bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conjugate Addition of Acetal-Derived Benzyl Radicals Generated from Low-Valent Titanium-Mediated C–O Bond Cleavage
Authors: Suga Takuya , Nakamura Masaharu , Takada Ryusei , Ukaji Yutaka
Published: January 2021

A new method for the generation of benzyl radicals from acetals via low-valent titanium-mediated homolytic C–O bond cleavage is presented. The low cost and availability of the developed titanium reagent enable efficient access to α-alkoxy carbon radical species via the developed reaction.
Iliopsoas Abscess
Authors: Sobaih Bader , Sobaih Loay , Zamil Fahad Al
Published: January 2021

Iliopsoas abscess (IPA) is uncommon condition in children, diagnosis might be delayed because of nonspecific signs and symptoms. Only few patients have classical clinical triad at presentation in the form of fever, back pain, and inguinal pain at hip flexion. The diagnosis most likely to be reached in the first time by the use of abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan. We present a Saudi child with nonspecific signs and symptoms of fever, flank pain, and limping who was diagnosed as IPA by abdominal ultrasound and CT scan. The case was managed with intravenous antibiotics along with transcutaneous abscess drainage.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3816

How to cite this:Sobaih B, Sobaih L, Al-Zamil F. Iliopsoas Abscess. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):605-607.   doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.3816

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CORPORATE FINANCE IN MODERN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMY
Authors: Il'in Sergey , Ostaev Gamlet , Klychova Guzaliya
Published: January 2021

The study of the issues of assessing performance indicators and intensification of finance in the activities of corporations operating in modern economic conditions is necessary and relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify a group of indicators of financial and economic activity to assess the effectiveness of the corporation (corporate finance). In the course of the research, a toolkit has been developed, which is a group of indicators that allow corporations to analyze indicators of financial and economic activity in generalized and detailed forms. When choosing the resulting and factor indicators of efficiency and intensification, the author's position was based on taking into account the current economic environment, namely, the multidisciplinary activity of corporations (on the scale of state borders and beyond) and a high share of borrowed capital for the implementation of business processes in the field of core and non-core types of entrepreneurship. The research indicators in generalized and detailed forms were direct and indirect profitability. These indicators refer to the resulting performance indicators, calculated by comparing profit and consumed capital (its factor indicators). Changes in profit and capital are the resulting indicators of intensification, under the influence of the effectiveness and cost (factor indicators affecting it) of entrepreneurial national and international projects of corporations. The generated indicators fully correspond to the current economic environment and the economic nature of the categories “efficiency” and “intensification”. With their use, it is possible to calculate the dependence not only between the resulting and factor indicators, but also to analyze the interactions of the factor indicators themselves. These indicators meet all economic postulates and are fully adapted to generally recognized economic requirements, in particular, of a financial-economic and financial-management nature. The proposed approach will help maximize financial benefits through an objective analysis of the efficiency and intensification of business operations
RESEARCH OF THE WEAR MECHANISM OF BEARING SEATS OF AUTOMOTOR-TRACTOR TRANSMISSIONS
Authors: Ivanschikov Yuriy , Skovorodin Vasiliy , Dobrohotov Yuriy , Andreev Roman , Vasil'ev Aleksandr , Valiev Ayrat
Published: January 2021

A significant number (up to 25%) of failures of automotive transmissions are associated with a loss of rigidity in the rolling bearings. One of the main reasons for the loss of stiffness in rolling bearings is a violation of the tightness of the bearing on the shaft and in the housing due to fretting corrosion. The paper presents the results of a study of the causes of fretting corrosion in bearing fits and the patterns of its development. The conditions promoting the occurrence of the fretting process are determined and the factors characterizing the nature and intensity of destruction of contacting surfaces during fretting corrosion are established. It was also found that the greatest influence on the occurrence and course of the fretting process is exerted by the specific load on the contact surface, the duration and frequency of its application, and the amplitude of the relative slip of the contacting surfaces. Analytical expressions for calculating the actual values of the listed factors of the fretting process in the coupling of the rolling bearing with the shaft are determined by the calculation method, and a mathematical model of its destruction is proposed. For the practical implementation of the described mechanism of destruction of the rolling bearing landing on the shaft as a result of fretting corrosion, an algorithm and a program have been developed to determine the limiting state of the bearing landings of automotive transmissions. Subsequent laboratory tests confirmed the adequacy of the proposed model. As an example, the results of modeling the limiting state of the rolling bearing of the intermediate shaft of the gearbox of the K-700A tractor and the ball bearing 313 are given. It is revealed that the main role in reducing the intensity of the fretting process, along with the hardness of the shaft, is played by the roughness of its seating surface. In particular, a decrease in the roughness parameters from Ra = 2.0 µm to Ra = 0.5 µm at the same hardness HRC48 and an interference fit in N = 24 µm leads to an increase in the joint resource by 1.5 times
Ewolucja opozycji politycznej na Ukrainie
Authors: Romaniuk Anatolij
Published: January 2021

Evaluation of Parliamentary Opposition in Ukraine The article presents the evolution of the political opposition in Ukraine. The author provides the legal basis for the formation and activities of the political opposition and their evolution, as well as the factors facilitating functioning of the political opposition – a form of government and electoral system. We consider four stages evolution of the political opposition. The parliamentary and nonparliamentary forms of opposition are also discussed.
Agresja Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainie – skutki polityczne, prawne i gospodarcze
Authors: Kopijka Walerij , Perepełycia Grigoryj
Published: January 2021

Russian Aggression Against Ukraine: Political, International – Legal And Economic Consequences

Russian military aggression against Ukraine was the culmination of inter-civilizational confrontation of Russia with the West for the final consolidation of spheres of influence in Europe and the world in terms of transformation of international relations from a unipolar to a multipolar system. An important interest for Russia in this confrontation is to return it to the status of a world power. Revolutionary changes in Ukrainian society led to democratization, desovietization and consolidation of the Ukrainian nation. The immediate reaction on this revolutionary process was the Russian military aggression against Ukraine. The military aggression against Ukraine was carried out in the form of a hybrid war. The basic composition of Russian hybrid war in Donbas was inspired internal conflict in Ukraine between the center and the separatist regions. The distinction of Donbas hybrid version of the war is to use armed terror, high intensity combat operations, maneuver their character and widespread use of heavy weapons fire power. The annexation of the Crimea and the occupation of Donbas by Russian troops have a number of consequences that negatively affect international relations and modern system of international law. Aggression of leading to the erosion of the foundations of world order and international security, which could lead to the destruction of the existing world order.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS SERVICE (STUDY OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION ANALYSIS IN MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH AL-HUSNA CILEDUG TANGERANG CITY)
Authors: Mashud Imam , Suradika Agus , Ahmad Gofur
Published: January 2021

Management is a staple component that cannot separate from Islamic educational institutions. Without management, the purpose of the institution cannot realize optimally, effectively, and efficiently. Problems in educational institutions, usually dealing with the service to the customers of Islamic education. This research is qualitative research aimed to know about planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating the quality management of Islamic education services. This research method uses a quantitative approach, in the process of data collection is carried out in four types of data collection techniques, namely observation, interview, documentation, and survey. The results of the calculation of customer satisfaction of Islamic education, in order to get a satisfaction index of 71% of the services provided by Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al-Husna Ciledug, so that it must make improvements in the quality of service, this is because in the calculation of the overall Servqual gap value still shows a negative value of -0.71 to the service provided by Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al-Husna Ciledug. Improvement of service quality carried out on attributes that have the highest gap. The purpose of improving the quality of service is to give parents satisfaction as customers of Islamic education can be accommodated.
Wide-view and accurate deformation measurement at microscales by phase extraction of scanning moiré pattern with a spatial phase-shifting technique
Authors: Wang Qinghua , Ri Shien , Xia Peng
Published: January 2021

A scanning-based second-order moiré method is proposed for high-accuracy deformation measurement in a large field of view (FOV) by analyzing the phase distribution of a single-shot scanning moiré fringe image using a spatial phase-shifting technique. In this method, the grating pitch can be as small as around one pixel in the scanning moiré image to ensure a wide FOV, while high-precision phase measurement is achievable. The strain measurement accuracy has been verified from simulations at different grating pitches, applied strains, and noise levels. The simulation results show that the closer the grating pitch is to the scanning pitch, the smaller the strain measurement error, and the recommended pitch ratio is

0.9
∼
1.1

. Furthermore, the feasibility of this method has been verified from a tensile experiment on an aluminum specimen under a laser scanning microscope with scanning moiré images recorded. The microscale strains of aluminum measured at different tensile loads agree well with the strain gauge results. As an integration of the scanning and sampling moiré methods, this method has the advantages of a large FOV, high accuracy, strong noise immunity, and visualization of magnified deformation. Compared with the traditional phase-shifting scanning moiré method, this method only needs to record a single scanning moiré image and is suitable for dynamic deformation analysis.
Improved particle swarm optimization algorithm for high performance SPR
sensor design
Authors: Han Lei , Xu Chaoyu , Huang Tianye , Dang Xueyan
Published: January 2021

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor offers high sensitivity, good stability, simple structure, and is label-free.
However, optimizing a multi-layered structure is quite time-consuming within the SPR sensor design process. Moreover, it is easy
to overlook optimal design when using the conventional parameter
sweeping method. In this paper, the improved particle swarm
optimization (IPSO) algorithm with high global optimal solution
convergence speed is applied for this purpose. Based on the IPSO
algorithm, the SPR sensor with transition metal dichalcogenides
(TMDCs) and graphene composite is proposed and optimized. The results
show that the best Ag-ITO-

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-graphene hybrid structure can be
found by the IPSO algorithm, and the maximum sensitivity is
137.4°/RIU, and the figure of merit (FOM) is

5.25

R
I
U

−
1

. Compared with the standard particle
swarm optimization algorithm, the number of iterations can be reduced.
The development of the SPR sensor provides an optimization platform,
which enormously improves the development efficiency of the
multi-layer SPR sensor.
Two-dimensional (2D) dynamic vibration optical coherence elastography (DV-OCE) for evaluating mechanical properties: a potential application in tissue engineering
Authors: Liu Hsiao-Chuan , Kijanka Piotr , Urban Matthew W.
Published: January 2021

Mechanical properties in tissues are an important indicator because they are associated with disease states. One of the well-known excitation sources in optical coherence elastography (OCE) to determine mechanical properties is acoustic radiation force (ARF); however, a complicated focusing alignment cannot be avoided. Another excitation source is a piezoelectric (PZT) stack to obtain strain images via compression, which can affect the intrinsic mechanical properties of tissues in tissue engineering. In this study, we report a new technique called two-dimensional (2D) dynamic vibration OCE (DV-OCE) to evaluate 2D wave velocities without tedious focusing alignment procedures and is a non-contact method with respect to the samples. The three-dimensional (3D) Fourier transform was utilized to transfer the traveling waves (x, y, t) into 3D k-space (kx, ky, f). A spatial 2D wavenumber filter and multi-angle directional filter were employed to decompose the waves with omni-directional components into four individual traveling directions. The 2D local wave velocity algorithm was used to calculate a 2D wave velocity map. Six materials, two homogeneous phantoms with 10 mm thickness, two homogeneous phantoms with 2 mm thickness, one heterogeneous phantom with 2 mm diameter inclusion and an ex vivo porcine kidney, were examined in this study. In addition, the ARF-OCE was used to evaluate wave velocities for comparison. Numerical simulations were performed to validate the proposed 2D dynamic vibration OCE technique. We demonstrate that the experimental results were in a good agreement with the results from ARF-OCE (transient OCE) and numerical simulations. Our proposed 2D dynamic vibration OCE could potentially pave the way for mechanical evaluation in tissue engineering and for laboratory translation with easy-to-setup and contactless advantages.
Tunable broadband mode power dividers based on a wavelength-insensitive coupler using the thermo-optic effect for flexible modal power adjustment in a mode-division multiplexing network
Authors: Nakamura Kodai , Fujisawa Takeshi , Sakamoto Taiji , Matsui Takashi , Nakajima Kazuhide , Saitoh Kunimasa
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate tunable broadband two-mode power dividers based on a wavelength-insensitive coupler for a mode-division multiplexing system. Ultra-small

T
E

0

−

T
E

1

and

T
E

0

−

T
E

2

mode dividers based on Si-wire waveguides are designed based on the coupled-mode theory. Tunability is achieved by using the thermo-optic effect. In both dividers, arbitrary branching ratios can be realized over a wide wavelength range. We experimentally demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a tunable

T
E

0

−

T
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1

mode divider based on Si-wire waveguides. From the experimental results, an arbitrary branching ratio can be achieved by adjusting the injection current to a TiN heater placed on top of one of the delay lines.
High power tunable multiwavelength random fiber laser at 1.3 μm waveband
Authors: Zhang Yang , Ye Jun , Ma Xiaoya , Xu Jiangming , Song Jiaxin , Yao Tianfu , Zhou Pu
Published: January 2021

Multiwavelength fiber lasers, especially those operating at optical communication wavebands such as 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm wavebands, have huge demands in wavelength division multiplexing communications. In the past decade, multiwavelength fiber lasers operating at 1.5 μm waveband have been widely reported. Nevertheless, 1.3 μm waveband multiwavelength fiber laser is rarely studied due to the lack of proper gain mechanism. Random fiber laser (RFL), owing to its good temporal stability and flexible wavelength tunability, is a great candidate for multiwavelength generation. Here, we reported high power multiwavelength generation at 1.3 μm waveband in RFL for the first time. At first, we employed a section of 10 km G655C fiber to provide Raman gains, as a result of which, 1.07 W multiwavelength generation at 1.3 μm waveband with an optical to signal noise ratio of ∼33 dB is demonstrated. By tuning the pump wavelength from 1055 nm to 1070 nm, tunable multiwavelength output covering the range of 1300-1330 nm can be achieved. Furtherly, we realized 4.67 W multiwavelength generation at 1.3 μm waveband by shortening the fiber length to 4 km. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power ever reported for multiwavelength fiber lasers.
Parametric sideband generation in CMOS-compatible oscillators from visible to telecom wavelengths
Authors: Domeneguetti Renato R. , Zhao Yun , Ji Xingchen , Martinelli Marcelo , Lipson Michal , Gaeta Alexander L. , Nussenzveig Paulo
Published: January 2021

We present an approach for generating widely separated first sidebands based solely on the four-wave-mixing process in optical parametric oscillators built on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-compatible photonic chips. Using higher-order transverse modes to perform dispersion engineering, we obtain zero-group-velocity dispersion near 796 nm. By pumping the chip in the normal dispersion region, at 795.6 nm, we generate a signal field in the visible band (at 546.2 nm) and the corresponding idler field in the telecom band (at 1465.3 nm), corresponding to a frequency span of approximately 346 THz. We show that the spectral position of signal and idler can be tailored by exploiting a delicate balance between second- and fourth-order dispersion terms. Furthermore, we explicitly demonstrate a change in the parametric oscillation dynamics when moving the pump field from the anomalous to normal dispersion, where the chip ceases producing multiple sidebands adjacent to the pump field and generates widely separated single sidebands. This provides a chip-scale platform for generating single-sideband fields separated by more than one octave, covering the visible and telecom spectral regions.
Adaptive bandwidth management for entanglement distribution in quantum networks
Authors: Lingaraju Navin B. , Lu Hsuan-Hao , Seshadri Suparna , Leaird Daniel E. , Weiner Andrew M. , Lukens Joseph M.
Published: January 2021

Flexible grid wavelength division multiplexing is a powerful tool in lightwave communications to maximize spectral efficiency. In the emerging field of quantum networking, the need for effective resource provisioning is particularly acute, given the generally lower power levels, higher sensitivity to loss, and inapplicability of optical detection and retransmission. In this letter, we leverage flex grid technology to demonstrate reconfigurable distribution of quantum entanglement in a four-user tabletop network. By adaptively partitioning bandwidth with a single wavelength-selective switch, we successfully equalize two-party coincidence rates that initially differ by over two orders of magnitude. Our scalable approach introduces loss that is fixed with the number of users, offering a practical path for the establishment and management of quality-of-service guarantees in large quantum networks.
A Systems View of the Heparan Sulfate Interactome
Authors: Gómez Toledo Alejandro , Sorrentino James T. , Sandoval Daniel R. , Malmström Johan , Lewis Nathan E. , Esko Jeffrey D.
Published: January 2021

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans consist of a small family of proteins decorated with one or more covalently attached heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. These chains have intricate structural patterns based on the position of sulfate groups and uronic acid epimers, which dictate their ability to engage a large repertoire of heparan sulfate–binding proteins, including extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors and morphogens, cytokines and chemokines, apolipoproteins and lipases, adhesion and growth factor receptors, and components of the complement and coagulation system. This review highlights recent progress in the characterization of the so-called “heparan sulfate interactome,” with a major focus on systems-wide strategies as a tool for discovery and characterization of this subproteome. In addition, we compiled all heparan sulfate–binding proteins reported in the literature to date and grouped them into a few major functional classes by applying a networking approach.
A reconstruction theory of relational schema induction
Authors: Phillips Steven
Published: January 2021

Learning transfer (i.e. accelerated learning over a series of structurally related learning tasks) differentiates species and age-groups, but the evolutionary and developmental implications of such differences are unclear. To this end, therelational schema inductionparadigm employing tasks that share algebraic (group-like) structures was introduced to contrast stimulus-independent (relational) versus stimulus-dependent (associative) learning processes. However, a theory explaining this kind of relational learning transfer has not been forthcoming beyond a general appeal to some form of structure-mapping, as typically assumed in models of analogy. In this paper, we provide a theory of relational schema induction as a “reconstruction” process: the algebraic structure underlying transfer is reconstructed by comparing stimulus relations, learned within each task, for structural consistency across tasks—formally, the theory derives from a category theory version ofTannakian reconstruction. The theory also applies to non-human studies of relational concepts, thereby placing human and non-human transfer on common ground for sharper comparison and contrast. As the theory and paradigm do not depend on linguistic ability, we also have a way for pinpointing where aspects of human learning diverge from other species without begging the question of language.
Adipocyte-induced transdifferentiation of osteoblasts and its potential role in age-related bone loss
Authors: Clabaut Aline , Grare Céline , Rolland-Valognes Gaëlle , Letarouilly Jean-Guillaume , Bourrier Chantal , Andersen Thomas L. , Sikjær Tanja , Rejnmark Lars , Ejersted Charlotte , Pastoureau Philippe , Hardouin Pierre , Sabatini Massimo , Broux Odile
Published: January 2021

Our preliminary findings have lead us to propose bone marrow adipocyte secretions as new contributors to bone loss. Indeed, using a coculture model based on human bone marrow stromal cells, we previously showed that soluble factors secreted by adipocytes induced the conversion of osteoblasts towards an adipocyte-like phenotype. In this study, microarray gene expression profiling showed profound transcriptomic changes in osteoblasts following coculture and confirmed the enrichment of the adipocyte gene signature. Double immunofluorescence microscopic analyses demonstrated the coexpression of adipogenic and osteoblastic specific markers in individual cells, providing evidence for a transdifferentiation event. At the molecular level, this conversion was associated with upregulated expression levels of reprogramming genes and a decrease in the DNA methylation level. In line with these in vitro results, preliminary immunohistochemical analysis of bone sections revealed adipogenic marker expression in osteoblasts from elderly subjects. Altogether, these data suggest that osteoblast transdifferentiation could contribute to decreased bone mass upon ageing.
Does perfusion computed tomography correlate to pathology in colorectal liver metastases?
Authors: van Amerongen M. J. , Vos A. M. , van der Woude W. , Nagtegaal I. D. , de Wilt J. H. W. , Fütterer J. J. , Hermans J. J.
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Targeted therapy against tumor angiogenesis is widely used in clinical practice for patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Possible predictive biomarkers for tumor angiogenesis, such as, microvessel density (MVD), hypoxia and cell proliferation, can be determined using immunohistochemical staining. However, patients ineligible for surgical treatment need to undergo invasive diagnostic interventions in order to determine these biomarkers. CT perfusion (CTP) is an emerging functional imaging technique, which can non-invasively determine vascular properties of solid tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate CTP with histological biomarkers in CRLM.

Material and methods

Patients with CRLM underwent CTP one day before liver surgery. CTP analysis was performed on the entire volume of the largest metastases in each patient. Dual-input maximum slope analysis was used and data concerning arterial flow (AF), portal flow (PF) and perfusion index (PI) were recorded. Immunohistochemical staining with CD34, M75/CA-IX and MIB-1 was performed on the rim in the midsection of the tumor to determine respectively MVD, hypoxia and cell proliferation.

Results

Twenty CRLM in 20 patients were studied. Mean size of the largest CRLM was 37 mm (95% CI 21–54 mm). Mean AF and PF were respectively 64 ml/min/100ml (95% CI 48–79) and 30 ml/min/100ml (95% CI 22–38). Mean PI was 68% (95% CI 62–73). No significant correlation was found between tumor growth patterns and CTP (p = 0.95). MVD did not significantly correlate to AF (r = 0.05; p = 0.84), PF (r = 0.17; p = 0.47) and PI (r = -0.12; p = 0.63). Cell proliferation also did not significantly correlate to AF (r = 0.07; p = 0.78), PF (r = -0.01; p = 0.95) and PI (r = 0.15; p = 0.52). Hypoxia did not significantly correlate to AF (r = -0.05; p = 0.83), however, significantly to PF (r = 0.51; p = 0.02) and a trend to negative correlation with PF (r = -0.43; p = 0.06). However, after controlling the false discovery rate, no significant correlation between CTP and used immunohistochemical biomarkers was found.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this feasibility study found a trend to negative correlation between PI and hypoxia, CTP might therefore possibly evaluate this prognostic marker in CRLM non-invasively. However, CTP is not an appropriate technique for the assessment of microvessels or cell proliferation in CRLM.
Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage and antibiotic susceptibility among Indonesian pilgrims during the Hajj pilgrimage in 2015
Authors: Harimurti Kuntjoro , Saldi Siti Rizny Fitriana , Dewiasty Esthika , Alfarizi Thafsin , Dharmayuli Melzan , Khoeri Miftahuddin Majid , Paramaiswari Wisiva Tofriska , Salsabila Korrie , Tafroji Wisnu , Halim Carolina , Jiang Qin , Gamil Amgad , Safari Dodi
Published: January 2021

The Hajj is an annual pilgrimage to Mecca and one of the largest gathering of people in the world. Most Indonesian pilgrims are senior adults and elderly adults, who are more prone to acquire infections during the Hajj ritual. The aims of this study are to investigate the dynamics of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and to investigate antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococcal strains in Indonesian pilgrims. This was a prospective multi-site longitudinal study in Indonesian hajj pilgrims aged >18 years old in the year 2015. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the same subject before departure and upon arrival at the airport. S. pneumoniae was identified using conventional and molecular approach, while antibiotic susceptibility was determined using a disk diffusion method. Among 813 Hajj pilgrims who were enrolled from five sites in this study, the prevalence of S. pneumoniae carriage rates before- and after-the Hajj were 8.6% (95% CI 6.7–10.5%) and 8.2% (95% CI 6.4–10.1%), (p value: 0.844) respectively. Serotype 16F, 6A/6B, 3, 18, and 23F were the five most prevalent serotypes before Hajj, whereas serotypes 3, 34, 13, 4, and 23F were the most prevalent serotypes after Hajj. Serotype 3 was identified as most acquired serotype during Hajj in Indonesian pilgrim. There was an increase in the percentage of isolates susceptible to co-trimoxazole after Hajj (42.9% versus 57.4%). The study provided an overview of the change of dynamics of S. pneumoniae serotype acquisition in Indonesian Hajj Pilgrims. Along with data of vaccination serotypes coverage and antimicrobial susceptibility, these findings may contribute to recommendation of vaccination and treatment policies in the future.
High genetic variability of Schmallenberg virus M-segment leads to efficient immune escape from neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Wernike Kerstin , Reimann Ilona , Banyard Ashley C. , Kraatz Franziska , La Rocca S. Anna , Hoffmann Bernd , McGowan Sarah , Hechinger Silke , Choudhury Bhudipa , Aebischer Andrea , Steinbach Falko , Beer Martin
Published: January 2021

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is the cause of severe fetal malformations when immunologically naïve pregnant ruminants are infected. In those malformed fetuses, a “hot-spot”-region of high genetic variability within the N-terminal region of the viral envelope protein Gc has been observed previously, and this region co-localizes with a known key immunogenic domain. We studied a series of M-segments of those SBV variants from malformed fetuses with point mutations, insertions or large in-frame deletions of up to 612 nucleotides. Furthermore, a unique cell-culture isolate from a malformed fetus with large in-frame deletions within the M-segment was analyzed.

Each Gc-protein with amino acid deletions within the “hot spot” of mutations failed to react with any neutralizing anti-SBV monoclonal antibodies or a domain specific antiserum. In addition, in vitro virus replication of the natural deletion variant could not be markedly reduced by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies or antisera from the field. The large-deletion variant of SBV that could be isolated in cell culture was highly attenuated with an impaired in vivo replication following the inoculation of sheep.

In conclusion, the observed amino acid sequence mutations within the N-terminal main immunogenic domain of glycoprotein Gc result in an efficient immune evasion from neutralizing antibodies in the special environment of a developing fetus. These SBV-variants were never detected as circulating viruses, and therefore should be considered to be dead-end virus variants, which are not able to spread further. The observations described here may be transferred to other orthobunyaviruses, particularly those of the Simbu serogroup that have been shown to infect fetuses. Importantly, such mutant strains should not be included in attempts to trace the spatial-temporal evolution of orthobunyaviruses in molecular-epidemiolocal approaches during outbreak investigations.
Socioeconomic context and welfare nationalism in the Euro area following the Great Recession
Authors: Fernandez-Barutell Luis
Published: January 2021

This study examined the association between the socioeconomic context of the Eurozone countries in the post-Great Recession era and attitudes of solidarity towards immigrants among the general population. A multilevel analysis was conducted using data from Round 8 (2016) of the European Social Survey as well as Eurostat and OECD statistics. Specifically, we assessed the link between the share of people at risk of poverty/social exclusion in 2016 and citizens´ support for excluding immigrants from the rights to social services. Our results, in agreement with theories explaining that anxiety over-scarcity compromises out-group solidarity, confirmed the existence of such a relationship. Additional findings, however, suggested that some factors, such as holding individual-level universalism values, or the persistence of hardship during the recession recovery period (2011-2016) at country-level, may have had a protective role against chauvinistic attitudes. Recommendations for practice and research are discussed.
¿Y los hombres? Producción científica y contenidos formativos sobre trabajo social y masculinidades en España
Authors: Alonso Fernández de Avilés Bakea , Aranguren Vigo Edurne , Arias Astray Andres
Published: January 2021

El género es una categoría de análisis que las ciencias sociales en general y el trabajo social en particular incorporan en sus prácticas e investigaciones con diferentes resultados e intensidad. Los Men’s Studies analizan las masculinidades, entendidas como conjunto de valores y comportamientos que una sociedad impone en relación a cómo “debe ser un hombre”. A pesar de que una determinada forma de ejercer la masculinidad es un “factor de riesgo”, que conlleva vulnerabilidades no solo para las mujeres, sino también para los propios hombres, mujer y género se utilizan, en muchas ocasiones, como sinónimos. Mediante un análisis bibliométrico y documental, se constata que en España, por un lado, el estudio de las masculinidades no se ha incorporado a los contenidos curriculares de 36 titulaciones de Grado en Trabajo Social; por otro lado, las revistas científicas más importantes sobre trabajo social tampoco han publicado artículos sobre intervención social con hombres. Se propone la inclusión de esta línea de trabajo para ofrecer una visión holística de los estudios de género y su aplicación al trabajo social.
Diálogos entre el ser personal y profesional desde una perspectiva de género: ¿un dilema silente en el Trabajo Social con mujeres inmigrantes?
Authors: Fernández Contreras Teresa , Agrela Romero Belén
Published: January 2021

En la intervención con población inmigrante son escasos los estudios que se centren en las disyuntivas éticas que se padecen desde el Trabajo Social. Desde un enfoque cualitativo, situado y de género iniciamos una investigación en el contexto profesional de la ciudad de Jaén para conocer qué dilemas éticos sufren sus trabajadoras/es sociales desde esta área. De forma sentida y sibilina se enuncia un particular dilema expresado como un diálogo entre dos figuras: “ser personal” y “ser profesional” donde se implican cuestiones de género ligados a la propia identidad profesional y ética del Trabajo Social, así como a la de las personas con las que trabajan.
La fundación y las primeras décadas del monasterio de Fresdelval. Memoria, benefactoría y devoción jerónima en la Castilla bajomedieval
Authors: Prieto Sayagués Juan Antonio , Lucía Gómez-Chacón Diana
Published: January 2021

Se expone la fundación del monasterio jerónimo de Fresdelval por el adelantado mayor de Castilla, Gómez Manrique, y su esposa, Sancha de Rojas, y la benefactoría ejercida hacia el cenobio por los miembros de sus linajes, sus criados y oficiales, vecinos de Burgos y de otras localidades cercanas. Dicha benefactoría continuó más allá de sus decesos con la elección de sus enterramientos y la dotación de oficios perpetuos en el monasterio, destacando el majestuoso sepulcro del matrimonio fundador, objeto de análisis. A cambio del patronato de los fundadores y de las donaciones de los bienhechores, el monasterio y su comunidad ofrecieron una serie de servicios socioeconómicos a los mismos.
Representation of Contralateral Visual Space in the Human Hippocampus
Authors: Silson Edward H. , Zeidman Peter , Knapen Tomas , Baker Chris I.
Published: January 2021

The initial encoding of visual information primarily from the contralateral visual field is a fundamental organizing principle of the primate visual system. Recently, the presence of such retinotopic sensitivity has been shown to extend well beyond early visual cortex to regions not historically considered retinotopically sensitive. In particular, human scene-selective regions in parahippocampal and medial parietal cortex exhibit prominent biases for the contralateral visual field. Here, we used fMRI to test the hypothesis that the human hippocampus, which is thought to be anatomically connected with these scene-selective regions, would also exhibit a biased representation of contralateral visual space. First, population receptive field (pRF) mapping with scene stimuli revealed strong biases for the contralateral visual field in bilateral hippocampus. Second, the distribution of retinotopic sensitivity suggested a more prominent representation in anterior medial portions of the hippocampus. Finally, the contralateral bias was confirmed in independent data taken from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) initiative. The presence of contralateral biases in the hippocampus, a structure considered by many as the apex of the visual hierarchy, highlights the truly pervasive influence of retinotopy. Moreover, this finding has important implications for understanding how visual information relates to the allocentric global spatial representations known to be encoded therein.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRetinotopic encoding of visual information is an organizing principle of visual cortex. Recent work demonstrates this sensitivity in structures far beyond early visual cortex, including those anatomically connected to the hippocampus. Here, using population receptive field (pRF) modeling in two independent sets of data we demonstrate a consistent bias for the contralateral visual field in bilateral hippocampus. Such a bias highlights the truly pervasive influence of retinotopy, with important implications for understanding how the presence of retinotopy relates to more allocentric spatial representations.
An Anticipatory Circuit Modification That Modifies Subsequent Task Switching
Authors: Wang Yanqing , Barry Michael A. , Cambi Monica , Weiss Klaudiusz R. , Cropper Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2021

Modulators are generally expected to establish a network configuration that is appropriate for the current circumstances. We characterize a situation where the opposite is apparently observed. A network effect of a peptide modulator is counterproductive in that it tends to impede rather than promote the creation of the configuration that is appropriate when the modulator is released. This raises a question: why does release occur? We present data that strongly suggest that it impacts task switching. Our experiments were conducted in anAplysiafeeding network that generates egestive and ingestive motor programs. Initial experiments focused on egestive activity and the neuron B8. As activity becomes egestive, there is an increase in synaptic drive to B8 and its firing frequency increases (Wang et al., 2019). We show that, as this occurs, there is also a persistent current that develops in B8 that is outward rather than inward. Dynamic clamp introduction of this current decreases excitability. When there is an egestive-ingestive task switch inAplysia, negative biasing is observed (i.e., a bout of egestive activity has a negative impact on a subsequent attempt to initiate an ingestive response) (Proekt et al., 2004). Using anin vitroanalog of negative biasing, we demonstrate that the outward current that develops during egestive priming plays an important role in establishing this phenomenon. Our data suggest that, although the outward current induced as activity becomes egestive is counterproductive at the time, it plays an anticipatory role in that it subsequently impacts task switching.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this study, we identify a peptide-induced circuit modification (induction of an outward current) that does not immediately promote the establishment of a behaviorally appropriate network configuration. We ask why this might occur, and present data that strongly suggest that it plays an important role during task switching. Specifically, our data suggest that the outward current we characterize plays a role in the negative biasing that is seen in the molluscAplysiawhen there is a transition from egestive to ingestive activity. It is possible that the mechanism that we describe operates in other species. A negative effect of egestion on subsequent ingestion is observed throughout the animal kingdom.
Calcium Channel-Dependent Induction of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity at Excitatory Golgi Cell Synapses of Cerebellum
Authors: Locatelli F. , Soda T. , Montagna I. , Tritto S. , Botta L. , Prestori F. , D'Angelo E.
Published: January 2021

Golgi cells, together with granule cells and mossy fibers, form a neuronal microcircuit regulating information transfer at the cerebellum input stage. Despite theoretical predictions, little was known about long-term synaptic plasticity at Golgi cell synapses. Here, we have used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging to investigate long-term synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses impinging on Golgi cells. In acute mouse cerebellar slices, mossy fiber theta-burst stimulation (TBS) could induce either long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) at mossy fiber-Golgi cell and granule cell-Golgi cell synapses. This synaptic plasticity showed a peculiar voltage dependence, with LTD or LTP being favored when TBS induction occurred at depolarized or hyperpolarized potentials, respectively. LTP required, in addition to NMDA channels, activation of T-type Ca
2+
channels, while LTD required uniquely activation of L-type Ca
2+
channels. Notably, the voltage dependence of plasticity at the mossy fiber-Golgi cell synapses was inverted with respect to pure NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity at the neighboring mossy fiber-granule cell synapse, implying that the mossy fiber presynaptic terminal can activate different induction mechanisms depending on the target cell. In aggregate, this result shows that Golgi cells show cell-specific forms of long-term plasticity at their excitatory synapses, that could play a crucial role in sculpting the response patterns of the cerebellar granular layer.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
This article shows for the first time a novel form of Ca
2+
channel-dependent synaptic plasticity at the excitatory synapses impinging on cerebellar Golgi cells. This plasticity is bidirectional and inverted with respect to NMDA receptor-dependent paradigms, with long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) being favored at depolarized and hyperpolarized potentials, respectively. Furthermore, LTP and LTD induction requires differential involvement of T-type and L-type voltage-gated Ca
2+
channels rather than the NMDA receptors alone. These results, along with recent computational predictions, support the idea that Golgi cell plasticity could play a crucial role in controlling information flow through the granular layer along with cerebellar learning and memory.
A Framework & Lesson to Engage Biology Students in Communicating Science with Nonexperts
Authors: Wack Jason , Jaeger Collin , Yuan Shupei , Bergan-Roller Heather E.
Published: January 2021

Communicating science with nonexperts (SciComm) is an important scientific practice. SciComm can inform decision making and public policies. Recently, seminal reports have indicated that SciComm is a practice in which students should engage. Unfortunately, students have few opportunities to engage in SciComm, partially due to the absence of a framework that can help instructors facilitate such activities. We present a framework of the essential elements of effective SciComm that synthesizes previous work to describe the who, why, what, and how of effectively communicating science with nonexperts. We applied the framework to a lesson for undergraduate biology students and assessed student outcomes. The lesson uses an introduction, assignment sheet, and worksheet to guide students through planning, producing, and describing their SciComm assignment. We assessed the outcomes of the lesson by quizzing students on their knowledge of SciComm and asking about their perceptions of SciComm and the lesson. Students performed well but focused some of their responses on what they were assigned in the lesson instead of what was best for effective SciComm. Moreover, students perceived the lesson positively. This work can be used by practitioners and researchers to understand how to engage students in the important scientific practice of SciComm.
АКТУАЛЬНІСТЬ ТА ПЕРЕДУМОВИ РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ ГАЛУЗЕВОЇ РАМКИ КВАЛІФІКАЦІЙ У СИСТЕМІ СПОРТУ В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Дутчак Мирослав
Published: January 2021

Мета. Узагальнити сучасний масив наукових знань та передовий міжнародний досвід щодоактуальності та передумов розроблення галузевої рамки кваліфікацій у системі спорту в Україні.Методи. Використано такі методи теоретичного дослідження: аналіз наукової літератури та доку-ментальних джерел, інформаційних ресурсів мережі Інтернет, передового зарубіжного та вітчизня-ного досвіду; поєднання логічного та історичного аналізу; системний аналіз; порівняння та зіставлення;функціонально-структурний аналіз. Результати. Визначено, що актуальність розроблення галузевоїрамки кваліфікацій у системі спорту в Україні детермінована необхідністю: спрощення визнання квалі-фікацій на національному та міжнародному ринках праці; впровадження сучасного концепту навчаннявпродовж життя; інтегрування, оцінювання та порівняння результатів навчання, досягнутих у різнихформах здобуття освіти та їх поєднанні; модернізації кваліфікаційних характеристик професій увідповідності до Національної рамки кваліфікацій та специфіки професійної діяльності. Встановлено,що в системі спорту та активного відпочинку в Україні наявні теоретико-методологічні, нормативно-правові та організаційні передумови для розроблення галузевої рамки кваліфікацій. Висновок. В Українідля системи спорту та активного відпочинку актуальним є розроблення галузевої рамки кваліфікацій ідля цього сформовані відповідні передумови.Ключові слова: кваліфікація, система спорту, професії, галузева рамка, актуальність, пе-редумови.
З ДОСВІДУ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КВАЛИМЕТРІЇ ЩОДО ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ РУХОВИХ ПОМИЛОК ПРИ ФОРМУВАННІ ТЕХНІКИ РУКОПАШНОГО БОЮ
Authors: Кашуба Віталій , Данильченко Владислав , Вако Ілля , Кримець Олександр
Published: January 2021

Мета. Визначити орієнтири підвищення ефективності процесу формування техніки рукопашногобою. Методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети було використано такі методи дослідження: аналізнауково-методичної літератури та документальних матеріалів, кваліметрія – метод експертних оцінок.При проведенні експертизи методом надання переваги розрахункове значення коефіцієнта конкордації Wстановило 0,92 (p<0,05), тобто результатам проведеної експертизи можна довіряти, саму експертизуможна вважати такою, що відбулася, а думку експертів – узгодженою. Експертну оцінку проводили заучастю 26-ти фахівців. Результати. У процесі досліджень нами визначена ступінь узгодженості думокекспертів при ранжируванні типових помилок, які допускають курсанти при освоєнні больових ізадушливих прийомів в процесі спеціальної фізичної підготовки. Отримані дані дозволяють припустити,що подолання технічних помилок – одна з найважливіших завдань процесу спеціальної фізичної підготовки.Багато помилок, які допускають курсанти при освоєнні больових і задушливих прийомів пов’язані зруховими помилками. Відповідно до сучасних уявлень рухова неточність – невід’ємний компонент руховоїдіяльності. Важливо відзначити, що рухові помилки – це не тільки значущі неточності. Спортсмен можепросто недостатньо добре знати, як формується та чи інша рухова дія, що буває результатом помилок –щодо техніки вправи і техніки його виконання, результатом нездатності (тим більше в умовах дефіцитучасу) знайти доцільний варіант техніки вправи для створення особливих (відрізняються від звичних) умовйого виконання, у результаті невміння, забезпечити правильне виконання вправи з-за недостатньогорухового потенціалу, в тому числі в зв’язку з втомою. Висновок. Визначено орієнтири підвищення ефек-тивності процесу формування базової техніки рукопашного бою.Ключові слова: техніка рукопашного бою, кваліметрія, рухові помилки.