bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive fetal autopsy using ultrasound: a feasibility study
Authors: Votino C. , Cos Sanchez T. , Bessieres B. , Segers V. , Kadhim H. , Razavi F. , Condorelli M. , Votino R. , D'Ambrosio V. , Jani J.
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To evaluate postmortem ultrasound (PM‐US) for minimally invasive autopsy, and to demonstrate its feasibility, sensitivity and specificity, as compared with conventional autopsy, in detecting major congenital abnormalities.

Methods

Over a 19‐month study period from 1 March 2012 to 30 September 2013, we recruited from a referral hospital 88 consecutive fetuses, at 11–40 weeks' gestation, which had undergone termination, miscarriage or intrauterine fetal death. We performed PM‐US using different transducers and compared the data with those from conventional autopsy. The latter was performed, according to the Societé Francaise de Foetopathologie (France) guidelines, by experienced perinatal pathologists who were blinded to the ultrasound data.

Results

Complete virtual autopsy by ultrasound was possible in 95.5% of the cases. The sensitivity of PM‐US for detecting brain abnormalities was 90.9% (95% CI, 58.7–99.8%) and the specificity was 87.3% (95% CI, 75.5–94.7%). In 20% of cases, a neuropathological examination was not possible due to severe maceration. The sensitivity for detection of thoracic abnormalities was 88.9% (95% CI, 65.3–98.6%) and the specificity was 92.8% (95% CI, 84.1–97.6%), and the sensitivity for detection of abdominal anomalies was 85.7% (95% CI, 57.2–98.2%) and the specificity was 94.6% (95% CI, 86.7–98.5%).

Conclusion

This pilot study confirms the feasibility of PM‐US for virtual autopsy as early as 11 weeks' gestation. This new technique shows high sensitivity and specificity in detecting congenital structural abnormalities as compared with conventional autopsy. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Mindfulness and compassion training in adolescence: A developmental contemplative science perspective
Authors: Roeser Robert W. , Pinela Cristi
Published: August 2014

Adolescence is a developmental period of risk, as well as a window of opportunity for cultivating positive development and thriving. It is characterized by simultaneous changes in the brain, body, mind, and social domains that offer a platform for building new skills and habits. This chapter discusses the role that secular forms of mindfulness and compassion training may play in fostering positive development in adolescence. The emerging discipline of “Developmental Contemplative Science” (DCS) is introduced, the theoretical and empirical basis of mindfulness in adolescence is illustrated in depth, and secular mindfulness and compassion practices for youth are portrayed. Last, this chapter offers an agenda for future research on connecting mindfulness to key developmental domains in adolescence.
Dynamical versus diffraction spectrum for structures with finite local complexity
Authors: BAAKE MICHAEL , LENZ DANIEL , VAN ENTER AERNOUT
Published: August 2014

It is well known that the dynamical spectrum of an ergodic measure dynamical system is related to the diffraction measure of a typical element of the system. This situation includes ergodic subshifts from symbolic dynamics as well as ergodic Delone dynamical systems, both via suitable embeddings. The connection is rather well understood when the spectrum is pure point, where the two spectral notions are essentially equivalent. In general, however, the dynamical spectrum is richer. Here, we consider (uniquely) ergodic systems of finite local complexity and establish the equivalence of the dynamical spectrum with a collection of diffraction spectra of the system and certain factors. This equivalence gives access to the dynamical spectrum via these diffraction spectra. It is particularly useful as the diffraction spectra are often simpler to determine and, in many cases, only very few of them need to be calculated.
Kinematic expansive flows
Authors: ARTIGUE ALFONSO
Published: August 2014

In this paper we study kinematic expansive flows on compact metric spaces, surfaces and general manifolds. Different variations of the definition are considered and its relationship with expansiveness in the sense of Bowen–Walters and Komuro is analyzed. We consider continuous and smooth flows and robust kinematic expansiveness of vector fields is considered on smooth manifolds.
Value of chicory crops to pasture-based dairy farms in the Waikato region of New Zealand
Authors: ROMERA A. J. , DOOLE G. J. , KHAEMBAH E. N.
Published: August 2014

Chicory (Cichorium intybusL.) crops can increase milk production on New Zealand dairy farms through providing high-quality feed in late lactation. Non-linear optimization models of three Waikato dairy farms, differing in the degree to which imported supplement is used, were employed to evaluate chicory crops in this environment. At a baseline milk price of $NZ 7/kg milk solids, it was only profitable for chicory to be used on a farm where no imported supplement was fed. However, even then, only 0·04 of the farm area was planted and profit only increased by $NZ 30/ha (0·006 of baseline profit), relative to where it was not used. It was not optimal to plant any chicory on farms where imported feed was available, at the baseline milk price and cost of establishment considered here. This was evident because imported feed is more flexible than chicory for filling temporary feed gaps; also its use does not displace pasture production. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the unprofitability of chicory is robust to broad variation in calving date and the relative growth of chicory and pasture. Overall, results indicate that farmers are unlikely to receive adequate reward for the additional complexity arising from the utilization of chicory crops, especially when imported supplement provides more flexibility.
Stock Return Predictability and Variance Risk Premia: Statistical Inference and International Evidence
Authors: Bollerslev Tim , Marrone James , Xu Lai , Zhou Hao
Published: August 2014

Recent empirical evidence suggests that the variance risk premium predicts aggregate stock market returns. We demonstrate that statistical finite sample biases cannot “explain” this apparent predictability. Further corroborating the existing evidence of the United States, we show that country-specific regressions for France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and the United Kingdom result in quite similar patterns. Defining a “global” variance risk premium, we uncover even stronger predictability and almost identical cross-country patterns through the use of panel regressions.
‘They just throw you out’: release planning for older prisoners
Authors: FORSYTH KATRINA , SENIOR JANE , STEVENSON CAROLINE , O'HARA KATE , HAYES ADRIAN , CHALLIS DAVID , SHAW JENNY
Published: August 2014

Older prisoners are the fastest growing incarcerated sub-group. They have more complex health and social care needs than both younger prisoners and their age-matched peers living in the community. Prisoners who have been recently released are at enhanced risk in terms of their physical and mental health. Consequently, there is a need for timely, multi-disciplinary release planning. The aim of this study was to explore the health and social care needs of older male adults discharged from prison into the community. Qualitative interviews were carried out with prisoners with four weeks left to serve (N=62), with follow-up interviews conducted four weeks after release (N=45). Participants were selected from nine prisons in the North of England. The constant comparison method was used to analyse the data. Older prisoners perceived release planning to be non-existent. There was a reported lack of formal communication and continuity of care, causing high levels of anxiety. Older prisoners experienced high levels of anxiety about the prospect of living in probation-approved premises; however, those who did go on to live in probation-approved premises had their immediate health and social care needs better met than those who did not move into such accommodation. Release planning for older prisoners is generally inadequate and there is currently a missed opportunity to address the needs of this vulnerable group.
Rethinking the prescriptivist–descriptivist dyad: motives and methods in two eighteenth-century grammars
Authors: Wilton David
Published: August 2014

Grammars, dictionaries, usage manuals and other linguistic references are traditionally categorized along a spectrum running from prescriptivist to descriptivist, yet for years problems with this system of categorization have been noted. Forty years ago Geoffrey Pullum cautioned against confusing methodology and motives when applying the ‘descriptive’ or ‘prescriptive’ labels (1974: 77–78). A few years later Emma Vorlat suggested a middle ground, that grammars codify the language along a continuum of prescriptive–normative–descriptive, that is codification based on arbitrary rules – usage by social elites – description without value judgment (1979: 129). Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade noted that Vorlat's categories are not discrete, with eighteenth-century grammars increasingly basing prescriptions on descriptions of actual usage as the century progressed (2000: 877). María Rodríguez-Gil further noted that prescriptive grammars often base their advice on description of the language of social elites (2003: 190). Joan Beal characterized Robert Lowth's eighteenth-century grammars as both ‘normative’ and ‘descriptive’ (2004: 106). And Robin Straaijer has noted that ‘it seems useful to view prescriptivism and descriptivism as being independent from one another rather than diametrical opposites’ (2009: 67–68). Yet, perhaps because of the baggage carried by the two terms, to date no one has made the leap to conclude that the two terms address entirely different domains altogether – Straaijer approached the brink but did not leap. Prescriptivism and descriptivism do not exist along the same continuum.
SERENUS D'ANTINOË DANS LA TRADITION GRÉCO-ARABE DESCONIQUES
Authors: Auffret Thomas
Published: August 2014

Mainly based on the study of a hitherto neglected epigraphic document from Antinoë, the present article aims at showing that the geometer Serenus – the author of two treatisesOn the Section of a CylinderandOn the Section of a Cone– lived at the beginning of the 3rdcentury AD. On the ground of a renewed study of various elements taken both from the treatises and the indirect tradition, it also suggests that Serenus must be placed among a scientific tradition closely linking geometry of conics and catoptrics that can be traced back to the works of Conon of Samos and Pythion of Thasos. This hypothesis raises the problem of the nature of his alleged Platonism, which is examined in relation to Menaechmus' heterodox constructivism. Finally, the study of an element in the Arabic transmission of the treatise onConicsby Apollonius enables us to clarify some point regarding the textual tradition of the treatisesOn the Section of a CylinderandOn the Section of a Cone.
John Bull, Angelica Catalani and Middle-Class Taste at the 1820s British Musical Festival
Authors: McGuire Charles Edward
Published: August 2014

This article examines the contentious relationship between the prima donna Angelica Catalani and the British musical festival in the 1820s. The inclusion of Catalani, the most famous soprano of her generation, at the great musical festivals in this decade, such as those of Birmingham, York, Derby and Manchester, among other places, was a sign of the aspects of spectacle festival producers thought necessary to capture the middle-class audience. At the time, contemporaries assumed this audience was increasing in number and importance. Catalani attempted to use her fame to dictate musical and aesthetic terms to festival committees, particularly by transposing arias within performances of Handel'sMessiah, and interpolating Italian sacred music by Pietro Carlo Guglielmi and Pio Cianchettini into the same. The British musical press responded by invoking the figure John Bull to roundly condemn Catalani: the allegorical everyman, crying ‘cant’ and ‘humbug’ was used to portray the singer as a tasteless and ‘foreign’ other while at the same time forwarding the education of the middle-class audience into aspects of the nascent concept of ‘the composer's intentions’. The condemnation of Catalani was also an attempt to integrate the middle classes into the cultural life of Britain, while denigrating the purported taste of the British aristocracy, which made star turns such as Catalani's possible.
Brahms's Ascending Circle: Hölderlin,Schicksalsliedand the Process of Recollection
Authors: Grimes Nicole
Published: August 2014

The ending to Brahms's Schicksalslied confounds scholars for two reasons: his setting of Hölderlin's ostensibly despairing poem ends with an orchestral section that evokes comfort and reconciliation, and the postlude transposes the material of the introduction down to C major, ending in a key other than its opening. This represents ‘a rare instance of a composer not merely placing an arbitrary interpretation on words but explicitly contradicting a poet's statement’ (Petersen, 1983). Daverio (1993) and Reynolds (2012) hold similar views, seeing Hölderlin's poem as if divorced from the novelHyperion.

Although the poem marks the chronological endpoint of the novella, it is intricately bound up with levels of time, and it serves a continuous engendering function. The recollection of music in an altered key in Brahms's postlude is apposite to Abrams's notion of ‘the ascending circle, or spiral’. Drawing on musical and hermeneutic analysis, on evidence from Brahms's personal library, and on newly discovered correspondence from Hermann Levi, I argue that Brahms's ‘eccentric path’ – like Hölderlin's – leads us away from the original unity of the work in order to restore it in a heightened manner. The postlude prompts reflection and realization on the part of Brahms's listener akin to that of Hölderlin's reader.
Bandgap opening/closing of graphene antidot lattices with zigzag-edged hexagonal holes
Authors: Ouyang Fangping , Peng Shenglin , Yang Zhixiong , Chen Yu , Zou Hui , Xiong Xiang
Published: August 2014

The bandgap opening/closing of graphene antidot lattices results from intervalley scattering and broken symmetry of the (sublattices) pseudospin.
New understanding of the difference of photocatalytic activity among anatase, rutile and brookite TiO2
Authors: Zhang Jinfeng , Zhou Peng , Liu Jianjun , Yu Jiaguo
Published: August 2014

The photocatalytic activity difference of anatase, rutile and brookite TiO2is first explained by their band structure and effective mass.
Supramolecular self-assembled network formation containing N⋯Br halogen bonds in physisorbed overlayers
Authors: Brewer Adam Y. , Sacchi Marco , Parker Julia E. , Truscott Chris L. , Jenkins Stephen J. , Clarke Stuart M.
Published: August 2014

The formation of a halogen bonded self-assembled co-crystal physisorbed monolayer containing N⋯Br interactions is reported for the first time.
Implications of coverage-dependent O adsorption for catalytic NO oxidation on the late transition metals
Authors: Frey Kurt , Schmidt David J. , Wolverton C. , Schneider William F.
Published: August 2014

Cluster-expansion-based kinetic model reveals that adsorbate interactions both promote and inhibit NO oxidation on the late transition metals.
Interaction of the 5-fluorouracil analog 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine with ‘N’ and ‘B’ isoforms of human serum albumin: a spectroscopic and calorimetric study
Authors: Ishtikhar Mohd , Khan Shawez , Badr Gamal , Osama Mohamed Amany , Hasan Khan Rizwan
Published: August 2014

5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, an analog of 5-fluorouracil, has high binding affinity and thermal stability toward the N-isoform compared to the B-isoform of HSA.
The role of cations in the reduction of 9-fluorenone in bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide room temperature ionic liquids
Authors: Reche Irene , Gallardo Iluminada , Guirado Gonzalo
Published: August 2014

A comprehensive study of the electrochemical reduction of 9-fluorenone in various room temperature ionic liquids using the silver electrode as a cathode material.
Templated assembly of albumin-based nanoparticles for simultaneous gene silencing and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Mertz Damien , Affolter-Zbaraszczuk Christine , Barthès Julien , Cui Jiwei , Caruso Frank , Baumert Thomas F. , Voegel Jean-Claude , Ogier Joelle , Meyer Florent
Published: August 2014

We report the preparation of albumin-based nanoparticles assembled via isobutyramide groups providing simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging and cellular gene silencing.
Hollow cobalt phosphonate spherical hybrid as high-efficiency Fenton catalyst
Authors: Zhu Yun-Pei , Ren Tie-Zhen , Yuan Zhong-Yong
Published: August 2014

Hollow cobalt phosphonate spheres were synthesized without a template, performing as promising modified Fenton catalysts in decomposing organic pollutants.
Shape-directional growth of Pt and Pd nanoparticles
Authors: Leong G. Jeremy , Ebnonnasir Abbas , Schulze Maxwell C. , Strand Matthew B , Ngo Chilan , Maloney David , Frisco Sarah L. , Dinh Huyen N. , Pivovar Bryan , Gilmer George H. , Kodambaka Suneel , Ciobanu Cristian V. , Richards Ryan M.
Published: August 2014

The convergence of experimentation with modeling of shaped platinum nanoparticle synthesis directed by silver concentration enables materials design of other systems: modeling of facet selective growth predicted shaped palladium nanoparticles synthesized by silver limiting the growth of {111} surface facets.
Polysaccharide nano-vesicular multidrug carriers for synergistic killing of cancer cells
Authors: Pramod P. S. , Shah Ruchira , Chaphekar Sonali , Balasubramanian Nagaraj , Jayakannan Manickam
Published: August 2014

Multidrug nano-carrier: polysaccharide nanovesicular scaffolds are developed for delivering topoisomerase inhibitors I and II for synergistic killing of breast and colon cancer cells.
Enhanced dielectric properties of sol–gel-BaTiO3/P(VDF-HFP) composite films without surface functionalization
Authors: Ehrhardt Claudia , Fettkenhauer Christian , Glenneberg Jens , Münchgesang Wolfram , Leipner Hartmut S. , Wagner Gerald , Diestelhorst Martin , Pientschke Christoph , Beige Horst , Ebbinghaus Stefan G.
Published: August 2014

BaTiO3–P(VDF-HFP) composite films without surface functionalization show a tenfold increase of the relative permittivity compared to the pure polymer.
Principles and mechanisms of photocatalytic dye degradation on TiO2based photocatalysts: a comparative overview
Authors: Ajmal Anila , Majeed Imran , Malik Riffat Naseem , Idriss Hicham , Nadeem Muhammad Amtiaz
Published: August 2014

Pictorial representation of all possible dye degradation reaction in UV light initiated indirect dye degradation mechanism. This mechanism is practically more important over visible light initiated direct mechanism.
Nitrogen-doped carbon coated SiO nanoparticles Co-modified with nitrogen-doped graphene as a superior anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Guo Chenfeng , Mao Jingxuan , Wang Dianlong
Published: August 2014

One great challenge in the development of lithium-ion batteries is to simultaneously achieve superior reversible specific capacity, cyclic life and rate capability.
Photoisomerization-induced gel-to-sol transition and concomitant fluorescence switching in a transparent supramolecular gel of a cyanostilbene derivative
Authors: Seo Jangwon , Chung Jong Won , Kwon Ji Eon , Park Soo Young
Published: August 2014

The light-induced trans-to-cis isomerization of a cyanostilbene moiety in a transparent gel triggers the gel-to-sol transition and fluorescence color switching.
Fast formation of superhydrophobic octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) coating for self-cleaning and oil/water separation
Authors: Dai Chunai , Liu Na , Cao Yingze , Chen Yuning , Lu Fei , Feng Lin
Published: August 2014

Simple and fast method to prepare superhydrophobic octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) coating on oxidized copper mesh for oil/water separation.
Reinforced conducting hydrogels prepared from the in situ polymerization of aniline in an aqueous solution of sodium alginate
Authors: Huang Huabo , Zeng Xiaoping , Li Wan , Wang Hong , Wang Qin , Yang Yajiang
Published: August 2014

Reinforcement of PANI–SA conducting hydrogels is attributed to the interaction of PANI–SA chains and the inter/intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the SA chains.
Preparation of high performance perovskite-sensitized nanoporous titanium dioxide photoanodes by in situ method for use in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Xiao Yaoming , Han Gaoyi , Li Yanping , Li Miaoyu , Chang Yunzhen , Wu Jihuai
Published: August 2014

A high performance Perovskite-sensitized nanoporous TiO2photoanode is prepared for the first time by anin situtechnique for use in perovskite solar cells; potentially improving their efficency.
STIM1 regulates TRPC6 heteromultimerization and subcellular location
Authors: Albarrán Letizia , Dionisio Natalia , Lopez Esther , Salido Ginés M. , Redondo Pedro C. , Rosado Juan A.
Published: August 2014

STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) regulates store-operated channels in the plasma membrane, but the regulation of TRPC (transient receptor potential canonical) heteromultimerization and location by STIM1 is poorly understood. STIM1 is a single transmembrane protein that communicates the filling state of the endoplasmic reticulum to store-operated channels. STIM1 has been reported to regulate the activity of all of the TRPC family members, except TRPC7. TRPC6 has been predominantly associated to second messenger-activated Ca2+ entry pathways. In the present paper we report that STIM1 regulates the expression of TRPC6 in the plasma membrane and evokes translocation of this channel to the endoplasmic reticulum. Attenuation of TRPC6 expression in the plasma membrane resulted in a reduction in the association of this channel with TRPC1 and TRPC3. We have found that expression of TRPC6 in the endoplasmic reticulum results in an increase in the passive Ca2+ efflux and basal cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, but not in the ability of cells to accumulate Ca2+ into the endoplasmic reticulum. We propose a novel mechanism for the regulation of TRPC6 channel location and function by STIM1, probably as a mechanism to modulate second messenger-operated Ca2+ entry while potentiating store-operated Ca2+ influx.
Temporal and temperature evolution of electric field in CdTe:In radiation detectors
Authors: Dědič V. , Zázvorka J. , Rejhon M. , Franc J. , Grill R. , Sellin P. J.
Published: August 2014

We employed measurement of the Pockels electro-optic effect to study the electric field and space charge dynamics in semi-insulating CdTe doped with indium. We performed measurements of time and temperature dependence of the electric field. The polarization due to space charge build-up decreases with increasing temperature. Increase of temperature, therefore, leads to de-polarization in CdTe:In detectors which are opposite to the CdTe:Cl samples studied to date. We have shown that the thermally activated depolarization cannot be explained by the conventional model used for the description of space charge formation so far and an alternative model involving a recombination level was suggested and successfully used.
Strength of semiconductors, metals, and ceramics evaluated by a microscopic cleavage model with Morse-type and Lennard-Jones-type interaction
Authors: Hess Peter
Published: August 2014

An improved microscopic cleavage model, based on a Morse-type and Lennard-Jones-type interaction instead of the previously employed half-sine function, is used to determine the maximum cleavage strength for the brittle materials diamond, tungsten, molybdenum, silicon, GaAs, silica, and graphite. The results of both interaction potentials are in much better agreement with the theoretical strength values obtained by ab initio calculations for diamond, tungsten, molybdenum, and silicon than the previous model. Reasonable estimates of the intrinsic strength are presented for GaAs, silica, and graphite, where first principles values are not available.
Sustained spheromaks with ideal n = 1 kink stability and pressure confinement
Authors: Victor B. S. , Jarboe T. R. , Hansen C. J. , Akcay C. , Morgan K. D. , Hossack A. C. , Nelson B. A.
Published: August 2014

Increasing the helicity injector drive frequency up to 68.5 kHz on the Helicity Injected Torus-Steady Inductive (HIT-SI) experiment has produced spheromaks with current amplifications of 3.8, ideal n = 1 kink stability, improved toroidal symmetry and pressure confinement. Current centroid calculations from surface magnetic probes show an outward shift in the magnetic field at frequencies above 50 kHz. Grad-Shafranov equilibria indicate pressure confinement at higher injector operating frequencies. The minimum characteristic frequency needed to achieve this confining effect on HIT-SI plasmas is found to be approximately 30 kHz by analysis of the density fluctuations.
Long-term stable water vapor permeation barrier properties of SiN/SiCN/SiN nanolaminated multilayers grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at extremely low pressures
Authors: Choi Bum Ho , Lee Jong Ho
Published: August 2014

We investigated the water vapor permeation barrier properties of 30-nm-thick SiN/SiCN/SiN nanolaminated multilayer structures grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 7 mTorr. The derived water vapor transmission rate was 1.12 × 10−6 g/(m2 day) at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity, and this value was maintained up to 15 000 h of aging time. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the nanolaminated film was composed of an amorphous phase. A mixed phase was observed upon performing high resolution transmission electron microscope analysis, which indicated that a thermodynamically stable structure was formed. It was revealed amorphous SiN/SiCN/SiN multilayer structures that are free from intermixed interface defects effectively block water vapor permeation into active layer.
Enhancement of second harmonic generation in NaNO2-infiltrated opal photonic crystal using structural light focusing
Authors: Zaytsev Kirill I. , Yurchenko Stanislav O.
Published: August 2014

Experimental and numerical results for second harmonic generation (SHG) in photonic crystal (PC) based on NaNO2-infiltrated opal matrix are presented. SHG is performed in reflection mode; thus, the direction of the SHG maximum is equal to the angle of mirror reflection. The PC was pumped with femtosecond optical pulses at different angles of incidence, allowing the dependence of the SHG efficiency on the location of the fundamental wavelength toward the PC band gap (BG) to be examined. The most efficient SHG was observed when pumping the BG of the PC. To interpret the experimental results, finite-difference time-domain numerical simulations of the light interaction with the PC were conducted. The observed effect of highly efficient SHG is associated with structural light focusing, and, as a consequence, with strong optical field localization within certain near-surface PC regions. Thus, SHG enhancement based on structural light focusing in PC was demonstrated.
The action mechanism of TiO2:NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ cathode buffer layer in highly efficient inverted organic solar cells
Authors: Liu Chunyu , Chen Huan , Zhao Dan , Shen Liang , He Yeyuan , Guo Wenbin , Chen Weiyou
Published: August 2014

We report the fabrication and characteristics of organic solar cells with 6.86% power conversion efficiency (PCE) by doping NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ into TiO2 cathode buffer layer. The dependence of devices performance on doping concentration of NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ is investigated. Results indicate that short-circuit current density (Jsc) has an apparent improvement, leading to an enhancement of 22.7% in PCE for the optimized doping concentration of 0.05 mmol ml−1 compared to the control devices. NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ nanoparticles (NPs) can play threefold roles, one is that the incident light in visible region can be scattered by NaYF4 NPs, the second is that solar irradiation in infrared region can be better utilized by Up-conversion effect of Yb3+ and Tm3+ ions, the third is that electron transport property in TiO2 thin film can be greatly improved.
Functional characterisation of a WRKY transcription factor of wheat and its expression analysis during leaf rust pathogenesis
Authors: Kumar Dhananjay , Kapoor Anjali , Singh Dharmendra , Satapathy Lopamudra , Singh Ashwini Kumar , Kumar Manish , Prabhu Kumble Vinod , Mukhopadhyay Kunal
Published: August 2014

WRKY proteins are a large family of plant-specific transcription factors associated with regulation of biotic and abiotic stress responses, but how they respond to cereal rust pathogens has never been explored at the molecular level. Full-length cDNA of TaWRKY1B was obtained from a wheat cultivar HD2329 derivative containing leaf rust resistance gene Lr28 based on domain characteristics. The unique feature of this WRKY transcription factor gene was the close proximity of the DNA-binding domain and consensus DNA element W-Box within the open reading frame. Infection with a virulent race of leaf rust fungus resulted in 146-fold induction of the gene in resistant plants, but only 12-fold in the susceptible plants as compared with mock-inoculated controls. Docking models of 74 amino acids DNA-binding domain and 26 bp W-Box element showed that the WRKY domain, located on the β1 strand, only interacts with the W-Box at positions corresponding to W125, R126, K127 and Y128 amino acids. A truncated recombinant protein of 9.0 kD, encompassing the DNA-binding domain also showed binding specificity to the 32 bp W-Box element in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The protein–DNA ensemble was also characterised using high-resolution atomic force microscopic imaging. The results contribute to an understanding of the molecular structure and function of a previously uncharacterised WRKY transcription factor in wheat that can be manipulated to improve biotic stress tolerance.
Hypertrophic chondrocytes can become osteoblasts and osteocytes in endochondral bone formation
Authors: Yang Liu , Tsang Kwok Yeung , Tang Hoi Ching , Chan Danny , Cheah Kathryn S. E.
Published: August 2014

Significance

The possibility that terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes could survive and become osteoblasts in vivo has been debated for more than a century. We show that hypertrophic chondrocytes can survive the cartilage-to-bone transition and become osteoblasts and osteocytes during endochondral bone formation and in bone repair. Our discovery provides the basis for a conceptual change of a chondrocyte-to-osteoblast lineage continuum, with new insights into the process of endochondral bone formation, the ontogeny of bone cells, and bone homeostasis. Furthermore, our findings have implications for current concepts on mechanisms of skeletal disorders and bone repair and regeneration.
Cyclin D3 promotes pancreatic β-cell fitness and viability in a cell cycle-independent manner and is targeted in autoimmune diabetes
Authors: Saavedra-Ávila Noemí Alejandra , Sengupta Upasana , Sánchez Begoña , Sala Ester , Haba Laura , Stratmann Thomas , Verdaguer Joan , Mauricio Dídac , Mezquita Belén , Ropero Ana Belén , Nadal Ángel , Mora Conchi
Published: August 2014

Significance

Autoimmune diabetes is caused by the lymphocyte-mediated destruction of the pancreatic insulin-producing β cells. The inflammatory niche surrounding β cells prior to diabetes onset provokes death-inducing molecular changes in these cells. Unknown molecular pathways related to β-cell viability that are altered by inflammation in vivo, and therefore potential therapeutic targets, remain to be identified, because most of the previous studies took in vitro approaches. Here, we report that cyclin D3, classically related to cell proliferation, is targeted in autoimmune diabetes and exerts a protective role on β cells by promoting their survival and fitness without affecting proliferation. These findings unveil a dual, cell cycle-independent role of cyclin D3 with high potential in the areas of autoimmunity and metabolism.
Distinct patterns of hepcidin and iron regulation during HIV-1, HBV, and HCV infections
Authors: Armitage Andrew E. , Stacey Andrea R. , Giannoulatou Eleni , Marshall Elizabeth , Sturges Pamela , Chatha Kamaljit , Smith Nicola M. G. , Huang XiaoJie , Xu XiaoNing , Pasricha Sant-Rayn , Li Ning , Wu Hao , Webster Craig , Prentice Andrew M. , Pellegrino Pierre , Williams Ian , Norris Phillip J. , Drakesmith Hal , Borrow Persephone
Published: August 2014

Significance

Altered iron levels correlate with disease progression in HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection, and cellular iron promotes HIV-1 replication. In chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, increased liver iron levels contribute to disease. The peptide hormone hepcidin controls iron distribution. We find that hepcidin increases during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection, early hepcidin predicts later plasma viral set-point, and hepcidin remains high even in chronically infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy. Conversely hepcidin is not induced, and blood iron is not decreased, during the acute response to HBV and HCV. Therefore, the nature of iron redistribution during the response to infections is a pathogen-specific phenomenon; furthermore, the deleterious effects of chronic infection on hepcidin and iron appear to be established early in infection.
Evolved developmental homeostasis disturbed in LB1 from Flores, Indonesia, denotes Down syndrome and not diagnostic traits of the invalid species
Homo floresiensis
Authors: Henneberg Maciej , Eckhardt Robert B. , Chavanaves Sakdapong , Hsü Kenneth J.
Published: August 2014

Significance

The population that has become known as
Homo floresiensis
has been described as “the most extreme human ever discovered.” Specimen LB1 from Liang Bua Cave is unusual, but craniofacial and postcranial characteristics originally said to be diagnostic of the new species are not evident in the other more fragmentary skeletons in the sample that resemble other recent small-bodied human populations in the region (including the Andaman Islands, Palau, and Flores itself). Here we demonstrate that the facial asymmetry, small endocranial volume, brachycephaly, disproportionately short femora, flat feet, and numerous other characteristics of LB1 are highly diagnostic of Down syndrome, one of the most commonly occurring developmental disorders in humans and also documented in related hominoids such as chimpanzees and orangutans.
Lignin valorization through integrated biological funneling and chemical catalysis
Authors: Linger Jeffrey G. , Vardon Derek R. , Guarnieri Michael T. , Karp Eric M. , Hunsinger Glendon B. , Franden Mary Ann , Johnson Christopher W. , Chupka Gina , Strathmann Timothy J. , Pienkos Philip T. , Beckham Gregg T.
Published: August 2014

Significance

For nearly a century, processes have been used to convert biomass-derived carbohydrates, such as glucose, into fuels and chemicals. However, plant cell walls also contain an aromatic polymer, lignin, that has not been cost-effectively converted into fuels or commodity chemicals. With the intensive development of lignocellulosic biorefineries around the world to produce fuels and chemicals from biomass-derived carbohydrates, the amount of waste lignin will dramatically increase, warranting new lignin upgrading strategies. In nature, some microorganisms have evolved pathways to catabolize lignin-derived aromatics. Our work demonstrates that the utilization of these natural aromatic catabolic pathways may enable new routes to overcome the lignin utilization barrier that, in turn, may enable a broader slate of molecules derived from lignocellulosic biomass.
Circulating microRNA profiles in human patients with acetaminophen hepatotoxicity or ischemic hepatitis
Authors: Ward Jeanine , Kanchagar Chitra , Veksler-Lublinsky Isana , Lee Rosalind C. , McGill Mitchell R. , Jaeschke Hartmut , Curry Steven C. , Ambros Victor R.
Published: August 2014

Significance

Hundreds of microRNAs become dramatically elevated in the plasma or serum of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose patients and then recover back toward normal during successful treatment with the APAP antidote,
N
-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Importantly, the elevation of these circulating miRNAs can precede the rise in the standard biomarker, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the recovery of these miRNAs during NAC treatment is more rapid than ALT. We identify a set of 11 miRNAs whose profiles and dynamics in circulation during NAC treatment can discriminate APAP hepatotoxicity from another common hepatotoxic condition, ischemic hepatitis. These findings suggest that miRNAs are sensitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for liver injury with broad potential for use in monitoring drug-induced liver injury in clinical and research contexts.
Broad and adaptable RNA structure recognition by the human interferon-induced tetratricopeptide repeat protein IFIT5
Authors: Katibah George E. , Qin Yidan , Sidote David J. , Yao Jun , Lambowitz Alan M. , Collins Kathleen
Published: August 2014

Significance

This study defines the biochemical and biological specificity of RNA 5′-end discrimination by the human innate immune response protein denoted IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5). Cellular and recombinant protein interaction assays revealed an adaptable RNA binding site that, considering both WT and mutant proteins, can broadly accommodate and distinguish phosphate-containing 5′ ends. Comprehensive profiling of IFIT5-associated cellular RNAs by thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase sequencing identified a broad spectrum of IFIT5-bound precursor and processed tRNA transcripts and revealed a surprisingly flexible order of human tRNA processing reactions. Our findings for IFIT5 illuminate new structural specificities of protein–RNA recognition important for innate immunity.
Disassembly of mitotic checkpoint complexes by the joint action of the AAA-ATPase TRIP13 and p31
comet
Authors: Eytan Esther , Wang Kexi , Miniowitz-Shemtov Shirly , Sitry-Shevah Danielle , Kaisari Sharon , Yen Tim J. , Liu Song-Tao , Hershko Avram
Published: August 2014

Significance

The mitotic checkpoint system has an important role to ensure accurate segregation of chromosomes in mitosis. This system regulates the activity of the ubiquitin ligase Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) by the formation of a negatively acting Mitotic Checkpoint Complex (MCC). When the checkpoint is satisfied, MCC is disassembled, but the mechanisms of MCC disassembly are not well understood. We show here that the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme Thyroid Receptor Interacting Protein 13 (TRIP13), along with the MCC-targeting protein p31
comet
, promote the disassembly of the mitotic checkpoint complexes and the inactivation of the mitotic checkpoint. The results reveal an important molecular mechanism in the regulation of APC/C by the mitotic checkpoint.
National identity: Conceptual models, discourses and political change
Authors: Harder Peter
Published: August 2014

Cognitive Linguistics has demonstrated the applicability of a conceptual approach to the understanding of political issues, cf. Lakoff (2008) and many others. From a different perspective, critical discourse analysis has approached political concepts with a focus on issues involving potentially divisive features such as race, class, gender and ethnic identity. Although discourses are not identical to conceptual models, conceptual models are typically manifested in discourse, and discourses are typically reflections of conceptualizations, a theme explored e.g. in Hart and Lukes (2007). As argued in Harder (2010), however, both the analytic stance of critical discourse analysis (based on the hermeneutics of suspicion), and the cognitivist stance of Lakoff (2008) are too narrow: The understanding of political language requires a wider framework of social cognitive linguistics. Essential features of such a framework are a basis in collaborative intersubjectivity and the inclusion of causal factors in the social domain that impinge on conceptualization. This enables politically salient conceptualizations to be understood in the light of different types of input to conceptualization, rather than solely in terms of conceptual models or discourses. This is especially important in cases that involve conflictive political issues such as national and ethnic identity. The article reports on a historical project with a linguistic dimension in my department (PI Stuart Ward, cf. Ward 2004), which aims to throw light on the interplay between conceptual, geopolitical and social factors in shaping the ongoing change in the role and nature of ‘Britishness’. A key question for this article is: What are relations between conceptual models and macro-social, causal factors in shaping the intersubjective status of Britishness?
Cognitive models of anger in Akan
Authors: Ansah Gladys Nyarko
Published: August 2014

This paper analyses the conventional metaphorical expressions of anger in Akan, a Kwa language spoken in Ghana, West Africa, in order to identify conventional conceptual metaphors of the concept in the language. Native and relatively monolingual speakers of Akan in semi-rural and rural Ghana participated in focus group discussions to generate a corpus of 23,800 words from which metaphorical expressions of anger were drawn. The analysis reveals that Akan conceptualisations of anger are based on both general metonymic and metaphorical principles that are grounded in fundamental human experiences including physiological and socio-cultural experiences. The major conventional conceptual metaphors identified in Akan are: ANGER IS A HOT FLUID IN A CONTAINER, ANGER IS A GROWING WEED, ANGER IS A BURDEN, ANGER IS A DANGEROUS THING, ANGER IS A DISEASE and ANGER IS FOOD. While Akan conceptualisation of aspects of anger are similar in some ways to Lakoff’s prototypical anger scenario, i.e., akin to the retribution stage of the prototypical anger scenario in English, it is important to mention that stages 3 and 4 of the prototypical anger scenario in English may be of no consequences at all in what appears to be the prototypical anger scenario in Akan.
Acoustic phonetic features in Athabaskan sound change
Authors: Flynn Darin , Fulop Sean
Published: August 2014

A number of consonant shifts in the history of Athabaskan languages are considered. The goal is to better explain examples of ‘auditorily based substitution’ by invoking ‘phonetic features’ as is required by the sound change theory of Blevins (2004). We argue that the shifts are better understood as instances of Blevins’s change process involving the phonetic features ⟦grave⟧ and ⟦flat⟧. These features are defined acoustically in accord with recent phonetic studies of obstruents. It is crucial that these and other phonetic features are scalar-valued, and thus are part of a phonetics-phonology interface component which is separate from the distinctive phonological feature system.
An analysis of complexity in primary school L2 English learning
Authors: Hilton Heather , Royer Carine
Published: August 2014

In the context of a Complex Systems (CS) approach to language acquisition and teaching research, this paper will use Geometric Data Analysis (GDA, l’Analyse géométrique des données: Benzécri 1973; Le Roux & Rouanet 2010) to explore data collected from beginning learners of English (n = 54) in a primary school context in France. The study was initially designed along classical “group comparison” lines (six-year-olds vs. eight-year-olds), and not from the start for CS analysis; participants performed four different tasks in English at two times during their first year of English; they also completed a variety of psychometric tests and questionnaires measuring various cognitive, verbal, affective et conative characteristics. We will begin by looking at classic nonparametric comparisons of the two groups of learners and correlations between the psychometric tests and performance on the English tasks. These univariate statistics do not actually turn up very much structure in the data set, and we will use multivariate GDA for a closer look at the complex relationships between individual features and early L2 skill.
Cross-linguistic influence and formulaic language
Authors: Paquot Magali
Published: August 2014

This chapter reports on a follow-up study to Paquot (2013) which replicates its methodology to investigate transfer effects on French EFL learners’ use of recurrent word sequences. The study focuses on a large dataset of two- to four-word lexical bundles overrepresented in the French component of the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) as compared to nine other ICLE learner sub-corpora. Results are in line with a usage-based view of language that recognizes the active role that the first language (L1) may play in the acquisition of a foreign language. In accordance with Paquot’s (2013) findings, the different manifestations of L1 influence displayed in the learners’ idiosyncratic use of lexical bundles are traced back to various properties of French words and word combinations, among which their discourse function and frequency of use seem to play a crucial role.
The negotiation of evaluation in written text
Authors: Bolívar Adriana
Published: August 2014

Editors’ introduction

Bolívar’s paper deals with evaluation in text. Her wider aim, like that of a number of other contributors here (Sinclair, Coulthard, Edge & Wharton, Scott, Thompson & Thompson, and Hunston), is to understand text as social interaction, but her starting point is the social functions agreed upon by speakers and writers in particular cultures and in particular contexts, from which she moves first to the text-type and thence to evaluation structures. The discussion of structures of evaluation itself leads this paper towards one of the other main themes running through this collection, namely the identification of text-important elements and how these can combine (Fries, Jordan, Berber Sardinha, Renouf, Darnton).

If this contribution is thus coherent with the others in this volume, it is also related to others outside it, notably to
those in Hunston & Thompson (2000).

It is through textual change that evaluation shows itself. Thus, Bolívar’s model has three
structural elements, the Lead, Follow, and Valuate, which at the same time structure the contribution and enable it to
express an opinion, an evaluation of some situation or conditions in the world of phenomena. In
Bolívar’s case the texts analysed happen to be newspaper editorials, in Spanish as well as English and
ranging in date from 1711 to the present day, but it is through the LFV structure that evaluation can be seen to emerge.
At the same time this structure is not merely linguistic (like the structure of the noun group with its pre- and post-
modifiers, a structure which is purely organisational, not related to contextual conditions), but is one which is firmly
rooted in and dependent on context, both social and inter-textual. In the case of conference abstracts, which she
analyses later in her paper, the LFV structure is still present, if differently organised, since it reflects a different social
purpose and context.

Finally, Bolívar’s paper comes to meet that of Edge & Wharton, and Darnton, in that she
is concerned to discover how the identification of a text pattern, à la Hoey, may further important pedagogical
objectives.