bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate universities vs higher education institutions
Authors: Nixon Judy C. , Helms Marilyn M.
Published: July 2002

Corporate universities are not new, but have experienced tremendous growth during the last ten years. Predictions are that corporate universities will outnumber traditional colleges and universities within the next ten years. Reasons for the rapid growth are profiled in this article along with implications and challenges for both corporations and traditional universities. As an illustrative case, a partnering example between a corporate university and a traditional university is profiled. Costs and issues to consider in planning a corporate university are included. Changes underway at traditional universities and future implications conclude the article.
Consistency of subject indexing of novels by public library professionals and patrons
Authors: Saarti Jarmo
Published: July 2002

The paper discusses the consistency of fiction indexing of library professionals and patrons based on an empirical test. Indexing was carried out with a Finnish fictional thesaurus and all of the test persons indexed the same five novels. The consistency of indexing was determined to be low; several reasons are postulated. Also an algorithm for typified indexing of fiction is given as well as some suggestions for the development of fiction information retrieval systems and content representation.
Digital libraries: development and challenges
Authors: Sharma R.K. , Vishwanathan K.R.
Published: July 2002

Digital libraries are here to stay, and the conversion of traditional to digital is inevitable. Appropriate care should be taken to develop systems and managerial skills as well. Globalisation of the digital concept will not be possible until we overcome the technological gap between developed and developing countries. Measures are needed to overcome the menace of computer viruses and also unauthorised use. Sufficient thought has not been given to attaining self‐sustained growth. It is therefore essential to explore new avenues for funding, particularly since initial investment in digital libraries is high, as is maintenance.
The Performance of Manual Indexes and Online Databases in Information Retrieval
Authors: Odini Cephas
Published: July 2002

Reports on a comparative study carried out at the University of
Sheffield to compare the performance of some manual and online sources
in the retrieval of records in the subject of technology. Compares the
performance of two related manual indexes with those of three related
online databases. Considers all five sources with specific reference to
relative recall and precision. While online searches have some
considerable advantages over manual, the manual sources still have some
qualities which render them valuable. Emphasizes the selection of
databases on the basis of a compromise between high recall and high
precision, and ultimately between both of these and the cost.
Planning with and without Facts
Authors: Ifidon Sam E.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the provision of library services and the use of
information technology in developed countries. The situation of library
services and information technology in developing countries is then
contrasted with that in the developed countries. Discusses and
identifies reasons for the gaps between developed and developing
countries in information services and information technology.
Problems in the Management and Operation of Academic Libraries in
Poland during the Transition Period
Authors: Jazdon Artur , Olszewski Tomasz
Published: July 2002

Reviews the problems facing university libraries in Poland.
Discusses organizational structures and indicates major changes.
Considers finance problems and difficulties in staffing the libraries
between the Communist and the Democratic periods. Analyses the nature of
the collections, with particular reference to legal deposit. Finally,
discusses storage, circulation and automation.
The Leeds Library
Authors: Cox Dennis
Published: July 2002

Discusses the foundation of Leeds Library in 1768 (which was a time
of expansion in the wider world) and its founders. Describes the
subsequent history and growth of the library, and of its librarians.
Briefly indicates the present healthy state of the library which it
attributes to the position of the library in the centre of Leeds and the
will of the proprietors for it to survive.
Mute testimony: Yorkshire′s historic library buildings
Authors: Duckett Bob
Published: July 2002

Discusses the importance of recording surviving library buildings
as a contribution to architectural and library history research,
illustrated by a selection of photographs of historic library buildings
in Yorkshire. Concludes that the photographs provide much to be learned
from.
Customer compatibility management, or revisiting the silence rule
Authors: Rowley J.E.
Published: July 2002

Emphasizes the controllability of customer‐to‐customer interaction
in the library service environment. Argues that customers′ satisfaction
or dissatisfaction with their experience of a library may be
significantly influenced by their experience of other customers. Uses
some concepts from the services marketing literature and proposes a more
focused and comprehensive customer compatibility management programme.
Uses the theatrical metaphor to illustrate the roles and functions that
need to be adopted in a compatibility management programme.
The internationalization of MARC
Authors: Kokabi Mortaza
Published: July 2002

Surveys the evolution and development of MARC formats for the
digital encoding of bibliographic data from their beginnings in 1968 at
the Library of Congress to the present time, with particular emphasis on
the development of 17 national formats. Examines the reasons for the
divergence of MARC formats from each other as well as the early and
recent trends in the development of national MARC formats.
Pursuing quality in special libraries
Authors: Webb Sylvia P.
Published: July 2002

Outlines the introduction of quality control and TQM in library and
information services. Considers its specific application to special
libraries and reports on a research project using a questionnaire survey
of a range of special libraries.
Portrait of a young man with red hair
Authors: Rogerson Ian
Published: July 2002

The dedicatee of this Festschrift Issue is Anthony J. Wood,
retiring as Head of the Department of Library and Information Science of
Manchester Metropolitan University. His career is reviewed by the former
Librarian of Manchester Polytechnic/ Manchester Metropolitan University.
Sexism in the reading room
Authors: Day Alan
Published: July 2002

Reflects on how some apparently harmless correspondence in three
issues of Notes and Queries, September‐November 1884, regarding
the quality of readers′ chairs in the Reading Room of the British
Museum, and their usage by readers of both sexes, revealed some
unbecoming sexist attitudes and some ungentlemanlike behaviour.
From Golden Retriever(?) to GUI ‐ recent OPAC developments at Newcastle
Authors: Harbord Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

Describes how Advance online public access catalogue (OPAC) was introduced to Newcastle University Library in September 1993 and shows how users adapted to this system. Suggests the benefits of the OPAC.
Bibliographic standards for the New Age
Authors: Oddy Pat
Published: July 2002

Discusses the place of traditional bibliographic standards in the new electronic age. Questions the more extreme predictions of Internet enthusiasts concerning the future of printed materials and considers the culture change involved in developing print‐based and network‐based systems side‐by‐side. Discusses the nature of the standards required and concludes that existing bibliographic standards are not only suitable for dealing with the new situation but also have the benefit of applying relevant professional wisdom learned over many years to the new situation. Discusses Anglo‐American Cataloguing Rules and indicates some possible amendments to the machine‐readable catalogue format.
End‐user searches and search path maps: a discussion
Authors: Slack Frances
Published: July 2002

Examines the development of online public access catalogues of the last 15 years and how this has promoted the use of automated information retrieval systems. Investigates how end‐users use the system available to them and the type of subject searches which they carry out. Compares two techniques for mapping searches. Concludes that there is a need for effective diagnosis and monitoring methods and an efficient method of analysis of end‐user use is essential.
The status of library automation in Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Malik Khalid
Published: July 2002

Describes the current status of the use of computers in Pakistani libraries. Discusses the problems faced by librarians and information specialists in automating their libraries. Reviews internationally accepted database management systems mostly used in library housekeeping routines in Pakistan. Also introduces locally developed library packages. Gives a brief account of training facilities in library software offered by library schools and professional associations in the country, particularly the Pakistan Library Association.
Libraries and the electronic information marketplace
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

What is and will be the role of libraries in the Internet age? Examines the nature of the electronic information marketplace with a view to the identification of some of the factors that will shape that marketplace and the role of libraries in the marketplace. Considers first the nature of electronic information as a product, product segments and the stakeholders in the marketplace. Pricing strategies and distribution also have a role to play. The virtual library is one scenario for the future, but it fails to acknowledge the complexities of today’s developmental information society. Libraries in 1996 are already engaged in a wide range of different projects that exploit the latest communications technologies. The development of the marketplace will be constrained by issues associated with information rich, information poor, intellectual property and copyright, security and data protection, standards, and archiving and bibliographical control. The only thing that is certain is that there are no answers. Each library system needs to capitalize on its relationship with its existing customers as a base for developing its future potential.
Filling the gap: recent branch library development in Bradford
Authors: Denton John
Published: July 2002

Outlines the background to the development of three branch libraries opened by Bradford Metropolitan Council in 1995. Explains how each of the libraries serves three very different communities and how the need for each of the libraries arose. Discusses the difficulties of starting each of the projects, some of which took several years to resolve. Includes some details of the main building problems encountered and how they were eventually overcome. Describes some elements of library design including disabled access, floor size and layout as well as security implications.
Application of diagnostic constructs to query negotiation in reference service
Authors: Afolabi Michael
Published: July 2002

Provides a review of diagnostic constructs propounded by psychologists. Concludes that Robinson’s construct is the most comprehensive. His construct classified the client’s needs into the following categories: personal maladjustment, conflict with significant others, lack of knowledge, immaturity and lack of skill. Applies these categories to classify the information seeker’s need. Describes an interview held with the reference librarian of Kashim Ibrahim Library, which revealed that the categories of Robinson’s construct applied to several information seekers who came to the reference division of the library with queries from 1987 to 1995. Information seekers’ pressing need was user education. Because the majority of students did not participate in the library orientation programme, they lacked the necessary skill in the use of the library. The construct can be usefully applied by reference librarians in classifying information seekers based on their needs through a process of diagnosis.
The construction and development of a library building: Moi University library/faculty building
Authors: Ocholla Dennis , arap Tanui Tirong
Published: July 2002

The management of building development and construction processes in various environments is not similar because of the magnitude, functions, location, materials used, cost and of course use of the building. Similarly, building processes depend on the magnitude of financial involvement, the management of the building process, architecture, construction processes and environmental factors associated with location, politics, economics and culture. Provides a background to and outlines the problems of a building process in which the two authors have participated. Addresses the roles of management/organization/client, the building management committee and donor agency in the management of the building process and evaluates the overall achievement of the construction objectives. Observes that the client should be involved in the construction process at all stages and levels to monitor progress and that any consultancy appointment should involve experts familiar with the construction environment and should include a local consultant. It is equally important to equip the project manager with the necessary knowledge and resources to facilitate a resourceful contribution to the project. Suggests that the information in this paper may interest those involved with similar projects elsewhere.
Business improvement through quality management systems
Authors: van der Wiele Ton , Dale Barrie , Williams Roger
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on the use of the ISO 9000 series certification and the use of self‐assessment against an excellence model, as two examples of management fads which have survived for a long period of time. The literature suggests that two variables are related to the perceived success of the implementation of a fad. First, the degree of intrinsic as opposed to extrinsic motivation which is present, and second, the depth of organisational change which is demanded by the implementation. The two fads described in this paper differ in relation to these two variables.
Interpreting corporate transformation through failure
Authors: Thorne Marie L.
Published: July 2002

Defines and evaluates transformation, and examines why transformation efforts can fail. Provides a case study, describing the context, strategy and change processes. Finally, identifies what lessons can be learned from working with failure.
Legal sector marketing: a contested case
Authors: Vickerstaff Angela
Published: July 2002

Research over the last decade has resulted in a clearer conceptualisation of marketing orientation which has subsequently enabled its measurement within firms. Looks at the extent to which legal firms have adopted a marketing orientation as they compete in an increasingly demanding market. Research findings highlight a limited adoption of the marketing concept by legal firms. It appears that the components of a marketing orientation related to customer focus and long term profitability tend to be stronger than those of employee and competitor awareness. The implementation of marketing is limited by attitudinal factors related to values and perceptions of marketing, as well as more overt resourcing issues. It is thus recommended that firms focus on supplementing their external marketing with internal marketing activities to gain support for marketing across the firm.
What happened is prologue: creative divergence and corporate culture fabrication
Authors: McLarney Carolan , Chung Edward
Published: July 2002

Culture is an overarching phenomenon that helps individuals make sense of their world. However, culture is not an unchanging “given.” Members of a society actively create culture and, through their activities and interactions, sustain or change this culture. In an organizational setting, culture gives meaning to each person’s membership in the social stage that is the workplace. In the process of cultural creation and sustenance, the past is often used as a harbinger of things to come. How an organization effectively uses the past to shape its present culture is a major focus of this study. This article is an ethnographic study of how culture is fabricated, sustained, and renewed in a small advertising firm. The authors propose three interpretive themes – nightmare avoidance, “Richardism,” and dream building – and develop these into a framework using Drucker’s three entrepreneurial strategies. A fourth strategy, creative divergence, emerges from our in‐depth analysis of EMC.
Strategic issue classification in transition economies
Authors: McKenzie Brent
Published: July 2002

The classification of strategic issue terms, as used by managers and management teams in decision making, has previously been shown to have an impact on organizational performance. The question of the extension of such research to include managers in transition economies is less known. In order to address this research gap, a replication of an empirical study was conducted. It was found that managers in a transition economy (the Baltic country, and former Soviet republic, of Estonia) differed in the number of strategic issue terms that were classified as being indicative of a strategic “threat” or “opportunity” when compared to their western counterparts. These findings contribute to the continued need for questioning the applicability and validity of management classification strategies and frameworks, based on western managers’ and firms’ actions, for use in transition economies.
The essence of management decision
Authors: Harrison E. Frank , Pelletier Monique A.
Published: July 2002

Management decision constitutes the most important thing that managers do. Given the significance and complexity of this activity, one would expect to find a literature in which there is general agreement as to its defining characteristics and dimensions. Such is not the case. Much writing that purports to treat various aspects of management decision takes place outside the organization or involves individuals who are not or are not likely to become practising managerial decision makers. The consequence of this diffused and disjointed approach is a general misconception of the essence of management decision. More specifically, there is a general lack of appreciation of what management decisions are, who makes them, and where they are implemented. Intends to correct these generic misconceptions by advancing a set of theories and concepts that embodies the essence of management decision. The assimilation of these perspectives and viewpoints should enhance the reader’s conception of what management decision is and is not thereby contributing to higher levels of decision success in organizations of all types.
Heresies to orthodoxies: organizational renewal in Australia 1966‐1996
Authors: Griffiths Andrew , Dunphy Dexter
Published: July 2002

This paper traces the emergence of a social movement that has attempted to transform the fundamental character of organizations in Australia. Unlike many other such social movements, this worldwide social movement has been largely unresearched and even unnamed. We refer to it as the organizational renewal movement. The story we tell here demonstrates how this new social movement gained momentum and influence and eventually contributed to today’s prevailing management orthodoxy. We present the case that change initiatives moved from being heresies to orthodoxies. In particular we trace the movement through three phases. The first phase traces the foundations and acceptance of humanistic change interventions. The second phase traces the challenges to the humanistic agenda and the emergence of new directions. The third phase demonstrates the process of strategic alignment, where heresies became accepted as orthodoxies. The paper concludes with some observations on future directions for the movement.
Customer‐driven breakthroughs using QFD and policy deployment
Authors: Walker Mike
Published: July 2002

Achieving breakthrough improvements and ongoing organisational learning in complex and dynamic situations requires systematic management processes for logical, customer‐driven and team‐based planning and implementation, such as Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Policy Deployment (PD). QFD is a rigorous approach to customer research, market positioning and strategic planning, whereas PD provides a disciplined approach to policy deployment and progress control. The combined approach was recently used for planning industry research and development in the Australian beef industry.
Consumer segmentation in the grey market relative to rehabilitation products
Authors: Lancaster Geoff , Williams Ian
Published: July 2002

Purchasing decisions for “aids to daily living” (ADL) by the disabled and elderly tend to be commodity based to which value cannot be added through sales propositions. This paper reports research that investigated disparate customer segments in the “grey” sector. Quantitative research suggested that in order to develop market potential, different consumers need to be targeted and communicated to in different ways. Different psychographic categories had different personality based characteristics that need to be tapped into in order to better capture attention and interest. The traditional view of older people needing a rehabilitation product as being “desperate” needs to be changed through the use of promotional messages concentrating more upon humour and wit.
Downsizing to Improve Strategic Position
Authors: Drew Stephen A.W.
Published: July 2002

Planned large scale reductions in head‐count, or down‐sizing, have
become commonplace in many industries worldwide. In practice many
downsizings fail to achieve desired long‐term results. Presents results
of a survey among large Canadian firms which suggests some reasons.
Examination of strategic management of downsizing reveals weaknesses of
both planning and implementation. Effective management of human
resources is a prerequisite but failures often arise from inattention to
other important aspects of organizational change. Suggests that a
well‐thought‐out strategy should be accompanied by process innovation,
business re‐engineering and organizational learning.
Defining Competitiveness
Authors: Feurer Rainer , Chaharbaghi Kazem
Published: July 2002

Although the notion of competitiveness lies at the heart of business
strategy development, its definition is often vague and does not lend
itself to a measurement process. The competitiveness of an organization
depends on a number of factors which are interrelated and cannot be
looked at in isolation. The main factors include: customer values,
shareholder values and ability to act and react within a competitive
environment. Proposes a holistic approach for defining competitiveness
together with a mapping process which encompasses different dimensions
of competitiveness. The mapping process enables the measurement of
competitiveness while highlighting the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats within a competitive environment which form
the basis of business strategy formulation.
Proposed Entry into the German Market (Tiara Paints)
Authors: Vignali Claudio , Schmidt Ruth A.
Published: July 2002

Based on a large UK paint manufacturer′s experiences in the late 1980s,
presents a proposal for market entry into Germany. Gives reasons why
entry into this market is a challenging proposition. Local requirements
make a market research‐based adaptation of the marketing mix elements
necessary. Furthermore, additional challenges are presented by the
East‐West split of the German market following reunification which calls
for a flexible entry strategy, responding to local rather than national
needs. The exploratory stage of the development of a workable market
entry proposal in co‐operation with German partners is mapped in this
case study.
Two Authority Structures in the Economy
Authors: Gunn Bruce
Published: July 2002

A second authority structure, called a management system, is emerging in
the technological milieu of the information age. The new construct, that
operates in a framework of Judaeo‐Christian ethics, must replace the
political system. This latter mechanism is the original authority
structure which has traditionally been bounded by situation ethics.
Supplanting the political system with the management system is an
essential condition in the knowledge‐based economies of advanced
societies if they are to achieve their full productive potential.
Virtual Reality Technology in Business
Authors: Patel Himanshu , Cardinali Richard
Published: July 2002

The past two decades have witnessed the development of a new stream of
research in the field of virtual reality. Its primary use was thought to
be entertainment, but as research continued the applications to more
practical areas, we see how all forms of businesses can and are
benefiting from virtual reality research. Briefly discusses the research
being conducted on behalf of various industries, and how that research
will benefit and is benefiting those industries.
The Art of Asking Questions
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: July 2002

Managers spend most of their time asking questions. It is therefore of
interest to them to be acquainted with some of the research conducted by
survey methodologists, on asking questions. It appears at first sight
that this is not an area that should give rise to any particular
problems, but the research evidence suggests that there are many
pitfalls for the unwary. Discusses some basic problems of question
setting and response and provides some helpful solutions to problems
that may arise. Aims to help managers to be more conscious of the
questioning style they adopt and the impact it may make.
Marketing and strategy fit together (in spite of what some
management educators seem to think!)
Authors: Piercy Nigel F.
Published: July 2002

Throws down a challenge to management educators and trainers, as
well as to managers themselves, to reconsider how they relate the
critical issues in marketing to the equally critical issues in business
strategy and vice versa. Management education is accused of
repeatedly failing to respond to changes in the business world, and of
artificially separating marketing from strategy for reasons of
administrative neatness, which have nothing to do with the real problems
that managers have to solve. A structure is provided, which reflects
practices in real organizations, as a way of clarifying this question.
This structure has important implications for educators and
practitioners, and self‐audit questions are provided for both types of
reader.
Developing consensus
Authors: Winch Graham W.
Published: July 2002

Focuses on consulting experiences utilizing simulation approaches
that capture decision‐making processes in formulations that are
transparent to the general manager. Examines the dual benefit of
modelling in terms of not only providing forecasts and an objective
framework for quantitative evaluations, but also in the softer sense of
building consensus in management teams. Casts these experiences against
theories of effective group decision making, and other decision support
examples which focus on the use of models. Reconciles the circumstances
of the case with the conditions specified for effective group working
and suggests that the greatest contribution may be made to consensus
decision making when the whole modelling approach, not just access to
model outputs, is integrated into the decision‐making process, and where
the model complexity is commensurate with the task complexity and the
task familiarity of the management group.
The essence of entrepreneurial success
Authors: Osborne Richard L.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the essential elements of entrepreneurial success in large
and small, existing or newly‐created companies. Examines the links
between the firm and its environment, strategy and risk taking.
Identifies the essential elements and argues that satisfying customer
needs is the cornerstone of success.
The art of asking threatening questions
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: July 2002

Managers frequently ask questions that may be sensitive or
threatening. The answers that come back may be disingenuous, owing to
social desirability bias which has two sub‐divisions: personality and
item characteristics. The first refers to an overall tendency for an
individual to respond in a desirable manner. The second depends on the
particular context. It is not always obvious which questions may be
perceived as sensitive or threatening. Ten measures are suggested that
may assist in reducing the bias. These are reliability checks, embedding
the question, adopting non‐personal interviewing methods, the use of
diaries and panels, selecting an appropriate time‐frame, using open
questions, contacting informants, formulating longer questions,
incorporating familiar words, and loading the question.
The business school in a busy world
Authors: Wild Ray
Published: July 2002

Discusses management education and development – and in
particular the role of business schools. Outlines some personal views on
how and why business schools have evolved, and how they will do so in
the future. Offers a simple, general model to describe evolution to date
and to set the scene for the future. Examines certain aspects of future
business school development in more detail in order to try to identify a
distinctive and valuable role for such institutions in a changed world.
Can moral judgement and ethical behaviour be learned?
Authors: Wright Michael
Published: July 2002

Considers past research undertaken in the area of adult moral and
ethics education, in order to establish whether moral judgement and
ethical behaviour can be learnt by adults through an education
experience. Also seeks to identify those education media which best
facilitate learning of good moral behaviour and ethical judgement.
Concludes that research to date has not adequately proved the widely
assumed link between teaching and learning of moral judgement and
ethical behaviour. This link is important, particularly when education
is perceived by many to be the best means of developing good moral
judgement and ethical behaviour in the modern business environment.
Raises a number of additional issues related to the topic and suggests
several areas of future research opportunity.
The influence of environmental issues in strategic analysis and choice:
Authors: Ghobadian Abby , Viney Howard , James Philip , Lui Jonathan
Published: July 2002

Many corporations across the world are experiencing growing pressure to incorporate environmental issues into their strategic decision‐making process. This pressure characterizes the increased global significance of the environment. Examines the extent to which the issue is recognized by UK corporations, and how the environment affects corporate business planning. Additionally, reflects on the key motivational factors leading to the adoption of environmental policies, and comments on the nature of those influences. The key findings show that UK companies recognize the environment is an issue, but that the degree of importance attached is based on a variety of factors, resulting from unique corporate perceptions of opportunity and threat. Companies are generally concerned with meeting legal compliance levels and obtaining cost saving, without undertaking high levels of investment. Some companies are, however, seeking to become “environmental managers”, having identified the existence of opportunities for achieving competitive advantage.
Information sources and their usefulness in a professional services organization
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: July 2002

Examines sources of information and communication within a single, large professional services firm. Three information sources were considered: interpersonal, official company publications and informal sources such as memos and e‐mail. Using anonymously completed questionnaires, 1,608 employees provided data. Respondents indicated the amount of information received from these sources, which sources they preferred and the value of each information source in improving job performance.
Strategic and competitive success: towards a model of the comprehensively competent organization
Authors: Thompson John , Richardson Bill
Published: July 2002

Draws together a number of themes from mainstream strategy literature and synthesizes them into a new model of the comprehensively competent organization. Argues that it is a key role of the strategic leader to ensure that his/her organization possesses a wide range of generic competences (to an appropriate degree in each case) in order that the organization can develop and sustain more specific competences in learning, change management and product/service competitive competency. These “layers of competence” are illustrated in the form of an integrated web. While it is content competences which ultimately produce successful competitive outcomes, other competences in learning and change management are needed to support this. The competence implications of modern environments are discussed and, towards the end of the article, the generic competence argument is applied to the literature on business failure.
The foreseeable future
Authors: Mercer David
Published: July 2002

Reports the latest stage in a five‐year programme of research involving more than 1,000 large organizations. Describes the results obtained from research conducted on 17 groups containing managers from 140 organizations. Uses a new research technique and reports their expectations of the global future in 25 years’ time. These cover most aspects of society from technology through to politics. The results challenge received wisdom in a number of areas, not least in terms of their optimism, but tests indicate that they are well founded and in agreement with the views of most futurologists.
Innovating: towards an integrated learning model
Authors: Chaharbaghi Kazem , Newman Victor
Published: July 2002

By treating work as socially constructed and innovating as integrated learning, organizations can create new knowledge, models and tools and acquire new experiences to achieve the result they desire in support of their survival and growth. Provides a framework for innovating, and demonstrates the way in which different types of individuals and learning can contribute towards innovating within organizations.
Decision making during organizational change: observations on disjointed incrementalism in an Australian local government authority
Authors: Jones Robert , Gross Michael
Published: July 2002

Examines the nature of managerial decision making during the process of a programme of workplace reform at a major local government authority in New South Wales, Australia. Draws parallells between the synoptic and disjointed incrementalist approach to decision making during organizational change. In particular shows that the synoptic approach is not applicable in this case, and instead stresses the prevalence of incremental, reconstructive, serial and remedial decision making, characteristic of the disjointed incrementalist model. Presents and analyses the reasons for this. In so doing also draws attention to the importance of four factors which are interwoven with the non‐synoptic approach throughout the case, namely: continuity of purpose, probing for openings, seizing opportunities and waiting (and pouncing).
Kraft Mayonnaise, Italy 1995 ‐ product tactics
Authors: Pratesi Carlo Alberto
Published: July 2002

Describes the positioning of a major brand in a niche market in a relatively new retailing environment. Suggests that the use of trend examination, consumer behaviour and product benefits to develop heuristic devices and position the product in this market are essential, and that the analysis of the company and competition were of essence.
The Quick Card system
Authors: Wendt F. , Vignali
Published: July 2002

Notes the concern that the launch of a new technological product into a European market can cause to the management of a company. Suggests that a close examination of the traditional planning process and a deeper understanding of the management devices that are used in marketing can indicate a clear strategy path to the company.
The possibility of Boddingtons ‐ “the cream of Manchester’s” ‐ entry into the Dutch market
Authors: Cuomo Genaro , Vignali Claudio
Published: July 2002

Underlines that the development of a new European market for a UK company has to be strategically planned. Examines the introduction to the Dutch market of a particular northern UK beer product, suggesting that the use of strategic tools and a traditional marketing plan is essential while the development of heuristic devices could point out the tactical path to follow.
No such thing as … a “one best way” to manage organizational change
Authors: Burnes Bernard
Published: July 2002

States that the ability to manage change is now recognized as a core organizational competence, and this is reflected in the large number of books and articles devoted to prescribing how success in this area can be achieved. Notes that although these prescriptions may vary significantly, they all tend to argue that their way is the “one best way” for all organizations. Challenges the idea that there can be a “one best way” and instead seeks to replace prescription with choice. Begins by reviewing the two main models of change ‐ the planned and emergent approaches ‐ before moving on to discuss the merits of adopting a contingency model of change. However, argues that such an approach does not offer real choice: instead it merely seeks to replace one set of prescriptions with another. Concludes by calling for a recognition that organizations do have real choices in what they change and how they change it.
Developments in business networks in East Asia
Authors: Kienzle René , Shadur Mark
Published: July 2002

Examines three forms of business networking that have been identified within South East Asia: Japanese business networking, Korean business networking and Chinese family business networking. These demonstrate distinct characteristics. The Japanese system is the most well known and is exhibited mainly through the formation of industrial networks. Korean business networking differs in terms of ownership and control with a familial type relationship existing within networks. The Chinese family business network exhibits close links between enterprises that are owned by a single family with foundations of the network based on family, race, religion or profession. Examines these Japanese, Korean and Chinese business networking approaches from the perspective of small to medium‐sized enterprises and highlights some issues relevant to managers.
Management strategy in UK insurance broking
Authors: King Graham , Smallman Clive , van Weegen Michael
Published: July 2002

Notes that the insurance broking industry is unattractive and subject to long‐term change. Cites factors contributing to this such as industry saturation, low entry barriers and low product differentiation. Notes expected responses to such conditions, including those from the large, medium‐sized and provincial or high street brokers. Suggests that the latter are likely to decrease in number, faced with the increasing efficiency of direct writers and attempts by medium‐sized brokers to enter their market to offset losses in the upper levels of the market. Notes that this pattern is reflected in other areas of financial services.
Exposing the illusion of confidence in financial analysis
Authors: Phelan Steven E.
Published: July 2002

The use of discounted cashflow (DCF) techniques to evaluate major investment proposals is now commonplace. What is less generally known is that DCF analysis becomes unreliable when used to solve several common problems including the treatment of risk, real options, synergy and intangible assets. Argues that these problems occur primarily because the DCF approach assumes that decision makers are able to make accurate estimates of incremental risks and returns; a situation seldom encountered in practice. States that managers should beware the illusion of confidence created by financial figures developed in the absence of certainty. Suggests that in these cases, financial analysis should be supplemented, even supplanted, by strategic thinking and sound managerial judgement.
Self‐managed work teams approach: creative management tool or a fad?
Authors: Elmuti Dean
Published: July 2002

The introduction of employee empowerment through a self‐managed work teams programme into an organization further requires the introduction of multifaceted changes in person‐job relationships and the whole organizational hierarchy. The self‐managed teams concept can be seen as a strategy to increase motivation, quality, productivity, customer satisfaction and to sustain high performance. Self‐managed teams serve as the main building blocks of the organization. However, they are not simple or easy to create, develop and support. Companies must realize that it takes time, training and resources to implement teams and reap their rewards.
A unifying approach to management
Authors: Denton D. Keith , Richardson Peter
Published: July 2002

Looks at what it takes to create effective organizations. States that they use some system for unifying the efforts, thoughts and actions of diverse groups within the organization. These organizations have a “unifying factor” that is clearly defined and has a well‐understood meaning throughout the organization. Reviews some of these unifying factors and the organizations that make them work. There may be no one best unifying factor but certain common components exist in all unifying factors. Posits that customer service, quality or even money can be a unifying factor if the right infrastructure is created, so all are drawn together for a common purpose.
When the tourists flew in: strategic implications of foreign direct investment in Vietnam’s tourism industry
Authors: Haley Usha C.V. , Haley George T.
Published: July 2002

Emphasizes that tourism forms the largest industry in the world and the Vietnamese Government has targeted it for strategic foreign direct investment (FDI). Notes although researchers and policy makers comprehend particular aspects of tourism, they often misperceive how the variables interact within economic and political systems. Elaborates on experiences in similar and related Asian markets that indicate policies necessary to develop a sustainable, socially and ecologically‐desirable tourism industry through appropriate balancing of key stakeholders’ goals. First defines sustainable development in the context of tourism and indicates its relevance for Vietnam. Next, analyses some economic and social costs and benefits associated with tourism; also interprets recent governmental policies’ influences. Finally, provides policy recommendations for the future of sustainable and economically‐viable national tourism development in Vietnam.
Success through service
Authors: Holden Philip Anthony
Published: July 2002

An organization must provide total customer satisfaction, if it is to become a market leader. However, many organizations only provide lip service to this “blindingly obvious” philosophy. Emphasizes several ways an organization can avoid this hypocrisy and become truly customer oriented. The principal keys to success are strategy, people and culture. A customer‐driven strategy must be solution based, customized, distinctive and future oriented so that both the articulated and unarticulated needs of customers are satisfied now and in the future. This may mean being technology led as well as close to the customer, because customers often lack foresight (e.g. the Sony Walkman). Employees must be committed to customer satisfaction through inspirational leadership, empowerment in cross‐functional teams, and a customer‐focused corporate culture. People must instinctively try to satisfy customers, because they readily identify with their organization’s purpose.
A historical perspective of Japanese innovation
Authors: Herbig Paul , Jacobs Laurence
Published: July 2002

Japan’s economic success has been based primarily on social innovation. Western technology was accepted and used in institutions which retained their pure Japanese culture. Covers historical influences on and factors underpinning Japanese innovation. Concludes that traditional Japanese culture still affects the country’s economy (the producer is more important than the individual in industrial policy; established stakeholders are preferred to newcomers, etc.). Thus, Japan’s economy is a command economy, rather than a free‐market economy, which has various repercussions on trade.
Riding a tiger: some lessons of Taurus
Authors: Drummond Helga
Published: July 2002

The collapse of project Taurus, the London Stock Exchange’s £500 million IT venture, ranks as one of the major fiascos of business history. This paper highlights key mistakes in the project’s design and construction and discusses their implications for management.
Symbols and quantitative FUN‐damentals
Authors: Karathanos Patricia , Pettypool Diane
Published: July 2002

Organizations develop cultural artifacts to create and sustain organizational meaning. Symbolism creates organizational reality such that assumptions become taken‐for‐granted. This paper examines the way in which symbols function to create meaning. For example, metaphor actually causes one to focus on certain aspects of concepts to the exclusion of others. We propose that the creative symbolism used in organizations can be transferred to the classroom to foster shared meaning as conceptual building blocks for further learning. Several examples of how symbolism may be used to strengthen teaching and learning in “quantitative” courses are provided.
Principled negotiations ‐ a key to successful collective bargaining
Authors: Gatchalian Jose C.
Published: July 2002

This paper seeks to describe the concept and practice of “principled negotiations” as applied to collective bargaining, within the context of Philippine and other international experiences. The intervention strategy utilized in the actual cases provided valuable lessons and insights, where negotiators learned how to avoid unintended and unnecessary break‐offs in real bargaining situations. For prospective negotiators preparing for collective or other bargaining in the future, the approach can be helpful in paving the way for effective mutually satisfying negotiations.
If you offer it, they will come: participant selection, motivations and program value
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , MacDermid Graeme
Published: July 2002

This study examined the relationship between reasons for selection and motivations for attending a six week international management and business development program held in Canada and self‐reported program value. Data were obtained from 71 managers and professionals from 12 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltics and the Former Soviet Union using questionnaires. Participants reported greater program value is selected because the program had potential usefulness to their employers and if motivated to become more effective managers. Practical implications of these findings are offered.
A decision support system for the selection of quality‐based programmes in small firms
Authors: Noci Giuliano , Toletti Giovanni
Published: July 2002

Over the last year, the introduction of effective quality systems and the achievement of high quality products represented fundamental competitive incentives for the adoption of total quality management practices. Unfortunately, many empirical studies demonstrate that most of the quality based programmes introduced within small firms did not improve their competitive position and profitability. The reason for such a failure is threefold: ambiguity of quality dimension, lack of suitable decisional tools and distinctive features characterising small firms. Hence, the objective of this paper is to provide small firms’ managers with a decisional tool (derived from the Fuzzy Sets Theory) aimed at supporting the evaluation process and at selecting the most suitable investments within different competitive contexts.