bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral Lesions, HIV Phenotypes, and Management of HIV-Related Disease
Authors: Patton L.L. , Ranganathan K. , Naidoo S. , Bhayat A. , Balasundaram S. , Adeyemi O. , Taiwo O. , Speicher D.J. , Chandra L.
Published: March 2011

The workshop considered 5 questions related to oral lesions, HIV phenotypes, and the management of HIV-related disease, with a focus on evidence and challenges in resource-poor settings. First, are oral lesions unique with respect to geographic location or phenotype? Second, how useful would an oral lesion index be to predict HIV in resource-poor countries with no access to CD4 counts or viral load? Third, what are the latest methods and delivery modes for drugs used to treat oral lesions associated with HIV? Fourth, what is the role of the oral health care worker in rapid diagnostic testing for HIV? Fifth, what ethical and legal issues are to be considered when managing the HIV patient? The consensus of the workshop was the need for additional research in 4 key areas in developing countries: (1) additional investigation of comorbidities associated with HIV infection that may affect oral lesion presentation and distribution, especially in pediatric populations; (2) the development of region-specific algorithms involving HIV oral lesions, indicating cumulative risk of immune suppression and the presence of HIV disease; (3) well-designed clinical trials to test new therapies for oral lesions, new treatments for resistant oral fungal and viral diseases, effectiveness of therapies in children, and new drug delivery systems; and (4) the role of the oral health care worker in rapid diagnostic testing for HIV in various regions of the world.
Clinical Markers of Immunodeficiency and Mechanism of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV
Authors: Ramirez-Amador V. , Nittayananta W. , Magalhães M. , Flint S.R. , Peters B.S. , Tappuni A.R.
Published: March 2011

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved survival and changed the disease pattern of HIV infection. However, ART may cause serious side effects, such as metabolic and cardiovascular complications. In addition, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is being increasingly reported in relation to ART. The article presents the consensus of a workshop around 4 key issues: (1) the differences in the response of adults and children to highly active antiretroviral therapy, (2) the mechanism of the new HIV entry inhibitors and its effect on oral markers, (3) the pathogenesis of IRIS and the contradictory findings of the possible oral lesions related with IRIS, (4) and the benefits and barriers associated with using ART in the developing and developed world. The consensus of the workshop was that there is a need for future studies on the oral manifestations of HIV in individuals treated with new ARTs—especially, children. IRIS was considered a promising field for future research; as such, workshop attendees recommended formulating an IRIS–oral lesions case definition and following strict criteria for its diagnosis.
Social Aspects of HIV and Their Relationship to Craniofacial Problems
Authors: Umadevi K.R. , Blignaut E. , Glick M. , Nasir E. , Yengopal V. , Younai F. , Robinson P.G.
Published: March 2011

The oral research community needs an understanding of the social causes, consequences, and costs of disease in relation to oral health. This workshop concluded that HIV infection constitutes a special dental need requiring specific arrangements to facilitate oral care for infected persons. Oral manifestations of HIV infection affect everyday life, but more evidence is needed on the effects of interventions to alleviate these impacts. Other oral health habits add to the burden of HIV/AIDS-associated oral diseases and compete with them for resources. These problems are most acute where the prevalence of HIV is high and resources are scarce. Effective health promotion is therefore important in these areas. Without data on the utility of oral health care in developing countries, practical approaches are guided by societal and multidisciplinary principles. There are also important ethical considerations
Articulation Rate in Childhood and Adolescence: Hebrew Speakers
Authors: Amir Ofer , Grinfeld Doreen
Published: March 2011

This study aimed to quantify articulation rate among Hebrew speaking children and adolescents across a wide age range, and to assess whether age-related differences vary according to metric. One hundred and forty children, in seven age groups, participated in this cross-sectional study. All children were recorded during conversation and a picture description task, and articulation rate was measured using three metrics: word per minute (WPM), syllable per second (SPS) and phone per second (PPS). A significant increase in articulation rate was observed with age. Rate measurements during conversation were significantly faster than in picture description, and no gender differences were found. In general, the SPS and PPS metrics yielded equivalent results, which were different from those obtained with the WPM metric. Articulation rate among normally fluent children and adolescents increased with age. Furthermore, an increase in rate was evident after the age of 13 years.
Perception of Japanese Temporally-cued Contrasts by American English Listeners
Authors: Hisagi Miwako , Strange Winifred
Published: March 2011

American listeners’ perception of Japanese contrasts of vowel length (e.g., kiro vs. kiiro), consonant length (e.g., kite vs. kitte) and syllable number/length (e.g., kjoo vs. kijoo) was examined. Stimuli consisted of sentence-length utterances produced by a native Japanese talker; five minimal pairs of each contrast type were included. Questions were: a) can American listeners with no Japanese experience discriminate these contrasts, b) are there differences in relative difficulty of the three contrast types, and c) do instructions and other task variables affect performance accuracy? A categorial AXB discrimination task was used in two studies: Study 1 tested the three contrast types presented in separate blocks with detailed instructions about what to listen for; Study 2 tested the contrast types presented randomly intermixed with no specific instructions about the nature of the contrasts. Results indicated that naïve American listeners could discriminate all three contrast types well above chance, and that there were no significant overall differences in relative difficulty across contrast types. Performance was significantly poorer in Study 2 where listeners’ attention had not been directed to the nature of the contrasts. In both studies, there was significant and large variability in accuracy across different minimal pairs of each contrast type.
Social Impact Assessment
Authors: Mathur Hari Mohan
Published: March 2011

Projects undertaken without the knowledge of their likely social impacts tend to produce unintended hardships for the local population. In order to preempt such failures, planning agencies, especially international aid agencies, insist on a prior assessment of possible harmful consequences of development interventions, so that corrective actions could be taken well in time. In India, the new National R&R policy 2007 has also mandated that a SIA be carried out whenever either a new project or expansion of an existing project is undertaken. This article provides a short history of the concept, discusses the causes and types of impacts commonly encountered, and then proceeds to describe the SIA process and the participatory social research methodology used in conducting a comprehensive SIA study. The author concludes that despite the many known advantages of SIA, its potential for informed decision-making still remains to be fully realised.
An Examination of Changes in LSI-R Scores Over Time: Making the Case for Needs-Based Case Management
Authors: Schlager Melinda D. , Pacheco Daniel
Published: March 2011

The Level of Service Inventory—Revised (LSI-R) is an actuarially derived risk assessment instrument with a demonstrated reputation and record of supportive research. It has shown predictive validity on several offender populations. Although a significant literature has emerged on the validity and use of the LSI-R, no research has specifically examined change scores or the dynamics of reassessment and its importance with respect to case management. Flores, Lowenkamp, Holsinger, and Latessa and Lowenkamp and Bechtel, among others, specifically identify the importance and need to examine LSI-R reassessment scores. The present study uses a sample of parolees ( N = 179) from various community corrections programs that were administered the LSI-R at two different times. Results indicate that both mean composite and subcomponent LSI-R scores statistically significantly decreased between Time 1 and Time 2. The practical, theoretical, and policy implications of these results are discussed.
Tissue Tropism of African Horsesickness Virus in the Chicken Embryo Demonstrated With the Avidin–Biotin Complex Immunoperoxidase Method
Authors: Maartens L. H. , Erasmus B. J. , Clift S. J.
Published: March 2011

In horses, African horsesickness virus (AHSV) exhibits marked tropism for certain microvascular endothelia and components of the mononuclear phagocyte system. In this study, the tropism of a field isolate of AHSV serotype 5 was studied in 24 chicken embryos. Histopathology on embryonic tissues harvested with 12 hour intervals revealed progressive changes associated with endothelial damage. Immunolabeling demonstrated viral antigens in the microvascular endothelium of the spleen, lungs, and the mesenchymal connective tissue at the base of the neck, from 24 hours post inoculation. Subsequently, specific immunolabeling increased steadily in endothelia of these and other tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, gastrointestinal smooth muscle, mesonephric glomeruli, liver, subcutis and feathers. Positive immunolabeling was also occasionally observed in circulating mononuclear cells and in Kupffer cells in the liver. It was concluded, that this isolate of AHSV displayed similar tissue tropism in the chicken embryo as in the horse.
In Defence of Dialogue of Civilisations: With a Brief Illustration of the Diverging Agreement between Edward Said and Louis Massignon
Authors: Petito Fabio
Published: March 2011

In this article I want to put forward an intellectual defence of the political discourse of dialogue of civilisations by challenging the idea that ‘civilisation-based thinking’ is necessarily a conflict-generating factor and arguing that, contrary to fashionable assumptions, a civilisational dialogue that wants to contribute to a more peaceful world order requires, in a qualified way, ‘stronger’ civilisational identities. In particular, I take issue with the academic criticisms to dialogue of civilisations coming from the camp of the critique of the clash of civilisations and well represented by Amartya Sen’s explicit and Edward Said’s more indirect critiques to ‘civilisation-based thinking’: by unveiling their implicit endorsement of the Westphalian/secularist presumption, I will show the counter-intuitive political implications of a dialogue among ‘strong’ civilisational identities and traditions when framed hermeneutically as ‘fusion of horizons’. Finally I provide a supplementary brief illustration to my defence of dialogue of civilisations by criticising Said’s reading of Louis Massignon — the great 20th century French scholar of Islam — as part of Orientalism and suggesting that ‘in diverging agreement’ with Said, Massignon’s work and life stand as a very concrete proof of the possibility of a ‘dialogue of civilisations’ that escapes the yoke of the Orientalist accusations.
Arthroscopically Assisted Stabilization of Acute High-Grade Acromioclavicular Joint Separations
Authors: Scheibel Markus , Dröschel Silvia , Gerhardt Christian , Kraus Natascha
Published: March 2011

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results after arthroscopically assisted and image intensifier–controlled stabilization of high-grade acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations using the double TightRope technique with the first-generation implant.

Hypothesis: The double TightRope technique using the first-generation implant leads to good clinical and radiological results by re-creating the anatomy of the AC joint.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Thirty-seven consecutive patients (4 women and 33 men; mean age, 38.6 years) who sustained an acute AC joint dislocation grade V according to Rockwood were included in this prospective study. The Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), the Constant Score (CS), the Taft Score (TS), and a newly developed Acromioclavicular Joint Instability Score (ACJI) were used for final follow-up. Bilateral stress views and bilateral Alexander views were taken to evaluate radiographic signs of recurrent vertical and horizontal AC joint instability.

Results: Twenty-eight patients (2 women and 26 men; mean age, 38.8 years [range, 18-66 years]) could be evaluated after a mean follow-up of 26.5 months (range, 20.1-32.8 months). The interval from trauma to surgery averaged 7.3 days (range, 0-18 days). The mean SSV reached 95.1% (range, 85%-100%), the mean CS was 91.5 points (range, 84-100) (contralateral side: mean, 92.6 points), the mean TS was 10.5 points (range, 7-12), and the ACJI averaged 79.9 points (range, 45-100). The final coracoclavicular distance was 13.6 mm (range, 5-27 mm) on the operated versus 9.4 mm (range, 4-15 mm) on the contralateral side ( P < .05). Radiographic signs of posterior instability were noted in 42.9% of cases. Patients with evidence of posterior instability had significantly inferior results in the TS and the ACJI ( P < .05). Neither coracoid fractures nor early (within 6 weeks postoperatively) loss of reduction due to tunnel malpositioning or implant loosening was observed.

Conclusion: The combined arthroscopically assisted and image intensifier–controlled double TightRope technique using implants of the first-generation represents a safe technique and yields good to excellent early clinical results despite the presence of partial recurrent vertical and horizontal AC joint instability.
Drug-loaded electrospun polylactide bundles
Authors: Toncheva Antoniya , Spasova Mariya , Paneva Dilyana , Manolova Nevena , Rashkov Iliya
Published: March 2011

Bundle membranes were made by electrospinning poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and PLLA/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) using the ionic properties of diclofenac sodium (DS), lidocaine hydrochloride (LHC), benzalkonium chloride (BC), and combinations thereof. The self-bundling of the fibers was initiated by using a designed grounded multi-needle electrode. Computer simulations on the electrostatic field distribution depended on the multi-needle position with respect to a grounded rotating drum collector which allowed the optimal arrangement of the electrospinning component set-up to obtain bundles. The combination of the ionization of the drugs as well as the utilization of the multi-needle electrode allowed the successful preparation of a series of mono-(DS, LHC, or BC), bi-(DS/LHC), and three-(DS/LHC/BC) drug(s)-loaded bundle membranes. Based on the Fourier transform infrared spectra, the drug systems were incorporated into the fibrous materials. The microbiological tests confirmed that the PLLA/ PEG bundle membranes containing BC (10 wt%), DS (30 wt%), DS/LHC (DS, 30 wt%; LHC, 30 wt%), and DS/LHC/BC (DS, 15 wt%; LHC, 15 wt%; and BC, 10 wt%) exhibited antibacterial activity against the pathogenic microorganism Staphylococcus aureus.
ABC triblock copolymers with pH-responsive LCST for controlled drug delivery
Authors: Gan Yan-Chang , Yuan Jin-Fang , Liu Xue-Jun , Pan Wang  , Gao Qing-Yu
Published: March 2011

The thermo- and amphiphilic ABC triblock copolymers, single-methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate), were synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization. The triblock copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. The copolymers self-assemble into thermo-responsive nano-sized micelles in aqueous media. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering showed that the micelles were regularly spherical in shape with an average diameter ~120 nm. Fluorescence analysis indicated that the triblock copolymer had a low critical micelle concentration of 2.5 mg/L in aqueous media at pH 7.4 and room temperature. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the micelles could be altered by simply changing the pH. The LCST of the triblock copolymer at pH 5.5 was altered to 37.5 ° C (close to physiological temperature) by copolymerizing N-isopropylacrylamide with acrylic acid. When the pH was increased to 7.4, the LCST increased to 55°C and it decreased to 33°C when the pH was 2.0. The micelles exhibited good biocompatibility with human embryonic kidney cells, when the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was performed. The controlled release of folic acid (FA) from FA-loaded micelles under different conditions was evaluated. The rate and amount of the drug released were greater above the LCST than below it.
Stabilization of Bombyx mori silk fibroin/sericin films by crosslinking with PEG-DE 600 and genipin
Authors: Motta Antonella , Barbato Beatrice , Foss Cristina , Torricelli Paola , Migliaresi Claudio
Published: March 2011

Silk fibroin and sericin have been widely used as a biomaterial for many different purposes. In this study, the properties of crosslinked fibroin/sericin 90/10 films have been investigated using two different crosslinkers poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether 600 (PEG-DE) and genipin. The films were characterized by molecular weight, fibroin conformation, crystallinity, and thermal stability. Both PEG-DE and genipin cross-linkers stabilized the random/α-helix structures in the fibroin and prevented phase separation between fibroin and sericin that occurs with non-crosslinked materials. The genipin crosslinked film displayed highest elongation at break and tensile strength. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the materials was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase activity and the viability was based on the tetrazolium salt and WST-1 tests. All films exhibited good biocompatibility and supported cell adhesion and proliferation.
The Changing Epidemiology of HIV-Infected Patients in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Akgün Kathleen M. , Pisani Margaret , Crothers Kristina
Published: March 2011

With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV has become a chronic disease. As HIV-infected patients are aging, they are at increased risk for comorbid diseases. These non-AIDS related diseases account for a growing proportion of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in HIV-infected patients in recent studies. HIV-infected patients still present to the ICU with HIV-related conditions such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), but these conditions are becoming less common. Respiratory failure remains the most common indication for ICU admission. Immune reconstitution inflammatory response syndrome and toxicities related to HAART may also result in ICU admission. While ICU survival has improved since the earliest era of the HIV epidemic, hospital mortality for HIV-infected patients admitted to the ICU remains around 30%. Risk factors for ICU mortality include poor functional status, weight loss, more than one year between HIV diagnosis and ICU admission, lower serum albumin, higher severity of illness, need for mechanical ventilation, and respiratory failure-particularly if due to PCP and accompanied by pneumothorax. The impact of HAART on ICU outcomes is unclear. HAART administration in the ICU can be challenging due to limited delivery routes, concern for viral resistance and medication toxicities. There are no data to determine the safety or efficacy of HAART initiation in the ICU. Future studies are needed to address the role of age, associated comorbidities and impact of HAART on outcomes of HIV-infected patients admitted to the ICU
A Multicenter Survey of Heparin Prophylaxis Practice in Pediatric Critical Care
Authors: Clarke Margaret , da Cruz Eduardo , Koehler Julianne , Kaufman Jon
Published: March 2011

Heparin prophylaxis (HP) is commonly used for prevention of central venous catheter (CVC)-related complications among pediatric intensivists, yet efficacy of this therapy is unknown. We conducted a survey of pediatric intensivists and their experiences with HP. A total of 96 responses were received. Almost half of the respondents regularly used HP in patients with CVCs, yet most were unsure of its benefit. The majority of respondents claimed to experience no adverse effects; the complications that were reported to occur were related to bleeding or suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Overall, participants felt CVC-associated HP was safe in pediatric critical illness, while acknowledging the paucity of compelling data.
End-of-Life Care in ICU
Authors: Spinello Irene M.
Published: March 2011

Proper critical care training and management rests on 3 pillars—evidence-based patient care, proficient procedural skills, and compassionate end-of-life (EOL) management. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a practical guide to EOL management for all bedside practitioners. The manuscript outlines not all but some fundamentally important ethical concepts and provides helpful rules and steps on end-of-life management based on my own personal experience and practice. Moreover, nowhere in the rigorous training of critical care or hospitalist physicians do we teach the procedure for removal of life-sustaining measures. Like any other procedure in medicine, it requires preparation, implementation and conclusion, as well as supervision and repetition to become proficient. Therefore, at the conclusion of this paper, an attempt is made to correct this lack of training by providing such outline and a guide.
Hypertonic Saline and Mannitol Therapy in Critical Care Neurology
Authors: Hinson Holly E. , Stein Deborah , Sheth Kevin N.
Published: March 2011

Osmotic agents play a vital role in the reduction of elevated intracranial pressure and treatment of cerebral edema in Neurologic critical care. Both mannitol and hypertonic saline reduce cerebral edema in many clinical syndromes, yet there is controversy over agent selection, timing, and dosing regimens. Despite the lack of randomized, controlled trials, our knowledge base on the appropriate clinical use of osmotic agents continues to expand. This review will summarize the evidence for the use of mannitol and hypertonic saline in a variety of disease states causing cerebral edema, as well as outlining monitoring and safety considerations.
Reconceptualising employee silence
Authors: Donaghey Jimmy , Cullinane Niall , Dundon Tony , Wilkinson Adrian
Published: March 2011

A growing literature has emerged on employee silence, located within the field of organisational behaviour. Scholars have investigated when and how employees articulate voice and when and how they will opt for silence. While offering many insights, this analysis is inherently one-sided in its interpretation of silence as a product of employee motivations. An alternative reading of silence is offered which focuses on the role of management. Using the non-union employee representation literature for illustrative purposes, the significance of management in structuring employee silence is considered. Highlighted are the ways in which management, through agenda-setting and institutional structures, can perpetuate silence over a range of issues, thereby organising employees out of the voice process. These considerations are redeployed to offer a dialectical interpretation of employee silence in a conceptual framework to assist further research and analysis.
Beyond interaction
Authors: Sherman Rachel
Published: March 2011

The literature on the role of customers in service work has neglected work that does not involve significant face-to-face interaction, assuming it to be distant from customer influence and thus highly routinisable. This article uses ethnographic data from housekeeping and room service in two urban luxury hotels in the USA to look comparatively at how customers influence this work and its management. It argues that customers affect several non-interactive dimensions of these jobs, including timing, pace and effort. These effects also influence managerial strategies for organising labour processes, making routinisation impossible and shaping alternatives. These findings indicate the need for a reconceptualisation of customer influence in work.
Forms of capital, intra-ethnic variation and Polish entrepreneurs in Leicester
Authors: Vershinina Natalia , Barrett Rowena , Meyer Michael
Published: March 2011

A study of ten Polish entrepreneurs operating in Leicester, UK is reported in this article. The concepts of social, cultural and economic capital are used as the lens through which to explore the way the capital they access is employed and converted into entrepreneurial activity. Ethnic entrepreneurship takes place within wider social, political and economic institutional frameworks and opportunity structures and so this is taken into account by differentiating two groups – post-war and contemporary Polish entrepreneurs. The differing origins and amounts of forms of capital they can access are shown as is how these are converted into valued outcomes. Combining the mixed embeddedness approach with a forms-of-capital analysis enables looking beyond social capital to elaborate on intra-ethnic variation in the UK’s Polish entrepreneurial community.
‘We both need to work’
Authors: Lyonette Clare , Kaufman Gayle , Crompton Rosemary
Published: March 2011

Both Britain and the USA are described as market-oriented or ‘liberal’ welfare regimes. However, there are important variations within these two countries: although both have high rates of maternal employment, part-time work is much more common in the UK than in the USA, where dual-earner (full-time) couples are the norm. Part-time employment can help to ease work-family conflict for women, while simultaneously contributing to the household income. However, part-time work is limited in its economic benefits, is also career limiting, and, in the USA, it generally comes without health insurance. While most of the current research regarding maternal employment decisions focuses on women, this research involves interviews with 83 British and American fathers, to better understand the complexity of such decision-making. Men’s attitudes and experiences are examined in detail, focusing on the need for two incomes, the importance of paid health care and childcare costs and the potential role of part-time work.
Do employability skills really matter in the UK graduate labour market? The case of business and management graduates
Authors: Wilton Nick
Published: March 2011

Two dominant rationales are offered by UK policymakers for the continued expansion of higher education: to service the high-skill labour requirements of a knowledge economy, and to increase educational and employment opportunities for under-represented groups. The discourse of employability connects these two rationales in a simplistic manner. Individual employability is described as both the means by which to obtain and maintain high-quality employment and to eradicate the social reproduction of inequality. However, evidence drawn from a survey of graduate careers suggests that for a cohort of recent business and management graduates, the relationship between employability and employment is far from straightforward. The data suggest that traditional labour market disadvantage still appears to be an impediment to achievement, regardless of the extent to which graduates develop employability skills during their undergraduate studies.
Getting personnel
Authors: Spencer David A.
Published: March 2011

This article seeks to critique and transcend the economics of personnel, a new and fast growing area of mainstream labour economics that focuses upon the study of human resources issues. Personnel economics is presented by its founder Edward Lazear as a superior alternative to research in other established fields, including HRM and the sociology of work. It is argued against Lazear that personnel economics offers a limited and flawed conception of work and work relations. The key problem comes with its adoption of mainstream economic concepts and methods that are unsuited to the proper study of work matters. Critical comments are also directed at the ideology as well as the imperialistic intent of personnel economics. Going beyond personnel economics, the article argues for an alternative approach to the integration of economics with work research that encompasses and develops ideas and methods from within the heterodox economics or political economy literature.
Web 2.0 in the professional LIS literature: An exploratory analysis
Authors: Aharony Noa
Published: March 2011

This paper presents a statistical descriptive analysis and a thorough content analysis of descriptors and journal titles extracted from the Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) database, focusing on the subject of Web 2.0 and its main applications: blog, wiki, social network and tags.The primary research questions include: whether the phenomenon of Web 2.0 with its various applications is significantly expressed in the professional LIS literature; which kind of journals deal with Web 2.0 and its applications; and what are the emerging issues or trends expressed in the professional LIS literature. The findings reveal that the percentage of peer-reviewed articles concerning Web 2.0 is quite low, and a close link between Web 2.0 and library issues. This tendency may suggest the potential of Web 2.0 and its implications for libraries, as presented in the professional LIS literature.
Precuneus hypoperfusion plays an important role in memory impairment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Oh DH , Kim SH , Jung S , Sung Y-K , Bang S-Y , Bae S-C , Choi Y-Y
Published: March 2011

The present study was designed to identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with memory impairments. Nineteen SLE patients (mean age 36.1 ± 8.6 years, range 17–47) with subjective memory complaints underwent brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS) and the Rey–Kim Memory Test (RKMT) were used objectively to evaluate cognitive functions in these patients. On the basis of the Intelligence Quotient–Memory Quotient (IQ-MQ) difference score, patients were classified into two groups: those with below one standard deviation (SD) from the mean for normal subjects of comparable age and education (memory impairment, n = 6) and those with without memory impairment (non-memory impairment, n = 13). Their brain SPECT images were analyzed by statistical parametric mapping (SPM) for group comparisons. The group of SLE patients with memory impairment showed significant hypoperfusion in the right precuneus compared with those with non-memory impairment ( p < 0.001). Hypoperfusion of the precuneus may play a significant role in the memory function of SLE patients. SPM analysis of brain SPECT images could be a useful and objective tool for identifying abnormal rCBF in SLE patients with memory impairment.
CavinKare Private Limited (A)
Authors: Srinivasan R.
Published: March 2011

Case A on CavinKare describes the entrepreneurial journey of the founder, C.K. Ranganathan. As the enterprise outperformed expectations, the organization set itself an incredible vision. This case traces the history of the entrepreneur and the growth story of the enterprise. The case describes the context of opportunity recognition and exploitation, and elucidates the significant decisions taken by the entrepreneur and the organization in order to sustain rapid growth amidst liberalization and stiff competition from multinational companies with deep pockets and significant stakes in the industry.
CavinKare Private Limited (B)
Authors: Srinivasan R.
Published: March 2011

Case B on CavinKare describes the incredible vision the organization has set for itself. This case is set at a time when the company had achieved significant progress towards its incredible vision, but needed a quantum jump in performance to sustain its growth. The case describes the FMCG industry and the firm’s capabilities, and evolves strategic challenges facing the company, including sustaining high growth, expanding the product focus to men’s range of products and investment in the services business.
Scar Cultures
Authors: Nayar Pramod K.
Published: March 2011

The article examines the discourses and representations of suffering in public culture. Situated within cultural emotion studies, it assumes that suffering is tied to ‘spectacles’ of bodily injury and vulnerability. It first analyzes images and the rhetorics of suffering, pain and trauma. There is now a near-persistent visual culture of extreme and distant deprivation—voluntary, in extreme sports, or involuntary like war or starvation victims—beamed into our living rooms. Discourses of suffering deploy, I propose, a trauma-aesthetic that consists of individualization–personalization and the making of a ‘barbaric space’. Visual cultures of bodily trauma constitute now a spectacle of sentiment, the article argues. Finally, I propose the emergence of a moral imagination, a sense of affective communities and a new geopolitics of the world through the discovery of the shared precarity of lives. Scar cultures, the article concludes, has a role to play in global politics because they initiate ethical, affective responses. It is through a commodification of suffering and its ethical consumption that the space is cleared for a new politics of recognition—and this politics is based on the emotional intelligence of the global community
How Entertainment-Education Programmes Promote Dialogue in Support of Social Change
Authors: Papa Michael J. , Singhal Arvind
Published: March 2011

Mass media messages often prompt dialogue among listeners or viewers. Such dialogue may reinforce social stability or lead to pro-social change. If the dialogue prompted by a mass media programme is central to understanding media effects, what forms does this dialogue take, and how does it influence people to change their thinking and actions? These questions formed the basis of the present investigation, which examined an entertainment-education (E-E) programme in India, developed with the intention of promoting pro-social change (e.g., gender equality, family planning, etc.). We discovered that internal dialogue (parasocial interaction) between listeners and media characters lead to conversations about the educational content of the media programme that fuelled support for social stability and for pro-social change. Second, interpersonal dialogue within families, and dialogue at the group level among community members, facilitated discussion of sensitive or taboo subjects in ways that were supportive of social stability as well as social change in family and community dynamics. Finally, listeners and viewers of E-E programmes confronted powerful forces of resistance as they attempted to change community power dynamics. Despite these difficulties, our findings suggest that synergistic possibilities for social action emerge when E-E broadcasts disseminate pro-social models of behaviour that spark various forms of dialogue among audience members.
The Influence of Collection Zone on Glucosinolates, Polyphenols and Flavonoids Contents and Biological Profiles of Capparis sicula ssp. sicula
Authors: Conforti F. , Marcotullio M.C. , Menichini F. , Statti G.A. , Vannutelli L. , Burini G. , Menichini F. , Curini M.
Published: March 2011

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of collection zone on total phenol, flavonoid and glucosinolate contents and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of caper ( Capparis sicula ssp. sicula). This species has been characterized through the detection, isolation and quantitative evaluation of chemical markers (polyphenols, flavonoids and glucosinolates). The chemical investigation showed a different composition between the two collection zones. While the total amounts of phenolics and flavonoids of the two samples were quite the same, their high-performance liquid chromatography profiles were very different. In both samples, the most abundant aglycone was quercetin which accounted for 60% of total flavonoids. Nuclear magnetic resonance data analysis allowed the identification of two compounds: 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids which represented 6.67% and 15.94%, respectively, of the total amount of flavonoids in sample 1. In sample 2, these two acids were still present, but their percentages were much less (2.20% and 1.71%, respectively). As far as we know, this is the first report about the presence of dicaffeoylquinic acids in Capparis. With regard to glucosinolate content, sample 1 showed a higher content of glucosinolates. In both samples, glucocapparin was the most abundant compound. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic C. sicula extracts using diphenyl picrylhydrazyl, β-carotene bleaching test and oxygen radical absorbance capacity showed that the sample 2 was more active than 1. As regards the inhibition of NO production, the extracts from sample 2 were more active than those from sample 1.
Primary Factors Influencing Green Building in Cities in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Mason Susan G. , Marker Tony , Mirsky Rebecca
Published: March 2011

This article provides empirical evidence that the factors of context and social climate are the most influential for achieving green building. Using both chi-squared analysis and factor analysis findings indicate that providing the context and social climate which can reduce transaction costs influence green building. Specifically, through policies and guidelines, having the local expertise and support to make the outcomes occur are all important factors. Additionally, central cities were much more likely to engage in green building than suburban or non-metropolitan areas. This has implications for matters of collective action.
A Note on Rail Transit Cost-Benefit Analysis: Do Nonuser Benefits Make a Difference?
Authors: Gordon Peter , Kolesar Paige Elise
Published: March 2011

Rail transit systems in modern American cities typically underperform. In light of high costs and low ridership, the cost-benefit results have been poor. But advocates often suggest that external (non-rider) benefits could soften these conclusions. In this paper we include recently published estimates of such non-rider benefits in the cost-benefit analysis. Adding these to recently published data for costs and ridership, we examine 34 post-World War II U.S. rail transit systems (8 commuter rail, 6 heavy rail and 20 light rail). The inclusion of the non-rider benefits does not change the negative assessment. In fact, sensitivity analyses that double the estimated non-rider benefits and/or double transit ridership also leave us with poor performance readings. Advocates who suggest that there are still other benefits that we have not included (always a possibility) have a high hurdle to clear.
Defining the Problem: Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program Impediments Identified by Survey of Program Administrators
Authors: Orndoff Cynthia , Papkov Galen , Behney Michael , Lubart Joanne
Published: March 2011

This article focuses on the uncharted waters of Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) program administration by its most principal stewards, the DBE program administrators, for each state department of transportation (DOT). Toward this end, a research subcommittee of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)1 conducted a national survey of DOT DBE program administrators. The web-based survey was conducted in the fall of 2008 and repeated in the fall of 2009 by The Center for Survey Research at the Pennsylvania State University, Capital College. The survey was expressly designed to gauge the foremost issues and concerns of the DBE program nationally and to stimulate directed research into the daily problems faced by DBEs in general and by DOT DBE program administrators in particular. This article attempts to forge a new understanding of the DBE program by focusing on defining the problems in DBE program administration to enhance efforts to improve the DBE program nationwide.
Vicarious intergroup contact effects
Authors: Mazziotta Agostino , Mummendey Amélie , Wright Stephen C.
Published: March 2011

This contribution examines the role of vicarious contact (observing in-group members having successful cross-group contact) as a tool to improve intergroup relations. Expanding previous research on indirect intergroup contact, vicarious contact (1) integrates and applies concepts of social-cognitive theory ( Bandura, 1986 ) to the field of intergroup contact research; (2) broadens the study of indirect contact effects to the observation of successful cross-group interactions; and (3) proposes to increase people’s intention for direct cross-group contact. Two video-based experiments indicate that vicarious contact improves attitudes towards the out-group and increases participants’ willingness to engage in direct cross-group contact. These studies provide evidence that the relation between vicarious contact and intergroup attitudes (and willingness to engage in direct contact) is sequentially mediated by self-efficacy expectancy and perceived intergroup uncertainty. Implications of these findings for further research on the (indirect) contact hypothesis and their application will be discussed.
Individual difference variables as moderators of the effect of extended cross-group friendship on prejudice
Authors: Sharp Melanie , Voci Alberto , Hewstone Miles
Published: March 2011

A correlational study investigated whether individual difference variables (public self-consciousness and social comparison) moderate the impact of extended cross-group friendship on attitudes towards two outgroups (Asians and gay men). Social comparison moderated the impact of extended cross-group friendships on attitudes to both Asians (significantly) and gay men (marginally). There were no reliable effects of public self-consciousness. These results are consistent with findings that extended cross-group friendship works primarily when individuals attach importance to social norms, and that attitudes towards some outgroups (e.g., ethnic outgroups) are more influenced by norms than are other attitudes (e.g., attitudes towards gay men). We argue that the moderation effect of social comparison does not weaken the potential of extended contact to reduce prejudice, because intergroup encounters typically involve some degree of uncertainty and foster reliance on social norms.
Mobile phone appropriation in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: de Souza e Silva Adriana , Sutko Daniel M. , Salis Fernando A. , de Souza e Silva Claudio
Published: March 2011

This qualitative case study describes the social appropriation of mobile phones among low-income communities in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) by asking how favela (slum) residents appropriate cell phones. Findings highlight the difficulty these populations encounter in acquiring and using cell phones due to social and economic factors, and the consequent subversive or illegal tactics used to gain access to such technology. Moreover, these tactics are embedded in and exemplars of the cyclic power relationships between high-and low-income populations that constitute the unique use of mobile technologies in these Brazilian slums. The article concludes by suggesting that future research on technology in low-income communities focus instead on the relationship of people to technology rather than a dichotomization of their access or lack thereof.
‘Bodies is what makes it work’: Statecraft and urban informality in the Philadelphia recovery house movement
Authors: Fairbanks Robert P
Published: March 2011

There are some 30,000 abandoned row houses in the city of Philadelphia. In the neighborhood of Kensington, recovery house operators have reconfigured hundreds of row homes to produce the Philadelphia recovery house movement: an extra-legal poverty survival strategy for addicts and alcoholics located in the city’s poorest and most heavily blighted zones. The purpose of this article is to explore, ethnographically, the ways in which street-level survival mechanisms articulate with the restructuring of the contemporary welfare state and the broader political economy of Philadelphia. I use ethnographic data to reveal how the recovery house, as an unplanned predatory ‘subsistence niche’ (Davis, 2006), operates in concert with the workfare state, the informal/deregulated low wage service sector, and the criminal justice system. The contradictions of the movement explain how informal street level poverty politics in areas of spatially concentrated poverty work along the periphery of post-welfare regulatory institutions.
Positive loitering and public goods: The ambivalence of civic participation and community policing in the neoliberal city
Authors: Rai Candice
Published: March 2011

This article examines a community policing practice called ‘positive loitering’ — a strategy devised to eradicate the public occurrences of ‘negative loitering’ and informal labor markets in a gentrifying Chicago neighborhood. By analyzing the everyday rhetorics and practices around ‘positive loitering’ protests, this ethnographic case study focuses on the multifarious and nuanced channels by which the material inequities of the neoliberal state are remade through the active energies of citizens struggling to define contested public spaces and the future of their neighborhood.
East Nashville skyline
Authors: Lloyd Richard
Published: March 2011

This article examines a familiar urban dynamic — gentrification — in the less familiar setting of Nashville, Tennessee. In recent years, gentrification processes are accompanied by legitimating appeals to civic design trends and new cultural dynamics, particularly those associated with the New Urbanism and the promotion of ‘‘creative’’ city environments nurturing educated and culturally savvy residents. These discourses have increasingly come to define contemporary ‘‘progressive’’ urban policy, promoting values of diversity and cosmopolitanism while eliding standard concerns over displacement and the retrenchment of state services. Beginning with a dramatic street-level encounter between old and new styles of urban development, this account addresses the juxtaposition of a low density district targeted for redevelopment on Nashville’s East Side with the obdurate presence of neighboring public housing projects, inscribing competing political and cultural imaginaries in the built environment. It contributes a detailed examination of the encounter between ‘‘one-size-fits-all’’ policy agendas with the spatial and historical specificity of a mid-South city, using thick description to unpack the sedimentary processes of transformation, and the contributions of state and non-state actors to new identity formation. This on-the-ground exploration further allows for a critical assessment of the progressive virtues of diversity and cosmopolitanism as they are manifest in the context of neoliberal state action and spatial restructuring.