bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum levels of folate, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 and cobalamin during UVB phototherapy: findings in a large prospective trial
Authors: Weber B. , Marculescu R. , Radakovic S. , Tanew A.
Published: September 2019

Background

Narrowband UVB phototherapy (NB‐UVB) is a mainstay in the treatment of numerous inflammatory dermatoses. Whereas, a wealth of studies has shown that NB‐UVB treatment increases 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) levels, only sparse and controversial data exist on its effect on serum folate and cobalamin.

Objectives

To determine whether exposure to NB‐UVB alters serum folate or cobalamin levels.

Methods

A single‐centre, prospective, open observational study on 101 patients subjected to NB‐UVB phototherapy between late fall and early spring. Serum folate, 25(OH)D and cobalamin levels were measured after 0, 12, 24 and 36 NB‐UVB exposures.

Results

After 12 NB‐UVB exposures a significant decrease of mean serum folate (−1.0 nmol/L; P = 0.03) and cobalamin (−14.5 pmol/L, P = 0.03) levels was observed whereas serum levels of 25(OH)D showed a significant increase (35.4 nmol/L, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

A standard course of NB‐UVB induces a small but significant decrease of serum folate and cobalamin levels.
Direct and indirect effects of sexual signal loss on female reproduction in the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus)
Authors: Heinen‐Kay Justa L. , Strub Daina B. , Balenger Susan L. , Zuk Marlene
Published: September 2019

Sexual signal evolution may present fitness consequences for the non‐signaling sex due to shared genes and altered social conditions, but this is rarely studied in natural populations. On the Hawaiian Island of Kauai, most male Teleogryllus oceanicus (Pacific field crickets) lack the ability to sing because of a novel wing mutation (flatwing) that arose and spread in <20 generations. Obligately silent flatwing males have been highly successful because they avoid detection by a deadly, acoustically‐orienting parasitoid fly. Little is known about how the flatwing mutation and resulting song‐less acoustic environment affects female fitness. We found that Kauai females carrying the flatwing allele invested less in reproductive tissues and experienced more instances of mating failure than normal‐wing‐carrying females, though total offspring production did not differ between female genotypes. Females from Oahu (HI, where the parasitoid and flatwing also occur) and Mangaia (an island in the Cook Islands which harbors neither the parasitoid nor flatwing) invested less in reproductive tissues when reared in a song‐less acoustic environment. Kauai females did not exhibit this plasticity, perhaps because they have experienced nearly song‐less conditions for the past ~15 years following the establishment of flatwing. We show that female T. oceanicus experience a mix of costly and beneficial effects of sexual signal loss, which should help maintain the wing polymorphism in the wild. Our results demonstrate that the non‐signaling sex can experience a nuanced set of phenotypic consequences resulting from signal evolution, which can further shape dynamics of sexual signal evolution.
Activation of alpha‐1 adrenergic receptors increases cytosolic calcium in neurones of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Authors: Milanick William J. , Polo‐Parada Luis , Dantzler Heather A. , Kline David D.
Published: September 2019

Norepinephrine (NE) activates adrenergic receptors (ARs) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to increase excitatory currents, depolarise neurones and, ultimately, augment neuro‐sympathetic and endocrine output. Such cellular events are known to potentiate intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i); however, the role of NE with respect to modulating [Ca2+]i in PVN neurones and the mechanisms by which this may occur remain unclear. We evaluated the effects of NE on [Ca2+]i of acutely isolated PVN neurones using Fura‐2 imaging. NE induced a slow increase in [Ca2+]i compared to artificial cerebrospinal fluid vehicle. NE‐induced Ca2+ elevations were mimicked by the α1‐AR agonist phenylephrine (PE) but not by α2‐AR agonist clonidine (CLON). NE and PE but not CLON also increased the overall number of neurones that increase [Ca2+]i (ie, responders). Elimination of extracellular Ca2+ or intracellular endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores abolished the increase in [Ca2+]i and reduced responders. Blockade of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels abolished the α1‐AR induced increase in [Ca2+]i and number of responders, as did inhibition of phospholipase C inhibitor, protein kinase C and inositol triphosphate receptors. Spontaneous phasic Ca2+ events, however, were not altered by NE, PE or CLON. Repeated K+‐induced membrane depolarisation produced repetitive [Ca2+]i elevations. NE and PE increased baseline Ca2+, whereas NE decreased the peak amplitude. CLON also decreased peak amplitude but did not affect baseline [Ca2+]i. Taken together, these data suggest receptor‐specific influence of α1 and α2 receptors on the various modes of calcium entry in PVN neurones. They further suggest Ca2+ increase via α1‐ARs is co‐dependent on extracellular Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release, possibly via a phospholipase C inhibitor‐mediated signalling cascade.
Influence of workplace incivility on the quality of nursing care
Authors: Alshehry Abdualrahman Saeed , Alquwez Nahed , Almazan Joseph , Namis Ibrahim Mohammed , Cruz Jonas Preposi
Published: September 2019

Aims and objectives

To examine the influence of workplace incivility on the quality of nursing care.

Background

Recent evidence describes workplace incivility as a serious concern in the healthcare setting worldwide. Exposure to workplace incivility can alter a nurse's behaviour, thought process and perspective towards the nursing profession. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether workplace incivility might be associated with the quality of nursing care in Saudi Arabia.

Design

A quantitative and cross‐sectional study.

Method

A survey was carried out amongst 378 nurses in two government hospitals in Saudi Arabia from February 2018–May 2018 using the Nurse Incivility and quality of nursing care scales. Multivariate multiple regression was performed to investigate the influence of the uncivil experiences of nurses from different sources on the different aspects of quality of nursing care. The study adhered to STROBE guideline (see Appendix S1).

Results

The overall mean of the quality of nursing care scale was 3.14 (SD = 0.66) from a scale of 1–5, with patient satisfaction receiving the highest mean dimension (mean = 3.27, SD = 0.72) and health promotion the lowest mean dimension (mean = 3.08, SD = 0.74). Experience in the present hospital and the hospital were associated with the overall quality of nursing care. General and nurse incivility exerted a multivariate effect on overall quality of nursing care and its different dimensions.

Conclusion

General incivility and nurse incivility were found to negatively impact quality of nursing care and its different dimensions.

Relevance to clinical practice

Stronger policies geared towards eliminating workplace incivility should be implemented as uncivil acts can lead to poor quality of nursing care. Nurse administrators and nurses should be pro‐active in recognising, preventing, approaching, reporting and intervening with uncivil acts in the hospital to protect these workers from these types of behaviours and avoid their negative impacts on patient care.
Identifying determinants for the application of physical or chemical restraint in the management of psychomotor agitation on the critical care unit
Authors: Teece Angela , Baker John , Smith Helen
Published: September 2019

Aims and objectives

To identify key determinants, which lead to the decision to apply physical or chemical restraint on the critical care unit.

Background

Psychomotor agitation and hyperactive delirium are frequently cited as clinical rationale for initiating chemical and physical restraint in critical care. Current restraint guidance is over a decade old, and wide variations in nursing and prescribing practice are evident. It is unclear whether restraint use is grounded in evidence‐based practice or custom and culture.

Study design

Integrative review.

Method

Seven health sciences databases were searched to identify published and grey literature (1995–2019), with additional hand‐searching. The systematic deselection process followed PRISMA guidance. Studies were included if they identified physical or chemical restraint as a method of agitation management in adult critical care units. Quality appraisal was undertaken using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Data were extracted, and thematic analysis undertaken.

Results

A total of 23 studies were included. Four main themes were identified: the lack of standardised practice, patient characteristics associated with restraint use, the struggle in practice and the decision to apply restraint.

Conclusions

There are wide variations in restraint use despite the presence of international guidance. Nurses are the primary decision‐makers in applying restraint and report that caring for delirious patients is physically and psychologically challenging. The decision to restrain can be influenced by the working environment, patient behaviours and clinical acuity. Enhanced clinical support and guidance for nurses caring for delirious patients is indicated.

Relevance to clinical practice

Delirium and agitation pose a potential threat to patient safety and the maintenance of life‐preserving therapies. Restraint is viewed as one method of preserving patient safety. However, use appears to be influenced by previous adverse experiences and subjective patient descriptors, rather than robust evidence‐based knowledge. The need for a precise language to describe restraint and quantify when it becomes necessary is indicated.
Perceptions and experiences of perioperative nurses and nurse anaesthetists in robotic‐assisted surgery
Authors: Schuessler Zohreh , Scott Stiles Anne , Mancuso Peggy
Published: September 2019

Aims and objectives

To explore the perceptions and experiences of perioperative nurses and Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists (CRNAs) in robotic‐assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS). The objective was to identify the factors that affect nursing care of patients who undergo robotic‐assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS).

Background

The rapid introduction of technological innovations into the healthcare system has created new challenges for perioperative nurses. RALS affects the physical and interpersonal context of the surgical team's work and subsequent patient outcomes. Despite significant changes to the workflow for perioperative nurses and CRNAs, there is little research focusing on the nurses’ experience and their challenges with RALS.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study.

Method

Semi‐structured interview questions guided data collection. A total of seventeen participants including six preoperative and postoperative nurses, seven intraoperative nurses, and four CRNAs in the United States were interviewed. The interviews were conducted between 26 April–24 June 2018. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, and the COREQ checklist was used to report data collection, analysis and the results.

Results

Three major themes and two categories within each theme were identified: (a) surgical innovation: nurse perception and workflow; (b) interprofessional practice: teamwork and standards; and (c) outcome: patient outcomes and system outcomes.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that RALS has the potential to improve patient outcomes when performed in a timely fashion by skilled surgeons, and efficient, well‐trained surgical teams. For patients to experience full benefits of RALS, patient characteristics, the underlying reason for surgery, and cost must be considered.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results of this study highlight the necessity of promoting factors that improve the surgical team training and practice for RALS and will ultimately impact patient outcomes.
Barriers and enablers for the implementation of a hospital communication tool for patient participation: A qualitative study
Authors: Theys Sofie , Lust Elisa , Heinen Maud , Verhaeghe Sofie , Beeckman Dimitri , Eeckloo Kristof , Malfait Simon , Van Hecke Ann
Published: September 2019

Aims and objectives

To investigate potential barriers and enablers prior to the implementation of the Tell‐us card.

Background

Patient participation has the potential to improve quality of care and has a positive effect on health outcomes. To enhance participation of patients, adequate communication between patients, their relatives and healthcare professionals is vital. Communication is considered as a fundament of care according to the Fundamentals of Care Framework. A strategy to improve patient participation is the use of the Tell‐us card; a communication tool that patients and relatives can use during hospitalisation to point out what is important for them during their admission and before discharge. Investigating barriers and enablers is needed before implementation.

Design

A qualitative study.

Methods

Semistructured, individual interviews with (head)nurses, nurse assistants and midwifes. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed using the framework analysis method. The COREQ checklist has been used.

Results

The need to maintain control over care, reluctance to engage in in‐depth conversations, fear of being seen as unprofessional by patients, fear of repercussions from physicians, the lack of insight in the meaning of patient participation and the lack of appreciation of the importance of patient participation appeared to be majors barriers. Participants also elaborated on several prerequisites for successful implementation and regarded the cooperation of the multidisciplinary team as an essential enabler.

Conclusion

The identified barriers and enablers revealed that nurses and midwives are rather reluctant towards patient participation and actively facilitating that by using the Tell‐us card communication tool.

Relevance to clinical practice

A number of issues will have to be factored into the implementation plan of the communication tool. Tailored implementation strategies will be crucial to overcome barriers and to accomplish a successful and sustainable implementation of the Tell‐us card.
Fundamental care for people with cognitive impairment in the hospital setting: A study combining positive organisational scholarship and video‐reflexive ethnography
Authors: Collier Aileen , De Bellis Anita , Hosie Annmarie , Dadich Ann , Symonds Tamsin , Prendergast Justin , Rodrigues Jade , Bevan Alan
Published: September 2019

Aims and objectives

To clarify how high‐quality fundamentals of care for people with dementia and/or delirium were practised in a specialist geriatric evaluation and management unit.

Background

Older people with cognitive impairment represent a significant number of people who are admitted to hospital. They are at increased risk of dying, readmission and long hospital stays, relative to those without cognitive impairment. There is an urgent need to elucidate the conditions that underpin safe and high‐quality fundamental care for these patients and their families.

Methods

Using the innovative methodologies of positive organisational scholarship in healthcare and video‐reflexive ethnography, this 18‐month study was conducted within an inpatient geriatric evaluation and management unit for people with dementia and/or delirium in South Australia. Patients, family members and staff members (managerial, clinical and nonclinical) participated by allowing researchers to document ethnographic fieldwork notes and film their practices and/or accounts thereof; and/or interpreting digital recordings with researchers in order to make sense of data in a process of co‐analysis. This study is reported using Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research reporting guidelines.

Results

High‐quality fundamental care for people with dementia and/or delirium in hospital and their families was associated with the special space of the hospital unit; an aptitude for people with dementia; a capacity to translate person‐centred fundamentals of care from rhetoric to reality; and an appreciation for teamwork.

Conclusion

This study clarified how teams working in hospital can practise high‐quality fundamentals of care for older people with dementia and/or delirium. Delivery of high‐quality fundamental care in this setting was dependent, not only on nurses, but the entire ward team working cohesively in a “weave of commitment.”

Relevance to clinical practice

Efforts to improve fundamental care for people with cognitive impairment need to encompass values and philosophy of person‐centred care, including the contributions by all staff to care delivery.
Personality, disability‐free life years, and life expectancy: Individual participant meta‐analysis of 131,195 individuals from 10 cohort studies
Authors: Jokela Markus , Airaksinen Jaakko , Virtanen Marianna , Batty G. David , Kivimäki Mika , Hakulinen Christian
Published: September 2019

Objective

We examined how personality traits of the Five Factor Model were related to years of healthy life years lost (mortality and disability) for individuals and the population.

Method

Participants were 131,195 individuals from 10 cohort studies from Australia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States (n = 43,935 from seven cohort studies for the longitudinal analysis of disability, assessed using scales of Activities of Daily Living).

Results

Lower Conscientiousness was associated with higher mortality and disability risk, but only when Conscientiousness was below its median level. If the excess risk associated with low Conscientiousness had been absent, population life expectancy would have been 1.3 years longer and disability‐free life 1.0 years longer. Lower emotional stability was related to shorter life expectancy, but only among those in the lowest 15% of the distribution, and disability throughout the distribution: if the excess risk associated with low emotional stability had been absent, population life expectancy would have been 0.4 years longer and disability‐free life 2.4 years longer.

Conclusions

Personality traits of low Conscientiousness and low emotional stability are associated with reduced healthy life expectancy of individuals and population.
Toward A Theory on the Reproduction of Social Innovations in Subsistence Marketplaces
Authors: Steinfield Laurel , Holt Diane
Published: September 2019

Social innovations and their diffusion are critical in bridging the multiplicity of deprivations experienced by those in subsistence contexts. Yet they often do not diffuse as expected. To better understand this prevalent problem, this article develops a theory of diffusion that explains the reproduction (duplication) of social innovations in subsistence contexts. The theory utilizes a bottom‐up perspective that considers what attributes of innovations and capacities of actors matter to reproduction, particularly for subsistence user‐producers. Adopting an inductive, case‐based approach, the authors draw on examples of social innovations in sub‐Saharan Africa. Based on the authors' research and extant literature, this article builds a typology that captures different modes of reproduction. The typology delineates three archetypes of reproduced social innovations: mimetic, facilitated, and complex, and notes how frugal innovations can emerge from these archetypes. These archetypes are based on the interactions of: (1) a product's resource and knowledge complexities, and (2) the knowledge capabilities or resources of various actors, including subsistence user‐producers and bridging agents. The typology thus illuminates the conditions under which subsistence user‐producers might independently reproduce a social innovation (mimetic innovations), when they need assistance from bridging agents (facilitated innovations), and when the mix of resources and knowledge are beyond their capacity (complex innovations). Moreover, by exploring reproduction experiences of subsistence users, this article recognizes the implications of low literary, close social networks, and physical limitations. By examining who controls the knowledge and resources imperative to reproduction, the authors go beyond a focus on the social benefits of innovations to consider how intellectual property and profits matter to different actors. This article pulls together these various insights and identifies key implications that social innovators and intermediaries should consider when working to reproduce social innovations in subsistence contexts and with subsistence user‐producers.
Goal Multiplicity and Innovation: How Social and Economic Goals Affect Open Innovation and Innovation Performance
Authors: Stephan Ute , Andries Petra , Daou Alain
Published: September 2019

Integrating insights from the strategic goal literature and the knowledge‐based view of the firm, this article proposes that the pursuit of social and economic strategic goals by commercial firms affects their innovation performance through different knowledge sourcing activities. The strategic goals, knowledge sourcing practices, and innovation performance of 1257 Belgian firms are investigated. Results show that both social and economic strategic goals are associated with the use of external information sources, but only the pursuit of social goals inspires firms to engage in external collaboration. No evidence is found of an inherent conflict between social and economic strategic goals. Instead, the two types of goals are independent of each other, that is, an emphasis on social goals does not preclude an emphasis on economic goals and vice versa. Moreover, firms’ external knowledge sourcing and innovation performance benefit most when strongly held social goals align with strongly held economic goals. These findings offer new insight into the nature and the effects of goal multiplicity among commercial firms. They open up a new perspective on the potential positive effects of the joint pursuit of social and economic strategic goals instead of seeing them as inherently conflicting, as past research has typically done. We illustrate how social strategic goals can deliver unique benefits to a firm, independently of and in addition to economic strategic goals. Our findings also contribute to the open innovation literature by revealing strategic goals as a driver of firms’ knowledge sourcing practices. Our findings suggest that solely emphasizing economic goals may be one reason why firms struggle to implement open innovation practices and do not reap their full benefits. The practical implications of our research are discussed.
The Role of Departmental Thought Worlds in Shaping Escalation of Commitment in New Product Development Projects
Authors: Weeth Alexander , Prigge Jana‐Kristin , Homburg Christian
Published: September 2019

The debate over whether and how thought worlds of different departments (especially marketing and research and development [R&D]) affect managers' decision‐making behavior in new product development (NPD) is ongoing. A key challenge of these decisions is to deal with deteriorating NPD projects, which are often subject to escalation of commitment (EoC), with many firms wasting billions of dollars by throwing good money after bad NPD projects. However, understanding departmental thought worlds and their role for EoC in NPD could help firms stop this profusion. Thus, this research provides answers to the question of how thought worlds affect managers' tendency toward EoC in NPD decision‐making—both in general and under certain project characteristics. To do so, we conducted four studies based on real‐life scenarios with 460 highly experienced NPD managers from marketing and R&D, thus ensuring high validity and reliability. Our research is the first to explore the impact of thought worlds on EoC, thereby detecting that the importance of managers' thought worlds for shaping EoC varies with the NPD project's characteristics. Thus, depending on the specific project situation, different types of managers may be more or less capable of making proper NPD decisions. Moreover, results show that belief updating serves as a respective key mediator. Doing so enriches the theory by showing that managers' thought worlds can substantially influence a major mechanism (i.e., belief updating) of coping with cognitive dissonance. Finally, post hoc tests reveal departmental differences in EoC behavior between marketing and R&D that vary with a project's characteristics. These results imply that firms need to carefully consider who is in charge of making decisions on NPD project continuance in different project situations.
Social Innovation in an Interconnected World: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Lee Ruby P. , Spanjol Jelena , Sun Sunny Li
Published: September 2019

This introduction provides an overview of the special issue and identifies the need for continued work in the area of social innovation, which seeks to create social value and progress and engages multiple stakeholders. Our special issue highlights various levels and stakeholders involved in the process and outcomes of social innovation. While mainstream innovation, which has been traditionally driven by profit maximization motivations, tends to create winners and losers, social innovation that focuses on redistribution of knowledge, discovery, and cocreation changes the key assumptions and logics of the conventional innovation theory. This introduction first briefly outlines current social innovation literature, presents the contributions created in this special issue, and concludes with the identification of three priorities (or needs) for social innovation researchers.
Mental health nurses’ understandings and experiences of providing care for the spiritual needs of service users: A qualitative study
Authors: Elliott Ruth , Wattis John , Chirema Kathleen , Brooks Joanna
Published: September 2019

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Addressing spiritual issues to maintain a sense of hope, meaning and purpose can be an important aspect of mental health care which goes beyond simply providing facilities for religious observance. Expressions of spiritual need from service users can potentially be confused with symptoms of mental ill health. Little is known about how mental health nurses understand or provide this aspect of care for service users.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

An understanding from the mental health nurse perspective of how mental health nurses understand and care for service users’ spiritual needs, and what influences their practice in this area.

Ideas about how education and opportunities for good practice in this area might be advanced.

What are the implications for practice?

Nurses need more education and guidance as well as supportive team and management cultures so that they feel comfortable and able to deliver this important aspect of care.

Introduction

Mental health nurses have a professional obligation to attend to service users’ spiritual needs, but little is known about specific issues related to provision of care for spiritual need faced by mental health nurses or how nurses understand this aspect of care and deliver it in practice.

Aim/Question

To explore mental health nurses’ ́understandings of spiritual need and their experiences of delivering this care for service users.

Method

A qualitative study was conducted in one NHS mental health service. Interviews were undertaken with seventeen mental health nurses practising in a variety of areas.

Results

Four themes were generated from thematic analysis of data in the template style: Expressing personal perspectives on spirituality; Expressing perspectives on spirituality as a nursing professional; Nursing spiritually; and Permeating anxiety (integrative).

Discussion

Participants had complex understandings of spiritual need and evident anxieties in relation to this area of care. Two different approaches to nursing spiritually are characterised as (a) pragmatic (concerned with procedural aspects of care) and (b) spiritually empathetic. Mental health nurses were uncertain about the acceptability of attention to spiritual issues as part of care and anxious about distinguishing between symptoms of mental ill health and spiritual needs.

Implications for practice

Educational experiences need to emphasise both pragmatic and empathetic approaches, and work needs to be organised to support good practice.
Reef‐building coralline algae from the Southwest Atlantic: filling gaps with the recognition of Harveylithon (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) on the Brazilian coast
Authors: Costa Iara Oliveira , Jesus Priscila Barreto de , de Jesus Tiana da Silva , Souza Poline dos Santos , Horta Paulo Antunes , Nunes José Marcos de Castro
Published: September 2019

The Southwest Atlantic is notable for having extensive reef areas cemented by nongeniculate coralline red algae. Based on an analysis of four genetic markers and morpho‐anatomical features, we clarify the species of Harveylithon in the tropical and warm temperate Southwest Atlantic. Species delimitation methods (mBGD, ABGD, SPN, and PTP), using three markers (psbA, rbcL, and COI), support the recognition of three new species: H. catarinense sp. nov., H. maris‐bahiensis sp. nov., and H. riosmenum sp. nov., previously incorrectly called Hydrolithon samoënse. Our findings highlight the importance of using an approach with several lines of evidence to solve the taxonomic status of the cryptic species.
Development of sleep–wake rhythms during the first year of age
Authors: Paavonen E. Juulia , Morales‐Muñoz Isabel , Pölkki Pirjo , Paunio Tiina , Porkka‐Heiskanen Tarja , Kylliäinen Anneli , Partonen Timo , Saarenpää‐Heikkilä Outi
Published: September 2019

Circadian rhythms refer to biological rhythms that have an endogenous period length of approximately 24 hr. However, not much is known about the variance in the development of the sleep–wake rhythm. The study objectives were (a) to describe the normative variation in the development of a sleep–wake rhythm in infancy, (b) to assess whether slower development is related to sleep quality and (c) to evaluate factors that are related to the slower development of a sleep–wake rhythm. The study is based on a representative birth cohort. Questionnaires at the ages of 3 (n = 1,427) and 8 months (n = 1,302) and actigraph measurement at 8 months (n = 372) were available. Infants with significant developmental delays (n = 11) were excluded. The results are based on statistical testing and multivariate modelling. We found that the average percentage of daytime sleep was 36.3% (standard deviation [SD], 8.5%) at 3 months and 25.6% (SD, 6.6%) at 8 months. At both time‐points, infants with slower sleep–wake rhythm development slept more hours per day, had a later sleep–wake rhythm, more difficulties in settling to sleep and longer sleep‐onset latency; they also spent a longer time awake during the night. According to actigraph registrations, we found that the infants with slow development of a sleep–wake rhythm slept less and had a later start and end to night‐time sleep than the other infants. Infants’ sleep–wake rhythm development is highly variable and is related to parent‐reported and objectively measured sleep quality and quantity. Interventions to improve the sleep–wake rhythm might improve sleep quality in these infants.
Book review: Environmental DNA: For Biodiversity Research and Monitoring by Pierre Taberlet, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger and Eric Coissac
Authors: Chariton Anthony A.
Published: September 2019

As readers of Molecular Ecology are aware, over the past decade environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques has changed the field of ecology. This is especially the case in biological composition studies where the size or degradation of the sample limits the usefulness of morphological based approaches, e.g., microbial communities and gut‐diet analysis. While there are numerous excellent books on molecular ecology, most lack sufficient detail to both inform and guide researchers through each step of an eDNA study, from conception to analysis. The authors of Environmental DNA (Taberlet, Bonin, Zinger, & Coissac, 2018) aim to address this gap by focusing specifically on eDNA research and its applications, providing a vehicle which not only clearly articulates the basics to those unfamiliar with the field, but also provides an incredible amount of detail with regards to designing and performing metabarcoding studies. As articulated by the authors, Environmental DNA is essentially a practical handbook which aims to provide the reader with the appropriate level of background information, theory and guidance to perform high quality eDNA research. The book is squarely aimed at graduate, post‐graduate students and researchers from the biological sciences, and requires no prior knowledge in molecular ecology per se. However, I have also found the book equally useful for nonmolecular scientists, enabling them to understand the requirements for implementing robust eDNA metabarcoding monitoring programs.
Hybridization between two parapatric ranid frog species in the northern Sierra Nevada, California, USA
Authors: Peek Ryan A. , Bedwell Mallory , O'Rourke Sean M. , Goldberg Caren , Wengert Greta M. , Miller Michael R.
Published: September 2019

Contact zones between species provide a unique opportunity to test whether taxa can hybridize or not. Cross‐breeding or hybridization between closely related taxa can promote gene flow (introgression) between species, adaptation, or even speciation. Though hybridization events may be short‐lived and difficult to detect in the field, genetic data can provide information about the level of introgression between closely related taxa. Hybridization can promote introgression between species, which may be an important evolutionary mechanism for either homogenization (reversing initial divergence between species) or reproductive isolation (potentially leading to speciation). Here, we used thousands of genetic markers from nuclear DNA to detect hybridization between two parapatric frog species (Rana boyliiandRana sierrae) in the Sierra Nevada of California. Based on principal components analysis, admixture, and analysis of heterozygosity at species diagnostic SNPs, we detected two F1 hybrid individuals in the Feather River basin, as well as a weak signal of introgression and gene flow between the frog species compared with frog populations from two other adjacent watersheds. This study provides the first documentation of hybridization and introgression between these two species, which are of conservation concern.
Genetic drift during the spread phase of a biological invasion
Authors: Bélouard Nadège , Paillisson Jean‐Marc , Oger Adrien , Besnard Anne‐Laure , Petit Eric J.
Published: September 2019

Recent theoretical and experimental models have revealed the role played by evolution during species spread, and in particular have questioned the influence of genetic drift at range edges. By investigating the spread of an aquatic invader in patchy habitats, we quantified genetic drift and explored its consequences for genetic diversity and fitness. We examined the interplay of gene flow and genetic drift in 36 populations of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, in a relatively recently invaded wetland area (30 years, Brière, northwest France). Despite the small spatial scale of our study (15 km2), populations were highly structured according to the strong barrier of land surfaces and revealed a clear pattern of colonization through watercourses. Isolated populations exhibited small effective sizes and low dispersal rates that depended on water connectivity, suggesting that genetic drift dominated in the evolution of allele frequencies in these populations. We also observed a significant decrease in the genetic diversity of isolated populations over only a 2‐year period, but failed to demonstrate an associated fitness cost using fluctuating asymmetry. This study documents the possible strong influence of genetic drift during the spread of a species, and such findings provide critical insights into the current context of profound rearrangements in species distributions due to global change.
Host plant‐related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi
Authors: Bakovic Vid , Schuler Hannes , Schebeck Martin , Feder Jeffrey L. , Stauffer Christian , Ragland Gregory J.
Published: September 2019

Elucidating the mechanisms and conditions facilitating the formation of biodiversity are central topics in evolutionary biology. A growing number of studies imply that divergent ecological selection may often play a critical role in speciation by counteracting the homogenising effects of gene flow. Several examples involve phytophagous insects, where divergent selection pressures associated with host plant shifts may generate reproductive isolation, promoting speciation. Here, we use ddRADseq to assess the population structure and to test for host‐related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L., 1758) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This tephritid is distributed throughout Europe and western Asia, and has adapted to two different genera of host plants, Prunus spp. (cherries) and Lonicera spp. (honeysuckle). Our data imply that geographic distance and geomorphic barriers serve as the primary factors shaping genetic population structure across the species range. Locally, however, flies genetically cluster according to host plant, with consistent allele frequency differences displayed by a subset of loci between Prunus and Lonicera flies across four sites surveyed in Germany and Norway. These 17 loci display significantly higher FST values between host plants than others. They also showed high levels of linkage disequilibrium within and between Prunus and Lonicera flies, supporting host‐related selection and reduced gene flow. Our findings support the existence of sympatric host races in R. cerasi embedded within broader patterns of geographic variation in the fly, similar to the related apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, in North America.
City life alters the gut microbiome and stable isotope profiling of the eastern water dragon (Intellagama lesueurii)
Authors: Littleford‐Colquhoun Bethan L. , Weyrich Laura S. , Jackson Nicola , Frere Celine H.
Published: September 2019

Urbanisation is one of the most significant threats to biodiversity, due to the rapid and large‐scale environmental alterations it imposes on the natural landscape. It is, therefore, imperative that we understand the consequences of and mechanisms by which, species can respond to it. In recent years, research has shown that plasticity of the gut microbiome may be an important mechanism by which animals can adapt to environmental change, yet empirical evidence of this in wild non‐model species remains sparse. Using an empirical replicated study system, we show that city life alters the gut microbiome and stable isotope profiling of a wild native non‐model species – the eastern water dragon (Intellagama lesueurii) in Queensland, Australia. City dragons exhibit a more diverse gut microbiome than their native habitat counterparts and show gut microbial signatures of a high fat and plant rich diet. Additionally, we also show that city dragons have elevated levels of the Nitrogen‐15 isotope in their blood suggesting that a city diet, which incorporates novel anthropogenic food sources, may also be richer in protein. These results highlight the role that gut microbial plasticity plays in an animals' response to human‐altered landscapes.
Combination of β‐(1, 3)‐D‐glucan testing in serum and qPCR in nasopharyngeal aspirate for facilitated diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Authors: Desoubeaux Guillaume , Chesnay Adélaïde , Mercier Victor , Bras‐Cachinho José , Moshiri Parastou , Eymieux Sébastien , De Kyvon Marie‐Alix , Lemaignen Adrien , Goudeau Alain , Bailly Éric
Published: September 2019

Background

Currently, the biological diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PjP infection) usually relies on microbiological investigations in bronchial‐alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by conventional staining methods and/or molecular biology. However, bronchial‐alveolar lavage is sometimes complicated to manage, especially in weakened patients. Therefore, alternative clinical samples—easier to collect—are warranted in such specific contexts.

Objective

Over a four‐year period, diagnostic performance of an original method based on combination of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) with measurement of β‐(1, 3)‐D‐glucan antigen (BDG) in serum was prospectively assessed in a single centre.

Patients/methods

Results were compared with those obtained in BALF through direct staining methods and qPCR. True positives were defined by an independent committee based on clinical, radiological and biological data. Overall, 48 individuals with a definitive diagnosis of PjP infection were included, and 48 controls were selected upon matching for age, sex and underlying disease(s).

Results

qPCR results were strongly correlated between BALF and NPA (P < .0001). Altogether, greater diagnostic performance was achieved when establishing the positive cut‐off of BDG antigen at 143 pg/mL. In such conditions, sensitivity of the testing based on either positive BDG measurement or positive qPCR in NPA was then calculated at 93.75%, 95%CI [82.37%‐98.40%], and specificity at 97.87%, 95%CI [87.66%‐100.00%].

Conclusions

Further validation through multicentre studies is now required, especially for establishing clear cut‐offs. However, one could already state that combination of qPCR in the NPA with BDG measurement in serum may be a valuable substitute for BALF examination.
Towards a rapid identification and a novel proteomic analysis for dermatophytes from human and animal dermatophytosis
Authors: Tartor Yasmine H. , Abo Hashem Marwa E. , Enany Shymaa
Published: September 2019

Background

Since accurate identification of dermatophyte species is essential for epidemiological studies and implementing antifungal treatment, overcoming limitations of conventional diagnostics is a fruitful subject.

Objectives and methods

In this study, we investigated real‐time polymerase chain reaction(q‐PCR), matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) and nano‐electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (nano‐ESI‐MS) to detect and identify the most frequently isolated dermatophytes from human and animal dermatophytosis in comparison with conventional methods.

Results

Among 200 samples, the identified species were Microsporum canis (78.22%), Trichophyton verrucosum (10.89%) and T. mentagrophytes (5.94%). Q‐PCR assay displayed great execution attributes for dermatophytes detection and identification. Using MALDI‐TOF MS, M. canis, but none of T. violacium, T. verrucosum or T. mentagrophytes, could be identified. Nano‐ESI‐MS accurately identified all species. The potential virulence attributes of secreted proteases were anticipated and compared between species. Secreted endoproteases belonging to families/subfamilies of metalloproteases, subtilisins and aspartic protease were detected. The analysed exoproteases are aminopeptidases, dipeptidyl peptidases and carboxypeptidases. Microsporum canis have three immunogenic proteins, siderophore iron transporter mirB, protease inhibitors, plasma membrane proteolipid 3 and annexin.

Conclusion

In essence, q‐PCR, MALDI‐TOF MS and nano‐ESI‐MS assays are very nearly defeating difficulties of dermatophytes detection and identification, thereby, supplement or supplant conventional diagnosis of dermatophytosis.
Recovery college as a transition space in the journey towards recovery: An Australian qualitative study
Authors: Muir‐Cochrane Eimear , Lawn Sharon , Coveney John , Zabeen Sara , Kortman Brenton , Oster Candice
Published: September 2019

Recovery colleges are formal learning programs that aim to support people with a lived experience of mental illness. In this study, we aimed to explore the experiences of participants in a pilot recovery college that opened in Adelaide, South Australia, in 2016. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted involving interviews with learners (n = 8) and focus groups with lived experience facilitators (course facilitators with a lived experience of mental illness, n = 5), Clinician facilitators (mental health service staff facilitators, n = 4), and care coordinators (staff providing case management support, n = 5). Three main themes (hope, identity, and the recovery college as a transition space) and two subthemes (recovery college experience and outcomes) were identified. The results showed that the recovery college provided a transition space for shifting learners' identities from patient to student, facilitated by the experiences and outcomes of the recovery college, providing hope for the future. This study highlights the importance of providing mentally healthy and non‐stigmatizing learning environments to promote and cement recovery for people with a lived experience of mental illness.
Tree defence and bark beetles in a drying world: carbon partitioning, functioning and modelling
Authors: Huang Jianbei , Kautz Markus , Trowbridge Amy M. , Hammerbacher Almuth , Raffa Kenneth F. , Adams Henry D. , Goodsman Devin W. , Xu Chonggang , Meddens Arjan J. H. , Kandasamy Dineshkumar , Gershenzon Jonathan , Seidl Rupert , Hartmann Henrik
Published: September 2019

Drought has promoted large‐scale, insect‐induced tree mortality in recent years, with severe consequences for ecosystem function, atmospheric processes, sustainable resources and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the physiological linkages among drought, tree defences, and insect outbreaks are still uncertain, hindering our ability to accurately predict tree mortality under on‐going climate change. Here we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda for addressing these crucial knowledge gaps. Our framework includes field manipulations, laboratory experiments, and modelling of insect and vegetation dynamics, and focuses on how drought affects interactions between conifer trees and bark beetles. We build upon existing theory and examine several key assumptions: (1) there is a trade‐off in tree carbon investment between primary and secondary metabolites (e.g. growth vs defence); (2) secondary metabolites are one of the main component of tree defence against bark beetles and associated microbes; and (3) implementing conifer‐bark beetle interactions in current models improves predictions of forest disturbance in a changing climate. Our framework provides guidance for addressing a major shortcoming in current implementations of large‐scale vegetation models, the under‐representation of insect‐induced tree mortality.