bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on Maternal Parenting, Child's Growth Stunting, and Oral Health
Authors: Abdulaziz Rasyid , Suryanti Netty , Setiawan Arlette Suzy
Published: April 2023

Stunting has gained global attention as one of the most critical problems in public health. As the first and dominant figure in a child's life, the mother is responsible for determining the proper parenting behaviors to apply to maintain the child's physical health. Stunting is often associated with early childhood caries (ECC) and molar incisor hypomineralization, which can be manifested into each other through various mechanisms. Therefore, it is crucial to explore how far maternal parenting behaviors affect stunting and oral health. This study aims to determine which maternal parenting behaviors can affect stunting and oral health. A systematic search was used through PubMed and Google Scholar to search for published articles between 2011 and 2021. The articles analyze maternal parenting behaviors with stunting and poor oral health. Final analysis was used on 21 articles containing 18 cross-sectional studies, 2 cohort studies, and 1 randomized controlled trial. The result implied that the high prevalence of stunting and ECC is the combined result of prolonged breastfeeding practices (7 articles), poor complementary feeding practice (6 articles), high consumption of sugar (5 articles), and poor oral hygiene practices (5 articles). Maternal parenting styles in the aspect of fulfilling nutrition and maintaining oral health affect the occurrence of stunting and ECC in children.
Anticandidal Efficacy of Erythrosine with Nano-TiO2 and Blue LED-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy against Candida albicans Biofilms on Acrylic Resin: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Damrongrungruang Teerasak , Puasiri Subin , Vongtavatchai Vichakorn , Saeng-on Chatchai , Petcharapiruch Teeruch , Teerakapong Aroon , Sangpanya Angkhana
Published: April 2023

Objective Incorporating an enhancer such as nano-titanium dioxide into antimicrobial photodynamic therapy can improve treatment outcome.

This study aimed to compare the anticandidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy by erythrosine with nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) stimulated by a blue light emitting diode with three standard dental antifungal agents.

Materials and Methods Candida albicans biofilms on acrylic resin plates were treated for 15 minutes with either nystatin, fluconazole, Polident, 220µM erythrosine + 1% (w/w) nano-TiO2 + 15 J/cm2 blue light photodynamic therapy (Ery PDT), or distilled water. For the Ery PDT group, blue light was applied for 1 minute after incubation. After 1, 3, and 6 hours, the colony forming units in log10 (log10CFU/mL) were compared. The ultrastructure of C. albicans on the acrylic resin plates treated with erythrosine + nano-TiO2 + blue light was examined using transmission electron microscopy at magnification of 30,000x.

Results After 1 hour, nystatin, Polident, and Ery PDT indifferently inhibited C. albicans. At 6 hours, Ery PDT reduced the number of viable C. albicans in biofilms by 0.28log10 CFU/mL, which was equal to the effect of fluconazole and Polident. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that Ery PDT altered the C. albicans cell morphology by inducing cell wall/membrane rupture.

Conclusion Photodynamic therapy with erythrosine + nano-TiO2 + blue light at low light power density (15 J/cm2) was as effective at inhibiting C. albicans biofilm on acrylic resin as fluconazole and Polident.
Fertility Does not Quarantine: Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Impacts on in Vitro Fertilization Clinical Pregnancy Rates
Authors: Vieira Fernanda de Almeida , Neto Ricardo Pasquini , Morila Mariana Cristina Gomes , Curimbaba Jean Borges , Pasquini Daniela Sasso , Felchner Paulo Cesar Zimmermann , Wandresen Gustavo , Pachnicki Jan Pawel Andrade
Published: April 2023

Objective To understand the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinical pregnancy rates and analyze factors that may have influenced their outcome.

Methods This was a retrospective observational study conducted at a tertiary-care Brazilian fertility center. All fresh IVF and embryo warming cycles performed from March 11 to December 31, 2018–2021 were analyzed, and their data were used to calculate fertilization, embryo cleavage, cycle cancellation, embryo transfer (ET), and clinical pregnancy rates. Statistical tests were used to evaluate the alterations found. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association of the categorical variables with the observed clinical pregnancy rates. Data from 2018 and 2019 (prepandemic) and 2020 and 2021 (pandemic) were grouped.

Results A total of 756 cycles were analyzed (n = 360 prepandemic and n = 396 pandemic). The age group of the patients, fertilization rates, and cleavage rates did not have significant differences (p > 0.05). There was a reduction in the percentage of fresh IVF and an increase in embryo warming cycles (p = 0.005) during the pandemic. There was also an increase in fresh cycle cancellations (p < 0.001) and a reduction in ET rates (p < 0.001). The pandemic had a negative impact on clinical pregnancy rates (p < 0.001) especially due to the increase in fresh cycle cancellations (p < 0.001).

Conclusion Embryo warming cycles with subsequent frozen-thawed ET were presented as a viable alternative to continue assisted reproductive treatments against pandemic restrictions on fresh cycles, ensuring clinical pregnancy, albeit at a lower rate than that of the prepandemic period.
Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Mitochondrial DNA Variant m.13513 G > A
Authors: Finsterer Josef
Published: April 2023

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variant m.13513G > A is increasingly recognized as a cause of syndromic and nonsyndromic mitochondrial disorders (MIDs). This minireview aims a summarizing and discussing recent and previous findings about the phenotypic heterogeneity of this variant. A systematic literature review using the databases PubMed and Google Scholar by application of specific search terms was performed. As per the end of July 2021, at least 50 patients carrying the mtDNA variant m.13513G > A have been reported. Age ranged between 0 and 63 years, and of these patients, 28 were male and 22 were female. The phenotype was highly variable. The most common phenotypes were Leigh syndrome (LS; n = 25), mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS; n = 11), Leigh-like syndrome (n = 4), MELAS/LS (n = 3), progressive external ophthalmoplegia (n = 3), MELAS/Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON; n = 1), and LHON (n = 1). More rarely are nonsyndromic phenotypes. Heteroplasmy rates were highly variable ranging from 0 to 86% depending on the investigated tissue. The outcome was reported in only a few cases but was worse in patients with LS compared with those with MELAS. The variant m.13513G > A is responsible for syndromic or nonsyndromic MIDs. Syndromic MIDs in which this variant should be particularly considered include LS, MELAS, and LHON and their overlaps. Patients with suspected MID and maternal inheritance should undergo sequencing of the entire mtDNA not to miss rare mtDNA variants.
The influence of the social networks of fund managers on the herding behavior of SIFs in China
Authors: Wang Liang , Wang Yuanfei , Li Bixiao
Published: April 2023

This paper explores the influence of fund managers’ social networks on the herding behavior of securities investment funds (SIFs) in China. Using the data of Chinese SIFs in recent years as a sample, it adopts the CSAD model to measure SIFs’ herding behavior. Combining indicators such as social network centrality, constraint, and size, it constructs a regression model of the influence of fund managers’ social networks on the herding behavior of SIFs and conducts an empirical study. The heterogeneity of this influence is investigated in four dimensions, degree of herding behavior, gender, diploma, and region. The results show that: (i) The larger the social network size of fund managers, the lower the degree of herding behavior of fund managers, but the effect of the network constraint on the degree of herding behavior is not significant. (ii) When the degree of herding behavior of SIFs is high, the effect of network size on herding behavior is heterogeneous. (iii) The relationship between the social network of male fund managers and the degree of herding behavior is more significant than that of female fund managers, as network size is significant for male fund managers, while the regression results of social network centrality, network constraint, network size, and the degree of herding behavior of female fund managers are all not significant. (iv) The social network of the fund manager with a master’s degree has a significant impact on the herding behavior of SIFs, which is not significant in fund managers with Ph.D.
Modeling tsunami-induced beach erosion
Authors: Shapiro Maura
Published: April 2023

As climate change increases the likelihood of tsunamis, numerical simulation provides insight into how the waves cause erosion.
Extreme cryogenic terahertz microscope could enable breakthroughs for better quantum technology
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: April 2023

Able to operate at below liquid helium temperatures and in strong magnetic fields, this microscope can take ultra-high nanometer resolution images at femtosecond scale and terahertz frequencies.
Cryogenic instrument could spot theoretical dark matter particles
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: April 2023

Proof-of-concept results demonstrate sensitivity and precision necessary for detecting axions from the sun.
Hydrodynamic interactions within fish schools
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: April 2023

Fish schooling behavior may spawn unmanned underwater vehicle schooling.
Probing quantum devices with radio-frequency reflectometry
Authors: Vigneau Florian , Fedele Federico , Chatterjee Anasua , Reilly David , Kuemmeth Ferdinand , Gonzalez-Zalba M. Fernando , Laird Edward , Ares Natalia
Published: April 2023

Many important phenomena in quantum devices are dynamic, meaning that they cannot be studied using time-averaged measurements alone. Experiments that measure such transient effects are collectively known as fast readout. One of the most useful techniques in fast electrical readout is radio-frequency reflectometry, which can measure changes in impedance (both resistive and reactive) even when their duration is extremely short, down to a microsecond or less. Examples of reflectometry experiments, some of which have been realized and others so far only proposed, include projective measurements of qubits and Majorana devices for quantum computing, real-time measurements of mechanical motion, and detection of non-equilibrium temperature fluctuations. However, all of these experiments must overcome the central challenge of fast readout: the large mismatch between the typical impedance of quantum devices (set by the resistance quantum) and of transmission lines (set by the impedance of free space). Here, we review the physical principles of radio-frequency reflectometry and its close cousins, measurements of radio-frequency transmission and emission. We explain how to optimize the speed and sensitivity of a radio-frequency measurement and how to incorporate new tools, such as superconducting circuit elements and quantum-limited amplifiers into advanced radio-frequency experiments. Our aim is threefold: to introduce the readers to the technique, to review the advances to date, and to motivate new experiments in fast quantum device dynamics. Our intended audience includes experimentalists in the field of quantum electronics who want to implement radio-frequency experiments or improve them, together with physicists in related fields who want to understand how the most important radio-frequency measurements work.
Similarity solutions of thermal vortex rings: Vorticity–dynamics-based derivation
Authors: Yano Jun-Ichi
Published: April 2023

This study derives the classical similarity solutions for the thermal vortex ring, originally deduced by Scorer [J. Fluid Mech. 2, 583–594 (1957)] based on dimensional analysis from basic principles of vorticity dynamics. Derivations are performed by two methods: (1) by completing the impulse-dynamics analysis initiated by Turner [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 239, 61–75 (1957)] and (2) by a method of separation of variables. The former analysis elucidates various conditions (e.g., absence of buoyancy along the vortex-ring vertical axis), whereas the latter approach leads to the similarity solution only if one assumes that both the potential vorticity and the buoyancy evolve in a similar manner by sharing the same dependency on the vortex-ring size. It suggests a potentially richer behavior of a thermal vortex ring than predicted by similarity solutions.
Characteristics of segmented dielectric window inductively coupled plasma
Authors: Kim Sang-Woo , Cha Ju-Hong , Jung Sung-Hyeon , Shim SeungBo , Kim Chang Ho , Lee Ho-Jun
Published: April 2023

In this study, a novel inductively coupled plasma (ICP) system is proposed. It comprises a segmented dielectric window and a metal frame. For the proposed ICP system, a thin window can be designed, thereby compensating for the power loss caused by the metal frame. The proposed ICP system has two potential advantages: it can enhance the controllability of the gas flow field and it can reduce the capacitive power coupling. These characteristics enable the superior uniformity and reliable operation of ICP systems for semiconductor processes. The characteristics of the proposed ICP system are investigated using three-dimensional fluid self-consistent plasma simulations and experiments. The proposed ICP system exhibits performance similar to that of the conventional ICP system currently used in etching and deposition processes.
Laser-fabricated superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surfaces on silicon wafer for terahertz spectroscopic detection of aqueous solutions
Authors: Zhou Xikang , Wang Jiajie , Zhang Hanghang , Zhou Xiaopeng , Han Yiping
Published: April 2023

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopic detection technology is regarded as an ideal approach for detecting biological substances due to its unique advantages of non-ionization, high penetrability, and fingerprint spectra. However, because of the strong absorption of THz waves by polar molecules, such as water, detecting target substances dissolved in water is challenging. We propose a new method of tuning the thickness of an aqueous solution film using a superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic (SHB/SHL) surface to improve the ability to obtain the THz spectral information of hydrated substances. The SHB/SHL surface is fabricated on a silicon wafer by regulating cross-grooved micro-/nano-structures with laser texturing. Droplets of the solution can be fixed in a controlled way in a region on the SHB/SHL surface, and then the thickness of the liquid film can be adjusted to optimize the THz transmission signal. This method for detecting target substances dissolved in water focuses more on the coordination between the thickness of the aqueous solution and the THz intensity than the radiation energy. Furthermore, we detect α-lactose in solutions through different thicknesses of the film, which shows the method to be effective for dilute solutions.
Image inpainting in acoustic microscopy
Authors: Banerjee Pragyan , Mishra Sibasish , Yadav Nitin , Agarwal Krishna , Melandsø Frank , Prasad Dilip K. , Habib Anowarul
Published: April 2023

Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a non-ionizing and label-free imaging modality used to visualize the surface and internal structures of industrial objects and biological specimens. The image of the sample under investigation is created using high-frequency acoustic waves. The frequency of the excitation signals, the signal-to-noise ratio, and the pixel size all play a role in acoustic image resolution. We propose a deep learning-enabled image inpainting for acoustic microscopy in this paper. The method is based on training various generative adversarial networks (GANs) to inpaint holes in the original image and generate a 4× image from it. In this approach, five different types of GAN models are used: AOTGAN, DeepFillv2, Edge-Connect, DMFN, and Hypergraphs image inpainting. The trained model’s performance is assessed by calculating the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) between network-predicted and ground truth images. The Hypergraphs image inpainting model provided an average SSIM of 0.93 for 2× and up to 0.93 for the final 4×, respectively, and a PSNR of 32.33 for 2× and up to 32.20 for the final 4×. The developed SAM and GAN frameworks can be used in a variety of industrial applications, including bio-imaging.
Design of electrolyte for boosted aqueous battery performance: A critical review and perspective
Authors: Liu Sailin , Zhang Ruizhi , Mao Jianfeng , Yuwono Jodie , Wang Cheng , Davey Kenneth , Guo Zaiping
Published: April 2023

Aqueous alkali and multivalent metal-ion batteries are practically advantageous for large-scale energy storage because of intrinsic safety and environmental friendliness. Drawbacks, however, include low energy density and short life because of limited electrochemical stability windows (ESWs) of aqueous electrolytes and rapid degradation of electrode materials with high water activity. Despite significant research, including water-in-salt and electrolyte additive(s), directed to the electrolyte to extend ESWs and to boost electrode stability, the practical application remains limited because of the present high cost and generally unsatisfactory performance. Although alkali and multivalent metal ions can have different coordinating structures with solvents and anions, electrolyte design strategies share fundamental mechanisms in either extending ESWs or achieving a passivation layer on the electrode material(s). Future development of aqueous batteries, therefore, is dependent on a systematic understanding and analysis of electrolyte research. Here, we report for the first time a systematic review of the design and engineering of emerging water-based electrolytes for boosted aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARBs) performance. We present a comparative summary of electrochemical stability windows and electrode/electrolyte interphases for five (5) electrolyte types; appraise strategies and the resulting impact of electrolyte properties on electrode interfacial stability; analyze in situ generated electrode/electrolyte interphases; classify advantages and drawbacks of selected strategies; and provide a perspective on future developments in aqueous alkali and multivalent metal-ion batteries, together with methods for the study of both electrolyte and derived interphase(s). We conclude that (1) the design of electrolytes of high concentration and hybrid and eutectic solvents are practically promising for high energy density ARBs; (2) there is a need to improve design for longer cycling life of ARBs; (3) research addresses boosting ESW of the electrolyte; and (4) it increased the understanding of the electrode/electrolyte interface stability via new electrode/electrolyte interphase structures. This review will be of benefit in the practical design of electrolyte(s) for aqueous batteries for high performance and, therefore, of interest to researchers and manufacturers.
Temporal instability of a viscous liquid film on an oscillating plane in the presence of static electric field
Authors: Deng Xiang-dong , Wang Ping , Shi Bao-lu , Fu Qing-fei , Jia Bo-qi
Published: April 2023

This work examined the linear instability of a two-dimensional liquid film on an oscillating plane theoretically in the presence of a static electric field perpendicular to the plane. The liquid was considered to be viscous and perfectly conducting, while the gas was considered to be viscous and dielectric. The viscous potential theory and Floquet theory were adopted to obtain the dispersion equation. The influences of electric field intensity, forcing amplitude, forcing frequency, and viscosity were obtained. The results showed that with there is more than one instability region with a non-zero forcing amplitude. The first instability region is called inherent instability, which is due to the electric force overcoming the viscous dissipation, surface tension, and gravity, while the other regions are due to the parametric instability induced by the oscillating plane, forming famous Faraday waves. It was found that increasing the forcing amplitude stabilizes the inherent instability but has a destabilizing impact on Faraday waves. In addition, the increase in the electric field intensity and forcing frequency enhances the inherent instability but has a complex impact on the Faraday waves, depending on the intensity of the viscous dissipation, which is approximately proportional to the square of the wavenumber.
Optical characterization of point defects on internal quantum efficiency in AlGaN quantum wells grown on face-to-face-annealed sputtered AlN templates
Authors: Kurai Satoshi , Fujii Megumi , Ohnishi Yuta , Oshimura Ryota , Inai Kosuke , Himeno Kunio , Okada Narihito , Uesugi Kenjiro , Miyake Hideto , Yamada Yoichi
Published: April 2023

The correlation between the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and the effective diffusion length estimated by the cathodoluminescence intensity line profile near the dark spots, including the effect of non-radiative recombination due to point defects, was experimentally clarified for AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) on face-to-face annealed (FFA) sputter-deposited AlN templates with different IQEs and similar dislocation densities. The IQEs, which were determined by temperature- and excitation-power-dependent photoluminescence measurements, were independent of the dark spot densities and increased with increasing effective diffusion length (Leff) estimated from the cathodoluminescence line profile analysis. These results suggested that the IQEs of the MQW/FFA samples were governed by the point defect density. The fitting results for the relationship between IQE and Leff and for that between IQE and Cmax explained the experimental results qualitatively.
Modeling of plasma wave propagation and crystal lattice theory based on computational simulations
Authors: Yue Chen , Peng Miao , Higazy M. , Khater Mostafa M. A.
Published: April 2023

This study uses crystal lattice theory and physicochemical characterization to show a number of correct wave solutions that are like the way plasma waves move. The nonlinear time–fractional Gilson–Pickering (GP) model has been addressed using two distinct analytical and numerical techniques. This model is used in crystal lattice theory and plasma physics to show how waves move, so it is a basic model for how waves move in one direction. Utilizing the modified rational and He’s variational iteration approximations in conjunction with the β–fractional derivative principles, we give the handled model fresh and precise solitary wave solutions. Various contour, three-dimensional, and two-dimensional graphs depict the determined outcomes. Compared to other recent studies, ours indicates the importance of this research area. The presented methods show how simple, direct, and effective they are and how they can be used with a wide range of nonlinear evolution equations.
Numerical simulation of transport properties of charge carriers and temperature effect of silicon solar cells
Authors: Zhai Han , Zhu Qingyu , Wang Yuanyuan , Xu Jianming , Xie Huaqing
Published: April 2023

Operating temperature has a non-negligible effect on the performances of solar cells based on interior microscopic processes including carrier generation, transport, and recombination. Exploring the mechanisms of temperature effect is essential to analyzing and optimizing the photovoltaic utilization of solar energy. In this study, a numerical simulation combining the carrier generation, transport, and recombination with heat generation and dissipation was performed. The temperature effects of band-gap energy, charge carrier mobility, and lifetime on the distribution of charge carrier densities were discussed. Furthermore, the temperature effects of these parameters on the photovoltaic current and final temperature are presented. It has been noted that the photovoltaic and thermal performances of silicon solar cells are fundamentally associated with the charge carrier mobility and lifetime. The temperature effect of charge carrier mobility significantly affects the electron concentration, hole concentration, and Joule heat generation, and the impact degrees are 15.98%, 14.57%, and 23.44%, respectively. The temperature effect of the charge carrier lifetime involves a 9.16% degree of influence in the recombination heat generation. The photovoltaic current of solar cells is affected by the charge carrier mobility and lifetime with degrees of 0.45% and 0.43%, respectively. The final temperature of a solar cell can be influenced by carrier mobility with a degree of 0.87%.
Contactless characterization of the elastic properties of glass microspheres
Authors: Maire Jeremie , Necio Tomasz , Chávez-Ángel Emigdio , Colombano Martín F. , Jaramillo-Fernández Juliana , Sotomayor-Torres Clivia M. , Capuj Nestor E. , Navarro-Urrios Daniel
Published: April 2023

Glass microspheres are of great interest for numerous industrial, biomedical, or standalone applications, but it remains challenging to evaluate their elastic and optical properties in a non-destructive way. In this work, we address this issue by using two complementary contactless techniques to obtain elastic and optical constants of glass microspheres with diameters ranging from 10 to 60 µm. The first technique we employ is Brillouin Light Scattering, which yields scattering with longitudinal acoustic phonons, the frequency of which is found to be 5% lower than that measured in the bulk material. The second technique involves exciting the optical whispering gallery modes of the microspheres, which allows us to transduce some of their vibrational modes. The combined data allow for extracting the refractive index and the elastic constants of the material. Our findings indicate that the values of those properties are reduced with respect to their bulk material counterpart due to an effective decrease of the density, resulting from the fabrication process. We propose the use of this combined method to extract elastic and optical parameters of glass materials in microsphere geometries and compare them with the values of the pristine material from which they are formed.
Design of anti-misalignment PCB coil for wireless power transfer
Authors: Zhu Xuegui , Qi Dongyang , Yan Gang , Pu Changjun
Published: April 2023

This paper focuses on the problem of the non-uniform magnetic field distribution in short-distance magnetic coupled wireless power transfer (MC-WPT) systems, which causes the transfer power and power transfer efficiency to decrease when the transmitter and receiver coils are offset. At first, the distribution law of the magnetic field generated by the printed circuit board (PCB) coil is studied. A new method is proposed to design the transmitter coil, which combines a genetic algorithm (GA) with a partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC). The appropriate turn radii are first obtained by the GA, and the quality factor is further evaluated by the PEEC to select the optimal coil turns. Finally, the PCB coils with uneven pitches are fabricated, and experiments are carried out on an MC-WPT system. The effective power transfer area is expanded noticeably and the high efficiency of the system remains stable, which is very useful to provide a wider working space and steady wireless energy supply for mobile objects.
Which phonons contribute most to negative thermal expansion in ScF3?
Authors: Dove Martin T. , Wei Zhongsheng , Phillips Anthony E. , Keen David A. , Refson Keith
Published: April 2023

Using calculations of the phonon distribution in ScF3 across the whole of reciprocal space, we show that the important phonons for the negative thermal expansion in this material are those associated with the rigid unit modes (RUMs) and associated quasi-RUMs. We discuss the role of the bond-bending flexibility within the ScF6 octahedra, and how this enables other phonons to make an additional but ultimately much weaker contribution to negative thermal expansion. These results inform recent discussions on the role of correlated atomic motions in giving rise to negative thermal expansion in ScF3.
Wetland soil carbon storage exceeds uplands in an urban natural area (Florida, USA)
Authors: Bennett Jennifer D. , Chambers Lisa
Published: April 2023

Context Urban greenspaces and natural areas are often recognised for their cultural services, but may also provide ecological services, including carbon (C) sequestration and storage. Aims This study investigated the strength of the relationship between easily discernable ecosystem characteristics (e.g. topographic position, vegetation, and soil type) and soil C storage, and evaluated common conversion factors and methodologies used in soil C inventories. Methods Sixty-seven full-depth (up to 5 m) soil cores were collected across nine community types in University of Central Florida’s Arboretum (Orlando, Florida, USA) and were analysed for bulk density, organic matter (OM) content, total C, and total nitrogen (N). Key results Wetlands stored an average of 16 times more C than uplands and C density increased with soil depth. A 70% underestimation of soil C stocks would have occurred if sampling stopped at 50 cm. A strong linear relationship between soil C and OM supports the use of a 0.56 (C:OM) conversion factor for estimating soil organic C. Conclusions The presence of wetlands is the key predictor of soil C and N storage, but the magnitude of storage varies widely among wetlands. Overall, the 225-ha study area stored 85 482 ± 3365 Mg of soil C. Implications Urban natural areas should be evaluated for their ecosystem services separately from their surrounding developed land use/land cover with consideration for C storage potential. Leveraging topographic position, a site-specific soil OM conversion factor, and depth to refusal testing can increase the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of soil C inventories.
Effect of flame zone depth on the correlation of flame length with fireline intensity
Authors: Finney Mark A. , Grumstrup Torben P.
Published: April 2023

Background Previously established correlations of flame length L with fireline intensity IB are based on theory and data which showed that flame zone depth D of a line fire could be neglected if L was much greater than D. Aims We evaluated this correlation for wildland fires where D is typically a non-negligible proportion of L (i.e. roughly L/D < ~2). Methods Experiments were conducted to measure flame length L from line-source fires using a gas burner where IB and D were controlled independently (0.014 ≤ L/D ≤ 13.6). Key results The resulting correlation showed D significantly reduced L for a given IB over the entire range of observations and was in accord with independent data from spreading fires. Flame length is reduced because the horizontal extent of deep flame zones entrains more air for combustion than assumed by theory involving only the vertical flame profile. Conclusions Analysis suggested that the noted variability among published correlations of L with IB may be partly explained by varying L/D ratios typical of wildland fires. Implications Fire behaviour modelling that relies on correlations of L with IB for scaling of heat transfer processes would likely benefit by including the effects of D.
Explorations of knitted shape memory alloy actuation behavior under high loads via finite element analyses and experimental studies
Authors: Stroud H , Hartl D
Published: April 2023

The properties of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires have long been leveraged across a variety of industries. While the response of such SMA forms implemented as straight axial actuators is well understood, curved and complex configurations such as knits have received far less attention. Considering 2D configurations, it is well known that knits exhibit more in-plane compliance than weaves and meshes, the curved wires comprising the former being much more flexible than the straight wire segments in the latter. In addition, knitted structures are uniquely highly tailorable. Knitting techniques and patterns developed in the textile industry allow for variable materials and geometries in the same structure, allowing for a large range of tailored macro-structure responses. Existing efforts to model the behavior of knitted SMA structures are lacking; though finite element analysis (FEA) models have been presented for knit SMAs, these models either only consider superelastic SMA behavior, or, in those that account for actuation behavior, the applied load conditions studied are insufficient to fully leverage the thermally induced strain recoverability of SMAs. This work seeks to develop and validate a finite element model for the actuation of SMA knitted structures where individual SMA wire components are axially stressed to more than 100 MPa. A representative volume element is developed for a common knit pattern, and macro-structure responses are explored and compared with experiments. This research provides a foundation for better understanding fundamental capabilities and responses of knitted SMA structures, allowing for better design, functionality, and customizability of the applications into which they are incorporated, enabling development of unique soft actuators. A shape-set sample examined herein generated 13% extension (analogous to strain) and recovered more that 6% under a load associated with 100 MPa stress in a straight wire, and a sample knit off-the-spool generated over 20% extension and recovered 9% for the same load.
Timescale separation in the coordinated switching of bacterial flagellar motors
Authors: Yue Guanhua , Zhang Rongjing , Yuan Junhua
Published: April 2023

The output of the bacterial chemotaxis signaling pathway, the level of the intracellular regulator CheY-P, modulates the rotation direction of the flagellar motor, thereby regulating bacterial run-and-tumble behavior. The multiple flagellar motors on an E. coli cell are controlled by a common cytoplasmic pool of CheY-P. Fluctuation of the CheY-P level was thought to be able to coordinate the switching of multiple motors. Here, we measured the correlation of rotation directions between two motors on a cell, finding that it surprisingly exhibits two well separated timescales. We found that the slow timescale (∼6 s) can be explained by the slow fluctuation of the CheY-P level due to stochastic activity of the chemotactic adaptation enzymes, whereas the fast timescale (∼0.3 s) can be explained by the random pulse-like fluctuation of the CheY-P level, due probably to the activity of the chemoreceptor clusters. We extracted information on the properties of the fast CheY-P pulses based on the correlation measurements. The two well-separated timescales in the fluctuation of CheY-P level help to coordinate multiple motors on a cell and to enhance bacterial chemotactic performance.
Environment-assisted qubit–qutrit entanglement restoration via weak measurement reversal
Authors: Leng Yang
Published: April 2023

Based on the quantum technique of environment-assisted measurement and reversal (EMR), we propose a scheme to restore the entanglement from amplitude damping decoherence. In particular, we examine two typical families of initially entangled qubit–qutrit states and derive the exact analytical expressions of the optimal final restoration, showing explicitly that the EMR does indeed can recovery qubit–qutrit entanglement. This sheds new light on the protection of high-dimensional quantum entanglement in complex quantum environment.
One-step generation of Bell state on nonlocal acoustics wave resonators assisted by nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles
Authors: Wang Yue , Hua Ming
Published: April 2023

Recently, quantum information processing (QIP) on acoustics wave resonators (AWRs) has attracted much attention as the quality factor of AWR has been increased to 1011, which means the time of phonons stored in the AWR can reach the order of seconds. To achieve the large-scale QIP on AWRs, one should complete quantum entangled operations on nonlocal AWRs. Different from previous work, we propose a one-step all-resonance scheme to generate Bell states on two nonlocal AWRs coupled to two nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles (linked by an AWR quantum bus) respectively. One-step all-resonance operation makes the scheme easier to be experimentally implemented.
Analysis of a photonic crystal fiber with ellipse air-holes for supporting 82 orbital angular momentum modes
Authors: Hu Qi , He Kang
Published: April 2023

We proposed a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with ellipse air holes and high refractive index ring-core, which can stably support 82 orbital angular momentum states from the wavelength of 1.25–1.65 μm. The modes’ average confinement loss keeps as low as 10−9 dB m−1. In addition, the effective refractive index separation (Δn
eff) between HE
m

+1,1 and EH
m

−1,1 (m = 2–21) is up to 10−3, which makes the mode degeneracy to LP mode can be almost neglected. The dispersion curves of low order eigenmodes are low and flat, especially at the wavelength of 1.4 μm the minimum absolute value of chromatic dispersion for HE1,1 mode is as low as 0.246 ps (nm·km)−1. Furthermore, we also analyze the effect of ellipticity change on the cladding air holes, which instructively show the favorable fault tolerance of confinement loss and dispersion. The proposed PCF structure will be a potential candidate for high-capacity optical fiber communications.
Mock X-Ray Observations of Hot Gas with L-Galaxies Semi-analytic Models of Galaxy Formation
Authors: Zhong Wenxin , Fu Jian , Shen Shiyin , Yuan Feng
Published: April 2023

We create mock X-ray observations of hot gas in galaxy clusters with a new extension of the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy formation, which includes the radial distribution of hot gas in each halo. Based on the model outputs, we first build some mock light cones, then generate mock spectra with the SOXS package and derive the mock images in the light cones. Using the mock data, we simulate mock X-ray spectra for the ROSAT all-sky survey, and compare the mock spectra with the observational results. Then, we consider the design parameters of the HUBS mission and simulate the observation of the halo hot gas for HUBS as an important application of our mock work. We find: (1) our mock data match the observations by current X-ray telescopes. (2) The survey of hot baryons in resolved clusters by HUBS is effective below redshift 0.5, and the observations of the emission lines in point-like sources at z > 0.5 by HUBS help us understand the hot baryons in the early universe. (3) By taking advantage of the large simulation box and flexibility in semi-analytic models, our mock X-ray observations provide the opportunity to select targets and observation strategies for forthcoming X-ray facilities.
The Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae with Asymptotic Giant Branch Donors
Authors: Li Lu-Han , Liu Dong-Dong , Wang Bo
Published: April 2023

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are among the most energetic events in the universe. They are excellent cosmological distance indicators due to the remarkable homogeneity of their light curves. However, the nature of the progenitors of SNe Ia is still not well understood. In the single-degenerate model, a carbon–oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) could grow its mass by accreting material from an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star, leading to the formation of SNe Ia when the mass of the WD approaches to the Chandrasekhar-mass limit, known as the AGB donor channel. In this channel, previous studies mainly concentrate on the wind-accretion pathway for the mass-increase of the WDs. In the present work, we employed an integrated mass-transfer prescription for the semidetached WD+AGB systems, and evolved a number of WD+AGB systems for the formation of SNe Ia through the Roche-lobe overflow process or the wind-accretion process. We provided the initial and final parameter spaces of WD+AGB systems for producing SNe Ia. We also obtained the density distribution of circumstellar matter at the moment when the WD mass reaches the Chandrasekhar-mass limit. Moreover, we found that the massive WD+AGB sample AT 2019qyl can be covered by the final parameter space for producing SNe Ia, indicating that AT 2019qyl is a strong progenitor candidate of SNe Ia with AGB donors.
In silico development and validation of Bayesian methods for optimizing deep brain stimulation to enhance cognitive control
Authors: Nagrale Sumedh S , Yousefi Ali , Netoff Theoden I , Widge Alik S
Published: April 2023

Objective. deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral internal capsule/striatum (VCVS) is a potentially effective treatment for several mental health disorders when conventional therapeutics fail. Its effectiveness, however, depends on correct programming to engage VCVS sub-circuits. VCVS programming is currently an iterative, time-consuming process, with weeks between setting changes and reliance on noisy, subjective self-reports. An objective measure of circuit engagement might allow individual settings to be tested in seconds to minutes, reducing the time to response and increasing patient and clinician confidence in the chosen settings. Here, we present an approach to measuring and optimizing that circuit engagement. Approach. we leverage prior results showing that effective VCVS DBS engages cognitive control circuitry and improves performance on the multi-source interference task, that this engagement depends primarily on which contact(s) are activated, and that circuit engagement can be tracked through a state space modeling framework. We develop a simulation framework based on those empirical results, then combine this framework with an adaptive optimizer to simulate a principled exploration of electrode contacts and identify the contacts that maximally improve cognitive control. We explore multiple optimization options (algorithms, number of inputs, speed of stimulation parameter changes) and compare them on problems of varying difficulty. Main results. we show that an upper confidence bound algorithm outperforms other optimizers, with roughly 80% probability of convergence to a global optimum when used in a majority-vote ensemble. Significance. we show that the optimization can converge even with lag between stimulation and effect, and that a complete optimization can be done in a clinically feasible timespan (a few hours). Further, the approach requires no specialized recording or imaging hardware, and thus could be a scalable path to expand the use of DBS in psychiatric and other non-motor applications.
Identifying dominant industrial sectors in market states of the S&P 500 financial data
Authors: Wand Tobias , Heßler Martin , Kamps Oliver
Published: April 2023

Understanding and forecasting changing market conditions in complex economic systems like the financial market is of great importance to various stakeholders such as financial institutions and regulatory agencies. Based on the finding that the dynamics of sector correlation matrices of the S&P 500 stock market can be described by a sequence of distinct states via a clustering algorithm, we try to identify the industrial sectors dominating the correlation structure of each state. For this purpose, we use a method from explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) on daily S&P 500 stock market data from 1992 to 2012 to assign relevance scores to every feature of each data point. To compare the significance of the features for the entire data set we develop an aggregation procedure and apply a Bayesian change point analysis to identify the most significant sector correlations. We show that the correlation matrix of each state is dominated only by a few sector correlations. Especially the energy and IT sector are identified as key factors in determining the state of the economy. Additionally we show that a reduced surrogate model, using only the eight sector correlations with the highest XAI-relevance, can replicate

90
%

of the cluster assignments. In general our findings imply an additional dimension reduction of the dynamics of the financial market.
Improved numerical scheme for the generalized Kuramoto model
Authors: Keun Lee Hyun , Hong Hyunsuk , Yeo Joonhyun
Published: April 2023

We present an improved and more accurate numerical scheme for a generalization of the Kuramoto model of coupled phase oscillators to the three-dimensional space. The present numerical scheme relies crucially on our observation that the generalized Kuramoto model corresponds to particles on the unit sphere undergoing rigid body rotations with position-dependent angular velocities. We demonstrate that our improved scheme is able to reproduce known analytic results and capture the expected behavior of the three-dimensional oscillators in various cases. On the other hand, we find that the conventional numerical method, which amounts to a direct numerical integration with the constraint that forces the particles to be on the unit sphere at each time step, may result in inaccurate and misleading behavior especially in the long time limit. We analyze in detail the origin of the discrepancy between the two methods and present the effectiveness of our method in studying the limit cycle of the Kuramoto oscillators.
Non-reciprocal interactions spatially propagate fluctuations in a 2D Ising model
Authors: Seara Daniel S , Piya Akash , Tabatabai A Pasha
Published: April 2023

Motivated by the anisotropic interactions between fish, we implement spatially anisotropic and therefore non-reciprocal interactions in the 2D Ising model. First, we show that the model with non-reciprocal interactions alters the system critical temperature away from that of the traditional 2D Ising model. Further, local perturbations to the magnetization in this out-of-equilibrium system manifest themselves as traveling waves of spin states along the lattice, also seen in a mean-field model of our system. The speed and directionality of these traveling waves are controllable by the orientation and magnitude of the non-reciprocal interaction kernel as well as the proximity of the system to the critical temperature.
New insights into the extended and generalised PTT constitutive differential equations: weak flows
Authors: Ferrás L L , Afonso A M
Published: April 2023

This work presents a comparison between the PTT-X (extended Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT)) and the generalised PTT (gPTT) viscoelastic models. The PTT-X model was derived based on a combination of reptation and network theories, allowing in this way a microstructural justification for the kernel function. The gPTT model is based on the network theory, with an empirical kernel function for the rate of destruction of junctions, that proved to be effective fitting experimental rheological data for polymer melts and solutions. A review on the background of both models is provided and the two models are then compared considering simple flows. This comparison allows one to attribute in some way a microstructural nature to the parameters involved in the gPTT model. Also, a new analytical solution is derived for the Poiseuille flow of the PTT-X model.