bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coding and Payment for Immunizations
Authors: Tuck Richard H
Published: May 2014

Pediatricians must be familiar with multiple requirements to optimize reimbursement for vaccine-related costs
Improving Nursing Care for the Elderly: An Educational Task
Authors: Brock Anna M
Published: May 2014

Education preparation for gerontological nursing
Dentistry and Nursing Work Together To Improve Care of the Aged
Authors: Busse Geraldine , Simpson Roger
Published: May 2014

This article describes the efforts of an interdisciplinary group in developing a program for improved dental care of the aged.
Regression: A Defense Mechanism for the Dying Older Adult
Authors: Tatro Suzanne E , Marshall Jan M
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Dying for the older adult assumes a reality unlike the reality of death as perceived by younger adults. When facing this reality, some older adults may employ regression as a defense mechanism to cope with their foreshortened futures. Employment of this form of regression varies considerably from the regression associated with a return to former levels of adaptation. Because it is different, this regression may be misinterpreted by professional caregivers. Nurses, who are heavily involved in the care of dying older adults and their families, need to be aware of this defense mechanism in order to deliver intelligent, holistic care.
Effects of Touch on Communication with Elderly Confused Clients
Authors: Langland Rose Mary , Panicucci Carol L
Published: May 2014

Abstract

Effective communication is of vital importance in establishing and maintaining the nurse-client relationship through which an elderly client may be assisted in carrying out self care. In nursing, touch often has been advocated as an important affectional and communication tool. This study examined the effects on communication between the elderly confused client and the nurse when touch was combined with a verbal request. Thirty-two elderly female subjects from two mid western nursing homes randomly were assigned to experimental and control groups. All subjects were given the same verbal request, control group without touch and experimental group with a light touch on the forearm. Subjects were observed for attention (nonverbal responses), relevant verbal response, and appropriate action response. A significant increase in nonverbal responses with the use of touch was found, indicating its importance in conveying relational aspects of communication. Implications for nursing are discussed.
Preserving History Through Oral History Reflections
Authors: Donahue Elizabeth M
Published: May 2014

Abstract

This study focuses on the oral history reflections of six elderly female nurses (ages 61 to 80) who, through the process of reminiscing about their careers, related specific historical events to the development of nursing as a profession during their lifetimes. The data were collected through oral taped interviews using an interview guide developed around five a priori categories known to have affected women and nursing (war, status of women, economics, technological and medical advancements, and nursing education). The data were analyzed qualitatively according to the five a priori categories and are presented in narrative format. The data added primary documentation to the history of nursing as seen through the personal perspective of these individual elderly nurses. The conceptual framework of reminiscing was supported as was the literature review on nursing histography. The research provided a framework and technique basic to further research in nursing using oral history methods and the reminiscing process.
Who Are the Certified Gerontological Nurses?
Authors: Nichols Elizabeth G , Hallburg Jeanne C
Published: May 2014

Have you ever wondered who has become certified, what positions they hold, what kind of people they are, how they got into gerontological nursing?
The Stroke Patient: An Individual Challenge!
Authors: Kasmarik Patricia E
Published: May 2014

Nursing guidelines for extended care of stroke patients. . .
Thermal Stress and the Aged
Authors: Kolanowski Ann Marie , Gunter Laurie M
Published: May 2014

The ability to respond to thermal stress is impaired in the aged. Learn how to prevent heat exhaustion or accidental hypothermia in your elderly client.
When Sleep Won't Come
Authors: Schirmer Mary S
Published: May 2014

Here's what you can do to help your client overcome sleep difficulties that interfere with his/her quality of life.
Alzheimer's Disease and Critical Care
Authors: Palmer Mary Happel
Published: May 2014

Interactions Implications Interventions
Home, Safe Home
Authors: Colling Joyce , Park Della
Published: May 2014

A systematic analysis of falls provides data on population and environmental characteristics useful in designing a patient safety program.
Care Enough To Hear
Authors: Wagg Barbara , Yurick Ann Gera
Published: May 2014

The final moments of life should be shared and often, the elderly share them with student nurses.
British GERIATRIC HEALTH CARE
Authors: Podskalny Linda Kraus , Woods Debbie
Published: May 2014

A student exchange program brought the nurses a close understanding of the British need to maintain an independent profile.
DATELINE: SWEDEN
Authors: Arnetz Bengt B , Theorell Töres
Published: May 2014

Research on Activation for the Elderly
TREATING DYSPHAGIA
Authors: Williams Helen , McDonald Edris , Daggett Martha , Schut Bernard , Buckwalter K C
Published: May 2014

Sensory stimulation techniques may point the way to helping those geriatric patients who are victims of disease or trauma affecting the swallowing mechanism.
DRUG REDUCTION WORKS!
Authors: Rajda Mary Jean , Belock Shirley
Published: May 2014

This cost-effective care plan for drug reduction can be instituted with no adverse effects to patients.
NURSES' PERCEPTIONS OF REHABILITATION POTENTIAL of Institutionalized Aged
Authors: Heller Barbara R , Bausell R Barker , Ninos Mary
Published: May 2014

Nursing homes are the fastest growing health care facility, yet concern over the quality of care has been expressed. Can nurses' attitudes about the elderly change the quality of care?
Are Physical Activity, Self-Esteem, & Depression Related?
Authors: Parent Carla J , Whall Ann L
Published: May 2014

The relationship between exercise and physical wellbeing is an important consideration for the health and self-esteem of the elderly.
DO MATTRESSES MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Authors: Whitney JoAnne Davis , Fellows Barbara J , Larson Elaine
Published: May 2014

Pressure sores cause longer hospital stays and discomfort for the patient. Can special mattresses aid in prevention?
WHO IS AT RISK?
Authors: White Lon , Farmer Mary , Brody Jacob
Published: May 2014

Hip Fracture Epidemiology Report
Health Promotion Strategies for the Aged
Authors: Ory Marcia G
Published: May 2014

Nurse clinicians, as educators, face the challenge of integrating health promotion activities into a system oriented to acute care.
AGING IN Palau
Authors: Shimamoto Yoshiko
Published: May 2014

The elderly population is a smaller segment of this district in the Trust TerritoryMicronesia.
Teaching the Investigation of Elder Abuse
Authors: Galbraith Michael W , Zdorkowski R Todd
Published: May 2014

Continuing education programs don't always expand quickly enough to keep practitioners abreast of recent developments. However, there are several simple teaching and research tools that can aid in elder abuse education.
EDUCATING LEADERS IN GERONTOLOGY
Authors: Dye Celeste A
Published: May 2014

Doctoral Preparation for Gerontological Nursing

The doctorally prepared nurses are leaders, role models, and research scientists. But there still aren't enough of them.
AZEST FOR LIFE!
Authors: Byrne Mary
Published: May 2014

For some of your clients, spiritual support is their greatest need.
Is Your Patient About to Fall?
Authors: Lund Cynthia , Sheafor Marian L
Published: May 2014

Using this profile, Gerontological Nurses can play an important role in predicting patients at risk of falling!
Gerontological Nurse Specialists: Tomorrow's Leaders TODAY!
Authors: Wells Donna Lenore
Published: May 2014

To meet the needs of the elderly across all levels, your facility may need the services of gerontological nurse specialists. Staff as well as patients can benefit.
Capitalize on ELDER STRENGTHS
Authors: Gallagher Elaine M
Published: May 2014

Peer counseling offers elders a chance to use knowledge gained over a lifetime. With proper guidance from you, elder group members can contribute to peer well-being and increase their feelings of self-worth.
MEASURING GERONTOLOGICAL NURSING'S IMPACT ON THE AGED
Authors: Matteson Mary Ann
Published: May 2014

How do gerontological nurses know when they are making a difference? Experimental design research is especially meaningful as nurses attempt to measure the impact of their interventions on elderly clients.
Overcoming Stroke-Related Depression
Authors: Hatcher Betty J , Durham Jerry D , Richey Michelle
Published: May 2014

How a nurse psychotherapist came to the rescue of one patient suffering the perplexities of a devastating cerebrovascular accident.
Primary Nursing: It Works in Long-Term Care
Authors: Campbell Susanne Devine
Published: May 2014

Adaptation is the byword in implementing a successful primary nursing system in nursing homes.
YOUR PATIENT IS OLDER: WHAT LEADS TO JOB SATISFACTION?
Authors: Winger Jean Merhige , Smyth-Staruch Kathleen
Published: May 2014

What boosts the interests of nurses currently working with the aged in longterm care and acute care centers? What is necessary for nurses to take an active role in rehabilitating the aged?
ALZHEIMER'S: THE NEED FOR CARING
Authors: Williams Linda
Published: May 2014

Caring for Alzheimer's victims requires constant vigilance: and proper nursing assessment and intervention are vital.
Burnout Among Nursing Home Personnel
Authors: Heine Christine A
Published: May 2014

Nursing home residents place an inordinate amount of stress on the caregiver who has to manage and provide nursing care to individuals who are very dependent in their daily living activities.
Doctoral Preparation for Gerontological Nurses
Authors: Kayser-Jones Jeanie
Published: May 2014

It is important that programs not be developed without an adequate number of formally prepared faculty in gerontological nursing. A "critical mass" of research scientists is needed to develop strong research programs.
PROMOTING HEALTHY LIFESTYLES IN MATURE WOMEN
Authors: Gunter Laurie M , Kolanowski Ann M
Published: May 2014

Little information is available concerning mature women's perceptions of health practices.
Before and After Attitudes Toward Aging in a BSN Program
Authors: Eddy Diane M
Published: May 2014

Strategies must be developed to design programs that might change nursing attitudes so that the elderly can be seen in a more positive way.
Investigating the Problem of Pressure Sores
Authors: Pajk Marilyn , Craven Gloria Aubut , Cameron-Barry Janet , Shipps Theresa , Bennum Nancy Wiltz
Published: May 2014

Despite increasingly sophisticated technology enabling us to diagnose and treat disease, few problems develop so quickly persist so tenaciously and heal so slowly as the pressure sore.
Recognize Gerontological Content
Authors: Edel Margie K
Published: May 2014

It is time that nursing education faced reality.
NURSING CARE OF THE ELDERLY
Authors: Floyd Jeanne , Buckle June
Published: May 2014

The DRG Influence
RESPECT BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Phillips Linda R
Published: May 2014

Although the overall message is that nurses frequently fail to demonstrate sensitivity to older people, elders still look to nurses to assume responsibility in areas of ethicolegal concerns.
Assessing a Widow's Grief -A Short Index
Authors: Remondet Jacqueline H , Hansson Robert O
Published: May 2014

The resolution of grief, defined as psychological and physiological reactions to the loss and a degree of social reintegration, appears necessary to eventual adjustment.
HEALTH HABITS OF ELDERLY WIDOWS
Authors: Rauckhorst Louise M
Published: May 2014

Nurses need to demonstrate that they have the Wedge and ability to work with older women in ways that promote and protect healthy aging.
Healing Mind and Body: A Holistic Perspective
Authors: Kutlenios Rose M
Published: May 2014

Holistic Health Intervention is designed to promote a sense of well-being and control of health in the elderly. This article features one senior citizen groups response to the intervention which todays literature believes is the hallmark of gerontological nursing.
Chronic Renal FAILURE
Authors: Plawecki Henry M , Brewer Sherry , Plawecki Judith A
Published: May 2014

Older diabetic patients with chronic renal failure are generally unable to meet the standard stringent eligibility criteria established for renal transplant candidates. The nurse must understand the complex physiological processes that occur when the older diabetic patient is being dialyzed.
Rare Case of Reversible Acute Symmetrical Lesions of the Bilateral Basal Ganglia Associated with Diabetic Nephropathy and Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Mahajan Parag Suresh , El Esnawi Mohamed Amin , Hussein Sheik Akbar , Al Maslamani Nasser Jassim
Published: May 2014

Reversible acute symmetrical basal ganglial lesion on magnetic resonance imaging and/or computed tomography in cases of diabetic nephropathy and chronic renal failure exhibiting acute onset of movement abnormalities like chorea is a very rare entity. It has characteristic clinical and imaging features. Only 29 cases are described in the literature, including the current one. These cases are predominantly Asian patients from the Far East and only one Asian Indian patient has been described. We report the second Asian Indian case of this condition and describe its various clinical and imaging features. Our aim is to educate the clinicians and radiologists about this condition, so that more such cases can be detected.
Unusual Sclerosing Orbital Pseudotumor Infiltrating Orbits and Maxillofacial Regions
Authors: Toprak Huseyin , Aralaşmak Ayşe , Yılmaz Temel Fatih , Ozdemir Huseyin
Published: May 2014

Idiopathic orbital pseudotumor (IOP) is a benign inflammatory condition of the orbit without identifiable local or systemic causes. Bilateral massive orbital involvement and extraorbital extension of the IOP is very rare. We present an unusual case of IOP with bilateral massive orbital infiltration extending into maxillofacial regions and discuss its distinctive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features that help to exclude other entities during differential diagnoses.
Use of Epigenetic Drugs in Disease: An Overview
Authors: Heerboth Sarah , Lapinska Karolina , Snyder Nicole , Leary Meghan , Rollinson Sarah , Sarkar Sibaji
Published: May 2014

Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and histone methylation and acetylation alter gene expression at the level of transcription by upregulating, downregulating, or silencing genes completely. Dysregulation of epigenetic events can be pathological, leading to cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, metabolic disorders, and cancer development. Therefore, identifying drugs that inhibit these epigenetic changes are of great clinical interest. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic events associated with different disorders and diseases including cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic disorders, and cancer. Knowledge of the specific epigenetic changes associated with these types of diseases facilitates the development of specific inhibitors, which can be used as epigenetic drugs. In this review, we discuss the major classes of epigenetic drugs currently in use, such as DNA methylation inhibiting drugs, bromodomain inhibitors, histone acetyl transferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, protein methyltransferase inhibitors, and histone methylation inhibitors and their role in reversing epigenetic changes and treating disease.
Pediatric Choanal Atresia: Our Experience
Authors: Gupta Gaurav , Grover Mohnish , Bhargava Shruti , Singh Shashank Nath , Hada Mahendra S , Prasad Beni , Sharma Man Prakash
Published: May 2014

Objective

To discuss our experience with choanal atresia and factors affecting the results.

Materials and methods

A multicentric prospective study of patients diagnosed with choanal atresia from April 2008 to January 2014 at SMS Medical College, Jaipur and SP Medical College, Bikaner was conducted. All patients were evaluated by CT PNS and then operated by transnasal endoscopic route. Stents were placed in all patients. Patients were followed up for an average of 3.5 years (range 9 months to 5.5 years).

Results

Nineteen cases were included: 24 sides were operated. No intraoperative complications were there. A restenosis rate of 29.1% (7 out of 24) was found in our series requiring revision surgery.

Conclusion

Endoscopic transnasal approach is a safe and efficacious option for treatment of choanal atresia. Use of stent in our series was not associated with high rate of restenosis.

How to cite this article

Grover M, Gupta G, Bhargava S, Singh SN, Hada MS, Prasad B, Sharma MP. Pediatric Choanal Atresia: Our Experience. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2014;7(1):13-15.
A Subcranial Approach for Anterior Skull Base Pathology (Nasal Encephalocele)
Authors: Nagpal Tapan
Published: May 2014

A modified subcranial approach based upon the procedure first described by Joram Raveh is a viable alternative to standard craniofacial resection for treating pathology of the anterior skull base. It is basically an extradural approach providing wide exposure to the anterior skull base with minimal brain retraction; thus decreasing significantly the morbidity. We present here two cases of a rare benign pathology of anterior skull base-naso-orbito-ethmoid encephalocele wherein this technique was used successfully.

How to cite this article

Nagpal T. A Subcranial Approach for Anterior Skull Base Pathology (Nasal Encephalocele). Clin Rhinol An Int J 2014;7(1):20-22.
Modeling kinetic partitioning of secondary organic aerosol and size distribution dynamics: representing effects of volatility, phase state, and particle-phase reaction
Authors: Zaveri R. A. , Easter R. C. , Shilling J. E. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This paper describes and evaluates a new framework for modeling kinetic gas-particle partitioning of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that takes into account diffusion and chemical reaction within the particle phase. The framework uses a combination of (a) an analytical quasi-steady-state treatment for the diffusion–reaction process within the particle phase for fast-reacting organic solutes, and (b) a two-film theory approach for slow- and nonreacting solutes. The framework is amenable for use in regional and global atmospheric models, although it currently awaits specification of the various gas- and particle-phase chemistries and the related physicochemical properties that are important for SOA formation. Here, the new framework is implemented in the computationally efficient Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) to investigate the competitive growth dynamics of the Aitken and accumulation mode particles. Results show that the timescale of SOA partitioning and the associated size distribution dynamics depend on the complex interplay between organic solute volatility, particle-phase bulk diffusivity, and particle-phase reactivity (as exemplified by a pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant), each of which can vary over several orders of magnitude. In general, the timescale of SOA partitioning increases with increase in volatility and decrease in bulk diffusivity and rate constant. At the same time, the shape of the aerosol size distribution displays appreciable narrowing with decrease in volatility and bulk diffusivity and increase in rate constant. A proper representation of these physicochemical processes and parameters is needed in the next generation models to reliably predict not only the total SOA mass, but also its composition- and number-diameter distributions, all of which together determine the overall optical and cloud-nucleating properties.
Aerosol seasonal variations over urban–industrial regions in Ukraine according to AERONET and POLDER measurements
Authors: Milinevsky G. , Danylevsky V. , Bovchaliuk V. , Bovchaliuk A. , Goloub Ph. , Dubovik O. , Kabashnikov V. , Chaikovsky A. , Miatselskaya N. , Mishchenko M. , Sosonkin M.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The paper presents an investigation of aerosol seasonal variations in several urban–industrial regions in Ukraine. Our analysis of seasonal variations of optical and physical aerosol parameters is based on the sun-photometer 2008–2013 data from two urban ground-based AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) sites in Ukraine (Kyiv, Lugansk) as well as on satellite POLDER instrument data for urban–industrial areas in Ukraine. We also analyzed the data from one AERONET site in Belarus (Minsk) in order to compare with the Ukrainian sites. Aerosol amount and optical depth (AOD) values in the atmosphere columns over the large urbanized areas like Kyiv and Minsk have maximum values in the spring (April–May) and late summer (August), whereas minimum values are observed in late autumn. The results show that fine-mode particles are most frequently detected during the spring and late summer seasons. The analysis of the seasonal AOD variations over the urban–industrial areas in the eastern and central parts of Ukraine according to both ground-based and POLDER data exhibits the similar traits. The seasonal variation similarity in the regions denotes the resemblance in basic aerosol sources that are closely related to properties of aerosol particles. The behavior of basic aerosol parameters in the western part of Ukraine is different from eastern and central regions and shows an earlier appearance of the spring and summer AOD maxima. Spectral single-scattering albedo, complex refractive index and size distribution of aerosol particles in the atmosphere column over Kyiv have different behavior for warm (April–October) and cold seasons. The seasonal features of fine and coarse aerosol particle behavior over the Kyiv site were analyzed. A prevailing influence of the fine-mode particles on the optical properties of the aerosol layer over the region has been established. The back-trajectory and cluster analysis techniques were applied to study the seasonal back trajectories and prevailing directions of the arrived air mass for the Kyiv and Minsk sites.
Soil-atmosphere exchange of ammonia in a non-fertilized grassland: measured emission potentials and inferred fluxes
Authors: Wentworth G. R. , Murphy J. G. , Gregoire P. K. , Cheyne C. A. L. , Tevlin A. G. , Hems R.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. A 50 day field study was carried out in a semi-natural, non-fertilized grassland in south-western Ontario, Canada during the late summer and early autumn of 2012. The purpose was to explore surface–atmosphere exchange processes of ammonia (NH3) with a focus on bi-directional fluxes between the soil and atmosphere. Measurements of soil pH and ammonium concentration ([NH4+]) yielded the first direct quantification of soil emission potential (Γsoil=[NH4+]/[H+]) for this land type, with values ranging from 35 to 1850 (an average of 290). The soil compensation point, the atmospheric NH3 mixing ratio below which net emission from the soil will occur, exhibited both a seasonal trend and diurnal trend. Higher daytime and August compensation points were attributed to higher soil temperature. Soil-atmosphere fluxes were estimated using NH3 measurements from the Ambient Ion Monitor Ion Chromatograph (AIM-IC) and a~simple resistance model. Vegetative effects were neglected due to the short canopy height and significant Γsoil. Inferred fluxes were, on average, 2.6 ± 4.5 ng m−2 s−1 in August (i.e. net emission) and −5.8 ± 3.0 ng m−2 s−1 in September (i.e. net deposition). These results are in good agreement with the only other bi-directional exchange study in a semi-natural, non-fertilized grassland. A Lagrangian dispersion model (HYSPLIT) was used to calculate air parcel back trajectories throughout the campaign and revealed that NH3 mixing ratios had no directional bias throughout the campaign, unlike the other atmospheric constituents measured. This implies that soil-atmosphere exchange over a non-fertilized grassland can significantly moderate near-surface NH3 concentrations. In addition, we provide indirect evidence that dew and fog evaporation can cause a morning increase of [NH3(g)]. Implications of our findings on current NH3 bi-directional exchange modelling efforts are also discussed.
Continental-scale impacts of intra-seasonal rainfall variability on simulated ecosystem responses in Africa
Authors: Guan K. , Good S. P. , Caylor K. K. , Sato H. , Wood E. F. , Li H.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Climate change is expected to result in an increase of intra-seasonal rainfall variability, which has arisen from concurrent shifts in rainfall frequency, intensity and seasonality. Changes in intra-seasonal rainfall variability are likely to have important ecological impacts for terrestrial ecosystems, and quantifying these impacts across biomes and large climate gradients is required for a better prediction of ecosystem services and their responses to climate change. Here we use a synthetic weather generator and an advanced vegetation dynamic model (SEIB-DGVM) to virtually conduct a series of "rainfall manipulation experiments" to study how changes in the intra-seasonal rainfall variability affect continent-scale ecosystem responses across Africa. We generated different rainfall scenarios with fixed total annual rainfall but shifts in: (i) frequency vs. intensity, (ii) seasonality vs. frequency, (iii) intensity vs. seasonality. These scenarios were fed into the SEIB-DGVM to investigate changes in biome distributions and ecosystem productivity. We find a loss of ecosystem productivity with increased rainfall frequency and decreased intensity at very low rainfall regimes (<400 mm year−1) and low frequency (<0.3 day−1); beyond these very dry regimes, most ecosystems benefit from increasing frequency and decreasing intensity, except in the wet tropics (>1800 mm year−1) where radiation limitation prevents further productivity gains. This finding reconciles seemingly contradictory findings in previous field studies on the direction of rainfall frequency/intensity impacts on ecosystem productivity. We also find that changes in rainy season length can yield more dramatic ecosystem responses compared with similar percentage changes in rainfall frequency or intensity, with the largest impacts in semi-arid woodlands. This study demonstrates that not all rainfall regimes are ecologically equivalent, and that intra-seasonal rainfall characteristics play a significant role in influencing ecosystem function and structure through controls on ecohydrological processes. Our results also suggest that shifts in rainfall seasonality have potentially large impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, something that should be explicitly examined in future studies of climate impacts.
Long-term trends at the Time Series Station Boknis Eck (Baltic Sea), 1957–2013: does climate change counteract the decline in eutrophication?
Authors: Lennartz S. T. , Lehmann A. , Herrford J. , Malien F. , Hansen H.-P. , Biester H. , Bange H. W.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The Time Series Station Boknis Eck (BE), initiated in 1957, is one of the longest operated time series stations worldwide. We present the first statistical evaluation of a dataset of nine physical, chemical and biological parameters in the period of 1957–2013. In the past 3 to 5 decades, all of the measured parameters underwent significant long-term changes. Most striking is an ongoing decline in bottom water oxygen concentration, despite a significant decrease of nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations. Temperature enhanced oxygen consumption in the bottom water and a prolongation of the stratification period are discussed as possible reasons for the ongoing oxygen decline despite declining eutrophication. Observations at the location BE were compared with model output of the Kiel Baltic Sea Ice Ocean Model (BSIOM). Reproduced trends were in good agreement with observed trends for temperature and oxygen, but generally the oxygen concentration at the bottom was overestimated.
Macro-roughness model of bedrock-alluvial river morphodynamics
Authors: Zhang L. , Parker G. , Stark C. P. , Inoue T. , Viparelli E. , Fu X. , Izumi N.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The 1-D saltation-abrasion model of channel bedrock incision of Sklar and Dietrich, in which the erosion rate is buffered by the surface area fraction of bedrock covered by alluvium, was a major advance over models that treat river erosion as a function of bed slope and drainage area. Their model is, however, limited because it calculates bed cover in terms of bedload sediment supply rather than local bedload transport. It implicitly assumes that as sediment supply from upstream changes, the transport rate adjusts instantaneously everywhere downstream to match. This assumption is not valid in general, and thus can give rise unphysical consequences. Here we present a unified morphodynamic formulation of both channel incision and alluviation which specifically tracks the spatiotemporal variation of both bedload transport and alluvial thickness. It does so by relating the cover fraction not to a ratio of bedload supply rate to capacity bedload transport, but rather to the ratio of alluvium thickness to a macro-roughness characterizing the bedrock surface. The new formulation predicts waves of alluviation and rarification, in addition to bedrock erosion. Embedded in it are three physical processes: alluvial diffusion, fast downstream advection of alluvial disturbances and slow upstream migration of incisional disturbances. Solutions of this formulation over a fixed bed are used to demonstrate the stripping of an initial alluvial cover, the emplacement of alluvial cover over an initially bare bed and the advection–diffusion of a sediment pulse over an alluvial bed. A solution for alluvial-incisional interaction in a channel with a basement undergoing net rock uplift shows how an impulsive increase in sediment supply can quickly and completely bury the bedrock under thick alluvium, so blocking bedrock erosion. As the river responds to rock uplift or base level fall, the transition point separating an alluvial reach upstream from an alluvial-bedrock reach downstream migrates upstream in the form of a "hidden knickpoint". A solution for the case of a zone of rock subsidence (graben) bounded upstream and downstream by zones of rock uplift (horsts) yields a steady-state solution that is unattainable with the original saltation-abrasion model. A solution for the case of bedrock-alluvial coevolution upstream of an alluviated river mouth illustrates how the bedrock surface can be progressive buried not far below the alluvium. Because the model tracks the spatiotemporal variation of both bedload transport and alluvial thickness, it is applicable to the study of the incisional response of a river subject to temporally varying sediment supply. It thus has the potential to capture the response of an alluvial-bedrock river to massive impulsive sediment inputs associated with landslides or debris flows.
Long-term precipitation forecast for drought relief using atmospheric circulation factors: a study on the Maharloo Basin in Iran
Authors: Sigaroodi S. K. , Chen Q. , Ebrahimi S. , Nazari A. , Choobin B.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Long-term precipitation forecasts can help to reduce drought risk through proper management of water resources. This study took the saline Maharloo Lake, which is located in the north of Persian Gulf, southern Iran, and is continuously suffering from drought disaster, as a case to investigate the relationships between climatic indices and precipitation. Cross-correlation in combination with stepwise regression technique was used to determine the best variables among 40 indices and identify the proper time lag between dependent and independent variables for each month. The monthly precipitation was predicted using an artificial neural network (ANN) and multi-regression stepwise methods, and results were compared with observed rainfall data. Initial findings indicated that climate indices such as NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation), PNA (Pacific North America) and El Niño are the main indices to forecast drought in the study area. According to R2, root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, the ANN model performed better than the multi-regression model, which was also confirmed by classification results. Moreover, the model accuracy to forecast the rare rainfall events in dry months (June to October) was higher than the other months. From the findings it can be concluded that there is a relationship between monthly precipitation anomalies and climatic indices in the previous 10 months in Maharloo Basin. The highest and lowest accuracy of the ANN model were in September and March, respectively. However, these results are subject to some uncertainty due to a coarse data set and high system complexity. Therefore, more research is necessary to further elucidate the relationship between climatic indices and precipitation for drought relief. In this regard, consideration of other climatic and physiographic factors (e.g., wind and physiography) can be helpful.
Assimilation of near-surface cosmic-ray neutrons improves summertime soil moisture profile estimates at three distinct biomes in the USA
Authors: Rosolem R. , Hoar T. , Arellano A. , Anderson J. L. , Shuttleworth W. J. , Zeng X. , Franz T. E.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Aboveground cosmic-ray neutron measurements provide an opportunity to infer soil moisture at the sub-kilometer scale. Initial efforts to assimilate those measurements have shown promise. This study expands such analysis by investigating (1) how the information from aboveground cosmic-ray neutrons can constrain the soil moisture at distinct depths simulated by a land surface model, and (2) how changes in data availability (in terms of retrieval frequency) impact the dynamics of simulated soil moisture profiles. We employ ensemble data assimilation techniques in a "nearly-identical twin" experiment applied at semi-arid shrubland, rainfed agricultural field, and mixed forest biomes in the USA The performance of the Noah land surface model is compared without and with assimilation of observations at hourly intervals and every 2 days Synthetic observations of aboveground cosmic-ray neutrons better constrain the soil moisture simulated by Noah in root zone soil layers (0–100 cm) despite the limited measurement depth of the sensor (estimated to be 12–20 cm). The ability of Noah to reproduce a "true" soil moisture profile is remarkably good regardless of the frequency of observations at the semi-arid site. However, soil moisture profiles are better constrained when assimilating synthetic cosmic-ray neutrons observations hourly rather than every 2 days at the cropland and mixed forest sites. This indicates potential benefits for hydrometeorological modeling when soil moisture measurements are available at relatively high frequency. Moreover, differences in summertime meteorological forcing between the semi-arid site and the other two sites may indicate a possible controlling factor to soil moisture dynamics in addition to differences in soil and vegetation properties.
Subsidence activity maps derived from DInSAR data: Orihuela case study
Authors: Sanabria M. P. , Guardiola-Albert C. , Tomás R. , Herrera G. , Prieto A. , Sánchez H. , Tessitore S.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. A new methodology is proposed to produce subsidence activity maps based on the geostatistical analysis of persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) data. PSI displacement measurements are interpolated based on conditional Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS) to calculate multiple equiprobable realizations of subsidence. The result from this process is a series of interpolated subsidence values, with an estimation of the spatial variability and a confidence level on the interpolation. These maps complement the PSI displacement map, improving the identification of wide subsiding areas at a regional scale. At a local scale, they can be used to identify buildings susceptible to suffer subsidence related damages. In order to do so, it is necessary to calculate the maximum differential settlement and the maximum angular distortion for each building of the study area. Based on PSI-derived parameters those buildings in which the serviceability limit state has been exceeded, and where in situ forensic analysis should be made, can be automatically identified. This methodology has been tested in the city of Orihuela (SE Spain) for the study of historical buildings damaged during the last two decades by subsidence due to aquifer overexploitation. The qualitative evaluation of the results from the methodology carried out in buildings where damages have been reported shows a success rate of 100%.
The effects of global climate change on the cycling and processes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the North Sea
Authors: O'Driscoll K. , Mayer B. , Su J. , Mathis M.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The fate and cycling of two selected legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), PCB 153 and γ-HCH, in the North Sea in the 21st century have been modelled with combined hydrodynamic and fate and transport ocean models (HAMSOM and FANTOM, respectively). To investigate the impact of climate variability on POPs in the North Sea in the 21st century, future scenario model runs for three 10-year periods to the year 2100 using plausible levels of both in situ concentrations and atmospheric, river and open boundary inputs are performed. This slice mode under a moderate scenario (A1B) is sufficient to provide a basis for further analysis. For the HAMSOM and atmospheric forcing, results of the IPCC A1B (SRES) 21st century scenario are utilized, where surface forcing is provided by the REMO downscaling of the ECHAM5 global atmospheric model, and open boundary conditions are provided by the MPIOM global ocean model. Dry gas deposition and volatilization of γ-HCH increase in the future relative to the present by up to 20% (in the spring and summer months for deposition and in summer for volatilization). In the water column, total mass of γ-HCH and PCB 153 remain fairly steady in all three runs. In sediment, γ-HCH increases in the future runs, relative to the present, while PCB 153 in sediment decreases exponentially in all three runs, but even faster in the future, due to the increased number of storms, increased duration of gale wind conditions and increased water and air temperatures, all of which are the result of climate change. Annual net sinks exceed sources at the ends of all periods. Overall, the model results indicate that the climate change scenarios considered here generally have a negligible influence on the simulated fate and transport of the two POPs in the North Sea, although the increased number and magnitude of storms in the 21st century will result in POP resuspension and ensuing revolatilization events. Trends in emissions from primary and secondary sources will remain the key driver of levels of these contaminants over time.
SMOS-derived thin sea ice thickness: algorithm baseline, product specifications and initial verification
Authors: Tian-Kunze X. , Kaleschke L. , Maaß N. , Mäkynen M. , Serra N. , Drusch M. , Krumpen T.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Following the launch of ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, it has been shown that brightness temperatures at a low microwave frequency of 1.4 GHz (L-band) are sensitive to sea ice properties. In the first demonstration study, sea ice thickness up to 50 cm has been derived using a semi-empirical algorithm with constant tie-points. Here, we introduce a novel iterative retrieval algorithm that is based on a thermodynamic sea ice model and a three-layer radiative transfer model, which explicitly takes variations of ice temperature and ice salinity into account. In addition, ice thickness variations within the SMOS spatial resolution are considered through a statistical thickness distribution function derived from high-resolution ice thickness measurements from NASA's Operation IceBridge campaign. This new algorithm has been used for the continuous operational production of a SMOS-based sea ice thickness data set from 2010 on. The data set is compared to and validated with estimates from assimilation systems, remote sensing data, and airborne electromagnetic sounding data. The comparisons show that the new retrieval algorithm has a considerably better agreement with the validation data and delivers a more realistic Arctic-wide ice thickness distribution than the algorithm used in the previous study (Kaleschke et al., 2012).
What Does It Take to Survive a Breach in Today’s High- Risk World? When Your Prevention Fails (and It’s Going to Fail), What Do You Do?
Authors: Angelo Scott M.
Published: May 2014

In this article, Scott Angelo provides a thoughtful analysis of cybersecurity issues companies currently face and discusses the steps companies can take to effectively minimize the risk of a breach and protect against breach liability.
Throwing New Flags: Should There Be Criminal Sanctions or a Better Chance of Civil Sanctions for Lawyers or Service Providers Who Breach Confidentiality?
Authors: Lach Lea L.
Published: May 2014

No abstract.
Cyber-Takings: The War on Crime Moves into the Cloud
Authors: McIntyre Larry
Published: May 2014

No abstract.
Interaction Effects of Market-Based and Command-and-Control Policies
Authors: Tuladhar Sugandha D. , Mankowski Sebastian , Bernstein Paul
Published: May 2014

Scientific evidence indicates that greenhouse gases emissions related to human activity are a significant contributor to global climate change. This paper investigates the impact of policy prescriptions and technologies for reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. The analysis uses NERA’s NewERA integrated model, which combines a top-down general equilibrium macro model of the U.S. economy with a detailed bottom-up model of the North American electricity sector. It examines the cost of cutting emissions by 0% to 80% of 2005 levels by 2050 under several scenarios, which consider different assumptions about policy choices ranging from purely market-based policy such as a cap-and-trade program to purely command-and-control policies and technology involving availability and efficacy of nuclear, Carbon Capture and Storage, renewables, and end-use efficiency technology. Our analysis shows a distinct efficiency advantage for market-based mechanisms and interaction of command-and-control mandates with market-based policies increase market distortions leading to higher welfare loss. We show that under such a mixed policy regime, carbon price is an unsuitable indicator of economic costs.
The Would-Be State: Reforms, NGOs, and Absent Presents in Postrevolutionary Georgia
Authors: Frederiksen Martin Demant
Published: May 2014

In the wake of the 2003 revolution in Georgia, the speed of reform in the sphere of psychosocial aid meant that a range of international donors left the country, believing that the services provided by local NGOs, whom they had been supporting, were now taken over by the state. However, many of the reforms and institutional changes officially initiated during this period were never implemented. Hence, an array of present-day problems remained unresolved or untreated because they would be addressed by the state “in the future.” In this article, I refer to this as a would-be state: the condition of that which will be in the future and a state that gains its legitimacy by promising a better tomorrow. By rendering certain issues as unproblematic in future, the Georgian state has managed to make them appear to be unproblematic (and thus absent) in the present. I use this framework to engage in a wider discussion of the measures of success in eastern Europe's new democracies.
Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies on the Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Alexithymia
Authors: Besharat Mohammad Ali , Shahidi Vahideh
Published: May 2014

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia. Five hundred and thirty six undergraduate students (282 girls, 254 boys) from public universities in Tehran participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The results illustrated a significant negative correlation between secure attachment style and alexithymia. Moreover, the results revealed a significant positive correlation between avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles with alexithymia. Regression analysis showed that both adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, have a mediating role on the relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia. Secure and insecure attachment styles predicted changes in alexithymia through adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies in opposite directions. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia is partial.
Role Stress and Work Engagement as Antecedents of Job Satisfaction: Results From Portugal
Authors: Moura Daniel , Orgambídez-Ramos Alejandro , Gonçalves Gabriela
Published: May 2014

With more organizations looking for employees who take initiative and respond creatively to the challenges of the job, engagement becomes important at both individual and organizational levels. Engaged employees are generally more satisfied with their work, committed and effective at work. According to the JDR model (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004), engagement may be produced by two types of working conditions: job demands (i.e., role stress) and job resources (i.e., self-efficacy). This study examines the role of role stress (role ambiguity and role conflict) and work engagement as antecedents of job satisfaction. A cross sectional study using online questionnaires was conducted. The sample consisted of 312 Portuguese workers. Hierarchical multiple regressions analyses have revealed that job satisfaction was significantly predicted by role conflict and work engagement. Results support JDR model by showing that positive outcomes, such as job satisfaction, may be predicted by motivational process and job demands. On a practical level, JDR model provides a framework for understanding motivating workplaces and engaged and satisfied employees.
Les entrepreneurs artisans et opportunistes : Une comparaison de leurs comportements de gestion
Authors: Lorrain Jean , Dussault Louis
Published: May 2014

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude sur les comportements de gestion privilégiés par les différents types d'entrepreneurs dont les entreprises manufacturières sont en phase de survie et d’établissement. Soixante-dix entrepreneurs ont répondu à des questionnaires sur les lieux de travail et les résultats révèlent que ces deux types d’entrepreneurs (entrepreneur artisan vs entrepreneur opportuniste) se différencient quant à leurs comportements de gestion à ce stade de développement de l’entreprise. La gestion de l’entrepreneur opportuniste apparaît plus équilibrée que celle de l’entrepreneur artisan à ce stade de l’entreprise. Bref, la principale conclusion qui découle de cette recherche est l’importance de tenir compte des types d'entrepreneurs dans les études sur la gestion des PME à différents stades de leur existence.
La mercatique de la petite entreprise
Authors: Marchesnay Michel
Published: May 2014

Les petites et toutes petites entreprises utilisent des méthodes spécifiques pour étudier leur marché et développer une action commerciale. La spécificité est due à la nature de l'entrepreneur, aux conditions de l'environnement (vulnérabilité, dépendance, agressivité), au choix des produits et des marchés. Il apparaît principalement que la petite entreprise a une activité commerciale fondée sur les relations personnelles des dirigeants avec les clients. Le plan de marchéage est inexistant. L’article s’inspire de l'observation de 37 entreprises de 3 régions différentes de France.