bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Properties of Syringomycin and Syringotoxin: Toxigenic Peptides Produced by Pseudomonas syringae
Authors: GROSS D. C. , DeVAY J. E. , STADTMAN F. H.
Published: March 2008

Syringomycin (SR) and syringotoxin (ST), wide spectrum antibiotics and phytotoxins isolated from ecotypic strains of Pseudomonas syringa, were purified to homogeneity and compared for their physicochemical properties. Acid hydrolysates of SR and ST were analysed for ninhydrin‐reactive components by paper chromatography and the Durrum single‐column method of amino acid analysis. Both active and base inactivated preparations of SR yielded substances tentatively identified as serine, phenylalanine, an unidentified basic amino acid, and arginine in a 2:1:2:1 mole ratio, respectively. Preparations of SR from ecotypic strains of P. syringae from pear, peach and millet hosts, had an identical amino acid composition which appeared to exclude a potential role of SR in the plant host specificity of P. syringae. ST isolated from a strain of P. syringae from a citrus host, contained substances tentatively identified as threonine, serine, glycine, ornithine, and the same unidentified basic amino acid found in SR in a 1:1:1:1:1 mole ratio. Although autoradiographs of paper chromatograms of acid hydrolysates of 14C‐SR and various chromogenic reagents did not indicate the presence of substances other than amino acids, the nitrogen content of SR by combustion analyses was lower than expected which suggested the possible presence of another component.
The Colonization of the Human Gut by Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli from Chickens
Authors: LINTON A. H. , HOWE KATHERINE , BENNETT P. M. , RICHMOND M. H. , WHITESIDE E. J.
Published: March 2008

Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli on a commercially prepared chicken carcass colonized the gut of a human volunteer handling the raw meat. Strains from both sources, identified on the basis of serotype and characterization of plasmids carried, were found to be identical.
The Influence of Antimicrobial Agents on the Percentage of Tetracycline resistant Bacteria in Faeces of Humans and Animals
Authors: AHART JOAN G. , BURTON GLENNA C. , BLENDEN D. C.
Published: March 2008

The effect of antimicrobial administration on the percentage of tetracycline‐resistant facultative and anaerobic bacteria in the intestines of humans and animals was studied. Tetracycline was chosen because it is an antibiotic commonly used both as a feed supplement for animals, and therapeutically for humans and animals. More than 200 faecal specimens of bovine, porcine, equine, canine, feline and human origin were collected into pre‐reduced anaerobic media. Ninety‐one subjects from groups receiving antimicrobials as feed supplements, therapeutically or with no recent antibiotic exposure were included in the study. Counts of both facultative and anaerobic bacteria were determined from media with and without tetracycline. The percentage of normal faecal specimens harbouring tetracycline‐resistant coliforms was 56 for humans. 100 for calves. 100 for pigs. 36 for horses, 90 for dogs and 67 for cats. All samples contained Gram negative anaerobes resistant to tetracycline. Subjects from all species receiving antimicrobials showed higher percentages of tetracycline‐resistant coliforms and anaerobes than subjects not receiving antibiotics. Greater increases in the percentage of tetracycline‐resistant facultative organisms were noted in subjects which received antibiotics as feed supplements compared with subjects which were given therapeutic doses of antibiotics. Percentages of tetracycline‐resistant anaerobes showed the opposite trend with more increase among those subjects receiving therapeutic levels of antimicrobial agents.
The Activity of Pipemidic Acid and Piromidic Acid against Escherichia coli In Static Culture and in Conditions Simulating the Treatment of Bacterial Cystitis
Authors: GREENWOOD D.
Published: March 2008

The activity of the new pyridopyrimidine compounds, pipemidic and piromidic acids, against Escherichia coli was compared with that of nalidixic acid in vitro. In a static turbidimetric system nalidixic and pipemidic acids were found to be more active than piromidic acid when tested against sensitive E. coli strains, but pipemidic acid was the most active of the three compounds against nalidixic acid‐resistant clinical isolates. When tested in an in vitro model designed to mimic the conditions in which bacteria and drug interact in the treatment of bacterial cystitis, all three drugs were found to be able to suppress bacterial growth for long periods, but a high, sustained drug level was necessary in order to prevent the emergence of resistant variants.
Cytokinesis of Candida albicans by Diethylstilbestrol
Authors: YOTIS W. W. , HAAN J. N.
Published: March 2008

In vitro effects of the synthetic oestrogenic hormone diethylstilbestrol (DS) and diethylstilbestrol dipropionate (DSP) on Candida albicans have been assessed. At a concentration of 5–20 μg/ml. these compounds suppressed the growth of C. albicans even though the multiplication of the organism was not influenced immediately. When C. albicans was grown for approximately 4 h in tryptic soy broth, its multiplication was rapidly retarded by these two substances. Since C. albicans must grow on a suitable culture medium in order to absorb DS and DSP, it was not surprising that respiration, the uptake, and incorporation of nutrients by C. albicans was not influenced when the cells were ‘resting’. Such plasma steroids as androsterone (0·5 μg/ml), 5α‐androstan‐3 β‐diol (0·25 μg/ml), dehydroisoandrosterone (2 μg/ml), epiandrosterone (0·1 μg/ml), oestrone (0·1 μg/ml), progesterone (0·4 μg/ml), cortisol (0·2 μg/ml), cholesterol (10 μg/ml) in combination with DSP did not antagonize the retardive action of DSP for C. albicans.
Erwinia salicis in Cricket Bat Willows: Rate of Movement of the Bacterium and the Production of Symptoms in Young Trees and Shoots
Authors: ADEGEYE A. O. , PREECE T. F.
Published: March 2008

The lack of movement of Erwinia salicis and the erratic development of symptoms of watermark disease in young rooted leafy cuttings of the cricket bat willow, Salix alba var. caerulea, grown in a controlled environment is described. Erwinia salicis remained in the zone of inoculation for 3 h after inoculation. Fifty‐five % of inoculations resulted in the bacterium being isolated on glycerol nutrient agar after 6 months but in the development of none of the classical symptoms of the disease. The maximum penetrations of wood by E. salicis were 24 cm in 24 h in 4·5‐year‐old wood, 20 cm in 24 h in 2·5‐year‐old wood and 6 cm in 6 d in 1·5‐year‐old wood. The pathogen was not isolated from anywhere other than the wood of the original cutting, and did not penetrate into shoots existing before or developing after inoculation, in 6 months. Greatest numbers of E. salicis were present in the 1‐cm length of wood including the inoculation site at all time intervals studied. Results using a saprophyte, Serratia marcescens, were similar to those obtained using E. salicis insofar as distribution of the bacteria in the wood with time was concerned. Although E. salicis could still be isolated from test inoculations after 6 months, only 7% of inoculated small trees developed typical watermark symptoms in the wood, though a further 45% showed red leaf symptoms. Movement of the pathogen over longer periods needs study, and older trees need to be artificially inoculated. Young, artificially inoculated cricket bat willow trees, up to 5 years of age are resistant to the systemic spread of E. salicis, and of other bacteria. Symptom expression is very erratic, despite the genetic homogeneity of the host material. The use of very young shoots as propagating material should be tested as a means of controlling the disease.
The Relationship Between the Numbers of Rhizobia in Broth and the Quality of Peat‐based Legume Inoculants
Authors: ROUGHLEY R. J. , THOMPSON J. A.
Published: March 2008

The numbers of rhizobia in unsterilized peat‐based legume inoculants were not significantly related to the numbers in the broths used in their preparation provided the broths contained a minimum of 5 x 108ml‐1.

This relationship was also true for 18 of 19 strains grown in sterilized peat.

It is considered that counting rhizobia in broth culture is unproductive except where the production of inoculants is in its development phase.
Growth of Candida utilis on Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Potato Waste
Authors: MORETON R. S.
Published: March 2008

Attempts to grow mixed cultures of Endomycopsis fibuligera and Candida utilis on waste material obtained from a potato processing plant were only partially successful; poor amylase production by Endomycopsis resulted in slow growth of the Candida. There was extensive conversion of starch to glucose when waste, which had been treated with a high speed shear/disintegrator, was hydrolyzed by industrial amylases derived from Aspergillus niger and Bacillus licheniformis. Growth of C. utilis on the separated liquid phase of the hydrolysate, supplemented with inorganic nitrogen, proceeded normally; the yields and growth rates were similar to those obtained with conventional substrates.
Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Adhesion to Eukaryotic Cells of Human Origin
Authors: HARTLEY C. L. , ROBBINS C. M. , RICHMOND M. H.
Published: March 2008

An in vitro system to measure the adhesion of bacteria to human, eukaryotic cells was devised. Adhesion indices for test strains of bacteria could be calculated. Significant differences were then observed between various strains of Escherichia coli from a variety of sources, in their ability to adhere. The possible applications of the test, especially for the routine screening of bacteria for adhesion and for inhibitors of attachment, were considered.
A Method for Studying the Activity of Preservatives and its Application to Bronopol
Authors: MOORE K. E. , STRETTON R. J.
Published: March 2008

A device for dispensing up to 100 1 simultaneously from as many as 24 tubes arranged in a randomized block is described. As the device can also be used for dispensing single drops onto the surface of pre‐dried agar in Petri dishes, it can be used for viable counts.

To validate the technique, dose‐response curves of the preservative bronopol against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined.
Microbial Metabolism of Methanol in a Model Activated Sludge System
Authors: SWAIN H. M. , SOMERVILLE H. J.
Published: March 2008

Methanol is not broken down when added transiently (0.23% v/v) to a model activated sludge system operating with a retention time of 11 h. Measurement of methanol in the effluent agreed closely with calculated values.

Adaptation of the sludge in such a system to 0.1% (v/v) methanol occurs over a period of several days. More than 80% of the methanol is then metabolized.
Inability of Selected Lactobacilli to Inhibit the Heatlabile or Heat‐stable Enterotoxin Effects of Escherichia coli B7A
Authors: TURNBULL P. C. B. , GERSON P. J. , STANLEY G.
Published: March 2008

No evidence could be found of an ability among five strains of Lactobacillus to neutralize the effects of heat‐labile or heat‐stable toxin from human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli B7A.
Bacterial Inhibitors Formed During the Adventitious Growth of Micro‐organisms in Chicken Liver and Pig Kidney
Authors: SMITHER R.
Published: March 2008

Inhibitory activity (detected by Bacillus cereus var. mycoides), identical with that encountered in survey samples, was induced in homogenized fresh chicken liver or pig kidney samples by incubating at 30°C. relative potency of each of three active components as detected by t.l.c./bio‐autography of extracts of freeze‐dried material was ascertained. Three strains of Streptococcus faecalis and a Lactobacillus sp. were responsible for production of the inhibitory activity, which was not produced by any of these organisms in synthetic liquid media.
Methods for the Screening of Amylase‐producing Mutants in Aspergillus niger
Authors: ESWARAN S. , NGA B. H.
Published: March 2008

Three methods, which made use of amylose azure, a colorimetric reagent for α‐amylase. of screening for amylolytic activity of strains of Aspergillus niger are described.

A high correlation of the corresponding values of amylolytic activity of the strains by these methods was obtained, suggesting that only one needs to be used for an indication of the amylolytic activity of the strains.
The Effect of Medium Volume and Yeast Extract Diffusate on δ–Hemolysin Production by Five Strains of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: TURNER W. H.
Published: March 2008

High concentrations of δ–hemolysin were formed by Staphylococcus aureus CN 4108, CN 6730 and CN 6729 growing in 10 ml of medium in baffled shake flasks (100 ml); larger volumes of medium under identical conditions led to the formation of much lower levels of toxin.

Formation of the immunologically‐distinct δ–hemolysin by canine strains CN 7450 and CN 7442 was inhibited when only 10 ml of medium was used in the shake flasks; the toxin was formed when 20 or 30 ml of medium was used.

High levels (40% v/v) of yeast extract diffusate in CCY medium were found to inhibit the formation of δ–hemolysin from strains CN 6729 and CN 7442. Strains CN 6730. CN 4108 and CN 7450 required at least 20, 30 and 40% (all v/v) YED respectively for optimum production of δ‐hemolysin.

Strains CN 4108 and CN 7450 both formed δ‐hemolysin in late log phase.
Degradation of the Mucoid Polysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Beneckea pelagia
Authors: PITT T. L. , RAISBECK L C.
Published: March 2008

The alginase formed by Beneckea pelagia in sodium alginate medium is weakly active on the mucoid polysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Supernatants of broth cultures of B. pelagia grown in the presence of Ps. aeruginosa mucoid material had a greater enzymic action on this material than did those grown in alginate broth.

A mucoid strain of Ps. aeruginosa, when grown on nutrient agar to which a dilution of such a supernatant had been added, gave non‐mucoid colonies from which smooth suspensions suitable for agglutination tests could be prepared.
Comparison of Eight Media‐procedures for Recovering Faecal Streptococci from Water under Winter Conditions
Authors: DUTKA B. J. , KWAN K. K.
Published: March 2008

Four combinations of media for membrane filtration (MF) and one for Most Probable Number (MPN) estimation were evaluated for their ability to enumerate faecal streptococci from five types of waters under winter conditions, using various regimes of temperature and incubation. A total of 5910 isolates was identified and the data used to recalculate the total populations estimated by each method. From this study the most notable observation was that those media incubated at 44.5 °C to enhance their selectivity were the least sensitive. The sensitivity of the MPN procedure utilizing azide dextrose and ethyl violet azide broths incubated at 35 °C for 48 h was equal to that of the most sensitive membrane filtration procedure.
Inhibitory Action of Various Plating Media on the Growth of Certain Salmonella Serotypes
Authors: CHAU P. Y. , LEUNG Y. K.
Published: March 2008

The growth of 68 strains of Salmonella typhi, 697 other Salmonella strains and 213 strains of other Gram negative intestinal bacteria on 8 plating media was assessed semi‐quantitatively. These media were found to be differentially inhibitory to different Salmonella serotypes. The combined use of two plating media, brilliant green MacConkey agar and deoxycholate citrate agar, allowed potentially the recovery of the maximum number of Salmonella strains. If only one medium was used, brilliant green MacConkey agar would appear to be the best plating medium for the isolation of non‐typhoid salmonellas in general and S. choleraesuis in particular. Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar, on which a certain proportion of salmonellas failed to yield typical, recognizable colonies, was found not to be a good plating medium for their isolation.
Interrelationships between Lactobacilli and Streptococci in Plaque Formation on a Tooth in an Artificial Mouth
Authors: RUSSELL C. , AHMED F. I. K.
Published: March 2008

Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei and L. fermentum could not form plaques alone, but could do so in conjunction with Streptococcus mutans or Strep. sanguis. As the plaques develop the proportions between lactobacilli and streptococci changed so that in a mixed plaque, which contained initially all the organisms, only L. casei, L. fermentum and Strep. mutans were present after 96 h. It was concluded that the level of pH dictated which organisms disappeared and that it was the production of polysaccharide by the streptococci which facilitated plaque formation by the lactobacilli. The term ‘patina’ is suggested, to apply to non‐visible colonization of the tooth surface.
Retention of Bacteria on Chicken Skin after Immersion in Bacterial Suspensions
Authors: McMEEKIN T. A. , THOMAS C. J.
Published: March 2008

When immersed in a bacterial suspension the contamination of chicken skin depended mainly on microbial density of the suspension. Motility had a negligible effect on the number of organisms retained on the skin, a finding at variance with that of some other investigators.
The Occurrence of Salmonellas in Raw Frozen Frog Legs
Authors: SHRIVASTAVA K. P.
Published: March 2008

In two surveys, salmonellas were recovered from (a) 130 of 325 samples, (b) 36 of 100 pairs of frog legs.

They were present on the surface, in the muscle, saddle and bone‐marrow of frozen frog legs.

The muscles, saddle and bone‐marrow appear to become contaminated during the preprocessing stage, i.e. chopping off, skinning and dressing the hind‐legs.
An Anaerobic Glove Box for the Isolation and Cultivation of Methanogenic Bacteria
Authors: COX D. J. , HERBERT S. D.
Published: March 2008

An anaerobic glove box and growth chamber capable of isolating and culturing methanogenic bacteria is described.
The Influence of Methods of Collection and Storage on the Bacteriology of Human Milk
Authors: WEST P. A. , HEWITT J. H. , MURPHY OLIVE M.
Published: March 2008

Staphylococcus epidermidis and other organisms from the skin were found to be the commonest contaminants in 21 samples of human milk donated to a milk bank. Only 2 samples contained enterobacteria; no β‐haemolytic streptococci were isolated. Data presented show the difference between bacterial numbers in the first 10 ml and subsequent secretions of milk when drawn sequentially. Refrigerated storage led to the growth of some organisms in the milk; no growth occurred in milk stored at −18°C. A miniaturized resazurin dye test was devised but preliminary observations showed that it had a limited value in detecting rapidly milk of poor bacteriological quality.
A Note on the Recognition of Pollution Stress in Populations of Estuarine Bacteria
Authors: GOULDER R. , BLANCHARD ANNE S. , SANDERSON P. L. , WRIGHT B.
Published: March 2008

Water samples were collected from the Humber estuary at a site subject to pollution by metal refinery effluent. Vmax/bacterium for glucose mineralization, the percentage of glucose uptake by bacteria which was mineralized (%R) and dissolved copper concentrations were measured. Vmax/bacterium was negatively correlated with copper concentration and might be of use as an indicator of pollution stress. %R was not related to copper concentration and was not suitable as an indicator of pollution stress at this site.
A Comparison of Methods and the Validity of Deoxyribonuclease Tests for the Characterization of Staphylococci Isolated from Animals
Authors: DEVRIESE L. A. , VAN DE KERCKHOVE A.
Published: March 2008

Strains isolated from pigeons belonging to the coagulase‐positive species Staphylococcus intermedius, coagulase‐negative Staph. hyicus subsp. chromogenes strains from cattle and pigs, and Staph. aureus strains from poultry, gave weakly positive reactions in DNase plate culture tests and heat‐resistant DNase tests. Staph. aureus and Staph. intermedius strains from other sources and coagulase‐negative and coagulase‐positive Staph. hyicus subsp. hyicus strains reacted strongly in these tests. A standardized plate culture test procedure is proposed and the use of DNase tests in the identification of staphylococci isolated from animals is discussed.
Effect of Recovery Medium and Incubation Conditions on Bacterial Counts from Plants Treating Aerobic Piggery Waste
Authors: JOHNSTON D. W. , OGILVIE S. M.
Published: March 2008

Dilute (1/10) strength Oxoid Nutrient Broth (CM1) solidified with agar gave consistently higher colony counts from aerated piggery waste than other media tested.

Maximum colony counts were obtained after 28 d incubation at 20°C.
A Rapid Method for Purifying Bacterial Deoxyribonucleic acid
Authors: GIBSON D. M. , OGDEN I. D.
Published: March 2008

DNA was purified from bacterial cell lysates by treatment with RNA ase and Pronase followed by chromatography on a column of Sepharose 4B with standard saline citrate buffer as eluant. It has the same base composition as DNA prepared by‐Marmur's (1961) method.
The Use of Polyvalent Sera for the Serotyping of Mycobacteria within the Mycobacterium avium– M. intracellulare‐M. scrofulaceum Complex
Authors: MATTHEWS P. R. J. , BROWN ANNE , COLLINS P.
Published: March 2008

A modification to Schaefer's agglutination method for serotyping mycobacteria within the Mycobacterium avium‐M. intracellulare‐M. scrofulaceum complex is described. The antigens are screened against polyvalent sera and subsequently a reduced range of absorbed antisera. This expedites the serotyping procedure and conserves expensive antiserum stocks.
Computer‐aided Numerical Identification of Gram negative Fermentative Rods on a Desk‐top Computer
Authors: SCHINDLER J. , DUBEN J. , LYSENKO O.
Published: March 2008

One hundred and sixty‐three strains of Gram negative fermentative rods isolated from humans and 60 isolated from diseased snails were identified by a conventional method and by numerical identification on a desk‐top computer. The two methods gave the same identities with 133 ‘human strains’ and 33 ‘snail strains’. The possible sources of the differences in identifications are discussed. The study showed that numerical identification done on a desk‐top computer can be a useful method for routine medical microbiological laboratories.
Microbial Degradation of Polyethylene Glycols
Authors: JENKINS LESLEY D. L. , COOK K. A. , CAIN R. B.
Published: March 2008

Three bacterial strains have been isolated that differ in their ability to degrade polyethylene glycols (PEGs). Strains R and O showed a marked preference for growth on the low and high molecular weight PEGs, respectively, while strain Z utilized mono‐ethylene glycol only. The partial degradation of PEG 200 by strains R and O was studied in some detail and the results suggested that those components of the mixture that were not utilized were converted into acidic derivatives which accumulated in the medium.
Correlation of Microbial Spoilage of Woolskins with Curing Treatments
Authors: ESPIE S. A. , MANDERSON G. J.
Published: March 2008

The major groups of micro‐organisms on cured woolskins have been correlated with specific curing treatments. No treatment eliminated Bacillus spp. or halophilic bacteria. Of the treatments which eliminated fungi, coliforms and micrococci, biocides and fungicides were significant. Differences were found in microbial population distribution between wool and skin. The minimum curing treatment was salt and naphthalene. The most effective was salt and naphthalene and Benlate. An alternative treatment is salt and sodium fluoride and Busan 30.
Distribution of Bacterial Contaminants in a South African Lager Brewery
Authors: VAN VUUREN H. J. J. , LOOS M. A. , LOUW H. A. , MEISEL R.
Published: March 2008

Bacteria isolated from contaminated pitching yeast, fermenting wort and beer samples from a South African lager brewery over a one‐year period were tentatively identified by an improved, rapid diagnostic procedure as pediococci (41%), homofermentative lactobacilli (5%), heterofermentative lactobacilli (9%),Acetobacterspp. (7%),Gluconobacterspp. (13%) andHafnia protea(25%). Pediococci and lactobacilli dominated samples taken from fermentation, storage and ‘bright’ beer tanks but were absent from pitched wort samples, from collection vessels and the single pitching yeast sample investigated. Acetic acid bacteria andH. proteawere widely distributed in collection vessel, fermentation and storage tank samples, andH. proteawas isolated from recycled pitching yeast.
The Influence of Calcium or Manganese on the Resistance to EDTA, Polymyxin B or Cold Shock, and the Composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Grown in Glucose‐ or Magnesium‐depleted Batch Cultures
Authors: KENWARD M. A. , BROWN M. R. W. , FRYER J. J.
Published: March 2008

Cultures were batch grown in simple salts media in which growth was limited either by depletion of glucose and magnesium (C/Mg‐dep) or by glucose alone (C‐dep). Cultures were also grown in these media supplemented by calcium and/or manganese.

All cultures grown in the C‐dep media were sensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), polymyxin and also to cold shock but were relatively resistant to ethyleneglycol‐bis(2‐aminoethyl ether)‐N, N‐tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Inclusion of calcium or manganese in the growth medium enhanced lysis by EDTA. Cultures grown in the basic C/Mg‐dep media were resistant to EDTA, EGTA, polymyxin and to cold shock. Sensitivity to these agents was retained by cultures grown in C/Mg‐dep media supplemented with Ca2+ and/or Mn2+. Cells grown in C/Mg‐dep media with added Mn2+ were more sensitive to EDTA and polymyxin than those from the unsupplemented C/Mg‐dep media but still resistant compared with C‐dep cultures. All cultures from supplemented C/Mg‐dep media were more sensitive to EGTA than those from any of the C‐dep media.

Whole cells and cell walls from these various media had differing amounts of cell wall, phosphorus, amino sugar, carbohydrates, readily extractable lipid (REL), total phospholipid (PL), and especially differences in cell wall divalent metal cation content.

The differences in PL, REL and amino sugars and carbohydrate did not correlate with the response of C‐dep and C/Mg‐dep bacteria to EDTA, EGTA or polymyxin. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polymyxin and EDTA is more dependent on outer membrane cation content rather than on other components, e.g. PL and lipopolysaccharide.
A Note on the Isolation of Spiral‐shaped Bacteria from the Caecum of Mice
Authors: ROACH SALLY , TANNOCK G. W.
Published: March 2008

Fourteen isolates of spiral‐shaped bacteria were isolated from the caecum of conventional mice. All of the isolates had the same characteristics and resembled, but did not conform exactly to, the species Campylobacter faecalis.
Anaerobic Cocci from the Bovine Alimentary Tract, the Amino Acids of their Cell Wall Peptidoglycans and those of various Species of Anaerobic Streptococcus
Authors: LATHAM M. J. , SHARPE M. ELISABETH , WEISS N.
Published: March 2008

Physiological characteristics of 45 strains of anaerobic cocci isolated from the rumen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and faeces of pre‐ruminant and ruminating calves and cows were examined. Among these strains were unusually anaerobic strains of Streptococcus bovis, Gram negative cocci resembling Megasphaera elsdenii but not fermenting lactic acid and strains resembling Coprococcus catus. The amino acid composition of the cell wall peptidoglycans of these and strains of anaerobic streptococci was determined.
Dissolved Oxygen Utilization as an Indicator of Total Microbial Activity on Non‐metallic Materials in Contact with Potable Water
Authors: COLBOURNE JENNIFER S. , BROWN D. A.
Published: March 2008

The technique for the assessment of growth of micro‐organisms on non‐metallic materials in contact with potable water employs standard microbiological counting techniques and a subjective visual assessment to measure the microbial activity that occurs in the test procedure. An alternative method of assessing microbial activity based on utilization of dissolved oxygen is described and compared with the existing method. The dissolved oxygen method was found to be a suitable alternative, the main advantages being reproducibility of results and a reduction in the cost of the test.
A Taxonomic Study of the Micrococcaceae
Authors: FELTHAM R. K. A.
Published: March 2008

Recent proposals for new species in the genera Staphylococcus and Micrococcus prompted the present numerical taxonomic survey. The API 50E and API 20E identification strips have been used together with a few conventional tests to examine the Micrococcaceae. Many of the proposed species formed good distinct clusters and one group could be the basis for a new genus.
Bacteriological Studies of the Effects of Cow's Milk on Dental Plaque and Dental Caries in Rats
Authors: BEIGHTON D. , MCINTOSH H. A. , MCDOUGALL W. A.
Published: March 2008

The effects of liquid milk and skim milk powder on the bacterial composition of rat dental plaque and dental caries were examined in two separate experiments. First, groups of rats fed a cariogenic diet plus one or other of three types of liquid milk had. after 28 d. similar plaque flora. Those rats receiving reconstituted spray‐dried skim milk had a significantly higher incidence of dental caries than those receiving either pasteurized and homogenized milk or ultra‐heat treated milk. The differences in caries scores may be related to differences in inorganic phosphate and calcium levels of the milks. Secondly, rats fed a diet containing 65% phosphate‐free sucrose plus 32% spray‐dried skim milk in powder form had a significantly lower dental caries score than did rats receiving a diet containing 65% sucrose plus 32% autoclaved roller‐dried skim milk powder. At the end of this experiment, the plaque flora had changed significantly and the difference in caries incidence was related to the reduction in the percentage of potentially cariogenic bacteria.

These results indicate that the mechanism by which milk reduces dental caries incidence may be (a) by remineralizing incipient carious lesions or (b) by mediating changes in the bacterial composition of dental plaque.
Morphology of Bacteriophages of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, L. lactis and L. helveticus
Authors: ACCOLAS J.‐P. , SPILLMANN H.
Published: March 2008

Eleven virulent phages isolated from cheese or yoghurt factories and active on thermophilic lactobacilli used as starters were examined by electron microscopy. Five phages active on Lactobacillus bulgaricus belonged to Bradley's group B and can be divided into two groups with different host specificity. The three phages of the first group (two isolated in France, one in the USA) differ in size; the heads are either icosahedrons or octahedrons and the tails end in short‐pronged base plates. The two phages of the second group, isolated in the USA. appear very similar. These are similar in length, have collars and octahedral heads. The non‐contractile tails end in clusters of short fibres. An L. lactis phage, isolated in Finland, belongs to the same morphological group. It is similar in overall appearance to the two latter phages of the second group of L. bulgaricus, and there were numerous ghosts with polytails. Five phages. active on L. helveticus belong to Bradley's group A and may be divided into two groups with different host specificity. The first group contains a phage isolated in Finland. The second group is composed of four similar phages isolated in France. The Finnish phage is the largest, but the five phages show similar morphology. They have octahedral heads, firmly attached to the tails by connector devices, and they possess necks. The contractile sheaths have a helicoidal arrangement of hollow tubular subunits. They appear contracted either in a distal or a cervical position, revealing axial cores. Short tail fibres are probably present at the tail tip.
Enterotoxin Production by Lecithinase‐positive and Lecithinase‐negative Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Food Poisoning Outbreaks and other sources
Authors: SKJELKVÅLE R. , STRINGER M. F. , SMART J. L.
Published: March 2008

Strains of Clostridium perfringens from a variety of sources were examined for their ability to produce enterotoxin in vitro. Fifty‐six of 65 (86%) strains isolated from separate outbreaks of food poisoning were found to be enterotoxigenic, only two of 174 strains from other sources produced enterotoxin. The ability to produce this toxin was not confined to particular serotypes: types frequently encountered as the cause of outbreaks were also isolated as enterotoxin‐negative strains from faeces, minced beef and meat carcasses. Loss of toxigenicity was also observed in different serotypes. Five strains of lecithinase‐negative Cl. perfringens produced high levels of enterotoxin. Four strains of Clostridium plagarum failed to produce enterotoxin although they were serologically typable with the Cl. perfringens antisera.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobes: Comparison of Three Methods, Including an Automated Micro‐method, and Evaluation of the Effect of Different Media
Authors: BORRIELLO S. P. , HEATON SANDRA , DRASAR B. S.
Published: March 2008

Disc‐diffusion, agar‐dilution and microdilution methods were compared for testing the antibiotic sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria. Eight antibiotics and 31 test organisms were used. There was a poor correlation between MIC values obtained by the agar‐dilution and microdilution procedures. The test organisms showed an apparently increased sensitivity to the antibiotics when tested by the agar‐dilution, as compared with the microdilution, procedures. Columbia Blood Agar and Thioglycollate Haemin agar, were evaluated for the disc‐diffusion and agardilution procedures. There was a poor correlation between the MIC values and inhibition zone diameters for the two media, with lower MIC values and larger zones on Thioglycollate Haemin agar.
The Anti‐Endotoxin Activity of Taurolin in Experimental Animals
Authors: PFIRRMANN R. W. , LESLIE G. B.
Published: March 2008

Taurolin, a broad spectrum bactericidal agent, protected experimental animals from the lethal effects of Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis endotoxin. Taurolin also prevented the pyrexic response of rabbits to TAB vaccine. Results suggest that Taurolin exerts its antiendotoxic effect by direct reaction with the endotoxin molecule.
Concentration of Bacteriophages from Natural Waters
Authors: SEELEY N. D. , PRIMROSE S. B.
Published: March 2008

The methods used for concentrating animal viruses from drinking water were found to be unsuitable for the concentration of bacteriophages from natural waters. The factors affecting recovery were investigated and a concentration procedure devised which is amenable to larger scale and field use. This procedure involves: (1) passage of the water through a sand filter; (2) removal of dissolved organic material with an anion exchange resin; (3) addition of MgCl2 to a final concentration of 5 times 10‐4m; (4) adjustment of the pH value to 3°8; (5) adsorption of the bacteriophages on to fibre glass and cellulose nitrate filters; (6) elution of bound phage with 3% (w/v) beef extract, and (7) concentration by ultrafiltration of the resulting eluates. Using this procedure a wide range of test bacteriophages was concentrated from 41 to 5 ml with recoveries ranging from 18–80%—concentration factors of 200–900 fold.
The Removal of Salmonellas in Conventional Sewage Treatment Processes
Authors: YAZIZ M. I. , LLOYD B. J.
Published: March 2008

The numbers of salmonellas in raw sewage entering a treatment plant varied hourly and diurnally; their peak concentration preceded the peak influent waste water flow into the plant by about 2 hours. Salmonellas were detected in all raw influent samples collected from 2 sewage works and the mean population level at the daily peak period was 3000 organisms/1. On average. 70–80% of the salmonellas were removed during primary sedimentation when upwards of 74–84% of solids were removed. Biological treatment and secondary sedimentation removed a further 70–100% of the pathogen. Compared with the activated sludge process the trickling filters were less efficient in removing salmonellas and they were adversely affected by increased loading following rainfall. Considering the whole treatment process, the Guildford works with its activated sludge treatment removed an average of 99–83% salmonellas while the Woking works with its trickling filter plant removed an average of 93–04% of the organisms. The large variance in the numbers of salmonellas in the final effluent from the trickling filters suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on the actual quality of the effluent rather than on percentage removal efficiencies.
Minimal Medium Recovery of Chilled Salmonella Heidelberg
Authors: TANG C. C. , JACKSON H.
Published: March 2008

1. Salmonella heidelberg, chilled from 37 to 5°C in glucose‐salts broth, grew better on a simple medium (glucose‐salts agar) than on a complex medium (Tryptic Soy Agar + 0·5% yeast extract).

2. The organisms recovered the ability to grow on the complex medium after a further 8 h incubation at 5°C.

3. RNA synthesis would appear to be a critical factor in the recovery process.
Application of Fluorescent Antibody for Detecting Capsular Substances in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: YOSHIDA K. , TAKAHASHI M. , OHTOMO T. , MINEGISHI Y. , ICHIMAN Y. , HAGA K. , KONO E. , SAN CLEMENTE C. L.
Published: March 2008

A fluorescent antibody technique was developed for the determination of the capsular‐type of strains of Staphylococcus aureus. It compared favourably with the method using serum‐soft agar (Yoshida 1972). With the new technique, many populations of encapsulated and unencapsulated strains were investigated. Of 1421 fresh isolates of Staph. aureus, 54 were encapsulated and among these 54·8% and 48·1% were mono‐ and polyvalent, respectively. Capsular‐type antigens A and B were found in 92·5% and 44·4% of strains respectively; capsular‐types C and D were found relatively infrequently. In the other group, of unencapsulated strains, capsular‐type antigen production was demonstrated in 125 out of 163 strains examined. Mono‐ and polyvalent capsular‐types (A and B antigen producing strains) comprised 77·6% and 22·4%. respectively. In these capsular‐types A and B were found in 54·4% and 62·4%, respectively: capsular‐type antigen C and D producing strains were again infrequent. These results indicate that a majority of ordinary Staph. aureus strains produce capsular‐type antigens although isolation of the encapsulated strains is infrequent.
A Semi‐Automatic Method for the Detection of Salmonellas in Food Products
Authors: BARRELL R. A. E. , PATON A. M.
Published: March 2008

A semi‐automatic method for the detection of salmonellas in food products is described. This method involves measurement of the fluorescence intensity of preparations stained with fluorescent antibody. An overall agreement of 89·6% was obtained when the method was compared with a standard cultural technique for the detection of salmonellas in foods, feeds and environmental samples, although false negatives were a problem with raw meat products. A saving in time of at least 18 h was achieved.
A Note on the Total Viable Counts and Selective Enumeration of Anaerobic Bacteria in the Caecal Content, Soft and Hard Faeces of Rabbit
Authors: EMALDI O. , CROCIANI FRANCA , MATTEUZZI D. , PROTO V.
Published: March 2008

Total viable counts, proteolytic, ureolytic, cellulolytic and NH+4 utilizing anaerobic bacteria in caecal contents, soft and hard faeces of rabbits were studied. No significant differences between the bacterial counts from the caecum and soft faeces were observed (P < 0·05) but there were significant differences between the bacterial counts of the soft and hard faeces (P < 0·01).
Technical Modification of the Method for Direct and Indirect Immunofluorescence of Unfixed Mycoplasma Colonies
Authors: MØLLER B. R.
Published: March 2008

1. A more reliable, time‐saving and easily performed technical modification of the method for direct and indirect immunofluorescence of mycoplasma colonies, involving the use of steel rings to hold the agar‐block specimens, is described.
Production of a Penicillin‐like Antibiotic by Trichophyton mentagrophytes on an Agar‐based Medium Containing Skin Keratin as the Major Nutrient
Authors: RYALL C. , HOLT G. , NOBLE W. C.
Published: March 2008

A culture medium composed of powdered human plantar callus, synthetic sweat and agar, was used to study the synthesis of a penicillin‐like antibiotic by a strain of Trichophyton mentagrophytes grown in vitro. Series of 5 mm agar plug samples, taken radially across single colonies of the dermatophyte, were bioassayed for antibiotic, so that a profile of antibiotic concentration could be prepared. It was found that in colonies of 11 d and older, grown at 33°, antibiotic concentration was highest in the area of the colony edge.
Persistence and Distribution of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Bacterial Indicator Organisms on Land Used for Disposal of Piggery Effluent
Authors: CHANDLER D. S. , CRAVEN J. A.
Published: March 2008

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from 15 of 40 effluents collected from commercial piggeries. The organism was isolated from soil and pasture of experimental disposal sites for up to two weeks after application of effluent naturally infected with Ery. rhusiopathiae. The organism was more commonly isolated from soil than pasture. Times for 90% reduction (T90 values) of indicator organisms over a six week period following the effluent applications where Ery. rhusiopathiae was detected for 7 d or more, were 8–19 d for faecal coliforms in top soil and 5–12 d on pasture. T90 for faecal streptococci was 10–14 d in soil and 8–11 d on pasture. Laboratory investigations indicated that the death rate of Ery. rhusiopathiae was up to six times greater than Escherichia coli in soil at field capacity. In dry soil the differences in die‐out rate of the two organisms was less marked.
Effect of High Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide on Growth Rate of Pseudomonas fragi, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus cremoris
Authors: ENFORS S.‐O. , MOLIN G.
Published: March 2008

The maximum specific growth rates of Pseudomonas fragi, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus cremoris were studied over a wide range of carbon dioxide concentrations. The growth rate compared with a control was reduced to 50% in Ps. fragi at 0–5 atm CO2, in B. cereus at 1—3 atm and in Strep, cremoris at 8–6 atm. B. cereus and Strep, cremoris were completely inhibited at 3 and 11 atm CO2, respectively. The growth rate of the aerobic Ps. fragi at 0–99 atm CO2 (0–01 atm oxygen) was reduced to about 20% of that in air. The growth rate of Ps. fragi was decreased at oxygen concentrations lower than 0–01 atm.

When Ps. fragi was grown at oxygen limitation (0.0025 atm oxygen) and exposed to 0.99 atm CO2, the inhibiting effect of the CO2 was added to that of the oxygen limitation. No indications of a synergistic effect between CO2 inhibition and oxygen limitation were noted.

B. cereus and Strep, cremoris were tested under anaerobic conditions.
The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and Ultraviolet Irradiation on Non‐sporing Bacteria
Authors: BAYLISS CATHERINE E. , WAITES W. M.
Published: March 2008

A kill of 99.99% was obtained in cell suspensions of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis by incubation with hydrogen peroxide 1.0% (w/v) for 75 and 180 min respectively. The same kill was produced by 30 s irradiation with ultraviolet (u.v.) light in the presence of hydrogen peroxide 1.0% (w/v). This simultaneous treatment with u.v. and hydrogen peroxide produced a synergistic kill at least 30‐fold greater than that produced by irradiation of cell suspensions of Esch. coli with or without subsequent incubation with hydrogen peroxide.
Inhibition of Growth and Uptake Processes in Bacteria by Some Chemical Food Preservatives
Authors: EKLUND T.
Published: March 2008

The effect on growth and uptake processes of some common chemical food preservatives [benzoate, sorbate, propionate and alkyl esters of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens)] has been studied in strains of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For parabens. the inhibitory action on growth and amino acid uptake in whole cells and bacterial membrane vesicles followed similar dose‐response curves. Growth inhibition caused by parabens appears to be a consequence of transport inhibition. For benzoate, sorbate and propionate, uptake inhibition seems inadequate to explain growth inhibition.
A Note on the Development of a Technique for Regeneration of a Degenerated Culture
Authors: KOLE H. K. , BOSE S. K.
Published: March 2008

In a heterogeneous degenerated culture the method of in situ screening of established agar colonies (the number screened being limited) cannot reveal the presence of an antibiotic‐producing organism even after mutagenic treatment, whereas the close‐range parallel streak method can succeed. Streaking a pour‐plate culture of an antibiotic‐sensitive organism by parallel streaks of mutagen‐treated inactive culture of the once producer afforded a better chance for regeneration of a degenerated culture.
The Vitamin Requirements of Staphylococci Isolated from Human Skin
Authors: COVE J.H. , HOLLAND K.T. , COUNLIFFE W.J.
Published: March 2008

The vitamin requirements of 46 strains representing nine species ofStaphylococcusisolated from human skin together with nine authentic reference strains of these species were determined using a chemically defined medium. Strains ofStaphylococcus saprophyticusandStaphylococcus cohniiwere isolated on selective media. All the strains investigated required nicotinic acid and thiamine for growth. Biotin was essential or stimulatory for all coagulase negative strains except one strain ofStaphylococcus capitis.Oleic acid substituted for biotin in all cases except with one strain ofStaphylococcus haemolyticus.No species pattern of biotin requirement or of the ability of oleic acid to substitute for biotin was apparent. Five out of six strains ofStaph. cohniirequired pantothenic acid.
Hydroxylations of Biphenyl by Fungi
Authors: SMITH R. V. , DAVIS P. J. , CLARK A. M. , GLOVER‐MILTON S.
Published: March 2008

Sixty‐six species of fungi were screened for their ability to hydroxylate biphenyl. Thin‐layer and gas chromatographic analyses indicated that seven organisms actively hydroxylated this substrate. Of particular interest were Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 9244 which produced 4‐hydroxybiphenyl as the major metabolite, Helicostylum piriforme QM 6945 which produced exclusively 2‐hydroxybiphehyl, and Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517 which produced a good yield of 4, 4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl. These results were confirmed by isolation of the phenolic metabolites following preparative‐scale conversions and comparisons of the isolated phenols with authentic reference materials.