bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in silage microbiology
Authors: Muck Richard
Published: July 2018

Recent advances in silage microbiology are reviewed. Most new techniques in silage microbiology use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to make copies of a portion of the DNA in microorganisms. These techniques allow us to identify and quantify species as well as do community analysis. The PCR-based techniques are uncovering new species, both bacteria and fungi, during storage and feeding. Silage inoculants are widely available, but of greater interest has been research investigating why inoculants are so successful. Various inoculant strains have been found to produce bacteriocins and other compounds that inhibit other bacteria and fungi, improving their chances for success. In vitro ruminal fermentation research is showing that some inoculated silages affect rumen microorganisms, reducing methane in some cases and increasing microbial biomass production in others. Better understanding of silage microbiology will allow us to better manage silos and develop better inoculants to improve silage quality.
Antiseptisten huuhtelujen vaikutus kalan bakteeripitoisuuteen
Authors: Nikkilä O. E.
Published: July 2018

Tässä työssä on tutkittu elävän ja eri olosuhteissa varastoidun sillin bakteeripitoisuutta. Elävän kalan iholla tavattiin bakteereita 300.000—700.000 kpl/g, mutta lihaskudos osoittautui steriliksi. Huoneen lämpötilassa (10—14° C) silli pilaantui jo parissa vuorokaudessa (laskettu pyyntihetkestä) ja kellarin lämpötilassa (0 — 2° C) noin 3—4 vuorokaudessa. Kala, jonka lihaskudos sisältää 1000—2000 bakteeria grammassa, haisee pilaantuneelta (Taulukko 2). NaCl-konsentraation vaikutus sillin bakteeripitoisuuteen näkyy taulukosta 3. Alle 20 % suolaliuos ei kykene estämään kalan pilaantumista. 20 %:ssa ja sitä väkevimmissä NaCl-konsentraatioissa lihaskudoksen bakteeripitoisuus nousee aluksi, mutta laskee sen mukaan kuin suola ehtii imeytyä kudokseen. Kyllästetyssä suolaliuoksessa tulee kalan lihaskudos steriliksi noin kahden kuukauden kuluessa. Huuhtelemalla kala eräillä antiseptisillä aineilla voidaan sen säilyvyyttä tuoreena ja lievästi suolattuna huomattavasti parantaa. Tässä työssä käytetyistä aineista ovat boorihappo, p-oksibentsoehappo ja bentsoehappo osoittautuneet tehokkaimmiksi. NaNO2:n vaikutus on ollut verrattain heikko (vert. Tarr) ja lisäksi se on aiheuttanut punertavan värin muodostumisen nahan alle. Bentsoehapon käyttöä haittaa sen huono liukenevuus. Oheisessa työssä on käytetty 0.5 ja 0.1 %:n liuoksia sekä 10 min. huuhtelu aikaa. Pidentämällä käsittelyä voidaan liuosten konsentraatioita vastaavasti pienentää.
Beiträge zur kalorimetrischen Humusbestimmung im Boden
Authors: Barkoff Eugen
Published: July 2018

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden einige wichtige bisherige Verfahrensweisen, den Humus durch die Oxydation in Chromschwefelsäurelösungen zu bestimmen, verglichen und kritisiert. Auch der Mechanismus der Oxydation des Humus wurde u.a. unter Anwendung des Oxydations-Reduktionspotentials, der Lösungswärme der konzentrierten Schwefelsäure und der Siedetemperatur der Schwefelsäurelösungen verschiedener Konzentration theoretisch analysiert. Als Oxydationsmittel wurde Chromtrioxyd aus dem Grunde, weil es im Wasser viel löslicher als Kaliumdichromat ist, zur Anwendung vorgeschlagen. Bei dieser Untersuchung wurden drei neue Methoden für kolorimetrische Humusbestimmung entwickelt: 1. Durch Erhitzen im siedenden Wasserbad, 2. ohne Wärmezufuhr von aussen und 3. durch Kochen auf freier Flamme. Dazu wurden 20 Bodenproben von sehr verschiedenem Humusgehalt sowohl durch diese neuen Methoden als auch durch die zu einer kolorimetrischen veränderten Methode Alten analysiert und die Anwendung dieser neuen Verfahrensweise durch Vergleich der Ergebnisse kritisiert. Für die Herstellung der Vergleichslösungen wurde Oxalsäure angewendet, die sich in Chromschwefelsäurelösungen durch die obenerwähnten Methoden leicht oxydiert und die stöchiometrischen Mengen des Chroms reduziert.
Kokeita ns. Promeca-rehulla
Authors: Suomela Hilkka , Kämäräinen Pentti , Paloheimo Lauri
Published: July 2018

Professori V. M. Klemolan keksimä kalsiumkloridia sisältämä Promeca-rehu, jossa kalsiumsuolan kitkerän maun ilmeneminen on estetty kompelksisuolamuodostuksen kautta, on tarkoitettu turvaamaan eläimiä eräiltä kivennäisaineenvaihduntahäiriöiltä. Suorittamiemme kokeiden tarkoituksena oli selvittää, voisiko tällä erikoislaatuisella rehuaineella olla joitakin eläimen terveyttä haittaavia ominaisuuksia. Kokeita järjestettiin kananpoikasilla, jotka nopeasta kasvustaan johtuen ovat herkkiä reagoimaan ravinnon virheellisyyksille, sekä lampailla, joista useat karitsoivat kokeen päättyessä. Promeca-ryhmän eläimet menestyivät kokeissa täysin yhtä hyvin kuin vertailueläimet.
Accumulation of fertilizer phosphorus in peat soils
Authors: Kaila Armi , Missilä Hilve
Published: July 2018

In the present paper the results of a preliminary study of the accumulation of fertilizer P in peat soils is reported. The material consisted of samples from an old field experiment in Leteensuo Experiment Station and from 12 experiments on newly reclaimed soils in Northern Finland. The primary object of this paper was the consideration of the role of organic P in the accumulation of fertilizer phosphate. Some support was obtained to the assumption that the biological absorption of P performed by microorganisms and plants stores up in organic form a large part of phosphorus applied to peat soils. The fertilizer P accumulated in inorganic forms was generally rather tenaceously fixed. The retention of phosphate against extraction with 0.05 N NaCl solution was high in most of the peat samples.
Equisetum palustren esiintymisestä luonnontilaisilla soilla Keski- ja Pohjois-Suomessa
Authors: Uotila Irja
Published: July 2018

Aikaisemmissa julkaisuissani (4, 5, 6, 15) olen selvitellyt Equisetum-lajien vahingollisuutta eri kotieläinlajeille maassamme. Kortelajeista erityisesti E. palustre osoittautui vallankin nautakarjalle hyvän vahingolliseksi. Lehmät vieroksuvat suokortepitoisia rehuja, ja hyvinkin pienet määrät tätä kasvia aiheuttavat maidontuotannon vähenemistä. Ripulia, laihtumista ja yleiskunnon huononemista on myös todettu lehmillä, joille on annettu suokortepitoisia rehuja. Kansanomaisella nimellä mainittujen ruoste- tai ruovikaisten heinien todettiin kaikissa tutkimukseen sisältyneissä tapauksissa sisältäneen suokortteita. Niinikään olen jo aikaisemmin (15) esittänyt tietoja E. palustren levinneisyydestä maassamme. Ottaen huomioon E. palustren vahingollisuuden karjanruokinnassa, lienee syytä valottaa lähemmin tämän lajin esiintymisluonnetta myös luonnontilaisilla soilla. Kasvimaantieteellisessä kirjallisuudessa (1, 11, 12) on tosin tietoja lajin esiintymisestä eri suotyypeillä, mutta yksityiskohtaista ja tilastollisia selvittelyä ei tiettävästi ole ennen esitetty. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää E. palustren esiintymistä eri suotyypeillä ja eri syvyisillä soilla sekä sen seuralaislajistoa. Tässä yhteydessä haluan esittää kiitokset professori MAUNO J. KOTILAISELLE, joka on työni aikana antanut monia arvokkaita neuvoja. Samoin hän on antanut erään julkaisemattoman tutkimuksensa aineistoa käytettäväkseni.
Pohjamaan huokoisuussuhteista Suomen maalajeissa
Authors: Heinonen Reijo
Published: July 2018

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on antaa yleiskuva erilaisten viljeltyjen kivennäismaiden »ylemmän kuivakuorikerroksen» huokoisuussuhteista, lähinnä kenttäkapasiteetista ja ilmatilasta. Kenttäkapasiteetilla ymmärretään sitä vesipitoisuutta, mikä perusteellisesti kostuneessa maassa on senjälkeen, kun liika vesi on saanut valua pois niin kauan, että valumisen nopeus on »olennaisesti hidastunut », ts. on saavutettu tietty tasapaino. Toisessa merkityksessä se tarkoittaa myös maan olotilaa: »maa on kenttäkapasiteetissa». Käsitettä on lähemmin selostettu toisaalla (3).
Viljavuusanalyysin tarkkuudesta
Authors: Mäkitie Osmo
Published: July 2018

Viljavuustutkimuksen määrityksen virhe (variatiokerroin) on rutiinianalyyseissä, aivan ravinneköyhiä maita lukuunottamatta keskimäärin; pH ±2.2 %, Ca ±5.9 %. K ±7.2 % ja P ±9.7 %. Analyysissä aiheutuvat suurimmat virheet määrityskojeiden epäherkkyydestä ja tasoeroista, kun sen sijaan määrityksen esikäsittelyvaiheissa ja uuttamisessa ovat virhemahdollisuudet huomattavasti pienemmät. Kuitenkin on pyrittävä rutiinityössäkin mitä huolellisimpaan työskentelyyn sekä kiinnittämään huomiota työntekijäin taitoon ja huolellisuuteen. Verrattaessa eri laboratorioitten suorittamia analyysejä keskenään, ovat poikkeamat melko suuret. Myöhempi vertailu osoittaa tosin suuntaa parempaan päin. Määritystarkkuus täyttää yleensä käytännön viljavuustutkimukselle asetettavat vaatimukset, mutta ei ole rutiinianalyysin luonteesta johtuen täysin tyydyttävä tutkimustyössä. Analyysi vaatii laboratoriotyössä tavanomaisen rinnakkaismäärityksen takaaman varmistamisen, mihin järjestelmään on jo Maantutkimuslaitoksen koekenttä- ym. tutkimusnäytteiden analysoinnissa siirryttykin.
Der für Pferde verschiedenen Gewichts und Alters anzusetzende Zugwiderstand
Authors: Varo Mikko , Vainikainen Viljo
Published: July 2018

In der Untersuchung wird festgestellt, dass die Abhängigkeit des prozentualen Zugergebnisses der Hengste vom Lebendgewicht als regressionskoeffizient berechnet b = –0.024 ausmacht. Da die Zugfähigkeit offenbar nicht genau im Verhältnis zum Gewicht zunimmt, wird vorgeschlagen, den Zugwiderstand für Pferde verschiedenen Gewichts so zu bestimmen, dass der Zugwiderstand jeder Stufe im richtigen Verhältnis zur festgestellten Zugfähigkeit der Pferde steht. Da die Hengste, die im Zugversuch einmal versagt – höchstens 30 % gezogen – haben, auch in den übrigen Versuchen schwächer als der Durchschnitt geblieben sind, scheint das so umrissene Misslingen ausser auf unzulänglicher Übung auch auf der Neigung zu unsicherem Zug beruhen zu können. Aus diesem Grunde wird vorgeschlagen, das endgültige Zugergebnis von mehrmals in Versuchen gewesenen Pferden als Mittelwert aller Proben zu berechnen. Weil die prozentuale Zugfähigkeit bei zunehmendem Alter der Pferde unverändert zu bleiben scheint, wird vorgeschlagen, die Zugwiderstände der verschiedenen Stufen nach denselben Grundlagen wie für verschieden alte Pferde zu berechnen. Durch Berechnung nach den prozentualen Zugergebnissen der wenigstens in drei Zugversuchen gewesenen Pferde wird die Grösse der Heritabilität der Zugfähigkeit auf Grund der innerhalb der Klasse bestehenden Korrelation auf 0.17 geschätzt.
Über die Bedeutung des Maximalergebnisses bei Beurteilung der Zugkraft des Pferdes
Authors: Varo Mikko , Vainikainen Viljo
Published: July 2018

Bei einem Material von 489 wenigstens zweimal im Zugversuch gewesenen Hengsten wurde festgestellt, dass der Anteil der zwischen den Vätern bestehenden Varianz an der Gesamtvarianz der Söhne bei Berechnung nach den besten Zugleistungen der Söhne 11.19 % und bei Berechnung nach den schwächsten derselben Söhne 1.34 % ausmachte. Wurden die Berechnungen nach den Mittelwerten aller Zugergebnisse der Söhne angestellt, so belief sich der Anteil der zwischen den Vätern bestehenden Varianz auf 12.96 %. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse wird vorgeschlagen, den Zugversuch als Maximalversuch wiederherzustellen, durch den die grösstmögliche Zugkraf des Pferdes gemessen werden kann.
Experiments on the use of some chloronitrobenzene and organic mercury compounds for the control of low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals
Authors: Jamalainen E. A.
Published: July 2018

The cause of damage from low-temperature parasitic fungi during overwintering was in the experiments with winter rye mainly Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces., in the experiments with winter wheat both F. nivale and the Typhula spp. fungi, T. itoana Imai and T. idahoensis Remsb. The pentachloronitrobenzene compounds PCNB and the organic mercury compounds phenylmercuryacetate (PMA) and phenylmercurysalicylate (PMS) were effective against both the Fusarium and the Typhula fungi in the experiments in which the treatments of the seedlings had been performed in November under weather conditions normal for South Finland. The effect of treatments performed correspondingly earlier in October was slighter. In experiments made in South Finland in the winter 1955—56 and in the winter 1957—58, when low-temperature parasitic fungi appeared in abundance, the increases in yield due to treatment of the seedlings with PCNB and with the mercury compounds PMA and PMS performed in November were very considerable; winter rye (7 tests) 12—122 per cent, winter wheat (4 tests) 31—735 per cent, and winter barley (one test) 124 per cent. – In the experiments made in 1956—57 in South Finland no increase in yield was obtained through treatment of the seedlings because low-temperature fungi did not appear. The mercury compounds PMA and PMS when applied on the stands in autumn were more effective against low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals than the PCNB preparations. The effect of zineb and hexachloronitrobenzene (HCNB) preparations in controlling low-temperature parasitic fungi on winter cereals by treating the stands in autumn was found to be much slighter than the effect of PCNB and of the organic mercury fungicides. The amount of active ingredient in the PCNB preparations was in most experiments 5 kg per hectare. In the two PMA preparations used in the experiments the amount of active ingredient was 125 and 425 kg per hectare, the corresponding amounts of Hg were 75 and 212.5 g per hectare. The amount of active ingredient in the two PMS preparations was 235 and 470 g per hectare, the corresponding amounts of Hg were 110.5 and 221 g per hectare. In the experiment on seed dressing with winter rye in 1955—56 it was ascertained that in addition to the organic mercury preparations also the thiram preparation was effective against Fusarium mould. In seed dressing experiments in Finland considerable increases in yield especially of winter rye have been obtained by using organic mercury compounds when the seed has been normally germinating and not infested by mould. This shows that the small amount of mercury that accompanies the seed into the soil is effective in controlling the low-temperature fungi during the winter.
On the cation uptake mechanism of Sphagnum mosses
Authors: Puustjärvi Viljo
Published: July 2018

In the present investigation the cation uptake mechanism of Sphagnum mosses has been dealt with and a theory relating to it has been developed. In brief, the theory is as follows. In the points of growth of the Sphagnum mosses colloidal acids saturated with hydrogen ions, so-called acidoids, are continuosly formed. They produce an electrical potential difference between the moss and its growth base. The potential difference with reference to the growth base increases from the boundary surfaces between moss and peat towards the points of growth. This potential difference forces the base cations to pass over from the peat into the moss plant in the direction of the potential and at a rate controlled by it. In the investigation this potential difference has been determined experimentally with the aid of NERNST’s formula.
Aureomycin (Clortetracycline) feeding test on calves and heifers suffering from indigestion
Authors: Haaranen S.
Published: July 2018

6 heifers of 4—9 months suffering from indigestion were given oat meal containing 80 mg of Aureomycin for 43 days. 6 similar heifers, serving as controls, were kept on the same diet and in the same shed. The average daily additional growth of the group receiving aureomycin was 285 g; the corresponding additional growth of the control groups was 108 g. The average increases for the test and control group, respectively, were: live weight 14.45 kg/6.48 kg, length 9.33 cm/3.33 cm, chest circumference 6.50 cm/4.33 cm, height of withers 1.8 cm/1.2 cm, pelvic breadth at the tubera coxae 1.7 cm/0.7 cm. Serum calcium and copper fell and potassium rose in the material as a whole. There were no statistically significant differences between the test and control groups except in Na, which rose in the test and fell the control groups. In view of the small size of each group and the nevertheless nearly significant difference in average weights (0.05 < P < 0.1), it would seem that aureomycin additive in the feed was beneficial for the heifers in these conditions. Economic consiferations will decide whether it is generally advisable to resort to aureomycin additive. The blood changes were regarded as being due to the transfer of the animals from the cold winter air indoors to a warm shed.
A comparative investigation on the use of rapeseed oil and soybean oil in the feeding of swine
Authors: Paloheimo L. , Roine Paavo , Uksila Erkki , Sirenius Ritva , Sauri Helle , Unkila Hilkka
Published: July 2018

For the purpose of comparing the effects of rapeseed oil and soybean oil on the weight increment and thriving of young pigs two experiments were performed. The first experiment was made with 12 and the second with 10 pigs divided into two groups, groups R receiving rapeseed oil and groups S receiving soybean oil in their food. The share of added oil in the net energy content of the food mixture was 34.5 %. Each experiment was divided into a period of restricted feeding and a period of ad libitum feeding. During the restricted feeding no marked differences between the two groups could be noticed, but during the ad libitum feeding in the second experiment the animals of group S showed a better appetite and a more rapid weight development than their mates in group R. In addition, there was a difference in the consumption of drinking water between the two groups in each experiment. The animals of groups R consumed more water than their mates. In the investigation of the bodies after slaughtering no differences were noticeable between the groups.
Omenien putoamisen vähentämisestä ennen sadonkorjuuta ja sen aikana
Authors: Säkö Jaakko
Published: July 2018

Edellä on selvitetty 2,4,5-triklorfenoksipropionihapon (2,4,5-TP) vaikutusta omenien putoamisen vähentämiseksi ennen sadonkorjuuta ja sen aikana. Ainetta kokeiltiin lajikkeilla Bergius, Sävstaholm, Melba, Atlas, Wealthy, Åkerö ja Antonovka. Käsittely suoritettiin 21—33 päivää ennen sadonkorjuuta. Kokeissa selvitettiin myös Tween 20-valmisteen (polyoksietyleeni sorbitan monolauraatin) vaikutusta 2,4,5-TP:n tehoon. Edelleen verrattiin toisiinsa paineruiskun ja sumuruiskun käyttöä 2,4,5-TP-käsittelyssä. Kokeista saadut tulokset on esitetty taulukoissa 1 ja 2 sekä kuvissa 1 ja 2. 2,4,5-TP on tehokkaasti vähentänyt omenien putoamista kaikista kokeiltavina olleista lajikkeista. Sillä on ollut verrattain pitkäaikainen vaikutus. Tween 20:n yhdistäminen 2,4,5-TP:en on parantanut viimeksi mainitun tehoa. Käytettäessä ruiskutukseen sumuruiskua ja 80 ppm:n väkevyyttä on saatu parempi tulos kuin paineruiskua ja 20 ppm:n väkevyyttä käyttäen. Sumuruiskulla ruiskutettaessa on 2,4,5-TP:ä käytetty n. 50 % vähemmän puuta kohti verrattuna paineruiskulla suoritettuun käsittelyyn. 2,4,5-TP on parantanut kaikkien kokeissa olleiden lajikkeiden omenien väriä.
Field trials on the store dressing with rock phosphate
Authors: Hänninen Pentti , Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

The possibility of improving the soil phosphorus status by a store dressing with rock phosphate has been studied in two field trials of five years standing. Hyperphosphate Reno was applied to the nurse crop of a red clover-timothy ley in amounts of 0, 1000 kg/ha, or 2000 kg/ha, respectively. The split-plot technique was used to study the response of the ley to an additional annual application of 200 kg/ha of superphosphate. The soil analyses distinctly proved that, in spite of a careful working in of the hyperphosphate with a spade harrow, the fertilizer had not penetrated deeper than to the layer from 1 to 3 inches, with a large part of it remaining in the top inch. The treatment with hyperphosphate had mostly increased the fraction of the calcium-bound phosphorus, and, to a very low degree, the aluminium-bound phosphorus. The effect of superphosphate could be detected only in the fractions of aluminium- and iron-bound phosphorus of the surface inch. Although the store dressing did not produce marked responses in the yields of either trial, the statistically significant negative interaction between the effect of it and of superphosphate may be taken to indicate that hyperphosphate was able to improve the phosphorus status of these soils to some degree. The analyses of the hay samples from one of the trials in the fifth experimental year showed that the store dressing, particularly with the higher amount of hyperphosphate was able to increase the phosphorus content of hay to a satisfactory level which was equal to that produced by the annual superphosphate dressing only. Their combined effect resulted in the production of hay dry matter containing more than 0.24 % of P. In one of the experiments the residual effect of the treatments on rye was studied. The response to superphosphate was highly significant, probably owing to the high demands of phosphorus by rye, connected with the overwintering conditions, and also to the fact that ploughing in of the ley had brought superphosphate phosphorus within the reach of the plant roots.
On the ability of calves to digest hay
Authors: Mäkelä Aarne
Published: July 2018

Three experiments have been carried out with altogether 16 Ayrshire calves in order to determine the digestibility of timothy hay cured at the early flowering stage and containing some red clover. The ages of the calves varied from 2 ½ to 9 months. Hay was given either totally or almost ad lib. Lignin was used as tracer. In experiment 1 the ages of the six experimental calves varied from 3 to 9 months. The calves aged 5—9 months digested hay equally efficiently when com-pared with each other. The youngest calf aged 3 months digested hay less efficiently (Table 1). In Experiment 2 the ages of the six experimental calves varied from 10 to 22 weeks. In the trial two control cows were also included. The calves aged 10—12 weeks digested hay less efficiently and the calves aged 4—5 months almost as efficiently as the control cows (Table 2). The ability of calves of the same age to digest hay was quite variable. Experiment 3 was carried out with four 7 months old calves. At the end of the trial the calves were slaughtered and the contents of the different parts of the digestive tract were weighed and sampled. On the ground of the analyses of the hay, the contents of the abomasum and the faeces, the digestibilities of N-free organic matter and N-free non-lignin organic matter in the proventriculi and in the whole digestive tract were esimated. The share of the proventriculi in the total digestibility of the said substances was 82—88 per cent (Table 3). The contents of the reticulo-rumen of the calves in Experiment 3 as well as those of younger calves aged 3 ½—4 months were weighed in connection with the slaughtering. The quantity of the contents in calves of 7 months was 30—40 kg and that in calves aged 3 ½—4 months 12—15 kg.
Über die Anwendung von Ultraschall zur Steigerung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und zum dispergieren des Bodens bei bodenanalytischen Arbeiten
Authors: Barkoff Eugen
Published: July 2018

Im vorliegenden Artikel wurde gezeigt, dass der Ultraschall, der bekanntlich auf gewisse chemischen Reaktionen (Polymerisation, Reifen von Weinen usw.) beschleunigend wirkt, kann auch z.B. für die Beschleunigung der Adsorption der einer Bodensuspension zugesetzten Phosphationen gebraucht werden. Ebenso dispergiert der Ultraschall die Bodenaggregate in Peptisatorlösung bei der Schlämmanalyse schneller und besser als langes Schütteln. Es scheint daher, dass der Ultraschall auch bei der Bodenforschung Anwendung finden kann.
Das Vorkommen von Botrytis anthophila bond. in Proben von Handelssaatgut Finnischen Rotklees
Authors: Salonen Arvi
Published: July 2018

Aus Samenproben vom südlichen und mittleren Finnland wurde ein Pilz Botrytis anthophila Bond, isoliert, der die Staubbeutel von Rotklee vernichtet. Dieser Pilz ist nicht früher in Finnland gefunden worden. Nach Literatur hat er einen schädlichen Einfluss auf die Samenernte von Rotklee.
The luxuriance of a bog in its natural state as an index to the quality of its peat
Authors: Puustjärvi Viljo
Published: July 2018

From the viewpoint of the chemical properties of peats and of the cation uptake mechanism of plants the question has been considered to what extent it is possible to estimate the productivity after draining of a bog, using as a basis the luxuriance of the bog in its natural state and the richness in species of its calciphilous vegetation. The effect of draining upon the productivity of the peat has been studied from the viewpoint of the cation uptake mechanism of plants. The efficiency of this uptake has been thought to be determined by the electrical potential difference (E) between the boundary surfaces of the root and soil colloids: E = (RT/nF)*ln*([H+]root/[H+]soil) where [H+] stands for the activity of the respective hydrogen ions. In order that cation uptake of the plants should be possible, the hydrogen ion acitivity in the roots must exceed that in the soil, i.e., [H+]root/[H+]soil > 1. When a bog is drained, [H+]root remains approximately unchanged, while [H+]soil soil increases for the reason that the quantity of soil colloids per unit volume increases owing to the removal of water. The potential difference between root and soil colloids will thus become less and the cation uptage of the plants will become impeded, the more the higher the efficiency of draining. The theory presented in this work has been shown to account for several phenomena observed in connection with the draining of bogs, particularly the changes in surface vegetation and the relations between the base content of the bog and its natural luxuriance. The higher the water content of a bog in its natural state, the lower is the base content of the peat with which it attains a given degree of luxuriance.
Super- ja thomasfosfaatti rahkasuon lannoitteina
Authors: Takala Mauri
Published: July 2018

Superfosfaattilannoituksella saadaan rahkasuolta sekä viljan- että heinänviljelyssä suuremmat sadot kuin thomasfosfaattia käytettäessä. Superfosfaattilannoitus parantaa sadon laatua enemmän kuin thomasfosfaatti vaikuttamalla edullisesti mm. palkokasvien kasvuun.
Calligypona obscurella (Boh.), a new vector of the wheat striate mosaic and oat sterile-dwarf viruses
Authors: Ikäheimo Katri , Raatikainen Mikko
Published: July 2018

By transmission tests C. obscurella was shown to transmit the wheat striate mosaic virus from wheat to wheat and the oat sterile-dwarf virus from oats to oats. In C. obscurella the incubation times of these viruses seem to be as long as in C. pellucida. In its life cycle and distribution, C. obscurella closely resembles C. pellucida. In Finland the former is earlier but on the whole scarcer than C. pellucida. The ability of C. obscurella to transmit viruses seems to be similar to that of C. pellucida Being scarcer, C. obscurella is obviously of less importance than C. pellucida as a vector of cereal viruses. Locally, it may, perhaps, be of some importance.
Results from a soil improvement and fertilizing test on fen land at Leteensuo
Authors: Pessi Yrjö
Published: July 2018

Clay and sand, used as soil improving agents, have increased the hay crops as well as the cereal crops. When the fertilization contained phosphates only, the increases in crop yield produced by the soil improvement were quite high. In this case clay developed a higher effect than sand. In connection with phosphate plus potassium fertilization both kinds of mineral soil were approximately equal in value, but their effect fell considerably below that of phosphate fertilization alone. These agents have thus a remarkable potassium fertilizing effect. However, potassium fertilization was not able to account for the entire crop yield-increasing effect of mineral soil. The highest increases in crop yield per unit of mineral soil addition were obtained with the mineral soil quantity of 100 m3 per hectare. The addition of mineral soil has a prolonged effect since the effect has not decreased in the 30 years since the latest soil improving treatment in this test. Phosphate and potassium fertilization are both necessary. For spring cereals and for the annual top dress fertilization of hay meadows the superphosphate quantity of 200—300 kg per hectare is adequate. The requirement of potassium fertilizer varies according to the quantity of soil improving agents and their quality. In all circumstances 200 kg 50 % potassium salt per hectare seems to be a sufficient potassium fertilization for the plants considered in this test. A slightly higher quantity is thought to be necessary for the top dress fertilization of hay meadows without soil improving agents.
The volume weight of the organic matter in the plough layer of peat lands cultivated by different methods
Authors: Pessi Yrjö
Published: July 2018

The investigation is a report of the results from determinations of the volume weight of the organic matter in the plough layer of cultivated peat lands. They are believed to justify the following conclusions. As a consequence of continued cultivation through several decades, the volume weight of the organic matter in the plough layer increases. Owing to the fact that cultivation also adds plant residues and root substance to the soil of the plough layer, this increase cannot be positively attributed to the favourable effect of the cultivation measures on the humification of the peat alone, though this effect is certainly thought to be at least partially responsible. The increase of the volume weight is also thought to be one of the reasons why peat lands in the course of continued cultivation gradually evolve a closer resemblance to humus soil. The cultivation methods influence the change in volume weight of the organic matter. Fertilizing, liming and addition of mineral soil for soil improvement usually produce an increase in the volume weight.
Upto-perunan merkitys Mikkelin läänin maanviljelysseuran alueella
Authors: Seppänen Esko , Huokuna Erkki
Published: July 2018

Skotlantilaisen A. Findlayn v. 1894 kauppaan laskema Upto-peruna osoittautui aina 1940-luvulle saakka satoisimmaksi ruokaperunaksi Etelä-Savon koeasemalla. Se oli eräs satoisimmista myös kaikki lajikkeet huomioonottaen. Tämän useimmilta muiltakin ominaisuuksiltaan hyväksi osoittautuneen lajikkeen viljely laajeni voimakkaasti 1930-luvulla, ja se oli jo v. 1939 syrjäyttänyt maatiaisperuna Haalikaisen valta-asemasta Mikkelinläänin maanviljelysseuran alueella. Upton viljely oli laajimmillaan v:n 1950 paikkeilla, jolloin sitä viljeltiin joka toisella viljelmällä ja sen viljelyala oli lähes kolmannes alueen koko perunanviljelyalasta. Maataloushallituksen lajiketiedustelujen mukaan Upton levinneisyys oli v. 1950 29.7 %, v. 1955 25.5 % ja 1960 18.1 % (kuva 1). Vuoden 1959 haastattelututkimuksen mukaan oli maatiaisperuna Haalikaisen viljely jo v. 1939 keskittynyt pienille viljelmille, v. 1959 oli Upton viljelyn pääpaino pienillä viljelmillä ja näyttää todennäköiseltä, että v. 1959 suuremmilla viljelmillä eniten viljelty lajike Jaakko tulee ennen pitkää syrjäyttämään Upton valtalajikkeen asemasta. Vaikka ko. alueella viljellään vieläkin Haalikaista yleisesti ruokaperunaksi, osoittautui Upto v. 1959 tärkeimmäksi ruokaperunaksi. Uptoa viljellään jonkin verran myös myyntiin, mutta suurin osa sadosta käytetään kuitenkin rehuksi.
Viljan kosteuden tasaantumisesta sekoitettaessa
Authors: Teittinen Pentti
Published: July 2018

Kuivaa (7.9 %) ja kosteata (22.7 %) syysvehnää sekoitettuna säilytettäessä jyvien kosteus tasaantui nopeasti. Koko tarkkailukauden (n. 3 1/2 kk) aikana tapahtuneista kosteudenmuutoksista keskimäärin 77 % todettiin jo vuorokauden kuluttua sekoittamisesta. Neljän vuorokauden jälkeen tapahtui kosteudenmuutoksia enää hyvin vähän.
Lisätietoja torajyvän viljelykokeista Viikin koetilalla
Authors: Ruokola Anna-Liisa
Published: July 2018

Torajyväsienen, Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul:n viljelykokeet Helsingin yliopiston opetus- ja koetilalla Viikissä aloitettiin v. 1952. Vuosina 1952—1959 suoritetuista kokeista on tulokset aikaisemmin julkaistu (9, 10, 11, 12). Ne käsittelevät paitsi sienen viljelyä, myös sen leviämistä rukiin talousviljelyksiin sekä koteloitiöiden välityksellä tapahtuvaa tartuntaa. Viljelykokeita on edelleen jatkettu. Näissä tutkimuksissa pyrittiin mm. selvittämään typpi-, boori- ja kuparilannoitusten vaikutusta rukiin tähkissä kehittyvään torajyväsatoon. Samalla tutkittiin tähkien saastuttamiseen käytettyjen kuromasuspensioiden erilaisten konsentraatioiden vaikutusta satotuloksiin. Lisäksi vertailtiin rukiin tähkien keinotekoisesti suoritetun kuromasaastutuksen sekä toisaalta mesikasteen erittymiseen liittyvän ns. sekundäärisaastunnan vaikutuksia toisiinsa. Torajyväsienen leviämiseen kiinnitettiin niinikään huomiota.
Trace elements in Finnish soils as related to soil texture and organic matter content
Authors: Sillanpää Mikko
Published: July 2018

A study was conducted to evaluate the relation of the total contents of Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn on soil texture and organic matter content. In spite of a wide variation, a clear tendency for the trace element contents (Pb being an exception) to decrease with increasing particle size was found. The reason for this is believed to be associated with the geological origin of the soil material and with the relative resistance to weathering of the minerals from which the trace elements are derived. In mineral soils the contents of trace elements increased with increasing organic matter and the maximum contents are likely to be found in soils containing from 5 to 15 per cent organic matter. A further increase in organic matter tends to decrease the total contents of trace elements expressed on a volume basis (kg/ha). The causes underlying this relation, which are believed to be pedological rather than chemical, are discussed.
Fertilizer phosphorus in various fractions of soil phosphorus
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

In the present work an attempt was made to follow in laboratory experiments the distribution of fertilizer phosphorus into the various fractions of soil inorganic phosphorus using the procedure of CHANG and JACKSON (3). Four mineral soils were selected for these studies. Their acidity varied from pH 3.7 to pH 6.0 (in 0.02 N CaCl2), clay content from 28 to 54 per cent, and the indicator of their capacity to sorb phosphate from 135 to 1000. The fertilizers studied were superphosphate, CaHPO4∙2H20 (chemical grade), hyperphosphate, basic slag, and a preparate of fused apatite called in this work the »Finnish phosphate». In the soil samples incubated with an application of fertilizers corresponding to about 500 ppm P for 24 weeks at room temperature, the fertilizer phosphorus accumulated in various fractions mainly according to the properties of the soils. In the two acid Litorina soils rich in sesquioxides and with a high capacity to sorb phosphate, the main part of the fertilizer phosphorus was found in the alkali-soluble fraction in most the cases, with a not insignificant amount in the fluoride-soluble fraction. The only exceptions occurred in the distribution of hyperphosphate phosphorus, and to a lesser degree, of phosphorus in basic slag, in the sample particularly rich in iron where a large portion of fertilizer phosphorus remained in the acid-soluble forms. In the slightly acid sandy clay the distribution of the fertilizer phosphorus into the different fractions was more uniform than in the other soils, only the hyperphosphate phosphorus largely remained in the acid-soluble forms. In the acid silt soil with a typical average capacity to sorb phosphate, the main part of the fertilizer phosphorus was in all cases found in the fluoride-soluble fraction. The equal distribution of superphosphate phosphorus and dicalcium phosphate phosphorus in the respective incubated soils is in accordance with the claim that monocalcium phosphate rapidly turns over into dicalcium phosphate in the soil. The well known slow mobilization of hyperphosphate phosphorus in all but the very acid soils is also demonstrated by the present results, but the slow reaction of this fertilizer in the acid soil with a very high content of iron may be worth of further studies. The compounds of basic slag seem to be mobilized fairly rapidly even in the less acid soils. The results concerning the »Finnish phosphate» indicate that this preparate may be a valuable phosphorus fertilizer in various kinds of our soils. During the fractionation procedure the reactions of the fertilizer phosphorus compounds with the soil constituents seem to be marked, the trend and the rate of the reactions largely depending on the properties of the soils.
Effects of season and stage of lactation on protein bound iodine and total cholesterol in serum of dairy cows
Authors: Kossila Vappu
Published: July 2018

Protein bound iodine (PBI) and total cholesterol levels in serum were determined from 589 arterial samples of healthy dairy cows in different stages of lactation during a period of 18 months. PBI values varied from 2.10 to 6.29 ɣ %, with approximately 79 % of the cases occurring between 3 and 5 ɣ % and the average PBI level being 3.935 ɣ %. Cholesterol values varied from 37.6 to 494.4 mg %, with approximately 66 % of the cases between 100 and 300 mg % and the average colesterol level being 197.43 mg %. The stage of lactation had a greater influence on total cholesterol level than on PBI level. PBI level was lowest one month post partum (3.65 ± 0.08 ɣ %), but remained rather constant from the 5th to 13th month post partum, varying between 3.96 ± 0.08 and 4.11 ± 0.08 ɣ %. It was assumed that during the early stages of lactation the disappearance of thyroid hormones from the serum may be somewhat faster than their synthesis within the thyroid gland, and after an adaptation period in the later stages of lactation, the thyroid gland is able to maintain an optimal PBI level in the serum. The average cholesterol level of 177 mg % one month post partum was relatively low in regard to milk production compared with cholesterol levels obtained at later stages of lactation. The relatively low cholesterol values in the early part of lactation may have reflected a state of physiological undernutrition or an adaptation of the liver and rumen to increasing milk production. The total cholesterol was parallel with milk production from the 3rd to 13th month post partum. The lowest cholesterol values occurred in the serum of dry cows. Significant seasonal variations were noticed in PBI and cholesterol levels. The highest average PBI levels were obtained in April, May, and June and the lowest at the end of July and at the beginning of August. The cholesterol levels were highest during the indoor feeding period from December to May and lowest during the pasture feeding period. Since seasonal variations of total cholesterol level resembled greatly those of PBI, it was assumed that there are common factors influencing simultaneously both the PBI and cholesterol levels.
Suomessa viljeltyjen ohralajikkeiden systemaattinen asema
Authors: Ulvinen Osmo
Published: July 2018

Ohralajikkeemme voidaan jakaa seitsemään MANSFELDin (10) esittämään muunnokseen. Eroittavina tuntomerkkeinä ovat tällöin tähkän tahoisuus ja tiheys sekä vihneiden karkeus. Tähkän tiheyden puolesta epäselvien lajikkeiden sijoittamisessa on käytetty aputuntomerkkeinä jyvän kannan muotoa, kaunojen kokoa sekä tähkän muotoa. Seuraavassa esitetään joukko ohralajikkeitamme sijoitettuna MANSFELDin järjestelmään. Käytetty suomenkielinen nimistö on pääasiassa SAULIN (12) käyttämän mukaista. Aikaisemmin esiintynyt nimitys »tahkoinen» on kuitenkin muutettu nykyisen käytännön mukaiseksi muodoksi »tahoinen». Ainoa suurempi poikkeus SAULIN nimistöstä koskee nutans- ja erectum-muunnosten suomenkielisiä vastineita. SAULI käytti edellisestä nimitystä nuokkuva ohra ja jälkimmäisestä nimitystä pysty ohra. Nämä on aikaisemmin esitetyin perustein korvattu KORPISEN käyttämillä nimillä loitto-ohra ja ahto-ohra.
Ruudun koko perunan lajikekokeissa
Authors: Yllö L.
Published: July 2018

Kasvinviljelylaitoksella seurattiin vuosina 1963—64 ruudun koon vaikutusta koetuloksiin perunan lajikekokeessa. Lajike-erot muodostuivat tilastollisesti luotettaviksi jo pientä ruutua (6.6 m2) käyttäen, mikäli erot olivat vähintäin 18 % mittarin sadosta. Sitä pienemmät poikkeamat jäivät yleensä epävarmoiksi, vaikka ruutua suurennettiin. Koevirhe pieneni ruudun koon suuretessa hyvin selvästi v. 1963, mutta seuraavana vuonna oli vaikutus huomattavasti heikompi. Ruudun edullisin koko on siis riippuvainen monesta tekijästä, kuten kasvuoloista, koejärjestelystä ja kokeelta vaadittavasta tarkkuudesta. Kun mainittujen tekijöiden vaikutusta on etukäteen vaikea arvioida, on liian pienten ruutujen käyttöön suhtauduttava varovaisuudella. Näyttää siltä, että Kasvinviljelylaitoksella käytetty ruutu, jossa on 70—75 yksilöä, on sopiva eikä sitä ole syytä ainakaan pääkokeissa muuttaa. Kerranteita pitäisi olla vähintäin viisi. Valmistavissa ja laatua koskevissa tutkimuksissa ruutu voi olla pienempi.
On the frost resistance of red clover with special attention to seed production
Authors: Valmari Arvi , Valmari Irja
Published: July 2018

The frost-resistance of Finnish red clover has been studied by means of experiments in a cold cabinet and on the basis of samples taken from the field. In the cold cabinet experiments the frost injury of the clover plant’s vegetative parts has reached considerable magnitude when the temperature was about 4° C. Also the unripe heads which did not die immediately could suffer so that the development of the seed stopped. Definitive death of the plants began to occur in the treatment at 5° C, though only when the soil was frozen. The plants recovered after treatment at 10° C if the soil was not frozen. In the field little frost injury of the vegetative parts occurred even with a frost of 6 to 7° C, but the unripe seeds suffered injury in that case. The germination percentage is distinctly dependent on the seed size in absence of frost. The stage of development at which more than 70 % of the corollae are light brown constituted an intermediate phase where the variation in germinative ability was great and covered, when the samples subjected to slight natural frost (–6.6° C) were taken into account, practically the entire per cent range (0—99 %). After the corollae of the heads had turned dark brown, at which time the seed had reached full weight, the seed suffered no injury from –6 to –7° C frost, and even more severe frosts could at the most cause a very slight lowering of germination percentage. Frost seems to injure the seed mainly by stopping the development of the unripe seeds. No lowering of germination from the level corresponding to the seed size has been observed in all cases nor was there any complete loss of germinative ability such as occurs with cereals. The commercial value of frost-injured red clover seed can be considerably increased by sorting. The number of hard seeds is highest in large, early harvested seed. Frost evidently causes »softening» of germinative seeds. The risk implied by frost is less in clover seed cultivation than in the cultivation of spring cereals and potatoes.
Suomen maataloushistorian päälinjat
Authors: Soininen Arvo M.
Published: July 2018

Suomen maatalouden historia on ollut viljelijän kamppailua toimeentulonsa puolesta vaihtelevissa olosuhteissa. Maatilatalouden rakennemuutokset ja viljelymenetelmien vaihtaminen ovat olleet tärkeitä keinoja maanviljelijän koettaessa mukautua alati liikkeellä olevaan taloudelliseen kehitykseen. Perinnäisen maatalouden kaudella esihistoriallisen ajan lopulta 1800-luvulle tekninen kehitys oli varsin hidasta, mutta nopeampaa kehitystä tapahtui taloudellisen toiminnan alalla maatilatalouden painopisteen siirtyessä jatkuvasti sektorilta toiselle tai rinnakkaisesta viljelymenetelmästä toiseen. Käsitys maatalouskehityksemme staattisesta luonteesta perinnäisen maatalouden kaudella, joka perustuu yksipuolisesti teknisen kehityksen hitauteen, osoittautuu näin ollen harhakuvaksi. Viimeisen sadan vuoden aikana maatalouskehityksen luonne on suuresti muuttunut. Kehitykselle on ollut luonteenomaista nopeasti edistyvä maataloustekniikka ja siirtyminen omavaraistaloudesta vaihdantatalouteen. Seurauksena on ollut sopeutumisvaikeuksia sekä maatalouden tuotantoyksiköille, maatiloille, että maatalousväestölle. Huomattavalta osalta näistä sopeutumisvaikeuksista johtuu, että maatalouden taloudellisen ja sosiaalisen kehityksen välillä on ollut kitkaa ja maatalouden tuottavuuden kasvu on jäänyt jälkeen yleisestä taloudellisesta kasvusta.
The most important quality criteria of some home-grown black-currant varieties IV. Gas-chromatographic analysis of aroma
Authors: Kuusi Taina , Siiriä Alpo , Kuusi Terttu
Published: July 2018

A gas chromatographic study has been made of the volatile aroma components of black-currant. The material consisted of 12 home-grown varieties from 6 localities taken over a period of 2 years, although the series are not complete. Separate investigation was made of the low-boiling and high-boiling parts of the aroma; in the former case, material of two years was studied, and in the latter case, that of one year only. The lower-boiling components were isolated in chilled adsorption tubes from a nitrogen stream led through a berry homogenate at room temperature. Analysis was effected at 80°C with a polyetylene glycol/teflon column (the same mass served as filling for the adsorption tubes). In all, 13 components were registered, although their occurrence, and the amounts in the different samples, were somewhat variable. As regards the different factors, the variety exercised no more than a slight effect on the aroma picture, whereas weather conditions were important, influencing the frequency of the peaks and the general aroma level; a cool summer increased the level. The northernness of the growing locality had a similar effect, although this result its of preliminary nature. The degree of ripeness and the condition had a considerable effect; the level of aromagrams was higher with more ripe samples, and in particular the ethanol content, which forms the bulk of the low-boiling aroma, was increased. A positive correlation was detected between the height of the ethanol peak and the total aroma or aroma number. By contrast, the height of the methanol peak exhibited a slight negative correlation with the degree of esterification of the pectin. The higher-boiling compounds were isolated by vacuum distillation and subsequent extraction with ether. In the gas chromatography, use was made of a butandiol succinate polyester/celite column, and the temperatures were 120 and 150°C. In all, 25 components were observed. Of the various factors, the variety showed a clear-cut influence on the aroma picture, as differences in the occurrence of the peaks and the relative heights were noted between the varieties; in this series, quantitative comparisons between the samples were impossible. The effect of locality and degree of ripeness is less well defined. Organoleptic checking showed that the changes were small in isolation of the lower-boiling components. In contrast, isolation of the higher-boiling compounds induced more changes, so that an aroma fraction obtained in the organic solvent was more terpene-like than the original aroma.
Chemical preservatives in foodstuffs VI. The effect of silver ions on microbes, in particular on the flora of fresh fish
Authors: Nikkilä Olavi E. , Siiriä Alpo , Laine Jorma J.
Published: July 2018

A study has been made of the effect of silver ions upon microbes in water, in rinsing and washing experiments, and in the storage of fresh Baltic herring in ice containing silver ions. It was observed that silver ions were microbicidic in all experiments except in those with stored fish. Even in this case, silver ions were effective in killing bacteria when they were isolated and kept in an aqueous solution. In all the experiments the pure cultures were less resistant than the natural mixed cultures.