bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personal financial literacy and personal debt management: The potential relationship with new venture creation
Authors: Kotzé Liezel , Smit Prof A.v.A
Published: February 2016

Prior research shows that personal savings are one of the most important financial sources for start-ups of entrepreneurial firms. The lack of personal savings and seeming shortage of financial knowledge could contribute to the low incidence of new venture creation, and the high failure rate amongst South African entrepreneurs. This paper investigates the perceptions of 286 Business Management students with a minimum of three years’ working and management experience, regarding both their financial literacy and their need and desire for financial education. The outcomes of the study show the necessity for financial education and financial literacy in South Africa. The respondents showed a lack of confidence in their money management skills and expressed a desire for more financial knowledge. It is possible that an increased level of financial literacy could lead to more entrepreneurial activity and a decrease in new venture failures.

 

Key words and phrases: personal financial literacy, personal debt, personal savings, personal financial management, new venture creation
Imaging Biomarkers in Immunotherapy
Authors: Juergens Rosalyn A. , Zukotynski Katherine A. , Singnurkar Amit , Snider Denis P. , Valliant John F. , Gulenchyn Karen Y.
Published: February 2016

Immune-based therapies have been in use for decades but recent work with immune checkpoint inhibitors has now changed the landscape of cancer treatment as a whole. While these advances are encouraging, clinicians still do not have a consistent biomarker they can rely on that can accurately select patients or monitor response. Molecular imaging technology provides a noninvasive mechanism to evaluate tumors and may be an ideal candidate for these purposes. This review provides an overview of the mechanism of action of varied immunotherapies and the current strategies for monitoring patients with imaging. We then describe some of the key researches in the preclinical and clinical literature on the current uses of molecular imaging of the immune system and cancer.
La Arqueología Virtual y su uso en el aula
Authors: Husillos García María Luz
Published: February 2016

Heritage, society and school are interrelated and constantly changing, open to new times and the need to expand their range. Today's society can lead to the idea that technological knowledge is only useful for humans. But technology and the humanities are not contradictory but can be effective partners in the learning, new technologies and intertwined subjects of humanities field. Virtual archaeology will be a new tool that will encourage and facilitate the traditional knowledge of archaeology, and is an important part of this innovative new school today.
Digitalización y reconstrucción de elementos cerámicos arqueológicos de torno
Authors: Melero Fco. Javier , León Alejandro , Torres Juan Carlos
Published: February 2016

Many researchers have dealt during last decade about digitizing and reconstructing hand made pottery elements from fragments retrieved in the archaeological excavations. Some studies have demonstrated the huge variability in results from manual processes, which usually leads into a wrong typological classification of the profile. Moreover, after orienting the fragment, the final document is usually a bi-dimensional picture displaying several measurements and without any well defined standard with respect to appearance. In this paper we present a survey of those techniques that have been developed by our group and we raise some questions and challenges that still have to be solved.
Uso de aplicaciones estéreo para difundir estudios arqueológicos. Aplicación a Museos Virtuales
Authors: Robles Ortega Mª Dolores , Feito Higueruela Francisco Ramón , Jiménez Delgado Juan José , Segura Sánchez Rafael Jesús
Published: February 2016

Nowadays information and communication technologies are fundamental tools for disseminating archaeology, as it shows the number of Virtual Museums available through Internet. However, many of them do not use all the possibilities that the new technologies could offer. This paper proposes the visualization of a prototype of Virtual Museum of Iberian Art by means of a stereo system. It can use both individual and collective tools in order to increase the authenticity sensation and the realism level of the observer.
Regulação do investimento estrangeiro direto no Brasil: da resistência aos tratados bilaterais de investimento à emergência de um novo modelo regulatório
Authors: Morosini Fabio Costa , Xavier Junior Ely Caetano
Published: February 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o desenvolvimento regulatório do Brasil em matéria de investimento estrangeiro. Em comparação com seus pares, o Brasil por anos gozou da reputação de um rebelde na regulação de investimentos estrangeiro direto (IED). Na década de 90, quando o mundo parecia caminhar pacificamente para regulação de investimento via tratados bilaterais de investimento (TBIs), o Brasil colocou toda a sua rebeldia na resistência a este modelo, sob o argumento de que tal tipo de regulação confrontava dispositivos de sua Constituição. Desafiando o argumento de que TBIs seriam necessários para atrair investimentos, a inexistência deste padrão regulatório não ofuscou o interesse de investidores estrangeiros no país, que se manteve como um dos principais destinatários de IED. Entretanto, mudanças na economia doméstica e internacional alavancaram empresas brasileiras para outros países, principalmente ao sul do continente e na África, fazendo com que os formuladores da politica brasileira de investimentos reelaborassem a estratégia nacional. Neste contexto, um novo modelo regulatório emerge novamente de maneira rebelde, agora não pela negação dos modelos em vigor, mas pela singularidade de seus termos. Este novo modelo dialoga com a chamada crise de legitimidade do regime global de investimentos e promove relações de investimento mais equilibradas e cooperativas. As análises apresentadas no artigo partem de documentos primários (regulação nacional e internacional) e secundários (literatura especializada).
O princípio da efetividade como conteúdo da norma fundamental (grundnorm) de Kelsen
Authors: Simões de Tomaz Carlos Alberto , De Lima Renata Mantovani
Published: February 2016

O artigo visita a Teoria Pura do Direito de Kelsen para discernir a norma fundamental não apenas como um pressuposto lógico hipotético do sistema jurídico, que serve de fundamento de validade de uma constituição, mas para divisá-la, também, como uma norma posta, cujo conteúdo se identifica com o Princípio da Efetividade como norma de Direito Internacional de conformidade com o monismo kelseniano. Nesse sentido, o recurso da lógica dedutiva, impõe-se como basilar para a solução da questão apresentada. A conclusão aposta na circunstância de que a revisão teórica realizada tenha oferecido substratos hermenêuticos para o conteúdo dos atos de reconhecimento de Estado e reconhecimento de governo, que guarnecidos pelo Princípio da Efetividade, dele desbordam para projetar sua validade a partir de uma análise valorativa determinada pelo Princípio da Legitimidade não admitida por Kelsen.
Natureza jurídica do desenvolvimento sustentável no direito internacional
Authors: Diniz Pedro Ivo Ribeiro
Published: February 2016

O artigo tem como objetivo a verificação da natureza jurídica do desenvolvimento sustentável no intuito de determinar sua qualidade normativa. Aplicar-se-á, nesse sentido, o método hipotético-dedutivo desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, envolvendo vasta revisão da literatura especializada aliada à análise da jurisprudência internacional e dos instrumentos legais sobre o tema. O estabelecimento de parâmetros para a determinação da natureza jurídica de um conceito permitirá a verificação da proposta defendida por parte dos internacionalistas de que o desenvolvimento sustentável possui a qualidade de norma de direito internacional, impondo um compromisso vinculante a todos os Estados. Buscar-se-á, assim, estabelecer a existência de uma obrigação decorrente da noção de desenvolvimento sustentável. Embora ainda paire incertezas que dificultem a determinação de um dever de desenvolver de forma sustentável, encontra-se consagrado no seio da sociedade internacional um compromisso de dedicar determinados esforços para alcançar esse objetivo. O preceito oriundo do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável, portanto, remete a uma obrigação de meio. O estudo demonstra-se relevante, portanto, na medida em que fundamenta e corrobora um posicionamento vanguardista e coerente para o enfrentamento de dilemas globais eminentes. Com efeito, a validação da exigibilidade jurídica de comportamentos relacionados ao desenvolvimento sustentável enseja a utilização do arcabouço institucional do direito internacional na busca pela realização desse precípuo objetivo global.
Apparent increase in coccolithophore abundance in the subtropical North Atlantic from 1990 to 2014
Authors: Krumhardt Kristen M. , Lovenduski Nicole S. , Freeman Natalie M. , Bates Nicholas R.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. As environmental conditions evolve with rapidly increasing atmospheric CO2, biological communities will change as species reorient their distributions, adapt, or alter their abundance. In the surface ocean, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) has been increasing over the past several decades as anthropogenic CO2 dissolves into seawater, causing acidification (decreases in pH and carbonate ion concentration). Calcifying phytoplankton, such as coccolithophores, are thought to be especially vulnerable to ocean acidification. How coccolithophores will respond to increasing carbon input has been a subject of much speculation and inspired numerous laboratory and mesocosm experiments, but how they are currently responding in situ is less well documented. In this study, we use coccolithophore (haptophyte) pigment data collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site together with satellite estimates (1998–2014) of surface chlorophyll and particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) as a proxy for coccolithophore abundance to show that coccolithophore populations in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre have been increasing significantly over the past 2 decades. Over 1990–2012, we observe a 37 % increase in euphotic zone-integrated coccolithophore pigment abundance at BATS, though we note that this is sensitive to the period being analyzed. We further demonstrate that variability in coccolithophore chlorophyll a here is positively correlated with variability in nitrate and DIC (and especially the bicarbonate ion) in the upper 30 m of the water column. Previous studies have suggested that coccolithophore photosynthesis may benefit from increasing CO2, but calcification may eventually be hindered by low pHT (< 7.7). Given that DIC has been increasing at BATS by  ∼ 1.4 µmol kg−1 yr−1 over the period of 1991–2012, we speculate that coccolithophore photosynthesis and perhaps calcification may have increased in response to anthropogenic CO2 input.
A Small Step from Price Competition to Price War: Understanding Causes, Effects and Possible Countermeasures
Authors: Krämer Andreas , Jung Martin , Burgartz Thomas
Published: February 2016

The first part of this paper describes the characteristics of price wars, pointing to recent examples that have caused a stir among the public as well as in the respective industries. A new, concise definition of the term price war is suggested. In the second part drivers for price wars are discussed and explained based on behavioral economics (understanding the competitor’s strategy as well as a company’s own cost situation). Particularly in industries that are characterized by a high proportion of costs that are unchangeable in the medium-term and low variable costs there is a substantial risk for unintended price competition possibly ending in a price war. Even slight price reductions can have fatal consequences when decision makers mistakenly estimate the price elasticities too high. In the third part a case study of a price war is presented by focusing on the market of long-distance bus journeys in Germany. Since the market for intercity bus connections was liberalized in 2013, the newly created market segment faces a very strong growth and intensive competition. Using a multi-source-multi-method-approach it is shown how the market entry of UK-based company Megabus affected price levels for bus journeys und initiated competitive reactions of the German railway operator Deutsche Bahn. The interaction of various parameters (low barriers to enter the market; high similarity of products/services; fixation on market share and capacity utilization) leads to a ruinous price competition and leaves few chances for a sustainable profitability. Measures to avoid an impending or to terminate an ongoing price war are presented.
Beyond the Expected Activities: The Role of Impulsivity between Emotional Intelligence and Employee Creativity
Authors: Gozukara Ebru
Published: February 2016

Individual creativity is considered as an individual phenomenon level that provides the production of new and extremely valuable ideas for organizations. Organizational level studies indicate that there are lots of factors examined in individual and group levels within organizations like innovation climate effecting individual creativity, group communication, leadership style and creativity core competences. This study is based on the employees of a company who are affected by the individual impulsivity behavior, providing positive increase in the performance of the company by the help of creativity features of the employees. Accordingly, individuals’ behaviors leading to impulsivity are examined in a number of dimensions such as premeditation, urgency, sensation seeking and perseverance. These dimensions influence the creativity of employees. Impulsivity is an important psychological situation, studied in many individuals and generally in systematic level. In addition, this study examines the assumption that emotional intelligence, consisting self-emotion appraisal, other-emotion appraisal, use of emotion, regulation of emotion dimensions has an influence on the relation between employee impulsivity behavior and employee creativity. This study also examines whether the relationship among the impulsivity behavior, emotional intelligence and creativity of an employee changes with respect to gender.
Organizational Agility: The Key to Improve Organizational Performance
Authors: Nafei Wageeh A.
Published: February 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to highlight the significant role of Organizational Agility (OA) in improving Organizational Performance (OP) at the pharmaceutical industry in Egypt.

Research Design/Methodology: To assess positive OA, refer to (OA Questionnaire, Jaworski, & Kohli 1993), and OP (OP Questionnaire & Darroch, 2003; Pathirage et al., 2007; and Chen & Mohamed, 2008). The data was collected from 310 employees. Out of the 356 questionnaires that were distributed, 310 usable questionnaires were returned, a response rate of 87%. Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was used to confirm the research hypotheses.

Findings: The research has found that there is significant relationship between OA and OP. The finding reveals that OA affects OP. Accordingly, the study provided a set of recommendations including the necessity to pay more attention to OA as a key source for improving OP.

Practical implications: This research contributes to boosting scientific research, particularly in terms of testing the model content, as well as studying the study variables and the factors affecting them. In addition, this research pointed to the need for organizations to practice OA in order to improve OP.

Originality/value: This research dealt with OA in terms of its concept and dimensions, in addition to dealing with the role of OA in improving OP at the pharmaceutical industry in Egypt.
Seven Lessons Learned Studying Phoenix Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Water Use
Authors: Frost Douglas , Sversvold Darren , Wilcut Eddie , Keen David J.
Published: February 2016

In Phoenix, Ariz., the Water Services Department studied declining water use in its commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors, determining from the results the best ways to analyze current use and project future trends.
Influence of Sugar, Ammonium Nitrate and Plant Growth Regulators on in vitro Flowering of Celosia argentea var. cristata
Authors: Krupa-Ma kiewicz Marcelina  , Mg osiek Oktawia
Published: February 2016

In vitro flowering is considered to be a complex process regulated by a vast of environmental and genetic factors. The present study describes the influence of sugar, ammonium nitrate and plant growth regulators on in vitroflowering from nodal explants of Celosia argentea var. cristata cultured for 6 weeks on basal MS medium under aseptic and light conditions. The addition to MS medium different concentrations of sucrose or ammonium nitrate did not influence on morphogenesis of Celosia plants. Among the plant growth regulators tested, supplementation with 1.0 mg/l KIN induced maximum number of new shoots (2.52). Flowering occurred on 100% of in vitro shoots cultured on modify MS medium supplemented with 16.50 and 8.25 g/l of NH4NO3 after 40 days.
Proceedings of the 12th IRIS: Information systems Research seminar In Scandinavia August 13-16, 1989, Skagen, Denmark, Part I and Part II
Authors: Bødker Susanne
Published: February 2016

The IRIS seminars are small working conferences, where all participants contribute, mostly with papers, but also with posters, demonstrations, etc. The focus of the 12th IRIS was Creativity and Systems Development. To emphasize creativity, the conference was centered around workshops and other creative activities. Participants were asked to contribute with empirical experiences or theoretical contributions concerning creativity, or with suggestions for workshops, etc. to be conducted at the conference. These volumes contain the papers presented at the conference, in lecture sessions and in working groups. Furthermore, some, but not all, of the workshops are reported on.
True concurrency can be traced
Authors: Engberg Uffe
Published: February 2016

In this paper sets of labelled partial orders are employed as fundamental mathematical entities for modelling nondeterministic and concurrent processes thereby obtaining so-called noninterleaving semantics. Based on closures of sets of labelled partial orders, a simple algebraic language with refinement is given denotational models fully abstract w.r.t. corresponding behaviourally motivated equivalences.
Elementary Transition Systems and Refinement
Authors: Nielsen Mogens , Rozenberg Grzegorz , Thiagarajan P. S.
Published: February 2016

The model of Elementary Transition Systems has been introduced by the authors as an abstraction of Elementary Net Systems - with a formal embedding in terms of a categorical coreflection, keeping behavioural information like causality, concurrency and conflict, but forgetting the concrete programming of a particular behaviour over an event set using conditions. In this paper we give one example of the advantages of ETS over ENS, - the definition of local state refinement. We show that the well known problems in understanding within nets the simple notion of syntactic substitution of conditions by (sub) nets behaviourally, - these problems seem to disappear when moving to the more abstract level of ETS. Formally, we show that the ETS-version of condition-substitution does satisfy nice and natural properties, e.g., projection and compositionality results w.r.t. a standard notion of transition system morphisms.
Static Typing for Object-Oriented Programming
Authors: Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

We develop a theory of statically typed object-oriented languages. It represents classes as labeled, regular trees, types as finite sets of classes, and subclassing as a partial order on trees. We show that our subclassing order strictly generalizes inheritance, and that a novel genericity mechanism arises as an order-theoretic complement. This mechanism, called class substitution, is pragmatically useful and can be implemented efficiently.
Parallelizing Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Networks on Transputers
Authors: Fjerdingstad Svend Jules , Greve Carsten Nørskov
Published: February 2016

This thesis is about parallelizing the training phase of a feed-forward, artificial neural network. More specifically, we develop and analyze a number of parallelizations of the widely used neural net learning algorithm called back-propagation.

 

We describe two different strategies for parallelizing the back-propagation algorithm. A number of parallelizations employing these strategies have been implemented on a system of 48 transputers, permitting us to evaluate and analyze their performances based on the results of actual runs.
Optimal Bounds for the Change-Making Problem
Authors: Kozen Dexter , Zaks Shmuel
Published: February 2016

The change-making problem is the problem of representing a given value with the fewest coins possible. We investigate the problem of determining whether the greedy algorithm produces an optimal representation of all amounts for a given set of coin denominations 1 = c_1 < c_2 < ... < c_m. Chang and Gill show that if the greedy algorithm is not always optimal, then there exists a counterexample x in the range

c_3 <= x < (c_m(c_m c_m-1 + c_m - 3c_m-1)) \ (c_m - c_m-1).

To test for the existence of such a counterexample, Chang and Gill propose computing and comparing the greedy and optimal representations of all x in this range. In this paper we show that if a counterexample exists, then the smallest one lies in the range c_3 + 1 < x < c_m + c_m-1, and these bounds are tight. Moreover, we give a simple test for the existence of a counterexample that does not require the calculation of optimal representations.

In addition, we give a complete characterization of three-coin systems and an efficient algorithm for all systems with a fixed number of coins. Finally, we show that a related problem is coNP-complete.
A Sweepline Algorithm for Generalized Delaunay Triangulations
Authors: Skyum Sven
Published: February 2016

We give a deterministic O(n log n) sweepline algorithm to construct the generalized Voronoi diagram for n points in the plane or rather its dual the generalized Delaunay triangulation. The algorithm uses no transformations and it is developed solely from the sweepline paradigm together with greediness. A generalized Delaunay triangulation can be based on an arbitrary strictly convex Minkowski distance function (including all L_p distance functions 1 < p < *) in contrast to ordinary Delaunay triangualations which are based on the Euclidean distance function.
A Provably Correct Compiler Generator
Authors: Palsberg Jens
Published: February 2016

We have designed, implemented, and proved the correctness of a compiler generator that accepts action semantic descriptions of imperative programming languages. The generated compilers emit absolute code for an abstract RISC machine language that currently is assembled into code for the SPARC and the HP Precision Architecture. Our machine language needs no run-time type-checking and is thus more realistic than those considered in previous compiler proofs. We use solely algebraic specifications; proofs are given in the initial model.
Safety Analysis versus Type Inference
Authors: Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

Safety analysis is an algorithm for determining if a term in the untyped lambda calculus with constants is safe, i.e., if it does not cause an error during evaluation. This ambition is also shared by algorithms for type inference. Safety analysis and type inference are based on rather different perspectives, however. Safety analysis is based on closure analysis, whereas type inference attempts to assign a type to all subterms.

In this paper we prove that safety analysis is sound, relative to both a strict and a lazy operational semantics, and superior to type inference, in the sense that it accepts strictly more safe lambda terms.

The latter result may indicate the relative potentials of static program analyses based on respectively closure analysis and type inference.
CCS, Locations and Asynchronous Transition Systems
Authors: Mukund Madhavan , Nielsen Mogens
Published: February 2016

Our aim is to provide a simple non-interleaved operational semantics for CCS in terms of a model that is easy to understand - asynchronous transition systems. Our approach is guided by the requirement that the semantics should identify the concurrency present in the system in a natural way, in terms of events occurring at independent locations in the system.

We extend the standard interleaving transition system for CCS by introducing labels on the transitions with information about the locations of events. We then show that the resulting transition system is an asynchronous transition system which has the additional property of being elementary, which means that it can also be represented by a 1-safe net. We establish a close correspondence between our semantics and other approaches in terms of foldings.

We also introduce a notion of bisimulation on asynchronous transition systems which preserves independence. We conjecture that the induced equivalence on CCS processes coincides with the notion of location equiualence proposed by Boudol et al.
Coloured Petri Nets Extended with Place Capacities, Test Arcs and Inhibitor Arcs
Authors: Christensen Søren , Hansen Niels Damgaard
Published: February 2016

In this paper we show how to extend Coloured Petri Nets (CP-nets), with three new modelling primitives - place capacities, test arcs and inhibitor arcs. The new modelling primitives are introduced to improve the possibilities of creating models that are on the one hand compact and comprehensive and on the other hand easy to develop, understand and analyse. A number of different place capacity and inhibitor concepts have been suggested earlier, e.g. integer and multi-set capacities and zero-testing and threshold inhibitors. These concepts can all be described as special cases of the more general place capacity and inhibitor concepts defined in this paper. We give an informal description of the new concepts and show how the concepts can be fonnally defined and integrated in the Petri net framework keeping the basic properties of CP-nets. In contrast to a number of the previously suggested extensions to CP-nets the new modelling primitives preserve the concurrency properties of CP-nets. We show how CP-nets with place capacities, test arcs and inhibitor arcs can be transformed into behaviourally equivalent CP-nets without these primitives. From this we conclude that the basic properties of CP-nets are preserved and that the theory developed for CP-nets can be applied to the extended CP-nets. Finally, we discuss how to generalise the analysis methods of CP-nets to cover the place capacities, test arcs and inhibitor arcs.
Nonterminals, Homomorphisms, and Codings in Different Variations of 0L-Systems
Authors: Nielsen Mogens , Rozenberg Grzegorz , Salomaa Arto , Skyum Sven
Published: February 2016

The use of nonterminals versus the use of homomorphisms of different kinds in the basic types of deterministic OL-systems is studied. A rather surprising result is that in some cases the use of nonterminals produces a comparatively low generative capacity, whereas in some other cases the use of nonterminals gives a very high generative capacity. General results are obtained concerning the use of erasing productions versus the use of erasing homomorphisms. The paper contains a systematic classification of the effect of nonterminals, codings, weak codings, nonerasing homomorphisms and nomomorphisms for all basic types of deterministic OL-languages, including table languages.

Continuing the work begun in Part I of this paper, we consider now variations of nondeterministic OL-systems. The present Part ll of the paper contains a systematic classification of the effect of nonterminals, codings. weak codings, nonerasing homomorphisms and homomorphisms for all basic variations of nondeterministic OL-languages, including table languages.
A PASCAL Environment Machine (P-code)
Authors: Kristensen Bent Bruun , Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Jensen Bent Bæk
Published: February 2016

This paper describes the architecture and instruction set of a machine to support PASCAL. This so-called P-code machine is designed both to be emulated on microprogrammable computers, and to be an intermediate step in code generation for traditional computers. Furthermore, an interpreter on CDC 6400 and a microprogrammed version of P-code on a minicomputer system are described. A percise description of all P-code instructions and examples of PASCAL programs with generated P-code are shown in appendices.
Top-down tree transducers with regular look-ahead
Authors: Engelfriet Joost
Published: February 2016

Top-down tree transducers with regular look-ahead are introduced. It is shown how these can be decomposed and composed, and how this leads to closure properties of surface sets and tree transformation languages. Particular attention is paid to deterministic tree transducers.
A Multi-Emulation System
Authors: Lynning Ejvind
Published: February 2016

Experimental applications of microprogramming such as language machines, list processing or matrix operations include problems such as filing system and I/O handling, which are of no real interest to the experimenter.

A multi-emulation system, that allows creation of sets of co-operating programs at the micro- and higher levels, which may run on different virtual processors, can free the experimenter from the irrelevant problems.

This report describes such a multi-emulation system which is implemented on the department's experimental microprogrammable machine RIKKE-1.

It furthermore compares the described system with alternative systems that support multiple emulators.
The BOBS-System
Authors: Eriksen Søren Henrik , Jensen Bent Bæk , Kristensen Bent Bruun , Madsen Ole Lehrmann
Published: February 2016

The BOBS system is an LALR(1) parser-generator. This paper is a user manual for the system consisting of a general description of the system, a reference manual, and a summary of parsing terminology. The sections can be read without knowledge of parsing theory. Furthermore, the implementation of the system is described. This is done by giving references to literature containing descriptions of some of the algorithms used, and by giving abstract algorithms for other parts of the system. This section requires familiarity with LR-parsing.

Second edition (first edition 1977).
Parallelism in ADA: Program Design and Meaning
Authors: Mayoh Brian H.
Published: February 2016

The art of designing parallel programs is underdeveloped because we do not understand parallelism clearly. This paper suggests a programming methodology and it gives a precise definition of the ADA form of parallelism. The methodology is based on the ideas of Milner and it can be used when designing parallel programs in languages other than ADA.
On Solving Some Large Linear Problems: By Direct Methods
Authors: Zlatev Zahari
Published: February 2016

A general scheme for obtaining approximations bar(x) to x = A^* b where A^* is the pseudo-inverse of A is proposed. It is shown that if the computations are performed without rounding errors then bar(x)=x. It is demonstrated how some well known and commonly used special methods can be found from the general scheme. In the case where A is large and sparse we give some general rules which often lead to a considerable reduction of the computing time and/or the storage needed and to an improved accurary. The efficiency of the suggesed general rules is illustrated by numerical results.
Modified Diagonally Implicit Runge-Kutta Methods
Authors: Zlatev Zahari
Published: February 2016

Experimental evidence indicates that the implementation of Newton's method in the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (y'=f(t,y), y(a)=y_circle, t in [a,b]) by implicit computational schemes may cause difficulties. This is especially true in the situation where (i) f(t,y) and/or f'(t,y) are quickly varying in t and/or y and (ii) a low degree of accuracy is required. Such difficulties may also arise when diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta methods (DlRKM's) are used. In this paper some modifications in the DlRKM's are suggested so that the modified DlRKM's (MDlRKM's) will perform better than the corresponding DlRKM's when the functions f and f' are quickly varying only in t and (ii) is satisfied. An error estimation technique for the 2-stage MDlRKM's is proposed. Finally, it is shown that the MDlRKM's are more efficient than the corresponding DlRKM's when linear systems of ordinary differential equations are solved in the situation described by (i) and (ii).
K-Visit Attribute Grammars
Authors: Riis Hanne , Skyum Sven
Published: February 2016

An attribute grammar G is k-visit if for any derivation tree t of G it is possible to evaluate all the attributes associated with t by walking through t in such a way that no node in t is visited more than k times.

We show in this paper that any well-defined attribute grammar G is k-visit for some k. Furthermore it is shown using a pumping argument, that given a well-defined grammar G and an integer k it is decidable whether G is k-visit. Thus we can effectively for any well-defined attribute grammar G find the minimal k such that G is k-visit. Finally we show that the k-visit attribute grammars specify a proper hierarchy with respect to translations.
Personnes âgées et insécurité : le tournant des années 1990
Authors: Cousineau Marie-Marthe
Published: February 2016

À la fin des années soixante-dix et au courant des années quatre-vingt, les études sur la peur du crime ont montré que, pourtant moins victimisés que d’autres groupes d’âges, les aînés se montraient cependant plus inquiets vis-à-vis du phénomène criminel et vis-à-vis des possibilités de victimisation. Leur mode de vie s’en trouvait affecté. Des programmes de sensibilisation et de prévention ont apparemment permis de redonner, au moins dans une certaine mesure, confiance aux personnes âgées. Cependant, les années quatre-vingt-dix voient surgir de nouvelles sources d’insécurité pour les personnes âgées. La menace ne leur est plus étrangère, elle émane de proches : les enfants, le propriétaire, l’intervenant en centre d’accueil. Quelles avenues de solution privilégier pour contrer ce nouveau fléau ? L’intervention pénale constitue-t-elle une solution ?
Sécurité, insécurité et prisons
Authors: Chauvenet Antoinette , Benguigui Georges , Orlic Françoise
Published: February 2016

Plus que dans toute organisation, la finalité, les objectifs, les moyens et les règles de fonctionnement de la prison sont définis à l’extérieur de celle-ci. Aussi le rapport entre sécurité, insécurité et prisons est-il directement relié à celui que la société entretient à sa propre sécurité ou insécurité. La prison en tant que lieu d’expulsion du corps social de ceux de ses membres qui mettent en cause sa sécurité est un objet de méconnaissance, un impensé. Pour cette raison même cet impensé favorise la production d’insécurité tant à l’intérieur qu’à l’extérieur, et partant alimente les discours et les pratiques d’exclusion. L’article se fonde sur les résultats d’une recherche effectuée auprès de 300 surveillants de prisons françaises.
L’insécurité en prison
Authors: Bernheim Jean-Claude
Published: February 2016

La violence en milieu carcéral est une réalité difficile à mesurer, tout comme la violence en milieu libre, mais la violence est indubitablement sous-évaluée dans les deux cas. Sur la base des statistiques officielles, il ressort que les détenus, comme le personnel de garde, sont victimisés, les premiers nettement plus intensément que les seconds. En dépit de cette constatation, la victimisation en milieu carcéral ne suscite pas l’intérêt des pouvoirs politiques. Politiquement non rentable, la prise en considération de ce type de violence provoquerait indéniablement un questionnement sur son origine autant que sur le rôle de l’institution carcérale dans ses manifestations. Par conséquent, il n’est pas étonnant que les politiciens refusent de s’intéresser à ces questions sauf lorsque des événements spectaculaires suscitent le scandale ou l’indignation populaire.
Le réel fiction : les émissions « info-crime »
Authors: Parent Georges-André
Published: February 2016

Sous prétexte d’action communautaire et de partenariat avec la police, les médias télévisés propagent l’image d’une criminalité qui fait peur en dramatisant les crimes les plus spectaculaires et en encourageant les méthodes répressives traditionnelles de lutte contre le crime. Paradoxalement, alors que l’idée de police communautaire vise le développement de moyens de réduire le sentiment de peur et d’insécurité dans la société, les programmes télévisés de type Crime Stoppers, qui font l’objet de cet article, misent sur une collaboration communautaire pour dépister les auteurs de crimes, amplifiant du même coup le sentiment de peur et d’insécurité. Tous les efforts de la police communautaire sont ainsi neutralisés par l’action des médias.
Médias et insécurité
Authors: Lagrange Hugues
Published: February 2016

Le criminel est l’équivalent du héros dans un autre ordre. C’est un être d’exception dont l’audace séduit. L’intérêt pour le crime est coextensif à cet attrait pour les comportements exceptionnels. La représentation médiatique de la délinquance remplit une fonction anthropologique discriminante qui spécifie la limite entre l’anormal et le normal et une fonction sociale qui transforme des faits individuels exceptionnels en expérience socialement significative. Les médias contribuent à cristalliser l’inquiétude par rassemblement d’une masse atomisée de craintes sur des objets identiques : les violences emblématiques. Mais ce sont des liens projectifs et non des liens organiques qui sont ainsi créés.
Nouveaux réseaux : les espaces de la sociabilité
Authors: Fortin Andrée
Published: February 2016

Diverses stratégies de recomposition de réseaux de sociabilité et d’entraide ont été observées lors d’enquêtes portant sur les réseaux de sociabilité informelle des familles, sur la vie associative et sur les nouveaux moyens de communication. Dans tous les cas, on peut parler d’investissement d’un espace, physique ou social, où s’ancre cette « nouvelle » sociabilité. Mais en quoi au juste est-elle « nouvelle » ? En effet, à l’analyse, elle apparaît comme une réinterprétation moderne et même post-moderne de pratiques traditionnelles. Elle se développe à la faveur d’un rebrassage des sphères et des espaces publics et privés, ce qui n’est pas sans influencer les modalités du passage d’une dynamique de sociabilité privée à une dynamique communautaire. S’il s’agit d’un redéploiement des liens sociaux, celui-ci s’effectue selon une logique qui n’est ni nouvelle ni spécifique. Cependant, on ne peut réduire ces phénomènes à des mécanismes compensateurs.
L’isolement renversé : l’amitié dans les conditions de la modernité
Authors: Cucó i Giner Josepa
Published: February 2016

Cet article met en relief les implications sociales de l’amitié à l’intérieur des sociétés développées. L’auteure commence par exposer la vision prédominante de l’amitié moderne, relation personnelle, volontaire et privée. Elle explore sommairement les développements et les modèles de cette vision dans le temps et dans l’espace, en critique les bases et en fait ressortir les manques. Dans un deuxième temps, elle met l’accent sur les rapports entre l’amitié et la dynamique sociale. Un survol des études réalisées en Espagne sur ce sujet permet de réinsérer l’interaction amicale dans les processus sociaux plus larges, et fait ressortir les effets de ce type de relation au plan collectif.
La dynamique de la solitude des néo-célibataires : vers la constitution de nouveaux réseaux de solidarité
Authors: Saint-Laurent Louise
Published: February 2016

L’analyse préliminaire d’entretiens réalisés auprès de personnes divorcées ou séparées fréquentant un club de rencontres à Québec incite à réexaminer la problématique traditionnelle de la solitude. La diversité des perceptions de ce phénomène social et des stratégies utilisées pour assumer ou contrer la solitude en fait ressortir la complexité et l’aspect dynamique. Opposé au paradigme dominant des relations sociales, mécaniste, moralisateur et pessimiste, le paradigme de l’esthétique, plutôt optimiste, permet de mettre en évidence le rôle insoupçonné de la solitude comme facteur de création de nouveaux espaces de solidarité dans la société de masse.
La politique d’intégration des immigrés et la fragmentation des identités. Le modèle belge à l’épreuve de la crise économique et de la fédéralisation de l’État
Authors: Rea Andrea
Published: February 2016

La Belgique, comme d’autres pays d’immigration, est confrontée à la problématique de l’émergence d’une société multiculturelle. La question politique essentielle est celle de savoir comment garantir l’intégration tout en préservant les identités culturelles, ou encore éviter que la défense des identités se traduise en fragmentation de l’identité nationale. Les manières d’y répondre en Belgique sont déterminées au niveau politique par la crise de l’État-nation et au niveau social par la crise de l’emploi. La gestion du rapport entre intégration et fragmentation des identités s’organise de telle façon que les immigrés sont laissés dans un statut d’extranéité, de par la difficulté qui leur est faite d’accéder à la citoyenneté politique et aux espaces de négociation. En outre, les mécanismes de régulation inventés dépendent moins des caractéristiques propres aux populations migrantes que des transactions constitutives de l’État belge.
Élites et leaders ethniques : entre mobilité sociale et structuration communautaire
Authors: Martiniello Marco
Published: February 2016

Pour rendre compte de la situation post-migratoire en Europe continentale, l’auteur, ayant distingué entre catégorie ethnique et communauté ethnique et entre élites ethniques et leader ethnique, trace le bilan et les enjeux théoriques de l’étude des élites et du leadership ethniques dans la même région du monde. Une critique de la version la plus courante de la thèse de l’ethnicisation des rapports sociaux est présentée et une théorisation à la fois alternative et complémentaire est exposée. Cette théorisation met en évidence les relations de pouvoir et d’impuissance qui se nouent entre lapolityde la société d’immigration et les communautés ethniques d’origine immigrée. La position et le rôle des élites et des leaders ethniques dans ces relations inégalitaires font l’objet d’une attention particulière. Dans la troisième partie de l’article, l’exemple de la collectivité belge francophone d’origine italienne sert à illustrer les propositions théoriques avancées.
Le métissage pris dans les filets du Politique. De quelques paradoxes de la philosophie politique au passage des frontières des États-nations
Authors: Caloz-Tschopp Marie-Claire
Published: February 2016

Dans le contexte actuel de mobilité des populations, et surtout de la mobilité Sud-Nord, le débat sur le métissage est relayé dans certains milieux par un débat sur les « chances et risques » de la société multiculturelle et sur le « choc des civilisations ». Après la race, la « culture » devient la référence de différenciation du genre humain. Comment la philosophie politique aborde-t-elle ce débat ? La tension entre la diversité et l’unité du genre humain était déjà présente chez Kant ; tout en reconnaissant le caractère artificiel — et non biologique — des nations, celui-ci n’en refusait pas moins le mélange des souches dans la constitution des peuples. Arendt tentera de redonner place aux sans-droits rejetés hors des États-nations en définissant le pouvoir non plus en lien avec le territoire, mais en termes de possibilités d’action commune. Elle contribue ainsi au développement d’une philosophie politique qui se situe au passage des frontières et libère le métissage des filets du Politique.
Et si l’on parlait des Français ? Perception des immigrés en France, attitudes, opinions et comportements
Authors: De Rudder Véronique , Taboada Leonetti Isabelle , Vourc'h François
Published: February 2016

Pour cerner les représentations, opinions et attitudes des Français à l’égard des « immigrés » en rapport avec leurs propres comportements sociaux et pratiques culturelles, on a interrogé 145 personnes de nationalité française vivant en Île-de-France. On a dégagé cinq types d’attitudes associant, selon des combinaisons variables mais non aléatoires, des positions à l’égard de l’immigration et des immigrés et des pratiques personnelles (sociabilité, engagement, orientation). L’analyse de la cohérence interne des attitudes fait apparaître deux grands facteurs de tension. Le premier provient d’une certaine contradiction entre les dimensions nationale et sociale, l’exclusion civique s’opposant à l’égalitarisme social. Le second concerne les limites du pluralisme jugé admissible, selon que l’on privilégie la liberté d’expression et l’autonomie culturelle ou que l’on recherche une certaine homogénéité idéologico-culturelle centrée sur des valeurs partagées. Ce sont des conceptions différentes de la société française, de sa propre intégration et de son avenir qui transparaissent dans ces prises de position, tandis que s’y expriment les tensions identitaires concernant la façon dont on peut, aujourd’hui, ou dont on pourra, à l’avenir, « être Français ».
Prestation d’affection et échange économique : les femmes qui gardent des enfants
Authors: De Ridder Guido , Legrand Claude
Published: February 2016

La professionnalisation suppose une compétence technique fondée sur un savoir minimal institutionnellement garanti. Dans les représentations des femmes qui gardent les enfants, les services offerts (sécurité, hygiène, alimentation, socialisation primaire, éducation morale) sont entièrement assujettis au don d’affection, qui en serait la condition nécessaire et suffisante. Cette aptitude est conçue comme une extension de l’amour et des compétences maternels aux enfants des autres. Une telle conception permet de comprendre ce qui fait résistance à la professionnalisation du maternage et rend complexe l’exécution d’un échange économique.

Au-delà de son aspect financier et de la réglementation qui tente de l’encadrer, ce service reste classé au rang des services familiaux exercés au sein des solidarités de voisinage, en raison du contenu essentiellement discrétionnaire qui envahit la quasi-totalité des modalités de l’échange. Aussi l’arrangement interindividuel entre mères et gardiennes oblige-t-il à considérer avec prudence sa perméabilité aux incitations normatives.
La part des femmes dans les soins de santé
Authors: Saillant Francine
Published: February 2016

L’apport des femmes à la production de la santé et des soins a un caractère essentiel et universel tant dans l’histoire que dans la société actuelle, en fonction de deux axes primordiaux : la protection du corps et le soutien par l’entraide et l’accompagnement. Les orientations actuelles des systèmes de santé occidentaux, comprenant une promotion idéologique de la santé et de l’autonomie qui a pour conséquence la déqualification de certaines valeurs, notamment celles de l’interdépendance, compromettent l’avenir des soins dans la mesure où il n’existe pas de soin sans l’existence simultanée de la dépendance et de l’interdépendance. Le soin représente une forme de rituel d’accompagnement dans les passages de la vie, un travail de médiation.