bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncus and Amygdala Lesions: Effects on Social Behavior in the Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Dicks Dennis , Myers Ronald E. , Kling Arthur
Published: October 2006

The effect of uncinectomy on the social behavior of free-ranging rhesus monkeys was observed on Cayo Santiago Island. Operated subjects showed social indifference, failed to display appropriate aggressive and submissive gestures. were expelled from their social group, and eventually died. Two juvenile subjects with the lesion restricted to amygdala survived and have rejoined their social group. Size of lesion and age at operation were major factors in determining the degree of behavioral change.
Origin of Repopulating Cells after Localized Bone Marrow Depletion
Authors: Maloney Mary A. , Patt Harvey M.
Published: October 2006

The restoration of marrow in a mechanically depleted segment of rabbit femur is locally determined and apparently initiated by cells normally resident in bone. This conclusion follows from results of two types of radiation experiments: local x-irradiation of the femur shaft immediately before depopulation and x-irradiation of the total body with exception of the femur diaphysis which was depopulated either just before or after irradiation. In contrast to the rapid initiation of marrow restoration in an unirradiated femur, there was little regeneration during the first 3 weeks in an irradiated femur. Recovery of the shielded depopulated femur in the rabbit that otherwise received total-body irradiation was similar to that in the unirradiated animal. Hence, it would appear that the seeding of circulating hemic stem cells is not essential to repopulation and that cells with hematopoietic potential are present in osseous tissue.
Actinomycin Binding to DNA: Inability of a DNA Containing Guanine To Bind Actinomycin D
Authors: Wells Robert D.
Published: October 2006

Polydeoxy (adenylyl-thymidylyl-cytidylyl) ⋅ polydeoxy(guanylyl-adenylyl-thymidylyl), a double-stranded DNA polmer of high molecular weight containing 33 percent guanine plus cytosine, binds little or no actinomycin D, as measured by five different techniques. In contrast, the sequence isomer of this DNA, polydeoxy(thymidylyl-adenylyl-cytidylyl) ⋅ polydeoxy(guanylyl-thymidylyl-adenylyl), does bind the antibiotic. Thus, the presence of guanine in a DNA is not a sufficient requisite for the binding of actinomycin D.
Optics of Arthropod Compound Eye
Authors: Shaw Stephen R.
Published: October 2006

The extent to which light can escape from one ommatidium into its neighbors in the compound eye has been examined by recording from single receptors during stimulation of single facets. In the "apposition" eye of the drone honeybee and locust, optical interaction is extremely small. In the "superposition" eye of the crayfish, more than half the light captured by the average cell gets in through neighboring facets, even when screening pigments are in the fully light-adapted position.
The Suboceanic Mantle
Authors: Press Frank
Published: October 2006

An independent determination of density in the suboceanic lithosphere gives 3.5 to 3.6 grams per cubic centimeter at a depth of about 100 kilometers. This high value implies the existence of an ecologitic facies. A mechanism is proposed in which eclogite fractionation from the underlying, partially molten asthenosphere plays a key role in the creation and the spreading of the rigid, lithospheric plate.
Water Vapor: Observations of Galactic Sources
Authors: Meeks M. L. , Carter J. C. , Barrett A. H. , Schwartz P. R. , Waters J. W. , Brown W. E.
Published: October 2006

We measured the emission of water vapor at a wavelength of 1.35 centimeters from nine sources with the 120-foot (36.5-meter) Haystack antenna. Eight sources lie within 30 seconds of arc of the hydroxyl sources of 18 centimeters but not all hydroxyl sources produced detectable emission of water vapor. All sources are smaller than 30 seconds of arc in angular diameter, but we resolved at least three separate sources in the Orion Nebula. We do not find that the known hyperfine components are present with the equilibrium intensity distribution.
Fluid Drop-Like Transition of Erythrocytes under Shear
Authors: Schmid-Schönbein Holger , Wells Roe
Published: October 2006

Red cells dispersed in a continuous medium of high viscosity possess the flow properties of fluid drops. The cells at rest are biconcave, while under shear they become progressively deformed into prolate ellipsoids, their long axis aligned parallel to the flow direction. The red cell membrane rotates around the hemoglobin like a tread of a tank. At high rates of shear this mechanism greatly reduces viscosity at all hematocrit values.
Chloramphenicol: Effects on Mouse Myeloma Cells in Tissue Culture
Authors: Hartman Boyd K. , Pettengill Olive S. , Sorenson George D.
Published: October 2006

Within 36 hours of being administered, chloramphenicol (50 micrograms per milliliter) inhibits by 50 percent the rate of protein synthesis in mouse myeloma cells grown in suspension culture. Although there is a decrease in the amount of globulin synthesized, the rate of synthesis per cell is unchanged; the observed decrease is traced to the inhibition of cell proliferation caused by chloramphenicol.
Radiation Leukemia Virus: Quantitative Tissue Culture Assay
Authors: Fischinger Peter J. , O'Connor Timothy E.
Published: October 2006

Radiation leukemia virus does not propagate in tissue cultures from either Swiss or C57BL mouse embryos, but it does augment focus formation by the defective Moloney leukemia pseudotype of murine sarcoma virus in Swiss mouse cells and thus can be quantitatively assayed.
Renal Fructose-Metabolizing Enzymes: Significance in Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Authors: Kranhold Joseph F. , Loh Dana , Morris R. Curtis
Published: October 2006

In patients with hereditary fructose intolerance, which is characterized by deficient aldolase activity toward fructose-1-phosphate, fructose induces a renal tubular dysfunction that implicates only the proximal convoluted tubule. Because normal metabolism of fructose by way of fructose-1-phosphate requires fructokinase, aldolase "B," and triokinase, the exclusively cortical location of these enzymes indicates that the medulla is not involved in the metabolic abnormality presumably causal of the renal dysfunction.
Temporal Order Judgment and Reaction Time
Authors: Gibbon John , Rutschmann Ruth
Published: October 2006

A model which predicts judgment of the temporal order of stimuli from simple reaction time is proposed. Visual data show covariation of the two measures with luminance changes, and suggest that (i) temporal order judgments reflect a biased response criterion and (ii) the motor component of reaction time has little variability relative to variance in receptor system latency.
Neutralization of Sensitized Virus by the Fourth Component of Complement
Authors: Daniels Charles A. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Snyderman Ralph , Notkins Abner Louis
Published: October 2006

Herpes simplex virus which had been sensitized with IgM antibody was not neutralized by the addition of the purified activated first component of complement. In the presence of an optimum concentration of the first component of complement, however, the sensitized virus was neutralized by the addition of a high concentration of the purified fourth component of complement. Under these conditions, the addition of the purified second and third components of complement failed to enhance virus neutralization. With low concentrations of the fourth component of complement, the addition of the second and third components enhanced virus neutralization.
Hyperphagia in Rats with Cuts between the Ventromedial and Lateral Hypothalamus
Authors: Albert D. J. , Storlien L. H.
Published: October 2006

Bilateral cuts between the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus in female rats consistently produced hyperphagia. Hyperphagia occurred slightly less reliably when one of the cuts entered the ventromedial hypothalamus and only infrequently if one entered the lateral hypothalamus. The results are consistent with other evidence that suggests that fibers originating medially stop eating by inhibiting cells in the lateral hypothalamus.
Turbidity, Birefringence, and Fluorescence Changes in Skeletal Muscle Coincident with the Action Potential
Authors: Carnay Laurence D. , Barry William H.
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation of frog striated muscle was found to produce transient changes in turbidity, birefringence, and fluorescence (of fibers stained with pyronine B). The initial phase of these optical changes was coincident with the action potential. These findings suggest that there is a macromolecular conformational change in muscle membrane during excitation.
Venus: Mapping the Surface Reflectivity by Radar Interferometry
Authors: Rogers A. E. E. , Ingalls R. P.
Published: October 2006

The surface reflectivity of Venus obtained by radar interferometry at a wavelength of 3.8 centimeters has been mapped for a region extending approximately from -80° to 0° in longitude (Carpenter's definition) and from -50° to +40° in latitude. The map is free from the twofold range-Doppler ambiguity because the interferometer fringe pattern makes possible the separation of two points of equal range and Doppler shift. The map presents many new features and clearly delineates features already observed. Most notably, the map shows large circular regions of significantly lower reflectivity than their surroundings.
Excitatory and Inhibitory Motoneurons in the Central Nervous System of the Leech
Authors: Stuart Ann E.
Published: October 2006

The locomotion and reflex responses of the leech are brought about by muscles that are arranged in a regular, simple pattern in the body wall and that flatten, shorten, lengthen, or bend the animal. In the segmental ganglia, it is possible to recognize by morphological and physiological criteria the individual motoneurons that cause contractions and relaxations of these muscles.
Sex Attractant of Female Dermestid Beetle
Trogoderma inclusum
Le Conte
Authors: Rodin J. Otto , Silverstein Robert M. , Burkholder Wendell E. , Gorman John E.
Published: October 2006

Two components of the sex attractant of a female dermestid beetle
Trogoderma inclusum
Le Conte were identified. They are (—)-14-methyl-
cis
-8-hexadecen-1-ol and (—)-methyl-14-methyl-
cis
-8-hexadecenoate. Other
Trogoderma
species also respond to the compounds.
Quantal Secretion from Adrenal Medulla: All-or-None Release of Storage Vesicle Content
Authors: Viveros O. H. , Arqueros L. , Kirshner N.
Published: October 2006

Neurogenic secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla in rabbits, induced by administration of insulin, caused decreases in both the dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity and the catecholamine content of the storage vesicle fraction. After sedimentation through a sucrose density gradient, the storage vesicles obtained from insulin-treated animals had the same density and the same ratio of dopamine-β-hydroxylase to catecholamine as did vesicles from untreated animals. These and other data indicate that neurogenic secretion from the adrenal medulla occurs by an all-or-none release from the storage vesicles.
Hair Color, Molt, and Testis Size in Male, Short-Tailed Weasels Treated with Melatonin
Authors: Rust Charles C. , Meyer Roland K.
Published: October 2006

Melatonin in beeswax was implanted in male weasels (
Mustela erminea
). Brown weasels and white animals undergoing the spring change to the brown pelage and reproductive activity molted, grew a new white coat, and became reproductively quiescent after treatment. Controls retained or acquired the brown coat and developed or maintained enlarged testes. Treated weasels with pituitary autografts under the kidney capsule grew brown hair after hair growth was initiated by plucking. It is suggested that the pineal gland product, melatonin, initiates changes in the central nervous system and endocrines which result in molting, growth of the white winter pelage, and reproductive quiescence in the weasel.
Moon: Electrical Properties of the Uppermost Layers
Authors: Strangway D. W.
Published: October 2006

Presently available data on the electrical conductivity of the uppermost lunar surface layers are in accord with the presence of dry, powdered rocks in which the dielectric loss tangent is frequency-independent over several decades of frequency. These powders have typical direct-current conductivity values of about 10
-13
to 10
-16
mhos per meter and dielectric constants of about 3.0, depending on the packing. Thus the surface layers of the moon are likely to have an extremely low electrical conductivity. At high frequencies normal dielectric losses lead to much higher apparent conductivities that are frequency-dependent.
Infection as the Etiology of Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
Authors: Gibbs C. J. , Gajdusek D. C.
Published: October 2006

Fatal spongiform encephalopathy occurred in four chimpanzees 12 to 14 months after inoculation with suspensions of brain from four patients, respectively. Chimpanzee to chimpanzee transmission was effected without reduction in incubation period. Retransmission of the disease to a second chimpanzee occurred when an inoculum that had been stored at —70°C for over 2 years was used.
Mammary Alveolar Epithelial Cells: Effect of Hydrocortisone on Ultrastructure
Authors: Mills Elinor S. , Topper Yale J.
Published: October 2006

Hydrocortisone is necessary for the formation of rough endoplasmic reticulum in mammary alveolar epithelial cells. This membrane system is required for the synthesis of the milk protein, casein, but it is not required for the synthesis of a nonmilk protein fraction.
Retention of Delayed-Alternation: Effect of Selective Lesions of Sulcus Principalis
Authors: Butters Nelson , Pandya Deepak
Published: October 2006

Monkeys with bilateral lesions of the anterior, middle, or posterior thirds of the principal sulcus, of the periarcuate prefrontal region, or of the inferior parietal lobule were tested for retention of spatial delayed-alternation. Lesions limited to the middle third of sulcus principalis resulted in failure to relearn delayed-alternation within 1000 trials; lesions elsewhere had little effect.
Bed Forms in Base-Surge Deposits: Lunar Implications
Authors: Fisher R. V. , Waters A. C.
Published: October 2006

Undulating dunelike deposits of surface debris, widespread over parts of the lunar landscape, are similar in form but greater in size than base-surge deposits found in many maar volcanoes and tuff rings on Earth. The bed forms of base-surge deposits develop by the interaction of the bed materials with those in the current passing overhead. Therefore the "patterned ground" produced differs from that formed by ballistic fallout.
Lead: X-ray Diffraction Study of a High-Pressure Polymorph
Authors: Takahashi Taro , Mao Ho Kwang , Bassett W. A.
Published: October 2006

An x-ray diffraction study of lead under pressure has shown that the face-centered cubic structure transforms to the hexagonal close-packed structure at room temperature and a pressure of 130 ± 10 kilobars. The volume change for the transformation is -0.18 ± 0.06 cubic centimeter per mole.
Obsidian Hydration Rate for the Klamath Basin of California and Oregon
Authors: Johnson Leroy
Published: October 2006

A hydration rate for obsidian of 3.5
4
microns squared per 1000 radiocarbon years has been established at the Nightfire Island archeological site in northern California and provides a means to date other prehistoric Klamath Basin sites. The new rate follows the form of the hydration equation formulated by Friedman and helps to refute claims made for other hydration equations.
Growth Factors and Cancer
Authors: Aaronson Stuart A.
Published: October 2006

Signaling pathways that mediate the normal functions of growth factors are commonly subverted in cancer. Oncogenes identified by a variety of approaches have been shown to function at critical steps in mitogenic signaling. Progression through the cell cycle requires the coordinated actions of members of two complementary classes of growth factors, and oncogenes appear to replace the actions of one set of these growth factors. Growth factors can also influence normal cell differentiation, and constitutive activation of growth-promoting pathways in cancer cells can modulate the cell phenotype as well. Paracrine actions of growth factors and cytokines may also influence the stepwise series of genetic events that lead to malignancy. New approaches for cancer therapy are being developed that intervene at various steps in growth factor signaling pathways.
Light and Hormones: Interchangeability in the Induction of Nitrate Reductase
Authors: Lips S. Herman , Roth-Bejerano N.
Published: October 2006

Suitable concentrations of kinetin and gibberellic acid permit induction of nitrate reductase in leaves of tobacco in the dark. Hormone sprays eliminate the need for light induction of the enzyme. The concentration of gibberellic acid required for optimal induction varies according to the concentration of kinetin supplied.
Galactic Water Vapor Emission: Further Observations of Variability
Authors: Knowles S. H. , Mayer C. H. , Sullivan W. T. , Cheung A. C.
Published: October 2006

Recent observations of the 1.35-centimeter line emission of water vapor from galactic sources show short-term variability in the spectra of several sources. Two additional sources, Cygnus 1 and NGC 6334N, have been observed, and the spectra of W49 and VY Canis Majoris were measured over a wider range of radial velocity.
Paradoxical Fear-Increasing Effects of Tranquilizers: Evidence of Repression of Memory in the Rat
Authors: Stein Larry , Berger Barry D.
Published: October 2006

Conditioned suppression of feeding, an index of fear, was increased rather than decreased by the administration of benzodiazepine tranquilizers or amobarbital. The drug-induced increase in conditioned fear varied directly with the intensity of the shock used in fear conditioning. The drugs had no fear-increasing effect in unshocked controls or in rats made amnesic by electroconvulsive shock given immediately after fear conditioning. These observations in animals are reminiscent of clinical reports that intraveneous amobarbital facilitates the recall of repressed traumatic experiences. The retrieval of painful memories may be inhibited or repressed in animals as well as in humans. In both cases, tranquilizers may counteract repression by disinhibition of the act of retrieval.
Human Diploid Cell Transformation by DNA Extracted from the Tumor Virus SV40
Authors: Aaronson Stuart A. , Todaro George J.
Published: October 2006

The DNA isolated from simian virus 40 (SV40) can transform human fibroblast cells in tissue culture. Clonal lines of DNA-transformed human cells have been obtained that have properties characteristic of cells transformed by whole virus. They all contain SV40 T-antigen, and infectious virus can be recovered by cocultivation. This is the first demonstration of a permanent genetic alteration produced in human cells by purified DNA.
Contracture and Catecholamines in Mammalian Myocardium
Authors: Morad Martin
Published: October 2006

Contractures induced by KCl are produced in cat ventricular muscle after depletion of catecholamine stores by previous treatment with reserpine or by selective blocking of adrenergic receptor sites with propranalol. Contractures are reproducible for 2 to 3 hours and are markedly depressed by the addition of epinephrine. The relaxation of contracture induced by epinephrine parallels the effect of this compound of shortening the duration of the normal twitch. The failure of the normal mammalian myocardium to maintain tension in solutions of high KCl concentration appears to be related to the endogenous amounts of catecholamines in the tissue.
Superpressure Balloon Flights in the Tropical Stratosphere
Authors: Lally Vincent E. , Schumann Aubrey P. , Reed Richard J.
Published: October 2006

Seven balloons were launched successfully from Ascension Island in January 1969. The balloons, flown at altitudes of 20 and 24 kilometers, will make possible a detailed analysis of the stratospheric circulation near the equator and will hopefully lead to an understanding of the quasi-biennial stratospheric oscillation in the tropics.
Thiamine Release from Nerve Membranes by Tetrodotoxin
Authors: Itokawa Y. , Cooper J. R.
Published: October 2006

Tetrodotoxin (3 × 10
-8
molar) promoted the release of thiamine from perfused rat and frog nerve preparations in a manner similar to other neuroactive drugs. When the rats were injected with thiamine labeled with sulfur-35, analyses of brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve homogenates revealed labeled thiamine in membrane, synaptosomes, and mitochondrial subfractions. However, on incubation of these fractions with tetrodotoxin, thiamine was released only from the membrane fragments.
Buoyancy and Solar Spin-Down
Authors: Modisette Jerry L. , Novotny John E.
Published: October 2006

The transition of a cylinder of water with a vertical density gradient between convective and viscous spin-down occurs near the point at which the maximum buoyancy force equals the radial pressure gradient that is driving the convection. A similar analysis applied to the sun shows the maximum buoyancy force to be 1500 times the convective force. A rapidly rotating solar interior would not be damped by large-scale convection.
Lissamphibian Origins: Possible Protolissamphibian from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma
Authors: Bolt John R.
Published: October 2006

A new genus and family of rhachitomous labyrinthodont amphibian, related to the Upper Paleozoic Dissorophidae and Trematopsidae, may be ancestral to some or all of the modern Amphibia.
Doleserpeton
occurs in Lower Permian fissure fill deposits in southwestern Oklahoma. It is unique among nonlissamphibian tetrapods in that it possesses pedicellate, bicuspid teeth together with nearly monospondylous vertebrae in which the main central element is a pleurocentrum.
Doleserpeton
may have been utilizing the food resources of the upland, terrestrial environment in a novel fashion for rhachitomes.
Acoustic Synchrony: Two Mechanisms in the Snowy Tree Cricket
Authors: Walker Thomas J.
Published: October 2006

Snowy tree crickets synchronize their chirps by responding to the preceding chirp of their neighbors. If a neighbor's chirp precedes his own, a cricket shortens his chirp and the following interval. If it follows his own, he lengthens his chirp interval and sometimes the following chirp. A single response of the first type may advance his phase of chirping 160° and one of the second type may retard it 200°.
Maternal Influence in Learning by Observation in Kittens
Authors: Chesler Phyllis
Published: October 2006

Kittens who observed their mothers perform a stimulus-controlled response (lever pressing to a visual stimulus for food) acquired and discriminated that response sooner than kittens who observed a strange female cat's performance. Kittens exposed to a trial and error condition never acquired the response. Initial differences in attentiveness to demonstrator performances disappeared by the second day. "Altruism" (food sharing) and other forms of social behavior were exhibited by both mother and stranger demonstrators.
Polynucleotide Sequence Analysis by Sequential Base Elimination: 3′-Terminus of Phage Qβ RNA
Authors: Weith H. L. , Gilham P. T.
Published: October 2006

The nucleotide sequence of a 3′-terminal fragment obtained by ribonuclease T
1
hydrolysis of the ribonucleic acid from bacteriophage Qβ has been determined by an improved method of sequence analysis which involves sequential removal of bases by periodate oxidation and beta-elimination. The results obtained from ten such oxidation-elimination cycles and from the alkaline hydrolysis of the remaining oligonucleotide indicate that the first 16 nucleotides at the 3′-terminus of this ribonucleic acid have the sequence: -G-C-C-C-U-C-U-C-U-C-C-U-C-C-C-A.
Single Chain Alkali Resistance in Hemoglobin Rainier: β 145 Tyrosine → Histidine
Authors: Stamatoyannopoulos G. , Yoshida A.
Published: October 2006

The mechanism of alkali resistance in hemoglobin Rainier, an adult human hemoglobin variant (β 145 tyrosine → histidine), has been investigated. Alkali denaturation kinetics, electrophoretic and hybridization study. and ultracentrifuge analysis provided evidence for a monomeric β Rainier chain resisting denaturation at alkaline
p
H. These data provide evidence for a previously unrecognized effect of a single amino acid substitution, that is, the change of the alkali denaturation properties of monomeric chains.
Carbon-14 Trends in Subfossil Pine Stubs
Authors: Vogel J. C. , Casparie W. A. , Munaut A. V.
Published: October 2006

Subfossil pine stubs from a peat bog in the Netherlands were linked together dendrochronologically and sampled at intervals of 30 or 50 years for carbon-14 analysis. The results suggest that the carbon-14 content of the atmosphere was not changing between about 5400 and 5100 B.C., but that it was increasing slightly about 800 years earlier.
Nonexistence of Large Mascons at Mare Marginis and Mare Orientale
Authors: Gottlieb P. , Muller P. M. , Sjogren W. L.
Published: October 2006

The analysis of line-of-sight residual accelerations from Lunar Orbiters 3 and 5 does not show any evidence for large mascons near the lunar limbs. Although unfavorable geometry reduces the acceleration effect due to any mascon near the limb, simulations show that large masses at Mare Orientale and Mare Marginis would produce substantial accelerations, in complete disagreement with the actual Doppler tracking data obtained from a Lunar Orbiter experiment.
Ocean Floor Spreading: Olduvai and Gilsa Events in the Matuyama Epoch
Authors: Emilia David A. , Heinrichs Donald F.
Published: October 2006

The magnetic anomaly usually associated with the Olduvai geomagnetic event (1.96 million years) should probably be associated with the Gilsa event (∼ 1.65 million years). The Olduvai event can be correlated with a consistently appearing minor anomaly called W. This reassignment gives nearly uniform spreading rates for sections of the mid-ocean ridge system considered here.
Intracranial Drug Implants: An Autoradiographic Analysis of Diffusion
Authors: Grossman Sebastian P. , Stumpf Walter E.
Published: October 2006

Labeled crystalline atropine, administered to the hypothalamus of rats, remained strictly localized in a sphere, 1.0 to 1.8 millimeters in diameter, during the first 3 minutes. A similar distribution obtained after 1 hour. At intermediate times, slightly elevated radioactivity, reflecting concentrations 2,000 to 10,000 times below behaviorally effective doses, was observed several millimeters from the implantation site.
Avoidance Learning: Long-Lasting Deficits after Temporal Lobe Seizure
Authors: Belluzzi James D. , Grossman Sebastian P.
Published: October 2006

Microinjections of carbachol (carbamylcholine chloride) into the amygdaloid complex of rats produced behavioral and electrophysiological seizures which subsided within 24 hours. A persisting functional change caused a deficit in avoidance learning 1 to 3 weeks after the seizure. A cholinergic system is implicated by the fact that cholinergic blockade (scopolamine) of the amygdala during training reversed the effects of the seizures induced by carbachol.
Interglacial High Sea Levels and the Control of Greenland Ice by the Precession of the Equinoxes
Authors: Emiliani C.
Published: October 2006

The precession of the equinoxes appears to control the occurrence of high sea levels by partial or even total melting of the Greenland ice cap during interglacial ages.
Spherical Urine in Birds: Petrography
Authors: Folk R. L.
Published: October 2006

The white part of bird droppings (the urine) consists of microscopically uniform spheres 2 to 8 micrometers in diameter. Strange behavior of the spheres in polarized light indicates that they are often made of a spiraling arrangement of crystals that are particularly well revealed by the electron microscope. Bird urine has a varied composition, and x-ray analysis shows that it does not consist largely of uric acid, as has frequently been parroted.
Leukemia-Associated Antigens in the Mixed Leukocyte Culture Test
Authors: Bach Marilyn L. , Bach Fritz H. , Joo Patricia
Published: October 2006

Patients with acute leukemia (blast cells in the peripheral blood) manifest antigens in the one-way mixed leukocyte culture test. Leukocytes from normal patients and leukocytes of patients in remission do not clearly show these antigens. These antigens could be leukemia-associated antigens in man.
Structural Studies on Transfer RNA: Crystallization of Formylmethionine and Leucine Transfer RNA's
Authors: Young James D. , Bock Robert M. , Nishimura Susumu , Ishikura H. , Yamada Y. , RajBhandary U. L. , Labanauskas Mindaugas , Connors Peter G.
Published: October 2006

Improved solvent systems were used to crystallize two different transfer RNA species. These crystals show increased mechanical and thermal stability over crystals obtained previously from a similar system. They have sufficient stability and crystalline order to be used in x-ray crystallographic studies.
Structural Studies on Transfer RNA: The Molecular Conformation in Solution
Authors: Connors Peter G. , Labanauskas Mindaugas , Beeman W. W.
Published: October 2006

Small-angle x-ray scattering curves from four different species of transfer RNA in solution indicate that the molecules are of very similar size and shape. A model which has regions of the molecule folded tightly around a long helical core gives good agreement with the observed scattering curves.
Ciliary Orientation: Controlled by Cell Membrane or by Intracellular Fibrils?
Authors: Naitoh Yutaka , Eckert Roger
Published: October 2006

The cirri of the ciliate
Euplotes
all assume the "reversed" orientation whenever the cell is depolarized and the "forward" orientation whenever the cell is hyperpolarized. Potential changes arise spontaneously or are induced by electrical or mechanical stimuli. The orientation responses of the cirri are apparently independent of intracellular "neuromotor" fibrils previously assigned a coordinating function, as they persist after the fibrils are transected.
Ligand-Induced Maturation of Threonine Deaminase
Authors: Hatfield G. Wesley , Burns R. O.
Published: October 2006

The dimeric intermediate substructures of threonine deaminase, which are obtained by alkaline dialysis of the native tetrameric enzyme, are inactive after reassembly unless they are subsequently exposed to maturation-inducing ligands for which the enzyme possesses stereospecific binding sites. The binding of the ligands at these sites precedes the full maturation of the enzyme.
Iron in Synthetic Quartz: Heat and Radiation Induced Changes
Authors: Cohen Alvin J. , Hassan Farkhonda
Published: October 2006

As part of a study of the possible changes in silicate material on the lunar surface produced by solar radiation, effects of ionizing radiation, of heating, and of heating followed by ionizing radiation on iron-doped synthetic quartzes have been studied as models. The optical changes are mainly related to valence changes in ferric or ferrous ions.
Adenohypophysial Transmembrane Potentials: Polarity Reversal by Elevated External Potassium Ion Concentration
Authors: Milligan J. V. , Kraicer Jacob
Published: October 2006

Incubation of rat adenohypophyses in potassium ion of sufficient concentration to provoke the release of several of the adenohypophysial trophic hormones produces a reversed, positive transmembrane potential in more than half the cells. This finding is consistent with a process of "stimulus-secretion coupling" in which hypothalamic releasing factors act by selective depolarization of their "target" cells. The positive potentials may be due to a prolonged preferential permeability to calcium ions triggered by an initial depolarization of the cell membrane to a threshold value by increased external potassium ion.
Bile Pigment Formation in Plants
Authors: Troxler Robert F. , Brown Anne , Lester Roger , White Peter
Published: October 2006

The unicellular alga
Cyanidium caldarium
evolves carbon monoxide during the synthesis of the bile pigment, phycocyanobilin. Carbon monoxide and phycocyanobilin were produced in stoichiometric amounts at comparable rates. Therefore, the mechanism of bile pigment formation in this plant parallels that in mammals.
Martian Mass and Earth-Moon Mass Ratio from Coherent S-Band Tracking of Mariners 6 and 7
Authors: Anderson John D. , Efron Leonard , Wong S. Kuen
Published: October 2006

Range and Doppler tracking data from Mariners 6 and 7 have been used to obtain values for the ratio of the mass of the earth to that of the moon which are in substantial agreement with those determined from other Mariner and Pioneer spacecraft. There is an inconsistency of about 0.004 percent in values for the mass of the moon determined from lunar trajectories. A gravitational constant for Mars of 42,828.48 ± 1.38 cubic kilometers per second per second, obtained on the basis of data collected during the 5 days prior to the closest approach of Mariner 6 to Mars, is in excellent agreement with the result obtained by Null from tracking data of Mariner 4.
Elm Bark Derived Feeding Stimulants for the Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle
Authors: Doskotch Raymond W. , Chatterji Sujit K. , Peacock John W.
Published: October 2006

The principal feeding stimulants for the beetle
Scolytus multistriatus
Marsham from the twig bark of
Ulmus americana
L. have been identified as (+)-catechin-5-β-D-xylopyranoside and lupeyl cerotate.
Senescence in Detached Betel Leaves: Role of the Petiole
Authors: Mishra S. D. , Gaur B. K.
Published: October 2006

Removal of the petiole from detached betel leaves delays onset of leaf senescence; the delay is nearly proportional to the extent of depetiolation. An agar diffusate from intact midrib or excised petioles induces normal senescence in depetiolated leave.
Interference and Forgetting in Bird and Fish
Authors: Behrend Erika R. , Powers Alice Schade , Bitterman M. E.
Published: October 2006

Retention in the pigeon and in the goldfish was measured 1 day or 2 weeks after the mastery of each of a series of color discrimination. The amount of forgetting in the pigeon increased with the number of prior problems and increased more rapidly at the longer than at the shorter interval. the amount of forgetting in the goldfish was independent, at both intervals, of the number of prior problems. These results point to the operation of different memory mechanisms in the two animals.
Age of the Moon: An Isotopic Study of Uranium-Thorium-Lead Systematics of Lunar Samples
Authors: Tatsumoto Mitsunobu , Rosholt John N.
Published: October 2006

Concentrations of U, Th, and Pb in Apollo 11 samples studied are low (U. 0.16 to 0.87; Th, 0.53 to 3.4; Pb, 0.29 to 1.7, in ppm) but the extremely radiogenic lead in samples allows radiometric dating. The fine dust and the breccia have a concordant age of 4.66 billion years on the basis of
207
Pb/
206
Pb,
206
Pb/
238
U,
207
Pb/
235
U, and
208
Pb/
232
Th ratios. This age is comparable with the age of meteorites and with the age generally accepted for the earth. Six crystalline and vesicular samples are distinctly younger than the dust and breccia. The
238
U/
235
U ratio is the same as that in earth rocks, and
234
U is in radioactive equilibrium with parent
238
U.
Lead and Thallium Isotopes in Mare Tranquillitatis Surface Material
Authors: Kohman Truman P. , Black Lance P. , Ihochi Haruhiko , Huey James M.
Published: October 2006

Lead from Apollo 11 fines is more radiogenic than any meteoritic lead reported and older than any terrestrial radiogenic lead:
204
Pb/
206
Pb/
207
Pb/
208
Pb = 1/99
.6
/69
.0
117
.1
. Comparison with primordial lead from meteoritic troilite yields a
207
Pb /
206
Pb age of 4.7 + 0.1 x 10
9
years. The
238
U/
204
Pb ratio is ≳ 90 and the
232
Th/
238
U ratio is 3.9 ± 0.1. The lead content is ≳ 1.7 × 10
-6
. Evidently Pb was strongly depleted and Th and U strongly enriched in the formation of this material. Thallium was too low (≲ 5 × 10
-9
) to yield mass spectra, but indications are favorable for eventual observation of extinct natural radioactivity of
205
Pb.
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analyses of Lunar Specimens
Authors: Goleš Gordon G. , Osawa Masumi , Randle Keith , Beyer Robert L. , Jerome Dominique Y. , Lindstrom David J. , Martin Marilyn R. , McKay Sheila M. , Steinborn Terry L.
Published: October 2006

Ten Apollo 11 specimens were divided into 24 samples. Sodium contents of 8 diverse specimens cluster tightly about 0.3 percent. Plagioclase separated from sample 10044 contains about 1.09 percent Na; barium is not enriched in the plagioclase separate. Contents of the rare earths are strikingly high, and relative abundances resemble those of calcium-rich achondrites or abyssal basalts but are depleted in Eu by factors of 2 to 3 and in La by about 20 percent. The plagioclase separate is enriched in Eu and pyroxenes and opaque minerals are Eu-depleted. Fine fractions of 10044 are about 20 to 40 percent richer in most rare earths (50 percent for Eu) than coarse fractions, probably because of the presence of small grains in which rare earths are markedly concentrated. "Microgabbro" 10045 is impoverished, relative to the soil, in rare earths and Hf. Ratios by mass of Zr to Hf are comparatively low. Abundances of Mn, Co, Fe, Sc and Cr suggest systematic differences between igneous rocks on one hand and breccias and "soil" on the other. From the Co abundances, no more than about 3 percent of the present "soil" can consist of chondritic meteorite contamination.
Chemical Analyses of Lunar Samples 10017, 10072, and 10084
Authors: Wiik H. B. , Ojanpera Pentti
Published: October 2006

A crystalline rock, a vesicular rock, and a dust sample returned by Apollo 11 were chemically analyzed by several methods. The compositions of these samples are unlike that of any known rock or meteorite.
Cosmic Ray Production of Rare Gas Radioactivities and Tritium in Lunar Material
Authors: Stoenner R. W. , Lyman W. J. , Davis R.
Published: October 2006

The argon radioactivities
37
Ar and
39
Ar were obtained by vacuum melting from interior and exterior portions of rock 10057 and from a portion of the fines from the bulk sample container. The release of argon and tritium as a function of the temperature was followed for the fine material. A comparison is made of the activities observed in the lunar samples with those expected from the spallation of iron, titanium, and calcium. From these data and the
38
Ar content, the cosmic ray exposure age of rock 10057 is deduced as 110 × 10
6
years.
Particle Track, X-ray, Thermal, and Mass Spectrometric Studies of Lunar Material
Authors: Fleischer R. L. , Haines E. L. , Hanneman R. E. , Hart H. R. , Kasper J. S. , Lifshin E. , Woods R. T. , Price P. B.
Published: October 2006

Particle tracks in Apollo 11 samples are dominantly of cosmic ray and solar origin: primary galactic and solar flare particles, likely spallation recoil tracks, and possible solar-wind heavy particles. The energy spectrum of iron-group nuclei is inferred from track density gradients in surface layers, and a limit of << 10
-7
centimeter per year is deduced for the surface erosion rate. From cosmic ray tracks in rock and core samples it is clear that the lunar soil is stirred often during each few million years. X-rays reveal augite, anorthite, olivine, ilmenite, troilite, nonmeteoritic iron, and assorted glasses, but no major structural damage. Hydrogen, helium, and other gases in the fines are compatible with expected solar wind ratios.
Mineral Chemistry of Lunar Samples
Authors: Keil Klaus , Prinz Martin , Bunch T. E.
Published: October 2006

Glass spherules, glass fragments, augite, ferroaugite, titanaugite, pyroxmangite, pigeonite, hypersthene, plagioclase, potassium feldspar, maskelynite, olivine, silica, ilmenite, TiO
2
, "ferropseudobrookite," spinel, ulvöspinel, native iron, nickel-iron, troilite, and chlorapatite were analyzed with the electron microprobe. There are no indications of large-scale chemical differentiation, chemical weathering, or hydrous minerals. Contributions of meteoritic material to lunar surface rocks are small. Rocks with igneous textures originated from a melt that crystallized at or near the surface, and oxygen fugacities have been low. Shock features indicate that at least some surface material is impact-produced.
Phase Chemistry, Structure, and Radiation Effects in Lunar Samples
Authors: Arrhenius Gustaf , Asunmaa Saara , Drever James I. , Everson Joel , Fitzgerald Ray W. , Frazer Jane Z. , Fujita Hitoshi , Hanor Jeffrey S. , Lal Devendra , Liang Samuel S. , Macdougall Douglas , Reid Arch M. , Sinkankas John , Wilkening Laurel
Published: October 2006

Phase chemistry, structure, and radiation effects were studied in rock, breccia, and soil samples. The regolith apparently developed in the final stages of accretion and was modified by later impact processes and radiation weathering. Exposure ages indicate transfer of buried igneous rock fragments to the near surface late in lunar history. With a few exceptions igneous rock fragments, soil, and breccia share the same distinctive chemistry, probably acquired before accretion of the moon. The igneous rocks texturally resemble basaltic achondrites, and the soil and breccias contain glassy spheres analogous to chondrules.
Deformation of Silicates from the Sea of Tranquillity
Authors: Carter N. L. , Leung I. S. , Ave'Lallemant H. G.
Published: October 2006

Plagioclase and olivine crystals in the crystalline rocks from the Sea of Tranquillity show little or no evidence of either static or dynamic deformation. The large disorientations in many of the pyroxene crystals are commonly consistent with slip on the system
T
= {100},
t
= [001], but these distortions are not due to plastic flow. They are ascribed to rapid growth and quenching phenomena as deduced from studies of chondrules and of quenched natural and experimentally produced melts. Some of the silicates in the breccias and regolith show evidence of shock deformation, from mild to intense, as indicated by pervasive fracturing, shock lamallae, and partial transformation of pyroxene and plagioclase crystals to glass.
Cathodoluminescence Properties of Lunar Rocks
Authors: Sippel Robert F. , Spencer Alexander B.
Published: October 2006

Calcic plagioclase is the dominant luminescent mineral in crystalline rocks and breccias. Minor amounts of cristobalite and tridymite are also luminescent, as are trace grains of potassium feldspar. Two types of intergrowths of potassium feldspar with a silica phase, possibly quartz, were found in the breccias. Luminescence spectra of plagioclase show significant similarities to, and differences from, spectra of terrestrial plagioclase. Shock damage in the breccias is reflected in systematic changes in the plagioclase spectra, thus giving evidence of disordering on the angstrom scale. Associated extinction patterns seen between crossed Nicol prisms give evidence of disordering on the micrometer scale.
Magnetic Properties of Lunar Samples
Authors: Strangway D. W. , Larson E. E. , Pearce G. W.
Published: October 2006

A breccia sample (10023) from the moon was found to have a strong and fairly stable remanent magnetization. If this sample was not magnetized by local fields in the spacecraft or in the lunar receiving laboratory, it must have been magnetized on the moon. This could have happened in a variety of ways, such as cooling through the Curie temperature, by continuous thermal cycling, or by impact, but all of these require the presence of a magnetic field. Such a field could have been of internal origin in the moon, or it could have been a residual effect from the earth's magnetic field at a time when the moon and the earth were much closer together. Thermomagnetic studies identify the presence of iron with about 1 percent nickel (igneous), iron with about 5 to 10 percent nickel (meteoritic), iron with about 33 percent or more nickel (meteoritic), and ilmenite.
Search for Magnetic Monopoles in the Lunar Sample
Authors: Alvarez Luis W. , Eberhard Philippe H. , Ross Ronald R. , Watt Robert D.
Published: October 2006

An electromagnetic search for magnetic monopoles of the minimum size predicted by Dirac, or of any larger magnitude, has been performed on 8.37 kilograms of lunar surface material. No monopole was found. This experiment sets new limits on the production cross section for monopoles and on their occurrence in cosmic radiation.
Organogenic Elements and Compounds in Surface Samples from the Sea of Tranquillity
Authors: Oró J. , Updegrove W. S. , Gibert J. , McReynolds J. , Gil-av E. , Ibanez J. , Zlatkis A. , Flory D. A. , Levy R. L. , Wolf C.
Published: October 2006

Organogenic elements, mainly carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are present in the particulate material and in a breccia rock from Tranquillity Base in amounts ranging from 5 to 4200 parts per million. The major compounds of carbon released by heating are carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; the former predominates. Small amounts of other compounds of carbon have also been observed. Sulfur can be released as hydrogen sulfide by treatment with acid. The carbon isotopic δ
13
C values are definitely nonterrestrial (+ 13 to + 18.5 per mil).
A Search for Viable Organisms in a Lunar Sample
Authors: Oyama Vance I. , Merek Edward L. , Silverman Melvin P.
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis that the moon could harbor viable life forms was not verified on analysis of the first samples from the Apollo 11 mission. Biological examination of 50 grains of the bulk fines confirm the negative results obtained by the Manned Spacecraft Center quarantine team. No viable life forms, including terrestrial contaminants, were found when the sample was tested in 300 separate environments. Only colored inorganic artifacts, resembling microbial clones, appeared around some particles.
Analysis of Lunar Material for Organic Compounds
Authors: Lipsky S. R. , Cushley R. J. , Horvath C. G. , McMurray W. J.
Published: October 2006

A sample of lunar material from Apollo 11 was subjected to analysis by several techniques, which included mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance and their variations, in an effort to detect the presence of organic compounds. None were found. On the basis of the sensitivity ascribed to certain of the methods employed, it is assumed that if organic matter were present it would exist in concentrations less than 1 part per million.
L-Asparaginase-Induced Immunosuppression: Effects on Antibody-Forming Cells and Serum Titers
Authors: Chakrabarty Asit K. , Friedman Herman
Published: October 2006

Treatment of mice with L-asparaginase from
Escherichia coli
resulted in a marked suppression of the immune response, as assessed both cellularly and humorally. Suppression occurred only when the enzyme was injected together with the sheep erythrocytes used as antigen. There was little or no effect when the enzyme was injected before the antigen. Simultaneous injection of asparagine prevented suppression, an indication that the effect of the enzyme was due to depletion of an amino acid probably essential for normal lymphoid cell function during antibody production.
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus: Phenotypic Mixing and Vector Specificity
Authors: Rochow W. F.
Published: October 2006

Although the aphid
Rhopalosiphum padi
does not regularly transmit the MAV isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus from singly infected oats, it often transmits MAV, together with the serologically unrelated RPV isolate, from plants doubly infected by MAV and RPV. Vector specificity of the virus isolates appears to be a function of the virus capsid. Some MAV nucleic acid becomes coated with RPV capsid protein during simultaneous synthesis of the two isolates in the doubly infected plant.
Saurian Malaria: Development of Sporozoites in Two Species of Phlebotomine Sandflies
Authors: Ayala Stephen C. , Lee Dwayne
Published: October 2006

Sporozoites of a lizard malaria parasite,
Plasmodium mexicanum
, developed in two species of sandfly—
Lutzomyia vexatrix
and
Lutzomyia stewarti
. Salivary glands were infected 11 days after the flies took an infective blood meal. This is the first report of a malaria parasite undergoing sporogonic development in an insect other than a mosquito and the first description of lizard malaria sporogenesis.