bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Target-Dependent Actions of Coexpressed Inhibitory Dynorphin and Excitatory Hypocretin/Orexin Neuropeptides
Authors: Li Ying , van den Pol Anthony N.
Published: December 2006

The hypocretin/orexin arousal system plays a key role in maintaining an alert wake state. The hypocretin peptide is colocalized with an opioid peptide, dynorphin. As dynorphin may be coreleased with hypocretin, we asked what action simultaneous stimulation with the excitatory neuropeptide hypocretin and the inhibitory peptide dynorphin might exert on cells postsynaptic to hypocretin axons, including hypocretin neurons. Hypocretin neurons received direct synaptic contact from other hypocretin neurons but showed little direct response to hypocretin. Here, we show that mouse hypocretin neurons are acutely sensitive to dynorphin. Dynorphin inhibits the hypocretin system by direct postsynaptic actions (hyperpolarization, decreased spike frequency, increased GIRK (G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+channel) current, and attenuated calcium current, and indirectly by reducing excitatory synaptic tone. Interestingly, a selective antagonist of κ-opioid receptors enhanced activity of the hypocretin system, suggesting ongoing depression by endogenous hypothalamic opioids. Electrical stimulation of hypothalamic microslices that contained hypocretin cells and their axons evoked dynorphin release. Costimulation with dynorphin and hypocretin had three different effects on neurons postsynaptic to hypocretin axons: direct response to only one or the other of the two peptides [hypocretin cells respond to dynorphin, arcuate neuropeptide Y (NPY) cells respond to hypocretin], differential desensitization causing shift from inhibitory current to excitatory current with repeated coexposure (melanin-concentrating hormone neurons), synergistic direct excitation by hypocretin and presynaptic attenuation of inhibition by dynorphin (arcuate NPY neurons). These results suggest that hypocretin neurons may be able to exercise a high degree of modulatory control over postsynaptic targets using multiple neuropeptides with target-dependent actions.
Amyloid-β-Induced Pathological Behaviors Are Suppressed byGinkgo bilobaExtract EGb 761 and Ginkgolides in TransgenicCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Wu Yanjue , Wu Zhixin , Butko Peter , Christen Yves , Lambert Mary P. , Klein William L. , Link Christopher D. , Luo Yuan
Published: December 2006

Amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity has been postulated to initiate synaptic loss and subsequent neuronal degeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously demonstrated that the standardizedGinkgo bilobaextract EGb 761, commonly used to enhance memory and by AD patients for dementia, inhibits Aβ-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. In this study, we use EGb 761 and its single constituents to associate Aβ species with Aβ-induced pathological behaviors in a model organism,Caenorhabditis elegans.We report that EGb 761 and one of its components, ginkgolide A, alleviates Aβ-induced pathological behaviors, including paralysis, and reduces chemotaxis behavior and 5-HT hypersensitivity in a transgenicC. elegans. We also show that EGb 761 inhibits Aβ oligomerization and Aβ deposits in the worms. Moreover, reducing oxidative stress is not the mechanism by which EGb 761 and ginkgolide A suppress Aβ-induced paralysis because the antioxidantl-ascorbic acid reduced intracellular levels of hydrogen peroxide to the same extent as EGb 761, but was not nearly as effective in suppressing paralysis in the transgenicC. elegans. These findings suggest that (1) EGb 761 suppresses Aβ-related pathological behaviors, (2) the protection against Aβ toxicity by EGb 761 is mediated primarily by modulating Aβ oligomeric species, and (3) ginkgolide A has therapeutic potential for prevention and treatment of AD.
Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan's Bridal Industry
Authors: LESHKOWICH ANN MARIE
Published: December 2006

Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan's Bridal Industry. Bonnie Adrian. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2003.
ILLUSTRATION OR EVIDENCE?
Authors: PETERSON NICOLAS
Published: December 2006

This article examines a set of postcard images relating to the Australian Aboriginal family circulating at the beginning of the 20th century, to ask whether the images were an illustration of Aboriginal social and economic circumstances or taken as evidence for it. It is argued that the imagery fits with two prevalent moral discourses of the period that helped explain Aboriginal people's impoverished circumstances, and provided evidence for the need for certain kinds of institutions and practices to redeem them. The analysis will suggest how these meanings were encoded in such a way that they were easily perceived by casual viewers.
The Ellis Island Snow Globe
Authors: WILLIAMS PAUL
Published: December 2006

The Ellis Island Snow Globe. Erica Rand. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2005.
Anthropologies of Art
Authors: WEINSTEIN NORMAN
Published: December 2006

Anthropologies of Art. Mariet Westermann, editor. New Haven, CT: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute and Yale University Press. 2005.
PAINTING THE “SOFT KNIFE”: HARRY WEDGE'S COLONIAL CANVAS
Authors: MACDONALD GAYNOR
Published: December 2006

Harry Wedge is an artist from Cowra in central New South Wales. A Wiradjuri man, his people's history as colonial subjects has seen them confined to small residential reserves on the outskirts of country towns. Employed for over a century within the pastoral industry, Wiradjuri people have also suffered the brunt of its recent economic collapse. Harry started painting a decade ago in a highly distinctive “naïve” style. His paintings examine colonial history, Aboriginal/non‐Aboriginal interactions and everyday life on Cowra's Erambie Aboriginal Reserve. This paper reflects on Harry and his work from a social/cultural perspective, looking at the ways in which Harry's paintings interpret, reflect and reconstitute the meanings of this history for him and others in his local community and kin network. Rather than place Harry within the “art world,” I draw on my field‐based knowledge of his people and their history to examine the ways in which Harry's work impacts on his constitution of himself and significant others who share his experience as a Wiradjuri man, as well as its impact on myself as anthropologist.
Telescopic Crowns as Attachments for Implant Supported Restorations: A Case Series
Authors: Hoffmann Oliver , Beaumont Christian , Tatakis Dimitris N. , Zafiropoulos Gregory-George
Published: December 2006

The use of dental implants to support mandibular or maxillary overdentures is a widely used treatment modality. Advantages are an increase in retention, an increase in chewing ability, and easy access for oral hygiene procedures. While telescopic and conical crowns have been used for decades to connect natural teeth to overdentures, not many cases have been reported in the literature of telescopic crowns placed on implants to support overdentures. This article describes 7 patients with overdentures supported by telescopic crowns who received 65 implants (ITI Straumann). The cases presented in this report have been in function for up to 4.5 years. During that time no adverse events were reported. The use of telescopic crowns as attachments for implant-supported overdentures may be a viable treatment option.
Long-term Clinical Evaluation of Tapered Multi-threaded Implants: Results and Influences of Potential Risk Factors
Authors: Ormianer Zeev , Palti Ady
Published: December 2006

This prospective study evaluated the long-term performance of tapered screw implants placed in patients with a variety of potentially compromising clinical variables. Sixty patients were treated with 218 implants; each case included one or more potential risk factors associated with increased rates of implant failure, peri-implant bone loss or clinical complications in the dental literature: short implants (23%), comorbid conditions (25%), maxillary implants (61%), immediate loading (88.5%), placement into extraction sockets (91%), and partial edentulism (97%). The implants were restored with a variety of prostheses. Marginal bone changes were calculated utilizing periapical radiographs taken at placement and at all subsequent appointments utilizing a standardized paralleling device and a 1-mm measurement grid. Mean clinical follow-up was 67.5 (range: 1–94) months for implants and 60 (range: 15–74) months for prostheses. Four implants failed to integrate and were immediately replaced by wide-diameter implants. Eight prostheses sustained porcelain fracture (n = 7) or cement failure (n = 1) and were replaced. No peri-implant marginal bone loss was observed for 98% of the implants; the remaining 2% exhibited 1 mm of bone loss. Cumulative survival rates were 98.2% for implants and 96.3% for prostheses after 5 years of clinical loading. Concerns that tapered implant designs may be more prone to crestal bone loss than cylinder designs are unsupported by the results of this study. Tapered implants maintained integration and marginal bone levels despite the presence of one or more potentially compromising variables.
Comportamento ingestivo de novilhos mestiços em pastagens tropicais manejadas em diferentes alturas
Authors: Rego Fabíola Cristine de Almeida , Damasceno Júlio César , Fukumoto Nelson Massaru , Côrtes Cristiano , Hoeshi Lauri , Martins Elias Nunes , Cecato Ulysses
Published: December 2006

Foi avaliado o comportamento ingestivo de novilhos mestiços em pastagens exclusivas de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha Stapf Hoesch cv. Marandu), capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia) e amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) e em pastagem consorciada de capim-marandu e amendoim forrageiro, em resposta à altura do relvado. As parcelas foram reguladas em seis alturas nas pastagens de gramíneas e, naquelas de amendoim forrageiro e consorciada, foram rebaixadas simulando o pastejo intermitente. A quantidade de forragem ingerida pelo animal foi determinada pela técnica de dupla pesagem. A taxa de ingestão (TI, g MS/minuto) foi estudada em função da altura da pastagem (A) e da massa de folhas (MFV), denominadas variável Z no modelo: TI = TImax (1 - e(-K x Z)); em que: TImax é o parâmetro que representa a taxa de ingestão potencial máxima (g MS/min); k é o parâmetro que representa a variação em TI para cada unidade de variação em Z. A TI variou conforme a altura da pastagem para todas as espécies, mas, para a MFV, variou apenas nas pastagens de amendoim forrageiro e capim-marandu. A TI potencial em função da altura da pastagem foi de 66,49 g MS/minuto, independentemente da pastagem avaliada, e foi mais sensível à variação na altura para o amendoim forrageiro, em comparação às demais pastagens (k = 0,09 vs 0,039). A fração tempo despendido/g MS ingerido/bocado foi maior para o capim-tanzânia e a pastagem consorciada, com valores de 3,16 e 2,83 segundos, respectivamente. Para manipulação do capim-marandu e do amendoim forrageiro, o tempo despendido foi 0,80 e 0,68 segundo, respectivamente. A estratégia do animal para manter a TI elevada na pastagem de amendoim forrageiro foi aumentar a taxa de bocados e, nas demais pastagens, aumentar a ingestão por bocado.
Avaliação de características de qualidade da carne de suínos por meio de componentes principais
Authors: Barbosa Leandro , Lopes Paulo Sávio , Regazzi Adair José , Guimarães Simone Eliza Facioni , Torres Robledo de Almeida
Published: December 2006

Dados de 326 animais de uma população F2 de suínos foram utilizados para avaliar a redução da dimensionalidade do espaço multivariado por meio de componentes principais. Foram consideradas as seguintes características: pH aos 45 minutos e 24 horas post-mortem (pH45 e pHu, respectivamente), perda de peso por gotejamento (GOTEJ), perda de peso por cozimento (COZ), perda de peso total (PTOT), gordura intramuscular (GORINT), maciez objetiva (MACIEZ), luminosidade (L), índice de vermelho (a) e índice de amarelo (b). Quatro componentes principais, obtidos a partir da matriz de correlação, apresentaram variância inferior a 0,7 (autovalor inferior a 0,7), o que sugere quatro variáveis para descarte, por apresentarem maiores coeficientes, em valor absoluto, a partir do último componente principal. Adicionalmente, as variáveis descartadas apresentaram correlação linear simples significativa com as demais, ou seja, foram redundantes. Com base nesses resultados, recomenda-se a manutenção das características pH45, pHu, L, a, GORINT e COZ em experimentos futuros.
Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos de características de crescimento em um rebanho Caracu selecionado para peso ao sobreano
Authors: Pereira Márcio Cinachi , Mercadante Maria Eugênia Zerlotti , Albuquerque Lucia Galvão de , Razook Alexander George , Figueiredo Leopoldo Andrade de
Published: December 2006

Foram analisados registros de 1.698 animais de um rebanho Caracu selecionado para peso pós-desmame entre os anos 1979 e 2002 com o objetivo de verificar a existência de variabilidade genética aditiva nas características de crescimento e suas interpretações. As características analisadas foram: peso ao nascer (PN), peso padronizado aos 120 dias (P120), peso ao desmame padronizado aos 210 dias (P210), peso de machos ao final da prova de ganho de peso (P378) e ganhos diários do nascimento ao desmame (GND), dos machos na prova de ganho de peso (G112), do desmame ao sobreano em machos (GDSm), peso de fêmeas padronizado aos 550 dias (P550) e ganhos das fêmeas em pastagem do desmame ao sobreano (GDSf), além da altura da garupa a um ano em machos (ALTm) e ao sobreano em fêmeas (ALTf). Os componentes de (co) variâncias, as herdabilidades e as correlações genéticas foram estimados por máxima verossimilhança restrita não-derivativa utilizando-se o software MTDFREML. As estimativas de herdabilidade e os erros-padrão foram iguais a 0,34±0,06; 0,11±0,05; 0,13±0,05; 0,11±0,05; 0,35±0,09; 0,42±0,09; 0,31±0,09; 0,13±0,06; 0,21±0,08; 0,55±0,11; 0,51±0,09 para PN, P120, P210, GND, P378, P550, GDSm, GDSf, G112, ALTm e ALTf, respectivamente. As correlações genéticas entre as características foram de moderadas a altas e positivas, com exceção de algumas correlações com a característica GDSf e o PN. A seleção com base no desempenho do próprio indivíduo, como tem sido realizada, proporciona progresso genético nas características de seleção direta, assim como em algumas características com alta correlação genética.
Uso da metodologia de coleta total de excretas na determinação da energia metabolizável em rações para frangos de corte ajustadas ou não quanto aos níveis de vitaminas e minerais
Authors: Avila Valdir Silveira de , Paula Aline , Brum Paulo Antônio Rabenschlag de , Barioni Júnior Waldomiro , Maier João Carlos
Published: December 2006

Avaliou-se neste estudo a influência dos teores de vitaminas e microminerais da ração-teste na determinação dos valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo nitrogênio retido (EMAn) do farelo de soja. Foram comparadas rações-teste ajustadas ou não para as quantidades de cloreto de colina e premix de vitaminas e microminerais em relação à ração-referência. Adotou-se o método tradicional de coleta total de excretas utilizando-se 360 pintos de corte machos e fêmeas da linhagem Ross de 15 a 23 dias de idade, alojados em baterias metálicas com bandejas coletoras de excretas. As aves foram distribuídas em esquema de blocos casualizados, de acordo com o andar das baterias, com dois tratamentos e 12 repetições de dez aves (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas). Em um tratamento, efetuou-se a substituição de 40% da ração-referência por farelo de soja, enquanto no outro, além dessa substituição, ajustaram-se as quantidades de cloreto de colina e dos premixes de vitaminas e microminerais com base na ração-referência. Os valores médios e os respectivos erros-padrão para EMA e EMAn (kcal/kg) do farelo de soja, com base na matéria natural, foram 2.462±29,62 e 2.269±25,80 para ração ajustada e 2.353±26,18 e 2.191±23,88 para ração não ajustada. O ajuste das quantidades de cloreto de colina e do premix de vitaminas e microminerais na ração-teste propiciou maiores valores de EMA e EMAn do farelo de soja em relação à ração não-ajustada. É importante ajustar as quantidades de vitaminas e microminerais nas rações-teste em experimentos visando determinar a energia metabolizável de ingredientes para aves.
Níveis de proteína bruta e energia metabolizável na ração para codornas de corte
Authors: Freitas Almir Chalegre de , Fuentes Maria de Fátima Freire , Freitas Ednardo Rodrigues , Sucupira Francislene Silveira , Oliveira Bruno César Moura de , Espíndola Gastão Barreto
Published: December 2006

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes níveis de PB (20, 22, 24 e 26%) e EM (2.565, 2.715, 2.865 e 3.015 kcal/kg) na ração sobre o desempenho de codornas de corte. Foram utilizadas 768 codornas européias (Coturnix coturnix coturnix), machos e fêmeas no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 4 x 4 (proteína x energia), com três repetições de 16 aves. Não houve efeito significativo da interação proteína × energia nem dos níveis de PB sobre o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar das aves e a viabilidade econômica das rações. Entretanto, o aumento do nível de energia da ração provocou redução linear no consumo de ração, aumentou o ganho de peso e melhorou a conversão alimentar das aves. O consumo de ração por codornas de corte depende do nível de energia da ração. O melhor desempenho destas aves foi obtido com 20% de PB e 2.865 kcal de EM/kg.
Efeitos da relação metionina + cistina: lisina sobre os desempenhos produtivo e econômico e a qualidade interna e externa dos ovos antes e após 28 dias de armazenamento
Authors: Jordão Filho José , Silva José Humberto Vilar da , Silva Edson Lindolfo da , Araujo Daniel de Magalhães , Ribeiro Marcelo Luís Gomes , Lima Matheus Ramalho de
Published: December 2006

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes relações metionina + cistina (Met+Cis):lisina (Lis) total sobre o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos para poedeiras semipesadas. Foram utilizadas 120 aves da linhagem Lohmann Brown com 44 semanas de idade, alimentadas com rações isonutritivas (17% PB, 2.774 kcal EMAn, 4,28% de Ca e 0,375% Pd) e distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições e quatro tratamentos, constituídos da seguinte forma: T1 = relação 0,76 ou 0,70% de Met+Cis e 0,92% de Lis total; T2 = relação 0,83 ou 0,71% de Met+Cis e 0,85% de Lis total; T3 = relação 0,85 ou 0,64% Met+Cis e 0,75% de Lis total; T4 = relação 0,86 ou 0,70% de Met+Cis e 0,81% de Lis total. As variáveis de desempenho e o resultado da análise econômica foram estudadas no período de 44 a 56 semanas de idade das poedeiras. Ao término do experimento, dez ovos por tratamento foram coletados e armazenados por 28 dias para avaliação da qualidade interna e externa dos ovos antes e após a armazenagem. À exceção da massa de ovos, os tratamentos não afetaram o consumo de ração, a produção, o peso, a conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos e a gravidade específica da casca. A relação Met+Cis: Lis de 0,76 ou a estimativa de 0,70% de Met+Cis total e 0,92% de Lis total podem ser recomendadas para alimentação de poedeiras semipesadas. Concluiu-se que o armazenamento afeta a qualidade interna dos ovos.
Níveis de lisina em rações para fêmeas suínas em lactação
Authors: Nunes Christiane Garcia Vilela , Oliveira Rita Flavia Miranda de , Donzele Juarez Lopes , Oliveira Will Pereira de , Silva Bruno Alexander Nunes , Abreu Marvio Lobão Teixeira de
Published: December 2006

Foram utilizadas 65 porcas (Large White x Landrace) com 217,36 ± 21,35 kg para avaliação de diferentes níveis de lisina total (0,950; 1,025; 1,100; 1,175 e 1,250%) na ração para a fase de 21 dias de lactação. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e 13 repetições, sendo a porca considerada a unidade experimental. O consumo total de ração diário foi fixado entre os tratamentos. Os níveis de lisina da ração não influenciaram o peso das matrizes ao desmame, a perda de peso, a espessura de toucinho (ET) das matrizes, a variação na ET, a perda de gordura corporal, o número de leitões desmamados por leitegada e o intervalo desmama-estro. No entanto, foi verificada redução linear na perda de proteína corporal, em kg e em porcentagem, e na produção de leite diária das matrizes suínas com o aumento do nível de lisina na ração. O ganho de peso da leitegada foi influenciado, reduzindo de forma linear com os tratamentos. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo evidenciaram que, ao consumir menores quantidades de lisina, as matrizes mobilizaram suas reservas corporais protéicas para manutenção do desempenho produtivo. Entretanto, a quantidade de proteína mobilizada por estes animais (2,2 kg, correspondente a 6,45% da proteína corporal) não foi suficiente para influenciar os parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos. O consumo diário de 45 g de lisina total, correspondente a 40 g de lisina digestível, atende às exigências para os desempenhos produtivo e reprodutivo de fêmeas suínas em lactação, enquanto o consumo estimado de 58,9 g de lisina total/dia, correspondente a 53,5 g/dia de lisina digestível, minimiza a perda de proteína corporal durante a lactação.
Deposição de proteínas no fêmur de frangos de corte em função do balanço eletrolítico das dietas
Authors: Oliveira Nominando Andrade de , Ferreira Aloízio Soares , Moraes George Henrique Kling de , Rostagno Horacio Santiago , Abreu Márvio Lobão Teixeira de
Published: December 2006

Objetivando-se estudar a influência do balanço eletrolítico (BE) e do teor de proteína das dietas na deposição de proteínas colagenosas (PC) e não-colagenosas (PNC) na matriz óssea de frangos de corte, foram utilizados fêmures de frangos provenientes de um ensaio de desempenho. Os frangos foram alimentados, nas fases de 21 e de 22 a 42 dias de idade, com dietas com dois níveis protéicos (20,0 ou 23,0% PB) e oito níveis de BE (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 ou 350 Meq/kg). Adotou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 8 x 2 (oito níveis de BE e dois níveis de PB), com quatro repetições. O maior valor para deposição de PNC nos ossos aos 21 dias e de PC aos 22 e 42 dias de idade foi obtido com as dietas com BE entre 150 e 200 Meq/kg. O nível protéico afetou a deposição de PC e PNC aos 21 dias. Não houve efeito do BE e dos níveis de PB na deposição de PNC aos 42 dias. O BE influenciou a deposição de proteínas nos ossos de frangos de corte jovens.
Digestibilidade intestinal verdadeira da proteína de alimentos para ruminantes
Authors: Branco Antonio Ferriani , Coneglian Sabrina Marcantonio , Maia Fábio José , Guimarães Kátia Cylene
Published: December 2006

A digestibilidade intestinal verdadeira de diferentes classes de alimentos usados em dietas para ruminantes foi avaliada por meio das técnicas in situ e in vitro. Foram utilizados dois bovinos machos castrados (450 kg PV) com cânulas implantadas no rúmen para incubação in situ de concentrados protéicos de origens animal e vegetal e energéticos, resíduos da agroindústria e alimentos volumosos. Avaliou-se a digestibilidade intestinal verdadeira dos alimentos submetidos à digestão apenas com pepsina ou com pepsina + pancreatina, precedida ou não da incubação ruminal. A incubação ruminal diminuiu a digestibilidade intestinal verdadeira da proteína de 24 dos 30 alimentos testados, com exceção da farinha de penas, da aveia preta, do grão de milho triturado a 2,5 mm e dos fenos de aveia e tifton, para os quais ocorreu aumento, e do farelo de girassol, para o qual não houve efeito da incubação ruminal. A digestibilidade intestinal da proteína não-degradada no rúmen (PNDR), na maioria dos alimentos utilizados em dietas para ruminantes, é menor que a da proteína original do alimento. Entre os alimentos avaliados, 29 apresentaram maior digestibilidade intestinal verdadeira quando incubados com pepsina + pancreatina, evidenciando a importância da etapa de digestão abomasal sobre as proteínas dos alimentos (com exceção à aveia preta). A digestibilidade intestinal dos alimentos é variável e, portanto, deve ser considerada na formulação de dietas para atendimento das exigências de proteína metabolizável.
Digestibilidades parcial e total de dietas com feno de capim-marandu e concentrado balanceadas para diferentes níveis de produção
Authors: Brito Rodolfo Marques de , Sampaio Alexandre Amstalden Moraes , Fernandes Alexandre Rodrigo Mendes , Henrique Wignez , Cattelan José Wanderley , Routman Karina de Souza
Published: December 2006

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as digestibilidades parcial e total das frações digestíveis de dietas com feno de capim-marandu e concentrado utilizando-se a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível como indicador. Foram utilizados quatro tourinhos da raça Santa Gertrudes, canulados no rúmen e duodeno, distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. As dietas foram ajustadas para que os animais tivessem ganhos diários de peso corporal (GPC) de 0,5 e 1 kg/animal, associado a potenciais de fermentação microbiana de 9,5 e 11 g de PB microbiana/MJ EM fermentável. Houve efeito das dietas ajustadas para potencial de GPC sobre as ingestões diárias de MS (7,05 e 8,07 kg/animal, respectivamente para 0,5 e 1,0 kg/animal de GPC), mas não daquelas balanceadas para potencial de fermentação microbiana (7,57 kg/animal). O tratamento para GPC diário de 1 kg/animal proporcionou maior digestibilidade total da matéria orgânica e de carboidratos totais (médias de 66,63 e 58,68%, respectivamente) quando comparado ao tratamento para GPC diário de 0,5 kg/animal, que apresentou, para as mesmas variáveis, médias de 61,57 e 53,94%. Os resultados não justificaram a utilização de dietas para maior potencial de fermentação microbiana. As dietas balanceadas para altos ganhos de peso, no entanto, mostraram-se melhores quanto à ingestão e ao aproveitamento dos nutrientes que as formuladas para baixos ganhos de peso.
Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos alimentados com dietas compostas de silagem de capim-elefante amonizada ou não e subprodutos agroindustriais
Authors: Carvalho Gleidson Giordano Pinto de , Pires Aureliano José Vieira , Silva Robério Rodrigues , Veloso Cristina Mattos , Silva Herymá Giovane de Oliveira
Published: December 2006

Foram estudados os efeitos do uso de silagem de capim-elefante amonizada ou não com uréia (5% na base da MS) e da substituição do concentrado (milho e farelo de soja) por farelo de cacau (FC) ou torta de dendê (TD) na dieta sobre o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos Santa Inês. Dezoito ovinos machos não-castrados (peso médio inicial de 22,62 kg), alojados em baias individuais, foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, dois volumosos (silagem de capim-elefante amonizada ou não com uréia) e três níveis de substituição do concentrado (milho + farelo de soja) por farelo de cacau ou torta de dendê (0% FC e TD, 40% FC e 40% TD) na dieta, fornecida na proporção de 60:40 volumoso:concentrado. O período experimental foi de 78 dias, sendo 15 dias destinados à adaptação dos animais às dietas. Os animais foram observados a cada cinco minutos, durante dois períodos de 24 horas/dia, no final do período experimental. Foram registrados o tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação e ócio e o número e o tempo de mastigações merícicas por bolo ruminado. Não houve diferença entre os tempos de alimentação, ruminação e ócio. A amonização do capim-elefente e a inclusão do farelo de cacau no concentrado aumentaram a eficiência de ruminação, mas a maioria dos parâmetros do comportamento ingestivo avaliados não sofreu alterações.
The use of address pronouns among Finnish and Finland-Swedish students
Authors: Nyblom Heidi
Published: December 2006

This article examines the use and choice of address pronouns among Finnish and Finland-Swedish students in various situations. The study is based on a questionnaire on address usage distributed to university students in the city of Vaasa in Finland. The aim of the study is to investigate potential differences between the use of T and V in Finnish and Finland-Swedish and to compare the results with those of a recent study on address in Sweden-Swedish. The results reveal that the Finland-Swedish students use V somewhat less than the Finnish students. The Finland-Swedes also use V in fewer contexts, primarily in service situations and occasionally to strangers and public authorities. The Finnish students use V in the same contexts as the Finland-Swedish, but they also use V to older people.
Patterns of address in Dili Tetum, East Timor
Authors: Williams-van Klinken Catharina , Hajek John
Published: December 2006

This article focuses on a detailed description of patterns of address in Dili Tetum today. It outlines the complexities of the address system and points to considerable variation in its evolving presentday use. We find, amongst other things, that a speaker may use a range of address strategies even to the same addressee, and that the use of polite pronouns Ita and Ita-Boot appears to be spreading as the language extends into new domains not previously available to it.
Circular Dichroism to Study Protein Interactions
Authors: Kelly Sharon M. , Price Nicholas C.
Published: December 2006

Circular dichroism (CD) is a powerful technique for studying the structures of proteins in solution, as well as structural changes that may occur when proteins bind to ligands. Changes in CD signals accompanying complex formation can be used to determine the strength of the interaction and to provide information about the nature and extent of the conformational changes involved. This unit outlines the type of information available from CD studies and describes how such experiments should be carried out to ensure that reliable information is obtained.
Techniques for Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
Authors: Phelan Mary C.
Published: December 2006

This appendix opens with detailed discussions on the latest principles of sterile technique and preparation of culture media. Step‐by‐step protocols describe trypsinizing and subculturing monolayer cultures, passaging suspension cultures, freezing and thawing cells, counting cells using a hemacytometer, and preparing cells for transport.
Rat Model for Evaluation of Therapeutics on Peripheral Vascular Resistance
Authors: Wexler Roseanne S. , Ellis James L. , Dubé Gregory P.
Published: December 2006

Described in this protocol is a rat preparation that serves as a sensitive, reliable in vivo assay of peripheral vascular resistance. Experiments are conducted on conscious animals 5 days following the surgical implantation of an arterial pressure catheter in the carotid artery and a transit time flow probe on the abdominal aorta. The transit time flow probe measures volume blood flow per unit time, making it possible to calculate a true vascular resistance, a reliable indicator of microvascular tone. After allowing appropriate recovery time between experiments, it is possible to use the animal preparation multiple times. This increases study efficiency by reducing the number of animals required and makes it possible to use paired statistical analysis since multiple treatment interventions, including control conditions, can be evaluated in each animal.
Approaches to the Molecular Modeling of 7‐Transmembrane Helical Receptors
Authors: Blaney Frank E.
Published: December 2006

7‐Transmembrane helical receptors (7TMs) represent the single most important class of target for drug therapy; therefore, a great deal of effort has gone into computational studies of their structures. Historically, these were based on low resolution electron diffraction data, together with the use of computational methods such as multiple sequence alignments, distance geometry, and molecular mechanics calculations. In the year 2000 the situation changed when the first crystal structure of a 7TM, was published. It was then possible to use the homology modeling techniques to generate more accurate models of these proteins. This unit reviews the modeling of 7TMs and describes in detail how homology modeling can be used to build a structure of the 5‐HT2a receptor. Special attention is given to the initial sequence alignment, the most important step in the process. Use of automatic alignment programs often produces incorrect results, and manual intervention is necessary before proceeding further.
Carbonic Esters
Authors: Buysch Hans‐Josef
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Production3.1.Phosgenation of Alcohols3.2.Phosgenation of Phenols3.3.Oxidative Carbonylation of Alcohols3.4.Oxidative Carbonylation of Phenols3.5.Oxidative Carbonylation of Alcohols with NOx3.6.Carbonic Esters from Oxalic Esters3.7.Electrochemical Oxidative Carbonylation of Alcohols3.8.Reaction of CO2with Oxiranes3.9.Reactions of Alcohols with Urea3.10.Reaction of Phenols with Urea3.11.Miscellaneous Reactions of CO2to Form Carbonates3.12.Transesterification3.13.Cyclic Carbonic Esters4.Environmental Protection and Toxicology5.Quality Specifications6.Analysis7.Storage and Transportation8.Uses8.1.Direct Uses8.2.Use for Chemical Synthesis9.Economic Aspects
Tin, Tin Alloys, and Tin Compounds
Authors: Graf Günter G.
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.

History 

2.

Properties

3.

Occurrence; Ore Extraction and Beneficiation

3.1.

Minerals

3.2.

Deposits

3.3.

Mining

3.4.

Ore Beneficiation

4.

Smelting

4.1.

Fundamental Theory of Smelting

4.2.

Special Aspects of the Winning of Tin from its Ores

4.3.

Production of Crude Tin

4.3.1.

General Aspects

4.3.2.

Ore Preparation prior to Reduction

4.3.2.1.

Pyrometallurgical Enrichment of Low‐Grade Concentrates

4.3.2.2.

Roasting

4.3.2.3.

Leaching

4.3.3.

Reduction

4.3.3.1.

Reduction in a Shaft Kiln

4.3.3.2.

Reduction in a Reverberatory Furnace

4.3.3.3.

Reduction in Rotary Kilns

4.3.3.4.

Reduction in an Electric Furnace

4.3.3.5.

Other Reduction Processes

4.3.4.

Slag Processing

5.

Refining

5.1.

Pyrometallurgical Refining

5.1.1.

Removal of Iron

5.1.2.

Removal of Copper

5.1.3.

Removal of Arsenic

5.1.4.

Removal of Lead

5.1.5.

Removal of Bismuth

5.2.

Electrorefining

5.2.1.

Electrorefining in Acid Medium

5.2.2.

Electrorefining in an Alkaline Medium

5.2.3.

Other Methods of Electrorefining

6.

Recovery of Tin from Scrap Materials and Residues

7.

Analysis

7.1.

Analysis of Ores and Concentrates

7.2.

Analysis of Metallic Tin

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Tin Alloys and Coatings

10.

Inorganic Tin Compounds

10.1.

Tin(II) Compounds

10.2.

Tin(IV) Compounds

11.

Organic Compounds of Tin

11.1.

Properties of Organotin Compounds

11.2.

Production of Organotin Compounds

11.3.

Industrially Important Compounds

11.4.

Analysis of Organotin Compounds

11.5.

Storage and Shipping of Organotin Compounds

11.6.

Pattern of Production and Consumption

12.

Toxicology
Triarylmethane and Diarylmethane Dyes
Authors: Gessner Thomas , Mayer Udo
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Definition and Chromophores1.1.Definition1.2.Chromophores2.History and Economic Importance2.1.History2.2.Economic Importance3.Production4.Uses5.Diphenylmethane Dyes5.1.Michler's Hydrol and Derivatives5.2.Michler's Ketone, Auramines, and Derivatives5.2.1.Michler's Ketone5.2.2.Auramines6.Triphenylmethane Dyes6.1.Monoaminotriphenylmethane Dyes6.1.1.Cationic Dyes6.1.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives and Lactones)6.2.Diaminotriphenylmethane Dyes6.2.1.Cationic Dyes6.2.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol and Triphenylmethylamine Derivatives)6.2.3.Anionic Dyes6.3.Triaminotriphenylmethane Dyes6.3.1.Cationic Dyes6.3.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives and Lactones)6.3.3.Betaines and Anionic Dyes6.4.Hydroxytriphenylmethane Dyes6.4.1.Metal‐Complex Dyes6.4.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives and Lactones)7.Heteroaryldiarylmethane and Diheteroarylarylmethane Dyes7.1.Cationic Dyes7.1.1.Monoaminodiphenylheteroarylmethane Dyes7.1.2.Diaminodiphenylheteroarylmethane Dyes7.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives, Lactones, and Leuco Compounds)8.Dyes with Several Chromophores8.1.Bis(triarylmethane) Dyes8.2.Oligomeric and Polymeric Triarylmethane Dyes8.3.Triarylmethane Dyes with Other Chromophores9.Acridine Dyes10.Xanthene Dyes10.1.Ring‐Closed Diphenylmethane Dyes (Pyronins)10.2.Ring‐Closed Triphenylmethane Dyes10.2.1.Monoaminoxanthene Dyes10.2.1.1.Cationic Dyes10.2.1.2.Fluorans10.2.2.Diaminoxanthene Dyes10.2.2.1.Cationic Dyes10.2.2.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Lactones and Related Compounds)10.2.2.3.Anionic Dyes10.2.3.Hydroxyxanthene Dyes11.Thioxanthene Dyes12.Other Ring‐Closed Triarylmethane Dyes12.1.Cationic Dyes12.2.Nonionic Derivatives (Triphenylmethanol Derivatives and Lactones)13.Toxicology
Chemical and Biochemical Sensors
Authors: Cammann Karl , Ross Bernd , Katerkamp Andreas , Reinbold Jörg , Gründig Bernd , Renneberg Reinhard
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction to the Field of Sensors and Actuators2.Chemical Sensors2.1.Introduction2.2.Molecular Recognition Processes and Corresponding Selectivities2.2.1.Catalytic Processes in Calorimetric Devices2.2.2.Reactions at Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces Influencing Surface or Bulk Conductivities2.2.3.Selective Ion Conductivities in Solid‐State Materials2.2.4.Selective Adsorption ‐ Distribution and Supramolecular Chemistry at Interfaces2.2.5.Selective Charge‐Transfer Processes at Ion‐Selective Electrodes (Potentiometry)2.2.6.Selective Electrochemical Reactions at Working Electrodes (Voltammetry and Amperometry)2.2.7.Molecular Recognition Processes Based on Molecular Biological Principles2.3.Transducers for Molecular Recognition: Processes and Sensitivities2.3.1.Electrochemical Sensors2.3.1.1.Self‐Indicating Potentiometric Electrodes2.3.1.2.Voltammetric and Amperometric Cells2.3.1.3.Conductance Devices2.3.1.4.Ion‐Selective Field‐Effect Transistors (ISFETs)2.3.2.Optical Sensors2.3.2.1.Fiber‐Optical Sensors2.3.2.2.Integrated Optical Chemical and Biochemical Sensors2.3.2.3.Surface Plasmon Resonance2.3.2.4.Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy2.3.3.Mass‐Sensitive Devices2.3.3.1.Introduction2.3.3.2.Fundamental Principles and Basic Types of Transducers2.3.3.3.Theoretical Background2.3.3.4.Technical Considerations2.3.3.5.Specific Applications2.3.3.6.Conclusions and Outlook2.3.4.Calorimetric Devices2.4.Problems Associated with Chemical Sensors2.5.Multisensor Arrays, Electronic Noses, and Tongues3.Biochemical Sensors (Biosensors)3.1.Definitions, General Construction, and Classification3.2.Biocatalytic (Metabolic) Sensors3.2.1.Monoenzyme Sensors3.2.2.Multienzyme Sensors3.2.3.Enzyme Sensors for Inhibitors ‐ Toxic Effect Sensors3.2.4.Biosensors Utilizing Intact Biological Receptors3.3.Affinity Sensors ‐ Immuno‐Probes3.3.1.Direct‐Sensing Immuno‐Probes without Marker Molecules3.3.2.Indirect‐Sensing Immuno‐Probes using Marker Molecules3.4.Whole‐Cell Biosensors3.5.Problems and Future Prospects4.Actuators and Instrumentation5.Future Trends and Outlook
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Burghardt Robert C. , Droleskey Robert
Published: December 2006

Transmission electron microscopy has long been an important analytical tool in the field of microbiology. This unit describes preparation techniques for examining particulate samples as well as samples presenting more complex ultrastructural considerations that require analysis in thin sections. Negative staining is a useful technique for routine examination of particulate samples in suspension ranging from bacteria to purified macromolecules. In order to investigate the relationships between microbes and the environments with which they interface, fixed samples can be prepared for imaging in sections of 60‐ to 90‐nm thickness. Due to the many steps in sample preparation for ultrastructural analysis of thin‐sectioned samples, the major steps in the process are divided into fixation and initial processing of samples for thin sectioning, the embedment of samples into a plastic resin for sectioning, ultramicrotomy, and staining of samples. Procedures for immunolocalization of antigens in negatively stained and thin‐sectioned preparations are also considered.
Controlled Pattern Formation of Poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxyl)–1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (MEH–PPV) by Ink‐Jet Printing
Authors: Tekin E. , Holder E. , Kozodaev D. , Schubert U. S.
Published: December 2006

A detailed survey on the processing of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxyl)–1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (MEH–PPV) solutions via ink‐jet printing and the subsequent characterization of the resulting films is reported. The printability of MEH–PPV dissolved in different solvents, and with varied concentrations, is studied. Limitations of the printability of highly concentrated polymer solutions are overcome by using ultrasonication. The pattern formation of the resulting lines is explained in relation to the contact angle formed by the MEH–PPV solution on the substrate and interchain interactions. A uniform thickness distribution of MEH–PPV films is obtained when toluene is used as the solvent. Further improvement on the surface quality of the lines is achieved by optimizing the printing parameters. The line stability as a function of the print‐head velocity is also studied. Additionally, current–voltage (I–V) characteristics and the morphology of the MEH–PPV films, as determined by atomic force microscopy, are discussed.
Superparamagnetic Colloids: Controlled Synthesis and Niche Applications
Authors: Jeong U. , Teng X. , Wang Y. , Yang H. , Xia Y.
Published: December 2006

The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current research activities that center on superparamagnetic colloids. We begin with an overview of synthetic strategies that have been developed for generating both nanoscale and mesoscale superparamagnetic colloids, with a focus on those systems that can be prepared as monodisperse samples and in relatively large quantities. We then discuss a variety of techniques that have been exploited for modifying surface properties, as well as for controlling the assembly and patterning of these magnetically active colloids. Towards the end, we highlight a range of innovative applications enabled by the unique combination of superparamagnetism and colloidal suspension. We conclude this review article with personal remarks and perspectives on the directions toward which future research in this area might be directed.
Using a nitrilase for the surface modification of acrylic fibres
Authors: Matamá Teresa , Carneiro Filipa , Caparrós Cristina , Gübitz Georg M. , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur
Published: December 2006

The surface of an acrylic fibre was modified with a commercial nitrilase (EC 3.5.5.1). The effect of fibre solvents and polyols on nitrilase catalysis efficiency and stability was investigated. The nitrilase action on the acrylic fabric was improved by the combined addition of 1 M sorbitol and 4% N, N‐dimethylacetamide. The colour levels for samples treated with nitrilase increased 156% comparing to the control samples. When the additives were introduced in the treatment media, the colour levels increased 199%. The enzymatic conversion of nitrile groups into the corresponding carboxylic groups, on the fibre surface, was followed by the release of ammonia and polyacrylic acid. A surface erosion phenomenon took place and determined the “oscillatory” behaviour of the amount of dye uptake with time of treatment. These results showed that the outcome of the application of the nitrilase for the acrylic treatment is intimately dependent on reaction media parameters, such as time, enzyme activity and formulation.
Methods to produce marker‐free transgenic plants
Authors: Darbani Behrooz , Eimanifar Amin , Stewart C. Neal , Camargo William N.
Published: December 2006

Selectable marker genes (SMGs) have been extraordinarily useful in enabling plant transformation because of the low efficiency of transgene integration. The most used SMGs encode proteins resistant to antibiotics or herbicides and use negative selection, i.e., by killing nontransgenic tissue. However, there are perceived risks in wide‐scale deployment of SMG‐transgenic plants, and therefore research has recently been performed to develop marker‐free systems. In this review, transformation using markers not based on antibiotic or herbicide resistance genes, as well as different systems of marker gene deletion, are discussed.
Glucose‐induced production of recombinant proteins in Hansenulapolymorpha mutants deficient in catabolite repression
Authors: Krasovska Olena S. , Stasyk Olena G. , Nahorny Viktor O. , Stasyk Oleh V. , Granovski Nikolai , Kordium Vitaliy A. , Vozianov Oleksandr F. , Sibirny Andriy A.
Published: December 2006

The most commonly used expression platform for production of recombinant proteins in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha relies on the strong and strictly regulated promoter from the gene encoding peroxisomal enzyme alcohol (or methanol) oxidase (PMOX). Expression from PMOX is induced by methanol and is partially derepressed in glycerol or xylose medium, whereas in the presence of hexoses, disaccharides or ethanol, it is repressed. The need for methanol for maximal induction of gene expression in large‐scale fermentation is a significant drawback, as this compound is toxic, flammable, supports a slow growth rate and requires extensive aeration. We isolated H. polymorpha mutants deficient in glucose repression of PMOX due to an impaired HpGCR1 gene, and other yet unidentified secondary mutations. The mutants exhibited pronounced defects in PMOX regulation only by hexoses and xylose, but not by disaccharides or ethanol. With one of these mutant strains as hosts, we developed a modified two‐carbon source mode expression platform that utilizes convenient sugar substrates for growth (sucrose) and induction of recombinant protein expression (glucose or xylose). We demonstrate efficient regulatable by sugar carbon sources expression of three recombinant proteins: a secreted glucose oxidase from the fungus Aspergillus niger, a secreted mini pro‐insulin, and an intracellular hepatitis B virus surface antigen in these mutant hosts. The modified expression platform preserves the favorable regulatable nature of PMOX without methanol, making a convenient alternative to the traditional system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 858–870 © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.