bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vascular Pediatric Interventional Radiology
Authors: Heran Manraj K.S. , Burrill Joshua
Published: May 2012

Interventional radiology procedures are increasingly in demand in both the adult and pediatric populations. Pediatric procedures mirror many of the adult procedures but with increased complexity due to many considerations, notably patient size. This article reviews the various vascular pediatric interventional procedures. The aim is to provide a greater exposure to the possible treatment options for pediatric patients and to facilitate understanding of the success and complications rates related to various interventions.
Industrial Exports and Peronist Economic Policies in Post-War Argentina
Authors: BELINI CLAUDIO
Published: May 2012

This article studies the growth and decline of Argentine exports of manufactured goods during the 1940s and 1950s. In a context that was favourable due to the global scarcity of manufactured goods, Argentine industry managed to sell its products in several foreign markets, especially in Latin America, during the Second World War. In the post-war period, however, exports declined and returned to the levels of the 1930s. After 1950 the Peronist administration again tried to stimulate exports through the use of various incentives, but they did not revive. The article examines the reasons for this decline, the role played by the economic, commercial and industrial policies of the Peronist era, and the problems that Argentine industry faced in remaining competitive. Based on this analysis, the paper questions the interpretation that argues that exporting manufactured goods was a viable path for development for import substitution industrialisation countries in the post-war world. In this respect the paper contributes to the discussion of different paths towards economic development in Latin America.
Older Adult Mistreatment Risk Screening: Contribution to the validation of a Screening Tool in a Domestic Setting
Authors: Lindenbach Jeannette M. , Larocque Sylvie , Lavoie Anne-Marise , Garceau Marie-Luce
Published: May 2012

Le dépistage du risque de maltraitance de la personne aînée vivant à domicile est difficile en raison de sa nature cachée. Afin de surmonter ce défi, un instrument valide évaluant systématiquement les facteurs de risque est requis. Un tel instrument, le “expanded-Indicators of Abuse” [e-IOA], fut originellement validé en hébreu dans un milieu hospitalier. Cette étude a contribué à la validation du “e-IOA” dans un nouveau contexte, celui d’un milieu communautaire anglophone en Ontario, Canada. L’étude s’est déroulée en deux phases: la validation du contenu et l’adaptation de l’instrument par des experts partout en Ontario, suivit de l’évaluation de la fidélité inter-juges par des infirmières. Cette adaptation, nommée le “Mistreatment of Older Adult Risk Factors”, est un outil de dépistage clair, compréhensif et représentatif du risque de maltraitance à domicile. Cet instrument permettra aux professionnels œuvrant auprès des aînés d’être mieux outillés pour évaluer ce risque.
Cultural Cross-Dressing: Posing and Performance in Orientalist Portraits
Authors: MAYER TARA
Published: May 2012

This article provides new perspectives in interpreting the sartorial codes present in Orientalist portraits of European subjects. Art historians have traditionally implicated these works in the European imperialist project of appropriating, manipulating, and gaining mastery over the Orient. More recently, as part of a wider effort to challenge conventional portrayals of colonial encounters in purely confrontational, monolithic terms, portraits of Europeans in exotic dress have been seen as visual proof that certain Europeans may have ‘crossed-over’ or ‘gone-native’. This article advances a third perspective. Analysing several portraits of Europeans with Indian connections during the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it demonstrates the importance of analysing portraiture as an act of public performance. It shows that, in many cases, the performance of both artist and sitter alike were not intended for the colonial population, but for the spectators of colonialism situated ‘back home’ in Europe. Applying this new analytical approach to such an important and extensive genre of sources has far reaching implications both within the field of art history as well as within the broader domains of colonial history and contemporary East–West cultural studies. The interpretation of Western portrayals of the Orient – both visual and literary, both historical and contemporary – as active participants in an imperialist ideology must not eclipse the other, potentially less-charged, varied, and complex motivations of their participants.
The Dialects of Velātru and Gachsar: The Upper Karaj Valley in the Caspian-Persian Transition Zone
Authors: BORJIAN HABIB
Published: May 2012

South-central Alborz is a language transition zone bounded by Persian, Māzandarāni, Central Caspian and Tatic language groups. In the lofty valleys of this area, separated from Tehran by a mountain chain, rest villages with vanishing dialects that show various degrees of affinity with the neighbouring languages. The two dialects studied here, namely Velātruyi and Gachsari, belong to two different language groups, despite their geographical proximity on the upper Karaj valley. This study is founded on the texts collected by the late Ann Lambton in 1936, and conducts an areal, historical, and synchronic study of these dialects and attempts to provide an accurate translation of the texts, which are reproduced here together with glossaries.
The Kevserî Mecmûası Unveiled: Exploring an Eighteenth-Century Collection of Ottoman Music
Authors: UĞUR EKINCI MEHMET
Published: May 2012

The Kevserî Mecmûası is an eighteenth-century Turkish manuscript, which includes, in addition to a variety of music-related contents, a fairly large collection of notations. Given the scarcity of notational sources, it offers invaluable material for understanding the performance practice and compositional style of Ottoman music before the nineteenth century. Having studied a hitherto unknown microfilm copy of this manuscript, the original of which has remained up to now in a private library and closed to our access, the author aims in this article to introduce this source and discuss its potential contribution to the knowledge of Ottoman music. The article is organised roughly in two parts. First, it will present briefly the contents of the manuscript, integrating new evidence and clues about its date, author and purpose into existing knowledge. Second, it will focus on the collection of notations in the manuscript, and by comparing it with the earlier collections will argue that, contrary to the prevailing views expressed in the literature, no large-scale transformation in the style of Ottoman music took place in the early eighteenth century.
Social health and nutrition impacts of community kitchens: a systematic review
Authors: Iacovou Marina , Pattieson Deanna C , Truby Helen , Palermo Claire
Published: May 2012

Objective

Community kitchens have been implemented by communities as a public health strategy to prevent food insecurity through reducing social isolation, improving food and cooking skills and empowering participants. The aim of the present paper was to investigate whether community kitchens can improve the social and nutritional health of participants and their families.

Design

A systematic review of the literature was conducted including searches of seven databases with no date limitations.

Setting

Community kitchens internationally.

Subjects

Participants of community kitchens across the world.

Results

Ten studies (eight qualitative studies, one mixed-method study and one cross-sectional study) were selected for inclusion. Evidence synthesis suggested that community kitchens may be an effective strategy to improve participants’ cooking skills, social interactions and nutritional intake. Community kitchens may also play a role in improving participants’ budgeting skills and address some concerns around food insecurity. Long-term solutions are required to address income-related food insecurity.

Conclusions

Community kitchens may improve social interactions and nutritional intake of participants and their families. More rigorous research methods, for both qualitative and quantitative studies, are required to effectively assess the impact of community kitchens on social and nutritional health in order to confidently recommend them as a strategy in evidence-based public health practice.
Inland jump of the Arabian northwest plate boundary from the Levant continental margin to the Dead Sea Transform
Authors: Gvirtzman Zohar , Steinberg Josh
Published: May 2012

While the breakup of Arabia and Africa began in the early Oligocene, the northwestern boundary of the Arabian Plate along the Dead Sea Transform (DST) formed 10–15 Myr later (early–middle Miocene). During the early stage of breakup the Red Sea Rift continued propagating northwestward, forming the Suez Rift. The present ∼45° northward twist of the plate boundary from the Red Sea toward the Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba) still did not exist. What happened at the northern tip of the Suez Rift at that time? How was strain distributed to its surroundings, and where did the plate boundary continue from there? Here we describe an abandoned segment of the Arabian northwestern plate boundary that extended from the northern tip of the Suez Rift northeastward, along the Levant margin. Seismic data collected offshore Israel support a subsurface, deep‐rooted fault zone running along the base of the continental slope. These faults indicate Oligocene transpressional lateral shearing. We propose that during the early stage of continental breakup a left‐lateral strike‐slip motion of ∼10 km took place along this embryonic plate boundary. Such deep‐rooted tectonism implies that unlike the passive situation of the Israel‐Sinai continental margin witnessed presently and before the Oligocene, during the early stage of the Africa‐Arabia breakup this part of the continental margin was reactivated. We further suggest that the inland jump of the plate boundary toward the DST was not immediate and that during the transitional period the Israel‐Sinai triangular block was an independent subplate with deformation all around it.
Mars atmospheric CO2 condensation above the north and south poles as revealed by radio occultation, climate sounder, and laser ranging observations
Authors: Hu Renyu , Cahoy Kerri , Zuber Maria T.
Published: May 2012

We study the condensation of CO2 in Mars' atmosphere using temperature profiles retrieved from radio occultation measurements from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) as well as the climate sounding instrument onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and detection of reflective clouds by the MGS Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA). We find 11 events in 1999 where MGS temperature profiles indicate CO2 condensation and MOLA simultaneously detects reflective clouds. We thus provide causal evidence that MOLA non‐ground returns are associated with CO2 condensation, which strongly indicates their nature being CO2 clouds. The MGS and MRO temperature profiles together reveal the seasonal expansion and shrinking of the area and the vertical extent of atmospheric saturation. The occurrence rate of atmospheric saturation is maximized at high latitudes in the middle of winter. The atmospheric saturation in the northern polar region exhibits more intense seasonal variation than in the southern polar region. In particular, a shrinking of saturation area and thickness from LS ∼ 270° to ∼300° in 2007 is found; this is probably related to a planet‐encircling dust storm. Furthermore, we integrate the condensation area and the condensation occurrence rate to estimate cumulative masses of CO2 condensates deposited onto the northern and southern seasonal polar caps. The precipitation flux is approximated by the particle settling flux which is estimated using the impulse responses of MOLA filter channels. With our approach, the total atmospheric condensation mass can be estimated from these observational data sets with average particle size as the only free parameter. By comparison with the seasonal polar cap masses inferred from the time‐varying gravity of Mars, our estimates indicate that the average condensate particle radius is 8–22 μm in the northern hemisphere and 4–13 μm in the southern hemisphere. Our multi‐instrument data analysis provides new constraints on modeling the global climate of Mars.
Unexpected and novel putative viruses in the sediments of a deep-dark permanently anoxic freshwater habitat
Authors: Borrel Guillaume , Colombet Jonathan , Robin Agnès , Lehours Anne-Catherine , Prangishvili David , Sime-Ngando Télesphore
Published: May 2012

Morphological diversity, abundance and community structure of viruses were examined in the deep and anoxic sediments of the volcanic Lake Pavin (France). The sediment core, encompassing 130 years of sedimentation, was subsampled every centimeter. High viral abundances were recorded and correlated to prokaryotic densities. Abundances of viruses and prokaryotes decreased with the depth, contrasting the pattern of virus-to-prokaryote ratio. According to fingerprint analyses, the community structure of viruses, bacteria and archaea gradually changed, and communities of the surface (0–10 cm) could be discriminated from those of the intermediate (11–27 cm) and deep (28–40 cm) sediment layers. Viral morphotypes similar to virions of ubiquitous dsDNA viruses of bacteria were observed. Exceptional morphotypes, previously never reported in freshwater systems, were also detected. Some of these resembled dsDNA viruses of hyperthermophilic and hyperhalophilic archaea. Moreover, unusual types of spherical and cubic virus-like particles (VLPs) were observed. Infected prokaryotic cells were detected in the whole sediment core, and their vertical distribution correlated with both viral and prokaryotic abundances. Pleomorphic ellipsoid VLPs were visible in filamentous cells tentatively identified as representatives of the archaeal genus Methanosaeta, a major group of methane producers on earth.
Pränatalmedizin. Intrauterine Wachstumsrestriktion – Diagnostik und Management
Authors: Schlembach Dietmar
Published: May 2012

Die intrauterine Wachstumsrestriktion (IUGR) tritt in ca. 5–10 % aller Schwangerschaften auf und definiert einen Feten, der sein genetisch vorgegebenes Wachstumspotenzial nicht ausschöpft. Sie stellt einen Hauptgrund der perinatalen Morbidität und Mortalität dar und ist zudem mit einer Prädisposition für die Entwicklung chronischer Erkrankungen im weiteren Leben assoziiert. Die geburtshilfliche Herausforderung stellt neben der rechtzeitigen Diagnose und der Ursachenklärung einer IUGR vor allem die weitere Schwangerschaftsbetreuung mit der Wahl des optimalen Entbindungszeitpunkts dar. Ziel einer intensiven fetalen Überwachung ist es, eine Schwangerschaftsprolongation zur Minimierung der Frühgeburtsmorbidität zu erreichen, aber rechtzeitig vor einer fetalen Bedrohung oder Schädigung zu intervenieren, d. h. zu entbinden.
Career and Family – Are They Compatible?
Authors: Hancke K. , Toth B. , Igl W. , Ramsauer B. , Bühren A. , Wöckel A. , Jundt K. , Ditsch N. , Gingelmaier A. , Rhiem K. , Vetter K. , Friese K. , Kreienberg R.
Published: May 2012

Purpose: Nowadays, most gynaecologists are female and the compatibility of job-related career and family life is an upcoming issue. The working group “Gender and Career” of the German Society for Gynaecology and Obstetrics (DGGG) designed a survey to reflect the present situation with a focus on the compatibility of career and family. Material and Methods: A web-based 74-item survey was filled out by members of the DGGG. In total, there were 1037 replies, 75 % female (n = 775) and 25 % male (n = 261) gynaecologists. Results: 62 % of the female and 80 % of the male respondents had already finished their doctoral theses and 2 % female and 13 % male had finished their PhD. Mean number of children was 1.06 (SD 1.08) in female and 1.68 (SD 1.34) in male gynaecologists. The majority of females desired day care for their children, but only 5 to 13 % of employers offer any day care. 88 % of the female and 72 % of the male physicians think that
job-related career and family are not compatible. Conclusion: The majority of female gynaecologists wished to have professional child care, but most employers or other institutions do not offer this. This might be one of the reasons why career and family appear incompatible.
The Prescription of the Morning-After Pill in a Berlin Emergency Department Over a Four-Year Period – User Profiles and Reasons for Use
Authors: David M. , Radke A.-M. , Pietzner K.
Published: May 2012

Questions: There are no current health care studies from Germany regarding the “morning-after pill”. This paper will use routine data to analyse details regarding the usersʼ profiles, reasons for using it and the utilisation of hospital outpatient facilities. Patient Collective and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all triage sheets in the emergency department of the Virchow Hospital Campus/Charité University Hospital, Berlin, over a four-year period from 2007 to 2010 that were coded with the ICD diagnosis Z30 (= contraception advice) and statistical processing of the associated administrative data. Results: 860 triage sheets were included in the analysis. The emergency department is used most frequently for the prescription of the “morning-after pill” at the weekend. The average age of the users was 25.1 years. The most common reason cited for needing emergency contraception was unprotected sexual intercourse, with the second-most common
being “condom failure”. Around half of the women attended the department within 12 hours of having unprotected sex. Less than 2 % (n = 14) of all women decided against a prescription of emergency contraceptive after counselling. Conclusions: The user profile and reasons for using emergency oral contraception correlate largely with the information contained in international literature. Although the “morning-after pill” is probably prescribed mainly in general practices in Germany, and despite the availability of new drugs with a permitted post-exposure interval of up to 120 hours after unprotected sex, there appears to still be a high demand for counselling and prescriptions of the “morning-after pill” in the context of the emergency department.
A special issue: Physics for the nonscience major
Authors: Davis Harold L.
Published: May 2012

Today about 75% of college students get their undergraduate degrees without taking a physics course at all. And this figure threatens to become larger as those campuses that still have a physics requirement for their nonscience majors are being accused of using physics as an artificial hurdle to sort out the sheep from the goats (in the way that Latin was once used). At the same time physicists are being impressed daily with the great need to have the public understand and be interested in physics. Gerald Holton of Harvard Project Physics does not overstate the case when, with others, he insists that one of the most urgent tasks facing the physics community is to invent courses and programs that will fully catch the attention of the nonscience student.
Uranium isotope compositions of the basaltic angrite meteorites and the chronological implications for the early Solar System
Authors: Brennecka Gregory A. , Wadhwa Meenakshi
Published: May 2012

Events occurring within the first 10 million years of the Solar System’s approximately 4.5 billion-year history, such as formation of the first solids, accretion, and differentiation of protoplanetary bodies, have determined the evolutionary course of our Solar System and the planetary bodies within it. The application of high-resolution chronometers based on short-lived radionuclides is critical to our understanding of the temporal sequence of these critical events. However, to map the relative ages from such chronometers onto the absolute time scale, they must be “anchored” to absolute ages of appropriate meteoritic materials using the high-precision lead–lead (Pb–Pb) chronometer. Previously reported Pb–Pb dates of the basaltic angrite meteorites, some of which have been used extensively as time anchors, assumed a constant238U/235U ratio (= 137.88). In this work, we report measurements of238U/235U ratios in several angrites that are distinct from the previously assumed value, resulting in corrections to the Pb–Pb ages of ≥1 million years. There is no resolvable variation in the238U/235U ratio among the angrite bulk samples or mineral separates, suggesting homogeneity in the U isotopic composition of the angrite parent body. Based on these measurements, we recalculated the Pb–Pb age for the commonly used anchor, the D’Orbigny angrite, to be 4563.37 ± 0.25 Ma. An adjustment to the Pb–Pb age of a time anchor (such as D’Orbigny) requires a corresponding correction to the “model ages” of all materials dated using that anchor and a short-lived chronometer. This, in turn, has consequences for accurately defining the absolute timeline of early Solar System events.
Interface control of bulk ferroelectric polarization
Authors: Yu P. , Luo W. , Yi D. , Zhang J. X. , Rossell M. D. , Yang C.-H. , You L. , Singh-Bhalla G. , Yang S. Y. , He Q. , Ramasse Q. M. , Erni R. , Martin L. W. , Chu Y. H. , Pantelides S. T. , Pennycook S. J. , Ramesh R.
Published: May 2012

The control of material interfaces at the atomic level has led to novel interfacial properties and functionalities. In particular, the study of polar discontinuities at interfaces between complex oxides lies at the frontier of modern condensed matter research. Here we employ a combination of experimental measurements and theoretical calculations to demonstrate the control of a bulk property, namely ferroelectric polarization, of a heteroepitaxial bilayer by precise atomic-scale interface engineering. More specifically, the control is achieved by exploiting the interfacial valence mismatch to influence the electrostatic potential step across the interface, which manifests itself as the biased-voltage in ferroelectric hysteresis loops and determines the ferroelectric state. A broad study of diverse systems comprising different ferroelectrics and conducting perovskite underlayers extends the generality of this phenomenon.
Functional organization of the insula and inner perisylvian regions
Authors: Jezzini Ahmad , Caruana Fausto , Stoianov Ivilin , Gallese Vittorio , Rizzolatti Giacomo
Published: May 2012

In the last few years, the insula has been the focus of many brain-imaging studies, mostly devoted to clarify its role in emotions and social communication. Physiological data, however, on which one may ground these correlative findings are almost totally lacking. Here, we investigated the functional properties of the insular cortex in behaving monkeys using intracortical microstimulation. Behavioral responses and heart rate changes were recorded. The results showed that the insula is functionally formed by two main subdivisions: (
i
) a sensorimotor field occupying the caudal–dorsal portion of the insula and appearing as an extension of the parietal lobe; and (
ii
) a mosaic of orofacial motor programs located in the anterior and centroventral insula sector. These programs show a progressive shift from dorsally located nonemotional motor programs (ingestive activity) to ventral ones laden with emotional and communicative content. The relationship between ingestive and other behaviors is discussed in an evolutionary perspective.
Azidoblebbistatin, a photoreactive myosin inhibitor
Authors: Képiró Miklós , Várkuti Boglárka H. , Bodor Andrea , Hegyi György , Drahos László , Kovács Mihály , Málnási-Csizmadia András
Published: May 2012

Photoreactive compounds are important tools in life sciences that allow precisely timed covalent crosslinking of ligands and targets. Using a unique technique we have synthesized azidoblebbistatin, which is a derivative of blebbistatin, the most widely used myosin inhibitor. Without UV irradiation azidoblebbistatin exhibits identical inhibitory properties to those of blebbistatin. Using UV irradiation, azidoblebbistatin can be covalently crosslinked to myosin, which greatly enhances its in vitro and in vivo effectiveness. Photo-crosslinking also eliminates limitations associated with the relatively low myosin affinity and water solubility of blebbistatin. The wavelength used for photo-crosslinking is not toxic for cells and tissues, which confers a great advantage in in vivo tests. Because the crosslink results in an irreversible association of the inhibitor to myosin and the irradiation eliminates the residual activity of unbound inhibitor molecules, azidoblebbistatin has a great potential to become a highly effective tool in both structural studies of actomyosin contractility and the investigation of cellular and physiological functions of myosin II. We used azidoblebbistatin to identify previously unknown low-affinity targets of the inhibitor (EC
50
≥ 50 μM) in
Dictyostelium discoideum
, while the strongest interactant was found to be myosin II (EC
50
= 5 μM). Our results demonstrate that azidoblebbistatin, and potentially other azidated drugs, can become highly useful tools for the identification of strong- and weak-binding cellular targets and the determination of the apparent binding affinities in in vivo conditions.
The breathing effect of the LF/HF ratio in the heart rate variability measurements of athletes
Authors: Saboul Damien , Pialoux Vincent , Hautier Christophe
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this study was to measure the influence of breathing frequency (BF) on heart rate variability (HRV) and specifically on the Low Frequency/High Frequency (LF/HF) ratio in athletes. Fifteen male athletes were subjected to HRV measurements under six randomised breathing conditions: spontaneous breathing frequency (SBF) and five others at controlled breathing frequencies (CBF) (0.20; 0.175; 0.15; 0.125 and 0.10 Hz). The subjects were divided in two groups: the first group included athletes with SBF <0.15 Hz (infSBF) and the second athletes with SBF higher than 0.15 Hz (supSBF). Fatigue and training load were evaluated using a validated questionnaire. There was no difference between the two groups for the fatigue questionnaire and training load. However, the LF/HF ratio during SBF was higher in infSBF than in supSBF (6.82±4.55 vs. 0.72±0.52; p<0.001). The SBF and LF/HF ratio were significantly correlated (R=−0.69; p=0.004). For the five CBF, no differences were found between groups; however, LF/HF ratios were very significantly different between sessions at 0.20; 0.175; 0.15 Hz and 0.125; 0.10 Hz. In this study, BF was the main modulator of the LF/HF ratio in both controlled breathing and spontaneous breathing. Although, none of the subjects of the infSBF group were overtrained, during SBF they all presented LF/HF ratios higher than four commonly interpreted as an overtraining syndrome. During each CBF, all athletes presented spectral energy mainly concentrated around their BF. Consequently, spectral energy was located either in LF or in HF band. These results demonstrate that the LF/HF ratio is unreliable for studying athletes presenting SBF close to 0.15 Hz leading to misclassification in fatigue.
The pseudo-effective cone of a compact Kähler manifold and varieties of negative Kodaira dimension
Authors: Boucksom Sébastien , Demailly Jean-Pierre , Păun Mihai , Peternell Thomas
Published: May 2012

We prove that a holomorphic line bundle on a projective manifold is pseudo-effective if and only if its degree on any member of a covering family of curves is non-negative. This is a consequence of a duality statement between the cone of pseudo-effective divisors and the cone of “movable curves”, which is obtained from a general theory of movable intersections and approximate Zariski decomposition for closed positive

(
1
,
1
)

(1,1)

-currents. As a corollary, a projective manifold has a pseudo-effective canonical bundle if and only if it is not uniruled. We also prove that a 4-fold with a canonical bundle which is pseudo-effective and of numerical class zero in restriction to curves of a good covering family, has non-negative Kodaira dimension.
Efficient secretion of small proteins in mammalian cells relies on Sec62-dependent posttranslational translocation
Authors: Lakkaraju Asvin K. K. , Thankappan Ratheeshkumar , Mary Camille , Garrison Jennifer L. , Taunton Jack , Strub Katharina
Published: May 2012

Mammalian cells secrete a large number of small proteins, but their mode of translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum is not fully understood. Cotranslational translocation was expected to be inefficient due to the small time window for signal sequence recognition by the signal recognition particle (SRP). Impairing the SRP pathway and reducing cellular levels of the translocon component Sec62 by RNA interference, we found an alternate, Sec62-dependent translocation path in mammalian cells required for the efficient translocation of small proteins with N-terminal signal sequences. The Sec62-dependent translocation occurs posttranslationally via the Sec61 translocon and requires ATP. We classified preproteins into three groups: 1) those that comprise ≤100 amino acids are strongly dependent on Sec62 for efficient translocation; 2) those in the size range of 120–160 amino acids use the SRP pathway, albeit inefficiently, and therefore rely on Sec62 for efficient translocation; and 3) those larger than 160 amino acids depend on the SRP pathway to preserve a transient translocation competence independent of Sec62. Thus, unlike in yeast, the Sec62-dependent translocation pathway in mammalian cells serves mainly as a fail-safe mechanism to ensure efficient secretion of small proteins and provides cells with an opportunity to regulate secretion of small proteins independent of the SRP pathway.
Global Banking
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , DeLong Gayle
Published: May 2012

Few sectors of the global economy have experienced the dynamic and structural change that has occurred over the past several decades in banking and financial services, or as much turbulence and damage to the economy and to individuals. Regulatory and technological changes have been among the main catalysts of transformation in the financial industry worldwide, making entrenched competitive structures obsolete and mandating the development of new products, new processes, new strategies, and new public policies toward the industry. This book attempts to reassess the continuing transformation process of global banking and finance—its causes, its course, and its consequences. It begins with an overview of the most recent developments. Next, the major dimensions of international commercial and investment banking are examined, including money and foreign exchange markets, debt capital markets, international bank lending, derivatives, asset-based and project financing, and equity capital markets. Next, the various advisory businesses—mergers and acquisitions, privatizations, institutional asset management, and private banking—are analyzed. In each case, the factors that distinguish the winners from the losers are identified. This is brought together in the final section of the book, which deals with problems of strategic positioning and execution, as well as with critical risk issues and regulations.
International Bank Lending
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

International bank lending is an active part of the business of major banks. However, competition from nonbanks and the development of securities markets have changed the nature of the business. Traditional loan syndications continue to occur, but these have been supplemented by an increasing involvement in leveraged finance. Commercial banks still dominate the syndicated loan business and are able to use their placing power and willingness to extend credit to muscle into the riskier, but seemingly more profitable leveraged loan and other underwriting and advisory businesses traditionally dominated by investment banks.
Assessing and Managing Risk in Global Banking
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

Future cash flows can be impaired by economic or political events. This chapter discusses the two components of country or cross-border risk, namely economic and political risk. Evaluating country risk is difficult, but building country assessments into the design of international exposure portfolios that are in some sense “efficient” is even more complicated. Neither the risks nor the returns are clearly definable, and even exposure measurement is a difficult task. Portfolio ideas can contribute importantly in clarifying the overall risks. The development of informational and assessment capabilities as part of the country evaluation process can itself lead to improved international exposure decisions that implicitly embody portfolio concepts. The application of these concepts also helps pin down the link between risks and pricing of international loans and bonds.
Systemic Risk in Global Banking
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

This chapter discusses essential regulatory principles for controlling systemic risk: Systemic financial intermediaries like large and complex financial institutions (LCFIs), which are thought to be too big to fail, must be charged insurance premiums commensurate with the explicit or implicit government insurance they enjoy on a continuous basis. There should be an additional risk premium tied specifically to the systemic risk of the institutions, for example, if it exceeds a normative level, the institution pays for the additional risk taken on. Some sort of after-the-fact discipline such as “contingent capital” may be necessary; for example, debt that automatically converts into equity when losses seriously deplete equity capital. A form of functional separation or carve-outs needs to be enforced, whether by regulatory fiat or through appropriate capital charges.
Dealing with Regulatory and Compliance Issues
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle
Published: May 2012

This chapter considers the key regulatory overlays of the global financial services industry, emphasizing that balancing efficiency against stability and fairness is never easy. Linkages are drawn between structural change in financial intermediation and supervisory and regulatory functions. The regulatory environment is central to the evolution of the financial services industry. Overregulation leads to opportunity costs in the form of inefficient allocation of capital to the detriment of end users of the financial system and overall economic performance. Underregulation can can engender market inequities or promote financial collapse and all of the costs associated with systemic crises. Even a finely balanced degree of regulation carries with it the risks associated with moral hazard and adverse selection. The global regulatory environment must ultimately allow various players to compete in one another’s markets geographically, cross-client, and cross-product. The regulatory outcome must therefore provide a reasonably level playing field for all kinds of financial institutions to compete for business across the entire financial intermediation spectrum.
Consonants
Authors: Labrune Laurence
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines in turn each consonant of the Japanese system, presenting its main allophones and phonotactic characteristics. Special attention is dedicated to the phonology of the consonant /h/ which has developed out of*/p/, and to the issue of the velar nasal, through an enlightening comparison of two competing approaches of the problem, that of Kindaichi Haruhiko (1942) and that of Junko Itô and Armin Mester (1997). This chapter also offers new insights on the phonology of the Japanese /r/ and on newly introduced consonants.
The phonology of consonant voicing
Authors: Labrune Laurence
Published: May 2012

Chapter 4 first presents a comprehensive overview of the issue of consonant voicing in Japanese, which is characterised by a number of specific and rather outstanding properties, including low frequency, phonotactic restrictions, historical instability and transparency, failure to undergo gemination and so on. It also considers their historical development and status in the writing system and offers an original analysis of the internal structure of the Japanese voiced obstruents within the framework of autosegmental phonology and feature geometry. This chapter also provides a detailed presentation of rendaku, one of the most studied and debated issue in Japanese morpho-phonology, and a section on post-nasal voicing, before concluding that voicing could be regarded as a supra-segmental feature rather than as a segmental one in Japanese.
Part 1 Introduction, 2 Collective Criminality, Individual Responsibility
Authors: Elies van Sliedregt
Published: May 2012

This chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of individual criminal responsibility covering developments in municipal criminal law and international criminal responsibility. It then discusses system criminality, Colonel Murray C. Bernays' collective criminality theory, and subsequent proceedings. The concept of individual criminal responsibility in international law is modelled on criminal responsibility in national law. While it is premised on the principle of individual fault it has gained collective traits enabling liability for the acts and omissions of others. In that, it follows trends and developments in national criminal law. Liability for international crimes does, however, have specific features.
Part 2 Attributing Criminal Responsibility, 5 Principals and Accessories
Authors: Elies van Sliedregt
Published: May 2012

This chapter discusses principal and accessorial liability in international criminal law. It analyzes participation models in international criminal law through the lens of the approaches discerned in the previous chapter. When discussing the distinction between principals and accessories in international criminal law, it becomes clear that the normative approach to criminal participation has gained ground in recent years. For that reason, the chapter elaborates on the distinguishing criterion in a normative model of participation, which means answering the question who is ‘most responsible’. Different theories have been developed in national criminal law to answer that question. One such theory is Roxin's theory of Tatherrschaft. This theory warrants analysis since it has been influential in international criminal law, particularly at the International Criminal Court (ICC). It is attuned to system criminality and lies at the basis of the ‘control of the crime’ theory adopted at the ICC.
Part 3 Defences, 9 Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Elies van Sliedregt
Published: May 2012

Codifiers in international criminal law have not been at ease with the subject of defences. They have focused on eliminating defences rather than on defining them. This chapter discusses defences that are listed in Article 31 of the International Criminal Court Statute and all have a different nature and pedigree, which accounts for a differing format in analyzing them. It looks at the text, including the drafting history, and relevant international jurisprudence. As with the modes of liability dealt with in Chapter 6, the concepts discussed have a national pedigree and are analyzed by adding a comparative perspective. Especially in an area where international practice is scant, national criminal law has an important role to play, if only for the sake of understanding the scope and content of the various concepts.
Two Perspectives On Organizational Wrongdoing
Authors: Palmer Donald
Published: May 2012

This chapter describes the two main perspectives on organizational wrongdoing, the abnormal and normal perspectives, in detail. It also describes the two main approaches to explaining wrongdoing, the dominant and alternative approaches, in depth. The chapter also establishes the link between the abnormal and normal perspectives on organizational wrongdoing, the dominant and alternative approaches to explaining the causes of wrongdoing, and the eight specific explanations of wrongdoing that form the core of the book. The eight specific explanations focus on rational choice, culture, ethical decision-making, administrative systems, situational social influence, power structures, accidental behavior, and the social control of wrongdoing. The chapter illustrates the two approaches to explaining organizational wrongdoing with a detailed description of a professional bicycle racer's experience with the use of banned performance-enhancing substances. It concludes with a few remarks about the book's overarching message.
Definitions, Theoretical Development, and Method
Authors: Palmer Donald
Published: May 2012

This chapter elaborates three underlying criteria according to which organizational behavior can be considered wrongful: the law, ethics, and social responsibility. It then outlines two alternative approaches to defining organizational wrongdoing that capture these three underlying criteria: the exegetical and sociological approaches. After considering the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, it opts for the sociological one and describes it in more detail. The chapter also describes the nature of the theoretical explanations of wrongdoing developed in the book, and the empirical evidence offered in the book. It characterizes the book as being simultaneously based on a theoretical analysis of prior theory and research on organizational wrongdoing, and rooted in qualitative empirical analyses of actual instances of organizational wrongdoing.
A Rational Choice
Authors: Palmer Donald
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents the rational choice explanation of organizational wrongdoing. This explanation is the first dominant account of wrongdoing considered in the book. It is rooted in a theoretical perspective that views organizations as nexuses of contracts linking multiple stakeholders, and views organizational participants as cost/benefit calculators. The chapter describes the basic rational choice explanation of wrongdoing and presents the two most influential rational choice theories: agency and strain theory. It then develops an overarching rational choice framework based on the expectancy theory of motivation. It considers the conditions that give rise to rational-choice inspired wrongdoing and details the policy prescriptions intended to eradicate those conditions. It also discusses recent work in cognitive psychology that suggests how rational choice can go wrong, leading people to embark on wrongdoing when it runs counter to their interests. The chapter concludes with an overall assessment of the rational choice account.
Culture
Authors: Palmer Donald
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents the culture explanation of organizational wrongdoing. This explanation is the second dominant account of organizational wrongdoing considered in the book. It is rooted in a theoretical perspective that views organizations as communities and organizational participants as normative appropriateness assessors. The chapter describes the basic concepts of cultural analysis. It then elaborates two ways that organizational cultures can facilitate wrongdoing: by endorsing wrongdoing and by stipulating extenuating circumstances in which wrongdoing can be considered acceptable (that is, by promulgating techniques of neutralization). It describes how people come to embrace their organization's culture (that is, how employees are socialized into wrongdoing) and delineates how cultures that facilitate wrongdoing arise and can be eradicated. It also considers the relationship between the rational choice and culture explanations of organizational wrongdoing. The chapter concludes by offering an overall assessment of the culture account.
Ethical Decisions
Authors: Palmer Donald
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents the ethical decision explanation of organizational wrongdoing. This explanation represents a bridge between the dominant and alternative accounts of wrongdoing. It is rooted in a theoretical perspective that views organizations as collections of people engaged in complementary tasks and views organizational participants as decision-makers. The first part of the chapter characterizes early theory and research about ethical decision-making. This work largely embraced the four assumptions that characterize the dominant approach, that is, it tended to assume that people deliberate mindfully and rationally, in social isolation, make discrete decisions, and formulate positive inclinations all before embarking on wrongdoing. The second part discusses and extends recent theory and research. This work jettisons several of the assumptions that underpin the dominant approach; most importantly, the assumption that ethical decision-making is a fully rational endeavor. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the ethical decision explanation.
The Power Structure
Authors: Palmer Donald
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents the power structure explanation of organizational wrongdoing. This explanation is the third of five alternative accounts of wrongdoing considered in the book. It is rooted in a theoretical perspective that views organizations as arenas of conflict, and views organizational participants as combatants. The chapter offers a definition of power and describes the two main types of power: formal authority and informal power (also known as resource dependence-based power). It then delineates how both types of power can cause those who possess power and those who are subject to it to engage in wrongdoing. It also explores how formal authority, informal power, and organizational wrongdoing can co-evolve over time. The chapter uses an extensive case analysis of illegal special purpose entities at Enron Corporation to illustrate its central ideas. It concludes with an overall assessment of the power structure explanation.
1951: The Interview and the Melodrama of Social Mobility
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: May 2012

This chapter examines how the interview could be claimed for an emerging sociology, as a means of generating distinctive kinds of ‘ordinary’ knowledge. It illustrates how interviews were removed from the distinctively psychoanalytic and therapeutic domain in which they had originated, and were deployed in collaboration with literary narratives in order to provide ‘melodramas of social mobility’. The chapter shows how research associated initially with the Tavistock Institute allowed a different kind of social science to take shape and traces how Elizabeth Bott helped to shape this new social science, and in the process displaced concerns with personality and morality that had been fundamental to earlier social science.
Experimental techniques of luminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan
Published: May 2012

Experimental techniques of luminescence spectroscopy take into consideration specific features of the field: very low level of the detected light and requirement of not-extremely high spectral resolution. Physical principles and modes of operation of photon detectors used in luminescence spectroscopy are discussed (photomultiplier tubes, avalanche photodiodes and CCD detectors). Basic constructions of spectral devices (monochromators and spectrographs) and their important parameters (dispersion, resolving power, and throughput) are introduced and analyzed. Two signal detection methods are described: phase-synchronous (lock-in) technique and photon counting. Experimental conditions imposed to acquire spectra with high signal-to-noise ratio are examined. Corrections to be applied to spectra owing to spectral sensitivity of the detection channel and monochromator slits opening are considered. Finally, methods and apparatus for time‐resolved luminescence measurements are introduced (the phase-shift method, time‐correlated photon counting, and boxcar integrator). The exposition throughout the chapter is illustrated by selected examples of experimental curves.