bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in the Context of Myocardiocyte Longevity
Authors: Marzoog Basheer Abdullah
Published: December 2023

Cellular and subcellular metabolic activities are crucial processes involved in the regulation
of intracellular homeostasis, including cellular and subcellular signaling pathways.
Dysregulation of intracellular regulation mechanisms is catastrophic and cumulates into cell
death. To overcome the issue of dysregulation of intracellular regulation mechanisms, the
preservation of subcellular and extracellular components is essential to maintain healthy cells
with increased longevity. Several physiopathological changes occur during cell ageing, one of
which is the dysregulation of intracellular physiology of the oxidative phosphorylation process.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) remains in the debut of anti-aging therapeutic effect.
Aged myocardiocyte characterized by disrupted NMN and or its precursors or signaling pathways.
Simultaneously, several other pathophysiological occur that collectively impair intracellular
homeostasis. The NMN role in the antiaging effect remains unclear and several hypotheses
have been introduced into describing the mechanism and the potential outcomes from NMN exogenous
supply. Correction of the impaired intracellular homeostasis includes correction to the
NMN metabolism. Additionally, autophagy correction, which is the key element in the regulation
of intracellular intoxication, including oxidative stress, unfolding protein response, and other
degradation of intracellular metabolites. Several signaling pathways are involved in the regulation
mechanism of NMN effects on myocardiocyte health and further longevity. NMN protects
myocardiocytes from ischemic injury by reducing anabolism and, increasing catabolism and further
passing the myocardiocytes into dormant status. NMN applications include ischemic heart,
disease, and failed heart, as well as dilated cardiomyopathies. Cytosolic and mitochondrial
NADPH are independently functioning and regulating. Each of these plays a role in the determination
of the longevity of the myocardiocytes. NMN has a cornerstone in the functionality of
Sirtuins, which are an essential anti-senescent intrinsic molecule. The study aims to assess the
role of NMN in the longevity and antisenescent of myocardiocytes.
Residual Moisture Determination in Lyophilized Drug Product
Samples Using FT-NIR: A Comparison of Data Processing
Methods
Authors: Burtea R. , Upton T. , Jensen G.M. , Kim S. , Jalkanen K.J.
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

Remdesivir for injection is a Gilead Sciences manufactured drug
product approved by the FDA to treat COVID-19. One of the critical attributes of this drug
product, which is lyophilized, is its water moisture content. The current method used to determine
the water content of remdesivir is the Karl Fischer titration method. The Karl
Fischer method is considered the gold standard for determining the residual water moisture
content of lyophilized drug products in the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is timeconsuming,
can at times be sensitive to difficult-to-control techniques, and most importantly
is destructive. The purpose of this study was to create a non-destructive residual water
moisture determination method using FT-NIR.

Methods:

Three FT-NIR methods were proposed as a non-destructive alternative to Karl
Fischer method: partial least squares regression, Beer’s law and area under the curve, and
Beer’s law and peak height. Results were statistically validated using RMSEC, RMSEP,
and R2, and the percent differences of predicted and accepted residual moisture values
were compared with external validation vials.

Results:

Results showed that the partial least squares regression method produced a 0.999
correlation coefficient and a 95% performance index score, highlighting the accuracy between
the actual Karl Fischer moisture values and the predicted FT-NIR moisture values.
The Beer’s law methods produced acceptable correlation coefficients of 0.996 and 0.982
for the peak area and height, respectively, but comparisons between the actual and predicted
values were not as closely matched as the partial least squares method.

Conclusion:

Our results support the use of a non-destructive partial least squares FT-NIRbased
moisture contest method, which is a useful alternative to the destructive Karl Fischer
method for determining residual water moisture of lyophilized drug products. Only an FTNIR
instrument and chemometric statistical software along with the appropriately
trained/educated analysts, and routine Karl Fischer instrumentation to measure/determine
moisture content values of either water spiked or lyo-thieved and normal lyophilized samples
are required.
Computer Modeling of the Thoracic Spine in Children: Assessment of the
Contribution of Rectified Kyphosis in the Possible Development of Adolescent
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Brandão Tainan Medeiros , Greco Marcelo , Aroeira Rozilene Maria Cota
Published: December 2023

Introduction::

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis is a spinal deformity. Its development
can be linked to hypokyphosis in the thoracic region.

Objective::

The present study proposed to investigate, through the finite element method, the biomechanics
of the immature thoracic spine segment T5-T10 in normal and rectified kyphosis under
axial load, flexion and extension.

Materials and Methods:

Intervertebral discs were modeled as hyperelastic material and vertebral
bone as elastic linear material. The bone was divided into trabecular and cortical regions. Furthermore,
discs were divided into nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrous.

Results::

Results indicate greater instability of rectified segments with larger strain and displacements,
mainly under extension.

Conclusion::

It was concluded that the rectified model is predisposed to the development of scoliosis
since higher deformations and displacements in this condition were observed, going in favor
of the assumption that this factor would be one of the causes of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.
Emerging Trends and Therapeutic Advances of Nanoparticles in the Management of Fungal Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Bhalla Diya , Dinesh Susha , Sharma Sameer
Published: December 2023

The prevalence of fungi infections has escalated in recent decades. Even though a large
portion of fatalities caused by fungal infections are preventive, there is, however, an underappreciated
subject for public health officials. Nanotechnology-based carriers have garnered considerable
attention owing to their exceptional capabilities. The administration of antimycotic therapeutics with
enhanced antifungal activity, bioavailability, localized action, and decreased cytotoxicity has been
made possible by the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as effective drug delivery systems (DDS). This burgeoning
field allows cross-disciplinary researchers to design and construct multifunctional NPs capable
of targeting, diagnosing, and treating mycotic diseases. This research delves into an extensive
exploration of various fungal infections and their therapeutic effectiveness through the utilization of
a diverse range of cutting-edge nanocarrier-based technologies. These advanced technologies encompass
transfersomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, micelles,
as well as distinct types of nanoparticles, including polymeric, inorganic, metal, solid lipid
nanoparticles, dendrimers, and carbon nanotubes. The study examines the potential of these innovative
delivery systems for combating fungal infections, shedding light on their efficacy and offering
insights into their promising applications. By harnessing the distinctive properties and tailored characteristics
of these nanocarriers, it becomes possible to optimize the delivery of antifungal agents,
thus enhancing their therapeutic outcomes.
A Recent Review on Nanocrystal Manufacturing Techniques with
Pharmaceutical Application
Authors: Rathod Prachiti S. , Narkhede Minal R. , Dongare Suraj L.
Published: December 2023

This review article constitutes an introductory report on nanotechnology focusing on the various manufacturing approaches of nanocrystals. Nanocrystals are a solid form to tackle the issue identified with poor fluid solvency. Hence, it is a useful technique in improving the bioa-vailability of various poorly soluble drugs. On a broader way, nanocrystal technology is mainly classified as top-down technology, bottom-up technology and a combination of top-down and bottom-up technology. Top-down technology is based on the principle of breaking down a com-plex into small crystals. This process is executed by using high-pressure homogenization, laser ablation, media mills, ultrasound technology, vacuum dissolution, gas condensation and mechani-cal attrition. Bottom-up technology is based on the principle of preparation by gathering at-oms/molecules together. It is achieved by using precipitation, supercritical fluid, gel-gel technol-ogy, spray drying, hydrolysis, and condensation. Due to the diverse characteristics and properties of drugs, a combination of top-down and bottom-up techniques is best for manufacturing nano-crystals. Some of the promising technique includes nano-edge technology and smart-crystal tech-nology. These techniques are discussed in this review.
Structural Behavior of Steel Structure Retrofitted with Bracing Systems and Nonlinear Viscous Dampers
Authors: Amine Abid Mohamed , Afras Abderrachid , Abdelouafi El Ghoulbzouri
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

A steel frame system becomes structurally less efficient
when subjected to large lateral loads such as a strong wind or a severe earthquake.
Several techniques could enhance the structural performance against these lateral
loads, including single diagonal and X-bracing systems, moment-resisting frames,
and viscous dampers.

Methods:

This study aimed to compare these techniques' ability to reduce the structure's
dynamic and static behavior when it faces lateral loads. The structure dynamic
behavior was discussed through its lateral displacement response computed from the
nonlinear dynamic analyses using different seismic and harmonic excitations. The
structure static behavior was investigated based on the demand capacity curves and
the plastic hinges response computed from the nonlinear static analyses (Pushover)
following FEMA P-1050-1 guidelines. In this paper, the viscous dampers were assumed
to have a nonlinear behavior (0<α<1) and the impact of the velocity exponent
α on their performance against the dynamic excitations was evaluated.

Results:

The results show that the X-braced frame performs better in reducing the
structure displacement response and plastic hinges performance levels formed in the
structural members than a single diagonal braced frame, followed by a momentresisting
frame. The results also indicate that the X-braced frame has a larger base
shear resistance capacity and a smaller deformation capacity than other structural
configurations.

Conclusion:

It was also concluded that, for the same damping coefficient, the performance
of nonlinear viscous dampers increased as the velocity exponent decreased.
Research on Internet of Medical Things: Systematic Review, Research
Trends and Challenges
Authors: Anand Dinesh , Kaur Avinash , Singh Manpreet
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

Remote data exchange operations in healthcare are observed, consulted, monitored and treated by the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). It is an extension of the
Internet of Things (IoT).

Method:

At the growing stage of IoT, IoMT is speedily drawing researchers’ interest due to its extensive use in healthcare systems. Smaller and lower-priced
wireless devices with various communication protocols have led to the formation of IoMT.
Healthcare data is exchanged through wireless communication with IoMT. The margining of
IoMT and healthcare can yield multiple benefits in terms of: better quality of life, care services
and developing solution/s at low cost. In this article, a systematic literature review has been
conducted on IoMT.

Results:

Authors have thoroughly investigated the different versions of
healthcare 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 as proposed by the healthcare industry. Furthermore, the taxonomy of IoMT has been designed and compared with existing surveys.

Conclusion:

This survey
is unique and stands different from the point of view of existing surveys. It supports the future
of IoMT researchers to bring new insight to their researches.
Schema Extraction in NoSQL Databases: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Belefqih Saad , Zellou Ahmed , Berquedich Mouna
Published: December 2023

Introduction:

Nowadays, NoSQL databases have taken on an increasingly important
role in the storage of massive data within companies. Due to a common property called
schema-less, NoSQL databases offer great flexibility, particularly for the storage of data in different
formats. However, despite their success in data storage, schema-less databases are a major
obstacle in areas requiring precise knowledge of this schema, especially in the field of data
integration.

Method:

This study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to explore, evaluate, and
discuss relevant existing research and endeavors using novel schema extraction approaches.
Furthermore, we conducted this study using a well-defined methodology to examine and study
the problem of schema extraction from NoSQL databases.

Results:

Our research results highlight and emphasize the scheme extraction approaches and
provide knowledge to researchers and practitioners by proposing schema extraction approaches
and their limitations, which contributes to inventing new, more efficient approaches.

Conclusion:

In our future work, inspired by the recent advances in quantum computing and the
emergence of post-quantum cryptography (PQC), we aim to propose a schema extraction approach
that blends cutting-edge technologies with a strong focus on database security.
The Role of Resveratrol in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review
of Current Research
Authors: Kumar Shivendra , Saha Sunam , Sharma Bhawna , Singh Shubham , Shukla Piyush , Mukherjee Soumyadip , Agrawal Mohit , Singh Kuldeep , Singh Talever
Published: December 2023

:

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progres-sive cognitive decline, memory loss, and impaired daily functioning. The etiology of AD is complex and multifactorial, involving various pathological mechanisms such as the accumula-tion of amyloid-beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. As the global prevalence of AD continues to rise, there is a growing interest in identifying po-tential therapeutic interventions to prevent or slow down the progression of the disease. Resvera-trol, a natural polyphenolic compound found in various plant sources such as grapes, berries, and peanuts, has gained considerable attention due to its potential neuroprotective effects. Numerous preclinical studies utilizing in vitro and animal models have investigated the impact of resvera-trol on AD pathology and associated cognitive impairments. This review aims to provide a com-prehensive summary of the current research on the role of resveratrol in AD. In conclusion, resveratrol holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for AD due to its ability to target mul-tiple pathological processes involved in the disease. Further research, including well-designed clinical trials with larger sample sizes, is needed to fully elucidate the efficacy, optimal dosage, and long-term effects of resveratrol in AD patients. Nevertheless, resveratrol remains an intri-guing compound with neuroprotective properties and may contribute to the development of nov-el therapeutic approaches for AD in the future.
Distribution of Electric Vehicle Travel in Dalian City of China
Authors: Li Jianshu , Fan Lidong , Chen Bingmiao
Published: December 2023

Background::

Since the second half of 2021, the prices of natural gas, coal and oil
have soared, but at the same time, the Russia-Ukraine conflict is likely to become a catalyst for
Europe and the world to accelerate the green and low-carbon transformation of energy, prompting
countries to accelerate investment in renewable energy, improve energy security and achieve
energy independence and the energy crisis started in Europe and eventually spread around the
world. Under the new circumstances, the global green and low-carbon energy transition is imperative.
The International Energy Agency released the "2023 Global Electric Vehicle Outlook"
report, which showed that global electric vehicle sales will grow by 35% in 2023 from the previous
year to 14 million units, increasing the total share of the overall vehicle market to 18%.
Replacing traditional fossil fuels with low energy consumption and low pollution has become a
trend in the automotive industry.

Objective::

Therefore, this paper studies the travel distribution pattern of electric vehicles in Dalian
city, which paves the way for the future development of the electric vehicle industry.

Method::

First of all, this paper predicted the number of electric vehicles in Dalian in the next
five years. Next, the gravity model and double-constraint gravity model were used to predict and
analyze the travel generation, attraction and distribution of each traffic district. The gravity
model is based on the concept of gravity in physics, this model can simulate the travel attraction
between transportation communities. The dual constraint gravity model is an extension of the
gravity model, taking into account the impact of factors other than distance on traffic distribution.
For example, land type, land intensity utilization coefficient, etc. Finally, taking Shahekou
District of Dalian city as an example, this paper made an empirical analysis of the travel distribution
of electric vehicles in Shahekou District.

Results::

This article fully considers the impact of land use types on residents' travel. Residential
land is an important factor affecting travel volume, while public facility land is an important
factor affecting attraction volume. For areas with high travel attractions, it is necessary to consider
building more charging facilities around them to solve the problem of difficult charging.
The distribution results showed that the amounts of travel in each traffic community were not
much different, but their attraction volumes were greatly different.

Conclusion::

After understanding the distribution of electric vehicle traffic in various residential
areas, it is possible to arrange the planning of public charging facilities more reasonably. The
research provides practical guidance for the transportation planning of electric vehicles in such
urban cities as Dalian city.
Current Pharmacotherapies for Smoking Cessation and Promising
Emerging Drugs
Authors: Dodd Seetal , Harper Jodie , Berk Michael
Published: December 2023

Objective::

Pharmacotherapy is commonly used during quit attempts Abstract: and has shown an
increase in the likelihood of achieving abstinence. However, with established pharmacotherapies,
abstinence rates following a quit attempt remain low, and relapse is common. This review aims to
investigate the efficacy and harm profiles of current and emerging pharmacotherapies.

Methods::

Literature review of current and emerging pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation and
tobacco use disorder.

Results::

Emerging pharmacotherapies include new formulations of existing therapies, drug repurposing
and some new treatments. New treatments are welcome and may incorporate different
mechanisms of action or different safety and tolerability profiles compared to existing treatments.
However, emerging pharmacotherapies have yet to demonstrate greater efficacy compared to existing
treatments. The emergence of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) or ‘vaping’ is a
feature of the current debate around tobacco use disorder. ENDS appear to facilitate switching but
not quitting and are controversial as a harm minimisation strategy.

Limitations::

Studies included a broad range of therapies and trial designs that should be compared
with their differences taken into consideration.

Conclusion::

Strategies to successfully quit smoking vary between individuals and may extend beyond
pharmacotherapy and involve complex psychosocial factors and pathways.
The Basal Ganglia and Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Connectivity Matrix
Authors: Morgenstern Nicolás A. , Esposito Maria S.
Published: December 2023

Although classically considered a relay station for basal ganglia (BG) output, the anatomy,
connectivity, and function of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) were redefined during the
last two decades. In striking opposition to what was initially thought, MLR and BG are actually reciprocally
and intimately interconnected. New viral-based, optogenetic, and mapping technologies revealed
that cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons coexist in this structure, which, in addition
to extending descending projections, send long-range ascending fibers to the BG. These MLR
projections to the BG convey motor and non-motor information to specific synaptic targets throughout
different nuclei. Moreover, MLR efferent fibers originate from precise neuronal subpopulations located
in particular MLR subregions, defining independent anatomo-functional subcircuits involved in
particular aspects of animal behavior such as fast locomotion, explorative locomotion, posture, forelimb-
related movements, speed, reinforcement, among others. In this review, we revised the literature
produced during the last decade linking MLR and BG. We conclude that the classic framework considering
the MLR as a homogeneous output structure passively receiving input from the BG needs to
be revisited. We propose instead that the multiple subcircuits embedded in this region should be taken
as independent entities that convey relevant and specific ascending information to the BG and, thus,
actively participate in the execution and tuning of behavior.
Mulberry: A Multipurpose Plant
Authors: Yadav Sonali , Bhagwat Geeta
Published: December 2023

Mulberry, a member of the Moraceae family, is regarded as a special plant because of
its wide geographic distribution across continents, its adaptability to different cultivation methods,
and the various uses of its leafy foliage.
It has several benefits for environmental safety measures like soil erosion prevention, bioremediation
of polluted sites, water conservation, and air quality improvement through carbon
sequestration. The Mulberry is also employed as a medicinal plant to improve and enhance the
quality of human life. The potential antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic,
anti-cancer, and anti-tyrosinase inhibitory action of mulberry extracts from the
leaf, stem, root, and bark have been documented.
Mulberries are a great source of nutrients and phytochemicals with potent medicinal properties,
making them a highly nourishing food for humans. The mulberry fruit is a key ingredient in many
value-added products, such as jams, jellies, wines, and syrups, since it is high in carbohydrates,
protein, and dietary fibre. Mulberry leaves are an excellent source for creating of protein-rich food
products with built-in antioxidants. Although Mulberry is produced professionally for sericulture
in many nations, its potential for use as a human food source is not well known. The review discusses
the value of mulberry as a source for various food, cosmetics, beverage, and pharmaceutical
industries.
All of the crucial mulberry species were compiled in this review article to evaluate it as the perfect
plant for ensuring a better future.
Principles of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Ophthalmology
Authors: DSc Selma Alin Somilleda-Ventura
Published: December 2023

 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has proven to be an effective
diagnostic technique for evaluating ocular structures, particularly for studying retinal
layers and other areas of the posterior segment of the eye. The incorporation of
strategies and algorithms that allow the observation of the retinal microvasculature and
the flow of red blood cells currently represents important advances in the diagnosis and
treatment of inflammatory, neural, and vascular retinal diseases. The advantage is that
OCT is a non-invasive method that does not require the use of contrast dyes. For this
reason, OCT combined with angiography (OCTA) is one of the most important
techniques for the study of vitreoretinal disorders. Its optical principle, which is based
on the Doppler technique, allows us to understand how OCTA equipment acquires and
processes images to facilitate visualization and interpretation through their two- and
three-dimensional reconstructions. In addition, OCTA allows the identification of
signal alterations that could appear as artifacts on each tomography or angiographic
scan. This chapter aims to explore the characteristics and further applications of OCTA
in addition to its relevance in ophthalmological clinical practice.
Nomenclature and Current Indications of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diseases of the Choroid and Retina
Authors: MD Sergio E. Hernandez Da Mota , Gonzalez-Cortes Jesus H. , Garcia-Franco Renata
Published: December 2023

One of the most significant developments in ocular imaging in the last
century was optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT angiography (OCT-A), an
extension of OCT technology, offers depth-resolved images of the blood flow in the
choroid-retina that are much more detailed than those produced by earlier imaging
techniques such as fluorescein angiography (FA). Due to its requirements of novel
tools and processing methods, the prevailing imaging constraints, the rapid
improvements in imaging technology, and our knowledge of the imaging and relevant
pathology of the retina and choroid, this novel modality has been challenging to
implement in daily clinical practice. Even those familiar with dye-based ocular
angiography will find that mastering OCT-A technology requires a steep learning curve
due to these issues. Potential applications of OCT-A include almost all diseases of the
choroid and retina, as well as anterior segment diseases. Currently, the most common
indications are age-related macular degeneration and ischemic retinopathies, including
diabetic retinopathy and retinal occlusive vascular disorders. Incorporating OCT-A into
multimodal imaging for the comprehensive assessment of retinal pathology is a fast-growing area, and it has expanded our knowledge of these complex diseases in terms of
diagnosis and treatment. This review describes the current main indications of OCT-A
in retinal and choroidal diseases.
Normative Perfusion Indices in the Diabetic Population
Authors: MD Virgilio Lima-Gómez , MD Miguel A. Quiroz-Reyes
Published: December 2023

Diabetes damages retinal capillaries before clinical changes appear. Optical
coherence tomography can quantify changes in vessel length density and vessel area
density in diabetics without retinopathy and can lead to a reduction of these metrics in
different capillary plexuses. The mean values of vessel densities vary according to the
device used. Here, we review the values of vessel length density, vessel area density,
and foveal avascular zone metrics in diabetics without retinopathy in a 3 x 3 mm map
of the most used commercially available devices. We included measurements for the
superficial, intermediate, and deep capillary plexuses in the parafoveal region. The
information refers to adult type 2 diabetic people according to densities in the foveal,
parafoveal, and whole map measurements. We also included parafoveal distribution by
field as well. There are references to the foveal avascular zone—a common variable
measured to detect ischemia in patients with diabetic retinopathy—and we report them
for both superficial and deep capillary plexuses. We also include the proposed cut-off
values for normality for metrics of the superficial capillary plexus and propose an
explanation for the differences that exist between measurements with the same device
as related to diabetes duration.
Correlation of the Structural and Perfusion Findings in Patients with Surgically Resolved Myopic Foveoretinal Detachment
Authors: MD Miguel A. Quiroz-Reyes , Quiroz-Gonzalez Erick A. , Morales-Navarro Jorge , Quiroz-Gonzalez Miguel A. , Diazceballos-Garcia Ana L. , Marasini Sanjay , Carranza-Casas Mario , Lima-Gomez Virgilio
Published: December 2023

Myopia is a global public health problem leading to visual impairment and
blinding complications. Myopic foveoschisis (MF)/foveoretinal detachment (FRD)
might be responsible for progressive visual loss in eyes with macular traction
maculopathy (MTM). An assessment of the macular microcirculation might identify
defects that are potentially implicated in subsequent pathological changes. In the
present chapter, macular perfusion in normal eyes was compared with that in highly
myopic eyes with MF/FRD. Vessel density (VD) differed between the groups, and the
superficial area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was significantly larger in the
control groups. Better final visual acuity results were significantly correlated with
fewer structural findings and greater VD (p < 0.05). The central subfoveal thickness
was significantly larger in the control groups and significantly smaller in the surgery
group. These findings suggested a higher incidence of macular perfusional VD
deficiencies and abnormalities in the FAZ area in the highly myopic eyes.
Evaluation of Macular Perfusion in Successfully Reattached Macula-off Diabetic Tractional Retinal Detachment
Authors: MD Miguel A. Quiroz-Reyes , Quiroz-Gonzalez Erick A. , Morales-Navarro Jorge , Quiroz-Gonzalez Miguel A. , Montano Margarita , Esparza-Correa Felipe , Kim-Lee Jennifer H. , Moreno-Andrade Boris , Nieto-Jordan Alejandra , Alsaber Ahmad R. , Lima-Gomez Virgilio
Published: December 2023

Current imaging techniques based on optical coherence tomography (OCT)
angiography are useful for observing different retinal microcirculation patterns. The
primary purpose of this chapter was to describe the functional, structural, and serial
perfusion postoperative outcomes of successfully reattached macula-off tractional
retinal detachment (TRD). Patients who underwent a successful diabetic vitrectomy
were analyzed. The mean differences between the preoperative best-corrected visual
acuity (BCVA), 3-month BCVA, and final postoperative BCVA were statistically
significant (p < 0.05). The duration of vision loss before surgery was 11.6 ± 2.3 weeks
(mean ± standard deviation (SD)).

The mean duration (± SD) of the resolution of macular detachment was 3.6 ± 1.7 weeks
in the pure macular TRD group and 1.8 ± 0.8 weeks in the combined tractional and
rhegmatogenous macular detachment (p < 0.05) group. The mean follow-up duration of
all patients was 11.4 ± 5.7 months (mean ± SD). Longitudinal multimodal imaging tests
revealed abnormal superficial and deep microcirculation patterns with multiple
microabnormalities in the foveal avascular zone and different but distinct areas of the
non-perfused macula in different OCT angiography slabs. Additionally, disorganization of the retinal inner layers and chronic ischemic macular edema were observed in 82%
of eyes examined using the spectral domain (SD) OCT. Therefore, these data suggest
that despite the successful anatomical reattachment of the macula, long-term
postoperative microcirculatory abnormalities were detected in both groups; however,
these abnormalities were predominantly accompanied by severe persistent ischemia in
the recurrent TRD group due to the presence of multiple microcirculatory defects.
IoT and AI-based Smart Farm: Optimizing Crop Yield and Sustainability
Authors: Nishant Wasatkar Namrata , Gajanan Chavhan Pranali , Kolekar Vikas Kanifnath
Published: December 2023

The “Smart Farm” project is an IoT-based agriculture project aimed at
optimizing crop yield and promoting sustainability in farming practices. By integrating
various IoT devices and sensors, the project aims to improve the efficiency of farming
operations, reduce waste, and enhance the quality and quantity of crop yields. The
project focuses on using IoT technology to monitor and control various aspects of
farming, including soil moisture, temperature, humidity, crop health, and livestock
behaviour. By leveraging data from these sensors and devices, farmers can make more
informed decisions about irrigation, pest control, and crop management, leading to
increased productivity and sustainability. Overall, the Smart Farm project seeks to
transform traditional farming practices into a more efficient, data-driven, and
sustainable model that benefits both farmers and the environment.
Analysis of RGB Depth Sensors on Fashion Dataset for Virtual Trial Room Implementation
Authors: Kothari Sonali Mahendra , Nitin Khedkar Vijayshri , Jadhav Rahul , Bawiskar Madhumita
Published: December 2023

This paper presents a Virtual Trial Room software using Augmented Reality
which allows the user to wear clothes virtually by superimposing 3d clothes over the
user. These sensors are valued particularly for robotics or computer vision applications
because of their low cost and their ability to measure distances at a high frame rate. In
November 2010, the Kinect v1 (Microsoft) release encouraged the use of Red Green
Blue (RGB)-D cameras, and in July 2014, a second version of the sensor was launched.
Because high-frequency point nuclei can be obtained from an observed picture, users
can imagine employing these sensors to fulfill 3D acquisition requirements. However,
certain issues such as the adequacy and accuracy of RGB-D cameras in close-range 3D
modeling have to be addressed owing to the technology involved. The quality of the
data obtained therefore constitutes an important dimension. In this study, the usage of
the current sensor Kinect v2 is explored in the three-dimensional reconstruction of tiny
objects. The advantages and problems of Kinect v2 are addressed in the first section
and then photogrammetry versions are presented after an accurate evaluation of the
generated models.
Soil Fungi-Medicinal Plants Interaction
Authors: Rehman Samiya , Arshad Sadia , Zulfiqar Saman , Zaib un Nisa Bentham Science Publisher , Saleem Muhammad , Tanvir Fouzia , Tabassum Tahira
Published: December 2023

Medicinal plants are a natural source of therapeutic compounds and
secondary metabolites; therefore, their demand is increasing day by day. Since the last
thirty decades, their cultivation as well as preservation with the help of biofertilizers or
pesticides is a point of great concern. The rhizosphere is an important area around the
roots. It is a habitat for many kinds of microorganisms like fungi. This soil microbial
performs a variety of beneficial functions for the growth of plants such as nitrogen
fixation, solubilization and removal of toxins. Endophytes are also an important class
of microbial flora that helps in the absorption of water and nutrients for the plant.
Additionally, they also make plants able to cope with environmental stresses. Fungal
endophytes supervise photosynthesis. Certain therapeutically important plants
including licorice and white ginger lily can also perform antimicrobial activity
depending upon the endophytic composition they have. These types of plants having
antimicrobial activity are of great significance as they act as eco-friendly biopesticides.
Endophytic Bacteria: Value Addition in Medicinal Plants
Authors: Mahmood Ahmad , Shahzad Ahmad Hafiz , Asghar Waleed , Tanveer ul Haq Bentham Science Publisher , Hamid Ali , Khan Zulqurnain , Can Turgay Oğuz , Kataoka Ryota
Published: December 2023

Plants and microorganisms have long evolved together and our most recent
discoveries using advanced techniques have allowed us to understand the chemical
interface within the plant further explaining the relationship between them. As we
discover the interaction between the plants and the associated microorganisms, it has
been clearer to us that there has been a synergy more evident than that of antagonism
among them. A lot of chemicals or metabolites are being released favouring both the
host as well as the microbes during this contact. Such an interaction which leads to the
release of certain metabolites can be managed and manipulated in bringing about
positive effects for the biosphere and environment. One instance of this positive effect
can be the use of medicinal plants and their microbe-facilitated associated metabolites
which may be regulated through the application of different endophytic
microorganisms. If we can control the release of different metabolites from plants
particularly from those of medicinal plants, we can harvest significant benefits for
human and animal health as we are utilizing endophytes for their role as biofertilizers.
The food for medicine concept has been emerging and requires quick and efficient
identification of metabolites as well as chemicals that may be used in addressing
multiple diseases in human beings and other animals.
Genome Editing and its Applications in Plants
Authors: Yaseen Saba , Yasmeen Azara , Safdar Naila , Khan Zulqurnain
Published: December 2023

Regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/cas9 system (CRISPR-Cas)

is a well-developed and frequently used genome editing system, which comprises a

Cas9 nuclease and a single-guided RNA (that is an RNA-guided technique). Cas9

recognizes and cuts a specific DNA sequence by base-pairing with it, generating

double-strand breakage (DSBs) that initiate cellular DNA repair mechanisms that result

in alterations in the DSB regions or adjacent. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has

transformed genetic modifications since its inception, and it is now routinely used to

improve the genomics of large numbers of crops. CRISPR/Cas system is used for

targeted modifications to improve plant growth, yield and tolerance to biotic and

abiotic stress along with developing transgene-free gene-edited crops. The limitations

of using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, as well as ways for enhancing its

responsiveness, are also investigated. This chapter also describes the introduction of

CRISPR-edited DNA-free plants, which may be more acceptable than some other

genetically-engineered organisms. The prospective uses of the CRISPR/Cas9

technology, as well as conventional breeding possibilities, are highlighted in this

introductory chapter.
Genome Editing in Medicinal Plants for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Authors: Zafar Zarmeen , Ahmad Furqan , ur Rehman Shoaib , Karimi Saira , Akram Umar , Ali Zareena , Khan Zulqurnain
Published: December 2023

In the changing climate scenarios, living organisms have been facing several

biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stresses are the major factors posing huge threats to

plants. Drought, heat, and salinity are bigger problems emerging in the world due to

climate change. For adapting various climatic conditions, plants trigger several

biochemical and molecular mechanisms. At the biochemical level, secondary

metabolites play an important role in the survival of plants in uneven situations.

Modulation of expression of genes and stress response elements is observed under

stress. To cope with abiotic stresses in medicinal plants, the understanding of the

biochemical and molecular mechanisms is very important. The use of modern

biotechnological approaches along with conventional breeding may be helpful in

developing tolerance against abiotic stresses in medicinal plants. This chapter

highlights various abiotic stresses, their mechanisms and strategies to develop tolerance

against these stresses.
Medicinal Plants: Traditional Trends to Modern Therapeutics
Authors: Safdar Naila , Yasmin Azra , Khan Zulqurnain
Published: December 2023

Medicinal plant therapies are becoming more common, as more people seek

natural cures and health approaches devoid of synthetic chemicals' adverse effects. The

biological and pharmacological potential of plants is studied and utilized all around the

globe for various purposes including the treatment of infections and diseases owing due

to bioactive compounds in plants produced as a result of secondary metabolism. The

study of medicinal plants is helpful in clinical trials to find pharmacologically useful

chemicals, and this method has produced thousands of valued medicines. Opium,

aspirin, quinine, and digoxin are some examples. Plants possess a large number of

bioactive compounds. On the basis of their chemical structure, they are divided into

four classes: alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. Plants can now be turned into

“factories” that create therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and many more products for use

in the production of biotech pharmaceuticals, medications, and therapies. This chapter

discusses the diversity and importance of medicinal plants in various sectors as well as

highlights the successful drug products produced by the said entities and their future

trends.
Role of Nanomaterials: In Novel Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Pothina Chandra Keerthi , Prasanna J. Lakshmi , Kumar M. Ravi
Published: December 2023

We are constantly looking to scale down the dimensions of transistors to
increase density in the same specific area and at the same time, having powerful
functions and increased performance. We have now reached the stage of submicron
technology where MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors) and
FinFETs (fin shaped field effect transistors) cannot be scaled down further. MOSFETs
replaced BJTs decades ago, but now transistors seem to have hit their end. While
semiconductor giants have a road map to produce 2 nm transistors, scaling down
further is next to impossible. Later, FinFETs were considered as their 3-dimensional
structure enabled greater density, greater computational power, and lower switching
times. But scaling down also means more thermal generation. Thermal effects, high
capacitances, and high fabrication costs deemed FinFETs not very suitable for scaling
down beyond 7nm. How can we enable transistors to scale down further and follow
Moore’s law? The next apparent step would be nanotechnology. While it could be a
revolution in VLSI it comes with its own cons and challenges. While there is a lot of
research going on regarding the same, this chapter will discuss types of nanomaterials
based on dimensions like 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D, and their respective roles in
semiconductor FETs and why it is the next sensible step in the semiconductor industry.
FinFETs and their Applications
Authors: Madhulika Sharma Savitesh , Singh Avtar
Published: December 2023

Researchers are motivated to develop novel electronic switches with improved low power properties and reduced short channel effects due to the downscaling of conventional MOSFETs (SCE). Using multi-gate FinFET technology could improve control of the gate over the channel charge. We have discussed FinFETs, or multigate transistors, in this chapter. The chapter will include the classification and detailed physics inside the device. The Fabrication section will explain the steps involved in manufacturing the device. The difficulties with FinFET technologies have also been discussed in order to examine the research gap. The performance improvement engineering techniques will give exposure to further improvement techniques in the device. The circuit applications will address the various analog/digital circuits based on FinFET.
Analysis of Negative to Positive Differential Conductance Transition in NCFET and Guidelines for Analog Circuit Designing
Authors: Chauhan Nitanshu Chauhan , Dasgupta Sudeb , Bulusu Anand
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, we explained a detailed physical insight of Negative
Differential Resistance (NDR) to Positive Differential Resistance (PDR) transition in a
ferroelectric-based negative capacitance (NC) FET and its dependence on the device
terminal voltages. Using extensive well-calibrated TCAD simulations, we have
investigated this phenomenon on FDSOI NCFET. The NDR to PDR transition occurs
due to the Ferroelectric (FE) layer capacitance changes from a negative to a positive
state during channel pinch-off. This, in turn, results in a valley point in the output
characteristic (IDS-VDS) at which the output resistance is infinite. We also found that
we could alter the valley point location by modulating the vertical Electric field
through the FE layer in the channel pinch-off region using body bias (VBB). The
interface oxide charges also impacted the NDR to PDR transition, and a positive
interface charge resulted in a faster NDR to PDR transition. Further, we have utilized
the modulation in NDR to PDR transition due to VBack for designing a current mirror.
Results show that the output current (IOUT) variation due to VDS, reduces from ~8% to
~2% with VBack. We have also designed a single-stage common source (CS) amplifier
and provided design guidelines to achieve a higher gain in the NDR region. The results
obtained using a small-signal model of the FDSOI-NCFET demonstrate that ~25%
higher gain can be achieved with the discussed design guidelines in the NDR region
compared to the transition region of IDS-VDS. We have also explored the device scaling
effect on the amplifier gain and found that ~2.23x gain can be increased with a smaller
channel length and higher device width.
A Comparative Analysis and Ideas to Reduce Various Leakage Power in Modern VLSI
Authors: Sravana J. , Karthik A. , Dinesh T.
Published: December 2023

In today's high-performance chips, comparative analysis and ideas for
reducing power consumption have become the dominant factor in overall power
consumption. This should reduce the power consumption of high-density chips, which
is so great that many new techniques have been developed in the proposal to design
low-power circuits and systems. Ultra-thin gate oxides, very low threshold voltages,
and short channels are hallmarks of nanoscale chips. Therefore, the most difficult
problem that arises in VLSI circuits and systems is power dissipation. This paper
provides an overview of sources of leakage currents in sub-micrometer CMOS gates
and techniques, limitations, analysis and ideas to reduce leakage currents [1]; an
overview of current circuit-level leakage currents [2] for various techniques; also
discusses an example of a 1-bit adiabatic ECRL adder which compares the power and
delay. This is one way of leakage minimization technique which is caused by switching
action. This simulation work is done in cadence tool using FINFET technology which
is a very fast-growing technology as compared to CMOS technology [3].
Role of Blockchain Technology in Industry 4.0
Authors: Shelke Priya , Mirajkar Riddhi
Published: December 2023

Challenges in the industrial world are evolving rapidly. The game-changing
technologies for overcoming these challenges on the path to Industry 4.0 are
digitization and automation. We can control and improve every area of supply chain
and manufacturing processes with the aid of Industry 4.0 technologies. It offers access
to the real-time data and insights we need to run a company more profitably and
efficiently. As a result, one can make better, quicker business choices. Supply chains
and manufacturing processes may be built with the use of Blockchain technology. In
this chapter, the connection between Blockchain and Industry 4.0 is made clear. The
nine pillars of Industry 4.0 are defined as the core value drivers of the manufacturing
process. The next part provides a quick overview of the characteristics of Blockchain
technology. The final section investigates the function of Blockchain in Industry 4.0
through the use of different applications.