bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The power of one: The importance of flexible understanding of an identity element
Authors: Schiller Lauren K. , Fan Ao , Siegler Robert S.
Published: November 2022

The number one plays a special role in mathematics because it is the identity element in multiplication and division. The present findings, however, indicate that many middle school students do not demonstrate mathematical flexibility representing one as a fraction. Despite possessing explicit knowledge of fraction forms of one (e.g., 95% of students indicated that 36/36 = 1), most students did not recognize and apply knowledge of fraction forms of one to estimate numerical magnitudes, solve arithmetic problems, and evaluate arithmetic operations. Specifically, students were less accurate in locating fraction forms of one on number lines than integer forms of the same number; they also were slower and less accurate on fraction arithmetic problems that included one as a fraction (e.g., 6/6 + 1/3) than one as an integer (e.g., 1 + 1/3); and they were less accurate evaluating statements involving fraction forms of one than the integer one (e.g., lower accuracy on true or false statements such as 5/6 × 2/2 = 5/6 than 4/9 × 1 = 4/9). Analyses of three widely used textbook series revealed almost no text linking fractions in the form n/n to the integer one. Greater emphasis on flexible understanding of fractions equivalent to one in textbooks and instruction might promote greater understanding of rational number mathematics more generally.
Gramian Angular Field Transformation-Based Intrusion Detection
Authors: Sinanc Terzi Duygu
Published: November 2022

Cyber threats are increasing progressively in their frequency, scale, sophistication, and cost. The advancement of such threats has raised the need to enhance intelligent intrusion-detection systems. In this study, a different perspective has been developed for intrusion detection. Gramian angular fields were adapted to encode network traffic data as images. Hereby, a way to reveal bilateral feature relationships and benefit from the visual interpretation capability of deep-learning methods has been opened. Then, image-encoded intrusions were classified as binary and multi-class using convolutional neural networks. The obtained results were compared to both conventional machine-learning methods and related studies. According to the results, the proposed approach surpassed the success of traditional methods and produced success rates that were close to the related studies. Despite the use of complex mechanisms such as feature extraction, feature selection, class balancing, virtual data generation, or ensemble classifiers in related studies, the proposed approach is fairly plain -- involving only data-image conversion and classification. This shows the power of simply changing the problem space.
Quantum microwave electric field measurement technology based on enhancement electric filed resonator
Authors: Wu Bo , Lin Yi , Wu Feng-Chuan , Chen Xiao-Zhang , An Qiang , Liu Yi , Fu Yun-Qi ,   Department of Electronic Science, College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
Published: November 2022

Rydberg atoms based quantum microwave measurement technology has significant advantages such as self-calibration, traceability, high sensitivity and stable uniformity of measurement. In this work, from the dimension of traditional electromagnetic theory, an electric field local enhancement technique for quantum microwave measurements is developed to improve the sensitivity of quantum microwave receiver. The theoretical basis of this method comes from the different mechanisms of realization of microwave reception in quantum microwave receivers and classical receiver. Classic receivers use antennas to collect microwave energy in space to signal reception; quantum microwave receivers measure the strength of the electric field in the path of a laser beam in an atomic gas chamber (the beam is about 100 µm in diameter) to realize the signal reception. Therefore, the sensitivity of quantum microwave receiver can be improved by increasing the electric field strength in the path of laser beam. The critical physical mechanism is the multi-beam interference at the open end and the short-circuited end of the structure. The results show that with the decrease of gap height of parallel plates, the enhancement factor of electric field strength increases rapidly and the power density compression capability is greatly improved. The |69D5/2\begin{document}$\rangle $\end{document} experiments verify that the structure can achieve a 25 dB electric field enhancement at 2.1 GHz. This research is expected to be helpful in improving the sensitivity of measurement based on atomic measurement capabilities and in promoting the practical development of quantum microwave measurement technology.
Participation of Rural Women in Self Help Group activities in Rajnandgaon District of Chhattisgarh
Authors: Khare Devendra Kumar , Parganiha O. P. , Dahate Amit
Published: November 2022

Self Help Groups (SHGs) are grass root level democratic institutions of rural people, which is primary socio-economic institution to foster the drive for change. The study was carried out in two selected blocks of Rajnandgaon District of Chhattisgarh in the year 2019-20. 120 members from 30 well-functioning SHGs were considered as respondents for present research purpose. The finding indicates that mean time devotion for Agricultural Work among the SHG members was 3.78 hours followed by 3.64 hours and 3.18 hours of mean time were devoted by them for Labour work and SHG work. Majority of the SHG members (78.00%) were involved always in decision making regarding Health Care followed by 57.00, 50.00 and 45.00 per cent of them were involved always in decision making on Investment, Agriculture and Acquisition of Credit, respectively. It shows that 78.00 per cent of the SHG members were participated regularly in Selection of Office Bearers followed by 72.00, 60.00 and 53.00 per cent of them were participated always in Income Earning Activities, Regular Meetings, and Arrangement of Input, respectively. Majority of the respondents (71.67%) had medium level of overall participation in SHG activities followed by high (15.83%) and low (12.50%) level of overall participation. Active participation of individual SHG members in the interior organizational activities indicates their eagerness towards attainment of goals.
Soil Fertility Status and Correlation of Available Macro and Micronutrients in Warangal District of Telangana State
Authors: Ramulu Ch. , Kamalakar J.
Published: November 2022

Fertility status of red and medium black soils and their correlation studies were carried out insoils of Warangal District (R) of Telangana State. All samples in red and medium black soils were neutral to alkaline in reaction and pH values ranged from 7.25 to 8.56 by medium black soilfollowed (6.50 to 7.52) by red soil with mean values of 7.64 in medium black soilfollowed 7.53 in red soil. The EC varies from 0.08 to 1.90 dS m-1 in red soil and 0.08 to 2.17 dS m-1 in medium black soil.The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content varies from 0.59 to 1.95% in red soil and 1.69 to 2.92% in medium black soil and maximum mean valuewas recorded in medium black soil (1.69%) followed by red soil (0.69%). Red soils were Loam to Clay loam whereas medium black soils were clay in texture. Organic carbon content ranges from 0.14 to 0.75% in red soil and from 0.50 to 0.79% in medium black soil with an average value of 0.38% in red soil and 0.53% in medium black soil. 81and 45% of soils were low, 15 and 55% in medium and none of the soil samples were found higher categoryin OC content in red soil and medium black soils, respectively. Available N, P, K and S content varied from 59 to 201kg ha-1, 14 to 133kg ha-1, 211 to 341kg ha-1 and 6.9 to 24.59 mg kg-1with mean values of 144 kg ha-1, 56 kg ha-1, 247 kg ha-1 and 19.26 mg kg-1 in red soils, respectively. In medium black soils available N, P, K and S content varied from 100 to 276 kg ha-1, 21 to 103 kg ha-1, 332 to 450 kg ha-1 and 10.50 to 41.40 mg kg-1with mean values of 177 kg ha-1, 54 kg ha-1, 398 kg ha-1and 27.40 mg kg-1, respectively. In red soils 100% samples were low in available N, 25%low, 32 % medium and 43% higher in available P2O5,1% medium and 99% higher in available K2O and 62% low and 38% medium in available S. In medium black soils 100% samples were low in available N, 22% low, 38% medium and 40% higher in available P2O5, 38% medium and 62% samples were higher in available K2O and 51% low and 49%  medium in available S. The DTPA-Zn in 23% samples were deficient in medium black soil. In case of DTPA-Fe in 47 and 90% samples were found deficient in red and medium black soil, respectively. None of the samples in both soil groups were found deficient in Cu and Mn. In case of available-B in 29 and 34% samples were deficient in red and medium black soils, respectively. The data indicated that only 9.2% samples in medium black soil were deficient in case of available Mo. The nutrient index indicated that the red and medium black soils were low, medium and high in available N, P and K, respectively. Deficiency of micronutrients was in the order: Fe > B in red soils, Fe > B >Zn in medium black soils. Available N, P, K, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, B decreased, whereas Mo increased with increasing pH. Available N and P decreased, whereas K and S increased with increasing EC. Available N, P, K, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B increased with increasing level of organic carbon.
A Coherent Approach towards Quantum Gravity
Authors: Bhattacharjee Deep
Published: November 2022

This paper typically focuses on the rescaling or equivocally a phase transition from the asymptotic approach of renormalizing the quantum gravity to a more granular approach of the loop quantum gravity (LQG) and then merging it with the Regge calculus for deriving the spin-(2) graviton as the basis of the unified theory. To construct a successful Ultraviolet (UV) completed theory via the fixed-point renormalization group flow equations (FRGE) results in an asymptotic safety approach of the quantum gravity (QG). From the loop-(2) onwards, the higher derivative divergence terms like the higher derivative curvatures, and quadratic divergences with higher derivative scalars make the momentum go to infinity which assaults a problem in renormalizing the QG. If the Einstein-Hilbert (E-H) action, which is the principle of least action is being computed, arising an equation of motion, and a localized path integral (or partition functions) is defined over a curved space, then that action is shown to be associated with the higher order dimension in a more compactified way, resulting in an infinite winding numbers being accompanied through the exponentiality coefficients of the partition integrals in the loop expansions of the second order term onwards, and based on that localization principle, the entire path integral got collapsed to isolated points or granules that if corresponds the aforesaid actions, results in negating the divergences’ with an implied bijections’ and reverse bijections’ of a diffeomorphism of a continuous differentiable functional domains. If those domains are being attributed to the spatial constraints, Hamiltonian constraints, and Master constraints then, through Ashtekar variables, it can be modestly shown that the behavior of quantum origin of asymptotic safety behavior is similar to the LQG granules of spin foam spacetime. Then, we will proceed with the triangulation of the “zoomed in” entangled-points that results in the inclusion of Regge poles via the quantum number (+2,-2,0) as the produced variables of the spin-(2) graviton and spin-(0) dilaton.
Visualization of Tunable Weyl Line in A–A Stacking Kagome Magnets
Authors: Cheng Zi‐Jia , Belopolski Ilya , Tien Hung‐Ju , Cochran Tyler A. , Yang Xian P. , Ma Wenlong , Yin Jia‐Xin , Chen Dong , Zhang Junyi , Jozwiak Chris , Bostwick Aaron , Rotenberg Eli , Cheng Guangming , Hossain Md. Shafayat , Zhang Qi , Litskevich Maksim , Jiang Yu‐Xiao , Yao Nan , Schroeter Niels B. M. , Strocov Vladimir N. , Lian Biao , Felser Claudia , Chang Guoqing , Jia Shuang , Chang Tay‐Rong , Hasan M. Zahid
Published: November 2022

Kagome magnets provide a fascinating platform for a plethora of topological quantum phenomena, in which the delicate interplay between frustrated crystal structure, magnetization, and spin–orbit coupling (SOC) can engender highly tunable topological states. Here, utilizing angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy, the Weyl lines are directly visualized with strong out‐of‐plane dispersion in the A–A stacked kagome magnet GdMn6Sn6. Remarkably, the Weyl lines exhibit a strong magnetization‐direction‐tunable SOC gap and binding energy tunability after substituting Gd with Tb and Li, respectively. These results not only illustrate the magnetization direction and valence counting as efficient tuning knobs for realizing and controlling distinct 3D topological phases, but also demonstrate AMn6Sn6 (A = rare earth, or Li, Mg, or Ca) as a versatile material family for exploring diverse emergent topological quantum responses.
Engineering Surface Oxophilicity of Copper for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Ethanol
Authors: Li Minhan , Song Nan , Luo Wei , Chen Jun , Jiang Wan , Yang Jianping
Published: November 2022

Copper‐based materials are known for converting CO2 into deep reduction products via electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2RR). As the major multicarbon products (C2+), ethanol (C2H5OH) and ethylene (C2H4) are believed to share a common oxygenic intermediate according to theoretical studies, while the key factors that bifurcate C2H5OH and C2H4 pathways on Cu‐based catalysts are not fully understood. Here, a surface oxophilicity regulation strategy to enhance C2H5OH production in CO2RR is proposed, demonstrated by a Cu‐Sn bimetallic system. Compared with bare Cu catalyst, the Cu‐Sn bimetallic catalysts show improved C2H5OH but suppressed C2H4 selectivity. The experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the surface oxophilicity of Cu‐Sn catalysts plays an important role in steering the protonation of the key oxygenic intermediate and guides the reaction pathways to C2H5OH. This study provides new insights into the electrocatalyst design for enhanced production of oxygenic products from CO2RR by engineering the surface oxophilicity of copper‐based catalysts.
Bio‐inspired functional coacervates
Authors: Chen Shujun , Guo Qi , Yu Jing
Published: November 2022

Many functional coacervates have been identified in biological systems, which have attracted widespread interest. Coacervation is a liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) process in which a macromolecule‐enriched liquid phase is formed together with a macromolecule‐depleted phase. Bio‐inspired coacervates possess excellent features such as underwater delivery, low interface energy, shear thinning, and excellent biocompatibility. They also serve as good delivery platforms for different types of molecules. In this review, we briefly discuss some important extracellular coacervate systems, including mussel adhesives, sandcastle worm glue, squid beak, and tropoelastin. We then provide an overview of the recent development of bio‐inspired functional coacervates for various biomedical applications, including medical adhesives, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Bio‐inspired functional coacervates offer a promising material platform for developing new materials for biomedical applications.
A new insight into the unique magneto‐optical effect of layered perovskite (C6H5C2H3FNH3)2MnCl4
Authors: Hu Zhao‐Bo , Li Long‐He , Han Yibo , Zhang Jinlei , Li Jianrong , Chen Zilu , Wu Shuyi , Zhang Yi , Ye Heng‐Yun , Song You
Published: November 2022

Magnet‐optical materials embracing coupled magnetic and photoluminescent properties in single phase are promising in microelectronics and optoelectronic devices. However, the current research mainly focuses on traditional inorganic materials, and there are few reports on molecule materials. Recently, we synthesized an organic–inorganic hybrid complex (C6H5C2H3FNH3)2MnCl4 (1) with perovskite structure. Physical measurements show that 1 not only behaves as an antiferromagnet with spin canting but also exhibits unusual fluorescent properties. Importantly, under the magnetic field at different temperatures, the luminous intensity of 1 changed, and a red‐shift occurred with obviously optical hysteresis. These phenomena directly prove the existence of magneto‐optical coupling in 1. More interestingly, the optical hysteresis can be observed in both low and high field, which is unprecedented in other molecular materials. Even in traditional inorganic materials, it can only be observed in strong field. This special function provides the possibility for the application of low energy consumption optoelectronic devices.
The Boechera model system for evolutionary ecology
Authors: Rushworth Catherine A. , Wagner Maggie R. , Mitchell‐Olds Thomas , Anderson Jill T.
Published: November 2022

Model systems in biology expand the research capacity of individuals and the community. Closely related to Arabidopsis, the genus Boechera has emerged as an important ecological model owing to the ability to integrate across molecular, functional, and eco‐evolutionary approaches. Boechera species are broadly distributed in relatively undisturbed habitats predominantly in western North America and provide one of the few experimental systems for identification of ecologically important genes through genome‐wide association studies and investigations of selection with plants in their native habitats. The ecologically, evolutionarily, and agriculturally important trait of apomixis (asexual reproduction via seeds) is common in the genus, and field experiments suggest that abiotic and biotic environments shape the evolution of sex. To date, population genetic studies have focused on the widespread species B. stricta, detailing population divergence and demographic history. Molecular and ecological studies show that balancing selection maintains genetic variation in ~10% of the genome, and ecological trade‐offs contribute to complex trait variation for herbivore resistance, flowering phenology, and drought tolerance. Microbiome analyses have shown that host genotypes influence leaf and root microbiome composition, and the soil microbiome influences flowering phenology and natural selection. Furthermore, Boechera offers numerous opportunities for investigating biological responses to global change. In B. stricta, climate change has induced a shift of >2 weeks in the timing of first flowering since the 1970s, altered patterns of natural selection, generated maladaptation in previously locally‐adapted populations, and disrupted life history trade‐offs. Here we review resources and results for this eco‐evolutionary model system and discuss future research directions.
Evolvability and constraint in the evolution of three‐dimensional flower morphology
Authors: Opedal Øystein H. , Hildesheim Laura S. , Armbruster W. Scott
Published: November 2022

Premise

Flower phenotypes evolve to attract pollinators and to ensure efficient pollen transfer to and from the bodies of pollinators or, in self‐compatible bisexual flowers, between anthers and stigmas. If functionally interacting traits are genetically correlated, response to selection may be subject to genetic constraints. Genetic constraints can be assessed by quantifying standing genetic variation in (multivariate) phenotypic traits and by asking how much the available variation is reduced under specific assumptions about phenotypic selection on functionally interacting and genetically correlated traits.

Methods

We evaluated multivariate evolvability and potential genetic constraints underlying the evolution of the three‐dimensional structure of Dalechampia blossoms. First, we used data from a greenhouse crossing design to estimate the G matrix for traits representing the relative positions of male and female sexual organs (anthers and stigmas) and used the G matrix to ask how genetic variation is distributed in multivariate space. To assess the evolutionary importance of genetic constraints, we related standing genetic variation across phenotypic space to evolutionary divergence of population and species in the same phenotypic directions.

Results

Evolvabilities varied substantially across phenotype space, suggesting that certain traits or trait combinations may be subject to strong genetic constraint. Traits involved functionally in flower‐pollinator fit and autonomous selfing exhibited considerable independent evolutionary potential, but population and species divergence tended to occur in phenotypic directions associated with greater‐than‐average evolvability.

Conclusions

These results are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic constraints can hamper joint trait evolution towards optimum flower‐pollinator fit and optimum self‐pollination rates.
Evolutionary effects of nitrogen are not easily predicted from ecological responses
Authors: Waterton Joseph , Hammond Mark , Lau Jennifer A.
Published: November 2022

Premise

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) addition alters the abiotic and biotic environment, potentially leading to changes in patterns of natural selection (i.e., trait–fitness relationships) and the opportunity for selection (i.e., variance in relative fitness). Because N addition favors species with light acquisition strategies (e.g., tall species), we predicted that N would strengthen selection favoring those same traits. We also predicted that N could alter the opportunity for selection via its effects on mean fitness and/or competitive asymmetries.

Methods

We quantified the strength of selection and the opportunity for selection in replicated populations of the annual grassSetaria faberi(giant foxtail) growing in a long‐term N addition experiment. We also correlated these population‐level parameters with community‐level metrics to identify the proximate causes of N‐mediated evolutionary effects.

Results

N addition increased aboveground productivity, light asymmetry, and reduced species diversity. Contrary to expectations, N addition did not strengthen selection for trait values associated with higher light acquisition such as greater height and specific leaf area (SLA); rather, it strengthened selection favoring lower SLA. Light asymmetry and species diversity were associated with selection for height and SLA, suggesting a role for these factors in driving N‐mediated selection. The opportunity for selection was not influenced by N addition but was negatively associated with species diversity.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that anthropogenic N enrichment can affect evolutionary processes, but that evolutionary changes in plant traits within populations are unlikely to parallel the shifts in plant traits observed at the community level.
Intrafloral patterns of color and scent in Capparis spinosa L. and the ghosts of its selection past
Authors: Kantsa Aphrodite , Garcia Jair E. , Raguso Robert A. , Dyer Adrian G. , Steen Ronny , Tscheulin Thomas , Petanidou Theodora
Published: November 2022

Premise

Capparis spinosa is a widespread charismatic plant, in which the nocturnal floral habit contrasts with the high visitation by diurnal bees and the pronounced scarcity of hawkmoths. To resolve this discrepancy and elucidate floral evolution of C. spinosa, we analyzed the intrafloral patterns of visual and olfactory cues in relation to the known sensory biases of the different visitor guilds (bees, butterflies, and hawkmoths).

Methods

We measured the intrafloral variation of scent, reflectance spectra, and colorimetric properties according to three guilds of known visitors of C. spinosa. Additionally, we sampled visitation rates using a motion‐activated camera.

Results

Carpenter bees visited the flowers eight times more frequently than nocturnal hawkmoths, at dusk and in the following morning. Yet, the floral headspace of C. spinosa contained a typical sphingophilous scent with high emission rates of certain monoterpenes and amino‐acid derived compounds. Visual cues included a special case of multisensory nectar guide and color patterns conspicuous to the visual systems of both hawkmoths and bees.

Conclusions

The intrafloral patterns of sensory stimuli suggest that hawkmoths have exerted strong historical selection on C. spinosa. Our study revealed two interesting paradoxes: (a) the flowers phenotypically biased towards the more inconsistent pollinator; and (b) floral display demands an abundance of resources that seems maladaptive in the habitats of C. spinosa. The transition to a binary pollination system accommodating large bees has not required phenotypic changes, owing to specific eco‐physiological adaptations, unrelated to pollination, which make this plant an unusual case in pollination ecology.
Mycorrhizae influence plant vegetative and floral traits and intraspecific trait variation
Authors: Burkle Laura A. , Zabinski Catherine A.
Published: November 2022

Premise

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can strongly influence host plant vegetative growth, but less is known about AMF effects on other plant traits, the relative impacts of AMF on vegetative growth versus floral traits, or AMF‐induced intraspecific variation in traits.

Methods

In an experimental greenhouse study, we inoculated seven species of wildflowers with six species of AMF in a factorial design. We assessed how the AMF–forb combinations influenced plant survival, vegetative biomass, and floral traits and whether AMF effects on floral traits were similar in magnitude and direction to effects on vegetative biomass. For one forb species, we investigated intraspecific plant trait variation within and across AMF treatments.

Results

AMF species varied from negative to positive in their effects on host plants. AMF often had inconsistent effects on vegetative biomass versus floral traits, and therefore, quantifying one or the other may provide a misleading representation of potential AMF effects. AMF treatments generated key variation in plant traits, especially floral traits, with potential consequences for plant–pollinator interactions. Given increased intraspecific trait variation in Linum lewisii plants across AMF species compared to uninoculated individuals or single AMF treatments, local AMF diversity and their host plant associations may scale up to influence community‐wide patterns of trait variation and species interactions.

Conclusions

These results have implications for predicting how aboveground communities are affected by belowground communities. Including AMF effects on not just host plant biomass but also functional traits and trait variation will deepen our understanding of community structure and function, including pollination.
Is there hybridization between diploid and tetraploid Euphrasia in a secondary contact zone?
Authors: Brown Max R. , Becher Hannes , Williams Sebastian , Twyford Alex D.
Published: November 2022

Premise

Strong postzygotic reproductive isolating barriers are usually expected to limit the extent of natural hybridization between species with contrasting ploidy. However, genomic sequencing has revealed previously overlooked examples of natural cross‐ploidy hybridization in some flowering plant genera, suggesting that the phenomenon may be more common than once thought. We investigated potential cross‐ploidy hybridization in British eyebrights (Euphrasia, Orobanchaceae), a group from which 13 putative cross‐ploidy hybrid combinations have been reported based on morphology.

Methods

We analyzed a contact zone between diploid Euphrasia rostkoviana and tetraploid E. arctica in Wales. We sequenced part of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to look for evidence of cross‐ploidy hybridization and introgression.

Results

Common variant sites in the ITS region were fixed between diploids and tetraploids, indicating a strong barrier to hybridization. Clustering analyses of 356 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated using GBS clearly separated samples by ploidy and revealed strong genetic structure (FST = 0.44). However, the FST distribution across all SNPs was bimodal, indicating potential differential selection on loci between diploids and tetraploids. Demographic inference suggested potential gene flow, limited to around one or fewer migrants per generation.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that recent cross‐ploidy hybridization is rare or absent in a site of secondary contact in Euphrasia. While a strong ploidy barrier prevents hybridization over ecological timescales, such hybrids may form in stable populations over evolutionary timescales, potentially allowing cross‐ploidy introgression to take place.
Pollinators exert selection on floral traits in a pollen‐limited, narrowly endemic spring ephemeral
Authors: Koski Matthew H.
Published: November 2022

Premise

Floral traits are frequently under pollinator‐mediated selection, especially in taxa subject to strong pollen‐limitation, such as those reliant on pollinators. However, antagonists can be agents of selection on floral traits as well. The causes of selection acting on spring ephemerals are understudied though these species can experience particularly strong pollen‐limitation. I examined pollinator‐ and antagonist‐mediated selection in a narrowly endemic spring ephemeral,Trillium discolor.

Methods

I measured pollen limitation inT. discoloracross two years and evaluated its breeding system. I compared selection on floral traits (display height, petal size, petal color, flowering time) between open‐pollinated, and pollen‐supplemented plants to measure the strength and mode of pollinator‐mediated selection. I assessed whether natural levels of antagonism impacted selection on floral traits.

Results

Trillium discolorwas self‐incompatible and experienced pollen limitation in both years of the study. Pollinators exerted negative disruptive selection on display height and petals size. In one year, pollinator‐mediated selection favored lighter petals but in the second year pollinators favored darker petals. Antagonist damage did not alter selection on floral traits.

Conclusions

Results demonstrate that pollinators mediate the strength and mode of selection on floral traits inT. discolor. Interannual variation in the strength, mode, and direction of pollinator‐mediated selection on floral traits could be important for maintaining of floral diversity in this system. Observed levels of antagonism were weak agents of selection on floral traits.
What determines root‐sprouting ability: Injury or phytohormones?
Authors: Martínková Jana , Motyka Václav , Bitomský Martin , Adamec Lubomír , Dobrev Peter I. , Filartiga Arinawa , Filepová Roberta , Gaudinová Alena , Lacek Jozef , Klimešová Jitka
Published: November 2022

Premise

Root‐sprouting (RS) is an evolutionarily independent alternative to axillary stem branching for a plant to attain its architecture. Root‐sprouting plants are better adapted to disturbance than non‐RS plants, and their vigor is frequently boosted by biomass removal. Nevertheless, RS plants are rarer than plants that are not root‐sprouters, possibly because they must overcome developmental barriers such as intrinsic phytohormonal balance or because RS ability is conditioned by injury to the plant body. The objective of this study was to identify whether phytohormones or injury enable RS.

Methods

In a greenhouse experiment, growth variables, root respiration, and phytohormones were analyzed in two closely related clonal herbs that differ in RS ability (spontaneously RS Inula britannica and rhizomatous non‐RS I. salicina) with and without severe biomass removal.

Results

As previously reported, I. britannica is a root‐sprouter, but injury did not boost its RS ability. Root respiration did not differ between the two species and decreased continuously with time irrespectively of injury, but their phytohormone profiles differed significantly. In RS species, the auxins‐to‐cytokinins ratio was low, and injury further decreased it.

Conclusions

This first attempt to test drivers behind different plant growth forms suggests that intrinsic phytohormone regulation, especially the auxins‐to‐cytokinins ratio, might be behind RS ability. Injury, causing a phytohormonal imbalance, seems to be less important in spontaneously RS species than expected for RS species in general.
Intensity of physical therapy services: Association with work and health outcomes in injured workers with back pain in Washington State
Authors: Chin Brian , Rundell Sean D. , Sears Jeanne M. , Fulton‐Kehoe Deborah , Spector June T. , Franklin Gary M.
Published: November 2022

Background

Associations between the intensity of physical therapy (PT) treatments and health outcomes among individuals with back pain have been examined in the general population; however, few studies have explored these associations in injured workers. Our study objective was to examine whether intensity of PT treatments is positively associated with work and health outcomes in injured workers with back pain.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of prospective data collected from the Washington State Workers’ Compensation (WC) Disability Risk Identification Study Cohort (D‐RISC). D‐RISC combined survey results with WC data from the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries. Workers with a State Fund WC claim for back injuries between June 2002 and April 2004 and who received PT services within the first year of injury were eligible. Intensity of PT treatment was measured as the type and amount of PT services within 28 days from the first PT visit. Outcome measures included work disability and self‐reported measures for working for pay, pain intensity, and functional status at 1‐year follow‐up. We conducted linear and logistic regression models to test associations.

Results

We identified 662 eligible workers. In adjusted models, although the intensity of PT treatment was not significantly associated with work disability at 1‐year follow‐up, it was associated with lower odds of working for pay, decreased pain intensity, and improved functional status.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that there may be small benefits from receiving active PT, manual therapy, and frequent PT treatments within 28 days of initiating PT care.
Halibee fossil assemblages reveal later Pleistocene cercopithecins (Cercopithecidae: Primates) in the Middle Awash of Ethiopia
Authors: Taylor Catherine E. , Brasil Marianne F. , Monson Tesla A. , Yohler Ryan M. , Hlusko Leslea J.
Published: November 2022

Objectives

The goals of this study were to describe and interpret two new fossil assemblages of cercopithecin monkeys (n = 328), one from the Faro Daba beds (ca. 100,000 years) and the other one from the Chai Baro beds (>158,000 years old), in the Afar Rift of Ethiopia.

Materials and Methods

We describe the two assemblages and compare them to extant cercopithecin species and the smaller fossil assemblage from Asbole, Ethiopia (ca. 600 ka). We use a population‐based approach to the taxonomy given the unusually large number of specimens. Craniodental and postcranial anatomy are presented. Evidence of locomotor habitus is described and evaluated in a framework of hybridization and postcranial plasticity.

Results

We attribute all cercopithecin specimens from both beds to cf. Chlorocebus and conclude that the Faro Daba and Chai Baro assemblages likely sample single species at each time horizon. Subtle differences between the two assemblages, mostly in postcranial morphology, are insufficient to justify separation at the species level.

Discussion

The large sample sizes and unique preservational aspects of these two assemblages open a new window into the recent evolution of guenons. Our data indicate that these fossil populations may be ancestral to the cercopithecins currently living in the Afar region of Ethiopia.
Facilitating the client's experience of relational depth in counselling and psychotherapy: A thematic review
Authors: Wilcox Hervey , Almasifard Sara
Published: November 2022

Aim

There is increasing interest in relational depth and its relevance and benefits for clients receiving therapy in a number of different therapeutic orientations. This research set out to draw together the available evidence from a wide range of therapies about clients' experiences of relational depth. The aim was to identify approaches that create the conditions where relational depth is more likely to be facilitated. The research focused on clients' views, given the increasing emphasis on their experiences in therapy.

Methodology

A systematic search of papers published in English between January 1996 and September 2022 was conducted using EBSCO Host, Google Scholar and citation chaining. Twenty‐seven papers met the inclusion criteria, and a thematic analysis was conducted on these papers.

Findings

Six themes were identified: (1) establishing dialogue with the client's inner world, (2) working with attachment in therapy, (3) responding sensitively to the client's beliefs and values, (4) deepening the client's understanding of the therapist, (5) addressing ruptures in therapy and (6) the client's role in meeting at relational depth.

Conclusion

Facilitating the client's experience of relational depth can support and enhance many aspects of therapeutic practice and in itself may contribute to healing. Therapists who offer warmth and genuine engagement are more able to build confidence and trust, as long as these conditions are received by their clients. It is the clients who ultimately decide whether or not to share their deepest feelings.
Extraordinary Ultrahigh‐Capacity and Long Cycle Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries Enabled by Graphitic Carbon Nitride‐Perylene Polyimide Composites
Authors: Ruby Raj Michael , Yun Jungwon , Son Dong‐kyu , Lee Gibaek
Published: November 2022

Graphitic carbon nitride (g–C3N4) is widely used in organic metal‐ion batteries owing to its high porosity, facile synthesis, stability, and high‐rate performance. However, pristine g–C3N4 nanosheets exhibit poor electrical conductivity, irreversible metal‐ion storage capacity, and short‐term cycling owing to their high concentration of graphitic–N species. Herein, a series of 3,4:9,10‐perylenetetracarboxylic diimide‐coupled g–C3N4 composite anode materials, CN–PIx (x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.75, and 1), was investigated, which exhibited an unusually high surface nitrogen content (23.19–39.92 at.%) and the highest pyridinic–N, pyrrolic–N, and graphitic–N contents reported to date. The CN–PI1 anode delivers an unprecedented and continuously increasing ultrahigh discharging capacity of exceeding 8400 mAh g−1 (1.96 mWh cm−2) at 100 mA g−1 with high specific energy density (Esp) of ∼7700 Wh kg−1 and the volumetric energy density (Ev) of ∼14956 Wh L−1 and an excellent long‐term stability (414 mAh g−1 or 0.579 mWh cm−2 at 1 A g−1). Furthermore, the activation of the CN–PIx electrodes contributes to their superior electrochemical performance, resulting from the fact that the Li+ is not only stored in the CN–PIx composites but also CN–PIx activated the Li0 adlayer on the CN–PI1–Cu heterojunction as an SEI layer to avoid the direct contact of Li0 phase and the electrolyte. The CN–PI1 full cell with LiCoO2 as the cathode delivers a discharge capacity of ∼587 mAh g−1 at a 1 A g−1 after 250 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency nearly 99%. This study provides a strategy to develop N‐doped g–C3N4‐based anode materials for realizing long‐lasting energy storage devices.
Stitching Perovskite Grains with Perhydropoly(Silazane) Anti‐Template‐Agent for High‐Efficiency and Stable Solar Cells Fabricated in Ambient Air
Authors: Wang Ting , Yang Qu , Chen Yanli , Peng Qiong , Qi Xiaosi , Shen Hui , Liu Xuncheng , Li Shaohui , Yu Haixuan , Shen Yan , Wang Mingkui , Gong Xiu
Published: November 2022

All inorganic CsPbI3perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as disruptive photovoltaic technology owing to their admirable photoelectric properties and the non‐volatile active layer. However, the phase instability against moisture severely limits the fabrication environment for the high‐efficiency devices, breaking through the confinement region to achieve scalable manufacturing has been the primary issue for future commercialization. Here, we develop a curing‐anti‐solvent strategy for fabricating high‐quality and stable black‐phase CsPbI3perovskite films in ambient air by introducing an inorganic polymer perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) into methyl acetate to form anti‐template agent. The cross‐linked PHPS reduces moisture erosions while the hydrolyzate silanol network (–Si(OH)4–) controls the perovskite crystal growth by forming Lewis adducts with PbI2during the fabrication. The polycondensation adduct of Si–O–Si/Si–O–Pb strongly binds to CsPbI3grains as a shield layer to hamper phase transition. Using the inorganic CsPbI3perovskite thin‐film with PHPS‐modified anti‐solvent processing as the light absorber, the n–i–p planar solar cell achieved an efficiency of 19.17% under standard illumination test conditions. More importantly, the devices showed excellent moisture stability, retaining about 90% of the initial efficiency after 1000 h under 30% RH.
Worldview defence and self‐determination theory explain the return of racial voting: Evidence from the 2016 US election
Authors: Fabian Mark , Breunig Robert , De Neve Jan‐Emmanuel
Published: November 2022

We use self‐determination (SDT) and worldview defence theories (WDT) to explicate the psychological roots of identitarian voting in recent US, UK and EU elections. We test our theory using the 2016 US election as a case study, data from a representative sample of nearly half a million Americans, and a measure of racial animus derived from Google search data. We find that worry has a strong and significant positive association with Trump's vote share, as predicted by WDT. However, this is reversed in counties with high levels of relatedness—one of the three basic psychological needs emphasised by SDT. The positive relationship between racial animus and Trump also loses significance once an interaction between racial animus and relatedness is introduced. These results imply that identitarianism is driven at least in part by a desire for in‐group affiliation emerging out of worldview defence and unmet basic psychological needs.
Numerical simulation of thermal energy storage system inside a spherical capsule under periodic boundary conditions
Authors: Asker Mustafa , Genceli Hadi , Ezan Mehmet Akif
Published: November 2022

In this work, inward solidification process of a spherical capsule subjected to a periodic boundary condition is numerically studied. The temperature transforming technique is utilized to solve the 1D phase change model and an in‐house model developed in C++. The interface position and the transient temperature profiles are evaluated with respect to the different oscillation amplitudes and oscillation frequencies of the periodically oscillating surface temperature. The results demonstrate that in the situation where the amplitude is 30, the elapsed time for total solidification is dropped by 23.7% compared to the case without oscillation. It is also found that there is a 21.8% reduction in the time for total solidification when the frequency is changed from ω = π/64 to ω = 0.
An extended and improved particle‐spectral method for analysis of unsteady inviscid incompressible flows through a channel of finite length
Authors: Govorukhin Vasily N.
Published: November 2022

This paper addresses the development of a method to simulate and analyze unsteady flows of incompressible and inviscid fluids in rectangular channels. Mathematically, the flow problem formulates as Euler equations in terms of the stream function and vorticity. The normal velocity and the vorticity are given at the inlet of the channel, and only the normal velocity is specified at the outlet. The particle‐spectral method describes the vorticity field change in a Lagrangian sense by dynamics of marker particles and an Eulerian description of the velocity field using the global Galerkin approximation. The method involves the subdivision of flow domain on rectangular cells; the approximation of vorticity distribution in cells by least‐squares method; Galerkin coefficients calculation using analytical integration on space variables. For time integration, the five‐stage Runge‐Kutta method of the third accuracy order and the sixth one of symplecticity with adaptive step size control uses. The extension of the particle‐spectral approach comprises algorithms for fluid flows qualitative analysis jointly with the time simulation of unsteady flows. This includes the trajectories of marker particles calculation, computing the particle's residence time in the channel, kinetic energy dynamics, and algorithms for analyzing the dynamics and mixing of vortex patches. Test calculations based on reference solutions showed the effectiveness and good accuracy of the particle‐spectral approach. Using the developed method the dynamics of one and two initial vortex patches in the channel were investigated. We found the final state of their long‐time dynamics is time‐periodic or quasi‐periodic movements. The application of qualitative analysis algorithms demonstrates these final states produce a chaotic scattering of fluid particles in the flow‐through zone of the channel.
Disease progression in dementia with Lewy bodies: A longitudinal study on clinical symptoms, quality of life and functional impairment
Authors: van de Beek Marleen , van Unnik Annemartijn , van Steenoven Inger , van der Zande Jessica , Barkhof Frederik , Teunissen Charlotte E. , van der Flier Wiesje , Lemstra Afina W.
Published: November 2022

Background and Objectives

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is a heterogeneous disease, with variable signs and symptoms across multiple domains. We aimed to identify associations with rate of change in cognition, everyday functioning (IADL) and quality of life (QoL).

Methods

We included 121 DLB patients (69 ± 6 yrs, 14%F, MMSE: 25 ± 3) in our prospective cohort (follow‐up 2 ± 1 yrs). We described progression of symptoms and cognitive decline over time. Mixed models were used to investigate whether changes in symptoms were associated to changes in IADL (FAQ), QoL (QoL‐AD) and caregiver burden (ZBI). Last, we investigated whether baseline symptoms and biomarkers predicted decline in cognition (MMSE), IADL (FAQ) and QoL (QoL‐AD).

Results

Parkinsonism and RBD were most frequently present early in the disease course, while hallucinations were more likely to develop in a later stage. MMSE (annual change β ± SE = −2.06 ± 0.23), QoL‐AD (−1.03 ± 0.20), and FAQ (3.04 ± 0.30) declined over time. Increasing severity of clinical symptoms was associated to increases in FAQ, QoL‐AD and caregiver burden. Baseline clinical symptoms were not predictive for decline in these outcomes. By contrast, AD co‐pathology (CSF pTau/Aβ42 ratio) was associated to steeper decline in MMSE (−1.23 ± 0.54). Medial temporal atrophy (−0.81 ± 0.26) and global cortical atrophy (−0.73 ± 0.36) predisposed for decline in QoL‐AD.

Conclusions

Our findings imply that underlying disease processes, rather than clinical symptomatology aid in predicting decline. These findings are relevant for treatment strategies and the development of DLB specific outcome measures.
Positive behaviour support for people with dementia
Authors: Fisher Alinka , Connolly Tim , O’Connor Claire , Kelly Glenn
Published: November 2022

Key points

Legislative changes are directing clinical practice away from using medication as a first‐line approach for behaviour management.

Positive behaviour support (PBS) is a non‐pharmacological intervention approach with increasing acceptance in the disability sector.

The utility of PBS for people living with dementia is not well understood.

Implementing PBS requires specialist skills and, at times, significant resources. In the context of a progressive disease, this raises important considerations about ‘bang for buck’ for funders.