bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Femorotibial Cartilage Morphology: Reproducibility of Different Metrics and Femoral Regions, and Sensitivity to Change in Disease
Authors: Hudelmaier M. , Wirth W. , Wehr B. , Kraus V. , Wyman B.T. , Hellio Le Graverand M.-P. , Eckstein F.
Published: July 2010

This study was designed to characterize the reproducibility and sensitivity to change of magnetic resonance imaging-based cartilage morphology metrics and femoral regions of interest (ROIs), in order to provide preferable outcome measures in longitudinal studies of cartilage morphology. Test-retest acquisitions were obtained at 3 tesla (T) in 33 subjects with and without radiographic signs of osteoarthritis (OA) (reproducibility study) as well as baseline and 2-year follow-up acquisitions in 28 subjects with radiographic signs of advanced OA (sensitivity study). Cartilage was segmented in the tibia and two distinct anatomical femoral ROIs, a ‘long’ ROI extending 60% from the trochlear notch to the posterior end of the condyles, and a ‘short’ ROI extending to the intercondylar bone bridge. Coefficients of variation (reproducibility study) and standardized response means (SRMs, sensitivity study) were obtained for different morphology metrics and anatomical regions. The subchondral bone area of the long ROI was 20% greater and less variable than that of the short ROI; cartilage morphology metrics were generally more reproducible in the long ROI. Normalized cartilage volume (VCtAB) and mean cartilage thickness (over the entire subchondral bone area; ThCtAB.Me) tended to be more reproducible and more sensitive to change (SRM up to –0.62) than cartilage volume (SRM up to –0.44), cartilage thickness over the cartilaginous area (ThCcAB; SRM up to –0.48) or maximum cartilage thickness (ThCtAB; SRM up to –0.35). The long femoral cartilage ROI provided more reproducible measurements than the short one. VCtAB and ThCtAB.Me may be preferable metrics in longitudinal studies of articular cartilage adaptation or OA.
Episodic Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution Decreases Circulating Levels of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: O'Toole Timothy E. , Hellmann Jason , Wheat Laura , Haberzettl Petra , Lee Jongmin , Conklin Daniel J. , Bhatnagar Aruni , Pope C. Arden
Published: July 2010

Rationale
:

Acute and chronic exposures to airborne particulate matter (PM) have been linked in epidemiological studies to a wide spectrum of cardiovascular disorders that are characterized by a dysfunctional endothelium. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these associations are unclear.

Objective
:

To examine whether exposure to fine PM with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (PM
2.5
) affects the circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) populations, systemic inflammation and coagulation.

Methods and Results
:

Phenotypically distinct EPC populations were quantified by flow cytometry in young (18 to 25 years) adult humans exposed to episodic increases in PM
2.5
along the Wasatch Mountain Front in Utah. In addition, Sca-1
+
/Flk-1
+
cells were measured in the peripheral blood of mice exposed to concentrated particles from ambient air in Louisville, Ky. In both studies, PM exposure was negatively correlated with circulating EPC levels. In humans, statistically significant associations between PM
2.5
exposure and the plasma levels of platelet–monocyte aggregates, high-density lipoprotein, and nonalbumin protein were also observed. Episodic increases in PM
2.5
did not change plasma levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, or serum amyloid A.

Conclusions
:

Episodic exposure to PM
2.5
induces reversible vascular injury, reflected in part by depletion of circulating EPC levels, and increases in platelet activation and the plasma level of high-density lipoprotein. These changes were also accompanied by an increase in nonalbumin protein and may be related to mechanisms by which exposure to particulate air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and adverse cardiovascular events.
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase α1β1 Limits Stroke Size and Attenuates Neurological Injury
Authors: Atochin Dmitriy N. , Yuzawa Izumi , Li Qian , Rauwerdink Kristen M. , Malhotra Rajeev , Chang Junlei , Brouckaert Peter , Ayata Cenk , Moskowitz Michael A. , Bloch Kenneth D. , Huang Paul L. , Buys Emmanuel S.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Nitric oxide mediates endothelium-dependent vasodilation, modulates cerebral blood flow, and determines stroke outcome. Nitric oxide signals in part by stimulating soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) to synthesize cGMP. To study the role of sGC in stroke injury, we compared the outcome of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice deficient in the α
1
subunit of sGC (sGCα
1
−/−
) with that in wild-type mice.

Methods—

Blood pressure, cerebrovascular anatomy, and vasoreactivity of pressurized carotid arteries were compared in both mouse genotypes. Cerebral blood flow was measured before and during middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. We then assessed neurological deficit and infarct volume after 1 hour of occlusion and 23 hours of reperfusion and after 24 hours of occlusion.

Results—

Blood pressure and cerebrovascular anatomy were similar between genotypes. We found that vasodilation of carotid arteries in response to acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside was diminished in sGCα
1
−/−
compared with wild-type mice. Cerebral blood flow deficits did not differ between the genotypes during occlusion, but during reperfusion, cerebral blood flow was 45% less in sGCα
1
−/−
mice. Infarct volumes and neurological deficits were similar after 24 hours of occlusion in both genotypes. After 1 hour of ischemia and 23 hours of reperfusion, infarct volumes were 2-fold larger and neurological deficits were worse in sGCα
1
−/−
than in the wild-type mice.

Conclusion—

sGCα
1
deficiency impairs vascular reactivity to nitric oxide and is associated with incomplete reperfusion, larger infarct size, and worse neurological damage, suggesting that cGMP generated by sGCα
1
β
1
is protective in ischemic stroke.
Assessment of Thrombus in Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Using Thin-Slice Nonenhanced Computed Tomography Reconstructions
Authors: Riedel Christian H. , Jensen Ulf , Rohr Axel , Tietke Marc , Alfke Karsten , Ulmer Stephan , Jansen Olav
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

We sought to evaluate how accurately length and volume of thrombotic clots occluding cerebral arteries of patients with acute ischemic stroke can be assessed from nonenhanced CT (NECT) scans reconstructed with different slice widths.

Methods—

NECT image data of 58 patients with acute ischemic stroke with vascular occlusion proven by CT angiography were reconstructed with slice widths of 1.25 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.75 mm, and 5 mm. Thrombus lengths and volumes were quantified based on these NECT images by detecting and segmenting intra-arterial hyperdensities. The results were compared with reference values of thrombus length and volume obtained from CT angiography images using Bland-Altman analysis and predefined levels or tolerance to find NECT slice thicknesses that allow for sufficiently accurate thrombus quantification.

Results—

Thrombus length can be measured with high accuracy using the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign detected in NECT images with slice thicknesses of 1.25 mm and 2.5 mm. We found mean deviations from the reference values and limits of agreement of −0.1 mm±0.6 mm with slice widths of 1.25 mm and 0.1 mm±0.7 mm for slice widths of 2.5 mm. Thrombus length measurements in NECT images with higher slice width and all evaluated thrombus volume measurements exhibited severe dependence on the level and did not match the accuracy criteria.

Conclusion—

The length of the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign as detected on thin-slice NECT reconstructions in patients with acute ischemic stroke can be used to quantify thrombotic burden accurately. Thus, it might qualify as a new diagnostic parameter in acute stroke management that indicates and quantifies the extent of vascular obliteration.
Nonhypotensive Dose of Telmisartan Attenuates Cognitive Impairment Partially Due to Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Activation in Mice With Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion
Authors: Washida Kazuo , Ihara Masafumi , Nishio Keiko , Fujita Youshi , Maki Takakuni , Yamada Mahito , Takahashi Jun , Wu Xiaofeng , Kihara Takeshi , Ito Hidefumi , Tomimoto Hidekazu , Takahashi Ryosuke
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

The effect of telmisartan, an angiotensin II Type 1 receptor blocker with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-modulating activity, was investigated against spatial working memory disturbances in mice subjected to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.

Methods—

Adult C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery stenosis using external microcoils. Mice received a daily oral administration of low-dose telmisartan (1 mg/kg per day), high-dose telmisartan (10 mg/kg per day), or vehicle with or without peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ antagonist GW9662 (1 mg/kg per day) for all treatments for 30 days after bilateral common carotid artery stenosis. Cerebral mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α was measured 30 days after bilateral common carotid artery stenosis, and postmortem brains were analyzed for demyelinating change with Klüver-Barrera staining and immunostained for glial, oxidative stress, and vascular endothelial cell markers. Spatial working memory was assessed by the Y-maze test.

Results—

Mean systolic blood pressure and cerebral blood flow did not decrease with low-dose telmisartan but significantly decreased with high-dose telmisartan. Low-dose telmisartan significantly attenuated, but high-dose telmisartan provoked, spatial working memory impairment with glial activation, oligodendrocyte loss, and demyelinating change in the white matter. Such positive effects of low-dose telmisartan were partially offset by cotreatment with GW9662. Consistent with this, low-dose telmisartan reduced the degree of oxidative stress of vascular endothelial cells and the mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α compared with vehicle.

Conclusions—

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of telmisartan that were exerted in part by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation, but not its blood pressure-lowering effect, have protective roles against cognitive impairment and white matter damage after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
Protestantse Huisgodsdienst in Nederland in Het Begin Van De Negentiende Eeuw
Authors: De Mooij Jack
Published: July 2010

Family worship, or family prayer, is a form of piety which was propagated in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century by the pietistic movement of the Nadere Reformatie. It was still propagated when in the early nineteenth century the theological climate had changed. In family worship the members of a family held a sort of church service together: they prayed together, sang and read from the Bible or an edifying book. Around the year 1800 many books were written for family devotion in the Netherlands, even by such prominent theologians as Clarisse and Van der Palm. Moreover, many translations of devotional books of German origin appeared. In this article family worship is described on the basis of three treatises published by Dutch societies, the orthodox Haagsch Genootschap, the 'evangelical' Nederlandsch Zendeling Genootschap, and the liberal Maatschappij tot Nut van het Algemeen. These treatises were written for the 'common man'. They show that in the early nineteenth century family worship was propagated because religion was seen as the guarantee of the happiness of the family, and of the prosperity of society in general. The concept of family worship was especially suited to the pervading culture of homeliness in the Netherlands of the early nineteenth century. In spite of the different background of the three societies, their treatises do not differ from each other very much.
Kerk Zonder Beraad
Authors: Van Laarhoven Jan
Published: July 2010

'Provinzialkonzil' heißt hier jede offizielle Tagung auf supradiözesaner Ebene in der lateinischen römisch-katholischen Kirche zwischen Trient und Vatikan I. Im ersten Teil wird die theoretische Würdigung des Provinzialkonzils analysiert anhand einiger Kontroverstheologen, Kanonisten, und Päpste: das Ergebnis ist sehr positiv, bzw. mäßig, oder praktisch negativ. Im zweiten Teil wird die faktische Wertung geprüft, sowohl chronologisch als geographisch, in allen damals wirklich funktionierenden Kirchenprovinzen. Es zeigt sich daß die tridentinische Norm (jede 3 Jahre ein Provinzialkonzil) zu 97 % nicht unterhalten wurde. Zum Schluß wird versucht einige Erklärungen dieser "Kirche ohne Beratung" zu geben.
'Polemische Sympathie': Daniel Chantepie De La Saussaye (1818-1874) En Allard Pierson (1831-1896) in Hun Onderlinge Verhouding
Authors: Van Den Berg J.
Published: July 2010

In his Oudere Tijdgenooten (1883) the Dutch scholar Allard Pierson included a sympathetic sketch of his 'older contemporary' Daniel Chantepie de la Saussaye, one of the leading Dutch theologians, who had died in 1874. He depicted him as an evangelical who in his theology transcended the limitations of the evangelical revival movement (the 'Réveil'). The two men had known each other from Pierson's youth onward. Pierson himself was a son of the 'Réveil', even more so than La Saussaye, but under the influence of his Utrecht teacher C. W. Opzoomer he had become a theological modernist. In the period when they were both ministers in the Walloon church they carried on a theological controversy, in which Pierson defended the modernist, La Saussaye a more orthodox point of view. Their polemics sometimes endangered their feelings of mutual friendship, but an underlying sense of personal sympathy remained. In 1865 Pierson left the ministry of the church-partly under the influence of La Saussaye's arguments, which made him aware of the incompatibility of his ecclesiastical commitments and his radical position.
Ioannes Sartorius (ca. 1500-1557), Gymnasiarch Te Amsterdam En Noordwijk, Als Erasmiaan En Spiritualist*
Authors: Trapman J.
Published: July 2010

The identity of Joannes Sartorius has long been a subject of controversy. As the old bio-bibliographies disagree about the year of his death (the dates range from 1557 to 1575), Henry de Vocht suggested that there might have been two Sartorii: 1. a humanist ludimagister (died 1557), the author of books on Latin grammar and style, the translator of Erasmus' Adagia into Dutch; 2. a protestant zealot (died after 1557), who in writing his heretical works may even have hidden behind the name of the respectable ludimagister. This assumption, however, is connected with De Vocht's anti-protestant bias, which kept him from accepting that humanist and protestant tendencies could coexist in one person (as in e.g. Sartorius' friend Gnapheus, author of the Acolastus). Nevertheless, the outline of the life and works of Sartorius, the heretical ludimagister, could not have been written without De Vocht's numerous and thorough publications. Sartorius worked as a teacher of Latin in Amsterdam and Noordwijk. He is certain to have stayed in Emden and is said to have lived in Basle. His religious convictions got him into trouble several times. Unfortunately, the precise course of Sartorius' life is not yet clear and the greater part of his writings seems to have been lost. The only works we have at our disposal are: 1. a grammar (editio princeps 1533, written ca. 1527); 2. a syntax (ed. pr. 1530, written ca. 1528); 3. Selectissimarum orationum germanice redditarum ... exereitus (ed. pr. ca. 1540), a work on Latin expressions with their Dutch translations; 4. The Adagia, a rich collection of some 3000 proverbs, taken from Erasmus, with their Dutch equivalents added. The Adagia were published posthumously in 1561. In 1530, Sartorius had already published about 300 adages (Latin and Dutch) in an appendix to his syntax. Sartorius was interested in Dutch proverbs and phrases both as an aid in teaching Latin and for their own sake. 5. Paraphrases on the Major and Minor prophets, as well as Sapientia Salomonis (finished 1553, published 1558 in Basle). In this work, Sartorius proves himself a pronounced spiritualist rather than an Erasmian. He must have been familiar with the work of Sebastian Franck. Undoubtedly, he had read at least Franck's Verbutschiert Buch (1539) and his Sechshundert Dreyzehn Gebot und Verpot der Juden (1537). Already in the Exercitus traces of Franck's influence may be detected. There is, incidentally, little other evidence of such influence in the Netherlands in the first half of the 16th century.
H.J. Spijker (1802-1870). Een Kennismaking
Authors: Aalders M.J.
Published: July 2010

H. J. Spijker (1801-1870) was one of the most important liberal administrators of the Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk (Netherlands Reformed Church) of the second half of the nineteenth century. He was first heard of in a discussion about a revision of the 'Algemeen Reglement van de Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk' (The constitution of the church). In this discussion he proved to be an ardent supporter of a more democratic church structure. In 1852, Spijker became a member of the 'Algemene Synodale Commissie', the Synod's executive committee. Being in favour of the separation of Church and State he played an important role in 1853 by urging for moderation when relations between Protestants and Catholics were severely tried, owing to the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy (1853). This did not make him beloved by all. As a result he lost his position in the organisation; he returned in 1860 in the national church council, however, first as chairman of the Synod and a year later as chairman of the 'Algemene Synodale Commissie'. His most important contribution again had to do with a more democratic church structure. In 1852 this liberal attitude brought him into contact with J.R. Thorbecke, who found a position for him in the 'Departement van Eredienst'. When he died in 1870 the separation of Church and State, as laid down in the constitution of 1848, was almost completely realised. Spijker's contribution had been considerable.
De Nederlandse Gereformeerde Gemeente Te Archangel in De Achttiende Eeuw
Authors: Veluwenkamp J.W.
Published: July 2010

The Dutch Reformed Parish in Archangel in the Eighteenth Century The Dutch Reformed parish in the Northern Russian seaport of Archangel probably originated in the 1630s and apparently received some sort of formal and independent status in about 1660. In the eighteenth century, the parish was a small and shrinking community. In the 1730s, it had an estimated 240 Dutch members, and by the 1770s about 110. The parish virtually coincided with the Dutch merchant community of Archangel. Many of the Dutch merchants of that town lived there with their wives, children and servants. The parish council consisted of the minister and (probably three) elders and (probably three) deacons. The minister, who usually came from the Netherlands or Germany, was hired by the Directors of the Muscovy Trade (de Directeuren van de Moskovische Handel) in Amsterdam on behalf of the parish, examined and called by the Classis of Amsterdam, and paid by the parish. The church, of course, focussed primarily on the spiritual care of the parish members. But the parish council also performed communal services in a broader sense. It provided for the teaching of children and acted as orphan's court. The parish had a school-house and employed a Dutch schoolmaster.
De Edities Van Het Nieuwe Testament Door De Delftse Drukker Cornelis Henricsz. Lettersnijder1
Authors: Den Hollander Aurelius A.
Published: July 2010

The cumulative printers index in W. Nijhoff and M.E. Kronenberg's Nerlerlranrl- .sche BiblioAr(zl)hie van 1500-1540 (NK), part III, vol III, contains the most recent, complete description of the Delft printer Cornelis Lettersnijder's publishers' list. It records four editions of the New Testament in 1518, 1524, 1525, and 1533. Copies exist only of the well-known edition of 1524 (NK 378). It is generally considered unlikely that a 1518 edition (NK 0140) ever existed. In contrast to previous scholarship, M.E. Kronenberg believes that no 1525 edition (NK 0149) existed either. Only a few 19th-century catalogues attest to the 1533 (NK 0160) edition. The present study starts with a short exploration of the printer and his list. It goes on to deal with his editions of the New Testament. The study confirms that the editions of 1518 anJ 1525 were indeed never published, so that of the four editions supposed, only two ever saw print. The recent discovery by the author in the "Jezuietenbibliotheek Berchmanianum" in Nijmegen of a copy of the 1533 edition enables him to offer a bibliographical description of the publication in addition to an analysis of the contents of this heretofore so poorly known edition. The edition was printed in octavo format and was published in a joint venture with the printer Henrick Peetersen van Middelburch. The study demonstrates how the Antwerp printer Michiel Hillen van Hoochstraten copied and simplified Lettersnijder's text in the 1524 edition for his own editions of the New Testament in 1527, 1530, and 1531 (2x). It goes on to show that one of Van Hoochstraten's editions in turn stood at the basis of Lettersnijder's 1533 edition of the New Testament.
Epistolarium Voetianum Ii
Authors: Bos Erik-Jan
Published: July 2010

We present here two letters of Voetius to Maarten Schoock, professor of philosophy at the university of Groningen. They almost exclusively treat both men's dispute with Descartes, and especially the proceedings the French philosopher instituted against Schoock because of his anti-Cartesian work Admiranda methodus (Utrecht 1643). The first letter (April 1644, published here for the first time), is of particular interest, for Voetius described in detail the reasons for publishing Admiranda methodus in it. The second one (21 January 1645 o.s., only partly known) is a letter of advice, or, as Descartes saw it, a shameless attempt to entice Schoock to give false evidence before his judges (AT VIIIB 248-249). The last document published here is Schoock's Corte memorie. The margins of this manuscript show Voetius's own comments.
On Synchronization in the Reproduction of the Stickleback (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L. Forma Leiura Cuv.)
Authors: Vanmullem P.J.
Published: July 2010

1. It is demonstrated that the Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L. forma leiura Cuv.) in the Geelmolen brook near Vaassen has two reproductive periods: one in spring (first macro-breeding wave, I), and one in late summer (second macro-breeding wave, II). In general, only one reproductive period is known for the Stickleback, i.e., in spring. The phenomenon of macro-breeding wave II must be seen as an exceptional situation, possibly created by rich food supply and relatively high winter and moderate summer temperatures of the brook water. 2. Both macro-breeding waves show two micro-breeding waves (hatching-waves, I1, I2 and II1, II2). During a micro-breeding wave, all the eggs hatch on one given day ± a couple of days. The data make it seem probable that in 1963 the highest frequency of hatching for I1 fell on 11 May, for I2 on 2 June, for II1 on 3 August, and for II2 on 28 August. Outside these short periods, which include the dates mentioned ± a couple of days, no eggs hatch. It may therefore be stated that there is a high degree of synchronization in the reproduction of the Stickleback. 3. The interval between two micro-breeding waves amounts to about three weeks. 4. The interval between I2 and II1 amounts to about 2 months. 5. The growth of the young animals from the 4 micro-breeding waves during the period of the investigation (22 April through 17 October 1963) is shown by the growth lines in figure 2.
'Everyone Will Be Baptized in Fire': Mark 9.49, Q 3.16, and the Baptism of the Coming One
Authors: Frayer-Griggs Daniel
Published: July 2010

Mark 9.49, with its odd juxtaposition of the images of salt and fire, is a notoriously difficult text, which has mystified many interpreters and engendered numerous conflicting interpretations. In a regrettably disregarded article, T.J. Baarda suggested that the original form of the saying may have been 'For everyone will be baptized in fire'. This study argues that Baarda's proposal is remarkably plausible given its coherence with the preaching of John the Baptist and other aspects of the Jesus tradition. Also considered herein is the previously unobserved possibility that Baarda's reconstruction may offer solutions to problems that have long frustrated interpreters of the Baptist's pronouncement regarding the coming one who would baptize with the Holy Spirit and fire (Q 3.16).
Where to Cut: Boucherie and Delikatessen
Authors: Llewelyn John
Published: July 2010

Matthew Calarco refers to Derrida’s apparently dogmatic “insistence on maintaining the human-animal distinction.” What would it mean to “overcome” this distinction? Can we simply let it go? Derrida’s stance is compared with a certain dogma of Heidegger’s and the bêtise of frontal endorsement or denial of it. Perhaps the distinction between mention and use makes possible a relocation of Derrida’s apparent dogmatism. His reservations over the distinction between mention and use do not prevent his mentioning animals (animaux) in the neologism animot. What does it mean to say that the human-animal distinction is abyssal? United by a common concern, the parties to the debate focused on in this essay (Derrida, Calarco, Har-away, Smuts, Llewelyn) follow different procedures that, however, complement one another.
Jesus—Immanuel, Image of the Invisible God: Aspects of Popular Christology in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Stinton Diane
Published: July 2010

Widespread evidence indicates that Jesus Christ holds a most prominent place in popular cultures across Africa south of the Sahara. In the present article, empirical data generated through qualitative research in Kenya, Ghana, and Uganda serve to illustrate similar phenomena attested across the continent. Initial description and subsequent theological analysis highlight two central aspects of these Christologies: Jesus as Immanuel—God with us—in Africa, and Jesus as the "image of the invisible God" (Col. 1:15). Following a summary overview of Christological images in Africa, conclusions point out their significance to contemporary Christianity, particularly regarding the intrinsic relation between popular and academic theologies.
Confessing the Faith in the Intellectual Context
Authors: Sell Alan
Published: July 2010

In this paper an account is offered of a project concerning the prolegomena to Christian apologetics. Two historical soundings are discussed that, between them, raise the questions of the starting-point and content of Christian apologetics. The primary Christian confession and the identity of the confessors are considered, and the challenges to apologetics from within and without the church are noted. The presuppositions concerning transcendence, immanence, and history are discussed, as are the traditional starting-points of reason, faith, and experience. The conclusion is that Christian apologetics will take the form of a reasoned eclecticism that sets out from, and is compatible with, God's saving act in Christ.
Confessing Belhar In America
Authors: Janssen Allan
Published: July 2010

This article examines how the consideration of adoption of the Belhar Confession by the Reformed Church in America surfaces issues concerning the nature of confession. Reflection on how confessions have in fact been used in the Reformed church show that they have functioned as markers of identity and as a way of shaping a religious way of being. The article proceeds to argue that by assessing to whom a confession is addressed, three uses become apparent: confession is addressed to the church as a hermeneutic through which it reads scripture; addressed to the world as a truth that must be spoken; and to God as a song that is sung.
Reformed Theology in South Africa: Black? Liberating? Public?
Authors: Koopman Nico
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses the inherent public nature of Reformed theology and demonstrates how Reformed theology informed and enriched the discourses of black theology, liberation theology, and public theology in both apartheid and post-apartheid South Africa. Black, Reformed theologian Allan Boesak emphasized the reign of the Triune God in all walks of life. Reformed theologian John De Gruchy cherished the central notion in Reformed theology that God especially identifies with the poor, wronged, and most vulnerable. Finally, Reformed theologian Dirkie Smit demonstrates how Reformed theology assists the development of public theology by focusing, on the one hand, on the rich Christian confessional tradition, and on the other hand, by participating in pluralistic public debates on the basis of this rich tradition. Based on this discussion, some lessons for the development of public theology from the Reformed tradition are spelled out.
Indonesian and Moluccan Immigrant Churches in the Netherlands: Missionary History and Challenge
Authors: Jansen Mechteld
Published: July 2010

As a result of immigration of many Christians from all parts of the world to the Netherlands, about 1,000 'immigrant churches' have been established in the country during the last decades. This paper focuses on two churches in the Netherlands that mainly consist of members of Asian descent: the Gereja Kristen Indonesia Nederlands (GKIN) and the Geredja Indjili Maluku (GIM). Both are Protestant churches that have a history within the Netherlands for many years. Since these churches are not very well-known in the worldwide family of Reformed churches, I will describe their historical and cultural backgrounds quite extensively. This also includes the Dutch missionary involvement with the former Dutch colony of Indonesia. Subsequently, I will turn to their actual situation, and my main question will be how they view and carry out their missionary vocation in Dutch society. In the final section, it will be maintained that these churches do not simply mirror the missionary approach of the Dutch in Indonesia, but they consider themselves partners with other churches in a revised mission in which their own features can be a blessing for the whole Dutch society.
The Trinity in Africa
Authors: Kombo James
Published: July 2010

The African pre-Christian experience of God has turned out to be the gate through which Yahweh has penetrated Africa. This does not only mean that for the African Christians the Trinity must emerge from Nyambe, Nyame, Nyasaye, and so on—as various African peoples call God—but also that the Son and the Holy Spirit are now constitutive in the identity of those names. In this case, confession of one God (monotheism) is not in the 'common substance-essence' terms of the Greco-Roman heritage, nor in the 'monotheism as one-ness, non-divisible essence' in Islam and Neo-Platonism, nor as oneness in the sense of 'absolute subject' in the philosophy of Idealism. Here, oneness of God is confessed in the context of the fatherhood as contemplated from the point of view of the Father whose NTU is split between the Son and the Holy Spirit. The Father in this case is the 'Great Muntu' (God) who uniquely shares the Divine NTU with the Son and the Holy Spirit. In this mix of things, four things are noteworthy: 1) there emerges yet another way of thinking about God, 2) the Christian faith receives alternative resources for renewal of the church, 3) assumptions of conventional theological thinking are once again re-examined, and 4) Christians have an opportunity to use their own cultural identity for God's glory.
Frameworks, Cases, and Experiments: Bridging Theory with Practice
Authors: Druckman Daniel
Published: July 2010

A theory-oriented approach to teaching and training about negotiation is discussed in this article. Following the flow of a course taught on several continents, I emphasize the value of conceptualizing about the negotiating experience. This is done with concepts, metaphors, frameworks, and research findings summarized in the form of a set of narratives. A series of exercises bring the concepts to life. These include the difference between negotiating values and interests, designing scenarios, and enacting the negotiating functions of analyst, strategist, and designer. Students are also given an opportunity to perform as negotiators and observers in a complex multi-issue negotiation involving security issues similar to those discussed recently between the U.S. and Iraq. They are provided with a research experience that entails coding selected peace agreements for distributive and procedural justice as well as for the durability of those agreements. Lessons learned are generated in de-briefings of the exercises. They are also discussed in a final class where students’ insights, gained from comparative case analyses, are organized by the framework introduced during earlier classes.
The 2009 AIDP's Resolution on Universal Jurisdiction – An Epitaph or a Revival Call?!
Authors: Vajda Maja Munivrana
Published: July 2010

At its 18th session held in September 2009, the Congress of the International Association of Penal Law adopted the Resolution on Universal Jurisdiction (RUJ). For the past decade, universal jurisdiction has been one of the most debated issues in international criminal law, and the RUJ has been expected to shed valuable light on this controversial subject matter. After setting out the rationale and scope of universal jurisdiction, the RUJ regulates its exercise and subjects it to a number of requirements and limitations. The drafters should be commended for their general support of the idea that states can exercise universal jurisdiction over a limited number of international crimes. However, the RUJ does suffer from a number of weaknesses. Whether it will ultimately serve as a point of reference for state legislators and practitioners therefore remains to be seen.
'Predictably Irrational' – International Sentencing and its Discourse against the Backdrop of Preliminary Empirical Findings on ICTY Sentencing Practices
Authors: Ewald Uwe
Published: July 2010

Sentencing of atrocity crimes is a highly disputed topic among experts, as well as the wider public, particularly in post-conflict countries dealing with international core crimes. Yet, empirical sentencing research, while quite developed in regard to national jurisdictions, is still in its infancy for international criminal justice. Furthermore, much criticism of sentencing practices, e.g. of the ICTY, is based on anecdotal evidence rather than empirical investigation. This article reflects on some of the 'stereotypes' and 'myths' of international sentencing, draws on historical examples and approaches to understand international sentencing decision-making, and provides empirical findings in regard to possible patterns in ICTY sentences and the underlying decision-making process. Topics for substantial and long-term international sentencing research are then presented.
A Prophet Is Rejected in His Home Town (Mark 6.4 and Parallels): A Study in the Methodological (In)Consistency of the Jesus Seminar
Authors: Lyons William John
Published: July 2010

While some might construct their view of the historical Jesus based upon the published findings of the Jesus Seminar, others may re-examine individual pericopae and argue that a change of 'colour' would be appropriate. Here it is suggested that the arguments offered by the Seminar to justify the colouring of one saying of Jesus—that a prophet is rejected in his home town (Gos. Thom. 31.1, Mk 6.4, Matt. 13.57, Lk. 4.24, and Jn 4.44)—as a (deep) pink are flawed. Arguments based upon multiple attestation, plausibility and embarrassment are considered and rejected, leading to the conclusion that black is the most appropriate colour for the saying. Two explanations for its inclusion in the Gospels are offered: that it is a proverb inserted by the writers because it mirrored their own circumstances, and the more speculative view that the saying was viewed as appropriate because of Jesus' own hyperbolic characterization of discipleship (cf. Lk. 14.26).
Writing about the Historical Jesus: Historical Explanation and 'the Big Why Questions', or Antiquarian Empiricism and Victorian Tomes?
Authors: Crossley James
Published: July 2010

This article points out that lives of Jesus have been dominated by individualism, fact-finding, exegesis and description. This stands in contrast to the ways in which historical reconstruction has been practised in other disciplines in the humanities and in contrast to the ways in which some biographers and historians see the role of the individual in historical change. Even when there have been attempts to use the social sciences in historical Jesus studies, if the result is not merely descriptive and exegetical, then the reception of such approaches in scholarship still tends to focus on the individual reconstructed rather than on potential methodological developments relating to historical change. This article will suggest ways in which the individual and descriptive emphases can be complemented by wider ranging socio-historical reconstructions designed to explain historical change, or, more generally, how we get from Jesus to Christian origins.
Jesus the Baptist
Authors: Twelftree Graham
Published: July 2010

This article seeks to address unresolved issues regarding Jesus' involvement in baptism, beginning by arguing that, on being baptized, Jesus became a close continuing disciple of John in a wilderness-based ministry. As Jesus affirmed John's ministry with its emphasis on baptism, and the Johannine tradition conveyed the view that Jesus baptized (Jn 3.22-23), which might explain Acts 18.24–19.7, it is likely Jesus took up John's baptism, his message and some miracle working. Following John's arrest, which Jesus interpreted as an event of eschatological significance, Jesus launched his early Galilean ministry among the villagers. Initially Jesus preached an unrealized, future reign of God, and continued baptizing. With an increasing scale of miraculous activity associated with his ministry, Jesus concluded that the kingdom of God had come, at least to some extent. At the same time, Jesus concluded that the preparatory rite of baptism was no longer needed.
Everhardus Booth Een Irenist?
Authors: OP 'T HOF W.J.
Published: July 2010

Everhardus Booth an irenicist?
Everard Booths Irenische Perkins-Vertaling
Authors: Broeyer F.G.M.
Published: July 2010

Everard Booth's irenic Perkins translation
Protestantse Huisgodsdienst in Nederland in Het Begin Van De Negentiende Eeuw
Authors: De Mooij Jack
Published: July 2010

Protestant family worship in the Netherlands in the early nineteenth century
Embracing Icons: The Face of Jacob on the Throne of God
Authors: Neis Rachel
Published: July 2010

Rachel Neis' article treats Hekhalot Rabbati, a collection of early Jewish mystical traditions, and more specifically §§ 152–169, a series of Qedusha hymns. These hymns are liturgical performances, the highlight of which is God's passionate embrace of the Jacob icon on his throne as triggered by Israel's utterance of the Qedusha. §§ 152–169 also set forth an ocular choreography such that the gazes of Israel and God are exchanged during the recitation of the Qedusha. The article set these traditions within the history of similar Jewish traditions preserved in Rabbinic literature. It will be argued that §§ 152–169 date to the early Byzantine period, reflecting a Jewish interest in images of the sacred parallel to the contemporaneous Christian intensification of the cult of images and preoccupation with the nature of religious images.
The Gifts
Authors: Efimova Alla
Published: July 2010

Four recent museum exhibitions created by the children of Holocaust survivors deal with visual and material artifacts of their parents' experience. Marcel Mauss's classic The Gift (1924) is brought to bear on the analysis of the exhibitions, postulating that the exchange of the artifacts is akin to "gifts" that ensure a moral bond between generations and maintain a culture of obligation.
Images-Imagination
Authors: Gilman Sander
Published: July 2010

The new acceptability of Jewish Studies within the disciplines has been furthered by the creation of Images. As with the development of a new generation of makers of Jewish culture, Images provides a context for innovative approaches to the visual culture of the Jews, however defined.
Exposing Violence, Amnesia, and the Fascist Forest Through Susan Silas and Collier Schorr's Holocaust Art
Authors: Kaplan Brett Ashley
Published: July 2010

This article examines the tensions between space and violence, amnesia and memorialization, and the uses of the forest by examining the work of two Jewish artists, Susan Silas and Collier Schorr, whose photographs contribute to the work of geographers, historians, landscape architects, literary critics and others concerned with the connection between space and memory. While the beauty of Silas and Schorr's images draws us in and opens up a dialogue between history and experience, these images also uncover the literal and metaphorical violence of these landscapes, resist the impulse toward erasure that the landscape always threatens, and refuse the pollution of the landscape tradition by fascist ideology.
'Taxing' TWAIL: A Preliminary Inquiry into TWAIL's Application to the Taxation of Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Kangave Jalia
Published: July 2010

Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) provides a theoretical and methodological framework for unpacking international law's exclusion and marginalisation of Third World peoples. While TWAIL scholarship has explored a number of areas, there is hardly any TWAIL literature exploring the relationship between international law and taxation. Using the example of Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs) and Development Cooperation Agreements (DCAs), this article considers how taxation can be written into TWAIL scholarship.
Protecting the Rights of Indigenous Peoples – Promoting the Sustainability of the Global Environment?
Authors: Heinämäki Leena
Published: July 2010

One predominant presumption in the present international legal discourse is that indigenous peoples, when allowed to participate, can make a valuable contribution to the sustainability of the global environment due to their traditional knowledge and practices relating to the environment. The aim of this article is to discuss whether and under which conditions the legal recognition of the special rights of indigenous peoples in relation to the environment can be seen as promoting the protection of the planet Earth.
The Three Dimensions of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Kuppe René
Published: July 2010

Indigenous peoples experience three levels of injustice: they are the trans-generational victims of historic colonisation; they are politically disenfranchised and their cultural diversity is not officially recognized. Indigenous peoples struggle for the recognition of their specific rights in order to overcome the injustice they are currently experiencing. This article explains how the recognition of these rights conflicts with some of the basic principles of modern constitutional democracy: the declared equality of all citizens; the legitimization of the state for the common good of all and the legal fiction of one homogenous people making up the state.
The Security Council and Territorial Sovereignty: The Case of Kosovo
Authors: Milano Enrico
Published: July 2010

More than ten years since NATO intervened militarily to stop the violence and to create the conditions for a new regime of international administration, Kosovo remains at the top on the agenda of international actors and institutions. The present contribution examines the nature and scope of the Security Council’s action (and inaction) with regard to the political crisis and ensuing conflict emerged in Kosovo starting from the late 1990s and how that practice has shaped notions of territorial sovereignty. It analyses the different forms of international intervention in the four phases of the Kosovo controversy (from the 1998‐1999 crisis to the current situation post declaration of independence, passing through the UN administration of the territory and the negotiations on future status), the extent to which international law played a role in dictating outcomes and results and the ways in which the notion of territorial sovereignty was reinterpreted by the Council. The main conclusion reached is that, while some of the measures adopted throughout the years have introduced important novelties in the contemporary conception of territorial sovereignty, that has been the result of harsh bargaining between different states and groups of states in which the Council has only provided for the diplomatic setting, rather than the end products of the Council’s own policy and strategies. Moreover, as the current discussions over the mandate and legal basis of EULEX show, the interpretation of those measures and instruments has been remarkably at variance among the different actors, surfacing diplomatic conflicts and ‘agreements to disagree’ that have been frozen, in some cases for years, under neutral UN procedures and operational strategies.
Sovereign States and Self-Determining Peoples: Carving Out a Place for Transnational Indigenous Peoples in a World of Sovereign States
Authors: Koivurova Timo
Published: July 2010

Even though self-determination of peoples has an esteemed place in international law, it seems fairly clear that peoples divided by international borders have difficulty in exercising their right to self-determination. It is thus interesting to examine whether general international law places constraints on trans-national peoples’ right to self-determination. Of particular interest in this article is to examine whether indigenous peoples divided by international borders have a right to self-determination, given the recent adoption of the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The article will also take up cases where transnational indigenous peoples of Sami and Inuit have tried to exercise their joint self-determination and whether we can, in fact, argue that indigenous peoples divided by international borders have a right to exercise their united self-determination.
The ICJ and the Individual
Authors: Scheinin Martin
Published: July 2010

Procedurally, individuals do not have access to the Court, or standing before the ICJ. Pursuant to the relevant articles 34.1 and 65 of the ICJ Statute individuals cannot be parties in contentious cases or in advisory opinions respectively. Individuals can be heard as witnesses and experts but this does not transform the persons in question to parties. However the individual is not completely ignored by the ICJ. On the contrary, the rights of the individuals are a core element of the legal reasoning in several decisions of the Court. These rights can be dwelt upon through an examination of the relevant human rights and humanitarian law sources. Rough this approach the court can take the individual in consideration either in an abstract fashion or in a more clearly defined way. Findings of violations in abstracto without reference to named individuals were made in the Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda Case, and the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Advisory Opinion. On the other hand, the Court may identify violations that affect clearly identified individuals, as was the case in the Breard, LaGrand and Avena cases. In some of these cases not only was a violation found but the Court went even further by addressing the issue of reparation owed. It is, consequently, evident that through the examination of human rights and humanitarian law sources and the decisions of the relevant human rights bodies the individual, although not a direct party to the dispute may, nevertheless, constitute a source of inspiration for the legal thought-processes of the Court.