bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Preservation of English Liberty, II
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: October 2023

In the United States, northern writers increasingly claimed that southern slaveholders, accustomed to rule as tyrants, could not bear to be ruled under the mildest laws of freedom. Americans have seldom recognized that this temptation to sectionalize a national burden of “inconsistency” first arose in England-or that in English eyes all the Caribbean and North American colonies constituted “slave soil.”
The Good Book
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: October 2023

Whether the Bible was “for” or “against” slavery was a hotly contested issue in ante-bellum America. William Lloyd Garrison, after belatedly discovering Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason in 1845, concluded that the Bible must be judged “by its reasonableness and utility, by the probabilities of the case, by historical confirmation, by human experience and observation, by the facts of science, by the intuition of the spirit. Truth is older than any parchment.” Garrison’s disciple, Henry Clarke Wright, summed up the radical abolitionist view in the title of an essay, “The Bible, if Opposed to Self-Evident Truth, is Self-Evident Falsehood.” For Charles Stearns this meant that the Old Testament was a tissue of lies, “no more the work of God than the Koran, or the Book of Mormon.” An assault on revealed religion could thus culminate a long history of antislavery challenges to authority.1
The Variety Of International Rules
Authors: Arend Anthony Clark
Published: October 2023

As noted earlier, the political science community recently has witnessed a new flourishing of normative discussions. Scholars from both the institutionalist and realist camps have engaged in lively debates about the role of norms and institutions. The pages of such journals as International Organization, Political Science Quarterly, and even International Security are filled with extensive examinations of both sides of the debate. Initially, regime theory helped reinvigorate normative discourse into the mainstream of international relations theory. As scholars asked if “regimes matter,” they were, in effect, asking the crucial question: Do normative concerns matter in contemporary international relations? Most recently, constructivists have been raising important questions about the role of norms in international politics.
Consensus, Ethics, and Politics in Cloning and Embryo Research
Authors: Moreno Jonathan D , London Alex John
Published: October 2023

Within hours of the announcement that scientists in Scotland had succeeded in cloning an adult sheep by a method that subsequently became known as somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning, the President of the United States asked the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) to examine the legal and ethical issues associated with the use of this new technology. The advent of cloning is remarkable, therefore, not only because of the possibilities it presents for the cloning of adult humans, but also because of the speed with which a public bioethics body was commissioned to evaluate the social, ethical, and political ramifications of these possibilities.1
Anatomy and Biomechanics of The Spine and Spinal Cord
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

The spine is a segmented structure consisting of a precisely aligned column of vertebrae and their intervertebral articulations. Its primary functions are (1) to provide support for the trunk and head; to provide a protective covering for the spinal cord; and yet, (3) to permit enough flexibility to allow movement. In humans, these functions are achieved through an architecture based on a column of articulated vertebrae that affords both structural support and mobility.
Bio-Critical Introduction, State of The Art, and Outlook
Authors: Stephen Therese
Published: October 2023

“Great Day” after “The Long Night,” in Ann DuCille’s words (1995: 23), refers to Fall 1993 when, after a long period of dearth and endurance, the novelist Toni Morrison won the Nobel Prize in Literature and her Ohio compatriot, Rita Dove, was installed as poet laureate of the United States. Both authors had previously won Pulitzer Prizes: Dove in 1987 for Thomas and Beulah (1986) and Morrison in 1988 for Beloved (1987). These prestigious awards and posts marked momentous events of empowerment in American letters, for the two recipients were not only female but African American as well. It was a time of great communal significance, of personal and public, national, racial, and engendered honor. “Rooms of Their Own: Toni Morrison, Rita Dove” was the title of Paul Gray and Jack E. White’s accolade in Time 18 (Oct. 1993: 86–89).

Crossing Color is meant as a critical inquiry into the transcultural spacings and spatiotemporal relations of Dove’s oeuvre from the beginning of her career in the late 1970s into the late 1990s. This first book-length study on her work addresses academics as well as the wide audience she was able to reach during her successful two years as the Library of Congress Consultant in Poetry (1993–1995).
London Medical And Surgical Training, 1836–1838
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

In August 1836 Snow left behind his family and his temperance activities in York to continue his medical training in London. He took a circuitous route, however, traveling first to Liverpool, perhaps to visit teetotal acquaintances. Thereafter, according to Richardson, he “trudg[ed] it afoot from Liverpool through the whole of North and South Wales, turned London-ward, calling at Bath on the way, on a visit to his uncle, Mr. Empson.” Like his uncle, who had hiked from New York to Montreal and back a few years earlier, Snow enjoyed walking. This tour from Liverpool to London covered almost 400 miles and probably took four or five weeks (Fig. 3.1).

It is likely that Snow’s visit with Uncle Charles had a purpose beyond familial duty and personal friendship. Snow intended to be a full-time student, and it is improbable that he could have saved enough during his three years as an apothecary assistant to cover fees, books, and room and board for as much as two years of medical training. He probably received financial help from Uncle Charles and perhaps from his parents as well.
Snow and the Sanitarians
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

Snow’s Work As A Scientist and physician in the 1840s was concurrent with some significant formulations of sanitary theory. Edwin Chadwick’s Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842) and two reports by the Parliamentary Commissions on the Health of Towns (1844 and 1845) proposed that the endemic and epidemic diseases ravaging the poor of Great Britain could be controlled only by government action. The ultimate results of the sanitary reform movement—publicly-financed water supplies and sewerage in cities, disposal of garbage, and a public health infrastructure—produced profound public health benefits, but not during Snow’s lifetime. Later in the century, when the sanitary reform movement eventually adopted the insights from epidemiology that it had initially spurned, and also accepted the new bacteriology that it had been slow to acknowledge, great improvements in public health did take place. Sanitary reform would have borne fruit much sooner, however, had it linked disease to class distinctions, slum housing, and industrial exploitation of the working classes.
Continuity of Form, Change in Substance: Dynasty, State, and Islamism
Authors: Karpat Kemal H
Published: October 2023

Abdulhamid’s efforts to intensify the unity of the Muslims living within the Ottoman boundaries and to increase his influence among Muslims living abroad have been cited by the sultan’s admirers as proof of his dedication to Islam, and by his critics as evidence of his subversive pan-Islamic designs. It should be emphasized that Sultan Abdulhamid’s “Islamic” and “pan-Islamic” activities remained confined mostly to religious matters, although their ultimate purpose was political; and Abdulhamid, as had his predecessors, used religious rituals of authority to secure popular acceptance for and loyalty to the emerging territorial (national) state. Indeed, the crucial process of acculturating the Muslim masses to a hitherto nonexistent territorial statehood (nationhood) would not have been possible without the manipulation of traditional symbols of authority through the medium of Islam. This chapter, therefore, will demonstrate how European symbols of territorial statehood were assimilated into the Ottoman political culture and will provide a synopsis of the sultan’s main “Islamic–pan-Islamic” activities designed to adapt the cultural system to new conditions.1
Falling into History
Authors: Linenthal Edward T
Published: October 2023

“Things like this aren’t supposed to happen in places like Oklahoma City.” “Downtown Oklahoma City looked more like Beirut than America.” Whether in immediate reaction or in comments people offered some years later, incomprehension characterized people’s response to the bombing, which violated the assumed security and sanctity of the “heartland.” Per- haps, people would say, this kind of thing might be expected to happen in New York or Los Angeles, hybrid cities at the nation’s periphery, but not in middle America.
“A New World”: The Inner Life of a Wounded Community
Authors: Linenthal Edward T
Published: October 2023

During my first visit to Oklahoma City in the spring of 1997, I was intrigued when Timothy O’Connor, executive director of Associated Catholic Chari- ties said, “A new world began in Oklahoma City after the bombing.” I am familiar with the rhetoric of new beginnings emerging out of the carnage of death and destruction. This is, after all, one of the dominant images used to interpret America’s wars: a new nation emerging from the blood sacrifice of its warriors. Images of a new world certainly accompanied the dawn of the atomic age, and as O’Connor and I continued to talk, I thought about Herman Hagedorn’s 1946 epic poem, “The Bomb That Fell on America,” his attempt to emphasize how the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima had profoundly transformed American life.
Marks of Friendship
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and their men were the first whites the Nez Perces saw in their homeland. On September 20, 1805, Clark and an advance party of the Corps of Discovery came on three boys, who hurried to alert the villagers who had camped nearby at Weippe Prairie for one the season’s last camas harvests. The boys carried the nation’s first gifts to the Nez Perces, small pieces of ribbon. The Corps had crossed Lolo Pass, already choked with snow, and they were in miserable shape, starving and frostbit. The Nez Perces fed them salmon and berries, and the corps proceeded on to a large village on the upper Clearwater for the first extended exchanges between the Nez Perces and whites.
Maneuvering and Scrapping
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

The next three weeks were confused, even for a war that often seemed like men chasing cats in a dark room. Howard sent for troops from the Departments of the Columbia and of California to launch a wholly unanticipated campaign. Eventually, he would assemble nearly a thou- sand men—ten companies of cavalry, six companies of infantry, and five artillery batteries. Officers closer by were quickly assembled. “I left Walla Walla at 2 hours notice,” one wrote later, “just walked out of my house and left the Chinaman cooking dinner.” The assistant quarter- master scrambled to find mules and muleteers, blacksmiths, saddlers, and wheelwrights. Local liveries demanded and got sharp prices and ironclad indemnities. Government mules arrived, but “in a great measure worth- less, from old age & service.” Civilian packers and freighters signed on for good wages but chafed at army discipline and often quit, forcing the redeployment of enlisted men. Wagons were ordered and sent post haste. They arrived disassembled and in batches, some with all front wheels and none for the back, others vice versa.
Ways of Life, Ways of War
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

After Perry finally relieved the Brave Seventeen, the bands moved northeastward down Cottonwood Creek to where it met the Clearwater River. Along the way, warriors raided farms and ranches, burning houses and fences and destroying crops. At the Clearwater, they were joined by Looking Glass and the Alpowais, raising the number in camp to around 750. Their plans at that point are uncertain, and probably were uncertain even to themselves. They could not expect to settle up on anything but punitive terms. If not that, what? The army was about to force an answer. Civilian scouts found the camp on the Clearwater and decided to stay near it, concealed, until Howard could be notified and come up. When one of them spoiled the plan by accidentally firing his rifle, they withdrew to a flat-topped, rock-rimmed ridge and dug rifle pits. The Nez Perces knew the place as Possossona (Water Passing, because of a spring). Whites would dub it Misery Hill. Warriors assembled around it and with awful yells and hoots fired vigorously and crawled close, but they could get no clear shots and did no damage. They returned at night and stole more than forty horses, mostly mounts that whites had taken a week earlier from Looking Glass’s village, and then fired again on the volunteers for a few hours before heading back to the river.
Housing Policy Matters A Global Analysis
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

This book unifies housing policy by integrating industrialized and developing-country interventions in the housing sector into a comprehensive global framework. One hundred indicators are used to compare housing policies and conditions in 53 countries. Statistical analysis confirms that - after accounting for economic development - enabling housing policies result in improved housing conditions.
Production and Investment, Vacancy, and Mobility
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

Looking at quantitative and qualitative aspects of the housing stock as a whole is of little interest to home builders, developers, investors, and lenders, because their entire activity in any given year is largely focused on marginal additions to the housing stock and not on the stock as a whole. To encompass these important perspectives, this chapter focuses on changes in quantity rather than on the absolute dimensions of quantity, and on the growth of the housing stock or on the creation of new housing assets rather than on their present size or value. We are not, however, dealing here with the distinction between stocks and flows, between housing as an asset and housing as a flow of housing services. In large measure, the two—stocks and flows—are indeed exchangeable, because the value of a house is determined by the discounted value of the services it provides to dwellers over its lifetime. What is of interest to us here are the changes taking place in the housing sector as a whole, whether in its size or value or in the overall flow of services from the stock as a whole.
Tenure
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

What are the rights of dwellers to the houses they occupy and how protected are those rights? Do dwellers have the right to occupy their homes without the arbitrary threat of eviction? Do they have the right to own houses as private property that can be exchanged at will? Is the right to a minimum dwelling guaranteed by the state? How do these specific bundles of rights affect housing conditions? To what extent are they protected by existing legislation and enforcement? There is little doubt that the issues surrounding these tenure rights to housing have been central to the housing policy debate. Indeed, from a comprehensive perspective on housing policy, each dwelling unit must be perceived of as a bundle of rights, and housing policy must concern itself with the tenure composition the housing stock-in other words, with ensuring that the bundle of rights associated individual housing units meets societal objectives and expectations.
All About Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Osteoarthritis afflicts about 25 million people in the United States--two-thirds of all people over 65--and the numbers will only grow in the coming years as baby boomers age. Yet few who suffer from this disease know much about it--how to relieve the pain, what exercises might help lessen their suffering, how to cut down on visits to the doctor. In All About Osteoarthritis, two leading authorities on the disease--Nancy E. Lane and Daniel J. Wallace--join forces to provide the most up-to-date and comprehensive discussion of osteoarthritis available, explaining what osteoarthritis is, how patients can help themselves, and how to find the best resources to manage the disorder. The authors offer information in a clear and accessible style, with detailed illustrations showing how key joints--knees, hips, fingers, backs, hands, and necks--degenerate. They take readers through the steps of diagnosis, how the body is affected, and ways to manage the disease. In user-friendly language, they describe all of the established treatment options, including new medications and their side effects, and help readers determine when surgery may be necessary. The authors also examine alternative treatments, clarifying which work, which may work, and which definitely do not. And they outline recent advances in the field and discuss where these breakthroughs may lead us. While osteoarthritis most acutely affects the elderly, it starts years before, and many people suffer the aches and pains of the condition well before old age. For aging baby boomers, much can be done before osteoarthritis becomes chronic and debilitating. This comprehensive guide will provide an excellent resource for patients and their families, caregivers, and medical professionals.
To Form A More Perfect Union
Authors: Mcguire Robert A
Published: October 2023

This is a quantitative reexamination of the behavior of the Founding Fathers during the creation of the United States’ Constitution. It employs cliometric analysis, formal economic analysis, and modern statistical techniques, to explain the choices the founders made during the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. These include: What form of government did the founders intend for the Constitution? What factors motivated them to adopt particular clauses in the Constitution? What factors led them to ratify the Constitution? The author argues that the findings challenge the prevailing interpretation of the formation of the Constitution.
Medical ethics in the courts
Authors: Bloche M Gregg
Published: October 2023

Judges are America’s health policy makers of last resort. Ambiguous statutes and contract terms, legal challenges to administrative decisions, and gridlock in Congress and state legislatures give courts a large role by default in the governance of health-care provision. Judges with cursory understandings of the ethics and economics of medical care define the environment within which market forces operate. In so doing, courts answer questions of distributive justice, disclosure and consent, and professional duty that are staples of medical ethics discussion. The managed care revolution has deepened judges’ engagement in matters at the heart of medical ethics discourse about the doctor-patient relationship and the role of the market. Health plans routinely seek to manage costs by influencing physicians’ clinical judgments and recommendations. Financial rewards for limiting care, prior authorization requirements, clinical practice protocols, and practice profiling aimed at identifying (and discouraging) high-cost providers are among the methods that spark legal conflict concerning the governance of doctor-patient relations and the appropriate scope of the market paradigm.
Health Policy making: the role of the federal government
Authors: Boufford Jo Ivey , Lee Philip R
Published: October 2023

In his chapter of this volume, Churchill notes that “ethics can serve the very important function of clarifying and examining the larger goals and purposes of health policies.” If we accept this function for ethics, then the role of ethics in policy matters, he continues, is “fundamentally, one of identifying the ends sought in policies, examining the values embedded in these ends, [and] asking whether they are in keeping with social values.” Yet, as we shall see, fulfilling these tasks when it comes to an ethical framework for health policy making at the federal level immediately leads to a series of complications, both historical and operational. The most important ones, in our view, and the ones we will explore here are incrementalism, pluralism and federalism. These are all powerful characteristics of the American political system that have made it difficult, if not impossible, to “clarify and examine the larger goals of health policies.”
Accountability: regulating health care as a public good
Authors: Cassel Christine K , Mcparland Elaine
Published: October 2023

A new ethic for health professionals, including a new understanding of accountability, is required by the reality of today’s medical marketplace. We do not have a well-developed notion of accountability for the current health care environment, where the physician-patient relationship occurs in the context of more complex systems, where the physician has less control, and where the patient is also seen as a “consumer.” Traditional models of accountability are no longer adequate as the dyadic nature of the relationship between physicians and patients has changed. Accountability is a central notion in a modern approach to quality and to the ethical relationships required by transformations in health care. This chapter will first describe the traditional accountability structure and its evolution and then examine the construction and potential advantages and disadvantages of a new accountability structure more consistent with the realities of current clinical practice. A newly articulated ethic for health-care professionals, which recognizes the centrality of the patient as an individual but is more consistent with social priorities such as cost containment and population health, is warranted in today’s medical marketplace.
Health resource allocation for vulnerable populations
Authors: Brock Dan W
Published: October 2023

Should vulnerable populations receive special moral concern in the prioritization and allocation of health care and other resources and programs that affect health? The meaning of this question is not clear on its face. By “vulnerable populations” I shall follow both the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) account as populations with special needs for or barriers to care from a variety of conditions or circumstances and less able than others to safeguard their own needs and interests and Lu Ann Aday’s account of at-risk populations as populations or groups at high relative risk of suffering poor physical, psychological, and/or social health (AHRQ, 1999; Aday, 1993).
Mortuaries And The Law Of Custom
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: October 2023

Medieval churches and the men who ministered within them held rights in a great deal of property, real and personal, from which they received sizable returns.The canon law did not prohibit this. Nor had the Roman law. Biblical injunctions against the corrosive effects of aspiring to wealth were distinguished away, or at any rate allowed to percolate quietly at the edges of Christian theology,2 and in most circles it was recognized that the members of clergy had to be guaranteed a sufficient income if they were to survive. Indeed, they needed more than a claim to subsistence if they were to flourish. The hospitality they were expected to provide for their neighbors and the alms they were encouraged to bestow upon the poor required that they them- selves possess an adequate income.3 Men in holy orders were forbidden to undertake secular occupations, and they could not altogether depend upon the fluctuating and uncertain alms of their parishioners if they were to meet their pastoral obligations. Few doubted this in principle, although there was some grousing about the material consequences of these conditions in fact.
Contesting (Colonial) Men’s Imperial Power Australian Women’S Metropolitan Activism And Commonwealth Feminism
Authors: Woollacott Angela
Published: October 2023

Perhaps the most prestigious of all the imperial institutions in London was the Royal Colonial Institute, founded in 1868. While far from alone as a site of white colonial men’s networking, business transactions, and other power-brokering in the metropolis, the Royal Colonial Institute, stood as an exemplar of the physical and social embodiment of that networking. Originally called the Colonial Society, before receiving royal endorsement in 1869 (and later royal charter and patronage), the institute aimed to be a rendezvous for colonial men and to promote the importance and the interests of the colonies in Britain itself. It also sought to “occupy as regards the colonies the position filled by the Royal Society with regard to science, or the Royal Geographical Society with regard to geography.” To this end, it built a library, arranged the regular presentation of papers on colonial subjects, and emphasized serious discussion. The institute adopted the motto “United Empire,” which title it also gave to its journal. By the 1920s it had spawned branches in the provinces, Australia, and other dominions.
Dreams & Dead Ends
Authors: Shadoian Jack
Published: October 2023

The second edition of this classic study provides a reintroduction to some of the major films and theoretical considerations of film noir and gangster films in twentieth-century America. Ranging from Little Caesar (1930) to Things to Do in Denver When You’re Dead (1995), Shadoian guides the reader through twenty classic movies of the genre. His approach is to use brief introductions to introduce distinct eras of the gangster films in each of seven chapters. Moving chronologically, he offers plot synopses and close readings of such definitive examples as Bonnie and Clyde, The Public Enemy, D.O.A. and The Godfather, each accompanied by photographs and author’s critiques. Compenendia of facts on each film are also provided. This updated version looks a newer films as well as how the genre has moved into the new century. Appendices look at the movie Criss Cross as an epitome of the genre while others offer different lists of gangster films, including the author’s top fourteen alltime, fifty post-Godfather films worth seeing, and fifty vintage films.
Young Man Lincoln
Authors: Wilson Douglas L
Published: October 2023

To do for Abraham Lincoln what Erik Erikson did for Martin Luther in his famous book Young Man Luther may appear to be the goal of this essay, but its aim is more modest. Erikson was a professional psychologist with his own theory of human development, a theory that focused his observations and prompted his insights into Martin Luther’s young manhood. While I am not a psychologist and come at my subject from a different direction, I share Erikson’s belief that we gain a better understanding of the mature person by studying the events of his childhood and youth.
Apple of Gold in a Picture of Silver: The Constitution and Liberty
Authors: Guelzo Allen C
Published: October 2023

In the threatening winter of 1861, as the United States was being inched ever closer to the outbreak of civil war by the secession of the Southern states over the issue of black slavery, the newly elected president, Abraham Lincoln, opened up a confidential correspondence with a former Southern political colleague, Alexander Stephens of Georgia. Stephens had made headlines in November 1860, in a speech to the Georgia legislature, urging Georgia not to follow the South into secession. Lincoln sent him a friendly note, asking for a printed copy of the speech—and perhaps warming Stephens to an invitation to come into Lincoln’s cabinet as a gesture of mollification toward the South.
The Riddle of Death
Authors: Bruce Robert V
Published: October 2023

The earliest surviving fragments of Abraham Lincoln’s writing are two copybook verses inscribed during his middle teens. One, though often quoted, was no more than commonplace doggerel among boys of that day. The other, though it has been almost ignored, struck a note that would reverberate throughout Lincoln’s life:

Lincoln may have composed those lines; he was known as a versifier in those days, and the spelling and grammar are certainly original. In any case, he chose to write them down, and that fact alone ought to have interested his biographers. Considering that his lifelong favorite poem bore the title “Mortality,” that he was noted as much for deep melancholy as for high humor, and that over the years his self-reported dreams, visions, and premonitions centered on death, the indifference of his biographers to that adolescent keynote seems stranger still.
Mapping The Genome The Blueprint of Life ... and Death
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

Neatly packaged inside every cell in our bodies (except red blood cells) is a dense structure called the nucleus of the cell. We have been able to see the nucleus for as long as we have had microscopes-more than one hundred years.The discovery of the contents and purpose of the nucleus during the last century has been one of the major achievements in science--an achievement perhaps more important than discovering the law of gravity or formulating the theory of relativity.We now know that the nucleus contains DeoxyriboNucleicAcid (DNA) and the genetic code: the blueprint used to create and destroy life. In human beings, the nucleus contains between 30,000 and 40,000 genes, which are located on 23 pairs of chromosomes. (The exact number is still being debated.)

We tend to think that genes are destiny. One set of chromosomes is passed to us through our fathers and the other set through our mothers. The 23 pairs produced through this union give us hereditary traits that are sometimes viewed as creating genetic determinism. We fear that we are likely to inherit father’s heart problems or alcoholism or mother’s breast cancer. No one likes to feel deprived of autonomy or freedom. Because mental illnesses are among the most familial of human diseases, the possibility of genetic determinism is all the more frightening.
Dementias a Death in Life
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

Wayne adjusts his rearview mirror as he turns onto the highway. His eyes rest briefly on a handkerchief, shoved into the armrest on the door of his old but immaculate Lincoln Towncar.

She was never without a handkerchief, always presentable, cotifident, content. There was a subtle groove worn into her passenger seat from the many miles of their lives together. Every day she found an adventure. She would lean forward, pouring over the roadmap, plotting a course to the next town with an antique store or the fastest route to the impending graduation, wedding, or birthday. He wasn’t much for weddings and the like, and never could figure out the attraction of antiques. But her joy spilled over the driver’s side and he would find himself eager to reach the next stop for no other reason than to see her smile, pluck up her handkerchief and bound from the car like a kid on the first day of school.
Brett Ashley as New Woman in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Martin Wendy
Published: October 2023

The Sun Also Rises, published in the autumn of 1926, became, along with The Great Gatsby, published the previous year, the novel that captured the excitement of the jazz age and expatriate glamour as well as the cultural dislocation and psychological malaise that were the legacy of World War I. The emotional upheavals of Jake Barnes and Brett Ashley, and their friends Bill Gorton, Mike Campbell, and Robert Cohn, who live episodically, taking risks and contending with the elation or despair that follows in the wake of their adventures, provide a cartography of the experience of the lost generation.1 In this novel filled with surface excitement-love, sexual rivalry, cafe hopping in France, the revelry of the festival of San Fermin in Pamplona, fishing excursions in the Spanish countryside-Brett and Jake emerge as the paradigmatic couple who best represent the shift in the perception of gender following World War I. This redefinition of masculinity and femininity was not an abrupt rift in the cultural landscape but rather a gradual shifting of the ground on which the edifice of Victorian sexual identity was built.
Central Mexico
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The Aztec empire was less than a hundred years old when Spanish conquerors arrived in 1519. But from its strongholds in the Valley of Mexico, a highland basin halfway between the two oceans, the empire already controlled a territory extending to both coasts and south nearly to the present border of Guatemala.

Although Aztecs spoke a single language, Nahuatl, they were not a single people. Rather, they were a group of tribes each with its separate government, among them the Acolhua, whose capital was Texcoco, and the Mexica, who inhabited the city that was—and still is—called Mexico. Together with the Acolhua and a third Valley of Mexico nation, the Tepanecs, the Mexica Aztecs ruled the empire, collecting taxes from other nations and sending out armies to put down rebellions.
Sun Myths
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

One of the best-known tales of central Mexico, this myth tells how a man, or child, leaps into a fire and is changed into the sun; then, usually, a second person enters the fire and becomes the moon. Here, however, the moon appears as the future sun’s mother. Recalling sixteenth-century Aztec variants, the text below goes on to explain how the sun came to receive sacrificial offerings of corn beer. In Aztec lore, the offerings were human beings.

In the beginning, there was only the light of the moon in the world, and the people were much inconvenienced. The principal men came together to see what could be done to give the world a better light.

They asked the moon to lend them her only son, a weak, oneeyed boy. She first objected, but at last consented.
The Art of Myth
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Toward the east the broad floodplain of the Amazon shrinks to little more than two hundred miles wide, narrowly separating the highlands of Guiana, to the north, and, to the south, a vast, ill-defined area known as the Brazilian Highlands, reaching nearly to Uruguay. The term “Brazilian Highlands” as used in this book, however, refers only to the region of the Ge-speaking tribes, whose territory centers on the upper drainage of the Tocantins River.
A Survey of Assistance Programs for Eastern Europe
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

The political changes that took place in 1989 mobilized extraordinary efforts by governments and private philanthropic organizations to provide assistance to the East European countries, and a little later to the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union, so that the worst and most dangerous legacies of the previous regime could be eliminated. If the countries of the region were to become stable democracies, which could take their place in the community of other European countries as constructive partners, their political systems, economies, infrastructure, educational systems, provision of health care, and other sectors all had to be drastically reformed and a sound civil society created. These reforms had to be carried out in a reasonably expeditious manner, lest lingering thoughts of the possible advantages of an ancien regime and a recalcitrant nomenclatura contribute to undoing what was accomplished in 1989. Hence, the U.S. government, the European Union, and many American and European foundations addressed themselves to providing assistance for the perceived needs.

Much has been written about the antiquated nature of the systems and processes employed in the socialist economies, whether they were in industrial enterprises, in research libraries, or elsewhere. While there were many reasons for that state of affairs, two related ones need to be mentioned here. First, outdated methods can be swept away only if there is a sufficiently vigorous flow of innovations. But the educational system in the socialist countries tended to produce narrow specialists, and that is not conducive to the kind of innovation that imaginatively combines elements from different fields. This is precisely the reason why American business schools were advised to concentrate on educating generalists rather than narrow specialists, and why some of the more innovative research in American universities in recent decades has emerged from interdisciplinary approaches. Second, in novations tend to sweep away the old in a Schumpeterian “creative destruction,” which was not compatible with five-year plans and required too much risk taking to be comfortable in a hierarchical system.
Library Automation: Loose Consortia
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

It was fairly clear that there was only so much one could do with book and journal donation programs without running into diminishing returns, and from the very beginning I thought that much good would come from introducing modern, integrated automation systems in the libraries of the region. I started out on this mission with only two handicaps: I knew next to nothing about library automation systems and I knew a comparable amount about how East European librarians actually dealt with books; how they cataloged them, circulated them, and so on.

In every country, I made a point of visiting the national library, and at every university I visited, I asked to be taken to the library. I talked to librarians, asked them to describe what systems they had in place, and encouraged them to think about automation using the most up-to-date technologies. I found some strange things, such as the immense proliferation of branch libraries, functioning essentially as departmental libraries, many of which had a very small staff and collections that have grown in a topsyturvy fashion. It seemed clear that in the first instance automation had to deal with the universities’ main libraries, if for no other reason that, unlike the pattern of American campuses, East European urban universities tended to be scattered over the city and building a university-wide local area network was not in the cards in the short run.

In spite of my general ignorance, I was aware of some East European automation systems that were more or less integrated, but I did not think that these were good candidates for the regions’s libraries, in spite of the fact that many of them were actually in use. It struck me that if the objective was to integrate East European libraries into the world of western scholarship, one would want to use systems that had had substantial international exposure and that had been created by sufficiently large companies so that their long-term survival was, if not assured, at least plausible, and that they were not “dead-end systems,” that is, that they would continue to be developed and improved.
Preservation and Authenticity in Contemporary Art
Authors: Levenson Rustin S
Published: October 2023

Twentieth-century artists employed a wider variety of materials than the Old Masters — including materials never before used in the fine arts. These nonconventional materials then became part of the meaning and impact of their pieces. In cases where the new materials prove unstable or where damage occurs, conservation treatments involve a very different approach, for both technical and philosophical reasons.
Establishing Authenticity in French Law
Authors: Reeves Van Kirk
Published: October 2023

French law treats a work of art as a chattel, but it also empowers artists and works of art with special rights and authority that can be assessed in court. The conflicts between the owners of a work, the artist, his or her heirs, and the opinions of acknowledged experts make efforts to resolve the authenticity of a work of art in French law particularly complex.
The Role of Derivatives in the East Asian Financial Crisis
Authors: Dodd* Randall
Published: October 2023

Derivatives played a key role in the East Asian financial crisis of 1997. Their use developed alongside the growth of capital flows to those developing economies in the 1990s. Derivatives facilitated the growth in private capital flows by unbundling the risks associated with investment vehicles such as bank loans, stocks, bonds and direct physical investment, and then reallocating the risks more efficiently. They also facilitated efforts by some entities in raising their risk-to-capital ratios, dodging regulatory safeguards, manipulating accounting rules, and evading taxation. Foreign exchange forwards and swaps were used to hedge as well as speculate on the fixed exchange rate regimes, while total return swaps were used to capture the “carry business” of profiting from the interest rate differential between pegged currencies. Structured notes were used to circumvent accounting rules and prudential regulations in order to offer investors higher, though much riskier, returns. Viewed at the macroeconomic level, derivatives first made the economy more susceptible to financial crisis and then quickened and deepened the downturn once the crisis began.
Amphotericin B
Authors: Chapman Stanley W , Cleary John D , Rogers P David
Published: October 2023

Amphotericin B has been the cornerstone of antifungal therapy for almost 50 years. Discovered in the late 1950s, it was approved for human use as an antimycotic in 1960. Initial formulations of amphotericin B were plagued with impurities. Allergic responses, presumably secondary to these impurities, and endotoxin-like infusion-related reactions were common. Although improvements in purification and fermentation over the last 30 years have enhanced tolerability, infusion-related reactions and renal dysfunction are still commonplace with the use of the deoxycholate solubilized formulation. Formulations using a lipid carrier have significantly improved tolerability. Safety aside, amphotericin B remains the most effective, broad-spectrum, fungicidal agent with the greatest experience for the treatment of systemic mycoses. Both intrinsic and acquired resistance are limited. The treatment failures seen with amphotericin B are multifaceted. These can be attributed to delays in diagnosis of invasive mycoses, the immune compromised state of the patient being treated, the unique pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of the different formulations, and dose limitations related to toxicity. In an effort to enhance antifungal efficacy and reduce toxicity, amphotericin B has been combined with other agents (e.g., flucytosine, azoles, and terbinafine) with promising results. It is the authors’ opinion that combination therapy will be used increasingly for the treatment of systemic mycoses.
Adjunctive Antifungal Therapy
Authors: Roilides Emmanuel , Dotis John , Filioti Joanna , Anaissie Elias
Published: October 2023

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have become an important problem in recent years, particularly among immuno compromised patients, such as those with cancer and those undergoing transplantation or chemotherapy. Corticosteroid treatment and phagocytic dysfunction occurring in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), graft vs. host disease (GVHD) and birth prematurity are some other conditions that are associated with high frequency of IFIs. Invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis are the most frequent opportunistic IFIs. Despite recent progress in antifungal therapy with the development of new potent antifungal drugs and establishment of novel antifungal strategies of prevention and early treatment, their outcome remains dismal and mortality can be up to 90% (Denning, 1998). Reconstitution of immune host defense is a critical factor for recovery from IFIs (Roilides et al, 1998a). Host defense against fungi is through both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is based on the antifungal action of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes. Both the number and the function of these cells can be up-regulated by hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) and proinflammatory cytokines. By contrast, antiinflammatory cytokines exert an overall suppressive effect on antifungal function of phagocytes. Table 10–1 provides the names with abbreviations of clinically relevant HGFs and cytokines. Acquired immunity is based on T lymphocytes and antibody production by B lymphocytes and has been studied best in the cases of the fungal pathogens, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans (Aguirre and Johnson, 1997). The immune system responds to challenges by fungi with secretion of a number of cytokines. For example in the case of Aspergillus fumigatus, one of the commonest pathogenic fungi, inhalation of conidia results in the production of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)y, which play a protective role in pulmonary aspergillosis (Brieland et al, 2001). On the other hand, conidia, hyphae, and even fungal cell wall components result in secretion of high levels of IFN-y, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, IL-2, and IL-6, especially by macrophages and monocytes (Grazziutti et al, 1997; Schelenz et al, 1999) orchestrating the host response to the invading fungus (Fig. 10–1). The immune responses to medically relevant fungi are summarized in Table 10–2.
Sporotrichosis
Authors: Pappas Peter G
Published: October 2023

Sporotrichosis is a chronic pyogranulomatous infection caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Infection is usually limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissues, but can involve virtually any organ in its disseminated form. Less common localized forms of sporotrichosis include arthritis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, chronic pulmonary infection, and ocular disease. Schenck originally described sporotrichosis in 1898 in a 36-year old man who presented with several discrete indurated lesions extending along the lymphatics from the index finger proximally to the forearm. The organism obtained from cultures of the purulent drainage from one of these lesions revealed heavy growth of a moderately rapidly growing fungus that he designated as possibly related to Sporotrichum spp. (Schenck, 1898). Subsequently, investigators reported a second case of sporotrichosis in a 5-year-old boy with chronic ulceration of the index finger and associated nodular lymphangitis of the forearm (Hektoen and Perkins, 1900). Treatment entailed serial incision and drainage of each subcutaneous nodule followed by local wound care resulting in eventual full recovery. The fungus isolated from this young patient was referred to as Sporothrix schenckii. However, the more common designation, Sporotrichum schenckii, was used through the late 1960s until Carmichael’s observation that the organism had a different manner of sporulation when compared to Sporotrichum spp., and the name Sporothrix schenckii was officially readopted (Carmichael, 1962). After the initial description of sporotrichosis, most early cases were reported from France. One of the case reviews from France involved approximately 250 patients with sporotrichosis and remains one of the largest reports of this condition to date (de Beurman and Gougerot, 1912). As knowledge of the disease became more widespread, fewer cases were identified in Europe and cases of sporotrichosis began to be reported world-wide, with the abundance of cases emerging from the United States, Mexico, and South America.