bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Boundary Strategic Sensors Characterizations
Authors: Al-Saphory Raheam , Kolaib Hind K.
Published: August 2018

This paper, deals with the linear infinite dimensional distributed parameter systems in a Hilbert space where the dynamics of system is governed by strongly continuous semi-groups. More precisely, for parabolic distributed systems the characterizations of regional  boundary strategic sensors have been discussed and analyzed in different cases of regional  boundary observability in infinite time interval. Furthermore, the results so obtained are applied in two-dimensional systems and sensors studied under which conditions guarantee regional boundary observability in a sub-region of the system domain boundary.  Also, the authors show that, the existent of a sensor for the diffusion system is not strategic in the usual sense, but it may be regional  boundary strategic of this system.
Multi-Source Backlogged Probabilistic Inventory Model for Crisp and Fuzzy Environment
Authors: Ferganya H. A. , Hollahb O. M.
Published: August 2018

This paper proposed a multi-item multi-source probabilistic periodic review inventory model under a varying holding cost constraint with zero lead time when: (1) the stock level decreases at a uniform rate over the cycle. (2) some costs are varying. (3) the demand is a random variable that follows some continuous distributions as (two-parameter exponential, Kumerswamy, Gamma, Beta, Rayleigh, Erlang distributions).The objective function under a constraint is imposed here in crisp and fuzzy environment. The objective is to find the optimal maximum inventory level for a given review time that minimize the expected annual total cost. Furthermore, a comparison between given distributions is made to find the optimal distribution that achieves the model under considerations. Finally, a numerical example is applied.
Generalized Rayleigh-quotient Formulas for the Real Parts, Imaginary Parts, and Moduli of the Eigenvalues of Diagonalizable Matrices
Authors: Kohaupt Ludwig
Published: August 2018

In the present paper, generalized Rayleigh-quotient formulas for the real parts, imaginary parts, and moduli of the eigenvalues of diagonalizable matrices are derived. These formulas are new and correspond to similar formulas for the eigenvalues of self-adjoint matrices obtained recently. Numerical examples underpin the theoretical findings.
Role of Conservation Laws in the Development of Nonequilibrium and Emergence of Turbulence
Authors: Petrova Ludmila Ivanovna
Published: August 2018

It turns out that the equations of mathematical physics, which consist equations of the conservation laws for energy, linear momentum, angular momentum, and mass, possess additional, hidden, properties that enables one to describe not only a variation of physical quantities (such as energy, pressure, density) but also processes such as origination of waves, vortices, turbulent pulsations and other ones. It is caused by the conservation laws properties. In present paper the development of nonequilibrium in gasdynamic systems, which are described by the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, will be investigated.  Under studying the consistence of conservation laws equations, from the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations it can be obtained the evolutionary relation for entropy (as a state functional).  The evolutionary relation possesses a certain peculiarity, namely, it turns out to be nonidentical. This fact points out to inconsistence of the conservation law equations and noncommutativity of conservation laws. Such a nonidentical relation discloses peculiarities of the solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations due to which the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations can describe the processes the development of nonequilibrium and emergence of vortices and turbulence. It has been shown that such processes can be described only with the help of two nonequivalent coordinate systems or by simultaneous using numerical and analytical methods.
The Neutrosophic Soft Modules
Authors: Veliyeva Kemale , Bayramov Sadi
Published: August 2018

Molodtsov initiated the concept of soft sets in [17]. Maji et al. defined some operations on soft sets in [13]. Aktas et al. generalized soft sets by defining the concept of soft groups in [2]. After then, Qiu-Mei Sun et al. gave soft modules in [20]. In this paper, the concept of neutrosophic soft module is introduced and some of its basic properties are studied.
The Trisection of an Arbitrary Angle
Authors: Rediske Arthur Clair
Published: August 2018

This paper presents an elegant classical geometric solution to the ancient Greek's problem of angle trisection.  Its primary objective is to provide a provable construction for resolving the trisection of an arbitrary angle, based on the restrictions governing the problem.  The angle trisection problem is believed to be unsolvable for compass-straightedge construction.  As stated by Pierre Laurent Wantzel (1837), the solution of the angle trisection problem corresponds to an implicit solution of the cubic equation x cubed minus 3x minus 1 equals 0, which is algebraically irreducible, and so is the geometric solution of the angle trisection problem.  The goal of the presented solution is to show the possibility to solve the trisection of an arbitrary angle using the traditional Greek's tools of geometry (a classical compass and straightedge) by changing  the problem from the algebraic impossibility classification to a solvable plane geometrical problem.  Fundamentally, this novel work is based on the fact that algebraic irrationality is not a geometrical impossibility.  The exposed methods of proof have been reduced to the Euclidean postulates of classical geometry.
A Solution Algorithm for Interval Transportation Problems via Time-Cost Tradeoff
Authors: Albayrak Inci , Sivri Mustafa , Temelcan Gizem
Published: August 2018

In this paper, an algorithm for solving interval time-cost tradeoff transportation problemsis presented. In this problem, all the demands are defined as intervalto determine more realistic duration and cost. Mathematical methods can be used to convert the time-cost tradeoff problems to linear programming, integer programming, dynamic programming, goal programming or multi-objective linear programming problems for determining the optimum duration and cost. Using this approach, the algorithm is developed converting interval time-cost tradeoff transportation problem to the linear programming problem by taking into consideration of decision maker (DM).
Model Higgs Bundles in Exceptional Components of the Sp(4,R)-Character Variety
Authors: Kydonakis Georgios
Published: August 2018

We establish a gluing construction for Higgs bundles over a connected sum of Riemann  surfaces in terms of  solutions to the Sp(4,R)-Hitchin equations using the linearization of a relevant elliptic operator. The construction can be used to provide model Higgs bundles in all the 2g-3 exceptional components of the maximal Sp(4,R)-Higgs bundle moduli space, which correspond to components solely consisted of Zariski dense representations. This alsoallows a comparison between the invariants for maximal Higgs bundles and the topological invariants for Anosov representations constructed by O. Guichard and A. Wienhard.
Generalized Fuzzy Soft Connected Sets in Generalized Fuzzy Soft Topological Spaces
Authors: Malfi Mohammed Saleh , Khedr Fathi Hishem , Abd Allah Mohamad Azab
Published: August 2018

In this paper we introduce some types of generalized fuzzy soft separated sets and study some of their properties. Next, the notion of connectedness in fuzzy soft topological spaces due to Karata et al, Mahanta et al, and Kandil  et al., extended to generalized fuzzy soft topological spaces. The relationship between these types of connectedness in generalized fuzzy soft topological spaces is investigated with the help of number of counter examples.
The Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions of Second order Difference Equations With Damping Term
Authors: S Jai Kumar , Alagesan K.
Published: August 2018

The author presents some sufficient conditions for second order difference equation

with damping term of the form

                                                   

                        ^(an ^(xn + cxn-k)) + pn^xn + qnf(xn+1-l) = 0

An example is given to illustrate the main results.

2010 AMS Subject Classification: 39A11

Keywords and Phrases: Second order, difference equation, damping term.
Regional Boundary Gradient Detectability in Distributed Parameter Systems
Authors: Saphory Raheam Al , Bayati Mrooj Al
Published: August 2018

The aim of this paper is study and explore the notion of  the regional boundary gradient detectability in connection with the choice of strategic gradient sensors on sub-region of the considered system domain boundary. More precisely, the principal reason behind introducing this notion is that the possibility to design a dynamic system (may be called regional boundary gradient observer) which enable to estimate the unknown system state gradient. Then for linear infinite dimensional systems in a Hilbert space,  we give various new results related with different measurements. In addition, we provided a description of the regional boundary exponential gradient strategic sensors for completion the regional boundary exponential gradient observability and regional boundary exponential gradient detectability. Finally, we present and illustrate the some applications of sensors structures which relate by regional boundary exponential gradient detectability in diffusion distributed parameter systems.
On Solutions and Heteroclinic Orbits of Some Lotka-Volterra Systems
Authors: Mandal Supriya , Panja Madan Mohan , Ray Santanu
Published: August 2018

In this work, a principle for getting heteroclinic orbit of a dynamical system has been proposed when the solution is known in a compact form. The proposed principle has been tested through its application to a three species Lotka-Volterra system, which may appear as a mathematical model of human pathogen system. The domain in parameter  space involve in the model, and the region of initial condition  for the existence of heteroclinic orbit have been derived.
The Influence of Fat Suppression Technique on Diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI in Lung Cancer
Authors: Weller Alexander , Papoutsaki MV , Orton M , Blackledge M , Dafydd D Ap , Moreland C Kelly , Oâ€™Brien Mary , Morgan V , Collins D , DeSouza NM
Published: August 2018

Purpose: To qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the effect of common vendor-related sequence variations in fat suppression techniques on the diagnostic performance of free-breathing DW protocols for lung imaging.Methods: 8 patients with malignant lung lesions were scanned in free breathing using two diffusion-weighted (DW) protocols with different fat suppression techniques: DWA used short-tau inversion recovery (STIR), and DWB used Spectral Adiabatic Inversion Recovery (SPAIR). Both techniques were obtained at two time points, between 1 hour and 1 week apart. Image quality was assessed using a 5-point scoring system. The number of lesions visible within lung, mediastinum and at thoracic inlet on the DW (b=800 s/mm2) images was compared. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) were calculated for lesions and para-spinal muscle. Repeatability of ADC values of the lesions was estimated for both protocols together and separately.Results: There was a signal void at the thoracic inlet in all patients with DWB but not with DWA. DWA images were rated significantly better than DWB images overall quality domains. (Cohenâ€™s Îº = 1). Although 8 more upper mediastinal/thoracic inlet lymph nodes were detected with DWA than DWB, this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.23). Tumour ADC values were not significantly different between protocols (p=0.93), their ADC reproducibility was satisfactory (CoV=7.7%) and repeatability of each protocol separately was comparable (CoVDWA=3.7% (95% CI 2.5 â€“ 7.1%) and CoVDWB=4.6% (95% CI 3.1 â€“ 8.8%)).Conclusion: In a free-breathing DW-MRI protocol for lung, STIR fat suppression produced images of better diagnostic quality than SPAIR, while maintaining comparable SNR and providing repeatable quantitative ADC acceptable for use in a multicentre trial setting.
Effect of rapid Solidification on mechanical properties of free machining lead free aluminum alloys for improved machinability
Authors: Abdelhakim Nermin Ali , Shalaby Rizk Mostafa , Kamal Mustafa
Published: August 2018

There have been very few reports describing the free machining lead free aluminum alloys containing minimal amounts of tin and indium melt spun process. Our paper describes the effect of fundamental factors on the machinability of free machining lead free aluminum alloys rapidly solidified from melt. Structural and thermal properties have been investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Tensile test machine used in studies the mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, elastic constants, yield strength and critical shear stress for Al-Zn-Sn-In alloys. It is noticed that mechanical and thermal properties attributed to fine grained structure, reduced levels of segregation and presence of new intermetallic compounds (IMC) such as AlZn and SnZn due to high casting rate by rapid solidification processes. The determination of mechanical properties was suggested to be attributed to the gradual increase of Î±-Al crystals. We evaluated the tensile properties using tensile test machine of the melt-spun ribbons at varied stress-strain rates to determine the underlying deformation mechanisms .Critical shear stress (CSS) was also calculated .It was found that it is equal to 9.29 GPa for annealed ribbons at 262 0C for 9 hrs. The results showed that several combination of tensile strength ,yield strength ,elastic moduli can be generated from Al- 0.1wt% Zn-1.5 wt% Sn- 1.63 wt% In alloys before and after heat treatment at (262 0C for 3,6,9 hrs) to meet the needs of free machining aluminum alloy applications.
Non-Linear Abelian Scenarios and Yang-Mills Theory
Authors: Sousa Saulo Machado Moreira , Soares I. , Leite D. , Doria R. M.
Published: August 2018

We present a natural formulation for constructing Yang-Mills theories from the incorporation of non-linearities to the Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. Our formulation is strongly based on Noether's Theorem and aims to show how the introduction of non-linearities can turn a global invariance into a local symmetry as the more general Yang-Mills type of symmetry.
Paul Diracâ€™s view of the Theory of Elementary Waves
Authors: Boyd Jeffrey
Published: August 2018

Is science open to a new idea? Thomas Kuhn says paradigm shifts sound like gibberish to scientificleaders, and are rejected for that reason. The Theory of Elementary Waves (TEW) is such an idea:quantum particles follow waves moving in the opposite direction. Time always goes forwards. Wefocus on Paul Diracâ€™s 1930 book The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, applied to TEW. We keepDirac notation and quantum math but replace the picture of how nature is organized. Waveinterference and probabilistic effects occur prior to particle emission. Wave function collapse occursat emission & there is no further interference. We have launched a successful program of teachingthis form of physics in the format of YouTube music videos of five minutes duration. Some of ourvideos have been watched 40,000 times: within YouTube search for â€œJeffrey H Boydâ€ to watch theseamusing videos including one in which Yoda (from Star Wars) solves what Richard Feynman calledthe â€œFundamental Mystery of Quantum Mechanics.â€
Nucleon
Authors: Goodman Jim
Published: August 2018

The force here is the nuclear force binding the nuclei together. A magnetic dipole has the energy given by -13.6*2*n^2[3]. A particle with n=822 is a magnetic dipole with magnetic quantum number m=1,2,3,â€¦ so that -18.3786Mev*m is an energy/mass which we may associate with the nucleus. The relativistic correction 2[4] is required showing that the dipole velocity is near c. The nuclei are bound with particles of mass 18Mev consisting of 6 magnetic dipoles each. The binding energy tracks very well with Z-1 particles where Z is the atomic number of the element. The particle is named a Nucleon after the manner of graviton and should not be confused with the common name for a nuclear particle (proton or neutron).
Multiple and least energy sign-changing solutions for SchrÂ¨odinger-Poisson equations in R3 with restraint
Authors: Sun Zhaohong
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we study the existence of multiple sign-changing solutions with a prescribed Lp+1âˆ’norm and theexistence of least energy sign-changing restrained solutions for the following nonlinear SchrÂ¨odinger-Poisson system:ï£±ï£´ï£´ï£´ï£²ï£´ï£´ï£´ï£³âˆ’â–³u + u + Ï•(x)u = Î»|u|pâˆ’1u, in R3,âˆ’â–³Ï•(x) = |u|2, in R3.By choosing a proper functional restricted on some appropriate subset to using a method of invariant sets of descending flow,we prove that this system has infinitely many sign-changing solutions with the prescribed Lp+1âˆ’norm and has a least energy forsuch sign-changing restrained solution for p âˆˆ (3, 5). Few existence results of multiple sign-changing restrained solutions areavailable in the literature. Our work generalize some results in literature.
Axiomatic Local Metric Derivatives for Low-Level Fractionality with Mittag-Leffler Eigenfunctions
Authors: Weberszpil JosÃ© , HelayÃ«l-Neto J. A.
Published: August 2018

In this contribution, we build up an axiomatic local metric derivative that exhibits Mittag-Leffler function as an eigenfunctionand is valid for low-level fractionality, whenever the order parameter is close to 1. This version of deformed (or metric)derivative may be a possible alternative to the versions worked out by Jumarie and the so-called local fractional derivativealso based on Jumarieâ€™s approach. With rules similar to the classical ones, but with a systematic axiomatic basis in thelimit pointed out here, we present our results and some comments on the limits of validity for the controversial formalismfound in the literature of the area.
Structural, Dielectric and Electrical Characteristic of Bi0.5Pb0.5[Fe0.1La0.4(Zr0.25Ti0.25)]O3
Authors: Panda Niranjan , Pattanayak Samita , Choudhary R.N.P. , Kumar Ashok
Published: August 2018

The polycrystalline compound Bi0.5Pb0.5 [Fe0.1La0.4 (Zr0.25Ti0.25)]O3 was synthesized by substituting Pb, La, Zr and Ti ions on perovskite structured bismuth ferrite (BFO) with the help of mixed oxide solid state reaction method. The present work is to observe the effect of off-valence and iso-valence substitution on the dielectric and electric properties of bismuth ferrite (BFO). The room temperature XRD pattern of the calcinated powders of the sample reveals that the crystal structure is tetragonal with space group P4mm, while BFO has rhombohedral structure with space group R3c. The SEM of the sintered pellet of the compound indicates that the small grains are uniformly distributed over the surface. Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) was adopted to analyze the dielectric, impedance and conductivity behavior of the compound. The results show that the dielectric loss in the material is significantly less than that of BFO and the dielectric and ferroelectric behavior of the sample get enhanced. The complex impedance plots show the existence of non-Debye type of relaxation phenomena, which is caused by resistive and capacitive effect of the bulk and grain boundaries. The Arrhenius plot for the compound indicates that the material possesses NTCR behavior. The frequency response of ac conductivity obeys Jonscherâ€™s law and UDR (universal dielectric response).[Key words: off-valence, iso-valence, CIS, non-Debye type relaxation, NTCR, UDR]
On the Need for a Certain Physicality from Quantum Theory
Authors: Hardy Devin
Published: August 2018

Many attempts have been made at the unification of General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Theory (QT), but there is a fundamental error made with these attempts, as we will discuss. What is the point of such theories? Well, obviously to describe the physical world we live in. QT describes what happens on the tiny scale, and GR describes what happens to bodies on a large scale. The fundamental error in unifying the two subjects is that QT doesnâ€™t provide the physical happenings for GR to work, or in other words, QT describes why the world is the way it is, but not how, and this does not philosophically suffice in GR. Must we simply give up, in that the subjects are two different entities? I think the answer is that we mustnâ€™t. I think that we should put one theory in terms of the basic mechanics of the other, perhaps by simplifying, or perhaps by taking the physical reality to be our guide. Do I believe QT describes the world? Accurately. Do I believe that QT is the physical truth? Of course notâ€¦ it is simply a mathematical construct to provide a model that allows for us to predict future outcomes. I will begin very simplistic, but the goal for the first part of the paper is to Classically describe the physical mechanics of QT. I will stick with particles in their ground state, and hence no translational motion.
Length Contraction with Speed Explained as a Relativistic Doppler Effect
Authors: SANDU Constantin , BRASOVEANU Dan
Published: August 2018

In this paper the authors show that the â€˜mechanismâ€™ of length contraction is simple and can be explained by the wave feature of body micro-components.From this point of view, the length contraction with speed perceived by a fixed observer is a Doppler relativistic effect.
The Solar Neutrino Problem Has Not Been Solved
Authors: Universe Helical
Published: August 2018

A closer look at the data collected from different detectors, reveal that the so-called solar neutrino problem is far from being solved. And contrary to the assessment of the Nobel Committee, the experimental results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory cannot be a confirmation of the Standard Solar Model. In fact, the obsoleteness of the current model has been recently exposed by the crisis of solar abundance. Furthermore, using images obtained by the Solar Dynamics Observatory, researchers found the convective motions (the plasma motions at the Sun's interior) to be nearly 100 times smaller than current theoretical expectations.
Effect of Multiple Substitutions (Pb, Ti, Zr) on Structural, Permittivity and Electrical Properties of BiFeO3 Ceramics
Authors: Pattanayak Samita , Panda Niranjan , Choudhary R N P , Kumar Ashok
Published: August 2018

Three complex polycrystalline samples of Bi1-xPbxFe1-x Zrx-yTiyO3,with the combination of (i) x, y = 0.0 (BFO), (ii) x = 0.5 and y = 0.5 (BFPTO)and (iii) x = 0.5 and y = 0.25 (BFPZTO) were prepared by a standard mixed oxide (solid state reaction route) method at optimized calcinations (900oC) and sintering (930-950oC)temperatures. The effect of multiple (Pb, Ti and/or Zr) substitutions of different amount onthe permittivity, impedance and modulus characteristics of the materials has been investigated at different frequencies and temperature.Limitation associated with BiFeO3 (BFO) due to its semiconducting behavior acts as constraint in polling the material at room temperature leading to large dielectric loss. Attempts were made to minimizethe loss by substitution of Pb on the Bi site and Ti and/or Zr at the Fe site of BFO. The study indicates that the phase transition temperature of BFO is lowered,the degree of diffuse phase transition is enhanced and electrical parameters (dielectric constant, electrical resistivity, remnant polarization and maximum polarization) areincreased with a significant reduction in dielectric loss as a consequence of the substitution. Detailed studies of Nyquist plots with impedance and electric modulus data suggest that the existence of non-Debye type of relaxation phenomena in the materials. The ac conductivity study reveals that the conduction mechanism in the material obeys universal Jonscherâ€™s power law.
Vibrational World
Authors: Thomagjini Albert
Published: August 2018

Thinking that time and mass are correlated, like mass and energy are ( E =m*c^2 ). The period of oscillation of the simple oscillator, with a mass M andspring with coefficient k, is given by:T = 2*Pi*Sqrt(M/k); (1)orT ~ Sqrt(M); (2)
Structural Derivative Model for Tissue Radiation Response
Authors: Weberszpil JosÃ© , Sotolongo-Costa Oscar
Published: August 2018

By means of a recently-proposed metric or structural derivative, called scale-q-derivative approach,we formulate differential equation that models the cell death by a radiation exposure in tumor treatments. The considered independent variable here is the absorbed radiation dose D instead of usual time. The survival factor, FS, for radiation damaged cell obtained here is in agreement with the literature on the maximum entropy principle, as it was recently shown and also exhibits an excellent agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the well-known linear and quadratic models are obtained. With this approach, we give a step forward and suggest other expressions for survival factors that are dependent on the complex tumor structure.
Implication on our Universe of Pressure exerted by Multiverses in Multiple Dimensions
Authors: Thawani Saanchi
Published: August 2018

Recent experiments have provided scientific basis for the existence of multiverses - multiple physical universes located in space. String theory coupled with experiments with the quantum machine experiment further position multiverses not just as multiple universes in space, but also in time. While many papers have debated the scientific foundations for these concepts, few have evolved theories about the implications on earth of the existence of multiverses in space and time. In this paper, the author discusses the possible implications of multiverses due to pressure exerted by them in multiple dimensions. The author explores different effects of multiverses on physical phenomena experienced on earth such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and climate change, categorized by the levels of multiverse and the multiple dimensions in which pressure would be exerted.
A Novel Approach to Prevent Damage from Earthquakes and Tsunamis with the Utilization of a Proportional Surface Pyramidal Structure and Modified Underground Two-Part Hexagonal Damping Rubber Bearing Base Isolator
Authors: Noon Daniel
Published: August 2018

Today, increased tectonic plate activity in the Cascadia Megathrust Subduction Zone, located on the PacificAmerican Coast, has the potential to cause a massive earthquake with a magnitude upwards of 9.0 on the Richterscale and resulting tsunami that could cause severe architectural damage and large death tolls. Unfortunately,modern technologies used to reinforce buildings are not completely effective because they only absorb some shockin the foundation. Additionally, no current building design is completely resistant against the hydrostatic andbuoyant forces from tsunamis. Therefore, it becomes necessary to design a cost-effective structure resistant to theeffects of both of these natural disasters. After conducting research in civil engineering and physics at the ArizonaState University and Oregon State University, a hexagonal model with a two-part base isolation system wasdesigned and built utilizing neoprene rubber, alloy steels, and shock-absorbers. The model was tested against anearthquake simulation of the 2011 Tohoku-Japan Earthquake and multiple direct shear tests, and against variouscomputer-controlled waves to measure the modelâ€™s stability against hydrodynamic forces of tsunamis. Both tests hadthe model remain stabilized, thus supporting the potential of life-size structures along global coastlines to provide asafe-shelter during natural disasters.
Assessment of some trace heavy metals and radioactivity concentration in drinking water of Saudi Arabia
Authors: M. Amin Rafat
Published: August 2018

Concentration of trace elements and natural gross radioactivity were measured in the drinking water in Jizan region (Saudi Arabia). A preliminary study on trace elements (Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Co, Se, Sr, V, Ti, Mo, Hg, Cd, Ba, As, Al and Pb) concentrations and natural radioactivity related to gross-Î± and gross-Î² radiations in the drinking water were determined. The obtained results showed that, in general, the trace elements concentrations in water did not exceed WHO [1], and GSO [2] guidelines. Generally, heavy metals concentration of the drinking water were found to be in the sequence of Sr > Ti > Fe > Al > Zn > Ba > As > Cu > Mo > Ni > Cr > Co > Se >Hg > Mn, respectively. The results of this study indicated that a general absence of serious pollution in the drinking water used in this region. The results obtained from the radioactivity determination indicate that the drinking water radioactivity concentration of gross-Î± and gross-Î² were ranging from 0.06Â±0.001 to 0.45Â±0.03 Bq/l and from 0.05Â±0.006 to 2.95Â±0.23 Bq/l, respectively. The gross alpha values were found to fall below the GSO and WHO recommended MCL of 0.5 Bq/l while the gross beta values in two samples only exceeds the MCL value of 1 Bq/l, respectively.
Tetraeder Geometry
Authors: Dibra Sebhia Marie , Winter Ulrich
Published: August 2018

In the same way every circle is corresponding to an equal sided triangle the 3-sphere is corresponding to an inserted tetraeder. The latitude of the corners of the tetraeder on the 3-sphere is calculated here giving the result arcsin(1/3), while arcsin(1/2) is derived for the 2-dimensional sphere.
Pentagram Geometry
Authors: Dibra Sebhia Marie , Winter Ulrich
Published: August 2018

The Natural Constant Phi is included in the geometrical figure of a Pentagram as many artists have found out. Michelangelo may be the most famous one, whose sketch was transported in the payload of the first sucessful mission to the moon. By deriving this natural constant from the geometrics of the Pentagram a new analytical expression is found for Phi.
Controlled-scattering resonances in a spherical potential well
Authors: Akala Andrew , Banjo C. Yinka
Published: August 2018

Understanding of collision processes is required in designing robust nano-particles for future applications. This study proposes a technique for controlling scattering resonances by using the tuning of well parameters to impose pre-determined thresholds on resonances and bound states in collision processes. The theoretical concept of scattering in a spherical potential well, at varying depths was adopted. A scan of q from 0 to 5Ï€ at incremental steps of q= Ï€/p yields (p x 5)+1 number of state(s), and p-1 state(s) resonate(s) at each bound state.
Satalitic Magnetospheric Catalyzation
Authors: Ward Jessie
Published: August 2018

This theory states that in crossing between the Earth and the Sun (non-eclipse), charged molecules absorb the Solar Magnetic Field, creating an oscillation in its intensity that pushes Electrons in the core of our planet, producing a Magnetosphere.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETOGRADIENT WAVES IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE
Authors: Jandieri George , Gvelesiani Anzor , Diasamidze Zhuzhuna , Diasamidze Mzia , Takidze Irma
Published: August 2018

General dispersion equation has been obtained for three-dimensional electromagnetic planetary waves, from which follows, as particular case Khantadze results in one-dimension case. It was shown that partial magnetic field line freezing-in as in one-dimension case lead to the excitation of both â€œfastâ€ and â€œslowâ€ planetary waves, in two-liquid approximation (i.e. at ion drag by neutral particles) they are represent oscillations of magnetized electrons and partially magnetized ions in E region of the ionosphere. In F region of the ionosphere using one-liquid approximation only â€œfastâ€ planetary wave will be generated representing oscillation of medium as a whole. Hence, it was shown that three-dimension magnetogradient planetary waves are exist in all components of the ionosphere, and as exact solutions, with well-known slow short-wave MHD waves, are simple mathematical consequence of the MHD equations for the ionosphere.
THE CONCEPTUAL DEFECT OF THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION OR â€˜FREE FALLâ€™: A DIALECTICAL REASSESSMENT OF KEPLERâ€™S LAWS:
Authors: Malek Abdul
Published: August 2018

The concept of Universal Gravitation or â€œFree Fallâ€ common to both Newtonâ€™s Law and the Theory of General Relativity (GR) of Albert Einstein is one-sided, idealistic and an anti-dialectical notion in cosmology. It is also in violation of the successful principle of Newtonâ€™s Third Law of â€œequal and opposite reactionâ€ and the impossibility of the existence of a single isolated force in terrestrial mechanics. This conceptual defect of the theories of gravity as universal attraction leads to superluminal velocity of free falling mass points, cosmic paradoxes, singularities, â€œBlack Holesâ€, â€œdark matterâ€ and other cosmic mysteries. A reassessment of Keplerâ€™s laws and a dialectical approach to astrophysics in particular and to cosmology in general, is proposed.
SCHWARZSCHILD SOLUTION OF THE MODIFIED EINSTEIN FIELD EQUATIONS
Authors: Wamalwa D.S. , Kinyanjui Carringtone
Published: August 2018

A reformulation of the Schwarzschild solution of the linearized Einstein field equations in post-Riemannian Finsler spacetime is derived. The solution is constructed in three stages: the exterior solution, the event-horizon solution and the interior solution. It is shown that the exterior solution is asymptotically similar to Newtonian gravity at large distances implying that Newtonian gravity is a low energy approximation of the solution. Application of Eddington-Finklestein coordinates is shown to reproduce the results obtained from standard general relativity at the event horizon. Further application of Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates reveals that the interior solution contains maximally extensible geodesics.
Study of output difference of two different ionization chambers for large fields used in radiotherapy
Authors: A. Hegazy Ehab
Published: August 2018

Many radiotherapy centers donâ€™t pay attention to effect of ionization champers type on accuracy of quality control measurements. They use any available ionization champers in all quality control and data entry measurements (1,2) . Many studies were carried out in this field to compare different ionization champers in small fields but large fields were not completely compared before (3.4).  The aim of this work is to compare   output factor in large field using two different sizes ionization champers connected to electrometer. Final out put were obtained from the farmer and smidflex dosimeter irradiated with 6 MV photon beams. Important field side ranging from 20 cm to 70 cm side field is measured in whole body radiation (5, 6).

For all examined large  field sizes a difference ranging from 1% to 5 % was found when added to other calibration errors it will exceeds the acceptable margin. The largest difference was found in field side 70 cm this may be due to large scattering radiation
Comparative Analysis of SAR and Temperature Rise within Head Tissues Exposed to Radiofrequency Radiation From GSM Transceiver Base Station in South-South Nigeria.
Authors: Patrick Ushie , Osahon O.D. , Ojo O. A.
Published: August 2018

In this study, measurement of radiofrequency exposure due to cellular transceiver base station antennas was carried out. Both far and near field measurements of electric field and magnetic field level were made around selected transceiver base station antennas in selected South-South States Nigeria, with the aid of frequency-dependent equipment (CORNET, Electrosmog meter ED78S EMF RF/LF Dual mode model). The results obtained were analysed using thermal related indices such as specific absorption rate (SAR) with peak value in cerebrospinal fluid-CSF (0.095358W/kg), temperature rise with peak also in CSF (0.008381 oC). These results were compared with threshold values of 2 W/kg and 0.08 W/kg for SAR (over the head and whole body respectively), and 1oC for temperature rise as set by International Commission of Non Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The results indicate that none of the network operators in the study area have SAR above the recommended threshold value with the worst case observed in Calabar.
Analytical Investigation of Projectile Motion in Midair
Authors: Chudinov Peter , Eltyshev Vladimir , Barykin Yuri
Published: August 2018

Here is studied a classic problem of the motion of a projectile thrown at an angle to the horizon. The air drag force is taken into account as the quadratic resistance law. An analytic approach is used for the investigation. Equations of the projectile motion are solved analytically. All the basic functional dependencies of the problem are described by elementary functions. There is no need for to study the problem numerically. The found analytical solutions are highly accurate over a wide range of parameters. The motion of a baseball and a badminton shuttlecock are presented as examples.
Yang-Mills Families
Authors: Doria R.M. , Machado S.
Published: August 2018

The Yang-Mills theory structure is based on group theory. It rules the symmetry relationship where the number of potential fields transforming under a same group must be equal to the number of group generators. It defines the group valued expression  from where the corresponding non-abelian symmetry properties are derived.

Nevertheless based on different origins as Kaluza-Klein, fibre bundles, supersymmetry, s-model , BRST and anti-BRST algorithm, counting degrees of freedom leads to a Yang-Mills extension under the existence of different potential fields rotating under a same single group. They establish for SU(N) the relationship  where  and  is a flavor index, . Physically, it says that different Yang-Mills families can share a common symmetry group. They develop a whole non-abelian gauge theory.

The effort in this work is to explore such non-abelian extension. First, to build up it on the so-called  constructor basis where gauge symmetry is more available for expressing the corresponding fields strengths, Lagrangian and classical equations. After that, given that the physical fields are those associated to the poles of two-point Green functions, one derives the physical Lagrangian L  written in the physical basis .

A new physical Lagrangian associated to  symmetry is generated. The meaning of Yang-Mills families appears. A symmetry of difference is realized. Where every quanta is distinguished from each other. It yields a quanta diversity associated to corresponding Yang-Mills families. There are N-spin 1 and N-spin 0 quanta separated by different quantum numbers through a whole N-dynamics. An extension to QCD becomes possible.
Hydrogen production using Al-Sn alloys prepared by rapid solidification
Authors: Mosaad Sara , M.Abbas Y. , Ibrahim A. Hassan , Orabi M.
Published: August 2018

Air pollution produced by the direct burning of fossil fuels is a serious problem. Therefore, there is a vital demand for renewable and clean fuel replacements for future energy source. Hydrogen, which exhibits high calorific value and is a clean burning product, could be the first choice in the future, as it is a good-looking fuel for fuel cells where the electric energy is directly gotten by the electrochemical reactions of hydrogen and oxygen. Rapidly solidified Al100-x-Snx alloy X= (0, 25, 55, 75 all in wt.%) was prepared using melt spinning technique at 800 ÂºC. The structural and microstructural evolutions of the phases have been studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the Rietveld method. Al45Sn55 alloy shows the best volume of hydrogen generation which is (531 ml), this alloy has the highest number of grains (1096) than other prepared alloys in its surface which examined through a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyzed using an SPM data visualization and analysis tool (Gwyddion 2.32). Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used for calculating melting temperature for all prepared alloys. Melting temperature reduced from 933.47 K for Al pure to 500.95 K in Al45Sn55 alloy. Temperature dependence of resistivity had been performed for all prepared alloys. Electrical properties of prepared alloys show the decrease in volume of the unit cell V with increasing VEC, which means that the volume of the first Brillouin zone increases by increasing VEC since they are inversely proportional to each other.
Superconducting String Theory
Authors: Perez Felipe Sergio
Published: August 2018

Gravity explained by a new theory, â€˜Superconducting String Theory (SST)â€™, inspired on initial string theories and completely opposite from actual fields based. Strengths are decomposed to make strings behave as one-dimensional with universe acting as a superconductor where resistance is near 0 and matter moves inside. Strong nuclear force, with an attraction of 10.000 Newtons is which makes space to curve, generating acceleration. More matter more acceleration. Electromagnetic moves in 8 decimals, gravity is moved to more than 30 decimals to work as a superconductor.
RADIOACTIVE EVENT BIFURCATION - AN EXAMPLE OF DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Levada Celso Luis
Published: August 2018

The present text contains a proposal to analyze the behavior of a beam of particles that, due to some physical mechanism, is divided into two. For the purpose of clarification, we emphasize that the term to be used to designate the process that has occurred will be bifurcation.

                        This fact, we inform that the pretension of this article is to discuss probabilistically the effect of the bifurcation of the beam establishing a distribution function with calculations of its standard and average value.

            The expectation is also to be able to discuss the characteristics of the function and analyze, mainly its average value, as a function of the average number of incidents and suppressed events. It is intended to direct the analysis, preferably, towards a possible comparison with phenomena reported in the literature, notably facts that are linked to possible distortions caused by the measuring system, supposedly mounted by an observer, in order to monitor the bifurcation mechanism.
Nambu-Goto Strings viaWeierstrass Representation
Authors: Kotb Mahmoud
Published: August 2018

A description of string model of gauge theory are related to minimal surfaces. notations of minimal surface and related mean and Gauss curvature discussed. The Weierstrass representation for a surface conformally which immersed in R used to represent Nambu- Goto action, action of Nambu Goto is calculated usingWeierstrass representation which can be used to calculate the Partion Function and potential, then a non-perturbative solution for action is aimed and fulfilled and a consequences of that are investigated and its mathematical and physical properties are discussed.
The necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of a rigid body
Authors: Amer W. S.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the stability of the unperturbed rigid body motion close to conditions, related with the center of mass, is investigated. The three first integrals for the equations of motion are obtained. These integrals are used to achieve a Lyapunov function and to obtain the necessary and sufficient condition satisfies the stability criteria.
Proof of Renormalizability of Scalar Field Theories Using the Epstein-Glaser Scheme and Techniques of Microlocal Analysis
Authors: Cardoso Lucas Tavares
Published: August 2018

The renormalizability of QFT's is a vastly studied issue, and particularly the results concerning a scalar eld theory are well-known through the traditionalrenormalization approach in the literature. However, in this paper we analyze the problem through a less known approach, which justies in a more rigorousand mathematically neat manner, the heuristic arguments of standard treatments of divergencies in QFT's. This paper analyzes the renormalizability ofan arbitrary Scalar Field Theory with interaction Lagrangean L(x) =: 'm(x) : using the method of Epstein-Glaser and techniques of microlocal analysis, inparticular, the concept of scaling degree of a distribution. For a renormalizability proof of perturbative models in the Epstein-Glaser scheme one rst needs to dene an n-fold product of sub-Wick monomials of the interaction Lagrangean. This time ordering is an operator-valued distribution on R4n and the basic issue is its ill-denedness on a null set. The renormalization of a theory in this scheme amounts to the problem of extension of distributions across null sets.
First principles calculations on the electronic and optical properties of zincblende BxGa1-xAs , and BxIn1-xAs semiconductor alloys.
Authors: Amrane N. , Benkraouda Maamar
Published: August 2018

A theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of zincblende BxGa1-xAs and BxIn1-xAs  semiconductor alloys is presented, using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. In this approach, the generalized gradient approximation was used for the exchangeâ€“correlation potential. Ground state properties such as lattice parameter and band structure are calculated as a function of the mole fraction.

We have also analyzed the optical properties (refractive index, dielectric function, real and imaginary), the 4x4 Kaneâ€™s interaction matrix is calculated in order to ease simulations of optoelectronic devices. The results have been discussed in terms of previously existing experimental and theoretical data, and comparisons with similar compounds have been made.
Electro paramagnetic resonance and magnetization measurements of metal-substituted hydroxyapatites used in hyperthermia applications
Authors: Kamal Dr Hany
Published: August 2018

Pure and metal doped hydroxyapatite samples nano-particles were prepared by the wet chemical method. Copper and cobalt is used in doping hydroxyapatite. Sample was prepared without change in the stoichiometric ratio of Ca/P and Ca+M/P inside the structure of HA (M;metal). Sample was characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance, magnetization, transmission electron microscope and electron diffraction. Samples posses the highest value of magnetic susceptibility was chosen for more study to test their ability for application in the field of hyperthermia treatment of bone tumors. Magnetization curves were obtained for samples to study their behavior under the effect of magnetic field. The sample doped with copper and cobalt exhibited hysteresis loops which are characteristic for the magnetic materials. The samples were classified to be ferromagnetic material. Sample prepared by mixing Cu and co had the highest values of saturation magnetization (MS), area (A) enclosed within the hysteresis loop and magnetic anisotropy which represent an indicator of the energy generated in the material under the effect of magnetic field, and hence the amount of heat produced by the sample.  TEM and EDP techniques were used to study the internal structure of these samples. The micrographs and the diffraction patterns showed and confirmed the presence of crystal structures within the samples. The particle size was calculated from the micrographs and found to be in the range of nanometer for all the selected samples.