bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induction of adaptive immunity by flagellin does not require robust activation of innate immunity
Authors: Sanders Catherine J. , Franchi Luigi , Yarovinsky Felix , Uematsu Satoshi , Akira Shizuo , Núñez Gabriel , Gewirtz Andrew T.
Published: January 2009

The ability of TLR agonists to promote adaptive immune responses is attributed to their ability to robustly activate innate immunity. However, it has been observed that, for adjuvants in actual use in research and vaccination, TLR signaling is dispensable for generating humoral immunity. Here, we examined the role of TLR5 and MyD88 in promoting innate and humoral immunity to flagellin using a prime/boost immunization regimen. We observed that eliminating TLR5 greatly reduced flagellin‐induced cytokine production, except for IL‐18, and ablated DC maturation but did not significantly impact flagellin's ability to promote humoral immunity. Elimination of MyD88, which will ablate signaling through TLR and IL‐1β/IL‐18 generated by Nod‐like receptors, reduced, but did not eliminate flagellin's promotion of humoral immunity. In contrast, loss of the innate immune receptor for profilin‐like protein (PLP), TLR11, greatly reduced the ability of PLP to elicit humoral immunity. Together, these results indicate that, firstly, the degree of innate immune activation induced by TLR agonists may be in great excess of that needed to promote humoral immunity and, secondly, there is considerable redundancy in mechanisms that promote the humoral immune response upon innate immune recognition of flagellin. Thus, it should be possible to design innate immune activators that are highly effective vaccine adjuvants yet avoid the adverse events associated with systemic TLR activation.
Metalation and Oxidative Coupling of the Unique Cyclic Silylphosphanes (iPr2Si)3PH and (iPr2Si)4PH
Authors: Traut Stephan , von Hänisch Carsten , Kathagen Hans‐Joachim
Published: January 2009

The cyclic tetrasilaphosphane (iPr2Si)4PH (6) can be synthesised in five steps starting from diisopropylchlorsilane and [Li(DME)PH2]. Subsequent lithiation and oxidative coupling with dibromethane yields the diphosphane [(iPr2Si)4P]2(7). In an analogous manner the bicyclic diphosphane [(iPr2Si)3P]2 (3) can be obtained from the cyclic trisilaphosphane (iPr2Si)3PH (1). Moreover, the reaction of 1 with [W(CO)5THF] yields the Lewis acid–base complex [(iPr2Si)3P(H)W(CO)5] (2), and the trimeric lithiumphoshpanide [(iPr2Si)4PLi]3 (8) occurs from the reaction of 6 with nBuLi in heptane. All intermediate and final products are characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the crystal structures determined by X‐ray diffraction are described for compounds 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Microwave‐assisted facile and convenient synthesis of fatty acid amide (erucamide): Chemical‐catalyzed rapid method
Authors: Awasthi Neeraj Praphulla , Singh Rajinder Pal
Published: January 2009

The present investigation explores a process for the production of erucamide, utilizing microwave irradiation as the heating element for the reaction between erucic acid and gaseous ammonia liberated by urea in the presence of catalyst (di‐ammonium hydrogen ortho‐phosphate) at atmospheric pressure and high temperature. In this process, the time of reaction is very short (25 min) and the yield is also good (92%).
2‐Hydroxybenzocyclobutenone Ethylene Dithioacetals as Precursors of Highly Substituted 1,4‐Dihydronaphthalenes
Authors: Benda Konstantin , Regenhardt Wilko , Schaumann Ernst , Adiwidjaja Gunadi
Published: January 2009

1,4‐Dihydronaphthalenes 2, 9, and 11 with a spiro‐connected 1,3‐dithiolane ring as well as tetrahydronaphthalenes 15, 17, and 19 have been obtained from o‐quinodimethanes 3 and alkynes 4, naphthoquinones 10, or alkenes 14 and 16. Benzocyclobutenol 6 is not an appropriate quinodimethane precursor as it readily rearranges to phthalaldehyde derivative 7. However, silyl ether 8, silyl ether 13, obtained by the hydrosilylation of cyclobutenol 5, or aluminium alkoxide 3d, generated in situ by DIBAL reduction of 5, are useful sources of the corresponding quinodimethanes. The use of 3b,c gives a reversal of regioselectivity compared with 3d in the cycloaddition with propriolate 4a (product 9a vs. 2a). Naphthoquinone 10 reacts in the cycloaddition with 3b,c through its C2=C3 bond or through a C=O unit to give 11 and 12. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Illness‐related impoverishment in rural South Africa: Why does social protection work for some households but not others?
Authors: Goudge Jane , Russell Steven , Gilson Lucy , Gumede Tebogo , Tollman Steve , Mills Anne
Published: January 2009

Illness is a major risk to people's livelihoods in resource‐poor settings, particularly where there are rising levels of chronic illness. Measures that improve access to treatment are increasingly seen as a vital form of social protection for vulnerable households, and central to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. International attention is also focussed on cash transfers as a strand of social protection, and on the potential complementarities between free health care and cash transfers in assisting vulnerable people to cope with illness‐related shocks. South Africa provides an interesting setting to examine how households are accessing social protection measures because the government has removed some user fees, implemented hospital‐level exemptions and extended cash transfers including the non‐contributory pension and child support grant. This paper presents findings from household research in rural South Africa. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to assess the links between illness‐related costs and impoverishment over time, the protection effects of free health services, cash transfers and social networks, and the factors influencing access to these three forms of social protection. Different degrees of success in drawing on these resources affected capacity to cope with illnesses and made a considerable difference to whether households sustained their livelihoods, struggled or declined. Cash transfers combined well with free health care to build resilience among some households. However, households without access to at least two strands of the social protection net were impoverished by the direct and indirect costs of long‐term illnesses. The implications for policies on improving the uptake and coverage of social protection measures are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemo‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Degradable PTMC‐b‐PECA‐b‐PTMC Triblock Copolymers and their Micelle Formation for pH‐Dependent Controlled Release
Authors: Kaihara Sachiko , Fisher John P. , Matsumura Shuichi
Published: January 2009

A series of degradable triblock copolymers, poly(trimethylene carbonate)‐block‐poly[poly(ethylene glycol)‐co‐cyclic acetal]‐block‐poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC‐b‐PECA‐b‐PTMC), were chemo‐enzymatically synthesized. Cyclic acetal was introduced into a poly(ethylene glycol) segment as a degradable segment to impart a pH‐dependent degradation nature and to prevent the production of acidic degradation products. Amphiphilic polymeric micelles were successfully prepared, and the properties of the micelles were significantly affected by their chemical compositions and the molecular weights. A drug release study showed that the release rate increased as the pH of the buffer decreased due to the degradation of the cyclic acetal segments, indicating its high utility for pH‐sensitive controlled release.

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A transaction cost perspective on why, how, and when cash impacts firm performance
Authors: O'Brien Jonathan P. , Folta Timothy B.
Published: January 2009

While both financial and behavioral theories suggest that cash holdings may be beneficial to R&D‐intensive firms, agency theory would suggest that strong monitoring may be needed to ensure that cash holdings are not squandered. We contend that transaction cost economics provides a valuable lens for understanding the performance implications of cash holdings because not only does it explicate the benefits and costs of cash holdings in a single unified theoretical framework, but it further clarifies how environmental uncertainty critically moderates these relationships. Empirical tests on a large sample of US corporations yield strong support for our theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lower bounds for strictly fundamental cycle bases in grid graphs
Authors: Köhler Ekkehard , Liebchen Christian , Wünsch Gregor , Rizzi Romeo
Published: January 2009

Consider the following problem: compute a spanning tree such that the sum of the lengths of its induced fundamental circuits is as small as possible. We motivate why planar square grid graphs are very relevant instances for this problem. In particular, other contributions already showed that the identification of strong lower bounds is highly challenging. Asymptotically, for a graph on n vertices, Alon et al. [SIAM J Comput 24(1995), 78–100] obtained a lower bound of Ω(n log n). We raise the n log n coefficient by a factor of 325. Concerning optimality proofs, the largest grid for which provably optimum solutions were known is 6 × 6, and it was obtained by massive MIP computing power. Here, we present a combinatorial optimality proof even for the 8 × 8 grid. These two results are complemented by new combinatorial lower bounds for the dimensions in which earlier empirical computations were performed, i.e., for up to 10,000 vertices. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
Effect of substituents in phenol and aniline nucleophiles on activation parameters in SNAr reactions
Authors: Vlasov Vladislav M.
Published: January 2009

Changes of activation parameters, ΔH≠ and ΔS≠, with σ constants of substituents in the phenol and aniline nucleophiles for their SNAr reactions in various solvents give the δΔH≠ and δΔS≠ reaction constants which are linearly related. The dependence obtained, δΔH≠ versus δΔS≠, allow estimation of the contribution of changes of the internal enthalpy, δΔH≠int, to the enthalpy reaction constant, δΔH≠, which give a linear dependence on the Hammett reaction constants, ρ. The results obtained show that the substituent effects on the charge development in the transition state (TS) are governed by the magnitude of δΔH≠int. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinguishing Wegener's granulomatosis from necrotizing community acquired pneumonia: A case report and comparison of radiographic findings
Authors: Spalding Steven J , Cambria Marnie , Arkachaisri Thaschawee
Published: January 2009

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis, affecting medium to small vessels in the respiratory and renal vasculature. Patients with WG may present with clinical and radiographic features similar to community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP), which may delay life‐saving immunosuppressive therapy. We report a 14‐year‐old female originally diagnosed with recalcitrant, necrotizing CAP complicated by massive pulmonary cavitations eventually proven to be WG. We also compare the radiographic features of WG and necrotizing CAP. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:195–197. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional localization of excitons in the InAs/GaAs wetting layer – magnetospectroscopic study
Authors: Babinski A. , Golnik A. , Borysiuk J. , Kret S. , Kossacki P. , Gaj J. A. , Raymond S. , Potemski M. , Wasilewski Z. R.
Published: January 2009

Magnetospectroscopic studies of individual excitonic states confined in potential fluctuations in the InAs/GaAs wetting layer (WL) are presented. A neutral exciton and a trion emission have been identified. They split in magnetic field in two components of orthogonal circular polarizations. The respective Zeeman splitting changes linearly with magnetic field up to 10 T. A significant scatter of the effective excitonic g *‐factor is observed, reflecting the distribution of sizes and compositions of potential fluctuations in the WL. The distribution affects also diamagnetic shift of the excitonic emission. The observed properties of the excitons are consistent with a picture of shallow quantum dots formed in the WL due to In composition fluctuations. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GaN/Al0.5Ga0.5N quantum dots and quantum dashes
Authors: Huault Thomas , Brault Julien , Natali Franck , Damilano Benjamin , Lefebvre Denis , Tauk Rabih , Leroux Mathieu , Massies Jean
Published: January 2009

GaN/Al0.5Ga0.5N nanostructures grown on c ‐plane sapphire by molecular beam epitaxy using ammonia as N source have been studied. Depending on the ammonia pressure during the two dimensional – three dimensional transition of the GaN layer, the shape of the islands is strongly modified: elongated or isotropic islands are observed, leading to the formation of quantum dashes or quantum dots, respectively. This shape transition is seen as a consequence of a change in surface energy. The change of morphology of the GaN layer is clearly evidenced by photoluminescence measurements, and a large redshift in the emission peak is observed for quantum dashes as compared to quantum dots. An electric field ∼3 MV/cm is estimated from the measurements at an excitation power ∼20 mW/cm2. Weak photoluminescence quenching between low and room temperature for both QDs and QDashes structures is observed, indicating a strong confinement of carriers into the nanostructures. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin control by ultra short laser pulses in a Mn doped quantum dot
Authors: Reiter Doris E. , Axt Vollrath Martin , Kuhn Tilmann
Published: January 2009

Optically induced spin flip processes in quantum dots doped with a single Mn atom are discussed. On the femtosecond time scale the exciton can be controlled by ultra short laser pulses. Via the exchange interaction the Mn spin can flip on a picosecond time scale by transferring its angular momentum to the exciton. For a heavy hole system this flipping process can be described in terms of exchange‐induced Rabi oscillations between the bright and dark exciton state accompanied by a flip of the Mn spin. Because of the energy splitting between bright and dark excitons the Rabi oscillations are off‐resonant and a series of laser pulses is required to achieve a complete flip. When a light hole exciton is resonantly excited in addition to the heavy hole exciton we show that a flip of the Mn spin by two can be achieved by a series of light pulses while the exciton system returns to its initial state. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low resistance ohmic contacts annealed at 600 °C on a InAlN/GaN heterostructure with SiCl4‐reactive ion etching surface treatment
Authors: Pozzovivo G. , Kuzmik J. , Giesen C. , Heuken M. , Liday J. , Strasser G. , Pogany D.
Published: January 2009

In this paper, the effect of the surface treatments on the performance of Ti/Al/Ni/Au ohmic contacts to InAlN/GaN has been investigated by electrical characterization and by normalized Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Contact resistance and specific contacts resistivity as low as 0.7 Ωmm and 1.1×10–7 Ωcm2, respectively, have been achieved by pre‐treatment using SiCl4 plasma followed by rapid thermal annealing at at 600 °C. This is compared with the case where no plasma pre‐treatment was performed. Contacts without pretreatment and annealed at at 600 °C were still rectifying and at the optimized annealing temperature of 800 °C reach 1.7 Ωmm contact resistance. Moreover, AES investigations showed that the presence of Carbon impurities on the InAlN surface has been significantly reduced after SiCl4 RIE pre‐treatment. That may account for improved ohmic contacts resistance and lowered optimised temperature of annealing for pre‐treated contacts. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Light extraction enhancement of sapphire‐free InGaN LEDs using single‐ and double‐side surface roughening techniques
Authors: Wuu Dong‐Sing , Hsieh Chuang‐Yu , Laio Tzu‐Wei , Zheng Xinhe , Horng Ray‐Hua
Published: January 2009

We compare the performance of three types of GaN‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) epitaxially grown on patterned sapphire substrates (PSSs). For the devices with a single roughened p‐GaN surface, the light output power of the original LEDs with the PSS and Ag reflector (Sample A) is lower than that of thin‐film LEDs transferred onto Si carriers via glue bonding (Sample B). While the thin GaN LEDs with double‐side roughening (both p‐GaN and micropillar undoped‐GaN surfaces) and glue/Ag omnidirectional reflector (Sample C) shows much higher light output power than that of Sample B. As compared with the Sample A, the Sample C shows a performance enhancement of 50.3% in light output power and 46.3% in power efficiency at 350 mA. These results reflect that the contribution of the micropillar undoped‐GaN texturing for the light extraction is dominant. The employment of Si carrier decreases the junction temperature of the Sample C, a 46.6 °C lower than that of the conventional LEDs on PSS. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Realization of high‐crystalline‐quality and thick GaInN films
Authors: Senda Ryota , Matsubara Tetsuya , Iida Daisuke , Iwaya Motoaki , Kamiyama Satoshi , Amano Hiroshi , Akasaki Isamu
Published: January 2009

We report on the growth of a completely relaxed, high‐ crystalline‐quality, and thick GaInN layer on a grooved m‐plane GaN template using sidewall epitaxial lateral overgrowth (SELO) technology. We grew GaInN‐based multiple quantum wells (MQWs) on this GaInN layer, and the PL intensity was compared with that for the same GaInN/GaN MQWs on m‐plane GaN grown by SELO. The PL peak intensity obtained from the GaInN/GaN MQW on the high‐crystalline‐quality thick GaInN on grooved GaN was approximately 1.7 times higher than that on the SELO m‐plane GaN template. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study on antifibrotic effects of curcumin in rat hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Lin Yun‐Lian , Lin Chia‐Yu , Chi Chin‐Wen , Huang Yi‐Tsau
Published: January 2009

Suppression of activation or fibrogenesis and induction of apoptosis, in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been proposed as therapeutic strategies against liver fibrosis. Curcumin, an active compound isolated from yellow curry pigment of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn), has been demonstrated to be an effective anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant compound. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antifibrogenic effects of curcumin on HSCs at the concentration range of (1–40 µM). A cell line of rat HSCs (HSC‐T6) was stimulated with transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1). The inhibitory effects of curcumin (1.25∼10 µM) on fibrosis‐related markers including α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and collagen were assessed. In addition, the induction effects of curcumin (20∼40 µM) on apoptosis in HSC‐T6 cells were also assessed by Hoechst and propidium iodide stains. Curcumin (1.25∼10 µM) concentration‐dependently suppressed TGF‐β1‐induced α‐SMA expression and collagen deposition in HSC‐T6 cells, without cytotoxicity. Whereas, higher concentrations of curcumin (20∼40 µM) induced cell apoptosis and cytochrome c release in HSC‐T6 cells. Our results suggest that curcumin exerted antifibrotic effects, possibly through two different mechanisms depending on its concentrations. At lower concentrations (1.25∼10 µM), curcumin exerted antifibrogenic effects, whereas at higher concentrations (20∼40 µM), curcumin exerted induction of apoptosis in HSCs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulations in the planetary wave field induced by upward‐propagating Rossby wave packets prior to stratospheric sudden warming events: A case‐study
Authors: Nishii Kazuaki , Nakamura Hisashi , Miyasaka Takafumi
Published: January 2009

A diagnostic framework is introduced in which anomalous zonally averaged Rossby wave‐activity injection into the stratosphere is decomposed into a contribution solely from zonally confined upward‐propagating Rossby wave packets and another from interaction of the wave packets with the climatological planetary waves. To pinpoint the tropospheric sources of the wave packets, a particular form of wave‐activity flux is evaluated for the associated circulation anomalies. The framework is applied to reanalysis data for the period prior to a stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event in January 2006, which was associated with two successive events of above‐normal wave‐activity injection from the troposphere. In the earlier event, a pair of wave packets that emanated from tropospheric anomalies over the North Pacific and over Europe enhanced the upward wave‐activity injection, which was augmented further by their interaction with the climatological planetary wave. In contrast, in the later period a wave packet that emanated from an anticyclonic anomaly over the North Atlantic is found to be the primary contributor to the enhanced planetary wave‐activity injection, while its interaction with the climatological planetary wave contributed negatively. The predominant importance of the sole contribution from a single wave packet is also found in a major SSW event observed over Antarctica in September 2002. These results indicate that the diagnostic framework presented in this study is a useful tool for understanding the interaction between anomalies associated with zonally confined wave packets and climatological‐mean planetary waves in the study of stratosphere‐‐troposphere dynamical coupling. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Data Mining: A Gateway to Better Data Gathering
Authors: Doganaksoy Necip , Hahn Gerald J.
Published: January 2009

In many situations, data mining results—due to the deficiencies in the available data—in less than definitive conclusions. This is especially the case when one is seeking cause‐and‐effect relationships. The major value of data mining in such cases is as part of an iterative process that leads to improved data gathering, or even controlled experimentation, to permit improved data analysis in the future. This is illustrated by an example that assesses the impact of taking action to reduce future fraudulent activities by Internet users who had been found engaged in such activities. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2009
Periodic Large‐Area Metallic Split‐Ring Resonator Metamaterial Fabrication Based on Shadow Nanosphere Lithography
Authors: Gwinner Michael Christian , Koroknay Elisabeth , Fu Liwei , Patoka Piotr , Kandulski Witold , Giersig Michael , Giessen Harald
Published: January 2009

A fast and cheap, large‐area (>1 cm2), high‐coverage fabrication technique for periodic metallic split‐ring resonator metamaterials is presented, which allows control of inner‐ and outer‐ring diameters, gap angles, as well as thickness and periodicity. This method, based on shadow nanosphere lithography, uses tilted‐angle‐rotation thermal evaporation onto Langmuir–Blodgett‐type monolayers of close‐packed polystyrene nanospheres. Excellent agreement of the process parameters with a simplified model is demonstrated. Pronounced, tunable optical metamaterial resonances in the range of 100 THz are consistent with simulations.
DNA Methylation-Associated Repression of Cancer-Germline Genes in Human Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells
Authors: Loriot Axelle , Reister Sven , Parvizi Gregory K. , Lysy Philippe A. , De Smet Charles
Published: January 2009

Cancer-germline (CG) genes are a particular group of germline-specific genes that rely primarily on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. In a wide variety of tumors, the promoter of these genes is demethylated, and their transcription is activated. The mechanism underlying this tumor-specific activation is still unclear. It was recently suggested that CG gene expression may be a hallmark of stem cells, and that expression of these genes in several tumors may reflect the expansion of constitutively expressing cancer stem cells. To clarify this issue, we carefully evaluated the expression of several CG genes in human stem cells of embryonic and adult origin. We found no or very weak expression of CG genes in these cells. Consistently, the promoter of CG genes was highly methylated in these cells. We conclude that CG genes do not qualify as “stemness” genes, and propose that their activation in cancers results from a tumor-specific activation process.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Fatty Acid Profile Analysis of Membrane Phospholipids of Isolated Soybean Lipid Bodies
Authors: Simpson T. D.
Published: January 2009

Phospholipids in isolated soybean lipid bodies at 30‡C underwent degradation by acyl ester and phosphodiester hydrolysis and by phosphatidyl transfer. Under conditions that minimized oxidation, preferential loss of phosphatidylethanolamine and polyunsaturated fatty acids occurred, but acyl ester compositions of all phospholipids reflected enrichment of saturated and/or monounsaturated acids. Such fatty acid changes in phosphatidylinositol, which was degraded less than phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine, and in phosphatidic acid, which accumulated, also suggest that transesterification occurred extensively in lipid bodies. The specific temporal changes in phospholipid and acyl chain composition suggest that several enzymes remained active in isolated lipid bodies.
Fluorination of Hydroxyesters with N,N‐Diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐Hexafluoro Propaneamine
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Sakamoto M. , Arai T. , Kttazume T.
Published: January 2009

The reactions of N,N‐diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoro propaneamine (PPDA) with Β‐hydroxyl esters gave their corresponding fluorides. For example, methyl (S)‐(+)‐3‐fluorobutyrate was obtained from the reaction of methyl (R)‐(‐)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate with PPDA. The reaction ofa‐hydroxy esters with PPDA gave a mixture of their corresponding fluorides and 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropionate esters. However, γ‐ and δ‐hydroxyesters did not give their fluorinated compounds. Hydrolysis of those racemic monofluoroesters with Lipase MY gave optical active monofluorocarboxylic acids and esters.
High performance size exclusion chromatography of monomer, dimer and trimer mixtures
Authors: Christopoulou C. N. , Perkins E. G.
Published: January 2009

A high performance size exclusion Chromatographic method was developed for the separation of monomer, dimer and trimer fatty acids in thermally oxidized or used fats and oils. The system was composed of two styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer columns with toluene as the mobile phase and refractometry as the mode of detection. The internal standardization method was used for quantitation with monostearin as the internal standard. Quantitation of monomer, dimer and trimer content in various samples correlated well with results obtained by GLC analysis and gravimetically by size exclusion chromatography.
An in vitro method for evaluation of the irritancy of antonio surfactants
Authors: Anavkar A. S. , Natraj C. V.
Published: January 2009

Extraction of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 dye from gelatin by anionic surfactants was found to be proportional to the concentration, duration of extraction, and the nature of the surfactant. Under a given set of conditions, the decreasing order of dye extraction was SLS > LAS > sodium laurate > AOS ≅ SLES. This order agrees well with the decreasing order of irritancy of these surfactants. For a homologous series such as sodium salts of carboxylic acids, there was a sharp maximum in dye extraction for laurate. This coincides with the reported order of irritancy for soaps of fatty acids. Substitution of gelatin by agar or Coomassie Brilliant Blue by eosin abolished this specificity. Thus, the measurement of extraction of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 from gelatin is a reproducible and simple method for estimating the irritancy of anionic surfactants.
Stage III Thick (>4.0 mm) Lower Extremity Melanoma: Is Timing of Lymph Node Involvement a Prognostic Factor?
Authors: Herman Krzysztof , Wysocki Wojciech M. , Skotnicki Piotr , Tabor Jacek , Łuczyńska Elebieta , Komorowski Andrzej L.
Published: January 2009

Purpose

The prognosis for stage III melanoma patients is mixed, and there is need for new prognostic factors to be incorporated into a revision of melanoma TNM staging. We analyzed the possible role of the timing of lymph node involvement as an important prognostic factor.

Methods

Among 249 melanoma patients who underwent ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy, a group of 185 patients with a thick (>4mm) melanoma and full clinical data available was analyzed. The mean depth of invasion was 5.85 mm; the tumor was ulcerated in 67 cases (36.2%); and Clark V was diagnosed in 82 patients (44.3%). The median interval between primary excision and the time of lymphadenectomy was 11.1 months.

Results

Recurrent disease was reported in 150 of 185 patients. The first sites of recurrence were the skin in 15.7%, lymph nodes in 13.5%, and distant metastases in 28.7%; the remaining 43 patients (23.2%) had multifocal recurrences. In all, 35 patients (18.9%) were disease‐free. Skip metastases (positive iliac and negative inguinal lymph nodes) were found in 26 patients (14%). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that only the time between the first surgery and lymphadenectomy and the number of involved nodes were significant predictors of survival. Relative risk of death was 5.2 times higher for patients who had simultaneously undergone lymphadenectomy (compared to lymph dissection performed >1 year after primary excision) and about 2.7 times higher for those with more regionally advanced disease (pN3 vs. pN1).

Conclusions

The long disease‐free interval before the development of lymph node metastases and before node dissection is a favorable prognostic factor independent of other well known parameters.
Effect of Temperature, Modified Atmosphere and Ethylene During Olive Storage on Quality and Bitterness Level of the Oil
Authors: Yousfi Khaled , Cayuela José A. , García José M.
Published: January 2009

Mill olives (Olea europaea L. cv. ‘Lechín’), harvested at the green mature stage of ripening, were stored for 72 h under six different storage conditions: in air, in a closed container, and in a closed container with 30 ppm ethylene either at 20 or at 40 °C. The use of 40 °C as the fruit storage temperature reduced oil bitterness, regardless of the atmosphere applied; however, it also induced a significant reduction in stability and pigment content of the oil extracted. At 20 °C, mill olives stored under air supplemented with 30 ppm ethylene engendered oils with middle bitterness intensity, whereas the oils obtained from fruit stored similarly, but without ethylene, or in an open container exhibited a strong intensity of this sensory attribute. Fruit respiration in the closed containers caused a CO2 accumulation and an O2 decrease in the storage atmosphere. This CO2 concentration was increased by the previous ethylene addition, but O2 presence did not suffer an additional reduction. The use of modified atmospheres in fruit storage induced off‐flavor development in the oils extracted, producing a significant reduction in the overall grading of their sensory quality.
Femoral shaft fractures treated with stainless steel flexible nails in children aged between 5 and 12 years at the HUSVP: A two-year follow-up
Authors: Ríos Alejandro Uribe , Arango Diego Fernando Sanín , Molina Carlos Oliver Valderrama , de Jesús Toro Posada Álvaro
Published: January 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to show our experience with stainless steel flexible nails in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children aged between 5 and 12 years and to observe if the type of material used for nails affects the results.

Materials

A prospective, descriptive study of a series of cases was performed to evaluate patients treated at the Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl (HUSVP) who had been followed up for at least 24 months.

Results

The study group was composed of 48 patients, with an average age of 8.6 years. According to the AO classification, the most common type of fracture was 32A3.2 (61%). The average follow-up period was 43 months. The alterations observed were six cases of clinical length discrepancy, two cases of overgrowing, four cases of shortening, and two malunions in valgus. These alterations had no repercussion in the children's function. The follow-up is the main strength of this study, as it demonstrated that, 2 years after surgery.

Conclusion

The results with stainless steel nails are as good as those with titanium nails with a shorter follow-up as reported in the literature. Given the high costs of osteosynthesis material in our country, the results of this study provide a less expensive alternative. Level of evidence IV, case series.
Evaluation of women presenting with postcoital bleeding by cytology and colposcopy
Authors: Tehranian Afsaneh , Rezaii Negar , Mohit Mitra , Eslami Bita , Arab Malihe , Asgari Zahra
Published: January 2009

Objective

To evaluate women with postcoital bleeding (PCB) by clinical examination, cytology, colposcopy, and histopathology.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 123 women with PCB, who were referred to the Colposcopy Clinic of Arash Hospital, Tehran, over a 2‐year period.

Results

Clinical examinations revealed cervical polyps in 18 women and ectropion in 14. Cervical cytology identified 13 patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 2 with atypical glandular cells, 4 with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 3 with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Colposcopy indicated invasive cancer in 1 patient. Transitional zones appeared normal in 39.8% of the cohort, were atypical grade 1 in 33.3%, and atypical grade 2 in 4.9%. Fourteen abnormalities were detected at histology, including 1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 low‐grade glandular neoplasm, 9 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1, 2 CIN grade 2, and 1 CIN grade 3. The sensitivity and specificity of cytology were 50% and 86.5%, respectively. A total of 21.4% of abnormal pathologies were missed using colposcopy, which had a sensitivity of 79%.

Conclusion

Because of its higher sensitivity, colposcopy can be recommended for the investigation of persistent PCB, even in the presence of normal cytology.
Recent Developments in the Cy-près Doctrine
Authors: Hall J. C.
Published: January 2009

The law relating to charitable trusts is sadly technical and proverbially obscure. It has failed, it is said, to keep abreast of social developments and has thus attracted widespread criticism.
Class-Closing, Accumulations and Acceleration
Authors: Bailey S. J.
Published: January 2009

During the past four years, the problem who is entitled to benefit when a gift has been made to a class of persons, such as “the children of A,” has been analysed and clarified by a number of learned authors. These investigations were directed principally, though not exclusively, towards the impact upon class gifts of the rule against perpetuities. The following is an attempt, stimulated chiefly by two decisions of Upjohn J., reported in 1957, to explore certain other aspects of the class-closing rules. By way of introduction, however, it is perhaps desirable to begin with (a) an attempt to summarise these class-closing rules, followed by some general observations upon them, and in particular upon (b) the extent to which they can override a donor's evident intentions and (c) the principles upon which they are said to be founded.
Scandinavian Realism
Authors: Hart H. L. A.
Published: January 2009

English and Scandinavian legal theory have long shared many points of view. Among these are the belief that law is something man-made and made for men; hostility or indifference to doctrines of natural law at least in the scholastic form; and a general disbelief in the capacity of philosophical systems to throw light either on what law is or ought to be. Yet notwithstanding these similarities the principal Scandinavian tradition in legal theory has a different tone from its English counterpart. Though professedly sceptical in aim and empirical in method, it is much more like a kind of philosophy. The work of the founder of this tradition, Axel Hägerstrom, had for its motto Censeo metaphysicam esse delendam and is a sustained effort to show that notions commonly accepted as essential parts of the structure of law such as rights, duties, transfers of rights and validity, are in part composed of superstitious beliefs, “myths,” “fictions,” “magic” or rank confusion. This tradition, continued in the work of his disciples Lundstedt, Olivecrona and Alf Ross, has made contact with both American “rule-scepticism” and contemporary linguistic philosophy. Its latest most sophisticated product is Ross's recently published book On Law and Justice.1

This is in many ways an interesting book, and at points a brilliant one, though by no means free from the fiery dogmatism of Scandinavian “realist” jurisprudence. Ross is less tortuous and obscure than Hägerstrom, less naïve and professorial than Lundstedt; and richer in illuminating examples and concrete detail, if less urbane, than Oliveerona.
The Necessity Plea in English Criminal Law
Authors: Glazebrook P. R.
Published: January 2009

The sharp contrast between the vast number of detailed statutory provisions defining particular offences and the small handful of widely phrased provisions concerned with the general principles of criminal liability is, perhaps, the most striking feature of English criminal law, and, like the continued co-existence of both common law and statutory offences, one of the unhappy consequences of England's failure to enact a penal code. Among the few statutory provisions laying down general principles of liability or excuse there is none which comprehends a defence of necessity, and so commentators have inevitably looked to the case law for an answer to the question: Is there in English criminal law a defence of necessity? by which they have meant: Is there a defence of necessity in the sense in which there is a defence of, for instance, insanity, or infancy, or duress or prevention of crime? To the question understood in that sense, the answer returned must, it is thought, be a plain No. To ask and to answer the question in that sense may, however, be misleading: it may be more revealing (as this paper suggests) to ask, How does English law handle the plea of necessity when it arises? What, in other words, is the juristic technique employed?
The Abolition of the Doctrine of Common Employment
Authors: Winfield P. H.
Published: January 2009

The defence of common employment has been abolished by the Law Reform (Personal Injuries) Act, 1948 (11 & 12 Geo. 6, c. 41; it came into effect, in general, on June 30, 1948), section 1 of which negatives it as a defence to an employer who is sued by his servant for personal injuries caused by the negligence of a fellow-servant; repeals the Employers' Liability Act, 1880; and makes void any provision in a contract of service or apprenticeship, or in an agreement collateral thereto, which excludes or limits the liability of the employer in respect of personal injuries to the person employed by the negligence of any person in common employment with him. Section 1 does not apply to causes of action accruing before the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act, 1946, came into effect.
Between Positivism and Idealism
Authors: Simmonds N. E.
Published: January 2009

[W]hatsoever is the object of any man's appetite or desire, that is it which he for his part calleth good: and the object of his hate and aversion, evil; and of his contempt, vile and inconsiderable. For these words of good, evil, and contemptible, are ever used with relation to the person that useth them: there being nothing simply and absolutely so; nor any common rule of good and evil, to be taken from the nature of the objects themselves; but from the person of the man, where there is no commonwealth; or, in a commonwealth, from the person that representeth it; or from an arbitrator or judge, whom men disagreeing shall by consent set up, and make his sentence the rule thereof.
The Undertaking in Damages—Substantive and Procedural Dimensions
Authors: Zuckerman A.A.S.
Published: January 2009

It is well established that a party seeking an interlocutory or a Mareva injunction is required to give a cross-undertaking in damages as a condition of being granted the order sought. Equally settled is the principle that the undertaking in damages may be invoked in two situations. First, when the injunction is discharged before trial on the ground that it should never have been granted and, secondly, if at the end of the trial the party enjoined obtains a favourable judgment vindicating his claims in the action. Yet the principles governing a decision whether to enforce the undertaking are inadequately articulated. Two reasons have combined to contribute to this state of affairs: the fact that the award of damages is considered to be discretionary and the small number of instances in which the courts have been asked topronounce on the subject. However, the great rise in applications for interlocutory relief, whether by way of interim or Mareva injunctions or Anton Piller orders, has commensurably increased the importance of this subject. A number of recent decisions stand witness to this tendency and underscore the need for a thorough treatment of the topic.
Moot Case on Defamation
Authors: Hamson C. J.
Published: January 2009

The following judgment was delivered:—

The facts of the cases now before us, which have been consolidated for the purpose of this hearing, fall within a narrow, perhaps too narrow, compass.
Allegiance and The Usurper
Authors: Honoré A. M.
Published: January 2009

Coke said of the Statute of Treasons 1351: “this Act is to be understood of a king in possession of the crown and kingdom,” and “the other [king] that hath right and is out of possession is not within this Act.” In other words, treason can be committed solely against the monarch in possession, and, conversely, breach of allegiance to the monarch in possession is treason. This doctrine is repeated, with varying degrees of enthusiasm and elaboration, by the later writers, for example, Hale, Hawkins, Foster, Bacon and East, and it appears in the modern books. Only Blackstone expresses a doubt: he thinks the law does not go further than to excuse obedience to a king de facto without commanding opposition to a king de jure who is out of possession.
The Dialectical Origins of Finch'sLaw
Authors: Prest Wilfrid
Published: January 2009

InhisAnalysis of the Laws of England, Blackstone briefly assesses the work of those of his predecessors “who have laboured in reducing our laws to a system.” Glanville and Bracton were overburdened with ancient learning; the abridgements of Fitzherbert and Brooke “merely alphabetical in character”; Francis Bacon'sElements“purposely avoided any regular order”; Coke'sInstitutes“are unfortunately as deficient in method as they are rich in matter.” However, “Sir Henry Finch's discourse of law is a treatise of a very different character; his method is greatly superior to all that were before extant; his text is weighty, concise and nervous; his illustrations are apposite, clear and authentic.” Indeed by Blackstone's own account it would seem that but for the abolition of military tenures and the disuse of real actions, which had rendered “near half of the book obsolete,” Finch's “happy progress in reducing the elements of the law from their former chaos to a regular methodical science” might have provided the scheme for that “proposed course of academical lectures” which was the immediate source of theCommentaries on the Laws of England.
What is a European Community Law Judge?
Authors: Hadley Lord Slynn
Published: January 2009

It is good that the Cambridge Law Faculty has established a Centre for European Legal Studies. In the first place because it is plain that practising lawyers in the future will need to be increasingly aware of European Community Law—whether they are taught it as a separate subject or as a part of specialist areas of the law. In the second place because if, as I also think, Britain should be not only at the heart but also at the head of Europe, if it is in it at all, there are few better ways of preparing our future political and administrative leaders than by a grounding in Community law.
Trusts for Secrecy: The Case of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland
Authors: Jones N.G.
Published: January 2009

It is the purpose of this article to draw attention to the case of Dudley v. Ellis (1559), * discovered in the record of the Court of Chancery while searching for trust cases in the years after the Statute of Uses. Together with the now famous case of Bertie v. Herenden (1560),1Dudley v. Ellis provides a vivid illustration of the role which trusts might play in times of trouble.
Trust Property and Conversion: an Equitable Confusion
Authors: Tettenborn Andrew
Published: January 2009

Suppose a collection of ictures is held by a trustee T on trust for beneficiary B. A picture is stolen by X, a thief; or alternatively, it is wrongfully sold by T to Y. What causes of action are open to B? At first sight this looks an easy question, involving straightforward application of the principles of equity and personal property. In the former situation (the theft example), T, who has the legal title, can clearly sue X in conversion. As for B, he in his capacity of equitable owner can no doubt force T to do so, if necessary by himself bringing proceedings against X and joining T as a party. In the second case, that of wrongful sale, T is clearly guilty of a breach of trust and liable to compensate B accordingly. As to the liability of Y, B will be able in equity to recover the picture from him in specie he has it, or its value if he does not (assuming Y's acts were sufficient to make him liable on the basis of “knowing receipt” of trust property).
Citizenship and Obligation: Civil Disobedience and Civil Dissent
Authors: Allan T.R.S.
Published: January 2009

The freedom to criticise government, and even to counsel disobedience or revolt, is widely considered the principal mark of a free society. Where the dissident voice is silenced by laws against sedition, it has been argued, there is no genuine freedom of speech and, accordingly, no real political freedom.2 The force of this suggestion stems from the underlying idea that government, if constitutional and legitimate, should be government by consent: laws against sedition, or which otherwise curtail political debate in order to silence opposition, repudiate that idea by denying the legitimacy of dissent.
Time for an English Commercial Code?
Authors: Arden Dame Mary
Published: January 2009

Parliament has imposed on the Law Commission the duty to review the law of England and Wales “with a view to its systematic development and reform, including in particular the codification of [the] law … and generally the simplification and modernisation of the law”. There are a number of points which flow from this. First, as a body which reviews great swathes of the common law to see if they require to be modernised or simplified, the Law Commission has a unique standpoint from which to view the strengths and weaknesses of the common law method. Second, it has unique experience of law reform and the Parliamentary process. Third, in discharge of its functions, it has an interest in seeing that, if codification is appropriate, a recommendation to that effect is made to the Lord Chancellor. It need not be the Law Commission which carries out the recommendation, and indeed the Law Commission could not carry out a project
purely of its own initiative.