bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L52002 Man-Portable Magnetic Gradiometer for Buried Pipe Detection and Location
Authors: Kumar
Published: August 2023

The detection and location of buried underground or submerged underwater pipes is of importance to the utility, natural gas, and petroleum industries. Current detection and location methods include ground penetrating radar (GPR), ground conductivity measurements, and magnetometers. GPR presents numerous problems, including signal attenuation in the ground and the presence of ground clutter. Ground conductivity measurements require that electrodes be planted in the ground and results may be affected by ground conditions. Magnetometers can detect ferrous pipes, or pipes with ferrous taggants, since ferrous material will distort the earth�s magnetic field. In addition magnetometers can detect buried conductors by measuring the magnetic field generated by the current in the conductor. However, presently used magnetometers cannot provide information about the exact location and depth of the pipe or conductor since they do not measure all the independent components of the magnetic field gradient at a given spatial location above ground.
L52138 Resolution Capabilities of High Resolution Axial Flux Leakage Casing Inspection Tools
Authors: Vogtsberger
Published: August 2023

Objective

Design and construction of 5.5 inch prototype downhole inspection tool and electronics module. Implement preliminary software acquisition and display module. Integrate hardware and software systems. Conduct operational field test (OFT).

Technical Approach

From the continuation of Phase 1 of this research, the lessons learned in Phase 1 (Bench Test Prototype) were incorporated into the design and construction of an operational field test instrument. Implementation of preliminary software acquisition and display of data along with integration into existing wireline systems operations accomplished the total systems requirements. Finally, operational field test on PRCI committee member wells provide verification that all components of the system operate and provide desired results.
GRl-95-0455 Howell Storage Field Horizontal Well Field Experiment
Authors: McDonald William , Haston Jerry , Gredell Mark , Benson Mark
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes results of a horizontal gas storage well field experiment at the Howell Storage Field in Howell, Ml. A new horizontal well was successfully drilled in the Niagaran formation offsetting a vertical well on the same location. TVD was 3914 ft; Measured depth was 6271ft, including 967 ft in the turn (616-ft radius) and a 2000-ft lateral. The lateral was held within a 10-ft window over the entire 2000-ft length. The horizontal well was drilled on schedule and within budget Minor problems, typical of all drilling operations, were handled without serious impact. The research objectives were to 1) address problems of planning and conducting drilling operations on a very small site in a populated area, and 2) demonstrate using horizontal well technology to increase working gas ratio. This report describes the careful planning process necessary for implementing horizontal well technology in storage fields, and presents 1) details of the actual drilling and completion operations, 2) time and component breakdown of all costi, and 3) preliminary well flow results.
L52069 Guided Wave Sizing and Discrimination for SCC Magnetostriction ILI Inspection
Authors: Rose  , Luo
Published: August 2023

With the goal to be able to inspect a large area of the pipe from a single sensor position, hence the development of what we call guided wave inspection. From one point on the circumference of the pipe, it is therefore proposed to inspect the entire circumferential area of the pipe. This approach leads to inspection efficiency.� Experimental techniques cannot be developed on a trial and error basis. The purpose of this work is therefore to develop a guided wave propagation model and subsequent numerical solutions to assist in the �theoretically driven� sensor design and data acquisition systems for improved nondestructive testing including defect detection, location, and potential classification and sizing analysis in a pipe.
L52192 Sizing Stress Corrosion Cracking in Pipeline Specimens From the Outside Surface
Authors: Selby  , Spanner
Published: August 2023

The objective of this research is to develop nondestructive inspection techniques capable of measuring the depth of stress corrosion cracks from the outside surface of a pipeline in the field.
L51849 Performance Evaluation of Exhaust Catalysts During the Initial Aging on Large Industrial Engines
Authors: Defoort  , Willson  , Olsen
Published: August 2023

An investigation of catalyst performance during the initial aging process, providing insight into the deactivation rate of the catalyst and assisting in predicting the operational lifetime of the catalyst was preformed. The information gained through the test program provides a mechanism to assist in developing new technologies geared at reducing engine emission while providing improvements in efficiency, reliability, and operability for the aging industrial reciprocating engine fleet. Two natural gas lean burn engines, a 2-stroke, large bore slow speed and a 4-stroke medium bore medium speed, were operated at pre-determined conditions in conjunction with an oxidation catalyst. The aging process of the catalysts was observed.

The research concluded that the catalyst performance is much lower than anticipated,particularly in relation to the aging process. During the aging process for the large bore 2-stroke engine (about 200 hours) the catalyst efficiency drops from 95% to 80% for CO and from 75% to 45% for CH2O. Results for the medium bore 4-stroke engine are better as a result of nearly 200Â°F higher catalyst temperatures. During aging (approximately 150 hours) the catalyst efficiencies are reduced from 99.2 to 97.7% for CO and from undetectable post catalyst levels (essentially 100% removal) to 67% for CH2O.
L52120 Long-Term Environmental Monitoring of Near-Neutral and High-pH SCC Sites
Authors: King
Published: August 2023

The aims of this project were (i) to monitor the seasonal variation of environmental conditions at stress corrosion cracking (SCC) sites and (ii) to develop an improved site-selection model for SCC.

Environmental and other relevant data have been collected for a total of nine known, or suspected, SCC sites; seven near-neutral pH SCC and two high-pH SCC.� The presence of SCC was determined, or predicted, based on in-service or hydrotest failures, excavation, industry soils model, or ILI.� Pipe-depth environmental conditions were monitored continuously for periods of up to 2 years using the permanent NOVAProbe, which is capable of measuring the local redox potential, soil resistivity, pH and temperature close to the pipe surface.� Corrosion coupons were also installed at some sites to monitor the CP conditions and native potential.� In addition, various other information was collected for each site, including pipe information; soil, groundwater, coating, and corrosion product samples; topography and land use; precipitation data; soil gas samples; SCADA pressure data; corrosion and SCC ILI information; CIS data; gas temperature (for high-pH SCC sites); and information about the nature of the SCC.� All sites studied were on gas transmission pipelines in Canada.
PR-302-03152-R01 Technology Support for the Gas Transmission Pipeline Integrity Rule Implementation
Authors: Leewis  , Zurcher
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this project is to provide technical support in the areas of pipeline safety and integrity management. The goal being to improve pipeline safety for the benefit of the general public, company employees and the environment.�This report summarizes the work done under this PRCI contract to support API, ASME and NACE committee activities between 2003 and the end of the contract in first quarter of 2005.� A number of integrity related standards needed to be moved from best practice to standards in support of the gas transmission integrity rule.
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GRl-95-0466 Inert Base Gas Field Experiment
Authors: Misra Brij
Published: August 2023

IGTs research efforts in the laboratory and over a decade of field experience of inert gas (nitrogen) application in French underground gas storage fields clearly indicate that replacement of base gas with less-expensive natural gas is feasible. The information from lab tests and a systematic procedure developed earlier were used to apply inert gas in the U.S. storage fields. This procedure for inert gas application was first applied in the Simpson Chapel field operated by the Citizens Gas and Coke Utility Company. This report summarizes the efforts of the second field test in the Shirley gas storage field, which belongs to Equitrans. In the Shirley gas storage field, a target area was selected and evaluated by completing four wells, conducting reservoir and tracer testing to determine its suitability for inert gas injection. Reservoir modeling was indicated that in the best option, with the help of existing wells in the target area, 300 MMCF or 5% of the total base gas can be replaced with nitrogen without jeopardizing the pipeline quality of working gas. In this process, a total of 400 MMCF of natural gas would be recovered from the target area. In addition to a one-time cost benefit (due to the price differential between natural gas and nitrogen), inert gas injection would also cut down an equivalent amount of natural gas migration and provide another opportunity to replace 200 MMCF of base gas with nitrogen in the next 20 years. FERC approval to conduct inert gas injection in the Shirley field has been obtained by Equitrans. Inert gas injection in the target area is expected to start in the summer of 1999, following the ongoing gas withdrawal from the target area to create a pressure sink.
L52248 Investigation of Formaldehyde Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Olsen  , Mitchell  , Willson
Published: August 2023

The program is divided into two parts, which are (1) chemical kinetic modeling and (2) plug flow reactor tests. The chemical kinetic modeling focuses on the development of a model that can accurately predict formaldehyde formation and destruction. The most recent version of Chemkin is utilized with various kinetic mechanisms, including GRI-Mech. Numerous kinetic mechanisms are examined in order to select the most accurate one for predicting formaldehyde formation and destruction. The plug flow reactor tests consist of a series of steady state experimental investigations aimed at characterizing formaldehyde. Formaldehyde concentrations in the reactor are measured with an FTIR.
L51384 Determination of the Maximum Size of Girth Weld Repair on Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Wilkowski  , Eiber
Published: August 2023

This experimental research program was conducted to determine the failure criterion for pipes subjected to bending stresses with weld repair grooves on the tension or compression side of the pipe. The experiments were on 4-inch and 6-inch diameter model pipe, followed by verification experiments on 30-inch diamater by 0.625-inch thick X60 strength pipe.
L51965 Environmental Factors-Effect of SCC Growth
Authors: Boven Van , Jack  , King
Published: August 2023

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is an established threat to the integrity of gas transmission pipelines and is a significant concern to pipeline operators.
In line inspection (ILI) tools are actively being developed to detect SCC. This project combined the implementation of new ILI tools with the environmental characterization of identified SCC sites. Characterization of sites included site and soil parameters traditionally derived from surface inspection as well as the measurement of pipe depth soil parameters (electrical resistance, oxidation reduction potential, temperature, pipe to soil potential). The intent was to relate environmental parameters to the incidence of SCC features with the hope of developing predictive models for the probability of SCC. Such models would be useful in direct assessment or in prioritizing sections of line for hydrotests or ILI.
4VRVLN6 Effects of Solids and Biofilms on Dewpoint and Corrosion in Pipelines
Authors: Sridhar  , Yang  , Song
Published: August 2023

Internal corrosion occurs where water or other corrosive electrolyte accumulates. This is the principle used in Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA). Although ICDA focuses on nominally dry gas with episodes of water upset, the well accepted criteria for dry gas (e.g., water less than 7 lb/MMCF) may be significantly influenced by the presence of bacterial biofilms and hygroscopic solids, such as iron oxide corrosion products and some salts. Therefore, understanding the changes in dew point induced by the presence of these compounds is necessary to better quantify gas quality requirements. The Multielectrode Array Sensor (MAS) probe, originally developed and patented by SwRI was used to study the effect of biofilms and corrosion products on corrosion in high pressure gas mixtures. The project demonstrated that: (i) the MAS probe is sensitive in detecting localized corrosion in wet gas streams at pipeline pressures; (ii) the corrosion rate is sensitive to gas composition/quality; (iii) the presence of biofilm and corrosion products affected the dew point but the current water content specifications for gas are sufficiently conservative that this decrease in dew point is not a concern; and (iv) the corrosion under the biofilm once initiated at high humidity levels did not decrease even upon decrease of humidity to levels lower than needed to initiate corrosion.
L51955 Improved Cyclic Pressure-Based PEMS Model
Authors: Olsen
Published: August 2023

Fast NO measurements were acquired from the exhaust ports of a large
bore natural gas 2-stroke cycle engine. A comprehensive set of steady
state data was also taken. An engine scavenging model was used to
correlate the cycle resolved fast NO measurements with the steady state
NO measurements. In-cylinder pressure measurements made with
piezoelectric transducers were compared with the fast NO measurements.
L41044 Technical Note Review of Multiphase Pipeline Research by PRCI
Authors: Crowley
Published: August 2023

Tis report�reviews research by the Pipeline Research Committee (PRC) of the Pipeline Research Council International Inc. (PRCI, Inc.) related to multiphase flow in pipelines. For the past decade the PRC has sponsored field tests to obtain multiphase data from operating pipelines, laboratory experiments at large pipe size and high gas density, the development of a Design Manual for multiphase methods, and assessment of the methods against data from the fieId and the laboratory, Validation and assessment of mechanistic multiphase predictions against operating data shows a significant improvement of pressure drop and holdup calculations over empirical methods used by many designers and in several popular computer programs. Pressure drop and holdup can be predicted within about 25% with mechanistic methods, whereas correlations are often unreliable except for pipe sizes and flow conditions for the data from which they are derived.
I7JUMPH Effects of Pressure Cycles on Gas Pipelines
Authors: Kiefner  , Rosenfeld
Published: August 2023

The objective of this study was to determine whether or not gas pipelines have a significant degree of exposure to failure from seam defects that could become enlarged by pressure-cycle-induced fatigue. If there is a potential problem in this respect, then knowing the conditions and times over which defect growth becomes significant, a pipeline operator can prevent failures by carrying out timely pipeline integrity assessments. In this study, times to failure were computed for worst-case hypothetical seam defects that would have barely survived a hydrostatic test to 100 percent of SMYS and subsequently subjected to the pressure-cycle histories of typical gas pipelines. The predicted times to failure ranged from 170 years to more than 400 years, indicating that in most circumstances, gas pipelines are not at significant risk of failure from the pressure-cycle-induced growth of seam defects that may exist after a hydrostatic test because the times to failure for this mode of crack growth are much longer than the expected useful life of a typical gas pipeline. Therefore, there is no need, in general, to conduct periodic integrity assessments of gas pipelines from the standpoint of pressure-cycle-induced fatigue in seams.
L51808 Stress Corrosion Cracking Life Prediction Model (SCCLPM) Users Manual
Authors: Leis
Published: August 2023

User manual for version 1.0 of the Stress Corrosion Cracking Life Prediction Model (SCCLPM).
L51963 Environmental Benign Mitigation of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC)
Authors: Paterek J. Robert
Published: August 2023

The objective is to develop and evaluate environmental benign agents or products that are effective in the prevention, inhibition, and mitigation of microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) on the internal surfaces of metallic natural gas pipelines. The goal is one or more products that can be applied to maintain the structure and dependability of the natural gas infrastructure. The technical approach for this year has been to evaluate a number of methods to fractionate and concentrate the components found in the pepper extracts. The separation methods considered include size exclusion chromatography, hygroscopic and hydrophobic extraction with HPLC fractionation and analysis; preparative HPLC; and other methods based on the chemical class of compounds to be evaluated. The first classes to be studied are: terpenoids; phenolics; fatty metabolites; alkaloids; and other products of secondary metabolism in plants. Other methods to be reviewed as needed include: planar chromatography; supercritical water and CO2 extraction; and ion-exchange methods. A review of the patent literature and scientific databases found no evidence that any of the potential products have been patented, indicating potential for establishment of a strong intellectual property position. The work plan for the continuation of specific tasks of this project for two additional years was completed and accepted for funding. Laboratory testing protocols for control of biofilm formation and/or biocidal activities for both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms known to support MIC were codified.
L22275 A Study of Two Methods for Repairing Defects in Line Pipe
Authors: Kiefner  , Duffy
Published: August 2023

This work evaluates the strengthening characteristics of two types of welded pipe repairs: full-encirclement split sleeves (two types examined) and the deposition of weld metal directly into a defect. The effort focussed on these two techniques because they were believed to have the greatest potential for successfully strengthening defective areas in a safe and economical manner.The repaired specimens examined in this study performed well. The report discusses the types of preparation that are necessary, provides procedures for using these techniques, and states conditions for which these repairs are most effective. Recommendations are provided for determining whether these repairs can be adequately inspected and widely used with a high degree of reliability for extended periods in operation.
L52197 Structural Reliability Analysis for External Corrosion Direct Assessment - Part 1
Authors: Yunovich  , Thompson
Published: August 2023

This presents the results of applying an existing method (Structural Reliability Analysis) and software to compare the integrity of five pipelines. The work involves analyzing data from both ECDA and ILI and comparing the reliability levels achieved during the two different integrity assessments. the SRA method used is documented in previously published work and relies on distributions derived from mainly confidential pipeline incident and fault reports.
L52226 Quantifications of the Effect of Dust Ingestion on Turbocharger Compressor Performance
Authors: Chapman  , Keshavarz-Valian  , Dolbee
Published: August 2023

Turbomachinery that operates in a field environment, such as turbochargers utilized by the natural gas transmission industry, are subjected to environmental conditions that affect machine performance. For example, dust and oil in the atmosphere can deteriorate the machinery and as such lower operating efficiencies. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of dust ingestion on compressor performance so operators can make informed decisions on sizing filter media and overhaul timing. Better decision making will ultimately increase the performance and lower maintenance costs.
CWI1988-Andi-21 Neutron Diffraction of Axial Residual Strains Near a Circumferential Crack
Authors: Holden T. , Hosbons R. , Root J.
Published: August 2023

The intent of the experiments reported here was to measure the axial residual strain at the 6:00 position of a girth-weld in the presence of a crack which had propagated a few millimeters from the inside diameter of the llnepipe. The linepipe, 914 mm diameter and average thickness 16.2 mm had been previously examined at Chalk River and the strains at the 1:30, 6:00 and 10:30 positions had been measured prior to the introduction of the crack.

Large changes in the level of axial residual strain and introduction of strong through-wall strain gradients are observed on re- welding 16 mm line pipe with wet cellulose electrodes. Ahead of the crack, in the mid-wall the strains correspond to yield stresses. Compressive strains are noted behind the crack and at the outside diameter. The tensile strains at the mid-wall remain very large around the circumference beyond the crack.
PR-60-50-R01 Orifice Meter Research Theoretical Study of Flow Through Concentric Orifices
Authors: Dowdell Rodger , Wilson Mason , Chen Yu-Lin , Teyssandier Raymond
Published: August 2023

Methods have been developed which will permit the calculation of flow patterns and discharge coefficients for concentric orifices of various diameter ratios when used for the measurement of incompressible flow in pipe lines. These methods are based on a three-dimensional, axi-symmetric model and permit the use of various upstream velocity profiles.

The overall calculation combines three different analyses for different regions of the flow field. These regions may be classified as the upstream region, downstream converging region and downstream expansion regions.

The analysis used in each region is presented in separate sections of the report together with the computer programs used and a sample calculation.
PR-208-004-R01 Cathodic Protection Under Disbonded Coatings
Authors: Barlo Thomas , Zdnek Alan
Published: August 2023

The objective of this research was to:

- To quantify the relative ability of disbonded pipeline coatings to transmit cathodic-protection current and provide corrosion control to the steel beneath,

- To provide a clearer understanding of the current paths that control cathodic protection to the steel under disbonded coatings,

- To identify coatings that may be less restrictive to cathodic protection current,

- To determine cathodic protection system designs and procedures to maximize the effectiveness of cathodic protection to the steel surface under disbonded coatings.

Laboratory experiments were conducted on six, representative, pipeline anticorrosion coatings applied to steel plates with and without intentional disbondments. The six coatings studied were coal-tar enamel, asphalt enamel, coal-tar epoxy, fusion-bond epoxy, coal-tar urethane, and polyethylene tape. The 30-inch-long (76 cm) coated-steel plates were exposed to two electrolytes, a 1,000- and 8,000-ohm-cm soil leachate, and encompassed several conditions; a grit-blasted surface with no holiday in the coating, a mill-scaled surface with no holiday but with a disbondment underneath the coating, and a grit-blasted surface with a disbondment and a holiday of either 1/8" (0.3 cm) or 1" (2.54 cm) width.
PR-186-123716-R01 Analysis of Line Pipe Manufacturing Materials and Construction Practices
Authors: Amend Bill
Published: August 2023

The objective of this work is to:

- Summarize, in spreadsheet format, historical API pipe specification requirements related to metallurgical attributes of the pipe,

- Collect pipe property data for a wide range of pipe sizes, grades, and vintages,

- Solicit subject matter expert input regarding the likelihood that pipe surface features and other attributes are sufficiently unique to allow pipe manufacturer and/or grade to be unambiguously determined, and to

- Describe nondestructive in-situ analysis methods that can be used on operating pipelines to determine metallurgical properties.
PR-71-60-R02 External Method for Magnetic Detection of Corrosion Currents in Buried Gas Pipeline
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Describes additional development of a tool to define and examine the feasibility of remotely detecting magnetic fields associated with small corrosion currents emanating from buried gas pipeline. Work describes includes the reactivation and improvements in a test bed; Performance of DC measurements of test pipe and in-service pipe; design, fabrication, and testing of a breadboard sensor array with appropriate electronics, based on the conclusions of the above analysis; and testing of the system over the improved test bed and over selected sections of in-service pipeline.
NG-18-R02 Research on Conditions Affecting Crack Initiation in Line Pipe, Phase 2
Authors: W C. , Bert  , McClure G. M. , Grover H. J.
Published: August 2023

Describes the work completed to date on the crack initiation phase of 30-inch-diameter API 5LX-52 pipe.
PR-473-144506-R01 State of the Art Alternatives to Steel Pipelines
Authors: (Archived) Irina Ward , Saleh Farah Abu
Published: August 2023

This report is a literature review of several non-metallic material systems often used as alter-natives to steel pipelines. The pipeline systems reviewed are high density polyethylene (HDPE), fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), flexible composite and thermoplastic liners. This report is not intended to be a detailed guide or design manual on the use of the referenced materials for pipeline applications, rather an overall evaluation on the current state of these systems. Significant industry literature and documentation already exists on the design, manufacturing, installation, and operation of these pipelines. This information currently resides in pipe manufacturer's manuals and various industry standards and guides published by organizations such as ASTM International (ASTM), American Petroleum Institute (API) American Water Works Association (AWWA), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In Canada, the oil and gas industry pipeline code, CSA Z662-2015 (Canadian Standards Association, 2015). Users should frequently consult the manufacturers of the pipe products in use or under consideration for use for clarification and suggestions regarding the best practices, considerations and applications of the materials in question. In addition, pipeline operators should be aware of the applicable regulatory requirements in the jurisdictions they are operating within.
PR-453-134505-R05 Industry High Value Objectives Pipeline On-Bottom Stability Software Upgrade
Authors: Abdolmaleki Kourosh
Published: August 2023

Revised Pipeline On-bottom Stability computer program suite. Updated Pipeline On-bottom Stability user guideline. Brief report on indicating possible objectives for further revisions to the analysis tools and user guideline. This report includes reconsideration of the objectives and issues excluded from this program as well as the results of Objective 8 regarding flows at a very low angle of incidence to the alignment of the pipeline.
PR-185-163731-R01 Time-delayed Failure in X65 Moderate-toughness Line-pipes
Authors: Leis Brian , McGaughy Tom
Published: August 2023

A gouge, or a dent and gouge in pipelines can fail at a constant pressure after some period of time has elapsed, and is commonly referred to as a time-delayed failure. Such behavior has been observed both in the laboratory and in the field. Older pipelines are more likely to fail during or immediately after damage due to limited toughness. Tougher modern pipelines can survive significant damage and can be susceptible to stable tearing upon re-rounding of the damaged pipe. Under certain circumstances, this combination of factors has the potential to promote delayed failure over a period of time. Incident experience indicates that for modern line pipe steels this combination of factors can lead to failures with significant consequences. This combination, coupled with the expanding use of inline inspection (ILI) by which previously undetected damage might be identified, points to the need to better understand the response of such features as the basis to develop guidelines for integrity management and for first responders dealing with more immediate concerns.

Results are presented for a total of eight axial part through-wall defects in X65 pipes subjected to step-increasing sustained pressures, until a leak or instability occurred at one of the features. The associated test pressure histories were designed to simulate field conditions that are relevant to service at 72% of specified minimum yield stress (SMYS), as well as at 100% of specified minimum yield stress, as might occur in a hydrotest.
PR-471-14207-R02 Field Pump Performance Testing Procedure Phase II Proof of Concept Testing
Authors: Robinett Fred
Published: August 2023

Proof of Concept Testing was performed to verify the Field Pump Performance Testing Procedure developed in Phase I of the project before applying it in the field where costs are higher. Testing was performed in Sulzer's pump test laboratory, in Winterthur Switzerland, using a model pump with similar specific speed and design as used in many crude oil pipeline installations. Testing included a baseline test with water and five tests with mineral oil at viscosities varying from 95 to 500 cSt. To validate field pump performance testing techniques several measurements were taken using different methods as described in the field testing procedure. The various measurements are analyzed for accuracy to assure competent measurements when applied in the field.

This work will benefit the liquids pipeline operators by validating the field test procedure prior to actual field testing, thereby providing assurance and acceptance of the methods. Also by completing this study measurement techniques that do not provide accurate results can be identified and eliminated.
PR-426-123723-R01 Pipeline Variable Uncertainties and Their Effects on Leak Detection Sensitivity
Authors: Dutta-Roy Kunal , Mallu Vernon , Shaw David
Published: August 2023

This document is a revision of industry standard procedures for the assessment of uncertainties in software-based leak detection systems.

This document describes procedures for predicting uncertainties in the detection of leaks in pipelines using computational methods based upon physical hydraulic state measurements. This class of pipeline leak detection methods is commonly called Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM).

The API1149 process and software-based leak detection systems (LDS), often loosely referred to as Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM) rely upon field measurement and instrumentation and simulation of operation. This creates a need for systematic procedures to allow rational design of CPM systems by providing an estimate of the sensitivity that can be expected given a CPM type and instrumentation, and given the engineering factors and operational environment of the pipeline.

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PR-214-073510-Z01 FS Fatigue Testing Plain Dents+Dents Interacting with Welds and Metal Loss with Data
Authors: Tiku Sanjay , Dinovitzer Aaron , Semiga Vlad , John Binoy
Published: August 2023

Dents in buried pipelines occur due to a number of potential causes; the pipe resting on rock, third party machinery strike, rock strikes during backfilling, amongst others. The long-term integrity of a dented pipeline segment is a complex function of a variety of parameters, including pipe geom-etry, indenter shape, dent depth, indenter support, pressure history at and following indentation. In order to estimate the safe remaining operational life of a dented pipeline, all of these factors must be accounted for in the analysis.

In order to characterize the severity of a dent on the integrity of a pipeline system, there must first be sufficient information available describing the behavior of the deformed pipe when subjected to typical loading scenarios. While there have been a number of full scale test programs that have been used to develop general trends in the behavior of dented pipe subjected to cyclic pressure loads, these programs have not produced sufficiently detailed information in terms of material properties, dent and pipe response to pressure loading, to form the basis of a severity assessment criterion.

The objective of the current project was to generate full scale dent fatigue test data necessary to develop, validate and/or evaluate dent models capable of predicting cyclic internal pressure related failures of a pipe segment. The data generated included: detailed material characterization of the pipes involved in full scale test program, dent profile measurement, dent strains during dent for-mation and cyclic loading and recording of the details of fatigue crack location and orientation within a dent. The test program developed detailed experimental data for:

- Unrestrained plain dents,

- Restrained plain dents,

- Dents interacting with welds and

- Dents interacting with metal loss.
PR-444-143603-R01 Monitoring Cathodic Protection Effectiveness at Trenchless Crossings
Authors: Gummow Bob , Segall Sorin , Fingas Daniel
Published: August 2023

Reviews the current installation and monitoring practices used in the pipeline industry for minimizing coating damage and for determining the effectiveness of cathodic protection at HDD crossings.

A research plan was developed that included six tasks to address the project objectives. In general, it was intended to coordinate field testing at an actual HDD crossing site, by using the local deep and shallow groundbeds and installing multiple coupons at various depths.
PR-312-17204-R01 Portable Analyzer Method Update - Phase 2
Authors: McCarthy James , Coulson Wendy
Published: August 2023

This report provides status and results after completing Phase 2 of an ongoing project to develop a simplified test method for portable analyzer emissions tests. The Phase 1 report provided the technical rationale for simplifying procedures (e.g., calibration) and reducing associated costs based on the inherent linearity associated with the physical properties of electrochemical cells, which are the analytical technology used in current generation electrochemical analyzers. The Phase 1 report also identified the primary criteria for the simplified methodology.

This document provides a listing of related PRCI project documents, including the project plan, the draft test method, and the data gaps memo. The main focus of this report is to present results of lab and field experimentation conducted in 2016 and 2017 designed to address the data gaps. Portable analyzer manufacturers (Testo, AMETEK, and ECOM) demonstrated support for this project via cofounding and participation in experimentation and draft method discussions. The conclusions drawn from the experimentation in support of draft method revisions will be discussed in greater detail in the final report.
PR-645-183900-M02 API 1149 Software Tool Cloud Purchase Instructions
Authors: Mallu Vernon
Published: August 2023

Describes the procedure for purchasing Cloud Access to the API 1149 tool. Also includes order form to be completed and sent to PRCI.
PR-244-163728-R01 In-Line Inspection Crack Tool Performance Evaluation Phase II
Authors: Skow Jason , Koduru Smitha
Published: August 2023

After recent high profile pipeline incidents in the United States, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued recommendations to review ILI technologies with respect to tool tolerance, probability of detection and probability of identi?cation, and to provide a model with detailed procedures for evaluating the e?ect of interacting corrosion and crack threats. Phase I of the PRCI project NDE-4E was initiated in 2013 to address the ?rst of these recommendations to the extent possible by mining existing historical operator data. The main goal of the project was to create a database of crack ILI and excavation information collected from operatorsandtouseittocharacterizetheperformanceofavailableILItechnologies. The database was created and populated in Phase I of the NDE 4-E project, completed in July of 2015. The purpose of Phase II is to collect additional data and update the database and statistical analysis with an emphasis on collecting crack features measured by Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer(EMAT)ILI tools and interacting crack in corrosion features measured by ultrasonic (UT) ILI tools
PR-392-113701-R01 Improved Crack Depth Measurement Techniques
Authors: Dunford Todd , Haque Shayan
Published: August 2023

The PRCI Crack Depth Measurement Program was designed to demonstrate JENTEK technology (being developed under DOT and JENTEK funding) on PRCI and/or PRCI member samples with specific adaptation of measurement procedures to enable practical inspection and reporting of results. Modifications to JENTEK sensing technology and products are being performed under the DOT and JENTEK funding. The objective of this program was to identify appropriate test samples and coordinate demonstration of MWM-Array capability for crack detection and crack depth measurement. JENTEK has now successfully completed Year 4 of this multi-year program and this program is now fully completed.
PR-309-14212-R01 Field Demonstration of Fully Integrated NSCR System
Authors: Beshouri Greg
Published: August 2023

Local, state and federal regulations in the United Sates tend to favor NSCR as the emissions control technology of choice for lower output internal combustion (IC) engines. The technology can achieve extremely low emissions levels for NOx, CO and total hydrocarbons (THC). Theoretically an end user can add it on to any rich burn engine at relatively low cost and the technology scales down to the smallest IC engines. While superficially a "simple and proven" technology, NSCR control is in fact extremely complex, far more complex than the control of lean burn engines. The underlying problems with NSCR control are well documented. Using a systems approach an AETC/HOERBIGER team analyzed each component of the system and identified the core problems and possible solutions. Ultimately the team identified the need for a fully integrated system utilizing linear sensors and actuators. The team then theorized such a system could be controlled by an off the shelf PLC with typical PI control loops. Based on this conclusion HOERBIGER developed an integrated NSCR system utilizing linear sensors and actuators and controlled by an off the shelf PLC. Called the Advanced Richburn Control (ARC), HOERBIGER installed the system on six KVG-410 engines operating in pipeline compression and recorded performance for a year. Those results confirmed the system satisfied the performance requirements and validated the design concept.

This report has a related webinar.
PR-328-133702-R01 Study of the Mechanism for Cracking in Dents in a Crude Oil Pipeline
Authors: Arumugam Udayansankar , Cazenave Pablo , Gao Ming
Published: August 2023

Phase one report: Crack fields (colonies) in dents are often observed in liquid pipe lines. Because of their colonial appearance, these cracks in dents are often thought to be associated with stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, a recent full-scale dent fatigue testing under a PRCI mechanical damage program showed that crack colonies in dents can be produced by fatigue. This observation facilitated PRCI to launch a further study of the cracking mechanism in dents using samples extracted from a liquid pipeline.

A total of 6 pipe samples containing dent with crack/metal loss were investigated. Evidences from this investigation showed that cracks in dents are aligned in an axial direction with appearance similar to crack colony. Fractographic analyses showed that the mechanism for cracking in these dents was fatigue. No evidence of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) was found. Fractographic analyses also showed that cracks in the colony were associated with a corrosion pit, suggesting corrosion pits are the initiation sites for fatigue crack. A combination of corrosion pitting and fatigue crack growth is the overall mechanism for the observed cracking, that is, corrosion may be the first degrading mechanism followed by the fatigue crack growth. Based on the understanding of the mechanism for cracking, a review is given to the currently available pit-to-crack transition and overall life prediction models. Applicability and limitations of these models to cracks in dent are discussed. Gaps and areas for further study are discussed. An example of rate competing between pit and crack growth and for overall life estimate is illustrated.

In this report, sample selection and the approach used in this investigation are presented first. The findings from fractographic analysis are summarized. Currently available modelling efforts for pitto-fatigue are reviewed. Gaps and further research areas are discussed.
PR-312-12210-R01 CEPM Monitoring Plan for Two-Stoke Cycle Lean Burn Engines
Authors: McCarthy James , McGrath Tom
Published: August 2023

In response to ozone and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), it is anticipated that there will be continued pressure for retrofit NOx control of existing slow speed integral reciprocating engines. This will likely require the retrofit of many additional legacy lean burn pipeline engines over the next decade, and emissions controls will require compliance verification which has been historically based on periodic emission tests. However, agencies also desire continuous "monitoring" of an operating parameter or parameters indicative of engine status.

This document describes a method for ensuring a reciprocating engine with emission controls is operating properly. Continuous engine performance monitoring (CEPM) using on-engine sensors can provide early identification of potential engine operational issues, while also assuring the engine is operating within an acceptable operating envelope consistent with acceptable emissions performance. CEPM can reduce maintenance and compliance costs.

This report provides the foundation for lower cost compliance assurance using CEPM.
PR-559-15210-R01 Piping Effect on the Performance Reliability and Integrity of Pumps
Authors: Cheng David
Published: August 2023

The study focuses on the identification and evaluation of aspects affecting pipeline pump performance related to the suction and discharge piping layouts. The study was conducted through a literature review and survey interviews with pipeline operators and equipment manufacturers. This report provides results of the literature review and a survey of publicly available information concerning the best practices for piping layout design at pipeline pump stations. The study is limited to pipeline centrifugal pumps. Specifically, this review considers API type BB 1, 2, and 3 and API VS 6 and 7 pumps. The pumps considered are single suction, double suction, single and multiple stage pumps.
PR-610-163756-WEB Material Strength Verification
Authors: Lynk John
Published: August 2023

DATE: Tuesday, April 30, 2019

TIME: 11:00 a.m. ET

CLICK THE DOWNLOAD/BUY BUTTON TO ACCESS THE WEBINAR REGISTRATION LINK

Join the PRCI Integrity and Inspection technical committee for a pipeline operator driven discussion regarding PRCI research related to non-destructive technologies for the purpose of pipe material verification and how operators have applied this research in the field.

This webinar will include; research project overview, operator case studies and analysis of current technology gaps.

Panelists:

Mark Piazza, Manager Pipeline Compliance and R and D, Colonial Pipeline Company

Mike Kern, Director of Gas Transmission Engineering, National Grid

Oliver Burkinshaw, Senior Materials Engineer, ROSEN

Simon Bellemare, Founder and CEO of Massachusetts Materials Technologies

John Lynk, Program Manager, Integrity and Inspection and Subsea Technical Committees, PRCI

Expected Benefits/Learning Outcomes:

- In-ditch non-destructive evaluation for material yield strength that has been utilized on in-service lines to confirm incomplete records of pipe grades and/or to evaluate acquired assets

- How the data has been utilized to collect opportunistic data as part of external corrosion direct assessments to provide a basis for maximum allowable operating pressure, as well as prioritizing and setting criteria for further inspection and potential capital projects.

- The ability to differentiate specific manufacturing processes, such as low frequency and high frequency electro-resistance welded longitudinal seams, have been successfully applied on a number of pipeline integrity projects

- Enhancement of inline inspection technologies combined with verification digs have demonstrated the potential to apply pipe joint specific strength data in fitness-for-service, as opposed to lower minimum values set by pipe grade or by nominal conservative assumptions.

Who should attend:

- Pipeline integrity engineers, specialists and management

- Pipe materials specialists

Recommended pre-reading:

PR-610-163756-R01 Hardness Stength and Ductility (HSD) Testing of Line Pipes Initial Validation Testing Phase I

PR-335-173816-MV Validation of insitu Methods for Material Property Determination

CLICK THE DOWNLOAD/BUY BUTTON TO ACCESS THE WEBINAR REGISTRATION LINK

Not able to attend? Register anyway to automatically receive a link to the webinar recording to view on-demand at your convenience.
PR-186-124510-Z02 Pipeline Lifting and Lowering-in Stress Application Tool
Authors: Bruce Bill
Published: August 2023

Version 2.0 of the CNST-2-2 Lifting and Lowering-in Stress Application Tool.

To run, download and extract the .zip file. Four items will be present:

- "Lifting and Lowering-in Stress V2_0.xlsb"

- "Lifting and Lowering-in Stress V2_0 User Manual.pdf"

- "DBOutput"

- "Sidebooms"

Ensure that "DBOutput" and "Sidebooms" reside in the same folder as "Lifting and Lowering-in Stress V2_0.xlsb".

This document has a related webinar.