bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The NKG2D-Activating Receptor Mediates Pulmonary Clearance ofPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Borchers Michael T. , Harris Nathaniel L. , Wesselkamper Scott C. , Zhang Shiping , Chen Yi , Young Lisa , Lau Gee W.
Published: April 2006

The NKG2D-activating receptor is expressed on cytotoxic lymphocytes and interacts with ligands expressed on the surface of cells stressed by pathogenic and nonpathogenic stimuli. In this study, we investigated the physiologic importance of NKG2D receptor-ligand interactions in response to acute pulmonaryPseudomonas aeruginosainfection.P. aeruginosainfection increased the expression of mouse NKG2D ligands (Rae1) in airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages in vivo and also increased the cell surface expression of human NKG2D ligands (ULBP2) on airway epithelial cells in vitro. NKG2D receptor blockade with a specific monoclonal antibody inhibited the pulmonary clearance ofP. aeruginosa.NKG2D receptor blockade also resulted in decreased production of Th1 cytokines and nitric oxide in the lungs ofP. aeruginosa-infected mice. Additionally, NKG2D receptor blockade reduced the epithelial cell sloughing that accompaniesP. aeruginosainfection. Macrophage phagocytosis and bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity were not different inP. aeruginosa-infected mice with and without NKG2D receptor blockade. These results demonstrate the importance of NKG2D-mediated immune activation in the clearance of acute bacterial infection and suggest that epithelial cell-lymphocyte interactions mediate pulmonary cytokine production, epithelial cell integrity, and bacterial clearance.
LfhA, a Novel Factor H-Binding Protein of
Leptospira interrogans
Authors: Verma Ashutosh , Hellwage Jens , Artiushin Sergey , Zipfel Peter F. , Kraiczy Peter , Timoney John F. , Stevenson Brian
Published: April 2006

The early phase of leptospiral infection is characterized by the presence of live organisms in the blood. Pathogenic
Leptospira interrogans
is resistant to the alternative pathway of complement mediated-killing, while nonpathogenic members of the genus are not. Consistent with that observation, only pathogenic leptospires bound factor H, a host fluid-phase regulator of the alternative complement pathway. Ligand affinity blot analyses revealed that pathogenic
L. interrogans
produces at least two factor H-binding proteins. Through screening of a lambda phage expression library, we identified one of these as the novel membrane protein LfhA. Ligand affinity assays and surface plasmon resonance analyses of recombinant LfhA revealed specific binding of both factor H and factor H-related protein 1. Serological examination of infected humans and horses demonstrated that LfhA is expressed by
L. interrogans
during mammalian infection. LfhA may therefore contribute to the resistance of pathogenic leptospires to complement-mediated killing during leptospiremic phases of the disease.
Campylobacter jejuniInduces Maturation and Cytokine Production in Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Hu Lan , Bray Mechelle D. , Osorio Manuel , Kopecko Dennis J.
Published: April 2006

Campylobacter jejuniis a leading bacterial cause of human diarrheal disease in both developed and developing nations. Colonic mucosal invasion and the resulting host inflammatory responses are thought to be the key contributing factors to the dysenteric form of this disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses to microbial infection. In this study, the interaction between human monocyte-derived dendritic cells andC. jejuniwas studied. We found thatC. jejuniwas readily internalized by DCs over a 2-h period. However, after a prolonged infection period (24 or 48 h) withC. jejuni, only a few viable bacteria remained intracellularly. Minimal cytotoxicity ofC. jejunito dendritic cells was observed.C. jejuniinduced the maturation of dendritic cells over 24 h, as indicated by up-regulation of cell surface marker proteins CD40, CD80, and CD86. In addition,Campylobacter-infected DCs triggered activation of NF-κB and significantly stimulated production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) compared to uninfected DCs. Active bacterial invasion of DCs was not necessary for the induction of these cytokines, as heat-killedC. jejunistimulated similar levels of cytokine production as live bacteria. Purified lipooligosaccharide ofC. jejuniappears to be the major stimulant for the increased production of cytokines by DCs. Taken together, these data indicate that during infection,Campylobactertriggers an innate inflammatory response through increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α and initiates a Th1-polarized adaptive immune response as predicted from the high level of production of IL-12.
Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of Prime-Boost Immunization with Recombinant Poxvirus FP9 and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Encoding the Full-LengthPlasmodium falciparumCircumsporozoite Protein
Authors: Walther Michael , Thompson Fiona M. , Dunachie Susanna , Keating Sheila , Todryk Stephen , Berthoud Tamara , Andrews Laura , Andersen Rikke F. , Moore Anne , Gilbert Sarah C. , Poulton Ian , Dubovsky Filip , Tierney Eveline , Correa Simon , Huntcooke Angela , Butcher Geoffrey , Williams Jack , Sinden Robert E. , Hill Adrian V. S.
Published: April 2006

Heterologous prime-boost immunization with DNA and various recombinant poxviruses encoding malaria antigens is capable of inducing strong cell-mediated immune responses and partial protection in human sporozoite challenges. Here we report a series of trials assessing recombinant fowlpox virus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara encoding thePlasmodium falciparumcircumsporozoite protein in various prime-boost combinations, doses, and application routes. For the first time, these vaccines were administered intramuscularly and at doses of up to 5 × 108PFU. Vaccines containing this antigen proved safe and induced modest immune responses but showed no evidence of efficacy in a sporozoite challenge.
RpoH Mediates the Expression of Some, but Not All, Genes Induced in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Adherent to Epithelial Cells
Authors: Du Ying , Arvidson Cindy Grove
Published: April 2006

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(gonococcus [GC]), is highly adapted to the human host, the only known reservoir for gonococcal infection. However, since it is sexually transmitted, infection of a new host likely requires a regulatory response on the part of the gonococcus to respond to this significant change in environment. We previously showed that adherence of gonococci to epithelial cells results in changes of gene expression in the bacteria that presumably prepare them for subsequent steps in the infection process. Expression of the heat shock sigma factor gene,
rpoH
, was shown to be important for the invasion step, as gonococci depleted for
rpoH
were reduced in their ability to invade epithelial cells. Here, we show that of the genes induced in adherent gonococci, two are part of the gonococcal RpoH regulon. When RpoH is depleted, expression of these genes is no longer induced by host cell contact, indicating that RpoH is mediating the host cell induction response of these genes. One RpoH-dependent gene, NGO0376, is shown to be important for invasion of epithelial cells, consistent with earlier observations that RpoH is necessary for this step of infection. Two genes, NGO1684 and NGO0340, while greatly induced by host cell contact, were found to be RpoH independent, indicating that more than one regulator is involved in the response to host cell contact. Furthermore, NGO0340, but not NGO1684, was shown to be important for both adherence and invasion of epithelial cells, suggesting a complex regulatory network in the response of gonococci to contact with host cells.
Microcin J25 Uptake: His5of the MccJ25 Lariat Ring Is Involved in Interaction with the Inner Membrane MccJ25 Transporter Protein SbmA
Authors: de Cristóbal Ricardo E. , Solbiati Jose O. , Zenoff Ana M. , Vincent Paula A. , Salomón Raul A. , Yuzenkova Julia , Severinov Konstantin , Farías Ricardo N.
Published: April 2006

Escherichia colimicrocin J25 (MccJ25) is a plasmid-encoded antibiotic peptide consisting of 21l-amino acid residues (G1-G-A-G-H5-V-P-E-Y-F10-V-G-I-G-T15-P-I-S-F-Y20-G).E. coliRNA polymerase (RNAP) is the intracellular target of MccJ25. MccJ25 enters cells after binding to specific membrane transporters: FhuA in the outer membrane and SbmA in the inner membrane. Here, we studied MccJ25 mutants carrying a substitution of His5by Lys, Arg, or Ala. The inhibitory effects on cellular growth and in vitro RNAP activity were determined for each mutant microcin. The results show that all mutants inhibited RNAP in vitro. However, the mutants were defective in their ability to inhibit cellular growth. Experiments in which the FhuA protein was bypassed showed that substitutions of MccJ25 His5affected the SbmA-dependent transport. Our results thus suggest that MccJ25 His5located in the lariat ring is involved, directly or indirectly, in specific interaction with SbmA and is not required for MccJ25 inhibition of RNAP.
Bearing the Burden of Desegregation
Authors: Karpinski Carol F.
Published: April 2006

Brown had a tragic consequence: the displacement, dismissal, and demotion of thousands of African American educators, in particular principals, in the South. Although the lack of diversity in today’s teaching force has multiple origins, a reexamination of one of its roots deepens our understanding of the past, illuminates the present, and bears on the future. The crisis viewed from the perspective of educators explores the decimation of Black principals whose removal contributed to drying up the “pipeline” of teaching recruits among African Americans. Efforts by the federal government, educational associations, and other groups to reverse the trend were inadequate and belated.
Predicting Perceived Employability: Human Capital or Labour Market Opportunities?
Authors: Berntson Erik , Sverke Magnus , Marklund Staffan
Published: April 2006

Employability is believed to be a crucial concept concerning employees’ job security. This study investigates whether factors associated with human capital and the dual labour market predict perceived employability. Two national representative Swedish samples are used, representing economic recession (1993, N ¼ 4952) and prosperity (1999, N ¼ 6696). Employability was perceived as higher during prosperity, but human capital factors as well as dual labour market factors predicted perceived employability, irrespective of the time period. These findings indicate that the understanding of employability is enhanced by considering both structural and individual dimensions.
From Welfare to Profit: The Transformation of a Trade Union-Owned Firm
Authors: Warhurst Chris , Darr Asaf
Published: April 2006

This article focuses on a trade union-owned commercial vehicle assembler operating in Israel since the mid-20th century. The article analyses the transformation of the case study firm’s management, employment and work organization, the outcome of which is a firm concerned with profit, not employee welfare, as it was initially. The article explores how and why this transformation occurred. Secondary and primary data research is used in the analysis, consisting of archival and interview data respectively. This analysis reveals three distinct periods in the transformation, with an old firm, a transitional firm and a new firm. The research indicates that these periods correlate to the changes of political economy and institutional configurations within which the case study firm is embedded, suggesting that such embeddedness is a key issue for the firm and its orientation to welfare or profit.
Change of Damage Zone Size by T-stress
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Yang , Ahmed Kashif , Yeh Hsien-Liang
Published: April 2006

In this article, the influence of T-stress on the plastic/damage zone size of a precracked isotropic/composite plate is studied by using various failure criteria under tensile loading conditions. The results of this investigation indicate that the stress field with T-stress always yields a larger damage zone than the field without T-stress. The obtained results have been compared with other results presented by Larsson and Carlsson as well as Rice and others. These results may be referred to the damage repairing work of laminated composite plates.
Perspectives on:In Vitro Evaluation of Biomedical Polymers
Authors: Chiellini Federica
Published: April 2006

Recently polymeric materials have gained tremendous attention in a wide variety of applications spanning from electronics to environmental and biomedical fields. In this paper, current in vitro methods for polymers biocompatibility assessment are reviewed in combination with new concepts and techniques that appear promising for the development and improvement of in vitro methods with the purpose of reducing animal experimentation. The utilization of medical devices, for example, has always been subordinate to the assessment of their biocompatibility. This aspect, as well as the methods for evaluating biocompatibility have changed over the years as a result of new developments in cell biology that have revolutionized in vitro techniques for assaying polymeric materials for bioapplications.
Interactions of mRNAs and gRNAs involved in trypanosome mitochondrial RNA editing: Structure probing of a gRNA bound to its cognate mRNA
Authors: Yu Laura E. , Koslowsky Donna J.
Published: April 2006

Expression of mitochondrial genes in Trypanosoma brucei requires RNA editing of its mRNA transcripts. During editing, uridylates are precisely inserted and deleted as directed by the gRNA template to create the protein open reading frame. This process involves the bimolecular interaction of the gRNA with its cognate pre-edited mRNA and the assembly of a protein complex with the enzymatic machinery required. While a considerable amount of work has been done identifying the protein components of the editing complex, very little is known about how a functional editosome is assembled. In addition, the importance of RNA structure in establishing a functional editing complex is poorly understood. Work in our lab suggests that different mRNA/gRNA pairs can form similar secondary structures suggesting that a common core architecture may be important for editosome recognition and function. Using solution structure probing, we have investigated the structure of the initiating gRNA, gCYb-558, in the mRNA/gRNA complex with pre-edited apocytochrome b mRNA. Our data indicate that the stem–loop formed by the guiding region of the gRNA alone is maintained in its interaction with the pre-edited message. In addition, our data suggest that a gRNA stem–loop structure is maintained through the first few editing events by the use of alternative base-pairing with the U-tail.
3-dimensional loops on non-solvable reductive spaces
Authors: Figula Ágota
Published: April 2006

We treat the almost differentiable left A-loops as
images of global differentiable sharply transitive sections σ : G | H → G for a Lie group G such
that G
|
H is a reductive homogeneous manifold. In this paper we
classify all 3-dimensional connected strongly left alternative almost
differentiable left A-loops L such that for the corresponding section
σ : G | H → G the Lie group G is
non-solvable.
Extensions of isomorphisms for affine dual polar spaces and strong parapolar spaces
Authors: Blok Rieuwert J.
Published: April 2006

Let B be a class of point-line geometries. Given
Γ
i
 ∈ B with subspace

i
for
i = 1, 2, does any isomorphism Γ1 − 
1 → Γ2 − 
2 extend to a unique isomorphism Γ1
→ Γ2? It is known to be true if B is the class of almost all projective spaces or the class
of almost all nondegenerate polar spaces. We show that this is true for the class
of almost all strong parapolar spaces, including dual polar
spaces.

A special case occurs when Γ1 = Γ2 = Γ has an
embedding into a projective space ℙ(V ) that is natural in
the sense that Aut(Γ ) ≤ PΓL(V ). Then the question
becomes whether ℙ(V ) is also the natural embedding for
Γ − . Our result shows that in most cases the stabilizer
StabAut(Γ)(Γ − ) is faithful on
Γ −  and equals Aut(Γ − ) and so the
answer is affirmative. We know that there exist some interesting exceptions. These
will be covered in a subsequent paper.
Artin groups of type B and D
Authors: Crisp John , Paris Luis
Published: April 2006

We show that each of the Artin groups of type Bn
and
Dn
can be presented as a semidirect product F ⋊ ℬ
n
,
where F is a free group and ℬ
n
is the
n-string braid group. We explain how these semidirect product
structures arise quite naturally from fibrations, and observe that, in each
case, the action of the braid group ℬ
n
on the free group
F is classical. We prove that, for each of the semidirect products, the
group of automorphisms which leave invariant the normal subgroup F is
small: namely, Out(A(Bn
 ), F ) has order
2, and Out(A(Dn
 ), F ) has order 4 if
n is even and 2 if n is odd. It is known that the Artin group
of type Dn
may be viewed as an index 2 subgroup of the
n-string braid group over a disk with a degree 2 orbifold point. We
show that this orbifold braid group has outer automorphism group of order 2, for
all n ≥ 2.
Reanalysis in the history of do: A view from construction grammar
Authors: Ziegeler Debra
Published: April 2006

The mystery of the rise of the affirmative, declarative (periphrastic) use of do in the thirteenth century and its decline by the start of the eighteenth century remains one of the principal unsolved problems for linguists working in historical research. Some of the main arguments on the origins of do discuss the needs of poetic rhyme (e.g., Engblom 1938), the positioning of the adverb (e.g., Ogura 1993), the elimination of awkward consonant clusters (e.g., Stein 1990), and the ambiguities of object referents in questions (Hudson 1997), much of the earlier historical research relying on hypotheses relating to internal problems of the system. The present study examines the early causative origins of do, viewed from a diachronic, construction-based approach, and offers an explanation in which the reanalysis and subsequent loss of do as a declarative, affirmative auxiliary took place via a process known as hyperanalysis (Croft 2000), resulting in the gradual process of co-lexicalization of the causative verb meaning within the semantics of the main verb across an ever-increasing range of main verb environments.
Metaphor meets typology: Ways of moving metaphorically in English and Turkish
Authors: Özçalişkan Şeyda
Published: April 2006

Earlier work on literal motion has shown that English and Turkish belong to typologically distinct classes of languages, with English speakers paying greater linguistic attention to the manner dimension of motion events (e.g., Özçalişkan and Slobin 1999a, 2003). As a further step, this article investigates whether typological differences hold true for the metaphorical extensions of motion events. Thus, the article compares two types of languages with regard to their lexicalization patterns in encoding metaphorical motion events: (1) verb-framed languages (or V-languages, represented by Turkish), in which the preferred pattern for framing motion events is the use of a path verb with an optional manner adjunct (e.g., enter running), and (2) satellite-framed languages (S-languages, represented by English), in which path is lexicalized in an element associated with the verb, leaving the verb free to encode manner (e.g., run in). The analysis of written texts and elicited responses in the two languages shows clear typological contrast, with English speakers encoding manner of motion in their metaphorical descriptions more frequently and extensively than Turkish speakers, using a variety of linguistic devices (e.g., verbs, adverbials). Overall, the results indicate that the degree of codability of a semantic dimension in a lexical item (i.e., motion verb) has a spillover effect on the choice of other lexical items in a sentence, suggesting the conceptual salience of this dimension for its speakers. This effect is observable in both the literal and the metaphorical uses of the lexicon.
Cognitive schemas and motion verbs: COMING and GOING in Chindali (Eastern Bantu)
Authors: Botne Robert
Published: April 2006

This study develops a detailed semantic analysis of a dozen COME and GO verbs in an eastern Bantu language, Chindali. These verbs are shown to differ not only in the typical motional elements such as path and landmark encoded in the motion schema, but also in what component of the motion schema is salient. Complementing the semantic analysis is a discussion of how these verbs are combined extensively in narrative discourse to provide a detailed mapping of a motion trajectory. Finally, the analysis provides support for the position that deixis is not inherent to all COME and GO expressions, but is, in the case of GO lexemes, often a pragmatic attribute of contextual use.
Experimental comparison of the psychological benefits of aerobic exercise, humor, and music
Authors: Szabo Attila , Ainsworth Sarah E. , Danks Philippa K.
Published: April 2006

The effects of aerobic exercise, humor, and music on the state anxiety and affect of healthy women were investigated by using a ‘within participants’ design. Twenty women were tested four times at weekly intervals. They were exposed to four 20-minute treatments in a counterbalanced order: 1) stationary cycling at 50% of their maximal heart rate reserve, 2) watching a humorous video, 3) listening to new-age music, and 4) sitting quietly. Participants’ state anxiety and affect were measured 5-minutes before and 5-minutes after each treatment. Statistically significant decreases in state anxiety were observed in all four conditions. Negative affect also decreased in all but the sitting quietly (control) condition. The calculated effects sizes, reflecting the meaningfulness of the intervention-induced changes, were highest in response to humor session, followed by music and exercise. It is concluded, therefore, that the immediate psychological benefits of humor and music are comparable to the psychological benefits of a bout of aerobic exercise.
3 WD meets GTVH: Breaking the ground for interdisciplinary humor research
Authors: Hempelmann Christian F. , Ruch Willibald
Published: April 2006

The present paper describes an interdisciplinary effort, in which results based on the same material, but analyzed with tools from two different disciplines are brought together for mutual evaluation. The set of 70 jokes and cartoons from the 3 WD (Ruch 1995), which has been extensively studied psychologically for its affective properties, is analyzed linguistically for its internal morphology based on the General Theory of Verbal Humor— GTVH (Attardo and Raskin 1991). The correlations between the stimulus properties and their effects are discussed, as well as the relevance of these results for the respective theories and the disciplines that use them. Additional emphasis is placed on highlighting the problems and considerable benefits of such interdisciplinary research as the most apt approach to complex phenomena like humor. The results show that there is indeed significant overlap between stimulus properties as they can be distinguished linguistically and affective responses as they can be identified psychologically. Of the six GTVH categories, it is primarily script opposition, narrative structure, target, and logical mechanism that contribute to the separation of the three humor types with respect to effects on recipients. The results also suggest that initial and residual incongruity, as operationalized with the GTVH, are central cognitive aspects of humor with an impact on affective factors and, consequently, their distinction. While this may appear to be commonsensical results, their scientific reproduction is a major step forward, in this case for humor research.
Application of the ‘Precautionary Principle’ in the 2000 Biosafety Protocol to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
Authors: Brown Simon , Hassan Daud
Published: April 2006

Introduction

The development of genetic manipulation in recent years has caused both angst and excitement. The technology has the potential to solve world hunger and create cures for many of humanities ailments. However many have also expressed concern that our understanding of the potential of the technology to cause significant environmental harm is limited. The possibility that this harm could extend beyond national boundaries has led to the technology being discussed in the international environmental law arena. The
Biosafety Regulation Trends in Southern and Southeastern Asia
Authors: Kurokawa Glen , Macer Darryl
Published: April 2006

Introduction

Biosafety is becoming an ever increasingly important issue as more varieties and greater numbers of living modified organisms (LMOs) move across territorial boundaries. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is a multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) that, at its core, attempts to strike a balance between trade interests in biotechnology and protection of biological diversity. Article 1 of the Protocol succinctly summarizes its objectives: “to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health and specifically focusing on transboundary movements”.
Gene Therapy in PR China: Regulations and Ethical Concerns
Authors: Zhang Xinqing
Published: April 2006

In 2003, China became the first country in the world to approve a commercial gene therapy product. Yet serious moral doubts have been raised about the conduct of the experiment. The paper examines the ethical issues (e.g. review mechanism, family consent, and therapeutic misconception) in Chinese culture. It argues that China should review the clinical protocols more stringintly. One reason leading to therapeutic misconception is that investigators prefer to use the term ‘gene therapy’ rather than ‘human gene transfer research’ in the consent process. Family consent, from the point of view of the author, is not in itself sufficient to justify the experimental use of patients. Family-based individual consent could be a better option, especially if there are disagreements between a patient and his family in the consent process.
Cognitive Metaphor Theory Revisited
Authors: Romero Esther , Soria Belén
Published: April 2006

This paper provides a framework which, being compatible with Lakoff and Johnson's theory (1980), allows a description of metaphoric verbal utterances. The development of this theoretical expansion is encouraged by Lakoff and Johnson's distinction between nonliteral and literal metaphoric expressions, and by the fact that they do not provide an explanation of the nonliteral metaphoric use of expressions as distinct from the literal metaphoric one. They simply say that metaphoric expressions are nonliteral when they are parts that are not used in our normal metaphoric concepts. This suggestion is included in our model, in which a metaphoric utterance is identified when the speaker perceives both a contextual abnormality and a conceptual contrast, and it is interpreted using, among other things, a pragmatic process of mapping to derive subpropositional metaphoric provisional meanings. This explanation of the metaphoric mechanism allows an explanation of the utterances in which nonliteral metaphoric expressions intervene without having to resort to a previous literal interpretation of these utterances.
An analysis of Elizabeth Jennings’s “One Flesh”: Poem as product and process
Authors: Goatly Andrew
Published: April 2006

This paper attempts to exemplify a double-faceted
approach to analysis of a short poem by Elizabeth Jennings. It begins
traditionally by posing the question “what impression does the poem make and
what are the linguistic means by which this impression is created?” This
question, it is suggested, can have two kinds of answer, depending on whether
the poem is treated as a product/object to be viewed from a distance, or as a
process of reading. Section 1 of this paper considers the linguistic features
which are salient when we treat the poem as an object, and which are responsible
for the overall impression, at a distance. The paper continues, in section 2, by
considering the traditional notion of foregrounding, demonstrating how the last
sentence of the poem is multiply foregrounded. In Section 3 the paper shows that
in the case of this particular poem the effect of foregrounding is best
explained in terms of text as process, rather than product, that is in terms of
the impressions made in the course of a reading. To do this it analyses the ways
in which syntax processing, arrest and release function; how transitions from
one discourse unit to another are signalled and recognized by the reader; how
the reader’s expectations are constantly being defeated and undermined, through
conflicting presuppositions, and through the use of non-factive and negative
linguistic devices. The paper concludes with a pragmatic exploration of the
nature of the final foregrounded question, showing how it represents the
culmination of the doubts expressed earlier, while, paradoxically, seeming to
express certainty.
The semiotic stance
Authors: Kockelman Paul
Published: April 2006

This essay argues that the pervasive twentieth century
understanding of meaning — a sign stands for an object — is incorrect. In its
place, it offers the following definition, which is framed not in terms of a
single relation (of standing for), but in terms of a relation (of
correspondence) between two relations (of standing for): a sign stands for its
object on the one hand, and its interpretant on the other, in such a way as to
make the interpretant stand in relation to the object corresponding to it own
relation to the object. Using this definition, it reanalyzes key concepts and
foundational arguments from linguistics so far as they relate to anthropology
and psychology. Such terms include: concept, intentional state, motivation,
ground, iconicity, speech community, norm, performativity, joint-attention,
embodiment, intersubjectivity, agency, role, functionalism, pragmatics, social
construction, realism, and natural language.
Internationales Kolloquium in Helsinki 21./22. Mai 2004 [International colloquium in Helsinki, 21-22 May 2004]
Authors: Schäfer Patrick , Schowalter: Christine
Published: April 2006

Am 21. und 22. Mai 2004 trafen sich Teilnehmer aus 12 verschiedenen Ländern auf dem Kolloquium „Pressetextsorten im Vergleich“ an der Universität Helsinki (Finnland). Organisiert wurde die Tagung vom Germanistischen Institut und dem Studiengang Mehrsprachige Fachkommunikation der Universität Helsinki (Leitung: Hartmut Lenk und Andrew Chesterman) in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Goethe-Institut Helsinki.
Predictors of Referral to the North Carolina Child Service Coordination Program among Infants with Orofacial Clefts
Authors: Cassell Cynthia H. , Meyer Robert E. , Farel Anita M.
Published: April 2006

Objective:

North Carolina has several programs that identify high-risk women and children for needed services, including the Child Service Coordination Program (CSCP). This study determines CSCP referral rates among infants with orofacial clefts (OFCs) and predictors of CSCP referral. We hypothesized receiving Medicaid and maternity care coordination (MCC) services increases the likelihood of CSCP referral.

Design and Setting:

For births between 1999 and 2002, data were matched from North Carolina Vital Statistics, Health Services Information System (MCC and CSCP data), and North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program. Multivariate analysis was used to determine crude and adjusted odds ratios for sociodemographic variables to predict CSCP referral.

Participants:

A total of 644 mothers of live-born infants with OFCs in North Carolina were identified.

Results:

About 45% of infants with OFCs were referred to the CSCP. Infants of mothers who were at least 30 years of age and mothers who had more than a high school education were significantly less likely to be referred to the CSCP. Compared with infants with OFCs whose mothers did not receive Medicaid, mothers who received Medicaid were 1.9 times more likely to be referred to the CSCP, and mothers who received Medicaid and MCC services were 2.3 times more likely.

Conclusions:

Receipt of Medicaid and MCC services and receipt of Medicaid alone were positively associated with CSCP referral. Future studies should examine the effects of the duration of MCC services and factors related to the timeliness of CSCP referral.
An Anthropological No-Man's-Land
Authors: Ruxton F. H.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The number of Africa published in January 1929 contains two articles which are of real help to the colonial administrator. The first article, by the Rev. Father Dubois, S.J., compares the supposedly opposite dogmas of assimilation and adaptation, or, in administrative language, of direct and indirect rule. Therein the author conclusively shows that these formulae are not dogmas, the one unorthodox and the other orthodox; that the education of a race cannot be accomplished by means of a formula, but that it is a matter of time, tact and love. In fact the methods of assimilation and adaptation are both required, as also the one in conjunction with the other.
The Culture Areas of Africa
Authors: Herskovits Melville J.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The origin and development of cultures have long been matters of dispute. From the days of the classical school of anthropology, with its insistence on the universal inventiveness of humanity, to the kulturhistorische Schule of the present day and its doctrine of the poverty of man's ability to devise new means of meeting his environment, the pendulum has swung more and more towards a realization of the importance of cultural borrowing. There is little doubt now but that man is an imitative creature, and that human culture is essentially contagious. But how contagious it is is a problem yet to be solved. Between the extremes which have been mentioned there lies much room for difference, and differences of opinion have not been lacking.
The Ethnology of African Sound-Instruments. Comments on Geist und Werden der Musikinstrumente by C. Sachs
Authors: Hornbostel E. M. Von
Published: April 2006

Musical instruments are in so far of importance for cultural research as they partake, in an almost unparalleled degree, of the nature of both material and mental culture. They can be seen and handled and, in addition to this advantage, possess many qualities unconnected with their immediate purpose; purity, copiousness, and beauty of sound are historically the latest properties sought after, and aimed at technically. (For purposes of research everything must count as a musical instrument with which sound can be produced intentionally and, for this reason, it is advisable to use the term ‘sound-producing instruments’.) The fact of their giving forth sound classes them at once among ‘live’ objects and lends them an effect akin to that of speech and song. That their sounds are not those of the human voice invests them with a mysterious and superhuman potency. It would be hard to find a sound-instrument which had not originally a ritual or magical significance, and which had not served for an indefinite period as a secular amusement for adults before being finally passed on to the children. Ritual use is always therefore an indication of great antiquity. On the other hand, objects which are indiscriminately used at any time and by any person may be suspected of dating from a later period, or of having been imported from without.
The Sociological Significance of Ancestor-Worship in Ashanti
Authors: Clarke Edith
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The Institute has laid down its policy in ethnological matters in the Report of the Executive Council held in Berlin in December, 1928. The Council then came to the conclusion that ‘there was a gap between anthropological science on the one hand and the practical work of education and administration on the other, and that the Institute could render useful service by attempting to bridge this gap’.

The following resolution was passed unanimously:

‘The Council reaffirms its resolution to encourage studies of African life and institutions, more particularly with reference to such subjects as the family, law, economic life, ideas of land tenure, systems of education, phenomena of change and similar subjects which have a direct bearing on practical work and administration in Africa.

It was, I presume, due to an accident of omission that religion does not appear in the list of subjects the study of which is to be encouraged. In Africa, above all ethnographic areas, religious dogma and practice lie at the very core of all aspects of culture, and no study of ‘the family, law, economics, ideas of land tenure, systems of education’ could be adequate that did not start off with an account of native belief. In giving an analysis of Ashanti religion I shall show that this is especially true of that culture.
Health Instruction in African Schools. Suggestions for a Curriculum
Authors: Millman W.
Published: April 2006

In spite of the great and manifold differences in the development of the various countries of Africa there is a tendency to consider them all as one whether from an economic, medical, educational, or religious point of view. In all these fields the white man in Africa is an explorer and an adventurer. The establishment of the Institute is witness to this. That it should include in its purview the health habits of the African peoples is a very welcome sign. Whether cleanliness is next to Godliness or not, the demand for a comprehensive curriculum of health education for Africa is second only to the search for the principles of religious education.
Culture Contact as a Dynamic Process an Investigation in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast
Authors: Fortes M.
Published: April 2006

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In considering the effects of the contact between African societies and European civilization, one is apt to forget that the exploitation of Africa by Europeans began more than five centuries ago. To trace the consequences of this long intercourse between Africa and Europe is a legitimate and worthwhile task. But is it a task for the social anthropologist? Previous contributors to the present symposium have emphasized the necessity of historical reconstruction in order to understand the effects of contact with European civilization upon a particular culture. They have been fortunate in dealing with cultures where the initial impact of the white man is recent enough to be within living memory. On the West Coast of Africa no feat of skill or imagination would suffice to establish a reliable zero point of culture contact. One would presumably have to be content with the construction of an ‘ideal type’ based on the scanty literature and on descriptions of cognate cultures. But must we therefore abandon every hope of investigating the influence of European civilization in these areas, and confine ourselves to the regions of recent contact where the procedure sponsored by Dr. Hunter and Dr. Mair can be successfully employed? I do not think so; and I shall endeavour to describe an approach which is, I believe, equally applicable both in societies which have recently come under the influence of culture contact, and those which have reached an advanced stage of Europeanization.
Twelve Proverbs and one Folk-story from the Efik Country
Authors: Gaskin E. A. L.
Published: April 2006

The orthography used here is that recommended by the International Institute of African Languages in conjunction with the Board of Education, Lagos.
Linguistic Research between Nile and Lake Chad
Authors: Lukas Johannes
Published: April 2006

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In the vast countries which stretch between Kordofan and the Bahr el Ghazal Province in the east, Tripolis in the north, Lake Chad and the north-western frontier of the Cameroons in the west, and a line in the south which is formed by the southern border of the colony Ubangui-Chari, linguistic research work is still only in its beginnings. The languages spoken in the above regions which comprise the highlands of Tibesti, Borku, Enedi, and the old kingdoms of Darfor, Dar Banda, Wadai, Bagirmi, Bornu, Adamawa, and their neighbouring countries, are still to-day the least known of all the languages of Africa. This part of Central Africa lies far from the animated coastal areas and was occupied by European Powers only in a comparatively recent period. But the study of languages of newly occupied countries is not the first object of a Native Administration, especially where Arabic is a first means of communication; and Arabic plays an important role indeed in some parts at least of Central Africa. Besides the use for purposes of administration, linguistic research work is linked to two undertakings: the missions and native education. Missionary work is especially important in pagan countries, but may have little or no influence in a large part of Muhammadan Central Africa.
La Préhistoire de L'Ouest Africain
Authors: Laforgue P.
Published: April 2006

Résumé de préhistoire africaine. ‘L'Afrique à elle senle nous donnerait peut-être la clef du problème de l'homme’ disait en 1877 le docteur Paul Topinard dans L'Anthropologie. Il faut bien convenir que si la prophétie de l'éminent anthropologue ne s'est pas encore réalisée, l'Afrique a livré des documents qui sont du plus haut intérêt pour l'étude du lointain passé des races humaines primitives.
A Chopi (ΤΣƆΠΙ) Love-Song and a Story in Ki-Lenge
Authors: Earthy E. Dora
Published: April 2006

A young man named Nyagumbe starts off to seek a bride. He finds the girl he wants; but while he is staying at her parents' home, she shows no signs of returning his love. He therefore refuses to take the food she prepares for him. The girl's mother advises her to love the young man, and then all will be well. Nyagumbe is secretly amused at his own plans for winning the girl's affection.
Methods of Study of Culture Contact
Authors: Hunter Monica
Published: April 2006

Discussions on culture contact are liable to be unprofitable because there is no general agreement as to what culture contact is. I have used the fashionable label in my title, but do not wish to delay over definitions. In my field-work I was chiefly concerned with one aspect of culture contact in Africa—the changes taking place in a Bantu community as the result of its contact with Europeans, and it is my methods of studying that aspect which are described here. My interest in culture contact is primarily practical. I want to know for practical ends what effect European economic activities, European administration, education, and Christian teaching are having upon a Bantu community. The nature and extent of the changes taking place in the Bantu community are my first concern, the mechanism of change a secondary one.
East Africa. Some Problems in Native Economic Development and a Possible Solution in Co-Operative Societies
Authors: Mumford W. Bryant
Published: April 2006

A well-known native in Tanganyika Territory was asked one day what would be left of European civilization in Africa if the Europeans left the country to-morrow. He replied unhesitatingly, ‘Football’. His reply was probably onlyintended to mean that this element of European culture made a very special appeal to him. Nevertheless, considering his comment as a suggestive, though unconscious criticism, there is perhaps sufficient truth in the remark to merit careful thought. Such thought and a cursory survey of the conditions under which vast numbers of natives live to-day, compared with those under which they lived prior to the advent of the European, is not very encouraging. It is true that the country is governed in peace, which was not so in the past, and abuse of power by the chiefs has been reduced to a negligible quantity. It is true that railways have been built, opening up the country. It is true that under the recently developed native self-administration, political self-realization and reawakened pride of tribe are becoming increasingly evident. Especially are all these things true of the advanced tribes of Nyasaland, Uganda, Bukoba, and Moshi. For these tribes and a scattered number of regularly employed natives, such as clerks and teachers, there has been progress towards economic standards. The people are comparatively wealthy, well provided with blankets, lamps, soap, and similar ‘luxuries’, and live healthier, more comfortable lives than their forefathers. On the other hand, the subjects of many of the other tribes, and in some instances even the chiefs themselves, still live in huts which would often be better described as hovels.
Sorcery and Native Opinion
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

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It is important to understand native opinion about black magic, not only for the anthropologist but also for the colonial administrator and missionary, if they wish to show to the peoples whom they govern and teach that they understand their notions about right and wrong. The native does not so much distrust European justice and education as he despairs of the administrator and missionary ever understanding, or attempting to understand, his point of view as expressed in laws and public opinion. This despair springs largely from the handling by Europeans of such matters as sorcery, with which both missionaries and administrators frequently have to deal. The native becomes convinced finally that the European is quite incapable of seeing the difference between right and wrong, between the proper use of a cultural weapon fully sanctioned by public opinion, such as white magic, and a heinous and cold-blooded murder, such as the crime of black magic or sorcery. He eventually reaches the conclusion, through long experience, that to white men all magic is shameful and criminal, and that they will either laugh at it or penalize it.
La Parenté à Plaisanteries en Afrique Occidentale
Authors: Labouret Henri
Published: April 2006

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Certains auteurs ont signalé l'existence d'une sorte de parenté à plaisanteries dans le Soudan occidental, en citant quelques exemples observés chez les Mandingues, les Peuls et les Toucouleurs. M. Delafosse remarque à ce propos qu'il s'agit d'une espèce d'alliance entre clans dont les membres sont placés les uns par rapport aux autres dans une situation particulière, entraînant pour les intéressés le devoir d'assistance réciproque et le droit de s'injurier sans qu'il en résulte aucune conséquence.
Coutumes Diverses des Vandau de l'Afrique Orientale Portugaise. Mariage. Divination. Coutumes et Tabous de Chasse
Authors: Junod H. Ph.
Published: April 2006

Dans un précédent article publié ici même, je me suis efforcé de décrire les cas de possession, l'initiation de l'exorciste et l'exorcisme chez les VaNdau. Dans une autre publication une courte étude démographique de la tribu, de son totémisme et de son histoire permettra de situer comme il convient les VaNdau parmi les autres tribus bantoues. Je me propose ici d'exposer quelques coutumes particulières de ce peuple si intéréssant, qui contribueront peut-être à préciser encore sa physionomie, au point de vue ethnologique.
Modern Tendencies in the Languages of Northern Nigeria. The Problem of European Words
Authors: East R. M.
Published: April 2006

Every one who tries to write in an African language, especially if he is translating from a European language or compiling a textbook, very soon has to decide what he is going to do about foreign words. In Northern Nigeria, as in most parts of Africa, the difficulty arises largely from the fact that most of the literature has up till now been produced not by the people whose language it is, but by the foreigners who are introducing the new ideas for which terms are required. Indeed, if it were possible for the people to write their own books, the problem would solve itself, for the idea would first be conceived, and then a suitable equivalent in the vernacular found to express it, or a foreign term incorporated, as the necessity arose.