Users' Perspective on the AI-Based Smartphone PROTEIN App for Personalized Nutrition and Healthy Living: A Modified Technology Acceptance Model (mTAM) Approach
Authors: Dias Sofia Balula , Oikonomidis Yannis , Diniz José Alves , Baptista Fátima , Carnide Filomena , Bensenousi Alex , Botana José María , Tsatsou Dorothea , Stefanidis Kiriakos , Gymnopoulos Lazaros , Dimitropoulos Kosmas , Daras Petros , Argiriou Anagnostis , Rouskas Konstantinos , Wilson-Barnes Saskia , Hart Kathryn , Merry Neil , Russell Duncan , Konstantinova Jelizaveta , Lalama Elena , Pfeiffer Andreas , Kokkinopoulou Anna , Hassapidou Maria , Pagkalos Ioannis , Patra Elena , Buys Roselien , Cornelissen Véronique , Batista Ana , Cobello Stefano , Milli Elena , Vagnozzi Chiara , Bryant Sheree , Maas Simon , Bacelar Pedro , Gravina Saverio , Vlaskalin Jovana , Brkic Boris , Telo Gonçalo , Mantovani Eugenio , Gkotsopoulou Olga , Iakovakis Dimitrios , Hadjidimitriou Stelios , Charisis Vasileios , Hadjileontiadis Leontios J. 
Published: July 2022

The ubiquitous nature of smartphone ownership, its broad application and usage, along with its interactive delivery of timely feedback are appealing for health-related behavior change interventions via mobile apps. However, users' perspectives about such apps are vital in better bridging the gap between their design intention and effective practical usage. In this vein, a modified technology acceptance model (mTAM) is proposed here, to explain the relationship between users' perspectives when using an AI-based smartphone app for personalized nutrition and healthy living, namely, PROTEIN, and the mTAM constructs toward behavior change in their nutrition and physical activity habits. In particular, online survey data from 85 users of the PROTEIN app within a period of 2 months were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and regression analysis (RA) to reveal the relationship of the mTAM constructs, i.e., perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEoU), perceived novelty (PN), perceived personalization (PP), usage attitude (UA), and usage intention (UI) with the users' behavior change (BC), as expressed via the acceptance/rejection of six related hypotheses (H1–H6), respectively. The resulted CFA-related parameters, i.e., factor loading (FL) with the related p-value, average variance extracted (AVE), and composite reliability (CR), along with the RA results, have shown that all hypotheses H1–H6 can be accepted (p &lt; 0.001). In particular, it was found that, in all cases, FL &gt; 0.5, CR &gt; 0.7, AVE &gt; 0.5, indicating that the items/constructs within the mTAM framework have good convergent validity. Moreover, the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) was found within the range of 0.224–0.732, justifying the positive effect of PU, PEoU, PN, and PP on the UA, that in turn positively affects the UI, leading to the BC. Additionally, using a hierarchical RA, a significant change in the prediction of BC from UA when the UI is used as a mediating variable was identified. The explored mTAM framework provides the means for explaining the role of each construct in the functionality of the PROTEIN app as a supportive tool for the users to improve their healthy living by adopting behavior change in their dietary and physical activity habits. The findings herein offer insights and references for formulating new strategies and policies to improve the collaboration among app designers, developers, behavior scientists, nutritionists, physical activity/exercise physiology experts, and marketing experts for app design/development toward behavior change.