bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prototype Matching in Close Relationships
Authors: Hassebrauck Manfred , Aron Arthur
Published: March 2007

Four studies tested the prototype-matching model that people use the prototype of a good relationship to evaluate the quality of concrete relationships. In Study 1, distance from the consensual prototype of participants’ descriptions of the features of their relationship strongly predicted relationship quality, and this prediction was significantly stronger for distance from central (vs. peripheral) features. Study 2 replicated these results and also found no significant advantage for predicting relationship quality using a relationship’s distance from idiosyncratically weighted (vs. consensually weighted) centrality of prototype features. Study 3 experimentally manipulated a described relation-ship’s distance from the prototype and found that distance from central features affected relationship evaluations more than distance from peripheral or intermediate features. Study 4 experimentally manipulated the prototype of relationship quality itself and found that correlations of relationship quality with matches with the prototype were more strongly influenced by those features that were increased in their importance.
Rebels with a Cause: Group Identification as a Response to Perceived Discrimination from the Mainstream
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Branscombe Nyla R. , Schmitt Michael T. , Spears Russell
Published: March 2007

Two studies involving people with body piercings tested the hypothesis that perceived discrimination increases group identification. In Study 1, group identification mediated the positive relationship between perceived discrimination and attempts to differentiate the ingroup from the mainstream. In Study 2, perceived discrimination against people with body piercings was manipulated and was found to increase group identification. Support was found for the prediction that group identification mediates the relationship between perceptions of discrimination and collective self-esteem. Results demonstrate the importance of group identification for both the meaning of group membership and its consequences for well-being among members of disadvantaged groups.
Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Inference: Evidence from Behavioral Predictions and Lay Theories of Behavior
Authors: Norenzayan Ara , Choi Incheol , Nisbett Richard E.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated social inference practices of Koreans and Americans in two novel domains: behavioral predictions and folk theories of behavior. When dispositional and situational inferences were disentangled, Koreans showed dispositional thinking to the same extent as Americans. This was the case for behavioral predictions based on individual difference information (Study 1) and for endorsements of a dispositionist theory of behavior (Studies 1 and 3). Consistent with previous research in the causal attribution and attitude attribution paradigms, Koreans made greater situational inferences in behavioral prediction as long as situational information was salient (Study 2) and endorsed a situationist theory of behavior more (Studies 1 and 3). Koreans also differed from Americans in believing personality to be more malleable (Study 3).
The Role of Emotions in Determining Willingness to Engage in Intergroup Contact
Authors: Esses Victoria M. , Dovidio John F.
Published: March 2007

This research explored the role of affect (i.e., emotions) and cognitions (i.e., stereotypes and symbolic beliefs) in Whites’ willingness to engage in contact with Blacks and, in a comparison behavior, endorsement of social policies for Blacks. Specifically, participants were instructed to focus on their feelings or on their thoughts while watching a video portraying discrimination toward Blacks or a comparison video. As predicted, participants who watched the discrimination video while focusing on their emotions showed greater willingness to engage in contact with Blacks than did participants in the other three conditions. Mediational analysis suggested that this effect was mediated by changes in emotions toward Blacks. In contrast, social policy endorsement and cognitions about Blacks were not affected by the focus manipulation. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of moving beyond assessing and attempting to change intergroup attitudes at a global level to examining the affective and cognitive bases of these attitudes.
A Motivational Model of Driving Anger and Aggression
Authors: Neighbors Clayton , Vietor Nathaniel A. , Knee C. Raymond
Published: March 2007

This article proposed a motivational model of driving anger and aggression, derived from self-determination theory, suggesting that trait motivation affects motivation in specific driving situations, which in turn predicts driving anger and subsequent aggression. Individuals higher in controlled orientation were predicted to experience more feelings of pressure and ego-defensiveness while driving, leading to more anger and aggression. Participants included 111 individuals who kept structured daily records of all instances in which they experienced driving anger throughout a 10-day period. Participants reported experiencing anger on slightly more than a daily basis, on average, and responding with varying levels of aggression. Results provided strong support for the authors’ motivational framework suggesting that individuals who generally feel controlled tend to experience more pressure and ego-defensiveness, which leads to more anger and aggression while driving.
Putting Oneself in the Task: Choice, Personalization, and Confidence
Authors: Tafarodi Romin W. , Mehranvar Sanaz , Panton Rachel L. , Milne Alan B.
Published: March 2007

Incidental choice over the features of a task provides both control and personalization. Previous accounts of the tendency of choice to enhance task confidence have emphasized the importance of perceived control. The authors reexamined the enhancement effect to determine whether personalization is equally important. The results of two studies revealed that only choices reflecting personal preferences increased confidence in the task outcome (Study 1) and boosted performance-related self-esteem (Study 2). These findings point to the importance of self-identity expression for understanding the judgmental effects of choice.
Testing the Action-Based Model of Cognitive Dissonance: The Effect of Action Orientation on Postdecisional Attitudes
Authors: Harmon-Jones Eddie , Harmon-Jones Cindy
Published: March 2007

Two experiments were designed to test the prediction, derived from the action-based model of cognitive dissonance, that facilitation of an action-oriented mindset would increase cognitive discrepancy reduction. In Experiment 1, following an easy or difficult decision, a manipulated action-oriented mindset (thinking about implementing the decision) caused persons who made a difficult decision to change their evaluations of the decision alternatives in favor of the decision (spreading of alternatives) more than other participants. Experiment 2 conceptually replicated the effects of Experiment 1, even when an action orientation was induced by having persons write about implementing a different decision. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings.
Equity, Motivation and Effects of Past Reward on Allocation Decisions
Authors: Greenberg Jerald
Published: March 2007

The effects of information about workers' responses to previous payment on subsequent allocation decisions were examined. College students played the role of supervisors who had to set fair pay rates for salesmen, or rates that would motivate high performance. Subjects redressed inequity by giving high pay to improving performers who were previously low paid, and low pay to declining performers who were previously high paid. Subjects instructed to motivate avoided previously ineffective allocations.
Courtrooms, Politics, and Morality: Toward a Theoretical Integration
Authors: Kaplan Martin F. , Steindorf Jeffrey , lervolino Annette
Published: March 2007

Study of juridical, political, and morality judgments can be enhanced by an information integration theoretical analysis. The theory unifies treatment of these domains, and by identifying judgment parameters and distinguishing between values and processes, can be useful in solving substantive issues in these domains. Illustrative experiments on each type of judgment are described.
The Social Context of Obesity Research: Another Perspective on Its Place in the Field of Social Psychology
Authors: Krantz David S.
Published: March 2007

Most research by social psychologists on behavioral correlates of obesity has been interpreted from the perspective that obese are more sensitive than normals to external environmental stimuli and less sensitive to internal cues. In the present paper, evidence is reviewed which indicates that obese individuals, as deviants in society, are subjected to cultural and social pressures which exert strong influences on their behavior in both laboratory and life. It is suggested that a considerable amount of "external responsiveness" reflects attempts by obese subjects to engage in situationally-appropriate behavior. Rather than absorbing all behavioral characteristics of obese under the internal-external metaphor, it would be theoretically and practically useful to pay more attention to the social context of this research.
Attributions of Moods and Symptoms to the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Campos Francis , Thurow Cathryn
Published: March 2007

Women who take and do not take oral contraceptives made daily self-reports of moods and symptoms associated with menstrual cycle changes. They also attributed these moods and symptoms to cycle or noncycle causes. During the premenstrual phase, Pill women made more cycle attributions than No Pill women. No Pill women made more cycle attributions during the menstrual than the premenstrual phase of their cycles. These attribution patterns were discussed in terms of cues to cycle phases.
Seating Arrangement, Activity, and Sex Differences in Small Group Crowding
Authors: Patterson Miles L. , Roth Charles P. , Schenk Claire
Published: March 2007

The effects of seating arrangement, activity, and sex differences were examined in six person groups required to wait under high density conditions. Groups in the circle arrangement tended to rate the room more confining than those in the L-shape arrangement. Predicted arrangement x sex composition interactions were supported by differences in self and room ratings. The clearest contrast appeared in the positive reactions to the more intimate, circle arrangement by females waiting with other females compared to the more negative reactions to the circle arrangement by females in the mixed sex groups. The relevance of these results were discussed in terms of an intimacy violation model of crowding.
Don't the Girls' Get Prettier at Closing Time: A Country and Western Application to Psychology
Authors: Pennebaker James W. , Dyer Mary Anne , Caulkins R. Scott , Litowitz Debra Lynn , Ackreman Phillip L. , Anderson Douglas B. , McGraw Kevin M.
Published: March 2007

Despite psychology's attempts at keeping pace with hypotheses generated by song writers, research dealing with perceived physical attraction has fallen far behind. In an attempt to close the gap, a study was conducted which confirmed Gilley's (1975) prediction that "all the girls get prettier at closing time, they all get to look like movie stars..." A reactance interpretation based on predecisional preferences validated Gilley's observation "ain't it funny, ain' t it strange, the way a man's opinions change when he starts to face that lonely night."
Aerobic Power and Tonic Heart Rate Responses to Psychosocial Stressors
Authors: Cox Jerry , Evans James F. , Jamieson John L.
Published: March 2007

The aerobic power of 41 male and 29 female introductory psychology students was measured. They were then subjected to a series of psychosocial stressors. Tonic heart rate was used as the criterion variable. Aerobic power was found to be significantly (p < .001) related to how quickly subjects recovered from stress.
The Relationship of Psychological Masculinity and Femininity and Gender to Personalization and Social Emphasis in Environmental Schematization
Authors: Holahan Carole K. , Holahan Charles J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated differences in psychological masculinity and femininity and gender differences in subjects' descriptions with respect to contemporaneous and childhood environments. Subjects were 50 male and 50 female undergraduate students in an introductory psychology course. Results of the study showed significant effects for psychological masculinity and femininity on personalization for both environments and in social emphasis for the contemporaneous environment. Androgynous subjects consistently achieved the highest scores on both measures. Significant effects for gender were found for both the contemporaneous and childhood environments with females scoring higher than males on both the personal and social dimensions.
Effect of a Harm-doer's Attractiveness and the Victim's History of Prior Victimization on Punishment of the Harm-doer
Authors: Storck Jerome T. , Sigall Harold
Published: March 2007

After observing a harm-doer exploit a victim, subjects had the opportunity to punish the harm-doer. The general attractiveness of the harm-doer and the victim's history of prior victimization were varied independently to explore the hypothesis that the influence of prior victimization is moderated by the general attractiveness of the harm-doer. The expected interaction was found such that the attractive harm-doer was punished less when the victim had been previously victimized, but the unattractive harm-doer was punished less when there was no history of victimization.
Heider's Formulation of Social Perception and Attributional Processes
Authors: Weary Gifford , Rich Marvina C. , Harvey John H. , Ickes William J.
Published: March 2007

It is argued that Heider's conception of the relationship between perceptual and attributional processes has not received sufficient attention. The distinction between the phenomenal description of perception and Heider's causal analysis of the perceptual process is presented. It is noted that Heider's attribution theory may best be viewed as a comprehensive formulation of the naive, implicit principles that underlie the perception of social objects and that his emphasis is on an underlying flow, a causal stream from the distal stimulus to the final percept, rather than only on subprocesses such as the phenomenology of the perceiver.
Social Psychology in the Soviet Union
Authors: Strickland Lloyd H.
Published: March 2007

Excerpts from an interview with the chairman of the first Soviet Department of Social Psychology are presented to demonstrate how rapidly the field has developed there in the last 15 years, how wide a scope the field seems to have, and the role planned for its future.
The Recognition of Embarrassment
Authors: Edelmann Robert J. , Hampson Sarah E.
Published: March 2007

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether embarrassment is a recognizable emotion independent of the nonverbal associates of humor. In the first experiment subjects attempted to identify embarrassment or amusement from silent videotape recordings presented under three viewing conditions: body, face, or face and body together. Correct recognition of embarrassment required both face and body cues while amusement required only facial cues. Embarrassment was incorrectly identified as amusement from facial cues. Experiment 2 investigated the relative importance of facial versus bodily cues for the recognition of embarrassment and amusement. Subjects, who viewed only the face plus body condition, indicated on a schematic drawing of a person which part they were utilizing to make their judgments. While the mouth signaled amusement, the eyes, hands, lower legs, and mouth were all important signals of embarrassment. The part played by amusement in an embarrassing incident is discussed in the light of these findings.
The Actor-Observer Bias is Alive and Well in Prison
Authors: Saulnier Kathryn , Perlman Daniel
Published: March 2007

Based on attribution theory analysis, the authors predicted that actors attribute their behavior more to internal and unstable causes than do observers. From this logic, actors should also assess as less probable future occurrences of their behavior. 7hese hypotheses were tested by having inmates and officials at a medium security penitentiary rate the causes of the prisoners' (N= 60) offenses. The results supported all three predictions. These data are in contrast with those collected by Wells (1980), who found results inconsistent with the actor-observer bias postulate. An explanation of the different results of the two studies was offered in terms of whether observers had, or had not, previously engaged in the same behaviors as the actors.
Self-Awareness and the Veracity Hypothesis
Authors: Levine Douglas W. , McDonald Peter J.
Published: March 2007

Self-awareness has been shown to reduce an individual's susceptibility to bogus bodily state information (that is, the veracity hypothesis). It is not clear, however, whether this effect is mediated by internal cue information or by external demands. In the present study, which minimized the operation of external demand, no support was found for the veracity hypothesis; in fact, self-aware individuals were somewhat less accurate regarding their bodily state than were those not self-aware.
Predicting Our Impressions on Others
Authors: Tobey Elisabeth L. , Tunnell Gil
Published: March 2007

High self-monitoring (SM) subjects were hypothesized to be more aware than low SM subjects of their impressions on others. Female subjects were videotaped and then predicted their impressions on anyone who viewed the film. The tapes were evaluated by 10 judges, and their impressions were compared with the subjects' predictions. Results showed that high SM subjects were somewhat better than low SM subjects at predicting their impressions, but the difference between groups was not reliable. A 4-item, factor analytically derived SM subscale labeled Acting and the Public Self-Consciousness Scale did differentiate subjects, such that high scorers on both measures were more accurate than low scorers in predicting their impressions on the judges. In addition, high actors left more favorable impressions on the judges. Implications of the multidimensionality of the SM Scale were discussed.
Reactions to Territorial Contamination as a Function of Culture
Authors: Worchel Stephen , Lollis Margaret
Published: March 2007

The present study examined individuals' responses to contamination of private, semipublic, and public territory. It was predicted that individuals would dispose of litter on territory they controlled (private and semipublic) but would not do so on territory that was not under their personal control (public). Previous research demonstrates that territorial classification is influenced by culture and therefore it was expected that culture would influence reactions to territorial contamination. A bag of litter was placed in one of three locations in residences in Greece and the United States: front yard, sidewalk in front of residence, or street curb in front of home. The dependent measure was the amount of time it took for the litter to be removed. The results indicated that there was no difference in the speed of removal between the two cultures when the litter was placed in the yard of the residence. However, the litter was removed significantly more quickly from the sidewalk and street in the United States sample than in the Greek sample. The latter areas are considered semipublic in the United States but public in Greece. It is suggested that behavioral change may be achieved by altering the perception of territorial control.
Person Memory the Processing of Consistent and Inconsistent Person Information
Authors: Hemsley Gordon D. , Marmurek Harvey H.C.
Published: March 2007

Recall for behaviors that were either consistent or inconsistent with a previously presented set of uniform trait adjectives was studied. Similar to Hastie and Kumar (1979), recall for inconsistent behaviors was better when they constituted the minority of behavior descriptions. However, the reverse was found when consistent behaviors formed the minority set. The majority set, rather than the minority set, of behavior descriptions determined impression ratings of the fictional character. These results were discussed in terms of the effects of trait information as compared to behavioral information on person memory.
Task Performance and Satisfaction
Authors: Rice Robert W. , Marwick Nancy J. , Chemers Martin M. , Bentley Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

The hypothesized role of Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) as a moderator was tested in a laboratory study of 49 university students (24 low LPC and 25 high LPC). Each student was the leader of a three-person mixed-sex group. The number of cryptograms correctly solved by the group was the criterion of task performance. A posttask questionnaire provided five measures of satisfaction with the task and the task context. Both subgroup correlational analyses and moderated regression analyses supported the prediction that the relationship between task performance and satisfaction is stronger for low LPC (task-oriented) subjects than for high LPC (relationship-oriented) subjects.
Perceptions of Task Feedback
Authors: Strenta Angelo , Kleck Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Observers viewed a videotape in which an able-bodied person was shown giving positive, neutral, negative, or evaluatively mixed performance feedback to either a handicapped or a nonhandicapped individual. Subjects were less likely to perceive positive feedback provided to handicapped performers as indicative of task accomplishment than when the same feedback was administered to able bodied individuals. In addition, feedback that included both praise and criticism was (a) seen to be more contingent on actual performance than consistent feedback, whatever its valence, and (b) viewed as a relatively effective strategy for improving performance.
Fifteen Years of Foot-in-the Door Research
Authors: Beaman Arthur L. , Cole C. Maureen , Preston Marilyn , Klentz Bonnel , Steblay Nancy Mehrkens
Published: March 2007

Meta-analyses were performed on research investigating the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. A total of 120 experimental groups were examined, as well as a subset of the research considered to be pure tests of the foot-in-the-door hypothesis. The statistical combinations were consistent in indicating that the phenomenon, although replicable, is weak and not nearly as robust as assumed. Nearly half of the studies either produced no effects or effects in the wrong direction. The common self-perception explanation was found to be imprecise in leading to clear predictions; nevertheless, data were presented that have implications for the theory. A number of potentially mediating variables were examined. New theorctical development and clarification of underlying proceses are needed.
The Social Reality of Feeling Lonely
Authors: Williams Janice G. , Solano Cecilia H.
Published: March 2007

Loneliness has been defined as a dissatisfaction with one's social relationships. It is not clear, however, if loneliness is associated with having fewer close friends or fewer friends in general. Furthermore, this loneliness may be expressed either as a lack of relationships or as a lack of closeness in relationships. Finally, the lack of intimacy may be perceived only by the lonely person and may not reflect how the relationship appears to the partner. A total of 22 female and 20 male freshmen filled out a loneliness scale and social network questionnaire. Friends of the female subjects were also asked to fill out the social network questionnaire. Lonely persons listed as many best friends as nonlonely persons and were equally likely to have this choice reciprocated. Lonely subjects, however, did perceive a significantly lower level of intimacy in these relationship than did nonlonely subjects, and their "best friends" validated this perception. Lonely subjects did not differ in the number of friends in general that they listed, but their "friends" were significantly less likely to return this friendship choice.
Attributions of the Test-Anxious Student
Authors: Arkin Robert M. , Kolditz Thomas A. , Kolditz Kay Kuhlman
Published: March 2007

In the present study, an attributional analysis of cognitions associated with the test-anxiety response is reported Late in the semester, 433 undergraduates in introductory level courses (who had scored high, moderate, or low on a test-anxiety inventory) completed a questionnaire that required (l) a self-assessment of success or failure in the course, (2) open-ended attributions about the causes of that success or failure, and (3) that subjects then rate their open-ended responses on several relevant dimensions. A content analysis of students' written accounts suggested that unsuccessful, highly test-anxious students blamed their character (as opposed to their behavior or the environment) for their failure. Consistent with earlier work, there also emerged a general tendency for successful students to emphasize internal over external attributions, while failing students showed an opposite pattern.
Loneliness
Authors: Schultz Norman R. , Moore DeWayne
Published: March 2007

The present study provides much needed empirical data on loneliness. Subjects (n = 57, M = 64.9 years, SD = 5.04) were given measures of loneliness frequency, intensity, attributions, and coping styles. UCLA Loneliness Scale performance correlated significantly with three of eight items of a social risk-taking scale. In each instance, lonely persons were less willing to take a risk. Loneliness was most frequently attributed to being without others (44%o). Thus loneliness seems to be aggravated by social inaction and resultant isolation. The UCLA scare also correlated with measured depression and anxiety, but they are not identical constructs. Self-descriptions of loneliness ('depressed/sad"-39901? "anxious/restless," -30%) agree with correlations of loneliness with depression and anxiety. Mean incidence of loneliness was 1.50 bouts/mo. (M duration = 7.16 hrs.). In comparison with college samples, older adults evidence a low incidence of loneliness, but equivalent loneliness as measured by the UCLA scale. Possible social desirability effects argue for less transparent measures of loneliness.
Personality is Transcontextual
Authors: McCrae Robert R. , Costa Paul T.
Published: March 2007

Based on his experience with TAT measures, Veroff (1983) has proposed that personality must be defined within historical, developmental, and social contexts. Several alternative interpretations of his results are offered, and it is argued that contextual interpretations, though attractive, focus unwarranted attention on unreplicable results. Using reliable and valid measures of personality, recent longitudinal findings support the more parsimonious interpretation that personality is stable in adulthood and that relations between personality and important outcomes hold over a wide variety of contexts.
Components of Gender Stereotypes
Authors: Jackson Linda A. , Cash Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

This study is a partial replication and extension of research by Deaux and Lewis (1983, 1984) in which a multicomponent view of gender stereotypes was described. Information about gender label, gender role behaviors and one aspect of physical appearance, attractiveness, was provided. Ratings of stimulus persons (SPs) on the gender stereotypic trait dimensions of instrumentality and expressivity and on the nonstereotypic dimensions of likability and adjustment were examined. Results indicated that gender label and gender role behavior information interacted to influence ratings on three of the four dimensions. SPs who endorsed gender role behaviors incongruent with their gender were more unfavorably evaluated, whereas SPs who endorsed both male and female role behaviors were rated as most likable and well adjusted. The importance of considering both the type of information provided and the nature of the linkage between that information and the required judgment in understanding the effects of gender stereotypes is discussed.
Considering the Harshest Verdict First
Authors: Greenberg Jeff , Williams Kipling D. , O'Brien Mary K.
Published: March 2007

Biasing effects of considering the harshest verdict first in a murder trial were studied in two separate experiments. The order in which possible verdicts were considered was predicted to bias subsequent hypothesis testing in the direction of the first verdict considered. Thus, it was predicted that participants who were instructed to consider possible final verdicts in an order from harshest to most lenient, as is usually done in actual murder trials, would render significantly harsher verdicts than those who were instructed to consider lenient verdicts first. The hypothesis was supported in both experiments, and the results are explained in terms of Kruglanski and Freund's (1983) cognition-generation freezing process as well as Snyder and Swann's (1978a, 1978b) notion of a confirmatory bias in hypothesis testing.
Halo Error
Authors: Frone Michael R. , Adams Jerome , Rice Robert W. , Instone-Noonan Debra
Published: March 2007

This study tested two competing hypotheses concerning the occurrence of halo error in self-(i.e., leader) and subordinate ratings of leader behavior in a field setting at the United States Military Academy (West Point). Unit leaders at Cadet Field Training and their followers described leader behavior in terms of effectiveness and several specific forms of behavior (e.g., communication processes, reward/punishment contingencies). The intercorrelations among the nine measures were examined separately for both self -and subordinate ratings. Based on the attribution literature, the first hypothesis stated that subordinate ratings would show significantly more halo error than self-ratings. A competing hypothesis, based on the rater-ratee acquaintance literature, posited that subordinate ratings would not show significantly more halo than self-ratings. The results supported the first hypothesis. The implications of this finding for future research are discussed.
Priming and Social Categorizational Factors
Authors: James Keith
Published: March 2007

Priming and social categorizational factors are discussed relative to the possibility that individuals may misinterpret some kidnapping incidents as innocuous occurrences. Subjects either were or were not exposed to a prime (a poster requesting information about a genuinely missing child) before entering a study in which they viewed a videotape that contained an ambiguous interaction between an adult and a child. This interaction was one that could potentially have been interpreted as a child-napping. The adult was either male or female. Subjects made a number of judgments about the actions observed in the tape, including responding yes or no to an item that asked if the tape contained an emergency situation. Data analysis indicated that subjects in the prime condition were significantly more likely to conclude that the taped incident did contain an emergency; that this conclusion was significantly more likely when the abductor was male rather than female; and that this conclusion was most likely to occur in the male abductor/prime present condition.
Loneliness and Social Support
Authors: Newcomb Michael D. , Bentler Peter M.
Published: March 2007

Important research literatures have grown independently around the study of loneliness and social support. However, it is not clear whether these constructs are empirically or conceptually different. In this study, data from 739 young adults are used to examine the factor structure of two sets of loneliness scales and two sets of social support measures. Results indicated that four substantive factors related to the original scales and two support-specific factors accounted for the variation in 14 loneliness and social support variables. The substantive factors representing the Differential Loneliness Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Socially Supportive Relationships, and Social Resources were all highly intercorrelated, but significantly less than 1.0. A second-order factor was fit to the four substantive factors and found to be an acceptable representation of their intercorrelations. The support-specific factors were negatively correlated, indicating that Family-Specific Support was inversely associated with Peer-Specific Support. The separate measures of loneliness and social support were found to be endpoints of a higher-order construct of Attachment to Social Network. Thus, although loneliness and social support may be conceptually distinct among lower-order factors, they can be construed as generated by a higher-order construct of general social attachment.
Religious Orientation and Prejudice
Authors: Herek Gregory M.
Published: March 2007

Past research on the relationship between religious orientation and prejudice against out-groups has focused on racism. A greater tendency toward racist attitudes has been found among persons with an external religious orientation, whereas an intrinsic orientation has sometimes been associated with tolerance. This study examined the influence of religious orientation on attitudes toward an out-group not widely accepted by contemporary religions: lesbians and gay men. Using questionnaire data from white, heterosexual students on four university campuses, an extrinsic orientation was found to be positively correlated with racism, while an intrinsic orientation was not. Intrinsics, however, tended to be more prejudiced against gay people than were extrinsics. It is suggested that an intrinsic orientation does not foster unequivocal acceptance of others but instead encourages tolerance toward specific groups that are accepted by contemporary Judeo-Christian teachings. The hypothesis is discussed that attitudes toward outgroups serve different psychological functions for persons with extrinsic and intrinsic orientations.
Self-Verification Versus Expectancy Confirmation in Social Interaction
Authors: Major Brenda , Cozzarelli Catherine , Testa Maria , McFarlin Dean B.
Published: March 2007

The joint role of self-verification and expectancy-confirmation processes in social interaction was examined. Targets (selves) who had previously rated themselves as sociable or unsociable engaged in unstructured conversations with perceivers who were given the opposite expectancy about the targets' personality. Situationally manipulated self-awareness and dispositionally measured target self-consciousness were examined as potential moderators. Results indicated that neither side won the battle of beliefs: Perceivers were reluctant to abandon their initial expectancies, and selves were even more resistant to changing their self-conceptions. Negative (unsociable) beliefs, however, were more likely to change than positive beliefs. Self-concept change was most likely to occur among low-sociable targets who were high in public self-consciousness. Behavioral ratings also did not reveal a clear-cut winner, although results were more supportive of expectancy-confirmation predictions.
The Effects of Apparel on Compliance
Authors: Bushman Brad J.
Published: March 2007

Past research indicates that apparel influences our behavior and our impressions of others. One type of apparel that is both salient and symbolically significant is the uniform. Few studies, however, have examined the influence of uniforms on behavior, especially with female authority figures. In this study a female confederate who was dressed in a uniform, professional attire, or sloppy clothing told subjects to give change to a person who was parked at an expired parking meter (Bickman, 1974). The results showed that compliance was higher when the confederate was dressed in a uniform. Verbal reasons given for complying also differed across conditions. The study shows that a uniform is a certificate of legitimacy (Joseph & Alex, 1972)for females as well as males and that both sexes are influenced by a female dressed in a uniform.
Hostility in Employed Women
Authors: Houston B. Kent , Kelly Karen E.
Published: March 2007

Ninety-one women employed full-time outside the home were administered the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale. Information concerning various work -and nonwork-related variables was obtained by questionnaire and interview. Women with higher hostility scores reported having more stressful job experiences and feeling more daily stress and tension. Hostility scores were not found to be significantly related to stressful marital experiences or quality of general social support, although there were trends for hostility scores to be negatively related to social support from specific sources-namely, the women's supervisors and husbands. Finally, higher hostility scores were found to be related to greater outward expression of anger. The possibility is mentioned that having more stressful work and other daily experiences may contribute to mediating the relation between the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and coronary artery disease in women.
"Self-Serving" Attributions to Valenced Causal Factors
Authors: Taylor Jim , Riess Marc
Published: March 2007

Previous field studies of self-attributions have used correlational methodologies. Consequently, one cannot be sure that the performance outcomes themselves produced the divergent attributions typically found. To address this problem, a field experiment was performed in which ski racers were randomly assigned to manipulated outcomes and then made attributions for these outcomes. A second problem with previous research concerns the wording of items assessing attributions. The wording itself might sometimes produce divergent attributions in the absence of any self-serving motivations. To address this issue, subjects made attributions to positively and negatively valenced factors. Although divergent attributions were found, they do not appear to be self-serving. Although participants attributed success more than failure to internal, facilitating factors, they also attributed failure more than success to internal, debilitating factors. These results support the information-processing, rather than the motivational, explanation for self-attributions.
The Effect of Framing on Choice
Authors: Fagley N. S. , Miller Paul M.
Published: March 2007

Tversky and Kahneman suggested that choice between a "sure thing" and a risky option of equal expected value is affected by option phrasing. When options for fighting an "Asian disease" were framed positively, 72% chose the sure thing; but when options were framed negatively, only 22% did. Decision problems like the Asian disease one, however, have produced varied results. Experiment I explored three reasons for the varied results: differences between the samples in risk-taking propensity, differences in gender composition, and use of different decision problems. A significant interaction of framing, sex, and problem was observed. Women were affected by framing, while men generally were not. Further, the size and direction of framing effects varied across the decision problems. Experiment 2 investigated risk-taking propensity and field independence as mediators of the sex by framing interaction. Only framing was significant. Neither field independence nor risk-taking propensity interacted with framing.
The "Opener"
Authors: Shaffer David R. , Ruammake Chantana , Pegalis Linda J.
Published: March 2007

High or low "openers " (ie., persons who are more or less adept at eliciting self-disclosures) interviewed partners who themselves differed on the opener dimension to test the hypothesis that interview outcomes depend on both the interviewer's and the interviewee's standing on this attribute. As expected, high-opener interviewers were the more proficient at eliciting self-disclosures only when questioning low-opener interviewees, and socially unskilled, low-opener interviewers were quite successful at inducing high (but not low-) opener interviewees to talk about themselves. Supplementary data suggested that socially skilled, high-opener interviewees had a salutary influence on low-opener interviewers, relaxing these otherwise tense interrogators, who then took greater interest in their partners, thereby persuading them to self-disclose. A practical implication of these findings is discussed.
Measurement of Racial Stereotype Subtyping
Authors: Devine Patricia G. , Baker Sara M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined characteristics associated with the global racial category "Blacks" and with several subtypes of the racial category: "streetwise, `"ghetto," "welfare," "athlete, "and "businessman. " Subjects were provided with one label and were asked to generate chtaracteristics commonly associated with it. Subjects' responses were submitted to discriminant function analysis, which provides information concerning the relation of characteristics listed by subjects to dimensions that explain the variance in subjects' responses and provides measures of the degree of overlap among the subtypes. The analysis revealed three dimensions: a negative/positive dimension, an athletic dimension, and a unique characteristic dimension. There were many classification errors for the "streetwise," "welfare," and "ghetto" subtypes but few classification errors for the "businessman " and "athlete " subtypes. The global stereotype, with its partial overlap with many of the subtypes, produced a moderate number of classification errors. Discriminant function analysis as a tool for studying subtyping is discussed.
Negativity Effects in Impression Formation: A Test in the Political Arena
Authors: Klein Jill G.
Published: March 2007

Negative information has a stronger influence on impressions of others than positive information, a tendency known as the negativity effect. The hypothesis that this effect would characterize impressions of presidential candidates was tested using National Election Study surveys from 1984 and 1988. Respondents rated the presidential candidates on a number of personality traits. Aggregate-level analyses revealed that personality characteristics that the nation, on average, judged to represent character weaknesses were more predictive of overall evaluations and voting than characteristics judged to represent strengths. At the idiographic level, it was found that a trait was significantly more predictive when it fell below an individual's average trait rating for a candidate than when it was located above this mean. Thus, character weaknesses were more important than strengths in determining the public's evaluations of the candidate and the ultimate vote.
Response Latency as an Index of Temporary Self-Evaluation
Authors: Bylsma Wayne H. , Tomaka Joe , Luhtanen Riia , Crocker Jennifer , Major Brenda
Published: March 2007

This study used response latencies to record differences in evaluative self-judgments that result from social experiences. Immediately after receiving either positive, negative, or no evaluative feedback, subjects completed a task on a microcomputer that recorded the latencies of their responses to various prime/adjective pairings. The primes were designed to activate either self-conceptions, conceptions of an object, or conceptions of a person other than the self These were paired with either positive, negative, or neutral self-descriptive adjectives. Subjects judged whether the adjective could ever describe the prime and responded by pressing a "yes" or "no" key. As predicted, when the self was primed, response latencies for positive adjectives were significantly shorter after positive evaluative feedback than after negative feedback. Latencies for neutral and negative adjectives as well as for primes other than the self did not differ as a function of evaluative feedback.
Effects of Disruption of Structure and Motion on Perceptions of Social Causality
Authors: Berry Diane S. , Misovich Stephen J. , Kean Kevin J. , Baron Reuben M.
Published: March 2007

Subjects viewed and wrote free response descriptions of one of four short video displays. These displays consisted of either the classic Heider and Simmel animated film or one of three versions of the film that had been altered with a digital special effects generator In these altered versions, either (a) dynamic aspects of the original film were disrupted but structural properties preserved, (b) structural aspects of the film were disrupted but dynamic properties preserve or (c) both structural and dynamic properties of the film were disrupted. Analyses of subjects' descriptions provided evidence that perceivers' strong inclinations to describe the original display in anthropomorphic terms are largely based on the patterns of motion that characterize the film.
Long-Term Effects of School Desegregation Experiences on Interpersonal Relations in the Israeli Defense Forces
Authors: Schwarzwald Joseph , Amir Yehuda , Crain Robert L
Published: March 2007

Effects of school desegregation were assessed during basic training in the army. Soldiers completed cognitive, affective, and behavioral measures of interpersonal relations in their platoons. The pattern of current relations differed as a function of measure focus. Cognitive measures reflected asymmetry: Regardless of ethnic origin, all soldiers gave more positive evaluations to Western than Middle Eastern platoon members. Behavioral and affective measures revealed symmetrical relationships: Western and Middle Eastern soldiers exhibited in-group preferences in social acceptance and liking. Platoon relationships were not associated with school programs desig7ned to facilitate integration. However, three school desegregation effects were found: On both the behavioral and the affective indexes, the larger the educational gap, the greater the level of in-group bias; lower levels of in-group bias in social acceptance appeared among soldiers from schools with higher percentages of disadvantaged students; and a heightened in-group bias in social acceptance was found among soldiers from religious as opposed to secular schools.
When Racial Ambivalence Evokes Negative Affect, Using a Disguised Measure of Mood
Authors: Has R. Glen , Katz Irwin , Rizzo Nina , Bailey Joan , Moore Lynn
Published: March 2007

Many White people simultaneously hold both sympathetic and antagonistic attitudes toward Blacks. The present research found that activation of these conflicted racial attitudes gives rise to psychological tension and discomfort, as evidenced by negative mood change, and that the amount of discomfort depends on individual differences in measured ambivalence. The salience of Mite subjects' racial attitudes was manipulated by exposing half the subjects to controversial statements about a recent local incident of racial violence; the other half read neutral material Before and after this manipulation, subjects took a mood test disguised as a subliminal perception task. Subjects in the high-salience condition showed significantly more negative mood change. This effect was carried by high-salience subjects who were also relatively high on dispositional racial ambivalence, as measured by a questionnaire. Ambivalence was unrelated to mood in the control condition. A second study showed that merely completing the questionnaire was not sufficient to produce negative mood change.