bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attenuation tomography of the upper mantle
Authors: Adenis Alice , Debayle Eric , Ricard Yanick
Published: July 2017

We present QsADR17, a global shear wave attenuation model of the upper mantle. Synthetic tests confirm that large‐scale shear attenuation anomalies are resolved in the whole upper mantle with limited vertical smearing (≤50 km). QsADR17 shows strong correlation with surface tectonics down to 200 km depth, with low attenuation beneath continents and high attenuation beneath oceans. The attenuation signal near 250 km depth is dominated by a high‐quality factor along subduction zones. Attenuating anomalies are found beneath mid‐ocean ridges down to 150 km and under most Pacific hot spots from the lithosphere down to the transition zone. The presence of broad attenuating anomalies at 150 km depth in the Pacific Ocean suggests that several thermal plumes pond in the asthenosphere. Evidence for compositional heterogeneities is found in the lithosphere at the base of cratons and in a number of active regions.
Long‐term geomagnetically induced current observations in New Zealand: Earth return corrections and geomagnetic field driver
Authors: Mac Manus Daniel H. , Rodger Craig J. , Dalzell Michael , Thomson Alan W. P. , Clilverd Mark A. , Petersen Tanja , Wolf Moritz M. , Thomson Neil R. , Divett Tim
Published: July 2017

Transpower New Zealand Limited has measured DC currents in transformer neutrals in the New Zealand electrical network at multiple South Island locations. Near‐continuous archived DC current data exist since 2001, starting with 12 different substations and expanding from 2009 to include 17 substations. From 2001 to 2015 up to 58 individual transformers were simultaneously monitored. Primarily, the measurements were intended to monitor the impact of the high‐voltage DC system linking the North and South Islands when it is operating in “Earth return” mode. However, after correcting for Earth return operation, as described here, the New Zealand measurements provide an unusually long and spatially detailed set of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) measurements. We examine the peak GIC magnitudes observed from these observations during two large geomagnetic storms on 6 November 2001 and 2 October 2013. Currents of ~30–50 A are observed, depending on the measurement location. There are large spatial variations in the GIC observations over comparatively small distances, which likely depend upon network layout and ground conductivity. We then go on to examine the GIC in transformers throughout the South Island during more than 151 h of geomagnetic storm conditions. We compare the GIC to the various magnitude and rate of change components of the magnetic field. Our results show that there is a strong correlation between the magnitude of the GIC and the rate of change of the horizontal magnetic field (H′). This correlation is particularly clear for transformers that show large GIC current during magnetic storms.
Tissue Engineered Bio‐Blood‐Vessels Constructed Using a Tissue‐Specific Bioink and 3D Coaxial Cell Printing Technique: A Novel Therapy for Ischemic Disease
Authors: Gao Ge , Lee Jun Hee , Jang Jinah , Lee Dong Han , Kong Jeong‐Sik , Kim Byoung Soo , Choi Yeong‐Jin , Jang Woong Bi , Hong Young Joon , Kwon Sang‐Mo , Cho Dong‐Woo
Published: July 2017

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a promising cell source for the treatment of several ischemic diseases for their potentials in neovascularization. However, the application of EPCs in cell‐based therapy has shown low therapeutic efficacy due to hostile tissue conditions after ischemia. In this study, a bio‐blood‐vessel (BBV) is developed, which is produced using a novel hybrid bioink (a mixture of vascular‐tissue‐derived decellularized extracellular matrix (VdECM) and alginate) and a versatile 3D coaxial cell printing method for delivering EPC and proangiogenic drugs (atorvastatin) to the ischemic injury sites. The hybrid bioink not only provides a favorable environment to promote the proliferation, differentiation, and neovascularization of EPCs but also enables a direct fabrication of tubular BBV. By controlling the printing parameters, the printing method allows to construct BBVs in desired dimensions, carrying both EPCs and atorvastatin‐loaded poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid microspheres. The therapeutic efficacy of cell/drug‐laden BBVs is evaluated in an ischemia model at nude mouse hind limb, which exhibits enhanced survival and differentiation of EPCs, increased rate of neovascularization, and remarkable salvage of ischemic limbs. These outcomes suggest that the 3D‐printed ECM‐mediated cell/drug implantation can be a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of various ischemic diseases.
Side Group Engineering of Small Molecular Acceptors for High‐Performance Fullerene‐Free Polymer Solar Cells: Thiophene Being Superior to Selenophene
Authors: Gao Wei , An Qiaoshi , Ming Ruijie , Xie Dongjun , Wu Kailong , Luo Zhenghui , Zou Yang , Zhang Fujun , Yang Chuluo
Published: July 2017

Side group of ITIC‐like small molecular acceptor (SMA) plays a critical role in crystallization property. In this article, two new SMAs with n‐hexylthienyl and n‐hexylselenophenyl as side chain, namely ITCPTC‐Th and ITCPTC‐Se, are designed and synthesized by employing newly developed thiophene‐fused ending group (CPTCN). And thiophene and selenophene side group substituted effects of SMA‐based fullerene‐free polymer solar cells (PSCs) are investigated. A stronger σ‐inductive effect between selenophene side group and electron‐donating backbone endows ITCPTC‐Se with better optical absorption and higher LUMO level, ITCPTC‐Th‐based PSCs deliver a higher power conversion efficiency of 10.61%. Charge transport and collection, recombination loss mechanism, and morphology of blend films are intensively studied. These results confirm that side group substituted effects of SMAs are multiple and thiophene is a superior option to selenophene as aromatic side group of ITIC‐like SMAs.
3D Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity of Exfoliated Rhenium Disulfide
Authors: Jang Hyejin , Ryder Christopher R. , Wood Joshua D. , Hersam Mark C. , Cahill David G.
Published: July 2017

ReS2 represents a different class of 2D materials, which is characterized by low symmetry having 1D metallic chains within the planes and extremely weak interlayer bonding. Here, the thermal conductivity of single‐crystalline ReS2 in a distorted 1T phase is determined at room temperature for the in‐plane directions parallel and perpendicular to the Re‐chains, and the through‐plane direction using time‐domain thermoreflectance. ReS2 is prepared in the form of flakes having thicknesses of 60–450 nm by micromechanical exfoliation, and their crystalline orientations are identified by polarized Raman spectroscopy. The in‐plane thermal conductivity is higher along the Re‐chains, (70 ± 18) W m−1 K−1, as compared to transverse to the chains, (50 ± 13) W m−1 K−1. As expected from the weak interlayer bonding, the through‐plane thermal conductivity is the lowest observed to date for 2D materials, (0.55 ± 0.07) W m−1 K−1, resulting in a remarkably high anisotropy of (130 ± 40) and (90 ± 30) for the two in‐plane directions. The thermal conductivity and interface thermal conductance of ReS2 are discussed relative to the other 2D materials.
Preventing Thin Film Dewetting via Graphene Capping
Authors: Cao Peigen , Bai Peter , Omrani Arash A. , Xiao Yihan , Meaker Kacey L. , Tsai Hsin‐Zon , Yan Aiming , Jung Han Sae , Khajeh Ramin , Rodgers Griffin F. , Kim Youngkyou , Aikawa Andrew S. , Kolaczkowski Mattew A. , Liu Yi , Zettl Alex , Xu Ke , Crommie Michael F. , Xu Ting
Published: July 2017

A monolayer 2D capping layer with high Young's modulus is shown to be able to effectively suppress the dewetting of underlying thin films of small organic semiconductor molecule, polymer, and polycrystalline metal, respectively. To verify the universality of this capping layer approach, the dewetting experiments are performed for single‐layer graphene transferred onto polystyrene (PS), semiconducting thienoazacoronene (EH‐TAC), gold, and also MoS2 on PS. Thermodynamic modeling indicates that the exceptionally high Young's modulus and surface conformity of 2D capping layers such as graphene and MoS2 substantially suppress surface fluctuations and thus dewetting. As long as the uncovered area is smaller than the fluctuation wavelength of the thin film in a dewetting process via spinodal decomposition, the dewetting should be suppressed. The 2D monolayer‐capping approach opens up exciting new possibilities to enhance the thermal stability and expands the processing parameters for thin film materials without significantly altering their physical properties.
Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanosheets Coupled Nickel–Carbon Pyramid Arrays Toward Efficient Evolution of Hydrogen
Authors: Lu Xunyu , Tan Xin , Wang Da‐Wei , Ng Yun Hau , Tahini Hassan A. , Tan Hao , Yan Wensheng , Smith Sean C. , Amal Rose
Published: July 2017

The implementation of water electrolysis cells to produce hydrogen for practical usage requires highly efficient and cost‐effective electrode materials that can replace the exorbitant Pt based catalysts. Herein, the outstanding hydrogen evolution performance of a nonprecious material based electrocatalyst obtained through the pyrolysis of bilayer thin films of metal–organic framework and graphitic carbon nitride supported on a 3D Ni foam is demonstrated. The obtained electrocatalyst exhibits a pyramid structure composed of nickel and carbon, coupled with nitrogen doped carbon nanosheets on the outer layer. It requires a negligible overpotential (≈0 mV) to initiate hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media. The overpotentials needed to deliver current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 are 8 and 28 mV, respectively. Moreover, the as‐prepared electrode also exhibits prominent stability in prolonged constant potential electrolysis of water. Density functional theory calculations reveal the active sites originated from the combination of nitrogen doped carbon nanosheets (NC) and the encapsulated Ni nanoparticles. Furthermore, the obtained hydrogen electrode is one of the most active catalysts toward HER, even comparable with the benchmarking platinum carbon catalyst. It has the potential to be fabricated and employed as the working electrode for large‐scale electrolytic generation of hydrogen from water.
Radial velocity measurements and orbit determination of eight single‐lined spectroscopic binary systems
Authors: Bischoff R. , Mugrauer M. , Zehe T. , Wöckel D. , Pannicke A. , Lux O. , Wagner D. , Heyne T. , Adam C. , Neuhäuser R.
Published: July 2017

Since early 2015, a new radial velocity monitoring campaign is going on at the University Observatory Jena. The aim of this project is to obtain current radial velocity measurements of selected single‐lined spectroscopic binary systems as well as to redetermine and/or constrain their orbital solutions. In this paper, we characterize the properties of the target sample of the project, describe the spectroscopic observations, data reduction, and analysis, and present the first results of the project, taken with the fiber‐linked astronomical spectrograph FLECHAS. We present 391 radial velocity measurements of eight spectroscopic binaries, which were taken within an epoch difference of 1.6 years. These radial velocities were used to determine the spectroscopic orbital elements of the observed binary systems, which exhibit orbital periods in the range between nearly one up to several dozens of days. We could constrain the orbital solutions of seven of these binary systems, and redetermine the orbital solution of φ Dra, whose orbit exhibits >4 times longer orbital period and is more eccentric than given in the 9th Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits.
Application of headspace solid‐phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to determine esters of carboxylic acids and other volatile compounds inDermestes maculatusandDermestes aterlipids
Authors: Cerkowniak Magdalena , Boguś Mieczysława I. , Włóka Emilia , Stepnowski Piotr , Gołębiowski Marek
Published: July 2017

A constant problem in veterinary medicine, human healthcare, agriculture, forestry and horticulture is the large number of pests, and the lack of effective methods to combat them which cause no harm to the rest of the environment. It is recommended and desired to reduce the use of chemicals and increase the use of agents based on knowledge acquired in the fields of biology, chemistry and agrochemicals. To learn the defense mechanisms of insects we should consider not only the site of their physiological ability to protect against external factors (cuticle), but also the possibility of chemical protection, formed by all compounds on the surface and in the body of insects. In this study, a procedure was developed to determine the esters of carboxylic acids in insect lipids. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction was followed by gas chromatography coupled with gas spectrometry. First, the best conditions were selected for the analysis to obtain the best chromatographic separation. An RTx‐5 column was used for this purpose. Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and polyacrylate fibers were used to isolate acid esters. PDMS/DVB fiber achieved the best conditions for the extraction; the extraction time was 50 min, the extraction temperature was 105°C and the desorption time was 10 min at 230°C. These solid‐phase microextraction conditions were used to analyze volatile compounds extracted from insects belonging to the Dermestidae family.
Polymer‐mediated flocculation of transient CHO cultures as a simple, high throughput method to facilitate antibody discovery
Authors: Schmitt Matthew G. , Rajendra Yashas , Hougland Maria D. , Boyles Jeffrey S. , Barnard Gavin C.
Published: July 2017

Most biopharmaceutical drugs, especially monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) and Fc‐fusion proteins, are expressed using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines. CHO cells typically yield high product titers and high product quality. Unfortunately, CHO cell lines also generate high molecular weight (HMW) aggregates of the desired product during cell culture along with CHO host cell protein (HCP) and CHO DNA. These immunogenic species, co‐purified during Protein A purification, must be removed in a multi‐step purification process. Our colleagues have reported the use of a novel polymer‐mediated flocculation step to simultaneously reduce HMW, HCP and DNA from stable CHO cell cultures prior to Protein A purification. The objective of this study was to evaluate this novel “smart polymer” (SmP) in a high throughput antibody discovery workflow using transiently transfected CHO cultures. SmP treatment of 19 different molecules from four distinct molecular categories (human mAbs, murine mAbs, BsAbs and Fabs) with 0.1% SmP and 25 mM stimulus resulted in minimal loss of monomeric protein. Treatment with SmP also demonstrated a variable, concentration‐dependent removal of HMW aggregates after Protein A purification. SmP treatment also effectively reduced HCP levels at each step of mAb purification with final HCP levels being several fold lower than the untreated control. Interestingly, SmP treatment was able to significantly reduce high concentrations of artificially spiked levels of endotoxin in the cultures. In summary, adding a simple flocculation step to our existing transient CHO process reduced the downstream purification burden to remove impurities and improved final product quality. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1393–1400, 2017
Does snobbish service generate better sales? The case of luxury goods
Authors: Chiou Jyh‐Shen , Hsiao Cheng‐Chieh
Published: July 2017

The objective of this study is to explore whether a “bad” service encounter triggers a consumer's impulse purchase in a luxury goods store in an Asian emerging market. A 2 (service encounter: favorable vs. snobbish) × 2 (shopping companion: alone vs. with a close friend) between‐group factorial design was employed with 160 female consumers in an Asian emerging market to examine the antecedents of both the urge to save social identity and the impulse purchase of luxury goods. The results show that consumers in an Asian emerging market can be triggered to make an impulse purchase of a luxury good, not because they received excellent service in the store but because they encountered snobbish service, especially when shopping with a close friend. Research implications and limitations are also discussed.
Discrimination and Characterization of Two Mediterranean Species from theLaurenciaComplex (Rhodomelacea) Using anNMR‐Based Metabolomic Approach
Authors: Sutour Sylvain , Esselin Hélène , Bighelli Ange , Casanova Joseph , Le Gall Line , Tomi Félix
Published: July 2017

Generic and specific determination among theLaurenciacomplex is a challenging task.DNAbarcoding combined with phenotypic investigations are mandatory for species differentiation. In this study, two morphologically different members of theLaurenciacomplex were investigated using untargeted1H‐NMR‐based metabolomics. Twenty‐one population samples were collected in order to evaluate both temporal and geographical homogeneity. Data obtained from1H‐NMRanalysis followed by statistical analysis allowed a clear separation of all the samples into two groups.DNAmitochondrial tests confirmed this pattern and identified the two species asLaurenciellasp. andLaurencia obtusa. In addition, metabolites responsible of this discrimination were investigated directly in crude extracts by13C‐NMRusing an in‐house computer‐assisted method. The combination of both untargeted (1H) and targeted (13C)NMR‐based metabolomic approaches proves to be a powerful and complementary approach to discriminate species from theLaurenciacomplex.
A novel molecular descriptor selection method inQSARclassification model based on weighted penalized logistic regression
Authors: Algamal Zakariya Yahya , Lee Muhammad Hisyam
Published: July 2017

Molecular descriptor selection is a pivotal tool for quantitative structure–activity relationship modeling. This paper proposes a novel molecular descriptor selection method on the basis of taking into account the information of the group type that the descriptor belongs to. This descriptor selection method is on the basis of combining penalized logistic regression with 2‐samplettest. The proposed method can perform filtering and weighting simultaneously. Specifically, 2‐samplettest is employed as filter method by removing the descriptor which is not show statistically significant difference. On the other hand, a weighted penalized logistic regression is used by assigning a weight depending on the 2‐samplettest value inside the descriptor type block. The proposed method is experimentally tested and compared with state‐of‐the‐art selection methods. The results show that our proposed method is simpler and faster with efficient classification performance.
Ensemble partial least squares regression for descriptor selection, outlier detection, applicability domain assessment, and ensemble modeling in QSAR/QSPR modeling
Authors: Cao Dong‐Sheng , Deng Zhen‐Ke , Zhu Min‐Feng , Yao Zhi‐Jiang , Dong Jie , Zhao Rui‐Gang
Published: July 2017

In QSAR/QSPR modeling, building an accurate partial least squares (PLS) model usually involves descriptor selection, outlier detection, applicability domain assessment, nonlinear relationship, and model stability problems. In the present study, we presented an ensemble PLS (EnPLS) method for solving these modeling tasks under a unified methodology framework. EnPLS aims at developing a consistent algorithmic framework by means of the idea of ensemble learning and statistical distribution. The approach exploits the fact that the distribution of PLS model coefficients provides a mechanism for ranking and interpreting the effects of variables, whereas the distribution of prediction errors provides a mechanism for differentiating the outliers from normal samples and assessing the applicability domain of models. The use of statistics of these distributions, namely, mean/median value and standard deviation, inherently provides a feasible way to effectively describe the information contained by the original samples. Furthermore, ensemble modeling and prediction based on several cross‐predictive PLS models could effectively improve the model prediction performance and increase the model stability to a certain extent. The aqueous solubility data are used to demonstrate the ability of our proposed EnPLS method in solving various modeling tasks such as descriptor selection, outlier detection, applicability domain assessment, performance improvement, and model stability. Finally, a freely available R package implementing EnPLS is developed to facilitate the use of chemists and pharmacologists. The R package is freely available at https://github.com/wind22zhu/enpls1.2.
Testing the Limits of the BOPHY Platform: Preparation, Characterization, and Theoretical Modeling of BOPHYs and Organometallic BOPHYs with Electron‐Withdrawing Groups at β‐Pyrrolic and Bridging Positions
Authors: Zatsikha Yuriy V. , Nemez Dion B. , Davis Rebecca L. , Singh Simarpreet , Herbert David E. , King Alex J. , Ziegler Christopher J. , Nemykin Victor N.
Published: July 2017

Several BOPHY derivatives with and without ferrocene fragments, and with electron‐withdrawing ester groups appended to the β‐pyrrolic positions have been prepared and characterized by NMR, UV/Vis near‐infrared (NIR), high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as X‐ray crystallography. The redox properties of new BOPHYs were probed by electrochemical (cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry) and spectroelectrochemical methods. In an attempt to prepare BOPHY derivatives with a cyano group at the bridging position using a similar approach for BODIPY cyanation, adducts from the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide anion on the bridging position in BOPHY have been isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Oxidation of such adducts, however, resulted in formation of either the starting BOPHYs, or partial extrusion of the BF2 fragment from the BOPHY core, which was confirmed by spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. DFT and TDDFT calculations on all target materials correlate well with the experimental data, and suggest the dramatic reduction of the nitrogen atom basicity at the hydrazine bridge of the BOPHY upon introduction of the cyano group at the bridging‐carbon atom.
Construction of All‐Solid‐State Batteries based on a Sulfur‐Graphene Composite and Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3 Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Xu Ruochen , Wu Zhang , Zhang Shenzhao , Wang Xiuli , Xia Yan , Xia Xinhui , Huang Xiaohua , Tu Jiangping
Published: July 2017

Herein an effective way for construction of all‐solid‐state lithium‐sulfur batteries (LSBs) with sulfur/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3 solid electrolyte is reported. In the composite cathode, the Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3 powder is homogeneously mixed with the S/rGO composite to enhance the ionic conductivity. Coupled with a metallic Li anode and solid electrolyte, the designed S/rGO‐Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3 composite cathode exhibits a high specific capacity and good cycling stability. A high initial discharge capacity of 969 mAh g−1 is achieved at a current density of 80 mA g−1 at room temperature and the cell retains a reversible capacity of over 827 mAh g−1 after 60 cycles. The enhanced performance is attributed to the intimate contact between the S/rGO and Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3 electrolyte, and high electrical conductivity of rGO and high ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte.
Rational Design of a Highly Potent and Selective Peptide Inhibitor of PACE4 by Salt Bridge Interaction with D160 at Position P3
Authors: Dianati Vahid , Shamloo Azar , Kwiatkowska Anna , Desjardins Roxane , Soldera Armand , Day Robert , Dory Yves L.
Published: July 2017

PACE4, a member of the proprotein convertases (PCs) family of serine proteases, is a validated target for prostate cancer. Our group has developed a potent and selective PACE4 inhibitor: Ac‐LLLLRVKR‐NH2. In seeking for modifications to increase the selectivity of this ligand toward PACE4, we replaced one of its P3 Val methyl groups with a basic group capable of forming a salt bridge with D160 of PACE4. The resulting inhibitor is eight times more potent than the P3 Val parent inhibitor and two times more selective over furin, because the equivalent salt bridge with furin E257 is not optimal. Moreover, the β‐branched nature of the new P3 residue favors the extended β‐sheet conformation usually associated with substrates of proteases. This work provides new insight for better understanding of β‐sheet backbone–backbone interactions between serine proteases and their peptidic ligands.
ANGPTL8 (betatrophin) role in diabetes and metabolic diseases
Authors: Abu‐Farha Mohamed , Abubaker Jehad , Tuomilehto Jaakko
Published: July 2017

Diabetes is a major disease worldwide that is reaching epidemic levels. Its increased prevalence as well as its association with a high number of complications such as cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, and retinopathy makes it an important disease for investigation. ANGPTL8 is a recently identified hormone that has been associated with two functionally important processes in the development of type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance as well as lipid metabolism. Initial work has shown that ANGPTL8 was expressed in liver, white adipose, and brown adipose tissues. ANGPTL8 regulates the activity of lipoprotein lipase, which is a key enzyme in lipoprotein lipolysis pathway through its direct interaction with ANGPTL3. It has been also reported that it regulates the replication of β‐cells in response to insulin resistance. As a result, many recent studies have focused on the association of ANGPTL8 with diabetes and obesity as well as its association with various metabolic markers in order to better understand its physiological role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. In this review, we will highlight some of the key clinical findings, mainly from human studies, that investigated the role of ANGPTL8 in metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome.
Contrasting outcomes of species‐ and community‐level analyses of the temporal consistency of functional composition
Authors: Katabuchi Masatoshi , Wright S. Joseph , Swenson Nathan G. , Feeley Kenneth J. , Condit Richard , Hubbell Stephen P. , Davies Stuart J.
Published: July 2017

Multiple anthropogenic drivers affect every natural community, and there is broad interest in using functional traits to understand and predict the consequences for future biodiversity. There is, however, no consensus regarding the choice of analytical methods. We contrast species‐ and community‐level analyses of change in the functional composition for four traits related to drought tolerance using three decades of repeat censuses of trees in the 50‐ha Forest Dynamics Plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Community trait distributions shifted significantly through time, which may indicate a shift toward more drought tolerant species. However, at the species level, changes in abundance were unrelated to trait values. To reconcile these seemingly contrasting results, we evaluated species‐specific contributions to the directional shifts observed at the community level. Abundance changes of just one to six of 312 species were responsible for the community‐level shifts observed for each trait. Our results demonstrate that directional changes in community‐level functional composition can result from idiosyncratic change in a few species rather than widespread community‐wide changes associated with functional traits. Future analyses of directional change in natural communities should combine community‐, species‐, and possibly individual‐level analyses to uncover relationships with function that can improve understanding and enable prediction.
The importance of species identity and interactions for multifunctionality depends on how ecosystem functions are valued
Authors: Slade Eleanor M. , Kirwan Laura , Bell Thomas , Philipson Christopher D. , Lewis Owen T. , Roslin Tomas
Published: July 2017

Studies investigating how biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning increasingly focus on multiple functions measured simultaneously (“multifunctionality”). However, few such studies assess the role of species interactions, particularly under alternative environmental scenarios, despite interactions being key to ecosystem functioning. Here we address five questions of central importance to ecosystem multifunctionality using a terrestrial animal system. (1) Does the contribution of individual species differ for different ecosystem functions? (2) Do inter‐species interactions affect the delivery of single functions and multiple functions? (3) Does the community composition that maximizes individual functions also maximize multifunctionality? (4) Is the functional role of individual species, and the effect of interspecific interactions, modified by changing environmental conditions? (5) How do these roles and interactions change under varying scenarios where ecosystem services are weighted to reflect different societal preferences? We manipulated species’ relative abundance in dung beetle communities and measured 16 functions contributing to dung decomposition, plant productivity, nutrient recycling, reduction of greenhouse gases, and microbial activity. Using the multivariate diversity–interactions framework, we assessed how changes in species identity, composition, and interspecific interactions affected these functions in combination with an environmental driver (increased precipitation). This allowed us to identify key species and interactions across multiple functions. We then developed a desirability function approach to examine how individual species and species mixtures contribute to a desired state of overall ecosystem functioning. Species contributed unequally to individual functions, and to multifunctionality, and individual functions were maximized by different community compositions. Moreover, the species and interactions important for maintaining overall multifunctionality depended on the weight given to individual functions. Optimal multifunctionality was context‐dependent, and sensitive to the valuation of services. This combination of methodological approaches allowed us to resolve the interactions and indirect effects among species that drive ecosystem functioning, revealing how multiple aspects of biodiversity can simultaneously drive ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight the importance of a multifunctionality perspective for a complete assessment of species’ functional contributions.
Diagnosis Criterion of Abnormality of Transformer Winding by Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)
Authors: MIYAZAKI SATORU , MIZUTANI YOSHINOBU , TAGUCHI AKIRA , MURAKAMI JUNICHI , TSUJI NAOKAZU , TAKASHIMA MASAHIRO , KATO OSAMU
Published: July 2017

Frequency response analysis (FRA) is a powerful technique to detect internal abnormalities within power transformers. However, diagnosis criteria of power transformers by FRA have not been fully established yet. In this paper, a new evaluation method of degree of identification between two transfer functions is proposed. In the proposed method, a frequency window is employed and cross‐correlation factor is calculated with moving the window. Furthermore, the proposed method is applied to transfer functions of real transformers with or without some abnormalities. Based on this discussion, objective criteria for diagnosis of abnormalities of transformer windings by FRA are proposed. The proposed criteria are based on a few data of transformers with some abnormalities. Therefore, the proposed criteria are tentative and they would be improved by accumulation of further data.
Prototype Evaluation of Grid‐Connected Bidirectional Power Conversion System for Storage Battery Systems with Bidirectional Switch Circuit Topology
Authors: AKAMATSU KEIJI , NORISADA TAKAAKI , YAMADA GOH , KUSAMA FUMITO , MICHIHIRA MASAKAZU
Published: July 2017

In recent years, various storage battery systems, such as home battery system, V2H/V2G system, and UPS system, have spread rapidly all over the world. We propose a new power conversion system for use in the previously‐stated storage battery systems. This paper describes operation analysis of this system for bi‐directional power conversion with fundamental grid‐interconnection. Good output follow‐up controllability characteristics of the proposed system are shown through experimental results.
Improvement of sensorial and volatile profiles of olive oil by addition of olive leaves
Authors: Malheiro Ricardo , Rodrigues Nuno , Bissaro Camila , Leimann Fernanda , Casal Susana , Ramalhosa Elsa , Pereira José Alberto
Published: July 2017

The changes caused by the addition of olive leaves (0, 5, and 10%) during the extraction of olive oil and malaxation time (20, 30, and 30 min) in the volatile profile and sensory attributes of olive oil from cv. Cobrançosa were studied. To investigate such transformations, a central composite designs from the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used, retrieving 13 runs combining leaf percentages and malaxation times. Each run was extracted in triplicate (39 olive oils overall).

Sensory attributes were improved to leaves addition, mainly green and fruitiness attributes in olfactory and gustatory‐olfactory sensations, but high malaxation times (>30 min) reduced pungent and bitter notes. Leaves addition increased the amounts of total volatiles, particularly the GLV's (green leaves volatiles) (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexenal, and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, directly correlated with the improved sensory attributes. RSM models a showed positive linear effect with leaves addition, but a negative effect with malaxation time. These results suggest the use of olive leaves as effective odorants for the olive mill industry, while enabling the reduction of malaxation times and by‐product amounts.

Practical applications: The results obtained clearly open new lines of research to use olive leaves, a sub‐product of olive oil extraction, in a valuable way. Olive leaves can be used as natural sources of odorants for olive oils. Furthermore, their use during the extraction of olive oils from overmature olives may also lead to an improvement of the volatile fraction and provide enhanced sensory properties to the consumers, thus conferring an added value to these oils. Another important practical application is the extraction process. In our work, we advise to optimize both the percentage of leaves and the malaxation time as much as possible, as they facilitate both sensory and volatile fractions of the extracted olive oils.

Sensory attributes are improved to leaves addition, mainly green and fruitiness attributes in olfactory 17 and gustatory‐olfactory sensations, but high malaxation times (> 30 min) reduced pungent and bitter 18 notes. Leaves addition increase the amounts of total volatiles, particularly the GLV's (green leaves 19 volatiles) (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexenal, and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, directly correlated with the improved 20 sensory attributes. RSM models a show positive linear effect with leaves addition, but a negative effect 21 with malaxation time. These results suggest the use of olive leaves as effective odorants for the olive mill 22 industry, while enabling the reduction of malaxation times and by‐product amounts.
Styrylpyrylium Dyes as Solvent‐Sensitive Molecules Displaying Dual Fluorescence
Authors: Beltrán Alicia , Burguete M. Isabel , Luis Santiago V. , Galindo Francisco
Published: July 2017

A series of new molecules showing solvent‐sensitive UV/Vis spectroscopic properties have been synthesized and characterized. The new compounds share a common 6‐styryl‐2,4‐disubstituted pyrylium architecture, which allows for visible light excitation (at 400–600 nm) leading to two well‐resolved fluorescence bands (separated by up to 200 nm). The photophysical characteristics of the emissions depend on the polarity of the medium, being in apolar solvents highly emissive fluorescent (with quantum yields of ca. 0.6) and displaying the longest wavelength emission (at up to 650 nm). On the other hand, the emission in polar solvents is weaker and centered at shorter wavelengths. The probes are highly hydrophobic which allows their selective accumulation in phosphatidylcholine liposomes.
Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Co(II) and Cu(II) by 1‐Diazo‐2‐Naphthol‐4‐Sulfonic Acid/MWCNTs Modified Electrode
Authors: Zamhari Muhammad , Numnuam Apon , Limbut Warakorn , Kanatharana Proespichaya , Thavarungkul Panote
Published: July 2017

This work describes a simple preparation of 1‐diazo‐2‐naphthol‐4‐sulfonic acid (1,2,4‐acid) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the simultaneous detection of Co(II) and Cu(II). MWCNTs, with their good conductivity and large surface area, were drop‐casted onto the surface of the GCE prior to the electrodeposition of 1,2,4‐acid, a metal chelating agent. Co(II) and Cu(II) were simultaneously measured by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) in a batch system. Under optimum conditions, the linear range of Co(II) was between 0.10 and 2.5 μg mL−1 with an LOD of 80 ng mL−1. Two linear ranges were obtained for Cu(II), 0.0050 to 0.030 μg mL−1 and 0.040 to 0.25 μg mL−1,with an LOD of 2.4 ng mL−1. The method offered a high operational stability for up to 52 measurements (RSD=3.4 % for Co(II) and 2.6 % for Cu(II)) and good reproducibility (RSD=1.2 % for Co(II) and 1.7 % for Cu(II)). In the simultaneous detection of Co(II) and Cu(II), there was no effect from common interferences found in wastewater. The method was successfully applied in real water samples with good recoveries (88.2±0.8 to 102.0±0.8 % for Co(II) and 96.5±0.4 to 103.8±0.9 % for Cu(II)) and the results were in good agreement with those obtained from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) (P>0.05).
Thin‐film Potentiometric Sensor to Detect CO2 Concentrations Ranging Between 2 % and 100 %
Authors: Rojo Lander , Castro‐Hurtado Irene , Mandayo Gemma G. , Castaño Enrique , Morant‐Miñana Maria C.
Published: July 2017

A potentiometric thin‐film sensor to detect CO2 in a wide range (2–100 %) has been developed. The system has been fabricated depositing a reference electrode of Pt, a solid electrolyte of YSZ (Yttria‐stabilized Zirconia), a sensing phase made of Li2CO3 and a working electrode of Au via Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD). Characterization of the different elements has provided the optimal fabrication parameters and the system response for CO2 concentrations can be measured from 2 to 100 % at 450 °C. The sensor behaves as a non‐Nerstian system and slightly deviates from a linear response with the logarithm of CO2 until the CO2 concentration reaches the 30 %. Higher CO2 amounts make the response divert more from the Nernst law but give a stable and reproducible response to CO2 in a wide range of concentrations. Based on these promising results the recovery time, stability, repeatability and selectivity of the sensor have been measured. The performance showed by the thin film sensor proves the feasibility of the use of this system for biogas and natural gas applications owing to its very good consistency at low temperature in a wide concentration range.
Group inverse sampling: An economical approach to inverse sampling
Authors: Panahbehagh Bardia , Smith David R.
Published: July 2017

Inverse sampling is an adaptive design in the sense that the final sampling effort during a search for rare events will depend on what is found during the survey. Conventional inverse sampling (CIS) designs successively select individual sampling units to find, for example, the kth rare event. In real sampling situations, use of successive one‐by‐one sampling can be cost prohibitive. Here, we introduce an inverse sampling design that uses successive selection of groups instead of individuals, named group inverse sampling (GIS). An unbiased estimator and its variance estimator of the population mean are derived based on the Murthy estimator. CIS is a special case of the generalized design with group size equal to one. We simulate the GIS design to evaluate its efficiency using populations of rare freshwater mussels in West Virginia, USA. For cost consideration, we calculate distance traveled among the sampling units. Results show that GIS was more cost efficient than CIS in all cases. The group size for successive sampling (d) was the most influential design parameter for reducing cost and increasing precision. Also, GIS found more rare units with greater consistency compared to simple random sampling without replacement (SRS). An important characteristic of the GIS design is that sampling stops when the target number of rare units is found, which prevents unnecessary sampling and contrasts favorably with other adaptive designs such as adaptive cluster sampling.
Active human papillomavirus involvement in Barrett's dysplasia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma is characterized by wild‐type p53 and aberrations of the retinoblastoma protein pathway
Authors: Rajendra Shanmugarajah , Yang Tao , Xuan Wei , Sharma Prateek , Pavey Darren , Lee Cheong Soon , Le Son , Collins Josephine , Wang Bin
Published: July 2017

We have previously demonstrated that transcriptionally active high‐risk HPV (hr‐HPV) is strongly incriminated in Barrett's dysplasia (BD) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) using mainly fresh frozen tissue. This study aimed to identify biomarkers of active HPV infection in Barrett's metaplasia, (BM)/BD/OAC by immunohistochemical staining (IHC) of formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue for aberrations of p53 and the retinoblastoma (pRb) pathway, which are targets for the viral oncoproteins, E6/E7, respectively. Prospectively, BM (n = 81)/BD (n = 72)/OAC (n = 65) FFPE specimens were subjected to IHC staining for pRb, p16INK4A, cyclin D1, p53 and RNA in‐situ hybridization for E6/E7 transcripts. HPV DNA was determined via PCR in fresh frozen specimens. Viral load measurement (real‐time PCR) and Next Generation Sequencing of TP53 was performed. Of 218 patients, 56 were HPV DNA positive [HPV16 (n = 42), 18 (n = 13), 6 (n = 1)]. Viral load was low. Transcriptionally active HPV (DNA+/RNA+) was only found in the dysplastic and adenocarcinoma group (n = 21). The majority of HPV DNA+/RNA+ BD/OAC were characterized by p
(14/21, 66.7%), pRblow (15/21, 71.4%) and p53low (20/21, 95%) and was significantly different to controls [combination of HPV DNA–/RNA– (n = 94) and HPV DNA+/RNA– cohorts (n = 22)]. p53low had the strongest association with DNA+/RNA+ oesophageal lesions (OR = 23.5, 95% CI = 2.94–187.8, p = 0.0029). Seventeen HPV DNA+/RNA+ BD/OAC identified as p53low, were sequenced and all but one exhibited wild‐type status. pRblow/p53low provided the best balance of strength of association (OR = 8.0, 95% CI = 2.6–25.0, p = 0.0003) and sensitivity (71.4%)/specificity (71.6%) for DNA+/RNA+ BD/OAC. Active HPV involvement in BD/OAC is characterized by wild‐type p53 and aberrations of the retinoblastoma protein pathway.
“I'm Meltiiiiiing…”: The Decline of Response Rates and the Impact of Nonresponse Bias on the Results of National Surveys at Small Colleges
Authors: Lin Wei‐Fang , Hewitt Gordon J. , Videras Julio
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the impact of declining student response rates on surveys administered at small‐ and medium‐sized institutions. The potential for nonresponse bias and its effects are addressed.
Development of a Conceptual Model for Application of Hydro‐Mechanical Gates in Irrigation Networks by a System Dynamic Approach
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Zeinab , Monem Mohammad Javad , Nahavandi Nasim , Tehrani Mahsa Vaez
Published: July 2017

Poor performance of irrigation networks necessitates their improvement. One of the measures for performance improvement is application of automatic systems such as hydro‐mechanical gates. The decision‐making process for application of automatic systems is a complicated task. Reasons for this complexity are the wide range of existing technologies to be selected from, interactions between components and economic and social short‐ and long‐term impacts. Development of a suitable model which addresses all aspects of automation is needed. One suitable technique for coping with this is a system dynamic approach.

In this research, the dynamic behaviour of irrigation networks using automated control systems is investigated and its conceptual model is developed as a first step of a system dynamic model. A questionnaire based on system dynamic archetypes was designed and completed by irrigation experts from six irrigation networks in Iran. In addition, interview techniques were used to collect data. The conceptual model was developed by a system dynamic approach. The conceptual model includes fixes that fail, limits to growth, eroding goals, success to the successful, and shifting the burden archetypes. The interactions between social, managerial, economic, technical and water resources in the long term, which play a significant role, are well elaborated in the developed conceptual model. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate‐Smart Land and Water Management for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Sikka Alok K. , Islam Adlul , Rao K.V.
Published: July 2017

Indian agriculture is vulnerable to climate variability and change. The Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) based model ensemble projects a warming of 1.5–4.3°C and an increase in precipitation by 6–14% for India under different representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for the 2080s (2071–2100) compared to the baseline period (1961–1990). The Indian Council of Agricultural Research through its network project on National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) has demonstrated different land and water management interventions in the vulnerable districts of India to enhance the resilience of agriculture to climate change and variability. Rainwater harvesting and its judicious utilization through farm ponds and community tanks in rainfed districts demonstrated the ability to build resilience and also enhance cropping intensity (20–135%). Construction of temporary check dams (bori‐bandhan) in high‐rainfall areas brought lowland areas into cultivation which otherwise would have remained fallow due to inundation in the kharif (monsoon) season. Renovation of aahar (water reservoirs) and construction of farm ponds in Bihar ensured protective irrigation during dry spells in kharif, increasing paddy productivity by 20.7%, and also raised the groundwater level by 30 cm. Adoption of participatory integrated watershed management within a river basin perspective provides a framework for climate change adaptation through reduced runoff, increased groundwater recharge, improved crop productivity and increased carbon sequestration. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.