bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Problems of Integrating Forestry and Wildlife Management: The Foresters' Viewpoint
Authors: Innes M. R.
Published: February 2014

The long-established professions of biology and forestry harbour conscientious and intelligent practitioners. Communication between the two professions has traditionally been poor but is slowly improving. For integrated resource management to be successful, an acceptable planning framework must be established; there must be clearly enunciated and agreed-to objectives; cooperation between biologist and forester will be mandatory; and abnormally heavy commitment of time will be necessary. The cost of implementation will be a stumbling block. Keywords: Forestry, multiple use, integration, wildlife management.
The Non-economist
Authors: Livingston John A.
Published: February 2014

The "economistic" (market-place) model of nature and of natural process dominates both ecology and renewable resource management in Canada. Reasons for the overwhelming power of this interpretation of biological process are reviewed and "economic outreach" as a consumptive process is examined. Could any image of nature other than the economistic one be compatible with the goals of resource management in industrial society? Post-industrial society? Some alternative historical and current views are discussed. Key words: Resource Development, Resource Conservation, Economics, Non-monetary values
Towards the Managed Forest: Going Places That We've Never Been
Authors: Thomas Jack Ward
Published: February 2014

Keywords: Renewable Resource Management, Forest Management, Wildlife Management, Integration, Multiple Use.
Adaptive Management Wood Availability and Habitat Availability
Authors: Baskerville G.
Published: February 2014

Adaptive management uses well-defined feedback loops to design actions and track the effects resulting from actions. The adaptive process maximizes the managers' learning about the system, and is consequently a safe approach to initiating management in complex systems. By its nature adaptive management requires quantitatively explicit hypothesis about system function and structure. This requirement is both the greatest limitation to its use and the greatest benefit. The emerging application of the adaptive approach in the control of wood availability is discussed and comparison is drawn to the control of wildlife habitat availability. Key words: Renewable Resource Management. Management Planning Forest Management Methods.
Forestry and Black-tailed Deer: Conflicts, Crises, or Cooperation
Authors: Bunnell F. W.
Published: February 2014

Prior to 1970, research on the relationships between black-tailed deer and forestry practices was largely restricted to areas of low snowfall. Findings suggested that deer populations responded positively to the increased forage generated by timber harvesting practices, and forestry was assumed to be beneficial to black-tailed deer. The first research in areas of high snowfall obtained contrary results; in fact, old-growth forests were found to be valuable habitats for deer. Subsequent research documented that there were four major reasons why old-growth forests provided ideal winter habitat: reduced costs of locomotion in snow, lower rates of food burial, provision of arboreal lichen, and a more heterogeneous, fine-grained environment. Initial research findings encouraged harvesting guidelines that temporarily reserved tracts of old growth as winter ranges. The guidelines were enacted while research, would eventually suggest alternative approaches, continued to examine functional relationships. Current solutions to the conflict include intensive, specific silvicultural practices to mimic old-growth features in managed stands. Review of the conflict provides several lessons of broader applicability.
Blue Grouse—Effects on, and Influences of, a Changing Forest
Authors: Zwickel Fred C. , Bendell James F.
Published: February 2014

Blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) may increase spectacularly in lowland Pacific coast forest that has been logged by clear-cutting. Locally, they may be used heavily by hunters, and more subtly, by nonconsumptive recreationsists. They can be sufficiently abundant to affect the survival of young conifers, the distribution of seeds and, perhaps, nutrient cycling. Blue grouse can represent a major component of the faunal biomass on a given area.Local populations of blue grouse change mainly as a result of forest management practices on lowland breeding ranges. Logging at higher elevations probably will not produce grouse in equivalent densities, and the implications of increased logging on winter range (at even higher elevations) are unknown.Current logging and silvicultural practices have both positive and negative effects on blue grouse. Newly logged lowlands are colonized rapidly by "surplus" grouse from nearby, established populations. They may persist in variable, but unpredictable, densities until forest canopy approaches 75% coverage. Populations decline due to non replacement of adults that die. Although clear-cutting often results in short-term, and occasionally large, increases in numbers, these persist for only about 25% or less of a planned rotation period. The productive period for occupancy by grouse may be shortened by early planting, planting everywhere, fertilization with urea, and by large, even-aged plantations. The productive period may be extended by delayed planting, a wider spacing within plantations, not planting sites of low timber productivity and, perhaps, by intensive thinning throughout the forest rotation, or cutting in small patches.An important key to continuous maintenance of breeding populations of blue grouse appears to be the presence of a well-developed and diverse understory. Alternatives to present clear-cutting practices that would leave a more open tree canopy would probably provide continuous production of grouse and many other species, albeit at a lower density than sometimes results from present programs. Experimental forests that can be manipulated in conjunction with long-term studies of the effects of these manipulations on wildlife are needed if we are to integrate forest - wildlife management practices fully. Keywords: blue grouse, Dendragapus obscurus, populations, clear-cut logging, silviculture, forest succession.
Bald Eagles and Forest Management
Authors: Anderson Robert J.
Published: February 2014

Current management of known bald eagle nesting habitat on Weyerhaeuser Company lands in Oregon and Washington states is described. Observations of continued nesting productivity indicate that with careful planning successful integration of forest and eagle habitat management is achievable. Forest management programs can provide nesting habitat concurrent with the production of forest products by manipulation of forest stand structure using site-specific management plans. Factors to be considered in maintaining suitable nesting habitat relate to the specific location and prominence of the area relative to the surroundings and tree crown conditions within areas of potential eagle use. Management for nesting habitat must be directed towards the entire potential nesting site, rather than at individual nest trees for maintenance of successful eagle nesting. Key words: Bald eagle, wildlife management, forest management, endangered species.
Coupes par bandes dans des peuplements de feuillus—Résultats après 14 ans
Authors: Boivin Jean-Louis
Published: February 2014

Clearcutting of 20, 40 and 60 m wide strips was done in 1970 in Malakoff township, in the lower part of the Dumoine river watershed. A regeneration study took place in 1984.Analysis of results shows that the strips are well regenerated. The proportion of yellow birch grows with the width of the strips, that is, from 20 to60 m. To this effect strips of 60 m seem to be better for regenerating yellow birch but the future of this species seems to be better ensured in 40-m-wide strips.Yellow birch and sugar maple constitute the main part of the actual stands. If treatment is done and if observed trends persist, yellow birch should account for 21, 26 and 44% of the stems in mature stands of the 20-, 40- and 60-m strips respectively. With treatment, the presence of yellow birch could be increased to nearly 48%.
Ambrosia Beetle Attack on Logs Before and After Processing Through a Dryland Sorting Area
Authors: Gray D. R. , Borden J. H.
Published: February 2014

Damage by ambrosia beetles was assessed on logs arriving at and leaving a northern Vancouver Island dryland sort. Damage on incoming logs was severe, indicating a high population of attacking beetles in the forest. Although logs were processed rapidly through the dryland sort, exposed portions of logs in booms were subjected to additional attack by resident dryland sort beetles, causing additional damage. Value lost to degrade equalled $0.89/m3 processed during the seven weeks of the study, 44.9% from attack by-beetles in the woods, and an additional 55.1% by beetles; in the sort.
Heritage Landscapes: Rethinking the Canadian Experience
Authors: Dooling Peter J.
Published: February 2014

One of Canada's important anniversaries will be the centennial of the National Parks of Canada in 1985. This provides a rare opportunity to recognize, review, promote and improve Canada's national and provincial heritage in all its natural and historic forms. With this in mind Canada commissioned a program of Caucuses leading to a Canadian Assembly on National Parks and other protected areas in Banff, 1985. The Assembly and the efforts to bring together concerned citizens to provide a framework for the review of natural and cultural resources management problems in Canada are briefly discussed. Two heritage conservation issues are reviewed in some detail.
Protecting the Forests of New Brunswick Against "The Insect" – An Overview
Authors: Lockhart D. D.
Published: February 2014

In 1951, one pulp and paper company and the New Brunswick Government decided to try to prevent or at least lessen losses from the spruce budworm by aerial spraying of insecticide. Today, 33 years later, protection is still carried out, not with any thought to eradicating the pest, but rather to maintain the industrial base and the resulting employment. Without this protection, the forest products industry in New Brunswick would have suffered many mill closures – a catastrophe in a province where one job in seven depends on a healthy forest products industry.
Zones de Vulnérabilité du Pin Blanc à la Rouille Vésiculeuse au Québec
Authors: Lavallée André
Published: February 2014

Analysis of relevant data for the last 11 years improved the precision of zoning for white pine vulnerability to blister rust in Quebec. The validity of the existing approach for the area under study was confirmed. White pine located in zones 1 and 2 usually indicated less than 15% stem infections by the blister rust. Distribution of the white pine weevil damage in the zones is presented. Key words: Pinus strobus L., Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisher, Pissodes strobi Peck, blister rust vulnerability.
Standards for Regeneration Establishment in Canada: A Case Study for Douglas-fir
Authors: Brand David G. , Weetman G. F.
Published: February 2014

Most stresses and hazards affecting plantation success occur during the initial establishment period. Ensuring that new stands are fully stocked with commercial species, growing acceptably, and not likely to be suppressed by brush or damaged by insects and animals, are the goals of regeneration silviculture. To focus silviculture efforts, the concept of the free to grow plantation has evolved. This paper discusses proposed criteria for setting quantifiable, biologically-based free-to-grow standards. A case study using Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesil (Mirb.) Franco) illustrates how free-to-grow standards could be developed. The process first requires identification of the factor or stress limiting growth. Then, free-to-growth standards are based on defining a threshold level of the factor for successful tree establishment and applying a projection technique to estimate whether the trees currently below the threshold are in danger of exceeding it.
Effect of spacing in lodgepole pine stands on incidence of Atropellis canker
Authors: Stanek W. , Hopkins J. C. , Simmons C. S.
Published: February 2014

Atropellis cankers on lodgepole pine were counted in Alberta plots spaced to 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 or 8000 trees per hectare. Cankers were counted just after thinning in 1967, and again in 1969, 1971 and 1983. After spacing, fewest cankers developed at 500 trees per hectare, most at 4000 and 8000 per hectare. Number of cankers developed after spacing was directly related to stand density, linearly when both were transformed to logarithmic scales, and was unrelated to site aspect. Atropellis cankers were found most frequently or the north and northwest sides of stems. Spacing as a control measure is recommended.
Development of a Jack Pine Seed Orchard by Mass Selection
Authors: Klein J. I.
Published: February 2014

An experimental jack pine seed orchard was developed in eastern Manitoba by mass selection in a plantation established with seedlings of 220 open-pollinated progenies. Three thinnings to 11 years from planting resulted in selection of 208 of the best trees out of 5280 planted on 0.3 ha. Mean height was increased from 190 to 217 cm in the first thinning and from 512 to 552 cm in the second thinning. Seed orchard trees in progenies that were found to be superior in a concurrent family test were not retained more frequently than trees from other progenies.
Forest Economics Research Needs in West-Central Canada
Authors: Phillips William E. , Beck James A. , Lamble G. Wayne
Published: February 2014

A group of approximately 90 respondents, through sequential mail questionnaires and area group meetings, identified integrated forest land use, forest protection, allowable cut determination/timber supply analysis modelling, non-timber forest land uses, agricultural and forestry land use interface and forest renewal as among the more important needs requiring considerable economic research. Constraints in meeting these research needs include lack of research expertise, funding, data and problem definition, conflicting objectives and non-quantifiable.benefits and costs. Key Words: Forest economics, Research needs, Canada, Prairie Provinces/Northwest Territories, Delphi technique, Canadian Forestry Service, Research inventory, Nominal group technique, Research constraints.
Planting Date Affects Survival and Height Growth of Hybrid Poplar
Authors: Hansen Edward A.
Published: February 2014

In this study I investigated the effects of planting date for soaked versus unsoaked cuttings of two hybrid poplar clones under irrigated versus unirrigated and weedy versus weed-free conditions. Cuttings were planted each year for 4 years. Survival at the end of the first growing season was generally greater than 90% for all planting dates. At the end of the second growing season survival for trees planted before July 16 was again generally more than 90%. However, cuttings planted from July 30 through August 27 showed a major decline in survival and survival of fall planted cuttings ranged from 6 to 90%. Mortality of late summer- or fall-planted cuttings occurred prior to the beginning of the second growing season and was attributed to frost heaving. The tallest trees were not those planted at the earliest possible dates (April in Rhinelander). Instead, the tallest trees at the end of the first and second growing seasons were those planted in early- and mid-May. This optimum planting period was the same regardless of clone, soaking, irrigation, or weed treatment. Actual optimum planting date would change with location and local climatic conditions. Some climatic indices may prove more universal in predicting when to plant. Although tentative, it appears that for best growth, unrooted hybrid poplar cuttings should be planted in soil warmer than 10 °C. Trees do not grow as well if planted immediately after soil frost leaves the ground. Key words: Energy plantations, plantation establishment, woody biomass, intensive culture, Populus.
Hexazinone Gridballs™ applied with concurrent underplanting of white spruce in boreal mixedwoods: 7-year results
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

In mid-June 1978, hexazinone Gridball™ pellets were individually placed on the ground surface in two10-m × 10-m plots at each of two grid spacings in moderate-to-dense, woody weed growth in each of three boreal mixedwood stands in the Chapleau and Manitouwadge areas of Ontario. The rates of application were equivalent to 0.0, 1.4 and 4.2 kg a.i./ha. In these and a similar number of untreated plots, 16 white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) were planted centrally in each plot at the same grid spacings used for the Gridballs™ but offset so as to give maximum separation between outplants and herbicide. The main study was supplemented by another to determine safe separation distance. GridballsTM at close spacing very significantly (P 0.01) increased growth of white spruce: at one location, the mean stem volume of spruce 7 years after planting was 438% that of spruce in the no-herbicide treatment; at a second location the comparable value was 503%. The evidence suggests that white spruce may be established in the boreal mixedwoods by underplanting and, concurrently, applying Gridballs™ at 1-m × 1-m spacing.
The State of Canadian Forest Management
Authors: Weetman Gordon F.
Published: February 2014

Canada's forests consist of about 200 major portfolios of provincially owned timber which are analogous to bond portfolios. These Green Bond portfolios have unique problems in liquidity, protection and renewal. Most are leased out to major corporations. There is a national trend to have more of the forest management implementation done by the corporate licencees.
Wood Decay Hazard in Canada Based on Scheffer's Climate Index Formula
Authors: Setliff E. C.
Published: February 2014

Scheffer's formula for determining the overall decay hazard in above ground wooden structures was applied to Canada. For the most heavily populated areas of southwestern British Columbia, southern Ontario, southern Quebec and the Maritimes, the decay hazard fell into Scheffer's revised intermediate decay hazard range of 35 to 70. Based on the weather station data used, Cape Scott at the northern end of Vancouver Islano, had the highest decay hazard level of 79.7. This contrasted with a decay index of 0.6 at Alert, NWT at 82° N latitude. Keywords: Decay, decay hazard, wooden structures, wood preservation, wood deterioration, meteorology, Canada.
The Backlog of Unstocked Forest Land in British Columbia and the Impact of Reforestation Programs
Authors: Pearse Peter H. , Lang Andrea J. , Todd Kevin L.
Published: February 2014

The current reforestation effort in British Columbia is examined with special reference to the accumulated backlog of "not satisfactorily restocked" (NSR) forest land in the province. The confusing statistics on the backlog are evaluated and the rate of increase is calculated. The statistics suggest that some 1302 thousand hectares now fall in this category, with 588 thousand hectares of good and medium site quality which, by the Ministry of Forest criteria, warrant rehabilitation.The available data suggest that the backlog NSR has been growing at an average of 59 thousand hectares per year during the last five years. This growth can be expected to be arrested during the next few years, as a result of expanded basic silviculture programs combined with new efforts to rehabilitate the backlog of unstocked lands. However, the total area of the backlog will not be reduced significantly.Statistical information about the backlog NSR lands is very weak. A number of suggestions are made for improving data collection and interpretation, and for focusing the rehabilitation effort.
A Decision Context for Timber Supply Modelling
Authors: Marshall P. L.
Published: February 2014

Projection of timber supply is an important component of most timber management planning systems. One of the factors limiting the improvement of such systems is the difficulty involved in clearly understanding the context of timber supply projection within management of the forest as a whole. A simple decision structure is employed in this paper to illustrate this context. Management of the timber resource is described as a subproblem of managing the forest. A timber management plan is shown to be comprised of the answers to two intricately linked questions: (1) how much to harvest over time and (2) how to schedule a sequence of activities to support the desired rate of harvest. Each of these decision processes is described briefly and the role of timber supply modelling in providing answers is examined. Although the information presented in the paper is general, it represents an initial attempt at ordering perceptions of the timber management decision environment into a more understandable form. Key words: timber management planning, timber supply modelling.
Forest, Regional and Sector Planning Models in New Zealand
Authors: Johnson Steven E.
Published: February 2014

The New Zealand forest sector is facing an unprecedented expansion over the next 30 years, due to a radiata pine planting boom during the 1960's and 70's. Markets and processing capacity will have to be expanded to take advantage of the increases in production from exotic plantations, increases predicted to more than triple the current annual cut of about 10 million m3. This paper outlines some of the planning models that are being developed to assist New Zealand's forest sector in coping with its imminent expansion. While these models are a step in the right direction, further work is required in the planning of wood processing and marketing if New Zealand hopes to make the most of its plantation resources. Key words: New Zealand, planning models, radiata pine.
What do Cells have to do with Forest Resource Statistics?
Authors: Monty J.
Published: February 2014

The availability of reliable, location-specific national resource statistics is of growing importance to strategic planners and policy makers. This paper describes the formation and use of "grid cells" for georeferencing summarized forest inventory data used to produce location-specific national forestry statistics. Key words: Inventory, cells, geographic information system, data analysis.
A New Computerized System for Tree Ring Measurement and Analysis
Authors: Clyde Merlise A. , Titus Stephen J.
Published: February 2014

The Tree Ring Measurement System provides a relatively inexpensive, accurate, and efficient method of measuring diameter increments on cores or stem analysis disks while eliminating data recording and keypunching errors. The system consists of a micro-scope, sample positioning mechanism with optical encoder, and IBM PC/XT/AT microcomputer. The interactive menu-driven Fortran program displays diameter increments during data acquisition, and allows data to be plotted, edited, displayed, or remeasured at any time. The software can be modified to meet the user's requirements.
An Evaluation of the United States Experience in Controlling Forest Practices on Private Lands
Authors: Kreutzwiser R. D. , Crichton L. M.
Published: February 2014

The forest practice legislation of 14 states is examined critically to provide a basis for suggesting elements of a forest practice act for Ontario. Four types of legislation are identified: voluntary-selective, voluntary-comprehensive, mandatory-selective, and mandatory-comprehensive. The American experience suggests strongly that only mandatory-comprehensive legislation has had much impact on improving forest management on private land. This experience also suggests any effort to develop similar legislation for Ontario must give particular attention to how the administering agency is notified of intended activity on private land, the development standards for harvesting, regeneration, road construction and other practices, and procedures for monitoring and enforcing compliance with standards. A meaningful administrative commitment, including adequate staffing and funding, will be essential to any effort to enhance forest management on private land in Ontario.
Saying That Logging is Either 'Good' or 'Bad' for Fish Doesn't Tell You How to Manage the System
Authors: Hartman G. F. , Scrivener J. C. , McMahon T. E.
Published: February 2014

A 16-year multi-disciplinary watershad study at Carnation Creek, British Columbia, revealed that different activities in a forest harvest program had different impacts on the physical and biological components of the system. Changes in stream temperature, as a result of logging and a climatic warming trend, and changes in the distribution and volume of woody debris in the channel caused complex sequence of processes to influence salmonid production in both a positive and negative manner. The influence depended on the type of physical change, the fish species and its life history stage, and on the elapsed time after the logging activity. Some direct implications of the research to the problems of managing in the face of complexity are discussed.
Pest Management Education for Forest Technologists in British Columbia
Authors: Alexander Norman E.
Published: February 2014

The author describes the changing nature of forest pest management training given in British Columbia over the last 30 years. Four eras of differing training are identified, each determined in part by the needs of the time. The eras are identified as the Ologist, the Operator, the Operologist, and the Managoperologist. A case is made to retain training of different natures for professional foresters and technologists, based on differing job performance expectations. Course content of programs is outlined. It is recommended that performance, not time, be used to measure competence. Outside experts are encouraged to contribute to the training programs. Seminars are examined as a supportive teaching aid.
Forestry Herbicides and the Aquatic Environment
Authors: Willington Robert P.
Published: February 2014

The use of herbicides in forestry in British Columbia is regulated by both federal and provincial governments. The Ministry of Environment, Pesticide Control Branch, through the B.C. Pesticide Control Act, controls the handling, selling and application of pesticides once they have been registered by the federal government. A herbicide treatment must have a Pesticide Application Permit, which anyone may appeal through the BC Environmental Appeal Board. Herbicide use in forestry must be based on sound silvicultural judgment. Potential means by which 2,4-D and Roundup may enter the aquatic environment are reviewed. Methods of avoiding this during a forestry herbicide treatment are discussed.
The Need for Improved Forest Fire Detection
Authors: Kourtz Peter
Published: February 2014

During the past 30 years air patrols have replaced lookouts as the main forest fire detection method. A brief history of that change is presented, and motivations for it are discussed. Problems with the present approach to detection include inflexible aircraft contracts, lack of appreciation of the complexity of the daily detection planning process, and lack of a daily fire prediction system. Under conditions of poor visibility human vision cannot detect all-important small fires, with the possible result of significant delays in initial attack. High altitude infrared detection systems offer the only solution to this problem. The concept of detection being a component in the total fire management system is discussed and a method is described to obtain a proper balance between detection and initial attack activity levels.
Computer-Assisted Learning in Professional Forestry Education at the University of New Brunswick
Authors: Jordan G. A.
Published: February 2014

The Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL) experiences of the Department of Forest Resources at the University of New Brunswick are described. The paper defines the principal benefit of CAL as better students rather than better teaching and states that CAL has contributed to the former by enhancing learning in three important ways: (i) new subjects, not possible before, have been introduced; (ii) certain topics have been dealt with more often; (iii) the delivery of some subjects has been better managed. The paper continues with a discussion of three strategies that were successfully employed in implementing the CAL programme. These strategies are (1) the programme emphasized heuristic CAL activities: probelm-solving, self-discovery and "what-if" learning, as opposed to drill and tutorial exercises: (2) the programme was committed to developing and maintaining appropriate CAL infrastructure: a dedicated and fully equipped CAL laboratory, plus the ongoing support of a CAL specialist to assist and educate faculty in integrating and implementing CAL techniques and. avoid reliance upon imported, often inappropriate, courseware; (3) in a limited funding situation the programme deliberately traded microcomputer quality for quantity, thus maximizing number of students accommodated. The paper concludes with a description of several CAL examples taken from undergraduate courses currently offered at the Faculty of Forestry. Key words: computer-assisted learning, forestry education.
Who are Tomorrow's Foresters and What do They Want? A Sociologist Looks at Two Forestry Schools
Authors: Mayer Jan
Published: February 2014

A survey of first and final year students at the UBC and Lakehead Schools of Forestry suggests that forestry students are much more idealistic about their profession and less materialistic than they are generally given credit for, particularly when compared with students in engineering or business administration. Whether or not their idealism will greatly influence the forestry world of the future will depend on how effectively they learn to communicate, public understanding and support on forestry issues, and the ability of professional associations to enhance the influence and visibility of the profession.
Cultures multiples de plants d'épinette noire sous serre et ombrière
Authors: Girouard Ronald M.
Published: February 2014

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) seedlings were studied to determine whether multiple crops that meet the Quebec's Department of Energy and Resources standards, can be produced in a greenhouse, heated no longer than necessary, and a shadehouse. Only two crops a year are possible at Sainte-Foy: one in winter and the other in summer. The winter crop can be sown in early February and the plants taken out of the greenhouse close to May 25 for acclimatization in a shadehouse. The summer crop can be sown on May 25 and the plants placed in a shadehouse no later than August 17. Key words: Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., multiple crops, greenhouse, shadehouse, Quebec tube.
Seven Important Determinants of Canadian Silviculture
Authors: Weetman G. F.
Published: February 2014

An attempt is made to identify the seven most important features of Canadian forestry that determine the nature and level of silviculture practice. They are considered to be: the dominance of extensive reserves of old-growth timber often at risk; the unbalanced age class structure of many licencee areas and management units; the dominance of provincial Crown ownership of timber and the evolution of Forest Management Agreements and Tree Farm Licences; the intractable nature of the problem of silviculture on small private ownerships; the recognition of the social role of silviculture in alleviating unemployment; the lack of silviculture decision models; and the systematic tightening of silviculture performance standards on Crown lands.
Le nouveau régime forestier du Québec
Authors: Paille Gilbert G. , Deffrasnes Robert
Published: February 2014

The Province of Quebec has recently passed legislation that introduces a new forest system based on sustained yield, the allocation of timber supply and forest management agreements to industry, and a new sharing of public forest management responsibilities. This reform, which became necessary owing to a shortage of wood fibre, will ensure the perpetuity of a resource that sustains the economic activity of the province. It involves numerous major changes — the true impact of which will be felt over the long term — and which will require all the knowledge and expertise of Quebec's foresters.
Alternate Strip Clearcutting in Upland Black Spruce: V. The Impact of Harvesting on the Quality of Water Flowing from Small Basins in Shallow-soil Boreal Ecosystems
Authors: Nicolson J. A.
Published: February 2014

Streams flowing from six small basins (100-450 ha), dominated or originally dominated by black spruce stands growing on sites with shallow soil over bedrock, were monitored for seven years (1978-1984) near Lake Nipigon, Ontario. Three basins were left uncut. Three basins were harvested, one by patch-cutting, one by clearcutting, and one by stripcutting (in a three-cut pattern, with cutting in 1977, 1979 and 1981). Comparison of streamwater from harvested and uncut basins indicated a greater water yield from the harvested basins, as well as differences in several chemical parameters. Specific conductance, alkalinity, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, and [Formula: see text] concentration increases were statistically significant. Nitrate-nitrogen and total nitrogen (TN) levels generally decreased, the former significantly; pH, [Formula: see text], Cl−, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and total phosphorus (TP) changes were not signficiant.
The Communications Predicament in Canadian Forestry
Authors: Duffy P. J. B. , Murphy P. J.
Published: February 2014

The Canadian forestry enterprise is very large with extensive linkages between resource management, law, industry, labor, trade and the public — all under government regulation. Because the linkages are numerous and poorly understood, few parties have the skill, energy, and mandate to study, understand and act on national issues. Thus issues are not researched with options and solutions raised in a timely way contributing to concerted action in pursuit of goals. Two solutions to this predicament are proposed, the development of a Canadian forestry network and the application of communication technology for multiparty information exchange, including computer conferencing. These two approaches are interrelated and are sufficiently well advanced in Canada to warrant close attention.
Extension Forestry: The Second Bridge
Authors: Hadley Melissa J.
Published: February 2014

Forestry communication has experienced a major revival in recent years. Forest companies, associations, and government agencies are all joining in the task of creating a "more aware and understanding" general public, with the ultimate goal of developing a broad-based Canadian forestry constituency to support increases in government funding and the development of more progressive policies for the sector. Across the country, public relations and forestry education programs are being targeted for consumption by specific audiences. A review of many of these forestry messages, however, reveals a disturbing tendency towards the delivery of one-way messages.This paper presents a case for practicing communications as a process, rather than a product, and ensuring that future communication initiatives encourage interaction and dialogue with our many publics. It suggests specific guidelines for developing communication programs, and recommends an "equal partners" approach to communications.
Moose Habitat Needs
Authors: Timmermann H. R. , McNicol J. G.
Published: February 2014

A review of the literature describing moose habitat needs is presented. The growing season is a period of positive energy balance when moose feed extensively on a variety of deciduous leaves, aquatic macrophytes and herbaceous vegetation which satisfy nutritional requirements for weight gain and development. In winter, a period of negative energy balance, food intake and metabolism are reduced to conserve energy and minimize weight loss. In addition, good moose winter habitat includes shelter from extreme temperatures, deep snow and access to secure areas to help avoid predators expecially during spring calving. Optimum habitats contain an interspersion of food and cover within traditionally used seasonal home ranges.
Urban Forestry in North York
Authors: Morley Peter M.
Published: February 2014

Urban forestry is defined, and the role that it plays in providing amenity and community benefits to urban life is discussed. Since 1982, the city of North York has promoted community involvement in creating natural areas in its parks and greenbelts. Three examples of this program are given.
Height/basal Area Curves Used in Thinning Control of Norway Spruce Plantations
Authors: Sijpesteijn G. W. A. Kaars
Published: February 2014

Traditional management tables give their information in separate tables per site class, with age as a parameter. These tables can be combined into one graph. When height and basal area are used as parameters. The resulting height/basal area graph (h/ba graph) is a useful management tool as age and site class are eliminated as variables. With the measurement of height and basal area, these h/ba graphs will not only provide estimates of standing volume, but will also indicate the necessity of thinning and the expected harvest. To facilitate management decisions, different forest parcels can be compared on one h/ba graph, indicating the relative need for thinning. Forest parcels can also be followed throughout their development on a separate h/ba graph each.The height/basal area graph is an objective measure for use by forester and contractor to check the thinning operation. During or after thinning, the quality of the job done can be checked by measuring height and basal area and plotting the result on a h/ba graph.Graphs, based on Forest Management Tables (metric), are shown for Norway spruce, Japanese larch and Douglas fir. Key words: Thinning, height, basal area, site class, yield class, volume, management.
Yield and Wood Properties of 25-year-old Japanese Larch of Different Provenance in Eastern Canada
Authors: Fowler D. P. , Simpson J. D. , Park Y. S. , Schneider M. H.
Published: February 2014

Yield data from a 25-year-old trial of Japanese larch (20 provenances), European larch (3 provenances) and tamarack (2 provenances) are presented. Japanese larch is genetically variable in volume of wood produced at age 25 years. The pattern of variation is not closely related to any commonly measured geographic or environmental variables.Japanese larch, managed over short rotations, is capable of producing two to three times more wood than other conifer species commonly planted in the Maritimes Region of Canada. The mean annual increment of merchantable wood for trees of the three best provenances at age 25 years is about 12 m3/ha per year, while that of the poorest provenance is about the same as for European larch and tamarack, 4 m3/ha per year. Japanese larch wood sawed, dried and machined well. It appears suited for general construction use and may be eligible for a stress grade.
The Forest Sector's Contribution to the Canadian Economy
Authors: Jacques Romain , Fraser G. Alex
Published: February 2014

Statistics Canada's inter-sectoral models have been used to estimate the impact of the forest sector on the economy of Canada and its provinces. These models permit the evaluation of the linkages between the forest sector and other sectors of the economy. The results indicate that in 1980 close to 834 000 jobs, either directly or indirectly, depended upon forest sector activity. Key words: employment multiplier, economic impact.
Growth of Black Spruce Trees Following Fertilization on Drained Peatland
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: February 2014

Stem analyse of 67 peatland black spruce trees from previously drained experimental areas in northeastern Ontario that had been fertilized was used to examine effects on growth of individual trees. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to express pre- and post-fertilization diameter and volume growth as a function of site, stand and individual tree characteristics and amelioration treatments.Results indicated that, on average, diameter growth increased by 4% after fertilization. Standard volume equations, in comparison with sectional volume summation underestimated both inside- and outside-bark tree volumes by about 3%.
The Green Timbers Plantations: A British Columbia Forest Heritage
Authors: Young W.
Published: February 2014

A short drive up the Fraser River Valley from Vancouver, one can find an area worthy of forest heritage designation — "Green Timbers". The area is the site of British Columbia's first forst plantation. Between 1930 and 1937, some 300 acres were planted. Remarkably, much of this original plantation remains intact including the commemorative grove planted on that historic "first day" — March 15, 1930. Surrounded by a rapidly expanding urban development, it seems appropriate that this historic area should be preserved as a forest oasis representing British Columbia's forest heritage.
The Future of Spruce Budworm Research
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: February 2014

What is the future of budworm research? In a word, bleak. Having said that, I must give my reasons for saying so. First I shall give a brief historical perspective. Then I shall outline the present situation, the control options, and the outlook for new options. Finally I shall state what I believe has to be done to ensure that the forest industry does not find itself without control options.
Small Rodent Populations and Conifer Seedling Damage on a Reclaimed Area in West Central Alberta
Authors: Kennedy Alan J. , Penner David F. , Green Jeffrey E.
Published: February 2014

Small rodent populations and conifer seedling survival were monitored on a reclaimed area in west central Alberta from September 1979 to September 1985. Although several species of cricetid rodents and shrews were captured during the live-trapping program, only meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) occurred in sufficient number to monitor annual changes in abundance. Meadow voles increased rapidly on the reclaimed area from 1979–1981, remained at high numbers until 1984, then declined sharply in 1985. Deer mice increased to moderate numbers from 1979–1981 and declined gradually until 1983. By 1984–1985, very few deer mice were present.Two species of conifer seedlings, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and white spruce (Picea glauca) were planted on the reclaimed area in 1979 and 1980. Numbers of seedlings killed or damaged by small rodents, primarily by girdling, increased sharply in 1981 and remained at high levels through to 1984. Significant correlations between the percentage of the annual mortality of seedlings attributed to small rodents or the percentage of live seedlings damaged by small rodents, and the abundance of meadow voles the previous winter, indicate that the amount of mortality and damage to seedlings in this reclamation area is in part determined by the overwintering abundance of meadow voles. This is in direct agreement with conclusions from similar studies in other areas of North America and Europe.
Guided Change Through Community Forestry A Case Study in Forest Management Unit 17 – Newfoundland
Authors: Roy M. A.
Published: February 2014

For centuries the coastal forests of insular Newfoundland traditionally have been exploited as a common property resource for individual domestic purposes. Indiscriminate domestic cutting has led to deteriorated forests and to increased conflicts with commercial forestry interests. In recent years many approaches have been tried to manage domestic cutters. This article examines the process used by the staff of Forest Management Unit 17, on the Great Northern Peninsula, that led to a pilot community forestry project as a means of fostering responsibility and accountability in the wood cutting public. It is concluded that the process of changing the undesirable aspects of common property traditions requires adequate time and commitments of funding, staff, and community involvement. The community forest concept could be expanded to other Newfoundland Forest Management Units with high domestic demand and low supplies of accessible timber. Key Words: common property, domestic cutting, community forestry
Stem Incorporation of Systemic Insecticides to Protect White Spruce Seed Trees
Authors: Fogal W. H. , Lopushanski S. M.
Published: February 2014

White spruce trees were injected with a liquid formulation of dicrotophos (0.6 g Al/cm DBH) to evaluate the effect of injection times on cone and seed damage by insects. Injections of liquid formulations of dicrotophos (1.1 g Al/cm DBH) and oxydemetonmethyl (0.7 g Al/cm DBH) (approximately four days after the peak of flowering) were evaluated for control of defoliation and cone and seed damage by insects. Implants of a soluble powder formulation of acephate (0.5 and 1.0 g Al/cm DBH) (approximately two weeks after the peak of flowering) were evaluated for control of cone and seed damage. A single injection of dicrotophos reduced cone damage for up to four weeks after the peak of flowering by insects that oviposit and feed after pollination (seed moth, cone maggot, cone-axis midge, and seed inhabitants) whereas damage by insects that begin feeding before pollination was not reduced by single injections after pollination. Dicrotophos and oxydemetonmethyl reduced defoliation by spruce budworm at upper, middle, and lower crown levels for two seasons following injection. In the treatment year, these injections reduced the proportions of cones damaged by insects that feed after pollination whereas damage by insects that feed before pollination was not reduced; cone seed counts were increased 558% by dicrotophos and 267% by oxydemetonmethyl. In the season after injection the proportion of cones damaged by budworm was reduced by both insecticides while seed inhabitant damage was reduced by dicrotophos. Neither insecticide reduced damage by other insects; nonetheless, cone seed counts were increased 90% by dicrotophos and 115% by oxydemetonmethyl. In the year of treatment, implants of acephate reduced the proportions of cones damaged by seedmoth but not other insects whereas, in the season after implanting, they were effective against coneworm, seed moth, cone maggot, and seed inhabitants.
Canadian Sustained Yield Management — Expectations and Realities
Authors: Baskerville G. L.
Published: February 2014

There are gaps between expectations and realities with respect to sustainability in the forests of Canada. While all forestry agencies have a policy of sustained yield, there is public confusion over what is being sustained, on what area, and for what period of time. Given the scale of forestry in Canada, and the fact of predominantly public ownership of the forest, this is a dangerous situation. At present, the claims of professional managers that sustainability is a reality in the forests do not enjoy public acceptance.There is a tendency, both in the profession and among the public, to speak of sustainability as an absolute. However, there are a multiplicity of features that may be sustained, and there is an infinite number of possible levels at which each of those features could be sustained. It is argued the principle source of confusion lies in the manner in which the concept of sustainability is converted to the reality of what is sustained in a particular forest. Several variants of approach are examined.Sustainability will be the dominant issue in forestry over the next decade. The expectations of public owners of the forest resource, and the realities of what is achievable in that resource, are so out of line that some major changes will occur. The situation can only be fixed by changing the expectations, changing the reality, or changing both. The degree to which professional foresters play a leading role in forcing those changes will be crucial to forestry, and to the probability of achieving sustainability.