bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infectious Endocarditis and Chylothorax in a Cat
Authors: Dixon-Jimenez Amy , Margiocco Marco L.
Published: November 2011

A 6 yr old domestic longhair cat was evaluated for progressive weight loss, weakness, and dyspnea. Results of a physical examination and electrocardiogram were suggestive of cardiac disease. Thoracic radiographs revealed pleural effusion, which thoracocentesis revealed was consistent with chyle. An echocardiogram was performed, and aortic valve endocarditis with secondary aortic insufficiency was presumptively diagnosed. The cat was treated with broad-spectrum oral antibiotics and palliative cardiac medications. Two days after discharge, the cat's dyspnea returned, and it died suddenly. Histopathology and culture confirmed Pseudomonas bacterial endocarditis of the aortic valve. Bacterial endocarditis in the cat has rarely been reported in the literature. This case described heart failure and chylothorax resulting from bacterial endocarditis.
Intrathoracic Lipoma in a Cat
Authors: Nickel Jeffrey , Mison Michael
Published: November 2011

A 10 yr old female cat presented for an acute onset of back arching, regurgitation, and open mouth breathing. Radiographs indicated the presence of a large intrathoracic mass. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a large mass of fatty density in the dorso-caudal mediastinum. The mass was removed via right intercostal thoracotomy, and histopathology confirmed the mass as a lipoma. The cat was continuing to recover well as of 21 mo after surgery. This is the first reported case of an intrathoracic lipoma in a cat.
Leptospirosis in a Dog with Uveitis and Presumed Cholecystitis
Authors: Gallagher Alexander
Published: November 2011

A 7 yr old castrated male Australian shepherd dog was examined for acute change in iris color, lethargy, and anorexia. Uveitis, acute renal failure, and presumed cholecystitis were diagnosed. Based on clinical findings, leptosporosis was suspected, and the dog was treated with antibiotics and supportive care. The dog made a complete recovery, and leptospirosis was confirmed on convalescent titers. Due to the zoonotic potential, leptospirosis should be considered in cases of uveitis, as well as possible cholecystitis.
Mesenteric Vascular Thrombosis Associated with Disseminated Abdominal Visceral Hemangiosarcoma in a Cat
Authors: Currao Rachael L. , Buote Nicole J. , Flory Andrea B. , Liu Serena M.
Published: November 2011

An adult castrated male cat was evaluated because of a 4 day history of lethargy and partial anorexia. Physical examination revealed abdominal pain with a palpable fluid wave. Cytologic and biochemical analyses of peritoneal effusion were suggestive of septic peritonitis. On surgical exploration of the abdomen, the mesenteric vessels had no palpable pulses and they contained gross thromboses. The intestines were white with no visible peristalsis. Necropsy findings included disseminated, poorly differentiated hemangiosarcoma throughout the abdomen. Mesenteric arterioles contained fibrin thrombi. To the author's knowledge, no previous reports exist of complete mesenteric vascular thrombosis associated with disseminated abdominal visceral hemangiosarcoma in a cat.
Fanconi Syndrome in Four Non–Basenji Dogs Exposed to Chicken Jerky Treats
Authors: Hooper Ashley N. , Roberts Brian K.
Published: November 2011

Four small-breed dogs were diagnosed with acquired Fanconi syndrome. All dogs ate varying amounts of chicken jerky treats. All dogs were examined for similar clinical signs that included, but were not limited to, lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and altered thirst and urination. The quantity of chicken jerky consumed could not be determined; however, based on the histories obtained, the chicken jerky treats were a significant part of the diet and were consumed daily by all dogs. Extensive diagnostic testing eliminated other causes of the observed clinical signs, such as urinary tract infection and rickettsial disease. Glucosuria in the face of euglycemia or hypoglycemia, aminoaciduria, and metabolic acidosis confirmed the diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome. All dogs received supportive care, including IV fluids, antibiotics, gastroprotectants, and oral nutritional supplements. Three dogs exhibited complete resolution of glucosuria, proteinuria, and the associated azotemia; however, one dog remained azotemic, resulting in a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease.
Hyperadrenocorticism in 10 Dogs with Skin Lesions as the Only Presenting Clinical Signs
Authors: Zur Gila , White Stephen D.
Published: November 2011

Ten dogs that had skin lesions as the only presenting signs of hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) and as the owners’ primary complaint are described. Dogs were included if the initial examination was for skin disease, there were no signs of systemic illness on initial presentation and there was a confirmed diagnosis of HAC by specific screening tests. Dogs were excluded if they had a severe disease that might interfere with screening tests for HAC or if the screening tests were not diagnostic. There were five males and five females; six dogs were intact. Nine dogs were diagnosed at ≥7 years. Eight dogs weighed ≤10 kg. Alopecia was present in nine dogs. Eight dogs had bacterial pyoderma, five had hyperpigmentation, and four had thin skin. One dog had unresolved dermatophytosis. Skin lesions resolved after treatment in eight dogs. One dog was not treated and one was lost to follow-up. This study showed that skin lesions may be the only clinical signs of HAC. The presence of the more common clinical signs of HAC, such as a non-pruritic, truncal alopecia and/or thin skin, without any systemic signs of HAC and/or the presence of poorly responsive skin infections warrant screening for this disease.
Exposure Circumstances and Outcomes of 48 Households with 57 Cats Exposed to Toxic Lily Species
Authors: Slater Margaret R. , Gwaltney-Brant Sharon
Published: November 2011

Ingestion of Lilium or Hemerocallis spp. by cats can result in renal failure. The objectives of this study were to determine the foreknowledge of lily toxicity of owners of cats that were exposed to lilies and to obtain historical, clinical and outcome information on the exposures. A survey was done of cat owners reporting indoor exposures to lilies to the Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) during April 2009. Forty eight individuals, (57 cats) were included. Sixty nine percent of cat owners said they could recognize a lily and 27% knew that lilies were toxic prior to their cats’ exposures. Most lilies were obtained from grocery or other stores, and were purchased by the owners or as gifts to the cat owners. Owners who were unaware of lily toxicity frequently left the flowers where the cats had access to them, whereas in households where the toxicity was known the cats actively sought out the flowers. Of the cats in this study 93% received prompt veterinary care, and 87% either developed no signs or had brief signs that resolved. Five percent had evidence of renal insufficiency at final follow-up and another 5 percent of cats were euthanized due to renal failure.
Oronasal Fistula Repair Utilizing a Temporalis Muscle Flap in a Dog with Severe Trismus
Authors: Cavanaugh Ryan P. , Farese James P. , Bacon Nicholas J. , Lurie David M. , Milner Rowan J.
Published: November 2011

A 9 yr old spayed female cocker spaniel presented for evaluation of an invasive maxillary squamous cell carcinoma. Curative intent surgery and radiation therapy allowed for local control of the neoplasm; however, the development of a persistent oronasal fistula prevented a complete recovery. A temporalis myofascial rotation flap allowed for successful resolution of the maxillary defect. Implementation of the flap was relatively simple and was associated with few complications.
AAHA Anesthesia Guidelines for Dogs and Cats*
Authors: Bednarski Richard , Grimm Kurt , Harvey Ralph , Lukasik Victoria M. , Penn W. Sean , Sargent Brett , Spelts Kim
Published: November 2011

Safe and effective anesthesia of dogs and cats rely on preanesthetic patient assessment and preparation. Patients should be premedicated with drugs that provide sedation and analgesia prior to anesthetic induction with drugs that allow endotracheal intubation. Maintenance is typically with a volatile anesthetic such as isoflurane or sevoflurane delivered via an endotracheal tube. In addition, local anesthetic nerve blocks; epidural administration of opioids; and constant rate infusions of lidocaine, ketamine, and opioids are useful to enhance analgesia. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous system functions are continuously monitored so that anesthetic depth can be modified as needed. Emergency drugs and equipment, as well as an action plan for their use, should be available throughout the perianesthetic period. Additionally, intravenous access and crystalloid or colloids are administered to maintain circulating blood volume. Someone trained in the detection of recovery abnormalities should monitor patients throughout recovery. Postoperatively attention is given to body temperature, level of sedation, and appropriate analgesia.
Resúmenes de Tesis de Zootecnia, 2009
Authors: Varios Autores
Published: November 2011

Resúmenes de las tesis del área de zootecnia de los estudiantes de la Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano, Honduras, de la promoción de 2009. Los estudiantes tienen que presentar una tesis como requisito para graduarse de Ingeniero Agrónomo.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ceiba.v50i2.580
Methods to Assess Neuroinflammation
Authors: Monnet‐Tschudi Florianne , Defaux Antoinette , Braissant Olivier , Cagnon Laurène , Zurich Marie‐Gabrielle
Published: November 2011

Neuroinflammation is observed in many brain pathologies: in neurodegenerative diseases and multiple sclerosis as well as in chemically induced lesions. It is characterized by the reactivity of microglial cells and astrocytes, activation of inducible NO‐synthase (i‐NOS), and increased expression and/or release of cytokines and chemokines. Clearly, cell‐to‐cell signaling between the different brain cell types plays an important role in the initiation and propagation of neuroinflammation, but despite the growing list of known molecular actors, the underlying pathways and the sequence of events remain to be fully elucidated. The present chapter presents an example of how to assess neuroinflammation in complex brain tissues, using aggregating brain cell cultures as an in vitro model. This three‐dimensional cell culture system provides optimal cell‐to‐cell interactions crucial for histotypic cellular maturation and control of neuroinflammatory processes. The techniques described here comprise immunocytochemistry to assess the reactivity of microglia and astrocytes and the expression of cytokines; quantitative RT‐PCR to measure the mRNA expression of cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐1ra, TGF‐β, IL‐15, IFN‐γ), chemokines (ccl5, cxcl1, cxcl2), and i‐NOS; and immunoblotting to assess MAP kinase pathway activation (phosphorylation of p38 and p44/42 MAP kinases). Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 50:12.19.1‐12.19.20. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CO2‐Laser‐Induced Growth of Epitaxial Graphene on 6H‐SiC(0001)
Authors: Yannopoulos Spyros N. , Siokou Angeliki , Nasikas Nektarios K. , Dracopoulos Vassilios , Ravani Fotini , Papatheodorou George N.
Published: November 2011

The thermal decomposition of SiC surface provides, perhaps, the most promising method for the epitaxial growth of graphene on a material useful in the electronics platform. Currently, efforts are focused on a reliable method for the growth of large‐area, low‐strain epitaxial graphene that is still lacking. Here, a novel method for the fast, single‐step epitaxial growth of large‐area homogeneous graphene film on the surface of SiC(0001) using an infrared CO2 laser (10.6 μm) as the heating source is reported. Apart from enabling extreme heating and cooling rates, which can control the stacking order of epitaxial graphene, this method is cost‐effective in that it does not necessitate SiC pre‐treatment and/or high vacuum, it operates at low temperature and proceeds in the second time scale, thus providing a green solution to EG fabrication and a means to engineering graphene patterns on SiC by focused laser beams. Uniform, low–strain graphene film is demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion‐mass spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Scalability to industrial level of the method described here appears to be realistic, in view of the high rate of CO2‐laser‐induced graphene growth and the lack of strict sample–environment conditions.
Electrical and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites prepared by melt‐blending
Authors: Singh Brajesh K. , Kar Prativa , Shrivastava Nilesh K. , Banerjee Susanta , Khatua Bhanu B.
Published: November 2011

The electrical properties in polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites are governed not only by the degree of dispersion but also to a greater extent on the aspect ratio of the CNTs in the final composites. Melt‐mixing of polymer and CNTs at high shear rate usually breaks the CNTS that lowers the aspect ratio of the nanotubes. Thus, homogeneous dispersion of CNTs while retaining the aspect ratio is a major challenge in melt‐mixing. Here, we demonstrate a novel method that involves melt‐blending of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and in situ polymerized polystyrene (PS)/multiwalled CNT (MWCNT) nanocomposites, to prepare electrically conducting ABS/MWCNT nanocomposites with very low CNT loading than reported. The rationale behind choosing PS/MWCNT as blending component was that ABS is reported to form miscible blend with the PS. Thus, (80/20 w/w) ABS/(PS/MWCNT) nanocomposites obtained by melt‐blending showed electrical conductivity value ≈1.27 × 10−6 S cm−1 at MWCNT loading close to 0.64 wt %, which is quite lower than previously reported value for ABS/MWCNT system prepared via solution blending. Scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated the formation of homogenous and miscible blend of ABS and PS. The high temperature (100°C) storage modulus of ABS (1298 MPa) in the nanocomposites was increased to 1696 MPa in presence of 0.64 wt % of the MWCNT. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Study of iPP crosslinking by means of dynamic and steady rheology measurements
Authors: Khellaf S. , Khoffi F. , Tabet H. , Lallam A. , Bouhelal S. , Cagiao M. E. , Benachour D. , BaltáCalleja F. J.
Published: November 2011

The crosslinking of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) using crosslinking agents (CAs) based on a peroxide/sulfur/accelerator system is a very attractive new method that has been reported recently. The present work deals with the study of the dynamic rheological behavior of iPP during and after the crosslinking process. The influence of the CA concentration and the processing temperature T on the rheological behavior of the iPP was analyzed. The kinetics of the crosslinking reaction was established using the technique described by G. A. Harpell and D. H. Walrod. This reaction is found to be of order one. At T = 180°C, the crosslinking reaction was faster. By varying the crosslinking agent content, different crosslinking degrees of iPP, expressed by the corresponding gel content, are achieved. On the other hand, the modified polypropylene exhibits an unexpected viscosity‐shear rate pattern, which describes the reverse crosslinking reaction mainly occurring by the opening of the bridges of the new interpenetrating network (IPN) formed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Will second‐generation ethanol be able to compete with first‐generation ethanol? Opportunities for cost reduction
Authors: Stephen James D. , Mabee Warren E. , Saddler Jack N.
Published: November 2011

The production costs of a lignocellulosic ethanol process, both currently and projected for 2020, were compared to a corn ethanol process, to determine its economic competitiveness. A techno‐economic model was used to estimate the current production costs for a base‐case, 50 ML yr‐1 softwood facility, as well as providing a basis for cost‐reduction test cases assessing different feedstock, scaling, enzyme, and coproduct options. The progress ratio indicated that lignocellulosic ethanol could be competitive with corn ethanol by 2020, based on volumes mandated by 2007 EISA. However, cost reductions must occur across all components of the production process. The ambitious cellulase enzyme cost reductions that have been projected were shown to be challenging as cellulase costs still need to be significantly lower than those of amylase enzymes on a unit‐of‐protein basis. Opportunities for capital cost reduction relative to first‐generation plants were primarily restricted to the pre‐treatment/hydrolysis unit operations, with operational conditions such as the severity of pre‐treatment and hydrolysis residence times, significantly influencing operating costs. Alternative operating strategies, such as maximizing hydrolysis rate with shorter residence times rather than maximizing ethanol yield and using the unhydrolyzed residue for heat and power production, showed some promise. Increasing the size of the facility to 1 BL yr‐1 output substantially reduced the per unit capital costs, but not to a level competitive with an average (150 ML yr‐1) corn ethanol facility. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A high‐order alternating direction implicit method for the unsteady convection‐dominated diffusion problem
Authors: Ma Yanbao , Sun Chien‐Pin , Haake David A. , Churchill Bernard M. , Ho Chih‐Ming
Published: November 2011

A high‐order alternating direction implicit (ADI) method for solving the unsteady convection‐dominated diffusion equation is developed. The fourth‐order Padé scheme is used for the discretization of the convection terms, while the second‐order Padé scheme is used for the diffusion terms. The Crank–Nicolson scheme and ADI factorization are applied for time integration. After ADI factorization, the two‐dimensional problem becomes a sequence of one‐dimensional problems. The solution procedure consists of multiple use of a one‐dimensional tridiagonal matrix algorithm that produces a computationally cost‐effective solver. Von Neumann stability analysis is performed to show that the method is unconditionally stable. An unsteady two‐dimensional problem concerning convection‐dominated propagation of a Gaussian pulse is studied to test its numerical accuracy and compare it to other high‐order ADI methods. The results show that the overall numerical accuracy can reach third or fourth order for the convection‐dominated diffusion equation depending on the magnitude of diffusivity, while the computational cost is much lower than other high‐order numerical methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid pressure–density‐based algorithm for the Euler equations at all Mach number regimes
Authors: Xisto C. M. , Páscoa J. C. , Oliveira P. J. , Nicolini D. A.
Published: November 2011

In the present work, we propose a reformulation of the fluxes and interpolation calculations in the PISO method, a well‐known pressure‐correction solver. This new reformulation introduces the AUSM+ − up flux definition as a replacement for the standard Rhie and Chow method of obtaining fluxes and central interpolation of pressure at the control volume faces. This algorithm tries to compatibilize the good efficiency of a pressure based method for low Mach number applications with the advantages of AUSM+ − up at high Mach number flows. The algorithm is carefully validated using exact solutions. Results for subsonic, transonic and supersonic axisymmetric flows in a nozzle are presented and compared with exact analytical solutions. Further, we also present and discuss subsonic, transonic and supersonic results for the well known bump test‐case. The code is also benchmarked against a very tough test‐case for the supersonic and hypersonic flow over a cylinder. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing emissions of active pharmaceutical ingredients from manufacturing facilities: An environmental quality standard approach
Authors: Murray-Smith Richard J , Coombe Vyvyan T , Grönlund Marie Haag , Waern Fredrik , Baird James A
Published: November 2011

Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) residues have been found to be widespread in the aquatic environment, albeit in most cases at trace levels, with the route to the environment predominantly being via therapeutic use and subsequent excretion to sewer. Although manufacturing discharges may be a low overall contributor to environmental concentrations, they need to be managed effectively so that they do not adversely affect the local receiving environment. In order to achieve this, a risk-based approach is proposed that identifies the long-term and short-term concentrations, referred to as environmental reference concentrations (ERCs) and maximum tolerable concentrations (MTCs), respectively, of an API which should not be exceeded in the aquatic environment receiving effluent from pharmaceutical manufacturing sites. The ERC approach is based on established environmental quality standard concepts currently used in much national and international legislation. Building on these concepts, the approach takes into account indirect exposure of potential consumers such as fish-eating mammals and humans, as well as primary producers (e.g., algae) and primary and secondary consumers (e.g., invertebrates and fish). Although chronic toxicity data are preferred for ERC derivation, acute data, with appropriate considerations of uncertainty, may be used when chronic data are not available. This approach takes all available information into account, particularly for older established medicines that may predate current regulatory requirements for environmental data, and consequently helps prioritize resources for environmental testing. The ERC approach has been applied to 30 of AstraZeneca's APIs. Merits of the approach are discussed together with opportunities for potential future refinement. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 320–330. © 2011 SETAC
Economic impact of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with acute ischemic stroke: A hospital perspective of the PREVAIL trial
Authors: Pineo Graham , Lin Jay , Stern Lee , Subrahmanian Tarun , Annemans Lieven
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND:

The PREVAIL (Prevention of VTE [venous thromboembolism] after acute ischemic stroke with LMWH [low‐molecular‐weight heparin] and UFH [unfractionated heparin]) study demonstrated a 43% VTE risk reduction with enoxaparin versus UFH in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). A 1% rate of symptomatic intracranial and major extracranial hemorrhage was observed in both groups.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the economic impact, from a hospital perspective, of enoxaparin versus UFH for VTE prophylaxis after AIS.

DESIGN:

A decision‐analytic model was constructed and hospital‐based costs analyzed using clinical information from PREVAIL. Total hospital costs were calculated based on mean costs in the Premier™ database and from wholesalers acquisition data. Costs were also compared in patients with severe stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score ≥14) and less severe stroke (NIHSS score <14).

RESULTS:

The average cost per patient due to VTE or bleeding events was lower with enoxaparin versus UFH ($422 vs $662, respectively; net savings $240). The average anticoagulant cost, including drug‐administration cost per patient, was lower with UFH versus enoxaparin ($259 vs $360, respectively; net savings $101). However, when both clinical events and drug‐acquisition costs were considered, the total hospital cost was lower with enoxaparin versus UFH ($782 vs $922, respectively; savings $140). Hospital cost‐savings were greatest ($287) in patients with NIHSS scores ≥14.

CONCLUSIONS:

The higher drug cost of enoxaparin was offset by the reduction in clinical events as compared to the use of UFH for VTE prophylaxis after an AIS, particularly in patients with severe stroke. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Intracranial transplantation of monocyte‐derived multipotential cells enhances recovery after ischemic stroke in rats
Authors: Hattori Hidenori , Suzuki Shigeaki , Okazaki Yuka , Suzuki Norihiro , Kuwana Masataka
Published: November 2011

Cell transplantation has emerged as a potential therapy to reduce the neurological deficits caused by ischemic stroke. We previously reported a primitive cell population, monocyte‐derived multipotential cells (MOMCs), which can differentiate into mesenchymal, neuronal, and endothelial lineages. In this study, MOMCs and macrophages were prepared from rat peripheral blood and transplanted intracranially into the ischemic core of syngeneic rats that had undergone a left middle cerebral artery occlusion procedure. Neurological deficits, as evaluated by the corner test, were less severe in the MOMC‐transplanted rats than in macrophage‐transplanted or mock‐treated rats. Histological evaluations revealed that the number of microvessels that had formed in the ischemic boundary area by 4 weeks after transplantation was significantly greater in the MOMC‐transplanted rats than in the control groups. The blood vessel formation was preceded by the appearance of round CD31+ cells, which we confirmed were derived from the transplanted MOMCs. Small numbers of bloodvessels incorporating MOMC‐derived endothelial cells expressing a mature endothelial marker RECA‐1 were detected at 4 weeks after transplantation. In addition, MOMCs expressed a series of angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoetin‐1, and placenta growth factor (PlGF). These findings provide evidence that the intracranial delivery of MOMCs enhances functional recovery by promoting neovascularization in a rat model for ischemic stroke. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DNA polymerase‐β mediates the neurogenic effect of β‐amyloid protein in cultured subventricular zone neurospheres
Authors: Calafiore Marco , Copani Agata , Deng Wenbin
Published: November 2011

β‐Amyloid protein (Aβ) is thought to be responsible for neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Paradoxically, Aβ can also promote neurogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo, by inducing neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to differentiate into neurons. However, the mechanisms of Aβ‐induced neurogenesis are unknown. Here we examined the role of DNA polymerase‐β (DNA pol‐β), a DNA repair enzyme that is required for proper neurogenesis during brain development and is also responsible for Aβ‐induced neuronal apoptosis. In neurospheres obtained from the adult mouse subventricular zone (SVZ), the knockdown of DNA pol‐β or its pharmacological blockade showed that the enzyme functioned both to repress proliferation of early nestin+ progenitor cells and to promote the maturation of TuJ‐1+ neuronal cells. In neurospheres challenged with oligomers of synthetic Aβ42, the expression levels of DNA pol‐β were rapidly increased. DNA pol‐β knockdown prevented the Aβ42‐promoted differentiation of nestin+ progenitor cells into nestin+/Dlx‐2+ neuroblasts. Moreover, when neurospheres were seeded to allow full differentiation of their elements, blockade of DNA pol‐β prevented Aβ42‐induced differentiation of progenitors into MAP‐2+ neurons. Thus, our data demonstrate that Aβ42 arrests the proliferation of a subpopulation of nestin+ cells via the induction of DNA pol‐β, thereby allowing for their differentiation toward the neuronal lineage. Our findings reveal a novel role of DNA pol‐β in Aβ42‐induced neurogenesis and identify DNA pol‐β as a key mechanistic link between the neurogenic effect of Aβ42 on NPCs and the proapoptotic effect of Aβ42 on mature neurons. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐magnitude high‐frequency loading via whole body vibration enhances bone‐implant osseointegration in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Chen BaiLing , Li YiQiang , Xie DengHui , Yang XiaoXi
Published: November 2011

Osseointegration is vital to avoid long‐time implants loosening after implantation surgery. This study investigated the effect of low‐magnitude high‐frequency (LMHF) loading via whole body vibration on bone‐implant osseointegration in osteoporotic rats, and a comparison was made between LMHF vibration and alendronate on their effects. Thirty rats were ovariectomized to induce osteoporosis, and then treated with LMHF vibration (VIB) or alendronate (ALN) or a control treatment (OVX). Another 10 rats underwent sham operation to establish Sham control group. Prior to treatment, hydroxyapatite (HA)‐coated titanium implants were inserted into proximal tibiae bilaterally. Both LMHF vibration and alendronate treatment lasted for 8 weeks. Histomorphometrical assess showed that both group VIB, ALN and Sham significantly increased bone‐to‐implant contact and peri‐implant bone fraction (p < 0.05) when compared with group OVX. Nevertheless the bone‐to‐implant contact and peri‐implant bone fraction of group VIB were inferior to group ALN and Sham (p < 0.05). Biomechanical tests also revealed similar results in maximum push out force and interfacial shear strength. Accordingly, it is concluded that LMHF loading via whole body vibration enhances bone‐to‐implant osseointegration in ovariectomized rats, but its effectiveness is weaker than alendronate. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:733–739, 2012
Drained cavity expansions in soils of finite radial extent subjected to two boundary conditions
Authors: Pournaghiazar Mohammad , Russell Adrian R. , Khalili Nasser
Published: November 2011

The problem of drained cavity expansion in soils of finite radial extent is investigated. Cylindrical and spherical cavities expanded from zero radius subjected to either constant stress or zero displacement at the finite boundary are considered. The generalised analytical solution procedure presented enables more advanced constitutive models to be implemented than have been possible in previous studies. Results generated for Sydney quartz sand highlight substantial differences between cavity limit pressures for the two boundary conditions and for boundaries of finite and infinite radial extent. This is of significance in accounting for boundary effects when interpreting cone penetration tests conducted in calibration chambers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical, thermal, and biodegradability properties of PLA/modified starch blends
Authors: Gao Huliang , Hu Shan , Su Fuhui , Zhang Jun , Tang Guannan
Published: November 2011

Three different kinds of modified starch (MS) were prepared as fillers to assess the compatibility between them and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) resin. The blends were prepared by incorporating 15 wt% of the MS into PLA using a twin‐screw extruder. Through morphology analysis, it can be seen that the dispersion state of MS granules was greatly different. Investigations of thermal behavior indicated that the addition of MS decreased thermal properties which found expression in the decrease of melting temperature and vicat softening temperature (VST). But thermal stability of PLA/maleic anhydride grafted starch (MA‐g‐ST) was slightly higher than those of other blends. PLA/MA‐g‐ST blend exhibited the highest notched impact strength, elongation at break, and tensile strength, which means MA‐g‐ST was suitable as a filler improving the toughness of PLA. It was also proved that biodegradability rate of blends increased dramatically and reached up to 1.80, 1.89, 1.44 g day−1 after 60 days, respectively. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Properties of carbon nanotube reinforced linear low density polyethylene nanocomposites fabricated by cryogenic ball‐milling
Authors: Terife Graciela , Narh Kwabena A.
Published: November 2011

A cryogenic ball‐milling process to produce polymer/CNT nanocomposites was investigated. Linear low density polyethylene was used as the matrix material and 1 wt % of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was used as reinforcement. The influence of the milling time and balls size was evaluated. The morphology of the nanocomposite and the degree of dispersion of the MWCNTs were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), visual inspection, and light transmission microscopy; ropes as well as aggregates of MWCNTs were observed, and there was evidence of wetting of the nanotubes by the matrix polymer. An increase of up to 28% in the elastic modulus (determined by tensile testing) with respect to the matrix was obtained. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed evidence of increase in the degree of crystallization, a result of the nucleating capability of the carbon nanotubes in the matrix. The degradation temperature of the nanocomposites does not show significant variations with respect to the unfilled polymer. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Antipsychotic drugs and risk of pulmonary embolism
Authors: Allenet Benoit , Schmidlin Sophie , Genty Céline , Bosson Jean‐Luc
Published: November 2011

Background

Antipsychotic drugs (APs) expose users to several adverse effects. Some reports describe an increased risk of venous thromboembolism for particular drugs in this family.

Purpose

To examine the association between the risks of pulmonary embolism (PE) and AP use and assess any dose–effect relationships.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of data in ‘Premier's Perspective’ a large US hospital database for 2006. Adults in the AP group had at least one prescription of AP. Logistic regression analysis was performed to detect association between PE and AP use. The dose–effect relationship was assessed according to quantities and administration routes. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders: age, sex, the components of the Charlson co‐morbidity index, diagnoses of infection, sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, psychotic disorders and hospital inpatient or outpatient status.

Results

Among 28 723 771 adults included in 2006, 450 951 (1.6%) were prescribed AP. Haloperidol was most commonly prescribed (157 667 patients or 35.0%), but atypical APs represented over 78% of prescriptions. The risk of PE was higher in AP users than in the total population (OR = 1.17 [95%CI 1.13–1.21]; p < 0.001) and depended on the type of AP used: clozapine was associated with the highest risk. Risk seemed correlated to higher doses.

Limitations

Non‐hospital prescription data were unavailable, potentially underestimating the number of patients exposed. The relative timing of AP prescription and PE was not available. Results did not include deep vein thrombosis.

Conclusion

This study suggests an increased risk of PE with AP treatment, varying with type of AP and dependent on dose. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of association between exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction and childhood asthma control test questionnaire scores in children
Authors: Chinellato Iolanda , Piazza Michele , Sandri Marco , Cardinale Fabio , Peroni Diego G. , Boner Attilio L. , Piacentini Giorgio L.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Asthma control represents a major challenge in the management of asthmatic children; however, correct perception of control is poor. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between subjective answers given to the Childhood Asthma Control Test (C‐ACT) and objective evaluation of exercise‐induced bronchonstriction (EIB) by standardized treadmill exercise challenge.

Methods

EIB was evaluated by standardized treadmill exercise challenge and related to C‐ACT scores in 92 asthmatic children.

Results

Of the 92 studied children only six children had a concordance between a positive challenge test (ΔFEV1 ≥ 13%) and a positive response to the exercise‐related issue of the C‐ACT questionnaire (C‐ACT total score ≤ 19). There was no significant association between the degree of EIB and the scores relative to the single question on exercise‐related problems while a significant association was found when considering the whole questionnaire with C‐ACT total score > 19 (r = −0.40, P < 0.001). The two single questions showing a significant association were those focusing on nocturnal asthma. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) for the sum of the scores of these questions in relationship to a positive response to the exercise test was 0.74. The AUC of the C‐ACT total score was 0.76 and 0.55 for the specific question on EIB related problems.

Conclusion

The discrimination power of the C‐ACT total score in relationship to EIB was moderately good, and C‐ACT questionnaire was capable of correctly predicting the absence of EIB in children reporting a global score > 19. However, direct questions on EIB are associated with a high number of false positive and negative responses; better associations are found questioning on the presence on nocturnal symptoms. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:226–232. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A TLR5 (g.1174C > T) variant that encodes a stop codon (R392X) is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Sampath Venkatesh , Garland Jeffery S. , Le Min , Patel Aloka L. , Konduri Girija G. , Cohen Jonathan D. , Simpson Pippa M. , Hines Ronald N.
Published: November 2011

Current evidence supports a major role for inherited factors in determining bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) susceptibility. The Toll‐like receptor (TLR) family of proteins maintain pulmonary homeostasis in the developing lung by aiding pathogen recognition and clearance, regulating inflammation, and facilitating reparative tissue growth. We hypothesized that sequence variation in the TLR pathway genes would alter the susceptibility/severity of BPD in preterm infants. Very low birth‐weight infants were recruited prospectively in a multi‐center study involving collection of blood samples and clinical information. Nine TLR pathway single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped using a multiplexed single‐base extension assay. BPD outcomes were compared among infants with and without the variant allele using Chi‐square or Fisher's exact tests. In our cohort (n = 289), 66 (23.6%) infants developed BPD, out of which 32 (11.2%) developed severe BPD. The TLR5 (g.1174C > T) variant was associated with BPD (P = 0.03) and severe BPD (P = 0.004). The TIRAP (g.2054C > T) variant was associated with BPD (P = 0.04). Infants heterozygous for the X‐linked IRAK1 (g.6435T > C) variant had a lower incidence of BPD compared to infants homozygous for either the reference or variant allele (P = 0.03). In regression models that controlled for potential epidemiological confounders, the TIRAP variant was associated with BPD, and the TLR5 variant was associated with severe BPD. Our data support the hypothesis that aberrant pathogen recognition in premature infants arising from TLR pathway genetic variation can contribute to BPD pathogenesis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:460–468. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allenyl‐β‐lactams: versatile scaffolds for the synthesis of heterocycles
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro
Published: November 2011

The hybrid allenic β‐lactam moiety represents an excellent building block for carbo‐ and heterocyclization reactions, affording a large number of cyclic structures containing different sized skeletons in a single step. This strategy has been studied under thermal and radical‐induced conditions. More recently, the use of transition‐metal catalysis has been introduced as an alternative that relies on the activation of the allenic component. On the other hand, the intramolecular version has attracted much attention as a strategy for the synthesis of bi‐ and tricyclic compounds in a regio‐ and stereoselective manner. This overview focuses on the most recently developed cyclizations on 2‐azetidinone‐tethered allenes along with remarkable early works accounting for the mechanism, as well as for the regio‐ and diastereoselectivities of the cyclizations. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100011
Systematic Review of Met and Unmet Need of Surgical Disease in Rural Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Grimes Caris E. , Law Rebekah S. L. , Borgstein Eric S. , Mkandawire Nyeno C. , Lavy Christopher B. D.
Published: November 2011

Background

Little is known about the burden of surgical disease in rural sub‐Saharan Africa, where district and rural hospitals are the main providers of care. The present study sought to analyze what is known about the met and unmet need of surgical disease.

Methods

The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for studies of surveys in rural areas, information on surgical admissions, and operations performed within rural and district hospitals. Data were extrapolated to calculate the amount of surgical disease per 100,000 population and the number of operations performed per 100,000 population. These extrapolations were used to estimate the total, the met, and the unmet need of surgical disease.

Results

The estimated overall incidence of nonfatal injury is at least 1,690/100,000 population per year. Morbidity as a result of injury is up to 190/100,000 population per year, and the annual mortality from injury is 53–92/100,000. District hospitals perform 6 fracture reductions (95% CI: 0.1–12)/100,000 population per year and 14 laparotomies (95% CI: 7–21)/100,000 per year. The incidence of peritonitis and bowel obstruction is unknown, although it may be as high as 1,364/100,000 population for the acute abdomen. The annual total need for inguinal hernia repair is estimated to be a minimum of 205/100,000 population. The average district hospital performs 30 hernia repairs (95% CI: 18–41)/100,000 population per year, leaving an unmet need of 175/100,000 population annually.

Conclusions

District hospitals are not meeting the surgical needs of the populations they serve. Urgent intervention is required to build up their capacity, to train healthcare personnel in safe surgery and anesthesia, and to overcome obstacles to timely emergency care.
Comparison of Limberg Flap and Tension‐Free Primary Closure During Pilonidal Sinus Surgery
Authors: Okuş Ahmet , Sevinç Barış , Karahan Ömer , Eryılmaz Mehmet A.
Published: November 2011

Background

Pilonidal disease is an inflammatory disease seen in the intergluteal region. In this study, our aim was to compare the efficacy of the Limberg flap versus a tension‐free primary closure.

Methods

A total of 93 patients were included in this study. The patients were assigned consecutively by the closed‐envelope technique to one of two groups: 49 patients in group 1 (excision and Limberg flap) and 44 patients in group 2 (tension‐free primary closure). Excision and reconstruction with the Limberg flap was performed in its classic form. For tension‐free primary closure after excision of the sinus tract with an elliptical incision, the skin and subcutaneous tissue were released 2–3 cm away from the incision line. The subcutaneous tissue was closed twofold with 2/0 polyglactin sutures. The skin underwent 3/0 polypropylene mattress suturing.

Results

The median age was 25 years (17–43 years). The median follow‐up period was 29.5 months (8–43 months). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, sex, follow‐up time, or anesthesia method. One patient in each group experienced wound infection. During the first 6 months of follow‐up there was no recurrence. However, at later visits recurrences were seen in two patients in each group (4.1% in group 1, 4.5% in group 2).

Conclusions

The lower rates of wound infection and recurrence associated with the Limberg flap reported elsewhere may be associated with healing of the tension‐free procedure. In this study, tension‐free primary closure was found to be as effective as the Limberg flap reconstruction.
Cationic Micelles Modulated in the Presence of α,ω‐Alkanediols: A SANS, NMR and Conductometric Study
Authors: Chavda Suresh , Singh Kulbir , Gerrard Marangoni D. , Aswal Vinod K. , Bahadur Pratap
Published: November 2011

The solution behavior of a typical cationic surfactant, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, in mixed solvent systems composed of water and varying concentrations of α,ω‐alkanediols; 1,2‐ethanediol (ED), 1,4‐butanediol (BD), 1,6‐hexanediol (HD) and 1,8‐octanediol (OD) was examined via electrical conductance measurements, 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values and degree of counterion dissociation (α) indicate that both ED and BD oppose micellization, whereas HD and OD enhance micelle formation. Changes in the 13C‐NMR chemical shifts (∆δ values) reveal that the short chain diols reside almost exclusively in the bulk phase and hence, affect the formation of micelles by altering the solvent properties in the bulk of the solution, whereas HD and OD partition between the pseudomicellar phase and the bulk phase. SANS studies indicated that both the micellar size and aggregation number (Nagg) decrease in the presence of all diols. ED and BD behave like cosolvents and increase the α and CMC values and decrease Nagg. We note that the effect of HD and OD on the properties of the micelles is concentration dependent; at low concentrations, these diols interact with the micelles and behave as cosurfactants (as evidenced by the trends in the micellar properties), while at higher concentrations, they enhance the surfactant solubility and behave as a cosolvent.
Protein levels in enteral feeds: do these meet requirements in children with severe cerebral palsy?
Authors: Schoendorfer Niikee , Tinggi Ujang , Sharp Nita , Boyd Roslyn , Vitetta Luis , Davies Peter S. W.
Published: November 2011

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have been documented to have feeding difficulties, which increase in line with condition severity and result in lowered growth potential. Much nutrition literature surrounds energy intake and expenditure in these children, with less information available on other parameters such as protein and micronutrients, which are also important for growth and development. We examined differences in protein intake and a variety of protein metabolism indices in children with CP compared with controls. A total of twenty-four children aged 4–12 years with marked CP fed orally (O,n15) or enterally (E,n9) were recruited, including age-matched typically developing children (C,n24). Fasting blood samples were analysed for levels of albumin, creatinine, urea and urate. Parents collected an exact food replica for three consecutive days of their child's actual intake, which were directly analysed for protein content. Significant differences were found in protein intakes between the groups (mean percentage minimum requirements: E = 178 (sd47); O = 208 (sd95); C = 311 (sd119),P = 0·005). Despite all children consuming over recommended levels, children with CP had significantly reduced levels of the protein metabolic indices compared with controls. These include asz-scores: albumin mean C = 0·71 (sd1·04) and CP = − 0·17 (sd1·60),P = 0·03; creatinine C = − 2·06 (sd0·46) and CP = − 3·11 (sd0·98),P < 0·001; urate C = 0·18 (sd0·62) and CP = − 0·58 (sd0·93),P = 0·002.Post hocanalysis, the present data show potentially greater protein metabolism issues in enterally fed children, compared with the other groups. This may also support recent literature that suggests shortfalls in current recommendations.