bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone catalyzed by Yttrium trisphenolate in the presence of 1,2‐propanediol. Do both primary and secondary hydroxyl groups initiate polymerization?
Authors: Ling Jun , Liu Jinzhi , Shen Zhiquan , Hogen‐Esch Thieo E.
Published: March 2011

Although the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone (CL) in toluene at 100 °C can be initiated by yttrium trisphenolate (Y(OC6H5)3), in the presence of 1,2‐propanediol (PD) the ROP gives much better, that is, controlled polymerizations. In this case, the molecular weights (MWs) are controlled by the CL/PD molar ratios with primary and secondary hydroxyl groups both initiating the ROP and the MW distributions are narrow. The chain transfers between the active yttrium alkoxides and the residual hydroxyl groups on the PD and/or the chain ends appear to be much faster than chain propagation, consistent with the living character of the ROP. Computational studies support these facile reactions with estimated activation free energies in the 3.0–4.5 kcal/mol range compared with about 25–30 kcal/mol for the polymerization. Intramolecular transfer within the PD is predicted to be negligible having a calculated activation energy of 19 kcal /mol. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Altered architecture of substrate binding region defines the unique specificity of UDP‐GalNAc 4‐epimerases
Authors: Bhatt Veer S. , Guo Chu‐yueh , Guan Wanyi , Zhao Guohui , Yi Wen , Liu Zhi‐jie , Wang Peng G.
Published: March 2011

UDP‐hexose 4‐epimerases play a pivotal role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis and Leloir pathway. These epimerases are classified into three groups based on whether they recognize nonacetylated UDP‐hexoses (Group 1), both N‐acetylated and nonacetylated UDP‐hexoses (Group 2) or only N‐acetylated UDP‐hexoses (Group 3). Although the catalysis has been investigated extensively, yet a definitive model rationalizing the substrate specificity of all the three groups on a common platform is largely lacking. In this work, we present the crystal structure of WbgU, a novel UDP‐hexose 4‐epimerase that belongs to the Group 3. WbgU is involved in biosynthetic pathway of the unusual glycan 2‐deoxy‐L‐altruronic acid that is found in the LPS of the pathogen Pleisomonas shigelloides. A model that defines its substrate specificity is proposed on the basis of the active site architecture. Representatives from all the three groups are then compared to rationalize their substrate specificity. This investigation reveals that the Group 3 active site architecture is markedly different from the “conserved scaffold” of the Group 1 and the Group 2 epimerases and highlights the interactions potentially responsible for the origin of specificity of the Group 3 epimerases toward N‐acetylated hexoses. This study provides a platform for further engineering of the UDP‐hexose 4‐epimerases, leads to a deeper understanding of the LPS biosynthesis and carbohydrate recognition by proteins. It may also have implications in development of novel antibiotics and more economic synthesis of UDP‐GalNAc and downstream products such as carbohydrate based vaccines.
Avoiding disastrous couplings in SU(5) orientifolds
Authors: Anastasopoulos P. , Leontaris G.K. , Richter R. , Schellekens A.N.
Published: March 2011

This proceeding is based on the paper 1010.5188 [hep‐th] where we discuss SU(5) Grand Unified Theories in the context of orientifold compactifications. Specifically, we investigate three D‐brane stack realizations of the Georgi‐Glashow model and analyze them with respect to their Yukawa couplings. We show that most/all phenomenological problems that appear in two stack models can be resolved in three stack models. We exemplify with globally consistent Georgi‐Glashow models based on RCFT that these D‐brane quivers can be indeed embedded in a global setting.
Influence of hydrogen on electrical and optical properties of ZnO films
Authors: Kim Y.H. , Karazhanov S. Zh. , Kim W.M.
Published: March 2011

Electrical and optical properties of H doped ZnO films have been studied experimentally for different H concentrations before and after annealing, as well as theoretically by first‐principles calculations. It is found that electrical resistivity of the H doped ZnO increases when increasing the substrate temperature in the range 25–300 °C. Carrier concentration and mobility measured by Hall method in as‐grown samples are larger than those of annealed ones. The short‐wavelength edge of the transmission spectrum of annealed ZnO is found to shift toward lower energies compared to as‐grown samples. The band gap estimated from the measured transmission spectra of as grown ZnO increases with increasing H concentration, thus demonstrating the Burstein–Moss effect. However, it decreases in samples annealed at 300 °C showing suppression of the Burstein–Moss effect. Possible defect models explaining the reason for the suppression are discussed. The results can be explained by formation of H2 molecules in annealed ZnO.
Effect of electrical field on crystallization and ferroelectric properties of Ge:Sb:Te films
Authors: Gervacio Arciniega J. J. , Prokhorov E. , Espinoza Beltran F. J. , Trapaga Martınez L. G. , Gonzalez‐Hernandez J.
Published: March 2011

In this work impedance spectroscopy has been used to investigate of the NaCl type‐hexagonal transition in stoichiometric Ge2Sb2Te5 and in non‐stoichiometric (Ge24Sb15Te61) films. The temperature dependence of capacitance in all films shows an abrupt change (about 4‐6 times) at the temperature corresponding to the end of the NaCl type‐hexagonal transition. Additional, impedance measurements were carried out in films which have been crystallized with an external DC electric field. Comparing the results in the films crystallized with and without the external electric field, it is observed that in films crystallized with an external electric field, the capacitance increases during the NaCl type‐hexagonal transition for about 9‐15 times and that the piezoresponse force microscopy measurements have shown ferroelectric domains in the NaCl type phase. External electrical field changes significantly the onset of amorphous‐NaCl type crystallization temperature which could be related with an increase in atomic diffusion, promoting the growth of the crystalline phase. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Glass‐formation and phase transformation parameters of chalcogenide glasses from the GeSe2–GeTe–ZnTe system
Authors: Aljihmani Lilia , Vassilev Venceslav , Hristova‐Vasileva Temenuga
Published: March 2011

New chalcogenide glasses from the GeSe2‐GeTe‐ZnTe system are synthesized. The glass‐forming region in it is outlined and some main physicochemical properties (temperatures of glass transition, crystallization and melting; glass transition activation energy; enthalpy and entropy alternation of the crystallization process) of the obtained glasses are determined. A correlation between the investigated physicochemical properties and the composition of the obtained glasses is established. The observed extreme points in these dependencies for the (GeSe2)72(GeTe)18(ZnTe)10 composition are interpreted in relation to the structural changes (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ferromagnetic properties with reentrant spin‐glass behavior in amorphous EuZrO3 thin film
Authors: Zong Yanhua , Fujita Koji , Akamatsu Hirofumi , Murai Shunsuke , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: March 2011

We report on the preparation, structure, and magnetic properties of amorphous EuZrO3, an amorphous ferromagnetic oxide. The samples were prepared in the form of thin film through a pulsed‐laser‐deposition method and their structure was confirmed to be amorphous by X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope observation. Amorphous EuZrO3 thin films exhibit a ferromagnetic transition and reenter into a spin glass phase at a lower temperature, while crystalline EuZrO3 is an antiferromagnet as reported previously. The difference in magnetic properties between amorphous and crystalline EuZrO3 is suggested to arise from the difference in their structures. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of helical induced anisotropy in amorphous ribbons for sensor applications
Authors: García Alfonso , Maganto Fernando , Tremps Enrique , Ramírez Puerto , Moron Carlos
Published: March 2011

Amorphous samples with helical induced anisotropy show magnetization processes that can be controlled by applying a longitudinal magnetic field simultaneously with an alternating current flowing through the sample. By varying the current amplitude and the phase difference between current and applied field, a wide range of coercivity and susceptibility values can be achieved.

This work shows that the apparent coercive field and the susceptibility can be controlled in amorphous ribbons with helical anisotropy. These characteristics make these samples very suitable for their application as sensor cores, magnetic amplifiers, variable reluctance transformer cores, etc (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evidence of growing spatial correlations at the glass transition from nonlinear susceptibility measurements
Authors: Brun C. , Crauste‐Thibierge C. , L'Hôte D. , Ladieu F. , Biroli G. , Bouchaud J.‐P.
Published: March 2011

We have measured the ac nonlinear dielectric response χ3 (ω, T) of an archetypical glassformer (glycerol) just above its glass transition temperature Tg ∼190 K. Our measurements were performed at temperatures between Tg + 4 K and Tg + 35 K, which corresponds to 5 decades of variation of the relaxation time τ (T) of the liquid. We find that χ3(ω, T) is peaked for ωτ ∼ 0.2 and that the height of the peak grows as one approaches Tg. A powerlaw in frequency beyond the peak of χ3 is observed and χ3 (ω, T) displays scaling as a function of ωτ.

These features correspond to the main predictions of some recent theoretical works relating the nonlinear susceptibility of supercooled liquids to the average number Ncorr of dynamically correlated molecules. We thus interpret the experimental increase of the peak of nonlinear susceptibility when T decreases, as an increase of Ncorr when T → Tg. This strongly reinforces the collective picture of the dynamics of supercooled liquids close to the glass transition. Finally, we discuss some heating effects and show that they do not affect significantly our conclusions. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acute toxicity of commonly used forestry herbicide mixtures to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas
Authors: Tatum Vickie L. , Borton Dennis L. , Streblow William R. , Louch Jeffrey , Shepard James P.
Published: March 2011

Because many herbicides selectively control specific species or types of vegetation, they are often applied as mixtures to achieve better control over undesirable vegetation. When herbicides are applied in forest ecosystems, streams, ponds, and other bodies of water are typically protected by buffer zones in which no herbicide is applied. However, in some landscapes, small wetlands and streams are difficult to see and avoid, thus the potential acute toxicity of herbicide mixtures to aquatic organisms is of interest, yet it has not been well‐studied. We examined the acute toxicity of 23 different herbicide mixtures to Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) at environmentally relevant concentrations, and, where possible, characterized mixture interactions using Marking's Additive Index. Maximum exposure concentrations were equivalent to applying the maximum allowable rate for each component directly to the surface of a 6‐in. deep pond with no dissipation following application. Under the conditions of this study, herbicide formulations containing Accord Concentrate (glyphosate), Arsenal AC (imazapyr), Chopper (imazapyr), Escort (metsulfuron methyl), Oust XP (sulfometuron methyl), and Velpar L (hexazinone) were not associated with appreciable acute toxicity to fathead minnows or C. dubia when used alone or in mixtures with each other and various surfactants and adjuvants. Herbicide mixtures for which Additive Indexes could be calculated exhibited primarily antagonistic or simple additive toxicity. In the few cases where synergistic toxicity was observed, the degree of synergism was slight, never exceeding approximately twice the effect estimated based on additive toxicity. Based on the results of this study, neither acute toxicity nor enhanced acute aquatic toxicity due to synergistic mixture effects appears to be a significant concern for applications of the herbicide mixtures most commonly used in forestry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2012.
Influence of Proportion of Skin Present During Malaxing on Pigment Composition of Cold Pressed Avocado Oil
Authors: Wong Marie , Ashton Ofelia B. O. , McGhie Tony K. , Requejo‐Jackman Cecilia , Wang Yan , Woolf Allan B.
Published: March 2011

The effect of the proportion of ‘Hass’ avocado skin tissue present during aqueous cold pressed avocado oil extraction on the pigment concentration and oil quality was determined. Increasing amounts of skin (i.e., from 0 to 100% of available skin) were included with the flesh before grinding and malaxing in a laboratory‐scale cold pressed extraction process. The recovered oils were analyzed for oil quality and color. The pigment concentrations in the oil were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). With increasing amounts of skin addition, there was an increase in the green color, as indicated by hue angle, of the avocado oils. There were also increased concentrations of carotenoids and chlorophylls in the oil as the proportion of skin during malaxing was increased. The lutein concentration in the oils increased from 1.13 to 3.21 μg g−1 as the amount of skin added to the malaxer increased from 0 to 100% skin, and the total chlorophyll concentration in the same oils increased from 7.3 to 27.5 μg g−1. The green color of cold pressed avocado oil and the pigment concentrations can be increased by adding more skin to the malaxer during oil extraction.
Taylor spatial frame in the treatment of neglected fractures
Authors: Al-Sayyad Mohammed J.
Published: March 2011

Background

The Taylor spatial frame (TSF, Smith and Nephew, Memphis, TN, USA) is a modern multiplanar external fixator that combines ease of application and computer accuracy. Many patients in our geographic area seek treatment for their fractures by traditional bonesetters and present in the middle of treatment with neglected malaligned fractures. These fractures were an average of 10 weeks old (range 6–14 weeks) fractures with callus that were allowed to heal in a poor position. The spatial frame is applied easily on the fracture bone fragments. The accuracy of fracture reduction and deformity correction is dependant on analyzing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the fracture. Our experience with this external fixator in the treatment of neglected fractures is summarized.

Method

Over a period of 6 years, the TSF was used in 24 neglected fracture cases which were collected from our prospective external fixator data base. All cases were followed for a minimum of 3 years. The data base and radiographs were reviewed in order to obtain demographic data, malalignment parameters, final correction, time in the TSF, and complications.

Result

The patients’ ages ranged from 6 to 18 years. All were neglected fractures. The average delay in treatment was 10 weeks (range 6–14 weeks). All patients had closed osteoclasis. The time spent in the TSF varied according to the patient age and bone involved. Ten femoral and 14 tibial fractures were included. Ten patients had superficial pin site infections that resolved with oral antibiotics. Postoperatively, no patient was noted to be more than 5° malrotated on clinical examination and no functional leg length discrepancy was observed. All of the fractures united.

Conclusion

Anatomic alignment was achieved in all tibial fracture patients. At the final follow-up, fracture angulation and shortening were fully corrected, and some translational malalignment persisted in 67% of femur fractures. The TSF is an effective definitive method for the treatment of neglected fractures.

Level of evidence

IV.
Malakoplakia of the prostate diagnosed by elevated PSA level and transrectal prostate biopsy
Authors: Görgel Sacit Nuri , Balcı Uğur , Sarı Ayşegül Akder , Ermete Murat , Girgin Cengiz , Dinçel Çetin
Published: March 2011

Malakoplakia is an inflammation which is thought to develop secondary to chronic Escherichia coli infections. Although often seen in the genitourinary tract, it can also be seen in colon, stomach, lung, liver, bone, uterus, and skin. In this case report, we present prostatic malakoplakia diagnosed by elevated prostate‐specific antigen level and transrectal prostate biopsy.
Morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of Atlantic stalked barnacle (Scalpelliformes: Pollicipedidae) from the Cape Verde Islands
Authors: Quinteiro Javier , Rodríguez-Castro Jorge , López Pedro , López-Jurado Luis F. , González-Henríquez Nieves , Rey-Méndez Manuel
Published: March 2011

The taxonomy of pedunculate cirripedes belonging to the genus Pollicipes has essentially remained unchanged since Charles Darwin described them in his exhaustive work on the Cirripedia. This genus includes three species of stalked barnacles: Pollicipes pollicipes in the north-eastern Atlantic, P. polymerus in the north-eastern Pacific and P. elegans in the central-eastern Pacific. However, a population genetics analysis of P. pollicipes suggested the presence of a putative cryptic species collected from the Cape Verde Islands in the central-eastern Atlantic. This study examines the morphology of these genetically divergent specimens and compares them with that of representative Atlantic samples of the biogeographically closely related P. pollicipes and with the poorly described P. elegans. Molecular data, including mitochondrial COX1 and nuclear ribosomal interspaces sequences, were obtained for all species of the genus Pollicipes. Morphological distinctiveness, diagnostic characters, congruent divergence level and monophyletic clustering, at both nuclear and mitochondrial loci support the taxonomic status of this new species, Pollicipes darwini.
Multi-faceted approaches to understanding changes in wildlife and livelihoods in a protected area: a conservation case study from the Central African Republic
Authors: JOST ROBINSON CAROLYN A. , DASPIT LESLEY L. , REMIS MELISSA J.
Published: March 2011

Commercialized hunting and trade of wildlife are the largest threats to mammal populations and human livelihoods in the Congo Basin. It is widely recognized that the lives of humans and wildlife in this region are inextricably intertwined. However, few studies have attempted to integrate both human and wildlife dimensions using ethnographic data to better contextualize the trade and its ecological impacts. This paper outlines a methodological approach that combines ethnographic research, ecological line transects and market surveys in the Dzanga Sangha Reserve (Central African Republic). Results from each research component are reported separately in order to provide examples of how each would answer specific questions about the status of wildlife populations and the scale of hunting within a protected area. The integrated analysis of ethnographic, market and ecological datasets clarifies synergistic impacts operating in the region and provides a more nuanced understanding of changes in both the forest and the market based on information gleaned from hunting practices and hunter interviews. This research demonstrates the potential pitfalls of using a singular approach to make recommendations on complex human-environment issues. Such cross-disciplinary mixed-methods approaches will further understandings of dynamic wildlife populations and forge more informed environmental policy recommendations.
AN AXIOMATIC THEORY OF WELL-ORDERINGS
Authors: DEISER OLIVER
Published: March 2011

We introduce a new simple first-order framework for theories whose objects are well-orderings (lists). A system ALT (axiomatic list theory) is presented and shown to be equiconsistent with ZFC (Zermelo Fraenkel Set Theory with the Axiom of Choice). The theory sheds new light on the power set axiom and on Gödel’s axiom of constructibility. In list theory there are strong arguments favoring Gödel’s axiom, while a bare analogon of the set theoretic power set axiom looks artificial. In fact, there is a natural and attractive modification of ALT where every object is constructible and countable. In order to substantiate our foundational interest in lists, we also compare sets and lists from the perspective of finite objects, arguing that lists are, from a certain point of view, conceptually simpler than sets.
Kepler Mission Discovers Trove of Extrasolar Planet Candidates
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2011

NASA's Kepler discovery mission is collecting more than just pennies from heaven. Results from the first 4 months of science operations of the Kepler space telescope, announced on 2 February, include the discovery of 1235 candidate planets orbiting 997 stars in a small portion of the Milky Way galaxy examined by the telescope. Follow‐up observations likely could confirm about 80% of the candidates as actual planets rather than false positives, according to researchers. This new trove of possible exoplanets could greatly expand the number of known planets outside of our solar system.
Advances in Data Assimilation for Operational Hydrologic Forecasting
Authors: Weerts Albrecht , Liu Yuqiong
Published: March 2011

International Workshop on Data Assimilation for Operational Hydrologic Forecasting and Water Resources Management; Delft, Netherlands, 1–3 November 2010; The abundance of new hydrologic observations (in situ or remotely sensed) in the past couple of decades has stimulated a great deal of research into the use of these observations for improved hydrologic predictions via model‐data infusion applications. Generally speaking, however, hydrologic data assimilation (DA) as an objective tool for reducing predictive uncertainty is not yet technically ready for operational hydrologic forecasting and water resources management. This is due in part to a lack of mechanisms to properly quantify the uncertainty in observations and forecast models in real‐time forecasting situations and to conduct the merging of data and models in a way that is adequately efficient and transparent to operational forecasters. Nevertheless, the need for effective assimilation of useful data into the forecast process is increasing. Within the framework of the Hydrologic Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX; http://www.hepex.org/), a workshop was held in the Netherlands. The overall goal of the workshop was to develop and foster community‐based efforts for collaborative research, development, and synthesis of techniques and tools for hydrologic data assimilation and for the cost‐effective transition of these techniques and tools from research to operations.
William J. Jenkins Receives 2010 Maurice Ewing Medal
Authors: Doney Scott C. , Kurz Mark , Jenkins William J.
Published: March 2011

William J. Jenkins was awarded the 2010 Maurice Ewing Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 15 December 2010 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “significant original contributions to the scientific understanding of the processes in the ocean; for the advancement of oceanographic engineering, technology, and instrumentation; and for outstanding service to the marine sciences.”
Feed conversion efficiency and marginal milk production responses of pasture-fed dairy cows offered supplementary grain during an extended lactation
Authors: Auldist M. J. , Grainger C. , Macmillan K. L. , Marett L. C. , Hannah M. , Leury B. J. , Wales W. J.
Published: March 2011

A study was conducted to quantify the feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and marginal milk responses of pasture-fed cows offered supplementary grain during an extended lactation of 670 days. The experiment used three groups of 10 Holstein cows in four experimental periods of 4 weeks, beginning when cows were ~60, 240, 420 and 530 days in milk (DIM). In each experimental period, cows were individually fed diets of either freshly cut perennial ryegrass pasture supplemented with triticale (60 and 420 DIM), or pasture silage and lucerne hay supplemented with wheat (240 and 530 DIM). On each occasion, one of the three groups was offered additional grain at 0.0, 2.5 or 5.0 kg DM/cow.day. Milk production was measured daily and concentrations of milk fat and protein weekly. These data were used to calculate FCE and marginal responses of milk, energy-corrected milk and milk solids (fat + protein). Results showed FCE was highest at 60 DIM and lowest at 530 DIM. Increased DM intake because of increased grain intake led to increased FCE at 240 and 530 DIM when the energy concentration of forage was lowest. Marginal milk responses were not different at any stage of lactation. For milk solids and energy-corrected milk, responses at 240 DIM were the same as at 530 DIM, but greater than at 60 DIM and 420 DIM. This study provides the first Australian data about FCE and marginal milk production responses to grain supplementation of pasture-fed cows undergoing an extended lactation. The results should provide farmers with confidence that good responses to grain can be achieved even in the latter part of a 22-month lactation.
Mobilising research knowledge in education
Authors: Levin Ben
Published: March 2011

The field of knowledge mobilisation (KM) addresses the multiple ways in which stronger connections can be made between research, policy and practice. This paper reviews the current situation around knowledge mobilisation in education. It addresses changing understandings of KM, considers
some of the main issues in conducting empirical research in the field, and looks at the state of activity to promote and increase KM, offering commentary and suggestions in each area.
Holding policy-makers to account: exploring 'soft' and 'hard' policy and the implications for curriculum reform
Authors: Kennedy Kerry J. , Chan Jacqueline Kin-Sang , Fok Ping Kwan
Published: March 2011

Curriculum implementation as both an educational practice and a policy conundrum has been the focus of academic research since the 1970s. A new perspective is taken in this article by borrowing from the literature on policy implementation in multilevel systems of government. The concepts
of 'hard' and 'soft' policy are used to show that policy-makers choose from a range of strategies and it is these choices rather than teacher attitudes that may account for the level of implementation of a policy. A case study of curriculum implementation in Hong Kong is used to show how 'hard'
and 'soft' policy can be identified in practice.
Residual venous thrombosis as predictive factor for recurrent venous thromboembolim in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis: a sytematic review
Authors: Tan Melanie , Mos Inge C. M. , Klok Frederikus A. , Huisman Menno V.
Published: March 2011

The potential role of the detection of residual thrombosis after deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the differentiation of patients at risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) has not yet been fully established and includes different definitions. We performed a systematic review in order to determine the role of residual thrombosis in predicting recurrent VTE after acute proximal DVT. Databases were searched until June 2010. Randomized, controlled trials or prospective cohort studies were eligible for inclusion if they included patients with objectively diagnosed proximal DVT, measured thrombus diameter after at least 3 months and reported recurrent VTE during follow‐up. Two authors independently reviewed articles and extracted data. Data from 11 studies were used for the current analysis; in total 3203 patients were included. Residual thrombosis was positively correlated with recurrent VTE. Large heterogeneity was present, due to differences in study population, timing and the differences in method of measuring residual thrombosis. The effect was more pronounced in patients with malignancy or was dependent on the criteria used. This systematic review shows a positive relationship between residual thrombosis and recurrent VTE during follow‐up. Assessing residual thrombosis could be useful in individual recurrence risk estimation.
Initial features and outcome of cutaneous and non‐cutaneous primary extranodal follicular lymphoma
Authors: Fernández de Larrea Carlos , Martínez‐Pozo Antonio , Mercadal Santiago , García Adriana , Gutierrez‐García Gonzalo , Valera Alexandra , Ghita Gabriela , Colomo Luis , Gainza Eukene , Villamor Neus , Nomdedeu Benet , Estrach Teresa , Montserrat Emili , Campo Elias , López‐Guillermo Armando
Published: March 2011

Follicular lymphoma (FL), a typically nodal disease, can arise in extranodal sites in about 10% of cases. The present study aimed to analyse the main differential features of patients with primary extranodal FL. Thirty‐nine patients with primary extranodal FL were identified from a series of 354 patients with FL diagnosed at a single institution and their main clinicobiological features were analysed. Twenty patients (5·6%) had a primary extranodal non‐cutaneous FL, and 19 (5·4%) a cutaneous FL. BCL2+ and CD10+ expression and BCL2/IGHJ@ rearrangement were less frequently observed in cutaneous FL. Absence of ‘B’‐symptoms, early stage, absence of bone marrow involvement and low‐risk Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) were more frequent in extranodal FL. Five‐year overall survival (OS) was 100%, 83% and 78% for cutaneous, non‐cutaneous and nodal FL, respectively. When stage I patients were analysed separately, no differences were seen in terms of OS. In multivariate analysis, FLIPI was the most important variable to predict outcome. In conclusion, extranodal FLs, particularly cutaneous, have particular clinico‐biological features, which differentiate them from nodal cases. Nevertheless, primary site of the disease is not the main issue to predict outcome.
Optimal gestational age of delivery to decrease neonatal morbidity in preterm pregnancies in Korea
Authors: We Ji Sun , Park In Yang , Jang Dong Gyu , Choi Sae Kyung , Lee Gui Sera , Shin Jong Chul
Published: March 2011

Aims:  Preterm birth is the most common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Neonatal morbidity and mortality are known to decrease significantly after 34 weeks in preterm births following preterm labor, and after 32 weeks in preterm births following preterm rupture of the membranes. However, these outcomes may not apply to Korean preterm neonates. This study analyzed the morbidity of preterm neonates based on gestational age to determine the optimal gestational age of delivery following preterm labor.

Materials and Methods:  We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of preterm neonates and their mothers who delivered at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital between January 1995 and December 2007.

Results:  Among 1234 preterm neonates, 1008 were singletons and 226 were multiple births. In both singleton and multifetal pregnancies, the maternal characteristics did not differ based on gestational age. The 1‐ and 5‐min Apgar scores were significantly lower than at 35 weeks in singleton births, and at 33 weeks in multiple births. Major complications, such as intraventricular hemorrhage and the use of a respirator, decreased significantly after 35 weeks in singleton births, and after 33 weeks in multiple births.

Conclusions:  The optimal gestational age for decreasing the morbidity of major complications in preterm neonates was 1 week later than the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommendations. For Korean mothers with preterm labor, delivery needs to be delayed until 35 weeks in singletons, 33 weeks in twins, and 32 weeks in singletons with preterm rupture of the membranes.
Effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin on reducing blood loss at cesarean section in Nigeria: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Owonikoko Kola M. , Arowojolu Ayodele O. , Okunlola Michael A.
Published: March 2011

Aims:  The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of sublingual misoprostol with i.v. oxytocin infusion administered after delivery in reducing blood loss at cesarean section in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:  One hundred women with term singleton pregnancy undergoing elective or emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia in Nigeria were randomly allocated to receive either misoprostol 400 µg sublingually or i.v. infusion of 20 units oxytocin soon after delivery of the baby. Estimated blood loss at surgery and within the first 4 h post‐operation were measured in both groups.

Results:  No significant difference was found in mean blood loss between the oxytocin and misoprostol groups. Similarly, no significant difference occurred between preoperative and postoperative hematocrit levels in both groups. The need for additional oxytocin was similar in both groups. There was significantly less blood loss in the first 4 h after surgery in the misoprostol group than in the oxytocin group (58.2 ± 20.7 vs 80.5 ± 26.8; P‐value = 0.02). The incidence of adverse effects like shivering/pyrexia was significantly higher in the misoprostol group than in the oxytocin group (27/50 vs 1/50, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Sublingual misoprostol was as effective as i.v. oxytocin infusion in reducing blood loss at cesarean section. It offers several advantages over oxytocin, including long shelf life, stability at room temperature, and oral administration, which make it a suitable uterotonic agent in low‐resource areas.
The comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine and midazolam sedation on electroencephalography in pediatric patients with febrile convulsion
Authors: Aksu Recep , Kumandas Sefer , Akin Aynur , Bicer Cihangir , Gümüş Hakan , Güler Gülen , Per Hüseyin , Bayram Adnan , Boyaci Adem
Published: March 2011

Background:  When electroencephalogram (EEG) activity is recorded for diagnostic purposes, the effects of sedative drugs on EEG activity should be minimal. This study compares the sedative efficacy and EEG effects of dexmedetomidine and midazolam.

Subjects and methods:  EEG recordings of 60 pediatric subjects with a history of simple febrile convulsions were performed during physiologic sleep. All of these patients required sedation to obtain follow‐up (control) EEGs. Subjects in Group D received 0.5 μg·kg−1 of dexmedetomidine, and those in Group M received 0.1 mg·kg−1 of midazolam. For rescue sedation, the same doses were repeated to maintain a Ramsey sedation score level of between 4 and 6.

Results:  The mean doses that were required for sedation were 0.76 μg·kg−1 of dexmedetomidine and 0.38 mg·kg−1 of midazolam. Diastolic blood pressure and HR were lower in Group D than in Group M (P < 0.05). Hypoxia was observed in 11 (36.7%) subjects in Group M and none in Group D; this was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Frontal and parieto‐occipital (PO) EEG frequencies were similar during physiologic sleep and dexmedetomidine sedation. However, EEG frequencies in these areas (P < 0.001) and PO EEG amplitude (P = 0.030) were greater during midazolam sedation than during physiologic sleep.

Conclusions:  Dexmedetomidine is a suitable agent to provide sedation for EEG recording in children. There is less change in EEG peak frequency and amplitude after dexmedetomidine than after midazolam sedation.
An evaluation of intrathecal bupivacaine combined with intrathecal or intravenous clonidine in children undergoing orthopedic surgery: a randomized double‐blinded study
Authors: Cao Jian‐Ping , Miao Xiao‐Yong , Liu Jian , Shi Xue‐Yin
Published: March 2011

Background:  Propofol is a popular agent for providing intraoperative sedation in pediatric population during lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia. Adjuvant‐like clonidine is used increasingly in pediatric anesthesia to provide postoperative analgesia with a local anesthetic agent. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of intrathecal and intravenous clonidine on postoperative analgesia/sedation and intraoperative requirements of propofol after intrathecal bupivacaine for orthopedic surgery in children.

Methods:  Fifty‐nine ASA I and II children aged 6–8 year undergoing orthopedic surgery were randomized to receive intrathecal 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2–0.4 mg·kg−1 and intravenous 2 ml saline (Group B), intrathecal 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2–0.4 mg·kg−1 plus 1 μg·kg−1 clonidine and intravenous 2 ml saline (Group BCit), and 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2–0.4 mg·kg−1 and intravenous 1 μg·kg−1 clonidine in 2 ml of saline (Group BCiv). Intraoperative sedation was maintained with 20–50 μg·kg−1·min−1 of propofol infusion. The requirements of propofol, time to first rescue analgesia, and postoperative pain or sedation scores were assessed. The duration of motor and sensory blocks and perioperative adverse events were determined.

Results:  Clonidine significantly prolonged the time to first rescue analgesia and reduced the requirements of propofol sedation whether administered intravenously or intrathecally. The mean Children and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale scores of children were significantly lower in groups BCit and BCiv than in group B. Postoperative sedation scores were higher in groups BCit and BCiv than in group B. Intrathecal clonidine significantly prolonged the time to regression of the sensory block and recovery of motor block. There were no significant differences among the three groups regarding the incidence of perioperative adverse events.

Conclusion:  Intrathecal or intravenous clonidine similarly provided better postoperative analgesia and sedation and reduced the requirements of propofol. Only intrathecal clonidine prolonged the duration of sensory and motor blocks.
THE INVENTION OF FANATICISM
Authors: CAVANAUGH WILLIAM T.
Published: March 2011

This article examines the Western construction of “religion” as passionate and non‐rational. First, it summarizes the history of the category “religion” and the creation of the myth of religious violence. It then examines the construction of one of the stock characters of modernity, the religious fanatic, and shows how fanaticism migrated from an accusation against heretics to an accusation of intolerance, and from an indictment of false prophecy and belief to an indictment of an irrational and violent passion. The article then shows how the construction of “religious fanaticism” can promote secularist rationales for violence.
THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTION AND REASONING IN SOCIAL CONTEXTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MORAL THEOLOGY
Authors: SPEZIO MICHAEL L.
Published: March 2011

The neuroscience of emotion and its relation to moral action is a critical area of engagement for deepening understanding of faith, rationality, and the passions. Moral philosophies and theologies often examine the function of passion in relation to reason and justification in moral action. Whether they find emotion to be an obstacle to or a constitutive part of justifiably rational or ethical decision making, the neuroscience of emotion and moral action should prove to be of interest. Here, after briefly motivating this interest (while avoiding psychologism), this article reviews the abundant evidence from lesion studies linking emotion to human reasoning, especially in contexts relevant for evaluation of one's own ends and those of others. After a brief consideration of dual process models, newly reintroduced into affective and social neuroscience, the article concludes by pointing to two active areas in these sciences that support an integrative view of emotion for reason.
THE LATE ARRIVAL OF LANGUAGE: WORD, NATURE AND THE DIVINE IN PLATO'S CRATYLUS
Authors: PICKSTOCK CATHERINE
Published: March 2011

In his dialogue Cratylus, Plato presents λóγος as meaning both word and notion. Thought is in language, and this means that it is connected to the senses, to embodiment and to thinking through the exterior world. If he is to resist the Protagorean view that knowledge is perspectival and arbitrary, he must try to show that language is not merely conventional. As a human action, speaking is an art; arts imitate, but what do speaking and thinking imitate? They must imitate the essences of things but those only appear indirectly through matter and sensation. I shall defend the view that Plato offers an “onomatopoeic” theory of language in this dialogue and that this is compatible with the final discussions in the dialogue: words were originally composed of mimetic elements. However, a copy can only be a copy, Socrates suggests, by its difference from the original. This difference is not just a lapse, but has a positive valency. Plato allows that the very conventionality and later development of language away from its mimetic roots is paradoxically still onomatopoeic. He suggests, via Socrates, that the basic units of language indicate flow or stoppage of flow and being pulled down or escaping from this. Language as “punctuated flow” responds to and reflects time; as both animal and spiritual, it embodies the struggle between embodiment and mind. But both aspects generate . If we think in language, did language ever begin? If language is onomatopoeic, why is etymology confused as to whether free motion is good or limitation is good? If the gods invented language, why are they themselves confused? Plato's answer in either case is to appeal to the recollection of the forms as known through the reach of the soul beyond ordinary cognition. Although the Cratylus offers parallels with other dialogues in this respect, the fact that the forms are invoked in order to save the linguistic and so embodied and passionate character of language (since language is viewed as mimetic) reveals with particular clarity how the theory of forms is in no way a denial of a link between human cognition and materiality. Indeed, the religious element in Plato's philosophy enables him to sustain materiality and reason in balance with his account of cognition.
HUME VERSUS KANT: FAITH, REASON AND FEELING
Authors: MILBANK JOHN
Published: March 2011

The sharp separation between religion and reason in public life is not compatible with democracy. For thinkers like Habermas this separation is based upon enlightenment, but in fact it is based only on one version of enlightenment, that of Kant. If we turn instead to Hume, who made feeling, not reason, central for the workings of the human mind, then we discover far more fluidity between religious and other modes of thought and yet at the same time a greater ease with naturalism. Moreover, when we understand the centrality of feeling for thought, modes of physicalist reductionism of mind become much harder to entertain, even within a naturalistic perspective.
Employee Gender, Gender Similarity, and Supervisor-Subordinate Cross-Evaluations
Authors: Gupta Nina , Jenkins G. Douglas , Beehr Terry A.
Published: March 2011

This article examines the relationship between employee gender and gender similarity on the one hand and supervisor-subordinate cross-evaluations and subordinate rewards on the other, using a sample of 651 employees from five midwestern organizations. Data were obtained through structured interviews, supervisor ratings of subordinates, and employee personnel records. Two-way analysis of variance results indicated that (a) evaluations of women are more positive than evaluations of men and (b) opposite-sex evaluations tend to be higher than same-sex evaluations, but (c) men subordinates receive more promotions, and same-sex subordinates more pay increases, than do women subordinates and opposite-sex subordinates respectively.
Sex Differences in Absence from Work: A Reinterpretation
Authors: Englander-Golden Paula , Barton Glenn
Published: March 2011

Sex differences in absence from work were investigated for parents and nonparents during a period of 11 months. Personnel records showed sex differences only among working parents, with mothers taking significantly more sick leave than fathers ( p < .05). By using self-reports obtained under protection of anonymity it was found that in the parent group both sexes reported absences necessitated by child care as personal illness, but significantly more women than men were absent from work for such activities ( p < .01). Results from this study shed light on the statement that “women are more likely than men to be absent from work because of illness” (U.S. Department of Labor Bureau Bulletin, 1977); child care, rather than personal illness, appears to be the major variable that mediates sex differences in absence from work.
Women, Career Orientation, and Employment
Authors: Faver Catherine A.
Published: March 2011

This study examines age and life-cycle stage variance in women's career orientation (i.e., intention to pursue a career) and in the expression of career orientation through employment. The study group is a cross-sectional, non-probability sample of 1,120 women, ages 22–64, who contacted a major mid-western university's Center for Continuing Education of Women. Three findings predominate: (1) Career orientation is negatively related to age, reflecting greater career interest among younger women. (2) In all marital and parental status categories, high proportions of young women are career oriented, suggesting that career interest persists through the periods of family formation and expansion. (3) The greatest discrepancy between career orientation and rate of full-time employment occurs among married mothers of preschool children, suggesting that career plans are deferred during early motherhood. Discussion focuses on the implications of the findings for work and family policy and further research.
Review of retail store lighting: implications for colour control of products
Authors: Hinks David , Shamey Renzo
Published: March 2011

Lighting variables directly impact all areas of colour science. Lighting is of critical concern to the effective and consistent control of the perceived colour of all products. It is therefore important that all stakeholders involved in managing a commercial supply chain, including product design, colour standards development, manufacture and point of sale, work to understand and control the lighting environment during each stage of a product’s life cycle. New examples of lighting variability in a small and large US retail chain store are presented to illustrate key concepts. Some of the recent published work on retail lighting is reviewed, as well as some of the likely future directions of retail lighting in terms of environmental and technology development.