bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The International Social
Authors: Arif Yasmeen
Published: May 2017

The first chapter focuses on the civil wars of Sierra Leone, exploring the convictions that were made in the Special Court of Sierra Leone for the first time in international criminal law under international humanitarian regimes. Delving into what makes for the meaning of humanity in “crimes against” it, the author traces the inscription of formal humanitarian discourse and practice in the making of law. In particular it looks at the international emotional response to suffering of the professionalized expression in law when it is located in the figure of violated childhood— channeling a sense of protected humanity through that figure.
Wounding Attachment
Authors: Arif Yasmeen
Published: May 2017

The third chapter centers around the events of the Sikh Carnage of 1984, where the assassination of the Indian prime minister by her Sikh bodyguards led to a genocidal killing of Sikh men in many locations around India. Going against the grain of those arguments that suggest that communities, bound together by ressentiment, imbue a sense of political solidarity as well as succor to their members, the book’s ethnography traces the lines of separation and those that tenaciously sustain integration.
City, Country, World
Authors: Martin Reinhold
Published: May 2017

The first essay explores the structural blind spots of enumeration, beginning with the ambiguous claim that “half the world’s population now lives in cities.” The city, as a territory, as either infrastructure or as image, is no less determined by the foundational indeterminacies of counting than it is reliably fixed in space and in time as a knowable entity.
Polis = Oikos
Authors: Martin Reinhold
Published: May 2017

The sixth essay looks into the matter of the political topology of the classical Greek polis, in relation to the feminized, administrative domain of the oikos, or household, in contemporary political thought.
Broken Windows
Authors: Martin Reinhold
Published: May 2017

The eighth essay takes on neoliberal economics, the aesthetics of “broken windows” policing, and the situation of race in American cities.
How Palestine Became Important to American Indian Studies
Authors: Salaita Steven
Published: May 2017

The first chapter explores how Palestine became a topic of interest to the field of American Indian Studies and provides an overview of how the interchange between Natives and Palestinians functioned in the past and how it operates in the present. In particular, the analysis of Palestine in American Indian studies forces us to continue exploring the cultures and geographies of Indigeneity.
Why American Indian Studies Should Be Important to Palestine Solidarity
Authors: Salaita Steven
Published: May 2017

The fifth chapter argues that American Indian and Indigenous Studies should be more central to Palestine solidarity based on the presence of Palestine as an issue of global concern. In particular, the author examines recent debates about academic freedom, faculty governance, donor influence, and the suppression of radical points of view in the context of the colonial logic by which universities are animated.
Conclusion
Authors: Salaita Steven
Published: May 2017

The conclusion of Inter/Nationalism discusses a suite of board games that reproduces settler colonization. Using two games released by the German company Catan, where the gamer conquers and settles an already occupied land, the author suggests that it reinforces a sense of belonging on a native land without the fuss of guilt or self-reflection. Real histories can be subsumed by their own legendary effects on modernity, but their disappearance into the settler’s overactive imagination is never complete.
Assimetrias da política externa russa para a Crimeia e a Transnístria
Authors: Ribeiro Renata Corrêa
Published: May 2017

Este trabalho visa identificar o porquê de haver distinções no tratamento da Rússia aos casos da Crimeia e da Transnístria. O objetivo central é verificar se as circunstâncias são similares e se Vladimir Putin, após a anexação da Crimeia, faria o mesmo com a Transnístria.
O processo de socialização do Conselho Sul-americano sobre o Problema Mundial das Drogas
Authors: Castro Helena Salim
Published: May 2017

O Conselho Sul-Americano para o Problema Mundial das Drogas (CSPMD) emerge como um mecanismo de cooperação para o enfrentamento do problema das drogas na região. Este trabalho se propôs a analisar quais foram os mecanismos que permitiram e incentivaram os países da América do Sul a participarem deste Conselho. 
O México olha para a América Latina e para a Ásia: novos desafios, nova estratégia?
Authors: Franzoni Marcela , Carvalho Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de
Published: May 2017

As iniciativas mexicanas de reaproximação com a América Latina e de reposicionamento frente à China, motivadas por mudanças no cenário internacional e por dificuldades internas, têm gerado resultados fracos até aqui. A diplomacia econômica mexicana continua focada principalmente nos Estados Unidos e na OCDE. 
Poder monetário internacional: uma tentativa de construção conceitual em Economia Política Internacional
Authors: Marques Pedro Romero
Published: May 2017

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a discussão do conceito de “poder monetário internacional” utilizado pela literatura de Economia Política Internacional. Partindo da metodologia de construção de conceitos proposta por Sartori (1970; 1984) e empregada por Weyland (2001) e Fonseca (2015), procura-se, a partir de seu tratamento em abordagens da área, consolidar uma definição de poder monetário internacional nos moldes de um conceito clássico. Como resultado, obtém-se que poder monetário consiste na capacidade da moeda de alterar condições econômicas internacionalmente de maneira a atingir os objetivos políticos de seu Estado emissor, garantindo o mínimo possível de prejuízos sobre sua relevância para a economia internacional e o máximo possível de resistência às pressões relacionadas ao ajuste do balanço de pagamentos por parte do Estado emissor. Conclui-se, dessa forma, que o núcleo-duro do conceito é formado por quatro atributos: Estado emissor de moeda, objetivos políticos, importância internacional da moeda e capacidade de resistir a pressões de ajuste no balanço de pagamentos.
Recycling Tradition
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

This article is bringing studies of Chinese culture, society, and history closer to the mainstream of contemporary social theory. By analyzing the community-wide festivals in Xiaolan from the late 18th century to the present and by explicating how the nature, meaning, and dynamics of these cultural expressions intertwined with the evolution of the regional political economy, this essay suggests how one may build upon the rich body of historical materials and rethink the analytical tools.
Lineage, Market, Pirate, and Dan
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

We have attempted to use a historical study to explore the Pearl River Delta, known for Dan and Han identities separated by strong languages of literati achievements and lineage commitments. This chapter has focused on the twin issues of ethnicity and orthodoxy. Intertwined with them are larger conceptual issues concerning empire and frontier. For centuries, cultural boundaries in the sands of the delta have been fluid and often reworked under different circumstances of state and local society formation.
Social Responsibility and Self-Expression
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

Both intellectuals and peasants have played vital roles in the political arena of 20th-century China. The short stories that follow focus on peasant life and were written by leading literary figures from the 1930s to the 1980s. In my introduction to each part, I try to point to the structure of values that guided intellectual thought and actions and to demonstrate the cultural mechanisms that tied writers to subjects in a political order rapidly being transformed by their often unintended efforts.
Subverting Lineage Power
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

The analysis of lineage, community, and politics in this essay illustrates some general concern of historical anthropology: how do historical events take into account inequalities of power, and how are social institutions and cultural perceptions understood in the spatial context of an evolving, differentiating political economy? In state agrarian societies where hierarchies of power and diverse bases of authority exist and are often contested, stability rests on the ways local elites anchor themselves in the community as well as within the larger polity. The evolution of local legitimacy involves the percolation of a state culture, be it imperial or revolutionary. In numerous arenas, the locally powerful and those they dominated were engaged in shaping this process. As in other times, discourses on lineage and community in the 20th century were ways by which several generations of political actors created a new language by means of inherited words.
Positioning “Hong Kongers” and “New Immigrants”
Authors: Siu Helen F.
Published: May 2017

This chapter takes a slice from the census records to examine policies, assumptions, and procedures related to a recent period of in-flow from China and to assess their impact on Hong Kong’s present and future human landscape. I focus on two waves. First, those who crossed the border to Hong Kong, often illegally, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, were labeled “new immigrants” and treated with scorn by some Hong Kong residents. They found work and were absorbed into the Hong Kong society. Many returned to their native places for marriage. In the 1990s, they started to bring to Hong Kong their mainland spouses and young children, who formed the second wave of newcomers. This wave is also known in popular parlance as “new immigrants” and, since the mid-1990s in official categories, as “new arrivals.” The meaning of the label changed somewhat, from one marking difference in the 1980s, to one hardened against those seen as society’s burden. These two waves of immigrants have posed complicated human resource and social issues for Hong Kong.
Hong Kong’s Enduring Global Business Relations
Authors: Meyer David R.
Published: May 2017

By the late twentieth century, Hong Kong had entered the public and private consciousness as one of the world’s greatest business centers. In the background looms its mysterious past as a port in the “Orient,” a place of intrigue, trade, shipping, and smuggling of drugs and gold. This chapter develops the argument about the social networks of capital, and it is integrated with an interpretation of Hong Kong’s rise as the decision-making, management center of Asia from the 1840s to the early twentieth century. Then, the city’s transformation during the Cold War era is examined, and this sets the base for interpreting Hong Kong’s current position as corporate management and business services center of the Asia-Pacific. The discussion of several recent examples of the city’s enhanced integration with mainland China points to possible trends that may impact the city’s future. Finally, an examination of threats to Hong Kong since 1950 highlight how the city’s political-economy has maintained resilience under uncertain conditions.
Hong Kong and the Cold War in the 1950s
Authors: Steele Tracy
Published: May 2017

Despite periods of internal agitation and international tension, in the 1950s the British did not fear the imminent loss of Hong Kong, which they believed was of value to the Chinese Communists as it stood. Still, the British were never complacent. During times of tension in East and Southeast Asia, British defense planning for Hong Kong went into high gear, but the inescapable reality was that Hong Kong could not be held without American air cover. The divergent British and American approaches to recognition of the PRC and ROC made matters murkier. Actions by both Chinese governments caused multifarious problems that threatened to divide the British and Americans. Despite entreaties from Colonial officials in Hong Kong to rein in the Americans and their Nationalist allies, throughout the 1950s British policy makers usually placed greater emphasis on preserving harmonious Anglo-American relations. As the British balanced competing interests, while always bearing in mind the goal of retaining Hong Kong, the course they steered to accomplish this often appeared more contradictory and vague than it did clear and decisive. However confusing the tactics, the objective remained the same.
“Reel Sisters” and Other Diplomacy
Authors: Ford Stacilee
Published: May 2017

For a pivotal period, Cathay led the way in offering audiences a range of representations of new types of Chinese womanhood (and manhood). Its characters and their celebrity counterparts displayed tropes of moderate Chinese modernity updated for the postwar and Cold War context. Sending signals about how a new generation of Chinese youth could successfully negotiate the changes around them, Hong Kong became a key site of other diplomacy as well as knowledge production about social change, and a fertile ground for future collaborations and bonding across sub-ethnic and intra-ethnic differences. Cathay films also fueled a sense of pride in the resilience of the diasporic Chinese population in many settings, offering a blueprint on how to succeed in the various cultural landscapes in which they lived, loved, and worked.
Hong Kong as a Global Frontier
Authors: Duara Prasenjit
Published: May 2017

This chapter has sought to track the dual sense of the frontier that Hong Kong has represented, particularly since the end of the Second World War. Under certain conditions, peripheries can become dynamic and creative spaces, in part because of their peripheral or threatened status and in part because they are bubbling cauldrons of the world’s cultures. Over the last half-century, different Hong Kong groups have crafted many innovative strategies for survival and prosperity from these circumstances, representing a kind of ’strategic liminality.’ We have seen these strategies operate in the realm of economics, finance, education, cinema, and, most recently, civic activism.
Introduction
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

China under Mao Zedong has commonly been viewed as one of the world’s most insulated nations, cut off from the West and largely inaccessible to Westerners. The closest parallel in the twenty-first century is probably North Korea, often described as being like ‘another planet’. That small country, though, has only 25 million people as against China’s 541 million when the Communists came to power. In Cold War discourse, particularly but not only in the United States, the bamboo curtain between ‘Red China’ and the West was often portrayed as being virtually impenetrable....
Into Mao’s China
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

Who were these people, living in Mao’s China and prepared to ally themselves with it politically in an era of Cold War hostility? Blanket generalizations do not adequately explain their motivations. Some, as communist internationalists, saw the PRC as a bright new hope for socialism and were keen to participate in building a revolutionary society. Others described their underlying motivation as ‘humanitarianism’: China had turned them to communism rather than the other way round. Having lived in China since the 1930s or even earlier, they were not the only people to conclude that the Communist Party seemed to offer the best way out of the country’s poverty and corruption. Later arrivals included émigrés from Cold War McCarthyism. And for a few women, in particular, the decision to live under Mao was closely linked to their personal relationships.
Interactions
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

To outsiders, the long-term residents seemed tightly knit, conscious of their group identity and wary of Westerners who did not share the mantle of ‘foreign comrade’ or ‘international friend’. But the small community also had its internal dynamics, reflecting the length of time that people had spent in China as well as their nationality, personality and political attitudes—even within the socialist range. The turbulent politics of the era, including the Sino-Soviet split, also impinged on relations within the community, while the Cultural Revolution had a dramatic impact on individuals’ lives when their official designation as comrades and friends became subordinated to that as suspect foreigners.
Cold War diplomacy
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

From the early 1970s, the US-China relationship was central to diplomatic reporting, with National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger’s visit to Peking in October 1971, President Nixon’s historic visit in February 1972, and the establishment the following year of small liaison offices in Peking and Washington. Following each of Kissinger’s further visits in 1973 and 1974, senior diplomats virtually queued up at the liaison office to find out what progress, if any, had been made towards the normalization of US-China relations. Peking’s diplomats, like some of their colleagues elsewhere in the world, did not always see eye-to-eye with their foreign ministries. There was little chance of their becoming overly attached to Communist China, as the Japanologists and Arabists were sometimes accused of doing for Japan and Arab countries. At the same time, living and breathing the PRC led some diplomats to regard Chinese Communism as being rather more nuanced—and the government somewhat less belligerent—than the Cold War images portrayed in the West, particularly the United States.
‘Our life and hard times’
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

Western correspondents were in some ways even less welcome than diplomats. Embassy reports finished up in foreign office files but correspondents’ despatches were in the public arena, potentially undermining the images of new China that the government was trying so hard to project. On assuming power, the Communists had issued a series of bans on Western news organizations. Official images to the outside world were presented through the government news agency Xinhua, Peking Radio, and the handful of foreign language publications.
Helping China?
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

As a community, the foreign experts fitted somewhere between the diplomatic/correspondent communities and the long-term residents. Like Western diplomats and correspondents, they usually spent around two years in China. But they were a much more disparate group, going to the PRC through individual arrangements with the Chinese authorities, not as representatives of Western governments or media organizations—or even on official exchanges like most students. Like the long-termers, they worked in Chinese institutions, a few even in the same department or section, in an environment where foreigners were a tiny minority. They had the same formal conditions, though they were specifically recruited as foreign experts while the long-termers found themselves in this category largely by default. Unlike the long-term residents, though, they were always conscious that they were in China for only a few years.
Studying, Maoist style
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

During the Mao era, only a tiny proportion of Chinese language students in the West had the opportunity to study in China. Just a few Western students managed to have the real China experience. Before the 1970s, the student route to Mao’s China was largely confined to those who could demonstrate their political friendliness, either by having communist party links in their own country (at least until the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s) or through friendship associations which often processed scholarships awarded by the Chinese government.
Across divides
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

National and political identities sometimes cut across group identity, just as they divided some individual communities. This can be seen most clearly by looking at relations between the diplomatic-correspondent communities, which represented Western governments and media, and the others who were based in Chinese institutions. To diplomats and correspondents, the students, foreign experts and long-term residents were all ‘out there’ in a sombre grey Maoist world—whether in Peking, Shanghai or occasionally a provincial city. Equally, to those ‘out there’, diplomats and correspondents lived in a world that seemed far removed from their own. In the relationship between students and foreign experts, on the one hand, and the diplomatic-correspondent communities on the other, national affinities were sometimes challenged by political ones.
After Mao
Authors: Hooper Beverley
Published: May 2017

Much easier access to China, travel all over the country, choosing one’s own accommodation, having Chinese friends and relationships: it was all vastly different from the Mao era. But while the closed communist society with its segregation of Westerners was largely a thing of the past, China still had an authoritarian government, was still intensely nationalistic, and continued to draw a clear line between foreigners and Chinese. Foreign correspondents, in particular, continued to face obstacles, even though their access to information, places and people had changed beyond recognition.
The Shadowplay of Attractions and Painted Faces
Authors: Kam Tan See
Published: May 2017

The two Blues films manifest a strong postmodern tendency by establishing an intertextual relationship between the “present” of the film and the “past” embodied, for example, in the cultural phenomenon of Peking Opera, which heavily informs Peking Opera Blues. As such, both films, with their blending of the cinematic, the theatrical and the dramatic conjuring up amazing spectacles that emphasize visuality, performance and movement, may both be read as a postmodern shadowplay of attractions (dianguang yingxi) which has the characteristics of an on-screen vaudeville show. This dianying (electric shadowplay) has parodic invocations that, through strategies of disruption and postmodern bricolage often involve a playful mixing of history, fiction, time, place, and language. This creates postmodern pastiches, most especially with ways of reading history, by incorporating the filmic and the operatic and thereby creating meta-cinematic structures where the resultant aural and visual excessiveness calls into question illusions of fixed systems of representation.
The Reach of the State
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

Contrary to conventional wisdom, which informs us that the reach of the state stopped at the county yamen, in chapter 4 the author argues that state agencies, particularly subcounty officials, yamen staff, and military personnel, actually penetrated deep into local society and played an indispensable role in law enforcement efforts at the grassroots level. Although there were tensions in the relationship, nonetheless it was to their mutual advantage that state agents and community leaders cooperate to rid the countryside of social disorders caused by bandits. Major conduits for this cooperation were the mutual surveillance (baojia) and local constable (dibao) systems, both of which operated in the nebulous space between state and local society. All of these efforts, I argue, had mixed results for local crime prevention.
The Structures of Crime
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 begins the second part of this study with an examination of the structures of collective crime. The author begins with explanations of the various Chinese terms that have been used in the past to depict what in English is called “banditry” and next move on to present a typology of sworn brotherhood associations common in Guangdong in the mid-Qing period. Much of the remaining discussion focuses on recruitment methods and organizational attributes of bandit gangs and sworn brotherhoods. Here I consider several types of bandit organizations, such as formal and informal gangs, and the close relationships that sworn brotherhoods had with banditry in Guangdong during that time.
Bandits, Brotherhoods, and Collective Crime
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 8 closely examines criminal activities. Bandits engaged in a large variety of illegal activities. They formed predatory gangs to operate outside the law and used real and implied violence to prey upon and manipulate others. They became involved in what the Qing government regarded as serious crimes, such as robbery, theft, snatching, kidnapping, extortion, murder, and rape. Most of these crimes carried the death penalty. Some gangs, and in particular sworn brotherhoods, also became increasingly involved in organized forms of crime including prostitution, gambling, and opium smuggling. While banditry occurred everywhere in Guangdong, contrary to conventional wisdom, bandits and brotherhoods were most active in the core Canton delta and along major inland trade routes. The archival evidence strongly suggests an underlying economic, not political, basis for banditry and brotherhood activities in late imperial Guangdong.
The Qing Code and Special Judicial Legislation
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 10 begins the final section on state and local law enforcement with a discussion on the promulgation of several crucial Qing laws. Although officials and other observers throughout the eighteenth century frequently complained about Guangdong’s lawlessness, it was not until the 1780s that the central government began to enact specific laws to deal with bandits, sworn brotherhoods, and social disorder in the province. Between 1780 and 1845, a time when officials perceived a rising crime wave in the province, the government passed at least twelve special substatutes to handle the problems in Guangdong and neighboring provinces. The burst of special legislation during those years was both an indication of a rise in bandit and brotherhood activity in Guangdong as well as the deep concerns that the state had about maintaining law and order.
Prosecution and Punishment
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

In the final chapter, the author explores issues related to local vigilante justice as well as hearings and trials at the local level of government of those persons arrested for involvement in banditry and sworn brotherhood activities. This necessarily involves discussions of jails and detention of criminals, magistrates’ hearings, and punishments. The author ends with an analysis of the patterns of prosecutions and punishments and assess the successes and failures of the judicial system in suppressing banditry and brotherhood activities in late imperial Guangdong.
Conclusion
Authors: Antony Robert J.
Published: May 2017

The conclusion summarizes the main findings of this book with discussions of the underside of Guangdong society and the connections between banditry, community, and the state in late imperial Guangdong. Lastly, the author briefly discusses the pressing problems of criminal gangs and secret societies in contemporary China in terms of the relevance of the past in understanding the present. As sociologist Ho-Fung Hung reminds us, “The past is always a constitutive part of the present, and it will continue to be part of the future.” With this in mind let us engage the past.
Vassals and Kings
Authors: Davis Richard L.
Published: May 2017

Death has a way of destabilizing empires organized around hereditary succession, yet transitions for the Shatuo Turks proved more volatile than most. Li Keyong died of a brain tumor on the nineteenth day of the first month (908.01.19). Interment ensued months later at Daizhou, halfway between Taiyuan and Datong in northern Shanxi, where he had once served as prefect. The eldest of eight surviving sons, Cunxu succeeded as Prince of Jin, consistent with his father’s dying wishes. Twenty-seven days of rigorous mourning ensued. But even before the deceased could be laid to rest, a plot would unfold that tested the mettle of Cunxu when loyalties to persons collide with deference for traditions.
The Hand of History
Authors: Davis Richard L.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 is about the ascension of Li Siyuan, Cunxu’s fictive brother on the throne. The chapter also details the ensuing battles with Cunxu’s sons that cement Siyuan’s rule as successor to the Later Tang Dynasty.
Sha Po Tsuen: Hong Kong Archaeology in Microcosm
Authors: Atha Mick , Yip Kennis
Published: May 2017

We begin by introducing the modern landscape setting of the Yung Shue Wan Site of Archaeological Interest on Lamma Island and the Sha Po backbeach and plateau sites within it. The present cultural context of the area is contrasted with its multi-period human past as evidenced by the excavated archaeological remains. The area’s social and environmental background is introduced. Then the site’s importance is highlighted in terms of key discoveries in the Bronze Age and Six Dynasties-Tang periods, as well as through the richer social narratives offered by recent historical archaeology. The chapter is rounded off with a chapter-by-chapter summary of the process by which the authors approached the task of ‘Piecing Together Sha Po’.
Social Landscapes and Ancient Environments
Authors: Atha Mick , Yip Kennis
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 begins by exploring the making of Hong Kong’s present cultural landscape and then works back through its earlier forms, firstly into the age of rice farming where the long-term sustainable management of that particular socio-economic lifeway created highly distinctive cultural landscapes stretching back from the Qing dynasty to as early as the Northern Song in some areas. Then from the Tang dynasty moving backwards, we enter an era where, on the face of it, human impacts beyond the intensively industrialised backbeach areas seem to have been relatively slight. That said, the coastal focus seemingly exhibited by early historical populations was even more intensively expressed in prehistory when, once sea-levels had stabilised at more or less their present position, the resource-rich landscape of the New Territories and Pearl River estuary coastline and offshore archipelagos then took shape.
Sha Po’s First People: Neolithic Fisher-Hunter-Foragers
Authors: Atha Mick , Yip Kennis
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins the chronological journey through Sha Po’s human story in the earlier Middle Neolithic, providing the necessary archaeological background and context by referencing discoveries made across the wider Hong Kong–Pearl River Delta region (a format also employed in Chapters 5–7 inclusive). The backbeach evidences a major break in activity until the Later Neolithic and we suggest that the patterning of activities is suggestive of a relatively low intensity usage of the site by a small-scale community of fisher-hunter-foragers. Artefactual evidence is also used to suggest that by the end of the Neolithic the Sha Po community, like others across the region, was exhibiting features attributable to a rise in social complexity, which probably reflected both internal change and the intensification of contacts with agropastoralist groups to the north of the Pearl River Delta.
Bronze Age: Technology, Trade, and Increasing Social Complexity
Authors: Atha Mick , Yip Kennis
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 examines one of Sha Po’s most fascinating and important periods of cultural development, the Bronze Age, a period during which the local community was making wider and more specialised use of the coastal landscape. On the plateau there was some form of stilt-house settlement associated with the specialised manufacture of fine quartz rings, while on the backbeach we have the region’s best evidence for non-ferrous metallurgy in the form of in situ bronze casting. The evidence for craft specialisation tells us that society was undergoing change and could perhaps support the work of artisans through some form of surplus production of food. Moreover, access to more advanced technology and exotic materials are both indications of a widening of external contacts, trade, and exchange, while a heightened interest in personal ornamentation and display points towards greater competition and the emergence of social hierarchies.
Conclusions and Reflections on Sha Po
Authors: Atha Mick , Yip Kennis
Published: May 2017

The main text is rounded off with a series of conclusions, which reflect on the value and significance of Sha Po’s archaeological resource in a local and regional context. Some reflections on lessons learnt during the research that led to the production of the book are then provided. Lastly, a series of recommendations and predictions concerning the future management of the Sha Po sites and their wider landscape are made.
Post-war Stars and the Japanese Studio System
Authors: Coates Jennifer
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 describes the structure of the post-war Japanese studio and star systems. The concept of star persona is introduced, blending the work of film theorist Richard Dyer with contemporary Japanese magazine and newspaper accounts of individual stars. The media construction of the personae of popular post-war stars are explored as a means to understand how wartime and pre-war conduct and activities could be sutured into a post-war public persona compliant with the demands of the occupation censors. The Tōhō studio strikes (1946-1948) are explored as historical background for the positioning of film stars as larger than life ‘every persons.’ Case studies include the star personae of Hara Setsuko, Misora Hibari, and Yamaguchi Yoshiko.
The Suffering Mother Trope
Authors: Coates Jennifer
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 analyses the ‘suffering mother’ trope, comparing the character to contemporary depictions of modern housewives. The historical contexts of the period are explored, positioning the mother trope in relation to post-war social change. Finally, changes in the mother trope after the 1950s are investigated and contextualized within discourses of war guilt and anti-nuclear protest. Case studies include the popular hahamono ‘mother film’ Tragedy of Japan (Nihon no higeki, Kinoshita Keisuke, 1953), and Being Two Isn’t Easy (Watashi wa ni sai, Ichikawa Kon, 1962).
Post-war Housewives and the Tsuma-mono
Authors: Coates Jennifer
Published: May 2017

The historical development of the post-war housewife role is described, contextualizing the following analysis of Ozu Yasujirō’s tsuma-mono film A Hen in the Wind (Kaze no naka no mendori, 1948). The chapter presents a chronological account of the development of the housewife trope on-screen from the early postwar period into the 1960s. Hybrid characters composed of stereotypical ‘mother’ and ‘wife’ characteristics, which began to appear from the early 1960s, are analyzed in the last section of the chapter. Case studies include Repast (Meshi, Naruse Mikio, 1951), The Happiness of Us Alone (na mo naku mazushiku utsukushiku, Matsuyama Zenzo, 1961), and Mother (Haha, Shindō Kaneto, 1963).
The First Battle of Cynthiana
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter (and map) describes the First Battle of Cynthiana, July 17, 1862, during Col. John Hunt Morgan’ s First Kentucky Raid. Lt. Col. John J. Landram commanded the Union troops at Cynthiana. Morgan’s men, with two cannons, surrounded the town. The Rebels waded the South Fork Licking River, then Morgan led a cavalry attack over the nearby covered bridge. Landram’s men retreated to the depot, Rankin House, and courthouse before surrendering. Landram escaped. To interrupt reinforcements, the Rebels burned Keller’s Bridge and other bridges on the Kentucky Central Railroad near Cynthiana and Paris.
The Second Battle of Cynthiana
Authors: Penn William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the third engagement of the Second Battle of Cynthiana, when General Stephen Gano Burbridge defeated Morgan’s raiders on Kimbrough’s Hill on June 12, 1864. Morgan deployed his men one mile east of Cynthiana in two locations: on the Millersburg Pike near John Kimbrough’s house, Poplar Hill, and a second position overlooking roads leading to Ruddles Mills and Lair’s Station, commanded by Col. D. Howard Smith. At dawn, Burbridge, with 2,400 mounted infantry and cavalry, attacked Morgan’s first position, whose men, low on ammunition, fled after a flanking cavalry charge. Smith’s second position resisted a little longer, but a flanking cavalry charge sent the Rebels running toward the South Fork Licking River, where many were captured by pursuing Union cavalry. Morgan’s parole signed by Hobson at Keller’s Bridge was later considered illegal and Hobson underwent an official army inquiry before being cleared for improperly signing it.
War Breaks Out!
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers the response of Kentuckians when the Great War broke out in summer 1914. It details how some Kentuckians were initially caught in the war zone, while others chose to go there. The latter included correspondent Irvin Cobb, nurse Curry Breckinridge, and Alexander McClintock, a Lexingtonian who joined the Canadian army and received Britain’s second highest military award for valor.
This chapter concludes with an overview of Kentucky at the outset of the war: a largely agricultural state marked by political strife and still affected by the Civil War during the first years of the twentieth century.
Kentucky Joins the Great War
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers the commonwealth’s response to World War I and efforts to support the war after the United States entered it in April 1917. It describes support from newspaper editors Henry Watterson and Desha Breckinridge. It also discusses attitudes toward the state’s extensive German American population, including an effort to ban the teaching of the German language in schools and the repression of people deemed disloyal or insufficiently supportive of the war. Kentuckians also rallied to the war effort in a positive way, supporting Liberty Bond and Red Cross campaigns. They joined support organizations such as the Four Minute Men and the American Protective League.
African Americans
Authors: Bettez David J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the dilemma of African Americans: whether to support a war to make America safe for democracy, even though they were often denied civil rights and democratic freedoms such as the right to vote. Louisville African American resident and newspaperman Roscoe Conklin Simmons supported the US entry into the war and tried to rally Kentucky blacks to the war effort. Black newspaper publisher Phil Brown of Hopkinsville was also active in this endeavor. He initially assisted federal food administrator Fred Sackett in food conservation efforts and then turned his attention to garnering and organizing black support for other war-support activities. This included African Americans who joined the military, many of whom trained at Camp Taylor. The chapter includes the experiences of Austin Kinnaird, a white officer from Louisville who commanded black troops, and Charles Lewis, a black soldier still in uniform when he was lynched in Fulton County a month after the armistice.
Religion, Friction, and Cultural Encounter in the Anti–Mountaintop Removal Movement
Authors: Witt Joseph D.
Published: May 2017

This final chapter examines the cultural encounters and points of friction between different activists and stakeholders associated with the anti-mountaintop removal movement. In their efforts, activists sometimes encountered conflicting views on Appalachian place, identity, and religion. These views met in points of friction, in anthropologist Anna Tsing’s term, where they often hybridized or changed to generate new perspectives on the issue or to support previously held ideas about place, religion, and identity. Examples of these debates include discussions of “insider” Appalachian identity and fears of “outsiders” influencing local policies, concerns among some religious activists of having their efforts co-opted by other groups who do not share their same moral visions, differing visions of the future of post-mountaintop removal Appalachia, and various arguments concerning the ethics and efficacy of direct action tactics.
Professionalizing the Southern YMCA
Authors: Canady Andrew McNeill
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Weatherford’s creation, administration, and program for the YMCA Graduate School. This institution began in 1919, operated out of Nashville and had ties to Vanderbilt University, Fisk University, and Scarritt College. It sought to train YMCA secretaries for work on college campuses and in other realms of the YMCA. An important component of its curriculum was its race relations courses, which included interactions with African American professors and students, primarily from Fisk, but also those at Tuskegee Institute. Weatherford’s school turned out approximately one hundred graduates in these years, many of them liberals in the cause of race and religion. In the midst of the Great Depression this institution closed, and the financial constraints that plagued the school represented one of the major limits under which Weatherford worked to carry on his liberal efforts while also garnering needed funds.
A Liberal but Never an Activist
Authors: Canady Andrew McNeill
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Weatherford’s views on race continued to evolve from the mid-1930s until his death in 1970. In this period he worked for ten years as a professor at Fisk University and stayed involved in racial concerns. He also authored two books on race relations: one coedited with the noted African American sociologist Charles Spurgeon Johnson, and another that called for churches to be at the forefront of desegregation. Nevertheless, Weatherford in many ways left the subject of race after 1946, as the pace of change on racial issues moved more quickly than he was comfortable with. His withdrawal from racial efforts was typical of other liberals who had been involved in the issue before the 1950s, who, like him, never became activists in the era’s nonviolent civil disobedience efforts. One important point of this chapter, however, is to note that Weatherford began to shift his views on Jim Crow, finally calling for its end by 1943. This section shows the change over time of his views and how larger events (World War II and the Great Depression) and his own personal experiences (his intimate interactions with black students and professors at Fisk while on the faculty there) moved him along.
Conclusion
Authors: Canady Andrew McNeill
Published: May 2017

W. D. Weatherford’s long life came to an end February 21, 1970, in Berea, Kentucky.1 At the time he was living with his son (who by then had become the president of Berea) and his family. A memorial service was held near the college to honor Weatherford, and his funeral took place at the Methodist Church in Black Mountain, North Carolina. Afterward Weatherford was buried in a special plot alongside his wife Julia McRory (who had died in 1957) at the Blue Ridge Assembly. A massive boulder marks their graves, and the following was inscribed for Weatherford:...
“Great Truths”
Authors: Cousins James P.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 begins with a short history of Horace’s childhood home in Salisbury, Connecticut, and then transitions to an overview of his educational experiences as an independent scholar and a student first at local grammar schools and then at Williams College and Yale. Horace’s reflections on Williams are mixed with those of his brothers John Milton and Myron to create a comprehensive understanding of collegiate life in the early republic. However, Horace’s education at Yale and his training under the Reverend Timothy Dwight in particular were fundamental to his later career, both as a minister and as an academic. This chapter also places Horace’s experiences in the context of the Second Great Awakening and the rise of American federalism.
“A New Era of Literature”
Authors: Cousins James P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the earliest years of Horace’s presidency at Transylvania. Bostonians lamented his absence but celebrated his desire to bring education to the dark places of the American West. To accomplish this aim, Horace gathered a unique collection of instructors, including Bostonian John Everett; Italian émigré P. D. Mariano; former University of Pennsylvania medical professor Charles Caldwell; twenty-eight-year-old Granville Pattison, former lecturer at Glasgow’s Medical School; and famed naturalist Constantine Rafinesque. Horace’s early ideas and innovations brought nationwide attention and marginalized those who might work against his goals. His efforts included the publication of the Western Review, a literary magazine he hoped would grow to rival similar eastern periodicals. More significant, however, was the reestablishment of Transylvania’s Medical Department, which under Caldwell’s supervision became the centerpiece of Horace’s efforts at Transylvania.
Conclusion
Authors: Cousins James P.
Published: May 2017

The final chapter concludes this study by following the lives of Horace’s wife, Mary, and his children, Harriette and Horace Jr., and by examining Horace as he was created and re-created in modern memory.
Introduction
Authors: Metzmeier Kurt X.
Published: May 2017

The introduction provides the background history of American law reporting. After the American Revolution, the early law reporters helped create a new common law inspired by the law of England but fully grounded in the printed decisions of American judges. English law reports, whose reporters eventually achieved the same authority as their reports, were the model.
It took time for the first state opinions to appear in print because publication was not commercially feasible. The first law reporters collected the opinions of the court, selected the best, and financed their printing; later they received state subsidies. The early Kentucky law reports were extensions of the personalities of their creators, an individualistic group of rising young lawyers, future and former judges, aspiring politicians, and enterprising journalists. The history of Kentucky courts and the state’s political environment are also surveyed.
The Soldier
Authors: Metzmeier Kurt X.
Published: May 2017

The scion of a distinguished pioneer family, the handsome young Martin D. Hardin would be an able law reporter and later an accomplished appellate advocate, but his native conservatism and moral inflexibility hampered any sustained political career. He was most proud of his service during the War of 1812 against Great Britain. Hardin raised volunteers in Washington and Franklin Counties and was commissioned a major in his brother-in-law Colonel John Allen’s First Kentucky Rifles. The Kentucky volunteers were part of General William Henry Harrison’s campaign to relieve Detroit from British forces. After the war he served as a US senator.
The Rebel
Authors: Metzmeier Kurt X.
Published: May 2017

Early on, Monroe was yet another man caught up in the Old Court–New Court controversy, but he would go on to be a giant of the bar as both an influential federal judge and the leader of a private law school at his Frankfort estate. With homes in both Kentucky and Louisiana, his intellectual reach extended far beyond his Bluegrass home. His large extended family and network of family were woven into the fabric of the Confederacy. Monroe was one of only a handful of federal jurists who renounced their lifetime appointments and gave their allegiance to the rebel government.
The Editor
Authors: Metzmeier Kurt X.
Published: May 2017

James G. Dana was a politically attuned attorney and experienced newspaper editor. His paper had once owned the contract to publish the acts and journals of the state legislature. Dana was one of many educated easterners who immigrated to Kentucky to find their fortunes in the professions and in politics. The New Hampshire–born Dana maintained a law office in Frankfort while he edited the Commentator, the unabashed defender of the Old Court and Henry Clay, as well a spirited adversary of Amos Kendell’s Western Argus and the presidential ambitions of Andrew Jackson. In 1833 Dana would combine his two professions and begin his service as reporter of the Court of Appeals, eventually producing nine high-quality volumes.