bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dark gas: a new possible link between low and high-energy phenomena
Authors: Torii Kazufumi , Fukui Yasuo , Sano Hidetoshi , Sato Junki , Okuda Takeshi , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Kawamura Akiko , Mizuno Norikazu , Onishi Toshikazu , Ogawa Hideo
Published: August 2012

Galactic-scale studies of γ-rays and sub-mm radiation suggest that a significant amount of neutral interstellar medium is not detectable either in CO or HI (Grenier et al. 2005; Ade et al. 2011). This component is called “dark gas”. Here we argue that cool and dense atomic gas without molecules is responsible for the dark gas. This interpretation is supported by a recent finding of cool HI gas corresponding to the TeV γ-ray shell in the SNR RX J1713.7-3946 (Fukui et al. 2011). Such HI gas is not recognized under a usual assumption of optically thin HI emission but is identified by a careful analysis considering optically thick HI. The typical column density of such HI gas is a few times 1021 cm−2 and is also identified as visual extinction.
Cosmic ray production and emission in M82
Authors: Yoast-Hull Tova , Everett John , Gallagher J. S. , Zweibel Ellen
Published: August 2012

Starting from first principles, we construct a simple model for the evolution of energetic particles produced by supernovae in the starburst galaxy M82. The supernova rate, geometry, and properties of the interstellar medium are all well observed in this nearby galaxy. Assuming a uniform interstellar medium and constant cosmic-ray injection rate, we estimate the cosmic-ray proton and primary & secondary electron/positron populations. From these particle spectra, we predict the gamma ray flux and the radio synchrotron spectrum. The model is then compared to the observed radio and gamma-ray spectra of M82 as well as previous models by Torres (2004), Persicet al. (2008), and de Cea del Pozoet al. (2009). Through this project, we aim to build a better understanding of the calorimeter model, in which energetic particle fluxes reflect supernova rates, and a better understanding of the radio-FIR correlation in galaxies.
Minor-merger-driven growth of early-type galaxies over the last 8 billion years
Authors: Kaviraj S. , Crockett R. M. , Silk J. , Ellis R. S , Yi S. K. , O'Connell R. W. , Windhorst R. , Whitmore B. C.
Published: August 2012

We summarise recent progress in understanding the star formation activity in early-type galaxies (ETGs), using recent studies that leverage photometry in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. While classically thought to be old, passively-evolving systems, recent UV studies have revealed widespread star formation in ETGs, with ~20% of the stellar mass in today's ETGs forming at late epochs (z < 1). A strong correlation is found between the presence of morphological disturbances and blue UV colours, suggesting that the star formation is merger-driven. However, the major merger rate at late epochs is far too low to satisfy the number of disturbed ETGs, indicating that minor mergers drive the star formation in these galaxies over the latter half of cosmic time. Together with the recent literature which suggests that minor mergers may drive the size evolution of massive ETGs, these results highlight the significant role of minor mergers in driving the evolution of massive galaxies in the low and intermediate-redshift Universe.
On the capability of Monte Carlo and adjoint inversion techniques to derive posterior parameter uncertainties in terrestrial ecosystem models
Authors: Ziehn T. , Scholze M. , Knorr W.
Published: August 2012

Terrestrial ecosystem models (TEMs) contain the coupling of many biogeochemical processes with a large number of parameters involved. In many cases those parameters are highly uncertain. In order to reduce those uncertainties, parameter estimation methods can be applied, which allow the model to be constrained against observations. We compare the performance and results of two such parameter estimation techniques ‐ the Metropolis algorithm (MA) which is a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and the adjoint approach as it is used in the Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System (CCDAS). Both techniques are applied here to derive the posterior probability density function (PDF) for 19 parameters of the Biosphere Energy Transfer and Hydrology (BETHY) scheme. We also use the MA to sample the posterior parameter distribution from the adjoint inversion. This allows us to assess if the commonly made assumption in variational data assimilation, that everything is normally distributed, holds. The comparison of the posterior parameter PDF derived by both methods shows that in most cases an approximation of the PDF by a normal distribution as used by the adjoint approach is a valid assumption. The results also indicate that the global minimum has been identified by both methods for the given set up. However, the adjoint approach outperforms the MA by several orders of magnitude in terms of computational time. Both methods show good agreement in the PDF of estimated net carbon fluxes for the decades of the 1980s and 1990s.
Thermal‐elastic stresses and the criticality of the continental crust
Authors: Schrank C. E. , Fusseis F. , Karrech A. , Regenauer‐Lieb K.
Published: August 2012

Heating or cooling can lead to high stresses in rocks due to the different thermal‐elastic properties of minerals. In the upper 4 km of the crust, such internal stresses might cause fracturing. Yet it is unclear if thermal elasticity contributes significantly to critical stresses and failure deeper in Earth's continental crust, where ductile creep causes stress relaxation. We combined a heating experiment conducted in a Synchrotron microtomograph (Advanced Photon Source, USA) with numerical simulations to calculate the grain‐scale stress field in granite generated by slow burial. We find that deviatoric stresses >100 MPa can be stored during burial, with relaxation times from 100's to 1000's ka, even in the ductile crust. Hence, grain‐scale thermal‐elastic stresses may serve as nuclei for instabilities, thus rendering the continental crust close to criticality.
Deep sea hydrothermal plumes and their interaction with oscillatory flows
Authors: Xu Guangyu , Di Iorio Daniela
Published: August 2012

The acoustic scintillation method is applied to the investigation and monitoring of a vigorous hydrothermal plume from Dante within the Main Endeavour vent field (MEF) in the Endeavour Ridge segment. A 40 day time series of the plume's vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations provides a unique opportunity to study deep sea plume dynamics in a tidally varying horizontal cross flow. An integral plume model that takes into account ambient stratification and horizontal cross flows is established from the conservation equations of mass, momentum and density deficit. Using a linear additive entrainment velocity in the model (E = αUm + βU⊥) that is a function of both the plume relative axial velocity (Um) and the relative ambient flow perpendicular to the plume (U⊥) gives consistent results to the experimental data, suggesting entrainment coefficients α = 0.1 and β = 0.6. Also from the integral model, the plume height in a horizontal cross flow (Ua) is shown to scale as 1.8B1/3Ua−1/3N−2/3 for 0.01 ≤ Ua ≤ 0.1 m/s where B is the initial buoyancy transport and N is the ambient stratification, both of which are assumed constant.
Tectonic and magmatic controls on hydrothermal activity in the Woodlark Basin
Authors: Laurila T. E. , Petersen S. , Devey C. W. , Baker E. T. , Augustin N. , Hannington M. D.
Published: August 2012

The Woodlark Basin is one of the rare places on earth where the transition from continental breakup to seafloor spreading can be observed. The potential juxtaposition of continental rocks, a large magmatic heat source, crustal‐scale faulting, and hydrothermal circulation has made the Woodlark Basin a prime target for seafloor mineral exploration. However, over the past 20 years, only two locations of active hydrothermalism had been found. In 2009 we surveyed 435 km of the spreading axis for the presence of hydrothermal plumes. Only one additional plume was found, bringing the total number of plumes known over 520 km of ridge axis to only 3, much less than at ridges with similar spreading rates globally. Particularly the western half of the basin (280 km of axis) is apparently devoid of high temperature plumes despite having thick crust and a presumably high magmatic budget. This paucity of hydrothermal activity may be related to the peculiar tectonic setting at Woodlark, where repeated ridge jumps and a re‐location of the rotation pole both lead to axial magmatism being more widely distributed than at many other, more mature and stable mid‐ocean ridges. These factors could inhibit the development of both a stable magmatic heat source and the deeply penetrating faults needed to create long‐lived hydrothermal systems. We conclude that large seafloor massive sulfide deposits, potential targets for seafloor mineral exploration, will probably not be present along the spreading axis of the Woodlark Basin, especially in its younger, western portion.
Constraints on the centroid moment tensors of the 2010 Maule and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes from radial modes
Authors: Zábranová E. , Matyska C. , Hanyk L. , Pálinkáš V.
Published: August 2012

Surface acceleration caused by the radial modes depends only on the Mrr component of the centroid moment tensor and on its depth assuming the isotropic component to be negligible. The 0S0‐mode amplitude enables one to obtain a relatively narrow interval ofMrr values, whereas 1S0‐mode amplitude is more sensitive to centroid depth. We have used these facts to analyze the 2010 Maule (Chile)Mw = 8.8 and 2011 Tohoku (Japan) Mw = 9.1 earthquakes using PREM. Superconducting gravimeter data available within the framework of the Global Geodynamic Project reveal that the Mrr components of these earthquakes should be in the interval 0.95–1.15 × 1022 Nm (Maule) and 1.50–1.75 × 1022Nm (Tohoku), respectively. Re‐evaluation of the modal quality factorsQ is needed to obtain constraints on Mrrself‐consistently. The joint analysis of gravity data from both events yieldsQ = 5500 ± 140 for the 0S0 mode and Q = 2000 ± 80 for the 1S0 mode. We were not able to determine the quality factor of the 2S0 mode with an accuracy sufficient to allow meaningful constraints (Q = 1120 ± 270).
A high‐resolution model of field‐aligned currents through empirical orthogonal functions analysis (MFACE)
Authors: He Maosheng , Vogt Joachim , Lühr Hermann , Sorbalo Eugen , Blagau Adrian , Le Guan , Lu Gang
Published: August 2012

Ten years of CHAMP magnetic field measurements are integrated into MFACE, a model of field‐aligned currents (FACs) using empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). EOF1 gives the basic Region‐1/Region‐2 pattern varying mainly with the interplanetary magnetic fieldBz component. EOF2 captures separately the cusp current signature and By‐related variability. Compared to existing models, MFACE yields significantly better spatial resolution, reproduces typically observed FAC thickness and intensity, improves on the magnetic local time (MLT) distribution, and gives the seasonal dependence of FAC latitudes and the NBZ current signature. MFACE further reveals systematic dependences on By, including 1) Region‐1/Region‐2 topology modifications around noon; 2) imbalance between upward and downward maximum current density; 3)MLT location of the Harang discontinuity. Furthermore, our procedure allows quantifying response times of FACs to solar wind driving at the bow shock nose: we obtain 20 minutes and 35–40 minutes lags for the FAC density and latitude, respectively.
Anomalously low geomagnetic energy inputs during 2008 solar minimum
Authors: Deng Yue , Huang Yanshi , Solomon Stan , Qian Liying , Knipp Delores , Weimer Daniel R. , Wang Jing‐Song
Published: August 2012

The record‐low thermospheric density during the last solar minimum has been reported and it has been mainly explained as the consequence of the anomalously low solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance. In this study, we examined the variation of the energy budget to the Earth's upper atmosphere during last solar cycle from both solar EUV irradiance and geomagnetic energy, including Joule heating and particle precipitation. The globally integrated solar EUV power was calculated from the EUV flux model for aeronomic calculations (EUVAC) driven by the MgII index. The annal average of solar power in 2008 was 33 GW lower than that in 1996. The decrease of the globally integrated geomagnetic energy from 1996 to 2008 was close to 29 GW including 13 GW for Joule heating from Weimer (2005b) and 16 GW for particle precipitation from NOAA Polar‐Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) measurements. Although the estimate of the solar EUV power and geomagnetic energy vary from model to model, the reduction of the geomagnetic energy was comparable to the solar EUV power. The Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) simulations indicate that the solar irradiance and geomagnetic energy variations account for 3/4 and 1/4 of the total neutral density decrease in 2008, respectively.
Currents, drag, and sediment transport induced by a tsunami
Authors: Lacy Jessica R. , Rubin David M. , Buscombe Daniel
Published: August 2012

We report observations of water surface elevation, currents, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) from a 10‐m deep site on the inner shelf in northern Monterey Bay during the arrival of the 2010 Chile tsunami. Velocity profiles were measured from 3.5 m above the bed (mab) to the surface at 2 min intervals, and from 0.1 to 0.7 mab at 1 Hz. SSC was determined from the acoustic backscatter of the near‐bed profiler. The initial tsunami waves were directed cross shore and had a period of approximately 16 min. Maximum wave height was 1.1 m, and maximum current speed was 0.36 m/s. During the strongest onrush, near‐bed velocities were clearly influenced by friction and a logarithmic boundary layer developed, extending more than 0.3 mab. We estimated friction velocity and bed shear stress from the logarithmic profiles. The logarithmic structure indicates that the flow can be characterized as quasi‐steady at these times. At other phases of the tsunami waves, the magnitude of the acceleration term was significant in the near‐bed momentum equation, indicating unsteady flow. The maximum tsunami‐induced bed shear stress (0.4 N/m2) exceeded the critical shear stress for the medium‐grained sand on the seafloor. Cross‐shore sediment flux was enhanced by the tsunami. Oscillations of water surface elevation and currents continued for several days. The oscillations were dominated by resonant frequencies, the most energetic of which was the fundamental longitudinal frequency of Monterey Bay. The maximum current speed (hourly‐timescale) in 18 months of observations occurred four hours after the tsunami arrived.
Advanced-glycation-end-product-induced formation of immunoproteasomes: involvement of RAGE and Jak2/STAT1
Authors: Grimm Stefanie , Ott Christiane , Hörlacher Melanie , Weber Daniela , Höhn Annika , Grune Tilman
Published: August 2012

AGEs (advanced glycation-end products) accumulate during aging and several pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. These protein products are known to inhibit proteolytic pathways. Moreover, AGEs are known to be involved in the activation of immune responses. In the present study we demonstrate that AGEs induce the expression of immunoproteasomal subunits. To elucidate a molecular basis underlying the observed effects we were able to demonstrate an activation of the Jak2 (Janus kinase 2)/STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) pathway. Inhibition of Jak2 by AG-490 and STAT1 by specific siRNA (small interfering RNA) abolished AGEinduced expression of immunoproteasomal subunits. Furthermore, silencing of RAGE (receptor for AGEs) revealed that AGE-induced up-regulation of the immunoproteasome is mediated by a RAGE signalling process. Thus we have described for the first time that the signalling pathway of Jak2 and STAT1 activated by AGEs via RAGE is involved in the induction of the immunoproteasome.
The Effect of Anatomic Factors on Tongue Position Variability During Consonants
Authors: Rudy Krista , Yunusova Yana
Published: August 2012

Purpose

This study sought to investigate the effect of palate morphology and anthropometric measures of the head on positional variability of the tongue during consonants.

Method

An electromagnetic tracking system was used to record tongue movements of 21 adults. Each talker produced a series of symmetrical VCV syllables containing one of the consonants /t, d, s, z, ʃ, tʃ, k, g, j/ and corner vowels /i, a, u/. Distributions ofx,y, andzcoordinates at maximum tongue elevation were used to represent tongue position variability across contexts. Anthropometric palate and head measures were also obtained.

Results

Positional variability of the tongue differed between the front (e.g., alveolar and post-alveolar) and back (velar) consonant groups. A correlational analysis showed that tongue position variability of the front consonants was explained, to a degree, by palate curvature and palate length. The variability of the back consonants was not explained by any structural measures.

Conclusion

Palate morphology needs to be taken into account when making observations regarding the extent of tongue position variability during consonants in research and in achieving clinical goals.
Implicit Statistical Learning and Language Skills in Bilingual Children
Authors: Yim Dongsun , Rudoy John
Published: August 2012

Purpose

Implicit statistical learning in 2 nonlinguistic domains (visual and auditory) was used to investigate (a) whether linguistic experience influences the underlying learning mechanism and (b) whether there are modality constraints in predicting implicit statistical learning with age and language skills.

Method

Implicit statistical learning was examined in visual and auditory domains. One hundred twelve English native speaking monolinguals and Spanish–English bilinguals age 5–13 years participated in the study. Language skills were measured by standardized language tests.

Results

The overall results showed that all children implicitly learned statistical regularities above chance level in both modalities. However, there was no group difference between monolingual and bilingual children on either visual or auditory tasks. Lastly, a different tendency in predicting implicit statistical learning was observed for each group. In the monolingual group, both age and language scores significantly explained auditory statistical learning, whereas age explained visual statistical learning. In the bilingual group, age explained auditory statistical learning, and nothing was significant for visual statistical learning.

Conclusions

These findings are discussed in terms of the extent to which implicit statistical learning is influenced by internal and external factors and a consideration of important notions when testing bilingual children’s language skills.
Factors Affecting the Processing of Intensity in School-Aged Children
Authors: Buss Emily , Hall Joseph W. , Grose John H.
Published: August 2012

Purpose

Thresholds of school-aged children are elevated relative to those of adults for intensity discrimination and amplitude modulation (AM) detection. It is unclear how these findings are related or what role stimulus gating and dynamic envelope cues play in these results. Two experiments assessed the development of sensitivity to intensity increments in different stimulus contexts.

Method

Thresholds for detecting an increment in level were estimated for normal-hearing children (5- to 10-year-olds) and adults. Experiment 1 compared intensity discrimination for gated and continuous presentation of a 1-kHz tone, with a 65-dB-SPL standard level. Experiment 2 compared increment detection and 16-Hz AM detection introduced into a continuous 1-kHz tone, with either 35- or 75-dB-SPL standard levels.

Results

Children had higher thresholds than adults overall. All listeners were more sensitive to increments in the continuous than the gated stimulus and performed better at the 75- than at the 35-dB-SPL standard level. Both effects were comparable for children and adults. There was some evidence that children’s AM detection was more adultlike than increment detection.

Conclusion

These results imply that memory for loudness across gated intervals is not responsible for children’s poor performance but that multiple dynamic envelope cues may benefit children more than adults.
Understanding and Applying Genetics Knowledge in the Schools
Authors: Garrett Jennifer Walz
Published: August 2012

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in school settings have an important role in the identification and treatment of children who exhibit speech, language, hearing, and swallowing disorders. It is necessary and important for SLPs to be aware of the growing research body of genetics and how the information applies to working with a variety of individuals. In this article, I will provide an overview about genetic causes and contributions to communication disorders and suggest ways SLPs can incorporate genetics knowledge into practice.
Complex Trauma and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Clinical Implications
Authors: Hyter Yvette D.
Published: August 2012

Complex trauma resulting from chronic maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure can significantly affect child development and academic outcomes. Children with histories of maltreatment and those with prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit remarkably similar central nervous system impairments. In this article, I will review the effects of each on the brain and discuss clinical implications for these populations of children.
The low-carbon transformation—A social science perspective
Authors: Leggewie Claus , Messner Dirk
Published: August 2012

The authors consider only two great transformations in the history of human mankind to be comparable to the Great Transformation towards a global low-carbon economy faced now: the Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. This paper discusses different social, economic, and cultural theories which might help to understand this far reaching socio-economic transformation and focus on specific arenas of change in which low-carbon dynamics occur. The authors argue that the technological, economic, and social main elements which will permit the transformation to be made to climate compatibility are already emerging. On the other hand the speed and geographical spread of the low-carbon dynamics are still not sufficient to avoid dangerous climate change.
Kinetic modeling of batch photofermentation hydrogen gas production byRhodopseudomonas palustrisPBUM001
Authors: Jamil Zadariana , Annuar Mohamad Suffian Mohamad , Ibrahim Shaliza , Vikineswary S.
Published: August 2012

An indigenous purple non-sulfur bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris PBUM001 was used to produce hydrogen gas via batch photofermentation of palm oil mill effluent (POME). The photofermentation hydrogen production was carried out in a 5-l reactor (B. Braun Biostat® B) with a working volume of 3.5 l (height: 39 cm and diameter: 16 cm) under anaerobic condition. The stirred tank reactor (STR) was conducted at temperature, 30 ± 2 °C; POME concentration, 100% (v/v); light intensity, 4.0 klux; pH 6, inoculum size, 10% (v/v); agitation rate, 250 rpm, and operated for 66 h. Two sets of experiments were run in STR (R1 and R2) and the data obtained were used for kinetic study of photofermentation hydrogen production. Unstructured models were used to describe the bacterial growth, substrate consumption, and hydrogen gas production by R. palustris PBUM001. The discrepancy between the proposed model and the experimental data in simulating hydrogen production from POME by R. palustris PBUM001 was measured by using residual sum of squares (RSS). Logistic model could be adopted to describe the kinetics of bacterial growth (RSS: 0.3039–0.2313) and the proposed model for substrate consumption agreed well with the experimental data obtained in this study as shown by its RSS value of 19.1319 and 26.8259 for R1 and R2, respectively. A modified Leudeking-Piret model was applied for the data fitting to determine the relationship between the cell growth and photofermentation hydrogen production (RSS: 1.3267–26.3741).
In situ characterization of thermophysical soil properties—Measurements and monitoring of soil water content with a thermal probe
Authors: Chauchois Alexis , Antczak Emmanuel , Defer Didier , Brachelet Franck
Published: August 2012

In a period of surging energy prices, resource depletion, and concerns over the use of nuclear power, energy savings are paramount and a major component of ongoing sustainable development. Geothermal energy is the energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of the Earth. Related to this, the thermal properties of soils are of great importance, particularly with regard to the modern trends of utilizing the subsurface for transmission of either heated fluids or high power currents. For example, in geothermal hydrology or geotechnical engineering applications, the thermal conductivity must be determined to assess the energy potential of the soil. The presence of water (groundwater, rainfall, natural moisture) improves both the thermal conductivity and thermal capacity fields. We present an original method—based on a thermal study and the use of non-integer order models—to determine the thermophysical parameters of different soils in near-surface layers, and link them to the water content variations of different soils. The results are compared with those obtained using a capacitive profile probe.
Everyday State Formation: Territory, Decentralization, and the Narco Landgrab in Colombia
Authors: Ballvé Teo
Published: August 2012

Since the 1980s rural Colombia has been torn asunder by the deadly conflation of political violence and the cocaine boom, fueling the displacement of four million campesinos. The northwest frontier region surrounding the Gulf of Urabá has been an unruly epicenter for this mass of dispossessed humanity, mainly displaced by paramilitaries. As an outgrowth of a complex alliance between narcos (drug traffickers) and agrarian elites, paramilitary groups simultaneously act as drug-trafficking private militias and counterinsurgent battalions, while using land appropriation and agribusiness as favored conduits for money laundering and illicit profit. Drawing on investigative ethnographic fieldwork into these dynamics in Urabá, this paper shows how state formation in Urabá is produced through the convergence of narco-paramilitary strategies, counterinsurgency, and government reforms aimed at territorial restructuring through decentralization. Relying on the conceptual cues offered by Lefebvre and Gramsci on state, space, and hegemony, I argue that Urabá's narco-driven economies of violence are not somehow anathema to projects of modern liberal statehood—usually associated with tropes of ‘institution building’ and ‘good governance’—but deeply tied to initiatives aimed at making spaces governable, expanding global trade, and attracting capital.
Provincialising Waste: The Transformation of Ambulance Car 7/83–2 to Tro-Tro Dr. Jesus
Authors: Beisel Uli , Schneider Tillmann
Published: August 2012

This paper is concerned with the material and social transformation of a German ambulance car into a Ghanaian minibus—called tro-tros in Ghana. We track the journey of a Mercedes Benz 310 from Winnenden in Germany to Kumasi in Ghana and examine the transformation of Rettungswagen 7/83–2 to tro-tro Dr. JESUS. Tracing the car's geobiography enables us to explore a specific material relation between Europe and West Africa. Considering debates on technology transfer and transformation, we argue for a nuanced understanding of ‘fluid technologies’ that includes opportunities but also emphasises the dangers implicated in the transfer and transformation of objects. Furthermore, by locating the reused bus within international trade in discarded objects, we introduce the notion of ‘provincialising waste’ to underline changing uses and values of objects. In this paper we suggest that careful attention needs to be paid to the ambivalent geobiographies of secondhand objects.
Grouping by Closure Influences Subjective Regularity and Implicit Preference
Authors: Makin Alexis , Pecchinenda Anna , Bertamini Marco
Published: August 2012

A reflection between a pair of contours is more rapidly detected than a translation, but this effect is stronger when the contours are closed to form a single object compared to when they are closed to form 2 objects with a gap between them. That is, grouping changes the relative salience of different regularities. We tested whether this manipulation would also change preference for reflection or translation. We measured preference for these patterns using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). On some trials, participants saw words that were either positive or negative and had to classify them as quickly as possible. On interleaved trials, they saw reflection or translation patterns and again had to classify them. Participants were faster when 1 button was used for reflection and positive words and another button was used for translation and negative words, compared to when the reverse response mapping was used (translation and positive vs. reflection and negative). This reaction time difference indicates an implicit preference for reflection over translation. However, the size of the implicit preference was significantly reduced in the Two-objects condition. We concluded that factors that affect perceptual sensitivity also systematically affect implicit preference formation.
Core circadian protein CLOCK is a positive regulator of NF-κB–mediated transcription
Authors: Spengler Mary L. , Kuropatwinski Karen K. , Comas Maria , Gasparian Alexander V. , Fedtsova Natalia , Gleiberman Anatoli S. , Gitlin Ilya I. , Artemicheva Natalia M. , Deluca Krysta A. , Gudkov Andrei V. , Antoch Marina P.
Published: August 2012

The circadian clock controls many physiological parameters including immune response to infectious agents, which is mediated by activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. It is widely accepted that circadian regulation is based on periodic changes in gene expression that are triggered by transcriptional activity of the CLOCK/BMAL1 complex. Through the use of a mouse model system we show that daily variations in the intensity of the NF-κB response to a variety of immunomodulators are mediated by core circadian protein CLOCK, which can up-regulate NF-κB–mediated transcription in the absence of BMAL1; moreover, BMAL1 counteracts the CLOCK-dependent increase in the activation of NF-κB–responsive genes. Consistent with its regulatory function, CLOCK is found in protein complexes with the p65 subunit of NF-κB, and its overexpression correlates with an increase in specific phosphorylated and acetylated transcriptionally active forms of p65. In addition, activation of NF-κB in response to immunostimuli in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and primary hepatocytes isolated fromClock-deficient mice is significantly reduced compared with WT cells, whereasClock-Δ19 mutation, which reduces the transactivation capacity of CLOCK on E-box–containing circadian promoters, has no effect on the ability of CLOCK to up-regulate NF-κB–responsive promoters. These findings establish a molecular link between two essential determinants of the circadian and immune mechanisms, the transcription factors CLOCK and NF-κB, respectively.
Estimating Abundance and Life History Characteristics of Threatened Wild Snake River Steelhead Stocks by Using Genetic Stock Identification
Authors: Campbell Matthew R. , Kozfkay Christine C. , Copeland Timothy , Schrader William C. , Ackerman Michael W. , Narum Shawn R.
Published: August 2012

Assessments of threatened wild Snake River steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss have historically been limited due to a lack of stock‐specific information and difficulties in field sampling efforts. We used genetic stock identification (GSI) to estimate the composition of wild adult steelhead migrating past Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River between August 24 and November 25, 2008. Further, we combined genetic data with information on sex, length, age, and run timing to examine for differences in life history or demography among stocks. In total, 1,087 samples collected at the dam were genotyped with 13 standardized steelhead microsatellite loci and a new modified Y‐chromosome‐specific assay that differentiates sex. A genetic baseline of 66 populations was used to complete GSI of unknown‐origin samples from Lower Granite Dam. Large differences in reporting group (stock) contributions were observed for the run as a whole; the Snake River–lower Clearwater River reporting group had the largest single contribution of 36.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30.2–39.7%). Other large contributions were 15.4% (12.8–18.7%) from the upper Clearwater River reporting group and 13.9% (12.5–18.7%) from the lower Salmon River reporting group. Smaller contributions came from the other six reporting groups (Imnaha River: mean = 9.5%, 95% CI = 6.8–13.6%; upper Salmon River: 9.2%, 5.1–11.3%; South Fork Clearwater River: 7.6%, 4.3–8.9%; Middle Fork Salmon River: 5.1%, 3.5–6.4%; South Fork Salmon River: 2.7%, 1.3–3.6%; Elk Creek: 0.5%, 0.0–1.2%). Significant differences in reporting group contributions were observed when samples were grouped according to length, age, and run timing differences. Of the samples analyzed, 372 (34.9%) were identified as males and 694 (65.1%) were identified as females. Our results demonstrate that the GSI methodologies applied to Snake River steelhead have the potential of providing an efficient, minimally intrusive tool for obtaining stock‐specific abundance of this threatened distinct population segment. This technology can assist future viability status assessments of Snake River steelhead by contributing to refinements in population delineations, productivity calculations, and annual stock‐specific estimation of life history characteristics (e.g., age structure, sex ratio, and run timing).
Effects of Activity and Energy Budget Balancing Algorithm on Laboratory Performance of a Fish Bioenergetics Model
Authors: Madenjian Charles P. , David Solomon R. , Pothoven Steven A.
Published: August 2012

We evaluated the performance of the Wisconsin bioenergetics model for lake trout Salvelinus namaycush that were fed ad libitum in laboratory tanks under regimes of low activity and high activity. In addition, we compared model performance under two different model algorithms: (1) balancing the lake trout energy budget on day t based on lake trout energy density on day t and (2) balancing the lake trout energy budget on day t based on lake trout energy density on day t + 1. Results indicated that the model significantly underestimated consumption for both inactive and active lake trout when algorithm 1 was used and that the degree of underestimation was similar for the two activity levels. In contrast, model performance substantially improved when using algorithm 2, as no detectable bias was found in model predictions of consumption for inactive fish and only a slight degree of overestimation was detected for active fish. The energy budget was accurately balanced by using algorithm 2 but not by using algorithm 1. Based on the results of this study, we recommend the use of algorithm 2 to estimate food consumption by fish in the field. Our study results highlight the importance of accurately accounting for changes in fish energy density when balancing the energy budget; furthermore, these results have implications for the science of evaluating fish bioenergetics model performance and for more accurate estimation of food consumption by fish in the field when fish energy density undergoes relatively rapid changes.
Genetic Characterization of American Shad in the Edisto River, South Carolina, and Initial Evaluation of an Experimental Stocking Program
Authors: Cushman Elizabeth , Tarpey Carolyn , Post Bill , Ware Kent , Darden Tanya
Published: August 2012

The American shad Alosa sapidissima is an anadromous clupeid with once‐prolific stocks that have experienced major coastwide declines in abundance over the past century. The American shad spawning run in the Edisto River (South Carolina) has been exhibiting the same decreases as spawning runs in other coastal rivers, and stocking is now being considered as a restoration option for this river system. We utilized a suite of 13 microsatellite loci to provide a baseline genetic characterization of the Edisto River spawning run prior to supplementation and to evaluate the initial success of an experimental stocking program enacted from 2008 to 2010. No significant temporal genetic differentiation was found between sampling years, indicating that the genetic composition of the Edisto River spawning run is temporally stable over short time frames. Estimates of genetic diversity for Edisto River American shad were high (observed heterozygosity = 0.82–0.85) and similar to those observed in other river systems. Estimates of effective population size (3,505–8,379) resembled those reported for other diadromous species and were within the levels recommended for maintaining evolutionary potential. Hatchery‐produced individuals were detected within the 2010 year‐class of juvenile American shad prior to out‐migration (11/314 fish, or 3.5%), demonstrating initial success of the stocking effort (i.e., contribution of hatchery fish to the wild stock). Our results provide valuable information that can be incorporated into management plans for aiding the recovery of American shad in the Edisto River.
Estimating and Predicting Collection Probability of Fish at Dams Using Multistate Modeling
Authors: Plumb John M. , Connor William P. , Tiffan Kenneth F. , Moffitt Christine M. , Perry Russell W. , Adams Noah S.
Published: August 2012

Dams can be equipped with a bypass that routes a portion of the fish that enter the turbine intakes away from the powerhouse into flumes, where they can be counted. Daily passage abundance can be estimated by dividing the number of fish counted in the bypass by the sampling rate and then dividing the resulting quotient by the collection probability (i.e., the proportion of the fish population passing the dam that is bypassed). We used multistate mark–recapture modeling to evaluate six candidate models for predicting the collection probabilities of radio‐tagged subyearling fall Chinook salmon (n = 3,852) as a function of 1–2‐d time periods (general model), four different combinations of outflow (i.e., the total volume of water passing the dam) and turbine allocation (i.e., the proportion of outflow directed through the turbines), and a null (intercept only) model. The best‐fit model was the additive combination of turbine allocation and outflow, which explained 71% of the null deviance. Cross validation of the best‐fit model accounted for the variation that may arise from different data sets and the ensuing parameter values on the collection probability estimates and yielded a standard error of 0.613 that can be used to construct approximate 95% prediction intervals in nonstudy years. Such estimates have been unavailable and will be useful anywhere estimates of daily passage abundance at dams with bypasses are needed to manage migratory fishes.
Genetically Derived Estimates of Contemporary Natural Straying Rates and Historical Gene Flow among Lake Michigan Lake Sturgeon Populations
Authors: Homola Jared J. , Scribner Kim T. , Elliott Robert F. , Donofrio Michael C. , Kanefsky Jeannette , Smith Kregg M. , McNair James N.
Published: August 2012

Natural rates of straying are difficult to quantify over large spatial scales using direct observations, particularly for long‐lived fish species characterized by delayed sexual maturity and long interspawning intervals. Using multilocus microsatellite genotypes and likelihood‐based statistical methods, we quantified rates of immigration and emigration for six genetically differentiated (meanFST= 0.041) lake sturgeonAcipenser fulvescenspopulations in Lake Michigan based on adults (n= 437) captured in tributaries during the spawning season. Estimated rates of straying were high (mean = 0.105), asymmetrical, and highly variable across populations. We found no significant association between the total length (a surrogate measure of age) of individuals that strayed and those that did not. Linear distance between streams was more predictive of straying rates andFSTthan least‐cost distances estimated based on lakescape features (bathymetry and lake current patterns). Historical rates of gene flow estimated using coalescent analysis indicated a fully parameterized model with variable evolutionarily effective population sizes (θ range, 0.684–0.989), and variable and nonsymmetrical migration rates best explained the genetic data. Comparatively high estimates of relative historical gene flow from several numerically depressed populations suggest that these populations were once larger contributors to basinwide gene flow than indicated by estimates of contemporary straying rates. High rates of interpopulation straying contrast with highFST, suggesting that straying rates are poor indicators of successful reproduction following dispersal.
Gill Oxidative Stress and Histopathological Biomarkers of Pollution Impacts in Nile Tilapia from Lake Mariut and Lake Edku, Egypt
Authors: Abdel-Moneim Ashraf M. , El-Saad Ahmed M. Abu , Hussein Hussein K. , Dekinesh Samir I.
Published: August 2012

Various oxidative stress and histopathological biomarkers in gill tissues of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were investigated. Fish were collected from four sites that differ in their extent of pollution load, including heavy metals: the southeast basin (SEB), main basin (MB), and northwest basin (NWB) of Lake Mariut; and Boughaz El-Maadiya, a channel in Lake Edku. The oxidative stress biomarkers that were analyzed included lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione redox cycle enzymes (glutathione peroxidase [GPx] and glutathione reductase [GR]). Levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were also evaluated. Gill morphology was analyzed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Gill LPO was significantly higher in gill tissues of fish collected from the more heavily contaminated MB (40.0%) and NWB (51.4%) sites than in gill samples from the less-contaminated (reference) site, the SEB. Gill LPO in fish from Lake Edku was intermediate but was not significantly higher (17.1%) than the reference. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the redox-sensitive thiol compound GSH were significantly lower in gill samples from the disturbed sites than in samples from the reference site. Specifically, SOD in MB, NWB, and Lake Edku samples; CAT and GPx in NWB samples; and GR activity and GSH content in MB and NWB samples were lower than those in SEB samples. In most cases, gill tissues from Lake Edku fish had intermediate levels of antioxidants. The main histopathological alterations observed in gills were epithelial lifting, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the respiratory epithelium, lamellar fusion, and aneurysms. In addition, SEM results demonstrated transformation of the surface structure of epithelial pavement cells. Pathological reactions in the gills of Nile tilapia were most severe at the MB and NWB sites. Our findings suggest that Nile tilapia responded differently according to the environmental stress index in each sampling area. This study is the first to report gill oxidative stress and histopathologies in Nile tilapia from Egyptian aquatic environments.

Received March 20, 2011; accepted March 5, 2012
In Vitro Study of Adherence, Invasion, and Persistence of Streptococcus iniae in Fibroblastic-Like Fish Cell Line SAF-1
Authors: Aamri F. El , Real F. , Acosta F. , Acosta B. , Valdivia J. , Ramos-Vivas J. , Padilla D.
Published: August 2012

Streptococcus iniae is a major fish pathogen producing invasive infections that result in economic losses in aquaculture. Gentamicin protection assays were used to investigate the ability of different S. iniae strains to invade and adhere to fibroblastic-like fish cell line SAF-1. All strains tested were detected intracellularly using both techniques, with variable internalization degrees between strains. The experiments carried out at 4°C demonstrated that active cell metabolism is necessary for bacterial internalization. Intracellular bacteria were detected for up to 3 d with a round morphology and were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), indicating that some bacterial cells may remain viable inside SAF-1 cells. Our in vitro findings indicate that S. iniae is capable of adhering, entering, and surviving within fibroblastic cells, which may be important for the persistence and establishment of a carrier state.

Received July 8, 2011; accepted February 12, 2012
Pond-Level Risk Factors Associated with Columnaris Disease on Mississippi Commercial Catfish Farms
Authors: Cunningham Fred L. , Jack S. W. , Hardin David , Wills Robert W.
Published: August 2012

A large commercial catfish enterprise encompassing over 500 food fish ponds from five farms covering multiple counties in the Mississippi Delta was included in this analysis of columnaris risk factors. A gram-negative bacterium, Flavobacterium columnare, is the cause of columnaris disease and is considered the second-most prevalent bacterial disease in farm-raised catfish. The objective of this study was to determine if pond-level risk factors reported by farm personnel were associated with columnaris disease mortalities. To identify risk factors affecting susceptibility of farm-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to columnaris disease, a Catfish Management database was developed. Logistic regression was used to model the relationships between probability of columnaris in ponds and risk factors examined. Generalized linear mixed models incorporating hierarchically structured random effects of ponds and one or more fixed-effects risk factors were fitted. In the screening process, each risk factor was evaluated in the basic model as a single fixed-effects factor, and if associated with the outcome (P ≤ 0.20), was retained for development of multivariable models. Two multivariable logistic regression models were constructed from data collected at the pond level by producers. The first was constructed from data in which water quality was not considered. Pond depth and reduced feed consumption for a 14-d period prior to disease outbreaks measured on a per hectare basis were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with columnaris disease. The second, in which water quality variables were also considered, pond depth, reduced feed consumption, shorter intervals from stocking to disease outbreaks, and total ammonia nitrogen were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with columnaris occurrence. This study showed some commonly recorded production variables were associated with columnaris disease outbreaks and, if monitored, could help identify “at risk” ponds before disease outbreaks occur.

Received September 16, 2011; accepted February 9, 2012
Necessary and sufficient conditions on existence and convexity of solutions for Dirichlet problems of Hessian equations on exterior domains
Authors: Wang Chong , Bao Jiguang
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we are concerned with the Dirichlet problems of Hessian equations on exterior domains with prescribed asymptotic behavior at infinity, and we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions on existence and convexity of radial solutions.
The Langlands-Kottwitz method and deformation spaces of 𝑝-divisible groups
Authors: Scholze Peter
Published: August 2012

We extend the results of Kottwitz on points of Shimura varieties over finite fields to cases of bad reduction. The “test function” whose twisted orbital integrals appear in the final expression is defined geometrically using deformation spaces of

p
p

-divisible groups.