bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ГРОТЕСКА КАО КОГНИТИВНИ ФЕНОМЕН ПОЕТИЧКОГ ДИСКУРСА У ПРЕДРОМАНТИЗМУ И РОМАНТИЗМУ
Authors: Марковић Оливера
Published: June 2022

Following our research on the apprehension of the notion of grotesque from antiquity to pre-Romanticism (Marković 2018) and starting from the thesis that the nature of the phenomenon under scrutiny is pragmatically conditioned, i.e. that a diachronic investigation will not give the same answer to the question of what the given category is, we approach the phenomenon from the position of cognitive sciences, and define it as a cognitive frame modeled by factors of different levels (syntactic, semantic, pragmatic). We define the grotesque as a liminal phenomenon shaped by its difference towards the historically changeable category of beauty, or ugliness, that is, which makes the type of eventfulness (the emotional reaction) it produces variable as well. Thus, we conclude that even though the invariance of the given category may be discussed in relation to its syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, none of those levels are strictly fixed, which makes the category open and contextually dynamic. The paper pays special attention to the relations between the grotesque and the humor, as well as to the possibilities of studying this relation in the diachronic context. At the end of the paper, we point out some possibilities of investigating the grotesque and the humor in their relation to the incongruity and point to the Multi-level grounded semantics (Antović 2016, 2021) as an alternative methodological apparatus that may be utilized in a search for a deeper understanding of the semantic and pragmatic distance that exists between the two concepts of a grotesque joint.
PRESERVING ONE’S HUMANITY IN CHALLENGING TIMES: THE VARIOUS FORMS OF RESISTANCE IN GEORGE ORWELL’S 1984
Authors: Petrović Anja
Published: June 2022

This paper will aim to analyze George Orwell’s novel Nineteen-Eighty-Four (1949) in order to uncover the ways in which the characters in the novel resist the influence of an oppressive totalitarian regime and preserve their humanity, that is, the instincts and impulses which characterize a human subject. The modernist point of view will be chosen as the theoretical framework for analysis, due to the fact that modernist literature focuses on the subjective outlook of a character and foregrounds the complex mental processes occurring in his psyche. The concepts evoked in Lionel Trilling’s essay, “Freud: Within and Beyond Culture” (1968), will be referred to when describing the means of resistance that are available to a human subject. Special emphasis will be placed on Freud’s idea of biological resistance which is grounded in a person’s physiology, and on the argument that exposure to different cultures allows an individual to oppose negative cultural influences. Additionally, the view that sexual liberty defies political authority, as is proposed in Martha Nussbaum’s essay “The Transfiguration of Everyday Life: Joyce” (2001), will be taken as an example of how erotic love can also function as a means of opposing the dominant regime.
СИЖЕЈНО-МОТИВСКИ КОМПЛЕКСИ У ПОВЕСТИ „ЖУТА СТРЕЛА“ ВИКТОРА ПЕЉЕВИНА И ПРОБЛЕМ ЊИХОВОГ ТУМАЧЕЊА
Authors: Благојевић Ненад
Published: June 2022

В данной статье мы предлагаем один из возможных способов интерпретации тек- ста Пелевина, ознаменовавшего собой целый период творчества этого русского писателя. «Желтая стрела» — текст, наполненный множеством метафор, превращающих все произве- дение в аллегорию. Желтая стрела из названия — это название поезда, в котором главный герой рассказа едет к «рухнувшему мосту». Мотив поезда и железной дороги отождествля- ется с миром и жизнью главного героя Андрея, чей поиск ответов на «вечные вопросы» принимает форму дискурса, ограниченного исключительно железнодорожной тематикой. Железнодорожной терминологией обозначается практически каждый аспект жизни глав- ного героя и пассажиров поезда, а отношение к миру за окном поезда окутаны завесой тайны, которую пассажиры не могут раскрыть в течение всей жизни. Мотивный анализ показывает, что многие мотивы, использованные автором для создания повествователь- ного мира, связаны с культурой и философией Востока, но даны в форме, как минимум адаптированной к русской повседневности конца 1990-х гг. Это приводит нас к выводу о постмодернистской деконструкции элементов восточного и западного культурного кода в российском обществе, которую писатель предпринимает с целью показать состояние кол- лективного сознания в крайне нестабильный период истории.
ASSESSING THE NARRATIVE FROM THE SOCIAL AND LITERARY PERSPECTIVE: THE CASE OF MACINTYRE AND MURDOCH
Authors: Lukić Vladimir
Published: June 2022

This paper deals with the topic of the narrative. The goal is to make a differentiation between the personal, social, and literary narrative. In order to do that, we need to provide a theoretical outlook of the social narrative which is found in the theory of Alasdair MacIntyre and suggest a method of making a differentiation. The method that will be used is the one of semiosis. Through this method we end with a role of the literary author, of the social narrative and the personal narrative. The author is burdened with the process of hermeneutics and mimesis he/she derives meaning and encrypts that meaning within the literary art-piece. The theory used for the description of this process has been developed by Iris Murdoch. After this elaboration, we will end up with clear difference between the personal narrative, social narrative, and literary narrative.
АНАЛИЗА И КЛАСИФИКАЦИЈА ГРЕШАКА СТУДЕНАТА ИЗ РУСИЈЕ НА ПОЧЕТНОМ НИВОУ УЧЕЊА СРПСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА КАО СТРАНОГ
Authors: Новаковић Александар , Јовић Емилија
Published: June 2022

Предметом данного исследования являются анализ и классификация ошибок, сделанных в процессе изучения сербского языка как иностранного. Материалом исследо- вания служат проверочные тесты учеников из России, которые изучали сербский язык в течении 4 учебных лет в Центре сербского языка как иностранного на Философском фа- культете В Нише. В статье используются описательный метод, метод теоретического ана- лиза и сопоставительный метод. Результаты показывают, что самое большое число ошибок интралингвального характера – ошибки сделаны как на морфологическом, так и на синтак- сическом и орфоепическом уровнях. Ошибки интерлингвального характера наблюдаются на морфологическом и орфографическом плане, при чем самое большое число ошибок по- является под влиянием процессов реинтерпретации, а потом и супердифференцияции и нулевой дифференцияции.
PICTORIAL AND MULTIMODAL METONYMY IN POLITICAL NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE: THE CASE OF BREXIT REPORTS
Authors: Tasić Miloš , Stamenković Dušan
Published: June 2022

This paper analyses several examples of pictorial and multimodal metonymy found in political cartoons and photographs related to the topic of Brexit and collected from the two British daily newspapers, The Guardian and The Telegraph. The first part of analysis deals with instances of pictorial metonymy, emphasising the importance of certain distinctive features such as colour, graphic representation, or photographic composition. The second part of analysis focuses on multimodal metonymy of the verbo-pictorial variety, particularly scrutinising the relationships between the two modes. Based on the different ways in which the pictorial and the verbal mode interact, the examples are classified into three separate categories: (1) image-dominant metonymy, (2) text-dominant metonymy, and (3) complementary metonymy. Furthermore, the analysis sheds some light on how these metonymies can form the basis of pictorial and multimodal metaphors, how several source and target concepts can be chained together within a single metonymy, and how metonymy in visual communication can also possess an indexical, rather than merely iconic character.
ПРОДУКЦИЈА ПОСТВОКАЛСКОГ /r/ КОД СРПСКИХ СТУДЕНАТА АНГЛИСТИКЕ
Authors: Јаневска Марија
Published: June 2022

This paper presents a study of linguistic and sociolinguistic factors that modulate Serbian EFL learners’ production of postvocalic /r/. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of rhoticity, i.e. to test whether Serbian EFL learners’ speech is closer to the rhotic (General American), or the non-rhotic (Southern British Standard) English variety. Fifteen students (8 female and 7 male) participated in this research as informants. As for the external factors, the informants’ gender, target norm, and their media exposure to the rhotic/non-rhotic English variety were closely observed. Internal factors which were taken into account were: syllable structure, the quality of the preceding vowel and lexical frequency. The results revealed that Serbian EFL learners’ speech is, in fact, significantly closer (73.99%) to the rhotic English variety. The realization of postvocalic /r/ was higher among men, especially among those informants who labeled their pronunciation as General American and among the informants who reported greater exposure to the said English variety. In terms of linguistic factors, postvocalic /r/ was realized most often in less frequent words, specifically in word-medial position. The research findings also suggest that back vowels, in particular, tend to favor rhotic pronunciation.
АНАЛИЗА ГРЕШАКА ПРИ ПРЕВОЂЕЊУ ПРАВНИХ ТЕКОВИНА ЕВРОПСКЕ УНИЈЕ
Authors: Павловић Ана
Published: June 2022

Given that the European Union is considered an international community due to its 27 Member States and 24 official languages, many authors emphasize that translation is a prerequisite for democracy. Similarly, the backbone of European Union law is reflected in the acquis communautaire, which includes crucial legal acts and contains over 190,000 pages. Considering that a candidate country has to translate the complete acquis before joining the EU, the complexity of the process becomes evident, especially when different legal cultures and stylistic structures are taken into consideration. Thus, this paper has been written in an attempt to identify most common mistakes that occur during the translation process and analyze potential reasons for their frequency. The corpus for this paper has been collected during the tenure at the Ministry of European Integration, and consists of 200 pages. Through a preliminary quantitative analysis, it has been discovered that stylistic errors are the most frequent, especially those regarding the passive voice, the use of modal verbs, and archaisms. Further qualitative analysis allowed us to compare these errors with relevant literature on the matter, and delineate potential ways to prevent or minimize them in the future.
ПОЗНАВАЊЕ ЖАНРА И ПРАГМАТИЧКА КОМПЕТЕНЦИЈА У НАСТАВИ ПИСАЊА КРОЗ АНАЛИЗУ ПРИЈАВЕ ЗА ПОСАО
Authors: Ивановић Катарина
Published: June 2022

This paper analyses job application letters written within the course of English for Specific Purposes, with an aim to determine students’ organizational and pragmatic knowledge. Job application letter was chosen due to the fact that it represents a genre with clear structure and formal conventions in addition to the fact that it is a document students are going to write in reallife situations, after their graduation. Development of pragmatic competence is a necessary element of ESP teaching since the use of linguistic forms needs to be in accordance with communicative goals and communicative situations which are specific for a certain profession. Quantitative and qualitative, descriptive analysis was performed on the corpus of 46 job application letters written by students of Information Technologies. Having in mind high percentage of letters in which mistakes were identified, the results undoubtedly indicate the need for a more detailed genre analysis and pragmatic competence development within ESP writing instruction. We believe that this may be accomplished by the use of authentic materials in target langugage, focusing on the genres which will be useful to students in real-life situations, as well as dealing with linguistic elements that contribute to a more formal, polite and indirect language use.
ИНОВАТИВАН ПРИСТУП ПРОЗНОМ ДЈЕЛУ ВЛАДАНА ЂОРЂЕВИЋА
Authors: Максимовић Горан
Published: June 2022

Монографска студија Прозно дело Владана Ђорђевића, ауторке проф. др Љиљане Костић, објављена је у издању САНУ у оквиру цјеловитог обиљежавања деведесет година од смрти Владана Ђорђевића. Основна верзија рукописа настала је између 2010. и 2013. године у оквиру израде докторске дисертације која је под називом Прозно дело Владана Ђорђевића, одбрањена на Филозофском факултету Универзитета у Новом Саду 18. децембра 2013. године пред комисијом у саставу: проф. др Сава Дамјанов (ментор), проф. др Горан Максимовић (председник коми- сије), доц. др Радослав Ераковић (члан), доц. др Драгана Вукићевић (члан). Поје- дини фрагменти те основне верзије рукописа, уз одговарајуће прераде, објављени су у часописима и зборницима, у складу са уређивачким и техничким стандардима тих публикација. Захваљујући томе прошли су кроз озбиљну додатну рецензентску провјеру и верификацију.
ДУБРОВАЧКЕ СЛИКЕ И ПРИЛИКЕ: У ПОТРАЗИ ЗА АУТЕНТИЧНИМ БЕРСОМ
Authors: Аксентијевић Христина
Published: June 2022

Најважније културно-историјско дело истакнутог задарског археолога и дубровачког писца Јосипа Берсе Дубровачке слике и прилике 1800–1880 добило је своје прво српско издање у два тома, које је за штампу приредила др Јелена С. Младеновић, доценткиња на Филозофском факултету Универзитета у Нишу. Као производ Берсиног вишедеценијског културолошког рада, ова студија је задржала статус вредног сведочанства и свестраног приказа дубровачког друштва и живота у пострепубликанском периоду Града. Стално интересовање културне јавности и континуитет рецепције, коју ово култно дело до данас одржава, није само заслуга његовог значаја за шири контекст културне историје дубровачког 19. века, већ и са- свим енигматичног пута кроз који је овај рукопис пролазио од свог настанка, преко постхумног публиковања девет година након пишчеве смрти, до данас.
Türk Aile Şirketlerinde Nesiller Arası Yönetim Devri: Bir Gömülü Teori Çalışması
Authors: ALPMAN Gökhan
Published: June 2022

Dünya ekonomilerinde var olan şirketlerin %80’inden fazlasını aile şirketleri oluşturmakta, pek çok ülkede gayri safi milli hasılanın %70’inden fazlası aile şirketleri tarafından üretilmektedir. Ancak çoğu aile şirketinin birkaç neslin ötesinde ayakta kalamaması, yönetim devri konusunu aile şirketleriyle ilgili en önemli konulardan biri haline getirmiştir. Nesiller arası yönetim devrini etkileyen faktörlerin anlaşılması aile şirketlerinin sürdürülebilir olmaları açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Amaç: Bu çalışmada Türk aile şirketlerinin nesiller arası yönetim devri konusundaki sorunlarının anlaşılmasına yönelik bir teori geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Klasik gömülü teori metodolojisi uygulanarak Türk aile şirketi kurucuları, ikinci nesil aile üyeleri, gelinler ve damatlar, profesyonel yöneticiler ve danışmanlar ile görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş, toplanan veriler teorinin oluşturulabilmesi için kodlama ve sürekli karşılaştırmalı veri analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Bulgular: Çalışmanın sonucunda Türk aile şirketlerinin kurucularının nesiller arası yönetim devri ile ilgili temel sorunlarının devir gerçekleşirse “Bana ne olacak” endişesi olduğu ve Türk aile şirketlerinin kurucularının nesiller arası yönetim devri ile ilgili bu sorun ve endişelerini gidermek ile ilgili davranış modelinin yönetim devrini ölene kadar gerçekleştirmemek yani “Mezarda emeklilik” olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Özgünlük: Bu çalışmanın en büyük özgünlüğü Türk aile şirketlerinde yönetim devri konusunda gömülü teori yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmış ilk çalışma olmasıdır.
PEMBELAJARAN REALISTIC MATHEMATICS EDUCATION (RME) SECARA DARING PADA MATERI BARISAN DAN DERET
Authors: Ifati Titin
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this study is to describe online Realistic Mathematics Education learning on the material of sequences and series. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The researchwas given to 36 students of class XI IPA 6 SMA Negeri 1 Driyorejo, consisting of 15 males and 21 females.The research was carried out by applying Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) online learning, using google classroom, WhatsApp group and Google meet. The results of learning observations indicate that the teacher has carried out learning in accordance with the online Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning design. The results of the student response questionnaire at the end of the learning activity after calculating the average percentage of students who gave a positive response was 77.8%. Based on the criteria that have been set, it can be said that the response of students to learning is good. Student learning outcomes increased after Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning was carried out. This is because in Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning, students use the real world to construct knowledge so that it is easier for them to understand the material.
Tax Revenue and Economic Growth Nexus in Ghana: Co-integration and Granger causality Test
Authors: MacCarthy John , Muda Paul , Sunu Prince
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The paper sought to assess the taxes and economic growth nexus in Ghana. The study used annual time-series data collected from 1972 to 2019. The study used the Johansen Co-integration technique, vector error correction model, and Granger causality test to assess the causal relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Ghana. The Co-integration test was used to establish the long-run relationship. In contrast, the Granger Causality test was used to establish the short-run relationship between the variables used in the model. The study revealed that the model has a speed of adjustment of 61.4% to restore the short-run relationship to the long-run equilibrium path.
Furthermore, the study found a unidirectional relationship between tax revenue variables and economic growth. Again, the study found support for a positive and significant nexus between direct tax revenue and economic growth and a significant and negative nexus between indirect tax revenue and economic growth. Based on the results, the study recommends that the government tax policy move gradually from indirect tax revenue concentration to direct tax revenue to finance development programs to sustain economic growth.

Keywords: Direct tax; Economic growth; Granger Causality; Indirect tax.
Preparation of Hematite Nano Particles from Galvanizing Effluents for the Applications in Heavy Metal Removal
Authors:   Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Kansas, USA, RBSD Rajapakshe , PWDP Gangani ,   Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, CA Thennakoon ,   Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, Gunasekara Prabath Nilan ,   LTL Galvanizers Pvt. Ltd, Siriwardene Nirosh ,   LTL Galvanizers Pvt. Ltd, SS Niyangodaa ,   Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, RMG Rajapakse ,   Post Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Published: June 2022

Due to climate change on earth, governments are pursuing the policy of gradually reducing Greenhouse Effects. For example, country like Germany has The demand for safe drinking water grows day by day together with the increasing world population. Meanwhile water resources become increasingly scarce, and quality of natural water decreases due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Industry and agriculture have become a premiere source of hazardous constituents, along with natural processes such as rock weathering and volcanic eruptions. The ability to remove hazardous components, particularly heavy metals from water depends on the selected technology and nature of pollutant. Water purification technologies, mostly involved with sorption and ion-exchange processes, often uses natural iron oxides as ion-exchangers for removal of harmful contaminants from water. These technologies are based on the unique cation-exchange behavior of iron oxides, thus making this sorbent limited to cation removal. Arsenic, copper and nickel are commonly found in water supplies and, therefore, are selected for this study to represent heavy metals in water systems. In this work, hematite nanomaterials were synthesized from the galvanizing effluent collected from the LTL Galvanizers at Makola, Sri Lanka. The industry generates approximately 50 m3 of galvanizing effluent per month and it composes both iron and zinc chlorides. To synthesize pure iron oxide materials, we used the effluents from none re-galvanized chemical baths, which does not contain any zinc chlorides. The synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sorption behaviors of As(III), Cu(II) and Ni(II) were examined batch-wise as a function of pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial metal ion concentration. Residual concentrations of As(III), Cu(II) and Ni(II) in the solution were determined by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The adsorption studies were performed by changing one of the conditions while keeping all others fixed. According to the results, maximum percent removals (%) for all metal ions tested were reached within a short period of 30 minutes. For a given parameter the maximum percent removal (%) of both Cu(II) and As(III) reached more than 95%, while the Ni(II) had percent removal between 35% and 65%.
Physical activity level of medical students: Is there a family effect
Authors: Uğraş Dikmen Asiye , Altunsoy Mustafa , Koç Ali Kadir , Koç Eda , Özkan Seçil
Published: June 2022

Background: Sedentary lifestyle is common in various age groups all over the world and it is an important public health issue because of its adverse effects on health. Taking actions against inactivity among medical students is important because they will become role models for their patients as future doctors. In this research, physical activity (PA) frequency and factors affecting participation in PA among medical students were studied.

Methods: Six hundred sixty-eight medical students from Gazi University Medical Faculty took part in the study. The students answered sociodemographic questions in addition to completing the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ).

Results: One-quarter (24.9%) of the participants did no physical activity. Logistic regression indicated that being female (OR: 1.7), father’s inactivity (OR: 2.2), and family income less than 4500 TL (OR: 1.5) were significant factors in not doing PA among the medical students.

Conclusions: As medical students will play a critical role in improving public health as future doctors, intervention programs should be encouraged in order to increase the PA level of medical students to create a healthy lifestyle habit.
An analysis of emergency department-boarded patients awaiting inpatient beds
Authors: Yakar Şule , Avşaroğulları Levent
Published: June 2022

Background: Emergency department (ED) overcrowding and boarding are the most important factors that affect health services and quality of care all over the world. The objective of this study is to evaluate the length of stay of patients boarded in the ED and to analyze patients’ data in respect to the length of stay.

Methods: This prospective study was carried out in a one-year period. The study included patients older than 18 years old who stayed in the ED more than 3 hours after the decision to transfer the patient to the relevant department due to unavailability of vacant inpatient beds. The mode of arrival to the ED, demographic features, the length of stay, clinical course, and outcomes were recorded and statistically analyzed.

Results: A total of 1750 patients were included in the study. Thirty-five percent of patients stayed more than 24 hours in the ED. Department of Infectious Diseases admitted the highest number of the patients (22.5%). Patients’ need for Intensive Care Unit, departments awaited to admit patients, and patients’ Emergency Severity Index were compared to patients’ length of stay and Charlson Comorbidity Index. Differences between groups were statistically significant (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Insufficient number of inpatient beds is a major factor contributing to the ED boarding and overcrowding, which may have various unfavorable effects on both patient safety and functionality of EDs. Multidisciplinary solutions are required to overcome the problem.
Efficacy of Paediatric Preinduction Anxiety Distraction Techniques During Oncologic Procedures
Authors: Almas Iqbal  , Huma Saleem  , Muhammad Taqi
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Children undergoing oncologic procedures as part of their treatment may suffer from anxiety. It could be related to parental separation, pain/ bodily harm or a previous bad experience of procedure. Pre-procedure anxiety may result in adverse clinical outcomes such as emergence delirium, pulmonary complications and behavioral issues. Preoperative anxiety must be assessed to deal with using appropriate preinduction distraction techniques.

Aims & Objectives: The objective of audit is to determine efficacy of preinduction distraction techniques used in our clinical set up (to meet RCoA standards) in reducing anxiety and need of restrain for children at time of induction.

Place and duration of study: Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore Pakistan. 14th of January 2020 to 15th of March 2020 (8 Weeks).

Material & Methods: It is a prospective outcome-based audit study of 101 children (2-8 years) undergoing intrathecal chemotherapy and bone marrow biopsy at Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital, Lahore. All children had non- pharmacological preinduction distraction techniques (Parental/legal guardian presence and/or play car) to reduce anxiety, cry and need for restraint. Anxiety levels as assessed by modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS), cry and restrain were benchmarked with Royal College of Anesthetists (RCoA) standards.

Results: A total of 101 children with a median age of 4 years (2-8 years), had 100% parental/legal guardian presence at induction. In our audit, 52% of children cried and 43% were found to be anxious. However, only 21% children required use of restraint (holding still in laps) by accompanying parent/legal guardian. This is acceptable for restraint but not for cry/ anxiety as per RCoA benchmark.

Conclusion: Preinduction distraction technique of parental presence and/or toy car, showed only limited benefit in terms of cry, restraint and anxiety levels. Our audited results met benchmark set by RCoA only in terms of restraint but not for anxiety/cry.
Colebrookea Oppositifolia Anti Arthritic Potential Vs Methotrexate in Pristane Induced Rat Arthritis
Authors: Maheen Fatima  , Moneeb Ashraf  , Urooj Fatima  , Muhammad Imran  , Amer Hassan Siddiqui  , Tafzeel Fatima
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of joints with 0.24% global prevalence. Numerous pharmacological agents are available for the management of RA, but they are associated with many adverse effects. Alternative therapies for disease management are urgently needed. Colebrookea oppositifolia (CO) is an important herb with various traditional uses and pharmacological actions. In the present study, anti-arthritic effect of ethanolic extract of Colebrookea oppositifolia (EECO) leaves was evaluated in pristane induced arthritic rats (PIA) and compared to methotrexate by assessing body weight, clinical score of inflammation and histopathology.

Aims & Objectives: To study anti-arthritic effect of C. oppositifolia on a rat model of pristane induced arthritis.

Place and duration of study: This experimental study was conducted in Animal House of Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore from March to September 2019.

Material & Methods: Total forty female Sprague Dawley rats were categorized into five equal groups (n=8). Group A (normal control), group B (disease control). Group C and D belonged to low dose (250mg/kg) and high dose (500mg/kg) EECO treated groups respectively, while group E was methotrexate treated group. Arthritis was induced within two weeks by single intradermal injection of pristane on day 0 in groups B, C, D and E. At Day 15, treatment was initiated and at day 28 paw joint sections were taken for histopathology. Data input and analysis was done by using IBM SPSS version

p value ?0.05 was considered significant.

Results: At week 4, significant increase (approximately 16%) in body weight was observed in all treated groups as compared to disease control. A significant reduction (more than 50%) in clinical score of arthritis was observed in all treated groups compared to diseased control group in which clinical score was 14.50±0.2. All extract and MTX treated groups showed significant improvement (p<0.001) in total histological score of arthritis (no rat was having severe disease) as compared to disease control group (75% of the rats were having severe disease).

Conclusion: This study supported anti-arthritic effect of EECO as illustrated by reduction in inflammatory and histopathological score.
Nigella sativa Seeds Protective Ability in Pyrazinamide Induced Hyperuricemia in Mice
Authors: Amtul Hafeez  , Abdul Mudabbir Rehan  , Zunera Hakim  , Attiya Munir  , Rabia Naseer Khan  , Aamna Khokhar
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Hyperuricemia results in an increased level of blood uric acid, a prerequisite of gout. Commonly prescribed agents for the treatment of hyperuricemia include allopurinol, febuxostat, and probenecid. Multiple adverse effects like hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal upsets and hepatotoxicity limit their use.

Aims & Objectives: To evaluate the serum uric acid lowering effects of Nigella sativa seeds on pyrazinamide induced hyperuricemia in mice.

Place and duration of study: This study was carried out at research facility for animals of NIH, Islamabad and Pharmacology Department of Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi from April to June, 2017.

Material & Methods: Sixty-eight male mice (Swiss Albino) were separated into four groups. Group A mice were labelled as negative control and mice in this group were given chow & glucose water. Group B mice received 500mg/kg Pyrazinamide (PZA) added in glucose water once daily. Group C mice were given low dose Nigella sativa seeds powder in a dose of 500 mg/kg suspended in the glucose water accompanied by PZA in a dose of 500mg/kg. The mice in group D received high dose of Nigella Sativa seeds powder 1000 mg/kg suspended in glucose water along with 500mg/kg of PZA. All the doses of Pyrazinamide and Nigella sativa seeds suspension were given orally for six weeks. Blood sample was collected three times from each group. On day 0, sample from two mice from each group was taken for baseline uric acid levels and of five mice from all groups in mid of study to check uric acid levels. On 42nd day, the blood from remaining 10 mice in each group was taken to check the serum uric acid levels. Analysis of data was done using Graph Pad Prism Version 8, p value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Acute pyrazinamide administration caused a rise in uric acid levels in group B as compared to group A (from 5.94±1.94 to 28.03±15.52 mg/dl). The Nigella sativa seed powder extract suspended in glucose water in a dose of 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg reduced the rise in uric acid levels in pyrazinamide treated group C and D (10.47±3.32 mg/dl & 7.53±1.78 mg/dl).

Conclusion: Nigella sativa possesses antihyperuricemic effect and showed a significant reduction in serum uric acid levels in a dose of 500mg and 1000 mg/kg.
Variations in Symptomatology of Migraine Among Local Population of Pakistan
Authors: Sana Qanber Abbasi  , Zahid Bashir  , Shafeen Zulfiqar  , Ghazal Mansoor  , Qurat-ul-Ain  , Sana Javaid
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Migraine is considered one of the most disabling neurological disorders worldwide. Migraine has recently been shown to effect population with a severe cascade of symptoms. With still a huge gap in understanding of pathogenesis of migraine, knowledge regarding migraine symptomatology is mandatory for effective diagnosis and treatment.

Aims & Objectives: To compare symptoms of migraine between two groups migraineurs (M) and migraineurs with high blood pressure (MBP).

Place and duration of study: The study was conducted at Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute, Department of Physiology and Lahore General Hospital, from January 2015 to June 2015.

Material & Methods: It was a cross-sectional comparative study. The study population was 35 diagnosed migraine patients (M) and 29 migraine patients with high blood pressure (MBP). Patients were questioned about various migraine symptoms based on the standard criteria for diagnosing migraine and the responses were recorded in written on a predesigned proforma. Collected data was studied and interpreted by using SPSS 23 , p value ? 0.05 was taken as significant.

Results: Symptoms of migraine were compared between two groups, migraineurs (M) and migraineurs with high blood pressure (MBP). The mean age of the patients was 25±7years in migraineurs (M) and 38±6 years in migraineurs with high blood pressure (MBP). The incidence of vomiting was significantly higher in patients who had both migraine and high BP, (p-value = 0.008). Collected data was studied and interpreted by using SPSS 23. The difference in the rest of the symptoms was nonsignificant between the two groups studied by using One Way Anova and T-test frequency and percentages. Chi- square test was applied using cross-tabulation to check the association of family history of migraine which was statistically non-significant.

Conclusion: Migraine is a female dominant disorder mostly affecting people in their 30's. There was no significant difference in major diagnostic migraine symptoms in both groups. However, among minor diagnostic symptoms, the frequency of vomiting was higher in patients with migraine with high BP.
Frequency of Leukoerythroblastic Picture and Hematological Parameters in COVID-19 Patients and Association With Disease Severity
Authors: Sindhu Rehman  , Sobia Ashraf  , Shahid Mehmood  , Hafsa Malik  , Rahat Serferaz  , Saeed Ahmed
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Patients infected by COVID-19 can present with severe lung damage and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and have a significant mortality risk involving all body system such as cardiovascular (CVS), gastrointestinal (GIT), neurological (CNS), immune system and haemopoietic system.

Aims & Objectives: To determine frequency of Leukoerythroblastic picture, compare complete blood counts and cell ratios (NLR, PLR, LMR) of positive COVID-19 patients with suspected COVID-19 patients and their association with severity as stratified by mode of admission and clinical status.

Place and duration of study: King Edward Medical University, Mayo Hospital Lahore from December 2020 to January 2021.

Material &Methods: 75 RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 and 75 suspected patients of both genders and aged above 18 years were included. Severity was classified by mode of admission and patient status. CBC samples of all patients were analyzed for counts, differential and LE picture on Sysmex XE-1000 automatic blood analyzer. NLR, LMR and PLR were calculated in both groups. Peripheral smear findings were noted for leukoerythroblastic picture in all patients.Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25, p value ?0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Each group consist of equal (75) number of patients with male predominance. Mean age of patient in confirmed and suspected groups were 58±14 and 61±15 respectively in both groups. Majority were admitted in HDU and ICU compared to isolated wards (P: .000). Frequency of LE picture in both groups was (2.7%) (P:0.12) by Chi-square. Mean± SD were determined, of hematological parameters and ratios in confirmed and suspected groups. ANC (P:0.022), ALC (P:0.032), NLR (P:0.002) were significantly different when compared in both groups.

Median (IQR) of Hb (p: 0.05), WBC (P: 0.000), platelet (P: 0.008), ANC (P: 0.000), NLR (P: 0.000), LMR (P: 0.016)

were significantly correlated with severity, when analyzed by independent-sample Kruskal Wallis Test.

Conclusion: Leukoerythroblastic picture is not associated with severity in COVID-19. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is important prognostic factor in suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients.
Blood Transfusion Practices in Dengue Fever: A Cross Sectional Single Center Study During a Dengue Outbreak in Pakistan
Authors: Asma Nasir  , Madiha Sarwar  , Mavra Fatima  , Hareem Noor  , Ayisha Imran  , Noman Aslam Malik  , Omar Rasheed Chughtai  , Akhtar Sohail Chughtai
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Dengue fever (DF) is a global health problem in tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. Pakistan has become one of the countries which are hit by its outbreaks for the past two decades with the first outbreak reported in 1994.It is a mosquito-borne infection which is transmitted to humans from the mosquito bite. Characteristics of dengue fever are thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy and increased capillary permeability. The disease spectrum ranges from mild fever to life threatening hemorrhagic shock syndrome; hemorrhagic manifestations are the most feared complications of the disease. Guidelines regarding fluid management in dengue fever have been established by Center for Disease Control (CDC) and local national bodies in Pakistan however comprehensive data regarding blood product usage is lacking. Understanding the rationale use of blood products can reduce burden on blood bank inventories as well as reduce unnecessary blood product exposure to the patients in dengue outbreak.

Aims & Objectives: Assessment of compliance of physicians and transfusion provision authorities regarding blood products usage with local and international guidelines in managing dengue outbreak.

Place and duration of study: This study was conducted at Chughtai Institute of Pathology, Lahore from September 2021 to November 2021.

Material & Methods: It was a cross sectional study. Total 107 patients who were non-structural antigen1(NS1) positive confirmed dengue infection presented at Chughtai Blood Bank for request of any blood product were included in the study; individuals with existing cytopenia (known cases) unrelated to Dengue (NS1 antigen positive) were excluded. Data was recorded on a pre-designed Performa/questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0. Frequencies were calculated and expressed as percentages.

Results: Mean Age of 107 patients was 53 years (±19.05) out of which 63(58.9%) were males and 44(41.1%) were females. Blood products requested were platelets in 93(86.9%) patients, platelets and fresh frozen plasma in 3(2.8%), platelets and whole blood in 9(8.4%) and whole blood in 2(1.9%) patients. Therapeutic platelet transfusions were done in 35(32.7%) patients and prophylactic platelet transfusions were done in 72(67.3%) patients.

Conclusion: Lack of practicing evidence-based guidelines and inappropriate usage of blood products during dengue epidemic overburdens health care facilities and adds to the stress and panic. A well-coordinated centralized management system for dengue outbreak can play pivotal role in guiding rationale use of blood products.
Morphometry of Foramen Magnum: An Anatomical Study
Authors: Alvia Batool  , Maryam Fatima  , Shamaila Doggar  , Faeza Rauf  , Samina Munawar  , Fatima Inam  , Samar Iqbal
Published: June 2022

Introduction: The knowledge of foramen magnum dimensions is important for clinicians to highlight the malformations like Arnold Chiari malformation and Achondroplasia. Its morphometry is helpful for neurosurgeons and for forensic experts as well. Foramen magnum (FM) is a large oval opening in the occipital bone of skull that transmits part of brain stem, spinal cord and many related structures

Aims & Objectives: To determine the variations in transverse and antero posterior diameters of foramen magnum and foramen magnum index in dry skulls of adults in Pakistani population.

Place and duration of study: The study was conducted at FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore in December 2021 on 99 dry human skulls.

Material & Methods: The foramen magnum of 99 dry skulls of human adults of unspecified gender and of unknown exact age, from the collection of Anatomy Department in FMH college of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan, was examined to evaluate the dimensions of FM. Digital caliper was used to measure the antero-posterior diameter (APD) and transverse diameter (TD) of foramen magnum (FM) in dry skulls of human adults and then foramen magnum index FMI was calculated by dividing APD by TD.

Results: The mean values of transverse and antero posterior diameters of foramen magnum in dry human skulls were found as23.18+7.68 and 29.22+7.52 respectively. The mean value of foramen magnum index was 1.30+0.22.

Conclusion: Our study determined variations in diameters of FM and FMI in the skulls of Pakistani population. Antero posterior diameter of foramen magnum is more than its transverse diameter and majority of skulls show oval shaped FM. The results of this study may help the neurosurgeons, anthropologists, morphologists, clinical anatomists and forensic experts.
Perception of MBBS Students about Effectiveness of Modified Unobserved Anatomy OSPE Due to COVID-19 Restrictions
Authors: Saba Saleem  , Mahrukh Malik  , Noor Ijaz  , Saba Amjad  , Syed Hussain Raza Zaidi  , Nabila Kaukab
Published: June 2022

Introduction: In COVID-19 pandemic, whole of the medical education faced a paradigm shift. Majority of the medical schools shifted their academics online but fair conduction of assessments was still in question. Around the world, many techniques were applied and one was followed at University Medical and Dental College, Lahore (UCMD).

Aims & Objectives: To assess the perception of students about modified version of OSPE (displayed on multimedia) so that to implement the same protocol in future by meeting the SOPs without affecting the academics.

Place and duration of study: The study was carried out at UCMD, Lahore in year 2021 and was of 6 months duration. Material & Methods:150 students each from first and second year MBBS classes participated in this study. After following the strict SOPs of COVID-19, the students were settled in an auditorium and OSPE was displayed on multimedia screen instead of moving from one station to another as done previously. Feedback was taken from the students after the exam.

Results: Response from the students was recorded and percentages were calculated which showed that majority of the students appreciated this modified version of OSPE.

Conclusion: This study proved that modified Anatomy OSPE was an effective tool to grade the students without academic disturbance which was imminent in global pandemic and this method can be adapted henceforward.
Association of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy on Echocardiography with Hemorrhagic and Non-Hemorrhagic Stroke
Authors: Fahad Ali  , Qazi Abdul Saboor  , Faryad Ali  , Talha Mahmud  , Syed Ahmad Ali Hassan  , Athar Iqbal
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is related to increased risk of stroke. However, very few studies analyzed association of LVH assessed by Echocardiography (Echo) in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke separately.

Aims & Objectives: To determine the association of left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography with hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic stroke.

Place & Duration of Study: Study was done in Department of Cardiology Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore for six months from 01-01-2019 to 30-06-2019.

Material & Methods: Total 190 patients, fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. All patients underwent for echo and LVH was noted. Left ventricular posterior wall (PW) and inter ventricular septum (IVS) thickness>11mm in males and >10mm in females labeled as LVH.

Results: Results of this study showed that risk of LVH was 1.66 times higher among patients who presented with Hemorrhagic: 57.9% vs Non-hemorrhagic stroke: 34.7%. Elderly age group patients (RR: 1.85), female patients (RR:2.53), overweight patients (RR:2.38), longer duration of stroke (RR:2.42) and diabetic patients had higher association with LVH in hemorrhagic stroke.

Conclusion: It was observed in this study that patients having hemorrhagic stroke had higher association of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) as compared to Non- Hemorrhagic stroke. Further studies are needed in this domain to address the association between LVH and hemorrhagic stroke.
The Impact of Emotional Arousal on Amygdala Activity, Memory Consolidation, and Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus
Authors: Zhang Isaac
Published: June 2022

The amygdala is important for the perception and expression of emotion. Research on the amygdala has shown that its activation through emotional arousal leads to enhanced memory of certain events. Emotional experience is known to induce the release of hormones epinephrine and cortisol, which are essential for responding to stressful events. These hormones initiate pathways between the amygdala, locus coeruleus and vagus nerve as well as aid in the activation of the hippocampus, a brain region involved in forming solid memories that can endure the tests of time. Through these hormones, the amygdala can instigate long-term potentiation (LTP) and spike-timing dependent plasticity (STPD) through hormone binding and modulation of gamma and theta frequency neuronal oscillations in the brain. Oftentimes, memories which are remembered best are emotionally saturated, but the biochemistry responsible for this effect is not yet fully understood. This review will analyze and summarize the research of many decades on this perplexing topic to hopefully help untangle a small component of the complex and intricate design of the human creation.
Pretibial Lacerations in Young Athletes: Evaluating Who is at Risk, and Methods in Reducing Infection
Authors: Dougherty Meghan , Bauer Kim
Published: June 2022

This study begins research in identifying risks factors youth athletes face when it comes to their probability of getting a pretibial laceration; which is seen more often in elderly populations. The data of shin skin thickness in athletes and non-athletes were compared in this research, as well as methods to decrease rates of infection in pretibial lacerations. The hypothesis of this research is to test if youth athletes are the most susceptible to pretibial lacerations compared to youth non-athletes. Data showed that athletes have “thicker” skin than non-athletes, which meant that they had more muscle mass surrounding their tibia bone which meant they have less skin to protect their tibia which leads to an increased risk of pretibial lacerations compared to other youth populations.
Robert Stanton's Structuralism in Andrea Hirata's Novel the Dreamer and Paulo Coelho's Novel the Alchemist
Authors: Syarifah Syarifah , Agussalim Agussalim , Anshari Anshari
Published: June 2022

This study aims to describe the comparison between the facts of the story based on the structural analysis of Robert Stanton in Andrea Hirata's novel Sang Pe dreamer and Paulo Coelho's Sang Alchemist novel. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. In collecting data, this research uses a documentation study method by using reading and note-taking techniques. The data obtained were analyzed using structuralism theory according to Robert Stanton's fictional theory, then concluded with a comparative literature approach. The results of this study indicate that there are differences and similarities in the facts of the story contained in Andrea Hirata's novel The Dreamer and Paulo Coelho's Sang Pe dreamer. The similarity is that the facts of the story contained in the two novels are equally related to reveal the same theme of the story. The difference between the two novels is the concept of characterization, plot, and setting. This difference is strongly influenced by the authors' backgrounds and very different cultures.