bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRIMERA DESCRIPCIÓN DEL NIDO DEL CHIRIGÜE DE RAIMONDI (SICALIS RAIMONDII) EN AREQUIPA, PERÚ
Authors: Ortiz Cesar Adolfo
Published: February 2023

RESUMEN ∙ El conocimiento de la ecología reproductiva del Chirigüe de Raimondi (Sicalis raimondii) es incompleto. Aquí proporciono información nueva y detallada del nido y algunos aspectos del cuidado parental. El nido fue encontrado el 9 de abril del 2016 en las afueras de la ciudad de Arequipa, en el departamento de Arequipa, Perú, a 2153 m s.n.m., localizado al interior de una grieta de una pared rocosa. Tenía forma de copa abierta y robusta, elaborada principalmente de ramitas y fibras sintéticas y estaba ubicado a 2,45 m del suelo. Ambos padres se encargaron de la alimentación de las crías, la hembra realizaba la búsqueda de alimento en un área más próxima al nido en comparación con el macho y permanecía por más tiempo en el interior del mismo durante cada visita.ABSTRACT ∙ First description of the nest of Raimondi’s Yellow‐Finch (Sicalis raimondii) in Arequipa, Peru Knowledge of the reproductive ecology of Raimondi’s Yellow‐Finch (Sicalis raimondii) is incomplete. Here I provide new detailed information of the nest and some aspects of parental care. The nest was found on 9 April 2016 on the outskirts of the city of Arequipa, in the department of Arequipa, Peru, at 2153 m a.s.l. located in a crack between rocks. It was a robust open cup consisting mainly of little branches and synthetic fibers, located 2.45 m above the ground. Both parents fed the young, but the female searched for food in an area closer to the nest compared to the male and stayed longer inside the nest during each visit.
A NEW BEHAVIOR AT THE LEK BY MALE VIOLET‐CROWNED PLOVERCRESTS (STEPHANOXIS LODDIGESII)
Authors: Bosholn Mariane , Vargas-Peixoto Dilson , Sobroza Tainara Venturini , Nunes Jean Fernando
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT ∙ Males of the Violet‐crowned Plovercrest (Stephanoxis loddigesii) exhibit a lekking reproductive system where agonistic interactions are relatively common. Here we describe a new behavior performed when Violet‐ crowned Plovercrest males are alone on perches. This study was conducted in 2011 at two Violet‐crowned Plovercrest leks located in semi‐deciduous forests of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We performed ad libitum observations on seven males. The new behavior is always performed by solitary males. During the displays the hovering male with raised crest, pointed the beak towards the display perch while flying sideways in semicircles or circles. This behavior is similar to aggressive displays performed in front of perched rival males. Such a display is also present in other species of hummingbirds and may help to prepare males for aggressive aerial exhibitions or, alternatively, may represent a displacement behavior.RESUMO ∙ Um novo comportamento em leques de Beija‐flor‐de‐topete (Stephanoxis loddigesii) Machos do Beija‐flor‐de‐topete (Stephanoxis loddigesii) se agregam em leques, onde interações agonísticas são relativamente comuns. Aqui, nós descrevemos um novo comportamento que é realizado quando machos do Beija‐flor‐de‐ topete estão sozinhos nos leques. O estudo foi conduzido em 2011 em dois leques do Beija‐flor‐de‐topete localizados em uma Floresta Semidecidual, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Nós utilizamos o método de ad libitum para observar sete machos. O novo comportamento é realizado por machos solitários. Durante as exibições, os machos pairam no ar com os seus topetes eriçados, dirigindo seus bicos para o poleiro de corte enquanto voam lateralmente formando círculos e semicírculos. Este comportamento é similar às exibições agressivas realizadas na frente de poleiros de machos rivais. Essa exibição também está presente em outras espécies de beija‐flores, e podem colaborar para preparar os machos para exibições agressivas aéreas ou, alternativamente, podem representar um comportamento de deslocamento.
LA COLONIA DE TRICAHUES (CYANOLISEUS PATAGONUS BLOXAMI, AVES: PSITTACIFORMES) DEL ALTO CACHAPOAL, CHILE: VARIACIONES POBLACIONALES ENTRE 1985 Y 2015
Authors: Ricci Marcia , Aguilar Álvaro , Carrasco José , Donoso Matías , Durán Hugo , Núñez Cipriano , Salvo Jorge , Vergara Jaqueline , Torres-Mura Juan C.
Published: February 2023

Resumen · El Loro Tricahue (Cyanoliseus patagonus bloxami) es una subespecie endémica de Chile amenazada de extinción, siendo la caza, la captura de pollos para su comercio como mascotas y la pérdida de hábitat sus principales amenazas. Abundante y ampliamente distribuida en el pasado, su población está fragmentada y en 1985 no superaba los 3300 ejemplares. Por medio de censos sistemáticos se estudió la variación temporal en la abundancia de los Tricahues en el río Cachapoal (región de O’Higgins, Chile), entre 1985 y 2015, determinando un aumento poblacional de 217 individuos en 1985 hasta 2979 individuos en 2014–2015. El aumento poblacional se debe probablemente a la creación de la Reserva Nacional Río de los Cipreses, la protección directa de las loreras en época de reproducción y campañas de educación ambiental dirigidas a los habitantes de las localidades cercanas.Abstract · The Burrowing Parrot (Cyanoliseus patagonus bloxami, Aves: Psittaciformes) colony from Alto Cachapoal, Chile: variations in population size between 1985 and 2015 The endangered endemic subspecies of the Burrowing Parrot from Chile (Cyanoliseus patagonus bloxami) is threatened by hunting, pet trade, and loss of its habitat. Abundant and widely distributed in the past, its population has become fragmented and, by 1985, consisted of only about 3300 birds in Chile. Based on a systematic monitoring we studied population dynamics at the Cachapoal River (O’Higgins region, Central Chile), documenting a population increase from 217 individuals in 1985 to 2979 in 2014–2015. This growth is probably related to the creation of the Rio Cipreses National Reserve, as well as the direct protection of its colonies and a campaign of environmental awareness aimed at the local people.
OBSERVATIONS AT A YELLOW-EARED TOUCANET (SELENIDERA SPECTABILIS) NEST
Authors: Sandoval Luis , Rodríguez Alan
Published: February 2023

Abstract · What little we know of the breeding biology of Selenidera toucanets comes from only two of the eight species. For most species the breeding season is approximated through indirect evidence (e.g., gonad size in collected specimens and juvenile observation), but few nests have been found. Here, we describe nest architecture, parental care behavior, and chick characteristics of the Yellow‐eared Toucanet (S. spectabilis) based on a single nest found in Costa Rican mid‐elevation forest. The nest was inside a natural cavity of a live tree, contrary to the previous report of an old woodpecker nest in a snag. Both parents provide insects and fruits to the chicks inside the nest. The chicks hatch with closed eyes, pale pink skin, and a bicolor beak.Resumen · Descripción de la arquitectura del nido del Tucancillo Orejiamarillo (Selenidera spectabilis) La biología reproductiva de las especies de Selenidera es poco conocida y se limita a dos especies, aunque para todas las especies los períodos reproductivos son conocidos de forma indirecta (basado sobre tamaños de gónadas en especímenes colectados y observación de juveniles). Aquí describimos la arquitectura del nido, cuidados parentales, y las características de los polluelos al nacer del Tucancillo Orejiamarillo (S. spectabilis), utilizando información de un único nido encontrado en los bosques de elevaciones intermedias de Costa Rica. El nido fue una cavidad natural de un árbol vivo, contrario al reporte previo que reportaba el uso de un nido viejo de carpintero dentro de un árbol muerto en pie. Ambos padres proveen frutos e insectos a los pichones en el nido. Los pichones al nacer poseen los ojos cerrados, una piel rosada pálida, y un pico bicolor.
BREEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE GRAY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER (LATHROTRICCUS GRISEIPECTUS) IN SOUTHWESTERN ECUADOR
Authors: McGee Matthew R. , Edwards David A. , Kirkpatrick William H. , Greeney Harold F. , Sheldon Kimberly S.
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ Little is known about the nesting behavior of the Gray-breasted Flycatcher (Lathrotriccus griseipectus), a species listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In order to add fundamental information on the life history of this species, we recorded parental behavior at a nest in February–March 2010 in the Jorupe Reserve in southwestern Ecuador. Recordings were made on a tripod-mounted video camera and took place during part of the incubation and nestling stages. Both adults provisioned nestlings. We recorded 7.1 feeds per nestling-hour, with the highest average provisioning rates occurring from 12:00–13:00 h. Nestlings produced an average of 0.8 fecal sacs per nestling-hour. Nestlings fledged in quick succession shortly before 12:00 h on nestling-day 14.Resumen ∙ El cuidado parental del Mosquero Pechigrís (Lathrotriccus griseipectus) en el suroeste del Ecuador La biología reproductiva del Mosquero Pechigrís (Lathrotriccus griseipectus), una especie catalogada como “Vulnerable” por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, es poco conocida. Con el fin de añadir datos básicos sobre la historia de vida del Mosquero Pechigrís, utilizamos una cámara de video para realizar observaciones de un nido ubicado en la Reserva Jorupe en el suroeste de Ecuador, entre febrero y marzo de 2010. Las grabaciones tuvieron lugar durante parte de las etapas de incubación y polluelo. Ambos adultos aprovisionaron polluelos. Registramos 7.1 alimentaciones de polluelo por hora, siendo las tasas de aprovisionamiento más altas de 12:00–13:00 h. Los polluelos produjeron un promedio de 0.8 sacos fecales por hora y polluelo. Los polluelos emplumaron en rápida sucesión poco antes del mediodía 14 días luego de la eclosión.
AGE DETERMINATION BASED ON MOLT PATTERNS AND SKULL OSSIFICATION IN THE BLUE‐AND‐YELLOW TANAGER (PIPRAEIDEA BONARIENSIS)
Authors: Diaz Oscar Alexis , Hernández  Flor , Alza Luis , Chumpitaz  Kevin , Salvador Julio , Berrocal Erika , Tenorio Yaquelin , Poma Tania , Santos Celeste , Iannacone José
Published: February 2023

Abstract ∙ We studied molt patterns and age determination based on molt limits, plumage criteria, and skull ossification for the Blue‐and‐yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis), a passerine that is commonly distributed along the western slope of the Peruvian Andes. Through careful examination of live individuals in the hand and museum specimens, we suggest that P. bonariensis exhibits a complex alternate strategy with partial preformative and prealternate molts during its first cycle, a complete definitive prebasic molt, and presumably a partial definitive prealternate molt starting with its second cycle. We established the age in 68% of captured individuals using the skulling technique. Most individuals of P. bonariensis were recorded with fully ossified skulls during their preformative molts, whereas some adults in basic plumage had retained small, unossified windows. Our results corroborate those reported for related Neotropical taxa and provide important guidelines that facilitate an accurate and rapid technique for aging and sexing Neotropical tanagers in the hand, an essential requirement in demographic studies and long‐term banding projects.Resumen ∙ Determinación de la edad basado en patrones de muda y la osificación craneal de la Tangara azul y amarilla (Pipraeidea bonariensis) Estudiamos los patrones de muda y la determinación de la edad basados en la identificación de límites de muda, apariencia del plumaje y la osificación del cráneo para la Tangara azul y amarilla (Pipraeidea bonariensis), una ave paserina que se distribuye comúnmente a lo largo de la vertiente occidental de los Andes peruanos. A través de un examen cuidadoso de individuos vivos en especímenes de mano y de museo, sugerimos que P. bonariensis exhibe una estrategia alterna compleja con una muda preformativa y prealterna parcial en su primer ciclo, una muda prebásica definitiva completa y presumiblemente una muda prealterna definitiva parcial a partir del segundo ciclo. Establecimos la edad en el 68% de los individuos capturados utilizando la técnica de observación del cráneo. Además, la mayoría de individuos de P. bonariensis lograron culminar dicho proceso de osificación durante la muda preformativa. Sin embargo, algunos individuos en plumaje básico definitivo pueden retener pequeñas ventanas no osificadas. Los resultados con‐ firman lo reportado para otros taxa relacionados en las zonas tropicales y constituyen una importante herramienta que asegura una certera y rápida identificación de la edad y sexo para tangaras de los trópicos en mano, requisito indispensable en estudios demográficos y programas de anillamiento y monitoreo a largo plazo.
UTILIZACIÓN DE PATRONES DE MUDA PARA DETERMINAR LA EDAD DE LA REINITA DE CORONA ROJIZA (MYIOTHLYPIS CORONATA)
Authors: Chumpitaz Kevin Miguel , Newell Felicity , Ausprey Ian J.
Published: February 2023

Resumen ∙ Entender las distribuciones de edades y sexos de individuos en poblaciones es importante para describir la dinámica poblacional, demografía y para informar medidas de conservación. A pesar de la utilidad de los patrones de muda, características reproductivas, y la morfología para determinar la edad y sexo de individuos, pocas descripciones publicadas existen para las aves Neotropicales. En este estudio utilizamos la muda, características reproductivas, y morfología para desarrollar criterios confiables de determinar la edad y sexo de la Reinita de Corona Rojiza (Myiothlypis coronata), una especie común a través de los Andes. Entre junio a noviembre de 2015 y 2016 se capturaron 456 individuos de Myiothlypis coronata en los bosques de neblina del norte de Perú, de los cuales 122 presentaron límites de muda. Al igual que otras especies de la familia Parulidae, encontramos que la muda preformativa de Myiothlypis coronata es de extensión parcial e normalmente incluye 6 a 9 coberteras mayores. La muda prebásica definitiva fue de extensión completa sin evidencia de individuos con plumaje alterno. La osificación del cráneo normalmente es completa y representa un método adicional para diferenciar juveniles de adultos. Encontramos evidencia de dimorfismo sexual y la longitud de la cuerda alar de 56 machos midió ≥ 68 mm en comparación de ≤ 68 mm para 12 hembras. Los datos de este estudio demuestran métodos útiles para determinar la estructura de la población de una especie común a lo longitud de la vertiente de los Andes.Abstract ∙ Using molt patterns to age Russet‐crowned Warbler (Myiothlypis coronata) Understanding the age and sex distributions of Neotropical birds is key to describing population dynamics and demographics to inform conservation. Despite the utility of molt patterns, reproductive characteristics, and morphometrics for determining the age and sex of individuals, few published descriptions exist for Neotropical birds. In this study, we use molt, breeding characteristics, and morphometrics to develop reliable ageing and sexing criteria for the Russet‐ crowned Warbler (Myiothlypis coronata), a common species found throughout the Andes. From June to November 2015 and 2016, we captured 456 individuals of Myiothlypis coronata in the cloud forest of northern Peru, and recorded molt limits in 122. As in other warblers, Myiothlypis coronata has a partial preformative molt, and normally 6 to 9 inner greater coverts are replaced. A molt limit in the outer greater coverts was obvious in most individuals. The prebasic molt was complete and we did not observe individuals undergoing a prealternate molt. Skull ossification was typically complete, and serves as an additional tool to age birds. We found evidence for sexual size dimorphism, and wing length of 56 males measured ≥ 68 mm compared to ≤ 68 mm for 12 females. This study provides useful methods to determine population age structure for a common species along the length of the Andes.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF ALARM EAVESDROPPING ON AMAZONIAN MIXED-FLOCK FOLLOWERS BY TWO SOCIAL SENTINEL SPECIES: THE DUSKY-THROATED ANTSHRIKE THAMNOMANES ARDESIACUS AND THE CINEREOUS ANTSHRIKE T. SCHISTOGYNUS
Authors: Parra Eliseo Rafael
Published: February 2023

Mixed-species flocks of bird represent an ecological phenomena resulting from a diversity of complex interactions and evolutionary pressures. Paleotropical, Neotropical and temperate forests include many examples of passerine bird who interact by forming mixed-species flocks and by eavesdropping on the alarm calls produced by heterospecifics. In the mixed-flock systems of Amazonia, species of antshrike (Thamnomanes sp.) have been shown to provide other flock members valuable information regarding threats from predation through their frequent alarm calls. Several species of flock attendees respond to the alarms of antshrikes with predator-avoidance behaviors, but no study has yet shown a reciprocal relationship between flock members and flock-leading antshrikes. Apparently distinct from mixed-flock systems of other forests, there has been little evidence to support that flock-leading species of antshrike benefit from the alarm signals of other flock members. Using alarm signals recorded during in situ exposures of mixed-flock species to trained raptors, we conducted a playback experiment to 16 different mixed flocks to see to what degree antshrikes may be eavesdropping on the alarms of Myrmotherula antwrens. 8 Dusky-throated Antshrike Thamnomanes ardesiacus and 8 Cinereous Antshrike T. schistogynus were presented with i) conspecific alarms ii) White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris alarms iii) Grey Antwren M. menetriesii alarms and iv) a control. The results of our experiment support that the alarms of the two species of antwren illicit a significant response from both species of antshrike. Our model also shows the responses of antshrikes to antwren alarms are indistinguishable from their response to conspecific alarms, yet different from a control (Marginal R2=.36, Conditional R2=.37). This suggests that highly social flock-leading species such as Thamnomanes antshrikes may benefit from the information provided by flock mates regarding predators. Further, these patterns are consistent with eavesdropping interactions observed within mixed-flocks in ecologically similar but geographically distant forests.
USO DE HÁBITAT, DIETA Y COMPORTAMIENTO DE FORRAJEO DE LA DACNIS TURQUESA (DACNIS HARTLAUBI) EN TIBACUY, COLOMBIA
Authors: Chaparro-Herrera Sergio , Lopera-Salazar Andrea , Flórez José , Mesa Adriana
Published: February 2023

Resumen ∙ La Dacnis Turquesa (Dacnis hartlaubi) es una especie endémica de Colombia, clasificada como Vulnerable (VU). Estudiamos el uso del hábitat, dieta y forrajeo en un área con matriz agrícola en Tibacuy-Cundinamarca, Colombia. Durante ocho visitas entre 2012 y 2015, registramos la especie en 66 oportunidades, principalmente en pastizales arbolados. Observamos el consumo de frutos (38 registros) y artrópodos (6 registros). Los frutos consumidos fueron Viburnum sp., Myrsine coriacea y Mauria heterophylla. La altura sobre el suelo de los registros varió entre los 4 y los 25 m. La estrategia de forrajeo más empleada fue estirarse con 31 registros. El 51% de las observaciones correspondió a grupos conspecíficos. Más información sobre la historia natural de la especie es necesaria para la toma de medidas que ayuden a mejorar su conservación.Abstract ∙ Habitat use, diet and foraging behavior of the Turquoise Dacnis (Dacnis hartlaubi) in Tibacuy, Colombia The Turquoise Dacnis (Dacnis hartlaubi) is an endemic species of Colombia, classified as Vulnerable (VU). We present data on habitat use, diet and foraging behavior in an area with agricultural matrix in Tibacuy-Cundinamarca, Colombia. During eight visits between 2012 and 2015, we recorded the species 66 times, mainly in wooded pastures. We observed the consumption of fruits (38 records) and arthropods (6 records). The fruits consumed were Viburnum sp., Myrsine coriacea, and Mauria heterophylla. The birds were recorded at heights between 4 and 25 m above the ground. The most used foraging strategy was “stretch” with 31 records. More than half (51%) of the observations corresponded to monospecific groups. Further information on its natural history is needed to design measures to improve its conservation status.
NOTES ON THE NEST, BREEDING SEASON, AND ELEVATIONAL RANGE OF A RARE HUMMINGBIRD, THE PURPLE-BACKED SUNBEAM (AGLAEACTIS ALICIAE)
Authors: Baumann Matthew J , Johnson Andrew B , Bautista Emil , Lebbin Daniel J , Soto Camacho Carlos Alberto , Paucar E. Adrian Torres , Chutas Constantino Aucca , Witt Christopher C
Published: February 2023

Abstract The breeding biology and phenology of the endangered hummingbird Purple-backed Sunbeam (Aglaeactis aliciae) are not well known. We report observations of nesting A. aliciae near El Molino, in La Libertad Department, Peru. On 11 March 2018, we found a female building a nest while on 10 March 2019 we found an incubating female. We describe specific characteristics of the nest and breeding behavior of nesting females. Based on our observations and that of others, the timing of nesting for this species seems to correspond to the mid-to-late rainy season, extending from at least March to May. Additionally, our sightings suggest a higher upper elevational range limit for this range-restricted Andean hummingbird than previously reported; the elevational range should be considered to be 2900–3700 m a.s.l.Resumen ∙ Notas sobre el nido, temporada reproductiva y rango elevacional del Colibrí de Alicia (Aglaeactis aliciae) La biología reproductiva y la fenología del Colibrí de Alicia (Aglaeactis aliciae) – una especie de colibrí amenazada – son poco conocidas. Aquí reportamos observaciones de nidificación de A. aliciae en El Molino, Departamento La Libertad, Perú. El 11 de marzo de 2018 encontramos una hembra construyendo un nido, mientras que el 10 de marzo de 2019 encontramos a una hembra incubando. Describimos las características del nido y el comportamiento reproductivo de las hembras. En base a nuestras observaciones e información previa sugerimos que la temporada de nidificación se desarrolla desde mediados a fines de la temporada húmeda, extendiéndose desde marzo a mayo. Nuestras observaciones también indican que la especie se encuentra a mayores altitudes que lo reportado previamente y que su rango altitudinal seria 2900–3700 m s.n.m.
WHITE-NECKED HAWK (AMADONASTUR LACERNULATUS) FEEDING ON AMPHISBAENIDAE
Authors: Tanaka Rafael Mitsuo , Muscat Edelcio , Stuginski Daniel Rodrigues
Published: February 2023

The White-necked Hawk (Amadonastur lacernulatus) is an Atlantic Forest endemic bird of prey with a poorly known diet. Here, we describe three different predatory interactions between White-necked Hawks and worm lizards (Amphisbaenidae) from Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. During these events, hawks were recorded grasping, killing and consuming amphisbaenids. Due to their fossorial life, worm lizards are uncommon prey items for most birds of prey and such predator-prey interaction can be related to flooded amphisbaenians galleries after heavy rain episodes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of White-necked Hawks preying on amphisbaenids.
UNEXPECTED LACK OF EFFECT OF THE INVASIVE AMERICAN MINK ON NESTING SURVIVAL OF FOREST BIRDS
Authors: Crego Ramiro Daniel , Jara Rocio F , Rozzi Ricardo , Jiménez Jaime E
Published: February 2023

Nest predation by invasive mammalian predators can cause major impacts on native bird populations. The American mink (Neovison vison) was recently introduced on Navarino Island in southern Chile. The mink established as a new terrestrial mesopredator on the island with documented impacts on waterfowl breeding success. However, little is known about mink effects on forest bird’s reproduction. Here, we investigated nest-predation rate by native predators and the invasive mink on open-cup nesting forest birds by using artificial and natural nests. In six different plots, we deployed a grid (7 x 2) of 14 artificial nests spaced by 50 m and at random heights from the ground. We used camera traps in each nest to identify predators. At each plot, we estimated predator relative abundance using camera traps, Sherman traps, and bird point counts. We estimated nest survival probability as a function of nest age, concealment, distance to the river, and nest height. Additionally, we monitored 43 natural nests of five open-cup nesting bird species. Contrary to expected, mink was not a main predator of nests, depredating only one natural nest. The native raptor Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango) was the main nest predator, preying on 39.8% artificial nests and 27.0% natural nests. We also found evidence that Chimango Caracara learned to associate the artificial nests with the egg reward. We argue that the lower abundance of mink in the forest and a mismatch between mink peak activity patterns and bird breeding phenology can result in low depredation. Mink impacts, however, may be more pervasive in summer months and on fledglings when mink activity peaks, and more research should be conducted to assess these questions. Our results are valuable to better understand mink impacts on biodiversity and to prioritize conservation actions on species more severely affected.
BIOMETRY OF TWO SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF THE GENUS HYPOCNEMIS (AVES: THAMNO- PHILIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN AMAZONIA
Authors: Guilherme Edson
Published: February 2023

Differences in size and shape between sympatric congener species may affect their dominance interactions. In Amazonia, the Pe- ruvian Warbling-Antbird (Hypocnemis peruviana) is partly sympatric with the Yellow-breasted Warbling-Antbird (Hypocnemis subflava). Here, we investigated whether biometric differences exist between H. peruviana and H. subflava, and whether the species are sexually dimorphic. We measured 10 biometric traits in 52 individuals (24 H. peruviana and 28 H. subflava). From the analyses, we conclude that H. peruviana is slightly larger than H. subflava and that this may reflect a certain competitive dominance of the former over the latter. Some biometric traits were also different between the sexes in both species, which may minimize the competition for resources between the sexes.
NIDIFICACIÓN DE AVES EN BARRANCOS DE BORDE DE CAMINO EN EL BOSQUE TEMPLADO DEL SUR DE CHILE
Authors: Novoa Fernando , Altamirano Tomás , Ibarra José Tomás
Published: February 2023

Aunque la ecología reproductiva de varias especies de aves que utilizan cavidades en árboles ha sido estudiada, el uso de los ba-rrancos de bordes de camino ha recibido menos atención. Aquí presentamos información sobre 38 nidos que fueron localizados en 19 cavi-dades en barrancos de bordes de camino, donde nidificaron nueve especies de aves que habitan los bosques templados del sur de Chile. Realizamos una descripción de las características de las cavidades ocupadas, el tamaño de puesta y el éxito de la nidada. Las características de las cavidades (cm) se relacionaron de forma proporcional con las medidas corporales de las especies (cm) que utilizaron los barrancos para nidificar. El diámetro de entrada horizontal, junto con la profundidad horizontal, mostraron una relación positiva con la longitud de cuerpo, y la masa corporal mostró una relación positiva con la profundidad horizontal de las cavidades utilizadas para nidificar. El tamaño de puesta promedio para seis especies fue 2,3 (± 0,4) huevos y el 48% de los nidos fueron exitosos. Nuestros registros aportan nuevos conoci-mientos sobre la historia de vida de estas especies y discutimos la potencial importancia de los barrancos de bordes de camino como hábitat reproductivo en los ecosistemas templados del sur.
DOES THE FOREST OR THE ANTHROPOGENIC BUILDING DISTANCE INFLUENCE GREAT KISKADEE (PITANGUS SULPHURATUS) NESTING SITE SELECTION?
Authors: Corrales-Moya Josué , Sandoval Luis
Published: February 2023

Human settlements expansion has generated significant changes in natural ecosystems. The consequences in the avifauna are varied, among them, changes in the availability of natural and artificial sites to build nests. Some species can nest on perches built by humans; however the characteristics of the perch that are selected are unknown. Our objective with this work is to determine if the presence of nests of the Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) on electricity posts, depends on the proximity of the post to a building inhabited by humans or whether it depends on the proximity to a forest patch. We counted and described all the posts present in 30 km of gravel and asphalt roads. We classified each post according to the number of plates, electrical transformers and lights. We also checked if each post had or not a nest of under study species. Using a GPS, We measured the distance between en the post and the forest and between en the post and the nearest building. The presence of nests was more frequent in posts far from a forest and near from a building. In addition, the characteristics of the post influence the presence of Great Kiskadee nests in posts.
NOTES ON THE DISPLAYS AND POSSIBLE LEK BEHAVIOR OF THE FIERY TOPAZ (TOPAZA PYRA) (APODIFORMES: TROCHILIDAE)
Authors: Melo Tomaz Nascimento de , Olmos Fábio , Souza Rita Cerqueira Ribeiro de , Kirwan Guy
Published: February 2023

The genus Topaza comprises two species of large hummingbirds with allopatric distributions in Amazonia. Lek behavior has already been described in almost 30 species of hummingbirds, including Crimson Topaz Topaza pella, but not for Fiery Topaz T. pyra. We describe male displays by T. pyra and how these might be possibly correlated to lek behavior, based on observations at different locations in Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil. These behaviors are compared to the previously described behavior of T. pella and other hummingbirds, but we also describe an extremely unusual upside-down hanging behavior during male to male interactions. Furthermore, some of our observations evidence an apparent tendency for more than one male to converge on a specific perch, perhaps to compete for dominance within a group of otherwise more dispersed, probably linear song territories.
MALOPHAGES IN CRYPTURELLUS NOCTIVAGUS AND CRYPTURELLUS OBSOLETUS (BIRDS: TINAMIDAE) IN THE PAMPA BIOME, SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: Corrêa Luiz Liberato Costa , Silva Douglas Ribeiro da , Silva Darliane Evangelho , Ferla Noeli Juarez , Petry Maria Virginia
Published: February 2023

The current study aimed to identify malophages in a population of Yellow-legged Tinamou (Crypturellus noctivagus noctivagus) and Brown Tinamou (Crypturellus obsoletus obsoletus) in the Pampa Biome, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In 250 hours of sampling efforts, using bell-traps, we captured eleven specimens of C. n. noctivagus, and of these, two of them showed occurrence of feather lice. In C. o. obsoletus, four individuals were captured, and of these, three presented lice. In both tinamous, specimens of Strongylocotes complanatus and Heptapsogaster temporalis (Ischnocera, Philopteridae) were recorded. The frequency of occurrence (FO) of these ectoparasites in C. n. noctivagus was of 18,2%, and in C. o. obsoletus, 75%. We thus report in a descriptive manner additional information about the occurrence of these ectoparasites, associated with forest tinamous of the genus Crypturellus, in Southern Brazil.
PREFORMATIVE MOLT EXTENT AND AGING AND SEXING CRITERIA FOR EIGHT HUMMINGBIRD SPECIES IN SOUTHEASTERN PERU
Authors: Carnes Blaine , Antezana Aponte Mariamercedes , Huayanca Munarriz Renato , Martínez Ari E.
Published: February 2023

Little attention has been paid to molt and age criteria in hummingbirds despite the importance of molt and age to numerous behavioral and ecological questions. We examined age-based molt patterns and bill corrugations in eight species of lowland Amazonian hummingbirds. Molt strategies and rates of bill smoothing were similar to those of more well-studied North American species, with all species showing partial preformative  molts (replacing only body feathers and some wing coverts and retaining all remiges and rectrices), and bill corrugations reducing to less than 10% of bill length in all species during the first annual cycle. Several species showed evidence of delayed maturation in males in regard to plumage characteristics or bill coloration.
VARIATION IN POPULATION SIZE OF THE ENDANGERED VINACEOUS-BREASTED PARROT, AMAZONA VINACEA, IN A COMMUNAL ROOST IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: Zulian Viviane , Volinski Andressa Samara , Petry Maria Virgínia , Müller Eliara Solange
Published: February 2023

The Endangered Vinaceous-breasted Parrot, Amazona vinacea, is endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Habitat fragmentation and nest poaching have had a substantial impact on the conservation of the species. These anthropogenic factors, combined with uncertainty regarding the species’ ecology, distribution and population size, make it difficult to plan management actions. This study aimed to monitor the population size of the Vinaceous-breasted Parrot in a communal roost in southern Brazil to identify monthly and annual variation. The study also aimed to characterize the vegetation of different sites used to roost. Roost counts were performed at dawn or dusk with two observers located around the roost area. Each observer recorded the number, time and flight direction of parrots arriving or departing the roost. The highest number of individuals recorded in the roost was 184 during the non-breeding period. The months with the highest means were March, January and May, while those with the lowest were October, November and September. The number of individuals in the roost varied throughout the year, possibly due to food availability at the site. The sites frequently used as roosts were characterized by having high anthropogenic influence and the absence of an understory. The creation, maintenance and expansion of protected areas to provide food resources and nesting sites, as well as the maintenance of forest fragments in private properties, are essential for the conservation of this parrot.
NOTES ON THE NEST AND BREEDING OF GOELDI’S ANTBIRD (AKLETOS GOELDII), A BAMBOO SPECIALIST, FROM UCAYALI, PERU
Authors: Hiller Anna E , Moncrieff Andre E , Felix Cristhian
Published: February 2023

Abstract: On 02 September 2018 we found a nest of Goeldi’s Antbird (Akletos goeldii) in a patch of Guadua bamboo. During the next week, we made regular observations of this nest, obtaining video and photographs of the nest structure, eggs, nestlings, and parental care behaviors. These data clarify previous discrepancies in reports of nest architecture for A. goeldii and deepen our knowledge of the breeding biology of this species.
PRIMER REGISTRO DE NIDIFICACIÓN Y OTRAS OBSERVACIONES SOBRE EL BÚHO VENTRIBANDEADO (PULSATRIX MELANOTA)
Authors: Rivas-Fuenzalida Tomás Antonio , Burgos-Andrade Katherine
Published: February 2023

The Band-bellied Owl (Pulsatrix melanota) is among the least known Neotropical strigiforms, and up to now, no nesting records of the species have been published. In July 2020 in a locality in the eastern foothills of central Peru, an active nest occupied by a single chick and an adult pair of band-bellied owls was found. The nest was located on a small triangular ledge (≈170 cm2) at 6 m high in a forked trunk of a 17 m high and 93,3 cm DBH Albizia carbonaria tree, in a gently sloping hillside of a small ravine at 1290 m a.s.l. The nesting tree was located only at 4 m from a transited road and 40 m from a small village. The habitat in the nest site was dominated by agricultural land. In addition, we describe three other chicks, provide morphometric measurements of an adult and notes on the diet.
NESTING OF THE GREATER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE (CATHARTES MELAMBROTUS) IN EASTERN PERU
Authors: Rivas-Fuenzalida Tomás Antonio
Published: February 2023

The Greater Yellow-headed Vulture (Cathartes melambrotus) is one of the less known cathartids (Cathartiformes, Cathartidae), especially in its reproductive biology, being the only species in the family that does not have nest description. Here I describe the discovery of one nest located in a cavity 55 m above the ground on a 70 m high x 130 m wide cliff at 1.230 masl. in the eastern rainforest of central Peru. The nest was found during late dry season (October 31, 2019), and contained a well-developed chick (50-60 days old) which was being fed by the parents. The habitat surrounding the nesting site presented thinned forests for shade of coffee crops, banana and citrus plantations and remnants of adult secondary forest in the streams.
Management Planning and Its Development to Improve Company Employee Performance
Authors: Zaelani Adnan Ahmad
Published: February 2023

This study aims to determine how management planning improves employee performance in a company. This research is qualitative, so the data analysis applied is qualitative. Data collection is an activity to describe or collect all data obtained from the field through observations, interviews, and data in certain documents. Management planning in improving employee performance in a company, namely providing training, applying discipline, and providing motivation at work. Management implementation in improving employee performance in a company is conducting training, applying time discipline in work, and providing motivation through rewards and punishments. Evaluating management planning to improve employee performance is effective and efficient. If this is related to sharia management, then this follows the three principles of sharia management: justice, trust, and responsibility, and communicatives.
Customer Knowledge Analysis of The Decision to Choose Syariah Indonesia Bank Consumer Financing Products
Authors: Sa’diyyah Halimatus
Published: February 2023

Product knowledge is a collection of information about a particular product ranging from product attributes, product values, and so on, that can provide direction to consumers in deciding to buy or reject the product. Customer decisions in buying banking products can be seen from the level of product knowledge. This study analyses customer knowledge of the decision to choose Bank Syariah Indonesia, Ponorogo Soetta Sub-Branch Office consumer financing products. This study used a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques used observation, interviews, and documentation. The analysis technique uses product knowledge analysis, namely product attributes, functional benefits, psychological benefits, and the value obtained. The most superior product is the Mitraguna financing product with total financing of Rp. 33,000,000,000. The lowest financing is OTO financing of Rp. 1,600,000,000. OTO financing is still rare in demand because it is not a primary need, so customers prefer Mitragun financing or pension financing because it is a primary need. Home financing is the third rank of public interest; although housing is a primary need, people are rarely interested in applying for home financing. Customer knowledge of choosing consumer financing products for Bank Syariah Indonesia Sub-Branch Office Ponorogo Soetta still needs to be higher due to the lack of customers utilizing these financing products functionally and psychologically.
The Relationship of Toxic Parents to Children's Mental Health at The Karangampel Health Center 2022
Authors: Tri Wahyuni Nuniek , Indra Giri Suzana , Herawati Cucu , Sutarna Agus , Kurniasih Uun , Lestari Sri , Kulsum Kulsum
Published: February 2023

Toxic parents do not treat their children well and do not respect them as individuals. This is often done by parents who have mental disorders or are addicts, they can commit various types of violence on children, and even the child's mental health can be disrupted. Toxic parents are also unwilling to apologize or compromise and are irresponsible. This study aimed to determine the relationship between poisonous parents and mental health in children working at Karangampel Public Health Center. The method used in this study is field research with a quantitative correlational approach; this study's design is cross-sectional. The population studied was those who met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 25 children in the Karangampel Health Center Work Area. The sampling technique used is to use total sampling. The Karangampel Community Health Center working area has moderately toxic parents with normal mental health, namely one child (4.0%) and abnormal mental health with the same number of 1 child (4.0%), and respondents who have highly toxic parents with normal mental health have 0 children (0.0%) while those with abnormal mental health are 15 children (60.0%), while respondents with very high toxic parents with normal mental health are 0 children (0.0%) and eight children (32.0%). The results of statistical tests using the chi-square method for toxic parents with mental health in children showed a P value of 0.003 <0.05. The study results show a relationship between toxic parents and mental health in children in the Karangampel Health Center Working Area in 2022.
Academic Self-Management Tendencies Based on Family Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Hanifiyah Samhah Asih
Published: February 2023

Students must have Academic Self-Management skills to develop factors to achieve academic achievement. Family socioeconomic status factors influence academic Self-Management. This study aims to determine the tendency of Academic Self-Management of Class XI Students of SMA PGRI 1 Bandung Academic Year 2017/2018 based on the socioeconomic status of the family. The research approach uses a quantitative approach and a descriptive method. The sample used was SMA PGRI 1 Bandung, with 173 students. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire on the Academic Self-Management scale, which reveals aspects of motivation, learning methods, use of time, physical and social environment, and performance of 50 items with instrument reliability of 0.98. The results showed that students were in the middle category, and there was no significant difference in the level of Academic Self-Management for students from high, middle, or low socioeconomic status categories. Research recommendations are addressed to guidance and counselling teachers and future researchers. Academic Self-Management of class XI SMA PGRI 1 Bandung in the Academic Year 2017/2018 based on family socioeconomic status in the upper, middle, and lower categories is included in the moderate category.
Islamic Religious Education Strategy in Instilling Character Moral Values in Adolescents
Authors: Rohman Hakim Arif
Published: February 2023

Islamic religious education (PAI), in its implementation, requires appropriate strategies and methods to deliver educational activities towards the desired goals, including inculcating moral values in the form of speech, attitude and behavior. Inaccuracy in the practical application of the method will hamper the teaching and learning process, wasting time and energy. This study aims to determine the strategy of Islamic Religious Education in instilling the character of moral values. The type of research used is phenomenology with a qualitative approach. There are two types of data used, namely primary data and secondary data. The analytical method used is qualitative analysis. The results of research through appropriate learning strategies can improve the quality of learning well so that it can adapt to the differences of students, the ability to achieve tendencies, as well as the interests and intelligence of students well. Teachers can develop learning theme material and convey it through demonstration methods, inviting methods, modeling, and ignoring students if they do things that deviate beyond moral values in the learning process, also presented by demonstrating or demonstrating learning material. Apart from that, giving students the opportunity to develop character in Islamic religious education subjects will automatically affect the pattern of PAI learning strategies in schools/madrasas. By providing opportunities to develop the character of Islamic religious education students, it will automatically affect the pattern of PAI learning strategies in schools/madrasas. So that the management of learning in PAI subject matter must get a comprehensive study both in terms of material content, to the learning model used, including strengthening strategies so that they can be harmonious in responding to the character development of students.
How Effective Are Foreign Currency Futures Markets As Hedging Vehicles?
Authors: Lee Jeong
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we investigate minimum risk hedges and hedging effectiveness measures for five currencies: Euro, Japanese yen, British pound, Swiss franc, and Canadian dollar. Analysis indicates the relative desirability of positions in futures contracts to minimize the risk of spot currency exposure. Among five currencies studied, Japanese yen proves the least hedging effectiveness across the time periods. Results also show hedging effectiveness increases with the investment horizon.
Transmission of Shocks to LIBOR Risk Spreads and Nominal Risk-Free Rates
Authors: DePrince, Jr Albert , Morris Pamela
Published: February 2023

In this study, effects of shocks to international money market conditions, as measured by the three-month London Interbank Offer Rates (LIBOR) for five financially integrated economies (United States, the euro zone countries, Great Britain, Japan, and Canada) are examined. The sample period runs from January 4, 1999, through December 31, 2010. A fiveequation vector autoregressive (VAR) model is developed using daily risk spreads between each country’s LIBOR and its nominal risk-free rate. Also, effects of the risk spreads on the respective nominal risk-free rates are identified in a separate VAR system. Based on the risk-spread VAR, effects of exogenous shocks are examined. Single-country impulse tests show that the feedthrough effects on the other countries are surprisingly limited for these integrated countries. Only when a shock is applied concurrently to all five risk spreads can effects on the magnitude noted in 2008 and 2009 be replicated, suggesting that all LIBOR rates were affected by a contemporaneous shock. Finally, a proportion of the shock to the risk-spread feed has an inverse effect on each country’s nominal risk-free rate, reflecting the effect of the flow of funds from risky assets to safe assets in a time of increased risk and vice versa.
Sovereign Debt Markets in Euro-zone: Implications for Capital Markets Integration
Authors: Naidu G. N. , Choudhury Askar
Published: February 2023

This paper examines the impact of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 on the Euro-zone markets integration by analyzing their sovereign debt markets convergence/ divergence to see if the Euro-zone stock markets are moving towards integration. As economic integration of Euro-zone proceeds under the banner of the Single Market Europe, it is vital to observe the degree of economic harmonization that exist in these member countries at different economic cycles. Thus, the purpose of this research is to explore the yield spreads on government debt across the Euro-zone nations at different time periods to observe if the spreads display any divergent trend over time. Analysis suggests that, time period 2008-2010 is a significant predictor for the government debt volatility of these countries financial stability and thus their economy’s strength. This indicates that the country’s yield spread and thus government debt is time dependent. Therefore, a country’s financial stability and thus their economic status (or level) would depend on the economic cycle. However, results also indicate that financial crisis has impacted some of the countries more than the others. Thus, exhibiting differences in economic stability (or strength) among the countries and therefore, this has important implications for the economic policy makers in the Euro-zone countries.