bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arousal State-Dependent Alterations in VTA-GABAergic Neuronal Activity
Authors: Eban-Rothschild Ada , Borniger Jeremy C. , Rothschild Gideon , Giardino William J. , Morrow Joshua G. , de Lecea Luis
Published: February 2020

Decades of research have implicated the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in motivation, learning and reward processing. We and others recently demonstrated that it also serves as an important node in sleep/wake regulation. Specifically, VTA-dopaminergic neuron activation is sufficient to drive wakefulness and necessary for the maintenance of wakefulness. However, the role of VTA-GABAergic neurons in arousal regulation is not fully understood. It is still unclear whether VTA-GABAergic neurons predictably alter their activity across arousal states, what is the nature of interactions between VTA-GABAergic activity and cortical oscillations, and how activity in VTA-GABAergic neurons relates to VTA-dopaminergic neurons in the context of sleep/wake regulation. To address these, we simultaneously recorded population activity from VTA subpopulations and electroencephalography/electromyography (EEG/EMG) signals during spontaneous sleep/wake states and in the presence of salient stimuli in freely-behaving mice. We found that VTA-GABAergic neurons exhibit robust arousal-state-dependent alterations in population activity, with high activity and transients during wakefulness and REM sleep. During wakefulness, population activity of VTA-GABAergic neurons, but not VTA-dopaminergic neurons, was positively correlated with EEG γ power and negatively correlated with θ power. During NREM sleep, population activity in both VTA-GABAergic and VTA-dopaminergic neurons negatively correlated with δ, θ, and σ power bands. Salient stimuli, with both positive and negative valence, activated VTA-GABAergic neurons. Together, our data indicate that VTA-GABAergic neurons, like their dopaminergic counterparts, drastically alter their activity across sleep-wake states. Changes in their activity predicts cortical oscillatory patterns reflected in the EEG, which are distinct from EEG spectra associated with dopaminergic neural activity.
Costa Rica’s Water Paradox: Linking Rainforests and Droughts through the Water-Energy-Food-Environment Nexus in Guanacaste Province
Authors: Magliocca Nicholas R. , Gonzalez-Jimenez Eugenio
Published: February 2020

Costa Rica is known as a verdant, tropical paradise with rich rainforests, abundant wildlife, striking mountains and volcanoes, and picturesque beaches. However, the perceived abundance of Costa Rica’s water resources is only true for part of the country. The same geography and climate that bring abundant precipitation to most of southern Costa Rica and its Caribbean coast also leave the northern Pacific province of Guanacaste with substantially less rainfall and even periods of severe drought. This case study focuses on Guanacaste province, which is a major tourist destination as well as one of the country’s most productive agricultural regions. Water from the lush Caribbean slopes of the Lake Arenal region is transported across the continental divide through extensive infrastructure projects. Passing through the semi-arid regions of Guanacaste, hydroelectric power generation, extensive irrigated agriculture, and tourism development use most of the water, supporting a rapidly growing regional economy but leaving increasingly less water for environmental flows. This case study introduces students to “nexus thinking” to explore the multiple and overlapping water, energy, and food (WEF) demands and ecological challenges present in Guanacaste province. Each sector and its interconnections with other sectors are examined in turn through introductory lectures, and enriched by WEF systems thinking activities and class discussions. At the conclusion of this case study curriculum, students will be able to identify and characterize points of intersection, i.e., the nexus, of WEF supply and demand, and trade-offs that exist between WEF resources and biodiversity conservation.
Still an Ethnomusicologist (for Now)
Authors: Schultz Anna
Published: February 2020

This response defends ethnomusicology against Amico’s call for its end, even as the “ethno-” prefix has already become optional in certain contexts. Addressing Amico’s critiques of gender, repertoire, method, and colonialism, the response argues that ethnomusicologists are thinking creatively about the same set of issues raised by Amico and rejects the claim that abandoning ethnomusicology would repair the inequities of music scholarship and music departments. Rather than welcoming the end of ethnomusicology, the response looks toward a future in which music departments collectively embrace a decolonizing mission and discard the West/non-West binary.
Building a Life Despite It All: Structural Oppression and Resilience of Undocumented Latina Migrants in Central Florida
Authors: Renfroe SaraJane
Published: February 2020

Immigrants to the United States encounter a multitude of challenges upon arriving. This is further complicated if migrants arrive without legal status and even more so if these migrants are women. My research engages with Kimberlé Crenshaw’s concept of intersectionality to examine interlocking systems of oppression faced by undocumented migrant women living in Central Florida. I worked mainly in Apopka, Florida, with women who migrated from Mexico, Central America, and South America. I found that three broad identity factors shaped their experiences of life in the U.S.: gender, undocumented status, and Latinx identity. The last factor specifically affected women’s lives through not only their own assertions of their identity, but also outsider projections of interviewees’ race, ethnicity, and culture. My research examines how these identity factors affected my interviewees and limited their access to employment, healthcare, and education. Through a collaborative research project involving work with Central Floridian non-pro t and activist organizations, I conducted interviews and participant observation to answer my research questions. Through my research, I found that undocumented Latina migrants in Central Florida face structural vulnerabilities due to gendered and racist immigration policies and social systems, the oppressive effects of which were only partly mitigated by women’s involvement with community organizations. My research exposes fundamental and systemic failures within U.S. immigration policies and demonstrates that U.S. immigration policy must change to address intersectional oppression faced by undocumented Latina migrants.
Disease-free survival as a measure of overall survival in resected pancreatic endocrine neoplasms
Authors: Ricci Claudio , Partelli Stefano , Ingaldi Carlo , Andreasi Valentina , Campana Davide , Muffatti Francesca , Alberici Laura , Giorgi Cecilia , Casadei Riccardo , Falconi Massimo
Published: February 2020

Overall survival (OS) is considered as the standard measure of outcome in oncology. However, considering that resectable pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (Pan-NENs) usually have a long OS, the feasibility of prospective studies is questionable due to a long follow-up period needed. The primary endpoint was to validate the use of disease-free survival (DFS) as a surrogate measure of OS. The secondary endpoint was to calculate the gain in sample size using DFS instead of OS in hypothetical prospective studies with two parallel groups. A systematic review of studies reporting both OS and DFS in resected Pan-NENs was carried out. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to evaluate if DFS predicts the OS in patients undergoing radical resection. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to estimate the gain in sample size, supposing the use of DFS instead of OS, to evaluate a hypothetical adjuvant treatment after surgery in a randomized trial. Six studies reporting data about seven cohorts of resected Pan-NENs were included, for a total of 1088 patients. The median OS and DFS were 144 (27–134) and 122 (50–267) months, respectively. There was a significant correlation between DFS and OS (R2 = 0.988; P = 0.035). Monte Carlo simulations showed that the number of patients needed to demonstrate a significant reduction of probability of a ‘target event’ in a hypothetical two-arm group exploring the hypothetical role of adjuvant therapy was reduced using DFS instead OS. This finding supports the legitimacy of using DFS as an acceptable surrogate for OS in surgical clinical trials.
Effects of ERβ and ERα on OVX-induced changes in adiposity and insulin resistance
Authors: Zidon Terese M , Padilla Jaume , Fritsche Kevin L , Welly Rebecca J , McCabe Leighton T , Stricklin Olivia E , Frank Aaron , Park Youngmin , Clegg Deborah J , Lubahn Dennis B , Kanaley Jill A , Vieira-Potter Victoria J
Published: February 2020

Loss of ovarian hormones leads to increased adiposity and insulin resistance (IR), increasing the risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the molecular mechanism behind the adverse systemic and adipose tissue-specific metabolic effects of ovariectomy requires loss of signaling through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) or estrogen receptor β (ERβ). We examined ovariectomized (OVX) and ovary-intactwild-type (WT), ERα-null (αKO), and ERβ-null (βKO) female mice (age ~49 weeks; n = 7–12/group). All mice were fed a phytoestrogen-free diet (<15 mg/kg) and either remained ovary-intact (INT) or were OVX and followed for 12 weeks. Body composition, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, and adipose tissue gene and protein expression were analyzed. INT αKO were ~25% fatter with reduced energy expenditure compared to age-matched INT WT controls and βKO mice (all P < 0.001). Following OVX, αKO mice did not increase adiposity or experience a further increase in IR, unlike WT and βKO, suggesting that loss of signaling through ERα mediates OVX-induced metabolic dysfunction. In fact, OVX in αKO mice (i.e., signaling through ERβ in the absence of ERα) resulted in reduced adiposity, adipocyte size, and IR (P < 0.05 for all). βKO mice responded adversely to OVX in terms of increased adiposity and development of IR. Together, these findings challenge the paradigm that ERα mediates metabolic protection over ERβ in all settings. These findings lead us to suggest that, following ovarian hormone loss, ERβ may mediate protective metabolic benefits.
Radon Progeny Recoil Effect in Retrospective Indoor Glass Dosimetry
Authors: C.D. Tibambre-Heredia  , H. Olaya-Dávila  , A.C. Sevilla  , R. Samasundaram  , J.A. Lopez  , S.A. Martinez-Ovalle  , L. Sajo-Bohus
Published: February 2020

Radon gas diffusion and progeny transport in air, are mechanisms to be considered in retrospective glass dosimetry.   With the aim to contribute to the understanding of the Rn progeny recoil energy role in this dosimetry methodology, we carried out a simulation employing GEANT4 code. In that, we assumed the chemical compound of the glass that is used commonly in households.  Results are compared to experimentally measured 210Bi concentration to show that the recoil energy helps the progenies incrustation, mainly for the 218,214Po alpha emitters but do not influence bismuth-210 diffusion directly. A significant difference exists between our results and measured values; that is interpreted as due to atomic displacement by primary knock-on atoms. The SiO2 molecule binding energy breaks and the following ion recombination, induce a structural modification between the atom by e.g. cavities formation in such a way that reduces significantly the radon progeny diffusion speed.
Toward an Understanding of Advance Care Planning in Children With Medical Complexity
Authors: Orkin Julia , Beaune Laura , Moore Clara , Weiser Natalie , Arje Danielle , Rapoport Adam , Netten Kathy , Adams Sherri , Cohen Eyal , Amin Reshma
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Children with medical complexity (CMC) often have multiple life-limiting conditions with no unifying diagnosis and an unclear prognosis and are at high risk for morbidity and mortality. Advance care planning (ACP) conversations need to be uniquely tailored to this population. Our primary objective for this study was to develop an in-depth understanding of the ACP experiences from the perspectives of both parents and health care providers (HCPs) of CMC.

METHODS:

We conducted 25 semistructured interviews with parents of CMC and HCPs of various disciplines from a tertiary pediatric hospital. Interview guide questions were focused on ACP, including understanding of the definition, positive and negative experiences, and suggestions for improvement. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was reached. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using content analysis.

RESULTS:

Fourteen mothers and 11 HCPs participated in individual interviews. Interviews revealed 4 major themes and several associated subthemes (in parentheses): (1) holistic mind-set, (2) discussion content (beliefs and values, hopes and goals, and quality of life), (3) communication enhancers (partnerships in shared decision-making, supportive setting, early and ongoing conversations, consistent language and practice, family readiness, provider expertise in ACP discussions, and provider comfort in ACP discussions), and (4) the ACP definition.

CONCLUSIONS:

Family and HCP perspectives revealed a need for family-centered ACP for CMC and their families. Our results aided the development of a family-centered framework to enhance the delivery of ACP through a holistic mind-set, thoughtful discussion content, and promoting of conversation enhancers.
Determinación y comparación cualitativa de cannabinoides presentes en productos naturales comerciales del departamento del Cauca-Colombia
Authors: Giraldo Johnnatan Mauricio , Benítez Benítez Ricardo , Sarria-Villa Rodrigo Andrés , Arango Paola Andrea , Franco Jaime Martin
Published: February 2020

Actualmente, hay un creciente interés por el estudio de Cannabis sativa y sus componentes ya que se le atribuye propiedades terapéuticas en el tratamiento de enfermedades. En Colombia y específicamente en el departamento del Cauca se comercializan productos de cannabis tanto para fines no medicinales como terapéuticos. En consecuencia, es necesario el análisis de estos productos de manera que se pueda conocer la composición de los mismos y el posible efecto que pueda tener sobre la salud.El análisis de los componentes de estos productos se llevó a cabo empleando la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR) y espectrometría de masas (EM), de tal manera que permitieron la identificación de las principales especies cannabinoides; Δ9tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG). La separación de los analitos se llevó a cabo mediante la implementación de una columna analítica C18 de fase reversa, elución isocrática 1 mL/min, presión del sistema 800 PSI, una mezcla de acetonitrilo ACN y buffer fosfato (KHPO4) en relación 65/35 como fase móvil, volumen de inyección de 10 µL, un tiempo de análisis de 15 min, y detección a 220 nm.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PAPUAN SEERFISH (Scomberomorus multiradiatus MUNRO, 1964) IN MERAUKE WATERS, PAPUA, INDONESIA
Authors: Kembaren Duranta Diandria , Surahman Adi , Noegroho Tegoeh
Published: February 2020

Papuan seerfish (Scomberomorus multiradiatus; local: tenggiri papua) is an endemic species to the Papuan waters and distributed from the waters of Papua New Guinea to Merauke in Indonesia. The biological information of this species is little known. This study aimed to determine the biological aspects of Papuan seerfish to fill the research gap of this species. The data collection were conducted from February to November 2016. Biological parameters observation of the fish sample included of fork length (FL), sex, and maturity stages. All the data were analyzed using standard methods. The maximum length and weight of Papuan seerfish from Merauke waters were 49 cm and 908 g and this size became the largest published size ever. The sex ratio was in an equal condition and the growth pattern was isometric. Spawning occurs all year arounds and reach its peak on August. The relative condition factor of Papuan seerfish tend to be low in the reproductive periods. Papuan seerfish from Merauke waters were caught before reaching their size at maturity (Lc < Lm). For the sustainability of this resources and precautionary approach of fisheries management, it is suggested to apply the minimum catch size in 33 cm.
SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA (Thunnus maccoyii) CAUGHT BY INDONESIA’S TUNA LONGLINERS IN THE SPAWNING AREA
Authors: Rochman Fathur , Ni Luh Watiniasih , Eswaryanti Kusuma Yuni Luh Putu
Published: February 2020

Southern Bluefin Tuna in spawning area of the Eastern Indian Ocean where the Indonesian’s longliners operated has a specific character in term of size, age, sex-specific growth rate and the population. The aims of this study are to determined changes in size/age, sex-specific growth rate and virtual population analysis of Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) in the spawning area. This study is important to find out the successful management of SBT in spawning area by looking at the catch at age/size movement, sex-specific growth analysis and the estimation of the population by virtual population analysis. In this study, we were used 452 pairs of otolith with fish sized from 134-196 cmFL and fish aged from 8-20 years. The growth equation was Lt = 191 (1-e-0,167(t+1,081)). Catch at age structure was distributed from 5-22 years with mean and mode of age were 9.63 and 9 years. The distribution of mode changed from year to year shifting to a younger fish. In 2012, the mode was 10 years but entering 2013-2014 the mode was shifted to 6 years. In 2015-2017, the mode was increased from 7 years (2015) to 8 years (2016) and 9 years (2017). The fishing pressure happened in the age group under 20 years. In 2012 to 2014, the highest fishing pressure respectively obtained in the age group of 13 to 11 years with an average length of 167 to 174 cmFL. Entering 2015 and 2016, the highest fishing pressure obtained in the age group of 6 years with an average length of 138 cmFL. The exploitation rate ranged from 0.14/year to 0.25/year meaning that the exploitation was in optimal condition.
Дослідження температурних полів в процесі формування вуглецевих виробів в режимі пресування.
Authors: Жученко О. А. , Хібеба М. Г.
Published: February 2020

авторів залишається дослідження впливу таких технологічних параметрів, як потужність нагрівачів, температура завантаженої маси та швидкості пресування на температурні поля робочого простору мундштука гідравлічного пресу. В даній праці було досліджено зміну температурного поля в залежності від таких технологічних параметрів: потужності індукторів формувальної та калібрувальної зони мундштука, свічок для додаткового нагріву мундштука, температури поверхні масного циліндру та швидкості пресування. Оскільки для отримання бездефектної продукції необхідно, щоб кожен з нагрівачів забезпечував заданий (такий, що забезпечить умови проковзування) розподіл температур в своїй зоні мундштука, то також було досліджено динаміку температур в точках, що характеризують розподіл температур в кінці кожної зони мундштука (переріз наприкінці калібрувальної зони - І переріз, переріз на межі формувальна – калібрувальна зона – ІІ переріз, переріз на межі масний циліндр – формувальна зона – ІІІ переріз).  В результаті досліджень, проведених за допомогою розробленої моделі виявлено, що найбільший вплив на температури в зонах І-ІІ має індуктор калібрувальної зони. Також індуктор формувальної зони має значний вплив на температурне поле в ІІІ та  ІІ зонах, а свічки на температури в І та ІІ зоні. При цьому вплив нагрівачів на більш віддалені зони проявляється тільки за 20-30 хв. після зміни потужності нагрівача, що свідчить про появу запізнювання в перехідному процесі. Температура завантаженої маси має досить значний вплив на розподіл температур в усьому об’ємі робочого простору мундштука. Також виявлено, що збільшення швидкості пресування негативно впливає на середню температуру електродної маси, а також збільшує градієнт температур від центральної частини робочого простору мундштука до його меж.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ БАЛАНСИРОВКИ ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМЫ ПРИ УСЛОВИИ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ В НЕЙ ЗНАЧИТЕЛЬНОЙ ДОЛИ НЕДИСПЕТЧЕРИЗУЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ
Authors: Максимов М. М. , Давидов В. О.
Published: February 2020

Повышение доли недиспетчеризуемых возобновляемых источников энергии в единых энергосистемах влечет за собой проблему балансировки энергосистемы. Как правило, затраты на поддержание баланса между произведенной и потребленной энергией сторонники «зеленой» энергии перекладывают на плечи энергосистемы и не учитывают при подсчете экономического эффекта от возобновляемых источников.
Цель данной работы, провести имитационное моделирование процесса балансировки энергосистемы с большой долей недиспетчеризуемых возобновляемых источников.
В работе проведен анализ пусковых режимов различных типов энергоустановок. Смоделирована энергосистема с различным соотношением диспетчерезуемых энергоустановок. Проведена оценка различных сценариев развития событий при появлении дефицита генерируемой энергии в размере 25%, 50% и 75% от установленной мощности недиспетчерезуемых источников энергии. Показано, что традиционный метод компенсации возмущений за счет вращающегося резерва при увеличении доли возобновляемых источников не может полностью компенсировать эти возмущения, что на практике приведет к отключению от энергосети части потребителей.
Повышение доли недиспетчеризуемых возобновляемых источников в единой энергетической системе ведет к уменьшению доли обычных энергоустановок, которые потенциально могут поддерживать баланс.
Нормализовать работу энергосистемы можно путем дублирования мощности недиспетчеризуемых источников эквивалентной мощностью источников с малым временем пуска, например, дизель-генераторами. Такой подход позволяет полностью компенсировать все возмущения в системе, но его стоимость должна учитываться при анализе экономической эффективности возобновляемых источников.
Метод нечіткої класифікації на основі послідовного аналізу вальда
Authors: Мулеса О. Ю. , Снитюк В. Є. , Герзанич С. О.
Published: February 2020

Розглядаються задачі прогнозування можливості зміни стану об’єкта на основі його оцінки за множиною критеріїв. До таких задач відносять задачі медичного прогнозування, тобто прогнозування можливості виникнення в майбутньому у особи загрозливого для неї стану. Цю задачу можна сформулювати як задачу класифікації, де один з класів відповідатиме великому ступеню ризику виникнення загрозливого стану, а інший – низькому ступеню ризику. В такій інтерпретації задача класифікації може бути розв’язана за допомогою методу послідовного аналізу Вальда, який базується на теоремі Байєса та враховує інформативність ознак, за якими проводиться класифікація. Такий підхід має ряд особливостей, пов’язаних з визначенням порогів та опрацюванням тих значень ознак, які близькі до порогових. В статті показано, що при застосуванні методу Вальда для об’єктів із значеннями ознак, близькими до порогових, можливі випадки отримання протилежних рішень. З метою підвищення ефективності класифікації запропоновано метод нечіткої класифікації. Особливістю розробленого методу є те, що особа, яка приймає рішення, може вказати характер функції належності для визначення близькості заданих значень до порогових і таким чином задати інтервал допустимої зміни порогових значень. Алгоритм обчислює ступені належності заданого об’єкта до кожного з класів. Виконано експериментальну верифікацію розробленого методу для задачі прогнозування невиношування вагітності. На етапі формалізації медичних знань відібрані показники, які можуть бути використані для прогнозування, створена база даних клінічного матеріалу. На модельних прикладах продемонстровано перевагу розробленого методу в порівнянні з методом послідовного аналізу Вальда. Отримані в дослідженні результати можуть використовуватися при побудові прогностичних алгоритмів в медицині.
A theoretical overview of heavy metal treatment with agricultural wastes
Authors: GÖKALP Faik
Published: February 2020

Tomato plant between Pb 2+,Cd
2+  with tomato waste having
amino and the other functional groups waste contain cellulose
materials(lignin), polysaccarides having functional groups having the ability
of binding heavy metals as sorbents is commonly cultivated plant for its
fruits. Aim of this study to determine the best alternative way to search the
binding capacity of agriculturel waste as theoretical to remove heavy metals
with tomato plant from waste waters as economically by comparing
experimental  results respectively. The
capacities of adsorbtion for heavy metals (Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II)) of the
tomato plant residue were 19.06, 33.87 and 26.76 mg/g sorbent. As
theoretical, HF (Hartree-fock), lanl2dz methods were used for moleculer
calculation. The theoretical calculations were carried out by means of the
lanl2dz functional base. The chemical activities were calculated by using
this method. The removal of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+  found lower than Cu 2+  because of the strong complex formation as
experimental and theoretical calculations supported this issue. Theoretical
calculations important to prevent loss of time and cost.
Bond Market Intermediation and the Role of Repo
Authors: Huh Yesol , Infante Sebastian
Published: February 2020

We model the role that repurchase agreements (repos) play in bond market intermediation. Not only do repos allow dealers to finance their activities, but they also enable dealers to source assets without taking ownership. When the asset trades with repo specialness, i.e, when the associated repo rate is significantly below prevailing market rates, borrowing the asset is more expensive, resulting in higher bid-ask spreads. Limiting a single dealer's leverage decreases its market-making abilities, so the dealer charges a higher bid-ask spread. However, limiting all dealers' leverage reduces pressure on repo specialness, thus decreasing bid-ask spreads. More generally, this paper characterizes the importance of collateralized borrowing and lending for bond market intermediation, shows how frictions in repo markets can affect the underlying cash market liquidity, and underscores the importance of securities lending.
Inflation at Risk
Authors: López-Salido David , Loria Francesca
Published: February 2020

We investigate how macroeconomic drivers affect the predictive inflation distribution as well as the probability that inflation will run above or below certain thresholds over the near term. This is what we refer to as Inflation-at-Risk–a measure of the tail risks to the inflation outlook. We find that the recent muted response of the conditional mean of inflation to economic conditions does not convey an adequate representation of the overall pattern of inflation dynamics. Analyzing data from the 1970s reveals ample variability in the conditional predictive distribution of inflation that remains even when focusing on the post-2000 period of stable and low mean inflation. We also document that in the United States and in the Euro Area tight financial conditions carry substantial downside inflation risks, a feature overlooked by much of the literature. Our paper offers a new empirical perspective to existing macroeconomic models, showing that changes in credit conditions are also key to understand the dynamics of the inflation tails.
Forward-Looking Monetary Policy and the Transmission of Conventional Monetary Policy Shocks
Authors: Bu Chunya , Rogers John , Wu Wenbin
Published: February 2020

Standard structural VAR models and estimation using Romer and Romer (2004) monetary policy shocks show that, in samples after the 1980s, a contractionary conventional monetary policy shock generates smaller and sometimes perversely-signed impulse responses compared to earlier samples. Using insights from the central bank information effects literature, we show that the analyses producing these results suffer from an omitted variables problem related to forward-looking information emanating from Federal Reserve forecasts. Transmission of conventional monetary policy shocks takes on the standard signs, and is typically significant, once Fed forward-looking information is taken into account. This reconciliation does not follow from adding private sector forecasts to the estimation frameworks.
Internacionalização de saberes e redes acadêmicas: sobre revistas e circulação das ideias na América Latina
Authors: Maíz Claudio , Fonseca Claudia Lorena
Published: February 2020

Pensar prática das redes é pensar na circulação de ideias. Nesse sentido, como suporte e veículo de transmissão de ideias e configuração de redes, destacam-se as revistas, espaço de materialização da prática das redes. O presente estudo pretende abordar as publicações periódicas a partir não apenas de alguns caminhos já percorridos, por estudiosos tais como Beatriz Sarlo, Mabel Moraña, Maria Lúcia Camargo ou Pablo Rocca, como a relevância que têm na formação de redes intelectuais, a gravitação política que alcançaram, as controvérsias registradas e outros temas; mas também trabalhar com duas incógnitas: uma delas tem a ver com o momento em que decaem as revistas culturais e em seu lugar se impõem as acadêmicas; a outra, diz respeito à questão formulada recentemente por Regina Crespo sobre se o tempo do protagonismo das publicações periódicas ficou reservado apenas ao século XX. De ser assim, que outros horizontes se abrem no século XXI, dominado pelas tecnologias da comunicação. Assim sendo, a revista cultural ainda é objeto de estudo para a circulação do novo nos diferentes campos da ciência e humanidades.
O que faz a diferença entre a linguagem rica e a linguagem pobre?
Authors: Morais José
Published: February 2020

A linguagem é considerada neste artigo como sendo, simultaneamente, um produto e um instrumento das grandes desigualdades sociais e culturais que caracterizam as sociedades humanas ditas civilizadas. A invenção da escrita conduziu ao desenvolvimento da linguagem letrada – a literacia –, mas sobretudo nas classes sociais privilegiadas. Tal como a linguagem oral, a literacia é uma capacidade cognitiva, ao mesmo título que percepção, atenção, memória, funções executivas ou de controle, pensamento, raciocínio. São aqui revistas, resumidamente, algumas das evidências da influência da literacia nestas outras capacidades cognitivas. A consequência da dinâmica suscitada pelo desenvolvimento da literacia e das suas múltiplas manifestações em sociedades que já eram muito desiguais é de fomentar cada vez mais a radicalização da dimensão riqueza-pobreza. É importante reconhecer que esta dimensão, habitualmente utilizada apenas em referência aos bens materiais, também afeta as capacidades cognitivas e, por conseguinte, a “mente”, isto é, o sistema organizado dos processos mentais.
Cybercrimes in the Russian Federation: Criminological and Criminal Law Analysis of the Situation
Authors: Korobeev Alexander , Dremlyuga Roman , Kuchina Yaroslava
Published: February 2020

The rapid development of communication systems and the use of computer equipment for the exchange of information lead to the emergence of new social relations that require criminal law protection. The Russian Federation does not stay away from this, and although it joined the high tech race late, the development of its legal norms in this sphere follows global trends. Law aimed at counteracting cybercrimes is no exception. The emergence of the global information space gives rise to previously unknown threats to national and international security. Key characteristics of information space, such as its trans-border character, anonymity, speed, difficulty of identifying the actor in the network have led to the growth in the number of IT users and increased the attractiveness of the information infrastructure from the standpoint of using the Internet for criminal purposes. Counteracting these threats has become an important element of the complex of measures to ensure security at the national and the global levels. The authors of the article present the comparative evaluation of the level of cyber-threats in Russia, offer a generalized assessment of the place that cybercrimes hold among other global threats and of the economic damage inflicted by cybercrimes. They examine the key sources of cyber threats, the critical problems and technologies. The authors also make a prediction of the possible threats associated with the introduction of artificial intelligence systems. Besides, they carry out the analysis of the current criminal law norms which prohibit illegal activities in the Internet and pay attention to the debatable scientific and practical issues.
Effective Forms and Means of Preventing Criminal Activity of Migrant Workers in Russia
Authors: Korsakov Konstantin
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to an urgent criminological problem connected with the insufficiently controlled and illegal external labor migration into the Russian Federation, which poses a considerable threat to its national interests and public safety. The author presents and analyzes new statistical data regarding the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of crimes committed by labor migrants in Russia as well as their other criminologically relevant characteristics, he singles out and describes economic, psychological, legal and socio-political prerequisites and factors of crimes committed by labor migrants in Russia. It is noted that modern Russian society is characterized by worsening criminogenic situation and processes that lead to hostile and aggressive behavior and intolerance towards labor migrants, which exacerbates both the criminal situation and the interethnic and interfaith conflicts and increases the manifestations of everyday xenophobia, migrant phobia, and nationalism from the locals. The author draws attention to the fact that criminogenic factors in the labor migrants’ environment are mainly connected with a low degree of social adaptation, acculturation and integration of labor migrants into the Russian social and cultural environment due to their poor knowledge of the Russian language, history and culture, the basics of Russian legislation, traditions and customs of social interaction, the absence of a substantial and constant intercultural dialogue or productive information exchange, comprehensive and resourced state and municipal projects and programs aimed at the socialization, successful integration, and social support of labor migrants. In this connection, the author suggests new, effective and optimal anti-criminogenic directions and formats of integration and adaptation work with labor migrants living and working in the Russian Federation that could improve their law abidance, general and legal culture, responsible attitude to social norms; the author also outlines prospective measures of general and special prevention of crimes committed by external migrants.
A Cognitive Model of the «Spread of Drug Abuse»
Authors: Sukhodolov Alexander , Marenko Valentina , Bychkova Anna
Published: February 2020

The authors examined the problem of the spread of drug abuse and describe a research procedure based on the method of cognitive modeling. To achieve this, the authors formulated the problems that are solved through cognitive mode­ling, which includes the following stages: outlining the problem field, building a cognitive map in the form of an orgraph, coordinating expert evaluations of the mutual impact of various factors, working out expert rules based on the cause-and-effect speculations, and conducting an imitation experiment. The first stage of cognitive modeling included an overview of research publications on the problem, which allowed the authors to identify the set of contributing factors. Stages of cognitive mo­deling were used to build a cognitive model «The spread of drug abuse» with such influencing factors as «the condition of the dwelling and utilities sphere», «professional occupation», «degree of the society’s criminalization», «organization of leisure activities and cultural work for the population», «prevention measures». The target factor was «the spread of drug abuse». The adequacy of the developed cognitive structure was verified by the systemic feature of «sensitivity» in the imitation experiment that recreates some semblance of reality in laboratory conditions. Analytical procedures were used to determine the expert evaluations of the mutual impact of factors and to work out expert rules. A cognitive map was developed in the form of a weighed orgraph, which was viewed as the framework of the problem where it was possible to observe the changes in the overall holistic situation by influencing its various points. The imitation experiment was conducted using Microsoft Excel, and its results agree with the logics of speculations. It is stated that although the simplified cognitive map includes five factors that influence the problem, increasing their number to build a more large-scale version of the cognitive model will contribute to deeper and more comprehensive research of the problem. The presented model is a promising area for the application of modern methods of researching the spread of drug abuse and spread of crimes in the sphere illegal drug trade with the use of Big Data technology.
Mixed drink increased carbohydrate oxidation but not performance during a 40 km time trial
Authors: Hill L
Published: February 2020

Background: The present study aimed to determine whether consuming a glucose polymer (GP) and fructose would result in increased carbohydrate oxidation rates and improve 40 km time trial performance compared with an isocaloric GP-only drink.Methods: Eight well-trained male competitive cyclists (VO2max 62.7 ± 9.4 ml/kg/min, power output 5.1 ± 0.6 Watts/kg) participated in three visits consisting of a peak power output (Wmax) and VO2 max test and two separate visits of a 105 minute steady state ride (at 65% Wmax), followed by a 40 km time trial. Participants received 1.2 g/min of either a GP or mixed drink every 15 min.Results: No differences were found in the 40 km performance between GP (69:14 min ± 4.12, mean ± SD) and the mixed drink (66:58 min ± 4.51, mean ± SD) trials (p = 0.289). There were no differences in blood glucose or lactate between the trials. No differences in total oxidation were found in either carbohydrate or fat oxidation rates; however, exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was significantly different between the GP drink trials at t=90 min (GP: 0.96 ± 0.36 g/min; mixed drink: 1.53 ± 0.48 g/min; p = 0.041, mean ± SD).Conclusion: The present study found no improvement in 40 km time trial time between an isocaloric GP-only or a GP and fructose drink, and no differences in any of the measured variables other than exogenous carbohydrate oxidation at 90 minutes during the pre-time trial steady state ride.
Good versus bad medical stoppages in boxing: Stopping a fight in time
Authors: Sethi N
Published: February 2020

Background: Professional boxing is a popular contact sport with a high risk for both acute and chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although rare, many boxers have died in the ring or soon after the completion of a bout. The most common causes of death in these cases are usually acute subdural hematomas, acute epidural hematomas, a subarachnoid haemorrhage, an intracranial haemorrhage or Second Impact Syndrome (SIS). Ringside physicians are entrusted with the health and safety of boxers in the ring and in the immediate aftermath of a bout.Discussion: As per the Uniform Boxing Rules (approved August 25, 2001, Amended August 2, 2002, Amended July 3, 2008, Amended July 24, 2012, Amended July 29, 2014), the referee is the sole arbiter of a bout and is the only individual authorised to stop a contest. [1]In some states in the United States and in other countries around the world, the referee and the ringside physician are the sole arbiters of a fight and the only individuals authorised to enter the fighting area at any time during the competition and also authorised to stop a fight. This raises the important question of when should a fight be stopped on medical grounds.Conclusion: Standardising medical stoppage decisions in boxing will help to protect a boxer’s health and safety in the ring. Good practice guidelines for medical stoppage due to suspected TBI are suggested. It is recommended that the medical community debate the proposed guidelines vigorously, in order that evidence-based guidelines can be developed in conjunction with professional boxing governing bodies.
Post-truth era and impact on the science associated with sport and exercise medicine
Authors: Lambert M
Published: February 2020

Post-truth era and impact on the science associated with sport and exercise medicine
A survey of the attitudes and knowledge of parents of high school children on the East Rand on the usage of nutritional supplements
Authors: Van der Walt V
Published: February 2020

Background: The use of nutritional supplements (NS) by adolescents seems to be an escalating problem in South Africa. Any supplementary product ingested to boost the nutritional content of a normal diet to either fill a need or presumed deficiency, including any sports or energy drink, tablets or injections, are deemed as NS for the purpose of this study. Parents seem to agree that children who play sport are allowed to use NS to assist them to perform better, without knowledge of the health risks associated with these products. Despite information on websites and information sessions arranged by schools, parents seem to disregard advice given to them by experts. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the attitudes and level of knowledge of parents of children on the East Rand with regard to NS usage. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which used a previously validated, self-administered questionnaire for the parents (n = 198). It also included an interview with a focus group consisting of coaches and administrative staff (n = 9) representing each sports code selected for the purpose of this study. The data were analysed using largely descriptive statistics. Results: Nine percent of parents indicated that they considered themselves well informed with regard to NS; 13% indicated that they would support their children in obtaining NS without efficacy being proven and 75% indicated their awareness of the risk of NS being contaminated. Coaches viewed the role of parents as integral regarding a healthy diet but indicated that the use of NS could not be ignored, also admitting to a lack in knowledge regarding NS. Conclusion: Parents and coaches demonstrated limited knowledge regarding NS. Their knowledge was formed from information on labels and the internet. Parents have a positive attitude towards the use of NS by their children despite indicating an awareness of the health risks related to NS usage.
Injury incidence and characteristics in South African school first team rugby: A case study
Authors: Tee J , Lebatie F , Till K , Jones B
Published: February 2020

Background: Despite its apparent popularity, participation in the sport of rugby union is accompanied by a significant risk of injury. Concerned parties have recently questioned whether this risk is acceptable within school populations. This is difficult to assess within the South African schools’ population as no recent longitudinal injury studies exist.Objectives: To determine the training habits, rugby-related exposure and injury risk within a population of South African high school first team rugby players.Methods: Training and match exposure in both school and provincial competition were examined and the resultant injuries were longitudinally observed for the duration of a South African high school rugby season.Results: Match (79, 95%CI 52-105 injuries/1 000 h) and training (7, 95%CI 3-11 injuries /1000h) injury incidences were demonstrated to be greater than previously reported incidences in similar populations in England and Ireland. Weeks where players were exposed to both school and provincial competition (34, 95%CI 19-49 injuries /1 000 h) had significantly (p<0.05) greater injury incidences than during school competition alone (19, 95%CI 12-26 injuries /1 000 h).Conclusion: The injury risk demonstrated was greater than expected and represents reasons for concern. Possible reasons for the high injury incidence recorded may be the frequency of games played within the season, and the overlap of school and provincial competitions. It should be noted that these results were taken from one school over one season and might not be representative of the incidence of school rugby injuries overall. However, this research demonstrates the need for a multischool longitudinal study within South African schools rugby to determine the overall risk.
Gait retraining as part of the treatment programme for soldiers with exercise-related leg pain: preliminary clinical experiences and retention
Authors: Zimmermann W , Linschoten C , Beutler A
Published: February 2020

Background: Gait retraining as part of a treatment programme for exercise-related leg pain (ERLP) was introduced in the sports medicine department of the Royal Netherlands Army in 2013.Objectives: To describe clinical experiences and retention of gait retraining in a military setting.Methods: Sixty-one cases from the year 2015 were available for analysis of gait and gait retraining. In 2016, 32 of these patients were available for a follow-up survey, 28 of them also for the follow-up measurement of running biomechanics in running shoes.Results: Soldiers received an outpatient treatment programme that lasted on average 129 days (SD 76). On average they received 2.4 gait retraining sessions, leading to significant and lasting changes in running biomechanics; in particular, reduction in maximal force (N) and maximal pressure (N/cm2) on the heels at 317 days follow-up (average, SD 108). Most soldiers were satisfied with gait retraining. At follow-up, 27 soldiers (84%) contributed some, the majority or all reduction of symptoms to it. Seventy percent reported that they had mastered the new running technique within two months. The Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score increased from 55% to 78% for males and from 44% to 75% for females.Discussion: This is the first study to report on gait retraining for Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome. In future, prospective studies in the military running in shoes and running in boots respectively should be investigated.Conclusion: Soldiers with exercise-related leg pain (ERLP), among them patients with Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome, respond well to a treatment programme that included gait retraining. Ten months post-gait retraining, their running biomechanics still showed these positive changes from their time of intake.