bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Host sensitized novel red phosphor CaZrSi2O7 : Eu3+ for near UV and blue LED-based white LEDs
Authors: Bandi Vengala Rao , Jayasimhadri M , jeong Junho , Jang Kiwan , Lee Ho Sueb , Yi Soung-Soo , Jeong Jung-Hyun
Published: September 2010

A series of red phosphors Ca1−x
ZrSi2O7 : Eu
x
(x = 0.5,1,5,10,12 mol%) were prepared by a solid-state reaction technique at various temperatures and their structural and optical properties were investigated. The x-ray diffraction profiles showed that all peaks could be attributed to the monoclinic phase CaZrSi2O7 doped with Eu3+. SEM, FTIR, TG and DTA profiles have also been characterized to explore their structural properties. The luminescence properties of these resulting phosphors have been characterized by photoluminescence spectra. The host matrix itself has shown a strong blue emission which has its maximum intensity at 470 nm. The excitation spectra of CaZrSi2O7 : Eu3+ revealed two excitation bands at 395 and 464 nm which correspond to the sharp 7F0–5L6 and 7F0–5D2 transitions of Eu3+ and matches well with the two popular emissions from n-UV/blue GaN-based LEDs. The prominent red emission was obtained at 615 nm by the excitation transitions 5L6, 5D2 of Eu3+ through the non-radiative energy transfer process from the host to the Eu3+ ion. The effects of charge compensation by monovalent ions on the luminescence behaviour of a red emitting phosphor CaZrSi2O7 : Eu3+ were investigated. The high colour saturation and the low thermal quenching effect of these phosphors make it a potential red component for white light emitting diodes (w-LEDs).
Carbon redistribution in nanometric Si1−xCx layers upon ion beam synthesis of SiC by C implantation into SIMOX(1 1 1)
Authors: dos Reis R M S , Maltez R L , Boudinov H
Published: September 2010

Nanometric 3C SiC layers (∼40 nm) between amorphous zones, i.e. SiO2/SiC/SiO2/Si, have been obtained using separation by implantation of oxygen (SIMOX) structures on bulk Si(1 1 1) as the starting material, i.e. Si(65 nm)/SiO2/Si(1 1 1) structures. We report mechanisms of carbon redistribution in the starting 65 nm silicon overlayer (SOV) upon SiC ion beam synthesis (IBS). Sequential C implantation steps (sample held at 600 °C), with 1250 °C annealing in between, have allowed us to register the evolution of the carbon composition (previously and after annealing) in the SOV under conversion when increasing the implantation fluence. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a two-sublayer structure of about the same thickness for the layer under conversion. The composition evolution of the sublayers (Si1−x
C
x
) was monitored by evaluating Si composition changes measured by RBS analysis. High resolution TEM has demonstrated major differences in the structural quality of sublayers. We suggest that the observed structural differences are the main driving force for the observed C migration.
Fluorine-free high-resolution selective plasma etching of silicon-oxide layers on silicon substrates
Authors: Abdolahad M , Nilchi J Naghsh , Mohajerzadeh S
Published: September 2010

Highly selective and vertical dry etching of SiO2 structures on silicon substrates is reported using a mixture of C2H2 and H2 gases in a direct current plasma reactor and at elevated temperatures ranging from 420 to 620 °C. Good anisotropic etching of SiO2 features can be achieved by this process without a need for fluorocarbon-based gases which are used to increase the selectivity of etching and to avoid the removal of the underlying silicon. The vertically etched patterns of SiO2 have been accomplished with a high selectivity over the Si and Si3N4 layers. The etch rate can be adjusted to obtain values between 2 and 20 nm min−1 depending on the temperature as well as the gas composition and plasma conditions.
Combinatorial rigidity for some infinitely renormalizable unicritical polynomials
Authors: Cheraghi Davoud
Published: September 2010

Here we prove thatinfinitely renormalizableunicritical polynomialsPc:z↦zd+cP_c:z \mapsto z^d+c, withc∈Cc\in \mathbb {C}, satisfyinga priori boundsand a certain “combinatorial” condition arecombinatorially rigid. This implies the local connectivity of the connectedness loci (the Mandelbrot set whend=2d=2) at the corresponding parameters.
RASA
Authors: Benamou Marc
Published: September 2010

Rasa attempts to get at the heart of central Javanese traditional music (karawitan) by attending to what those closest to the tradition—the musicians themselves—say about it. Based on several years of research conducted in the regional cultural center of Solo, Indonesia, this book untangles the multiple aesthetic criteria applied by musicians in various contexts. Central to their aesthetic discourse was the complex notion of rasa: taste, feeling, affect, mood, sense, inner meaning, faculty of taste, faculty of sensing, faculty of knowing intuitively, deep understanding—all rolled into one. Working outward from this concept, the book addresses various questions: How is the vocabulary of rasa structured, and what does this tell us about Javanese aesthetics? Who or what has rasa, and what sorts of musical, psychological, perceptual, and sociological distinctions enter into this determination? How is rasa expressed musically? And how can exploring such questions lead to a fuller understanding of traditional Javanese music and of emotion and music in general? While acknowledging the possibility of universal psychological tendencies, the book demonstrates just how culturally specific musical meaning can be. This specificity results from the essentially connotative nature of musical meaning, which, following Wittgenstein on linguistic meaning, accrues through use. Relevant audio examples are provided through two media—an Oxford Web Music Web site and a four‐CD set (Gamelan de Solo) produced and annotated by the author and released by the Maison des Cultures du Monde—to help readers link Javanese terms and concepts to Javanese sound patterns.
Having Rasa, Part 2
Authors: Benamou Marc
Published: September 2010

The question of what makes music “rasaful” is continued in chapter 5, but with more of a focus on the moment of performance. In particular, the role of improvisation in creating rasa, and rasa as a criterion for judging excellence (including at gamelan competitions) are explored.
The Communication of Rasa, Part 2
Authors: Benamou Marc
Published: September 2010

Chapter 7 continues the question raised in chapters 4 and 5 about factors contributing to the creation of rasa. But here, instead of music and rasa as a quality of the performer, the focus is on the variety of rasas catalogued in chapter 3 and on specific musical traits associated with them. That is, the chapter seeks to identify, other factors being equal, what effects various musical procedures have on any particular rasa as it is perceived by an experienced listener.
Mendelssohn's Organ Repertoire
Authors: Little Wm. A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter shows that Mendelssohn's repertoire for the organ was remarkably small; other than his own works, it was limited to a few of Bach's free organ works and several chorale preludes. There is no evidence that Mendelssohn had anything more than the most superficial knowledge of — or interest in — organ literature, except for Bach. Similarly, there is no record that he ever played a single organ work by any composer other than J. S. Bach or himself.
Organ Works, 1836–1837
Authors: Little Wm. A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter reviews Mendelssohn's organ works from 1836-7. By the time he turned 27 on February 3, 1837, Felix Mendelssohn had established an enviable international reputation for himself in the musical world and had published works for a broad variety of media. Yet his reputation in the organ world rested solely on his skills as a performer and improviser. Apparently Mendelssohn now felt it was time to publish something for organ, a thought that probably began to percolate in his mind sometime during the latter half of 1836. During those months he was actively composing and compiling his six Etuden und Fugen (later, Präludien und Fugen) für Pianoforte (Op. 35), for which he ultimately pressed one of his organ duet fugues into service as the second Fugue in D Major of the set. Plans for a collection of organ fugues would seem to have been an obvious or natural extension of his work on the preludes and fugues for piano.
Atom type assignment
Authors: Müller Peter
Published: September 2010

After solving a structure, the crystallographer has to find a sensible interpretation of the solution, as the initial model is usually merely a collection of unidentified peaks. The crystallographer needs to find out which density maximum corresponds to which chemical element, a task that would be easy if the electron density peaks were somehow colour-coded and electron density for carbon was, say, black, for nitrogen blue, for sulfur yellow, for oxygen red and so forth. Unfortunately all electrons are blue, at least on the computer screen, and this chapter describes crystallographic (e.g., thermal parameters, bond lengths) and chemical knowledge (e.g., oxidation states, coordination geometry) necessary for atom type assignment. Three examples are given in which the assignment of the atom type is not quite obvious.
Writing and Reading Royal Entertainments
Authors: Heaton Gabriel
Published: September 2010

This major new study of royal entertainments from the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I, including country house entertainments, tiltyard speeches, and court masques, is focused on the surviving material texts and so is a contribution to book history as well as the study of early modern court culture. Drafts, royal presentation manuscripts, widely‐circulating scribal copies, and printed pamphlets are all carefully placed in their cultural context, and the medium of manuscript is shown to have been at least as important as print for these texts' circulation. From the close collaboration between commissioning host and hired writer, to the varied interpretations imposed by copyists and publishers, entertainments were written and read within a complex social nexus: far from being royal propaganda, they reflected the distinct and sometimes competing agendas of monarchs, commissioning hosts, authors, publishers, scribal intermediaries, and readers. In six chapters Writing and Reading Royal Entertainments explores this interpretative community through a range of texts. The first part of the book looks at Elizabethan court entertainments: the Woodstock entertainment of 1575 (Chapter I); tiltyard speeches (Chapter II); and the distinctive features of printed pamphlets and scribal circulation, notably of the 1602 Harefield entertainment (Chapter III). The second part of the book is mostly concerned with Ben Jonson's work for the Jacobean court, with chapters on the Merchant Taylors' entertainment (Chapter IV) and the Theobalds entertainment (Chapter V). The final chapter looks at the texts of court masques, especially in the light of Jonson's understanding of the poet's elevated role. The chapter‐length conclusion takes the story of these material texts beyond the early modern period and looks at how they have been collected, bought, and sold over the centuries.
5 Revision and Sociability: The 1607 Entertainment at Theobalds
Authors: Heaton Gabriel
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines the Entertainment at Theobalds, written by Ben Jonson and performed before King James in 1607. The occasion of the entertainment was Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury's gift of Theobalds – one of the most magnificent houses in England – to the King. There was a distinguished history of entertainments at Theobalds and it can be shown (primarily through the surviving manuscripts) that Salisbury had always taken an active role in their development, and he did so again in 1607. The text circulated in manuscript in a somewhat different form from the later printed text and the chapter looks in detail at the various surviving manusripts, allowing a picture to be built up of the text's earliest readership of well‐connected wits including Lord North and Henry Goodyer.
The Beloved Self
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: September 2010

The Beloved Self is about the ‘holy grail’ of moral philosophy: an argument against Egoism, that we all have reasons to be moral. The first part of the book introduces three versions of Egoism, each paralleling a different moral theory, and sheds new light on the concept of self-interest in virtue ethics and especially in Kant's moral theory. Part Two looks at attempts to prove that Egoism is false, and shows that even modest arguments against Egoist appear to fail. Part Three discusses the relationship between knowledge and action and defends a new conception of moral epistemology, centred on the importance of moral understanding, which has wide-ranging implications regarding not only moral testimony and moral disagreement but also the nature of virtue and morally worthy action. This final part of the book culminates in a vindication of morality, an argument that it is not epistemically rational to believe the most plausible versions of Egoism.
Ambitious Vindication
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: September 2010

An ambitious vindication of morality – an argument beginning from premises that an Egoist will accept that Egoism is false – is the Holy Grail of moral philosophy. This chapter discusses some recent attempts to give this kind of vindication. The first strategy considered is an argument that no adequate theory of practical reason can include only Egoist reasons. Nagel, Korsgaard, and Allison all offer different versions of this argument. Nagel claims that an Egoist is guilty of ‘practical solipsism’; Korsgaard, that Egoist reasons are improperly ‘private’; and Allison, working within a Kantian framework, tries to show that only someone who acts for moral reasons can be autonomous. The second strategy is to attack the metaphysical presuppositions of the theory. Parfit argues that Egoism is inconsistent with the most plausible metaphysics of personal identity. It is argued that all these arguments fail, and the implication of these failures is assessed.
The Structure of Virtue
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines two issues relative to providing a rich notion of virtue of epistemology: (i) the connection between virtue and skill; and (ii) the relation of virtue to success. It argues that ancient virtue ethicists — regarding virtue ethics — differ from Aristotle in ways that are significant to how the concept of virtue should be applied in epistemology. It also argues for the important differences between intellectual virtues (which aim at truth) and moral virtues (which aim at doing the right thing). The upshot is two-fold: intellectual virtues should not be subsumed under moral virtues and there is an inherent difficulty in trying to define knowledge in terms of virtue. Lastly, because scholars have overly relied upon Aristotle's version of virtue, and thus, neglected much of the ancient tradition, the chapter argues that many have missed a more plausible answer, provided by the Stoics, to the following question: Which kind of aim must be attained for a person to have the kind of success necessary for virtue?
Intellectual Virtue: Emotions, Luck, and the Ancients
Authors: Sherman Nancy , White Heath
Published: September 2010

This chapter defends an Aristotelian position which says that because emotions are not entirely voluntary and inextricably influence one's belief-forming processes, it does not follow that one is not responsible for the kind of beliefs one forms. Drawing from the work of Aristotle and the Stoics, it provides insight into the cognitive core of emotions, thereby offering ways in which emotions can be revised. Because emotions are central components to one's cognitive character, sages can develop them so as to enable accurate judgments of appearances. The chapter also contrasts the differences between Aristotle and the Stoics relative to the relations between virtue, luck, happiness, and knowledge. It argues that because cognitive virtues are sufficient for getting the truth (according to Stoics), but are denied by virtually all (modern epistemologists) because of luck's pervasive influence, the amount of harmony between virtue ethics and virtue epistemology will be limited.
Virtue Ethics: Radical or Routine?
Authors: Solomon David
Published: September 2010

This chapter explains why virtue ethics in the latter twentieth century has taken the following two forms: (i) the first form orders evaluative concepts and then argues that the concept of a virtue is more basic than the concepts of a right act and a good state of affairs; (ii) the second form focuses on deeper questions about the nature and ambition of modern ethics and its ability to satisfy our need for reflective guidance. The former is a common approach given its focus on arguments for theory construction. The latter is more radical given that its themes are suspicious of rules and principles and, sometimes, moral theory itself. Because so many debates over virtue ethics reduce to debates over the kind of criteria needed to judge ethical theories, they will remain unresolved. Epistemologists must learn from moral philosophers about the myriad usages of virtue in language, as well as the different models each usage is working within.
Understanding ‘Virtue’ and the Virtue of Understanding
Authors: Riggs Wayne D.
Published: September 2010

This chapter offers an alternative to the standard success-oriented epistemological theories by arguing that the highest epistemic good is a state which includes much more than the achievement of true beliefs and the avoidance of false ones. Indeed, it includes much more than knowledge: it requires understanding of important truths. For some of the intellectual virtues are best understood as directed at understanding rather than truth or knowledge. Whether the goal of the intellectual virtues is truth or understanding, reliable success cannot be necessary for the possession of an intellectual virtue given that some of the most impressive intellectual giants such as Aristotle, Newton, and Galileo are not noted for their success. The intellectual virtues should therefore be understood in terms of the values at which they aim, not the values they reliably bring about. The upshot of giving up success oriented approaches in epistemology will provide greater clarity in understanding intellectual virtues.
Free Agency
Authors: Watson Gary
Published: September 2010

This chapter defends a distinction between valuing and desiring that is important to an adequate account of free action and the nature of human agency. To account for intentional but unfree action, we must make sense of the possibility of someone's being motivated to do what she does not most want to do. This requires a contrast between two sources of motivation: evaluative judgments and mere desires. This account differs from Harry Frankfurt's hierarchical theory, since, it is argued, valuing is not a species of desiring.
Volitional Necessities
Authors: Watson Gary
Published: September 2010

Harry Frankfurt and Bernard Williams have contended that our integrity as agents depends on being subject to a form of voluntary volitional incapacity. This chapter explores this thesis, distinguishing such necessities from pathologies of compulsion and addiction, which deform our wills, and also from what might be called normative and deliberative necessities. It turns out that Frankfurt's treatment of the phenomena reveals an unclarity about the different roles of caring and endorsement in his account of agency.
3 Varieties of Moral Irrealism
Authors: Kalderon Mark Eli
Published: September 2010

This chapter demonstrates that there are forms of noncognitivism that eschew nonfactualism. An important obstacle to standard noncognitivism has been its apparent commitment to an implausible expressivist form of nonfactualism. However, noncognitivism — the claim that moral acceptance is some attitude other than belief — is not the exclusive province of nonfactualism. A novel alternative to moral realism, moral fictionalism, can vindicate noncognitivism as well and can do so without claiming that moral sentences are nonrepresentational. And if the problems for an expressivist nonfactualism prove intractable, then an adequate defence of noncognitivism necessarily involves the development of moral fictionalism. This involves rethinking the standard taxonomy of alternatives to moral realism.
Philosophy and Narrative
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2010

This chapter begins in earnest the examination of the methodology at issue in the book. In sympathy with certain criticisms raised recently by Bas van Fraassen, it argues that analytic philosophy as currently practiced has the vices of its virtues, but that these can be corrected for by including narratives in some of the discussions of analytic philosophy. The chapter discusses the nature of a philosophical examination of narratives, and the reasons for supposing that narrative analysis has something to contribute to philosophy. It also argues for the possibility of using biblical narratives in this way. It considers reasons allegedly based on historical biblical studies for supposing that biblical narratives cannot be used in this way, and it uses current disputes within the subject of historical biblical studies itself to show that these alleged reasons are not cogent. Finally, it discusses Chinua Achebe's explanation of the significance and usefulness of character analysis in the examination of narratives, and it argues that Achebe's explanation applies to biblical narratives, too.
The Coexistence of Genetically Modified and Non-genetically Modified Agriculture in Canada: A Courtroom Drama
Authors: Glenn Jane Matthews
Published: September 2010

Canada approved GM canola for unconfined release in 1995, but it did so without open and informed debate about the problems of coexistence of GM and non-GM agriculture, and without a regulatory structure to adequate addressing them. They are, therefore, being dealt with by the courts. This chapter first discusses what this entails for affected farmers in the well-known cases of Monsanto v Schmeiser and Hoffman v Monsanto. It then explores the possibility of bringing an action against the government for negligence in regulating and controlling GM technology, particularly in failing to provide adequately for the coexistence of GM and non-GM agriculture. Several class actions relating to BSE currently before the Canadian courts are presented as examples.
The EC—Biotech Decision: Another Missed Opportunity?
Authors: McMahon Joseph
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines the interpretation and application by the Panel of the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures through an analysis of the decision in EC – Biotech. It places the Panel decision in the context of the evolving jurisprudence on the SPS Agreement by looking at its interpretation of the concept of a measure, the role of risk assessment, and the transparency provisions. It concludes that the ‘simple-minded’ decision of the Panel missed the opportunity to reconcile the demands of science with the other factors that must be taken into account in any assessment of risk. As a result, it ignored the complexities arising from divergent national regulation in the area of GMOs.
Conclusion
Authors: Bodiguel Luc
Published: September 2010

This concluding chapter broadens the debate, extending beyond legal analysis of individual regulations in order to question the role and concept of law in the arena of GMOs. At a general level, it raises two questions: first, whether it is possible, or indeed desirable, to move away from the binary view that GM crops are either ‘a good’ or ‘a bad’; and secondly, how ethics and morality can be built into regimes that are primarily based upon science. The destruction of GM crops is observed to be an excellent forum for investigation of the vexed issue of civil disobedience, and there is inquiry whether such acts of destruction may be characterized as a legitimate source of law and, more widely, into the utility of civil disobedience to democracy.
How Industrious can Zeus be?
Authors: Bénatouïl Thomas
Published: September 2010

A central question concerning Stoic divine providence is its nature and scope. What kind of action is it? And which entities are affected by it? This chapter focuses on the latter issue. Sources hostile to the Stoics often report the industriousness of their god, i.e. his ceaseless activity upon absolutely everything there is in the cosmos. But is the Stoic god really industrious in this sense? Is not this feature of his an exaggeration resulting from biased critics, whose ultimate purpose is to ridicule Stoic theology? In fact, five possible qualifications could be envisaged: (1) during the ordered phase of the cosmos, god is not always active insofar as his intervention is limited to cosmogony and zoogony; (2) at the end of the ordered phase, god is not active either, inasmuch as he does not act upon anything during the conflagration; (3) god's agency is limited to the celestial region of the cosmos and only affects the earth in a secondary, indirect way; (4) god is not equally benevolent towards all individuals, some of whom are neglected by him, which implies that his action is not evenly distributed throughout the cosmos; and (5) there are petty affairs that are unworthy of god's attention, a fact that would in itself justify a limitation of his cosmic activity. It is argued that none of these qualifications is really envisaged by the Stoics themselves. As is proved by evidence independent from the sources hostile to Stoicism, god's activity is not limited in any of these five senses. The chapter also provides a detailed analysis of what kind of action Stoic providence is.
Delegating Rights Protection
Authors: Erdos David
Published: September 2010

This book explores bill of rights outcomes in four countries — Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom — whose development exhibits an interesting combination of both commonality and difference. Whilst sharing a core ‘Westminster’ political set‐up, more recent experiences display striking diversity. Comparative analysis of some thirty‐six democracies demonstrates that the historic lack of a bill of rights in Westminster countries is best explained by, firstly, the absence of a clear political transition and, secondly, by their strong British constitutional heritage. Detailed chapters then explore recent developments. In all the countries, postmaterialist socio‐economic change has resulted in a growing emphasis on legal formalization, codified civil liberties, and social equality. Pressure for a bill of rights has therefore increased. Nevertheless, by enhancing judicial power, bills of rights conflict with the prima facie positional interests of the political elite. Given this, change in this area has also required a political trigger which provides an immediate rationale for change. Alongside social forces, the nature of this trigger determines both the strength and substance of the bill of rights enacted. The statutory Canadian Bill of Rights Act (CBORA 1960), New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (NZBOR 1990), and the Human Rights Act (UK) (HRA 1998) were prompted politically by a relatively weak and backward‐looking ‘aversive’ reaction against perceived abuses of power under the previous administration. Meanwhile, the fully constitutional Canadian Charter (1982) had its political origins in a stronger, more self‐interested, and prospective need to find a new unifying institution to counter the destabilizing, centripetal power of the Québécois nationalist movement. Finally, the absence of any relevant political trigger explains the failure of national bill of rights initiatives in Australia. The conclusionary section of the book argues that this Postmaterialist Trigger Thesis (PTT) explanation of change can also explain the origins of bills of rights in other internally stable, advanced democracies, notably the Israeli Basic Laws on human rights (1992).
9 Postmaterialist forces and political triggers
Authors: Erdos David
Published: September 2010

This conclusionary chapter explores the implications of the Postmaterialist Trigger Thesis (PTT) of bill of rights institutionalization beyond the four Westminster democracies from whose experience it was developed. The first half of the chapter examines the wider direct applicability of the PTT, arguing that it should fit other instances of deliberate bill of rights institutionalization in internally stable, advanced democracies. The genesis of the Israeli Basic Laws on human rights (1992) is explored as an exemplar case. The second part considers the broader relevance of the PTT. It argues that the PTT's focus on the importance of political triggers in stable, advanced democratic settings importantly mirrors the emphasis on political transition within less‐stable settings. Finally, the book explores the postmaterialist conceptions of rights and bills of rights arguing that, in contrast to classic liberalism, these conceptions are not based on a presumption of State non‐interference. In fact, such conceptions have encouraged a reorientation of human rights so as to accommodate and, on occasion, even require State action. At the extreme, and despite their very different long‐term historical origins, postmaterialist bills of rights may become co‐opted into the State‐directed audit and risk management explosion which has become a hallmark of advanced industrialized democracy.
1 Antigone's Political Legacies: Abjection in Defiance of Mourning
Authors: Chanter Tina
Published: September 2010

Heidegger and Lacan both emphasize the uncanny, monstrous aspects of Antigone, who must be expelled from the polis, and yet who plays a liminal role in which she is the excluded yet facilitating other. In Žižek's Lacanian reading, Antigone is regarded as ‘proto‐totalitarian’. By contrast, the tradition of political, dramatic appropriations of Antigone, including five Irish versions since the 1980s, among them Seamus Heaney's The Burial at Thebes—which is the focus here—establish Antigone as a freedom fighter. A critique of Lacan's reading of Antigone is provided which, the argument goes, fetishizes the character of Antigone. In contrast to the abstract gesture that is content to construe Antigone as a figure of excess, as if she merely marked the limits of the articulate, her continual renaissance is read as a genealogy of that which is figured as abject by dominant narratives by each new political staging of Antigone's rebirth.
6 Psychoanalysing Antigone
Authors: Griffith Mark
Published: September 2010

This chapter tries both to take stock of the current state of psychoanalytic criticism of Greek tragedy in general, and to focus on Antigone in particular as an especially puzzling but rewarding case study. The chapter begins by briefly outlining the particular problems and questions raised by the character Antigone as a psychological ‘case’. Then, some of the goals, procedures, liabilities, and potential payoff of psychoanalytic criticism of literature in general and Greek stage drama in particular are surveyed, before a closer examination of Sophocles' text with the help of some of these procedures, in the hope of teasing out some answers to the questions raised and revealing more clearly the psychological dynamics of this disturbing and influential play.
8 Antigone, Antigone: Lacan and the Structure of the Law
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia
Published: September 2010

This chapter considers the structure of ethical action in Sophocles' Antigone in the context of Lacan's key comments on the play and on the ethics of psychoanalysis, and with special attention to some recent criticism of Lacan by Judith Butler. The chapter attempts to re‐phrase the ‘economy’ of Antigone's choice, her absolute commitment to her brother's precedence, as well as questions of kinship, in terms of temporality and especially with regard to the brother's singular unrepeatability. Understanding Lacan's fundamental approach to the question of time (‘logical time’, ‘anticipatory certitude’, etc.) and to the questions of topology, as well as some of their underpinnings in science and philosophy can, the chapter argues, help us redefine, not only Antigone's action, and thus also the action of the play Antigone, but also to see the claims of her commitment and the general structure of ethical action more clearly.
9 Sophocles' Antigone and the Democratic Voice
Authors: Fletcher Judith
Published: September 2010

This chapter analyses the performative status of Creon's interdiction against the burial of Polyneices by tracing its trajectory throughout the play. It argues that although the interdiction seems to have institutional force, it is in reality a deformed speech act, since Creon does not possess the authority to make law. An Athenian audience of citizens would recognize that the democratic voice, necessary for the creation of law, has been silenced. Antigone offers a contesting speech when she announces that she will bury her brother; in her exchange with Creon she functions as an exemplar of democratic free speech. Antigone, however, does not possess the authority to say that she will bury her brother since this was not a role performed by women in fifth‐century Athens. Nonetheless she activates a shadow democracy whose critique of the interdiction in the streets of Thebes resembles the informal discursive processes of the Athenian legislature.
13 Autochthonous Antigone: Breaking Ground
Authors: Appel Liz
Published: September 2010

This chapter uses the trope of autochthony in order to consider Antigone as the figure for a radical kind of self‐authorization. Following Judith Butler, this chapter considers Antigone as the occupant of an unnamable and unrecognizable subject position. As such an impossible, even erased inhabitant (as simultaneous daughter‐sister to Oedipus), Antigone threatens the integrity of the symbolic system in which she is nonetheless enmeshed. As one who defies socially sanctioned forms of genealogy, Antigone exists both within and without known social structures; she seems to generate her own, unique genealogy. Finally, this chapter asserts that Antigone represents a problematic surplus, which the play struggles to contain; Antigone is considered as disruptive not only in familial, social, and political terms, but in representational terms as well. The trope of burial can thus be understood as a way for the play to manage the disruptive force that is Antigone.
16 Reading Antigone in Translation: Text, Paratext, Intertext
Authors: Roberts Deborah H.
Published: September 2010

This chapter is concerned with the many translations of Antigone from 1900 to the present, and with some of the ways in which these diverse translations establish for the reader without Greek the normative Antigone against which more radically transformed Antigones will be seen. It investigates selected aspects of text, paratext, and intertext, exploring translators' variously and subtly transformative choices as conditioned by their approach to translation, their choice of form and level of diction, and their interpretation both of the play as a whole and of particular passages. The chapter concludes by noting several features in the most recent translations that tend to enable a reading that is more aware of the relation between original and translation and between translation and reader.
Many Worlds? An Introduction
Authors: Saunders Simon
Published: September 2010

This introductory chapter summarizes the principal positive theses of the book (Section 1), namely, that the unitary evolution of the quantum state, for sufficiently large systems of particles in thermal environments, yields a multiplicity of branching structures (worlds) obeying approximately classical equations, a result that follows from decoherence theory with no special assumptions or additions to the quantum formalism; and that further, the branching of worlds has a natural interpretation in terms of probability, as quantified by the Born rule in terms of ratios of squared norms of branch amplitudes. In particular, an agent who knows the branching structures of the quantum state that will result from his actions is rationally compelled to order his preferences among actions by the expected utilities of those branching structures as defined by the Born rule. He is, moreover, entitled to view a branching process as involving uncertainty as to which branch he will find himself. But independent of the truth of these claims, the theory is still testable: an agent who does not know the branching structure of the state, and who is indeed undecided between a many-worlds and a one-world theory, is rationally bound to update her credences in such theories by conditionalisation on observed statistical evidence, just as she is bound to do in the case of conventional quantum mechanics. Section 2 summarizes some of the arguments and counter-arguments for these claims as developed in subsequent chapters. Section 3 provides some more mathematical and historical background to the Everett interpretation, including a brief introduction to the decoherent histories formalism.
Everett and Evidence
Authors: Greaves Hilary , Myrvold Wayne
Published: September 2010

Much of the evidence for quantum mechanics is statistical in nature. Relative frequency data summarizing the results of repeated experiments is compared to probabilities calculated from the theory; close agreement between the observed relative frequencies and calculated probabilities is taken as evidence in favour of the theory. The Everett interpretation, if it is to be a candidate for serious consideration, must be capable of doing justice to this sort of reasoning. Since, on the Everett interpretation, all outcomes with non-zero amplitude are actualized on different branches, it is not obvious that sense can be made of ascribing probabilities to outcomes of experiments, and this poses a prima facie problem for statistical inference. It is incumbent on the Everettian either to make sense of ascribing probabilities to outcomes of experiments in the Everett interpretation, or to find a substitute on which the usual statistical analysis of experimental results continues to count as evidence for quantum mechanics, and, since it is the very evidence for quantum mechanics that is at stake, this must be done in a way that does not presuppose the correctness of Everettian quantum mechanics. This requires an account of theory confirmation that applies to branching-universe theories but does not presuppose the correctness of any such theory. This chapter supplies and defends such an account. The account has the consequence that statistical evidence can confirm a branching-universe theory such as Everettian quantum mechanics in the same way in which it can confirm a non-branching probabilistic theory.
Two Dogmas About Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Bub Jeffrey , Pitowsky Itamar
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that the intractable part of the measurement problem — the ‘big’ measurement problem — is a pseudo-problem that depends for its legitimacy on the acceptance of two dogmas. The first dogma is John Bell's assertion that measurement should never be introduced as a primitive process in a fundamental mechanical theory like classical or quantum mechanics, but should always be open to a complete analysis, in principle, of how the individual outcomes come about dynamically. The second dogma is the view that the quantum state has an ontological significance analogous to the significance of the classical state as the ‘truthmaker’ for propositions about the occurrence and non-occurrence of events, i.e., that the quantum state is a representation of physical reality. The chapter shows how both dogmas can be rejected in a realist information-theoretic interpretation of quantum mechanics as an alternative to the Everett interpretation. The Everettian, too, regards the ‘big’ measurement problem as a pseudo-problem, because the Everettian rejects the assumption that measurements have definite outcomes, in the sense that one particular outcome, as opposed to other possible outcomes, actually occurs in a quantum measurement process. By contrast with the Everettians, the chapter accepts that measurements have definite outcomes. By contrast with the Bohmians and the GRW ‘collapse’ theorists who add structure to the theory and propose dynamical solutions to the ‘big’ measurement problem, we take the problem to arise from the failure to see the significance of Hilbert space as a new kinematic framework for the physics of an indeterministic universe, in the sense that Hilbert space imposes kinematic (i.e., pre-dynamic) objective probabilistic constraints on correlations between events.
Apart from Universes
Authors: Deutsch David
Published: September 2010

A collection of classical universes — even if they interact — is still classical. For instance, it doesn't have entanglement; its elements don't have phases to their amplitudes; it doesn't have continuous motion of discrete observables. The multiverse is not classical: it consists of much more than universes. Research into what is there in addition has already been fruitful and promises to be more so. Progress in understanding the quantum world more deeply through such research is also the key to resolving the long-running scandal of the slow take-up of Everett's theory by physicists and philosophers.
The Stoics on Definitions
Authors: Crivelli Paolo
Published: September 2010

Definitions were very important for the Stoics, even though they hesitated as to where the theory of definition should be located within their system of philosophical disciplines: some (probably Chrysippus) placed it in the methodological subsection of the logical part, others in ethics, yet others in the subsection of dialectic relating to voice. The first of these locations focuses on the epistemological side of the theory of definitions. In particular, it is connected with two roles played by definitions: sharpening our conceptions in such a way that they are more successfully applied to or withheld from entities, and endowing our conceptions with a systematic structure that makes them suitable for instruction. The Stoics do not think that definitions reveal the essence of what is defined. As for the link with the Stoic theory of language and meaning, definitions are not linguistic expressions, but sayables of a special kind (distinct from statables).
Getting a Thing into a Thought
Authors: Bach Kent
Published: September 2010

This chapter surveys various approaches to the analysis of singular thought, including those of Russell and Frege, evaluating them by reference to their capacity to solve what has been called the puzzle about experience. According to this puzzle, we need an account of thought according to which we can explain how a particular perceptual experience is about the very particular object we perceive as opposed to a qualitatively identical object that merely could have been in its place. That is, we need an account of how thoughts are about their objects. This chapter advances a view of singular thought that solves the puzzle of experience and according to which the objects of thought must be determined relationally, derived ultimately from a percept of the object, but allowing for the retention of singular thought by memory and communication chains.
On Singularity
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: September 2010

This chapter offers an account of both the inner syntactic form of our thoughts about objects and the way in which those thoughts manage to make semantic content with and reference to outer objects. The central aim is to argue that without an account of the inner form of singular thoughts we will be at a loss to understand how singular thought manages to achieve semantic contact with objects. Questions about the “inner” form of thought about objects have occupied center stage in philosophers as diverse as Kant, Frege, Quine, and Brandom. But such questions have largely fallen off the radar screen in much contemporary theorizing about singular thought. This chapter sets out to refocus our energies and to show that by doing so, we can gain a new understanding of cognizing subjects manage to make semantic contact with a world of objects that are largely independent of thought.
We are Acquainted with Ordinary Things
Authors: Dickie Imogen
Published: September 2010

To be ‘acquainted’ with a thing is to be in a position to think about it in virtue of a perceptual link, and without the use of any conceptual or descriptive way of identifying it. There are old arguments for the claim that we cannot be acquainted with ordinary material things. This chapter uses recent empirical results about perception to show how these arguments can be overturned. The chapter has three parts. The first summarizes the relevant results, the second uses these results to construct an account of acquaintance with ordinary things, and the third turns this account against objections to such proposals from claims about the possibility of perception‐based error.
Domination and Justice
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: September 2010

This chapter outlines and defends a conception of social justice as minimizing domination. Justice as minimizing domination is favorably contrasted with utilitarian and Rawlsian liberal‐contractualist theories. Justice obligations to future generations are also considered.
Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors
Authors: Lubell Noam
Published: September 2010

This book analyses the primary relevant rules of international law applicable to extraterritorial use of force by states against non-state actors. Force in this context takes many forms, ranging from targeted killings and abductions of individuals to large-scale military operations amounting to armed conflict. Actions of this type have occurred in what has become known as the ‘war on terror’, but are not limited to this context, and the analysis in this book covers a more definable scope: unilateral, extraterritorial, forcible measures against non-state actors. Three frameworks of international law are examined. These are the framework of international law regulating the resort to force in the territory of other states, the law of armed conflict, and international human rights law. The book examines the applicability of these frameworks to extraterritorial forcible measures against non-state actors, and analyses the difficulties and challenges presented by application of the rules to these measures. The issues covered include, among others: the possibility of self-defence against non-state actors, including anticipatory self-defence, the lawfulness of measures that do not conform to the parameters of self-defence, the classification of extraterritorial force against non-state actors as armed conflict, the ‘war on terror’ as an armed conflict, the laws of armed conflict regulating force against groups and individuals, the extraterritorial applicability of international human rights law, and the regulation of forcible measures under human rights law.
The Parameters of Self-Defence
Authors: Lubell Noam
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines the conditions and rules attached to the exercise of self-defence, with particular reference to circumstances involving non-state actors. The requirement of necessity is shown to have added importance in measures against non-state actors. Also examined are the question of a threshold for an attack to be considered an armed attack triggering self-defence, and the concept of accumulation of attacks. The possibility of pre-emptive or anticipatory self-defence against non-state actors is analysed, as is the proportionality of self-defence.