bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans in the Equine Femoropatellar Joint
Authors: McILWRAITH C. W. , MARTIN G. S.
Published: February 2008

Forty limbs with femoropatellar osteochondritis dissecans in 24 horses were treated with arthroscopic surgery. Lesions were bilateral in 16 horses and unilateral in eight horses. Diagnostic examination and surgical treatment were performed through a single arthroscopic portal; five different instrument portal locations and six instrument approaches were used. Lesions were localized to the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur in 31 affected joints, medial trochlear ridge in two joints, lateral and medial trochlear ridges together in two joints, lateral trochlear ridge plus patella in four joints, and patella alone in one joint. The lesions consisted of subchondral defects containing chondral or osteochondral flaps or fragments, or were seen as dimpling, cracking, fibrillation, or erosion of articular cartilage, or intact cartilage over a subchondral defect. Loose bodies were found in three joints. There was a poor correlation between radiologic and arthroscopic findings. Surgical manipulations included removal of flaps, fragments, and undermined articular cartilage, and debridement of the subchondral defect. Three horses were euthanized: one electively to assess the joint grossly, one because of complications following surgery and salmonellosis, and one because of unrelated forelimb abnormalities. Immediate clinical improvement after surgery was seen in the 22 horses permitted to survive. Long‐term follow‐up on seven of 10 racehorses revealed that two have raced successfully, two are “ready to race,” three are training sound, two are sound at pasture (still in convalescence), and one has been reoperated. Of six horses used for show or pleasure, three are being shown sound, one is sound for pleasure, and two are training sound. The remaining horses are convalescing.
Structural Changes in Thoracolumbar Disks Following Lateral Fenestration A Study of the Radiographic, Histologic, and Histochemical Changes in the Chondrodystrophoid Dog
Authors: SHORES ANDY , CECHNER P. E. , CANTWELL H.D. , WHEATON L. G. , CARLTON W.W.
Published: February 2008

Lateral fenestrations of intervertebral disks T12–13 through L2–3 were performed on 16 1‐year‐old chondrodystrophoid dogs. The disks of five dogs were fenestrated by removing the core of disk material with a 20 gauge spinal needle, six were fenestrated in the same manner with a 14 gauge spinal needle, and five were fenestrated with a 14 gauge spinal needle and a tartar scraper. Forty‐two of 48 disks had radiographic evidence of narrowing following surgery. Microscopic examination of the disks indicated that the nucleus pulposus was nonreactive tissue and that fenestration did not incite an inflammatory response that resulted in dissolution of the nucleus pulposus. Results of histochemical analyses of the fenestrated disks were not different from those of control disks. The only effects observed during a 24 week period following fenestration were disruption of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus by the fenestration device, removal of varying amounts of the nucleus pulposus, and vascular and fibrous tissue invasion of the lateral annulus fibrosus. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of fenestration is governed by the amount of nucleus pulposus removed.
Comminuted First Phalanx Fractures in 30 Horses: Surgical vs. Nonsurgical Treatments
Authors: MARKEL MARK D. , RICHARDSON DEAN W. , NUNAMAKER DAVID M.
Published: February 2008

Comminuted first phalanx fractures were diagnosed in 30 horses. One leg was involved in each horse. Five horses were presented with open fractures. Nine horses had a portion of intact cortex (strut) extending from the proximal to distal joint. Ten horses were euthanized, including one with an open fracture, without treatment. The remaining 20 horses were treated by open reduction with a neutralization plate (8 horses, including one with an open fracture), open reduction with lag screw fixation (3 horses), lag screw fixation through stab incisions (2 horses), external coaptation with a cast (3 horses), and external skeletal fixation using a weight supporting shoe (4 horses, including 3 with open fractures).

Thirteen horses were euthanized following treatment because of persistent infection (9), chronic lameness (2), and third metacarpal bone fractures (2). Seven horses survived longer than 1 year after treatment. Six were lame and used as breeding animals, and one horse went on to race successfully. All four horses with open fractures that were treated were subsequently euthanized.

Significantly more horses with an intact strut of bone survived after treatment (4 of 7 [57%]) when compared to horses without an intact strut of bone that were treated (3 of 13 [23%]) (p < 0.05).

Invasive surgical approaches used for the repair of comminuted first phalanx fractures in this study were associated with an unacceptable infection rate (55%). Techniques involving less trauma to the compromised soft tissue around the fracture should afford a better chance for a successful outcome.
Collagen Types in Healing Rabbit Tendons: A Biochemical Assessment
Authors: STEIN LARRY E. , PIJANOWSKI GERALD J. , JOHNSON ANN L.
Published: February 2008

Eight repaired and eight contralateral control superficial digital flexor tendons were collected from rabbits (2–6 kg) 1, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Acid soluble and pepsin solubilized collagen fractions were prepared and separated using SDS‐PAGE to determine if healing tendons contain detectable amounts of Type III collagen. No biochemical differences between normal and healing tendon collagen content could be detected. Type I collagen was the predominant collagen species found in all 88 samples examined. Alpha chains indicative of Type III collagen were detected in control and experimental tendons of five animals. Alpha chains suggestive of Type IV collagen were detected in control and experimental tendons of eight rabbits.
Identification of a Severely Atrophic Testicle During Castration of a Horse: A Case Report
Authors: MARTIN G. S. , ARCHER R. M. , CHO D. Y.
Published: February 2008

Tissue considered to be testicle was removed from the scrotum of a horse considered previously to be cryptorchid. Close anatomical inspection after emasculation revealed the presence of the vas deferens, intact epididymis, pampiniform plexus, and a severely atrophic testicle. Histologic examination of the tissue confirmed the presence of an atrophic testicle. Accurate anatomic identification at the time of surgery prevented the need for exploration of the inguinal canal or abdomen.
A Surgical Approach to Collect Testicular Fluid from the Extratesticular Rete Testis of the Pony
Authors: VAUGHN S. B. , BROWN B. G. , GRAY B. W. , GARRETT P. D.
Published: February 2008

A surgical technique was developed to collect testicular fluid from the extratesticular rete testis of the pony stallion. A cannula was inserted through an incision in the visceral vaginal tunic following ligation of the efferent ductules. The cannula was sutured in place in the extratesticular rete testis. The other end of the cannula was exteriorized and inserted into a plastic collection receptacle fastened to the scrotum. Testicular fluid was collected for 12 to 36 hours at a rate of 1.07 ± 0.8 ml/hr. Sperm clots in the proximal end of the cannulas were responsible for the cessation of drainage.
Pharyngeal Mucoceles in Dogs
Authors: WEBER WILLIAM J. , HOBSON H. PHIL , WILSON SHARON R.
Published: February 2008

Eight cases of pharyngeal mucoceles were diagnosed in 49 dogs with salivary mucoceles over a 7 year period. Five of the eight pharyngeal mucoceles were seen in Miniature Poodles. The presenting complaint in all eight dogs was labored breathing, with or without coughing upon excitement or exercise. Diagnosis was made by aspirating a thick mucoid fluid from the pharyngeal swelling. Treatment consisted of resection of the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands on the affected side and aspiration of the mucocele in all eight dogs, and resection of redundant pharyngeal tissue in five dogs. Time to follow‐up ranged from 1.5 to 7.5 years. There were no postsurgical complications or recurrences of the mucocele.
Fracture of the Supraglenoid Tubercle Treatment and Results in Five Horses
Authors: PANKOWSKI R. L. , GRANT B. D. , SANDE R. , NICKELS F. A.
Published: February 2008

Five horses with fractures of the supraglenoid tubercle (tuber scapulae) were presented from 6 weeks to 1 year after injury. Clinical signs included lameness characterized by a shortened cranial phase of the stride and shoulder muscle atrophy. Radiographically, the fractures differed in the degree of cranioventral displacement of the fragment as well as the extent of joint involvement. Three horses were treated by resection of the fractured tubercle, including one using a new grid approach to the area of the fracture. Two of these horses have returned to athletic activity and one was euthanized due to postoperative infection. One horse with minimal displacement and joint involvement was treated with rest and raced successfully. One horse seen with a fracture of 1 year duration also was treated with rest and was a pasture sound broodmare.
Ethylene Oxide Sterilization of Cortical Bone for Bone Banking Technique and Results in Three Dogs and One Cat
Authors: JOHNSON A. L. , ROE S. C. , HARARI J.
Published: February 2008

A protocol for clean harvesting, ethylene oxide sterilization, and room temperature storage of canine and feline cortical bone for use as allografts in fracture repair is described. Three dogs and one cat received cortical allografts prepared in this manner for reconstruction of severely comminuted mid‐diaphyseal femoral fractures. Function of the affected limb returned to normal, and radiographic evaluations of the allografted femurs showed union at the host‐graft interface and incorporation of the allograft.
In Vitro Comparison of the Three Loop Pulley and Locking Loop Suture Patterns for Repair of Canine Weightbearing Tendons and Collateral Ligaments
Authors: BERG R. JOHN , EGGER ERICK L.
Published: February 2008

Both triceps tendons and the medial collateral ligaments of both stifles of 10 freshly euthanized dogs were sharply transected. One tendon and one ligament of each dog were sutured with a three loop pulley pattern, and the opposite tendons and ligaments were sutured with a locking loop pattern. The tendons and ligaments were harvested with their muscular and bony attachments. The anastomoses were slowly tested in tension until failure occurred. The amount of tensile load required to produce failure of the anastomosis, the amount of distraction of the sutured ends prior to failure, and the modes of failure were recorded. In both tendons and ligaments, the three loop pulley pattern provided significantly greater tensile strength (p < 0.01) and allowed significantly less distraction between the sutured ends (p < 0.01) than the locking loop pattern. In tendons, disruption of the suture material was the most common mode of failure with both patterns. In ligaments, both patterns failed most commonly by pulling free from the tissue.
Modified Segmental Spinal Instrumentation in Repair of Spinal Fractures and Luxations in Dogs
Authors: McANULTY J. F. , LENEHAN T. M. , MALETZ L. M.
Published: February 2008

A modified segmental spinal stabilization technique was used in four dogs weighing 10 to 56 kg with thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal fractures/luxations. A Steinmann pin was bent to encircle the dorsal spinous processes and was wired together with longitudinal pins to the cranial articular facets and dorsal spinous processes in the thoracolumbar application. The central pin was omitted, and the longitudinal pins were bent at a right angle and passed through the ilial wings in the lumbosacral application. Fracture fixation and stabilization were excellent in all dogs. One broken pin was detected in one dog after 18 months. No other complications due to the spinal instrumentation were observed. Neurologic recovery was excellent in two dogs, good in one dog, and fair in one dog.
Effect of Fixation Pin Insertion on the Bone‐Pin Interface
Authors: EGGER ERICK L. , HISTAND MICHAEL B. , BLASS CHARLES E. , POWERS BARBARA E.
Published: February 2008

Smooth and partially threaded 3.12 mm (1/8 inch) trochar‐tipped Steinmann pins were inserted transversely through both diaphyseal cortices of eight mature canine tibias using five methods. Angular velocity (revolutions per minute) during insertion and temperature elevation due to friction during penetration of the second cortex were recorded. The force required for extraction of the pins from the bone and the histologic appearance of the bone‐pin interface were determined for one‐half of the pins 2 days after insertion and for one‐half of the pins 56 days after insertion. The increase in temperature was similar for all methods of insertion except high speed power, which was significantly greater (p < 0.05). The force required for axial pin extraction was similar for pins inserted by hand chuck, predrilled, and low speed power methods after both 2 and 56 days. Pins inserted by high speed power and hand drill required force similar to the others for extraction after 2 days but significantly less force (p < 0.05) for extraction after 56 days. The partially threaded pins required significantly greater force (p < 0.01) extraction after both 2 and 56 days. Histologic examination revealed increased mechanical bone damage surrounding hand chuck inserted pins, increased bone necrosis surrounding high speed power inserted pins, and increased inflammatory changes surrounding hand drill inserted pins.
Surgical Correction of a Persistent Right Aortic Arch in a Foal
Authors: MACKEY VALORIE S. , LARGE S. M. , BREZNOCK E. M. , ARNOLD J. S.
Published: February 2008

A persistent right fourth aortic arch causing esophageal stenosis was diagnosed in a foal. Presenting signs included cervical swelling that developed following introduction to solid feed at weaning, and symptoms of chronic aspiration pneumonia. The esophagus was distended at the thoracic inlet; neither an endoscope nor a small nasogastric tube could be passed through the strictured esophagus at the heart base. The esophagus was seen to be dilated to the level of the heart base on plain and contrast radiographs. A left lateral thoracotomy through the fifth intercostal space was used to gain access for surgical correction of the defect. Radiographic and clinical evaluation of the foal 2 and 6 months following surgery showed a gradual decrease in size of the esophageal dilatation and an enlargement in the functional diameter of the esophagus at the previously strictured area at the heart base. Ten months following surgery the colt was eating normally and was of normal height and weight.
Induction of Anesthesia Using Diazepam/Ketamine in Dogs with Complete Heart Block A Preliminary Report
Authors: KOLATA RONALD J.
Published: February 2008

Intravenous diazepam and ketamine were used to induce anesthesia in four dogs with complete heart block while cardiac and hemodynamic measurements were made. Immediately after induction there were minor changes in the measured variables. However, 5 minutes after injection, with the dogs supine and mechanically ventilated, cardiac output was reduced 41%. An additional 20 dogs with heart block had uncomplicated induction when this drug combination was used. The combination of diazepam and ketamine appears useful for inducing anesthesia in dogs with heart lesions, although further studies must be done to establish its value in such patients.
Coxofemoral Luxation in the Dog and Cat
Authors: BASHER ANTHONY W. P. , WALTER MARY C. , NEWTON CHARLES D.
Published: February 2008

The medical records from 95 cases of coxofemoral luxation in dogs and cats were reviewed. Unilateral craniodorsal luxation was most common, (78.1% of dogs, 72.7% of cats). Trauma from being struck by an automobile was the most frequent cause (59.0%). Treatment was closed (manual) or open (surgical) reduction. The failure rate following single closed reduction was 64.8%. The surgical reduction procedure included capsular repair (capsulorrhaphy) via a craniolateral approach to the hip or via trochanteric osteotomy or gluteal tenotomy. The success rate following reduction via the craniolateral approach was 82%; no failure was recorded with trochanteric transposition, but reluxa‐tion followed the single gluteal tenotomy. The Ehmer sling was the most common external fixation and was kept in place an average of 12.5 days. Thirty‐three animals were available for follow‐up, and no difference was recorded in limb function between the two groups of animals treated by closed vs surgical reduction. Patients with degenerative joint disease at the time of luxation were less likely to be successfully reduced; 64.3% of these animals were eventually treated by femoral head and neck excision. Thirty‐eight patients had associated major injuries. Long‐term follow‐up results were better in those patients with concomitant orthopedic injuries than in those without other injuries.
Devocalization of Dogs A New Technique
Authors: JANSSENS L. A. A.
Published: February 2008

Forty‐nine dogs were surgically devocalized by removal of the mucosa of the lateral ventricles. The operation was successful in 47 dogs.
Vascular Access Channeling to Increase Meniscal Regeneration in the Dog
Authors: HULSE DON A. , SHIRES PETER , ABDELBAKI Y. Z. , HUGH‐JONES MARTIN , KEARNEY MICHAEL T.
Published: February 2008

A technique to enhance meniscal regeneration following partial meniscectomy was investigated in the dog. Twenty‐four dogs underwent a partial meniscectomy (to simulate excision of a bucket handle tear in the caudal body of the medial meniscus). The excision did not communicate with the synovia. Twelve of the dogs also received a vascular access channel in which an incision was made from the free cut edge of the meniscus to the vascular synovia. The dogs were terminated at 4,8, and 16 weeks for gross, vascular, and histologic examination of the operated menisci. In all dogs, and at all time periods, the dogs receiving a vascular access channel showed increased regeneration compared to dogs undergoing partial meniscectomy alone.
Experience with Cyclosporin‐A After Renal Allografting in Two Dogs Research Note
Authors: GREGORY C. R. , GOURLEY I. M. , TAYLOR N. J. , CULLEN J. M. , EVANS A. , ISAAC L. J. , COWGILL L. D.
Published: February 2008

After renal allografting, cyclosporin‐A was administered to one partially nonmatched dog that was followed for 79 days. Cyclosporin‐A and prednisolone were administered to one nonmatched dog that was followed for 805 days. Side effects encountered with cyclosporin‐A included lymphocytic dermatitis, papillomatosis, bacterial and fungal infections, and B lymphocyte hyperplasia.
Lameness Associated with Coxofemoral Soft Tissue Masses in Six Dogs
Authors: LAYTON CANDACE E. , FERGUSON H. RODNEY
Published: February 2008

Six cases of mechanical lameness involving the coxofemoral joint are presented. All dogs had a history of chronic rear leg pain and lameness, and decreased range of motion of the hip. On physical examination, ventral subluxation of the coxofemoral joint during extension was present in three dogs. A radiographic diagnosis of subluxation was made in five dogs. In each dog, surgical exploration of the area caudal to the coxofemoral joint revealed a fibrous mass between the lesser or third trochanters and the ischium, diagnosed as a nonneoplastic fibrous reaction by microscopic examination. The clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic signs were similar to previously described cases of myositis ossificans. Five dogs returned to normal function after excision of the soft tissue mass, and one dog was normal when lost to follow‐up 4 weeks postoperatively.
Radiographic and Histologic Changes After Thoracolumbar Disc Curettage
Authors: WAGNER STANLEY D. , FERGUSON H. RODNEY , LEIPOLD HORST , GUFFY MARK M. , BUTLER HUGH C.
Published: February 2008

Forty‐eight thoracolumbar disc spaces were approached by a dorsolateral muscle‐separating technique in six mature dogs. Twenty‐four of the discs were fenestrated and curetted, and the changes were followed radiographically and histologically for 16 weeks. Disc space collapse was visible radiographically immediately after the surgical procedure, and those disc spaces remained narrow throughout the observation period. Histologically, there was evidence of chondrocyte activation within 2 weeks in the excavated disc spaces. By 16 weeks, fibrocartilage had filled the void in the curetted disc spaces.
Repair of a Traumatically Induced Oronasal Fistula in a Cat with a Rostral Tongue Flap
Authors: ROBERTSON JOHN J. , DEAN PAUL W.
Published: February 2008

Repair of an extensive oronasal fistula in a cat was accomplished by the use of a tongue flap. The dorsal surface of the tongue was debrided of mucosa and the edges were trimmed to produce a bleeding surface. Rotation of the tongue 180° upon its long axis allowed the debrided surface to be sutured in apposition with the palatine mucosa. The mouth was wired closed and the cat was fed blenderized canned cat food for 4 weeks through a pharyngostomy tube. The tongue pedicle was amputated in successive stages to stimulate collateral circulation. Complications included a partial dehiscence along one edge of the suture line, which was corrected by resuturing.
Surgical Treatment of Priapism in a Stallion
Authors: SCHUMACHER JAMES , HARDIN DAVID K.
Published: February 2008

Priapism occurred in a stallion after the administration of acetylpromazine. When conservative measures failed, the corpus cavernosum penis (CCP) was drained and irrigated, and a vascular shunt between the erectile bodies was created. Subsidence of erection resulted, but subsequently, the stallion was unable to retract or erect the penis. The stallion was castrated and the penis was surgically retracted into the sheath.
The Use of a Silicone T‐tube to Treat Tracheal Stenosis in a Llama
Authors: LEVINE SUSAN A. , LINDSAY WILLIAM A. , BECK KATHY A.
Published: February 2008

A female llama was presented at 4 days of age with severe dyspnea resulting from bilateral choanal atresia. A tracheostomy was performed before surgical treatment of the airway obstruction. Although the choanal atresia was successfully corrected, tracheal stenosis secondary to mucosal necrosis, malacia of the cartilage rings, and proliferation of intraluminal granulation tissue at and distal to the tracheal storrta developed. The affected segment of the trachea was resected and an end‐to‐end anastomosis was performed, but the lumen again became obstructed by granulation tissue. A silicone “T‐tube” was placed in the trachea to provide a patent airway and intraluminal support. The llama has done well for 12 months with this prosthesis, and the complications that are often seen with long‐term use of traditional tracheostomy tubes have not developed.
Surgical Repair of an Esophageal Stricture in a Horse
Authors: CRAIG DIANE , TODHUNTER RORY
Published: February 2008

An esophageal stricture was diagnosed in a 9‐month‐old quarterhorse by esophagoscopy and positive pressure contrast esophagography. Medical management and two attempts at surgical intervention were unsuccessful. The initial surgical technique used was a linear esophagotomy, mucosal resection and anastomosis, and closure of the muscular tunic, which resulted in a more severe stricture. The second surgical procedure was interruption of the stricture cicatrix by a single linear esophagotomy and primary closure of only the esophageal muscular tunic. This technique resulted in an increased lumen diameter, but failed to adequately resolve the stricture. Successful resolution of the stricture with return to a normal diet was achieved by a two stage repair using formation of an esophagostomy to stabilize the esophagus, followed by fenestration of the mucosal‐submucosal cicatrix. Six months postoperatively, the horse was asymptomatic on a normal diet.
Arthroscopic Surgical Approaches and Intraarticular Anatomy of the Equine Shoulder Joint
Authors: BERTONE ALICIA L. , MclLWRAITH C. WAYNE
Published: February 2008

Arthroscopic approaches to the scapulohumeral joint were developed in four clinically normal, live horses (5 limbs) to determine their usefulness for evaluation and potential surgical treatment of intraarticular lesions. The articular surface of the entire glenoid, cranial humeral head (medial and lateral) and caudolaterai humeral head, as well as the synovial membrane, could be closely examined from an arthroscopic portal cranial to the infraspinatus tendon. The caudomedial humeral head could be examined partially. Cranial and caudal instrument portals allowed good surgical access to the entire glenoid and the majority of the humeral head (except caudomedial in adult, heavily muscled horses). The described arthroscopic and instrument portals allowed access to the areas frequently affected with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Potential difficulties with this technique include problems establishing triangulation, extravasation of fluids, and inability to reach potential lesions on the caudomedial humeral head with conventional equipment in heavily muscled horses.
Surgical Management of Proximal Splint Bone Fractures in the Horse
Authors: PETERSON P. ROBIN , PASCOE JOHN R. , WHEAT JOHN D.
Published: February 2008

Fractures of Metacarpal and Metatarsal II and IV (the splint bones) were treated in 283 horses over an 11 year period. In 21 cases the proximal portion of the fractured bone was stabilized with metallic implants. One or more cortical bone screws were used in 11 horses, and bone plates were applied in 11 horses. One horse received both treatments. Complications of screw fixation included bone failure, implant failure, radiographic lucency around the screws, and proliferative new bone at the ostectomy site. Only two of the horses treated with screw fixation returned to their intended use. Complications of plate fixation included partial fixation failure (backing out of screws), wound drainage, and proliferative bony response around the plate. Six of the 11 horses treated by plate fixation returned to their intended use. The authors recommend consideration of plate fixation techniques for repair of fractures in the proximal third of the splint bone.
Paranasal Sinusitis Complicated by Inspissated Exudate in the Ventral Conchal Sinus
Authors: SCHUMACHER JAMES , HONNAS CLIFFORD , SMITH BARBARA
Published: February 2008

Primary paranasal sinusitis complicated by inspissated exudate within the ventral conchal sinus was diagnosed in five horses. Clinical signs included a unilateral, foul‐smelling, mucopurulent nasal exudate of 2 to 7 months' duration. Two of the horses had partial nasal obstruction from distortion of the ventral concha. Radiographs of the skull showed a mass of soft tissue density dorsal to the roots of the superior third and fourth or fourth and fifth cheek teeth. Treatment included bone flap maxillary sinusotomy with exposure of the ventral nasal concha and removal of inspissated exudate. Resolution of the sinusitis occurred in all five horses.
Effect of Ethylene Oxide Sterilization and Storage Conditions on Canine Cortical Bone Harvested for Banking
Authors: JOHNSON A. L. , MOUTRAY M. , HOFFMANN W. E.
Published: February 2008

Two hundred seventeen cortical bones were harvested cleanly and prepared for banking for 2 months by using one of three types of packing materials, two ethylene oxide (EO) concentrations and procedures, and two storage temperatures. Bone subjected to the various treatments was compared to freshly harvested cortical bone and bone tested immediately after sterilization. Parameters evaluated were handling characteristics during preparation for and placement of a 3.5 mm cortex screw, and the percentage of weight lost as water when the bones were dried in an oven at 100°C for 72 hours. Methods of sterilization, packaging material, and temperature of storage affected the handling characteristics and dehydration of the bone specimens. Twelve per cent EO at an elevated temperature and pressure, paper packaging, and room temperature storage appeared to cause the most significant changes. The use of 84% EO at room temperature and pressure, polyethylene wrapping material, and storage at‐20°C appeared to protect bone from dehydration. There was an increase in cracking and splitting of the bones as the percent of water loss decreased (indicating dehydration at the time of testing). Dehydration due to sterilization and storage processes may lead to difficulty in preparing bone for insertion of a bone screw and subsequently jeopardizing the stability of a repair in which such alloimplants are used.
Morphologic Effects of Experimental Distention of Equine Small Intestine
Authors: ALLEN DOUGLAS , II NATHANIEL A. WHITE , TYLER DAVID E.
Published: February 2008

The morphologic effects of induced intraluminal hydrostatic pressures (IHPs) of 0, 9, and 18 cm H2O were evaluated in 33 isolated equine jejunal segments. Fifteen segments were distended with Tyrode's solution for 1 hour and nine segments for 4 hours. Tyrode's solution was added as needed to maintain the prescribed pressures. Nine other segments were left undisturbed for 4 hours after the initial distention period. On decompression of the intestinal segments, progressive peristaltic contractions resumed in all segments. Evaluation of intestinal sections by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed edema of the villi and submucosa and separation of the epithelial cells adjacent to the basement membrane in all segments. The epithelial cell necrosis found in ischemic intestine was not seen. This study indicates that the necrosis found at the villous tips in distended sections of small intestine remote from the site of obstruction cannot be reproduced by IHP increases of 4 hours duration.
Transdiaphragmatic Approach to Thoracic Duct Ligation in the Cat
Authors: MARTIN ROBERT A. , RICHARDS D. LEIGHTON S. , BARBER DON L. , CORDES DONALD O. , SUFIT ELIZABETH
Published: February 2008

An approach combining ventral midline celiotomy with transdiaphragmatic thoracotomy was evaluated in eight healthy cats for ligation of the thoracic duct system. Evans Blue solution was injected into the right colic lymph node to outline the intestinal lymphatic trunk and the thoracic duct system. Three cats (group 1) had mesenteric lymphangiograms and three (group 2) had only lymph node dye injection before thoracic duct ligation. The thoracic duct system was ligated with hemostatic clips just cranial to the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm, through a left transdiaphragmatic thoracotomy. Two cats (group 3) had prethoracotomy mesenteric lymphangiograms and thoracic duct isolation without ligation. Mesenteric lymphangiography was performed immediately after the surgery. In all of the cats, an absence of contrast medium in the thoracic duct system cranial to the surgical site was interpreted as complete obstruction. Four weeks after ligation, there was complete obstruction of the thoracic duct system with alternate lymphaticovenous communications in four of the six cats with ligated thoracic duct systems. Partial obstruction of the thoracic duct system with alternate lymphaticovenous communications was present in the other two cats. Both cats without thoracic duct ligation had patent thoracic duct systems. At necropsy of the six cats with ligated thoracic ducts, there was mild focal lymphadenitis of injected lymph nodes in three cats. The wall of the aorta adjacent to the hemostatic clips was normal in all six cats. The surgical technique was simple and provided excellent exposure. Vital staining with Evans Blue helped visualize the thoracic duct system, but mesenteric lymphangiography did not. Postligation lymphangiography was not of value in identifying incomplete ligation.
Incomplete Longitudinal Fracture of the Proximal Palmar Cortex of the Third Metacarpal Bone in Horses
Authors: ROSS M. W. , FORD T. S. , ORSINI P. G.
Published: February 2008

Seven horses, 2 to 4 years of age, were examined because of moderate‐to‐severe forelimb lameness, mild effusion of the middle carpal joint (3 horses), and pain on palpation of the origin of the suspensory ligament (4 horses). The lameness was abolished by anesthetic infiltration of the middle carpal joint in six horses. In four of them, a high palmar nerve block also abolished the lameness. A linear radiolucency in the proximal end of the third metacarpal bone (Mclll) was interpreted as an incomplete longitudinal fracture. In one horse, distinct intramedullary sclerosis limited to the palmar cortex was indicative of an incomplete fracture confined to the palmar cortex. No osteoproliferative lesions were identified on the dorsal cortex of any of the horses. Surgical treatment with cortical screws in lag fashion accompanied by a rest period was successful in one horse. In four horses, rest for at least 3 months resulted in clinical soundness. In two horses, a shorter rest period resulted in recurrence of the lameness even though the horses were sound when put back into training. Careful clinical and radiographic examinations helped differentiate incomplete longitudinal fractures from lesions involving the carpus and proximal aspect of the suspensory ligament.
Cardiorespiratory Effects of the Intravenous Administration of Tiletamine‐zolazepam to Cats
Authors: HELLYER PETER , III WILLIAM W. MUIR , HUBBELL JOHN A. E. , SALLY JAN
Published: February 2008

The hemodynamic and respiratory effects of three doses (9.7, 15.8, and 23.7 mg/kg intravenous [IV]) of a 1:1 combination of tiletamine and zolazepam were studied after isoflurane anesthesia in cats instrumented for the recording of hemodynamic data. Systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures were decreased 1 minute after drug administration but then increased above baseline with ail three doses. Cardiac output was decreased briefly at 1 minute with the 15.8 and 23.7 mg/kg doses. The rate of development of left ventricular pressure and peripheral vascular resistance decreased at 1 minute but returned to baseline or above by 10 minutes. There were no significant changes in heart rate, central venous pressure, or left ventricular end diastolic pressure. The arterial pH and blood gas measurements reflected the development of respiratory acidosis after administration of 23.7 mg/kg. These results support the conclusions that tiletamine‐zolazepam administered intravenously is a useful and comparatively safe anesthetic agent in the cat.
A Modified Cloward's Technique for Arthrodesis of the Normal Metacarpophalangeal Joint in the Horse
Authors: CRAWLEY GREGORY R. , GRANT BARRIE D. , WHITE KARL K. , BARBEE DAVID D. , GALLINA ANTHONY M. , RATZLAFF MARC H.
Published: February 2008

A modified Cloward's technique was performed for arthrodesis of one metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in eight horses. Dorsal arthrotomies were performed medial and lateral to the common digital extensor tendon and two 16 mm holes were drilled through the joint. A perforated cylindrical stainless steel basket filled with cancellous bone was impacted into each hole. The limbs were supported in casts for 8 weeks. The joints were examined and radiographed at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 6 months, and 10 months. One horse was euthanatized at week 14 to assess the progress of the arthrodesis. In the other seven horses, there was clinical fusion at month 6. Dynamographic evaluations were performed 11 months after surgery at the walk and trot. The maximum vertical forces exerted during weight bearing by treated and control limbs were compared. No difference was detected at the walk; however, a significant difference was present at the trot (p < 0.05). It was calculated that at the trot the horses placed 90% as much force on the treated limb as on the control limb. Eleven months after surgery, the baskets contained compact and cancellous bone. Ingrowth of bone occurred through all openings, completely filling the baskets and fusing the joints.
Stress Fractures of the Acetabulum in 26 Racing Greyhounds
Authors: WENDELBURG KIRK , KADERLY ROBERT , DEE LARRY , EATON‐WELLS RICHARD
Published: February 2008

Acetabular fractures in 26 racing Greyhounds were reviewed. All fractures occurred during racing or training and were unrelated to any external trauma. All fractures had similar configurations, were minimally displaced, and involved only the acetabulum. Affected dogs were young (16–36 months). Fractures occurred unilaterally (22 dogs) and bilaterally (4 dogs). There was no sex predilection, and both right and left sides were equally represented. Bilateral fractures were associated with retraining between the occurrence of the first and second fractures. Radiographically, a fracture line was consistently visible in the caudal third of the acetabulum. Fractures in gross specimens resembled an inverted “Y.” Results of histologic evaluation of two fractured acetabula showed changes characteristic of a nonunion fracture. Microfractures were evident in the grossly normal acetabulum opposite the fractured side. Evidence obtained from this study suggests a common pathogenesis of the fractures related to tremendous repetitive stresses produced during running. Greyhounds with unilateral acetabular fractures may provide a reproducible model for future studies of stress fractures in animals and humans because of the high incidence of bilateral fractures that develop during retraining. Surgical repair of the acetabular stress fracture was more successful than conservative management in returning the dogs to competitive racing.
Cervical Chemonucleolysis in the Dog A Surgical Technique
Authors: ATILOLA MATTHEW A. O. , BAILEY CLETA SUE , MORGAN JOE P.
Published: February 2008

Cervical chemonucleolysis performed surgically in 16 clinically normal 4 and 10 year old Beagle dogs was well tolerated. The dosage of chymopapain per intervertebral disc was 200 or 500 U. Disc space narrowing was radiographically visible by day 1. By gross and histologic examination, there was lysis of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and perinuclear anulus fibrosus (AF). No observable differences due to ages of the dogs or doses of the enzyme were seen.
Ureterocolonlc Anastomosis in Ten Dogs with Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Authors: STONE ELIZABETH ARNOLD , WITHROW STEPHEN J. , PAGE RODNEY L. , SCHWARZ PETER D. , WHEELER STEVEN L. , III HOWARD B. SEIM
Published: February 2008

Ureterocolonic anastomosis (UCA) was performed in 10 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder trigone or the urethra, or both. All grossly visible tumor was excised. All of the dogs recovered from anesthesia and surgery and had anal continence with no urine leakage. One dog died of undetermined causes 7 days after surgery. Nine dogs survived 1 to 5 months. The owners of eight of the dogs considered their dog's quality of life to be acceptable. Four dogs were euthanatized because of neurologic disease, three of which also had nausea and vomiting. The neurologic and gastrointestinal signs may have been caused by hyperammonemia, metabolic acidosis, and uremia. Blood ammonia levels were elevated in two dogs with neurologic signs. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis that was reversible with bicarbonate therapy was diagnosed in five dogs. All of the dogs were azotemic because of intestinal recycling of urea. Serum creatinine concentrations increased in four dogs after surgery. Drug‐induced renal disease may have developed in two dogs. Pyelonephritis developed in five kidneys, two of which had outflow obstruction and two had bilateral hydrouretero‐nephrosis before the UCA. In this small number of dogs, surgical excision of transitional cell carcinoma was not curative with six dogs having confirmed metastatic lesions at the time of death.
Excision of Cutaneous Tumors in the Horse Using Histologic Guidance
Authors: ADAMS R. , CALDERWOOD‐MAYS M. B. , PEYTON L. C.
Published: February 2008

A highly successful surgical technique for removing cutaneous tumors in humans was used in seven horses with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (n = 3) or sarcoid (n = 4). In humans, the complete underside of the tumor is evaluated histologically by processing horizontal sections from the tumor base, and orientation between the wound surface and the undersurface of the excised tumor is maintained by mapping both surfaces. The technique ensures that small foci of residual tumor can be located accurately and removed. Based on our experience, three modifications of the human technique are suggested for its use in horses. The equine patient should be placed under general anesthesia rather than using local anesthesia if the tumor is in a difficult position for standing surgery or the patient is uncooperative; useful information can be obtained from tissue processed in buffered formalin if frozen sections are not available; and optimal tumor size for this procedure is no larger than 3 × 2 cm.
Epiglottic Entrapment A Transnasal Surgical Approach to Divide the Aryepiglottic Fold Axially in the Standing Horse
Authors: HONNAS CLIFFORD M. , WHEAT JOHN D.
Published: February 2008

Transnasal, axial division of the aryepiglottic fold was performed to correct entrapment of the epiglottis in 20 sedated, standing horses, using a hooked bistoury and topical anesthesia. Presenting complaints included decreased exercise tolerance or loss of racing performance, abnormal respiratory noise, and coughing. The surgical procedure was technically easy to perform with a minimum of instrumentation. The horses were rested an average of 18 days before race training or riding was resumed. Evaluation of racing records or contact with owners indicated that most affected horses competed successfully after transnasal surgical correction of the entrapment.
Urethral Extension for Correction of Urovagina in Cattle A Review of 14 Cases
Authors: JEAN GUY ST. , HULL BRUCE L. , ROBERTSON JAMES T. , HOFFSIS GLEN F. , HAIBEL GEORGE K.
Published: February 2008

Urethral extension was performed in 14 cows with clinical urovagina and infertility. Urovagina was corrected in nine cows (64%) and was reduced in the others. Formation of fistulas at the cranial end of the extension site was the most frequent complication (4 cows). In one cow, the urethral extension was not extended far enough caudally. Eleven cows (79%) returned to fertility after surgery. Severity of urine pooling, cranial displacement of the urethral orifice, and severe preoperative vaginitis may explain the failure of the urethral extension in some cows.
Total Ear Canal Ablation Combined with Lateral Bulla Osteotomy for End‐Stage Otitis in Dogs Results in Thirty Dogs
Authors: MASON L. KAY , HARVEY COLIN E. , ORSHER ROBERT J.
Published: February 2008

Thirty dogs with end‐stage otitis were treated by either unilateral or bilateral total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy. Otitis was considered end stage when the horizontal ear canal was collapsed, stenotic, or occluded in conjunction with chronic infection of the external and middle ear. The dogs were evaluated clinically and radiographically for 4 to 63 months. The frequency of scratching, head shaking, aural drainage, and para‐aural fistulation was significantly decreased. Abnormal ear carriage and head tilt were not changed. The results in 23 dogs were graded as excellent or improved. One dog died of intraoperative hemorrhage. Complications during the period from suture removal to follow‐up included para‐aural fistulation (3 dogs), facial nerve paralysis (5 dogs), and head tilt (3 dogs).
Postoperative Examination of the Biceps Femoris Muscle Sling Used in Excision of the Femoral Head and Neck in Dogs
Authors: LEWIS DANIEL D. , BELLAH JAMIE R. , McGAVIN M. DONALD , GASKIN JACK M.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐four dogs underwent unilateral excision of the femoral head and neck. An adjunctive biceps femoris muscle sling procedure was done in 16 dogs. In eight dogs (controls), the flap was dissected and returned to its original position. Four dogs with muscle slings were euthanatized on days 2, 5, 30, and 60, respectively. Four control dogs were euthanatized on day 2 and four dogs on day 5. Limb function did not differ consistently between dogs with muscle slings and control dogs. There was marked swelling and edema of the affected limb in half the dogs with muscle slings but not in the controls. Postoperative temperature elevations were significantly higher in dogs with muscle slings on days 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). Infection was documented in four dogs with muscle slings. Flaps from control dogs had only minor gross and histologic abnormalities. On days 2 and 5, flaps from dogs with muscle slings appeared congested and swollen beneath and distal to the osteotomy site, with infarction involving 50 to 90% of the muscle mass. On days 30 and 60, the muscle slings were atrophic and fibrous, and by day 60 a synovial membrane covered the surfaces of all slings within the pseudarthrosis. Muscle fiber loss was attributed to infarction, necrosis, and disuse atrophy.
Histologic Evaluation of Response to Implantation of Polyvinilidine Plates in Dogs and Rats
Authors: SWAIN CAROL A. , RIBBLE GAIL A. , WILSON JAMES W.
Published: February 2008

The effect of implantation of polyvinilidine spinal plates was studied when placed on spinous processes of 11 mixed breed dogs and when placed within the thoracolumbar musculature of 12 male white rats. Specimens were also obtained from soft tissues adjacent to polyvinilidine plates 2 to 3 months after clinical surgery to repair spinal subluxations in three dogs. A similar pattern of dense, organized fibrous tissue interspersed with focal congregations of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and multinucleated giant cells was observed in the dog experiment, rat experiment, and in all clinical cases. Birefringent debris with polarization patterns identical to small slivers of polyvinilidine was associated with the observed reactions. It would appear that either a chemical or physical characteristic of the plates elicited this foreign body reaction. Grooving the inner surface of the plates, which is performed to increase the friction grip when applied to spinous processes, may make the surface texture of the plate more reactive or it may predispose the surface of the plate to minute fragmentation (“wear products”).
The Effect of Resuscitation Technique and Pre‐Arrest State of Oxygenation on Blood–Gas Values during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Dogs
Authors: LIPPERT AUNNA C. , EVANS A. THOMAS , WHITE BLAINE C. , EYSTER GEORGE E.
Published: February 2008

Large mongrel dogs were anesthetized, instrumented, and subjected to electrically induced ventricular fibrillation after breathing either 100% oxygen (O2) or 10% O2 and 90% nitrogen for 10 minutes before arrest. Four minutes after arrest, open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or intermittent abdominal compression closed chest CPR was initiated and continued for 20 minutes, at which time defibrillation was attempted. Central arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected serially for the measurement of pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), and O2 partial pressure (PO2), and calculation of bicarbonate concentration and base excess. Mixed venous blood was collected serially for the measurement of lactate concentration. Hemodynamically variable resuscitation techniques and pre‐arrest hypoxia or hy‐peroxia did not significantly influence blood‐gas values during CPR. Mixed venous lactate concentrations after 20 minutes of CPR were significantly higher when hypoxia preceded the arrest and when intermittent abdominal compression closed chest CPR was used for resuscitation. Mixed venous PCO2 was significantly higher than arterial PCO2 in all dogs during CPR but was not significantly different before arrest.