bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentencing Drug Offenders in Australia: The Need for Fairness and Equality
Authors: Chappell Duncan
Published: November 2015

What we can learn from the limited and deficient information available about the present sentencing practices of Australian courts in drug cases suggests that guided principally by an officially sanctioned philosophy of using “strong, firm and severe measures” to cope with the country's drug problem, the courts in most jurisdictions seem reluctant to use imprisonment with great frequency when sentencing drug offenders. Despite a continuing escalation by the government of the maximum penalties available for drug related offences, many Australian judicial officers appear in practice, if not in theory, to share the scepticism of the Williams Commission about the deterrent impact of severe punishment upon the behavior of drug offenders.

Although imposing fines upon the vast majority of convicted drug offenders, there is evidence, largely impressionistic, that the nature and severity of the sanctions imposed for similar drug offences varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction in a manner which denies fair and equal treatment to these offenders. Documenting these disparities is extremely difficult because of the absence of national sentencing statistics. Until such statistics are made available to the courts, and until a number of other recommended measures are taken to provide sentencing guidance to Australian judicial officers, these disparities are likely to continue.
Always a Junkie?: The Ardous Task of Getting off Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Rosenbaum Marsha , Murphy Sheigla
Published: November 2015

Getting off maintenance is problematic for methadone clients. This paper, based on data from qualitative/ethnographic data from 100 depth interviews with women on methadone, attempts to document and analyze this problem. We begin with a discussion of women's conceptions of readiness to detoxify from methadone, the components of this state and the illusions which are operative. Next is a discussion of obstacles to detachment from methadone: models of failure so visible in the clinic setting; being a success in the eyes of clinic staff and clients; and ever-present and intensive fears of clients about this process. We examine the actual detoxification process: the clinic's role, methadone withdrawal, and aids and accessories in this endeavor. Finally we look at the failure to complete a detoxification or remain abstinent upon getting off methadone, the meaning this has for the addict, and its implications.
Look-Alike and Sound-Alike Drugs
Authors: Teplitsky Benjamin
Published: November 2015

Look-alike and sound-alike drugs can be misinterpreted by a nurse reading doctors' orders and by a pharmacist compounding physicians' prescriptions. Such misunderstandings can result in the administration of a drug not intended by the prescribes Awareness of such look-alike and sound-alike drugs can reduce potential errors.
The Role of Euphoric Effects in the Opiate Addictions of Heroin Addicts, Medical Patients and Impaired Health Professionals
Authors: McAuliffe William E. , Rohman Mary , Feldman Barry , Launer Elaine K.
Published: November 2015

Although the importance of euphoria-seeking in opiate addiction has been debated by leading drug abuse theorists including Lindesmith, Wikler, Brill, Bejerot and others, few researchers have heretofore collected systematic data on the issue. Statistical and case study data obtained over the past few years show that euphoria-seeking is a major cause of opiate addiction for most nontherapeutic addicts but for only a few therapeutic addicts. Theoretical analysis and empirical data indicate that euphoria-seeking is also a key component in the causation of many of the secondary problems of nontherapeutic addiction, including crime, unemployment, death, and disease. In the absence of euphoria-seeking, opiate addiction would be a much less severe public health and social problem.
The Female Drug Abuser: Has She a Shorter Way Out?
Authors: Holsten Fred
Published: November 2015

Findings concerning the background and drug careers of male abusers, who numerically dominate the illict drug scene, have often been interpreted as also valid for females. This paper focuses attention on the following problems:

Do females who take up drug abuse have different backgrounds than drug abusing males? Do their backgrounds differ more from non-abusing female controls than male backgrounds differ from male controls? Are females more severely affected by their abuse than males when they seek treatment? Is the prognosis for female drug abusers different than it is for males?

100 young drug abusers (68 males and 32 females) registered in a treatment program in a general mental hospital were interviewed at registration and personally followed up 1.9 and 4.7 years after treatment. The patients backgrounds and situations at follow-up are compared with a group of controls of the same age, sex and area ofresidence.
Metaphors for Addiction
Authors: Marlatt G. Alan , Fromme Kim
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the use of metaphor to describe the addiction process. A number of classical myths and stories are described which have particular relevance for understanding addiction, including the Greek myths of Midas, Bacchus, Pandora, and Icarus. Recent theoretical accounts of the use of metaphors in psychotherapy and behavior change are reviewed, particularly those with implications for addictive behaviors. Clinical applications of metaphorical material are discussed in terms of a stages-of-change model. The paper concludes with a summary of a new allegorical tale, “Freddy the Flying Fish,” to illustrate the construction of metaphors in the prevention and treatment of addiction.
Neurobehavioral Model of Addiction
Authors: Frawley P. Joseph
Published: November 2015

A model is presented which shows addiction as a disease resulting from the involuntary adaptation of the nervous system to a drug. The ability of various addictive drugs to mimic neurotransmitters results not only in biochemical adaptation of these neurochemicals and other chemical elements of the brain but also programmed/trained/physically enhanced nervous pathways involved in drug-seeking behavior and weakened or inhibited pathways leading to non-chemical rewards. Recovery involves removal of the chemical and retraining the survival system. Counterconditioning retrains the system that the drug doesn't work. Counseling/support and positive training/experience teach the system that the individual does work. The model reviews the role of genetics, neurochemistry, conditioning, self-esteem, family, support and therapy in the progression of disease and its recovery.
On the Possibility of an Addiction-Free Mode of Being
Authors: MacAndrew Craig
Published: November 2015

It is argued that the fundamental addiction of human beings is to the “object” self. It is further argued that the existence of this, our fundamental, addiction constitutes both the necessary and the sufficient condition for all of our more specific addictive involvements. This being so, a blanket invulnerability to all forms of addiction would require that this “object” self be made to relinquish its present position of unquestioned preeminence within our calculus of considerations. This, in turn, would require that we learn to refrain from automatically identifying with—i.e., saying “I” and “mine” to—everything that mechanically arises within us.
A Multistage Social Learning Model of the Influences of Family and Peers upon Adolescent Substance Abuse
Authors: Simons Ronald L. , Conger Rand D. , Whitbeck Leslie B.
Published: November 2015

A multistage social learning model of parental and peer influences on substance abuse is proposed. Building upon the work of Bandura (1977) and Patterson (1986), but also drawing from theory and research on coping and value socialization, the model provides an explanatory framework for many of the well-established empirical generalizations concerning drug use and also generates a number of new hypotheses. While the model provides an explanation for initiation into substance use, it is primarily concerned with identifying those factors which cause adolescents to escalate their involvement with substances. Significantly, in the course of tracing the etiology of heavy substance use, the model identifies possible causal mechanisms related to two other adolescent social problems, viz., depression and delinquency, and specifies the manner in which these phenomena are related to substance use.
Intravenous Drug Use, the Combination of Drugs and Sexual Activity and HIV Infection among Gay and Bisexual Men: The San Francisco Men's Health Study
Authors: Stall Ron , Ostrow David G.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes a sizeable subgroup of the AIDS caseload that has not been widely studied, that is, men with histories of both male homosexual activity and intravenous drug use. In this paper we identify differences and similarities between gay intravenous drug users and gay men with different histories of drug use; examine the relationship between HIV seropositivity and different patterns of drug use; and estimate whether gay intravenous drug users are more likely than other gay men to be a source of continued HIV transmission.
The Dutch Approach: Normalization of Drug Problems
Authors: van de Wijngaart Govert F.
Published: November 2015

Dutch drug policy has received widespread but mostly critical attention. Criticisms arise in part from a misunderstanding of the policy, which is perceived to be more permissive than it actually is. In fact, Dutch drug laws are similar to those of other western countries, although they are enforced with more flexibility in order to minimize harmful effects on drug users. Dutch policy relies heavily on prevention, as well as treatment of drug problems. Although available statistics suggest that these policies are relatively successful in the Netherlands, careful consideration must be given to situational variables in any attempts to adopt them elsewhere.
Cocaine Use and Help-Seeking among Methadone Patients
Authors: Magura Stephen , Siddiqi Qudsia , Freeman Robert C. , Lipton Douglas S.
Published: November 2015

To better understand the causes of cocaine abuse among methadone patients, the research compared 207 current cocaine users with 78 currently cocaine-free patients. A majority of both samples were using cocaine at the time of program admission. Although most users ceased or decreased cocaine use after entry, for some this respite was only temporary. Pleasure, stimulation, stress relief and self-medication for depression were the main factors precipitating cocaine use. Most of the current cocaine users held distinctly negative attitudes toward cocaine and were seeking help for their problem. The study makes several recommendations for improved services for cocaine-abusing patients.
Addiction: The Troublesome Concept
Authors: Akers Ronald L.
Published: November 2015

The concept of addiction has been misused and misunderstood probably more than any other term relating to alcohol and drug use. Addiction is a troublesome concept not only in the arena of public discourse, but recently even in the professional and research literature. The traditional concept emphasized physical dependence as the central component of the concept, but newer definitions have broadened the concept to include any hard-to-stop habit and any drug use that one wants to condemn. I suggest that the newer concepts have an ideological component to them which tends to reduce precision in the interest of getting on the right side of the war on drugs. The clearest example of this is what happened in the 1980's in the redefinition of cocaine from a non-addictive drug to an addictive drug even though the most recent research evidence on cocaine continues to find that it does not produce physical dependence. I propose a definition of addiction for theoretical and research purposes that is basically a reiteration of the traditional concept.
The Evaluation of Australia's National Campaign against Drug Abuse
Authors: Miller Mel , Hamilton Margaret , Flaherty Bruce
Published: November 2015

The process of evaluating the Australian National Campaign Against Drug Abuse (NCADA) is described. The campaign consists of activities in education, treatment, research and legislative controls. Because of the complex nature of the campaign, a range of evaluation activities was used, including activity monitoring, process and outcome evaluations and the establishment of an expert task force to undertake an assessment of the overall impact of the first three years of the campaign. The conduct of the task force's approach is described and some positive and negative lessons are discussed.
Treatment of Alcoholism in Australia from the 1950s to the 1980s
Authors: Lewis Milton
Published: November 2015

Within Australian medicine, interest in the treatment of alcoholism revived in the 1950s, and in the following decade the various states introduced special legislation and established special facilities. Psychiatrists tended to dominate treatment and evaluation of treatment in this period, and state psychiatric centres continued to treat a large number of alcoholics. In the 1970s, the work of voluntary agencies was increasingly subsidised by the state, and the state services to a large extent assumed a supervisory role. In the same decade, criticism of the disease concept of alcoholism and questioning of the effectiveness of treatment began to emerge in Australia as it had overseas. By the mid-1980s, many health professionals saw treatment as a strategy of last resort and were looking to control of consumption as the primary means by which to reduce alcoholism.
Methadone Maintenance in Australia
Authors: Caplehorn John R. M. , Batey Robert G.
Published: November 2015

The history of methadone treatment in Australia has been and continues to be marked by conflict between two competing aims: harm minimisation and abstinence. The two approaches tend to be associated with high dose-long term and low dose-short term treatment, respectively. Most programmes fail to provide adequate ancillary services, often to the detriment of patient outcome. Despite chronic under-funding, a relative lack of staff training and, in some states, the absence of a system of clinical accountability, Australian methadone services have grown significantly in the last decade. Factors influencing the growth of programmes have been described using the New South Wales programme as the example as it represents the largest and most complex programme in the country. Current problems and the impact of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus on policy development are highlighted.
Residential Drug Abuse Treatment in the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Authors: Hayes Thomas J. , Schimmel Dennis J.
Published: November 2015

The Bureau of Prisons (BOP) has undertaken a major initiative to provide residential drug abuse treatment to incarcerated offenders. The residential program represents the most comprehensive and intensive option in a three-tiered drug abuse treatment strategy adopted by the BOP and available to federal inmates. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the development, structure and content of this program. As such, a brief history of drug treatment for federal prisoners is offered, with specific emphasis on how earlier treatment programs influenced the current strategy. Implementation and organization are discussed to provide insight into both the treatment and unit-based structure of prison-based drug treatment. An introduction to the specific content areas covered during treatment is provided as a primer to the comprehensive concept endorsed in the development of the program. Finally, the importance of community transition and the steps taken by treatment and unit staff to facilitate transition is provided.
Self-Deception, Self-Esteem, and Control over Drinking at Different Stages of Alcohol Involvement
Authors: Strom JaNon , Barone David F.
Published: November 2015

With two studies, the authors sought to clarify how alcoholism relates to beliefs about drinking control and self-esteem by varying the stage of alcohol involvement. The stages were active abuser, commitment to change, early recovery, and late recovery. As hypothesized inStudy 1, long-term recovering abstainers had greater drinking-related internal locus of control, self-efficacy about abstaining, and self-esteem than those in detoxification. Unexpectedly, active abusers did not differ from the long-term recovering abstainers. Study 2 successfully discriminated these extreme groups with a measure of self-deception. Active abusers' positive beliefs about drinking control and self-esteem were associated with high self-deception. Self-beliefs at commitment to change were negative, but self-deception was still high. Early and late recovery was associated with positive self-beliefs and significantly lower self-deception.
A Partial Analysis of the Campus Influence on Drinking Behavior: Students Who Enter College as Nondrinkers
Authors: Lo Celia C. , Globetti Gerald
Published: November 2015

A total of 493 college students from a medium-sized state university and a small, predominantly black university in Alabama were involved in an alcohol-use survey in the spring of 1991. The respondents were all nondrinkers in their senior year of high school. The aim was to determine whether the social factors of institutional type, Greek affiliation, student living arrangements, and parental, peer, and religious attitudes toward alcohol use would influence drinking behavior during the college years. In other words, this study was designed to partial out some of the campus factors that may influence a nondrinker to begin using alcohol. Among the respondents, 46.5% started to drink in college. When the above factors were simultaneously estimated within a logistic regression context, only friends' negative attitude toward alcohol use and Greek affiliation significantly predicted students' drinking habits. If students did not have friends who discouraged them from using alcohol, and if they were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority, they were three times more likely to become drinkers in college as were students to whom the two conditions did not apply.
Women and Drugs Revisited: Female Participation in the Cocaine Economy
Authors: Fagan Jeffrey
Published: November 2015

Recent changes in illicit drug use and drug markets, and simultaneous changes in the social and economic contexts where drugs are bought and sold, suggest the possibility of significant shifts in women's involvement in drugs. The interaction between rapidly changing social structures and drug markets provides an explanatory framework for women's participation in the cocaine economy of New York City in the late 1980s. Data on both legal and illegal behaviors and incomes were collected through interviews with N=311 women from two northern Manhattan neighborhoods with high concentrations of crack use and selling. Women were involved extensively in both drug selling and nondrug crimes as part of diverse income strategies. Drug incomes and expenses dominated the economic lives of women in the cocaine economy. Higher incomes from drug selling were inversely related to prostitution and legal work. Prostitution, property crimes and assaults increased with the frequency of crack and cocaine use. Although women remain disadvantaged in highly gendered street networks of drug users, some women have constructed careers in illegal work that have insulated them from the exploitation that characterizes heavy cocaine and crack use. Although prostitution is a common role for many women, changes in the status of women in drug markets are evident in the relatively high incomes some achieve from selling and their diverse roles in the cocaine economy.
The Role of Drugs in Workplace Injuries: Is Drug Testing Appropriate?
Authors: Macdonald Scott
Published: November 2015

In the past decade, many employers have adopted drug-testing programs to reduce workplace injuries. However, little scientific evidence shows that drug use is a significant and substantial cause of total workplace injuries. The purpose of this study was to empirically assess the role of drugs and alcohol in causing workplace injuries. Questionnaires were received from 882 Ontario employees in a household survey. Results showed that many variables were significantly related to job injuries. The variables were ranked according to the relative importance of each variable's contribution to total job injuries. Alcohol problems, licit drug use, and illicit drug use ranked 7, 11, and 12 respectively among a group of 12 significant variables. In order to examine the likelihood that drug use was a cause of job injuries, the relationship between job injuries and alcohol problems, licit drug use, and illicit drug use was examined across categories of third variables. For age, the relationship between drug use and injuries remained strong for the youngest age group, but disappeared for the oldest age group. Logistic regression analysis confirmed the plausibility of noncausal explanations of job injuries for illicit drug use, but not for alcohol problems or licit drug use. Overall, the results indicated that illicit drug use does not appear to be a major cause of job injuries. The implications of these results for drug-testing programs are discussed.
Ketamine Abuse
Authors: Dotson James W. , Ackerman Deborah L. , West Louis Jolyon
Published: November 2015

Ketamine was developed in the 1960s and promoted as a dissociative anesthetic because of its ability to induce a lack of responsive awareness not only to pain but to the general environment. The subjective experiences of ketamine intoxication range from pleasant dreams to intensely visual or polysensual hallucinations. Occasionally a brief full-blown delirium occurs. Despite warnings about its abuse potential, ketamine eventually appeared on the streets in the early 1970s in the same way that phencyclidine (PCP) did in the 1960s. By the early 1980s various preparations of ketamine were available on the street with such names as Special K, 1980 acid, and Super C. In the 1990s the social-recreational use of ketamine reemerged in the context of a subcultural music phenomenon known as “acid house” music. Large-scale parties, usually called “raves,” combine acid house music and ketamine use. Ketamine abuse appears to be on the increase. Clinically significant consequences range from occasional flashbacks to delirious reactions, and every type of dissociative symptomology.
The Lives and Times of Asian-Pacific American Women Drug Users: An Ethnographic Study of Their Methamphetamine Use
Authors: Joe Karen A.
Published: November 2015

Although Asian-Pacific Americans have a long history in American society and represent the fastest growing minority group, they remain a relatively “unknown” and “obscure” population. In particular, while ethnic myths about Asian women continue to persist, ranging from the erotic Oriental beauty to the evil dragon lady to the obedient wife and mother, the complexities of the lives of Asian-Pacific American women remain a mystery. Such myths create a number of barriers to understanding the problems of their everyday life including coping and stress, financial worries, family conflict, and drug use. This article represents the first ethnographic account of Asian-Pacific American women drug users, and specifically explores their onset and patterns of drug use and coping strategies in relation to the competing cultural claims on their lives.
Life Course Changes in Alcohol Consumption in Leisure Activities of Men and Women
Authors: Kunz Jean Lock , Graham Kathryn
Published: November 2015

Do sex differences in drinking and leisure patterns vary across age and marital status groupings? Previous studies of drinking and leisure have ignored potential sex-age and sex-marital status interactions in their analyses. Using data from a Canadian national survey on alcohol (N=7,023), we addressed two issues: (1) the extent that leisure participation among current drinkers varies for each sex-age and sex-marital status group and (2) the extent that sex differences in alcohol consumed in various leisure settings are related to age and marital status? Analyses of variance results indicated that many sex differences in both leisure involvement and drinking-leisure patterns are dependent on age and marital status. The findings showed a convergence of lifestyle between men and women as they age on leisure patterns and, to a lesser extent, drinking in leisure settings. Convergence in both leisure and drinking occurred with marriage, with most change in behaviour shown by males.
Effects of Prenatal Drug Exposure on Birth Outcomes and Early Child Development
Authors: Cosden Merith , Peerson Stacey , Elliott Katherine
Published: November 2015

Public attention has been drawn to the needs of children who have been exposed to drugs, alcohol, and tobacco in utero. Despite initial concerns that prenatal substance exposure could have global and permanent effects, current research suggests that many of these children do not have significant birth outcomes. Developmental outcomes are also mixed. This paper presents a review of the literature on the impact of prenatal drug exposure on infants and young children. In addition, birth outcome and development data are presented on 80 children who were exposed to multiple substances in utero and who were with their mothers in a treatment facility. Both intra-uterine and extra-uterine factors related to children's outcomes are discussed.
Behavioral Interventions: Effective and Adaptable for the Treatment of Pregnant Cocaine-Dependent Women
Authors: Elk Ronith , Mangus Lorna G. , LaSoya Roxie J. , Rhoades Howard M. , Andres Robert L. , Grabowski John
Published: November 2015

We examined the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in the treatment of cocaine-dependent pregnant women. The study was carried out in four stages: (1) the unique needs of substance-abusing women were examined to identify effective treatment factors, (2) behavioral interventions found to be effective in other cocaine-dependent populations were identified, (3) strategies from these two elements were combined in an ongoing treatment-study of cocaine-dependent pregnant women (the Pregnancy Project), and (4) outcome data in a group of 35 women who participated in the Pregnancy Project were examined. The rate of retention in treatment was high, as was compliance with prenatal care for those women who remained in treatment. A high rate of compliance with prenatal care was associated with good perinatal outcome. There was a relatively high rate of cocaine abstinence during treatment, at birth, and in the early period following birth of the baby. Many of the patients especially appreciated the individually based, self-empowering aspects of the behavioral counseling interventions. We concluded that behavioral interventions, within a woman-friendly treatment program, are an important treatment option to consider.
Stability of Psychiatric Symptoms among Mentally Ill Chemical Abusers in Long-Term Residential Treatment Programs
Authors: Nuttbrock Larry , Rahav Michael , Rivera James , Ng-Mak Daisy , Pepper Bert
Published: November 2015

We examined patterns of changes in psychiatric symptoms among mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs) in long-term residential treatment. Clients were evaluated with various measures of psychopathology, referred to a therapeutic community (TC) or community residence, and reassessed after 2, 6, and 12 months of treatment with regard to anxiety, depressive symptoms, and psychotic ideation. Reductions in mean values of psychopathology were found only for anxiety and depressive symptoms at the TC during the first 2 months of treatment. However, an examination of changing patterns of symptoms revealed a more complex set of findings. At both programs, a significant number of MICAs showed reductions in psychopathology during treatment, a significant minority exhibited no improvements in psychiatric symptoms, and a few reported new symptoms of anxiety, depression, and psychotic ideation. We conclude that the symptoms of the vast majority of MICAs are highly labile during treatment.
DID Drug Prohibition Work?: Reflections on the End of the First Cocaine Experience in the United States, 1910–45
Authors: Spillane Joseph
Published: November 2015

The use of cocaine in the United States began during the mid-1880s, reached a peak between 1900 and 1915, and then went into a period of sustained decline. This study examines several explanations for cocaine's decline, and concludes that the start of legal prohibition was only partly responsible. Legal controls virtually eliminated the licit supply of cocaine, and increased the costs of obtaining illicit supplies. These trends, however, had begun much earlier as a result of regulation and informal controls. Moreover, the “successs” of legal prohibition depended upon a number of unique historical circumstances, including the ready supply of cheap heroin for domestic drug markets. The conclusion of the first cocaine era was neither an inevitable end to a “cycle” of drug use, nor the outcome of a well-planned set of drug policies, but the product of a combination of national and international trends.
Identifying a Drug Use Typology of Philadelphia Arrestees: A Cluster Analysis
Authors: Yacoubian George S. , Kane Robert J.
Published: November 2015

The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program is a measurement system established by the National Institute of Justice to test booked arrestees for illegal drug use. DUF has consistently shown high levels of illicit drug use among arrestees, including those charged with crimes unrelated to drug use. Measuring the extent and nature of this illicit drug use is essential to, first, determining how severe the drug problem is, and second, developing ideal methods for combating it.

Part I of this analysis presents an overview of the drug/crime connection. Part II describes the methodology of the DUF project. Part III, first, describes the utility of clustering as a statistical tool, and second, identifies homogeneous clusters of drug users from a Philadelphia population of 1,329 arrestees. Part IV assesses the policy implications of these classifications.
“The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”: Responses by Security Staff to Aggressive Incidents in Public Drinking Settings
Authors: Wells Samantha , Graham Kathryn , West Paulette
Published: November 2015

Naturally-occurring incidents of aggression among young people in public drinking establishments (from observations and interviews) were analyzed in order to better understand how security staff respond to barroom aggression. Behavior of security staff fell broadly into four main categories: “good,” “neutral,” “bad,” and “ugly.” “Good” security staff responses involved the prevention of aggression through identifying problem situations and reducing provocative behavior. “Neutral” responses were adequate to address immediate aggressive behavior but involved less preventative responses, such as allowing incidents to escalate before intervening and failing to prevent future incidents by permitting aggressive patrons to remain in the bar. “Bad” responses involved inconsistent or unfair behavior as well as using poor judgement when resolving disputes. “Ugly” responses included bullying or harassing patrons, provoking aggression, or being physically aggressive. Implications in terms of training and licensing are discussed.
Marijuana and Job Performance: Comparing the Major Streams of Research
Authors: Schwenk Charles R.
Published: November 2015

Though some estimate that marijuana use has cost U.S. companies billions of dollars in lost productivity, the relationship between use of marijuana and job performance is far from clear. In this paper, I review studies on this topic from four different methodological perspectives and discuss models to account for their apparently contradictory findings. This discussion suggests hypotheses for future research addressing possible reasons for inconsistencies in past findings.
The HIV/AIDS Epidemic among Drug Injectors in Eastern Europe: Patterns, Trends and Determinants
Authors: Dehne Karl L. , Grund Jean-Paul C. , Khodakevich Lev , Kobyshcha Yuri
Published: November 2015

Our objective is to describe recent patterns and trends in HIV and injecting drug use and to explore possible determinants of the epidemics in eastern Europe. The available data confirm a rapid spread of HIV among injecting drug users (IDUs) in the newly independent states (NIS) and suggest that all successor states of the former Soviet Union are now threatened by such epidemics, while central and southeast Europe have so far been spared from large-scale outbreaks and seem at lower risk. The future course of the epidemic in the NIS will largely depend on trends in drug injecting and on the success of harm reduction programs. Furthermore, there is potential for the further spread of HIV, via heterosexual intercourse, into the general population.
Behavior of Smooth Muscle Cells during Arterial Ductal Closure at Birth
Authors: Imamura Shin-ichiro , Nishikawa Toshio , Hiratsuka Eriko , Takao Atsuyoshi , Matsuoka Rumiko
Published: November 2015

To determine which part of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the ductus arteriosus (DA) contribute to duct closure after birth, we looked for areas in which SM2 myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA expression, which is associated with contraction of smooth muscle, and apoptosis could be detected in the DA during development. In situ hybridization revealed that the SM2 MHC mRNA was strongly positive in the longitudinally oriented SMCs and inner layer of the circularly oriented SMCsjust before birth. Apoptotic cells were detected in the SMCs of the DA from 1 day after birth. Histochemical analysis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) revealed significant numbers of TUNEL-positive nuclei in the longitudinally oriented SMCs and the inner layer of the circularly oriented SMCs. Masson-stained sections showed that the TUNEL-positive area in the DA was replaced by connective tissue from 1 day after birth. These results suggest that the increase in the SM2 MHC mRNA expression and the induction of apoptosis are present at the same site in the media of the DA. Therefore, the SMCs in this area may play an important role in duct constriction and remodeling of the vessel wall after birth.
Characteristics of Children Enrolled in the Child Service Demonstration Centers
Authors: Kirk Samuel A. , Elkins John
Published: November 2015

This project reports on the characteristics of over 3000 children enrolled in Child Service Demonstration Centers for Learning Disabilities in 21 states. The major results of the questionnaire study revealed that: (1) most of the children were in the lower elementary grades, (2) the sex ratio was three boys to one girl, (3) of the children enrolled, approximately two-thirds were rated as reading problems, (4) the median educational retardation was one grade below the mental age reading grade expectancy, (5) the retardation in reading and spelling was one-half grade more than the retardation in arithmetic, (6) the distribution of IQs contained a larger proportion with below average ability than is found in the general population of children, and (7) the resource room was the most commonly used method for the delivery of service. In general, children with learning disabilities are defined by most of the Child Service Demonstration Centers to be those who are below grade in educational achievement, especially in reading.
Auditory Discrimination of Learning Disabled Children in Quiet and Classroom Noise
Authors: Nober Linda W. , Nober E. Harris
Published: November 2015

This study examined the effects of classroom noise on an auditory processing task of learning disabled children, with distractibility, activity, and cognition controlled. Forty children divided into normal and learning disabled groups were administered both forms of the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test. Two listening conditions were tested: (1) the relative quiet of small test rooms, and (2) classroom noise (on a tape recorder) in the same test rooms. Results showed that learning disabled children made significantly more auditory discrimination errors than normals in both quiet and noise conditions. Both normal and learning disabled children made significantly more auditory discrimination errors in noise than in quiet. It cannot be said that the noise affected the two groups differentially; the magnitude of the differences was comparable statistically. It was concluded that auditory discrimination scores in quiet do not reflect accurately the expected value for the classroom.
Computer-Based Recognition of Perceptual Patterns in Chord Quality Dictation Exercises
Authors: Hofstetter Fred T.
Published: November 2015

This experiment measured achievement of 18 freshman music majors in the GUIDO chord quality program and determined the pattern of student responses to chord quality dictation exercises. A two-part test to measure student achievement on chords in close position and on chords in open position was administered before any training began, at the end of the first semester after training on chords in close position but before training in open position, and at the end of the second semester after training on chords in open position. Correlated t-test comparisons of scores showed significant learning gains on the basis of chords in close position during the first semester and on open position chords during the second semester. Additional significant increases on the basis of chords in open position during the first semester and chords in close position during the second semester indicated existence of a transfer mechanism. Analysis of responses to the third set of tests led to the identification of five principles of chord-quality confusions.
Some Further Results on the Resolution of Ambiguity of Syntactic Function by Linear Context
Authors: Humecky Assya , Koutsoudas Andreas
Published: November 2015

A modified procedure for identifying the Russian -o/-e/-ee adverbial modifier or predicative complement and providing its correct English equivalent by mechanical translation.
Effect of Twist on Continuous Filament Rayon Yarn
Authors: Iyer K. Balakrishna
Published: November 2015

Continuous filament viscose yarns of 100, 120, and 150 den were twisted with different turns per centimeter and their retraction was noted. An empirical relationship is given, based on experimental results, for determining yarn retraction. Variations in yarn diameter and density with twist are also discussed.
Structural Properties of Cotton Fibers: Part II: Birefringence and Structural Reversals in Relation to Mechanical Properties
Authors: Betrabet S. M. , Pillay K. P. R. , Iyengar R. L. N.
Published: November 2015

Birefringence and structural reversals have been determined on 20 Indian cottons and correlated with their mechanical properties. The variation in spiral angles among cottons is influenced by the variation in convolution angle, and Meredith's observation that average spiral angle in the original unconvoluted fibers may be the same for all the varieties is supported by the results obtained.

Specieswise distribution of structural reversals was determined by a simple, quick method. Deshi2 cottons have very few reversals as against cottons belonging to the G. hirsutum and G. barbadense species. Hence, the distribution of reversals appears to be a genetic characteristic and it would be worth investigating whether Wakeham and Spicer's observation of preferential breakage at points of reversals holds good for deshi cottons. The average distance between reversals is found to be highly correlated with the cotangent of the spiral angle at constant cell width just as in the case of wood tracheids and bamboo fibers, observed by Meredith; the peculiar behavior of G. arboreum indicum cottons in this regard has been pointed out.

The manner in which the varieties of cottons selected for investigation influence the trend of the results is indicated.
Investigation of the Minimum Length of Cotton Fiber Effective in Single Yarn Tenacity
Authors: Tallant John D. , Fiori Louis A. , Little Herschel W. , Castillon Audrey V.
Published: November 2015

A systematic investigation of the translation of cotton fiber length distribution and fiber bundle tenacity into single yarn tenacity is reported. The mathematical model proposed is:

Y = af (l, x) × S + b

where Y is single yarn tenacity, a and b are constants, S is fiber bundle tenacity, l is length distribution of the cotton, x is critical length, and f( l, x) is a numerical value termed “effective weight” which is dependent upon the entire fiber length distribution. The investigation was carried out over a wide range of twists and yarn numbers, the latter ranging from 15/1 (40 tex) to 80/1 (7.2 tex). The optimum f( l, x) was selected, and it was found that fibers shorter than about 1/8 in. do not contribute to yarn tenacity. Similarly, a 1/8-in. portion of each longer fiber is ineffective. This may be viewed as implying physically that, on the average, the 1/8-in. tip at each end of each fiber does not contribute to the yarn tenacity. Hence, the degree of translation of fiber bundle tenacity to yarn tenacity is a function of the entire length distribution.

An interesting finding of this investigation is that the “zero”-gauge fiber bundle test is superior to the ⅛-in.-gauge length test as a criterion for relating bundle to yarn tenacity if the zero-gauge value is modified by the effective weight, i.e. f( l, x) above.
Air-Jet Texturing of Spun Cotton Yarns for Improved Comfort
Authors: Srinivasan J. , Sengupta A. K. , Kothari V. K.
Published: November 2015

We have studied air-jet texturing of spun yarns with different structural configurations. After texturing, the yarns have improved bulk and reduced modulus and flexural rigidity, rendering them more suitable for improved comfort applications. Increased bulk after texturing is accompanied by reduced strength. We have observed that after air-jet texturing, certain structures such as carded ring spun yarns and Siro spun yarns possess a higher level of bulk compared to other structures. Rotor spun yarns have lower bulk after texturing because of their tripartite structure, twist angle variations, and the alternating Z and S helices in their fiber belts. Yarns with reinforced structures like composite spun, wrap spun, and rotor spun are able to withstand higher overfeed and air pressure during texturing.
Mechanism of Yarn Failure
Authors: Broughton Roy M. , Mogahzy Yehia El , Hall D. M.
Published: November 2015

The importance of interfiber friction in determining yarn strength has been acknowledged by several authors. Studies of the effect of friction on yarn strength were often based on determining the influence of twist level, a structural factor, to change the level of friction. To our knowledge, no study is available in which varying fiber frictional characteristics are introduced into a constant yarn structure ( i.e., the same twist, fiber type, fiber length, etc.). This effect has been accomplished through a surface treatment that changes the level of interfiber friction, and subsequent yarn testing provides useful and interesting information about how fiber interaction contributes to yarn strength. The results presented here show that interfiber friction can (under certain circumstances) be the dominant factor in determining the tensile properties of a ring spun staple yarn. Friction and yarn strength results show that moderate changes in the interfiber friction can produce large changes in yarn strength. We suggest that interfiber friction should receive more attention as a determinant of yarn properties, particularly strength.
Air-Jet Texturing of Spun Cotton Yarns for Improved Comfort
Authors: Srinivasan J. , Sengupta A. K. , Kothari V. K.
Published: November 2015

We have studied the importance of yarn structural variants such as fiber packing density, fiber fineness and length distribution, mean fiber extent, and migration parameters in deciding the bulking potential of a spun yarn structure with air-jet texturing. Three variants of carded yarns, combed yarns, and yarns made from combed sliver which is again carded in both 100% spun and composite spun forms with three different twist levels show that fiber-to-fiber distance and frictional hindrance may have a significant influence on the relative local velocities of the fibers in the turbulent air stream, which would affect the texturing behavior. We have observed that spun yarns with uniform fiber length distribution, higher fiber extent, and more fiber parallelization, such as combed yarns, have less bulk during texturing. Yarns with higher packing and migration have higher frictional hindrance with less fiber-to-fiber distance. They are therefore subjected to reduced flow asymmetry and produce yarns with reduced bulk.
Compressional Energy of the Random Fiber Assembly
Authors: Lee Dae Hoon , Carnaby Garth A.
Published: November 2015

The compressional mechanism of a random fiber assembly is analyzed by an energy method. An infinitesimal fiber segment, which is bounded by two neighboring contact points, is chosen as the unit bending element. The geometry of this element is characterized by its arc length, curvature, and orientation. The change in bending energy of each fiber segment due to the compression of the assembly is derived in terms of the compressional strain and the Poisson's ratio of the assembly. The summation of each energy contribution is done using a continuous joint probability density function of the length and orientation of the segments.
A Psychophysical Evaluation of the Tactile Qualities of Hand Knitting Yarns
Authors: Jacobsen M. , Fritz A. , Dhingra R. , Postle R.
Published: November 2015

A technique based on the semantic differential method of attitude measurement was developed for use with consumers. Using semantic grids derived from consumer preferences, some twenty bipolar attributes pertaining to tactile qualities were evaluated for hand knitting yarns in the ball and fabric states. The yarns and the resultant fabrics used in the evaluations represent six styles of commercially marketed hand knitting yarns. Using consumer concepts of the “ideal” yarn or fabric, commercially available products may be assessed for their worth and market potential. Results indicate a significant consumer preference for yarns containing a small percentage of specialty hair fiber, pure wool, or wool rich blends. Furthermore, responses to yarns in the ball state and the fabric state differ markedly in some instances, indicating that at the point of purchase, initial impressions may prejudice purchasing decisions. From objective measures of yarn and fabric compressional properties and yarn bending properties correlated with the subjective data, a complete picture of the samples under investigation emerges. The results indicate that certain of the bipolar attributes correlate significantly with the objective measurements. This indicates that the human hand is able to detect small mechanical deformations in yams and fabrics and to label these with language constructs, thereby recognizably and meaningfully identifying characteristics of fabric hand.
A Description of the Wool Fiber Surface Based on Contact Angle Measurements
Authors: Horr Thomas J.
Published: November 2015

Contact angle data from various sources in conjunction with the Israelachvili and Gee equation derived for chemically heterogeneous surfaces are used to describe the wool fiber surface/liquid/air interface. A diagram representing surface compositions consistent with this data is constructed based on the assumption that the wool fiber surface chemical moieties consist of methyl, methylene, and hydrophilic groups. The results from these analyses indicate that the fiber/liquid/air interface is at variance with a current surface model (based on chemical analysis) that predicts a simple methyl-like composition. The paper concludes that the wool fiber surface cannot be described as chemically homogeneous.