bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relation of weight suppression and BMI to bulimic symptoms
Authors: Butryn Meghan L. , Juarascio Adrienne , Lowe Michael R.
Published: November 2010

Objective:

High levels of weight suppression have been associated with greater binge eating and weight gain as well as poorer treatment outcome in bulimia nervosa. This study examined the relationship between weight suppression and bulimia nervosa symptoms and explored how weight suppression might interact with body mass index (BMI) in accounting for level of symptomatology at presentation for treatment.

Method:

Participants were 64 women with threshold or sub‐threshold bulimia nervosa. A clinical interview assessed binge eating and purging.

Results:

Weight suppression and the interaction between BMI and weight suppression predicted frequency of binge eating such that participants with low BMI and high weight suppression engaged in the most binge eating. High levels of weight suppression also predicted more frequent purging.

Discussion:

Additional research is warranted to examine mediators of these relationships. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
Use of Prony analysis to extract sync information of low frequency oscillation from measured data
Authors: Shim K. S. , Nam H. K. , Lim Y. C.
Published: November 2010

This paper describes methods to search the sync that takes place in power systems. Discrete signals in power systems can be expressed by the sum of several damped exponential sine functions. Therefore, dominant mode and residues included in the signals are estimated by applying parameter estimation methods. They are compared in their search for the sync among output signals. In the dominant oscillation mode included in many signals, the modes that have similar frequencies and damping constants were selected. By comparing their residues and phases, the sync of low frequency oscillations was examined. By identifying the sync of wide area oscillations, it was possible to differentiate between the generator and load characteristics. The sync exploring method proposed in this paper, together with sync indexes, were applied to a two area system and the KEPCO system to confirm that it is possible to search for the sync phenomenon in signals of large scale power systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel hemostatic delivery device for thrombin: Biodegradable poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) 50:50 microspheres
Authors: Smeets Ralf , Gerhards Frank , Stein Jamal , Pereira Paz Rui Miguel , Vogt Stephan , Pautke Christoph , Weitz Jochen , Kolk Andreas
Published: November 2010

Topical thrombins are locally active hemostatic agents that can be used to minimize blood loss during any surgery. The aim of this study was to design and investigate a thrombin‐containing biodegradable hemostyptic device with an optimized drug release profile to promote local blood clot formation. It is effective with ongoing systemic antithrombotic therapy and can be used in all types of bone‐related surgery, for example, in dental surgery. Thrombin‐loaded poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) microspheres were synthesized by means of complex (w/o/w) emulsion evaporation method. The resulting enzyme activity of the serine‐protease thrombin was verified by the specific chromogenic substrate S‐2238. The thrombin release profile depended on four factors: (1) thrombin dosage, (2) polymer concentration in the o‐phase, (3) phase quotient w1:0 in the primary emulsion, and (4) the addition of pore‐introducing agents. A collagenous sponge containing thrombin‐loaded microspheres by means of lyophilization was developed. The impact of several production factors of the (w1/o/w2) solvent evaporation method to optimize thrombin encapsulation, morphology of the spheres, and desired drug release profile have been investigated. The in vitro thrombin release was dependent on the polymer‐to‐oil phase ratio, the polymer concentration, and the type of solvent and polymer. The porosity of the spheres and release rate of the active agent were enhanced by increasing the inner aqueous w1 phase. With this study, a new biodegradable hemostyptic device could be verified and established for a potentially safe and locally controlled thrombin release to manage postsurgical hemorrhage in patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Microfluidic approaches for the fabrication of gradient crosslinked networks based on poly(ethylene glycol) and hyperbranched polymers for manipulation of cell interactions
Authors: Pedron S. , Peinado C. , Bosch P. , Benton J. A. , Anseth K. S.
Published: November 2010

High‐throughput methods allow rapid examination of parameter space to characterize materials and develop new polymeric formulations for biomaterials applications. One limitation is the difficulty of preparing libraries and performing high‐throughput screening with conventional instrumentation and sample preparation. Here, we describe the fabrication of substrate materials with controlled gradients in composition by a rapid method of micromixing followed by a photopolymerization reaction. Specifically, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate was copolymerized with a hyperbranched multimethacrylate (P1000MA or H30MA) in a gradient manner. The extent of methacrylate conversion and the final network composition were determined by near‐infrared spectroscopy, and mechanical properties were measured by nanoindentation. A relationship was observed between the elastic modulus and network crosslinking density. Roughness and hydrophilicity were increased on surfaces with a higher concentration of P1000MA. These results likely relate to a phase segregation process of the hyperbranched macromer that occurs during the photopolymerization reaction. On the other hand, the decrease in the final conversion in H30MA polymerization reactions was attributed to the lower termination rate as a consequence of the softening of the network. Valvular interstitial cell attachment was evaluated on these gradient substrates as a demonstration of studying cell morphology as a function of the local substrate properties. Data revealed that the presence of P1000MA affects cell–material interaction with a higher number of adhered cells and more cell spreading on gradient regions with a higher content of the multifunctional crosslinker. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Trypanosomen im Fokus
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: November 2010

Zu den vernachlässigten tropischen Erkrankungen (neglected tropical diseases, NTD), die die höchste Todesrate aufweisen, gehören die durch die Protozoen Trypanosoma und Leishmania verursachte Chagas‐Krankheit (Trypanosoma cruzi), die Schlafkrankheit, auch humane afrikanische Trypanosoma genannt (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense und gambiense) und die viszerale Leishmaniose (Leishmania donavani). Sie kommen vor allem in den ärmsten, ländlichen Gegenden unseres Planeten vor, in Subsahara‐Afrika, Südasien und Lateinamerika.
From science to services: Developing a neuroscience‐based innovative clinical treatment model to manage severe and repetitive self‐harm in a 60‐year‐old woman with severe personality disorders
Authors: Sarkar Jaydip
Published: November 2010

A model based upon neurobiology of threat management that promotes use of social engagement and affect regulation as a strategy to manage heightened threat perceptions and aggression to self and others is introduced. The effectiveness of the model is illustrated through the case report of a woman with severe and repetitive harm to self and others, where its use led to significant reduction in these behaviours. Finally the merits of using a biologically plausible, theoretically grounded and clinically relevant model over strategies driven by multiple and disparate factors (e.g. clinical diagnoses, subjective reports, social circumstances and ‘objective’ clinical rationales) that are not governed by a unified framework is highlighted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An EPR study on cytosine irradiated
Authors: Usta Ayhan , Cingilli Vural Hasibe , Usta Keziban , Aras Erdal , Ceylan Yusuf , Ozmen Ayhan
Published: November 2010

In this study, paramagnetic centers over the cytosine were formed by photolysis then these centers were investigated using EPR method. EPR signals were not recorded from non‐irradiated the cytosine, but irradiated polycrystalline exhibited complex EPR spectra. For obtaining of cytosine polycrystalline, novel crystallization method was performed on powder cytosine. Effective crystallization conditions were achieved by adjustment of the concentration of the metal ions, chemical solutions, NaCl, KCl, glacial asetic acid, nitric oxide, percloric acid, glutamic acid, and pH of buffer. Cytosine (C4H5N2O) polycrystalline obtained were irradiated with 60Co – rays at room temperature for 24 and 72 h. At the sample irradiated for 72 h, the paramagnetic centers were determined between 120 and 450 K by X‐band EPR spectrometer. The spectra were found to be dependent slightly on temperature. Two cation radicals were determined in the structure and these were called Radicals I and II. The g and hyperfine constants were found to be aH2a = 61 G, aN2 = 9.39 G, aN1 = 7.15 G, and g1=2.0026 for the Radical I; aH3 = 10.57 G, aH1 = 3 G, aN3 = 6.72 G, aN1 = 5.36 G for, and g2=2.0034 the Radical II. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational Statistics in MATLAB®
Authors: Martinez Wendy L.
Published: November 2010

In this article, I provide an introduction to MATLAB and briefly explore how it can be used to implement methods in computational statistics. The article starts with an overview of the MATLAB computing environment. This is followed by a discussion of data constructs, syntax, and programming capabilities. I then introduce the reader to visualization techniques and provide some examples. I conclude with a description of relevant commercial MATLAB toolboxes and web addresses for some free toolboxes that would interest the reader. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 69–74 DOI: 10.1002/wics.138

This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Computer Graphics

Data: Types and Structure > Categorical Data

Software for Computational Statistics > Software/Statistical Software
Emergency department diagnosis of critical aortic stenosis using bedside ultrasonography
Authors: Riley David C. , Glassman Grace , Hodges Kimberlee
Published: November 2010

Introduction

An 88-year-old woman with a history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and a history of a large left upper lobe lung mass presented to the Emergency Department (ED) from a nursing home with rapidly progressive shortness of breath and chest pain over 1 day with a rapid decline in mental status. Bedside color Doppler ultrasound para-sternal long-axis examination of the heart revealed severe aortic stenosis. Bedside pulsed-wave and continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound in the apical 5-chamber view revealed critical aortic stenosis using the simplified continuity equation.

Conclusion

Bedside ED cardiac color Doppler, pulsed Doppler evaluation of the left ventricular outflow tract, and continuous-wave Doppler of the aortic valve were used to assist in the diagnosis of critical aortic stenosis.
Effects of high-whey-protein intake and resistance training on renal, bone and metabolic parameters in rats
Authors: Aparicio Virginia A. , Nebot Elena , Porres Jesús M. , Ortega Francisco B. , Heredia Jose M. , López-Jurado María , Ramírez Pilar Aranda
Published: November 2010

Consumption of high-protein (HP) diets is postulated to exert a negative influence on bone and renal health. However, no conclusive evidence has been presented related to this issue or to the potential protective action of resistance training on HP-induced systemic effects. We examined the effects of HP diet consumption on food intake, body-weight gain, body composition, and renal, bone and metabolic parameters of rats performing resistance training. A total of ninety-six adult male Wistar rats were randomly distributed in twelve experimental groups (n8): normal-protein (10 %) or HP (45 %) diets, with or without resistance training, killed for experimental periods of 1, 2 or 3 months. Diets were based on a commercial whey protein hydrolysate. Consumption of HP diets and resistance training significantly affected food intake, body weight and body composition, as well as the plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TAG. The buffering action of resistance training on such diet-induced alterations was especially evident in the levels of plasma TAG. Consumption of HP diets led to a considerable increase in kidney weight, urinary volume and acidity, as well as in the urinary excretion of Ca, with a parallel reduction in the urinary excretion of citrate (P < 0·05). No apparent deleterious effect on bone mineral content was found. In conclusion, consumption of HP diets caused alterations in renal health status and some metabolic parameters, but did not seem to affect bone status. Resistance training had a protective action against alterations of renal health status and some metabolic parameters such as plasma TAG.
Salt Production and Commerce in Guerrero, Mexico.An ethnographic contribution to historical reconstruction
Authors: Good Catharine
Published: November 2010

This paper provides data on the salt industry along Guerrero's Costa Chica and on itinerant salt trading conducted by highland Nahuatl villagers. The findings are compared with studies of salt production elsewhere in Mesoamerica, and the nature and quality of oral-historical sources are evaluated. Based primarily on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, the paper explores technical and social-organizational features of salt production and marketing useful for model building among archaeologists and ethnohistorians. In crossing disciplinary boundaries the paper raises methodological issues of concern to scholars who attempt to reconstruct historical or contemporary Mesoamerican cultural and economic patterns.
Spin relaxation in n-type (111) GaAs quantum wells
Authors: Sun B. Y. , Zhang P. , Wu M. W.
Published: November 2010

We investigate the spin relaxation limited by the D’yakonov–Perel’ mechanism in n-type (111) GaAs quantum wells, by means of the kinetic spin Bloch equation approach. In (111) GaAs quantum wells, the in-plane effective magnetic field from the D’yakonov–Perel’ term can be suppressed to zero on a special momentum circle under the proper gate voltage, by the cancellation between the Dresselhaus and Rashba spin-orbit coupling terms. When the spin-polarized electrons mainly distribute around this special circle, the in-plane inhomogeneous broadening is small and the spin relaxation can be suppressed, especially for that along the growth direction of quantum well. This cancellation effect may cause a peak (the cancellation peak) in the density or temperature dependence of the spin relaxation time. In the density (temperature) dependence, the interplay between the cancellation peak and the ordinary density (Coulomb) peak leads to rich features of the density (temperature) dependence of the spin relaxation time. The effect of impurities, with its different weights on the cancellation peak and the Coulomb peak in the temperature dependence of the spin relaxation, is revealed. We also show the anisotropy of the spin relaxation with respect to the spin-polarization direction.
Fulleride of aluminum nanoclusters
Authors: Popov M. , Medvedev V. , Blank V. , Denisov V. , Kirichenko A. , Tat'yanin E. , Aksenenkov V. , Perfilov S. , Lomakin R. , D'yakov E. , Zaitsev V.
Published: November 2010

Properties of nanocomposites composed of fullerene C60 chemically bonded to Al nanocrystals are reported. The nanocomposites of Al–C60 create a class of new material of fulleride of aluminum nanoclusters. New nanostructured and modified by C60 aluminum-based material has been sintered from fulleride of aluminum nanoclusters. Key features of this material are creating covalent bonds Al–C60 and preserving C60 during sintering. Addition of several wt % of C60 essentially improves (by a factor of 3 to 10, up to 7 GPa) the hardness of initial aluminum.
Giant scattering parameter and enhanced thermoelectric properties originating from synergetic scattering of electrons in semiconductors with metal nanoinclusions
Authors: Yang X. H. , Qin X. Y.
Published: November 2010

The scattering processes of electrons in semiconductors with metal nanoinclusions were theoretically investigated in the framework of relaxation time approximation, in which perturbation theory was used to calculate scattering probabilities analytically. Our results reveal that it is not the single scattering at interface potential barriers caused by the nanoinclusions but the synergetic scattering of electrons at ionized impurities and the interface potential barriers or wells that can produce giant scattering parameter λ (=3.3–4.7). Due to giant λ and enhanced thermopower, the estimated figure of merit ZT=3.4 at 800 K for PbTe with Pb nanoinclusions.
Noether derivation of exact conservation laws for dissipationless reduced-fluid models
Authors: Brizard A. J.
Published: November 2010

The energy-momentum conservation laws for general reduced-fluid (e.g., gyrofluid) models are derived by Noether method from a general reduced variational principle. The reduced canonical energy-momentum tensor (which is explicitly asymmetric and has the Minkowski form) exhibits polarization and magnetization effects associated with dynamical reduction. In particular, the asymmetry in the reduced canonical momentum-stress tensor produces a nonvanishing reduced intrinsic torque that can drive spontaneous toroidal rotation in axisymmetric tokamak plasmas.
Mutation rate is linked to diversification in birds
Authors: Lanfear Robert , Ho Simon Y. W. , Love Dominic , Bromham Lindell
Published: November 2010

How does genome evolution affect the rate of diversification of biological lineages? Recent studies have suggested that the overall rate of genome evolution is correlated with the rate of diversification. If true, this claim has important consequences for understanding the process of diversification, and implications for the use of DNA sequence data to reconstruct evolutionary history. However, the generality and cause of this relationship have not been established. Here, we test the relationship between the rate of molecular evolution and net diversification with a 19-gene, 17-kb DNA sequence dataset from 64 families of birds. We show that rates of molecular evolution are positively correlated to net diversification in birds. Using a 7.6-kb dataset of protein-coding DNA, we show that the synonymous substitution rate, and therefore the mutation rate, is correlated to net diversification. Further analysis shows that the link between mutation rates and net diversification is unlikely to be the indirect result of correlations with life-history variables that may influence both quantities, suggesting that there might be a causal link between mutation rates and net diversification.
CpG methylation of half-CRE sequences creates C/EBPα binding sites that activate some tissue-specific genes
Authors: Rishi Vikas , Bhattacharya Paramita , Chatterjee Raghunath , Rozenberg Julian , Zhao Jianfei , Glass Kimberly , Fitzgerald Peter , Vinson Charles
Published: November 2010

DNA methylation of the cytosine in the CpG dinucleotide is typically associated with gene silencing. Genomic analyses have identified low CpG promoters that are both methylated and transcriptionally active, but the mechanism underlying the activation of these methylated promoters remains unclear. Here we show that CpG methylation of the CRE sequence (TGACGTCA) enhances the DNA binding of the C/EBPα transcription factor, a protein critical for activation of differentiation in various cell types. Transfection assays also show that C/EBPα activates the CRE sequence only when it is methylated. The biological significance of this observation was seen in differentiating primary keratinocyte cultures from newborn mice where certain methylated promoters are both bound by C/EBPα and activated upon differentiation. Experimental demethylation by either 5-azacytidine treatment or DNMT1 depletion diminished both C/EBPα binding and activation of the same methylated promoters upon differentiation suggesting that CpG methylation can localize C/EBPα. Transfection studies in cell cultures using methylated tissue-specific proximal promoters identified half-CRE (CGTCA) and half-C/EBP (CGCAA) sequences that need to be methylated for C/EBPα mediated activation. In primary dermal fibroblasts, C/EBPα activates a different set of methylated tissue-specific promoters upon differentiation into adipocytes. These data identify a new function for methyl CpGs: producing DNA binding sites at half-CRE and half-C/EBP sequences for C/EBPα that are needed to activate tissue-specific genes.
Physiological and pathological population dynamics of circulating human red blood cells
Authors: Higgins John M. , Mahadevan L.
Published: November 2010

The systems controlling the number, size, and hemoglobin concentrations of populations of human red blood cells (RBCs), and their dysregulation in anemia, are poorly understood. After release from the bone marrow, RBCs undergo reduction in both volume and total hemoglobin content by an unknown mechanism [Lew VL, et al. (1995) Blood 86:334–341; Waugh RE, et al. (1992) Blood 79:1351–1358]; after ∼120 d, responding to an unknown trigger, they are removed. We used theory from statistical physics and data from the hospital clinical laboratory [d'Onofrio G, et al. (1995) Blood 85:818–823] to develop a master equation model for RBC maturation and clearance. The model accurately identifies patients with anemia and distinguishes thalassemia-trait anemia from iron-deficiency anemia. Strikingly, it also identifies many pre-anemic patients several weeks before anemia becomes clinically detectable. More generally we illustrate how clinical laboratory data can be used to develop and to test a dynamic model of human pathophysiology with potential clinical utility.
Hierarchy and social inequality in the American Southwest, A.D. 800–1200
Authors: Plog Stephen , Heitman Carrie
Published: November 2010

Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico has been the focus of much recent archaeological research on Pueblo groups who lived during the 9th through 12th centuries in the American Southwest. Here, we examine variation in mortuary patterns in the canyon, focusing in particular on one mortuary crypt, to address questions of social differentiation and the chronology of important sociopolitical processes. Based on new radiocarbon dates as well as reanalysis of the stratigraphy and spatial distribution of materials in the mortuary crypt, we conclude that significant social differentiation began in Chaco
ca
. 150–200 y earlier than suggested by previous research. We argue that social inequality was sanctified and legitimized by linking people to founders, ancestors, and cosmological forces.
Bird flu hype
Authors: Hellsten Iina , Nerlich Brigitte
Published: November 2010

Bird flu, otherwise known as avian influenza, has attracted widespread public and global attention. The H5N1 avian influenza virus was first documented as infecting humans in Hong Kong in 1997 and many of those infected died subsequently from the virus that had been transmitted from poultry to humans. It took several years, however, before a hyped up type of public debate about bird flu began in around 2004. This article examines the hype surrounding public debates about bird flu in medical journals, newspapers and public discussion forums from 1997 to 2006. The article focuses on the development of the frequencies of published texts, and the terminology used in the three databases. The quantitative results will be accompanied by a hermeneutic interpretation of the main sub-topics within the debates. These (preliminary) results contribute to research dealing with the emergence of hypes and the spread of public debates more generally.
Two Oxidosqualene Cyclases Responsible for Biosynthesis of Tomato Fruit Cuticular Triterpenoids
Authors: Wang Zhonghua , Guhling Ortwin , Yao Ruonan , Li Fengling , Yeats Trevor H. , Rose Jocelyn K.C. , Jetter Reinhard
Published: November 2010

The first committed step in triterpenoid biosynthesis is the cyclization of epoxysqualene into various triterpene alcohol isomers, a reaction catalyzed by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). The different OSCs have characteristic product specificities, which are mainly due to differences in the numbers of high-energy intermediates the enzymes can stabilize. The goal of this investigation was to clone and characterize OSCs from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a species known to accumulate δ-amyrin in its fruit cuticular wax, in order to gain insights into the enzymatic formation of this particular triterpenoid. We used a homology-based approach to isolate two tomato OSCs and tested their biochemical properties by heterologous expression in yeast as well as overexpression in tomato. One of the enzymes was found to be a product-specific β-amyrin synthase, while the other one was a multifunctional OSC synthesizing 48% δ-amyrin and six other products. The product spectra of both OSCs together account for both the range and the relative amounts of the triterpenoids found in the fruit cuticle. Both enzymes were expressed exclusively in the epidermis of the tomato fruit, indicating that their major function is to form the cuticular triterpenoids. The relative expression levels of both OSC genes, determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, were consistent with product profiles in fruit and leaves of the tomato cultivar MicroTom. However, the transcript ratios were only partially consistent with the differences in amounts of product triterpenoids between the tomato cultivars MicroTom, M82, and Ailsa Craig; thus, transcriptional control of the two OSCs alone cannot explain the fruit triterpenoid profiles of the cultivars.
Inhibition of gastric motility induced by intestinal glucose in awake rats: role of Na+‐glucose co‐transporter
Authors: RAYBOULD H. E. , ZITTEL T. T.
Published: November 2010

Abstract Carbohydrates are a component of chyme that initiate feedback control of gastric emptying. The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanism by which sensors in the intestine are activated by carbohydrate to initiate intestinal feedback of gastric motor function. Intestinal perfusion with D‐glucose inhibited gastric motility in awake rats. This response was reproduced by 3‐0‐methyl glucose, a non‐metabolizable analogue of glucose that is absorbed by the Na+‐glucose co‐transporter, but not by 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, and was attenuated by perfusion of the intestine with phloridzin, a competitive blocker of the Na+‐glucose co‐transporter. Feeding a high carbohydrate diet to increase the number of co‐transporters reduced the response to intestinal glucose. It was concluded that activation of sensors to initiate feedback inhibition of gastric motility may be dependent either on rapid accumulation of glucose within epithelial cells or on activation of the Na+‐glucose co‐transporter.
Manometric responses of human duodenum during infusion of HCl, hyperosmolar saline, bile and oleic acid
Authors: Rao Satish S. C. , SAFADI R. , LU C. , SCHULZE‐DELRIEU K.
Published: November 2010

Abstract Duodenal motor activity is incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to define the contractile patterns of the duodenum that occur in response to rate controlled injection of various solutions. In nine healthy volunteers we placed a six channel perfused catheter, and recorded pressure activity in the antrum, pylorus and duodenum. Volumes of 10 and 20 mL of 0.9% NaCl, 100 mM HCl (pH 1), 5% NaCl (1711 mOsm/kg), human bile and iso‐osmolar sodium oleate were randomly injected into the duodenum at 20 ml/min, starting IS min after phase III migratory motor complex (MMC). A 20 mL bolus of each solution caused more activity (P < 0.05) than a 10 mL bolus, but the motor pattern was similar. The control, 0.9% NaCl, produced occasional pressure waves, whereas bile and sodium oleate induced more (P < 0.05) activity which consisted of low amplitude, isolated or clusters (2–4 cycle/min) of non‐propagating pressure waves that occurred at random sites. In three subjects, oleate produced isolated pyloric phasic contractions. In contrast, HCl and 5% NaCl induced high amplitude pressure waves that were seen either at a single channel or at multiple channels, occurring simultaneously. The motility index was also greater (P < 0.05) than that induced by other solutions. Additionally, within 2 min of infusion, a phase III MMC like pattern was observed in five of the nine subjects who received HCl and three of the nine who received 5% NaCl. A non‐nutrient iso‐osmolar solution induced occasional motor activity. HCl and hyperosmolar solutions induced more frequent and large amplitude, segmental contractions whereas lipid and bile induced fewer and smaller amplitude contractions. The volume, the pH, the osmolar and the nutrient make up of the infusate may each influence the duodenal motor responses.
Coordination of biliary and upper gastrointestinal motility in the fasted conscious pig
Authors: Saccone G. T. P. , HARVEY J. R. , LIU Y‐F. , BAKER R. A. , HOLT A. W. , WILSON T. G. , TOOULI J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract A chronic pig model was developed which permits the simultaneous measurement of integrated biliary motility as resistance to flow (CBD inflow), gallbladder, duodenal and gastric motility in addition to collection of venous blood samples for gut hormones estimations. Animals displayed a duodenal interdigestive cycle of 55.4 ± 3.4 min (mean ± SEM, n = 6), consisting of phase I, II and III (21.2 ± 2.1, 70.5 ± 2.0, 8.7 ± 0.5% of the cycle, respectively). A gastric inter‐digestive cycle of 60.2 ± 6.5 min (n = 4) was similarly demonstrated consisting of three phases which corresponded to the three duodenal phases. The gastric phases I, II and III comprised 26.3 ± 3.0, 71.2 ± 2.7 and 2.5 ± 0.8% of the cycle, respectively. The gastric phase III immediately preceded the onset of the duodenal phase III. The gallbladder likewise displayed an interdigestive cycle of 54.5 ± 7.2 min (n = 6) consisting of a quiescent period (37.2 ± 3.7% of the cycle) corresponding temporally to duodenal phase III and phase I. This quiescent phase was followed by a period of rhythmic contractions (64.5 ± 4.1% of the cycle) which corresponded temporally to duodenal phase II. The onset of the gallbladder quiescent period coincided with the onset of duodenal phase III. The CBD inflow similarly demonstrated an interdigestive cycle of 53.4 ± 9.6 min (n = 4) duration, consisting of three phases. The initial phase was evident as a period of rapid inflow, the onset of which coincided with the onset of duodenal phase III and the gallbladder quies‐centperiod, andoccupied 12.0 ± 0.8% of the cycle. The secondphase which occupied 18.0 ± 7.4% of the cycle, was typified as a period of declining inflow which reached a relatively stable level at a time corresponding to the end of duodenal phase I. The third phase consisted of the maintenance of the inflow rate achieved at the end of the previous phase (60% of maximum inflow), corresponding in onset and duration with duodenal phase II and occupied 70.0 ± 8.6% of the cycle. Plasma motilin levels fluctuated in relation to the duodenal interdigestive cycle, peaking during phase III relative to phase I (36.9 ± 8.5 vs 25.4 ± 7.7 pg mL−1, respectively, n = 5, P < 0.05). Cholecystokinin levels did not fluctuate, remaining low (2.3 ± 2.1 pM cholecystokinin octapeptide equivalents, n = 5) throughout the duodenal interdigestive cycle, but increased about two fold after ingestion of solid food. Feeding disrupted the gastric, duodenal, gallbladder and CBD inflow cycles.
In vitro contractility of stimulated and non‐stimulated human gallbladder muscle
Authors: Bird N. C. , WEGSTAPEL H. , CHESS‐WILLIAMS R. , JOHNSON A. G.
Published: November 2010

Abstract In an attempt to define, more clearly, the nature of gallbladder contraction we obtained muscle strips from human gallbladder wall, removed at cholecystectomy. Samples were taken from various areas of the gallbladder to seek evidence of a dominant axis of contraction. The strips were stimulated with increasing concentrations of cholecystokinin‐8 (CCK‐8) and carbachol, and, to determine maximal contractile force, 0.25 M potassium chloride. No differences were seen between samples taken from the longitudinal, circular and oblique axes. In a second series of experiments, samples were taken from the body and neck regions of the gallbladder. In these, it was seen that the samples from the body contracted more forcefully than those of the neck tissue and that they were more sensitive to carbachol stimulation.

The difference in response to CCK‐8 measured in the strips from the body and cystic duct/neck of the gallbladder cannot be explained by a difference in sensitivity to CCK‐8, but is mainly due to the difference in the amount of muscle tissue present. Strips from the body are more sensitive to muscarinic stimulation that those from the neck. Overall, there is a functional difference in sensitivity between the body and neck which would serve to facilitate bile flow into the common bile duct during gallbladder contraction.
Quantification of the oesophageal peristaltic reflex in man
Authors: Penagini R. , PICONE A. , BIANCHI P.A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract The peristaltic reflex represents the basis of peristalsis and has two components, ascending contraction above and descending relaxation below the site of distension. Studies of the two components of the reflex in the human oesophagus performed by concurrent monitoring of oesophageal body and lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) motility are lacking.

We investigated the peristaltic reflex in eight healthy volunteers (aged 19–25 years; five male, three female) by two series of eight graded (3–10 mL) balloon distensions performed 11 cm above the LOS, monitoring motor activity in the oesophageal body both above and below the balloon and in the LOS (sleeve sensor).

During balloon distension both ascending contraction, as assessed by contractile activity above the balloon, and descending relaxation, as assessed by LOS relaxation, increased linearly with increasing inflation volumes (r = 0.6 and r = 0.8, respectively, both P < 0.0001). The threshold for descending relaxation was lower than that for ascending contraction. The contractile response of the body below the balloon was always lower than above the balloon and occurred with a higher (P < 0.05) frequency at 6 and 7 mL compared to 3, 4 and 10 mL. After balloon deflation an oesophageal contraction, usually accompanied by an LOS contraction, occurred with increasing frequency as the balloon volume increased.

Our experimental model allows detailed assessment of the two components of the peristaltic reflex in the human oesophagus in vivo and should prove useful in future studies on the physiology and pathophysiology of this reflex.
Role of altered responsiveness of hypertrophic smooth muscle in manometric abnormalities of the obstructed opossum oesophagus
Authors: SHIRAZI S. , Schulze‐Delrieu Konrad
Published: November 2010

Abstract The movements of the obstructed oesophagus are abnormal, but whether this relates to the disease causing the obstruction, to the altered load conditions or to abnormal neuromuscular functions in hypertrophic smooth muscle is unclear. In an opossum model of chronic oesophageal obstruction, we compared the mechanical responsiveness of hypertrophic smooth muscle in vitro to in vivo manometric function. Related to their greater thickness, strips of hypertrophic muscle generated greater force in response to electrical stimulation and to stretch than control strips. Hypertrophic muscle often generated repetitive contractions; spread of contractions orad from the stimulus site was common in hypertrophic oesophageal bands. On manometry, the obstructed oesophagus generated abnormally high pressures proximally, and highly variable pressure amplitudes in the middle and distally; pressure waves often occurred simultaneously throughout the oesophagus, were repetitive or multi‐peaked and led to a lasting rise of oesophageal pressure. Alterations in the intrinsic neuromuscular functions of hypertrophic smooth muscle including generation of greater force, repetitive or spontaneous contractions, and retrograde spread of contractions explain many, but not all, of the manometric abnormalities seen in the chronically obstructed oesophagus.
Motor events underlying gastro‐oesophageal reflux in ambulant patients with reflux oesophagitis
Authors: PENAGINI R. , SCHOEMAN M. N. , DENT J. , TIPPETT M. D. , Holloway R. H.
Published: November 2010

Abstract Information on the mechanism of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease is limited largely to studies in resting recumbent subjects. Evidence exists that both posture and physical activity may influence reflux. The aim of this study was to investigate reflux mechanisms in ambulant patients with reflux oesophagitis.

Concurrent ambulatory oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring were performed in 11 ambulant patients with erosive oesophagitis. Lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure was monitored with a perfused sleeve sensor. Recordings were made for 90 min before and 180 min after a meal. At set times patients sat in a chair or walked.

LOS pressure was ≤2 mmHg at the time of reflux for 98% of reflux episodes. Transient LOS relaxation was the most common pattern overall and the predominant pattern in seven patients, whilst persistently absent basal LOS pressure was the most common pattern in four patients. The pattern of LOS pressure was not altered by the presence of hiatus hernia or by walking. Straining occurred at the onset of 31% of acid reflux episodes but often followed the development of an oesophageal common cavity. The occurrence of straining was not influenced by walking.

In ambulant patients with reflux oesophagitis: (1) LOS pressure is almost always absent at the time of reflux, usually because of transient LOS relaxation, (2) persistently absent basal LOS pressure is an important mechanism of reflux in a few patients, (3) straining may help to induce acid reflux in a variable proportion of occasions and may in some instances be a response to gas reflux, and (4) walking does not influence the occurrence of reflux or its mechanisms.
New Insights into Mesenchymal Stromal Cell‐Mediated T‐Cell Suppression Through Galectins
Authors: Sioud M.
Published: November 2010

In recent years, a large number of studies have contributed to our understanding of the immunosuppressive mechanisms used by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). These include the expression of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) and the production of soluble immunosuppressive factors, such as, interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, whether these factors represent the only triggers involved in immunosuppression is not clear. Indeed, adding IDO inhibitor or neutralizing antibodies against IL‐10 and TGF‐β to mixed lymphocyte reactions failed to prevent T‐cell suppression by MSC, suggesting that there is either redundancy in the mechanisms of immunosuppression or the involvement of other factors yet to be described. Galectins, a family of β‐galactoside binding proteins, now emerge as a main regulator of MSC immunosuppressive function. Galectin‐1 and galectin‐3 are constitutively expressed and secreted by human bone marrow MSC. Inhibition of galectin‐1 and galectin‐3 gene expression with small interfering RNAs abrogated the suppressive effect of MSC on allogeneic T cells. An increase in our understanding of MSC suppressor mechanisms will offer an insight into the use of these cells in human therapy such as the treatment of graft‐versus‐host disease, a severe complication after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Cloning and expression of medaka cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450 during gonadal development
Authors: Nakamoto Masatoshi , Fukasawa Motoaki , Orii Shinya , Shimamori Kazusuke , Maeda Takafumi , Suzuki Aya , Matsuda Masaru , Kobayashi Tohru , Nagahama Yoshitaka , Shibata Naoki
Published: November 2010

Cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc, Cyp11a) is responsible for the first step in steroidogenesis, catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol to prognenolone. To investigate the differentiation of steroid‐producing cells and the function of sex steroids during gonadal differentiation in the teleost fish, medaka (Oryzias latipes), we isolated the full length cDNA of medaka P450scc and analyzed the expression pattern of P450scc mRNA during gonadal development using in situ hybridization. At hatching, and just after the initiation of morphological sex differentiation, we did not detect any P450scc expression in both sexes. In male gonads, expression of P450scc was detected in the interstitial somatic cells 15 days after hatching following the formation of the seminiferous tubule precursor, and was maintained in the interstitial somatic cells throughout testicular development. In the female gonad, expression of P450scc was initially detected in interstitial somatic cells 5 days after hatching. Subsequently, the expression of P450scc was continuously detected in the interstitial somatic cells of the developing ovary. This expression pattern of P450scc differed from that of female specific steroidogenic enzyme P450arom. Both P450scc and P450arom expressing cells, only P450scc expressing cells, and only P450arom expressing cells were observed. Our results suggest that expression of steroidogenic enzymes is regulated by various mechanisms during ovarian development.
Gene switching and odor induced activity shape expression of the OR37 family of olfactory receptor genes
Authors: Bader Andrea , Bautze Verena , Haid Désirée , Breer Heinz , Strotmann Jörg
Published: November 2010

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) which express distinct odorant receptor (OR) genes are spatially arranged within the mouse olfactory epithelium. Towards an understanding of the mechanisms which determine these patterns, representative OR genes which are typically expressed in the unique central patch of the epithelium were investigated. Inside the patch, numerous OSNs which initially selected a representative gene from this OR group finally expressed another gene from the group, indicating that OSNs inside the patch ‘switch’ between these genes. If an OSN successively chose genes from the same OR gene cluster, these originated from the same parental chromosome. A deletion of the olfactory cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channel altered the distribution pattern of distinct OSN populations; they were no longer located exclusively inside the patch. Together, the results indicate that OSNs inside the patch initially sample several OR genes for expression; for their correct patterning in the OE, odor‐induced activity appears to play a critical role.
Calcium promotes exopolysaccharide phase variation and biofilm formation of the resulting phase variants in the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus
Authors: Garrison‐Schilling Katherine L. , Grau Brenda L. , McCarter Kevin S. , Olivier Brett J. , Comeaux Nicole E. , Pettis Gregg S.
Published: November 2010

Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram‐negative bacterium found in estuaries and coastal waters and is associated with human disease caused by ingestion of raw shellfish. Pathogenesis is directly related to the presence of capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Encapsulated virulent strains exhibit an opaque colony phenotype, while unencapsulated attenuated strains appear translucent. A third colony type, rugose, is caused by expression of rugose extracellular polysaccharide (rEPS) and forms robust biofilms. Vibrio vulnificus undergoes phase variation associated with altered levels of CPS and rEPS, and we show here that calcium (Ca2+) significantly increases the rate of CPS and rEPS phase variation in this species. Interestingly, multiple phenotypic responses to increased [Ca2+] were observed among strains, which suggests the existence of underlying cognate genetic or epigenetic differences. Certain translucent isolates contained deletions at the group I CPS operon, inferring increased [Ca2+] upregulates existing phase variation mechanisms. Expanding on a previous observation (Kierek and Watnick, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 14357–14362, 2003), increased [Ca2+] also enhanced biofilm formation for all phase variants. Our results show that Ca2+ promotes both polysaccharide phase variation and biofilm formation of the resulting phase variants, thereby likely serving a dual role in persistence of V. vulnificus in the environment.
The construction of artistic reputation in Seicento Bologna: Guido Reni and the Sirani
Authors: BOHN BABETTE
Published: November 2010

The critical receptions of Guido Reni, Giovanni Andrea Sirani, and Elisabetta Sirani suggest that in seventeenth‐century Bologna, technical brilliance was consistently valued more highly than iconographic invention. This essay assesses the differing critical fortunes of these three artists through the commentaries of the early writers, patterns of attribution (for drawings and paintings) and collecting, and economic rewards for their works. These varied types of evidence elucidate the relative roles of technical virtuosity, invention, and gender in formulating artistic reputations in early modern Italy. The relative inattention of sophisticated early critics to iconographic invention and the privileging of technical mastery and innovation suggest that the earlier widespread concern for elevating the intellectual status of painting was increasingly becoming a moot point.
Repair of an Incompetent Urethral Sphincter in a Mare
Authors: Schumacher Jim , Brink Palle
Published: November 2010

Objective: To describe successful surgical treatment of urinary incontinence caused by a ruptured and/or transected urethral sphincter in a mare.

Study Design: Clinical report.

Animal: A 7‐year‐old, Swedish Warmblood mare with urinary incontinence.

Methods: The urethral sphincter, which had been damaged during removal of a cystic urolith, was repaired by apposing the ends of the disrupted urethralis muscle and tunica muscularis.

Results: The mare was no longer incontinent after repair of the defect by apposition of the ends of the urethralis muscle and tunica muscularis.

Conclusions: Transection and/or rupture of the urethral sphincter of a mare may result in urinary incontinence.

Clinical Relevance: Apposition of the ends of the ruptured or transected urethralis muscle and tunica muscularis can correct urinary incontinence caused by this defect.
Use of a Vessel Sealant Device for Splenectomy in Dogs
Authors: Rivier Pablo , Monnet Eric
Published: November 2010

Objective: To (1) describe a technique for splenic vessel hemostasis and (2) report complications and outcome after use of bipolar sealant device during splenectomy in dogs.

Study Design: Case series.

Animals: Dogs (n=27) with naturally occurring splenic disease.

Methods: Between January 2006 and March 2008, splenectomy was performed using a vessel sealant device in 27 dogs with naturally occurring splenic disease. Number of sutures needed for splenectomy and complications were recorded. Splenic artery diameter was measured using a caliper. Intraoperative hemostasis, device ease of use, postoperative hemorrhage, and short‐term survival were evaluated.

Results: Splenectomy was performed successfully in 27 dogs with the vessel sealant device; none of the dogs required vessel ligation with suture. The splenic artery was dissected and adequately sealed in each dog. One dog was readmitted 4 days after surgery with hemoabdomen. Abdominal exploration revealed splenic pedicle hemorrhage and pancreatitis, the vessel sealant device was used to coagulate splenic pedicle bleeding. The dog was alive at suture removal.

Conclusion: In dogs, a vessel sealant device may be used to achieve efficient and safe hemostasis of the splenic vascular pedicle without sutures.