bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the transport efficiency of fast electrons with double-layer Kα fluorescence measurement
Authors: Yang Yue , Li Boyuan , Yan Yonghong , Qi Wei , Wu Yuchi , Shan Lianqiang , Cao Lihua , Zhao Zongqing , Zhou Weimin , Cao Leifeng , Gu Yuqiu , Zhang Baohan
Published: July 2019

Ultraintense laser driven fast electrons play an increasingly important role in many applications. To predict and optimize the fast electron transport efficiency, we introduce a one-dimensional analytical model including resistive effects to estimate the transport efficiency as a function of transport distance and a key parameter named the penetration path. Based on the model, the transport efficiency of fast electrons with the same penetration coefficient can be calculated for different characteristic parameters including the target thickness and laser intensity. A double-layer Kα fluorescence measurement of fast electron transport efficiency is proposed to eliminate the influence of in-target electrons refluxing from the relative Kα photon yield of the rear and front sides of the target. By fixing the transport distance, we have experimentally measured the penetration path and the efficiency of planar Al2O3 targets, in good accordance with Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the beam energy can be reduced to 25% in a penetration path of tens of microns. This measurement method provides a feasible route to characterize and compare the fast electron transport in various targets and laser conditions, making it possible to modulate and optimize the transport efficiency in actual research studies, which is of great significance in fast ignition, X-ray emission, positron–electron pair production, and many other applications.
A new perspective for nonadiabatic dynamics with phase space mapping models
Authors: He Xin , Liu Jian
Published: July 2019

Based on the recently developed unified theoretical framework [J. Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 145(20), 204105 (2016)], we propose a new perspective for studying nonadiabatic dynamics with classical mapping models (CMMs) of the coupled multistate Hamiltonian onto the Cartesian phase space. CMMs treat the underlying electronic state degrees of freedom classically with a simple physical population constraint while employing the linearized semiclassical initial value representation to describe the nuclear degrees of freedom. We have tested various benchmark condensed phase models where numerically exact results are available, which range from finite temperature to more challenging zero temperature, from adiabatic to nonadiabatic domains, and from weak to strong system-bath coupling regions. CMMs demonstrate overall reasonably accurate dynamics behaviors in comparison to exact results even in the asymptotic long time limit for various spin-boson models and site-exciton models. Further investigation of the strategy used in CMMs may lead to practically useful approaches to study nonadiabatic processes in realistic molecular systems in the condensed phase.
Exact and efficient hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for accelerated Bayesian inference of gene expression models from snapshots of single-cell transcripts
Authors: Lin Yen Ting , Buchler Nicolas E.
Published: July 2019

Single cells exhibit a significant amount of variability in transcript levels, which arises from slow, stochastic transitions between gene expression states. Elucidating the nature of these states and understanding how transition rates are affected by different regulatory mechanisms require state-of-the-art methods to infer underlying models of gene expression from single cell data. A Bayesian approach to statistical inference is the most suitable method for model selection and uncertainty quantification of kinetic parameters using small data sets. However, this approach is impractical because current algorithms are too slow to handle typical models of gene expression. To solve this problem, we first show that time-dependent mRNA distributions of discrete-state models of gene expression are dynamic Poisson mixtures, whose mixing kernels are characterized by a piecewise deterministic Markov process. We combined this analytical result with a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm to create a hybrid numerical method that accelerates the calculation of time-dependent mRNA distributions by 1000-fold compared to current methods. We then integrated the hybrid algorithm into an existing Monte Carlo sampler to estimate the Bayesian posterior distribution of many different, competing models in a reasonable amount of time. We demonstrate that kinetic parameters can be reasonably constrained for modestly sampled data sets if the model is known a priori. If there are many competing models, Bayesian evidence can rigorously quantify the likelihood of a model relative to other models from the data. We demonstrate that Bayesian evidence selects the true model and outperforms approximate metrics typically used for model selection.
Examples of solution of the inverse scattering problem and the equations of the Novikov–Veselov hierarchy from the scattering data of point potentials
Authors: Agaltsov A. D. , Novikov R. G.
Published: July 2019

The inverse scattering problem is considered for the two- dimensional Schrödinger equation at fixed positive energy. The results include inverse scattering reconstructions from the simplest scattering amplitudes. In particular, a complete analytic solution is given of the phased and phaseless inverse scattering problems for single-point potentials of Bethe– Peierls– Fermi–Zeldovich– Berezin–Faddeev type. Numerical inverse scattering reconstructions from the simplest scattering amplitudes are then studied using the method of the Riemann–Hilbert– Manakov problem in soliton theory. Finally, these numerical inverse scattering results are used to construct corresponding numerical solutions of the non-linear equations of the Novikov–Veselov hierarchy at fixed positive energy.

Bibliography: 21 titles.
Free products of groups are strongly verbally closed
Authors: Mazhuga A. M.
Published: July 2019

In a number of recent papers it was established that many almost free groups, fundamental groups of almost all connected surfaces, and all groups that are nontrivial free products of groups with identities are algebraically closed in any group in which they are verbally closed. In the present paper we establish that any group that is a nontrivial free product of groups is algebraically closed in any group in which it is verbally closed.

Bibliography: 13 titles.
Impacts of protected areas vary with the level of government: Comparing avoided deforestation across agencies in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Herrera Diego , Pfaff Alexander , Robalino Juan
Published: July 2019

Significance

As protected areas (PAs) are a leading conservation strategy, understanding what conditions affect their impacts is critical. We expect different government agencies to vary in their PA locations and management. We offer a test of whether PA impacts vary across agencies. For the Brazilian Amazon, we compare deforestation impacts for 3 types of agencies: federal indigenous lands, federal PAs, and state PAs. Across states within the “arc of deforestation,” internal PA impacts are higher for indigenous lands and federal PAs than for state PAs. In Pará State, federal agencies also have spillover impacts: Indigenous lands raise deforestation nearby, and federal PAs lower deforestation nearby. Agencies’ objectives and capacities affect impacts, and thereby are important considerations for implementing international environmental agreements.
Crumpling of silver nanowires by endolysosomes strongly reduces toxicity
Authors: Lehmann Sylvia G. , Toybou Djadidi , Pradas del Real Ana-Elena , Arndt Devrah , Tagmount Abderrahmane , Viau Muriel , Safi Malak , Pacureanu Alexandra , Cloetens Peter , Bohic Sylvain , Salomé Murielle , Castillo-Michel Hiram , Omaña-Sanz Brenda , Hofmann Annette , Vulpe Christopher , Simonato Jean-Pierre , Celle Caroline , Charlet Laurent , Gilbert Benjamin
Published: July 2019

Significance

Silver nanowires are a type of novel fiber that are likely to have wide application in consumer electronics but that can also carry risk for cell internalization and toxicity. Here, we show that silver nanowire toxicity can be greatly diminished by reducing nanowire diameter without affecting device performance. X-ray microscopy and supporting studies revealed that endolysosome membranes can mechanically crumple thin silver nanowires, the likely mechanism for diminishing toxicity.
Trophic control of cryptic coralline algal diversity
Authors: Hind Katharine R. , Starko Samuel , Burt Jenn M. , Lemay Matthew A. , Salomon Anne K. , Martone Patrick T.
Published: July 2019

Understanding how trophic dynamics drive variation in biodiversity is essential for predicting the outcomes of trophic downgrading across the world’s ecosystems. However, assessing the biodiversity of morphologically cryptic lineages can be problematic, yet may be crucial to understanding ecological patterns. Shifts in keystone predation that favor increases in herbivore abundance tend to have negative consequences for the biodiversity of primary producers. However, in nearshore ecosystems, coralline algal cover increases when herbivory is intense, suggesting that corallines may uniquely benefit from trophic downgrading. Because many coralline algal species are morphologically cryptic and their diversity has been globally underestimated, increasing the resolution at which we distinguish species could dramatically alter our conclusions about the consequences of trophic dynamics for this group. In this study, we used DNA barcoding to compare the diversity and composition of cryptic coralline algal assemblages at sites that differ in urchin biomass and keystone predation by sea otters. We show that while coralline cover is greater in urchin-dominated sites (or “barrens”), which are subject to intense grazing, coralline assemblages in these urchin barrens are significantly less diverse than in kelp forests and are dominated by only 1 or 2 species. These findings clarify how food web structure relates to coralline community composition and reconcile patterns of total coralline cover with the widely documented pattern that keystone predation promotes biodiversity. Shifts in coralline diversity and distribution associated with transitions from kelp forests to urchin barrens could have ecosystem-level effects that would be missed by ignoring cryptic species’ identities.
The optoelectronic microrobot: A versatile toolbox for micromanipulation
Authors: Zhang Shuailong , Scott Erica Y. , Singh Jastaranpreet , Chen Yujie , Zhang Yanfeng , Elsayed Mohamed , Chamberlain M. Dean , Shakiba Nika , Adams Kelsey , Yu Siyuan , Morshead Cindi M. , Zandstra Peter W. , Wheeler Aaron R.
Published: July 2019

Significance

There is great interest in robotic systems that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions. “Microrobotics” describes robotic systems that have submillimeter (sub-mm) dimensions, which is becoming increasingly important for the manipulation and analysis of individual cells and groups of cells. Here we introduce the optoelectronic microrobot, a system in which projected patterns of light are applied to control electric fields. Specially designed microrobots respond to the fields, and can be programmed to move and “scoop up” mammalian cells or other sub-mm particles such that they can be isolated and evaluated independently. The technique is straightforward to implement, and we propose will find wide use for the ever-expanding list of applications that require micromanipulation of cells.
YIPF6 controls sorting of FGF21 into COPII vesicles and promotes obesity
Authors: Wang Lirui , Mazagova Magdalena , Pan Chuyue , Yang Song , Brandl Katharina , Liu Jun , Reilly Shannon M. , Wang Yanhan , Miao Zhaorui , Loomba Rohit , Lu Na , Guo Qinglong , Liu Jihua , Yu Ruth T. , Downes Michael , Evans Ronald M. , Brenner David A. , Saltiel Alan R. , Beutler Bruce , Schnabl Bernd
Published: July 2019

Significance

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone that regulates glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. To date, little is known about the regulation of trafficking and secretion of FGF21. Here, we show that mice with a mutation in the
Yipf6
gene (
Klein
–
Zschocher
[
KLZ
];
Yipf6

KLZ/Y

) on a high-fat diet (HFD) have higher plasma levels of FGF21 than control mice due to the increased FGF21 secretion from their hepatocytes.
Yipf6

KLZ/Y

mice are thus resistant to HFD-induced features of the metabolic syndrome. The regulation of YIPF6 on FGF21 secretion was also conserved in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. YIPF6 is therefore a newly identified regulator of FGF21 secretion during development of obesity and could be a target for treatment of obesity and NAFLD.
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)-like phase diagram with Efimov trimers and Cooper pairs in resonantly interacting SU(3) Fermi gases
Authors: Tajima Hiroyuki , Naidon Pascal
Published: July 2019

We investigate color superfluidity and trimer formation in resonantly interacting SU(3) Fermi gases with a finite interaction range. The finite range is crucial to avoid the Thomas collapse and treat the Efimov effect occurring in this system. Using the Skorniakov–Ter-Martirosian equation with medium effects, we show the effects of the atomic Fermi distribution on the Efimov trimer energy at finite temperature. We show the critical temperature of color superfluidity within the many-body T-matrix approximation. In this way, we can provide a first insight into the phase diagram as a function of the temperature T and the chemical potential μ. This phase diagram consists of trimer, normal, and color-superfluid phases, and is similar to that of quantum chromodynamics at finite density and temperature.
Quantum light source devices of In(Ga)As semiconductorself-assembled quantum dots
Authors: He Xiaowu , Song Yifeng , Yu Ying , Ma Ben , Chen Zesheng , Shang Xiangjun , Ni Haiqiao , Sun Baoquan , Dou Xiuming , Chen Hao , Hao Hongyue , Qi Tongtong , Huang Shushan , Liu Hanqing , Su Xiangbin , Su Xinliang , Shi Yujun , Niu Zhichuan
Published: July 2019

A brief introduction of semiconductor self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) applied in single-photon sources is given. Single QDs in confined quantum optical microcavity systems are reviewed along with their optical properties and coupling characteristics. Subsequently, the recent progresses in In(Ga)As QDs systems are summarized including the preparation of quantum light sources, multiple methods for embedding single QDs into different microcavities and the scalability of single-photon emitting wavelength. Particularly, several In(Ga)As QD single-photon devices are surveyed including In(Ga)As QDs coupling with nanowires, InAs QDs coupling with distributed Bragg reflection microcavity and the In(Ga)As QDs coupling with micropillar microcavities. Furthermore, applications in the field of single QDs technology are illustrated, such as the entangled photon emission by spontaneous parametric down conversion, the single-photon quantum storage, the chip preparation of single-photon sources as well as the single-photon resonance-fluorescence measurements.
Engaging with uncertainty and ambiguity through participatory ‘Adaptive Pathways’ approaches: scoping the literature
Authors: Bosomworth K , Gaillard E
Published: July 2019

Climate change adaptation planning demands decision-making under conditions of uncertainty and ambiguity. Adaptive Pathways (AP) planning is receiving increased attention as a method to guide adaptation planning in the face of uncertainties. The approach has been most extensively developed and applied in large, well-funded contexts such as the Thames Barrier and Dutch Delta program. However, the development of AP planning has focused much less on the parallel need for engaging with the challenge of ambiguity—that there are diverse, sometimes contending, knowledges, values, and stakes involved. A more nascent body of work has been exploring ways of engaging with both the uncertainties and ambiguities of adaptation through various participatory approaches to AP planning. This paper sought to synthesise insights from this emerging work. Examining the peer-reviewed and grey literature identified eight cases from four countries across five different policy issues that provided details of how they approached diverse participation. Analysis of this small suite of cases provided some key insights for those seeking to use participatory approaches to AP planning to engage with the inherent uncertainties and (arguably necessary) ambiguities of adaptation. The paper concludes with a call for greater publication of details regarding how participatory approaches to methods such as AP planning have been undertaken not just what was undertaken.
XPS analysis of char residue from an intumescent flame retardant rigid PU composite foam
Authors: Zheng Ting , Yang Linying , Dai Peibang , Qin Chang , Tang Qichen
Published: July 2019

A flame retarded rigid PU foam was prepared using polyols and diisocyanates with a modified intumescent flame retardant (MIFR) via polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether (surfactant TX-10). The MIFR included a new carbon source, calcium 3-hydroxy-2, 2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propyl phosphate. The carbon residue from the flame retardant rigid PU foams after UL-94 test was investigated with XPS. The data showed that the addition of MIFR into PU foams could promote formation of pure carbon char and P-C bond.
Computer simulation, analysis of force and temperature-speed parameters of the process of combined machining of Al-Mg-Sc alloys
Authors: Sidelnikov S B , Yakivyuk O V , Baranov V N , Konstantinov I L , Dovzhenko I N , Lopatina E S , Voroshilov D S , Samchuk A P , Frolov V A
Published: July 2019

The results of studies of the combined processing of alloys of the Al-Mg-Sc system with known rheological properties under various temperature-rate and deformation conditions are presented. A computer model of the combined machining process was created and the DEFORM 3D complex was used to analyze the metal flow, the distribution of the strain rate and the temperature of the metal over the cross section of the workpiece when receiving round bars of various diameters. The results of the research were used to develop the production technology of welding wire from alloys of the Al-Mg-Sc system.
Research on Optimization Design of Shipborne Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Frame Structure
Authors: Wang H , Yu RC , Chen YZ , Hua L
Published: July 2019

Display consoles are the core frame structure of the command and control system on the military combat unit, which can be called the “brain” of the equipment. With the great development of new research on materials and applications, using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) instead of aluminum alloys to fabricate the display console frame structure has become an international hot point. However, whether the components obtained by CFRP can meet the requirements of complex working conditions, and whether the structural design is reasonable, are still existing problems. This study analyzed the stress distribution of the bottom frame structure of CFRP display console under impact and vibration conditions. The frame structure was optimized based on the stress distribution and topology. The results show that the maximum stress value of the frame structure under complex conditions was 16.97MPa, the maximum stress after optimization was 22.94MPa. The reduction of weight of this complex structure was 13%. The prototypes have passed the actual working condition test. This study shows that the route method based on impact stress to optimize the wall thickness of CFRP structures is feasible and effective.
Effect of friction history of workpiece on friction behaviour in metal forming
Authors: Wang Z G , Kozakai Y
Published: July 2019

This paper describes the influence of friction histories of the specimen surface on frictional behaviour measured by a side-stretching type testing method under lubricated conditions with various loading and unloading patterns of the average contact pressure. The lubricant with lower viscosity has no lubricating effect and the influence of friction histories on frictional behaviour is hardly found. The lubricating effect of the lubricant with higher viscosity is recognized under higher pressures and the specimens with different friction histories give a little higher frictional stress. It is concluded that the influence of the friction history of the specimen surface on the friction law in metal forming is negligibly small.
Effect of Heat treatment on microstructure and properties of Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy
Authors: Peng Lijun , Ma Jimiao , Liu Xingyu , Liu Feng , Huang Guojie , Hong Songbai , Xie Haofeng , Yang Zhen
Published: July 2019

In the paper, the effect of different solution and aging treatment on microstructure and properties of Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy is investigated in detail. The results show that the recrystallization, grain growth and second phase solubilization are observed during the continuous solution treatment on line of Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy. When the Cu-Ni-Co-Si alloy is solutioned at 970 °C and speed of annealing is 10 m/min, aged at 500 °C for 8 h, 40 % cold roll and aged at 325 C for 12 h, it has the excellent comprehensive properties, which can meet the needs of high-end lead frame and connectors. The Disk-shaped precipitates have been confirmed as (Ni, Co)2Si phase. The crystal orientation relationship between matrix and precipitatesis[

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Impact of the pressure between the casting and water-cooled mode on the interfacial heat transfer coefficient under LPDC
Authors: Zeng Y D , Yao Q H , He L T , Zhang J
Published: July 2019

Low pressure die casting (LDPC) is the main method for aluminum alloy castings. In order to obtain no porous castings, a top-down progressive solidification is required. Owing to the complicated casting shape and the uneven wall thickness, it is difficult to achieve the above requirement, which limits the application of the method. The water-cooled mode, with controllable cooling capacity, can solve this problem, and great importance has been attached to the heat exchange between water-cooled mode and castings. In the present paper, the inverse solution method is adopted to study the influence of the casting mold/casting interface pressure and circulating water flow rate on the interface heat transfer coefficient (IHTC). The results show that the increasing interface pressure and the circulating water flow rate can lead to the highest IHTC of 781.6∼1002.4 W/(m2 ·K) and 1002.4∼1657.6 W/(m2 ·K) respectively. The calculation result of IHTC provides a basis for the design of low pressure casting with water-cooled mode.
Multifunctional Glass-Fiber Composite with Self-Monitoring Capability
Authors: Fabriani Federico , Previti Roberto , Lanzara Giulia
Published: July 2019

Composites that are capable to provide multiple functionalities represent a fundamental step toward the realization of light weight, high performing and autonomous materials. In this paper a piezoelectric polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) electrospun fabric is investigated as sensing layer for making a self-monitoring composite material. The micro-scale structure of the fabric consists of an aggregation of micro-fibers that are randomly distributed forming a porous film that allows a full absorption of the epoxy matrix as required for multi-layered composites. The application of a force on the composite induces a charge separation within the atomic structure of the embedded PVDF fabric generating an electrostatic output voltage. These unique features allowed to continuously monitor vibrations under dynamic conditions.
Research on the steering gait and error of a novel type of heavy load Automated Guided Vehicle
Authors: Mucklow J , Jansson A , Zhang Yang , Xu Zhigang , Liu Songkai
Published: July 2019

Automated Guided Vehicle is a kind of mobile robot Guided by vision, magnet, laser or tracking marks and cables on the ground. In the process of changing the driving direction, if the AGV is directly forced to flatten, the wheels will be “locked” in the force and unable to move, which will also cause damage to the driving system. Therefore, we adopt the way of steering in two or three sections to stabilize and overbalance, ensuring flexibility and safety.
MM-6mAPred: identifying DNA N6-methyladenine sites based on Markov model
Authors: Pian Cong , Zhang Guangle , Li Fei , Fan Xiaodan
Published: July 2019

Motivation

Recent studies have shown that DNA N6-methyladenine (6mA) plays an important role in epigenetic modification of eukaryotic organisms. It has been found that 6mA is closely related to embryonic development, stress response and so on. Developing a new algorithm to quickly and accurately identify 6mA sites in genomes is important for explore their biological functions.

Results

In this paper, we proposed a new classification method called MM-6mAPred based on a Markov model which makes use of the transition probability between adjacent nucleotides to identify 6mA site. The sensitivity and specificity of our method are 89.32% and 90.11%, respectively. The overall accuracy of our method is 89.72%, which is 6.59% higher than that of the previous method i6mA-Pred. It indicated that, compared with the 41 nucleotide chemical properties used by i6mA-Pred, the transition probability between adjacent nucleotides can capture more discriminant sequence information.

Availability and implementation

The web server of MM-6mAPred is freely accessible at http://www.insect-genome.com/MM-6mAPred/

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cephalometric outcomes of a new orthopaedic appliance for Class III malocclusion treatment
Authors: Martina Roberto , D’Antò Vincenzo , De Simone Vittoria , Galeotti Angela , Rongo Roberto , Franchi Lorenzo
Published: July 2019

Objective

To evaluate dental and skeletal effects of a new orthopaedic appliance for the treatment of Class III malocclusion in growing patients.

Material and methods

This retrospective cephalometric study was performed on a sample of 18 patients with a skeletal Class III malocclusion (4 males; 14 females; mean age 8.8 ± 1.5 years) treated with the Pushing Splints 3 (PS3) protocol. The control group consisted of 18 subjects (5 males; 13 females; mean age 9.1 ± 1.8 years) selected from a database of subjects with untreated Class III malocclusion. The cephalometric analysis was performed at the beginning (T0) and the end of the orthopaedic therapy (T1). Significant differences between the treated and control groups were assessed with independent samples t-test (P < 0.05).

Results

In the PS3 group, the post-treatment cephalometric values showed a forward displacement of the maxilla, resulting in a statistically significant increase of the SNA angle. ANPg and Wits appraisal improved significantly compared with the control group. Lingual inclination of mandibular incisors and buccal inclination of the upper incisors were significantly increased in comparison with the control group. No significant differences were recorded for backward mandibular rotation.

Limitations

This study presents a short-term evaluation of the treatment and the use of a historical control group.

Conclusions

The PS3 was effective for the treatment of Class III malocclusion in growing patients, with favourable maxillary advancement and control of the vertical skeletal relationships.
Ablation of typical atrial flutter guided by the paced PR interval on the surface electrocardiogram: a proof of concept study
Authors: Madaffari Antonio , Krisai Philipp , Spies Florian , Knecht Sven , Schaer Beat , Kojic Dejan , Kühne Michael , Sticherling Christian , Osswald Stefan
Published: July 2019

Aims

We aimed to assess the novel concept of using the paced PR interval (PRI) on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) to prove trans-isthmus block after cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation for typical atrial flutter (AFl).

Methods and results

Consecutive patients with AFl underwent linear radiofrequency ablation of the inferior CTI (6 o’clock). After AFl termination and/or presumed completion of the CTI line, CTI block was proven by atrial pacing by the ablation catheter medial (5 o’clock) and lateral to the line (7 and 9 o’clock). Corresponding PRIs were measured on the surface ECG. CTI block was assumed, if a sudden increase in the PRI was observed by moving the pacing site from 5 to 7 o’clock, and if the latter was longer than at 9 o’clock. Afterwards, bidirectional CTI block was confirmed by differential pacing. Thirty-one patients (mean age 67 ± 16 years, 81% male) underwent CTI ablation, and 18/31 (58%) were in AFl at the time of ablation (cycle length 249 ± 31 ms). Successful CTI block as defined by the PRI method was achieved in 31/31 (100%), and the mean PRIs during pacing at 5, 7, and 9 o’clock were 203 ± 56 ms, 329 ± 70 ms, and 296 ± 66 ms, respectively. Cavotricuspid isthmus block was confirmed in all patients (100%) by coronary sinus pacing with a reversal of the local activation sequence lateral to the isthmus line.

Conclusion

The method of PRI analysis on the surface ECG to guide CTI ablation is easy to apply and highly accurate in confirming CTI block. This simple technique enables the novel concept of CTI ablation and proof of block with a single catheter.
Principles and Issues for Physical Frailty Measurement and Its Clinical Application
Authors: Bandeen-Roche Karen , Gross Alden L , Varadhan Ravi , Buta Brian , Carlson Michelle C , Huisingh-Scheetz Megan , Mcadams-Demarco Mara , Piggott Damani A , Brown Todd T , Hasan Rani K , Kalyani Rita R , Seplaki Christopher L , Walston Jeremy D , Xue Qian-Li
Published: July 2019

Introduction

“Frailty” has attracted attention for its promise of identifying vulnerable older adults, hence its potential use to better tailor geriatric health care. There remains substantial controversy, however, regarding its nature and ascertainment. Recent years have seen a proliferation of frailty assessment methods. We argue that the development of frailty assessments should be grounded in “validation”—the process of substantiating that a measurement accurately and precisely measures what it intends, identify unresolved measurement issues, and highlight measurement-related considerations for clinical practice.

Methods

Principles for validating frailty measures are elucidated. We follow principles—articulated, for example, by Borsboom—in which a construct must be clearly defined and then analyses undertaken to substantiate that a measurement accurately and precisely measures what it intends. Key elements are content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity, with an emphasis on the latter.

Results

We illustrate the principles for a physical frailty phenotype construct.

Conclusions

Unresolved conceptual issues include the roles of intersecting concepts such as cognition, disease severity, and disability in frailty measurement, conceptualization of frailty as a state versus a continuum, and the potential need for dynamic measures and systems concepts in furthering understanding of frailty. Clinical considerations include needs to distinguish interventions designed to address frailty “symptoms” versus underlying physiology, improve “prefrailty” measures intended to screen individuals early in their frailty progression, address feasibility demands, and further visioning followed by rigorous efficacy research to address the landscape of potential uses of frailty assessment in clinical practice.
OMMA enables population-scale analysis of complex genomic features and phylogenomic relationships from nanochannel-based optical maps
Authors: Leung Alden King-Yung , Liu Melissa Chun-Jiao , Li Le , Lai Yvonne Yuk-Yin , Chu Catherine , Kwok Pui-Yan , Ho Pak-Leung , Yip Kevin Y , Chan Ting-Fung
Published: July 2019

Background

Optical mapping is an emerging technology that complements sequencing-based methods in genome analysis. It is widely used in improving genome assemblies and detecting structural variations by providing information over much longer (up to 1 Mb) reads. Current standards in optical mapping analysis involve assembling optical maps into contigs and aligning them to a reference, which is limited to pairwise comparison and becomes bias-prone when analyzing multiple samples.

Findings

We present a new method, OMMA, that extends optical mapping to the study of complex genomic features by simultaneously interrogating optical maps across many samples in a reference-independent manner. OMMA captures and characterizes complex genomic features, e.g., multiple haplotypes, copy number variations, and subtelomeric structures when applied to 154 human samples across the 26 populations sequenced in the 1000 Genomes Project. For small genomes such as pathogenic bacteria, OMMA accurately reconstructs the phylogenomic relationships and identifies functional elements across 21 Acinetobacter baumannii strains.

Conclusions

With the increasing data throughput of optical mapping system, the use of this technology in comparative genome analysis across many samples will become feasible. OMMA is a timely solution that can address such computational need. The OMMA software is available at https://github.com/TF-Chan-Lab/OMTools.
A probabilistic multi-omics data matching method for detecting sample errors in integrative analysis
Authors: Lee Eunjee , Yoo Seungyeul , Wang Wenhui , Tu Zhidong , Zhu Jun
Published: July 2019

Background

Data errors, including sample swapping and mis-labeling, are inevitable in the process of large-scale omics data generation. Data errors need to be identified and corrected before integrative data analyses where different types of data are merged on the basis of the annotated labels. Data with labeling errors dampen true biological signals. More importantly, data analysis with sample errors could lead to wrong scientific conclusions. We developed a robust probabilistic multi-omics data matching procedure, proMODMatcher, to curate data and identify and correct data annotation and errors in large databases.

Results

Application to simulated datasets suggests that proMODMatcher achieved robust statistical power even when the number of cis-associations was small and/or the number of samples was large. Application of our proMODMatcher to multi-omics datasets in The Cancer Genome Atlas and International Cancer Genome Consortium identified sample errors in multiple cancer datasets. Our procedure was not only able to identify sample-labeling errors but also to unambiguously identify the source of the errors. Our results demonstrate that these errors should be identified and corrected before integrative analysis.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that sample-labeling errors were common in large multi-omics datasets. These errors should be corrected before integrative analysis.
The Evolution of Color Pattern in Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae)
Authors: Alfaro Michael E , Karan Elizabeth A , Schwartz Shawn T , Shultz Allison J
Published: July 2019

Coral reef fishes constitute one of the most diverse assemblages of vertebrates on the planet. Color patterns are known to serve a number of functions including intra- and inter-specific signaling, camouflage, mimicry, and defense. However, the relative importance of these and other factors in shaping color pattern evolution is poorly understood. Here we conduct a comparative phylogenetic analysis of color pattern evolution in the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae). Using recently developed tools for quantifying color pattern geometry as well as machine learning approaches, we investigate the tempo of evolution of color pattern elements and test whether ecological variables relating to defense, depth, and social behavior predict color pattern evolution. Butterflyfishes exhibit high diversity in measures of chromatic conspicuousness and the degrees of fine versus gross scale color patterning. Surprisingly, most diversity in color pattern was not predicted by any of the measures of ecology in our study, although we did find a significant but weak relationship between the level of fine scale patterning and some aspects of defensive morphology. We find that the tempo of color pattern diversification in butterflyfishes has increased toward the present and suggest that rapid evolution, presumably in response to evolutionary pressures surrounding speciation and lineage divergence, has effectively decoupled color pattern geometry from some aspects of ecology. Machine learning classification of color pattern appears to rely on a set of features that are weakly correlated with current color pattern geometry descriptors, but that may be better suited for the detection of discrete components of color pattern. A key challenge for future studies lies in determining whether rapid evolution has generally decoupled color patterns from ecology, or whether convergence in function produces convergence in color pattern at phylogenetic scales.
The enigmatic Cyclida (Pancrustacea): morphological terminology and family-level classification
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M , Schweitzer Carrie E
Published: July 2019

The Cyclida comprise six families embracing 55 species in 17 genera. Diagnoses for each family based upon examination of type and referred material as well as photographs of specimens previously known only from drawings has confirmed that four of the families, Cyclidae Packard, 1885; Americlidae Dzik, 2008; Halicynidae Gall & Grauvogel, 1967; and Schraminidae Dzik, 2008, form a unified group morphologically whereas Alsasuacaridae van Bakel, Jagt, Fraaije & Artal, 2011, and Hemitrochiscidae Trauth, 1918 are morphological outliers. Each of the families is documented by illustrations of type or representative genera and species. To assure accurate and uniform comparisons of taxa, a morphological terminology is presented, recognizing synonymous terms that could potentially obscure evaluation of relationships. This provides a framework for future analysis of membership within each family and for phylogenetic analyses.
The Corn–Cotton Agroecosystem in the Mid-Southern United States: What Insecticidal Event Pyramids Should be Used in Each Crop to Extend Vip3A Durability
Authors: Caprio Michael A , Kurtz Ryan , Catchot Angus , Kerns David , Reisig Dominic , Gore Jeff , Reay-Jones Francis P F
Published: July 2019

Recent studies suggest that resistance in Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) to Cry1A(b/c) and Cry2Ab2 toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) has increased and field efficacy is impacted in transgenic corn and cotton expressing these toxins. A third toxin, Vip3A, is available in pyramids expressing two or more Bt toxins in corn hybrids and cotton varieties, but uncertainty exists regarding deployment strategies. During a growing season, H. zea infests corn and cotton, and debate arises over use of Vip3A toxin in corn where H. zea is not an economic pest. We used a three-locus, spatially explicit simulation model to evaluate when using Vip3A in corn might hasten evolution of resistance to Vip3A, with implications in cotton where H. zea is a key pest. When using a conventional refuge in corn and initial resistance allele frequencies of Cry1A and Cry2A were 10%, transforming corn with Vip3A slowed resistance to these toxins and delayed resistance evolution to the three-toxin pyramid as a whole. When Cry resistance allele frequencies exceeded 30%, transforming corn with Vip3A hastened the evolution of resistance to the three-toxin pyramid in cotton. When using a seed blend refuge strategy, resistance was delayed longest when Vip3A was not incorporated into corn and used only in cotton. Simulations of conventional refuges were generally more durable than seed blends, even when 75% of the required refuge was not planted. Extended durability of conventional refuges compared to other models of resistance evolution are discussed as well as causes for unusual survivorship in seed blends.
The Practitioner’s Bookshelf: Tenth Anniversary Recommendations
Authors: Loeffler James , Weisbord Noah , Phillips Brian
Published: July 2019

With this tenth anniversary issue of the Journal of Human Rights Practice, we are launching ‘The Practitioner’s Bookshelf’—a new feature of the JHRP Review section containing brief reviews of recent publications of particular interest to human rights practitioners. In this instalment, James Loeffler (University of Virginia), Noah Weisbord (Queen’s University, Canada), and Brian Phillips (JHRP) discuss three books they consider to be among the most significant contributions to the literature of human rights practice to have appeared during the JHRP’s first decade.
Are We Living in an Era of Nihilism? Jean-Luc Marion and Reading the Signs of the Times
Authors: Benjamins Jacob
Published: July 2019

This article critiques Jean-Luc Marion’s understanding of nihilism based on its inconsistency with his own theological convictions. It contextualises Marion’s account of nihilism within his relatively precise theological and philosophical critique of the modern subject. Then, it identifies how he broadens his philosophical account by relating it to an interpretation of culture. Finally, the article argues that Marion overextends the applicability of the concept in a way that is inconsistent with his overall theological position and further nuance is needed in order to read the signs of the times.
OGLE-2017-BLG-1186: first application of asteroseismology and Gaussian processes to microlensing
Authors: Li S-S , Zang W , Udalski A , Shvartzvald Y , Huber D , Lee C-U , Sumi T , Gould A , Mao S , Fouqué P , Wang T , Dong S , Jørgensen U G , Cole A , Mróz P , Szymański M K , Skowron J , Poleski R , Soszyński I , Pietrukowicz P , Kozłowski S , Ulaczyk K , Rybicki K A , Iwanek P , Yee J C , Calchi Novati S , Beichman C A , Bryden G , Carey S , Gaudi B S , Henderson C B , Zhu W , Albrow M D , Chung S-J , Han C , Hwang K-H , Jung Y K , Ryu Y-H , Shin I-G , Cha S-M , Kim D-J , Kim H-W , Kim S-L , Lee D-J , Lee Y , Park B-G , Pogge R W , Bond I A , Abe F , Barry R , Bennett D P , Bhattacharya A , Donachie M , Fukui A , Hirao Y , Itow Y , Kondo I , Koshimoto N , Li M C A , Matsubara Y , Muraki Y , Miyazaki S , Nagakane M , Ranc C , Rattenbury N J , Suematsu H , Sullivan D J , Suzuki D , Tristram P J , Yonehara A , Christie G , Drummond J , Green J , Hennerley S , Natusch T , Porritt I , Bachelet E , Maoz D , Street R A , Tsapras Y , Bozza V , Dominik M , Hundertmark M , Peixinho N , Sajadian S , Burgdorf M J , Evans D F , Figuera Jaimes R , Fujii Y I , Haikala L K , Helling C , Henning T , Hinse T C , Mancini L , Longa-Peña P , Rahvar S , Rabus M , Skottfelt J , Snodgrass C , Southworth J , Unda-Sanzana E , von Essen C , Beaulieu J-P , Blackman J , Hill K
Published: July 2019

We present the analysis of the event OGLE-2017-BLG-1186 from the 2017 Spitzer microlensing campaign. This is a remarkable microlensing event because its source is photometrically bright and variable, which makes it possible to perform an asteroseismic analysis using ground-based data. We find that the source star is an oscillating red giant with average time-scale of ∼9 d. The asteroseismic analysis also provides us source properties including the source angular size (∼27 $\mu$as) and distance (∼11.5 kpc), which are essential for inferring the properties of the lens. When fitting the light curve, we test the feasibility of Gaussian processes (GPs) in handling the correlated noise caused by the variable source. We find that the parameters from the GP model are generally more loosely constrained than those from the traditional χ2 minimization method. We note that this event is the first microlensing system for which asteroseismology and GPs have been used to account for the variable source. With both finite-source effect and microlens parallax measured, we find that the lens is likely a ∼0.045 M⊙ brown dwarf at distance ∼9.0 kpc, or a ∼0.073 M⊙ ultracool dwarf at distance ∼9.8 kpc. Combining the estimated lens properties with a Bayesian analysis using a Galactic model, we find a $\sim 35{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ probability for the lens to be a bulge object and $\sim 65{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ to be a background disc object.
Constraints on the formation of brown dwarfs by turbulent compression
Authors: Stamer Torsten , Inutsuka Shu-ichiro
Published: July 2019

We perform radiation hydrodynamical simulations in spherical symmetry in order to investigate the formation of very low mass objects, i.e. brown dwarfs, by external compression. According to the Jeans stability criterion, a very low mass molecular cloud core must reach a very high density in order to become gravitationally unstable. One possibility to create such a high density is the compression by turbulent flows within the larger molecular cloud. Using our self-developed radiation hydrodynamics code, we aim to test the validity of this scenario, and to constrain the strength of the turbulence that is needed. We find that the probability for sufficiently strong and long-lived turbulence is very low under typical conditions even when using very optimistic assumptions, and therefore conclude that turbulent compression is unlikely to be the dominant mechanism for creating brown dwarfs. We also investigate the properties of objects formed by this turbulent compression process. Specifically, we compare the lifetime of the first core stage for the cases with and without external compression. We confirm our previous findings that the first core lifetime increases by about an order of magnitude at the extremely low-mass end, but this increase is somewhat less dramatic and occurs at even lower masses than in our previous work, in which no external compression was present.
Revisiting the Fanaroff–Riley dichotomy and radio-galaxy morphology with the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
Authors: Mingo B , Croston J H , Hardcastle M J , Best P N , Duncan K J , Morganti R , Rottgering H J A , Sabater J , Shimwell T W , Williams W L , Brienza M , Gurkan G , Mahatma V H , Morabito L K , Prandoni I , Bondi M , Ineson J , Mooney S
Published: July 2019

The relative positions of the high and low surface brightness regions of radio-loud active galaxies in the 3CR sample were found by Fanaroff and Riley to be correlated with their luminosity. We revisit this canonical relationship with a sample of 5805 extended radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS), compiling the most complete data set of radio-galaxy morphological information obtained to date. We demonstrate that, for this sample, radio luminosity does not reliably predict whether a source is edge-brightened (FRII) or centre-brightened (FRI). We highlight a large population of low-luminosity FRIIs, extending three orders of magnitude below the traditional FR break, and demonstrate that their host galaxies are on average systematically fainter than those of high-luminosity FRIIs and of FRIs matched in luminosity. This result supports the jet power/environment paradigm for the FR break: low-power jets may remain undisrupted and form hotspots in lower mass hosts. We also find substantial populations that appear physically distinct from the traditional FR classes, including candidate restarting sources and ‘hybrids’. We identify 459 bent-tailed sources, which we find to have a significantly higher SDSS cluster association fraction (at z < 0.4) than the general radio-galaxy population, similar to the results of previous work. The complexity of the LoTSS faint, extended radio sources not only demonstrates the need for caution in the automated classification and interpretation of extended sources in modern radio surveys, but also reveals the wealth of morphological information such surveys will provide and its value for advancing our physical understanding of radio-loud AGN.