bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Lactylation Aggravates Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Disrupting PHB2 Mediated Mitophagy in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Li Jiaying , Shi Xiaoxiao , Xu Jiatong , Wang Kaiyue , Hou Fangxing , Luan Xiaodong , Chen Limeng
Published: December 2024

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a crucial event in acute kidney injury (AKI), leading to a metabolic shift toward glycolysis and increased lactate production. Lactylation, a posttranslational modification derived from lactate, plays a significant role in various cellular processes, yet its implications in AKI remain underexplored. Here, a marked increase in lactate levels and pan‐Kla levels are observed in kidney tissue from AKI patients and mice, with pronounced lactylation activity in injured proximal tubular cells identified by single‐cell RNA sequencing. The lactylation of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is identified at lysine 52 (K52la), revealing that ALDH2 lactylation exacerbates tubular injury and mitochondrial dysfunction. Conversely, the ALDH2 K52R mutation alleviates these injuries in HK‐2 cells and adeno‐associated virus‐infected kidney tissues in mice. Furthermore, ALDH2 lactylation can be modulated by upregulating SIRT3 in vivo and in vitro, which reduces ALDH2 lactylation, mitigating tubular injury and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistically, immunoprecipitation‐mass spectrometry analysis demonstrates an interaction between ALDH2 and prohibitin 2 (PHB2), a crucial mitophagy receptor. ALDH2 lactylation promotes the ubiquitination‐proteasomal degradation of PHB2 to inhibit mitophagy and worsen mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings highlight the critical role of endogenous lactate in AKI and propose ALDH2 lactylation as a potential therapeutic target.
Non‐APOE variants predominately expressed in smooth muscle cells contribute to the influence of Alzheimer's disease genetic risk on white matter hyperintensities
Authors: Chandler Hannah Louise , Wheeler Joshua , Escott‐Price Valentina , Murphy Kevin , Lancaster Thomas Matthew
Published: December 2024

INTRODUCTION

White matter hyperintensity volumes (WMHVs) are disproportionally prevalent in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), potentially reflecting neurovascular injury. We quantify the association between AD polygenic risk score (AD‐PRS) and WMHV, exploring single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are proximal to genes overexpressed in cerebrovascular cell species.

METHODS

In a UK‐Biobank sub‐sample (mean age = 64, range = 45–81 years), we associate WMHV with (1) AD‐PRS estimated via SNPs across the genome (minus apolipoprotein E [APOE] locus) and (2) AD‐PRS estimated with SNPs proximal to specific genes that are overexpressed in cerebrovascular cell species.

RESULTS

We observed a positive association between non‐APOE‐AD‐PRS and WMHVs. We further demonstrate an association between WMHVs and AD‐PRS constructed with SNPs that are proximal to genes over‐represented in smooth muscles cells (SMCs; β = 0.135, PFWE < 0.01) and internally replicated (PDISCOVERY+REPLICATION < 0.01).

DISCUSSION

Common AD genetic risk could explain physiological processes underlying vascular pathology in AD. SMC function may offer a treatment target to prevent WMHV‐related AD pathophysiology prior to the onset of symptoms.

Highlights

Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors such as apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, link to increased white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV).

WMHVs indicate vascular risk and neurovascular injury in AD.

The broader genetic link between AD risk and WMHV is not fully understood.

We quantify AD polygenic risk score (PRS) associations with WMHV, excluding APOE.

AD‐PRS in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) shows a significant association with increased WMHV.
Whole family support for people in prison: The Trojan Horse of rehabilitation? An interview with Corin Morgan‐Armstrong, Director of Invisible Walls Community Interest Company
Authors: Clancy Anna , Louth Jonathon , Amos Jackie
Published: December 2024

The article derives from an interview with Corin Morgan‐Armstrong, the architect of Invisible Walls, an innovative model of whole‐family support for people in prison, their children and families/significant others in the community. This groundbreaking approach not only aims to improve reintegration outcomes for the person leaving prison, but expands the focus to include all family members as equal beneficiaries of support to improve family relationships, their quality of life, and disrupt the intergenerational cycles of disadvantage and trauma in which many of these families are entrenched. The reader is provided with insight into Corin's journey to see beyond the person in prison, recognising him in his role as a father and inspiring a holistic approach which involves family, children and community to support lasting change and improve ‘whole family’ outcomes beyond simply reducing reoffending.
Sequential Reactive Processing for the Synthesis of Branched Polypropylene and Propylene–Ethylene Copolymer
Authors: Guapacha Jorge , Quinzani Lidia M. , Failla Marcelo D.
Published: December 2024

Polypropylene (PP) and random propylene–ethylene copolymer (PEC) with long‐chain branches (LCB) have been synthesized from linear polymers by sequential melt reactive processing. The process starts with the grafting of low concentrations of maleic anhydride using an organic peroxide as a radical initiator. Then, halfway through the processing time, the chain‐linking agent, m‐xylylenediamine (XDA), is added to the reactive medium to generate branched molecular structures. The occurrence of grafting and chain‐linking reactions was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and dynamic and transient extensional rheology. Branched polymers with up to ~1 branch per 1000 monomer units were achieved without largely altering the average molecular weights of the original materials and their tensile mechanical properties. The amount of LCB obtained in PEC practically doubles that in the branched PP. Properties such as maximum tensile stress, elastic modulus, and tensile stress at yield were found to be primarily a function of the molecular weight and crystallinity level of the polymers, and not of their degree of LCB. Altogether, the results demonstrate that grafting low concentrations of maleic anhydride onto the polymer with the addition of the chain‐linking agent at half processing time is an efficient and practical method to produce polymers with improved melt strength.
Luminescent Co‐Assemblies of Donor‐Acceptor Dimeric Cyanostilbenes with (Bio)Anionic Polymeric Templates
Authors: Banerjee Supratim , Som Susmit , Hiremath Sharanabasava D. , Sarkar Richeek
Published: December 2024

Amphiphilic dimeric cyanostilbenes with two donor‐acceptor moieties connected through variable aliphatic linkers displayed aggregation in aqueous media to produce red emissive nano‐assemblies. In the presence of anionic biopolymers such as ctDNA and heparin, they formed electrostatically driven co‐assemblies with enhanced luminescence. Moreover, due to the chiral nature of the bio‐templates DNA and heparin, the co‐assemblies demonstrated induced chirality features. Although the central double bond in cyanostilbenes is known to undergo various photochemical conversions, these dimeric donor‐acceptor cyanostilbenes, in their self‐assembled state, essentially remained photoinactive under UV irradiation. However, in the bio‐templated co‐assemblies, they showed comparatively higher photo‐reactivity, which was especially prominent for the ctDNA based co‐assemblies. We also found that these co‐assemblies can be used as artificial light‐harvesting systems by incorporating acceptor dyes and this led to the generation of amplified emission from the acceptor dyes in the NIR range of the spectrum. Furthermore, the co‐assemblies demonstrated selective fluorescence quenching in the presence of metal ions such as Cu2+ and Fe2+, highlighting their potential for metal‐ion sensing applications.
Atypical Regional Accent in Autistic Children: A Perception Study
Authors: Beccaria Federica , Gagliardi Gloria , Kissine Mikhail
Published: December 2024

Autistic children are frequently said to speak with accents that markedly differ from those of their linguistic communities. To date, these anecdotal reports have never been tested or explained. We ran two perception studies using short audio recordings of autistic and typically developing children from the Campania region in Italy. The variety of Italian to which children are exposed in this region markedly differs from those spoken in the rest of Italy. Participant responses about the children's geographical origin show: (a) That autistic children's accent is devoid of the regional features of their community; (b) resembles the standard variety used in cartoons and child television programs. The judgments about children's accents are, furthermore, independent of the overall perception of speech atypicality. This paper shows that the accent of autistic children may diverge from that of their caregivers and peers because of the lasting influence of non‐interactional, screen sources on their speech.
Robust Autism Spectrum Disorder‐Related Spatial Covariance Gray Matter Pattern Revealed With a Large‐Scale Multi‐Center Dataset
Authors: Ma Sheng‐Zhi , Wang Xing‐Ke , Yang Chen , Dong Wen‐Qiang , Chen Dan‐Dan , Song Chao , Zhang Qiu‐Rong , Zang Yu‐Feng , Yuan Li‐Xia
Published: December 2024

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder and its underlying neuroanatomical mechanisms still remain unclear. The scaled subprofile model of principal component analysis (SSM‐PCA) is a data‐driven multivariate technique for capturing stable disease‐related spatial covariance pattern. Here, SSM‐PCA is innovatively applied to obtain robust ASD‐related gray matter volume pattern associated with clinical symptoms. We utilized T1‐weighted structural MRI images (sMRI) of 576 subjects (288 ASDs and 288 typically developing (TD) controls) aged 7–29 years from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange II (ABIDE II) dataset. These images were analyzed with SSM‐PCA to identify the ASD‐related spatial covariance pattern. Subsequently, we investigated the relationship between the pattern and clinical symptoms and verified its robustness. Then, the applicability of the pattern under different age stages were further explored. The results revealed that the ASD‐related pattern primarily involves the thalamus, putamen, parahippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and cerebellum. The expression of this pattern correlated with Social Response Scale and Social Communication Questionnaire scores. Moreover, the ASD‐related pattern was robust for the ABIDE I dataset. Regarding the applicability of the pattern for different age stages, the effect sizes of its expression in ASD were medium in the children and adults, while small in adolescents. This study identified a robust ASD‐related pattern based on gray matter volume that is associated with social deficits. Our findings provide new insights into the neuroanatomical mechanisms of ASD and may facilitate its future intervention.
An idea to explore: Using origami to learn molecular structure of biomolecules
Authors: Vega‐Garzón Juan Carlos , Chaverra‐Rodriguez Duverney
Published: December 2024

The COVID‐19 pandemic affected a large range of in‐person education activities in Colombia. This created great limitations in academic performance for students with reduced access to communication technologies and deepened the educational gaps in the country. This was particularly true for sciences such as biochemistry. In Colombia, molecular structure is a subject traditionally taught through 2D drawings and static diagrams because software and 3D artifacts are not available to all students. Thus, it is essential to develop and apply strategies to study molecular structure; especially tools that are accessible and can be easily built and used at home in rural areas of the country. Here, we propose the use of origami as a tool to teach molecular structure to second year college students in Colombia. We describe the development and the implementation of the tool adjusted to students' needs regarding their visual, tactile, and other experiential learning. We included serious game elements during the implementation to engage participation and teamwork. Students' perception about the use and utility of origami to study molecular structure was favorable, highlighting its simplicity and powerfulness to help them grasp key concepts in chemistry. This motivates us to propose this idea to explore and continue improving the strategy in the classroom.
Making Sustainability Tensions Salient: Changing Information or People?
Authors: Manzhynski Siarhei , Figge Frank , Thorpe Andrea Stevenson
Published: December 2024

Sustainability issues are associated with numerous tensions. These tensions are sometimes being referred to as wicked or even paradoxical. As long as tensions stay latent for organizational members, they will not be perceived and, thus, will not be adequately managed. The question of how tensions become salient is therefore of particular interest. Prior research suggests that contextual and cognitive factors render latent tensions salient and argues that advanced cognition is required to recognize sustainability tensions. In this paper, we show that developing cognition is only one possible strategy. We argue that information links a situation with actors' cognition and is therefore vital for rendering latent sustainability tensions salient. We show that simplifying information and making information more complex are two additional ways to recognize sustainability tensions. The situation–information–cognition (SIC) rule we develop in this article shows when and under which conditions the three strategies apply interchangeably or in combination.
Tuning the Electronic and Optical Properties of Cu2ZnSn1−xGexS4 Alloys for Photovoltaic Applications: A Hybrid Density Functional Theory and Device Simulation Approach
Authors: Goumri‐Said Souraya , Ziane Mohamed Issam , Belarbi Mousaab , Kanoun Mohammed Benali
Published: December 2024

In this study, we explore the electronic and optical properties of Cu2ZnSn1−xGexS4 using density functional theory combined with hybrid functional calculations. Alloying Cu2ZnSnS4 with Ge and the formation of a band gap gradient are investigated as strategies to improve the efficiency of single‐junction photovoltaic (PV) devices and as top cells in tandem solar cells. Our findings reveal that increasing Ge concentration leads to a rise in the band gap, with a small bowing constant (b ≈ 0.02 eV) indicating good miscibility of Ge in the host lattice. The electronic properties suggest that lower Ge incorporation may be optimal for PV applications. Additionally, device simulations were conducted to evaluate the impact of Cu2ZnSn1−xGexS4 layer thickness on device performance, with and without a back surface field. The integration of first‐principles calculations with SCAPS‐1D simulations offers a comprehensive framework for predicting the performance of Cu2ZnSn1−xGexS4 solar cells, highlighting the potential of Ge alloying for enhancing PV efficiency.
Designing Human–Robot Interaction Algorithms for Developing Metacognitive Skills
Authors: Barın Özkan Sibel , Burak İnner A. , Toz Metin , Ünlü Berke
Published: December 2024

In today's technology, robots are involved in all life aspects. Therefore, it is inconceivable that robots will not affect the field of education either. Robot simulators can help developers test and improve intelligent systems before putting them in natural environments. In this study, the use of robots in education has been discussed in relation to the development of metacognitive abilities. A simulation environment was prepared for testing and developing the methods that follow learning models in human–robot interaction. The simulation is about a humanoid robot making an engineering lesson plan. It has been tested on a group of academicians consisting of 64 (32 persons in the experimental group and 32 persons in the control group) persons working in Computer Engineering in the 2021–2022 academic year. The application process includes an 8‐week course period. The data as the result of the test were collected from both groups using the MCQ‐30 scale and from the experimental group by the metacognitive strategy questions after preparing the engineering lesson plans made by robot simulation. Evaluation of the data showed that the robot simulation was effective in the metacognition scores of the people in the experimental group, and the success level of the people in the control group did not change significantly, considering the results of the pretest and the posttest.
Purple and red rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran polyphenols show antiobesity and antidiabetic activities
Authors: Boue Stephen M. , Broussard William , Michelz Abigail
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives

Rice bran is a source of bioactive polyphenols. This study aimed to characterize the antidiabetic potential of different rice brans (one brown, two red, and two purple) by examining their ability to inhibit α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase, and to stimulate glucose uptake in adipocytes.

Findings

All pigmented bran extracts significantly inhibited α‐glucosidase. Both red rice brans inhibited α‐amylase close to 50% at the highest dose tested. All four pigmented rice brans inhibited lipase in vitro (IC50 values 4.38–10.09 mg/mL). The pigmented rice brans studied contained higher levels of total polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity when compared to brown rice bran. Purple bran contained anthocyanins and red brans contained proanthocyanidins. The pigmented brans consisted of higher levels of total benzoic acids, while the brown rice bran had higher levels of total cinnamic acids. Tricin was identified in all pigmented brans.

Conclusions

Our study indicates that pigmented rice brans have the ability to manage obesity and diabetes due to their inhibitory effects on lipid and carbohydrate digestion. Several bioactive polyphenols were identified.

Significance and Novelty

The potential of pigmented rice bran to inhibit α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and lipase was confirmed.
Bismuth Schiff base complex and its oxide nanoparticles as photocatalyst for the removal of dyes from water
Authors: Shaabani Behrouz , Soleimaninia Shadi
Published: December 2024

Bismuth oxide and bismuth complexes with organic ligands, particularly Schiff bases, have received much attention due to their non‐toxicity, antibacterial, and photocatalytic properties in removing water and environmental contaminants by oxidative degradation. This work investigates the synthesis of bismuth complexes with the salicylidine Schiff base ligand of H2L through hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, the preparation of bismuth oxide nanoparticles from these complexes, and the synthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles from bismuth nitrate. To characterize the products, several techniques including infrared, UV–vis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used. Hydrothermally and solvothermally produced bismuth(III) complexes with H2L had particle sizes of about 46 and 15 nm, respectively, while oxide nanoparticles made from them had sizes of about 42 and 52 nm, respectively.

The study also investigates the usage of complexes and oxide nanoparticles as photocatalysts under an ultraviolet (UV) lamp (30 W) irradiation to remove contaminants such as methyl orange, acid red 14, orange acid 7, and malachite green from water. The results showed that the bismuth complexes and oxide nanoparticles effectively remove these dyes from contaminated water samples.
Optoelectronic Properties and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Application of Donor‐Acceptor Dyads Derived From 2,6‐DicarboxyBODIPY
Authors: Sheehan Aimee , Okkelman Irina A. , Groslambert Geoffrey , Bucher Christophe , Dmitriev Ruslan I. , Filatov Mikhail A.
Published: December 2024

Donor‐acceptor BODIPY dyads, functionalized at the 2 and 6 positions with benzyl ester (BDP‐DE) or carboxylic acid (BDP‐DA) groups, were synthesized, and their optoelectronic properties were investigated. Carbonyl groups were found to increase the reduction potential of the BODIPY core by 0.15–0.4 eV compared to regular alkyl‐substituted BODIPYs. These compounds exhibited efficient intramolecular charge separation and triplet state formation through the spin‐orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT‐ISC) process, achieving singlet oxygen quantum yields of up to 92 %, depending on the solvent polarity. Notably, the fluorescence and singlet oxygen generation of BDP‐DAs were found to depend on the ionization state of the carboxylic groups. Time‐resolved fluorescence measurements revealed that complexation of BDP‐DAs with bovine serum albumine (BSA) significantly extended their excited state lifetimes. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) studies of human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cells and pig small intestinal organoids (enteroids) provided insights into subcellular localization. The diacid with 2,4‐dimethoxyphenyl group at the meso‐position (DA1) displayed longer lifetimes in lipid‐droplet‐like structures and shorter lifetimes in cytoplasmic regions. The diacid containing a meso‐anthracenyl group (DA2) formed ′islands’ in cell monolayers, exhibiting a distinct lifetime gradient from the periphery to the center. These results highlight the potential of donor‐acceptor BODIPYs as fluorescent probes for biological imaging, particularly in revealing subtle differences in cellular environments.
Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Evolution
Authors: Katsamitros Andreas , Giannakakis Antonios N. , Karamoschos Nikolaos , Karousis Nikolaos , Tasis Dimitrios
Published: December 2024

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are considered advanced class materials due to their exotic structural and optical properties. The abundance of starting monomers with variable linkage motifs may give rise to multiple conformations in either 2D or 3D fashion. Tailoring of the abovementioned properties has facilitated the application of COFs in a wide range of applications, which are strongly correlated with energy conversion schemes. Having a crystalline porous character and a large set of donor‐acceptor combinations, COFs are expected to make huge impact in photocatalytic processes. In this Review, we present the recent advances in the development of semiconducting COF‐based systems towards the photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide evolution. An overview is given about the effect of various parameters on the photocatalytic performance, such as charge transfer tuning, wettability by chemical functionalization, topology, porosity and crystallinity. Various challenges are discussed, and constructive insights are given for the development of highly functional COF‐based photocatalysts for H2O2 evolution.
Synthesis, Anticonvulsant, Antinociceptive Activity and Preliminary Safety Evaluations of Novel Hybrid Imidazolidine‐2,4‐Dione Derivatives with Morpholine Moiety
Authors: Czopek Anna , Byrtus Hanna , Góra Małgorzata , Rapacz Anna , Sałat Kinga , Koczurkiewicz‐Adamczyk Paulina , Pękala Elżbieta , Obniska Jolanta , Kamiński Krzysztof
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to design new hybrid compounds with imidazolidin‐2,4‐dione and morpholine rings as broad spectrum anticonvulsants. To achieve this goal, all compounds were evaluated in animal seizure models, namely the maximal electroshock (MES), the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ), and selected in the 6 Hz (32 mA) tests. The most promising compound, 5‐isopropyl‐3‐(morpholinomethyl)‐5‐phenylimidazolidine‐2,4‐dione (19), demonstrated broader anticonvulsant activity than phenytoin or levetiracetam, with ED50 of 26.3 mg/kg (MES), 11.1 mg/kg and 40.9 mg/kg (6 Hz, 32 and 44 mA, respectively). Compared to phenytoin, compound 19 was active in both MES and 6 Hz (32 and 44 mA) tests. It showed nearly 1.5‐fold higher efficacy than levetiracetam in the 6 Hz (32 mA test), but unlike levetiracetam, it was also active in 6 Hz (44 mA) test. Moreover, compound 23 (3‐(morpholinomethyl)‐5,5‐diphenylimidazolidine‐2,4‐dione), displayed similar anticonvulsant efficacy to phenytoin and slightly higher activity than levetiracetam in 6 Hz (32 mA) test. In vitro binding studies showed that compound 23 inhibited weakly sodium and calcium channels, whereas compound 19 did not exhibit this effect. Importantly, both 19 and 23 showed no cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells (MTT test). Unfortunately, these compounds didn′t show antinociceptive activity in the oxaliplatin‐induced neuropathic pain model.
Ultrastructural Remodeling of Cardiomyocytes in Postinfarction Myocardium of Rats in the Late Stages of the Disease
Authors: Fedotov Sergei A. , Stepanov Andrei V. , Sakuta Galina A. , Andreev Ivan S. , Ivanova Marina S. , Baidyuk Ekaterina V.
Published: December 2024

Identifying factors that contribute to the transition to the dilated phase in cardiac ischemia is a critical challenge in heart failure treatment. Currently, no effective therapies exist for this ischemic complication, and the mechanisms driving left ventricular dilatation during chronic post‐infarction remodeling remain poorly understood. One potential pathological process leading to ventricular dilatation involves specific compensatory rearrangements in the border zone adjacent to the infarct, which isolates the intact myocardium from inflammation at the scar edge. Using a rat model, we examined ultrastructural changes in the intact and border zones of post‐infarction myocardium at chronic stages. Morphometric analysis of myofibrils, mitochondria, and excitation‐contraction coupling structures revealed similar remodeling processes in both zones at 2 weeks post‐infarction, characterized by decreased myofibril density, reduced mitochondrial area and volume density, and shortened contacts between T‐tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum. At 26 weeks post‐infarction, during the dilated cardiomyopathy phase, we observed distinct compensatory changes in the border zone. Specifically, there was a loose arrangement of myofibrils and an increased volume fraction of mitochondria. These differences in remodeling between the intact and border zones highlight factors contributing to ventricular dilatation and help the development of new therapeutic strategies to delay heart failure progression in cardiac ischemia.
An Estimate of Wolverine Density for the Canadian Province of Alberta
Authors: Fisher Jason T. , Jahid Mehnaz , Gutsell Robin , Hubbs Anne , Cowen Laura L. E. , Barrueto Mirjam , Heim Nicole , Paczkowski John
Published: December 2024

Wolverines (Gulo gulo) are a circumboreal species that has experienced substantial range reduction worldwide. In Canada, the wolverine has been extirpated entirely from the east, and from prairie regions in the west. The province of Alberta holds the south‐central portion of wolverines' Canadian range, and there they have been designated as Data Deficient since 2001 due to a historical lack of information. Our aim was to provide a first approximation of a wolverine abundance estimate at the provincial scale to inform science‐based management as well as status designation. We synthesised existing density estimates and wolverine–habitat relationships to create a province‐wide density estimate for wolverines. Densities were derived from five landscapes, spanning protected National Parks in the Rocky Mountains, the highly developed Foothills and the northcentral and northwestern boreal forests. Densities were estimated using spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models. Densities ranged from 6.74 wolverines/1000 km2 in the northwest boreal to 0.71 wolverines/1000 km2 in the foothills. The proportion of adults was based on a study from the northwest, which estimated 57% adults to 43% subadults. Extrapolating densities across natural subregions (bioclimatic ecoregions), based on known habitat relationships, it was estimated that there were 955 wolverines in the province, of which 544 were adults. This number falls well below an IUCN threshold for a legally listed species; we suggest a reassessment of the wolverine status in Alberta and considering commensurate conservation actions.
Modeling and Response of a Three‐Story Steel Building With Sliding Slabs in Earthquake Motions
Authors: Córdova Alvaro , Chou Chung‐Che , Wu Chi‐Jeng , Tsampras Georgios , Uang Chia‐Ming , Chao Shih‐Ho
Published: December 2024

In conventional steel building construction, the slabs are rigidly connected to the beams by steel‐headed stud anchors. This study explores a novel sliding slab system where the slabs are allowed to slide with respect to the steel frame by adding low‐friction Teflon pads and a horizontal all‐steel sandwiched buckling‐restrained brace (H‐SBRB) to enhance the seismic response of the building system. In this work, the effectiveness of this system in enhancing the seismic response is evaluated by constructing and validating a numerical model of a full‐scale three‐story steel dual‐frame building equipped with a buckling restrained braced frame (BRBF). The frame specimen was subjected to strong ground motions simulated using a shaking table at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in Tainan, Taiwan. A component test of the Teflon was conducted, where the frictional behavior displayed a velocity‐dependence, and the results were integrated into the analytical model. The model showed a good correlation with the test results, particularly in drift response, slab response, floor acceleration, and overall sliding response. Two H‐SBRB design forces, referred to as Design 1 and Design 2, were presented, and the slab sliding response was obtained by conducting nonlinear response history analyses. Design 1 reduced the floor accelerations by 19%, the interstory drifts by 15%, and the total base shear by 13% compared to a building model with rigidly‐connected slabs. In Design 2, the H‐SBRB design force was reduced, leading to a reduction in floor acceleration by 31% and interstory drift by 34%.
Guidelines for study the oxidative stress damage and mechanism of on Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chen Shengxiong , Zhou Pengren , Lu Rui , Wang Yangyang , Cao Hui
Published: December 2024

Oxidative stress, caused by free radicals damaging cellular structures, is associated with various diseases. Effective research on oxidative stress mechanisms and potential therapies requires robust model organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is an ideal model due to its small size, high transparency, and ease of cultivation. Additionally, C. elegans exhibits human‐like responses under oxidative stress, such as changes in antioxidant enzyme activity, accumulation of oxidative damage, and regulation of antioxidant‐related gene expression. This guideline outlines methods for utilizing C. elegans in oxidative stress research, detailing the construction of oxidative stress models and corresponding detection indicators. This comprehensive approach aims to advance the study of oxidative stress and the evaluation of antioxidants.
Occupationally Relevant Zinc‐ and Copper‐Containing Metal Fumes Inhibit Human THP‐1 Macrophage TNF and IL‐6 Responses to Bacterial Stimuli
Authors: Steffens Jan , Michael Sabrina , Kuth Katharina , Hollert Henner , Du Marchie Sarvaas Miriam , Nesic Andrijana , Kraus Thomas , Baumann Ralf
Published: December 2024

Metal workers have an increased risk of severe lobar pneumonia due to exposure to metal fume particles, which lead to recent pneumococcal vaccination recommendations. To investigate the effects of metal fume‐derived zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) particles on airway immune responses, human THP‐1‐derived macrophages are exposed in vitro to the bacterial pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic Acid (LTA), or peptidoglycan (PGN), together with particle suspensions. Particles are generated through metal inert gas (MIG) soldering. Spectrometric and microscopic analysis confirms CuO and ZnO as main components. Macrophage IL‐6 and TNF mRNAs are quantified by qPCR and secreted protein levels by electrochemiluminescent multi‐spot assay. A dose‐dependent increase in macrophage TNF and IL‐6 mRNA (4 h) and protein (24 h) levels following exposure to PAMPs is significantly inhibited by 2 µg mL−1 CuO/ZnO particles (n = 5). Additionally, CuO/ZnO particles significantly inhibit TNF protein expression in unstimulated macrophages, while IL‐6 protein levels are unaffected (n = 5). The presented in vitro immunotoxicity approach may extend existing new approach methodology (NAM) elements for chemical risk assessment and possibly exposure limit evaluation refinements. These findings implicate that CuO/ZnO particles suppress macrophage proinflammatory responses to PAMPs, potentially compromising lung immunity, underlining current vaccine recommendations and efforts for preventive occupational health guidelines.
Adjuvant Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy With a Pedicled Flap Reconstruction in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Implications on Target Delineation
Authors: Laskar Sarbani Ghosh , Sinha Shwetabh , Roy Pritha , Das Rabi , Thigarajan Shivakumar , Kumar Anuj , Mohanty Samarpita , Budrukkar Ashwini , Swain Monali , Chaukar Devendra , Pantvaidya Gouri , Deshmukh Anuja , Pai Prathamesh , Nair Deepa , Nair Sudhir , Joshi Poonam , Shetty Rathan , Singh Arjun , Tuljapurkar Vidisha , Vaish Richa , Chaturvedi Pankaj
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To address controversies regarding target volume delineation for adjuvant intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma with pedicled flap reconstruction and elective nodal irradiation (ENI).

Materials and Methods

During target volume delineation, the primary tumor bed was the pre‐surgical gross tumor volume with an additional isotropic margin of 5‐10 mm. Additionally, the flap and body tissue junction were given a margin of 5‐10 mm (if not already given). An effort was not made to trace the flap for inclusion in the clinical target volume (CTV), except when it traversed through the involved nodal regions. Contralateral ENI was carried out only in tumors crossing the midline when there was a heavy nodal burden at Ia/Ib.

Results

In the 143 patients analyzed, the most common sub‐site was buccal mucosa (78, 54.5%). Contralateral ENI was done in 63 patients (36 Tongue, 23 Buccoalveolar). The median follow‐up of surviving patients was 24 months. The 2‐year Locoregional Control, Disease‐Free Survival, and Overall Survival were 77.4%, 64.5%, and 79% respectively. Overall, there were 55 (38.5%) recurrences, of which 35 (24.5%) were either local, regional, or combined locoregional failures, 13 (9.1%) were distant failures alone, and 7 (4.9%) had both locoregional and distant failures. The elective nodal regions had 3 (2.1%) contralateral nodal failures.

Conclusion

The entire flap need not be intentionally covered in the target volume. Contralateral ENI should be considered only for patients with heavy nodal burden at ipsilateral level Ia/Ib, in tumors crossing the midline, or in tumors having a high propensity for contralateral lymph nodal involvement.
Iloprost‐Loaded Electrospun Polycaprolactone/Gelatin Membranes for Enhanced Healing of Colon Anastomosis
Authors: Erguder Ender , Celik Merve , Eser Pinar Eylem , Durhan Abdullah , Hucumenoglu Sema , Akkus Mehmet Ali , Buyukserin Fatih
Published: December 2024

Despite the variety of proposed solutions, anastomotic leakage is still a critical complication after colorectal surgery, which causes increased clinical mortality and morbidity. By enhancing microcirculation in the colonic mucosa, the use of Iloprost (Ilo) has shown promising results for the healing of anastomosis. The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of Ilo‐impregnated Polycaprolactone:Gelatin electrospun membranes (PCL/Gel/Ilo) on anastomosis repair and intra‐abdominal adhesion behavior in the Rat colon. Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham, Control (only resection‐anastomosis), PCL/Gel, and PCL/Gel /Ilo (n = 12 for each). On the seventh day after colon anastomosis, a second laparotomy was conducted. During this procedure, intra‐abdominal adhesion was examined, and the anastomotic segment was removed for burst pressure and histological evaluation. There was no statistically significant difference in intra‐abdominal adhesions and major complications between the electrospun membrane groups and the control group. The membrane‐applied groups exhibited significantly higher anastomotic burst pressure than the control group irrespective of their Ilo content. In terms of neovascularization and muscle necrosis, membrane‐applied groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements over the control group. Furthermore, the PCL/Gel/Ilo applied group showed enhanced neovascularization and lower muscular necrosis; however, statistically significant differences were not observed compared to the PCL/Gel applied group. Compared to the control group, the application of electrospun PCL/Gel and PCL/Gel/Ilo membranes resulted in safe and effective healing of colon anastomosis. The fact that Ilo application cannot be distinguished from the regular membrane group necessitates additional research into the doped fibrous mat and its application method.
Exploring the Phenomenon of Domestic Violence in Taiwan During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Complexity Theory Perspective
Authors: Chang Hsiao‐Pei
Published: December 2024

The COVID‐19 pandemic has been one of the most significant public health events in human history. Domestic violence cases surged globally during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In Taiwan, this trend was particularly evident, with a year‐over‐year increase in reported cases. This study aims to investigate the complex dynamics of domestic violence in Taiwan during the COVID‐19 pandemic through the lens of Complexity Theory. The researcher employed a qualitative case study method and conducted semistructured interviews with four participants. A cross‐case analysis revealed four themes illustrating polymorphic correlations of factors and five themes related to self‐organizing behaviors. This study amplifies the voices of domestic violence victims during the COVID‐19 pandemic and offers insights into the intricate dynamics between domestic violence incidents and disasters, individuals, and systems. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Measured energy expenditure according to the phases of critical illness: A descriptive cohort study
Authors: Tatucu‐Babet Oana A. , King Susannah J. , Zhang Andrew Y. , Lambell Kate J. , Tierney Audrey C. , Nyulasi Ibolya B. , McGloughlin Steven , Pilcher David , Bailey Michael , Paul Eldho , Udy Andrew , Ridley Emma J.
Published: December 2024

Background

Indirect calorimetry is recommended for directing energy provision in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, limited reports exist of measured energy expenditure according to the phases of critical illness in large cohorts of patients during ICU admission. This study aimed to analyze measured energy expenditure overall in adult patients who were critically ill and across the different phases of critical illness.

Methods

Indirect calorimetry measurements completed at a mixed ICU between January 2010 and July 2019 were eligible. Measured energy expenditure was analyzed and reported as kcal/day and kcal/kg/day overall, as the percentage increase above predicted basal metabolic rate and according to the phases of critical illness; acute early (day 1–2), acute late (day 3–7) and recovery (>7 days) phases using mixed effects linear modelling.

Results

There were 629 patients with 863 measurements included; age mean (standard deviation) 48 (18) years, 68% male and 269 (43%) with a traumatic brain injury. Measured energy expenditure overall was 2263 (626) kcal/day (30 (7) kcal/kg/day), which corresponded to a median [interquartile range] of 135 [117–155] % increase above predicted basal metabolic rate. In patients with repeat measurements (n = 158), measured energy expenditure (mean ± standard error) increased over time; 27 ± 0.5 kcal/kg/day in the early acute, 30 ± 0.4 kcal/kg/day in the late acute, and 31 ± 0.4 kcal/kg/day in the recovery phases of critical illness (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

In a large cohort of ICU patients, measured energy expenditure was 135% above the basal metabolic rate and increased from the early acute to the late acute and recovery phases of critical illness.
Crystal Hydrogel‐Based Switchable Radiative Cooling Materials for Smart Windows
Authors: Zhang Zhuangsen , Zhou Xiaozhuang , Liu Qianwei , Xiong Xinhong , Cui Jiaxi
Published: December 2024

Smart windows can effectively balance the space temperature of buildings without compromising the essential functions of windows. However, conventional thermochromic windows have limited sunlight regulation capabilities and face challenges with switching as desired. Herein, A class of novel smart windows based on crystal hydrogels is introduced that achieve free switching between transparent (for heating) and opaque (for radiative cooling) states through thermal and mechanical stimuli. The crystal hydrogels are made from cross‐linked polyacrylamide (PAM) and sodium acetate (NaAc). By optimizing the sodium acetate concentration and sample thickness, The combination of excellent cooling ability is achieved at the opaque state and good low‐temperature stability at the transparent state in the hydrogels. Using the optimized hydrogel to prepare a smart window equipped with a heater and a mechanical trigger tip, the rapid on‐demand transition between transparent and opaque states is demonstrated. The results indicate that the smart window lowers temperatures by up to 9.4 °C compared to ordinary windows and maintains stable emissivity and reflectivity even after 100 cycles due to its robust solar modulation capabilities. This technology provides new energy‐saving solutions for smart buildings but also explores future applications of smart materials, showcasing innovative advantages and technical strengths in smart windows.
Mechanical Deformation Behavior of Polymer Blend Thin Films
Authors: Pokhrel Geeta , Jo Hyungyung , Christ Nicholas M. , Son Hyeyoung , Howarter John A. , Davis Chelsea S.
Published: December 2024

Examining the mechanical properties of polymer thin films is crucial for high‐performance applications such as displays, coatings, sensors, and thermal management. It is important to design thin film microstructures that excel in high‐demand situations without compromising mechanical integrity. Here, a polymer blend of polystyrene (PS) and polyisoprene (PI) is used as a model to explore microscale deformation behavior under uniaxial mechanical testing. Six thin film compositions ranging from pure PS to a 4.5:5.5 ratio of PS to PI are fabricated. The thin films are deformed under compression, tension, and cyclic loadings, while monitoring the behavior utilizing a micromechanical stage and optical microscopy. To calculate the plane strain modulus, a strain‐induced elastic buckling instability technique is employed. The results show that as the PI concentration increases, the plane strain modulus of the films decreases while the fracture strain increases. For the 4.5:5.5 ratio of PS to PI with a continuous rubbery PI phase, the thin films show major recoverable mechanical performance. This behavior is attributed to the mechanical strength of glassy PS combined with the strain energy absorption capability of rubbery PI, enabling elastic recovery. These fundamental observations provide valuable insights for designing mechanically resilient thin films for coatings and flexible devices.
Stock-specific spatial overlap among seabird predators and Columbia River juvenile Chinook Salmon suggests a mechanism for predation during early marine residence
Authors: Zamon Jeannette E. , Tolimieri Nick , Chasco Brandon E. , Hunsicker Mary E. , Van Doornik Donald M. , Burke Brian J. , Teel David J. , Phillips Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2024

Objective

Because predation is thought to be the primary source of natural mortality for juvenile salmon first entering the ocean, we sought to identify regions where, on average, stock-specific spatial overlap between the distribution of threatened and endangered juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and abundant fish-eating seabirds (common murres Uria aalge and sooty shearwaters Ardenna grisea) suggests the greatest potential for ocean predation risk to juvenile Chinook Salmon.

Methods

The relative abundance and spatial distribution of seabird predators and juvenile Chinook Salmon were quantified as part of long-term ecosystem surveys during May 2003–2012 and June 2003–2022. Genetic stock identification methods were used to assign individual fish to their respective stock groups. Stock-specific species distribution models then generated maps and indices of average annual spatial overlap between predators and prey within the survey area.

Result

There is unequivocal evidence for spatial overlap between common murres, sooty shearwaters, and five genetic groups of interior and lower Columbia River juvenile Chinook Salmon. We found strongly positive (≥0.70) spatial correlations between predator and prey densities in both May and June, although spatial overlap was, in general, greater during May. The region of highest spatial overlap occurred on the inner continental shelf between the Columbia River mouth (46.2°N) and Grays Harbor (47.0°N), a region at the beginning of the juvenile salmon migratory pathway that is strongly affected by freshwater outflow from the river.

Conclusion

Our findings support the idea that ocean avian predation during early marine residence has the potential to affect marine survival of juvenile Chinook Salmon and should be further investigated to better inform and implement ecological models and possible recovery actions for Chinook Salmon populations of the Columbia River basin.
Delineation of the Genetic Architecture and Clinical Polymorphism of 3q29 Duplication Syndrome: A Review of the Literature and a Report of Two Novel Patients With Single‐Gene BDH1 Duplications
Authors: Kashevarova A. A. , Lopatkina M. E. , Vasilyeva O. Yu. , Fedotov D. A. , Lobanov A. D. , Fonova E. A. , Zhalsanova I. Z. , Zarubin A. A. , Salyukova O. A. , Belyaeva E. O. , Petrova V. V. , Ravzhaeva E. G. , Agafonova A. A. , Cheremnykh A. D. , Torkhova N. B. , Vovk S. L. , Lebedev I. N.
Published: December 2024

Background

Chromosome 3q29 duplication syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder with a frequency of 1:5000 in patients with a neurodevelopmental phenotype. The syndrome is characterized by phenotypic polymorphism and reduced penetrance.

Methods

Patients were investigated by performing a cytogenetic analysis of GTG‐banded metaphases, aCGH with the SurePrint G3 Human CGH Microarray 8×60K, qPCR, FISH, and WES.

Results

Here, we report five new patients with atypical duplications overlapping with the 3q29 duplication syndrome region and no other genetic findings. In two patients, duplications were found in the single BDH1 gene, a candidate gene for the 3q29 duplication phenotype. For the first time, we delineated and described the smallest minimal critical region, including the single BDH1 gene; in our patients, this region was associated with ASD, heart defects, biliary tract dysfunction, and obesity. The frequencies of the pathological phenotypes in duplication carriers reported in the literature were calculated and compared with those in patients with 3q29 deletions. Most of the phenotypes were observed in both groups but were significantly less common among individuals with 3q29 duplications. Mirrored phenotypes in patients with duplications and deletions included overweight and weight deficit. Schizophrenia, generalized anxiety disorder, and recurrent ear infections were unique phenotypes of patients carrying deletions.

Conclusion

Chromosome 3q29 duplication syndrome is characterized by a complex genetic architecture and clinical polymorphism.