bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival of normothermic microvascular flaps after prolonged secondary ischemia: Effects of hyperbaric oxygen
Authors: Stevens Douglas M. , Weiss Denton D. , Koller Wayne A. , Bianchi David A.
Published: December 2005

Although hyperbaric oxygen has been shown to improve the survival rate of ischemic grafts and flaps of many types, it has not been studied extensively in free tissue transfer. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen on flap survival when exposed to critical combinations of primary ischemia, reperfusion, and secondary ischemia times. Unilateral abdominal adipocutaneous island flaps based on the superficial inferior epigastric vessels were raised in 133 Sprague‐Dawley rats. Primary normothermic ischemia was induced by applying a microvascular clamp to the vascular pedicle for 6 hours. The clamp was removed for 2 hours of reperfusion and then reapplied for a 6‐, 10‐, or 14‐hour period of secondary ischemia. After completion of the secondary ischemia time, the clamp was removed, and the animals were randomly assigned to one of three treatment regimens. The control animals breathed normobaric air, and the others breathed normobaric 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen (100% oxygen at the equivalent of 33 feet of seawater, 2.0 atmospheres absolute), respectively, for two periods of 90 minutes for 7 days. Flap survival was assessed at postoperative day 7 and was found to be an all‐or‐none phenomenon. Maximum likelihood‐derived survival curves were fitted to the data and used to calculate the secondary ischemic time at which 50% of the flaps survived (D50). The D50 for the air and 100% oxygen groups was 6 hours, whereas that for the hyperbaric oxygen group was 10 hours. This difference in D50 was found to be statistically significant (analysis of variance, p >0.05). Chi‐squared statistical evaluation of pooled data reaffirmed a statistically significant increase in flap survival of the animals treated with hyperbaric oxygen vs. those treated with air or 100% oxygen (p >0.03 and p >0.01, respectively). Hyperbaric oxygen enhances the tolerance of normothermic, microvascular flaps to prolonged secondary ischemia. A similar effect was not noted in the 100% oxygen group; therefore the additional expense and technology of a hyperbaric chamber system is necessary to achieve this effect. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996; 115:360–4.)
Chondrocyte volume fraction distribution in porcine septal cartilage: An initial stereoscopic evaluation
Authors: Carnevale Gregory G. , Tatum Sherard A.
Published: December 2005

This study uses stereology to determine the volume fraction distribution of chondrocytes throughout septal cartilage. En bloc submucous resection of septal cartilage from four different age groups was performed. Each age group contained three pigs. The weight, volume, and dimensions of the septi were determined. The septi were fixed, embedded in plastic, sectioned vertically at regular intervals along their anterior‐posterior axis, and stained with toluidine blue. Each section was further stratified horizontally to allow chondrocyte volume fraction changes to be observed as a function of the two‐dimensional location within the septum. The volume fraction of the chondrocytes within the septal cartilage was obtained through light microscopy and stereologic technique. Nested analysis of variance for age groups, individuals within age groups, and locations on the septum was performed. Additionally, unequal number‐comparison tests for age groups were calculated. Gross septal parameter changes regarding weight, volume, and length all increased with advancing age. Overall, chondrocyte volume fraction decreased with advancing age. Chondrocyte volume fraction was not found to vary along the anterior‐posterior axis or along the vertical axis. Stereologic methodology is an unbiased, simple, and efficient technique to understand the distribution of cells within a tissue. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;115:365–9.)
How effective is the MERCOSUR's network of protected areas in representing South America's ecoregions?
Authors: Soutullo Alvaro , Gudynas Eduardo
Published: December 2005

We evaluate the effectiveness of the MERCOSUR's network of protected areas in representing South America's ecoregions. The region contains 1,219 non-overlapping protected areas covering nearly 2,000,000 km2. Fifty percent of the reserves are <100 km2 and 75% <1,000 km2. Less than a half of the 75 ecoregions in the MERCOSUR have at least 10% of their area within protected areas, and only 13 when just reserves in IUCN categories I–IV are considered. In general, forests are better represented than other biomes. At the national level the network of protected areas in Uruguay is the least developed in the region, with those of Bolivia and Chile the most developed. For 10% of each ecoregion to be protected at least another 500,000 km2 would have to be incorporated into the network. Such expansion would be more efficient if conservation priorities are identified using a regional approach. This is of particular relevance for the cost-efficient protection of the 20 ecoregions that are shared by two or more countries. While only c. 20% of the ecoregions found in Brazil are shared with other countries, >75% of the ecoregions in Bolivia, c. 70% in Argentina, >60% in Chile, and all the ecoregions in Paraguay and Uruguay are shared with other countries. Overall, although it currently covers 14% of the region, the network of protected areas of the MERCOSUR still performs poorly in protecting its ecoregions.
Climate change and the epidemiology of protostrongylid nematodes in northern ecosystems:Parelaphostrongylus odocoileiandProtostrongylus stilesiin Dall's sheep (Ovis d. dalli)
Authors: JENKINS E. J. , VEITCH A. M. , KUTZ S. J. , HOBERG E. P. , POLLEY L.
Published: December 2005

We describe the epidemiology of the protostrongylid parasitesParelaphostrongylus odocoileiandProtostrongylus stilesiin Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada (65 °N; 128 °W). Peak numbers of 1st-stage larvae of both parasites were shed by Dall's sheep on their winter range from March until May. In larval development experiments in the Mackenzie Mountains, peak numbers of infective 3rd-stage larvae ofP. odocoileiwere available in gastropod intermediate hosts in August–September. For both protostrongylids, the majority of transmission likely occurs on the winter range, with infection of gastropods when they emerge from hibernation in spring, and infection of Dall's sheep upon their return in fall. We validated a degree-day model for temperature-dependent development of larvalP. odocoileiin gastropods, and applied degree-day models to describe and predict spatial and temporal patterns in development ofP. odocoileiandP. stilesiin northern North America. Temperature-dependent larval development may currently limit northward range expansion ofP. odocoileiinto naïve populations of Dall's sheep in the Arctic, but climate warming may soon eliminate such constraints. In Subarctic regions where bothP. odocoileiandP. stilesiare endemic, the length of the parasite ‘growing season’ (when temperatures were above the threshold for larval development) and amount of warming available for parasite development has increased over the last 50 years. Further climate warming and extension of the seasonal window for transmission may lead to amplification of parasite populations and disease outbreaks in host populations.
Tight binding between a pool of the heterodimeric α/β tubulin and a protein kinase CK2 inTrypanosoma cruziepimastigotes
Authors: DE LIMA A. R. , MEDINA R. , UZCANGA G. L. , NORIS SUÁREZ K. , CONTRERAS V. T. , NAVARRO M. C. , ARTEAGA R. , BUBIS J.
Published: December 2005

Tubulin is the predominant phosphoprotein inTrypanosoma cruziepimastigotes and is phosphorylated by a protein kinase CK2. Interestingly, the presence or absence of divalent cations affected the solubilization of a pool of the parasite tubulin and the CK2 responsible for its phosphorylation. This fraction of tubulin and its kinase co-eluted using phosphocellulose, DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-300 chromatographies. Anti-α tubulin antibodies co-immunoprecipitated both tubulin and the CK2 responsible for its phosphorylation, and anti-CK2 α-subunit antibodies immunoprecipitated radioactively labelled α and β tubulin from phosphorylated epimastigote homogenates. Additionally, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified and radioactively labelled fraction containing tubulin and its kinase demonstrated the phosphorylation of a unique band that reacted with both anti-CK2 α-subunit and anti-tubulin antibodies. Together, these results establish a strong interaction between a pool of the heterodimeric α/β tubulin and a CK2 in this parasite. Hydrodynamic measurements indicated that theT. cruzitubulin-CK2 complex is globular with an estimated size of 145·4–147·5 kDa.
Insights into the epidemiology and genetic make-up ofOesophagostomum bifurcumfrom human and non-human primates using molecular tools
Authors: GASSER R. B. , GRUIJTER J. M. de , POLDERMAN A. M.
Published: December 2005

The nodule wormOesophagostomum bifurcum(Nematoda: Strongylida) is a parasite of major human health importance predominantly in northern Togo and Ghana. Currently, it is estimated that 0·25 million people are infected with this nematode, and at least 1 million people are at risk of infection. Infection with this parasite causes significant disease as a consequence of encysted larvae in the wall of the large intestine. In spite of the health problems caused byO. bifurcum, there have been significant gaps in the knowledge of the biology, transmission and population genetics of the parasite. This review provides an account of some recent insights into the epidemiology and genetics of the parasite from human and non-human primate hosts in specific regions of Africa using molecular tools. Recent research findings are discussed mainly in relation to non-human primates being reservoirs of infection, and the consequences for the prevention and control of oesophagostomiasis in humans are briefly discussed.
Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in metropolitan China
Authors: SHEN YU-CUN , ZHANG MING-YUAN , HUANG YUE-QIN , HE YAN-LING , LIU ZHAO-RUI , CHENG HUI , TSANG ADLEY , LEE SING , KESSLER RONALD C.
Published: December 2005

Background. Psychiatric epidemiological surveys in China have repeatedly found much lower prevalence estimates than in most other parts of the world.

Method. Face-to-face household interviews of 5201 subjects (2633 in Beijing and 2568 in Shanghai respectively) were conducted from November 2001 to February 2002 using a multistage household probability sampling method. A Chinese version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used for assessment.

Results. Twelve-month prevalence of any DSM-IV mental disorder in metropolitan China is estimated to be 7·0%, with major depressive disorder (2·0%), specific phobia (1·9%), and intermittent explosive disorder (1·7%) the most common disorders. Of these, 13·9% are classified as serious, 32·6% moderate, and 53·5% mild. Only 3·4% of respondents with any disorder sought treatment within the previous 12 months.

Conclusions. Although the general pattern of disorders, risk factors, and unmet need for treatment are similar to those in other countries, a low prevalence of mental disorders is found in metropolitan China. Resolving methodological problems that cause downward bias in estimates, such as stigma-related under-reporting and diagnostic incongruity with a somatopsychic mode of symptom presentation may lead to more accurate and probably higher prevalence estimates in future epidemiological studies. As a low prevalence still translates into an enormous number of people in China, measures are urgently needed to address the huge unmet need for treatment of mental disorders.
Aggressive/hostile personality traits and injury accidents: an eight-year prospective study of a large cohort of French employees – the GAZEL cohort
Authors: NABI HERMANN , CONSOLI SILLA M. , CHIRON MIREILLE , LAFONT SYLVIANE , FRANÇOIS CHASTANG JEAN , ZINS MARIE , LAGARDE EMMANUEL
Published: December 2005

Background. Aggressiveness on the roads and/or anger behind the wheel are considered to be a major traffic safety problem in several countries. However, the psychological mechanisms of anger and/or aggression on the roads remain largely unclear. This study examines a large cohort of French employees followed over the period 1994–2001 to establish whether psychometric measures of aggression/hostility were significantly associated with an increased risk of an injury accident (I-A). An I-A was defined as a traffic accident in which someone was injured, that is required medical care.

Method. A total of 11754 participants aged from 39 to 54 years in 1993 were included in this study. Aggression/hostility was measured in 1993 using the French version of the Buss–Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). Driving behaviors and I-A were recorded in 2001. Sociodemographic and alcohol consumption data were available from annual follow-up of the cohort. The relationship between aggression/hostility scores and I-A was assessed using negative binomial regression models with time-dependent covariates.

Results. The overall BDHI scoring was not statistically predictive of subsequent I-A: adjusted rate ratio (aRR) 1·02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·81–1·28, for participants with intermediate scores and aRR 1·25, 95% CI 0·98–1·61 for those with high scores, both compared to those with low scores. The only BDHI subscales found to be associated with I-A were ‘irritability’ (aRR 1·33, 95% CI 1·02–1·75 for participants with high scores) and ‘negativism’ (aRR 1·32, 95% CI 1·01–1·71 for participants with high scores).

Conclusion. Overall aggression/hostility personality traits did not predict I-A in this large cohort of French employees, suggesting that aggressiveness on the roads and/or anger behind the wheel extend beyond the individual's general propensity for aggression.
At the Nexus of History and Memory: The Ten Lost Tribes
Authors: Barmash Pamela
Published: December 2005

In 883 CE, a man appeared in Kairouan, one of the centers of Jewish life at the time and told a tale about the lost tribes of the Northern Kingdom. He called himself Eldad and claimed to be from the tribe of Dan. Since then, the story of the Ten Lost Tribes—that the tribes of the Northern Kingdom still exist intact in a faraway land, living in exile beyond the sabbatical river, a mysterious body of water that was passable only on the Sabbath—has continued to generate excitement. It is astonishing, however, to realize that this motif did not develop until many centuries after the fall of the Northern Kingdom. After the destruction of the Northern Kingdom, many northerners remained in their ancestral homeland in the north. Other northerners lived among their southern compatriots in Judah after fleeing south, while deported northerners and southerners mingled in exile in Mesopotamia. It is only after the end of the Second Temple period that the notion of the Ten Lost Tribes, inviolable and unreachable, developed.
Joseph Perl's Escape From Biblical Epigonism through Parody of Ḥasidic Writing
Authors: Frieden Ken
Published: December 2005

Joseph Perl's two epistolary novels, published in 1819 and 1838, far surpass typical Hebrew prose from the early nineteenth century. The leading Enlightenment authors (the maskilim) were deliberate epigones, because they favored the rhetorical modes called shibuẓ and meliẓah. By imitating the Hebrew of the Prophets—under the influence of the ornate style known from medieval Spain—the Berlin Enlightenment authors and their followers strove for what they considered to be “pure language” (leshon ẓaḥ). Their preference for allusion and quotation encouraged epigonism and made originality a lesser priority; many Berlin maskilim valued the adherence to norms more than original self-expression. The epitome of that devotion to literary norms was the genre of the Briefsteller, exemplified by Buchner's and Naiman's works, which taught Jews how to write polite German or Hebrew letters and sound like cultivated, well-educated Europeans.
Ahasuerus, the former Stable-Master of Belshazzar, and the Wicked Alexander of Macedon: Two Parallels between the Babylonian Talmud and Persian Sources
Authors: Herman Geoffrey
Published: December 2005

Throughout the Talmudic era, the Jewish community of Babylonia lived under Persian rule while Zoroastrianism, serving as a state religion, was enjoying something of a renaissance. In Babylonia, known in the later geographical literature as the Persian heartland, Jews lived alongside Persians. Babylonian Jews had also already experienced Persian rule for centuries prior to the Talmudic era under the Achaemenids, and later under the persianized Arsacid dynasty. This alone should have sufficed to lure a number of scholars into exploring various cross-cultural contacts between the two neighboring religious communities during this period. Until recently, however, scholarship has not been greatly drawn to this field, despite an exhaustive focus, of venerable antiquity, on the relationship between Israel and Persia in the biblical and Second Temple periods, including the Qumran library.
Tosaphists and Taboo: A Review of Haym Soloveitchik's “Yeinam”
Authors: Horowitz Elliott
Published: December 2005

Among the stranger assertions made by Werner Sombart in The Jews and Modern Capitalism was that “it can be proved with great certainty that the Jew's freedom from the evil effects of alcohol (as also from syphilis) is due to his religion.” Yet, the Jewish religion, unlike Islam, never prohibited alcohol per se, and even when “kosher” wine—untouched by gentiles—was in short supply, beer or more potent beverages could be found by those so inclined. More to the point is S. D. Goitein's trenchant remark in the final (and posthumously published) volume of his A Mediterranean Society that “the proverbial sobriety of East European immigrants to the United States should not be taken as inherent to the genes of the race.” Although Maimonides in his Guide memorably described “gatherings with a view to drinking intoxicants” as “more shameful than gatherings of naked people . . . who excrete in daylight sitting together,” he was clearly speaking there more as philosopher than halakhist. In the medieval “Geniza society” in which he lived, as we learn from Goitein, all “important matters, such as sending a son overseas or promising a bequest, would be arranged at a drinking bout.”
David Noy and Hanswulf Bloedhorn. Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis. III Syria and Cyprus. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 102. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004. 284 pp.
Authors: Bowman Steven
Published: December 2005

David Noy has labored in the past decade to update J. B. Frey's Corpus inscriptionum iudaicarum (vol. 1 [Rome 1936; revised by B. Lifshitz, New York, 1975]; vol. 2 [Rome, 1952]). He has already produced two volumes on the North Mediterranean (the Balkans and southern Italy, 1993, and Rome, 1995) and another for Greco-Roman Egypt (with William Horbury, 1992).
Andrew S. Jacobs. Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 249 pp.
Authors: Greatrex Marina
Published: December 2005

Chapter 1 introduces Jacobs' methodology. He summarizes the main critical approaches to Jerusalem as a Christian Holy Land in the fourth to the sixth centuries, and outlines the purpose and usefulness of postcolonial criticism as applied to the Christian writings and geography. The book is laid out thematically and at times in sequence, reflecting the central premise of the book, that “the colonizer and colonized cannot remain fixed binary subjects in the perpetually shifting contest of power and identity” (9).
Edward Kessler. Bound by the Bible: Jews, Christians and the Sacrifice of Isaac. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. xii, 222 pp.
Authors: Kaminsky Joel
Published: December 2005

Kessler's erudite book aims to prove not only that exegetical encounters occurred between the ancient rabbis and the early church fathers in both directions, but also that “to understand properly Jewish or Christian exegesis in late antiquity it is essential to understand each other's interpretations and the influence of one upon the other” (182). He begins by reviewing the shortcomings of previous approaches to Jewish–Christian interaction in late antiquity. Kessler then puts forward what he terms the exegetical approach, suggests some controls on this method, and proceeds to test his hypothesis by conducting a verse-by-verse examination of Genesis 22. In each chapter, he first surveys a few major early interpreters, such as Philo and Josephus, and then compares Rabbinic and early Christian interpretations on Genesis 22 in some detail. There is also a final chapter that examines ancient artistic renderings of Abraham's near sacrifice of Isaac.
Yizhar Hirschfeld. Qumran in Context, Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence. Peabody, MA: Henderson Publishers, 2004. 220 pp; 136 figures.
Authors: Arav Rami
Published: December 2005

About 35,000 books and articles have been published thus far on the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS). The vast majority deal with the literature found in the eleven caves in the vicinity of Qumran and only a few deal with the archaeological remains of Khirbet Qumran nearby. The site was exhaustively excavated a few times in the past fifty-four years. The first that also determined the nature of its interpretation was carried out during 1951 to 1956 by Fr. Roland de Vaux from the French school of biblical studies at Jerusalem, the Ecole Biblique. Most of the site was unearthed during this excavation. The latest excavations were carried out in the past ten years and thus far with extremely meager publications.
Judah M. Cohen. Through the Sands of Time: A History of the Jewish Community of St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Hanover, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2004. xxvi, 298 pp.
Authors: Benjamin Alan F.
Published: December 2005

Immediately following his acknowledgments, Cohen begins his volume with an invitation that aims to evoke our interest in the Jews of St. Thomas. This chapter structure—in which the volume commences with what is in essence a justification for its publication—elicits an intriguing question about the study of Jewish life. Cohen is asking us to consider why one should be interested in this (and by implication, any?) small community of Jews. His subsequent introductory chapter poses a second fundamental question. It asks whether, in an age in which prevailing historical models have been subject to critical reexamination, a history that is organized by chronology rather than by theme can have scholarly value. The core of his response to these questions is that the St. Thomas Jewish community is an unusual instance of “accumulative ethnicity” (xxii) and thus constitutes a pattern in Jewish ethnicity worthy of scholarly attention. The narrative is arranged in chronological sequence to convey this pattern. Its unfolding temporal structure allows the reader to watch Jewish ethnicities emerge both from, and in place of one another. In raising these questions, Cohen brings a reflexive stance to the narrative. Yet, socially constructed memory seems to lie at the heart of the notion of accumulative ethnicity. Most Jews currently living on St. Thomas are transplants from the American mainland. Might the volume's framework also represent an American search for roots, and for roots that are special?
Derek J. Penslar. Shylock's Children: Economics and Jewish Identity in Modern Europe. The S. Mark Taper Foundation Imprint in Jewish Studies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. xi, 374 pp.
Authors: Endelman Todd M.
Published: December 2005

In the early modern and modern periods, the occupational profile of Jews in the West diverged dramatically from that of their neighbors and fellow citizens. Commerce, rather than agriculture or artisanal or industrial manufacturing, provided the arena in which Jews labored to make a living. From an economic perspective, this was not a problem. It did not place Jews at a competitive disadvantage. Indeed, the opposite was true. In the context of industrialization, urbanization, and mass consumption, buying and selling was more profitable than tolling in a field, workshop, or factory. Having been forced into a narrow range of occupations earlier in their history, Jews in the West now found themselves in an advantageous position economically. However, for Gentiles, who rarely viewed Jews in a disinterested light, the Jewish distinctive occupational profile was problematic and often viewed as symptomatic of a more profound pathology. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with Jews becoming citizens of the states in which they lived and moving rapidly into the middle class, their economic distinctiveness became a central feature of the debate about their fate and future, what was known at the time as the “Jewish Question.”
John M. Efron. Medicine and the German Jews: A History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. viii, 343 pp.
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M.
Published: December 2005

This volume is an ambitious and wide-ranging (perhaps too wide-ranging) study of the interrelationship between medicine and German-speaking Jews throughout the ages. In essence it deals with two separate but intertwined issues: German-speaking Jews in the medical profession and the use of medical discourse to analyze and evaluate the Jewish people. The book covers a wide area both chronologically and geographically. “German Jews” is interpreted very broadly and includes a number of East European figures who either wrote in German or were trained in German universities. Although the bulk of the volume (Chaps. 4–7) deals with the period from around 1870 to the beginning of World War I, the first three chapters “begin at the beginning” (the Middle Ages) and carry the story up to the late eighteenth century.
Luis M. Girón-Negrón. Alfonso de la Torre's Visión Deleytable: Philosophical Rationalism and the Religious Imagination in Fifteenth-Century Spain. Leiden: Brill, 2001. xvi, 306 pp.
Authors: Roth Norman
Published: December 2005

Alfonso de la Torre (ca.1417–60), a person of somewhat obscure background, wrote Visión delectable de la filosofía artes liberales, metafísica y filosofía moral (or Visión deleytable as Girón-Negrón insists) ca. 1440 at the urging of the prior of Navarre, who was close to the crown prince Carlos de Viana. An unusual philosophical work for a Christian author, it does not conform to standard Scholastic doctrine, but is clearly dependent to a very great extent on the Guide for the Perplexed (Moreh nevukhim) of Maimonides. As such, the work, and this detailed analysis of it, is of particular interest to students of Jewish philosophy. At the outset, let it be said that Girón-Negrón has done a thorough and brilliant job in this book, a revision of his doctoral dissertation. He was aided by Jewish advisors in understanding and translating Hebrew texts, but one assumes that, as is the case with many Spanish scholars, his knowledge of Arabic is his own. He also has done an extensive amount of reading in secondary Jewish literature. (There are some errors, nevertheless; e.g., the philosopher Abraham Bivagch, not “Bibago,” did not engage in a “philosophical discussion” with Juan II of Aragón; rather, it was with an unnamed Christian “sage,” and it was a polemical debate, not a philosophical discussion.)
Michael Walzer, Menachem Lorberbaum, Noam J. Zohar and Ari Ackerman, eds. The Jewish Political Tradition. Volume Two: Membership. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. 656 pp.
Authors: Cooper Julie E.
Published: December 2005

For too long, scholars have denied that “Jewish political thought” constitutes a viable field of study. Without a sovereign state, scholars argue, Jews lacked occasion to debate the questions of power, obligation, and authority that preoccupy Western political theorists. The Jewish Political Tradition offers a devastating rebuttal to this argument, for it reconstructs a continuous and vibrant tradition of Jewish political thought. Edited jointly by Michael Walzer, an eminent political theorist, and Israeli scholars associated with the Shalom Hartman Institute, this ambitious anthology (two of four volumes have now been published) pairs pri-mary texts spanning Jewish history with commentary by contemporary scholars. Uncovering political reflection in genres previously ghettoized as legalistic or theological (e.g. Midrash, responsa, biblical exegesis), the editors open up an exciting field for research. But The Jewish Political Tradition is not merely of scholarly interest. Inviting readers “to join the arguments of the texts, to interpret and evaluate, to revise or reject, the claims made by their authors,” the editors insist that the tradition remains a vital resource for contemporary Jews (8). Indeed, the project makes an audacious (and salutary) contribution to Israeli debates: Against advocates of a state ruled by halakhah, the editors contend that traditional Jewish texts sanction toleration, pluralism, and the secularization of politics.
Hypobaric bacteriology: growth, cytoplasmic membrane polarization and total cellular fatty acids in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Pokorny N.J. , Boulter-Bitzer J.I. , Hart M.M. , Storey L. , Lee H. , Trevors J.T.
Published: December 2005

Escherichia coli JM109 (Gram-negative) and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) were grown under hypobaric conditions for 19 days at 25 °C to study the effects of 33 and 67 kPa low pressures on selected physiological responses; growth, cytoplasmic membrane polarization (measure of cytoplasmic membrane fluidity) and total cellular fatty acids. In the first experiment, cytoplasmic membrane polarization in B. subtilis increased under both hypobaric conditions, indicating the membrane became more rigid or less fluid. This experiment was repeated and the effect of the hypobaric conditions was not evident as in the first experiment with B. subtilis. In addition, total cellular fatty acids analysis for B. subtilis showed that hypobaric conditions did not alter the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. The cytoplasmic membrane remained in the same fluid state in hypobaric grown E. coli cell cultures as in the 101 kPa ambient control cells in both experiments. However, the saturated to unsaturated ratios were altered in E. coli under hypobaric conditions. It is important to note the ratios for E. coli were less than 1, while the ratios for Bacillus were in the 28–50 range. Growth of both species was also measured by colony forming units at the termination of the 19 day experiment. Both bacterial species were capable of growth under hypobaric conditions and no distinct trend emerged as to the effect of hypobaric pressure on bacterial growth and cytoplasmic membrane fluidity.
Improving institutional incentives for public land management: an econometric analysis of school trust land leases
Authors: BONDS MATTHEW H. , POMPE JEFFREY J.
Published: December 2005

There is considerable interest in the proper management of public lands in the United States, but questions arise over what institutional arrangements may ensure proper land stewardship. Recently, the trust doctrine has been heralded as a way to motivate prudent decision making by land managers. School trust lands, which are managed to generate revenues for public schools, represent a long-standing example of the trust doctrine at work. We examine Mississippi school trust leases and show that the trustees, who are elected officials, maintain multiple conflicting objectives, which ultimately undermine the trust relationship. However, we find that a recent institutional change that made the Boards of Education (the fund recipients) the trustees, caused revenues to increase dramatically.
On the evolutionary character of North's idea of institutional change
Authors: ZOUBOULAKIS MICHEL
Published: December 2005

The main objective is to discuss the historical-evolutionary character of the latest work of Douglass North. His views have been lately criticized, especially as far as their historical insight is concerned, as well as the nature of the concepts and the ideas he used. Three interconnected arguments dealing with North's neoclassical roots, his individualistic point of departure and his inclination to universalistic explanations sustain this allegation, and they will be presented in the first part. In the second part, a response to these arguments is suggested. Finally, the evolutionary character of his later work is discussed and established in the last part. It is held that by introducing ‘culture’ into the heart of the analysis of institutional change, North is oriented toward context dependent and consequently historically specific explanations.
On the global model for foF2 using neural networks
Authors: Oyeyemi E. O. , Poole A. W. V. , McKinnell L. A.
Published: December 2005

The use of neural networks (NNs) has been employed in this work to develop a global model of the ionospheric F2 region critical frequency, foF2. The main principle behind our approach has been to utilize parameters other than simple geographic coordinates, on which foF2 is known to depend, and to exploit the ability of NNs to establish and model this nonlinear relationship for predictive purposes. The foF2 data used in the training of the NNs were obtained from 59 ionospheric stations across the globe at various times from 1964 to 1986, on the basis of availability. To test the success of this approach, one NN (NN1) was trained without data from 13 stations, selected for their geographic remoteness, which could then be used to validate the predictions of the NN for those remote coordinates. These stations were subsequently included in our final NN (NN2). The input parameters consisted of day number (day of the year), universal time, solar activity, magnetic activity, geographic latitude, angle of meridian relative to subsolar point, magnetic dip angle, magnetic declination, and solar zenith angle. Comparisons between foF2 values determined using NNs and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model (from Union Radio Scientifique Internationale (URSI) and International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) coefficients) with observed values are given with their root‐mean‐square (RMS) error differences for test stations. The results from NN2 are used to produce the global behavior of hourly values of foF2 and are compared with the IRI model using URSI and CCIR coefficients. The results obtained (i.e., RMS error differences), which compare favorably with the IRI models, justify this technique for global foF2 modeling.
Water masses and currents in the upper tropical northeast Atlantic off northwest Africa
Authors: Stramma Lothar , Hüttl Sabine , Schafstall Jens
Published: December 2005

Recent current measurements in the tropical eastern North Atlantic reproduce the components of the large scale flow field. However, the observations as well as the 1/12°‐FLAME model computations indicate that a lot of eddy scale variability is superimposed on the mean flow field. Despite of the disturbance by variability the signature of the Guinea Dome is well present. In November 2002 the Guinea Dome transport from direct observations was about 2.8 Sv above σθ = 25.8 kg/m3 and 4 Sv between σθ = 25.8 and 27.1 kg/m3. The oxygen minimum in the shadow zone comprises the central water and the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) layers and is located between the equatorial current system and the North Equatorial Current. The North Equatorial Counter‐ and Undercurrents at 3° to 6°N are major oxygen sources for the central water layer of the low‐oxygen regions in the northeastern tropical Atlantic. A second, northern North Equatorial Countercurrent (nNECC) band exists at 8° to 10°N. The nNECC carries oxygen rich water from the southern hemisphere eastward but with an admixture of water from the northern hemisphere. A float at 200 m depth was spreading eastward in the North Equatorial Undercurrent (NEUC), at 28°W it shifted northward into the nNECC, and then was trapped in the Guinea Dome region for more than 3 years. The model indicates the region 22° to 32°W as the area of exchange between the NECC/NEUC and the nNECC bands. In the AAIW layer the northern Intermediate Countercurrent acts as oxygen source for the oxygen minimum zone.
Estimation of iron solubility from observations and a global aerosol model
Authors: Luo Chao , Mahowald N. M. , Meskhidze N. , Chen Y. , Siefert R. L. , Baker A. R. , Johansen A. M.
Published: December 2005

Mineral aerosol deposition is the dominant source of iron to the open ocean. Soil iron is typically insoluble and understanding the atmospheric processes that convert insoluble iron to the more soluble forms observed over the oceans is crucial. In this paper, we model several proposed processes for the conversion of Fe(III) to Fe(II), and compare with cruise observations. The comparisons show that the model results in similar averaged magnitudes of iron solubility as measured during 8 cruises in 2001–2003. Comparisons show that results of cases including cloud, SO2 and hematite processing are better than the other approaches used using the reaction rates we assume in this paper; unfortunately the reaction rates are not well known, and this hampers our ability to conclusive show one process is more likely than another. The total soluble iron deposited to the global ocean is estimated by the model to range from 0.36 to 1.6 Tg y−1, with 0.88 Tg y−1 being the mean estimate; however there are large uncertainties in these estimates. Comparison shows that the regions with largest differences between the model simulations and observations of iron solubility are in the Southern Atlantic near South America coast and North Atlantic near Spain coast. More observations in these areas or in the South Pacific will help us identify the most important processes. Additionally, laboratory experiments that constrain the reaction rates of different compounds that will result in a net solubilization of iron in aerosols are required to better constrain iron processing in the atmosphere. Additionally, knowing what forms of iron are most bioavailable will assist atmospheric scientists in providing better budgets of iron deposited to the ocean surfaces.
Radiative transfer modeling of direct and diffuse sunlight in a Siberian pine forest
Authors: Alton P. B. , North P. , Kaduk J. , Los S.
Published: December 2005

We have expanded the Monte Carlo, ray‐tracing model FLIGHT in order to simulate photosynthesis within three‐dimensional, heterogeneous tree canopies. In contrast to the simple radiative transfer schemes adopted in many land‐surface models (e.g., the Big Leaf approximation), our simulation calculates explicitly the leaf irradiance at different heights within the canopy and thus produces an accurate scale‐up in photosynthesis from leaf to canopy level. We also account for both diffuse and direct sunlight. For a Siberian stand of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, FLIGHT predicts observed carbon assimilation, across the full range of sky radiance, with an r.m.s. error of 12%. Our main findings for this sparse canopy, using both measurements and model, are as follows: (1) Observationally, we detect a light‐use efficiency (LUE) increase of only ≤10% for the canopy when the proportion of diffuse sky radiance is 75% rather than 25%. The corresponding enhancement predicted by our simulations is 10–20%. With such small increases in LUE, our site will not assimilate more carbon on overcast days compared to seasonally equivalent sunny days; (2) the scale‐up in photosynthesis from top‐leaf to canopy is less than unity. The Big Leaf approximation, based on Beer's law and light‐acclimated leaf nitrogen, overpredicts this scale‐up by ≥60% for low sky radiance (≤500 μmolPAR m−2 s−1); (3) when leaf nitrogen is distributed so as to maximize canopy photosynthesis, the increase in the canopy carbon assimilation, compared with a uniform nitrogen distribution, is small (≃4%). Maximum assimilation occurs when the vertical gradient of leaf nitrogen is slightly shallower than that of the light profile.
NMR probing of structural peculiarities in ionic solutions close to critical point
Authors: Balevicius Vytautas , Gdaniec Zofia , Fuess Hartmut
Published: December 2005

H 1 , Na23, Cl35, Br79, and Br81 NMR chemical shifts (δ) and signal half widths (Δ1∕2) have been measured in aqueous electrolyte mixtures [tetrahydrofuran/H2O∕NaCl and 3-methylpyridine (3MP)∕H2O∕NaBr] at different mass fractions of salt (X) in the one-phase region, close to their lower critical solution points (TCL). Discontinuous changes in slope of δ=f(X) and Δ1∕2=f(X) have been found in Na23 and Br81 NMR spectra of 3MP/water/NaBr solution at X≈0.1 and T=301K. The dependency of H1 NMR signals of 3MP is continuous over the whole investigated range of X=0.002–0.2, whereas changes in the slope of H2O chemical shifts are hardly noticeable. In the two-phase region, i.e., at T>TCL, a doubling of all NMR signals has been observed. The sensitivity of NMR parameters depends more on composition of solution for anions (Cl− and Br−) than for cations (Na+). A very strong relaxation effect for Br81 nuclei with relaxation rates reaching 14000s−1 was observed. The results are interpreted in terms of ion-molecular clustering and changes in coherency of dipole configurations of water molecules during supramolecular restructuring of solutions.
Doping a C60 molecule with potassium atoms: A theoretical study
Authors: Yang Chih-Kai
Published: December 2005

We study the doping of a free C60 molecule by potassium atoms. Ab initio calculations based on density functional theory indicate that K atoms are fairly strongly bound to the carbon cage. The electrical conduction of the structure is also enhanced after each successive doping of K. We also observe a downward shift of energy levels toward the Fermi energy with the increase of doping. These properties are very consistent with experimental results. The K-doped structure is promising for applications in molecular electronics.
Influence of rotation and isotope effects on the dynamics of the N(D2)+H2 reactive system and of its deuterated variants
Authors: Bañares L. , Aoiz F. J. , González-Lezana T. , Herrero V. J. , Tanarro I.
Published: December 2005

Integral cross sections and thermal rate constants have been calculated for the N(D2)+H2 reaction and its isotopic variants N(D2)+D2 and the two-channel N(D2)+HD by means of quasiclassical trajectory and statistical quantum-mechanical model methods on the latest ab initio potential-energy surface [T.-S. Ho et al., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 3063 (2003)]. The effect of rotational excitation of the diatom on the dynamics of these reactions has been investigated and interesting discrepancies between the classical and statistical model calculations have been found. Whereas a net effect of reagent rotation on reactivity is always observed in the classical calculations, only a very slight effect is observed in the case of the asymmetric N(D2)+HD reaction for the statistical quantum-mechanical method. The thermal rate constants calculated on this Potential-Energy Surface using quasiclassical trajectory and statistical model methods are in good agreement with the experimental determinations, although the latter are somewhat larger. A reevaluation of the collinear barrier of the potential surface used in the present study seems timely. Further theoretical and experimental studies are needed for a full understanding of the dynamics of the title reaction.
Eigenvalues of Casimir invariants for Uq[osp(m∣n)]
Authors: Dancer K. A. , Gould M. D. , Links J.
Published: December 2005

For each quantum superalgebra Uq[osp(m∣n)] with m>2, an infinite family of Casimir invariants is constructed. This is achieved by using an explicit form for the Lax operator. The eigenvalue of each Casimir invariant on an arbitrary irreducible highest weight module is also calculated.
Depth profile of strain and composition in Si∕Ge dot multilayers by microscopic phonon Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Tan P. H. , Bougeard D. , Abstreiter G. , Brunner K.
Published: December 2005

We characterized strain and Ge content depending on depth in a self-assembled Si∕Ge dot multilayer by scanning a microscopic Raman probe at a (110) cleavage plane. The multilayer structure was deposited by molecular-beam epitaxy on a (001) Si substrate and consisted of 80 periods, each of them composed by 25 nm Si spacers and 8 monolayer Ge forming laterally and vertically uncorrelated islands with a height of 2 nm and a lateral diameter of about 20 nm. An average biaxial strain of −3.5% within the core regions of islands is determined from the splitting of longitudinal and transversal optical Ge-Ge phonon modes observed in polarized Raman measurements. The absolute mode frequencies further enable analysis of a Ge content of 0.82. The analyzed strain and composition of islands are nearly independent from depths below the sample surface. This indicates well-controlled deposition parameters and negligible intermixing during deposition of subsequent layers. These Raman results are in agreement with x-ray diffraction data. Small, local Raman frequency shifts were observed and discussed with respect to partial elastic strain relaxation of the multilayer stack after cleavage, undefined Raman-scattering geometries at the sample edge, and local heating by the laser probe.
Temporal position encoding photoacoustics: A technique for surface absorber mapping
Authors: Koebel Matthias M. , Zimmt Matthew B.
Published: December 2005

A nondestructive photoacoustic method for the evaluation of surface absorber distributions is presented. Ultrasound generated by absorption of a pulsed laser source is detected using optical beam deflection. Temporal encoding of the spatial absorber distribution is achieved using a nonparallel orientation of the probe beam relative to the sample surface. Sound waves launched from individual surface absorbers travel different distances before interacting with the probe beam, thus giving rise to acoustic signatures at different times. With this approach, we resolved eleven identical absorber features in a 3–cm-wide sample. Decreasing the probe beam diameter enhances the temporal and/or spatial resolution. A limiting spatial resolution of 175μm is predicted. The sound wave intensity decays in a roughly inverse square-root manner with increasing distance of travel.
Direct enumeration of alloy configurations for electronic structural properties
Authors: Graf Peter A. , Kim Kwiseon , Jones Wesley B. , Hart Gus L. W.
Published: December 2005

We present and apply an approach to directly enumerate the band gaps and effective masses of all possible zinc blende-based alloy configurations whose unit cell contains up to a specified number of atoms. This method allows us to map the space of band gaps and effective masses versus alloy composition and atomic configuration. We demonstrate that a large number of band gaps and effective masses are available. We also discuss convergence of the method with respect to unit cell size and the combined optimization of band gap and effective mass for AlGaAs and GaInP semiconductor alloys.
Deformation of single emulsion drops covered with a viscoelastic adsorbed protein layer in simple shear flow
Authors: Erni Philipp , Fischer Peter , Windhab Erich J.
Published: December 2005

The small-deformation behavior of single Newtonian oil drops covered by an adsorbed viscoelastic protein layer is investigated in simple shear flow. Adsorption and network formation of the protein (lysozyme) at the oil/water interface are tracked by interfacial rheology and tension. While uncovered drops deform to the expected steady ellipsoidal shape, protein-covered drops are able to resist the bulk shear stress to a much higher degree, leading to a smaller average deformation and oscillating drop shapes. The results show direct evidence for a commanding role of in-plane interfacial stresses of a viscoelastic protein network on the macroscopic drop deformation as opposed to the equilibrium interfacial tension.