bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-eddy simulation of the turbulent mixing layer
Authors: VREMAN BERT , GEURTS BERNARD , KUERTEN HANS
Published: July 2002

Six subgrid models for the turbulent stress tensor are tested by
conducting large-eddy
simulations (LES) of the weakly compressible temporal mixing layer: the Smagorinsky,
similarity, gradient, dynamic eddy-viscosity, dynamic mixed and dynamic Clark
models. The last three models are variations of the first three models using the
dynamic approach. Two sets of simulations are performed in order to assess the
quality of the six models. The LES results corresponding to the
first set are compared
with filtered results obtained from a direct numerical simulation (DNS). It appears
that the dynamic models lead to more accurate results than the non-dynamic models
tested. An adequate mechanism to dissipate energy from resolved to subgrid scales
is essential. The dynamic models have this property, but the Smagorinsky model is
too dissipative during transition, whereas the similarity and gradient models are not
sufficiently dissipative for the smallest resolved scales. In this
set of simulations, at
moderate Reynolds number, the dynamic mixed and Clark models are found to be
slightly more accurate than the dynamic eddy-viscosity model. The second set of LES
concerns the mixing layer at a considerably higher Reynolds number and in a larger
computational domain. An accurate DNS for this mixing layer can currently not be
performed, thus in this case the LES are tested by investigating whether
they resemble a self-similar turbulent flow. It is found that the dynamic
models generate better
results than the non-dynamic models. The closest approximation to a self-similar
state was obtained using the dynamic eddy-viscosity model.
Electrohydrodynamic deformation and interaction of drop pairs
Authors: BAYGENTS J. C. , RIVETTE N. J. , STONE H. A.
Published: July 2002

The motion of two drops in a uniform electric field is considered
using the leaky
dielectric model. The drops are assumed to have no native charge and a
dielectrophoretic
effect favours translation of the drops toward one another. However,
circulatory flows that stem from electrohydrodynamic stresses may either
act with
or against this dielectrophoretic effect. Consequently, both prolate and
oblate drop
deformations may be generated and significant deformation occurs near drop
contact
owing to enhancement of the local electric field. For sufficiently widely
spaced drops,
electrohydrodynamic flows dominate direct electrical interactions so drops
may be
pushed apart, though closely spaced drops almost always move together as
a result
of the electrical interaction or deformation.
A perturbation study of particle dynamics in a
plane wake flow
Authors: BURNS T. J. , DAVIS R. W. , MOORE E. F.
Published: July 2002

We analyse the dynamics of small, rigid, dilute spherical particles
in the far wake of
a bluff body under the assumption that the background flow field is approximated
by
a periodic array of Stuart vortices that can be considered to be a regularization
of the
von Kármán vortex street. Using geometric singular perturbation
theory and numerical
methods, we show that when inertia (measured by a dimensionless Stokes
number)
is not too large, there is a periodic attractor in the phase space of the
dynamical
system governing the particle motion. We argue that this provides a simple
mechanism
to explain the unexpected ‘focusing’ effect that has been observed
both numerically
and experimentally in the far-wake flow past a bluff body by Tang et
al. (1992).
Their results show that over a range of Reynolds numbers and intermediate
values of
the Stokes number, particles injected into the wake of a bluff body concentrate
near
the edges of the vortex structures downstream, thus tending to ‘demix’
rather than
disperse homogeneously.
Weak convection, liquid inclusions and
the formation of chimneys in mushy layers
Authors: SCHULZE T. P. , GRAE WORSTER M.
Published: July 2002

We present a numerical study of steady convection in a two-dimensional mushy
layer during solidification of a binary mixture at a constant speed V. The mushy
layer is modelled as a reactive porous medium whose permeability is a function
of the local solid fraction. The flow in the liquid region above the mushy layer is
modelled using the Stokes equations (i.e. the Prandtl number is taken to be infinite).
The calculations follow the development of buoyancy-driven convection as the flow
amplitude is increased to the level where the solid fraction is driven to zero at some
point within the mushy region. We show that this event cannot occur before the local
buoyancy-driven volume flux exceeds the solidification rate V. Further increases in
the flow amplitude lead to the formation of a region with negative solid fraction,
indicating the need to switch from the Darcy approximation to the Stokes flow
approximation. These regions ultimately become what are known as chimneys. We
exhibit solutions which give the detailed structure of the temperature, solute, flow
and solid fraction fields within the mushy layer. A key finding of the numerics is
that these fledgling chimneys emerge from the interior of the mushy layer, rather
than eating their way down from the top of the layer, as the amplitude of the steady
convection is increased. We discuss some qualitative features of the resulting liquid
inclusions and, in the light of these, reassess the interfacial conditions between mushy
and liquid regions.
Family planning and the politics
of population in Tanzania:
international to local discourse
Authors: Richey Lisa
Published: July 2002

Population politics in Tanzania reflect multiple understandings of the
‘problem’ of population. While Tanzania has a long history of family planning
service provision through its childspacing programmes, a national population
policy was not adopted until 1992. This work explores the ambiguity and
ambivalence reflected in the discourse surrounding the Tanzanian National
Population Policy. Although an international consensus on questions of
population and family planning may have been reached at the 1994 International
Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, when we look
at actual cases of policy formulation and implementation, the discourse reflects
ambiguity and conflict rather than consensus. The Tanzanian case suggests
that this ambiguity may be strategic. Competing ‘positive’ and ‘negative’
approaches have been articulated from the level of national policy
negotiations to that of local implementation. This enables the Tanzanian
government, promoting a ‘positive’ view of population, to ally itself with
proponents of an expanded reproductive health agenda without alienating the
elements of the population establishment that pushed for a population policy
and fund its implementation.
Reply to Peter Oksen's ‘Disentanglements’
Authors: Breusers Mark , Nederlof Suzanne , van Rheenen Teunis
Published: July 2002

Peter Oksen's comments on our paper about farmer–herdsman relations
in Burkina Faso raise some interesting issues, notably regarding
problems of interpretation of oral and archival sources and regarding
the broader relevance of insights gained from an in-depth case study.
Before answering straightforwardly to his objections, it is useful to
clarify the misunderstanding which appears to exist about the meaning
we attribute to ‘symbiosis’ and ‘symbiotic relations’. In our article we
restricted the use of these terms to the way in which past relations
between farmers and herdsmen, depicted as undifferentiated groups, are
often represented. In discussions about the change of these relations,
the emphasis is on progressive deterioration, again without attention
paid to the possible existence of intra-group differentiation or of
heterogeneity of relations across group boundaries. In this regard, it is
remarkable that from colonial documents the interests of farmers and
herdsmen emerge as equally irreconcilable as they are often considered
today, and that, just as at present, competition over scarce natural
resources constituted a major factor in inter-group relations. If we
therefore reject ‘symbiosis’ as a correct description of formerly existing
inter-group relations, we do not intend to imply that complementary
links – such as those we describe for present-day relations between
Mossi and Fulbe – did not exist in the past. A major aspect of our
argument is that inter-group relations, whether past or present, cannot
be subsumed under simplifying labels such as ‘symbiosis’. Neither can
changes in these relations be understood in terms of uni-directionally
processes of deterioration. Hence, present-day ‘complementary’ links
across the ethnic boundary – established by certain, but not all, Mossi
and Fulbe actors – are but a manifestation of the continued presence of
diversity of relations, not of ‘symbiosis’. They point to mutual interests
between certain actors belonging to different ethnic groups, not
between the groups as such.
Practical use of a Lie algebra structure in non-dissipative fluid and plasma models
Authors: LARSSON JONAS
Published: July 2002

A class of Hamiltonian models is considered that both includes many
important examples from fluid and plasma theory and admits an elementary
and simple abstract formulation. The formalism is illustrated by explicit
expressions for both incompressible and compressible ideal magnetohydrodynamics,
including a Coriolis force term and, in the incompressible case,
allowing for a sharp ideally conducting boundary. The small-amplitude
expansion is studied for a general background state, and the abstract setting
gives much control of the usually messy algebra. One result is a new general and
surprisingly simple symmetric expression for the coupling strength in the
resonant three-wave interaction process. It may provide a convenient starting
point for wave coupling calculations and seems suitable for the use in
conjunction with computer algebra when various concrete models are
considered.
Entropy, fluctuation and transport in lattice gas
systems with generalized semi-detailed balance
Authors: CHEN HUDONG
Published: July 2002

We describe the existence of an entropy for lattice gas systems
of
Fermi–Dirac
type based on a generalized semi-detailed balance condition. We demonstrate
some essential equilibrium and non-equilibrium fluctuation and dissipation
properties, including the so-called Onsager's reciprocity relations,
as a
consequence of this condition. Requirements for the existence of certain
statistical properties in discrete lattice gas systems are not directly
inferred
from those in real continuous systems, but are closely related. Hence
understanding in detail the causes and results for lattice gas systems
may
provide further insights into fundamental microscopic physical processes.
Solitons in multi-ion plasmas
Authors: HACKENBERG PETER , MANN GOTTFRIED , MARSCH ECKART
Published: July 2002

In the heliosphere large fluctuations of the magnetic field are
sometimes observed,
especially at shocks (e.g. travelling interplanetary shocks, planetary
bow waves, and
shocks related to corotating interaction regions). The large fluctuations
very often
have an amplitude that reaches easily four or five times the magnitude
of the quiet
magnetic field. Since the plasma mostly contains a non-negligible fraction
of heavy
ions (e.g. helium ions or cometary water ions), these magnetic field fluctuations
are
described in terms of three-fluid equations. Here electrons, protons and
heavy ions
are considered as separate fluids interacting with themselves by electromagnetic

forces. The three-fluid equations are treated in such a way that we are
searching
for one-dimensional stationary waves. Thus the equations are reduced to
a fully
nonlinear set of ordinary differential equations, which have been evaluated
numerically
with respect to solitary waves. Subsequently, examples of solitary waves
in a
electron-
proton plasma loaded with 10 % 4He2+
ions are presented. For instance,
an enrichment of helium ions is observed within the solitary waves.
Parallelization of semi-Lagrangian
Vlasov codes
Authors: COULAUD O. , SONNENDRÜCKER E. , DILLON E. , BERTRAND P. , GHIZZO A.
Published: July 2002

We describe the parallel implementation of semi-Lagrangian Vlasov solvers, which
are an alternative to particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations for the numerical investigation
of the behaviour of charged particles in their self-consistent electromagnetic
fields. The semi-Lagrangian method, which couples the Lagrangian and Eulerian
points of view, is particularly interesting on parallel computers, since the solution
is computed on grid points, the number of which remains constant in time on each
processor, unlike the number of particles in PIC simulations, and thus greatly
simplifies the parallelization process.
Molecular insights into the taxonomic status of Coris atlantica (Pisces: Labridae)
Authors: Guillemaud Thomas , Cancela Maria L. , Afonso Pedro , Morato Telmo , Santos Ricardo S. , Wirtz Peter
Published: July 2002

A molecular genetic analysis of Coris julis from different sites in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic and C. atlantica from the Cabo Verde Islands was applied to infer phylogenetic relationships between the taxa. More precisely, partial 12S mitochondrial rDNA sequence data were used in maximum parsimony, neighbour-joining, and maximum likelihood analysis to generate phylogenetic trees. The polymorphism observed indicated an important differentiation between the C. atlantica and C. julis specimens and supported the existence of two different species.
Movement patterns of Atlantic cod in Gilbert Bay, Labrador: evidence for bay residency and spawning site fidelity
Authors: Green John M. , Wroblewski Joseph S.
Published: July 2002

During three consecutive years of observation 23 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were tagged with ultrasonic transmitters as part of two experiments to determine the movement patterns of adult cod in the genetically distinctive population inhabiting Gilbert Bay, Labrador. Individual cod were relocated for periods up to 15 months, indicating year-round residency within the bay despite unimpeded access to the open ocean. The tracking data show that individual cod have a strong homing tendency. In experiment 1 displaced cod returned (homed) to their place of capture in a small arm separated from the rest of the bay by a shallow sill while non-displaced fish remained at their capture site. In experiment 2 some cod remained within 2 km of their capture/release site, a spawning area, while others ranged widely in Gilbert Bay before returning to this site. Whether an individual ranged widely or had more restricted movements was not related to size. Cod exhibited wider ranging movements in the spring and early summer, following spawning, than in the late summer and early autumn. The return of Gilbert Bay cod to specific locations in the inner part of the bay to overwinter and spawn is evidence of one mechanism that could have led to their genetic distinctiveness.
Geographical differences in growth rates of Arctica islandica (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the North Sea and adjacent waters
Authors: Witbaard R. , Duineveld G.C.A. , de Wilde P.A.W.J.
Published: July 2002

Geographical differences in the shell growth rate of several populations of the bivalve Arctica islandica (Mollusca: Bivalvia) were estimated by using the growth lines laid down during their first ten years of life. Attention was focused on populations from the North Sea, but for comparison small samples from adjacent waters were also analysed. A four-fold difference in the average growth rate was found between the slowest and fastest growing shells.

Principal component analysis was used to summarize the inter-relationships between environmental variables and growth rates. Shell growth correlated positively with primary production and temperature and inversely with depth and the silt content of the sediment. The North Sea specimens were found to have a strong positive correlation with grain size. Since sediment characteristics also depend on bottom currents, it is suggested that these increased rates reflect lateral seston flux as additional food supply.

In a multiple regression model, applied to all available data, average annual temperature, primary production and the interaction between production and water depth explained 50% of the variance. The derived standard coefficients for temperature, primary production and the interaction between depth and primary production were 0.90, 0.47 and −0.92 respectively. The results of this study suggest that the temperature effects on in situ shell growth are easily overruled by other environmental factors.

If a similar model was calculated with North Sea data only, 75% of the variance was explained by temperature, primary production and depth×primary production. The standard coefficient for primary production was 1.26. The role of temperature in explaining the observed growth differences is negligible since the standard coefficient is −0.098. The interaction term, depth×primary production had a standard coefficient of −0.95.
Daily vertical migrations in the epifauna associated with Posidonia oceanica meadows
Authors: Sánchez-Jerez Pablo , Barberá-Cebrián Carmen , Ramos-Esplá Alfonso
Published: July 2002

To estimate the importance of the vertical daily migrations in the structure of the community of the epifauna associated with the leaf stratum of Posidonia oceanica, we compared to the vagil epifauna abundance in respect to the period of the day and the height of the sediment. The study was developed in the P. oceanica meadow of El Campello (Alicante, south-east Spain), during May of 1996, to a depth of 12 m, repeating the samplings in four sites to obtain a correct spatial interpretation. Three main behaviours were detected. Decapods, amphipods, isopods, mysids, ostracods and polychaetes showed a nocturnal increase in the leaf stratum of P. oceanica. By contrast, copepods showed a nocturnal decrease in the leaves and gastropods did not show any temporal change. Chaetognaths and acari did not show statistical differences because of the considerable spatial heterogeneity. These vertical migrations have an extreme importance in the configuration of the structure of the epifauna associated to P. oceanica, in addition to the diverse response of the different taxa.
Evaluation of an in vitro method to measure behavioural

diapause in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acarina:

Ixodidae) in the laboratory
Authors: MADDER M. , BERKVENS D. L.
Published: July 2002

A new method has been developed to investigate behavioural diapause

in adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. It is

based on a system of gauze columns in which the activity of the ticks

can be monitored in the laboratory. An experiment

was conducted, involving different photoperiodic conditions during

the nymph-to-adult moulting and pre-questing

periods, with the aim of comparing the results obtained by the in vitro

method with those of the standard in vivo method.

Comparable results were obtained with both methods.
Prevalence and intensity of the ectoparasite Echinophthirius
horridus on harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): effects of host

age and inter-annual variability in host food availability
Authors: THOMPSON P. M. , CORPE H. M. , REID R. J.
Published: July 2002

The epidemiology of the sucking lice Echinophthirius horridus

was studied over a 4 year period in which their harbour
seal hosts experienced marked inter-annual changes in food availability.

Prevalence and intensity of infection varied in
relation to host age but not sex. Burdens were highest on immature seals,

but both prevalence and intensity of infection
were significantly higher in years when food availability was low.
Observed intra-population variations in ectoparasite
dynamics suggested that reported geographical differences in the prevalence

of E. horridus may have resulted from
methodological differences. In contrast to previous studies of other
pinnipeds, lice were also absent on weaned pups,
suggesting that E. horridus is transferred horizontally. No
significant differences were found in the haematological
parameters of infected and uninfected hosts. Nevertheless, there was a

significant negative correlation between intensity
of infection and several erythrocyte parameters, suggesting that high
burdens of lice may compromise diving ability.
Purification and immunocytochemical localization of
neuraminidase from Tritrichomonas foetus
Authors: DIAS FILHO B. P. , BENCHIMOLI M. , ANDRADE A. F. B. , ANGLUSTER J. , DE SOUZA W.
Published: July 2002

Lysis of Tritrichomonas foetus with a solution of the
non-ionic detergent Triton X-114 at 0 °C, followed by low-speed
centrifugation, resulted in a detergent-insoluble pellet and a detergent-soluble
supernatant. The supernatant was further
fractionated by phase separation at 30 °C into a detergent-rich phase
and an aqueous phase. Neuraminidase activity was
mostly located in the detergent-insoluble pellet. When the parasites were
incubated with bacterial phosphatidylinositol
phospholipase C (PI–PLC) prior to detergent solubilization and phase
separation neuraminidase activity was predominantly recovered in aqueous
phase, rather than in the pellet and detergent phase. The molecular mass
determined
by gel permeation in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and
SDS–PAGE was 80000 Da. Indirect
immunofluorescence microscopy using polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits
against the purified neuraminidase, indicated that the enzyme is exposed
on the cell surface. Previous treatment of the cells with PI–PLC
significantly reduced
antibody binding. Incubation of cryo-sections with the antibodies followed
by detection using gold-labelled anti-rabbit
IgG confirmed the presence of neuraminidase in the plasma membrane enclosing
the cell body and flagella and in the
membrane of vesicles preferentially located at the peripheral region of
the protozoan.
Kinetoplast minicircle DNA from Leishmania
(Viannia) lainsoni
Authors: McCANN S. H. E. , ERESH S. , BARKER D. C.
Published: July 2002

To investigate the phenomenon that PCR of Leishmania (V.)
lainsoni minicircles using primers B1 and B2 gives anomalous
small-sized products, unlike all other members of the Leishmania Viannia
subgenus, cloned kDNA minicircles from L.
(Viannia) lainsoni were sequenced using fluorescent dye
terminator reactions. The sequence of L. (V.) lainsoni
where the
primer B2 would be expected to bind, was different from the other members
of the L. Viannia subgenus, matching in only
7 out of 19 bases with the sequence of L. (V.) braziliensis
at this position. The sequence obtained from the cloned minicircles
enabled the design of a new primer which, when combined with B1, allowed
the amplification of full sized minicircles in
L. (V.) lainsoni, but not other members of the
L. Viannia subgenus. Comparison of the sequence obtained for Leishmania

(V.) lainsoni with other Leishmania minicircle
DNA confirms that Leishmania (V.) lainsoni is
more similar to members of
the L. Viannia subgenus than to other Leishmania, but
is distinctly different.
Immunological responses of sheep to Haemonchus contortus
Authors: SCHALLIG H. D. F. H.
Published: July 2002

Infections with Haemonchus contortus are a major constraint on ruminant health world-wide. Young lambs are very
sensitive to Haemonchus infection. Older lambs and sheep acquire immunity after a continuous or seasonal exposure to
the parasite. The mechanisms underlying immunity are still not completely understood. Antibodies, in particular local
IgA and IgE, certainly play a role. The role of IgG is less clear. Lymphocyte proliferation responses seem to correlate to
immunity. Sheep that have high antigen-induced lymphocyte responses have a low susceptibility to infection. Furthermore,
several studies have demonstrated that immunity against H. contortus is associated with mastocytosis and
hypersensitivity reactions. More recently, increasing attention is being paid to the role of cytokines (interleukins and γ-
interferon) in the activation of specific defence mechanisms. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)
assays to study cytokine mRNA expression have become available. The inability of young lambs to mount a significant
Th2 response, which is normally characterized by high IgE levels, mastocytosis and eosinophilia, may account for the
phenomenon of unresponsiveness in these animals.
Single-stranded endonuclease activity in the
excretory–secretory products of Trichinella spiralis and
Trichinella pseudospiralis
Authors: MAK C. H. , CHUNG Y. Y. Y. , KO R. C.
Published: July 2002

A novel acidic extracellular single-stranded endonuclease was demonstrated for the first time in the excretory–secretory
(E–S) products of 2 species of Trichinella. Unlike the double-stranded endonuclease reported earlier, the single-stranded
molecule is divalent cation independent and is detected in both T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis E–S products. It hydrolysed
single-stranded DNA and RNA at comparable rates. The single-stranded endonuclease was sensitive to inhibition by
Zn2+ and to high concentrations of NaCl. Zymographic analysis indicated that it was encoded by at least 3 peptides of
Mr ∼ 50–60 kDa. The rate of hydrolysis of single-stranded targets by the E–S products was substantially higher than that
of the double-stranded molecule. Due to the differences in peptide profile, divalent cation dependence, and species-specific
expression, the single and double-stranded endonucleases are likely to be encoded by different proteins and may have
different functions.
Spatial structuring and frequency distribution of the nematode Steinernema feltiae Filipjev
Authors: BOHAN D. A.
Published: July 2002

The frequency distribution of first generation, Steinernema feltiae Filipjev parasitic stages was over-dispersed with the
majority of hosts containing few or no parasitic stages, whilst a few hosts contained a great many. Because of high extraction
efficiency, the frequency distributions of the parasitic stages and the infective stages in the soil were assumed to be directly
related. To explain the frequency distribution of the parasites it was therefore necessary to account for the frequency
distribution of the S. feltiae infective stages in the soil. The infective stages were spatially aggregated into 30 cm diameter
patches at the site of host death. These patches were randomly distributed approximately 1 m apart. At the 1 m scale, the
pooled counts of infective stages were randomly distributed. Thus, in contrast to the frequency distributions, the spatial
structuring of S. feltiae changed with the spatial scale of the interaction. This dynamic spatial structuring means that the
majority of samples taken would contain few or no infective stages, whilst a few soil samples would contain a great many.
Thus, the spatial structuring of the infective stages generates the over-dispersed frequency distribution of the S. feltiae
in the soil. Hosts, encountering infective stages from this spatial distribution will, therefore, show an over-dispersed
frequency distribution of S. feltiae parasitic stages.
Embarrassment: A Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Purshouse Luke
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the sorts of evaluations that underlie the emotion of embarrassment, by questioning what unifies the various kinds of situations in which this emotion typically arises. It examines the difference between embarrassment and shame, and then addresses problems with the accounts of embarrassment proposed by previous authors, in particular Solomon, Taylor and Goffman. It proposes a new model, on which the emotion involves viewing an interpersonal situation, in which you are involved, as containing an exposure to which you are averse. This may either be your own exposure to others, or others' exposure to yourself. The emotion thus reflects the value we attach to placing limits on the sorts of interactions and contact we have with other people.
A date to remember: the nature of memory in savant
calendrical calculators
Authors: HEAVEY L. , PRING L. , HERMELIN B.
Published: July 2002

Background. Savant calendar calculators can supply with
speed the day of the week of a given date.
Although memory is suggested to be an important component of this unusual
ability, memory
function has never been systematically investigated in these skilled yet
learning impaired individuals.

Methods. Eight savant calendrical calculators, most of whom
had autism, were compared with eight
verbal IQ, age and diagnosis matched controls on digit and word span tests
and measures of long-term
memory for words and calendrical information (individual years). In an
analogue to the
‘generation effect’, the savants' memory for dates was
also compared following calculation and
study/read tasks.

Results. The savants did not differ from controls on measures
of general short- and long-term
memory. They did, however, show a clear recall superiority for the long-term
retention of
calendrical material. They also remembered calculated dates better than
those that were only
studied.

Conclusions. A general mnemonic advantage cannot explain savant
date calculation skills. Rather,
through exposure to date information, the savants are suggested to develop
a structured calendar-related
knowledge base with the process of calculation utilizing the interrelations
within this
knowledge store. The cognitive processing style characteristic of autism
may also play a role in the
acquisition of this savant ability.
Adjacent genetic markers on chromosome 11p15.5 at or near the
tyrosine hydroxylase locus that show population linkage
disequilibrium with each other do not show allelic association with
bipolar affective disorder
Authors: McQUILLIN A. , LAWRENCE J. , CURTIS D. , KALSI G. , SMYTH C. , HANNESDOTTIR S. , GURLING H.
Published: July 2002

Background. Linkage and association studies have suggested genetic susceptibility to bipolar
affective disorder in a region of chromosome 11 around the tyrosine hydroxylase locus. We
attempted to test the hypothesis that there was allelic association between polymorphisms around
the tyrosine hydroxylase locus and bipolar affective disorder.

Methods. A case–control association study was employed using four polymorphic markers, which
span a region of approximately 2 cM across the tyrosine hydroxylase locus.

Results. No evidence for allelic association between bipolar affective disorder and any of these
markers was found. However, linkage disequilibrium between the markers was detected.

Conclusions. This finding diminishes the probability that genes in this region influence susceptibility
to bipolar affective disorder, at least in our sample.
NMR studies of protein–nucleic acid complexes:
structures, solvation, dynamics and coupled protein folding
Authors: Härd Torleif
Published: July 2002

Many basic events which concern management and manipulation of genes within a cell – for
instance transcription, replication and recombination – rely on specific interactions between
proteins and nucleic acids. Such interactions are also essential for many house-keeping
functions, like packing and unpacking of DNA in chromatin and assembly of ribosomes.
Moreover, the details of protein–nucleic acid interplay is essential for understanding the
action of viruses. The list of functional mechanisms in biology that rely on protein–DNA and
protein–RNA interactions can be made much longer, but these examples represent some of
the topics which motivated structural biologists to study complexes between proteins and
nucleic acids as a first step beyond structure determinations of individual biomolecules.
Can God speak? Does God speak?
Authors: QUINN PHILIP L.
Published: July 2002

This paper critically examines what Nicholas Wolterstorff has to say in
Divine Discourse in response to the two questions in the title. It tries to show that
his argument for the conclusion that God can have the obligations of a speaker is
defective. It also tries to show that his argument for the conclusion that some actual
person is entitled to believe that God has spoken to her is incomplete. The paper's
conclusion is that Wolterstorff's arguments fail to establish, or to provide strong
grounds for accepting, a positive answer to either of the questions in its title.
Why so Austere? The British Welfare State of the 1940s
Authors: TOMLINSON JIM
Published: July 2002

The reforms of the welfare system under the 1945 Labour government

are usually regarded as fundamental in creating the post-war welfare

state. Yet, measured by their financial implications, and viewed in

comparison with either pre-war Britain or other Western European countries

in the same period, these reforms appear strikingly limited. Far from

bringing a ‘New Jerusalem’, the 1940s reforms

seem to have brought

into being an austere, minimalist structure of welfare provision.

The reasons for this are examined, especially the forces shaping

the new social

security system. It is argued that the combination of the Labour

government's

economic priorities, its acceptance of the Beveridge legacy and the

Treasury pressure to limit the Exchequer's financial contribution

to the new system, led to this austerity.
Bourdieu's Field and the Sociology of Welfare
Authors: PEILLON MICHEL
Published: July 2002

Bourdieu conceptualises most aspects of social life in terms of
fields,
which constitute sites of struggle over a central stake. The resources

which are used in these struggles, and whose appropriation is at stake,

are defined as types of capital: economic, cultural, social and
symbolic.
Each field involves a set of players, of agents who are engaged in practices

and strategies on the basis of an habitus. It is contended in
this article that
such an approach can be usefully mobilised to develop a sociological
analysis of welfare. The model has to be slightly altered to make it more

adequate for the study of the welfare field. First, what Bourdieu calls
political
capital is given a more prominent place. Secondly, the focus is more
definitely set on the rates at which types of capital are converted in
the
welfare field. It is argued that such a model satisfies the central requirements

of a sociology of welfare, in that it places welfare activities within

the wider social context while grasping their internal dynamic. It provides

an effective framework for addressing the main questions which are
raised by a sociology of welfare.
From reductionism to reductionism
Authors: Bookstein Fred L.
Published: July 2002

Neural organization attempts to thwart, at least in part, modern neuroscientists' tendency to focus reductionistically on ever smaller microsystems. But although emphasizing higher levels of systems organization, the authors end up enforcing reductionisms of their own, principally the reduction of their domain to the study of invariable normal functioning, without explicit modeling of the deviations that constitute disease states or aging. This reductionism seriously weakens the authors' claims about the truth of their quantitative models.
How useful is an individual perspective for explaining the control of social behavior?
Authors: Schuster Richard
Published: July 2002

Pavlovian feed-forward mechanisms represent an individual perspective that ignores how repeated interactions between the same individuals lead to social relationships. These can determine social cues, coordinated behaviors, asymmetries between partners, and physiological and emotional states associated with social interaction.
Situational constraints on normative reasoning
Authors: Hunt Earl
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West claim that the positive correlation between reasoning tasks negates the view that errors in reasoning are due to failures in information processing. This is not correct. They conjecture that errors in reasoning are associated with conflicts between intentional and associative reasoning. This interesting proposition suggests studies relating situational characteristics to the quality of human reasoning.
Organizing the brain's diversities
Authors: Arbib Michael A. , Érdi Peter
Published: July 2002

We clarify the arguments in Neural organization: Structure, function, and dynamics, acknowledge important contributions cited by our critics, and respond to their criticisms by charting directions for further development of our integrated approach to theoretical and empirical studies of neural organization. We first discuss functional organization in general (behavior versus cognitive functioning, the need to study body and brain together, function in ontogeny and phylogeny) and then focus on schema theory (noting that schema theory is not just a top-down theory and discussing the transition from action-oriented perception to cognition). We then turn to dynamical organization, with a focus first on neural modeling and dynamics (clarifying the multiple functions of neurons and brain regions, and looking further at various forms of dynamics) and second on learning, development, and self-organization (looking at monoaminergic systems, reinforcement, self-organization, postnatal development, and disease). We close with a brief philosophical discussion of postmodernism and reductionism.
The “problem” of dreaming in NREM sleep continues to challenge reductionist (two generator) models of dream generation
Authors: Kahan Tracey L.
Published: July 2002

The “problem” of dreaming in NREM sleep continues to challenge models that propose a causal relationship between REM mechanisms and the psychological features of dreaming. I suggest that, ultimately, efforts to identify correspondences among multiple levels of analysis will be more productive for dream theory than attempts to reduce dreaming to any one level of analysis.

[Hobson et al. ; Nielsen]
How many beliefs can dance in the head of the self-deceived?
Authors: Foss Jeffrey E.
Published: July 2002

Mele desires to believe that the self-deceived have consistent
beliefs. Beliefs are not observable, but are instead ascribed within
an explanatory framework. Because explanatory cogency is the only
criterion for belief attribution, Mele should carefully attend to the
logic of belief-desire explanation. He does not, and the consistency
of his own account as well as that of the self-deceived, are the
victims.
Constraints on the construction of cognition
Authors: Johnson Mark H. , Bates Liz , Elman Jeff , Karmiloff-Smith Annette , Plunkett Kim
Published: July 2002

We add to the constructivist approach of Quartz &
Sejnowski (Q&S) by outlining a specific classification of sources
of constraint on the emergence of representations from Elman et al.
(1996). We suggest that it is important to consider behavioral
constructivism in addition to neural constructivism.
Information: In the stimulus or in the context?
Authors: Tononi Giulio , Edelman Gerald M.
Published: July 2002

The distinction between receptive field and conceptual
field is appealing and heuristically useful. Conceptually, it is more
satisfactory to distinguish between information from the environment
and from the brain. We emphasize here a selectionist view that
considers information transmission within the brain as modulated by
a stimulus, rather than information transmission from a stimulus as
modulated by the context.
Testing significance testing: A flawed defense
Authors: Hunter John E.
Published: July 2002

Most psychometricians believe that the significance test is
counterproductive. I have read Chow's book to see whether
it addresses or rebuts any of the key facts brought out by the
psychometricians. The book is empty on this score; it is entirely
irrelevant to the current debate. It presents nothing new and is
riddled with errors.
The null-hypothesis significance-test procedure is still warranted
Authors: Chow Siu L.
Published: July 2002

Entertaining diverse assumptions about empirical research,
commentators give a wide range of verdicts on the NHSTP defence
in Statistical significance. The null-hypothesis
significance-test procedure (NHSTP) is defended in a framework in
which deductive and inductive rules are deployed in theory
corroboration in the spirit of Popper's Conjectures and
refutations (1968b). The defensible hypothetico-deductive
structure of the framework is used to make explicit the distinctions
between (1) substantive and statistical hypotheses, (2) statistical
alternative and conceptual alternative hypotheses, and (3) making
statistical decisions and drawing theoretical conclusions. These
distinctions make it easier to show that (1) H0 can be
true, (2) the effect size is irrelevant to theory corroboration, and
(3) “strong” hypotheses make no difference to NHSTP.
Reservations about statistical power, meta-analysis, and the Bayesian
approach are still warranted.
The dual-route account of German: Where it is not a schema theory, it is probably wrong
Authors: Hahn Ulrike
Published: July 2002

Clahsen's experimental data from generalization, frequency, and priming fail to support and even conflict with those aspects of his dual-route account that distinguish it from schema theories.
Entropy and volume growth
Authors: COGSWELL KURT
Published: July 2002

We consider a $C^{1+1}$ diffeomorphism $f$ of a compact manifold $M$ which preserves an ergodic probability measure $\mu$. We conclude that $\mu$-a.e. $x \in M$ is contained in a disk $D_x \subset W^u(x)$, with $D_x$ open in the $W^u(x)$ topology, which exhibits an exponential volume growth rate greater than or equal to the measure-theoretic entropy of $f$ with respect to $\mu$. Drawing on results of Newhouse and Yomdin, we then find that when $f$ is $C^\infty$ and $\mu$ is a measure of maximal entropy, this exponential volume growth rate equals the topological entropy of $f$ for $\mu$-a.e. $x$.
The Changing Political Economy of Inflation
Authors: Kaltenthaler Karl C. , Anderson Christopher J.
Published: July 2002

A type of conventional wisdom has developed among many scholars that industrialized countries with independent central banks produce lower relative inflation rates than countries that do not have these institutions. We argue that the relative importance of central bank independence for fighting inflation changed fundamentally from the 1970s to the 1980s as a result of experiences in the advanced industrialized democracies, which led both Right and Left governments to move toward more neo-liberal macroeconomic policies. As governments made price stability more of a priority, the anti-inflationary effects of independent central banks would become much less pronounced. This hypothesis is tested and confirmed in the study in a multi-variate regression analysis using data from eighteen industrialized democracies.
Federalism, Direct Democracy, and Welfare State Development in Switzerland
Authors: Obinger Herbert
Published: July 2002

Inspired by the New Institutionalism in political science, the article examines the impact of political institutions on welfare state development in Switzerland. This article suggests that the strength of federalism and direct democracy have proved to be stumbling blocks for the expansion of the Swiss welfare state. Direct democracy and federalism have not only geared the path of welfare state evolution in a more liberal direction, but have also dampened social expenditures.
AGEING AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION Daniel Callahan, Rudd H. J. ter Meulen and Eva Topkinkova

(eds): A World Growing Old: The Coming Health Care Challenges.

Georgetown University Press, Washington, 1995, 175 pp. ISBN 0 878 40576
3.
Authors: SCHECHTER MALVIN , SHEPPARD HAROLD L. , MAYNARD ALAN , BINSTOCK ROBERT H. , POST STEPHEN G. , WARNES ANTHONY M. , CALLAHAN DANIEL
Published: July 2002

A geriatrician's perspective

The problem and its roots

Who shall have when all will die?

RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND SOCIETAL RESPONSES TO OLD AGE

Special Issue of Ageing and Society, Volume 15 part
2,

June 1995

Commentaries:

1.) And a Few Pinches of Politics and Economics

2.) The case of Alzheimer disease

3.) Professional and political influence on resource allocation for
older people

Reply to Commentaries:

Facts, Values, Ideologies and Ageing
Allott in Wonderland
Authors: PRAGER CAROL A. L.
Published: July 2002

In his 1995 BISA lecture Philip Allott undertakes a ‘[reconciliation of] philosophy and international studies’ arguing that internationalists are the obvious leaders of the fifth historical moral enlightenment. Their role would be to envision worlds that transcend the prevailing ‘naturalistic’ view of international phenomena, which mires humankind in morally unacceptable states of affairs. A ‘naturalistic’ approach misconceives the proper role of academics for whom the sky is the limit. Inspired by Kant's three Critiques, Allott declares ‘The mind of pure reason is the mind in wonderland . . . We are all Mad Hatters conceptualizing together.’
Ignition of high gain targets by entropy injection
Authors: CARUSO A. , STRANGIO C.
Published: July 2002

We considered an ignition strategy based on energy
injection in the final stages of the target implosion,
but well before stagnation. The injected energy is used
to set on a high adiabat the small portion of the fuel
destined to become the ignition spark. Most of the energy
needed to form the spark is provided by the work of the
imploding target on the spark fuel. This approach is first
introduced by a simple analytical model and then illustrated
by 2D numerical calculations, in which the ignition of
imploding cylinders by heavy ions is simulated. Different
implosion designs and burn modes are presented and discussed.
When compared with the standard central self-generated
spark, or the fast ignition approaches, the ignition by
entropy injection is potentially promising of some distinct
advantages.
Focusing and defocusing of the nonlinear paraxial equation
at laser–plasma interaction
Authors: OSMAN F. , CASTILLO R. , HORA H.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a numerical and theoretical
study of the generation and propagation of oscillation
in the semiclassical limit τ → 0 of the nonlinear
paraxial equation at laser–plasma interaction. In
a general setting of both dimension and nonlinearity, the
essential differences between the focusing and defocusing
cases is identified due to the nonlinearity, and dispersion
effects involved in the propagation of solitons at laser
plasma interaction. A sequence of codes has been developed
in mathematics to explore the focusing and defocusing of
the soliton formation and propagation.
Behavior of turbulized mixtures at the stage of inertial
motion for different atwood numbers
Authors: KUCHERENKO Yu.A. , PYLAEV A.P. , BALABIN S.I. , MURZAKOV V.D. , ARDASHOVA R.I. , POPOV V.N. , KOMAROV O.R. , SAVEL'EV V.E. , KOZELKOV O.E. , ROMANOV I.A. , CHERRET R. , HAAS J.-F.
Published: July 2002

Behavior of the turbulized mixtures at the stage of
their inertial motion (with removed acceleration) has
been studied. Turbulized mixtures were obtained at the
contact boundary of two different density fluids as a result
of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) development.
At some instant of time t*, the acceleration sign
was changed and conditions for the mixture separation were
created. Then at the instant of time t**, the acceleration
was removed and the turbulized mixture continued to move
under force of inertia. Experiments have been performed
at the installations EKAP and SOM. At the stage of inertial
motion, the average density distribution of substance in
the mixture region and the width of the turbulized mixture
region have been obtained. The data on the mixture region
expansion at the stage of inertial motion have been obtained
as well.
Photopreparation of molecular hydrogen ions in intense laser fields
Authors: SCHELLHAMMER C. , SCHYJA V. , HIELSCHER A. , HELM H.
Published: July 2002

Detailed experiments on the energy and angular
distributions of both electrons and protons formed from
molecular hydrogen in strong femtosecond laser fields are
reported. At the wavelengths 389 and 406 nm the ionization
dynamics is governed by resonance shifting of molecular
Rydberg states. Differences from this mechanism appear
only at the very lowest intensities, when close lying resonances
of the E, F-state determine the photoelectron
pattern in resonant enhanced ionization, and at very high
intensities, when tunnel ionization suppresses molecular
details. At wavelengths below 400 nm at intensities in the
range of ≈1·1013 W/cm2
femtosecond pulses are quite suitable for preparation of
state selected H2+ targets in a
restricted range of vibrational levels.