bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidural Analgesia in Labor: An Evaluation of Risks and Benefits
Authors: Thorp James A. , Breedlove Ginger
Published: April 2007

Background: Intrapartum epidural analgesia has become increasingly popular because it is the most effective method of providing pain relief during labor. Much attention is given to its safety and efficacy, and many health care providers and consumers are unaware of its potential drawbacks. This article reviews the literature about the effects of epidural analgesia on the mother and infant.Methods:We performed a computer‐assisted MEDLINE search for articles and a review of bibliographies from articles on epidural analgesia. When reported data were incomplete, authors were contacted for more detailed information.Results:The most common procedure‐related complications, hypotension, inadvertent dural puncture, and headache, are easily treated and usually self‐limited. Permanent morbidity and mortality are rare. Retrospective studies and randomized controlled trials both demonstrate that epidural analgesia is associated with increases in duration of labor, instrument vaginal delivery, and cesarean birth. To date only three trials randomized patients to narcotic versus epidural groups, and all showed a twofold to threefold increase in cesarean section for dystocia. Limiting epidural use in nulliparous labor and delaying its placement until after 5 cm of cervical dilation may reduce the risk of operative intervention for dystocia. Epidural analgesia may also increase intervention for fetal distress. Several studies show its association with maternal fever in labor. Its association with chronic back pain, neonatal behavioral changes, and maternal‐infant bonding are more tenuous and require further study.Conclusions:Epidural analgesia is a safe and effective method of relieving pain in labor, but is associated with longer labor, more operative intervention, and increases in cost. It must remain an option; however, caregivers and consumers should be aware of associated risks. Women should be counseled about these risks and other pain‐relieving options before the duress of labor.
Women's Experiences of Prenatal Serum Screening
Authors: Santalahti Päivi , Latikka Anne‐Maria , Ryynänen Markku , Hemminki Elina
Published: April 2007

Background: Maternal serum screening is used to detect pregnancies at risk for Down syndrome and neural tube defects, but most positive test results (6.6% of all) are false positives. This study examined the influence of positive test results on women's experiences of pregnancy.Methods:The study population was all 67 pregnant women who received a positive result on serum screening in two Finnish towns from September 1993 to March 1994. For each case woman a control woman, matched for age, parity, education, and previous miscarriages, was selected. Of those invited, 45 case women and 46 control women (79%) responded to semistructured interviews.Results:Of the 45 case women, 2 underwent termination of pregnancy after the diagnosis of an abnormality and 1 had a miscarriage. Of the remaining 42, 7 decided not to undergo further diagnostic tests, for 2 women the second serum test was normal, and 33 had amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. The positive screening result and wait for the final results negatively affected the emotional well‐being of most of these 33 women, and 6 were still worried after receiving final reassuring results. Of the 46 control women, 17 felt some worry or fear regarding abnormality in their fetus.Conclusion:The significant negative psychosocial effects of serum screening should be taken into account by caregivers when deciding whether and how to institutionalize these tests as part of antenatal care.
The Lover's Discourse in Theodor Fontane's Irrungen, Wirrungen
Authors: Bowman Peter James
Published: April 2007

The romance between Botho and Lene in this novel is founded on a ‘lover's discourse’ (Roland Barthes), that is to say an escape from the description of human behaviour in conventional and impoverishing categories. However, the lovers’ view of each other as ‘special’ and ‘indefinable’ is undermined by other characters, who consciously and unconsciously reintegrate them and their experiences into the readily intelligible template of an officer's premarital affair with a lower‐class girl. It is this, and not social pressures per se, that destroys their love. Moreover, Botho himself unwittingly introduces this platitude into his relationship with Lene, thereby destroying it from within. Indeed his initial attraction to her, which he claims is founded on her ‘difference’, is in fact based on seeing in her the artlessness of a simple, unspoilt girl – a stereotype not borne out by Lene's conduct and in any case false to the basis of their intimacy in the non‐defining lover's discourse. After his break with Lene and return to the world of platitude, Botho comes to share its desire to reintegrate those who see themselves as living outside its confines, as can be seen from his treatment of his friend Rexin.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Bruce William F. , Cappon Alexander P. , Furness Edna Lue
Published: April 2007

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY. By Glenn Myers Blair, R. Stewart Jones, and Ray H. Simpson.

CHILDREN'S SOCIAL VALUES. AN ACTION RESEARCH STUDY. By Arthur W. Foshay, Kenneth D. Wann, and Associates.

HELPING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS READ BETTER. By Elizabeth A. Simpson.
EDUCATING
Authors: Westbury Ian
Published: April 2007

Review of D. Bob Gowin, Educating
Caspase‐8‐ and JNK‐dependent AP‐1 activation is required for Fas ligand‐induced IL‐8 production
Authors: Matsumoto Norihiko , Imamura Ryu , Suda Takashi
Published: April 2007

Despite a dogma that apoptosis does not induce inflammation, Fas ligand (FasL), a well‐known death factor, possesses pro‐inflammatory activity. For example, FasL induces nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) activity and interleukin 8 (IL‐8) production by engagement of Fas in human cells. Here, we found that a dominant negative mutant of c‐Jun, a component of the activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) transcription factor, inhibits FasL‐induced AP‐1 activity and IL‐8 production in HEK293 cells. Selective inhibition of AP‐1 did not affect NF‐κB activation and vice versa, indicating that their activations were not sequential events. The FasL‐induced AP‐1 activation could be inhibited by deleting or introducing the lymphoproliferation (lpr)‐type point mutation into the Fas death domain (DD), knocking down the Fas‐associated DD protein (FADD), abrogating caspase‐8 expression with small interfering RNAs, or using inhibitors for pan‐caspase and caspase‐8 but not caspase‐1 or caspase‐3. Furthermore, wildtype, but not a catalytically inactive mutant, of caspase‐8 reconstituted the FasL‐induced AP‐1 activation in caspase‐8‐deficient cells. Fas ligand induced the phosphorylation of two of the three major mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs): extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) but not p38 MAPK. Unexpectedly, an inhibitor for JNK but not for MAPK/ERK kinase inhibited the FasL‐induced AP‐1 activation and IL‐8 production. These results demonstrate that FasL‐induced AP‐1 activation is required for optimal IL‐8 production, and this process is mediated by FADD, caspase‐8, and JNK.
A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANT STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN
Authors: Bauer Klausdieter
Published: April 2007

In continuation of earlier experimentation from this laboratory the antigenic structure of human serum albumin was determined by comparative determinant analysis (CDA). The results are a correction of an earlier report on the same subject; the importance of the standard control procedures of CDA is stressed. The results indicate the presence of at least six different antigenic determinants on the human molecule, two of which are shared only by primates, while the four others are common with other mammalian albumins as well. There is no human species‐specific determinant demonstrable. The structures of human and chimpanzee albumins were found to be identical.
PHYLOGENETIC EMERGENCE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES DISTINCT FROM IgM
Authors: Atwell J. L. , Marchalonis J. J.
Published: April 2007

The low molecular weight immunoglobulin from the marine toad (Bufo marinus) was found to differ markedly from classical mammalian IgG immunoglobulin. Higher intact molecular weight of 168,000 ± 4000 was the result of larger heavy chains (61,400 ± 2300) than mammalian γ chains (50,000 daltons). The light chains were of normal molecular weight (23,000).

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS buffers was shown to be a simple and reliable way of determining the type of heavy chain present in immunoglobulins from different species, despite the fact that the mobility of the chains in this system does not accurately reflect their molecular weight. Using this technique it was shown that the heavy chain from the LMW Ig present in Xenopus laevis, an anuran amphibian, and the chicken, a representative of the birds, showed similar properties to the toad LMW Ig heavy chain. In addition, the LMW Ig heavy chain from the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), a marsupial, showed properties which were characteristic of classical γ heavy chains.

We conclude that the LMW Ig present in anuran amphibians does not belong to the IgG class as had been previously thought. This Ig class appears to have been retained in the reptiles and birds. The appearance of IgG appears to be a relatively recent event, recurring at a time after the divergence of the mammalian line from the stem reptiles.
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS. IV. XENOANTISERA AGAINST RAT ERYTHROCYTE (Ag‐C) ANTIGENS*
Authors: Poloskey Paul E. , Kunz Heinz W. , Gill Thomas J. , Shonnard John W. , Hansen Carl T. , Dixon Barbara D.
Published: April 2007

Antibodies to the erythrocyte Ag‐C antigens were raised by immunizing New Zealand white rabbits with rat red cells. Evidence that Ag‐C antigens are not on lymphocytes includes: (1) Ag‐C could not be detected on rat peripheral, splenic or thymic lymphocytes by lymphocytotoxicity using anti‐Ag‐C antisera, (2) xeno‐antisera prepared against rat lymphocytes from which Ag‐B antibodies were absorbed did not agglutinate rat red cells, and (3) absorption of reagent Ag‐C antisera with lymphocytes did not remove the anti‐Ag‐C activity. Platelets also failed to absorb Ag‐C antibodies from reagent anti‐Ag‐C antisera. The mixed lymphocyte reaction between strains within the same major histocompatibility (Ag‐B) group but differing in Ag‐C type showed no stimulation. This finding corroborates the studies which failed to demonstrate Ag‐C on lymphocytes. Isoagglutinins for red cells were not detected in any of the strains of rats tested, but rabbit xenoagglutinins to rat and sheep red cells were found. Reagent Ag‐C antisera were used to type some previously unreported strains of inbred rats.
GENETIC RECOMBINATION BETWEEN ESCHERICHIA COLI K‐12 AND E. COLI STRAINS WITH BLOOD GROUP‐ACTIVE ANTIGENS
Authors: Kishi Koichiro , Iseki Shoei
Published: April 2007

The genetic determinants responsible for the specificities of somatic antigens of Escherichia coli 2B‐V, O6 and O86, which also have blood group H, A and B activity, respectively, are located near the his locus on chromosomes.
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS. VI. LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS OF MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTIVITY, SEROLOGICALLY DEFINED ANTIGENS (Ag‐B, Ag‐C) AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO POLY(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)
Authors: Shonnard J. W. , Cramer D. V. , Poloskey P. E. , Davis Bridgett K. , III Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

The Ag‐B allotype, mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) and the immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) were assayed in male rats from the F2 hybrid and two back‐cross generations of the F344 and DA strains in order to investigate the structure of the rat major histocompatibility complex. No disparity between Ag‐B type and mixed lymphocyte reactivity was found in 263 animals. The immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) was closely linked to the Ag‐B locus, and both antibody production and the delayed hypersensitivity response were under polygenic control. These results suggest that the genetic loci which determine these responses in the rat are closely linked and that recombinational events between the Ag‐B and MLR loci are infrequent.
DETECTION OF A1A2 AND A2AAm1 HETEROZYGOTES AMONG HUMAN A BLOOD GROUP PHENOTYPES
Authors: Cartron J. P. , Ropars C. , ČAlkovská Zdenka , Salmon Ch.
Published: April 2007

From the variations of α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferases activities with the pH, evidence was obtained for the recognition of A1A2 heterozygotes in normal A blood group sera.

Besides, unusual transferase properties associated with two A2 sera from individuals out of AAm1 siblings, lead to the identification of the very infrequent A2AAm1 genotypes. These results strongly support the simultaneous coexistence of both A1 and A2 transferases in heterozygotes' sera, and bring some new information on the genetical background of the Am phenotype.

The meaning of transferase properties directly determined on whole sera is briefly discussed.
INCIDENCE OF A WEAK HL‐A W27 ANTIGEN IN A CZECH FAMILY
Authors: Mácjský A.
Published: April 2007

In two members of a Czech family a weak W 27 antigen was found. The lymphocytes of the two individuals showed an identical positive cytotoxic reaction only with some sera having anti‐W 27 specificity; anti‐W 27 of both the said sera and those showing negative cytotoxic test was absorbed by the lymphocytes. The thrombocyte absorption capacity was substantially poorer.
HEAVY CHAINS OF MURINE SPLENOCYTE MEMBRANE IMMUNOGLOBULINS: A COMPARISON WITH THE HEAVY CHAINS OF HUMAN AND TOAD SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Warr G. W. , Marchalonis J. J.
Published: April 2007

The mobilities of murine splenocyte surface immunoglobulin heavy chains were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS‐containing buffers, with those of the heavy chains of human IgM, IgG, and IgD, and toad IgY. Human δ‐chain showed a mobility only slightly faster than that of human μ‐chain, and required double‐labelling techniques for unequivocal resolution. The mobility of the slower murine splenocyte surface heavy chain was identical to that of human μ‐chain, but that of the second splenocyte heavy chain was significantly faster than that of human δ‐chain, and similar to that of the heavy chain of toad IgY. Although the second murine splenocyte heavy chain is clearly distinct from μ‐chain, no physico‐chemical evidence exists which relates it directly to human δ‐chain.
GENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LITTER SIZE IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Hetherington C. M. , Humber D. P. , Clarke Ann G.
Published: April 2007

The effects of antigenic differences between mother and fetus on implantation number and on post‐implantation mortality were studied. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that these two measurements were affected by such antigenic differences or by prior immunization of the mother to paternal antigens.
FAILURE TO SUPPRESS THETA ANTIGENIC EXPRESSION IN PROGENY DERIVED FROM PRE‐IMMUNIZED MATERNAL RECIPIENTS
Authors: Braun Colette , Mahouy G. , Bona C. , Goujet‐Zalc Cécile , Tuffrey Maureen , Crewe Pamela , Barnes R.
Published: April 2007

One possible theory concerning the success of the fetus as an allograft has been attributed to maternal modification of foreign fetal antigenic expression. In this respect progeny derived from pre‐immunized maternal mouse recipients, have been examined for any modification (reduction) of corresponding θ antigen determinants. Two major groups of mice were examined. The first group of embryo transplantation derived AKR homozygotes born from pre‐immunized CBA recipients whilst producing the corresponding anti‐θAKR antibody activity. The second group of naturally derived reciprocal (CBA × AKR)FI heterozygotes were also born from pre‐immunized maternal recipients.

In neither group was θ expression found to be modified and the significance of this finding is discussed in respect of other situations where fetal antigenic expression is known to be altered by maternal influence.
CHEMOTHERAPY—ONE OF THE CAUSES OF TRANSIENT LOSS OF HLA ANTIGENS AND LYMPHOCYTE POLYREACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH BLOOD DISEASES AND MALIGNANCIES
Authors: Májský A. , Jakoubková J. , Abrahámová J.
Published: April 2007

Modifications of HLA antigens (transient loss or polyreactivity) were found in thirty‐two of fifty‐five examined patients with blood diseases (leukaemia, reticulosis, reticulo‐ and lymphosarcoma, lymphogranuloma, erythroblastoma) and malignant tumours. In two cases of acute myelosis transient alteration of HLA‐A 2 antigen in HLA‐A 28 was demonstrated. The relationship of HLA antigenic modification to chemotherapy was established, both by analysis of individual cases and by statistical evaluation of serological results in patients with or without chemotherapy (0.01 < P < 0.001). Chemotherapy is thus one of the causes for the development of HLA antigen modifications in blood diseases and malignant tumours.
THE INVOLVEMENT OF A SUPPRESSOR MECHANISM IN NEONATALLY INDUCED ALLOGRAFT TOLERANCE IN MICE
Authors: Rieger M. , Hilgert I.
Published: April 2007

The possible involvement of a suppressor cell mechanism in neonatally induced allograft tolerance was tested in two different mouse‐strain combinations. In an H‐2 incompatible donor‐recipient combination presented by the congeneic strains B10.D2 and B10.D2(M504), adoptive transfer of tolerance with 5 × 107 spleen cells to syngeneic sublethally (400 R) irradiated recipients was successful resulting in a markedly prolonged test graft survival or even take. The result of tests for negative tolerance (which should be susceptible to abolition by means of cells from normally reactive donors) did not indicate that neonatally induced tolerance across the given barrier rested on this principle. The suppressor mechanism seemed to be involved in neonatally induced allograft tolerance also in the other strain combination (B10–40NX).
A LINKAGE STUDY OF RABBIT SERUM HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL) ALLOTYPES
Authors: Børresen Anne‐Lise , Berg K. , Kindt T. J.
Published: April 2007

Close linkage between the two allotypic systems of rabbit serum high density lipoprotein (HDL), Hl 1 and R 67, has been confidently excluded, the recombination fraction being at least 0.20.

No suggestion of linkage between either HDL allotype and the immunoglobulin allotypes a1a2a3/b4b9, or the red blood cell system (RBC) ADF was obtained.

Close linkage was confidently excluded for the Hl 1–ADF, H1 1–a1a2a3, R 67–ADF, R 67–a1a2a3 R 67–b4b9, a1a2a3‐b4 b9, and b4b9‐ADF relationships.
THE KINETICS OF IgG AND IgM ANTIBODY‐FORMING CELLS IN ACI AND F 344 RATS IMMUNIZED WITH POLY (Glu52Lys33Tyr15)
Authors: Shonnard J. W. , Davis B. K. , Ladoulis C. T. , iii Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

The cellular kinetics of antibody production in high and low responder rats immunized with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) or with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)/MeBSA were characterized: serum antibody and IgG and IgM antibody‐forming cells in the spleen and in selected lymph nodes were assayed in male and female rats following immunization by several routes. Aggregation of the antigen with MeBSA enabled the poorly responding F344 rats to produce antibody, which was almost exclusively IgG. High responder ACI rats, under the same conditions, produced antibody of both IgG and IgM classes. These data suggest that in low responders one defect, possibly at the T‐cell level, can be overcome by aggregation but that a second defect, involving the regulation of IgM production, still exists.
THE AVIDITY OF IgM ANTIBODY IN HIGH AND LOW RESPONDER RATS
Authors: Davis B. K. , Shonnard J. W. , iii Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

This study examined IgM antibody produced by highly responding ACI and poorly responding F344 rats following immunization with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) or poly(Glu32Lys33Tyr15) aggregated with methylated bovine serum albumin (MeBSA). The ACI rats produced both IgM and IgG plaque‐forming cells (PFC) following immunization with either form of antigen. The F344 rats did not respond to unaggregated poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15), but they produced significant amounts of IgG PFC and extremely small amounts of IgM PFC after immunization with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)/MeBSA. Both high and low responder rats had similar kinetic profiles of IgM antibody production, and this antibody had nearly identical avidity in both strains with no evidence for any maturation in avidity. thus, one of the genetic defects in the antibody response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) is an inability of the F344 strain to produce large amounts of IgM in response to this antigen.
STUDIES ON NON‐H‐2 LINKED LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATING DETERMINANTS I. DESCRIPTION OF THE CELL TYPE BEARING THE MLS PRODUCT
Authors: Ahmed A. , Scher I. , Smith A. H. , Sell K. W.
Published: April 2007

The non‐H‐2 linked, lymphocyte activating determinants (LADs), which are coded by the minor (histocompatibility) lymphocyte stimulating locus (Mls), were detected on B lymphocytes, but not on immunoglobulin (Ig) negative or on theta positive T lymphocytes. These determinants, like the complement receptor and surface IgD, develop late in neonatal life. Thus, the Mls coded LADs mark a population of B lymphocytes which are not present in the spleens of newborn to 2‐week‐old mice. Studies of B lymphocytes derived from the spleens of adult mice indicated that the cells that bear the Mls coded LADs have a high density of surface Ig and possess the complement receptor.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF Gm ALLOTYPES II. G1m(1), G3m(5) AND G3m(21) IN SERA FROM HEALTHY CAUCASOID BLOOD DONORS, AND IN A FAMILY WITH THE INHERITANCE OF A GENE RESPONSIBLE FOR A WEAK Gm1, 17, 21, HAPLOTYPE
Authors: Rivat L. , Salier J. P. , North M. L. , Oberling F. R.
Published: April 2007

The quantitative expression of three allotypes–Glm(1), G3m(5) and G3m(21)–has been studied in normal caucasoid sera. A gene dosage effect, previously described for all of these allotypes, is not noticed for G3m(5) in the present study. The different content of G3m(5) and G3m(21) IgG 3 molecules in heterozygous Gm5/Gm21 sera has been verified: these contents are respectively 75% and 25% of the IgG3 content.

The same allotypes have been studied in a family which shows the inheritance of a weak Gm1, 17; 21 haplotype. The gene responsible for this abnormality is probably a new regulatory gene, and is transmitted without the ‘aimed’ haplotype.
COMPARISON OF HAPLOTYPES OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN THE RAT I. THE Ag‐B7 (H‐18) AND Ag‐B8 (H‐1k) HAPLOTYPES
Authors: Štark O. , Günther E. , Kunz H. W. , III Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

Two haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat, Ag‐B7 and Ag‐B8, have been compared with known H‐1 haplotypes using the F1 skin‐graft test and the dextran haemagglutination test. Both of these Ag‐B haplotypes were different from the known H‐1 haplotypes and determined different private specificities. The Ag‐B7 haplotype was denoted as H‐1g and the Ag‐B8 haplotype as H‐1k. The complex structure of the serologically detected antigenic products of these haplotypes was determined by means of H‐1 congenic lines.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS IN SERA OF RARE BLOOD GROUP p AND Pk PHENOTYPES
Authors: Kato M. , Kubo S. , Naiki M.
Published: April 2007

Blood group P antigen and Pk antigen were recently identified as glycosphingolipid globoside, GalNAc(β, 1→3)Gal(α, 1→4)Gas(β, 1→4)Glc(β, 1→1)ceramide, and trihexosylceramide, Gal(α, 1→4)Gal(β, 1→4)Gld(β, 1→1)ceramide, respectively (Naiki & Marcus, 1974). The presence of antibodies to both antigens in the sera from rare p donors and antibodies to P antigen in the serum from a rare Pk donor were first demonstrated by the complement fixation test with the optimal antigen preparations containing each purified glycolipid, lecithin and cholesterol. In the serum from a p donor, most of antibody population of anti‐P was IgM and was cross‐reacted to Forssman glycolipid, GalNAc(α, 1→3)GalNAc(β, 1→3)Gal(α, 1→4)Gal(β, 1→4)Glc(β, 1→1) ceramide, but the rest of the anti‐P antibodies and most of anti‐Pk antibodies were IgG and had marked specificities for globoside and trihexosylceramide, respectively.
INFLUENCE OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN THE PIG (SLA) ON SERUM HAEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT LEVELS
Authors: Vaiman M. , Hauptmann G. , Mayer Simone
Published: April 2007

Sera from fourty‐six non‐congenic adult pigs from one inter‐related herd were tested for their haemolytic serum complement levels. A comparison of these data with the major histocompatibility complex (SLA) genotypes of these animals resulted in the demonstration of highly significant differences in lytic activity between sera obtained from animals of two distinct SLA haplotypes. These data showed a high correlation between the SLA complex and the level of haemolytic activity.
SLB, A NEW ALLOANTIGENIC SYSTEM OF THE PIG
Authors: Hruban V. , Hradecký J. , Pazdera J. , Simon M. , Veselský L.
Published: April 2007

An alloantigen segregating in the double back‐cross families, distinct from serologically determinable transplantation antigens controlled by the major histocompatibility complex (SLA), was detected in pigs by the complementdependent lymphocytotoxic technique. The system was designated SLB and its product (antigen SLB‐Al) was demonstrated in all lymphocytes from the lymph nodes, thymus and peripheral blood, but not in the erythrocytes. Back‐cross matings supplied evidence of the dominant heredity of SLB‐Al. Detection of further SLB antigens was unsuccessful, so that only two alleles (SLB‐Al and SLB‐A‐) could be determined in families. Double back‐cross families revealed a close linkage between the SLB locus and the L blood group locus. Maximum lod score values were calculated in recombination fraction θ= 0.10.
ASYMMETRY IN THE SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE AND MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTIONS BETWEEN C57B1/6 AND THE CONGENIC MUTANT C57B1/6. CH‐2ba[H(Z1)]
Authors: Chauvenet P. H. , Amos D. B. , Smith R. T.
Published: April 2007

Asymmetry in the relationship between the H‐2K mutant strain C57B1/6. CH‐2ba(H‐2ba) and the wild‐type congenic C57B1/6 has been demonstrated both in MLR and serologically by haemagglutination. MLR between these strains, when B6 was the responder, was as strong as that toward allogeneic stimulator cells: H‐2bawas regularly less responsive toward B6. Responses in both directions were increased, in terms of augmented proliferative responses, by prior immunization. In this context the MLR resembles that towards minor H‐locus antigens rather than those controlled by the H‐2 locus. Immunization of (H‐2ba× BALB/c)F1hybrids with B6 lymphoid cells induced the production of a haemagglutinating antibody not directed toward any known H‐2 specificity. The B6 haemagglutinogen, termed He, was present on B6 lymphoid as well as red blood cells. Segregation studies of F2and back‐cross progeny of (H‐2bax BALB/c)F1hybrids suggest that the response to He is controlled by two Ir genes, one of which is linked to H‐2.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN C3HfeB/HeN AND C3H/HeN MICE: TUMOUR INDUCED IN C3HfeB/HeN MICE EXPRESSES C3H/HeN‐ASSOCIATED ALLOANTIGEN
Authors: Martin W. J. , Gipson T. G. , Conliffe M. A. , Cotton W. G. , Dove L. F. , Rice J. M.
Published: April 2007

A transplacentally induced lung tumour of C3HfeB/HeN mouse origin expresses, as a tumour‐associated antigen, a normal tissue component of strain A mice. The genetic locus coding for this alloantigen has been shown to be linked to the H‐2 major histocompatibility complex. In the present study we demonstrate that this antigen is also expressed on normal tissues of C3H/HeN mice. Skin grafts exchanged between C3HfeB/HeN and C3H/HeN mice are reciprocally rejected at approximately 3 weeks after grafting. C3HfeB/HeN mice were derived from C3H/HeN mice in 1945. These strains have apparently deviated since then in their genetic regulation of the expression of the MHC‐linked genetic locus. The finding of the C3H/HeN‐associated antigen on a C3HfeB/HeN mouse‐derived lung tumour indicates that this deviation is reversible.
THE GENETICS OF AN EXPANDED SECRETOR SYSTEM
Authors: Kimberling W. J.
Published: April 2007

The genetics of salivary secretion of ABH blood group substance was investigated. Eight secretor phenotypes were determined by Sephadex G‐100 chromatography. Presence or absence of three different fractions were shown to be controlled by three different secretor gene loci. These loci are called Sec1, Sec2 and Sec3. Sec1 controls expression of the traditional secretor status. Sec2 and Sec3 are linked, but distinct, loci controlling the expression of low molecular weight ABH substance in human saliva. A dominant mode of inheritance for the Sec2 and Sec3 systems is described.
DIFFERENTIAL RADIOLABELLING OF LYMPHOCYTE MEMBRANE ALLOANTIGENS AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS: VARIATION OF H2O2 CONCENTRATION DURING LACTOPEROXIDASE CATALYZED CELL SURFACE RADIO‐IODINATION
Authors: Emerson S. G. , Reilly Patricia , Cone R. E.
Published: April 2007

The effect of H2O2 concentration on lactoperoxidase catalyzed cell surface radio‐iodination and subsequent isolation of Murine splenic lymphocyte Ia, H‐2K and Lyb‐3 surface antigens and membrane immunoglobulins was studied. For most membrane polypeptides analyzed 0.3 mM H2O2 proved to be optimal for the recovery of radiolabelled antigens from detergent lysates of labelled cells by immunoprecipitation. Marked variations among surface antigens and membrane immunoglobulin polypeptide chains were observed for the iodination and recovery of these proteins above and below the optimal peroxide concentration. The results suggest that cell surface radio‐iodination conditions should be standardized to the requirements of the particular membrane protein being studied. The differential iodination and recovery of discrete membrane components above and below optimal conditions may prove useful in the analysis of surface membrane protein structure and membrane association.
COMPARISON OF THE HAPLOTYPES OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN THE RAT IV. THE SIX ORIGINAL AG‐B HAPLOTYPES
Authors: ŝTark O. , Kunz H. W. , Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

The six original haplotypes described in the Ag‐B system were compared with their counterparts in the H‐1 system. Antisera to the Ag‐B haplotypes raised in inbred rats and antisera to H‐1 haplotypes raised in congenic lines were tested against various panels of cell from inbred and congenic lines by the dextran and Ficoll haemagglutination methods. The private and strong public specificities detected in both systems were the same, but there were some minor differences in the intermediate and weak reactivities detected. The cross‐reactivity of the antisera raised in inbred rats was broader than that of antisera raised in congenic lines. The identity of the antigenic products detected in the two systems by the dextran and Ficoll tests was further confirmed by a variety of absorption analyses and by F1 tests. This study completes the systematic serological comparison of the haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat described originally in the Ag‐B and H‐1 systems.
IMMUNOGENETIC AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF H‐2 ANTIGENS OF FOREIGN HAPLOTYPES ON TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Festenstein H. , Schmidt W. , Testorelli C. , Giorgi L. De , Morelli O. , Matossian‐Rogers A. , Atfield G.
Published: April 2007

The polymorphism of histocompatibility antigens is usually explained by classical Mendelian laws, which allow the inheritance of one allele per locus. Thus each individual would express two antigens for each locus of the pair of relevant homologous chromosomes, one from each parent.

Another explanation is that the structural genes of all the different haplotypes are all in tandem. Regulatory genes would then determine the polymorphism by mimicking Mendelian inheritance–allowing only the relevant gene products for a particular haplotype to be expressed. If correct, one might expect the mechanism to fail sometimes, and silent genes of foreign haplotypes to be derepressed, allowing H‐2 antigens of the wrong haplotype to become expressed.

In the light of this hypothesis (Martin, 1975; Amos, 1971; Bodmer, 1975; Festenstein, 1978; Garrido et al., 1976a,b), the original findings in our laboratory of extra foreign ‘H‐2‐like’ determinants on tumour cells passaged in vitro and in vivo with and without virus are considered rather important (Festenstein, 1978; Garrido et al., 1976a,b); not only because they could lead to a better understanding of the genetic basis of MHS polymorphism, but also because of its implication for the surveillance of tumours (Garrido et al., 1976b; Gomard et al., 1977; Blank et al., 1976; Parmiani & Invernizzi, 1975) and microbially damaged cells (Doherty & Zinkernagel, 1975). These extra determinants were tested by various serological techniques and assays of cell mediated immunity.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF HUMAN BLOOD GROUP T‐, N‐ AND M‐SPECIFIC IMMUNODETERMINANTS ON HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE ANTIGENS
Authors: Desai P. R. , Springer G. F.
Published: April 2007

We synthesized on Tn erythrocytes with human sera, UDP‐Gal, and activators T‐specific haptenic structures in satisfactory yield. The specificity of this biosynthesis was ascertained by agglutination with human and animal anti‐T, by specific absorption of human anti‐T as well as by agglutination inhibition assays.

With isolated human erythrocyte T antigen as substrate we synthesized N‐ and M‐specific structures with sera from individual human donors in presence of CMP‐sialic acid by incubation for 24 hr at 37°C. Serology on the recovered product was carried out with nineteen monospecific human and animal sera under strictly standardized and controlled conditions with the mandatory tube assay. All M‐ as well as N‐derived T antigens tested acquired N specificity with all transferase sera of all MN types. In contrast, M‐activation of M‐ and N‐derived T antigens occurred only if the transferase donor had the M gene. The nine M transferase sera used all gave M‐activation of MM‐ and NN‐derived T antigens. None of twelve transferase sera from NN donors M‐activated any T antigen. NN antigen was transformed to a M‐specific one by all transferase sera from MM donors but by none from NN donors.

We have not yet established the biochemical‐genetic relation of M to N; N may be the immediate precursor of M or M may originate directly from T. The sialytransferase responsible for M activation may be a N transferase ‘modified’ by the M gene product or an entirely different sialyltransferase.
EXPRESSION OF FOREIGN H‐2‐LIKE ANTIGENS BY A CHEMICALLY‐INDUCED MURINE TUMOUR (MCG4)
Authors: Schirrmacher V. , Garrido F. , Garcia‐Olivares F. , Perez M. , Torres M. Dolores
Published: April 2007

Alien H‐2k‐like antigens were found to be expressed by a methylcholanthrene induced tumour of BALB/c (H‐2d) origin. H‐2 specificities of the k haplotype were detected on this tumour by a variety of serological techiques, including 51Cr‐release cytotoxicity, microradioassay and absorption. The antisera employed were conventional polyspecific alloantisera, typing sera with restricted specificty and monoclonal hybridoma‐derived anti‐H‐2k antibodies.

The tumour has a low expression of the private specificty 31, which characterizes Kd molecules, and does not seem to express the private specificities of Dd, Kk and Dk molecules. It appears to express predominantly alien H‐2‐like antigens which are very similar to but not identical with normal H‐2k molecules.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL RESPONDER STATUS ON THE GENETIC CONTROL OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE
Authors: Sieber Jr W. K. , Wagener Diane K. , Gill T. J. , Kunz H. W. , Eddey G. E.
Published: April 2007

Various genetic models were examined with regard to the control of the antibody response in rats. Distributions of the response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) were determined in the inbred ACI (high responder) and F344 (low responder) strains and in the F1, F2 and backcross generations. Falconer's test for the effective number of genes showed that there was a larger number of genes involved if the maternal parent were the high responder strain. Studies in mating combinations involving high and moderate responders showed that the effective number of genes influencing the antibody response was much lower than in the mating between the high and low responders. Theoretical distributions of antibody response levels were generated using Monte Carlo techniques. The Kolmogorov‐Smirnov goodness‐of‐fit test indicated that a three‐gene model best fitted the matings involving the ACI female and that a two‐gene model best accounted for matings involving the F344 female. These calculations indicate that the antibody response is a complex, multifactorial trait whose expression is significantly affected by the responder status of the maternal strain.
HD50 ASSAY EVALUATION OF THE ANTIGEN Fy3 DEPRESSION IN Fyx INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Habibi B. , Perrier P. , Salmon C.
Published: April 2007

HD50 assays for the antigens Fyb and Fy3 were performed in a large number of Fyx homozygous or heterozygous individuals. A full correlation was found in quantitative expression of Fyb and Fy3 favouring the hypothesis of a Fybw Fy3w gene complex in the Duffy blood group system.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE ELECTROPHORETICALLY‐DETERMINED C4M HAPLOTYPE PRODUCT AND PARTIAL INHIBITION OF ANTI‐Cha
Authors: Nordhagen R. , Olaisen B. , Teisberg P. , Jr T. Gedde‐Dahl
Published: April 2007

C4‐coated Ch(a+) red blood cells (RBC) were used as indicator cells in a serum inhibition reaction of anti‐Cha, for the determination of the Ch group of serum. This serological study, combined with electrophoretic studies of C4 in a family material, showed that the C4M haplotype product was associated with partial inhibition of anti‐Cha.
THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX OF RHESUS MONKEYS: XIII. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF DR AND OTHER B‐CELL SPECIFIC ANTIGENS †
Authors: Roger J. H. , Vreeswijk W. van , Balner H.
Published: April 2007

Results of a population study with all currently available B‐cell specific alloantisera indicate that eight antigens controlled by the RhLA‐linked DR locus can now be identified. This leaves a gene frequency of about 0.15 for unidentified or ‘blank’ antigens of that locus. Of the nine identifiable la antigens which are not controlled by the DR locus, three or four may form the basis of a second series which is probably also controlled by the RhLA region.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MOUSE‐RABBIT HYBRIDOMA
Authors: Notenboom R. H. , Chou C.‐ T. , Good P. W. , Dubiski S. , Cinader B. , Köhler G.
Published: April 2007

Immunoglobulin was obtained from a hybridoma cell line, which was a reclone of a hybrid between a rabbit cell and mouse myeloma cell (X63‐Ag8). The immunoglobulin, isolated from the cell culture medium was found to be homogeneous by isoelectrofocusing and immunoelectrophoresis and consisted of mouse heavy and rabbit light chains, linked by disulphide bonds. All immunoglobulin molecules carried both mouse and rabbit determinants; mouse determinants were associated only with the heavy chains while rabbit determinants were only associated with the light chains. The rabbit light chains were of Ab4 allotypical specificity, but possess only some of the Ab4 determinants normally present in Ab4/Ab4 animals. It was sugested that the restriction in allotypical specificity may be a general property of light chain Ab allotypes; the normal serum immunoglobulins may be heterogeneous with respect to the allotypic determinants and any one molecule may possess only a proportion of determinants detected by a conventional anti‐allotype antiserum.
ANALYSIS OF THE GIEMSA‐BANDING PATTERNS OF THE CHROMOSOMES FROM RATS CARRYING THE GENES OF THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION COMPLEX (GRC)
Authors: Drescher Carolyn K. , Jargiello Patricia , Gill T. J. , Kunz H. W.
Published: April 2007

Morphological studies of metaphase chromosomes were done with rats derived from the BIL/1 strain, which has genes affecting growth and reproduction linked to the major histocompatibility complex by conventional Giemsa‐trypsin staining and the results were compared to rat strains not carrying these defects. A subterminal‐terminal centromeric polymorphism was detected in chromosome 3 [del 3 (pter → cent)] among the strains studied. Comparison of the G‐banded karotypes of the rats carrying the defects with the karotypes of the otsher strains did not reveal any gross chromosomal abnormalities.
A NEW Pk PHENOTYPE IN THE P BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Authors: Kundu S. K. , Evans A. , Rizvi J. , Glidden H. , Marcus D. M.
Published: April 2007

A healthy 22‐year‐old woman was noted to have erythrocytes of the Pk phenotype: a strong Pk antigen, no detectable P antigen and anti‐P antibody in her serum. Her erythrocytes contained four to six times as much Pk glycolipid (globotriaosylceramide or CTH) and approximately half as much P glycolipid (globotertraosylceramide or globoside) as normal red cells. The structures of CTH and globoside were characterized by analysis of permethylated sugars and complement fixation in addition to chromaographic mobility and sugar composition. Inasmuch as the erythrocytes of two Pk individuals that were analysed previously (Marcus et al., 1976) contained no detectable globoside, these abnormalities appear o represent a new phenotype in the P blood group system.
ESTABLISHMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PERMANENT MURINE HYBRIDOMAS SECRETING MONOCLONAL ANTI‐THY‐1 ANTIBODIES *
Authors: Dráber P. , Zikán J. , Vojtíŝková Marta
Published: April 2007

Hybridomas secreting anti‐Thy‐1 antibodies were produced by fusing cells of the mouse myeloma line P3‐NSI/1‐Ag4‐1 (NS‐1) with spleen cells from AKR/J mice immunized with C3H/Di thymus cells and by subsequent growth in tissue culture and selection of the hybrid cells. Two permanent hybridomas, 1B5 and 1aG4/C5, secreting antibodies of IgG3 subclass were isolated by repeated cloning of cells by dilution and in soft agar. Growth of the hybrid cell colonies depended on the presence of feeder cells; spleen cells at 1‐2 X 106/ml were most effective, then thymus cells at 1‐4 X 106/ml and peritoneal cells at a concentration 1‐2 orders of magnitude lower.

The two hybridomas were grown in vitro or in vivo and their products were further analysed. In tissue culture in serum‐free medium under the optimum conditions the supernatant from hybridoma 1B5 contained 0.07 mg/ml of antibodies and that from hybridoma 1aG4/C5 had 0.26 mg/ml of antibodies, whereas ascites 1B5 contained 3.6 mg/ml and ascites 1aG4/C5 4.4 mg/ml of antibodies.

A very low electrophoretic mobility of both antibodies facilitated their isolation. The specificity of the antibodies was tested in the cytotoxicity assay in the presence of complement and by the binding of isotopically labelled antibodies to thymus cells from A/Ph mice and other Thy‐1.2+ strains and A. Thy‐1.1 and AKR/J mice. Antibodies of clone 1aG4/C5 were specific for Thy‐1.2+ cells, whereas antobodies of clone 1B5 at higher concentrations also reacted with Thy‐1.1+ cells from the thymus and lymph nodes. Both antibodies killed more than 95% thymus cells and 60‐70% lymph node cells in the cytotoxicity assay. The specificity of antibodies for T lymphocytes was confirmed in the functional test in which the antibodies eliminated the response of spleen cells to Concanavalin A but did not affect the response to lipopolysaccharide in the presence of complement.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN DIVERSITY IN THE PHYLOGENETICALLY PRIMITIVE SHARK, HETERODONTUS FRANCISCI: I. SUGGESTED LACK OF STRUCTURAL VARIATION BETWEEN LIGHT CHAINS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT ANIMALS
Authors: Litman G. W. , Scheffel Christi , Gerber‐Jenson Bonnie
Published: April 2007

A two‐step procedure employing gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography has been utilized to isolate LMW immunoglobulin from the horned shark, Heterodontus francisci. Light chains obtained by complete reduction and alkylation of the parent protein have been compared by several analytical techniques. Amino acid composition data implies a limited degree of variation in the light chains isolated from individual animals. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the CNBr digests of the light chains reveal indistinguishable banding profiles of the major peptides. Isoelectric focusing indicates limited heterogeneity in the light chain spectrotype and identity in the pI of the majority of bands detectable by staining. The suggested degree of structural similarity in the light chains of this phylogenetically primitive shark is discussed in terms of the evolutionary position of the species and current theories concerning the origins of structural diversity in immunoglobulins.
IMMUNOGENETIC CONTROL OF EXPERIMENTAL COLLAGEN‐INDUCED ARTHRITIS IN RATS. II. ECIA SUSCEPTIBILITY AND IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TYPE II COLLAGEN (CALF) ARE LINKED TO RT1
Authors: Griffiths Marie M. , DeWitt C. W.
Published: April 2007

The segregation of genes controlling ECIA susceptibility and the level of immune response to native calf type II collagen were determined in the F2 progeny of matings between WF (RTIu/u; ECIA‐susceptible; high responders) and LEW.B3 (RT1n/n; ECIA‐resistant; low to intermediate responders). RT1n/n F2 progeny showed resistance to ECIA, low skin test reactivity to type II collagen and intermediate levels of IgG anti‐collagen antibodies (‐log2 of 6.2 ± 2.6; mean ± SD, n= 10). RT1u/u and RT1u/u F2 progeny were susceptible to ECIA and were high responders to type II collagen by skin testing and IgG antibody titres (‐log2 of 12.1 ± 1.3, mean ± SD, n= 26). Although all rats that developed arthritis were also high responders to type II collagen one group of immature F2 progeny, RT1u/u and RT1u/n, showed high anti‐collagen immune responses in the absence of detectable arthritis. The data indicate that genes linked to RT1.A control susceptibility to ECIA and at least part of the immune response to native calf type II collagen in WF and LEW.B3 rats.
THE ASSOCIATION OF SERUM IgM AND IgG LEVELS WITH THE NUMBER OF X CHROMOSOMES IN PATIENTS WITH ABNORMAL NUMBER OF X CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Nurmi T.
Published: April 2007

The following attributes of the immune response were studied from nine patients with different numbers of X chromosomes: serum immunoglobulin levels, C3and C4concentrations, the presence of autoantibodies, phagocytosis, killing of bacteria, the chemotactic response of neutrophils. thein vitroresponse of lymphocytes to PHA, ConA, PwM, PPD and oidiomycin; and the proportion of T lymphocytes was determined. The number of X chromosomes varied from one (45,X) to four (48,XXXX). No evidence of severe dysfunction in the immune system was found in any of the patients. The correlation coefficients between the serum concentration of IgM and IgG and the number of X chromosomes present were statistically significant (r = 0.691, P < 0.05, and r = 0.714, P < 0.05, respectively). The serum IgA concentration showed a tendency towards a negative correlation. The concentrations of neither IgD nor IgE correlated to the number of X chromosomes. It seems obvious that the number of X chromosomes is positively associated with the concentration of serum IgG and IgM. The results support the hypothesis that antibody production is at least partially controlled by genes located in the X chromosome.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF H‐2 LINKED GENE(S) AFFECTING EARLY MOUSE EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Goldbard S. B. , Verbanac Kathryn M. , Warner Carol M.
Published: April 2007

The number of cells in preimplantation mouse embryos of different H‐2 haplotypes was analysed. It was found that embryos of the H‐2k haplotype have fewer cells per embryo than those of the H‐2b haplotype. By analysing reciprocal congenic pairs of mice it was demonstrated unequivocally that slow development is linked to the H‐2k haplotype and fast development to the H‐2b haplotype. The gene(s) in the H‐2 complex which influence early mouse embryo development have been named Ped: preimplantation embryo development. Analysis of F1 hybrid embryos showed that fast development is dominant. Reciprocal F1 crosses yielded identical results, which indicated there was no apparent effect of the maternal egg cytoplasm on Ped gene expression. Analysis of F2 and back‐cross embryos was consistent with the interpretation that there is a major gene located in the H‐2 complex (Ped), which is modified by environment and genetic background, that influences early mouse embryo development.