bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Gelatinase B (MMP-9) in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Adair John C. , Charlie Julius , Dencoff John E. , Kaye Jeffrey A. , Quinn Joseph F. , Camicioli Richard M. , Stetler-Stevenson William G. , Rosenberg Gary A.
Published: April 2004

Background and Purpose—

Vascular causes of dementia are increasing in importance because of the aging of the population. Biological markers to distinguish patients with vascular dementia (VaD) from Alzheimer disease (AD) would be very useful. Because cerebrovascular disease increases expression of brain matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors to metalloproteinases (TIMPs), we hypothesized that MMPs would be elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with VaD, but not in patients with AD.

Methods—

Fifteen patients with VaD were identified, including dementia caused by multiple infarcts and progressive dementia caused by disease of the small cerebral blood vessels. Patients were followed-up for 4 to 10 years to confirm the diagnosis. Thirty patients with AD were also studied. Patients had CSF collected at their initial evaluation. Gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) were quantified by gelatin-substrate zymography, and TIMPs were measured by reverse zymography. Control CSF was obtained from neurologically normal subjects.

Results—

MMP-9 levels were significantly elevated in the CSF of VaD patients compared either to those with AD (
P
<0.0001) or to controls. MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were similar in patient groups and controls.

Conclusions—

Patients with multiinfarct and small vessel VaD have elevated levels of MMP-9 in the CSF compared with AD and controls. Although CSF MMP-9 increases in other neurological conditions and is not specific for VaD, it could provide an additional biological marker for the separation of patients with VaD and AD.
Magnitude of Response With Myeloma Frontline Therapy Does Not Predict Outcome: Importance of Time to Progression in Southwest Oncology Group Chemotherapy Trials
Authors: Durie Brian G.M. , Jacobson Joth , Barlogie Bart , Crowley John
Published: April 2004

Purpose

Four Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) standard-dose chemotherapy protocols for multiple myeloma (MM) initiated between 1982 and 1992 were evaluated. The purpose was to clarify the predictive value of specific levels of myeloma-associated monoclonal protein reduction and time to first progression using mature data sets.

Patients and Methods

Study data on 1,555 eligible previously untreated patients with MM enrolled onto SWOG phase III trials 8229, 8624, 9028, and 9210 were used in these analyses. Six-month and 12-month landmark analyses were performed to evaluate the outcome for patients in each response category.

Results

The overall and event-free survivals for the four protocols combined were 33 months and 18 months, respectively. Using 6- and 12-month landmarks, the median survivals of 30 to 35 months were not different for responders (≥ 50% and ≥ 75% regression) versus nonresponders in patients without disease progression before the landmarks. Conversely, at the 6- and 12-month landmarks, the median survivals for patients who had experienced disease progression were 13 and 15 months, respectively, versus a 34-month median for patients who did not experience progression. Using the Cox survival model, with response and progression considered as time-dependent covariates, survival duration was influenced more by the occurrence of progression than by the occurrence of response.

Conclusion

The magnitude of response, as a single variable, does not predict survival duration. Patients with response and stable disease have equivalent outcome. Only patients with progressive disease have a poorer outcome. The best indicator of survival is time to first progression.
Are Chemotherapy Response Rates Related to Treatment-Induced Survival Prolongations in Patients With Advanced Cancer?
Authors: Shanafelt Tait D. , Loprinzi Charles , Marks Randolph , Novotny Paul , Sloan Jeff
Published: April 2004

Purpose

Patients with incurable cancer are faced with difficult decisions regarding whether to take chemotherapy in an attempt to preserve the quality and/or prolong the quantity of their lives. The average prolongation in survival with chemotherapy compared with best supportive care has not been well described.

Methods

We performed a literature search using PUBMED combined with expert inquiry to identify trials comparing cytotoxic chemotherapy with best supportive care. Twenty-five randomized, controlled clinical trials comparing cytotoxic chemotherapy with best supportive care were identified. Sixteen trials (64%) were in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Data were extracted and analyzed.

Results

Sufficient data for statistical modeling were available for NSCLC trials. The mean sample size of the NSCLC trials was 175 patients. Response rates in the treatment arms for NSCLC ranged from 7% to 42%. A relationship between response rate and survival was observed for NSCLC. The estimated relationship for NSCLC suggested that each 3.3% increase in response rate correlated, on average, with a 1-week increase in median survival, and each 2% increase in response rate correlated, on average, with a 1% increase in 1-year survival. The mean increase in 1-year survival for trials of agents with at least a 20% response rate in NSCLC was 16%. Formulas are provided to help estimate how a given response rate may effect median and 1-year survival relative to best supportive care alone for NSCLC.

Conclusion

We found a relationship between response rate and both median and 1-year survival in NSCLC. This information may help oncologists estimate how an NSCLC chemotherapy regimen with a given response rate can, on average, impact survival relative to supportive care alone.
A RELATION, OH BLISS! UNTO OTHERS
Authors: MATTHEWS C.
Published: April 2004

Studying Arthur Hugh Clough's 1848 poem The Bothie of Toper-Na-Fuosich and its approach to metrical and sexual forms, in this essay I examine the ways in which heterosexuality operates as an experiment in form intimately connected with the poem's experiment in English hexameter. Both Clough's hero, Philip Hewson, and his meter strike poses of passion and disruption, but both ultimately seek out and create architectural forms that "order" and orchestrate their "liberties." In the Þrst section I present a reading of The Bothie's heterosexual and political narrative, describing the trajectory of the poem's hero through an interconnected series of lovers and philosophical arguments. In the second section I address the synergy between the poem's sexual and metrical allegories, drawing connections between the poem's methods of thematizing both metrical turbulence and heterosexual passion. Finally, I explore how The Bothie brings these two allegories together, demonstrating that Clough's meter enacts an "ordered liberty" and a structure of "relation unto others" that is integral to the poem's ultimate image of passionate but socially responsible union: the new bridge dreamed of by Philip's Þnal lover.
Health Care Professional Staffing, Hospital Characteristics, and Hospital Mortality Rates
Authors: Bond C. A. , Raehl Cynthia L. , Pitterle Michael E. , Franke Todd
Published: April 2004

To evaluate associations among hospital characteristics, staffing levels of health care professionals, and mortality rates in 3763 United States hospitals, a data base was constructed from the American Hospital Association's Abridged Guide to the Health Care Field and hospital Medicare mortality rates from the Health Care Financing Administration. A multivariate regression analysis controlling for severity of illness was employed to determine the associations. Hospital characteristics associated with lower mortality were occupancy rate and private nonprofit and private for‐profit ownership. Mortality rates decreased as staffing level per occupied bed increased for medical residents, registered nurses, registered pharmacists, medical technologists, and total hospital personnel. Mortality rates increased as staffing level per occupied bed increased for hospital administrators and licensed practical‐vocational nurses. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that pharmacists were associated with lower mortality rates.
Effect of Helium‐Oxygen on Delivery of Albuterol in a Pediatric, Volume‐Cycled, Ventilated Lung Model
Authors: Habib David M. , Garner Sandra S. , Brandeburg Scott
Published: April 2004

Pulmonary delivery of inhaled bronchodilators in mechanically ventilated patients is inefficient whether administered by metered‐dose inhaler (MDI) or small‐volume nebulizer. One of the factors that causes inefficient aerosol delivery is turbulent gas. Heliox (He:O2) is a blend of helium and oxygen that is less dense than air, making turbulent flow less likely. We assessed the effect of 70% He:O2 on albuterol delivery in a mechanically ventilated pediatric lung model. Albuterol was administered by MDI with spacer, collected on a filter proximal to a test lung, and measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Mean amount and percentage albuterol delivered were significantly (p<0.05) greater for 70% He:O2 (395 ± 29 μg, 20 ± 3.2%) than for 70% nitrogen:30% oxygen (241 ± 29 μg, 12 ± 1.7%). Thus 70% He:O2 can increase the amount of albuterol delivered at the end of the endotracheal tube, suggesting a potential role for it in the care of critically ill ventilated patients.
Effects of Gender and Race on Albuterol Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Mohamed Mohamad H. N. , Lima John J. , Eberle Louis V. , Self Timothy H. , Johnson Julie A.
Published: April 2004

We evaluated the effects of race and gender on albuterol pharmacokinetics in 30 patients with moderate asthma (15 blacks, 15 whites, 16 men, 14 women). Subjects received a single dose of albuterol 8 mg oral solution and had blood samples collected at various times for 12 hours after the dose. Albuterol plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection, and pharmacokinetics were determined by compartmental analysis. The apparent volume of distribution of albuterol was significantly higher in men than in women (631 ± 171 and 510 ± 109 L, respectively, p<0.05). Consequently, the maximum concentration was lower in men than women (10.3 ± 2.1 and 12.0 ± 1.9 ng/ml, respectively, p<0.05). Elimination rates were 0.136 ± 0.008 and 0.160 ± 0.012 hour−1, respectively (p<0.10). When corrected for ideal body weight, apparent volume of distribution was not different by gender. No differences between blacks and whites other than lag time were noted in albuterol kinetics. The greater apparent volume of distribution in men is likely explained by differences in ideal body weight or lean body mass.
Research Experiences and Research‐Related Coursework in the Education of Doctors of Pharmacy
Authors: Murphy John E. , Peralta Louis S. , Kirking Duane M.
Published: April 2004

A study assessed coursework and experiential activities of students to determine the role of research in Doctor of Pharmacy education. Questionnaires were sent to all 78 (at that time) colleges and schools of pharmacy in the United States. Responses were received from 60 (76.9%), of which 57 were used, representing 139 Pharm.D. program types (entry‐level, post‐B.S., track‐in, nontraditional). Most programs required coursework in research methodology, statistics, and drug information and literature evaluation, with research methodology required least. Although 41.0% of programs provided students the opportunity to conduct research as an elective, only 12.9% required an extensive project with data collection, analysis, and write‐up. Another 6.5% required a project proposal only. Most colleges of pharmacy now offer the Pharm.D. degree, and the role of the pharmacist has also changed. Pharmacists must be able to disseminate evidence‐based knowledge about drug products and drug therapy and use scientific knowledge and scholarly principles to solve problems.
Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Syndrome Occurring as Sepsis with Multiorgan Dysfunction
Authors: Marik Paul
Published: April 2004

Phenytoin is a highly effective and widely prescribed anticonvulsant agent. However, it is associated with both dose‐related side effects and hypersensitivity reactions. Life‐threatening anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome in one patient was characterized by a skin eruption and multisystem organ dysfunction.
Persistence with Estrogen Therapy in a Postmenopausal Medicaid Population
Authors: Kotzan Jeffrey A. , Martin Bradley C. , Wade William E.
Published: April 2004

We evaluated rates of persistence with estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal Georgia Medicaid recipients adjusted for age and race. Data files for 1992–1994 were examined to estimate 3‐year conditional survival probabilities using the Kaplan‐Meier model, and 3800 subjects were identified. Over 54% of women remained compliant over 29 months, and 17% continued therapy for the entire 35 months of observation. Kaplan‐Meier predictors indicated that white women have a 70% chance of being compliant for 3 years, whereas black women have a 60% chance. Monthly discontinuation rates ranged from 1–1.5% after the second month of therapy. Younger, white women were the most likely to maintain and comply with therapy.
Preparation and
D
iels‐
A
lder reaction of a 2‐Amido Substituted Furan: tert‐Butyl 3a‐Methyl‐5‐Oxo‐2,3,3a,4,5,6‐Hexahydroindole‐1‐Carboxylate
Authors: Padwa Albert , Brodney Michael A. , Lynch Stephen M.
Published: April 2004

tert‐Butyl 3a‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2,3,3a,4,5,6‐hexahydroindole‐1‐carboxylate

R 2‐Furoylchloride

I Furan‐2‐ylcarbamic acid tert‐butyl ester

tert‐Butyl N‐(3‐methyl‐3‐butenyl)‐N‐(2furyl)carbamate

P tert‐Butyl 3a‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2,3,3a,4,5,6‐hexahydroindole‐1‐carboxylate
1,2‐Metallate Rearrangement: (Z)‐4‐(2‐Propenyl)‐3‐Octen‐1‐ol
Authors: Jarowicki Krzysztof , Kocienski Philip J. , Qun Liu
Published: April 2004

(Z)‐4‐(2‐Propenyl)‐3‐octen‐1‐01

R 2,3‐Dihydro‐o‐furyllithium

Lithium dibutylcuprate

P (Z)‐4‐(2‐Propenyl)‐3‐octen‐1‐01
Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Lyle J. Paul , Granger Douglas A. , Sanders Robert E.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Metallurgy of Aluminum Alloys2.1.Composition2.2.Solidification and Cast Structure2.2.1.Grain Size and Dendrite Arm Spacing2.2.2.Segregation2.2.3.Porosity2.2.4.Nonmetallic Inclusions2.3.Thermal and Mechanical Processes2.3.1.Preheating2.3.2.Non‐Heat‐Treatable Alloy Processes2.3.3.Heat‐Treatable Alloy Processes3.Production Methods for Aluminum Alloys3.1.Melting and Metal Treatment3.1.1.Impurities in the Molten Metal3.1.2.Alloying3.1.3.Recycling and Skim Treatment3.1.4.Molten Metal Treatment3.2.Casting Processes for Ingot3.3.Shaped Casting3.3.1.Die Casting3.3.2.Permanent Mold Casting3.3.3.Sand Casting3.4.Mill Products3.4.1.Plate, Sheet, and Foil3.4.2.Extrusions3.4.3.Forgings3.4.4.Other Mill Products3.5.Powder and Paste4.Commercial Alloys, Products, and Uses4.1.Aluminum Association Designations for Alloys and Tempers4.2.Alloys for Castings4.3.Alloys for Wrought Products4.4.Comparison of Designation Systems4.5.Alloys for Powder Metallurgy Products5.Manufacture of Articles from Aluminum Products5.1.Shaping5.2.Joining5.2.1.Mechanical Joining5.2.2.Metallurgical Joining5.2.3.Adhesive Bonding5.3.Cleaning and Finishing5.3.1.Mechanical Cleaning and Finishing5.3.2.Chemical Cleaning and Finishing5.3.3.Chemical Etching5.3.4.Chemical and Electrolytic Brightening5.3.5.Chemical Conversion Coating5.3.6.Anodizing5.3.7.Metal Coatings5.3.8.Paints and Organic Films5.3.9.Porcelain Enamels6.Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum6.1.Pitting Corrosion6.2.Electrode Potentials6.3.Crevice Corrosion6.4.Intergranular Corrosion and Stress‐Corrosion Cracking6.5.Exfoliation Corrosion6.6.Ratings for Resistance to Corrosion6.7.Corrosion Prevention7.Major Markets
Aminophenols
Authors: Mitchell Stephen C. , Waring Rosemary H.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Aminophenols1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production1.3.1.Reduction1.3.2.Substitution1.3.3.Purification1.4.Storage and Handling1.5.Analysis1.6.Environmental Aspects1.7.Uses1.8.Toxicology2.Aminophenol Derivatives2.1.Derivatives of 2‐Aminophenol2.2.Derivatives of 3‐Aminophenol2.3.Derivatives of 4‐Aminophenol
Lead Compounds
Authors: Carr Dodd S.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Lead Salts and Oxides2.1.Lead Acetates2.2.Lead Carbonates2.3.Lead Halides2.4.Lead Oxides2.5.Lead Silicates2.6.Lead Sulfates2.7.Other Lead Salts3.Organolead Compounds4.Occupational Health
Leuco Esters of Vat Dyes
Authors: Pink Toby
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Manufacturing Methods Using Sulfur Trioxide‐Amine Addition Compounds

2.1.

The Durand & Huguenin Process for Indigoid Dyes

2.2.

The Scottish Dyes Process for Anthraquinone Dyes

2.3.

The IG Farben (Hoechst) Process for Indanthrone Dyes

2.4.

Miscellaneous Processes

3.

The ICI Process Using Chlorosulfonate as Esterifying Agent

4.

Properties

5.

Uses

6.

Economic Aspects
Methane
Authors: Nyns Edmond‐Jacques
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties of Biogas3.Biological Methanogenesis4.Technological Biomethanation5.Feedstocks for Biomethanation6.Process and Environmental Parameters for Stable, Efficient Biomethanation7.Environmental Impact of Biomethanation8.Storage, Pretreatment, Upgrading and Uses of Biogas9.Analysis10.Biogas in Developing Countries11.Economic Aspects
Mica
Authors: Benbow Richard J. , De Jong Bernard H. W. S. , Adams Jane W.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Structure and Properties3.Occurrence4.Processing4.1.Sheet Mica4.2.Ground Mica5.Uses5.1.Sheet Mica5.2.Ground Mica6.Toxicology and Occupational Health7.Economic Aspects8.Fluorinated Micas
Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Booth Gerald
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Naphthalenesulfonic Acids2.1.Production and Properties2.2.Monosulfonic Acids2.3.Disulfonic Acids2.4.Tri‐ and Tetrasulfonic Acids2.5.Alkylnaphthalenesulfonic Acids3.Naphthols3.1.1‐Naphthol3.2.2‐Naphthol3.3.Naphthalenediols3.4.Hydroxynaphthoic Acids4.Hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids4.1.Production and Properties4.2.1‐Hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids4.3.2‐Hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids4.4.1‐Hydroxynaphthalenedisulfonic Acids4.5.2‐Hydroxynaphthalenedisulfonic Acids4.6.Hydroxynaphthalenetrisulfonic Acids4.7.Dihydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids4.8.Dihydroxynaphthalenedisulfonic Acids5.Aminonaphthalenes5.1.Naphthylamines5.2.Naphthalenediamines6.Aminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids6.1.Production and Properties6.2.1‐Aminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids6.3.2‐Aminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids6.4.1‐Aminonaphthalenedisulfonic Acids6.5.2‐Aminonaphthalenedisulfonic Acids6.6.Aminonaphthalenetrisulfonic Acids6.7.Diaminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids6.8.Diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic Acids6.9.Toxicity7.Aminonaphthols8.Aminohydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids8.1.Production and Properties8.2.Aminohydroxynaphthalenemonosulfonic Acids8.3.Aminohydroxynaphthalenedisulfonic Acids
Perfumes
Authors: Sturm Wolfgang , Peters Klaus
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Raw Materials and Production

3.

Perfume Compositions

4.

Development of Extrait Perfumes

4.1.

Fragrance Concepts

4.2.

Fragrance Notes

5.

Perfumes for Cosmetics, Toiletries, and Household Products

6.

Economic Aspects
Phenothiazine and Derivatives
Authors: Taurand Gérard
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Uses and Biological Activity2.1.Therapeutic Uses2.2.Biological Activity2.3.Other Uses3.Syntheses and Reactions3.1.Ring Syntheses3.2.N‐Substituted Phenothiazines3.3.C‐Substituted Phenothiazines3.4.Analogues and Miscellaneous Compounds3.5.Other Chemical Properties of the Phenothiazine Nucleus4.Physical Properties5.Toxicology
Phosphorus Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Bettermann Gerhard , Krause Werner , Riess Gerhard , Hofmann Thomas
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Phosphorus ‐ Oxygen Compounds1.1.Phosphorus Pentoxide1.2.Other Phosphorus Oxides1.3.Phosphorus Acids and their Salts1.3.1.Phosphinic Acid1.3.2.Phosphonic Acid2.Phosphorus ‐ Halogen Compounds2.1.Phosphorus Tri‐ and Pentahalides2.1.1.Phosphorus Trichloride2.1.2.Phosphorus Pentachloride2.1.3.Phosphorus Tribromide2.1.4.Phosphorus Fluorides2.2.Phosphoryl and Thiophosphoryl Halides2.2.1.Phosphoryl Chloride2.2.2.Thiophosphoryl Chloride3.Phosphorus Sulfides4.Phosphides5.Phosphorus ‐ Hydrogen Compounds6.Phosphorus ‐ Nitrogen Compounds7.Toxicology
Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Pfisterer Fritz
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.The Need for Renewable Energies ‐ History of Photovoltaics3.Fundamentals3.1.Features of Photovoltaic Cells3.2.Principle of the Photovoltaic Effect and Characteristics of Photovoltaic Cells3.3.Energy Conversion and Energy Losses in Photovoltaic Cells3.4.Equivalent Circuit and Current ‐ Voltage Characteristic of Solar Cells3.5.Tandem Structures3.6.Types of Semiconductor Junctions4.Types of Photovoltaic Cells4.1.Single‐ and Multicrystalline Solar Cells4.2.Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells4.3.Crystalline Silicon Thin‐Film Solar Cells4.4.Summary of the Status of Silicon Solar Cells4.5.Compound Semiconductor Solar Cells4.6.Other Types of Photovoltaic Cells4.7.Photovoltaic Modules5.Uses5.1.Stand‐Alone Systems5.2.Grid‐Connected Power‐Generating Systems5.3.Consumer Products6.Economic Aspects and Market7.Future of Photovoltaic Cells8.Acknowledgement
Plasma Reactions
Authors: Brachhold Harald , Müller Richard , Pross Günter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.What Are Plasmas?1.2.Thermal and Nonthermal Plasmas1.3.Applications of Plasmas2.Generation of Thermal Plasmas2.1.Arc Plasma Generators2.2.RF Plasma Generators3.Plasma Reactors4.Industrial Uses of Thermal Plasmas4.1.Production of Acetylene from Hydrocarbons4.2.Production of Reduction Gases4.3.Production and Processing of Powders4.4.Diamond and Diamond‐like Coatings4.5.Pollution Control5.Diagnostic Methods
Polyesters
Authors: Köpnick Horst , Schmidt Manfred , Brügging Wilhelm , Rüter Jörn , Kaminsky Walter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Polyesters as Intermediates for Polyurethanes2.1.Raw Materials2.2.Production2.2.1.General Information2.2.2.Industrial Production2.3.Quality Specifications and Testing2.4.Properties2.5.Storage and Transportation2.6.Uses and Economic Aspects3.Thermoplastic Polyesters3.1.Raw Materials3.2.Production3.2.1.General Principles3.2.2.Production of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) from Dimethyl Terephthalate3.2.3.Production of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) from Terephthalic Acid3.2.4.Production of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)3.2.5.Production of Other Partially Aromatic Polyesters3.2.6.Production of Fully Aromatic, Liquid Crystalline Polyesters3.3.Analysis3.4.Co‐Components and Additives3.5.Properties3.6.Uses3.7.Toxicology3.8.Economic Aspects3.9.Recycling
Polyimides
Authors: Wright Walter W. , Hallden‐Abberton Michael
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production2.1.Condensation Polyimides2.2.Thermoplastic Polyimides2.3.Addition Polyimides2.3.1.Norbornene End Groups2.3.2.Maleimide End Groups2.3.3.Acetylenic End Groups2.3.4.Allylnadic End Groups2.3.5.Benzocyclobutene End Groups3.Processing4.Properties and Uses5.Polymethacrylimides
Oil and Gas
Authors: Weggen Klaus , Pusch Günter , Rischmüller Heinrich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Origin, Deposition Mechanisms, Exploration, and Occurrence of Crude Oil and Natural Gas1.1.Crude Oil1.1.1.Formation1.1.2.Formation of Deposits1.1.2.1.Migration1.1.2.2.Reservoir Rocks1.1.2.3.Trap Structures1.1.3.Oil Exploration1.1.3.1.Geological Investigations1.1.3.2.Geophysical Investigations1.1.3.2.1.Potential Methods1.1.3.2.2.Seismic Methods1.1.3.3.Geochemical Investigations and Determination of Coalification on Cutting Samples1.1.4.Occurrences, Production, and Reserves1.1.4.1.Production and Reserves1.1.4.2.Regional Distribution of the Reserves1.1.4.2.1.Middle East ‐ Arabian (Persian) Gulf1.1.4.2.2.Europe1.1.4.2.3.Commenwealth of Independent States1.1.4.2.4.Africa1.1.4.2.5.North America1.1.4.2.6.Latin America1.1.4.2.7.Far East1.2.Natural Gas1.2.1.Origin and Deposit Formation1.2.2.Natural Gas Occurrences and Their Reserves1.2.3.Regional Distribution of the Reserves1.2.3.1.Commonwealth of Independent States1.2.3.2.Middle East1.2.3.3.North America1.2.3.4.Africa1.2.3.5.Western Europe2.Reservoir Engineering2.1.Characterization of Oil and Gas Reservoirs2.1.1.Reservoir Rock2.1.1.1.Porosity2.1.1.2.Pore Configuration Models2.1.1.3.Compressibility of the Pore Space2.1.2.Physical Properties of the Pore Saturating Fluids2.1.2.1.Density2.1.2.2.Compressibility2.1.2.3.Viscosity2.1.3.Reserves2.2.Flow Processes in Porous Media2.2.1.Single‐Phase Flow2.2.1.1.Steady‐State Flow ‐ Darcy's Equation2.2.1.2.Transient Single‐Phase Flow2.2.2.Multiphase Flow2.2.2.1.Capillary Pressure and Saturation2.2.2.2.Relative Permeabilities2.2.3.Drive Mechanisms and Recovery Efficiency2.2.3.1.Microscopic Recovery Factor2.2.3.2.Areal Recovery Factor2.2.3.3.Vertical Recovery Factor or Flood Invasion Efficiency2.3.Modeling of Reservoir and Production Performance2.3.1.Material Balances Method2.3.2.Tarner Prediction Method2.3.3.Reservoir Simulation2.3.3.1.Model for Steady‐State Flow2.3.3.2.Model for Unsteady‐State Flow2.3.4.Statistical Prediction Methods (Decline Curve Methods)3.Deep Drilling and Production Engineering3.1.Deep Drilling Engineering3.1.1.Introduction3.1.2.History3.1.3.Rotary Drilling3.1.4.New Developments in Deep Drilling Engineering3.2.Investigation of the Reservoir Rocks3.3.Casing and Cementation3.4.Production Engineering3.4.1.Objectives3.4.2.General Production Engineering3.4.2.1.Completion3.4.2.2.Perforation3.4.2.3.Well and Reservoir Treatments3.4.2.4.Workover3.4.2.5.Horizontal Wells3.4.3.Oil Production Engineering3.4.3.1.Collection and Treatment of Crude Oil3.4.3.2.Special Problems in Crude Oil Production3.4.4.Natural Gas Production Engineering3.4.5.Offshore Recovery4.Acknowledgement
Silicones
Authors: Moretto Hans‐Heinrich , Schulze Manfred , Wagner Gebhard
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Linear and Cyclic Polyorganosiloxanes2.1.Production2.1.1.Hydrolysis2.1.2.Methanolysis2.1.3.Cyclization2.1.4.Polymerization2.1.5.Polycondensation2.1.6.Industrial Production of Linear Polysiloxanes2.2.Polydimethylsiloxanes2.3.Siloxane‐Based Copolymers3.Silicone Fluids3.1.Methylsilicone Fluids3.2.Methylphenylsilicone Fluids3.3.Other Types of Silicone Fluids3.4.Properties3.5.Formulation3.6.Applications4.Silicone Rubbers and Elastomers4.1.General Properties4.2.Rubber Compounds4.3.Rheology4.4.Curing Systems4.4.1.Radical Curing with Peroxides4.4.2.Hydrosilylation Curing4.4.3.Condensation Curing4.4.4.Radiation Curing4.4.5.Oxidative Coupling4.5.Peroxide‐Cured High‐Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Rubbers4.6.Liquid Silicone Rubbers4.7.Room Temperature Curing Silicone Rubbers4.7.1.Two‐Component RTV Systems4.7.2.One‐Component RTV Systems4.8.Paper and Textile Coatings4.8.1.Paper Coating4.8.2.Textile Coating4.9.Properties of Silicone Elastomers4.10.Applications5.Silicone Resins5.1.Structure and General Properties5.2.Production5.3.Curing5.4.Properties5.5.Applications6.Block and Graft Copolymers6.1.Polysiloxane ‐ Polyether Copolymers6.2.Other Block Copolymers6.3.Graft Copolymers6.4.Applications of Block and Graft Copolymers7.Analysis8.Toxicology9.Environmental Aspects10.Economic Aspects
Spirits
Authors: Watson Dennis C.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Typesof Spirit Drinks3.Typical Production Processes3.1.Cereal‐Based Processes3.1.1.Malt Whisky Production3.1.2.Grain Whisky Production3.2.Pot‐Distilled Rum3.3.Cognac4.World Production Figures5.Taxation6.Legislation7.Analysis
Stains, Microscopic
Authors: Schmidt Ute , Schulte Erik K. W.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Historical Survey

3.

Characteristics of Microscopic Stains

4.

Nomenclature, Sources of Supply

5.

Classification of Biological Stains for Microscopy

5.1.

Basic or Cationic Stains

5.2.

Acid or Anionic Stains

5.3.

Mordant Stains

5.4.

Oil‐Soluble Stains

5.5.

Chromogenic Reactions

6.

Enzyme Histochemical Reactions

7.

Immunohistochemical Staining Methods
Textile Printing
Authors: Koch Robert , Nordmeyer Johann Heinrich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.History2.Introduction3.Textile Printing Technology3.1.Classification3.2.Preparation of a Master Pattern for the Printing Form3.3.Relief Printing3.4.Gravure Printing3.4.1.Roller Printing3.4.2.Screen Printing (Stencil Printing)3.4.3.Economic Developments in Gravure Printing3.5.Transfer Printing3.5.1.Wet‐Transfer Printing3.5.2.Heat‐Transfer Printing3.6.Special Printing Methods3.6.1.Carpet Printing3.6.2.Other Processes3.7.Two‐Phase Printing3.8.Drying3.9.Steaming and Other Fixation Processes3.10.Washing Operations4.Thickening Agents and Thickeners in Textile Printing4.1.Introduction4.1.1.Purpose and Effect of a Thickener4.1.2.Demands Imposed upon Thickening Agents and Thickeners4.2.Types of Thickening Agents4.2.1.Emulsions4.2.2.Nonionic Unmodified Polysaccharides4.2.3.Nonionic Modified Polysaccharides4.2.4.Anionic Polysaccharides4.2.5.Cationic Polysaccharides4.2.6.Synthetic Polymeric Thickening Agents5.Printing on Cellulose5.1.Pretreatment5.2.Printing Methods: Classification and Significance5.3.Substantive (Direct) and Acid Dyes5.4.Cationic and Mordant Dyes5.5.Vat Dyes5.5.1.All‐In (Sulfoxylate) Printing Processes5.5.2.Two‐Phase Printing Processes5.5.3.Discharge Printing Processes5.5.4.Resist Printing Processes5.6.Sulfur Dyes5.7.Leuco Esters of Vat Dyes5.8.Azoic Dyes Produced by Coupling5.9.Phthalocyanine Developing Dyes5.10.Reactive Dyes5.10.1.Introduction5.10.2.Reaction Mechanism5.10.3.Important Reactive Dyes5.10.4.Pretreatment of the Fabric5.10.5.Printing Pastes5.10.6.Fixation (One‐Phase Method)5.10.7.Two‐Phase Application5.10.8.Washing of the Prints5.10.9.Fastness5.10.10.Special Printing Processes6.Printing on Synthetic Fibers6.1.2,5‐Acetate6.2.Triacetate6.3.Polyamide6.3.1.Pretreatment6.3.2.Printing Processes6.3.3.Dyes and Printing Pastes6.3.4.Fixation6.3.5.Aftertreatment6.3.6.Discharges and Resists6.3.7.Reactive Dyes6.3.8.Polyamide Blends6.4.Polyacrylonitrile6.4.1.Pretreatment6.4.2.Printing Processes6.4.3.Dyes and Printing Pastes6.4.4.Fixation6.4.5.Aftertreatment6.4.6.Discharges and Resists6.4.7.Other Classes of Dyes6.4.8.Blends with Other Fibers6.5.Polyester6.5.1.Pretreatment6.5.2.Printing Processes6.5.3.Dyes and Printing Pastes6.5.4.Fixation6.5.5.Aftertreatment6.5.6.Discharges and Resists6.5.7.Direct Printing on Polyesters with an Affinity for Basic Dyes6.5.8.Blends of Polyester with Other Fibers6.6.Other Synthetics7.Printing on Protein Fibers7.1.Pretreatment7.2.Direct Printing7.2.1.Printing with Acid Dyes7.2.2.Printing with Metal‐Complex Dyes7.2.3.Printing with Reactive Dyes7.2.4.Printing with Chrome Dyes7.3.Discharge Printing7.4.Printing on Blends Containing Protein Fibers8.Pigment Printing9.Acknowledgement
Striatal monoamine terminals in Lewy body dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gilman Sid , Koeppe Robert A. , Little Roderick , An Hyonggin , Junck Larry , Giordani Bruno , Persad Carol , Heumann Mary , Wernette Kris
Published: April 2004

We used positron emission tomography (PET) with (+)‐[11C]dihydrotetrabenazine ([+]‐[11C]DTBZ) to examine striatal monoaminergic presynaptic terminal density in 20 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 25 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 19 normal elderly controls. Six DLB patients developed parkinsonism at least 1 year before dementia (DLB/PD) and 14 developed dementia before parkinsonism or at about the same time (DLB/AD). Striatal mean binding potential was decreased by 62 to 77% in the DLB/PD group and 45 to 67% in the DLB/AD compared to AD and control. Binding was lower in the DLB/PD group than the DLB/AD, but the differences reached only marginal significance in the caudate nucleus. No differences were found between AD and control groups though a few AD patients had binding values below the range of the controls. Subsequent neuropathological examination in one AD patient revealed both AD and DLB changes despite the absence of clinical parkinsonism. Both DLB groups had an anterior to posterior binding deficit gradient relative to controls, largest in posterior putamen, smaller in anterior putamen, smallest in caudate nucleus. The DLB/AD group showed significant binding asymmetry only in posterior putamen. We conclude that PET with (+)‐[11C]DTBZ differentiates DLB from AD, and decreased binding in AD may indicate subclinical DLB pathology in addition to AD pathology. Ann Neurol 2004
Synthesis and characterization of poly(dimer acid–brassylic acid) copolymer and poly(dimer acid–pentadecandioic acid) copolymer
Authors: Guo Wen‐xun , Huang Kai‐xun
Published: April 2004

Poly(dimer acid–brassylic acid) [P(DA–BA)] copolymers and poly(dimer acid–pentadecandioic acid) [P(DA–PA)] copolymers were prepared by melt polycondensation of the corresponding mixed anhydride prepolymers. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle x‐ray powder‐diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In vitro studies show that all the copolymers are degradable in phosphate buffer at 37°C, and leaving an oily dimer acid residue after hydrolysis for the copolymer with high content of dimer acid. The release profiles of hydrophilic model drug, ciprofloxcin hydrochloride, from the copolymers, follow first‐order release kinetics. All the preliminary results suggested that the copolymer might be potentially used as drug delivery devices. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
The interaction of haemoglobin, magnesium, organic phosphates and band 3 protein in nucleated and anucleated erythrocytes
Authors: De Luca G. , Gugliotta T. , Scuteri A. , Romano P. , Rinaldi C. , Sidoti A. , Amato A. , Romano L.
Published: April 2004

The anion influx was measured in order to study the interaction among organic phosphates, magnesium, haemoglobin and the N‐terminal of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 protein in human, chicken and trout erythrocytes. The rate constant for SO42− influx in human and trout erythrocytes increased significantly when it was measured with an increased concentration of intracellular Mg2+. The SO42− influx was also measured in human erythrocyte ghosts in the presence and absence of Mg2+. The smaller activation provoked by Mg2+ in ghosts could be caused by the presence of a small quantity of haemoglobin which remained inside. The SO42− uptake in chicken erythrocytes in the presence and in absence of Mg2+ was characterized by very similar rate constants. The results suggest that the small increase in intracellular Mg2+ in the erythrocytes involves an increase in the formation of Mg2+‐ATP and Mg2+‐2,3 BPG complexes reducing the affinity of the organic phosphates for Hb. This new situation may influence the functions of the anion transporter with consequent variations of SO42− influx throughout the erythrocyte membrane in human and in trout erythrocytes, whereas in chicken RBCs this function cannot occur and, in fact, no increase in sulphate influx was noticeable. The measurement of Hb/O2 affinity by the use of alternating fixed and variable concentrations of organic phosphates and Mg2+, confirms the interactions between these elements and their effect on the mechanism of the affinity. When we measured the sulphate influx in the presence of DIDS we found some differences in the three types of cells. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning and expression analysis of the mouse stroma marker Snep encoding a novel nidogen domain protein
Authors: Leimeister Cornelia , Schumacher Nina , Diez Holger , Gessler Manfred
Published: April 2004

The vertebrate kidney develops through a series of mesenchymal–epithelial interactions between the ureteric bud and the metanephrogenic mesenchyme to form nephrons and the collecting system, which are both embedded in the renal interstitium. The interstitial stromal cells are an essential prerequisite for regular kidney development, but their origin and function is poorly understood. They are found in the kidney periphery and the medulla and are likely derived from the kidney mesenchyme and/or from migrating neural crest cells. During late kidney development, stromal cells are lost through massive apoptosis. We have identified a novel marker of kidney stroma cells, Snep (stromal nidogen extracellular matrix protein), that is additionally expressed in mesenchymal cells of other embryonic tissues and within the nervous system. Of interest, Snep transcripts are also found at sites of embryonic apoptosis. Furthermore, comparative expression analysis of kidney stroma markers suggests that Snep is expressed in a specific subpopulation of stromal cells and may provide environmental cues to support regular development. Developmental Dynamics 230:371‐377, 2004 © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of N3S, N3O, N2S2, N2O2, N2SO and N2OS Porphyrins with One meso‐Unsubstituted Carbon
Authors: Punidha Sokkalingam , Agarwal Neeraj , Burai Ritwik , Ravikanth Mangalampalli
Published: April 2004

A simple straightforward synthesis of N3S, N2S2, N2O2, N2SO and N2OS porphyrins and an improved method for the synthesis of an N3O porphyrin with one meso‐unsubstituted carbon atom are reported from readily available precursors. The reactivity of the meso‐unsubstituted carbon atom was demonstrated by carrying out bromination followed by Heck coupling reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Chemical composition and variability of the essential oil of Inula graveolens from Corsica
Authors: Blanc Marie‐Cécile , Muselli Alain , Bradesi Pascale , Casanova Joseph
Published: April 2004

The essential oil of Inula graveolens was investigated by GC, GC–MS and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. First, a commercial sample was repeatedly chromatographed and analysis of the fractions led to the identiﬁcation of 89 components. The main constituents were bornyl acetate (56.8%), borneol (7.6%) and τ‐cadinol (7.8%). In the second part, six samples of I. graveolens essential oil, obtained at different stages of development of the plant, were investigated. Bornyl acetate and borneol were always the two major compounds. Then, in order to study the chemical variability, we analysed 22 samples obtained from several plants collected in a restricted area in different localities during the ﬂowering stage. Bornyl acetate (43.1–73.1%) and borneol (3.7–32.2%) were the main compounds for 20 samples. Sample 21 exhibited borneol (41.9%) and bornyl acetate (16.6%) as the major components, while the composition of sample 22 was atypical (borneol 41.9% and τ‐cadinol 23.8%). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two chemotypes within Lippia alba populations in Guatemala
Authors: Fischer Ursula , Lopez Rolando , Pöll Elfriede , Vetter Stefan , Novak Johannes , Franz Chlodwig M.
Published: April 2004

The essential oil composition of 16 populations of Lippia alba collected from all over Guatemala was screened. Fourteen populations belonged to the myrcenone chemotype, containing myrcenone and (Z)‐ocimenone as main compounds, while two populations were classiﬁed as belonging to the citral chemotype, containing 1,8‐cineol, neral and geranial. Additionally, the two morphotypes identiﬁed, correlated highly with the chemotypes. This correlation allows a presumption of the existence of two subspecies within Lippia alba in Guatemala. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative investigations of the essential oils of two scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) cultivars grown on Reunion Island
Authors: Gauvin Anne , Lecomte Hélène , Smadja Jacqueline
Published: April 2004

The essential oils of two scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) cultivars grown on Reunion Island were investigated by GC–MS. The speciﬁc odour attributes of each single constituent were correlated with the olfactory impression of the two essential oils. The scent of the essential oil extracted from the well‐known rose‐scented geranium cultivar, Pelargonium cv. Rosé, is based on the rosy, fruity, minty and faintly citrusy aromas of the main components, citronellol (21.9%), geraniol (18.3%), linalool (16.0%), citronellyl formate (11.6%) and isomenthone (7.6%), accompanied by minor compounds of olfactory signiﬁcance, including geranyl formate (4.0%), nerol (1.7%), geranyl tiglate (1.6%) and neryl propanoate (1.5%) in particular. The volatile constituents of the essential oil of a second geranium cultivar (Pelargonium sp.) are dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons, of which the most abundant is p‐cymene (35.8%). This oil possesses a very unusual, although very pleasant, ‘citrusy‐peppery‐spicy’ and herbaceous scent, somewhat pungent, which is rather reminiscent of thyme. Chemotaxonomic considerations about the genus Pelargonium are also discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skull base cerebrospinal fluid fistula: a novel detection method based on two‐dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Ricchetti Alma , Burkhard Pierre R. , Rodrigo Neftali , Gamulin Zdravko , Côte Mélanie , Reverdin Alain , Trussart Catherine , Landis Basile N. , Lacroix Jean‐Silvain
Published: April 2004

Due to a processing error, this manuscript was inadvertently published online in Head & Neck on January 16, 2004, without Table 1. The publisher has replaced the incorrect version of the published article with the correct version containing Table 1. For archival purposes, the earlier version is available by contacting the publisher at headandneck@wiley.com. This should be considered the definitive version of this article.

Background.

The detection of the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in nasal secretions contaminated with blood and mucus remains a challenging clinical problem.

Methods.

A prospective study was conducted from November 1998 to February 2002, including 42 patients. Samples (250 μL) of nasal secretions were analyzed by two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE). Plasma, mucus, and CSF were identified by specific proteins markers corresponding to characteristic trains of spots. Intrathecal injection of fluorescein followed by the detection of fluorescein on endoscopic examination of the nasal cavities was considered a positive reference for CSF rhinorrhea.

Results.

In all cases of positive fluorescein test, we unambiguously observed the presence of several specific CSF markers onto the 2‐DE gels. Conversely, all negative fluorescein tests were associated with the absence of CSF‐specific spots.

Conclusions.

Two‐DE analyses of biologic fluids of nasal origin should be considered as a reliable diagnostic tool in case of suspicion of CSF leak. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 464–469, 2003
Molecular dynamics implementation in MSINDO: Study of silicon clusters
Authors: Nair Nisanth N. , Bredow Thomas , Jug Karl
Published: April 2004

Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics is implemented in the semiempirical self‐consistent field molecular orbital method MSINDO. The method is employed for the investigation of the structure and dynamics of silicon clusters of various sizes. The reliability of the present parameterization for silicon compounds is demonstrated by a comparison of the results of simulated annealing and of density functional calculations of Sin clusters (n = 5–7). The melting behavior of the Si7 cluster is investigated and the MSINDO results are compared to previous high‐level calculations. The efficiency of the present approach for the treatment of large systems is demonstrated by an extensive simulated annealing study of the Si45 and Si60 clusters. New Si45 and Si60 structures are found and evaluated. The relative stability of various energy minimum structures is compared with density functional calculations and available literature data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1255–1263, 2004
BRD7, a novel bromodomain gene, inhibits G1–S progression by transcriptionally regulating some important molecules involved in ras/MEK/ERK and Rb/E2F pathways
Authors: Zhou Jie , Ma Jian , Zhang Bi‐Cheng , Li Xiao‐Ling , Shen Shou‐Rong , Zhu Shi‐Guo , Xiong Wei , Liu Hua‐Ying , Huang He , Zhou Ming , Li Gui‐Yuan
Published: April 2004

Bromodomain is a 110 amino acid domain. It is evolutionally conserved and is found in proteins strongly implicated in signal‐dependent transcriptional regulation. BRD7 is a novel bromodomain gene and it is downexpressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies and cell lines; its function is poorly understood. In the present study, tet‐on inducible expression system was used to investigate the role of BRD7 in cell growth and cell cycle progression. We found that ectopic expression of BRD7 in NPC cells inhibited cell growth and cell cycle progression from G1 to S. We further performed cell cycle cDNA array to screen potential transcriptional targets of BRD7 in cell cycle. Thirteen important signaling molecules, mainly implicated in ras/MEK/ERK and Rb/E2F pathways, were differentially expressed by induction of BRD7. Moreover, we observed that BRD7 could regulate the promoter activity of E2F3, one of its targets. Taken together, the present study indicated that BRD7 inhibited G1–S progression by transcriptionally regulating some important molecules involved in ras/MEK/ERK and Rb/E2F pathways and suggested that BRD7 may present a promising candidate of NPC™ associated tumor suppressor gene. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The design, synthesis and evaluation of affinity ligands for prion proteins
Authors: Renou Emma N. Soto , Gupta Geeta , Young Duncan S. , Dear Denise V. , Lowe Christopher R.
Published: April 2004

Bifunctional affinity ligands based on a triazine scaffold were rationally designed to target prion protein and shown to bind recombinant prion protein with high affinity and selectivity. The ligands were capable of discriminating between prion protein glycoforms and monomeric and dimeric forms of the prion protein. The ligands also discriminate between conformational differences in the prion protein, resulting from point mutations in the prion protein gene. These results suggest that derived compounds could be used selectively to detect the disease‐associated form of the prion protein, and as such, could provide diagnostic or therapeutic tools for prion diseases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.