bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viability of rapid startup and operation of UASB reactors for the treatment of cassava wastewater in the semi‐arid region of northeastern Brazil
Authors: Amorim Miriam C. C. , de S. e Silva Paula T. , Gavazza Sávia , Sobrinho Maurício Alves M.
Published: October 2017

The production of cassava flour generates wastewater with a high concentration of organic matter and nutrients, which gives this effluent potential as a source of both bioenergy and pollution. Thus, cassava wastewater needs to be properly treated prior to release into the environment. Different treatment processes are employed for this purpose, but studies involving up‐flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors without modifications are scarce due to the rapid acidification of cassava wastewater. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the rapid startup of UASB reactors at 30 °C for the cassava wastewater treatment. The reactor was operated under eight different conditions with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 or 12 h and organic loading rates (OLR) of 12.0 or 15.5 g COD · L−1 · d−1. The systems were evaluated based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, the production of methane, and the stability of the volatile fatty acids/total alkalinity ratio. The UASB system with the best performance was that with the 8 h HRT and OLR of 12.0 g COD · L−1 · d−1, with COD removal rates ranging from 71 to 80 % and methane production of 0.260 L CH4 · g −1 CODremoved. The system offers a real‐scale prospect and is a promising option for the replacement of firewood in cassava flour toasting ovens, thereby contributing to the preservation of the semi‐arid Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil.
Switching nonparametric regression models for multi‐curve data
Authors: De Souza Camila P. E. , Heckman Nancy E. , Xu Fan
Published: October 2017

We develop and apply an approach for analyzing multi‐curve data where each curve is driven by a latent state process. The state at any particular point determines a smooth function, forcing the individual curve to “switch” from one function to another. Thus each curve follows what we call a switching nonparametric regression model. We develop an EM algorithm to estimate the model parameters. We also obtain standard errors for the parameter estimates of the state process. We consider three types of hidden states: those that are independent and identically distributed, those that follow a Markov structure, and those that are independent but with distribution depending on some covariate(s). A simulation study shows the frequentist properties of our estimates. We apply our methods to a building's power usage data.The Canadian Journal of Statistics45: 442–460; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
Censored regression models with autoregressive errors: A likelihood‐based perspective
Authors: Schumacher Fernanda L. , Lachos Victor H. , Dey Dipak K.
Published: October 2017

In many studies that involve time series variables limited or censored data are naturally collected. Practitioners commonly disregard censored data cases or replace these observations with some function of the limit of detection, which often results in biased estimates. In this article we propose an analytically tractable and efficient stochastic approximation of the EM (SAEM) algorithm to obtain the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of censored regression models with autoregressive errors of order, say,p. This approach permits easy and fast estimation of the parameters of autoregressive models when censoring is present and as a byproduct, enables predictions of unobservable values of the response variable. We use simulations to investigate the asymptotic properties of the SAEM estimates and prediction accuracy. Finally the method is illustrated using two time series data sets, where the measurements are subject to the detection limit of the recording devices. The proposed algorithm and methods are implemented in the new R package “ARCensReg.”The Canadian Journal of Statistics45: 375–392; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
GATA3 is a reliable marker for neuroblastoma in limited samples, including FNA Cell Blocks, core biopsies, and touch imprints
Authors: Wiles Austin Blackburn , Karrs Jeremiah Xavier , Pitt Susan , Almenara Jorge , Powers Celeste N. , Smith Steven Christopher
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Neuroblastomas (NBs) are the most common solid cancer of childhood and infancy; however, in poorly differentiated forms, they present diagnostic challenges. GATA3 has been implicated functionally in NB differentiation, and limited data support its use as an immunohistochemical biomarker for NBs in resection specimens.

METHODS

GATA3 was tested retrospectively in 30 consecutive archival NB samples, including archival cytopathology needle cores and cell blocks (n = 6), scant surgical biopsy specimens and 2‐mm NB tissue cores (n = 16), and air‐dried touch imprints (n = 8) to evaluate the utility of this marker. Immunostaining was performed per the institutional standard, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–compliant automated staining protocol. GATA3 nuclear staining was scored qualitatively for its intensity and proportion of positivity.

RESULTS

All 30 NB specimens showed diffuse nuclear positivity with GATA3. Each sample revealed either strong (n = 26) or moderate nuclear staining (n = 4) in more than 75% of NB cells, regardless of the presence or lack of stromata or necrosis or the degree of differentiation.

CONCLUSIONS

GATA3 is a reliable diagnostic marker for NBs not only in scant/limited surgical specimens but also in cytologic samples, including air‐dried touch imprints, which have previously been undescribed for this marker. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:940‐6. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Design and Synthesis of Porous Coordination Polymers with Expanded One‐Dimensional Channels and Strongly Lewis‐Acidic Sites
Authors: Kajiwara Takashi , Higashimura Hideyuki , Higuchi Masakazu , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: October 2017

New porous coordination polymers (PCPs) consisting of LaIII cations and thiophene‐based tritopic organic linkers, La‐ThBTB and La‐PhBTTc, are synthesized and structurally characterized. While these La‐PCPs exhibit the same type of one‐dimensional hexagonal channels, their thermal and chemical stability vary significantly with respect to each other, thus demonstrating the crucial importance of the design of the skeletal structure of the organic linker. Because of the large channel sizes and strong Lewis acidity of these La‐PCPs, the catalytic activity in the Lewis‐acid‐catalyzed cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds shows among the highest reported so far for PCPs.
The Ionization Conjecture in Thomas–Fermi–Dirac–von Weizsäcker Theory
Authors: Frank Rupert L. , Nam Phan Thành , Van Den Bosch Hanne
Published: October 2017

We prove that in Thomas–Fermi–Dirac–von Weizsäcker theory, a nucleus of charge Z > 0 can bind at most Z + C electrons, where C is a universal constant. This result is obtained through a comparison with Thomas‐Fermi theory which, as a by‐product, gives bounds on the screened nuclear potential and the radius of the minimizer. A key ingredient of the proof is a novel technique to control the particles in the exterior region, which also applies to the liquid drop model with a nuclear background potential.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Humanics information security
Authors: Nishigaki Masakatsu
Published: October 2017

So far, information security has been focusing mainly on how to improve security and safety technologies. As people are becoming connected with a larger amount of cyber equipment, however, the human aspect in cyber security and safety has gained more attention as an essential issue. In other words, both security and usability of ICT systems have recently become much more critical to achieve. Nevertheless, as everybody knows, security and usability have a trade‐off relationship. Even when a security technology offers a high security level for an ICT system, if it greatly degrades the usability, the security technology will not be used. However, it is not always true that we can never accept any difficulty or bother. If a security technology burdens a user but the user does not notice the burden or even enjoys it, there is no problem. How people feel is key. Against this background, my colleagues and I have been studying how to combine security technologies and human factors, specifically cognitive and psychological characteristics. We call the concept “humanics information security.” This paper describes our pilot studies and explains how our humanics information security approach can effectively achieve both security and usability for ICT systems.
Niobium Doped Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite as A Redox‐Stable and Sulfur‐Tolerant Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Li Jingwei , Wei Bo , Cao Zhiqun , Yue Xing , Zhang Yaxin , Lü Zhe
Published: October 2017

The Nb‐doped lanthanum strontium ferrite perovskite oxide La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.9Nb0.1O3−δ (LSFNb) is evaluated as an anode material in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The effects of Nb partial substitution in the crystal structure, the electrical conductivity, and the valence of Fe ions are studied. LSFNb exhibits good structural stability in a severe reducing atmosphere at 800 °C, suggesting that high‐valent Nb can effectively promote the stability of the lattice structure. The concentration of Fe2+ increases after Nb doping, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The maximum power density of a thick Sc‐stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) electrolyte‐supported single cell reached 241.6 mW cm−2 at 800 °C with H2 as fuel. The cell exhibited excellent stability for 100 h continuous operation without detectable degeneration. Scanning electron microscopy clearly revealed exsolution on the LSFNb surface after operation. Meanwhile, LSFNb particles agglomerated significantly during long‐term stability testing. Impedance spectra suggested that both the LSFNb anode and the (La0.75Sr0.25)0.95MnO3−δ/ScSZ cathode underwent an activation process during long‐term testing, through which the charge transfer ability increased significantly. Meanwhile, low‐frequency resistance (RL) mainly attributed to the anode (80 %) significantly increased, probably due to the agglomeration of LSFNb particles. The LSFNb anode exhibits excellent anti‐sulfuring poisoning ability and redox stability. These results demonstrate that LSFNb is a promising anode material for SOFCs.
Recent Advances in Photoelectrochemical Applications of Silicon Materials for Solar‐to‐Chemicals Conversion
Authors: Zhang Doudou , Shi Jingying , Zi Wei , Wang Pengpeng , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: October 2017

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology for the conversion of solar energy into chemicals requires cost‐effective photoelectrodes to efficiently and stably drive anodic and/or cathodic half‐reactions to complete the overall reactions for storing solar energy in chemical bonds. The shared properties among semiconducting photoelectrodes and photovoltaic (PV) materials are light absorption, charge separation, and charge transfer. Earth‐abundant silicon materials have been widely applied in the PV industry, and have demonstrated their efficiency as alternative photoabsorbers for photoelectrodes. Many efforts have been made to fabricate silicon photoelectrodes with enhanced performance, and significant progress has been achieved in recent years. Herein, recent developments in crystalline and thin‐film silicon‐based photoelectrodes (including amorphous, microcrystalline, and nanocrystalline silicon) immersed in aqueous solution for PEC hydrogen production from water splitting are summarized, as well as applications in PEC CO2 reduction and PEC regeneration of discharged species in redox flow batteries. Silicon is an ideal material for the cost‐effective production of solar chemicals through PEC methods.
Automatic cellularity assessment from post‐treated breast surgical specimens
Authors: Peikari Mohammad , Salama Sherine , Nofech‐Mozes Sharon , Martel Anne L.
Published: October 2017

Neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) of breast cancer (BCa) is an option for patients with the locally advanced disease. It has been compared with standard adjuvant therapy with the aim of improving prognosis and surgical outcome. Moreover, the response of the tumor to the therapy provides useful information for patient management. The pathological examination of the tissue sections after surgery is the gold‐standard to estimate the residual tumor and the assessment of cellularity is an important component of tumor burden assessment. In the current clinical practice, tumor cellularity is manually estimated by pathologists on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides, the quality, and reliability of which might be impaired by inter‐observer variability which potentially affects prognostic power assessment in NAT trials. This procedure is also qualitative and time‐consuming. In this paper, we describe a method of automatically assessing cellularity. A pipeline to automatically segment nuclei figures and estimate residual cancer cellularity from within patches and whole slide images (WSIs) of BCa was developed. We have compared the performance of our proposed pipeline in estimating residual cancer cellularity with that of two expert pathologists. We found an intra‐class agreement coefficient (ICC) of 0.89 (95% CI of [0.70, 0.95]) between pathologists, 0.74 (95% CI of [0.70, 0.77]) between pathologist #1 and proposed method, and 0.75 (95% CI of [0.71, 0.79]) between pathologist #2 and proposed method. We have also successfully applied our proposed technique on a WSI to locate areas with high concentration of residual cancer. The main advantage of our approach is that it is fully automatic and can be used to find areas with high cellularity in WSIs. This provides a first step in developing an automatic technique for post‐NAT tumor response assessment from pathology slides. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Host size influences the effects of four isolates of an amphibian chytrid fungus
Authors: Burrow Angela K. , Rumschlag Samantha L. , Boone Michelle D.
Published: October 2017

Understanding factors that influence host–pathogen interactions is key to predicting outbreaks in natural systems experiencing environmental change. Many amphibian population declines have been attributed to an amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While this fungus is widespread, not all Bd‐positive populations have been associated with declines, which could be attributed to differences in pathogen virulence or host susceptibility. In a laboratory experiment, we examined the effects of Bd isolate origin, two from areas with Bd‐associated amphibian population declines (El Copé, Panama, and California, USA) and two from areas without Bd‐related population declines (Ohio and Maine, USA), on the terrestrial growth and survival of American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) metamorphs reared in larval environments with low or high intraspecific density. We predicted that (1) Bd isolates from areas experiencing declines would have greater negative effects than Bd isolates from areas without declines, and (2) across all isolates, growth and survival of smaller toads from high‐density larval conditions would be reduced by Bd exposure compared to larger toads from low‐density larval conditions. Our results showed that terrestrial survival was reduced for smaller toads exposed to Bd with variation in the response to different isolates, suggesting that smaller size increased susceptibility to Bd. Toads exposed to Bd gained less mass, which varied by isolate. Bd isolates from areas with population declines, however, did not have more negative effects than isolates from areas without recorded declines. Most strikingly, our study supports that host condition, measured by size, can be indicative of the negative effects of Bd exposure. Further, Bd isolates’ impact may vary in ways not predictable from place of origin or occurrence of disease‐related population declines. This research suggests that amphibian populations outside of areas experiencing Bd‐associated declines could be impacted by this pathogen and that the size of individuals could influence the magnitude of Bd's impact.
The xeric side of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: The forces shaping phylogeographic structure of cacti
Authors: Franco Fernando Faria , Jojima Cecília Leiko , Perez Manolo Fernandez , Zappi Daniela Cristina , Taylor Nigel , Moraes Evandro Marsola
Published: October 2017

In order to investigate biogeographic influences on xeric biota in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (BAF), a biodiversity hotspot, we used a monophyletic group including three cactus taxa as a model to perform a phylogeographic study: Cereus fernambucensis subsp. fernambucensis, C. fernambucensis subsp. sericifer, and C. insularis. These cacti are allopatric and grow in xeric habitats along BAF, including isolated granite and gneiss rock outcrops (Inselbergs), sand dune vegetation (Restinga forest), and the rocky shore of an oceanic archipelago (islands of Fernando de Noronha). The nucleotide information from nuclear gene phytochrome C and plastid intergenic spacer trnS‐trnG was used to perform different approaches and statistical analyses, comprising population structure, demographic changes, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeographic reconstruction in both spatial and temporal scales. We recovered four allopatric population groups with highly supported branches in the phylogenetic tree with divergence initiated in the middle Pleistocene: southern distribution of C. fernambucensis subsp. fernambucensis, northern distribution of C. fernambucensis subsp. fernambucensis together with C. insularis, southern distribution of C. fernambucensis subsp. sericifer, and northern distribution of C. fernambucensis subsp. sericifer. Further, the results suggest that genetic diversity of population groups was strongly shaped by an initial colonization event from south to north followed by fragmentation. The phylogenetic pattern found for C. insularis is plausible with peripatric speciation in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha. To explain the phylogeographic patterns, the putative effects of both climatic and sea level changes as well as neotectonic activity during the Pleistocene are discussed.
Land use not litter quality is a stronger driver of decomposition in hyperdiverse tropical forest
Authors: Both Sabine , Elias Dafydd M. O. , Kritzler Ully H. , Ostle Nick J. , Johnson David
Published: October 2017

In hyperdiverse tropical forests, the key drivers of litter decomposition are poorly understood despite its crucial role in facilitating nutrient availability for plants and microbes. Selective logging is a pressing land use with potential for considerable impacts on plant–soil interactions, litter decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Here, in Borneo's tropical rainforests, we test the hypothesis that decomposition is driven by litter quality and that there is a significant “home‐field advantage,” that is positive interaction between local litter quality and land use. We determined mass loss of leaf litter, collected from selectively logged and old‐growth forest, in a fully factorial experimental design, using meshes that either allowed or precluded access by mesofauna. We measured leaf litter chemical composition before and after the experiment. Key soil chemical and biological properties and microclimatic conditions were measured as land‐use descriptors. We found that despite substantial differences in litter quality, the main driver of decomposition was land‐use type. Whilst inclusion of mesofauna accelerated decomposition, their effect was independent of land use and litter quality. Decomposition of all litters was slower in selectively logged forest than in old‐growth forest. However, there was significantly greater loss of nutrients from litter, especially phosphorus, in selectively logged forest. The analyses of several covariates detected minor microclimatic differences between land‐use types but no alterations in soil chemical properties or free‐living microbial composition. These results demonstrate that selective logging can significantly reduce litter decomposition in tropical rainforest with no evidence of a home‐field advantage. We show that loss of key limiting nutrients from litter (P & N) is greater in selectively logged forest. Overall, the findings hint at subtle differences in microclimate overriding litter quality that result in reduced decomposition rates in selectively logged forests and potentially affect biogeochemical nutrient cycling in the long term.
Changing measurements or changing movements? Sampling scale and movement model identifiability across generations of biologging technology
Authors: Johnson Leah R. , Boersch‐Supan Philipp H. , Phillips Richard A. , Ryan Sadie J.
Published: October 2017

Animal movement patterns contribute to our understanding of variation in breeding success and survival of individuals, and the implications for population dynamics. Over time, sensor technology for measuring movement patterns has improved. Although older technologies may be rendered obsolete, the existing data are still valuable, especially if new and old data can be compared to test whether a behavior has changed over time. We used simulated data to assess the ability to quantify and correctly identify patterns of seabird flight lengths under observational regimes used in successive generations of wet/dry logging technology. Care must be taken when comparing data collected at differing timescales, even when using inference procedures that incorporate the observational process, as model selection and parameter estimation may be biased. In practice, comparisons may only be valid when degrading all data to match the lowest resolution in a set. Changes in tracking technology, such as the wet/dry loggers explored here, that lead to aggregation of measurements at different temporal scales make comparisons challenging. We therefore urge ecologists to use synthetic data to assess whether accurate parameter estimation is possible for models comparing disparate data sets before planning experiments and conducting analyses such as responses to environmental changes or the assessment of management actions.
Ant–plant mutualism: a dietary by‐product of a tropical ant's macronutrient requirements
Authors: Arcila Hernández Lina M. , Sanders Jon G. , Miller Gabriel A. , Ravenscraft Alison , Frederickson Megan E.
Published: October 2017

Many arboreal ants depend on myrmecophytic plants for both food and shelter; in return, these ants defend their host plants against herbivores, which are often insects. Ant–plant and other mutualisms do not necessarily involve the exchange of costly rewards or services; they may instead result from by‐product benefits, or positive outcomes that do not entail a cost for one or both partners. Here, we examined whether the plant‐antAllomerus octoarticulatuspays a short‐term cost to defend their host plants against herbivores, or whether plant defense is a by‐product benefit of ant foraging for insect prey. Because the food offered by ant‐plants is usually nitrogen‐poor, arboreal ants may balance their diets by consuming insect prey or associating with microbial symbionts to acquire nitrogen, potentially shifting the costs and benefits of plant defense for the ant partner. To determine the effect of ant diet on an ant–plant mutualism, we compared the behavior, morphology, fitness, stable isotope signatures, and gaster microbiomes ofA. octoarticulatusants nesting inCordia nodosatrees maintained for nearly a year with or without insect herbivores. At the end of the experiment, ants from herbivore exclosures preferred protein‐rich baits more than ants in the control (i.e., herbivores present) treatment. Furthermore, workers in the control treatment were heavier than in the herbivore‐exclusion treatment, and worker mass predicted reproductive output, suggesting that foraging for insect prey directly increased ant colony fitness. The gaster microbiome of ants was not significantly affected by the herbivore exclusion treatment. We conclude that the defensive behavior of some phytoecious ants is a by‐product of their need for external protein sources; thus, the consumption of insect herbivores by ants benefits both the ant colony and the host plant.
Termites and large herbivores influence seed removal rates in an African savanna
Authors: Acanakwo Erik Francis , Sheil Douglas , Moe Stein R.
Published: October 2017

Seed removal can influence plant community dynamics, composition, and resulting vegetation characteristics. In the African savanna, termites and large herbivores influence vegetation in various ways, likely including indirect effects on seed predators and secondary dispersers. However, the intensity and variation of seed removal rates in African savannas has seldom been studied. We experimentally investigated whether termites and large herbivores were important factors in the mechanisms contributing to observed patterns in tree species composition on and off mounds, in Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda. Within fenced (excluding large herbivores) and unfenced termite mound and adjacent savanna plots, we placed seeds of nine native tree species within small open “cages,” accessed by all animals, roofed cages that only allowed access to small vertebrates and invertebrates, and closed cages that permitted access by smaller invertebrates only (5 mm wire mesh). We found that mean seed removal rate was high (up to 87.3% per 3 d). Mound habitats experienced significantly higher removal rates than off‐mound habitats. The mean removal rate of native seeds from closed cages was 11.1% per 3 d compared with 19.4% and 23.3% removed per 3 d in the roofed and open cages, respectively. Smaller seeds experienced higher removal rates than larger seeds. Large herbivore exclusion on mounds reduced native seed removal rates by a mean of 8.8% in the open cages, but increased removal rates by 1.7% in the open cages when off‐mound habitats were fenced. While removal rates from open cages were higher on active mounds (30.9%) than on inactive mounds (26.7%), the removal rates from closed cages were lower on active vs. inactive mounds (6.1% vs. 11.6%, respectively). Thus, we conclude that large herbivores and Macrotermes mounds influence seed removal rates, though these effects appear indirect.
Electric Field Control of the Valence‐Tautomeric Transformation in Cobalt Complexes
Authors: Reu Oleg , Ostrovsky Serghei , Decurtins Silvio , Liu Shi‐Xia , Klokishner Sophia
Published: October 2017

In this work a single valence‐tautomeric cobalt complex placed in a dc electric field has been examined. Along with the interaction with the electric field, the model employed accounts for intramolecular transfer of the excess electron as well as vibronic and exchange interactions. To obtain the energy spectrum of the valence‐tautomeric complex in the electric field, the vibronic problem of the pseudo‐Jahn–Teller effect has been solved. The vibronic (hybrid) wave functions and energy levels were used to calculate the temperature and field dependence of the molecular magnetic moment, as well as the polarization and shape of the absorption band in the near‐IR range, which is related to the light‐induced transfer of the electron from the catecholate ligand to the metal ion. It is predicted that the application of a dc electric field leads to electric polarization and a significant change in the magnetic and spectroscopic properties. The unique possibility of controlling electrically the magnetic state and optical and polarization characteristics of a valence‐tautomeric molecule is predicted.
Characteristics of Wild Pear (Pyrus glabra Boiss) Seed Oil and Its Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions: A Novel Source of Edible Oil
Authors: Hashemi Seyed Mohammad Bagher , Khaneghah Amin Mousavi , Barba Francisco J. , Lorenzo José M. , Rahman Mohammad Shafiur , Amarowicz Ryszard , Yousefabad Seyed Hossein Asadi , Movahed Mehrnoosh Dabiri
Published: October 2017

The observed high consumer demand for edible oils with high oxidative stability resulted in notable efforts to investigate wild plants as new sources of oils and fats. In this context, the fatty acid profile, total tocopherols, tocotrienols, and phenolic compounds, as well as oxidative stability parameters such as peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trienes (CT), anisidine value (AnV), and kinetic parameters of wild pear (Pyrus glabra Boiss.) seed oil as a novel source of edible oil are investigated. In addition, the oil‐in‐water emulsion is prepared from wild pear seed oil. Considering the fatty acid profile, linoleic (56.8 ± 1.4 g/100 g oil), and oleic acid (27.4 ± 0.6 g/100 g oil) are defined as the main fatty acids. The α‐tocopherol (57.6 ± 0.3 mg/100 g oil) is recognized as the primary form of tocopherols in wild pear seed oil. The PV, CDV, and AnV values are lower in crude oil compared to purified oil in both oil‐in‐water emulsion and bulk oil. Due to high oxidative stability, wild pear seed oil could be regarded as a novel source of edible oil.

Practical Applications: The concentration of the primary and secondary oxidation products in both systems was decreased, mainly due to natural tocopherols and tocotrienols. Furthermore, wild pear seed oil samples (crude and oil containing BHT and TBHQ) were the more stable ones against oxidation as compared to oil‐in‐water emulsion system. Therefore, it can be conclude that wild pear seed oil could be promising edible oil, as well as a functional component in foods and other bio‐products.

An NMR‐based metabolomic approach,using “one‐to‐one” OPLS‐DA models, allows to identify biomarkers of different production zones in “Bosana” Sardinian EVOO.
“Poor is pious”: Distinctiveness threat increases glorification of poverty among the poor
Authors: Malovicki Yaffe Nechumi , Solak Nevin , Halperin Eran , Saguy Tamar
Published: October 2017

The current study examines whether a threat to group distinctiveness motivates the poor to glorify poverty as an identity management strategy. Research shows that threat to ingroup distinctiveness can motivate people to positively differentiate their group from similar outgroups on relevant dimensions of comparison. Little is known however about whether such processes would occur also with respect to devalued group characteristics that are not reflective of explicit group norms. This question is of high theoretical and practical importance because it can illustrate that people internalize and glorify even adverse traits as means of managing their social identity when faced with threat. We therefore tested whether among a poor community, individuals would glorify poverty when faced with distinctiveness threat. We collected data from Haredim (ultra‐Orthodox Jews), a poor and highly religious population in Israel. Across two experiments, we manipulated distinctiveness threat via inducing similarity between Haredim and seculars in Israel. We found that poverty was reconstrued as positive and desirable following distinctiveness threat, but only among Haredim who have a high commitment to group norms (Study 1) and who strongly justify their own social system (Study 2). Theoretical and applied implications of the findings are discussed.
Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics
Authors: Álvarez Gerardo , Montero Lidia , Llorens Laura , Castro‐Puyana María , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: October 2017

This review work presents and discusses the main applications of capillary electromigration methods in food analysis and Foodomics. Papers that were published during the period February 2015‐February 2017 are included following the previous review by Acunha et al. (Electrophoresis 2016, 37, 111–141). The paper shows the large variety of food related molecules that have been analyzed by CE including amino acids, biogenic amines, carbohydrates, chiral compounds, contaminants, DNAs, food additives, heterocyclic amines, lipids, peptides, pesticides, phenols, pigments, polyphenols, proteins, residues, toxins, vitamins, small organic and inorganic compounds, as well as other minor compounds. This work describes the last results on food quality and safety, nutritional value, storage, bioactivity, as well as uses of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing including recent microchips developments and new applications of CE in Foodomics.
Critical comparison of selected olfactometric methods for the determination of impact odorants. Proposal of a new representation of olfactometric results
Authors: Cicchetti Esméralda , Vasseur Clémence
Published: October 2017

Representation of olfactory data is a key parameter in GC‐O to simplify interpretation. Actual presentation of hybrid results, taking into account both detection frequency and odor intensity, can be improved to be more informative. We propose in this study a new way of representing olfactograms taking into account the three dimensions: detection frequency, odor intensity and odor description using bubble charts. Odor description is represented by colors that were associated to the 25 olfactory families defined in this work using binomial probability statistics without any smelling step.
Archaeoanthrosol formation and evolution of the “Santana do Riacho” archaeological shelter: An old burial site in South America
Authors: de Sousa Daniel V. , Ker João C. , Prous André , Schaefer Carlos E. G. R. , Rodet Maria Jacqueline , Oliveira Fábio S. , Silva Renê C.
Published: October 2017

The “Santana do Riacho” shelter is one of the oldest human occupation sites in Brazil. Dated to the Late Pleistocene, this shelter contains over 40 buried individuals. The shelter is located on the edge of the Espinhaço Range in Mesoproterozoic quartzites. This study aims to investigate the relationship between human activities and in situ soil formation. To this end, chemical, physical, X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction using synchrotron light, micromorphology, and scanning electron microscope with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analyses were performed. In situ anthropogenic practices, such as fires and burials, have had the greatest influence on the geochemical parameters. Pedological processes were clearly detected, including (1) the formation of secondary carbonates; (2) the formation of secondary phosphates; (3) the formation of magnetic Fe nodules, and (4) degradation of magnetite into maghemite. The mobility of P, Ca, and C resulted in the enrichment of these elements in layers stratigraphically considered “sterile.” The amounts of available P, K, Ca, total organic carbon, and the pH values can be considered indicators of human occupation. This study provides information on the pedological processes in rockshelters and represents one of the few pedological and geochemical studies on deposits in a tropical rockshelter in quartzite bedrock.
Terras pretas: Approaches to formation processes in a new paradigm
Authors: Kern Dirse Clara , Lima Helena Pinto , da Costa Jucilene Amorim , de Lima Herdjania Veras , Browne Ribeiro Anna , Moraes Bruno Marcos , Kämpf Nestor
Published: October 2017

Terras pretas(Amazonian Dark Earths) are a remarkable kind of archaeological site found in the Amazon region. Rich in cultural artifacts and other occupational debris, these dark anthropogenic soil matrices are very fertile, presenting high levels of organic carbon, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and manganese. Their high nutrient levels come from decomposed organic matter, including remains of fish, shellfish, game, and other refuse, while their dark color has been linked to residual charcoal from intentional fires associated with daily activities and landscape management. Studies of anthropogenic earths in the Amazon have a deep history, as much in the geosciences as in archaeology and other historical sciences.Terras pretashave been studied as evidence of a major shift in human–environment relations, but also within the lens of environmental resiliency and sustainability. We review representative studies from various disciplinary fields and trace the development of knowledge aboutterra preta. We present a growing consensus with regard to the origin and significance of anthropogenic soils, concomitant with increased efforts toward interdisciplinary study. We argue thatterras pretasconstitute a genuinely interdisciplinary research topic that bridges scientific and traditional knowledge and applied contexts.
Application of the Aquifer Impact Model to support decisions at a CO2 sequestration site
Authors: Bacon Diana Holford , Locke II Randall A. , Keating Elizabeth , Carroll Susan , Iranmanesh Abbas , Mansoor Kayyum , Wimmer Bracken , Zheng Liange , Shao Hongbo , Greenberg Sallie E.
Published: October 2017

The National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) has developed a suite of tools to assess and manage risk at CO2 sequestration sites. The NRAP tool suite includes the Aquifer Impact Model (AIM), which evaluates the potential for groundwater impacts from leaks of CO2 and brine through abandoned wellbores. There are two aquifer reduced‐order models (ROMs) included with the AIM tool, a confined alluvium aquifer, and an unconfined carbonate aquifer. The models accept aquifer parameters as a range of variable inputs so they may have broad applicability. The generic aquifer models may be used at the early stages of site selection, when site‐specific data is not available. Guidelines have been developed for determining when the generic ROMs might be applicable to a new site. This paper considers the application of the AIM to predicting the impact of CO2 or brine leakage were it to occur at the Illinois Basin Decatur Project (IBDP). Results of the model sensitivity analysis can help guide characterization efforts; the hydraulic parameters and leakage source term magnitude are more sensitive than clay fraction or cation exchange capacity. Sand permeability was the only hydraulic parameter measured at the IBDP site. More information on the other hydraulic parameters could reduce uncertainty in risk estimates. Some non‐adjustable parameters are significantly different for the ROM than for the observations at the IBDP site. The generic ROMs could be made more useful to a wider range of sites if the initial conditions and no‐impact threshold values were adjustable parameters. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific depressive symptoms predict remission to aripiprazole augmentation in late‐life treatment resistant depression
Authors: Gebara Marie Anne , DiNapoli Elizabeth A. , Kasckow John , Karp Jordan F. , Blumberger Daniel M. , Lenze Eric J. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Reynolds Charles F.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To identify which specific depressive symptoms predict remission to aripiprazole augmentation in late‐life treatment resistant depression.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of data from a late‐life treatment resistant depression trial examining the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole augmentation. Participants aged 60 and above were randomized to aripiprazole augmentation (N = 91) versus placebo (N = 90). The main outcome was depression remission. Clinical predictors included individual Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) item scores categorized as symptomatic (scores >2) or nonsymptomatic (scores ≤2).

Results

Three MADRS items predicted depression remission with aripiprazole augmentation: symptomatic scores on sleep disturbance and nonsymptomatic scores on apparent sadness and inability to feel. The 2‐way and 3‐way interaction terms of these MADRS items were not significant predictors of remission; therefore, the models' ability to predict remission was not improved by combining the significant MADRS items.

Conclusions

The identification of specific depressive symptoms, which can be clinically assessed, can be used to inform treatment decisions. Older adults with treatment resistant depression that present with sleep disturbances, lack of apparent sadness, or lack of inability to feel should be considered for aripiprazole augmentation.
Synthesis, structural elucidation, and biological activity to organotin(IV) derivatives of (E)‐2,3‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐propenoic acid
Authors: Rehman Sadiq‐ur‐ , Choudhary Muhammad Aziz , Ahmad Zahoor , Mirza M. Aslam , Ali Saqib
Published: October 2017

Eight new organotin(IV) carboxylates of general formula RnSnL4‐n have been synthesized by the reaction of respective organotin(IV) oxide/chloride with stoichiometric amount of the ligand, (E)‐2,3‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐propenoic acid or its silver salt in dry toluene using Dean and Stark apparatus accordingly. The synthesized carboxylates were characterized using multinuclear (1H,13C,119Sn)NMR,FT‐IRspectroscopies and mass spectrometry in combination with the elemental analysis and melting point determination. The data reveal that tri‐ and diorganotin(IV) carboxylates adopt penta‐ and hexa‐coordination around tin moiety in solid states, respectively. All compounds were preliminary screened for antimicrobial, antifungal, and cytotoxicity studies, and some of the compounds exhibit promising results.
Social value and individual choice: The value of a choice‐based decision‐making process in a collectively funded health system
Authors: Espinoza Manuel Antonio , Manca Andrea , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark
Published: October 2017

Evidence about cost‐effectiveness is increasingly being used to inform decisions about the funding of new technologies that are usually implemented as guidelines from centralized decision‐making bodies. However, there is also an increasing recognition for the role of patients in determining their preferred treatment option. This paper presents a method to estimate the value of implementing a choice‐based decision process using the cost‐effectiveness analysis toolbox. This value is estimated for 3 alternative scenarios. First, it compares centralized decisions, based on population average cost‐effectiveness, against a decision process based on patient choice. Second, it compares centralized decision based on patients' subgroups versus an individual choice‐based decision process. Third, it compares a centralized process based on average cost‐effectiveness against a choice‐based process where patients choose according to a different measure of outcome to that used by the centralized decision maker. The methods are applied to a case study for the management of acute coronary syndrome. It is concluded that implementing a choice‐based process of treatment allocation may be an option in collectively funded health systems. However, its value will depend on the specific health problem and the social values considered relevant to the health system.
Water level observations from unmanned aerial vehicles for improving estimates of surface water–groundwater interaction
Authors: Bandini Filippo , Butts Michael , Jacobsen Torsten Vammen , Bauer‐Gottwein Peter
Published: October 2017

Integrated hydrological models are usually calibrated against observations of river discharge and piezometric head in groundwater aquifers. Calibration of such models against spatially distributed observations of river water level can potentially improve their reliability and predictive skill. However, traditional river gauging stations are normally spaced too far apart to capture spatial patterns in the water surface, whereas spaceborne observations have limited spatial and temporal resolution. Unmanned aerial vehicles can retrieve river water level measurements, providing (a) high spatial resolution; (b) spatially continuous profiles along or across the water body, and (c) flexible timing of sampling. A semisynthetic study was conducted to analyse the value of the new unmanned aerial vehicle‐borne datatype for improving hydrological models, in particular estimates of groundwater–surface water (GW–SW) interaction. Mølleåen River (Denmark) and its catchment were simulated using an integrated hydrological model (MIKE 11–MIKE SHE). Calibration against distributed surface water levels using the Differential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis algorithm demonstrated a significant improvement in estimating spatial patterns and time series of GW–SW interaction. After water level calibration, the sharpness of the estimates of GW–SW time series improves by ~50% and root mean square error decreases by ~75% compared with those of a model calibrated against discharge only.
Extracellular vesicles isolated from human renal cell carcinoma tissues disrupt vascular endothelial cell morphology via azurocidin
Authors: Jingushi Kentaro , Uemura Motohide , Ohnishi Naomi , Nakata Wataru , Fujita Kazutoshi , Naito Takuya , Fujii Risa , Saichi Naomi , Nonomura Norio , Tsujikawa Kazutake , Ueda Koji
Published: October 2017

Cancer‐associated extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intimately involved in establishment of tumor microenvironment and occurrence of metastasis. However, previous studies have mainly relied on experiments with cultured cell lines or mouse models, making it difficult to gain a full understanding of EV functions in human body. Hence, we extracted EVs directly from surgically resected viable clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues and adjacent normal renal tissues (n = 20). Quantitative LC/MS analysis identified 3,871 tissue‐exudative EV (Te‐EV) proteins, among which azurocidin (AZU1) was highly enriched in tumor Te‐EVs (p = 2.85 × 10−3, fold‐change = 31.59). Importantly, AZU1 content was also significantly higher in serum EVs from ccRCC patients compared to those from healthy donors. We further found that ccRCC‐derived EVs had AZU1‐dependent membrane permeabilizing activity for the vascular endothelial cell layer. Thus Te‐EVs should be ideal resource for investigation of physiological EV functions.
Identifying a candidate population for ovarian conservation in young women with clinical stage IB–IIB cervical cancer
Authors: Matsuo Koji , Shimada Muneaki , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Kanao Hiroyuki , Nakanishi Toru , Saito Toshiaki , Kamiura Shoji , Iwata Takashi , Mikami Mikio , Sugiyama Toru
Published: October 2017

This study seeks to identify risk factors associated with ovarian metastasis and to characterize a population with minimum risk of ovarian metastasis in young women with stage IB–IIB cervical cancer. This was a nation‐wide multicenter retrospective study in Japan examining consecutive cases of surgically‐treated women with clinical stage IB–IIB cervical cancer who had oophorectomy at radical hysterectomy (n = 5,697). Multivariable analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for ovarian metastasis. Ovarian metastasis was seen in 70 (1.2%, 95% confidence interval 0.9–1.5) cases. In the entire cohort, adenocarcinoma, lympho‐vascular space invasion, uterine corpus tumor invasion, and pelvic/para‐aortic nodal metastases remained independent risk factors for ovarian metastasis (all, adjusted‐p < 0.05). In a sensitivity analysis of 3,165 women aged <50 years (ovarian metastasis, 1.0%), adenocarcinoma, parametrial tumor involvement, uterine corpus tumor involvement, and pelvic/para‐aortic nodal metastases remained independent risk factors for ovarian metastasis (all, adjusted‐P < 0.05). In the absence of these five risk factors (representing 46.1% of women aged <50 years), the incidence of ovarian metastasis was 0.14%. With the presence of adenocarcinoma alone (representing 18.9% of women aged <50 years), the incidence of ovarian metastasis was 0.17% and was not associated with increased risk of ovarian metastasis compared to the subgroup without any risk factors (p = 0.87). In conclusion, nearly two thirds of women aged <50 years with clinical stage IB–IIB cervical cancer had no risk factor for ovarian metastasis or had adenocarcinoma alone: these subgroups had ovarian metastasis rates of around 0.1% and may be a candidate population for ovarian conservation at surgical treatment.