bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rewriting the Ningshan Mutiny: Changing Conceptions of Military Authority in the Early Nineteenth-Century Qing Empire
Authors: Bonk James
Published: June 2019

The Ningshan mutiny, a revolt of recent recruits at the Ningshan Green Standard garrison in Shaanxi in 1806, provides a useful case for exploring changing conceptions of military authority in the early nineteenth-century Qing empire. Focusing on contrasting explanations for the mutiny from the immediate aftermath of the mutiny and the Daoguang reign (1821-1850), this article argues that the first half of the nineteenth century saw a growing embrace among statecraft thinkers, military officers, and the Qing court of what Max Weber referred to as charismatic authority. Rather than posing a threat to central control and military discipline, charismatic officers—including the former brigade general of Ningshan, Yang Fang—were viewed as a potential solution to the structural problems facing the Green Standards, the largely Han branch of the Qing military.
Building National and Regional Accountability for Conflict Related Sexual Violence
Authors: Campbell Kirsten
Published: June 2019

The jurisdiction of the African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (acjhpr) will include international crimes of conflict-related sexual violence (crsv). This article explores the challenges the Court is likely to face in building regional and national accountability for crsv, by considering the lessons that might be learnt from the experiences of the former Yugoslavia in prosecuting these crimes. The article focuses on the two key challenges of developing ‘best practice’ within regional and national courts, and of linking these prosecutions to peace processes and post-conflict reconstruction. To address these challenges, the article argues for a ‘gender justice framework’ of guiding principles to ensure effective and equitable crsv prosecutions.
Strengthening the Preventive Role of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture in Africa
Authors: Renzulli Isobel
Published: June 2019

The article provides a critical insight into the legal framework for the prevention of torture in Africa, with specific reference to the Robben Island Guidelines (rig) and its special mechanism, the Committee for the Prevention of Torture in Africa (cpta). The Guidelines undoubtedly represent a milestone in the development of a torture preventive work in Africa. They bring together a number of provisions covering different aspects of the prohibition and prevention of torture. However they do not elaborate and clarify what is meant by prevention as a concept and what it entails as a legal obligation. Furthermore the cpta’s interpretative drive has largely focused on the other, normatively more robust, areas of intervention, namely the prohibition of torture and redress for victims, at times conflating prevention with the prohibition of torture. If it is to live up to its name, the cpta needs to expand its understanding of prevention of torture. This in turn will allow it to play an important role in detecting, collecting, analysing data and information on situations of risk in Africa, and formulating new and appropriate context-sensitive strategies for the effective prevention of torture.
The Reputation of Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq in Contemporaneous and Later Sources
Authors: Olsson J.T.
Published: June 2019

The intellectual abilities and activities of the great Abbasid-era scholar and translator, Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq (d. 260/873 or 264/877), have been lauded and eulogised from the Middle Ages through to modern times. However, it is clear that most of the information which has shaped Ḥunayn’s reputation derives from much later reports in histories and biographical dictionaries. This is particularly true of Ḥunayn’s purported “autobiography,” which, as a number of recent investigations have concluded, is most likely a later fabrication. However, I would suggest that there are three extant reports which were plausibly composed by contemporaries of Ḥunayn: namely, Abū Maʿshar, Yūsuf b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Dāya and Ibn al-Munajjim. In the course of this study, I discuss the reliability of these accounts and evaluate how far they support the later descriptions of Ḥunayn. Following this, I investigate a report, found in Ibn Rabban al-Ṭabarī’s (fl. 235/850) Firdaws al-ḥikma, which appears to be the only extant criticism of Ḥunayn’s intellectual achievements.
An Encounter of al-ʿAbbās b. Ḥamza (d. 288/901) with Dhū l-Nūn al-Miṣrī (d. ca. 245/859-60): Edition and Study of ms. Vollers 875d
Authors: Chiabotti Francesco , Orfali Bilal
Published: June 2019

This article presents and analyzes a new source on the relationship between ḥadīth and Sufism, a juzʾ in the library of the University of Leipzig titled Juzʾ fīhi qiṣṣat al-ʿAbbās b. Ḥamza maʿa Dhī l-Nūn al-Miṣrī raḥmat Allāh ʿalayhi, “An Encounter of al-ʿAbbās b. Ḥamza with Dhū l-Nūn al-Miṣrī.” The text is an account of the visit of Abū l-Faḍl al-ʿAbbās b. Ḥamza b. Ashūsh of Nishapur (d. 288/901) to Dhū l-Nūn al-Miṣrī (d. ca 245/859-860), an influential figure in the early mystical tradition. By underlying the difference between a mainstream ḥadīth transmission and what the text calls ḥadīth al-riqāq (“heart-melting traditions”), the text helps to defend early ascetics and mystics against accusations of being “weak transmitters” of prophetical traditions.
New Images in Old Frames: Ibn Harma (d. ca. 176/792) between Classical Poetry and Abbasid Modernity
Authors: Salhi Zahia Smail , Alqarni Hussain Mohammed
Published: June 2019

Classical Arabic sources generally refer to Ibrahim b. Harma (d. ca. 176/792) as one of the “last poets” whose poetry is quoted as lexical and linguistic evidence of sound and “unaffected” language, in other words “pure” Arabic. However, while we argue that the poet’s “pure” Arabic is the main reason for his place of excellence in classical Arabic poetry, we suggest that the poet was well aware of the power of poetic imagery imposed by the new modernity experienced in the Abbasid era. Ibn Harma skillfully developed the new tool as a means of self-expression in a conscious search for poetic immortality. In this article, we aim to explore the poetic imagery of Ibn Harma through textual analysis of a selection of his poetry.
The Legacy of ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī in the Arabic East before al-Qazwīnī’s Talkhīṣ al-Miftāḥ
Authors: Noy Avigail
Published: June 2019

ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081) is recognized today as one of the greatest literary theorists in medieval Islam, but in his own lifetime he was known as a grammarian. It would take nearly three centuries for his theories to take hold in the form of Jalāl al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī’s (d. 739/1338) Talkhīṣ al-Miftāḥ, which launched the standardized science of rhetoric. Even in later centuries al-Jurjānī remained little-known, a situation that would only change at the turn of the twentieth century with the endeavors of Rashīd Riḍā and Muḥammad ʿAbduh, who produced the first editions of al-Jurjānī’s Asrār al-balāgha and Dalāʾil al-iʿjāz. Keeping al-Jurjānī’s larger trajectory in mind, this article takes a closer look at his impact in the time leading up to al-Qazwīnī, with a focus on the Arabic East (Greater Syria and Egypt) where al-Qazwīnī was based. Through an analysis of biographical, bibliographical, and literary critical writings, this study follows the early readership of al-Jurjānī’s rhetorical oeuvre and recontextualizes his place in the history of Arabic literary theory.
Bayān, Gesture, and Genre: Self-Positioning in al-Jurjānī’s Introductions
Authors: Miller Jeannie
Published: June 2019

This article examines the generic affiliations in the introductions to ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī’s (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081) Asrār al-balāgha and Dalāʾil al-iʿjāz, identifying their interlocutors, polemical purposes, and generic aspirations. Asrār al-balāgha aims to displace al-Jāḥiẓ (d. 255/868-9) as a theorist, while Dalāʾil al-iʿjāz addresses not only the Muʿtazilī theologian ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. ca. 415/1024), but also a group espousing an instrumentalist language theory, whom I identify as legal theorists (uṣūlīs) of all stripes. Al-Jurjānī’s critique alerts us to a history of instrumentalist language theory, and allows for a richer reexamination of the multifarious afterlife of al-Jāḥiẓ’s theory of communication (bayān), and his concept of gesture (ishāra). His critique of the instrumentalist group reflects a concern among fifth/eleventh-century legal theorists to ground their discipline more deeply in philology, especially grammar.
Throwing the Reins to the Reader: Hierarchy, Jurjānian Poetics, and al-Muṭarrizī’s Commentary on the Maqāmāt
Authors: Keegan Matthew L.
Published: June 2019

This article introduces al-Muṭarrizī’s (d. 610/1213) commentary on the Maqāmāt of al-Ḥarīrī (d. 516/1122), al-Īḍāḥ fī sharḥ al-maqāmāt. The commentary begins with a lengthy preface, which announces that it will provide the Maqāmāt’s reader with the interpretive tools necessary to recognize that al-Ḥarīrī’s Maqāmāt is an excellent, and possibly inimitable, text. The first portion of al-Muṭarrizī’s preface, examined in detail here, contains a collage of passages and paraphrases from the two major works on poetics by ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081). The article argues that al-Muṭarrizī, al-Jurjānī, and al-Ḥarīrī shared a common commitment to the idea that language ought to make apparent the intellectual hierarchies among readers. This overlooked aspect of Jurjānian poetics helps shed light on the reading and interpretive practices that informed the Maqāmāt’s enthusiastic reception as a text that was Qurʾān-like in its inimitability.
“What Are They Observing?”
Authors: Anthony Douglas
Published: June 2019

Three separate observer missions operated in Nigeria during the country’s 1967–1970 war against Biafran secession, charged with investigating allegations that Nigeria was engaged in genocide against Biafrans. Operating alongside UN and OAU missions, the four-country international observer group was best positioned to respond authoritatively to those allegations, but problems with the composition of the group and its failure to extend the geographical scope of its operations beyond Nigerian-held territory rendered its findings of limited value. This paper argues that the observer missions offer useful windows on several aspects of the war and almost certainly delivered some benefits to Biafrans, but also effectively abdicated their responsibility to Biafrans and the international community by allowing procedural politics to come before commitment to the spirit of the Genocide Convention.
Marriage in Islamic Interpretive Tradition: Revisiting the Legal and the Ethical
Authors: Al-Sharmani Mulki
Published: June 2019

This paper tackles the vexed relationship between the ethical and the legal in the patriarchal construction of marriage and spousal rights in Islamic interpretive tradition and its modern manifestations (i.e. contemporary Muslim family laws and conservative religious discourses). I approach the issue from two angles. First, I examine the work of selected Muslim women scholars from different countries, who since the late 1980s and early 1990s have been engaging critically with Islamic interpretive tradition, to unpack and critique patriarchal interpretations and rulings on marriage and divorce rights, and provide alternative egalitarian readings that are grounded in Qurʾānic ethics. Second, I shed light on how this patriarchal construction of marriage and gender rights impacts the lived realities of ordinary Muslim women and men. I focus on two national contexts: Egypt and Finland. I show-through analysis of courtroom practices in family disputes, marriage practices, and ordinary women’s understandings of the sacred text-that the exegetical and juristic construction of spousal roles and rights is increasingly unsustainable in the lived realities of many Muslims as well as becoming a source of tension on an ethico-religious level.
Revising Athena’s Rage: Cassandra and the Homeric Appropriation of Nostos
Authors: Christensen Joel P.
Published: June 2019

This article approaches the relationship between the Odyssey’s nostos and other Nostoi from the perspective of the epic’s treatment of Cassandra. In doing so, I emphasize two perspectives. First, rather than privileging either “lost” poems or our extant epic as primary in a “vertical” relationship, I assume a horizontal dynamic wherein the reconstructed poems and the Odyssey influenced each other. Second, I assume that, since little can be said with certainty about lost poems, references to other traditions attest primarily to the compositional methods and the poetics of our extant poem. After outlining the major narrative features of the story of Cassandra that were likely available to Homeric audiences, I argue that the suppression of her story in the Odyssey is both part of the epic’s strategy to celebrate Odysseus and Penelope and a feature of the enforcement of a male-dominated ideology.
The Corpse of Odysseus
Authors: Burgess Jonathan S.
Published: June 2019

The topic is the burial of the corpse of Odysseus at Aeaea in the Telegony. I argue that in the Cyclic epic the corpse is buried at an Aeaea localized in Italy. The prophecy of Tiresias in Odyssey 11 may allude to some version of the Telegonus story, but the Homeric epic largely discounts such epichoric legends about Odysseus. Correspondences and differences between the Odyssey and the Telegony result from independent self-positioning within traditional Odyssean myth.
Agnoēsis and the Death of Odysseus in the Odyssey and the Telegony
Authors: Arft Justin
Published: June 2019

This essay explores the death of Odysseus in the Telegony and the Odyssey through the diction of agnoēsis (nonrecognition) and anagnōrisis (recognition). Agnoēsis is a motif in the stories of both Telegonus and the death of Odysseus, allowing the Odyssey’s presentation of agnoēsis to reference the Telegony tradition. Moreover, the deadly consequences of agnoēsis are inimical to the Odyssey’s vision of Odysseus’s kleos, and Odysseus’s death in the Telegony results in an alternative vision of his immortality. Examination of these contrasts between traditions sheds light on how the Odyssey negotiated dissonant elements from the Telegony tradition to enhance its own meaning.
Description of a new fossil Anthoxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) from Yixian Formation of Northeast China
Authors: GAO TAIPING , REN DONG
Published: June 2019

This paper reports a new species Anthoxyela orientalis sp. nov. referred to the genus Anthoxyela Rasnitsyn, 1977 of the subfamily Macroxyelinae (Symphyta, Xyelidae). This fossil was collected from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Based on characters of this specimen, the diagnosis of the genus Anthoxyela is revised.
A new species of the colubrid snake genus Atractus (Reptilia: Serpentes) from the central Amazon of Brazil
Authors: PASSOS PAULO , FERNANDES RONALDO
Published: June 2019

A new species of Atractus is described from upper Cururu River in the Amazon Basin of Brazil. The new species differs from all currently recognized Atractus by having a dorsal colour pattern reddish brown, with first two dorsal scale rows creamish white, hemipenis slightly bilobed, with alary spines at intrasulcar region, and lateral projections of the lobes depressed in their basal portions. In addition, a discussion concerning putative close relative taxa is provided.
A new species of African Forest Robin from Gabon (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae: Stiphrornis)
Authors: SCHMIDT BRIAN K. , FOSTER JEFFREY T. , ANGEHR GEORGE R. , DURRANT KATE L. , FLEISCHER ROBERT C.
Published: June 2019

We describe a new species of forest robin from the Gamba Complex in southwest Gabon. This common bird, Stiphrornis pyrrholaemus sp. nov., inhabits primary lowland forest and forages on or near the ground like the other members of the genus Stiphrornis of central and western Africa. Unique phenotypic features of the new species include the male’s bright orange chin, throat, and breast, creamy yellow belly, olive green back and rump, and gray flanks. Mitochondrial sequence divergence corroborates our assessment based on its distinct physical characteristics that this is a new species, and suggest that Stiphrornis erythrothorax is likely the most closely related congener.
A new genus and species of Trombidiidae (Acari: Trombidioidea) described from larvae ectoparasitic on Cicadatra ochreata Melichar (Homoptera: Cicadidae) from Iran
Authors: SABOORI ALIREZA , LAZARBONI HOSSEIN
Published: June 2019

A new genus and species of Trombidiidae with larvae which are ectoparasitic on Cicadatra ochreata Melichar (Homoptera: Cicadidae) is described from Astaneh city, Markazi province, Iran. Cicaditrombium weni gen. et sp. nov. is provisionally placed in the subfamily Trombidiinae.
A new genus of giant lacewing (Insecta, Neuroptera, Ithonidae) from the Middle Jurassic of China
Authors: YANG QIANG , SHI CHAOFAN , PANG HONG , REN DONG
Published: June 2019

A new genus and species of Ithonidae, Puripolystoechotes pumilus gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. The new genus is distinguished by possessing a hind wing with a simple humeral vein, only three ra-rp crossveins, M forked slightly distal to origin of RP1, and wing membrane without color pattern. This is the third ithonid genus from this locality, showing interesting morphological similarity with the other ithonids from the same locality and period.
On the identity of Brachmia robustella Rebel, 1910 (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)
Authors: HUEMER PETER
Published: June 2019

Examination of the holotype of Brachmia robustella Rebel, 1910, revealed an unrecognized new synonymy with Lutilabria lutilabrella (Mann, 1857).
Observations Utilizing Korea Ocean Research Stations and their Applications for Process Studies
Authors: Ha Kyung-Ja , Nam SungHyun , Jeong Jin-Yong , Moon Il-Ju , Lee Meehye , Yun Junghee , Jang Chan Joo , Kim Yong Sun , Byun Do-Seong , Heo Ki-Young , Shim Jae-Seol
Published: June 2019

The main purposes for establishing the Korea ocean research stations (KORS) are for advancing an overall understanding of atmospheric and oceanic phenomena in the Yellow and East China Seas; for providing core scientific data for the studies on global environmental change, typhoon dynamics, biogeochemical cycles, marine ecosystems and fisheries, atmospheric chemistry involving Asian dust and aerosols, air–sea interaction processes including sea fog, and regional oceanographic process studies; and for functioning as ground stations of ocean remote sensing. Here, ocean–atmosphere time series observations with data service and case studies of KORS applications that will facilitate collaboration among researchers in the international atmospheric and oceanographic communities are presented.
A Unified Eddy-Diffusivity/Mass-Flux Approach for Modeling Atmospheric Convection
Authors: Suselj Kay , Kurowski Marcin J. , Teixeira Joao
Published: June 2019

A fully unified parameterization of boundary layer and moist convection (shallow and deep) is presented. The new parameterization is based on the stochastic multiplume eddy-diffusivity/mass-flux (EDMF) approach, which distinguishes between convective plumes and nonconvective mixing. The convective plumes represent both surface-forced updrafts and evaporatively driven downdrafts. The type of convection (i.e., dry, shallow, or deep) represented by the updrafts is not defined a priori, but rather depends on the near-surface updraft properties and the stochastic interactions between the plumes and the environment through lateral entrainment. Consequently, some updrafts may contribute only to the nonlocal transport within the subcloud layer, while others may condense and form shallow or even deep convection. Such a formulation is void of trigger functions and additional closures typical of modular parameterizations. The updrafts are coupled to relatively simple warm-, mixed-, and ice-phase microphysics. Each precipitating updraft forms a downdraft driven by the evaporation of detrained precipitation. The downdrafts control the development of cold pools near the surface that can invigorate convection. The new parameterization is tested in a single-column model against large-eddy simulations (LESs) for cases representing weakly precipitating marine convection and the diurnal cycle of continental deep convection. The results of these EDMF experiments compare well with the LES reference simulations. In particular, the transitions between the different dominant convection regimes are realistically simulated.
Future Intensification of the Water Cycle with an Enhanced Annual Cycle over Global Land Monsoon Regions
Authors: Zhang Wenxia , Zhou Tianjun , Zhang Lixia , Zou Liwei
Published: June 2019

An integrated picture of the future changes in the water cycle is provided focusing on the global land monsoon (GLM) region, based on multimodel projections under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We investigate the reservoirs (e.g., precipitable water, soil moisture) and water fluxes (e.g., precipitation P, evaporation E, precipitation minus evaporation P − E, and total runoff) of the water cycle. The projected intensification of the water cycle with global warming in the GLM region is reflected in robust increases in annual-mean P (multimodel median response of 0.81% K−1), E (0.57% K−1), P − E (1.58% K−1), and total runoff (2.08% K−1). Both surface (−0.83% K−1) and total soil moisture (−0.26% K−1) decrease as a result of increasing evaporative demand. Regionally, the Northern Hemispheric (NH) African, South Asian, and East Asian monsoon regions would experience an intensified water cycle, as measured by the coherent increases in P, P − E, and runoff, while the NH American monsoon region would experience a weakened water cycle. Changes in the monthly fields are more remarkable and robust than in the annual mean. An enhanced annual cycle (by ~3%–5% K−1) with a phase delay from the current climate in P, P − E, and runoff is projected, featuring an intensified water cycle in the wet season while little changes or slight weakening in the dry season. The increased seasonality and drier soils throughout the year imply increasing flood and drought risks and agricultural yields reduction. Limiting global warming to 1.5°C, the low warming target set by the Paris Agreement, could robustly reduce additional hydrological risks from increased seasonality as compared to higher warming thresholds.
W-Band (95 GHz) Radar Attenuation in Tropical Stratiform Ice Anvils
Authors: Protat Alain , Rauniyar Surendra , Delanoë Julien , Fontaine Emmanuel , Schwarzenboeck Alfons
Published: June 2019

Attenuation of the W-band (95 GHz) radar signal by atmospheric ice particles has long been neglected in cloud microphysics studies. In this work, 95-GHz airborne multibeam cloud radar observations in tropical stratiform ice anvils are used to estimate vertical profiles of 95-GHz attenuation. Two techniques are developed and compared, using very different assumptions. The first technique examines statistical reflectivity differences between repeated aircraft passes through the same cloud mass at different altitudes. The second technique exploits reflectivity differences between two different pathlengths through the same cloud, using the multibeam capabilities of the cloud radar. Using the first technique, the two-way attenuation coefficient produced by stratiform ice particles ranges between 1 and 1.6 dB km−1 for reflectivities between 13 and 18 dBZ, with an expected increase of attenuation with reflectivity. Using the second technique, the multibeam results confirm these high attenuation coefficient values and expand the reflectivity range, with typical attenuation coefficient values of up to 3–4 dB km−1 for reflectivities of 20 dBZ. The potential impact of attenuation on precipitating-ice-cloud microphysics retrievals is quantified using vertical profiles of the mean and the 99th percentile of ice water content derived from noncorrected and attenuation-corrected reflectivities. A large impact is found on the 99th percentile of ice water content, which increases by 0.3–0.4 g m−3 up to 11-km height. Finally, T-matrix calculations of attenuation constrained by measured particle size distributions, ice crystal mass–size, and projected area–size relationships are found to largely underestimate cloud radar attenuation estimates.
Numerical Simulations of Typhoon Hagupit (2008) Using WRF
Authors: Sun Jia , He Hailun , Hu Xiaomin , Wang Dingqi , Gao Cen , Song Jinbao
Published: June 2019

We used a mesoscale atmospheric model to simulate Typhoon Hagupit (2008) in the South China Sea (SCS). First, we chose optimized parameterization schemes based on a series of sensitivity tests. The results suggested that a combination of the Kain–Fritsch cumulus scheme and the Goddard microphysics scheme was the best choice for reproducing both the track and intensity of Typhoon Hagupit. Next, the simulated rainfall was compared with microwave remote sensing products. This comparison validated the model results for both the magnitude of rainfall and the location of heavy rain relative to the typhoon’s center. Furthermore, the potential vorticity and vertical wind speed displayed the asymmetric horizontal and tilted vertical structures of Typhoon Hagupit. Finally, we compared the simulation of air–sea turbulent fluxes with estimations from an in situ buoy. The time series of momentum fluxes were roughly consistent, while the model still overestimated heat fluxes, especially right before the typhoon’s arrival at the buoy.
Targeted Education Across Clinical Settings Improves Adherence to Evidence-Based Interventions for Bronchiolitis
Authors: Molloy Matthew J. , Tamaroff Jaclyn , McDaniel Lauren , Genies Marquita C.
Published: June 2019

Bronchiolitis remains a leading cause of hospitalization of infants. Despite evidence-based recommendations, wide variation in practice remains. A pre-post educational intervention was implemented to improve adherence to bronchiolitis guidelines in emergency and inpatient settings. Among children meeting inclusion criteria (136 pre-intervention, 185 post-intervention), emergency department (ED) bronchodilator use decreased by 64% ( P < .001). Steroid use decreased by 71% ( P = .002). There was no difference in viral testing, antibiotic use, or chest radiograph acquisition. No differences were seen in the inpatient setting. There was no difference in rate of intensive care unit transfer or length of stay. Post-intervention, children were less likely to receive a bronchodilator in the ED (odds ratio [OR] = 0.15, P < .001). Children with a family history of asthma were more likely to receive a bronchodilator in the ED (OR = 4.25, P < .001). Targeted education across settings contributed to reducing bronchodilator use in the ED. Family history appeared to influence medical decision making.
National Imaging and Antibiotic Practice Patterns in Children Presenting With Urinary Tract Infection to Community Practices: Little Impact From the American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines?
Authors: Inouye Brian M. , Dionise Zachary R. , Jiang Ruiyang , Wolf Steven , Nicholl Leigh , Pomann Gina-Maria , Wiener John S. , Purves J. Todd , Routh Jonathan C.
Published: June 2019

Our objective was to use community-based, national databases to evaluate diagnostic imaging and antibiotic prophylaxis practice patterns before and after the release of the 2011 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for acute febrile urinary tract infection. Using the National Ambulatory and Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys, urinary tract infection encounters were identified for patients aged 2 months to 18 years. Primary outcomes were utilization of antibiotics (as proxy for prophylaxis) and diagnostic imaging during encounters. Weighted multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between time period (before and after 2011) and each of the primary outcomes. Among 8 588 035 weighted encounters, adjusting for covariates, there was insufficient evidence to suggest a difference between time periods for antibiotic utilization (odds ratio = 0.66, P = .12) or diagnostic imaging (odds ratio = 1.16, P = .56). Thus, we did not find evidence of changes in antibiotic utilization or diagnostic imaging practice patterns after the release of the 2011 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.
Mindfulness Meditation: Another Context for the Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Authors: Andersen David T.
Published: June 2019

Mindfulness meditation has received enormous empirical support over the past 20 years and has been integrated into the theory and practice of several clinical approaches. Although mindfulness is now an essential feature in the third wave of cognitive/behavioral therapies, there still has been very little written about the integration of, and the implicit commonalities between, mindfulness meditation and the humanistic/experiential approaches to psychotherapy. In this article, the author provides a brief description of the emotional concerns that fueled his initial encounter with a well-known psychologist and one of the first teachers of mindfulness meditation in North America and Europe. The author describes this encounter, suggests that this meeting was transformative because it combined mindfulness practice with the Rogerian elements, or core conditions, of successful client-centered psychotherapy, and argues that by itself, mindfulness embodies its own form of the same core conditions. Last, the author argues that mindfulness meditation and client centered psychotherapy are consilient approaches to mental health that promote the movement toward self-actualization.
Game-Based Socio-Emotional Skills Assessment: A Comparison Across Three Cultures
Authors: Irava Vastav , Pathak Aditi , DeRosier Melissa , Chatterjee Singh Nandini
Published: June 2019

Hall of Heroes, a digital game, was used to compare social and emotional skills of 63 adolescent female students matched for age across Malaysia, South Africa, and the United States. Participants were assessed on six social and emotional competencies during game play, namely impulse control, cooperation, communication, social initiation, empathy, and emotional regulation and assigned to high, average, and low categories. Chi-square and odds ratio analyses revealed novel, significant correlations between various social and emotional skills for all cultures, suggesting similarities in socio-emotional development. In view of the increasing cross-cultural compositions of classrooms, these results may be beneficial to educators and school administrators.
The Staged Nature of Decision Making among Senior Tourists
Authors: Nicolau Juan Luis , Losada Nieves , Alén Elisa , Domínguez Trinidad
Published: June 2019

This article builds on the idea that senior tourists’ decision making is a staged process in which the different choices are sequential, interrelated, and interdependent. These decisions are “whether to take a vacation," “whether to opt for an international trip," “whether to use an organized tour," and “whether to use publicly subsidized travel.” Considering the social character of many trips offered to seniors, the fourth decision of the proposed process makes it unique. No research has empirically considered using a staged decision making in the context of senior travelers, and the proposed model quantifies the effect of each variable based on the decision the individual is dealing with; also, the way a variable changes its effect even within the same decision stage depending on the individual is analyzed by including heterogeneity into the modeling. The results find that senior tourists follow the proposed four-staged decision-making process rather than the basic two-stage decision-making process.
A case study for block-based linked data generation: Recipes as jigsaw puzzles
Authors: Öztürk Övünç , Özacar Tuğba
Published: June 2019

This article is a proof-of-concept case study to evaluate the functionality of a block metaphor–based linked data generator. In this work, we chose to produce linked data repository of recipes, which provide a medium for people to share their regional and healthy recipes with the masses. However, the same approach can also be adapted easily to other domains. Therefore, the applicability of our approach extends well beyond the food domain that we are considering in this article. As a medium for information sharing and understanding between heterogeneous systems, ontologies will play an important role in the realisation of the Internet of things (IoT) vision. Therefore, an ontology-based recipe repository would also be one of the basic blocks of a smart kitchen environment. However, building ontologies is a challenging task, especially for users who are not conversant in the ontology building languages. This article proposes an approach that can be used even by non-experts and facilitates the sharing and searching of recipe data. In our case, we exploit the features of the block paradigm to publish recipes in Linked Data format. In this way, users do not have to know the OWL (Web Ontology Language) syntax and the text input is kept minimal. As far as we know, this article is the first study that produces linked data using Blockly in the literature. We also conducted a user-based evaluation of the proposed approach using the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire.
Relationship between carotid plaque characteristics and new ischemic lesions after stenting detected by computed tomography angiography
Authors: Qu Hongying , Zhang Xiaokun , Zhang Miao , Gao Yongan , Lu Jie
Published: June 2019

Background

Although carotid artery stenting achieves definite benefits, it carries a higher rate of embolization compared with carotid endarterectomy. The incidence of embolization may be related to plaque stability.

Purpose

To assess for any relationship between plaque characteristics and cerebral emboli following carotid artery stenting.

Material and Methods

Sixty-three patients with severe carotid stenosis underwent carotid artery stenting. They were divided into two groups according to whether new ischemic lesions were detected on diffusion-weighted imaging after carotid artery stenting. We evaluated the types and locations of calcification in plaques and extent of calcification. We then assessed for a correlation between each of these factors and occurrence of new lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging after carotid artery stenting.

Results

The locations of calcification, percentage of plaque enhancement, and the number of plaques with irregular surface or ulceration were significantly different between the two groups. A peripheral position of calcification (close to the adventitia), enhancing plaques, and plaques with irregular surfaces or ulceration were statistically significant predictors of intracerebral embolization after carotid artery stenting. No significant differences in type of plaque or degree of calcification were found between two groups.

Conclusion

Peripheral calcification, enhancing plaques, and plaques with irregular surfaces were risk factors for intracerebral embolization after carotid artery stenting. These plaque characteristics should be considered when choosing the optimal treatment for patients.
Changes in Cross-sectional Area and Signal Intensity of Healing Anterior Cruciate Ligaments and Grafts in the First 2 Years After Surgery
Authors: Kiapour Ata M. , Ecklund Kirsten , Murray Martha M. ,   BEAR Trial Team, Flutie Brett , Freiberger Christina , Henderson Rachael , Kramer Dennis , Micheli Lyle , Thurber Laura , Yen Yi-Meng , Fleming Braden C.
Published: June 2019

Background:

The quality of a repaired anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or reconstructed graft is typically quantified in clinical studies by evaluating knee, lower extremity, or patient performance. However, magnetic resonance imaging of the healing ACL or graft may provide a more direct measure of tissue quality (ie, signal intensity) and quantity (ie, cross-sectional area).

Hypotheses:

(1) Average cross-sectional area or signal intensity of a healing ACL after bridge-enhanced ACL repair (BEAR) or a hamstring autograft (ACL reconstruction) will change postoperatively from 3 to 24 months. (2) The average cross-sectional area and signal intensity of the healing ligament or graft will correlate with anatomic features of the knee associated with ACL injury.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Patients with a complete midsubstance ACL tear who were treated with either BEAR (n = 10) or ACL reconstruction (n = 10) underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Images were analyzed to determine the average cross-sectional area and signal intensity of the ACL or graft at each time point. ACL orientation, stump length, and bony anatomy were also assessed.

Results:

Mean cross-sectional area of the grafts was 48% to 98% larger than the contralateral intact ACLs at all time points ( P < .01). The BEAR ACLs were 23% to 28% greater in cross-sectional area than the contralateral intact ACLs at 3 and 6 months ( P < .02) but similar at 12 and 24 months. The BEAR ACLs were similar in sagittal orientation to the contralateral ACLs, while the grafts were 6.5° more vertical ( P = .005). For the BEAR ACLs, a bigger notch correlated with a bigger cross-sectional area, while a shorter ACL femoral stump, steeper lateral tibial slope, and shallower medial tibial depth were associated with higher signal intensity ( R2 > .40, P < .05). Performance of notchplasty resulted in an increased ACL cross-sectional area after the BEAR procedure ( P = .007). No anatomic features were correlated with ACL graft size or signal intensity.

Conclusion:

Hamstring autografts were larger in cross-sectional area and more vertically oriented than the native ACLs at 24 months after surgery. BEAR ACLs had a cross-sectional area, signal intensity, and sagittal orientation similar to the contralateral ACLs at 24 months. The early signal intensity and cross-sectional area of the repaired ACL may be affected by specific anatomic features, including lateral tibial slope and notch width—observations that deserve further study in a larger cohort of patients.

Registration:

NCT02292004 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier)
Platelet-Rich Plasma Reduces Failure Risk for Isolated Meniscal Repairs but Provides No Benefit for Meniscal Repairs With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Everhart Joshua S. , Cavendish Parker A. , Eikenberry Alex , Magnussen Robert A. , Kaeding Christopher C. , Flanigan David C.
Published: June 2019

Background:

The effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the risk of meniscal repair failure is unclear. Current evidence is limited to small studies without comparison between isolated repairs and meniscal repairs with concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. It is also unclear whether the efficacy of PRP differs between preparation systems in the setting of meniscal repair.

Purpose:

(1) To determine whether intraoperative PRP affects the risk of meniscal repair failure. (2) To determine whether the effect of PRP on meniscal failure risk is influenced by ACL reconstruction status or by PRP preparation system.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

The study entailed 550 patients (mean ± SD age, 28.8 ± 11.2 years) who underwent meniscal repair surgery with PRP (n = 203 total; n = 148 prepared with GPS III system, n = 55 prepared with Angel system) or without PRP (n = 347) and with (n = 399) or without (n = 151) concurrent ACL reconstruction. The patients were assessed for meniscal repair failure within 3 years. The independent effect of PRP on the risk of meniscal repair failure was determined by multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, ACL status, tear pattern, tear vascularity, repair technique, side (medial or lateral), and number of sutures or implants used.

Results:

Failures within 3 years occurred in 17.0% of patients without PRP and 14.6% of patients with PRP ( P = .60) (Angel PRP, 15.9%; GPS III PRP, 14.2%; P = .58). Increased patient age was protective against meniscal failure regardless of ACL or PRP status (per 5-year increase in age: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-1.0; P = .047). The effect of PRP on meniscal failure risk was dependent on concomitant ACL injury status. Among isolated meniscal repairs (20.3% failures at 3 years), PRP was independently associated with lower risk of failure (aHR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.03-0.59; P = .002) with no difference between PRP preparation systems ( P = .84). Among meniscal repairs with concomitant ACL reconstruction (14.1% failures at 3 years), PRP was not independently associated with risk of failure (aHR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.81-2.36; P = .23) with no difference between PRP preparation systems ( P = .78).

Conclusion:

Both PRP preparations used in the current study had a substantial protective effect in terms of the risk of isolated meniscal repair failure over 3 years. In the setting of concomitant ACL reconstruction, PRP does not reduce the risk of meniscal repair failure.
Psychological Needs Fulfillment and Engagement in Afterschool: “I Pay Attention Because I am Really Enjoying This.”
Authors: Faust Loren , Kuperminc Gabriel P.
Published: June 2019

This qualitative study draws on concepts from Self-Determination Theory (SDT) within a positive youth development framework to postulate that participants in an after-school program will derive a sense of enjoyment and challenge in program activities when they perceive that the program supports their psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. SDT suggests that when programs support participant’s need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, the participants will in turn experience greater motivation and program engagement. A thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 18 participants in Cool Girls, Inc. after-school programs (89% African American, Grades 2-12) found that youth experienced a sense of engagement and motivation through program activities that they felt promoted a sense of autonomy/independence and peer/adult connections. Age-related variations in perceived needs fulfillment and their relation to feeling engaged in the program were explored.
Osteogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on fibrin glue- or fibronectin-coated Ceraform®
Authors: Süloğlu Aysun Kılıç , Karacaoğlu Elif , Bilgic Hayriye Akel , Selmanoğlu Güldeniz , Koçkaya Evrim A , Karaaslan Cagatay
Published: June 2019

Natural and synthetic biomaterials have been designed to aid in the bone regeneration process. Although multiple stem cell-based biomaterials are currently studied by many researchers, no biomaterial has yet been approved as the most appropriate. Here, we aimed to use and compare alternative synthetic biphasic ceramic Ceraform® (CR) coated with the tissue adhesives fibrin glue (FG) and fibronectin (FN) seeded with osteogenically induced cells, which were previously differentiated from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal cells. The osteogenic properties were evaluated on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after cell seeding by histological examinations, determining enzyme activities and gene expressions of osteogenic markers, and scanning electron microscope analysis. Non-coated CR and FG-or FN-coated CR groups displayed all osteogenic differentiation markers, such as osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteopontin, Runt-related transcription factor-2, collagen type-1, and bone morphogenetic protein-2, but their distribution in terms of duration varied. The detection of non-collagenous proteins and collagen type-1 indicated the role of FG or FN in enhancing bone remodeling and bone structure stabilization. FG exhibited the advantage of encapsulating cells owing to its clot formation property compared to that by FN when considering the enhanced survival of transplanted cells. Moreover, the fibrin glue-coated CR group showed a distinct difference by expressing osteogenic markers even at the end of late incubation period. These properties indicated that using CR-FG in combination with differentiated cells is a promising alternative improved scaffold for bone repair by cell therapy.
Strategic promotion, reputation, and responsiveness in bureaucratic hierarchies
Authors: Fan Xinyu , Yang Feng
Published: June 2019

While existing studies usually model promotion as a bilateral interaction between promoter and promotee, it is not uncommon that the promoter is under the influence of a third party. For instance, authoritarian rulers may consider how their interactions with local agents change the way that citizens view them. Similarly, a mid-tier officer in a bureaucratic hierarchy often concerns herself with her image in the eyes of her superior when managing her subordinates. In this paper, we construct a game-theoretic model to investigate promotion strategies when promoters have reputation concerns. We show that promoters can use promotion as a signaling tool, where she can deliberately postpone promoting the subordinate to enhance her own reputation. Furthermore, the promoter has extra incentives to shirk, knowing that she can manipulate promotion in the future. Thus, strategic promotions decrease government responsiveness. Counter-intuitively, such a decrease is more severe when intra-bureaucracy information is more transparent. In other words, transparency may do more harm than good. We conduct a case study of the Chinese bureaucracy and provide supportive evidence.
Image-based tracking technique assessment and application to a fluid–structure interaction experiment
Authors: Mella DA , Brevis W , Higham JE , Racic V , Susmel L
Published: June 2019

This work analyses the accuracy and capabilities of two image-based tracking techniques related to digital image correlation and the Lucas–Kanade optical flow method, with the subsequent quantification of body motion in a fluid–structure interaction experiment. A computer-controlled shaker was used as a benchmark case to create a one-dimensional oscillatory target motion. Three target frequencies were recorded. The measurements obtained with a low-cost digital camera were compared to a high-precision motion tracking system. The comparison was performed under changes in image resolution, target motion and sampling frequency. The results show that, with a correct selection of the processing parameters, both tracking techniques were able to track the main motion and frequency of the target even after a reduction of four and five times the sampling frequency and image resolution, respectively. Within this good agreement, the Lucas–Kanade technique shows better accuracy under tested conditions, achieving up to 15.6% of lower tracking error. Nevertheless, the achievement of this higher accuracy is highly dependent on the position of the selected initial target point. These considerations are addressed to satisfactorily track the response of a wall-mounted cylinder subjected to a range of turbulent flows using a single camera as the measuring device.
Quasi-static and dynamic analyses of thin-webbed high-speed gears: Centrifugal effect influence
Authors: Guilbert B , Velex P , Cutuli P
Published: June 2019

The objective of this paper is to analyse the effect of centrifugal effects on thin-rimmed/-webbed gears. To this end, an original hybrid gear model is used, which combines lumped parameter elements, finite elements and condensed sub-structures along with a mortar-based mesh interface aiming at coupling mismatched models. It is shown that due to gear body flexibility, centrifugal effects can strongly modify geometry and, consequently, tooth load distributions at high speeds. The possibility to counterbalance these effects by introducing profile and lead modification is investigated. It is finally shown that for the effective tooth design, both thin-rimmed gear geometry and operating conditions must be accounted for.