bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anbar Abstracts Issue
Authors: Fojt Martin
Published: October 2012

This special “Anbar Abstracts” issue of Employee Relations is split into seven sections covering abstracts under the following headings:
Design of Work; Performance, Productivity and Motivation; Patterns of work; Pay, incentives and pensions; Career/manpower planning, recruitment; Industrial relations and participation; Health and safety.
Active and inactive forms of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Candrea Elisabeta , Senila Simona , Tatomir Corina , Cosgarea Rodica
Published: October 2012

Background

Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, with high implications on the morbidity and mortality of patients. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 have been involved in melanoma progression because they degrade important components of the basement membrane. We studied the relationship between the levels of active and inactive MMP 2, MMP 9, and clinicopathological parameters.

Materials and methods

Expression of both active and latent forms of MMP 2 and MMP 9 was evaluated by zymography in 21 melanoma tissue samples and 19 benign melanocytic nevi samples.

Results

In the melanoma group, inactive MMP 2 was detected in 100% of samples and active MMP 2 in 95%. Inactive MMP 9 was detected in 85% of samples and active MMP 9 in 38%. In the nevi group, 78.9% of samples expressed inactive MMP 2, 5.26% active MMP 2, 21% inactive MMP 9, and 0% active MMP 9. Both forms of MMP 2 and MMP 9 were found to be correlated with skin tumor malignancy. Expression of active and latent MMP 9 was higher in tumors >2 mm thick (P = 0.03, P = 0.014). A correlation was also found between positive lymph node metastasis, inactive MMP 9, and active MMP 9 expression (r = 0.59 P < 0.01, r = 0.668, P < 0.01). The amount of active and latent form of MMP 2 did not have an impact on lymph node metastasis.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that active and latent MMP 2 and MMP 9 correlate with melanoma, and both forms of MMP 9 correlate with positive lymph node metastasis.
Immediate effects of physical therapy on gait disturbance and frontal assessment battery in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Sohmiya Makoto , Wada Naoki , Tazawa Masayuki , Okamoto Koichi , Shirakura Kenji
Published: October 2012

Aim:  To examine whether the Frontal Assessment Battery is associated with the immediate effects of physical therapy on gait disturbance in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Methods:  A total of 18 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr stage range 3–4) who were able to ambulate independently and who were not demented were included. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of Frontal Assessment Battery scores: the high score group (score ≥13, n = 11) and the low score group (score ≤12, n = 7). A 3‐D motion analysis system was used to acquire gait parameter data before and after a 30‐min physical therapy program. Stride length, step length, cadence, walking velocity, single support time and double support time were measured. The range of motion of the hip, knee and ankle joint, and maximal trunk displacement on the horizontal plane were measured.

Results:  In the high‐score group, significant improvement was observed in walking velocity, stride length and step length, and in the range of motion of the hip and knee joint. Maximal trunk displacement decreased significantly. In contrast, no significant improvement was observed in the low‐score group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Frontal Assessment Battery scores were a predictor of improvement in the range of motion of bilateral hip and knee joints, and maximal trunk displacement.

Conclusions:  We showed that the subtests of motor learning of the Frontal Assessment Battery might be associated with the immediate effects of physical therapy on gait disturbance in Parkinson's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 630–637.
SCALE ECONOMIES AND HETEROGENEITY IN BUSINESS MONEY DEMAND: THE ITALIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Ganugi Piero , Grossi Luigi , Ianulardo Giancarlo
Published: October 2012

This paper investigates the demand for money by firms and the existence of economies of scale in the Italian manufacturing industry. We estimate a model for cash elaborated by Fujiki and Mulligan using a different estimation procedure from the previous literature. We then introduce an iterative procedure based on backward exclusion of firms from model estimation which points out the high heterogeneity of Italian companies in money demand. Our estimates show that the Italian manufacturing industry, considered as a whole, does not enjoy scale economies in money demand. However, our iterative procedure points out that the cause of this result has to be ascribed to small firms which are characterized by thin cash money holdings and a consequent very modest opportunity cost.
Experience and Reason in Einstein's Epistemology
Authors: Glenn S.
Published: October 2012

Albert Einstein insists that his epistemology made his discovery of relativity possible. He believed it was his understanding of the relationship of experience and reason that allowed him to reconsider certain “truths” of physics. Specifically, he believed that reality and thought were independent but related, and that conceptual systems are independent of but conditioned by experience. Failure to understand the relation between experience and reason had, Einstein believed, limited progress in science. His understanding of the relation, on the other hand, enabled him to formulate relativity theory and therefore provides one example of the relevance of philosophy to scientific inquiry.
A Dogma of Naturalism
Authors: Sinclair Nathan
Published: October 2012

One of the major historical effects of Quine's attacks upon the analytic‐ synthetic distinction has been to popularise the belief that philosophy is continuous with science. Currently, most philosophers believe that such continuity is an inevitable consequence of naturalism. This article argues that though Quine's semantic holism does imply that there is no sharp distinction between truths discoverable by scientific investigation and truths discoverable by philosophical investigation, it also implies that there is a perfectly sharp and natural distinction between natural science and naturalistic philosophy.
A Spectrally Accurate Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric, Tightly Coupled Photon Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Equation Solver for Hypersonic Entry Flows
Authors: Feldick A. M. , Modest M. F.
Published: October 2012

A two-dimensional axisymmetric ray tracing photon Monte Carlo radiative transfer solver is developed. Like all ray tracing Monte Carlo codes, the ray tracing is performed in 3D, however, arrangements are made to take advantage of the 2D nature of the problem, to minimize computational time. The solver is designed to be tightly integrated into finite volume hypersonic flow solvers and is able to resolve the complex spectral properties of such flows to line-by-line (LBL) accuracy. The solver is then directly integrated into data parallel line relaxation (DPLR), a hypersonic flow solver, and closely coupled calculations are performed.
Selection and Characterization of Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus DNA Polymerase Mutations
Authors: Feng Guozhong , Thumbi David K. , de Jong Jondavid , Hodgson Jeffrey J. , Arif Basil M. , Doucet Daniel , Krell Peter J.
Published: October 2012

Autographa californicamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) DNA polymerase (DNApol) is essential for viral DNA replication. AcMNPV mutants resistant to aphidicolin, a selective inhibitor of viral DNA replication, and abacavir, an efficacious nucleoside analogue with inhibitory activity against reverse transcriptase, were selected by the serial passage of the parental AcMNPV in the presence of increasing concentrations of aphidicolin or abacavir. These drug-resistant mutants had either a single (C543R) (aphidicolin) or a double (C543R and S611T) (abacavir) point mutation within conserved regions II and III. To confirm the role of these point mutations in AcMNPV DNA polymerase, adnapolknockout virus was first generated, and several repair viruses were constructed by transposing thednapolwild-type gene or ones containing a single or double point mutation into thepolyhedrinlocus of thednapolknockout bacmid. The single C543R or double C543R/S611T mutation showed increased resistance to both aphidicolin and abacavir and, even in the absence of drug, decreased levels of virus and viral DNA replication compared to the wild-type repair virus. Surprisingly, thednapolmutant repair viruses led to the generation of occlusion-derived viruses with mostly single and only a few multiple nucleocapsids in the ring zone and within polyhedra. Thus, these point mutations in AcMNPV DNA polymerase increased drug resistance, slightly compromised virus and viral DNA replication, and influenced the viral morphogenesis of occlusion-derived virus.
ANALYTIC l-STATE SOLUTIONS OF THE KLEIN–GORDON EQUATION FOR q-DEFORMED WOODS–SAXON PLUS GENERALIZED RING SHAPE POTENTIAL FOR THE TWO CASES OF EQUAL AND DIFFERENT MIXED VECTOR AND SCALAR POTENTIALS
Authors: CHABAB M. , LAHBAS A. , OULNE M.
Published: October 2012

The analytical expressions for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Klein–Gordon equation for q-deformed Woods–Saxon plus new generalized ring shape potential are derived within the asymptotic iteration method in two cases, namely, the case of equal mixed vector and scalar potentials and the case when the vector potential is chosen to be equal to the q-deformed Woods–Saxon plus the new generalized ring-shaped potential while the scalar one is taken equal to the ring-shaped potential. The latter is considered as a small perturbation. The obtained eigenvalues are given in a closed form and the corresponding normalized eigenvectors, for any l, are formulated in terms of the generalized Jacobi polynomials for the radial part of the Klein–Gordon equation and associated Legendre polynomials for its angular one. When the shape deformation is canceled, we recover the same solutions previously obtained by the Nikiforov–Uvarov method for the standard spherical Woods–Saxon potential. It is also shown that, from the obtained results, we can derive the solutions of this problem for Hulthen potential.
Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus Isolates from Nigeria
Authors: Forbi Joseph C. , Esona Mathew D. , Agwale Simon M.
Published: October 2012

Objective: Despite the endemicity of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Nigeria, genetic information on the HAV genotypes/subgenotypes circulating in the country remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate HAV strains using molecular epidemiological and genetic analyses among apparently healthy adult Nigerian subjects. Methods: Testing for HAV-RNA was performed on 114 serum samples by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequenced with primers encompassing the VP1/P2A junction. Results: Twelve serum samples tested were found to be HAV-RNA positive. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 12 HAV isolates were classified as subgenotype IA exhibiting 98.3% nucleotide identity. Interestingly, the Nigerian HAV/IA subgenotype consisted of two distinct genomic sublineages with a unique majority (n = 11) corresponding to strains endemic in Cameroon and the other (n = 1) shows a probable link with European sequences. Predicted conserved amino acid sequences and the few deduced substitution in the VP1/P2A junction might play a role in the development of a novel Nigerian-Cameroon sublineage within the HAV/IA subgenotype and might explain the stability of HAV/IA in this subregion. Conclusion: This study reveals the development of a new HAV/IA sublineage in the Nigerian-Cameroon subregion. The presence of a single subgenotype indicates that this HAV strain has been predominantly circulating in Nigeria.
Zerumbone suppresses IKKα, Akt, and FOXO1 activation, resulting in apoptosis of GBM 8401 cells
Authors: Weng Hsing-Yu , Hsu Ming-Jen , Wang Ching-Chung , Chen Bing-Chang , Hong Chuang-Ye , Chen Mei-Chieh , Chiu Wen-Ta , Lin Chien-Huang
Published: October 2012

Background

Zerumbone, a sesquiterpene compound isolated from subtropical ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, has been documented to exert antitumoral and anti- inflammatory activities. In this study, we demonstrate that zerumbone induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM8401) cells and investigate the apoptotic mechanism.

Methods

We added a caspase inhibitor and transfected wild-type (WT) IKK and Akt into GBM 8401 cells, and measured cell viability and apoptosis by MTT assay and flow cytometry. By western blotting, we evaluated activation of caspase-3, dephosphorylation of IKK, Akt, FOXO1 with time, and change of IKK, Akt, and FOXO1 phosphorylation after transfection of WT IKK and Akt.

Results

Zerumbone (10∽50 μM) induced death of GBM8401 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry studies showed that zerumbone increased the percentage of apoptotic GBM cells. Zerumbone also caused caspase-3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) production. N-benzyloxycarbonyl -Val-Ala-Asp- fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk), a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, hindered zerumbone-induced cell death. Transfection of GBM 8401 cells with WT IKKα inhibited zerumbone-induced apoptosis, and zerumbone significantly decreased IKKα phosphorylation levels in a time-dependent manner. Similarly, transfection of GBM8401 cells with Akt suppressed zerumbone-induced apoptosis, and zerumbone also diminished Akt phosphorylation levels remarkably and time-dependently. Moreover, transfection of GBM8401 cells with WT IKKα reduced the zerumbone-induced decrease in Akt and FOXO1 phosphorylation. However, transfection with WT Akt decreased FOXO1, but not IKKα, phosphorylation.

Conclusion

The results suggest that inactivation of IKKα, followed by Akt and FOXO1 phosphorylation and caspase-3 activation, contributes to zerumbone-induced GBM cell apoptosis.
Social scent marks do not improve avoidance of parasites in foraging bumblebees
Authors: Fouks Bertrand , Lattorff H. Michael G.
Published: October 2012

Foraging is a result of innate and acquired mechanisms, and is optimized in order to increase fitness. During foraging an animal faces many threats - such as predation and infection. The uptake of parasites and diseases while foraging is common and an individual should be adapted to detect and avoid such threats, using cues either from the abiotic environment, or the parasite. Social animals possess an additional cue to detect such contaminated food sources: information provided by conspecifics. Bumblebees avoid contaminated flowers, but the cues used by the bees to distinguish contamination remain unknown. We tested under controlled laboratory conditions the use of scent marks derived from other foragers in choosing between a contaminated and uncontaminated flower. As a positive control we tested the bees' choice towards two flowers, one scented with geraniol and including a highly rewarding sugar solution and the other not scented and containing a poorer reward. The bees mainly chose the uncontaminated and the rewarding scented flower. Scent marks did not increase the efficiency of the bumblebees in choosing the better flower. The bees from both experiments behaved similarly, showing that the main and most relevant cue used by them to choose the uncontaminated flower is the odour from the parasite itself. The adaptation of bumblebees to avoid flowers contaminated by Crithidia bombi, arose from the long term host-parasite interaction between these species. This strong adaptation results in an innate behaviour of bees and a detection and aversion of the odour of contaminated flower nectar.
Fatores de risco para hipertensão arterial entre estudantes do ensino médio
Authors: Freitas Dayana , Rodrigues Cintia Simões , Yagui Cintia Megumi , Carvalho Raphael Santos Teodoro de , Marchi-Alves Leila Maria
Published: October 2012

OBJETIVO: Identificar os valores pressóricos e estimar a frequência de fatores de risco para a hipertensão arterial entre estudantes do ensino médio. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo de corte transversal, desenvolvido em escolas da Região Sudeste brasileira. Fizeram parte da amostra 184 adolescentes matriculados na segunda série do ensino médio, em 2009. Além da mensuração das variáveis clínicas, foram aplicados instrumentos para identificação de fatores de risco associados à doença hipertensiva. RESULTADOS: A alteração pressórica foi um parâmetro detectado em 22,3% da amostra. Dentre os fatores de risco investigados, o histórico familiar de doenças cardiovasculares e o consumo de álcool foram os mais prevalentes. CONCLUSÃO: Há necessidade de valorizar as medidas de prevenção primária e detecção precoce da hipertensão arterial entre adolescentes, com especial atenção para a avaliação dos antecedentes familiares e adoção de hábitos de risco.
Floodplain hydraulics in a glaciated bedrock river valley
Authors: Ostendorf David W. , Hinlein Erich S. , Judge Aaron I.
Published: October 2012

Data and one dimensional, unsteady theory document the average, seasonal, and diurnal hydraulics of an unconfined aquifer in the surficial floodplain deposit of the Neponset River, which flows through a glaciated bedrock valley in eastern Massachusetts. The 20 m thick silty sand deposit has a permeability of 1.4 × 10−11 m2, a porosity of 0.37, a 600 m halfwidth, and an infiltration coefficient of 0.39. The steady water table is parabolic with a 0.60 m value at the valley wall that implies an average 33-year travel time across the floodplain in response to an average recharge rate of 7.0 × 10−9 m/s. Seasonal hydraulics are governed by the floodplain porosity and marked by periodicity of the river (0.48 m amplitude) and recharge (1.9 × 10−8 m/s amplitude), which maintain flow from the floodplain into the river year round. Attenuation of the diurnal fluctuations suggests that the specific yield ranges from 0.05 to 0.14, and yields horizontal flow excursions of 1 m scale near the riverbank.
High resolution VHF radar measurements of tropopause structure and variability at Davis, Antarctica (69° S, 78° E)
Authors: Alexander S. P. , Murphy D. J. , Klekociuk A. R.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Two years of VHF radar echo power observations are used to examine the structure and variability of the tropopause at Davis, Antarctica. Co-located radiosonde and ozonesonde launches provide data with which to calculate the thermal (lapse-rate) and chemical tropopauses at Davis. The dynamically-controlled radar tropopause can be used as a definition of the Antarctic tropopause throughout the year under all meteorological conditions. During the extended summer period of December–April (DJFMA) inclusive, radar tropopauses are (0.2 ± 0.4) km lower than co-located radiosonde thermal tropopauses and during the extended winter period of June–October (JJASO) inclusive, the radar tropopauses are (0.8 ± 1.0) km lower. The radar and ozone tropopauses both show a decrease in altitude under increasingly strong cyclonic conditions. During strong JJASO cyclonic conditions, there are large (several km) differences between radiosonde lapse-rate tropopause altitudes and radar tropopause altitudes. However, the radar tropopause altitude closely corresponds to the altitude of the 2 PVU surface (where 1 PVU = 106 m2 s−1 K kg−1) for both cyclonic and anticyclonic conditions. The monthly mean occurrence frequency of tropopause folds is investigated using the radar tropopause and is about 1 per month during DJFMA and about 3 per month during JJASO. The power spectrum of the Davis radar tropopause altitude indicates its influence by the passage of inertio-gravity waves. The higher power spectral density during JJASO also indicates an increase in gravity wave activity during this time.
Enhanced SOA formation from mixed anthropogenic and biogenic emissions during the CARES campaign
Authors: Shilling J. E. , Zaveri R. A. , Fast J. D. , Kleinman L. , Alexander M. L. , Canagaratna M. R. , Fortner E. , Hubbe J. M. , Jayne J. T. , Sedlacek A. , Setyan A. , Springston S. , Worsnop D. R. , Zhang Q.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. The CARES campaign was conducted during June 2010 in the vicinity of Sacramento, California to study aerosol formation and aging in a region where anthropogenic and biogenic emissions regularly mix. Here, we describe measurements from an Aerodyne High Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), an Ionicon Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), and trace gas detectors (CO, NO, NOx) deployed on the G-1 research aircraft to investigate ambient gas- and particle-phase chemical composition. AMS measurements showed that the particle phase is dominated by organic aerosol (OA) (85% on average) with smaller concentrations of sulfate (5%), nitrate (6%) and ammonium (3%) observed. PTR-MS data showed that isoprene dominated the biogenic volatile organic compound concentrations (BVOCs), with monoterpene concentrations generally below the detection limit. Using two different metrics, median OA concentrations and the slope of plots of OA vs. CO concentrations (i.e. ΔOA/ΔCO), we contrast organic aerosol evolution on flight days with different prevailing meteorological conditions to elucidate the role of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions on OA formation. Airmasses influenced predominantly by biogenic emissions had median OA concentrations of 2.2 μg m−3 and near zero ΔOA/ΔCO. Those influenced predominantly by anthropogenic emissions had median OA concentrations of 4.7 μg m−3 and ΔOA/ΔCO ratios of 35–44 μg m−3 ppmv−1. But, when biogenic and anthropogenic emissions mixed, OA levels were dramatically enhanced, with median OA concentrations of 11.4 μg m−3 and ΔOA/ΔCO ratios of 77–157 μg m−3 ppmv−1. Taken together, our observations show that production of OA was enhanced when anthropogenic emissions from Sacramento mixed with isoprene-rich air from the foothills. A strong, non-linear dependence of SOA yield from isoprene is the explanation for this enhancement most consistent with both the gas- and particle-phase data. If these observations are found to be robust in other seasons and in areas outside of Sacramento, regional and global aerosol modules will need to incorporate more complex representations of NOx-dependent SOA yields into their algorithms. Ultimately, accurately predicting OA mass concentrations and their effect on radiation balance will require a mechanistically-based treatment of the interactions of biogenic and anthropogenic emissions.
Modeling of 2008 Kasatochi volcanic sulfate direct radiative forcing: assimilation of OMI SO2 plume height data and comparison with MODIS and CALIOP observations
Authors: Wang J. , Park S. , Zeng J. , Yang K. , Carn S. , Krotkov N. , Omar A. H.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Volcanic SO2 column amount and injection height retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) with the Extended Iterative Spectral Fitting (EISF) technique are used to initialize a global chemistry transport model (GEOS-Chem) to simulate the atmospheric transport and lifecycle of volcanic SO2 and sulfate aerosol from the 2008 Kasatochi eruption, and to subsequently estimate the direct shortwave, top-of-the-atmosphere radiative forcing of the volcanic sulfate aerosol. Analysis shows that the integrated use of OMI SO2 plume height in GEOS-Chem yields: (a) good agreement of the temporal evolution of 3-D volcanic sulfate distributions between model simulations and satellite observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP), and (b) a e-folding time for volcanic SO2 that is consistent with OMI measurements, reflecting SO2 oxidation in the upper troposphere and stratosphere is reliably represented in the model However, a consistent (~25%) low bias is found in the GEOS-Chem simulated SO2 burden, and is likely due to a high (~20%) bias of cloud liquid water amount (as compared to the MODIS cloud product) and the resultant stronger SO2 oxidation in the GEOS meteorological data during the first week after eruption when part of SO2 underwent aqueous-phase oxidation in clouds. Radiative transfer calculations show that the forcing by Kasatochi volcanic sulfate aerosol becomes negligible 6 months after the eruption, but its global average over the first month is −1.3 W m−2 with the majority of the forcing-influenced region located north of 20° N, and with daily peak values up to −2 W m−2 on days 16–17. Sensitivity experiments show that every 2 km decrease of SO2 injection height in the GEOS-Chem simulations will result in a ~25% decrease in volcanic sulfate forcing; similar sensitivity but opposite sign also holds for a 0.03 μm increase of geometric radius of the volcanic aerosol particles. Both sensitivities highlight the need to characterize the SO2 plume height and aerosol particle size from space. While more research efforts are warranted, this study is among the first to assimilate both satellite-based SO2 plume height and amount into a chemical transport model for an improved simulation of volcanic SO2 and sulfate transport.
Seasonal measurements of total OH reactivity fluxes, total ozone loss rates and missing emissions from Norway spruce in 2011
Authors: Nölscher A.C. , Bourtsoukidis E. , Bonn B. , Kesselmeier J. , Lelieveld J. , Williams J.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Numerous reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere by vegetation. Most biogenic VOCs are highly reactive towards the atmosphere's most important oxidant, the hydroxyl (OH) radical. One way to investigate the chemical interplay between biosphere and atmosphere is through the measurement of total OH reactivity, the total loss rate of OH radicals. This study presents the first determination of total OH reactivity emission rates (measurements via the Comparative Reactivity Method) based on a branch cuvette enclosure system mounted on a Norway spruce (Picea abies) throughout spring, summer and autumn 2011. In parallel separate VOC emission rates were monitored by a Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), and total ozone (O3) loss rates were obtained inside the cuvette. Total OH reactivity emission rates were in general temperature and light dependent, showing strong diel cycles with highest values during daytime. Monoterpene emissions contributed most, accounting for 56–69% of the measured total OH reactivity flux in spring and early summer. However, during late summer and autumn the monoterpene contribution decreased to 11–16%. At this time, a large missing fraction of the total OH reactivity emission rate (70–84%) was found when compared to the VOC budget measured by PTR-MS. Total OH reactivity and missing total OH reactivity emission rates reached maximum values in late summer corresponding to the period of highest temperature. Total O3 loss rates within the closed cuvette showed similar diel profiles and comparable seasonality to the total OH reactivity fluxes. Total OH reactivity fluxes were also compared to emissions from needle storage pools predicted by a temperature-only dependent algorithm. Deviations of total OH reactivity fluxes from the temperature-only dependent emission algorithm were observed for occasions of mechanical and heat stress. While for mechanical stress, induced by strong wind, measured VOCs could explain total OH reactivity emissions, during heat stress they could not. The temperature driven algorithm matched the diel course much better in spring than in summer, indicating a different production and emission scheme for summer and early autumn. During these times, unmeasured and possibly unknown primary biogenic emissions contributed significantly to the observed total OH reactivity flux.
Optimal Portfolio Selection in Ex Ante Stock Price Bubble and Furthermore Bubble Burst Scenario from Dhaka Stock Exchange with Relevance to Sharpe’s Single Index Model
Authors: Kamal Javed Bin
Published: October 2012

The paper aims at constructing an optimal portfolio by applying Sharpe’s single index model of capital asset pricing in different scenarios, one is ex ante stock price bubble scenario and stock price bubble and bubble burst is second scenario. Here we considered beginning of year 2010 as rise of stock price bubble in Dhaka Stock Exchange. Hence period from 2005 -2009 is considered as ex ante stock price bubble period. Using DSI (All share price index in Dhaka Stock Exchange) as market index and considering daily indices for the March 2005 to December 2009 period, the proposed method formulates a unique cut off point (cut off rate of return) and selects stocks having excess of their expected return over risk-free rate of return surpassing this cut-off point. Here, risk free rate considered to be 8.5% per annum (Treasury bill rate in 2009). Percentage of an investment in each of the selected stocks is then decided on the basis of respective weights assigned to each stock depending on respective ‘β’ value, stock movement variance representing unsystematic risk, return on stock and risk free return vis-à-vis the cut off rate of return. Interestingly, most of the stocks selected turned out to be bank stocks. Again we went for single index model applied to same stocks those made to the optimum portfolio in ex ante stock price bubble scenario considering data for the period of January 2010 to June 2012. We found that all stocks failed to make the pass Single Index Model criteria i.e. excess return over beta must be higher than the risk free rate. Here for the period of 2010 to 2012, the risk free rate considered to be 11.5 % per annum (Treasury bill rate during 2012).
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of N‐Hydroxy‐α‐imino Phosphonates Using Brønsted Acid as Activator: The First Catalytic Enantioselective Approach to Chiral N‐Hydroxy‐α‐amino Phosphonates
Authors: Goulioukina Nataliya S. , Shergold Ilya A. , Bondarenko Grigorii N. , Ilyin Mikhail M. , Davankov Vadim A. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: October 2012

The enantioselective synthesis of ring‐substituted [N‐(hydroxy)amino](phenyl)methylphosphonic esters via asymmetric hydrogenation of the corresponding N‐hydroxy‐α‐imino phosphonates with up to 90% ee was developed using catalytic amounts of palladium(II) acetate and (R)‐BINAP in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol with a Brønsted acid as an activator.
Achiral Co‐Catalyst Induced Switches in Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions on Racemic Mixtures (RRM): From Stereodivergent RRM to Stereoconvergent Deracemization by Combination of Hydrogen Bond Donating and Chiral Amine Catalysts
Authors: Ma Guangning , Lin Shuangzheng , Ibrahem Ismail , Kubik Grzegorz , Liu Leifeng , Sun Junliang , Córdova Armando
Published: October 2012

A stereochemical divergent approach for the highly enantioselective synthesis of distinct bicyclic products with multiple stereocenters from a racemate using a single chiral catalyst is disclosed. It is based on switches of the overall reaction pathways in the chiral amine‐catalyzed cascade reactions between racemic γ‐nitro ketones and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes using different achiral co‐catalysts. The utility of the method is exemplified by the highly diasteroselective switch and stereoconvergent deracemization process by combination of chiral amine and achiral hydrogen‐bond‐donating catalysts.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Nickel as Efficient Catalysts for Hydrosilylation of Carbonyl Derivatives
Authors: Postigo Lorena , Royo Beatriz
Published: October 2012

Well‐defined nickel(II) complexes bearing bidentate tetramethylcyclopentadienyl‐functionalised N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands (Cp*‐NHCMe)NiX (X=Cl, O‐t‐Bu) have been prepared and applied as efficient catalysts for the hydrosilylation of carbonyl groups. The nickel‐alkoxide (Cp*‐NHCMe)Ni(O‐t‐Bu) complex displayed remarkable catalytic activity in the reduction of aldehydes, affording quantitative conversion to the corresponding alcohols in 5 min at 25 °C. Mechanistic studies, based on stoichiometric reactions, revealed that the transient nickel hydride (Cp*‐NHCMe)NiH complex is the active species in the hydrosilylation of carbonyls.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Cyclization Reaction of 2‐(Alk‐2′‐ynyl‐ oxy)benzonitriles or 2‐(Alk‐2′‐ynylamino)benzonitriles: A Facile Way to 2H‐Chromene and 1,2‐Dihydroquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Xia Guoqin , Han Xiuling , Lu Xiyan
Published: October 2012

An efficient synthesis of 2H‐chromenes and 1,2‐dihydroquinolines from palladium(II)‐catalyzed tandem reactions of 2‐(alk‐2′‐ynyloxy)benzonitriles or 2‐(alk‐2′‐ynylamino)benzonitriles was developed. This tandem reaction involves an intermolecular trans‐acetoxypalladation of an alkyne followed by an addition to the nitrile group to quench the carbon‐palladium bond and complete the catalytic cycle without the necessity of a redox system.
Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Nickel Hydride Complex under Mild Conditions
Authors: Bheeter Linus P. , Henrion Mickaël , Brelot Lydia , Darcel Christophe , Chetcuti Michael J. , Sortais Jean‐Baptiste , Ritleng Vincent
Published: October 2012

Half‐sandwich N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐nickel complexes of the general formula [Ni(NHC)ClCp†] (Cp†=Cp, Cp*) efficiently catalyze the hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones at room temperature in the presence of a catalytic amount of sodium triethylborohydride and thus join the fairly exclusive club of well‐defined nickel(II) catalyst precursors for the hydrosilylation of carbonyl functionalities. Of notable interest is the isolation of an intermediate nickel hydride complex that proved to be the real catalyst precursor.
Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Furo[3,2‐b]pyridines
Authors: Carrër Amandine , Rousselle Patricia , Florent Jean‐Claude , Bertounesque Emmanuel
Published: October 2012

A method for palladium‐catalyzed direct arylation has been developed for the selective functionalization of the C‐3 and C‐7 positions of 2‐substituted furo[3,2‐b]pyridines. An unconventional reactivity resulting from the annulation of a pyridine ring with a furan ring is outlined and results in an unprecedented C‐7H bond activation. The role of the pivalic acid additive is rationalized by invoking a concerted metallation–deprotonation pathway (CMD) for both arylations.
Diurnal cortisol rhythms and child growth: Exploring the life history consequences of HPA activation among the Tsimane'
Authors: Nyberg Colleen H. , Leonard William R. , Tanner Susan , Mcdade Thomas , Huanca Tomas , Godoy Ricardo A. ,   Taps Bolivia Study Team
Published: October 2012

Objective:

Although psychosocial stress has also been implicated as a contributor to growth failure by imposing energetic constraints during development, the direct physiological pathways by which these life history trade‐offs are imposed are not well understood. This study explores associations between diurnal cortisol rhythms and differential patterns of linear child growth among the Tsimane, a horticulturalist and foraging society in the Bolivian Amazon.

Methods:

Waking and bedtime salivary cortisol samples (n= 243) were collected from 53 Tsimane' children ages 1.6–6 over 3 days as part of a larger study of developmental trajectories in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dynamics. Anthropometric measurements and survey data were collected in conjunction with the Tsimane' Amazonian panel study (TAPS).

Results:

Among children under the age of 6, diurnal rhythms in stunted versus nonstunted children vary dramatically: stunted children display elevated cortisol at both the AM (P= 0.03) and PM (P= 0.02) collection points. Multilevel regression analysis demonstrates an inverse relationship between cortisol and height‐for‐agez‐score status (P= 0.00), which is mediated, in part, by infection (P= 0.00), and is strongest among male children (n.s.). Moreover, the poorest statural growth is exhibited among children with high cortisol living in more acculturated Tsimane' communities, a proxy for a more adverse developmental milieu.

Conclusions:

This study reports a small, but significant, life history cost of elevated diurnal cortisol rhythms on linear growth among Tsimane' children, and provides critical insight into the developmental origins of health differentials among an indigenous Amazonian population experiencing rapid lifestyle changes. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutational spectrum of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Authors: Waterham Hans R. , Hennekam Raoul C.M.
Published: October 2012

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS; OMIM #270400) is an autosomal recessive malformation syndrome characterized by a large spectrum of morphogenic and congenital anomalies. SLOS is caused by mutations in the DHCR7 gene, which encodes 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in cholesterol biosynthesis. We report on 154 currently known mutations in DHCR7 identified in patients affected with SLOS and discuss their coding consequences. These 154 mutations include 130 missense, 8 nonsense, 8 deletions, 2 insertions, 1 indel, and 5 splice site mutations. Using information available from published case reports and from patients identified in our clinical diagnostic laboratory, we analyzed correlations between genotype, clinical presentation and 7‐dehydrocholesterol level. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Mother's Dominance Rank on Offspring Temperament in Infant Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: SUAREZ‐JIMENEZ BENJAMIN , HATHAWAY AMANDA , WATERS CARLOS , VAUGHAN KELLI , SUOMI STEPHEN J. , NOBLE PAMELA L. , PINE DANIEL S. , FOX NATHAN A. , NELSON ERIC E.
Published: October 2012

In humans, temperament plays an important role in socialization and personality. Some temperaments, such as behavioral inhibition are associated with an increased risk for psychopathology. Nonhuman primates can serve as a model for neurobiological and developmental contributions to emotional development and several recent studies have begun to investigate temperament in nonhuman primates. In rhesus monkeys, dominance rank is inherited from the mother and is associated with social and emotional tendencies that resemble differences in temperament. The current study assessed differences in temperament in infant rhesus monkeys as a function of maternal dominance rank. Temperament was assessed in 26 infants (13 males) from birth until 6 months of age with a battery that included Brazelton test, human intruder test, human intruder‐startle, cortisol stress reactivity, and home cage observations of interactions with peers and the mother. Throughout testing, infants lived with their mothers and a small group of other monkeys in indoor/outdoor runs. Dominance rank of the mothers within each run was rated as either low/middle (N = 18, 9 male) or high/alpha (N = 8, 4 female). Infants of high‐ranking mothers displayed more intruder‐directed aggression and reduced startle potentiation in the human intruder tests. Dominant offspring also had reduced levels cortisol and startle across development and spent more time away from mothers in the interaction tests. These results suggest that dominance of the mother may be reflected in behavioral reactivity of infants early in life. These findings set up future studies, which may focus on contributing factors to both dominance and temperament such as genetics, rearing, and socialization. Such factors are likely to interact across development in meaningful ways. These results also suggest future human‐based studies of a similar relationship may be warranted, although social dominance is clearly more complex in human than macaque societies. Am. J. Primatol. 75:65‐73, 2013. Published 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.†
Measurement of the ultrafast temporal response of a plasmonic antenna
Authors: Becker Maria , Huang Wayne Cheng‐Wei , Batelaan Herman , Smythe Elisabeth J. , Capasso Federico
Published: October 2012

A measurement on the temporal response of a plasmonic antenna at the femtosecond time scale is reported. The antenna consists of a square array of nanometer‐size gold rods. The far‐field dispersion of light reflected from the plasmonic antenna is found to be less than that of a 1.2 mm thick glass slide. Assuming a simple oscillating dipole model this implies that the near‐field of the antenna may be used as an electron switch that responds faster than 20 fs. Alternatively, ultrafast electron diffraction may be used to investigate the near‐field dynamics of the plasmonic antenna.
In vivo cleavage of transgene donors promotes nuclease‐mediated targeted integration
Authors: Cristea Sandra , Freyvert Yevgeniy , Santiago Yolanda , Holmes Michael C. , Urnov Fyodor D. , Gregory Philip D. , Cost Gregory J.
Published: October 2012

Targeted DNA integration is commonly used to eliminate position effects on transgene expression. Integration can be targeted to specific sites in the genome via both homology‐based and homology‐independent processes. Both pathways start the integration process with a site‐specific break in the chromosome, typically from a zinc‐finger nuclease (ZFN). We previously described an efficient homology‐independent targeted integration technique that captures short (<100 bp) pieces of DNA at chromosomal breaks created by ZFNs. We show here that inclusion of a nuclease target site on the donor plasmid followed by in vivo nuclease cleavage of both the donor and the chromosome results in efficient integration of large, transgene‐sized DNA molecules into the chromosomal double‐strand break. Successful targeted integration via in vivo donor linearization is demonstrated at five distinct loci in two mammalian cell types, highlighting the generality of the approach. Finally, we show that CHO cells, a cell type recalcitrant to homology‐based integration, are proficient at capture of in vivo‐linearized transgene donors. Moreover, we demonstrate knockout of the hamster FUT8 gene via the simultaneous ZFN‐ or TALE nuclease‐mediated integration of an antibody cassette. Our results enable efficient targeted transgene addition to cells and organisms that fare poorly with traditional homology‐driven approaches. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 871–880. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accurate retention time determination of co‐eluting proteins in analytical chromatography by means of spectral data
Authors: Dismer Florian , Hansen Sigrid , Oelmeier Stefan Alexander , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: October 2012

Chromatography is the method of choice for the separation of proteins, at both analytical and preparative scale. Orthogonal purification strategies for industrial use can easily be implemented by combining different modes of adsorption. Nevertheless, with flexibility comes the freedom of choice and optimal conditions for consecutive steps need to be identified in a robust and reproducible fashion. One way to address this issue is the use of mathematical models that allow for an in silico process optimization. Although this has been shown to work, model parameter estimation for complex feedstocks becomes the bottleneck in process development. An integral part of parameter assessment is the accurate measurement of retention times in a series of isocratic or gradient elution experiments. As high‐resolution analytics that can differentiate between proteins are often not readily available, pure protein is mandatory for parameter determination. In this work, we present an approach that has the potential to solve this problem. Based on the uniqueness of UV absorption spectra of proteins, we were able to accurately measure retention times in systems of up to four co‐eluting compounds. The presented approach is calibration‐free, meaning that prior knowledge of pure component absorption spectra is not required. Actually, pure protein spectra can be determined from co‐eluting proteins as part of the methodology. The approach was tested for size‐exclusion chromatograms of 38 mixtures of co‐eluting proteins. Retention times were determined with an average error of 0.6 s (1.6% of average peak width), approximated and measured pure component spectra showed an average coefficient of correlation of 0.992. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 683–693. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid determination of sugar content in biomass hydrolysates using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Gjersing Erica , Happs Renee M. , Sykes Robert W. , Doeppke Crissa , Davis Mark F.
Published: October 2012

Large populations of potential cellulosic biomass feedstocks are currently being screened for fuel and chemical applications. The monomeric sugar content, released through hydrolysis, is of particular importance and is currently measured with time‐consuming HPLC methods. A method for sugar detection is presented here that employs 1H NMR spectra regressed against primary HPLC sugar concentration data to build partial least squares (PLS) models. The PLS2 model is able to predict concentrations of both major sugar components, like glucose and xylose, and minor sugars, such as arabinose and mannose, in biomass hydrolysates. The model was built with 65 samples from a variety of different biomass species and covers a wide range of sugar concentrations. Model predictions were validated with a set of 15 samples which were all within error of both HPLC and NMR integration measurements. The data collection time for these NMR measurements is less than 20 min, offering a significant improvement to the 1 h acquisition time that is required for HPLC. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 721–728. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a platform process for adenovirus purification that removes human set and nucleolin and provides high purity vector for gene delivery
Authors: Riske Frank , Berard Nicole , Albee Karen , Pan Peng , Henderson Mike , Adams Kris , Godwin Simon , Spear Sherri
Published: October 2012

The manufacturing of virus occurs at a modest scale in comparison to many therapeutic proteins mainly because a gene therapy dose is typically only µg of vector. Although modest in scale the generation of high purity virus is challenging due to low viral expression levels and the difficulties in adequately characterizing such a large and complex molecule. A 100 L bioreactor might produce only 100 mg of virus that must be separated from host and process impurities that are typically greater by several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, in the later purification stages the main milieu component is often virus at low concentration (µg/mL) which may non‐specifically adsorb to purification surfaces resulting in a lowered virus recovery. This study describes our approach to develop a scalable, manufacturable robust process for an Adenovirus (Ad) gene therapy vector. A number of analytical tools were developed to guide the purification design. During process development, two human proteins, SET and nucleolin, were identified in viral preparations. To our knowledge, this is the first time that SET and nucleolin have been described in Ad. In this report we detail a process for their removal and the robust removal of all process, product and host cell impurities. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 848–856. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.