bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strawberry Growth and Weed Control in Response to Using Corn Gluten Hydrolysate
Authors: Dilley Craig A. , Nonnecke Gail R. , Christians Nick E.
Published: February 2019

Corn gluten meal (CGM), a by-product of corn wet-milling, has weed control properties and is a N source. The weed control properties of CGM have been identified in previous studies. The hydrolysate is a water soluble, concentrated extract of CGM that contains between 10% to 14% N. Our objective was to investigate corn gluten hydrolysate as a weed control product and N source in `Jewel' strawberry production. The field experiment was a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement of treatments with four replications. Treatments included application of granular CGM, CGM hydrolysate, urea, urea and DCPA (Dacthal), and a control (no application). Granular CGM and urea were incorporated into the soil at a depth of 2.5 cm with N at 0, 29, 59, and 88 g/plot. Plot size was 1 × 3 m. Percent weed cover data on 12 Aug. showed plots receiving the 29 g N from CGM hydrolysate had 48% less weed cover than the control (0 g). Plant growth variables showed similar numbers of runners and runner plants among all nitrogen sources.
Using a Tensiometer Control Valve to Schedule Peach Irrigation
Authors: Glenn D.M. , Peterson D.L.
Published: February 2019

An irrigation control valve that uses the suction developed in a tensiometer to start and stop the flow of water to the irrigation system without the need of electricity was constructed. When soil water suction reached –22 cbars at 25 cm, the valve opened and then closed at –18 cbars. Peach trees at 6 × 6 m (three trees per plot) or 4.9 × 3 m (five trees per plot) spacing were irrigated with either pulse microsprinkler or drip irrigation. Evapotranspiration (ET) was calculated from pan evaporation and adjusted for each plot, based on canopy diameter. Flow meters measured water use for each plot in a split plot design with six replications. In Sept. 1995, drip ET was 30%, and pulse ET was 200% of calculated ET for both plant spacings. Spatial variability in actual and calculated plot ET was >200%, and actual plot ET was highly correlated with calculated plot ET. Data for the 1996 field season will be presented. The results indicate that spatial variability in water use is high, and the tensiometer valve is effective and reliable in scheduling irrigation in a heterogeneous environment.
Nitrogen Use in Garlic
Authors: O'Callaghan Angela
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen is essential to development of bulbing crops such as garlic (Allium sativum L.). Little scientific research thus far has concentrated on the optimum timing and concentration of applied N fertilizer for garlic grown under conditions found in the northeastern United States. A trial in Freeville, N.Y., on a gravely loam soil used three levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, 0 kg·ha–1, 52 kg·ha–1 sidedressed in mid-Apr., and 52 kg·ha–1 applied in mid-Apr. and early June 1995. The samples included a nonbolting (softneck) garlic and a bolting (topset) clone `Spanish Roja', both grown under wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw mulch. A separate trial in East Ithaca studied the same clones plus another topset, Merrifield Rocambole, on a sandy loam soil, using two levels, 0 and 52 kg·ha–1, of ammonium nitrate applied in mid-April only. The East Ithaca trial also examined the efficacy of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) as an alternate N source. Application of ammonium nitrate in April increased average bulb size of topset in Freeville >30%, and the average bulb size of softneck by 23%. Applying in April and June increased average bulb size of topset by 35% and of softneck by 26%. Earlier timing of the second application might enhance these increases. The East Ithaca trial found N fertilization increased average bulb size by 30% for `Spanish Roja', by 20% for Merrifield Rocambole, and 23% for softneck. Analysis of leaf tissue of garlic grown with vetch found that ammonium N increased by 22% to 28% in topset garlic and 14% to 26% in softneck. These results indicate that N fertilization, in the form of either chemical fertilizer or a legume, can benefit this crop in northeastern United States.
Impact of Pesticide Residues in Composted Lawn Waste Compost on Vegetable Crops
Authors: Stuefer-Powell Cindy , Shea Patrick , Hodges Laurie , Horst Garald
Published: February 2019

To conserve space in the Lincoln city landfill, a program for composting urban yard waste was initiated in 1992. Analysis of the first year's compost showed pesticide residues, including chlordane, DDT, DDE, and pendimethalin. We are investigating the concerns of the City Health officials regarding the risk of returning the compost to an urban environment, including use as a soil amendment for garden crops. To determine background levels of the contaminants, a survey was conducted of foundation, lawn, and garden soils of Lincoln properties. Sampling was based on the age of the house: 1 to 24, 25 to 49, 50 to 74, and 75 to 100+ years with three samples taken from each foundation, lawn, and garden. Higher residues were found in the soils of the 25 to 100+ houses than were found in the compost. No pesticide residues were found in the soil from the 1- to 24-year-old houses, with the exception of foundation samples. Chlordane (523 ppb) and heptachlor (44 ppb) were detected in these samples. Greenhouse garden crop studies showed no adverse growth of tomato, petunia, marigold, or sweet corn. Root crops are being analyzed for bioaccumulation.
Evaluation and Distribution of Onagraceae Species in the Texas Panhandle and Texas South Plains
Authors: Balch Sandra A. , McKenney Cynthia B. , Auld Dick L.
Published: February 2019

Oenothera biennis, common evening primrose, produces seeds that have a high oil content containing gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a fatty acid of medicinal, and dietary importance. These plants are commonly found in sandy or gravelly soils and have the ability to tolerate hot, dry conditions. Plants containing economically important oils such as GLA are potential crops for arid environments with minimal irrigation. Many native species of evening primrose have not yet been evaluated for oil content. In this project, a systematic survey of native Onagraceae species was conducted in the Texas Panhandle and the Texas South Plains. Six species of Oenothera and two species of Calylophus were found. Locations were recorded with a Global Positioning System (GPS) to facilitate relocation and collection. Distribution maps were made for each species. The occurrence of species varied greatly from north to south, with the exception of one species that occurred throughout the area surveyed. Seeds were collected from each species and from various locations within the range of each species. Germination percentages were determined for each species and had a wide variation. Evaluation of the oil content of this native germplasm could possibly lead to development of new commercial sources of GLA.
Protective Border Plantings
Authors: Schrader Wayne L. , Robb Karen L. , Mellano Valerie J.
Published: February 2019

The viability of urban interface agriculture (located near housing tracts, shopping centers, roadways, schools, and parks) depends on the ability of growers to allow their neighbors to enjoy the full benefits of their property. Growers must eliminate or minimize the noise, dust, flies, spray drift, odors, and field worker improprieties that can be associated with agricultural enterprises. An excellent way to minimize “ag/urban interface” problems is to grow a protective border planting between housing and agricultural production fields. Border plantings increase the aesthetic value of agricultural open spaces and screen out unwanted agricultural activities for those living adjacent to production areas. An ideal protective barrier planting consists of plants that 1) grow quickly and are easy to maintain; 2) provide a good physical barrier to dust, spray, and noise; 3) are inexpensive and aesthetically pleasing; 4) do not harbor insect pests that would damage crops or surrounding landscape plantings; and 5) support beneficial insects that prey on crop insect pests. Border planting sites were developed to identify plants that are adapted to border planting use and to gather information on insect populations that are supported by those plantings. Early results indicate that native plants including coyote bush, wild lilac, buckwheat, coffeeberry, yarrow, deer grass, and purple-needle grass can provide the desired physical barrier and beneficial insect support. Bio-diversity is the key to increasing populations of beneficial insects and several different native plant species have, therefore, been incorporated into the border plantings. Beneficial insect populations have been increased with appropriate border plantings.
Nitrogen Form and Stage of Development Affect Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Poinsettia
Authors: Scoggins Holly L. , Mills Harry A.
Published: February 2019

Crop-specific tailoring of fertilizer composition and timing of application reduces expense and runoff pollution. We examined the effects N forms and ratios have on growth, development, and utilization of nutrients in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotz.). Rooted cuttings of poinsettia `Freedom' were grown to flowering (10 weeks) in aerated solution culture under greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of five N ratios (percent ammonium: percent nitrate) of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 with a total N concentration of 150 mg·L–1. Dry mass for all plant parts and height increased as the ratio of increased. Leaf and bract areas were greatest with ratios of 25:75 and 50:50, respectively. Plants receiving 100% exhibited severe ammonium toxicity symptoms and uptake of all macronutrients was suppressed. Average weekly uptake of , , P, and K was significantly affected by the treatments. Maximum uptake of and K occurred with 100% , P with 25:75, and with 100% . Uptake averaged across all treatments was divided into physiological growth stages (GS) to identify peak demand periods. The greatest uptake of and was from the beginning of treatments to floral induction (GSI). Uptake of P, K, and Mg peaked at GSII, floral induction to visible bud. Visible bud to anthesis (GSIII) had the lowest uptake for all nutrients. These results demonstrate how : ratios and stage of development can influence growth and nutrient absorption.
Improvement of Plant Stress Resistance with Low Phosphorus
Authors: Borch Kristian , Evensen Kathleen B. , Lynch Jonathan
Published: February 2019

Impatiens (Impatiens × hybrida `Impulse Orange'), and marigold (Tagetes × hybrida `Janie Tangerine') plants grown under low phosphorus were more resistant to drought stress than plants grown with a conventional, high-P fertilization program. Low concentrations of P were supplied using alumina-buffered P incorporated into the peat media. Alumina was charged with two levels of P, giving two levels of P-desorption. The alumina-buffered P amendment amounted to 2% by volume of the medium. Control plants (high-P treatment) were fertilized with a nutrient solution containing a P concentration of 1.5 mm. Phosphorous leaching was reduced by 96% to 99.4% in the low-P treatments compared with controls. Low-P plants showed no signs of P deficiency or aluminum toxicity. Impatiens plant diameter was significantly reduced by low-P fertilization, and leaf area was reduced by low P in both species. In marigold plants, roots were confined to a small volume beneath the drip tube in high-P plants, while in low-P plants they were well distributed through the medium. Impatiens roots showed no obvious differences in root distribution. Plants at the marketing stage were exposed to drought. The low-P plants of both species wilted more slowly and recovered more quickly when irrigated than the high-P controls. The reduced leaf area on the low-P plants may account for the improvement in drought tolerance.
Ability of Pre-charged Clinoptilolite in a Soilless Root Medium to Provide Potassium and Phosphate during Chrysanthemum Production
Authors: Williams Kimberly A. , Nelson Paul V.
Published: February 2019

Many soilless root media have limited ability to retain nutrients. Zeolites are minerals that have substantial nutrient buffering capacity and can be precharged with K, and possibly PO4, and combined with soilless media to provide these nutrients during crop production. The zeolite clinoptilolite was precharged with K and PO4 at two rates that were estimated from sorption isotherms to result in equilibrium root medium solution concentrations of P at >1 μg·ml–1 (low rate) and K at 125 μg·ml–1 (high rate). Precharged clinoptilolite was mixed with a 7 sphagnum peat: 3 perlite root medium to comprise 20% (v/v) and evaluated as the sole source of K and PO4 during production of Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura `Sunny Mandalay'. Phosphate, K, Na, and pH were determined on unaltered bulk medium solutions collected over the course of the cropping cycle, and foliar analyses were determined on tissue collected at mid- and end of crop. Plants that relied on K release from precharged clinoptilolite at the low and high rates and received a N/P/-K fertilizer produced growth and tissue K concentrations that were not significantly different than the control which received a complete fertilizer. Plants that relied on PO4 release of precharged clinoptilolite did not result in growth or tissue P levels similar to those of the complete control. Phosphate levels in the root medium solution were adequate only during the first month of the cropping cycle, but PO4 release should be taken into consideration when developing a fertilization program using precharged clinoptilolite to provide other nutrients. Using precharged clinoptilolite at the low rate reduced K losses through leaching to 26% of the amount leached from control plants receiving K at 176 mg·L–1 at each watering.
Disease Forecasting on Stake Cultured Tomatoes: Defining Decision Thresholds for Use of TOM-CAST in Northern New Jersey
Authors: Maletta M.H. , Cowgill W.P. , Tietjen W. , Johnston S.A. , Nitzsche P.
Published: February 2019

Fourteen different fungicide schedules for early blight control, including eight variations of TOM-CAST, were evaluated at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, N.J. Weather data was collected with Sensor Instruments Field Monitors. All calendar-based schedules—weekly, biweekly, grower simulation—reduced foliar disease compared to the untreated control. All forecast generated schedules—TOM-CAST variations, FAST and CUFAST—reduced foliar disease compared to the untreated control. Several of the forecast schedules resulted in disease ratings not significantly different from those following calendar based schedules or from each other. The fourteen different schedules required as many as sixteen to as few as four fungicide applications. Disease control schedule did not affect total yield, marketable yield and postharvest losses. Disease control with a TOM-CAST generated schedule based on weather data from an electronic meteorological service was not different from disease control obtained with a TOM-CAST schedule based on ground station weather data. Potential cost savings of as much as $295 per acre resulting from reduced fungicide schedules were estimated. Chemical name used: tetrachloroisophtalonitrile (chlorothalonil).
Survey of Rooted Plant Material to Determine Source of Root Rotting Pathogen: Introduction into Greenhouses
Authors: Pottorff Laura Pickett , Panter Karen L.
Published: February 2019

With the cooperation of six commercial greenhouses (five in Colorado, one out of state), rooted poinsettia cuttings and bedding plant plugs were collected and analyzed for Pythium and Rhizoctonia, two common root rotting pathogens in Colorado greenhouses. Samples of plant, soil, and water debris were taken from four greenhouses, as well as samples of growing media ready for use. These were also analyzed for Pythium and Rhizoctonia. Fungi recovered from the plant, debris, or growing media samples were identified, grown in pure culture, and introduced into susceptible plants (Vinca minor) in pathogenicity studies. Neither pathogen was isolated from the rooted poinsettia cuttings tested. Pythium was not found in any of the plug material or in growing media. Rhizoctonia solani was found in 16% of the plug samples and 7% of the growing media samples tested. Debris from greenhouse floors yielded four species of Pythium as well as Rhizoctonia solani. Isolates of each fungus were able to colonize, but not adversely affect, inoculated plants in pathogenicity studies. It appears that disease causing organisms that have potential to decrease plant quality and growth are already present in the greenhouse. Control of root rotting pathogens can best be carried out by relying heavily on sanitation measures.
Cohesion Transport Theory of Water Movement in Plants: Some Anomalous Results Provided by Xylophagous Leafhoppers
Authors: Andersen P.C. , Brodbeck B.V. , Mizell R.F.
Published: February 2019

The Cohesion Tension Theory, first in 1894 introduced by Dixon and Joly is the theory most often invoked to explain water movement in a transpiring plant. The pressure chamber technique has provided the strongest indirect evidence for this theory. However, controversy remains because 1) the necessary pressure gradients in xylem vessels have never been measured directly; 2) it is uncertain how continuous water columns under great tensions could persist in a metastable state for extended periods of time, and; 3) direct pressure probe measurements on individual xylem vessels have not been indicative of the extreme negative pressures obtained with the pressure chamber. Xylem fluid is an energy-limited resource containing the lowest available carbon (energy content = 2 to 15 J/cm3) of any plant tissue. However, many species of xylophagous leafhoppers subsist entirely on this dilute food source, despite the negative pressures thought to occur in xylem vessels. Carbon limitations of leafhoppers were underscored by 1) high feeding rates; 2) an unprecedented assimilation efficiency of organic compounds (i.e., >99%); 3) ammonotelism, and; 4) synchronization of feeding to optimum host nutrient content both seasonally and diurnally. The maximum tension that can be generated by the cibarial pumping mechanism of an insect based on anatomy and biochemistry is about 0.3 to 0.6 MPa, far below the purported xylem tensions occurring during most daylight hours. By contrast, we have shown that feeding has been usually independent of xylem tensions, as measured with a pressure chamber, and instead was a function of the amide content of xylem fluid. Moreover, the calculated net energy gain of insect feeding (or that contained within insect biomass) on xylem fluid of a given composition under a given tension have also been an a paradox. Experiments will be described that provide insight into the energetics of xylem fluid extraction.
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase Activity of Apple Fruit is Affected by Defoliation and Girdling
Authors: Archbold Douglas D.
Published: February 2019

Following June drop, apple fruit growth depends on sorbitol import as the primary source of carbon. Sorbitol dehydrogenase plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism by conversion of sorbitol to fructose, which then enters the general carbohydrate pool. Blocking the pathway and eliminating the source of sorbitol to the fruit by girdling the stem and defoliation after June drop resulted in a decline and eventual cessation of fruit growth. The fruit did not abscise however. Fruit sorbitol and starch levels declined while the fructose, glucose, and sucrose pools did not change. SDH activity declined to low levels and was not detectable in many fruit. The decline in SDH activity was evident 1 week after applying the treatments. A few fruit that resumed growth, presumably after the vascular connection was re-established across the girdle, exhibited normal SDH activity. Feeding sorbitol to whole fruit in vitro via the cut stem raised SDH activity in some fruit, although it was still below control levels.
The Advances in the Study on Mycorrhizas of Fruit Trees in Dry Tropics of Mexico
Authors: Farias-Larios J. , Guzman-Gonzalez S. , Michel-Rosales A.
Published: February 2019

The productivity of marginal soils frequently found in the arid tropics might be improved by using VAM fungi as “biofertilizer” and as a tool of sustainable agricultural systems. Study of mycorrhizas of fruit trees was performed in 1987 in western Mexico. More progress has been made in resources, taxonomy, anatomy and morphology, physiology, ecology, effects, and application of mycorrhizas in fruit trees and ornamental plants production. Currently, five genera has been identified and inoculated plants showed significant difference in respect to plants not inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. Citrus trees were highly dependent on mycorrhizae for normal growth and development, while the banana plants showed lower levels of root colonization by different strains of VAM fungi. The added endomycorrhizal inoculum significantly increased root fungal colonization in fruit trees and reduce the time in nursery. The current status and research trends in the study of fruit tree mycorrhizas in western Mexico are introduced, and the application prospects in sustainable agriculture also are discussed.
Endogenous Hormone Contents in Standard and Dwarf Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Linn. cv.)
Authors: Dai Wenhao , Sheng Bingcheng , Zhang Zhen
Published: February 2019

`Xiao Fang Shi' is a rare, dwarf cultivar of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Linn cv.) recently found north of Shanghai, China. The tree starts to bear fruit at 2 years of age, while standard trees start fruiting at 5 or 6 years of age. Dwarf and standard cultivars have about equal spring shoot growth, but the dwarf cultivar has little fall growth. To determine the mechanisms of dwarfness and early fruiting, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to analyze the endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA1+3) and abscicic acid (ABA) contents in leaves and shoot tips of dwarf (`Xiao Fang Shi') and standard (`Da Fang Shi' and `Zhu Sha Hong') persimmon. The measurement was done during the entire growing season. The results showed that IAA, GA1+3, and ABA contents were influenced by cultivars, ages of trees, and phenophases. The dwarf cultivar `Xiao Fang Shi' has lower IAA and GA1+3 but higher ABA contents than the two standard cultivars during the growing season. These correlations are especially evident when the fruit is ripening. The correlation coefficiency between contents of IAA and GA1+3 and tree height was 0.9704, while that between ABA content and tree height is –0.9697. The low IAA and GA, and high ABA contents may be responsible for little shoot growth of the dwarf cultivar in the fall.
Seasonal Carbohydrate Fluctuations in `Hass' Avocado
Authors: Liu X. , Robinson P. , Arpaia M.L. , Witney G.W.
Published: February 2019

Monthly samples were taken from 9-year-old `Hass' avocado trees on Duke 7 rootstock grown at the UC Southcoast Research and Extension Center in Irvine, Calif. Changes in starch and total soluble sugars were monitored from fine and coarse roots, trunk (above the bud union), small diameter stems, leaves, and fruit. When possible, seasonal carbohydrate changes were compared to root and shoot flushing patterns. In all of the vegetative plant organs monitored, total soluble sugars accounted for most of the carbohydrate. Starch accounted for ≈10% of the sample dry weight, whereas the total soluble sugars accounted for ≈18%. D-mannoheptulose and perseitol, both C7 sugars, were the predominant soluble sugars throughout the year. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose accounted for <5% of the total soluble sugars. During fruit development, soluble sugar content of the exo- and mesocarp tissues >25% of the dry weight. The significance of these findings will be discussed in relationship to tree phenology and carbohydrate partitioning.
The Effects of Nephtaline Acidamid (NAD) on Preharvest Drop of `Golden Delicious' Apples
Authors: Talaie A. , Arouie H.
Published: February 2019

To determine the effect of NAD on prevention of preharvest fruit drop of `Golden Delicious' apples, a range of studies were conducted for 2 years in the Kamalabad area in Karaj City-Iran. In this experiment NAD at 10 and 15 ppm concentrations were applied in two intervals of 2 and 3 weeks before harvesting (131 and 138 days after full bloom) and at the same time nontreated trees were used as control plants. The results indicate that applying NAD reduces the preharvest fruit drop percentage and then is followed by the yield increase. Fruit drop percentage, fruit weight, length, diameter and volume changes, amount of soluble solid material, total sugar content, total acid content, fruit juice pH, and flesh firmness were measured and analyzed in this experiment. According to the results of this experiment using NAD not only prevents the preharvest fruit drop of `Golden Delicious' apples, but any unsuitable changes on the qualitative property of the fruit are avoided and there even is quality improvements in some cases compared to control trees.
Phenology of Four Melon Hybrids Cultivated in the Lara State Conditions in Venezuela
Authors: Perez Yolenda , Delgado Douglas , Manzano Juan E.
Published: February 2019

Phenologycal studies of melon hybrids (Chando, Concorde, Explorer, and Durango) were made through the parameter days to enmergency, type of flowers, days to initiate flowering after sowing, flowering period until first fruit appeared, first cycle fruit formation until new cycle, and days from sowing until the first and final harvest. Chando and Concorde hybrids germinated 4 days after sowing, and Explorer and Durango hybrids germinated 1 day later. All hybrids presented andromonoic flowers. The first flower bottom was present at 25 days after sowing, especially in the hybrid Concorde, while for Explorer and Durango hybrids, it was 26 days. The period of time from flower initiation until the first fruit appeared for Concorde and Chando was 5 days, while for Explorer and Durango hybrids, it was 7 days. Fruit formation occurred in the first cycle and had a duration of 9 days from Concorde. For Chando, Explorer, and Durango, the formation of first fruit group (first cycle) was 12 days. The period of time from sowing until first harvest was 61 days for Concorde and 69 days for the final harvest and from 63 to 72 days, respectively, for the Chando hybrids. For Explorer and Durango, it was 67 to 78 days, respectively.
Fruit Ripening and Quality of Experimental and Commercial (rin and nor) Tomato Hybrid Lines
Authors: Siller-Cepeda J. , Peiro C. , Bez M. , Muy M. , Araiza E. , Garcia R. , Bez R.
Published: February 2019

Sinaloa tomato growers continuously evaluate new varieties, looking for better quality and long shelf life. Mutant fruit with the genes rin and nor offers both possibilities when crossed with normal fruit. Our study presents results of 16 tomato hybrid lines harvested from the field at the “turning” stage and stored under simulated marketing conditions (20°C and 80% RH). Twelve experimental hybrids were from the rin type, one from the nor type, two commercial hybrids were normal, and one commercial line from the rin type. Sampling was done every 2 days up to 16 days. Evaluations done included physical, chemical, and physiological determinations. Line S69 (nor type) had higher firmness compared to the others, while normal lines (S121 and S123) were the softest. S69 was the only hybrid that did not completed a red external color development. Experimental lines of the rin type presented acceptable development of red color, however, only normal lines (S121 and S123) reached the characteristic red color of tomato. Lines of the rin type (S172 and S200) lost more weight during marketing than normal ones. Pulp pH was higher on the experimental rin lines than on the commercial ones (BR84, S121 and S123). Not difference on the sugar: acid ratio among the lines was found. Only normal lines showed a climateric CO2 and C2H4 peak.
Changes in Protein Profiles in Poplar Trees during the Induction of Bud Dormancy by Short-day Photoperiods
Authors: Jeknic Zoran , Chen Tony H.H.
Published: February 2019

In poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.ex Marsh), the development of bud dormancy is initiated by short-day (SD) photoperiods. The degree of bud dormancy, expressed as days to budbreak, increased from ≈10 days for plants grown under long-days to >200 days after 10 weeks of SD exposure. We investigated quantitative and qualitative changes in protein fractions extracted from terminal buds, lateral buds, bark, and leaves of poplar plants during the induction of bud dormancy by 2-D PAGE. While total protein contents(as milligrams per gram fresh weight) in leaves, terminal, and lateral buds did not change significantly during SD treatment, bark protein content increased about five-fold in 10 weeks. The results of 2-D PAGE analysis indicated that there was a significant change in protein profiles in terminal and lateral buds, leaves, and bark. The results suggested that SD treatment in poplar plants causes substantial changes in protein profiles during the induction of bud dormancy.
In Vitro Breeding Techniques for Alstroemeria
Authors: Bridgen Mark
Published: February 2019

Alstroemeria, also known as Lily-of-the-Incas, Inca Lily, or Peruvian Lily, has been bred at the Univ. of Connecticut since 1985. In vitro procedures have been integrated with traditional breeding techniques to create new and exciting cultivars. Embryo culture has been used to generate interspecific, intraspecific, and intergeneric hybrids that would not have been possible with traditional breeding. Somaclonal variation has been used to create new plants from spontaneous and induced mutations, but, in most cases, the plants have not been acceptable commercially. Chromosome doubling with colchicine has been used for fertility restoration of sterile diploids. Somatic embryogenesis has also been studied quite extensively; somatic embryos are easily obtained from zygotic embryos of Alstroemeria. In vitro fertilization procedures are currently being studied in order to hasten embryo development after hybridization has occurred. Because Alstroemeria plants are slow to propagate by traditional rhizome division, micropropagation is used to multiply new cultivars rapidly. Because the production of pathogen-free plants is one of the goals of our breeding and new plant introduction programs, meristem culture and thermotherapy are also being studied. All of these techniques will be described during the workshop.
The Shepherd's Field, a Wholesale Greenhouse Facility Development and Phased Expansion: A Case Study
Authors: Reichenberger William M. , Albrecht M.L.
Published: February 2019

Development of a business plan, facility development, and phased expansion for a multi-faceted horticulture operation will be discussed. The company, The Shepherd's Field, presently consists of fruit and vegetable production distributed through farmers' markets. The owner wants to expand the operation to include bedding plant production, also to be sold at farmers' markets. The objective of this project was to develop a case study for use in greenhouse management courses that would facilitate making management decisions. The present owner has limited resources available. Through researching facility and system costs, the case study will present the owner and students with choices to be made on the development and expansion of the facility. Ultimately, both the owner and students will make decisions. The process of case development will be discussed and the case presented.
New Pest Control Strategies and Effects on Pollination of Cucumbers
Authors: Mulford Karen E. , Linduska James J.
Published: February 2019

Cucumbers are susceptible to the bacterial wilt organism that overwinters in the gut of cucumber beetles. This disease is transmitted in feces via open feeding wounds and plugs xylem vessels of water conductive tissues. Insecticides can be applied to control cucumber beetles. Adios, a semiochemical bait impregnated with cucurbitacin is combined with the insecticide carbaryl, which can be applied after plant emergence to control cucumber beetles. However, the method of application for giving the maximum control is unknown; thus, this was the purpose of this project. This study evaluates the rate of application, number of applications, methods of application using pressure and airblast sprays, and compares two Adios formulations. Also studied were the effects of Adios on bee fertilization and the quality of the fruit, since carbaryl is toxic to bees, and therefore can affect pollination. Adios was also compared to a foliar insecticide, Asana.
ASSESSING THE NORTH CAROLINA MASTER GARDENER PROGRAM
Authors: Bass Larry , Mustian Robert D.
Published: February 2019

A total of 51 Extension agents were surveyed in the North Carolina Master Gardener program. Thirty-five (68%) agents returned the survey. The highest benefits from participation in the Master Gardener program were expanded outreach of the county office and increased community support. The top three program barriers are limited time, financial resources, and the recruiting/supporting of volunteers. The majority (60% agreed) of agents felt the Master Gardener program was a cutting-edge program and the Master Gardener Association (67.7% agreed) should continue to be supported. The three significant programming thrusts at the county level were new clientele, increased number of volunteers, and volunteer input into the local program. Significant features from the state level were the production of support materials, administrative support, and the N.C. Master Gardener Manual. Future changes/improvements to the Master Gardener program should be done through in-service training, completion of the teaching modules project, and more agent sharing sessions. Most agents (58.8%) have been in the Master Gardener program for 5 years or less, with 42.9% possessing horticulture undergraduate degrees. At least 100 median hours per agent were freed up by Master Gardeners answering phone calls and conducting workshops. The estimated savings to homeowners per county was a $20,000 median.
EDUCATING VIA THE AIRWAYS...THE TIME IS NOW
Authors: Dunn E. R. , Schultz P. B. , Appleton B. L.
Published: February 2019

Advancements in telecommunications technology have impacted society in many ways. Much discussion exists about redefining the role of colleges and universities. The progress being made in educational methods is changing conventional classroom teaching. While change may be necessary for institutions of learning to compete in a global marketplace, colleges and universities remain highly focused on what their role will be in improving educational quality. A review of available literature reveals that many factors have created alternative ways for educators to be effective in providing course material to students. The effects of modern technology will present new challenges and innovations in the way horticultural education will be presented.
USING TEACHING PORTFOLIOS EFFECTIVELY
Authors: Decoteau Dennis R.
Published: February 2019

The Teaching Portfolio is a factual description of a professor's strengths and accomplishments. It includes documents and materials that collectively suggest the scope and quality of a professor's teaching performance. The Teaching Portfolio is a living, breathing document that changes over time. Items in a Teaching Portfolio include a statement of teaching responsibilities, description of steps to improve teaching, instructional innovations, student and teaching evaluations, awards and honors, and a record of students who have succeeded. I will discuss the steps taken at Clemson University to use the Teaching Portfolio.
FIELD EVALUATION OF NEW BELL PEPPER CULTIVARS FOR BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT RESISTANCE
Authors: Rowell Brent , Jones Terry , Nesmith William
Published: February 2019

Kentucky growers currently produce about 1300 acres of bell peppers worth $2 million for both fresh market and processing. Bacterial leaf spot (BLS) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria has been the scourge which continues to limit expansion of pepper production in the state. Fourteen new BLS-resistant varieties and experimental lines were evaluated together with two standard (susceptible) varieties in 1995 at two locations. All entries were exposed to an induced BLS epidemic at one location but were kept disease-free at the second location. Field resistance to four races of BLS was high for all but one of the lines tested, which claimed resistance to races 1, 2, and 3. Cultivars with resistance to only race 2 or races 1 and 2 of the pathogen were no different from susceptible checks in terms of yields and disease resistance. Six entries performed well at both locations; these will be included in further trials in 1996.
FIELD PERFORMANCE, EAR CHARACTERISTICS, AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF WHITE SWEET CORN VARIETIES
Authors: Simonne Eric , Simonne Amarat , Green Nancy , Pitts Jim
Published: February 2019

Field performance, ear characteristics and sensory ratings were determined for `Even Sweeter,' `Fantasia', `Silver Queen', `Silverado', `Snow Belle', `Snow White', `Starshine', and `Treasure' sweet corn varieties. Yield (P = 0.60), ears per hectare (P = 0.77), and ear fill (P = 0.22) were not significantly affected by variety, whereas ear set height (P < 0.01), ear length (P < 0.01) and diameter (P < 0.01), tip cover (P < 0.01), eye appeal (P < 0.01), as well as sensory ratings of appearance (P < 0.01), sweetness (P < 0.01), and flavor (P < 0.01) after cooking were. None of the selected varieties was rated unacceptable. However, because mean separation tests at the 5% and 10% levels did not provide clear groupings and because all attributes have to be considered together in variety evaluation, a global performance index (GPI) was developed by adding the ranks of each variety for each attribute. GPI ranged between 28 for `Treasure' and 59 for `Snow White' on a 10 (best) to 80 (worse) scale. `Treasure', `Silver Queen', and `Even Sweeter' were above average. These varieties may be considered best performers for white sweet corn production in central Alabama.
EFFECT OF WATER DEFICIT ON YIELD COMPONENTS OF SOUTHERNPEA [VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.]
Authors: Moi Timon K. , Andersen Craig R.
Published: February 2019

Southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is the main source of protein in humid and subhumid tropics, but production is limited by low and erratic rainfalls. This potential calls for greater management of water deficit stress through timely irrigation and greater understanding of crop response to adverse environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were to: identify growth stages of southernpea sensitive to water deficit, estimate critical length of water deficit detrimental to southernpea during each stage, and describe physiological and morphological responses of southernpea to water deficit stress. In this study, two southernpea cultivars, `AR.91-285' and `Coronet', were used to examine the effect of water deficit stress on seed yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, and hundred seed weight during three stages of growth. The greenhouse and field results for these parameters indicated that the vegetative stage was the least sensitive to water deficit stress, followed by podfilling and flowering stages. However, pod filling stage was found to be less sensitive than vegetative stage beyond 21 days of stress. The critical length of water deficit causing yield reduction appeared to be 7 days for flowering and pod filling stages and 14 days for vegetative stage. `Coronet' was less sensitive to water deficit stress than `AR.91-285'. Reduced plant size, change in leaf color, and wilting were plant responses during the vegetative stage. Leaf senescence, flower abscision, fewer and shorter pods, and early pod maturity were observed plant responses during the reproductive stages. We observed a general decline in stomatal conductance and net CO2 assimilation with increasing days of stress. After 7 and 14 days of water-deficit-stress vegetative growth, stomatal conductance and net CO2 assimilation returned to the levels of control.
ONIONS FOR WINDOWS
Authors: Roberts Roland E. , Bender David A. , Smith Jackie , Young Stanley
Published: February 2019

A market window for onion occurs when f.o.b. prices are above grower break-even price for a period of 4 to 6 weeks. Market windows were calculated to occur from late June to early August and from early October through December for northwest Texas onions. Five-year average prices ranged from $6.25 to $7.40 (1990–94), and a breakeven price of $5.38/50-lb sack was calculated from an analysis of total costs of production and marketing and historic yields. Ongoing research and grower demonstrations with advanced breeding lines, commercial cultivars, and selections from yellow, white, and red cultivars have defined certain cultivars that display superior attributes and mature within the market window. Superior cultivars adapted to the first market window include XPH-87N60, `Sunre 1445', `Sunre 1462', `Yula', `Spano', `Cimarron', `Riviera', `Utopia', and `Alabaster'. Superior cultivars adapted to the second market window include `Sweet Perfection', `Sterling', `Vega', `Bravo', `Capri', `Vaquero', `El Charro', `Quest', `Shasta', and `Vision'. `Vaquero', `Sunre 1462', `Sunre 1445', `El Charro', and `Viceroy' have potential for short-term storage for October to December markets.
GALL MIDGES, CONTARINIA AGRIMONIAE FELT AND DASINEURA SPP. (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), ASSOCIATED WITH BLACKBERRY FLOWER INJURIES AND NUBBINS
Authors: Stiles Herbert D. , Semtner Paul J.
Published: February 2019

Larvae of Contarinia agrimoniae Felt, a gall midge, were discovered during 1986 in blossoms of blackberry cultivars and wild-growing plants that had a history of poor fruit set and `nubbin' formation (Stiles, Semtner, and Reed, 1996). Other species damage blackberries in Europe, but the only North American recognition of Rubus flower bud infestation was with Dasineura rubiflorae Felt during 1886 (Gagne, 1989). During 1995 we found larvae of a Dasineura spp. in damaged buds at two, widely separated, commercial, North Carolina, blackberry sites. It is not known if the latter insects are different from the species that was collected during 1886. Midge larvae probably overwinter in soil under affected plants so we sprayed diazinon on the soil surface before bloom to kill larvae or interfere with pupation and reduce crop injuries. Infested `Shawnee' and `Cheyenne' buds were ≈100% more numerous among controls than diazinon-treated plots. Numbers of larvae varied among infested buds; 83 were observed in one bud from a nontreated `Cheyenne' plot.
EVALUATION OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT
Authors: Huang Hongwen , Dane Fenny , Norton J.D.
Published: February 2019

The genetic diversity within and between geographic populations of the American chestnut tree was evaluated with allozyme and RAPD markers. Winter dormant or mature shoot buds from American chestnut trees collected in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Connecticut were used for isozyme assays. Genetic diversity statistics calculated for 20 isozyme loci indicated that the highest level of heterozygosity was detected in the Alabama and Connecticut populations, the lowest level in the Great Smoky Mountain populations. RAPD analyses were conducted on American chestnut plant material. The best results were obtained with seed tissue. Seed from New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania populations and buds from Alabama and Georgia populations were evaluated for RAPD markers scattered throughout the chestnut genome.
PROFILING THE TEXAS A&M HORTICULTURE JOB OPPORTUNITIES NEWSLETTER: CONTENT, READERSHIP, AND PERCEIVED VALUE
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Townsend Christine D.
Published: February 2019

A sample of individual and institutional recipients of a monthly horticultural job opportunities newsletter and firms/organizations listing positions in the newsletter were surveyed to determine the perceived value of the newsletter as a job search tool and recruitment tool, respectively. Survey information was also used to develop a profile of the individuals and organizations using the newsletter. Original position descriptions on which the briefer newsletter listings were based were used to develop a profile of the industry segment, degree/experience requirements, geographic location, and starting salaries/benefits of positions listed between Jan. 1993 and Dec. 1994. While the newsletter generated contact between prospective employees and employers, only 20% of the prospective employees received job offers by responding to newsletter listings. Individual recipients valued the newsletter as a job search tool more than institutional recipients, or private industry as a recruitment tool. Starting salaries of listed positions were comparable to those previously reported in industry and academic surveys. Foreign language skills and previous work experience were more frequently requested than above minimum grade point averages or completion of government/industry certification programs. Landscape-related disciplines constituted the majority of BS/BA positions listed, where advanced degree positions were more evenly distributed over horticulture-related disciplines.
YIELD RESPONSE OF `SUNRISE' PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA) TO KINETIN AND FOLCYSTEINE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Morales-Payan Jose Pablo
Published: February 2019

Field experiments were conducted in the Dominican Republic to determine the effects of different rates of the biostimulants folcysteine and kinetin on fruit yield of `Sunrise' papaya. Aqueous solutions of either 50, 70, 90, 110, or 130 ppm. Four applications were made at 3-week intervals. Fruit number, size, and weight were recorded weekly during 15 weeks after application. Yields for the control and kinetin-treated plants were not significantly different. Significant yield increase was found in plants treated with 70 and 90 ppm of folcysteine solution. Fruit yield in plants treated with 30, 50, 110, or 130 ppm of folcysteine did not differ significantly from that of the control. These results indicate that folcysteine treatment at 70 and 90 ppm at flowering can significantly increase fruit yield in `Sunrise' papaya.
WEED INTERFERENCE AND WEED PROBLEMS IN LOUISIANA SWEETPOTATOES—A REVIEW
Authors: Porter Wayne C.
Published: February 2019

High annual rainfall and frequent torrential deluges have always made weed control a tenuous affair in Louisiana. Herbicide leaching and soil erosion often take preemergence herbicides to the nether regions. Before the time of postemergent grass herbicides, frequent cultivation was the only method to try to salvage the sweetpotato crop when preemergence weed control was lost. For many years, the most serious weed problems were prickly sida, cocklebur, and purple nutsedge with occasional hotspots of morning-glory. However, due to the change in herbicides used, the species of problem weeds have shifted to rice flatsedge, yellow and purple nutsedge, carpetweed, and various pigweeds. Before the registration of Command herbicide for use in sweetpotatoes, many sweetpotato growers used herbicides that effectively controlled or suppressed the current problem weeds. With the widespread use of Command, prior problem weed species are effectively controlled, but these other problem weeds are released.