bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF SCALING IN A RESERVOIR WHICH CONTAINS IMPERMEABLE LAYERS
Authors: Bedrikovetsky P. , Rosario F. , Bezerra M. , Silva M. , Lopes Jr. R.
Published: June 2018

Several different scenario of injected and reservoir water mixing have been proposed: mixing at high velocity near to injectors, mixing at low velocity inside reservoirs, mixing by diffusion via boundaries of layers with different permeabilities, mixing of injected, connate and aquifer waters at high velocity near to producers. Just the latter mechanism results in the accumulation of formation damage, while other mechanisms cause precipitation near to moving concentration front. In the current paper a new mechanism of oilfield scaling by diffusion of Barium from impermeable layer into the reservoir is proposed. The mechanism results in accumulation of precipitant and of formation damage.
Viscous dominant regime of waterflooding takes place in the majority of oil fields. The Welge´s method allows calculating the permeability distribution from water cut history. The proposed extension to Welge´s method determines the partition of permeable layers in a reservoir from tracer concentration in production wells. Knowledge of this partition is important for modelling of oilfield scaling accounting for Barium supply from impermeable layers.
TESTING THE EFFICIENCY OF FENTONS REAGENT IN TREATMENT OF PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED SAND
Authors: Millioli Valéria S. , Freire Denize D. C. , Cammarota Magali C.
Published: June 2018

The removal of petroleum of beach sand after an oil spill in Guanabara Bay, Rio de
Janeiro (Brazil) was studied using Fentons reagent (Fe2+ + H2O2) with H2O2
concentrations of 0.4 M and 4.0 M and Fe2+ concentrations of 2.7 g/L and 27.2 g/
L. The initial Oil & Grease (O&G) content in the contaminated sand was 32 g/kg
sand. The maximum O&G removal obtained was 97 % after Fentons reaction. An
analysis of the supernatant after the reaction showed that it was biodegradable.
Chromatographic analysis indicated that Fentons reaction favored the modification
and reduction of the fractions of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in the oil.
Merchant Account Books, Credit Sales, and Financial Development
Authors: Schwartz Jeremy T. , Flynn David T. , Karahan Gokhan
Published: June 2018

Credit in colonial New England, including the credit practices used by merchants, invites study beyond that in the existing literature which largely limits investigation to an individual merchant.  Textual analysis of 56 merchant account books from Connecticut and Massachusetts across a breadth of the eighteenth century and conversion to Lawful Money allows a common quantification of the financial extent of merchant transactions throughout the century.  Through some descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests, we find that use of book credit is ubiquitous and in amounts that imply that merchants were de facto financial intermediaries essential for the development of the economy.
Gabapentin abuse: A case presentation on how to manage this growing concern
Authors: Gregg Jason A. , Tyson Ronald L. , Alvarez Anthony W.
Published: June 2018

Gabapentin was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1993 as an adjunct treatment of epilepsy. In 2004, an additional indication of pain associated with post-herpetic neuralgia was added. Misuse of gabapentinoids dates back to 2010 while surging recently to the tenth most commonly prescribed medication in 2016. Abuse can be as high as 65% for even those who legally obtained the medication through a prescription. It is used off-label up to 95% of the time despite limited evidence of its efficacy particularly with multiple pain types. The surge in misuse can be attributed not only to off-label use but also an assumption of no abuse potential coupled with clinicians seeking alternative treatment options to the opioids. More common side-effects include sedation, dizziness, and cognitive difficulties. However, even normal dosing can produce side-effects similar to other addictive substances including: euphoria, talkativeness, and increased energy (opioids); sedation (opioids, benzodiazepines); and dissociation (hallucinogens). In fact, a few states including Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia will or have already added gabapentin to the controlled substance rosters even though no federal designation is in place. Identified risks for gabapentin misuse in the literature are limited with the exception of a history of or current substance abuse, particularly opioids. Unfortunately, gabapentin is often co-prescribed with opioids lending to a heightened risk of opioid-related mortality. Clinicians must understand that gabapentin is not effective for a variety of pain conditions nor is a routine substitute for opioids. In addition, close monitoring practices often associated with opioids and benzodiazepines (i.e., regular monitoring for aberrant drug taking behaviors, limits on supply, guarded dose titration) should be applied to that of gabapentin.
The Engineering Education in China, Compared to Pakistan, Europe, and the USA, in Prospects of One Belt, One Road
Authors: Channa Abdul Sami , Amin Farrukh , Liu Guangqing , Chen Chang
Published: June 2018

Engineering representing the backbone of a nation aims to migrate towards the knowledge economy. The strengthening of engineering education leads to the nation’s self-reliance while building indigenous capabilities. The current study attempts to compare engineering education in China with Pakistan, Europe, and the USA in context of One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative. The comparison provided by this study will help to identify some of the trends and challenges in engineering education at the national and regional level of OBOR countries. The study suggests that OBOR strategy will allow China to build excellence in engineering education and export its expertiseamong the member countries during developing stage.
Distribution of the Largest Strong Goldbach Numbers Generated by Primes
Authors: Zhou Pingyuan , Ao Rong
Published: June 2018

Using the first 4000000 primes to find Ln, the largest strong Goldbach number generated by the n-th prime Pn, we generalize a proposition in our previous work (Zhou 2017) and propose that Ln ≈ 2Pn and Ln/2Pn < 1 for sufficiently large Pn but the limit of Ln/2Pn as n → ∞ is 1, Ln ≈ Pn + n log n and Ln/(Pn + n log n) > 1 for sufficiently large Pn but the limit of Ln/(Pn + n log n) as n → ∞ is 1. There are five corollaries of the generalized proposition for getting Ln → ∞ as n → ∞, which is equivalent to Goldbach’s conjecture. If every step in distribution curve of Ln is called a Goldbach step, a study on the ratio of width to height for Goldbach steps supports the existence of above two limits but a study on distribution of Goldbach steps supports an estimation that Q(n) ≈ (1 + 1/log log n)n/log n and the limit of Q(n)/((1 + 1/log log n)n/log n) as n → ∞ is 1, where Q(n) is the number of Goldbach steps, from which we may expect there are infinitely many Goldbach steps to imply Goldbach’s conjecture.
Integration of European Electricity Markets: Evidence from Spot Prices
Authors: Gugler Klaus , Haxhimusa Adhurim , Liebensteiner Mario
Published: June 2018

This paper investigates the current state of market integration among European electricity day-ahead spot prices. In our empirical analysis we utilize a large sample of hourly spot prices of 25 European markets for the period 2010Jan01/01h-2015Jun30/24h and combine it with other relevant data such as hourly intercon-nector capacities and the existence of market coupling. Firstly, empirical results from cointegration analysis indicate that market integration increased from 2010 to 2012 but then declined until 2015, despite the introduction of market coupling in many markets. Secondly, we empirically assess error correction after price shocks and reach the conclusion that markets' strength of the error correction mechanism is rather modest. In general, our findings suggest that the integration among European electricity markets has a large potential for improvements from additional capacity investments and further promotion of market coupling.
La transparencia es la clave: Comunicación en investigación con animales
Authors: Martínez Emma
Published: June 2018

La falta de información que proporcionan centros y organizaciones sobre el uso de animales en investigación científica deja un nicho de comunicación especializado que grupos ajenos a la ciencia han sabido explotar para poner a su favor la opinión pública. La opinión pública va ligada al desarrollo de una sociedad. El desconocimiento provoca la creación de opiniones infundadas, ajenas al desarrollo científico-tecnológico, que contribuyen a introducir progresivamente medidas cada vez más restringentes que juegan en detrimento de la investigación científica y del desarrollo social. Por el contrario, una sociedad informada puede y debe participar en el desarrollo de una investigación responsable que alinee desde sus primeras etapas la investigación y sus potenciales beneficios con las necesidades de la sociedad misma.
La comunicación de la edición genética: CRISPR, Entre el optimismo y las falsas expectativas
Authors: Montoliu Lluís
Published: June 2018

La comunicación es esencial en todos los ámbitos de la sociedad, pero en ciencia es una de las claves ineludibles. Comunicar es compartir, mostrar, enseñar, trasladar los descubrimientos, observaciones y hallazgos tanto a colegas como a la sociedad en general. Por eso una buena comunicación debe siempre acompañar a la buena ciencia. Las herramientas de edición genética CRISPR nos permiten modificar el genoma de cualquier organismo vivo, incluida nuestra especie, a voluntad. En este artículo reviso diferentes aspectos comunicativos relevantes que han ocurrido durante la corta pero intensa vida de estas tijeras moleculares, así llamadas por su capacidad de cortar la molécula de ADN de forma efectiva y muy precisa.
Pavement Subgrade Stabilization with Lime and Cellular Confinement System
Authors: Akpinar Muhammet Vefa , Pancar Erhan Burak , Şengül Eren , Aslan Hakan
Published: June 2018

In this study effectiveness of lime stabilization and geocell reinforcement techniques of roads was investigated for low bearing capacity subgrades. For this purpose, a large-scale plate load test was designed and used. Clayey soil with high moisture content was reinforced with different percentages of hydrated lime (5%, 10%, 15% dry weight of the soil). The deflection and stress results indicated that lime stabilization or geocell reinforcement alone did not significantly increase subgrade reaction coefficient and bearing capacity values. Promising results were obtained on stabilization of weak subgrade when both techniques were used together. It was determined that cellular reinforcement increased the reaction modulus coefficient value and bearing capacity of the subgrade soil by more than 15% compared to the lime stabilization.
GDF11 induces differentiation and apoptosis and inhibits migration of C17.2 neural stem cells via modulating MAPK signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Zongkui , Dou Miaomiao , Liu Fengjuan , Jiang Peng , Ye Shengliang , Ma Li , Cao Haijun , Du Xi , Sun Pan , Su Na , Lin Fangzhao , Zhang Rong , Li Changqing
Published: June 2018

GDF11, a member of TGF-β superfamily, has recently received widespread attention as a novel anti-ageing/rejuvenation factor to reverse age-related dysfunctions in heart and skeletal muscle, and to induce angiogenesis and neurogenesis. However, these positive effects of GDF11 were challenged by several other studies. Furthermore, the mechanism is still not well understood. In the present study, we evaluated the effects and underlying mechanisms of GDF11 on C17.2 neural stem cells. GDF11 induced differentiation and apoptosis, and suppressed migration of C17.2 neural stem cells. Besides, GDF11 slightly increased cell viability after 24h treatment, showed no effects on proliferation for about 10 days of cultivation, and slightly decreased cumulative population doubling for long-term treatment (p<0.05). Phospho-proteome profiling array displayed that GDF11 significantly increased the phosphorylation level of 13 serine/threonine kinases (p<0.01), including p-p38, p-ERK and p-Akt, in C17.2 cells, which implied the activation of MAPK pathway. Western blot validated that the results of phospho-proteome profiling array were reliable. Based on functional analysis, we demonstrated that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in signal transduction which was implicated in cellular behavior. Collectively, our findings suggest that, for neurogenesis, GDF11 might not be the desired rejuvenation factor, but a potential target for pharmacologic blockade.
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band Erosion Into the Stomach and Colon
Authors: Corvini Michael , Kang Elina , Weidner Gregory , Lombert Juan
Published: June 2018

Morbid obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and constitutes a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Bariatric surgery represents a viable and effective means of weight loss. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band placement is the most commonly used and least invasive bariatric surgical technique. Although the complication rate is low, various complications have been described, including erosion of the gastric band into the stomach. The authors present a case of laparoscopic adjustable gastric band erosion, where both the band and the tubing eroded into the stomach and colon, and the tubing further eroded out of and back into the colon several times.
IgY antialérgenos específicos del grupo 1 de ácaros del polvo doméstico inducidos por oligopéptidos sintéticos no glicosilados
Authors: Egea Eduardo , Mendoza Dary , Garavito Gloria , Espejo Ángela , Lizaraso Lina Maria , Navarro Elkin , Barrera Luis Alejandro
Published: June 2018

Introducción. La obtención de anticuerpos específicos capaces de detectar alérgenos del grupo 1 de ácaros del polvo doméstico representa una estrategia potencial de salud pública para reducir la exposición y la sintomatología clínica asociada con el asma y la rinitis alérgica.Objetivo. Producir y purificar anticuerpos aviares antialérgenos específicos del grupo 1 de los ácaros Dermatophagoides sp. y Blomia tropicalis utilizando la tecnología IgY.Materiales y métodos. Se diseñaron y sintetizaron oligopéptidos que evidenciaran epítopes inmunogénicos de los alérgenos Der p1, Der f1 y Blo t1 empleados posteriormente para producir anticuerpos IgY policlonales en gallinas Hy Line Brown. Las IgY presentes en las yemas de los huevos se purificaron mediante cromatografía tiofílica. Su inmunorreactividad y especificidad se determinaron mediante un inmunoensayo ELISA indirecto y Dot Blot.Resultados. Se obtuvo una reactividad elevada de las IgY contra epítopes de alérgenos presentes en extractos de cuerpo entero de D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus y B. tropicalis. Los niveles más altos de IgY se produjeron entre los días 32 y 40 de inmunización. Los anticuerpos mostraron mayor inmunorreactividad y especificidad en el reconocimiento de proteínas de D. farinae, con un límite de detección mayor de 0,03 μg de proteína total del ácaro bajo las condiciones experimentales analizadas. Las IgY purificadas no mostraron reactividad significativa frente al extracto de Periplaneta americana.Conclusión. La tecnología IgY permitió la producción de anticuerpos específicos contra alérgenos del grupo 1 de los ácaros del polvo al utilizar oligopéptidos sintéticos no glicosilados. Hasta donde se sabe, esta es la primera vez que se usan estos reactivos inmunológicos para la detección de ácaros de importancia médica.
Identificación etiológica de agentes virales de la encefalitis aguda en Guadalajara, México, 2011-2015
Authors: Lúa Mayra L. , Plascencia Arturo , Paredes Patricia , De Armas Yaxsier , Raygoza Miguel , Martínez Erika , Siller Fernando , Hernández Iván Isidro
Published: June 2018

Introducción. La encefalitis viral aguda se define como un proceso inflamatorio asociado a disfunción neurológica con desenlace fatal o daño grave permanente. En México no se han hecho estudios de identificación directa de los agentes etiológicos causales de la encefalitis viral aguda.Objetivo. Identificar mediante PCR en tiempo real los principales agentes virales causantes de encefalitis viral aguda en México.Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvo el líquido cefalorraquídeo de pacientes con sospecha de encefalitis viral que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde. Se extrajeron ácidos nucleicos para identificar los patógenos mediante PCR y PCR con transcripción inversa en tiempo real.Resultados. Se captaron un total de 66 pacientes entre el 2011 y el 2014. En 16 de los casos (24 %) se identificó el agente viral y se encontró que el principal agente causal fue el enterovirus, con ocho casos (50 %), seguido del virus del herpes simple (HSV: 37 %), con seis casos, y el citomegalovirus (CMV: 12,5 %), con dos casos. El promedio de edad fue de 25 años (0-70 años). Los casos positivos predominaron en los varones (63,3 %) y se estableció un predominio estacional en otoño (37,5 %).La mayoría de los pacientes presentó fiebre (48,4 %) o cefalea (36,3 %) y, en menor proporción, convulsiones, confusión y debilidad muscular (30,3 %) seguidas de desorientación (28,75 %) y apatía (25,7 %). En dos de los casos se observó el signo de Kerning (3 %) y en otros dos, el signo de Brudzinski (3 %).Conclusiones. La PCR en líquido cefalorraquídeo es una técnica de diagnóstico adecuada para la identificación de virus causales de encefalitis viral, lo cual permite prescribir los medicamentos específicos.
Efectividad de las intervenciones para la transferencia y apropiación social del conocimiento de las guías de práctica clínica para pacientes y comunidad, una revisión sistemática
Authors: Garzón-Orjuela Nathaly , Eslava-Schmalbach Javier , Ospina Nathalie
Published: June 2018

Introducción. Las intervenciones de transferencia y apropiación social del conocimiento contribuyen a una adecuada propagación del conocimiento, y podrían implementarse de manera rutinaria para mejorar el cumplimiento de las guías de práctica clínica.Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de las intervenciones de transferencia y apropiación social del conocimiento de las guías de práctica clínica para mejorar su cumplimiento en los pacientes y la comunidad.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión sistemática de las intervenciones de transferencia y apropiación social del conocimiento comparadas con las intervenciones clásicas en los pacientes y la comunidad. Se hizo una búsqueda hasta abril de 2017 en Medline (Ovid), Embase, ScopuS, Central (Ovid®), Web of Science, LILACS, Academic Search y Scielo. Dos evaluadores independientes calificaron el riesgo de sesgo y la calidad de la evidencia de los estudios incluidos.Resultados. Se incluyeron ocho estudios. El cumplimiento de las recomendaciones se reportó en dos de ellos. Hubo una gran heterogeneidad en los estudios debido a la variabilidad en la población, el tipo de guía de práctica clínica y las herramientas de medición. El riesgo de sesgo fue alto: 60 % de sesgo de desempeño; 50 % de desgaste; 25 % de selección y reporte, y cerca de 15 % de detección. La calidad de la evidencia fue moderada para el cumplimiento y la mortalidad reportados. Las intervenciones que combinaban estrategias a cargo de grupos de profesionales de salud mejoraron algunos de los resultados clínicos en los pacientes (desviación media, DM=-3,00; IC95%: -6,08 a 0,08).Conclusiones. En las intervenciones a corto plazo se evidenció un leve efecto a favor en el cumplimiento, y en las mixtas (para pacientes y profesionales), en algunos resultados clínicos. Sin embargo, se requieren nuevos estudios con menos heterogeneidad para confirmar estos resultados.
DNA barcoding of marine fish species from Rongcheng Bay, China
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Wu Zhihao , Liu Mengxia , Liu Wei , Zhao Wenxi , Liu Hongjun , You Feng
Published: June 2018

Rongcheng Bay is a coastal bay of the Northern Yellow Sea, China. To investigate and monitor the fish resources in Rongcheng Bay, 187 specimens from 41 different species belonging to 28 families in nine orders were DNA-barcoded using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). Most of the fish species could be discriminated using this COI sequence with the exception of Cynoglossus joyneri and Cynoglossus lighti. The average GC% content of the 41 fish species was 47.3%. The average Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances within the species, genera, families, and orders were 0.21%, 5.28%, 21.30%, and 23.63%, respectively. Our results confirmed that the use of combined morphological and DNA barcoding identification methods facilitated fish species identification in Rongcheng Bay, and also established a reliable DNA barcode reference library for these fish. DNA barcodes will contribute to future efforts to achieve better monitoring, conservation, and management of fisheries in this area.
Alpha-mangostin inhibits the migration and invasion of A549 lung cancer cells
Authors: Phan Thi Kieu Trang , Shahbazzadeh Fahimeh , Pham Thi Thu Huong , Kihara Takanori
Published: June 2018

Several studies have indicated that α-mangostin exerts anti-metastasis and anti-subsistence effects on several types of cancer cells. Especially, the anti-metastatic effect of α-mangostin on cancer cells is a prospective function in cancer treatment. However, the metastasis process is complicated, and includes migration, invasion, intravasation, and extravasation; thus, the main target of anti-metastatic effect of α-mangostin is not known. In this study, we investigated the effects of α-mangostin on the invasion, subsistence, and migration of lung cancer cells under co-culture conditions with normal cells and regular mono-culture conditions. We found that α-mangostin killed the lung cancer and normal cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the alteration in the surface mechanical properties of cells was examined by using atomic force microscopy. Although the α-mangostin concentrations of 5 and 10 µM did not affect the short-term cell viability, they considerably decreased the Young’s modulus of lung cancer cells implying a decline in cell surface actin cytoskeletal properties. Additionally, these concentrations of α-mangostin inhibited the migration of lung cancer cells. In co-culture conditions (cancer cells with normal cells), the invasive activities of cancer cells on normal cells were discernibly observed, and was inhibited after treatment with 5 and 10 µM of α-mangostin. Taken together, α-mangostin suppressed the subsistence of lung cancer cells and displayed anti-metastatic activities by inhibiting the migration and invasion, and reducing the actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells. Our findings suggest that α-mangostin could be a potential therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
Mulch and groundcover effects on soil temperature and moisture, surface reflectance, grapevine water potential, and vineyard weed management
Authors: Bavougian Christina M. , Read Paul E.
Published: June 2018

The objectives of this research were to identify alternatives to glyphosate for intra-row (under-trellis) vineyard floor management and to evaluate the potential for intra-row and inter-row (alleyway) groundcovers to reduce vegetative vigor of ‘Marquette’ grapevines (Vitisspp.) in a southeast Nebraska vineyard. The experiment was a randomized factorial design with five intra-row treatments (crushed glass mulch [CG], distillers’ grain mulch [DG], creeping red fescue [CRF], non-sprayed control [NSC], and glyphosate [GLY]) and three inter-row treatments (creeping red fescue [CRF], Kentucky bluegrass [KB], and resident vegetation [RV]). Treatments were established in 2010–2011 and measurements were conducted during 2012 and 2013 on 5- and 6-year-old vines. Soil temperatures were mostly higher under mulches and lower under intra-row groundcovers, compared to GLY. Weed cover in CG, DG, and CRF treatments was the same or less than GLY. At most sampling dates, inter-row soil moisture was lowest under KB. Intra-row soil moisture was highest under DG mulch and lowest under CRF and NSC; CG had the same or lower soil moisture than GLY. Surprisingly, we did not detect differences in mid-day photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reflectance, despite visual differences among the intra-row treatments. Mid-day vine water potential did not differ among treatments. We concluded it is not necessary to maintain a bare soil strip under established vines in this region, where soil fertility and moisture are non-limiting.
Complex characterization of oat (Avena sativaL.) lines obtained by wide crossing with maize (Zea maysL.)
Authors: Skrzypek Edyta , Warzecha Tomasz , Noga Angelika , Warchoł Marzena , Czyczyło-Mysza Ilona , Dziurka Kinga , Marcińska Izabela , Kapłoniak Kamila , Sutkowska Agnieszka , Nita Zygmunt , Werwińska Krystyna , Idziak-Helmcke Dominika , Rojek Magdalena , Hosiawa-Barańska Marta
Published: June 2018

Background

The oat × maize addition (OMA) lines are used for mapping of the maize genome, the studies of centromere-specific histone (CENH3), gene expression, meiotic chromosome behavior and also for introducing maize C4 photosynthetic system to oat. The aim of our study was the identification and molecular-cytogenetic characterization of oat × maize hybrids.

Methods

Oat DH lines and oat × maize hybrids were obtained using the wide crossing ofAvena sativaL. withZea maysL. The plants identified as having aGrande-1retrotransposon fragment, which produced seeds, were used for genomicin situhybridization (GISH).

Results

A total of 138 oat lines obtained by crossing of 2,314 oat plants from 80 genotypes with maize cv. Waza were tested for the presence of maize chromosomes. The presence of maize chromatin was indicated in 66 lines by amplification of the PCR product (500 bp) generated using primers specific for the maize retrotransposonGrande-1. Genomicin situhybridization (GISH) detected whole maize chromosomes in eight lines (40%). All of the analyzed plants possessed full complement of oat chromosomes. The number of maize chromosomes differed between the OMA lines. Four OMA lines possessed two maize chromosomes similar in size, three OMA—one maize chromosome, and one OMA—four maize chromosomes. In most of the lines, the detected chromosomes were labeled uniformly. The presence of six 45S rDNA loci was detected in oat chromosomes, but none of the added maize chromosomes in any of the lines carried 45S rDNA locus. Twenty of the analyzed lines did not possess whole maize chromosomes, but the introgression of maize chromatin in the oat chromosomes. Five of 66 hybrids were shorter in height, grassy type without panicles. Twenty-seven OMA lines were fertile and produced seeds ranging in number from 1–102 (in total 613). Sixty-three fertile DH lines, out of 72 which did not have an addition of maize chromosomes or chromatin, produced seeds in the range of 1–343 (in total 3,758). Obtained DH and OMA lines were fertile and produced seeds.

Discussion

In wide hybridization of oat with maize, the complete or incomplete chromosomes elimination of maize occur. Hybrids of oat and maize had a complete set of oat chromosomes without maize chromosomes, and a complete set of oat chromosomes with one to four retained maize chromosomes.
Hydrocarbons Analysis: Introduction
Authors: Alves Julio Cesar Laurentino
Published: June 2018

In this article a brief description of the contributions to the topic Hydrocarbon Analysis is given, which includes discussions on the analysis of petroleum and its derivatives such as gasoline, diesel oil and lubricating oils. The analysis of shale oil is also addressed in this topic, as well as the analysis of biofuels, which may or may not be hydrocarbons, but were included in this topic.
Principle of Mass Cytometry
Authors: Korin Ben , Grau Amir
Published: June 2018

Mass cytometry is an evolving technology combining flow cytometry methodology with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). It overcomes flow cytometry's inherent limitation, by conjugated metal isotopes as reporter tags to antibodies instead of fluorophores. Its great advantage lies in its capacity to analyze more than 45 parameters simultaneously, at a single‐cell level, with very low signal spillover between adjacent masses. Mass cytometry high parameterization offers unparalleled characterization of single cells within heterogeneous populations, in a system‐wide view manner. Accordingly, it has been applied for a deeper understanding of specific cell subsets and network signaling. These new phenotypic characterization capabilities have provided a significant advancement in our ability to resolve biological questions. The high dimensionality of the data necessitates the development of new analytical tools, using data reduction and clustering of cells, in order to visualize and interpret the data. In this article, we will discuss the main principles of mass cytometry, its applications, main advancements, and the tools available for analysis.
Rights
Authors: Martin Rex
Published: June 2018

This essay begins with a brief history of rights, focused mainly on important natural rights theorists and documents of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the criticism of natural rights (occurring at the time of the French Revolution and after), and the revival of interest in human rights at the end of World War II. The sections after that focus on the contemporary idea of rights, and pay special attention to human rights and constitutional rights. A three‐part analysis of rights is undertaken by looking at differing views of (1) the constituent elements of rights, (2) the function(s) of rights, and (3) the grounding of rights. The essay concludes with a short synoptic account of the character and value of rights.
Integrity
Authors: Miller Christian
Published: June 2018

Integrity is one of the leading normative concepts employed in our society. We frequently talk about the degree of integrity of community leaders and famous historical figures, and we highly value integrity in our elected public officials. But philosophers have had a difficult time arriving at consensus about what integrity consists in. Some claim that it is a purely formal relation of consistency, others that it has to do primarily with one's identity, and still others that it involves subjective or objective moral requirements. The primarily goal here is to outline the leading facets of integrity in the contemporary philosophical literature.
Greed
Authors: Pritchard Michael S. , Englehardt Elaine E.
Published: June 2018

Greed is commonly associated with some sort ofexcessiveness. One may have a seemingly insatiable desire formore– more than others have, more than one has right now, more than one needs or can put to good use, or more than one's fair share – all of this often at the expense of others. Roundly criticized by virtually all societies, greed is nevertheless commonplace in children, adults, businesses, and organizational settings. However, greed also has its defenders, at least in the world of business. Some authors argue that greed can be a good attribute and one to be cultivated. Simply to say that greed is commonplace is not to comment on its appropriateness or inappropriateness. However, assessments of greed are not hard to find. Virtually all religions speak harshly of greed. Our discussion on greed will basically be secular in focus and will examine greed in a variety of contexts. Environmental perspectives centering on greed will be an important aspect of this entry.
Intellectual Virtue
Authors: Baehr Jason
Published: June 2018

With the advent of contemporary virtue epistemology, many philosophers of knowledge have turned their attention to intellectual virtues and their role in the life of the mind. This entry examines two general concepts of intellectual virtue and the theoretical uses to which they have been put. It is shown that “reliabilist” and “responsibilist” approaches to virtue epistemology, while emphasizing different aspects of cognition, are more closely aligned than they initially appear to be. The ethical significance of intellectual virtues is also considered. In particular, intellectual virtues are shown to occupy an important role in moral perception and practical reasoning.
Zoos and Aquariums
Authors: Palmer Clare , Sandøe Peter
Published: June 2018

Zoos and aquariums are institutions exhibiting collections of live wild animals from different species, usually to the general public. This entry presents key ethical debates about zoos and aquariums, including both objections to their existence in principle, and defenses of their moral significance in the context of nature conservation, including efforts to protect wild species from extinction. The entry also explores a number of practical ethical issues raised by the management of zoos and aquariums, including their acquisition of animals, their ability to ensure good animal welfare, the ways they deal with reproduction and “surplus” animals, and their effectiveness at achieving conservation goals.
Aspiration
Authors: Callard Agnes
Published: June 2018

Aspiration is the learning process that pertains specifically to value‐acquisition. Like akrasia, the phenomenon of aspiration generates paradoxes in the theory of rationality, moral psychology, autonomy, and action theory. Rationality: what reason does the aspirant have for engaging in value‐acquisition, given that what justifies such work is precisely the value she does not yet grasp? Moral psychology: the aspirant doesn't (fully) identify with the motivations of the person she aspires to become, nor are those motivations “external” to her in the manner of compulsions or urges. Is there an alternative both to identification and to externalization? Autonomy: aspiration seems to be the sort of process that could ground moral responsibility for having become the person one is – it purports to be a process of self‐creation. But many philosophers have argued that the very concept of self‐creation is confused. Action theory: aspiration is neither a single action, nor is it a collection of actions that can each be understood independently of the others. The aspirant's actions are dependent for their intelligibility on a larger project that is not itself an action, but a change in who one is.
Achievement
Authors: Bradford Gwen
Published: June 2018

Achievements are widely thought to be an important component of the best human lives, but, in spite of the significance of achievement and a wealth of philosophical puzzles, it has received relatively little discussion in the philosophical literature until somewhat recently. This entry chronicles some of the key philosophical issues in ethics and achievement. The central questions concern the value of achievement: what, if anything, makes achievement worthwhile and why? The relationships between achievement and well‐being, intrinsic value, and meaning in life are explored, and other ethical issues are discussed, such as apportioning credit for group achievements and the ethics of enhancement.
Modified multiplicative quaternion cubature Kalman filter for attitude estimation
Authors: Qiu Zhenbing , Qian Huaming
Published: June 2018

In this paper, a modified multiplicative quaternion cubature Kalman filter (CKF) for attitude estimation is proposed. For high‐dimensional state estimation, the CKF that uses third‐degree spherical‐radial cubature rule can provide a more accurate estimation than the unscented Kalman filter. However, for the attitude estimation in the case of larger initial conditional errors, the results may be reversed. To take full advantage of the CKF, the Lagrange cost function method is introduced to solve the quaternion weighted mean, then, the mean is used as the reference quaternion for the measurement update in the CKF framework. The choice of the reference quaternions and the quaternion update method is different from the existing literature to avoid the algorithm from failing. In addition, the unconstrained three‐component vectors represent the attitude error quaternion in the filtering algorithm, whereas the quaternion is used to perform attitude propagation. Simulation results demonstrate the better performance of the proposed modifying filter algorithm in comparison with the multiplicative extended Kalman filter, the unscented Kalman filter, and the CKF under larger initial condition errors.
Superhydrophobic, Surfactant‐doped, Conducting Polymers for Electrochemically Reversible Adsorption of Organic Contaminants
Authors: Ren Yinying , Lin Zhou , Mao Xianwen , Tian Wenda , Van Voorhis Troy , Hatton T. Alan
Published: June 2018

Polymeric adsorbents show great potential for the replacement of activated carbon for removing a wide range of toxic organic pollutants from wastewater streams since they do not suffer from costly regeneration needs and high attrition rates. Herein, an electrochemically regenerable polymeric adsorbent based on an intrinsically conducting polymer (CP), polypyrrole (PPy), doped with anionic surfactant dioctylsulfosuccinate (AOT), denoted PPy(AOT), for mitigating organic pollutants in wastewater is reported. A facile electropolymerization protocol to synthesize highly porous PPy(AOT) is developed, with an adsorption capacity of greater than 570 mg pollutant/g polymer in its superhydrophobic oxidized state. It is demonstrated that the hydrophobicity of PPy(AOT) and hence its affinity for organics can be modulated electrochemically through the re‐orientation of AOT dopants, which can be exploited to regenerate the adsorbent and use it repeatedly for multiple adsorption/desorption cycles. It also explores the interactions between the adsorbed organic molecules and the surfactant‐doped CP adsorbent using a combined density functional theory and molecular dynamics approach to elucidate the mechanism of electrochemical modulations of hydrophobicity and affinity of the material. The physicochemical insights are significant for developing broader applications of such material in drug delivery, sensing, self‐cleaning surfaces, microfluidics, and artificial muscles.
Exceptional Catalytic Nature of Quantum Dots for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution without External Cocatalysts
Authors: Gao Yu‐Ji , Li Xu‐Bing , Wu Hao‐Lin , Meng Shu‐Lin , Fan Xiang‐Bing , Huang Mao‐Yong , Guo Qing , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: June 2018

The catalytic nature of semiconducting quantum dots (QDs) for photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution can be thoroughly aroused, not because of coupling with external cocatalysts, but through partially covering controlled amount of ZnS shell on the surface. Specifically, CdSe QDs, with an optimal coverage of ZnS (≈46%), can produce H2 gas with a constant rate of ≈306.3 ± 21.1 µmol mg−1 h−1 during 40 h, thereby giving a turnover number of ≈(4.4 ± 0.3) × 105, which is ≈110‐fold to that of unmodified CdSe QDs under identical conditions. The performance of H2 evolution is comparable to or even better than the commonly used external cocatalysts, e.g., metal complexes, noble metals assisted photosystems. Mechanistic insights indicate that the dramatically enhanced activity and stability of bare QDs for photocatalytic H2 production are derived from (i) inhibiting exciton annihilation at trap states, (ii) preventing the photo‐oxidation of core frameworks, and (iii) retaining tunneling efficiencies of photogenerated electrons and holes to reactive sites with partial ZnS coverage.
High Tap Density Co and Ni Containing P2‐Na0.66MnO2 Buckyballs: A Promising High Voltage Cathode for Stable Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kaliyappan Karthikeyan , Xaio Wei , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Sun Xueliang
Published: June 2018

Constructing high voltage (>4.5 V) cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries has emerged in recent years to replace lithium batteries for large scale energy storage applications. Herein, an electrochemically stable Na0.66(Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13)O2 (Na‐NMC) buckyballs with an uniform size of 5 µm and a high tap density of 2.34 g cm−3, which exhibit excellent cyclability even at the high current with a cut‐off voltage of 4.7 V, is demonstrated. The Na‐NMC buckyballs are prepared from (Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13)CO3 (NMC) precursor synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The Na‐NMC delivers a reversible capacity of around 120 mAh g−1 between 4.7 and 2 V at 1 C rate along with an excellent cyclic stability (90%) until 150 cycles, which is one of the best outcomes among the reported P2‐type cathodes tested at the high operating voltage range. Furthermore, Na‐NMC‐180 buckyballs with a high tap density is offering an enhanced volumetric energy density, a superior rate performance and an outstanding cyclic stability. The X‐ray adsorption fine structure analysis is used to study the local electronic structure changes around the Co, Mn, and Ni after cycling process at 1 C rate. The findings open opportunities for tailoring high‐performance and high‐energy cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries.
Ionic Additive Engineering Toward High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells with Reduced Grain Boundaries and Trap Density
Authors: Cai Feilong , Yan Yu , Yao Jiaxu , Wang Pang , Wang Hui , Gurney Robert S. , Liu Dan , Wang Tao
Published: June 2018

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have emerged as one of the promising photovoltaic candidates to generate renewable energy. However, the large amounts of grain boundaries and trap states that exist in the bulk or interfacial regions of perovskite films limit further enhancement of device efficiency. Herein, an additive engineering strategy is introduced employing trimethylammonium chloride in the methylammonium iodide precursor solution to prepare methylammonium lead iodide perovskite films with reduced grain boundaries and trap densities. This leads to an increased charge carrier diffusion coefficient and diffusion length, as evaluated by impedance and voltage decay measurements, intensity‐modulated photovoltage, and photocurrent spectroscopies. The proportion of nonradiative recombination processes is significantly reduced, consequently increasing device efficiency from 19.1% to 20.9% in these perovskite solar cells.
Chirality on Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Au@AuAg Yolk–Shell Nanorods into Core–Satellite Superstructures for Biosensing in Human Cells
Authors: Hao Changlong , Xu Liguang , Sun Maozhong , Ma Wei , Kuang Hua , Xu Chuanlai
Published: June 2018

Here, Au@AgAu yolk–shell nanorods (YSNRs) with tunable plasmonic circular dichroism (PCD) responses are synthesized, for the first time, using chiral d‐ or l‐penicillamine. The concentration of chiral molecules and the nanogap size play key roles in the PCD signal of the YSNRs. Importantly, the PCD response could be regulated by changing the aspect ratio of gold nanorods, and the largest anisotropy factor (g‐factor) is 0.009. Remarkably, the YSNRs are used as new chiroptical building blocks together with Au nanoparticles (NPs) to build YSNR@NP core–satellite (CS) assemblies, which display much stronger PCD intensity and an increased g‐factor of 0.021. The theoretical calculation data demonstrate that the significant PCD activity of nanoassemblies is originated from chiral structures and the intrinsic chirality of the building blocks. Noticeably, the developed CS superstructures with photothermal effects are utilized to quantitatively detect zinc ion in living cell lines. This study reports an emerging class of chiral inorganic nanostructures with important future applications, including enantioselective separation, asymmetric catalysis, and biomedical sensing.
Optical and Electrical Enhancement of Hydrogen Evolution by MoS2@MoO3 Core–Shell Nanowires with Designed Tunable Plasmon Resonance
Authors: Guo Shaohui , Li Xuanhua , Ren Xingang , Yang Lin , Zhu Jinmeng , Wei Bingqing
Published: June 2018

The design of transition‐metal chalcogenides (TMCs) photocatalysts for water splitting is highly important, in which both light absorption and interfacial engineering play vital roles in photoexcited electron generation, electron transport, and ultimately speeding up water splitting. To this end, plasmonic metal nanomaterials with surface plasmon resonances are promising candidates. However, it is very difficult to enhance the light absorption and manage the interfacial engineering simultaneously, thus, resulting in suboptimal photocatalytic performance. Here, a doped semiconductor plasmon is proposed to optically and electrically enhance TMCs hydrogen evolution. With the tunability of plasmon resonance in a doped MoO3 semiconductor via hydrogen reduction, the broadband absorption and good interfacial engineering are simultaneously demonstrated in flexible MoS2@MoO3 core–shell nanowire photocatalysts. Better energy‐band alignment with MoS2 can also be realized, thereby achieving improved photoinduced electron generation. More importantly, the defects at the interface between MoO3 and MoS2 are effectively reduced because of precise tunability of plasmon resonance, which enhances electron transport. As a proof of concept, this optimized hybrid nanostructure exhibits outstanding H2 evolution characteristics (841.4 μmol h−1 g−1), excellent stability, and good flexibility. The value is also one of the highest hydrogen evolution activity rates to date among the two dimensional‐layered visible‐light photocatalysts.
Submillimeter 2D Bi2Se3 Flakes toward High‐Performance Infrared Photodetection at Optical Communication Wavelength
Authors: Wang Fakun , Li Leigang , Huang Wenjuan , Li Liang , Jin Bao , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: June 2018

Infrared detection at optical communication wavelength is of great significance because of their diverse commercial and military communication applications. The layered Bi2Se3 with a narrow band gap of 0.3 eV is regarded as a promising candidate toward high‐performance terahertz to infrared applications. However, the controllable synthesis of large‐size ultrathin Bi2Se3 flakes remains a challenge owing to complex nucleation process and infrared telecommunication photodetectors based on Bi2Se3 flakes are rarely reported. Here, large size (submillimeter: 0.2–0.4 mm in lateral dimensions) and ultrathin (thickness: 3 nm to few nanometers) 2D Bi2Se3 flakes with high crystal quality are obtained by suppressing the nucleation density. More importantly, back‐gate field‐effect transistor based on Bi2Se3 flake exhibits an ultrahigh on/off current ratio of 106 and competitive mobility of 39.4 cm2 V−1 s−1. Moreover, excellent on/off ratio of 972.5, responsivity of 23.8 A W−1, and external quantum efficiency of 2035% are obtained from Bi2Se3‐based photodetector at 1456 nm in the E‐band of the telecommunication range. With controlled morphology and excellent photoresponse performance, the Bi2Se3 photodetector shows great potential in the optoelectronic field including communications, military, and remote sensing.
The Influence of Molecular Packing on the Emissive Behavior of Pyrene Derivatives: Mechanoluminescence and Mechanochromism
Authors: Gong Yan‐Bin , Zhang Pan , Gu Ya‐rong , Wang Jia‐Qiang , Han Meng‐Meng , Chen Cheng , Zhan Xue‐Jun , Xie Zong‐Liang , Zou Bo , Peng Qian , Chi Zhen‐Guo , Li Zhen
Published: June 2018

Although some bright, organic mechanoluminescence (ML) luminogens with aggregation‐induced emission properties and twisted molecular structures are recently reported, those with planar structures and bright ML and their related effective design strategies are not yet explored, partially due to aggregation‐caused quenching in luminogens with planar structures. Herein, using the unique solid‐state packing style of pyrene, bright dual monomer‐excimer‐ML and excimer‐ML from two pyrene derivatives (Py‐Bpin and Py‐Br) with a simple, planar molecular structure are reported for the first time, and two analogs of pyrene and Py‐H are used for comparison. These four luminogens display similar optical properties in dilute solution but different luminescent properties in the solid state, mainly due to their different molecular packing. Interestingly, pyrene is mechanochromism (MC)‐ and ML‐inactive, while Py‐H is MC‐active, Py‐Bpin is MC‐ and ML‐active, and Py‐Br is ML‐active. The relationship between molecular packing and ML/MC properties is confirmed by analyzing single‐crystal structures and related experimental results, providing important information to further understand the mysterious ML process and opening a new way to design efficient luminogens with both MC and ML.