bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANOMALOUS PERITONEAL FOLDS OF LIVER WITH INCOMPLETE FISSURE FOR IGAMENTUM TERES - A CASE REPORT
Authors: Gupta Arpita , Kaur Jasbir , Loh Hitendra , Mehta Vandana
Published: October 2020

Liver is the largest organ in the human body occupying right hypochondrium, epigastrium and left hypochondrium. The organ develops in the ventral mesogastrium dividing the latter into a cranial part which forms the falciform ligament and lesser omentum and the caudal part which normally degenerates but may persist occasionally in the form of accessory fissures, ligaments and folds. The present case report describes the occurrence of exceptional and multiple abnormal peritoneal ligaments extending between the liver, diaphragm and abdominal wall. In concurrence, an incomplete fissure for ligamentum
teres hepatis is reported which resulted in a communication between the left lobe and quadrate lobe of liver. The knowledge of the normal and the variant anatomy of such peritoneal reflections of liver is of colossal significance for surgeons performing the segmental resection of the liver and radiologists interpreting radiological findings related to liver.
A RARE CASE OF HETEROTAXIA: FETAL AUTOPSY FINDINGS
Authors: Dwivedi Daisy , Chander Bal
Published: October 2020

Visceral organs are asymmetrically distributed in thoracic and abdominal cavities but there is definite left right orientation along the midline. At times there may be disturbance of the same resulting from malrotation and/or movement during embryological development. We are presenting autopsy findings of a 20 weeks old male fetus wherein the stomach along with spleen and pancreas are on the right side. Rest of the thoracoabdominal viscera are in the anatomically correct locations. Such cases qualify for heterotaxia, denoting status somewhere between situs solitus which is the normal placement of organs and situs inversus which denotes mirror image of solitus. Heterotaxia can have a range of features.
Such cases usually come to light within first year of birth but some cases remain asymptomatic till adulthood and are diagnosed incidentally. This article discusses the nomenclature with diagnostic criteria and points out the lacunae which make the present case difficult to classify.
Midiatização, cultura do consumo e contemporaneidade
Authors: Ribeiro Fortuna Daniele , Viana Gomes Vanda
Published: October 2020

As transformações ocorridas após a segunda metade do seculo XX que marcam o advento da contemporaneidade (ou transição da modernidade para a pós modernidade, para Slater, 2002, ou modernidade tardia para Hall, 2003), tem por um dos fatores principais a aceleração do fluxo de informações, compressão espaço tempo, pós-fordismo, consolidação da cultura de consumo e mediação dos meios de comunicação. Este último fenômeno é chamado de midiatização por Sodré, sendo fator que impulsiona a fragmentação da identidade e a fluidez das relações sociais. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a contribuição da midiatização para a difusão da cultura do consumo e fragmentação da identidade, sobretudo no ambiente da televisão. Esses fenômenos serão analisados e depois confrontados com as vertentes mediadoras da TV. Será feito um estudo de caso com o programa televisivo Esquadrão da Moda, exibido pelo SBT.
A cidade no jornal, o jornal na cidade: um mapeamento da influência dos endereços na história do Jornal do Brasil
Authors: Maduell Itala
Published: October 2020

Este ensaio propõe analisar a relação do Jornal do Brasil, veículo impresso que circulou entre 1891 e 2010, com a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a partir de discursos autorreferentes e de relatos de jornalistas, particularmente sobre os endereços da Avenida Rio Branco 110; e da Avenida Brasil 500. Como a cidade, que buscou se manter na vanguarda, polo cultural do país, o jornal construiu imagem associada a este capital simbólico.
Management and Investigation of Drug Utilization Case behind the Death of Bollywood Actor Sushant Singh Rajput
Authors: Dr. Tripti Yadav and Dr. Ruchi Sharma Dr. Rajdeep Deb, Dr. Shekhar Kapoor,
Published: October 2020

On 14 June 2020, Indian actor Sushant Singh Rajput was found dead hanging from the ceiling fan
at his home in Bandra, Mumbai, with the cause ruled assuicide. The official postmortem reports concluded
that he died of asphyxiadue to hanging. The Mumbai Police launched an investigation into the death,
which was surrounded by rumours and speculation.
The Enforcement Directorate (ED) probing the money laundering angle in Bollywood actor Sushant
Singh Rajput’s death questioned Rhea Chakraborty’s father for the second time for nearly six hours on
Thursday. It was doubted that the actor took mendrex , metamiphine and other drugs to treat depression like
opiates and morphine.
Officials summoned Indrajeet Chakraborty to the Axis Bank branch in Mumbai’s Vakola and was
asked to bring the keys to his family’s bank lockers, people familiar with the developments told Hindustan
Times. After he sought police protection, a Mumbai police constable escorted Rhea’s father to the bank at
around 2:30 pm. He returned home at 9.30 pm.
The central agency had earlier questioned Chakraborty, her father and her brother Showik on August
10. Chakraborty’s manager Shruti Modi and Sushant Rajput’s friend and roommate Siddharth Pithani have
also been questioned by the ED.
Investigators had earlier gathered information about the formation of four companies by Rajput and
Chakraborty, and her family. Two of these companies were registered while the other two were under the
process of getting registered. They wanted to go through the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed
during the formation of these firms to find out the profit sharing agreement
COVID-19 Pandemic- A Review
Authors: Dr. Raishy R Hussain and Aarcha B Raj Dr. Noha Laj, Abhinsha Z,
Published: October 2020

COVID-19 pandemic has proved to affect human population detrimentally. In the current scenario, this
review article is an attempt to compile various aspects of COVID -19 like the origin of the virus, its mode of
transmission, replication, collection of samples, prevention of the disease etc. in a simple manner,
understandable to the general public. There have been a lot of myths circulating about the origin of the virus,
its spread, replication and this article have been compiled to deliver the accurate information.
Comments on Modeling of Gauss Elimination Technique and AHA Simplex Algorithm for Multi-objective Linear Programming Problems by Sanjay Jain and Adarsh Mangal
Authors: Chandra Sen
Published: October 2020

An excellent research contribution was made by Sanjay and Adarsh in using Gauss Elimination Technique
and AHA simplex method for solving multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems. The method was applied
for solving MOO problems using Chandra Sen's technique and several other averaging techniques. The
formulation of multi-objective function in the averaging techniques was not perfect. The example was also not
appropriate.
Когда череп начинает говорить
Authors: Yakushenkov Serguey N.
Published: October 2020

Рецензия на книгу Wagner, K. A. (2018). The Skull of Alum Bheg: The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857. New York: Oxford University Press.
Formation of the zemstvo’s teaching intelligence in Laishevsky district of Kazan province
Authors: Mironova Elena
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to the formation of the Zemstvo’s pedagogical intelligentsia in Laishevsky district of Kazan province. Based on sources of personal origin and records of County self-government bodies, a comprehensive analysis of the personnel composition of Zemstvo’s primary schools was conducted. The author established the number of teachers, sources of their replenishment, the level of education, and also considered the socioeconomic situation of teachers. The teaching staff included law teachers, secular teachers, and assistants. Some former priests-teachers of Church schools also joined the work of Zemstvo’s educational institutions as experienced teachers. The available materials clearly show the evolution of the educational level of teachers in favor of specialists with secondary education. As a result, thanks to the Zemstvo’s school, a new social stratum of rural intelligentsia formed in the district, including people with secondary education. Measures taken by the Zemstvo’s to improve the working and living conditions of teachers are also shown. The principle of determining the amount of salary based on the number of students contradicted the principle of assigning salaries depending on the professional training and education of the teacher. It is concluded that despite the support of experienced and responsible teachers, the profession of a Zemstvo’s teacher remained unattractive, but at the same time women became teachers, which corresponded to the emancipation movement that was gaining momentum at that time.
Academic E. E. Golubinsky in the interior of the era
Authors: Solovev Andrey
Published: October 2020

E. E. Golubinsky, one of the most prominent natives of the Kostroma land, the largest historian of the Russian Orthodox Church, the first of the professors of the Moscow Theological Academy, elected as an ordinary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Through the prism of the milestones of the historian’s biography, the article examines the general trends in the socio-cultural development of Russia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries The specific features in the culture of everyday life of the Orthodox clergy are analyzed, the problem field of church educational institutions is structured, the portrait characteristic of the theological and academic corporation is personalized, its role in the historical and cultural development of Russian society is revealed. The amazing fate of E. E. Golubinsky, his intellectual honesty, commitment to the religious, moral and institutional reorganization of the historical church are updated in the context of contemporary problems of Russian education and society as a whole. The problematic connotations in the development of theological and academic corporations are revealed — the lack of a single intellectual and spiritual space in their coexistence, a certain disconnectedness of their position in the socio-cultural development of society, the need to deepen their interaction with representatives of secular intelligentsia. The necessary consequence of the synergy of scientific knowledge and spiritual faith is the construction of the Orthodox philosophy of history, which in the context of the crisis that is being experienced today, essential discourse is of practical importance in the inevitability of dialogue and the inevitability of creative transformation of personality in the modern world.
Educator S. N. Bogolyubov and his remarks about the parish schools of the Russian Orthodox Church in the states of New York and Pennsylvania (1962—1968)
Authors: Kornilov Alexandr
Published: October 2020

The article studies publications of Semyon Nikolayevich Bogolyubov, 1889—1971, an outstanding educator of Russian Abroad. These publications were devoted to his trips to parish schools of the Russian Church Abroad (ROCOR). The educator S. N. Bogolyubov served in the 1960s as Chief Clerk of the Educational Council under Synod of Bishops of the Russian Church Abroad. In order to maintain effective control over and to improve learning process the teacher visited a few parish schools in 1962—1968. In particular, he visited such famous parishes in the states of New York and Pennsylvania as the Holy Protection Church in Nyack, the Joy of All Who Sorrow Church in Philadelphia, the St. Vladimir Parish of the same city, and the Convent of New Diveyevo in Spring Valley. S. N. Bogolyubov reflected some results of his trips in reports which were published by the Orthodox Russia journal, the print organ of the ROCOR St. Trinity Monastery in Jordanville, New York. Reading and analysis of the Bogolyubov publications give researcher an opportunity to reconstruct the little-known activities of this activist of Church and community, to show the daily work of the parish schools, to identify challenges and achievements that the parish institutions of educations had, to get to know the features of the most successful school teachers. The above issues have not yet been addressed in the studies of Russian historians and specialists on history of intelligentsia. That is why this article seems relevant. The author used methods of criticism of historical source as well as methods of induction and deduction. The author came to the conclusion that the parish schools of New York and Pennsylvania performed an important function, namely, they conserved and supported Russian ethnic and religious identity among Russian youth. During the trips to schools, the teacher opened and published the most successful methods of education. Hierarchs of the Church Abroad highly appreciated the activities of the teacher and recommended that parishes make wide use of pedagogical methods of Bogolyubov.
ARTISTIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL NATURALISM AND THE NOOSPHERIC WORLD VIEW OF M. M. PRISHVIN
Authors: Belousov Pavel
Published: October 2020

The author’s attention is focused on the creative heritage of M. M. Prishvin, considered in the context of the noospheric constructions of Russian cosmism. It is shown that the basis of the worldview of the writer (scientific in its origins) is the orientation towards “personal perception of nature”, as well as his anthropology unfolds in the “doctrine of the All-Human”. The specificity of M. M. Prishvin’s naturalism, organically combining science and art, through the ability to “instantly grasp the world as a whole” is revealed. The childishness (“baby in the soul”) as a necessary filter for the perception of the world, which “methodological” sets the ideal of “living knowledge” as a synthesis of rationalism and intuitionism is shown. The conclusion about the dual nature of man, dialectically connects nature struggle and nature conservation, is made
ON STRUCTURAL AND GENETIC HETEROGENEITY AN INEXHAUSTIBLE UNIVERSUM
Authors: Finogentov Valeriy
Published: October 2020

The article discusses the main aspects of inhomogeneity of an inexhaustible (manifold infinite) universe: structural (spatial) heterogeneity and genetic (temporal) heterogeneity. Such aspects of structural heterogeneity as nomological heterogeneity and substrate heterogeneity are also identified and analyzed. Special attention is paid to this component of the genetic heterogeneity, which is captured by the concept of “tempodesinence”. The concept of ontological non-geocentrism” is critically analyzed.
“THE WORLD HAS NOT GROWN OLD YET, HAVING COME TO ITS ENDˮ: A PERSPECTIVE OF THE FUTURE IN THE POETRY OF PIERRE DE RONSARD BEFORE AND AFTER 1562
Authors: Samotovinskij Dmitrij
Published: October 2020

Ronsard's historical consciousness included an optimistic vision of the future. This vision was resistant to the disastrous events of the Religious wars in France. Both before and after the beginning of the wars in 1562, Ronsard rejected the idea of “the world grown oldˮ, on which the popular apocalyptic interpretation of the contemporaneity was based. He insisted that the disasters and moral decline of religious wars are not something unprecedented, testifying to the hopelessness of the world and its imminent destruction. The course of history is cyclical; decline and disasters must be followed by appeasement and prosperity under an eminent ruler. Ronsard’s belief in the positive dynamics of history served a compensatory function, allowing him to endure the “horror of historyˮ
Association of the rectovestibular fistula with MRKH Syndrome and the paradigm shift in the management in view of the future uterine transplant
Authors: Sarin Yogesh Kumar
Published: October 2020

Uterine transplantation in Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) patients with absolute uterine function infertility have added a new dimension and paradigm shift in the management of females born with rectovestibular fistula coexisting with vaginal agenesis. The author reviewed the relevant literature of this rare association, the popular and practical classifications of genital malformations that the gynecologists use, the different vaginal reconstruction techniques, and try to know what shall serve best in this small cohort of these patients lest they wish to go for uterine transplantation in future.
Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrews: A Classic Journey into the Souls of Mankind
Authors: Aringo-Bizimaana Peter
Published: October 2020

Abstract This essay first gives some background to the making of Joseph Andrews: the seeds that fruited to make Fielding be labeled, by some critics, the ‘father of the English novel’. The essay goes on to discuss the heroes of this novel and their thematic significance. We then dwell on weaknesses found in the novel: those related to the heroes and other characters owing to weak characterization, and then the weaknesses that arise from the angle of narration. The essay concludes with a brief assessment of why Fielding is still considered a literary giant today. Keywords: Henry Fielding, comic epic, pilgrimage/journey, Josef Andrews, picaresque
On the Rationale for Repeated U.S. Consumer Bankruptcy Filings
Authors:   North Dakota State University, USA, Friesner Daniel , McPherson Matthew Q. ,   Gonzaga University, USA, Hackney Donald D. ,   Gonzaga University, USA
Published: October 2020

A theoretical model of U.S. consumer behavior is developed which allows the consumer to file for bankruptcy protection at different points, and on multiple occasions, over her lifespan. The model allows for conspicuous consumption, hyperbolic discounting, and random budget shocks. Findings suggest that individuals who file for bankruptcy protection multiple times may be better or worse off than those who file only once. However, repeat filers present with much more skewed consumption patterns, and evidence of much higher overspending at the time of filing, than individuals who have never filed for bankruptcy or who file for the first time. Keywords: consumer bankruptcy, financial epidemiology, conspicuous consumption
COVID 19 – Is this a Result of Population Growth – Was a Malthusian Catastrophe Inevitable?
Authors:   Public Private Sector Partnerships, Sydney, Australia, Currie Carolyn V.
Published: October 2020

This article examines theories of population growth and puts forward a new economic growth model that would reduce the instance of natural disasters and pandemics. Keywords: Covid19, population growth, economic growth models
Socio-Economic Implications of Novel Corona Virus Pandemic (COVID-19): The Indian Scenario
Authors:   Himachal Pradesh University Business School Shimla &  Department of Management Govt. College Sarkaghat Distt. Mandi Himachal Pradesh, India, Thakur Pankaj
Published: October 2020

The global pandemic Covid-19 and its ill effects has created a fear all over the world. This novel virus has affected 216 countries across the globe. The number of confirmed cases and death are on the hype as per the daily reports by world health organisation and it has sparked an economic crisis. Due to self-isolation, social-distancing, restrictions on transportation services have put every sector of economy on downturn. The people in unorganised sectors are losing their jobs. The demand for manufactured goods and other commodities has been decreased. The demand for medical supplies and essential food items are on an increase. In this article, the socio-economic implications of Covid-19 on India has been summarized. Key Words: Corona Virus (Covid-19), Pandemic, Socio- Economic Implications & Indian Scenario
Self Sufficiency vs Competitive Advantage and Globalization
Authors:   Public Private Sector Partnerships, Sydney, Australia, Currie Carolyn V.
Published: October 2020

This paper traces the intellectual development of ideas in the developed world that have led to an outcome that could cripple world trade for many decades even centuries. Key words; globalization, comparative advantage, inequality, pandemics
Evaluation of risk and safety in building structures under construction
Authors: Jkhsi Shahram
Published: October 2020

Many of the structural defects in the past have happened during the project development process. While a structural engineer must build a safe, economic and functional structure, the durability of the partially constructed structure cannot be ignored at various construction levels. During the building, structural health is a major problem for the industry of construction. Collapses of temporary structures or unfinished permanent structures pose a hazard to safety. Predictive risk analysis methods have been applied over the past decade to evaluate the efficiency of the current existing structural building framework. Identification of risks is aimed at recognizing possible risks that can result in accidents. It describes the types of hazards and random parameters connected with the individual risks and subsequent incidents. The quantifying risk values identified with building structures built according to uniform rules are widely distributed. This study provided importance to a conversation about risk and safety in building structures under construction, to build buildings without damage and destroying, also steps of safety in building structures. The outcome of the project depends on the specifics of the prescription. Building structure safety may lead to big problems if subjected to those loads such as earthquakes and storms. A lot of structural problems happen during construction. Most failures were related to a malfunction in the formwork. This study describes how building systems can carry risks to buildings, as well as resisting the impact of loads that could cause trouble.
Causes of accidents and benefit of safety to local masons in Wukari, Nigeria
Authors: Ogodor Elvis
Published: October 2020

The objective of this research is to ascertain the causes of accidents to native construction workers (masons) in Wukari, Nigeria and to enumerate the benefits of such safety practices. Forty questionnaires were carefully analysed using a four-point ranking strategy that is predicated on a mid-rank method. According to this research, shortages and lack of equipment have been the major causes of construction accidents. Masons climb ladders without even wearing their tops, boots or helmet. In fact, they are proud of this madness. Moreover, horseplay and lack of training have also significantly contributed to the accident cases. The major benefit of safety is that it raises the professional image of the construction workers and the contractor that employed them. This increases their chances of getting more projects. Government and well-meaning leaders in Taraba state are advised to enforce safety measures on the stubborn construction workers in Wukari.
Életek az életben: megjegyzések Mikó Imréről (1911–1977)
Authors: Fazakas Zoltán József
Published: October 2020

The study presents in brief the life of Imre Mikó, lawyer, author of several significant works of legal literature in the field of minority rights in inter-war Transylvania, who was also, briefly, a member of the Hungarian Parliament. The life and activity of Imre Mikó may be divided into two major periods. Before the Second World War, as a student of law and theology, and later as a minority rights advocate he distinguished himself with a wide array of interests, both in the field of law and politics. He was appointed to the minority protection service of the Hungarian Community in this period. His activity was interrupted by the advent of World War Two. During the war, he fell into captivity, and, after his release from the Soviet Union, he attempted to resume his political and advocacy carrier only to be side-lined, spending almost two decades in the menial occupation of bookshop clerk. His belated and partial rehabilitation following his appointment as chief curator of the Unitarian Church is described in the study. The study also makes mention of the newly discovered information regarding the fact that Imre Mikó, under significant duress, collaborated with the Securitate, while at the same time he was himself under surveillance.
Promoting Innovation, Creativity and Entrepreneurship Skills in Science Education Students: A Panacea for Employability
Authors: Chinyere Agommuoh P , C Ndirika M
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how science teachers can teach science education students in order to promote innovative, creative and entrepreneurship skills in them to enable them become employable in the labour market. Unemployment in Nigeria is a time bomb waiting to explode at any time except proper and effective interventions is put in place to mitigate the impact of high youth unemployment. This paper uses descriptive survey research design. The population of the study is all the 933 science education students in the Department of Science Education of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike.Methodology: A simple random sampling technique was used to sample 100 (80 males and 70 females) science education students. Three research questions and three hypotheses that were tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study. The instrument for data collection was the researcher’s developed questionnaire of the four-point Likert Scale type of Strongly Agree (SA), Agree(A), Disagree(D) and Strongly Disagree (SD) which are rated 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The instrument was validated and its coefficient of reliability obtained as 0.89. Data collected were analyzed using mean to answer the research questions and t- test to analyze the hypotheses.Findings: The results obtained indicated that teaching science students in such a way that they will be able to make use of facilitation technique that allows for sharing ideas and freedom to innovate; develop skills for accessing funds and accounting; develop critical skills that will enhance innovative ideas; develop collaborative skills needed for joining cooperative societies like producer and consumer cooperative and develop the ability to organize and build network are some of the things the science teacher should do to promote innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship skills in science students.Unique Contribution to theory, practice and policy: Based on the findings, it was therefore recommended that science education students should be taught science properly so that they can develop critical skills to enhance their innovative ideas. Also, science students should be taught science in a way that will help them develop collaborative skills needed for joining and organizing cooperative societies.
Digital strategy
Authors: Turuk Mladen
Published: October 2020

The digital strategy presents a framework for digital business transformation and an inevitable requirement for achieving success in a digital world. The pace of change and innovation in digital businesses is not slowing down and today almost no business can ignore its digital aspect but what drives digital transformation is a strategy, not technology. Therefore, the ability to digitally reimagine the business is determined by a clear digital strategy, and the leaders able to implement it in the organization. Inertia is not the solution to uncertainty. Having a clear vision, goals and objectives help organizations to reduce this ambiguity and adapt to an everchanging digital environment. Agile outperforms the traditional approach and new, innovative organizations replace incumbents that do not adapt fast enough in a process known as creative destruction.
Perancangan Aplikasi Monitoring Ruangan Menggunakan IP Camera Berbasis Android
Authors: Apriyani Sri , Subagio Ridho Taufiq , Ilham Wanda
Published: October 2020

Dengan maraknya teknologi internet dalam dunia pendidikan, hampir semua kegiatan di semua instansi pendidikan dapat dilakukan secara online, serta dilakukan kapan dan dimana saja. Salah satu pemanfaatan teknologi internet tersebut adalah monitoring keamanan ruangan pada suatu Perguruan Tinggi. Pada Universitas Catur Insan Cendekia (CIC) monitoring keamanan ruangan masih menggunakan CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) analog yang dihubungkan langsung dengan DVR (Digital Video Recorder) jika jumlah port DVR tidak memenuhi jumlah kamera yang akan digunakan maka harus menyediakan DVR yang baru serta untuk melihat hasil rekaman CCTV harus memasuki ruangan yang terpasang DVR, hal tersebut menjadi tidak efesien karena Universitas CIC menerapkan konsep kerja Work From Home (WFH) yang membuat bagian keamanan tidak selalu berada di ruang keamanan tersebut. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang dan membangun sistem monitoring keamanan ruangan menggunakan IP Camera berbasis Android. Metode pengembangan perangkat lunak yang digunakan adalah SDLC model waterfall yang terdiri dari 5 tahapan yaitu analisis, desain, pengkodean, pengujian dan pemeliharaan. Setelah semua tahapan penelitian telah dilakukan, hasil penelitian ini adalah aplikasi monitoring keamanan ruangan dengan IP Camera pada Universitas CIC yang dapat memudahkan petugas keamanan ruangan dalam memantau keamanan ruangan melalui aplikasi pada smartphone Android.
SISTEM BAGI HASIL PENGOLAHAN LAHAN PERTANIAN DALAM PERSFEKTIF FIQIH MUAMALAH DI KP. PAMIPIRAN DESA PAGERSARI KECAMATAN PAGERAGEUNG KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA
Authors: Nugraha Yoni , Kurnia Junjun
Published: October 2020

Terjadinya praktek gadai sawah di Desa Ciberes ini sudah marak sekali. Kebanyakan masyarakat khususnya petani beranggapan bahwa menggadaikan sawahnya lebih mudah dari pada harus meminjam uang ke Bank, karena tanpa harus melalui prosedur yang rumit. Setelah itu dengan kesepakatan dan rasa percaya antara kedua belah pihak maka selesai sudah transaksi tersebut. Akan tetapi jika sudah mempunyai uang sebelum jatuh tempo, maka rahin dibolehkan untuk menebus atau mengambil sawahnya kembali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan barang gadai sawah di Desa Ciberes, serta mengetahui tinjauan Islam terhadap pemanfaatan barang gadai sawah. Metode yang digunakan Yuridis Normatif dengan pendekatan Deskriftif Kualitatif, yaitu mengungkapkan dan menganalisis serta memberikan gambaran mengenai fakta-fakta yang telah diteliti. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara (interview), dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terjadinya pemanfaatan barang gadai sawah di Desa Ciberes bermula adanya ketidaksahan dalam  praktek  gadai disebabkan adanya  kecacatan dalam  shigat antara rahin dan murtahin, yakni dalam shigat yang mereka laksanakan terdapat persyaratan yang berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan marhun (sawah), secara keseluruhan berpindah ke tangan murtahin. Dan syarat tersebut merusak shigat akad. Sedangkan menurut tinjauan islam tidak sesuai karena menurut pendapat ulama tidak membolehkan adanya pemanfaatan marhun oleh murtahin, alasannya bahwa pemanfaatan marhun dapat dikategorikan dalam akad qard yang mensyaratkan tambahan tertentu, dan ini juga dapat dikategorikan macam riba. Selain  itu  juga  pemanfaatan marhun oleh murtahin  ini  keluar  dari ketentuan bahwa yang berhak memanfaatkan suatu barang ialah pemiliknya.
Gold Price Movements: Common Wisdom and Myths
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Mittal Prabhat
Published: October 2020

Gold has a unique status in the economic world: a precious metal with wide uses and the measure of economic power of nations and the cornerstone of international monetary regimes. It has provided an important store of wealth to diverse investors, from individual to institutions, for centuries. It is an asset class and the foundation of a modern portfolio. In recent years, the world witnessed an aggressive growth in gold price. The role of gold in investment has drawn more attention since this transformational economic crisis began to unfold in 2008. This paper is an attempt to understand the price movement of gold. Can we find support for some popular opinions about gold on finance media? For instance: is gold a safe haven, a negative-beta asset, or an inflation hedge? How should we think about gold: a commodity or a currency? This paper provides some thoughts on these questions.
Base Erosion and Profit Shifting: The New Framework of International Taxation
Authors: Gupta Saloni , Mittal Prabhat
Published: October 2020

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) refers to a set of tax avoidance practices that deny the tax revenues to a nation by eroding the tax base of the nation where economic activities generating the profits are performed and where value is created, by shifting the tax incidence to locations where no or low taxes are payable (tax havens). BEPS can be achieved through the use of transfer pricing tactics, treaty shopping, digital economy maneuverings and other dubious means. The term BEPS has been used in a project headed by the OECD which produced final reports in October 2015 in response to fifteen action points agreed previously (July 2013). The BEPS project is an attempt by the world’s major economies to rewrite the rules on corporate international taxation so as to address the widespread perception that the corporations, especially MNCs, don’t pay their fair share of taxes. It seeks to ensure that MNCs report profits where economic activities are carried out and value is created.
Coleoptera (Insecta) collected or observed around Chelopech Village, Western Bulgaria
Authors: Guéorguiev Borislav
Published: October 2020

A list of 58 species of order Coleoptera registered around Chelopech Village, Sofia District, Western Bulgaria, is presented. All the species are reported for the first time from this region. Stelidota geminata (Say, 1825), representing a recent American introduction in the Palaearctic fauna, is new country record.
Habitar, crear, disfrutar: Villa Gloria de Harnden y Bombelli en Cadaqués (1959)
Authors: García-Diego Villarías Héctor , Villanueva Fernández María
Published: October 2020

Peter G. Harnden and Lanfranco Bombelli, the architects responsible for the U.S. government's post-World War II propaganda campaigns on European soil, settled in Cadaqués in the late 1950s. This peculiar partnership of itinerant stateless people shaped some of the most remarkable examples of Cadaqués’ architecture of the last century. Works that were able to be respectful with the “old” architecture of Cadaqués without renouncing to an uninhibited modernity. The text presented here seeks to delve into the construction that acted as the seed for the rest of his work: the house that both built for themselves upon their arrival in the Spanish small town. A project that would later be the model for several houses that both architects carried out for the growing colony of foreigners that arrived in this magical corner of the peninsular periphery. The analysis is relevant given that none has been carried out in depth before. In addition, it is a unique example of balanced architecture, one of great solidity in its fundamental principles. Finally, the study will remark the vernacular characterization of the presented architecture: a construction halfway between José A. Coderch's discourse of "It’s not geniuses what we need these days" and Kenneth Frampton's “critical regionalism.”
El árbol en la arquitectura de Alison y Peter Smithson
Authors: Fernández Villalobos Nieves , Jiménez Sanz Andrés
Published: October 2020

Alison and Peter Smithson were heirs to an outstanding landscape tradition that refers architecture to nature, giving the tree a leading value in this linkage. Their trees are related to architecture in different ways: always respected, sometimes the tree becomes their geometric or symbolic centre; at times it is adapted and "involved" in family life; eventually, the tree is used as the generating idea of a project to later be forgotten or formally hidden, or on the contrary, to manifest itself openly through its construction; often, the tree becomes lattice and seems to dress the architecture, protect it and capture the landscape in fragments; until arriving, at the end of their work, to configure its formal limit. All of them, even the built ones, are trees in motion, which literally or symbolically narrate the course of time. The article attempts to rescue the importance of the tree and its precise configuration in each work, through the analysis of some projects. The way in which architects describe and draw this element in their texts and plans reveals their intention to rescue the beauty of everyday life and attend to the specific versus the generic; an interest that should be rescued in an increasingly globalized and impersonal world.
Design and Characterization of a new OFR: The Particle Formation
Accelerator (PFA)
Authors: Xu Ningjin , Collins Don R.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are frequently used to study the formation and evolution of secondary aerosol (SA) in the atmosphere and have become valuable tools for improving the accuracy of model simulations and for depicting and accelerating realistic atmospheric chemistry. Driven by rapid development of OFR techniques and the increasing appreciation of their wide application, we designed a new all-Teflon reactor, the Particle Formation Accelerator (PFA), and characterized it in the laboratory and with ambient air. A series of simulations and experiments were performed to characterize: (1) flow profiles in the reactor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, (2) the UV intensity distribution in the reactor and the influence of it and varying O3 concentration and relative humidity (RH) on the resulting equivalent OH exposure (OHexp), (3) transmission efficiencies for gases and particles, (4) residence time distributions (RTD) for gases and particles using both computational simulations and experimental verification, (5) the production yield of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from oxidation of α-pinene and m-xylene, (6) the effect of seed particles on resulting SA concentration, and (7) SA production from ambient air in Riverside, CA, U.S. The reactor response and characteristics are compared with those of a smog chamber (Caltech) and of other oxidation flow reactors (the Toronto Photo-Oxidation Tube (TPOT), the Caltech Photooxidation Flow Tube (CPOT), and quartz and aluminum versions of Potential Aerosol Mass reactors (PAMs)). Our studies show that: (1) OHexp can be varied over a range comparable to that of other OFRs, (2) particle transmission efficiency is over 75 % in the size range from 50 to 200 nm, after minimizing static charge on the Teflon surfaces, (3) the penetration efficiencies of CO2 and SO2 are 0.90 ± 0.02 and 0.76 ± 0.04, respectively, the latter of which is comparable to estimates for LVOCs, (4) a near laminar flow profile is expected based on CFD simulations and suggested by the RTD experiment results, (5) m-xylene SOA and α-pinene SOA yields were 0.22 and 0.37, respectively, at about 3 × 1011 molec. cm−3 s OH exposure, (6) the mass ratio of seed particles to precursor gas has a significant effect on the amount of SOA formed, and (7) during measurements of SA production when sampling ambient air in Riverside, the mass concentration of SA formed in the reactor was an average of 1.8 times that of the ambient aerosol at the same time.
Novel hydrocarbon-utilizing soil mycobacteria synthesize unique
mycocerosic acids at a Sicilian everlasting fire
Authors: Smit Nadine T. , Villanueva Laura , Rush Darci , Grassa Fausto , Witkowski Caitlyn R. , Holzheimer Mira , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Schouten Stefan
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Soil bacteria rank among the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth and actively impact global processes of carbon cycling, especially in the emission of greenhouse gases like methane, CO2 and higher gaseous hydrocarbons. An abundant group of soil bacteria are the mycobacteria, which colonize various habitats due to their impermeable cell envelope that contains remarkable lipids. These bacteria have been found to be highly abundant at petroleum and gas seep areas, where they might utilize the released hydrocarbons. However, the function and the lipid biomarker inventory of these soil mycobacteria are poorly studied. Here, soils from the Fuoco di Censo seep, an everlasting fire (gas seep) in Sicily, Italy, were investigated for the presence of mycobacteria via 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fatty acid profiling. The soils contained high relative abundances (up to 34 % of reads assigned) of mycobacteria, phylogenetically close to the Mycobacterium simiae complex and more distant to the well-studied M. tuberculosis and hydrocarbon-utilizing M. paraffinicum. The soils showed decreasing abundances of mycocerosic acids (MAs), fatty acids unique for mycobacteria, with increasing distance from the seep. The major MAs at this seep were tentatively identified as 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl tetracosanoic acid and 2,4,6,8,10-pentamethyl hexacosanoic acid. Unusual MAs with mid-chain methyl branches at positions C-12 and C-16 (i.e. 2,12-dimethyl eicosanoic acid and 2,4,6,8,16-pentamethyl tetracosanoic acid) were also present. The molecular structures of the Censo MAs are different from those of the well-studied mycobacteria like M. tuberculosis or M. bovis and have relatively 13C-depleted values (−38 to −48 ‰), suggesting a direct or indirect utilization of the released seep gases like methane or ethane. The structurally unique MAs in combination with their depleted δ13C values identified at the Censo seep offer a new tool to study the role of soil mycobacteria as hydrocarbon gas consumers in the carbon cycle.
Collisional growth in a particle-based cloud microphysical model: insights from column model simulations using LCM1D (v1.0)
Authors: Unterstrasser Simon , Hoffmann Fabian , Lerch Marion
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Lagrangian cloud models (LCMs) are considered the future of cloud microphysical modelling. Compared to bulk models, however, LCMs are computationally expensive due to the typically high number of simulation particles (SIPs) necessary to represent microphysical processes such as collisional growth of hydrometeors successfully. In this study, the representation of collisional growth is explored in one-dimensional column simulations, allowing for the explicit consideration of sedimentation, complementing the authors' previous study on zero-dimensional collection in a single grid box. Two variants of the Lagrangian probabilistic all-or-nothing (AON) collection algorithm are tested that mainly differ in the assumed spatial distribution of the droplet ensemble: the first variant assumes the droplet ensemble to be well-mixed in a predefined three-dimensional grid box (WM3D), while the second variant considers the (sub-grid) vertical position of the SIPs, reducing the well-mixed assumption to a two-dimensional, horizontal plane (WM2D). Since the number of calculations in AON depends quadratically on the number of SIPs, an established approach is tested that reduces the number of calculations to a linear dependence (so-called linear sampling). All variants are compared to established Eulerian bin model solutions. Generally, all methods approach the same solutions and agree well if the methods are applied with sufficiently high resolution (foremost is the number of SIPs, and to a lesser extent time step and vertical grid spacing). Converging results were found for fairly large time steps, larger than those typically used in the numerical solution of diffusional growth. The dependence on the vertical grid spacing can be reduced if AON-WM2D is applied. The study also shows that AON-WM3D simulations with linear sampling, a common speed-up measure, converge only slightly slower compared to simulations with a quadratic SIP sampling. Hence, AON with linear sampling is the preferred choice when computation time is a limiting factor. Most importantly, the study highlights that results generally require a smaller number of SIPs per grid box for convergence than previous one-dimensional box simulations indicated. The reason is the ability of sedimenting SIPs to interact with a larger ensemble of particles when they are not restricted to a single grid box. Since sedimentation is considered in most commonly applied three-dimensional models, the results indicate smaller computational requirements for successful simulations, encouraging a wider use of LCMs in the future.
MOVING TOWARDS GLOBAL SATELLITE BASED PRODUCTS FOR MONITORING OF INLAND AND COASTAL WATERS. REGIONAL EXAMPLES FROM EUROPE AND SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Spyrakos E. , Hunter P. , Simis S. , Neil C. , Riddick C. , Wang S. , Varley A. , Blake M. , Groom S. , Torres Palenzuela J. , Vilas Gonzalez L. , Cardenas C. , Frangopulos M. , Aguilar Vega X. , Iriarte J. L. , Tyler A.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Surface waters are a fundamental resource. They fulfil key function in global biogeochemical cycles and are core to our water, food and energy security. The rapidly increasing rate of data collection from different Earth observation (EO) missions suitable for observing water bodies has promoted satellite remote sensing (RS) as a more widely recognised source of information on a number of indicators of water quality and ecosystem condition at local and global scales. In parallel, advances in optical sensors support new and more detailed characterisation of the Earth surface and could lead to innovative EO-based products. Nonetheless, RS of water colour of inland and coastal systems, especially in larger scales and over long-term time series, faces unique challenges. This study provides an overview of the challenges and solutions of developing a global observation platform, including the diverse and complex optical properties of inland waters and guided algorithm selection procedure required to deliver reliable data. The development and validation of a global satellite data processing chain (Calimnos) has been supported by access to an extensive in situ data from more than thirty partners around the world that are now held in the LIMNADES community-owned database. This approach has resulted in a step-change in our ability to produce regional and global water quality products for optically complex waters. Local examples of the data outputs will be explored and the opportunities in how these data can be embedded within local and national monitoring schemes to facilitate better management of water will be discussed.
ATMOSPHERIC METHANE EMISSIONS FOR ARGENTINA. COMPARISON WITH TROPOMI SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Puliafito S. E. , Berná L. , Lopez-Noreña A. , Pascual R. , Bolaño-Ortiz T.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Methane emissions have very important effect on global radiative forcing. Therefore, reducing these emissions has been proposed as an effective short-term strategy to mitigate global warming, in parallel with reductions in long-lived carbon dioxide (CO2) for long- term temperature stabilizations. In this context, Argentina emits 3645 Gg of CH4 mainly from livestock production, biomass burning and natural gas production. Since 2018, TROPOMI instruments provide global coverage on methane column-average mole fraction of dry air (XCH4), and height profiles of methane concentrations. We compare two available methane inventory: a national (a high resolution of own ellaboration: GEAA) and an international (EDGAR) emissions database with TROPOMI measurements. By performing inverse satellite retrieval we evaluate the ability of remote sensing information to detect possible hotspot methane emissions and compare these results with the two inventories. From these analyzes, we observe that the latitudinal averages of the continental sector increase at a rate of 10 ppb/degree, from south to north, while the maritime sector remains constant. From a temporary perspective, the average monthly concentration amplitude range varies 40 to 50 ppb, with minimum values in March and maximum values in September.