bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Stigmata of Francis of Assisi
Authors: Weber Henry Jacob
Published: January 2010

With hundreds of visitors the writer recently visited St. Anne de Beaupré, twenty miles out from Quebec, Canada, where over 150,000 pilgrims annually seek physical health or spiritual help at the noted French Catholic church. An onlooker is thrilled by the implicit faith of the pilgrims in the efficacy of the water bottled from the fountain at Beaupré and the life-giving power of relics in the hands of officiating priests, which relics the devotees devoutly kiss, seeking succor of some kind. The same uncritical spirit held even greater sway in the days of St. Francis, and is to the present day in evidence in the writings on Francis and other saints by Goerres, Edward Vogt, Montalembert, de Malan, Cotelle, M. Bihl, Beissel, Gassenmeyr, and others.
Negative index from asymmetric metallic cut wire pairs metamaterials
Authors: Burokur Shah Nawaz , de Lustrac André
Published: January 2010

Metamaterials made of exclusively metallic cut wire pairs have been experimentally demonstrated to exhibit a negative refractive index at optical frequencies. However, other related works on slightly different wire and plate pairs have not shown a negative index. In this paper, we present the analogy between previously reported S-shaped metamaterials and asymmetric cut wire pairs by a simple unifying approach. These two structures present a negative index for some geometrical configurations. Using simulations and experimental measurements in the microwave domain, we investigate the material properties of the last structure. Applying the inversion method from transmission and reflection responses, we show that a negative index is exhibited due to simultaneous negative permittivity ε and permeability μ. A negative index n is experimentally verified in a bulk prism engineered by stacking several layers of the metamaterial.
Evaluation à l'aide d'un livre de bord des compétences cliniques acquises par des stagiaires en médecine
Authors: Zuercher  , Bonvin  , Reber  , Michaud  , Feihl  , Waeber
Published: January 2010

Das Erlernen der klinischen Kompetenzen ist extrem wichtig für den angehenden Arzt. Die Aneignung dieser Fertigkeiten wird heutzutage mit dem zur Verfügung stehenden «Swiss Catalog of Learning Objectives for Undergraduate Medical Training», in welchem das zu erreichende Kompetenzenniveau für das Studiumsende beschrieben wird, erleichtert. Basierend auf diesem Schweizer Katalog wurde an der Fakultät für Biologie und Medizin der Universität Lausanne ein Logbuch erstellt, das eine Übersicht über die erlernten klinischen Fertigkeiten gibt. Seit der Einführung dieses Logbuchs konnte bei den Wahljahrstudenten eine deutliche Verbesserung der klinischen Fertigkeiten in Innerer Medizin, Chirurgie/Orthopädie, Pädiatrie, Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe sowie Psychiatrie erzielt werden. Mithilfe eines solchen Werkzeugs sollte es in Zukunft möglich sein, den Lernprozess der Studierenden in allen Stadien besser steuern und die Fortschritte intensiver verfolgen zu können.
Planning for a Canadian Contribution to a Soil Moisture Mission: First Workshop on Canadian SMAP Applications and Cal‐Val; Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 6–7 October 2009
Authors: Bélair Stéphanie , Melo Stella
Published: January 2010

The Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission will combine low‐frequency microwave radiometer and high‐resolution radar instruments to measure surface soil moisture and freeze‐thaw state. This NASA mission, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, has the potential to enable a diverse range of applications including drought and flood guidance, agricultural productivity estimation and risk mitigation, weather forecasting, climate predictions, human health risk assessment and mitigation, and defense systems. Recognizing the potential relevance of SMAP's measurements for Canada, Environment Canada (EC) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) are joining efforts to develop Canadian participation in this mission.

As part of this effort, the First Workshop on Canadian SMAP Applications and Cal‐Val was held in Canada. The main objective of this workshop was to develop a consolidated plan for Canadian participation in the SMAP mission that would address the needs of different Canadian government departments and academia.
Why calcite can be stronger than quartz
Authors: Mancktelow Neil S. , Pennacchioni Giorgio
Published: January 2010

In the Neves area (Eastern Alps), calcite forms asymmetric centimeter‐scale single‐crystal porphyroclasts in quartz mylonites developed during hydrous amphibolite facies metamorphism at ∼550°C. Under these conditions, coarse calcite was clearly stronger than the surrounding polycrystalline, dynamically recrystallized, quartz matrix. Experimental results indicate that coarse calcite is less strain rate sensitive than wet quartzite, consistent with an inversion in strength on extrapolation to natural strain rates. For this to occur, wet quartzite must be weak, flowing at differential stress of <10 MPa. The lack of high‐temperature twins (showing bulging or recrystallization) in calcite clasts is consistent with such low stresses during shear zone development under near peak metamorphic conditions. The maximum effective viscosity ratio of coarse calcite to quartzite for these conditions is probably not large (<10). However, numerical modeling shows that ratios of around 2 are sufficient to maintain near rigid calcite clast behavior for power law rheology with stress exponents appropriate to quartz (n ∼ 3–4) and coarse calcite (n ≥ 6). The inversion in relative strength reflects the difference in influence of water on the crystal plastic flow of calcite and quartz: water has a dramatic effect for quartz but little or no effect for calcite. Quartz‐rich rocks under hydrous amphibolite facies conditions in the middle to lower crust are therefore relatively weak (in fact, weaker than coarse calcite) and flow at much lower stresses than dry quartz‐rich rocks at similar crustal levels.
Diurnal‐scale signatures of monsoon rainfall over the Indian region from TRMM satellite observations
Authors: Sahany Sandeep , Venugopal V. , Nanjundiah Ravi S.
Published: January 2010

One of the most important modes of summer season precipitation variability over the Indian region, the diurnal cycle, is studied using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3‐hourly, 0.25° × 0.25° 3B42 rainfall product for nine years (1999–2007). Most previous studies have provided an analysis of a single year or a few years of satellite‐ or station‐based rainfall data. Our study aims to systematically analyze the statistical characteristics of the diurnal‐scale signature of rainfall over the Indian and surrounding regions. Using harmonic analysis, we extract the signal corresponding to diurnal and subdiurnal variability. Subsequently, the 3‐hourly time period or the octet of rainfall peak for this filtered signal, referred to as the “peak octet,” is estimated, with care taken to eliminate spurious peaks arising out of Gibbs oscillations. Our analysis suggests that over the Bay of Bengal, there are three distinct modes of the peak octet of diurnal rainfall corresponding to 1130, 1430, and 1730 Indian standard time (IST), from the north central to south bay. This finding could be seen to be consistent with southward propagation of the diurnal rainfall pattern reported by earlier studies. Over the Arabian Sea, there is a spatially coherent pattern in the mode of the peak octet (1430 IST), in a region where it rains for more than 30% of the time. In the equatorial Indian Ocean, while most of the western part shows a late night/early morning peak, the eastern part does not show a spatially coherent pattern in the mode of the peak octet owing to the occurrence of a dual maxima (early morning and early/late afternoon). The Himalayan foothills were found to have a mode of peak octet corresponding to 0230 IST, whereas over the Burmese mountains and the Western Ghats (west coast of India) the rainfall peaks during late afternoon/early evening (1430–1730 IST). This implies that the phase of the diurnal cycle over inland orography (e.g., Himalayas) is significantly different from coastal orography (e.g., Western Ghats). We also find that over the Gangetic plains, the peak octet is around 1430 IST, a few hours earlier compared to the typical early evening maxima over land.
Climate and Melting Variability in Antarctica
Authors: Tedesco Marco , Monaghan Andrew J.
Published: January 2010

Scientists have observed large increases in melting on the Greenland Ice Sheet in recent decades. But what is happening in Antarctica?

Temperature increases during the past 50–100 years have been recorded for the Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctica. Melting over Antarctica has been monitored since 1979 using spaceborne passive microwave observations. The sign of the melting trends over Antarctica is variable at regional scales, depending on the period analyzed and on the indices used, with the continent‐averaged trend being negligible.
Aerosol Remote Sensing From Space: Determination of Atmospheric Aerosol Properties Using Satellite Measurements; Bad Honnef, Germany, 16–19 August 2009
Authors: Kokhanovsky A. , Kinne S.
Published: January 2010

Aerosol optical depth (AOD), a measure of how much light is attenuated by aerosol particles, provides scientists information about the amount and type of aerosols in the atmosphere. Recent developments in aerosol remote sensing was the theme of a workshop held in Germany. The workshop was sponsored by the Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Foundation and attracted 67 participants from 12 countries.

The workshop focused on the determination (retrieval) of AOD and its spectral dependence using measurements of changes to the solar radiation backscattered to space. The midvisible AOD is usually applied to define aerosol amount, while the size of aerosol particles is indicated by the AOD spectral dependence and is commonly expressed by the Angstrom parameter. Identical properties retrieved by different sensors, however, display significant diversity, especially over continents. A major reason for this is that the derivation of AOD requires more accurate determination of nonaerosol contributions to the sensed satellite signal than is usually available. In particular, surface reflectance data as a function of the viewing geometry and robust cloud‐clearing methods are essential retrieval elements. In addition, the often needed assumptions about aerosol properties in terms of absorption and size are more reasons for the discrepancy between different AOD measurements.
Rodríguez‐Iturbe Receives 2009 William Bowie Medal
Authors: Eagleson Peter S. , Rodríguez‐Iturbe Ignacio
Published: January 2010

Ignacio Rodrguez‐Iturbe was awarded the 2009 William Bowie Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 16 December 2009 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research.”
B‐cell development: one problem, multiple solutions
Authors: Alitheen Noorjahan Banu , McClure Susan , McCullagh Peter
Published: January 2010

Interspecies variations in the processes of B‐cell development and repertoire generation contrast with the greater consistency of T‐cell development. B‐cell development in mice and humans, with postnatal B‐cell generation of new repertoire in the bone marrow throughout life, is regarded as the ‘standard’ pattern. In contrast, accounts of B cells in birds, sheep, cattle, rabbits and pigs (the ‘other’ species) describe cessation of gene diversification in the perinatal period, with the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) functioning as the primary lymphoid organ thereafter. It has become customary to regard the developmental pathways of T and B cells within any individual species as being as dissimilar as the functions of the two mature cell types. Reinterpretation of B‐cell development patterns in different species is overdue in response to two types of reports. The first of these describe T–B ‘crossover’, specifically the intrathymic production of B cells and the extrathymic production of T cells. The second attests to the extent of sharing of B‐cell developmental features across the two groups of species. We propose that, as is a feature of other haematopoietic cells, a menu of alternative B‐ and T‐cell pathways has been retained and shared across species. A single pathway usually predominates in any species, masking alternatives. The observed predominance of any pathway is determined by factors such as placental permeability, extent of maturation of the immune system by birth and the feasibility of direct experimental intervention in development.
Systematic image‐driven analysis of the spatial Drosophila embryonic expression landscape
Authors: Frise Erwin , Hammonds Ann S , Celniker Susan E
Published: January 2010

Discovery of temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression is essential for understanding the regulatory networks and development in multicellular organisms. We analyzed the images from our large‐scale spatial expression data set of early Drosophila embryonic development and present a comprehensive computational image analysis of the expression landscape. For this study, we created an innovative virtual representation of embryonic expression patterns using an elliptically shaped mesh grid that allows us to make quantitative comparisons of gene expression using a common frame of reference. Demonstrating the power of our approach, we used gene co‐expression to identify distinct expression domains in the early embryo; the result is surprisingly similar to the fate map determined using laser ablation. We also used a clustering strategy to find genes with similar patterns and developed new analysis tools to detect variation within consensus patterns, adjacent non‐overlapping patterns, and anti‐correlated patterns. Of the 1800 genes investigated, only half had previously assigned functions. The known genes suggest developmental roles for the clusters, and identification of related patterns predicts requirements for co‐occurring biological functions.
Modeling the hydrolysis of the polymeric brominated flame retardants BC-58 and FR-1025
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya
Published: January 2010

The SPARC software program was used to estimate the acid-catalyzed, neutral, and base-catalyzed hydrolysis rate constants for the polymeric brominated flame retardants BC-58 and FR-1025, as well as the hydrolyzable daughter products of BC-58. Relatively rapid hydrolysis of BC-58, producing 2,4,6-tribromophenol and tetrabromobisphenol A as the hydrolytically stable end products from all potential hydrolysis reactions, is expected in both environmental and biological systems with starting material hydrolytic half lives (t~1/2,hydr~) ranging from less than one hour in marine systems, several hours in cellular environments, and up to several weeks in slightly acid fresh waters. Hydrolysis of FR-1025 to give 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromobenzyl alcohol is expected to be slower (t~1/2,hydr~ less than 0.5 years in marine systems up to several years in fresh waters) than BC-58, but is also expected to occur at rates that will contribute significantly to environmental and in vivo loadings of this compound.
Pharmacophore Modeling and Binding Analysis for targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis MurC ligase
Authors: N Yogesh , P Jignesh , K Vivek , Mohan C Gopi
Published: January 2010

Despite the availability of effective chemotherapy and the moderately protective vaccine, new anti-Tuberculosis agents are urgently needed to decrease the global incidence of Tuberculosis (TB). The resumption of TB, mainly caused by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains and HIV epidemics, led to an increased need to understand the molecular mechanisms of drug action and drug resistance, which should provide significant insight into the development of newer compounds.Based on this ground, computational studies of Mtb-MurC enzyme inhibition were carried out to find out novel lead molecules against the same.
Supported N-alkylimidazole-decorated dendrons as heterogeneous catalysts for the Baylis–Hillman reaction
Authors: Goren Kerem , Portnoy Moshe
Published: January 2010

The activity of supported N-alkylimidazole catalysts could be dramatically enhanced by introduction of a dendritic spacer and further improved by addition of water as a cosolvent.
Impact of substitutional and interstitial carbon defects on lattice parameters in MgB2
Authors: Bengtson Amelia K. , Bark Chung Wung , Giencke Jonathan , Dai Wenqing , Xi Xiaoxing , Eom Chang-Beom , Morgan Dane
Published: January 2010

Carbon (C)-doping has been found to increase the upper critical field HC2 in superconducting MgB2 thin-film and bulk samples. However, the C effects on both HC2 and lattice parameters are very different between thin films and bulk, suggesting C may incorporate differently in the two cases. This paper combines ab initio calculations and thin-film lattice parameter measurements to explore the connection between substitutional and interstitial C in MgB2 and experimental bulk and thin-film lattice parameters.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry study of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbon alloy films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Basa D. K. , Abbate G. , Ambrosone G. , Coscia U. , Marino A.
Published: January 2010

The optical properties of the hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbon alloy films, prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique from silane and methane gas mixture diluted in helium, have been investigated using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry in the photon energy range from 0.73 to 4.59 eV. Tauc–Lorentz model has been employed for the analysis of the optical spectra and it has been demonstrated that the model parameters are correlated with the carbon content as well as to the structural properties of the studied films.
Microfluidic pumping optimization in microgrooved channels with ac electrothermal actuations
Authors: Du E. , Manoochehri Souran
Published: January 2010

An optimization methodology is developed and applied to an ac electrothermal pump design with patterned microgrooved features. The microgrooved configuration can overcome the restrictions of the conventional planar configuration on pumping performance by diminishing fast backward flows and suppressing prolonged streamlines. At all frequency excitations (0.2–1000 MHz) and ion concentration conditions (5×10−3–0.1 M), the optimum microgrooved configuration generates much faster flow rate than planar configuration. This happens without additional increases in the maximum temperature values. The effects of elevated temperature on ac ET flow behavior is investigated and analyzed.
Heavy ion beam probe coordinate mapping and calibration at WEGA stellarator
Authors: Podoba Y. , Otte M. , Wagner F. , Krupnik L. , Zhezhera A.
Published: January 2010

The heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) is an established nonperturbing diagnostic for high spatially and temporary resolved measurements of magnetically confined plasma parameters such as potential, density, and temperature. These quantities can be determined from the change in the ion beam parameters (charge, intensity, and trajectory) passing through a plasma volume due to collisions with electrons and interaction with the confining magnetic field. One of the problems that should be solved during HIBP installation and tuning is the coordinate matching. Conventionally the coordinate mapping of the HIBP measurement point is provided by ray tracing calculations of the ion beam in the magnetic field. However, it is very difficult to include all physical effects and uncertainties in the model. Thus, the result of the calculations may differ from the real probing position. In order to improve the mapping precision of the HIBP installed at the WEGA stellarator an additional measurement of the beam position is provided using a primary beam detector array inside the vacuum vessel. This allows comparing the measured and calculated ion beam positions in order to prove the calculated coordinate precision and include adjustments in the calculation code if necessary. The principle and the results of this calibration, which is not specific to WEGA but could be adapted to other experiments as well, are presented in this work.
Temperature behavior of electron-acceptor transitions and oxygen vacancy recombinations in ZnO thin films
Authors: Meng Xiangdong , Shi Zhiming , Chen Xiaobing , Zeng Xianghua , Fu Zhuxi
Published: January 2010

The present study focuses on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of ZnO films prepared by the reaction of water and zinc. Temperature-dependent PL characteristics of the ZnO films have been investigated in the range from 15 to 260 K. The PL spectrum at 15 K is dominated by neutral donor-bound exciton (D0X) emissions. The emission line at about 3.304 eV can be due to the transition of free electrons to neutral acceptor states (eA0). It is suggested that the ultraviolet emission at room temperature can be attributed to the incorporation of eA0 and free exciton (FX) transitions, rather than sole FX. According to the temperature behavior of green band, it is further confirmed that the green emission is mainly related to the singly ionized oxygen vacancies.
Charge separation dynamics at molecular heterojunction of C60 and zinc phthalocyanine
Authors: Kodama Yasunobu , Ohno Kaoru
Published: January 2010

A molecular heterojunction of C60 and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) is one of the prospective candidates for creating organic thin film solar cells. Carrying out Ehrenfest dynamics simulations on the basis of the time-dependent density functional theory, we investigate how the charge separation proceeds between C60 and ZnPc at different intermolecular distances when C60 is put on top of ZnPc. We find that the charge separation becomes most efficient around d=3.0 Å. In addition, if oligo (p-phenylenevynilene) periphery is attached to the ZnPc core, the concurrence of the light-harvesting property of this nearly planer π conjugated complex makes the photoabsorption range wider.
Strain-induced enhancement of electric quadrupole splitting in resistively detected nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in quantum Hall systems
Authors: Kawamura M. , Yamashita T. , Takahashi H. , Masubuchi S. , Hashimoto Y. , Katsumoto S. , Machida T.
Published: January 2010

We show electrical coherent manipulation of quadrupole-split nuclear spin states in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure on the basis of the breakdown of quantum Hall effect. The electric quadrupole splitting in nuclear spin energy levels is intentionally enhanced by applying an external stress to the heterostructure. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra with clearly separated triple peaks are obtained, and Rabi oscillations are observed between the nuclear spin energy levels. The decay of the spin-echo signal is compared between the cases before and after the enhancement of quadrupole splitting.
Influence of the attractive pair-potential in density functional models of nucleation
Authors: Parra Ignacio E. , Graňa José C.
Published: January 2010

The influence of different types of attractive pair-potentials in density functional models of homogeneous nucleation is analyzed. The models considered here are based on the local-density approximation of the free-energy functional and make use of the same hard-sphere reference fluid (the Carnahan–Starling approximation). The analyzed magnitude is the ratio between the obtained density functional theory nucleation barrier height and the corresponding classical result. Some recent studies suggest that such an energy ratio follows a universal scaling relation which is independent of the form of the pair-potential. The present analysis confirms that the results are weakly dependent on the form of the interaction potential, provided that its asymptotic decay is strong enough as for those that are usually considered in practice: Yukawa, Lennard-Jones, Square-Well, etc. However, when the asymptotic decay at infinity of the attractive pair-potential is weak enough, the conjectured scaling behavior ceases to be applicable and the nucleation barrier ratio can be reduced significantly.
Dispersion relations of nonlinearly coupled electromagnetic and electrostatic waves in relativistic plasmas
Authors: Pesch T. C. , Kull H.-J.
Published: January 2010

In the present work large amplitude electromagnetic waves in cold plasmas at relativistic intensities are studied analytically in a plane wave geometry. Special attention is drawn to the nonlinear coupling of electromagnetic and electrostatic modes. In the framework of the Akhiezer–Polovin model, periodic and more general quasiperiodic waves are taken into account. For small densities a two-time-scale method is used to calculate an analytical solution up to the fourth order in the plasma density. Nonlinear dispersion relations are calculated for coupled waves, taking into account the full plasma response for linear as well as for circular polarization. In the presence of a large amplitude electrostatic wave, the results show a major difference from the commonly considered dispersion relation for electromagnetic waves. Finally, the solutions of the Akhiezer–Polovin model are compared with particle-in-cell simulations.
Comment on “Experimental observation of carbon dioxide reduction in exhaust gas from hydrocarbon fuel burning” [Phys. Plasmas 16, 114502 (2009)]
Authors: Byun Youngchul , Shin Dong Nam
Published: January 2010

The following comments are intended to clarify whether it is possible to convert CO2 into C+O2 by supplying just one-twentieth of energy required thermodynamically, only under the condition that the negative high voltage of dc is applied to the gas stream perpendicularly, in a recent article by Uhm and Kim [H. S. Uhm and C. H. Kim, Phys. Plasmas 16, 114502 (2009)]. Of particular concern is the disobedience of the first and second laws of thermodynamics together with the indistinct measurement of experimental data.
Communications: Self-energy and corresponding virial contribution of electrostatic interactions in dissipative particle dynamics: Simulations of cationic lipid bilayers
Authors: Gao Lianghui , Fang Weihai
Published: January 2010

General expressions of self-energy and corresponding virial terms for electrostatic interactions in dissipative particle dynamics simulations are derived in this article. In the lattice-sum electrostatics, we found the essential process is to solve the electric field equation of each individual point charge. Strong inward pressure caused by the self-energy is eliminated by subtracting the corresponding virial from the total virial. The resulting method is tested by simulating cationic lipid bilayers in constant pressure ensemble.
“She's a Waterfall”: Motion Aftereffect and Perceptual Design in Video Games Involving Virtual Musicianship
Authors: Dyson Benjamin J
Published: January 2010

A particularly unpleasant version of motion aftereffect was revealed after extensively playing proprietary video games in which the task is to co-ordinate spatially distributed responses in time with music. During playing, key musical and rhythmic phrases descend as coloured shapes from the top of the screen. After playing, static text is presented that appears to slide upwards, reflecting a neural reaction contrary to the falling shapes. The game both serves as a contemporary example of motion aftereffect and also highlights certain cross-modal associations between space, time, and sound in the design of stimulus-response relations.
Pincher-generated Nogo-A endosomes mediate growth cone collapse and retrograde signaling
Authors: Joset Armela , Dodd Dana A. , Halegoua Simon , Schwab Martin E.
Published: January 2010

Nogo-A is one of the most potent myelin-associated inhibitors for axonal growth, regeneration, and plasticity in the adult central nervous system. The Nogo-A–specific fragment NogoΔ20 induces growth cone collapse, and inhibits neurite outgrowth and cell spreading by activating RhoA. Here, we show that NogoΔ20 is internalized into neuronal cells by a Pincher- and rac-dependent, but clathrin- and dynamin-independent, mechanism. Pincher-mediated macroendocytosis results in the formation of NogoΔ20-containing signalosomes that direct RhoA activation and growth cone collapse. In compartmentalized chamber cultures, NogoΔ20 is endocytosed into neurites and retrogradely transported to the cell bodies of dorsal root ganglion neurons, triggering RhoA activation en route and decreasing phosphorylated cAMP response element binding levels in cell bodies. Thus, Pincher-dependent macroendocytosis leads to the formation of Nogo-A signaling endosomes, which act both within growth cones and after retrograde transport in the cell body to negatively regulate the neuronal growth program.
Replication factory activation can be decoupled from the replication timing program by modulating Cdk levels
Authors: Thomson Alexander M. , Gillespie Peter J. , Blow J. Julian
Published: January 2010

In the metazoan replication timing program, clusters of replication origins located in different subchromosomal domains fire at different times during S phase. We have used Xenopus laevis egg extracts to drive an accelerated replication timing program in mammalian nuclei. Although replicative stress caused checkpoint-induced slowing of the timing program, inhibition of checkpoint kinases in an unperturbed S phase did not accelerate it. Lowering cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity slowed both replication rate and progression through the timing program, whereas raising Cdk activity increased them. Surprisingly, modest alteration of Cdk activity changed the amount of DNA synthesized during different stages of the timing program. This was associated with a change in the number of active replication factories, whereas the distribution of origins within active factories remained relatively normal. The ability of Cdks to differentially effect replication initiation, factory activation, and progression through the timing program provides new insights into the way that chromosomal DNA replication is organized during S phase.
Ecological optimization of an irreversible quantum Carnot heat engine with spin-1/2 systems
Authors: Liu Xiaowei , Chen Lingen , Wu Feng , Sun Fengrui
Published: January 2010

A model of a quantum heat engine with heat resistance, internal irreversibility and heat leakage and many non-interacting spin-1/2 systems is established in this paper. The quantum heat engine cycle is composed of two isothermal processes and two irreversible adiabatic processes and is referred to as a spin quantum Carnot heat engine. Based on the quantum master equation and the semi-group approach, equations of some important performance parameters, such as power output, efficiency, entropy generation rate and ecological function (a criterion representing the optimal compromise between exergy output rate and exergy loss rate), for the irreversible spin quantum Carnot heat engine are derived. The optimal ecological performance of the heat engine in the classical limit is analyzed with numerical examples. The effects of internal irreversibility and heat leakage on ecological performance are discussed in detail.
The damped Pinney equation and its applications to dissipative quantum mechanics
Authors: Haas F
Published: January 2010

The present work considers the damped Pinney equation, defined as the model arising when a linear in velocity damping term is included in the Pinney equation. In the general case, the resulting equation does not admit Lie point symmetries or reduction to a simpler form by any obvious coordinate transformation. In this context, the method of Kuzmak–Luke is applied to derive a perturbation solution, for weak damping and slow time dependence of the frequency function. The perturbative and numerical solutions are shown to be in good agreement. The results are applied to examine the time evolution of Gaussian-shaped wave functions in the Kostin formulation of dissipative quantum mechanics.
Relativistic laser self-focusing in a plasma with transverse magnetic field
Authors: Hassoon Khaleel I , Sharma Ashok K , Khamis Raad A
Published: January 2010

The relativistic self-focusing of an intense laser beam, propagating in a plasma transverse to the ambient magnetic field, has been studied using the slab model. The laser propagates in the extraordinary mode with Gaussian distribution of intensity in one transverse dimension and focuses in a periodic manner on the distance of propagation. The extent of self-focusing increases with increasing magnetic field. Both the minimum spot size and the self-focusing length decrease with magnetic field.
Introduction
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

To young creative artists of the 1920s, New York City seemed to hold unprecedented charm and unlimited potential. As a talented new generation of American writers, musicians, and painters reached maturity—ranging from Langston Hughes and Ernest Hemingway to Josephine Baker, Duke Ellington, Arthur Dove, and Georgia O'Keeffe—it included composers who wrote music for the concert hall, most notably George Antheil, Aaron Copland, Henry Cowell, Ruth Crawford, George Gershwin, Roy Harris, Roger Sessions, William Grant Still, and Virgil Thomson. Over the course of the decade, American composers of concert music explored an imaginative range of styles and ideologies, all under the banner of modernism. Leaders emerged among them: first the French-American Edgard Varèse; and by the second half of the decade, Copland and Cowell. This book looks at the extraordinary network of composers and ideologies that gave rise to modernist music—or new music—in New York City, from World War I until the early years of the Depression.
12 Women Patrons and Activists
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

The modern music organizations that sprang up in New York City during the 1920s made composers their focus. Yet the establishment of these institutions by no means involved only composers but rather an intricate network of publishers, promoters, performers, editors, and patrons. No movement of isolated trailblazers, American modernism grew out of an interconnected community. With energy and imagination, a series of women worked intensely and often anonymously to give composers viability on the American cultural scene. This chapter focuses on yet another sector of female activity within New York's modern music community: the patronage of Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, Alma Morgenthau Wertheim, and Blanche Walton, and the organizational achievement of Claire Reis. These women have largely been absent from chronicles of the period—partly because they chose to keep a low profile and documentation of their work is uneven—but also because of lingering attitudes about gender and the writing of history.
Epilogue
Authors: Oja Carol J.
Published: January 2010

In many ways, New York City yielded a thriving marketplace for modernism during the 1920s. As the decade progressed, modernist music became ever more varied, and by its end, a new generation of American composers and critics had come into its own. At the same time, an institutional network for new music took shape, and an aesthetic agenda was set in place that fueled American composition for the rest of the century. Perhaps most striking of all was the way the 1920s turned the Atlantic into a conduit for artistic exchange. Americans traveled abroad, Europeans visited the United States, and music by both was heard in both places. Whether Dada and its accompanying tie to machines, neoclassicism, or the pursuit of dissonance, each new artistic preoccupation of the period had practitioners on both sides of the Atlantic. America's relationship to Europe also emerged as an important factor in the “high-low” debate—especially in the criticism of Paul Rosenfeld, which did so much to define American modernism.
Renouncing War
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: January 2010

This chapter deals with the Potsdam policy of demilitarization, which went beyond disarming the Wehrmacht and eventually led to a distancing from militarism.
“To Better People Their Land, and to Bring the Country to Produce More Abundantly”
Authors: FOOTE THELMA WILLS
Published: January 2010

This chapter tracks the Dutch colonization project of Manhattan Island from 1624 to 1664 and shows that following the Dutch invasion, Manhattan Island became a dynamic zone of cross-cultural contact and polyvalent relations of power between WIC officials, natives, settlers, and slaves. It reveals that colonial New York City's pluralism — its demographic and sociocultural diversity — was a direct product of the project of colony building.
Epilogue: Listening to Bach’s Passions Today
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: January 2010

Does any of this matter? Bach's passion repertory was sung, played, and thought about very differently in his own time. Our ways of performing, listening, and understanding are unlike those of the 18th century—hardly surprising given the distance in culture and time. This suggests that Bach's passion music, able to engage listeners even in radically different circumstances, is compelling at some fundamental level that transcends performance practices and contexts.
The Colonizing Ear
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Christopher Page first ruffled the early-music world in the late 1970s, when he (and, independently, the American scholar Craig Wright) put forward a radical hypothesis. It held that the instruments popularized by Noah Greenberg, Thomas Binkley, and David Munrow were modern impositions; that medieval polyphony was usually performed with voices taking every line and with little or, more often, no instrumental accompaniment; and that even monophonic music may often have been sung unaccompanied. Audiences and performers had come to love those shawms and rebecs, and scholars had supported their use, so it is not surprising that the idea was hardly welcomed—except, significantly, in the United Kingdom, with its wealth of cathedral-trained singers. This chapter presents an interview with Page on medieval music, the medieval experience of music, secular song performance, complex three-texted motets, sacred music and chant, connection of music with mathematics and science, historical performances and how to recognize them, accuracy of duration, and expressiveness in singing texts.
Family Life
Authors: Liberles Robert
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that the dynamics of Jewish family life in early modern Germany did not differ markedly from those of their neighbors. Except for the wealthy, women generally married between their late teens and late twenties, and men usually wed in their twenties. Family size was not unusually large, nor was it likely to be when the age at marriage was not substantially different from that of non-Jews. Husbands and wives divided their responsibilities in ways that also paralleled the society around them. Residential and economic restrictions caused one fundamental and significant difference between Jewish and Christian family life. Both Jewish males and females were more likely than Christians to move away from their native homes to establish their own families and households, and males, working more in commerce than agriculture, were more likely to be away from the family in order to provide support.
Economic Life
Authors: Liberles Robert
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows how legal restrictions greatly influenced Jewish occupational structure, both directly and indirectly. Jews chose commerce frequently because so many other spheres of livelihood, for example, those associated with membership in a guild, were closed. Many sold as peddlers, some in market stalls or shops. Moneylending became a secondary occupation, appearing often in the context of providing credit as part of a sales transaction. Despite the restrictions Jews faced, opportunities, personal initiative, and circumstances resulted in a rich diversity of occupational choices. Jews either engaged primarily in commerce or in some form of service for other Jews or for the population at large. Half of German Jewry lacked any savings of capital, but many were still better off than their Christian neighbors.
Education
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that virtually every German Jew born in the second and third quarters of the 19th century received an elementary German education and could read and write German. Advanced Talmudic education now took place only at rabbinical seminaries and a few Posen study houses. Jews were already overrepresented among students in secondary schools and in the universities, even if the majority of Jews still did not have such an advanced education. The days in which the German Jews could be seen as a mainly illiterate backward group unable to communicate in German were over. A new stereotype — f the overeducated Jewish intellectual — would replace the old stereotype of the uneducated Jew in Imperial Germany.
Musical Ghosts That Become Means To A New Identity
Authors: Sweers Britta
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues that a modern revival of traditional music is accompanied by a shift in the sociocultural network of which the original music had been a part. Traditional and revival cultures thus often represent two completely different sociocultural environments. Likewise, many English revivalists did not grow up in a traditional, but rather an American musical environment, which was also imitated and adapted. Yet, becoming increasingly part of a global mainstream, many — strongly influenced by A. L. Lloyd and Ewan MacColl — subsequently started to rediscover English music as a counter-identity. The modern re-adaptation process was also shaped by the use of modern mass media, which led to a broad selection process. Yet many musicians developed an intensive and conscious relationship to the tradition. While political issues also played a central role, traditional music was especially taken as a strong means of cultural identity within a globalized context by these musicians.
White Womanhood, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Massive Resistance
Authors: McRae Elizabeth Gillespie
Published: January 2010

This chapter draws on traditional constructions of maternal responsibilities in constructing a public role as defender of white supremacy. It argues that women had a duty to campaign against racial integration in order to protect the welfare of current and future generations of white southerners. It notes that this increased public activism on the part of white southern women was by implication a criticism of the incompetence of the male power structure. It shows that white women served more than a rhetorical purpose for the segregationist cause as passive victims in need of male protection.
How to Spin a Good Horo
Authors: Buchanan Donna A. , Folse Stuart
Published: January 2010

This chapter is a study of Bulgarian composition and improvisation, with: The Horo and Horo Categories; Horo Improvisation: Georgi Andreev's Guided Tour; Song-Based Hora; Instrumental Hora; and Application and Analysis: A Horo by Stoyan Velichkov.
Flamenco in Focus
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: January 2010

This chapter provides an analysis of flamenco guitar and song: The Musical Elements of Flamenco; Flamenco Guitar; Soleares; A quién le contaré yo, sung by Juan Talega; and Is There an Indigenous Flamenco “Theory”?
An Afro-Cuban Batá Piece for Obatalá, King of the White Cloth
Authors: Moore Robin , Sayre Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

This chapter provides Cuban Batá drumming in analytical perspective, covering: Listening To Afro-Cuban Batá Drumming; The Music Of Obatalá; and Drum Talk In Obatalá.
Autonomy and Dialog in Elliott Carter's Enchanted Preludes
Authors: Roeder John
Published: January 2010

This chapter provides a detailed examination of a contemporary chamber work by a celebrated American composer, with: Social and Artistic Context; One Composer's Response; Sources of Autonomy: Definitions; Textural Overview; Pitch-Interval Dialogue; Deepening Engagements; and Closure.
Neuronal Differentiation: From Axons to Synapses
Authors: Mintz C. David , Bekirov Iddil H. , Anderson Tonya R. , Benson Deanna L.
Published: January 2010

A newly born neuron generates a single axon and a somatodendritic domain. As it matures, it engages, by way of synapses, a select population of the 20 billion other differentiating neurons in the human central nervous system. The connections that ultimately form are stereotyped and, for the most part, faithfully recapitulated across individuals. This chapter outlines major events in differentiation, highlighting the key cellular events and molecular mechanisms governing the process.
Neuronal Survival is Compromised by Ethanol: Extracellular Mediators
Authors: Miller Michael W. , Bruns Maria B. , Hoffman Paula L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the effects of ethanol on the incidence of neuronal death and the extracellular mediators that define this death. Ethanol-induced neuronal death occurs during defined periods of the developmental time line. These time periods coincide with those of neuronogenesis and primary synaptogenesis, which are periods of naturally occurring neuronal death (NOND). Exposure of ethanol at this time may exacerbate processes involved in NOND.
Neural Crest and Developmental Exposure to Ethanol
Authors: Smith Susan M. , Debelak-Kragtorp Katherine A.
Published: January 2010

The realization that the developing neural crest is a target of ethanol dates back to the original descriptions of fetal alcohol syndrome. A key discovery was a characteristics facial dysmorphology that often, but not necessarily, accompanies the neurobehavioral and neurocognitive deficits. This chapter summarizes the literature on neural crest and ethanol, highlighting the issues that can benefit from further research.
Neural Precursors as Preferential Targets for Drug Abuse: Long-Term Consequences and Latent Susceptibility to Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Hauser Kurt F. , El-Hage Nazira , Buch Shreya , Barnes Gregory N. , Bada Henrietta S. , Pauly James R.
Published: January 2010

Considerable evidence suggests that drugs with abuse liability disrupt development by affecting the production of new neurons and glia. The effects of drug abuse are not limited to a particular cell type, germinal zone, or stage of development, but rather uniquely affect individual neuronal and glial precursor types with various germinal zones. Germinal zones are targeted to varying degrees by most substance with abuse liability. This chapter discusses the effects of opiates and nicotine on the genesis of neural cells.
Chapter 8 Regular Morphology and the Lexicon
Authors: Bybee Joan
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers the claims that arose in the Great Past Tense Debate, which was triggered by the connectionist simulation of the acquisition of the English past tense. An important topic in the debate centers on the role of type frequency. Proponents of the dual mechanism argue that productivity is structurally determined; somehow the child learns which is the default rule, possibly by having heard it in a default environment. In this theory, type frequency is of no consequence. In the connectionist account and based on a network model, type frequency is a strong determining factor for productivity. This chapter argues that there are degrees of productivity that correspond to the interaction of phonological similarity with type frequency and that high-frequency regular past tense forms are represented in the mental lexicon.