bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change in Physical Properties of Pine Bark and Switchgrass Substrates Over Time
Authors: Altland James E. , Krause Charles
Published: August 2020

Alternatives to pine bark for nursery crop substrates have been proposed, including the use of straw materials such as switchgrass. While straw substrates can be developed with suitable physical properties measured immediately after mixing, little is known about how the physical properties of straw-based substrates change over time. The objective of this research was to measure the change in air space (AS), container capacity (CC), total porosity (TP), and bulk density (Db) over time of a switchgrass-based substrate compared to a pine bark substrate. Switchgrass and pine bark substrates were packed into 15 cm (6 in) tall aluminum cores and placed in a production greenhouse with or without a single hibiscus plant. Physical properties of the substrates were measured at the beginning of the experiment and 9 to 10 weeks later when the plants were nearly too large for their containers. Air space decreased over time, primarily as a function of root growth and shrinkage. Container capacity increased slightly across all treatments over time. Bulk density changed very little over time. The switchgrass substrate was more prone to shrinkage than the pine bark substrate, although vigorous hibiscus root growth reduced shrinkage in switchgrass substrates.
Nutrient Runoff Uptake Potential and Growth for Three U.S. Native Grasses and Tall Fescue
Authors: Mangiafico Salvatore S. , Merhaut Donald J. , Newman Julie , Ewing Harold , Faber Ben
Published: August 2020

Little research has been conducted into the growth and nutrient uptake potential of native grasses for use in vegetated buffers, grassed waterways, and cover crops for the mitigation of agricultural and horticultural runoff. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with three U.S. native grasses: Leymus triticoides, Melica imperfecta, Vulpia microstachys, and turf-type tall fescue, Lolium arundinaceum. Treatments were the rate of nitrogen application, with 0, 460, 920, or 1380 kg·ha−1 applied per twelve-week experimental period. Shoot and root material was collected, dried, and analyzed for N and P. Grass quality measurements included visual shoot density and visual root density. Species differences were found for the uptake of water, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), as well as for plant quality measurements such as shoot and root density. Across species, as N application rate increased, apparent N recovery decreased, suggesting that these grasses will exhibit a decreased efficiency in scavenging N when N concentrations in applied runoff are higher. Among native grasses, L. triticoides exhibited some advantages over the others which may make it valuable in remediation applications, including high shoot and root density, rapid vertical growth, and high water, N, and P uptake.
Host Plant Utilization Within Family Ericaceae by the Andromeda Lace Bug Stephanitis takeyai (Hemiptera: Tingidae)
Authors: Nair Shakunthala , Braman S. Kristine , Knauft D. A.
Published: August 2020

This study examined host plant utilization by the Andromeda lace bug, Stephanitis takeyai Drake and Maa, within the family Ericaceae. The preferred host of S. takeyai is the Japanese pieris, Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don ex G. Don, but it has been reported to exhibit host alternation and also to occur on other unrelated host plants. We examined the acceptability of ten landscape and fruit plants belonging to the family Ericaceae (Rhododendron calendulaceum, Rhododendron ‘Hampton Beauty’, Rhododendron ‘Autumn Empress’, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium virgatum, Calluna vulgaris, Kalmia latifolia, Pieris floribunda, Pieris phillyreifolia and Pieris japonica ‘Temple Bells’) to S. takeyai. In no-choice tests adult survival did not vary significantly among the taxa. Highest leaf damage was recorded on P. japonica and R. calendulaceum, while slight damage was noted on V. arboreum and Rhododendron ‘Hampton Beauty’. Nymph emergence was observed in P. japonica, R. calendulaceum and Rhododendron ‘Hampton Beauty’. In multi-choice tests adult presence on leaves did not vary significantly except on day 9, when adults were more numerous on ‘Temple Bells’. Maximum leaf damage was recorded on P. japonica, ‘Temple Bells’. Several plants like Rhododendron and Vaccinium spp., which may not be favorable hosts, could serve as reservoirs for the pest.
Optimizing Plant Health and Pest Management of Lagerstroemia spp. in Commercial Production and Landscape Situations in the Southeastern United States: A Review
Authors: Chappell Matthew R. , Braman S. Kristine , Williams-Woodward Jean , Knox Gary
Published: August 2020

Lagerstroemia is a genus of plants comprised of deciduous shrubs or small trees native to China southward into Southeast Asia. L. indica, the oldest and most widespread species in cultivation in the United States, has been cultivated as an ornamental for centuries and was introduced to the Southeastern U.S. over 175 years ago. Much has been disseminated on the culture and commercial production of crapemyrtle species and cultivars; including plant forms and function, adaptability to macro and micro environment, growth and floral characteristics, and commercial production and landscape culture and maintenance. Since the introduction of L. indica in the United States, L. fauriei, L. subcostata and L. limii have also been introduced. However, since the mid 1970s, interspecific hybrids between L. indica × L. fauriei comprise the majority of new cultivar introductions. Breeding efforts have resulted in 133 commercially available cultivars as of December 2011 that include cultivars with ever improving form and flowering, new flower colors, ornamental bark, ornamental foliage, and disease tolerance. However, there is a wide range among cultivars of tolerance to key pests and diseases such as powdery mildew, Cercospora leaf spot, flea beetle and Japanese beetle. A large number of pests and plant pathogens also negatively affect crapemyrtle health including granulate ambrosia beetle, crapemyrtle aphid, bark scale, bacterial leaf spot, sooty mold and soil-borne root and crown diseases. This review focuses on crapemyrtle culture, in both commercial and landscape settings, with an emphasis on optimizing plant health through the discussion of major abiotic and biotic stressors and cultivar variation in tolerance to these stressors.
Root Pruning and Planting Depth Impact Root Morphology in Containers
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Orfanedes Michael
Published: August 2020

Increasingly, producers and consumers are realizing that roots play a major role in nursery tree quality. To remain competitive, producers need to find economically viable methods of increasing quality standards. Two studies were designed to test methods of improving root systems in a container root ball. In the first, three different root pruning methods and two planting depths were imposed as 3.7 liter (1 gal) container-grown Royal poinciana [Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.] and trumpet-tree [Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton] were shifted to 25 liter (6.6 gal) containers. Root pruning and planting depth had no impact on trunk caliper or tree height. Vertical root ball slicing or shaving off the periphery of the root ball increased the number of straight roots inside root balls and reduced the presence of deflected roots, but shaving had a greater effect and was associated with consistently high-quality root systems. Trees planted with the top-most root 10 cm (4 in) below the 25 liter (6.6 gal) container substrate surface had more deflected roots and fewer straight roots than trees planted with roots close to the surface. In the second study, teasing or shaving live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill. ‘SNDL’) in 3.7 liter (1 gal) container root balls resulted in identical root systems in 57 liter (15 gal) containers one year later, and both treatments resulted in higher quality root systems than trees not root pruned.
Landscape and House Appearance Impacts on the Price of Single-Family Houses
Authors: Elam Emmett , Stigarll Andrea
Published: August 2020

This research examined the impacts of improvement in landscape quality and exterior house features on residential property values. These two combined factors are referred to as ‘curb appeal’ — i.e., the visual appearance of a property as viewed from the curb in front of a house. It is well understood regarding residential property that curb appeal affects house value, but a quantitative estimate of the size/magnitude of the effect is not available. This study developed a quantitative indicator of curb appeal, included it in a hedonic house pricing model, and determined its independent effect on values. Results confirmed that curb appeal has a positive impact on house value, with landscape and house appearance approximately equal in impact. With improved curb appeal, house price can increase up to 17%.
Evaluation of Species and Cultivars of Coneflower for Southeastern U.S. Landscapes
Authors: Fair Barbara A.
Published: August 2020

Twenty-one cultivars of coneflower (Echinacea sp.) were evaluated from June 2008 to August 2010 in two locations in North Carolina. Plant size was measured once during each growing season. Evaluators rated overall plant quality, as well as flower and foliage aesthetics. Plants were rated on a scale from 1 to 4, with 1 = poor and 4 = excellent. Any disease and insect problems were noted. Over the two-year study, average mortality rate was 34%. Cultivars ‘Bravado’, Kim's Knee High®, ‘Pink Double Delight’, and ‘White Swan’, had consistently high ratings, while ‘Emily Saul’ and yellow coneflower (E. paradoxa) rated the lowest. Kim's Knee High®, ‘Pink Double Delight’, and ‘White Swan’ received some of the best scores for flower quality, whereas yellow coneflower and ‘Ruby Star’ rated the lowest. There were minor differences between the locations regarding plant size and ratings, particularly for yellow coneflower. Evaluators either favored or abhorred this plant. This may be due to reflexed ray flowers that mimic water stress. ‘Crazy Pink’ also had a similar petal presentation and rated about 2.0 for overall and flower quality. In 2009, after an exceptional bloom, many cultivars were infested with mites, causing aborted blooms and distorted flowers.
Scarification and Germination of Amsonia tabernaemontana (Walt.) Seeds
Authors: Martin Michael T. , Chappell Matthew R. , Opie Lindsay R.
Published: August 2020

Eastern bluestar [Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. (Apocynaceae)] is a herbaceous perennial native to the Eastern United States, yet poor seed germination has inhibited its adoption into commercial product mixes. Germination of A. tabernaemontana seeds at a high percentage was demonstrated in this study. Using the best seed treatment protocol developed in this study, A. tabernaemontana germinated at 70.4% during a 28 day period. This protocol included mechanical scarification followed by imbibation for 48 hr at 24C (72F). Seeds receiving no scarification and no imbibition germinated at 0% during this same 28 day period. Seeds were dissected to determine the best method for seed coat scarification. These dissections showed embryos were arranged longitudinally within seeds and that mechanically removing 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) of the seed coat terminus to expose the embryo was the best scarification method. Imbibition curves were developed for scarified and control (unscarified) seeds to explain dormancy mechanism(s) for A. tabernaemontana seeds. Water was imbibed at a similar rate (P = 0.5217) for all treatments and mechanically scarified seeds germinated at rates higher than unscarified seeds as shown in germination curves, indicating mechanical dormancy is the primary hindrance to germination of this species.
Post Harvest Processing of Eastern Redcedar and Hedge-Apple Substrates Affect Nursery Crop Growth
Authors: Starr Zachariah W. , Boyer Cheryl R. , Griffin Jason J.
Published: August 2020

Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) could be a viable container substrate for nursery crop production. It is a local, sustainable resource in regions distant from timber production areas where pine bark (PB) is processed. However, eastern redcedar chips (ERC) as a substrate have been associated with decreased container capacity and increased air space. Manipulating particle size could result in a substrate comparable to the current PB industry standard. Additionally, hedge-apple [Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid.], a common species found in the Great Plains region of the United States, could also be used as a resource for substrate construction. This study evaluated four particle sizes, 4.8, 9.5, 12.7, and 19.1 mm (3/16, ⅜, ½, and ¾ in) ERC and hedge-apple chips (HAC), and compared them to a PB control in the production of 5 plant species. Plants grown in both ERC and HAC showed few differences in growth based on substrate particle size; when growth was affected, plants grown in 4.8 mm (3/16 in) and 9.5 mm (⅜ in) particle sizes were larger than those grown in coarser 12.7 mm (½ in) and 19.1 mm (¾ in) material. However, both ERC and HAC often produced smaller plants compared to those grown in PB. Results of this study demonstrate that ERC and HAC can be viable substrates or substrate components for some plant species when the trees are processed to small particle sizes, particularly if small plants are an acceptable tradeoff for lower overhead costs.
Survey of Cultural Practices Used in Viburnum Production
Authors: Shrestha Arjina , Cole Janet C. , Payton Mark E.
Published: August 2020

A survey of commercial nursery growers was conducted to identify cultural practices used in viburnum production. Viburnums composed less than 25% of the production inventory for most nurseries surveyed. Nurseries reported that viburnums are mostly spring planted and produced in containers in bark-based container substrates. Most are irrigated once a day during dry months with sprinklers using water from wells and ponds. Altering some production practices may increase plant growth and quality and improve irrigation efficiency.
Juniperus virginiana as an Alternative to Pine Bark in Nursery Production
Authors: Edwards Lucy E. , Gilliam Charles H. , Fain Glenn B. , Sibley Jeff L.
Published: August 2020

Pine bark has been the standard container nursery substrate for nearly forty years. However, due to the decline in the timber industry and fluctuations in fuel prices, alternative substrates and amendments are being sought by growers and researchers. This study evaluated locally grown eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) as a potential alternative to pine bark in nursery production of 10 ornamental species. For seven of the species evaluated, growth indices for plants in 100% cedar were similar to those in 100% pine bark. ‘August Beauty’ gardenia grown in up to 80% cedar was comparable to plants grown in pine bark. Species that have lower pH requirements did not perform as well in substrates amended with high cedar percentages. ‘Premier’ blueberry did not grow well in cedar above 20%. Root growth for seven of the species in cedar was similar to or greater than those grown in 100% pine bark. ‘Formosa’ azalea and ‘Burgundy’ loropetalum showed slight variations in root growth above 10% cedar. These data conclude that cedar has potential as an amendment to pine bark in nursery production.
Nonpreference Among Gerbera Cultivars by the Leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Agromyzidae: Diptera)
Authors: Abraham C.M. , Braman S. K. , Oetting R. D. , Thomas P. A.
Published: August 2020

The leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) is a key pest of gerbera daisies (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus), which are among the most preferred cut flowers in the world. While insecticides often fail to control this pest, parasitoids have proven to be effective. To maintain the parasitoids in the system, pesticide applications should be avoided. However, the influx of secondary pests like mites, thrips, whiteflies, and aphids during the growing season necessitates chemical sprays, which are effective in controlling the secondary pests, but are often toxic to the natural enemy and hence disrupt biological control. Since chemicals are not easily avoided in this system, an alternative method to avoid leafminers was sought, using host plant resistance, which can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Sixty gerbera cultivars were evaluated for potential resistance to L. trifolii. A range in susceptibility measured as leaf punctures and developing mines was evident for the first five weeks of a six-week exposure period. Gerberas ‘Jaguar Pink’, ‘Jaguar Rose Deep’, ‘Jaguar Salmon Pastel’, and ‘Revolution Spring Pastel’ were the least damaged, exhibiting less than 20% of the highest damage on at least two observation dates. However, consistent exposure to high numbers of leafminers resulted in similar expression of damage among all cultivars after five weeks. Differences among cultivars in force required to puncture leaves could not be consistently associated with damage due to leafminers
Phytotoxicity of Three Sulfonyl Urea Herbicides on Twelve Ornamental Plant Species
Authors: Cole Janet C.
Published: August 2020

Plants of ten woody shrub species, euonymus, winter jasmine, spirea, golden privet, crape myrtle, forsythia, hydrangea, redbud, viburnum, and weigela, and two bedding plant species, marigold (annual) and dianthus (perennial), were sprayed over the top with sulfosulfuron, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, or halosulfuron-methyl at two times the label rate or sulfosulfuron was sprayed over the top with the label rate and then sprayed with the label rate 30 days later to determine phytotoxic effects of the herbicides. All of the sulfonyl urea herbicides tested were safe to use on euonymus, but none should be used on redbud, weigela, spirea, or crape myrtle. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium typically caused more phytotoxicity on all species tested except euonymus, while halosulfuron-methyl was least likely. Sulfosulfuron also should not be used on privet, hydrangea, or winter jasmine.
Bulking Duration Affects Growth and Flowering of Herbaceous Perennials Grown Under Nursery Conditions and Forced Into Flower Under Night-Interrupted Lighting Outdoors in the Southern United States
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Kessler J. Raymond , Stephenson James C.
Published: August 2020

The effects of bulking duration on growth and flowering of ‘Goldsturm’ black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. ‘Goldsturm’) and ‘Moonbeam’ coreopsis (Coreopsis verticillata L. ‘Moonbeam’) forced into flower under nursery conditions were evaluated as part of a system for the accelerated production of herbaceous perennials requiring long days to flower. Bulking duration treatments were established by a factorialization of potting date (September 24, October 13, December 2, and December 14, 2009) and night-interrupted lighting (NIL) start date (February 1, February 22, and March 15, 2010). Leaf counts of black-eyed Susan at the beginning of NIL increased linearly with progressively longer bulking durations based on potting date and NIL start date, although the effect was more pronounced when compared across potting dates. Based on leaf counts, black-eyed Susan potted in December were still in the juvenile phase when NIL was begun on February 1, 2010. Stem counts of black-eyed Susan at first flower followed a similar pattern as leaf counts. Black-eyed Susan given NIL flowered 40 to 59 days before plants under natural photoperiod (NP). Flower plus flower bud counts of black-eyed Susan at first flower increased linearly with increasing bulking duration based on potting date: by 325, 268, and 243% when NIL was begun on February 1, February 22, and March 15, respectively. Flower counts also increased linearly approximately 46% with increasing bulking duration based on NIL start dates, but only when plants were potted in December. At first flower, plant height of black-eyed Susan given NIL increased linearly as bulking duration increased based on potting date, but did not differ when trended across the NIL start dates. Days to flower of coreopsis decreased with increasing bulking duration, while stem counts increased with bulking duration, and the number of marketable plants was greater when plants were repotted on the three earliest dates compared to those bulked the shortest duration. Effects of bulking duration on flower plus flower bud counts and height of coreopsis were inconsistent.
Organic Mulch and Halosulfuron Placement Affect Yellow Nutsedge Control and Ornamental Plant Quality in Landscape Beds
Authors: Chen Yan , Strahan Ronald E. , Bracy Regina P.
Published: August 2020

Halosulfuron (SedgeHammer™) applied above or below pine nugget, pine straw, or shredded cypress mulch at 0, 0.038, or 0.075 kg ai·ha−1 (0.034 or 0.067 lb ai·A−1) was evaluated for postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in two field experiments. Tolerance of ‘Mystery’ gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis), ‘Stella de Oro’ daylily (Hemerocallis x), and ‘Big Blue’ liriope (Liriope muscari L.H. Bailey) to overtop applications of halosulfuron was also evaluated. Without halosulfuron, mulching with pine nugget, pine straw, and shredded cypress provided about 51 to 62% yellow nutsedge control at 4 weeks after treatments (WAT) compared with non-sprayed bare soil plots. At the infestation level of 167 tubers per m2 (15 tubers per ft2) in both experiments, halosulfuron application at the lower rate resulted in similar control as the higher rate regardless of mulch type and herbicide placement. Applications prior to mulching provided equal or, in some cases, better control than applications after mulching. Overall, halosulfuron resulted in greater control in Experiment 2 than Experiment 1, possibly because of smaller yellow nutsedge shoots in the second trial. Over-the-top application of halosulfuron at the higher rate caused transient leaf injury and reduced aboveground biomass in liriope. However, mulching improved gardenia transplant quality as indicated by reduced leaf chlorosis and increased number of flowers.
× Polifreda ‘Lindstrom’, a Cross Between False Aloe and Mexican Tuberose
Authors: Ritchie Will , Lindstrom Jon T.
Published: August 2020

× Polifreda ‘Lindstrom’ was developed at the University of Arkansas to increase the range of perennials available to horticulture in the American South. The cultivar was selected from 14 viable seedlings produced by crossing Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb. ex Rose (male) and Polianthes tuberosa L. (female) via controlled pollination. Specimens have been grown at the University of Arkansas Agricultural Research Station in Fayetteville, Arkansas (USDA Zone 6b) since 2005 and propagated by either division or micropropagation. Desirable characters inherited from P. tuberosa include two flowers per node, a pleasant fragrance, and heat and drought tolerance. Characteristics resembling M. virginica include finely-denticulate leaf margins, a scapose raceme inflorescence type, and tolerance of winter temperatures as low as −25C (−11F). The intergeneric hybrid represents the first cultivar of the nothogenus × Polifreda. The cultivar epithet ‘Lindstrom’ was chosen to honor the contribution to horticulture of the late Jon T. Lindstrom, who was the instigator of the breeding program and a former associate professor at the University of Arkansas. It is proposed that × Polifreda ‘Lindstrom’ would be suited to either perennial borders or rock gardens, situated in full sun or partial shade.
The Effects of Consideration of Future and Immediate Consequences on Willingness to Pay for Eco-Friendly Plant Attributes
Authors: Khachatryan Hayk , Yue Chengyan , Campbell Ben , Behe Bridget , Hall Charlie
Published: August 2020

We investigated how differences in the consideration of future consequences (CFC) influence consumers' willingness to pay for edible and ornamental plants using data from plant auction experiments conducted in the U.S. and Canada. Specifically, the study focused on individuals' preferences for plant attributes related to production method, container type, and product origin. Individuals assigning higher importance to future consequences of their current decisions were willing to pay a price premium for plants grown using sustainable (16.7 cents) and energy-saving (16.5 cents) production methods, non-conventional containers such as compostable (18.2 cents) and plantable (14.3 cents), and locally produced plants (15.3 cents), and they expected a discount (37.8 cents) to purchase imported plants (i.e., produced outside the U.S.). In contrast, individuals assigning higher importance to immediate outcomes of their decisions were not willing to pay a price premium for the above mentioned attributes, with the exception of water-saving and compostable ones. The results contribute to our understanding of the effects of temporal considerations on choice decision making by horticultural consumers, and provide horticultural marketers with an opportunity to effectively position products that provide long- or short-term benefits.
Screening Oak Hybrids for Tolerance to Alkaline Soils
Authors: Denig Bryan R. , Macrae Patrick F. , Gao Xian , Bassuk Nina L.
Published: August 2020

This study evaluated a diverse range of oak (Quercus) hybrids for tolerance to alkaline soils, which is a common site condition in urban landscapes that often limits the growth and longevity of many tree species. Different oak hybrids display varying severities of iron-deficiency induced leaf chlorosis when grown in a highly alkaline medium. Severity of leaf chlorosis was found to vary between different maternal parent species, with the results suggesting that hybrids with the maternal parents Q. macrocarpa (bur oak), possibly Q. muehlenbergii (chinkapin oak), and Q. ‘Ooti’ (ooti oak), are more likely to maintain healthy green leaf color when growing in a highly alkaline medium. These findings suggest that breeders interested in developing oak hybrids that are both cold-hardy and tolerant of alkaline soils should utilize these species in their crosses, and avoid Q. bicolor (swamp white oak), hybrids of which were generally found to be intolerant of alkaline soil. This study is one phase of a long-term project underway at Cornell University's Urban Horticulture Institute to select superior urban-tolerant cultivars of oak hybrids for future introduction into the horticulture industry.
Dikegulac Sodium and Benzyladenine Effects on Six Landscape Tree Species during Container Production
Authors: Miller W.R. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Sibley J.L.
Published: August 2020

A study was conducted to evaluate dikegulac sodium (dikegulac) and benzyladenine (BA) as branching agents on landscape trees during production. Common among the six species in this two-year study was an increase in new shoot development following the application of dikegulac. Relative to shoot counts of nontreated plants, trees treated with a single foliar application of 800 to 3200 ppm of dikegulac had an increase in shoot numbers of 29 to 107% in Japanese maple, 75 to 158% in red maple, 67% in redbud, 50 to 65% in bald cypress, and 56 to 103% in black gum. Nontreated plants of green ash formed only one or two lateral shoots in 2011, whereas dikegulac-treated green ash had 10 to 12 new shoots. In 2012, green ash treated with 200 to 800 ppm of dikegulac developed 100 to 150% more new shoots than nontreated green ash. Foliage of all species, except Japanese maple, was injured to varying degrees by dikegulac, but the injury dissipated over the growing season. BA promoted increased shoot development only in bald cypress, and canopies of that species were visually fuller and more compact than those of bald cypress treated with dikegulac.
Effects of Root Pruning on Container-Grown Maple and Oak
Authors: Fare Donna
Published: August 2020

Two experiments were conducted on container-grown plants that were actively growing in spring to evaluate the effects of root pruning prior to repotting or planting in a field plot. In experiment 1, severe root pruning significantly reduced height and trunk diameter growth for both ‘Summer Red’ maple (Acer rubrum L) and overcup oak (Quercus lyrata Walt.) after repotting into a larger container. Shoot and root dry weights were less with plants severely root pruned compared to plants that were not root pruned or had been lightly root pruned. Overcup oaks that received no root pruning or were lightly root pruned did not differ in height or trunk growth 24 weeks after study initiation. However, overcup oaks severely root pruned had brown foliage within 10 days of repotting and within 2 months had extensive dieback, which resulted in negative height growth by the end of the study. In experiment 2, ‘Autumn Flame’ red maple that received no root pruning had similar growth to plants that had light root pruning, but was greater than plants that received moderate or severe root pruning during the first growing season in the field. Autumn Flame red maples severely root pruned prior to field planting had 65% less height growth than plants receiving no root pruning during year 1. After four years, shoot and trunk diameter growth was similar among treatments. The number of circling roots at the soil surface decreased as the amount of root pruning increased.
Sensitivity of Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the Pathogen of Boxwood Blight, to Strobilurin and Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides in Connecticut1
Authors: Maurer K. , Cowles R. S. , LaMondia J. A.
Published: August 2020

Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Lombard, Crous, Wingfield & Wingfield) causes a severe blight disease on boxwood known as “boxwood blight”. Three isolates: 11-9-4a and CTWH1 - wild types from Connecticut landscapes, and FC1 - an isolate of 11-9-4a that was selected for ability to grow on up to 250 μg a.i./ml pyraclostrobin fungicide, were evaluated for sensitivity to nine fungicides belonging to the demethylation inhibitor ([DMI] propiconazole, tebuconazole, triflumizole, myclobutanil, tetraconazole) and strobilurin (pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl) groups. The effects of fungicides on mycelial growth and conidial germination were analyzed using in vitro assays. All DMI fungicides strongly inhibited radial growth, but did not prevent conidial germination. Of the strobilurins, only pyraclostrobin inhibited mycelial growth and conidial germination of the 11-9-4a and CTWH1 isolates within label use rates. Pyraclostrobin, kresoxim-methyl, and trifloxystrobin inhibited mycelial growth for 11-9-4a and pyraclostrobin and kresoxim-methyl for CTWH1. All strobilurin fungicides inhibited the conidial germination of 11-9-4a and FC1; only pyraclostrobin affected CTWH1. FC1 and CTWH1 exhibited reduced sensitivity to strobilurin fungicides for mycelial growth. For effective control of mycelial growth and conidial germination, and to reduce the risk of resistance development, fungicides from both FRAC groups should be used and integrated with other best management practices.

Index words: fungicide resistance; Buxus; chemical disease management.

Chemicals used in this study: azoxystrobin (Heritage 50 WG); kresoxim-methyl (Cygnus 50 WG); myclobutanil (Rally 40WSP); propiconazole (Procon-Z 14.3 L); pyraclostrobin (Insignia 20 WG); tebuconazole (Torque 38.7 SC); tetraconazole (Minerva 11.6 SC); trifloxystrobin (Flint 50 WG); triflumizole (Procure 480 SC).

Species used in this study: boxwood (Buxus L.); boxwood blight (Calonectria pseudonaviculata).
Influence of Substrate Physical Properties on Container Weed Germination
Authors: Altland James E. , Boldt Jennifer K.
Published: August 2020

Container nursery substrates in the central and eastern U.S. are composed primarily of pine bark with lesser percentages of other amendments, including sphagnum peatmoss. Peatmoss is often amended from 0% to 40% (by vol.) to increase the water holding capacity of the substrate. The objective of this research was to determine how a pine bark substrate amended with sphagnum peatmoss affects creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata L.) germination in containers with or without applications of pendimethalin herbicide. Increasing percentage of peatmoss increased the water holding capacity of the substrate; however, water availability on the substrate surface where weed seed germinate and establish was the same in all substrates. Substrates with varying levels of sphagnum peatmoss only slightly affected weed germination. While sphagnum peat moss can be used to increase the water holding characteristics of a substrate, changes in bulk substrate physical properties will not affect herbicide performance or weed germination on the substrate surface.

Index words: Herbicide, irrigation, substrate, porosity, weed control.

Chemicals used in this study: pendimethalin (Pendulum 2G).

Species used in this study: creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata L.) (OXACO).
Apparent Tolerance of Low Water Availability in Temperate Asian Bamboos1
Authors: Smith Melissa C. , Mack Richard N.
Published: August 2020

Suitable plant water dynamics and the ability to withstand periods of low moisture input facilitate plant establishment in seasonally arid regions. Temperate bamboos are a major constituent of mixed evergreen and deciduous forests throughout temperate East Asia but play only an incidental role in North American forests and are altogether absent in the Pacific Northwest forest. Many bamboo species are classified as mesic or riparian, but none are considered drought tolerant. To assess their ability to withstand low water, we subjected five Asian temperate and one North American temperate bamboo species to three irrigation treatments: 100%, 50%, and 10% replacement of water lost through evapotranspiration. Plants were irrigated every four days over a 31-day period. Plant response to treatments was measured with stomatal conductance, leaf xylem water potentials, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Pleioblastus distichus and Pseudosasa japonica showed significant reductions in conductance between high and low irrigation treatments. Sasa palmata had significantly lower stomatal conductance in all treatments. Pleioblastus chino displayed significantly higher iWUE in the mid irrigation treatment and Arunindaria gigantea displayed significantly lower iWUE than P. chino and S. palmata in the low irrigation treatment. The Asian bamboo species examined here tolerate low water availability and readily acclimate to different soil moisture conditions.

Index words: Temperate bamboos, irrigation response, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency.

Species used in this study: Giant Cane [Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.]; Pleioblastus chino (Franchet & Savatier) Makino; Pleioblastus distichus (Mitford) Nakai; Pseudosasa japonica (Makino); Sasa palmata (Bean) Nakai.
Influence of Essential Oils on Post-infection Botrytis Damage in Cut Roses1
Authors: Bergmann Ben A. , Dole John M.
Published: August 2020

We assessed the degree to which 16 post-infection treatments controlled Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.) damage in cut roses (Rosa × hybrida). Additional experiments examined whether essential oils (EO) of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) leaf (CLO), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.) bud (CBO), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (TO) could reduce damage in Botrytis-infected cut roses. The 16 treatments applied to ‘Light Orlando' cut roses differed in reducing Botrytis damage and causing phytotoxicity damage. Only the synthetic fungicide fludioxonil [applied as 0.23 g · L−1 (0.00024 oz · fl oz−1) Medallion®] resulted in the desirable combination of greatly reduced stem termination frequency due to Botrytis damage and relatively minor flower phytotoxicity. When applied to cut rose ‘Freedom' or cultivars with light colored flowers (‘Cool Water', ‘Jessika', ‘Polar Star', ‘Tiffany'), all EO aqueous solutions caused pronounced phytotoxicity damage, but only TO reduced Botrytis damage significantly compared to untreated flowers. Roses exposed to EO vapor rather than an aqueous solution tended to exhibit less phytotoxicity. Vapors of CLO and CBO tended to reduce Botrytis damage less and caused greater flower phytotoxicity than TO vapor and aqueous fludioxonil. Thyme oil vapor exposures of 4.6 and 9.1 ppm warrant further investigation.

Index words: Botrytis blight, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., cut flowers, floriculture, fungicide, gray mold, Rosa × hybrida.

Chemicals used in this study: Bacillus subtilis (Cease®), bleach (Clorox®), chlorothalonil (Daconil®), copper sulphate (Phyton® 27), fenhexamide (Elevate®), fludioxonil (Medallion®), hydrogen peroxide (ZeroTol® 2.0), iprodione (Chipco® 26019 Flo), potassium bicarbonate (Milstop®), pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pageant® Intrinsic®).

Species used in this study: Rose (Rosa × hybrida) ‘Cool Water', ‘Freedom', ‘Jessika', ‘Polar Star', ‘Tiffany', Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.).
Effects of Growing Season, Plant Stage of Development, and Substrate Drench Applications of Paclobutrazol as Compared to a Daminozide Standard on Growth and Flowering of Gerbera Daisy ‘Bright Red with Light Eye'1
Authors: Chen Y. , Kessler J.R. , Keever G.J. , Fain G.B.
Published: August 2020

Paclobutrazol substrate drenches at 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 ppm were compared to a 2,500 ppm daminozide foliar spray standard in two finishing seasons (fall 2015 and spring 2016) and at two application stages for plant size control and improved market quality of ‘Bright Red with Light Eye' Gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook. f. ‘Bright Red with Light Eye') in 12.7cm (5 in) pots. Stage 1 was when the majority of plants had roots to the bottom of the substrate, and stage 2 was 2 weeks later. A consumer preference survey assessed purchasing preference when plants had two or three open flowers. Plant size index, foliage height, peduncle length, flower diameter, and quality rating at first flower decreased linearly while days to first flower increased quadratically with increasing paclobutrazol concentration, regardless of stage or season. Paclobutrazol applications delayed flowering, and decreased flower diameter and flower and bud counts, but these differences were small and not considered of practical importance. Based on quality rating at first flower and survey results, a 1 or 2 ppm paclobutrazol drench produced the most marketable plants in fall, and 0, 1, 2, or 3 ppm produced the most marketable plants in spring.

Index words: plant growth retardant, B-Nine, Bonzi, greenhouse production

Chemicals used in this study: B-Nine (daminozide) [butanedioic acid mono (2,2- dimethylhydrazide)] and Bonzi (paclobutrazol) [(±)-(R*,R*)-β-[(4-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1- dimethylethyl)-lH-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol]

Species used in this study: ‘Bright Red with Light Eye' Gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook. f. ‘Bright Red with Light Eye')
Process Analysis of the Hot Plate Welding of Drive Belts
Authors: Wałęsa Krzysztof , Malujda Ireneusz , Talaśka Krzysztof , Wilczyński Dominik
Published: August 2020

Most industrial machines use belt transmission for power transfer. These mechanisms often use the round belts of several millimetres in diameter that are made of thermoplastic elastomers, especially polyurethane. Their production process calls for bonding the material, which is often performed by hot plate butt welding. In order to achieve proper design of an automatic welding machine, the authors analysed the hot plate welding process of round belts. This process consists of five phases. It is necessary to recognize all the physical phenomena that occur during welding, especially those connected with thermomechanical properties of material. This knowledge is necessary to determine the temperature distribution during each step of the process. The paper presents a standard welding cycle together with an explanation of the physical phenomena in each phase. An analysis of these fundamentals will be used to derivate the function of temperature distribution during all process phases. In addition, some assumptions for calculation of temperature distribution and some fundamental physic correlations were presented.
Characteristics of illegal inland fishing according to the opinions of Polish fisheries guards
Authors: Mickiewicz Maciej , Wołos Arkadiusz , Trella Marek
Published: August 2020

Poaching is still a great problem in Poland. Officers of the fisheries guard from three regions in northeast Poland rich in natural inland waters were surveyed. The most frequent type of poaching encountered by the officers was that practised by recreational fishers using rods (ranking of 4.4 points on a scale of 0–5) followed by poaching stemming from poverty or unemployment (3.4 points), and poaching by professional fishermen was ranked the lowest (1.5 points). Organized poaching was identified as the most dangerous for ichthyofauna (42% of responses), followed by poaching by recreational fishers (28%) and poaching stemming from poverty or unemployment (23%). According to the officers surveyed, the species that were targeted by poachers most frequently were the predators: pike, Esox lucius (98% of responses), European eel, Anguilla anguilla, pikeperch, Sander lucioperca and perch, Perca fluviatilis.
Assessment of the Effects of Sugarcane Straw Addition to the Flocculation/Coagulation Process on Vinasse Concentration
Authors: Sica Pietro , Carvalho Renan , Beltrame Hélder , Baptista Antonio Sampaio
Published: August 2020

Vinasse is the main by-product of ethanol production. In 2005, its application was regulated in the state of Sao Paulo, so if it is to be applied to the fields, its volume must meet the established concentration regulations. Straw contains one-third of sugarcane calorific value and can be used for cogeneration. For these purposes, the project objective was to assess the effects of straw on the concentration of vinasse solids through physical and chemical processes, so its concentrated form could be used as biomass for cogeneration. For that, different concentrations of straw, ferric sulphate, and ferric chloride were used. Turbidity reduction was the parameter analysed. Both reagents were effective in reducing the turbidity. The 200 ppm of ferric chloride and 0.25% straw content reduced the turbidity by 55.02% and 400 ppm of ferric sulphate and 0.25% of straw reduced it by 57.96%. The addition of straw showed no significant effect in terms of the turbidity reduction, however, both best treatments had 0.25% straw content addition in it. Straw can be used to concentrate vinasse, contributing to the efficiency of the process and increasing the energy potential of the concentrated solids.
Damage to Archaeological Sites: Assessment Criteria and Situation in Latvia
Authors: Kairišs Andris , Oļevska Irina
Published: August 2020

The aim of the article is to reflect the necessity of introducing objective criteria in articulating monetary value of the damage caused to archaeological sites (immovable cultural monuments) as a result of illegal activities. The research focuses on the damage assessment criteria and resulting diminishment of economic value that are used in several countries, as well as examines the key interests and stakeholders in damage assessment process and outcome. It further describes the corresponding situation in Latvia, determines the existing challenges and proposes the basis for improvement in administrative and legal procedures. Methods applied in the research are literature review, legal framework and documentary analysis, statistical analysis and elements of qualitative content analysis. International intercomparisons have been made consulting with foreign experts. The assay is mostly done from legal and socioeconomic point of view. The results of the research could be used for the purposes of amending legal regulation and damage assessment mechanisms.
Multidestination travel of the Slovenian population
Authors: Cigale Dejan
Published: August 2020

This paper focuses on the multidestination travel of the Slovenian population. It presents the results of a questionnaire survey that aimed to gain insight into some relevant characteristics of the travel behaviour of the Slovenian population and its links to factors that were found in previous research to be related to the incidence of multidestination travel. A destination was defined within this research as any location where an overnight stop is made. Single-destination trips prevailed. Still, a considerable percentage of respondents’ most recent trips had been multidestination trips. The greater part of them was directed to just one country within which they visited several overnight destinations. The results indicate that duration of trip, distance of destination from tourists’ residential location, familiarity of destination, travel-group size and tourists’ activities are associated with the likelihood of multidestination travel.
Expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes in ERN1 knockdown U87 glioma cells: effect of hypoxia and glucose deprivation
Authors: Minchenko Dmytro O. , Khita Olena O. , Tsymbal Dariia O. , Danilovskyi Serhij V. , Rudnytska Olha V. , Halkin Oleh V. , Kryvdiuk Iryna V. , Smeshkova Maria V. , Yakymchuk Mykhailo M. , Bezrodnyi Borys H. , Minchenko Oleksandr H.
Published: August 2020

Objective. The aim of the present investigation was to study the expression of genes encoding polyfunctional proteins insulinase (insulin degrading enzyme, IDE) and pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1 (PITRM1) in U87 glioma cells in response to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling mediated by ERN1/IRE1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1) for evaluation of their possible significance in the control of metabolism through ERN1 signaling as well as hypoxia, glucose and glutamine deprivations.

Methods. The expression level of IDE and PITRM1 genes was studied in control and ERN1 knockdown U87 glioma cells under glucose and glutamine deprivations as well as hypoxia by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results. It was found that the expression level of IDE and PITRM1 genes was down-regulated in ERN1 knockdown (without ERN1 protein kinase and endoribonuclease activity) glioma cells in comparison with the control glioma cells, being more significant for PITRM1 gene. We also found up-regulation of microRNA MIR7-2 and MIRLET7A2, which have specific binding sites in 3’-untranslated region of IDE and PITRM1 mRNAs, correspondingly, and can participate in posttranscriptional regulation of these mRNA expressions. Only inhibition of ERN1 endoribonuclease did not change significantly the expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes in glioma cells. The expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes is preferentially regulated by ERN1 protein kinase. We also showed that hypoxia down-regulated the expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes and that knockdown of ERN1 signaling enzyme function modified the response of these gene expressions to hypoxia. Glucose deprivation increased the expression level of IDE and PITRM1 genes, but ERN1 knockdown enhanced only the effect of glucose deprivation on PITRM1 gene expression. Glutamine deprivation did not affect the expression of IDE gene in both types of glioma cells, but up-regulated PITRM1 gene and this up-regulation was stronger in ERN1 knockdown cells.

Conclusions. Results of this investigation demonstrate that ERN1 knockdown significantly decreases the expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes by ERN1 protein kinase mediated mechanism. The expression of both studied genes was sensitive to hypoxia as well as glucose deprivation and dependent on ERN1 signaling in gene-specific manner. It is possible that the level of these genes expression under hypoxia and glucose deprivation is a result of complex interaction of variable endoplasmic reticulum stress related and unrelated regulatory factors and contributed to the control of the cell metabolism.