bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Aromatic Poly(1,3,4-Oxadiazole)s and Poly(Amide-1,3,4-Oxadiazole)s having Ortho-Phenylenedioxy Units
Authors: Hsiao Sheng-Huei , Huang Ya-Huei
Published: April 2004

Two series of novel polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydrazide)s are prepared from two ortho-linked bis(ether-carboxylic acid)s including 4,4′-(1,2-phenylenedioxy)dibenzoic acid and 4,4′-(4- tert-butyl-1,2-phenylenedioxy)dibenzoic acid, or their diacyl chlorides with terephthalic dihydrazide (TPH), isophthalic dihydrazide (IPH) and p-aminobenzoyl hydrazide ( p-ABH) via the Yamazaki phosphorylation reaction or the low-temperature solution polycondensation. The resulting hydrazide-containing polymers exhibited inherent viscosities in the range of 0.27-0.62 dl g−1. These hydrazide polymers were amorphous and soluble in various solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and could be solution-cast into colorless, flexible, and tough films with good tensile strengths. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that the polyhydrazides and poly(amide-hydrazide)s had T g s in the range of 172-200 °C and could be thermally cyclodehydrated into the corresponding oxadiazole polymers in the range of 270-370 °C. The oxadiazole polymers showed a slightly enhanced crystallinity and T g, but a dramatically decreased solubility compared to their hydrazide prepolymers. The thermally converted oxadiazole polymers exhibited T g s in the range of 205-221 °C and softening temperatures of 214-239 °C and showed insignificant weight loss up to 450 °C in air or nitrogen.
Study of the Mechanical Properties of Dibenzyl-Based Polyurethane Containing a Molecularly Dispersed UV Absorber
Authors: Scorţanu Elena , Priscariu Cristina , Caraculacu Adrian A.
Published: April 2004

Blends of certain polyurethanes based on 4,4′ -dibenzyl diisocyanate (DBDI) with 1,2-bis-[2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-benzotriazolyl]-ethane (BHMBE) as the UV absorber were prepared and their mechanical properties were studied during environmental exposure. Two methods were used to prepare the blends: the introduction of the UV absorber into the polymer solution, or the addition of the UV absorber to the melted prepolymer during the polyurethane synthesis. The latter method allows temporary chemical binding of the UV absorber to polyurethane chain as a result of the additional reaction of OH phenolic groups to the isocyanate end-capped prepolymer. A process was performed and the new urethane groups were broken releasing the absorber as a molecular-level dispersion in the polymer matrix. The improved photo-oxidative stability of dibenzyl diisocyanate-based polyurethane treated with the UV absorber, 1,2-bis-[2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-benzotriazolyl]-ethane (BHMBE) is discussed in relation to the chemical structure and the content of UV absorber.
Preparation and Characterization of Silicone-Grafted Styrene-Butyl Acrylate Latex Copolymer
Authors: Yuan Junjie , Gu Guangxin , Zhou Shuxue , Wu Limin
Published: April 2004

Hydroxyl silicone oil was successfully grafted to the styrene(St)-butyl acrylate(BA) copolymer chain by reacting with functional monomer, γ-propylmethacrylate trimethoxysilicane (PMTS), using the traditional emulsion polymerization method. The surface and interface composition, hydrophobic property, water repellent property and glass transition temperature ( Tg) of the silicone-modified St-BA copolymer films were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), optical contact angle measurement 15 (OCA-15), weight of water absorption method and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). FTIR-ATR spectra show that the silicone-modified St-BA copolymer films are rich in silicone units or segments at their surfaces compared with those in bulk and at interface, and have good hydrophobic properties. High drying temperature can more effectively increase silicone concentration at the surface, contact angle and hydrophobic properties of polymer films than extending drying time. Introduction of hydroxyl silicone oil or γ-propylmethacrylate triethoxysilicane (PMTS) can increase the Tg of copolymer.
Macrocycles 32. Syntheses of Cyclic Poly(Ether Ketone)s of Bisphenol-A
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Garaleeh Mazen , Schwarz Gert , Vakhtangishvili Lali
Published: April 2004

Two classes of poly(ether ketone)s were prepared from bisphenol-A, namely by polycondensation with 4, 4′-difluorobenzophenone or with 2,6-difluorobenzophenone and 4′-tert.butyl-2,6-difluorobenzophenone. Two different synthetic methods were compared. First, polycondensations of the free bisphenol-A in DMSO or sulfolane with azeotropic distillation of water. Second, polycondensations of bistrimethylsilyl bisphenol-A in N-methylpyrrolidone. The second approach gave higher yields and higher molecular weights ( Mnvalues up to 85000 Da and Mwvalues up to 190000 Da). The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra revealed that the fraction of cyclic oligomers and polymers systematically increased with higher molecular weights. A few polycondensations of silylated 4-tert.butylcatechol with 4, 4′-difluorobenzophenone confirmed the trends observed for silylated bisphenol-A. Under optimum conditions cyclic poly(ether ketone)s were detectable in the MALDI-TOF mass spectra up to molecular weights of 18 000 Da.
Simultaneity Within Non-Simultaneity?
Authors: Spurk Jan
Published: April 2004

This article focuses on the continuity-ruptureemergence approach that characterizes simultaneous and nonsimultaneous temporalities. It addresses the different ways individual and collective actors participate in history with the help of their experiences and expectations. Although the ‘speeding up’ process increasingly influences contemporary societies, society formation remains anchored to continuities linking it to the past.
Integrating Different Pasts, Avoiding Different Futures?
Authors: Wohlrab-Sahr Monika
Published: April 2004

In several European countries there have been judicial decisions relating to the religious practice of Muslim immigrants: Law suits about headscarves in public schools and ritual slaughter are prominent examples. When issues of religious difference are being treated at the Supreme Court level, this indicates a problem of social integration in a growingly multicultural society. In this article such decisions are interpreted as an effort to integrate references to a foreign religious past while avoiding references to a future that might arise from it. Through this, the unstructured and conflicting simultaneity of different religious pasts and presents is shaped into a structured ‘simultaneity of the non-simultaneous’.
Faster, Faster and Faster
Authors: Cwerner Saulo B.
Published: April 2004

This article examines the time politics of asylum in the United Kingdom from the 1990s. It argues that the new phase of globalization of migration has challenged the nation-state’s traditional form of control over population movements in its territory. In the context of asylum policy in the UK, the state’s response has been one of attempting to reorder and re-synchronize the movements and fates of a fast-increasing number of asylum seekers. The main strategy has been to speed up the asylum process through new legislation and administrative procedures. The article analyses this strategy and examines the limits to this time politics of speed, arguing for new ways of appropriating a global simultaneity made possible by technological transformation in the light of nonsimultaneous processes unleashed by the global movement of people.
The Two Faces of Europeanization
Authors: Eder Klaus
Published: April 2004

Non-synchronous events are constitutive for the social. Every society has to institutionalize synchronicity over time to make a social order of the present possible. A social world of discontinuity (i.e. a non-synchronized world) is amended by a semantics of simultaneity (i.e. a synchronized world) which makes the non-synchronous appear as synchronous. From this follows that synchronicity is a necessary illusion. Cultures of synchronicity are powerful symbolic representations. The case of the New Europe is a particularly striking case. It synchronizes by standardization and by the timing of standardization which generates non-synchronicity at increasing speed. This is called the first face of Europeanization. The New Europe has to legitimate its non-synchronicity and make it appear as synchronicity. This is called the second face of Europeanization. Thus a culture emerges in which non-synchronicity and synchronicity are constructed simultaneously.
Regulatory Reform in Light of Regulatory Character: Assessing Industrial Safety Change in the Aftermath of the Kader Toy Factory Fire in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Haines Fiona
Published: April 2004

Effective safety regulation remains an elusive goal for many industrializing nations, with the economic philosophy underpinning economic globalization ambivalent towards regulation, while successive industrial disasters demonstrate a need for improvement. This article explores this nexus between globalization and regulatory reform through research into the aftermath of the Kader Toy Factory Fire in Bangkok, Thailand. It argues that reform following such events cannot be assessed by reference to the nature of the regulatory techniques adopted without consideration of the regulatory context. Rather, research on regulatory change needs to develop an appreciation of the interaction between the regulatory framework and the social context. The article develops a theoretical concept of ‘regulatory character’ as the means to conceptualize and explore this interaction. Regulatory character is informed by an understanding of the importance of cultural ordering to regulatory change and regulatory compliance as outlined by Hood (1998) and Selznick’s (1992) argument that cultural order is moulded by the economic and political dependencies. Thai regulatory character is then described and used to assess safety reform in Thailand following the Kader Toy Factory Fire. Finally, the interaction between Thai regulatory character and globalization is explored through the data on the aftermath of the fire.
Quality Assurance in Transnational Education
Authors: Coleman David
Published: April 2004

In the international expansion of universities, the branch campus, also known as the franchise campus and the joint venture campus (among other terms), is perhaps the most intrusive yet least monitored form of cross-border educational provision. Generally designed as an offshore satellite of a Western university, branch campuses are located in an ever-increasing number of countries. Typically charged full fees, international students complete their courses in whole or in part at the branch campus, which may include instruction by staff members of the “main” university. This article discusses the evolution of the branch campus in Southeast Asia, with an emphasis on Australian institutional expansion in the region. Drawing on an empirical study, the article culminates in a discussion of the British Quality Assurance Agency and the Australian Universities Quality Agency, bodies that represent independent and governmental efforts to extend quality assurance oversight to transnational educational activities.
The International Higher Education Market: Mexico’s Case
Authors: Andere Eduardo
Published: April 2004

For years student scholarship programs to promote knowledge or international cooperation have functioned without question in Mexico. Economics of education literature has questioned the validity of similar programs, and the paradigm is shifting from scholarship support to loan schemes and from merit- to need-based grants. This article, based on the Mexican case, analyzes two large governmental scholarship programs to finance international higher education: CONACYT (Mexican National Science and Technology Agency) and Fulbright. Using data published by the two programs, I conclude that the U.S. and Mexican administering agencies have implemented a scholarship policy that benefits a population group that did not need public support in the first place. Evidence seems to indicate that the taxpayers’ funds have been used inefficiently. This calls for a significant change in policy for the Mexican case. Some lessons may be drawn for other countries with similar programs and similar levels of economic development.
Mutual Recognition and Credit Transfer in Europe: Experiences and Problems
Authors: Teichler Ulrich
Published: April 2004

Wide recognition was a major policy aim accompanying the increase of student mobility and graduate mobility in Europe since the 1950s. The Council of Europe and subsequently UNESCO and the European Union set more ambitious goals over the years. The 1997 Lisbon Convention calls for recognition of entry requirements, study periods, and degrees, “unless substantial differences can be shown” by country, institutional type or individual institution, and programme. Also, support for student mobility in the framework of ERASMUS is awarded provided that the study achievements abroad are recognized subsequently by the home institution. Finally, the introduction of bachelor’s and master’s programmes in the “Bologna process” places a strong emphasis on facilitating recognition within Europe, but the call for more competition might imply a steeper stratification of higher education systems, which will raise barriers to recognition.
United We Stand: The Recognition of Joint Degrees
Authors: Rauhvargers Andrejs , Bergan Sjur , Divis Jindra
Published: April 2004

Joint degrees are awarded on the basis of completion of a study program established and provided jointly by two or more higher education institutions, normally located in different countries. They therefore normally require students to take a part of their degree abroad and are a potentially important instrument for increasing academic mobility and internationalizing higher education in Europe, which are among the key goals of the Bologna Process. A recent study by one of the authors, Andrejs Rauhvargers, undertaken for the European University Association (EUA), considers this increasingly important element of higher education that, however, is hampered by inadequate recognition across borders. Fair and transparent recognition of qualifications is another key goal and a precondition for success of the Bologna Process. The present article explores recognition problems related to joint degrees and focuses on how such problems could be solved.
Faculty Perceptions of Graduate International Students: The Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Trice Andrea G.
Published: April 2004

This study sought to better understand faculty members’ views of graduate international students through interviews with individuals from four academic departments at a top midwestern research university. Faculty members varied in the extent to which they perceived that international and domestic students had distinct academic and personal needs. They most commonly observed the following challenges that international students faced: functioning in English, achieving unique academic goals, adjusting culturally, and integrating with American students. Faculty members mentioned a variety of benefits that international students brought to their departments, including filling research assistant vacancies, helping them establish international ties, and providing American students with a more accurate perception of their life circumstances. Challenges that faculty members faced because international students were enrolled ranged from integrating domestic and international students to managing some faculty members’preferences for having American students in their research group.
A Tale of Two Cultures in Higher Education Policies: The Rule of Law or an Excess of Legalism?
Authors: Bergan Sjur
Published: April 2004

The article maintains that two administrative cultures exist in Europe—one focused on applying the letter of the law, the other aiming to carry out the intent of the law. The former culture also tends to produce a large volume of detailed legal regulations, whereas the latter relies on considerably less detailed regulations and leaves more scope for decision and adaptation to those administering the law. The article aims to examine how these two legal and administrative cultures apply to higher education legislation and policies with special emphasis on the recognition of qualifications. The author argues that rigid laws rigidly interpreted do not contribute to protecting the citizens they were meant to serve. The success of the European Higher Education Area will, in part, depend on the extent to which all parts of Europe will succeed in moving from a culture of legalism to a true culture of law.
An Improved Shape Memory Alloy Actuator for Rotor Blade Tracking
Authors: Singh Kiran , Sirohi Jayant , Chopra Inderjit
Published: April 2004

The design, analysis, and testing of an improved Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-based tracking tab actuator is described in this paper. The goal of the actuator is to provide in-flight tracking capability for a helicopter rotor in order to minimize 1/rev vibrations due to rotor dissimilarities. Previous SMA-based actuator designs demonstrated the potential for in-flight rotor tracking but admitted drawbacks that led to inconsistent operation under air-loads. The current research builds upon the existing knowledge base and addresses the challenges encountered in previous designs. The objective is to achieve a deflection of 58 with an accuracy of 0:18 under realistic aerodynamic loading conditions. The present actuation concept is based on the bidirectional motion of a pair of antagonistic SMA wires, with a passive friction brake to lock the tab position. A theoretical model of the actuator was developed based on Brinson’s thermomechanical model. The model was used to predict the behavior of the actuator under external loading and applied as a design tool to identify optimal actuator parameters. The actuator was integrated into a NACA 0012 12 in. chord blade section and tested in an open-jet wind tunnel at speeds of up to 120 ft/s (0.107 M) and at angles of attack up to 158. Closed-loop tracking was implemented using a PID controller with gains selected by Ziegler-Nichols tuning. The improved SMA actuator meets the project goals by achieving repeatable tab deflection of up to 58with an average accuracy of 0.058. Position hold under power-off conditions and a duty cycle of 20 cycles/h were also demonstrated.
Actuation Response of Polyacrylate Dielectric Elastomers
Authors: Kofod Guggi , Sommer-Larsen Peter , Kornbluh Roy , Pelrine Ron
Published: April 2004

Polyacrylate dielectric elastomers have yielded extremely large strain and elastic energy density suggesting that they are useful for many actuator applications. A thorough understanding of the physics underlying the mechanism of the observed response to an electric field can help develop improved actuators. The response is believed to be due to Maxwell stress, a quadratic dependence of the stress upon applied electric field. Based on this supposition, an equation relating the applied voltage to the measured force from an actuator was derived. Experimental data fit with the expected behavior, though there are discrepancies. Further analysis suggests that these arise mostly from imperfect manufacture of the actuators, though there is a small contribution from an explicitly electrostrictive behavior of the acrylic adhesive. Measurements of the dielectric constant of stretched polymer reveal that the dielectric constant drops, when the polymer is strained, indicating the existence of a small electrostrictive effect. Finally, measurements of the electric breakdown field were made. These also show a dependence upon the strain. In the unstrained state the breakdown field is 20 MV/m, which grows to 218 MV/m at 500 500% strain. This large increase could prove to be of importance in actuator design.
Distributed Strain Sensing from Damaged Composite Materials Based on Shape Variation of the Brillouin Spectrum
Authors: Murayama Hideaki , Kageyama Kazuro , Naruse Hiroshi , Shimada Akiyoshi
Published: April 2004

Among fiber-optic distributed sensors, Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) can effectively measure overall strain in a structure. However, since the spatial resolution of BOTDR is generally more than 1 m, it is difficult to detect inhomogeneous strain distributed within 1 m along a fiber. In this paper, we propose a new technique to detect strain changing sharply within the length of the spatial resolution. This technique is based on the fact that the profile of the Brillouin spectrum changes depending on strain distributions. We confirmed the dependency of the Brillouin spectrum on strain distributions theoretically and experimentally.
Increasing the Mechanical Work Output of an Active Material Using a Nonlinear Motion Transmission Mechanism
Authors: Lesieutre G. A. , Loverich J. , Koopmann G. H. , Mockensturm E. M.
Published: April 2004

A nonlinear motion transmission mechanism for improving the mechanical work output of an active material drive element is presented. This improvement is achieved by addressing the typical mismatch between the characteristics of a driven load, such as a constant force or spring load, and the active material’s force-displacement behavior; this behavior is described, at a constant drive level, by a linear decrease in the possible force with increasing displacement. The motion transmission mechanism consists of a simple linkage that couples the active material to the load. As the active material does work on the load, the linkage changes the mechanical advantage or leverage of the active material with respect to the load, thereby tailoring the load to best exploit the active material’s force-displacement behavior. A kinematic model is used to predict the maximum quasi-static mechanical work output that can be obtained. Optimization of the model geometry results in a transmission with a theoretical work enhancement of 37% for a constant load, and a theoretical work enhancement that approaches 100% for a spring load. The possibility of work enhancement is verified in an experiment that demonstrates a work output improvement of 27% for the constant load case.
Design of a Piezoelectric-hydraulic Pump with Active Valves
Authors: Lee Dong Gun , Or Siu Wing , Carman Gregory P.
Published: April 2004

The design of a piezoelectric-hydraulic pump with innovative active valves is presented in this study. The pump structure consists of a piezoelectric stack actuator and two piezoelectric unimorph disc valves acting as inlet and delivery valves. The pump actuation mechanism is composed of a pumping chamber and a diaphragm attached to the piezoelectric stack actuator. Static and dynamic piezoelectric finite element analyses have been used to maximize the delivered fluid volume per stroke and to predict the dynamic behavior, respectively. A structural optimization technique has been employed to optimize the pump’s efficiency for specific geometrical dimensions. A transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been utilized to predict flow rates. Dynamic experiments have also been conducted and results are in good agreement with those obtained from simulations.
Improving Accessibility of the Impedance-Based Structural Health Monitoring Method
Authors: Peairs Daniel M. , Park Gyuhae , Inman Daniel J.
Published: April 2004

This paper presents current research on impedance-based structural health monitoring technique. The basic principle behind this technique is to apply high-frequency structural excitations (typically higher than 30 kHz) through the surface-bonded piezoelectric transducers, and measure the impedance of structures by monitoring the current and voltage applied to the piezoelectric transducers. Changes in impedance indicate changes in the structure, which in turn can indicate that damage has occurred. Three examples, including a bolted joint, gas pipeline, and composite structure, are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of this health monitoring technique to a wide variety of practical field applications. Although many proof-of-concept experiments have been performed using the impedance methods, the impedance-measuring device (HP4194A) is still bulky and expensive. Therefore, an operational amplifier-based turnkey device that can measure and record the electric impedance of a PZT has been developed. The performance of this miniaturized and portable device has been compared to our previous results and its effectiveness has been demonstrated. This paper summarizes the experimental setup, procedures, and considerations needed to implement the device in field applications.
Transient Simulation of Adaptive Structures
Authors: Herold Sven , Mayer Dirk , Hanselka Holger
Published: April 2004

This paper examines an approach used to design adaptive systems by means of Rapid-Prototyping on the basis of a simulation. The vibration behavior of mechanical systems including actuators, sensors, and an adaptive controller in the time domain will be modeled. This approach includes the calculation of the dynamic behavior of the mechanical structure with the help of the Finite Element Method (FEM). The FE model of the mechanical structure is transformed into modal space, then reduced and embedded as a state-space model in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Thereby, a simple mechanical problem is solved analytically with the FEM as well as with the reduced MATLAB model. The comparison of the results shows a good agreement. Actuators and sensors are attached to the mechanical structure. Based on the resulting dynamical behavior of the mechanical structure, an adaptive control algorithm for the reduction of structural vibration is developed. Experimental tests are performed to verify and update the simulations. The hardware-in-the-loop simulations are carried out with a dSpace system. Some differences (with respect to speed-up, precision) between this simulation and other methods are presented later in the paper. This procedure allows the development and the evaluation of more complex adaptive mechanical structures.
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Scaled Wind Tunnel Model for the Smart Wing Project
Authors: Martin Christopher A. , Hallam Brian J. , Flanagan John S. , Bartley-Cho Jonathan
Published: April 2004

Building on the research performed during the DARPA/AFRL/NASA Smart Wing Phase 1 program (Kudva, J.N. et al. (July 1999). Overview of the DARPA/AFRL/NASA Smart Wing Program, SPIE Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, Newport Beach, CA, Vol. 3674, pp. 230 6; Martin, C.A. et al. (1999). Smart Materials and Structures Smart Wing Phase 1 Final Report, AFRL-ML-WP-TR-1999-4162, Air Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.) sought to improve vehicle aerodynamic efficiency using control surfaces actuated by smart materials, the goal of the Phase 2 effort was to develop larger scale, smart hingeless control surfaces capable of high-rate actuation and quantify their performance benefits at test conditions representative of operational flight environments. To achieve this goal, a 30-percent geometric scale, full-span wind tunnel model of a proposed Northrop Grumman Corporation (NGC) Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) was designed and tested. The model incorporated conventional, hinged control surfaces on the left side and smart, hingeless control surfaces on the right to allow incremental aerodynamic performance comparisons; including lift increment due to unit control surface deflection (CL), and roll moment due to unit control surface deflection (Cld). This paper describes the design, fabrication, system integration, and ground test results of the Smart Wing Phase 2 model. Topics that are covered include: (1) wind tunnel model selection; (2) analysis and design procedure; (3) smart control surface integration; (4) model instrumentation; and (5) static load and Ground Vibration Test (GVT) results and correlation.
Power Systems and Requirements for Integration of Smart Structures into Aircraft
Authors: Lockyer Allen J. , Martin Christopher A. , Lindner Douglas K. , Walia Paramjit S. , Carpenter Bernie F.
Published: April 2004

Electrical power distribution for recently developed smart actuators becomes an important air-vehicle challenge if projected smart actuation benefits are to be met. Among the items under development are variable shape inlets and control surfaces that utilize shape memory alloys (SMAs); full-span, chord-wise and span-wise contouring trailing control surfaces that use SMA or piezoelectric materials for actuation; and other strain-based actuators for buffet load alleviation, flutter suppression and flow control. At first glance, such technologies afford overall vehicle performance improvement. However, integration system impacts have yet to be determined or quantified. Power systems to support smart structures initiatives are the focus of the current paper. The paper has been organized into five main topics for further discussion: (1) air-vehicle power system architectures – standard and advanced distribution concepts for actuators, (2) smart wing actuator power requirements and results highlighting wind tunnel power measurements from SMA and piezoelectric ultrasonic motor-actuated control surfaces and different dynamic pressure and angle of attack; (3) vehicle electromagnetic effects (EME) issues, (4) power supply design considerations for smart actuators featuring the aircraft power and actuator interface, and (5) summary and conclusions.
Exploring Attributes Of Trustworthiness: A Classroom Exercise
Authors: Mayer Roger C. , Norman Patricia M.
Published: April 2004

Interest in the topic of trust both within and between organizations has grown greatly in recent years. One key issue to understanding trust and how it can be more effectively fostered is understanding its causes. Based on the 1995 Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman model of trust, this article describes exercises that allow students to inductively discover the importance of a trustee’s ability, benevolence, and integrity to the assessment of trustworthiness. Parallel exercises are described that can be used to teach both trust between people and trust between organizations.
The Challenges Of Teaching Strategic Management: Working Toward Successful Inclusion of the Resource-Based View
Authors: Schneider Marguerite , Lieb Pamela
Published: April 2004

The industrial organization economics (IOE) and resource-based view (RBV) schools contribute uniquely to the strategic management curriculum. However, presentation of the RBV is often inadequate or ineffective, in part due to faculty habit, students’ conceptualization of knowledge as objective and readily transferable, and course pedagogy. We recommend the introduction of an interpretive approach into the strategic management course, as it is well suited to examine processes that are social and complex and is therefore of benefit in developing deeper student understanding of the RBV. Several suggestions are made to develop better linkage between pedagogy and subject matter.
Fostering Integrative Thinking: Adapting the Executive Education Model to the MBA Program———
Authors: Latham Gary , Latham Soosan D. , Whyte Glen
Published: April 2004

Many full-time MBA programs limit their effectiveness by clinging to functionalism. At best, they have made incremental changes to meet the market demand for MBA graduates. These changes, in most cases, have failed to integrate the various functional facets of complex business challenges. For insights into how to do so, many business schools need look no further than their own executive programs. Executive programs typically emphasize the synergistic use of core competencies and delivery systems in a way that enables one to truly master business administration.
Aligning What We Do and What We Measure in Business Schools: Incorporating Active Learning and Effective Media Use in the Assessment of Instruction———
Authors: Serva Mark A. , Fuller Mark A.
Published: April 2004

Current methods of evaluating learning and instruction have not kept pace with changes in learning theory, or with the transformed technological infrastructure of the modern business school classroom. Without reliable and valid instructional measurement systems, it is virtually impossible to benchmark new pedagogical techniques, assess the value of new technologies, or provide feedback to instructors for improving their classroom performance. This research tests whether active learning and effective media use—two constructs typically not measured in traditional teaching evaluation instrumentation— are important perceptual dimensions of the classroom experience. We also examine the relationship of these two constructs to student perceptions of instructional performance. Results confirm that active learning and effective media use—along with five other historically strong dimensions of instructional evaluation—can play a large role in explaining student perceptions of instructional performance.
Lessons From the Learning Classroom
Authors: Noel Terry W.
Published: April 2004

This article describes an experience I had as a new professor the first year after receiving my Ph.D. An experiment with an innovative teaching method quickly deteriorated into a disaster. This article describes the emotional toll exacted on me, why my experiment failed, and how it prompted me to develop a personal philosophy of principle-based teaching.
In the Tribe of Sisyphus: Rethinking Management Education from an “Entrepreneurial” Perspective
Authors: Hjorth Daniel
Published: April 2004

In this article, Camus’s reading of the myth of Sisyphus provides an “entrepreneurial” perspective on management education. Traditionally management has been constrained by the conceptually limiting horizon of management knowledge and practice, with an emphasis on control and efficiency. As such, learning processes have come to reproduce a manipulable homo oeconomicus. Sisyphus’s desire to create, the “absurdity” of his dignified revolt, in short, his “entrepreneurship,” exemplify a transformative and playful force central to learning processes. Embracing the opening toward a metaphorical style, this article introduces Sisyphean “entrepreneurship” as a novel way of thinking about and organizing learning processes in management education.
Gardening in Cyberspace: A Metaphor to Enhance Online Teaching and Learning
Authors: May Gary L. , Short Darren
Published: April 2004

The metaphors we use can influence our behavior. This article proposes a new metaphor to help guide online instructors to more effective practices. The metaphor, gardening in cyberspace, is about creating an environment that fosters learning and personal growth. The practices of good gardening—positioning, conditioning soil, watering, and controlling weeds and pests—all serve as useful analogues to good online pedagogical practices, including addressing individual differences, motivating the student, providing feedback, and avoiding information overload. Examples of instructional design and course management techniques are included to illustrate what online instructors might do differently if they took the gardening perspective seriously. The authors also extend the metaphor to explore administration’s role as gardening store proprietors.
Management Textbooks as Propaganda
Authors: Cameron Kim S. , Ireland R. Duane , Lussier Robert N. , New J. Randolph , Robbins Stephen P.
Published: April 2004

Are management textbooks propaganda? Do textbook authors write to advance the interests of a particular group or groups (such as employees, organizations, and/or society)? Do they write to present the theory and research of the academic discipline? Do they write primarily to produce a product that consumers (faculty and students) will buy in sufficient numbers and at a price that will yield financial profit? This article explores these and related questions by asking four well-established management textbook authors—Kim Cameron, Duane Ireland, Bob Lussier, and Steve Robbins—to react to the metaphor of “management textbooks as propaganda or ideology.” Their responses provide insights into the role of textbook authors in shaping the direction of management education.
Interdisciplinary Collaborative Learning: Using Decision Analysts to Enhance Undergraduate International Management Education
Authors: Palocsay Susan W. , White Marion M. , Zimmerman D. Kent
Published: April 2004

This article describes an experiential learning activity designed to promote the development of decision-making skills in international management students at the undergraduate level. Students from an undergraduate management science course in decision analysis served as consultants on a case assigned to teams in an international management class. Communication between groups and consultants was facilitated by the use of an Internet-based Web conferencing system. Surveys completed by international management students indicated that the exercise enhanced their understanding of the role of quantitative analysis in an important business decision and increased their confidence in the group’s final recommendation in the case.
A Generalized Mixed Isotropic-Kinematic Hardening Plastic Model Coupled with Anisotropic Damage for Sheet Metal Forming
Authors: Chow C. L. , Yang X. J.
Published: April 2004

The paper presents a generalized mixed isotropic-kinematic hardening plastic model coupled with anisotropic damage for sheet metal forming. A nonlinear anisotropic kinematic hardening is developed. For the predication of limit strains at localized necking in stamping under complex strain history, the model and its associated damage criterion for localized necking are established and implemented into LS-DYNA3D by compiling it as a user subroutine. The finite element simulation of LS-DYNA3D based on the present model is carried out. The location of localized necking for sheet metal forming has been successfully identified.
Damage Identification for Anisotropic Sheet-Metals Using a Non-Local Damage Model
Authors: Brunet M. , Morestin F. , Walter H.
Published: April 2004

A new damage model which takes account of void shape effect and anisotropy of the matrix material is integrated into the explicit finite element framework to predict the damage evolution which occurs under crash or stamping process. The void coalescence failure mechanism by internal necking is also considered by using a modified Thomason’s plastic limit-load model. An inverse method is developed to identify the material parameters by correlating experimental and numerical measurements with tensile tests on sheet-metal strips. The pathological mesh dependence has been overcome by a non-local approach where the evolution equation for the porosity is modified by an additional term containing a characteristic internal length. In this paper the evaluation of the Laplacian is based on a least square approximation of the internal state variable around each integration points. The presented formulation is applied to an Ni-based sheet-metal (INCO 718) and an aluminium alloy (AA 5182). The effectiveness of the numerical predictions is verified carrying out a set of experimental tests with a flat-headed punch.
Factor Structures of Three Measures of Research Self-Efficacy
Authors: Forester Michelle , Kahn Jeffrey H. , Hesson-McInnis Matthew S.
Published: April 2004

Measures of research self-efficacy have the potential to facilitate graduate training and mentoring, but the hypothesized factor structures of these measures have not been confirmed empirically. Moreover, the underlying dimensions of research self-efficacy across multiple measures are unknown. Graduate students in psychology programs ( N = 1,004) completed three research self-efficacy instruments via a Web-based survey. Confirmatory factor analyses did not support the hypothesized factor structures. An exploratory factor analysis suggested that four dimensions of research self-efficacy (data analysis, research integration, data collection, and technical writing) underlie responses to items from the three instruments. The authors present possible reasons for the differences in factor structures across instruments and suggest how the assessment of research self-efficacy may facilitate the training and career mentoring of graduate students.
Motivational Correlates of Portuguese High Schoolers’ Vocational Identity: Cultural Validation of the Goal Instability Scale
Authors: Santos Paulo Jorge , Casillas Alex , Robbins Steven B.
Published: April 2004

This study examined the relevance of the Goal Instability Scale-Portuguese Adaptation (GIS-P) on the vocational identity and career certainty of 375 10th-, 11th-, and 12th-grade Portuguese high schoolers. After translating the GIS-P, confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factorial unidimensionality and reliability of the construct. A multitrait-monomethod correlation matrix demonstrated convergent and divergent validity with personality, career, and social constructs. As expected, the GIS-P was a stronger predictor of vocational identity than global self-esteem and differentiated those students with postsecondary plans from those who were uncertain about their plans. This research supports the cultural relevance of the goal instability construct and of motivational determinants of academic and career adjustment with Portuguese students.
Decision-Making Theories and Career Assessment: A Psychometric Evaluation of the Decision Making Inventory
Authors: Hardin Erin E. , Leong Frederick T. L.
Published: April 2004

To address criticisms that the empirical literature on assessment of career decision making has tended to lack a theoretical base, the present study explored the relevance of a general theory of decision making to career decision making by assessing the psychometric properties of the Decision Making Inventory (DMI), designed to measure Johnson’s decision-making styles, and by exploring the usefulness of the DMI as a predictor of career maturity. The DMI, Form B1 of the Attitudes Scale of the Career Maturity Inventory (CMI), and the Self-Construal Scale were administered to European American college students.The DMI demonstrated adequate reliability, the expected factor structure, and good convergent validity. Relationships with certain subscales of the CMI suggest the DMI has useful predictive validity. Similarities and differences between genders in the relationships between the DMI and CMI were found.
Examining Reactions to Employer Information Using a Simulated Web-Based Job Fair
Authors: Highhouse Scott , Stanton Jeffrey M. , Reeve Charlie L.
Published: April 2004

The approach taken in the present investigation was to examine reactions to positive and negative employer information by eliciting online (i.e., moment-to-moment) reactions in a simulated computer-based job fair. Reactions to positive and negative information commonly reveal a negatively biased asymmetry. Positively biased asymmetries have been documented in the psychological literature, but they are rare. This article shows evidence for such asymmetry in reactions to realistic information in this simulated recruitment context. The intensity of reactions to positive information was greater than the intensity of reactions to negative information on the same attribute. Findings are discussed in relation to research on temporal discounting in vocational preference.
Ethnic Differences in Career Supports and Barriers for Battered Women: a Pilot Study
Authors: Chronister Krista M. , McWhirter Ellen Hawley
Published: April 2004

Little empirical attention has been given to the career development needs of battered women. Using social cognitive career theory, the authors examined the relationships among abuse experiences, perceived career barriers, and contextual supports to the career-related self-efficacy and outcome expectations of 74 European American and ethnic minority battered women. The authors hypothesized that women of color would anticipate greater difficulty overcoming barriers, anticipate needing more future support, and have lower career-related self-efficacy and outcome expectations than European American women. Results showed no statistically significant ethnic group differences in participants’ perceptions of difficulty overcoming barriers, anticipated future support needed, and career-related self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Results did show ethnic group differences in the relationships between contextual supports and career-related self-efficacy and outcome expectations. The authors discuss implications for research and practice.
Holland’s Theory Applied to Medical Specialty Choice
Authors: Borges Nicole J. , Savickas Mark L. , Jones Bonnie J.
Published: April 2004

The present study tested the hypothesis that medical specialties classified as technique oriented or patient oriented would be distinguished by RIASEC code, with technique-oriented specialists resembling Investigative-Realistic types and patientoriented specialists resembling Investigative-Social types. Using longitudinal data obtained from 447 college students who aspired to become physicians, the authors found that the predominant RIASEC code was the same in both groups of specialties, namely, Investigative-Social. The data suggested that most medical students could fit equally well in several different medical specialties. Thus, they should use Holland’s model to explore how well their personalities can be expressed in different specialties and practice environments, not use RIASEC codes to match themselves to particular specialties.
Optimism, Abstinence Self-Efficacy, and Self-Mastery
Authors: Majer John M. , Jason Leonard A. , Olson Bradley D.
Published: April 2004

The relationship between optimism, abstinence self-efficacy, and self-mastery was examined by investigating levels of these cognitive resources among two samples of recovering substance abusers: Oxford House residents who attended twelve-step groups and twelve-step members who had never lived in an Oxford House. Participants’levels of optimism were significantly and positively related to both abstinence self-efficacy and self-mastery scores, as abstinence self-efficacy was significantly and positively related to participants’ number of days abstinent. Participants who reported having more than 180 days abstinent reported significantly higher levels of abstinence self-efficacy than participants who reported having less than 180 days abstinent. In addition, among participants who reported having less than 180 days abstinent, Oxford House residents reported significantly higher levels of abstinence self-efficacy than twelve-step members. Overall, findings suggest that cognitive resources facilitate substance abusers’ recovery and that the Oxford House model might provide high levels of support in their ongoing abstinence.
The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale
Authors: Sinclair Vaughn G. , Wallston Kenneth A.
Published: April 2004

This article introduces the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), a 4-item measure designed to capture tendencies to cope with stress in a highly adaptive manner. Two samples of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (ns = 90 and 140) provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the BRCS. The BRCS has adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Convergent validity of the scale is demonstrated by predictable correlations with measures of personal coping resources (e.g., optimism, helplessness, self-efficacy), pain coping behaviors, and psychological well-being. Resilient coping, as assessed by the BRCS, also buff-ers the effects of high levels of arthritis-related and non-arthritis-related stressors on depressive symptoms. The sensitivity of the BRCS to changes associated with a cognitive-behavioral intervention is also demonstrated. The BCRS may be useful for identifying individuals in need of interventions designed to enhance resilient coping skills.