bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mating system impacts the genetic architecture of adaptation to heterogeneous environments
Authors: Hodgins Kathryn A. , Yeaman Sam
Published: September 2019

Self‐fertilisation has consequences for variation across the genome as it reduces effective population size, effect recombination rates and pollen flow, with implications for local adaptation.

We conducted simulations of divergent stabilising selection on a quantitative trait with drift, pollen flow, mutation, recombination and different outcrossing rates. We quantified trait divergence and the genetic architecture of adaptation. We conducted an FST outlier analysis to identify candidate loci and quantified the impact of mating system on detectability.

Selfing promoted trait divergence mainly through reductions in pollen flow. Moreover, trait architecture became more diffuse with selfing. Average effect size of trait loci was lower, while the number of loci, and their clustering distance increased. The genetic architecture of selfers was also more diffuse than outcrossers for equivalent migration rates. However, when deleterious alleles were included, architectures became more concentrated in selfers, likely to be because of reductions in population size caused by mutational meltdown and impacts of background selection on Ne.

Our simulations demonstrate that mating system has important impacts on adaptive divergence of traits and the genetic landscape underlying that divergence. Selfing has a significant effect on detectability of regions of the genome important for adaptation because of neutral divergence and diffuse trait architecture.
PTSD and its dissociative subtype through the lens of the insula: Anterior and posterior insula resting‐state functional connectivity and its predictive validity using machine learning
Authors: Harricharan Sherain , Nicholson Andrew A. , Thome Janine , Densmore Maria , McKinnon Margaret C. , Théberge Jean , Frewen Paul A. , Neufeld Richard W. J. , Lanius Ruth A.
Published: September 2019

Individuals with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) typically experience states of reliving and hypervigilance; however, the dissociative subtype of PTSD (PTSD+DS) presents with additional symptoms of depersonalization and derealization. Although the insula is critical to emotion processing, its association with these contrasting symptom profiles is yet to be fully delineated. Accordingly, we investigated insula subregion resting‐state functional connectivity patterns among individuals with PTSD, PTSD+DS, and healthy controls. Using SPM12 and PRONTO software, we implemented a seed‐based resting‐state functional connectivity approach, along with multiclass Gaussian process classification machine learning, respectively, in order to evaluate unique patterns and the predictive validity of insula subregion connectivity among individuals with PTSD (n = 84), PTSD+DS (n = 49), and age‐matched healthy controls (n = 51). As compared to PTSD and PTSD+DS, healthy controls showed increased right anterior and posterior insula connectivity with frontal lobe structures. By contrast, PTSD showed increased bilateral posterior insula connectivity with subcortical structures, including the periaqueductal gray. Strikingly, as compared to PTSD and controls, PTSD+DS showed increased bilateral anterior and posterior insula connectivity with posterior cortices, including the left lingual gyrus and the left precuneus. Moreover, machine learning analyses were able to classify PTSD, PTSD+DS, and controls using insula subregion connectivity patterns with 80.4% balanced accuracy (p < .01). These findings suggest a neurobiological distinction between PTSD and its dissociative subtype with regard to insula subregion functional connectivity patterns. Furthermore, machine learning algorithms were able to utilize insula resting‐state connectivity patterns to discriminate between participant groups with high predictive accuracy.
Influence of Reputation on Cooperative Behavior in Crowd Innovation Network
Authors: Wang Lei , Lin Jing , Yi Ting , Fan Wenqi
Published: September 2019

Objective

The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of a crowd innovation network and its cooperation obstacles.

Methods

This study constructs a reputation‐based public goods game model, uses the maximum utility of neighbors as the standard in order to update strategies, and analyzes the cooperative, evolutionary effect toward reputation of a crowd innovation network.

Results

The introduction of a reputation mechanism in the PGG can significantly promote the level of group cooperation, and the increase of reputation heterogeneity and co‐factors can promote the evolution proportion of cooperators in the group.

Conclusion

Reputation and its critical threshold have significant effect on cooperation under proper network scale.
Three new HLA alleles, HLA‐A*02:01:01:126, ‐B*35:01:01:40, and ‐B*44:02:01:37 detected in Spanish donors
Authors: Marin Rubio Luis A. , Rada Ramon , Ontañon Jesús
Published: September 2019

The new HLA‐A*02:01:01:126, B*35:01:01:40, and B*44:02:01:37 alleles characterized in Spanish individuals.
Hepatitis B virus reactivation during belatacept treatment after kidney transplantation
Authors: Cambier Marie‐Laure , Canestri Ana , Lependeven Catherine , Peltier Julie , Mesnard Laurent , Dahan Karine
Published: September 2019

We report a case of HBV reactivation following belatacept treatment in a patient who underwent kidney transplantation in 2015 for HIV‐associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Human immunodeficiency virus viral load was undetectable prior to transplantation, and CD4+ lymphocyte count was greater than 300/mL. Baseline HBV serology at transplantation was HBsAg negative, anti‐HBcAb positive, anti‐HBsAb 312 UI/L, and HBeAg negative/anti‐HBeAb positive. Liver function tests were normal, and viral DNA was undetectable. Two years later, the patient presented with severe acute hepatitis after a progressive disappearance of anti‐HbsAb, quickly followed by HBV reactivation. Immunosuppressive treatment was drastically reduced, and treatment with entecavir was started. The outcome was favorable, and HBV DNA became undetectable after 9 weeks of treatment. This is the first report of acute hepatitis related to HBV reactivation in a kidney transplant recipient treated with belatacept. The risk for HBV reactivation in patients treated with belatacept should not be underestimated, especially in those with resolved HBV infection.
Fast and cloning‐free CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genomic editing in mammalian cells
Authors: Manna Paul T. , Davis Luther J. , Robinson Margaret S.
Published: September 2019

CHoP‐In (CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated Homology‐independent PCR‐product integration) is a fast, non‐homologous end‐joining based, strategy for genomic editing in mammalian cells. There is no requirement for cloning in generation of the integration donor, instead the desired integration donor is produced as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product, flanked by the Cas9 recognition sequences of the target locus. When co‐transfected with the cognate Cas9 and guide RNA, double strand breaks are introduced at the target genomic locus and at both ends of the PCR product. This allows incorporation into the genomic locus via hon‐homologous end joining. The approach is versatile, allowing N‐terminal, C‐terminal or internal tag integration and gives predictable genomic integrations, as demonstrated for a selection of well characterised membrane trafficking proteins. The lack of donor vectors offers advantages over existing methods in terms of both speed and hands‐on time. As such this approach will be a useful addition to the genome editing toolkit of those working in mammalian cell systems.
Characterization of RHD locus polymorphism in D negative and D variant donors from Northwestern Argentina
Authors: Trucco Boggione Carolina , Nogués Núria , González‐Santesteban Cecilia , Mufarrege Nicolás , Luján Brajovich Melina , Mattaloni Stella Maris , Leri Mónica , Biondi Claudia , Muñiz‐Diaz Eduardo , Castilho Lilian , Cotorruelo Carlos
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

A notable RHD variability has been observed in Central Argentina's current population attributed to the intermixing of different ethnic groups. The Northwestern region of the country is characterized by a markedly Amerindian genetic contribution. In this sense, the definition of the RHD polymorphism in individuals from this area was lacking.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 757 donors from Northwestern Argentina, with D negative C and/or E positive (n = 526), and D variant (n = 231) phenotype defined by standard hemmaglutination tube techniques were genotyped using in‐house PCR strategies, commercial SNP arrays and Sanger sequencing.

RESULTS

Among D negative C and/or E positive samples, RHD null (15.40%) and DEL alleles (3.23%) were identified. One unreported SNP c.1001T>A responsible for a null allele was found. RHD*01N.75 (4.18%) and RHD*DEL43 (2.66%) were the most prevalent variants following RHD*03N.01 (8.75%). The characterization of serologic weak D phenotypes showed that RHD*weak D type 1, 2, and 3 variants were found only in 37.24% of the samples, whereas RHD*weak D type 93 was the most prevalent allele (25.11%). Also, a previously unreported missense variation c.764G>A was identified.

CONCLUSIONS

A RHD genotyping strategy for patients and donors from Northwestern Argentina must consider the detection of the frequently found RHD*01N.75, RHD*DEL43, and RHD*weak D type 93 variants. Taking into account that RHD*DEL43 has scarcely been found in North Americans and Europeans whereas RHD*01N.75 and RHD*weak D type 93 have never been described in populations other than Argentineans, these RHD variants could be attributed to Native Amerindian genetic influence.
Cyclin D1 immunohistochemical expression and somatic mutations in canine oral melanoma
Authors: Zamboni Clarissa , Brocca Ginevra , Ferraresso Serena , Ferro Silvia , Sammarco Alessandro , Dal Corso Chiara , Iussich Selina , de Andres Paloma J. , Martìnez de Merlo Elena M. , Cavicchioli Laura , Zappulli Valentina , Castagnaro Massimo
Published: September 2019

Canine oral melanoma (COM) is the most frequent tumour with oral localization in dogs. Copy number gains and amplifications of CCND1, a gene coding for Cyclin D1, are the most frequent chromosomal aberrations described in human non‐UV induced melanomas. Twenty‐eight cases of COM were retrieved from paraffin‐blocks archives. A total of 4 μm thick sections were immunostained with an antibody against human Cyclin D1 and Ki‐67. Cyclin D1 and Ki‐67 expressions were scored through two counting methods. DNA was extracted from 20 μm thick sections of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded blocks. Pathological and surrounding healthy tissue was extracted independently. Cyclin D1 immunolabelling was detected in 69% (18/26) while Ki‐67 was present in 88.5% (23/26) of cases. Statistical analysis revealed correlation between two counting methods for Cyclin D1 (r = 0.54; P = .004) and Ki‐67 (r = 0.56; P = .003). The correlation found between Ki‐67 and Cyclin D1 indexes in 16/26 cases labelled by both antibodies (r = 0.7947; P = .0002) suggests a possible use of Cyclin D1 index as prognostic marker. Polymerase chain reaction analysis on CCND1 coding sequence revealed the presence of nine somatic mutations in seven samples producing synonymous, missense and stop codons. Since none of the single‐nucleotide polymorphisms was found to be recurrent, it is suggested that overexpression of Cyclin D1 may be the consequence of alterations of CCND1 upstream regions or other genetic aberrations not detectable with the methodology used in this study. Future studies are needed to verify the potential use of Cyclin D1 index as prognostic indicator and to highlight the molecular events responsible for Cyclin D1 overexpression in COMs.
The utility of diagnostic tests for immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia
Authors:   Members of the Veterinary and Comparative Clinical Immunology Society Diagnostic Task Force, MacNeill Amy L. , Dandrieux Julien , Lubas George , Seelig Davis , Szladovits Balázs
Published: September 2019

Background

A definitive diagnosis of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) can be difficult to make. However, it is critical to differentiate IMHA from other causes of anemia due to the impact on prognosis and outcome for IMHA patients. Recently published American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine recommendations for the diagnosis of IMHA should be followed to concurrently confirm ongoing anemia, verify in vivo hemolysis, and detect anti‐erythrocyte antibodies. The reliability of immunologic IMHA tests varies depending on which test is used and how it is performed.

Objectives

Our aims were to determine which tests are currently used in veterinary medicine to diagnose IMHA and review the utility of assays that have historically been used to diagnose IMHA.

Methods

A short survey was designed to see which diagnostic tests for IMHA were currently being used by veterinary practices. The survey was distributed via list‐serves to veterinarians and veterinary technologists. A literature review was performed to report the utility of diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of IMHA.

Results

Survey respondents indicated a variability in test protocols used to diagnose IMHA. Most respondents perform saline agglutination or Coombs’ tests to detect anti‐erythrocyte antibodies. Additional tests that can be used to support a diagnosis of IMHA are discussed in this review.

Conclusions

A standardized diagnostic approach should be followed to differentiate IMHA from other causes of anemia. Test methodology can vary from one laboratory to another, and clinicians should be familiar with the procedures used by their laboratory.
Comparative performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies under different nutrient and light conditions
Authors: Wang Y , Fan Z W , Shen Y D , Li X X , Liu Y , Huang Q Q
Published: September 2019

Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate.
Structure and severity of pharyngeal obstruction determine oral appliance efficacy in sleep apnoea
Authors: Marques Melania , Genta Pedro R. , Azarbarzin Ali , Taranto‐Montemurro Luigi , Messineo Ludovico , Hess Lauren B. , Demko Gail , White David P. , Sands Scott A. , Wellman Andrew
Published: September 2019

Key points

Some patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) respond well to oral appliance therapy, whereas others do not for reasons that are unclear.

In the present study, we used gold‐standard measurements to demonstrate that patients with a posteriorly‐located tongue (natural sleep endoscopy) exhibit a preferential improvement in collapsibility (lowered critical closing pressure) with oral appliances.

We also show that patients with both posteriorly‐located tongue and less severe collapsibility (predicted responder phenotype) exhibit greater improvements in severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (i.e. reduction in event frequency by 83%, in contrast to 48% in predicted non‐responders).

The present study suggests that the structure and severity of pharyngeal obstruction determine the phenotype of sleep apnoea patients who benefit maximally from oral appliance efficacy.

A major limitation to the administration of oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is that therapeutic responses remain unpredictable. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that oral appliance therapy (i) reduces pharyngeal collapsibility preferentially in patients with posteriorly‐located tongue and (ii) is most efficacious (reduction in apnoea‐hypopnea index; AHI) in patients with a posteriorly‐located tongue and less‐severe baseline pharyngeal collapsibility. Twenty‐five OSA patients underwent upper airway endoscopy during natural sleep to assess tongue position (type I: vallecula entirely visible; type II: vallecula obscured; type III: vallecula and glottis obscured), as well as obstruction as a result of other pharyngeal structures (e.g. epiglottis). Additional sleep studies with and without oral appliance were performed to measure collapsibility (critical closing pressure; Pcrit) and assess treatment efficacy. Overall, oral appliance therapy reduced Pcrit by 3.9 ± 2.4 cmH2O (mean ± SD) and AHI by 69 ± 19%. Therapy lowered Pcrit by an additional 2.7 ± 0.9 cmH2O in patients with posteriorly‐located tongue (types II and III) compared to those without (type I) (P < 0.008). Posteriorly‐located tongue (p = 0.03) and lower collapsibility (p = 0.04) at baseline were significant determinants of (greater‐than‐average) treatment efficacy. Predicted responders (type II and III and Pcrit < 1 cmH2O) exhibited a greater reduction in the AHI (83 ± 9 vs. 48 ± 8% baseline, P < 0.001) and a lower treatment AHI (9 ± 6 vs. 32 ± 15 events h–1, P < 0.001) than predicted non‐responders. The site and severity of pharyngeal collapse combine to determine oral appliance efficacy. Specifically, patients with a posteriorly‐located tongue plus less‐severe collapsibility are the strongest candidates for oral appliance therapy.
Radial Decomposition of Blade Vibration to Identify a Stall Flutter Source in a Transonic Fan
Authors: Rendu Q. , Vahdati M. , Salles L.
Published: September 2019

This paper investigates the three dimensionality of the unsteady flow responsible for stall flutter instability. Nonlinear unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computations are used to predict the aeroelastic behavior of a fan blade at part speed. Flutter is experienced by the blades at low mass flow for the first flap mode at nodal diameter 2. The maximal energy exchange is located near the tip of the blade, at 90% span. The modeshape is radially decomposed to investigate the main source of instability. This decomposition method is validated for the first time in 3D using a time-marching nonlinear solver. The source of stall flutter is finally found at 65% span where the local vibration induces an unstable oscillation of the shock-wave of large amplitude. This demonstrates that the radial migration of the pressure fluctuations must be taken into account to predict stall flutter.
Seasonal Variability of the Solar Energy Potential of the City of Abidjan: Experimental Comparative Study of Two Sunshine Measurement Techniques
Authors: Kouassi Adingra Paul Arsène , Touré Siaka , Traoré Diakaridja
Published: September 2019

Most countries have a national weather station. In Côte d’Ivoire, it is the Aeronautical and Meteorological Exploitation Company (SODEXAM) which is in charge of it through its databank. The inaccessibility of these data leads many solar energy entrepreneurs to move toward free sites that are often out of phase with the meteorological realities of the area considered. We propose in this paper, a comparative study of two sunshine measurement techniques, namely, the technique of the heliograph and that of the thermoelectric pyranometer, to discuss the reliability of the data provided by these techniques, but also to analyze the seasonal variations of the insolation of Abidjan from 1978 to 2017. The comparison of the results produced by these two approaches showed a discrepancy of up to 43%, with much higher values for the national station. The analysis of the solar field of this city over a period of 19 years has shown a great variability of the solar energy potential which starts from a decrease in energy, from 4447 Wh/m2 (1978–1988) to 3303 Wh/m2 (2003–2009), to achieve an energy increase up to 4782 Wh/m2 (2016–2017). The solar year has been characterized in three solar seasons depending on the mensuel solar irradiation.
Full-Annulus URANS Study on the Transportation of Combustion Inhomogeneity in a Four-Stage Cooled Turbine
Authors: Chi Zhongran , Liu Haiqing , Zang Shusheng , Pan Chengxiong , Jiao Guangyun
Published: September 2019

The inhomogeneity of temperature in a turbine is related to the nonuniform heat release and air injections in combustors, which is commonly measured by thermal couples at the turbine exit. Investigation of temperature inhomogeneity transportation in a multistage gas turbine should help in detecting and quantifying the over-temperature or flameout of combustors using turbine exhaust temperature. Here, the transportation of combustion inhomogeneity inside the four-stage turbine of a 300-MW gas turbine engine was numerically investigated. The computational domain included four turbine stages, consisting of more than 500 blades and vanes. Realistic components (N2, O2, CO2, and H2O) with variable heat capacities were considered for hot gas and cooling air. Coolants were added to the computational domain through more than 19,000 mass and momentum source terms. An unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics (URANS CFD) run with over-temperature/flameout at 6 selected combustors out of 24 was carried out. The temperature distributions at rotor–stator interfaces and the turbine outlet were quantified and characterized using Fourier transformations in the space domain. It is found that the transport process from the hot streaks/cold streaks at the inlet to the outlet is relatively stable. The cold and hot fluid is redistributed in time and space due to the stator and rotor blades, and in the region with a large parameter gradient at the inlet, a strong unsteady temperature field and a composition field appear. The distribution of the exhaust-gas composition has a stronger correlation with the inlet temperature distribution and is less susceptible to interactions.
Effect of Geometric Variability on Running Shape and Performance of a Transonic Fan
Authors: Lu Yaozhi , Green Jeff , Stapelfeldt Sina C. , Vahdati Mehdi
Published: September 2019

Due to imperfection in the manufacturing process and in-service wear, fan blades in a turbofan engine do not have the same geometry. This lack of symmetry inevitably leads to difficulties in predicting the fan blades' running geometry in an assembly as blade variability is amplified by the aerodynamic and centrifugal loading. This variability can lead to an aeromechanical phenomenon termed “alternate passage divergence” (APD). As the name suggests, it manifests itself as alternating geometric and aerodynamic patterns in a fan assembly during operation. APD can potentially influence the fan performance, the stability, and the multiple pure tone (MPT)/“Buzz-Saw” noise and is therefore an important area of research. For this study, the APD phenomenon is purposely triggered on a transonic fan blade. A full-assembly computational domain with one mis-staggered blade is used to examine the whole assembly performance and the untwist behavior with APD. In particular, the influence of fan blade stiffness on the APD behavior is examined. The behavior of the current blade is compared with that of a blade used in a precursor study, and it is found that, under certain conditions, the blades show similar behavior even though they have distinctly different geometry features. This illustrates that it is important to understand the phenomenon as the accurate prediction of running geometry is vital at early design stage.
Increasing Revenue of Nuclear Power Plants With Thermal Storage
Authors: Borowiec Katarzyna , Wysocki Aaron , Shaner Samuel , Greenwood Michael S. , Ellis Matthew
Published: September 2019

Introducing large amounts of electricity produced from variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar decreases wholesale electricity price while increasing the volatility of the market. These conditions drive the need for peak-load power generation, while regulation requirements fuel the push for flexible power generation. The increase of variable renewable energy in the market share, along with falling natural gas prices, makes nuclear power plants less competitive. Thermal storage is being considered to increase the nuclear power plant revenue. Thermal storage increases the flexibility of the nuclear plant system without sacrificing its efficiency. There are multiple opportunities to increase the nuclear power plant revenue, including increased capacity payments, arbitrage, and ancillary services. An economic analysis was performed to investigate the revenue increase of the system with thermal storage. The investment cost was assessed, and net present value was evaluated for the considered scenarios. Two system designs were considered in the analysis: a thermal storage system using the existing power conversion infrastructure and an integrated design with thermal storage fully incorporated into the reactor system design. The preliminary analysis showed that introducing a thermal storage system is profitable for some scenarios considered. Profitability depends significantly on the storage size, output flexibility, share of variable renewable energy, and market characteristics.
What we were reading in 2018
Authors: Beddoe Liz
Published: September 2019

Editorial
Banging the same old colonial drum? Moving from individualising practices and cultural appropriation to the ethical application of alternative practices in social work
Authors: Curtis Canice , Morley Christine
Published: September 2019

INTRODUCTION: Western conceptualisations of social work are increasingly interestedin practices considered to be alternative or non-traditional to respond to oppression. While incorporating alternative methods into social work is frequently viewed as unproblematic, we suggest critical reflection is necessary to safeguard against inadvertent, culturally unsafe practice and the uncritical re-inscription of individualised solutions.APPROACH: In this article, we explore the application of group drumming practices within social work through examination of a critical incident. While the benefits of group drumming are well documented, we use critical reflection to explore ethical challenges of incorporating group drumming practices into social work.CONCLUSIONS: We highlight strategies for social workers using alternative or non- traditional practices that support cultural humility and critical practice goals. This research holds implications for social workers interested in the potential of alternative practices while remaining committed to critical practice and cultural safety.
An invisible population—Young carers in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Hanna Sue , Chisnell Charlotte
Published: September 2019

INTRODUCTION: This paper discusses the situation of young carers, a population of children, young people and young adults who have received little attention in Aotearoa New Zealand social policy, social work practice and research.METHOD: The authors draw attention to the status and needs of this group through a review of literature and through their reflections, as two English-registered social workers, on practice with young carers in the United Kingdom.FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS: The paper argues that young carers are a vulnerable, invisible group who require recognition and respect. Using a children’s rights framework,it is suggested that more attention should be given by social workers to understanding the complexity of this role, and the rights of young carers as children under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Doing research in social work and social care: The journey from student to practitioner researcher
Authors: Chubb Laura
Published: September 2019

Book review.
Normal mode dispersion and time warping in the coastal ocean
Authors: Godin Oleg A. , Katsnelson Boris G. , Tan Tsu Wei
Published: September 2019

Simple, analytically solvable models of normal mode propagation in the coastal ocean are developed and applied to study the effect of the seafloor bathymetry on modal travel times. Within the adiabatic approximation, horizontal inhomogeneity of the waveguide is found to change the modal dispersion curves in a way that helps separation of the modal components of the acoustic field using the time-warping transform. It is shown that moderate seafloor slopes can lead to surprisingly large errors in retrieved geoacoustic parameters and cause a positive bias in bottom sound speed estimates if horizontal refraction is ignored.
Using Music-Based Cadence Entrainment to Manipulate Walking Intensity
Authors: Perry Dylan C. , Moore Christopher C. , Sands Colleen J. , Aguiar Elroy J. , Gould Zachary R. , Tudor-Locke Catrine , Ducharme Scott W.
Published: September 2019

Background: While previous studies indicate an auditory metronome can entrain cadence (in steps per minute), music may also evoke prescribed cadences and metabolic intensities. Purpose: To determine how modulating the tempo of a single commercial song influences adults’ ability to entrain foot strikes while walking and how this entrainment affects metabolic intensity. Methods: Twenty healthy adults (10 men and 10 women; mean [SD]: age 23.7 [2.7] y, height 172.8 [9.0] cm, mass 71.5 [16.2] kg) walked overground on a large circular pathway for six 5-min conditions; 3 self-selected speeds (slow, normal, and fast); and 3 trials listening to a song with its tempo modulated to 80, 100, and 125 beats per minute. During music trials, participants were instructed to synchronize their step timing with the music tempo. Cadence was measured via direct observation, and metabolic intensity (metabolic equivalents) was assessed using indirect calorimetry. Results: Participants entrained their cadences to the music tempos (mean absolute percentage error = 5.3% [5.8%]). Entraining to a music tempo of 100 beats per minute yielded ≥3 metabolic equivalents in 90% of participants. Trials with music entrainment exhibited greater metabolic intensity compared with self-paced trials (repeated-measures analysis of variance, F1,19 = 8.05, P = .01). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential for using music to evoke predictable metabolic intensities.
Implementing a Weight Training Program for Beginners
Authors: Lass Lanie
Published: September 2019

Weight training activities provide positive benefits to the fitness programs of men and women of all ages. The provision of educational materials and training sessions is not only an excellent service but will also provide participants with the means to achieve success and therefore continue their participation
Knowing What They Know: An Analysis of Senior Student Affairs Administrators’ Knowledge of NIRSA
Authors: Mowery Rebecca J.
Published: September 2019

Many campus recreational sports and intramural sports personnel are identified as members of the student affairs staff. It is not uncommon, therefore, for the Senior Student Affairs Administrator to be charged with communicating the importance/mission of campus intramural, club and recreational sports programs to campus administrators, trustees, budgeting committees, advisory boards and other key constituents. Consequently it is important that the Senior Student Affairs Administrator is knowledgeable enough to clearly convey the benefits of professionally administered campus intramural, club and recreational sports programs as well as demonstrate an appreciation of the vast professional matters for which recreational sports administrators are responsible.

NIRSA Research Grant supported study was designed as a qualitative and descriptive investigation of Senior Student Affairs Administrators’ awareness and knowledge of NIRSA and related issues. The purpose of this study is three-fold:

1. To assess Senior Student Affairs Administrators’ knowledge of NIRSA, the Certified Recreational Sports Specialist (CRSS) program, and intramural, club and recreational sports programs.

2. To analyze the degree to which their professional and continuing education included course work and information related to intramural, club and recreational sports.

3. To explore strategies for expanding the exposure of current and future Senior Student Affairs Administrators to NIRSA.
Outsourcing Basic Physical Education Instruction to Enhance Student Enrichment
Authors: Jones Art , Mathesius Peter
Published: September 2019

The number of outsource-service providers is growing among college and universities because of declining budgets and cutbacks in private support. Typically, these efforts have involved non-instructional services, such as custodial operations, grounds maintenance, and food services. While this has been a common practice, few universities have outsourced instructional programs. This paper presents Utah State University's successful model for outsourcing basic activity classes. Enabling authority is discussed along with budgetary arrangement and departmental oversight. Appropriate classes are identified for ease in outreaching and advantages and disadvantages of the program are given. Finally, the logistical steps in program organization are listed for those who wish to try outreaching.
Fund Raising for Recreational Sports
Authors: Mueller C.E.(Pat) , Oatey Jennifer Sue
Published: September 2019

The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to Mr. Dale Hanson, Coordinator of Fund Raising at the University of Minnesota, for his assistance in preparing this article.
Kinetics of CXCL12 binding to atypical chemokine receptor 3 reveal a role for the receptor N terminus in chemokine binding
Authors: Gustavsson Martin , Dyer Douglas P. , Zhao Chunxia , Handel Tracy M.
Published: September 2019

Reciprocal N-terminal interactions sequester a chemokine at the atypical receptor ACKR3.
PIEZO1 promotes inflammation
Authors: Williams Erin R.
Published: September 2019

Myeloid cells respond to mechanical force through the ion channel PIEZO1, which promotes their proinflammatory response.
Population Dynamics of
Salmonella enterica
within Beef Cattle Cohorts Followed from Single-Dose Metaphylactic Antibiotic Treatment until Slaughter
Authors: Levent Gizem , Schlochtermeier Ashlynn , Ives Samuel E. , Norman Keri N. , Lawhon Sara D. , Loneragan Guy H. , Anderson Robin C. , Vinasco Javier , Scott H. Morgan
Published: September 2019

Salmonella
is a leading bacterial foodborne pathogen, causing a significant number of human infections and deaths every year in the United States. Macrolides and 3rd-generation cephalosporins play critical roles in the treatment of human salmonellosis. Use of these antibiotics in beef cattle can select for resistant bacteria that may enter the food chain or spread from the farm via manure. There is a lack of longitudinal research concerning the long-term effects of metaphylactic antibiotic administration. Here, we assessed
Salmonella
population dynamics during the feeding period until slaughter following single-dose antibiotic treatment. We found no long-term effects of antibiotic use early in the cattle-feeding period on
Salmonella
prevalence and antimicrobial resistance at slaughter. We identified the pens in which cattle were housed as the factor that contributed most to
Salmonella
serotypes being shared; importantly, the dominant strain in each pen changed repeatedly over the entire feeding period.
Himalayan
Saccharomyces eubayanus
Genome Sequences Reveal Genetic Markers Explaining Heterotic Maltotriose Consumption by Saccharomyces pastorianus Hybrids
Authors: Brouwers Nick , Brickwedde Anja , Gorter de Vries Arthur R. , van den Broek Marcel , Weening Susan M. , van den Eijnden Lieke , Diderich Jasper A. , Bai Feng-Yan , Pronk Jack T. , Daran Jean-Marc G.
Published: September 2019

S. pastorianus
, an
S. cerevisiae
×
S. eubayanus
hybrid, is used for production of lager beer, the most produced alcoholic beverage worldwide. It emerged by spontaneous hybridization and colonized early lager brewing processes. Despite accumulation and analysis of genome sequencing data of
S. pastorianus
parental genomes, the genetic blueprint of industrially relevant phenotypes remains unresolved. Assimilation of maltotriose, an abundant sugar in wort, has been postulated to be inherited from the
S. cerevisiae
parent. Here, we demonstrate that although Asian
S. eubayanus
isolates harbor a functional maltotriose transporter
SeAGT1
gene, they are unable to grow on α-oligoglucosides, but expression of
S. cerevisiae
regulator
MAL13
(
ScMAL13
) was sufficient to restore growth on trisaccharides. We hypothesized that the
S. pastorianus
maltotriose phenotype results from regulatory interaction between
S. cerevisiae
maltose transcription activator and the promoter of
SeAGT1
. We experimentally confirmed the heterotic nature of the phenotype, and thus these results provide experimental evidence of the evolutionary origin of an essential phenotype of lager brewing strains.
Investigation of Preanalytical Variables Impacting Pathogen Cell-Free DNA in Blood and Urine
Authors: Murugesan Kanagavel , Hogan Catherine A. , Palmer Zaida , Reeve Byron , Theron Grant , Andama Alfred , Somoskovi Akos , Steadman Amy , Madan Damian , Andrews Jason , Croda Julio , Sahoo Malaya K. , Cattamanchi Adithya , Pinsky Benjamin A. , Banaei Niaz
Published: September 2019

Pathogen cell-free DNA (pcfDNA) in blood and urine is an attractive biomarker; however, the impact of preanalytical factors is not well understood. Blood and urine samples from healthy donors spiked with cfDNA from
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
,
Salmonella enterica
,
Aspergillus fumigatus
, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and samples from tuberculosis patients were used to evaluate the impact of blood collection tube, urine preservative, processing delay, processing method, freezing and thawing, and sample volume on pcfDNA.
Cellular p32 Is a Critical Regulator of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Nuclear Egress
Authors: Wang Tongtong , Du Qian , Niu Yingying , Zhang Xiaohua , Wang Zhenyu , Wu Xingchen , Yang XueFeng , Zhao Xiaomin , Liu Shan-Lu , Tong Dewen , Huang Yong
Published: September 2019

Circovirus infections are highly prevalent in mammalian and avian species. Circoviral capsid protein is the only structural protein of the virion that plays an essential role in viral assembly. However, the machinery of circovirus nuclear egress is currently unknown. In this work, we identified p32 as a key regulator of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) nuclear egress that forms a complex with the viral capsid (Cap) protein to enhance protein kinase C isoform δ (PKC-δ) activity; this resulted in a recruitment of phosphorylated PKC-δ to the nuclear membrane, which further phosphorylates lamin A/C to promote the rearrangement of nuclear lamina and facilitate viral nuclear egress. Notably, we found that the N-terminal 24RRR26 of Cap, a highly conserved motif among circovirus species, was required for interacting with p32, and that mutation of this motif markedly impeded PCV2 nuclear egress. These data indicate that p32 is a critical regulator of PCV2 nuclear egress and reveal the importance of this finding in circovirus replication.
Characterization of a Multidrug-Resistant Porcine Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 11 Strain Coharboring
bla
KPC-2
and
fosA3
on Two Novel Hybrid Plasmids
Authors: Zhang Wanjiang , Zhu Yao , Wang Changzhen , Liu Wenyu , Li Ruichao , Chen Fuguang , Luan Tian , Zhang Yanhe , Schwarz Stefan , Liu Siguo
Published: September 2019

The global dissemination of carbapenem resistance genes is of great concern. Animals are usually considered a reservoir of resistance genes and an important source of human infection. Although carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
strains of animal origin have been reported increasingly,
bla
KPC-2
-positive strains from food-producing animals are still rare. In this study, we first describe the isolation and characterization of a carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
ST11 isolate, strain K15, which is of pig origin and coproduces KPC-2 and FosA3 via two novel hybrid plasmids. Furthermore, our findings highlight that this ST11
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strain K15 is most likely of human origin and could be easily transmitted back to humans via direct contact or food intake. In light of our findings, significant attention must be paid to monitoring the prevalence and further evolution of
bla
KPC-2
-carrying plasmids among the
Enterobacteriaceae
strains of animal origin.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults
Authors: Nam Hannah H , Ison Michael G
Published: September 2019

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the recently definedPneumoviridaefamily, Orthopneumovirus genus. It is a negative sense, single stranded RNA virus that results in epidemics of respiratory infections that typically peak in the winter in temperate climates and during the rainy season in tropical climates. Generally, one of the two genotypes (A and B) predominates in a single season, alternating annually, although regional variation occurs. RSV is a cause of disease and death in children, older people, and immunocompromised patients, and its clinical effect on adults admitted to hospital is clarified with expanded use of multiplex molecular assays. Among adults, RSV produces a wide range of clinical symptoms including upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infections, and exacerbations of underlying disease. Here we discuss the latest evidence on the burden of RSV related disease in adults, especially in those with immunocompromise or other comorbidities. We review current therapeutic and prevention options, as well as those in development.
Effects of health status on work exit and absenteeism among the older working population in China: a secondary analysis of a cohort sample
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Wei , Sun Huiying , Anis Aslam H
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To analyse the effects of health status on work exit and absenteeism among the older working population in China.

Design

Secondary analysis of a cohort sample.

Setting and participants

Community samples who engaged in either agricultural or non-agriculture work or both in the 2011 wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and whose age was 45–55 years for women or 45–60 years for men in the 2013 wave.

Outcome measures

Work exit and number of absent workdays due to health problems in 2013. To address the problems of measurement error of self-rated health status, we used disability condition, number of chronic diseases and functional limitation to construct an index of health. We divided the sample into four groups according to gender and work types (farmers who conducted any agricultural work in 2011 vs non-farmers who conducted non-agricultural work only) and conducted analyses separately.

Results

Farmers (11.0% for women and 4.9% for men) were less likely to exit from work than non-farmers (18.5% and 12.0%, respectively) but took more absent workdays (16.6 days for women and 15.0 days for men) than non-farmers (5.6 and 4.9). Poor health status in 2011 was significantly associated with the work exit in 2013 of female and male farmers but not non-farmers. Older workers (except female non-farmers) with persistently poor health or recent health deterioration over time were significantly more likely to stop working or missed more workdays than those with persistently good health.

Conclusions

Poor 2-year lagged health predicts work exit for both male and female farmers, and increases the absent work days in all older working population. Persistently poor health or recent health deterioration over time has detrimental impact on labour market in terms of work exit and absenteeism among all older Chinese workers except for female non-farmers.
Impact of gestational age on child intelligence, attention and executive function at age 5: a cohort study
Authors: Sejer Emilie Pi Fogtmann , Bruun Frederik Jager , Slavensky Julie Anna , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Schiøler Kesmodel Ulrik
Published: September 2019

Objectives

Preterm birth can affect cognition, but other factors including parental education and intelligence may also play a role, but few studies have adjusted for these potential confounders. We aimed to assess the impact of gestational age (GA), late preterm birth (34 to <37 weeks GA) and very to moderately preterm birth (<34 weeks GA) on intelligence, attention and executive function in a population of Danish children aged 5 years.

Design

Population-based prospective cohort study.

Setting

Denmark 2003–2008.

Participants

A cohort of 1776 children and their mothers sampled from the Danish National Birth Cohort with information on GA, family and background factors and completed neuropsychological assessment at age 5.

Primary outcome measures

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised, Test of Everyday Attention for Children at Five and Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores.

Results

For preterm birth <34 weeks GA (n=8), the mean difference in full-scale intelligence quotient(IQ) was −10.6 points (95% CI −19.4 to −1.8) when compared with the term group ≥37 weeks GA (n=1728), and adjusted for potential confounders. For the teacher-assessed Global Executive Composite, the mean difference was 5.3 points (95% CI 2.4 to 8.3) in the adjusted analysis, indicating more executive function difficulties in the preterm group <34 weeks GA compared with the term group. Maternal intelligence and parental education were weak confounders. No associations between late preterm birth 34 to <37 weeks GA (n=40) and poor cognition were shown.

Conclusions

This study showed substantially lower intelligence and poorer executive function in children born <34 weeks GA compared with children born at term. GA may play an important role in determining cognitive abilities independent of maternal intelligence and parental education. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings, as the proportion of children born preterm in this study population was small.