bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spanish dental hygienist attitudes to dental radiological protection: assessment of a 1‐day pilot course
Authors: Martínez‐Beneyto Y , Camacho‐Alonso F , Alcaraz‐Baños M , López‐Jornet P , Perez‐Lajarin L
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Objectives:  To determine hygienists’ knowledge of and attitudes to X‐ray equipment and film processing, and to assess both after a 1‐day course.

Study population:  One‐hundred and four dental hygienists from the south‐east of Spain attending a 1‐day course in oral radiology.

Methodology:  A questionnaire comprising different sections related with socio‐demographic items, X‐ray equipment and the processing of dental films was answered before and after a 1‐day pilot course on radiation protection.

Results:  The response rate was 89.42% (n = 93). Of the participants 94.6% were women, with a mean age of 29.52 (SD 6.861) and 7.20 years of professional experience (SD 5.089). The level of knowledge before the course was 48.28%, which increased to 85.62% after the course (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  The prescribed standard was reached by <23.65% of those attending the course at the beginning. Although attending the course led to a considerable improvement, it did not always result in a high level of knowledge of basic radiation equipment and processing.
Maxillary incisor torque with conventional and self‐ligating brackets: a prospective clinical trial
Authors: Pandis N , Strigou S , Eliades T
Published: August 2010

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Pandis N, Strigou S, Eliades T

Objectives –  To test the hypothesis that the engagement mode of wire to bracket affects the buccolingual inclination of maxillary incisors in extraction and non‐extraction treatment with self‐ligating and conventional brackets.

Design –  A randomized clinical trial employing a random distribution of variables among the studied populations.

Setting and Sample Population –  Private practice of one author. A total of 105 patients followed prospectively, were divided into two groups based on the inclusion of extraction in the treatment planning. These groups were further divided in two subgroups each, one receiving a self‐ligating bracket and the other treated with a conventional Edgewise appliance of the same slot size and prescription.

Experimental Variable –  Difference in the buccolingual inclination of maxillary incisors before and after treatment with the two appliances across the two treatment groups (extraction and non‐extraction).

Outcome Measure –  Angular measurements of the Sella‐Nasion and Nasion‐A point to maxillary incisor axis.

Results –  No difference was found in the mean difference of the two angles measured for the two bracket groups studied.

Conclusion –  Self‐ligating brackets seem to be equally efficient in delivering torque to maxillary incisors relative to conventional brackets in extraction and non‐extraction cases.
REACTIONS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTIGENS WITH NORMAL SERA, γG‐GLOBULINS, AND γG‐GLOBULIN FRAGMENTS OF VARIOUS SPECIES ORIGIN
Authors: Grov Arne , Oeding Per , Myklestad Berit , Aasen Jorulf
Published: August 2010

Normal sera from 14 species have been tested for activity against crude protein A. Sera from 6 species produced the protein A line in agar gel, but none of the sera gave the protein B line. Sera from 7 species, including 3 of those precipitating protein A, agglutinated tanned sheep erythrocytes sensitized with crude protein A. With a few individual exceptions, all the sera tested agglutinated Cowan I bacteria. Isolated γG‐globulins showed activities corresponding to their respective sera. The active part of the γG‐globulins in the precipitation reaction with protein A was located to Fc whereas Fab was the active part both in indirect haemagglutination and bacterial agglutination. Rabbit antiserum to Cowan I bacteria and guinea pig antiserum to crude protein A gave results similar to those of normal sera with regard to precipitation of protein A, indirect haemagglutination and bacterial agglutination. In addition both sera precipitated protein B, this ability being located to the Fab region of the γG‐globulins.
IMMUNITY TO ASCARIS SUUM
Authors: Bindseil Erling
Published: August 2010

In one experiment mice were immunized by repeated oral inoculations with Ascaris suum eggs. Immune mice and controls were challenged in 2 ways, viz., orally with eggs and intravenously with in vitro hatched second‐stage larvae of Ascaris suum. In a second experiment immune mice and controls were sacrificed 8 hrs after an oral challenge with eggs. It is concluded that the intestine is important for immunity against Ascaris suum, and that the defence mechanism is acting by interfering with the process of hatching and the larval penetration of the gut mucosa. It became evident from Experiment 1 that the large majority of the third‐stage larvae detected in the lungs after oral challenge had not developed from second‐stage larvae in the lungs, but was most likely coming from the liver.
HOST DEFENCE REACTIONS DURING INTESTINAL STRANGULATION OBSTRUCTION IN GERMFREE RATS
Authors: Trippestad Arne , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

Exudate was collected from germfree rats subjected to experimental intestinal strangulation obstruction. The exudate, called strangulation fluid, was non‐lethal when injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice. The fluid was found to enhance the virulence of E. coli towards mice. Strangulation fluid from germfree rats appeared to contain less opsonic and bactericidal properties than serum from germfree rats towards E. coli. The fluid appeared to inactivate the opsonic and bactericidal activity of conventional rat serum to a substantial degree. Substances which interfere with host defence against bacterial infections are probably released from host tissues during intestinal strangulation obstruction.
A METHOD FOR STUDYING PHAGOCYTOSIS WITH 51CR‐LABELLED YEAST CELLS
Authors: Nordenfelt Erik
Published: August 2010

A new method is described for measuring phagocytosis in vitro. Leucocytes obtained by peritoneal irrigation of the rabbit were allowed to phagocytose 51Cr‐labelled yeast cells. The subsequent 51Cr‐activity of the leucocytes was taken as a measure of phagocytic activity. The method was tried in the presence of some factors known to be capable of affecting phagocytic activity. The results obtained agreed well with those reported in previous investigations. The method is suitable for studies of the course of events of phagocytosis.
AN ANTIGEN CLOSELY RELATED TO THE AUSTRALIA‐SH ANTIGEN IN THE SERUM OF AN APPARENTLY HEALTHY BLOOD DONOR
Authors: Solaas Marit Hornberg , Berg Kåre
Published: August 2010

In the serum of a patient (E.Y.) who had received multiple blood transfusions, a precipitating antibody to a component in human serum was found. The antigen revealed by this antibody was demonstrated in the serum of one out of 222 healthy blood donors. The E.Y. antigen apparently belongs to a component of high molecular weight. A small amount of lipid may be associated with the antigen. The E.Y. antigen is apparently related, and possibly identical, to the SH antigen described by Prince (1968a).
OCCURRENCE OF CANDIDA IN ORAL LEUKOPLAKIAS
Authors: RENSTRUP GRETE
Published: August 2010

Biopsies from 235 patients with oral leukoplakias were investigated, (83 speckled leukoplakias, and 152 homogeneous leukoplakias). A candidal invation was found in 23 per cent of the leukoplakias (in 61 per cent of the speckled leukoplakias, and in 3 per cent of the homogeneous leukoplakias). Epithelial atypia was associated with concurrent Candida in 61 per cent of the speckled leukoplakias, while epithelial atypia occurred in 88 per cent of the speckled leukoplakias which were not affected by Candida.
MORAXELLA BOVIS ISOLATED FROM CATTLE WITH INFECTIOUS KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
Authors: PEDERSEN KNUD BØRGE
Published: August 2010

Ten strains of Moraxella bovis were isolated from cases of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. On primary isolation on blood agar they formed flat, rough colonies. In subculture rapid dissociation to smaller smooth convex colonies occurred. This is not in agreement with the colony morphology described in the literature according to which smooth colonies appear to be predominant in primary isolation. One of the strains examined was non‐haemolytic. Examined strains did not grow under anaerobic conditions and showed dependence on high oxygen pressure. Optimum growth was shown at an oxygen pressure slightly below that of atmospheric air. There was no growth at 15°C and 40°C. All strains were catalase‐negative and oxidase‐positive. Carbohydrates were not attacked. None of the strains examined decomposed urea, reduced nitrate or formed hydrogen sulphide. Coagulated serum and gelatin are liquefied. In litmus milk alkaline peptonization took place, characteristically progressing by the formation of three zones. There was no growth on MacConkey agar or on potato infusion agar. The results of the antibiotic sensitivity tests are shown in Table 1. The sensitivity of the bacterium to penicillin is particularly emphasized.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE FRACTION FROM BABY HAMSTER KIDNEY CELLS (BHK21)
Authors: GAHMBERG CARL G. , SIMONS KAI
Published: August 2010

We have studied the acid phosphatases in the plasma membrane fraction from baby hamster kidney cells (BHK21). The plasma membrane acid phosphatases utilized various monophosphates, including mononucleotides, and adenosine diphosphate but not adenosine triphosphate. They also had phosphotransferase activity with glycerol as acceptor. No requirement for magnesium was found. The acid phosphatases from the plasma membrane and lysosomal fractions were almost completely inhibited by fluoride and tartrate ions and to a smaller extent by sulphate ions. However the enzymes in the soluble fraction were much less sensitive to these inhibitors. In Triton disc electrophoresis the acid phosphatase banding pattern with 2‐glycerophosphate as substrate was found to be characteristic for the plasma membrane fraction. This pattern clearly differed from the banding patterns obtained with the lysosomal and soluble fractions.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE Lp(a) LIPOPROTEIN IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: SIMONS KAI , EHNHOLM CHRISTIAN , RENKONEN OSSI , BLOTH BJÖRN
Published: August 2010

The Lp(a) lipoprotein from human plasma of Lp(a+) phenotype was isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation and Sepharose 2B gel filtration. The lipoprotein was found in the plasma fraction with a density of 1,05–1.12 g/ml, and had pre‐beta mobility in agarose clectrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated by gel filtration to be 4.8–106 and by electron microscopy to be 5.6–106. Electron micrographs of negatively stained Lp(a) lipoprotein showed a spherical structure. Electrofocusing gave an iso‐electric point of 4.9 for this lipoprotein and of 5.5 for the low density lipoproteins (LDL). In amino acid composition the Lp(a) lipoprotein differed from both LDL and high density lipoproteins (HDL), whereas in lipid composition it was similar to LDL. Both Lp(a) lipoprotein and LDL contained small amounts of sialolactosylceramide. The Lp(a) lipoprotein contained about five times more protein‐bound sialic acid than did LDL. The total lipid content of the Lp(a) lipoprotein was 1.8 mg lipid per mg protein; this is lower than the value for LDL but higher than that for HDL.
GEL PRECIPITATION REACTIONS BETWEEN MEASLES ANTIGENS AND SERA OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: PANELIUS M. , SALMI A. , HALONEN P.
Published: August 2010

The gel precipitation reactions between measles antigens and serum specimens of 49 patients with multiple sclerosis and 49 age‐matched controls were studied. At least one gel precipitation line was obtained in 76 per cent of the control sera and in 94 per cent of the patient sera (p < 0.01). Five patient sera produced four or five strong precipitation lines against measles antigens, but no lines against the noninfected control antigens. In the serum specimens of the control group not more than three faint precipitation lines against measles antigens were detected. Comparison of the gel precipitation reactions between the sera of these five patients with multiple sclerosis and of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis indicated an almost identical gel precipitation pattern.
A HEPATITIS EPIDEMIC IN A DIALYSIS UNIT. OCCURRENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF AUSTRALIA‐ANTIGEN AMONG PATIENTS AND STAFF
Authors: Nordenfelt E. , Lindholm T. , Dahlquist E.
Published: August 2010

During an epidemic of hepatitis at a dialysis unit blood samples were regularly obtained during an 18 month period from staff members and patients and examined for increase in GPT and for the occurrence of Au‐antigen. During this period hepatitis was diagnosed in 30 members of the staff and in 30 patients. The clinical picture in the former group differed essentially from that in the latter. The disease was more severe but shorter in the members of the staff than in the patients receiving haemodialysis. The 2 groups differed from one another also in respect of the occurrence of Au‐antigen in the serum. In the staff the Au‐antigen appeared in association with the clinical signs of hepatitis and usually disappeared within 12 days after the onset of the disease and long before the clinical signs. In the patients with renal disease, however, the antigen appeared in the serum much earlier, usually 5 weeks before other signs of hepatitis. Once the patients had become positive they usually remained so for long periods of time. Blood used for dialysis should be examined for Au‐antigen to reduce the possibility of the blood being a portal of entry of infectious hepatitis at a department of dialysis. Patients undergoing dialysis should be regularly examined for the presence of Au‐antigen in the serum.
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM BACTEROIDES MELANINOGENICUS ISOLATED FROM THE SUPERNATANT FLUID AFTER ULTRACENTRIFUGATION OF THE WATER PHASE FOLLOWING PHENOL‐WATER EXTRACTION
Authors: Hofstad Tor , Kristoffersen Tore
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been isolated from the supernatant fluid after ultracentrifugation of the water phase following phenol‐water extraction of Bacteroides melaninogenicus, strain B10. The purification procedure included digestion of the supernatant fluid with ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease, gel filtration on Bio‐Gel A‐1.5 m and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose. The prepared LPS did not contain heptose or 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctulosonic acid. The sugar components identified were galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, traces of fucose, galactosamine and glucosamine. Neutral sugar and lipid constituted the main parts of the LPS. The isolated LPS sensitized sheep erythrocytes to agglutination in homologous antiserum. Two agar precipitation lines were observed, one of which may correspond to an “acid hapten”.
A NEW ANTIMYCOTIC FROM BAYER AG, BAY b 5097
Authors: Bodenhoff Jessie
Published: August 2010

In vitro sensitivity determinations to Bay b 5097 were carried out on 38 yeast‐like fungi of the species Candida, Torulopsis, and Cryptococcus. The strains examined were clearly different from each other as regards their sensitivity to Bay b 5097. Some strains of Candida parapsilosis, Candida pseudotropicalis, and Cryptococcus neoformans, and a few strains of Candida albicans were clearly sensitive to Bay b 5097, while the majority of the Candida albicans and all the Candida tropicalis strains were among those that must be regarded as only slightly sensitive. The divergencies between previously published reports of sensitivity determinations on yeast‐like fungi to Bay b 5097 and those in the present study are pointed out, and it would seem justifiable to demand that sensitivity determination should be carried out before any treatment with antimycotics is embarked upon.
ANTIBODY‐COMBINING OLIGOSACCHARIDES FROM A CHICK ALLANTOIC GLYCOPEPTIDE SULPHATE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS HAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Higginbotham John D. , Schöyen Rolf , Mortensson‐Egnund Karen , How Mervyn J. , Harboe Arild
Published: August 2010

Oligosaccharides that combine with antibody to a chick allantoic glycopeptide sulphate have been produced both by dilute acid and alkali treatment of the glycopeptide. Chemical and immunological assays of the oligosaccharides in conjunction with periodate oxidation studies and enzyme treatments have helped to elucidate the carbohydrate residues responsible for antibody‐combining activity in the parent glycopeptide. Peptide, sialic acid, 2‐amino‐2‐deoxyglucose and 2‐amino‐2‐deoxygalactose residues in the glycopeptide play no part in conferring activity, but D‐galactose and, to a lesser extent, fucose are sole components of the active site. Two types of D)‐galactose determinant residues are present, differing in their susceptibility to periodate exidation.
A COMPARISON OF PHAGE PATTERN AND ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE WITH BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM CATTLE
Authors: Qeding P. , Marandon J. L. , Hájek V. , Maršálek E.
Published: August 2010

A report is given of comparative investigations of Staph. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis and from the nasal cavities of healthy cattle by various biochemical tests, by phage typing with the international basic set and with Davidson's set, and by serological typing. The majority of the strains could be identified by their biochemical properties as belonging to the bovine variant of Staph. aureus. The carrier strains differed from the mastitis strains both biochemically, by phage typing and by serological typing. Within each group the strains were very homogeneous. The significance of the homogeneity and of the particular biochemical properties of the carrier strains are discussed.
PREPARATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDOTOXIC LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM THREE STRAINS OF SPHAEROPHORUS NECROPHORUS
Authors: Hofstad Tor , Kristoffersen Tore
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been isolated from the supernatant fluid after ultracentri‐fugation of the water phase following phenol‐water extraction of Sphaerophorus necrophorus, strains ATCC 12290, 3328 Institut Pasteur and N167 Fievez. The purification procedure included digestion of the supernatant fluid with ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease, gel filtration on Bio‐Gel A—1.5 m and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose. LPS from strain N167 contained small amounts of 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐octonate, and the major sugar components were heptose, galactose, glucose and glucosamine. 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐octonate and heptose were not present in LPS from strains 12290 and 3328. The sugar components identified were galactose, ' glucose, mannose, fucose, rhamnose, glucosamine and galacto‐samine. The endotoxic potency of the preparations was low.
AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN IN HEPATITIS AMONG SWEDISH TRACK‐FINDERS
Authors: Berg Rebekka , Ringertz Olof , Espmark ÅKe
Published: August 2010

An epidemic of about 600 cases of hepatitis among Swedish cross‐country track‐finders in 1957—1966 reported earlier was suspected, on clinical and epidemiological grounds, to be serum hepatitis. Sera from 69 of these patients, stored frozen since 1961—1962, were studied for the presence of Australia antigen. The specimens were assayed by the Ouchterlony double diffusion test and by the radial diffusion test according to Mancini et al. The results of the two tests were in good agreement. Australia antigen was found in 32 (46 per cent) of the patients thus supporting the earlier hypothesis that the disease was a serum hepatitis. Australia antigen was found in all sera drawn within the first 9 days after onset of symptoms, the rate thereafter decreasing gradually. No specimens drawn later than 54 days after onset were positive. Inmost patients with paired sera, the antigen titre dropped significantly or became negative over a 2–3 weeks' period.
SEROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM STRAINS OF ORAL VEILLONELLA
Authors: Hofstad Tor , Kristoffersen Tore , Mæland Johan A.
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted with phenol‐water from five oral strains of Veillonella was studied by indirect haemagglutination techniques. The highly active LPS showed serological type‐specificity. LPS from at least two of the strains contained more than one anti‐genic determinant, carried by the same molecular complex. The determinant groups were of carbohydrate nature. Inhibition of haemagglutination with mono‐ and disaccharides gave information of the chemical composition of the determinant group in LPS from one of the strains examined. The LPS preparations were immunogenic in rabbits, giving rise to both ME‐resistant antibodies and antibodies sensitive to reductional cleavage with ME.
ANTIGEN ANALYSIS ON SERUM FROM CATTLE WITH LEUCOTIC TUMOURS
Authors: Brummerstedt E. , Bendixen H. J.
Published: August 2010

This study was performed to examine if antigenic changes might be found in the serum proteins of cattle with various forms of leucotic tumours. An absorption technique in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis was used. Fourteen serum samples originating from cattle with leucosis had a decreased capability of absorbing antibody against serum from non‐leucotic animals. This is due to absence or decreased level of a certain protein component. The possibility that this protein may be IgM is discussed. Loss or change in concentration of this protein seems not to be specific for leucosis, since it was found to be missing also in 4 animals with other diseases. Any evidence of the existence of serum proteins specific for leucosis has not been provided.
LOCAL IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIG MAMMARY GLAND WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTIGENS
Authors: McDowell Graham , Grov Arne , Oeding Per
Published: August 2010

Immunization of the mammary glands of pregnant guinea pigs with Staphylococcus aureus or isolated mucopeptide induced a local immune response that persisted throughout lactation. Precipitin arcs corresponding to IgG, IgM, albumin and a protein of β‐electrophoretic mobility were seen in imrnunoelectrophoretic plates of whey developed using antiserum to guinea pig serum. When antiserum to guinea pig immunoglobulins was used, a strong arc in the β position and a weak IgG arc appeared. The protein of β‐electrophoretic mobility was the only component, in whey from immunized glands, which reacted with polysaccharide A (teichoic acid) in immunoelectrophoresis. No reaction with this antigen was observed for whey from non‐immunized glands or serum. It is suggested that the protein of β‐electropho‐retic mobility detected in guinea pig whey is analogous to secretory IgA from humans and other species.
A POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGEN OF AN ANAEROBIC ORAL FILAMENTOUS MICROORGANISM (EUBACTERIUM SABURREUM) CONTAINING HEPTOSE AND o‐ACETYL AS MAIN CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Hofstad Tor
Published: August 2010

A serologically highly active polysaccharide has been isolated from the filamentous oral organism, strain L44. The isolation procedure entailed the digestion of whole, acetone‐dried cells with trypsin, followed by fractionation of the supernatant fluid on columns of Sephadex G‐75 and DEAE‐cellulose. Heptose and 0‐acetyl accounted for approximately 90 per cent of the purified antigen preparations. All preparations contained small amounts of protein. Lipid or hexosamine were not found.
HUMAN SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Brandtzaeg P.
Published: August 2010

Free secretory piece (SP) was quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion in relation to a provisional standard preparation. The use of antiserum monospecific for the I determinant of SP eliminated the influence of bound SP (secretory IgA) on the test. Free SP was present in colostrum, nasal secretion, sweat, and normal as well as immunoglobulin‐deficient salivary secretions from adults. Stimulated normal parotid fluid contained an average of 1.2 mg/100 ml, and uhstimulated whole saliva 3.0 mg/100 ml. The ratio of free SP to IgA, however, was 0.32 in parotid fluid and 0.15 in whole saliva. Colostrum contained 209 mg/100 ml, with a free SP to IgA ratio of 0.16. The average content of free SP in immunoglobulin‐deficient parotid secretions was 2.1 mg/100 ml. This may indicate that less than half of the SP molecules synthesized in the parotid gland are normally complexed with IgA; but great individual variations probably exist.
THE FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES TO ENDOTOXIN IN WARFARIN‐TREATED RABBITS
Authors: Haugen Jostein
Published: August 2010

Warfarin‐treated and untreated rabbits were immunized by a series of daily injections of Salmonella typhi endotoxin. The sera were tested by bacterial agglutination, indirect hemag‐glutination, indirect hemolysis and precipitation. Analysis of variance showed no difference in the quantity of antibodies formed in warfarin‐treated and untreated rabbits. The antibodies were shown to be exclusively gammaM‐globulins. It is concluded that a constant low coagulation activity, such as that achieved by warfarin treatment, is of no consequence to antibody formation, provided the endotoxin is intravenously administered. This may indicate that the endotoxin‐induced alterations of coagulability do not affect any phase of antibody formation. No correlation seemed to exist between the antibody levels and the pyrogenic response, as measured in the same rabbits.
INCIDENCE OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE INFECTION IN DENMARK FROM 1958 TO 1969
Authors: Lind Klaus
Published: August 2010

The incidence of Mycoplasma (M.) pneumoniae infection in Denmark from 1958 to 1969 was estimated. The estimation was based on tests for antibodies to M. pneumoniae performed on cold agglutinin positive sera originating from patients mainly suffering from respiratory tract illness. Three epidemics of M. pneumoniae infection occurred at intervals of 41/2 years. In the intervals, the infection was prevalent most of the time. The incidence in the months October to December was slightly higher than that in the other months of the year. During the 12‐year period nine epidemics of influenza, occurred; they did not coincide with those of M. pneumoniae infection.
EFFECT OF STRONG AND WEAK HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS ON THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE REACTION IN RATS
Authors: Sørensen Søren Freiesleben , Bildsøe Per , Simonsen Morten
Published: August 2010

Individual rats belonging to two different F2 crosses were serotyped for HI (AgB) determined antigens and tested in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) against parental strain rats. In agreement with the general contention that MLC reactivity is controlled solely by the major histocompatibility locus of the species, all HI different mixtures were found to stimulate, while HI identical mixtures failed to stimulate. The lack of MLC stimulation by minor loci antigens may be due to low frequency of antigen sensitive cells against these antigens. Immunization may be expected to increase their frequency and indeed in some combinations low but clear‐cut stimulation was produced by non HI antigens after specific immunization. In the HI (different AS‐AS2 combination an unexpected discrepancy was found between the relative antigenic strength as measured by MLC on one side and by the local graft‐versus‐host assay (12, 13) and by kidney graft survival on the other side. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
ANTIGEN‐INDUCED LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION IN VITRO DURING PRIMARY IMMUNIZATION IN MAN
Authors: Søborg Mogens , Andersen Vagn , Sørensen Søren Freiesleben
Published: August 2010

The development of cellular and humoral hypersensitivity was followed in 15 adult patients during primary immunization with brucella bacteria. Both types of hypersensitivity were detected by in vitro techniques, a leucocyte migration test and an agglutination reaction, respectively, and compared to the results of simultaneous studies of antigen‐induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro. The development of the response in the three test systems followed qualitatively different patterns. Between transformation and migration inhibition, no quantitative correlation was found. Patients with poor transformation tended to produce little or no antibodies, but otherwise no correlation was found. The hypothesis is offered that antigen‐induced lymphocyte transformation reflects the expanded clones of antigen sensitive cells raised after immunization whether the final immune response is antibody formation, cell mediated hypersensitivity, or both.
SEROLOGICAL CROSS‐REACTIONS OF TANNED ERYTHROCYTES SENSITIZED WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Grov Arne , Oeding Per
Published: August 2010

Staphylococcal extracts and isolated antigenic preparations have been used to sensitize tanned sheep erythrocytes (TSE), and indirect haemagglutination has been studied in cross‐reaction, inhibition and absorption experiments. The sera employed were whole sera against bacteria and specific sera against TSE sensitized with antigenic preparations. It was found that indirect haemagglutination of TSE sensitized with a bacterial extract or an isolated antigenic material is complex and involves at least three determinants. Two of the determinants may be ascribed to the peptide subunit and the third to the sugar chain of the mucopeptide. Variations in these structures were indicated by the serological results, and the method may be of value in screening bacteria for similarities or differences in mucopeptide structures.
CYTOTOXIC ANTIBODIES IN SERUM OF PREGNANT WOMEN AT DELIVERY
Authors: Nymand Gunnar , Heron Iver , Jensen Kaj Gert , Lundsgaard Anne
Published: August 2010

A group of 239 pregnant women with cytotoxic antibodies in serum was compared with a group of 878 women without cytotoxins in serum at delivery according to the parameters: Abortion in the history, premature delivery, malformation of the foetus, stillbirth, pre‐eclampsia, oedema during pregnancy, arterial hypertension and albuminuria. Cytotoxic antibodies were found to be of no significance according to the parameters above.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE GUINEA PIG IMMUNIZED WITH KILLED TUBERCLE BACILLI IN ADJUVANT
Authors: Kostiala Anja A. I. , Kosunen T. U.
Published: August 2010

Guinea pigs were immunized with 2.4 mg of killed tubercle bacilli in adjuvant and Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) was used as test antigen. Peritoneal exudate cell migration inhibition was more marked one year than one month after sensitization. Macrophage cytophilic antibody (detected by rosette formation with antigen coated sheep red cells) was found on the surface of peritoneal macrophages and in sera at one year, but was barely detectable at one month. One year sera as final media in migration chambers inhibited migration of normal peritoneal cells, so did one month sera. Incubation of normal cells in one year sera followed by washing led to migration inhibition. Sera of guinea pigs passively sensitized with the immune sera had haemagglutinating activity against PPD coated sheep red cells. In some of the animals injected with one year sera cytophilic antibody was demonstrable on the surface of peritoneal cells and the migration of these cells was slightly inhibited by antigen. The degree of migration inhibition did not correlate with haemagglutinating and haemolysing antibody titres.
SUPPRESSION OF CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT REJECTION IN ADULT RATS BY PRETREATMENT WITH BONE MARROW CELLS
Authors: Heron Iver
Published: August 2010

Rat hearts were transplanted across major histocompatibility loci in two donor‐recipient combinations. A pronounced and specific suppression of rejection was obtained when recipients were treated with one injection of bone marrow cells 7 days prior to allografting. Histological signs of immune reactions in the grafts were found and some rats produced circulating alloantibodies. Skin grafts were rejected in the one combination but were accepted in the other, when applied to recipients with well tolerated hearts of the same genotype. Normal response of recipient spleen cells in GVHR was obtained, and parabiotic union between recipient with functioning grafts and normal unmodified rats did not effect function of the transplants. The suppressive effect of marrow pretreatment could not be transferred with serum taken from rats at the time of transplantation. The possible mechanisms are discussed.
A NEW BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING SET FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Bergan Tom
Published: August 2010

A new phage typing set for Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been established on the basis of all internationally available typing sets and a few additional phages. The present paper describes some of the important characteristics of the new phage typing set compared to previous sets. In terms of the relevant parameters, the new phage typing set appears to constitute an improvements compared to previous alternatives.
AN ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCTION OF ANTI‐Lp(a) SERUM
Authors: Torsvik H. , Boman H. , Berg K.
Published: August 2010

An immunization schedule different from the one previously used for the production of anti‐Lp(a) serum is described. Rabbits were given partially purified Lp(a) lipoprotein prepared from relatively large amounts of Lp(a+) serum, in the foot pads and intramuscularly. The antisera obtained after absorption were specific and of high titres. By repeated immunizations considerable quantities of antisera were obtained.
HUMAN INFECTIONS WITH FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS IN NORWAY
Authors: Haug Rangdi Holth , Pearson Andrew D.
Published: August 2010

A sero‐epidemiological study of F. tularensis infection has been performed in school children and hunters in some districts of Norway. The results have revealed a considerable incidence of such infection in certain districts as judged by the chosen criteria. The study has offered an opportunity to develop a modification of a slide agglutination technique suitable for the screening of large numbers of serum samples.
Experimental Studies on Cholera Immunization
Authors: Holmgren J. , Svennerholm A. M. , Ouchterlony Ö.
Published: August 2010

The response of neutralizing and vibriocidal antibodies was studied in rabbits which were immunized with varied doses of a V. cholerae culture filtrate material (IA) containing exotoxin and endotoxin at a ratio of 1:100. Optimal formation of neutralizing as well as vibriocidal antibodies after a single sobcutaneous injection of IA was noted when a dose of IA containing 12.5 μg exotoxin and 1.25 mg of endotoxin was employed. Irrespective of antigen dose the neutralizing antibodies were almost exclusively of the IgG class. Vibriocidal antibodies were of the IgG as well as IgM type, the IgG/IgM ratio increasing with rising antigen dose. Revaccination with identical doses four months later resulted in markedly increased titres of neutralizing antibody, IgG, as compared to the response after the first injection. The response of vibriocidal antibodies after the secondary injection was dose‐dependant. Higher antibody titres than in the primary response were noted with low antigen doses. With high doses the titres were similar after the two injections but the maximum level was reached earlier than after the primary injection. In addition, after the secondary injection a higher proportion of IgG antibodies was noted.
Rabbit Anti Rat Lymphocyte Serum: Immunosuppression Mediated by IgM Antibodies
Authors: Jakobsen Arnt , Flatmark Audun
Published: August 2010

Rabbit anti rat lymphocyte sera (ALS) were produced in rabbits treated with azathioprine during the immunization period. Such antisera were cytotoxic to lymphocytes with nearly as high litres as have been seen in untreated animals using the same immunization schedule. Treatment of the antisera with 2‐mercaptoethanol followed by alkylation, resulted in marked loss in titre towards lymphocytes. Separation on Sephadex G‐200 confirmed that most of the cytotoxic activity was to be found among the IgM antibodies. Both “thymus‐azathioprine” and “spleen‐azathioprine” ALS significantly prolonged the survival of skin allografts in rats. Thymus antisera were more efficient than spleen antisera. Reduction and alkylation of active thymus antisera resulted in loss of in vivo immunosuppressive effect.
Structural Role of RNA in Semliki Forest Virus Nucleocapsid
Authors: Bonsdorff C. H. V.
Published: August 2010

Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsids were isolated from purified virus; The nucleocapsids were variously treated with pancreatic ribonuclease and the effect of the treatment studied by sucrose gradient analysis and electron microscopy. After digestion of about 20 per cent of the nucleocapsid RNA the size of the particle had decreased from the original 39 nm to 32 nm. Heavy RNase treatment causing the loss of 50 per cent or more of the RNA did not affect the size much further. When examined by negative staining the small‐size nucleocapsid showed a layered structure with a central, stain resistant core of about 16 nm and an outer capsid‐like layer, 3 to 5 nm thick. Annular structures, 7 to 8 nm in diameter, were often discernible, but the structural symmetry of the capsid could not be established.
Direct and Indirect Immunofluorescence of Unfixed and Fixed Mycoplasma Colonies
Authors: Rosendal S. , Black F. T.
Published: August 2010

This report provides a description of indirect immunofluorescence of unfixed mycoplasma colonies (“indirect epifluorescence”). Comparison was made between direct and indirect immunofluorescence using unfixed and hot water fixed colonies. 7 mycoplasma strains were used, 6 of canine and 1 of human (M. pneumoniae) origin. It is concluded that indirect immunofluorescence of unfixed colonies is a useful serological method of identification. It is more sensitive than and equally specific as direct immunofluorescence and in addition does not give the background fluorescence associated with that method. It is also concluded that direct and indirect immunofluorescence of hot water fixed colonies is too unspecific for the identification of canine mycoplasma species. M. pneumoniae appears to differ in this respect as its antigenic specificity is apparently better retained during hot water fixation.
Variation of Colony Morphology Reflecting Fimbriation in Moraxella Bovis and Two Reference Strains of M. Nonliquefaciens
Authors: Bøvre Kjell , Frøholm Leif Oddvar
Published: August 2010

Five strains of Moraxella bovis were studied and found to yield distinct colony types with respect to agar corrosion and formation of corroding spreading zones. The types were largely similar to those of M. kingii, although some morphological differences were observed. Distinctly corroding clones, with more or less pronounced spreading colonies (SC type), were isolated from all strains. These isolates were all strongly fimbriated, as observed by electron microscopy. The fimbriae had a diameter of 65–85 Å. Another colony form, without corrosion and spreading (N type), was also observed in all strains. Electron microscopical preparations from these colonies revealed no fimbriae, or only occasional fimbriae, possibly of slightly different appearance, could be detected. With varying frequency, from none observed to about one in 10,000 colonies, N type populations revealed the intracolonial occurrence of fimbriated SC variants by partial change of colony morphology after a few days of incubation. Spontaneous variation from SC to N, accompanied by loss of fimbriation, was also observed. When 12–30 hr old SC colonies were subcultivated, less than one in 10,000 progeny colonies were usually observed to be of the N type, whereas older colonies sometimes revealed a high percentage of N variants in the progeny. A colony type intermediate between N and SC (NSC type) was occasionally seen, with relatively weak agar corrosion and spreading, and with an apparently slightly reduced degree of fimbriation, as compared with the SC type. The intermediate phenotype was unstable, however, showing an irregular tendency to produce progeny of a more corroding and spreading morphology. Two reference strains (including the neotype) of M. nonliquefaciens were studied and revealed fimbriae‐associated colony type differentiation slightly different from previously examined strains of this species and from M. bovis.
STUDIES ON STACHYBOTRYS ALTERNANS I. ISOLATION OF TOXICOGENIC STRAINS FROM FINNISH GRAINS AND FEEDS
Authors: Korpinen Eeva‐Liisa
Published: August 2010

Nineteen Stachybotrys alternans strains isolated from animal feeds, fodder or bedding and from grain for human consumption were tested for their toxin‐producing capacity on a mixture of wheat, oats and barley. Ultraviolet light was applied during isolation of the fungi. Nine out of the 19 strains were toxic to white mice in a feeding experiment of two week's duration. Five selected strains were also tested by the rabbit skin test and by the feeding test with guinea pigs. Clinical symptoms and patho‐anatomical pictures are described. The reason why S.alternans has been rarely found in grain is discussed.
ON THE REALISTIC CLASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF SEROLOGY
Authors: Kauffmann F.
Published: August 2010

1. The species is the only category or taxon occurring in nature, it is a reality. 2. The classification is orientated in a horizontal, but not in a vertical way. 3. The species is a group of related sero‐, bio‐ and phago‐types. In other words: The species is a group of related cultures, defined by their serological, biochemical and other properties. 4. The species is not identical with a sero‐type. 5. There are no “subspecific” or “infrasubspecific” categories below the species. 6. The sero‐, bio‐ and phago‐types are not 3 different categories, but 3 different properties of the same organism belonging to a certain species on the basis of its antigenic structure. 7. All the other categories or taxa such as sub‐genus, genus, tribus, familia etc. are artificial collections of species to facilitate the general view. They do not exist in nature, but are creations of our mind. 8. The theory of reality is valid not only for bacteria, but also for all other living organisms, it is a general, biological principle. 9. We cannot establish a family‐tree and a hierarchical system, but only analyse the species occurring in nature. 10. With regard to the genus Salmonella I follow the International Salmonella‐Subcommittee's classification and nomenclature, based on the Kauffmann‐White‐Schema. 11. I refuse to accept the proposal made by W. H. Ewing according to which the genus Salmonella should be sub‐divided into 3 biochemically defined “species”: S.choleraesuis, S.typhi and S.enteritidis. I have never accepted or recommended this proposal. 12. In a short review on Escherichia‐serology the following points are emphasized: The determination of O‐, K‐ and H‐antigens according to the classical method is required for an exact diagnosis of Escherichia‐species. 13. The determination of L‐, A‐ and B‐antigens is necessary for an exact diagnosis of K‐antigens. 14. These 3 antigenic groups L, A and B are defined by their agglutinable, agglutinin‐binding and agglutinogenic properties and retain their full validity. 15. The chemo‐types, electro‐types (= immunoelectrophoresis‐types) or other types are valuable supplements to the sero‐types. 16. The species‐diagnosis cannot be established by the chemical analysis of antigens, but only by the classical, serological investigation. 17. Through a diagnostic antigenic scheme we dot not aim at a complete antigenic analysis, but only at a useful instrument by which to diagnose species.
ANALYSIS OF THE VARIATION IN LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO PHA IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: Hagen Claus , Frøl Anders
Published: August 2010

Among normal persons, a marked variation in DNA synthesis is observed in lymphocyte culture stimulated with PHA. We have studied some of the factors that may be responsible for this normal variation. Liquid scintillation counting of the uptake of tritiated thymidine in cultured cells stimulated by PHA was taken as a measure of the DNA synthesis. 1. A study of 53 normal men and 42 normal women showed that the transformation was correlated to age, but not to sex. 2. Six normal subjects were followed from four to twelve months. Although the lymphocyte transformation varied with time, the level of transformation remained constant. 3. A study of the transformation in seven pairs of monozygous twins and in five pairs of dizygous twins failed to show a genetic influence. 4. Finally, autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting were carried out on the same cultures. It appeared that the transformation as measured by liquid scintillation is propartional to the number of cells synthesizing DNA.
GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASES IN GENUS NEISSERIA
Authors: Holten Eirik
Published: August 2010

The glutamate dehydrogenase system is examined in different Neisseria species. The pH optima, temperature sensitivity, and the effect upon enzyme activity by adding glucose to the medium are compared to the findings in N. meningitidis. By agar gel electrophoresis it is shown that all species except N. catarrhalis, N. ovis and N. caviae contain 2 different glutamate dehydrogenases, one linked to NAD and the other one to NADP. The 3 species mentioned possibly contain only one glutamate dehydrogenase, reacting with both coenzymes. The taxonomic implications of these findings are discussed.
SEROLOGICAL CROSS‐REACTIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT BRUCELLA SPECIES AND YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA
Authors: Hurvell B. , Lindberg A. A.
Published: August 2010

The cross‐reactivity of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica type IX recovered from the aqueous and phenol phases of the hot phenol‐water method was examined in immunodiffusion tests. The antigens and the cross‐reactivity were unaffected by heating and by treatment with lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes, but periodate oxidation was found to destroy the precipitating ability. This indicates the carbohydrate nature of the cross‐reacting antigenic determinants. The monosaccharide composition of the fractions was estimated using gas liquid chromatography of peracetylated alditol acetates. The LPS of B. abortus and Y. enterocolitica type IX had glucose and galactose as common monosaccharide constituents. In addition, the LPS of B. abortus contained mannose and that of Y. enterocolitica type IX heptose. The possibility of having the cross‐reactivity localized in O‐specific side‐chains is discussed.
CELL DIVISION AFTER INHIBITION OF DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

A comparison has been undertaken between a transformable (cp+) and a non transformable (cp‐) variant of the Neisseria meningitidis Strain M1. Previous evidence indicates that these variants have different origin and direction of replication. Hydroxyurea inhibition resulted in 41 per cent and 43 per cent increase in colony‐forming units in exponentially growing cultures of the cp+ and the cp‐ variants respectively. Chloramphenicol exhibited a concentration effect. At 2.5 μg/ml, exponential increase in colony‐forming units stopped, but the number increased with 73 per cent in the cp+ variant and with 45 per cent in the cp‐ one. Concentrations above 10–15 μg/ml permitted no significant residual division. The rate of increase in absorbancy was reduced by hydroxyurea and chloramphenicol, but there was no significant difference between the two variants. The findings have been discussed in relation to the age distribution function for bacterial chromosomes in an exponential population. The results support the hypothesis that there are two kinds of proteins involved in cell division. The synthesis of one of these is inhibited by low concentrations of chloramphenicol, and seems to be triggered by the replication of a distinct region or locus on the chromosome. This region is probably located close to or at the origin (or terminus) for the chromosome of the cp‐ variant, whereas it is distant from that for the cp+ one.