bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estersynthesen mit Lipasen
Authors: Lazar G. , Henkel Konrad
Published: November 2006

Lipasen gehören zur Enzymklasse der Hydrolasen und wirken an Grenzflächen. Diese Biokatalysatoren spalten und synthetisieren Ester. Estersynthesen mit Lipasen können bei niedriger Temperatur im physiologischen Milieu unter Normaldruck in einfachen Reaktoren durchgeführt werden. Lipasen werden benutzt, um Riechstoffe, Esteroligomere und Wachsester herzustellen. Die Synthese von Mono‐, Di‐ und Triglyceriden kann diskontinuierlich oder kontinuierlich erfolgen. Von großer Bedeutung ist die stereospezifische Estersynthese, die es z. B. ermöglicht, nur 1‐Mentholester aus eingesetztem dl‐Menthol zu synthetisieren. Regiospezifische Lipasen, die an Position 1 und 3 des Triglycerids die Umesterung katalysieren, werden verwendet, um aus billigen Ölen/Fetten wertvollere Produkte wie z. B. Kakaobutterersatz zu produzieren. Durch Transesterifikation von Triglyceriden und Methanol werden Fettsäuremethylester erhalten.
Ökologische Bewertung eines neuen nichtionischen Antischaummittels
Authors: Richterich K. , Gode P. , Guhl W. , Henkel Konrad
Published: November 2006

Es wird gezeigt, daß ein neues nichtionisches Antischaummittel, C12/18‐Fettalkohol‐Polyethylenglykol‐butylether, mit BiAS‐Abnahmen von 93–98% einen deutlich besseren Primärabbau aufweist als die gesetzlich geforderte Mindestabnahme von 80%. In Totalabbaubarkeitstests wie dem Geschlossenen Flaschentest erweist sich die Substanz weiterhin als leicht abbaubar (readily biodegradable). Im Metabolitentest erreicht sie ein Ergebnis, das sowohl die Bildung stabiler Metabolite als auch stabile Verunreinigungen oder Komponenten ausschließt. Die relativ hohe akute Fischtoxizität (LC0) Goldorfen: 0.35 mg (AS/1) wird durch die gute Abbaubarkeit kompensiert. Dies konnte experimentell in einem komplexen Simulationstest nachgewiesen werden, in dem die Testsubstanz zunächst eine Modellkläranlage und anschließend Kaskaden und Gerinne als Vorflutermodelle durch läuft.
Methodische Untersuchungen zur Glucosinolatbestimmung bei Raps
Authors: Marquard R. , Schlesinger V.
Published: November 2006

Die züchterische Verminderung des Glucosinolatgehaltes bringt analytische Probleme mit sich, weil das GSL‐Muster in Abhängigkeit vom Gesamt‐GSL‐Gehalt entscheidend verändert wird. Vergleichsanalysen mittels isothermer Gaschromatographie und HPLC ergaben, daß der Anteil der Indolyl‐Glucosinolate bei einer Absenkung des Gesamt‐GSL‐Gehaltes von ca. 3% auf 30–40% ansteigen kann. Neben den genannten Methoden der HPLC und GC wurden photometrische Verfahren auf ihre Eignung zur Bestimmung des Gesamt‐GSL‐Gehaltes in Rapssamen geprüft.
Die Bestimmung von n‐ und iso‐Paraffinen in Kohlenwasserstoffwachsen – Vergleichende Analysenergebnisse der Methoden Gaschromatographie, Harnstoffadduktierung und Molsiebadsorption
Authors: Michalczyk G.
Published: November 2006

Von zwei raffinierten Erdölparaffinen (Erstarrungspunkt 56 und 66°C) wurden der n‐ und iso‐Paraffingehalt gaschromatographisch unter Benutzung einer Glaskapillarsäule, der splitlosen Cool‐on‐Column‐Injektion und der Technik der Einsäulenkompensation bestimmt. Auf die gleiche Weise erfolgte die n‐ und iso‐Paraffinbestimmung von Fraktionen, die nach den Methoden der Harnstoffadduktierung (DGF‐Methode M‐V7 [75]) und der Adsorption an Molekularsieben (DGF‐Methode M‐V8 [83]) erhalten wurden. Auf die Selektivität dieser beiden Analysenmethoden wird näher eingegangen.
Studies on Nutritional Quality of Interesterified Fat Products
Authors: Bhattacharyya D. K. , Chakrabarty M. M. , Kar K.
Published: November 2006

The nutritional quality of the fat products with melting range 36° to 37°C having been prepared from non‐traditional oils like mowrah (Madhuca latifolia), ricebran (Oryzasativa) containing sal (Shorea robusta) and cottonseed (Gossypium hirstum) mixed with sal by interesterification (randomisation) were examined with rats and compared with that of “Vanaspati”, produced by hydrogenation of mixtures of liquid oils and used exclusively as a substitute of ghee (butter fat) in India. The average food intake, body weight gain, food efficiency ratio, weight of different organs, total lipid content of serum, liver, heart and kidney were similar in all the cases. Serum triglyceride levels were quite low in case of interesterified fats fed rats though total and free cholesterol levels were not significantly different. Serum phospholipid levels were slightly higher in case of the interesterified fats fed rats. Total and free cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride content of liver, kidney and heart were similar for the four dietary groups of rats. Serum lipids and liver lipids contain more polyunsaturated fatty acids when rats were raised on various interesterified fats in place of hydrogenated fat product “Vanaspati”.
Vorteile eines modularen Konzeptes bei der Anschaffung von Speiseölanlagen
Authors: Ricci‐Rossi G. C.
Published: November 2006

10–15% der Gesamt‐Projektkosten können eingespart werden, wenn die Lieferung von Speiseölanlagen nach einem modularen Konzept erfolgt. Teures Montage‐ und Überwachungspersonal sind auf ein Minimum reduziert, da der größte Teil dieser Kosten bereits im Anschaffungspreis enthalten ist. Kostenüberschreitungen sind ausgeschlossen. Folgende weitere Aspekte werden behandelt: Standardisierung der Anlagenteile, Qualität der Schweiß‐ und Kontrollarbeiten, Vereinfachung der Zivil‐Baumaßnahmen, substantielle Reduzierung der Montagezeit, verkürzte Inbetriebnahme. Anhand der heutigen Montagekosten wird der Aufwand für eine konventionelle und eine nach dem Modular‐System gebaute Anlage gegenübergestellt.
Radiometrische Untersuchungen zur Migration mehrkerniger phenolischer Antioxidantien aus Polypropylenprüfkörpern in Lebensmittel
Authors: Lötzsch K. , Eckert H. G. , Gantz D. , Kellner H.‐M. , Pfahler G.
Published: November 2006

Unter Anwendung radiometrischer Methoden wurde an Polypropylen‐Prüfkörpern mit 14C‐markierten Präparaten die Migration mehrkerniger phenolischer Antioxidantien wie z. B. Hostanox 03 in flüssige, schmelzbare und feste Lebensmittel geprüft. Die Synthese der 14C‐markierten Antioxidantien aus Bariumcarbonat‐14C erfolgte im Mikromaßstab; die Polypropylenprüfkörper wurden im Technikumsmaßstab an einer Spritzgußmaschine hergestellt. Die Migrationsversuche wurden in der Regel bei 23°C und 49°C, zum Teil auch bei 4°C ausgeführt. Flüßssige und schmelzbare Lebensmittel wie Milch und Margarine wurden in geeigneten Glasgefäßen bei zweiseitigem Kontakt von Prüfkörper und Lebensmittel getestet. Für feste Lebensmittel wie Wurst, Käse und Speck wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, bei dem Lebensmittelscheiben zwischen zwei Prüfkörpern in Kunststoffbeuteln unter Anlegen von Vakuum fixiert und gelagert wurden. Die nach diesen Methoden radiometrisch bestimmten Migrationswerte für echte Lebensmittel wurden mit den Werten für Lebensmittelsimulantien verglichen. Es zeigte sich, daß mit Hostanox 03 für den Übergang aus Polypropylen in Lebensmittel und Lebensmittelsimulantien vergleichsweise sehr niedrige Migrationswerte erzielt wurden. Bei einer Nachweisgrenze von ca. 0.0002 mg/dm2 waren die Messungen auch im unteren Migrationsbereich mit ausreichender Genauigkeit auszuführen.
Wechselwirkungen kardialer Fettsäurebindungsproteine mit Fettsäuren und intrazellulären Membranen
Authors: Rüdel H. , Unterberg Ch. , Spener F.
Published: November 2006

Fettsäurebindungsproteine (fatty acid binding proteins, FABPs) sind intrazelluläre Proteine, die Fettsäuren und deren CoA‐Ester binden. Wir isolierten EABPs aus Rinderherz und Humanherz; dabei zeigten sich Gemeinsamkeiten hinsichtlich der Aminosäurezusammensetzung, der Molekulamasse, des isoelektrischen Punktes und der immunologischen Eigenschaften. Es wird vermutet, daß FABPs am intrazellulären Transport der Fettsäuren beteiligt sind. Wir haben daher die Bindung von Fettsäuren an FABP studiert und festgestellt, daß langkettige Fettsäuren mit Dissoziations‐Konstanten von mindestens 1 μM anbinden. Fluoreszenzspektroskopisch wurde nachgewiesen, daß FABP Fettsäuren an synthetische Phospholipidmembranen weiterreichen kann. Inkubiert man fluoreszenzmarkiertes Rinderherz‐FABP mit Mitochondrion aus Rinderherzzellen, so weist ein Anstieg der extrinsischen Fluoreszenz auf eine Wechselwirkung des FABP mit der biologischen Membran hin, in Übereinstimmung mit immunochemischen Befunden. Dies deutet an, daß Fettsäuren nach Aufnahme in die Herzmuskelzelle durch FABP zielgerichtet zu den Mitochondrien transportiert werden könnten.
Determination of the Oxidative Stability of Edible Oils ‐ Interlaboratory Test with the Automated Rancimat(R) Method
Authors: Woestenburg W. J. , Zaalberg J.
Published: November 2006

The performance of the 617‐Rancimat(R), an automated analyser made by Metrohm of Switzerland, for determining the oxidative stability of edible oils (Active Oxygen Method) has been examined in an interlaboratory test. The performance of this version of the Swift stability test, carried out by eleven laboratories in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, was investigated with regard to the determination of the induction period of the oxidative stability of rapeseed oil and palm oil under standardised conditions. Statistical analysis of the results obtained with the 617‐Rancimat(R) instrument showed a satisfactory within‐laboratory repeatability (5%). Between laboratories, the dispersion of the results around the mean value was rather large (10%).
Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Raffination der Speiseöle
Authors: Gupta A. K. Sen
Published: November 2006

Die Voraussetzungen der physikalischen Raffination von Speiseölen werden durchleuchtet. Eine Hauptvoraussetzung ist die weitgehende Entfernung von Phospholipiden, Lipoproteinen, freien und gebundenen Kohlehydraten, Schwermetallspuren und organischen Farbstoffen. Mit diesem Hintergrund werden saure Entschleimungsverfahren wie Super‐Degumming, Special‐Degumming sowie das Alcon‐Verfahren auf ihren Mechanismus und Wirksamkeit untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird das Verfahren der Ultrafiltration von Speiseölmiscella als eine neue Raffinationsmethode vorgestellt, die die Voraussetzungen der physikalischen Raffination sehr gut erfüllt. Dieses Verfahren nutzt das Prinzip der Umkehrosmose aus und trennt die Phospholipide und zahlreiche andere, in Rohmiscella vorkommende Verunreinigungen des Öles in einem einzigen Verfahrensschritt ab. Das Prinzip dieses Verfahrens und die Variationsmöglichkeiten dieses Verfahrens werden erläutert.
The Relative Atmospheric Humidity of the Intergranular Air as a Parameter of the Biological Damage in Stored Sunflower
Authors: Eguiazu G. M. , Motta A.
Published: November 2006

The measurement of intergranular relative air humidity of 504 commercial samples of stored sunflower was carried out in order to correlate this value with the usual parameters of commercial quality. Intergranular relative air humidity, water and oil contents of the grains were studied comparatively. The results were grouped according to the critical intergranular relative air humidity which causes the beginning of the biological deterioration. With the obtained results a graphic method was developed, putting the samples together according to the water and oil contents, so that the intergranular relative air humidity can be predicted and the storability of the sample determined. It was determined that the oil and water contents had a direct influence on the intergranular relative air humidity. These two parameters should be considered simultaneously in order to prevent and avoid the biological deterioration of stored sunflower. The direct measuring of the intergranular relative air humidity is recommended as the simplest and most accurate parameter of the biological deterioration of stored grains.
Present and Future of Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
Authors: Law K. S.
Published: November 2006

The wisdom of the Malaysian Government in diversifying into the cultivation of oil palm has provide the impetus for the growth of the palm oil industry. The total hectarage rose from a mere 55000 tonnes in 1960 to 1.46 million in 1985, an increase of 20‐fold in two decades. Further downstream activities such as refining of palm oil in mid 70′s and oleochemicals production in the early 80′s have expanded the product mix of the industry. Today the country produces more than 4.0 million tonnes of crude palm oil and has a share of 68 % of the world total palm oil exports. The establishment of Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM) in 1979 to cater for research and development and the market development aspects of the industry has put Malaysia as the world leader in this area. The use of palm oil methyl ester (or palm diesel) as a renewable fuel and the future of the palm oil industry are dealt with briefly.
The Constituents of Unsaponifiable from Monotheca buxifolia Seed Oil
Authors: Nazir M. , Jamil‐ur‐Rehman  , Khan S. A. , Bhatty M. K.
Published: November 2006

The hydrocarbon, the alcoholic and the sterol fractions of the unsaponifiable from Monotheca buxifolia were isolated by column chromatography and further analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas liquid chromatography. The normal hydrocarbons ranged from heptacosane (C17H36) to pentatriacontane (C35H72). The normal alcohols ranged from lauryl (C12H25OH) to lacceryl (C32H65OH). Out of the two major sterols resolved by GLC, β‐sitosterol was confirmed by coinjection of the standard sample and by isolation.
Studies on Minor Seed Oils VII
Authors: Mannan A. , Farooqi Javed A. , Ahmad I. , Asif M.
Published: November 2006

Seeds of seven species, representing different plant families, have been analyzed for oil and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. In all the species, the oil content exceeded 10% except Mecaranga peltata and Cubeba officinalis seeds. Fully matured Garcinia cambogia seeds had very high (∼50%) oil content.
Trennpressen ‐ Versuch einer Bestandsaufnahme experimenteller Arbeiten
Authors: Schneider F. H. , Khoo D.
Published: November 2006

Mit der Studie wird beabsichtigt, den Kenntnisstand über das Abpressen von Flüssigkeiten aus zellular strukturierten Feststoffen zusammenzustellen. Referiert werden Arbeiten zu Stempelpressen und Schneckenmaschinen, die vorwiegend experimentellen Charakter haben und im Labor oder an Schneckenpressen im Ölmühlenbetrieb durchgeführt wurden. Die phänomenologische Betrachtungsweise herrscht vor, jedoch sind für die lineare Kompression auch plausible Erklärungen der Vorgänge im gepreßten Kuchen gegeben worden. Eine weitere Studie zu physikalischen Modellvorstellungen über den Abpreßvorgang ist geplant.
Polymorphism and Flow Behaviour of Some Low Melting α‐Alkyl Branched Triacyl Glycerols
Authors: Bohlin L. , Hernqvist L. , Herslöf Margareta
Published: November 2006

The polymorphic behaviour of 1‐α‐n‐butyldodecanoyl‐2,3‐didodecanoyl glycerol 1, 1,2‐bis‐α‐n‐butyldodecanoyl‐3‐dodecanoyl glycerol 2, tris‐α‐n‐butyldodecanoyl glycerol 3 and tris‐α‐n‐decyldodecanoyl glycerol 4 were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction. The presence of one, two or three α‐alkyl groups in the fatty acid of the triglyceride molecule shifts the liquid to solid transition to lower temperature. The compound containing one α‐butyl group shows four different polymorphic forms, while the di‐α‐butyl substituted tridodecanoyl glycerol shows only one form. The tris‐α‐n‐butyldodecanoyl glycerol probably could undergo a glass transition instead of a crystallization, as opposed to the tris‐α‐n‐decyldodecanoyl glycerol which shows several different polymorphic forms. The transitions are confirmed by the viscosity measurements. The samples of 2 and 4 continue to show low viscosity at decreasing temperature until the crystallization takes place. The proposed glass transition of tris‐α‐n‐butyldodecanoyl glycerol is supported by the measurements of viscoelastic properties, i.e. the storage modulus G' and the loss modulus G''.
Schnellbestimmung monomerer, nicht oxidierter Fettsäuren
Authors: Kroll Edith , Seher A.
Published: November 2006

Raffinations‐ und Destillationsfettsäuren sowie rohe oder teilraffinierte Öle können neben monomeren auch di‐ und polymere sowie oxidierte Fettsäuren enthalten. Für die Verwendung in Futtermitteln hat die Bestimmung des Gehaltes an monomeren, nicht oxidierten Fettsäuren Bedeutung. Als Schnellmethode wird hierfür ein gaschromatographisches Verfahren vorgestellt. Ringanalysen ergeben eine befriedigende Wiederholbarkeit der Ergebnisse.Die Vergleichbarkeit wird durch Geräte‐und Arbeits‐Parameter beeinträchtigt. Die relative Konstanz der Abweichungen läßt einen Ausgleich durch Vergleichsanalysen und Ermittlung von Korrekturfaktoren zu.
The Free Fatty Acid Content of Fish Oil‐An Analysis of Anchovy Lipids at Different Stages in the Manufacture of Anchovy Meal and Oil
Authors: de Koning A. J. , Milkovitch Shirley , Fick Martha , Wessels J. P. H.
Published: November 2006

The quality of fish oil, as reflected by its free fatty acid (FFA) content, was studied in relation to the processing conditions of fish meal manufacture from anchovy (Engraulis capensis). Six samples of anchovy lipids were isolated from consecutive stages of the process and analysed for fatty acid composition, FFA, phosphorus and choline content. Results indicated that no significant oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids takes place in the fish meal manufacturing process. Only minimal amounts of FFA, generated as a result of chemical breakdown, are accumulated in the fish meal, rather than the press oil.
Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Gasextraktion im Bereich der Fette und Öle
Authors: Brunner G.
Published: November 2006

Bei der Extraktion relativ schwerflüchtiger Stoffe aus festen Materialien hängt der zu erwartende Aufwand weitgehend von der Kapazität des Lösungsmittels ab. Durch die geeignete Wahl des Lösungsmittels, durch Lösungsmittelgemische und durch die Extraktion im vollständig mischbaren Bereich lassen sich die erreichbaren Beladungen wesentlich steigern. Bei zerkleinerten Ölsaaten liegt der Stofftransportwiderstand weitgehend im extrahierenden Medium. Weitere Möglichkeiten der Gasextraktion liegen in der Trennung von Fettsäuren, Fetten und Fettbegleitstoffen. Hier wird auf die Ergebnisse neuerer Arbeiten eingegangen.
Theory, preparation and ‘exhaustion’ on wool fibres of pesticide emulsions. I.—Theory of the stability of pesticide emulsions
Authors: Carino L. , Nagy G.
Published: November 2006

Emulsifiable concentrates containing toxic agents are usually formulated with blends of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants which determine the structure of the interfacial layer enveloping the suspended droplets.

Electrostatic repulsion and London‐van der Waals attraction decide their flocculation whereas other properties of the interfacial layer may also play an important part in their coalescence.
Theory, preparation and ‘exhaustion’ on wool fibres of pesticide emulsions. II.—Preparation of pesticide emulsions
Authors: Carino L. , Nagy G.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made of the stability of pesticide oil‐in‐water emulsions containing toxaphene and diazinon as toxic agents, kerosene and xylene as solvents, and stabilised by blends of calcium dodecylbenzene‐sulphonate and polyoxyethylene nonylphenol condensates.

Different emulsification techniques and their effects on emulsion stability have been tested.
Stimulation of dormant weed seed germination by 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid
Authors: Chancellor R. J. , Parker C. , Teferedegn Taye
Published: November 2006

Mainly dormant seeds of nine weed species were incubated with 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid in Petri dishes. Four species showed markedly increased germination percentages with doses up to 100 ppm. Interactions of 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid with light in Matricaria recutita L. and with crop root exudates in Striga hermontheca Benth. were found.
Studies in phytotoxicity: The detection of incipient phytotoxic effects of sulphur preparations
Authors: Milward A. F. , Skerrett E. J.
Published: November 2006

In a study of the relationship between carbon dioxide assimilation in the light, respiration in the dark, and temperature, the carbon dioxide content of air drawn over dwarf beans treated with lime sulphur or sulphur dust in light or darkness was continuously monitored coulometrically.

Sulphur dust had only a negligible effect on carbon dioxide assimilation in the light or on respiration in the dark. Lime sulphur at 15 and 22°c also produced only small differences but at 30°c there were marked changes in net assimilation.

Those treatments which caused changes in carbon dioxide assimilation in the light or respiration in the dark were directly associated with the degree of damage estimated visually. The method may be valuable for the detection of phytotoxic effects of other fungicides and insecticides.
Sublethal effects of insecticides on the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.)
Authors: Kumar Kamlesh , Chapman Ronald B.
Published: November 2006

The effect of sublethal concentrations (LC1 and LC50) of permethrin, fenvalerate, methamidophos and carbaryl on diamondback moth development, female fecundity and insect behaviour was investigated. All the insecticides had deleterious effects on the number of larvae surviving to pupae, the duration of the pupal period, the number of pupae surviving to adulthood, and cocoon formation in pupae. Prolonged duration of the larval period, from third instar to pupation, and deformed pupae were also observed. Permethrin, fenvalerate and carbaryl caused latent toxicity and deformed wings in the adults. Pyrethroids and methamidophos reduced the longevity of the adults whereas carbaryl increased it. Except for permethrin, the insecticides inhibited female fecundity. At LC1 and LC50 concentrations, the pyrethroids showed both repellent and antifeedant activity against larvae, and female moths preferred to oviposit on untreated leaf discs rather than on those treated with the pyrethroids at concentrations equal to their LC50 values.
The bioaccumulation and biotransformation of cis, trans‐cypermethrin in the rat
Authors: Rhodes Christopher , Jones Brian K. , Croucher Andrew , Hutson David H. , Logan Christopher J. , Hopkins Robert , Hall Brian E. , Vickers Jane A.
Published: November 2006

The disposition of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin, (RS)‐a‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (1RS)‐cis, trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinly)‐2, 2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐carboxylate, has been studied in male and female rats following a single toxic oral dose (200mg kg−1) of two radiolabelled forms ([14C‐benzyl] and [14C‐cyclopropyl]) of the insecticide. The bioaccumulation and elimination of 14C‐benzyl‐labelled cypermethrin, following repeated administration at a sub‐toxic dose (2mg kg−1), has also been studied in male and female rats. Although, at the toxic dose, radioactivity from the two radiolabelled forms was rapidly eliminated in urine and faeces, the increased excretion in the faeces, over that for low doses, was evidence that absorption was incomplete. The major pathways of metabolism involved cleavage of the ester bond, with subsequent hydroxylation and glucuronidation of the cyclopropyl acid moieties, together with hydroxylation and sulphation of the 3‐phenoxybenzyl moiety. The absence of sex‐ or dose‐dependent changes was reflected by the constant proportions of these metabolites found in the urine. Constant levels of radioactivity in tissues were achieved rapidly, generally within the first week of repeated administration. Elimination was rapid on the cessation of dosing, although less rapid from the fat and skin. The material in the fat was mainly the cis‐isomers of cypermethrin, which were eliminated with a mean half‐life of 18.2 days, compared with 3.4 days for the trans‐isomers.
Protective action of fenvalerate, deltamethrin, and four stereoisomers of permethrin against black flies (Simulium spp.) attacking cattle
Authors: Shemanchuk Joseph A. , Taylor Wesley G.
Published: November 2006

Fenvalerate, deltamethrin, (1R)‐cis‐permethrin, (1R)‐trans‐permethrin and (1S)‐trans‐permethrin, applied topically to the entire body surface of steers at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1, provided 70% or better protection from black flies on cattle for 16, 9, 8, 6 and 6 days, respectively. The (1S)‐cis stereoisomer of permethrin was ineffective as a protectant against black flies at a rate of 1 mg a.i. kg−1 when applied as a total body spray. One poly(vinyl chloride) ear tag containing 10% permethrin, in each ear of steers, provided protection from black fly attack for up to 13 days under field conditions. Poly(vinyl chloride) ear tags containing 8% fenvalerate, installed in each ear of steers, did not provide satisfactory protection from black flies under field conditions.
The effect of simulated rain on deposits of some cotton pesticides
Authors: Pick Frans E. , Van Dyk Louis P. , De Beer Pieter R.
Published: November 2006

Commercially grown cotton and potted cotton plants were sprayed with five pesticides, and simulated rain was applied 1–72 h later. Leaf samples were analysed to determine the effect of the rain on the original deposits. It was found that 2 to 5 mm of simulated rain applied 1 h after spraying, washed off 50% or more of the original deposit. An increase in rainfastness of the pesticides occurred over a period of time after spraying. The type of formulation seemed to affect rainfastness, but the origin of a formulation, the addition of wetting agents and the intensity of the simulated rain did not.
A sensitive method for the determination of residues of N,N'‐Bis(1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)methanediamine in rice
Authors: Hsueh Weiling , Liu Yuling , Fan Tie
Published: November 2006

A sensitive method for the isolation, clean‐up and thin‐layer chromatographic semi‐quantitative determination of residues of N,N'‐bis(1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)methanediamine (II) in rice is reported. The residue from II in rice was found to be its degradation product 1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐ylamine (I). The mean recovery by this method was 85%, and the lowest limit of determination was 0.01 mg kg−f. Using this proposed technique, the residues of I and II in various field‐treated rice samples were studied.
Toxicity of ddt and malathion to various larval stages of Mamestra brassicae L.
Authors: Aikins J. Araba , Wright Denis J.
Published: November 2006

The toxicity of DDT and malathion to the larvae of Mamestra brassicae was determined following several methods of application. The toxicity (LD50), expressed as μg insecticide per g of insect, did not change significantly between larval instars (a) when either insecticide was injected into fourth to sixth instars; (b) when DDT was applied in the food of fifth and sixth instars; or (c) when malathion was applied topically to second to sixth instars. Significant changes in toxicity were found between successive instars when DDT was applied topically, but there was no clear trend. When malathion was applied in the food, the fifth instars were more susceptible than the sixth instars; it was found that the former consumed a toxic dose of malathion at a greater rate, and that probably malathion was degraded in the gut at a slower rate. In a contact test, the first to third instars were far more susceptible than the later instars to malathion; with DDT this trend was much less marked. Uptake studies with [14C]malathion showed that differences in the contact toxicity of malathion between instars could be explained, at least partly, by the decline in uptake per unit weight with increasing larval size.
Effects of herbicide‐fertiliser interactions on nitrogen and phosphorus transformations and herbicide persistence in soil
Authors: Marsh John A. P.
Published: November 2006

The effects of seven herbicides, alone or combined with a commercial compound fertiliser, on nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in soil, were investigated in the laboratory. No significant effect was observed without the fertiliser. When the fertiliser (N:P:K ratio 20:14:14) was applied (2 gkg−1 of soil), asulam markedly reduced nitrification, while increasing the mineralisation of nitrogen; chloridazon, glyphosate, isoproturon and paraquat all prevented the reduction in available phosphate that occurred in the control soil in the first 2 weeks. The rates of degradation of dalapon and isoproturon were greatly reduced in fertilised soil. The importance of these results is discussed in the context of the requirements of registration authorities.
Residues of acephate, amitraz, chlorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride on and in fruits after low‐volume applications to orange trees
Authors: Iwata Yutaka , Walker Gregory P. , O'neal Janet R. , Barkley James H.
Published: November 2006

Acephate, amitraz, chlorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride were applied to orange trees. Test plots were treated at the maximum dose rates currently permitted in California in order to determine the consequent residues on and in the fruits. Applications were made with a low‐volume airblast sprayer and used 0.94 klitres of spray per hectare. Fruit samples were collected at or near the legally prescribed California fruit‐harvest waiting intervals. All residues were below the US tolerances for whole fruit. Analytical procedures for the gas chromatographic analysis of intact amitraz and formetanate and of 2,4‐xylidine residues, without the necessity for derivative formation, are presented.
A method of investigating the effect of droplet size on pesticide collection by vegetation
Authors: Dubs Andreas , Dove Lynda G. , Symmons Philip M.
Published: November 2006

A new technique is described which allows an estimation of the relative collection of insecticide on a crop, for three discrete droplet sizes simultaneously. Three droplet clouds, each consisting of a different chemical, were released along a line perpendicular to the wind. Subsequent chemical analysis of vegetation samples showed the relative efficiency of capture by any part of the plant as a function of the droplet size. The target vegetation and the micrometeorological conditions were the same for all three droplet clouds and thus did not mask the effects of droplet size. Initial results for a young crop of irrigated cotton are presented. The downwind distributions of chemical residues were in good agreement with a theoretical model published by Bache and Sayer.
Phosphonic analogues of morphactins. Part IV: 9‐aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphine oxides
Authors: Gancarz Roman , Wielkopolski Witold , Jaskuska Elżbieta , Kafarski Pawel , Lejczak Barbara , Mastalerz Przemyslaw , Wieczorek Jan Sylwester
Published: November 2006

9‐Aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphine oxides and the corresponding 9‐hydroxy analogues were synthesised and evaluated for herbicidal activity using Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz.) Hegelm. All the test compounds were highly active at concentrations of about 10 μM and were comparable with the corresponding phosphonic esters.
Field assessment of the effects of deltamethrin on polyphagous predators in winter wheat
Authors: Matcham Elizabeth J. , Hawkes Colin
Published: November 2006

In the south‐west of England, cereal aphids can spread barley yellow dwarf virus and reproduce during winter. Ground‐living polyphagous predators may be important in controlling these active cereal aphids. This 2‐year study investigated the effect of deltamethrin on predator numbers, using pitfall traps. A randomised block design was used in an area of winter wheat (cv. Aquilla) in which deltamethrin‐treated and control plots were surrounded by polyethylene barriers. Pitfall catches of polyphagous predators were reduced by about 30% in the treated plots compared with the control plots.
A gravimetric method for determining the relative volatilities of non‐aqueous pesticide formulations and spray diluents
Authors: Sundaram Alam
Published: November 2006

A simple gravimetric method was developed for determining the relative volatilities of non‐aqueous pesticide formulations and spray diluents, and was compared with the droplet method. The technique involved evaporation of a liquid film from a filter paper surface, and provided greater precision than the droplet method. With both methods, the percentage of mass or volume remaining at time t followed an exponential decay curve, and the coefficients of the equations showed a good correlation between the two methods. The rates of evaporation were consistently lower in the gravimetric method than in the droplet method, and because of this, subtle differences in the relative volatilities of different formulations could be identified by the gravimetric method but not by the droplet method.
Effect of micronutrients on the efficacy of fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani on cowpea seedlings
Authors: Kataria Hans R. , Sunder Shyam
Published: November 2006

Micronutrients, applied to the soil in pot tests, differentially altered the efficacy of nine fungicides used as a seed treatment against cowpea seedling rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Boron improved disease control by 2‐methoxyethylmercury chloride, quintozene, chloroneb and carboxin, but five other micronutrients reduced the efficacy of the fungicides to varying extents. NPK lowered the efficacy of all the fungicides tested except that of thiabendazole, but carbendazim and benomyl gave maximum disease control in soil treated with a mixture of six micronutrients and NPK. Implications of micronutrient‐fungicide interactions are discussed in the context of fungicidal control of R. solani; probable mechanisms of inactivation of fungicides by micronutrients are indicated.
New melanin biosynthesis inhibitors and their structural similarities
Authors: Inoue Satoru , Uematsu Tamon , Kato Toshiro , Ueda Kenzo
Published: November 2006

Relationships between their activities as blast control agents, and their abilities to inhibit mycelial melanisation on a nutrient agar, are described for 103 substituted benzothiazol‐2(3H)‐ones, benzoxazol‐2(3H)‐ones, indolin‐2‐ones, quinolin‐2(1H)‐ones, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolin‐2‐ones, benzo‐1,4‐thiazin‐3(2H)‐ones and benz‐1,4‐oxazin‐3(2H)‐ones, and some corresponding thiones. Several compounds in the respective series had a high protective activity and an antimelanisation activity against the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae; furthermore, there was a good correlation in both of these activities, indicating that these compounds belong to the group of melanin biosynthesis inhibitors. Structural similarities of these compounds can be identified as follows: (a) having a benzo‐bicyclic ring system; (b) containing a nitrogen atom in one ring at a position alpha to the benzene ring system; and (c) substitution, at the ring nitrogen atom, at the peri position in the aromatic ring relative to the nitrogen atom, and at the position alpha to the nitrogen atom in the ring system, with a double bond such as in carbonyl and thiocarbonyl groups. Among the compounds that have been proposed as melanin biosynthesis inhibitors, the chemical structures of tricyclazole, pyroquilon, 4,5‐dihydro‐4‐methyltetrazolo[1,5‐a]quinazolin‐5‐one (PP‐389), [1,2,4]‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoline and 1‐methylquinolin‐2(1H)‐one exhibit the structural similarities described above; however, 4,5,6,7‐tetrachlorophthalide, 2,3,4,5,6‐pentachlorobenzyl alcohol and N‐substituted‐2,3,4,5‐tetrachloro‐6‐(hydroxymethyl)benzamides do not have such similarities in their chemical structures.
Binding of [14C]DDT and [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodi‐imide to a lipoprotein of the membrane sector of mitochondrial ATpase
Authors: Dary Curtis C. , Buessow Scot C. , Wenzler Herman , Cutkomp Lauwrence K.
Published: November 2006

Intact mitochondria, isolated from red coxal muscle of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana L.), were incubated in the presence of 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(4‐chloro[14C]phenyl)ethane ([14C]DDT) to isolate a suspected binding site for DDT in the membrane sector of the mitochondrial ATPase. The requirements for the binding of DDT were compared with those for the binding of dicyclohexyl[14C]carbodi‐imide([14C]DCCD), a potent inhibitory probe of mitochondrial ATPase activity. [14C]DDT appeared to bind to a proteolipid of the membrane sector, which also binds [14C]DCCD. Exchange experiments, with [14C]DCCD, [14C]DDT and unlabelled DDT at different concentrations, indicated that DDT and DCCD may be acting on a similar protein. This protein may act as the energy transducing protonophore required for the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP in coupled mitochondria. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase activity may be a consequence of DDT and DCCD binding to this proteolipid protonophore, resulting in the disruption of energy transduction in muscle and nerve.
Preparation, properties and activity of PP969, a triazole fungicide with high systemic activity
Authors: De Fraine Paul , Worthington Paul A.
Published: November 2006

PP969 is a novel 1,4‐ketol compound containing the 1,2,4‐triazole ring which has high systemic activity against a variety of fungal pathogens. It is a single diastereoisomer whose absolute configuration has been determined by X‐ray analysis. The fungicidal activities of the structurally related 1,4‐dione and 1,4‐diols were found to be much less than that of PP969. Its biological potential as a systemic compound for controlling foliar fungal diseases either by soil or stem application is being explored.
Potentiation of Super‐kdr resistance to deltamethrin and other pyrethroids by an intensifier (factor 161) on autosome 2 in the housefly (Musca domestica L.)
Authors: Sawicki Roman M. , Farnham Andrew W. , Denholm Ian , Church Valerie J.
Published: November 2006

An intensifier (factor 161) identified on the second autosome in a pyrethroid‐resistant strain of houseflies (Musca domestica L.) was isolated and introduced into a strain with super‐kdr. Unlike E0.39, which on its own also confers very weak (< × 3) resistance to pyrethroids, factor 161 very strongly intensified super‐kdr resistance to pyrethroids. Together, factor 161 and super‐kdr conferred immunity to deltamethrin in female houseflies (LD50 > 20 μg fly−1) but produced much less intensification of resistance to WL 48281, the (1R)cis (αS) isomer of cypermethrin, which differs from deltamethrin only in having chlorine instead of bromine substituents in the acid side‐chain. Intensification was strongly decreased by piperonyl butoxide and propyl prop‐2‐ynylphenylphosphonate (NIA) but was unaffected by S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). This synergism suggests involvement of oxidative rather than esteratic metabolism in the intensification of super‐kdr by factor 161.
The role of ferrous ions in the rapid degradation of oxamyl, methomyl and aldicarb in anaerobic soils
Authors: Bromilow Richard H. , Briggs Geoffrey G. , Williams Mark R. , Smelt Johan H. , Tuinstra Louis G. M. Th. , Traag Wim A.
Published: November 2006

The carbamoyloxime pesticides methomyl, oxamyl and aldicarb, together with the oxidation products of aldicarb, are known to break down much more rapidly in certain anaerobic subsoils than in the aerobic topsoils from the same site. Ferrous ions have now been shown to be involved in this reaction. Oxamyl was degraded in aqueous solutions at 30°C containing 250 μg ml−1 Fe2+ with a half‐life of about 10 h, independent of pH in the range of 5.65–7.66; the observed products of this reaction were N,N‐dimethyl‐l‐cyanoformamide and methanethiol. These same products, rather than the oximino hydrolysis product observed from degradation in aerobic soils, were rapidly and quantitatively formed from oxamyl in suspensions of anaerobic reduced subsoils (Fe2+ concentration 27–41 μg ml−1 soil water), but oxamyl was rather stable in water‐saturated Vredepeel subsoil (Fe2+ concentration 0.65 μg ml−1) in which the redox potential was much higher. Methomyl behaved similarly. The rates of reaction in the suspensions of anaerobic subsoils were greater than expected from the concentrations of Fe2+ in the soil water, but most of the Fe2+ present in soil was bound to the soil particles by cation exchange and this bound Fe2+ may have participated. Breakdown of aldicarb was accelerated both in solutions of Fe2+ and in the suspensions of anaerobic reduced subsoils, though the rate enhancement was less than observed with methomyl and oxamyl; 2‐methyl‐2‐methylthiopropionitrile and 2‐methyl‐2‐methylthiopropionaldehyde were the observed products from aldicarb in anaerobic soil but only the former was produced in Fe2+ solutions; the corresponding nitriles and aldehydes were also yielded by aldicarb sulphoxide and aldicarb sulphone in the anaerobic, reduced subsoils.
Fenoxycarb, an insect growth regulator with juvenile hormone activity: A candidate for Heliothis virescens (F.) control on cotton
Authors: Masner Petr , Angst Max , Dorn Silvia
Published: November 2006

Tobacco budworm eggs, deposited on cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) treated with fenoxycarb, do not produce viable larvae. The insects die either at the end of embryonic development or during 1st‐2nd larval instars, even when the larvae hatching on the treated leaves are transferred to untreated plants. This ovo‐larvicidal activity and indications of good foliar persistence make fenoxycarb a promising candidate for the control of tobacco budworm on cotton. This type of application could open new aspects for the control of lepidopterous pests with this novel compound.
The influence of soil properties on the rates of degradation of metamitron, metazachlor and metribuzin
Authors: Allen Richard , Walker Allan
Published: November 2006

The rates of degradation of metamitron, metazachlor and metribuzin were measured in 12 mineral soils and the first order rate constants were compared with soil properties by regression analysis. Rates of metamitron degradation were best described by a multiple regression involving the silt content of the soil and the fraction of the total herbicide content which was available in the soil solution. Metazachlor degradation was best described by a multiple regression involving the sand content of the soil, the availability of the herbicide in the soil solution and soil microbial respiration. There was evidence that metribuzin degradation in any one soil was closely related to microbial activity, and rate constants per unit microbial respiration were derived for each soil. These rate constants were best described by a multiple regression involving the Freundlich adsorption constant and the sand content of the soils. The best regression equations for each herbicide were tested against observed degradation rates in an additional group of six soils. The calculated rates compared favourably with those observed for both metamitron and metazachlor, but with metribuzin, there was good agreement with one soil only.
Synthesis and insecticidal activity of lipophilic amides. Part 4: The effect of substituents on the phenyl group of 6‐phenylhexa‐2,4‐dienamides
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Johnson Diana M. , Pulman David A.
Published: November 2006

Substituted phenylacetaldehydes, made by homologation of the benzaldehydes by Wittig condensation with a methoxymethylene ylid, were condensed under Wadsworth‐Emmons conditions to give the substituted N‐(2‐methylpropyl)‐6‐phenylhexa‐2,4‐dienamides. Electron withdrawing substituents favoured the formation of the unwanted 3,5‐diene isomer. Insecticidal activity was lowered by most substituents examined, but was retained or even enhanced by halogen atoms at the m‐ or p‐positions. At the m‐position, activity decreased as size of halogen increased.
Trace analysis of polar agrochemicals using mass spectrometry techniques
Authors: Page Janet A.
Published: November 2006

The analysis of polar compounds by mass spectrometry has traditionally required prior conversion to a volatile derivative. The advent of Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) allows the direct analysis of such compounds and offers the prospect of quantitative analysis without sample pretreatment. An application of quantitative FAB is described which demonstrates the techniques involved and their practical limitations. The method is both fast and highly specific.

The problem of matrix effects is readily overcome by the use of a suitable internal standard, and in the work described, an amino acid has been used as the internal standard. The problem of background interference is less easily solved, and a number of approaches have been tried.

Two additional new mass spectrometry techniques for the trace analysis of polar compounds are discussed.
Control of crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum) of apple trees with the systemic fungicides metalaxyl and fosetyl‐aluminium
Authors: Utkhede Rajeshwar S.
Published: November 2006

Four fungicides were evaluated as combined soil drench and trunk treatments for the control of crown rot, caused by Phytophthora cactorum, in naturally infected apple trees. In a 3‐year preliminary study, metalaxyl at 1 and fosetyl‐aluminium at 8 g a. i. per tree, applied twice a year, prevented death of infected trees showing only initial, but not more severe, symptoms of crown rot. This indicates that these fungicides have the ability to arrest further symptom development in naturally infected trees if they are treated as soon as symptoms appear. Healthy trees remained free of infection if they were treated with these fungicides, suggesting a preventative action. Repeated bi‐annual application of metalaxyl or fosetyl‐aluminium should be sufficient to prevent the loss of trees to crown rot.
Control and prevention of contact infection of brown rot disease with fosetyl‐aluminium, and residue levels in post‐harvest‐treated citrus fruits
Authors: Cohen Eliahou , Shalom Yavin , Axelrod Yoram , Adatoc Israel , Rosenberger Ida
Published: November 2006

The effect of fosetyl‐aluminium on the control and spread of brown rot disease Phytophthora citrophthora in post‐harvest citrus fruit was studied in laboratory and semi‐commercial experiments. Aqueous solutions of fosetyl‐aluminium at 5 to 10 g a.i. litre−1 controlled the fungus even when applied 3 days after inoculation at 17°C. No mycelia developed on the peel surface of treated fruit. The fungicide exerted a good prophylactic effect on healthy fruit, protecting them during storage from contact inoculation. Fosetyl‐aluminium also showed a fungitoxic effect in vitro and in vivo on other fungi which developed in harvested citrus fruits. Residue levels of phosphoric acid in the treated fruit were higher when the fungicide was incorporated in the wax coating the fruit than when applied in aqueous solution, and levels were lower in the pulp than in the peel. It is concluded that fosetyl‐aluminium is a suitable commercial post‐harvest treatment for control of brown rot in citrus fruits.
Quantitative structure‐activity relationships study of fungicidal O, O‐diaryl S‐ethyl phosphorothioates
Authors: Gupta Rameshwar L. , Royt Nripendra K. , Chandrahas
Published: November 2006

The relationship between the structures of a series of O, O‐diaryl S‐ethyl phosphorothioates and their activity against five fungi has been analysed using physico‐chemical parameters of the molecules such as hydrophobic RM and electronic σ by means of multiple regression analysis. Both the hydrophobic and the electronic effects were found to have a significant contribution in determining the fungicidal activity of this series of compounds against all the test fungi.
The synthesis and pesticidal properties of some arylthioureidophosphorothioate esters
Authors: Clifford David P.
Published: November 2006

A series of substituted phenylthioureidophosphorothioate esters have been synthesised and their pesticidal activity determined. An improved synthesis of O, O‐diethyl phosphoroisothiocyanatothioate is described. The decomposition pathway and products of several of the synthesised compounds in aqueous methanol was investigated.