bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shape Analysis of Otoliths of the Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Gobiiformes, Gobiidae), from the Black Sea Basin
Authors: Zamorov V. , Zamorova M. , Krupko D. , Matvienko N. , Leonchyk Y. , Kvach Y.
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to assess the discriminability of the stocks of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus based on the shape of its otoliths. Recent otolith-shape-based species and stock discrimination studies were using otolith contours in sagittal plane and we are following this approach. We hypothesized the possibility of existence of several geographically separated populations of the round goby. Round gobies have been sampled from different locations of the North-Western Black Sea, otoliths were removed in course of the full biological analysis and photographed in sagittal plane. Principal components of the otolith contour were processed by linear discriminant analysis aiming to cross-validate the discriminability of round gobies placed at different geographical locations. This would allow demonstration of different stocks or populations. This research allows to conclude the limited applicability of otolith contours for discrimination of stocks or populations of round goby based on multiple annual samples. However, neither classification matrices of discriminant analysis nor cluster analysis dendrograms showed a single pattern except for the high year to year otoliths variability. This allows to hypothesise a strong response of contour formation to habitat and feeding conditions. However, this assumption needs to be verified by further studies.
Th e Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy, En-graulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand
Authors: Jawad L. A. , Adams N. J.
Published: August 2021

Relationships between fish length and otolith length, width and mass were examined in the Australian anchovy Engraulis australis (White, 1790) recovered from the food of Gannet examined from colonies at islands of Horuhoru Rock and Mahuki Islands in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. The relationships between otolith length- fish total length (TL), otolith-weight-TL, and otolith-width-TL were investigated by means of non-linear regression models (TL = 0.54 OL 16.86, TL = 4.39 OW 7.61 and TL = 26.19 OWe 2.2). This study characterizes the first reference available on the relationship of fish size and otolith size and weight for E. australis obtained from bird’s food in the Pacific Ocean region
Foliage-browsing Lepidoptera (Insecta) in deciduous forests of Ukraine for the last 70 years
Authors: Meshkova Valentyna
Published: August 2021

As insect development depends on temperature, so the change in biology, behavior habits, frequency, and severity of outbreaks of foliage-browsing insects considered pests can follow the climate change. The reactions of species to the same climate changes can be specific, therefore, an unpredictable change in their ratio in the community will affect the consequences of climate change.

The details of such changes must be studied to quantitatively assess future trends and the threats to deciduous forests. The aim of this research was to evaluate the representation in deciduous forests the foliage-browsing lepidopterous insects if different groups of size, lifestyle, voltinism, trophic relations, and ability to mass propagation in different periods of assessment for recent 70 years.

In the analysis, we used a list of 118 lepidopterous species of foliage-browsing insects of deciduous forests, compiled on the basis of archival data from 1940–1975, and in the course of our own field research from 1975 to the present in the forests of Ukraine. Following trends were expected to be confirmed for these time intervals: to increase the number of species of small size, the number of species with hidden lifestyle, multivoltine species, polyphagous species, and so-called indifferent species. For each species, all these parameters were identified and proportions of species of each category for certain time intervals (1940–1950, 1960–1970, 1980–1990, and 2010–2020). Their distribution for size, voltinism, lifestyle, trophic features, and outbreak potential at these time intervals was compared using χ2-test.

Among lepidopterous foliage-browsing insects of deciduous forests of Ukraine, the increase for recent 70 years was proved for the proportion of indifferent species (do not able to mass propagation), small species (with wingspan below 20 mm), as well as species with hidden (leaf-miners) and semi-hidden lifestyle (leaf-rollers). All trends are expressed the most obviously in 1940–1950 and further periods. The hypothesis about decrease the proportion of the univoltine and monophagous species for this period is not supported statistically.
Psychological factors associated with adolescent sexual behavior
Authors: Stephanou André Teixeira , Dias Ana Cristina Garcia
Published: August 2021

Sexually transmitted infections are increasing in Brazilian adolescents and youth. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and other psychosocial variables with condom use behavior and sexual debut in a sample of adolescents from Santa Maria-RS. Data was collected with 452 adolescents (57% girls), mean age of 15.9 years (SD = 1.4), using the Brazilian Youth Questionnaire – Phase II. Condom use behavior was not associated with self-esteem or self-efficacy in the logistic regression model, contrary to the main hypothesis. General self-efficacy was positively associated with sexual debut, while religiosity was negatively associated with this outcome. Family support was associated with older age at sexual debut. The findings support the importance of analyzing different sexual behaviors separately, as they may have distinct predictors. Studies should use specific measures of self-efficacy when studying sexual behavior and measure how participants value different sexual behaviors.
Estresse ocupacional, Burnout e cultura de segurança do paciente em unidades de perioperatório
Authors: Munhoz Oclaris Lopes , Moreira Laura Prestes , Kolankiewicz Adriane Cristina Bernart , Dalmolin Graziele de Lima , Magnago Tânia Solange Bosi de Souza , Andolhe Rafaela
Published: August 2021

Objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre estresse ocupacional, burnout e cultura de segurança de profissionais da saúde de unidades de perioperatório. Estudo transversal, desenvolvido com profissionais de saúde de um hospital escola, do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Utilizou-se um questionário contendo características biossociais e do trabalho; o Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, a Job Stress Scale e o Inventário Maslach de Burnout. Empregou-se análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os participantes avaliaram negativamente a cultura de segurança do paciente (média=63,8). Prevaleceu profissionais em trabalho de alta exigência (40,4%), com alto desgaste emocional (34,9%), alta despersonalização (44,5%) e alta realização profissional (40,4%). Observou-se correlação baixa e negativa entre despersonalização (p=-0,254), demanda psicológica (p=-0,246) e percepção da cultura de segurança. Ter realização profissional apresentou correlação baixa e positiva com a cultura de segurança (p=0,256). A ocorrência de estresse ocupacional e burnout possui correlação inversa e significativa com a cultura de segurança.
Perspectiva de enseñanza-aprendizaje de principios y reglas de acción en deportes colectivos de invasión
Authors: Pombo Menezes Rafael
Published: August 2021

Este ensayo tuvo como objetivos presentar las principales características del Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), contextualizar los principios y reglas de acción inherentes a las fases del juego y presentar un escenario hipotético de aplicación de estos conceptos. Los deportes colectivos de invasión tienen principios y reglas de acción que guían el comportamiento táctico-técnico de los jugadores y la organización de la clase o sesión de entrenamiento por el profesor/entrenador. El cambio de paradigma en la enseñanza de los deportes de equipo (del tecnicismo a la enseñanza a través del juego) propuesto por modelos que se apoyan en el juego, como el TGfU, fue importante porque colocó al alumno en el centro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y promovió la construcción del conocimiento en contextos complejos. En particular, TGfU se guía por los principios y reglas de acción para organizar la clase, además de proponer preguntas orientadoras para desarrollar la toma de decisiones de los jugadores. Por tanto, el escenario hipotético propuesto en este ensayo, luego de reflexiones sobre los principios y reglas de acción, permite al profesor/entrenador planificar la aplicación de estos conceptos de acuerdo con los principios TGfU.
Pendistribusian Dana Zakat pada Program Beasiswa Satu Keluarga Satu Sarjana di Badan Amil Zakat Nasional Jawa Timur
Authors: Almashuri Irsalina , Subandi Bambang
Published: August 2021

This research aim to answer question. The question is regarding the implementation of zakat distribution to one-family-one-bachelor scholarship program at National Amil Zakat of East Java. The researcher used qualitative approach, spesifically case study type. This research used interview, observation, and documentation as data collection techniques.
The finding of this research indicates that the distribution process at National Amil Zakat Institution of East Java is through transferring the zakat to Mustahik of one-family-one-bachelor scholarship program. BAZNAS that based in regency in East Java is a distribution channel to reach Mustahik outside Surabaya and Sidoarjo. Baznas that based in regency also distributes zakat to the mustahik through transfer as well. At this point, the distribution process in Baznas of East Java is directly distributed to mustahik.
Implementasi Strategi Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia
Authors: Jundulloh Ahmad , Ali Arifin Ah.
Published: August 2021

The Lamongan District Peace Ring Foundation needs training and development for former terrorism convicts, so that they can escape from radical networks and become qualified human resources. This study aims to describe the training strategy and human resource development and the factors that support and obstruct it at the Lamongan District Peace Ring Foundation. Researchers used qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. This study uses data collection techniques by means of interviews, documentation, and observation. The results of this research are the human resource training strategy applied to former terrorism convicts by the Lamongan District Peace Circle Foundation has a goal, namely to leave the old community and change lifestyles, create integrity with the community, improve skills and abilities, know how to be entrepreneurial
Tecnologías de la información y del conocimiento organizacional en las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas de Ocaña, Colombia. Análisis correlacional
Authors: Manzano-Durán Omaira , González-Castro Yolanda , Peñaranda-Peñaranda Marta Milena
Published: August 2021

Las tecnologías emergentes han transformado la economía y el aprendizaje en las organizaciones por eso las pequeñas empresas para ser competitivas deben adaptarse a la permanente evolución tecnológica. La investigación pretende correlacionar los mecanismos que hacen posible el aprendizaje organizacional con las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) empleadas por las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYMES) de la ciudad de Ocaña, Colombia. El estudio responde a un enfoque cuantitativo no experimental con diseño transaccional de alcance correlacional. La población analizada estuvo conformada por 120 directivos de las MIPYMES, aplicando un instrumento de recolección de información tipo Likert de cinco alternativas. Dicho instrumento fue sometido a pruebas de validez y confiabilidad. Se establece el índice de Alfa Cronbach con un valor de 0.897, al cuestionario elaborado también se le confirmó validez de contenido por medio de una revisión teórica y el juicio de tres expertos en áreas administrativas. Los datos derivados de la aplicación del instrumento fueron procesados en el software estadístico SPSS mediante un análisis de varianza y de correlación. En los cálculos elaborados se determinó una alta correlación (75.7%) entre las variables analizadas. De igual forma. Se sugiere a las MIPYMES de la ciudad de Ocaña evolucionar de las tecnologías tradicionales hacia tecnologías colaborativas y analíticas que les permita incursionar en nuevos modelos de comercialización.
Marketing sostenible y responsabilidad social organizacional: un camino hacia el desarrollo sostenible
Authors: Giraldo-Patiño Claudia Lorena , Londoño-Cardozo José , Micolta-Rivas Diana Carolina , O’neill-Marmolejo Estefanía
Published: August 2021

Los impactos negativos al ambiente, como la escasez de recursos naturales, el deterioro a los ecosistemas o los daños a la capa de ozono, se generan de manera rápida y creciente, debido al desarrollo industrial y el consumo indiscriminado de las personas como consecuencia del sistema económico dominante desde mediados del siglo XX. Esta situación impulsa una serie de prácticas que buscan solucionar dichas problemáticas y que se orientan a la conservación del entorno ambiental o a la solución de situaciones sociales. Entre estas aparece el marketing sostenible como práctica integradora de los principios y materias fundamentales de la responsabilidad social organizacional (RSO). En tal sentido, este documento discute los principios del marketing sostenible y la RSO como un camino hacia la sostenibilidad que promueve un consumo y producción responsable. Por lo anterior, se plantean algunas estrategias de marketing encaminadas a responder los requerimientos de los consumidores, que se alinean con los objetivos organizacionales y los principios ambientales, a través del desarrollo de productos ecológicos. La metodología empleada es una revisión sistémica de literatura que parte de dos proyectos interinstitucionales que se relacionan en su preocupación por la sostenibilidad. El documento concluye que la aplicación de una responsabilidad social fundamental es necesaria para que el marketing sostenible pueda darse de forma correcta.
Environmental drivers of the abundance and distribution of forage fishes on the Northeast US shelf, with a particular emphasis on northern sand lance
Authors:   , Suca Justin J.
Published: August 2021

Small pelagic fishes, also termed forage fishes, represent a critical link between secondary production and myriad top predators in marine ecosystems, including the Northeast US shelf. In this dissertation, I analyze the drivers of forage fish distribution throughout the Northeast US shelf and the drivers of the abundance of the ecologically important northern sand lance. Chapter 2 examines the basic ecology of northern sand lance and uses these insights to identify mechanistic drivers of their abundance. I then explore different scenarios of these drivers to project sand lance abundance through the end of the 21st century, which appears precarious for adult sand lance unless current trajectories change. Chapter 3 analyzes the environmental drivers of the distribution of the six dominant, offshore forage fish species (northern sand lance, Atlantic herring, alewife, blueback herring, Atlantic mackerel, and Atlantic butterfish) on the Northeast US shelf to elucidate the role of environmental covariates in shelf occupancy by these taxa. The results of this chapter indicate shelf occupancy of butterfish and Atlantic mackerel are increasing through time while occupancy of sand lance is decreasing with time. The occurrence of most of these species is also moving deeper and northward with time. Chapter 4 assesses the source-sink dynamics of three sand lance hotspots through Lagrangian particle tracking models simulating larval sand lance transport. Connectivity varies among these hotspots with Georges Bank and Stellwagen Bank having notable retention while the Great South Channel relies on larvae from other hotspots. Retention on Stellwagen Bank and Georges Bank are linked to strong wind events during the larval period of sand lance. Collectively, this dissertation improves our understanding of the dynamics driving variability in the Northeast US shelf forage fish complex, particularly for northern sand lance.
Assessing anthropogenic noise impacts and relevant soundscape cues for marine invertebrates: leveraging squid and coral reefs as model systems
Authors:   , Jones Ian T.
Published: August 2021

Sound is utilized by marine animal taxa for many ecologically important functions, and these taxa are vulnerable to adverse effects of anthropogenic noise on hearing and behavior. However, little is known about marine invertebrates’ responses to anthropogenic noise, and the ambient environmental sounds (“soundscapes”) they detect and respond to. Most acoustic studies report sound pressure (detected by mammals and some fish), but few report particle motion, the back-and-forth vibratory component of sound detected by marine invertebrates. I investigated invertebrate use of and response to sounds in two facets: 1) behavioral responses of longfin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii to anthropogenic noise, and 2) particle motion of coral reef soundscapes in the U.S. Virgin Islands. In laboratory-based experiments I exposed D. pealeii to construction noise originally recorded from an offshore wind farm. I found significant increases in squids’ alarm responses and in failed prey capture attempts during noise. Conversely, noise exposure had no significant effects on reproductive behaviors of groups of D. pealeii, indicating high motivation of these squid to reproduce during this stressor. Collectively, these experiments revealed the importance of considering behavioral context in studies and regulatory decisions regarding invertebrates’ susceptibility to anthropogenic noise impacts. In studying coral reef soundscapes, I reported particle motion trends over several months for coral reefs varying in habitat quality, including coral cover and fish abundance. I found acoustic properties over which particle motion closely scaled with pressure, and others over which it did not. I compared soundscape data with particle motion hearing thresholds, and found that invertebrates may only detect high amplitude and low frequency transient sound cues on reefs, such as those produced by fishes. My research bring new insights on natural and anthropogenic sound cues detectable by marine invertebrates, and how and when invertebrates will be vulnerable to anthropogenic noise pollution.
Viabilidade técnica e econômica de um sistema de previsão para manejo da queima das pontas das folhas da cebola
Authors: Marcuzzo Leandro Luiz , Paulakoski Aline Cristina
Published: August 2021

RESUMO O controle da queima das pontas das folhas da cebola causada por Botrytis squmosa tem sido feitas pulverizações semanais de fungicidas. Com o objetivo de racionalizar o número excessivo de pulverizações, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar técnica e economicamente um sistema de previsão da doença comparado com o sistema convencional de controle. Um experimento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e quatro tratamentos foi instalado em 2020 em Rio do Sul (SC) com o cultivar de cebola Empasc 352 – Bola Precoce. No sistema convencional, as pulverizações iniciaram 15 dias após semeadura e semanalmente durante o ciclo da cultura com um tratamento utilizando fungicida protetor e outro com penetrante-móvel e no sistema de previsão foi utilizando o sistema validado durante três anos por Marcuzzo & Haveroth quando o valor de severidade estimada (SE) atingisse 0,30 utilizando os mesmos tipos de fungicidas do convencional em cada tratamento. No sistema de previsão com protetor se ocorresse um acúmulo de chuva de 25mm de chuva o fungicida foi reaplicado. A área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, severidade final e a taxa de progresso da doença e a produtividade não diferiram entre os tratamentos, mas no sistema de previsão com fungicida protetor e penetrante-móvel a redução do número de pulverizações foi de 62,5% menor em relação ao sistema de aplicação semanal. O sistema de previsão possibilitou uma redução de custo com fungicida sistêmico de R$ 306,00 em comparação ao convencional, enquanto que o protetor foi de R$ 160,00 por hectare. O uso do sistema de previsão mostrou ser uma ferramenta útil no manejo da queima das pontas das folhas da cebola no estado de Santa Catarina e encontra-se disponível para a cadeia produtiva em http://www.ciram.sc.gov.br/agroconnect/.
ESTUDO DE CASO: DESENVOLVIMENTO DO PROGRAMA DE EDUCAÇÃO E INTERPRETAÇÃO AMBIENTAL E PATRIMONIAL DA RESERVA BIOLÓGICA ESTADUAL DE GUARATIBA (RIO DE JANEIRO/BRASIL)
Authors: Meireles Camila Pinto , Schiatti Louise Helena Gonzaga , Reis Maurício Habib dos , Creed Joel Christopher , Pimentel Douglas de Souza
Published: August 2021

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso sobre o desenvolvimento do Programa de Educação e Interpretação Ambiental e Patrimonial (PEIAP) da Reserva Biológica Estadual de Guaratiba, no Rio de Janeiro (RJ/Brasil). O objetivo geral foi analisar o processo de implantação do PEIAP e apontar potencialidades e fragilidades das estratégias adotadas. A base metodológica foi a pesquisa qualitativa, com abordagem de estudo de caso observacional. A pesquisa foi realizada entre abril de 2017 e julho de 2021. As estratégias metodológicas empregadas foram: levantamento bibliográfico; análise documental e observação-participante e pesquisa participante. Foi possível concluir que o desenvolvimento do PEIAP da Reserva se deve a um conjunto de fatores como: 1) gestão participativa e comprometida com o Plano de Manejo e Planos de Ação; 2) participação de voluntários, através de recursos humanos e materiais, 3) integração do ensino formal e não formal, conciliando os projetos escolares com as ações socioambientais da unidade de conservação; 4) apoio da equipe da sede aos encaminhamentos da Câmara Temática e 5) adaptação do plano de ação à realidade global e ao contexto local, gerada pela pandemia por COVID-19. Como fragilidades a serem superadas foi verificado: insuficiente embasamento na legislação, ausência de profissional qualificado em educação ambiental integrando a equipe da Reserva; dificuldade de conciliar as agendas das escolas e da gestão e centralização de tarefas em poucos integrantes da Câmara Temática.
Association Between Body Mass Index with Cognitive Function and Activities of Daily Living In Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors:   Professor & Principal, Department of Community Medicine, A.J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore, Karnataka, India., Samuel SE  , Senapathi P  ,   Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, A.J Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Mangalore, Karnataka, India., Shetty S  ,   Post graduate student, Department of Physiotherapy, Laxmi Memorial College of Physiotherapy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
Published: August 2021

Background: Higher BMI has been often attributed with decline in cognitive function, mortality, and morbidity in elderly. However, few studies have reported high BMI as protective towards cognition and Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Accurate quantification of the role of BMI in the incidence of cognition and performance is desirable in the face of the increasing prevalence of individuals with overweight and obesity and prolonged life span in the population. This study aimed to investigate the association of BMI with cognition and ADL in community living elderly. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among community living elderly. BMI and KATZ index scores were recorded from the respondents. Data were analyzed using SPSS version and a p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 53 respondents enrolled in this study and was predominated by (54.7%) males and (45.30%) females. Karl Pearson correlation coefficient test found a positive correlation (r= 0.33) between BMI and Cognition and was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Also, it was observed that moderately positive correlation exists between BMI and ADL (r =0.64) and was found to be statistically very highly significant (p<0.001) Conclusion: This study concluded that among elderly, higher BMI values were associated with better performance in daily activities and lower cognitive impairment. KEY WORDS: Elderly, Body mass index, Activities of Daily Living, Cognition.
The 'Africa we want' in the African Union's Agenda 2063 on the realisation of women's human rights to access justice
Authors: Ntlama-Makhanya Nomthandazo , Lubisi-Bizani Nombulelo
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY This article examines the envisioned design of the 'Africa we want' through the lens and intersection of the principles of the rule of law and access to justice in the elimination of the barriers that compromise the promotion of the rights of women in contemporary Africa as envisaged in Agenda 2063. The objective is to affirm the language of rights as an enabling environment that will advance the promotion of the rights of women in the regulation of state authority. The purpose of the article is grounded by many of the challenges faced by women of Africa in the enjoyment and fulfilment of their rights. The article raises questions on the improvement of access to justice by women, capacitation of the enforcement agencies and their contribution to socio-legal change. These questions are limited to the rights of women within the interrelationship that exists between the rule of law and access to justice. The article starts by setting the tone on the intersection of the two principles and their potential to advance the rights of women in Africa. It then focuses on the significance of the people-centred approach within the framework of the two principles in the advancement of the rights of women of Africa as envisaged in Agenda 2063. Key words: rule of law; justice; women; contemporary Africa; human rights; Agenda 2063; social change
Utilising the due diligence standard to interrogate Kenya's accountability efforts with regard to survivors of sexual violence in the 2007-2008 post-election violence
Authors: Bwire Buluma , Akech Migai , Meroka-Mutua Agnes
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY Sexual violence is a human rights violation and is addressed under a growing number of international agreements including the 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, among others. This article uses the due diligence standard, as elaborated on by the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, to interrogate Kenya's domestic accountability efforts with regard to sexual violence in the 2007/2008 post-election violence. It finds that Kenya suffered from a number of structural and systemic shortcomings that resulted in its failure to meet its obligation to prevent, investigate, prosecute and compensate for such acts of sexual violence perpetrated by both state and non-state actors. Key among them are a lack of well-coordinated multi-sectoral approaches to address sexual violence; human capacity gaps in the provision of medico-legal services to survivors; and systemic failures in the investigation and prosecution of sexual violence cases. The article further highlights the hope for future accountability inherent in the recent ruling in Constitutional Petition 112 of 2013 which held the state accountable for all gaps and shortcomings in responding to sexual violence during the post-election violence. The article concludes by advocating community-based multi-sectoral approaches in prevention and response to sexual violence in the Kenyan context with an emphasis on improving both human and technical capacities for provision of medico-legal services to survivors. Key words: sexual violence; human rights; Kenya 2007-2008 postelection violence; medico-legal responses to sexual violence
The Sen-Nussbaum diagram of article 11(3) of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child: Facilitating the relationship between access to education and development
Authors: Khoza Thandeka N
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY The right to education is an infinitely important right, the benefits of which are boundless. In the case of children, this position is even more emphasised. The right to education has been described as a 'gateway right', which leads to the realisation of a plethora of other rights. Although often done from an economics point of view, many authors have also written about the nexus between education and development. The realisation of the right to education, thus, has been shown to play a positive role in the realisation of developmental goals, both for children, as individuals, and for communities, as a whole. Regarding development, the works of Sen and Nussbaum have helped us to understand development in a marked way, which considers more than the gross national product. These authors, notably, introduced us to the language of 'unfreedoms' and 'capabilities'. With its focus on the rights of the African child, this article begins by tracing some of the notable developments that have occurred since the adoption of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. Thereafter, the article focuses specifically on the realisation of the child's right to education in Africa, as guaranteed in article 11(3) of the African Children's Charter, through the lens of the theories of Sen and Nussbaum. Key words: children's rights; right to education; development in Africa; Sen and Nussbaum, African Children's Charter
Understanding the privacy rights of the African child in the digital era
Authors: Singh Avani , Power Tina
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY Africa is increasingly welcoming and participating in the technological revolution that is occurring the world over. A significant rise in access to the internet and other digital technologies means that children can engage, communicate, share, learn and develop in previously unimaginable ways. Technology, to a large extent, has fundamentally changed the way in which children exercise and realise their rights. This article argues that in order for children to be safe and empowered both on and off-line - and have their privacy respected, protected and promoted - a variety of stakeholders need to come to the table. Drawing on recent international developments around children's rights in a digital environment, this article reflects on the various roles of key stakeholders in advancing the privacy rights of children. The article submits that the advancement of children's privacy rights in Africa is indeed achievable and attainable, provided there are collaborative commitments from public and private decision makers and parents, caregivers and guardians and, importantly, that children are part of the solution. As we look to the future of the right to privacy in Africa, the article concludes with a selection of recommendations on the right to privacy going forward. Key words: children's right to privacy; technological advancements; digital spaces; multi-sectoral approach; children's participation
Understanding the nature, scope and standard operating procedures of the African Commission's special procedure mechanisms
Authors: Kariseb Kennedy
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY Special procedure mechanisms form an important aspect of the human rights architecture of the African Commission. Although introduced gradually, these mechanisms have grown in both size and scope. This article considers the overall nature, scope and standard operating procedures of the African Commission's special procedure mechanisms in light of development and evolution by reference to its composition; selection and appointment ofmandate holders, code of conduct of mandate holders (that is, independence and conflict of interest), working modalities, immunities and privileges and procedure. It also identifies and analyses possible areas of reform in this system. Key words: African Union; African Commission; human rights; special procedure mechanisms; standard operating procedures
Audiological and vestibular evaluations in vitiligo patients
Authors: Manno Alessandra , Pace Annalisa , Iannella Giannicola , Rossetti Valeria , Polimeni Roberta , Milani Alessandro , Cocuzza Salvatore , Maniaci Antonino , Magliulo Giuseppe
Published: August 2021

The aim of this paper was to investigate audiological abnormalities and potential vestibular injury in a sample of vitiligo subjects. Thirty-five patients with non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) were enrolled in the study. They underwent pure tonal audiometry (PTA), vestibular Fitzgerald-Hallpike caloric test, C-VEM, and O-VEMP testing.  The χ2 test and multiple regression analysis were performed. At PTA, 69% of patients presented with bilateral hearing loss, 8% monaural hearing loss, and 23% normal values. Bilateral caloric stimulations were performed and demonstrated that 14% of patients had a monolateral and 9% had a bilateral pathological response. VEMPs analysis showed that  20% of patients had no O-VEMPs response and 3% had no C-VEMPs response. Comparison between the normal values of healthy subjects and NSV patients showed an alteration of VEMPs in 44%. Multiple regression showed no statistical differences. We propose a specific diagnostic protocol employing PTA, bithermal caloric tests, C-VEMP, and O-VEMP testing to evaluate audio-vestibular damage. Our data were concordant with the anatomic-physiological melanocytic distribution and their possible degeneration linked with NSV.
Chickpea Inoculation withA. rabiei for Ascochyta Blight Disease Assessment Under Controlled Conditions v2
Authors: Christie Melody , Prabhakaran Sambasivam Dr , Bar Ido
Published: August 2021

This protocol describes the inoculation preparation, bioassay and disease assessment of Ascochyta rabiei isolates on a differential set of chickpea host genotypes.
Buscando la tierra de nadie. Obras contemporáneas de arte y matemáticas
Authors: Guida Rosanna
Published: August 2021

En este artículo, a la luz de lo que se desprende del análisis de Bruno Latour en el libro Investigación sobre los modos de existencia, investigo algunas relaciones entre las categorías literarias calvinianas de la ligereza, de la velocidad, de la exactitud, la visibilidad, la multiplicidad y la consistencia, transfiriéndolas a diferentes contextos artísticos y científicos y poniendo de relieve los flujos de intercambio en las fronteras entre los diferentes territorios del conocimiento artístico y matemático, en particular.
Comparadas, las obras de algunos artistas contemporáneos (Joseph Beuys, Michele Guido, Silvia Hell, Roni Horn, Armin Linke, Mark Lombardi, Sergio Lombardo, Sol Lewitt, Bruno Munari,
Jackson Pollock, Tomas Saraceno, Luigi Veronesi) y las obras de los matemáticos contemporáneos Alexander Groetendieck y Fernando Zalamea, revelan la reciprocidad epistemológica en función de la ampliación de la percepción humana.
Utilizando los métodos de la filosofía pragmática, a través del uso de la hoja-mundo y de los gráficos existenciales de Charles Peirce, la lógica de las analogías, de las similitudes y de los contrastes dialécticos y la lógica intuicionista, surgen, en las obras estudiadas, las relaciones fenomenológicas entre los elementos expresivos de las obras de los artistas investigados y los significados actuales, vinculados a los diferentes ámbitos disciplinarios.
Por último, con las herramientas ofrecidas por la A/R/ Tografía, se traza un mapa de relaciones entre los elementos icónicos, las categorías calvinianas y los conceptos matemáticos de homotetia, isomorfismo, lista, red, superficie, proceso estocástico.
The crisis of American traditional political establishment and Donald Trump phenomenon
Authors: Tolstov Sergii , Godliuk Alona
Published: August 2021

Over the past decade the political processes in the U.S. and a number of European states have shown ambiguous changes which reflected ideological transformations and regroupings of political elites. Developments within the U.S. political system have witnessed a deep split along ideological lines which was characterized by the revival of various right-wing and conservative currents within the Republican party and the increasing influence of left-liberal groups inside the Democratic party.

Taking into account the latest trends, the purpose of this article lays in the structural political analysis of political contradictions and regrouping processes within the U.S. political elites in the 2010s that prevailed during the presidencies of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The authors emphasise that the crisis of traditional elites has not lead to the destruction of the bipartisan system, which remains the most important political institutional mechanism and ensures election of the executive branch, representative bodies and self-government at all levels. At the same time the recent trends within the political system demonstrated the destruction of such a specific phenomenon as a relative bipartisan consensus, which for a long time ensured the stability of power and the balance of interests among different groups of influence despite the regular change of the Republican and Democratic administrations.

As an intermediate result reflecting the transformation of the American traditional political establishment the authors note both the overall polarization of the attitudes of the Republican and Democratic parties, and the strengthening of ‘internal’ pluralism inside the Republicans and the Democrats as a result of growing divergence and exacerbation of contradictions between supporters of various ideological groupings and platforms. This was approved by an obvious increase of influence of center-left groups among the Democrats and the right-wingers among the Republicans. These differences caused a tough political confrontation between different groups of elites in such important areas as social policy, taxes and health care. Similar fundamental discrepancies manifest the vision of international affairs especially on foreign trade and principles of interaction with the traditional allies.

The exacerbation of political collisions ultimately led to an imbalance in the American political system and the loss of ability to achieve compromises between the leadership of the Republicans and Democrats. The authors conclude that the atomization of political elites is a projection of social stratification and polarization within the American society. These processes are not directly related to the personality of Donald Trump. Given the severity and critical aggravation of political contradictions, the US Presidential and Congressional elections on November 3, 2020 will not resolve the ongoing inter-elite conflict.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: OVERVIEW OF SOME URGENT ISSUES FROM NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Medvedieva M.O.
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes some urgent problems of the legal governance of scientific research, namely the adherence to the principles of academic freedom and academic integrity, as well as protection of the right to science. The article provides the definitions of academic freedom and academic integrity, considers relevant international and national legal documents and case-law. It analyzes main criteria for the free use of quotations which must be adhered to in the context of preserving academic integrity principles and observes practical consequences of different definitions of plagiarism by education and copyright law. The author considers the normative content of the right to science in accordnce with International Law and highlights its importance in times of COVID-19 pandemic. The author concludes that academic freedom, academic integrity and right to science in general are linked to economic, social and cultural rights, especially the right to information, freedom of thought and expression, freedom from discrimination. If a state is not able to exert every effort to implement its positive responsibility (due diligence) regarding human right to science, including to academic freedom, such a state must be held responsible under customary rules of International Law. In case of violations of the principles of academic integrity comes academic responsibility which is the competence of national governmental bodies on science and education. The only exception is plagiarism which is copyright infringment leading to civil or even criminal responsibility and which is the competence of national civil courts.
El BID: Vol. 23, no. 5, mayo 1996
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: August 2021

EL BID informa sobre el desarrollo económico y social de América Latina y el Caribe y sobre las actividades del Banco. Se publica 10 veces al año en ingles, español, portugués y francés.
BID América: Vol. 25, no. 9-10, septiembre-octubre 1998
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: August 2021

BID América cubre las tendencias del desarrollo económico y social de América Latina y el Caribe y las actividades del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Se publica 10 veces al año en castellano e inglés.
Antimicrobial Properties of Acrylic Resin Incorporated with Propolis Nanoparticles
Authors: Arab Sepideh , Bahador Abbas , Sodagar Ahmad , Pourhajibagher Maryam , Akhavan Azam , Hafith Aseel Niema , Pornamazeh Tahereh
Published: August 2021

Objectives: One of the main problems with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) used for the fabrication of oral removable appliances is plaque accumulation due to surface porosities. Incorporation of antimicrobial agents in this material might help tackle this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of PMMA acrylic resin incorporated with propolis nanoparticles (PNPs).
Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial properties of acrylic resin incorporated with PNPs were assessed against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Acrylic discs were fabricated in four groups: A control group without PNPs and three experimental groups containing 0.5%, 1% and 2% concentrations of PNPs. Disc agar diffusion (DAD) test was performed to determine the antimicrobial effects of PNPs by measuring the microbial growth inhibition zones on Muller-Hinton agar plates. The eluted components test evaluated the viable counts of microorganisms in liquid medium after 24 and 72h. Finally, biofilm inhibition test assessed the efficacy of PNPs for inhibition of biofilm formation. P<0.05 was considered significant. 
Results: The acrylic discs failed to produce microbial inhibition zones in the DAD test. Discs containing 1% and 2% nanoparticles showed anti-biofilm effects on all four microbial species. The colony counts of all microorganisms significantly decreased following exposure to liquids containing nanoparticles after 24 and 72h in eluted component test.
Conclusion: PMMA acrylic discs incorporated with PNPs presented some antimicrobial properties against S. mutans, S. sanguinis, L. acidophilus, and C. albicans.
Isolation of pathogenic microorganisms from fresh fruits and screening the efficacy of different disinfectant solution against the pathogens
Authors: Nur Ifra Tun
Published: August 2021

Fruits are important parts of our daily diet to maintain a healthy life as they have potential nutritional values. But unfortunately, a number of foodborne diseases have been noticed due to the consumption of raw and contaminated fruits. The present study was carried out to isolate the pathogenic microorganisms from fruits sample and to determine the effects of some household cleaning methods including washing and various common chemical treatments for the removal of bacterial load. A conventional spread plate technique was performed for the detection of bacteria. Total heterotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. were found in 30 samples of 6 categories including Java apple (Syzygium cumini), Carambola (Averrhoa carambola), Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), Olive (Olea europaea) Koromcha (Carissa carandas) and Pear (Pyrus). Tap water, hot water (50°C), 100 mg/L sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 50 mg/L calcium lactate, 4% acetic acid and 2 ml/L CleanAva were used as decontaminating agents. All samples were soaked in tested cleaning agents for 20 min at room temperature. All the tested solutions were found to be effective and reduced bacterial loads in fruits compared to the unwashed fruits samples (p<0.01). It was revealed, NaOCl, calcium lactate, acetic acid and CleanAva were more effective cleaning agents than water wash. Two to three log of bacterial load was reduced when samples were subjected to treat with decontaminating agents. Potable water, the types and concentration of the disinfectant solutions are important parameters for effective washing.
Assessment of microbial quality of industrial and traditional creams in Alborz province, Iran
Authors: Aghvami Monica , Jahed Khaniki Gholamreza , Shokri Samira , Jalali Nahideh
Published: August 2021

Milk and dairy products play an important role in the human diet and society's health. The aim of this study was the assessment of the microbial quality of industrial and traditional breakfast cream in Alborz province, Iran. In this study, 40 different samples of breakfast cream (20 samples of traditional breakfast cream and 20 samples of industrial pasteurized breakfast cream) were collected randomly in Alborz province in 2018. Microbial quality tests were performed according to Iran National Standards on Coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and then the collected data were analyzed. The microbiological examinations revealed that 43% of the samples were contaminated with coliform bacteria that 12 samples (60%) out of 20 samples of traditional cream, 5 samples (25%) out of 20 samples of industrial cream were higher than the allowable microbial limit of the national standard of Iran. About 15% of samples of traditional creams and 10% of industrial creams were contaminated with Escherichia coli. 10% of samples of traditional cream were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, which was not observed in industrial creams. High contamination with bacteria, needs using different methods to control microbial growth, including the promotion of sanitary awareness among laborers, the codification of microbial standards for traditional dairy products, training to staff for preparing the cream and disinfection of tools.
In vitro antagonist biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum and Dickeya chrysanthemi
Authors: Rubio-Tinajero Sarahi , Osorio-Hernández Eduardo , Estrada-Drouaillet Benigno , Silva-Espinosa José Hugo Tomás , Rodríguez-Mejía Ma. De Lourdes , Nava-Juárez Raúl Arnulfo
Published: August 2021

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto antagónico in vitro de cepas nativas de Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum y dos aislados de Bacillus spp. frente a Fusarium oxysporum y Dickeya chrysanthemi. Se identificó morfológicamente a Bacillus, aislado de muestras de suelo de plantaciones de Aloe vera y se realizó una confrontación de cultivos duales modificada, colocando en el centro de la caja Petri F. oxysporum y en los cuatro puntos cardinales las bacterias de Bacillus; para esto se dispuso bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones, las variables registradas fueron porcentaje de antagonismo, halo de inhibición y concentración de conidios. Para Trichoderma se confrontaron frente a F. oxysporum y D. chrysanthemi con una confrontación dual y se determinó porcentaje de inhibición y clasificación de antagonismo. En la confrontación de T. asperellum obtuvo un porcentaje de inhibición de 70.5 % frente a F. oxysporum y 41.9 % frente a D. chrysanthemi. En cuanto a los halos de inhibición de Bacillus (B5 y B4) obtuvieron 4 mm. En la concentración de conidios B5 mostró 1.3, B4 2.6 y el testigo 12.6 esporas por dilución. Trichoderma y Bacillus representan una alternativa viable para el control de F. oxysporum y D. chrysanthemi.