bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus from a rhinologist’s perspective: a review
Authors: Munjal Manish , Munjal Shubham , Vohra Hitant , Prabhakar Anu , Kumar Ajay , Singh Sonia , Soni Anshu , Gupta Seema , Agarwal Meenakshi
Published: January 2021

The postero-superioly situated lacrimal glands secreate tears to lubricate the exposed sclera, limbus and the cornea. The tears are ultimately are channeled into the antero-inferior sited lacrimal sac and thereby into the nasal inferior meatus. Epiphora may be secondary to irritative or obstructive pathology in the naso-lacrimal system.   Individual with epiphora necessitates intervention, medical or surgical.  The naso-lacrimal system with its unique anatomy has been elaborated upon to assist in detecting the precise site of pathology and plan management likewise.

 
Compostagem orgânica em escala em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Silva Adriana Rodrigues , Silva Eliane Nascimento , Silva Wanderson Rodrigues , Souza Felipe , Pereira Frederico Campos , Correia Marcelo
Published: January 2021

Os resíduos de poda e rejeitos de alimentos, encarados, muitas vezes, como problemas devido ao grande volume gerado e ao custo para sua destinação em aterros sanitários, podem ser empregados na produção de composto orgânico através da técnica conhecida como compostagem. Este método de reciclagem e reutilização ambientalmente correta é de extrema importância para o meio ambiente, visto que o mau manejo desses resíduos acarreta lançamentos de gás carbônico na atmosfera contribuindo com o aquecimento global, além de que quando o resíduo orgânico é descartado de forma incorreta e em locais inapropriados, facilmente irá atrair vetores causadores de doenças. E em meio a uma Pandemia de COVID – 19, o menos esperado é o surgimento de mais doenças para a sociedade, pensando nisso o IFPB Campus Pedras de Fogo em parceria com a Prefeitura de Pedras de Fogo criaram o Projeto “Seu Resíduo me Alimenta”, com o intuito de remover as podas e o rejeito da feira livre, para assim, reciclar esse material transformando-o em composto orgânico. Diante disso, os alunos participantes, receberam o material tanto da poda urbana, como da feira livre do município, fizeram a trituração com ajuda de dois funcionários da prefeitura, montaram as leiras, irrigaram todos os dias e em uma base de 90 dias, fizeram a peneiração do material, para assim o composto está pronto.
“WEAK STATE” SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST: A HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: KÜÇÜK Mustafa
Published: January 2021

“Weak state” security conception has come into being as a major contribution of Third World and Critical Security Studies. This conception has improved on the traditional one, but the same cannot be claimed for the conception of “weak state”. Considering empirical, methodological and political controversies surrounding weak state security, this work does not assume weak state security, but inquires instead into its origins and formation. It argues for historicising the “weak state” and contextualizing security issues thereof. To this end, this article explores “weak state” security through a historical sociological investigation of state formation inspired from Tilly’s bellicist theory of state in the Middle Eastern context. Middle Eastern experience vindicates the idea that state formation and production of security is a spatio-temporally distinct process. The work concludes with a discussion of both drawbacks and promises of the bellicist theory of weak state in explaining the conception and practice of security in the region.
Underexpression of hsa-miR-449 family and their promoter hypermethylation in infertile men: A case-control study
Authors: Najafipour Reza , Momeni Abdolmabood , Yousefipour Farideh , Mousavi Shaghayegh , Moghbelinejad Sahar
Published: January 2021

Background: Post-transcriptional microRNAs (miRNAs) have an important pattern in the spermatogenesis process.
Objective: Study of the expression and methylation of hsa-miR-449 family in sperm samples of infertile men.
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, we recruited 74 infertile men (with asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia, and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia) and 30 control samples. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) method was used for methylation evaluation of hsa-miR-449 a, b, c promoter. By Real time PCR (qRT-PCR) method,we showed downregulation of hsa-miR-449 a, b, c in the sperm samples of infertile men and compared it to their fertile counterparts.
Results: There was significant underexperssion, in hsa-miR-449-b in oligoasthenoteratospermic samples (p = 0.0001, F = 2.9). About the methylation pattern, infertile men showed high frequency of methylation in the promoter of hsa-miR-449 a, b, c in comparison to controls (60.8% vs 23.3%), the highest amount of methylation was observed in oligoasthenoteratospermia samples (81.2%).
Conclusion: In this study, low expression and high methylation of hsa-miR-449-b were observed in infertile men in compared to control samples, which can be one of the causes of defective spermatogenesis.
Key words: Spermatogenesis, miR-449, Expression, Epigenetic.
Protective effects of hesperetin on the quality of sperm, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress during the process of cryopreservation: An experimental study
Authors: Valipour Jamal , Mojaverrostami Sina , Abouhamzeh Beheshteh , Abdollahi Masoumeh
Published: January 2021

Background: Hesperetin is a bioflavonoid compound, largely used in Chinese traditional medicine and found plenty in citrus fruits. Hesperetin has beneficial effects against different diseases. The sperm cryopreservation process is a common method that is used in infertility laboratories. It has been reported that during the cryopreservation process, the quality of sperm is significantly reduced.
Objective: To investigate the effect of hesperetin on the quality of human spermatozoa during the cryopreservation process.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 22 sperm sample of normozoospermia men who referred to the infertility department of the Shariati Hospital (Tehran, Iran) Between October and November 2019 were collect and divided into three groups as: 1) fresh, 2) control (frozen-thawed group without treatment), and 3) treatment group as frozen-thawed samples supplemented with 20 μM hesperetin. Motility, Viability, morphology, Apoptotic-like changes, intracellular H2O2, intracellular O2−, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) was measured.
Results: Hesperetin treatment during the cryopreservation process of human sperm significantly improved the viability, motility, and morphology rates of the spermatozoa after frozen-thawed process in control group (p < 0.01). In addition, it significantly reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, LPO level and increased the percentage of viable sperm cells with intact plasma membrane (p < 0.01) after frozen-thawed process.
Conclusion: Hesperetin can improve the quality of human sperm and also protect human sperm against reactive oxygen species, LPO, and apoptosis during the cryopreservation-thawing process.
Key words: Cryopreservation, Hesperetin, Spermatozoa, Reactive oxygen species.
Effect of regular resistance exercise, vitamin D, and calcium supplements on the bone mineral content and density in postmenopausal model of rats: An experimental study
Authors: Hajisadeghi Homa , Ali Azarbayjani Mohammad , Vafaeenasab Mohammadreza , Peeri Maghsoud , Mahdi Modares Mosala Mohamad
Published: January 2021

Background: Postmenopausal osteoporosis progressively occurs due to alteration in the estrogen level during the menopause period, and subsequently elevates the risk of fractures.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of regular resistance exercise, vitamin D, and calcium supplements on bone mineral content and density, postmenopausal rats used.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 72 female Sprague-Dawley rats (8-10 wk: 250 ± 15 gr) were ovariectomized and randomly divided into nine groups (n = 8/each): control, placebo, exercise (EX), exercise with vitamin D supplement (EX + D), exercise with calcium (EX + Ca), exercise with calcium and vitamin D (EX + Ca + D), vitamin D administration (D), calcium administration (Ca), and calcium and vitamin D (Ca + D) groups. Finally, the tail, hip, and lumbar bone mineral content, bone mineral density, bone thickness, and bone cells were evaluated in each group.
Results: The tail, hip, and lumbar bone mineral density was increased significantly in the EX + Vit D group compared to the control group (p = 0.004, p = 0.007, p = 0.003, respectively). However, there were no significant changes in the bone mineral content of the hips and lumbar among the groups. Besides, bone thickness in the Ex + Vit D group was more than the other groups (p = 0.02). The number of osteoclast cells decreased in the Ca + Vit D, Ex + Ca, Ex + Vit D, and Ex + Vit D + Ca groups compared to the control group. Osteocyte numbers were increased only in the Ex + Vit D group.
Conclusion: Resistance exercise in combination with vitamin D and calcium have a positive effect on the bone mineral density and bone mineral content and might be able to prevent or delay the osteoporosis among elderly women. However, additional researches are needed to assess the molecular pathways of this process.
Key words: Menopause, Vitamin D, Exercise, Calcium, Bone mineral density.
Hydrometeorological Conditions in the Southern Part of the Kerch Strait and the Pre-Strait Zone of the Black Sea as a Potential Area for Industrial Shellfish Cultivation
Authors: Sytnik Natalya A.
Published: January 2021

Considered materials on the hydrometeorological conditions of the Kerch Strait and the Black Sea. The data on the wind regime in the study areas are presented. The materials on currents and water exchange in the southern part of the Kerch Strait and the Black Sea waters are presented. The average monthly, annual, minimum and maximum values of air temperature at the coastal hydrometeorological stations are analyzed. In the seasonal course of salinity, in contrast to the regularities in the sea zone (in the surface and bottom layers), there is no summer minimum in the bottom layer of the strait. This indicates the development of coastal upwellings in the Black Sea in the summer, which facilitates the penetration of the Black Sea waters into the strait in the bottom layer. The oxygen saturation of the waters in the strait (both in the surface and in the bottom layers) is higher than in the sea area. This indicates a more intensive course of production processes. The stable Azov currents are most favorable for the plantations located in the strait near the Crimean coast during the collection of larvae on the collector and for the improvement of trophic conditions in the plantation areas. For the purification of coastal waters from suspended matter, the Black Sea currents are preferred. The frequent change of the Azov and Black Sea currents creates favorable conditions for the effective operation of mariculture farms. On the basis of the studies carried out, conclusions were drawn about the possibility of industrial cultivation of mollusks in the water area of the Kerch Strait and the Black Sea.
Adaptation of the Yeast S. Cerevisiae Y-503, S. Cerevisiae Daw-3a, S. Oviformis M-12x to Various Ethanol Values. Solid Growth Media
Authors: Халилова Э.А. Eslanda A. , Islammagomedova Elvira A. , Kotenko Svetlana Ts. , Abakarova Aida A. , Aliverdieva Dinara A.
Published: January 2021

The paper considers information on the determinants of the viability of yeast cultures cultivated in the form of gi-ant colonies on solid agar under various conditions of ethanol stress. Yeast strains tends to show higher viability along with slow growth. The effect of various concentrations of ethanol (6, 12, 18 %), glucose (20 %) on the morpho-physiological properties of the yeast S. cerevisiae Y-503, S. cerevisiae DAW-3a and S. oviformis M-12X is revealed. It has been determined that Y-503 and DAW-3a are most resistant to ethanol and osmotic stress. The antagonistic inter-action of several stressors most clearly affected the tolerance of the strains to all positions with “ethanol + glucose”. Phenotypic studies have found that the strains survival strategy in adverse conditions in the form of resistance to potassium tellurite inhibitor (K2TeO3) in Y-503, to a greater extent in M-12X. A need for DAW-3a for inositol, ornithine, and lysine was detected; M-12X – sorbitol, inositol. The strains are unsusceptible to synthetic broad-spectrum antimycotics - ketoconazole and fluconazole. However, antibiotic nystatin inhibited their growth, and a high sensitivity of strain M-12X was noted to a greater extent. A comparative analysis of the morphophysiological parameters of cells and giant colonies of the studied strains determined the advantage of polyploid Y-503 in survival and tolerance to the effects of various types of stress. The results can be applied in scientific research and biotechnology for various purposes, based on the use of stress-resistant S. cerevisiae yeast.
On the Application of the Collocation Method in Spaces of p-Summable Functions to the Fredholm Integral Equation of the Second Kind
Authors: Chegolin Andrei P.
Published: January 2021

This work is devoted to the study of the numerical solution by the spline collocation method of the Fredholm equation of the second kind. For numerical solutions of such problems, the classical collocation method using polynomials is not always realizable in spaces of p-summable functions for numerical solutions of such problems. It is not always possible to obtain characteristics and estimates of errors of such approximations even in the case of its implementation. In this regard, in recent years, in practice, approximations are built using finite-difference methods. The purpose of this study is to obtain estimates of the error of the obtained approximate solution in the spaces indicated above. In addition, several statements were obtained about a pointwise estimate of this error at collocation nodes in terms of the kernel norm in specially constructed spaces of functions summable over the second variable. To obtain the main results, third-order collocation splines are used, as well as integral and averaged modules of smoothness. In this case, the results obtained can become a starting point for working with collocation splines of higher orders. In the case of the third order, the exact constants involved in the estimates are obtained. These results can be extended to the case of linear, parabolic collocation splines, as well as splines of order higher than the third.
Concentration and Nitrogen Stocks in the Soils of Semi-Arid Landscapes of Kizlyar Pastures
Authors: Asvarova Tatiana A. , Gasanov Gasan N. , Gimbatova Kabirat B. , Hajiev Kamil M. , Bashirov Rashid R. , Abdulaeva Aishat S. , Akhmedova Zaira N.
Published: January 2021

The results of research on the current state of the nitrogen fund (reserve regime) the Kizlyar pastures. It was found that the total nitrogen ranges from 0.15-0.2 %, nitrogen easily hydrolyzed from 2.4-5.3 mg/100g in light-chestnut, meadow-chestnut soils and saline typical, and has a medium and low degree of security. The humus horizon is more enriched with nitrogen on soils of meadow-chestnut and light-chestnut compared to typical saline. N and C reserves in the soil in spring are 5.0 and 13.4 t/ha, respectively, and in autumn N and C reserves are 1.5 times lower, due to decrease the number of species and projected coverage up to 40-50% of phytocenoses in autumn, and also depends on the climatic conditions of the annual seasonality. In the control area with intensive grazing, nitrogen and carbon reserves in the soil are 1.6-1.8 times lower.
Parametric Assessment of Tourist and Recreation Potential of Municipal Territories
Authors: Kushnir Ksenia V.
Published: January 2021

The article considered an algorithm for carrying out a parametric assessment of the tourist and recreational potential of municipal territories, tested on the example of the Russian Azov region. The presented model of parametric assessment based on classical and modern approaches to the study of tourism and recreation, and here is presented an updated version. There have been proposed, have been calculated and have been substantiated a system of indicators (indicators of natural, historical, cultural potential, tourist infrastructure indicators, socio-economic sphere, integral tourism indicators), reflecting the peculiarities of the development of the recreational sphere in the municipal regions of the Russian Azov region. The article proposed a typology of municipal districts in terms of the level and prospects of tourist and recreational development and recommendations are given on priority measures in each of the selected municipalities.
Orientações para submissão e publicação na REVES: o template
Authors: Andrade Roberta Ferreira Coelho de , Araujo Wagner dos Reis Marques , Siqueira Antonio Marcos de Oliveira , Andrade Aldair Oliveira de
Published: January 2021

Os autores devem usar o modelo do Microsoft Word para preparar seu manuscrito. Usar o arquivo de modelo reduzirá substancialmente o tempo para concluir a edição e publicação de manuscritos aceitos. Em caso de alguma dificuldade ou problema, entre em contato com o Escritório Editorial por meio do email: reves.journal@ufv.br.
O CACAU DE VÁRZEA: SABERES E PRÁTICAS RIBEIRINHOS
Authors: Nascimento Viana Ana Letícia , Simões Aquiles , Zahluth Bastos Rodolpho
Published: January 2021

Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar como se constituem os saberes e as práticas de ribeirinhos para a produção de derivados do cacau (Theobroma cacao L.) de várzea. O estudo ocorreu em dois momentos, na sede da cidade de Mocajuba e em duas comunidades ribeirinhas, na fazenda Tocantins, na comunidade de Santaninha, em Cametá e no sítio Samuhuma, na comunidade de Vista Alegre, em Mocajuba, no Território do Baixo Tocantins. O direcionamento teve o enfoque qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, com pesquisas bibliográficas e de campo. Na coleta de dados utilizou-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com produtores de cacau. A partir da análise, compreendeu-se que os ribeirinhos têm a sua produção garantida pelo trabalho familiar com a cacauicultura, onde a mulher apresenta papel significativo. Concluiu-se, que os saberes e as práticas dos ribeirinhos, são importantes por garantirem estratégias de produção alimentar com bases agroecológicas, com organização coletiva participativa, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento local.
INFLUÊNCIA DO TEMPO DE JEJUM ALIMENTAR NO TRANSPORTE DO CAMARÃO Macrobrachium amazonicum
Authors: Andrade Siqueira Alícia Maria de , Cardoso Costa da Silva Elissandro , Silva dos Santos Atos Fábio , Jensen Luciano , Sena Fugimura Michelle Midori
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do tempo de jejum alimentar do camarão Macrobrachium amazonicum em uma simulação de transporte durante o período de 10 horas. Utilizou-se 600 camarões (0,22 ± 0,08 g) em densidade de estocagem de 50 camarões L-1 e dois tratamentos: jejum alimentar prévio de 12 h (T12) e de 24h (T24), com 6 repetições cada. As unidades experimentais foram sacos plásticos transparentes com adição de 1 L de água e 2 de oxigênio na proporção de 1:3 do volume com água e 2:3 com oxigênio. A coleta de água de cada unidade experimental, foi realizada nos tempos 0, 5 e 10 horas para aferição do pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura e amônia total. Ao final do período experimental, realizou-se a contagem dos animais vivos e mortos. Os camarões sobreviventes foram submetidos a um teste de estresse pós–transporte, através da alteração brusca de pH da água de 6,7 para 5,0, durante 4 horas. A sobrevivência dos camarões na simulação de transporte foi semelhante entre o T12 (86 ± 2,53%) e o T24 (86 ± 4,84%) (p>0,05), assim como não diferiu estatisticamente no estresse pós-transporte (93,22 ± 8,83 e 89,49 ± 7,41% nos T12 e T24, respectivamente). Por tanto, para realizar o transporte do M. amazonicum por 10 horas o produtor pode optar pelo jejum alimentar prévio de 12 ou 24 horas.
GEBCO and ETOPO1 gridded datasets for GMT based cartographic Mapping of Hikurangi, Puysegur and Hjort Trenches, New Zealand
Authors: Lemenkova Polina
Published: January 2021

The study focused on the comparative analysis of the submarine geomorphology of three oceanic trenches: Hikurangi Trench (HkT), Puysegur Trench (PT) and Hjort Trench (HjT), New Zealand region, Pacific Ocean. HjT is characterized by an oblique subduction zone. Unique regional tectonic setting consist in two subduction zones: northern (Hikurangi margin) and southern (Puysegur margin), connected by oblique continental collision along the Alpine Fault, South Island. This cause variations in the geomorphic structure of the trenches. PT/HjT subduction is highly oblique (dextral) and directed southwards. Hikurangi subduction is directed northwestwards. South Island is caught in between by the “subduction scissor”. Methodology is based on GMT (The Generic Mapping Tools) for mapping, plotting and modelling. Mapping includes visualized geophysical, tectonic and geological settings of the trenches, based on sequential use of GMT modules. Data include GEBCO, ETOPO1, EGM96. Comparative histogram equalization of topographic grids (equalized, normalized, quadratic) was done by module ’grdhisteq’, automated cross-sectioning – by ’grdtrack’.
Results shown that HjT has a symmetric shape form with comparative gradients on both western and eastern slopes. HkT has a trough-like flat wide bottom, steeper gradient slope on the North Island flank. PT has an asymmetric V-form with steep gradient on the eastern slopes and gentler western slope corresponding to the relatively gentle slope of a subducting plate and steeper slope of an upper one. HkT has shallower depths < 2,500 m, PT is <-6,000 m. The deepest values > 6,000 m for HjT. The surrounding relief of the HjT presents the most uneven terrain with gentle slope oceanward, and a steep slope on the eastern flank for PT, surrounded by complex submarine relief along the Macquarie Arc. Data distribution for the HkT demonstrates almost equal pattern for the depths from -600 m to ₋2,600 m. PT has a bimodal data distribution with 2 peaks: 1) -4,250 to -4,500 m (18%); 2) -2,250 to -3,000 m, < 7,5%. The second peak corresponds to the Macquarie Arc. Data distribution for HjT is classic bell-shaped with a clear peak at -3,250 to -3,500 m. The asymmetry of the trenches resulted in geomorphic shape of HkT, PT and HjT affected by geologic processes.
Weed Management in Cotton: A Review
Authors: Sathishkumar A. , Srinivasan G. , Subramanian E. , Rajesh P.
Published: January 2021

Cotton is one of the most important commercial crops in India. Cotton growth is very slow in the initial stages of its life cycle and row spacing is wider which provides ample space for the growth of different categories of weeds and thus become a source of competition for water as well as nutrients, thereby impeding its growth. Weeds are major constraints that reduce the crop yields since they compete with crop for the nutrients, moisture, light and space. The integration of different weed management practices would be a viable option for broad spectrum weed control and enhancement of cotton productivity. Thus, weed management has several aspects such as physical, mechanical, cultural, chemical and integrated weed management methods. A brief review of research accomplishment made at various places on different fields related to this investigation is reviewed in this paper.
In vitro Study of Urtica cannabina and Leymus chinensis on Rumen Microbial Fermentation and Gas Production
Authors: Zhang Zhenbin , Wang Shan , Qi Ruxin , Shahzad Khuram , Shi Liangfeng , Zhang Xiaoqing , Wang Mengzhi
Published: January 2021

Background: Urtica cannabina, an unconventional forage, is widely distributed in northern China. It has high nutritional values that make it suitable for the ruminant’s feeding requirments as compared to Leymus chinensis. The current study was designed to evaluate varying ratios of Urtica cannabina and Leymus chinensis in the feeding diet and to see the effects on rumen fermentation and gas production in vitro. Methods: The study was designed into five treatments based on the different ratios of U. cannabina and L. chinensis: 0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30 and 100:0 categorized into five groups from A-E. To detect the rumen fermentation parameters, the culture medium was collected at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Result: Gas production of groups A and C was increased than other groups at 24h (P less than 0.05), whereas the rate of gas production (c) was also increased in group A (P less than 0.05). The pH values at 1, 3, 6 and 24 h were increased in groups A and C with higher values in group C at 24h (P less than 0.05). The ammonia concentration was increased in groups D and E at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, with the lower values in group C at 24h (P less than 0.05). The concentration of bacterial and protozoal proteins was also observed higher in groups A and C at 1 and 24 h, with highest value in group C at 24 h (P less than 0.05). In summary, as for Urtica cannabina to Leymus chinensis ratios are concerned, 50:50 is an optimal ratio for rumen fermentation in vitro, which increases the gas production and microbial protein synthesis.
Effect of Loranthus longiflorus ethanolic Extract on Neuronal Damage Induced by Electromagnetic Radiation in Wistar Rats
Authors: Gouthaman Priyadarshini , Vijayalakshmi S. , Vijayaraghavan R. , Senthilkumar S.
Published: January 2021

Background: The effect of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on brain is of serious concern as it causes adverse effects on memory and learning besides causing stress. Earlier studies indicated that EMR exposure could lead to recognized pathologic consequences including increased permeability of blood brain barrier, distressed neuronal function and increased activity of the alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands in electroencephalograph. Oxidant-antioxidant and neurotransmitter imbalances were also noted in previous studies. In the present study, the neuroprotective effect of Loranthus longiflorus extract (LLE) on EMR-induced rat brain has been investigated. Methods: Four groups of rats (n=6) were considered for the study. Group 1 consisted of normal animals that received only feed and water while group 2 rats received only exposure to EMR for 28 consecutive days. Groups 3 and 4 were treated respectively with LLE (500 mg/kg bw) and standard drug melatonin (10 mg/kg bw) daily for 28 days together with EMR exposure for the same period. After 10, 20 and 28 days, Y- maze test was carried out to investigate the cognitive functions in experimental animals. Result: It was observed that chronic exposure to EMR decreased cognitive characteristics in rats as revealed by significant changes in their behaviour as well as neurotransmitters such as GABA, ACh and dopamine. Treatment with LLE and melatonin reversed these changes to near normal values weindicating the efficacy of the plant extract in combating the neuronal changes in animals. A normal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in LLE treated animals as compared to melatonin group was also recorded that further confirmed reversal of brain activity.
Role of botanical plant extracts to control plant pathogens
Authors: Choudhury Debjani , Dobhal Prerna , Srivastava Seweta , Saha Soumen , Kundu Susamoy
Published: January 2021

Agricultural and horticultural crops are spoiled by various fungi causing economic losses, and health risk to the consumers due to mycotoxins produced by fungi. The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemicals led to development of resistance in plants which has necessitated utilization of higher concentrations, with the consequent rise in toxicity in food products. In ecosystem plants are surrounded by various enemies which defend themselves by producing secondary metabolites like terpenes, phenols and nitrogen and sulphur compounds. A new approach to control the pathogens which hampers quality food production has been implemented by the application of plant extract. Various studies have explained that plant extracts contain sundry of bioactive components that can control the fungal growth. The aim of this article is to summarize the results of in vitro experiments from the various literatures regarding the effects of plant-derived compounds for controlling growth of fungi.
Relative Abundance and Field Efficacy of Insecticides and Bio-control Agents Against Stem Borer Species in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Sharmitha T. , Justin C. Gailce Leo , Roseleen S. Sheeba Joyce
Published: January 2021

Background: In India, out of the total loss incurred by different insect pests of paddy, 25 to 30 per cent damage is done by stem borer alone. Many conventional insecticides though have been evaluated against stem borers, yet, most of the chemicals have failed to provide adequate control. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of some newer molecules of insecticides and bio-control agents. Methods: Field trials were conducted to record the seasonal incidence and to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides and bio-control agents against the stem borer species in rice during Kharif and Rabi. Result: Field experiments revealed that during Kharif 2018, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC was highly effective with 92.98 and 91.24 per cent reduction of stem borer infestation over control at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively and recorded a high yield of 5720 kg/ha followed by spinetoram 11.7 SC with 83.16 and 80.82 per cent reduction of stem borer over control at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively. During Rabi 2019, spinetoram 11.7 SC was highly effective with 92.36 and 93.73 per cent reduction of stem borer infestation over control at vegetative and reproductive stages respectively and recorded a high yield of 4570 kg/ ha, followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with 84.60 and 91.48 per cent reduction of stem borer at vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively. The difference in the efficacy of insecticides during Khaif, 2018 and Rabi, 2019, might be due to shift in the species occurrence of stem borer, with a dominant occurrence of yellow stem borer (80.61%) in Kharif 2018 and pink stem borer (70.00%) in Rabi, 2019. The bio-control agent Trichogramma japonicum exerted minimum reduction of stem borer with a low grain yield of 3946.6 kg/ha.
Plant Hormones enhance the yield by altering the physio-biological parameters in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)
Authors: Sumathi A. , Prasad V. Babu Rajendra , Vanangamudi Mallika
Published: January 2021

A field trial was conducted using three varieties viz., VBN 1, APK 1 and VBN 3 to study the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) namely napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Benzyl adenine (Cytokinin), gibberellic acid (GA3), ethrel, triacontanol, triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA,) mepiquat chloride (MC), salicylic acid (SA) and brassinolide (brassinosteroid (BR) in enhancing the yield potential of pigeonpea. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. PGRs have significantly enhanced the yield by influencing biochemical and physiological parameters. The variety VBN 3 outperformed the other varieties by recording highest yield. Among different PGR’s tested, BR proved its worthiness in terms of yield and its components by enhancing growth parameters and yield. It can be concluded that foliar application of BR can be used as a physiological intervention to enhance the overall photosynthetic efficiency, total dry matter production, harvest index and grain yield in pigeonpea.
Numerical Study of a Helical Heat Exchanger for Wort Cooling in the Artisanal Beer Production Process
Authors: Toapanta-Ramos Fernando , González-Rojas Luis , Calero Elmo , Calderón Bryan , Quitiaquez William
Published: January 2021

The objective of the present work is to study the behavior of a helical tube and shell heat exchanger, for the cooling of the wort in the process of making craft beer with cold water, through the methodology of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by finite volume models for heat exchanger modeling. This by using the ANSYS Fluent software, which allows to understand the behavior of the fluid through equations that describe their movement and behavior, using numerical methods and computational techniques. In the mesh convergence, two methods were used, orthogonality and obliquity, with which it was confirmed that the meshing is ideal in the simulations that were carried out. For the simulation, the k-epsilon turbulence model and the energy model were used. Through various simulations, it was obtained that by varying the mass flow, better results are reducing the outlet temperature, with a variation of 15.16 °C, while varying the inlet temperature of the water, there is just a variation from 2.71 °C to 0.01 °C. Therefore, a significant improvement in the performance of the heat exchanger was found. In the same way, it was confirmed that the number of spikes in the heat exchanger is adequate, since the outlet temperature would not be reached with less spikes.
Application of Micro-Raman Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Vitrinite Reflectance in Medium and High Rank Colombian Coals
Authors: Urbano-Noguera Ruben Dario , Estupiñan-Duran Hugo Armando , Neira-Arenas Gustavo
Published: January 2021

The structural changes and the degree of maturity of three Colombian coals from the Santander and Antioquia provinces were studied using a simple and fast curve fitting method of the RBS parameters (the distance between band G and band D), FWHM - G (total width at half the maximum of the G band) and AR (area of the Raman spectrum), obtained by deconvolution and band resolution of the Micro-Raman spectra. The results were compared by morphological and chemical analysis using a SEM scanning electron microscope coupled with a solid state X - ray EDS detector. A percentage of vitrinite reflectance (% Ro) of 4.3 %, 3.8 % and 0.07 % was obtained, a percentage of carbon by EDS analysis of 91.47 %, 87.78 %, 73.4 %, a morphological description by SEM analysis presenting smooth, rough surfaces and rough-lumpy and pore size between 0.7 µm - 0.8 µm, 1.3 µm - 1.5 µm and 0.2 µm - 0.7 µm for the anthracite, semi-anthracite and bituminous samples, respectively. The results showed that based on this method, it was possible to obtain a model that allows to rapidly analyze and characterize the coal. The results compare very well to those of Colombian coals normalized by other methods to improve the precision of the measurement. The modified method, however, did not offer an appropriate fit for the lower range coal and produced extremely low reflectance values. This effect is possibly related with the molecular structure of organic matter in coal or the presence of fluorescence interference.
La historia de la humanidad interpretada de manera humanista
Authors: Borrelli Michelle
Published: January 2021

Este escrito parte del distanciamiento ante las lecturas idealista y materialista de la historia de la humanidad, para proponer como primera tesis que esta historia debe interpretarse de manera humanista. En este contexto se lleva a cabo un análisis de dos tipos de humanismo: el griego o de la pertenencia, y el moderno o de la emancipación. El primero trata de la pertenencia del hombre a la polis, al cosmos y al marco regulativo de lo considerado como bueno, bello y verdadero, por ejemplo. El segundo resalta los valores de la autonomía, la autodeterminación y la libertad del individuo, que bajo el dominio del mercado cayeron lentamente en un individualismo subjetivista y egoísta, que impide vincular armónicamente pertenencia y emancipación. Se habla entonces de un humanismo del predominio técnico caracterizado por el lucro y el dinero. Este nuevo enfoque marca la ruptura de lo que constituye la segunda tesis de este escrito: emancipación y pertenencia se integran en un humanismo de responsabilidad planetaria, que se configura como contracorriente del nihilismo contemporáneo (tercera y última tesis).
La orientación en los hombres. Acerca del problema de la antropología
Authors: Stegmaier Werner
Published: January 2021

La antropología padece el dilema de hablar del hombre en general, aunque siempre se tiene que tratar, sin embargo, con el hombre particular. Ella surge de aquello que Nietzsche denomina la ‘muerte de Dios’: cuando Feuerbach sustituye la teología por la antropología, cuida la imagen del hombre de tal manera que éste se convierte en ideal y norma. De esto buscan apartarse Darwin, Nietzsche, Freud, y también parte de la antropología filosófica del siglo 20: desde la perspectiva de la evolución, el animal humano es un constante experimento que a lo largo del tiempo trasciende todo intento de definición esencial e intemporal. Un siglo después de Nietzsche, Luhmann desidealiza y desnormativiza ‘al’ hombre: descompone la aparente unidad del hombre en tres sistemas –físico, psíquico y de comunicación de la sociedad, que sin determinarse uno al otro, se examinan y reaccionan mutuamente. Los márgenes que permanecen en la relación de los sistemas, que son entorno de uno para el otro, pueden ser concebidos de la mejor manera a través del concepto de ‘orientacion’: todo lo que se orienta, sea el cuerpo, la conciencia o la sociedad, es un sistema de observación que se orienta en su entorno y reacciona con él. Entre los hombres y los animales no existen diferencias de principio, sino solamente graduales y de modo. Las orientaciones se orientan con más fuerza en otras orientaciones. Son las más beneficiosas unas para otras, pero también las más peligrosas. Son individuales, tienen ya sus propios puntos de vista, horizontes, perspectivas, puntos de referencia, señales y mundos de orientación. En lugar de iniciar con antropologías generales y doctrinas acerca del hombre en cuanto tal, que aparentan validez general, se debe comenzar con las orientaciones de hombres particulares hacia otros hombres particulares, en las que siempre permanecen márgenes de decisión, también en contra de definiciones generales.
Comunidad humana y Humanismo
Authors: Elizondo Marcos
Published: January 2021

El propósito de este trabajo es reflexionar en torno a la experiencia político-cultural del Humanismo, siguiendo el cuestionamiento levinasiano acerca de la experiencia humana como fuente de sentido. La tesis que se sostiene gira en torno a repensar la novedad de la comunidad humana en tanto que ésta inaugura el cuestionamiento de la experiencia de sentido que renuncia a la subjetividad como criterio hegemónico del Humanismo del siglo XX. Dicha renuncia nos lleva a la necesidad de reubicar al Humanismo desde los márgenes del sentido (frontera) en que se nos interroga por la experiencia humana como propósito y finalidad fundante de un Humanismo en siglo XXI, sospechando que tras el concepto de Humanismo queda reducido a la experiencia de un sujeto político hegemónico característico del siglo pasado. En este sentido la invitación es a repensar el Humanismo como posibilidad para situar de nuevo a la comunidad como centro orientador (ético) de resistencias frente a las demandas políticas contemporáneas.
On differential equations in Banach algebras
Authors: Perov Anatoly I. , Kostrub Irina D.
Published: January 2021

We consider higher-order linear differential equations with constant coefficients in Banach algebras (this is a direct generalization of higher-order matrix differential equations). The presentation is based on higher algebra, differential equations and functional analysis. The results obtained can be used in the study of matrix equations, in the theory of small oscillations in physics, and in the theory of perturbations in quantum mechanics. The presentation is based on the original research of the authors.
Volterra funktional equations in the stability problem for the existence of global solutions of distributed controlled systems
Authors: Sumin Vladimir I.
Published: January 2021

Earlier the author proposed a rather general form of describing controlled initial–boundary value problems (CIBVPs) by means of Volterra functional equations (VFE)

z(t)=f(t,A[z](t),v(t) ), t≡{t^1,⋯,t^n }∈Π⊂R^n, z∈L_p^m≡(L_p (Π) )^m,

where f(.,.,.):Π×R^l×R^s→R^m; v(.)∈D⊂L_k^s – control function; A:L_p^m (Π)→L_q^l (Π)- linear operator; the operator A is a Volterra operator for some system T of subsets of the set Π in the following sense: for any H∈T, the restriction A├ [z]┤|_H does not depend on the values of ├ z┤|_(Π\H); (this definition of the Volterra operator is a direct multidimensional generalization of the well-known Tikhonov definition of a functional Volterra type operator). Various CIBVP (for nonlinear hyperbolic and parabolic equations, integro-differential equations, equations with delay, etc.) are reduced by the method of conversion the main part to such functional equations. The transition to equivalent VFE-description of CIBVP is adequate to many problems of distributed optimization. In particular, the author proposed (using such description) a scheme for obtaining sufficient stability conditions (under perturbations of control) of the existence of global solutions for CIBVP. The scheme uses continuation local solutions of functional equation (that is, solutions on the sets H∈T). This continuation is realized with the help of the chain {H_1⊂H_2⊂⋯⊂H_(k-1)⊂H_k≡Π}, where H_i∈T, i=¯(1,k.) A special local existence theorem is applied. This theorem is based on the principle of contraction mappings. In the case p=q=k=∞ under natural assumptions, the possibility of applying this principle is provided by the following: the right-hand side operator F_v [z(.) ](t)≡f(t,A[z](t),v(t)) satisfies the Lipschitz condition in the operator form with the quasi-nilpotent «Lipschitz operator». This allows (using well-known results of functional analysis) to introduce in the space L_∞^m (H) such an equivalent norm in which the operator of the right-hand side will be contractive. In the general case 1≤p,q,k ≤∞, (this case covers a much wider class of CIBVP), the operator F_v; as a rule, does not satisfy such Lipschitz condition. From the results obtained by the author earlier, it follows that in this case there also exists an equivalent norm of the space L_p^m (H), for which the operator F_v is a contraction operator. The corresponding basic theorem (equivalent norm theorem) is based on the notion of equipotential quasi-nilpotency of a family of linear operators, acting in a Banach space. This article shows how this theorem can be applied to obtain sufficient stability conditions (under perturbations of control) of the existence of global solutions of VFE.
Styles of coping in a stressful situation, social support and psychological consequences in emigrants from the Netherlands
Authors: Bujek-Kubas Iwona , Kopczyński Przemysław , Mojs Ewa
Published: January 2021

Emigration is an experience irrevocably associated with stress caused by leaving one’s family home, changing one’s social environment as well as living conditions, etc. The main aim of this study was to establish if and what correlations there are between different styles of coping with stress, social support and psychological consequences resulting from the emigration of a group of 96 Polish emigrants living in the Netherlands. The participants were clients of the Pomoc Nederland (the name reflects the company’s objective to help the Poles living in the Netherlands) company, aged from 31 to 50 years and they had lived abroad for 1 to 20 years. The research tools applied in the study included the Social Support Questionnaire and the Inventory to Measure Coping Strategies with Stress Mini-COPE. The psychological consequences of emigration-related stress were evaluated using: the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The findings showed that in the group of subjects, certain personal resources were significantly correlated with constructive strategies of coping with stress while living abroad. It was revealed that among the evaluated emigrants only emotional support was significantly correlated with certain psychological consequences resulting from emigration-related stress.
Subacute Thyroiditis – literature overview and COVID-19
Authors: Domin Remigiusz , Szczepanek-Parulska Ewelina , Dadej Daniela , Ruchała Marek
Published: January 2021

Subacute thyroiditis (SAT), also known as de Quervain’s thyroiditis, is a rare thyroid gland disorder, although it is the most common type of painful thyroiditis. The incidence of this disorder is relatively low but likely to be underestimated. Epidemiological studies vary, estimating a prevalence of 12/100,000/year and patients with SAT constitute less than 5% of all patient consultations due to thyroid disease. For the reason, that SAT can present with a variety of symptoms to different specialists. This review summarises current knowledge of SAT with an emphasis on reports related to SARS-CoV-2.
A Theoretical Treatment of Memetic Traits Using Gene-Meme, Meme-Meme and Population Equilibrium
Authors: Shuler Robert
Published: January 2021

Background: The term meme includes vertical trait transmission and laterally transmitted ideas that can be lasting or transient. Memes may sometimes follow the logic of population genetics, e.g. learned birdsong, but not when laterally transmitted. Much current work focuses on selection of memes rather than hosts. This paper investigates mathematically the interaction of behaviorally transmitted traits with host selection fitness. Methods: We analyze equilibrium between gene-meme and meme-meme competing propagators and consider whether a meme is linked to reproduction (e.g. vertical culture transmission), or not. We employ a genetic component and combined meme-induced fitness components for hosts, while memes have replication factors to distinguish from what’s good for the host (fitness). We use a Monte Carlo simulation roughly calibrated to the Industrial Revolution to study meme effects on population stability. Results: A basic effective calculus of memetic trait competition and interaction with genes is derived and analyzed. The transient nature of many lateral memes may be a defense against accumulation of deleterious memes. Laterally transmitted (panmictic) memes with high spreading rate will often not equalize with a genetic trait, spreading outside of natural selection of the hosts, presenting a cumulative existential threat. Vertical transmission reduces replication rate and allows group selection against deleterious memes. Competing mutually exclusive memes contribute to inequality and altruism, but compete through adverse fitness since exclusivity assumes low conversion. Conclusions: The advantage of a portfolio of groups or species may not accrue to a single group. This understanding elevates meme-risk to the level of a candidate solution to the so-called Fermi Paradox.
Reclamation of Agrarian Space in Parts of Ottoman Rumeli, 15th – 16th centuries (Case study of the kaza of Eskihisar Zağra)
Authors: PETKOVA Milena
Published: January 2021

The study focuses on the process of reclamation of agrarian space on the territory of the Thracian valley, the kaza of Eskihisar Zağra. Based on different archival material – ottoman registrations of 15th and 16th centuries, chronicles and travelllers’ accounts it reveals features of the local environment and the adaptation of the colonized Muslim population to the conquered territories. In the analyses of the economic activities and the agrarian profile of the villages we use a different approach which is more secure in times of inflation as it was the last decades of the 16th century. We define the number and quantity of different agrarian productions but not as a quantity in money but to show each agrarian production as a tax portion to the total tax portion of the villages instead of comparing enlisted numbers of the registered taxes. It traces back the process of reclamation of the agrarian space by revealing the agrarian profile of the registered newly established settlements. The main observations refer to the role of the semi-nomadic groups of the yürüks who were engaged more in agriculture, than in pastoral nomadism.