bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of the DNA region encoding nodulation functions in Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Authors: Russell P , Schell M G , Nelson K K , Halverson L J , Sirotkin K M , Stacey G
Published: January 2020

The DNA region encoding early nodulation functions of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 3I1b110 (I110) was isolated by its homology to the functionally similar region from Rhizobium meliloti. Isolation of a number of overlapping recombinant clones from this region allowed the construction of a restriction map of the region. The identified nodulation region of B. japonicum shows homology exclusively to those regions of R. meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum DNA known to encode early nodulation functions. The region of homology with these two fast-growing Rhizobium species was narrowed to an 11.7-kilobase segment. A nodulation-defective mutant of Rhizobium fredii USDA 201, strain A05B-2, was isolated and found to be defective in the ability to curl soybean root hairs. Some of the isolated recombinant DNA clones of B. japonicum were found to restore wild-type nodulation function to this mutant. Analysis of the complementation results allows the identification of a 1.8-kilobase region as essential for restoration of Hac function.
beta-Chloro-L-alanine inhibition of the Escherichia coli alanine-valine transaminase
Authors: Whalen W A , Wang M D , Berg C M
Published: January 2020

beta-Chloro-L-alanine, an amino acid analog which inhibits a number of enzymes, reversibly inhibited the Escherichia coli K-12 alanine-valine transaminase, transaminase C. This inhibition, along with the inhibition of transaminase B, accounted for the isoleucine-plus-valine requirement of E. coli in the presence of beta-chloro-L-alanine.
Recombination sites in plasmid drug resistance gene amplification
Authors: Peterson B C , Rownd R H
Published: January 2020

The resistance plasmid NR1 derivative pRR330 consists of a neomycin-kanamycin resistance gene (neo-kan) flanked by directly repeated sequences of both insertion element IS1 DNA (768 base pairs) and 840 base pairs of DNA which are a part of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cam) gene. Most Escherichia coli cell populations that were cultured in high neomycin concentrations carried plasmids whose neo-kan gene amplification was mediated either by IS1 DNA or by cam DNA as homologous recombination sites. This suggests that the final amplified cell populations were the descendants of a single cell.
Transfer of DNA killer plasmids from Kluyveromyces lactis to Kluyveromyces fragilis and Candida pseudotropicalis
Authors: Sugisaki Y , Gunge N , Sakaguchi K , Yamasaki M , Tamura G
Published: January 2020

Killer plasmids pGKL1 and pGKL2 of double-stranded linear DNAs were transferred from Kluyveromyces lactis to strains of Kluyveromyces fragilis and Candida pseudotropicalis. The resultant killer strains produced 17-fold and 6-fold larger amounts of killer toxin than K. lactis did, respectively. The killer toxin produced by each species appeared to be a glycoprotein.
Proton motive force in washed cells of Rhizobium japonicum and bacteroids from Glycine max
Authors: Bhandari B , Nicholas D J
Published: January 2020

The components of the proton motive force (delta p), namely the membrane potential and the transmembrane pH gradient, were measured in washed cells of Rhizobium japonicum CC705 grown in cultures (5% O2-95% N2) in the presence of 10 mM KNO3 and in bacteroids from Glycine max. The delta p and its components remained reasonably constant in cells as well as in bacteroids at various stages of growth. The effects of uncouplers and ATPase inhibitors on the delta p and its components were determined in both cultured cells and bacteroids. The data indicated that a respiration-driven H+ translocation is the source of the delta p in both cultured cells and bacteroids.
EPISOME-MEDIATED TRANSFER OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
III
Authors: Watanabe Tsutomu , Fukasawa Toshio
Published: January 2020

Watanabe, Tsutomu
(Keio University, Tokyo, Japan),
and Toshio Fukasawa
. Episome-mediated transfer of drug resistance in
Enterobacteriaceae
. III. Transduction of resistance factors. J. Bacteriol.
82:
202–209. 1961.—Transmissible multiple drug resistance of
Enterobacteriaceae
, which includes resistance to streptomycin (SM), chloramphenicol (CM), tetracycline (TC), and sulfonamide (Su), was found to be transduced in the systems of
Salmonella typhimurium
strain LT-2 with phage P-22 and
Escherichia coli
strain K-12 with phage P1kc. No linked chromosomal markers to the resistance factors have so far been found in the substrains of K-12. The transductants of K-12 were all found to be able to transfer their resistance factors by conjugation, whereas a majority of those of LT-2 could not transfer their resistance factors by conjugation. The resistance factors were segregated rarely in K-12 and consistently in LT-2. Defective resistance factors could be transferred by conjugation to the transductants of LT-2. The transductants thus made resistant to the four drugs were able to transfer only the resistance factors which had been introduced by conjugation and none of those which had been transduced.

The patterns of segregation of the resistance factors by transduction suggested that they are located in the following sequence; Su-----Sm-----Cm-----Tc, and they were assumed to be carried by an episome “resistance transfer factor” which is considered to be located at the distal end of Tc.
METABOLIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GENUS
BRUCELLA
I
Authors: Meyer Margaret E. , Cameron H. S.
Published: January 2020

Meyer, Margaret
E. (University of California, Davis),
and H. S. Cameron
. Metabolic characterization of the genus
Brucella
. I. Statistical evaluation of the oxidative rates by which type I of each species can be identified. J. Bacteriol.
82:
387–395. 1961.—The oxidative uptake rates on 11 amino acid and seven carbohydrate substrates were determined for 75 strains of brucellae that had been identified by the conventional determinative methods as
Brucella melitensis
type I,
Brucella abortus
type I, or
Brucella suis
type I. By calculating the standard deviation of the oxidative rates, it was demonstrated that a metabolic pattern that is characteristic and definitive for each of the species was formed by their differential oxidative utilization of substrate groups, and that qualitative as well as quantitative metabolic differences exist among the
Brucella
species.
B. melitensis
oxidized
l
-alanine,
l
-asparagine, and
l
-glutamic acid, but not
l
-arginine,
dl
-citrulline,
l
-lysine,
dl
-ornithine,
l
-arabinose,
d
-galactose,
d
-ribose, or
d
-xylose.
B. abortus
differed qualitatively from
B. melitensis
in that it oxidized the carbohydrate substrates.
B. suis
differed quantitatively from both of these species in its consistently low oxidative rates of
l
-alanine,
l
-asparagine, and
l
-glutamic acid, and its high rates of utilization of the carbohydrate substrates. It differed qualitatively in that it oxidized the four amino acid substrates that are components of the urea cycle.
GENETIC MODIFIERS OF STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE IN PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Bryan Betty E.
Published: January 2020

Bryan, Betty
E. (University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y.). Genetic modifiers of streptomycin resistance in pneumococcus. J. Bacteriol.
82:
461–470. 1961.—Streptomycin-resistant mutants arising spontaneously in pneumococcus vary widely with respect to the maximal concentrations of streptomycin which they resist. A small random sample of these mutations tested for linkage are allelic or closely linked. One single-step mutant resisting a relatively low level of streptomycin undergoes the following changes: (i) replacement (by a secondary mutation) of the original mutation by an allele conferring a high level of resistance; (ii) reversion to complete sensitivity by back mutation at the originally mutated site; (iii) enhancement by an unlinked modifier gene which confers no resistance by itself but raises the level of resistance of the mutant strain approximately 10-fold. This modifier may have some specificity in its action on the different mutations occurring at a gene locus.

The possibility is discussed that multi-step resistance may often originate by acquisition of modifiers.
OXIDATIVE ACTIVITY OF PSYCHROPHILIC AND MESOPHILIC BACTERIA ON SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Sultzer Barnet M.
Published: January 2020

Sultzer, Barnet
M. (Michigan State University, East Lansing). Oxidative activity of psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria on saturated fatty acids. J. Bacteriol.
82:
492–497. 1961.—Comparisons were made of the capacity of representative psychrophilic pseudomonads and of the mesophilic
Serratia marcescens
and
Sarcina flava
to oxidize sodium salts of fatty acids at temperatures ranging from 7.5 to 40 C. Conventional manometric techniques were employed to determine respiration of whole cells and of cell-free extracts of the bacteria. Reaction velocity constants were measured with whole cell preparations on octanoate at temperatures between 7.5 and 40 C. Temperature characteristic (μ) values, obtained by an Arrhenius plot of these reaction velocity constants, revealed a dissimilarity in response of the different types of organisms to the influence of decreasing temperature. The psychrophiles exhibited significantly lower μ values while oxidizing octanoate at much higher rates throughout the same temperature range. Changes in the slopes of the Arrhenius plots at various temperatures emphasized the differences in μ values between the psychrophiles and mesophiles. Extracts of these organisms were tested for their cofactor requirements and all were found to require adenosine triphosphate and coenzyme A to activate the octanoate oxidase system. Thus, in this experimental system, differences between these types of bacteria in their oxidative response to a saturated fatty acid cannot be explained by the initial activating mechanism involved. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the growth and physiological activity of psychrophiles at low temperatures.
BACTERIAL DISSIMILATION OF
l
-FUCOSE AND
l
-RHAMNOSE
Authors: Eagon R. G.
Published: January 2020

Eagon
, R. G. (University of Georgia, Athens). Bacterial dissimilation of
l
-fucose and
l
-rhamnose. J. Bacteriol.
82:
548–550. 1961.—Of 33 microorganisms screened for the ability to utilize the methylpentoses,
l
-fucose and
l
-rhamnose, 18 species utilized one or both methylpentoses. The majority of the bacterial species capable of utilizing these methylpentoses did so by isomerization of the methylpentoses to the corresponding ketoses followed by phosphorylation of the ketoses. However, the existence of a second pathway is suggested by results obtained from
Sarcina lutea, Bacillus megaterium, Gaffkya tetragena
, and
Rhizobium leguminosarum
.
l
-ALANINE DEHYDROGENASE: A MECHANISM CONTROLLING THE SPECIFICITY OF AMINO ACID-INDUCED GERMINATION OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
SPORES
Authors: O'Connor R. J. , Halvorson Harlyn O.
Published: January 2020

O'Connor
, R. J. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
and Harlyn O. Halvorson
. L-Alanine dehydrogenase: A mechanism controlling the specificity of amino acid-induced germination of
Bacillus cereus
spores. J. Bacteriol.
82:
706–713. 1961.—A study has been undertaken of the properties and specificity of germination of spores of
Bacillus cereus
strain T. In the absence of additional carbon sources, only
l
-alanine,
l
-α-NH
2
-
n
-butyric acid, and
l
-cysteine were effective germinating agents. The physical properties of germination, induced by
l
-alanine and
l
-α-NH
2
-
n
-butyric acid following extended heat shock, were in close agreement with those of
l
-alanine dehydrogenase. The specificity of the germination system, as well as amino acid deamination in vivo, support the view that
l
-alanine dehydrogenase activity is essential for germination and that the enzyme serves as the initial binding site for
l
-alanine in heat-shocked spores.
SYNTHESIS OF SERINE BY
COXIELLA BURNETII
Authors: Myers W. F. , Paretsky D.
Published: January 2020

Myers
, W. F. (University of Kansas, Lawrence)
and D. Paretsky
. Synthesis of serine by
Coxiella burnetii
. J. Bacteriol.
82:
761–763. 1961.—Enzyme preparations from suspensions of purified
Coxiella burnetii
are capable of synthesizing serine from formaldehyde and glycine-2-C
14
in the presence of tetrahydrofolic acid. Evidence for the reaction is obtained by isolating and identifying radioactive serine and serine derivatives. The data suggest a role for folic acid in these rickettsiae, and extend the knowledge of host-independent biosynthetic competencies of these highly parasitic microorganisms.
NONINDUCTIVE METABOLISM OF ITACONIC ACID BY
PSEUDOMONAS
AND
SALMONELLA
SPECIES
Authors: Martin William R. , Frigan Frank , Bergman Edna H.
Published: January 2020

Martin, William
R. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),
Frank Frigan, and Edna H. Bergman
. Noninductive metabolism of itaconic acid by
Pseudomonas
and
Salmonella
species. J. Bacteriol.
82:
905–908. 1961—Ten molds, three yeasts, and 44 bacteria were screened for the noninductive metabolism of itaconic acid by growing in complete media containing traces of C
14
-labeled itaconic acid. Several
Salmonella
and
Pseudomonas
species incorporated significant quantities of radioactivity into their cellular components. The enzymatic conversion of itaconic acid to citramalic acid was demonstrated in cell-free extracts from both
P. aeruginosa
and
S. chittagong
.
IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES II, V, AND VI. II
Authors: Rebers Paul A. , Hurwitz Esther , Heidelberger Michael
Published: January 2020

Rebers, PaulA. (Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J.),Esther Hurwitz, and Michael Heidelberger. Immunochemistry of pneumococcal types II, V, and VI. II. Inhibition tests in the type VI precipitating system. J. Bacteriol.82:920–926. 1961.—As in other immune systems involving polysaccharides, rabbit antibodies but not those engendered in the horse were found sensitive to degradation of type VI pneumococcal (Pn) polysaccharide (SVI), and were readily inhibited by fragments of SVI. Large amounts, 30 to 111 μmoles, of most sugars gave up to 15% inhibition, while sugar and polyol phosphates inhibited as much as 25%, with little relation to their presence or absence in SVI. The phosphate-free repeating unit of SVI was a good inhibitor, its phosphate monoester was better, and the “trimer” still better. The “trimer” precipitated most of the antibodies from horse anti-Pn VI.

Although inhibition of precipitation of SVI anti-Pn horse sera could not be demonstrated with fragments of SVI, cross-reactions of antibodies in the horse sera could be inhibited. Precipitation of SII was inhibited by low concentrations ofl-rhamnose, while even high concentrations of the other sugar components of SII and SVI were ineffective. Precipitation by guar gum was inhibited by galactose and α- and β-methyl-galactopyranosides, also by rhamnose, although guar gum does not contain this sugar, while SVI, the antigenic determinant, does.
TRANSDUCTION IN
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Thorne Curtis B.
Published: January 2020

Thorne, Curtis B.
(Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Transduction in
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
106–111. 1962.—A bacteriophage, SP-10, isolated from soil carries out general transduction in
Bacillus subtilis
. Phage propagated on a streptomycin-resistant mutant of the wild-type strain W-23 was capable of transducing to prototrophy strain 168 (indole
–
), as well as all of the auxotrophic mutants of W-23-S
r
tested, which included mutants requiring arginine, histidine, adenine, guanine, thiamine, leucine, or methionine. Although strain 168 was transduced by phage SP-10, lytic activity on this strain could not be detected and attempts to propagate the phage on it failed. Transductions occurred at frequencies in the range of 10
-6
to 10
-5
per plaque-forming unit. Homologous phage was ineffective, deoxyribonuclease had no effect on the frequency of transduction, and transduction was prevented by the addition of phage antiserum. Phage SP-10 was capable of lysogenizing strain W-23-S
r
, and this condition was maintained through repeated growth and sporulation cycles in potato-extract medium. Although heating at 65 C for 60 min inactivated free phage particles, spores retained their lysogenic condition after such heat treatment. When heat-treated spores of the lysogenic cultures were used as inocula for growth in a nutrient broth-yeast extract-glucose medium, filtrates contained 10
9
, or more, phage particles per ml.
INFLUENCE OF GUINEA PIG PLASMA FACTORS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS OFPASTEURELLA PESTIS
Authors: Stanziale W. G. , White J. D.
Published: January 2020

Stanziale, W. G.(Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)and J. D. White. Influence of guinea pig plasma factors on phagocytosis ofPasteurella pestis. I. Plasma from normal guinea pigs. J. Bacteriol.83:175–181. 1962.—The existence of an enhancing effect of normal guinea pig plasma on the phagocytosis ofPasteurella pestishas been reaffirmed, using a test system consisting of neutrophils from normal nonimmune guinea pigs as the phagocytes. This enhancing influence was found to be attributable to the interplay of a thermolabile and a thermostable plasma component.

The data suggest a consideration of complement as the thermolabile component, since the enhancing activity of plasma is destroyed by heating to 56 C and restored by addition of fresh plasma. The possibility that the thermolabile plasma component is opsonin was discounted. Surface alterations which did occur resulted in preserving the integrity of the envelope substance of the plague bacillus. Treatment of neutrophils with plasma prior to phagocytosis did not increase their phagocytic capacity.

The thermostable enhancing component was not demonstrated to be present in any of three purified serum protein fractions tested. In fact, all of these fractions inhibited phagocytosis ofP. pestis. An enhancing effect of purified fibrinogen could not be demonstrated.
GROWTH FACTOR REQUIREMENTS OF SIX FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH FRUIT DECAY
Authors: Esposito R. G. , Greenwood H. , Fletcher A. M.
Published: January 2020

Esposito
, R. G. (United Fruit Co., Norwood, Mass.),
H. Greenwood, and A. M. Fletcher
. Growth factor requirements of six fungi associated with fruit decay. J. Bacteriol.
83:
–250–255. 1962.—A study of the growth factor requirements of representatives of six genera of fruit-rotting fungi has been made.
Gloeosporium musarum, Nigrospora sphaerica, Thielaviopsis paradoxa
, and
Verticillium theobromae
all required biotin for growth. Under certain conditions in nitrate medium,
Fusarium roseum
appeared to be partially dependent on biotin.
T. paradoxa
also required thiamine for growth. In addition to biotin,
N. sphaerica
required an unknown material contained in extracts of yeast. Twenty-one known growth factors were tested and found to be inactive. Thiamine inhibited the growth of
F. roseum
, apparently by stimulating the formation of ethanol. Biotin reversed the effect of thiamine on growth and ethanol formation.
IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF THE PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES II, V, AND VI III
Authors: Rebers P. A. , Hurwitz E. , Heidelberger M. , Estrada-Parra S.
Published: January 2020

Rebers, P. A. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N. J.), E.Hurwitz, M. Heidelberger, and S. Estrada-Parra. Immunochemistry of the pneumococcal types II, V, and VI. III. Tests with derivatives of the specific polysaccharides of types II and VI. J. Bacteriol.83:335–342. 1962.—The type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharides, S II and S VI, were oxidized with periodate, and the capacity of the derivatives for precipitation by antibodies and adsorption by erythrocytes was studied. The derivatives were further modified by reduction, oxidation, and condensation with urea. Oxidation of S VI with periodate reduced its precipitation of homologous antibodies much less than did similar treatment of S II. About one-half of the components are attacked in both cases, but in S II, glucuronic acid end groups, the chief determinants of specificity, are destroyed by periodate, whereas in S VI, the structures responsible for specificity are either less affected or yield derivatives with almost as much affinity for antibody as the original polysaccharide. S II and S VI are not adsorbed by washed rabbit or human erythrocytes, but their periodate-oxidized derivatives are readily taken up, presumably owing to their newly formed reactive aldehyde groups, giving high titers in passive hemagglutination. The method should be applicable to other polysaccharides which do not adsorb readily on red cells.
EFFECT OF POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS ON PROTOPLASTS OF
NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Kinsky Stephen C.
Published: January 2020

Kinsky, Stephen
C. (Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.). Effect of polyene antibiotics on protoplasts of
Neurospora crassa
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
351–358. 1962.—The polyene antibiotics nystatin, amphotericin B, and filipin induced shrinkage of
Neurospora crassa
protoplasts stabilized in sucrose. At low concentrations of filipin (5 μg per ml), or higher concentrations of nystatin and amphotericin B (20 μg per ml), shrinkage was followed by swelling and lysis (bursting) of protoplasts. The effect of various parameters, such as metabolic inhibitors, protoplast concentration, and polyene concentration, was determined. The available evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that polyene antibiotics act by altering cellular permeability, possibly by reaction with the cell membrane, of sensitive organisms.
EFFECT OF NUTRITION ON THE RESPIRATORY VIRULENCE OF
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
Authors: Friedman Mischa E. , Kautter Donald A.
Published: January 2020

Friedman, Mischa
E. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Frederick, Md.)
and Donald A. Kautter
, Effect of nutrition on the respiratory virulence of
Listeria monocytogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
456–462. 1962.—The respiratory virulence for the mouse and guinea pig of two strains of
Listeria monocytogenes
grown in a rich nonsynthetic medium may be increased four to ninefold by decreasing the glucose concentration from 1.0 to 0.6% or by including 0.1%
l
-cysteine in the medium. This effect, not observed in intraperitoneal challenge of mice, is not due to selection of a more virulent population. Cultures demonstrating lowered virulence at 16 hr increase in virulence if incubated beyond 50 hr. The presence of 1.0% fructose or cellobiose results in the same growth and virulence characteristics as when glucose is used; however, cultures in media with 1.0% maltose are of decreased cell yield but increased virulence. Strain A4413 grown in media of low glucose concentration or in the presence of cysteine has greater oxidative activity than when grown in a medium of high glucose content. Other strains of lesser respiratory virulence, when grown in a low concentration of glucose, contain glucose dehydrogenase systems equal in activity with that of strain A4413.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS I
Authors: Lewis Vester J. , Scott L. Vernon
Published: January 2020

Lewis, Vester J., Jr.
(University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City)
and L. Vernon Scott
. Nutritional requirements for the production of herpes simplex virus. I. Influence of glucose and glutamine on herpes simplex virus production by HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol.
83:
475–482. 1962.—The importance of glucose and glutamine in herpes simplex virus production by HeLa cells was evaluated by variation of the composition of Eagle's basal medium. Simultaneous omission of glucose and glutamine from the serum-containing medium resulted in marked curtailment of viral synthesis. The effect was attributable neither to decreased survival time of infectious particles or of cells, nor to decreased rate of viral adsorption or penetration in the presence of the deficient medium. Therefore, the effect was probably on intracellular viral replication.

When the requirements for glucose and glutamine were determined separately, it was found that viral production was reduced in glucose-deficient medium. In contrast, a medium which was complete except for restriction of the glutamine content to that occurring naturally in the serum component supported significantly greater viral multiplication than did the complete medium. Limited viral replication occurred with medium which lacked both glutamine and serum. Viral multiplication in the presence of serum-free medium was stimulated by the addition of glutamine.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY IN ANTHRAX IX
Authors: Wright George G. , Puziss Milton , Neely W. Brock
Published: January 2020

Wright, George
G. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
Milton Puziss, and W. Brook Neely
. Studies on immunity in anthrax. IX. Effect of variation in cultural conditions on elaboration of protective antigen by strains of
Bacillus anthracis
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
515–522. 1962.—Nonproteolytic and nonencapsulated avirulent mutants were isolated from six virulent strains of
Bacillus anthracis
and tested for elaboration of protective antigen in the chemically defined medium developed previously (599 medium). Initially the strains grew rather slowly in 599 medium; serial transfer in the medium increased the rate of growth but reduced the elaboration of antigen. Two of the strains tended to revert to the encapsulated form during serial passage in 599 medium. Modifications in the medium and cultural conditions were studied in an attempt to obtain improved growth; the most significant alterations were the addition of adenosine and
l
-alanine, reduction in the concentration of ferrous sulfate, and growth under anaerobic conditions with agitation. Study of amino acid utilization in the medium revealed that the concentrations of certain amino acids could be reduced. These modifications, together with substitution of more productive strains, resulted in an approximately fivefold increase in elaboration of protective antigen, and greatly simplified production of the antigen on a practical scale. Omission of bicarbonate from the medium had no significant influence on utilization of amino acids.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF RICKETTSIAE III
Authors: Paretsky D. , Consigli R. A. , Downs C. M.
Published: January 2020

Paretsky, D. (University of Kansas, Lawrence), R. A.Consigli, and C. M. Downs. Studies on the physiology of rickettsiae. III. Glucose phosphorylation and hexokinase activity inCoxiella burnetii. J. Bacteriol.83:538–543. 1962.—DisruptedCoxiella burnetiipreparations phosphorylate glucose by a hexokinase system. Glucose-6-phosphate-P32, synthesized by the rickettsiae in the presence of P32-labeled carbamyl phosphate and glucose, has been isolated as the barium salt and by ion exchange and paper chromatography.C. burnetiihexokinase activity is inhibited by high concentrations of adenosine mono-, di-, and triphosphates, suggesting similarities to hexokinase from other sources.
INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG ECHO VIRUS TYPES 1, 8, AND 12
Authors: Berg Gerald , Clarke Norman A. , Kabler Paul W.
Published: January 2020

Berg, Gerald(Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio),Norman A. Clarke, and Paul W. Kabler. Interrelationships among ECHO virus types 1, 8, and 12. J. Bacteriol.83:556–560. 1962.—Antigenic relationships among ECHO 1, 8, and 12 viruses were investigated. Three strains of ECHO 1 virus, one of which had been purified, could not be differentiated by neutralization tests. Antiserums produced with these three strains neutralized ECHO 12 virus. The neutralizing material, absent from preimmunization serums, was not absorbed by rhesus kidney cells, was heat-stable, and, therefore, may be viral antibody. Reciprocal neutralization was achieved with all three types. Disagreement of these data with those published by others is discussed.
NITRIFICATION BY
ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS
Authors: Marshall K. C. , Alexander M.
Published: January 2020

Marshall
, K. C. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.)
and M. Alexander
. Nitrification by
Aspergillus flavus
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
572–578. 1962.—
Aspergillus flavus
has been shown to produce bound hydroxylamine, nitrite, and nitrate when grown in peptone, amino acid, or buffered ammonium media. Free hydroxylamine was not detected in these cultures, but it was found in an unbuffered ammonium medium in which neither nitrite nor nitrate was formed. Evidence was obtained for the presence of β-nitropropionic acid in the filtrate of an actively nitrifying culture. Alumina treatment of an ammonium medium prevented the formation by growing cultures of nitrite and nitrate but not bound hydroxylamine. The effect of alumina treatment was reversed by the addition of 10
−3
m
CeCl
3
to the medium.

Extracts of the fungus contained peroxidase and an enzyme capable of catalyzing the production of nitrite from β-nitropropionic acid. The nitrite-forming enzyme is apparently specific for β-nitropropionate; no activity was found with nitromethane, nitroethane, and nitropropane as substrates. Nitrate was not reduced to nitrite nor was nitrite oxidized to nitrate by the hyphal extracts. The significance of these observations in nitrification by
A. flavus
is discussed.
FUNCTION OF MALATE SYNTHETASE AND ISOCITRITASE IN THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA ON TWO-CARBON COMPOUNDS
Authors: Reeves Henry C. , Ajl Samuel J.
Published: January 2020

Reeves, Henry
C. (Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.)
and Samuel J. Ajl
. Function of malate synthetase and isocitritase in the growth of bacteria on two-carbon compounds. J. Bacteriol.
83:
597–601. 1962.—
Escherichia coli
, grown in a glucose-citrate medium under anaerobic conditions, is devoid of the enzymes malate synthetase and isocitritase. It has been demonstrated that the adaptation of such cells to aerobic growth in a medium containing acetate as the sole carbon source involves at least two separate events. The first appears to be an adaptation which permits the oxidative dissimilation of acetate and involves primarily the synthesis of condensing enzyme. The second, which also precedes all division, is the synthesis of isocitritase and malate synthetase. Finally, a definite correlation has been found to exist between the synthesis of isocitritase and malate synthetase and the lag period prior to cell proliferation.
ISOLEUCINE AND VALINE METABOLISM IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
XI. K-12
Authors: Leavitt Richard I. , Umbarger H. E.
Published: January 2020

Leavitt, Richard
I. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.)
and H. E. Umbarger
. Isoleucine and valine metabolism in
Escherichia coli
. XI. Valine inhibition of the growth of
Escherichia coli
strain K-12. J. Bacteriol.
83:
624–630. 1962.—The inhibition of the growth of
Escherichia coli
strain K-12 by valine was shown to be due to the sensitivity of the acetohydroxybutyrate-forming system to valine. It was demonstrated that both
E. coli
strain W, a strain whose growth is unaffected by valine, and a valine-resistant mutant of strain K-12 have acetolactate- and acetohydroxybutyrate-forming systems which are less sensitive to valine than that of strain K-12. It was further shown that α-aminobutyrate accumulates in the culture fluid of the valine-sensitive strain when incubated in the presence of valine. The levels of valine in the “free amino acid pool” were examined and found to be related to the differences in valine sensitivity of the acetolactate-forming systems of the three strains.
EFFECT OF ENDOTOXIN ON CELLS AND ON THEIR RESPONSE TO INFECTION BY POLIOVIRUSES
Authors: Murphy William H. , Wisner Carolyn
Published: January 2020

Murphy, W. H. (The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor)and C. Wisner. Effect of endotoxin on cells and on their response to infection by polioviruses. J. Bacteriol.83:649–662. 1962.—The effect of lipopolysaccharide on HeLa-S3, HeLa-Gey, Chang-liver, Maben, and L strain mouse fibroblasts was studied. The liminal dose of endotoxin for the human epithelial cell strains was approximately 250 μg/ml, and their order of sensitivity to endotoxin was: Chang-liver, HeLa-Gey, HeLa-S3, and Maben, the latter being the most resistant. Endotoxin at concentrations exceeding 100 μg/ml was cytotoxic to the L strain of mouse fibroblasts and caused them to markedly agglutinate. Cytotoxic response of cells to endotoxin was not characterized by cell lysis, but by distinctive nuclear changes. In an attempt to demonstrate the metabolic induction of the latent infection of cell cultures by a noncytopathic variant of poliovirus, endotoxin was added at maximal subliminal concentration to cell cultures totally, partially, or fully susceptible to virus. Endotoxin caused a slight but consistent accelerative cytopathic response of cells to infection by cytopathic poliovirus, but failed to induce cytopathic response to infection by submoderate (noncytopathic) poliovirus. Although endotoxin slightly suppressed yields of poliovirus from cells, it did not affect the plating efficiency of virus on cell monolayers.
METHOD FOR EVALUATING EFFECTIVENESS OF SURGICAL MASKS
Authors: Greene V. W. , Vesley D.
Published: January 2020

Greene
, V. W. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis)
and D. Vesley
. Method for evaluating effectiveness of surgical masks. J. Bacteriol.
83:
663–667. 1962.—A portable isolation box, provided with a filtered air supply and a means of access for a test subject's head, was attached to an Andersen Sampler and used to measure orally expelled bacterial contaminants before and after masking. This technique yielded more detailed quantitative information than was obtained by either sedimentation plates or Andersen sampling in an unconfined space. During talking, unmasked subjects expelled more than 5,000 bacterial contaminants per 5 ft
3
; 7.2% of the contaminants were associated with particles less than 4 μ in diameter. Masked subjects expelled an average of 19 contaminants/5 ft
3
; 63% were less than 4 μ in diameter. Mask efficiencies varied according to particle size of the contaminants. This technique is adaptable for routine evaluation of an individual's contribution to environmental contamination.
A NEW PATHOGENIC
LEPTOSPIRA
, NOT READILY CULTIVATED
Authors: Alexander Aaron D. , Stoenner Herbert G. , Wood Garnett E. , Byrne Robert J.
Published: January 2020

Alexander, Aaron
D. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
Herbert G. Stoenner, Garnett E. Wood, and Robert J. Byrne
. A new pathogenic
Leptospira
, not readily cultivated. J. Bacteriol.
83:
754–760. 1962.—A pathogenic
Leptospira
was isolated from water of the Grand River, (S.D.) that differed significantly from other known leptospirae in that it could not be cultivated in conventional leptospiral media. Growth was promoted in Fletcher's medium modified to contain 20% rabbit serum. The isolate, after several serial passages, was lethal for hamsters. It could not be adapted to grow in the chick embryo. Guinea pigs and calves inoculated with the isolate developed febrile and antibody responses but showed no other overt signs of disease. The strain was identified on the basis of cross-agglutination and agglutinin-adsorption tests as a new subserotype of
Leptospira naam
and was therefore designated as
L. naam
, subserotype
dakotii
.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS COLONY FORMS OF MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Fregnan G. B. , Smith D. W.
Published: January 2020

Fregnan
, G. B. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and D. W. Smith
. Description of various colony forms of mycobacteria. J. Bacteriol.
83:
819–827. 1962.—The colony morphology of various mycobacteria, including mammalian and avian strains,
Mycobacterium fortuitum, M. kansasii
, and representatives of the unclassified groups, is described. A relationship is seen between some colony forms and species of mycobacteria. The reasons for the adoption of a new terminology, based on the words smooth and rough, are discussed.
CYTOCHROME AND CATALASE PATTERNS DURING GROWTH OF
HAEMOPHILUS PARAINFLUENZAE
Authors: White David C.
Published: January 2020

White, David
C. (The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N. Y.) Cytochrome and catalase patterns during growth of
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
851–859. 1962.—By following the cytochrome and catalase concentrations during the growth cycle and under various growth conditions in
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
, a rapid increase in the cytochrome oxidases and a large increase in cytochrome
c
1
concentration can be demonstrated between log-phase and stationary-phase cells and between vigorously aerated and anaerobic growth conditions.

The three cytochrome oxidases develop differentially under various growth conditions. The principal oxidase formed in vigorously aerated cultures is cytochrome
o
. With limited aeration, maximal development of cytochrome
a
2
occurs; with anaerobically grown cells, there is a marked increase in the concentration of cytochrome
a
1
. With the rapid increase in cytochrome
c
1
concentration, soluble, nonenzymatically reducible cytochrome
c
1
is also formed, which remains in the bacterial cell sap. From these data it is postulated that the electron-transport system is assembled from individual components which can be modified by the growth conditions. The cytochrome
c
1
may be synthesized in the cell sap and then incorporated into the electron-transport system.
DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE AND GLUCONIC ACID BY
PSEUDOMONAS NATRIEGENS
Authors: Eagon R. G. , Wang C. H.
Published: January 2020

Eagon
, R. G. (University of Georgia, Athens)
and C. H. Wang
. Dissimilation of glucose and gluconic acid by
Pseudomonas natriegens
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
879–886. 1962—When glucose dissimilation of a marine pseudomonad,
Pseudomonas natriegens
, was studied, enzymes of both the glycolytic pathway and of the hexose monophosphate pathway were detected in extracts of glucose-grown cells. Enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and phosphoketolase were not detected. Data from radiorespirometric experiments indicated that approximately 92 and 8% of glucose actually catabolized were routed via the glycolytic and the hexose monophosphate pathways, respectively.

When
P. natriegens
was induced to utilize gluconate, it was demonstrated that gluconokinase and enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway were induced. Radiorespirometric experiments with cells under growing conditions revealed that gluconate was dissimilated predominantly (80%) via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. This observation was in contrast to the observation that the glycolytic pathway is practically the exclusive catabolic pathway for glucose dissimilation. A minor portion of substrate gluconate was also catabolized by this organism via the hexosemonophosphate pathway. However, the pentose phosphate derived from substrate gluconate is believed not to be catabolized extensively.

The important facet uncovered by these experiments was the extensive operation of the glycolytic route of glucose dissimilation. This is in contrast to other pseudomonads studied to date, which have been reported to dissimilate glucose predominantly via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and which do not utilize the glycolytic pathway.
PURIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN
Authors: Madoff Morton A. , Weinstein Louis
Published: January 2020

Madoff, MortonA. (New England Center Hospital, Boston, Mass.)and Louis Weinstein. Purification of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. J. Bacteriol.83:914–918. 1962. — Staphylococcal alpha-toxin has been purified by metal-ion precipitation, column chromatography, and continuous-flow paper electrophoresis. The resultant preparation is highly unstable. A single line is obtained on agar-gel diffusion analysis against staphylococcal antiserum. Two bands, both associated with hemolytic activity and migrating cathodally at pH 8.4, are obtained on starch-gel electrophoresis. Levels of lytic, dermonecrotic, and lethal toxin activity maintain a constant relationship in the crude and purified materials, suggesting the unity of these effects.
DEPLETION AND REPLENISHMENT OF THE INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATE POOL IN
NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Harold F. M.
Published: January 2020

Harold
, F. M. (National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colo.). Depletion and replenishment of the inorganic polyphosphate pool in
Neurospora crassa
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1047–1057. 1962.—Turnover of the inorganic polyphosphate pool of
Neurospora crassa
was demonstrated in both growing and nongrowing mycelium. In nitrogen-deficient cultures, polyphosphate synthesis and degradation were in balance and no net changes occurred. When mycelium was suspended in a growth medium deficient in phosphate, polyphosphate was degraded to acid-soluble compounds, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and orthophosphate; net synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids occurred at the expense of polyphosphate. Various attempts were made to demonstrate direct formation of ATP from polyphosphate when oxidative and fermentative ATP generation were blocked. No evidence for this reaction could be obtained, suggesting that the primary product of polyphosphate degradation is not ATP but probably orthophosphate.

Addition of phosphate to phosphate-starved mycelium induced rapid replenishment of the polyphosphate pool; polyphosphate accumulation ceased abruptly when the original level had been restored. The finding that ATP accumulation within the mycelium preceded polyphosphate synthesis, together with the rapid turnover of this compound, supports the view that ATP is the metabolic precursor of polyphosphate.

The results suggest a cyclic pattern of polyphosphate metabolism. In
N. crassa
at least, polyphosphate does not appear to function as a reservoir of “high-energy” phosphate, but the polyphosphate cycle may be involved in the dissipation of excess ATP.
ENZYME DISTRIBUTION IN
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Campbell J. J. R. , Hogg Loretta A. , Strasdine G. A.
Published: January 2020

Campbell
, J. J. R. (The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada),
Loretta A. Hogg, and G. A. Strasdine
. Enzyme distribution in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1155–1160. 1962.—Previous studies on the distribution of enzymes in bacteria have indicated that, although individual enzymes were predominantly associated with a particular cellular structure, nevertheless some of the enzyme appeared to be present in all cellular fractions. In the present work with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, it was shown that, in general, an enzyme is present in only one cellular component. Hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase, gluconic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, fumarase, isocitric dehydrogenase, isocitritase, and catalase were detected only in the soluble cytoplasm of the cell. Glucose oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase were detected only in the “ghost” fraction. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase was present in both “ghost” and ribosomal fractions but was most concentrated in the “ghost”. Although adenylic kinase was found to be present in all fractions, it was possible to fractionate cells so that almost all of the activity was associated with the soluble cytoplasm a minor amount being associated with the “ghost.” Adenosine triphosphatase was most concentrated in the “ghost” but appreciable activity appeared in the cytoplasm. Polynucleotide phosphorylase appeared to be the only enzyme that was convincingly associated with the ribosomes. However, a small amount of activity was associated with the soluble cytoplasm and with the “ghosts.”
SYNCHRONIZED DIVISION OF AVIAN PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS
Authors: Kelton William H.
Published: January 2020

Kelton, William
H. (University of Massachusetts, Amherst). Synchronized division of avian pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol.
83:
948–955. 1962.—Evidence indicates that phosphate-buffered 0.85% saline (pH 7.0) is toxic when used for diluting cultures of pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO). A technique for picking single PPLO colonies and streaking on agar medium is described.

Growth curves of eight strains of PPLO of avian origin are described. Strain S-6 showed a typical growth curve. The other strains presented the lag and logarithmic phases of growth, followed by a rapid decline in viable numbers and peaks of growth later. Additional studies showed that growth was logarithmic in young cultures of all strains.

Synchronization of division of two avian strains of PPLO appeared to have been induced by starvation for horse serum. Studies of small populations of PPLO were also made. The results of these experiments, along with the logarithmic growth, favor binary fission as the mode of reproduction.
INTERMEDIATES IN THE METABOLISM OF STEROIDS BY
PENICILLIUM LILACINUM
Authors: Sebek Oldrich K. , Reineke Lester M. , Peterson Durey H.
Published: January 2020

Sebek, Oldrich
K. (The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Mich.),
Lester M. Reineke, and Durey H. Peterson
. Intermediates in the metabolism of steroids by
Penicillium lilacinum
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1327–1331. 1962—Nonproliferating cells of
Penicillium lilacinum
(Thom) metabolized progesterone successively to 20-β-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, testosterone, androstenedione, and testololactone. Testosterone and androstenedione were readily interconvertible. 11-α-Hydroxyprogesterone was transformed in an analogous way and its intermediate, 11-α, 20-β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, was isolated and identified by a combination of microbiological and chemical methods.
PATHOGENICITY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF STREPTOMYCIN-DEPENDENT MUTANTS OFBRUCELLA
Authors: Simon Ellen M. , Berman David T.
Published: January 2020

Simon, EllenM. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)and David T. Berman. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of streptomycin-dependent mutants ofBrucella. J. Bacteriol.83:1347–1355. 1962.—Streptomycin-dependent (Sd) mutants ofBrucella suisandB. abortuswere avirulent for guinea pigs whether selected in the presence of streptomycin only or streptomycin and normal or immune serum. Administration of large quantities of streptomycin to guinea pigs increased the numbers of organisms which could be recovered, but did not cause the development of progressive infections. Vaccination with Sd mutants ofB. abortusdiminished the pathological response of guinea pigs infected with a large challenge dose of virulentB. abortus, but equal numbers of organisms were recovered from vaccinated animals and unvaccinated controls. Vaccination with Sd mutants ofB. suisprotected some guinea pigs from small challenge doses. Immunization by multiple injections or by one injection plus streptomycin was superior to a single inoculation of organisms.
REVERSAL OF
d
-CYCLOSERINE INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL GROWTH BY ALANINE
Authors: Zygmunt Walter A.
Published: January 2020

Zygmunt, Walter
A. (Mead Johnson & Co., Evansville, Ind.). Reversal of
d
-cycloserine inhibition of bacterial growth by alanine. J. Bacteriol.
84:
154–156. 1962.—Reversal of the antibacterial activity of
d
-4-amino-3-isoxazolidone by alanine in bacterial cultures actively growing on chemically defined media was compared in cultures requiring exogenous alanine and those capable of its synthesis.
dl
-Alanine was the most effective reversal agent in
Pediococcus cerevisiae
, an alanine-requiring organism, and
d
-alanine was effective in
Escherichia coli
and
Staphylococcus aureus
, organisms synthesizing alanine. With all three cultures,
l
-alanine was the least effective reversal agent.