bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the dynamic coupling characteristics of 3PTT-2R numerical control serial–parallel machine based on singular constraints and position coupling factors
Authors: Cai Yun , Zhang Bangcheng , Yao Yu
Published: November 2015

The dynamic coupling problem for the self-designed “3 parallel ∪ 2 series” mixed-type numerical control machine tool is studied based on the singular constraints and position coupling factors in order to ensure that the machine can have better dynamic characteristics and a higher quality of parts during the process of machining complex surface. This article puts forward a method based on singular constraints and the coupling factor. A whole dynamic coupling model of series and parallel mechanism is established and the coupling factors are determined. Numerical and parameter simulations of mechanism are analyzed and the real working space is obtained. And this article takes the simulation of the process of machining complex part and the force of the machine tool. The simulation results show that the established dynamics model is credible and reliable on the basis of considering singular constraints and position coupling factors. It is proved that the simulation data can correspond to the established model and the situation of force and kinematic suits the working mechanism. The cutting experiment of complex surface parts was took and the machine tool was run more smoothly and faster than the conventional machine tools. The velocity of the machine is regular and circular and there are no kinematic singularity data on the machine’s trajectory. The trajectory of the tool is in the working space completely and the accuracy of the part is good. The surface roughness results show that the kinematics accuracy of the machine tool is good. The interference fringe results show that the force of the machine tool is uniform. As there is no singular coupled vibration and collision, it is proved that the theoretical analysis is correct. The dynamics model of 3PTT serial and parallel mechanism is complete in this article. And the working space of the mechanism is obtained on the base of analysis of the singular constraints and position coupling factors. The article has carried out the dynamic simulation and processing experimental verification. Not only the method and process of this article was solved by dynamics coupling problem of 3PTT-2R numerical control machine tool actively, real-time and effectively, but also it was laid a foundation for accurate control of numerical control machine tools.
Reliability enhancement of manufacturing systems through functions
Authors: Loganathan MK , Gandhi OP
Published: November 2015

A reliable system means being able to perform its intended functions. Therefore, ensuring performing of its required functions will help to enhance its reliability. For a manufacturing system (e.g. computer numerical control machines), there are a large number of functions, which complicate and make analysis difficult. In this article, a logical and systems approach of graph theory, which is effective to eliminate such difficulties, is employed. The graph theoretic models do consider the system structure explicitly and are applied to model functions at various hierarchical levels of a manufacturing system. These function digraph models are analysed using matrix approach to examine the cause and effect, which helps to evaluate importance of the function and hence provide direction for system reliability enhancement. A step-by-step methodology is presented, which is illustrated by an example of manufacturing system: computer numerical control drilling machine.
Association of sexual risk behaviour with previous HIV testing among voluntary HIV counselling and testing clients in Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: Stalter Randy , Chen Mario , Uwizeye Glorieuse , Mutunge Elise , Ahayo Anita , Mugwaneza Placidie , Shumbusho Fabienne , Wesson Jennifer
Published: November 2015

With increased coverage of voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT) in Rwanda and a greater focus on repeat testing of key populations, it is important to understand whether the right clients are returning for repeat testing and if repeat testing is effective at reducing risk. We assessed the association between repeat testing and recent sexual risk behaviours among 1852 first time or repeat HIV testing clients in Kigali who had had sex, using data from a cross-sectional survey. Repeat testing was associated with being female, older and type of occupation. Multivariable analyses indicate that individuals who tested for HIV 1–2 times (aOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.15) and 3+ times (aOR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.17) previously were more likely to report recent unprotected sex. Those with 3+ previous tests were more likely to have recently had multiple sexual partners (aOR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.22, 3.92). However, a significant decrease in HIV prevalence is shown as individuals receive more HIV tests in their lifetime ( p < 0.001). These findings show that individuals who report high-risk behaviours are returning for repeat tests. However, VCT may not be successful at addressing certain sexual risk behaviours. Therefore more intensive counselling or additional HIV prevention services may be needed.
Significant benefit of a targeted HIV testing module on medical students’ knowledge and confidence
Authors: Chong M , Cartledge J , Waters LJ
Published: November 2015

The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a HIV targeted-testing teaching session in improving knowledge and confidence at a London medical school. A survey assessing knowledge of HIV testing guidelines, confidence to offer testing and outcomes of targeted-testing teaching was developed and distributed to fifth year medical students. Results were compared for students who had completed GU/HIV modules (GU+) and those who had not (GU−) and chi-squared testing was performed; 100 and 119 questionnaires were returned by GU+ and GU− students (response rate of 92.6% and 97.5%), respectively. For the three knowledge-based questions, GU+ students were significantly more likely to provide correct answers for two ( p < 0.001). Similarly, they were significantly more likely to feel confident in offering an HIV test ( p < 0.001). After targeted-testing teaching 92%, 98% and 62% felt more confident about when to test, how to discuss testing and more knowledgeable about testing, respectively. Most students were happy to offer HIV testing in different medical settings; significantly fewer reported this for an acute admissions unit compared with antenatal clinic (79% vs 96%). Students who had received targeted-testing teaching demonstrated better knowledge and confidence about HIV testing. We hope this study raises awareness of the need to include HIV testing teaching in medical school curricula.
Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 in Egyptian patients with systemic lupus eythematosus
Authors: Talaat R M , Alrefaey S A , Bassyouni I H , Ashour M E , Raouf A A
Published: November 2015

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease. Cytokine gene polymorphisms play an important role in SLE. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the associations between interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their susceptibility to SLE and the implications for plasma levels. We genotyped IL-6-174G/C (rs1800795) using mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) and IL-10-1082G/A (rs1800896) and -819C/T (rs1800871) using sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) in 100 Egyptian patients and 119 controls. The plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was significant increase in the frequency of IL-6 (-174) GG genotype ( P < 0.05) and G allele ( P < 0.01) compared to controls. A significant increase in the distribution of IL-10 (-1082G/A) GG ( P < 0.05) and AA ( P < 0.05) genotypes and a significant reduction in the frequency of GA genotype ( P < 0.05) was found in SLE patients. The mean serum concentration of IL-6 ( P < 0.001) and IL-10 ( P < 0.001) was significantly elevated in SLE patients compared to healthy controls. There was no  significant association of the most common clinical findings and IL-6 and IL-10 gene polymorphisms in SLE patients. In conclusion, our preliminary study indicated that both GG genotype and G allele of IL-6 (-174G/C) could be considered as risk factors for SLE. In addition, the polymorphisms at IL-10 (-1082 G/G and AA) may play a role in SLE susceptibility in Egyptian patients. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Risk of infection among patients with non-metastatic solid tumors or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy and antimicrobial prophylaxis in US clinical practice
Authors: Weycker Derek , Chandler David , Barron Rich , Xu Hairong , Wu Hongsheng , Edelsberg John , Lyman Gary H
Published: November 2015

Purpose

Guidelines generally do not recommend oral antimicrobials for prophylaxis against chemotherapy-related infections in patients with solid tumors. Evidence on antimicrobial prophylaxis use, and associated chemotherapy-related infection risk, in US clinical practice is limited.

Methods

A retrospective cohort design and data from two US private healthcare claims repositories (2008–2011) were employed. Study population included adults who received myelosuppressive chemotherapy for non-metastatic cancer of the breast, colon/rectum, or lung, or for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. For each subject, the first chemotherapy course was characterized, and within the first course, each chemotherapy cycle and chemotherapy-related infection episode was identified. Use of prophylaxis with oral antimicrobials and colony-stimulating factors in each cycle also was identified.

Results

A total of 7116 (22% of all) non-metastatic breast cancer, 1833 (15%) non-metastatic colorectal cancer, 1999 (15%) non-metastatic lung cancer, and 1949 (21%) non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients received antimicrobial prophylaxis in ≥1 cycle. Mean number of antimicrobial prophylaxis cycles during the course among these patients was typically <2, with little difference across cancers and chemotherapy regimens. Fluoroquinolones were the most commonly received class of antimicrobials, accounting for 20%–50% all antimicrobials administered. Among subjects who received first-cycle antimicrobial prophylaxis, chemotherapy-related infection risk in that cycle ranged from 3% to 6% across cancer types. Among patients who received first-cycle antimicrobial prophylaxis and developed chemotherapy-related infections, 38%–67% required inpatient care. Chemotherapy-related infection risk in subsequent cycles with antimicrobial prophylaxis was comparable.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that use of antimicrobial prophylaxis during myelosuppressive chemotherapy is far from uncommon in clinical practice. The results also suggest that an important minority of cancer chemotherapy patients receiving antimicrobial prophylaxis still develop serious infection requiring hospitalization.
Early Childhood Household Smoke Exposure Predicts Less Task-Oriented Classroom Behavior at Age 10
Authors: Pagani Linda S. , Fitzpatrick Caroline
Published: November 2015

Secondhand tobacco smoke is considered a developmental neurotoxicant especially given underdeveloped vital systems in young children. An ecological test of its negative influence on brain development can be made by examining the prospective association between early childhood household smoke exposure and later classroom behavior. Using a longitudinal birth cohort, we examined the unique contribution of household tobacco smoke exposure to children’s subsequent classroom engagement at age 10. From child ages 1.5 to 7 years, parents of 2,055 participants from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development reported on household smoking by themselves and other home occupants. At age 10, fourth-grade teachers reported on the child’s classroom engagement. In terms of prevalence, 58% of parents reported that their children were never exposed to smoke in the home, while 34% and 8% of children were exposed to transient and continuous household smoke, respectively. Compared with never exposed children, those who were exposed to transient and continuous household smoke scored 13% and 9% of a standard deviation lower on classroom engagement in fourth grade, standardized B = −.128 (95% confidence interval = −.186, −.069) and standardized B = −.093 (95% confidence interval = −.144, −.043), respectively. Compared with their never exposed peers, children exposed to transient and continuous early childhood household smoke showed proportionately less classroom engagement, which reflects task-orientation, following directions, and working well autonomously and with others. This predisposition poses risks for high school dropout, which from a population health perspective is closely linked with at-risk lifestyle habits and unhealthy outcomes.
Penetration and intracellular uptake of poly(glycerol-adipate) nanoparticles into three-dimensional brain tumour cell culture models
Authors: Meng Weina , Garnett Martin C , Walker David A , Parker Terence L
Published: November 2015

Nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems may potentially enhance the efficacy of therapeutic agents. It is difficult to characterize many important properties of NPs in vivo and therefore attempts have been made to use realistic in vitro multicellular spheroids instead. In this paper, we have evaluated poly(glycerol-adipate) (PGA) NPs as a potential drug carrier for local brain cancer therapy. Various three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture models have been used to investigate the delivery properties of PGA NPs. Tumour cells in 3-D culture showed a much higher level of endocytic uptake of NPs than a mixed normal neonatal brain cell population. Differences in endocytic uptake of NPs in 2-D and 3-D models strongly suggest that it is very important to use in vitro 3-D cell culture models for evaluating this parameter. Tumour penetration of NPs is another important parameter which could be studied in 3-D cell models. The penetration of PGA NPs through 3-D cell culture varied between models, which will therefore require further study to develop useful and realistic in vitro models. Further use of 3-D cell culture models will be of benefit in the future development of new drug delivery systems, particularly for brain cancers which are more difficult to study in vivo.
Does Leishmaniasis disease alter the parenchyma and protein expression in salivary glands?
Authors: Júnior Aírton MC , de Amorim Carvalho Fernando A , de Oliveira Dantas Weslany , Gomes Luana CL , da Silva Andrezza BS , de Sousa Cavalcante Maria MA , de Oliveira Ingrid M , de Deus Moura de Lima Marina , Rizzo Márcia dos Santos , de Carvalho Leite Carla Maria , Moura Selma Maria dos Santos , de Deus Moura Lúcia de Fátima Almeida , da Silva Benedito B
Published: November 2015

Leishmaniasis is considered a serious public health problem in several regions in Brazil and worldwide. This research aimed to perform a histopathological and proteomic study of parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands of BALB/c mice infected by Leishmania (L) infantum chagasi using histological, immunohistochemical and epifluorescence techniques. Twelve isogenic BALB/c male mice, around six- to eight-weeks old, were separated into two groups: the animals of the control group were injected with 0.15 ml of NaCl, while those in the experimental group were inoculated with 5 × 106 amastigote forms of Leishmania (L) infantum chagasi by the ip route. After 50 days, animals were euthanized and major salivary glands were collected to perform histological, immunohistochemical and epifluorescence techniques using anti-Caspase-2, anti-Ki-67 and anti-β-catenin antibodies, respectively. The histological and morphometric evaluation showed clusters of mononuclear inflammatory cells and a higher area and perimeter of the parotid gland. However, none of the salivary glands had morphophysiological impairment. There was no immunoreactivity to the anti-caspase-2 antibody and Ki67 expression in acinar and ductal cells in both groups. According to the immunofluorescence staining, the β-catenin antibodies did not show nuclear expression, suggesting no uncontrolled proliferation. The data obtained in this study showed population and morphological stability of major salivary glands after 50 days post-infection by Leishmania (L) infantum chagasi.
Increased expression of immune-related genes in leukocytes of patients with diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Authors: Wojcik Marzena , Zieleniak Andrzej , Zurawska-Klis Monika , Cypryk Katarzyna , Wozniak Lucyna Alicja
Published: November 2015

Compelling evidence indicates that the immune system is linked to metabolism in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but factors participating in these processes still are awaiting identification. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, encoded by the NOS2 gene, and surfactant protein D, encoded by the SFTPD gene, have been implicated in diabetes. We investigated NOS2 and SFTPD mRNA levels in leukocytes obtained from 125 pregnant women with ( n = 87) or without (control group; n = 38) GDM, and, in turn, correlated their expression with clinical parameters of subjects. Leukocytes were isolated from the blood of pregnant women and NOS2 and SFTPD expression in these cells was determined by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Univariate correlation analyses were performed to assess an association between leukocyte NOS2 and SFTPD expression and clinical characteristics of patients. qRT-PCR experiments disclosed significantly increased leukocyte NOS2 and SFTPD mRNA levels in hyperglycemic GDM patients ( P < 0.05). In the entire study group, there were significant positive associations of leukocyte NOS2 and SFTPD mRNAs with C-reactive protein. Additionally, transcript level of SFTPD also correlated positively with fasting glycemia and insulin resistance. This study demonstrates that an impaired glucose metabolism in GDM may be predominant predictor of leukocyte NOS2 and SFTPD overexpression in diabetic patients. Furthermore, alterations in the expression of these genes are associated with glucose metabolism dysfunction and/or inflammation during pregnancy. In addition, these findings support the utilization of leukocytes as good experimental model to study a relationship between immune-related genes and metabolic changes in women with GDM, as well as to assess the potential mechanisms underlying these alterations.
The thickness of the A2 pulley and the flexor tendon are related to the severity of trigger finger: results of a prospective study using high-resolution ultrasonography
Authors: Kim S.-J. , Lee C.-H. , Choi W.-S. , Lee B.-G. , Kim J.-H. , Lee K.-H.
Published: November 2015

We aimed to investigate the relationship between the pulley-tendon complexes and the severity of trigger finger. The thickness of the A1 and A2 pulleys, and the cross-sectional area of the flexor tendon under the pulleys, were prospectively assessed using 17 MHz high-resolution ultrasonography, in 20 patients with trigger finger (31 fingers). A control group comprised 15 asymptomatic fingers. The thickness of the A1 pulley and the proximal part of the A2 pulley, and the cross-sectional area of the flexor tendon under the A2 pulley, were significantly increased in the patient group. Clinical grade was significantly correlated with the thickness of the A1 pulley, the thickness of the proximal part of the A2 pulley, and the cross-sectional area of the flexor tendon under the proximal part of the A2 pulley. This study confirmed that the thickness of the A2 pulley and flexor tendon under the A2 pulley seems to be related to the severity of trigger finger.

Level of evidences: Level III
Functional kinematics of the wrist
Authors: Rainbow M. J. , Wolff A. L. , Crisco J. J. , Wolfe S. W.
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this article is to review past and present concepts concerning functional kinematics of the healthy and injured wrist. To provide a context for students of the wrist, we describe the progression of techniques for measuring carpal kinematics over the past century and discuss how this has influenced today’s understanding of functional kinematics. Next, we provide an overview of recent developments and highlight the clinical relevance of these findings. We use these findings and recent evidence that supports the importance of coupled motion in early rehabilitation of radiocarpal injuries to develop the argument that coupled motion during functional activities is a clinically relevant outcome; therefore, clinicians should develop a framework for its dynamic assessment. This should enable a tailored and individualized approach to the treatment of carpal injuries.
Determination of the longitudinal median nerve mobility in different neurodynamic techniques
Authors: Gonzalez-Suarez Consuelo , NathleenDizon Jan , Cua Ronald , Cabungcal-Fidel Belinda , Dones Valentin , Lesniewski Peter , Thomas John C
Published: November 2015

Background

Neurodynamic techniques which include tensioning and gliding techniques are being employed in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. There are few in vivo studies that have assessed the longitudinal mobility of the nerve using these techniques. The objective of this study was to determine the longitudinal excursion of the median nerve at the level of the wrist and distal arm by having the cervical spine lateral flexion or the wrist extension as terminal movement.

Method

Twenty healthy participants were included in the study. Techniques 1 and 2 had wrist extension as its terminal movement while techniques 3 and 4 had ipsilateral and contralateral neck lateral flexion as its terminal motion. Median nerve longitudinal excursion was determined using dynamic ultrasound and was measured by a motion tracking analysis program employing a fast template tracking method.

Results

Regardless of neurodynamic techniques, longitudinal mobility is highest at the wrist and arm level if the terminal movement is wrist extension. Median nerve excursion at the wrist and arm levels is 15.53 ± 7.04 mm and 6.82 ± 2.97 mm for technique 1 and 13.43 ± 5.64 and 5.33 ± 2.37 mm for technique 2, respectively. There was a significant decrease in median nerve excursion at the wrist level when the terminal movement was at the cervical spine.

Conclusion

The largest median nerve excursion in the arm and wrist occurred when wrist extension is the terminal movement. Contralateral cervical lateral flexion with a prepositioned extended wrist produced the least motion of the median nerve at both sites.
Draft genome sequence of Cellulomonas carbonis T26T and comparative analysis of six Cellulomonas genomes
Authors: Zhuang Weiping , Zhang Shengzhe , Xia Xian , Wang Gejiao
Published: November 2015

Most Cellulomonas strains are cellulolytic and this feature may be applied in straw degradation and bioremediation. In this study, Cellulomonas carbonis T26T, Cellulomonas bogoriensis DSM 16987T and Cellulomonas cellasea 20108T were sequenced. Here we described the draft genomic information of C. carbonis T26T and compared it to the related Cellulomonas genomes. Strain T26T has a 3,990,666 bp genome size with a G + C content of 73.4 %, containing 3418 protein-coding genes and 59 RNA genes. The results showed good correlation between the genotypes and the physiological phenotypes. The information are useful for the better application of the Cellulomonas strains.
Global Pediatric Oncology: Lessons From Partnerships Between High-Income Countries and Low- to Mid-Income Countries
Authors: Ribeiro Raul C. , Antillon Federico , Pedrosa Francisco , Pui Ching-Hon
Published: November 2015

Partnerships between medical institutions in high-income countries (HICs) and low- to mid-income countries (LMICs) have succeeded in initiating and expanding pediatric cancer control efforts. The long-term goal is consistently a sustainable national pediatric cancer program. Here, we review the elements required for successful implementation, development, and long-term sustainability of pediatric cancer programs in LMICs that first arise as partnerships with institutions in HICs. Although plans must be adapted to each country's resources, certain components are unfailingly necessary. First, an essential step is provision of treatment regardless of ability to pay. Second, financial support for program development and long-term sustainability must be sought from sources both international and local, public and private. A local leader, typically a well-trained pediatric oncologist who devotes full-time effort to the project, should direct medical care and collaborate with hospital, governmental, and community leadership and international agencies. Third, nurses must be trained in pediatric cancer care and allowed to practice this specialty full-time. It is also essential to develop a grassroots organization, such as a foundation, dedicated solely to pediatric oncology. Its members must be trained and educated to provide pediatric cancer advocacy, fundraising, and (in concert with government) program sustainability. Finally, a project mentor in the HIC is crucial and should explore the possibility of collaborative research in the LMIC, which may offer significant opportunities. Relationships between the partnership's leaders and influential individuals in the community, hospital, grassroots foundation, and government will lay the foundation for productive collaboration and a sustainable pediatric oncology program.
Myostatin Attenuation In Vivo Reduces Adiposity, but Activates Adipogenesis
Authors: Li Naisi , Yang Qiyuan , Walker Ryan G. , Thompson Thomas B. , Du Min , Rodgers Buel D.
Published: November 2015

A potentially novel approach for treating obesity includes attenuating myostatin as this increases muscle mass and decreases fat mass. Notwithstanding, conflicting studies report that myostatin stimulates or inhibits adipogenesis and it is unknown whether reduced adiposity with myostatin attenuation results from changes in fat deposition or adipogenesis. We therefore quantified changes in the stem, transit amplifying and progenitor cell pool in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) using label-retaining wild-type and mstn−/− (Jekyll) mice. Muscle mass was larger in Jekyll mice, WAT and BAT mass was smaller and label induction was equal in all tissues from both wild-type and Jekyll mice. The number of label-retaining cells, however, dissipated quicker in WAT and BAT of Jekyll mice and was only 25% and 17%, respectively, of wild-type cell counts 1 month after induction. Adipose cell density was significantly higher in Jekyll mice and increased over time concomitant with label-retaining cell disappearance, which is consistent with enhanced expansion and differentiation of the stem, transit amplifying and progenitor pool. Stromal vascular cells from Jekyll WAT and BAT differentiated into mature adipocytes at a faster rate than wild-type cells and although Jekyll WAT cells also proliferated quicker in vitro, those from BAT did not. Differentiation marker expression in vitro, however, suggests that mstn−/− BAT preadipocytes are far more sensitive to the suppressive effects of myostatin. These results suggest that myostatin attenuation stimulates adipogenesis in vivo and that the reduced adiposity in mstn−/− animals results from nutrient partitioning away from fat and in support of muscle.
Functional brain regeneration in the acoel worm Symsagittifera roscoffensis
Authors: Sprecher Simon G. , Bernardo-Garcia F. Javier , van Giesen Lena , Hartenstein Volker , Reichert Heinrich , Neves Ricardo , Bailly Xavier , Martinez Pedro , Brauchle Michael
Published: November 2015

The ability of some animals to regrow their head and brain after decapitation provides a striking example of the regenerative capacity within the animal kingdom. The acoel worm Symsagittifera roscoffensis can regrow its head, brain and sensory head organs within only a few weeks after decapitation. How rapidly and to what degree it also reacquires its functionality to control behavior however remains unknown. We provide here a neuroanatomical map of the brain neuropils of the adult S. roscoffensis and show that after decapitation a normal neuroanatomical organization of the brain is restored in the majority of animals. By testing different behaviors we further show that functionality of both sensory perception and the underlying brain architecture are restored within weeks after decapitation. Interestingly not all behaviors are restored at the same speed and to the same extent. While we find that phototaxis recovered rapidly, geotaxis is not restored within 7 weeks. Our findings show that regeneration of the head, sensory organs and brain result in the restoration of directed navigation behavior, suggesting a tight coordination in the regeneration of certain sensory organs with that of their underlying neural circuits. Thus, at least in S. roscoffensis, the regenerative capacity of different sensory modalities follows distinct paths.
Flea fitness is reduced by high fractional concentrations of CO2 that simulate levels found in their hosts' burrows
Authors: Downs Cynthia J. , Pinshow Berry , Khokhlova Irina S. , Krasnov Boris R.
Published: November 2015

Nidicolous ectoparasites such as fleas and gamasid mites that feed on small and medium-sized mammals spend much of their time in their hosts' burrows, which provide an environment for living, and often feeding, to their pre-imaginal and/or adult stages. Thus, these ectoparasites should be adapted to environmental conditions in burrows, including high fractional concentrations of CO2 (FCO2). We examined how a high FCO2 (0.04) affected survival and reproductive success of a hematophagous ectoparasite of burrowing rodents using fleas Xenopsylla ramesis and Sundevall's jirds Meriones crassus. In the first experiment, fleas fed on hosts housed in high-CO2 (FCO2=0.04) or atmospheric-CO2 (FCO2≈0.0004) air, and were allowed to breed. In a second experiment, fleas were maintained in high CO2 or CO2-free air with no hosts to determine how CO2 levels affect survival and activity levels. We found that at high FCO2 fleas laid fewer eggs, reducing reproductive success. In addition, at high FCO2, activity levels and survival of fleas were reduced. Our results indicate that fleas do not perform well in the FCO2 used in this experiment. Previous research indicated that the type and intensity of the effects of CO2 concentration on the fitness of an insect depend on the FCO2 used, so we advise caution when generalizing inferences drawn to insects exposed to other FCO2. If, however, FCO2 found in natural mammal burrows brings about reduced fitness in fleas in general, then burrowing hosts may benefit from reduced parasite infestation if burrow air FCO2 is high.
Avian thermoregulation in the heat: resting metabolism, evaporative cooling and heat tolerance in Sonoran Desert doves and quail
Authors: Smith Eric Krabbe , O'Neill Jacqueline , Gerson Alexander R. , Wolf Blair O.
Published: November 2015

Birds in subtropical deserts face significant thermoregulatory challenges because environmental temperatures regularly exceed avian body temperature. To understand the differing susceptibility of desert birds to increasing temperatures, we examined thermoregulatory performance and estimated heat tolerance limits (HTLs) for three Sonoran Desert nesting bird species – Gambel's quail, mourning doves and white-winged doves. Using flow-through respirometry we measured daytime resting metabolism, evaporative water loss and real-time body temperature at air temperatures (Tair) from 30°C to 66°C. We found marked increases in resting metabolism at the upper critical temperature (Tuc), which was significantly lower in the quail (Tair=41.1°C) than in both dove species (Tair=45.9–46.5°C). Gambel's quail maintained low resting metabolic rates and low rates of evaporative water loss at their Tuc (0.71 W and 1.20 g H2O h−1, respectively), but were more sensitive to increasing air temperature, reaching their HTL at Tair of 52°C. Mourning doves and white-winged doves maintained low resting metabolic rates (0.66 and 0.94 W), but higher rates of evaporative water loss (1.91 and 2.99 g H2O h−1) at their Tuc and reached their HTL at Tair of 58–60°C. Mass-specific evaporative water loss in white-winged doves (147 g) and mourning doves (104 g) was 45% and 30% greater, respectively, than the rate observed in Gambel's quail (161 g) at Tair of 48°C. Higher rates of evaporation and higher Tuc made the doves exceptionally heat tolerant, allowing them to maintain body temperatures at least 14°C below air temperatures as high as 60°C (140°F).
Trigonal Bipyramid Ni3Cl3O2 Cluster Showing the High-Spin S = 3 Ground State with Uniaxial Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Ida Yumi , Nojiri Hiroyuki , Ishida Takayuki
Published: November 2015

We have prepared a novel nickel(II) trinuclear compound [Ni3(tmen)3(µ2-Cl)3(µ3-OMe)(µ3-OH)](BPh4)·0.5MeOH·0.5CH2Cl2 (1; tmen: N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) with a trigonal bipyramid molecular structure, where the basal plane consists of Ni3(µ2-Cl)3 atoms. Two known compounds [Ni3(tmen)3X4(OH)]X (X = Cl (2), Br (3)) were also investigated. Magnetic study clarified the ground high-spin (S = 3) state, and the intramolecular exchange coupling parameters were determined as 2J/kB = 18.0 ± 0.2, 27.2 ± 0.2, and 19.6 ± 0.2 K for 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Crystallographic analysis clarified the unique geometry of 1. The molecular axes are aligned almost parallel in the crystallographic b axis. Relatively short intermolecular Cl···Cl distances (3.725(1) and 3.847(2) Å) are found among linearly arrayed complex ions. A single-crystal magnetic study gave a zero-field-splitting parameter DS=3/kB = −2.2 ± 0.1 K. An intermolecular exchange coupling parameter was determined as 2j/kB = −0.15 ± 0.01 K from simulation. A pulsed-field magnetization study at 0.5 K for 1 showed a jump around 1.2 T, which is explained in terms of intermolecular interaction. Alternating current magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed the Arrhenius behavior with Ea = 10.1 ± 0.8 K at zero bias field. Therefore, the magnetic properties of 1 can be understood as an antiferromagnetic chain made of potential single-molecule magnets.
Computational Picture of Silyl Transfer from Silylsilatranes to Arylpalladium Chloride
Authors: Guo Jing-Dong , Sasamori Takahiro , Yamamoto Yutaro , Matsubara Hiroshi , Nagase Shigeru , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: November 2015

The previously reported palladium-catalyzed silylation of aryl chlorides with silylsilatranes was theoretically reinvestigated by DFT calculations with a focus on the effect of the transannular Si–N coordination on silyl transfer. The Si–N coordination proved to be not so influential as to accelerate the silyl transfer. However, it should be of benefit to use silylsilatranes as silylating agents because of their easy handling and facile preparation.
The Organometallic Chemistry of Boron-Containing Pincer Ligands based on Diazaboroles and Carboranes
Authors: Yamashita Makoto
Published: November 2015

In this article, recent developments regarding the organometallic chemistry of boron-containing pincer ligands are reviewed. Boron-based pincer ligands can be subdivided into two main classes, which are based on either diazaborole or carborane. All the papers relevant to such boron-based pincer ligands that have been published since 2009 are included in this review, which also summarizes applications of transition-metal complexes containing such boron-containing pincer ligands in catalytic and/or bond-cleavage reactions.
Business as usual?
Authors: oshikanlu Ruth
Published: November 2015

As a health visitor you probably feel that your business is to care for the population you serve. However, part of your business also includes marketing, says Ruth Oshikanlu. So how can you ensure that you market health visiting effectively?
Research roundup: November 2015
Authors: Odd Dawn , Jenkins Annie , Murray Joy
Published: November 2015

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles that may be of interest to health visitors is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Swansea Flying Start midwives and health visitors: Working together to tackle inequality
Authors: Harris Sheila , Lewis Kathryn , Taylor Cathy
Published: November 2015

Health visitors have always been involved in providing early intervention and support for families, and are recognised for their contribution to improving community health and wellbeing. In Wales, Flying Start is the flagship early years programme for families with children under 4 years of age and is targeted at areas of deprivation. The programme aims to make a decisive difference to the life chances of children aged under 4 years, with key aims around reducing the effect of health inequality so that future outcomes for children can improve. In an attempt to achieve this, the local programme in Swansea has a strong commitment to integrated working. This article focuses on the benefits to clients of health visitors working in partnership with midwives to improve outcomes in both the antenatal and postnatal period.
Family-focused practice
Authors: Bailey Beverley
Published: November 2015

Working with ‘troubled’ families can be challenging, but Beverley Bailey believes adopting a therapeutic approach can help to make every contact count.
Face in the crowd: loneliness and isolation in older people
Authors: Burton-Shepherd Alison
Published: November 2015

Loneliness and social isolation can affect the old and young alike. Older people, however, are considered to be much more vulnerable to experience these. Alison Burton-Shepherd highlights the impact loneliness and isolation have on quality of life
Implementing the Care Certificate: person-centred care
Authors: Ashurst Adrian
Published: November 2015

In this article, Adrian Ashurst provides a personal view on supporting care workers to achieve their Care Certificate, highlighting the importance of working in a personcentred way and applying a set of values
Lots of fun in store
Authors: Williams Brenda
Published: November 2015

Brenda Williams captures the excitement of Christmas shopping with this month's poem and related activities, which take children on an expedition to their local shops to choose the presents they want to buy.
Waiting for Santa
Authors: Hampshire Viv
Published: November 2015

Bring some extra fun into children's Christmas preparations by making signs for Santa and seasonal decorations, and preparing food for his reindeer inspired by the storybook Waiting for Santa.
Sound out stories
Authors: Hampshire Viv
Published: November 2015

Make stories special by enriching them with sound effects. The following activities will help children to explore and recreate relevant sounds with everyday objects to accompany story telling.
L’histoire, entre enseignement et recherche
Authors: Anheim Étienne , Girault Bénédicte
Published: November 2015

Les liens entre l’enseignement de l’histoire au collège et au lycée et la recherche historique telle qu’elle se mène dans les laboratoires des universités, des écoles et du CNRS semblent souvent ténus. Quand ces liens sont évoqués, ils sont aisément réduits à la question de la mise à jour des programmes scolaires, à l’invocation, souvent non dénuée d’arrière-pensées politiques, de l’unité d’un corps enseignant pourtant traversé par les différences et les inégalités ou, au contraire, à la dénonciation d’un objectif idéaliste, voire démagogique et dénué de sens. Il peut paraître singulier de consacrer à cette question un dossier dans le cadre d’une revue scientifique internationale 1. Ce choix a été l’occasion d’un débat contradictoire au sein du comité de rédaction des Annales, d’autant que ce dossier revêt un caractère particulier, puisqu’il s’appuie sur des expériences de terrain et donne la parole principalement à des acteurs de l’enseignement secondaire ou de la formation des enseignants, plutôt qu’à des chercheurs en sciences sociales spécialisés dans l’étude de ces objets.
Vous avez dit « capital » ? Extension de la notion et mise en question d’inégalités et de pouvoirs de domination
Authors: Laurent Thévenot
Published: November 2015

Le capital au XXIesièclerepose sur des choix dans la définition du capital, des inégalités de sa distribution et des politiques d’un État social à privilégier pour y remédier. Répondant à la proposition émise par l’auteur de favoriser un dialogue entre l’économie et les autres sciences sociales, l’article éclaire les implications de ces choix. Il retrace la généalogie politique du capital « humain » et « intellectuel » et le développement ultérieur d’autres variables-capital utilisées pour mesurer des types différents d’inégalités et évaluer les politiques devant y faire face. Différenciant les modes d’investissement et de mise en valeur – non uniquement marchands – de ces divers capitaux, il précise les pouvoirs associés à chacun d’eux, leurs prétentions à la légitimité en dépit des inégalités qu’ils causent, ainsi que les dominations qu’ils exercent. Vient en retour une interrogation sur la délimitation qu’a retenue Thomas Piketty d’un ensemble de biens-capitaux d’usages très divers, et sur leur compréhension et leur évaluation sous la seule valorisation marchande.
L’histoire-géographie en classe La construction d’un savoir par l’apprentissage d’un savoir-faire
Authors: Barbier Virginie
Published: November 2015

Cet article s’attache à mettre en rapport la didactique de l’histoire-géographie et les enjeux de la recherche dans ces deux disciplines. Il invite à réfléchir au lien entre le savoir que le professeur transmet à ses élèves et la mise en oeuvre de la recherche comme savoir-faire, voire comme savoir-être. Après un éclairage sur la formation actuelle des enseignants, l’auteure, professeure de collège, explique à travers quelques situations d’enseignement concrètes la nécessité de rendre l’élève acteur de son apprentissage et de le former à une méthode de recherche.
Servitude et travail à la fin du Moyen Âge La dévalorisation des salariés et les pauvres « peu méritants »
Authors: Todeschini Giacomo
Published: November 2015

Par l’analyse qu’il fait de la fausse méritocratie comme argument utilisé par les économistes néolibéraux pour justifier les inégalités économiques croissantes, Thomas Piketty sollicite, dansLe capital au XXIesiècle, une réflexion des historiens à propos de la représentation des salariés aussi bien dans la pensée économique que dans les politiques administratives des époques préindustrielles en Occident. Ce regard porté sur ceux que la tradition textuelle théologique, économique et gouvernementale appelait lesmercenarii, c’est-à-dire les salariés, révèle que, à partir du XIIIesiècle, l’Europe chrétienne des élites alphabétisées a interprété le travail manuel comme le signe d’une compétence utile et en même temps dévalorisante d’un point de vue social et politique. L’ancienne idée romaine du salaire commeauctoramentum servitutis, preuve d’une servitude, réapparaît sous une forme réélaborée à la fin du Moyen Âge en se transformant en un discours complexe organisé par les juristes, les théologiens et les pouvoirs locaux sur l’incompétence intellectuelle et la nécessaire marginalité politique des salariés en tant que travailleurs manuels. L’idée selon laquelle le travail salarié signale une condition de servitude et de manque d’intelligence caractérise au début de l’époque moderne autant les oeuvres littéraires que la rationalité économique dominante représentée par les premiers économistes « scientifiques ».
Dynamique du capitalisme et inégalités
Authors: Grenier Jean-Yves
Published: November 2015

Le livre de Thomas Piketty Le capital au XXIe siècle met en évidence la nature fortement instable du capitalisme, dont la première caractéristique, en « régime normal », est de produire des inégalités de richesse et de revenus toujours croissantes. Cet article explicite d’abord cet aspect central en montrant la force et les limites de la notion de « régime normal ». Il s’interroge en particulier sur la place de la longue période du New Deal (1930- 1980), marquée par la Seconde Guerre mondiale et des tentatives de politique économique pour limiter les écarts sociaux. Il s’intéresse ensuite aux raisons de ces inégalités à partir des mécanismes expliquant la répartition des revenus.
Apprentissages historiques et métier d’historien Un parcours de compétences
Authors: Berthon-Dumurgier Alexandre
Published: November 2015

L’approche par les compétences amène à penser les apprentissages comme des parcours, entre les formes les plus simples et les plus élaborées de compétences pouvant être développées tout au long de la vie. Cette approche fut développée dans un collège de Vitrysur- Seine (Val-de-Marne) à partir de situations professionnelles significatives du métier d’historien, comme l’étude de documents ou le récit historique. Le lien qui se tisse alors entre « histoire savante » et « histoire enseignée » se fait au bénéfice des apprentissages historiques des élèves.
Du présent au passé : les dynamiques historiques de la richesse à l’époque moderne
Authors: Béguin Katia
Published: November 2015

Pour rendre compte des dynamiques d’accumulation patrimoniale et de concentration extrême des richesses dans les sociétés d’Ancien Régime, les historiens privilégient des facteurs tels que les systèmes d’héritage, les stratégies matrimoniales, la distribution politique et les transferts marchands des biens. DansLe capital au XXIesiècle, Thomas Piketty met en avant un facteur plus déterminant, celui des rendements supérieurs de ce capital hérité. Cet article explore les voies par lesquelles les analyses d’histoire moderne pourraient s’ouvrir à une telle hypothèse.
Faire fructifier Le capital au XXIe siècle
Authors: Lindert Peter H.
Published: November 2015

L’ouvrage monumental de Thomas Piketty Le capital au XXIe siècle nous a permis de mieux comprendre les évolutions historiques des inégalités. Cet article dresse une liste des domaines, du plus au moins prometteur, vers lesquels la recherche peut utilement se porter en partant du travail mené par l’auteur. Le domaine le plus important est l’histoire de l’inégalité des revenus du travail, qu’ont si bien amorcée T. Piketty et son équipe en s’appuyant sur l’histoire des crises du XXe siècle et des réponses politiques qu’ils ont suscitées. En revanche, cibler le patrimoine, le capital et le taux de rendement – comme le fait l’ouvrage – semble moins prometteur en termes de pistes de recherche. Pour parvenir à de meilleures projections des inégalités, il convient de fusionner les travaux de T. Piketty et de son équipe sur les évolutions historiques de la part du décile des très hauts revenus dans le revenu national avec les travaux consacrés aux mouvements historiques de l’inégalitéau sein des 90% restants de la hiérarchie des revenus. Il convient également d’intégrer d’autres travaux de recherche ayant démontré que le genre de système démocratique que T. Piketty appelle de ses voeux favoriserait la croissance.
La recherche en histoire dans la formation continue des enseignants
Authors: Kaaouachi Hayat El
Published: November 2015

La part de la recherche en histoire détermine considérablement la qualité scientifique et méthodique de l’enseignement de cette discipline au collège et au lycée. Pourtant, les passerelles entre l’enseignement supérieur et l’enseignement secondaire ne semblent pas toujours répondre à une telle ambition. Dans quelle mesure la formation continue des enseignants peut-elle être un vecteur majeur d’une histoire enseignée au plus près des résultats de la recherche et des débats historiographiques ?
Les échelles des inégalités : nation, région, empire
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro
Published: November 2015

Cet article discute de la spécificité des économies occidentales et, dans ce cadre, des inégalités telles qu’elles sont analysées par Thomas Piketty dans Le capital au XXIe siècle. À cette fin, la pertinence des échelles nationales, régionales, transrégionales et surtout impériales sera discutée par rapport à l’économie historique du développement (la grande divergence), de la fiscalité et de l’action publique.