bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship of obesity, age, and carpal tunnel syndrome: More complex than was thought?
Authors: Bland Jeremy D. P.
Published: July 2005

Previous reports have shown that obesity is a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). This study was performed to investigate whether this could be confirmed in a large, existing cohort of patients and to explore the interaction between age and body mass index (BMI) as risk factors. Demographic and clinical data were collected from 6096 patients referred to a subregional neurophysiology service for diagnosis of possible CTS. Patients presenting with their second CTS and those with diabetes or thyroid disease were excluded. Subjects in whom nerve conduction studies (NCS) confirmed CTS were compared with those having normal NCS. After exclusions, there were 4166 patients for analysis of whom 11 had incomplete data. A total of 2408 of 4155 proved to have definite neurophysiological evidence of CTS. Of these patients, 1150 were over the age of 63 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that increased BMI is a significant independent risk factor for CTS in patients under the age of 63 years, but is less important in older patients. Patients over the age of 63 years have a different pattern of risk factors for CTS than younger patients. This suggests that CTS in the elderly population may have different underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Different proportions of aneusomic cells in ovarian inclusion cysts associated with serous borderline tumours and serous high‐grade carcinomas support different pathogenetic pathways
Authors: Körner Meike , Burckhardt Elisabeth , Mazzucchelli Luca
Published: July 2005

Ovarian serous tumours may arise from the ovarian surface epithelium or from ovarian cortical epithelial inclusion cysts. However, little is known about the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the progression from ovarian surface epithelium or inclusion cysts to neoplastic disease. In the present study, chromosomal aberrations typical of ovarian serous tumours were studied in ovarian surface epithelium and inclusion cysts. Ten ovaries with inclusion cysts obtained from patients without a gynaecological tumour, as well as 15 serous borderline tumours and 16 invasive high‐grade serous carcinomas with inclusion cysts either in the ipsi‐ or in the contralateral ovary, were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using centromere enumeration probes directed against chromosomes 1, 6, 7, and X. The proportions of aneusomic cells were assessed. Trisomies 1 and 7 and monosomies 6 and X were present in the surface epithelium, inclusion cysts, and tumours, providing evidence for a link between the surface epithelium, and inclusion cysts, and serous neoplasia. Inclusion cysts generally harboured more aneusomic cells than the associated surface epithelium, suggesting an influence of the ovarian stroma on the development of chromosomal instability. Moreover, inclusion cysts associated with borderline tumours displayed a higher proportion of aneusomic cells than inclusion cysts associated with invasive high‐grade carcinoma and than inclusion cysts in ovaries without neoplastic disease. These results suggest a genetic field defect of the inclusion cyst epithelium in serous borderline tumours. Invasive high‐grade serous carcinomas, by contrast, may arise from single cell clones subject to a different set of genetic events. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methotrexate induces cell swelling and necrosis in renal tubular cells
Authors: Grönroos Marika , Chen Ming , Jahnukainen Timo , Capitanio Arrigo , Aizman Roman I. , Celsi Gianni
Published: July 2005

Background

The present study was carried out to investigate if methotrexate (MTX) has a direct lethal effect in renal tubular cells, and if so, to further clarify the mechanisms of cell death.

Materials and Methods

Renal tubular cells (LLC‐PK1 cells) were incubated with MTX (0.01 µM, 0.1 µM, and 1 µM), either alone or in combination with 0.1 µM amiloride (Na+/H+ antiporter inhibitor) or 1 µM carbachol (M‐cholinergic agonist). Cell viability was then determined by means of trypan blue (TB) exclusion tests and MTT assays.

Results

After 4 hr incubation with 0.1 µM MTX the number of viable cells was decreased by 18% in comparison with control cells, and the proportion of dead cells was increased by 38%. Cell death induced by MTX was time‐dependent and did not show apoptotic features. On the contrary, cell swelling was discovered. This cell death was prevented by co‐incubating the cells with amiloride or carbachol.

Conclusions

MTX induces cell swelling and cell death in renal tubular LLC‐PK1 cells. The tubular cell death induced by MTX is time‐dependent. Cell death can be prevented by co‐incubating with amiloride, thus indicating that the Na+/H+ antiporter and possibly other volume regulatory factors in renal tubular cells are involved in MTX‐induced renal failure. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of monodisperse nonporous crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacrylate) particles with metal affinity ligands for protein adsorption
Authors: Ma Zhi‐Ya , Guan Yue‐Ping , Liu Hui‐Zhou
Published: July 2005

Monodisperse nonporous crosslinked poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) particles with immobilized metal affinity ligands were prepared for selective recovery of proteins. The PGMA particles, with an average size of 2.2 µm, were prepared by a simple dispersion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The epoxy groups of the particles were modified with the metal chelating agent iminodiacetic acid (IDA), which forms metal–IDA chelates at the active sites. After charging with copper ions, the particles were used to recover a model protein, bovine hemoglobin (BHb), in a batchwise manner. The particles had the adsorption capacity of 218.7 mg g−1 with little nonspecific adsorption. The adsorption behavior could be described with the Langmuir equation. The effect of pH on the adsorption was also studied. Regeneration of the metal‐chelated particles was easily performed with 50 mmol L−1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), followed by washing with water and reloading with Cu2+. The particles could be very useful as an affinity separation adsorbent. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of methyl methacrylate from carbon fibre
Authors: Liu Peng , Su Zhixing
Published: July 2005

Surface modification of carbon fibre (CF) by well‐defined polymer brushes was carried out using the ‘grafting from’ method. Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐grafted carbon fibre (CF‐PMMA) was successfully prepared by surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) from the macro‐initiator, bromo‐acetic ester‐modified carbon fibre (CF‐BrA), with the complex of 1,10‐phenanthroline and Cu(I)Br as catalyst. The percentage of grafting (PG%) and the conversion of monomer (C%) increased linearly with increasing of polymerization time, and reached 24.0 % and 6.7 %, respectively, after a polymerization time of 6 h, calculated from the elemental analyses (EA). The structural and surface morphological analyses were conducted with Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Exponentially accurate quasimodes for the time‐independent Born–Oppenheimer approximation on a one‐dimensional molecular system
Authors: Hagedorn George A. , Toloza Julio H.
Published: July 2005

We consider the eigenvalue problem for a one‐dimensional molecular‐type quantum Hamiltonian that has the form

equation image

where h(y) is an analytic family of self‐adjoint operators that has a discrete, nondegenerate electronic level ℰ(y) for y in some open subset of ℝ. Near a local minimum of the electronic level ℰ(y) that is not at a level crossing, we construct quasimodes that are exponentially accurate in the square of the Born–Oppenheimer parameter ϵ by optimal truncation of the Rayleigh–Schrödinger series. That is, we construct an energy Eϵ and a wave function Ξϵ, such that the L2‐norm of Ξϵ is 𝒪(1) and the L2‐norm of (H(ϵ) − Eϵ)Ξϵ is bounded by Λ exp(−Γ/ϵ2) with Γ > 0. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Robustness improvement of a nonlinearH∞controller for robot manipulators via saturation functions
Authors: Ortega Manuel G. , Vargas Manuel , Vivas Carlos , Rubio Francisco R.
Published: July 2005

In this paper, previous works on nonlinearH∞control for robot manipulators are extended. In particular, integral terms are considered to cope with persistent disturbances, such as constant load at the end‐effector. The extended controller may be understood as a computed‐torque control with an external PID, whose gain matrices vary with the position and velocity of the robot joints. In addition, in order to increase the controller robustness, an extension of the algorithms with saturation functions has been carried out. This extension deals with the resulting nonlinear equation of the closed‐loop error. A modified expression for the required increment in the control signal is provided, and the local closed‐loop stability of this approach is discussed. Finally, simulation results for a two‐link robot and experimental results for an industrial robot are presented. The results obtained with this technique have been compared with those attained with the original controllers to show the improvements achieved by means of the proposed method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fruit shape variation in Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica characterized using elliptic Fourier descriptors and the effect on flight duration
Authors: Goto Susumu , Iwata Hiroyoshi , Shibano Shinsaku , Ohya Kazumi , Suzuki Akira , Ogawa Hitomi
Published: July 2005

Fruit shape variation in Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica was characterized using principal component analysis of elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFDs), and experimental release of the fruits from a 8.3‐m tower was conducted to examine the effect of fruit shape on flight ability. The differences in the first five components of symmetrical variation in fruit shape, area and weight were highly significant among individual trees. Experimental release of fruits indicated that three principal components of fruit shape, area and weight were significantly related to flight duration. Thus, intraspecific morphological variation of fruits will affect the dispersion potential of individual trees.
Risk factors for alcohol use among male adolescents and emerging adults in Haiti
Authors: Gage Anastasia J. , Suzuki Chiho
Published: July 2005

This study examined risk factors associated with alcohol use in the past 3 months among young men aged 15–24 in Haiti using data from the 2000 Enquête Mortalité, Morbidité et Utilization des Services. Findings indicate that life‐time smoking, multiple sexual partnerships, witnessing inter‐parental conflict in childhood, disruption of parental monitoring, and residing in communities with high levels of youth drinking differentiated experimenters from abstainers. Youth out‐of‐school employment and co‐residence with adults who had a history of drunkenness were among risk factors associated with regular alcohol use. The greater was the number of risk factors to which a young man was exposed, the higher were the probabilities of alcohol experimentation and regular use. The findings call for prevention strategies at the family and community levels and for initiatives that focus on sexual and non‐sexual individual behaviour change.
Does futures exhibit maturity effect? New evidence from an extensive set of US and foreign futures contracts
Authors: Daal Elton , Farhat Joseph , Wei Peihwang P.
Published: July 2005

In a seminal article, Samuelson (1965) [Samuelson, P. A. (1965), “Proof that properly anticipated prices fluctuate randomly,” Industrial Management Review 6, 41–49.] proposes the maturity effect that the volatility of futures prices should increase as futures contract approaches maturity. This study provides new evidence on the maturity effect by examining a more extensive set of futures contracts than previous studies and analyzing each contract separately. Using 6805 futures contracts drawn from 61 commodities, including some data from non‐US markets, we find that the maturity effect is absent in the majority of contracts. In addition, the maturity effect tends to be stronger in agricultural and energy commodities than in financial futures. We also examine the hypothesis in Bessembinder et al. (1996) [Bessembinder, H., J. F. Coughenour, P. J. Seguin, & M. M. Smoller (1996), “Is there a term structure of futures volatilities? Reevaluating the Samuelson hypothesis,” Journal of Derivatives 4, 45–58.], which states that negative covariance between the spot price and net carry cost causes the maturity effect in futures. Our results provide very weak evidence in favor of this hypothesis.
FIELD EVALUATION OF ROOT ROT DISEASE AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISEASE SEVERITY AND YIELD IN CASSAVA
Authors: ONYEKA T. J. , DIXON A. G. O. , EKPO E. J. A.
Published: July 2005

Reports of cassava root rot disease from different African countries have increased in recent times. Field studies were conducted from July 1998 to October 1999 to determine a reproducible disease assessment method that would allow the comparison of results from different locations and an evaluation of the relationship between disease severity and root yield. Single point disease assessments at 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after planting (MAP) were compared to multiple points assessment based on the area under a disease progress curve (AUDPC). Single point assessments at 12 and 15 MAP, and the AUDPC identified continuous variation (p≤0.01) among the genotypes. However, a consistent result across trials was obtained only with the assessment based on AUDPC. Root dry yield (DYLD) at 15 MAP showed a strong negative correlation with AUDPC (r=−0.74). Regression analysis also confirmed the negative relationship between yield and root rot severity. The five genotypes compared were separated into resistant (91/02324, 30572 and 92/0427) and susceptible (92/0057 and TME-1) groups. It was concluded that root rot disease may cause significant yield loss; however, the magnitude of the yield loss will depend on the susceptibility of the cassava genotype.
EFFECT OF VARYING MAIZE DENSITIES ON INTERCROPPED MAIZE AND SOYBEAN IN NEPAL
Authors: PRASAD R. B. , BROOK R. M.
Published: July 2005

Maize and soybean are commonly intercropped in the drier zones of the western mid-hills in Nepal, but farmers report that productivity of soybean has been declining in recent years. Two researcher managed on-farm field experiments were conducted in the mid-hills environment of Nepal during 2001 and 2002, and one glasshouse experiment at the University of Wales, Bangor during 2003, to determine whether varying densities of maize and soybean influenced productivity of the system and to what extent soybean exhibited adaptation to shade. In neither season was maize yield affected by the presence of soybean, but grain yield of soybean was reduced in mixture by means of 59 and 53% during 2001 and 2002 respectively. Biomass and grain yield of maize were greatest at 53×103 plants ha−1 and least at the lowest density, whilst conversely biomass and grain yield of soybean increased. With increasing maize density, rates of accumulation of dry matter and leaf area index also increased, the latter resulting in decreasing transmission of light to the intercropped soybean. Soybean exhibited no photosynthetic adaptation to shade, but the specific leaf area was greater in artificially shaded and intercropped plants. Land equivalent ratios of all intercrops were greater than unity (1.30 to 1.45), indicating higher efficiency of intercropping compared to sole crops. Given the low plasticity in response of the maize canopy to variations in density, it is suggested that soybean could be better grown under maize by increasing between-row spacing of maize from 0.75 to 1.0 m to improve light transmission to the understorey, resulting in higher overall productivity of the intercropping system, and also that soybean germplasm be screened for adaptation to shade.
CARBON (13C) AND NITROGEN (15N) TRANSLOCATION IN A MAIZE-STRIGA HERMONTHICA ASSOCIATION
Authors: AFLAKPUI GODWIN K. S. , GREGORY P. J. , FROUD-WILLIAMS R. J.
Published: July 2005

The translocation of C and N in a maize-Striga hermonthica association was investigated at three rates of nitrogen application in a glasshouse experiment. The objectives were to measure the transfer of C and N from maize to S. hermonthica and to determine whether the amount of N in the growing medium affected the proportions of C and N transferred. Young plants of maize were labelled in a 13CO2 atmosphere and leaf tips were immersed in (15NH4)2SO4 solution. The Striga×N interaction was not significant for any of the responses measured. Total dry matter for infected maize was significantly smaller than for uninfected maize from 43 to 99 days after planting, but N application increased total dry matter at all sampling times. Infected maize plants partitioned 39–45% of their total dry matter to the roots compared with 28–31% for uninfected maize. Dry matter of S. hermonthica was not affected by the rate of N applied. S. hermonthica derived 100% of its carbon from maize before emergence, decreasing to 22–59% thereafter; the corresponding values for nitrogen were up to 59% pre-emergence and up to 100% after emergence. The relative proportions of nitrogen depleted from the host (up to 10%) were greater than those of carbon (maximum 1.2%) at all times of sampling after emergence of the parasite. The results show that the parasite was more dependent on the host for nitrogen than for carbon.
Missing the Lisbon Target? Multi-Level Innovation and EU Policy Coordination
Authors: KAISER ROBERT , PRANGE HEIKO
Published: July 2005

At its Lisbon Summit in March 2000, the European Council decided to apply the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) to innovation policies. The aim is to establish a European Research Area, in which the OMC shall increase the coherence of regional, national and European policies. Until now, however, the OMC has only been applied to a very limited extent. We argue that this development is due to the fact that there are specific conditions for policy coordination in the emerging European multi-level innovation system that have hardly been mirrored by late EU initiatives for a more coherent European Research Area and its new open method of coordination.
Contractual Uncertainty, Power and Public Contracting
Authors: LONSDALE CHRIS
Published: July 2005

This article discusses the concept of contractual uncertainty and assesses its impact upon the ability of public sector bodies to obtain value for money from their suppliers. Particularly in the realm of public private partnerships, governments around the world are increasingly developing specifications that are likely to be subject to contractual uncertainty. Contractual uncertainty is not necessarily a problem in itself, but can be if the public body cannot avoid an unfavourable power relation in its dealings with the supplier, because it is in a poor position to undertake the inevitable post-contractual negotiations. The argument is illustrated with two cases from the UK public sector that highlight the fact that British public bodies are often seeking to manage contractual uncertainty from a position of weakness.
A nonlinear partial differential system arising in thermoelectricity
Authors: BERMÚDEZ A. , MUÑOZ-SOLA R. , PENA F.
Published: July 2005

In this paper we prove the existence of a solution for a system of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations arising from thermoelectric modelling of metallurgical electrodes undergoing a phase change. The model consists of an electromagnetic problem for eddy current computation coupled with a Stefan problem for temperature. The proof uses a regularized problem obtained by truncating the source term in temperature equation. Passing to the limit requires fine a priori estimates leading to compactness.
Contact-induced linguistic innovations on the continuum of language use: The case of French in Ontario
Authors: MOUGEON RAYMOND , NADASDI TERRY , REHNER KATHERINE
Published: July 2005

In this paper we present a methodological approach that can be used to determine the likelihood that innovations observed in a minority language are the result of language contact. We then use this methodological approach to frame a discussion of data concerning eight innovations that can be attributed to transfer from the majority language (English) to the French of Francophones residing in the province of Ontario in Canada. This discussion shows, notably, how systemic and extra-systemic factors play a role in the emergence of these innovations. We also demonstrate that there are interesting differences in the extent to which these innovations are used across speaker groups and communities, and we argue that such differences suggest that there are thresholds of language contact associated with the emergence, or lack thereof, of particular transfer-induced innovations.
Transfer and changing linguistic norms in Jersey Norman French
Authors: JONES MARI C.
Published: July 2005

The aim of this paper is to investigate a case of transfer within the context of language death. By examining data from Jersey Norman French (known to its speakers as Jèrriais) it illustrates the difficulty in determining linguistic norms for this relatively undocumented variety and suggests possible strategies to overcome this problem. The study compares systematically the occurrence of overt and covert transfer in the speech of a sample of fifty native speakers of Jèrriais via the analysis of a number of linguistic variables. The extent to which transfer-induced changes are themselves becoming established as norms within this speech community will also be considered.
Entwicklung und Überprüfung der Paruresis-Skala (PARS)
Authors: Hammelstein Philipp , Pietrowsky Reinhard
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Störung der Paruresis besteht in dem Unvermögen, auf öffentlichen Toiletten zu urinieren. Sie ist bislang in der Sozialen Phobie-Forschung nur wenig beachtet worden, was nicht zuletzt an dem Mangel an Messinstrumenten liegen könnte. Fragestellung: Entwicklung und Überprüfung der Paruresis-Skala (PARS). Methode: An einer Stichprobe von N = 180 über das Internet rekrutierten Probanden, die vier Gruppen zugeordnet wurden (Paruresis, Nichtgeneralisierte Soziale Phobie, Generalisierte Soziale Phobie, Kontrollgruppe), wurde eine Item- und Faktorenanalyse durchgeführt sowie konvergente und diskriminante Validität bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Die PARS weist sehr gute Kennwerte der Reliabilität auf, korreliert mit urologisch bedingten Miktionsbeschwerden nur schwach und kann zwischen den an Paruresis und den an reiner sozialer Phobie leidenden Probanden trennen. Schlussfolgerung: Die PARS ist als Messinstrument im Forschungskontext geeignet.
Ursachen und Effekte Parasozialer Interaktionen im Rezeptionsprozess
Authors: Hartmann Tilo , Klimmt Christoph
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Parasoziale Interaktionen mit Medienfiguren können als interpersonales Involvement von Rezipient/inn/en mit einer Medienperson definiert werden, das sich in perzeptiv-kognitiven, affektiven und konativen Teilprozessen und Erlebensweisen manifestiert. Struktur und Intensität der PSI werden dabei sowohl von den Eigenschaften der Rezipient/inn/en, als auch von den Medienpersonen bzw. ihrer Darstellung beeinflusst. Die vorliegende Studie orientiert sich am PSI-Zwei-Ebenen-Modell nach Hartmann, Schramm und Klimmt (2004a , b ) und leitet daraus zwei Ursachen und zwei Effekte von PSI-Prozessen ab, die für ein personenzentriertes TV-Unterhaltungsformat mittels einer postrezeptiven Befragung geprüft werden. In Übereinstimmung mit den Hypothesen deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass PSI zu einer Medienfigur umso intensiver ausfallen, je eher diese als attraktiv empfunden wird und je eher sich die Rezipient/inn/en von ihr adressiert fühlen. Intensivere PSI wiederum reduzieren den Grad der Vergegenwärtigung, sich ‘nur‘ in einer medialen Interaktionssituation zu befinden (Medialitätsbewusstsein), und führen darüber hinaus zu einer positiven Gesamtbewertung des rezipierten Angebots.
Role of biomass burning and climate anomalies for land‐atmosphere carbon fluxes based on inverse modeling of atmospheric CO2
Authors: Patra Prabir K. , Ishizawa Misa , Maksyutov Shamil , Nakazawa Takakiyo , Inoue Gen
Published: July 2005

A Time‐dependent inverse (TDI) model is used to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes for 64 regions of the globe from atmospheric measurements in the period January 1994 to December 2001. The global land anomalies agree fairly well with earlier results. Large variability in CO2 fluxes are recorded from the land regions, which are typically controlled by the available water for photosynthesis, and air temperature and soil moisture dependent heterotrophic respiration. For example, the anomalous CO2 emissions during the 1997/1998 El Niño period are estimated to be about 1.27 ± 0.22, 2.06 ± 0.37, and 1.17 ± 0.20 Pg‐C yr−1 from tropical regions in Asia, South America, and Africa, respectively. The CO2 flux anomalies for boreal Asia region are estimated to be 0.83 ± 0.19 and 0.45 ± 0.14 Pg‐C yr−1 of CO2 during 1996 and 1998, respectively. Comparison of inversion results with biogeochemical model simulations provide strong evidence that biomass burning (natural and anthropogenic) constitutes the major component in land‐atmosphere carbon flux anomalies. The net biosphere‐atmosphere carbon exchanges based on the biogeochemical model used in this study are generally lower than those estimated from TDI model results, by about 1.0 Pg‐C yr−1 for the periods and regions of intense fire. The correlation and principal component analyses suggest that changes in meteorology (i.e., rainfall and air temperature) associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation are the most dominant controlling factors of CO2 flux anomaly in the tropics, followed by the Indian Ocean Dipole Oscillation. Our results indicate that the Arctic and North Atlantic Oscillations are closely linked with CO2 flux variability in the temperate and high‐latitude regions.
Storm‐substorm relationship: Variations of the hydrogen and oxygen energetic neutral atom intensities during storm‐time substorms
Authors: Ohtani S. , Brandt P. C. , Mitchell D. G. , Singer H. , Nosé M. , Reeves G. D. , Mende S. B.
Published: July 2005

The present study observationally addresses the role of the magnetospheric substorm in the storm‐time ring current intensification. The intensity of energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission, which is measured by the high‐energy neutral atom (HENA) imager onboard the IMAGE satellite, is carefully used as a guide for inferring the change of the ring current intensity. First, a storm event of August 2000 is examined in detail with a focus on a substorm that occurred at the start of the storm recovery phase (as defined by Sym‐H). During the expansion phase of this substorm, the Sym‐H index recovered (increased) as the geosynchronous magnetic field dipolarized. At the same time the low‐energy (27–60 keV) hydrogen, high‐energy (60–119 keV) hydrogen, and total oxygen (<160 keV for this event) ENA intensities increased, suggesting that the ring current intensified. The apparent recovery of Sym‐H can therefore be attributed to the reduction of the tail current rather than the decay of the ring current. The substorm‐related change of the ENA intensity is examined statistically by conducting a superposed epoch analysis, for which the onset of geosynchronous dipolarization is adopted as a reference time. The result reveals that the ENA intensity tends to decrease before substorm onsets and to increase after onsets, and so does the Sym‐H index although its pre‐onset decrease is less clear than the post‐onset increase. It is therefore suggested that in the course of substorms, the change of the ring current intensity is opposite to what is expected from the change of the Sym‐H index. The decay and intensification of the ring current can be attributed to substorm‐related changes of the near‐Earth magnetic field and convection. Another important result is that the response of the ENA intensity to substorms strongly depends on species and energy range. The variation of the low‐energy hydrogen ENA intensity is not clearly organized by the substorm onset, and its relative change is less than 10%. The high‐energy hydrogen intensity decreases by about 20% during the growth phase and then recovers to the initial level leaving no significant net increase. In contrast, the increase in the oxygen ENA intensity during the expansion phase overcompensates for the preceding reduction, resulting in a net increase of 20%. The net enhancement of the oxygen ENA intensity suggests the importance of non‐adiabatic acceleration associated with near‐Earth dipolarization. The timescale of dipolarization is comparable to the oxygen gyroperiod, and therefore the oxygen ions may be accelerated preferably by the associated inductive electric field. It is inferred that the substorm‐related energization of the oxygen ions makes an important contribution to the storm‐time ring current intensification.
Structure and stress state of Hawaiian island basalts penetrated by the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project deep core hole
Authors: Morin Roger H. , Wilkens Roy H.
Published: July 2005

As part of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP), an exploratory hole was drilled in 1993 to a depth of 1056 meters below sea level (mbsl) and a deeper hole was drilled to 3098 mbsl in 1999. A set of geophysical well logs was obtained in the deeper hole that provides fundamental information regarding the structure and the state of stress that exist within a volcanic shield. The acoustic televiewer generates digital, magnetically oriented images of the borehole wall, and inspection of this log yields a continuous record of fracture orientation with depth and also with age to 540 ka. The data depict a clockwise rotation in fracture strike through the surficial Mauna Loa basalts that settles to a constant heading in the underlying Mauna Kea rocks. This behavior reflects the depositional slope directions of lavas and the locations of volcanic sources relative to the drill site. The deviation log delineates the trajectory of the well bore in three‐dimensional space. This path closely follows changes in fracture orientation with depth as the drill bit is generally prodded perpendicular to fracture strike during the drilling process. Stress‐induced breakouts observed in the televiewer log identify the orientations of the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses to be north‐south and east‐west, respectively. This stress state is attributed to the combination of a sharp break in onshore‐offshore slope that reduces stress east‐west and the emergence of Kilauea that increases stress north‐south. Breakouts are extensive and appear over approximately 30% of the open hole.
Entrainment and export of Laptev Sea ice sediments, Siberian Arctic
Authors: Dethleff Dirk
Published: July 2005

Sea ice sediments (SIS; sediments rafted by ice) and shelf surface deposits from the Siberian Laptev Sea were analyzed to study turbulent entrainment processes. This study focused on the silt and clay fractions, on average representing 63.4% and 30.4% (total: 93.7%) of the bulk SIS, respectively. Generally, the SIS contains 50% more silt than the shelf deposits, while the clay percentages in both sample groups are similar. Sand‐sized particles are less abundant in SIS than in bottom sediment. Although SIS is clearly enriched in silt, no evidence was found for preferential ice entrainment of any silt subfraction (coarse, medium, fine). Statistical tests of SIS and shelf silt parameters, and the similar clay mineral compositions of both sample groups, provide evidence for entrainment of Laptev bottom deposits into newly forming ice. The entrainment is related to the mechanism known as suspension freezing. Accordingly, coarser clasts (sand) and plant debris may be lifted upward by buoyant anchor ice, while coarse silt particles are supposed to be transported to the surface by rising frazil aggregates. Additionally, turbulent interaction of convergent Langmuir circulation and near‐surface frazil ice streaks is proposed to support ice entrainment of the finest particles >6.4 phi (<12 μm). Entrainment and export of SIS from the Laptev Sea were assessed for ten individual flaw leads (extended narrow polynyas separating fast and drifting ice) using particle concentrations in ice samples and new ice formation rates. The results show that roughly 20 Mt of SIS can be annually exported from the Laptev Sea by lead ice only. Thus formation and export of sediment‐laden lead ice may play a major geological role in Siberian Arctic shelf erosion and coastal retreat.
Who are resource nonusers and what can they tell us about nonuse values? Decomposing user and nonuser willingness to pay for coastal wetland restoration
Authors: Johnston Robert J. , Opaluch James J. , Magnusson Gisele , Mazzotta Marisa J.
Published: July 2005

This article assesses the potential for incomplete definitions of resource use to influence estimates of nonuser willingness to pay (WTP), with an emphasis on resources for which an exhaustive set of uses may be difficult to characterize. The data are drawn from a stated preference analysis involving coastal wetland restoration. Results suggest that mechanisms used to distinguish users and nonusers of wetland services may influence estimates of nonuser WTP and that for some attributes, traditional distinctions between user and nonuser WTP may have arguable empirical justification. More broadly, results suggest that relationships among use behaviors and restoration values may be more complex than are typically assumed and point to limitations in methods frequently used to distinguish user and nonuser WTP.
Large scale reduction in the size of the Tropical Easterly Jet
Authors: Sathiyamoorthy V.
Published: July 2005

Analysis of the 41‐year (1958–1998) reanalysis wind data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP‐NCAR) and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) suggest that zonal extent of the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) has reduced between 1960s and 1990s particularly over the Atlantic and African regions. The decrease in NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis is more than the decrease in ECMWF reanalysis. The decrease is about 41% and 20% at 100 hPa and 52% and 30% at 200 hPa in NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis and ECMWF reanalysis respectively. It is argued that the weakening and disappearing of TEJ over the Atlantic and African regions and prolonged drought conditions over the Sahel region during the past 4–5 decades may be associated with each other.
Sensitivity of global‐scale climate change attribution results to inclusion of fossil fuel black carbon aerosol
Authors: Jones Gareth S. , Jones Andy , Roberts David L. , Stott Peter A. , Williams Keith D.
Published: July 2005

It is likely that greenhouse gas emissions caused most of the global mean warming observed during the 20th century, and that sulphate aerosols counteracted this warming to some extent, by reflecting solar radiation to space and thereby cooling the planet. However, the importance of another aerosol, namely black carbon, could be underestimated. Here we include fossil fuel black carbon aerosol in a detection and attribution analysis with greenhouse gas and sulphate aerosols. We find that most of the warming of the 20th Century is attributable to changes in greenhouse gases offset by net aerosol cooling. However the pattern of temperature change due to black carbon is currently indistinguishable from the sulphate aerosol pattern of temperature change. The attribution of temperature change due to greenhouse gases is not sensitive to the inclusion of black carbon. We can be confident about the overall attribution of total aerosols, but less so about the contributions of black carbon emissions to 20th century climate change. This work presents no evidence that black carbon aerosol forcing outweighed the cooling due to sulphate aerosol.
Precipitation forecast skill of numerical weather prediction models and radar nowcasts
Authors: Lin Charles , Vasić Slavko , Kilambi Alamelu , Turner Barry , Zawadzki Isztar
Published: July 2005

Short term precipitation forecasts based on Lagrangian advection of radar echoes are robust and have more skill than numerical weather prediction models over time scales of several hours. This is because the models do not generally capture well the initial precipitation distribution. We will refer to the advection‐based methods as radar nowcasts. Over longer time scales, we expect the models to perform better than nowcast methods as they resolve dynamically the large scale flow. We verify this conceptual picture of the relative accuracy of radar nowcasts and model forecasts using conventional skill scores. We identify the cross‐over point in time where model forecasts start to have more skill than nowcast methods. This occurs at about 6 hours after the forecast is initiated.
Diversification of the endemic Himalayan monsoon-season beetle genus Calloserica inferred from a cladistic analysis (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae:Sericini)
Authors: Ahrens Dirk
Published: July 2005

A cladistic analysis of the species of Calloserica Brenske, 1894, was executed using 49 morphological characters of adults. The generated phylogenetic tree supports the monophyly of the genus and the sister-group relationship between Pachyserica and (Gastroserica, Neoserica). Allopatric speciation is discussed as an important mechanism for explaining present tree topology and distribution patterns. Emergence of adults (and mating) during the monsoon season is considered to be a major factor for stimulating the diversification of this group, resulting in its highly restricted distribution and a high degree of endemism. Two new species are described from Nepal: Calloserica capillata, sp. nov. and C. manangensis, sp. nov.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Squilloidea (Crustacea:Stomatopoda)
Authors: Ahyong Shane T.
Published: July 2005

Squilloidea is the most speciose of the stomatopod superfamilies and comprises more than 40 genera. Until 2001, three families were recognised: two extant (Harpiosquillidae, Squillidae) and one extinct (Ursquillidae). Recent studies, however, suggested that Harpiosquillidae is nested among other squillids and was thus synonymised with Squillidae. Interrelationships of all squilloid genera are studied by cladistic analysis based on somatic morphology. Results are used to assess the familial classification and investigate the ‘shape’ of squilloid evolution. The phylogeny of the squilloids shows general trends in the armature of the raptorial claw, increased dorsal carination, a tendency for bilobation of the lateral processes of the exposed thoracic somites, and a change in telson shape from trianguloid with movable submedian teeth, to quadriform with fixed submedian teeth. Harpiosquilla Holthuis, 1964 is deeply nested among other squillid genera, supporting the recent synonymy of the Squillidae and Harpiosquillidae. Characters of the late Cretaceous Ursquillidae show that it is highly derived and is therefore synonymised with Squillidae. Although the antiquity of Ursquilla Hof, 1998 does not show it to be a basal or stem-lineage squilloid, it does show that the squilloids had already undergone significant diversification by the end of the Cretaceous. Species of most squilloid genera are regionally restricted, either to the Indo-west Pacific or Atlanto-east Pacific. Only Alima Leach, 1818, Cloridopsis Manning 1968b, and Pontiosquilla Manning, 1995 are represented in both regions.
Electrolytic transport through a synthetic nanometer-diameter pore
Authors: Ho Chuen , Qiao Rui , Heng Jiunn B. , Chatterjee Aveek , Timp Rolf J. , Aluru Narayana R. , Timp Gregory
Published: July 2005

We have produced single, synthetic nanometer-diameter pores by using a tightly focused, high-energy electron beam to sputter atoms in 10-nm-thick silicon nitride membranes. Subsequently, we measured the ionic conductance as a function of time, bath concentration, and pore diameter to infer the conductivity and ionic mobility through the pores. The pore conductivity is found to be much larger than the bulk conductivity for dilute bath concentrations, where the Debye length is larger than the pore radius, whereas it is comparable with or less than the bulk for high bath concentrations. We interpret these observations by using multiscale simulations of the ion transport through the pores. Molecular dynamics is used to estimate the ion mobility, and ion transport in the pore is described by the coupled Poisson–Nernst–Planck and the Stokes equations that are solved self-consistently for the ion concentration and velocity and electrical potential. We find that the measurements are consistent with the presence of fixed negative charge in the pore wall and a reduction of the ion mobility because of the fixed charge and the ion proximity to the pore wall.
Graphene nanostructures as tunable storage media for molecular hydrogen
Authors: Patchkovskii Serguei , Tse John S. , Yurchenko Sergei N. , Zhechkov Lyuben , Heine Thomas , Seifert Gotthard
Published: July 2005

Many methods have been proposed for efficient storage of molecular hydrogen for fuel cell applications. However, despite intense research efforts, the twin U.S. Department of Energy goals of 6.5% mass ratio and 62 kg/m
3
volume density has not been achieved either experimentally or via theoretical simulations on reversible model systems. Carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotubes, have always been regarded as the most attractive physisorption substrates for the storage of hydrogen. Theoretical studies on various model graphitic systems, however, failed to reach the elusive goal. Here, we show that insufficiently accurate carbon–H
2
interaction potentials, together with the neglect and incomplete treatment of the quantum effects in previous theoretical investigations, led to misleading conclusions for the absorption capacity. A proper account of the contribution of quantum effects to the free energy and the equilibrium constant for hydrogen adsorption suggest that the U.S. Department of Energy specification can be approached in a graphite-based physisorption system. The theoretical prediction can be realized by optimizing the structures of nano-graphite platelets (graphene), which are light-weight, cheap, chemically inert, and environmentally benign.
Rational combinatorial design of pore-forming β-sheet peptides
Authors: Rausch Joshua M. , Marks Jessica R. , Wimley William C.
Published: July 2005

Exogenous polypeptides that self-assemble on biological membranes into pores are abundant and structurally diverse, functioning as transporters, toxins, ion channels, and antibiotics. A means for designing novel pore-forming sequences would unlock new opportunities for the development and engineering of protein function in membranes. Toward this goal, we designed a 9,604-member rational combinatorial peptide library based on the structural principles of known membrane-spanning β-sheets. When the library was screened under stringent conditions for sequences with pore-forming activity, a single active motif was found, which is characterized by aromatic residues at the lipid-exposed interfacial positions and basic residues in the pore-lining portion of the sequence. Peptides with this motif assembled on bilayer membranes into β-sheets and formed transient peptide/lipid pores of ≈1-nm diameter. The mechanism of action is very similar to that of natural, pore-forming peptides. These methods provide a powerful means for selecting and engineering novel pore-forming sequences and will open prospects for designing peptide antibiotics, biosensors, and new membrane protein structures.
Social cues shift functional connectivity in the hypothalamus
Authors: Hoke Kim L. , Ryan Michael J. , Wilczynski Walter
Published: July 2005

We determined how social stimuli that vary in behavioral relevance differentially activate functional networks in the frog hypothalamus. As measured by egr-1 mRNA levels, activity in three hypothalamic nuclei varied with acoustic stimulus, and these responses were correlated with egr-1 responses in different auditory regions regardless of stimulus. The correlations among hypothalamic nuclei, however, varied as a function of the behavioral relevance of the stimuli. Thus relevant social cues shift the functional connectivity within the hypothalamus, consistent with principles that underlie the simultaneous processing of sensory information in cognitive tasks.
Destabilization of apoprotein is insufficient to explain Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase-linked ALS pathogenesis
Authors: Rodriguez Jorge A. , Shaw Bryan Francis , Durazo Armando , Sohn Se Hui , Doucette Peter A. , Nersissian Aram M. , Faull Kym F. , Eggers Daryl K. , Tiwari Ashutosh , Hayward Lawrence J. , Valentine Joan Selverstone
Published: July 2005

The relative stabilities and structural properties of a representative set of 20 ALS-mutant Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase apoproteins were examined by using differential scanning calorimetry and hydrogen-deuterium (H/D) exchange followed by MS. Contrary to recent reports from other laboratories, we found that ALS-mutant apoproteins are not universally destabilized by the disease-causing mutations. For example, several of the apoproteins with substitutions at or near the metal binding region (MBR) (MBR mutants) exhibited melting temperatures (
T
m
) in the range 51.6°C to 56.2°C, i.e., similar to or higher than that of the WT apoprotein (
T
m
= 52.5°C). The apoproteins with substitutions remote from the MBR (WT-like mutants) showed a wide range of
T
m
s, 40.0°C to 52.4°C. The H/D exchange properties of the mutants were also wide-ranging: the MBR mutant apoproteins exhibited H/D exchange kinetics similar to the WT apoprotein, as did some of the more stable WT-like mutant apoproteins, whereas the less stable apoproteins exhibited significantly less protection from H/D exchange than the WT apoprotein. Most striking were the three mutant apoproteins, D101N, E100K, and N139K, which have apparently normal metallation properties, and differ little from the WT apoprotein in either thermal stability or H/D exchange kinetics. Thus, the ALS mutant Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase apoproteins do not all share reduced global stability, and additional properties must be identified and understood to explain the toxicity of all of the mutant proteins.