bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of disease with isolation and virulence of Rhodococcus equi from farm soil and foals with pneumonia
Authors: Martens Ronald J. , Takai Shinji , Cohen Noah D. , Chaffin M. Keith , Liu Hui , Sakurai Kimiko , Sugimoto Hiromi , Lingsweiler Sonia W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether isolation and virulence ofRhodococcus equifrom soil and infected foals are associated with clinical disease.

Design—Cross-sectional and case-control study.

Sample Population—R equiisolates from 50 foals with pneumonia and soil samples from 33 farms with and 33 farms without a history ofR equiinfection (affected and control, respectively).

Procedure—R equiwas selectively isolated from soil samples. Soil and clinical isolates were evaluated for virulence-associated protein antigen plasmids (VapAP) and resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics penicillin G and cephalothin. Microbiologic cultures and VapA-P assays were performed at 2 independent laboratories.

Results—VapA-P was detected in 49 of 50 (98%) clinical isolates; there was complete agreement between laboratories.Rhodococcus equiwas isolated from soil on 28 of 33 (84.8%) affected farms and 24 of 33 (72.7%) control farms, but there was poor agreement between laboratories. Virulence-associated protein antigen plasmids were detected on 14 of 66 (21.2%) farms by either laboratory, but results agreed for only 1 of the 14 VapA-P-positive farms. We did not detect significant associations between disease status and isolation ofR equifrom soil, detection of VapA-P in soil isolates, or resistance of soil isolates to β-lactam antibiotics. No association between β-lactam antibiotic resistance and presence of VapA-P was detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of soil microbiologic culture and VapA-P assay results, it is not possible to determine whether foals on a given farm are at increased risk of developing disease caused byR equi. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:220–225)
Pancreatic necrosis in New World camelids: 11 cases (1990–1998)
Authors: Pearson Erwin G. , Snyder Stanley P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine clinical, clinicopathologic,
and postmortem abnormalities in New World
camelids with pancreatic necrosis.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—10 llamas and 1 alpaca.

Procedures—Medical records of animals in which a
diagnosis of pancreatic necrosis had been made on
the basis of histologic examination of necropsy specimens
or on the basis of clinical signs and results of
clinicopathologic testing were reviewed.

Results—The initial owner complaint varied, and various
other conditions were diagnosed. Clinical and
clinicopathologic abnormalities were vague. Amylase
activity was higher in abdominal fluid than in serum in
5 of 7 animals, and lipase activity was higher in
abdominal fluid than in serum in all 7. Four animals
survived, and 7 died or were euthanatized. Only 1 of
the animals that died had marked inflammation of the
pancreatic parenchyma. All 7 had necrosis and saponification
of fat in and surrounding the pancreas.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that pancreatic necrosis may develop in New
World camelids, but clinical signs are vague, and the
condition may easily be confused with other diseases.
The only laboratory test that appeared to be
helpful in the antemortem diagnosis of pancreatic
necrosis was comparison of amylase and lipase activities
in abdominal fluid and serum. (J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2000;217:241–244)
Renal effects of carprofen administered to healthy dogs anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Miyabiyashi Takayoshi , Mandsager Ronald E. , Heaton-Jones Terrell G. , Mauragis Daniel F.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate renal effects of carprofen in healthy dogs following general anesthesia.

Design—Randomized clinical trial.

Animals—10 English hound dogs (6 females and 4 males).

Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to control (n = 5) or carprofen (5) groups. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (6 to 8 mg/kg [2.7 to 3.6 mg/lb] of body weight, IV) and maintained with isoflurane (end-tidal concentration, 2.0%). Each dog underwent two 60-minute anesthetic episodes with 1 week between episodes, and mean arterial blood pressure was maintained between 60 and 90 mm Hg during each episode. Dogs in the carprofen group received carprofen (2.2 mg/kg [1 mg/lb], PO) at 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM the day before and at 7:00 AM the day of the second anesthetic episode. Glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were determined during each anesthetic episode by use of renal scintigraphy. Serum creatinine and BUN concentrations and the urine γ-glutamyltransferase-to-creatinine concentration (urine GGT: creatinine) ratio were determined daily for 2 days before and 5 days after general anesthesia.

Results—Significant differences were not detected in BUN and serum creatinine concentrations, urine GGT:creatinine ratio, and GFR either between or within treatment groups over time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Carprofen did not significantly alter renal function in healthy dogs anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane. These results suggest that carprofen may be safe to use for preemptive perioperative analgesia, provided that normal cardiorespiratory function is maintained. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:346–349)
Osseous sequestration in cattle: 110 cases (1987–1997)
Authors: Valentino L. William , St. Jean Guy , Anderson David E. , Desroches André , Kersting Karl , Lopez Mandi J. , Adams Steve B. , Huhn John , Mueller P. O. Eric , Cohen Noah D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine risk factors for development of sequestra in cattle and identify factors associated with a successful outcome.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—110 cattle.

Procedure—Medical records of cattle treated at veterinary teaching hospitals in North America were reviewed. To determine risk factors for osseous sequestration, breed, age, and sex of cattle with osseous sequestration were compared with breed, age, and sex of all other cattle admitted during the study period.

Results—110 cattle were included in the study. Three had 2 sequestra; thus, 113 lesions were identified. Most sequestra were associated with the bones of the extremities, most commonly the third metacarpal or third metatarsal bone. Ninety-two animals were treated surgically (ie, sequestrectomy), 7 were treated medically, 3 were initially treated medically and were then treated surgically, and 8 were not treated. Follow-up information was available for 65 animals treated surgically and 6 animals treated medically. Fifty-one (78%) animals treated surgically and 5 animals treated medically had a successful outcome. Cattle that were 6 months to 2 years old had a significantly increased risk of developing a sequestrum, compared with cattle < 6 months old. Cattle in which sequestrectomy was performed with the aid of local anesthesia were significantly more likely to undergo 2 or more surgical procedures than were cattle in which sequestrectomy was performed with the aid of general anesthesia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that sequestrectomy will result in a successful outcome for most cattle with osseous sequestration. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:376–383)
Severe sepsis in cats: 29 cases (1986–1998)
Authors: Brady Colleen A. , Otto Cindy M. , Van Winkle Thomas J. , King Lesley G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To document the clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic findings in cats with severe sepsis, identify abnormalities unique to this species, and identify criteria that could be used antemortem to diagnose the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in cats.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—29 cats confirmed to have severe sepsis at necropsy.

Procedure—Pertinent history, physical examination findings, and results of hematologic and biochemical testing were extracted from medical records.

Results—Clinical diagnoses included pyothorax, septic peritonitis, bacteremia secondary to gastrointestinal tract disease, pneumonia, endocarditis, pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis, pyometra, and bite wounds. Physical examination findings included lethargy, pale mucous membranes, poor pulse quality, tachypnea, hypo- or hyperthermia, signs of diffuse pain on abdominal palpation, bradycardia, and icterus. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included anemia, thrombocytopenia, band neutrophilia, hypoalbuminemia, low serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and hyperbilirubinemia. Necropsy findings included multiorgan necrosis or inflammation with intralesional bacteria.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that severe sepsis in cats is characterized by lethargy, pale mucous membranes, signs of diffuse abdominal pain, tachypnea, bradycardia, weak pulses, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypothermia, and icterus. Recognition of this combination of clinical findings should facilitate the diagnosis of severe sepsis in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:531–535)
Reactivity to intradermal injection of extracts of Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mite mix, and house dust in dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis: 115 cases (1996–1998)
Authors: Hillier Andrew , Kwochka Kenneth W. , Pinchbeck Lauren R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare reactivities to intradermal injection of extracts ofDermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, house dust mite mix, and house dust in dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—115 dogs.

Procedures—Records of all dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis that underwent intradermal testing between October 1996 and July 1998 were reviewed. Reactivities to intradermal injection of crude mixed house dust mite (1:25,000 wt/vol) and crude house dust (25 PNU/ml) extracts were compared with reactivities to intradermal injection of individual extracts ofD farinaeandD pteronyssinus(1:50,000 wt/vol).

Results—Ninety dogs were confirmed to have atopic dermatitis including 61 of the 69 dogs with positive reactions to either or both of the individual house dust mite extracts. Intradermal testing with the mixed house dust mite extract had sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 96%, and accuracy of 83%. Intradermal testing with the house dust extract had sensitivity of 30%, specificity of 93%, and accuracy of 56%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that use of crude mixed house dust mite and crude house dust extracts for intradermal testing in dogs is not as accurate a method of determining house dust mite hypersensitivity as is the use of individualD farinaeandD pteronyssinusextracts mainly because of the high percentage of false-negative results. Extracts of individual house dust mites are recommended for intradermal testing of dogs suspected to have atopic dermatitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:536–540)
Differences in total protein concentration, nucleated cell count, and red blood cell count among sequential samples of cerebrospinal fluid from horses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne R. , Russell Gail E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To examine total protein concentration and cell counts of sequentially collected samples of CSF to determine whether blood contamination decreases in subsequent samples and whether formulas used to correct nucleated cell count and total protein concentration are accurate.

Design—Case series.

Animals—22 horses.

Procedure—For each horse, 3 or 4 sequential 2-ml samples of CSF were collected from the subarachnoid space in the lumbosacral region into separate syringes, and blood was obtained from the jugular vein. Total protein concentration, nucleated cell count, and RBC counts were determined in all samples.

Results—Among 3 sequential samples, total protein concentration and RBC count were significantly lower in samples 2 and 3, compared with sample 1. Nucleated cell count was significantly lower in sample 3, compared with sample 1. Among 4 sequential samples, total protein concentration and RBC count were significantly lower in samples 2, 3, and 4, compared with sample 1. Nucleated cell count was significantly lower in samples 3 and 4, compared with sample 1. For 3 correction formulas, significant differences in corrected values for nucleated cell count and total protein concentration were detected between sample 1 and sample 3 or 4.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Because iatrogenic blood contamination decreases in sequential CSF samples, a minimum of 3 samples should be collected before submitting the final sample for analysis. Formulas to correct nucleated cell count and total protein concentration are inaccurate and should not be used to correct for blood contamination in CSF samples. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:54–57)
Diagnosis and management of abnormal embryonic development characterized by formation of an embryonic vesicle without an embryo in mares
Authors: Vanderwall Dirk K. , Squires Edward L. , Brinsko Steven P. , McCue Patrick M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the incidence, ultrasonographic characteristics, and risk factors associated with embryonic development characterized by formation of an embryonic vesicle without an embryo in mares.

Design—Prevalence survey.

Animals—159 pregnant mares.

Procedure—From 1994 to 1998, mares between 11 and 40 days after ovulation with normal and abnormal embryonic development were examined ultrasonographically, and characteristics of each conceptus were recorded.

Results—The incidence of abnormal embryonic development in mares characterized by formation of an embryonic vesicle without an embryo was 7/159 (4.4%) during the 5 breeding seasons. Age and breed of mare or type of semen used did not differ for mares with normal and abnormal embryonic development. The percentage of mares in which the conceptus was undersized during ≥ 1 examination was significantly higher for mares with abnormal conceptuses (5/7), compared with mares with normal conceptuses (2/147; 1.4%). The percentage of examinations during which the conceptus was undersized was significantly higher for abnormal conceptuses (12/27; 44.4%), compared with normal conceptuses (4/448; 0.9%).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—To diagnose an embryonic vesicle without an embryo, mares should be examined by use of transrectal ultrasonography on day 25 after ovulation. When an embryo cannot be identified at that time, mares should be reexamined at intervals of 1 to 3 days until day 30. Because undersized conceptuses are more likely to be abnormal, development of undersized conceptuses should be monitored closely. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:58–63)
Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986–1996)
Authors: Stratton-Phelps Meri , Wilson W. David , Gardner Ian A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether foals with pneumonia that were treated with erythromycin, alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin, had a higher risk of developing adverse effects, compared with foals treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), penicillin G procaine (PGP), or a combination of TMS and PGP (control foals).

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—143 foals < 240 days old.

Procedure—Information on age, sex, breed, primary drug treatment, total days of treatment with the primary drug, and whether the foal developed diarrhea, hyperthermia, or respiratory distress was obtained from the medical records. Relative risk (RR) and attributable risk (AR) were calculated to compare risk of adverse reactions between foals treated with erythromycin and control foals.

Results—Only 3 (4.3%) control foals developed diarrhea; none developed hyperthermia or respiratory distress. Foals treated with erythromycin had an 8-fold risk (RR, 8.3) of developing diarrhea, compared with control foals, and increased risks of hyperthermia (AR, 25%) and respiratory distress (AR, 15%).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that use of erythromycin to treat foals with pneumonia was associated with an increased risk of diarrhea, hyperthermia, and respiratory distress, compared with use of TMS or PGP. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:68–73)
Ocular lesions associated with systemic hypertension in cats: 69 cases (1985–1998)
Authors: Maggio Federica , DeFrancesco Teresa C. , Atkins Clarke E. , Pizzirani Stefano , Gilger Brian C. , Davidson Michael G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize clinical and clinicopathologic findings, response to treatment, and causes of systemic hypertension in cats with hypertensive retinopathy.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—69 cats with hypertensive retinopathy.

Procedure—Medical records from cats with systemic hypertension and hypertensive retinopathy were reviewed.

Results—Most cats (68.1%) were referred because of vision loss; retinal detachment, hemorrhage, edema, and degeneration were common findings. Cardiac abnormalities were detected in 37 cats, and neurologic signs were detected in 20 cats. Hypertension was diagnosed concurrently with chronic renal failure (n = 22), hyperthyroidism (5), diabetes mellitus (2), and hyperaldosteronism (1). A clearly identifiable cause for hypertension was not detected in 38 cats; 26 of these cats had mild azotemia, and 12 did not have renal abnormalities. Amlodipine decreased blood pressure in 31 of 32 cats and improved ocular signs in 18 of 26 cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Retinal lesions, caused predominantly by choroidal injury, are common in cats with hypertension. Primary hypertension in cats may be more common than currently recognized. Hypertension should be considered in older cats with acute onset of blindness; retinal edema, hemorrhage, or detachment; cardiac disease; or neurologic abnormalities. Cats with hypertensioninduced ocular disease should be evaluated for renal failure, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and cardiac abnormalities. Blood pressure measurements and funduscopic evaluations should be performed routinely in cats at risk for hypertension (preexisting renal disease, hyperthyroidism, and age > 10 years). Amlodipine is an effective antihypertensive agent in cats.(J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:695–702)
Comparison of the bacterial flora of the duodenum in healthy cats and cats with signs of gastrointestinal tract disease
Authors: Johnston Karen L. , Swift Nigel C. , Forster-van Hijfte Myra , Rutgers H. Carolien , Lamport Anne , Ballàvre Olivier , Batt Roger M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether a colony environment predisposes healthy cats to high bacterial counts, including counts of obligate anaerobes, in the duodenum and whether increased numbers of bacteria could be found in the duodenum of cats with signs of chronic gastrointestinal tract disease.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—20 healthy control cats (10 from a colony environment and 10 pet cats) and 19 cats with a history of chronic gastrointestinal tract disease.

Procedure—Undiluted duodenal fluid was quantitatively and qualitatively assessed by bacteriologic culture under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Serum concentrations of cobalamin and folate were also measured.

Results—Significant differences were not detected in the numbers of bacteria found in the duodenum of cats housed in a colony environment, compared with pet cats fed an identical diet prior to sampling. All healthy cats were, therefore, combined into 1 control group. Compared with healthy cats, cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal tract disease had significantly lower counts of microaerophilic bacteria, whereas total, anaerobic, and aerobic bacterial counts were not significantly different. None of the cats with disease had total bacterial counts higher than expected from the range established in the control cats. Differences were not detected in regard to serum folate or cobalamin concentrations between diseased and healthy cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These findings indicated that healthy colony cats and pet cats have high numbers of bacteria in the duodenum, including high numbers of obligate anaerobes. Our findings also suggest that bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine is not a common clinical syndrome in cats with chronic nonobstructive gastrointestinal tract disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:48–51)
Predicting payment and nonpayment of direct mail obligations: Profiling
good and bad credit risks
Authors: Peltier James W. , Schibrowsky John A. , Davis John W.
Published: December 2005

Profiles of prospect groups are developed in terms of their likelihood
of fulfilling financial obligations to direct mail offers. An extensive
database of individuals responding to a variety of direct mail offers is
analyzed, and the variables that best differentiate the likelihood of
defaulting or not defaulting on their financial commitments are identified.
Two specific data-analytic models are presented. The first tests hypotheses
pertaining to a limited set of demographic and credit-related variables. The
second begins with a set of 271 variables and identifies the 11 that best
predict default likelihood.
Graft copolymerization of methylmethacrylate with N‐substituted maleimide‐styrene copolymer by ATRP
Authors: Çakir T. , Serhatli I. E. , Önen A.
Published: December 2005

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was employed to prepare graft copolymers having poly(MBr)‐alt‐poly(St) copolymer as backbone and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as branches to obtain heat resistant graft copolymers. The macroinitiator was prepared by copolymerization of bromine functionalized maleimide (MBr) with styrene (St). The polymerization of MMA was initiated by poly(MBr)‐alt‐poly(St) carrying bromine groups as macroinitiator in the presence of copper bromide (CuBr) and bipyridine (bpy) at 110°C. Both macroinitiator and graft copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. The ATRP graft copolymerization was supported by an increase in the molecular weight (MW) of the graft copolymers as compared to that of the macroinitiator and also by their monomodal MW distribution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Effect of moisture‐ingress on adhesion energy in a metal oxide‐polymer system
Authors: Devasahayam Sheila
Published: December 2005

This work quantifies the damage caused by moisture in a metal coating system under extreme weathering conditions, using Variable Radius Roll Adhesion Test (VaRRAT). Interfacial toughness (adhesion energy) between the metal oxide and the polymer in painted steel panels, studied by using VaRRAT, is observed to fall with increasing temperature and time of exposure to moisture. Possible cause for irreversible loss in adhesion energy in the paint system is attributed to the sorption of free water at the metal oxide–polymer interface. Different failure responses were observed in two different paint–metal systems. Adsorption or diffusion in the Henry's mode is rate controlling in green paints as indicated by the low activation energy of 12 kJ mol−1. The white samples showed a high activation energy of 30 kJ mol−1, indicating a mixed process of diffusion as well as chemical to be rate determining. Different paint/binder ratios are responsible for the different responses of these samples. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Three‐dimensional cell seeding and growth in radial‐flow perfusion bioreactor for in vitro tissue reconstruction
Authors: Kitagawa Tatsuya , Yamaoka Tetsuji , Iwase Reiko , Murakami Akira
Published: December 2005

Radial‐flow perfusion bioreactor systems have been designed and evaluated to enable direct cell seeding into a three‐dimensional (3‐D) porous scaffold and subsequent cell culture for in vitro tissue reconstruction. However, one of the limitations of in vitro regeneration is the tissue necrosis that occurs at the central part of the 3‐D scaffold. In the present study, tubular poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA) porous scaffolds with an optimized pore size and porosity were prepared by the lyophilization method, and the effect of different perfusion conditions on cell seeding and growth were compared with those of the conventional static culture. The medium flowed radially from the lumen toward the periphery of the tubular scaffolds. It was found that cell seeding under a radial‐flow perfusion condition of 1.1 mL/cm2 · min was effective, and that the optimal flow rate for cell growth was 4.0 mL/cm2 · min. At this optimal rate, the increase in seeded cells in the perfusion culture over a period of 5 days was 7.3‐fold greater than that by static culture over the same period. The perfusion cell seeding resulted in a uniform distribution of cells throughout the scaffold. Subsequently, the perfusion of medium and hence the provision of nutrients and oxygen permitted growth and maintenance of the tissue throughout the scaffold. The perfusion seeding/culture system was a much more effective strategy than the conventional system in which cells are seeded under a static condition and cultured in a bioreactor such as a spinner flask. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender and psychopathy: an overview of important issues and introduction to the special issue
Authors: Nicholls Tonia L. , Petrila John
Published: December 2005

One of the most important concepts to ever emerge in forensic psychology and law is psychopathy. It would be difficult to exaggerate the profound effect the construct has had on research and practice in correctional psychology, psychiatry, and criminology. Much less pronounced has been an interest in understanding the potential relevance and practical implications that this personality disorder might have for providing insights into antisocial behaviors and crimes committed by girls and women. In this paper we provide an overview of some of the pressing issues confronting clinicians and researchers and provide an introduction to this special issue dedicated to gender and psychopathy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Theoretical Investigation of the Nonrigid Six‐Coordinate Compounds [Mo(R)F5], [W(R)F5], and Related Compounds
Authors: Santiso Quiñones Gustavo , Seppelt Konrad
Published: December 2005

Density functional calculations for [M(CH3)F5], [M(CF3)F5], [M(CH3S)F5], and [M(CF3S)F5] (M=Mo, W) show that they are expected to be nonrigid molecules, with energy barriers for the octahedral–trigonal‐prismatic interchange as low as 7.2 kJ mol−1. The ground state for the CH3 and CF3 compounds is trigonal prismatic, for the CH3S and CF3S compounds, (distorted) octahedral. All calculated compounds [M(C6F5)nF6−n] (M=Mo, W) have a trigonal‐prismatic ground state, whereas the situation for [M(C6H5)nF6−n] (M=Mo, W) is more complex.
Polynuclear Bismuth‐Oxo Clusters: Insight into the Formation Process of a Metal Oxide
Authors: Mehring Michael , Mansfeld Dirk , Paalasmaa Sanna , Schürmann Markus
Published: December 2005

The reaction of the bismuth silanolates [Bi(OSiR2R′)3] (R = R′ = Me, Et, iPr; R = Me, R′ = tBu) with water has been studied. Partial hydrolysis gave polynuclear bismuth‐oxo clusters whereas amorphous bismuth‐oxo(hydroxy) silanolates were obtained when an excess of water was used in the hydrolysis reaction. The metathesis reaction of BiCl3 with NaOSiMe3 provided mixtures of heterobimetallic silanolates. The molecular structures of [Bi18Na4O20(OSiMe3)18] (2), [Bi33NaO38(OSiMe3)24]⋅3 C7H8 (3⋅3 C7H8), [Bi50Na2O64(OH)2(OSiMe3)22]⋅2 C7H8⋅2 H2O (4⋅2 C7H8⋅2 H2O), [Bi4O2(OSiEt3)8] (5), [Bi9O7(OSiMe3)13]⋅0.5 C7H8 (6⋅0.5 C7H8), [Bi18O18(OSiMe3)18]⋅2 C7H8 (7⋅2 C7H8) and [Bi20O18(OSiMe3)24]⋅3 C7H8 (8⋅3 C7H8) are presented and compared with the solid‐state structures of [Bi22O26(OSiMe2tBu)14] (9) and β‐Bi2O3. Compound 2 crystallises in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with the lattice constants a = 17.0337(9), b = 19.5750(14), c = 26.6799(16) Å, α = 72.691(4), β = 73.113(4) and γ = 70.985(4)°; compound 3⋅3 C7H8 crystallises in the monoclinic space group P21/n with the lattice constants a = 20.488(4), b = 22.539(5), c = 26.154(5) Å and β = 100.79(3)°; compound 4⋅2 C7H8⋅2 H2O crystallises in the monoclinic space group P21/n with the lattice constants a = 20.0518(12), b = 24.1010(15), c = 27.4976(14) Å and β = 103.973(3)°; compound 5 crystallises in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the lattice constants a = 25.256(5), b = 15.372(3), c = 21.306(4) Å and β = 113.96(3)°; compound 6⋅0.5 C7H8 crystallises in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with the lattice constants a = 15.1916(9), b = 15.2439(13), c = 22.487(5) Å, α = 79.686(3), β = 74.540(5) and γ = 66.020(4)°; compound 7⋅2 C7H8 crystallises in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with the lattice constants a = 14.8295(12), b = 16.1523(13), c = 18.4166(17) Å, α = 75.960(4), β = 79.112(4) and γ = 63.789(4)°; and compound 8⋅3 C7H8 crystallises in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with the lattice constants a = 17.2915(14), b = 18.383(2), c = 18.4014(18) Å, α = 95.120(5), β = 115.995(5) and γ = 106.813(5)°. The molecular structures of the bismuth‐rich compounds are related to the CaF2‐type structure. Formally, the hexanuclear [Bi6O8]2+ fragment might be described as the central building unit, which is composed of bismuth atoms placed at the vertices of an octahedron and oxygen atoms capping the trigonal faces. Depending on the reaction conditions and the identity of R, the thermal decomposition of the hydrolysis products [BinOl(OH)m(OSiR3)3n−(2l−m)] gives α‐Bi2O3, β‐Bi2O3, Bi12SiO20 or Bi4Si3O12.
Catalytic Cycloisomerization of Enynes by Using a Nickel‐Zinc‐Acid System
Authors: Ikeda Shin‐ichi , Daimon Natsuko , Sanuki Reiko , Odashima Kazunori
Published: December 2005

Catalytic cycloisomerization of enynes has been accomplished in the presence of an Ni0‐PPh3‐Zn‐carboxylic acid or ‐ZnCl2 system. A nickel(I)–hydride complex, thought to be generated by reduction of the protonated nickel(II) complex with Zn, is proposed as the catalytic species. This cycloisomerization shows reactivity behavior that is different from that of a conventional metal‐catalyzed reaction. In particular, in the reaction with (E)‐enynes, the catalytic system has a selectivity that favors the formation of the 1,3‐diene over the 1,4‐diene. In addition, this catalytic system has been applied to the domino cyclization of dienynes for the construction of tricyclic compounds.
Dynamics in Host–Guest Complexes of Molecular Tweezers and Clips
Authors: Lobert Matthias , Bandmann Heinz , Burkert Ulrich , Büchele Uta P. , Podsadlowski Viola , Klärner Frank‐Gerrit
Published: December 2005

The dynamics in the host–guest complexes of the molecular tweezers 1 a,b and clips 2 a,b with 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCNB, 3) and tropylium tetrafluoroborate (4) as guest molecules were analyzed by temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy. The TCNB complexes of tweezers 1 a,b were found to be particularly stable (dissociation barrier: ΔG≠=16.8 and 15.7 kcal mol−1, respectively), more stable than the TCNB complexes of clips 2 a,b and the tropylium complex of tweezer 1 b (dissociation barrier: ΔG≠=12.4, 11.2, and 12.3 kcal mol−1, respectively). A detailed analysis of the kinetic and thermodynamic data (especially the negative entropies of activation found for complex dissociation) suggests that in the transition state of dissociation the guest molecule is still clipped between the aromatic tips of the host molecule. The 1H NMR analysis of the TCNB complexes 3@1 b and 3@2 a at low temperatures (T<−80 °C) showed that 3 undergoes fast rotation inside the cavity of tweezer 1 b or clip 2 a (rotational barrier: ΔG≠=11.7 and 8.3 kcal mol−1, respectively). This rotation of a guest molecule inside the host cavity can be considered to be the dynamic equilibration of noncovalent conformers. In the case of clip complex 3@2 a the association and rotational barriers are smaller by ΔΔG≠=3–4 kcal mol−1 than those in tweezer complexes 3@1 a,b. This can be explained by the more open topology of the trimethylene‐bridged clips compared to the tetramethylene‐bridged tweezers. Finally, the bromo substituents in the newly prepared clip 2 b have a substantial effect on the kinetics and thermodynamics of complex formation. Clip 2 b forms weaker complexes with (TCNB, 3) and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ, 12) and a more stable complex with 2,4,7‐trinitrofluoren‐9‐ylidene (TNF, 13) than the parent clip 2 a. These results can be explained by a less negative electrostatic potential surface (EPS) inside the cavity and a larger van der Waals contact surface of 2 b compared to 2 a. In the case of the highly electron‐deficient guest molecules TCNB and TCNQ the attractive electrostatic interaction is predominant and hence responsible for the thermodynamic complex stability, whereas in the case of TNF with its extended π system, dispersion forces are more important for host–guest binding.
Estrogen receptor‐β expression in extraabdominal fibromatoses
Authors: Deyrup Andrea T. , Tretiakova Maria , Montag Anthony G.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Early experiments using ligand‐binding assays demonstrated the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) in fibromatoses. These findings were not confirmed by later studies using immunohistochemical analysis.

METHODS

To verify the expression of ERs in fibromatosis as well as to clarify the inconsistency between radioligand and early immunohistochemical studies, the authors examined a series of 40 extraabdominal fibromatoses using antibodies raised against ERβ.

RESULTS

All 40 cases of extraabdominal fibromatosis were at least focally positive for ERβ. Thirty‐three of 40 (83%) displayed 3+ (>50%) expression, 5 of 40 (12%) were 2+ (11–50%), and 2 of 40 (5%) cases showed 1+ (<10%) expression. All cases were negative for ERα.

CONCLUSIONS

Although extraabdominal fibromatosis does not express ERα, there appears to be nearly uniform expression of ERβ. This finding clarifies discrepancies in the literature regarding estrogen expression in fibromatosis, and provides a biological mechanism for the action of antiestrogenic compounds in the treatment of fibromatosis. Estrogen antagonists may have a role in the treatment of refractory or recurrent extraabdominal fibromatoses. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Impact of concurrent proliferative high‐risk lesions on the risk of ipsilateral breast carcinoma recurrence and contralateral breast carcinoma development in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ treated with breast‐conserving therapy
Authors: Adepoju Linda J. , Symmans W. Fraser , Babiera Gildy V. , Singletary S. Eva , Arun Banu , Sneige Nour , Pusztai Lajos , Buchholz Thomas A. , Sahin Aysegul , Hunt Kelly K. , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Ross Merrick I. , Ames Frederick C. , Kuerer Henry M.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

The purpose of the study was to determine the risk of ipsilateral breast carcinoma recurrence (IBCR) and contralateral breast carcinoma (CBC) development in patients with a concurrent diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).

METHODS

Records of all 307 patients with DCIS treated with breast‐conserving treatment (BCT) from 1968 to 1998 were analyzed. Initial pathology reports and all slides available were re‐reviewed for evidence of ADH, ALH, or LCIS. Actuarial local recurrence rates were calculated.

RESULTS

Fifty‐five cases of DCIS were associated with ADH, 11 with ALH or LCIS, and 14 with both ADH and ALH or LCIS. Overall, IBCR occurred in 14% and no significant difference in the IBCR rate was identified for patients with proliferative lesions compared with patients without these lesions (P = 0.38). Development of CBC in patients with concurrent DCIS and ADH was 4.4 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44–13.63) that in patients with DCIS alone (P < 0.01). The 15‐year cumulative rate of CBC development was 22.7% in patients with ALH or LCIS compared with 6.5% in patients without these lesions (P = 0.30) and 19% in patients with ADH compared with 4.1% in patients with DCIS alone (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The risk of CBC development is higher with concurrent ADH than in patients with DCIS alone, and these patients may therefore be appropriate candidates for additional chemoprevention strategies. Concurrent ADH, ALH, or LCIS with DCIS is not a contraindication to BCT. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Lithium Hydroxide Phase Transition under High Pressure: An Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Pagliai Marco , Iannuzzi Marcella , Cardini Gianni , Parrinello Michele , Schettino Vincenzo
Published: December 2005

The high‐pressure phase transition in the deuterated lithium hydroxide crystalline state has been studied by Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations, in the constant‐pressure, constant‐temperature ensemble. The recently developed metadynamics approach has been applied to encourage the system to transform into different phases in an affordable simulation time. A previously not completely characterized high‐pressure phase has been obtained. The structural and spectroscopic properties have been studied and compared with the neutron scattering, infrared and Raman measurements. It has been found that the calculated structure differs slightly from the experimental hypothesis, and that the presence of strong hydrogen bonds is the source of the red shift and of the characteristic features of the OD‐stretching bands in both IR and Raman spectra.
On a modification of GLS stabilized FEM for solving incompressible viscous flows
Authors: Burda P. , Novotný J. , Šístek J.
Published: December 2005

We deal with 2D flows of incompressible viscous fluids with high Reynolds numbers. Galerkin Least Squares technique of stabilization of the finite element method is studied and its modification is described. We present a number of numerical results obtained by the developed method, showing its contribution to solving flows with high Reynolds numbers. Several recommendations and remarks are included. We are interested in positive as well as negative aspects of stabilization, which cannot be divorced. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adverse hypersensitivity reactions to mesna as adjunctive therapy for cyclophosphamide
Authors: Khaw Seong L. , Downie Peter A. , Waters Keith D. , Ashley David M. , Heath John A.
Published: December 2005

Mesna is widely used for the prevention of cyclophosphamide‐related hemorrhagic cystitis. It has been associated with hypersensitivity‐like cutaneous and systemic reactions in adult patients. We report a series of children with malignant disease, who developed such reactions following mesna adminstration and discuss possible mechanisms and management issues. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:341–343. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of target CD34 positive cells following leukopheresis in children with neuroblastoma
Authors: Schroeder Henrik , Kamperis Konstatinos , Grunnet Niels , Hokland Peter
Published: December 2005

Background

Myeloablative chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) may improve long‐term survival in children with disseminated neuroblastoma. In children it is important to be able to ascertain when to start the leukopheresis in order to keep the number of procedures to a minimum.

Procedure

Twenty‐three children with high‐risk neuroblastoma with a median weight of 13 kg (range 8–16 kg). Stem cell collection was planned to start at day 14 after the start of the preceding induction standard chemotherapy and after 4 days of G‐CSF treatment at 10 µg/kg body weight once daily subcutaneously. Normal volume leukopheresis (median 2.2 times the blood volume of the child) was carried out using a CS‐3000 Plus Blood Cell Separator. A pre‐collection peripheral blood CD34+ count of >20/µl was a prerequisite for initiating the stem cell collection.

Results

Timely leukopheresis was carried out in 19/23 patients. In 17 (74%) of the patients the target number of CD34+ cells/kg body weight was obtained in one procedure; in the remaining the target number of stem cells was obtained after leukopheresis on the following day. A highly significant correlation was found between the pre‐harvest CD34+ count from the peripheral blood and the total number of collected CD34+ cells/kg (r = 0.79, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

When the pre‐harvest CD34+ count was >40/µl, a sufficient number of CD34+ stem cells was collected in a single procedure in 15 out of 16 cases. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant triton tumor in a patient with Li‐Fraumeni syndrome and a novel TP53 mutation
Authors: Chao Mwe Mwe , Levine John E. , Ruiz Robert E. , Kohlmann Wendy K. , Bower Matthew A. , Petty Elizabeth M. , Mody Rajen J.
Published: December 2005

We report a 3‐year‐old boy with a malignant triton tumor (MTT) involving the left masticator space with local invasion and regional lymph node metastasis. Family history and detection of a novel germline TP53 mutation confirmed his diagnosis of Li Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). MTT has not been previously described in association with LFS. This case along with a comprehensive review of the literature, illustrate the importance of both somatic and germline TP53 mutations in the pathogenesis MTT. The tumor could not be resected and he was successfully treated with intensive induction chemotherapy, irradiation, and high‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:1000–1004. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of organochlorine pesticides in wine by solvent bar microextraction coupled with gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection
Authors: Chia Kan‐Jung , Huang Shang‐Da
Published: December 2005

A solvent bar microextraction (SBME) technique combined with gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS), for the determination of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in wine samples, is described. In this work the OCPs were extracted and dissolved in a 2‐µL aliquot of organic extraction solvent (n‐tetradecane) confined within a 1.7‐cm length of hollow fiber. Both ends of the hollow fiber (solvent bar) were sealed, and it was placed in an aqueous sample solution for extraction. The effects of solvent selection, sample agitation, extraction time, extraction temperature, and salt concentration on the SBME performance were optimized. The influence of aqueous sample/organic solvent phase ratio was further investigated in detail. High enrichments (1900–7100‐fold) could be obtained at an aqueous sample/organic solvent volume ratio of 20 mL/2 µL in this study. Good extraction repeatabilities were obtained with relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 12.6%. Comparisons of sensitivity and precision between SBME and dynamic hollow‐fiber liquid‐phase microextraction were also investigated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scope analysis: identifying the impact of changes in business process models
Authors: Soffer Pnina
Published: December 2005

Organizations often change their business processes in reaction to changes in the environment or as a result of improvement efforts. These changes lead to adjustments in the Business Process Support (BPS) system. The impact of a change in a business process may extend beyond the specific point that has been changed, affecting preconditions required for other activities, outputs to be created, or requiring new inputs. This article introduces a concept of a scope of a change, whose identification facilitates focused efforts when adjusting the BPS system to changes in business processes. The article presents a taxonomy of modifications that can be made to a process model and characterizes different modification types in terms of possible scopes of the changes made. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sociotechnical approach towards alignment
Authors: Taxén Lars
Published: December 2005

In order to manage the complexity of the alignment problem, we introduce the construct ofworkpracticesas the main unit of analysis. A workpractice is a meaningful, goal oriented social entity where some actors produce a result that other actors need. The development of products or services provided by an organization is accomplished by coordinating the results of cooperating workpractices. Alignment is achieved by either adjusting the coordination between workpractices or adjusting internal workpractice elements such as processes and support systems. To make this approach operational, we suggest structuring a workpractice according to the Activity Domain Theory—a new theory for coordinating human activity. In this theory, particular emphasis is placed on the achievement of common understanding among the actors. Some results from applying this approach in the Ericsson telecommunication company are discussed. The findings indicate that the proposed approach is a promising way towards achieving and maintaining alignment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two-fluid computations of plasma block dynamics for numerical
analyze of rippling effect
Authors: JABŁONSKI S. , HORA H. , GŁOWACZ S. , BADZIAK J. , CANG YU , OSMAN F.
Published: December 2005

In this paper the results of numerical computations of rippling
smoothing basing on the broad-band laser irradiation method for the laser
intensity range 1016−1017 W/cm2
and short-pulse (<10 ps) interaction with plasma are described.
High energy heavy ion jets emerging from laser plasma generated by
long pulse laser beams from the NHELIX laser system at GSI
Authors: SCHAUMANN G. , SCHOLLMEIER M.S. , RODRIGUEZ-PRIETO G. , BLAZEVIC A. , BRAMBRINK E. , GEISSEL M. , KOROSTIY S. , PIRZADEH P. , ROTH M. , ROSMEJ F.B. , FAENOV A.YA. , PIKUZ T.A. , TSIGUTKIN K. , MARON Y. , TAHIR N.A. , HOFFMANN D.H.H.
Published: December 2005

High energy heavy ions were generated in laser produced plasma at
moderate laser energy, with a large focal spot size of 0.5 mm diameter.
The laser beam was provided by the 10 GW GSI-NHELIX laser systems, and the
ions were observed spectroscopically in status nascendi with high spatial
and spectral resolution. Due to the focal geometry, plasma jet was formed,
containing high energy heavy ions. The velocity distribution was measured
via an observation of Doppler shifted characteristic transition lines. The
observed energy of up to 3 MeV of F-ions deviates by an order of magnitude
from the well-known Gitomer (Gitomer et al.,
1986) scaling, and agrees with the higher energies of relativistic
self focusing.
Investigation of PbMg target characteristics by a laser
mass-spectrometer
Authors: KHAYDAROV R.T. , BERDIYOROV G.R. , KUNISHEV U. , KHALMURATOV M. , TOJIKHONOV E. , KANAPATHIPILLAI M.
Published: December 2005

Characteristics of two-element (PbMg) laser generated plasma ions were
studied using a mass-spectrometer. It was found that increasing the
fraction of Mg leads to widening of the energy spectra of Pb ions by more
than a factor of two, while the intensity of Pb ions of all charge states
does not depend on the Mg fraction. This effect is explained by the
friction existing between light and heavy ions during their expansion away
from the target.