bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of three‐dimensional gradient nonwoven composites with robust dust holding capacity for air filtration
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Liu Jinxin , Zhang Xing , Huang Chen , Zhang Yu , Fu Yijun , Jin Xiangyu
Published: April 2019

Air pollution has seriously threatened public health in developing countries. However, it is still a big challenge for fabricating a filter with high filtration efficiency, low air resistance, and long service life. Herein, we report a facile strategy to fabricate a multilayered nonwoven composite with a functionally gradient structure for air filtration by a combined method of needle‐punch, melt blown, and corona charging techniques. Our integrated multilayer needle‐punched/melt blown composite filter could achieve a high filtration efficiency up to 99.52 ± 0.01%, a low pressure drop of 136.87 ± 0.49 Pa, and a satisfied quality factor of 0.03898 ± 0.0001 Pa−1 for sodium chloride particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.26 μm at the airflow rate of 85 L min−1. More importantly, the resultant filter exhibited a large dust holding capacity of 23.5 ± 0.41 g m−2, which indicates a long service life. It is expected that our multilayer needle‐punched/melt blown composite fabric may not only serve as a good candidate for air filtration, but also provide a new sight for designing the air filtration materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47827.
Does the Maximum Body Size of Theropods Increase across the Triassic–Jurassic Boundary? Integrating Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and Body Size
Authors: Griffin Christopher T. , Nesbitt Sterling J.
Published: April 2019

Mass extinctions change global ecosystems, and the end‐Triassic mass extinction was hypothesized to have precipitated the rise of dinosaur dominance, with dinosaurs filling resource zones of eliminated large‐bodied reptilian lineages. This replacement has been explicitly hypothesized for theropod dinosaurs, and the eastern North American theropod footprint record suggests an increase in maximum body size across the Triassic‐Jurassic boundary. Without taking ontogenetic stage in account, the maximum size of the rare large Triassic theropods worldwide supports this hypothesis, with the size of the largest individuals corresponding to the largest Triassic theropod tracks. However, both morphological data and histological examination suggest that known large‐bodied Triassic theropods are represented by immature individuals still growing rapidly at the time of death, indicating that the maximum body size of Triassic theropods was much larger than that a strict reading of the body fossil record would suggest. The size increase recorded in the sediments of eastern North America is not part of a global trend. Instead of a simple ecological replacement of non‐dinosaurian archosaurs by dinosaurs, the rise in theropod dinosaurian ecological dominance was an extended process across the end of the Late Triassic into the Jurassic. Anat Rec, 303:1158–1169, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Colloidal Motors 101: A Beginner's Guide to Colloidal Motor Research
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhou Chao , Wang Wei
Published: April 2019

The research progress in colloidal motors, synthetic colloids that convert environmental energy and swim in water, has attracted much attention in recent years. Yet, its rapid development and interdisciplinary nature has created a hurdle for beginners, especially students and postdocs. In light of this challenge, this tutorial review gives a bird's eye overview of the research field of colloidal motors, presenting in a beginner‐friendly manner subjects including the definition and significance of colloidal motors, physical challenges associated with their motion at the microscale, their fabrication and propulsion mechanisms, functionalities that enable their applications, and essential tools and techniques useful for beginners. Emphasis on each aspect is placed on elucidating and connecting important concepts and ideas, rather than on details and individual references. An appendix of recent review articles grouped by subjects on colloidal motors is given in the Supporting Information. This article equips beginners with a clear big picture and essential knowledge that will facilitate future explorations.
Substitution‐Pattern‐ and Counteranion‐Depending Ion‐Pairing Assemblies Based on Electron‐Deficient Porphyrin–AuIII Complexes
Authors: Tanaka Hiroki , Haketa Yohei , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: April 2019

Porphyrin–AuIII complexes, which were partially or totally modified with C6F5 at the meso positions, were synthesized. The highly electron‐withdrawing substituents induced electron‐deficient states and Lewis acid properties. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of the ion pairs revealed ion‐pairing assemblies with characteristics dependent on the number and substitution pattern of the C6F5 units and the geometries of the anions.
Fixed‐time adaptive sliding mode trajectory tracking control of uncertain mechanical systems
Authors: Sun Liang , Liu Yuanji
Published: April 2019

An adaptive fixed‐time trajectory tracking controller is proposed for uncertain mechanical systems in this study. The polynomial reference trajectory is planned for trajectory tracking error. Fractional power of linear sliding mode is applied to design the nonlinear controller, adaptive laws are used to adjust controller parameters. Trajectory planning and fractional power are combined to ensure the tracking‐error convergence in a fixed time. The boundary layer technique is used to suppress the model uncertainties and decrease the chattering phenomenon. The closed‐loop system stability is proved strictly in the Lyapunov framework to show that the trajectory tracking errors and adaptive parameters tend to zero in a fixed time set in advance. Numerical simulation results of robotic manipulators illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Academic and psychosocial characteristics of incoming college freshmen with autism spectrum disorder: The role of comorbidity and gender
Authors: Sturm Alexandra , Kasari Connie
Published: April 2019

There is a pressing need to better characterize the college‐bound population of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as prior studies have included small samples, consisting of individuals who are either recruited due to diagnosis or are treatment seeking. As postsecondary institutions look to respond to the growing need for support services for individuals with ASD, insights derived from large, population‐based samples is a necessity. The current study included a sample of over 2000 incoming postsecondary students who self‐identified with ASD as a part of surveys distributed by institutions nationally. The impact of heterogeneity (gender, comorbid attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], and/or learning disability) on demographic characteristics, and psychosocial (psychological health, interpersonal self‐confidence) and academic (self‐regulated learning, intellectual self‐confidence) domains critical for success in postsecondary education were compared to a matched sample of students with ADHD or no diagnoses. College‐bound students with ASD broadly endorsed similar rates of ADHD, LD, and psychological disorder comorbidity to clinic‐referred samples, and were more similar than different from their typically developing peers. A comorbid diagnosis of ADHD was associated with greater academic disengagement. Females with ASD and those with any comorbid disorder were more likely to self‐report poorer psychological health. Findings revealed that self‐reported levels of functioning in critical domains differed by self‐reported comorbid disorders and gender. Findings have implications for targeted support service recommendations based on unique sources of heterogeneity (e.g., gender, presenting comorbid disorders) and are detailed in the current study. Autism Res 2019, 12: 931–940. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

College‐bound students with ASD feel academically competent; however feel less confident with their peers. Students with ASD and another diagnosis (e.g., ADHD, learning disability) and girls with ASD may be particularly at risk of experiencing poorer psychological health while enrolled in postsecondary education. Using this information, postsecondary institutions can provide more targeted support services to students with ASD enrolled in postsecondary education.
Rate it again: Using the wisdom of many to improve performance evaluations
Authors: Barneron Meir , Allalouf Avi , Yaniv Ilan
Published: April 2019

Much research shows that judgmental estimation could be improved by combining estimates from independent judges as well as within judges. These results have been obtained mostly with judgments about matters of fact, that is, for which there are objective truth criteria. In the present research, we extend these findings to performance evaluations. In a controlled field study, expert judges provided evaluations of a large number of essays written by college applicants taking college entrance tests. The judges were asked to evaluate each essay twice—on two occasions, a week apart. This design allowed us to assess the benefits of two methods of combining evaluations: within rater and across raters. Accuracy gains were obtained with both methods. Although the within‐rater combinations yielded fewer gains than the across‐rater ones, they were still appreciable in comparison with the across rater ones. Our findings extend the class of judgments to which the “wisdom of many” could be applied. These findings are potentially applicable to performance evaluations in social, educational, and employment settings.
How Does Inflammation‐Induced Hyperglycemia Cause Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Immune Cells?
Authors: van Niekerk Gustav , Davis Tanja , Patterton Hugh‐George , Engelbrecht Anna‐Mart
Published: April 2019

Inflammatory mediators have an established role in inducing insulin resistance and promoting hyperglycemia. In turn, hyperglycemia has been argued to drive immune cell dysfunction as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, the authors review the evidence challenging this view. First, it is pointed out that inflammatory mediators are known to induce altered mitochondrial function. In this regard, critical care patients suffer both an elevated inflammatory tone as well as hyperglycemia, rendering it difficult to distinguish between the effects of inflammation and hyperglycemia. Second, emerging evidence indicates that a decrease in mitochondrial respiration and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are not necessarily manifestations of pathology, but adaptations taking shape as the mitochondria is abdicating its adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐producing function (which is taken over by glycolysis) and instead becomes “retooled” for an immunological role. Collectively, these observations challenge the commonly held belief that acute hyperglycemia induces mitochondrial damage leading to immune cell dysfunction.
Genetic and Epigenetic Variation across Genes Involved in Energy Metabolism and Mitochondria of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Lines
Authors: Dhiman Heena , Gerstl Matthias P. , Ruckerbauer David , Hanscho Michael , Himmelbauer Heinz , Clarke Colin , Barron Niall , Zanghellini Jürgen , Borth Nicole
Published: April 2019

The increasingdemandfor biopharmaceutical products drives the search for efficient cell factories that are able to sustainably support rapid growth, high productivity, and product quality. As these depend on energy generation, here the genomic variation in nuclear genes associated with mitochondria and energy metabolism and the mitochondrial genome of 14 cell lines is investigated. The variants called enable reliable tracing of lineages. Unique sequence variations are observed in cell lines adapted to grow in protein‐free media, enriched in signaling pathways or mitogen‐activated protein kinase 3. High‐producing cell lines bear unique mutations in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase (ND2 and ND4) and in peroxisomal acyl‐CoA synthetase (ACSL4), involved in lipid metabolism. As phenotypes are determined not only by functional mutations, but also by the exquisite regulation of expression patterns, it is not surprising that ≈50% of the genes investigated here are found to be differentially methylated and thus epigenetically controlled, enabling a clear distinction of high producers, and cells adapted to a minimal, glutamine (Gln)‐free medium. Similar pathways are enriched as those identified by genome variation. This strengthens the hypothesis that these phenomena act together to define cell behavior.
Effects of phosphonium‐based ionic liquids on the lipase activity evaluated by experimental results and molecular docking
Authors: Barbosa Milson S. , Freire Cintia C. C. , Souza Ranyere L. , Cabrera‐Padilla Rebeca Y. , Pereira Matheus M. , Freire Mara G. , Lima Álvaro S. , Soares Cleide M. F.
Published: April 2019

In this work, the effect of several phosphonium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) on the activity of lipase fromBurkholderia cepacia(BCL) was evaluated by experimental assays and molecular docking. ILs comprising different cations ([P4444]+, [P444(14)]+, [P666(14)]+) and anions (Cl−, Br−, [Deca]−, [Phosp]−, [NTf2]−) were investigated to appraise the individual roles of IL ions on the BCL activity. From the activity assays, it was found that an increase in the cation alkyl chain length leads to a decrease on the BCL enzymatic activity. ILs with the anions [Phosp]−and [NTf2]−increase the BCL activity, while the remaining [P666(14)]‐based ILs with the Cl−, Br−, and [Deca]−anions display a negative effect on the BCL activity. The highest activity of BCL was identified with the IL [P666(14)][NTf2] (increase in the enzymatic activity of BCL by 61% at 0.055 mol·L−1). According to the interactions determined by molecular docking, IL cations preferentially interact with the Leu17 residue (amino acid present in the BCL oxyanion hole). The anion [Deca]−has a higher binding affinity compared to Cl−and Br−, and mainly interacts by hydrogen‐bonding with Ser87, an amino acid residue which constitutes the catalytic triad of BCL. The anions [Phosp]−and [NTf2]−have high binding energies (−6.2 and −5.6 kcal·mol−1, respectively) with BCL, and preferentially interact with the side chain amino acids of the enzyme and not with residues of the active site. Furthermore, FTIR analysis of the protein secondary structure show that ILs that lead to a decrease on the α‐helix content result in a higher BCL activity, which may be derived from an easier access of the substrate to the BCL active site.
Comparing high‐dose cisplatin with cisplatin‐based combination chemotherapy in definitive concurrent chemoradiation setting for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC)
Authors: Furqan Muhammad , Snyders Travis P. , Saqlain Mohammed U. , Mott Sarah L. , Laux Douglas , Snow Anthony , Anderson Carryn M. , Watkins John M. , Clamon Gerald H.
Published: April 2019

Background

High‐dose cisplatin (Cis) is a preferred systemic agent for concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer (LAHNSCC) patients. As some patients are unable to tolerate Cis, this study compares the toxicity and efficacy of weekly cisplatin‐paclitaxel (CP) regimen with Cis.

Methods

Patients with LAHNSCC receiving definitive chemoradiation either with Cis (Cisplatin—100 mg/m2 q3w x 3) or CP (Cisplatin—20 mg/m2; Paclitaxel—30 mg/m2qw x7) were included.

Results

Cis and CP groups were comprised of 114 and 111 subjects, respectively. Complete response for Cis versus CP groups was 88% versus 88%, respectively. Median follow‐up for the study was 58.5 months. After adjusting for potential treatment selection bias, no significant differences were evident between Cis and CP groups for overall survival (hazard ratios [HR] 0.85, 95% CI 0.59‐1.21, P = 0.36), progression free survival (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.62‐1.24, P = 0.46), locoregional control (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.52‐1.15, P = 0.21), and distant control (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.61‐1.23, P = 0.42). Patients in the CP group had less acute and chronic toxicities.

Conclusions

Weekly CP regimen can serve as an alternative systemic therapy with radiation in patients with LAHNSCC who are not fit for Cis.
Gene amplification derived a cancer‐testis long noncoding RNA PCAT6 regulates cell proliferation and migration in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chen Shuaizhou , Chen Yao , Qian Qufei , Wang Xuewei , Chang Yuting , Ju Sihan , Xu Yide , Zhang Chang , Qin Na , Ding Hui , Gu Yayun , Han Jing , Wang Cheng , Zhang Erbao , Hu Zhibin
Published: April 2019

Our previous work demonstrated cancer‐testis (CT) genes as a new source of candidate driver of cancer. Recently, mounting evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with CT expression pattern could play a pivotal role in cancer biology. Here, we characterized a conserved CT long noncoding RNA (CT‐lncRNA), PCAT6, which is expressed exclusively in the testis and is reactivated in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) tissues due to the highly frequent amplification. The expression in LIHC was correlated with clinical prognosis in TCGA data. Knockdown of PCAT6 could inhibit cell proliferation and migration in hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) based on coexpression network revealed that PCAT6 was involved in similar cilium‐related pathways in the testis and LIHC tissues. However, PCAT6 was mainly positively correlated with gametogenesis‐related pathways in the testis but was coexpressed with mitotic cell cycle genes in LIHC. Together, our data demonstrated that CT‐lncRNA PCAT6 represents the similarity and difference between tumorigenesis and gametogenesis. The CT expression pattern and important role in LIHC oncogenesis make PCAT6 an ideal target for LIHC diagnosis and therapy.
Self‐concept of relational skills in psychotherapy trainees: A pilot study
Authors: Tilkidzhieva Elitsa , Gelo Omar C. G. , Gullo Salvatore , Orlinsky David E. , Mörtl Kathrin , Fiegl Jutta
Published: April 2019

Background

Personal characteristics and relational skills represent central aspects of the psychotherapist's work, and yet, little is still known about them in the context of psychotherapy training.

Objective

This paper presents a preliminary exploration of the self‐concepts of relational skills in psychotherapy trainees. Changes in the self‐concept in N = 131 psychotherapy trainees were explored through analysis of self‐image ideal‐self and self/ideal‐self discrepancy in two stages (beginning vs. advanced).

Method

Data were collected with a modified version of the self‐rated instruments Trainee Background Information Form and Trainee Current Practice Report (Orlinsky et al., 2015), and analysed with analyses of covariances for each dependent variable.

Results

Expected differences in the self‐image of beginning versus advanced trainees were not detected. However, differences in trainees’ ideal‐self and in self/ideal‐self discrepancy were found. Some gender and age differences were also detected.

Conclusions

The results suggest possible changes in the self‐concept of relational skills, indicative of self‐development processes such as discovering a realistic sense of self and self‐boundaries, managing intensive emotional interactions and developing regulatory interpersonal mechanisms. An in‐depth and more refined future exploration of various aspects of the self‐concept in the context of psychotherapy training is needed to help understand the complex processes of forming an integrated self of psychotherapists.
Keep your eye on…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2019

Increases in ED psychiatric visits among youth

ADHD as a risk factor for developing smartphone addiction

The value of tailoring therapy to needs of adolescents with depression
NASEM report calls for medications to treat opioid use disorder
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2019

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) released a report in March that calls for medications to treat opioid use disorder – and these medications (buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone) are all approved for use in young people.
Why school is important: It's more than education
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2019

Most parents know that school is an important part of their children's education. But new research has shown that it's also a part of good health. About 13% of students across the United States miss 15 or more days of school a year. Chronic absenteeism makes children more at risk for poor long‐term health outcomes, according to research published in Pediatrics, the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Clinical outcomes at 2 years of the Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold versus the Xience drug‐eluting metallic stent in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome versus stable coronary disease—AIDA trial substudy
Authors: Tijssen Ruben Y.G. , van der Schaaf Rene J. , Kraak Robin P. , Vink Maarten A. , Hofma Sjoerd H. , Arkenbout E. Karin , Weevers Auke P.J.D. , Kerkmeijer Laura S.M. , Onuma Yoshinobu , Serruys Patrick W. , Beijk Marcel A.M. , Koch Karel T. , Baan Jan , Vis M. Marije , Piek Jan J. , Tijssen Jan G.P. , Henriques Jose P.S. , de Winter Robbert J. , Wykrzykowska Joanna J.
Published: April 2019

Background

Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) might represent a specific subgroup, in which bioresorbable scaffold implantation in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), might lead to better outcomes when compared to conventional treatment with metallic drug eluting stents. In this prespecified subgroup analysis of the Amsterdam Investigator‐Initiated Absorb Strategy All‐Comers (AIDA) trial, we evaluated the clinical outcomes of Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) versus Xience everolimus eluting stent (EES) treated patients presenting either with or without ACS.

Methods and results

We classified AIDA patients on the basis of clinical presentation of ACS or of no‐ACS. The rate of the 2‐year primary endpoint of target vessel failure (TVF) was similar after treatment with Absorb BVS or Xience EES in ACS patients (10.2% versus 9.0% respectively; P = 0.49) and in no‐ACS patients (11.7% versus 10.7%, respectively; P = 0.67) Definite or probable device thrombosis occurred more frequently with Absorb BVS compared to Xience EES in ACS patients (4.3% versus 1.7%, respectively, P = 0.03) as well as in no‐ACS patients (2.4% versus 0.2%, respectively; P = 0.002). There were no statistically significant interactions between clinical presentation and randomized device modality for TVF (P = 0.80) and for the endpoint of definite or probable device thrombosis (P = 0.17).

Conclusion

In the AIDA trial, the 2‐year outcomes of PCI with Absorb BVS versus Xience EES were consistent in ACS and no‐ACS patients: similar rates for TVF and consistently higher rates of definite or probable stent thrombosis under Absorb BVS versus Xience EES. There were no statistically significant interactions between clinical presentation and randomized device modality.
Use of wearable cardioverter‐defibrillator in association with catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation‐related tachycardiomyopathy
Authors: Conti Sergio , Bonomo Vito , Taormina Antonio , Giordano Umberto , Sgarito Giuseppe
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical Message

Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) is an effective therapy in patients known to be at high risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD). Nevertheless, ICD implantation is not indicated in transient or reversible causes of SCD. Wearable cardioverter‐defibrillator is increasingly used for SCD prevention in patients with a transient risk of ventricular arrhythmia.
Phosphine Ligand‐Free Ruthenium Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Synthesis of Quinolines and Pyridines by Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions
Authors: Guo Bin , Yu Tian‐Qi , Li Hong‐Xi , Zhang Shi‐Qi , Braunstein Pierre , Young David J. , Li Hai‐Yan , Lang Jian‐Ping
Published: April 2019

A series of phosphine‐free Ru(III)/Ru(II) complexes of NH functionalized N˄N˄N pincer ligands exhibit excellent activity for acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) of secondary alcohols with 2‐aminobenzyl or γ‐amino alcohols to quinolines and pyridines. Ru(III) complexes [LRuCl3] (L=6‐(3‐R1,5‐R2‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyridin‐2‐amine; 1 a: R1=R2=H (L1); 1 b: R1=R2=Me (L2); 1 c: R1=H, R2=CF3 (L3); 1 d: R1=H, R2=Ph (L4); 1bMe: L=6‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐N‐methyl‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyridin‐2‐amine (L2Me)) were obtained by refluxing RuCl3 ⋅ xH2O with the corresponding ligand in EtOH. Five Ru(II) complexes [LRu(DMSO‐κS)Cl2] (2 a: L=L1; 2 b: L=L2; 2 c: L=L3; 2 d: L=L4; 2bMe: L=L2Me) were formed by reducing the corresponding Ru(III) complex in refluxing EtOH. The latter complexes could also be prepared directly by refluxing Ru(DMSO)4Cl2 with the corresponding ligand in EtOH. These Ru(III) and Ru(II) complexes, especially 1 b/2 b, exhibited high catalytic efficiency and broad functional group tolerance in ADC reactions of secondary alcohols with 2‐aminobenzyl or γ‐amino alcohols to quinolines and pyridines. A detail mechanistic study indicated the Ru(III) complex was reduced into the Ru(II) species, which is the active catalytic center for ADC via a Ru−H/N−H bifunctional outer‐sphere mechanism. This protocol provides a reliable, atom‐economical and environmentally benign procedure for C−N and C−C bond formation.
Binder‐Free Electrodes Derived from Interlayer‐Expanded MoS2 Nanosheets on Carbon Cloth with a 3D Porous Structure for Lithium Storage
Authors: Han Yan , Chatti Manjunath , Ge Yu , Wang Caiyun , Chao Yunfeng , Simonov Alexandr N. , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: April 2019

Anchoring nanostructured MoS2 on a conductive carbon substrate is an effective approach to produce flexible binder‐free electrodes for energy storage applications. However, they are commonly fabricated through time‐consuming hydrothermal reactions. Herein, MoS2 nanosheet arrays grown on a flexible carbon fiber cloth (CC) have been synthesized within 2 h by using a microwave‐assisted method. These vertically aligned MoS2 nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing of approximately 1 nm densely cover the support surface and form an interconnected network with significant void space. When employed as anodes for lithium‐ion batteries, the microwave‐synthesized binder‐free MoS2/CC composites exhibit a high areal capacity of 2.5 mAh cm−2 at 0.15 mA cm−2, excellent cycle performance, and good rate capability.
Electrochemical Characteristics of Cobaltosic Oxide in Organic Electrolyte According to Bode Plots: Double‐Layer Capacitance and Pseudocapacitance
Authors: Xu Yinsheng , Wang Shengping , Peng Huiling , Yang Zhigao , Martin Darren J. , Bund Andreas , Nanjundan Ashok Kumar , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: April 2019

Pseudocapacitive behavior is usually observed in transition‐metal oxide anodes for lithium‐ion batteries, such as Co3O4. It is necessary to develop electrochemical technologies for clarifying the properties of the pseudocapacitance in the electrode reactions, as the understanding and controllable application of pseudocapacitance benefits the development of electrode materials with multi‐storage mechanisms for lithium‐ion batteries. To this end, in this work, electrode processes are divided into four component parts with corresponding equivalent circuit diagrams used to emphasize the pseudocapacitive behavior of Co3O4. After analyzing the properties of Bode plots in the whole frequency range (10−2–105 Hz), phase‐angle Bode plots are demonstrated to be suitable for revealing the pseudocapacitance for Co3O4 at a certain state. In addition,
is utilized to determine the magnitude of the pseudocapacitance and double‐layer capacitance. For Co3O4 in the fully charged state (3 V vs. Li+/Li), the pseudocapacitance and double‐layer capacitance are approximately 180.28 and 1.32 μF cm−2, respectively. Therefore, the goal of monitoring pseudocapacitive behavior for a transition‐metal oxide anode such as Co3O4 in a certain state without the influence of double‐layer capacitance and faradaic processes controlled by solid‐phase diffusion is realized by using Bode plots, greatly promoting the understanding and controllable application of pseudocapacitance.
S‐nitrosylation of cytoskeletal proteins
Authors: Horenberg Allison L. , Houghton Alisa M. , Pandey Saurav , Seshadri Vikram , Guilford William H.
Published: April 2019

Nitric oxide has pronounced effects on cellular functions normally associated with the cytoskeleton, including cell motility, shape, contraction, and mitosis. Protein S‐nitrosylation, the covalent addition of a NO group to a cysteine sulfur, is a signaling pathway for nitric oxide that acts in parallel to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), but is poorly studied compared to the latter. There is growing evidence that S‐nitrosylation of cytoskeletal proteins selectively alters their function. We review that evidence, and find that S‐nitrosylation of cytoskeletal targets has complementary but distinct effects to cyclic‐GMP in motile and contractile cells—promoting cell migration, and biasing muscle contraction toward relaxation. However, the effects of S‐nitrosylation on a host of cytoskeletal proteins and functions remains to be explored.
Highly Efficient Dynamic Degradation of Methylene Blue on Hierarchical Nitrogen/Cobalt‐Co‐Doped Carbonaceous Beads with Diffusion Promoting Nanostructures
Authors: Zhao Xin , An Qing‐Da , Bo Shu‐Feng , Guo Dong‐Mei , Xiao Zuo‐Yi , Zhai Shang‐Ru , Li Zhong‐Cheng
Published: April 2019

Un‐restricted diffusion channels for ions and molecules within catalytic composites is of practical significance for environmental remediation with aqueous reaction systems. Herein, hierarchical Co/N‐co‐doped carbonaceous beads with diffusion‐promoting nanostructures for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were prepared through a seaweed‐based hydrogel strategy. Several technologies were applied to characterize resultant samples including XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and N2 adsorption‐desorption. The degradation was carefully tested in simulations of real conditions such as in running water, laboratory waste liquid, and seawater, which indicated that the catalyst/PMS system has a practical and a wide range of degradation capacity. Moreover, SA/N−CoxOy could also prepared with waste cobalt solution, and also showed relatively good catalytic performance. In contrast to other works which mostly concentrated on the study of static testing, this research is mainly concerned with dynamic degradation. Batch and fixed‐bed column degradation experiments were simultaneously carried out to evaluate the efficiency and potential industrial applications, which revealed that the as‐prepared sample led to the fast removal of 90.26% of MB within 400 minutes and continuously degraded the dye for 25 h at 298 K. The recycling performance was also investigated by means of dynamic degradation tests, which only showed a slight decline with time.
The Dependence of Ionic Liquid Solvent Effects on the Nucleophilic Heteroatom in SNAr Reactions. Highlighting the Potential for Control of Selectivity
Authors: Schaffarczyk McHale Karin S. , Haines Ronald S. , Harper Jason B.
Published: April 2019

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions of 1‐fluoro‐4‐nitrobenzene using similar nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles were studied through extensive kinetic analysis in mixtures containing ionic liquids. The interactions of the ionic liquid components with the starting materials and transition state for each process were investigated in an attempt to construct a broad predictive framework for how ionic liquids affect reaction outcome. It was found that, based on the activation parameters, the microscopic interactions and thus the ionic liquid solvent effect were different for each of the nucleophiles considered. The results from this study suggest that it may be possible to rationally select a given ionic liquid mixture to selectively control reaction outcome of an SNAr reaction where multiple nucleophiles are present.
Isomerization Dynamics of Electronically Coupled but Thermodynamically Decoupled Bisazobenzenes
Authors: Boumrifak Chokri , Yang Chong , Bellotto Silvia , Wegner Hermann A. , Wachtveitl Josef , Dreuw Andreas , Slavov Chavdar
Published: April 2019

Photoresponsive structures composed of multiple photoswitchable units offer the possibility of more diverse and complex control applications. For example, o‐bisazobenzenes (o‐bisABs) show unusual electronic coupling affecting the properties of the individual AB units. In the present work derivatives with amino and acetamido groups were investigated to gain further insight into the photoisomerization pathways of o‐bisABs. Time‐resolved spectroscopic experiments supported by quantum chemical calculations revealed that electronic coupling removes the bias introduced by selective excitation of one AB moiety. In effect, the isomerization ratio between the two photochromic units in o‐bisABs is intrinsically determined by the interplay of electronic coupling and their relative energy. Furthermore, the Z→E thermally activated relaxation of the AB moieties in o‐bisABs is decoupled and proceeds independently for each unit on different timescales.
The impact of country‐level institutional differences on corporate social responsibility disclosure engagement
Authors: Miniaoui Zeineb , Chibani Faten , Hussainey Khaled
Published: April 2019

We examine the impact of country‐level governance and legal system, on corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) engagement. Our analysis evaluates the extent to which they have endured the global financial crisis, as reflected in the CSRD of listed firms. We explore whether CSRD practices are similar or different in organizations from six countries and two different continents corresponding to two different legal systems, corporate governance systems, and accounting models. These factors, among others, may influence the disclosure policy of CSR information. We provide evidence that CSRD increasing effect of country‐level governance is more pronounced for companies in the Anglo‐American legal and regulatory environment and less pronounced for those in Euro‐Continental institutional environment.
Ancient landscapes of the Namib Desert harbor high levels of genetic variability and deeply divergent lineages for Collembola
Authors: Collins Gemma E. , Hogg Ian D. , Baxter Janine R. , Maggs‐Kölling Gillian , Cowan Don A.
Published: April 2019

Aim

To assess spatial patterns of genetic and species‐level diversity for Namib Desert Collembola using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences.

Location

Namib Desert gravel plains.

Taxon

Collembola (springtails).

Methods

A total of 77 soil samples were collected along NE‐SW (60 km) and E‐W (160 km) transects from within a 4,000 km2 area of the Namib Desert gravel plains. We extracted 434 springtails from the 37 samples which contained Collembola and sequenced them at the COI gene locus. In the absence of specific taxonomic keys and previous genetic data for these taxa, we used Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) analyses to provide putative species‐level designations.

Results

We obtained 341 successful COI sequences, 175 of which were unique haplotypes. GMYC analyses identified 30 putative species, with up to 28% sequence divergence (uncorrected p‐distance). The distribution of genetic variants was disjunct, with 97% of haplotypes and 70% of “GMYC species” found only at single sites.

Main conclusions

Dispersal events, although rare, may be facilitated by environmental events such as prevailing onshore winds or occasional flow of rainwater to the coast. We conclude that the high genetic diversity we observed is the result of ancient springtail lineages, patchy distribution of suitable habitats, and limited dispersal (gene flow) among habitable locations.
Comparative mutagenic activity of atmospheric particulate matter from limeira, stockholm, and kyoto
Authors: Maselli Bianca S. , Giron Macelle C. G. , Lim Hwanmi , Bergvall Christoffer , Westerholm Roger , Dreij Kristian , Watanabe Tetsushi , Cardoso Arnaldo A. , Umbuzeiro Gisela A. , Kummrow Fábio
Published: April 2019

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) organic fractions from urban centers are frequently mutagenic for the Salmonella/microsome assay. This mutagenicity is related to both primary and secondary pollutants, and meteorological conditions have great influence on the secondary pollutant's formation. Our objective was to compare the mutagenicity of atmospheric total suspended particulates (TSP) from three cities with marked different meteorological conditions and TSP concentrations: Limeira (Brazil) with 99.0 μg/m3, Stockholm (Sweden) with 6.2 μg/m3, and Kyoto (Japan) with 28.0 μg/m3. For comparison, we used the same batch of filters, sample extraction method, and Salmonella/microsome testing protocol with 11 strains of Salmonella with and without metabolic activation. Samples were collected during winter and pooled into one single extract representing each city. All samples were mutagenic for all tested strains, except for TA102. Based on the strain's selectivity, nitroarenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic amines play a predominant role in the mutagenicity of these samples. The mutagenic potencies expressed by mass of extracted organic material (EOM; revertants/μg EOM) were similar (~twofold difference) among the cities, despite differences in meteorological conditions and pollution sources. In contrast, the mutagenic potencies expressed by air volume (rev/m3) varied ~20‐fold, with Limeira > Kyoto ≈ Stockholm. These results are the first systematic assessment of air mutagenicity from cities on three continents using the same protocols. The results confirm that the mutagenic potency expressed by EOM mass is similar regardless of continent of origin, whereas the mutagenic potency expressed by air volume can vary by orders of magnitude. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mulching with crop straws influences cadmium accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings
Authors: Liu Lei , Wang Jingjin , Lin Lijin , Wu Yongmei , Liao Ming'an , Wang Jin , Tang Yi , Sun Guochao , Deng Qunxian , Wang Xun , Lv Xiulan , Ren Wei
Published: April 2019

Mulching with plant straws on cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil can reduce Cd accumulation in crop plants. In this pot experiment, Cd‐contaminated soil was mulched with the straw of rice, wheat, rape, or broad bean, and their effects on the growth and Cd accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings were studied. Mulching with the straw of rice or broad bean increased the root, stem, leaf, and shoot biomasses of C. betacea seedlings, and increased the chlorophyll contents in leaves of C. betacea seedlings, whereas mulching with the straw of wheat or rape decreased this growth and photosynthetic pigment parameters. The Cd contents in the roots, stems, leaves, and shoots of C. betacea seedlings decreased in response to mulching with rice straw by 32.79%, 19.40%, 14.04%, and 14.86%, respectively, and decreased following mulching with rape straw by 12.27%, 18.22%, 6.89%, and 9.13%, respectively, compared with those of the control. Mulching with the straw of wheat or broad bean increased the Cd contents in C. betacea seedlings. Therefore, rice straw promoted the growth of C. betacea and significantly reduced the Cd uptake by C. betacea, which was beneficial for safe production of C. betacea in Cd‐contaminated orchards. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: e13229, 2019
Clinical features and treatment outcomes of Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Chen Jiani , Ren Jiechuan , Liu Wenyu , Yang Tianhua , Zhou Dong
Published: April 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) in western China.

Method

We continuously reviewed one hundred and five outpatients with JME who were diagnosed and treated at the Epilepsy Registration Center of West China Hospital between October 2012 and July 2014. Seizure control stratified into different seizure types and by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was prospectively evaluated every 3‐6 months.

Results

Among 105 patients with JME, eighty‐five patients (81%) received monotherapy including valproate (VPA, 47%) and levetiracetam (LEV, 43%) treatment. The rates of seizure freedom 1, 3, and 5 years after the initiation of AED treatment were 64.8% (68/105), 29.5% (31/105), and 14.6% (12/82) in JME patients, respectively. Patients with myoclonic seizure (MS) and absence seizure (AS) were less frequently seizure‐free than those with MS and generalized tonic‐clonic seizure (GTCS) (P = 0.012). Patients on VPA monotherapy had better control of GTCS than patients on LEV monotherapy (P = 0.036). There is a trend of lower rates of seizure freedom in patients treated with LEV than in those treated with VPA after the first‐year treatment period.

Significance

Our data suggest that in JME, seizure control is linked to seizure type, possibly allowing a more individualized approach when counseling JME patients.
The Fate of Copper Added to Surface Water: Field, Laboratory, and Modeling Studies
Authors: Rader Kevin J. , Carbonaro Richard F. , van Hullebusch Eric D. , Baken Stijn , Delbeke Katrien
Published: April 2019

The fate and effects of copper in the environment are governed by a complex set of environmental processes that include binding to inorganic and organic ligands in water, soil, and sediments. In natural waters, these interactions can limit copper bioavailability and result in copper transport from the water column to the sediment. In the present study, data on the fate of copper added to lakes, microcosms, and mesocosms were compiled and analyzed to determine copper removal rates from the water column. Studies on copper behavior in sediment were also reviewed to assess the potential for remobilization. A previously developed, screening-level fate and transport model (tableau input coupled kinetic equilibrium transport–unit world model [TICKET–UWM]) was parameterized and applied to quantify copper removal rates and remobilization in a standardized lake setting. Field and modeling results were reconciled within a framework that links copper removal rates to lake depths and solids fluxes. The results of these analyses provide converging evidence that, on a large scale, copper is removed relatively quickly from natural waters. For the majority of studies examined, more than 70% of the added copper was removed from the water column within 16 d of dosing. This information may be useful in the context of environmental hazard and risk assessment of copper. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1386‒1399. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Bolting with pumpable reactive resins – More than fixation of steel dowels in rock
Authors: Aldrian Wolfgang , Wyink Uwe , Herrmann Christoph
Published: April 2019

Rock bolting in tunnelling and mining has been used for more than 100 years. The mechanism of how anchors behave, application and patterns have evolved into standard practices for all types of underground excavation. Passive acting bolts and dowels, as well as the active pre‐tensioned bolts act in a way to limit shear and are subject to tension, which nails the rock mass together. Injection is used in underground structures to manage water ingress and less often to reinforce the rock mass systematically. Typically, the injected cementitious material fills the cracks and fissures in the rock mass and increases the shear resistance within the treated area. The use of pumpable, thixotropic, water insensitive, fast reacting resins to encapsulate rock bolts potentially offers to combine the nailing and shear resisting effect of the bolts with an injection approach. When using an accurately controlled pressure and volume regime, the rock mass can be bonded together, resulting in a significant improvement of the overall rock mass properties. A new rock bolt anchoring resin has been developed to improve the efficiency of underground support combining the positive effects of rock bolting and injections as outlined above. The driving idea behind this concept and test results are discussed in this paper.
Provenance of newly discovered Upper Ordovician black rock units in the West Kunlun Orogen, China: Constraints from detrital zircon U–Pb chronology and whole‐rock geochemistry
Authors: Chen Wei‐Yan , Zhang Yi‐Jie , Zhu Guang‐You , Zhang Kai‐Jun , Du De‐Dao , Zhang Zhi‐Yao , Chen Zhi‐Yong , Yan Hui‐Hui , Sun Qi‐Sen , Li Ting‐Ting , Xia Bin , Yuan Ya‐Juan
Published: April 2019

We present new detrital zircon U–Pb chronological and whole‐rock geochemical data for the newly discovered black rock units in West Kunlun Orogen in an attempt to constrain the provenance variations of the siliciclastic rocks and the tectonic history of NW China. Geochemical data indicate these black rock units could have formed in an active continental margin to continental arc setting during the Late Ordovician and source rocks could have undergone modest chemical weathering under a relatively warm and humid climate during the deposition of the black rock units. U–Pb dating of 170 detrital zircons defines five major age populations at 459–545 Ma, 710–900 Ma, 1,300–900 Ma, 1,814–1,641 Ma, and 2,153–2,845 Ma, demonstrating that the black rock units deposited during the Late Ordovician and the tectonic events that occurred in the West Kunlun Orogen were related to the assembly and breakup of the supercontinents of Columbia and Rodinia. Prevalence of Early Palaeozoic magmatic zircons further indicates the black rock units were derived from a proximal source, most likely from the South Kunlun arc.
Diversity in the oligodendrocyte lineage: Plasticity or heterogeneity?
Authors: Foerster Sarah , Hill Myfanwy F. E. , Franklin Robin J. M.
Published: April 2019

Heterogeneity is a widely recognized phenomenon within the majority of cell types in the body including cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The heterogeneity of neurons based on their distinct transmission modes and firing patterns has been recognized for decades, and is necessary to coordinate the immense variety of functions of the CNS. More recently, heterogeneity in glial cells has been identified, including heterogeneity in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocytes. OPC subpopulations have been described based on their developmental origin, anatomical location in the grey or white matter, and expression of surface receptors. Oligodendrocytes are categorised according to differences in gene expression, myelinogenic potential, and axon specificity. Much of what is described as heterogeneity in oligodendrocyte lineage cells (OLCs) is based on phenotypic differences. However, without evidence for functional differences between putative subgroups of OLCs, distinguishing heterogeneity from plasticity and lineage state is difficult. Identifying functional differences between phenotypically distinct groups are therefore necessary for a deeper understanding of the role of OLCs in health and disease.