bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergency Managers Confront Climate Change
Authors: Labadie John R.
Published: August 2011

Emergency managers will have to deal with the impending, uncertain, and possibly extreme effects of climate change. Yet, many emergency managers are not aware of the full range of possible effects, and they are unsure of their place in the effort to plan for, adapt to, and cope with those effects. This may partly reflect emergency mangers’ reluctance to get caught up in the rancorous—and politically-charged—debate about climate change, but it mostly is due to the worldview shared by most emergency managers. We focus on: extreme events; acute vs. chronic hazards (floods vs. droughts); a shorter event horizon (5 years vs. 75–100 years); and a shorter planning and operational cycle. This paper explores the important intersection of emergency management, environmental management, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. It examines the different definitions of terms common to all three fields, the overlapping strategies used in all three fields, and the best means of collaboration and mutual re-enforcement among the three to confront and solve the many possible futures that we may face in the climate change world.
Multicomponent synthesis of artificial nucleases and their RNase and DNase activity
Authors: Gulevich Anton V , Koroleva Lyudmila S , Morozova Olga V , Bakhvalova Valentina N , Silnikov Vladimir N , Nenajdenko Valentine G
Published: August 2011

The synthesis of new, artificial ribonucleases containing two amino acid residues connected by an aliphatic linker has been developed. Target molecules were synthesized via a catalytic three-component Ugi reaction from aliphatic diisocyanides. Preliminary investigations proved unspecific nuclease activity of the new compounds towards single-stranded RNA and double-stranded circular DNA.
Emerging Mutations and Associated Factors in Patients Displaying Treatment Failure on An Etravirine-Containing Regimen
Authors: Marcelin Anne-Genevieve , Descamps Diane , Tamalet Catherine , Cottalorda Jacqueline , Izopet Jacques , Delaugerre Constance , Morand-Joubert Laurence , Trabaud Mary-Anne , Bettinger Dominique , Rogez Sylvie , Ruffault Annick , Henquell Cecile , Signori-Schmuck Anne , Bouvier-Alias Magali , Vallet Sophie , Masquelier Bernard , Flandre Philippe , Calvez Vincent ,   the ANRS AC11 Resistance Study group
Published: August 2011

Background

The aim of this study was to characterize the mutations selected upon failure on etravirine (ETR)-containing regimen in non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)-experienced HIV-infected patients and the associated factors.

Methods

Forty-two patients displaying virological failure after a 6 months ETR-containing regimen were studied. For each patient the reverse transcriptase (RT) sequence at failure was compared with all the RT sequences available before introduction of ETR. The effect of baseline and failure HIV-1 RNA, HIV-1 subtype, baseline number of NNRTI resistance mutations, protease inhibitor and nucleoside RT inhibitor genotypic sensitivity scores, number of new drugs used in the treatment, and previous use of efavirenz or nevirapine on the selection of NNRTI resistance mutations were investigated.

Results

At failure, 12/42 (29%) patients showed development of at least 1 new NNRTI mutation (7 patients selected 1 mutation and 5 patients 2 mutations). NNRTI mutations selected were V179I (5 patients), V179L (1), V179F (2), L100I (1), K103N (2), Y181C (3), K101E (1), K101R (1) and H221Y (1). Univariate analysis showed that HIV-1 RNA level at failure ( P=0.033) and past exposure to efavirenz ( P<0.001) were associated with the occurrence of at least one NNRTI mutation. The multivariate model retained only past exposure to efavirenz. Among the 36 viruses classified as susceptible to ETR at baseline, 3 were classified as possibly resistant at failure.

Conclusion

In this study, 29% of viruses from patients experiencing ETR failure selected new NNRTI resistance mutations (at position V179 in 2/3 of cases) in a context of multiple NNRTI resistance mutations.
A pastoral investigation of the phrase �go tlo�a Set�hila� [traditional purification] as the last phase in the process of bereavement mourning amongst the Basotho
Authors: Letsosa Rantoa , Semenya Kwena
Published: August 2011

This article investigates and attempts to provide answers from pastoral perspectives regarding the perception the Basotho have on the issue of traditional purification. The aim of this article is to find out why the bereaved, that have not yet been purified traditionally, are not allowed to be part of certain activities, like going to the church and also performing certain community activities.The investigation was conducted by way of qualitative research. Three different Sotho Reformed congregations were selected, namely one from the Northern-Sotho speaking congregations, one from the Setswana speaking congregations and one from the Southern-Sesotho speaking congregations. Respondents included one minister, one older man, one older woman, and two young members including a man and a woman from each congregation in order to get a broader perspective. For the sake of confidentiality the names of the congregations and participants remained anonymous.The results of the article indicate that the rights of the bereaved to perform certain duties in the community are reduced till such time that they are purified traditionally.
A universal enveloping algebra of Malcev superalgebras
Authors: Barreiro Elisabete
Published: August 2011

In this paper an enveloping superalgebra is presented for Malcev superalgebra. An extension of the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt Theorem to this class of superalgebras is obtained.
Product approximations for solutions to a class of evolution equations in Hilbert space
Authors: Vuillermot Pierre-A. , Wreszinski Walter F.
Published: August 2011

In this article we prove approximation formulae for a class of unitary evolution operators

U(t,s)_{s,t\in [0,T] }

associated with linear non-autonomous evolution equations of Schr\"{o}dinger type defined in a Hilbert space

\mathcal{H}

. An important feature of the equations we consider is that both the corresponding self-adjoint generators and their domains may depend explicitly on time, whereas the associated quadratic form domains may not. Furthermore the evolution operators we are interested in satisfy the equations in a weak sense. Under such conditions the approximation formulae we prove for

U(t,s)

involve weak operator limits of products of suitable approximating functions taking values in

\mathcal{L(H)}

, the algebra of all linear bounded operators on

\mathcal{H}

. Our results may be relevant to the numerical analysis of

U(t,s)

and we illustrate them by considering two typical examples, including one related to the theory of time-dependent singular perturbations of self-adjoint operators.
Null controllability of degenerate parabolic cascade systems
Authors: Ait Ben Hassi El Mustapha , Ammar Khodja Farid , Hajjaj Abdelkarim , Maniar Lahcen
Published: August 2011

In this paper, we study the null controllability of degenerate semilinear cascade parabolic systems with one control force. The key tool is the Carleman estimates developed recently for degenerate one dimension parabolic equations. We develop a Carleman estimate for these systems and then an observability inequality for the linear adjoint system. We conclude by linearization and fixed point arguments.
New particle formation infrequently observed in Himalayan foothills – why?
Authors: Neitola K. , Asmi E. , Komppula M. , Hyvärinen A.-P. , Raatikainen T. , Panwar T. S. , Sharma V. P. , Lihavainen H.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A fraction of the Himalayan aerosols originate from secondary sources, which are currently poorly quantified. To clarify the climatic importance of regional secondary particle formation in the Himalayas, data from 2005 to 2010 of continuous aerosol measurements at a high-altitude (2180 m) Indian Himalayan site, Mukteshwar, were analyzed. For this period, the days were classified, and the particle formation and growth rates were calculated for clear new particle formation (NPF) event days. The NPF events showed a pronounced seasonal cycle. The frequency of the events peaked in spring, when the ratio between event and non-event days was 53 %, whereas the events were truly sporadic on any other seasons. The annual mean particle formation and growth rates were 0.40 cm−3 s−1 and 2.43 nm h−1, respectively. The clear annual cycle was found to be mainly controlled by the seasonal evolution of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) height together with local meteorological conditions. Spring NPF events were connected with increased PBL height, and therefore characterised as boundary layer events, while the rare events in other seasons represented lower free tropospheric particle formation. This provides insight on the vertical extent of NPF in the atmosphere.
Horizontal variability of aerosol optical depth observed during the ARCTAS airborne experiment
Authors: Shinozuka Y. , Redemann J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. We present statistics on the horizontal variability of aerosol optical depth (AOD) directly measured from the NASA P-3 aircraft. Our measurements during two contrasting phases (in Alaska and Canada) of the ARCTAS mission arguably constrain the variability in most aerosol environments common over the globe. In the Canada phase, which features local emissions, 499 nm AOD has a median relative standard deviation (stdrel, med) of 19 % and 9 % and an autocorrelation (r) of 0.37 and 0.71 over 20 km and 6 km horizontal segments, respectively. In the Alaska phase, which features long-range transport, the variability is considerably lower (stdrel, med = 3 %, r = 0.92 even over 35.2 km). Compared to the magnitude of AOD, its wavelength dependence varies less in the Canada phase, more in the Alaska phase. We translate these findings from straight-line flight tracks into grid boxes and points, to help interpretation and design of satellite remote sensing, suborbital observations and transport modeling.
Long-term biases in geomagnetic K and aa indices
Authors: Love J. J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Analysis is made of the geomagnetic-activity aa index and its source K-index data from groups of ground-based observatories in Britain, and Australia, 1868.0–2009.0, solar cycles 11–23. The K data show persistent biases, especially for high (low) K-activity levels at British (Australian) observatories. From examination of multiple subsets of the K data we infer that the biases are not predominantly the result of changes in observatory location, localized induced magnetotelluric currents, changes in magnetometer technology, or the modernization of K-value estimation methods. Instead, the biases appear to be artifacts of the latitude-dependent scaling used to assign K values to particular local levels of geomagnetic activity. The biases are not effectively removed by weighting factors used to estimate aa. We show that long-term averages of the aa index, such as annual averages, are dominated by medium-level geomagnetic activity levels having K values of 3 and 4.
Addressing the impact of environmental uncertainty in plankton model calibration with a dedicated software system: the Marine Model Optimization Testbed (MarMOT)
Authors: Hemmings J. C. P. , Challenor P. G.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A wide variety of different marine plankton system models have been coupled with ocean circulation models, with the aim of understanding and predicting aspects of environmental change. However, an ability to make reliable inferences about real-world processes from the model behaviour demands a quantitative understanding of model error that remains elusive. Assessment of coupled model output is inhibited by relatively limited observing system coverage of biogeochemical components. Any direct assessment of the plankton model is further inhibited by uncertainty in the physical state. Furthermore, comparative evaluation of plankton models on the basis of their design is inhibited by the sensitivity of their dynamics to many adjustable parameters. The Marine Model Optimization Testbed is a new software tool designed for rigorous analysis of plankton models in a multi-site 1-D framework, in particular to address uncertainty issues in model assessment. A flexible user interface ensures its suitability to more general inter-comparison, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, including model comparison at the level of individual processes, and to state estimation for specific locations. The principal features of MarMOT are described and its application to model calibration is demonstrated by way of a set of twin experiments, in which synthetic observations are assimilated in an attempt to recover the true parameter values of a known system. The experimental aim is to investigate the effect of different misfit weighting schemes on parameter recovery in the presence of error in the plankton model's environmental input data. Simulated errors are derived from statistical characterizations of the mixed layer depth, the horizontal flux divergences of the biogeochemical tracers and the initial state. Plausible patterns of uncertainty in these data are shown to produce strong temporal and spatial variability in the expected simulation error over an annual cycle, indicating differences in the significance attributable to model-data misfits at different data points. An inverse scheme using ensemble-based estimates of the simulation error variance to allow for this environment error performs well compared with weighting schemes used in previous plankton model calibration studies. The efficacy of the new scheme in real-world applications will depend on the quality of statistical characterizations of the input data. Practical approaches towards developing reliable characterizations are discussed.
The effect of material properties on the seismic performance of Arch Dams
Authors: Sevim B.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The paper investigates the effect of material properties on the seismic performance of arch dam-reservoir-foundation interaction systems based on the Lagrangian approach using demand-capacity ratios. Type-5 arch dam is selected as a numerical application. The linear time history analyses of the arch dam-reservoir-foundation interaction system are carried out for different material properties. The foundation is taken into account as massless; behaviour of the reservoir is assumed to be linearly elastic, inviscid and irrotational. The north-south component of the Erzincan earthquake in 1992 is chosen as a ground motion. Dynamic equations of motions obtained from 3-D finite element modelling of the coupled system are solved by using the Newmark integration algorithm. The damage levels of the coupled system for the different material properties are demonstrated by using demand-capacity ratios and cumulative inelastic durations. The time histories and maximum values of the displacements and principal stresses, and performance curves, are obtained from linear analyses. It is clearly seen from the study that the different material properties affect the seismic behaviour of the dam.
Non-stationarity in daily and sub-daily intense rainfall – Part 1: Sydney, Australia
Authors: Jakob D. , Karoly D. J. , Seed A.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. This study was driven by a need to clarify how variations in climate might affect intense rainfall and the potential for flooding. Sub-daily durations are of particular interest for urban applications. Worldwide, few such observation-based studies exist, which is mainly due to limitations in data. While there are still large discrepancies between precipitation data sets from observations and models, both show that there is a tendency for moist regions to become wetter and for dry regions to become drier. However, changes in extreme conditions may show the opposite sign to those in average conditions. Where changes in observed intense precipitation have been studied, this has typically been for daily durations or longer. The purpose of this two-part study is to examine daily and sub-daily rainfall extremes for evidence of non-stationarity. Here the problem was addressed by supplementing one long record (Part 1) by a set of shorter records for a 30-yr concurrent period (Part 2). Variations in frequency and magnitude of rainfall extremes across durations from 6 min to 72 h were assessed using data from sites in the south-east of Australia. For the analyses presented in this paper, a peaks-over-threshold approach was chosen since it allows investigating changes in frequency as well as magnitude. Non-parametric approaches were used to assess changes in frequency, magnitude, and quantile estimates as well as the statistical significance of changes for one station (Sydney Observatory Hill) for the period 1921 to 2005. Deviations from the long-term average vary with season, duration, and threshold. The effects of climate variations are most readily detected for the highest thresholds. Deviations from the long-term average tend to be larger for frequencies than for magnitudes, and changes in frequency and magnitude may have opposite signs. Investigations presented in this paper show that variations in frequency and magnitude of events at daily durations are a poor indicator of changes at sub-daily durations. Studies like the one presented here should be undertaken for other regions to allow the identification of regions with significant increase/decrease in intense rainfall, whether there are common features with regards to duration and season exhibiting most significant changes (which in turn could lead to establishing a theoretical framework), and assist in validation of projections of rainfall extremes.
Non-stationarity in daily and sub-daily intense rainfall – Part 2: Regional assessment for sites in south-east Australia
Authors: Jakob D. , Karoly D. J. , Seed A.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Using data for a common period (1976–2005) for a set of 31 sites located in south-east Australia, variations in frequency and magnitude of intense rainfall events across durations from 6 min to 72 h were assessed. This study was driven by a need to clarify how variations in climate might affect intense rainfall and the potential for flooding. Sub-daily durations are of particular interest for urban applications. Worldwide, few such observation-based studies exist, which is mainly due to limitations in data. Analysis of seasonality in frequency and magnitude of events revealed considerable variation across the set of sites, implying different dominating rainfall-producing mechanisms and/or interactions with local topography. Both these factors are relevant when assessing the potential effects of climate variations on intense rainfall events. The set of sites was therefore split into groups ("north cluster" and "south cluster") according to the characteristics of intense rainfall events. There is a strong polarisation in the nature of changes found for the north cluster and south cluster. While sites in the north cluster typically exhibit decrease in frequency of events, particularly in autumn and at durations of 1 h and longer; sites in the south cluster experience an increase in frequency of events, particularly for summer and sub-hourly durations. Non-stationarity found in historical records has the potential to significantly affect design rainfall estimates. An assessment of quantile estimates derived using a standard regionalisation technique and periods representative of record lengths available for practical applications show that such estimates may not be representative of long-term conditions, so alternative approaches need to be considered, particularly where short records are concerned. Additional rainfall information, in particular radar data, could be used for an in-depth spatial analysis of intense rainfall events.
Genealogy and Irony
Authors: Guay Robert
Published: August 2011

The thesis of this article is that Nietzsche's use of irony in On the Genealogy of Morals is so pervasive that it cannot be relied upon to report Nietzsche's views, even at the moment of writing, on a historical sequence of events or the causal sources of the phenomena that Nietzsche identifies. I argue, primarily on the basis of textual evidence, that Nietzsche's procedure is neither to reliably report his own views nor to assert the reality of what might be called the theoretical terms of the account. I offer as an explanatory hypothesis that Nietzsche adopted this procedure as a response to a problem of epistemic authority that he confronted in assessing morality. I also provide some historical context for Nietzsche's method and discuss some implications of my view for the interpretation of Nietzsche's project.
Pseudallescheria boydii Species Complex Fungal Rhinitis and Sinusitis in a Dog
Authors: Bruskiewicz Kristine , Crawford-Jakubiak Martin
Published: August 2011

A 9 yr old male castrated Australian shepherd mixed-breed dog with a 3 mo history of intermittent unilateral epistaxis was diagnosed with Pseudallescheria boydii species complex fungal rhinitis and sinusitis. This fungal organism is a rare cause of disease in dogs and an emerging human pathogen. The dog was successfully treated with topical clotrimazole.
Canine and Feline Epileptic Seizures and the Lunar Cycle: 2,507 Seizures (2000–2008)
Authors: Browand-Stainback Laura , Levesque Donald , McBee Matthew
Published: August 2011

Epileptic seizures in 211 canine and feline patients diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy were evaluated for temporal significance in relation to the lunar cycle. Seizure counts were compared among each of the eight individual lunar phases, among each of eight exact lunar phase dates, and by percent of lunar illumination using generalized estimating equations. No statistical significance was found in any of these comparisons excluding a relationship between the onset of epileptic seizures and the phases of the moon. Alteration in anticonvulsant treatment or monitoring of canine and feline patients with idiopathic epilepsy at large was not warranted based on the lunar cycle.
Effectiveness of Cervical Hemilaminectomy in Canine Hansen Type I and Type II Disc Disease: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Schmied Oliver , Golini Lorenzo , Steffen Frank
Published: August 2011

Medical records of 41 dogs, including 15 small breed dogs (<15 kg) and 26 large breed dogs (>15 kg), with cervical intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) that underwent a hemilaminectomy were reviewed. Dogs were diagnosed using myelography, computed tomography/myelography, or MRI, and dogs were classified as having either Hansen Type I disc extrusion or Hansen Type II disc protrusion located ventrally, ventrolaterally, or laterally within the cervical spinal canal. The most common clinical presentation was ambulatory tetraparesis and/or lameness (44%). The most affected sites for cervical IVDD were between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae (C6–C7; 78% of Hansen Type II discs) and C2–C3 (86% of Hansen Type I discs). Treatment was effective in 88% of dogs. Five large breed dogs (12%) did not improve. In dogs with a Hansen Type I disc extrusion, clinical signs improved in 96% of the cases. In dogs with a Hansen Type II disc protrusion, an excellent and good outcome was seen in 47% and 32% of cases, respectively. Outcome was significantly better for small breed dogs and dogs with Hansen Type I disc disease compared with large breed dogs and dogs with Hansen Type II disc disease.
Nasal Hydropulsion: A Novel Tumor Biopsy Technique
Authors: Ashbaugh Elizabeth A. , McKiernan Brendan C. , Miller Carrie J. , Powers Barbara
Published: August 2011

Intranasal tumors of dogs and cats pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for small animal practitioners. Multiple nasal biopsy techniques have been described in the past. This report describes a simplified flushing technique to biopsy and debulk nasal tumors, which often also results in immediate clinical relief for the patient. Based on the results of this retrospective study, the authors recommend high-pressure saline hydropulsion as a minimally invasive diagnostic, and potentially therapeutic, technique for nasal tumors in dogs and cats.
Spontaneous Urethral Catheter Kinking or Knotting in Male Dogs: Four Cases
Authors: Basdani Eleni , Papazoglou Lysimachos G. , Kazakos Georgios M. , Bright Ronald M.
Published: August 2011

Four dogs were diagnosed with urethral catheter malfunction. The catheter was kinked in three dogs and knotted in one dog. In two dogs, kinking of the catheter was associated with presence of urethroliths in the perineal urethra. Diagnosis was based on the difficulty encountered retrieving the catheter in all dogs and swelling in the scrotal or perineal area in two dogs. Diagnosis of catheter kinking or knotting was confirmed after catheter retrieval. Catheter removal was achieved in two dogs after traction under anesthesia, whereas scrotal or perineal urethrotomy were used in the other two dogs. No complications associated with urination were reported in any of the dogs after 7 to 12 mo.
A Novel Method of Core Aspirate Cytology Compared to Fine-Needle Aspiration for Diagnosing Canine Osteosarcoma
Authors: Neihaus Steven A. , Locke Jennifer E. , Barger Anne M. , Borst Luke B. , Goring Robert L.
Published: August 2011

There is little information in veterinary literature regarding the diagnostic accuracy of aspirate cytology for the diagnosis of canine osteosarcoma (OSA). The authors compared the diagnostic accuracy of a novel method of cytologic collection, termed core aspirate cytology (CA), with fine needle aspiration (FNA) and histopathology in 27 dogs with lytic and/or proliferative bone lesions. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining was performed to confirm the diagnosis of OSA cytologically. OSA was accurately diagnosed in 85% and 95% of FNA and CA, respectively. ALP staining was 100% sensitive for the diagnosis of OSA. CA using a bone marrow biopsy needle allowed for penetration of cortical bone and aspirate cytology with a larger bore needle than FNA; however, there was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between techniques. Aspirate cytology with ALP staining was a safe, accurate, and minimally invasive diagnostic test for the evaluation of suspected OSA lesions in dogs.
Mycotic Mastitis in Three Dogs Due to Blastomyces dermatitidis
Authors: Ditmyer Heidi , Craig Linden
Published: August 2011

Canine blastomycosis is a common systemic fungal infection within the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys and typically presents as pneumonia, lymphadenitis, or endophthalmitis. This report describes three cases in which mammary tissue samples were submitted to the Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine with clinical suspicion of neoplasia or postpartum bacterial mastitis. Pyogranulomatous to granulomatous mastitis and dermatitis with intralesional yeast consistent with Blastomyces dermatitidis were diagnosed. Two of the three dogs also had lymph node and pulmonary involvement. Mycotic mastitis due to Blastomyces dermatitidis is rarely reported and blastomycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with mammary lesions from endemic areas.
Palliative Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Canine Appendicular Synovial Sarcoma
Authors: Gibbons Debra S. , Bennett Alexander D. , Treuil Philip L.
Published: August 2011

Synovial sarcoma is a rare tumor in dogs, occurring in approximately 27% of neoplasms involving joints, with the elbow representing a common site of occurrence. The recommended treatment of canine synovial sarcoma is amputation. The authors describe the use of palliative radiation therapy for the treatment of synovial sarcoma involving the elbow of a dog and conclude that this treatment modality may have use in some patients affected with synovial sarcoma.
Pets in the Family: Practical Approaches
Authors: Hodgson Kate , Darling Marcia
Published: August 2011

Adapting family life cycle theory to include pets provides veterinarians with a framework for understanding and reinforcing the human–animal bond. The family genogram with pets is a practice tool that identifies all people and pets in the family, enhancing the practice of One Health at the community level.
La investigación espacial y su impacto en la sociedad hondureña
Authors: Pineda María Cristina
Published: August 2011

CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA (CT) Entrevista a la Doctora María Cristina Pineda, hondureña, Decana en funciones de la Facultad de Ciencias Espaciales. Es estudiosa de diversos temas de interés nacional e internacional, particularmente de los campos de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Ciencia y Tecnología de la Información Geográfica y Arqueoastronomía.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i4.523 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 4, Segunda época, Junio 2009: 3-12
Modelo de realidad virtual del centro histórico del Distrito Central basado en análisis espacial con sistemas de información geográfica
Authors: Segura Eduardo Moreno
Published: August 2011

El presente proyecto es un producto derivado de los análisis hechos utilizando el SIG para la Gestión de Centros Históricos desarrollado como iniciativa del Observatorio Astronómico Centroamericano de Suyapa de la UNAH. El propósito de este producto es mostrar mediante modelado 3D, recorridos de realidad virtual interactivos, referente al estado de conservación arquitectónico y rotulación de las principales calles y avenidas del Centro Histórico del Distrito Central que sirva además para proponer y promover proyectos educativos y turísticos así como de mejoramiento y desarrollo que tengan dentro de su área de estudio el Centro Histórico de Tegucigalpa y Comayagüela, con miras a contribuir al proceso de gestión de los mismos tomando en cuenta su trascendencia histórica.La visualización fotorrealística 3D se aplica a áreas como la arquitectura, arqueología, cartografía, ingeniería civil, medicina entre otras, y como herramienta de investigación, conservación, gestión y divulgación de patrimonio histórico y turístico. Tal es el caso de los modelos generados en este proyecto, los cuales pueden ser usados por técnicos y restauradores con el fin de hacer estudios, análisis o futuras predicciones sobre planes de actuación.Además este modelo 3D o maqueta virtual del centro histórico de Tegucigalpa permitirá al ciudadano de la calle comprender el presente comparando el pasado, y conocer el futuro de su ciudad. Palabras Clave: Centro Histórico; Realidad Virtual; Modelo 3D; Sistemas de Información Geográfica DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i4.527 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 4, Segunda época, Junio 2009: 67-83
Estudio de estrellas cefeidas en cúmulos galácticos
Authors: Quiróz María De Jesús
Published: August 2011

Se pretende elaborar una imagen tridimensional de la Nube Menor de Magallanes mediante la elaboración de una base de datos, datos obtenidos del sitio: http://www.astrouw.edu.pl/~ftp/ogle/. Este sitio tiene información de estrellas Cefeidas de la Nube Menor de Magallanes , datos que son organizados en una base de datos y que permiten el cálculo de la distancia a cada una de las estrellas que forman parte de la Nube Menor de Magallanes, para luego realizar la imagen tridimensional del grupo de estrellas seleccionado. Como resultado se obtiene una base de datos de estrellas cefeidas y su imagen tridimensional. El cálculo de las distancias se ha hecho utilizando el filtro visible, pero igual pueden utilizarse otras bandas del espectro electromagnético, de manera que puede ampliarse este resultado. Palabras clave: Nube Menor de Magallanes; Estrellas Cefeidas; distancias DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i4.528 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 4, Segunda época, Junio 2009: 84-89
A high‐efficient rotating disk photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reactor with macro light harvesting pyramid‐surface electrode
Authors: Li Kan , Yang Chen , Wang YaLin , Jia JinPing , Xu YunLan , He Yi
Published: August 2011

A series of pyramid‐surface TiO2/Ti electrodes were proposed, fabricated, and used in a rotating disk photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reactor to treat rhodamine B (RB) solution. Compared with conventional planar electrode, pyramid‐surface electrode exhibited much lower light reflectivity, larger photocurrent, and better treatment efficiency. For samples containing 20 to 150 mg L−1 RB, 100– 98% color removal, and 87–30% COD removal were obtained in 150 min using 1/3 (h/w) pyramid‐surface electrode, much higher than 98–77% and 48–9% obtained by a conventional planer electrode. The excellent treatment performance attributed to two major reasons: (a) enhanced light harvest resulted from multiple reflections of irradiation light on the pyramid‐surface, and (b) enlarged electrode surface area enabling the electrode to carry more TiO2 catalyst and pollutants for treatment. Experimental results also showed that the pyramid‐surface electrode consumed less power and exhibited superior performance when treating high concentration wastewater. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2448–2455, 2012
Combustion reaction mechanism of four typical Chinese biomass by TG and DTG
Authors: Li Pei‐Sheng , Wang Qin , Xu Qiao , Yu Wan , Yue Ya‐Nan , Liang Zhe , Dong Xing‐Chen , Hu Song
Published: August 2011

The combustion reaction mechanisms of Rape stalk, Cotton stalk, Rice straw and Manyflower Silvergrass produced in China were investigated combining the methods of thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG) in this paper. Experiment was conducted in a TG‐DTA analyzer, volume fraction of reaction atmosphere was N2:O2 = 80:20 and heating rate was 30 °C min−1. The temperature ranges of two main reaction phases were identified by analyzing TG and DTG curves. Coats–Redfern method was employed to calculate kinetic parameters (activation energy, pre‐exponential factor and order of reaction). The activation energies of volatile combustion phase and fixed carbon combustion phase were in the range of 11–35.8 kJ mol−1 and 118.4–181 kJ mol−1, respectively. Results showed that the reaction of two phases could be described by zero order and two order functions. The activation energies obtained in the second reaction zone were relatively higher than those of the first reaction zone. The pre‐exponential factors ranged as high as 35.8125 min−1 in the first reaction zone and 2.8071 × 1013 min−1 in the second reaction zone. The reaction initial temperatures of four samples ranged from 430 to 460 K and reaction final temperatures ranged from 740 to 810 K. Temperature ranges and some reaction kinetic parameters were a little different of four samples, due to the different content of samples. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of Ruthenium–Allenylidene Complexes Tethering a Cyclopropyl Group
Authors: Chen Chien‐Chih , Cheng Pai‐Chieh , Huang Shou‐Ling , Lin Ying‐Chih , Liu Yi‐Hong
Published: August 2011

Two cyclopropyl allenylidene complexes [Ru]=CCC(R)(C3H5) ([Ru]=[RuCp(PPh3)2], Cp=Cyclopentadienyl; R=thiophene (2a) and R=Ph (2b)) are prepared from the reactions of [Ru]Cl with the corresponding 1‐cyclopropyl‐2‐propyn‐1‐ol in the presence of KPF6. Thermal treatment, halide‐anion addition, and palladium‐catalyzed reactions of 2a and 2b all lead to a ring expansion of the cyclopropyl group, giving the vinylidene complexes 4a and 4b, respectively, each with a five‐membered ring. This ring expansion proceeds by CC bond formation between Cβ of the cumulative double bond and a methylene group of the cyclopropyl ring. In the reaction of 2a with pyrrole, consecutive formation of two CC bonds, one between C‐2 of pyrrole and Cγ of 2a and the other between C‐3 of pyrrole and Cα, results in the formation of 6a. The reaction proceeds by addition of pyrrole and 1,3‐proton shifts. The hydrogenation of 2a by NaBH4 is carried out in different solvents. The cumulative double bonds are reduced regioselectively to give a mixture of 7a and 8a. Interestingly, use of different solvents leads to different ratios of 7a and 8a. Presence of a protic solvent like methanol in dichloromethane or chloroform solution increases the yield of 8a, thus revealing that both the rates of hydroboration and deboronation increase. The structures of two new complexes 4a and 6a have been firmly established by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Altered development ofXenopusembryos in a hypogeomagnetic field
Authors: Mo Wei‐chuan , Liu Ying , Cooper Helen M. , He Rong‐qiao
Published: August 2011

The hypogeomagnetic field (HGMF; magnetic fields <200 nT) is one of the fundamental environmental factors of space. However, the effect of HGMF exposure on living systems remains unclear. In this article, we examine the biological effects of HGMF on the embryonic development ofXenopus laevis(African clawed frog). A decrease in horizontal third cleavage furrows and abnormal morphogenesis were observed inXenopusembryos growing in the HGMF. HGMF exposure at the two‐cell stage, but no later than the four‐cell stage, is enough to alter the third cleavage geometry pattern. Immunofluorescent staining for α‐tubulin showed reorientation of the spindle of four‐cell stage blastomeres. These results indicate that a brief (2‐h) exposure to HGMF is sufficient to interfere with the development ofXenopusembryos at cleavage stages. Also, the mitotic spindle could be an early sensor to the deprivation of the geomagnetic field, which provides a clue to the molecular mechanism underlying the morphological and other changes observed in the developing and/or developed embryos. Bioelectromagnetics 33:238–246, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
James Drake (1667–1707): Anatomist and political activist
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Rompala Olivia , Verma Ketan , Malakpour Mehran , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Mortazavi Martin M. , Loukas Marios
Published: August 2011

James Drake (1667–1707) was a renowned physician, anatomist, and writer whose name was recognized throughout London. He was highly involved in the politics of his time and was a well‐known pamphleteer. He also delved into comedies and plays. Drake became a fellow of the Royal Society and the College of Physicians before his early death at 40 years of age. He authored one of the most deservedly popular medical treatises of his time, Anthropologia Nova, which remained a valuable resource to physicians and anatomists alike for decades. The present article reviews the contributions of this little known name in the history of anatomy. Clin. Anat. 25:295–298, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation between patella and patellar tendon width: An anatomic study
Authors: Dundon J.M. , Markert R.J. , Lawless M.W.
Published: August 2011

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common injury among orthopaedic patients with many different treatment modalities including bone‐patella‐bone autograft (BPBA) ACL reconstruction. Patella tendon width has been reported to be a predictor of recovery speed and success following BPBA repair. This study reports on the strength of the relationship between patella width and patella tendon width. Twenty fresh frozen cadavers were included in the study. Patella and patellar tendon measurements were recorded at the midpoint of the patellar tendon. Pearson correlation and linear regression were used to determine the relationship between patella width and patellar tendon width. Bivariate correlations with 95% confidence intervals and coefficients of determination (R2) are reported. The study used 20 cadavers, 12 men and 8 women with a mean age of 72 (standard deviation [SD] = 12; range = 44 to 87). The mean patella width was 49.24mm (SD = 4.11; range 42.33mm–56.33mm) while the mean patellar tendon width was 26.10mm (SD = 3.31; range 18.33mm–33.33mm). The correlation between patella width and patellar tendon width was 0.67 (95% confidence interval = 0.45 − 0.81). R2, the percent of variance in patellar tendon width accounted for by patella width, was 0.45. The regression equation for predicting patellar tendon width (y) yielded a formula of y = 0.536 + −0.316 × patella width. A moderate correlation exists between patella width and patellar tendon width. Our data suggests that this correlation is strongest with wider patellas and is more loosely associated with smaller patellas. Clin. Anat. 25:398–400, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1,2‐Dihydrotriazinyl‐N‐oxy Free Radicals
Authors: Brough Peter , Gambarelli Serge , Jacquot Jean‐François , Grand André , Pécaut Jacques , Rey Paul
Published: August 2011

Triazinyl‐N‐oxy free radicals, 2‐methyl‐2,4,6‐triphenyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐1,3,5‐triazinyl‐1‐oxy (6 a), 2,2,4,6‐tetraphenyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐1,3,5‐triazinyl‐1‐oxy (6 b), 2,2‐dimethyl‐4,6‐diphenyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐1,3,5‐triazinyl‐1‐oxy (13), and 2,6‐dimethyl‐2,4‐diphenyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐1,3,5‐triazinyl‐1‐oxy (14), in which the unpaired electron is delocalized over three nitrogen atoms, have been prepared and characterized. A method has been devised for introducing an N‐oxide function into the triazinyl core. Then, by using a Grignard reagent, substitution α to the N‐oxide group was achieved and the resulting 1,2‐dihydrotriazine‐N‐oxide oxidized into the corresponding nitroxide. Solution EPR spectra exhibit hyperfine splitting that confirms spin delocalization over the three nitrogen atoms of the triazinyl ring. They also show that spin delocalization diminishes with increasing distance for the coupling and is largest for nitrogen N1 and weakest for N5. Free radicals 6 a and 13 are stable in the solid state and have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction, but they tend to gradually degrade in solution. In the solid state, these two free radicals are arranged into antiferromagnetically exchange‐coupled pairs, J=−5.2(6) for 6 a and −3.7(4) cm−1 for 13 (H=−2 JS1S2).
Synthesis of 3,7‐Disubstituted Imipramines by Palladium‐Catalysed Amination/Cyclisation and Evaluation of Their Inhibition of Monoamine Transporters
Authors: Christensen Helle , Schjøth‐Eskesen Christina , Jensen Marie , Sinning Steffen , Jensen Henrik H.
Published: August 2011

We describe a novel approach for the synthesis of a series of 3,7‐difunctionalised symmetric and unsymmetrical analogues of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) imipramine, which uses a key palladium‐catalysed amination/cyclisation of an ester‐functionalised dibromide. Of the ester, methyl, hydroxymethyl and methoxymethyl disubstituted compounds prepared, 3,7‐dimethyl‐imipramine was found to be the most potent against the human serotonin transporter (hSERT). The inhibitory potency of 3,7‐dimethyl imipramine was found to be at least as high as the parent imipramine. This novel TCA also exhibits an increased selectivity (relative to imipramine) in binding to hSERT versus the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET). Even higher selectivity could be obtained with 3,7‐dihydroxymethyl imipramine, which was found to be 167‐fold more selective for hSERT over hNET, representative of a 120‐fold gain in selectivity relative to the parent imipramine. These results further validate our previous model for the binding of imipramine and high‐affinity analogues of imipramine to the central binding site of hSERT.
Isothiourea‐Catalysed Asymmetric C‐Acylation of Silyl Ketene Acetals
Authors: Woods Philip A. , Morrill Louis C. , Bragg Ryan A. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: August 2011

Screening of a range of chiral isothioureas and acyl donors to promote the asymmetric C‐acylation of silyl ketene acetals indicates that C(2)‐aryl‐dihydropyrimidobenzothiazole‐derived isothioureas and propionic anhydride give optimal reactivity and enantioselectivity in this process. Under optimised conditions 3‐acyl‐3‐aryl or 3‐acyl‐3‐alkylfuranones are prepared in good yields and moderate to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98 % ee; ee=enantiomeric excess).
ChemInform Abstract: Unique Cation Surroundings in the Structure of Ag3PW12O40 Salt.
Authors: Mucha Dariusz , Matachowski Leszek , Machej Tadeusz , Gurgul Jacek , Socha Robert P.
Published: August 2011

The Ag+ cation surrounding in Ag3PW12O40·3H2O (space group Pn$\bar 3$m) is investigated by powder XRD at 473 and 573 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Cd4 Tetrahedra and Condensed Ln6Rh Trigonal Prisms as Building Units in the Rare Earth‐Rich Compounds Ln15Rh5Cd2 (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Nd).
Authors: Tappe Frank , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Poettgen Rainer
Published: August 2011

The title compounds are prepared by induction melting of the elements (Ta tubes, 923 K, 3 h) and characterized by powder XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Chains of Condensed RuSm6/2 Octahedra in Sm3RuMg7 — A Ternary Ordered Version of the Ti6Sn5 Type.
Authors: Linsinger Stefan , Poettgen Rainer
Published: August 2011

The title compound is synthesized by induction melting of the elements (Ta tubes, 1473 K, 8 h) followed by annealing at 673 K (96 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of a New Iron Lead Vanadate Pb2FeV3O11.
Authors: Guskos N. , Typek J. , Zolnierkiewicz G. , Szymczak R. , Berczynski P. , Wardal K. , Blonska‐Tabero A.
Published: August 2011

The title compound is synthesized by calcination of an equimolar mixture of FeVO4 and Pb2V2O7 and characterized by magnetization measurements and EPR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the N3‐‐Poor Nitride Selenides with the Formula Type M5NSe6 (M: La—Pr) Containing Isolated Bitetrahedra [N2M6]12+.
Authors: Schurz Christian M. , Lissner Falk , Janka Oliver , Schleid Thomas
Published: August 2011

The title compounds are synthesized from mixtures of Ln (Ln: La—Pr), LnCl3, NaN3, and Se (900 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Characterization of β‐Chromium(II)‐orthophosphate.
Authors: Glaum Robert , Hammer Eva , Hermes Wilfried , Poettgen Rainer
Published: August 2011

Light blue single crystals of β‐Cr3(PO4)2 are prepared by reduction of CrPO4 with elemental Cr at about 1300 °C (sealed double‐wall silica tubes, CrI2 as mineralizer).
ChemInform Abstract: An Ionic Liquid Based Single Step Room Temperature Route for the Synthesis of Molybdenum Cluster Compounds.
Authors: Ahmed Ejaz , Ahrens Eike , Heise Martin , Ruck Michael
Published: August 2011

The structures of compounds (IV) and (V) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: New Tungsten Chloride Cluster Compounds Containing Iron or Cobalt: MW2Cl10 and MW6Cl14 (M: Fe, Co).
Authors: Stroebele Markus , Meyer H.‐Juergen
Published: August 2011

The crystal structures of the title compounds are determined by powder XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: A Planar {Mn19(OH)12}26+ Unit Incorporated in a 60‐Tungsto‐6‐silicate Polyanion.
Authors: Dalal Naresh S. , Kortz Ulrich , et al. et al.
Published: August 2011

The new MnII compound (III) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 1 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese(III)‐Containing Wells—Dawson Sandwich‐Type Polyoxometalates: Comparison with Their Manganese(II) Counterparts.
Authors: Lebrini Mounim , Mbomekalle Israel M. , Dolbecq Anne , Marrot Jerome , Berthet Patrick , Ntienoue Joseline , Secheresse Francis , Vigneron Jacky , Etcheberry Arnaud
Published: August 2011

Compounds (III)—(VI) and (VIII) are characterized by FTIR and UV/VIS spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility and electrochemical measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Non‐Centrosymmetric Thioantimonate [Ni(tren)2]2 [Ni(tren)(en)] 2 (Sb4S8)2·0.25H2O.
Authors: Luehmann Henning , Naether Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: August 2011

The new title compound is solvothermally synthesized from a mixture of Ni, Sb, and S in tren (tren: tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine) and en (autoclave, 140 °C, 7—10 d, 5% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Optical Properties of Li2Cu5(PO4)4.
Authors: Cui Liang , Pan Shilie , Han Jian , Dong Xiaoyu , Zhou Zhongxiang
Published: August 2011

The title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Li2CO3, CuO, and (NH4)2HPO4 (800 °C, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Intermetallic Compounds LnTMg2 (Ln: La, Pr, Nd; T: Ni, Pd, Pt) with MgCuAl2‐Type Structure.
Authors: Kersting Marcel , Poettgen Rainer
Published: August 2011

The new title compounds are prepared by melting of stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (sealed Ta ampules, ca 1500 K, 5 min) followed by annealing at 900 K (2 h).