bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bodenaustausch als Hilfsmaßnahme beim Schildvortrieb
Authors: Flath Thomas
Published: July 2004

Eine sichere und wirtschaftliche Methode zur Herstellung von sog. Dichtblöcken beim Schildvortrieb ist das Bodenaustausch‐Verfahren. Mit Dichtblöcken ist die Ein‐ und Ausfahrt von Vortriebsschilden mit aktiver Ortsbruststützung aus bzw. in Baugruben möglich. Aufgrund der vorhandenen Stahlbewehrung in Baugrubenwänden müssen hierzu die Durchfahröffnungen vorab manuell ausgebrochen werden. In diesem Bauzustand verschließen Dichtblöcke die Öffnung und tragen die vorhandenen Erd‐ und Wasserdrucklasten über Gewölbetragwirkung ab.

Dichtblöcke bestehen aus unbewehrtem Magerbeton.

Eine weitere Anwendung von Dichtblöcken ist die Erstellung von Stützkörpern an der Ortsbrust zur Inspektion und Wartung der Abbaukammer unter Druckluft auch bei besonders schwierigen geologischen Randbedingungen.

Dichtblöcke im Bodenaustausch‐Verfahren können aus Unterwasserbeton in speziellen Baugruben, aus Reihen von überschnittenen Bohrpfählen oder Schlitzwandlamellen und in geböschten Baugruben mit Grundwasserabsperrung erstellt werden.

Der nachfolgende Bericht beschreibt Ausführungsbeispiele für den lokalen Bodenaustausch bei Schildvortrieben.
Standsicherheitsuntersuchung für ein räumliches Böschungssystem – Berechnung mit einem zusammengesetzten dreidimensionalen Bruchmechanismus und Modellversuch im Gelände – Teil 2: Durchführung der Berechnung und Ergebnisse
Authors: Goldscheider Michael , Lizcano‐Peláez Arcesio
Published: July 2004

Für die Berechnung der Sicherheit gegen einen räumlichen Grabenbruch an einer hohen Randböschung eines Braunkohletagebaus wird ein räumlicher zusammengesetzter Starrkörperbruchmechanismus entwickelt und berechnet. Die Grundlagen und Grundgleichungen wurden in Teil 1 behandelt. Der Teil 2 beschreibt die Durchführung der Berechnung, die Optimierung des Bruchmechanismus und typische Berechnungsergebnisse.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluß natürlicher und künstlicher Bewitterung auf den Schubmodul von Verbund‐Sicherheitsglas
Authors: Ensslen Frank , Paschke Jens
Published: July 2004

Das Tragverhalten von Verbund‐Sicherheitsgläsern (VSG) wird maßgeblich durch die Schubsteifigkeit des Zwischenschichtmaterials, i. d. R. Polyvinylbutyral (PVB), bestimmt. Neben den auf das Schubverhalten bekannten Einflüssen, wie Temperatur und Einwirkungsgeschwindigkeit, existieren je nach Anwendung im Freien oder innerhalb von Gebäuden klimatische, z. T. langandauernde Beanspruchungen für VSG. Da es sich bei PVB um einen polymeren Werkstoff handelt, lösen Klimalasten, wie z. B. UV‐Strahlung, Feuchte und schwankende Lufttemperatur usw., Alterungsvorgänge und somit chemische Veränderungen innerhalb des Polymermaterials aus.

Zur Klärung der Alterungsbeständigkeit von VSG bzw. der Langzeitstabilität der Verbundwirkung anhand des Schubmoduls wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen an bewitterten bzw. gealterten Proben in Abhängigkeit der Belastungsgeschwindigkeit durchgeführt. Zum Vergleich stehen Versuchsergebnisse an neuen bzw. ungealterten VSG‐Elementen aus der gleichen Charge zur Verfügung.

Die Versuche zeigten, daß VSG je nach Intensität der UV‐Strahlung und Umgebungstemperatur unterschiedlich resistent ist.

Feuchtigkeit hingegen dringt über die Kanten in das Innere und führt unter Last zu Ablösungserscheinungen der PVB‐Folie im VSG‐Randbereich (ca. 50 mm Streifen).

Die dieser Arbeit zugrundeliegenden experimentellen Versuche sind im Bereich Konstruktionsteilprüfung des Instituts für Konstruktiven Ingenieurbau der Ruhr‐Universität Bochum durchgeführt worden. Die Bereitstellung der Probekörper und wertvolle Informationen zu diesem Thema verdanken die Autoren Herrn Dr. Koll und Herrn Dr. Stenzel, HT TROPLAST AG, Troisdorf. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Meßtechnische Erfassung von Lage und Verformung eines Stahltragwerks unter Temperatureinfluß
Authors: Schulz Hans
Published: July 2004

An einem Abschnitt des stählernen Traggerüsts der Wuppertaler Schwebebahn wurden über einen längeren Zeitraum dreidimensionale geodätische Messungen durchgeführt, um die Verformungen von Stahlbauwerken unter Temperaturlast zu untersuchen. Aus einem genauen geodätischen Netz heraus wurden die Koordinaten von am Objekt vermarkten Punkten bei gleichzeitiger Erfassung der Stahltemperatur bestimmt. Ziele der Untersuchungen waren, die mit einem Standardmeßverfahren in der Praxis erreichbaren Meßunsicherheiten für Kontroll‐, Überwachungs‐ und Absteckungsvermessungen an komplexen Stahlkonstruktionen zu ermitteln und gleichzeitig zu überprüfen, ob sich die Konstruktion unter Temperaturlast dem Materialgesetz entsprechend verhält. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zur Gelenkbildung in historischen Tragsystemen aus Mauerwerk
Authors: Jagfeld Matthias , Barthel Rainer
Published: July 2004

Durch Experimente, numerische Berechnungen und analytische Untersuchungen kann gezeigt werden, daß in gemauerten Bauteilen aufgezwungene Rotationen zu wenigen, verhältnismäßig breiten Rissen führen. Je kleiner die inneren Druckkräfte in einem Bauteil sind, desto eher konzentrieren sich die Verdrehungen. In Gewölben, die oft nur ihr Eigengewicht abtragen, sind daher öfter einzelne breite Risse zu beobachten als in gemauerten Pfeilern, die i. d. R. wesentlich stärker beansprucht werden. Im Umkehrschluß lassen breite, einzelne Risse im Mauerwerk in erster Linie auf Bewegungen schließen und nicht auf Überlastungen. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bis(pyridine)iodonium Tetrafluoroborate (IPy2BF4): A Versatile Oxidizing Reagent
Authors: Barluenga José , González‐Bobes Francisco , Murguía Marcelo C. , Ananthoju Sreenivasa R. , González José M.
Published: July 2004

The use of bis(pyridine)iodonium tetrafluoroborate (IPy2BF4) as an oxidizing agent towards different types of alcohols is reported. The observed reactivity involves different reaction pathways, as a function both of the structures of the starting materials and of the experimental conditions. Interestingly, the title iodine‐containing compound is capable of a tuneable reaction with simple cycloalkanols, providing straight and selective access either to ω‐iodocarbonyl compounds or to ketones, a previously unreported and chemoselective range of oxidation potential. Furthermore, appropriate conditions for the preparation of aldehydes and esters from primary alcohols by easily performed experimental procedures were also established. The β‐scission reactions of cycloalkanols and the α‐oxidation processes of primary, secondary and benzylic alcohols are discussed.
NDP kinase moves into developing primary cilia
Authors: Mitchell Kimberly A. P. , Gallagher Betty C. , Szabo Gabor , de S. Otero Angela
Published: July 2004

Inmunofluorescence staining of murine NIH3T3 fibroblasts grown at high density shows that conventional nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases A and B localize to a sensory organelle, the primary cilium. Similar results are obtained with Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial cells, suggesting that NDP kinases are a universal component of the primary cilium. The translocation of NDP kinase into primary cilia depends on size, taking place only when cilia reach a critical length of 5–6 μm. In mature cilia, NDP kinases are distributed along the ciliary shaft in a punctate pattern that is distinct from the continuous staining observed with acetylated α‐tubulin, a ciliary marker and axonemal component. Isolation of a fraction enriched in primary cilia from A6 cells led to the finding that ciliary NDP kinase is enzymatically active, and is associated with the membrane and the matrix, but not the axoneme. In contrast, acetylated α‐tubulin is found in the axoneme and, to a lesser extent, in the membrane. Based on the tightly regulated translocation process and the subciliary distribution pattern of NDP kinase, we propose that it plays a role in the elongation and maintenance of primary cilia by its ability to regenerate the GTP utilized by ciliary microtubule turnover and transmembrane signaling. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 59:62–73, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urinary and rectal complications of contemporary permanent transperineal brachytherapy for prostate carcinoma with or without external beam radiation therapy
Authors: Sarosdy Michael F.
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND

Prostate brachytherapy is increasingly used to treat prostate carcinoma, alone or combined (combination therapy) with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). This report cites the frequency and nature of urinary and rectal complications requiring unplanned interventions after contemporary brachytherapy with or without EBRT.

METHODS

A total of 177 consecutive patients underwent either brachytherapy (100 patients [56.5%]) or combination therapy (77 patients [43.5%]) for clinical T1‐2 prostate carcinoma between July 1998 and July 2000. All the patients were analyzed with regard to disease characteristics, treatment details, and complications requiring unplanned interventions in up to 48 months of follow‐up.

RESULTS

Catheter drainage for urinary retention was required for a median of 55 days (range, 3–330 days) in 36 patients (20%), including 24% after brachytherapy and 16% after combination therapy. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) was performed at a median of 12 months (range, 8–18 months) after implantation in 5% of patients after brachytherapy and 14.5% of patients after combination therapy (P = 0.029). Colonoscopy with or without fulguration for rectal bleeding was performed in 37 of 158 patients (97 in the brachytherapy group and 61 in the combination therapy group) (23.4%) at a median of 17 months (range, 4–45 months), including 15 patients (15.5%) after brachytherapy and 22 patients (36%) after combination therapy (P = 0.002). Combination therapy resulted in fecal diversion in 6.6% of patients (P = 0.021), urinary diversion in 3.2% of patients (P = 0.148), and clean intermittent self‐catheterization for recurrent stricture after multiple TURPs in 4.9% of patients (P = 0.055), none of which occurred after brachytherapy. Overall, 20.6% of patients underwent TURP or colonoscopy after brachytherapy, whereas 44.2% underwent those or more extensive unplanned procedures after combination therapy (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Complications requiring unplanned procedures may occur after brachytherapy, and may be increased significantly after brachytherapy combined with EBRT. These data reinforce the concept that quality assurance and technique are important in prostate brachytherapy, but, even when these are in place, complications can occur, especially when EBRT is added to brachytherapy. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Initial treatment of melanoma brain metastases using gamma knife radiosurgery
Authors: Radbill Andrew E. , Fiveash John F. , Falkenberg Elizabeth T. , Guthrie Barton L. , Young Paul E. , Meleth Sreelatha , Markert James M.
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND

Melanoma is the primary malignancy that is most likely to metastasize to the brain. Because such an event carries an almost uniformly poor prognosis, the current study reviewed outcomes and identified associated prognostic indicators for 51 consecutive patients receiving gamma knife (GK) radiosurgery in the initial treatment of 188 intracranial melanoma metastases.

METHODS

Data were collected retrospectively from a single‐center GK radiosurgery database and from primary patient medical records and radiographs.

RESULTS

At presentation, 71% of patients had multiple intracranial metastases, and extracranial metastases were present in 66% of patients. Thirty‐two patients (63%) were initially treated with GK radiosurgery alone, whereas the remainder received GK radiosurgery in combination with surgery and/or whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Overall median survival from time of GK radiosurgery was 26 weeks. Subgroup analysis revealed a median survival of 77 weeks for patients presenting with a single lesion, compared with 20 weeks for patients presenting with multiple lesions (P = 0.003). Patients in recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) Class I survived a median of 57 weeks, compared with a median survival of 20 weeks for patients in RPA Class II or III (P = 0.002). Although long‐term imaging follow‐up revealed that a majority of patients experienced distant brain metastases, multivariate analysis showed that distant metastases occurred significantly sooner in patients with extracranial metastases (P = 0.0004). Addition of initial WBRT had no significant effect on the time to development of new brain metastases (P = 0.13). Local control (crude) was observed in 81% of lesions initially treated with GK. Patients experienced improved or stable symptoms for a median of 37 weeks post–GK radiosurgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Survival analyses supported the use of GK radiosurgery in the initial treatment of patients with melanoma brain metastases, with best results occurring in patients presenting with a single lesion. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 are related closely to the prognosis of patients with ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Nishida Naoyo , Yano Hirohisa , Komai Kan , Nishida Takashi , Kamura Toshiharu , Kojiro Masamichi
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and VEGF receptors (VEGFR) play an essential role in the angiogenesis of both pathologic and nonpathologic conditions. However, the prognostic significance of VEGF and VEGFR expression in ovarian carcinoma is unclear.

METHODS

The tissue expression levels of VEGF‐A, VEGF‐C, VEGFR‐2, and VEGFR‐3 in 80 specimens of ovarian carcinoma were examined immnohistochemically. The results obtained were analyzed clinicopathologically.

RESULTS

VEGF‐A, VEGF‐C, VEGFR‐2, and VEGFR‐3 were expressed both in tumor cells and in adjacent endothelial cells of blood and lymph vessels. The tissue expressions of VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐2 were correlated significantly with tumor extension, including peritoneal metastases outside the pelvic cavity (P = 0.0010 and P = 0.0008, respectively), lymph node metastases (P = 0.0030 and P = 0.0018, respectively), and positive ascitic cytology (P = 0.025 and P = 0.0016, respectively). Conversely, there was no significant correlation between VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐3 expression and clinicopathologic features of ovarian carcinoma. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the expressions of VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐2 also were independent risk factors for peritoneal and lymph node metastases. Survival curves determined by the Kaplan–Meier method and in univariate analysis demonstrated that high expression levels of VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐2 were associated with the 5‐year survival rate. In multivariate analysis, high expression levels of VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐2 emerged as independent indicators for disease‐specific survival.

CONCLUSIONS

High tissue expression of VEGF‐C and VEGFR‐2 reflects the aggressiveness of the spread of tumor in ovarian carcinoma. Thus, both have predictive value for identifying high‐risk patients who have a poor prognosis. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Hospital‐to‐hospital variation in lymph node detection after colorectal resection
Authors: Miller Eric A. , Woosley John , Martin Christopher F. , Sandler Robert S.
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND

Better recovery of lymph nodes from colorectal carcinoma resection specimens has been shown to be associated with higher survival rates for patients with TNM Stage II and Stage III tumors. It is possible that inadequate lymph node recovery and/or assessment could contribute to disparities in survival, with particular variation according to hospital volume.

METHODS

Data from a population‐based study that involved 33 counties in North Carolina and was conducted between April 1997 and April 2000 were available for the examination of variations in lymph node recovery and detection of positive lymph nodes according to self‐reported demographic characteristics and hospital volume. The study comprised 324 patients with T2–T3N0–N1M0 colon adenocarcinoma. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) associated with the recovery of fewer than seven lymph nodes and ORs associated with the detection of a positive lymph node according to hospital volume and patient characteristics.

RESULTS

Low‐volume hospitals were more likely to recover < 7 lymph nodes compared with high‐ and medium‐volume hospitals (low‐volume vs. high‐volume: adjusted OR, 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8–4.6; low‐volume vs. medium‐volume: adjusted OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.7–4.5) and less likely to detect positive lymph nodes. After controlling for tumor characteristics, low‐volume hospitals were less than one‐half as likely to detect a positive lymph node (low‐volume vs. high‐volume: adjusted OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1–0.8; low‐volume vs. medium‐volume: adjusted OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.1–1.2).

CONCLUSIONS

The current study suggests that patients at low‐volume hospitals may have their tumors pathologically understaged more frequently compared with patients at high‐ and medium‐volume hospitals. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Proportional delay differentiation provision by bandwidth adaptation of class‐based queue scheduling
Authors: Michalas Angelos , Louta Malamati , Fafali Paraskevi , Karetsos George , Loumos Vassilios
Published: July 2004

Supporting quality of service (QoS) over the Internet is a very important issue and many mechanisms have already been devised or are under way towards achieving this goal. One of the most important approaches is the so‐called Differentiated Services (DiffServ) architecture, which provides a scalable mechanism for QoS support in a TCP/IP network. The main concept underlying DiffServ is the aggregation of traffic flows at an ingress (or egress) point of a network and the marking of the IP packets of each traffic flow according to several classification criteria. Diffserv is classified under two taxonomies: the absolute and the relative. In absolute DiffServ architecture, an admission control scheme is utilized to provide QoS as absolute bounds of specific QoS parameters. The relative DiffServ model offers also QoS guarantees per class but in reference to the guarantees given to the other classes defined. In this paper, relative proportional delay differentiation is achieved based on class‐based queueing (CBQ) scheduler. Specifically, the service rates allocated to the classes of a CBQ scheduler are frequently adjusted in order to obtain relative delay spacing among them. The model presented can also be exploited in order to meet absolute delay constraints in conjunction with relative delay differentiation provision. Simulation experiments verify that our model can attain relative as well as absolute delay differentiation provided that the preconditions posed are satisfied. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early regeneration genes: Building a molecular profile for shared expression in cornea–lens transdifferentiation and hindlimb regeneration in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Wolfe Adam D. , Crimmins Gregory , Cameron Jo Ann , Henry Jonathan J.
Published: July 2004

Recent studies in Xenopus laevis have begun to compare gene expression during regeneration with that of the original development of specific structures (e.g., the hindlimb and lens), while other studies have sought differences in gene expression between regeneration‐competent and regeneration‐incompetent stages. To determine whether there are any similarities between the regeneration of different structures, we have used a differential screen to seek shared early gene expression between hindlimb regeneration and cornea–lens transdifferentiation in the Xenopus tadpole. We have isolated 13 clones representing genes whose expression is up‐regulated within the first few days of both regenerating processes and which are not demonstrably up‐regulated in the context of basic wound healing. Furthermore, all of these genes also show prominent late embryonic expression. The expression patterns and putative identities of all 13 genes are presented, and a model is considered that allows us to characterize and profile important changes in gene expression, which might be shared among various regenerating and developmental systems. Developmental Dynamics 230:615–629, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of the rear‐face temperature of metals struck by lightning long‐duration currents
Authors: Metwally I. A. , Heidler F. , Zischank W.
Published: July 2004

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the rear‐face temperature rise of different metals struck by lightning long‐duration currents on the front face. The experimental investigation simulates the heating effect of one current component of the natural lightning flashes that may strike in‐flight or landed aircraft and rockets; munitions and nuclear weapons; and storage/collection tanks and pipelines of the petroleum/gas industries. In the case of a lightning strike the rear‐face temperature rise must be less than certain limits to avoid catastrophic damage/accidents. A sophisticated high‐speed infrared camera, having an image frequency of 50 Hz and a temperature range up to 1200°C, is used to measure the rear‐face temperature profiles as a function of the coordinates and time. The results are interpreted in light of the optical observation of the arc motion, physical measurement of the spot diameter, and study of the energy balance at the cathode and anode spots. The results reveal that for constant charge transfer, lightning long‐duration currents having higher amplitudes give a higher rear‐face temperature rise and hence a higher risk of accidents. Both the maximum rear‐face core temperature and the front‐face spot diameter exponentially increase with the mean current amplitude. Moreover, the maximum rear‐face core temperature varies exponentially with the charge and linearly with the action integral. Current injection with positive polarity of the test electrode gives a lower rear‐face temperature for all metals used except for aluminium where the trend is reversed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fixed‐frequency active current controller and low‐sensitivity voltage regulator for a voltage‐sourced buck‐boost type rectifier
Authors: Pires V. Fernão , Silva J. Fernando , Pires A. J.
Published: July 2004

We present an active fixed‐frequency input current controller and a low‐sensitivity output voltage regulator for a voltage‐sourced buck‐boost type rectifier operating in the continuous current mode. The current controller enforces the input line current to track the desired sinusoidal waveform in phase with the input source voltage, ensuring a near‐unity power‐factor operation of the rectifier. The current control strategy actively shapes the input current allowing a near‐sinusoidal input current even with high variations in the DC inductor current. A low‐sensitivity output voltage regulator modulating the amplitude of the sinusoidal reference for the current controller is also proposed. Both the current controller and the voltage regulator are based on sliding‐mode theory. Experimental results are presented and the performance compared to that obtained using a conventional Proportional Integral (PI) output voltage controller. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal radial basis function neural network based differential protection of power transformers
Authors: Moravej Zahra
Published: July 2004

This paper presents a new approach for the protection of power transformers using a Minimal Radial Basis Function Neural Network (MRBFNN). The minimal resource allocation network (M‐RAN) learning algorithm which is a sequential learning radial basis function neural network is shown to realize networks with far fewer hidden neurons with better or the same approximation/classification accuracy; without resorting to trial and error. The performance of this algorithm is compared with the Multilayer Feed‐forward Networks (MFNs).

The number of training patterns and the training time are drastically reduced and significant accuracy is achieved in the classification of different events and detection of faults in power transformers using computer simulated tests. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of axisymmetric modelling to integrated LCT structure of series‐resonant converter
Authors: Laouamri K. , Ferrieux J.‐P. , Catellani S. , Barbaroux J.
Published: July 2004

The aim of this paper is to present a low‐cost solution for low‐power applications. A high‐frequency AC to DC converter respecting the EN 61000‐3‐2 standard and suitable for application in the power range of 300 W is presented. Its topology is based on a full‐bridge series‐resonant converter that operates below half the resonant frequency. The converter features zero‐current for both turn‐on and turn‐off and reduces the switching current for the output rectifier. These advantages make the series‐resonant topology suitable for operation at high frequency. A method for the design of an integrated LCT structure (Inductor–Capacitor–Transformer) is presented. Also, results of the application of a newly developed FEA (Finite Elements Analysis) formulation for the constructed LCT prototype are presented. It is shown that the necessary capacitance can be achieved by using a bifilar primary and the leakage inductance of the transformer replaces the physical inductor. Finally, two PFC (Power Factor Correction) series‐resonant converters, using integrated and discrete LCT, were built, tested and compared. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salivary gland carcinoma: independent prognostic factors for locoregional control, distant metastases, and overall survival: results of the Dutch head and neck oncology cooperative group
Authors: Terhaard Chris H. J. , Lubsen H. , Van der Tweel I. , Hilgers F.J.M. , Eijkenboom W.M.H. , Marres H.A.M. , Tjho‐Heslinga R.E. , de Jong J.M.A. , Roodenburg J.L.N.
Published: July 2004

Background.

We analyzed the records of patients with malignant salivary gland tumors, as diagnosed in centers of the Dutch Head and Neck Oncology Cooperative Group, in search of independent prognostic factors for locoregional control, distant metastases, and overall survival.

Methods.

In 565 patients, we analyzed general results and looked for the potential prognostic variables of age, sex, delay, clinical and pathologic T and N stage, site (332 parotid, 76 submandibular, 129 oral cavity, 28 pharynx/larynx), pain, facial weakness, clinical and pathologic skin involvement, histologic type (WHO 1972 classification), treatment, resection margins, spill, perineural and vascular invasion, number of neck nodes, and extranodal disease. The median follow‐up period was 74 months; it was 99 months for patients who were alive on the last follow‐up.

Results.

The rates of local control, regional control, distant metastasis–free and overall survival after 10 years were, respectively, 78%, 87%, 67%, and 50%. In multivariable analysis, local control was predicted by clinical T‐stage, bone invasion, site, resection margin, and treatment. Regional control depended on N stage, facial nerve paralysis, and treatment. The relative risk with surgery alone, compared to surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy, was 9.7 for local recurrence and 2.3 for regional recurrence. Distant metastases were independently correlated with T and N stage, sex, perineural invasion, histologic type, and clinical skin involvement. Overall survival depended on age, sex, T and pN stage, site, skin and bone invasion.

Conclusions.

Several prognostic factors for locoregional control, distant metastases, and overall survival were found. Postoperative radiotherapy was found to improve locoregional control. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 681–693, 2004
Effects of p53 or p27 overexpression on cyclooxygenase‐2 gene expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Lee Dong Wook , Park Seok‐Woo , Park Soo‐Yeun , Heo Dae‐Seog , Kim Kwang Hyun , Sung Myung‐Whun
Published: July 2004

Background.

Although cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) has been suggested to play an important role in carcinogenesis, the effects of tumor suppressors on COX‐2 gene expression and the combined antitumor effects of tumor suppressors and COX‐2 inhibitors have rarely been investigated.

Methods.

The effects of p53 or p27 gene transfer on COX‐2 expression by adenoviral vector and the combined effects of p53 or p27 gene transfer and COX‐2 inhibitor exposure on the proliferation of cancer cells were investigated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines.

Results.

Overexpression of p53 markedly downregulated the transcription of COX‐2, but the overexpression of p27 did not affect COX‐2 levels in HNSCC cell lines. The combined antitumor effects of p53 or p27 gene transfer and of a COX‐2 inhibitor (NS 398) were mainly at least additive in terms of the inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest and additive in terms of apoptotic induction.

Conclusions.

These results suggest that the overexpression of p53 could exert antitumor effects, at least in part, through the suppression of COX‐2 gene expression, whereas growth suppression by the overexpression of p27 probably occurs by mechanisms other than the downregulation of COX‐2 expression. In addition, the administration of COX‐2 inhibitors, as an adjunct to p53 or p27 gene therapy, could offer a new strategy of cancer treatment and prevention. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 706–715, 2004
Correlation of Epstein‐Barr virus DNA in cell‐free plasma, functional imaging and clinical course in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: A pilot study
Authors: Mäkitie Antti A. , Reis Patricia P. , Irish Jonathan , Zhang Tong , Chin Soo F. , Chen Xueyu , Marriott Chris , Keller Anne , Perez‐Ordonez Bayardo , Kamel‐Reid Suzanne , Siu Lillian L.
Published: July 2004

Background.

We evaluated the feasibility of using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in monitoring Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA concentrations in cell‐free plasma of patients with localized nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with chemoradiation.

Methods.

Cell‐free plasma EBV DNA was quantified in six patients with locally advanced, nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) who underwent chemoradiation therapy (CRT) and correlated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and clinical course.

Results.

The mean concentration of EBV DNA was 24,610 copies/mL, 682 copies/mL, and 64.5 copies/mL in the pretreatment, posttreatment, and last follow‐up samples, respectively. Four of the six patients had normal PET scans and reduction of EBV DNA copy numbers to minimal levels after treatment and, despite equivocal posttreatment MRI scans, are clinically free of recurrent disease. Two of the six patients had elevated EBV DNA copy numbers immediately after treatment, but a metastatic workup was clear at the time; both subsequently relapsed with distant metastases 5 and 11 months later. Although the posttreatment PET scans were abnormal in both of these cases, they were not predictive of the subsequent sites of tumor relapse.

Conclusions.

To our knowledge, this is the first report on the correlation between EBV DNA levels and PET scan results in patients with NPC. Reductions in EBV DNA levels and normal PET scans after treatment were consistent among patients who had residual abnormality on MRI images. Persistently elevated EBV DNA levels and abnormal PET scans after treatment suggest residual disease. Further evaluations are required to determine the relative contributions of these two novel techniques in predicting residual disease in locally advanced NPC. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 815–822, 2004
Cavernous carotid aneurysm presenting with epistaxis
Authors: Chaboki Houtan , Patel Aman B. , Freifeld Stephen , Urken Mark L. , Som Peter M.
Published: July 2004

Background.

Carotid artery aneurysms are a rare cause of epistaxis. The most common presentation for nontraumatic cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysms is mass effect, with only 3% presenting with hemorrhage. We present a case of epistaxis caused by a nontraumatic cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm.

Methods.

A 73‐year‐old white woman was seen with a 1‐month history of recurrent right‐sided epistaxis. The patient had essential hypertension and a family history of intracranial aneurysm. A complete otolaryngologic, neurologic, and ophthalmologic examinations were normal. Contrast‐enhanced CT of the paranasal sinuses revealed a trilobed aneurysm of the cavernous segment of the right internal carotid artery. Coil embolization of the cavernous aneurysm and right internal artery was performed.

Results.

The patient has had no further episodes of epistaxis and has remained neurologically intact.

Conclusion.

Carotid artery aneurysms must be considered in the differential diagnosis of profuse epistaxis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 741–746, 2004
−93G→A polymorphism of hMLH1 and risk of primary lung cancer
Authors: Park Sun Ha , Lee Ga Young , Jeon Hyo‐Sung , Lee Su Jeong , Kim Kyung Mee , Jang Sang Soo , Kim Chang Ho , Lee Won Kee , Kam Sin , Park Rang Woon , Kim In‐San , Jung Tae Hoon , Park Jae Yong
Published: July 2004

Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may be associated with differences in the repair capacity of DNA damage and may thereby influence an individual's susceptibility to smoking‐related cancer. We investigated the association between the −93G→A polymorphism in the hMLH1 gene and the risk of lung cancer in a Korean population. The hMLH1 −93G→A polymorphism was typed in 372 lung cancer patients and 371 healthy controls that were frequency‐matched for age and sex. There was no significant association between the hMLH1 −93G→A genotype and the risk for adenocarcinoma or small cell carcinoma. However, the AA genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma compared with both the GG genotype (adjusted OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.15–3.55; p = 0.014) and the combined GG and GA genotype (adjusted OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.24–2.71; p = 0.003). When the subjects were stratified by smoking exposure, the AA genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma in lighter smokers (≤ 39 pack‐years; adjusted OR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.03–3.66; p = 0.039) compared with the combined GG and GA genotype, whereas there was no significant association in heavier smokers (> 39 pack‐years; adjusted OR = 1.47; 95% CI = 0.82–2.61). These results suggest that the hMLH1 −93G→A polymorphism could be used as a marker of genetic susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical properties of white and green asparagus: changes related to modifications of cell wall components
Authors: Rodríguez Rocío , Jaramillo Sara , Heredia Antonia , Guillén Rafael , Jiménez Ana , Fernández‐Bolaños Juan
Published: July 2004

The changes of texture that take place in white and green asparagus during storage and cooking are, in large part, determined by the composition and structure of the cell walls. Several instrumental methods have been applied to three sections of the spears to investigate the physico‐chemical properties that contribute to the values of texture. Cutting the spears with a razor blade is the most appropriate method for quantifying and comparing the texture of white and green asparagus and, among the different parameters that can be calculated from the curves registered during asparagus cutting, strength and toughness have been used for determining changes of texture. Post‐harvest storage caused an increase of texture mainly located in the lower portions of the white spears. The process of toughening also affected the lower section of the green spears, but to a lesser extent. Cooking resulted in a softening, mostly in the apical section of the stem. Additional information about the physico‐chemical properties of different plant tissues has been obtained by applying a tensile test to the internal and external tissues separated from asparagus sections. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Extraction methods and some physical properties of mesquite (Prosopis chilensis (Mol) Stuntz) seed gum
Authors: Estévez Ana M , Sáenz Carmen , Hurtado María L , Escobar Berta , Espinoza Sandra , Suárez Cristian
Published: July 2004

To evaluate the potential use of mesquite (Prosopis chilensis (Mol) Stuntz) seed gum, the behaviour of the gum was studied using two extraction methods (alkaline and acid), different pH values, two concentrations (0.2 and 0.4% w/v) and different temperatures. The capacity of the gum to stabilise food foams was also evaluated. The alkaline extraction yield (24.9%) was higher than the acid extraction yield (17.7%). Owing molecular to hydrolysis caused by the acid, acid extraction resulted in a lower protein content. Gum from acid extraction had a higher viscosity than that from alkaline extraction at all temperatures investigated (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C). There were no significant differences between the viscosities of mucilage dispersions at the different values of pH studied (3.0, 4.0 and 5.0). The addition of extracted mesquite gum (obtained by either method and at either concentration studied) to egg white foam provided a higher stability and decreased the liquid drainage and collapse of the foam. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermodynamic characteristics of copigmentation reaction of acylated anthocyanin isolated from blue flowers of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi with copigments
Authors: Oszmiański Jan , Ba̧kowska Anna , Piacente Sonia
Published: July 2004

Anthocyanin extracts are increasingly used as food colorants. So far, anthocyanins have not been broadly used in foods and beverages, since they are not as stable as synthetic dyes. Copigmentation between anthocyanins and copigments is the main colour‐stabilizing mechanism. The process of copigmentation between isolated acylated anthocyanin and rutin, QSA or baicalin has been observed using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The thermodynamic parameters were correlated to the structure and position of the substituents in the interacting molecules. The acylated anthocyanin was isolated from cultivars of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flowers and purified by column chromatography by our own method and has been identified by 1H‐/13C‐NMR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry as delphinidin‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐malonyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐5‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Behavior of new complexes of tetrakis(4‐methoxyl phenyl)porphyrin with heavy rare earth elements in reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Feng , Wang Hong , Hou An‐Xin , Wang Chang‐Fa , Zhang Hua‐Shan
Published: July 2004

An HPLC method has been developed for the separation of new complexes of tetrakis(4‐methoxylphenyl)porphyrin (TMOPP) with four heavy rare earth elements (RE = Y, Er, Tm, and Yb). The function of amine and acid in the mobile phase has been investigated and a reasonable explanation is presented. Successful separation of the RE‐TMOPP‐Cl complexes is accomplished in 10 min with a mobile phase consisting of methanol‐water‐acetic acid‐triethanolamine. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for the four complexes are 0.01 μg/mL. This method is rapid, sensitive, and simple.
Tourism demand patterns in turbulent times: analysing Welsh accommodation occupancy data for 1998–2001
Authors: Koenig Nicole , Bischoff Eberhard E.
Published: July 2004

Different events in 2001, most notably an outbreak of foot and mouth disease and the 11 September terrorist attacks in the USA, caused many tourist businesses in the UK to experience significant changes in demand volumes. This paper examines the occupancy performance of serviced accommodation establishments in Wales from 1998 to 2001 and focuses especially on the changes in demand patterns in 2001. The approach is based on a combination of principal components and cluster analysis. The results are used to group establishments with similar performance profiles. Detailed conclusions are drawn about the temporal and spatial shifts in demand in 2001. ‘Winners’ and ‘losers’ are identified and several concrete implications for marketing and development policies are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospects of basket production in promoting sustainable rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
Authors: Mbaiwa Joseph E.
Published: July 2004

This paper uses the concept of sustainable rural livelihoods and income diversification to assess the role that basket making as a cultural tourism activity can play in improving rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Using both primary and secondary data sources, this paper points out that shocks and natural causes such as drought, disease and changing flood levels in the Okavango River, particularly the drying of the Thaoge (one of the distributaries of the Okavango), have contributed to a decline in livestock and crop yields and increased poverty levels in the region. Therefore, alternative livelihood options that can diversify rural incomes from agricultural production need to be identified. This paper argues that basket making has the potential to diversify rural incomes and improve livelihoods in the Okavango. Baskets are a cultural tourism product that can raise income earning and employment opportunities for rural residents in the Okavango. For this to be successful, basket making will need to be developed as part of cultural tourism. A sustainable cultural tourism sector where baskets are key products requires the sustainable use of natural resources used for basket making. These resources are at present overharvested and are threatened with depletion. There is also a need to promote the empowerment of basket weavers particularly in entrepreneurship and managerial skills in the tourism business, attract young and educated people and promote the preservation of traditional basket making skills, which are important in the development of cultural tourism. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cruise ship passenger spending patterns in Pacific island ports
Authors: Douglas Ngaire , Douglas Norman
Published: July 2004

The cruise business has recorded a solid growth rate in the past 20 years, with this development being driven by corporate mergers and takeovers, the launching of mega‐ships, the opening up of new destinations and the growing propensity of people who choose to cruise. This study measures the expenditure patterns of cruise ship passengers in seven Pacific island ports of call. Some of these ports receive up to 32 cruise ship visits per year and their economies are partly reliant on them. It is important, therefore, for service suppliers, retailers and handicraft producers to know what appeals to cruise passengers so that they can continue to produce the products in demand profitably. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomy of tourism crisis: explaining the effects on tourism of the UK foot and mouth disease epidemics of 1967–68 and 2001 with special reference to media portrayal
Authors: Baxter Elizabeth , Bowen David
Published: July 2004

This paper studies the UK foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemics of 1967–68 and 2001. It briefly analyses the characteristics of each outbreak of disease and the contrasts between them. The paper then assesses the effects on the UK tourism industry from both outbreaks and also focuses on the role of the media in its portrayal of the effects. Data are gleaned from secondary sources such as BBC archives of radio and television programmes, other media such as key newspapers, as well as specialist journals and government reports. The study concludes that the 1967–68 outbreak had only a limited actual effect on tourism (and an even more limited effect as perceived in the media), whereas the 2001 epidemic had a much larger effect — actual and as perceived in the media. It is suggested that there are many explanations for the differences, including the time of the year of the outbreaks, the spatial spread of the disease, the amount of countryside that was deemed to have restricted access and the growth in supply of rural tourism operators. The changed character of news reporting itself created some different effects — the media role in the 2001 crisis was not entirely passive. Indeed, the paper finally stresses that the role of the media is crucial in tackling any future such crisis — the media can be harnessed as a key element of tourism contingency planning. In this respect there is, indeed, much similarity between the 2001 FMD crisis and other current crises worldwide. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing staff turnover: a view from the English Riviera
Authors: Walmsley Andreas
Published: July 2004

This paper explores the extent of labour turnover in tourism businesses in the seaside resort of Torbay. In‐depth interviews assisted in providing a better understanding of factors contributing to staff turnover in the destination. Turnover rates were found to be high, but varied depending on type and size of business. Evidence was found that supported the literature of a split in the tourism workforce between core and peripheral workers. Perceptions of factors that cause turnover varied considerably. Little difference was found in employers' and employees' perceptions of factors that cause staff turnover. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A consanguineous Turkish family with early‐onset Parkinson's disease and an exon 4 parkin deletion
Authors: Dogu Okan , Johnson Janel , Hernandez Dena , Hanson Melissa , Hardy John , Apaydin Hulya , Özekmekçi Sibel , Sevim Serhan , Gwinn‐Hardy Katrina , Singleton Andrew
Published: July 2004

The importance of parkin in early‐onset Parkinson's disease in Japan, Europe, and the United States is well established. The contribution of this gene to the risk of Parkinson's disease in other populations is less well known. To explore the importance of parkin in those of Turkish ancestry, we studied familial cases from that country, and identified a consanguineous family with early‐onset Parkinson's disease due to a homozygous mutation in parkin. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Presynaptic dopaminergic function in patients with restless legs syndrome: Are there common features with early Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Linke Rainer , Eisensehr Ilonka , Wetter Thomas‐Christian , Gildehaus Franz‐Josef , Pöpperl Gabriele , Trenkwalder Claudia , Noachtar Soheyl , Tatsch Klaus
Published: July 2004

The cause of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is unknown, but an involvement of the dopaminergic system and a possible relation to Parkinson's disease (PD) is suggested by the positive response to dopaminergic treatment. We imaged the striatal dopamine transporter with [123I] N‐(3‐iodopropen‐2‐yl)‐2β‐carbomethoxy‐3β‐(chloro‐phenyl) tropane ([123I]IPT) and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in 28 RLS patients, and compared the results with transporter binding in 29 patients with early PD and 23 age‐matched controls. No difference in IPT binding was found between RLS patients and controls. IPT binding was correlated significantly with age in RLS patients and controls, whereas there was no relation with the duration of symptoms or severity of RLS. PD patients presented significant lower presynaptic IPT binding ipsi‐ and contralateral to the affected body side compared with RLS patients or controls. We found no common characteristics between RLS patients and patients with early PD detectable by dopamine transporter SPECT. Our results do not strengthen an identical pathophysiologic pathway between RLS and PD on the level of nigrostriatal presynaptic terminal function. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Substantial improvement in a Meige's syndrome patient with levetiracetam treatment
Authors: Zesiewicz Theresa A. , Louis Elan D. , Sullivan Kelly L. , Menkin Martin , Dunne Peter B. , Hauser Robert A.
Published: July 2004

We report on a woman with idiopathic Meige's syndrome whose dystonia improved with the use of levetiracetam (LEV, Keppra, UCB Pharma, Smyrna, GA). This report and data from an animal model of paroxysmal dystonia suggest that LEV might be helpful in the treatment of dystonia. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society