bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localized tumours of the canine small intestine: a report of twenty cases
Authors: GIBBS CHRISTINE , PEARSON H.
Published: April 2008

During a 10 year period. 20 dogs with primary localized neoplasia of the small intestine were presented at the University of Bristol Veterinary School. Half the tumours were carcinomas, the remainder being lymphosarcomas (5 cases), leiomyosarcomas (3 cases) and leiomyomas (2 cases) Lesions occurred at a variety of locations along the tract, but descending duodenum (6 cases) and terminal ileum (4 cases) were the commonest sites. Clinical findings varied. All dogs except three presented with chronic illnesses, but only seven showed signs immediately referable to alimentary tract disease. Abnormalities were found at radiographic examination in all cases except one and provided or confirmed the indication for laparotomy. Ten animals were destroyed at the time of surgery, two died during the immediate post‐operative period and three were later destroyed because of suspected recurrence. Four dogs are reported well at intervals of between nine months and two years following surgery.
Hypothyroidism in the dog: a retrospective study of sixteen cases
Authors: KAELIN S. , WATSON A. D. J. , CHURCH D. B.
Published: April 2008

Sixteen dogs with confirmed hypothyroidism were reviewed. The diagnosis was based on subnormal plasma thyroxine concentration and poor response following TSH administration. Common clinical signs were alopecia (12 dogs), lethargy (11) and obesity (11). Plasma cholesterol concentrations were abnormally high in 10 of 14 cases tested, five of 12 were anaemic and three of five had increased creatine phosphokinase activity. Skin changes compatible with endocrinopathy were present in all five cases biopsied. Spontaneous muscle activity was found on electromyography in four cases so examined. All dogs were treated with sodium levothyroxine, and 10 of 13 for which information was available responded satisfactorily.
Haemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) in the cat
Authors: LITTLEWOOD JANET D.
Published: April 2008

A case of haemophilia A (classical haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency) in a cat is described. The cat presented with persistent bleeding from an oral wound, and protracted haemorrhage after castration. The diagnosis and management of this case is described. Subsequent investigation of the dam and a recent litter identified a further affected male kitten.
Evidence of feline panleucopenia in Nigeria
Authors: KOMOLAFE O. O.
Published: April 2008

The presence of feline panleucopenia in a suspected clinical case of the disease was confirmed for the first time in Nigeria by the presence of specific haemagglutination in a faecal specimen.
Myeloproliferative disorder in four dogs involving derangements of erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis
Authors: CANFIELD P. J. , WATSON A. D. J. , BEGG A. P. , DILL‐MACKY E.
Published: April 2008

The clinical findings, laboratory data, ultrastructure, and autopsy findings are reported for four Greyhounds with a myeloproliferative disorder. In all dogs abnormalities were found in the granulocytic, erythroid and megakaryocytic cell lines, resulting in granulocytic leukaemia, impaired erythropoiesis and megakaryocytic dysplasia. The presence in blood of many small platelet producing cells (micromegakaryocytes) led to initial diagnostic confusion in three dogs with two of them suspected of having lymphatic leukaemia. An approach to the diagnosis of myeloproliferative disease, including the awareness of other clinical possibilities, is presented. The significance of the presence of micromegakaryocytes in the peripheral blood stream is discussed with reference to other veterinary reports and similar findings in man.
Prevalence of Brucella abortus and Brucella canis antibodies in dogs in Nigeria
Authors: ADESIYUN A. A. , ABDULLAHI S. U. , ADEYANJU J. B.
Published: April 2008

Serum samples collected from dogs brought for routine physical examination, vaccination and other complaints at the Small Animal Clinic of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria were tested for Brucella abortus and Brucella canis antibodies. Ninety‐five (38‐2 per cent) of 249 dogs studied were positive for B. abortus agglutinins by the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) but none was sero‐positive by the standard agglutination test (SAT). The antibody prevalence for B. canis by the SAT was 28‐6 per cent for 224 dogs tested. Exotic breeds of dogs had a prevalence of 34‐9 per cent for B. canis agglutinins while 28‐1 per cent of local dogs were sero‐positive. Twenty‐two per cent of dogs older than 2 years were sero‐positive compared to a prevalence of 33‐3 per cent found amongst dogs younger than 1 year. A similar B. canis infection rate was observed amongst male (29‐6 per cent) and female (26‐7 per cent) dogs.
Observations on acupuncture therapy of chronic osteoarthritis in dogs: a review of sixty‐one cases
Authors: JANSSENS L. A. A.
Published: April 2008

Weekly acupuncture needling was used in the treatment of osteoarthritis in 61 dogs. A total of 117 joints were treated, plus three vertebral columns. The results were evaluated on a five point scale. The average number of treatments per series was 5‐2 and the average scale was 3–5. Hips, knees and shoulders responded better than the other joints. Some aspects of the mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of osteoarthritis are described.
Abnormalities of the volar and plantar sesamoid bones in Rottweilers
Authors: VAUGHAN L. C. , FRANCE C.
Published: April 2008

The fore and hind feet of 50 unselected Rottweilers were examined clinically and radiographically for abnormalities of their volar and plantar sesamoid bones. Lesions were found in 22 (44 per cent), invariably affecting the No. 2 and/or No. 7 sesamoids. The majority occurred in the forelimb. Clinical signs were detected in only five dogs and local analgesia in these cases indicated that the sesamoid changes were not the cause of the presenting lameness. Radiographically the defect varied from small radiodense foci separated from an otherwise normal sesamoid, to gross distortion of the bone into a number of calcified bodies. In none of these dogs was the sesamoid abnormality demonstrated to cause lameness and it was not necessary, therefore, to treat the condition surgically. It is postulated that these lesions result from disordered ossification with subsequent degenerative changes.
Clinical evaluation of the Lack coaxial breathing circuit in small animal anaesthesia
Authors: WATERMAN A. E.
Published: April 2008

The performance of the Lack co‐axial breathing circuit was evaluated in 25 anaesthetized dogs breathing spontaneously. Fresh gas flows were adjusted until rebreathing started to occur as judged by capnography. Thus a critical fresh gas flow rate was determined for small (10–15 kg) and larger (15 + kg) dogs. These were 130.5 ± 31.2 and 95.9 ± 13‐1 ml/kg/min respectively. In a further twenty dogs weighing over 15 kg a fresh gas flow rate of 120 ml/kg/min was used and was found to be sufficient to prevent rebreathing in all cases. In 11 dogs a direct comparison was made between the Lack and the Magill circuits with fresh gas flows of 120 ml/kg/min and it was found by capnography that while there was minimal or no rebreathing with the Lack system there was substantial rebreathing with the Magill.
Pull‐through technique for vertical canal ablation for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs and cats
Authors: TIRGARI M. , PINNIGER R. S.
Published: April 2008

An alternative technique to ablate the vertical segment of the external auditory meatus, applicable to dogs and cats, is described. The results of this surgery in 11 dogs and one cat are compared with those in seven dogs using the traditional ablation procedure.
The use of iopamidol for myelography in dogs: a study of twenty‐seven cases
Authors: COX FIONA H. , JAKOVLJEVIC S.
Published: April 2008

Iopamidol is a new, non‐ionic, water‐soluble iodide contrast medium which has been shown in clinical trials in man to produce fewer and milder side effects than metrizamide for myelography. To assess iopamidol for myelography in dogs, 28 myelograms were performed in 27 dogs. The mean dose of iopamidol 300 (300 mg iodine/ml) used was 0–25 ml/kg administered by cisterna magna injection. The myelograms produced were of high quality. Seizures were induced in two dogs (7 per cent) and one death ocurred post‐myelography associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage. It was concluded that iopamidol 300 is a suitable myelographic contrast medium for use in dogs and appears to have a lower incidence of complications than reported for metrizamide.
Parrots encountered in practice: a survey of one hundred and twelve cases
Authors: PHILLIPS I. R.
Published: April 2008

The clinical findings and treatment of 112 cases involving larger parrakeets and parrots are described. Disorders of the respiratory system, the alimentary system, the integument and the musculoskeletal system were the most frequently observed abnormalities. The relationship of these disorders to diet and eeneral management is discussed.
Chlamydia zoonoses
Authors: WILLS J. M.
Published: April 2008

Laboratory reports of psittacosis in man show a definite increase in incidence. Possible explanations for this increase are discussed, and reported avian and mammalian derived zoonoses are reviewed. Control of chlamydia zoonoses is considered.
Tracheal foreign body in a cat: a case report
Authors: McGlennon N. J. , PLATT D. , DUNN J. K. , CHAMBERS J. P.
Published: April 2008

An unusual tracheal foreign body in a cat and the problems associated with its removal is described. A review of other documented feline tracheal foreign bodies is included.
Polarized light biomicroscopic observations on the pre‐corneal tear film. 2. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the dog
Authors: CARRINGTON S. D. , BEDFORD P. G. C. , GUILLON J.‐P. , WOODWARD E. G.
Published: April 2008

abstract

Polarized light biomicroscopy was used to examine the pre‐corneal tear film in 16 dogs which were suspected of, or confirmed to be, suffering from keratoconjunctivitis sicca. One animal displayed a normal tear film, while the other 15 showed variable degrees of abnormality. The abnormal features included: contamination of the ocular surface with particulate debris and plaques of mucus, discontinuity and excessive granularity of the surface lipid film, pronounced thinning of the aqueous phase, and breakup of the tear film.

After parotid duct transposition, the tear film of some animals was almost indistinguishable from normal. However, in others the surface lipid layer was thinned, discontinuous, or virtual absent. Discontinuity of surface lipid was most obvious in animals with marked salivary epiphora, and was associated with a variable amount of crystalline concretion over the ocular surface.

The clinical usefulness of polarized light biomicroscopy for the diagnosis, and subsequent monitoring, of keratoconjunctivitis sicca is discussed.
A further evaluation of the ‘over‐the‐top’ technique for anterior cruciate ligament replacement in the dog
Authors: DENNY H. R. , BARR A. R. S.
Published: April 2008

abstract

The ‘Over‐the‐Top’ Technique for anterior cruciate ligament replacement using the lateral third of the straight patellar ligament and fascia lata as a graft was used in 150 dogs (average weight 35 kg). Follow‐up reports were obtained on 100 cases. The average recovery time was 12 weeks and a successful outcome was achieved in 91 per cent of cases.
Chondromatous hamartomas of the respiratory tract in the dog
Authors: PEARSONSC G. R. , LANE J. G. , HOLT P. E. , GIBBS C.
Published: April 2008

Three chondromatous hamartomas of the trachea associated with dyspnoea, and a similar lesion of the bronchus associated with coughing, were recognized in four dogs, and diagnosed on radiological and histopathological examination. These benign lesions were surgically removed. The dogs remained well after surgery for periods up to four years.
Drug eruption in a cat resembling pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: McEWAN N. A. , McNEIL P. E. , KIRKHAM D. , SULLIVAN M.
Published: April 2008

An 18‐month‐old Siamese cat, under treatment with cimetidine, developed an exfoliative dermatitis involving the ears, face and feet. Foot‐pad lesions and paronychia with a caseous exudate were also present. Histopathology of skin biopsies showed subcorneal pustules involving the hair follicles. These findings were suggestive of pemphigus foliaceus. However, the presence of cutaneous vasculitis and the results of immunofluorescence testing did not support this diagnosis. Skin lesions disappeared when cimetidine treatment was stopped and reappeared with its re‐use. A diagnosis of drug eruption was made.
Recurrent zinc‐responsive dermatosis in a Siberian Husky
Authors: DEGRYSE A.‐D. , FRANSEN J. , CUTSEM J. VAN , OOMS L.
Published: April 2008

Zinc‐responsive dermatosis was diagnosed in a Siberian Husky. Oral therapy with zinc sulphate (50 mg essential zinc) resulted in complete clinical recovery, proven by histological examination after one month. Discontinuation of a one‐year‐lasting treatment resulted in relapse with identical skin lesions within two months, but resumption of the therapy once more resulted in complete healing.
Fanconi's syndrome in a Yorkshire Terrier
Authors: McEWAN N. A. , MACARTNEY L.
Published: April 2008

A five‐year‐old Yorkshire Terrier with a history of polyuria, polydipsia and glycosuria was referred for investigation and treatment of suspected diabetes mellitus. Despite persistent glycosuria, blood glucose levels remained within the normal range. The dog's condition deteriorated rapidly and euthanasia was carried out. A diagnosis of the Fanconi syndrome was made.
Some observations on the dilution, cooling and freezing of canine semen
Authors: YUBI A. CALDERON , FERGUSON J. M. , RENTON J. P. , HARKER S. , HARVEY M. J. A. , BAGYENJI B. , DOUGLAS T. A.
Published: April 2008

Canine semen was obtained by digital manipulation from two donor dogs and twelve stud dogs. The sperm‐rich fraction was diluted with either of two different diluents and the survival of spermatozoa before and after freezing was determined. It appeared that there was no difference in the post‐thaw survival rate in either of the diluents used.
An outbreak of suppurative osteoarthritis of the tibiotarsal joint in rabbits caused by; Pasteurella multocida
Authors: HAGO B. E. D. , A/MAGID O. Y. , SSNOUSI S. M. EL , GAMEEL A. A. , ABU‐SAMRA M. T.
Published: April 2008

An outbreak of suppurative osteoarthritis of the tibiotarsal joint in 25 rabbits in a colony of 50 animals is described. Pasteurella multocida was isolated in pure culture from the affected joints.
Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome in a dog: ocular, cutaneous and articular abnormalities
Authors: BARNETT K. C. , COTTRELL BEVERLEY D.
Published: April 2008

Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (EDS) is an hereditary connective tissue disease in man in which the skin is easily torn. A similar condition has been described in dogs and other animals. This case report records a case in the United Kingdom in which the whole syndrome was exhibited: skin fragility, joint laxity and ocular signs of bilateral lens luxation, cataract and corneal oedema. It is the first report of ocular signs in EDS in the dog and joint laxity has been reported only rarely.
Matching dogs to owners—10 years of ‘Selectadog’
Authors: EDNEY A. T. B.
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this paper is to explain what the ‘Selectadog’ programme is, to emphasize some things it is not, to show what it is for and who benefits, to detail the forms that it is in, to give some indication as to how it works and to relate some of the experiences of using ‘Selectadog’ in the United Kingdom and elsewhere since 1975.

‘Selectadog’ is a programme designed to match up the characteristics of the more popular breeds of dog to the circumstances of potential owners, as identified by means of a questionnaire. Its purpose is to give guidance to people thinking about getting a dog and above all to make them think through the points they should be considering about fitting a new dog into their lives. At best and it is quite a good best, it can give the prospective owner a number of leads and a positive starting point. It also provides a good deal of free advice and information to allow the new owner to begin a prolonged period of responsible pet animal ownership, without putting them off unnecessarily.
Training dogs based on behavioural methods
Authors: OWREN T.
Published: April 2008

The nature of the dog's behaviour is reviewed. The nervous system is activated by afferent nerve impulses generated in various sense‐organs. The sum of internal (motivation) and external stimuli is analysed in a steady state system. A marked discrepancy between important set values and their actual values will make the organism react.

A communication system consisting of the dog handler, the dog, signals and key‐stimuli and other external influences (noise), is used when training a dog. The change of behaviour is more permanent and a new behaviour pattern is established more rapidly when the training is organized in such a way that key‐stimuli and conditioned signals which elicit wanted behaviour sequences are reiterated many times before a verbal command is added to the stimuli. A dog handler must also know the activation of emotional behaviour. Stress, coping and aggression are expressions used to describe such activation.

A general check‐list to be used when starting training tasks are suggested. The exercise ‘retrieve’ is used as an example.
Angiographic examination of the forelimb in dogs with abnormal growth of the distal radius and ulna
Authors: KOMA L. M. P. K. , STEAD A. C.
Published: April 2008

Brachial angiograms were performed on 13 forelimbs from 12 dogs with growth‐plate disorders of the distal radius and ulna. Eight angiograms were considered normal and five showed failure of individual arteries to fill, in two cases associated with hypertrophy of other vessels. Angiography was too insensitive to identify the small vessels which supplied the growth plates.
Chronic granulocytic leukaemia in a dog with associated bacterial endocarditis, thrombocytopenia and preretinal and retinal haemorrhages
Authors: DUNN J. K. , JEFFERIES A. R. , EVANS R. J. , HERRTAGE M. E.
Published: April 2008

The clinical, haematological and pathological features of a case of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) associated with valvular bacterial endocarditis are described in a nine‐year‐old male Springer Spaniel. The disease was characterized clinically by lethargy, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia and leucocytosis. Severe thrombocytopenia resulted in preretinal and retinal haemorrhages. A diagnosis of CGL was based on the finding of a hypercellular bone marrow with increased M: E ratio and morphologically abnormal myeloid precursors. The dog terminally became leucopenic and bacteraemic. Necropsy revealed invasion of liver, spleen and bone marrow with a pleiomorphic population of myeloid blast cells, consistent with transition to a blast cell crisis.
Primary lung tumours in the cat
Authors: BARR F. , GRUFFYDD‐JONES T. J. , BROWN P. J. , GIBBS C.
Published: April 2008

Seventeen cats with primary lung tumours were referred to the University of Bristol Veterinary School between 1970 and 1986. Clinical, radiographic and pathological findings were recorded in each case. Analysis of these findings allowed assessment of those features most helpful in reaching a definitive diagnosis.
Latent feline leukaemia virus infection: a review
Authors: PACITTI ANGELA M.
Published: April 2008

Many cats which apparently recover from natural exposure to feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) are latently infected with the virus. While no infectious virus is isolated from blood, latent virus is found in bone marrow. This review describes the prevalence and duration of such infections, possible mechanisms involved in their maintenance, and their clinical and epidemiological significance.
Immune‐based erosive inflammatory joint disease of the dog: canine rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: BENNETT DAVID
Published: April 2008

The pathological features of 30 cases of canine rheumatoid arthritis are described. The principle pathological feature is a chronic symmetrical polysynovitis. The pathological features of the joints varied in severity. The synovial membrane generally showed villous hypertrophy with aggregates of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Destruction of articular cartilage and bone occurred in association with a replacement granulation tissue which often produced a pannus over the articular surface. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated complexes of IgG or IgM with C3 in synovial lining cells, macrophages, blood vessel walls and free in the extracellular tissues. IgG and IgM producing plasma cells were also common. Fibrinogen deposits were extensive. The immunofluorescence findings were non‐specific but support the concept of an immune complex mediated inflammation within the joints. Investigations for bacterial, mycoplasmal and viral infections of the joints were negative.
Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis in two litters
Authors: HUBLER M. , KAELIN S. , HAGEN A. , FAIRBURN A. , CANFIELD P. , RUESCH P.
Published: April 2008

The clinical, pathological and serological findings for feline neonatal isoerythrolysis (FNI) in two litters are described. In each litter one of four kittens died shortly after birth, two showed varying degrees of depression, jaundice and haemoglobinuria and one remained healthy (clinically unaffected). Three of the kittens with jaundice died and the necropsy findings included variable degrees of erythrophagocytosis in the spleen and liver and many casts containing haemoglobin in the tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney. Blood typing and haemocompatibility testing were performed on the surviving kittens, queens and sires. Both queens and the healthy kittens were Type B while both sires and the surviving affected kitten were Type A. In both litters the queens sera haemolysed the sires erythrocytes but did not affect the erythrocytes of the healthy kittens. The erythrocytes of the surviving affected kitten were haemolysed by the serum of its queen. The pathogenesis and treatment of FNI are discussed.
BSAVA EDUCATION COMMITTEE COMMISSIONED ARTICLE: Anaerobic bacteria: a cause of infection?
Authors: MACKINTOSH MARY E.
Published: April 2008

This review article considers the evidence available for a significant role of obligate anaerobes in infections of small animals.

The presence of anaerobes in the normal flora and the meaning of the terms aerobe and anaerobe both in relation to the bacterial metabolism and laboratory culture is discussed.

The reported findings of anaerobes in clinical veterinary conditions are reviewed. The particular importance of the non‐sporing (non‐clostridial) anaerobes in traumatic and endogenous infections and the mixed nature, both in terms of different anaerobes and mixed aerobes and anaerobes of such infection are considered.

Some experimental evidence for the pathogenicity of obligate anaerobes and their complex role in mixed infections is given.

Observations on the use of antibiotics for treatment of suspected anaerobic infections are discussed and the possible implications to laboratory procedures for antibiotic sensitivity testing.
Pharmacological studies
Authors: BROUWER G. J.
Published: April 2008

Interpretation of the results requires some caution as a result of the limited number of trials carried out; in particular, the lack of suitable control data has to date, remained a source of concern. Nevertheless some trends are apparent.

The results demonstrate that both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems appear to be affected. Direct stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic post‐synaptic receptors gives measureable results suggesting that the integrity, at least in part, of these receptors is maintained. Since the effect of indirect agents was negative in four cats and reduced in a fifth the functioning of both sympathetic and parasympathetic post‐ganglionic fibres appears to be defective. This provides additional evidence, albeit circumstantial, that the dysautonomia arises from dysfunction at the ganglionic level or above.

Studies aimed at determining ganglionic function are fraught with difficulty in that both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia function in similar ways and therefore, pharmacological trials which will elicit differences in dysfunction between the two autonomic divisions are not easy to devise.

This study has shown qualitative differences between actions of several drugs which have served to confirm present knowledge and understanding of Feline Dysautonomia. It may ultimately be possible to design these tests to give quantitative results which may be used, not only to confirm diagnosis but also to aid with prognosis as to the course of the disease. It may also be possible to develop some of these tests so that they may be performed in the conscious animal, particularly with the view to monitoring progress of the disease without the need to use invasive techniques.
Poisoning in four dogs by a compound containing warfarin and calciferol
Authors: MacKenzie C. P. , Burnie A. G. , Head K. W.
Published: April 2008

Of four dogs which had ingested rat poison containing calciferol and warfarin, two survived and two died. The case histories including pathological findings of these dogs are presented and the biochemical effects and treatment of calciferol poisoning are discussed.
Hyperthermia and radiation in the management of canine tumours
Authors: THOMPSON J. M. , GORMAN N. T. , BLEEHEN N. M. , OWEN L. N. , WHITE R. A. S.
Published: April 2008

Fifty‐one dogs bearing a variety of naturally occurring tumours were treated with combined radiation and hyperthermia. The treatment regime consisted of four, weekly fractions of radiation to a total dose of 3600–4000 cGys and one or two treatments with local microwave hyperthermia, heating the tumour to 44°C for 30 minutes on each occasion.

Twenty‐six (51 per cent) of the tumours showed a complete response to this treatment and a further eighteen (35 per cent) tumours underwent significant regression giving a total response rate of 86 per cent. Sixteen tumours later recurred at intervals of 11–50 weeks post treatment. The majority of tumours were in the oral cavity (35 cases) and in this group the survival rate compares favourably with figures for surgical treatment and radiotherapy alone.

These findings support published results from other centres, indicating that hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy is a potentially useful technique for the management of certain canine malignant tumours.
A case of hyperplastic gastropathy in a cat
Authors: Dennis R. , Herrtage M. E. , Jefferies A. R. , Matic S. E. , White R. A. S.
Published: April 2008

Primary hyperplastic gastropathy is an uncommon human disease characterized by giant gastric mucosal folds and is associated with a spectrum of histopathological changes. Diagnosis is usually made on radiological and gastroscopic findings followed by full‐thickness biopsy of the stomach wall. The aetiology is unknown and symptomatic treatment is usually disappointing. A similar condition has been described in a small number of dogs.

A case of hyperplastic gastropathy is reported in a cat and compared with the findings in man and dogs. The cat presented with chronic vomiting and weight loss. Radiological and gastroscopic examinations revealed enlarged gastric rugae. Medical and surgical treatment was unsuccessful and the cat was destroyed. The pathological findings were similar to those described in man.
Thyroid tumours in the dog
Authors: SULLIVAN M. , COX F. , PEAD M.J. , McNELL P.
Published: April 2008

The clinical, radiological and histopathological features of 30 thyroid tumours in the dog are described. Ten tumours were considered suitable for surgical removal and in a follow‐up period of between 14 and 36 months five dogs were still alive.
The responsible use of chloramphenicol in small animal practice. 1. Pharmacological considerations
Authors: KNIFTON A.
Published: April 2008

Three important criteria which the clinician should consider when selecting an antibiotic are its antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetic properties, and potential toxicity. Pharmacokinetics is a study of how the body handles drugs: that is, their absorption, distribution in the tissues (an antibiotic must reach the site of infection in effective concentration), metabolism and excretion.

This article reviews these criteria with respect to chloramphenicol in dogs and cats.
Idiopathic renal haemorrhage in the dog
Authors: HOLT P. E. , LUCKE V. M. , PEARSON H.
Published: April 2008

The clinical, radiographic and pathological features of idiopathic renal haemorrhage are described in nine dogs. Diagnosis necessitated catheterization of each ureter. Unilateral bleeding was found in seven dogs and bilateral bleeding in two. The response to nephrectomy was good in those animals affected unilaterally. Lesions which accounted for the bleeding were detected microscopically in only two dogs.
Canine fucosidosis: clinical findings
Authors: TAYLOR R. M. , FARROW B. R. H. , HEALY P. J.
Published: April 2008

The clinical course of canine fucosidosis, a neurovisceral lysosomal storage disease, is described from observations of 31 affected English Springer Spaniels. The diagnosis of fucosidosis was suggested by the development of multifocal neurological signs in the second year of life and confirmed by a deficiency of alpha‐L‐fucosidase activity in plasma and leucocytes. The progressive motor and mental deterioration was similar in all dogs and no affected animal survived to four years of age. Alpha‐L‐fucosidase activity in plasma was <0·05 μ/1 in all cases. The activity in leucocytes and other tissues was < 5 per cent of that of normal dogs.

Vacuolated leucocytes occurred in cerebrospinal fluid, blood and bone marrow. The enlargement of peripheral nerves which is observed at autopsy could be detected by palpation of the ulnar nerve in advanced disease, however the results of electrodiagnostic studies were within normal limits.

The clinical signs and pathological changes were found to be remarkably consistent from case to case making it an excellent model for investigating therapeutic strategies in human lysosomal storage disorders.
Acquired arteriovenous fistula in a dog following perivascular injection of thiopentone sodium
Authors: TURNER B. M.
Published: April 2008

An acquired arteriovenous fistula between the distal collateral radial and median arteries arising from the brachial artery, and the cephalic, brachial and median cubital veins of the right foreleg in an 8‐year‐old Afghan Hound is described.

The arteriovenous fistula was apparently acquired two years previously after a perivascular injection of the anaesthetic agent thiopentone sodium in 5 per cent W/V solution* and was found as an incidental problem during an examination for an unrelated lameness problem. The arteriovenous fistula was characterized by a large pulsatile swelling that had a continuous thrill and bruit. A positive Branham sign was present. The lesion was diagnosed by physical and radiological examination.

Ligation of the brachial artery has provided some post‐operative improvement in exercise tolerance.
The management of total tongue avulsion in a dog: a case report
Authors: CLUTTON R. E. , RICHARDS D. L. S.
Published: April 2008

A 17‐month old Dobermann Pinscher bitch was presented with a self‐induced, total avulsion of the tongue. Clinical signs of haemorrhagic shock were present. An inability to swallow led to rapid and progressive dehydration and weight loss. Management was initially directed at the correction of haemorrhagic shock, and then at the maintenance of fluid and energy balance while the tongue root healed by secondary intention. Aggressive parenteral feeding and hydration via a pharyngostomy tube resulted in stabilization of body weight. The dog has since gained weight and can maintain adequate food and water intake. Solid food is taken into the mouth and swallowed with minimal difficulty, although drinking is accompanied by some spillage.
Post‐prandial changes in canine plasma creatinine
Authors: EVANS G. O.
Published: April 2008

Post‐prandial changes of plasma creatinine and urea concentrations were found in healthy Beagle dogs fed a pelleted diet. Changes of plasma creatinine determined using an alkaline picrate method were confirmed by a more specific enzymatic method. The study also showed that alkaline picrate methods over‐estimate plasma creatinine in dog plasma.
Book Reviews
Authors: Jones S. M. Petersen
Published: April 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Canine and Feline Gastroenterology Edited by Brent D. Jones. Published by W. B. Saunders Company. Available in the UK from Holt‐Saunders Ltd., 1 St Anne's Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN21 3UN. Price £60.00. 531 pp.

Textbook of Small Animal Surgery Edited by Douglas H. Slatter. Published by W. B. Saunders Company. Available in the UK from Holt‐Saunders Ltd, 1 St Anne's Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 3UN. Two volumes. Price £95.00 per volume. 2,718 pp.

Manual of Small Animal Surgical Therapeutics Edited by C. W. Betts and Stephen W. Crane. Published by Churchill Livingstone, Available in the UK from Longman Group Limited, Longman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE. Price £29.00. 426 pp.

Veterinary Aspects of Captive Birds of Prey, 2nd Edn: J. E. Cooper. Published by The Standfast Press, Saul, Gloucestershire. Price £15.00. 287 pp.

Veterinary Dentistry Erich Eisennmenger and Karl Zetner with the assistance of Franz Schutz and Ben H. Colmery. Published by Lea & Febiger, 600 Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19106‐4198. USA Distributed in the UK by Quest‐Meriden Ltd, 145a Croydon Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3RB. Price US$48.50. 165 pp.

The Doglopaedia J. M. Evans and Kay White. Published by Henston Ltd, Russell House, 137–139 High Street, Guildford, Surrey. Price £5.95. 251 pp.

Jone's Animal Nursing, 4th edn. Edited by D. R. Lane, Published by Pergamon Press Ltd, Headington Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW. Price: hard £43.00, flexi £19.50.

Veterinary Trauma and Clinical Care Edited by Ira M. Zaslow. Published by Lea & Febiger, 600 Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19106‐4198, USA. 584 pp.
Congenital heart disease in the dog
Authors: MATIC S. E.
Published: April 2008

The clinical findings and investigation of dogs with congenital cardiac disease is described and the role of diagnostic aids including radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography is outlined. The physical findings, prognosis and therapy of the common defects are reviewed and their aetiology is briefly discussed.
Shock — a practitioner's perspective
Authors: MURPHY FINBARR
Published: April 2008

Good urine output, capillary refill time and skin hydration have in the past been used as indications of a good prognosis in cases of shock. This is not necessarily the case. Over reliance on these signs can lead to faulty prognosis. Four case histories are presented of animals in shock with particular reference to the above mentioned parameters.
Is it hereditary?: 2. Types and characteristic patterns of hereditary disease
Authors: THRUSFIELD M.
Published: April 2008

This article outlines the three main categories of genetic disease: chromosomal, Mendelian and multifactorial disorders. The modes of inheritance and characteristic patterns of the last two categories are described. This article is the second in a series of three concerned with the identification of an hereditary component to the cause of disease.
Observation on the presence of spermatozoa in canine urine
Authors: FERGUSON J. M. , RENTON J. P.
Published: April 2008

Urine samples were collected from 32 male dogs and examined for the presence of spermatozoa. Twenty‐eight dogs were found to have spermatozoa in their urine, indicating that spermatogenesis is occurring normally.
Clinical investigation of the lame dog
Authors: BARR A. R. S. , HOULTON J. E. F.
Published: April 2008

Lameness is a common clinical problem in the dog and a proportion of cases present problems in diagnosis. A systematic approach to their investigation involves history taking, observation of gait and inspection, palpation and manipulation of the suspect limb or limbs. This should allow the clinician to localise and, in many cases, characterise the problem in terms of the likely underlying disease process. This knowledge will then allow recommendations to be made as to the employment of ancillary diagnostic aids.
Quantification of plasma bile acids in the dog with a direct spectrophotometric method
Authors: AGUILERA‐TEJERO E. , MAYER‐VALOR R. , GOMEZ‐CARDENAS G.
Published: April 2008

Plasma bile acid estimation has recently been shown to be an excellent indicator of hepatic function in the dog. At the moment the only reported quantification method useful for routine clinical purposes in dogs is a direct spectrophotometric enzymatic technique. This article describes a modification of this method which improves its sensitivity. The problem of processing samples with high levels of lactate dehydrogenase (and more specifically of LDH5), and its clinical significance is also discussed.
Plasma bile acids, lactate dehydrogenase and sulphobromophthalein retention test in canine carbon tetrachloride intoxication
Authors: AGUILERA‐TEJERO E. , MAYER‐VALOR R. , GOMEZ‐CARDENAS G.
Published: April 2008

This paper studies the progression of various hepatic function tests (fasting and post prandial plasma bile acids, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase [HBDH], LDH isoenzymogram, and 45 minutes sulphobromophthalein retention) in a classic model of canine hepatic injury. Sulphobromphthalein and plasma bile acid determination are excellent indicators of hepatic damage. Post prandial bile acid quantification does not improve the diagnostic capacity of this test. LDH alters only in the first 48 hours after poisoning and the study of the HBDH/LDH ratio makes it possible to differentiate the origin of plasma LDH. LDH isoenzymogram is not a practical test for routine clinical diagnosis.
Is it hereditary?: 3. Identifying hereditary disease
Authors: THRUSFIELD M.
Published: April 2008

This is the last article in a series of three that discusses the identification of an hereditary component to the aetiology of disease. It introduces epidemiological techniques for detecting associations between breed, sex and disease, and outlines pedigree and family studies. There is a brief concluding discussion of the three articles.
Poor reproductive performance in exhibition budgerigars: A study of eggs which fail to hatch
Authors: BAKER J. R.
Published: April 2008

A survey of hatchability of exhibition budgerigars' eggs was carried out which indicated that an average of 49‐4 per cent of eggs laid hatched. Of the eggs which did not hatch 73‐3 per cent were infertile and this was due in part to management faults which took no cognisance of pair‐bonding and also due to abnormal body feathering. A small number (6‐5 per cent) of infertile eggs had flecks of yolk material in the white with an intact yolk or rupture of the yolk membrane leading to spillage of yolk into the white. 11‐1 per cent of eggs failed to hatch because of early embryonic death. Management practices, rupture of the yolk (30‐1 per cent) and infections (25‐6 per cent) accounted for the majority of these deaths. 14‐1 per cent of eggs were classified as dead in shell and accounted for most of the remainder of the eggs which failed to hatch, the majority of these were infected, in some instances as a result of handling the eggs.
Atlanto‐axial subluxation in the dog: a review of thirty cases and an evaluation of treatment by lag screw fixation
Authors: DENNY H. R. , GIBBS CHRISTINE , WATERMAN AVRIL
Published: April 2008

The clinical and radiological features of atlanto‐axial subluxation in the dog are described with reference to a series of 30 cases. Two methods of treatment were evaluated. In 13 dogs, a dorsal approach was used and the atlas and axis stabilised with a wire suture. Four cases had respiratory arrests during surgery; one of these and seven others made full recoveries after wiring. In 10 dogs treated by lag screw fixation of the ventral articular facets there were no complications during surgery and nine of these recovered within two months.

Atlanto‐axial subluxation was diagnosed in 30 dogs referred to the Department of Veterinary Surgery, University of Bristol between 1977 and 1986. The condition was encountered in six small breeds of dog and was seen most frequently in the Yorkshire
Osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head: a case report
Authors: McDONALD M.
Published: April 2008

The clinical history, radiographic findings, surgery and short term outcome of a case of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral head is described.
Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs: clinical and haematological findings; treatment
Authors: ELIAS E. , HOMANS P. A.
Published: April 2008

Hepatozoon canis gametocytes were identified in the circulating neutrophils of six dogs from different parts of southern Israel. Clinical signs included fever, anaemia, anorexia, weakness of the hind legs and numerous brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) on the skin surface. Parasitaemia varied from 6 per cent to 43 per cent of the circulating neutrophils. Two of these six cases also showed Ehrlichia morulae in the cytoplasm of leucocytes. Drug therapy with tetracycline hydrochloride 22 mg/kg, three times daily, and imidocarb dipropionate, 6 mg/kg, by subcutaneous injection, repeated after 14 days, was accompanied by clinical improvement and the depression of gametocyte parasitaemia.
Atresia ani and urethrorectal fistula in a kitten
Authors: van den BROEK A. H. M. , ELSE R. W. , HUNTER M. S.
Published: April 2008

A case of urethrorectal fistula associated with atresia ani in a seven‐week‐old male kitten is described. The main clinical sign was tenesmus. The diagnosis was confirmed by positive contrast radiography and post mortem examination.
Dorsal laminar elevation as a treatment for cervical vertebral canal stenosis in the dog
Authors: McKee W. M.
Published: April 2008

A five‐month‐old Great Dane was presented with marked ataxia and paraparesis. Dynamic radiographic studies showed instability between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae and a myelogram revealed spinal cord compression at the sixth cervical vertebral foramen. Dorsal laminar elevation was used in conjunction with articular facet fusion to decompress the spinal cord and stabilise the affected vertebrae. There were no postoperative complications and the dog improved to normality before dying of an unrelated condition seven months after surgery.
Haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) in German Shepherd dogs
Authors: LITTLEWOOD JANET D.
Published: April 2008

Moderate haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) has been identified in eight male German Shepherd dogs. Of 12 related females, five were diagnosed as obligate or probable carriers. The diagnosis of haemophilia A, its pattern of inheritance and carrier detection are discussed.
Synovial sarcoma in the dog–a review
Authors: McGLENNON N. J. , HOULTON J. E. F. , GORMAN N. T.
Published: April 2008

A series of eight cases of synovial sarcoma in the dog is presented together with a literature review of previously reported cases. It is an uncommon tumour occuring mainly around joints and affects more males than females. It occurs most frequently in medium to large dogs of middle age. Clinical signs may develop over a long period of time and the tumour is locally invasive with an unpredictable capacity to metatasise. Radiographically it appears as a soft tissue mass which invades bone. Histological diagnosis may be difficult because of the heterogenicity of the tumour and suitable biopsy techniques are discussed. On present evidence amputation appears to be the most effective form of treatment in the dog.
Evaluation of the peroral string test in the diagnosis of canine giardiasis
Authors: HALL E. J. , RUTGERS H. C. , BATT R. M.
Published: April 2008

The peroral string test (Entero‐Test; HDC Corporation, USA) has been shown to be a practicable method for the diagnosis of Giardia infection in dogs. It may be indicated in cases where faecal examination is negative, before more complex and invasive techniques are used.
Primary glaucoma in the Welsh springer spaniel
Authors: COTTRELL BEVERLEY D. , BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

This paper reports 28 cases of primary angle closure glaucoma in the Welsh springer spaniel, a breed not previously reported to be affected by this condition. Females are affected more frequently than males (2–4:1). The age of onset ranges from 10 weeks to 10 years; however, the distribution is skewed towards the younger dog. The mode of inheritance appears to be dominant, which should make elimination of the trait through breeding control more straightforward. Gonioscopy on clinically affected and clinically normal dogs revealed three angle types; open (normal), partially open and partially closed (equivocal) and closed (affected). The equivocal cases may represent the heterozygous state and the closed the homozygous; alternatively the gene(s) may show variable expression.
Spontaneous regression of intracutaneous cornifying epitheliomata in a dog
Authors: SMITH D. A. , KNOTTENBELT M. K.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and histopathological features are described of a case of multicentric intracutaneous cornifying epitheliomata in a four‐year‐old German shepherd dog. Multiple lesions developed over a one‐and‐a‐half year observation period. Eighteen were surgically removed, many of the others spontaneously regressed. Novel histopathological features included prominent epithelial invasion of surrounding dermis and a high mitotic rate suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma, and the apparent origin of several tumours in hair shaft epithelium.
Use of low dose prostaglandin for the treatment of canine pyometra
Authors: ARNOLD S. , HUBLER M. , CASAL M. , FAIRBURN A. , BAUMANN D. , FLUECKIGER M. , RUESCH P.
Published: April 2008

Ten bitches with pyometra were treated with prostaglandin F2α at a dose of 20 μg/kg bodyweight three times daily on consecutive days. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs and radiographic findings. Venous blood samples were collected for haematology and measurement of plasma progesterone levels. The response to treatment was monitored by repeated ultrasonic examinations. The treatment was continued for up to eight days. Seven out of 10 bitches responded well to treatment. The remaining three bitches underwent ovariohysterectomy and a cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium was diagnosed histologically. The results indicated that prostaglandin F2α used at the low dose is sufficient for medical treatment of certain cases of pyometra. The treatment seems to be most effective in bitches without obvious hormonal imbalance. The aetiology of pyometra is discussed.
Tonsillar polyps in the dog
Authors: LUCKE V. M. , PEARSON G. R. , GREGORY S. P. , WHITBREAD T. J.
Published: April 2008

The clinicopathological features of tonsillar polyps in eight dogs are described. They occurred in aged animals (mean 12.5 years) and caused gagging and retching in two. In the other six the polyps were an incidental finding during anaesthesia for unrelated surgical procedures.

Seven of the polyps were considered to be of inflammatory origin, consisting of a fibrous tissue core containing dilated lymphatics and veins and a variable lymphocytic component. The eighth had microscopic features suggestive of a developmental vascular anomaly (hamartoma).
BSAVA EDUCATION COMMITTEE COMMISSIONED ARTICLE
Authors: EVANS J. M.
Published: April 2008

The development of hormonal preparations to control oestrus in the bitch is briefly reviewed. The products currently available in the UK are listed and compared in respect of active principle, methods of use, price, efficacy and safety. The need to follow the advised methods of administration is emphasised. Veterinary surgeons are urged to consider in each individual case the advantages and disadvantages of ovariohysterectomy and chemical control, bearing in mind the breed and status of the bitch, and the needs of the owner. Chemical control can offer a helpful alternative where there is a hesitation to spay.