bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Centre for Prison Studies
Authors: Coyle Andrew
Published: May 2022

From the outset of his professional life the author set himself the task of learning about the historical and philosophical underpinnings of imprisonment and its use in the hope of gaining some idea about how imprisonment, if it was thought to be necessary in the future, might be better organised. This led him to complete doctoral studies in Edinburgh University and later to establish the International Centre for Prison Studies in King’s College London with the aim of developing a body of knowledge about the principles on which the use of imprisonment should be based and building a resource network to encourage the spread of good practice in prison management worldwide. This is the work which is described in succeeding chapters.
Women: the forgotten minority
Authors: Coyle Andrew
Published: May 2022

Only seven per cent of the world’s prisoners are women and this chapter describes how these whom the author describes as ‘the forgotten minority’ are treated within a system designed primarily for men, quoting the shocking example of how women prisoners in England were shackled while giving birth as a consequence of an order which insisted that all prisoners under escort in hospital should be shackled at all times. The reader is reminded that there are over 700,000 women in prison around the world and that the journey which has taken them to prison will often be quite distinct from that of their male counterparts. Their experience of imprisonment will also be different, especially if they are the primary carers of small children or are pregnant when they are sent to prison. The chapter reinforces this point by providing examples of the treatment of women in countries as diverse as Romania, Costa Rica, the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom.
The legacy of the Gulag
Authors: Coyle Andrew
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the desperate conditions in some of the most infamous prisons and labour colonies in a number of the countries of the former Soviet Union, such as Belarus, throughout the 1990s. For over a decade the author was a regular visitor to the region in various contexts: as a member of the Russia/Council of Europe programme on the Reform of the Prison System in the Russian Federation; as an expert member of several visits of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture to the region; with the World Health Organisation for work in tackling the problem of rampant tuberculosis in places of detention; and for work on the abolition of the death penalty. The chapter is also interspersed with accounts of his presence during some historic moments including the attempted coup against President Boris Yeltsin in Moscow in 1993.
Regional contrasts: Cambodia and Japan
Authors: Coyle Andrew
Published: May 2022

In 1994 as Cambodia emerged from the nightmare of the years of Khmer Rouge terrorism the author was invited by the Cambodian Government to assist in a review of its prisons and he travelled across the country, often with an armed escort, working with the new Director of Prisons who had himself spent years in solitary confinement in Vietnam. At that point the number of prisoners in the country was around 2,000. By 2010, when the author again visited the prison population had increased to 14,000 and it now stands at 36,000, with resultant severe overcrowding. The use of imprisonment in Japan and the national peculiarities of the way its prisons operate are a case study of the relationship between prisons and the society in which they exist as well as a reflection of public and social attitudes not only to prisoners as a whole but also to specific sectors of the community. One disturbing expression of this is the growing proportion of prisoners who are isolated elderly men and women who require a level of personal support which prisons cannot provide.
Barbados and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Coyle Andrew
Published: May 2022

In 2005 Glendairy Prison in Barbados was all but burned to the ground following a riot and its 900 or so prisoners were transferred to a former secret US naval base in a remote part of the island. A group of prisoners appealed to the Inter American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) and the author was instructed by the Court to prepare an expert report on their conditions of detention. The chapter describes the difficulties which were placed in his way by the Barbadian government, how he was eventually able to gain access to the prison and the inhuman conditions he discovered there. The story then moves to the seat of the IACHR in Costa Rica where the author presented his findings to the court and where the court in due course delivered its decision.
The Jericho Monitoring Mission
Authors: Coyle Andrew
Published: May 2022

From time to time prisons are forced centre stage in the world of international politics, often in conflict or post conflict situations. One such occasion came in the early 2000s when the UK and US governments attempted to resolve an impasse in the increasing violence between the State of Israel and the Palestinian Authority. An immediate point of conflict arose after an Israeli cabinet minister was assassinated in Jerusalem. The Palestinian Authority detained the men who had carried out the killing but the Israeli government was not convinced that the men were really in custody. At very short notice the author was asked to set up a monitoring system which satisfied the demands of both sides. This chapter describes how arrangements evolved in dramatic fashion, often under the glare of international media and with face to face meetings with Ariel Sharon and Yasser Arafat. The Jericho Monitoring Mission was an extreme example of how the closed world of prisons often cannot be separated from wider public circumstances and political considerations.
Practice-based research in times of crisis: weaving community together during lockdown
Authors: Stolte Lisa
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 crisis shifted museums research towards practice-based explorations of material culture. Practice-based research develops a greater appreciation of works found in museums collections through understanding how things are created. This chapter is written from the perspectives of two First Nation or Aboriginal researchers and cultural practitioners living in Australia - one a descendant of the Nimi’ipuu (Nez Perce) tribe of the Pacific North West; the other a member of the Gomeroi Nation of north-western New South Wales. The chapter explores an online workshop in traditional Aboriginal basket weaving. The pandemic disproportionately affected Indigenous peoples, hence overcoming isolation, making connections and finding ways to reclaim a sense of community strength became crucial for peoples’ survival, despite histories of institutional neglect and abuse.
Communicating crisis research with comics: representation, process, and pedagogy
Authors: Sou Sarah Marie
Published: May 2022

Creative research outputs can be powerful and enlightening ways to communicate research findings. This chapter discusses the process and potential of communicating crisis research through comics, using the example of “After Maria: Everyday Recovery from Disaster”, which translates ethnographic research on low-income Puerto Rican families’ recovery from Hurricane Maria’s impacts in 2017. The After Maria comic is an example that develops critical discussions about representational politics, pedagogy and processes of translating crisis research. Comics are a democratic means to ensure that research is accessible to participants and the wider public. Comics enable a more participatory research process whereby participants can shape how their story is told, challenging a mainstream politics of representation in media and academia that tends to adopt reductive, dehumanising and apolitical narratives about crisis affected people.
Researching older Vietnam-born migrants at a distance: the role of digital kinning
Authors: Nguyen Loretta , Baldassar Raelene , Wilding Lukasz
Published: May 2022

Social researchers have shifted to digital methods as transnational families increasingly perform familyhood online. Information and Communications technologies (ICTS) can facilitate multi-sited studies without costly and time-consuming travel, with online research practices becoming even more dominant during the COVID-19 pandemic which restricted physical movement. This chapter explores how older, Vietnam-born migrants living in Australia access ICTs and new media. Online ethnographic research provides data on migrants’ transnational ageing experiences, while facilitating digital kinning, defined as “the processes of engagement with new technologies for the purpose of maintaining support networks to sustain social support and connections, maintain cultural identity, and protect social identity, which are all particularly at risk during the ageing process”. Through netnography, the researchers explore the extent to which researchers are also incorporated into practices and processes of digital kinning with participants.
The Criminalisation of Social Policy in Neoliberal Societies
Authors: Kiely Elizabeth , Swirak Katharina
Published: May 2022

Focusing on the Criminalisation of Social Policy, this book explores the intersections between crime and social policy and the ways in which contemporary social policies in many different countries look more like crime control policies. From anti-immigration agendas, which criminalise vulnerable populations, to the punishment of the poor and the governance of parenting, the book engages with the ways in which certain constituencies in our societies, who need help and support, are made to feel criminal in their relationships with the state and its agents. Specific policy examples chosen from across countries show that the criminalisation of social policy has resonance internationally. These are selected from the fields of work and welfare; borders and citizenship; family policy, urban planning and offender reintegration. In illuminating intersecting, and at times very troubling policy interventions, the book wrestles with ideas as to what social policy and welfare states should look like in our societies. It incites the reader to continue this process so that we reclaim the best of the ‘social’ in social policy for the twenty-first century.
Introducing the Criminalisation of Social Policy and an Overview of Relevant Scholarship
Authors: Kiely Elizabeth , Swirak Katharina
Published: May 2022

Chapter two builds on the introduction by elaborating on how the criminalisation of social policy has been developed, shaped and challenged by academics and researchers over time in different jurisdictions. This chapter provides a solid foundation for subsequent chapters.
Criminalising Borders, Migration and Mobility
Authors: Kiely Elizabeth , Swirak Katharina
Published: May 2022

This chapter draws attention to the interrelated processes of the criminalisation of immigration, as well as the growing imbrication of immigration control with social policy that arise in a world where national sovereignty, citizenship and the corresponding attribution of rights are inextricably linked. It is shown how this not only includes the overtly violent and punitive practices of border policing, detention and deportation, but extends to the exclusion and penalisation of migrants through the operation of the welfare state and what at the surface appear to be ‘liberal’ policies, affecting poor migrants disproportionately. Consideration is also given to how criminalisation of migration is discursively and materially weaponised through ethno-racial othering strategies. Throughout this chapter, it is apparent that the exclusionary processes in operation for those who are deemed to be ‘outsiders’ of our ‘imagined nations’ (Anderson, 1983), are similar to the dividing practices deployed by neoliberal welfare states to determine ‘deservingness’ amongst its citizenry, yet they are experienced much more harshly by those excluded from the citizenry. The chapter concludes by suggesting that a world without borders must be kept on the horizon, if also not immediately achievable.
Introduction
Authors: Corbett Jack , Yi-chong Xu , Weller Patrick
Published: May 2022

The Introduction identifies the two dilemmas that IOs and small states face. It illustrates why these dilemmas, and the interaction between them, are key to explaining the practices of global governance. In doing so it outlines our contribution to the study of IOs and the international relations of small states. The bulk of the chapter explains our approach, methods and data. We conclude with a brief summary of each chapter.
Differentiated Development in the IMF, the WBG, and the WTO
Authors: Corbett Jack , Yi-chong Xu , Weller Patrick
Published: May 2022

In Chapter Five we focus on the three Bretton Woods institutions: IMF, the World Bank, and WTO. Both IMF and the World Bank have recognised the condition of SIDS and tailored projects and programmes for them. Likewise, gaining recognition of the challenges facing the SVEs at the WTO provided some small states with an opportunity to present their interests and demands as a group, which would not be available to them otherwise. But these successes have been circumscribed by a system that advances the interests of each member rather than common goods. Thus, the voice and influence of small states in the Bretton Woods institutions has not been as significant as at the UN.
Expanding the Agenda at the WHO and the WIPO
Authors: Corbett Jack , Yi-chong Xu , Weller Patrick
Published: May 2022

Chapter Six focuses on the WHO and WIPO. SIDS have only rarely been active in these IOs despite persistent efforts, by other states, IO leaders and the secretariat, to include them. We explain their absence in similar terms to their stalled efforts in the economic institutions—capacity deficits, existing rules and traditions, and the absence of friends and allies. The limited successes that have occurred stem primarily from the normative imperative of IOs to balance their inherent dilemma.
Gendered Bodies
Authors: Weatherall Ruth
Published: May 2022

Feminist anti-violence activism has paid particular attention to the body as a site targeted with individual and institutional violence. This chapter focuses on how gender identity in relation to the body was debated and celebrated by the collective. These debates were central to constructing the body as a site for political action and developing an approach to protecting vulnerable bodies from violence. The work of Judith Butler is used to critically explore the links the collective drew between sex, gender, sexuality, and violence.
LGBT+ Bodies
Authors: Weatherall Ruth
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on how the naturalisation of the ‘female body’ in relation to gendered violence operates to exclude the experiences of LGBT+ women and gender minorities. Butler’s heterosexual matrix is used to analyse the heteronormativity of the collective and how LGBT+ victims were excluded materially and symbolically. Nevertheless, LGBT+ members of the collective continually challenged this exclusion and demonstrated how understanding violence against LGBT+ folk offered a better understanding of gendered violence and the different ways in which bodies are vulnerable to violence.
Radically Unsettled Bodies
Authors: Weatherall Ruth
Published: May 2022

The final chapter of Part III presents a striking approach to victims of violence grounded in the work of feminist anti-violence activists. The collective sometimes conceptualised victims of gendered violence as vulnerable bodies. Vulnerability is twofold: the ways we are moved by others and our interdependency on institutions and social conditions to be safeguarded from violence. This approach helps to unsettle us/them distinctions related to victims of violence and understand the ways in which we are all implicated in systems of violence. A reconsideration of the role of the body and vulnerability in activist work and academic work is essential to reimagining how we can support each other, materially and discursively.
Through Difference
Authors: Weatherall Ruth
Published: May 2022

This chapter uses a micro-political framework to examine the layers of connection between the construction of feminist activist identity and social change. In relation to various external accountabilities, members of the collective would shift and change their feminist identity. At the same time, members of the collective were negotiating a shared politics and equitable organisational practices/norms. Instead of attempting to erase these differences, the collective aimed to organise through difference to maintain solidarity. The contradictions, challenges, and work of feminism, activism, and academia are productive and necessary to engage in a multi-directional approach to social justice.
Invitation
Authors: Schwittay Anke
Published: May 2022

This chapter aims to be a starting point for discussions about teaching and an invitation to explore some of the book's ideas in practice. It wants to prompt rather than prescribe, be experimental rather than exhaustive. The chapter shares the author's own insights and activities, as well as the work of his colleagues and students' reactions to their teaching, to encourage readers to imagine possible applications and adaptations in their own classrooms. It also discusses the role of digital technologies in all — including higher education — classrooms, the limitations of digital educational technologies, and the author's pedagogy which is built around face-to-face teaching. The chapter elaborates on the use of ‘generative theory’ — a theory that is able to generate possibilities — to inform critical-creative teaching.
History and Nostalgia: Historicizing a Multifaceted Emotion
Authors: Becker Tobias
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the relationship of historians to nostalgia and asks why they have been so reluctant to research it compared to other disciplines and despite frequently using the term. By analysing how nostalgia is commonly been historicised and theorised, it argues that this reluctance is rooted in a specific and often unacknowledged view of nostalgia as a phenomenon both rooted in and directed against Western modernity and its concept of progress specifically. Against this view, the chapter argues that nostalgia should be historicised in a longer historical perspective, also taking into account regions outside of Europe and the United States. Finally, it discusses some approaches – conceptual history, memory studies, the history of temporality and the history of emotions – this research could draw on.
Psychology and Nostalgia: Towards a Functional Approach
Authors: Wildschut Tim , Sedikides Constantine
Published: May 2022

Early psychological treatises equated nostalgia with homesickness. Nostalgia, distinct from homesickness, only became the subject of systematic psychological research by the turn of the 21th century. Since then, empirical efforts have clarified its characteristics, triggers, and functions. This chapter organises the wealth of contemporary findings by proposing a regulatory or functional model, in which nostalgia serves as a homeostatic corrective (or balancing feedback mechanism) that counteracts the negative effects of psychological perturbations and adverse environmental conditions. We review evidence that discomforting, aversive states trigger nostalgia. We then show how, in turn, nostalgia boosts a number of key psychological functions. We come full circle with an overview of studies that tested the complete regulatory model and demonstrated the positive downstream consequences of adversity-induced nostalgia. After considering alternative theoretical perspectives, we conclude the chapter by surveying future challenges and opportunities, and evaluate the potential utility of our model for understanding collective nostalgia.
Media Studies and Nostalgia: Media Philosophy and Nostalgizing in Times of Crisis
Authors: Niemeyer Katharina
Published: May 2022

The increasing role of media and mediatisation in our everyday lives has altered — and to some extent accelerated — the ways in which we interact with people both privately and publicly. This is especially relevant in regard to recent media technologies and, more specifically, to social online media which create new spaces for emotional experiences, expressions and exchanges. This leads not only to an extended visibility of political opinions or intimate feelings, but also to an accumulation of the latter in the form of big data. It is now possible to access different expressions and practices of nostalgia that would normally circulate in separate social spheres. Media and media technologies are therefore not only communicative platforms of and for nostalgia, but they can also serve to provoke and to ‘heal’ it. This chapter explores the intrinsic relationship between media and nostalgia from a media philosophical standpoint by discussing the current theoretical and empirical scholarly work in the field.
Introduction: ‘Nothing about Us without Us’, a History and Application for Criminology
Authors: Ahmed Yasmine , Windle James , Lynch Orla
Published: May 2022

This introductory chapter defines and explores the ‘nothing about us without us’ movement in order to support later chapters. The chapter traces the movement’s conceptual history, and explores conceptual debates, including the difficulties of employing ‘nothing about us without us’ in practice. The chapter concludes by presenting the basic premise of the book: the voices of the marginalised, hushed and silenced provide important insights for contemporary policy and scholarship.
Working Together to Create Change: Theory, Experience, and Praxis
Authors: O’Neill Maggie , Campbell Rosie
Published: May 2022

In this chapter we highlight the benefits of using participatory action research (PAR) based upon our long histories of using this approach in our research on sex work, with sex workers and wider communities including residents, criminal justice agencies and other stakeholders. We draw upon one particular example in our collaborative research that combines participatory arts (PA) with PAR. The chapter opens by articulating the methodological approach of PAR, how we used this method and how we combined this with PA, highlighting the importance and value of the arts in research. We go on to share some of the findings that emerged from our arts-based research with sex workers and suggest how researchers might bridge the gap between theory, lived experience and praxis in order to do social justice and work together to create change. With ‘Nothing About Us Without Us’ now perhaps the main banner of the sex worker rights movement globally (ICRSE, 2015), signifying a call for the meaningful involvement of sex workers in policy, programmes and services on sex work, we argue PAR related research can offer a framework for sex worker inclusion and contribute to transforming policy.
Whitewashing the White Collar
Authors: McCullagh Ciaran
Published: May 2022

This chapter argues that a process of double marginalisation operates in Irish society. Put at its most simple - one group is marginalised in the conventional sense, that is, from access to social resources such as education, housing, and employment. The other has privileged access to these resources but is insulated from the impact of effective social control over their behaviour and from the social stigmatisation that follows from any activities they engage in that could be being labelled as criminal. The label of criminality in Ireland is mainly reserved to describe the illegal behaviour of working-class and conventionally marginalised people and as such it distorts social reality and serves the processes of class reproduction. There are a number of reasons for the comparative silence around white collar and corporate crime in Ireland, The first is universal and is a matter of definition. When we are talking about white collar and corporate crime and about white collar and corporate offenders, what and who exactly do we mean? The second is the manner in which such crimes are regulated by the state, a process that, it will be argued, is designed to downplay their criminality. The third is the law of libel.
‘We Don’t Have a Dog in the Fight’: Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia
Authors: Rees Morgan T.
Published: May 2022

This chapter takes a closer look at the US government's decisions to use force to stop ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, showing America's policy towards the issue, across the presidencies of George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton. The chapter highlights the reluctance within the Bush administration to use force in foreign interventions in the post-Cold War world to avoid a Vietnam-style quagmire. It discusses how Bush played down principled calls for action by invoking the Powell Doctrine as a means of slowing down the decision-making process, thus, intellectually refining interests to ‘we do deserts, not mountains and jungles’. Why did both administrations seek to avoid military engagement in Bosnia, only for Clinton to have a change of heart in 1995? The chapter examines how cognitive ideas were employed to repress principled sources of information as humanitarian atrocities and ethnic cleansing ravaged Bosnia.
‘What Should I Tell My Daughter?’: The Massacre at Srebrenica
Authors: Rees Morgan T.
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on how the massacre of 8,700 Bosniak men and boys in Srebrenica in June in 1995 caused a major change in the Clinton administration's Bosnia policy. It examines Clinton's shift from restraint towards limited intervention through Operation Deliberate Force, showing how the massacre at Srebrenica rekindled narratives likening the atrocities to the Holocaust. Images of the cruelty, along with the vision of dead and dying Bosnians gave these narratives tremendous power. Such principled ideas were driven by Madeline Albright, Anthony Lake, and in particular Al Gore's powerful, symbolic appeal: ‘What am I supposed to tell [my daughter]?’ if the US were to maintain a position of indifference. The massacre made it clear that US policy towards Bosnia had not only become ineffective but was doing significant damage to the administration's credibility — undermining their capacity to manage other foreign policy issues. The fall of Srebrenica served to reframe the debate on Bosnia by providing a moment of crisis and spurring principled interpretations yielding normative displacement which would override more refined cognitive interpretations.
Ideas and Foreign Policy Variation
Authors: Rees Morgan T.
Published: May 2022

This chapter tackles five key findings regarding the way in which foreign policy decisions vary, namely, that variations in foreign policy decision-making within presidential administrations are common; agents within presidential administrations hold power at different times; agent interpretations of interests are heavily influenced by the forms in which information is provided or made available; both principled and cognitive ideas have the capacity to yield ineffective policy; and the president, ultimately, makes the final decision. The chapter summarizes the cases cited throughout the book, re-emphasizing how ideas were repressed and displaced. Moreover, the chapter underscores the value of incorporating and extending the use of discursive institutionalist analysis beyond US foreign policy decision-making into other, broader areas of inquiry within the field of security studies.
Fuelling Insecurity
Authors: Ganz Aurora
Published: May 2022

This book explores energy securitization in Azerbaijan through a sociological approach that combines discourse with a practice-oriented analysis. The study focuses on the national, international and private actors involved in the labour of energy security and their diverse sets of practices.
Its empirical findings indicate that in Azerbaijan, energy securitization lacks the unitary and homogeneous character of its ideal type. Its heterogeneity interlaces internal security with external security, military with civil, defence with enforcement, coercion with control. It relies on surveillance and policing technologies as much as on maritime defence and counterterrorism; it intertwines the national and the international, as well as the public and the private domains of politics; it builds ties amidst manifold security actors and institutions that belong in different social universes; it merges security logic and neoliberal rationales and techniques. Energy securitisation encircles local dynamics and structures into patterns of international cooperation and corporate strategy. The rhetoric emphasis and the routinized character of energy security practices have trivialized any possible alternative and made invisible its costs. In particular, this book reflects on the multiple forms of abuse and violence and the poor energy choices tied to the processes of energy securitisation.
An Analysis of Actually Existing Energy Securitizations
Authors: Ganz Aurora
Published: May 2022

This chapter begins by exploring the concept of energy security: it sketches its theoretical trajectory and engages with the principal philosophical debates of energy security studies. It then problematizes the relationship between energy and security using the framework of securitization theory to foster a more critical engagement with the politics of energy security. Drawing on the work of International Political Sociology, the last section outlines five theses of energy securitization that delineate the alternative theoretical approach of this study to account for the actually existing complexity of the process.
Local Government Reforms in Denmark and Norway: Reform Tools and Outcomes
Authors: Houlberg Kurt , Klausen Jan Erling
Published: May 2022

Since 2007, both Denmark and Norway have carried out structural reforms of their local government systems. Despite many similarities between the two highly decentralized countries in the same class of local government systems, the outcome of the two reforms differed substantially. Whereas the government of Denmark achieved comprehensive structural reform of its local government system, Norway’s government was a lot less successful. Less than one third of the local governments in Norway ended up actually merging. We ask what reform tools the two governments used for implementation of their respective reforms, how these tools were used, and how tool use can explain the different outcomes. A main conclusion is that the experienced Danish government’s strong Parliamentary support facilitated the use of stronger reform tools, as compared to Norway’s less experienced minority government.
Why Tourists Should Pay Local Taxes
Authors: Derek Marta
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses the issue of tourism taxations and its legitimization on the municipal level. It argues that tourist taxes are not only necessary, but fair, and explains that through two issues widely discussed in the economic literature: externalities (positive and negative), and public costs. It draws upon a number of practical examples which illustrate diiferent types of tourist local taxes in major urban tourism destinations in Europe. It then examines the Polish variant of a tourist tax, which takes the form of an accommodation tax, and can be levied if three conditions related to the following issues are fulfilled: climate, landscape and tourism development. Finally, the contribution of the tourist tax to the budgets of the Polish municipalities are studied.
Placing Night-Time Governance: In or Out?
Authors: Acuto Michele , Seijas Andreina , McArthur Jenny , Robin Enora
Published: May 2022

The question of how night-time governance is ‘placed’ in respect to the organisation of urban governance more generally is, for us, an essential one especially for the many municipal practitioners and urban researchers focusing on this theme. In this second empirical chapter, we suggest it might be useful to start from a broad generalization: should the night-time be the purview of local government, within the edifice of city policy, or should it be set outside of it? Of course, there is no easy answer to this query, but this simple differentiation helps us, we think, chart some commonplace realities within the multitude of examples we present here. Both realities emerge as equally productive and at the same time characterized by tensions, but in the meantime, they also help us clarifying some initial challenges that night-time practitioners confront when trying to project a pragmatic stance on recognizing the value of night-time discussions in urban governance. In turn, as we illustrate, this also takes us to an additional type of night-time governance institution, that of the night ‘council’ (or ‘committee’ or ‘commission’), which is perhaps as important in our story as the more widely chronicled and media-prone appointment of night mayors. We offer an initial typology of these institutions before beginning an initial foray into the common agendas that, whether within or without local government, are emerging in night-time governance.
What Night-Time Agendas?
Authors: Acuto Michele , Seijas Andreina , McArthur Jenny , Robin Enora
Published: May 2022

With urban politics come urban interests and agendas – even at night-time. To acknowledge this even more explicitly than in the previous two chapters, this chapter discusses common themes and strategies described throughout the various cases in the book with an emphasis on what commonplace issues have driven NTE action. It journeys across night-time economy strategies, sound and crowd management methods, safety and crime schemes, and transport and logistics solutions, to depict what key themes emerge in the night-time governance of cities, but also what is left out. The chapter focuses on what is being governed in cities afterhours from a relatively restrictive view on the NTE as fulcrum of entertainment and hospitality to include the likes of transport, logistics, healthcare, further into those voices and activities that are often silenced by night-time discussions. Critically, we underscore here the importance of strategic visions and strategic plans in consolidating what night-time agendas are at play in cities.
Urban Governance after Dark: Eight Propositions
Authors: Acuto Michele , Seijas Andreina , McArthur Jenny , Robin Enora
Published: May 2022

What does one need to know about managing cities at night? And what is the ‘case’ for thinking of commonplace urban issues, debates and policies, but at night-time and in dialogues with what happens ‘after hours’? In the spirit of practical applicability, this final chapter provides a practical closing guideline structured around eight key lessons we learned as scholars and practitioners of the night-time. We put these as recommendations for both policymakers and others involved in this emerging field to consider. This is structured explicitly as a propositional list, pointing at a set of key successes, shortcomings and continuing inequalities, as well as some of what we think are practical ways past the COVID-19 crisis into a more effective (and inclusive) management of the night-time in cities.
Criminological Criticism
Authors: McGregor Rafe
Published: May 2022

This chapter proposes a method of interpretation and appreciation which can be called criminological criticism. It begins by defining a complex narrative as the product of an agent that is high in narrativity in virtue of representing one or more agents and two or more events which are causally connected, thematically unified, and conclude. The chapter then presents Fredric Jameson's model of fourfold allegory in which the literal, symbolic, existential, and anthropic meanings interact such that the meaning of the work is more than the sum of the meanings of its representational levels. Fourfold allegories are also complex narratives and the levels of allegorical meaning correspond with the four philosophical values associated with narrativity: aesthetic, cognitive, ethical, and political. In consequence, the practices of interpretation and appreciation are mutually complementary.
Interdisciplinary Intervention
Authors: McGregor Rafe
Published: May 2022

This chapter addresses whether criminological criticism can constitute an actual intervention in social reality. The key factor that links critical criminological research to harm reduction is the explanation of the cause or causes of the harm. Regardless of whether the practice of policy critical criminology is the most effective way of reducing harm in reality, it is certainly the most direct. Also likely to be effective, albeit indirectly, is public critical criminology, in which critical criminologists influence the public who, in turn, influence the policies pursued by the public, third, or private sectors at local, regional, national, or global levels. The chapter then establishes a model of collaboration by means of which the criminological critic and the critical criminologist can both contribute to the actual reduction of harm in practice.
Concrete Cities
Authors: Imrie Rob
Published: May 2022

The premise of the book is that building and construction practices are insensitive to the needs of many people, and implicated in the widespread despoliation and degradation of ecological systems and the environment. From the construction of transport networks and major commercial and residential property in rapidly urbanising countries, to the popularisation of self-build and home improvements, we are living in a period of incessant and unprecedented building. Few places are untouched by construction and infrastructure projects that are part of an ideology of building that has little regard to what is needed and, instead, are shaped by political and economic values that regard building and construction as ‘a good thing’. Using examples from around the world, the book identifies the mentalities of construction and building that are failing people and places in many different ways, and calls for radical changes to city living and environments by building less, but better.
Demolition: Wasting the City and Teardown Building
Authors: Imrie Rob
Published: May 2022

As much as we build, we demolish and destroy, and building cultures are defined, in part, by the tendency towards obsolescence of products and objects, and the restless urge to renew and reconstruct. The sounds and sights of demolition are ever present, ranging from the visibility of wrecking machinery to the production of rubble dust and dirt in the atmosphere. The effects are irrational, often disruptive, and include the loss of scarce materials; the increase in waste and landfill; particulate and noise pollution due to demolition processes; disturbance to, and destruction of, local ecologies; and the loss of scarce, usually low income, housing contributing to shortfalls in housing stock. Chapter 6 conceives of construction as dominated by a demolition paradigm in which there is rarely consideration, by actors in the sector, of the life cycle of buildings and the appropriate means to salvage, re-use and/or adapt them. There is a rush to demolish instead of ‘creating a value in the end of life of a structure’ (LaMore, et al., 2018: 1).
Constructing for Species Survival
Authors: Imrie Rob
Published: May 2022

The idea of ecological or green building has become big business, and corporate building and construction companies have not been slow to attach themselves to the rising popularity of building for sustainable development. This chimes with the rise of alternative building cultures, such as self-build, that express, in part, people’s disaffection with volume house building, and the emergence of smart technologies that offer potential to minimise the environmental impact of buildings. The argument of chapter 9 is that there is no such thing as sustainable or green building because no building can be green or ecological. Building is a disruptive and violent process, ranging from the destructive extraction of non-reproducible materials from the earth, to the colonisation of land from nature, and disturbance of socio-ecological systems. Instead, a radical greening needs to inform how, when and why we build that incorporates limits to building, and building that respects ecological integrity and well-being.
Binary hologram compression using context based Bayesian tree models with adaptive spatial segmentation
Authors: Kizhakkumkara Muhamad Raees , Birnbaum Tobias , Blinder David , Schretter Colas , Schelkens Peter
Published: May 2022

With holographic displays requiring giga- or terapixel resolutions, data compression is of utmost importance in making holography a viable technique in the near future. In addition, since the first-generation of holographic displays is expected to require binary holograms, associated compression algorithms are expected to be able to handle this binary format. In this work, the suitability of a context based Bayesian tree model is proposed as an extension to adaptive binary arithmetic coding to facilitate the efficient lossless compression of binary holograms. In addition, we propose a quadtree-based adaptive spatial segmentation strategy, as the scale dependent, quasi-stationary behavior of a hologram limits the applicability of the advocated modelling approach straightforwardly on the full hologram. On average, the proposed compression strategy produces files that are around 12% smaller than JBIG2, the reference binary image codec.
Monitoring local temperature and longitudinal strain along a nonuniform As2Se3-PMMA tapered fiber by Brillouin gain-profile tracing
Authors: Gao Song , Wang Haiyang , Baker Chams , Chen Liang , Wen Zengrun , Cai Yangjian , Bao Xiaoyi
Published: May 2022

The local temperature and longitudinal strain at spatial resolution of 0.5% of the pulse-width equivalent length along a nonuniform As2Se3-PMMA tapered fiber is investigated by a Brillouin gain-profile tracing method. This scheme uses a 20 ns pump pulse with the pulse-width equivalent length longer than the fiber under test (FUT) of 50 cm nonuniform As2Se3-PMMA tapered fiber. The whole interaction process of long pump pulse is investigated including pump pulse entering the FUT, overlapping completely with FUT and leaving the FUT. The evolution of Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) along the nonuniform fiber is formed by the subtraction of frequency-domain BGS of two adjacent sensing points in the trailing edge (where the pump pulse leaves the FUT) of the BOTDA spectrum. The trailing part is preferred due to the pre-amplified acoustic field by the long pumping pulse. Then the local responses of temperature and wide-range longitudinal strain with high spatial resolution of 1.1 cm along the nonuniform As2Se3-PMMA tapered fibers are investigated. The change of the local temperature and strain shifts the BGS that is different along the nonuniform fibers, which forms the distributed measurement. The spatial resolution, the fiber length of the detected section in the proposed method, is 1.1 cm for the local temperature and longitudinal strain measurement, which is 0.5% of the pulse-width equivalent length and is limited by the sampling rate of data acquisition and the fall-time of the pump pulse.
Bovine serum albumin label-free concentration sensor based on silica corrosion quantitative monitoring system
Authors: Li Jinjian , Liu Yi , Li Yan , Zhang Zhenrong , Qu Shiliang
Published: May 2022

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) label-free concentration sensor based on silica corrosion quantitative monitoring system (SCQMS) has been proposed. Anti-resonance of hollow cylindrical waveguide (HCW) in SCQMS is simulated and investigated for monitoring corrosion rate quantitatively. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) samples with different concentrations are studied respectively, and the corrosion rate is obtained by demodulating the corresponding anti-resonance dips shift and free spectral range (FSR). Therefore, a high-precision SQCMS was prepared successfully. On this basis, a highly sensitive concentration sensor based on hole-assisted dual-core fiber (HADF) is prepared. The BSA samples with concentration from 0.2 mg/mL to 0.7 mg/mL are detected. The sensor has a high sensitivity of 30.04 nm/(mg/mL) and ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 mg/mL for the assisted core exposed to the target solution directly. We have demonstrated the SCQMS that can be a feasible tool for precise and quantitative corrosion of silicon structure safely. In addition, the concentration sensor structure has a wide application for ultra-low LOD, simple preparation process and high integration.
Improving long-term temperature bias stability of an integrated optical gyroscope employing a Si3N4 resonator
Authors: Feng Changkun , Zhang Yonggui , Ma Honghao , Li Hui , Feng Lishuang
Published: May 2022

The presence of polarization noise generated by the waveguide resonator limits the performance of a resonant integrated optical gyroscope (RIOG). Using silicon nitride (

Si

3

N
4

) to fabricate a waveguide with an ultralow-aspect-ratio can result in a resonator that only supports light transmission in a single-polarization state, suppressing polarization noise. We successfully fabricated a

Si

3

N
4

resonator with a bending radius of 17.5 mm, a finesse (

F

) of 150, a quality factor (

Q

) of

1.54
×

10

7

, and a propagation loss of 1.2 dB/m. The

Si

3

N
4

resonator was used to construct a double closed-loop RIOG that showed long-term bias stability (3600 s) of 13.2°/h at room temperature, 14.8°/h at 40°C, 21.2°/h at 50°C, and 23.6°/h at 60°C. We believe this to be the best performance reported to date for a

Si

3

N
4

resonator-based RIOG. This advancement paves the way for the wider application of RIOGs.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the Peruvian jungle
Authors: De los Santos Maxy B. , Ramírez Ivonne Melissa , Rodríguez Jorge E. , Beerli Peter , Valdivia Hugo O.
Published: May 2022

Background

Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is highly prevalent in the Peruvian jungle, where it affects military forces deployed to fight against drug trafficking and civilian people that migrate from the highland to the lowland jungle for economic activities such as mining, agriculture, construction, and chestnut harvest.

We explored the genetic diversity and population structure of 124 L. (V.) braziliensis isolates collected from the highland (Junín, Cusco, and Ayacucho) and lowland Peruvian jungle (Loreto, Ucayali, and Madre de Dios). All samples were genotyped using Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) of ten highly polymorphic markers.

Principal findings

High polymorphism and genetic diversity were found in Peruvian isolates of L. (V.) braziliensis. Most markers are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; this deviation is most likely caused by local inbreeding, as shown by the positive FIS values. Linkage Disequilibrium in subpopulations was not strong, suggesting the reproduction was not strictly clonal. Likewise, for the first time, two genetic clusters of this parasite were determined, distributed in both areas of the Peruvian jungle, which suggested a possible recent colonization event of the highland jungle from the lowland jungle.

Conclusions

L. (V.) braziliensis exhibits considerable genetic diversity with two different clusters in the Peruvian jungle. Migration analysis suggested a colonization event between geographical areas of distribution. Although no human migration was observed at the time of sampling, earlier displacement of humans, reservoirs, or vectors could have been responsible for the parasite spread in both regions.