bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercise and quality of life during and after treatment for breast cancer: results of two randomized controlled trials
Authors: Cadmus Lisa A. , Salovey Peter , Yu Herbert , Chung Gina , Kasl Stanislav , Irwin Melinda L.
Published: February 2009

Objective: To determine the effect of exercise on quality of life in (a) a randomized controlled trial of exercise among recently diagnosed breast cancer survivors undergoing adjuvant therapy and (b) a similar trial among post‐treatment survivors.

Methods: Fifty newly diagnosed breast cancer survivors were recruited through a hospital‐based tumor registry and randomized to a 6‐month, home‐based exercise program (n=25) or a usual care group (n=25). In a separate trial, 75 post‐treatment survivors were randomized to a 6‐month, supervised exercise intervention (n=37) or to usual care (n=38). Participants in both studies completed measures of happiness, depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, self‐esteem, and quality of life at baseline and 6 months.

Results: Forty‐five participants completed the trial for newly diagnosed survivors and 67 completed the trial for post‐treatment survivors. Good adherence was observed in both studies. Baseline quality of life was similar for both studies on most measures. Exercise was not associated with quality of life benefits in the full sample of either study; however exercise was associated with improved social functioning among post‐treatment survivors who reported low social functioning at baseline (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Exercise did not affect quality of life in either recently diagnosed or post‐treatment breast cancer survivors; however this may be due in part to relatively high baseline functioning among participants in both studies. Strategies for future research include limiting enrollment to survivors who report reduced quality of life on screening questionnaires and targeting survivor subgroups known to be at particular risk for quality of life impairment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A telephone‐delivered lifestyle intervention for colorectal cancer survivors ‘CanChange’: a pilot study
Authors: Hawkes Anna L. , Gollschewski Sara , Lynch Brigid M. , Chambers Suzanne
Published: February 2009

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and short‐term effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention for colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors.

Methods: CanChange was telephone‐delivered to 20 CRC survivors by health coaches over 6 weeks supported by an interactive participant handbook. We assessed program feasibility (program retention and satisfaction) and health outcomes [CRC‐specific symptoms (fatigue, nausea, diarrhoea), quality of life (QOL), and lifestyle variables (physical activity, dietary intake, alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index (BMI))] at baseline and post‐intervention.

Results: Post‐intervention, 76% of participants rated the program as excellent, 100% rated the health coach as excellent, and 75% rated the handbook as excellent. In addition, 80% said that CanChange addressed their issues, 72% said that CanChange helped them deal more effectively with their problems, and 100% said that CanChange made them more motivated to make positive life changes. Finally, all participants said that they would recommend CanChange to other CRC survivors.

From baseline to post‐intervention we observed: non‐significant improvements in all CRC‐specific symptoms and QOL; a significant decrease in processed meat intake [median (interquartile range): 1.0 (3.0) vs 0.0 (1.0), p=0.01]; as well as non‐significant improvements in sedentary behaviour, and the proportion of participants meeting the national guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake. We observed no change in smoking status, while the results for alcohol intake, physical activity, and BMI were variable.

Conclusions: CanChange was a feasible and potentially effective lifestyle intervention to improve health outcomes for CRC survivors. A large randomised controlled trial will follow to test the longer‐term effects of this approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nd3+‐ion luminescence in La2O2S and Y2O2S single crystals
Authors: Abutalibov G. I. , Guseynov D. I. , Mamedov A. A.
Published: February 2009

La2O2S and Y2O2S single crystals with Nd3+ ions have been studied by selective laser excitation method to demonstrate its effectiveness for detection of the fine structure of the radiation spectra of Nd3+ ions. The energies of Stark components of the basic multiplets of Nd3+ ions have been determined. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hall effect in the new diluted magnetic semiconductor p‐CdSb:Ni
Authors: Laiho R. , Lashkul A. V. , Lisunov K. G. , Lähderanta E. , Shakhov M. A. , Zakhvalinskii V. S.
Published: February 2009

The Hall effect is investigated in oriented single crystals of a new diluted group II‐V semiconductor p‐CdSb doped with 2 at% of Ni in the temperature interval of T = 1.5–300 K and pulsed magnetic fields up to B = 25 T. A non‐linear dependence of the Hall resistivity, ρH, on B is observed, which is strongly pronounced below ∼10 K and still exists even up to 300 K. From the analysis of ρH(B) a positive normal, ρN = R0B, and a negative anomalous, ρA, contributions are obtained. The normal Hall coefficient, R0, is determined presumably by activation of holes into the valence band, accompanied with a minor contribution of itinerant holes from the acceptor band at lowest T, whereas ρA below ∼77 K scales with resisitivity approximately as ρn (n = 1.6 ± 0.1). The anomalous contribution to the Hall effect is attributable to presence of magnetic Ni1–xSbx nanoclusters, which have been found previously from investigation of magnetic properties of p‐CdSb:Ni. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The diurnal evolution of cold fronts in the Australian subtropics
Authors: Thomsen Gerald L. , Reeder Michael J. , Smith Roger K.
Published: February 2009

The effect of the diurnal cycle on the evolution of cold fronts in the Australian subtropics is investigated in two high‐resolution numerical simulations. The simulations are made using the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) with the initial and boundary conditions taken from the operational analyses of the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts. These simulations are compared with the observations of two cold fronts taken during the Central Australian Fronts Experiment in 1991. The simulations show a number of features that have been suspected, but never confirmed or quantified: (i) although the wind field in the boundary layer is frontogenetic, daytime turbulent mixing is strongly frontolytic, which accounts for the weakening and deceleration of the fronts during the late morning and afternoon when convective mixing in the boundary layer is most vigorous; (ii) when the mixing subsides in the early evening, the low‐level winds increase along with the deformation and convergence, leading to a strengthening and acceleration of the fronts; (iii) bore‐like disturbances are generated during the early hours of the morning as the nocturnal inversion strengthens. These bores propagate ahead of the front, developing a series of large‐amplitude waves at their leading edge. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Characterization of oligomeric compounds in secondary organic aerosol using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Müller Lars , Reinnig Marc‐Christopher , Hayen Heiko , Hoffmann Thorsten
Published: February 2009

The components of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) generated from the gas‐phase ozonolysis of two C10H16‐terpenes (α‐pinene; sabinene) and a cyclic C6H10 alkene (cyclohexene) were characterized by the use of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source operated in the negative ion mode. Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography was used to achieve chromatographic separation of highly oxidized organic compounds. In addition to the well‐known group of low molecular weight oxidation products (monomers; e.g. dicarboxylic acids), higher molecular weight compounds (dimers) were also detected and their exact elemental compositions were determined. In order to provide additional information for the structural elucidation of these compounds, collision‐induced dissociation was applied. Based on the MS/MS spectra, two higher molecular weight products are proposed to be an ester and a peroxide. Molecular formulae calculated from the exact masses show that the SOA‐compounds are heavily oxidized and this information creates the background to a discussion of potential reaction pathways for the formation of higher molecular weight compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging Viral Behavior in Mammalian Cells with Self‐Assembled Capsid–Quantum‐Dot Hybrid Particles
Authors: Li Feng , Zhang Zhi‐Ping , Peng Jun , Cui Zong‐Qiang , Pang Dai‐Wen , Li Ke , Wei Hong‐Ping , Zhou Ya‐Feng , Wen Ji‐Kai , Zhang Xian‐En
Published: February 2009

Unique spectral properties of quantum dots (QDs) enable ultrasensitive and long‐term biolabeling. Aiming to trace the infection, movement, and localization of viruses in living cells, QD‐containing virus‐like particles (VLPs) of simian virus 40 (SV40), termed SVLP‐QDs, are constructed by in vitro self‐assembly of the major capsid protein of SV40. SVLP‐QDs show homogeneity in size (≈24 nm), similarity in spectral properties to unencapsidated QDs, and considerable stability. When incubated with living cells, SVLP‐QDs are shown to enter the cells by caveolar endocytosis, travel along the microtubules, and accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. This process mimics the early infection steps of SV40. This is the first paradigm of imaging viral behaviors with encapsidated QDs in living cells. The method may provide a new alternative for various purposes, such as tracing viruses or viral components, targeted nanoparticle delivery, and probing of drug delivery.
Maximum potential of PV installation based on an energy system planning model considering a distribution voltage constraint
Authors: Kaewniyompanit Songpakit , Sugihara Hideharu , Tsuji Kiichiro , Funabashi Toshihisa , Okuno Yoshimichi , Hayashi Takanori
Published: February 2009

As the key solution for energy sustainability this decade, the growth of installing photovoltaic (PV) systems has dramatically increased. However, the high penetration of PV systems can cause a voltage variation problem in a distribution grid. This paper proposes a model for evaluating the maximum potential for installing PV systems in an urban area under a bus voltage constraint. A PV system is considered as an energy system alternative that replaces a conventional system. Regarding the power variation, it is necessary to add a parameter that is used to evaluate the variation of PV systems in terms of a standard deviation to the PV systems' electric load curve. The installations of PV and conventional systems are determined as share solutions for each load area along a distribution network. Total power loads and variations in each load area are input to a load flow calculation to obtain each bus voltage and confirm the voltage constraint. Finally, the total PV system installations over the whole network area is maximized. The alternative PV system with battery installation is introduced to validate the model evaluation when comparing with a typical PV system without a battery, which has larger power variation. Furthermore, adjusting the sending voltage at a substation to increase the PV installation is validated using the proposed model. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Short‐Span seeking control of hard disk drives with multirate vibration suppression perfect tracking control
Authors: Fujimoto Hiroshi
Published: February 2009

In this paper, a novel vibration suppression perfect tracking control (PTC) method is proposed for short‐span seeking mode of hard disk drives (HDDs) based on multirate feedforward control. In the proposed method, it is assumed that plant is modeled as the rigid‐body and primary vibration modes. By using this model, a feedforward PTC is designed with a modified controllable canonical realization in order to control the transient response of position, velocity, acceleration, and jerk of the proposed virtual plant. Simulations and experiments are carried out to show that the proposed system can suppress the primary vibration mode in short‐span seeking control. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a benchmark problem of HDD control which is made by a technical committee of IEE of Japan. The robustness of the proposed feedforward method is examined against the variation of primary vibration frequency. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Realization of anti‐slip/skid re‐adhesion control for electric commuter train based on disturbance observer
Authors: Ohishi Kiyoshi , Hata Tadashi , Sano Takashi , Yasukawa Shinobu
Published: February 2009

Recently, disturbance observer has been used in many system and industry applications. This paper focus on the fine motion control technology based on disturbance observer for electric commuter train. The improvement of adhesion characteristics is important in electric commuter train. We propose the anti‐slip/skid re‐adhesion control system based on disturbance observer and sensor‐less vector control. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by the experiment based on the actual electric commuter train, which is Series 205‐5000 of East Japan Railway Company. Moreover, in order to extend the anti‐slip/skid re‐adhesion control considering the bogie vibration phenomenon, we propose a new anti‐slip re‐adhesion control based on the high order disturbance observer considering the resonant frequency of bogie system. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Improvement of tracking accuracy of double‐column machining center with high‐speed and high‐acceleration driving
Authors: Miyaji Masashi , Yura Motozumi , Iwasaki Makoto
Published: February 2009

This paper presents the technologies for high‐precision machining with high‐speed and high‐acceleration driving of feed‐axis of double‐column machining centers. In the proposed approach, linear motors whose stator has no magnet are adopted to the feed‐axis to realize the high‐speed and high‐acceleration driving. In addition, the characteristic of generating little heat is necessary for this linear motor to keep out thermal deformations of the machine structure. In the proposed approach, the force pulsation of linear motor is reduced by arranging magnets and canceling effects of two sliders. As a result, the motor position can be controled with high accuracy. Moreover, the high‐acceleration causes deflections of the machine structure such as a column. The deflections cause tracking errors at the cutting point of the tool, even if the motor position follows the position command correctly. Then, we propose to adopt the feedforward compensation based on the measured mechanical deflections. Experimental verifications using MCR‐H (double‐column machining center) show the significant performance improvement of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Servo techniques for optical disk drives —high‐speed and precise optical beam‐positioning control—
Authors: Koide Daiichi , Tokumaru Haruki , Miayazaki Toshimasa , Ohishi Kiyoshi
Published: February 2009

We introduce advanced servo techniques for optical disk drives. High speed and precise optcal beam‐positioning and following controls are required archival memories such as high density and high data transfer rate optical disk drives for recording many data and high quality moving pictures toward next generation systems. The zero phase error tracking‐feed‐forward (ZPET‐FF) control method is effective for the next generation systems, which have high disk rotation speed beyond the limit of 10,000 rpm of optical disk drives such as current CDs, DVDs or Blu‐ray discs. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A highly sensitive thermosensing CMOS Circuit Based on self‐biasing circuit technique
Authors: Hirose Tetsuya , Hagiwara Atsushi , Asai Tetsuya , Amemiya Yoshihito
Published: February 2009

A thermosensing CMOS circuit that changes its internal voltage steeply at a critical temperature was developed. The circuit is based on a self‐biasing circuit technique and uses the temperature‐sensitive characteristics of MOSFETs operating in the subthreshold region. To develop this sensor device, a method to analyze self‐biasing circuits, which is different from a conventional one, was employed. This method is useful for understanding the self‐biasing circuit operation. A temperature sensor device makes use of a MOSFET resistor's transition from a strong inversion to a weak‐inversion or subthreshold operation. The temperature at which the transition occurs can be set to a desired value by adjusting the parameters of MOSFETs in the circuit. The sensor LSI can be made using a standard CMOS process and can be used as over‐temperature and over‐current protectors for LSI circuits. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methods to control wheel locks and wheel spins on low friction coefficient roads for front and rear wheel independent drive type electric vehicles (FRID EVs)
Authors: Mutoh Nobuyoshi , Yahagi Hiromichi , Yokota Kyohei
Published: February 2009

Wheel lock and spin control methods suitable for front and rear wheel independent drive type electric vehicles (FRID EVs) are studied here. Wheel locks and spins occur easily when braking and driving operations such as deceleration and acceleration are performed on bad roads with low friction coefficient such as wet or frozen roads. The methods studied here are characterized by using the structural feature of FRID EVs which can freely distribute the driving and braking torques to front and rear wheels according to running and road surface conditions. These wheel locks and spins occurring when braking and driving on bad roads are controlled by properly distributing the braking and driving torques to front and rear wheels in consideration of the load movement caused by braking operations and slip ratios of the front and rear wheel sides. The effectiveness of the wheel lock and spin methods studied here is verified through simulations and experiments on various roads with a low friction coefficient using a prototype EV with the FRID structure. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dielectrics loss of PCBs leading to microwave heating
Authors: Kumada Akiko , Hidaka Kunihiko , Amano Kouji , Itoh Kohichi
Published: February 2009

A new effective processing for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been recently developed. PCBs become harmless by dechlorination using 2.45 GHz‐microwave (MW). To investigate such chemical reaction by MW irradiation, the dielectric loss of pure PCBs solutions and an isomer mixture in MW band is measured. Some PCBs and isopropyl alchol, added as a source of hydrogen supply have high dielectric loss in MW band. This suggests that MW heats PCBs and isopropyl alchol, and then the temperature of the solvent consisting mainly of insulating oil rises by the thermal conduction. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generation of cabbage‐shaped nanocarbons using arc discharge in a foam
Authors: Kim Yuichi , Nishikawa Eiichi , Kioka Toshihide
Published: February 2009

Nanocarbons with a cross‐section in the shape of a cabbage were generated using an arc discharge in foam, which represents a gas‐fluid multiphase. TEM observations indicated that these cabbage‐shaped nanocarbons have a diameter of 50‐500nm and represent spherical materials resembling the shape of a twisted graphite sheet. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heart current in an anatomically realistic human model due to contact with a low‐frequency energized source
Authors: Tarao Hiroo , Hayashi Noriyuki , Isaka Katsuo
Published: February 2009

Distributions of 60 Hz contact current around and inside the heart of the anatomically realistic human body are demonstrated under four scenarios: left hand to both feet, right hand to both feet, hand to hand, and foot to foot. The heart‐current ratios and the heart‐current factors are calculated. The new numerical method which is partly modified from the conventional scalar potential finite difference (SPFD) method is proposed. It is found that a part of ∼33–40% of the total contact current passes through the heart in three scenarios of one hand to either the other hand or feet, and these heart‐current ratios are much larger than the ones reported by Freiberger. Furthermore, the heart‐current factor is almost the same as the one in IEC 60479‐1 for the right‐hand‐to‐feet path, but is twice as much as the one in IEC 60479‐1 for the hand‐to‐hand path. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stability of solitary waves for a system of nonlinear Schrödinger equations with three wave interaction
Authors: Colin M. , Colin Th. , Ohta M.
Published: February 2009

In this paper we consider a three components system of nonlinear Schrödinger equations related to the Raman amplification in a plasma. We study the orbital stability of scalar solutions of the form

(e^{2i\omega t}\varphi ,0,0)

,

(0,e^{2i\omega t}\varphi ,0)

,

(0,0,e^{2i\omega t}\varphi )

, where

φ

is a ground state of the scalar nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

Dans cet article, on s'intéresse à un système de trois équations de Schrödinger qui modélise le phénomène d'amplification Raman dans les plasmas. On étudie la stabilité orbitale de solutions scalaires de la forme

(e^{2i\omega t}\varphi ,0,0)

,

(0,e^{2i\omega t}\varphi ,0)

,

(0,0,e^{2i\omega t}\varphi )

, où

φ

est l'état fondamental d'une équation de Schrödinger scalaire.
Relict nebkhas (pimple mounds) record prolonged late Holocene drought in the forested region of south-central United States
Authors: Seifert Christopher L. , Cox Randel Tom , Forman Steven L. , Foti Tom L. , Wasklewicz Thad A. , McColgan Andrew T.
Published: February 2009

The origin and significance of pimple mounds (low, elliptical to circular dune-like features found across much of the south-central United States) have been debated for nearly two centuries. We cored pimple mounds at four sites spanning the Ozark Plateau, Arkansas River Valley, and Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain and found that these mounds have a regionally consistent textural asymmetry such that there is a significant excess of coarse-grained sediment within their northwest flanks. We interpret this asymmetry as evidence of an eolian depositional origin of these mounds and conclude they are relict nebkhas (coppice dunes) deposited during protracted middle to late Holocene droughts. These four mounds yield optically stimulated luminescence ages between 2400 and 700 yr that correlate with well-documented periods of eolian activity and droughts on the southern Great Plains, including the Medieval Climate Anomaly. We conclude vegetation loss during extended droughts led to local eolian deflation and pimple mound deposition. These mounds reflect landscape response to multi-decadal droughts for the south-central U.S. The spatial extent of pimple mounds across this region further underscores the severity and duration of late Holocene droughts, which were significantly greater than historic droughts.
Effects of dietary supplementation with red-pigmented leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa) on lipid profiles and antioxidant status in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet
Authors: Lee Jeung Hee , Felipe Penelope , Hyung Yang Yoon , Yeon Kim Mi , Yoon Kwon Oh , Sok Dai-Eun , Chin Kim Hyoung , Ree Kim Mee
Published: February 2009

The present study was undertaken to assess the beneficial effects of a daily consumption of 8 % freeze-dried red-pigmented leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa) on CVD. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet supplemented with or without red-pigmented leafy lettuce for 4 weeks. The present results showed that the red-pigmented leafy lettuce-supplemented diet significantly decreased the level of total and LDL-cholesterol and TAG in the plasma of the mice. The atherosclerotic index was calculated to be 46 % lower in the mice fed with the lettuce diet compared with the control diet. Lipid peroxidation measured by 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was markedly reduced in the plasma, liver, heart and kidney of the mice fed the lettuce diet. The content of antioxidants (total glutathione and β-carotene) was significantly increased by lettuce supplementation. The antioxidant defence system by antioxidant enzymes including glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and paraoxanase in blood or liver tissues was also increased, and showed the improved oxidative stress in the mice fed the lettuce diet. The measurement of tail DNA (%), tail extent moment and olive tail moment indicated that the lettuce diet increased the resistance of hepatocyte and lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage. The present study showed that the supplementation of a high-cholesterol high-fat diet with 8 % red-pigmented leafy lettuce resulted in an improvement of plasma cholesterol and lipid levels, prevention of lipid peroxidation and an increase of the antioxidant defence system and, therefore, could contribute to reduce the risk factors of CVD.
Sympatric and allopatric combinations ofLymnaea columellaandFasciola hepaticafrom southern and south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Coelho L.H.L. , Lima W.S. , Guimaraes M.P.
Published: February 2009

Experimental infections ofLymnaea columellawithFasciola hepaticawere carried out to test the effect of sympatric and allopatric combinations between parasite and host, by using snails and flukes from southern and south-eastern Brazil. Four groups of 50 snails were infected with four miracidia per snail: two groups in sympatric and two groups in allopatric combinations. Sympatric combinations between parasite and host were more efficient than allopatric ones when snails from Itajubá were used, but the opposite was observed in infections involving snails from Pelotas. The sympatric association betweenL. columellaandF. hepaticafrom Itajubá was significantly higher than in the other combinations. We concluded that the host–parasite relationship betweenL. columnellaandF. hepaticamay vary according to the geographical origin of the snails and flukes involved.
Descriptive versus Revisionary Metaphysics and the Mind–Body Problem
Authors: Phillips R. L.
Published: February 2009

I have appropriated the terms ‘descriptive’ and ‘revisionary’ metaphysics from P.F. Strawson's Individuals. In the Introduction to that work he draws a broad general distinction between two types of metaphysics. Descriptive metaphysics is concerned to ‘describe the actual structure of our thought about the world’ while revisionary metaphysics is ‘concerned to produce a better structure’. They also differ in that revisionary metaphysics requires justification of some sort whereas descriptive metaphysics does not. Strawson makes this point when he says, ‘Revisionary metaphysics is at the service of descriptive metaphysics’. Thus, the descriptivist has the sober, scientific task of elucidating our extant conceptual schema while the revisionist has the speculative, slightly literary job of inventing a new conceptual schema.
The Role of Play in the Philosophy of Plato
Authors: Ardley Gavin
Published: February 2009

We are little accustomed in modern times to think of philosophy in terms of play. With few exceptions, philosophers in the last few centuries are conspicuous for their gravity. If a lighter touch enters their writings it is rather as a douceur with which to punctuate argument. To charge a philosopher with playing games is to condemn his activity as trivial and futile.
Sense-Giving and Sense-Reading
Authors: Polanyi Michael
Published: February 2009

I propose to enquire here into the way we endow our speech with meaning and into the way by which we make sense of speech that we hear spoken. I shall show that, notwithstanding their informal character, these acts possess a characteristic pattern, a pattern that I shall call the structure of tacit knowing; I shall show that to form such a structure is to create meaning. Both the way we endow our own utterances with meaning and our attribution of meaning to the utterances of others are acts of tacit knowing. They represent sense-giving and sense-reading with in the structure of tacit knowing. My enquiry shall outline the total structure of language, comprising both its formal patterns successfully established by modern linguistics and its informal semantic structure, studied so far mainly by philosophy.
The First Discovery of the Freewill Problem
Authors: Huby Pamela
Published: February 2009

Historically there have been two main freewill problems, the problem of freedom versus predestination, which is mainly theological, and the problem of freedom versus determinism, which has exercised the minds of many of the great modern philosophers. The latter problem is seldom stated in full detail, for its elements are taken as so obvious that they do not need to be stated. The problem is seen as an attempt to reconcile the belief in human freedom, which is essential if men are to be able to act morally, with determinism, the belief that every event is fully determined in all its details by the sum of its precedent causes. But even the meticulous Moore does not trouble to explore at length what is meant by determinism. He devotes one very short paragraph to the matter, and sums it up immediately afterwards as the view that ‘everything … has a cause’.
Animals and Morals
Authors: Godlovitch Roslind
Published: February 2009

In the following paper, I will be operating within the framework of moral concepts set out by R. M. Hare in his Language of Morals and Freedom and Reason. Using this framework, I shall attempt to show that (a) if we claim that certain attitudes we have toward animals are moral, then the application of the consequences of these principles leads us into a rather bizarre, if not outlandish, position, which few would accept as prima facie moral; and (b) if we adopt what can be accepted as a truly moral position with respect to animals, this will turn out to be indistinguishable in kind, if not in degree, from our morality with respect to humans.
The Methods and Problems of Philosophy
Authors: Moore Jared S.
Published: February 2009

Philosophy is commonly referred to as a “spirit” of inquiry, a general attitude toward things, rather than a body of conclusions; but as every spirit in this world must have a body, so philosophy must have a method. The expression, “philosophical method,” is used with somewhat varying meanings, but it is the question of how philosophical conclusions are attained that we have in mind in the present article.
Remarks on the Philosophical Status of Physics
Authors: Milne E. A.
Published: February 2009

Recent results in kinematics, obtained by myself and those working with me, have convinced me that the philosophical status of physics, as it has come down to us from Renaissance days, requires reconsideration. The reason can be stated in a couple of sentences: it has been found possible to establish certain laws of physics—laws of motion, the law of gravitation, the laws known under the name of the Lorentz transformation, and some others—purely deductively, without specific assumptions, and without empirical appeals save only to the empirical awareness of something we call “the passage of time.” Yet physicists have claimed ad nauseam that the ultimate sanction for “laws of nature” is observation and experiment, that this is what distinguishes physics from other branches of exact inquiry. The contrast in these two conceptions of natural law needs no emphasis. It is the purpose of this article to attempt to clarify this confused situation.
The Language of Controversy
Authors: Britton Karl
Published: February 2009

There are, plainly, very many reasons why a controversy should be inconclusive and abortive, and yet constantly reviving. It might, for example, be one that interests only the very stupid or prejudiced; or one that interests everyone deeply, demanding an answer of everyone, yet not yielding any really decisive evidence; or the controversy might be one in which thesis and antithesis are natural expressions of opposed psychological types (“Tough-” and “Tender-minded” people); or it might be one that is commonly conducted in terms that are vague, misleading, and question-begging. In this paper I shall confine myself to the last of these reasons: the use of language which makes it extremely difficult to understand what either of the parties are really asserting, and where, if at all, they contradict each other. I hope I shall not be thought to exaggerate the importance of this familiar factor, but I hope to show that in many important controversies the best will in the world and all the patience and tolerance a man can muster are not sufficient: special training and considerable independent reflection are necessary if the debate in question is not to prove as profitless as those described by Omar Khayyam of Naishapur:

Myself when young did eagerly frequent

Doctor and Saint, and heard great Argument

About it and about: but evermore

Came out by the same Door as in I went.
Whitehead's Philosophy: Eternal Objects and God.
Authors: Hooper Sydney E.
Published: February 2009

The Universe cannot be exhaustively analysed if we stop at actual entities or even societies of actual entities which, as we shall see later when we discuss the notion of ‘nexus,’ are equivalent to what we ordinarily mean by enduring objects such as a stone, a tree, or a man. There is another class of entities which plays an important part in the constitution of the Universe called ‘eternal objects,’ and we must now proceed to an understanding of these.
Ideals and Practice (I)
Authors: Russell Leonard J.
Published: February 2009

The problem of the relation of ideals to practice comes with a new urgency at the present time. Ought we to put our ideal into practice here and now without compromise, or should we follow it as far as we are able, making concessions to human weakness? Or does it rather stand before us as an end to be achieved, so that our main task is to discover by what practicable steps we can work towards it?
Theories of Immortality
Authors: Ritchie A. D.
Published: February 2009

Those who have advocated belief in immortality have often spoiled their case by arguing for different theories without realizing that they were different. Those who have opposed the belief have been apt to think that when they had disposed of one theory they had done all they set out to do. The first condition for clarity of thought on the subject is therefore to distinguish the different types of theory which have been put forward. This is my primary aim in the following discussion. If, in the course of it, I speak more favourably of one theory and less favourably of others, it must be understood that this bias is incidental to my present theme, which is to examine assertions rather than to assert.
Justice among Nations
Authors: Paton H. J.
Published: February 2009

In the world as we know it to-day it may seem foolish even to speak of such a thing as justice among nations. Whatever we may say about justice within the nation—and even within nations justice seems to have disappeared over a large portion of the globe—it appears obvious that the relation of one nation to another is determined, not by justice, but by force. The state of nature so gloomily described by Hobbes as the condition out of which men have emerged, a state in which there is “continual fear and danger of violent death,” seems to be embodied in the international situation as it actually exists. In such a state of war, as Hobbes remarks, “this also is consequent, that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice.”
Some Reminiscences
Authors: Muirhead J. H.
Published: February 2009

(The following article is the substance of a chapter of an autobiographical account by the late John Henry Muirhead, in which with characteristic modesty the author gives the “recollection of a Journeyman in Philosophy of some movements of life and thought in his time.” Professor Muirhead was closely connected with the Institute of Philosophical Studies and its Journal from its inception, and it was thought that readers of Philosophy would appreciate this account of visitors, philosophical and other, to Birmingham in the early years of the present century. The volume John Henry Muirhead will be published shortly by Messrs. George Allen and Unwin, and will include a short biographical completion and memoir together with a bibliography of Muirhead's writings.)
Separation and Reintegration as Phases of Evolution
Authors: Kalmus H.
Published: February 2009

New concepts, or new and better formulations of old concepts, are essential for scientific progress. This paper is intended to focus attention on two phases of natural processes and human activities which have a variety of names, and by giving them neutral names, to deprive them of their emotional flavour. As a result I hope that two evolutionary principles of some generality will become apparent.
Tyranny and Group Loyalties
Authors: Neumann K. J.
Published: February 2009

William James in his Problems of Philosophy speaks about the Faith Ladder, enumerating a whole scale of standpoints individuals are likely to take with respect to a particular view of the world from “there is nothing absurd in a certain view of the world being true, nothing contradicting,” up to the remark “It must be true,” or “It shall be true, at any rate true for me.”
Morals Without Faith
Authors: Falk W. D.
Published: February 2009

You have invited me to speak about Morals without Faith. Briefly, I take it, this question means: is there any moral law for agnostics? But it might be more interesting to put it rather differently: to ask, not simply whether there is a moral law for those who do not believe in God, but whether there is any such law even for those who do independent of their belief? We are then asking: Does being under a moral law mean nothing more than being commanded by God? Is the only incentive for obeying it in our love or fear of Him, the only criterion by which to judge the morality of actions in their conformity to a revealed standard? Or would it be more true to say that the law which God wishes us to obey is that law to which we ought to conform because it corresponds to our nature and conditions in this world, a law which, apart from being God's will, we can understand as being indispensable to the kind of beings we are?
On Misunderstanding Plato
Authors: Field G. C.
Published: February 2009

To anyone who has been engaged in teaching and studying Plato, particularly the Republic, for the last thirty or forty years, one fact must stand out with special prominence. That is the remarkable increase during that period of the direct applicability of Plato's discussions to our own problems. Thirty-five years ago the concrete situations which Plato had in mind in these discussions, the general assumptions at the back of them, the possibilities for good or evil that he envisaged, would all seem to the student of that time remote and almost unreal, and it required a considerable exercise of the imagination to discover that there were certain underlying ideas in them which had application to our own time. If we wanted contemporary illustrations of the rise of a tyrant we had to turn to some of the most backward States in South America. The idea of a completely planned society existed only in the minds of the writers of Utopias, to whom we were accustomed, sometimes, to say rather patronizingly that they had forgotten that constitutions, grow and are not made. We could study the criticisms of democracy as an intellectual exercise without any feeling that they might be one day applied in practice. How different is the situation now! Many of the possibilities are as near for us as they were to Plato. Many of the general ideas of Plato's day are as readily assumed by us as they were by him. Indeed the difficulty now is greater in trying to gain a sympathetic hearing for the ideas of thirty or forty years ago than for the ideas of the fourth century b.c.
Theism and Absolutism
Authors: Burkill T. A.
Published: February 2009

Theism is sometimes defined by reference to the contrasted doctrines of Deism and Pantheism. Deism, it is said, lays stress on God's transcendence, while Pantheism emphasizes his immanence to the exclusion of his transcendence. Theism, on the other hand, mediates between these two one-sided doctrines and affirms that God is at once both immanent and transcendent. He is in the world and yet beyond it. This definition, however, can only be accepted with qualification because some forms of Pantheism are arrived at by stressing, not the immanence, but the transcendence of God. According to Neo-Platonism, for example, the ineffable Absolute is so transcendent in existence and value that the world is reduced to the humble status of a mere illusory appearance and all veritable reality is absorbed in the Divine. This complication of the matter means that when studying the nature of Theism it is necessary to consider the opposition between Cosmism and Acosmism as well as that between transcendence and immanence The cosmistic tendency is to affirm, whereas the acosmistic tendency is to deny, the ultimate reality of the finite individual's effective autonomy. Theism is cosmistic, in the sense that it refuses to reduce the finite individual to a mere dependent mode of God. Nevertheless, the acosmistic tendency is very evident in many so-called theistic systems—so much so in some cases, indeed, that what is alleged to be Theism really amounts to Pantheism in disguise.
Mind in Nature
Authors: Oakeley Hilda D.
Published: February 2009

In the idealistic movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, British philosophy under Hegelian influence endeavoured to demonstrate the rationality of the universe as based on logical construction. The keynote of the Hegelian dialectic, as interpreted by both F. H. Bradley and J. E. McTaggart is that the mind is there from the first. In the advance from the bare abstraction of Being to the fully concrete whole—“Before the mind there is a single conception, but the whole mind itself which does not appear, engages in the process, operates on the datum, and produces the result.” The idea expressed by poetry in Tennyson's “Flower in the crannied wall,” which as the mind is fixed upon it reveals in an expansion to the universe the nature of God and Man, illustrates in a simple way the central philosophic conception of the British metaphysical idealists. Poetry could overlook the hard struggle of the little plant to keep its foothold against crowding competitors. Philosophy was perhaps too oblivious of this in its compelling postulate of the all pervading unity in which every difference and seeming contradiction would be reconciled.
The Possibility of an Agreed Ethics
Authors: Ewing A. C.
Published: February 2009

The editor suggested my writing an article on the question whether it was possible to provide an ethics based upon principles which would be agreed to by all enlightened men, and he further suggested that I should begin the article by stating clearly what morality is. That is a somewhat difficult task, because while “morality” might be defined as “living as one ought,” it is a very disputable question whether and how this “ought” is itself to be defined, and I could not undertake to deal with this question by the way as an introduction to an article on something else. It is, however, clear that there is another sense of “ought” besides the strictly moral sense. We do use the term in cases where it does not entail that a man is neglecting his moral duty if he does not do what he “ought.” For instance we say: “You ought to have seen that film,” “You ought not to have made that move,” “You ought to have seen through that argument,” even “Hitler ought to have invaded England after Dunkirk” where we should have regarded it as the reverse of a good thing if he had done what we say he ought. In none of these cases are we asserting a moral obligation. For we do not ordinarily regard people as under a moral obligation to seek their own pleasure, nor to make certain moves in a game, and while we should say that in matters of serious concern a person is morally obliged to do his best to form a true view as to the merits of a relevant argument, we should not say that he was morally obliged actually to form a true view, for this does not depend solely on his will. And in the fourth instance the action is one which we should think morally wrong rather than morally obligatory. What is there in common between “ought” as used in these cases and the moral “ought”? It is that in each case the action fits the situation, either wholly, or with certain limitations, as in the last instance where we presumably mean that to invade England would have fitted in better with Hitler's ends in the given environment than did the policy Hitler actually adopted.
Reply to Historicism
Authors: Heinemann F. H.
Published: February 2009

History has become a real and urgent problem. It harasses us in a double form, theoretical and practical, corresponding to the double meaning of the term “history” as either “a sequence of events in time” or “our knowledge of past events”. The first concerns our attitude to human history. We somehow suffer from “historical indigestion”. We may have mastered Nature, but we have certainly not yet mastered History. Therefore it threatens to dominate us. The mass of past events is too much for us and for our memory, too many dates, too many facts, too many interesting or indifferent happenings. We cannot even keep pace with, or realize, all the important events which fill our own times, like world-wars, revolutions, counter-revolutions, inflation and deflation, with all the misery they imply. Consciously or unconsciously we feel ashamed of the human record, of the amount of cruelty, destruction, murder, and martyrdom inflicted on innocent beings. In spite of all this we cannot escape History. All the great events affect every human being. Moreover, historical knowledge permeates our education and is disturbingly growing from year to year, more in detail and in specialization than as a co-ordinated whole. We may react to this situation in one of three ways: (1) by filling our brain with this unco-ordinated mass of historical knowledge, and submerging our personality in it, (2) by becoming specialists and disregarding problems other than our own, (3) by ignoring the past altogether, and falling back into the state of nature and barbarism. We have witnessed all these solutions and their disquieting results.
Buddha as a Revolutionary Force in Indian Culture
Authors: Wadia A. R.
Published: February 2009

Few people would care to deny, whether within India or without, that Buddha is the greatest Indian of all times. Whether from the standpoint of the purity of his life, the daring originality and novelty of his thought, or the extent of his influence in shaping the culture of the world, it would be hard to beat the record of Buddha. Even making every allowance for the common idea that no man is a prophet in his own land, it is difficult to believe that for the last thousand years Buddha has been practically an exile from the land of his birth. It is nothing short of an irony of history, and nothing short of a tragedy for India, that the great unifying force that he represented in his time and does represent even to-day has been allowed to run waste and the great moral stamina that he sought to supply failed in its historic mission.