bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of clinical outcomes with proximal femoral nail anti-rotation versus InterTAN nail for intertrochanteric femoral fractures: a meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Wei , Liu Jie , Ji Guangrong
Published: October 2020

Background

A meta-analysis to access the pros and cons of proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) versus InterTAN nail for intertrochanteric femoral fractures including available evidence extracted from literature.

Methods

According to the Cochrane systemic analysis method, randomized control trials (RCTs) and retrospective comparative observational studies which were related to the comparison of PFNA and InterTAN nail in the treatment of the elderly with intertrochanteric fractures were retrieved. Data were independently extracted from the included studies by two reviewers and analyzed using RevMan 5.3, and the quality of the studies was assessed.

Results

Two RCTs and seven observational studies were recruited, which consisted of 681 patients with PFNA and 651 patients with InterTAN nail. The meta-analyses showed no significant differences between the two approaches on Harris Hip Score, operation time, blood loss, time to union, mean hospital stay, union problems, intraoperative complications, hematoma, infection, and other complications in both RCTs and observational studies. In terms of other outcomes, for the RCTs, results showed that there were shorter tip–apex distance and reduced pain at thigh or hip in InterTAN nail than in PFNA; however, InterTAN nail was not superior to PFNA in cutout, reoperation, and femoral shaft fracture; for observational studies, the risk of the screw migration (RR = 5.13, 95%CI [1.33,19.75], P = 0.02), cutout (RR = 3.26, 95%CI [1.64,6.47], P = 0.0008), the varus collapse of the femoral head (RR = 7.19, 95%CI [2.18,23.76], P = 0.001), femoral shaft fracture (RR = 5.73, 95%CI [2.24,14.65], P = 0.0003) treated by InterTAN nail were significantly decreased, compared with those by PFNA; however, no significant differences were observed in the aspects of tip–apex distance and pain at thigh or hip between these two groups.

Conclusion

Analysis of a large number of relevant clinical indicators available shows that InterTAN nail has better clinical manifestation than PFNA in treating unstable femoral intertrochanteric fractures.
Long-term safety and effectiveness of etanercept in JIA: an 18-year experience from the BiKeR registry
Authors: Armaroli Giulia , Klein Ariane , Ganser Gerd , Ruehlmann Michael J. , Dressler Frank , Hospach Anton , Minden Kirsten , Trauzeddel Ralf , Foeldvari Ivan , Kuemmerle-Deschner Jasmin , Weller-Heinemann Frank , Urban Andreas , Horneff Gerd
Published: October 2020

Background

At present, etanercept represents the most commonly prescribed biologic agent for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) treatment. Children and adolescents with JIA are often treated with etanercept over long periods, sometimes even into adulthood. The objectives of this analysis were to determine the long-term safety of etanercept compared to a biologic-naïve cohort and to assess the long-term treatment response upon continuous etanercept exposure using data from the German biologics registry (BiKeR).

Methods

JIA patients newly exposed to etanercept were documented in the BiKeR registry from January 2001 to March 2019, and baseline characteristics, effectiveness, and safety parameters were analysed. Response to treatment was assessed according to 10-joint Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS10), JADAS-defined minimal disease activity and remission, JIA-American College of Rheumatology (ACR) improvement criteria, and ACR-inactive disease definition. Safety assessments were based on adverse event (AE) reports.

Results

A total of 2725 new etanercept users with a diagnosis of JIA were registered. Of these, etanercept was received as a first-line biologic by 95.8% and as monotherapy without concomitant methotrexate by 31.5%. After nine years on continuous treatment, 68.1% of patients presented minimal disease activity, 43.1% JADAS-defined remission on drug, and 36.6% ACR-inactive disease. JIA-ACR30/50/70/90 response rates were still 82/79/71/54% after nine years of treatment. Overall, 2053 AEs (34.3/100PY), including 226 serious AEs (SAE, 3.8/100PY), were observed upon etanercept, compared to 1345 AEs [35.6/100PY; p = 0.3] and 52 SAEs (1.4/100PY; p = 0.0001) in the biologic-naïve cohort. Respective exposure-adjusted rates for etanercept and biologic-naïve patients were 0.9/100PY and 0.2/100PY (p = 0.0001) for serious infections, 0.4/100PY and 0.1/100PY (p = 0.01) for zoster reactivation, 0.3/100PY and 0.03/100PY (p = 0.015) for inflammatory bowel disease, and 1.9/100PY and 1.4/100PY (p = 0.09) for uveitis. Three and two malignancies were documented in the etanercept and biologic-naïve groups, as well as three and one deaths, respectively.

Conclusions

No new safety signal was observed, especially no increased risk for malignancies or autoimmune disorders other than inflammatory bowel disease. However, SAEs and serious infections, though infrequent, were more often reported on etanercept than in biologic-naïve patients. In addition, etanercept demonstrated a long-term maintenance of clinical benefits up to nine years of continuous treatment.
Successful treatment of gastric cancer after complete response of lung cancer by nivolumab: a case report
Authors: Endo Shunji , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Kurose Koji , Higashida Masaharu , Kubota Hisako , Okamoto Yuko , Mineta Shumei , Tanaka Hironori , Okada Toshimasa , Tsuruta Atsushi , Akiyama Takashi , Oga Toru , Ueno Tomio
Published: October 2020

Background

Nivolumab is effective for gastric cancer and lung cancer, but complete response is rare. We experienced a case of synchronous gastric cancer and lung cancer who was treated by nivolumab and laparoscopic gastrectomy.

Case presentation

A 63-year-old male consulted our institution and was found to have gastric cancer cT1(SM)N0M0 Stage IA and lung cancer cT2N2M1(PUL) Stage IV. He received eight chemotherapy treatments plus radiation, but the lung disease remained progressive. Finally, he received nivolumab therapy and complete response of both cancers was obtained. The gastric cancer recurred, but was successfully treated by laparoscopic gastrectomy. The resected specimen revealed three lesions, each being pT1aN0M0 Stage IA. The primary gastric cancer seemed to have completely vanished without scarring.

Conclusions

This was thought to be a rare case of gastric cancer recurrence after complete response of gastric cancer and lung cancer to nivolumab.
Application of leukocyte esterase strip test in the screening of periprosthetic joint infections and prospects of high-precision strips
Authors: Zheng Qing-Yuan , Zhang Guo-Qiang
Published: October 2020

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) represents one of the most challenging complications after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Despite the availability of a variety of diagnostic techniques, the diagnosis of PJI remains a challenge due to the lack of well-established diagnostic criteria. The leucocyte esterase (LE) strips test has been proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool for PJI, and its weight in PJI diagnostic criteria has gradually increased. Characterized by its convenience, speed and immediacy, leucocyte esterase strips test has a prospect of broad application in PJI diagnosis. Admittedly, the leucocyte esterase strips test has some limitations, such as imprecision and liability to interference. Thanks to the application of new technologies, such as machine reading, quantitative detection and artificial intelligence, the LE strips test is expected to overcome the limitations and improve its accuracy.
Comparative effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy, local corticosteroid injection, and conventional physiotherapy in treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis
Authors: Ismael Mona Mohamed Mohamed , Arafa Mona Mahmoud , El Zohiery Abeer Ahmed Kadry , Ibrahim Soha Eldessouki
Published: October 2020

Background

Lateral epicondylitis (LE) is a popular overuse syndrome involving the forearm’s extensor tendons. Corticosteroid (CS) injection is the popular injection used for management of LE. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a noninvasive alternative inducing the neovascularization, tendon repairing, and decreasing pain. Our study aimed to compare the effectiveness of ESWT versus local CS injection versus conventional physiotherapy (PT) in management of chronic LE.

Results

Our results revealed that the three groups displayed a significant decrease of VAS score, decrease of PRTEE score, and increase of grip strength compared to baseline (P< 0.05) at 4 weeks and 12 weeks of follow-up. However, there was a significant decrease of VAS score in ESWT and CS groups more than PT group at 4 weeks follow-up (P< 0.05) while ESWT group displayed a considerable improvement in functional disability score (decrease in PRTEE score) more than CS and PT groups at 4 and 12 weeks of follow-up (P< 0.05), with no considerable change in HGS between the three groups.

Conclusion

ESWT, local CS injection, and conventional PT were efficient in management of chronic LE at 12 weeks of follow-up but ESWT had a higher effect decreasing pain and improving functional disability in daily life activity at short and long term follow-up.
Priority concerns for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Tromans Sam , Kinney Michael , Chester Verity , Alexander Regi , Roy Ashok , Sander Josemir W. , Dudson Harry , Shankar Rohit
Published: October 2020

Background

The approach taken to support individuals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic needs to take into account the requirements of people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism, who represent a major vulnerable group, with higher rates of co-occurring health conditions and a greater risk of dying prematurely. To date, little evidence on COVID-related concerns have been produced and no report has provided structured feedback from the point of view of people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism or of their family/carers.

Aims

To provide systemised evidence-based information of the priority concerns for people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism regarding the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

Senior representatives of major UK-based professional and service-user representative organisations with a stake in the care of people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism were contacted to provide a list of concerns across three domains: ‘mental health and challenging behaviour’, ‘physical health and epilepsy’ and ‘social circumstances and support’. The feedback was developed into statements on frequently reported priorities. These statements were then rated independently by expert clinicians. A video-conference meeting to reconcile outliers and to generate a consensus statement list was held.

Results

Thirty-two organisations were contacted, of which 26 (81%) replied. From the respondent's data, 30 draft consensus statements were generated. Following expert clinician review, there was initially strong consensus for seven statements (23%), increasing to 27 statements (90%) following video conferencing.

Conclusions

These recommendations highlight the expectations of people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism in the current pandemic. This could support policymakers and professionals’ deliver and evidence person-centred care.
Multicenter, Randomized, Phase III Trial of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation With Capecitabine and Irinotecan Guided by UGT1A1 Status in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: Zhu Ji , Liu Anwen , Sun Xinchen , Liu Luying , Zhu Yaqun , Zhang Tao , Jia Jianhui , Tan Shisheng , Wu Junxin , Wang Xin , Zhou Juying , Yang Jialin , Zhang Chen , Zhang Hongyan , Zhao Yuanyuan , Cai Gang , Zhang Wei , Xia Fan , Wan Juefeng , Zhang Hui , Shen Lijun , Cai SanJun , Zhang Zhen
Published: October 2020

PURPOSE

Differentiating the irinotecan dose on the basis of the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 ( UGT1A1) genotype improves the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate. In this study, we further investigated preoperative irinotecan combined with capecitabine-based chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted this randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase III trial in China. Eligible patients with clinical T3-4 and/or N+ rectal adenocarcinoma, UGT1A1 genotype *1*1 or *1*28 were randomly allocated to the control group: pelvic radiation of 50 Gy/25 fractions with concurrent capecitabine, followed by oxaliplatin and capecitabine; or the experimental group: radiation with capecitabine combined with weekly irinotecan 80 mg/m2 for patients with UGT1A1*1*1 or 65 mg/m2 for patients with UGT1A1*1*28, followed by irinotecan and capecitabine. The primary end point was pCR. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02605265).

RESULTS

Of the 360 patients initially enrolled, 356 were evaluated as the modified intention-to-treat population (n = 178 in both groups). Surgery was performed in 87% and 88% of patients in the control and experimental groups, respectively. The pCR rates were 15% (n = 27 of 178) and 30% (n = 53 of 178) in the control and experimental groups (risk ratio, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.30 to 2.97; P = .001). Four and 6 patients achieved complete clinical response in the control and experimental groups, respectively. Grade 3-4 toxicities were recorded in 11 (6%) and 68 (38%) patients in the control and experimental groups, respectively ( P < .001). The commonest grade 3-4 toxicities were leukopenia, neutropenia, and diarrhea. The overall surgical complication rate was not significantly different between the two groups (11% v 15%; P < .001).

CONCLUSION

Adding irinotecan guided by UGT1A1 genotype to capecitabine-based neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy significantly increased complete tumor response in Chinese patients.
Approach to the Patient: Management of the Post–Bariatric Surgery Patient With Weight Regain
Authors: Istfan Nawfal W , Lipartia Marine , Anderson Wendy A , Hess Donald T , Apovian Caroline M
Published: October 2020

Context

Weight regain (WR) after bariatric surgery is emerging as a common clinical problem due to the increase in the number of procedures performed. Early interventions are necessary to curtail the potential recurrence of comorbid conditions. However, it is often difficult to recognize WR early enough to introduce mitigating measures because there are no current guidelines for timely diagnosis and assessment of the severity of this condition.

Objective

We present a practical approach for the early recognition of WR, based on 11-year follow-up data from our multiethnic bariatric surgery patient population.

Methods

We classify WR according to the rate of increase in weight relative to nadir weight, normalized per 30-day interval. We also review pertinent literature about the etiologic factors contributing to WR after bariatric surgery.

Results

According to our algorithm, mild, moderate, and rapid WR are defined as weight increases of 0.2% to <0.5%, 0.5% to 1.0%, and more than 1.0% of nadir weight per 30 days, respectively. Treatment options, including dietary counseling, use of antiobesity medication, and consideration of surgical revision, are described. A case is presented to illustrate the utility of timely identification of WR and the importance of collaboration between bariatric surgeons, obesity medicine specialists, and dietitians.

Conclusion

Our approach emphasizes the importance of regular long-term follow-up for all bariatric surgery patients.
Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk in 7000 Youth With Type 1 Diabetes in the Australasian Diabetes Data Network
Authors: Couper Jenny J , Jones Timothy W , Chee Melissa , Barrett Helen L , Bergman Philip , Cameron Fergus , Craig Maria E , Colman Peter , Davis Elizabeth E , Donaghue Kim C , Fegan P Gerry , Hamblin P Shane , Holmes-Walker D Jane , Jefferies Craig , Johnson Stephanie , Mok Meng Tuck , King Bruce R , Sinnott Richard , Ward Glenn , Wheeler Benjamin J , Zimmermann Anthony , Earnest Arul
Published: October 2020

Context

Cardiovascular disease occurs prematurely in type 1 diabetes. The additional risk of overweight is not well characterized.

Objective

The primary aim was to measure the impact of body mass index (BMI) in youth with type 1 diabetes on cardiovascular risk factors. The secondary aim was to identify other determinants of cardiovascular risk.

Design

Observational longitudinal study of 7061 youth with type 1 diabetes followed for median 7.3 (interquartile range [IQR] 4-11) years over 41 (IQR 29-56) visits until March 2019.

Setting

15 tertiary care diabetes centers in the Australasian Diabetes Data Network.

Participants were aged 2 to 25 years at baseline, with at least 2 measurements of BMI and blood pressure.

Main Outcome Measure

Standardized systolic and diastolic blood pressure scores and non–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were co-primary outcomes. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was the secondary outcome.

Results

BMI z-score related independently to standardized blood pressure z- scores and non-HDL cholesterol. An increase in 1 BMI z-score related to an average increase in systolic/diastolic blood pressure of 3.8/1.4 mmHg and an increase in non-HDL cholesterol (coefficient + 0.16 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.18; P < 0.001) and in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Females had higher blood pressure z-scores, higher non-HDL and LDL cholesterol, and higher urinary albumin/creatinine than males. Indigenous youth had markedly higher urinary albumin/creatinine (coefficient + 2.15 mg/mmol, 95% CI, 1.27-3.03; P < 0.001) and higher non-HDL cholesterol than non-Indigenous youth. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was associated independently with lower non-HDL cholesterol and lower urinary albumin/creatinine.

Conclusions

BMI had a modest independent effect on cardiovascular risk. Females and Indigenous Australians in particular had a more adverse risk profile.
Folklore of Operational Banality
Authors: Krupar Shiloh
Published: October 2020

This article explores the reductive workings of policy that lead to intimate everyday forms of violence within US-based medical administration. Using the framework of folklore of operational banality (“FOOB”), the article examines a geodata-driven way of addressing uncompensated medical care that targets “superusers” of the US health care system. The case scrutinizes the operative truths, procedural rationalities, and absurd reductions performed by this administrative system that sorts people in terms of cost and risk. It shows how such administrative strategies result in further bureaucratized inequities and harm, even as they claim to support life by ontologizing cost efficiency and cost-benefit thinking, accumulating biological data for geosurveillance and biosecurity, and treating risk and vulnerability as the property and responsibility of certain individuals/bodies and spaces rather than as the result of social-environmental problems. A parodic counterfigure appears in the case to amplify criticism of the individualized management of life/risk and the reliance on technocratic methods and biomedical models to define and allocate health care as separate from environmental and justice-oriented concerns. The figure of Health Coach App renders absurd the power relations of health interventions that exclude broader social etiologies of disease and illness and shows that collaborative approaches between environmental and medical humanities are needed to reveal banal administrative violence and to advocate for better policies.
On the Intersection of Somatechnics and Transgender Studies
Authors: Janzen Caitlin , Randell-Moon Holly , van der Tuin Iris , Vroegindeweij Melisse
Published: October 2020

The relationship between transgender studies and somatechnics has been generative. In this reflection on the intersection between somatechnics and transgender studies, the editorial collective of the Somatechnics journal provides a brief outline of what has been accomplished in the latter through an engagement with the former. This reflection is not intended to be an exhaustive review of trans*-somatechnics relations. Instead, here we highlight topics and modes of study that are indicative of critical interest in trans* matters at this time and how these matters intersect with our related areas of research. We outline how the somatechnical understanding of transgender as relational and constitutively realized through particular kinds of sociopolitical contexts explains the critical purchase of somatechnical investigations to trans* matters. We also cover somatechnics and transgender studies' engagements with technologies of mobility, race, and coloniality as well as media. We suggest that work in the journal on somatechnics and transgender studies constitutes a trans-substantial dialogue that trans*-identified scholars make specific via their contributions to social sciences and the humanities.
Issued by Way of “The Issue of Blackness”
Authors: Aiken Joshua , Modi Jessica Marion , Polk Olivia R.
Published: October 2020

In 2017, TSQ published its special issue on the convergence of blackness and trans*ness, “The Issue of Blackness.” In their introduction, “We Got Issues,” editors Treva Ellison, Kai M. Green, Matt Richardson, and C. Riley Snorton offer a vision of a black trans* studies that acknowledges twentieth-century black feminist thought as its primary genealogy. For Ellison et al., the move to make black feminism the intellectual center of black trans* studies not only resists black women's persistent erasure from institutional narratives of knowledge making but also opens the contributions of trans* studies onto new fields of possibility for thinking and feeling embodiment, sociality, and memory otherwise. Aiken, Modi, and Polk build on Ellison et al.’s vision for a black trans* studies by bringing the concerns of “The Issue of Blackness” into conversation with recent black feminist critiques of disciplinarity and representation to imagine again how a black trans* studies rooted in black feminism might take shape in the university today.
The Vulnerable Child Protection Act and Transgender Children's Health
Authors: Sadjadi Sahar
Published: October 2020

A recent spate of legislation such as South Dakota's HB 1057, known as the Vulnerable Child Protection Act, seeks to criminalize medical treatment for gender transition in minors under sixteen. This essay argues that these laws do not safeguard children's health but are part of a broader attack on transgender rights that uses the protection of children as a powerful pretense to scapegoat a minority. It suggests that the analyses and insights of the field of transgender studies could inform, enrich, and reconfigure current clinical and public-policy debates around gender-variant children. This essay also aims at drawing the attention of supporters of transgender children to aspects of current medical treatments and their potential implications for young people that might get lost in this explosive political climate.
NO Dynamics in Microbial Denitrification System
Authors: Tosha Takehiko , Yamagiwa Raika , Sawai Hitomi , Shiro Yoshitsugu
Published: October 2020

Nitric oxide (NO) is generated in some biological systems. Due to its radical character, it exhibits high reactivity, but biological system can manage NO without sustaining any damage to bio-compounds in the cell. As a model system to understand how the NO dynamics is controlled in the cell, we have been studying denitrification of microbial respiration, in which NO is generated as an intermediate product. In denitrification, it was found that NO produced by the NO-generating enzyme (NiR: nitrite reductase) can be smoothly transferred to the NO-decomposing enzyme (NOR: nitric oxide reductase) by making a complex of the two enzymes. The chemical mechanism of the NO decomposition by NOR was also revealed by the time-resolved spectroscopic techniques.
A Journey of Hope: giving research participants a voice to share their experiences and improve community engagement around advanced HIV disease in Uganda
Authors: Cresswell Fiona V. , Kasibante John , Martyn Emily M. , Tugume Lillian , Stead Gavin , Ssembambulidde Kenneth , Rutakingirwa Morris K. , Kagimu Enock , Nsangi Laura , Namuju Carol , Ndyetukira Jane F. , Ahimbisibwe Cynthia , Kugonza Florence , Sadiq Alisat , Namudde Alice , Dobbin Joanna , Srishyla Diksha , Quinn Carson , Kabahubya Mable , Muzoora Conrad , Watiti Stephen , Meya David B. , Elliott Alison M.
Published: October 2020

Over the last decade excellent progress has been made globally in HIV management thanks to antiretroviral therapy (ART) rollout and international guidelines now recommending immediate initiation of ART in people living with HIV. Despite this, advanced HIV disease (CD4 less than 200 cells/mL) and opportunistic infections remain a persistent challenge and contribute significantly to HIV-associated mortality, which equates to 23,000 deaths in Uganda in 2018 alone. Our Meningitis Research Team based in Uganda is committed to conducting clinical trials to answer important questions regarding diagnostics and management of HIV-associated opportunistic infections, including tuberculosis and cryptococcal meningitis. However, clinical research is impossible without research participants and results are meaningless unless they are translated into benefits for those affected by the disease. Therefore, we held a series of community engagement events with the aims of 1) giving research participants a voice to share their experiences of clinical research and messages of hope around advanced HIV disease with the community, 2) dispelling myths and stigma around HIV, and 3) raising awareness about the complications of advanced HIV disease and local clinical research and recent scientific advances. The purpose of this Open Letter is to describe our community engagement experience in Uganda, where we aimed to give clinical research participants a greater voice to share their experiences. These activities build upon decades of work in HIV community engagement and lays a platform for future research and engagement activities.
A protocol for a qualitative synthesis exploring people with stroke, family members, caregivers and healthcare professionals experiences of early supported discharge (ESD) after stroke
Authors: O Connor Elaine , Dolan Eamon , Horgan Frances , Robinson Katie , Galvin Rose
Published: October 2020

Early supported discharge (ESD) facilitates a person with a stroke to be discharged from the acute hospital environment earlier than conventional care to continue their rehabilitation within the home with members of the multi-disciplinary team. A number of quantitative studies have highlighted benefits of ESD including a reduction in the length of inpatient stay, cost savings, as well as reducing long term dependency. This systematic review and qualitative synthesis explores the perspectives and experiences of those involved in ESD including people with stroke, family members, caregivers as well as the healthcare professionals involved in the delivery of the service.

A comprehensive literature search will be completed in the following databases CINAHL, PubMed Central, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Sage, Academic Search Complete, Directory of Open Access Journals, The Cochrane Library, PsycARTICLES and Scopus. Qualitative or mixed methods studies that include qualitative data on the perspectives and experiences of people with stroke, family members, caregivers and healthcare professionals of an ESD service will be included.

Methodological quality will be appraised using the ten-item Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative research by two independent reviewers with a third reviewer involved should differences of opinion arise. Findings will be synthesised using thematic synthesis.   

It is anticipated that the qualitative synthesis will provide a deeper understanding of the experiences of ESD which may serve to inform practice as well as assist in the development of new ESD services.

PROSPERO registration: CRD42020135197 – 28/04/2020
Health Academy Program and physical activity levels in Brazilian state capitals
Authors: Faria Thania Mara Teixeira Rezende , Brenner Stephan , Deckert Andreas , Florindo Alex Antonio , Mielke Gregore Iven
Published: October 2020

The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of a community-based physical activity program, the Health Academy Program (Academia da Saúde or PAS), on leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among the population living at the Brazilian state capitals. We pooled individual data from the National Surveillance for Protective and Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL) between 2006 and 2016 and estimated odds ratios according to levels of exposure by using a multilevel logistic regression. Total sample was composed of 572,437 individuals. In the initial model, chances of reaching sufficient LTPA was 1.20 (95%CI: 1.16-1.25) times higher among individuals exposed since 2011. In the analyses adjusted for year, sex, age and education, this probability was only 1.04 (95%CI: 1.00-1.08) times higher among exposed individuals. Odds of reaching recommended LTPA was 1.09 (95%CI: 1.04-1.15) times higher among women exposed since 2011 as compared to women in the control group with no exposure. No other statistically significant results were found. We conclude that the PAS cannot substantially affect whole populations. Yet it is possible to visualize a positive influence of the program on specific subgroups, pointing to its potential to reduce gender inequity in LTPA practice. We recommend more tailored interventions before indistinctively scaling up the program, as well as we suggest better monitoring for large scale evaluations.
Online Review Solicitations Reduce Extremity Bias in Online Review Distributions and Increase Their Representativeness
Authors: Karaman Hülya
Published: October 2020

Representative online customer reviews are critical to the effective functioning of the Internet economy. In this study, I investigate the representativeness of online review distributions to examine how extremity bias and conformity impact it and explore whether online review solicitations alter representativeness. Past research on extreme distribution of online ratings commonly relied solely on observed public online ratings. One strength of the current paper is that I observe the private satisfaction ratings of customers regardless of whether they choose to write an online review or not. I show that both extremity bias and conformity exist in unsolicited online word-of-mouth (WOM) and introduce online review solicitations as a mechanism that can partially de-bias ratings. Solicitations increase all customers’ engagement in online WOM, but if solicited, those with moderate experiences increase their engagement more than those with extreme experiences. Consequently, although extremity bias still exists in solicited online WOM, solicitations significantly increase the representativeness of rating distributions. Surprisingly, the results demonstrate that without conformity, unsolicited online WOM would be even less representative of the original customer experiences. Furthermore, I document that both solicited and unsolicited reviews equally overstate the average customer experience (compared with average private ratings) despite stark differences in their rating distributions. Finally, I establish that solicitations for reviews on the company-owned website, on average, decrease the number of one-star reviews on a third-party review platform.

This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing.
Do corpo como objeto ao ser no mundo: sobre o primeiro capítulo da primeira parte da "Fenomenologia da Percepção", de M. Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Barki Minkovicius Dani
Published: October 2020

Este texto pretende comentar o primeiro capítulo, O corpo como objeto e a fisiologia mecanicista, da primeira parte, O corpo, da Fenomenologia da Percepção de M. Merleau-Ponty, de modo a não só acompanhar o movimento descritivo desse texto em questão, como também, e principalmente, situá-lo em relação à obra como um todo. Sendo assim, visamos operar, junto ao filósofo, a crítica ao corpo como objeto e a passagem, desta orientação, ao ser no mundo, revelando o sentido desta descrição e enfatizando a dimensão constituinte da perspectiva fenomenológica de Merleau-Ponty, uma “fenomenologia da gênese”, naquilo que permite retornar ao pré-objetivo, realizar a passagem deste ao objetivo, constituir a ambiguidade e o sentido de ambos, e compreender o significado e o lugar do corpo, da crítica ao “objeto” e do alcance do ser no mundo nesse projeto fenomenológico mais amplo. No que, enfim, faz destacar a temporalidade como fundamental no mundo fenomenológico, em geral, e nessa passagem, do começo da obra, do corpo como objeto ao ser no mundo, em particular.
Editorial
Authors: Dos Santos Fábio Candido
Published: October 2020

Editorial
Initial Assessment and Stabilisation of the Head Trauma Patient
Authors: Bell Samantha
Published: October 2020

Head trauma cases can be a daunting emergency to be faced with. These patients require an efficient and thorough assessment and have specific nursing requirements. In order to achieve a positive outcome, it is therefore important that nurses feel confident in identifying the signs that indicate deterioration and are able to alert the veterinary surgeon to them. It is also vital that nurses know the best way to be prepared for the patient's admission to the practice. The principles of the initial assessment are to triage any life-threatening presenting conditions and limit the effects of the secondary trauma to reduce intracranial pressure. The mainstay of stabilising these patients requires intensive nursing care, intravenous therapy, hyperosmolar therapy and pain management. This article discusses the pathophysiology, initial nursing interventions and considerations for the initial assessment and stabilisation of head trauma cases.
Examination of Realism in a High-Fidelity Tractor Driving Simulator
Authors: Faust Kayla , Casteel Carri , McGehee Daniel V. , Ramirez Marizen , Rohlman Diane S. , Peek-Asa Corinne
Published: October 2020

Highlights

Describes the creation of a new high-fidelity tractor driving simulator.

Describes the perceived realism of a tractor driving simulator among 99 Midwestern farm equipment operators.

Examines how farm equipment operator characteristics affect perceived realism of a tractor driving simulator.

Discusses potential improvements for future generations of tractor driving simulators.

Abstract. Transportation-related incidents are the leading cause of occupational fatalities for all industries in the U.S., including the agricultural industry, which suffers thousands of crashes involving farm equipment each year. Simulated driving studies offer a safe and cost-effective way to conduct driving research that would not be feasible in the real world. A tractor driving miniSim was developed and then evaluated for realism at the University of Iowa among 99 Midwestern farm equipment operators. It is important for driving simulators to have a high degree of realism for their results to be applicable to non-simulated driving operations. High-fidelity driving simulators facilitate extrapolations made by driving research but should be re-tested for realism when changes are made to the design of the simulator. The simulator used in this study emulated a tractor cab with realistic controls, three high-resolution screens, and high-fidelity sound. After completing a 10-minute drive, farm equipment operators completed a survey and scored four specific domains assessing specific characteristics (i.e., appearance, user interface, control, and sound) of the tractor simulator’s realism using a seven-point Likert scale (from 0 = not at all realistic to 6 = completely realistic). An overall realism score and domain scores were calculated. Farm equipment operators were also asked to provide recommendations for improving the tractor miniSim. Overall, farm equipment operators rated the simulator’s realism favorably (i.e., >3 on a scale from 0 to 6) for all individual items and domains. The appearance domain received the highest average realism score (mean = 4.58, SD = 1.03), and the sound domain received the lowest average realism score (mean = 3.86, SD = 1.57). We found no significant differences in realism scores across farm equipment operator characteristics. The most frequently suggested improvements were to tighten the steering wheel (27%), make the front tires visible (19%), and that no improvements were needed to improve the simulator realism (18%). This study demonstrates that the new tractor miniSim is a viable approach to studying farm equipment operations and events that can lead to tractor-related crashes. Future studies should incorporate the suggested improvements and seek to validate the simulator as a research and outreach instrument. Keywords: Driving simulator, Farm equipment operators, Realism, Tractors.
Neoliberalism, healthism and moral judgements: a psychosocial approach to class
Authors: Aamann Iben Charlotte
Published: October 2020

This article explores how a psychosocial approach to class can shed light on the ways in which neoliberal governmentality works through moral judgements and how different emotions within a ‘regime of judgements’ are rooted in class relations.

First, I look at sociological arguments about health in terms of the risk logic of healthism and theories about the neoliberal imperative of moral value display in order to build a theoretical framework on a key feature of neoliberalism: the field of moral judgements. Second, I look at psychosocially oriented class theories, which specify morality and respectability as key features of class.

I then illustrate the theoretical points through two empirical cases consisting of two very different mothers, involved in their six-year-old children’s start in the final preschool class. Two theoretical concepts unfold in dialogue with the cases and the psychosocial approach: habitus’ emotional implications and class consciousness understood as a sense of being judged. I show how, for the privileged middle-class mother, judging is associated with a feeling of entitlement and moral superiority, while the less privileged mother seems to feel a judgemental gaze, and is thus uncomfortable and nervous in relation to moral judgements of respectability.

The article concludes that the psychosocial potential lies in exploring both how class morals currently shape subjectivity and how the emotional implications of this are drivers of the ways in which neoliberal governmentality relies on moral judgements related to healthism, risk and responsibilisation.
COVID-19 and the global energy market: implications for international and domestic policies in the Arab Gulf states
Authors: Wright Steven
Published: October 2020

For the Gulf states, the COVID-19 pandemic has acted as an accelerant to systemic fiscal challenges the states were projected to face. These longer-term fiscal challenges were a result of fundamental shifts in the global energy market towards lacklustre demand, oversupply of oil and gas, and depressed prices. Moreover, the shift towards carbon -neutrality and investment in renewables by key regions such as the European Union and China, have added to the long-term outlook on fossil fuel demand. This article examines such trends and concludes that the Gulf region is facing a looming fiscal cliff, whereby public policy within the Gulf states will necessarily reflect the three main areas of taxation, austerity and increased activity in the bond market to raise liquidity. Such trends have been made more pronounced by the pandemic. It is argued that in the context of rising debt, the immediate challenge identified for these states will be their peg to the United States Dollar. Such fiscal conditions will necessitate a drive by these states to attract foreign direct investment, and greater engagement with China through the Belt and Road Initiative is identified as a likely outcome. Therefore, this article concludes that the impact of the pandemic will hasten a shift in both public policy, state-society-relations, and in the international relations of the region.
Merging Mie solutions and the radiative transport equation to measure optical properties of scattering particles in optical phantoms
Authors: Baez-Castillo L. , Ortiz-Rascón E. , Bruce N. C. , Garduño-Mejía J. , Carrillo-Torres R. C. , Álvarez-Ramos M. E.
Published: October 2020

We present a new method to calculate the complex refractive index of spherical scatterers in a novel optical phantom developed by using homemade monodisperse silica nanospheres embedded into a polyester resin matrix and an ethanol–water mixture for applications in diffuse imaging. The spherical geometry of these nanoparticles makes them suitable for direct comparison between the values of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (

μ

a

and

μ

s

′

, respectively) obtained by the diffusion approximation solution to the transport equation from scattering measurements and those obtained by the Mie solution to Maxwell’s equations. The values of the optical properties can be obtained by measuring, using an ultrafast detector, the time-resolved intensity distribution profiles of diffuse light transmitted through a thick slab of the silica nanosphere phantom, and by fitting them to the time-dependent diffusion approximation solution to the transport equation. These values can also be obtained by Mie solutions for spherical particles when their physical properties and size are known. By using scanning electron microscopy, we measured the size of these nanospheres, and the numerical results of

μ

a

and

μ

s

′

can then be inferred by calculating the absorption and scattering efficiencies. Then we propose a numerical interval for the imaginary part of the complex refractive index of

S
i
O

2

nanospheres,

n

s

, which is estimated by fixing the fitted values of

μ

a

and

μ

s

′

, using the known value of the real part of

n

s

, and finding the corresponding value of

I
m

(

n

s

)

that matches the optical parameters obtained by both methods finding values close to those reported for silica glass. This opens the possibility of producing optical phantoms with scattering and absorption properties that can be predicted and designed from precise knowledge of the physical characteristics of their constituents from a microscopic point of view.
Guided-mode resonance-based bandpass filter operating at full conical mounting
Authors: Saha Nabarun , Kou Wen-Kai
Published: October 2020

We propose a cost-effective narrow bandpass filter based on a guided-mode resonance (GMR) structure, operating at full conical mounting configuration. Two additional layers above the GMR structure with designed geometry is considered to create a large angle of incidence (AOI) on the GMR structure with an almost normal AOI on the entire structure. In the visible wavelength range, the transmission spectrum contains three peaks: two peaks that are due to the GMR effect and one that is due to thin-film interference. The modal characteristic of the two GMR peaks is identified using a matrix method for the n-layer waveguide structure. The two GMR peaks with bandwidths of

∼

1

n
m

and

∼

0.5

n
m

correspond to the fundamental TE and TM modes, respectively. The GMR peaks can be pushed away from the thin-film interference peak by modulating the grating depth.
Capture-based enrichment of Theileria parva DNA enables full genome assembly of first buffalo-derived strain and reveals exceptional intra-specific genetic diversity
Authors: Palmateer Nicholas C. , Tretina Kyle , Orvis Joshua , Ifeonu Olukemi O. , Crabtree Jonathan , Drabék Elliott , Pelle Roger , Awino Elias , Gotia Hanzel T. , Munro James B. , Tallon Luke , Morrison W. Ivan , Daubenberger Claudia A. , Nene Vish , Knowles Donald P. , Bishop Richard P. , Silva Joana C.
Published: October 2020

Theileria parva is an economically important, intracellular, tick-transmitted parasite of cattle. A live vaccine against the parasite is effective against challenge from cattle-transmissible T. parva but not against genotypes originating from the African Cape buffalo, a major wildlife reservoir, prompting the need to characterize genome-wide variation within and between cattle- and buffalo-associated T. parva populations. Here, we describe a capture-based target enrichment approach that enables, for the first time, de novo assembly of nearly complete T. parva genomes derived from infected host cell lines. This approach has exceptionally high specificity and sensitivity and is successful for both cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva parasites. De novo genome assemblies generated for cattle genotypes differ from the reference by ~54K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the 8.31 Mb genome, an average of 6.5 SNPs/kb. We report the first buffalo-derived T. parva genome, which is ~20 kb larger than the genome from the reference, cattle-derived, Muguga strain, and contains 25 new potential genes. The average non-synonymous nucleotide diversity (πN) per gene, between buffalo-derived T. parva and the Muguga strain, was 1.3%. This remarkably high level of genetic divergence is supported by an average Wright’s fixation index (FST), genome-wide, of 0.44, reflecting a degree of genetic differentiation between cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva parasites more commonly seen between, rather than within, species. These findings present clear implications for vaccine development, further demonstrated by the ability to assemble nearly all known antigens in the buffalo-derived strain, which will be critical in design of next generation vaccines. The DNA capture approach used provides a clear advantage in specificity over alternative T. parva DNA enrichment methods used previously, such as those that utilize schizont purification, is less labor intensive, and enables in-depth comparative genomics in this apicomplexan parasite.
‘She just does not fit in here’: Identity, politics of appearance and aesthetic labour in Turkey’s retail landscapes
Authors: Sayan-Cengiz Feyda
Published: October 2020

This study looks into the politics of appearance in the retail sales labour market for women in Turkey and explores how norms of ‘being presentable and fashionable’ prevailing in different retail landscapes map onto intersections of class, status and the fault lines of Turkey’s identity politics. In an attempt to understand how such norms are constructed, this article employs the discussion on aesthetic labour and focuses on the aesthetic labour requirements in large-scale retailers selling or competing with global brands, small-scale retailers and tesettür retailers. The article relies on data derived from participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus groups conducted with saleswomen and employers in different retail landscapes in five cities of Turkey between 2009 and 2012. The study suggests that large-scale retailers and shopping malls require retail workers to convey an appearance and deportment that fits in with globally circulating images of what is taken to be ‘normal’, middle class and fashionable, leading to the exclusion of saleswomen with headscarves as they are perceived to manifest a particularity and deviation from a normalized middle-class identity. On the other hand, in tesettür chain stores competing in the area of global veiling fashion, the headscarf is usually a requirement as a part of the globally relevant, Islamic middle-class image that retail workers are expected to embody. The norms of aesthetic labour in both kinds of large-scale retailers differ sharply from small-scale retailers, where embodying local gendered norms, and the ability to manage relations in local marketplaces surface as the most salient requirements from retail saleswomen.
Pious Fashion: How Muslim Women Dress, Elizabeth Bucar (2017)
Authors: George Lezley
Published: October 2020

Review of: Pious Fashion: How Muslim Women Dress, Elizabeth Bucar (2017)

Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 248 pp.,

ISBN 978-0-67497-616-0, h/bk, £23.95