bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eclectic distributional ethics
Authors: Roemer John E.
Published: November 2004

Utilitarians, maximinners, prioritarians, and sufficientarians each provide examples of situations demonstrating, often apparently compellingly, that a sensible ethical observer must adopt their view and reject the others. I argue, to the contrary, that an attractive ethic is eclectic or pluralistic, in the sense of coinciding with these apparently different views in different regions of the space of social states. I reject the view that an appealing ethic can be universally maximin, prioritarian, or utilitarian.
Fibre Bragg Grating Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature
Authors: Yang Bin , Tao Xiaoming , Yu Jiangyong
Published: November 2004

This paper provides a systematic review of some methods for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature based on Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor. They are photo-generated in-fibre gratings, hybrid FBG/LPG (longperiod grating), two FBGs, a single changed FBG and superstructure fibre grating. The principle and accuracy of each type of measurement method are discussed. The unsolved problems are also discussed.
Leadership in Education
Authors: Simkins Tim
Published: November 2004

This article explores some aspects of current thinking about leadership in education. It argues that ideas about leadership which are predicated upon the assumption that ‘what works’ can be identified, prescribed and replicated are at least an inadequate way of conceiving the concept and often may be inappropriate and unhelpful. It also argues that in the leadership world ‘making sense of things’ is at least as important as ‘seeking what works’. The argument proceeds in four stages. First, the article outlines two approaches to the conceptualization of leadership that it terms the ‘traditional’ and ‘emerging’ approaches. Second, it considers the policy context within which leadership is today located, both in education and more widely within the public sector. Third, it explores some implications that these ideas about leadership and this policy context raise for leadership and leadership development in education. Finally, it draws conclusions, identifying six dimensions of a sense-making agenda for educational leaders.
Middle Managers in English Further Education Colleges
Authors: Briggs Ann R.J.
Published: November 2004

This research examines the work of middle managers in English further education colleges holding a range of responsibilities. Case study research at four colleges drew on data from senior managers, middle managers and their teams, college documents and observation of meetings. The enquiry focused upon the aspects of role performed by the managers, the environment for management within which they carry out their role, and features of the college environment which enable and impede them in their work. Five aspects of role were identified and discussed, those of corporate agent, implementer, staff manager, liaison and leader. Factors within the college environment which impact positively and negatively upon the role were modelled in order to locate the key influences upon the effectiveness of the manager role, and thereby the effectiveness of the college.
Leading Teaching and Learning in the Primary School
Authors: Webb Rosemary
Published: November 2004

Case study data from six primary schools are drawn upon to examine the reality of primary headteacher leadership. Three alternative theoretical models of leadership are used to analyse the ways in which it has changed since the Education Reform Act (1988) and the implications of these changes for leading teaching and learning. Prior to 1988 primary headteachers as ‘educative leaders’ were involved in teaching and direct working relations with children and classteachers. However, in the current educational climate ‘educative leadership’ appears unsustainable. Although ‘instructional leadership’ is an effective model for achieving compliance with government reforms and achieving a narrow standards agenda, it stifles teachers’ creativity and constrains school innovation. It is argued that ‘pedagogical leadership’, as exemplified by two headteachers in the study, appears to offer much greater possibilities for developing teaching and promoting both pupil and teacher learning. While the practice of ‘pedagogical leadership’ is viewed as conflicting with aspects of ‘instructional leadership’, it has value congruence with ‘educative leadership’ and can therefore develop from it.
Competing Conceptions and Values in School Strategy
Authors: Davies Peter , Coates Gwen
Published: November 2004

Government policy in England has encouraged schools to adopt a rational planning model on the basis that this will contribute to school effectiveness. This policy has been criticized for neglecting the consequences for the planning process of volatility in schools’ external environment and for replacing well-developed professional knowledge and commitment with inappropriate models from ‘for-profit’ business. We agree that the rational planning model is not an appropriate basis for school management but dispute these diagnoses of the nature of the problem. We suggest that it is uncertainty about processes internal to the school that are the problem and that an appropriate managerial response to this problem can draw upon business ideas which are not oppositional to professional expertise and values, while questioning professional self-interest.
The bag or the spindle: the cell factory at the time of systems' biology
Authors: Danchin Antoine
Published: November 2004

Genome programs changed our view of bacteria as cell factories, by making them amenable to systematic rational improvement. As a first step, isolated genes (including those of the metagenome), or small gene clusters are improved and expressed in a variety of hosts. New techniques derived from functional genomics (transcriptome, proteome and metabolome studies) now allow users to shift from this single-gene approach to a more integrated view of the cell, where it is more and more considered as a factory. One can expect in the near future that bacteria will be entirely reprogrammed, and perhaps even created de novo from bits and pieces, to constitute man-made cell factories. This will require exploration of the landscape made of neighbourhoods of all the genes in the cell. Present work is already paving the way for that futuristic view of bacteria in industry.
Injuries caused by airbags: a review
Authors: Hutt JRB , Wallis LA
Published: November 2004

With the number of vehicles on the road increasing, the safety aspects of motoring are becoming a progressively more important consideration in health care provision and policy. Airbags are a relatively new introduction into our vehicles. Unlike other mechanisms such as seat belts, they offer protection without the need for any action on the part of the occupant. However, the necessarily violent nature of their deployment has led to the emergence of patterns of injury as a direct result. Knowledge of the potential dangers posed by these systems is useful both for emergency department physicians in order to prevent important injuries being missed, and for car manufacturers using increas ingly modern technology to design more efficient mechanisms. We undertook a review of the current literature to ascertain the spectrum of injuries that have been attributed to the use of airbags, while putting this into the wider context of their protective contribution.
Sequencing of Tamoxifen and Radiotherapy After Breast-Conserving Surgery in Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Pierce Lori J. , Hutchins Laura F. , Green Stephanie R. , Lew Danika L. , Gralow Julie R. , Livingston Robert B. , Osborne C. Kent , Albain Kathy S.
Published: November 2004

Purpose

Tamoxifen (TAM) is thought to exert a cytostatic effect on hormone-sensitive breast cancer cells. Some preclinical studies show reduced radiosensitivity in irradiated malignant mammary epithelial cells when pretreated with TAM; other studies refute these results. Recent randomized clinical trials suggest an antagonistic effect of TAM on cytotoxic therapy, with improved disease-free survival (DFS) with sequential versus concurrent TAM. An exploratory analysis was undertaken to evaluate the optimal sequencing of TAM and radiotherapy (RT) after breast-conserving surgery.

Patients and Methods

Southwest Oncology Group trial 8897 (Intergroup 0102) randomly assigned node-negative women with T1-3 breast cancers to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, fluorouracil (CAF); CAF → TAM; cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil (CMF); and CMF → TAM. For this analysis, data are reported only in the TAM groups. RT was allowed either before adjuvant therapy (sequential [SEQ] RT; 107 patients) or after chemotherapy but concurrent with TAM (concurrent [CONC] RT; 202 patients). Survival data were adjusted for receptor status, age, and tumor size.

Results

With a median follow-up of 10.3 years, 10-year DFS values were 83% and 83% for CONC versus SEQ RT groups (log-rank P = .73; P = .76 adjusted for patient characteristics), and 10-year overall survivals were 88% and 90%, respectively (log-rank P = .59; adjusted P = .65). Patterns of failure showed no increase in in-breast recurrence rates between CONC RT and SEQ RT groups, with 10-year local recurrence rates of 7% for CONC RT and 5% for SEQ RT (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.26 to 2.04; P = .54).

Conclusion

The current analysis does not suggest an adverse effect on local or systemic control with CONC versus SEQ TAM and RT in node-negative breast cancer. A randomized trial is encouraged to validate these results.
Sequence of Radiotherapy With Tamoxifen in Conservatively Managed Breast Cancer Does Not Affect Local Relapse Rates
Authors: Ahn Peter H. , Vu Ha Thanh , Lannin Donald , Obedian Edward , DiGiovanna Michael P. , Burtness Barbara , Haffty Bruce G.
Published: November 2004

Purpose

To evaluate whether the sequencing of tamoxifen (TAM) relative to radiation (RT) affects outcome in breast cancer patients treated with conservative surgery (CS) plus RT (lumpectomy with RT).

Methods

Between 1976 and 1999, 1,649 patients with stage I or II breast cancer were treated with CS plus RT at Yale-New Haven Hospital (New Haven, CT). TAM was administered to 500 patients. The timing of TAM relative to RT was documented for each patient. Of the 500 patients, the timing of TAM was unclear in five patients, was administered concurrently with RT in 254 patients (CON-TAM), and was administered sequentially after completion of RT in 241 patients (SEQ-TAM).

Results

There were no differences between the CON-TAM and SEQ-TAM group in T stage, estrogen and progesterone status, nodal status, histology, or margin status. The CON-TAM group was slightly older than the SEQ-TAM group (62 v 58 years) and received chemotherapy in addition to TAM less frequently (14% v 38%). As of September 2002, with a median follow-up of 10.0 years, there were no significant differences between the CON-TAM and SEQ-TAM groups in overall survival (84% v 82%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.234; 95% CI, 0.42 to 2.05; P = .45), distant–metastasis-free rate (82% v 78%; HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 0.89 to 2.68; P = .12), ipsilateral breast-relapse–free rate (90% v 86%; HR, 0.932; 95% CI, 0.42 to 2.05; P = .86), or contralateral breast-relapse–free rate (95% v 93%; HR, 0.892; 95% CI, 0.53 to 1.48; P = .66).

Conclusion

Although the concurrent use of TAM with RT may theoretically render cancer cells less responsive to RT, this retrospective study suggests that in practical application, concurrent administration of TAM with RT does not compromise local control.
Surface sensitivity study of non-gasketed flange joint
Authors: Nash D. H. , Abid M
Published: November 2004

From analytical contact pressure studies of gasketed and non-gasketed flanged pipe joints, it is known that good contact maintained over consistently large areas occurs in a no-gasketed flange joint compared with a gasketed joint, where contact is only on the seal ring portion of the gasket. However, the presence of contact pressure and a good flange surface finish does not in itself eliminate the problem of leakage. Rather, it is the surface flatness in combination with contact pressure and surface finish that is necessary to generate effective contact at the inside diameter of the flange. This occurs providing there are no gaps due to deformation arising from the welding process to the mating pipe as flow is proportional to gap height. However, the question remains as how to ensure adequate surface flatness as non-gasketed flange surfaces are sensitive to damage, which may be present in the form of surface deformation, scratches and dents or bulges. A detailed experimental study is therefore carried out to measure the surface finish and surface flatness post manufacture and welding of such flanges. Results of actual flanges were compared with solid circular plates of the same dimension with inserted shims to provide gaps in order that flow rate/gap height ratio be studied. Manufacturing issues with respect to monitoring and controlling deformations are discussed and recommendations are suggested for flange redesign, appropriate welding approaches and manual handling of non-gasketed flanges.
Hybrid methods and Q-guidance for rocket performance optimization
Authors: Circi C
Published: November 2004

The thrust strategy for extra-atmospheric flight plays a key role in the optimization process for the ascent trajectory of the launch vehicles. In this paper optimization software for the ascent trajectory of the launch vehicles is reported, and the performances, obtained using Q-guidance, proposed by Battin are compared with those obtained solving an optimal control problem via the calculus of variations. The differences with respect to the optimal case are related to the velocity-to-be-gained value. The condition where Q-guidance is a good alternative is defined. The thrust strategies are applied to maximize the payload mass of a four-stage launcher similar to the European launcher Vega. The results are presented in terms of final payload mass and thrust strategies. This comparison is made firstly for the complete trajectory and then only for the last-stage trajectory. In the latter case the performances are compared considering both planar and out-of-plane trajectories.
Barrierefreies Web – eine Frage der Einstellung (Accessibility of Web-Content – A Question of Attitude)
Authors: Heidenreich Susanne
Published: November 2004

Der technische Fortschritt im Bereich Multimedia eröffnet uns fraglos neue Perspektiven für die Vermittlung und Darstellung von Informationen. Aber er birgt auch neue Schranken! Für welche Nutzer welche Probleme zum unüberwindbaren Hindernis werden können, wird im Folgenden kurz vorgestellt. Die zentrale Frage ist: Nutzen wir die Chance, alle Menschen an der Informationsgesellschaft teilhaben zu lassen?
An elementary introduction to superspace crystallography
Authors: van Smaalen Sander
Published: November 2004

Aperiodic crystals are defined as a crystalline state of matter, that has atomic structures with long-range order but without translational symmetry. Experimentally, they are characterized by sharp Bragg reflections in the X-ray diffraction, that can be indexed by integers, if four or more reciprocal basis vectors are used. An introduction is given to the basic concepts of the superspace theory for structural analysis of incommensurately modulated crystals and incommensurate composite crystals [De Wolff, Janner and Janssen, Acta Crystallogr. 37 (1981) 625–636]. It is concluded that major challenges of the crystallography of incommensurate phases lie in the determination of the precise shapes of modulation functions, and in finding the relations between physical properties of incommensurate crystals and their atomic structures.
Incommensurate crystal structures in the elements at high pressure
Authors: McMahon Malcolm , Nelmes Richard
Published: November 2004

Recent advances in high-pressure diffraction techniques have revealed remarkably complex crystal structures in the metallic elements at high pressure. In an increasing number of cases, these structures are found to be incommensurate, having either a host-guest composite structure, or modulations of the atomic positions. In this paper we review the structures of these phases, and discuss the insight provided by the structures into the behaviour of the elements at high pressure.
An electron and X-ray diffraction study of the compositely modulated barium nickel hollandite Ba
x
(Ni
x
Ti8—

x
)O16, 1.16 < x < 1.32, solid solution
Authors: Carter Melody L. , Withers Ray L.
Published: November 2004

Hollandite samples, Ba
x
(Ni
x
Ti8—

x
)O16 (1.1 < x < 1.40) made by ceramic techniques, have been studied by electron and X-ray diffraction. As a result, the barium nickel hollandite system is described as a composite modulated single phase solid solution made up of mutually incommensurable (along b) framework and Ba ion sub-structures. The magnitude of the incommensurate primary modulation wave-vector when defined with respect to the framework sub-structure q = b
Ba* (measured directly from electron diffraction patterns (EDPs)) acts as a chemical ruler in that it is directly related to composition and given by
x
/2. The superspace group symmetry was found to be I′2/m(0,
x
/2, 0)1. Both the framework and the Ba sub-structures have the same I2/m average structure space group symmetry. The solid solution limits for Ba
x
(Ni
x
Ti8—

x
)O16 were found to correspond to 1.16 < x < 1.32 . These limits were found by calculating the lattice parameters of both the frame work and sub-lattice from the powder X-ray diffraction patterns.
Protecting Haploid Polymorphisms in Temporally Variable Environments
Authors: Dean Antony M
Published: November 2004

Analysis of a continuous-time model shows that a protected polymorphism can arise in a haploid population subject to temporal fluctuations in selection. The requirements are that population size is regulated in a density-dependent manner and that an allele's arithmetic mean relative growth rate is greater than one when rare and that its harmonic mean relative growth rate is less than one when common. There is no requirement that relative growth rate be frequency dependent. Comparisons with discrete-time models show that the standard formalism used by population genetics ignores forced changes in generation time as rare advantageous alleles sweep into a population. In temporally variable environments, frequency-dependent changes in generation times tend to counteract these invasions. Such changes can prevent fixation and protect polymorphisms.
Evidence for Abundant Slightly Deleterious Polymorphisms in Bacterial Populations
Authors: Hughes Austin L
Published: November 2004

The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution predicts that slightly deleterious mutations subject to purifying selection are widespread in natural populations, particularly those of large effective population size. To test this hypothesis, the standardized difference between pairwise nucleotide difference and number of segregation sites (corrected for number of sequences) was estimated for 149 population data sets from 84 species of bacteria. This quantity (Tajima's D-statistic) was estimated separately for synonymous (Dsyn) and nonsynonymous (Dnon) polymorphisms. Dsyn was positive in 70% of data sets, and the overall median Dsyn (0.873) was positive. By contrast Dnon was negative in 68% of data sets, and the overall median Dnon (−0.656) was negative. The preponderance of negative values of Dnon is evidence that there are widespread rare nonsynonymous polymorphisms in the process of being eliminated by purifying selection, as predicted to occur in populations with large effective size by the nearly neutral theory. The major exceptions to this trend were seen among surface proteins, particularly those of bacteria parasitic on vertebrates, which included a number of cases of polymorphisms apparently maintained by balancing selection.
Bonus, a Drosophila TIF1 Homolog, Is a Chromatin-Associated Protein That Acts as a Modifier of Position-Effect Variegation
Authors: Beckstead R B , Ner S S , Hales K G , Grigliatti T A , Baker B S , Bellen H J
Published: November 2004

Bonus, a Drosophila TIF1 homolog, is a nuclear receptor cofactor required for viability, molting, and numerous morphological events. Here we establish a role for Bonus in the modulation of chromatin structure. We show that weak loss-of-function alleles of bonus have a more deleterious effect on males than on females. This male-enhanced lethality is not due to a defect in dosage compensation or somatic sex differentiation, but to the presence of the Y chromosome. Additionally, we show that bonus acts as both an enhancer and a suppressor of position-effect variegation. By immunostaining, we demonstrate that Bonus is associated with both interphase and prophase chromosomes and through chromatin immunoprecipitation show that two of these sites correspond to the histone gene cluster and the Stellate locus.
Hsp70 Chaperones as Modulators of Prion Life Cycle
Authors: Allen Kim D , Wegrzyn Renee D , Chernova Tatiana A , Müller Susanne , Newnam Gary P , Winslett Peggy A , Wittich Kristin B , Wilkinson Keith D , Chernoff Yury O
Published: November 2004

[PSI+] is a prion isoform of the yeast release factor Sup35. In some assays, the cytosolic chaperones Ssa1 and Ssb1/2 of the Hsp70 family were previously shown to exhibit “pro-[PSI+]” and “anti-[PSI+]” effects, respectively. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time that excess Ssa1 increases de novo formation of [PSI+] and that pro-[PSI+] effects of Ssa1 are shared by all other Ssa proteins. Experiments with chimeric constructs show that the peptide-binding domain is a major determinant of differences in the effects of Ssa and Ssb proteins on [PSI+]. Surprisingly, overproduction of either chaperone increases loss of [PSI+] when Sup35 is simultaneously overproduced. Excess Ssa increases both the average size of prion polymers and the proportion of monomeric Sup35 protein. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments uncover direct physical interactions between Sup35 and Hsp70 proteins. The proposed model postulates that Ssa stimulates prion formation and polymer growth by stabilizing misfolded proteins, which serve as substrates for prion conversion. In the case of very large prion aggregates, further increase in size may lead to the loss of prion activity. In contrast, Ssb either stimulates refolding into nonprion conformation or targets misfolded proteins for degradation, in this way counteracting prion formation and propagation.
A Natural Meiotic DNA Break Site in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Is a Hotspot of Gene Conversion, Highly Associated With Crossing Over
Authors: Cromie Gareth A , Rubio Claudia A , Hyppa Randy W , Smith Gerald R
Published: November 2004

In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, meiosis-specific DNA breaks that initiate recombination are observed at prominent but widely separated sites. We investigated the relationship between breakage and recombination at one of these sites, the mbs1 locus on chromosome I. Breaks corresponding to 10% of chromatids were mapped to four clusters spread over a 2.1-kb region. Gene conversion of markers within the clusters occurred in 11% of tetrads (3% of meiotic chromatids), making mbs1 a conversion hotspot when compared to other fission yeast markers. Approximately 80% of these conversions were associated with crossing over of flanking markers, suggesting a strong bias in meiotic break repair toward the generation of crossovers. This bias was observed in conversion events at three other loci, ade6, ade7, and ura1. A total of 50–80% of all crossovers seen in a 90-kb region flanking mbs1 occurred in a 4.8-kb interval containing the break sites. Thus, mbs1 is also a hotspot of crossing over, with breakage at mbs1 generating most of the crossovers in the 90-kb interval. Neither Rec12 (Spo11 ortholog) nor I-SceI-induced breakage at mbs1 was significantly associated with crossing over in an apparently break-free interval >25 kb away. Possible mechanisms for generating crossovers in such break-free intervals are discussed.
Echocardiographic Findings in the PANDAS Subgroup
Authors: Snider Lisa A , Sachdev Vandana , MacKaronis Julia E , Peter Marilyn St. , Swedo Susan E
Published: November 2004

Background. Sydenham's chorea is the neurologic manifestation of rheumatic fever and is a diagnosis of exclusion requiring only the presence of frank chorea in the absence of another neurologic disorder. Two thirds of children with Sydenham's chorea also have rheumatic carditis (pathologic mitral valve regurgitation). Although there are similar neuropsychiatric symptoms and preceding group A β-hemolytic streptococcal infection associated with both Sydenham's chorea and the PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections) subgroup, it is unknown whether patients in the PANDAS subgroup have any cardiac involvement.

Methods. Sixty children meeting the criteria for PANDAS were entered into protocols at National Institute of Mental Health between 1993 and 2002. Doppler and 2-dimensional echocardiograms were performed on these subjects to assess valvular heart disease.

Results. Of these 60 children, no echocardiographic evidence of significant mitral or aortic valve regurgitation was found. One patient was found to have mild mitral regurgitation, and all patients had normal left atrial size and normal left ventricular size and function. Follow-up echocardiograms on 20 children showed no significant valvular regurgitation.

Conclusion. The evidence of a clear lack of rheumatic carditis in these children supports the hypothesis that PANDAS is a distinct neuropsychiatric diagnosis separate from Sydenham's chorea.
The Natural History of Type B Niemann-Pick Disease: Results From a 10-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wasserstein Melissa P. , Desnick Robert J. , Schuchman Edward H. , Hossain Sabera , Wallenstein Sylvan , Lamm Carin , McGovern Margaret M.
Published: November 2004

Objectives. Type B Niemann-Pick disease (NPD-B) caused by acid sphingomyelinase deficiency is a rare, autosomal recessive, lysosomal storage disorder with a broad range of disease severity. The objectives of this study were to document the natural history of the disease in a large, clinically heterogeneous patient population that was followed for a period of 10 years and to determine how genotype influences phenotype.

Methods. Twenty-nine patients with NPD-B had serial evaluations at least 9 months apart. Organ volumes, hematologic indices, lipid concentrations, pulmonary function, and hepatic activity were studied, and individual phenotypic severity was compared with genotype.

Results. All patients with intact spleens had splenomegaly (mean value: 12.7 multiples of normal [MN]; range: 4.5–27.3 MN), and all but 1 had hepatomegaly (mean volume: 1.91 MN; range: 0.93–3.21 MN). At initial visit, 39% had thrombocytopenia and 3% had leukopenia. At final visit, the percentages increased to 54% and 34%, respectively. Mean annual decreases in platelet count and leukocyte count were 7 × 103 and 0.2 × 103 per mm3, respectively. The typical atherogenic lipid profile was worse in older patients. A total of 69% of patients had low diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide, and more than one third had low forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity at initial visit. All measurements of pulmonary function showed a gradual deterioration over time. Liver dysfunction was characterized by stable elevation of hepatic transaminases and bilirubin. Homozygotes for ΔR608, P323A, and P330R had milder disease than patients with all other genotypes.

Conclusions. The natural history of NPD-B is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly with progressive hypersplenism, worsening atherogenic lipid profile, gradual deterioration in pulmonary function, and stable liver dysfunction.
Treatment of Acute Kawasaki Disease: Aspirin’s Role in the Febrile Stage Revisited
Authors: Hsieh Kai-Sheng , Weng Ken-Pen , Lin Chu-Chuan , Huang Ta-Cheng , Lee Cheng-Liang , Huang Shih-Ming
Published: November 2004

Objective. To evaluate the effect of treatment without aspirin in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (KD) and to determine whether it is necessary to expose children to high- or medium-dose aspirin.

Methods. A total of 162 patients who fulfilled the established criteria of acute KD between 1993 and 2003 were included in this retrospective study. All patients were treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG; 2 g/kg) as a single infusion without concomitant aspirin treatment. Low-dose aspirin (3–5 mg/kg per day) was subsequently prescribed when fever subsided. Patients who had defervescence within 3 days after the completion of IVIG treatment were classified as the IVIG-responsive group, and those whose fever persisted for >3 days were classified as the IVIG-nonresponsive group. The 162 patients were divided further into 2 groups: those who were treated with IVIG before illness day 5, and those who were treated after illness day 5. We compared the response rate of IVIG therapy, duration of fever, and incidence of coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs) between these groups.

Results. A total of 153 patients were classified into the IVIG-responsive group, and 128 (83.66%) of them had defervescence within 24 hours after completion of IVIG therapy. Nine (5.56%) patients were classified into the IVIG nonresponsive group, and all received additional IVIG (2 g/kg) without aspirin. Six (66.67%) had defervescence within 3 days after additional therapy. Patients in the IVIG-nonresponsive group had a significantly higher incidence of CAAs than those in the IVIG-responsive group (25% vs 2.92%). In the group that was treated before illness day 5 (n = 16), all patients had defervescence within 3 days after IVIG therapy and 13 (81.25%) had defervescence within 24 hours. In the group that was treated after illness day 5 (n = 146), 137 (93.84%) patients had defervescence within 3 days and 115 (78.77%) had defervescence within 24 hours. One (6.67%) patient in the group that was treated before illness day 5 got a new onset of CAAs, as did 5 (3.85%) in the group that was treated after illness day 5. There was no statistically significant difference in the response rate of IVIG therapy, duration of fever, and incidence of CAAs between these 2 groups.

Conclusion. The results of our study indicate that the treatment without aspirin in acute stage of KD had no effect on the response rate of IVIG therapy, duration of fever, or incidence of CAAs when children were treated with high-dose (2 g/kg) IVIG as a single infusion, despite treatment before or after day 5 of illness. We conclude that it seems unnecessary to expose children to high- or medium-dose aspirin therapy in acute KD when the available data show no appreciable benefit in preventing the failure of IVIG therapy, formation of CAAs, or shortening the duration of fever.
Targeting the minimum water flow rate using water cascade analysis technique
Authors: Manan Zainuddin Abdul , Tan Yin Ling , Foo Dominic Chwan Yee
Published: November 2004

This work presents the water cascade analysis (WCA) as a new technique to establish the minimum water and wastewater targets for continuous water‐using processes. The WCA is a numerical alternative to the graphical water targeting technique known as the water surplus diagram. The WCA is to the water surplus diagram in water pinch analysis (WPA) as problem table analysis (PTA) is to the grand composite curves in heat pinch analysis. By eliminating the tedious iterative steps of the water surplus diagram, the WCA can quickly yield accurate minimum water targets, pinch point locations, and water allocation targets for a maximum water recovery (MWR) network, thereby offering a key complementary role to the water surplus diagram in the synthesis of water network. As in the case of the water surplus diagram, the WCA is not limited to mass‐transfer–based operations and is applicable to a wide range of water‐using operations. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3169–3183, 2004
Unterstanding the Hydration Structure of Square‐Planar Aquaions: The [Pd(H2O)4]2+ Case
Authors: Martinez Jose M. , Torrico Francisco , Pappalardo Rafael R. , Sanchez Marcos Enrique
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Colloidal Synthesis of Luminescent Rhabdophane LaPO4:Ln3+×xH2O (Ln: Ce, Tb, Eu; x ≈ 0.7) Nanocrystals.
Authors: Buissette Valerie , Moreau Melanie , Gacoin Thierry , Boilot Jean‐Pierre , Chane‐Ching Jean‐Yves , Le Mercier Thierry
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of ortho‐Phenyl Substituted MeO‐BIPHEP Ligand and Its Application in Rh‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Wu Shulin , He Minsheng , Zhang Xumu
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Cleavage of Heterocyclic Compounds in Organic Synthesis. Part 2. Use of 5‐Nitroisatine for Synthesis of Various Nitrogenous Heterocycles.
Authors: Hlavac Jan , Soural Miroslav , Hradil Pavel , Frysova Iveta , Slouka Jan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Route to Enantiopure 2,2′‐Diaryl‐1,1′‐binaphthalenes by Stereoconservative Suzuki Arylation at Positions 2 and 2′+.
Authors: Brath Henrich , Dubovska Margareta , Juricek Michal , Kasak Peter , Putala Martin
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Development of Novel Inhibitors of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α (TNF‐α) Production Based on Substituted [5,5]‐Bicyclic Pyrazolones.
Authors: Laufersweiler Matthew J. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Monothiooxamides of the Thiazole Series.
Authors: Zavarzin I. V. , Yarovenko V. N. , Krayushkin M. M.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Reaction of Aromatic Dialdehyde with Dimedone under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Tu Shujiang , Gao Yuan , Miao Chunbao , Zhu Songlei , Li Tuanjie , Zhang Xiaojing , Shi Daqing
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted Se‐Phenyl Selenocarboxylates from Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Tiecco Marcello , Testaferri Lorenzo , Temperini Andrea , Bagnoli Luana , Marini Francesca , Santi Claudio , Terlizzi Raffaella
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Phosphine‐Phosphite and Phosphine‐Phosphinite Ligands for Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation.
Authors: Yan Yongjun , Chi Yongxiang , Zhang Xumu
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiimplantation Activity of New Stilbene Derivatives.
Authors: Bandichhor Rakeshwar , Singh Kunwar A. , Nosse Bernd , Tandon Vishnu K.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
C—H Insertion Reactions, Cycloadditions, and Ylide Formation of Diazo Compounds
Authors: Davies Huw M. L.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Siderophores and Transferrins
Authors: Dertz E. A. , Raymond K. N.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kinetic Stabilization of Disilenes and Disilynes
Authors: Wiberg Nils
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Adverse effects and responsibility of environmental policy: the case of forest fires
Authors: Pazienza Pasquale , Beraldo Sergio
Published: November 2004

It is generally known that forest fires are one of the main factors of environmental degradation. Although a great deal of scientific literature on this issue exists, little progress has been made to help us understand and explain the reasons for their appearance. In this work we highlight how forest fires could also be the result of the adverse effects of environmental policies related to the management of forest fire emergencies. With regard to the area of the Gargano National Park (Southern Italy) and with the use of a panel data technique, we attempt to observe the forest fire phenomenon as related to some of the socio‐economic conditions existing there. We find a significant statistical relationship between the number of forest fires and the unemployment level in the area. This provides evidence to argue that when setting up environmental safeguarding policies it is important to take into consideration the socio‐economic conditions existing in the area, if the probability of adverse effects is to be avoided and a more socially responsible legislative framework is to be established. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sulindac and its metabolites inhibit invasion of glioblastoma cells via down‐regulation of Akt/PKB and MMP‐2
Authors: Lee Hyung‐Chahn , Park In‐Chul , Park Myung‐Jin , An Sungkwan , Woo Sang‐Hyeok , Jin Hyeon‐Ok , Chung Hee Yong , Lee Su‐Jae , Gwak Ho‐Shin , Hong Young‐Jun , Yoo Doo‐Hyun , Rhee Chang‐Hun , Hong Seok‐Il
Published: November 2004

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), sulindac has chemopreventive and anti‐tumorigenic properties, however, the molecular mechanism of this inhibitory action has not been clearly defined. The Akt/protein kinase B, serine/threonine kinase is well known as an important mediator of many cell survival signaling pathways. In the present study, we demonstrate that down‐regulation of Akt is a major effect of anti‐invasiveness property of sulindac and its metabolites in glioblastoma cells. Myristoylated Akt (MyrAkt) transfected U87MG glioblastoma cells showed increase invasiveness, whereas DN‐Akt transfected cells showed decrease invasiveness indicating that Akt potently promoted glioblastoma cell invasion. MMP‐2 promoter and enzyme activity were up‐regulated in Akt kinase activity dependent manner. Sulindac and its metabolites down‐regulated Akt phosphorylation, inhibited MMP‐2 production, and significantly inhibited invasiveness of human glioblastoma cells. In addition, sulindac and LY294002, a selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K), synergistically inhibited the invasion of glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, only celecoxib showed Akt phosphorylation reduction and an anti‐invasivness in glioblastoma cells, whereas aspirin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, and naproxen did not. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that down‐regulation of Akt pathway and MMP‐2 may be one of the mechanisms by which sulindac and its metabolites inhibit glioblastoma cell invasion. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation of a physiological complex between TRPV2 and RGA protein promotes cell surface expression of TRPV2
Authors: Stokes Alexander J. , Wakano Clay , del Carmen Kimberly A. , Koblan‐Huberson Murielle , Turner Helen
Published: November 2004

The transient receptor potential, sub‐family Vanilloid (TRPV)2 cation channel is activated in response to extreme temperature elevations in sensory neurons. However, TRPV2 is widely expressed in tissues with no sensory function, including cells of the immune system. Regulation of GRC, the murine homolog of TRPV2 has been studied in insulinoma cells and myocytes. GRC is activated in response to certain growth factors and neuropeptides, via a mechanism that involves regulated access of the channel to the plasma membrane. This is likely to be an important primary control mechanism for TRPV2 outside the CNS. Here, we report that a regulated trafficking step controls the access of TRPV2 to the cell surface in mast cells. In mast cells, elevations in cytosolic cAMP are sufficient to drive plasma membrane localization of TRPV2. We have previously proposed that the recombinase gene activator protein (RGA), a four‐transmembrane domain, intracellular protein, associates with TRPV2 during the biosynthesis and early trafficking of the channel. We use a polyclonal antibody to RGA to confirm the formation of a physiological complex between RGA and TRPV2. Finally, we show that over‐expression of the RGA protein potentiates the basal surface localization of TRPV2. We propose that trafficking and activation mechanisms intersect for TRPV2, and that cAMP mobilizing stimuli may regulate TRPV2 localization in non‐sensory cells. RGA participates in the control of TRPV2 surface levels, and co‐expression of RGA may be a key component of experimental systems that seek to study TRPV2 physiology. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On blocking sets of inversive planes
Authors: Kiss György , Marcugini Stefano , Pambianco Fernanda
Published: November 2004

Let S be a blocking set in an inversive plane of order q. It was shown by Bruen and Rothschild 1 that |S| ≥ 2q for q ≥ 9. We prove that if q is sufficiently large, C is a fixed natural number and |S = 2q + C, then roughly 2/3 of the circles of the plane meet S in one point and 1/3 of the circles of the plane meet S in four points. The complete classification of minimal blocking sets in inversive planes of order q ≤ 5 and the sizes of some examples of minimal blocking sets in planes of order q ≤ 37 are given. Geometric properties of some of these blocking sets are also studied. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of starch on the thermal kinetics and transmittance properties of lysozyme
Authors: Mohamed Abdellatif A , Rayas‐Duarte Patricia , Kim Sanghoon
Published: November 2004

Lysozyme is being tested for use as a preservative in the food industry. The interaction between starch and lysozyme will help in recommending starch or starch fractions as carriers for lysozyme. The effect of starch fractions on the folding and unfolding of lysozyme was estimated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), kinetics and transmittance turbidometry. Lysozyme was unfolded (heated to 90 °C) and folded (cooled to 20 °C) five times in the presence of starch fractions. Starch was added at 1 and 2%. Overall, a trend of higher onset temperature (To) values occurred at 2% addition of all starch fractions except amylose. The increase in the number of cycles influenced the effect of starch on lysozyme denaturation. The percentage of lysozyme's ΔH values decreased as a new heating and cooling cycle was performed (ie 74.4% of the ΔH remained from the first cycle). The effect of amylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP) on the kinetics of lysozyme unfolding and folding was found to be different based on the assumption that the peak DSC temperature is the fastest step of the reaction. The unfolding showed higher activation energy (Ea) in the presence of both AM and AP, while the folding was not significantly changed. The turbidity of the solution containing lysozyme and potato starch showed transmittance in between that of lysozyme and starch. Stirring of the blend kept the transmittance unchanged while an increase in the transmittance was noticed when stirring ceased. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Indirect determination of carbohydrates in wort samples and dietetic products by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Cortacero Ramírez Sonia , Segura Carretero Antonio , Cruces Blanco Carmen , de Castro Miguel Hernáinz Bermúdez , Fernández Gutiérrez Alberto
Published: November 2004

The first total separation by electrophoresis of five carbohydrates, sucrose, maltotriose, maltose, glucose and fructose, is described. The basic technique requires 1‐naphthylacetic acid as background electrolyte at pH 12.5, indirect UV detection at 222 nm, with a capillary of 75 µm × 120 cm and a voltage of 25 kV. Linear calibration curves from 50 to 400 mg l−1 with a good correlation coefficient were obtained. The method has been used to determine carbohydrates during the brewing process of a non‐alcoholic beer and also to analyse the carbohydrate content of dietetic fruit juices and chocolate. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Variation in short chain fatty acid and ethanol concentration resulting from the natural fermentation of wheat and barley for inclusion in liquid diets for pigs
Authors: Beal Jane D , Niven Stewart J , Brooks Peter H , Gill Bhupinder P
Published: November 2004

Fifty‐six samples of wheat and 44 samples of barley were taken, at harvest, from locations across the UK. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts were enumerated before the samples were ground. Following grinding, triplicate 30‐g samples of each cereal were mixed with sterile distilled water and incubated at 30, 35 or 40 °C. Samples were taken immediately after mixing and at 24‐h intervals for analysis of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ethanol by isocratic ion‐exclusion liquid chromatography. The number of LAB and yeasts present in samples ranged from 0 to 5.0 (mean 2.25 ± 1.31) and 3.30 to 6.25 (mean 4.96 ± 0.74) log10 colony‐forming units (cfu) ml−1 respectively. At 30 °C the mean concentrations (mmol l−1) of SCFAs and ethanol were, lactic acid 59.6 ± 40.0 (range 0.14–134.9), acetic acid 23.2 ± 11.1 (range 2.9–51.4), butyric acid 17.2 ± 16.8 (range 0.0–62.2) and ethanol 15.0 ± 9.0 (range 4.6–53.7) respectively. After fermentation for 24 h only 9 of 300 fermentations produced more than 75 mmol l−1 lactic acid, which has previously been demonstrated to prevent the growth of Salmonella in liquid pig feed. Fermenting at 35 or 40 °C had no effect on lactic acid concentration but significantly (p < 0.001) increased the concentrations of acetic and butyric acids and ethanol. These results indicate that natural fermentation cannot be relied upon to produce levels of SCFAs that will prevent the proliferation of enteropathogens. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
An eddy current integral formulation on parallel computer systems
Authors: Fresa Raffaele , Rubinacci Guglielmo , Ventre Salvatore
Published: November 2004

In this paper, we show how an eddy current volume integral formulation can be used to analyse complex 3D conducting structures, achieving a substantial benefit from the use of a parallel computer system. To this purpose, the different steps of the numerical algorithms in view of their parallelization are outlined to enlighten the merits and the limitations of the proposed approach. Numerical examples are developed in a parallel environment to show the effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buckling in elastomer/plastic/elastomer 3‐layer films
Authors: Hu Y. , Hiltner A. , Baer E.
Published: November 2004

Buckling during recovery of stretched elastomer/plastic/elastomer 3‐layer films was studied using a block copolymer elastomer and polyolefin plastics. An elastic model was developed to describe the critical wavelength, critical compressive strain, and critical compressive stress for buckling without delamination. The predicted linear dependence of critical wavelength on the plastic layer thickness was confirmed, and the modulus ratio between the plastic and the elastomeric layers was extracted. Determination of the critical compressive strain provided an independent calculation of the modulus ratio. Similar modulus ratios were obtained by the two methods. The critical compressive stress in the plastic layer led to reasonable values for the compressive modulus of the stretched plastic layer and the bulk modulus of the elastomeric layers. To test the model further, the modulus ratio was altered by changing the stretch ratio and by varying the plastic layer material. No buckling occurred if the modulus ratio was too small. Polym. Compos. 25:653–661, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
The interaction of dibutyl phthalate with 12.6 % N nitrocellulose
Authors: Baker FS , Turner CM , Privett GJ
Published: November 2004

The interaction of the plasticiser dibutyl phthalate with 12.6 % N nitrocellulose has been studied using dielectric relaxation. The plasticiser is adsorbed onto the nitrocellulose forming multilayers as more dibutyl phthalate is added, eventually forming a liquid layer of plasticiser.

The behaviour found is similar to that observed for the plasticisation of cellulose acetate with dibutyl phthalate and for nitrocellulose plasticised with nitroglycerine (glycerol trintrate). Copyright © British Crown Copyright 2004 Dstl. Published with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.