bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rite of Renunciation
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The proper ritual procedure for becoming a renouncer is a major concern of our Upaniāsads. Several of them open with that question. ārUn.i, for example, asks Prajapati: “By what means, 0 Lord, can I give up rites completely?” (ārU 3). When Saunaka and the other seers ask Narada: “Lord, tell us the procedure of renunciation,” Narada replies: “It is only proper that we learn all its features from the mouth of the Grandfather himself” (NpU 132). The procedure is presented as a deep secret-an upani,l”ad-that can be learned only from the creator god himself.
Liberal Protestantism at Michigan: New England Intentions with Jeffersonian Results
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

When in 1888 the Rev. Francis Horton of Oakland attacked the University of California for its religious heterodoxy, the contrast he cited was the University of Michigan. “That institution does not teach religion any more than does ours, but its prevailing sentiment is favorable to revealed religion, as here it is against it.”1 Horton’s reference was typical. Michigan was often mentioned hopefully as a model for the future of religion in higher education. The Ann Arbor example showed not only that a state school could be openly sympathetic to Christianity-the same could be said of most state universities2-but also that such sympathy was in fact displayed by a leader among the new research universities. In this era when presidents ran institutions almost singlehandedly, Michigan’s reputation as a Christian university was closely related to the express Christian piety of James Burrill Angell, president from 1871 to 1909. Angell was from Rhode Island and had studied at Brown under Francis Wayland and subsequently taught there. Like most university reformers, he had been ardently pro-Lincoln. During the Civil War he edited a Republican newspaper. He then served as president of the University of Vermont before going to Michigan. As a student he had thought seriously about a ministerial career and clearly carried that sense of calling into his work in higher education. When Angell was being considered for Michigan, Professor George P. Fisher of Yale described him as “a religious man, without the least taint of bigotry.”3 In Angell’s case, this was no pro forma stance. Unlike some of his peers who largely kept their piety under wraps, Angell made Christianity in the university a major cause. He spoke about it, conducted surveys on it, wrote articles and edited a book on Christianity, facilitated the growth of campus ministries, and continued through the first decade of the twentieth century to preach Christ to Michigan.
The Low-Church Idea of a University
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

All the trends in the formation of the university as a modern American institution were accelerated with the spectacular emergence of the University of Chicago in the 1890s and early 1900s. Armed with John D. Rockefeller money and the brilliant imagination of the former wunderkind President William Rainey Harper, Chicago came to epitomize American pragmatism and enterprise applied to higher education. Like the great World’s Columbian Exposition that opened on the adjacent Midway in 1893 during the university’s first academic year, the school that seemed to arise from nowhere on a south-side marsh signaled that anything was possible in the modern world. And like the city of Chicago itself, the university embodied the startling American principle that there was no advantage in being bound by tradition. As the imposing Gothic architecture suggested, one could buy the appearance of tradition and thus duly impress a midwestern constituency.1 The university proved also that one could buy a first-rate faculty and immediately become a leading national institution. This was the American way. William Rainey Harper added a passion for innovation. Although not all of his schemes worked, his university anticipated many of the traits of the twentieth-century multiversity. In addition to the Graduate School and Divinity School, the university in its early decades included a College of Commerce and Administration, a College of Education, a Medical College, a Law School, and a College of Religious and Social Service. The undergraduate program was divided into a Junior College and a Senior College and was to be fed by affiliated high schools and lower schools. The university also introduced a summer school and was widely known for conducting an elaborate extension and correspondence program to broaden the base of higher education. Moreover, it moved toward affiliation with existing colleges around the country that were to become part of the Chicago system.
Reform Gathers Momentum
Authors: Macneil Ian R
Published: November 2023

To assess what the reformers achieved in New York, one must examine what was there before the 1920 act. As already mentioned, New York had long had a comprehensive arbitration statute contained in its Code of Civil Procedure. It provided, among other things, that parties could by a writing, duly acknowledged or proved, and certified, in like manner to a deed to be recorded, submit to arbitration any existing controversy that might be the subject of an action. The common law rule of revocability was modified to the limited extent that the submission could not be revoked after the allegations and proofs of the parties had been closed and the matter finally submitted to the arbitrators for decision. In submissions under the code, arbitrator unanimity was not required for an award to be effective; a majority would do unless the submission agreement provided otherwise.
Constitutionalism and the Nationalist Discourse: The Indian Experience
Authors: Raychaudhuri Tappan
Published: November 2023

In India the colonial state, with its representative institutions and written constitutions, encountered after 19 I 9 a nationalism bent on dismantling the system of which that constitutional structure was an integral part.1 Indigenous politics in general and nationalism in particular were inevitably drawn into the constitutional processes in their encounter with the imperial power. But in the crucial phase of the political developments that led to decolonization, the involvement of mainstream nationalism in constitutional experiments was the result of reluctant and ambivalent decisions. Almost until independence itself in 1947, nationalism’s ostentible posture was one of rejection; involvement in the representative institutions was seen as a tactical measure, part of a wider strategy for the achievement of independence. Although the interchanges with the Raj inevitably focused attention on the degree of devolution to be demanded, these interchanges all occurred within the framework of perceptions that emphasized the overwhelming necessity for persistent agitation outside, and generally in opposition to, the constitutional order. Even the 1928 effort to devise a draft constitution for an independent India was partly in response to a British challenge that the Indians were incapable of agreeing on a constitutional future. In short, constitution making was in no sense central to the nationalist discourse in India. It is essential to recognize in this context that Indian politics was never a monolithic structure and that nationalism was but one element in its complex structure. Indian nationalist consciousness, contrary to popular perceptions formed by the post-1920 developments, was intensely loyal to British rule. Being subjects of an empire on which the sun never set was a matter of pride and joy.
Antecedents
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

The Realist movement is conventionally thought to have been confined to the period between the two world wars. Realism did not, however, emerge fully formed in 1918. Many of the ideas that figured prominently in the Realists’ teaching and writing were first developed-some­ times in rudimentary form, sometimes elaborately-by dissidents among the preceding generation of scholars.

By far the most important of these forerunners was Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Holmes was more than simply an incipient Realist. Partly because of his brilliance, partly because of his long tenure as a justice of the United States Supreme Court, and partly because of his aphoristic, even cryptic, writing style, Holmes heavily influenced American legal theorists of many stripes. But the Realists were especially indebted to him.

Despite their avowedly patricidal inclinations, most of the Realists were eager to acknowledge this debt. They cited Holmes’ works constantly. They frequently used long quotations from his books and articles as epigraphs for their own. They celebrated his judicial opinions.Even Jerome Frank, who had little patience for “father worship,” pro­ claimed Holmes “the Completely Adult Jurist.”
The Struggle over the Meaning of Realism
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

A debate over the meaning of Realism was carried on in the law reviews during the 1930s. Its most famous exchange, between Roscoe Pound and Karl Llewellyn, may be the best short guide to the Realist movement, its strengths and flaws alike. That exchange is also an epitome: the older essayist, whose remarks are judicious, even high flown, is challenged by a younger debater, who is brash, colloquial, at times disorganized, but who is always on the scent and will yield on no point of logic. Their exchange bodies forth both the generational conflict that gave rise to the movement and some of the spirit of the age; by implication, it also allows a reader to evaluate many smaller matters, such as what the Realists considered fitting subjects and styles for academic writing.

The exchange began in 1930, when Karl Llewellyn, a thirty-seven­ year-old professor at Columbia Law School, published “A Realistic Jurisprudence. The Next Step.” He had been working on parts of his essay for at least five years, and that over lavish attention shows: his argument is disproportioned, a scattershot of ideas without thematic unity. Llewellyn was already moderately well-known for his work in commercial law. His “Effect of Legal Institutions on Economics” (1925)2 had provoked debate; so too would his contentious book of advice for law students, The Bramble Bush (1930). His compendious Cases and Materials on the Law of Sales (1930) was a casebook in the newest mode, with the editor’s digests far outnumbering the cases themselves, the whole worked up with extensive annotations and reprinted statutes.
Legal Reasoning
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Many of the Realists’ writings were devoted to the questions of how lawyers and judges should think about and seek to resolve cases. In retrospect, their reflections on those matters seem to fall into two categories: criticisms of what the Realists took to be the then-dominant style of reasoning, and suggestions as to how disputes could be resolved more intelligently.

The foundation of the critical aspect of the Realist credo was a positivist theory of the nature of law. They denounced the various meta­ physical definitions of law that figured prominently in classical jurisprudence, offering in their place the empirical definition developed by Oliver Wendell Holmes: “The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by law.”1 More specifically, the Realists argued that an accurate statement of the law governing a given case consists of an assessment of the probability that a judge or jury would grant relief to the plaintiff. In Karl Llewellyn’s words: “a right ... exists to the extent that a likelihood exists that A can induce a court to squeeze, out of B, A’s damages.”
Law as Social Science
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

“Science” was powerfully attractive to the social scientists of the 1920s. The leftists among them had concluded that the progressive effort to educate the poor to rework capitalism had failed. Politics had given them Harding and his “return to normalcy,” the Teapot Dome scandal, and the collapse of the League of Nations. The people could not be taught to lead themselves. Walter Lippman had argued as much in his sardonic Public Opinion (1922). John Dewey came to a complementary conclusion in The Quest for Certainty (1929), claiming that people clung hardest to “eternal truths” when the times were most uncertain; their hold must be broken through scientific method. Others put the matter more strongly still-that scientific study of contemporary problems and their solution was the only sure means of social control. The new world or­ der, considered by intellectuals as diverse as Edward Bellamy and Justice Holmes, amounted to this-here, in the words of a leading social scientist of the 1920s, Charles Merriam:

We are very rapidly approaching a time when it may be possible to decide not merely what types of law we wish to enact, but what types of person we wish to develop, either by the process of education or of eugenics ... to determine what sorts of creature are to be born, within important limits at least.
Introduction: The Final Revolution
Authors: Weigel George
Published: November 2023

The Revolution of 1989—the collapse of the communist regimes in central and eastern Europe—was one of the most extraordi nary events in a century filled with the unexpected. What was this historic cataclysm that changed the very meaning of the word revolution? How did the Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk become the twentieth century’s version of the Bastille? How could a nonvio lent resistance movement topple an empire that had been built on violence, cruelty, and repression? How did people divided by an iron curtain for forty years come to dance together atop the Berlin Wall?
Introduction
Authors: Sered Susan Starr
Published: November 2023

A bent old woman, wearing two colorful kerchiefs, indiscriminately kisses books in the back of the House of Study, and then kisses the shelf on which the books rest. Her friend, making an eloquent gesture with her arm, blesses all of the young men who are engaged in studying sacred texts. These same women will return home, spend hours preparing traditional Jewish foods, and then in the evening go to synagogue to attend a prayer service of which they understand no more than a few words. At several times during the service they will hold their hands palms upward, kiss their fingers, and be seech God to grant their children, grandchildren, and all of the Israeli Defense Forces, health and happiness. Following the service, they will distribute perfume to the other women in the ladies ‘ gallery of the synagogue, and all will anoint themselves with the perfume, proudly declaring the Hebrew blessing said for sweet smells. Despite their own poverty, on their way home from synagogue they will be careful to give small sums of money to every beggar that they pass.
Between Woman and God
Authors: Sered Susan Starr
Published: November 2023

“It is not necessary to be theologically self-conscious to be religiously sophisticated ... the disquieting sense that one ‘s moral insight is inadequate to one ‘s moral experience is as alive on the level of so called ‘primitive ‘ religion as it is on that of the so-called ‘civilized, “ ‘ worte Clifford Geertz in an essay entitled “Religion as a Cultural System. “1 In the same essay, Geertz defined religious action as “the imbuing of a certain specific complex of symbols with a persuasive authority. “2 This chapter examines some of the symbols that are most important for the women of the Day Center. Issues of belief, of ultimate concerns, will be addressed from the perspective of a group that cannot present us with their own sacred writings (the women are illiterate) or with complex explanations of their personal theology (women are not expected to have the language to talk about such things). Much of what the women believe must be deduced from comments they make about seemingly mundane subjects, from their diurnal and their ritual behavior, from their hand gestures, and from the symbols that seem to them to have a “persuasive authority. “

The examples, illustrations, parables, explanations, and anecdotes through which the women express their beliefs are often drawn from the female domain.
The Liberation of Widowhood: From the Private to the Public
Authors: Sered Susan Starr
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters the religious world of the Middle Eastern women has been presented as if it were static; I have argued that “they “ reinterpret, that “they “ domesticate, that “they “ describe religion in interpersonal terms. It is axiomatic to the social scien tific study of religion, however, that religious beliefs develop and are expressed within very specific social contexts. In the last two chapters, we will look at the religious lives of these women within two different contexts of change: change in the life cycle and modernization.
Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W
Published: November 2023

This book shows that U.S. commercial broadcasting’s emergence in the late 1920s and early 1930s was met by organized opposition and a general level of public antipathy that has been almost entirely overlooked in previous scholastic publications. McChesney highlights the activities of the broadcast reform movement, and shows that although it failed, it provides important lessons for communication historians, and policymakers today.
Introduction
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W
Published: November 2023

Radio broadcasting emerged dramatically between 1920 and 1922 in the United States, capturing the popular imagination in a manner that was rare, if not unprecedented. By the end of the decade the modem networkdominated, advertising-supported system of radio broadcasting had come into existence. By 1935 the system was entrenched economically, politically, and ideologically, and it would provide the basis for the eventual development of television in the 1940s and 1950s. Between 1928 and 1935, however, some elements of American society actively opposed the emerging commercial set-up and attempted to have a significant portion of the ether set aside for noncommercial and nonprofit utilization. Elements of education, labor, religion, the press, civic groups, and the intelligentsia created the opposition and reflected a general social dissatisfaction with the contours of the emerging commercial system. This opposition coalesced, more or less, into a broadcast reform movement that generated a significant critique of the limitations of network-dominated, advertising-supported broadcasting for the communication requirements of a democratic society. It also struggled to rouse public opinion to support federal legislation that would markedly recast U.S. broadcasting. The passage of the Communications Act of 1934, which still remains the reigning statute for radio and television, effectively ended whatever opportunity for legitimate opposition to commercial broadcasting had existed during these years.
The Broadcast Reform Movement I: The Payne Fund and Ferment Among the Educators
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W
Published: November 2023

In the aftermath of General Order 40, the contours of the network-dominated, advertising-supported broadcasting system fell into place with astonishing speed. Almost as quickly, a coherent and organized opposition to commercial broadcasting emerged in the United States. This chapter and the next will profile the elements of the broadcast reform movement that dotted the political landscape between 1930 and 1935, focusing on clarifying the origins, structures, and programs of the various groups that came to oppose commercial broadcasting. This chapter will concentrate upon those activities subsidized by the Payne Fund: The NCER and the Ventura Free Press. Through the NCER the Payne Fund hoped to capitalize upon educators’ dissatisfaction with commercial broadcasting and to mobilize momentum for broadcast reform. Similarly, through the campaign directed under the aegis of the Ventura Free Press, the Payne Fund attempted to enlist newspaper publishers and the general public to the cause of broadcast reform.
The Broadcast Reform Movement II: Nonprofit Broadcasters, Civic Organizations, and Intellectuals
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W
Published: November 2023

While the activities sponsored by the Payne Fund, the NCER, and the Ventura Free Press radio campaign would play a paramount role in the broadcast reform movement of the early 1930s, they were by no means alone. The broadcast reform movement enjoyed the participation of three other displaced and harassed non profit broadcasters: the Chicago Federation of Labor’s WCFL, which was the official station of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the New York-based Paulist Fathers’ WLWL, and the PacificWestern Broadcasting Federation of Pasadena, California. Each of these three stations began in the 1920s with lofty ambitions for public service, only to face in short order the same financial and political crises that decimated the ranks of the university broadcasting stations.
The Cowboy
Authors: Allmendinger Blake
Published: November 2023

The Cowboy uses literary, historical, folkloric, and pop cultural sources to document the cowboy’s role in the culture of the American West. In doing so, Allmendinger makes use of early oral poems recited by cowboys in the course of their work, and later poems, histories, and autobiographies written by cowboys-most of which have never before been studied by scholars.
Introduction
Authors: Allmendinger Blake
Published: November 2023

A cowboy is defined by the work that he does. Any man lays claim to that name if he lives on a ranch and works--drives, brands, castrates, or nurtures-a cattleman’s herd. In addition, working accounts for ways in which cowboys portray themselves in their art: in nineteenth-century poems that they orally composed and sang on the range, in twentieth-century poems that they write, in books that they publish, and in art objects that they fashion, cowboys always represent themselves as engaging in some form of labor. This book’s threefold purpose is, first, to look at art that cowboys produce--art that has never been studied before--and, second, to demonstrate that cowboy art values historically documented labor routines that cowboys have traditionally acted out in their work culture.
Where Seldom Is Heard A Discouraging Word: Orphanhood and Orality at Home
Authors: Allmendinger Blake
Published: November 2023

No author ever fooled his or her audience more successfully than Will James did when he published his autobiography. Already famous because of his work in the 1920s as a western illustrator, novelist, and short-story writer, James capped his career in 1930 by issuing Lone Cowboy and by representing himself to the public as an orphan who had survived on his own in the West and had grown up to become a celebrity. In Lone Cowboy he wrote-and for a long time his readers believed-that his parents had sold their cattle in Texas at the tum of the century and that they had migrated north with the intention of relocating in Canada. In Montana, his mother had given birth to James, and his father had decided to raise his family there, instead of up north. His mother’s death a year later and his father’s death shortly thereafter had left James on his own, as the book’s title, Lone Cowboy, suggested. However, his subsequent informal adoption by a French Canadian trapper named Bopy had enabled the young boy to survive and live in the West with the protection of a surrogate father. Referred to by James as “the Old Timer,” the elderly man had introduced James to cowboys, mountain men, fur traders, and trappers while shepherding James through the Canadian and American wilderness. But according to James, the Old Timer had died in 1906, once again leaving James on his own as an orphan.
The Nachlass of Kurt Gödel: an overview
Authors: Dawson John W
Published: November 2023

The Nachlass of Kurt Gödel was bequeathed by him to his wife Adele, who donated it to the Institute for Advanced Study in his memory prior to her death in 1981. Under terms of her will, literary rights to the papers are also vested in the Institute for Advanced Study. The papers comprise documents relating to all periods of Godel’s life, including scientific correspondence, notebooks, drafts, unpublished manuscripts, academic, legal, and financial records and all manner of loose notes and memoranda.
Introductory note to *1930c
Authors: Goldfarb Warren
Published: November 2023

This item is, apparently, the lecture Gödel delivered on 6 Septem ber 1930 at the Conference on Epistemology of the Exact Sciences in Konigsberg. In it Gödel presents his completeness theorem for first-order quantification theory, which he had proved in his doctoral dissertation 1929 (these Works, Volume I, pages 60-101) and published as 1930 (Volume I, pages 102-123). A one-paragraph abstract of the lecture was published as 1930a (Volume I, pages 124-125). Further information on the Konigsberg Conference and Godel’s participation in it can be found in the introductory note to 1931a, Volume I, pages 196--199.
Introductory note to *1931’?
Authors: Kleene Stephen C
Published: November 2023

This paper gives an excellent overview of the results in 1931 with out entering into the overwhelming amount of detail on which they rest. On the back of the manuscript Gödel wrote “(Vortrag?)” [Lecture?]; we surmise that the paper was intended as a popular treatment of the results of 1931. An early communication by him of only a part of those results took place at Konigsberg on 5-7 September 1930 and is reported in 1931a. At that time he had not yet discovered his sec ond incompleteness theorem (which is described in the last paragraph of *1931?), nor had he yet formulated his undecidable propositions number-theoretically (see these Works, Volume I, page 137).
Lecture [on the] consistency [of the] continuum hypothesis (Brown University) (*1940a)
Authors: Feferman (Editor-in-Chief) Solomon , Dawson John W , Goldfarb Warren , Parsons Charles , Solovay Robert M
Published: November 2023

If I want to sketch a proof for the consistency of Cantor’s continuum hypothesis, I have a choice between many possibilities. Just recently I have succeeded in giving the proof a new shape which makes it somewhat similar to Hilbert’s program presented in his lecture Uber das Unendliche [1926]. I would like to sketch this proof today because it is perhaps the most perspicuous. But nevertheless I don’t want to omit completely my former proofs, because they contain the heuristic viewpoints.
A proof of Cantor’s continuum hypothesis from a highly plausible axiom about orders of growth ( *1970b)
Authors: Feferman (Editor-in-Chief) Solomon , Dawson John W , Goldfarb Warren , Parsons Charles , Solovay Robert M
Published: November 2023

Emile Borel (see [Note II, page 117,] of Borel 1898) considers as self evident the fact that the scale of the orders of growth of the functions w ---. w has order type w1, i.e., that there exists a set So of order type w1 of such functions, ordered by the relation “greater from a certain point on”, which, for any function f: w w, contains a function g majorizing f from a certain point on.
[Unsent letter to Alfred Tarski]( *1910c)
Authors: Feferman (Editor-in-Chief) Solomon , Dawson John W , Goldfarb Warren , Parsons Charles , Solovay Robert M
Published: November 2023

Many thanks for returning my paper and for your letter of May 19. I am sorry my answer comes so late. But I wanted first to think matters over thoroughly. Unfortunately my paper, as it stands, is no good. I wrote it in a hurry shortly after I had been ill, had been sleeping very poorly and had been taking drugs impairing the mental functions.
The Consequences of Controlling Entry
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

We can trace the effect of these institutional changes on the size of the profession in several ways. The longest times-series data record law school enrollments (which, of course, are not identical to rates of entry to the profession). The number of students increased most rapidly-almost tenfold-between 1890 and 1930, when academic legal education was displacing apprenticeship, new law schools were opening, and existing schools were expanding (see Table 21). After this growth peaked in 1927, enrollment declined somewhat erratically through the 1930s, dropped dramatically during World War II, and was swollen only briefly by the postwar surge of veterans before it returned to the level of the 1930s, where it remained throughout the 1950s.
Demand Creation: A New Strategy in the Professional Project?
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

The legal profession’s struggle for market control, which began in earnest in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, was directed almost exclusively toward regulating supply-the production of and by producers of legal services. Lawyers came closest to achieving that goal during the two decades after World War II, when enrollment in ABA-approved schools remained relatively constant, most unapproved schools had closed, and restrictive practices were accepted and enforced.
Circle of Women Artists: Tillie Olsen and Anne Sexton at the Radcliffe Institute
Authors: Middlebrook Diane
Published: November 2023

One Sunday in November 1960, The New York Times carried a front-page story announcing an experimental new program designed to “harness the talents of ‘intellectually displaced women’ “ whose careers had been interrupted.1 The program was to be called The Radcliffe Institute; its founder was Mary Ingraham Bunting, the recently inaugurated president of Radcliffe, the women’s college at Harvard University. The program would make twenty fellowships available to women who wished to return to fulltime intellectual or artistic work. President Bunting devised the program to address what she described as the “climate of unexpectation” in which mature women struggled for professional visibility, once they had stepped off a career path in order to raise a family. The Radcliffe Institute was to be a place where women could make up for lost time, using the facilities of the Harvard libraries and laboratories.
Rereading Tell Me a Riddle in the Age of Deconstruction
Authors: Rosenfelt Deborah Silverton
Published: November 2023

Rereading from a Different “Subject Position”

I first read Tell Me a Riddle as a young activist in the optimistic late sixties, and when I wrote about it several years later, I stressed its continuities with the radical literature of the thirties, including Olsen’s own Yonnondio, and its importance in keeping that tradition alive (Rosenfelt 1980, 1981). This essay rereads those stories from a different “subject position,” constituted during years of conservative Republicanism as well as years of deconstruction in academia. The Riddle I read now seems to me more ambiguous, more shadowed, less seamless internally than the text I “produced” then, though no less powerful. Perhaps because the Reagan-Bush era is not unlike the fifties, an era in which a movement that seemed to promise revolutionary change was succeeded instead by an era of reaction, Tell Me a Riddle now seems to me to reveal its embeddedness in the discourses and contradictions of the fifties as strongly as its affiliations, still clear but less univocally affirmed than I once assumed, with the 1930s genre Paula Rabinowitz has defined as women’s revolutionary fiction (see especially Chapter 2). The stories of Tell Me a Riddle invite us to consider what happens textually when the revolutionary consciousness that has informed the literature of a radical social movement survives into a nonrevolutionary era.
Silent Parenting in the Acade1ny
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

Tillie Olsen’s Tell Me a Riddle and Silences are virtually unique in American literature for their uncompromising look at the anguish of women who must choose between having children and the need to carry on other serious work. In the 1970s, when many feminists forewent or delayed childbearing. Silences dared to raise the issue of responsibility for children, an issue that has become. in my view, the crucible for the women’s movement. In raising this issue, Olsen entered what in Silences she termed “an almost taboo area; the last refuge of sexism” (202). Today, over a decade since the publication of Silences, responsibility for children remains the last refuge of sexism. the Achilles heel of the women’s movement. Even the women whom the movement has most helped to advance. its educated professionals, have with a sense of deja vu felt that old shock of sudden recognition. that familiar “click”: equal opportunity vanishes around the issue of who will take care of the kids. As a person attempting to parent within the academy. I have experienced such “clicks,” as the following anecdotes will show. When I was a graduate student and my daughter, Ana. was a newborn, I received a note from Tillie Olsen on one of those scraps of paper that are her trademark. “Thieve all the time you can for Ana” was all it said. but I have hung on to that scrap of permission to love my child while working my way into a profession that is often incompatible with the needs of children and parents.
Introduction
Authors: Ramsey Bennett
Published: November 2023

This book is about several things, and it seems a courtesy to the reader to explain, at least preliminarily, what they are. First and foremost, the book is about William James, or rather about his writings and his work. What I have attempted to do is present an overall description of the patterns in James’s writings, the manner in which they developed, and the ends to which they led. My purpose is fairly straightforward. I want to provide the reader with a general guide to James’s thought so that specific writings may be encountered with some sense of their place in the body of his work. I also want to advance an argument about the nature of James’s work overall: that it finds its whither and its whence in a developing understanding and an increasingly strong avowal of the human person as a religiously bounded self.
Introduction to the Letters
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Susanna Wesley’s letters give us a better view of the whole person than do her larger theological and educational writings and her devotional journal. Theological and spiritual concerns are never far from the surface in her correspondence (indeed, word for word, they predominate) and so are moments of introspection, but family news and relationships also frequently come up in interesting, though not always explicit, ways. The everyday world at least frames the theological and devotional content of the letters and enables the reader to fill in the life details and sketch more fully the worldview of this remarkable woman.
The Evening Prayers Controversy
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

A dispute in the winter of 1711 / 171 2 over Susanna’s conduct of irregular worship services gives another stunning example of how far a woman’s conscience might oppose both the prerogatives of her husband and priest and the canons of the established church. The story, well known in Methodist legend because of its presumed impact on the nine-year-old John Wesley, ranks with the earlier theological, marital, and political quarrel over who was rightfully king (see chapter 1, the Yar borough and Hickes correspondence, in part I of this volume).
An Age if Reason-and Credulity
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Historians of the early modern and modern periods have for some time noticed the seemingly odd juxtaposition, illustrated frequently in the eighteenth century, of reasonableness and superstition. The Age of Reason, itself a designation that privileges high intellectual history, yields up new insights when the historian of popular culture is permitted to notice elements of the irrational, the emotional, the supernatural, and the magical among the beliefs and behaviors of many (and not just unlettered village and country folk). Such disparate elements are amply represented in the next batch of correspondence.
Advisor to the Holy Club
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

The “method” instilled by Susanna Wesley, both in her rectory home-school and in correspondence, became an early form of “Methodism” in the autumn of 1729. It was then that her son John returned to Oxford to take up his duties as a tutor and was pulled into a small circle of undergraduates (his brother Charlesand a couple of his friends) who met from time to time to read devotional works together. Under his leadership the group grew into a “shifting network” of Oxonians who engaged in various pious and charitable activities and earned for themselves such nicknames as Supererogation Men, the Holy Club, and Methodists. More serious notoriety came in August 1732 with the death of William Morgan, one of the original members; his demise, as well as the mental and physical symptoms at tending his illness, was attributed to the ascetic excesses of Oxford Methodist discipline.
A Widow and a Supportive Critic of Revival
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Society (Susanna would have said Providence) appointed a further set of roles for her in her old age. Her husband, Samuel, died on 25 April 1735, necessitating her departure from the Epworth rectory and a kind of itinerancy among her children: Emily in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire; Samuel Jr. in Tiverton, Devon (he was to die prematurely less than five years after his father); Patty and her husband, Westley Hall, in Wooten Rivers, Wiltshire, and Fisherton near Salisbury, before moving to London; and finally John at his newly renovated headquarters, the Foundery, a stone’s throw from her birthplace. Widowhood forced this further dependence on her, but it also opened up new vistas-new locations; new people; new challenges; and a new religious perspective to wrestle with, one sponsored by her two increasingly famous younger sons.
Last Letters
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

By the end of 1739 Susanna Wesley had moved into what was to be her final home, her son John’s newly acquired and renovated Methodist headquarters, the Foundery. There her last four extant letters (and doubtless a number of others that haven’t survived) were written. Not always in the best of health, Susanna never the less continued to be a lively correspondent. To the familiar themes of her sons’ work and her own spiritual and temporal condition are added here a hint of her role in the community at the Foundery and a unique perspective on her personality in a letter to the countess of Huntingdon.
“But What Do You Think?”
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Susanna Wesley organized much of this chapter in question-and-answer format, not uncommon among authors of her day and certainly a convenient way to arrange an internal conversation. However, as in the first two of three entries on fasting (127 and 128), the device also pushes her to explore her own mind and to justify her position in debate with competing ones. “What do you think of fasting?” and “Why do you think it is not a moral virtue?” are questions that, whatever answers they produce, affirm her thought process and its results.
“Bend the Whole Force of the Mind in a Serious Use of the Ways and Means of Religion”
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Two approaches dominate this chapter, the last set of entries in the first half of Susanna Wesley’s earliest journal. One might be styled theoretical (though the term is relative since the practical is never far, even from her speculative theology) and involves her engagement with current religious thought, primarily that of Blaise Pascal. The other, clearly practical, emerges in ruminations on her struggles with temptation. Susanna Wesley’s fascination with Pascal was one she shared with numerous other Englishmen and Englishwomen. As is evident from meditations 131-135 and 138-139, she had access to Basil Kennett’s 1704 translation of the Pensees, which she pondered and plundered for her journal. See Blaise Pascal, Thoughts on Religion, and Other Subjects . . . (London: A. & J. Churchil, R. Sare, J. Tonson, 1704). In general she seems to have keyed into Pascal’s sense of paradox, typified in his analysis of humanity as both most excellent and most miserable (see 131) and as midway between infinity and nothing (135). Other Pascalian ideas claim her attention, as well-for instance, the insufficiency of metaphysical proofs of God’s existence for ordinary people (133); the usefulness of “the habit of believing” (134); the regulation of passions and amusements (139).
“The Most Blest and Happy Day”
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

This score of uncharacteristic entries occupies some 36 pages, beginning at the back of the same notebook that contains all the diary reprinted to this point. They are uncharacteristic in that they break the normal routine of morning, noon, and evening meditations by including special sabbath reflections and others with a more occasional focus, such as a solemn vow, a sermon she has read, and a series of scripture citations that have for one reason or another intrigued her. In addition, quite a few dates are scattered throughout the pages (nearly as many in 36 pages as in the previous 192), beginning with a flyleaf notation (“S.W 1709”) and continuing through 27 November 1727 (entry 172), covering the time period of the previous entries and apparently extending well past them. Though there are a number of more representative meditations in this chapter, it seems likely that Susanna Wesley used the back end of the notebook primarily for special times and needs.
Introduction to the Writings
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

as any reader of her letters and journals will affirm, Susanna Wesley was fully /I capable of sustained theological essays. Her’s was a facile pen, her favorite topic was “practical divinity,” and more than a few of her letters or longish journal entries might easily pass for publishable essays. Length, subject matter, and even genre alone, therefore, do not necessarily warrant the creation of a third category of her writings.
On Educating My Family
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

Arguably the most influential of Susanna Wesley’s writings, this essay in the form of a letter was written to her son John at his request in early 1732. Dealing with the household regimen and the early education of her ten children who survived infancy, it has become something of a classic statement of evangelical child-rearing practices. Though not her earliest extended piece on education, we have placed it first in this section as an indication of her methodology and rationale. Anticipating its composition in a letter to her son John in February 1732, she outlined the project with her own blend of modesty and forthrightness:
Obedience to the Laws of God A Brief (Unfinished) Exposition on the Ten Commandments
Authors: Charles Wallace
Published: November 2023

This essay, a sequel to Susanna Wesley’s exposition of the Creed, exists only as an incomplete rough draft.Although it had been planned as part of the extended catechetical project that took on new urgency after the rectory fire of 1709, and although she promised her daughter Suky that it would quickly follow the explication of the Creed, it appears to have been no farther along than we see it here by spring 1711. A journal entry in late May of that year, seemingly designed to help strenthen her resolve to get on with her work, implies that the piece was still unfinished.
The Era Of Cooperative Competition, 1911–1933: Trade And Labor Associations, Political Majorities, And Speech Rights
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R
Published: November 2023

The two decades between 1911 and 1933 were a time of accelerating, some­ times cataclysmic, change in the economic, political, and cultural currents of everyday life in America. The First World War produced the most evident upheaval, not only in the physical and economic ravages of war but also in its political aftermath. In the United States, the Great War stands as the great divide between an earlier era of progressive politics and a decade of conservative Republican administrations. If the 1930s are recalled as the decade of the Great Depression, the twenty years preceding it should be remembered, much as we view the 1960s, as an era of turmoil-of tyrannies, resistances, and excesses. Not only World War I and its international aftermath, but also the first women’s movement in America, urban race riots and a revival of the Ku Klux Klan, labor uprisings, repression of dissident speech, the burlesque of Prohibition, and an anti-immigrant nativism betray any effort to portray those years in harmonious terms.
Introduction
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C
Published: November 2023

In this book we examine certain aspects of the way constantly advancing developments in communications technology have interacted with the lives, habits, needs, and interests of the American people in the past, and how the two are apt to be related in the future. Our particular focus is on television. At this time, billions of dollars are being invested, and vast new alliances are being formed involving telephone companies, cable systems, computer businesses, publishers, and motion picture studios in the belief that the future of communications is to be found in the conjunction of the telephone, the television set, and the computer. The expectation is that all of the services these organizations now offer separately will be combined in a single appliance that will be a movie theater, stereo, printer, telephone, mailbox, library, classroom, playroom, diary, checkbook, calendar, television screen, or any combination of these.
A Brief History of Broadcasting
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C
Published: November 2023

There never has been a personality as dominant in the industry as Arthur Godfrey was in the 1950s and ‘60s. He had two TV shows in the top ten as well as a two-hour weekday program carried on both radio and television. Gene once received an opportunity to fly to Buffalo with Godfrey, an expert pilot who flew his own plane everywhere. On the way back, after Godfrey had finished charming the local citizens, Gene noticed a pat­ tern in the radio conversation as they flew in and out of various flight control sectors. It went like this: “Rochester, this is Mike One at five thousand feet.” “Right, Mike One, you’re clear.” “Thanks Rochester.” “Good night, Mister Godfrey.” Every single air traffic controller knew that Mike One was Arthur Godfrey. Gene asked him how this could be. “Every Christmas,” he said, “I send out thousands of grease pencils to the controllers-that’s how they mark their radar scopes-with a note of appreciation signed ‘From you friend, Arthur Godfrey.’” It was a perfect illustration of Godfrey the performer and Godfrey the salesman, the one interchangeable with the other.
Television and Washington
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C
Published: November 2023

Three factors-news, an activity; Washington, a place; and the trust of the public-compose what we term the credibility triangle. Washington is both the chief source of news and the regulatory power for television. Broadcasters report on Washington, more often than not in a manner not wholly agreeable to those in power, and are at the same time beholden to it for their licenses and for the rules that govern their business. On the other hand, television is regarded as pivotal in the process that is of greatest interest in Washington: getting elected. So there is both dependency and contention in the relationship; it is both confrontational and collegial. What tends to keep these two contradictory factors in place is the presence of a third factor. Neither government nor news can function without an underpinning of public trust, and a large measure of that trust is invested in the public’s perception of how the two relate­ how the press treats the government and how the government treats the press.