bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the Likelihood Ratio of Different Symptoms for Six Homeopathic Medicines: Prognostic Factor Research
Authors: Mohanta Aditi , Sardar Nipa , Chakraborty Koli , Sarkar Malabika , Saha Tamoghna , Deb Anuruddha , Hossain Md Sakhawat , Basu Arpita , Samim Saima , Bhattacharyya Soumya , Saha Sangita , Basu Biswajit , Sen Anindya , Giri Mohan , Debnath Pintu , Saha Subhranil , Koley Munmun , Mukherjee Shyamal Kumar , Rutten Lex
Published: July 2024

Background Arsenicum album, Causticum, Nux vomica, Pulsatilla nigricans, Rhus toxicodendron and Sulphur are frequently prescribed homeopathic medicines; however, their symptoms, as mentioned in different homeopathic literature works, have rarely been investigated systematically. Likelihood ratio (LR), based on Bayesian statistics, may reflect a better estimation of the strengths of symptoms than the existing entries in the homeopathic literature.

Methods A prospective, longitudinal, analytical patient outcome study was conducted in the outpatient departments of D. N. De Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, on 1,954 patients over 21 months. The outcomes were recorded at each follow-up using the Outcome Related to Impact on Daily Living (ORIDL) +4 to −4 scale. The average period of treatment for each participant was 3 months. The LRs of four symptoms for each of the six selected medicines were calculated.

Results One hundred and two different remedies were prescribed. The prevalence, LR + , and LR − , with respective 95% confidence intervals, of different symptoms were reported. The study found that the following symptoms had particularly high LR+ scores: “intense sympathy for the suffering of others” (Causticum, LR+ = 12.0); “dyspepsia from business anxiety” (Nux vomica, LR+ = 27.4); “burning pain relieved by heat” (Arsenicum album, LR+ = 29.6); “envy” (Pulsatilla nigricans, LR+ = 13.2); “desire for milk” (Rhus toxicodendron, LR+ = 7.5); “very selfish, no regard for others” (Sulphur, LR+ = 20.6). The findings corroborated well with the presentation of the symptoms in different homeopathic materia medica and repertories. ORIDL scores of +2 or greater were identified most prominently for Pulsatilla nigricans (n = 138) and Sulphur (n = 119).

Conclusion There was adequate evidence to attribute all the assessed symptoms to the medicines investigated. Further studies with a larger population are warranted to tackle the possible confirmation bias.
Reduced Volume and Faster Infusion Rate of Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrate: A Phase 3b/4 Trial in Adults with Hemophilia A with Inhibitors
Authors: Zülfikar Bülent , Mahlangu Johnny , Nekkal Salim Mohamed , Ross Cecil , Uaprasert Noppacharn , Windyga Jerzy , Ettingshausen Carmen Escuriola , Ploder Bettina , Lelli Aurelia , Gazda Hanna T.
Published: July 2024

Background Activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) is indicated for bleed treatment and prevention in patients with hemophilia with inhibitors. The safety and tolerability of intravenous aPCC at a reduced volume and faster infusion rates were evaluated.

Methods This multicenter, open-label trial (NCT02764489) enrolled adults with hemophilia A with inhibitors. In part 1, patients were randomized to receive three infusions of aPCC (85 ± 15 U/kg) at 2 U/kg/min (the approved standard rate at the time of the study), in a regular or 50% reduced volume, and were then crossed over to receive three infusions in the alternative volume. In part 2, patients received three sequential infusions of aPCC in a 50% reduced volume at 4 U/kg/min and then at 10 U/kg/min. Primary outcome measures included the incidence of adverse events (AEs), allergic-type hypersensitivity reactions (AHRs), infusion-site reactions (ISRs), and thromboembolic events.

Results Of the 45 patients enrolled, 33 received aPCC in part 1 and 30 in part 2. In part 1, 24.2 and 23.3% of patients with regular and reduced volumes experienced AEs, respectively; 11 AEs in eight patients were treatment related. AHRs and ISRs occurred in four (12.1%) and two (6.1%) patients, respectively. In part 2, 3.3 and 14.3% of patients with infusion rates of 4 and 10 U/kg/min experienced AEs, respectively; only one AE in one patient was treatment related; no AHRs or ISRs were reported. Most AEs were mild/moderate in severity. Overall, no thromboembolic events were reported.

Conclusions aPCC was well tolerated at a reduced volume and faster infusion rates, with safety profiles comparable to the approved regimen.
Informative Subtyping of Patients with Sepsis
Authors: Cafferkey John , Shankar-Hari Manu
Published: July 2024

Sepsis pathobiology is complex. Heterogeneity refers to the clinical and biological variation within sepsis cohorts. Sepsis subtypes refer to subpopulations within sepsis cohorts derived based on these observable variations and latent features. The overarching goal of such endeavors is to enable precision immunomodulation. However, we are yet to identify immune endotypes of sepsis to achieve this goal. The sepsis subtyping field is just starting to take shape. The current subtypes in the literature do not have a core set of shared features between studies. Thus, in this narrative review, we reason that there is a need to a priori state the purpose of sepsis subtyping and minimum set of features that would be required to achieve the goal of precision immunomodulation for future sepsis.
New-Onset Status Epilepticus in an 11-year-old Patient with Thyroid Autoimmune Dysfunction: A Case Report of Pediatric Hashimoto Encephalopathy
Authors: Costa Aldo F. , Fernández-Ramos Joaquín A. , Cazorla Cristina , López-Laso Eduardo
Published: July 2024

Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with positive thyroid antibodies (Ab). Its pathophysiology is still in debate and pediatric cases are considered rare. We present a case of an 11-year-old girl with new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) who presented a good initial response to corticosteroids but then required a second line of treatment with mycophenolate. In children presenting with NORSE of suspected autoimmune origin and no identification of autoimmune encephalitis traditional Ab, HE must be considered.
Applications of Augmented Reality in Neuro-Oncology: A Case Series
Authors: Dellaretti Marcos , Figueiredo Hian P.G. , Soares André G. , Froes Luiz E.V. , Gomes Fernando Cotrim , Faraj Franklin
Published: July 2024

Augmented reality (AR) is a technological tool that superimposes two-dimensional virtual images onto three-dimensional real-world scenarios through the integration of neuronavigation and a surgical microscope. The aim of this study was to demonstrate our initial experience with AR and to assess its application in oncological neurosurgery. This is a case series with 31 patients who underwent surgery at Santa Casa BH for the treatment of intracranial tumors in the period from March 4, 2022, to July 14, 2023. The application of AR was evaluated in each case through three parameters: whether the virtual images auxiliated in the incision and craniotomy and whether the virtual images aided in intraoperative microsurgery decisions. Of the 31 patients, 5 patients developed new neurological deficits postoperatively. One patient died, with a mortality rate of 3.0%. Complete tumor resection was achieved in 22 patients, and partial resection was achieved in 6 patients. In all patients, AR was used to guide the incision and craniotomy in each case, leading to improved and precise surgical approaches. As intraoperative microsurgery guidance, it proved to be useful in 29 cases. The application of AR seems to enhance surgical safety for both the patient and the surgeon. It allows a more refined immediate operative planning, from head positioning to skin incision and craniotomy. Additionally, it helps decision-making in the intraoperative microsurgery phase with a potentially positive impact on surgical outcomes.
The Silent Threat: Unraveling the Rare Catastrophic Complication after Elective Cranioplasty
Authors: KR Arvind , Varghese Joy , M. Senthilnath
Published: July 2024

Although cranioplasty seems to be a simple procedure, fatal complication of development of diffuse severe cerebral edema following cranioplasty although unusual have been reported in a few cases. The mechanism for this occurrence is still speculative. A 38-year-old male patient presented with a history of having undergone left decompressive hemicraniectomy following a road traffic accident with traumatic left intracranial internal carotid artery dissection leading to anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery territory infarct and endovascular embolization of traumatic type 1 left caroticocavernous fistula. The preoperative computed tomography scan of the brain revealed left frontotemperoparietal craniectomy defect with sunken flap and diffuse encephalomalacia with gliosis of the entire left cerebral hemisphere. Immediately following an uneventful cranioplasty surgery with titanium mesh, the patient developed severe hypotension and dilated fixed pupils. Postoperative imaging revealed diffuse severe cerebral edema in bilateral hemispheres with a significant midline shift toward the ipsilateral (left) side, that is, toward the side of cranioplasty. The patient immediately underwent removal of the titanium mesh, and despite all efforts, the patient had a fatal outcome on postoperative day 5. Although this type of fatal complication of diffuse severe cerebral edema is rare in postcranioplasty patients, neurosurgeons must be aware of this complication and close monitoring postprocedure is important, especially in patients with a large craniectomy defect and sunken skin flap.
Long-Term Outcomes of Thymoma Treated at a Single Institute
Authors: Shishak Sorun , Kataria Tejinder , Bisht Shyam Singh , Banerjee Susovan , Gupta Deepak , Kaliyaperumal Venkatesan , Narang Kushal , Mayank Mayur , Selvaraj Rajesh , Abraham Susan K. , Goyal Shikha
Published: July 2024

Introduction Thymomas are uncommon tumors that originate from epithelial cells of thymus and may have varying clinical course.

Materials and Methods A retrospective review of medical records of thymoma patients treated between January 2012 and April 2022 at our institute was conducted.

Results There were a total of 23 patients (12 males and 11 females) with median age of 52 years (range, 33–77 years). Eleven patients (47.8%) had associated paraneoplastic syndromes of which 10 (43.5%) had myasthenia gravis and 1 (4.3%) had pure red cell aplasia. Average maximal tumor diameter was 62 mm (28–160 mm). Masaoka-Koga stage distribution was as follows: stage I (n = 2, 8.7%), IIA (n = 4, 17.4%), IIB (n = 1, 4.3%), IIIA (n = 2, 8.7%), IIIB (n = 4, 17.4%), IVA (n = 7, 30.4%), and IVB (n = 3, 13.1%). The World Health Organization type B2 was the commonest histology (n = 12, 52.17%), followed by B3 (n =7, 30.4%), B1 (n = 2, 8.7%), AB (n = 1,4.3%), and A (n = 1, 4.3%). Six patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide regimen, 22 (95.6%) underwent surgery, and 1 patient received adjuvant chemotherapy. R0 resection was attained in 20 (91%) patients, R1 resection in 1 (4.5%) patient, and R2 in 1 (4.5%) patient. All operated patients underwent postoperative radiotherapy (45–60 Gy in 25–30 fractions). Four patients relapsed at a median duration of 14 months (2–26 months). At a median follow-up of 6 years, 5-year overall survival was 67.1% and 5-year progression-free survival was 66.6%. Local control at 5 years was 86.6%.

Conclusion Despite majority of our patients presenting at an advanced stage, the local control rates are encouraging and reinforce multimodality approach.
Working with AI: the impact of organizational intelligent service strategy on employees’ perception of career achievement
Authors: Xu Jiaqi , Tang Xiaofei , Chang En-Chung , Peng Haoyu
Published: July 2024

In the artificial intelligence (AI) environment, there is limited research on employees’ perception of career achievement. Previous literature has presented two different viewpoints: AI either reduces or increases employees’ perception of career achievement. We introduce the concept of the intelligent service strategy to resolve this contradiction and explore its underlying reasons. Through three experiments involving 736 front-line employees (with valid responses of 223, 232, and 281 for each study, respectively), this research reveals the influence of organizational intelligent service strategy (substitution vs. collaboration) on employees’ perception of career achievement. To elucidate, compared with the intelligence collaboration service strategy, the intelligence substitution service strategy decreases human–human interactivity and enhances human–machine interactivity, thus reducing employees’ perception of career achievement. Intriguingly, the organizational innovation climate significantly moderates the relationship between (human–human and human–machine) interactivity and employees’ perception of career achievement. Specifically, the organizational innovation climate might mitigate the positive effect of human-human interactivity and the negative effect of human-machine interactivity on the perception of career achievement. This research provides a finer-grained understanding of how employees perceive career achievement when working with AI, thus explaining conflicting conclusions drawn in previous studies. These insights contribute innovatively to the theoretical framework concerning employees’ intrinsic motivations within the intelligent service environment.
Approaching scalable quantum memory with integrated atomic devices
Authors: Jing Bo , Wei Shihai , Zhang Longyao , Zhou Dianli , He Yuxing , Zou Xihua , Pan Wei , Song Hai-Zhi , Yan Lianshan
Published: July 2024

Quantum memory, which maps photonic quantum information into a stationary medium and retrieves it at a chosen time, plays a vital role in the advancement of quantum information science. In particular, the scalability of a quantum memory is a central challenge for quantum network that can be overcome by using integrated devices. Quantum memory with an integrated device is highly appealing since it not only expands the number of memories to increase data rates, but also offers seamless compatibility with other on-chip devices and existing fiber network, enabling scalable and convenient applications. Over the past few decades, substantial efforts have been dedicated to achieving integrated quantum memory using rare earth ions doped solid-state materials, color centers, and atomic gases. These physical platforms are the primary candidates for such devices, where remarkable advantages have been demonstrated in achieving high-performance integrated quantum memory, paving the way for efficiently establishing robust and scalable quantum network with integrated quantum devices. In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of integrated quantum memory, encompassing its background and significance, advancement with bulky memory system, fabrication of integrated device, and its memory function considering various performance metrics. Additionally, we will address the challenges associated with integrated quantum memory and explore its potential applications. By analyzing the current state of the field, this review will make a valuable contribution by offering illustrative examples and providing helpful guidance for future achievements in practical integrated quantum memory.
AlScN-on-SiC microelectromechanical Lamb wave resonators operating at high temperature up to 800 °C
Authors: Sui Wen , Feng Philip X.-L.
Published: July 2024

We report on the experimental demonstration of aluminum scandium nitride (AlScN)-on-cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) Lamb wave resonators (LWRs) realized via microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, operating at high temperature (T) up to T = 800 °C, while retaining robust electromechanical resonances at ∼27 MHz and good quality factor of Q ≈ 900 even at 800 °C. Measured resonances exhibit clear consistency and stability during heating and cooling processes, validating the AlScN-on-SiC LWRs can operate at high T up to 800 °C without noticeable degradation in moderate vacuum (∼20 mTorr). Even after undergoing four complete thermal cycles (heating from 23 to 800 °C and then cooling down to 23 °C), the devices exhibit robust resonance behavior, suggesting excellent stability and suitability for high-temperature applications. Q starts to decline as the temperature exceeds 400 °C, which can be attributed to energy dissipation mechanisms stemming from thermoelastic damping and intrinsic material loss originating from phonon–phonon interactions.
Microstructure evolution and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) in hcp rare-earth high- and medium-entropy alloys (HEAs and MEAs) due to tensile deformation
Authors: Rosenkranz Laura , Lan Qianqian , Heczko Milan , Egan Ashton J. , Mills Michael J. , Feuerbacher Michael , Glatzel Uwe
Published: July 2024

The microstructure evolution due to the tensile deformation of the equiatomic quinary high-entropy alloy Ho-Dy-Y-Gd-Tb (HEA-Fb) is assessed. HEA-Fb has extraordinarily similar alloying elements. It is one of the few hexagonal-close-packed single-phase representatives of HEA. HEA-Fb is compared to the equiatomic quaternary medium-entropy alloy (MEA) Ho-Dy-Gd-Tb with no Y (4-Y). For a hexagonal HEA, in contrast to the cubic HEA, little information on plastic deformation and underlying mechanisms is available. A detailed study using electron microscopy-based multi-scale characterization (SEM, S/TEM, and STEM-EDS) explains significant differences between the ductile behavior of the quaternary MEA 4-Y and the brittle behavior of the quinary HEA-Fb at room temperature. Twinning during plastic deformation is decisive for ductility, which challenges the widely discussed high-entropy effect on the mechanical behavior of the HEA. For the quaternary MEA 4-Y, a twinning-induced plasticity effect is found. In the latter, oxidized twins are present in the undeformed state. In both alloys, the twin orientations are indexed as [2¯201], while the matrices have the perpendicular [112¯0] orientation. Additionally, the analysis of twin structures confirms the importance of twin boundaries as obstacles for dislocations and stacking fault mobilities. The results are discussed in the context of the existing knowledge gaps in the field of hexagonal MEAs and HEAs.
Interlinking Rayleigh–Taylor/Richtmyer–Meshkov interfacial mixing with variable acceleration and canonical Kolmogorov turbulence
Authors: Abarzhi Snezhana I.
Published: July 2024

Canonical turbulence and Rayleigh–Taylor/Richtmyer–Meshkov mixing with variable acceleration are paradigmatic complexities in science, mathematics, and engineering, with broadly ranging applications in nature, technology, and industry. We employ scaling symmetries and invariant forms to represent these challenging processes and to assess their very different properties. We directly link—for the first time to our knowledge—the attributes of Rayleigh–Taylor/Richtmyer–Meshkov interfacial mixing with variable acceleration to those of canonical turbulence, including scaling laws, spectral shapes, and characteristic scales. We explore the role of control dimensional parameters in quantifying these processes. The theory results compare well with available observations, the chart perspectives for future experiments and simulations, and for better understanding realistic complexity.
Plasma compressibility and the generation of electrostatic electron Kelvin–Helmholtz instability
Authors: Che H.
Published: July 2024

This study explores the generation of electrostatic (ES) electron Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (EKHI) in collisionless plasma with a step-function electron velocity shear akin to that developed in the electron diffusion region in magnetic reconnection. In incompressible plasma, ES EKHI does not arise in any velocity shear profile due to the decoupling of the electric potential from the electron momentum equation. Instead, a fluid-like Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) can arise. However, in compressible plasma, the compressibility couples the electric potential with the electron dynamics, leading to the emergence of a new ES mode EKHI on Debye length λDe, accompanied by the co-generation of an electron acoustic-like wave. The minimum threshold of ES EKHI is ΔU>2cse, i.e., the electron velocity shear is larger than twice the electron acoustic speed cse. The corresponding growth rate is Im(ω)=((ΔU/cse)2−4)1/2ωpe, where ωpe is the electron plasma frequency.
Numerical simulation of solidification of molten slag impacting inclined wall in boiler based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics method
Authors: Ma Xiaojing , Cheng Can , Fan Mengyao , Cui Jie
Published: July 2024

In order to study the process of high temperature liquid slag impinging on the wall, the slagging phase change is produced by combustion of high alkali coal in a boiler chamber. In this paper, based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, the flow spreading and solidification model of slag particles hitting the inclined wall are established, and the dynamic process of flow spreading and the phase change of slag particles hitting the wall are analyzed by simulating the deposition process of the phase change of slag particles hitting the wall. The effects of different inclination angles of the wall on its deformation and solidification heat transfer are further discussed. It is shown that the change of inclination angle during the impact of single slag on the wall has a greater influence on the spreading flow process. During the impact of single/double slag on the wall with different inclination angles, the time taken by the double slag to reach the final spreading length and complete phase transition is nearly five times longer than that of the single slag. The direction of slag impact also has an effect on the spreading and phase transition. This SPH method provides a novel numerical simulation idea to study the kinetic behavior of molten slag hitting the wall and the problems related to phase change deposition in boilers.
Modified compressible turbulence phase distortion formula and compressible turbulence spectrum simulation
Authors: Xue Jiyu , Wu Hongpeng , Cui Ruyue , Dong Lei
Published: July 2024

In order to better study the imaging characteristics of high-speed moving targets in atmospheric turbulence, it is necessary to solve the optical distortion caused by aerodynamic optical effects, and the optical distortion needs to be described by compressible turbulence spectrum. In order to better understand the spectral characteristics of aero-optical distortion, according to the Maxwell equation, the Boltzmann factor equation is introduced based on the existing compressible turbulence spectrum theory, and the analytical expression of the modified compressible turbulence spectrum is derived and verified. Then, based on the freezing theory, the compressible turbulence spectrum is simulated by the phase screen method of power spectrum inversion. The influence of the distance from the moving target wall and turbulence intensity on the compressible turbulence phase screen is simulated and analyzed. Compared with atmospheric turbulence, it is found that the intensity of turbulence is proportional to the compressible turbulence, but the compressible turbulence is also inversely proportional to the distance of the moving target wall. As the distance from the moving target wall decreases, the phase fluctuation of the compressible turbulence is larger, which also indicates that the aero-optical effect mainly occurs in the boundary layer annex of the moving target, and the nearer the target, the aero-optical effect becomes more serious.
Enhancing fluid classification using meta-learning and transformer through small-sample drilling data to interpret well logging data
Authors: Zou Chunli , Zhang Junhua , Sun Youzhuang , Pang Shanchen , Zhang Yongan
Published: July 2024

As geological exploration and oil and gas development continue to advance, improvement in fluid prediction becomes increasingly crucial. Drilling data often suffer from limited sample size, challenging traditional machine learning methods to fully harness these data. Consequently, a more adaptable and versatile approach is required. In response to this issue, we introduce the meta-ViT (Vision Transformer) method—a novel framework that merges meta-learning with the ViT. Meta-learning's parameter updating mechanism refines the model's ability to discern patterns and nuances across tasks, while ViT, powered by meta-learning, achieves an enhanced grasp of geological exploration characteristics, boosting fluid detection efficiency. The support set supplies meta-learning insights, while the query set assesses generalization. ViT excels at identifying subterranean fluids. Meta-learning replicates varied tasks and data distributions, fortifying model adaptability. Meanwhile, Transformers' self-attention mechanism captures distant dependencies that traditional long short-term memory struggle to manage. Their residual connections and layer normalization also address gradient challenges, simplifying training. Hence, our model effectively interprets intricate drilling data features, improving predictive accuracy and adaptability. In our experiments using a small drilling data sample set, we compared meta-ViT against other models. The results reveal superior performance of our model with limited data, affirming its efficacy and prominence in fluid classification tasks. Overall, our proposed solution excels in fluid classification tasks involving small-sample drilling data by utilizing available samples to enhance model adaptability and predictive performance.
An exploration of physical mechanism for dynamic permeability using a microscopic computational fluid dynamic model
Authors: Chen Sin-Mao , Hong Boe-Shong , Shyu Shiuh-Hwa , Hong Lany
Published: July 2024

Dynamic permeability is a frequency-dependent parameter in the Darcy model for analyzing the porous-flow problem with time-varying pressure. Until now, physical mechanisms behind the associated correlation are still unclear. To uncover the physics, we built a microscopic flow model in which a temporal-sinusoidal pressure difference was applied in the axial flow direction with frequency ranging from one to ten thousand Hertz. Flow phenomenon was found by parallelly comparing the velocity field and negative-pressure-gradient field. Results show that alternating the sign of pressure difference within a time on the order of step-response time constant can restrict the flow development causing a lessening effect on the dynamic permeability. A triangle-wave case shows that the phase angle of dynamic permeability results from the temporal-variation rate of pressure difference. Further physical phenomenon study, such as those with deformation or oscillation of solid medium, can be made based upon the current approach.
Influence of solvent viscosity ratio on the creeping flow of viscoelastic fluid over a channel confined circular cylinder
Authors: Mohanty Pratyush Kumar , Bharti Ram Prakash , Sahu Akhilesh Kumar
Published: July 2024

In this study, the role of solvent viscosity ratio (β) on the creeping flow characteristics of Oldroyd-B fluid over a channel-confined circular cylinder has been explored numerically. The flow governing equations have been solved by RheoTool, an open-source toolbox based on OpenFOAM, employing the finite volume method for extensive ranges of Deborah number (De=0.025–1.5) and solvent viscosity ratio (β=0.1–0.9) at a fixed wall blockage (B = 0.5). The present investigation has undergone extensive validation, with available literature under specific limited conditions, before obtaining detailed results for the relevant flow phenomena, such as stream function, pressure and stress contour profiles, pressure coefficient (Cp), wall shear stress (τw), normal stress (τxx), first normal stress difference (N1), and drag coefficient (CD). The flow profiles have exhibited a distinctive behavior characterized by a loss of symmetry in the presence of pronounced viscoelastic effects. The results for low De notably align closely with those for Newtonian fluids, and the drag coefficient (CD) remains relatively constant regardless of β, as the viscoelastic influence is somewhat subdued. These observations indicate that at high De and low β, viscoelasticity causes asymmetry in creeping flow around a circular cylinder. With an increase in De, the maximum velocity in gap between cylinder and channel walls increases; however, the cylinder experiences significantly less drag force. Within this parameter range, the prevailing force governing the flow is the pressure drag force.
Topological hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) and their electronic applications in sensor, memristor, and neuromorphic computing
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Wang Chenyu , Li Chao , Zhang Tiansheng , Jiang Yucheng , Cheng Xinli , Wang Kuaibing , Ma Chunlan , Li Yang
Published: July 2024

Recently, an emerging class of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) has become an appealing member of organic material family, attributed to their layered self-assembly structures, high-crystalline, and environmentally friendly characteristics, which have rapidly propelled their development in the field of electronic devices. In this context, we focus on the latest category of topological HOFs, with particular attention given to cutting-edge experimental demonstrations, exceptional electrical performances, and promising applications. First, a concise concept and fundamental mechanism of HOFs are provided, elucidating the potential correlation between structural designs and material properties. Subsequently, a comprehensive summary is presented on the preparation and synthesis methods, such as hydrothermal techniques, epitaxial growth, electro-deposition, among others. Notably, the latest advancements in HOFs-based electronics are thoroughly introduced and discussed, along with their applications in sensors, memristors, artificial synapses, neuromorphic computing, and human perception systems. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of topological HOFs are elaborated upon with the aim of providing valuable guidance for high-performance HOF-based electronics.
Spontaneous near-inertial wave generation from mesoscale eddy: Energy transformation
Authors: Zhao Bo , Zhao Yaxing , Liu Zhiliang , Min Wenjia , Wang Weidong
Published: July 2024

The energy transformation between inertial oscillations (IOs), near-inertial waves (NIWs), and mesoscale eddies during spontaneous NIW generation is analyzed by the kinetic energy equations of the multiple temporal–spatial scale interaction between slow and fast motions and then quantitatively estimated by numerical simulations. The evolution of perturbed quasi-geostrophic mesoscale eddies is accompanied by IOs. The nonlinear interaction of IOs and mesoscale eddies results in spontaneous energy transfer from mesoscale eddies to NIWs. However, IOs act as catalysts in the spontaneous NIW energy transformation process, because there is no energy transfer between NIWs and IOs for longer than one inertial period and NIW energy is entirely transferred from mesoscale eddies. The energy conversion rate (ECR) from a propagating eddy to NIWs is significantly enhanced by the resonance of NIWs and the nonlinear coupling of IOs and mesoscale eddies during the spontaneous NIW generation. The time-averaged NIW ECR from a propagating an anti-cyclonic mesoscale eddy (AE) is approximately 5.725 × 10−6 Wm−2 and nearly 16 times higher than those from the standing AE. The magnitude of global near-inertial kinetic energy generated spontaneously from mesoscale eddies is approximately on the order of 2 GW. Therefore, the spontaneous adjustment of mesoscale eddies is a non-negligible NIW generation mechanism and plays a crucial role in the process of supplying energy from mesoscale eddies to the diapycnal mixing in the ocean interior.
Establishment of fog droplet distribution model and study on canopy deposition uniformity
Authors: Wu Zhidong , Liu Chenming , Li Chuang , Song Wusheng , Zhang Shuquan
Published: July 2024

In plant protection operations, the distribution of droplets affects the atomization effect. To make the distribution of fog droplets more uniform in the air field, a fog droplet distribution model was established based on a three-dimensional motion model of droplets and the particle size distribution function, combined with a two-dimensional normal distribution function. The effects of the initial incidence angle and the additional wind speed on the distribution of fog droplets were analyzed. The fog droplet distribution was simulated to analyze the droplet distribution in the spatial layer, which was compared with the experimental results. To investigate the impacts of different factors on the atomization distribution, the Lagrangian interpolation method was employed, and the optimal initial incidence angle and external wind speed were found. When the initial angle of incidence was 17°, the slope of the fitted curve was the smallest, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9622 and a relative error of 3.12%. With an additional wind speed of 0.1 m/s, the coefficient of determination was 0.9782, with an average error of 4.61%. The simulation results were consistent with the experimental findings, and the accuracy of the fog droplet distribution model was verified. In summary, this research provides a novel method to improve the uniformity of the droplet distribution, which can provide a theoretical basis for determining the operating parameters.
Simulating flows in backward-facing step for various expansion ratios by finite element-lattice Boltzmann
Authors: Jokari Mohammad , Bahoosh Kazerooni Reza , Khalili Reza , Tavousi Ebrahim
Published: July 2024

The development of fluid flow in a channel with constant width and a backward-facing step was investigated through numerical simulation. For the first time, by employing the finite element lattice Boltzmann method, a series of numerical calculations were performed to explore the flow behavior across various Reynolds numbers and expansion ratios (the ratio of the outlet section width to the inlet section width). Analysis was conducted on the macroscopic flow parameters, including velocity fields, streamlines, and reattachment points, for different Reynolds numbers and expansion ratios. It was found that the reattachment length in flows over a backward-facing step is dependent on both the Reynolds number and the expansion ratio, rather than being a function of a singular variable. It was concluded, as the Reynolds number increases, the reattachment length also increases. For a Reynolds number range of 10≤ReD≤100, this increase can be described by an exponential relationship, with an expansion ratio of 1.94. The impact of the expansion ratio is less pronounced at lower Reynolds numbers when compared to that at higher ones. The minimum skin friction factor within the return zone is significantly influenced by the Reynolds number, emphasizing the dominant effects of viscosity in near-wall flows. The lattice Boltzmann method is a computationally efficient algorithm for simulating fluid flows through complex geometries, potentially offering significant processing time savings.
In situ Raman reveals the critical role of Pd in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 on Cu-based catalysts
Authors: Du Zi-Yu , Wang Kun , Xie Yi-Meng , Zhao Yu , Qian Zheng-Xin , Li Si-Bo , Zheng Qing-Na , Tian Jing-Hua , Rudnev Alexander V. , Zhang Yue-Jiao , Zhang Hua , Li Jian-Feng
Published: July 2024

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) for CH4 production presents a promising strategy to address carbon neutrality, and the incorporation of a second metal has been proven effective in enhancing catalyst performance. Nevertheless, there remains limited comprehension regarding the fundamental factors responsible for the improved performance. Herein, the critical role of Pd in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 on Cu-based catalysts has been revealed at a molecular level using in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A “borrowing” SERS strategy has been developed by depositing Cu–Pd overlayers on plasmonic Au nanoparticles to achieve the in situ monitoring of the dynamic change of the intermediate during CO2RR. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that Pd incorporation significantly enhances selectivity toward CH4 production, and the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of CH4 is more than two times higher than that for the catalysts without Pd. The key intermediates, including *CO2−, *CO, and *OH, have been directly identified under CO2RR conditions, and their evolution with the electrochemical environments has been determined. It is found that Pd incorporation promotes the activation of both CO2 and H2O molecules and accelerates the formation of abundant active *CO and hydrogen species, thus enhancing the CH4 selectivity. This work offers fundamental insights into the understanding of the molecular mechanism of CO2RR and opens up possibilities for designing more efficient electrocatalysts.
A novel interdisciplinary model for optimizing coalbed methane recovery and carbon dioxide sequestration: Fracture dynamics, gas mechanics, and its application
Authors: Ye Dayu , Liu Guannan , Gao Feng , Wang Xiaoran , Wei Mingyao , Liu Zhaoping , Li Danqi
Published: July 2024

The Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Coalbed Methane (CO2-ECBM) technique significantly enhances clean energy extraction and mitigates climate change. Central to this process is the dynamic evolution of rough fracture networks within coal seams, influencing the migration of CO2 and natural gas. However, existing research lacks a comprehensive, quantitative approach to examining the micro-evolution of these fractures, including fracture roughness, fracture density, fracture touristy, and fracture size, particularly under thermo-hydro-mechanical effects. Addressing this gap, our study introduces an innovative, fractal model for quantitative analysis. This model intricately characterizes fracture networks in terms of number, tortuosity, length, and roughness, integrating them with fluid dynamics affected by external disturbances in CO2-ECBM projects. Upon rigorous validation, the finite element method analysis reveals significant impacts of micro-parameters on permeability and natural gas extraction. For instance, increasing CO2 injection pressure from 4 to 6 MPa changes fracture network density by up to 6.4%. A decrease in fracture density (Df) from 1.6 to 1.5 raises residual gas pressure by 2.7% and coal seam stress by 9.5%, indicating crucial considerations for project stability. Applying the proposed interdisciplinary model to assess CO2 emissions in Australia, it is can be obtained that when Df decreases from 1.6 to 1.5, the total amount of CO2 storage reduces by 17.71%–18.04%. Our results demonstrate the substantial influence of micro-fracture behaviors on CO2-ECBM projects, offering a ground-breaking solution for efficient greenhouse gas reduction and clean energy extraction, with practical implications for the energy sector's sustainability.
Numerical investigation on the influence of free surface on the hydrodynamic and wake characteristics of submarine
Authors: Wu Yanyuan , Guo Chunyu , Han Yang , Gao Yan , Ji Minglei , Wang Yonghao
Published: July 2024

In the process of movement, the submarine inevitably involves free surface navigation, such as floating observation, suction power generation, and rescue. Under various circumstances, the interaction between the submarine and the free surface leads to complex flow fields and wakes, which affects its hydrodynamic performance. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model of a submarine considering the influence of free surface is established. The volume-of-fluid model with an artificial compression term is used to capture the gas–liquid interface, and the unsteady flow field and hydrodynamics are predicted using the shear stress transport k–ω turbulence model. Based on the analysis of mesh convergence and numerical reliability, the hydrodynamic performance and wake flow field characteristics of submarines under different submergence depths were studied. The results show that the free surface has a significant influence on the resistance, wave wake, wake field, and vortex structure of the submarine, which is closely related to the submergence depth. Compared with the infinite submergence depth, the total resistance of the submarine near the free surface increases by 159.2%, mainly due to the pressure resistance. The surface wave system generated by the interaction between the free surface and the hull will directly affect the distribution of the wave surface wake, the wake flow field, and the vortex structure. As the submergence depth increases, the free surface effect gradually weakens, and it can be ignored when the submergence depth is more than 4 times the diameter of the hull.
High-spatiotemporal resolution microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography for imaging biological dynamics in deep tissue
Authors: Wang Yu , Tang Xiaoyu , Qin Huan
Published: July 2024

Biological systems undergo constant dynamic changes across various spatial and temporal scales. To investigate the intricate biological dynamics in living organisms, there is a strong need for high-speed and high-resolution imaging capabilities with significant imaging depth. In this work, we present high-spatiotemporal resolution microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography (HR-MTAT) as a method for imaging biological dynamics in deep tissues. HR-MTAT utilizes nanosecond pulsed microwave excitation and ultrasound detection, with appropriate spatial configurations, to achieve high coupling of the sample to the microwaves, to produce images in soft tissue with dielectric contrast and sub-millimeter spatial resolution (230 μm), to a depth of a few centimeters. Notably, by employing a 128-channel parallel signal acquisition and digitization strategy, the field programmable gate array module manages data synthesis, and GPU-based parallel pixel reconstruction facilitates HR-MTAT to accomplish single-frame image reconstruction in an impressive 50 μs. The practical feasibility of HR-MTAT was evaluated in live mice. The results show that HR-MTAT can noninvasively image whole-body small animals (up to 60 mm in depth) with clear resolution of internal organ structures at a frame rate of 100 Hz, without the need for labeling. At this high spatiotemporal resolution, HR-MTAT can capture respiration, heartbeat, and arterial pulse propagation without motion artifacts and track bio-nanoprobes in livers and tumors. These findings demonstrate HR-MTAT's ability to perform dynamic imaging with high contrast and resolution in deep tissues.
Thermal dynamics in deep shale reservoirs: Influences of the kerogen microstructural behavior on the gas adsorption/desorption capacity
Authors: Ye Dayu , Li Danqi , Lin Xiang , Liu Guannan
Published: July 2024

In shale gas extraction projects, an investigation into the mechanisms of energy/mass transfer associated with shale gas adsorption/desorption in organic matter (kerogen) microstructure under high temperature and stress condition is crucial for improving the efficiency of shale gas production. This study presents a coupling thermo-hydro-mechanical model based on an improved fractal method that could explain the microstructural evolution of the kerogen system and the resultant alterations during the gas adsorption/desorption process under varying thermal conduction, gas seepage, and stress conditions. The influence of porosity, diameter, and tortuosity on the abundance, length, and complexity of kerogen networks under coupled multi-field effects is evaluated. The significance of this study is it could address the following aspects quantitively: (1) the spatiotemporal evolution of kerogen fractal dimensions following various extraction timelines; (2) the influence of shale temperatures on kerogen structures; (3) the influence of the kerogen fractal dimension on the shale gas desorption capacity and production efficiency; and (4) under different temperatures, when the fractal dimension/tortuosity fractal dimension of kerogen changes due to extraction disturbances, the volumetric deformation induced by gas adsorption increases by a maximum of 26.1%/decreases by 28.1% and in the later stages of extraction, the maximum gas pressure decreases by 44.7%/increases by 47.1%. The proposed fractal method adeptly reveals shale gas desorption behaviors under multi-field coupling conditions from a microscopic perspective, which cannot be found in the literature.
Structure and dynamics of amphiphilic patchy cubes in a nanoslit under shear
Authors: Ikeda Takahiro , Kobayashi Yusei , Yamakawa Masashi
Published: July 2024

Patchy nanocubes are intriguing materials with simple shapes and space-filling and multidirectional bonding properties. Previous studies have revealed various mesoscopic structures such as colloidal crystals in the solid regime and rod-like or fractal-like aggregates in the liquid regime of the phase diagram. Recent studies have also shown that mesoscopic structural properties, such as an average cluster size M and orientational order, in amphiphilic nanocube suspensions are associated with macroscopic viscosity changes, mainly owing to differences in cluster shape among patch arrangements. Although many studies have been conducted on the self-assembled structures of nanocubes in bulk, little is known about their self-assembly in nanoscale spaces or structural changes under shear. In this study, we investigated mixtures of one- and two-patch amphiphilic nanocubes confined in two flat parallel plates at rest and under shear using molecular dynamics simulations coupled with multiparticle collision dynamics. We considered two different patch arrangements for the two-patch particles and two different slit widths H to determine the degree of confinement in constant volume fractions in the liquid regime of the phase diagram. We revealed two unique cluster morphologies that have not been previously observed under bulk conditions. At rest, the size of the rod-like aggregates increased with decreasing H, whereas that of the fractal-like aggregates remained constant. Under weak shear with strong confinement, the rod-like aggregates maintained a larger M than the fractal-like aggregates, which were more rigid and maintained a larger M than the rod-like aggregates under bulk conditions.
Raman spectrum and phonon thermal transport in van der Waals semiconductor GaPS4
Authors: Yan Sihan , Liu Zeng , Zhang Jia-Han , Wei Songrui , Zhang Shaohui , Chen Xin , Tan Chee-Keong , Li Shan , Tang Weihua
Published: July 2024

The emergent van der Waals semiconductor GaPS4 is heralding frontiers for gallium-based semiconductors. Despite its potential, the intricacies of its Raman spectrum and phonon heat transport remain elusive. In this research, experimental and theoretical methods are employed to give a comprehensive portrayal. The Raman spectra and phonon calculations obtained were cross-validated, affirming the study's credibility. A total of 28 Raman peaks were identified, with all phonon irreducible representations delineated. Advanced calculations unveiled notable shifts in the transition of GaPS4 from bulk to monolayer. During this process, phonons undergo a red shift, and the vibration contributions of different atoms change. The lifetime and group velocity of low wavenumber phonons are markedly reduced, suppressing the thermal conductivity in the monolayer. The thermal conductivity of GaPS4 bulk at 300 K is 0.5 W/m K, and 0.13 W/m K for monolayer, while the thermal conductivity in the cleavage direction is lower. These findings offer a detailed account of the complex Raman spectra and phonon thermal transport properties of GaPS4, setting the stage for its subsequent exploration and prospective applications in electronic and thermal devices, and contributing to enriching condensed matter theory of phonon thermal transport in van der Waals materials.