bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical outcome of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers in treatment of hypertensive patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Laurentius Andrea , Mendel Brian , Prakoso Radityo
Published: February 2021

Background

Novel coronavirus disease 2019 has been stated as global disease pandemic due to its rapid spread worldwide. Up to 30% of coronavirus disease 2019 patients with hypertension are more susceptible to death. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been used as primary line of medication for hypertension; nonetheless, conflicting data arises as numerous studies showed contradictory results.

Main body

Aiming to show clinical outcome of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers in hospital treatment of hypertensive patients with coronavirus disease 2019, systematically searched literatures through five databases were intensively appraised using The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation checklists for cohort studies. Based on the result evaluation from retrospective cohorts involving more than 15,000 patients across Asia and other regions of the world, ten encompassed studies divided into two subgroups in this meta-review showed that in-hospital hypertensive coronavirus disease 2019 patients receiving antihypertensive drugs were associated with overall risk reduction in subgroup 1 (hazard ratio, HR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.82–1.12) to no outcome association of all-cause mortalities in subgroup 2 (HR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.19–0.34). All appraised studies in synergism showed that mortality outcomes were not augmented with the employment of either ACE inhibitor or ARB in subjects.

Conclusion

Therefore, the results support recommendation by the American Heart Association not to discontinue angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker regimens in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with hypertension.
Gravity inversion for heterogeneous sedimentary basin with b-spline polynomial approximation using differential evolution algorithm
Authors: Roy Arka , Dubey Chandra Prakash , Prasad Muthyala
Published: February 2021

We have developed a MATLAB-based inversion program, b-spline polynomial approximation using the differential evolution algorithm (SPODEA), to recover the concealed basement geometry under heterogeneous sedimentary basins. Earlier inversion techniques used the discretized subsurface interface topography into a grid of juxtaposed elementary prisms to estimate the basement depth of a basin. Such discretization leads to the failure of the depth profile continuity and requires a higher number of inversion parameters for achieving the desired accuracy. The novel approach of SPODEA overcomes such limitations of earlier inversion techniques. SPODEA is based on the segment-wise b-spline optimization technique to estimate the basement depth by using high-order polynomials. Moreover, it can achieve an optimal misfit with minimal parametric information, which reduces the computational expense. Our inversion approach uses the differential evolution algorithm, which provides real parametric optimization and uses b-splines for accurate estimation of continuous depth profiles. The efficiency of our algorithm was determined with two complex synthetic sedimentary basin models comprised of constant and depth-varying density distributions. Furthermore, the uncertainty analysis of our inversion technique is evaluated by incorporating white Gaussian noise into the synthetic models. Finally, the utility of SPODEA is evaluated by inverting gravity anomalies for two different real sedimentary basins. It produces geologically reasonable outcomes that are in close agreement with basement structures from previously reported results.
3D modeling of electromagnetic gradiometer data — A numerical study on tunnel detection
Authors: Dehiya Rahul
Published: February 2021

I have examined the possibility of using a 3D modeling algorithm in studying tunnel detectability using the electromagnetic gradiometer (EMG) response. A detailed comparison of different source-receiver configurations reveals that the EMG response is stronger for a configuration when the transmitter and receiver are orthogonal to each other than the parallel configurations. Orthogonal configurations perform better at a relatively lower frequency than the parallel configuration. The EMG response is enhanced with the broadside offset defined as the distance between transmitter and receiver pair. The response of a tunnel is generally weak; consequently, deviation from the configuration in which both receivers are equidistant from the transmitter masks the response of a tunnel. The impact analysis of tunnel-floor conductivity revealed that a one-order-higher conductive floor does not change the behavior of response compared to a tunnel without a conductive floor. However, the two-order-higher conductive floor changes the shape of the response curves, yet the change in the magnitude is not significant. The presence of a metal conductor substantially enhances the response of an EMG system. The parallel configuration is more suitable for the depth estimation of the tunnel than the orthogonal configuration. The distortion in the EMG response due to the heterogeneity in the case of an orthogonal configuration depends on the broadside offset. For a zero broadside offset, the response is severely distorted by the small-scale inhomogeneity. For a broadside offset such as 20 m, the impact of small-scale inhomogeneity is almost invisible.
Metapoetic Readings around Ekphrasis andFu賦
Authors: Ekström Martin Svensson
Published: February 2021

The author argues that the Greek tradition of ekphrasis and the Chinese genre of fu 賦 share at least two essential characteristics: they are devoted to exhaustive descriptions and are manifestly nonmetaphorical. The six texts under scrutiny—Mei Sheng's fu poem “Qi fa,” book 6 of Quintilian's Institutio oratoria, Zuo Si's preface to his “Sandu fu,” Xunzi's analysis of Zhou tombs and funerary rituals in his “Li lun” essay, the “Shield of Achilles” episode in the Iliad, and the metaphorical section of Sima Xiangru's “Shanglin fu”—all employ a similar set of rhetorical strategies but with different emphases. A reading of one in light of the others reveals new information about Chinese and Western theories of representation and metaphoricity. For example, Homer makes his audience alternate between belief and disbelief in the scenes engraved on Achilles's shield. A similar to-and-fro movement in Xunzi's ekphrastic text is configured very differently. By contrast, the abrupt change in mode of expression from ekphrasis to metaphor at the end of “Shanglin fu” emphasizes the key themes of that poem: the shift from excess to frugality, from hedonistic pleasure seeking to ritualized asceticism, and from aristocratic (and thus vulgar) display of wealth to a royal celebration of purity and introspection.
Vasohibin 1 selectively regulates secondary sprouting and lymphangiogenesis in the zebrafish trunk
Authors: de Oliveira Marta Bastos , Meier Katja , Jung Simone , Bartels-Klein Eireen , Coxam Baptiste , Geudens Ilse , Szymborska Anna , Skoczylas Renae , Fechner Ines , Koltowska Katarzyna , Gerhardt Holger
Published: February 2021

Previous studies have shown that Vasohibin 1 (Vash1) is stimulated by VEGFs in endothelial cells and that its overexpression interferes with angiogenesis in vivo. Recently, Vash1 was found to mediate tubulin detyrosination, a post-translational modification that is implicated in many cell functions, such as cell division. Here, we used the zebrafish embryo to investigate the cellular and subcellular mechanisms of Vash1 on endothelial microtubules during formation of the trunk vasculature. We show that microtubules within venous-derived secondary sprouts are strongly and selectively detyrosinated in comparison with other endothelial cells, and that this difference is lost upon vash1 knockdown. Vash1 depletion in zebrafish specifically affected secondary sprouting from the posterior cardinal vein, increasing endothelial cell divisions and cell number in the sprouts. We show that altering secondary sprout numbers and structure upon Vash1 depletion leads to defective lymphatic vessel formation and ectopic lymphatic progenitor specification in the zebrafish trunk.
A translation-independent function of PheRS activates growth and proliferation in Drosophila
Authors: Ho Manh Tin , Lu Jiongming , Brunßen Dominique , Suter Beat
Published: February 2021

Aminoacyl transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases (aaRSs) not only load the appropriate amino acid onto their cognate tRNAs, but many of them also perform additional functions that are not necessarily related to their canonical activities. Phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (PheRS/FARS) levels are elevated in multiple cancers compared to their normal cell counterparts. Our results show that downregulation of PheRS, or only its α-PheRS subunit, reduces organ size, whereas elevated expression of the α-PheRS subunit stimulates cell growth and proliferation. In the wing disc system, this can lead to a 67% increase in cells that stain for a mitotic marker. Clonal analysis of twin spots in the follicle cells of the ovary revealed that elevated expression of the α-PheRS subunit causes cells to grow and proliferate ∼25% faster than their normal twin cells. This faster growth and proliferation did not affect the size distribution of the proliferating cells. Importantly, this stimulation proliferation turned out to be independent of the β-PheRS subunit and the aminoacylation activity, and it did not visibly stimulate translation.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
Synthetic magnetic resonance imaging for quantitative parameter evaluation of temporomandibular joint disorders
Authors: Lee Chena , Choi Yoon Joo , Jeon Kug Jin , Han Sang-Sun
Published: February 2021

Objective:

This study investigated the usefulness of quantitative parameters [longitudinal relaxation (T1), transverse relaxation (T2), and proton density (PD)] obtained with synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in assessing the progression of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders.

Methods:

For individual TMJ disorder diagnoses, the presence of disc displacement in MRI and the osseous change in cone-beam CT were investigated. Joints were classified into three stages: (1) silent stage, no disc displacement or osseous change; (2) incipient stage, presence of disc displacement and absence of osseous change; and (3) progressed stage, both disc displacement and osseous change. In synthetic MRI, the T1, T2, and PD values of the condyle bone marrow were measured simultaneously. The median T1, T2, and PD values were analyzed according to disc displacement, osseous changes, and joint stage.

Results:

Significant differences were observed in the T1 and PD values of joints with disc displacement or condylar osseous change compared to normal joints. The T1 and PD values also differed between the silent and progressed stages. The PD value differed between the silent and incipient groups, while the T2 value did not differ significantly among the three groups.

Conclusion:

The PD and T1 values of condylar bone marrow obtained from synthetic MRI can be used as sensitive indicators of TMJ disorder progression. The PD value of the bone marrow showed potential as a useful biomarker for recognizing the initial stages of TMJ disorders. Synthetic MRI is useful for the simultaneous acquisition of effective MRI parameters for evaluating TMJ disorders.
The problem of priority of principles in bioethics. Can the Kantian classification in perfect and imperfect duties help us?
Authors: Boutlas George
Published: February 2021

Principlism has dominated contemporary Anglophone practical ethics often regarded as the most important methodological conception. Young biomedical scientists grow up learning to apply the “four principles”, an approach originally introduced in the USA by Beauchamp & Childress but soon accepted also in the UK with the support of Professor Raanan Gillon. The central idea of the method involves, first identifying the relevant among the four moral principle(s), (beneficence, non maleficence, respect for autonomy and justice) that is (are) connected with a specific moral dilemma. Then, one follows procedures of balancing, specification and deductive application, as a bridge between the moral dilemma and the four principles. Some attention is paid while balancing, to consequentialist considerations, and to other ethically significant concepts as the virtues and the emotions, but only incidentally. What is central in Beauchamp & Childress’s principlism is the adoption of normative insights of common morality, holding the position of a theoretical justification for the methodological reasoning which will determine the solution of a specific moral problem.The main ambition of the four principles approach and its main virtue is the clarity of the method and consequently the ability to become comprehensive and easily applied. There are certain problems though in applying the method. Here, we are going to investigate the problem of relative priority of principles, i.e. which principle overrides the other when two or more of them are in conflict, seeking help by the Kantian division, in perfect and imperfect duties. But we must first answer the question: Is the four principles approach, a method of moral objectivism as Beauchamp & Childress claim, or is it a method of moral relativism, as it is often argued by some of their critics? Only if our answer to the objectivity question is positive, can the main issue of priority be addressed, because an attempt at a determinate ordering wouldn’t mean anything in a relativist frame.
Is dignity a useless concept?
Authors: Kalokairinou Eleni
Published: February 2021

In this paper I undertake to examine Ruth Macklin’s claim that dignity is a useless concept. I explain her contention by the fact that dignity, as a concept, has a long history and has been presented differently at different times. I shed some lighton certain different conceptions of dignity in ancient times and in our contemporaryera. And I end up with the suggestion that the term “dignified”, like “good”, is a primarily evaluative term, unlike what some philosophers have thought.
COVID-19 – exploring the implications of long-term condition type and extent of multimorbidity on years of life lost: a modelling study
Authors: Hanlon Peter , Chadwick Fergus , Shah Anoop , Wood Rachael , Minton Jon , McCartney Gerry , Fischbacher Colin , Mair Frances S. , Husmeier Dirk , Matthiopoulos Jason , McAllister David A.
Published: February 2021

Background: COVID-19 is responsible for increasing deaths globally. Estimates focused on numbers of deaths, do not quantify potential years of life lost (YLL) through COVID-19.  As most people dying with COVID-19 are older with underlying long-term conditions (LTCs), some speculate that YLL are low. We aim to estimate YLL attributable to COVID-19, before and after adjustment for number/type of LTCs.

Methods: We first estimated YLL from COVID-19 using WHO life tables, based on published age/sex data from COVID-19 deaths in Italy. We then used aggregate data on number/type of LTCs inform a Bayesian model for likely combinations of LTCs among people dying with COVID-19. From these, we used routine UK healthcare data from Scotland and Wales to estimate life expectancy based on age/sex/ combinations of LTCs using Gompertz models. We then calculated YLL based on age, sex, type of LTCs and multimorbidity count.

Results: Using the standard WHO life tables, YLL per COVID-19 death was 14 for men and 12 for women. After adjustment for number and type of LTCs, the mean YLL was slightly lower, but remained high (11.6 and 9.4 years for man and women, respectively). The number and type of LTCs led to wide variability in the estimated YLL at a given age (e.g. at ≥80 years, YLL was >10 years for people with 0 LTCs, and <3 years for people with ≥6).

Conclusions: Deaths from COVID-19 represent a substantial burden in terms of per-person YLL, more than a decade, even after adjusting for the typical number and type of LTCs found in people dying of COVID-19. The extent of multimorbidity heavily influences the estimated YLL at a given age. More comprehensive and standardised collection of data on LTCs is needed to better understand and quantify the global burden of COVID-19 and to guide policy-making and interventions.
Three Sources of Michael Johann von der Borch’s Poem “The Sentimental Park of Varakļāni Palace”
Authors: Spārītis Ojārs
Published: February 2021

History permits us to trace so-called Polish Inflanty, in the territoryof the former Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, to the contemporaryRepublic of Latvia. In this case we are particularly interested in theestate of Warkland (Warklany, Varakļāni). The ensemble of manorand park is typical for large estates in Eastern Europe, including avillage and its infrastructure and a separate manor and park as aspatial, architectural, botanical and social entity.Originating from Baltic-German nobility, ‘Polonised’ countMichael Johann von der Borch-Lubeschitz und Borchhoff (1753–1810) was the son of a Chancellor of Poland and Lithuania. He wasa member of several academies of science, in Siena, Dijon and Lion,and penfriend of Voltaire and academicians in Russia and France.After researching the mineralogy of Italy, Sicily, France, Germany,England, the Netherlands and Switzerland M. J. von der Borch leftfor his estate in Varakļāni, the Polonised part of eastern Livonia,called Polish Inflanty. At this time he also composed literary worksand poems, among which is one remarkable piece of didactic andemblematic content “The Sentimental Park of Varakļāni Palace” (Jardinsentimental du château de Warkland dans le Comté de Borch en RussieBlanche, 1795). This poem illustrates in a passionate and classicalway an emblematic approach to contemporary political structures,and the goals of education in general. In Jardin sentimental, whichis a theoretical and didactic manual, Borsch describes, through themetaphor of the estate park of Warkland, the route of an imaginativehero, full of expectation and temptation.The main subject of the report is an analysis of the text of thepoem contextualised by history and contrasted with evidence fromcontemporary Warkland.
Still Life with Grapes and Nest
Authors: Hiiop Hilkka , Uueni Andres , Randla Anneli , Läänelaid Alar
Published: February 2021

A complex conservation process revealed the layer of the painting inits original subtlety and delicate retouchings recreated the integralsurface of the painting. As a result, we can confirm that it is a paintingof high artistic quality dating most probably from the middle ofthe 17th century, painted on an oak panel of German origin. Weremain doubtful about the Internet auction suggested authorship,as the painting does not reach the artistic quality of Jan DavidszDé Heem, a top rank artist from the Netherlands. It is possible tocontinue with the art-historical analysis (and other investigations)of the painting, to find further proof for the hypothetical dating andmaybe even reach an attribution but we must not forget to ask thequestions whether and to whom it would be necessary. What matters

for the owner of the painting is the fact that an artwork which decorates

the wall of his home has both aesthetic and historical value –

even without knowing its exact date or the painter.
ECHO‐CT: An Interdisciplinary Videoconference Model for Identifying Potential Postdischarge Transition‐of‐Care Events
Authors: Gonzalez Mariana R , Junge‐Maughan Lauren , Lipsitz Lewis A , Moore Amber
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Discharge from the hospital to a post–acute care setting can be complex and potentially dangerous, with opportunities for errors and lapses in communication between providers. Data collected through the Extension for Community Health Outcomes–Care Transitions (ECHO‐CT) model were used to identify and classify transition‐of‐care events (TCEs).

METHODS

The ECHO‐CT model employs multidisciplinary videoconferences between a hospital‐based team and providers in post–acute care settings; during these conferences, concerns regarding the patient's care transition were identified and recorded. The videoconferences took place from January 2016 to October 2018 and included patients discharged from inpatient medical and surgical services to a total of eight participating post–acute care facilities (skilled nursing facilities or long‐term acute care hospitals).

RESULTS

During the interdisciplinary videoconferences in this period, 675 patients were discussed. A total of 139 TCEs were identified; 58 (41.7%) involved discharge communication or coordination errors and 52 (37.4%) were classified as medication issues.

CONCLUSION

The TCEs identified in this study highlight areas in which providers can work to reduce issues arising during the course of discharge to post–acute care facilities. Standardized processes to identify, record, and report TCEs are necessary to provide high‐quality, safe care for patients as they move across care settings.
Gender‐Based Discrimination and Sexual Harassment Among Academic Internal Medicine Hospitalists
Authors: Bhandari Sanjay , Jha Pinky , Cooper Cynthia , Slawski Barbara
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Gender‐based discrimination and sexual harassment, both implicit and overt, have been reported in academic medicine. This study examines experiences of academic hospitalists regarding gender‐based discrimination and sexual harassment.

METHODS

A survey was distributed to Internal Medicine hospitalists at university‐based academic institutions in the United States. Questions assessed experiences regarding gender‐based discrimination and sexual harassment in their interactions with patients, as well as with other healthcare providers (HCPs).

RESULTS

Eighteen institutions participated in the survey, resulting in 336 individual responses. Female hospitalists more frequently reported inappropriate touch, sexual remarks, gestures, and suggestive looks by patients compared with male peers both over their careers (P < .001) and in the last 30 days (P < .001). Similarly, females more frequently reported being referred to with inappropriate terms of endearment (eg, “dear,” “honey,” “sweetheart”) by patients both over their careers (P < .001) and in the last 30 days (P < .001). Almost 100% of females reported being mistaken by patients for nonphysician HCPs over their careers, compared with 29% of males (P < .001) (76% vs 10%, in the last 30 days; P < .001). Similarly, females more frequently reported sexual harassment over their careers (P < .05) and being mistaken for nonphysician HCPs by colleagues both over their careers (P < .001) and in the last 30 days (P < .001). Females rated their sense of respect both by patients (P < .001) and colleagues (P < .001) lower than males (P < .001). More females than males reported that gender negatively impacted their career opportunities (P < .001).

CONCLUSION

This survey demonstrates that gender‐based discrimination and sexual harassment are commonly encountered by academic hospitalists, with a significantly higher number of females reporting these experiences.
Opportunities for Stewardship in the Transition From Intravenous to Enteral Antibiotics in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients
Authors: Cotter Jillian M , Hall Matt , Girdwood Sonya Tang , Stephens John R , Markham Jessica L , Gay James C , Shah Samir S
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Pediatric patients hospitalized with bacterial infections often receive intravenous (IV) antibiotics. Early transition to enteral antibiotics can reduce hospital duration, cost, and complications. We aimed to identify opportunities to transition from IV to enteral antibiotics, describe variation of transition among hospitals, and evaluate feasibility of novel stewardship metrics.

METHODS

This multisite retrospective cohort study used the Pediatric Health Information System to identify pediatric patients hospitalized with pneumonia, neck infection, orbital infection, urinary tract infection (UTI), osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) between 2017 and 2018. Opportunity days were defined as days on which patients received both IV antibiotics and enteral medications, suggesting enteral tolerance. Percent opportunity was defined as opportunity days divided by days on any antibiotics. Both outcomes excluded IV antibiotics that have no alternative oral formulation. We evaluated outcomes per infection and antibiotic and assessed across‐hospital variation.

RESULTS

We identified 88,522 aggregate opportunity days in 100,103 hospitalizations. On 57% of the antibiotic days, there was an opportunity to switch patients to enteral therapy, with greatest opportunity days in SSTI, neck infection, and pneumonia encounters, and with clindamycin, ceftriaxone, and ampicillin‐sulbactam. Percent opportunity varied by infection (73% in septic arthritis to 40% in pneumonia). There was significant across‐hospital variation in percent opportunity for all infections.

CONCLUSION

This multicenter study demonstrated the potential opportunity to transition from IV to enteral therapy in over half of antibiotic days. Opportunity varied by infection, antibiotic, and hospital. Across‐hospital variation demonstrated likely missed opportunities for earlier transition and the need to define optimal transition times. Stewardship efforts promoting earlier transition for highly bioavailable antibiotics could reduce healthcare utilization and promote high‐value care. We identified feasible stewardship metrics.
Clinical Guideline Highlights for the Hospitalist: Anaphylaxis Management in Adults and Children
Authors: Burroughs‐Ray Desirée C , Wells Daniel R , Dennis Mallie M , Jackson Christopher D
Published: February 2021

GUIDELINE TITLE

Anaphylaxis—A 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) analysis

RELEASE DATE

April 2020

PRIOR VERSION

Anaphylaxis – a 2019 practice parameter and GRADE analysis

DEVELOPER

American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (ACAAI)

FUNDING SOURCE

None

TARGET POPULATION

Adult and pediatric patients with anaphylaxis
Performance Pay and Prior Learning—Evidence from a Retail Chain
Authors: Manthei Kathrin , Sliwka Dirk , Vogelsang Timo
Published: February 2021

We report the results of two field experiments in a retail chain and show that the effectiveness of performance pay crucially hinges on prior job experience. Introducing sales-based performance pay first for district managers and later for store managers, we find negligible average treatment effects. From surveys and interviews, we develop a formal model demonstrating that the effect of performance pay decreases with experience and may even vanish in the limit. We provide empirical evidence in line with this hypothesis—for instance, finding positive treatment effects (only) in stores with low job experience.

This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, decision analysis.
Sonographic bridging callus at six weeks following displaced midshaft clavicle fracture can accurately predict healing
Authors: Nicholson Jamie A. , Oliver William M. , MacGillivray Tom J. , Robinson C. Michael , Simpson A. Hamish R. W.
Published: February 2021

Aims

To evaluate if union of clavicle fractures can be predicted at six weeks post-injury by the presence of bridging callus on ultrasound.

Methods

Adult patients managed nonoperatively with a displaced mid-shaft clavicle were recruited prospectively. Ultrasound evaluation of the fracture was undertaken to determine if sonographic bridging callus was present. Clinical risk factors at six weeks were used to stratify patients at high risk of nonunion with a combination of Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (QuickDASH) ≥ 40, fracture movement on examination, or absence of callus on radiograph.

Results

A total of 112 patients completed follow-up at six months with a nonunion incidence of 16.7% (n = 18/112). Sonographic bridging callus was detected in 62.5% (n = 70/112) of the cohort at six weeks post-injury. If present, union occurred in 98.6% of the fractures (n = 69/70). If absent, nonunion developed in 40.5% of cases (n = 17/42). The sensitivity to predict union with sonographic bridging callus at six weeks was 73.4% and the specificity was 94.4%. Regression analysis found that failure to detect sonographic bridging callus at six weeks was associated with older age, female sex, simple fracture pattern, smoking, and greater fracture displacement (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.48). Of the cohort, 30.4% (n = 34/112) had absent sonographic bridging callus in addition to one or more of the clinical risk factors at six weeks that predispose to nonunion. If one was present the nonunion rate was 35%, 60% with two, and 100% when combined with all three.

Conclusion

Ultrasound combined with clinical risk factors can accurately predict fracture healing at six weeks following a displaced midshaft clavicle fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(2):113–121.
MATLAB scripts for "Comparison of Three Commercial Automatic Boom Height Control Systems for Agricultural Sprayers"
Authors: Burgers Travis
Published: February 2021

- BoomLevelingComparison.m is the MATLAB script for the analysis and some plots
- CalculateBoomLevelingMetrics.m is a MATLAB function required for BoomLevelingComparison.m that calculates the analysis metrics
Designing and building a novel, ground-based lidar system for aerosol typing in the Planetary Boundary Layer
Authors: Howe Rebecca , Binnietoglou Ioannis , Williams Jamie O.D. , Fragkos Alexandras , Tsaknakis George , Lapington Jon , Hey Joshua Vande
Published: February 2021

We present a novel lidar system for aerosol typing in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). We present results from preliminary electronics tests and explain how these have influenced our system design.
Visualizing and Quantifying Methane and Natural Gas Emissions using Lasers and Small Semi-Autonomous Drones
Authors: Frish Michael B.
Published: February 2021

We describe man-portable and aerial near-IR laser sensor platforms which spatially scan a laser beam to create quantitative plume images. These tools locate, visualize, and deduce natural gas (methane) emission rates at small infrastmchrre sources.
Combined MIR Quantum Cascade Laser Reflectance Spectroscopy and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Mineral Quantification
Authors: Vanier Francis , Haddad Josette El , de Lima Filho Elton Soares , Harhira Aïssa , Sabsabi Christian Padioleau Mohamad , Blouin Alain
Published: February 2021

Mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy are combined to provide the quantitative mineral composition of rocks. Measurement results for kaolinite are presented and a relative error of kaolinite abundance of 0.8 % is obtained.
Hadamard-Transform Fluorescence Excitation-Emission-Matrix Spectroscopy: Rapid Multivariate Analysis of Fluorophores
Authors: Ferguson Travis G. , Bernicky Adam R. , Loock Hans-Peter
Published: February 2021

A new UV-LED based Hadamard excitation-emission-matrix fluorescence spectrometer was designed and utilized to study the degradation of antioxidants additives to lubricant samples with acquisition times within 2 to 10 seconds.
Comparison of Livestock Emissions Measurements Using Open-Path Dual-Comb Spectroscopy and Closed-Path Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy
Authors: Herman Daniel I. , Weerasekara Chinthaka , Hutcherson Lindsay C. , Giorgetta Fabrizio R. , Cossel Kevin C. , Waxman Eleanor M. , Colacion Gabriel M. , Newbury Nathan R. , Welch Stephen M. , DePaola Brett D. , Coddington Ian , Santos Eduardo A. , Washburn Brian R.
Published: February 2021

Open-path dual-comb spectroscopy is used to quantify CO2, CH4, H2O and NH3 concentrations adjacent to a cattle feedlot. In all cases except NH3, the data is compared against closed-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy.
Thermally Regenerable Optical Transparent MEMS Windows for exhaust Gas Analysis
Authors: Ghaderi Amir , Middelburg Luke M. , Bilby David , Visser Jaco , Lundgren Per , Enoksson Peter , Wolffenbuttel Reinoud
Published: February 2021

Exhaust gas measurement in the harsh environment of the tailpipe by optical techniques is a highly robust technique, provided that optical access is maintained in the presence of soot. The design, fabrication, and testing of membranes in SiC-on-Si with integrated heaters to serve as a regenerable MEMS optical window into the tailpipe are presented. Membranes at slightly elevated temperatures are demonstrated to keep the surface transparent by thermophoresis, while surface regeneration is achieved at pulsed high temperatures, which allows long-term optical measurement in the exhaust.
Recent Progress in the Development of a Chemical Species Tomographic Imaging System to Measure Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Large-Scale Commercial Aero-Engines
Authors: Lengden Michael , Stewart George , Johnstone Walter , Upadhyay Abhishek , Wilson David , Polydorides Nicholas , McCann Hugh , Liu Chang , Enemali Godwin , Tsekenis Alex , Wright Paul , Kliment Josh , Archilla Victor , Velasco Javier , Sánchez-Valdepeñas Jesús , Beltran Marta , Polo Valentin , Armstrong Ian , Mauchline Iain
Published: February 2021

Quantification of aero-engine emission is typically carried out using etfractive sampling resulting in poor spatio-temporal resolution. Here we present recent images obtained using non-intrusive chemical species tomography on a large-scale commercial aero-engine.
Recovery of the topological charge of a vortex beam propagated through a scattering layer
Authors: Yang Wanqin , Situ Guohai
Published: February 2021

Coherent vortex beams have shown great potential in many applications including information transmission under non-ideal conditions, as information can be encoded in the orbital angular momentum. However, inhomogeneity of atmosphere tends to scramble the vortex structure and give rise to speckle. It is therefore of great interest to reconstruct the topological charge of a vortex beam after it propagates through a scattering medium. Here, we propose a feasible solution for this. The proposed method measures holographically the scattered field and reconstructs the spiral phase from it by taking advantage of both the deterministic nature and the ergodicity of the scattering process. Our preliminary experiments show promising results and suggest that the proposed method can have great potential in information transmission under non-ideal conditions.
High-resolution sequential thermal fringe projection technique for fast and accurate 3D shape measurement of transparent objects
Authors: Landmann Martin , Speck Henri , Dietrich Patrick , Heist Stefan , Kühmstedt Peter , Tünnermann Andreas , Notni Gunther
Published: February 2021

Three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement systems based on diffuse reflection of projected structured light do not deliver reliable data when measuring glossy, transparent, absorbent, or translucent objects. In recent years, we have developed a method based on stereo recording with infrared cameras and projection of areal aperiodic sinusoidal thermal patterns to detect such objects. However, the measurements took longer than 10 s, up to minutes; moreover, the measurement accuracy was improvable. Now, we have succeeded in both drastically reducing measurement time and significantly increasing measurement quality. This finally provides a technique for reliably measuring transparent objects, e.g., in series production. We demonstrate measurement examples achieved within 1 s and with 3D standard deviations less than 10 µm.
Dual-Comb Spectroscopy with Photoacoustic Detection
Authors: Wildi Thibault , Voumard Thibault , Brasch Victor , Yilmaz Gürkan , Herr Tobias
Published: February 2021

Dual-comb photoacoustic spectroscopy is demonstrated, providing scan-free mapping of optical absorption spectra to acoustic pressure waves. Infrared absorption features of a low volume gas sample are resolved with high signal-to-noise ratio in short acquisition time.
Multiphase Flow Characterization and Modeling Using Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors to Prevent Well Blowout
Authors: Feo Giuseppe , Sharma Jyotsna , Santos Otto , Williams Wesley , Ogunsanwo Toba
Published: February 2021

Multiphase flow experiments demonstrate the capability of fiber optic Distributed Acoustic and Temperature Sensors to detect and track a potential gas-influx in 5000 ft. deep wellbore, to prevent a well control incident.
Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes in CMOS Technology: Towards Low-Cost and Compact Solid-State LiDAR Sensors
Authors: Lee Myung-Jae
Published: February 2021

The goal of this paper is to introduce single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in CMOS technology, which are getting a lot of attention especially from the industry to realize low- cost and compact solid-state LiDAR sensors.
Optical gas standards for reactive gas species concentration measurements based on dTDLAS
Authors: Nwaboh Javis A. , Qu Zhechao , Werhahn Olav , Ebert Volker
Published: February 2021

To complement gaseous certified reference material (CRM) used as calibration gas mixtures, we report on dTDLAS-based Optical Gas Standards (‘OGS’) for absolute (“calibration free”) concentration measurement of gas species like, e.g., H2O, CO, HCl, NO2, reporting excellent agreements between dTDLAS results and CRM values.
Emission Diagnostics for Benchtop-Scale Explosive Fireballs
Authors: Brown Alex , Son Steven F. , Meyer Terrence R. , Guildenbecher Daniel R.
Published: February 2021

Quantitative optical measurements in post-detonation fireballs are challenging due to high optical densities and short time scales. This paper demonstrates the use of simultaneous imaging, multispectral emission, and spectrometry diagnostics at high speeds.
Spectra Separation of Tetrafluoromethane, Methane and Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Geiser Peter , Wang Junyang , Avetisov Viacheslav
Published: February 2021

A new signal processing algorithm tailored for in-situ applications combines multivariate analysis and hmable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. The principle and the application to the spectra separation of tetrafluoromethane and its interferants is demonstrated.
Multispectral Coherent LADAR using Quantum Cascade Lasers for 3-D Chemical Sensing
Authors: Redmond Shawn M. , Herzog William D.
Published: February 2021

A seven wavelength coherent LADAR comprised of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers was developed for 3-D chemical sensing. Demonstration of 3-D chemical identification was performed on a spatially-overlapping multi-material scene.
Photoacoustic sensor with radial and longitudinal acoustic resonators
Authors: Duquesnoy Maxime , Aoust Guillaume , Melkonian Jean-Michel , Lévy Raphaël , Raybaut Myriam , Godard Antoine
Published: February 2021

We present a QEPAS sensor based on a custom quartz tuning fork associated with a radial acoustic resonator. We present a study through finite element method and demonstrate state of the art sensitivity.
Photothermal Common-Path Interferometry for Trace Gas Detection
Authors: Wolf Sebastian , Trendle Tobias , Catalan Norman , Kießling Jens , Wöllenstein Jürgen , Kühnemann Frank
Published: February 2021

Photothemal common-path interferometty is used for sensitive infrared gas spectroscopy. Numerical modeling of the effect is validated by experimental results. The method enables compact sensor systems that operate largely independent of the achral excitation wavelenth.
CCD based high-speed 1D Raman scattering for combustion application
Authors: Yang Chaobo , Tang Hao , Magnotti Gaetano
Published: February 2021

We demonstrate a novel design of CCD based high-speed ID Raman system for combustion application. KHz rate, high precision measurement of temperature and species was achieved by applying cascade dichroic mirrom and subframe burst operated cameras.
GaSb Lasers in the spectral regime from 1.9 nm to 3 nm for molecular spectroscopy
Authors: Honsberg Martin , Milde Tobias , Schmidtmann Sebastian , Hoppe Morten , Sacher Joachim
Published: February 2021

10 GaSb based wafers for covering the wavelength regime from 1.9 pm to 3 pm were realized. We report on the test, performance and applications-results in gas spectroscopy with ECDL and D-DFB lasers.
Butterfly-packaged multi-channel interference widely tunable semiconductor laser with improved performance
Authors: Chen Quanan , Wang Kuankuan , Jiang Chun , Ma Xiang , Liu Ye , Lu Qiaoyin , Guo Weihua
Published: February 2021

A multi-channel interference (MCI) widely tunable semiconductor laser is described in detail with improved performance in this paper. The MCI laser without the common phase section was packaged into a standard 14-pin butterfly package. The device realized a tuning range of more than 40 nm with side mode suppression ratios (SMSRs) higher than 48 dB and about 7 dBm fiber power. By making the gain section and the phase sections to be surface ridge waveguides, threshold currents of the laser have become less than 18 mA across the tuning range. Besides, tuning characteristics of the MCI laser were experimentally studied in detail for the first time. The MCI laser can be treated as a combination of eight Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity lasers which share the same gain section. It is found that when the eight arm phase sections are completely in phase at the lasing wavelength, the operating currents are at maxima of the output power curves. The relationship between the lasing wavelength and the injection currents of the eight arm phase sections has been introduced and analyzed.
On-axis three-dimensional meta-holography enabled with continuous-amplitude modulation of light
Authors: Zheng Guoxing , Fu Rao , Deng Liangui , Li Gongfa , Li Zile
Published: February 2021

Conventional three-dimensional (3D) holography based on recording interference fringes on a photosensitive material usually has unavoidable zero-order light, which merges with the holographic image and blurs it. Off-axis design is an effective approach to avoid this problem; however, it in turn leads to the waste of at least half of the imaging space for holographic reconstruction. Herein, we propose an on-axis 3D holography based on Malus-assisted metasurfaces, which can eliminate the zero-order light and project the holographic image in the full transmission space. Specifically, each nanostructure in the metasurface acts as a nano-polarizer, which can modulate the polarization-assisted amplitude of incident light continuously, governed by Malus law. By carefully choosing the orientation angles of nano-polarizers, the amplitude can be both positive and negative, which can be employed to extinct zero-order light without affecting the intensity modulation for holographic recording. We experimentally demonstrate this concept by projecting an on-axis 3-layer holographic images in the imaging space and all experimental results agree well with our prediction. Our proposed metasurface carries unique characteristics such as ultracompactness, on-axis reconstruction, extinction of zero-order light and broadband response, which can find its market in ultracompact and high-density holographic recording for 3D objects.
Diffraction limited 195-W continuous wave laser emission at 2.09 µm from a Tm3+, Ho3+-codoped single-oscillator monolithic fiber laser
Authors: Motard Arnaud , Louot Christophe , Robin Thierry , Cadier Benoit , Manek-Hönninger Inka , Dalloz Nicolas , Hildenbrand-Dhollande Anne
Published: February 2021

We present a bi-directionally 793-nm diode-pumped Tm3+, Ho3+-codoped silica polarization maintaining double-clad all-fiber laser based on a single-oscillator architecture emitting 195 W at 2.09 µm in continuous wave mode of operation, with a beam quality near the diffraction limit (M2 = 1.08). The power scaling of the laser is only pump-power-limited in the range of the total available pump power (540 W).
Real-time IBFD transmission system based on adaptive optical self-interference cancellation using the hybrid criteria regular triangle algorithm
Authors: Zhang Zhiyi , Zheng Lizhuo , Xiao Shilin , Liu Zhiyang , Fang Jiafei , Hu Weisheng
Published: February 2021

In this Letter, we first propose and demonstrate a real-time in-band full duplex (IBFD) transmission system based on adaptive optical self-interference cancellation (OSIC). The field programmable gate array (FPGA) is used for high-speed and real-time orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. The hybrid criteria regular triangle (RT) algorithm is first proposed to combine signal power and the bit error rate (BER) together as the objective function to realize the adaptive control process. With this algorithm, the real-time adaptive OSIC system is able to converge and fully recover the signal of interest (SOI) within 12 sampling times, which is by far the fastest, to the best of our knowledge, convergence under the real-time transmission scenario. Experiments show that the system can achieve 28 dB cancellation depth across 0–1.45 GHz wideband, and 40 dB cancellation depth at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5 GHz, which is the best cancellation performance in current real-time adaptive OSIC schemes and shows the potential of our system in different commercial applications.
Aero-Optical and Atmospheric Studies in-Flight Using AAOL
Authors: Gordeyev Stanislav
Published: February 2021

Two types of flight experiments will be presented and discussed: image blurring due to turbulent flows and measurements of optical distortions due of atmospheric turbulence. Possible effects on optical tracking systems will also be discussed.
Sensitivity of topological edge states in a non-Hermitian dimer chain
Authors: Guo Zhiwei , Zhang Tengzhou , Song Juan , Jiang Haitao , Chen Hong
Published: February 2021

Photonic topological edge states in one-dimensional dimer chains have long been thought to be robust to structural perturbations by mapping the topological Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model of a solid-state system. However, the edge states at the two ends of a finite topological dimer chain will interact as a result of near-field coupling. This leads to deviation from topological protection by the chiral symmetry from the exact zero energy, weakening the robustness of the topological edge state. With the aid of non-Hermitian physics, the splitting frequencies of edge states can be degenerated again, with topological protection recovered by altering the gain or loss strength of the structure. This point of coalescence is known as the exceptional point (EP). The intriguing physical properties of EPs in topological structures give rise to many fascinating and counterintuitive phenomena. In this work, based on a finite non-Hermitian dimer chain composed of ultra-subwavelength resonators, we propose theoretically and verify experimentally that the sensitivity of topological edge states is greatly affected when the system passes through the EP. Using the EP of a non-Hermitian dimer chain, we realize a new sensor that is sensitive to perturbation of on-site frequency at the end of the structure and yet topologically protected from internal perturbation of site-to-site couplings. Our demonstration of a non-Hermitian topological structure with an EP paves the way for the development of novel sensors that are not sensitive to internal manufacturing errors but are highly sensitive to changes in the external environment.
Tissue Characterization Using a Multi-Pixel Sensor System and Partial Least Squares Regression
Authors: Woods Callie Marie , Senlik Ozlem , Jokerst Nan Marie
Published: February 2021

Diffiise reflectance spectroscopy systems often exhibit low SNR, reducing tissue characterization accuracy. We present a new analysis showing lower SNR requirements when partial least squares regression is used for prediction instead of more traditional techniques.
High-bandwidth interrogation of optomechanical cavity sensors using electro-optic frequency combs
Authors: Reschovsky Benjamin J. , Long David A. , Bao Yiliang , Zhou Feng , Gorman Jason J. , LeBrun Thomas W.
Published: February 2021

We use an electro-optic frequency comb system to measure the frequency shift of optomechanical cavity sensors with large dynamic range (> 2 GHz) and fast bandwidth (500 kHz).