bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Patients Experiencing Opioid‐Induced Respiratory Depression During Recovery From Anesthesia: The Application of Electronic Monitoring Devices
Authors: Jungquist Carla R. , Chandola Varun , Spulecki Cheryl , Nguyen Kenneth V. , Crescenzi Paul , Tekeste Dejen , Sayapaneni Phani Ram
Published: May 2019

Background

Postsurgical patients experiencing opioid‐related adverse drug events have 55% longer hospital stays, 47% higher costs associated with their care, 36% increased risk of 30‐day readmission, and 3.4 times higher risk of inpatient mortality compared to those with no opioid‐related adverse drug events. Most of the adverse events are preventable.

General Aim

This study explored three types of electronic monitoring devices (pulse oximetry, capnography, and minute ventilation [MV]) to determine which were more effective at identifying the patient experiencing respiratory compromise and, further, to determine whether algorithms could be developed from the electronic monitoring data to aid in earlier detection of respiratory depression.

Materials and Methods

A study was performed in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) in an inner city. Sixty patients were recruited in the preoperative admissions department on the day of their surgery. Forty‐eight of the 60 patients wore three types of electronic monitoring devices while they were recovering from back, neck, hip, or knee surgery. Machine learning models were used for the analysis.

Results

Twenty‐four of the 48 patients exhibited sustained signs of opioid‐induced respiratory depression (OIRD). Although the SpO2 values did not change, end‐tidal CO2 levels increased, and MV decreased, representing hypoventilation. A machine learning model was able to predict an OIRD event 10 min before the actual event occurred with 80% accuracy.

Linking Evidence to Action

Electronic monitoring devices are currently used as a tool to assess respiratory status using thresholds to distinguish when respiratory depression has occurred. This study introduces a potential paradigm shift from a reactive approach to a proactive approach that would identify a patient at high risk for OIRD. Capnography and MV were found to be effective tools in detecting respiratory compromise in the PACU.
Stable-Isotope Probing-Enabled Cultivation of the Indigenous Bacterium
Ralstonia
sp. Strain M1, Capable of Degrading Phenanthrene and Biphenyl in Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Li Jibing , Luo Chunling , Zhang Dayi , Cai Xixi , Jiang Longfei , Zhang Gan
Published: May 2019

The comprehensive treatment of wastewater in industrial parks suffers from the presence of multiple persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which reduce the activity of activated sludge and are difficult to eliminate. Characterizing and applying active bacterial degraders metabolizing multiple POPs therefore helps to reveal the mechanisms of synergistic metabolism and to improve wastewater treatment efficiency in industrial parks. To date, SIP studies have successfully investigated the biodegradation of PAHs or PCBs in real-world habitats. DNA-SIP facilitates the isolation of target microorganisms that pose environmental concerns. Here, an indigenous phenanthrene (PHE)- and biphenyl (BP)-degrading strain in wastewater,
Ralstonia pickettii
M1, was isolated via a cultivation-dependent method, and its role in PHE and BP degradation was confirmed by DNA-SIP. Our study provides a routine protocol for the application of DNA-SIP in the isolation of the active functional degraders from an environment.
A Novel Regulated Hybrid Promoter That Permits Autoinduction of Heterologous Protein Expression in Kluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Sakhtah Hassan , Behler Juliane , Ali-Reynolds Alana , Causey Thomas B. , Vainauskas Saulius , Taron Christopher H.
Published: May 2019

The yeast
Kluyveromyces lactis
is an important host for the expression of recombinant proteins at both laboratory and industrial scales. However, the system lacks a tightly regulated promoter that permits controlled expression of heterologous proteins. In this study, we report the engineering of a highly regulated strong hybrid promoter (termed P
350
) for use in
K. lactis
. P
350
is tightly repressed by glucose or glycerol in the medium but strongly promotes gene expression once the carbon source has been consumed by the cells. This feature permits heterologous protein expression to be “autoinduced” at any scale without the addition of a gratuitous inducer molecule or changing feed solutions.
Adult height is associated with risk of cancer and mortality in 5.5 million Swedish women and men
Authors: Benyi Emelie , Linder Marie , Adami Johanna , Kieler Helle , Palme Mårten , Sävendahl Lars
Published: May 2019

Background

Previous studies have indicated that taller individuals are at greater risk of developing cancer. Death from cancer and other specific causes have also been linked to height, but the results have been inconclusive. We aimed to shed further light on the associations between height, cancer incidence and mortality.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide, population-based prospective cohort study, including 5.5 million Swedish women and men (aged 20–74). They were followed over a period of up to 54 years. Heights were retrieved from national registers (mainly the Passport Register where heights are most often self-reported). The risks of overall and specific cancers, as well as overall and cause-specific mortality, were presented as HR with 95% CIs per 10 cm increase in height.

Results

A total of 278 299 cases of cancer and 139 393 cases of death were identified. For overall cancer, HR was 1.19 (1.18–1.20) in women and 1.11 (1.10–1.12) in men for every 10 cm increase in height. All 15 specific cancer types were positively associated with height—most strongly for malignant melanoma in both genders, with HRs of 1.39 (1.35–1.43) in women and 1.34 (1.30–1.38) in men. For overall mortality, HR was 0.98 (0.97–0.99) in women and 0.91 (0.90–0.92) in men for every 10 cm increase in height. Cancer mortality was increased in taller individuals, with HR 1.15 (1.13–1.17) in women and 1.05 (1.03–1.07) in men for every 10 cm increase in height, whereas shorter individuals had increased overall mortality due to a number of other causes, such as cardiovascular disease.

Conclusion

Overall and specific cancer risks, particularly malignant melanoma, were positively associated with height. Cancer mortality also increased with height. In contrast, overall mortality was decreased with height, particularly in men due to inverse associations with height for other causes of death.
Heat-moulded versus custom-made mandibular advancement devices for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised non-inferiority trial
Authors: Pépin Jean Louis , Raymond Nathalie , Lacaze Olivier , Aisenberg Nathalie , Forcioli Jérôme , Bonte Eric , Bourdin Arnaud , Launois Sandrine , Tamisier Renaud , Molinari Nicolas
Published: May 2019

Rationale

Custom-made mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are reported as providing higher efficacy rates compared with thermoplastic heat-moulded MADs but at the price of higher costs and treatment delays.

Objective

To determine whether a thermoplastic heat-moulded titratable MAD (ONIRIS; ONIRIS SAS, Rueil Malmaison, France) is non-inferior to a custom-made acrylic titratable MAD (TALI; ONIRIS SAS, Rueil Malmaison, France) for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).

Methods

We conducted a multicentre, open, randomised controlled trial of patients with OSA refusing or not tolerating continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Participants were randomly assigned to a thermoplastic heat-moulded titratable device or a custom-made acrylic device for 2 months with stratification by centre and OSA severity. The non-inferiority primary outcome was a ≥50% reduction in apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) or achieving AHI <10 events/hour at 2 months. The non-inferiority margin was preset as a difference between groups of 20% for the primary outcome in the per-protocol analysis.

Main results

Of 198 patients (mean age 51 [SD, 12] years; 138 [72.6%] men; mean body mass index 26 [SD, 2.7] kg/m2; mean AHI 26.6/hour [SD, 10.4]), 100 received TALI and 98 ONIRIS. In per-protocol analysis, the response rate was 51.7% in the TALI group versus 53.6% in the ONIRIS group (absolute difference 1.9%; 90% CI: 11% to 15%, within the non-inferiority margin). Effectiveness was the same for severity, symptoms, quality of life and blood pressure reduction. Patients in ONIRIS group reported more side effects and adherence was slightly better with TALI.

Conclusion

In patients with OSA refusing or not tolerating CPAP, the thermoplastic heat-moulded titratable MAD was non-inferior in the short-term to the custom-made acrylic MAD.

Trial registration number

NCT02348970.
Comparative anatomy of the fig wall (Ficus, Moraceae)
Authors: Fan Kang-Yu , Bain Anthony , Tzeng Hsy-Yu , Chiang Yun-Peng , Chou Lien-Siang , Kuo-Huang Ling-Long
Published: May 2019

The genus Ficus is unique in that it has a closed inflorescence (fig) holding all of the flowers inside its cavity, which is isolated from the outside world by a fleshy barrier: the fig wall. The fig wall is the main structure of the fig, giving its shape, but the wall has also important ecological functions such as protection of fig seeds and fig wasp larvae. Nevertheless, the fig wall anatomy is poorly understood. This study aims to examine the fig wall anatomy of 22 Ficus taxa (21 species, one species having two varieties) in Taiwan to reveal the diversity in anatomy of the fig wall. We found that these 21 fig species exhibited a great variety in fig wall anatomy, from the simplest parenchymatic wall to complex fig walls. The walls of the figs from 12 sampled taxa developed aerenchyma and sclerenchyma formations whereas seven taxa had fig walls containing tanniferous cells. Five anatomical types of fig walls have been identified according to the presence or absence of the different differentiated tissues. These types are distributed among the Ficus subgenera. Further studies on tissue differentiations of the fig wall should be investigated in other Ficus species as well as the ecological functions of the fig wall.
Macromodel of G4FET Enabling Fast and Reliable SPICE Simulation for Innovative Circuit Applications
Authors: Hasan Md Sakib , Shamsir Samira , Shawkat Mst Shamim Ara , Garcia Frances , Islam Syed K. , Rose Garrett S.
Published: May 2019

A macromodel of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) four-gate transistor (G4FET) is presented in this paper to aid circuit designers to explore innovative applications circuit with this multi-gate transistor. A number of works based on analytical solution, numerical simulation and experimental results of G4FET have been previously reported. However, designing new interesting circuits with G4FETs requires a SPICE model that will work sufficiently well throughout the desired operating regions. Although it is theoretically possible to solve coupled non-linear differential equations to explore different operating conditions, this will take an excessive amount of time making it unsuitable for useful circuit design. Therefore, a macromodel approach is adopted in this work to provide a reasonably fast and accurate circuit simulation. G4FET combines the functionality of MOSFET and JFET devices which already have robust, fast and reliable SPICE models. A macromodel approach which is capable of combining these existing models including the interactions between multiple gates will be beneficial for any circuit designer. The feasibility of the macromodel is justified by simulating several analog and digital circuits and comparing against available experimental results.
Interaction Length for Dislocations in Compositionally-Graded Heterostructures
Authors: Cai Minglei , Kujofsa Tedi , Chen Xinkang , Islam Md Tanvirul , Ayers John E.
Published: May 2019

Several simple models have been developed for the threading dislocation behavior in heteroepitaxial semiconductor materials. Tachikawa and Yamaguchi [Appl. Phys. Lett., 56, 484 (1990)] and Romanov et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, 3342 (1996)] described models for the annihilation and coalescence of threading dislocations in uniform-composition layers, and Kujofsa et al. [J. Electron. Mater., 41, 2993 (2013)] extended the annihilation and coalescence model to compositionally-graded and multilayered structures by including the misfit dislocation-threading dislocation interactions. However, an important limitation of these previous models is that they involve empirical parameters. The goal of this work is to develop a predictive model for annihilation and coalescence of threading dislocations which is based on the dislocation interaction length Lint. In the first case if only in-plane glide is considered the interaction length is equal to the length of misfit dislocation segments while in the second case glide and climb are considered and the interaction length is a function of the distance from the interface, the length of misfit dislocations, and the density of the misfit dislocations. In either case the interaction length may be calculated using a model for dislocation flow. Knowledge of the dislocation interaction length allows predictive calculations of the threading dislocation densities in metamorphic device structures and is of great practical importance. Here we demonstrate the latter model based on glide and climb. Future work should compare the two models to determine which is more relevant to typical device heterostructures.
Optimization of Graded Buffer Layers for Metamorphic Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Kujofsa Tedi , Cai Minglei , Chen Xinkang , Islam Md Tanvirul , Ayers John E.
Published: May 2019

Metamorphic semiconductor devices such as high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, and solar cells are grown on mismatched substrates and typically exhibit a high degree of lattice relaxation. In order to minimize the incorporation of threading defects it is common to use a linearly-graded buffer layer to accommodate the mismatch between the substrate and device layers. However, some work has suggested that buffer layers with non-linear grading could offer superior performance in terms of limiting the surface density of threading defects. In this work, we have compared S-graded buffer layers with different orders and thicknesses. To do so we calculated the expected surface threading dislocation density for each buffer design assuming a GaAs (001) substrate. The threading dislocation densities were calculated using the LMD model, in which the coefficient for second-order annihilation and coalescence reactions between threading dislocations is considered to be equal to the length of misfit dislocations.
Twin Drain Quantum Well/Quantum Dot Channel Spatial Wave-Function Switched (SWS) FETs for Multi-Valued Logic and Compact DRAMs
Authors: Salama Husien , Saman Bandar , Heller Evan , Gudlavalleti Raja Hari , Mays Roman , Jain Faquir
Published: May 2019

This paper aims to design and simulate a compact dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell using two-channel spatial wavefunction switched (SWS) field-effect transistor (FET) and two capacitors. One unit of a SWSFET based DRAM cell stores 2-bits, which reduces the overall cell area by 50% as compared to a conventional 1-bit DRAM cell. SWSFETs have two or more vertically stacked quantum well channels as the transport layer between source and drain. In a two quantum channel n-SWSFET, as the gate voltage is raised above threshold, electrons appear in the lower quantum well W2 and this inversion channel connects Source S2 to drain D2. As the gate voltage is further increased, electrons transfer to upper quantum well W1 and now source S1 and drain D1 are connected electrically. Spatial location of electrons allows us to encode as 4 logic states: no electrons 00, electrons in W2 01, electrons is both wells 10 and electrons in well W1. This property of the SWSFET has been shown to implement multi-valued logic circuits. A SWSFET may have 2-4 sources and drains independently operated or connected together depending upon the logic circuit implementation.
Roles of sterile neutrinos in particle physics and cosmology
Authors: Kang Sin Kyu
Published: May 2019

The impacts of the light sterile neutrino hypothesis in particle physics and cosmology are reviewed. The observed short baseline neutrino anomalies challenging the standard explanation of neutrino oscillations within the framework of three active neutrinos are addressed. It is shown that they can be interpreted as the experimental hints pointing towards the existence of sterile neutrino at the eV scale. While the electron neutrino appearance and disappearance data are in favor of such a sterile neutrino, the muon disappearance data disfavor it, which gives rise to a strong appearance–disappearance tension. After a brief review on the cosmological effects of light sterile neutrinos, proposed signatures of light sterile neutrinos in the existing cosmological data are discussed. The keV-scale sterile neutrinos as possible dark matter candidates are also discussed by reviewing different mechanisms of how they can be produced in the early Universe and how their properties can be constrained by several cosmological observations. We give an overview of the possibility that keV-scale sterile neutrino can be a good DM candidate and play a key role in achieving low-scale leptogenesis simultaneously by introducing a model where an extra light sterile neutrino is added on top of type I seesaw model.
On 3-linear varieties of codimension 2
Authors: Lee Wanseok , Park Euisung
Published: May 2019

A projective variety in a projective space is said to be [Formula: see text]-linear if it is [Formula: see text]-regular and has no defining equation of degree [Formula: see text]. It is well known that [Formula: see text]-linear varieties are exactly varieties of minimal degree. In this paper, we study [Formula: see text]-linear varieties of codimension [Formula: see text]. We classify all smooth [Formula: see text]-linear varieties of codimension 2. There are six kinds of such varieties. Also, we provide some nonconic singular [Formula: see text]-linear varieties of codimension [Formula: see text].
The norm of p-decomposable residuals of all subgroups in a finite group
Authors: Fu Chengbo , Shen Zhencai , Yan Quanfu
Published: May 2019

For a finite group [Formula: see text], we define the subgroup [Formula: see text] to be the intersection of the normalizers of the [Formula: see text]-decomposable residuals of all subgroups of [Formula: see text] for a prime [Formula: see text]. Set [Formula: see text]. Define [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] By [Formula: see text] denote the terminal term of the ascending series. It is proved that [Formula: see text] if and only if the [Formula: see text]-decomposable residual [Formula: see text] is nilpotent. Furthermore, if the index of [Formula: see text] is co-prime with [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]-solvable with [Formula: see text].
2018 SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contributions Award
Authors: Zhong Lin
Published: May 2019

Dr. Teresa H. Meng is the 2018 SIGMOBILE Outstanding Contributions Award recipient. She is a pioneer of radio hardware design and implementation for wireless localarea network (LAN). Her groundbreaking research, engineering and leadership at Atheros made Wi-Fi faster, lower power, and cheaper; as a result, Wi-Fi technology today is ubiquitous. When founding Atheros twenty years ago, Dr. Meng expounded three revolutionary ideas
RuntimeDroid
Authors: Farooq Umar , Zhao Zhijia
Published: May 2019

Portable devices, like smartphones and tablets, are often subject to higher frequency of configuration changes, such as screen orientation changes, screen resizing, keyboard attachments, and language switching. Since the changes can happen at runtime while users interact with the devices, they are referred to as runtime changes. Recent studies have shown that runtime changes happen regularly as users operate their apps. For example, on average, users change the orientation of their devices every five minutes accumulatively over sessions of the same app [1]. For multilingual or tablet users, changing the language setting or attaching an external keyboard is often desired [2,3]. As newer versions of Android systems with multiwindow supports are adopted, it is projected that runtime changes will happen more frequently. Each time a user drags the boundary between two split windows, a runtime change would be triggered [4].
Augmented Vehicular Reality
Authors: Qiu Hang , Ahmad Fawad , Bai Fan , Gruteser Marco , Govindan Ramesh
Published: May 2019

Autonomous vehicle prototypes today come with line-of-sight depth perception sensors like 3D cameras. These 3D sensors are used for improving vehicular safety in autonomous driving, but have fundamentally limited visibility due to occlusions, sensing range, and extreme weather and lighting conditions. To improve visibility and performance, we explore a capability called Augmented Vehicular Reality (AVR). AVR broadens the vehicle's visual horizon by enabling it to wirelessly share visual information with other nearby vehicles. We show that AVR is feasible using off-the-shelf wireless technologies, and it can qualitatively change the decisions made by autonomous vehicle path planning algorithms. Our AVR prototype achieves positioning accuracies that are within a few percentages of car lengths and lane widths, and it is optimized to process frames at 30fps.
Modeling and Estimation for Advanced Battery Management
Authors: Lin Xinfan , Kim Youngki , Mohan Shankar , Siegel Jason B. , Stefanopoulou Anna G.
Published: May 2019

The commercialization of lithium-ion batteries enabled the widespread use of portable consumer electronics and serious efforts to electrify trans-portation. Managing the potent brew of lithium-ion batteries in the large quantities necessary for vehicle propulsion is still challenging. From space applications a billion miles from Earth to the daily commute of a hybrid electric automobile, these batteries require sophisticated battery management systems based on accurate estimation of battery internal states. This system is the brain of the battery and is responsible for estimating the state of charge, state of health, state of power, and temperature. The state estimation relies on accurate prediction of complex electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical phenomena, which increases the importance of model and parameter accuracy. Moreover, as the batteries age, how should the parameters of the model change to accurately represent the performance, and how can we leverage the limited sensor information from the measured terminal voltage and sparse surface temperatures available in a battery system? With a frugal sensor set, what is the optimal sensor placement? This article reviews estimation techniques and error bounds regarding sensor noise and modeling errors, and concludes with an outlook on the research that will be necessary to enable fast charging, repurposing of batteries for grid energy storage, degradation prediction, and fault detection.
Upward resetting of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex in middle-aged male runners
Authors: Wakeham Denis J. , Lord Rachel N. , Talbot Jack S. , Lodge Freya M. , Curry Bryony A. , Dawkins Tony G. , Simpson Lydia L. , Shave Rob E. , Pugh Christopher J. A. , Moore Jonathan P.
Published: May 2019

This study focused on the influence of habitual endurance exercise training (i.e., committed runner or nonrunner) on the regulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and arterial pressure in middle-aged (50 to 63 yr, n = 23) and younger (19 to 30 yr; n = 23) normotensive men. Hemodynamic and neurophysiological assessments were performed at rest. Indices of vascular sympathetic baroreflex function were determined from the relationship between spontaneous changes in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and MSNA. Large vessel arterial stiffness and left ventricular stroke volume also were measured. Paired comparisons were performed within each age category. Mean arterial pressure and basal MSNA bursts/min were not different between age-matched runners and nonrunners. However, MSNA bursts/100 heartbeats, an index of baroreflex regulation of MSNA (vascular sympathetic baroreflex operating point), was higher for middle-aged runners ( P = 0.006), whereas this was not different between young runners and nonrunners. The slope of the DBP-MSNA relationship (vascular sympathetic baroreflex gain) was not different between groups in either age category. Aortic pulse wave velocity was lower for runners of both age categories ( P < 0.03), although carotid β-stiffness was lower only for middle-aged runners ( P = 0.04). For runners of both age categories, stroke volume was larger, whereas heart rate was lower (both P < 0.01). In conclusion, we suggest that neural remodeling and upward setting of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex compensates for cardiovascular adaptations after many years committed to endurance exercise training, presumably to maintain arterial blood pressure stability.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise training reduces muscle sympathetic burst activity in disease; this is often extrapolated to infer a similar effect in health. We demonstrate that burst frequency of middle-aged and younger men committed to endurance training is not different compared with age-matched casual exercisers. Notably, well-trained, middle-aged runners display similar arterial pressure but higher sympathetic burst occurrence than untrained peers. We suggest that homeostatic plasticity and upward setting of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex maintains arterial pressure stability following years of training.
The Effects of Lysimachia christinae Hance Extract Fractions on Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilatation
Authors: Zhang Fei-xue , Liu Xiu-fen , Ke Zhi-qiang , Wu Ning-hua , Chen Hong-guang , Liu Chao
Published: May 2019

Background: Endothelium-dependent dilatation is a predictor for vascular function. NADPH oxidase-derived O2– can inactivate nitric oxide and induce vascular injury. Method: The crude ethanolic extract of Lysimachia christinae Hance were separated out 4 fractions of different olarities by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol (NB), and aqueous. The endothelial integrity was appraised by vascular tension measurement. Dihydroethidium was utilized to observe the vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Western-blot was adopted to detect protein expression. Results: Among the 4 fractions of L. christinae Hance, the NB fraction showed the most potent capacity of promoting endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation and inhibiting ROS formation in aortic rings, which were likely attributed by suppressing the expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit (gp91phox, p47phox, and p67phox) and enhancing the phosphorylation of endothelial NOS in vascular tone. Conclusions: These results suggest that the NB fraction possess the strongest vascular pharmacological activities among the crude ethanolic extract of L. christinae Hance, which may help us for purifying bioactive constituents and discovering new drugs from this herb in future.
Hypertension Incidence Risk in a Cohort of Russian Workers Exposed to Radiation at the Mayak Production Association Over Prolonged Periods
Authors: Azizova Tamara , Briks Ksenia , Bannikova Maria , Grigoryeva Evgeniya
Published: May 2019

The study was aimed to assess hypertension incidence risk in a cohort of workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation. The cohort included workers of Russian Mayak nuclear enterprise who were employed in 1948 to 1982 and followed up until December 31, 2013 (22 377 workers). All workers were occupationally exposed to external γ-rays and some (76.03%) also to α-particles from internally deposited plutonium. Mean cumulative absorbed liver doses from external γ-rays (mean±SD) were 0.45±0.65 Gy in male and 0.37±0.56 Gy in female, whereas doses from internal α-particles were 0.23±0.65 and 0.44±1.93 Gy in males and females, respectively. An excess relative risk per unit dose was calculated based on Poisson regression analysis and was described as linear and nonlinear trends with radiation dose including adjustments for nonradiation factors via stratifications. As of the end of the follow-up period, 8425 hypertension cases (38% of workers) were verified in the cohort (5745 cases in males [36%] and 2680 cases in females [49%]). Hypertension incidence was found to be significantly linearly associated with cumulative liver absorbed dose from external γ-rays: excess relative risk/Gy=0.14 (95% CI, 0.09–0.20). No significant association of hypertension incidence with cumulative liver absorbed dose from internal α-particles was found: excess relative risk/Gy=−0.01 (95% CI, non-available–0.05). Hypertension incidence risk in the study cohort was higher than that in the Japanese cohort of atomic bomb survivors (AHS [Adult Health Study]) but lower than a corresponding estimate for Chernobyl clean-up workers.
Remembrance of the Nanjing Massacre in the Globalised Era: The Memory of Victimisation, Emotions and the Rise of China
Authors: Qian Fengqi , Liu Guo-Qiang
Published: May 2019

Victimisation is a pivotal theme in China’s new remembering of its War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. While much of the world is talking about the rise of China, why are the Chinese still looking back to the nation’s sufferings in the past? This article investigates the development and dissemination of China’s collective memory of wartime victimisation, through a case study of the Nanjing Massacre Memorial. The article examines the ‘presentist’ use of the collective memory of victimisation in China’s era of opening up. It argues that the collective memory of victimisation is an emotional memory, evoked by new nationalism thinking, and is therefore a contextual dimension of China’s self-presentation today. The development as well as the dissemination of this memory parallels the path of China’s rise to become a world power. The Nanjing Massacre Memorial showcases the way in which the collective memory of victimisation is shaped and disseminated under the Communist Party to promote China’s national aspirations and legitimise China’s claims in the contemporary world.
Enhanced mechanical, electrical and corrosion characteristics of Al-CNTs-Nb composite processed via spark plasma sintering for conductor core
Authors: Ujah Chika , Popoola Patricia , Popoola Olawale , Aigbodion Victor
Published: May 2019

Monolithic aluminium has low density and high conductivity required in transmission conductors. However, it lacks the requisite strength necessary for long space crossing. To augment the strength, it needs to be reinforced with adequate materials. So, this work is focused on spark plasma sintering of Al-CNTs-Nb composite for power transmission conductor core. Spark plasma sintering of the samples was carried out with pre-determined optimum sintering parameters. After the sintering, the density of the sintered samples was calculated using Archimedes principle, while the micro hardness was tested with Vickers hardness tester. The polarisation test was carried out with Autolab (PGSTAT302N), while the electrical conductivity was tested with four-point probe meter. The results gave a 37% improvement in micro hardness and 30% increase in tensile strength with Al-8CNTs-1Nb. Al-1CNTs-4Nb gave the best corrosion characteristics of 51% and 57% improvements in corrosion rates and 443% and 323% improvements in polarisation resistance in NaCl and H2SO4 media, respectively. Electrical conductivity showed a little increase by 2%. In all, it is evident that this composite is a suitable material for power transmission conductor core for upgrading the power grid.
Nanogel-Based Filler-Matrix Interphase for Polymerization Stress Reduction
Authors: Fronza B.M. , Rad I.Y. , Shah P.K. , Barros M.D. , Giannini M. , Stansbury J.W.
Published: May 2019

A novel filler-resin matrix interphase structure was developed and evaluated for dental composite restoratives. Nanogel additives were chemically attached to the filler surface to use this created interphase as a potential source of compliance to minimize stress development during polymerization. In addition, we evaluated the effects of free nanogel dispersion into the resin matrix, combined or not with nanogel-modified fillers. Nanogels with varied characteristics were synthesized (i.e., size, 5 and 11 nm; glass transition temperature, 28 °C to 65 °C). Glass fillers were treated with trimethoxyvinylsilane and further reacted with thiol-functionalized nanogels via a free radical thiol-ene reaction. γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane-surface treated fillers were used as a control. Composites were formulated with BisGMA/TEGDMA resin blend with 60 wt% fillers with nanogel-modified fillers and/or free nanogel additives at 15 wt% in the resin phase. Polymerization kinetics, polymerization stress, volumetric shrinkage, and rheological and mechanical properties were evaluated to provide comprehensive characterization. Nanogel-modified fillers significantly reduced the polymerization stress from 2.2 MPa to 1.7 to 1.4 MPa, resulting in 20% stress reduction. A significantly greater nanogel content was required to generate the same magnitude stress reduction when the nanogels were dispersed only in the resin phase. When the nanogel-modified filler surface treatment and resin-dispersed nanogel strategies were combined, there was a stress reduction of 50% (values of 1.2 to 1.1 MPa). Polymerization rate and volumetric shrinkage were significantly reduced for systems with nanogel additives into the resin. Notably, the flexural modulus of the materials was not compromised, although a slight reduction in flexural strength associated with the nanogel-modified interphase was observed. Overall, modest amounts of free nanogel additives in the resin phase can be effectively combined with a limited nanogel content filler-resin interphase to lower volumetric shrinkage and dramatically reduce overall polymerization stress of composites.
IL-37- and IL-35/IL-37-Producing Plasma Cells in Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Jing L. , Kim S. , Sun L. , Wang L. , Mildner E. , Divaris K. , Jiao Y. , Offenbacher S.
Published: May 2019

Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases and is induced by the interaction between oral microorganisms and the host immune system. Plasma cells are of special interest in chronic periodontitis (CP), as they represent ~50% of infiltrated immune cells in periodontal lesions. Plasma cells constitute the only known cell type capable of antibody production; however, recent evidence supports an emerging role for distinct sets of plasma cells in cytokine production. However, the presence of cytokine-producing plasma cells in CP is unknown. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to detect significantly elevated levels of IL-35 and IL-37 (2 recently identified anti-inflammatory cytokines) in CP gingival tissue as compared with healthy tissue. Remarkably, we demonstrate that CD138+ CD38+ plasma cells are the major immune cell type in CP gingival tissues and that these cells produce IL-35 and IL-37. We used immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analysis to identify a subset of plasma cells with robust cytoplasmic expression of IL-37—we denote this subset as IL-37-producing plasma cells (CD138+CD38+PIL-37). Another subset of plasma cells coproduces IL-35 and IL-37 and is denoted as IL-37/IL-35-coproducing plasma cells (CD138+CD38+PIL-35/IL-37). We determined that these 2 plasma cell subsets are IgG+plasma cells. Moreover, we show that human recombinant IL-35 and IL-37 exhibit a dose-dependent inhibition of osteoclast formation in vitro (~78.9% and 97.7% inhibition in 300 ng/mL of IL-35 and IL-37, respectively, P < 0.05). Overall, our findings suggest that PIL-37 and PIL-35/IL-37 exist as subsets of plasma cells in CP lesions and that these 2 new types of plasma cells may regulate periodontitis pathogenesis by inhibiting alveolar bone loss through directly blocking osteoclast formation. Importantly, these data suggest a novel role of plasma cells and offer potential new mechanistic and regulatory targets to be investigated in the context of periodontal health and disease.
Knowing What It Makes: How Product Transformation Salience Increases Recycling
Authors: Winterich Karen Page , Nenkov Gergana Y. , Gonzales Gabriel E.
Published: May 2019

Recycling campaigns abound, but do consumers think about what becomes of those recyclables? This research proposes that product transformation salience (thinking about recyclables turning into new products) increases recycling. The authors theorize that consumers are inspired by the transformation of recyclables into new products and that this inspiration motivates them to recycle. The authors demonstrate the effect of product transformation messages on recycling behavior using a recycling campaign (Study 1) and advertisements for products made from recycled plastic (Study 2). Study 3 demonstrates the mediating role of inspiration. Then, three field studies provide robust support for the transformation salience effect through click-through rates for recycling advertisements (Study 4), recycling rates during pre–football game tailgating (Study 5), and a reduction in the amount of recyclable materials incorrectly placed in the landfill bin by students in a university residence hall (Study 6). The authors discuss implications for the design of recycling campaigns and positioning of recycled products in the marketplace as well as theoretical contributions regarding the roles of transformation salience and inspiration in encouraging recycling and other sustainable behaviors.
Theoretical study of the effects on yarn strength in a modified ring spinning system
Authors: Shao Ruiqi , Cheng Longdi , Xue Wenliang , Yu Yanping , Zhang Ruiyun
Published: May 2019

A modified ring spinning system using a dynamic twist-resistant device has been employed to produce yarn. The modified device blocks twist to propagate to the spinning triangle, which changes the distribution of twist in the spinning area and increases the height of the spinning triangle. In this paper, two kinds of yarn counts (30 and 40 Ne) are spun in the conventional and modified ring spinning with twist multipliers of 3.2, 3.6, and 4.0. The results show that the yarn spun by the modified ring spinning system possesses a higher strength compared with the conventional yarn except in the higher twist multiplier. The increase in yarn strength was theoretically analyzed according to the model of yarn strength. The yarn strength was calculated by considering the original fiber strain in the yarn and the fiber strain due to yarn strain. In the model, the fiber migration was considered and the fiber entanglement caused by fiber migration was ignored to simplify the calculation. Four potentially important parameters of the spinning triangle, the height of the spinning triangle, the migration coefficient, the inclination angle, and the spinning tension, were proposed and their individual and interaction effects on yarn strength were analyzed. The results demonstrate that yarn strength increased with the increase of height of the spinning triangle and the migration coefficient. The inclination angle and the spinning tension have a relatively small influence on yarn strength when the height of the spinning triangle is higher.
Individual-Level Analyses of the Impact of Parasite Stress on Personality: Reduced Openness Only for Older Individuals
Authors: Mullett Timothy L. , Brown Gordon D. A. , Fincher Corey L. , Kosinski Michal , Stillwell David
Published: May 2019

The parasite stress hypothesis predicts that individuals living in regions with higher infectious disease rates will show lower openness, agreeableness, and extraversion, but higher conscientiousness. This article, using data from more than 250,000 U.S. Facebook users, reports tests of these predictions at the level of both U.S. states and individuals and evaluates criticisms of previous findings. State-level results for agreeableness and conscientiousness are consistent with previously reported cross-national findings, but others (a significant positive correlation with extraversion and no correlation with openness) are not. However, effects of parasite stress on conscientiousness and agreeableness are not found when analyses account for the data’s hierarchical structure and include controls. We find that only openness is robustly related to parasite stress in these analyses, and we also find a significant interaction with age: Older, but not younger, inhabitants of areas of high parasite stress show lower openness. Interpretations of the findings are discussed.
The Mote (Extract)
Authors: Osadchy Mykhaylo
Published: May 2019

Mykhaylo Osadchy was born on 22 March 1936 into a collective farmer's family in the NE Ukraine and graduated from the faculty of journalism, Lvov University, in 1958. He started as an editor, then senior editor, with Lvov television, and after 1960 taught journalism at Lvov University until his arrest in August 1965. He was also a deputy secretary of the journalism department's Party organisation and in charge of ideological education.

On 18 April 1966 Osadchy was sentenced in camera for ‘anti-Soviet propaganda, nationalism and participation in a conspiracy’ to two years’ labour camp. In December 1966, a notebook with his translations from Garcia Lorca, from the work of some Baltic poets and his own poetry was confiscated. Meanwhile his first book of poetry, Misyachne pole (‘ Moonlit Field’), published by the Lvov publishing house Kamenyar, had been pulped as a result of his arrest.

After his release in August 1968 Osadchy was not restored to his post and went through several manual and clerical jobs. He continued to write poetry and in April-May 1969 completed Bil'mo (‘ The Mote’), a fictionalised memoir of his arrest, trial, and life in the labour camp.

He was arrested again in January 1972 (see INDEX no. 1, p. 87) and was sentenced in September to seven years’ imprisonment and five years’ exile for ‘anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda’. Although the investigation at his trial, held in camera in Lvov, failed to prove Osadchy's authorship of this work or its dissemination in samizdat, he was tried under article 62 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code for poems which were allegedly anti-Soviet and said to have been found in his flat at the time of his arrest.
Variability in Real-World Activity Patterns of Heavy-Duty Vehicles by Vocation
Authors: Scora George , Boriboonsomsin Kanok , Durbin Thomas D. , Johnson Kent , Yoon Seungju , Collins John , Dai Zhen
Published: May 2019

Vehicle activity is an integral component in the estimation of mobile source emissions and the study of emission inventories. In the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model and the California Air Resources Board’s (CARB’s) Emission Factor (EMFAC) model, vehicle activity is defined for source types, in which vehicles within a source type are assumed to have the same activity. In both of these models, source types for heavy-duty vehicles are limited in number and the assumption that the activity within these source types is similar may be inaccurate. The focus of this paper is to improve vehicle emission estimates by improving characterization of heavy-duty vehicle activity using vehicle vocation. This paper presents results and analysis from the collection of real-world activity data of 90 vehicles from 19 vehicle categories made up from a combination of vehicle vocation, gross vehicle weight, and geographical area— namely, line haul—out of state; line haul—in state; drayage—Northern California; drayage—Southern California; agricultural—Southern Central Valley; heavy construction; concrete mixers; food distribution; beverage distribution; local moving; airport shuttle; refuse; urban buses; express buses; freeway work; sweeping; municipal work; towing; and utility repair. Results show that real-world activity patterns of heavy-duty vehicles vary greatly by vocation and in some cases by geographic region. Vocation-specific activity information can be used to update assumptions in EPA’s MOVES model or CARB’s EMFAC model to address this variability in emission inventory development.
Design and Development of In-Vehicle Lane Departure Warning System using Standard Global Positioning System Receiver
Authors: Faizan Muhammad , Hussain Shah , Hayee M. I.
Published: May 2019

A lane departure warning system is a critical element among advanced driver-assistance systems functions, which has significant potential to reduce crashes. Generally, lane departure warning systems use image processing or optical scanning techniques to detect a lane departure. These systems have some limitations, however, such as harsh weather or irregular lane markings having a negative influence on their performance. Integrating global positioning system (GPS) and digital maps of lane-level resolution with an image processing based lane detection system can improve its efficiency but make the overall system more complex and expensive. In this paper, a lane detection method is proposed which uses a standard GPS receiver without any lane-level resolution maps. The proposed algorithm determines the lateral shift of a vehicle by comparing the vehicle’s trajectory acquired by standard GPS receiver to the reference road direction. The reference road direction is extracted from a standard digital mapping database commonly available in any navigational device containing maps with only road-level information. Extensive field tests were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed system. The field test results show that the proposed system can detect a true lane departure with an accuracy of almost 100%. Although no true lane departure was left undetected, occasional false lane departures were detected when the vehicle did not actually depart its lane. Furthermore, a modification in the proposed algorithm was also tested which has significant potential to reduce the frequency of false alarms.
Activation of Body-Worn Cameras: Variation by Officer, Over Time, and by Policing Activity
Authors: Lawrence Daniel S. , McClure David , Malm Aili , Lynch Mathew , La Vigne Nancy
Published: May 2019

This study assessed the early deployment of the Anaheim Police Department’s body-worn camera (BWC) program in 2015 by examining camera activations across officers, trends in activations over time, and how different police–community contacts predict BWC activations. These were assessed with correlational analyses among 40 BWC-equipped officers in the first 6 months of their use. Activation of the BWCs among officers varied widely, with 6-month average activations ranging from 0% to 72%. Average activation rates increased over time from 3% to 54%. Officers disproportionately activated their cameras for events related to crimes; for example, activation rates for other categories were significantly lower compared to violent crimes, with odds ratios ranging from 0.148 to 0.663. The article concludes with a discussion on how the failure to activate a BWC limits the potential benefits of the technology. While officers have considerable discretion on when to activate their BWCs, law enforcement agencies must not only train and deploy BWCs among their officers but also audit and supervise individual use to ensure successful BWC programs.