bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual Offences and Assaults
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into the crimes of rape, sexual offences, and assault as consolidated by the Sexual Offences Act 2003. The severity of sexual offences depends on whether the individual was assaulted by penetration or touching and whether the individual was over or under 13 or 16 years old. Several sections of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 address the offences of voyeurism, indecent exposure, and public decency. The chapter cites the offence of administering a substance against another person under the intent of committing a sexual offence. Meanwhile, the first section of the Street Offences Act 1959 disallows people over 18 to persistently loiter or solicit in a street or public place for prostitution.
Alcohol and Licensing
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores offences relating to alcohol and licensing. The sale and supply of alcohol is regulated by the Licensing Act 2003, which creates several offences relating to children, young people, alcohol, drunkenness, and disorderly conduct. The legislation also includes a variety of offences relating to alcohol and powers to enter/close licensed premises/clubs and allows test purchases. The chapter details the alcohol restriction dedicated to protecting the order of public spaces. Additionally, the Confiscation of Alcohol (Young Persons) Act 1997 allows the police to confiscate alcohol from people under 18 years in certain public places, while the Policing and Crime Act 2009 makes it an offence for a person under 18 to persistently possess alcohol in a public place.
Planning and Organising the Exercise
Authors: Dillon Brian
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the exercise planning process, which is in effect a project management activity. At the first planning meeting, the core planning team will be selected and agreed. Depending on the scale and complexity of the exercise, the planning team may meet many times and the whole team will certainly have a key role to play in the exercise. The chapter illustrates the six stage process of developing a scenario, which results in the production of precise and relevant exercise drivers and inputs to address all of the exercise objectives. Whichever exercise is chosen, a key factor in the developing scenario will be resourcing. The chapter then considers the planning issues related to the four main types of exercise: seminar exercise, table top exercise, control post exercise, and live exercise. The checklists can be used to prepare agendas for the meetings and/or prepare information to players.
Debriefing
Authors: Dillon Brian
Published: August 2023

This chapter studies the process of debriefing. It focuses on the exercise debrief process but it is also useful to compare and contrast the process involved in debriefing a real event. The debrief is about improvement and continuous development. It can also be seen as affecting two critical areas. Firstly, the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 imposes a duty on employers to have in place systems, procedures, and processes underpinned by risk assessment offering safe work practices and environments. The debrief is an ideal way of assessing those factors and changing or improving them if required. Secondly, the debrief will evaluate plans. The chapter then looks at the different debrief formats: hot, single agency, internal, multi-agency, formal, and cold. It also considers the creation of the debrief report and the role of the overall ‘Action Co-ordinator’.
How Does the Public Judge the Police? What We Know and Why It Isn’t Enough?
Authors: Waddington P.A.J. , Williams Kate , Wright Martin , Newburn Tim
Published: August 2023

This chapter sketches a map of research data on public attitudes to the police and attempts to show areas that remain unexplored and other areas where errors have crept in. It reiterates that the police receive high levels of specific and diffuse support, but some minorities are less enthusiastic in giving praise than others. It also highlights how the police deal with the public and especially whether they adhere or not to standards of procedural justice. The chapter describes the police role as ambiguous as they are ‘public servants’ and yet exercise powers over those they notionally serve. It addresses issues, such as how an officer use force while treating people respectfully. It also examines how people perceive actual examples of specific encounters between officers and members of the public.
Consensus and Dissension
Authors: Waddington P.A.J. , Williams Kate , Wright Martin , Newburn Tim
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the dissension between and within focus groups whose members viewed and then discussed video clips of police–public encounters. It suggests that instead of trying to discern the ‘signal’ and ignore the ‘noise’ in the data, researchers should focus on ‘noisiness’. It also takes note of how focus groups often disagreed within and between each other and what they disagreed on so strongly. The chapter looks at video clips rated as the most positively and most negatively by focus groups, based on crude ratings of approval. It reviews the fact that there was a strong positive feeling regarding the video clip showing officers dealing with a report of an elderly man robbed in his own home at knifepoint. It then looks into the reactions that came about from a video clip showing how a motorway patrol stopped a suspected stolen car. This particular clip polarised opinion.
Police Culture
Authors: Waddington P.A.J. , Williams Kate , Wright Martin , Newburn Tim
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights various ranks of police officer, noting how the police are sometimes accused of being out of touch with the public. It also discusses how the police role is conducive to isolation as the shift work does not facilitate a normal social life and social activities tend to be conducted with other officers working similar hours. It also examines the law enforcement role of police officers that may deter members of the public from developing friendships with them for fear that they might be revealed as inadvertent lawbreakers. The chapter points out how police officers may be deterred from reciprocating the friendship of people beyond the police. It explores police culture that is fractured by loyalties to a person's station and unit, as well as specialist responsibilities.
What is Evidence-Based Policing?
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides a background on the idea of evidence-based policing, which is a law that has become an anchoring concept for government funding for research and technical assistance in policing. It defines evidence-based policing as research, evaluation, analysis, and scientific processes that should have a place in law enforcement decision making about tactics, strategies, and policies. It also cites different types of activities that involve evidence-based policing, such as using rigorous evaluation methods to examine the effectiveness of a police training program. The chapter highlights the evidence-based policing philosophy that stresses regular, institutionalized, and consistent use of research, analysis, and science to inform a broad range of activities. It explores the complexities, challenges, and nuances in the effective practice of evidence-based policing.
Translating Research
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the first online translation tool, which is called Evidence-Based Policing Matrix (Matrix). This organizes outcome evaluation research in policing and facilitates its translation into practice. The chapter demonstrates how the Matrix visually maps out the field of evaluation research in policing related to crime prevention in a freely accessible, online, and annually updated tool. It also discusses how the Matrix enables the police to see the evidence base and draw generalizations from the research on police crime control effort and access specific findings and ideas about strategies and tactics. The chapter provides a background on specific ways to use the Matrix to translate and institutionalize research into practice. It considers the Matrix as a freely available, interactive, web-based tool that houses all police crime control intervention research of moderate-to-high methodological quality.
Neighborhood and Jurisdiction Interventions
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights the evidence and practice of “neighborhood-” and “jurisdiction-” level interventions. It discusses law enforcement agencies that still organize many of their operations around geographic spaces that are larger than several types of micro places. It also cites studies of interventions in larger areas that provide valuable lessons about the nature and challenges of the evidence in evidence-based policing. The chapter describes police agencies and shows how these typically divide their jurisdictions into large geographic divisions, districts, zones, or areas, each of which often has its own chain of command. It points out how decentralization enables police agencies to be responsive to the particular conditions and needs of different parts of the jurisdiction and how allocation of resources is often organized by these areas.
Technology
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on technology, which is one area of policing that is believed to be central to carrying out effective crime prevention strategies. It emphasizes that the evidence for the impact of technology on the police and outcomes that the police care about is weaker compared to the research evidence for various crime prevention strategies. It also highlights the realm of policing technology that provides a good example of an area in which police are playing catch-up with regard to evidence-based policing. The chapter discusses the potential impacts of technology on policing, what is known about its actual impacts, and what is further needed to understand on implementing technology in evidence-based ways. It covers four technologies: information technologies, crime analysis, license plate readers, and body worn cameras.
Institutionalizing Research into Practice an Introduction
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses how institutionalization is achieved and how research evidence can be used to shape tactics and strategies the police employ every day. It also shows how to incorporate crime prevention principles into the daily habits and craft of the patrol officer or detective. It also outlines the ways and under what conditions research findings and other scientific processes, such as crime analysis and evaluation, make their way into the standard operating procedures of a police agency. The chapter highlights the idea of institutionalizing the use of research into policing systems and practice, which is a key factor in sustaining evidence-based policing. It includes community policing and problem-oriented policing (POP) which were viewed and developed as broader philosophies for policing that occupy the minds of every police officer and supervisor during daily activities.
Translational Criminology
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents ideas for researchers on how they might continue to advance evidence-based policing from their vantage point. It focuses on two themes that can be broadly subsumed under a concept called “translational criminology.” The first theme emphasizes that researchers can contribute to the study of the use of research and the effectiveness of strategies and interventions designed to increase research use in practice. The second theme points out that researchers can develop strategies and interventions to increase research use in the first place. The chapter details activities that researchers might consider exploring, in a translational criminology mode, to advance evidence-based policing.
Crime Scene Management and Evidence Recovery
Authors: Beaufort-Moore Deborah
Published: August 2023

This book features guidance on the techniques involved in crime scene management and evidence recovery, alongside hands-on advice and aide-memoirs from crime scene investigators. This second edition also includes scientific explanations and everyday examples showing the importance difference that first responders can make. Whilst crime scene investigators are trained to undertake more detailed forensic examination, the actions of first responders can have a fundamental impact on the success of an examination. By increasing the awareness of forensic aspects of a crime scene investigation, this book ensures that crime scene officers are better equipped to make informed decisions about protecting and preserving scenes and recovering items for evidence. It also helps all police and forensic professionals to develop their understanding of the various analysis techniques available, as well as the pitfalls to avoid. The fifteen chapters offer structured advice on the techniques involved in the preservation, recovery, packaging, and storage of different evidential types such as fingerprints, DNA, glass, footwear, paint, and fibres. An overview of the science behind the various types of forensic analysis is presented alongside the relevant legislation, to reinforce the value of accurate crime scene management within the duration of an investigation, and practical tips, scenarios, and knowledge checks help to test understanding and root best practice within everyday policing.
Leading in Austerity
Authors: Brain Timothy , Owens Lynne
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks at policing in England and Wales to discuss the leadership challenge in responding to the requirements of an austerity programme. Police funding is probably the most complex in the public sector, mixing the national with the local, and the highly centralized with the locally democratic. Despite its high degree of regulation, the system possesses numerous anomalies, of practical and political implication, which are difficult to redress. Consequently, the professional leaders of the service require an understanding of how police finances work, how to maximize their benefit, how to account for their use, and how to do so in a highly political environment. They also have to do so with little evidence-based research and, at a time of unprecedented public spending austerity, with little corporate experience to draw upon. The challenge is that as the age of austerity is set to continue for an extended period, police leaders will have to rise to the highest levels of professionalism to maintain both internal morale and external confidence.
‘Say it Loud Without a Frown; Good Investigators Write it Down’
Authors: Grieve John GD , Bhairam Robin
Published: August 2023

This chapter assesses some useful theories of investigative leadership. Two early developments in the academic theory of investigations are in the fields of psychology and in intelligence-led policing. However, these are all direct descendants of Hans Gross's work on investigation, theory practice, and leadership. Moreover, they all parallel the teaching at the Detective Training School (DTS) set up in London in 1902, with now over a century of the application of Gross's theory. In exploring the historical and contemporary antecedents of police investigation, the chapter urges aspiring leaders to open their minds to the rigours and potential of the theoretical and experimental application found in academic discovery.
Fraud: scale, impact and response
Authors: Michael J Betts
Published: August 2023

This chapter defines the terms ‘fraud’ and ‘economic crime’ and places them in context within the twenty-first century. It helps the investigator understand how profiles of fraudsters and knowledge of fraud indicators can be used to help prevent, disrupt, and investigate cases. The chapter also details the organisations, structures, and systems at the local, regional, and national levels to tackle fraud. Finally, it looks at the Fraud Investigation Model (FIM). This is used to counter fraud through the application of a logical process focused on reducing the harm it causes, supporting victims and implementing operational learning. This model is referenced in the Policing Fraud document contained in the College of Policing's Authorised Professional Practice (APP) for investigations.
Types of fraud
Authors: Michael J Betts
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the most common types and styles of fraud recorded by Action Fraud, detailing both volume fraud and the more complex fraud types. There are many different types and categories of fraud; the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau (NFIB) records 56 types (as of July 2016). It is important for the investigator to understand the fraud typology, as this assists in the investigation, by aiding understanding of the method used by the fraudster to perpetrate the fraud and by indicating where material relevant to the case may typically be located. The chapter also explains identity theft, which is a key enabler to fraud. It describes how it occurs, the prevention advice to be given, and who can assist in the investigation of this crime. Other frauds include financial investments fraud, Ponzi schemes, government agency scams, and mortgage fraud.
Blackstone's Counter-Terrorism Handbook
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This book provides an authoritative, operational guide to anti-terrorism legislation. It also contains important contextual chapters on the counter-terrorism operational framework, the national structures and strategies, and the role and functions of key agencies. The fourth edition includes coverage of the Government's updated CONTEST Strategy, Cyber Security Strategy, National Security Strategy and the national response to terrorist emergencies. It also presents a summary of the current threat in the UK covering the last five years, a new chapter on overseas counter-terrorism strategy, new case studies on counter-terrorism investigations, guidance on the Government Protective Marking Scheme, and practical scenarios and checklists to illustrate the operational application of anti-terror laws. The legislative section, brought fully up to date by the highly regarded Police National Legal Database (PNLD), focuses upon terrorist offences, police powers and procedures.
Counter-Terrorism Strategy
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the Counter-Terrorism Strategy (CONTEST), which is the UK government's response to threats from all forms of terrorism. It demonstrates how CONTEST articulates the strategic aims and objectives which it judges that are necessary in order to stop terrorism and safeguard people from harm. It also details the design of CONTEST in explicitly stopping terrorist attacks, which emphasizes that terrorist activity must be disrupted and that those committing acts of terrorism will be investigated and appropriately prosecuted. The chapter outlines the four strands of CONTEST which center on different areas of terrorist activity or impact: prevent, pursue, protect, and prepare. It explains that the purpose of prevent and pursue is to reduce the threats faced, while the purpose of protect and prepare is to reduce vulnerabilities.
Terrorism—Definition and Introduction
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter cites Section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT). This defines the term ‘terrorism’ and is central to the current anti-terrorism legislation. The chapter stresses that the commission of an act of terrorism is not an offence, but the commission, preparation, or instigation of acts of terrorism comprise an element of a number of specific offences. It also discusses the term ‘acts of terrorism’, which include anything constituting an action taken for the purposes of terrorism and is within the meaning of the Terrorism Act 2000 (Terrorism Act 2006, s 20(2)). The chapter cites the preparation of terrorist acts, possession of an article for a purpose connected with terrorism, and collection of information as examples of offences related to acts of terrorism. It covers the action taken for the benefit of a proscribed organisation as one of the actions taken for the purpose of terrorism.
Terrorist Investigations
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses Section 32 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT). This defines the term ‘terrorist investigation’. It analyzes examples of the application of the definition of the term, such as powers to use cordons, and powers to obtain search warrants, production orders, and explanation orders, and powers to make financial information orders. It also covers investigations into possible criminal offences and other forms of preparatory work, such as in relation to proscription or transnational terrorism finances and protective work. The chapter reviews offences in section 39 of TACT relating to the disclosure of, or interference with, certain material relevant to a terrorist investigation called ‘tipping off’. It cites Section 37 of, and Schedule 5 to, TACT that set out the procedure for obtaining information in terrorist investigations, either by warrant or order of the court or by the authority of a police officer.
Cordons
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the powers of the police to place a cordon around an area for the purposes of a terrorist investigation, which are outlined in section 33–36 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT). It points out that the powers for placing cordons is only related to terrorist incidents as there is a common law power for non-terrorism related incidents. It also analyzes Sections 48–51 of TACT. This provide powers to restrict parking in specified areas in relation to terrorism threats and the related offences. The chapter explains how a designation for placing a cordon may only be made where the area is outside Northern Ireland and is wholly or partly within a police area. It emphasizes how the designation of a cordoned area may be made only if the person making it considers it expedient for the purposes of a terrorist investigation.
Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Notices and Other Orders
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011, which provides for Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Notices (TPIM notices). It considers TPIM notices as a civil preventative measure intended to protect the public from those who it is believed are involved in terrorism but who cannot be prosecuted. It also points out that TPIM notices specify terrorism prevention and investigation measures that are imposed on an individual. The chapter reviews orders available to the Secretary of State that are intended to protect the public and disrupt those involved in terrorism-related activity apart from criminal prosecution. It covers foreign travel restriction orders which may be made in respect of convicted terrorists subject to notification requirements.
Offences at Ports
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks at offences relating to the security of airports and aircraft which can be found in the Aviation Security Act 1982 and the Air Navigation Order 2016. It mentions the Aviation and Maritime Security Act 1990, which is concerned with the security of aviation, ships, and harbours and Civil Aviation Act 1982 that sets forth provisions on the offence of trespass on certain aerodromes. It also reviews offences that apply at seaports in relation to ships. The chapter discusses the application of general English criminal law to acts done on aircraft in flight outside the UK. It details how the UK criminal law can apply in the circumstances set out in section 92 of the Civil Aviation Act 1982, such as acts that happen outside the UK on board a British-controlled aircraft or certain foreign aircraft.
Proscribed Organisations
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter sets out the law relating to proscribed organisations, which can be found in sections 3 and 11–13 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT). It reviews the list of proscribed organisations that can be found in Schedule 2 to TACT on the Police National Legal Database (PNLD) D8754. It also mentions the name ISIL (Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant), which first appeared in 2013, used by their leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The chapter explores the use of the name Daesh or Da'esh which was encouraged by the UK government due to its negative connotations. It looks at the theological significance of the black flags, as some believe that the battle flag of the Prophet Muhammed was a black banner and it is associated with the idea of the ‘end of times’.
Terrorist Financing
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyzes the powers available to deal with terrorist financing which play an important role in countering terrorism. It reviews the law that deals with terrorist financing set out in Part III of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT) and Parts I and II of, and Schedules 1 and 3 to, the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. It also mentions the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018, which enables the UK to continue to implement United Nations sanctions regimes and to keep anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures up to date. The chapter describes a counter-terrorism financial investigator (CTFI), which is a financial investigator accredited under section 63F of TACT that can give a detailed specialist advice. It defines ‘terrorist property’, which means money or other property that is likely to be used for the purposes of terrorism.
Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses various Acts that contain provisions dealing with chemical, biological, radioactive, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons and/or material. It looks at the Terrorism Act 2006 and shows how this creates offences relating to radioactive devices and materials and nuclear facilities. It also cites the Antiterrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 which creates offences relating to the use of nuclear weapons and pathogens and toxins. The chapter analyzes other provisions that deal with the security of the nuclear industry, trespassing on nuclear site, the use of noxious substances, and biological and chemical weapons. It reviews the offence of public nuisance that can be utilised whenever the precise nature of the substance is not clear as chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear and might not be viable as a weapon of any kind.
Moral Foundations for Covert Investigation
Authors: Harfield Clive , Harfield Karen
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the sort of dialogue and its associated lexicon that is necessary to use when debating and developing practitioner guidance on the ethics of covert investigation. It describes a future developed guidance that will be derived from a professional and philosophical narrative that explains the ‘what for’, the ‘when’, and the ‘why’ of covert investigation. It also serves to assist investigators and authorizing officers in structuring their considerations and measuring their actions. The chapter stresses how covert investigation operates in an arena of permanent tension between preserving respect for individual human dignity and maximizing utility so long as any good generated outweighs any harm caused. It covers human dignity, which is distinguished in international law and some non-UK jurisdictions.
Statutory Principles in Covert Investigation
Authors: Harfield Clive , Harfield Karen
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the purpose of investigation, which is to discover fairly and record accurately information that will be used as the basis for significant decision-making in the case of criminal justice decisions. It emphasizes the importance of establishing and sustaining public confidence in the administrative, regulatory, and criminal justice systems as decisions may have severe adverse consequences. It also covers the UK legislative framework that regulates the use of covert investigation to ensure that such methods do not give rise to unfairness. The chapter discusses what constitutes unfairness and unjustifiable conduct on the part of authorities, derived from the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). It traces how covert investigation has been drafted in order to give effect to investigator and agency statutory obligations imposed by the HRA.
Understanding the Operating Environment
Authors: Harfield Clive , Harfield Karen
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the operating environment, which requires a holistic recognition of the vulnerability and harm landscape to appropriately manage systemic and individual interventions that may be needed along the continuum of corruption. It highlights how the acquisition, security, use, and dissemination of information are obtained by covert investigation methods. It also details the creation of an arena vulnerable to compromise and a market for corruption in which the lack of sufficient competence can have significant adverse consequences. The chapter looks at corruption vulnerability awareness, which is the foundation of resistance and resilience against corruption. It covers information about investigation targets, tactics, and techniques that is of high value to those being investigated.
Managing Covert Investigation
Authors: Harfield Clive , Harfield Karen
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights the key to successful covert investigation management, which is to think like managers, not investigation practitioners. It examines the quality and accuracy of authorization application, which involves skilled investigation management together with complex resource management in an environment in which there are frequently many competing priorities for scarce skills and capacity. It also describes professional management as the first layer of covert investigation governance and accountability. The chapter examines the opportunity of empowered organizations to demonstrate that covert investigation has been used only when it is lawful, compliant, and appropriate. It covers the responsibility of ensuring the proper application for and granting of covert investigation authorities and implementing the whole process of covert investigation management within an organization.
Directed Surveillance
Authors: Harfield Clive , Harfield Karen
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on directed surveillance, which can be conducted if and only if necessary for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime or of preventing disorder. It introduces the two-part hierarchy of surveillance prescribed by law: directed and intrusive. It also describes empowered public authorities that utilize intrusive surveillance, which are defined by reference to senior authorizing officers within each organization that can grant an intrusive surveillance authority. The chapter outlines organizations that may conduct intrusive surveillance and those empowered to conduct directed surveillance. It cites the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Order 2010 that requires surveillance to be regarded, treated, and accordingly authorized as intrusive surveillance.
Interception of Communications
Authors: Harfield Clive , Harfield Karen
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses IPA2016, which is the second biggest overhaul of communication interception law since the interception of telecommunications which was first put on a statutory basis in the Interception of Communications Act 1985. It explains how IPA2016 consolidates and elaborates the framework established in RIPA2000 and it retains key policy principles that have always underpinned UK interception law. The chapter also notes the purpose of IPA2016 in distinguishing tools available to both law enforcement agencies and the intelligence community from those tools available only to the intelligence community. The chapter looks at references based on the draft versions and pending publication of final versions of multiple Codes of Practice that support IPA2016. It reviews scenario examples contained in the Codes of Practice that present guidance about the interception procedures to be followed by public authorities.
Covert Investigation Abroad
Authors: Harfield Clive , Harfield Karen
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about criminals that have always utilized jurisdiction borders as a means of evading prosecution or disrupting investigation. It looks at how a covert investigation contained within a single local English police force may have transnational actions associated with it. It also mentions instruments and conventions that have been created to facilitate mutual legal assistance and international law enforcement cooperation. The chapter explores how domestic investigators can secure help as required in their own investigation where evidence or the suspect is located outside their own jurisdiction. It emphasizes how different domestic jurisdictions must work alongside each other in cooperation when criminality crosses their mutual border in the absence of an international or supranational criminal code.
Treatment: Part V
Authors: Ozin Paul , Norton Heather
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyzes Part V of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, which encompasses disparate but important provisions relating to the rights and treatment of detainees, interviews, and identification. It highlights Sections 53 to 55 of Part V that provide for the detainee to be searched to ascertain what items the person searched is in possession of and to assist in identifying the detained person. It also covers Sections 61 to 64 that provide the police with power to take fingerprints, impressions of footwear, intimate and other samples, photographs, and to test the detainee for the presence of Class A drugs. The chapter talks about giving rights to the detainee, notably the right to have someone informed of their arrest. It points out that sections of Part V that deal with detainees' rights and treatment are expanded in Code C of the Codes of Practice.
Effective Investigation of Child Homicide and Suspicious Deaths
Authors: Marshall David
Published: August 2023

Crimes against children are some of the most serious and demanding investigations that a police force can be involved with. It is an extremely specialized crime area, with its own legislation, case law, guidance and crucial multi-agency working. This book offers a practical operational guide to managing the investigation of child death, and sets out the protocols and procedures relating to these deaths, from sudden and unexpected deaths in infancy (SUDI) to suspicious cases and homicide. Following the death of Baby Peter and the subsequent report by Lord Laming in 2009, this book outlines the revised statutory guidance on inter-agency working. By bringing together the key legislation, guidance, policies and procedures, along with operational options and background information, the text creates provides a resource for those tasked with this challenging but essential work. Drawing on personal experiences, the book outlines the relevant procedures of inquests and the criminal and family courts, and summarises the specific offences relating to child deaths such as infanticide, familial homicide, procuring an abortion, and child destruction. The role of expert medical evidence is explained, as are the procedures relating to forensic post-mortems and forensic samples and tests, with contributions from key medical professionals framing the complex and technical within a more practical setting. A reminder of the nuances of child death investigations is present in the striking but sensitive inclusion of personal accounts from the families of victims.
Guidance and Legislation
Authors: Marshall David
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the legislation and guidance relating to child homicides, suspicious, and sudden and unexpected childhood deaths. Working Together to Safeguard Children (2010) is a guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in accordance with the Children Acts of 1989 and 2004. Two chapters are especially significant in relation to child death. Chapter 7 provides guidance in relation to the Child Death Review Processes, while Chapter 8 relates to Serious Case Reviews of certain child deaths with a view to improving the ways people work individually and together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. In addition to complying with Working Together, in particular Chapter 7, the police response will also rely heavily on specific police guidance and joint guidance with partner agencies. The chapter then considers homicide and related offences in the context of child death. It looks at murder, manslaughter, familial homicide, infanticide, and child destruction.
Non-suspicious Child Deaths
Authors: Marshall David
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on non-suspicious child deaths, looking at the roles of the designated paediatrician, the pathologist, the parent, and the police in the investigation process. The role of the Sudden Unexpected Death in Childhood (SUDC) paediatrician and the police senior investigating officer (SIO) should be seen as an equal partnership. When it becomes clearer that a medical cause of death is likely, the balance of who leads the case will shift towards the SUDC paediatrician, who will continue to update police colleagues on any developments. With the cause of death being central to any child death investigation, the role of the pathologist is clearly an essential element of the process. The chapter then details what is involved in a Sudden and Unexpected Death of an Infant (SUDI) paediatric postmortem, including information on the various samples taken and their retention. As the coroner's post-mortem examination is a medico legal autopsy performed under the authority of the coroner, the final report cannot be made available to anyone else without the appropriate authority of the coroner.
Suspicious Child Deaths and Related Child Death Offences
Authors: Marshall David
Published: August 2023

This chapter assesses suspicious child deaths and related child death offences. The objective remains the same for all child death investigations: to establish why the child died. One key area that may shed some light on the factors causing concern or ‘suspicion’, and even allay those initial concerns, is a post-mortem examination. The chapter begins by looking at the factors that may raise ‘suspicion’, including a history of domestic abuse, inconsistent accounts by those caring for the dead child, and carers that suffer from mental health problems. In circumstances where a death may be considered ‘suspicious’, the coroner will invariably authorize a ‘special’ or forensic post-mortem. This will require a paediatric pathologist and a Home Office forensic pathologist working together in tandem combining their respective areas of expertise. One category of child deaths that can include concerning factors includes those arising from various forms of accident.
The Detainee’s Entitlements
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter details the entitlements of detainees. It cites the detainee's right both to have a person informed of their arrest and to consult with a solicitor, which includes the concern of the authority to interview a detainee without a solicitor being present when legal advice has been requested. Any delays to these rights may only be authorized under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 or the Codes of Practice. The chapter explains that any detainee of an independent Commonwealth country may communicate at any time with the appropriate High Commission, Embassy or Consulate. It mentions that adverse inferences from any silence may not be drawn as the detainee has not had the opportunity to consult with a solicitor.
Vulnerable People and Appropriate Adults
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the additional protections for vulnerable detainees as per the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and the Codes of Practice. It cites that vulnerable detainees have the same right to have someone informed of their arrest and to consult with a solicitor as any other person in police detention. Meanwhile, Section 11 of the Children Act 2004 requires the police to consider the need to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in discharging their functions. The chapter discusses the issues that affect juvenile detainees and adult detainees requiring appropriate adults and some general issues which affect both classes of people. It tackles the importance of the Mental Health Act 1983 in ensuring vulnerable detainees are not detained for more than 72 hours.
Dealing with Property and Searching
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into how custody officers deal with property and searching in correlation with the provisions of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and the Codes of Practice. Custody officers need to be aware of the requirement to record property belonging to detainees and the power to seize property when the need arises. Under the Human Rights Act 1998, the police must rationalize their actions and show that it was necessary, proportional, and legal to search, remove or retain a detained person's property. The chapter explains the careful consideration given to the intrusive nature of an intimate search. It mentions the responsibility of custody offers to ascertain a detainee's properties under several factors such as their arrest or illegal acquisition.
Warrants
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the complications of dealing with detainees who have been arrested on a warrant for failing to appear in court. It also considers the warrants issued by courts to detain people in police custody. Under Article 5 of the Human Rights Act 1998, custody officers must remember the importance of the requirement to bring a person before a ‘competent legal authority’ promptly. Moreover, people in prison are often visited by the police to ‘clear up’ crimes they may have committed before being sentenced or remanded in custody. The chapter mentions how the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and the Codes of Practice do not necessarily have specific guidance for these types of issues.
Charging Suspects
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the process of changing a detainee. It details the responsibilities of investigating officers, such as informing the custody officer. The charging process consists of the time the decision is made to charge the suspect and the custody officer's decision whether the person will be detained after the charge, or released on bail. The custody officer's actions will be dictated largely by the requirements of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and the Codes of Practice, but the Human Rights Act 1998 raises the requirement to immediately inform the detainee of their charges. The chapter looks into the decisions that considered the Director's Guidance On Charging and alternative options for prosecution.
Continued Detention After Charge
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter notes the power that allows a custody officer to authorize a person's continued detention after they have been charged with an offence. It offers some practical advice to custody officers when faced with decisions that fronted opposition from various parties like defence solicitors and appropriate adults. Additionally, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 indicates that custody officers and the courts have an obligation not to grant bail to detainees in certain circumstances. The chapter cites that custody officers will need to consider Article 5 of the Human Rights Act 1998. It also considers the restriction on granting bail.
Bail
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the powers and duties given to custody officers and the courts to grant bail in criminal proceedings. It highlights how Bail may be granted unconditionally or conditionally. Custody officers will generally release people on bail before charges to return to a police station or after charges to a magistrates' court. The Bail Act 1976 provides that people who either fail to answer bail or breach their conditions of bail, may be arrested. Meanwhile, Article 5 of the Human Rights Act 1998 ensures that detainees are not given erroneous bail conditions or where sureties are demanded that they are reasonable.
Terrorism Act 2000 Detainees
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into the detainees of the Terrorism Act 2000. Local forces increasingly find themselves in the position of having to deal with terrorist suspects in more spontaneous circumstances and each force is required to identify a suitable designated police station to do so. Thus, all custody officers familiarize themselves with the legislative requirements under the 2000 Act and the implications of holding terrorist suspects in police cells. Article 5 of the Human Rights Act 1998 holds relevance when determining whether or not to authorize continued detention concerning detainees arrested under the Terrorism Act 2000. The chapter considers the entitlements of a detainee under the Terrorism Act 2000.
Statistical characteristics of observed and simulated dark matter haloes
Authors: Demiański M , Doroshkevich A , Larchenkova T , Pilipenko S
Published: August 2023

A simple model of spherical dark matter haloes is proposed in terms of two structure functions. In the framework of this model, we analysed the properties of 450 000 simulated haloes with masses Mvir > 1011 M⊙. We compared the mean characteristics of simulated haloes with the corresponding characteristics of 641 galaxies and found that the basic characteristics of the two populations are similar but that their probability distribution functions are different. This disagreement may be caused by technical factors such as the halo identification algorithm, which does not reproduce the observed dark matter haloes correctly.