bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluoride uptake from restorative dental materials by human enamel
Authors: FORSTEN L. , RYTöMAA I. , ANTTILA A. , KEINONEN J.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The purpose of the study was to determine the uptake in vitro of fluoride from restorative materials by tooth ename1 and whether prior etching of the ename1 causes a change of uptake. The outermost layer of the labial surface of extracted canines was removed by grinding and the enamel was covered with five different fluoride‐containing materials; a silicate, a composite resin, an amalgam, a silicophosphate, and a polycarboxylate luting cement. The material was either removed immediately or after storing the tooth in distilled water. The fluoride content was determined using a sensitive physical method based on the 19F (p, αy) 16O reaction. In addition, the fluoride content of enamel after etching for different periods of time and of etched enamel which had been in contact with silicate cement was determined. The mean fluoride content of uncovered interior ename1 was 226 parts/106. All materials, except the composite, increased clearly the fluoride content of the underlying enamel. Etching of interior enamel also increased the fluoride values. No difference could be shown in fluoride uptake from silicate and composite resin between etched and unetched enamel.
An infrared spectroscopic study of sealants
Authors: RUYTER I. EYSTEIN , GYöRöSI PETER‐PAUL
Published: October 2007

abstract – The aim of this work was to determine the quantity of remaining unreacted methacrylate groups in polymerized dental sealants. Eight brands of sealants were investigated by means of a grating infrared spectrophotometer. The infrared absorbance measurements were made before polymerization and repeated after the sealants had been polymerized at 37°C for 24 h. The quantities of remaining unreacted methacrylate groups were determined and the data expressed as percentages of the total amount of methacrylate groups in the unpolymerized materials. The results demonstrate that commercially available sealants exhibit different degrees of conversion 24 h after the start of polymerization. The quantities of remaining methacrylate groups after polymerization under conditions comparable with optimal clinical conditions range from approximately 15 % to approximately 35 % in the different brands.
Lipids in the walls and contents of jaw cysts
Authors: STOKKE TORVALD
Published: October 2007

abstract – The amount and composition of lipid in 129 walls of jaw cyst and 18 pieces of cyst contents was determined by thin‐layer chromatography. The proportions of the fractions (i.e. phospholipid, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, free fatty acids) were compared with corresponding values (collected from the literature) from the superficial layers of normal and atherosclerotic aortas. The amounts of total lipid and of the fractions were comparable. Concomitant with an increasing amount of lipid, there was a rise in the ratio: total cholesterol/phospholipid. In the aortic lesions this increase of cholesterol was due to a rise in the fraction of cholesteryl ester. In the cyst material, the increase was due to a rise in the free cholesterol. A possible explanation is discussed.
Leukocytes in the edentulous mouth
Authors: RAESTE ANNA‐MAIJA
Published: October 2007

abstract – Oral leukocytes were estimated in 55 edentulous persons wearing dentures by sequential mouthrinses. Forty‐four subjects had clinically healthy‐looking mouths and 11 had partial mild inflammation under the dentures. Leukocytes were found in the mouth of all subjects. The migratory rate in 30 sec in 44 subjects was 0.283 ± 0.082 × 106 and in 11 subjects 0.570 ± 0.147. The difference between the two groups was highly significant, P<0.001. The cell counts of the healthy edentulous mouth are comparable with the healthy dentulous mouth. The unexpected results raise the question of the origin of leukocytes in the edentulous mouth.
Opinions among Norwegian dentists on specialization and/or general practice
Authors: HELÖE LEIF ARNE
Published: October 2007

abstract – Three special areas of dental practice are recognized by the Norwegian Dental Association: oral surgery, orthodontics, and periodontics. A representative, nationwide sample comprising 50 dentists in Norway was surveyed through personal interviews concerning opinions about specialists and further specialization. Two dentists in the sample were specialists, the remaining general practitioners. Two‐thirds of this group thought that the specialization of dentistry would continue. Only 11 dentists, however, considered this development to be desirable. Every second stated nevertheless that there was a shortage of specialists, particularly orthodontists, in the district where they practiced. Most respondents had good experiences cooperating with specialists but they were against establishing new specialities; they were concerned about their own scope of activity. Some pointed out that it requires greater skill and ability to be a solo general practitioner in a rural district than to be an urban, centrally located specialist. However, only 13 dentists considered it right to make general practice a “specialty”.
WHO'S accent on prevention
Authors: BARMES DAVID E.
Published: October 2007

abstract – It is widely recognized that oral health has its major obstacles in the form of dental caries and periodontal diseases and that in many populations each of these disease areas attacks nearly 100% of the population during the normal life span. Furthermore, there are clear signs of sharp increases in the dental caries problem in populations which previously benefited by a near absence or low prevalence of the disease. For highly developed countries dental caries and periodontal disease are responsible for an ever increasing economic burden which could easily become intolerable for even the richest of economies. In developing countries where dental caries prevalence is increasing the extreme lack of manpower resources is the first barrier, any response to which will encounter the second and associated economic constraint. It is essential for both situations that greater emphasis be given to prevention of oral diseases both by methods already proven, such as fluoridation of water supplies and other uses of fluorides, by oral hygiene programs, and by coordinated research to develop complementary or other methods. The WHO program in oral health has now developed a priority activity to promote and guide such endeavors.
Fluoride concentrations in saliva after single oral doses and their relation to plasma fluoride
Authors: EKSTRAND JAN
Published: October 2007

abstract – The saliva and plasma fluoride (F) concentrations following intake of different doses of fluoride tablets were studied in six subjects. There was a close relationship between saliva F and plasma F and the ratio was 0.64±0.01 (s.e.). The plasma half life of F was 4—16 h. This results indicate that saliva F may be a useful substitute for blood sampling in studies concerning the pharmacokinetics of fluoride.
Effect on caries of daily supervised toothbrushing with sodium monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride dentifrices after 3 years
Authors: EDLUND KARIN , KOCH GÖRAN
Published: October 2007

abstract – In a 3‐year clinical trial the effect of daily supervised toothbrushing with a dentifrice containing sodium fluoride/ silicon dioxide and a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphateo/calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate was investigated. Initially about 400 children aged 9–11 years from one school in Malmö took part in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups. Each group brushed their teeth daily in school under the supervision of a dental hygienist. The children and their families were given the corresponding dentifrices for home use. The children were examined for caries at the start of the study and again alter an interval of 1 year by the same dentist and according to the stated criteria. A comparison of the caries increments in the two dentifrice groups revealed a statistically. Significantly lower caries increment during the 2nd and 3rd experimental years in the sodium fluoride dentifrice group compared with the sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice group.
Quantification of dentäl pläque through planimetric analysis
Authors: REKOLA MAARIT , SCHEININ ARJE
Published: October 2007

abstract – The aim of this study was to develop a planimetric, automatic method for evaluation of the extension and volume of plaque. Series of color macrophotographs of stained plaque were analyzed with a digitizer entering Cartesian coordinate data from the graphic records in a calculator. Estimations were carried out on the reproducibility, discri minatory power, and time required for the planimetric analysis. In addition, the ratios between values obtained before and after reproducible cleansing were interpreted as measurement of the adhesion of plaque in vivo.
Microbial and salivary conditions in 9‐ to 12‐year‐old children
Authors: KLOCK BJÖRN , KRASSE BO
Published: October 2007

abstract – The prevalence of S. mutans and lactobacilli, the salivary secretion rate, and salivary pH and buffer capacity were examined in 655 children 9–12 years old. Some of these factors were correlated with the frequency of caries. Positive correlations were ob served between for example S. mutans and lactobacilli, between S. mutans and incipient smooth surface caries, and between lactobacilli and open carious lesion. A high proportion of the children showed large numbers of S. mutans and lactobacilli
Oral complications in anorexia nervosa
Authors: HELLSTRÖM INGRID
Published: October 2007

abstract – Anorexia nervosa (AN), a psychosomatic disease mainly affecting young women, is characterized by conscious starvation, periods of excessive carbohydrate intake and often deliberate vomiting. Medical history, dental examination, and saliva tests of 39 pa tients aged 14 to 42 years, having suffered from AN for periods of 1 to 20 year, showed dental caries, due to excessive carbohydrate consumption, in all subjects, often in a rampant form. In patients with a history of intense vomiting (27 cases) severe lingual‐occlusal erosion (perimylolysis) was nearly always present. Buccal erosion, mainly due to high con sumption of acid fruits and drinks to relieve thirst caused by dehydration, was more frequent in vomiting than in non‐vomiting patients. Subnormal values of saliva properties, owing to dehydration or xerostomia‐inducing medication, were present in the majority of cases; the lowest values occurred in those vomiting. The association AN — vomiting — perimylolysis is discussed, as well as prophylactic and therapeutic measures. A medical, psychiatric, and dental survey of AN is presented.
Sucrolytic enzymes from human dental plaque in saliva
Authors: AKSNES ASMUND
Published: October 2007

abstract – The total effect of sucrose‐splitting activity from three sucrose metabolizing enzymes has been investigated in “resting” saliva in contact with dental plaque material in 356 military recruits. Invertase effect is defined as the splitting of sucrose into equimolar quantities of glucose and fructose, dextransucrase as a glucosyl‐transferase producing glucan and free fructose, and levansucrase as a fructosyl‐transferase producing fructan and free glucose. Total monohexose and glucose production as well were determined quantitatively in each subject. Monohexose production was related to specific oral conditions, and a difference in tooth decay significant at a 5% level was found between samples with high and low enzyme content. The production of free glucose was lower than that of free fructose, significant at less than a 1 % level. This may indicate that more glucose is bound to form dextran than fructose to form levan in this salivary enzyme system. In the saliva samples with a high level of enzyme content a slight increase in relative effect of dextransucrase was found. This was not statistically significant.
Electromyogtaphic activity in digastric muscles and opening force of mandible during static and dynamic conditions
Authors: AHLGREN JOHAN , LIPKE DANIEL P.
Published: October 2007

abstract – A method is presented for simultaneous recording of the integrated electrical activity in the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the force developed at the chin during static and dynamic conditions of opening. A linear relationship was demonstrated between force and integrated electrical activity during isometric contraction.
Bite force and oral function in patients with osseointegrated oral implants
Authors: HARALDSON TORGNY , CARLSSON GUNNAR E.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The function of the masticatory system was analyzed in 19 patients (13 women and 6 men), aged 39 to 68, randomly selected from a group of 165 patients who had been treated with osseointegrated oral implants within the last 7 years (average 3.5 years). The patients were well satisfied with the functional capacity of their implant reconstructions, especially compared with the poor function before treatment. According to the clinical examination, all but one patient had no or only mild symptoms of dysfunction of the masticatory system. Three bite‐force levels were recorded. The mean value for gentle biting was 15.7 N, for biting as when chewing 50.1 N, and for maximal biting 144.4 N. The patients could thus well discriminate between the different bite‐force levels, and the maximal values are much higher than those in persons with removable dentures.
Enzymes as denture cleansers
Authors: BUDTZ‐JöRGENSEN E. , KELSTRUP J.
Published: October 2007

abstract – It was the purpose of the study to test the efficiency of dextranase., mutanase, and protease in removing denture plaque. The study group comprised 100 denture‐wearers with denture stomatitis. The enzymes were dispensed as dissolvent tablets either in pure or in mixed preparations. Placebo tablets and Steradent®. a commercial denture cleanser, were used as control tablets. The following parameters were studied: the amount of denture plaque., the degree of palatal erythema, and the concentration of yeast cells and inflammatory cells in mucosal and denture smears. The study was designed and carried out as a double‐blind study. The dissolvent tablets containing the enzymes in mixed preparations were more effective than the tablets containing the pure enzymes, the placebo tablets, or the Steradent® tablets. The beneficial effect of the mixed enzyme preparations included a significant reduction of the amount of denture plaque and an improvement of the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa.
Chemistry of the sulfate groups in a sulfated glycoprotein from rabbit submandibular gland
Authors: EMBERY GRAHAM , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

abstract – A 35S‐labeled sulfated glycoprotein was isolated from rabbit submandibular glands. Acid stability studies on the 35sulfate groupings present in the intact glycoprotein gave a half‐life of 45 min. Partial acid hydrolysis of the 35S‐labeled glycoprotein in 0.1 M HCl for 90 min at 100°C liberated a radioactive fraction which was free from peptide and fractionated in the monosaccharide range of a Sephadex G‐15 column. Examination of this fraction by paper chromatography revealed the presence of a major component having the characteristics of N‐acetylglucosaminc 6‐0‐sulfate and a minor component having the properties of N‐acetylgalactosaminc 6‐0‐sulfate. The presence of ester sulfate groups in the intact glycoprotein was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy.
Endotoxic activities of lipopolysaccharides of microorganisms isolated from an infected root canal in Macaca cynomolgus
Authors: DAHLÉN GUNNAR , HOFSTAD TOR
Published: October 2007

abstract – Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from a strain of Bacteroides oralis, a strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum, and a strain of F. nucleatum, all isolated from an infected root canal in monkey (Macaca cynomolgus), were examined for endotoxic activities using primary skin reactions in rabbits and induction of leukocyte chemotaxis in rats. LPS of B. oralis showed considerably lower ability to cause skin inflammation than LPS of the fusobacteria. However, the leukotactic effect of the LPS preparations as determined by the wound chamber method in rats was approximately of the same proportion. In both tests the reactions were compared with those of commercial LPS of Salmonella typhi. This study shows that endotoxic LPS can be isolated from oral Gram‐negative bacteria, which have infected the root canal. Therefore LPS. may play a role in the development and maintenance of chronic inflammation of the periapical tissues.
Evaluation of histologic criteria applied for description of pulp reactions in replanted human premolars
Authors: BREIVIK MARTIN , KVAM EINAR
Published: October 2007

abstract
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To test the reproducibility of a scoring system prepared for the study of the tissue changes in replanted teeth, 30 teeth were allocated at random from a material comprising 70 replanted and control teeth. The scoring system elaborated was applied for description of the odontoblast layer, predentin, secondary dentin, circulatory alterations, resorption, Weil's zone, cellular infiltration and calcification. The registrations were performed twice with a time interval of approximately 2 months. The scores were subsequently compared. Generally speaking, the double determinations were in good agreement as only 4.7 % of the pairs of registrations failed to correspond. The agreement was particularly good for secondary dentin, cellular infiltration, resorption, Weil's zone and calcification scores. These criteria are accessible for group comparisons when differences in pulp tissue characteristics are small. The remaining three criteria may prove not to be useful unless the tissue response is substantial.
Effect of acupuncture on myogenic headache
Authors: JENSEN L. BÖRGLUM , TALLGREN A. , TROEST T. , JENSEN S. BÖRGLUM
Published: October 2007

abstract
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The purpose of the investigation was to study the effect of acupuncture on myogenic headache and to examine whether electromyographic recordings of jaw muscle activity would provide objective evidence of the effect of such treatment. In 21 dental students, 14 males and seven females, with a history of 2–10 years of headache, acupuncture was performed unilaterally in the foot between the 4th and 5th metatarsal bones (G 41). The needle was inserted to a depth of 10–15 mm and moved continuously by hand for 15–20 min. Electromyographic recordings of postural activity in the right and left anterior temporal and masseter muscles were obtained in the same sitting before, during and after acupuncture treatment. In clinical controls 24 h, 1 month and 4 months after the treatment, 12 subjects reported considerable improvement, two variable results, and seven no change. The electromyographic recordings showed an average decrease in postural activity during acupuncture, particularly of the temporalis muscles, and a further decrease after completed treatment. However, marked individual variations in muscular response were noted. The results indicate that acupuncture treatment can relieve headache, and that electromyographic recordings may provide objective evidence of the effect of acupuncture.
Working time and strength in relation to consistency of composite resins
Authors: FORSTEN LENNART
Published: October 2007

abstract
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Composite resin pastes can be made more fluid for injection purposes by adding small amounts of enamel bond resin before mixing. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the added resin on the working time and on the early and final strength of the composite. The pastes of two different brands were diluted with their respective resins and the working time of the mix was determined by measuring the time during which it was possible to squeeze the material from a Centrix syringe. The results revealed that adding universal resin reduced the working time of both brands. The catalyst resin increased the working time of Adaptic® but with Concise® the amount of the catalyst paste had also to be increased to gain more working time. Adding catalyst resin did not affect the early strength or the strength after 24 h. Furthermore, it was observed that adding resin reduced the amount of porosities in the composite.
Creep of dental amalgam and its phases
Authors: ESPEVIK S.
Published: October 2007

abstract
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The intention of the study was to evaluate creep as a function of temperature and stress, and to determine creep rate of compounds with a composition equivalent to the y, y1, and y2 phases in dental amalgam. The results were consistent with a creep model in which the deformation takes place in the y1 phase, and is dominated by glide pileups of dislocations in grain boundaries.
Soft‐tissue stretching: a possible control factor in craniofacial morphogenesis
Authors: SOLOW BENI , KREIBORG SVEN
Published: October 2007

abstract
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A hypothesis is presented which links posturally induced stretching of the facial soft‐tissue layer, craniofacial morphology and airway adequacy into a suggested cycle of factors related to craniofacial morphogenesis.
Bacteria in cavities beneath intermediary base materials
Authors: QVIST JÖRGEN , QVIST VIBEKE , LAMBJERG‐HANSEN HARRY
Published: October 2007

abstract – The ability of six different intermediary base materials to prevent bacterial entrance beneath silicate cement fillings was investigated in vivo in primary molars. After an observation period of 1 month, bacteria were found on the pulpal wall in two out of 10 cavities beneath Fluoritec® and four out of 10 cavities beneath Durelon® solid mixed, De Trey® phosphate cement solid or creamy mixed. Beneath the intermediary base materials Dycal®, zinc oxide‐eugenol cement, Dropsin® and Durelon® creamy mixed, no bacteria were found. In cavities filled with silicate cement or silver amalgam only, bacteria were observed in nine out of 10 and in five out of 10 cavities, respectively.
Surface etching and subsurface demineralization of dental enamel induced by a strong acid
Authors: LARSEN M. JOOST , FEJERSKOV O.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Intact enamel surfaces were exposed to 20 ml of 0.1% HCl for various periods. When the acid was unsaturated with respect to both hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite the surface enamel was etched away. With time the liquid close to the enamel became supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite but remained unsaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite. Under this condition subsurface lesions developed. These observations are discussed with reference to the use of diffusion‐restricting agents in laboratory caries experiments.
Enzymatic iodination of salivary proteins by the 125l‐lactoperoxidase system
Authors: TENOVUO J. , SARIMO S. S.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Purified milk lactoperoxidase and endogenous human salivary peroxidase were used to label the proteins of whole mouth saliva with [125I]iodide. The proteins were then analyzed by isoelectric focusing or they were subjected so one‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4. The radioactivity of the resolved protein fractions was determined. There were three to four major and four to five minor areas of radioactivity which were carried together with more or less distinctive protein fractions. Amylase and albumin were shown to be the most effective in binding [125I]iodide. No significant differences were observed in the iodination patterns of salivary proteins iodinated in the presence of endogenous saliva peroxidase and those iodinated in the presence of added milk lactoperoxidase. Hydrogen peroxide was necessary for iodination to take place. The significance of iodoproteins and the role of salivary peroxidases in the nonthyroidal metabolism of iodine are discussed.
A longitudinal study on the effect of unilateral extraction of primary molars
Authors: RÖNNERMAN ASSAR , THILANDER BIRGIT
Published: October 2007

abstract – The effect of unilateral extraction of the first or second primary molar on space conditions, need for orthodontic treatment, and eruption stage of permanent canines and second molars has been studied longitudinally in two groups. In Group 1 the first primary molar had been extracted early in 13 cases in the maxilla and in 14 cases in the mandible. In Group 2 the corresponding figures for the second primary molar were 14 and 24 for the maxilla and mandible, respectively. The space on the extraction side in Group 1 was significantly less than on the control side at the age of 9 but not at the age of 13. In Group 2 there was significantly less space on the extraction side than on the control side at the two registration ages (10.5 and 12 years). Need for orthodontic treatment was low in Group 1 and high in Group 2. As for eruption stage of permanent canines and second molars, no significant differences were found between the extraction side and the control side in the two groups.
Rate of migration of oral leukocytes in patients with periodontitis
Authors: RAESTE ANNA‐MAIJA , AURA AINO
Published: October 2007

abstract— The rate of migration of leukocytes (OMR) was estimated by counts of sequential mouthrinses in 81 human subjects in order to evaluate its usefulness as a laboratory test of oral inflammation. Periodontitis was taken as a model, and neither patients nor controls had any other oral inflammation. Patients with advanced periodontitis, but with periodontal destruction of about the same level, were divided into two groups, acute phase and chronic phase. The mean number of leukocytes entering the oral cavity in 30 s was estimated in these two groups. In the same patients the difference between the cell count in the first rinse and the OMR level was estimated, to test whether it could be taken to indicate the grade of acuteness of the inflammation (GAI). OMR and GAI were assessed in the patients with periodontitts after the initial treatment and at Follow‐up 1 year after completion of the full treatment, which almost always included surgical procedures. The results indicate that the OMR reflects the existence of oral inflammation and can be used as a laboratory test with the same reservations as white blood cell counts for systemic inflammation. The difference in GAI between patients in the acute and chronic phases of the disease was highly significant, indicating that this test gives information about the severity of the inflammation.
Oral use of chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste in epileptic children
Authors: RUSSELL BJÖRN G. , BAY LENA M.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect of a 3‐min daily toothbrushing with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste on dental plaque, gingivitis and gingival hyperplasia in 30 mentally retarded epileptic children treated with phenytoin. A double‐blind cross‐over technique was used. Brushing once daily for 2 months with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste resulted in significantly lower Pl I and GI values. Gingival hyperplasia was not significantly reduced by the use of the chlorhexidine toothpaste.
Effect of hypophysectomy on dentin production in maxillary incisors in the rat
Authors: HANSSON LARS INGVAR , Stenström ANDERS , THORNGREN KARL‐GORAN
Published: October 2007

abstract— The effect of hypophysectomy on the dentin production and on the longitudinal growth of the maxillary incisors of female rats 60–105 d of age was determined In‐ the tetracycltne technique. In normal rats, the highest rate of dentin apposition amounted to about 23μm per clay in the middle part of the tooth with lower values in apical and incisal directions. Because of incisal attrition, the tooth was exchanged in about 55 d, corresponding to a longitudinal growth rate of'about 400μm per day. After hypophysectomy, the rate of dentin production was reduced to about 60%, with a considerable variation depending on the position of the odontoblasts along the tooth. The longitudinal growth rate was reduced to about 50% of normal. As the length of the tooth was the same within the period studied, this resulted in a slower transfer of the odontoblasts along the tooth and a time delay of about 55 d before they reached the incisal part of the tooth. The total dentin production of the odontoblasts in the hypophysectomized animals was the same as in normals. Compared with the effect of hypophysectomy on the rate of longitudinal bone growth and cortical bone remodeling, the effect on the dentin production and longitudinal growth of the incisors is less pronounced, indicating differences in sensitivity to hormones between the different cell systems.
Binding of dyes to hydroxyapatite treated with cetylpyridinium chloride or cetrimonium bromide
Authors: JENSEN JØRN ERIK
Published: October 2007

abstract— The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) on the adsorption of some acidic food dyes to hydroxyapatite was studied. The dyes investigated were brilliant blue (FD&C Blue No. I), tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5), sunset yellow (FD&C Yellow No. 6) and amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2). The apatite had adsorbed 9.2 μmol CPC per g dry weight. The adsorbed CPC was in equilibrium with a free concentration of 20 μg/ml (58 μM). The adsorption of CPC and CTAB to the apatite was followed by an increased ability of the crystals to bind the dyes. The dyes were very firmly adsorbed and were not released during a series of washings. Untreated apatite showed only a minor affinity for the dyes. The adsorbed dyes were easily washed out. CPC and CTAB showed the same specific ability to increase the binding capacity of the apatite. The results are discussed and related to the formation of stains on the teeth in persons using quaternary ammonium compounds for mouthrinsing. A mechanism explaining the production of stains is proposed.
Reduction of the formation of dental plaque and gingivitis in humans by crude mutanase
Authors: KELSTRUP J. , HOLM‐PEDERSEN P. , POULSEN S.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The effect of a Trichoderma harzianum enzyme preparation containing mutanase (α‐1,3 glucan glucanohydrolase) on plaque accumulation and composition and on occurrence of gingivitis was assessed in 20 persons in a double‐blind cross‐over investigation. The enzyme preparation was administered in chewing gum. Two test periods of 1 week were preceded by scaling and cleansing of the teeth, oral hygiene instruction, and controlled hygiene for at least 3 weeks. Oral hygiene measures were discontinued during the test periods, while the persons chewed six pieces of chewing gum per day, one half using enzyme‐containing gum, and the other half using placebo gum. The test periods were identical, only enzyme gum was used instead of placebo, or vice versa. Evaluations of plaque and gingivitis showed that less plaque had accumulated and less gingivitis developed during the enzyme than during the placebo period, but bacteriologic studies of interproximal plaque did not reveal differences that could explain the clinical findings. Treatment with the enzyme preparation caused some local side effects, but no primary skin irritation, delayed hypersensitivity, nor anti‐enzyme IgE was detected in any of the persons.
Hereditary gingival hyperplasia and physical maturation
Authors: KILPINEN E. , RAESTE ANNA‐MAIJA , COLLAN Y.
Published: October 2007

abstract— In a family with eight children, six of the children suffered from gingival hyperplasia. Dental age was determined for five of the affected children. In four it was retarded in relation to chronologic age, but within normal limits. The skeletal age of the same five children was retarded by more than 2 standard deviations. The heights of three of these five children were clearly below the 2.5th percentile height curve. The two most retarded children were examined by pediatricians. No hematologic changes or evidence of malabsorption from the alimentary tract could be found. It is suggested that in this family retardation of physical development may be linked with gingival hyperplasia.
Autoclaving of lubricated dental instruments
Authors: HEGNA IDA K. , KARDEL KRISTIN , KARDEL MIKKEL
Published: October 2007

abstract— Test organisms forced mechanically into lubricated, rotating dental instruments (hand pieces) were all killed during autoclaving at 134®C for 8 min, even when protected by serum and oil. The test organisms were: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Also when testing the sterility of autoclaved simulated instrument surfaces (brass cylinders and pieces of a cotton fabric) which had been inoculated with bacteria and dried before they were sprayed with oil, there was no growth of the test organisms. In addition to the other test organisms, spores of Bacillus subtilis and Gram‐positive, anaerobic bacteria isolated from used hand pieces that had been exposed to several autoclaving were used. Some of the hand pieces that had been left to dry after use in the dentist's office before they were autoclaved, were shown not to be sterile. Therefore, the authors suggest that autoclaving of the instruments should take place shortly after use and prescribed cleaning.
Effect of caries‐preventive measures in children with high numbers of S. mutans and lactobacilli
Authors: KLOCK B. , KRASSE B.
Published: October 2007

abstract— On the basis of the number of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, 645 children 9–12 years old were divided into five groups. The children with the highest number of S. mutans and lactobacilli were considered to be at a high caries risk and were divided into three groups with 49 children in each. One group received preventive measures from a specially trained nurse twice a month, one group was treated once a month and the third group served as a control. The other 498 children with lower numbers of S. mutans and lactobacilli were considered to be at a lower caries risk and were divided into two groups. One group was treated once a month while the other was a control. The children with originally high numbers ofS. mutans and lactobacilli developed significantly more new carious lesions after 1 and 2 years (2.5 and 4.3) than the children with low counts in the control groups (1.9 and 2.8). All the children in the test groups which had received the preventive program developed significantly less caries than the corresponding control group. In the test risk group treated twice a month the caries activity was extremely low during the 1st year with an average of 0.34 new carious lesions. After 2 years the average was 0.92. The microbial conditions as well as the saliva secretion rate, buffer capacity and saliva pH did not seem to be influenced by the preventive program.
Effect of experimental neutropenia on oral wound healing in guinea pigs
Authors: ANDERSEN L. , ATTSTRÖM R. , FEJERSKOV O.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The influence of experimental neutropenia on the wound healing process in standardized excisional palatal wounds was studied in 16 guinea pigs. Corresponding wounds in 15 normal animals were used as controls. Neutropenia was induced and maintained by daily injections of heterologous anti‐neutrophil serum. One‐micron sections from biopsies of palatal mucosa sampled 6, 24, 48 and l20h after wounding were evaluated with special reference to the progress of epithelial wound repair and to the occurrence and location of inflammatory cells and bacteria. In animals treated with antiserum, neutrophilic leukocytes disappeared from the wound cavity, whereas other inflammatory cells remained unchanged. Further bacterial invasion deep into the cavity was observed. The epithelial repair took place at a deeper level in the wounds of neutropenic animals compared with those of normal animals. The rate of re‐epithelialization was the same in neutropenic and control wounds. The experiment indicates that the neutrophils in oral wounds provide a principal agency for host defense against microorganisms and probably thereby indirectly determine the direction and level of epithelial cell migration.
A 2‐year follow‐up of primary molars, pulpotomized with a gentle technique and capped with calcium hydroxide
Authors: SCHRÖDER ULLA
Published: October 2007

abstract— The prognosis for pulpotomy of primary molars with calcium hydroxide as wound dressing was evaluated clinically and radiographically. Thirty‐three primary mandibular molars were amputated under the following conditions: (1) chronic coronal pulpitis, (2) the amputation was done with diamond instruments and a high‐speed machine under aseptic conditions, and (3) application of calcium hydroxide in contact with the wound surface. After 1 year the treatment was regarded as successful for 22 of the teeth (67%); II teeth showed internal dentin resorption. After 2 years the frequency of success, allowing for drop‐out, was 5996. Internal dentin resorption was seen in 14 root canals; in 10 of them within the first 6 months. A histologic study of nine root pulps with internal dentin resorption revealed an extra‐pulpal blood clot on the wound surface in five.
Mercury vapor levels in a dental laboratory
Authors: BRUNE DAG , BELTESBREKKE HANS
Published: October 2007

abstract— Mercury vapor levels associated with grinding amalgam models and mulling amalgams in the palm of the hand following trituration have been measured in a dental laboratory in inhalation position. The threshold limit value of airborne mercury of 0.05 mg/m3 was essentially exceeded in the grinding procedure of amalgam. Levels in excess of seven times this value were recorded. During mulling the mercury vapor level fluctuated around the threshold limit value. The mean mercury concentrations did not essentially exceed the threshold limit value.
Histochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase in developing rat teeth and bone
Authors: HASSELGREN G. , FRANZÉN A. , HAMMARSTRÖM L. E.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1.) in developing teeth and in bone has been studied. Prior to hard tissue function a rather high enzyme activity was noted in differentiating odontoblasts, stratum intermedium, and outer enamel epithelium. A lower activity was observed in the cells of the dental papilla and stellate reticulum. After the onset of hard tissue formation the alkaline phosphatase activity was generally increased. Enzyme activity was also found in the proximal part of tall, secretory ameloblasts. In the short post‐secretory ameloblasts a high enzyme activity was noted. At the onset of dentin mineralization there was an increase in enzyme activity in the cells of the subodontoblastic layer. In bone the highest alkaline phosphatase activity was found in osteoblasts. A difference was noted between the alkaline phosphatase of hard and soft tissues by means of the addition of inhibitors to the incubation media. Within the hard tissues it was possible to distinguish between two alkaline phosphatases after pretreatment with heat (56°C) or the addition of specific inhibitors (sodium metavandate, ortho‐and pyrophosphate). An isoenzyme which was sensitive to these procedures was demonstrated in odontoblasts and in the pulpal connective tissue. Another alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme, which was resistant to pretreatment with heat or the addition of vanadate or phosphate, was demonstrated in the subodontoblastic cell layer, stratum intermedium and the outer cells of the reduced enamel epithelium.
Reasons for replacement of amalgam dental restorations
Authors: DAHL JON E. , ERIKSEN HARALD M.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Recurrent caries appears to be the most frequently occurring reason for replacement of amalgam dental restorations. Recent developments of amalgam alloys have improved the clinical appearance of such fillings but the possible influence on their durability is uncertain.
Effects of local anesthetics on the respiratory activity in vitro of cells in the dental pulp
Authors: RÖCKERT HANS O. E.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The respiratory activity of isolated dental pulps from rat incisors was studied using a Gilson respirometer. The activity was compared with activities after administration of varying concentrations of commercial standard solutions of lidocaine with and without adrenaline and prilocaine with felypressin. Above a 2.5% concentration of the standard solution added to the respiratory medium a significant inhibition was registered.
Ultrastructure of the subgingival microflora in juvenile periodontitis
Authors: WESTERGAARD J. , FRANDSEN A. , SLOTS J.
Published: October 2007

abstract— The ultrastructure of the subgingival deposits on the root surfaces of teeth affected by juvenile periodontitis was studied on 12 teeth from nine individuals, 15–30 years of age. The deposits consisted of either microbial masses associated with a pellicle, or of a cuticular material almost free of bacteria. Gram‐negative rods and filaments were the predominant microorganisms. “Corncob” configurations consisting of filamentous bacteria surrounded by Gram‐positive cocci, and “bristle brush” formations comprising corncobs surrounded by long rods were observed in the superficial layer of the plaque. Spirochetes and flagellated rods constituted a major segment of the microflora. The present data indicate that the deep pockets in juvenile periodontitis harbor a sparse but relatively characteristic microbial population.
Salivary agglutinin and secretory IgA reactions with oral streptococci
Authors: BRATTHALL DOUGLAS , CARLÉN ANETTE
Published: October 2007

abstract— S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. mitis and S. sanguis strains were isolated from three subjects of blood groups A, B and O. Parotid saliva samples obtained from the same subjects induced aggregation of some of the bacteria, the S. sanguis and the S. mutans strains in particular. While parotid saliva from the three subjects gave almost identical reactions, slight interindividual differences were observed for a few strains with the submandibular sublingual salivas. In parotid saliva, secretory antibodies reacting with all strains were present. The antibody levels differed between the three subjects but no specific pattern was observed when homologous strains were compared with heterologous strains.
Combined extracellular sucrolytic enzyme power from a strain of Streptococcus mutans, and purification results
Authors: AKSNES ASMUND
Published: October 2007

abstract— Streptococcus mutans has been shown to produce extracellular invertase, dextransucrase, and levansucrase. The purpose of this work was to study the relative quantities of these enzymes in pure culture supernatant, and in samples from commonly used purification methods. The strain “Ingbritt” was selected because it is a well‐defined human strain, available, and with well‐known growth requirements. The samples were incubated with sucrose for the determination of free monohexoses, and the polysaccharide from ethanol precipitation was hydrolyzed as previously described. In cell supernatant the inversion effect exerted 75% of total sucrolytic power, the dextransucrase 20% and the levansucrase 596. No method, tested in this work, could separate all the activities completely.
Demonstration of actin in oral epithelial cells
Authors: REIBEL J. , DABELSTEEN E. , BIRKEDAL‐HANSEN H. , ELLEGAARD B. , MACKENZIE I.
Published: October 2007

abstract— Two human sera with antibodies against smooth muscle were used to investigate the distribution of actin in moving oral epithelial cells by immunocytochemical methods. Epithelial outgrowths from explants of rat and human oral mucosa showed a constant positive staining in the peripheral parts of the marginal cells but not in the more central parts of the epithelial sheet. This is in agreement with theories of the importance of the marginal cells in the migratory behavior of the epithelial outgrowth. Subcultured epithelial cells from the human explants showed positive staining of fine fibers in the cytoplasm. During healing of experimental oral wounds from humans and monkeys actin fibers could be demonstrated in only one of 18 cases in the epithelial cells adjacent to the wound, though positive staining of various cells was seen in the underlying tissue. This is in contrast to the evidence presented in previous studies of cells taking part in the re‐epithelialization process.
Sex and age differences in bone morphology of mandibles
Authors: VON WOWERN NINA , STOLTZE KAJ
Published: October 2007

abstract— Histomorphometric analysis of mandibular specimens has been performed in order to demonstrate possible sex and age differences in percent bone mass and bone activity in the mandible. The material consisted of 32 autopsy specimens from the right premolar region of the mandibular body in subjects with sudden unexpected death and without known bone disease. The subjects were divided in a young group (20–43 years of age) and an old group (60–90 years of age); each group consisted of eight females and eight males. Microradiograms of buccolingual ground sections of 100 μm were used. Quantitation of (1) percent bone area of cortical and trabecular bone and (2) total bone surface/bone area and resorption surfaces/total bone surface in trabecular bone, were done by electronic point‐counting. The analysis did not reveal any significant sex or age differences in the trabecular bone with respect to percent bone mass, trabecular coarseness and bone activity. In the buccal and lingual cortices a significant age difference was demonstrated, but there was no sex difference in percent bone mass. Cortical porosity in mandibles clearly increases with increasing age, but seems to be independent of sex.
Microleakage around preventive composite fillings in occlusal fissures
Authors: RAADAL MAGNE
Published: October 2007

abstract— The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage around preventive composite fillings used in occlusal fissures with incipient caries, and to assess the influence of the consistency of the composite resin upon the leakage. The fissure enamel of 30 extracted maxillary premolars were partially removed using a small round bur (Ash® No. 1/2). Dentin was not exposed. The cavities were etched with phosphoric acid and filled with undiluted composite (Adaptic®) or composite diluted with different amounts of liquid resin (Adaptic Bonding Agent®). Five teeth were not etched before filling, and served as a control group. The teeth were cycled thermally between two dye solutions and the marginal penetration of dye was evaluated by examining sections of the crowns in a dissection microscope. Marginal leakage occurred in all the control teeth and in none of the acid‐etched teeth. It may be concluded that the preventive composite filling therapy provides good sealing of pits and fissures with incipient caries, and that the consistency of the composite used is not of primary importance.
Relation between symphyseal and condylar developmental stages in the human fetus
Authors: KJAER INGER
Published: October 2007

abstract— In 51 human fetuses from the first half of the prenatal period, developmental stages in the symphysis menti and the mandibular condyle were assessed by histochemical reactions. The study showed the association between the timing of the developmental stages in the two mandibular growth zones.
Discoloration of permanent front teeth in 3,157 Norwegian children due to tetracydines and other factors
Authors: ULVESTAD HARALD , LÖKKEN PER , MJÖRUD FINN
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT – During routine orthodontic screening in Oslo, Norway, of 3,157 children, aged 10–11 years and born in 1963/64, 36 Cases (1.14%) with cosmetically marring discoloration of permanent front teeth were registered. Thirty‐four of them arrived for a more exhaustive examination, which in 24 of the children revealed positive tetracycline fluorescence on exposure to ultraviolet light. In 13 (0.4%) of the children, the discolorations were diagnosed to be tetracycline‐induced. Enamel hypoplasia was frequently found in teeth with positive fluorescence. Multiple exposures to various tetracydines were reported in all children who exhibited positive fluorescence.