Ten Tips for Reflexive Bracketing
Authors: Ahern Kathryn J.
Published: March 2007

Despite the realization that total objectivity is neither achievable nor necessarily desirable in qualitative research, researchers often are required to put aside assumptions so that the true experiences of respondents are reflected in the analysis and reporting of research. In many qualitative publications and conference presentations, researchers report that they have attempted this process, but the means by which this attempt was made often are not explicated. In this article, the author provides guidance to help qualitative researchers use reflexivity to identify areas of potential bias and to “bracket” them so their influence on the research process is minimal.
The Construction of Knowledge in Organizations: Asking the Right Questions about the Challenger
Authors: Winsor Dorothy A.
Published: March 2007

Previous research on the communication failures contributing to the Challenger's explosion tends to ask why it happened that various people in the organizations involved knew about the faulty O-rings but failed to pass on the information to decision makers. This is a faulty question, revealing assump tions many of us unconsciously share even when we consciously reject these as sumptions. This question implies a simplistic notion of knowledge and a conduit model of communication. Insights from the sociology of technology and the new rhetoricians can help us to form better questions about rhetoric in organizations.
Virtual Classroom Characteristics and Student Satisfaction with Internet-Based MBA Courses
Authors: Arbaugh J. B.
Published: March 2007

The trend toward delivering management education via the Internet has accelerated in recent years. However, research on what constitutes effective Internet-based courses is somewhat limited. This study examined the impact of technological and pedagogical characteristics of the virtual classroom on student satisfaction with Internet-based MBA courses. The perceived usefulness of the course software, perceived flexibility provided by taking the course via the Internet, and instructor efforts to create an interactive environment were the characteristics most strongly associated with student satisfaction. Finally, the article identifies several challenges and opportunities from these findings for management education researchers, educators, and business schools.
Employee Spirituality in the Workplace: A Cross-Cultural View for the Management of Spiritual Employees
Authors: Lewis Jeffrey S. , Geroy Gary D.
Published: March 2007

The workplace is evolving to reflect the diversity within society. Reflected within society are numerous spiritual beliefs and practices that are ingrained in the cultures. The cultural mix reflects not only ethnic diversity but also a diversity of spiritual beliefs and behaviors that influence workplace roles. Employees are manifesting spiritual beliefs and practices at work. To prepare future managers to face the challenge of managing spiritual diversity, management educators may choose to treat employee spirituality as a cross-cultural issue. This article provides a framework for educators to incorporate the management of employee spirituality into the curriculum.
The Northern Spotted Owl and the Tragedy of the Commons: Stakes and Stakeholders
Authors: Tucker Michael , Tromley Cheryl L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes two role-playing exercises. The first introduces Hardin’s (1968) concept of the “tragedy of the commons.” The second simulates the controversy surrounding the protection of the northern spotted owl under the Endangered Species Act. Together, these activities (a) increase environmental awareness in the context of the competing interests that various stakeholders have in our global commons, (b) help students understand the conflict between striving for a competitive advantage and preserving the environment, (c) demonstrate the complexity and cost of protecting the environment, and (d) explore the dynamics of private property rights versus public needs and the demands of regulation.
Teaching Methods and Course Content to Counteract the Tendency to Postpone Unprogrammed Problems
Authors: Richards Clinton H.
Published: March 2007

Business graduates have frequently been criticized on the grounds that so much of their training has focused on solving programmed problems that they are often averse to and poorly prepared for the unprogrammed problems they face in the work place environment. This study examined two research questions: Does students' aversion to unprogrammed problems increase as they move through the business curriculum? and Can their preference for programmed problems be reduced by providing appropriately designed training for dealing with unprogrammed problems in the core organizational behavior and business strategy courses? Based on data from the 354 undergraduate students in six experimental and two control groups in the current study, the answer to both questions appears to be yes. Implications for management education are also discussed.
Understanding Leadership through Art, History, and Arts Administration
Authors: Cowan David A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an interdisciplinary model that weaves leadership concepts into the contextual richness of history by employing the visual arts as catalysts. An implementation of the model follows its description to highlight ways in which it can enable students to traverse conceptual boundaries among commonly diverse disciplines. The article includes an assessment of the effectiveness of this strategy by examining comments from involved students.
Effects of Grade Feedback on Student Evaluation of Instruction
Authors: Engdahl Richard Alan , Keating Robert J. , Perrachione John
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effect of specific summative performance evaluation (grade feedback) on student evaluations of instruction (SEIs). Expectancy and attribution theories suggested predictions of better evaluations before explicit grade feedback than after. SEI data from eight pairs of sections of business courses confirmed these predictions.
Teaching Business Strategy and Policy Using a Multiple-Role-Play Technique
Authors: Quarstein Vernon A. , McAfee R. Bruce
Published: March 2007

This article presents a multiple-role-play technique used in teaching business policy and strategy. Students are immersed in the role play for 8 weeks and must alternate among four different roles. This methodology captures the benefits of in-depth analysis of a single case and variety obtained through the use of several cases. The methodology affords ample time for lecture and discussion of strategy and policy concepts, provides for integration of previously learned material, and affords students an opportunity to witness strategy and policy "in the making" from three different viewpoints: those of executive, consultant, and employee.
The Case Debate: A New Approach to Case Teaching
Authors: Stewart Kim A. , Winn Joan
Published: March 2007

This article describes and discusses the "case debate," a variation on case analysis in which the group presents its analysis of an assigned case and answers questions from the professor and class. An overview of the case debate technique is provided, and the technique's advantages and potential problems are discussed. Proposed solutions to the identified problems are presented.
Recycling: A Structured Student Exercise
Authors: Watkins Tom , Young Murray , Johnsen Tommi , Howard Tom , Hanbery Glyn
Published: March 2007

Forty-eight MBA students were directed through a 2-day, hands-on recycling exercise to increase their social consciousness about this issue and to directly confront the necessary economic, managerial, and ethical choices associated with recycling. The exercise facilitated the development and practice of management skills, such as investigation, risk-reward tradeoffs, time-pressured decision making, negotiation, and team building. Guidelines are provided for persons wishing to employ or adapt such an exercise.
Building a Strong Foundation: Using a Computer Simulation in an Introductory Management Course
Authors: Thompson Tracy A. , Purdy Jill M. , Fandt Patricia M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how computer-based management simulations can help meet the objectives of the introductory management course. Seven criteria are developed to evaluate the appropriateness of simulations for the introductory management course. Using these criteria, the authors evaluate 11 currently available computer-based simulations that (a) address a broad array of issues including production, marketing, human resources, and accounting and (b) allow team play. Finally, suggestions for course design are offered to facilitate the integration of a computer simulation into an introductory management course.
Modes of Classroom Delivery of Organization Theory: Implications for Management Education
Authors: Jabri Muayyad
Published: March 2007

The author espouses a classroom delivery of organization theory largely based on a "combined" mode of naturalism and phenomenology. Such a mode should take into account the differing assumptions concerning the multifaceted nature of organizational reality, including subjective conceptions. To achieve a useful and truly meaningful delivery, it is suggested that at the initial phases of delivery, we should encourage the propensity to reify constructs as if they were objective entities. Then, depending on how much reification is achieved in the classroom, we should opt for de-reification using the phenomenological approach.
Exploring Social Institutions Through the Films of Frederick Wiseman
Authors: Scherer Robert F. , Baker Bud
Published: March 2007

Using film in the management classroom is a pedagogical technique that has been broadly employed to illustrate, for example, leadership, power, and influence tactics. The approach has the ability to provide stimuli to encourage observational learning by capturing the attention of students. The authors have developed an entire course on social institutions using the documentary films of noted cinematographer Frederick Wiseman to teach organizational theory concepts. The discussion focuses on the structure of the course, including course logistics and assignments. Whereas the course provides students with a foundation for understanding organizational principles and diagnosing organizational problems, the assignments provide opportunities to build critical thinking and oral and written communication skills.
Shifting Paradigms in Management Education: What Happens When We Take Groups Seriously?
Authors: Mundell Bryan , Pennarola Ferdinando
Published: March 2007

This article describes a European full-immersion capstone MBA course in which andragogical principles were designed in from the start. In the Business Navigator didactic model, roles of teachers and students are reversed, with lecturers transformed into coaches and students transformed into active learners. Groupware technologysupports case teams of 30 to 35 students who spend more than 90% of their time in smaller teams solving complex multidisciplinary problems. Because of a huge investment in multimedia case materials and technology, students face information overload in a safe classroom environment, in which teams are expected to make mistakes, reflect, and learn from their choices. This article describes the program context, the didactic model, the course activities, the centrality of information technology, and the results of a questionnaire asking participants to describe their experience, enriched by other data.