bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un Piège à Fosse Amélioré pour la Capture d’Insectes Actifs à la Surface du Sol
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: January 2010

Un piège à fosse construit sur le même principe que celui décrit récemment par Doane (1961), mais plus simple de fabrication et d'emploi, nous a donné d'excellents résultats lors d'une enquête préliminaire sur les Carabidés associés à diverses cultures de la région de Belleville.

L'appareil (Fig. 1) se compose principalement d'un entonnoir (C) inséré dans un cylindre (B) et conduisant à une bouteille (D) où sont retenus les insectes. Une boite à conserves de 48 onces dont on a enlevé les extrémités sert de cylindre. Enfoncé jusqu'à son rebord supérieur dans le sol, il prévient l'effondrement des parois de la cavité où sont disposées les autres pièces du piège.
On the Flight and Host Selection of the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: McMullen L. H. , Atkins M. D.
Published: January 2010

The flight of bark beetles covers a short but important period of their life cycle, during which they are exposed to conditions not encountered during the major portion of their life under the bark. The time of flight and the factors which affect it are important, not only to the dispersal and survival of the insect, but also in the interpretation of experimental data dependent upon the beetle's flight activity.

Chapman (1954), Rudinsky and Vité (1956), and Atkins (1959, 1960, 1961) studied the flight of the Douglas-fir beetle under laboratory conditions, but there is scant reference to field studies on the flight of this insect. Chapman and Kinghorn (1958) recorded the number caught in window flight traps near Cowichan Lake, B.C., and unpublished reports describe emergence records obtained from cage studies conducted near Lumby, B.C.
Life History of the Sugar-Beet Root Maggot Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder) (Diptera: Otitidae) in Southern Alberta
Authors: Harper A. M.
Published: January 2010

Sugar beets are grown on approximately 38,000 acres of irrigated land in southern Alberta and their culture is a stabilizing influence on the economy of the irrigated districts. The sugar-beet root maggot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder), has been a pest of sugar heets in the sandy soil areas of southern Alberta since 1955 and caused serious damage in the same area from 1934 to 1937. This insect has been a problem also in Manitoba, North Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado (Allen et al., 1959; Callenbach et al., 1957; Hawley, 1922; Jones et al., 1952; Maxson, 1948). Considerable experimental work has been done on the control of this pest in Alberta (Harper et al., 1961a; Harper et al., 1961b; Lilly et al., 1961), but there have been no detailed studies published on the life history of the insect in Canada and there is very little information from elsewhere. In 1922 Hawley published notes on the biology of the insect in Utah. The present paper describes the life history of T. myopaeformis in southern Alberta.
What is an Arctic Insect?
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: January 2010

Entomologists in Canada, especially in recent years, have made an extensive contribution to the study of northern insects. Some 70 field parties of the Northern Insect Survey have worked in almost as many stations in arctic and subarctic Canada and have gathered a great mass of specimens for the Canadian National Collection (Freeman, 1958, 1959). Many taxonomic studies of this material have been published, though almost of necessity they deal with only a small fraction of what is available. Some distinguished studies of the geography of northern insects have likewise been based on these collections, and figured prominently in the symposium on this subject at the International Congress of Entomology at Montreal in 1956. There has also been an extensive program of studies on the ecology and control of the northern biting flies, carried out by the staff of the former Veterinary and Medical Entomology Unit and their collaborators from the Universities. This program also has resulted in publications too numerous for individual mention (Twinn, 1950, 1952, 1955).
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XI. Effects of Low Dosages of DDT on Predator Populations
Authors: Lord F. T.
Published: January 2010

The varied interpretations by numerous biologists, of the role of predation in population dynamics have been critically reviewed by Holling (1959) and by Huffaker and Kennett (1956). They conclude that the processes of predation may serve to regulate prey density and disagree with generalizations that minimize the role of predation. This role has been a subject of considerable interest in recent years, notable contributions being the laboratory investigations of Collyer (1958) and Huffaker (1958), and the field studics of Holling (1959).
A New Drawing Aid
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Gardiner L. M.
Published: January 2010

Most workers have experienced difficulty at times in producing accurate drawings of microscopic slide images; consequently a number of drawing aids have been invented, none of them entirely successful. The camera lucida, for example, is difficult to use effectively because of the delicate balance necessary between light in the microscope and light on the drawing surface. Also, with this instrument and the many slide projectors, the pencil and hand intercept the projected image. Furthermore with conventional drawing aids, it is difficult to make direct drawings to the scale required for reproduction. It was therefore considered worth while to report on a simple device which appears to overcome these difficulties.
Effect of Heat on the Fertility of the Codling Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Newton J. R.
Published: January 2010

This is the first of a series of papers dealing with investigations that were commenced in 1956 at Summerland, British Columbia, to determine if the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), could be eradicated in the interior of British Columbia by the release of sexually sterile male moths.

One of the most important prerequisites for the success of this method is the development of a technique that will sterilize the male without seriously affecting its behaviour, particularly mating ability and longevity. Complete or almost complete sterility has been induced in one or both sexes of certain species of insects by feeding them chemicals (LaBrecque et al., 1960), or by exposing them to X- or gamma rays (Bushland and Hopkins, 1953), or by subjecting them to abnormally high temperatures (Riordan, 1957).
Reliability of Trapping in Determining the Emergence Period and Sex Ratio of the Sugar-beet Root Maggot Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder) (Diptera: Otitidae)
Authors: Harper A. M. , Story T. P.
Published: January 2010

The sugar-beet root magsot, Tetanops myopaeformis (Röder), is one of the most important pests of sugar-beets in southern Alberta. From 1956 to 1960 studies were made of various phases of its life history (unpublished). In this paper, napping adults of T. myopaeformis by insecticide and water traps is judged for reliahility in determining dates of emergence and sex ratio when compared with data obtained from emergence cages in the field. Information is also given on the influence of color and a wetting agent on the number of flies caught in water traps.
Taxonomy of Cocoons and Puparia, and their Contents, of Canadian Parasites of Diprion similis (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

This is the third paper of a series on the taxonomy of cocoons and puparia, cast larval skins, and other remains of parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera that are found in or near the remains of parasitized hosts hfter the parasites have emerged. It deals with the known Canadian parasites of the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis (Htg.); previous papers dealt with the known Canadian parasites of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) (Finlayson, 1960a) and the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Mtg.) (Finlayson, 1960b). Parasites of D. similis that werk encountered in either of the nvd previous papers in the series are not described or illustrated here.
Flight and Dispersal of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) I. Factors Affecting Flight, and the Flight Potential of Females
Authors: Green G. W.
Published: January 2010

In a recent paper, Pointing (8) described the distribution of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), in Ontario. Since first discovered in the Toronto area in 1925, the insect has become widely dispersed, so that at the present time, it appears in almost continuous distribution wherever red and Scots pines grow in southwestern Ontario. Two main factors are responsible for the rapid spread of the infestations, (a) the chance planting of infested nursery stock, and (b) the natural dispersal tendencies of the species. This, and the succeeding paper of this series, will be concerned with the natural dispersal of the shoot moth; dispersal, as used throughout both papers, describing movement beyond the tree on which the insect hatched from the egg.
Low Winter Temperatures and the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) in Ontario.
Authors: Green G. W.
Published: January 2010

The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), was first discovered in North America on Long Island, New York, in 1914 (Busck, 1914). Since that time it has spread throughout most of the northeastern United States, becoming one of the most important insect pests of pine plantations. In Ontario, it was first discovered in the Toronto area (McLaine, 1926) and since that time has dispersed throughout southern Ontario, appearing regvlarly south of a line from the southern end of Gcorgian Bay to a point just east of Lake Ontario (Fig. 1). Isolated occurrences of the shoot moth have been reported north of this line but these have been short-lived on small plantation trees, or have persisted in cities and towns on ornamentals protected by snow cover during the winter. The continuous distribution of the insect has remained relatively static since 1951, and it appears that the northern limit of its range in Ontario has been reached.
Influence of Host Tree on Abundance of Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a Polyphagous Parasite of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: January 2010

The larvae of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), feed on several species of hard pines, of which the most economically important are red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., and Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. Approximately one hundred million trees of each species mere planted in southern Ontario since 1905, most of them since 1925. Many pure and mixed stands are now infested by R. buoliana which has no apparent preference for either host tree.
Competition between Two Species of Mites. I. Experimental Results
Authors: Foott W. H.
Published: January 2010

Two principal pests of apple and peach trees in southwestern Ontario are the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.). Usually only P. ulmi is present on the trees in large numbers during the spring and early summer, at which time T. telarius lives predominantly on the ground cover. In August, many T. telarius move from the ground cover to the trees, and large numbers of both species may then be present. In mite control investigations in an apple orchard at the Harrow Research Station, T. telarius moved onto the trees, especially in the central plots, regardless of the acaricides previously applied or the numbers of P. ulmi that were or had been present. This phenomenon posed the question of whether the residual effects of acaricides applied to the trees were mainly responsible for the size of P. ulmi populations in the central plots, or whether competition resulting from the ingress of T. telarius was partially responsible.
A Versatile Alternative Chamber for Insect Behaviour Studies
Authors: Atkins M. D. , Wellington W. G.
Published: January 2010

Alternative chambers are used in laboratory studies of insect behaviour to determine responses to divergent pairs of temperatures, humidities, or light intensities. Theoretically, they provide an efficient means of presenting two different uniform intensities of a physical factor in equal areas that are separated only by a narrow, central boundary zone. In practice. however, only dark-light chambers approach this theoretical ideal. Jn temperature or humidity chambers, the boundary gradient often varies in width and steepness at different points, and the two halves may acquire unpredictably vagrant gradients which change in slope and extent with passing time.
Quantitative Relationship Between Consumption and Excretion of Dry Matter by Larvae of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: January 2010

The quantities of excreta produced by aphids (Auclair, 1957) and locusts (Dadd, 1960) have been used to estimate the relative consumption of different food materials. Likewise the quantities of food consumed by some other insects have been conveniently estimated by counting fecal pellets (Thorsteinson, 1953; Ito, 1960). Ito (1960) stated without supporting data “there is a highly significant correlation between the amount of mulberry leaves ingested and numbers of feces produced”. Nevertheless there appear to be no published quantitative measurements made on individual insects that show the relationship between the quantities of food consumed and excreta passed. This note gives the relationship between the quantities of dry matter (D. M.) consumed and excreted for three larval instars of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., fed two varieties of etiolated wheat sprouts, Thatcher (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell.) and Golden Ball (T. durum Desf.). In addition the relationship between D. M. consumed and numbers of fecal pellets produced or D. M. excreted by fifth-instar larvae were determined for two diets that differed considerably in nutritional value.
Measurements of the Labium and Radial Cell of Psithyrus (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Medler J. T.
Published: January 2010

The genus Psithyrus Lepeletier is closely related to the genus Bombus Latreille. A large number of similar and dissimilar characters of these genera have been enumerated (Richards, 1927), but the major modification of Psithyrus to an obligate, parasitic mode of life has been the loss of the pollen-collecting apparatus and the lack of a worker caste. However, Psithyrus still visits flowers for nectar, and the general morphology of the “tongue” has not been modified as has the pollen-collecting apparatus. Detailed measurements on the labium of Psithyrus have not been reported previously. This paper gives data on 10 species. The information adds to basic knowledge on Psithyrus, and may be of value in relation to the question of the monophyletic or polyphyletic derivation of species of Psithyrus. Also, as with Bombus, considerable variation exists in the sizes of the parasitic bees, which is associated with the nutrition of the larvae. The measurements of the radial cell of the forewing show size relations within a species. The length of the radial cell (Fig. 1) has been selected as the most convenient method, although the size of an individual can be expressed also by the measurement of either its wing length or weight.
Observations on the Effectiveness and Biology of the European Predator Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) in Oregon and Washington
Authors: Buffama P. E.
Published: January 2010

In 1957, a program of introducing insect predators for control of the balsam woolly aphid, Chermes (= Adelges) piceae Ratz., was begun in Oregon and Washington. This program was made possible through the generous cooperation of the Canadian Department of Agriculture, which provided many of the predators. Eighteen predator species from Europe, Asia, and Australia were liberated from 1957 through 1960. Four of the species are known to have survived one or more winters and show promise of becoming permanently established.
Studies in Mosquito Repellency. III. Flight Posture
Authors: Frizel D. E. , Wright R. H.
Published: January 2010

The arm test for mosquito repellency (King, 1954) is a useful criterion for selecting compounds that are both persistent and repellent and therefore potentially useful in the field. However, if repellency is to be correlated with other molecular properties, a criterion must be found by which intrinsic repellency can be recognized independently of properties like volatility or solubility in sweat (Wright, 1958). Since the prime requirement of a good mosquito repellent is that it shall prevent alightment, some motion pictures were taken of mosquitoes in the act of alighting or failing to alight on variously treated surfaces. The photographs revealed an alteration in the flight posture which was then investigated in detail.
Description of the Immature Stages of Pulvinaria vitis (L.) and P. innumerabilis (Rathvon) (Homoptera: Coccoidea), with Notes on the Habits of these Species in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Phillips J. H. H.
Published: January 2010

In a recent study of scale insects of the genus Pulvinaria in the peach growing areas of southern Ontario, four species were identified: P. vitis (L.), P. innumerabilis (Rathvon), P. acericola (Walsh and Riky), and P. floccifera (Westwood). Of these, only the first two, P. vitis and P. innumerabilis, were abundant enough to be of economic importance and because they resemble one another, especially when the ovisac is present, they may easily be confused.
Infestation of Mites, Insects and Microorganisms in a Large Wheat Bulk after Prolonged Storage
Authors: Sinha R. N. , Liscombe E. A. R. , Wallace H. A. H.
Published: January 2010

Mites, insects, and storage fungi usually infest grain that has been stored for several years. Since mites and most storage fungi are usually considered of secondary importance to insects, few comprehensive studies have been made on their occurrence in grain stored in the Prairie Provinces. Although difficult to see because of their microscopic size, the presence of mites and fungi in stored grain often leads to a decrease in grain quality. Thus, information on their occurrence in stored grain together with data on the damage attributed to them would be useful in assessing their economic significance.
A Method of Rearing Larvae of the Wheat Stem Sawfly Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), Under Artificial Conditions
Authors: McGinnis A. J. , Kasting R.
Published: January 2010

Larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., can be maintained in drinking straws (Kasting and McGinnis, 1958). It is difficult to care for many larvae at one time, however, because the straws are inconvenient to prepare and handle. Also, the larvae are difficult to locate in the straws, and often they are injured during transfer. This report describes a more suitable container in which to rear the larvae.
Preliminary Observations on the Biology ofFolsomia candidaWillem, 1902 (Collembola: Isotomidae)
Authors: Marshall Valin G. , Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: January 2010

Folsomia candidawas formerly regarded as being synonymous withF. fimetaria(Linnaeus, 1758), but according to Stach (1947) this is incorrect,F. candidabeing considered a good species with the following synonyms:Isotom fimetariavar.caldariaAxelson, 1905;Isotoma(Folsomia)fimetariavar.caldariaAxelson, 1905;Folsomia fimetariavar.caldaria(Axelson) Linnaniemi, 1912;Folsomia kingiBagnall, 1939;Folsomia distinctaBagnall, 1939;Folsomia caldaria(Axels.) Bagnall, 1939.
Orientation of the Males of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) to Sound
Authors: Wishart G. , van Sickle G. R. , Riordan D. F.
Published: January 2010

Many authors noted the attraction of the males of several species of mosquitoes to sound (references summarized by Roth, 1948). The frequencies of sound to which the males respond were investigated by Roth (1948) and the frequencies and intensities by Wishart and Riordan (1959). Tischner (1953) applied electrophysiological methods to the reception of sound in the male of Anopheles subpictus Grassi and advanced a theory to explain the ability of the male of this species to orient itself toward the sound source. In his theory he dismissed the use of phase differences between the two receptors because of the relatively small distance between the two antennae and concluded that each is capable of functioning alone by detecting the relationship bemeen the fundamental and the second harmonic in the microplionics produced by the Johnston's organ. He did not demonstrate this by behaviour experiments nor, do we believe, did he produce sufficient electrophysiological evidence. The present paper is a further examination of this subject in the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.), in an attempt to reconcile the data from electrophysiological experiments with those of behaviour in an explanation of the orientation of male mosquitoes towards sound.
Development, Survival, and Fecundity of the Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), at Constant Temperatures
Authors: Barlow C. A.
Published: January 2010

Life-history and development of Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) have been studied by Smith (1919), Patch (1925), and MacGillivray and Anderson (1958). In most of these studies, considerable variation in temperature was experienced. The effects of different constant temperatures have never been reported. The following experiments were conducted to determine the influence of temperature on development, survival, and fecundity of M. euphorbiae under closely controlled conditions.
Sevin as a Systemic Miticide for the Pear Leaf Blister Mite, Eriophyes pyri (Pgst.) (Acarina: Eriophyidae)
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Yee P. T. , Brinton F. E.
Published: January 2010

Sevin (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) was first shown to have miticidal properties in 1957 when Allen et al. (1) found that it was moderately effective for the control oi the cyclamen mite, Steneotarsonmus pallidus (Banks), on strawberries. Subsequently it was demonstrated that Sevin would control the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (C. and F.) (7, 8, 9), suppress the brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. and A. (18), and the peach silver mite, Vasates cornutus (Banks) (18), and practically eliminate the predacious mite, Typhlodromus rhenanus Oudms. (18). It is not toxic to the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (18), the desert spider mite, Tetranychus desertorum Banks (4), and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.) (6, 15); usually the use of Sevin for insect control will increase the numbers of these mites, and in this respect its effect is similar to that of DDT.
Studies on Host Preference and its Influence on European Pine Shoot Moth Success and Development
Authors: Haynes Dean L. , Butcher James W.
Published: January 2010

The European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.)) attacks pine species grown in Michigan for forestry, Christmas tree, and ornamental purposes. Much research has been carried out on life history and direct insecticide control, (Butcher and Haynes 1960; Donley 1960) in efforts to minimize injury. As a result of these studies, practical control methods have been developed for intensively managed stands such as Christmas trees and nursery stock. While the need for a better understanding of shoot moth biology and ecology is generally accepted, the inability of foresters and entomologists to obtain satisfactory shoot moth control with low gallonage insecticide applications under forestry conditions has given impetus to studies on host preference and the influence of the host on shoot moth success and development. Such information, when available, might conceivably suggest planting and management steps that foresters could take in order to minimize attack and injury by this pest in the future. In Michigan, the European pine shoot moth overwinters as a partially grown larva and feeding is resumed about April 20. By late May or early June, pupation takes place in the bud area and adults emerge in about 2 weeks. Eggs are laid on the bark and needles, and hatching occurs within 10 to 15 days. Newly hatched larvae feed at the base of the current year's needles, later moving to the terminal and lateral buds where they remain until the following spring. Pitch blisters or “tents” formed as a result of feeding. in the bud area are useful indicators of shoot moth presence and activity.
Control of the Apple Sucker, Psylla mali Schmidb., by the Fungus Entomophthora sphaerosperma (Fresenius)
Authors: Jaques R. P. , Patterson N. A.
Published: January 2010

The apple sucker, Psylla mali Schmidb., was first noticed in large numbers in Nova Scotia in 1919 and within a few years populations were dense in apple orchards throughout the Annapolis Valley (Dustan, 1924a). Dustan (1924b) and Gilliatt (1924) reported that a disease caused by Entomophthora sphaerosperma (Fresenius) was prevalent among adult apple suckers during this infestation. A decline in numbers followed this early infestation due, it was thought, to the fungus. However, about the time that this early infestation declined sulphur was introduced as a fungicide. General use of sulphur continued until about 1950 and the insect was not a serious pest during this period. This association of low density of the apple sucker with the use of sulphur and the general increase in numbers of the apple sucker after the organic fungicides, ferbam, captan, glyodin, etc. became common in Nova Scotia, led to the belief that sulphur rather than E. sphaerosperma had been largely responsible for the decline of the early infestation in the 1920's.
Development and Absorption of Eggs in Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Medler John T.
Published: January 2010

The eggs of a queen bumblebee are undeveloped when the queen emerges in the spring from winter hibernation. After emergence, the eggs develop while the queen is feeding on available sources of nectar and pollen. It is generally assumed that physiological changes associated with egg development stimulate a queen to search for a nesting place and start a colony. However, there is little information available on the relationship between egg development and the colony-founding behavior of the bumblebee.
Two Previously Undescribed Species of Canadian Archipsini, with a Report of the Genus Lozotaenia Stephens in North America (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Powell Jerry A.
Published: January 2010

During an investigation of California Tortricinae, I had the opportunity to study Archipsini in the Canadian National Collection from western North America, and the following two species became evident. It seems appropriate to describe them at the present time because of their potential concern to Canadian forest entomologists and in order to make the names availalble for N. S. Obraztsov's projected generic revision and catalogue of Nearctic Tortricinae.
Development, Survival and Reproduction of Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Reared on Various Food Plants
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: January 2010

In Saskatchewan the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.), is most numerous in areas of cultivation; within these areas weedy grain fields seem to be its most favored habitat. On native grasslands where this grasshopper is less prevalent, it favors overgrazed pastures in which palatable forbs and weed species are common.

The relationship of M. bilituratus to its food plants has been reported by a number of workers in various parts of Canada and the United States (Pfadt, 1949; Anderson and Wright, 1952; Smith et al., 1952; Barnes, 1955; Gangwere, 1956; Pickford, 1958; Scharff, 1961). Certain differences in food preferences and in reproductive potential of this grasshopper may be noted in these reports. Some of the differences may have occurred because bilituratus (mexicanus auth. in part) is made up of a number of sub-species and local populations (Brooks, 1958; Gurney and Brooks, 1959).
The Reversal of Some Effects of a Surfactant on Pesticide Deposits on Foliage by Different Methods of Application
Authors: Williams K. , Pielou D. P.
Published: January 2010

The influence of surface active agents (surfactants) such as “wetters”, “spreaders” and “stickers” on the deposition of pesticides on foliage is not always readily predictable. The results are influenced by the physical state of the pesticide (solution, emulsion, suspension), its chemical properties, the concentration of borh pesticide and surfactant, the nature of the plant surface, and the mode of application. Kearns (1) has particularly emphasized that the plant surface must be considered when a formulation of a pesticide is produced, and that there can he no general prescription satisfactory for a wide range of crops. For instance, a fungicide formulation that was excellent for banana, the leaves of which are difficult to wet, produced poor results on coffee, a crop relatively easy to treat. Our results now show that opposing results may also be obtained with the same pesticide, same surfactant and same crop, when two different methods of application are used.
Continuous Propagation of the Horn Fly, Haematobia irritons (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Depner K. R.
Published: January 2010

The horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), has not been propagated previously in the laboratory beyond the first generation. It has not been difficult to obtain eggs from gravid wild flies, nor to rear rhem through to thc adult stage. However, a chemically defined diet that will promote ovary developrrient in reared adults has not been developed, although previous attempts at this laboratory (McLintock and Depner, 1957) showed that preserved blood is satisfactory as a diet to keep flies alive. Furthermore, the lack of sperm in the spermathecae of the females indicated that flies confined in various types of containers away from the host did not mate. Partial development of the ovarics of flies fed on a cow indicated that the method most likely to succeed was one in which flies were allowed to remain on the host.
Evaluation of Mortality During the Cocoon Stage of the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)
Authors: Turnock W. J. , Ives W. G. H.
Published: January 2010

This is one of a series of papers on the development of life tables for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), by a research team at Winnipeg. Previous papers have described techniques for obtaining population estimates for eggs, cocoons, and adults (Ives, 1955; Ives and Turnock, 1959; Turnock, 1960), and current work is concerned with the development of methods of segregating and evaluating the mortality factors affecting each stage. This paper describes the methods used to evaluate the amount of mortality caused by individual factors in the cocoon stage and discusses the problems of obtaining accurate and unbiased estimates.
Distribution of Douglas-fir Cone Midges in the Forest Litter Beneath Young, Open-grown Douglas-fir
Authors: Johnson Norman E.
Published: January 2010

The Douglas-fir cone midge (Contarinia oregonensis Foote) causes serious losses to Douglas-fir seed. In many areas it is considered the most damaging Douglas-fir seed insect (Johnson, 1958). Although its importance only recently has been recognized, its biology has alreadv been studied in both the United States (Johnson and Heilkkenen, 1958; Johnson and Winjum, 1960) and Canada (Hedlin, 1959, 1961). The overwintering habits of the larvae, however, have yet to be described. The purpose of this paper is to report upon their distribution in the forest litter over winter. The information provided may be of immediate practical use in developing cultural or chemical control and in sampling the larval population.
A New Species of Linosta (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Head white; eye fuscons; labial palpus black, white at base beneath; antenna light wood brown, strongly bipectinate; body above white; abdomen with prominent black segmental bands above; bodv beneath white; legs white, with inner surface af front legs and distal parts of middle and hind tarsal segments infuscated. Fore wing above shining white, with narrow black contrasting markings; antemedial line nearly complete, the anterior element usualIy elongate and joining the remainder of the line, the rest of the line sigmoidal, acutely inflected on anal fold and near 3rd A; discocellular mark large and annular, complete or nearly so; postmedial line complete and of uniform width, excurved behind costa, then oblique to posterior margin; a narrow but distinct fuscous terminal line; fringe white. Hind wing above white; a postmedial row of more or less distinct black dots on veins in anterior part of wing; terminal line and fringe as on fore wing. Wings beneath white, markings of upper surface seen faintly by translucency; postmedial dots of hind wing well marked near costa; terminal line and fringe as above. Expanse 3 1-37 mm.
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XIII. Effects of Perthane on Predators
Authors: Sanford K. H. , Lord F. T.
Published: January 2010

In Nova Scotia, a spray program that integrates chemical and natural control of apple pests has been evolved which is both economical and satisfactory. Among the natural enemies of injurious arthropods that have been favoured by this program are a number of general predators. Further investigation of the ecological principles on which integration is based requires a more intensive knowledge of the factors that influence the densities of these predators. Because of the difficulties of investigating these factors in the orchard, methods of simplifying the predator-prey systems have been sought (Lord, 1956, 1962). These attempts assessed the effects of low dosages of DDT on the interrelationships of phytophagous mites and their natural enemies.
Cnephia abdita, a New Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Eastern North America
Authors: Peterson B. V.
Published: January 2010

Female: General body color dark brown to blackish-brown; legs lighter brown. Length: body, 2.0-2.7 mm.; wing, 2.1-2.3 mm.

Head dark, posterior and undersurface densely covered with long, pale yellow hair; a row of stout, erect, dark hairs along posterior and lateral margins of eye. Frons tinged with gray; moderately broad, diverging above; covered with moderately long, decumbent, pale yellow hair. Clypeus lighter than frons, tinged with gray; longer than wide; densely covered with fine, pale yellow hair. Antenna short, eleven-segmented; uniformly dark brown, covered with short, pale yellow hair; flagellun about 2.5 times as long as scape and pedicel; pedicel considerabIy larger than other segments. Palpus yellowish-brown, covered with fine, pale ykllow hair and some coarser, dark hair; third segment slightly longer than fourth and slightly shorter than fifth; sensory vesicle of third segment globular, small, about one-fifth as long as the segment and is proximally situated; the tube leading from the sensory vesicle to the exterior is short, arises dorsally on the distal portion of the vesicle, extends nearly vertical and is nearly of uniform width (Figs. 4, 5). Edges of mandible with about 32 fine serrations; galea of maxilla with about 32 large, retrorse teeth. Median space of buccopharyngeal apparatus broad and shallow; dorsolateral arms broad, outwardly curved and directed posteriorly, a sclerotized ridge occurs on inner margin (Fig. 6).
Dissemination of Viruses Against the Spruce Budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)
Authors: Stairs G. R. , Bird F. T.
Published: January 2010

The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), is susceptible to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus and to a granulosis virus which may occur as single infections (Bergold 1950, 1951) or as double infections (Bird, 1959). Laboratory studies have shown that relatively heavy concentrations of either virus musr be injected or fed to hudworm larvae to cause infection and death. In one quantitative study Bergold (1951) estimated that the intralymphal LD50 of the polyhedrosis virus for the budworm is about 5000 times that for the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., when each is administered to its natural host. Field tests of the viruses were made in 1959 and 1960 to determine whether infection and mortality would result from spraying suspensions in infested forests.
Mucroseius monochami, a New Genus and Species of Mite (Acarina: Blattisocidae) Symbiotic with Sawyer Beetles
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: January 2010

While continuing work on a systematic revision of North American mites of the family Blattisocidae (= Aceosejidae), I have received from Mr. R. S. Soper, Jr., females of an undescribed species of mite with singular morphological attributes and an unusual association with an insect host. This species is given separate preliminary treatment in order to permit reference to it in ecological studies by Soper and Olson (in preparation).
An Effect of Host Age on Female Longevity and Fecundity in Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: January 2010

Preliminary tests showed that, though Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) can be propagated on housefly (Musca domestica (L.)) pupae at any stage of development, females parasitizing pupae less than 48 hours old, at 21.5°C., lived longer than those parasitizing older pupae. In view of the fact that the females always feed on the pupae after ovipositing on them, it seemed possible that the greater longevity of females parasitizing and feeding on young pupae had resulted from more suitable food provided by these pupae. As plans had heen made to investigate experimentally the host-finding capacity of this parasite species, it was essential that any effect of host age on this capacity, or on biological attributes of the parasite that influenced it, be standardized. Tests were therefore made to determine the effects, if any, of a host's age on the longevity and fecundity of female N. vitripennis laying and feeding on it.
Overview of Linkage Analysis in Complex Traits
Authors: Bush William S. , Haines Jonathan
Published: January 2010

Linkage analysis is a well‐established and powerful method for mapping disease genes. While linkage analysis has been most successful when applied to disorders with clear patterns of Mendelian inheritance, it can also be a useful technique for mapping susceptibility genes for common complex diseases. In this unit, we outline the key concepts of complex disease, and how linkage analysis for complex traits differs from simple Mendelian traits. Optimal genetic studies require careful study design, ascertainment strategy, and analysis methods. We describe how disease parameters such as prevalence, heritability estimates, and mode of inheritance should be considered before data is collected. Furthermore, we outline a general strategic approach for conducting linkage analysis of a complex disease, along with several design considerations that can optimize statistical power to detect disease loci and generally improve the quality of a study. Finally, we discuss the benefits and weaknesses of linkage analysis in contrast to genome‐wide association studies. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 64:1.9.1‐1.9.18. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electron Scattering by Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Authors: Bartschat Klaus , Burke Philip G. , Crowe Albert
Published: January 2010

A summary is given of many important advances in the scattering of electrons from atoms, ions, and molecules up to the summer of 2008. Recently introduced experimental techniques, which lead to more efficient studies, are discussed together with a wide range of increasingly sophisticated theoretical methods. Examples of experimental and theoretical data are presented and compared where appropriate.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
Authors: Bakhmutov Vladimir I.
Published: January 2010

This chapter introduces some main definitions and the general aspects in NMR spectrometry, formulates the theoretical basis of NMR and physical principles for the observation of NMR signals, and illustrates the application of NMR for different studies in solutions and the solid state. The following topics are discussed: detection of NMR signals by the continuous‐wave and Fourier transformation (FT) techniques, NMR equipments (magnets and probes), NMR spectral parameters (chemical shift, spin‐spin coupling) and their physical origins, and nuclear relaxation and relaxation mechanisms in liquids and solids. The second part of the chapter concerns various spectroscopic NMR experiments in liquids and solids, including some specific aspects such as zero‐field NMR spectroscopy, experiments with dynamic nuclear polarization and imaging NMR. Finally this chapter provides the literature for further reading.
Positron Spectroscopy
Authors: Coleman Paul G.
Published: January 2010

An overview of the historical development of positron spectroscopy as a probe of condensed matter on the atomic and nano‐scale is followed by an introduction to the fundamentals of positron annihilation and interactions with condensed matter.

The experimental techniques of positron lifetime and Doppler broadening spectroscopies, angular correlation of annihilation radiation, and their derivatives, are presented. The development of positron beams of controllable energy for the study of surfaces, interfaces and thin films and layers is described.

Finally, examples are given which illustrate how the application of positron annihilation spectroscopy to probe the electronic structure of materials–in the bulk or at or near the surface–yields information not only of a fundamental nature, but also on technologically‐important structural, chemical and electronic properties such as open‐volume defects, nano‐structures, free volumes and phase changes.
Photophysical and Photochemical Dynamics
Authors: Horváth Ottó , Stevenson Kenneth L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents a concise introduction to theoretical and experimental aspects of photochemistry and photophysics, with special emphasis on the reactivity of excited states and the dynamics of their photoinduced reactions. It gives a survey of photochemical laws and fundamental principles of photophysics and photochemistry. Descriptions of experimental techniques are given for both continuous irradiation and flash photolysis, including laser spectroscopy and femtochemistry. Detailed discussions of the important theories and representative reactions in the photochemistry of organic, inorganic, and coordination compounds are also presented.
Spectrometers for Infrared Light
Authors: Ozaki Yukihiro , Morita Shigeaki
Published: January 2010

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

General Principles of Infrared Spectrometers

Principles of Dispersive
IR
Spectrometers

Diffraction Grating

Monochromators

Principles of
FT
‐
IR
Spectrometers

Advantages of
FT
‐
IR
Spectrometers

Fellgett Advantage (Multiplex Advantage)

Jacquinot Advantage (Throughput Advantages)

Connes Advantage

Phase Correction

Components of
FT
‐
IR
Spectrometers

Light Sources

Interferometers

Sample Compartments

Detectors

Beamsplitters and Mirrors

Amplifiers and
AD
Convertors

Various Types of
FT
‐
IR
Interferometers

Continuous‐Scanning Interferometers

Step‐Scan Interferometers

Asynchronous Time‐Resolved
FT
‐
IR
Spectrometer
X‐Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Markert† Thomas H. , Förster Eckhart
Published: January 2010

X‐ray spectrometers are used in many fields of pure and applied science as well as in industry. They are employed to investigate cosmic and laboratory high‐temperature plasmas where high spectral resolution in the emission spectra is required. Commercial X‐ray spectrometers register X‐ray fluorescence of a sample under X‐ray irradiation or electron bombardment. In this case, registration of a wide spectral range with moderate resolution is performed to obtain the elemental composition of a sample.

The main experimental parameters of a spectrometer are its resolving power, sensitivity, and breadth of spectral coverage. Dispersive spectrometers that use X‐ray crystal diffraction to spread out the incident spectrum have great advantages in spectral resolution. To increase their sensitivity, different X‐ray optics such as grazing incident mirrors, polycapillaries, bent gratings, or bent crystals are implemented. Nondispersive spectrometers that convert the energy of an incident X‐ray photon into a number of “particles” (electron‐hole pairs, electron‐ion pairs, phonons, etc.) have a moderate spectral resolution, good sensitivity, and wide breadth of spectral coverage. Recently developed microcalorimeters need a complex cryogenic system for the detector, but their spectral resolution is competitive with dispersive spectrometers. In industry, small spectrometers equipped with air‐cooled X‐ray minitubes and adapted focusing optics now compete with mature designs of X‐ray spectrometers with powerful, water‐cooled X‐ray tubes.
Optical Spectroscopy of Biological Materials
Authors: Tuchin Valery V.
Published: January 2010

In this chapter, optics of biological tissues and blood is briefly discussed. Methods and algorithms for solving the inverse problem of finding tissue and blood optical parameters, such as absorption and scattering coefficients, anisotropy factor, and refractive index are presented. Measuring techniques, such as integrating sphere, spatially resolved, time‐, and angular‐resolved, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), as well as inverse methods, such as adding‐doubling and inverse Monte Carlo, are reviewed. Data on optical properties of human tissue and blood measuredin vitro, ex vivo,andin vivoare presented.
Single‐Molecule Fluorescence: Biophysics
Authors: Prummer Michael , Hübner Christian
Published: January 2010

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Photophysical Basics

Energy Levels and Transitions

Energy Transfer

The Dye Molecule as a Dipole

Techniques

Signal‐to‐Noise Considerations

Wide‐Field Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques

Epifluorescence Microscopy

TIRFMicroscopy

Confocal Optical Microscopy

Applications

Protein Folding

The Unfolded State

Single Molecule Folding/Unfolding Transitions

Enzymes

Static and Dynamic Heterogeneity

Conformational Changes and Catalytic Activity

Conclusions
Condensed Phase Ultrafast Dynamics
Authors: Meech Stephen R. , Heisler Ismael A.
Published: January 2010

The principles of ultrafast pulse measurements are described. These principles are extended to outline a number of ultrafast experiments which interrogate molecular dynamics in the condensed phase. The response function formalism used to interpret ultrafast measurements is outlined and its application to multipulse spectroscopy is described.
Infrared Molecular Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Horn Andrew B.
Published: January 2010

In this chapter, the use of infrared spectroscopy for the identification of materials, molecules and functional groups through their characteristic absorption patterns in the mid‐infrared (4000‐400 cm−1) region of the electromagnetic spectrum is discussed. Starting from a simple treatment of the mechanism of excitation of vibrational absorption and the application of group theory methods, it moves on to aspects of spectroscopic instrumentation and sampling methods. Some topical examples of the use of modern infrared spectroscopy in physics, chemistry, biology, and atmospheric science are also presented.
Biomolecular Structures by Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Blumenschein Tharin M. A.
Published: January 2010

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Spectra Acquisition

Nuclei

Sample Preparation

Pulse Sequences and Processing Strategies

Chemical Shift Assignment

Chemical Shift Assignment in Proteins

Chemical Shift Assignment in Nucleic Acids

Chemical Shift Assignment in Carbohydrates

Structural Restraints

Nuclear Overhauser Effect

Torsion Angles

Residual Dipolar Couplings (RDCs)

Hydrogen Bonds

Paramagnetic Centers

Structural Information from Chemical Shifts

Molecular Modeling and Structure Calculation