bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Heating Alternating Magnetic Field Nanomechanical Stimulation of Biomolecule Structures via Magnetic Nanoparticles as the Basis for Future Low-Toxic Biomedical Applications
Authors: Golovin Yuri I. , Golovin Dmitry Yu. , Vlasova Ksenia Yu. , Veselov Maxim M. , Usvaliev Azizbek D. , Kabanov Alexander V. , Klyachko Natalia L.
Published: August 2021

The review discusses the theoretical, experimental and toxicological aspects of the prospective biomedical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) activated by a low frequency non-heating alternating magnetic field (AMF). In this approach, known as nano-magnetomechanical activation (NMMA), the MNPs are used as mediators that localize and apply force to such target biomolecular structures as enzyme molecules, transport vesicles, cell organelles, etc., without significant heating. It is shown that NMMA can become a biophysical platform for a family of therapy methods including the addressed delivery and controlled release of therapeutic agents from transport nanomodules, as well as selective molecular nanoscale localized drugless nanomechanical impacts. It is characterized by low system biochemical and electromagnetic toxicity. A technique of 3D scanning of the NMMA region with the size of several mm to several cm over object internals has been described.
Design of Laminated Composite Plates with Carbon Nanotube Inclusions against Buckling: Waviness and Agglomeration Effects
Authors: Georgantzinos Stelios K. , Antoniou Panagiotis A. , Giannopoulos Georgios I. , Fatsis Antonios , Markolefas Stylianos I.
Published: August 2021

In the present study, a buckling analysis of laminated composite rectangular plates reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) inclusions is carried out using the finite element method (FEM). The rule of mixtures and the Halpin–Tsai model are employed to calculate the elastic modulus of the nanocomposite matrix. The effects of three critical factors, including random dispersion, waviness, and agglomeration of MWCNTs in the polymer matrix, on the material properties of the nanocomposite are analyzed. Then, the critical buckling loads of the composite plates are numerically determined for different design parameters, such as plate side-to-thickness ratio, elastic modulus ratio, boundary conditions, layup schemes, and fiber orientation angles. The influence of carbon nanotube fillers on the critical buckling load of a nanocomposite rectangular plate, considering the modified Halpin–Tsai micromechanical model, is demonstrated. The results are in good agreement with experimental and other theoretical data available in the open literature.
Assessing Lymphatic Uptake of Lipids Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Feasibility Study in Healthy Human Volunteers with Potential Application for Tracking Lymph Node Delivery of Drugs and Formulation Excipients
Authors: Jewell Adelaide , Williams Hannah , Hoad Caroline L. , Gellert Paul R. , Ashford Marianne B. , Butler James , Stolnik Snow , Scurr David , Stocks Michael J. , Marciani Luca , Gowland Penny A. , Gershkovich Pavel
Published: August 2021

Dietary lipids and some pharmaceutical lipid excipients can facilitate the targeted delivery of drugs to the intestinal lymphatics. Here, the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for imaging lipid uptake into the intestinal lymphatics was assessed, shedding light on which lymph nodes can be targeted using this approach. Three healthy male volunteers were scanned at 3.0 T at baseline, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min post high-fat meal. A sagittal multi-slice image was acquired using a diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging sequence with background suppression (DWIBS) (pre inversion TI = 260 ms). Changes in area, major, and minor axis length were compared at each time point. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was calculated (b = 0 and 600 s/mm2) across eight slices. An average of 22 nodes could be visualised across all time points. ADC increased at 120 and 180 min compared to the baseline in all three participants by an average of 9.2% and 6.8%, respectively. In two participants, mean node area and major axis lengths increased at 120 and 180 min relative to the baseline. In conclusion, the method described shows potential for repeated lymph node measurements and the tracking of lipid uptake into the lymphatics. Further studies should focus on methodology optimisation in a larger cohort.
A New Approach to Atopic Dermatitis Control with Low-Concentration Propolis-Loaded Cold Cream
Authors: Martin Bianca Aparecida , Lemos Camila Nunes , Dalmolin Luciana Facco , Arruda Caroline , Brait Íris Sperchi Camilo , Cazarim Maurílio de Souza , da Cruz-Cazarim Estael Luzia Coelho , Bueno Paula Carolina Pires , Júnior Maurílio Polizello , Pereira Leonardo Régis Leira , Cardili Renata Nahas , Fonseca Vianna Lopez Renata
Published: August 2021

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is difficult to treat. Traditional cold cream, a water-in-oil emulsion made from beeswax, is used to alleviate AD symptoms in clinical practice, although its effectiveness has not been scientifically proven. The addition of propolis has the potential to impart anti-inflammatory properties to cold cream. However, in high concentrations, propolis can trigger allergic reactions. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop a cold cream formulation based on purified beeswax containing the same amount of green propolis present in raw beeswax. The impact of adding this low propolis concentration to cold cream on AD control was evaluated in patients compared to cold cream without added propolis (CBlank). Raw beeswax was chemically characterized to define the propolis concentration added to the propolis-loaded cold cream (CPropolis). The creams were characterized as to their physicochemical, mechanical, and rheological characteristics. The effect of CPropolis and CBlank on the quality of life, disease severity, and skin hydration of patients with AD was evaluated in a triple-blind randomized preclinical study. Concentrations of 34 to 120 ng/mL of green propolis extract reduced TNF-α levels in LPS-stimulated macrophage culture. The addition of propolis to cold cream did not change the cream’s rheological, mechanical, or bioadhesive properties. The preclinical study suggested that both creams improved the patient’s quality of life. Furthermore, the use of CPropolis decreased the disease severity compared to CBlank.
Viscoelastic and Deformation Characteristics of Structurally Different Commercial Topical Systems
Authors: Dabbaghi Maryam , Namjoshi Sarika , Panchal Bhavesh , Grice Jeffrey E. , Prakash Sangeeta , Roberts Michael Stephen , Mohammed Yousuf
Published: August 2021

Rheological characteristics and shear response have potential implication in defining the pharmaceutical equivalence, therapeutic equivalence, and perceptive equivalence of commercial topical products. Three creams (C1 and C3 as oil-in-water and C2 as water-in-oil emulsions), and two gels (G1 and G2 carbomer-based) were characterized using the dynamic range of controlled shear in steady-state flow and oscillatory modes. All products, other than C3, met the Critical Quality Attribute criteria for high zero-shear viscosity (η0) of 2.6 × 104 to 1.5 × 105 Pa∙s and yield stress (τ0) of 55 to 277 Pa. C3 exhibited a smaller linear viscoelastic region and lower η0 (2547 Pa∙s) and τ0 (2 Pa), consistent with lotion-like behavior. All dose forms showed viscoelastic solid behavior having a storage modulus (G′) higher than the loss modulus (G″) in the linear viscoelastic region. However, the transition of G′ > G″ to G″ > G′ during the continual strain increment was more rapid for the creams, elucidating a relatively brittle deformation, whereas these transitions in gels were more prolonged, consistent with a gradual disentanglement of the polymer network. In conclusion, these analyses not only ensure quality and stability, but also enable the microstructure to be characterized as being flexible (gels) or inelastic (creams).
Surface-Tailored Zein Nanoparticles: Strategies and Applications
Authors: Abdelsalam Ahmed M. , Somaida Ahmed , Ayoub Abdallah Mohamed , Alsharif Fahd M. , Preis Eduard , Wojcik Matthias , Bakowsky Udo
Published: August 2021

Plant-derived proteins have emerged as leading candidates in several drug and food delivery applications in diverse pharmaceutical designs. Zein is considered one of the primary plant proteins obtained from maize, and is well known for its biocompatibility and safety in biomedical fields. The ability of zein to carry various pharmaceutically active substances (PAS) position it as a valuable contender for several in vitro and in vivo applications. The unique structure and possibility of surface covering with distinct coating shells or even surface chemical modifications have enabled zein utilization in active targeted and site-specific drug delivery. This work summarizes up-to-date studies on zein formulation technology based on its structural features. Additionally, the multiple applications of zein, including drug delivery, cellular imaging, and tissue engineering, are discussed with a focus on zein-based active targeted delivery systems and antigenic response to its potential in vivo applicability.
Anticancer and Structure Activity Relationship of Non-Symmetrical Choline Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Schiaffino-Ortega Santiago , Mariotto Elena , Luque-Navarro Pilar María , Kimatrai-Salvador María , Rios-Marco Pablo , Hurtado-Guerrero Ramon , Marco Carmen , Carrasco-Jimenez María Paz , Viola Giampietro , López-Cara Luisa Carlota
Published: August 2021

Choline kinase inhibitors are an outstanding class of cytotoxic compounds useful for the treatment of different forms of cancer since aberrant choline metabolism is a feature of neoplastic cells. Here, we present the most in-depth structure-activity relationship studies of an interesting series of non-symmetric choline kinase inhibitors previously reported by our group: 3a–h and 4a–h. They are characterized by cationic heads of 3-aminophenol bound to 4-(dimethylamino)- or 4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridinium through several linkers. These derivatives were evaluated both for their inhibitory activity on the enzyme and their antiproliferative activity in a panel of six human tumor cell lines. The compounds with the N-atom connected to the linker (4a–h) show the best inhibitory results, in the manner of results supported by docking studies. On the contrary, the best antiproliferative compounds were those with the O-atom bounded to the linker (3a–h). On the other hand, as was predictable in both families, the inhibitory effect on the enzyme is better the shorter the length of the linker. However, in tumor cells, lipophilicity and choline uptake inhibition could play a decisive role. Interestingly, compounds 3c and 4f, selected for both their ability to inhibit the enzyme and good antiproliferative activity, are endowed with low toxicity in non-tumoral cells (e.g., human peripheral lymphocytes) concerning cancer cells. These compounds were also able to induce apoptosis in Jurkat leukemic cells without causing significant variations of the cell cycle. It is worth mentioning that these derivatives, besides their inhibitory effect on choline kinase, displayed a modest ability to inhibit choline uptake thus suggesting that this mechanism may also contribute to the observed cytotoxicity.
Effects of Eye Drops Containing Hyaluronic Acid-Nimesulide Conjugates in a Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Experimental Dry Eye Rabbit Model
Authors: Chen Tzu-Yang , Tseng Ching-Li , Lin Chih-An , Lin Hua-Yang , Venkatesan Parthiban , Lai Ping-Shan
Published: August 2021

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a common ocular disease worldwide. Currently, anti-inflammatory agents and immunosuppressive drugs, such as cyclosporine A, have been widely used to treat this chronic condition. However, the multifactorial etiology of DES, poor tolerance, low bioavailability, and prolonged treatment to response time have limited their usage. In this study, nimesulide, a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selective inhibitor, was conjugated with hyaluronic acid (HA), and the HA-nimesulide conjugates were expected to increase the solubility and biocompatibility for alleviating the DES in the benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced goblet cell-loss dry eye model. The therapeutic efficacy of HA-nimesulide was assessed using fluorescein staining, goblet cell density by conjunctival impression cytology, and histology and immunohistochemistry of corneal tissues. Compared to commercial artificial tears and Restasis®, the HA-nimesulide conjugates could promote goblet cell recovery and enhance the regeneration of the corneal epithelium. Importantly, immunofluorescent staining studies demonstrated that the HA-nimesulide conjugates could decrease the number of infiltrating CD11b-positive cells after two weeks of topical application. In the anti-inflammatory test, the HA-nimesulide conjugates could inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cell model. In conclusion, we demonstrated that HA-nimesulide conjugates had anti-inflammatory activity, and promoted goblet cell recovery and corneal epithelium regeneration when used as topical eye drops; accordingly, the HA-nimesulide conjugates could potentially be effective for the treatment of DES.
Design of Experiments to Achieve an Efficient Chitosan-Based DNA Vaccine Delivery System
Authors: Rodolfo Carlos , Eusébio Dalinda , Ventura Cathy , Nunes Renato , Florindo Helena F. , Costa Diana , Sousa Ângela
Published: August 2021

In current times, DNA vaccines are seen as a promising approach to treat and prevent diseases, such as virus infections and cancer. Aiming at the production of a functional and effective plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery system, four chitosan polymers, differing in the molecular weight, were studied using the design of experiments (DoE) tool. These gene delivery systems were formulated by ionotropic gelation and exploring the chitosan and TPP concentrations as DoE inputs to maximize the nanoparticle positive charge and minimize their size and polydispersity index (PDI) as DoE outputs. The obtained linear and quadratic models were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) and non-significant lack of fit, with suitable coefficient of determination and the respective optimal points successfully validated. Furthermore, morphology, stability and cytotoxicity assays were performed to evaluate the endurance of these systems over time and their further potential for future in vitro studies. The subsequent optimization process was successful achieved for the delivery systems based on the four chitosan polymers, in which the smallest particle size was obtained for the carrier containing the 5 kDa chitosan (~82 nm), while the nanosystem prepared with the high molecular weight (HMW) chitosan displayed the highest zeta potential (~+26.8 mV). Delivery systems were stable in the formulation buffer after a month and did not exhibit toxicity for the cells. In this sense, DoE revealed to be a powerful tool to explore and tailor the characteristics of chitosan/pDNA nanosystems significantly contributing to unraveling an optimum carrier for advancing the DNA vaccines delivery field.
Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Activities of the Water-Ethanol Extract of Pulicaria undulata Growing in the Oasis of Central Saudi Arabian Desert
Authors: Mohammed Hamdoon A. , Al-Omar Mohsen S. , Khan Riaz A. , Mohammed Salman A. A. , Qureshi Kamal A. , Abbas Manal M. , Al Rugaie Osamah , Abd-Elmoniem Essam , Ahmad Adel M. , Kandil Yasser I.
Published: August 2021

Pulicaria undulata (L.) C. A. Mey has multiple uses as part of the traditional medicament, and several biological activities of the plant have been corroborated in the scientific literature. The current work evaluates the phytochemical constituents and biological properties of the water-ethanol extract of the P. undulata growing in Qassim, the central arid regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Qualitative UPLC-ESIQ-TOF analysis identified 27 compounds belonging to the phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenes, coumarins, and of fatty acids chemical classes. The quantitative analysis exhibited 33.3 mg/g GAE (Gallic Acid Equivalents), and 10.8 mg/g QE (Quercetin Equivalents) of the phenolics and flavonoids in the plant’s concentrated (to dryness) water-ethanol extract. The trace elements analysis of the plant’s dry powder established the presence of copper (20.13 µg/kg), and zinc (68.2 µg/kg) in the higher levels of occurrences. In terms of the antioxidant potential of the plant’s extract, the ferric-reducing, and free-radicals scavenging activities were recorded at 47.11 mg/g, and 19.13 mg/g equivalents of the concentrated to dryness water-ethanol extract of the plant. The water-ethanol extract of P. undulata also exhibited antimicrobial activity against the tested Gram-positive bacteria, while no activity was observed against the tested Gram-negative bacteria, or the fungi. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values were in the range of 49 to 1563 µg/mL, whereas the MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) values ranged from 49 to 3125 µg/mL, against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The P. undulata water-ethanol extract also exhibited potent cytotoxic effects with the IC50 value at 519.2 µg/mL against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell-lines, followed by the anticancer activity of erythroleukemic cell-lines, K562 at 1212 µg/mL, and pancreatic cell-lines, PANC-1, at 1535 µg/mL, as compared to the normal fibroblast cells (4048 µg/mL). The Annexin-V assay demonstrated that, as the P. undulata extract’s dose increased from IC50 to twice of the IC50, the percentage of the necrosis was found to be increased in the late apoptosis stage of the cancer cells. These data confirmed the P. undulata extract’s ability to inhibit several human cancer cell lines’ growth in comparison to other local halophytes. The antimicrobial activity of the plant was also confirmed.
Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping for Drought Tolerance in Soybean Recombinant Inbred Line Population
Authors: Dhungana Sanjeev Kumar , Park Ji-Hee , Oh Jae-Hyeon , Kang Beom-Kyu , Seo Jeong-Hyun , Sung Jung-Sook , Kim Hong-Sik , Shin Sang-Ouk , Baek In-Youl , Jung Chan-Sik
Published: August 2021

Improving drought stress tolerance of soybean could be an effective way to minimize the yield reduction in the drought prevailing regions. Identification of drought tolerance-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is useful to facilitate the development of stress-tolerant varieties. This study aimed to identify the QTLs for drought tolerance in soybean using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed from the cross between a drought-tolerant ‘PI416937’ and a susceptible ‘Cheonsang’ cultivar. Phenotyping was done with a weighted drought coefficient derived from the vegetative and reproductive traits. The genetic map was constructed using 2648 polymorphic SNP markers that distributed on 20 chromosomes with a mean genetic distance of 1.36 cM between markers. A total of 10 QTLs with 3.52–4.7 logarithm of odds value accounting for up to 12.9% phenotypic variance were identified on seven chromosomes. Five chromosomes—2, 7, 10, 14, and 20—contained one QTL each, and chromosomes 1 and 19 harbored two and three QTLs, respectively. The chromosomal locations of seven QTLs overlapped or located close to the related QTLs and/or potential candidate genes reported earlier. The QTLs and closely linked markers could be utilized in maker-assisted selection to accelerate the breeding for drought tolerance in soybean.
Experimental Investigation of Wavy-Lap Bonds with Natural Cotton Fabric Reinforcement under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Kolář Viktor , Müller Miroslav , Tichý Martin , Mishra Rajesh Kumar , Hrabě Petr , Hanušová Kristýna , Hromasová Monika
Published: August 2021

This study is focused on the mechanical properties and service life (safety) evaluation of hybrid adhesive bonds with shaped overlapping geometry (wavy-lap) and 100% natural cotton fabric used as reinforcement under cyclic loading using various intensities. Cyclic loading were implemented between 5–50% (267–2674 N) and 5–70% (267–3743 N) from the maximum strength (5347 N) measured by static tensile test. The adhesive bonds were loaded by 1000 cycles. The test results demonstrated a positive influence of the used reinforcement on the mechanical properties, especially during the cyclic loading. The adhesive bonds Tera-Flat withstood the cyclic load intensity from 5–70% (267–3743 N). The shaped overlapping geometry (wavy-lap bond) did not have any positive influence on the mechanical performance, and only the composite adhesive bonds Erik-WH1 and Tera-WH1 withstood the complete 1000 cycles with cyclic loading values between 5–50% (267–2674 N). The SEM analysis results demonstrated a positive influence on the fabric surface by treatment with 10% NaOH aqueous solution. The unwanted compounds (lignin) were removed. Furthermore, a good wettability has been demonstrated by the bonded matrix material. The SEM analysis also demonstrated micro-cracks formation, with subsequent delamination of the matrix/reinforcement interface caused by cyclic loading. The experimental research was conducted for the analysis of hybrid adhesive bonds using curved/wavy overlapping during both static and cyclic loading.
Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of Barium Phytate and Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin
Authors: Wang Linyuan , Wei Yue , Deng Hongbo , Lyu Ruiqi , Zhu Jiajie , Yang Yabing
Published: August 2021

Recently, widespread concern has been aroused on environmentally friendly materials. In this article, barium phytate (Pa-Ba) was prepared by the reaction of phytic acid with barium carbonate in deionized water, which was used to blend with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) as a flame retardant and was added to epoxy resin (EP). Afterward, the chemical structure and thermal stability of Pa-Ba were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. On this basis, the flammability and flame retardancy of EP composites were researched. It is shown that EP/14IFR/2Ba composite has the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.7%. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/14IFR/2Ba decreases by 69.13% compared with pure EP. SEM and Raman spectra reveal the carbonization quality of EP/14IFR/2Ba is better than that of other composites. The results prove that Pa-Ba can cooperate with IFR to improve the flame retardancy of EP, reducing the addition amount of IFR in EP, thus expanding the application range of EP. In conclusion, adding Pa-Ba to IFR is a more environmentally friendly and efficient method compared with others.
Synthesis and Characterization of Porous, Electro-Conductive Chitosan–Gelatin–Agar-Based PEDOT: PSS Scaffolds for Potential Use in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Ahmad Ruzaidi Dania Adila , Mahat Mohd Muzamir , Mohamed Sofian Zarif , Nor Hashim Nikman Adli , Osman Hazwanee , Nawawi Mohd Azizi , Ramli Rosmamuhamadani , Jantan Khairil Anuar , Aizamddin Muhammad Faiz , Azman Hazeeq Hazwan , Robin Chang Yee Hui , Hamzah Hairul Hisham
Published: August 2021

Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of electro-conductive chitosan–gelatin–agar (Cs-Gel-Agar) based PEDOT: PSS hydrogels for tissue engineering. Cs-Gel-Agar porous hydrogels with 0–2.0% (v/v) PEDOT: PSS were fabricated using a thermal reverse casting method where low melting agarose served as the pore template. Sample characterizations were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Our results showed enhanced electrical conductivity of the cs-gel-agar hydrogels when mixed with DMSO-doped PEDOT: PSS wherein the optimum mixing ratio was observed at 1% (v/v) with a conductivity value of 3.35 × 10−4 S cm−1. However, increasing the PEDOT: PSS content up to 1.5 % (v/v) resulted in reduced conductivity to 3.28 × 10−4 S cm−1. We conducted in vitro stability tests on the porous hydrogels using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution and investigated the hydrogels’ performances through physical observations and ATR–FTIR characterization. The present study provides promising preliminary data on the potential use of Cs-Gel-Agar-based PEDOT: PSS hydrogel for tissue engineering, and these, hence, warrant further investigation to assess their capability as biocompatible scaffolds.
Structural Geometry Variation of 1,4-Naphthalene-Based Co-Polymers to Tune the Device Performance of PVK-Host-Based OLEDs
Authors: Liu Qian , Moghe Dhanashree , Sardar Gopa , Manzhos Sergei , Bottle Steven E. , Kyaw Aung Ko Ko , Kabra Dinesh , Sonar Prashant
Published: August 2021

Blue-color-emitting organic semiconductors are of significance for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this study, through Suzuki coupling polymerization, three 1,4-naphthalene-based copolymers—namely, PNP(1,4)-PT, PNP(1,4)-TF, and PNP(1,4)-ANT—were designed and synthesized. The variation of comonomers, phenothiazine (PT), triphenylamine substituted fluorene (TF), and anthanthrene (ANT), effectively tuned the emitting color and device performance of poly(9-vinyl carbazole) (PVK)-based OLEDs. Especially, the polymer PNP(1,4)-TF, bearing perpendicular aryl side groups, showed a most twisted structural geometry, which enabled an ultra-high thermal stability and a best performance with blue emitting in PVK-host-based OLEDs. Overall, in this work, we demonstrate a promising blue-color-emitting polymer through structural geometry manipulation.
A Review on Synthesis, Structural, Flame Retardancy and Dielectric Properties of Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene
Authors: Usri Siti Nur Khalidah , Jamain Zuhair , Makmud Mohamad Zul Hilmey
Published: August 2021

Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene is a ring compound consisting of an alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atom with two chlorine substituents attached to the phosphorus atom. The six chlorine atoms attached to this cyclo compound can be substituted with any different nucleophile that leads to changes in different chemical and physical properties. The major topics that were investigated in this research are the flame retardancy and dielectric properties of cyclotriphosphazene compounds. Cyclotriphosphazene compounds have high potential to act as a flame retardant, and this compound consists of two active elements attributed to its high flame-retardant character. This compound also demonstrated good ability as a flame retardant due to its low toxicity and less smoke produced. In addition, cyclotriphosphazene compounds were also investigated for their dielectric properties. Cyclotriphosphazene has high potential in the electrical field since it has dielectric properties that can be widely studied in the investigation of any potential application. This review presented literature studies focused on recent research development and studies in the field of cyclotriphosphazene that focused on synthesis, structural, flame retardancy, and dielectric properties of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene compounds.
Fast Bulky Anion Conduction Enabled by Free Shuttling Phosphonium Cations
Authors: Ge Xiaolin , He Yubin , Zhang Kaiyu , Liang Xian , Wei Chengpeng , Shehzad Muhammad A. , Song Wanjie , Ge Zijuan , Li Geng , Yu Weisheng , Wu Liang , Xu Tongwen
Published: August 2021

Highly conductive anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) are desirable for applications in various energy storage and conversion technologies. However, conventional AEMs with bulky HCO
3
-
or Br
-
as counterion generally exhibit low conductivity because the covalent bonding restrains the tethered cationic group’s mobility and rotation. Here, we report an alternative polyrotaxane AEM with nontethered and free-shuttling phosphonium cation. As proved by temperature-dependent NMR, solid-state NMR, and molecular dynamics simulation, the phosphonium cation possesses a thermally trigged shuttling behavior, broader extension range, and greater mobility, thus accelerating the diffusion conduction of bulky anions. Owing to this striking feature, high HCO
3
-
conductivity of 105 mS cm
-1
at 90°C was obtained at a relatively lower ion-exchange capacity of 1.17 mmol g
-1
. This study provides a new concept for developing highly conductive anion-exchange membranes and will catalyze the exploration of new applications for polyrotaxanes in ion conduction processes.
Sexual Violence at University Level: A Philosophical Feminism Overview
Authors: Widiantini Ikhaputri
Published: August 2021

This paper highlights the philosophical issues related to sexual violence cases at the university level. Many reports were found related to the sexual violence cases at the university level, but did not came to a solution that take sides to the victim. This is not just a problem about the unstrict law to handle the cases. There is a basic problem that underline in the mindset and behavior. Rape culture in society failed us to understand that this is a form of violence against humanity. The basis of patriarchal logic also affirms the condition. Based on the standpoint feminism method, also supported by data on sexual violence reports, I pointed the importance of using the feminist logic approach in viewing this issue. I aim to restore the point of view on siding the victim which can provide justice in handling the sexual violence cases at the university level.
PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION OF LIQUID-MOVING SELF-CURING MIXTURES IN THE PRODUCTION OF THIN-WALLED STEEL CASTINGS
Authors: Leushin I. O. , Grachev A. N. , Leushina L. I. , Yavtushenko P. M.
Published: August 2021

The method of manufacturing casting molds and cores for steel and iron casting from liquid self-hardening mixtures has been known since the 60s of the last century. The idea of the method is very simple - after preparation, the LSS is poured into the working cavity of the core box or onto the model installed in the flask, and then it is kept for some time until the foam falls, the core or shape hardens and the gas permeability is restored to operating values. Nevertheless, the method is not widely used in existing production due to a number of disadvantages. The aim of the work is to «revive» it, taking into account modern risks and challenges. Based on the results of the information and analytical review, a critical assessment was made. The directions of improvement and prospects of its use in innovative technology for the production of thin-walled steel casting for critical purposes are determined.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE SURFACE ALLOYING PROCESS OF CASTINGS USING GAS-FLAME SPRAYING
Authors: Gabelchenko N. I. , Grebnev D. Y. , Zharkova V. F. , Grebnev Y. V.
Published: August 2021

Comparative studies of the technology of surface alloying using gas-flame spraying and painting with alloying casting paint have been carried out. The research results are presented. A mode of surface alloying using gas-flame spraying has been developed.
INVESTIGATION OF THE METHOD OF INTRODUCING SURFACTANTS INTO THE COMPOSITION OF WATER NON-STICK COATINGS
Authors: Gilmanshina T. R. , Illarionov I. E. , Zhirkov E. N. , Stepanova T. N.
Published: August 2021

It is shown that the joint activation of graphite and carboxymethyl cellulose provides non-stick coatings with a higher level of properties than when this additive is introduced into the coating composition. The content of carboxymethyl cellulose should not exceed 1 wt. % by weight of graphite.
KINETICS OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPACT LOADING OF THE MOLDING MIXTURE
Authors: Karnova E. Y. , Gabelchenko N. I. , Bobovich N. N. , Katinev D. R.
Published: August 2021

This paper presents a material that allows us to quantify the dependence of the main characteristics of the dynamic loading of the molding mixture, and hence the degree of its compaction, on the parameters of the shaking mechanism of the molding machine (the mass of the collision of parts and their rigidity).
Primer registro de Dermestes ater DeGeer, 1774 (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) en el estado de Yucatán, México
Authors: Cano-Ravell Alan , Háva Jiří , Carrillo-Flores Adrián , Tuyin-Díaz Ana , Reyes-Solís Guadalupe del  Carmen
Published: August 2021

Se registra por primera vez a Dermestes ater De Geer en el estado de Yucatán, México. Dentro del campo de la Entomología Forense es una especie de relevancia por su utilidad en la estimación del intervalo postmortem (IPM). Ejemplares adultos de esta especie fueron recolectados en los estados de momificación y restos secos de cabezas de cerdo (Sus scrofa domestica Linnaeus, 1758) utilizadas como necrotrampas colocadas en una zona semiurbana. Se incluyen fotografías de D. ater, una clave de identificación e ilustraciones para las 4 especies de Dermestes presentes en el estado.
En memoria de Guillermo Isaías Aceituno Aceituno (1965-2021)
Authors: Mondaca Escudero José , Guerrero Guerrero Marcelo
Published: August 2021

Con profundo pesar nos ha tocado despedir recientemente a nuestro colega y amigo Guillermo I. Aceituno A. “Dn. Guillé”, como lo conocían sus amigos más cercanos, nació en la comuna de Renca, y desde muy niño tuvo curiosidad y atracción por los insectos y la naturaleza en general, sus primeros pasos los dio a los 10 años junto a Gustavo Peña, a quien seguía insistentemente durante las recolecciones entomológicas que él realizaba en el cerro Lo Ruiz. Posteriormente, ya estando en la educación media, comenzó a salir de excursión con su amigo Néstor Zambrano, con quien recorrió los sectores de Laguna Carén, Mina La Africana y cuesta Lo Prado (comuna de Pudahuel). Este último lugar - que era uno de sus preferidos - lo visitó en numerosas ocasiones hasta poco antes de su muerte. Además, recorrió varias localidades del norte y sur de Chile en compañía de alguno de sus hijos y/o amigos, siendo su última campaña de recolección el viaje realizado en noviembre de 2020 a las provincias de Limarí y Choapa en la Región de Coquimbo.
Analisis Lokasi Black Spot dan Black Link Pada Jalan Poros Baubau-Kapontori
Authors: Efendi Ahmad , Idwan Idwan , Suhardin Safrin , Kasa WaOde Salfia Ali , Upu Rizal
Published: August 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi lokasi black spot dan lokasi black link yang terdapat pada jalan poros Baubau-Kapontori. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pada Jalan Poros Baubau-Kapontori dengan harapan bahawa jika telah teridentifikasinya lokasi-lokasi Black Spot maupun Black Link maka mempengaruhi pula sikap pengendara dalam berkendara di jalan raya sehingga dapat mengurangi kecelakaan yang terjadi. Harapannya adalah dengan berkurangnya kecelakaan di jalan Poros Baubau-Kapontori, maka dapat mengurangi pula korban kecelakaan di jalan tersebut baik korban meninggal dunia, luka berat maupun luka ringan. Output yang dihasilakan dari penelitian ini adalah diharapkan dapat terbit pada jurnal nasional Media Teknik Sipil Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Pengaruh Jenis Pakan dan Perbedaan Kelamin terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Periode Molting Kepiting Bakau (Scylla Serrata)
Authors: Failu Ismail
Published: August 2021

Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pakan yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan dan periode molting kepiting bakau (S. serrata) jantan dan betina. Sedangkan kegunaan dari hasil penelitian ini di harapkan dapat menjadi bahan informasi bagi pembudidaya kepiting bakau (Scylla Serrata) terutama dalam hal aplikasi pakan uji. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan mulai Oktober - Desember 2020 di perairan Desa Boneatiro Kecamatan Kapontori Kabupaten Buton. Rancangan percobaan adalah rancangan acak kelompok pola faktorial. Faktor pertama adalah jenis kelamin kepiting yang terdiri dari dua taraf yaitu jantan (A1) dan betina (A2). Faktor kedua terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu   perlakuan pakan B1 (ikan teri), pakan B2 (usus ayam), dan pakan B3 (cumi-cumi) dengan dosis pakan 5% dari bobot tubuh kepiting bakau. Kombinasi seluruh perlakuan berjumlah enam (6) dan masing-masing perlakuan di ulang tiga (3) kali sehingga diperoleh satuan percobaan sebanyak 18 unit percobaan. Variable yang diamati meliputi panjang dan lebar karapas, bobot tubuh, kelangsungan hidup, dan periode molting. Pemberian berupa pakan usus ayam pada kepiting bakau jenis kelamin jantan dan betina memberikan pertumbuhan mutlak (h) dan pertumbuhan harian (SGR) tertinggi serta, tingkat kelangsungan hidup (SR) terbesar diperoleh dari pemberian pakan usus ayam. Sedangkan periode molting tercepat berlangsung 14 hari pada pemberian pakan usus ayam dan terjadi pada jenis kelamin jantan.
Tingkat Kerawanan Bencana Biologis Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD); Studi di Kecamatan Rumbia dan Rumbia Tengah, Kabupaten Bombana
Authors: Husen Osu Oheoputra , Tamburaka Erny , Hasddin Hasddin , Handa Idham
Published: August 2021

Salah satu tantangan dalam perencanaan dan pengembangan wilayah adalah bencana sehingga dalam rencana pembangunan, setiap kebijakan mengintegrasikan aspek mitigasi bencana. Secara umum, bencara dibagi tiga jenis yakni bencana alam, bencana non alam, dan bencana biologis. Bencana biologis adalah suatu bencana yang diakibatkan oleh organisme hidup salah satunya adalah demam berdarah dengue (DBD). Di Sulawes Tenggara, salah satu daerah yang mengalami kerentanan kasus DBD adalah Kabupaten Bombana. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat kerawanan DBD di Kabupaten Bombana menurut incidence rate (IR), frekuensi kejadian dan deret tahun kejadian dengan mengambil studi di Kecamatan Rumbia dan Rumbia Tengah.  Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. Objek penelitian adalah kasus DBD selama periode tahun 2015-2018. Klasifikasi tingkat kerawanan DBD merujuk dari Depkes RI (2011) adalah “sangat rawan” (endemis), “rawan” (sporadis), “agak rawan” atau “agak aman” (potensial), dan “aman”.  Hasil analisis diketahui bahwa kasus DBD di Kecamatan Rumbia terjadi ditahun 2015 dan 2017, sedangkan di Kecamatan Rumbia Tengah terjadi ditahun 2015 dan 2018. Nilai IR rata-rata di Kecamatan Rumbiah sebesar 185,25 dan di Kecamatan Rumbiah Tengah sebesar 320,75, nilai tersebut lebih tinggi dari nilai IR nasional yakni 22,55 (per 100.000 penduduk). Tingkat kerawanan DBD di Kecamatan Rumbia dan Rumbia Tengah dalam ketegori “agak aman” atau “agak rawan”.
Analysis of C-shaped Compact Microstrip Antennas Using Deep Neural Networks Optimized by Manta Ray Foraging Optimization with Lévy-Flight Mechanism
Authors: BİÇER Mustafa Berkan
Published: August 2021

In recent years, microstrip antennas have become a popular research subject with the increasing use of mobile technologies. With the development of neural networks, the design and analysis of microstrip antennas are carried out quickly with high accuracy. However, optimizing the weight matrices and bias vectors of deep neural learning models is an important challenge for engineering problems. This study presents a deep neural network-based (DNN-based) neural model to estimate the gain and scattering parameter (S11) of C-shaped compact microstrip antennas (CCMAs). For this purpose, the S11 and gain values of 324 CCMAs with different physical and electrical properties were obtained using full-wave electromagnetic simulation software based on the finite integration technique (FIT). The data related to 324 CCMAs were used for the training and testing process. The improved manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) algorithm based on the Lévy-flight (LF) mechanism was used to optimize the connection weights matrices and bias vectors. The MRFO-optimized model has estimation success for training and testing data as 0.925 and 0.922, in terms of R2 score, respectively. The estimated resonant frequencies using the trained model are compared with the studies in the literature, and an average percentage error (APE) of 0.933% is obtained.
Base Station Power Optimization for Green Networks Using Reinforcement Learning
Authors: AKTAŞ Semih , ALEMDAR Hande
Published: August 2021

The next generation mobile networks have to provide high data rates, extremely low latency, and support high connection density. To meet these requirements, the number of base stations will have to increase and this increase will lead to an energy consumption issue. Therefore “green” approaches to the network operation will gain importance. Reducing the energy consumption of base stations is essential for going green and also it helps service providers to reduce operational expenses. However, achieving energy savings without degrading the quality of service is a huge challenge. In order to address this issue, we propose a machine learning based intelligent solution that also incorporates a network simulator. We develop a reinforcement-based learning model by using deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm. Our model update frequently the policy of network switches in a way that, packet be forwarded to base stations with an optimized power level. The policies taken by the network controller are evaluated with a network simulator to ensure the energy consumption reduction and quality of service balance. The reinforcement learning model allows us to constantly learn and adapt to the changing situations in the dynamic network environment, hence having a more robust and realistic intelligent network management policy set. Our results demonstrate that energy efficiency can be enhanced by 32% and 67% in dense and sparse scenarios, respectively.
The Ruin. Lessons of History
Authors: Пацовский А.П. , Пацовский Я.А.
Published: August 2021

В статье раскрываются причины, основные события и итоги гражданской войны в Малороссии (1657–1687) гг., получившей народное название “Руина”. В советский период данные события практически не освещались, по причине их неоднозначности и нежелания вносить разлад между исторически предопределенным братством наших народов. В российской истории такая тенденция продолжилась. Пользуясь этим, современные русофобски настроенные украинские историки стали истолковывать наше невнимание к этим событиям, как попытку замалчивания наиболее неудобных и спорных периодов нашей совместной истории.
Итак, после Переяславской рады Московское царство оказалось втянутым в кровопролитную войну с Речью Посполитой, Крымским ханством, и, несколько позже, с Османской империей. Война с Речью Посполитой длилась 13 лет и закончилась, уже после смерти Богдана Хмельницкого, подписанием Андрусовского соглашения по которому Малороссия была разделена на Левобережную и Правобережную части. Гражданская война полыхала и после подписания мира с поляками. Потребовалось более 30 лет, чтобы относительное спокойствие наконец восстановилось. При этом, если на Левобережье люди едва сводили концы с концами, то Правобережная часть Украины превратилась в полностью выжженную безлюдную территорию, разоренную крымским ханом и янычарскими ортами. Не осталось целым ни одного сколь угодно малого городка или местечка. Остатки населения, ввиду невозможности защитить их, были принудительно выведены на Левобережье.

This article brings to light the reasons, key events and the results of the 1657–1687 Civil War in Ukraine, also known as the Ruin.
There was hardly any coverage of these events during the Soviet period due to their ambiguity and the unwillingness to disrupt the historical brotherhood of Russia and Ukraine. This trend has continued in Russian history. Contemporary anti-Russian historians from Ukraine have been taking advantage of that: they interpret the lack of attention to those events as an attempt to hush up the most unwanted and controversial periods of the countries' shared history.
After the Pereyaslav Council, the Tsardom of Russia was drawn into a bloody war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Crimean Khanate and, shortly after, the Ottoman Empire. The war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth lasted 13 years and ended after the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky with the Truce of Andrusovo, which separated Left-bank Ukraine from Right-bank Ukraine. The Civil War continued after the truce was established. It took more than 30 years to restore relative calm. Moreover, while people on the left bank could hardly make ends meet, Right-bank Ukraine was turned into a scorched, depopulated territory, devastated by the Crimean Khan and Janissary ortas. Not a single town or village was spared. As there was no way to protect the remaining population, they were all forced to move to the left bank.
Prospects of the Russian Water/economic Complex Funding in 2012–2014 in Connection with the Changes in the Budget Legislation
Authors:   Krutikova K.V.
Published: August 2021

The paper has considered the schemes of budget funding allocations for the water sector within the frameworks of the budget legislation reforming and implementation of measures aimed at enhancement of the budget expenditures effectiveness in 2010–2011.
Assesment of Inundation Hazard on the Territory of the Russian Federation
Authors:   Gladkevich G.I., Terskiy P.N., Frolova N.L.
Published: August 2021

The paper considers factors of natural hazard of inundations and social/ economic vulnerability of the RF constituent members’ territories. A concept of integrated multi-factor assessment of the inundation hazard with the use of multivariate analysis distribution-free methods and GIS-technologies has been stated.
Assessment of Chezy Coefficient: Tradition and Current State
Authors:   Lepikhin A.P., Bogomolov A.V., Dalkov M.P.
Published: August 2021

Particular features of the Chezy coefficient assignment for channel flows have been considered. It has been shown that the majority of traditional assessment methods for this coefficient gives rather close results for the ridge-free regime. Situation becomes much more complicated with the ridge regime as in this case it is necessary to take into account the particles stability coefficient among other determining parameters. Current approaches to the Chezy coefficient assessment in case of the ridge regime have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that these coefficients considerably affect the channel glows’ hydro/morphological parameters.
Contemporary State of the Correlation Theory for Hydrological Computations and Stochastic Simulation
Authors:   Bolgov M.V.
Published: August 2021

Methods of bi-variate distribution laws building for a wide range of hydrological problems have been discussed. The effects appearing in the process of various type correlations have been shown. Methods of solution of probability tasks in hydrology, ecology, etc. have been recommended.
Assessment of Potential Consequences of the Argun River Runoff Diversion to the Dalaynhor Lake (China)
Authors:   Bolgov M.V., Frolova N.L., Alekseyevskiy N.I.
Published: August 2021

Possible consequences of the runoff diversion and various regimes of water/economic system management for the Dalaynhor Lake and the boundary Argun River upper 530 km-long range have been considered. Some measures aimed at the mitigation of possible political, economic, social and environmental damages linked with the current and future water use conditions in the Argun River basin.
Spatial and Seasonal Variability of the Middle Amur Water Chemical Composition
Authors:   Shesterkin V.P., Shesterkina N.M.
Published: August 2021

Spatial and seasonal variability of the middle Amur River water chemical composition has been discussed. The economic activity influence on the dissolved matter content has been shown. The Sungari River priority role in removal of nitrogen and phosphorous mineral forms to the Amur River has been stated.
On the Matter of Reservoirs’ Liquidation and Successive Reclamation of their Bed and Coastal Stripe. Statement 1. On the Issue of Reservoirs’ Liquidation and Possible Ecological Consequences of this Measure Implementation
Authors:   Popov A.N., Shtykov V.I.
Published: August 2021

Current conditions and main characteristics of small reservoirs and ponds have been presented, the causes that determine expediency of these water bodies’ liquidation have been revealed, ecological consequences of such measures have been demonstrated and possible measures aimed at prevention of these consequences have been listed.