bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volume changes with stereotactic body radiation therapy in early lung cancer: Time trends and outcomes
Authors: Pathak Rima S , Tibdewal Anil R , G Laskar Sarbani , Chaudhari Suresh , Agarwal Jai Prakash
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Tumour response during stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) could be heterogeneous and the pattern of response may be used as an early predictor for outcome.

Methods

Twenty‐two consecutive patients with early lung cancer (ELC), treated with SBRT, were evaluated retrospectively for their gross tumour volume (GTV) changes during radiation therapy (RT). Kilo‐voltage computed tomography scans (KVCTs) were acquired before every fraction and GTV was contoured manually on a total of 152 datasets. Tumour volume changes were noted with every fraction. The overall survival (OS), locoregional recurrence free survival (LRFS) and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) were computed using the Kaplan–Meier method and comparisons were made using log‐rank test.

Results

Of the 22 patients, six had T1 tumours and 16 had T2 tumours. Median GTV was 40.6 cc (range 7.3–140.2 cc) on CT1 (KVCT at first fraction) and 33.3 cc (range 4.1–83.4 cc) on CTlast (KVCT at last fraction), suggesting a 17.9% median volume reduction at RT completion. Increase in tumour volume was noted in 18 (81.8%) patients at some point during RT. In the mid‐treatment scan, 12 (54.5%) patients had higher tumour volumes than in CT1, however, only six (27.3%) patient's GTV remained larger compared to the baseline at the end of treatment. The median follow‐up was 12.4 months. The OS, LRFS and DMFS rate at 12 and 18 months were 86.4%, 88.2%, 62% and 64.8%, 75.6% and 37.2% respectively. Tumours that regressed in volume by >17.9% (median volume reduction at RT completion) had significantly worse OS and LRFS compared to those that regressed <17.9% (P = 0.03 and 0.01 respectively).

Conclusion

Gross tumour volume undergoes significant changes during SBRT. Early regression in tumour volume may be used as a predictor of poor LRFS and OS.
Mitochondrial phylogenomic analysis resolves the subfamily placement of enigmatic green lacewing genus Nothancyla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Dai Yuting , Winterton Shaun L. , Garzón‐Orduña Ivonne J. , Liang Feiyang , Liu Xingyue
Published: May 2016

Green lacewings are the second most species‐rich family in the order Neuroptera, comprising ~1200 species distributed in all major biogeographic regions of the world. The extant members of this family are divided into three subfamilies, including Nothochrysinae, Apochrysinae and Chrysopinae, all of which are reasonably well defined based on adult morphological characteristics. Yet, the enigmatic monotypic genus Nothancyla Navás from southern Australia exhibits characteristics typical of both Chrysopinae and Apochrysinae and thus is difficult to place in either subfamily. In order to clarify the phylogenetic status of Nothancyla, we sequenced and annotated the nearly complete mitochondrial genomes of Nothancyla verreauxi Navás and Nothochrysa californica Banks (Nothochrysinae), supplementing previously sequenced mitochondrial genomes of Apochrysinae and Chrysopinae. Phylogenomic analyses were carried out based on the 13 mitochondrial protein coding genes, two rRNA genes and 21 tRNA genes using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Our analyses confirmed the placement of Apochrysinae as sister to the rest of Chrysopidae and placed Nothancyla as sister group to the Chrysopinae genera included here but not in Apochrysinae. Based on these results, we confidently place Nothancyla in the subfamily Chrysopinae. The divergence time estimation suggested that the end of Cretaceous is a crucial period for the early diversification of the modern green lacewing subfamilies.
Eureka!: What Is Innovation, How Does It Develop, and Who Does It?
Authors: Carr Kayleigh , Kendal Rachel L. , Flynn Emma G.
Published: May 2016

Innovation is not only central to changes in traditional practice but arguably responsible for humanity's remarkable success at colonizing the earth and diversifying the products, technologies, and systems within it. Surprisingly little is known of how this integral component of behavioral flexibility develops and the factors that are responsible for individual differences therein. This review highlights two primary ways in which the process and development of innovation may be better understood: By emulating the critical advances of animal behavior researchers in examining innovation in nonhuman species and establishing a clearer conceptualization of what is “innovation”. A pathway to innovation is suggested and an innovation classification system offered to aid recognition of its appearance and potential cultural contributions.
Structure‐Texture Decomposition of Images with Interval Gradient
Authors: Lee Hyunjoon , Jeon Junho , Kim Junho , Lee Seungyong
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a novel filtering‐based method for decomposing an image into structures and textures. Unlike previous filtering algorithms, our method adaptively smooths image gradients to filter out textures from images. A new gradient operator, the interval gradient, is proposed for adaptive gradient smoothing. Using interval gradients, textures can be distinguished from structure edges and smoothly varying shadings. We also propose an effective gradient‐guided algorithm to produce high‐quality image filtering results from filtered gradients. Our method avoids gradient reversal in the filtering results and preserves sharp features better than existing filtering approaches, while retaining simplicity and highly parallel implementation. The proposed method can be utilized for various applications that require accurate structure‐texture decomposition of images.
‘Life in the age of screens’: parent perspectives on a 24‐h no screen‐time challenge
Authors: Peláez Sandra , Alexander Stephanie , Roberge Jean‐Baptiste , Henderson Melanie , Bigras Jean‐Luc , Barnett Tracie A.
Published: May 2016

Screens have become ubiquitous in modern society. Their use frequently underlies sedentary behaviour, a well‐established determinant of obesity. As part of a family oriented clinic offering a 2‐year lifestyle program for obese children and youth, we explored parents’ experiences with a 24‐h no screen‐time challenge, an intervention designed to raise awareness of screen‐time habits and to help families develop strategies to limit their use. In total, 15 parents representing 13 families participated. A focus group with nine parents and six phone interviews with those who could not join in person were conducted. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed qualitatively. Key elements to successful completion of the 24‐h no screen‐time challenge emerged, namely: clear rules about permitted activities during the 24‐h period; togetherness, i.e. involving all family members in the challenge; and busyness, i.e. planning a full schedule in order to avoid idleness and preclude the temptation to use screens. Our findings suggest that practitioners aiming to increase awareness of screen‐time or to limit their use may be more likely to succeed if they include all family members, offer concrete alternatives to screen‐based activities and provide tailored strategies to manage discretionary time.
Osteopenia of the hip joint in cerebral palsy – does this affect hip stability?
Authors: Rhodes Jason , Blanchard Alesia
Published: May 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Moon et al. on pages 1153–1158 of this issue.
Protecting Human Rights Through Constitutional Adjudication ‐ Jordan as a Case Study
Authors: Nasrawin Laith K.
Published: May 2016

This article aims at defining the role of constitutional courts in protecting the fundamental human rights of individuals, by relating the importance of constitutional judicial review and the established international standards related to the way it is performed. The study also provides an in‐depth analysis of the structure and working mechanism of the new constitutional court in Jordan with regard to its main functions described in the constitution of providing oversight of the constitutionality of laws and regulations in power, and interpreting provisions of the constitution. The study concludes that current statutory provisions with respect to the court proceedings and the method of undertaking its judicial work serve as safeguards that strengthen the role of the court in promoting individuals’ human rights. The study defines a vision of what is anticipated from the new constitutional court of Jordan and other courts in the field of defending human rights from the contemporary threats the world is facing, which only serve to increase fears among individuals that their basic rights are subject to serious attacks and violations.
An experimental model for studies on delayed tooth replantation and ankylosis in rabbits
Authors: Maslamani Manal , Almusawi Ala , Joseph Bobby , Gabato Severino , Andersson Lars
Published: May 2016

Aim

To develop an experimental in vivo model to study dentoalveolar ankylosis and osseous replacement resorption after delayed replantation.

Materials and methods

The maxillary right incisors of eight rabbits were extracted and replanted, while the maxillary left incisors served as controls. A special technique for extraction was used, luxating the incisor laterally prior to extraction. Extra‐oral root canal treatment was performed. In four of the eight replanted teeth, periodontal ligament was removed using gauze. All teeth were replanted after one‐hour dry storage. A horizontal line was drilled on the labial enamel surface of the incisors to enable registration of possible subsequent infraposition. The rabbits were sacrificed after 1 week or 4 weeks, respectively. Percussion test of the teeth was carried out and infraposition was registered. Histological processing and evaluation were performed.

Results

Percussion sound was normal after 1 week and high in the 4 week group; infraposition was noted in all replanted teeth in the 4‐week group. Fusion between the bone and dentin was seen in some areas on the root already after 1 week, but there was little or no osseous replacement. Larger areas of ankylosis were seen in the 4‐week group although not significant, but deeper progressive osseous replacement was noted in this group. There was no significant difference in ankylosis with regard to periodontal ligament removal or not. Pulp and periodontal tissues were normal in all control teeth.

Conclusion

The rabbit tooth model may be useful for experimental in‐vivo studies on delayed replantation, subsequent ankylosis, osseous replacement and infraposition.
Price Clustering Asymmetries in Limit Order Flows
Authors: Box Travis , Griffith Todd
Published: May 2016

We explore the relation between limit order price clustering and price efficiency. We find that executed sell limit orders cluster more frequently on round increments than buy limit orders and that this asymmetry in clustering is consistent with the well‐documented asymmetry in price response to marketable orders. In addition, we find that the degree of clustering is positively related to volatility and that asymmetry in clustering depends on whether stock prices are rising or falling—sell limit orders cluster more frequently as prices are rising, although buy limit orders cluster more as prices are declining. Our results indicate that predictable patterns in limit order pricing contribute to short‐run deviations from price efficiency.
Chronic kidney disease‐related physical frailty and cognitive impairment: a systemic review
Authors: Shen Zhiyuan , Ruan Qingwei , Yu Zhuowei , Sun Zhongquan
Published: May 2016

Aim

The objective of this review was to assess chronic kidney disease‐related frailty and cognitive impairment, as well as their probable causes, mechanisms and the interventions.

Methods

Studies from 1990 to 2015 were reviewed to evaluate the relationship between chronic kidney disease and physical frailty and cognitive impairment. Of the 1694 studies from the initial search, longitudinal studies (n = 22) with the keywords “Cognitive and CKD” and longitudinal or cross‐sectional studies (n = 5) with the keywords “Frailty and CKD” were included in final analysis.

Results

By pooling current research, we show clear evidence for a relationship between chronic kidney disease and frailty and cognitive impairment in major studies. Vascular disease is likely an important mediator, particularly for cognitive impairment. However, non‐vascular factors also play an important role. Many of the other mechanisms that contribute to impaired cognitive function and increased frailty in CKD remain to be elucidated. In limited studies, medication therapy did not obtain the ideal effect. There are limited data on treatment strategies, but addressing the vascular disease risk factors earlier in life might decrease the subsequent burden of frailty and cognitive impairment in this population. Multidimensional interventions, which address both microvascular health and other factors, may have substantial benefits for both the cognitive impairments and physical frailty in this vulnerable population.

Conclusions

Chronic kidney disease is a potential cause of frailty and cognitive impairment. Vascular and non‐vascular factors are the possible causes. The mechanism of chronic kidney disease‐induced physical frailty and cognitive impairment suggests that multidimensional interventions may be effective therapeutic strategies in the early stage of chronic kidney disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 529–544.
Self‐reported health status as a predictor of functional decline in a community‐dwelling elderly population: Nationwide longitudinal survey in Korea
Authors: Kim Sang Hyuck , Cho Belong , Won Chang Won , Hong Young Ho , Son Ki Young
Published: May 2016

Aim

As the elderly population is increasing, the prediction and prevention of functional decline in older adults are of great concern. The present study aimed to evaluate whether poor self‐reported health status (SRHS) could predict functional decline after 2 years in the elderly population.

Methods

Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging panel, a national representative sample of aging Koreans, were used. Participants of the investigation were the elderly population aged 65 years or more without disability in carrying out activities of daily living (ADL) at baseline. The survey asked respondents about their subjective health status. Setting the respondents who stated their health status as “very good” or “good” as the reference group, multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to compare functional decline according to the baseline SRHS.

Results

A total of 2824 participants were included in the analysis. Among them, 138 (4.9 %) reported functional decline of at least one of the seven ADL components after 2 years. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, SRHS was significantly associated with subsequent functional decline in respondents who chose “Bad” (odds ratio 3.32, 95% confidence interval 1.71–6.44) or “Very bad” (OR 4.75, 95% CI 2.12–10.66). Furthermore, poorer SRHS was significantly associated with subsequent impairment in each ADL component. Also, SRHS predicted overall subsequent impairment in the instrumental ADL.

Conclusions

SRHS predicted functional decline after 2 years in older adults without baseline disabilities. SRHS can be a good predictor of future functional decline in the elderly population. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 885–892.
Performance of drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer in irrigation water saving and nitrogen use efficiency for waxy maize (Zea mays L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under solar greenhouse
Authors: Abdalhi Mohmed A. M. , Cheng Jilin , Feng Shaoyuan , Yi Gong
Published: May 2016

An experimental study was conducted to determine the optimum water amounts, irrigation water use efficiencies (IWUE) and irrigation water saving for waxy maize and cucumber, and the optimum nitrogen (N) quantity and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for maize under fertigation. The different irrigation treatments were estimated using the CROPWAT model based on the Penman–Monteith method, and the different N fertigation rates were determined based on the locally recommended dose. The results showed that the vegetative growth, yield and quality traits of maize and cucumber were significantly affected by different irrigation water amounts and N fertigation rates. The water application depths of 50% and 100% of the crop evapotranspiration inside the greenhouse (ETc,in) for maize and cucumber were found to be the optimum amounts that resulted in the highest yield of 26.8 t ha−1 for maize and 37.8 t ha−1 for cucumber. The 50% and 100% ETc,in for maize and cucumber resulted in water saving of 102.9 mm and 29.0 mm, respectively. The fertigation quantity of 125% N dose was the optimum N level that obtained highest maize yield of 26.2 t ha−1, and the NUE was 7.198 t ha−1 kg−1. The vegetative growth and fruit quality reached the best at irrigation depth of 50% ETc,in and N dose of 125% for maize, and irrigation depth of 100% ETc,in for cucumber. The IWUE varied from 0.102 to 0.209 t ha−1 mm−1 for maize and 0.152–0.340 t ha−1 mm−1 for cucumber. Furthermore, the IWUE and NUE increased with the decreasing irrigation water amount and the N application dose. Findings from this research may provide technical guidance for reducing irrigation water use in agriculture in order to solve the water scarcity problem. There is water saving potential observed in this study.
New‐Onset Headache in Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis Is Associated With anti‐NMDA‐Receptor Antibodies
Authors: Schankin Christoph J. , Kästele Fabian , Gerdes Lisa Ann , Winkler Tobias , Csanadi Endy , Högen Tobias , Pellkofer Hannah , Paulus Walter , Kümpfel Tania , Straube Andreas
Published: May 2016

Objective

We tested the hypotheses (i) that autoimmune encephalitis is associated with new‐onset headache, and (ii) that the occurrence of headache is associated with the presence of anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐receptor antibodies.

Background

Autoimmune encephalitis presents with cognitive dysfunction as well as neuro‐psychiatric symptoms. Its pathophysiology might involve antibody‐mediated dysfunction of the glutamatergic system as indicated by the presence of anti‐NMDA‐receptor antibodies in some patients.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, patients with autoimmune encephalitis were assessed with a standardized interview for previous headache and headache associated with autoimmune encephalitis. Headache was classified according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition. Clinical and paraclinical findings were correlated with the occurrence of headache.

Results

Of 40 patients with autoimmune encephalitis, 19 did not have a history of headache. Of those, nine suffered from encephalitis‐associated headache. Seven of these nine had anti‐NMDA‐receptor antibodies in contrast to only two among the remaining 10 patients without new‐onset headache (P = .023, odds ratio: 14, 95% confidence interval: 1.5; 127). In most patients headache occurred in attacks on more than 15 days/month, was severe, and of short duration (less than 4 hours). International Headache Society criteria for migraine were met in three patients.

Conclusions

New‐onset headache is a relevant symptom in patients with autoimmune encephalitis who have no history of previous headache, especially in the subgroup with anti‐NMDA‐receptor antibodies. This indicates a thorough investigation for secondary headaches including anti‐NMDA‐R antibodies for patients with new‐onset headache and neuropsychiatric findings. Glutamatergic dysfunction might be important for the generation of head pain but may only occasionally be sufficient to trigger migraine‐like attacks in nonmigraineurs.
A strategy for implementing genomics into nursing practice informed by three behaviour change theories
Authors: Leach Verity , Tonkin Emma , Lancastle Deborah , Kirk Maggie
Published: May 2016

Genomics is an ever increasing aspect of nursing practice, with focus being directed towards improving health. The authors present an implementation strategy for the incorporation of genomics into nursing practice within the UK, based on three behaviour change theories and the identification of individuals who are likely to provide support for change. Individuals identified as Opinion Leaders and Adopters of genomics illustrate how changes in behaviour might occur among the nursing profession. The core philosophy of the strategy is that genomic nurse Adopters and Opinion Leaders who have direct interaction with their peers in practice will be best placed to highlight the importance of genomics within the nursing role. The strategy discussed in this paper provides scope for continued nursing education and development of genomics within nursing practice on a larger scale. The recommendations might be of particular relevance for senior staff and management.
Symptom management strategies of Jordanian patients following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery
Authors: Al‐Daakak Zaher Mohammed , Ammouri Ali Ahmad , Isac Chandrani , Gharaibeh Huda , Al‐Zaru Ibtisam
Published: May 2016

The aim of this study was to explore the symptom management strategies utilized by post coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients and its associations with demographic variables. A clear understanding of the use of symptom management strategies following CABG surgery may help nurses in developing educational program and interventions that help patients and their families during recovery period after discharge. A cross‐sectional, descriptive design was utilized. A convenience sample of 100 Jordanian patients post CABG surgery selected from five hospitals was surveyed between November 2012 and June 2013 using the Cardiac Symptom Survey. Chi squared analyses were used to examine the associations between the symptoms management strategies and selected demographic variables. Frequency of symptom management strategies utilized by post CABG patients revealed that most frequently employed strategies were use of medications (79%), repositioning (54%) and the rest (45%). Symptom management strategies utilized for poor appetite, sleeping problem and fatigue had significant associations with demographic variables. By providing information about the symptoms expected after surgery and possible ways to manage them, will strengthen the patients psychologically and will make CABG experience within the realm of self‐management and coping.
Brain structure, executive function and appetitive traits in adolescent obesity
Authors: de Groot C. J. , van den Akker E. L. T. , Rings E. H. H. M. , Delemarre‐van de Waal H. A. , van der Grond J.
Published: May 2016

Background

Children with obesity show differences in brain structure, executive function and appetitive traits when compared with lean peers. Little is known on the relationship between brain structure and these traits.

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between differences in brain structure and executive function and appetitive traits, in obese and lean adolescents.

Methods

MRI was used to measure cortical thickness and subcortical volumes. Executive function was measured by a Stop Signal‐and a Choice Delay Task. Appetitive traits were measured using the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire.

Results

Adolescents with obesity had greater volumes of the pallidum; 1.78 mL (SE 0.03, p=0.014), when compared with controls; 1.65 mL (SE 0.02). In the group with obesity, greater pallidum volume was positively associated with the ability to delay reward in the Choice Delay Task (p=0.012).

Conclusion

The association between pallidum volumes and Choice Delay Task in obese adolescents supports the hypothesis that the pallidum plays an important role in executive dysfunction in obese children.
Meta‐analysis: effectiveness of forced‐air warming for prevention of perioperative hypothermia in surgical patients
Authors: Nieh Hsiao‐Chi , Su Shu‐Fen
Published: May 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of forced‐air warming for preventing perioperative hypothermia.

Background

Perioperative hypothermia commonly occurs in patients receiving anaesthesia during surgeries. However, the effectiveness of warming systems requires verification.

Design

Systematic review incorporating meta‐analysis.

Data sources

We searched OVID, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, CETD and CEPS databases (2001‐2015) for randomized controlled trials published in English and Chinese. Outcome measures of interests were body temperature and thermal comfort.

Review methods

Cochrane methods, Quality of evidence (GRADE) assessments and Jadad Quality Score were used.

Results

Twenty‐nine trials (1875 patients) met inclusion criteria, including seven trials (502 patients) related to thermal comfort. Results showed that: (1) forced‐air warming was more effective than passive insulation and circulating‐water mattresses; (2) there was no statistically significant difference among forced‐air warming, resistive heating blankets, radiant warming systems and circulating‐water garments; and (3) that thermal comfort provided by forced‐air warming was superior to that of passive insulation, resistive heating blankets and radiant warming systems, but inferior to that of circulating‐water mattresses.

Conclusions

Forced‐air warming prevents perioperative hypothermia more effectively than passive insulation and circulating‐water mattresses, whereas there is no statistically significant difference in its effectiveness compared with circulating‐water garments, resistive heating blankets and radiant warming systems.
Dickkopf‐1‐promoted vasculogenic mimicry in non‐small cell lung cancer is associated with EMT and development of a cancer stem‐like cell phenotype
Authors: Yao Lingli , Zhang Danfang , Zhao Xiulan , Sun Baocun , Liu Yanrong , Gu Qiang , Zhang Yanhui , Zhao Xueming , Che Na , Zheng Yanjun , Liu Fang , Wang Yong , Meng Jie
Published: May 2016

To characterize the contributions of Dickkopf‐1 (DKK1) towards the induction of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we evaluated cohorts of primary tumours, performed in vitro functional studies and generated xenograft mouse models. Vasculogenic mimicry was observed in 28 of 205 NSCLC tumours, while DKK1 was detected in 133 cases. Notably, DKK1 was positively associated with VM. Statistical analysis showed that VM and DKK1 were both related to aggressive clinical course and thus were indicators of a poor prognosis. Moreover, expression of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related proteins (vimentin, Slug, and Twist), cancer stem‐like cell (CSC)‐related proteins (nestin and CD44), VM‐related proteins (MMP2, MMP9, and vascular endothelial‐cadherin), and β‐catenin‐nu were all elevated in VM‐positive and DKK1‐positive tumours, whereas the epithelial marker (E‐cadherin) was reduced in the VM‐positive and DKK1‐positive groups. Non‐small cell lung cancer cell lines with overexpressed or silenced DKK1 highlighted its role in the restoration of mesenchymal phenotypes and development of CSC characteristics. Moreover, DKK1 significantly promotes NSCLC tumour cells to migrate, invade and proliferate. In vivo animal studies demonstrated that DKK1 enhances the growth of transplanted human tumours cells, as well as increased VM formation, mesenthymal phenotypes and CSC properties. Our results suggest that DKK1 can promote VM formation via induction of the expression of EMT and CSC‐related proteins. As such, we feel that DKK1 may represent a novel target of NSCLC therapy.
Genetic predisposition of six well‐defined polymorphisms in HMGB1/RAGE pathway to breast cancer in a large Han Chinese population
Authors: Yue Liling , Zhang Qibing , He Lan , Zhang Minglong , Dong Jing , Zhao Dalong , Ma Hongxing , Pan Hongming , Zheng Lihong
Published: May 2016

Breast cancer constitutes an enormous burden in China. A strong familial clustering of breast cancer suggests a genetic component in its carcinogenesis. To examine the genetic predisposition of high mobility group box‐1/receptor for advanced glycation end products (HMGB1/RAGE) pathway to breast cancer, we genotyped six well‐defined polymorphisms in this pathway among 524 breast cancer patients and 518 cancer‐free controls from Heilongjiang province, China. There were no deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for all polymorphisms. In single‐locus analysis, the frequency of rs1800624 polymorphism mutant A allele in RAGE gene was significantly higher in patients than in controls (24.52% versus 19.50%, P = 0.006), with the carriers of rs1800624‐A allele being 1.51 times more likely to develop breast cancer relative to those with rs1800624‐GG genotype after adjustment (95% confidence interval or CI: 1.17–1.94, P = 0.001). In HMGB1 gene, haplotype analysis did not reveal any significance, while in RAGE gene, haplotypes C‐T‐A and C‐A‐G (alleles in order of rs1800625, rs18006024, rs2070600) were significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (adjusted OR = 2.72 and 10.35; 95% CI: 1.20–6.18 and 1.58–67.80; P = 0.017 and 0.015 respectively). In further genetic score analysis, per unit and quartile increments of unfavourable alleles were significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer after adjustment (odds ratio or OR = 1.20 and 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09–1.32 and 1.12–1.42; P < 0.001 and <0.001 respectively). Our findings altogether demonstrate a significant association between RAGE gene rs1800624 polymorphism and breast cancer risk, and more importantly a cumulative impact of multiple risk associated polymorphisms in HMGB1/RAGE pathway on breast carcinogenesis.
miR‐134 inhibits non‐small cell lung cancer growth by targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Qin Qin , Wei Furong , Zhang Jianbo , Wang Xingwu , Li Baosheng
Published: May 2016

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently activated in a wide range of solid tumours and represents an important therapeutic target. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been recognized as a rational and potential modality for anti‐EGFR therapies. However, more EGFR‐targeting miRNAs need to be explored. In this study, we identified a novel EGFR‐targeting miRNA, miRNA‐134 (miR‐134), in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Luciferase assays confirmed that EGFR is a direct target of miR‐134. In addition, the overexpression of miR‐134 inhibited EGFR‐related signaling and suppressed NSCLC cells proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis, suggesting that miR‐134 functions as a tumour suppressor in NSCLC. Further mechanistic investigation including RNAi and rescue experiments suggested that the down‐regulation of EGFR by miR‐134 partially contributes to the antiproliferative role of miR‐134. Last, in vivo experiments demonstrated that miR‐134 suppressed tumour growth of A549 xenograft in nude mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that miR‐134 inhibits non‐small cell lung cancer growth by targeting the EGFR.
Aggressive and chronic periodontitis in a population of Moroccan school students
Authors: Kissa Jamila , Chemlali Sihame , El Houari Bouchra , Amine Khadija , Khlil Nadia , Mikou Salwa , Nadifi Sellama , Albandar Jasim M.
Published: May 2016

Aim

This study assessed the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and demographics of chronic and aggressive periodontitis in a representative sample drawn from a subpopulation in Morocco.

Materials & Methods

Eight hundred and thirty students representative of 12+ years old attending schools in the Province of Benslimane, Morocco were selected by a multi‐phased, probability sampling. Their age was 12–25 years (mean: 16.1 years) and comprised of 50% males and 50% females. Chronic and aggressive periodontitis were determined clinically.

Results

A total of 31% and 10.1% of the subjects had ≥4 mm and ≥6 mm attachment loss, respectively; 4.9% had aggressive periodontitis, and 6.4% had chronic periodontitis. Subjects with chronic periodontitis typically had 4–5 mm attachment loss affecting a few molars or premolars. Subjects with aggressive periodontitis had ≥5 mm attachment loss affecting multiple teeth, and 68% and 73% of these subjects had ≥6 mm attachment loss affecting maxillary and mandibular molars respectively. Attachment loss and periodontitis were significantly more prevalent in the 19–25 years group, than the 12–18 years age group. There were no significant differences in disease prevalence by gender or ethnic groups (Arab versus Berber).

Conclusion

This young Moroccan population is at high risk of destructive periodontal disease, and further studies are indicated to investigate the biological and environmental factors that may contribute to the increased risk of disease in this population.
Modeling Inactivation of Candida inconspicua Isolated from Turnip Juice using Pulsed UV Light
Authors: Karaoglan Hatice Aybuke , Keklik Nene Meltem , Develi Işikli Nursel
Published: May 2016

Turnip juice (Shalgam) is a traditional Turkish beverage with sour flavor and purplish red color, which is produced by the lactic acid fermentation of black carrot. Due to its rich antioxidant content, Turnip juice offers some health benefits. However, the preservation of Turnip juice is a main challenge for the producers. While the growth of bacteria is supressed by lactic acid, wild yeasts can readily grow in Turnip juice. In this study, the effect of pulsed UV light (PUV) on Candida inconspicua in Turnip juice was evaluated. Inoculated Turnip juice samples were treated in a pulsed UV light system at different distances from the quartz window (5, 8 and 13 cm) and for different times (5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 s). A maximum log reduction of 2.80 was obtained after treatment at 5 cm for 60 s. To describe the inactivation of C. inconspicua by pulsed UV light, the first‐order kinetics and Weibull model were used. Weibull model was found to be suitable for fitting the inactivation data.

Practical Applications

Turnip juice (Shalgam) is a traditional fermented beverage produced from black carrots, which is a suitable growth medium for yeasts. The wild yeast Candida inconspicua was identified as a microorganism causing spoilage in Shalgam. The only methods utilized in industry to preserve shalgam are heat pasteurization and addition of chemical food additives. Due to the fact that thermal methods can cause the loss of anthocynanins and colorants, a nonthermal method could be a good alternative to preserve Shalgam. In this research, the effect of pulsed UV light, a novel method considered to be nonthermal for short treatment times, on the yeast C. inconspicua which was isolated from Shalgam was investigated. The results were supported with models to understand the effect of pulsed UV light on C. inconspicua cells for future applications in food industry and to direct other related inactivation studies.
The measurement of the normal thorax using the Haller index methodology at multiple vertebral levels
Authors: Archer James E. , Gardner Adrian , Berryman Fiona , Pynsent Paul
Published: May 2016

The Haller index is a ratio of thoracic width and height, measured from an axial CT image and used to describe the internal dimensions of the thoracic cage. Although the Haller index for a normal thorax has been established (Haller et al. 1987; Daunt et al. 2004), this is only at one undefined vertebral level in the thorax. What is not clear is how the Haller index describes the thorax at every vertebral level in the absence of sternal deformity, or how this is affected by age. This paper documents the shape of the thorax using the Haller index calculated from the thoracic width and height at all vertebral levels of the thorax between 8 and 18 years of age. The Haller Index changes with vertebral level, with the largest ratio seen in the most cranial levels of the thorax. Increasing age alters the shape of the thorax, with the most cranial vertebral levels having a greater Haller index over the mid thorax, which does not change. A slight increase is seen in the more caudal vertebral levels. These data highlight that a ‘one size fits all’ rule for chest width and depth ratio at all ages and all thoracic levels is not appropriate. The normal range for width to height ratio should be based on a patient's age and vertebral level.
Percutaneous Closure of Paravalvular Leaks: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cruz‐Gonzalez Ignacio , Rama‐Merchan Juan C. , Calvert Patrick A. , Rodríguez‐Collado Javier , Barreiro‐Pérez Manuel , Martín‐Moreiras Javier , Diego‐Nieto Alejandro , Hildick‐Smith David , Sánchez Pedro L.
Published: May 2016

Paravalvular leak (PVL) is an uncommon yet serious complication associated with the implantation of mechanical or bioprosthetic surgical valves and more recently recognized with transcatheter aortic valves implantation (TAVI). A significant number of patients will present with symptoms of congestive heart failure or haemolytic anaemia due to PVL and need further surgical or percutaneous treatment. Until recently, surgery has been the only available therapy for the treatment of clinically significant PVLs despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with re‐operation. Percutaneous treatment of PVLs has emerged as a safe and less invasive alternative, with low complication rates and high technical and clinical success rates. However, it is a complex procedure, which needs to be performed by an experienced team of interventional cardiologists and echocardiographers. This review discusses the current understanding of PVLs, including the utility of imaging techniques in PVL diagnosis and treatment, and the principles, outcomes and complications of transcatheter therapy of PVLs.
Effect on Clinical Restenosis of an Ultra‐Thin‐Strut Bare Metal Cobalt‐Chromium Stent Versus a Thin‐Strut Stainless Steel Stent
Authors: Silenzi Simona , Grossi Pierfrancesco , Mariani Luca , Fraccaro Chiara , Vagnarelli Fabio , Moretti Luciano
Published: May 2016

Objectives

To prospectively compare the impact of ultrathin‐strut cobalt‐chromium (Cro‐Co) bare metal stent (BMS) versus thin‐strut stainless steel (SS) BMS on clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR).

Background

Stent characteristics are an important determinant of restenosis. Thinner strut Cro‐Co BMS is associated with a reduction of neointimal formation compared to SS BMS. The advantages of Cro‐Co BMS in a real‐world population is not clear.

Methods

Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with BMS for any reason were enrolled. Patient with multi‐vessel PCI, multi‐lesions PCI, PCI of unprotected left main and coronary grafts were not excluded. They were divided in two groups according to stent type: Cro‐Co or SS group. The primary endpoint was clinically driven TLR at follow‐up.

Results

A total of 383 patients were enrolled: 222 in SS and 161 in Cro‐Co group. During the follow‐up, Cro‐Co patients had a significantly lower occurrence of TLR compared to SS patients (1.9% vs 8.6%, P = 0.006). There were no significant differences for the composite endpoint of death, myocardial infarct, and stroke (4.9% in Cro‐Co group vs 9.5% in SS group, P = 0.119). At multivariate analysis, the variables that were predictors of TLR were: use of SS stent (OR 4.43, P = 0.019) and diabetes (OR 2.84, P = 0.025).

Conclusions

Ultra‐thin strut Cro‐Co BMS is associated with a significant reduction of clinically driven TLR in all comers population with any type of coronary disease complexity. (J Interven Cardiol 2016;29:300–310)
Impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on quality of life in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
Authors: Batool‐Anwar Salma , Goodwin James L. , Kushida Clete A. , Walsh James A. , Simon Richard D. , Nichols Deborah A. , Quan Stuart F.
Published: May 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea is a chronic illness with increasing prevalence. In addition to associated cardiovascular comorbidities, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome has been linked to poor quality of life, occupational accidents, and motor vehicle crashes secondary to excessive daytime sleepiness. Although continuous positive airway pressure is the gold standard for sleep apnea treatment, its effects on quality of life are not well defined. In the current study we investigated the effects of treatment on quality of life using the data from the Apnea Positive Pressure Long‐term Efficacy Study (APPLES), a randomized controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) versus sham CPAP. The Calgary Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Index (SAQLI) was used to assess quality of life. Overall we found no significant improvement in quality of life among sleep apnea patients after CPAP treatment. However, after stratifying by OSA severity, it was found that long‐term improvement in quality of life might occur with the use of CPAP in people with severe and possibly moderate sleep apnea, and no demonstrable improvement in quality of life was noted among participants with mild obstructive sleep apnea.
Ontogenetic bite‐force modeling of Alligator mississippiensis: implications for dietary transitions in a large‐bodied vertebrate and the evolution of crocodylian feeding
Authors: Gignac P. M. , Erickson G. M.
Published: May 2016

Crocodylians undergo substantial increases in size during ontogeny. The American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, in particular traverses nearly four orders of body mass between hatching and senescence. Accompanying such changes are modifications in rostrodental morphology and feeding capabilities that facilitate major shifts in diet. How such anatomical changes relate to ecological niche occupation across sizes is not well understood. In this study, we focused on the effects of ontogenetic changes on the force‐generating mechanisms for jaw closure to assess the impacts of scaling on feeding biomechanics. We developed dissection‐based, musculoskeletal models of maximum bite‐force generation throughout ontogeny and compared and tested their veracity with data from an A. mississippiensis developmental series, for which bite forces were directly measured. Through examinations of the scaling patterns within the parameters of our models, we discuss how muscle pennation and positive allometry in the American alligator jaw adductor system facilitate capture strategies and oral processing of prey, and contribute to developmental niche shifts in this large‐bodied taxon. On the basis of conservation of the crocodylian jaw adductor system, we argue that our findings are broadly applicable to crown Crocodylia and reflect an important, but often overlooked, aspect of the crocodylian feeding ecomorphology: littoral, sit‐and‐wait predation is enhanced by posteroventrally displaced, exceptionally large, and forceful ventral pterygoideus muscles, in particular. Future studies on the ontogeny and evolution of feeding in crocodylians should not neglect the functional and ecological implications of these muscles' contributions to diet.
The type III effector AvrXccB in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris targets putative methyltransferases and suppresses innate immunity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Liu Lijuan , Wang Yanping , Cui Fuhao , Fang Anfei , Wang Shanzhi , Wang Jiyang , Wei Chao , Li Shuai , Sun Wenxian
Published: May 2016

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes black rot, one of the most important diseases of brassica crops worldwide. The type III effector inventory plays important roles in the virulence and pathogenicity of the pathogen. However, little is known about the virulence function(s) of the putative type III effector AvrXccB in Xcc. Here, we investigated the immune suppression ability of AvrXccB and the possible underlying mechanisms. AvrXccB was demonstrated to be secreted in a type III secretion system‐dependent manner. AvrXccB tagged with green fluorescent protein is localized to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis, and the putative N‐myristoylation motif is essential for its localization. Chemical‐induced expression of AvrXccB suppresses flg22‐triggered callose deposition and the oxidative burst, and promotes the in planta growth of Xcc and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The putative catalytic triad and plasma membrane localization of AvrXccB are required for its immunosuppressive activity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that AvrXccB interacts with the Arabidopsis S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine‐dependent methyltransferases SAM‐MT1 and SAM‐MT2. Interestingly, SAM‐MT1 is not only self‐associated, but also associated with SAM‐MT2 in vivo. SAM‐MT1 and SAM‐MT2 expression is significantly induced upon stimulation of microbe‐associated molecular patterns and bacterial infection. Collectively, these findings indicate that AvrXccB targets a putative methyltransferase complex and suppresses plant immunity.
Development and validation of the Humanitarian Aid Difficulty Scale for Japanese healthcare workers
Authors: Noguchi Norihito , Inoue Satoshi , Shimanoe Chisato , Shinchi Koichi
Published: May 2016

Few studies have investigated deployment‐related experiences of healthcare workers dispatched for medical humanitarian aid or attempted to assess their difficult living and working environments. This is the first study to develop and validate a scale to measure these kinds of difficulties, in 264 Japanese healthcare workers. The Humanitarian Aid Difficulty Scale was developed in three stages. First, an item pool was generated based on literature and expert reviews. The scale was then tested in a pilot study. Reliability and validity were identified through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. The scale consisted of 23 items across five factors based on exploratory factor analysis (cooperation, health status, infrastructure, culture and customs, and supplies and equipment). The total variance explained was 60.7%. Reliability of the five factors was acceptable and validity was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha for the scale was 0.87. The scale may enable evaluation of the level of difficulty of the living and working environments of Japanese healthcare workers in medical humanitarian aid who are at a greater risk of distress.
Apoplastic H2O2 plays a critical role in axillary bud outgrowth by altering auxin and cytokinin homeostasis in tomato plants
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Juan , Xia Xiao‐Jian , Guo Xie , Zhou Yan‐Hong , Shi Kai , Zhou Jie , Yu Jing‐Quan
Published: May 2016

Although phytohormones such as indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (CK) and strigolactone are important modulators of plant architecture, it remains unclear whether reactive oxygen species are involved in the regulation of phytohormone‐dependent axillary bud outgrowth in plants.

We used diverse techniques, including transcriptional suppression, HPLC‐MS, biochemical methodologies and gene transcript analysis to investigate the signaling pathway for apoplastic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced axillary bud outgrowth.

Silencing of tomato RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG 1 (RBOH1) and WHITEFLY INDUCED 1 (WFI1), two important genes involved in H2O2 production in the apoplast, enhanced bud outgrowth, decreased transcript of FZY – a rate‐limiting gene in IAA biosynthesis and IAA accumulation in the apex – and increased the transcript of IPT2 involved in CK biosynthesis and CK accumulation in the stem node. These effects were fully abolished by the application of exogenous H2O2. Both decapitation and the silencing of FZY promoted bud outgrowth, and downregulated and upregulated the transcripts for IAA3 and IAA15, and IPT2, respectively. However, these effects were not blocked by treatment with exogenous H2O2 but by napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) treatment.

These results suggest that RBOHs‐dependent apoplastic H2O2 promotes IAA biosynthesis in the apex, which, in turn, inhibits CK biosynthesis and subsequent bud outgrowth in tomato plants.