bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphs with equal domination and certified domination numbers
Authors: Dettlaff Magda , Lemańska Magdalena , Miotk Mateusz , Topp Jerzy , Ziemann Radosław , Żyliński Paweł
Published: November 2019

A set \(D\) of vertices of a graph \(G=(V_G,E_G)\) is a dominating set of \(G\) if every vertex in \(V_G-D\) is adjacent to at least one vertex in \(D\). The domination number (upper domination number, respectively) of \(G\), denoted by \(\gamma(G)\) (\(\Gamma(G)\), respectively), is the cardinality of a smallest (largest minimal, respectively) dominating set of \(G\). A subset \(D\subseteq V_G\) is called a certified dominating set of \(G\) if \(D\) is a dominating set of \(G\) and every vertex in \(D\) has either zero or at least two neighbors in \(V_G-D\). The cardinality of a smallest (largest minimal, respectively) certified dominating set of \(G\) is called the certified (upper certified, respectively) domination number of \(G\) and is denoted by \(\gamma_{\rm cer}(G)\) (\(\Gamma_{\rm cer}(G)\), respectively). In this paper relations between domination, upper domination, certified domination and upper certified domination numbers of a graph are studied.
Two-dimensional multicolor (RGBY) integrated nanocolumn micro-LEDs as a fundamental technology of micro-LED display
Authors: Kishino Katsumi , Sakakibara Naoki , Narita Kazuki , Oto Takao
Published: November 2019

The development of high-productivity microLED (μ-LED) pixel panels is crucial as a key technology for next-generation displays. To provide a fundamental approach to this end, in this study, multicolor (red, green, blue, and yellow; RGBY) nanocolumn (NC) μ-LED pixels with 5 × 5 μm2 emission windows were monolithically integrated to exhibit electroluminescence spectra with peak wavelengths of 478, 512, 559, and 647 nm, respectively. The NC μ-LED pixels, which were two-dimensionally arranged with a 10 μm period, were individually driven by the matrix wiring p- and n-electrodes, exhibiting a μ-LED pixel panel arrangement.
A FORACLUSÃO DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS E O MAL-ESTAR REVELADO POR SIGMUND FREUD
Authors: Freire Dercirier
Published: November 2019

Direito, política e sociedade formam uma tríade inseparável. As legislações são diretamente influenciadas pelas filosofias jurídicas. A filosofia jurídica alemã denominada Direito Penal do Inimigo legitima o extermínio dos rotulados como inimigos e leva à foraclusão dos Direitos Humanos que, por sua vez, culmina em um Direito Louco. Esse cenário político/jurídico é propício ao aparecimento de líderes autoritários.  O relacionamento entre os seres humanos é a maior fonte de sofrimento humano apontada por Sigmund Freud no texto “Mal-Estar na Civilização” (1930 [1929]). A dimensão real dos Direitos Humanos mostra sua face ao não ser capaz de impedir que atrocidades sejam cometidas, que sujeitos sejam eleitos inimigos de um Estado e que sejam submetidos a legislações de exceção.
O ÓDIO COMO AFETO POLÍTICO: SOBRE A COMPOSIÇÃO DO POPULISMO DE EXTREMA-DIREITA NO BRASIL
Authors: CASTELO BRANCO FELIPE
Published: November 2019

O ódio aparece nas obras de Freud, Benjamin e Arendt como um importante instrumento político que de certa forma determina o encaminhamento de tendências autoritárias e não-autoritárias das organizações políticas. Neste artigo, busco mostrar como a estrutura institucional das democracias não são capazes de evitar uma destruição interna da própria democracia, mas possibilitam um tratamento simbólico do ódio. A partir dessa reflexão, desejo analisar alguns desdobramentos do fenômeno do “bolsonarismo” atual no Brasil.
Cyanobacterial Heterocysts
Authors: Muro‐Pastor Alicia M , Maldener Iris
Published: November 2019

Cyanobacteria are phototrophic bacteria carrying out oxygen‐producing photosynthesis. Besides showing the capability of building their cellular carbon from carbon dioxide (CO
2
), available in the atmosphere, several strains of cyanobacteria have also acquired the ability to fix molecular dinitrogen (N
2
), a ubiquitous source of nitrogen. As the enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation (nitrogenase) is highly sensitive to oxygen, nitrogen fixation and oxygenic photosynthesis cannot take place simultaneously in cyanobacterial cells. To solve this problem, some filamentous strains are able to restrict N
2
fixation to a specialised cell type, the heterocyst. Heterocysts are morphologically distinct, terminally differentiated cells that develop, in the absence of alternative sources of combined nitrogen, mostly in a semiregular pattern along the filaments. Thus, a filament containing heterocysts provides division of labour between vegetative cells (photosynthetic CO
2
fixation) and heterocysts (anaerobic N
2
fixation). These cyanobacteria represent true multicellular organisms with profound morphological cell differentiation and sophisticated intercellular communication systems, ultimately orchestrated by complex gene expression patterns.

Key Concepts

Although bacteria, some filamentous cyanobacteria are true multicellular organisms, showing different cell types performing specialised tasks.

When lacking a source of combined nitrogen, these cyanobacteria start a program of cell differentiation resulting in a pattern of semiregularly spaced heterocysts along the filament.

Heterocysts differentiate from vegetative cells, which carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, and provide a microoxic environment for the activity of oxygen‐labile nitrogenase.

Nitrogenase is the enzyme responsible for N
2
fixation and allows the organism to live from sunlight, air (CO
2
and N
2
) and some minerals.

The two cell types rely on each other and exchange metabolites and signalling molecules, via septal junctions mediating cell‐to‐cell contact.

Two transcription factors, HetR and NtcA, regulate the changes in gene expression during heterocyst differentiation.

The pattern of spaced heterocysts is regulated by inhibitor gradients that promote the decay of HetR, confirming mathematical models of two‐dimensional pattern formation in heterocystous cyanobacteria.
Post‐Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression and Human Genetic Disease
Authors: Sterrett Maria C , Corbett Anita H
Published: November 2019

Despite the fact that all cells in an organism contain the same genetic information, the cells that comprise any organism have vastly distinct form and function. This diversity of form function is achieved because only a subset of the genetic information is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and translated into protein at any given time in any cell. While this regulation of gene expression occurs at many levels, extensive regulation occurs after an mRNA is produced prior to translation of that mRNA into protein. These regulatory events include nuclear processing to produce a mature mRNA, export to the cytoplasm, and a variety of potential fates in the cytoplasm including translation to protein and, ultimately, decay. All these regulatory events are termed post‐transcriptional regulation. Increasingly mutations in genes that encode components of this carefully orchestrated post‐transcriptional regulatory pathway are being linked to human disease, highlighting the importance of post‐transcriptional processing events.

Key Concepts

While all cells in an organism contain the same genetic material, these cells have vastly distinct forms and functions.

There is extensive post‐transcriptional processing to produce a mature mRNA that occurs post‐transcriptionally.

Numerous regulatory events in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm dictate when, where, and if an mRNA is translated into protein.

Most mature mRNAs are produced through extensive processing steps that occur in the nucleus prior to export to the cytoplasm.

There are many potential fates for an mRNA in the cytoplasm including transport to a specific cellular location, storage in cytoplasmic bodies/granules, translation and destruction.

Turnover/decay of mRNA is a key regulatory step that contributes to the regulation of gene expression.

Numerous mutations have been identified in genes encoding key post‐transcriptional processing factors linking post‐transcriptional processing to a variety of human diseases.

Mutations in genes that encode key post‐transcriptional regulatory factors often cause tissue‐specific pathology.

Many years of effort to define key pathways in post‐transcriptional regulation are starting to come to fruition in the realm of targeting these pathways for drug development.

Gene expression and post‐transcriptional processing events are now the targets of successful therapies to treat some devastating diseases with many more exciting advances on the horizon.
Plant Natriuretic Peptides
Authors: Gehring Chris
Published: November 2019

Plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs) belong to a growing number of plant peptide hormones. PNPs were first immuno‐affinity purified from ivy with an antibody against the vertebrate atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and were shown to affect a number of physiological responses, including stomatal movements and abiotic and biotic stress responses. PNPs are secreted into the apoplastic space and are systemically mobile. They act at nanomolar concentrations and in a 3′,5′‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)‐dependent manner. The
Arabidopsis thaliana
PNP (AtPNP‐A) is distantly related to expansins, but it does not contain a wall‐binding domain consistent with its systemic mode of action. The first AtPNP‐A receptor (AtPNP‐R1) is a novel leucine‐rich repeat receptor kinase located in the cell membrane and harbours a functional guanylyl cyclase in the cytosolic part essential for cGMP‐dependent responses. Finally, PNPs have also been acquired by several plant pathogens through ancient horizontal gene transfer and interfere with host defences to the detriment of their hosts.

Key Concepts

Most currently established plant hormones are small molecules that can act on the site of synthesis or at a distance from their site of synthesis, within or between plants.

Plant peptide hormones are a new and rapidly expanding class of plant hormones that have important roles in growth, development and responses to the environment and in particular the defence against pathogens.

Plant peptide hormones, including plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs), are systemically mobile and can signal through membrane‐associated receptor kinases some of which harbour functional guanylyl cyclase catalytic centres capable of converting GTP to cGMP.

cGMP, in turn, is a key messenger in plant responses to the environment that enables and modulates downstream responses including cGMP‐dependent protein phosphorylation and the activation of cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels (CNGCs).

Animal natriuretic peptides (ANPs), although not orthologs of PNPs, can trigger similar responses in plants, and both can act as ligands for their membrane‐associated receptors that harbour guanylyl cyclases capable of generating cGMP from GTP.

PNPs have been acquired by some plant pathogens through ancient horizontal gene transfer (HGT). These pathogens make use of the plant peptide hormones to interfere with host defences to their advantage and the detriment of the host.

The use of horizontally acquired PNPs in plant pathogens can afford new insights into host‐pathogen biology and may inform novel approaches to pest control.
Physiology and Genetics of Plant Architecture
Authors: Costes Evelyne
Published: November 2019

Plant architecture results from developmental processes occurring throughout the plant life span. In the current article, the processes responsible for the formation of aerial organs and their organization at the whole plant scale, i.e. primary and secondary growth, branching, and flowering are considered, whereas the below‐ground plant organization is not included. This article focuses on the advances made on the comprehension of the physiologic and genetic base of plant architecture initially elucidated in plant models, and which are progressively being deciphered in a large range of species. The current knowledge allows comparisons of the processes among groups and to examine their conservation versus their major differences. However, numerous questions remain especially when regularities in plant structure are observed at coarse scales of plant organization such as annual shoots, axes, or branching systems. Moreover, the overlap of numerous gene functions over several processes leads to pleiotropic effects that make the genetic effects complex to interpret. The evidence of such overlaps opens evo‐devo perspectives.
Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage: A Specialised Extracellular Matrix that Demonstrates the Structure–Function Versatility of Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Authors: Šola Krešimir , Dean Gillian H. , Haughn George W.
Published: November 2019

Arabidopsis seed coat mucilage is a specialised extracellular matrix composed of the same broad classes of polysaccharides found in a primary cell wall (cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose), arranged in a distinct structure with special properties. It is deposited by the seed coat epidermal cells in the apoplast in a polar manner to produce a doughnut‐shaped mucilage pocket on the outside of the cell. Following exposure to water the mucilage extrudes from the outer surface of the cell. A portion of this mucilage remains strongly adherent to the seed. The unique features of mucilage make it amenable to study, and genetic, cytological, and biochemical analyses have been used to determine its composition, synthesis, and structure, and establish how these combine to determine its properties. Lessons learned from these studies strengthen and extend our understanding of plant extracellular matrices, especially the cell wall. In this article, we summarise and contextualise what is currently known about mucilage by focusing on its main features – extrusion and adherence.
Induction Sintering of Silver Nanoparticle Inks on Polyimide Substrates
Authors: Tan Hong Wei , Saengchairat Nitipon , Goh Guo Liang , An Jia , Chua Chee Kai , Tran Tuan
Published: November 2019

Additive manufacturing for electronics is one of the world's fastest growing technologies in recent years. This new and upcoming technology has facilitated many innovative applications and high commercialization of metallic nanoparticle inks. A robust and novel induction sintering technique is proposed to solve the major challenges faced by the current existing sintering techniques in sintering metallic nanoparticle inks. The induction sintering process is a noncontact selective sintering process, in which only electrically conductive presintered printed patterns are heated up by alternating electromagnetic field through eddy current losses. It is also more energy‐efficient and effective as compared to thermal sintering since the induction sintering process only heats the electrically conductive printed patterns rather than the entire substrate. The electrical resistivity of the induction‐sintered printed pattern is measured to be 1.98 × 10−8 Ω m, which is ≈81% bulk conductivity of silver. This research breakthrough hence has the potential to overcome the challenges faced in additive manufacturing for electronics, in which printed patterns with high electrical conductivity can be fabricated on flexible substrates.
Bipyridine‐Containing Host Materials for High Performance Yellow Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence‐Based Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Very Low Efficiency Roll‐Off
Authors: Chen Dongyang , Rajamalli Pachaiyappan , Tenopala‐Carmona Francisco , Carpenter‐Warren Cameron L. , Cordes David B. , Keum Chang‐Min , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Gather Malte C. , Zysman‐Colman Eli
Published: November 2019

Two bipolar host materials 3‐CBPy and 4‐mCBPy are reported. These hosts are structural analogs of the common host materials CBP and mCBP wherein the phenyl rings have been replaced with pyridines. The two materials possess deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and shallow lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels along with sufficiently high energy S1 and T1 states that make them suitable hosts for yellow emitters in electroluminescent devices. Yellow‐emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light‐emitting diodes are fabricated using 2,4,6‐tris (4‐(10H‐phenoxazin‐10‐yl)phenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tri‐PXZ‐TRZ) as the dopant emitter with either 3‐CBPy or 4‐mCBPy employed as the host. Their device performance is compared to analogous devices using CBP and mCBP as host materials. The pyridine‐containing host devices show markedly improved external quantum efficiencies (EQE) and decreased roll‐off. The 7 wt% tri‐PXZ‐TRZ‐doped device exhibits very low turn‐on voltage (2.5 V for both 3‐CBPy and 4‐mCBPy) along with maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) reaching 15.6% (for 3‐CBPy) and 19.4% (for 4‐mCBPy). The device using 4‐mCBPy also exhibits very low efficiency roll‐off with an EQE of 16.0% at a luminance of 10 000 cd m−2.
High‐Resolution Patterning of Liquid Metal on Hydrogel for Flexible, Stretchable, and Self‐Healing Electronics
Authors: Xu Chengtao , Ma Biao , Yuan Shuai , Zhao Chao , Liu Hong
Published: November 2019

Soft, wet, and biocompatible hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for flexible and stretchable electronics owing to their similar properties with biological tissues. However, most existing conductive materials used for hydrogel‐based electronics have drawbacks such as poor biocompatibility, low conductivity, and/or high mechanical mismatch with soft hydrogels. In this work, direct patterning of nontoxic and highly conductive liquid metal (LM) on hydrogels is reported for soft and stretchable electronics without mechanical mismatches. The patterning is achieved by coating LM dispersed with magnetic microparticles on the wet hydrogel surface using a magnet. High‐resolution LM patterns with microscale linewidths can be created with the assistance of a shadow mask fabricated by in situ digital laser cutting. Mechanical and electrical self‐healing are achieved simultaneously by taking advantage of the hydrogen bonds in the polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel network and the merging of LM. A few applications of LM‐based hydrogel electronics for wearable sensing, flexible wireless communication, and soft actuating are also demonstrated.
Photo/Electrochemical Applications of Metal Sulfide/TiO2 Heterostructures
Authors: Zheng Lingxia , Teng Feng , Ye Xiaoying , Zheng Huajun , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: November 2019

Developing efficient and affordable catalysts is of great significance for energy and environmental sustainability. Heterostructure photocatalysts exhibit a better performance than either of the parent phases as it changes the band bending at the interfaces and provides a driving force for carrier separation, thus mitigating the effects of carrier recombination and back‐reaction. Herein, the photo/electrochemical applications of a variety of metal sulfides (MSx) (MoS2, CdS, CuS, PbS, SnS2, ZnS, Ag2S, Bi2S3, and In2S3)/TiO2 heterojunctions are summarized, including organic degradation, water splitting, and CO2 reduction conversion. First, a general introduction on each MSx material (especially bandgap structures) will be given. Then the photo/electrochemical applications based on MSx/TiO2 heterostructures are reviewed from the perspective of light harvesting ability, charge carrier separation and transportation, and surface chemical reactions. Special focus is given to CdS/TiO2 and PbS/TiO2‐based quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Ternary composites by taking advantages of positive synergetic effects are also well summarized. Finally, conclusions are made regarding approaches for structure design, and the authors' perspective on future architectural design and electrode construction is given. This work will make up the gap for TiO2 nanocomposites and shed light on the fabrication of more efficient MSx‐metal oxide junctions in photo/electrochemical applications.
The effect of nanoparticle morphology in the filtration efficiency and saturation of a silicon beads fluidized bed
Authors: Vazquez‐Pufleau Miguel
Published: November 2019

Polysilicon is a key commodity required for both electronics and solar photovoltaic modules. The traditional route to produce polysilicon involves the Siemens reactor, an energy intensive batch process. A more efficient, but more complex alternative process is the fluidized bed reactor (FBR). In an FBR silane is pyrolysed producing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and aerosols. Efficient FBR operation requires yield optimization together with continuous and stable operation of the reactor. Such optimization is not straightforward because the aerosol formation mechanisms and incorporation into the FBR beads are not completely understood. In this work, two model aerosols with different morphology were tested and their filtration efficiency between 20 and 800 nm was determined. Bead saturation at different times was determined for each morphology and the scavenging factor over time for each case is reported. Such information can be of interest for establishing bed recirculation needs in a silicon FBR.
Short‐term outcomes of olfaction in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery and an assessment of prognostic factors
Authors: Akiyama Kosuke , Samukawa Yasushi , Hoshikawa Hiroshi
Published: November 2019

Background

Olfactory dysfunction is one of the common symptoms of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS), for which endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the standard treatment. Although the success rates of ESS for restoring olfaction in CRS have been reported, those for ECRS, as defined by new Japanese diagnostic criteria, remain unclear and the parameters affecting improvement rates have not yet been identified.

Methods

Eighty‐four patients with ECRS who underwent full‐house ESS were retrospectively investigated. Olfactory function was examined using T&T recognition thresholds before and 3 months after surgery.

Results

The total positive improvement rate in olfaction was 76.2% (64 of 84) and the mean T&T recognition threshold decreased significantly from 5.2 ± 1.1 to 3.0 ± 1.8 after surgery (p < 0.001). Some factors, including negative intravenous olfaction test, presence of olfactory cleft (OC) lesions, a history of sinus surgery, age ≥ 45 years, and being male, were more frequent in the olfaction refractory group. Furthermore, improvement of the T&T recognition threshold was significantly lower for factors of negative intravenous olfaction testing, the presence of OC lesions, and being male. Age and the proportion of blood eosinophils correlated with improvement.

Conclusion

Herein we examined prognostic factors for olfactory outcomes in ECRS treated with ESS. The intravenous olfaction test, presence of OC lesions, sex differences, and age (the cut‐off value was 45 years) were identified as independent prognostic factors for olfactory outcomes 3 months after surgery.
Downregulation of HNRNPK in human cancer cells inhibits lung metastasis
Authors: Li Mengyuan , Zhang Wenlong , Yang Xingjiu , Liu Hongfei , Cao Lin , Li Weisha , Wang Le , Zhang Guoxin , Gao Ran
Published: November 2019

Background

Lung cancer frequently occurs in the clinic, leading to poor prognosis and high mortality. Markers for early diagnosis of lung cancer are scarce, and further potential therapeutic targets are also urgently needed.

Method

We established a new mouse model in which the specific gene HNRNPK (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K) was downregulated after administration of doxycycline. The lung metastatic nodules were investigated using bioluminescence imaging, micro‐CT, and autopsy quantification.

Results

Compared with the short hairpin negative control group, less lung metastatic nodules were formed in the short hairpin RNA group.

Conclusion

Downregulation of HNRNPK in cancer cells can inhibit lung metastasis.
Photocontrolled Dopamine Polymerization on DNA Origami with Nanometer Resolution
Authors: Winterwerber Pia , Harvey Sean , Ng David Y. W. , Weil Tanja
Published: November 2019

Temporal and spatial control over polydopamine formation on the nanoscale can be achieved by installing an irradiation‐sensitive polymerization system on DNA origami. Precisely distributed G‐quadruplex structures on the DNA template serve as anchors for embedding the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX, which—upon irradiation with visible light—induces the multistep oxidation of dopamine to polydopamine, producing polymeric structures on designated areas within the origami framework. The photochemical polymerization process allows exclusive control over polydopamine layer formation through the simple on/off switching of the light source. The obtained polymer–DNA hybrid material shows significantly enhanced stability, paving the way for biomedical and chemical applications that are typically not possible owing to the sensitivity of DNA.
Nd3+‐Sensitized Upconversion Metal–Organic Frameworks for Mitochondria‐Targeted Amplified Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Chang , Liu Bei , Zhao Jian , Di Zhenghan , Chen Daquan , Gu Zhanjun , Li Lele , Zhao Yuliang
Published: November 2019

Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a mitochondria‐specific, 808 nm NIR light‐activated photodynamic therapy (PDT) system based on the combination of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and upconversion photochemistry with an organelle‐targeting strategy. The system was synthesized through the growth of a porphyrinic MOF on Nd3+‐sensitized upconversion nanoparticles to achieve Janus nanostructures with further asymmetric functionalization of the surface of the MOF domain. The PDT nanoplatform allows for photosensitizing with 808 nm NIR light, which could effectively avoid the laser‐irradiation‐induced overheating effect. Furthermore, mitochondria‐targeting could amplify PDT efficacy through the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and the initiation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This work sheds light on the hybrid engineering of MOFs to combat their current limitations for PDT.
Synergy Between Expert and Machine‐Learning Approaches Allows for Improved Retrosynthetic Planning
Authors: Badowski Tomasz , Gajewska Ewa P. , Molga Karol , Grzybowski Bartosz A.
Published: November 2019

When computers plan multistep syntheses, they can rely either on expert knowledge or information machine‐extracted from large reaction repositories. Both approaches suffer from imperfect functions evaluating reaction choices: expert functions are heuristics based on chemical intuition, whereas machine learning (ML) relies on neural networks (NNs) that can make meaningful predictions only about popular reaction types. This paper shows that expert and ML approaches can be synergistic—specifically, when NNs are trained on literature data matched onto high‐quality, expert‐coded reaction rules, they achieve higher synthetic accuracy than either of the methods alone and, importantly, can also handle rare/specialized reaction types.
Application of Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of β‐Carotene‐Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier from Mixtures of Palm Stearin and Palm Olein
Authors: Rohmah Miftakhur , Raharjo Sri , Hidayat Chusnul , Martien Ronny
Published: November 2019

The main purpose of this study was to optimize a β‐carotene‐loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (βC‐NLC) using the lipid matrix of palm stearin and palm olein and Tween 80 as a surfactant. The NLC was prepared by using the high shear homogenization method. Box–Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the process and formulation. A three‐factor experimental model was used to optimize the combination of palm stearin ratio (A, %w/w), lipid:surfactant ratio (B, %w/w), and (lipid+surfactant):water ratio (C, %w/w). The formulations were evaluated for their responses on particle size (Y1), polydispersity index (Y2), zeta potential (Y3), and encapsulation efficiency (Y4). Subsequently, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal (DT‐TGA), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro release (Franz diffusion cell) analyses were utilized to observe the resulting optimum formulation. The optimum formulation was obtained at a combination of A (5.5:4.5), B (1:4.9), and C (24:76) %w/w. This resulted in βC‐NLC having a particle size of 166 nm, polydispersity index of 0.35, zeta potential of −26.9 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 91.2%. No strong interaction between different NLC components was observed based on FTIR, DT‐TGA, and XRD profiles. Round‐shaped NLC particles were observed under TEM. Franz diffusion cell observation resulted in diffusion profile of β‐carotene of 110.6 μg cm−2 with a flux of 1.06 (μg cm−2 hour−1). This indicates that palm stearin and palm olein can be prospectively developed as βC‐NLC.
Standing on the shoulders of giants: The changing landscape of pluripotent stem cells in research
Authors: Clark Amander T.
Published: November 2019

Stem cells have the remarkable property of self‐renewal and differentiation. These two fundamental aspects have excited scientists and clinicians for decades. Stem cells are defined by their potency, with pluripotency being the most permissive and unipotency being the most restricted. In mammals, pluripotency represents cell types found in the preimplantation and early postimplantation embryo. However, these pluripotent cells are not stem cells per se, because they do not meet the criteria of self‐renewal. Therefore, pluripotent stem cells are exclusively in vitro cell types that have provided scientists and clinicians with unprecedented power to study the fundamental cell and molecular properties of pluripotency, as well as providing a window into cellular differentiation and a source of cells for regenerative medicine including cell types that could be used to regenerate the kidney.
Ring Expansion and 1,2‐Migration Cascade of Benzisoxazoles with Ynamides: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Vanjari Rajeshwer , Dutta Shubham , Prabagar B. , Gandon Vincent , Sahoo Akhila K.
Published: November 2019

Demonstrated herein is an AuI‐catalyzed annulation of sulfonyl‐protected ynamides with substituted 1,2‐benzisoxazoles for the synthesis of E‐benzo[e][1,3]oxazine derivatives. The transformation involves the addition of benzisoxazole to the gold‐activated ynamide, ring expansion of the benzisoxazole fragment to provide an α‐imino vinylic gold intermediate, and 1,2‐migration of the sulfonamide motif to the masked carbene center to deliver the respective ring‐expanded benzo[e][1,3]oxazine of predominant E configuration. A trapping experiment justifies the participation of the α‐imino masked gold carbene. DFT computations also support the hypothesized mechanism and rationalize the product stereoselectivity.
Recent Advances and Challenges of Two‐Dimensional Materials for High‐Energy and High‐Power Lithium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Su Feng , Hou Xiaocheng , Qin Jieqiong , Wu Zhong‐Shuai
Published: November 2019

Lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) composed of a battery‐type electrode and a capacitor‐type electrode are highly competitive candidates for next‐generation electrochemical energy storage devices, simultaneously achieving high energy and power densities. However, the present LICs are still hindered by the imbalance of electrode kinetics and capacity of anode and cathode. Recently, two‐dimensional (2D) materials with unique structure and appealing properties have received extensive attentions for applications in LICs, with remarkable improvements from charge storage capacity to reaction kinetics. Herein, we review the recent advances in the applications of 2D materials for high‐energy and high‐power LICs. The key advantages and important roles of 2D materials are emphasized for the construction of LICs, including electrochemical active materials, ultrathin conductive and flexible supports for hybridization with other active materials, and 2D functional building blocks for assembling macroscopic hierarchical 3D frameworks. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with the applications of 2D materials for high‐performance LICs are discussed.
Cerebral control of winking before and after learning: An event‐related fMRI study
Authors: Lin Chou‐Ching K. , Lee Kuo‐Jung , Huang Chih‐Hsu , Sun Yung‐Nien
Published: November 2019

Introduction

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the cerebral areas responsible for winking by observing the activation pattern and learning effects on cerebral cortices by comparing differences in activation pattern during winking before and after learning.

Methods

Sixty‐three subjects were recruited, including 22 (11 males; 11 females) who could wink bilaterally and 41 (14 males; 27 females) who could wink unilaterally. Event‐related functional magnetic resonance was performed. The subjects were asked to blink and wink according to projected instructions as the events for image analysis. The activation pattern was obtained by contrasting with the baseline images without eyelid movements. Those who could only wink unilaterally were asked to train themselves to wink the other eye. For those who succeeded (n = 24), another imaging study was performed and the results were compared with those before training.

Results and conclusion

Left winking resulted in activation in the left frontal lobe, while right winking resulted in activation in bilateral frontal lobes with predominance on the right side. For the subjects capable of only winking unilaterally, learning to wink on the other side activated similar cortical areas to those in the subjects capable of bilateral winking without training.
Three‐Dimensional Angles of Confluence of Cortical Bridging Veins and the Superior Sagittal Sinus on MR Venography
Authors: Yedavalli Vivek , Telischak Nicholas A. , Jain Mika S. , Massoud Tarik F.
Published: November 2019

Few neuroimaging anatomic studies to date have investigated in detail the point of entry of cortical bridging veins (CBVs) into the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). Although we know that most CBVs join the SSS at an acute angle opposite to the direction of SSS blood flow, the three‐dimensional (3‐D) spatial configuration of these venous confluences has not been studied previously. This anatomical information would be pertinent to several clinically applicable scenarios, such as in planning intracranial surgical approaches that preserve bridging veins; studying anatomical factors in the pathophysiology of SSS thrombosis; and when planning endovascular microcatheterization of pial veins to retrogradely embolize brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). We used the concept of Euclidean planes in 3‐D space to calculate the arccosine of these CBV–SSS angles of confluence. To test the hypothesis that pial AVM draining veins may not be any more acutely angled or difficult to microcatheterize at the SSS than for normal CBVs, we measured 70 angles of confluence on magnetic resonance venography images of 11 normal, and nine AVM patients. There was no statistical difference between normal and AVM patients in the CBV–SSS angles projected in 3‐D space (56.2° [SD = 22.4°], and 46.2° [SD = 22.3°], respectively; P > 0.05). Hence, participation of CBVs in drainage of pial AVMs should not confer any added difficulty to their microcatheterization across the SSS, when compared to the acute angles found in normal individuals. This has useful implications for potential choices of strategies requiring endovascular transvenous retrograde approaches to treat AVMs. Clin. Anat. 33:293–299, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Value of Coronary Angiography in the Cardiac Myxoma
Authors: Lee Soo Yong , Lee Sang Hyun , Jung Soon Myung , Choi Jin Hee , Chon Min Ku , Hwang Ki Won , Kim Jeong Su , Park Yong Hyun , Kim June Hong , Chun Kook Jin , Je Hyung Gon , Park Jin Sup
Published: November 2019

Preoperative coronary angiography for cardiac myxoma not only excludes coronary artery disease but also detects the artery feeding the cardiac myxoma, which has several clinical implications. In this study, we examined cardiac myxoma cases in two tertiary hospitals using coronary angiography to identify the artery feeding the myxoma. We retrospectively reviewed 42 patients with cardiac myxoma who had undergone surgical removal between July 2008 and December 2015 in two tertiary hospitals, and recorded their baseline characteristics, echocardiographic findings, and coronary angiography. Among those 42 patients, 23 (55%) had coronary angiography before surgery and in no case was significant luminal narrowing observed. In 21 of the coronary angiograms, the artery feeding the cardiac myxoma had a vascular branch (100%), clusters of tortuous vessels with contrast medium pooling (67%), an arteriocavity fistula (33%), and a mobile feeding artery (67%). No significant relationship was found between coronary artery dominance type and the origin of the artery feeding the cardiac myxoma (P = 0.362). Identification of the artery feeding the cardiac myxoma, with a distinctive vascular appearance in coronary angiography, is important for several clinical applications such as helping to diagnose cardiac myxoma and to plan the surgical approach. Clin. Anat. 33:833–838, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost‐effectiveness of chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy versus chemoradiation alone in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Salcedo Jonathan , Suen Sze‐chuan , Bian Shelly X.
Published: November 2019

Background

Standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer usually includes a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. In squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), recent studies have indicated that esophagectomy after chemoradiation does not significantly improve survival but may reduce recurrence at the cost of treatment‐related mortality. This study aims to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of chemoradiation with and without esophagectomy.

Methods

We developed a decision tree and Markov model to compare chemoradiation therapy alone (CRT) versus chemoradiation plus surgery (CRT+S) in a cohort of 57‐year‐old male patients with esophageal SCC, over 25 years. We used information on survival, cancer recurrence, and side effects from a Cochrane meta‐analysis of two randomized trials. Societal utility values and costs of cancer care (2017, USD) were from medical literature. To test robustness, we conducted deterministic (DSA) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA).

Results

In our base scenario, CRT resulted in less cost for more quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) compared to CRT+S ($154 082 for 1.32 QALYs/patient versus $165 035 for 1.30 QALYs/patient, respectively). In DSA, changes resulted in scenarios where CRT+S is cost‐effective at thresholds between $100 000‐$150 000/QALY. In PSA, CRT+S was dominant 17.9% and cost‐effective at willingness‐to‐pay of $150 000/QALY 38.9% of the time, and CRT was dominant 30.6% and cost‐effective 61.1% of the time. This indicates that while CRT would be preferred most of the time, variation in parameters may change cost‐effectiveness outcomes.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that more data is needed regarding the clinical benefits of CRT+S for treatment of localized esophageal SCC, although CRT should be cautiously preferred.
An excellent response to tofacitinib in a Brazilian adolescent patient with alopecia areata: A case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Berbert Ferreira Rachel , Ferreira Sineida Berbert , Scheinberg Morton Aaron
Published: November 2019

Alopecia areata is a common autoimmune disease, with a negative impact in health‐related quality of life, especially when affecting children and adolescents. Current medical therapies, mainly for severe disease, are not effective. There are no FDA (Food and Drug Administration)‐ or ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária)‐approved therapy for children with alopecia areata. JAK inhibitors are emerging as a promising therapy.
Improving Stability of LiCoO2 Cathode by Using Lithium Bis(Trifluoroborane)‐5‐Cyano‐2‐(Trifluoromethyl) Benzimidazolide as Additive
Authors: Admas Teshager Minbale , Yang Sheng‐Chiang , Hwang Bing‐Joe , Lin Shawn D.
Published: November 2019

LiCoO2 is an important cathode material of commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and therefore, improving the stability when LiCoO2 cathode is overcharged can have an immediate impact on commercial LIBs. A novel Li salt, lithium 5‐cyano‐bis(trifluoroborane)‐2‐(trifluoromethyl) benzimidazolide (Li[CBTBI]) is evidenced in this study as an effective additive for improving the electrode/electrolyte interface of LiCoO2 at high voltage operation condition. The presence of 2 % additive in commercial 1 M LiPF6/EC+DEC lead to the formation of stable interface of LiCoO2 through cycles to 4.5 V, as demonstrated in cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicates a low‐impedance of the formed interface in the presence of the additive. Cyclability test also shows an improved stability in overcharging potential window by the presence of 2 % additive. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transformed spectroscopy (DRIFTS) confirms the suppression of LiPF6 decomposition, delay of onset potential of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and thin SEI comparing to that without the additive. The possible reasons of the advantageous effect of using Li salt additives are discussed.
Nonradiative Energy Transfer through Distributed Bands in Piezochemically Synthesized Cesium and Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Bhagyalakshmi Sankaramangalam Balachandran , Ghimire Sushant , Takahashi Kiyonari , Yuyama Ken‐ichi , Takano Yuta , Nakamura Takayoshi , Biju Vasudevanpillai
Published: November 2019

Repeated absorption of emitted photons, also called photon recycling, in large crystals and thick films of perovskites leads to delayed photoluminescence (PL) and decrease of PL intensity. The role of distinct band gaps, which act as donors and acceptors of energy, and nonradiative energy transfer on such delayed, low intensity emission is yet to be rationalized. Here we report delayed emission by nonradiative energy transfer across a distribution of energy states in close‐packed crystallites of cesium lead bromide CsPbBr3, formamidinium lead bromide FAPbBr3, or the mixed halide FAPb(BrI)3 perovskite synthesized in the form of thick pellets by the piezochemical method. The PL lifetime of the bromide‐rich domain in the mixed halide pellet is considerably decreased when compared with a pure FAPbBr3 pellet. Here the domains with higher bromide composition act as the energy donor, whereas the iodide‐rich domains are the acceptors. Time‐resolved PL measurements of CsPbBr3, FAPbBr3, and the mixed halide FAPb(BrI)3 perovskite pellets help us to clarify the role of nonradiative energy transfer on photon recycling.
Ghrelin attenuates imiquimod‐induced psoriasiform skin inflammation in mice
Authors: Kaneda Kazuma , Yu Akitoshi , Tanizaki Hideaki , Kurokawa Teruo , Yamamoto Yuki , Furukawa Fukumi , Moriwaki Shinichi
Published: November 2019

Objectives

The endogenous peptide ghrelin, which is produced in the stomach, plays a pivotal role in secretion of growth hormone, regulation of energy metabolism, and cardiovascular protection; however, its anti‐inflammatory action has recently gained immense attention, as this peptide is presumed to be effective in patients with heart failure and chronic lung diseases. In dermatology, psoriasis acts as a typical chronic intractable disease, which may be severe, and although biologic agents have been recommended and used for its treatment in recent years, their application is not clear. We administered ghrelin to IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like mouse model and examined the anti‐inflammatory effect of ghrelin.

Methods

In the present study, we induced psoriasiform skin inflammation via the continuous application of imiquimod cream on the backs of BALB/c mice and examined the gross and histopathological effect of the subcutaneous administration of ghrelin on psoriasiform skin inflammation.

Results

It was confirmed that the administration of ghrelin improved various scores, including erythema, scales, and epidermal thickening scores, in mice with psoriasiform skin inflammation.

Conclusions

The results suggest that ghrelin may be effective in treating psoriasis, including cases involving intractable skin lesions that are resistant to conventional therapies.
Is surveillance imaging in pediatric patients treated for localized rhabdomyosarcoma useful? The European experience
Authors: Vaarwerk Bas , Mallebranche Coralie , Affinita Maria C. , van der Lee Johanna H. , Ferrari Andrea , Chisholm Julia C. , Defachelles Anne‐Sophie , De Salvo Gian Luca , Corradini Nadège , Minard‐Colin Veronique , Morosi Carlo , Brisse Hervé J. , McHugh Kieran , Bisogno Gianni , van Rijn Rick R. , Orbach Daniel , Merks Johannes H. M.
Published: November 2019

Background

After the completion of therapy, patients with localized rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are subjected to intensive radiological tumor surveillance. However, the clinical benefit of this surveillance is unclear. This study retrospectively analyzed the value of off‐therapy surveillance by comparing the survival of patients in whom relapse was detected by routine imaging (the imaging group) and patients in whom relapse was first suspected by symptoms (the symptom group).

Methods

This study included patients with relapsed RMS after the completion of therapy for localized RMS who were treated in large pediatric oncology hospitals in France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and the Netherlands and who were enrolled in the International Society of Paediatric Oncology Malignant Mesenchymal Tumor 95 (1995‐2004) study, the Italian Paediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee Rhabdomyosarcoma 96 (1996‐2004) study, or the European Paediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group Rhabdomyosarcoma 2005 (2005‐2013) study. The survival times after relapse were compared with a log‐rank test between patients in the imaging group and patients in the symptom group.

Results

In total, 199 patients with relapsed RMS were included: 78 patients (39.2%) in the imaging group and 121 patients (60.8%) in the symptom group. The median follow‐up time after relapse was 7.4 years (interquartile range, 3.9‐11.5 years) for survivors (n = 86); the 3‐year postrelapse survival rate was 50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38%‐61%) for the imaging group and 46% (95% CI, 37%‐55%) for the symptom group (P = .7).

Conclusions

Although systematic routine imaging is the standard of care after RMS therapy, the majority of relapses were detected as a result of clinical symptoms. This study found no survival advantage for patients whose relapse was detected before the emergence of clinical symptoms. These results show that the value of off‐therapy surveillance is controversial, particularly because repeated imaging may also entail potential harm.