bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution, zoogeography and biology of the Murchison River hardyhead (Craterocephalus cuneiceps Whitley, 1944), an atherinid endemic to the Indian Ocean (Pilbara) Drainage Division of Western Australia
Authors: Allen M. G. , Morgan D. L. , Gill H. S.
Published: August 2005

Abstract – The Murchison River hardyhead (Craterocephalus cuneiceps) is endemic to the extremely arid Indian Ocean (Pilbara) Drainage Division of Western Australia, where it is found in the Greenough, Hutt, Murchison, Wooramel, Gascoyne and DeGrey rivers, but is absent from numerous rivers within its range. The most likely explanation for the disjunct contemporary distribution is that C. cuneiceps has simply never inhabited the rivers from which it is conspicuously absent (e.g. Ashburton and Fortescue). Biogeographical, geological and palaeoclimatic evidence is presented to support this hypothesis. In the Murchison River, breeding was extremely protracted with recruitment occurring throughout the year. The largest female and male specimens captured were 96 mm total length (TL; 7.73 g) and 86 mm TL (5.57 g), respectively. Sex ratio was 1.09 females:1 male. Batch fecundity ranged from 46 to 454 (mean 167.5 ± 25.7 SE). Estimates for the length at which 50 and 95% of females first spawned were 36.4 and 44.3 mm TL, respectively. Craterocephalus cuneiceps is essentially a detritivore, but also feeds on aquatic invertebrates. Rainfall in the Murchison River catchment is unpredictable and pH, salinity and temperature are variable. A specialised diet, small size and young age at maturity and protracted spawning period, coupled with serial spawning and high fecundity, allows the numerical dominance of this species in competitive, harsh, arid and unpredictable desert environments.
Current Perspectives on the Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis of Female Sexual Dysfunction and Clinical Studies of Potential Therapies: A Statement of Concern
Authors: Althof Stanley E. , Dean John , Derogatis Leonard R. , Rosen Raymond C. , Sisson Melanie
Published: August 2005

Introduction

The assessment and diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) are in a state of transition because of evolving concepts of female sexuality and suggested changes to the FSD diagnostic framework.

Aim

To review the problems with current FSD diagnosis.

Methods

Multidisciplinary experts from five countries were assembled to convene a “Postmenopausal FSD Roundtable on specific topics related to FSD.”

Main Outcome Measure

Expert opinion was based on a review of evidence-based medical literature, presentation, and internal discussion.

Results

Current FSD diagnosis is challenging because of poorly defined distinctions between normal and abnormal, a limited ability to integrate subjective and objective findings and an inability to incorporate contextual factors that play a significant role in sexual behavior. The availability of self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) that assess various domains of female sexual function, as well as those developed specifically for postmenopausal women, suggests that a more structured approach to assessment and diagnosis may be possible. Several SAQs reflecting proposed changes to the FSD diagnostic framework by the American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD), including the Sexual Function Questionnaire (SFQ) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), have been introduced and recently incorporated into a Structured Diagnostic Method (SDM). Recent regulatory decisions and events affecting the development of FSD interventions have highlighted the lack of consensus with regard to clinically meaningful FSD outcomes, as well as shortcomings in a U.S. Food and Drug Administration draft document that provides the primary guidance for conducting FSD clinical studies in the United States.

Conclusions

Given the high cost and inherent risk of clinical studies, continued development efforts toward FSD therapies are unlikely to proceed in the absence of significant changes in regulatory guidance that reflect the current understanding of FSD and incorporate validated assessment tools.
Release kinetics, quantal parameters and their modulation during short‐term depression at a developing synapse in the rat CNS
Authors: Taschenberger Holger , Scheuss Volker , Neher Erwin
Published: August 2005

We have characterized developmental changes in the kinetics and quantal parameters of action potential (AP)‐evoked neurotransmitter release during maturation of the calyx of Held synapse. Quantal size (q) and peak amplitudes of evoked EPSCs increased moderately, whereas the fraction of vesicles released by single APs decreased. During synaptic depression induced in postnatal day (P) 5–7 synapses by 10–100 Hz stimulation, q declined rapidly to 40–12% of its initial value. The decrease in q was generally smaller in more mature synapses (P12–14), but quite severe for frequencies ≥ 300 Hz. The stronger decline of q in immature synapses resulted from a slower recovery from desensitization, presumably due to delayed glutamate clearance. Recovery from this desensitization followed an exponential time course with a time constant of ∼480 ms in P5–7 synapses, and sped up > 20‐fold during maturation. Deconvolution analysis of EPSCs revealed a significant acceleration of the release time course during development, which was accompanied by a 2‐fold increase of the peak release rate. During long 100 Hz trains, more mature synapses were able to sustain average rates of 8–10 quanta s−1 per active zone for phasic release. The rates of asynchronous vesicle release increased transiently > 35‐fold immediately after such stimuli and decayed rapidly with an exponential time constant of ∼50 ms to low resting levels of spontaneous release. However, even following extended periods of 100 Hz stimulation, the amount of asynchronous release was relatively minor with peak rates of less than 5% of the average rate of synchronous release measured at steady state during the tetani. Therefore, a multitude of mechanisms seems to converge on the generation of fast, temporally precise and reliable high‐frequency transmission at the mature calyx of Held synapse.
Contribution of N‐ and C‐terminal channel domains to Kv channel interacting proteins in a mammalian cell line
Authors: Callsen Britta , Isbrandt Dirk , Sauter Kathrin , Hartmann L. Sven , Pongs Olaf , Bähring Robert
Published: August 2005

Association of Shal gene‐related voltage‐gated potassium (Kv4) channels with cytoplasmic Kv channel interacting proteins (KChIPs) influences inactivation gating and surface expression. We investigated both functional and biochemical consequences of mutations in cytoplasmic N and C‐terminal Kv4.2 domains to characterize structural determinants for KChIP interaction. We performed a lysine‐scanning mutagenesis within the proximal 40 amino acid portion and a structure‐based mutagenesis in the tetramerization 1 (T1) domain of Kv4.2. In addition, the cytoplasmic Kv4.2 C‐terminus was truncated at various positions. Wild‐type and mutant Kv4.2 channels were coexpressed with KChIP2 isoforms in mammalian cell lines. The KChIP2‐induced modulation of Kv4.2 currents was studied with whole‐cell patch clamp and the binding of KChIP2 isoforms to Kv4.2 channels with coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Our results define one major interaction site for KChIPs, including amino acids in the proximal N‐terminus between residues 11 and 23, where binding and functional modulation are essentially equivalent. A further interaction site includes residues in the T1 domain. Notably, C‐terminal deletions also had marked effects on KChIP2‐dependent gating modulation and KChIP2 binding, revealing a previously unknown involvement of domains within the cytoplasmic Kv4.2 C‐terminus in KChIP interaction. Less coincidence of binding and functional modulation indicates a more loose ‘anchoring’ at T1‐ and C‐terminal interaction sites. Our results refine and extend previously proposed structural models for Kv4.2/KChIP complex formation.
Maturation of glycinergic inhibition in the gerbil medial superior olive after hearing onset
Authors: Magnusson Anna K. , Kapfer Christoph , Grothe Benedikt , Koch Ursula
Published: August 2005

The neurones of the medial superior olive (MSO) are the most temporally sensitive neurones in the brain. They respond to the arrival time difference of sound at the two ears with a microsecond resolution; these interaural time differences are used to localize low‐frequency sounds. In addition to the excitatory inputs from each ear, the MSO neurones also receive binaural glycinergic projections, which have a critical role in sound localization processing. Recently, it was shown that the glycinergic input to the MSO undergoes an experience‐dependent structural reorganization after hearing onset. To explore the maturation of inhibition during the development of sound localization on a cellular level, glycinergic currents and potentials were measured in gerbil MSO principal cells from postnatal (P) day P12–P25 by whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings. The synaptic glycinergic currents accelerated to rapid decay kinetics (∼2 ms) and rise times (∼0.4 ms) after hearing onset, reaching maturity around P17. Since the kinetics of miniature glycinergic currents did not change with age, it is likely that a higher degree of transmitter release synchrony is the underlying mechanism influencing the acceleration of the kinetics. During the same period, the synaptic glycinergic potentials accelerated four‐fold, largely as a result of a prominent decrease in input resistance. In accordance with a reorganization of the glycinergic inputs, the evoked peak conductances decreased more than two‐fold, together with a three‐fold reduction in the frequency of miniature events after hearing onset. These age‐dependent changes were absent in animals that had been reared in omni‐directional noise, indicating that an experience‐dependent pruning of synaptic inputs is important for the maturation of functional inhibition in the MSO. Taken together, these striking developmental adjustments of the glycinergic inhibition in the MSO most probably reflect an adaptation to improve the encoding of auditory cues with great temporal precision and fidelity during the maturation of sound localization behaviour.
Finite Duration Impacts With External Forces
Authors: Quinn D. Dane
Published: August 2005

This work considers the effect of external forces during finite duration collisions using an incremental model of impact. The deformation of the “rigid” body is modeled through an elastic element and the time interval over which contact occurs is of finite duration. Moreover, the work done by the external forces is nonzero during the collision. This model allows for an equivalent coefficient of restitution e to be identified. In the presence of a constant external force the coefficient of restitution depends not only on the system parameters, but the initial relative velocity at the point of impact. For external forces which tend to bring the colliding bodies together, the colliding bodies remain in contact for sufficiently small impact velocities (e=0) while for larger incoming speeds, the coefficient of restitution is positive. This state dependent restitution arises from the coupling of external forces to the collision model, and is not seen in more familiar models of impact. Finally, based on the results of the experimental system and the incremental model, the standard algebraic model of restitution is modified to include these finite duration effects.
Energy Release Rates for an Edge Delamination of a Laminated Beam Subjected to Thermal Gradient
Authors: Toya M. , Oda M. , Kado A. , Saitoh T.
Published: August 2005

Energy release rates for an edge delamination of a laminated beam subjected to through-thickness temperature gradient are analyzed on the basis of the classical beam theory. The decomposition of the energy release rate into mode I and mode II components is made by combining the analyses of the energy release rates by Toya (1992) and the two-dimensional elasticity solutions for a split-beam element by Suo and Hutchinson (1990). The energy release rate is a quadratic function of the temperatures of the top and bottom surfaces of the beam. The transition of the type of crack growth between pure mode II and mixed mode type occurs at the temperature difference corresponding to the minimum energy release rate. Numerical analyses based on finite-element method are also carried out, which show that the theory agrees well with numerical results when temperature jump across the delaminated surfaces is relatively small as compared with the temperature difference between the top and bottom surfaces of the layered beam.
An Optical Interferometric Band as an Indicator of Plastic Deformation Front
Authors: Yoshida Sanichiro , Ishii Hideyuki , Ichinose Kensuke , Gomi Kenji , Taniuchi Kiyoshi
Published: August 2005

The Lüders’ front and a previously discovered optical interferometric band structure were observed simultaneously in steel specimens under tensile loading. The observed Lüders’ front and optical band structure show the same propagation characteristics, confirming our previous interpretation that the optical band structure represents the plastic deformation front. Analysis shows that the stress at which the optical band structure begins to appear is approximately 10% lower than the corresponding Lüders’ front, indicating that the optical band structure reveals the plastic deformation front with higher sensitivity than the Lüders’ front.
Numerical Analysis of Nanotube Based NEMS Devices — Part II: Role of Finite Kinematics, Stretching and Charge Concentrations
Authors: Ke Changhong , Espinosa Horacio D. , Pugno Nicola
Published: August 2005

In this paper a nonlinear analysis of nanotube based nano-electromechanical systems is reported. Assuming continuum mechanics, the complete nonlinear equation of the elastic line of the nanotube is derived and then numerically solved. In particular, we study singly and doubly clamped nanotubes under electrostatic actuation. The analysis emphasizes the importance of nonlinear kinematics effects in the prediction of the pull-in voltage of the device, a key design parameter. Moreover, the nonlinear behavior associated with finite kinematics (i.e., large deformations), neglected in previous studies, as well as charge concentrations at the tip of singly clamped nanotubes, are investigated in detail. We show that nonlinear kinematics results in an important increase in the pull-in voltage of doubly clamped nanotube devices, but that it is negligible in the case of singly clamped devices. Likewise, we demonstrate that charge concentration at the tip of singly clamped devices results in a significant reduction in pull-in voltage. By comparing numerical results to analytical predictions, closed form formulas are verified. These formulas provide a guide on the effect of the various geometrical variables and insight into the design of novel devices.
Static Atomistic Simulations of Nanoindentation and Determination of Nanohardness
Authors: Jeng Yeau-Ren , Tan Chung-Ming
Published: August 2005

This paper develops a nonlinear finite element formulation to analyze nanoindentation using an atomistic approach, which is conducive to observing the deformation mechanisms associated with the nanoindentation cycle. The simulation results of the current modified finite element formulation indicate that the microscopic plastic deformations of the thin film are caused by instabilities of the crystalline structure, and that the commonly used procedure for estimating the contact area in nanoindentation testing is invalid when the indentation size falls in the nanometer regime.
An Acoustic Model for Wave Propagation in a Weak
Layer
Authors: El-Raheb Michael
Published: August 2005

An acoustic model is developed for transient wave propagation in a weak layer excited by prescribed pressure or prescribed acceleration at the boundary. The validity of the acoustic model is investigated for the two excitations. A comparison of transient response from the acoustic model and a 3D axisymmetric elastic model reveals that for prescribed acceleration the acoustic model fails to capture important features of the elastic model even as Poisson ratio ν approaches 1∕2. However for prescribed pressure, the two models agree since shear stress is reduced. For prescribed acceleration adopting the modal approach, the mixed boundary-value problem on the excited boundary is converted to a pure traction problem utilizing the influence method. To validate the elaborate modal approach a finite difference model is also developed.
A Four-Parameter Iwan Model for Lap-Type Joints
Authors: Segalman Daniel J.
Published: August 2005

The constitutive behavior of mechanical joints is largely responsible for the energy dissipation and vibration damping in built-up structures. For reasons arising from the dramatically different length scales associated with those dissipative mechanisms and the length scales characteristic of the overall structure, this physics cannot be captured through direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the contact mechanics within a structural dynamics analysis. The difficulties of DNS manifest themselves either in terms of Courant times that are orders of magnitude smaller than that necessary for structural dynamics analysis or as intractable conditioning problems. The only practical method for accommodating the nonlinear nature of joint mechanisms within structural dynamic analysis is through constitutive models employing degrees of freedom natural to the scale of structural dynamics. In this way, development of constitutive models for joint response is a prerequisite for a predictive structural dynamics capability. A four-parameter model, built on a framework developed by Iwan, is used to reproduce the qualitative and quantitative properties of lap-type joints. In the development presented here, the parameters are deduced by matching joint stiffness under low load, the force necessary to initiate macroslip, and experimental values of energy dissipation in harmonic loading. All the necessary experiments can be performed on real hardware or virtually via fine-resolution, nonlinear quasistatic finite elements. The resulting constitutive model can then be used to predict the force/displacement results from arbitrary load histories.
The Effect of Bends on the Propagation of Guided Waves in Pipes
Authors: Demma A. , Cawley P. , Lowe M. , Pavlakovic B.
Published: August 2005

The practical testing of pipes in a pipe network has shown that there are issues concerning the propagation of ultrasonic guided waves through bends. It is therefore desirable to improve the understanding of the reflection and transmission characteristics of the bend. First, the dispersion curves for toroidal structures have been calculated using a finite element method, as there is no available analytical solution. Then the factors affecting the transmission and reflection behavior have been identified by studying a straight-curved-straight structure both numerically and experimentally. The frequency dependent transmission behavior obtained is explained in terms of the modes propagating in the straight and curved sections of the pipe.
Henry Crew, Recipient of the 1941 Oersted Medal for Notable Contributions to the Teaching of Physics
Authors: Sutton Richard M. , Worthing A. G. , Crew Henry
Published: August 2005

The American Association of Physics Teachers has made the sixth of its annual awards for notable contributions to the teaching of physics to Professor Henry Crew, of Northwestern University. The addresses of recommendation and presentation were made by Professor Richard M. Sutton and Professor A. G. Worthing in a ceremony held in Palmer Laboratory, Princeton University, on December 30, 1941, during the eleventh annual meeting of the Association.
George Walter Stewart, Recipient of the 1942 Oersted Medal for Notable Contributions to the Teaching of Physics
Authors: Worthing A. G.
Published: August 2005

The American Association of Physics Teachers has made the seventh of its annual awards for notable contributions to the teaching of physics to Professor George Walter Stewart, of the State University of Iowa. The addresses of recommendation and presentation were made by Professor A. G. Worthing and Professor A. A. Knowlton, on January 22, 1943, during the twelfth annual meeting of the Association.
Toward Inherently Secure and Resilient Societies
Authors: Allenby Brad , Fink Jonathan
Published: August 2005

Recent years have seen a number of challenges to social stability and order, ranging from terrorist attacks and natural disasters to epidemics such as AIDS and SARS. Such challenges have generated specific policy responses, such as enhanced security at transportation hubs and planned deployment of a global tsunami detection network. However, the range of challenges and the practical impossibility of adequately addressing each in turn argue for adoption of a more comprehensive systems perspective. This should be based on the principle of enhancing social and economic resiliency as well as meeting security and emergency response needs and, to the extent possible, developing and implementing dual-use technologies that offer societal benefits even if anticipated disasters never occur.
A Constrained View of Evo-Devo's Roots
Authors: Laubichler Manfred
Published: August 2005

The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought
. Roots of Evo-Devo.
By Ron Amundson
. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005. 294 pp. $75, £45. ISBN 0-521-80699-2. Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Biology.

Covering two centuries of views on the relation between evolution and development, the author examines the modern synthesis that led to estrangement between the fields and the current contrasts between evo-devo and mainstream evolutionary biology.
In Situ Stable Isotope Probing of Methanogenic Archaea in the Rice Rhizosphere
Authors: Lu Yahai , Conrad Ralf
Published: August 2005

Microorganisms living in anoxic rice soils contribute 10 to 25% of global methane emissions. The most important carbon source for CH
4
production is plant-derived carbon that enters soil as root exudates and debris. Pulse labeling of rice plants with
13
CO
2
resulted in incorporation of
13
C into the ribosomal RNA of Rice Cluster I
Archaea
in the soil, indicating that this archaeal group plays a key role in CH
4
production from plant-derived carbon. This group of microorganisms has not yet been isolated but appears to be of global environmental importance.
Soil Invertebrates Disrupt Carbon Flow Through Fungal Networks
Authors: Johnson David , Krsek Martin , Wellington Elizabeth M. H. , Stott Andrew W. , Cole Lisa , Bardgett Richard D. , Read David J. , Leake Jonathan R.
Published: August 2005

Annual carbon flux through soil respiration is ten times greater than fossil fuel combustion, but its component parts are poorly understood because they are the product of complex multitrophic interactions between soil organisms. A major component of carbon flux from plants to soil occurs through networks of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Here, using
13
CO
2
pulse labeling, we show that natural densities of the numerically dominant fungal feeding invertebrate
Protaphorura armata
(order Collembola) reduces
13
C enrichment of mycorrhizosphere respiration by 32%. Our findings emphasize the importance of multitrophic interactions in regulating respiration of recent plant photosynthate from soil.
The mRNA of the
Arabidopsis
Gene
FT
Moves from Leaf to Shoot Apex and Induces Flowering
Authors: Huang Tao , Böhlenius Henrik , Eriksson Sven , Parcy François , Nilsson Ove
Published: August 2005

Day length controls flowering time in many plants. The day-length signal is perceived in the leaf, but how this signal is transduced to the shoot apex, where floral initiation occurs, is not known. In
Arabidopsis
, the day-length response depends on the induction of the
FLOWERING LOCUS T
(
FT
) gene. We show here that local induction of
FT
in a single
Arabidopsis
leaf is sufficient to trigger flowering. The
FT
messenger RNA is transported to the shoot apex, where downstream genes are activated. These data suggest that the
FT
mRNA is an important component of the elusive “florigen” signal that moves from leaf to shoot apex.
Use of tall fescue EST-SSR markers in phylogenetic analysis of cool-season forage grasses
Authors: Mian M A. Rouf , Saha Malay C , Hopkins Andrew A , Wang Zeng-Yu
Published: August 2005

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are highly useful molecular markers for plant improvement. Expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSR markers have a higher rate of transferability across species than genomic SSR markers and are thus well suited for application in cross-species phylogenetic studies. Our objectives were to examine the amplification of tall fescue EST-SSR markers in 12 grass species representing 8 genera of 4 tribes from 2 subfamilies of Poaceae and the applicability of these markers for phylogenetic analysis of grass species. About 43% of the 145 EST-SSR primer pairs produced PCR bands in all 12 grass species and had high levels of polymorphism in all forage grasses studied. Thus, these markers will be useful in a variety of forage grass species, including the ones tested in this study. SSR marker data were useful in grouping genotypes within each species. Lolium temulentum, a potential model species for cool-season forage grasses, showed a close relation with the major Festuca–Lolium species in the study. Tall wheatgrass was found to be closely related to hexaploid wheat, thereby confirming the known taxonomic relations between these species. While clustering of closely related species was found, the effectiveness of such data in evaluating distantly related species needs further investigations. The phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences of selected SSR bands were in agreement with the phylogenetic relations based on length polymorphism of SSRs markers. Tall fescue EST-SSR markers depicted phylogenetic relations among a wide range of cool-season forage grass species and thus are an important resource for researchers working with such grass species.Key words: phylogeny, EST-SSR, forage grasses, tall fescue.
Fractal dimensions of cohesive sediment during settling in steady state flow with different initial sediment concentrations
Authors: Stone M , Krishnappan B G
Published: August 2005

Morphology of particle populations of cohesive sediment were examined during settling experiments in an annular flume with different initial sediment concentrations (200 and 350 mg/L) at constant bed shear stress (0.121 N/m2) using fractal dimensions. The area, longest axis, and perimeter of suspended solids were measured with light microscopy and an image-analysis system to determine three fractal dimensions (D, D1, D2). The ratio between the initial and steady state (time T = 300 min) sediment concentration was 0.54 for both experimental runs and is a function of bed shear stress, not the initial sediment concentration. The fractal dimension D changed from 1.32 at the start of the experiment to 1.36 at steady state, which represents an increase in shape irregularity of larger particles over time compared with smaller particles. At steady state, D1 and D2 were 1.19 and 1.66, respectively. Small increases in D1 and D2 over time indicated a change in morphology towards longer and more elongated particles. The D2 measurements in the present study indicate that differential sedimentation is the predominant flocculation mechanism of cohesive sediments in the flume settling experiments. Fractal dimensions of suspended solids were not significantly different at steady state as a function of initial sediment concentration.Key words: particle morphology, fractal dimensions, cohesive sediment, flocculation, deposition, annular flume.
EXPERIMENTAL NEUTRINO PHYSICS
Authors: Zuber K.
Published: August 2005

The current experimental status of neutrino physics is reviewed. It contains the evidences for a non-vanishing neutrino rest mass from neutrino oscillation searches. In addition an outlook is given on determining the various mixing matrix elements and mass differences more precisely with new experiments. Of special interest is the value of the mixing angle θ13 determining the possibility of detecting leptonic CP violation in the future. The prospect for absolute mass measurements using beta and double beta decay as well as cosmological observations is presented.
OBSERVATIONAL COSMOLOGY 2004: WHAT THE DATA SAY ABOUT DARK ENERGY AND THE CONTENTS OF THE UNIVERSE
Authors: FOWLER JOSEPH
Published: August 2005

The latest cosmological data point to a model of the universe that is self-consistent but deeply weird. It seems that most matter in our universe is non-baryonic and hidden from direct view. Meanwhile, a repulsive "dark energy" causes the expansion of the universe to proceed at an accelerating rate. Sources of current data include studies of the distribution of matter in the universe, the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the Hubble expansion law as probed by distant supernovae. In the near future, we can hope that measurements like these will begin to illuminate the nature of dark energy, starting with the question of whether it behaves like a cosmological constant or shows a more complicated evolution.
VERY HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS
Authors: Westerhoff Stefan
Published: August 2005

This paper summarizes some recent experimental results in very high energy astrophysics, a very active research area with many exciting developments both in theory and observation.
CP violation, an experimental perspective
Authors: LONG OWEN
Published: August 2005

I present a review of current and near-future experimental investigations of CP violation. In this review, I cover limits on particle electric dipole moments (EDMs) and CP violation studies in the K and B systems. The wealth of results from the new B factories provide impressive constraints on the CKM quark mixing matrix elements. Current and future measurements are focusing on processes dominated by loop diagrams, which probe physics at high mass scales in low-energy experiments.
CURRENT TRENDS IN STRING THEORY
Authors: JOHNSON CLIFFORD V.
Published: August 2005

This article is a short survey of some of the recent ideas and techniques employed in string theory and M–theory towards the goal of understanding our universe. It is by no means exhaustive, and the vast majority of the article has an emphasis on the development of ideas pertaining to realizing our universe as a solution of string (and M–) theory, and to cosmological matters.
NEW RESULTS FROM THE K2K EXPERIMENT
Authors:   For the K2K collaboration., GRAN RICHARD
Published: August 2005

The K2K long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment has analyzed all data including the period ending in February 2004. The total data sample is from 8.9 × 1019 protons on target. We observe 108 events at the far detector, Super-Kamiokande, when 150.9 + 11.6 - 10.0 were expected. Further, we observe a distortion of the neutrino energy spectrum which is consistent with νμ to ντ oscillation. The probability that we would observe these results if there is no neutrino oscillation is 0.011%, a 3.9 σ significance.
STATUS OF THE MINOS EXPERIMENT
Authors:   for the MINOS COLLABORATION., SMITH CHRISTOPHER
Published: August 2005

The MINOS experiment is designed to search for neutrino oscillations. A neutrino beam from Fermilab is observed by the Near and Far detectors, separated by 735km. A comparison of the observed neutrino events at the two locations allows a measurement of the oscillation parameters to be made. Commissioning of the Near detector is underway and the Far detector is collecting cosmic ray and atmospheric neutrino data. Analysis of the atmospheric neutrino events has begun and neutrino, antineutrino event separation has been achieved. Data collection with the NuMI beam will begin in December 2004.
Current Status of the MiniBooNE Experiment
Authors:   for the MiniBooNE collaboration., Ray H.
Published: August 2005

MiniBooNE is an experiment designed to refute or confirm the LSND [Formula: see text] oscillation result. MiniBooNE will look for oscillations of νμ → νe in a closed-box appearance analysis. MiniBooNE began collecting data in 2002, and is expected to continue data taking through 2005. Current MiniBooNE results are presented.
MINERνA: High Statistics Neutrino Scattering Using a Fine-grained Detector
Authors:   MINERνA Collaboration., Naples D. , Blazey G. , Bodek A. , Boehnlein D. , Boyd S. , Brooks W. K. , Bruells A. , Budd H. , Burnstein R. , Casper D. , Chakravorty A. , Christy M. E. , Chvojka J. , Cummings M. A. C. , Drakoulakos D. , Dunmore J. , Ents R. , Gallagher H. , Gaskells D. , Gilman R. , Glasshausser C. , Harris D. A. , Hinton W. , Jiang X. , Kafka T. , Kamaev O. , Keppel C. E. , Kostin M. , Kulagin S. , Kumbartzki G. , McCormick K. , McFarland K. , Manly S. , Mann W. A. , Melnitchouks W. , Morfin J. G. , Nelson J. K. , Niculescu G. , Niculescu I. , Oliver W. , Paolone V. , Park J. , Paschos E. , Ransome R. , Regis C. , Rykalin V. , Sakumoto W. , Shanahan P. , Solomey N. , Spentzouris P. , Stamoulis P. , Tzanakos G. , Woods S. , Ziemer B. , Zois M.
Published: August 2005

The MINERνA experiment at Fermilab will use a fully-active scintillator based fine grained neutrino detector and the high rate NuMI neutrino beam. MINERνA will measure low energy neutrino interaction properties and cross sections to a new level of precision. These measurements will be critical input to present and future accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiments in this energy range.
DETECTING GAMMA-RAY BURSTS WITH ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINOS
Authors: RAZZAQUE SOEBUR , MÉSZÁROS PETER , WAXMAN ELI
Published: August 2005

Gamma-ray bursts are candidate sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos. While cosmic rays are scattered in the intervening magnetic field, neutrinos point back to their sources being charge neutral and make neutrino astronomy possible. Detection of ultrahigh energy neutrinos by future experiments such as ANITA, ANTARES, Ice-Cube and RICE can provide useful information such as particle acceleration, radiation mechanism and magnetic field about the sources and their progenitors. Detection of ultrahigh energy neutrinos which point back to their sources may establish gamma-ray bursts as the sources of GZK cosmic rays.
Measuring Cosmic Ray and Atmospheric Neutrinos in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
Authors:   On behalf of the SNO Collaboration., CURRAT CHARLES A.
Published: August 2005

High energy muons and neutrinos are produced by the interaction of primary cosmic rays in the Earth's upper atmosphere. These primary interactions produce mesons that decay into muons and neutrinos. SNO is in a unique position amongst underground experiments in the world. At the depth of over 6 km water equivalent, it is the deepest underground laboratory currently in operation. SNO can make a number of novel measurements using muons. First, SNO is sensitive to the downward muon rate coming from primary cosmic ray interactions. Second, SNO's great depth makes possible the detection of atmospheric neutrinos (via the detection of neutrino induced muons) from the nadir to inclinations as large as cos (θ zenith ) ≃ 0.4 above the horizon. Although SNO is a modest-size Cherenkov detector, SNO's unique niche allows it to make important model-independent checks of atmospheric neutrino oscillations.
The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS II) Experiment - First Results from the Soudan Mine
Authors:   for the CDMS Collaboration., Chang Clarence L.
Published: August 2005

The CDMS collaboration has completed its first WIMP search run at the Soudan Underground Laboratory. This run consisted of operating 4 Ge and 2 Si ZIP detectors for 52.6 live days and yields a post-analysis WIMP exposure of 19.4 kg-d for recoil energies between 10-100 keV. Analysis of this data sets the world's lowest exclusion limits on the coherent WIMP-nucleon scalar cross-section for all WIMP masses above 15 GeV/c2.
Angular Correlation Estimates for Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays
Authors:   for the High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) Collaboration: see for a complete list of authors., FINLEY CHAD
Published: August 2005

Anisotropy in arrival directions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays offers the most direct way to search for the sources of these particles. We present estimates of the angular correlation in the HiRes sample of stereo events above 1019 eV, and in the combined sample of HiRes and AGASA events above 4 × 1019 eV .
GAMMA-RAY BURST JETS: COMPOSITION AND CONFIGURATION
Authors: ZHANG BING
Published: August 2005

Long Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are believed to be originated from relativistic jets launched during the core collapses of some massive stars. The two core questions in the contemporary GRB science are the physical composition and the geometric configuration of the jets. Here I review the recent theoretical progress in both directions, and discuss how Swift may address both questions in the near future.
VERITAS Prototype Performance and Construction Status
Authors:   for the VERITAS Collaboration: see for a list of collaboration members., HUMENSKY T. B.
Published: August 2005

VERITAS is an array of 12-m imaging air-Cherenkov telescopes dedicated to gamma-ray astronomy in the 50 GeV - 50 TeV energy band. A prototype telescope was successfully operated between September 2003 and April 2004, yielding detections of the Crab Nebula and Mrk421 blazar. Construction has begun on the full array.
MEASUREMENT OF THE $t\bar{t}$ PRODUCTION CROSS SECTION IN THE DILEPTON CHANNEL AT CDF
Authors:   On behalf of the CDF Collaboration., TAFIROUT REDA
Published: August 2005

We report a measurement of the [Formula: see text] production cross section using dilepton events with jets and missing transverse energy in [Formula: see text] collisions at [Formula: see text]. Using 197 pb-1 of data recorded by the upgraded Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF II), we use two complementary techniques to select candidate events. The combined result yields a [Formula: see text] production cross section of [Formula: see text] which is consistent with the Standard Model.
TOP PAIR PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENT IN THE ALL-HADRONIC CHANNEL AT CDF AND DØ
Authors:   on behalf of the CDF and the DØ Collaborations., WICKE DANIEL
Published: August 2005

Measurements of the [Formula: see text] production cross-section at [Formula: see text] in proton-antiproton collisions were performed by the CDF and DØ collaborations using [Formula: see text] final states where both W's decay hadronically. Each experiment uses luminosity of about 160 pb-1 of data collected during Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron collider. Beside kinematical observables both experiments take advantage of identifying b jets based on lifetime tagging. While CDF counts the number of b-tags over background after a cut based analysis, DØ counts the excess of events after a neural network based kinematical selection and requiring a b-tagged jet.

CDF obtains [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text].
Measurement of the W helicity in $t{\bar t}$ decays at $\sqrt{s} = 1.96\ {\rm TeV}$ in the Lepton+jets Final States
Authors:   On behalf of the DØ Collaboration., SCHMITT CHRISTIAN
Published: August 2005

Two measurements of the W-helicity in [Formula: see text] decays at [Formula: see text] have been carried out using data collected by the DØ detector. Semileptonic [Formula: see text] events in the electron and muon channel were used. In these events the distribution of the angle between the lepton and the direction of the top measured in the rest frame of the intermediate W boson is sensitive to the helicity of the W. The two analyses differ in the usage of lifetime tag information in the event selection. With an integrated luminosity of 169 pb-1 and 158 pb-1 in the e+jets and μ+jets channels respectively, an upper limit on the fraction f+ of positive helicity W's of f+<0.244 is set by both analyses at 90% confidence level.
Measurement of the Top Quark Mass in the Lepton+Jets Channel using DØ Run II Data
Authors:   for the DØ Collaboration., Black Kevin
Published: August 2005

We present a measurement of the top quark mass, using lepton+jets events collected in [Formula: see text] collisions at [Formula: see text] at the Fermilab Tevatron using the DØ detector. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of approximately 160 pb-1 collected between April 2002 and November 2003. We use a template method for measuring the top quark mass using a kinematic fitting technique. We measure the top quark mass to be: [Formula: see text]
CDF MEASUREMENT OF THE TOP QUARK MASS IN THE LEPTON+JETS CHANNEL USING THE MULTIVARIATE TEMPLATE METHOD
Authors:   on behalf of the CDF Collaboration., FREEMAN JOHN
Published: August 2005

We measure the mass of the top quark using 162 pb-1 of data collected by the CDF experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron in Run II. The decay chain [Formula: see text] is studied using a novel technique called the Multivariate Template Method (MTM). Using this technique we obtain a result of [Formula: see text] for the top quark.
SEARCH FOR ANOMALOUS KINEMATICS IN ${\rm t{\bar t}}$ DILEPTON EVENTS AT CDF II
Authors:   On behalf of the CDF Collaboration., IVANOV ANDREW
Published: August 2005

We report on a search for anomalous kinematics of [Formula: see text] dilepton events in [Formula: see text] collisions at [Formula: see text] using 193.5 pb-1 of data collected with the CDF II detector. We developed a new a priori technique designed to isolate the subset in a data sample revealing the largest deviation from Standard Model expectations and to quantify the significance of this departure. In the four-variable space considered, no particular subset shows a significant discrepancy and we find that the probability to obtain a data sample less consistent with the Standard Model than what is observed is 1.0–4.5%.
LIMITS ON CHARGED HIGGS USING ${\rm t{\bar t}}$ CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTS
Authors:   On behalf of the CDF Collaboration., EUSEBI RICARDO
Published: August 2005

We present the results of a search for charged Higgs in the decay products of [Formula: see text] at the CDF II detector at the Tevatron. The search is based on the cross section measurements of [Formula: see text] production in three exclusive decay channels: dilepton, lepton + jets and lepton + hadronic tau. Assuming the charged Higgs decays only via [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], limits in the MSSM (mHiggs, tan (β)) plane are obtained at tree level. A model-independent analysis is introduced in which the results are independent of Higgs branching ratios. This analysis results in BR ( t → Hb )<0.7 at 95%CL for 80 GeV <mHiggs<150 GeV .
METHOD FOR FINDING MULTI-SOLITON SOLUTIONS OF THE STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING EQUATIONS
Authors: ZHU BAO-HE , ZHOU SHI-PING , YANG GUI , ZHA GUO-QIAO
Published: August 2005

In this paper, we show that the Darboux transformation can be used to derive iterated Bäcklund transformations and construct exact multi-soliton solutions of the stimulated Raman scattering equations by converting the system to the Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur system.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF FERROMAGNETISM IN DILUTED MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM-WELLS
Authors: SOUMA SATOFUMI , LEE SEUNG JOO , KANG TAE WON
Published: August 2005

We study the ferromagnetism in III-V diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) quantum-wells theoretically and numerically taking into account the occupation of multiple subbands by holes in quantum wells. Starting from the mean-field theory of carrier-induced ferromagnetism in III-V DMS along with the exchange-correlation interaction of holes within the local spin density approximation, we found that the ferromagnetic transition temperature Tc of DMS quantum-wells exhibits step-function-like dependence on the hole density, reflecting the quasi-two-dimensional nature of systems. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the spin polarization shows quite distinct characteristics depending on the hole density.
A SIMPLE THEORY OF PHOTOFIELD EMISSION FROM THE SURFACE OF A METAL
Authors: THAPA R. K. , DAS GUNAKAR
Published: August 2005

A simple model calculation of photofield emission is presented in which the photofield emission current (PFEC) is calculated for metal W. The matrix element for photoexcitation is evaluated by using the free electron wavefunction. The transmission probability D(W) is deduced by solving Airy's differential equation. The variation of PFEC is studied as a function of parameters like the applied high electric field, the photon energy, the initial state energy with reference to the Fermi level. It is found that in addition to D(W), the matrix element Mfialso has effect on the photofield emission.
CLASSICAL TRACE ANOMALY
Authors: FARHOUDI M.
Published: August 2005

We seek an analogy of the mathematical form of the alternative form of Einstein's field equations for Lovelock's field equations. We find that the price for this analogy is to accept the existence of the trace anomaly of the energy–momentum tensor even in classical treatments. As an example, we take this analogy to any generic second order Lagrangian and exactly derive the trace anomaly relation suggested by Duff. This indicates that an intrinsic reason for the existence of such a relation should perhaps be, classically, somehow related to the covariance of the form of Einstein's equations.
SEVERAL OBSERVED FEATURES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR GAMMA-RAY-LOUD BLAZAR PKS 1510-089
Authors: XIE G. Z. , LIU H. T. , CHA G. W. , ZHAO X. H. , ZHOU S. B. , MA L. , CHEN L. E. , XIE Z. H.
Published: August 2005

The new results of spectrophotometry, and X-ray imaging spectroscopy observations for the high-polarization, radio-loud and Gev gamma-ray-loud blazar PKS 1510-089 have been observed. The main results show that: (1) A double-horned broad Hβ line in the spectrum of PKS 1510-089 has been discovered. The Hβ double-peaked emission profiles are impressive with the line asymmetry that the red peak seems to be higher than the blue peak; (2) The observation of X-rays, performed with the ACIS-S detector aboard the Chandra X-ray observatory, led to the discovery of a bending X-ray jet, coincident with the radio arcsecond jet of PKS 1510-089; (3) According to the reverberation mapping method and the empirical relation between the broad line region (BLR) size and the optical continuum luminosity at 5100 Å (the rest frame), we obtained the Virial mass of the central primary black hole, which coincides with our previous result by extremely rapid optical variability method. In addition, based on these new observational results mentioned above and the other previous observations, we have discussed the theoretical models for PKS 1510-089.