bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EGFR as a clinical marker in glioblastomas and other gliomas
Authors: Saadeh Fadi S. , Mahfouz Rami , Assi Hazem I.
Published: September 2017

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the tyrosine kinase superfamily receptor. Gliomas are tumors originating from glial cells, which show a range of aggressiveness depending on grade and stage. Many EGFR gene alterations have been identified in gliomas, especially glioblastomas, including amplifications, deletions and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Glioblastomas are discussed as a separate entity due to their high correlation with EGFR mutants and the reported association of the latter with survival and response to treatment in this glioma subgroup. This review is a comprehensive report of EGFR gene alterations and their relations with several clinical factors in glioblastomas and other gliomas. It covers all EGFR gene alterations including point mutations, SNPs, methylations, copy number variations and amplifications, assessed with regard to different clinical variables, including response to therapy and survival. This review also discusses the current prognostic status of EGFR in glioblastomas and other gliomas, and highlights gaps in previous studies. This serves as an update for the medical community about the role of EGFR gene alterations in gliomas and specifically glioblastomas, as a means for targeted treatment and prognosis.
Double acid etching treatment of dental implants for enhanced biological properties
Authors: Giner Lluís , Mercadé Montse , Torrent Sergi , Punset Miquel , Pérez Román A. , Delgado Luis M. , Gil Francisco Javier
Published: September 2017

Background:

The topographical features on the surface of dental implants have been considered as a critical parameter for enhancing the osseointegration of implants. In this work, we proposed a surface obtained by a combination of shot blasting and double acid etching. The double acid etching was hypothesized to increase the submicron topography and hence further stimulate the biological properties of the titanium implant.

Methods:

The topographical features (surface roughness and real surface area), wettability and surface chemical composition were analyzed.

Results:

The results showed that the proposed method produced a dual roughness, mainly composed of randomly distributed peaks and valleys with a superimposed nanoroughness, and hence with an increased specific surface area. Despite the fact that the proposed method does not introduce significant chemical changes, this treatment combination slightly increased the amount of titanium available on the surface, reducing potential surface contaminants. Furthermore, the surface showed increased contact angle values demonstrating an enhanced hydrophobicity on the surface. The biological behavior of the implants was then assessed by culturing osteoblast-like cells on the surface, showing enhanced osteoblast adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on the novel surface.

Conclusions:

Based on these results, the described surface with dual roughness obtained by double acid etching may be a novel route to obtain key features on the surface to enhance the osseointegration of the implant. Our approach is a simple method to obtain a dual roughness that mimics the bone structure modified by osteoclasts and increases surface area, which enhances osseointegration of dental implants.
A Retrospective Study of 17 Patients who Had Excision of Abdominal wall Endometriosis after Caesarean Section over an 11-Year Period
Authors: Krepelka Petr , Velebil Petr , Feyereisl Jaroslav , Krofta Ladislav
Published: September 2017

Introduction

The aim of our study was to retrospectively learn about the incidence of abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) after caesarean section (CS) in our Perinatal Centre (Perinatal Centre of the Institute for the Care of Mother and Child), one of the largest in the Czech Republic.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of hospital records on 18,454 caesarean deliveries between 2003 and 2014.

Results

A total of 17 cases of caesarean scar endometriosis (also known as AWE) were identified. The median age was 36.0 (33.5-43.5) years. In 10 patients, the cyclic pain was present. The median interval between CS and first symptoms was 3.0 (1.0-6.5) years. Ultrasound supported the diagnosis by the identification of hypoechogenic lesions in all patients. The median interval between symptoms development and surgical excision was 1.0 year (1.0-4.0 years). Excision was the mode of treatment. Excisions with clear margins (15 cases) were curative to all those patients. Two patients with involved margins had recurrences at 6 and 8 months, respectively, and were treated with a second resection with no further surgery. No malignant transformation cases were identified.

Conclusions

Physicians should be highly suspicious of CS scar endometriosis, especially after uterine surgery. Complete excision is the only curative treatment.
Understanding Urinary Toxicity after Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: First Steps Forward
Authors: Rancati Tiziana , Palorini Federica , Cozzarini Cesare , Fiorino Claudio , Valdagni Riccardo
Published: September 2017

One of the most relevant achievements of Professor Gianni Bonadonna was the implementation of the methodology of controlled clinical trials in medical oncology. It is valid for all cancer types, oncological disciplines and clinical endpoints, both survival and toxicity. This narrative review reports on the status of the current knowledge of the radiation-induced urinary syndrome after external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. In recent years, the syndrome has been the object of large-scale prospective observational trials specifically devoted to investigating the association of patient and treatment features with acute/late urinary toxicity. The first results of these trials allow initial attempts at predictive modeling, which can serve as a basis for the optimization of patient selection and treatment planning.
Audiências de custódia: instituto de descarcerização ou de reafirmação de estereótipos? | Custody hearings: institute of downcarcerization or reaffirmation of stereotypes?
Authors: Ferreira Carolina Costa
Published: September 2017

Resumo: A audiência de custódia é um procedimento penal instituído no Brasil recentemente, por meio de decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal na Medida Cautelar na Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) nº 347, em setembro de 2015. Trata-se do momento processual no qual a pessoa presa em flagrante é apresentada a uma autoridade judicial, para que esta possa ouvi-la sobre as condições de sua prisão (regularidade do flagrante e informações sobre eventuais abusos praticados por policiais), além de decidir sobre a necessidade ou não da conversão da prisão em flagrante em prisão preventiva. O presente trabalho pretende analisar a implantação das audiências de custódia no Distrito Federal, verificando sua aplicação, em um momento em que se observa um aumento do recrudescimento penal e da cultura punitiva, como instituto de descarcerização ou de reafirmação de estereótipos. O trabalho também apresenta parte de resultados inéditos de uma pesquisa etnográfica das audiências de custódia no Distrito Federal, realizada entre os meses de janeiro e março de 2016, com a análise da interação dos atores do sistema de justiça criminal durante a realização dos atos processuais. Este texto aponta os resultados da pesquisa referentes aos discursos utilizados pelos magistrados e pelos promotores de justiça e seus poderes para reafirmar estereótipos aplicados às pessoas presas.

Palavras-chave: Audiências de Custódia. Discursos judiciais. Seletividade. Sistema de Justiça Criminal.

Abstract: A custody hearing is a criminal proceeding recently instituted in Brazil, through a decision of the Supreme Federal Court in the Precautionary Measure in the process of Argument on Basic Precept Violation (ADPF) nº. 347, in September 2015. This is a procedural moment in which the person arrested in flagrant is presented to a judicial authority, so that it can hear it on how conditions of its arrest, besides deciding on a necessity or not of the conversion of the prison in flagrante in custody prison. Based on that, the present work analyzes the implantation of the custody hearings in the Federal District, verifying its application, at a time when there is an increase in criminal recrudescence and punitive culture, as an institute of downcarcerization or of reaffirmation of stereotypes. The paper also presents some of the unpublished results of an ethnographic survey of custody hearings in the Federal District, conducted between January and March 2016, with the analysis of the interaction of the actors of the criminal justice system during the performance of the procedural acts. This text points out the results of the research concerning speeches, magistrates and prosecutors and their powers to reaffirm stereotypes applied to prisoners.

Keywords: Criminal Justice System. Custody Hearings. Judiciais speeches. Selectivity.
El tráfico ilícito de migrantes en Chile | Illicit trafficking in migrants in Chile
Authors: Avilez Hernández Cassandra C.
Published: September 2017

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene como objeto analizar el delito de tráfico ilícito de migrantes en Chile, cuyos elementos esenciales del tipo delictivo están referidos al traspaso de manera clandestina de fronteras. Para esto, se organiza este trabajo en tres secciones: en la primera parte, se realiza un breve rescate histórico de la migración en Chile, desde su concepto como también su relación con los flujos migratorios que han llegado al país desde los tiempos donde se inicia la población española en América. Luego, se analiza el tráfico ilícito de migrantes desde el ámbito del Derecho Internacional, la legislación que regula este delito transnacional y los diferentes tratados que permiten su persecución penal. En la parte final se profundiza el análisis de los convenios sobre tráfico ilícito de migrantes que Chile está cumpliendo en la actualidad, y que falta en el derecho interno para avanzar hacia una sociedad integradora que garantice a cada uno de sus habitantes sean nacionales o no, el respeto hacia sus derechos humanos.

Palabras-clave: Delito transnacional. Derechos humanos. Derecho migratorio. Derecho Penal Chileno. Tráfico de migrantes.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the crime of illicit trafficking in migrants in Chile, whose essential elements of the criminal type are related to the smuggling of frontiers. For this, this work is organized in three sections: in the first part, a brief historical rescue of migration in Chile is presented, considering its concept as well as its relationship with the migratory flows that have arrived at the country from the times of Spanish population in America. Then, in the second part, the illegal trafficking of migrants is analyzed from the scope of International Law, the legislation that regulates this transnational crime and the different treaties that allow its criminal prosecution. In the final part, the analysis of the agreements on illegal smuggling of migrants that Chile is currently fulfilling is deepened, and it lacks in domestic law to move towards an integrating society that guarantees each one of its inhabitants whether national or not, the respect for their human rights.

Keywords: Chilean Criminal Law. Immigration law. Human rights. Trafficking of migrants. Transnational crime.
Sign of Permutation Induced by Nagata Automorphism over Finite Fields
Authors: Hakuta Keisuke , Takagi Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2017

This paper proves that the Nagata automorphism over a finite field can be mimicked by a tame automorphism which is a composition of four elementary automorphisms. By investigating the sign of the permutations induced by the above elementary automorphisms, one can see that if the Nagata automorphism is defined over a prime field of characteristic two, the Nagata automorphism induces an odd permutation, and otherwise, the Nagata automorphism induces an even permutation.
Publieke zorgen rond de instroom van vluchtelingen
Authors: Eysink Smeets Marnix , Boot Anoek
Published: September 2017

Public worries about the influx of refugees

Like many other European countries the Netherlands experienced a major influx of refugees in the fall of 2015. A majority of the population supported providing shelter to the refugees, but not without worries and anxieties about the effects of that influx, which sometimes lead to limited, local forms of social unrest. A study was started to shed more light on the worries and fears that existed in the population, on the assumptions these were based upon and on whether these worries and fears could lead to social unrest on a larger scale. The study was explorative, based on an eclectic, multi methods approach. The findings show that worries and anxieties were not limited to those who were opposed to the influx of migrants, but existed among supporters as well. The worries and anxieties were of a diverse nature, on topics like security, livability, economics, perceived (in)justice and socio-cultural aspects of life. A clear, credible answer or policy from the government was missed. When compared to the findings of earlier studies on the influx of migrants, some worries and anxieties seemed closely connected to what might be expected, in other cases a distinct ‘disconnect’ was found. These could be understood however when distorting mechanisms were taken into consideration that have been described in studies of more general security perceptions. As the worries and anxieties on the influx of refugees resonated other existing worries, anxieties and fears in society, a ‘cocktail of concerns’ was created that, given the right trigger, could have led to social unrest on a larger scale.
The role of oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Authors: Bryk Dorota , Olejarz Wioletta , Zapolska-Downar Danuta
Published: September 2017

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The main mechanisms which are involved are low-density lipoprotein oxidative modification, inactivation of nitric oxide and modulation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways. ROS contribute to several aspects of atherosclerosis including endothelial cell dysfunction, monocyte/macrophage recruitment and activation, stimulation of inflammation, and inducing smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. NADPH oxidase is the main source of ROS in the vasculature. This enzyme consists of a membrane-bound heterodimer of gp91phox and p22phox, cytosolic regulatory subunits p47phox, p67phox and p40phox, and small GTP-binding proteins rac1 and rac 2. Seven distinct isoforms of this enzyme have been identified, of which four (NOX1, 2, 4 and 5) may have cardiovascular function. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge concerning the role of oxidative stress and NOX enzymes in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Moreover, we analyze the experimental studies that explore the relationship between the NOX family and atherosclerosis.
The influence of TSA and VPA on the in vitro differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neuronal lineage cells: Gene expression studies
Authors: Fila-Danilow Anna , Borkowska Paulina , Paul-Samojedny Monika , Kowalczyk Malgorzata , Kowalski Jan
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Epigenetic mechanisms regulate the transcription of genes, which can affect the differentiation of MSCs. The aim of the current work is to determine how the histone deacetylase inhibitors TSA and VPA affect the expression of neuronal lineage genes in a culture of rat MSCs (rMSCs).Materials and Methods: We analyzed the expression of early neuron marker gene (Tubb3), mature neuron markers genes (Vacht, Th, Htr2a) and the oligodendrocyte progenitor marker gene (GalC). Moreover, changes in the gene expression after three different periods of exposure to TSA and VPA were investigated for the first time.Results: After six days of exposition to TSA and VPA, the expression of Tubb3 and GalC decreased, while the expression of Th increased. The highest increase of VAChT expression was observed after three days of TSA and VPA treatment. A decrease in Htr2a gene expression was observed after TSA treatment and an increase was observed after VPA treatment. We also observed that TSA and VPA inhibited cell proliferation and the formation of neurospheres in the rMSCs culture.Discussion: The central findings of our study are that TSA and VPA affect the expression of neuronal lineage genes in an rMSCs culture. After exposure to TSA or VPA, the expression of early neuronal gene decreases but equally the expression of mature neuron genes increases. After TSA and VPA treatment ER of the oligodendrocyte progenitor marker decreased. TSA and VPA inhibit cell proliferation and the formation of neurospheres in rMSCs culture.
New Forms of Tourism Education
Authors: Gołembski Grzegorz
Published: September 2017

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to consider whether syllabuses of tourism related courses reflect the newest trends in scientific research, and respond to challenges posed by economic practice. Method. An attempt is made to specify research drivers evident in scientific studies, and to classify the most important issues from the perspective of economic practice. By analysing the content of internet sites, the teaching programmes and syllabuses of tourism courses offered at 11 of the largest and best Polish universities were studied. Findings. It was found that the best harmonization of didactic programmes with the thinking of leading scientific research is evident at universities offering Tourism Economy degree courses. The course syllabuses of the investigated universities best reflect the issues of communication forms with the client, the application of information technologies in business (relations with clients and B2B), and also macroeconomic issues, such as satellite accounts, the multiplier and the impact of tourism on GDP (GNP). We note, however, that many trends observable in scientific research and the many needs of business practice are not sufficiently reflected in tourism syllabuses offered by the leading universities in Poland. Research and conclusion limitations. The investigated universities represent diverse teaching profiles (geography, economics or physical education). This reflects the long-lasting traditions or specificity of individual higher education institutions. For this reason, it is understandable that individual universities make references to particular basic sciences in their teaching programmes, which results in different syllabus contents of degree programmes with identical names. We realize that gradation of the most important themes in scientific research and the most interesting issues from the perspective of economic practice cannot be fully objective. Therefore, we attempted to present the most convincing arguments to support our conclusions (examples of specific research studies, market observation and opinions of business representatives). Practical implications. The paper identifies important interest areas of tourism economic practice. These interests focus on innovation, entrepreneurship, tourism destination management and new forms of communication with the client. We show how these areas of interest are reflected in tourism teaching programmes offered by leading Polish universities. Originality. Despite intense competition among higher education institutions offering tourism related courses, so far there have been no attempts to evaluate teaching programmes from the perspective of synchronization with new trends in scientific research and the needs of economic practice. Type of paper. Illustrative review paper.
Knowledge and Behavior of Women on Cervical Cancer in the Northern Region of Cameroon
Authors: Armel HerveNwabo Kamdje  , Georges Kalgong  , Paul Takam Kamga  , Richard Simo Tagne  , Jeremie Mbo Amvene  , Charlette Nangue
Published: September 2017

Background: Cervical cancer is a major cause of women death worldwide. The reduction of the mortality and morbidity of this pathology depends on the early detection based on powerful suitable screening methods, that will lead to optimal treatment strategies. However in some rural region of developing countries, it is very difficult to get access to standard screening methods, alternative screening methods, cheaper and easy to handle are then useful. Objective: The aim of this work was to test the sensitivity and specificity of VIA (Visual inspection with acetic acid) and VILI (Visual inspection with lugol iodine) as a diagnostic test of cervical cancer compared to the Pap Smear, evaluating the feasibility in health formation in the North Cameroon region, of implementing epidemiological surveillance of cervical cancer based on early diagnosis using the VIA-VILI association Method: 309 women age 20 to 62 years were recruited in this study, 307 were included in the statistical analyzes. Each woman was screened for cervical cancer by a conventional Smear and visual inspection with acetic acid 5% and the lugol solution. Results: We found in our study a prevalence of precancerous lesions of cervix at 12.70%. The risks factors of cervical cancer identified are age, matrimonial status, age of first sexual intercourse and parity. The association of VIA and VILI showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value respectively about 93.58%; 97.01%; 82.01%, 99.04%. Conclusion: Compared to PAP Smear, VIA or VILI could be used as an alternative screening methods for cervical cancer in developing countries, where it is difficult to access to more accurate test such as colposcopy and biopsy.
An Economic Analysis of Incarcerating the Elderly
Authors: Sullivan Caitlin M.
Published: September 2017

n/a
La trilogie arthurienne de Robert de Boron et les aléas de la pattern recognition
Authors: Moran Patrick
Published: September 2017

L’examen de la tradition manuscrite de ce que l’on appelle souvent la « trilogie arthurienne » de Robert de Boron (Joseph d’Arimathie, Merlin et Didot-Perceval) permet de voir comment la critique moderne construit, à partir du donné médiéval, des ensembles signifiants qui courent le risque d’être anachroniques et de ne pas refléter la réalité de la réception médiévale. Dans ses manuscrits, la prétendue trilogie est présentée bien plus souvent comme un binôme Joseph-Merlin, le Perceval n’apparaissant que dans deux témoins fort excentrés ; de plus, ce troisième texte, présenté comme un roman autonome par la critique moderne, ressemble bien plus à une suite du Merlin, annonciatrice peut-être des autres suites que ce roman a reçues dans les années 1230-1250. La différence entre la description trilogique qui est habituellement donnée de cet ensemble romanesque et ses réalisations manuscrites n’est pas qu’une question de chiffrage : elle a un impact important sur la vision que nous avons de l’émergence de la prose autour de 1200, sur le développement de la forme cyclique et sur la postérité littéraire de ces oeuvres. Le but de cet article n’est pas tant de « corriger » la représentation traditionnelle de ces trois textes au profit d’une autre qui serait nécessairement plus correcte, que de mettre en lumière les aléas de la pattern recognition, l’identification de structures, qui est le moyen par lequel le philologue construit son objet, en tamisant des données souvent foisonnantes : le lecteur moderne face à un objet ancien est sans cesse dans un processus de reconstruction et de négociation.
Kinesin superfamily protein Kif26b links Wnt5a-Ror signaling to the control of cell and tissue behaviors in vertebrates
Authors: Susman Michael W , Karuna Edith P , Kunz Ryan C , Gujral Taranjit S , Cantú Andrea V , Choi Shannon S , Jong Brigette Y , Okada Kyoko , Scales Michael K , Hum Jennie , Hu Linda S , Kirschner Marc W , Nishinakamura Ryuichi , Yamada Soichiro , Laird Diana J , Jao Li-En , Gygi Steven P , Greenberg Michael E , Ho Hsin-Yi Henry
Published: September 2017

Wnt5a-Ror signaling constitutes a developmental pathway crucial for embryonic tissue morphogenesis, reproduction and adult tissue regeneration, yet the molecular mechanisms by which the Wnt5a-Ror pathway mediates these processes are largely unknown. Using a proteomic screen, we identify the kinesin superfamily protein Kif26b as a downstream target of the Wnt5a-Ror pathway. Wnt5a-Ror, through a process independent of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin-dependent pathway, regulates the cellular stability of Kif26b by inducing its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Through this mechanism, Kif26b modulates the migratory behavior of cultured mesenchymal cells in a Wnt5a-dependent manner. Genetic perturbation of Kif26b function in vivo caused embryonic axis malformations and depletion of primordial germ cells in the developing gonad, two phenotypes characteristic of disrupted Wnt5a-Ror signaling. These findings indicate that Kif26b links Wnt5a-Ror signaling to the control of morphogenetic cell and tissue behaviors in vertebrates and reveal a new role for regulated proteolysis in noncanonical Wnt5a-Ror signal transduction.
Characterisation of the biflavonoid hinokiflavone as a pre-mRNA splicing modulator that inhibits SENP
Authors: Pawellek Andrea , Ryder Ursula , Tammsalu Triin , King Lewis J , Kreinin Helmi , Ly Tony , Hay Ronald T , Hartley Richard C , Lamond Angus I
Published: September 2017

We have identified the plant biflavonoid hinokiflavone as an inhibitor of splicing in vitro and modulator of alternative splicing in cells. Chemical synthesis confirms hinokiflavone is the active molecule. Hinokiflavone inhibits splicing in vitro by blocking spliceosome assembly, preventing formation of the B complex. Cells treated with hinokiflavone show altered subnuclear organization specifically of splicing factors required for A complex formation, which relocalize together with SUMO1 and SUMO2 into enlarged nuclear speckles containing polyadenylated RNA. Hinokiflavone increases protein SUMOylation levels, both in in vitro splicing reactions and in cells. Hinokiflavone also inhibited a purified, E. coli expressed SUMO protease, SENP1, in vitro, indicating the increase in SUMOylated proteins results primarily from inhibition of de-SUMOylation. Using a quantitative proteomics assay we identified many SUMO2 sites whose levels increased in cells following hinokiflavone treatment, with the major targets including six proteins that are components of the U2 snRNP and required for A complex formation.
Automated long-term recording and analysis of neural activity in behaving animals
Authors: Dhawale Ashesh K , Poddar Rajesh , Wolff Steffen BE , Normand Valentin A , Kopelowitz Evi , Ölveczky Bence P
Published: September 2017

Addressing how neural circuits underlie behavior is routinely done by measuring electrical activity from single neurons in experimental sessions. While such recordings yield snapshots of neural dynamics during specified tasks, they are ill-suited for tracking single-unit activity over longer timescales relevant for most developmental and learning processes, or for capturing neural dynamics across different behavioral states. Here we describe an automated platform for continuous long-term recordings of neural activity and behavior in freely moving rodents. An unsupervised algorithm identifies and tracks the activity of single units over weeks of recording, dramatically simplifying the analysis of large datasets. Months-long recordings from motor cortex and striatum made and analyzed with our system revealed remarkable stability in basic neuronal properties, such as firing rates and inter-spike interval distributions. Interneuronal correlations and the representation of different movements and behaviors were similarly stable. This establishes the feasibility of high-throughput long-term extracellular recordings in behaving animals.
Assessing the danger of self-sustained HIV epidemics in heterosexuals by population based phylogenetic cluster analysis
Authors: Turk Teja , Bachmann Nadine , Kadelka Claus , Böni Jürg , Yerly Sabine , Aubert Vincent , Klimkait Thomas , Battegay Manuel , Bernasconi Enos , Calmy Alexandra , Cavassini Matthias , Furrer Hansjakob , Hoffmann Matthias , Günthard Huldrych F , Kouyos Roger D ,   Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Aubert V , Battegay M , Bernasconi E , Böni J , Braun DL , Bucher HC , Calmy A , Cavassini M , Ciuffi A , Dollenmaier G , Egger M , Elzi L , Fehr J , Fellay J , Furrer H , Fux CA , Günthard HF , Haerry D , Hasse B , Hirsch HH , Hoffmann M , Hösli I , Kahlert C , Kaiser L , Keiser O , Klimkait T , Kouyos RD , Kovari H , Ledergerber B , Martinetti G , Martinez de Tejada B , Marzolini C , Metzner KJ , Müller N , Nicca D , Pantaleo G , Paioni P , Rauch A , Rudin C , Scherrer AU , Schmid P , Speck R , Stöckle M , Tarr P , Trkola A , Vernazza P , Wandeler G , Weber R , Yerly S
Published: September 2017

Assessing the danger of transition of HIV transmission from a concentrated to a generalized epidemic is of major importance for public health. In this study, we develop a phylogeny-based statistical approach to address this question. As a case study, we use this to investigate the trends and determinants of HIV transmission among Swiss heterosexuals. We extract the corresponding transmission clusters from a phylogenetic tree. To capture the incomplete sampling, the delayed introduction of imported infections to Switzerland, and potential factors associated with basic reproductive number R0, we extend the branching process model to infer transmission parameters. Overall, the R0 is estimated to be 0.44 (95%-confidence interval 0.42—0.46) and it is decreasing by 11% per 10 years (4%—17%). Our findings indicate rather diminishing HIV transmission among Swiss heterosexuals far below the epidemic threshold. Generally, our approach allows to assess the danger of self-sustained epidemics from any viral sequence data.
Early-branching euteleost relationships: areas of congruence between concatenation and coalescent model inferences
Authors: Campbell Matthew A. , Alfaro Michael E. , Belasco Max , López J. Andrés
Published: September 2017

Phylogenetic inference based on evidence from DNA sequences has led to significant strides in the development of a stable and robustly supported framework for the vertebrate tree of life. To date, the bulk of those advances have relied on sequence data from a small number of genome regions that have proven unable to produce satisfactory answers to consistently recalcitrant phylogenetic questions. Here, we re-examine phylogenetic relationships among early-branching euteleostean fish lineages classically grouped in the Protacanthopterygii using DNA sequence data surrounding ultraconserved elements. We report and examine a dataset of thirty-four OTUs with 17,957 aligned characters from fifty-three nuclear loci. Phylogenetic analysis is conducted in concatenated, joint gene trees and species tree estimation and summary coalescent frameworks. All analytical frameworks yield supporting evidence for existing hypotheses of relationship for the placement of Lepidogalaxias salamandroides, monophyly of the Stomiatii and the presence of an esociform + salmonid clade. Lepidogalaxias salamandroides and the Esociformes + Salmoniformes are successive sister lineages to all other euteleosts in the majority of analyses. The concatenated and joint gene trees and species tree analysis types produce high support values for this arrangement. However, inter-relationships of Argentiniformes, Stomiatii and Neoteleostei remain uncertain as they varied by analysis type while receiving strong and contradictory indices of support. Topological differences between analysis types are also apparent within the otomorph and the percomorph taxa in the data set. Our results identify concordant areas with strong support for relationships within and between early-branching euteleost lineages but they also reveal limitations in the ability of larger datasets to conclusively resolve other aspects of that phylogeny.
Current practice in the management of new-onset atrial fibrillation in critically ill patients: a UK-wide survey
Authors: Chean Chung Shen , McAuley Daniel , Gordon Anthony , Welters Ingeborg Dorothea
Published: September 2017

Background

New-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in critically ill patients. Although evidence base and expert consensus opinion for management have been summarised in several international guidelines, no specific considerations for critically ill patients have been included. We aimed to establish current practice of management of critically ill patients with new-onset AF.

Methods

We designed a short user-friendly online questionnaire. All members of the Intensive Care Society were invited via email containing a link to the questionnaire, which comprised 21 questions. The online survey was conducted between November 2016 and December 2016.

Results

The response rate was 397/3152 (12.6%). The majority of respondents (81.1%) worked in mixed Intensive Care Units and were consultants (71.8%). Most respondents (39.5%) would start intervention on patients with fast new-onset AF and stable blood pressure at a heart rate between 120 and 139 beats/min. However, 34.8% of participants would treat all patients who developed new-onset fast AF. Amiodarone and beta-blockers (80.9% and 11.6% of answers) were the most commonly used anti-arrhythmics. A total of 63.8% of respondents do not regularly anti-coagulate critically ill patients with new-onset fast AF, while 30.8% anti-coagulate within 72 hours. A total of 68.0% of survey respondents do not routinely use stroke risk scores in critically ill patients with new-onset AF. A total of 85.4% of participants would consider taking part in a clinical trial investigating treatment of new-onset fast AF in the critically ill.

Discussion

Our results suggest a considerable disparity between contemporary practice of management of new-onset AF in critical illness and treatment recommendations for the general patient population suffering from AF, particularly with regard to anti-arrhythmics and anti-coagulation used. Amongst intensivists, there is a substantial interest in research for management of new-onset AF in critically ill patients.
Thermal State, Slab Metamorphism, and Interface Seismicity in the Cascadia Subduction Zone Based On 3‐D Modeling
Authors: Ji Yingfeng , Yoshioka Shoichi , Banay Yuval A.
Published: September 2017

Giant earthquakes have repeatedly ruptured the Cascadia subduction zone, and similar earthquakes will likely also occur there in the near future. We employ a 3‐D time‐dependent thermomechanical model that incorporates an up‐to‐date description of the slab geometry to study the Cascadia subduction thrust. Results show a distinct band of 3‐D slab dehydration that extends from Vancouver Island to the Seattle Basin and farther southward to the Klamath Mountains in northern California, where episodic tremors cluster. This distribution appears to include a region of increased dehydration in northern Cascadia. The phenomenon of heterogeneous megathrust seismicity associated with oblique subduction suggests that the presence of fluid‐rich interfaces generated by slab dehydration favors megathrust seismogenesis in the northern part of this zone. The thin, relatively weakly metamorphosed Explorer, Juan de Fuca, and Gorda Plates are associated with an anomalous lack of thrust earthquakes, and metamorphism that occurs at temperatures of 500–700°C near the Moho discontinuity may represent a key factor in explaining the presence of the associated episodic tremor and slip (ETS), which requires a young oceanic plate to subduct at a small dip angle, as is the case in Cascadia and southwestern Japan. The 3‐D intraslab dehydration distribution suggests that the metamorphosed plate environment is more complex than had previously been believed, despite the existence of channeling vein networks. Slab amphibolization and eclogitization near the continental Moho depth is thus inferred to account for the resultant overpressurization at the interface, facilitating the generation of ETS and the occurrence of small to medium thrust earthquakes beneath Cascadia.
Influence of instantaneous and time‐averaged groundwater flows induced by waves on the fate of contaminants in a beach aquifer
Authors: Malott Spencer , O'Carroll Denis M. , Robinson Clare E.
Published: September 2017

Wave‐induced water exchange and groundwater flows in beach aquifers impact the fate of contaminants including nutrients, fecal bacteria, and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). Waves induce high‐frequency fluxes in shallow beach sediments. In addition, the phase‐averaged effect of waves (wave setup) drives deeper flow recirculations through a beach aquifer. Field data of shallow instantaneous and time‐averaged vertical head gradients (fluxes) are first compared with deeper time‐averaged fluxes over a period of varying wave conditions. The time‐averaged fluxes are equivalent to that which would be simulated assuming a phase‐averaged water surface (i.e., wave setup). Based on this comparison, the need to simulate phase‐resolved wave motion versus the simplified phase‐averaged water surface in predicting contaminant fate is evaluated. While high‐frequency fluxes cause large surface water volumes to filter through beach sediments, the exchanging water has a short residence time (<1–70 s). The time‐averaged flow behavior captures exchanging water with longer residence time (hours to months) and deeper flow paths. Therefore, consideration of the time‐averaged behavior may be sufficient for evaluating dissolved reactive constituents. In contrast, calculations indicate that instantaneous fluxes may need to be considered in evaluating colloidal contaminants (e.g., particulate organic matter and fecal bacteria) as sediment interactions affect their transport and residence time. Finally, multiphase simulations illustrate the differential effect of considering instantaneous versus time‐averaged fluxes on the downward migration of NAPL in beach sediments. This study provides an important foundation for future field and modeling efforts focused on understanding and predicting contaminant transport in wave‐influenced beaches.
Latina Feminist Media Studies
Authors: Valdivia Angharad N.
Published: September 2017

Latina feminist media studies addresses the intersectional themes of gender, ethnicity, nation, and media in relation to that recently constructed category of Latina/os, i.e., a segment of the US population of Latin American origin (→ Identity Politics). As such, this category both differs from, and overlaps with, “Latin American,” as many US Latinas experience transnational lives through personal travel and migration, enduring family and community connections, and media consumption of both US and Latin American cultural forms. In media studies, there is a strong corpus of research about this subject, with a range of scholarship from Chicano and Puerto Rican studies of film and performance. Falling between “black/Afro‐American media studies” (→ Black Feminist Media Studies) and “media studies” (which tends to center on whiteness), Latina feminist media studies explores the production, consumption, content, and effects of media from perspectives that foreground gender and ethnicity (→ Feminist Media Studies, Transnational).
Abalone Alliance
Authors: Davis Laurence
Published: September 2017

Along with the Clamshell Alliance, the Abalone Alliance was one of the pioneering organizations of the non‐violent direct action movement in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. Established in 1977 to stop the operation of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant in California, the Abalone Alliance exercised a profound influence on the protest politics of its time, primarily by means of its successful example of anarchist‐inspired prefigurative Utopian politics. By the time it disbanded in 1985, the Abalone Alliance had drawn thousands of people into the movement against nuclear power and alerted a wider public to its dangers, trained a generation of activists in consensus decision making procedures and mass civil disobedience, spawned affinity based organizational networks that served as a basis for future movements, and demonstrated the revolutionary potentials of anarchafeminism, non‐violent direct action, and vision‐oriented community building.
Abdurahman, Abdullah (1872–1940)
Authors: Adhikari Mohamed
Published: September 2017

Dr. Abdullah Abdurahman was the most influential and popular political leader within the Colored community of South Africa for three and a half decades before his death in February 1940 and won widespread respect within the white establishment.
A
llende
G
ossens,
S
alvador (1908–1973)
Authors: Hernández Héctor Guerra
Published: September 2017

Salvador Allende Gossens was president of Chile from 1970 until the putsch led by General Augusto Pinochet on September 11, 1973. Allende died that day in the “Palacio de la Moneda,” which was bombed by the rebels.
American Revolution of 1776
Authors: Lame Mark A.
Published: September 2017

The power struggle between major European powers in North America created the preconditions for the American Revolution. The term refers primarily to the successful struggle of British colonists for independence and secondarily to the internal social and political upheavals within the colonies. Religious and national rivalries between Catholic Spain and France and the Protestant Netherlands and England framed their transatlantic extension of Western civilization into the Americas.
American Slave Rebellions
Authors: Wendt Simon
Published: September 2017

Slaves who resorted to militant resistance in North America initially sought to win little more than their freedom. In the wake of the American and French Revolutions, however, an increasing number of slave rebels became determined not only to liberate themselves but to overthrow the institution of slavery itself. Compared with slave revolts in Brazil and the Caribbean, slave revolts in the United States were relatively rare, small, and generally unsuccessful. Yet militant slave resistance was of significant symbolic value, fueling the abolitionist movement that contributed to the end of slavery in 1865.
Anarchism
Authors: Cohn Jesse
Published: September 2017

In common parlance “anarchy” refers to a state of chaos or violent disorder and “anarchism” to the rebellious or merely perverse pursuit of this state. Indeed, the word “anarchist” was first used in the seventeenth century as an epithet against the defeated Levellers in the English Civil War. While the ideas and practices that would become known as anarchism were distinctly foreshadowed by movements such as the Diggers and the Ranters in the seventeenth century as well as by eighteenth‐century thinkers such as William Godwin (and arguably by far more ancient schools of thought, from the Cynics of the fifth centurybceto the Taoists of a century later), it was not until Pierre‐Joseph Proudhon turned this epithet into a positive self‐description that we can speak of anarchismper se, as a historical entity. Historically speaking, however, anarchism is the name for a movement, originating in mid‐nineteenth‐century Europe, characterized by its vision of a society of generalized self‐management, its opposition to all forms of hierarchy and domination, and its particular emphasis on means of transformative action that prefigure the desired ends. The word also serves to name the goal of the movement – substantive and universal freedom, sometimes called “anarchy” – elements of which may be found in every society that has ever existed, particularly among peoples living without private property and the state.
Anarchism, Austria
Authors: Kuhn Gabriel
Published: September 2017

In the nineteenth century, anarchism in Austria was mainly associated with anti‐monarchist sentiments in the non‐German speaking territories of the Habsburg Empire. In 1851 Mikhail Bakunin (1814–76) was sentenced to death by Austrian authorities for his role in the Pentecostal Uprising in Prague two years earlier. His sentence was later commuted, and he was extradited to Russia.
Anarchism, Cuba
Authors: Williams Dana M.
Published: September 2017

Anarchism in Cuba predominantly took the form of anarchosyndicalism and was largely indistinguishable from the militant labor movement. Anarchism influenced the independence movement, the growth of the labor movement, and general strikes in particular during the early 1900s. Anarchists were continuously repressed by Cuba's dictators, and particularly in the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution of 1959, which caused many to go underground, into prison, or into exile.
Anarchism and Education
Authors: DeLeon Abraham P.
Published: September 2017

Although many activists have embraced anarchist theory, anarchism has been present in a variety of different academic areas as well. Anarchist sociology has been argued for (Purkis 2004), as well as the beginning sketches of an anarchist anthropology (Graeber 2004). But, often overlooked is the field of education, which has had an interesting relationship with anarchism and other radical theories of liberation. Anarchist theory is absent in educational literature and this gap exists in even more radical theories of education.
Anarchism and Gender
Authors: Cohn Jesse
Published: September 2017

Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809–65), the first to write the words “I am an anarchist” in 1840, was at the same time a convinced anti‐feminist, regarding women as intellectual and moral inferiors and dedicating an entire book to attacking feminism as a form of modern decadence or “pornocracy” (1858, 1875). These arguments led feminist radical Jenny d'Héricourt (1809–75) to reply not only that his accounts of women were contradicted by historical and scientific fact, but that “you contradict your own principles” (1864: 117). Joseph Déjacque went further, admonishing Proudhon either to “speak out against man's exploitation of woman” or “do not describe yourself as an anarchist” (1857/2005: 71); he went on to denounce the patriarchal family, “a pyramid with the boss at its head and children, woman and servants at its base.” The inference made by both – that the egalitarian and anti‐authoritarian principles which Proudhon opposed to the domination of church, state, and capital must also be consistently applied to relations between men and women – did, in fact, become the preeminent interpretation of anarchism
vis‐à‐vis
gender, in theory if not always in practice, from the late nineteenth century on.
Anarchism,
M
exico
Authors: Morse Chuck
Published: September 2017

Anarchist roots in Mexico date back to the 1860s, when a small group of radical intellectuals embraced the doctrine. Greek immigrant Plotino Rhodakanaty, often considered the father of Mexican anarchism, was particularly important to the initial spread of the ideology, as was the Gran Círculo de Obreros de México, a workers' association founded in the Federal District in 1870. Fanned by escalating labor unrest, and a radicalization in the liberal opposition to the government, anarchists helped to lay the organizational and intellectual foundations of Mexico's growing revolutionary movement.
Anarchism,
P
uerto
R
ico
Authors: Morse Chuck
Published: September 2017

Anarchists had a profound influence on the revolutionary workers' movement that existed in Puerto Rico during the first and second decades of the twentieth century. Although they never built an island‐wide, specifically anarchist organization and for the most part cooperated with activists from other ideological tendencies, they left a unique and lasting imprint on the history and politics of the island.