bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Strength Development and Microstructural Properties of Cement Slurry
Authors: Mello e Alvim Thiago Monteiro , Maranhão Fabíola Da Silveira , Batista João Humberto Guandalini , Reales Oscar Aurelio Mendoza , De Souza Júnior Fernando Gomes , Toledo Filho Romildo Dias
Published: April 2022

The typical solution in the cement industry to respond to the application challenges is the use chemical additives to adapt cement characteristics to the scenario. However, this approach may weaken cement integrity especially in long term. The use of physical properties to obtain similar performance may be a new frontier as cement can be kept without changes and the new additives are inert to the mixture.

A proof of concept study was carried out on using magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and an oscillating magnetic field source to replace chemical additives in the objective of reducing Waiting on Cement (WOC) time during cementing operations in oil and gas wells. A rigorous process was executed to select the most promising particles and several experiments testing different cement slurries designs were executed to confirm the feasibility of this patented technology.

Magnetite nanoparticles were blended in 15.9 ppg class G Portland cement slurries in amounts of 0.25% and 0.50% by weight of cement (BWOC). The slurries were cured in atmospheric conditions up to seven days and characterized to determine the influence of the nanoparticles on early age compressive strength development and microstructural properties. Compressive strength development was tested both by destructive testing and by ultrasonic cement analyzer (UCA). Microstructural properties were determined by isothermal calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis.

Destructive testing of samples cured at atmospheric conditions up to 168 hours showed that the use of magnetic nanoparticles did not affect the compressive strength of cement. UCA experiments, carried out in temperatures similar to those obtainable by magnetically induced heating, confirmed the potential of the technology to accelerate strength development. Isothermal calorimetry results showed that the presence of MNP did not interfere with the normal hydration reaction of cement, fact that was confirmed by the thermogravimetric analyses, where the amount of hydration products was found to be similar for all samples. Scanning electron microscopy imaging showed MNP agglomerations in the pores of cement slurry, which might compromise their heating potential. X-ray diffraction showed the formation of ettringite in all samples. It was concluded that the presence of MNP in the cement slurry was not found to be detrimental to the mechanical and microstructural properties, which open a new frontier to the use of free-additive cement slurries, a cheaper solution built with components where the degradation along the life is well understood, in the opposition to the chemical additives, which degrade faster than cement by itself especially in long term such as well abandonment and carbon storage applications (CCS).
Successful Drilling Optimization in Carboniferous Formation Sets New Benchmark Performance Standards for the Subandean Area of Bolivia
Authors: Tocantins João Pedro , Vazquez Carrizo Cecilia , Creamer Julia , Mendoza Diego , Ortuno Giovanny , Duran Romulo
Published: April 2022

The Margarita-10 well is located in the Caipipendi block of southern Bolivia. This block accounts for 30% of the gas production for the entire country. An operator faced a unique challenge to reduce well construction costs for this well while drilling through a harsh Carboniferous formations sequence. The Carboniferous interval is extremely hard and abrasive with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values ranging from 12,000 psi to 24,000 psi, averaging 20,000 psi with 32,000-psi peaks. This interval is a complex drilling environment consisting of interbedded, conglomeratic, hard, and abrasive lithologies that presents several drilling obstacles, such as formation heterogeneity and multiple geological uncertainties. These obstacles often impact drilling operations, including the bit's cutting structure being prematurely damaged that can cause nonproductive time typically related to the low rate of penetration (ROP) and poor drillsting dynamic behavior with severe levels of shocks; thus, multiple unwanted bottomhole assembly (BHA) trips.

The operator's major objective was to reduce the high well-construction costs in this environment; hence, motivating the search for a novel drill-bit cutting structure design that would produce a step change in drilling performance. To accurately determine the environmental factors that influence bit performance, a detailed formation mapping analysis was performed using geological data from nearby wells. To comprehend the causes of previous failure modes, an engineering program for rock-strength identification was used to identify the rock types and lithology characteristics, such as rock UCS, expected formation abrasion, and impact indexes. This information was used to adjust the digital rock file and better reproduce the actual drilling conditions in the Carboniferous strata virtually to develop a suitable cutting structure, predict drillstring vibrations, and recommend optimal drilling parameters to maximize the performance of the product downhole.

The operator successfully deployed the novel drill-bit cutting structure, achieving above field average results in terms of ROP and footage. The first drilling run in the Margarita-10 well drilled over 300% additional footage (compared with the offset average) at double the ROP and was pulled out of the hole (POOH) with an excellent dull condition. The drilling second run was equally successful, with 332% additional footage drilled and 45% higher ROP compared with the offset average. These results reduced the rig time by 20 days, resulting in significant well construction costs savings for the operator. Moreover, considering 2.6 kg of CO2 per liter of diesel burned daily resulted in allowing more than 600 t of CO2 emission reduction.
Optimizations of Downhole Sealing Devices and Their Validations
Authors: Zhong Allan , Fan Zhihua , Purohit Ankit , Jutu Mothilal Balaji Prasad
Published: April 2022

Due to complexity and strong nonlinear behavior, design of sealing devices such as packer elements has heavily relied on empirical knowledge for many years. Since downhole environments continue to grow harsher, especially in high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) conditions, there are large gaps between existing empirical knowledge and the notable challenges faced in the sealing element development process. These gaps have often led to a trial-and-error approach to design, extending development time through frequent delays and resulting in significant cost overruns. Moreover, empirical knowledge gained through the process for a particular design has very limited application to other designs. To overcome these deficiencies of a traditional development approach, a combination of computational modeling, materials science, and small-scale tests was used in the early stage of a development project to optimize sealing element design, which substantially reduced the number of physical tests and ultimately reduced the overall development cycle time and cost.

The main feature of this optimization/improvement of sealing element design is to use engineering mechanics principles, primarily via computational modeling, as guidelines for sealing device development instead of relying heavily on empirical knowledge. The computational models are calibrated and validated through small scale physical tests, which ensure the fidelity of the computational models. The optimum packer element designs are obtained through a systematic numerical scheme along with machine learnings. Considering the approximations and limitations of numerical models, the numerically determined optimum design is further evaluated, examined against real application conditions, and adjusted as needed, before being finalized.

The result is an efficient, physically calibrated and validated computational model for packer element behavior. This model along with machine learning algorithms is applied to the optimization of a 9 5/8" packer element which successfully passed both API 11D1 type V3 and V0 testing on the first attempt. Using the same optimization approach, a 7" packer element was developed in a short period of time and passed API 11D1 type V3 and V0 tests on the first attempt again. These two development case histories demonstrated the generality and effectiveness of the engineering mechanics principle-based optimization approach; it substantially reduced the number of physical validation tests and shortened the development cycle time resulting in a cost savings of over 25%. This design approach has been extended to additional challenging new product development projects.
Reducing Hazards and Risk Through Virtual Risk Assessment
Authors: Boyd Leah , Mills Laura , Jacintho Andrea , Martinez Gus
Published: April 2022

For companies with worksites around the globe, assessing risks can be a challenge, particularly when different countries might adhere to different rules and regulations regarding workplace operations. This paper reviews a novel risk assessment template designed to evaluate a wide variety of risks on a "level playing field" for each manufacturing site office, offshore platform, and other work locations. The template, which is completed by qualified personnel at the specific site, ranks facilities based upon their environmental, health, and safety (EHS) risks as well as ISO requirements incorporating quality and EHS standards.
How the First Jones Act Compliant Wind Turbine Installation Vessel is Helping to Develop the U.S. Offshore Wind Supply Chain
Authors: Huang Wei , Cheung Tak On , Wagner Karel , Morandi Alberto , Humberson Karl E
Published: April 2022

Meeting the U.S. offshore wind target of 30 GW installed capacity by 2030 will present significant supply chain opportunities for port infrastructure developments, major windfarm components, increased steel demand, and construction of transportation and installation (T&I) solutions in U.S. shipyards such as specialized wind turbine installation vessels (WTIVs). This paper discusses how the design and construction of "Charybdis" –– the first Jones Act Compliant WTIV –– are helping to drive the supply chain for offshore wind development and the energy transition toward more sustainable solutions.

A consortium of designer and shipyard led by a major developer, Dominion Energy is building the Charybdis WTIV. This paper highlights how the project team leveraged experience in the oil and gas industry and offshore wind from Europe to develop the first specialized WTIV for U.S. wind farm construction and East Coast operation. The paper also discusses important aspects such as project execution, risk assessment, technology innovation, and compliance with U.S. Regulations and safety standards.

The Charybdis is one of the largest WTIVs in the world and an important enabler for a safer and more cost-effective deployment of U.S. offshore wind energy and a move toward sustainable energy solutions. The insights and experience gained with the concept development, design, and construction of Charybdis, will benefit the next generation turbine installations in the U.S. and worldwide, and promote the collaboration of future wind turbine supply chain development.
Classification of an Offshore Wind Farm
Authors: Almeida Patricia Lace de , Samuelsson Lars Henrik , Santos Filipe Branco
Published: April 2022

Floating offshore wind is a relatively young industry but is not all new. Many of the items we see in a floating offshore wind turbine installation, can also be found in traditional offshore installations, and it is important to build on these past experiences.

This paper will clarify how Class was used in the WindFloat Atlantic project to benefit from past experiences and at the same time considering the unique risk profile and loads acting on a floating offshore wind farm. This paper also addresses how the Class approach satisfied many of the local authorities’ requirements.
Predictive Digital Twin for Performance and Integrity
Authors: Straw Matthew , Mistry Rikesh , Lewis Simon , Aglave Ravindra , Kolak Doug
Published: April 2022

The concept of the digital twin can be thought of as a virtual representation of a physical product, engineering system or facility. This paper presents the role of predictive engineering analytics, alongside operating data, in the digital twin. Using case studies, the authors demonstrate how predictive approaches can be developed to provide data where it cannot be measured and predict future operating data to improve performance, life and integrity of equipment, systems and facilities.

The digital twin is fundamentally based on data, larger datasets provide greater insight. Sensor and inspection data are critical. However, there are scenarios in which engineers require data where it cannot be measured or requires data that cannot be measured. Engineers require ways to extract this data, this can be done through predictive engineering analytics. Predictive engineering analytics, in the form of science-based simulations, combines multiple approaches, often based on fundamental principles of physics and engineering. This paper will demonstrate how high-fidelity approaches, such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), combined with system-level simulation and reduced-order modelling can work together with field data to provide this data in real-time.

Two case studies presented show how combinations of different levels of science-based modelling approaches can help. A subsea thermal digital twin demonstrates how high-fidelity simulations, undertaken during system design, can be the foundation for reduced order system models capable of capturing critical thermal performance in real time; aiding hydrate risk management during operation. The methods used to train the real-time predictive approach are demonstrated. The second case presented focuses on structural integrity of a heat exchanger showing how real-time sensor data can be translated into structural integrity data and insight through simulation. The cases presented demonstrate the value of science-based predictions to generate data that cannot be obtained from operational sensor data alone. The authors aim to show how the predictive element of the digital twin can be first generated during design and evolved into real-time predictive approaches that provide operations with data that cannot be gained from sensors; when and where it is needed.

Digital twins typically use physical data, limiting operators of in-field equipment to make operational decisions based on information from sensor locations and historical data alone. This can limit assessment of operational performance and integrity of complex production and process systems. In this paper the authors aim to show how, by combining predictive approaches, at differing levels of fidelity and based on fundamental scientific principles, it is possible to generate the missing data required, in both space and time. This can inform and guide operations; filling the gaps where and when physical data is not available.
Validation of Flexible Riser Decoupled Time Domain Analysis
Authors: Lirola François , Azarbadegan Alireza , Ferdi Faycal , Holland Ian
Published: April 2022

Due to an on-going project's specificities, running time domain analyses using wave and vessel motions timeseries has been required. However due to numerical limitations, preserving time consistency between wave elevation and vessel motions led to unacceptable simulation run time (several days per analysis). To solve this, consistency between wave elevation and vessel motions was discarded.

The present paper has two objectives. First, validating the use of a timeseries to represent vessel motions in combination with wave timeseries that are inconsistent from a timestamp perspective (i.e. phasing between vessel motions and wave elevation is incorrect), in a shallow water context (33 m) where direct wave loading on the risers contributes as much as vessel motions. Second comparing the use of a Gumbel distribution versus an empirical distribution to determine levels of non-exceedance.

The following methodology was used: Time domain simulations using both consistent and inconsistent vessel motions/wave elevation were performed. Statistical processing was then performed to derive design values from each type of analysis (consistent and inconsistent). Results from each approach were then compared to assess the impact of wave inconsistency on design variables. In a second step, time domain analyses were performed with 20 seeds. Results from these analyses were processed using both a Gumbel distribution and an empirical approach. A comparison between the results obtained with each approach was then performed.

The performed analyses put in evidence: Losing the consistency between wave elevation and vessel motion generates an error that lies within the statistical error related to the randomness of the wave process. On that basis, provided a sufficient number of seeds (set at 20 in the frame of this study) is considered and that a proper statistical processing is performed, not preserving the time consistency between vessel motions and wave elevations is deemed acceptable for riser design, even in shallow waters where direct wave loading on the risers cannot be neglected. In addition, the comparison between a Gumbel distribution and empirical distribution provides matching results for the system modelled on the considered project.
Wind Potencial as an Oportunity for Energy Transition in Oil and Gas Industry: Colombian Caribbean Offshore Case of Study
Authors: Portillo Diaz Carlos David , Montiel Hoyos Cristian Camilo , Montes Páez Erik Giovany , Guerrero Martin Camilo Andrés
Published: April 2022

First, the maritime and wind potential of the Colombian Caribbean coast was mapped and later a technical analysis, based on an extensive bibliographic review and the use of NASA Power Data Access Viewer (DAV). Then, the current affairs of offshore oil rigs in Colombian basins were studied through available information of government web sites, exploration information and statistical reports. Subsequently, the amount of energy required to supply the necessary processes of the platform was roughly estimated based on theoretical cases of study and field data. Secondly, bearing in mind the above, a methodology was devised to figure out the supply the energy demand and the possibility of deliver the energy excess to the grid; additionally, analyzing the current behavior of local oil and gas industry and reservoir engineering, a forecast was generated to expand the concept of energy security. Finally, the potential use of wind farms for the generation of eolic resource was evaluated. In conformity with the last information and reports available, next years will be the point of start for some offshore Colombian basins, as Sinu-San Jacinto basin, Colombia basin, and Guajira offshore basin. One of the main findings is the wellbore Gorgon-1; on the south, the wells Kronos −1, Purple Angel −1 and Orca - 1 are the prospects to be the main gas producers after 2024, all of them ubicated in deep waters. At the same time, the greater wind potential is placed at the same region where La Guajira area stands out as one of the most favourable sites in Latin America, with Class 7 annual average wind speeds that near 10 m/s", which is due to the Vientos Alisios; the end of this, was 5 different sceneries depending on reservoir fluid type and 3 additional forecasting as the result of oil offshore industry growing. This work provides a roadmap for starting the inclusion of renewable energies as a suitable partner to achieve the objectives of production with less possible CO2 emissions, while the idea of energy transition becomes a reality in the Colombian context.
Subsea Low Power Distribution for Subsea Processing Components, Suggested Solution, and Benefits
Authors: Kristiansen Karstein Berge
Published: April 2022

This paper discusses the requirements for a "next-generation" low power distribution for subsea control systems and provides a description of a proposed new setup/architecture. The future seems to be all-electric for seabed installed equipment, moving away from the usage of hydraulic power to operate valves on the seabed. The increasing usage of subsea drones are another subsea located device consuming electrical power for charging in between active work periods.

Location and topology of future subsea field developments has presented the subsea industry with new challenges. Some of these challenges include increases in the step-out length between new subsea installations and existing or new surface facilities, as well as water depth increases.

New subsea fields tend to be smaller in size and scattered over a larger area in between the larger already discovered and producing fields. These smaller subsea fields are usually connected to an existing surface located production facility, in a so-called subsea tieback solution. The existing surface setup could have limited physical space available and/or limited amount of potential individual connections for the new subsea installation. In an already existing FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) installation the swivel could be a bottleneck for future expansions regarding the amount of electrically operated subsea equipment.
Decarbonizing FPSO Operations in West Africa by Offshore Wind Energy
Authors: Lau Hon Chung , Piriyev Samir
Published: April 2022

The tropical waters of West Africa is a top growth region for floating, production, storage and offloading units (FPSO) deployment and is the home to approximately one-quarter of the world's operating FPSOs. This study shows that a typical FPSO operating in this region with a nameplate oil production capacity of 60,000 bbl/d may emit as much as 0.8 Mtpa CO2. Therefore, the aggregate of CO2 emission from FPSOs operating in West Africa can reach as much as 40 Mtpa. The urgent need to decarbonize FPSO operations will soon become a license-to-operate issue due to the world's aspiration to achieve net-zero around the middle of the century. This study further shows that in the context of West Africa, offshore wind energy is probably the most mature and impactful technology to decarbonize FPSO operations at a water depth less than 130 m. Current technology gaps include adaptation to low wind speeds, robust power cable design, design of on/off strategy to switch between deck boilers and wind turbines, and extension of floating substructures to water depth exceeding 130 m.
Prediction of Horizontal and Vertical Distribution Trend of Formation Pressure and Characteristics of Safety Density Window in Yinggehai Basin
Authors: Yang Hongwei , Li Jun , Gao Reyu , Li Yanjun , Luo Ming , Li Wentuo , Liu Kai
Published: April 2022

The Yinggehai Basin has become the main battlefield for natural gas exploration in recent years in China, but the formation pressure system in this area has the characteristics of poor horizontal distribution regularity and severe vertical distribution changes. This paper proposes a new method for predicting the horizontal and vertical distribution trend of formation pressure for the situation of limited offshore drilling data. The method is based on the topological triangulation algorithm, combined with the data set to fit the multivariate interpolation function, and conveniently realizes the prediction and visualization of the three-dimensional horizontal and vertical distribution trend of regional formation pressure.On this basis, through the analysis of the relevant data of the complex accident points that have been drilled, the characteristics of the single well safety density window and the regional safety density window are clarified. The study found that there is no high pressure in the shallow layer of the block, and the formation pressure spreads smoothly in the lateral direction; the high pressure top surface is at 3500m, and the formation pressure gradually increases with the increase in longitude and decrease in latitude in the lateral direction. The formation pressure rises extremely rapidly with the increase of depth in the longitudinal direction, which has the characteristic of "broken line pressurization". The safety density window of a single well is in the shape of a funnel with the characteristic of turning back, and the turning section is between 3500m and 4000m. The safety density window feature of the block can be divided into three stages according to the depth., and the window appears extremely narrow after 3500m (<0.3g/cm3).According to the method proposed in this paper, it is possible to efficiently and conveniently predict and visualize the three-dimensional horizontal and vertical distribution trend of regional formation pressure under the condition of limited formation data during deep-water drilling.
Inferring the Effect of Chemical Injections for Asphaltene Producing Deepwater Wells Using Machine Learning
Authors: Kara Mustafa Can , Dastan Aysegul , Oyler Evan , Peterson Bret , Dixit Rahul
Published: April 2022

Asphaltene production in Deepwater wells is an important operational issue which may result in planned and unplanned shut-ins. Excessive asphaltene precipitation and deposition can cause production curtailment that adds up to significant costs yearly tooperators in Deepwater production and transportation of Deepwater asphalt base crude oil. Costly chemical injections such as xylene soaks are used to dissolve the asphaltenes in the tubing. This study proposes a new machine learning technique to increase the effectiveness of such soaks in a Deepwater well.

A predictive solution is developed where a scalable Machine Learning (ML) model predicts un-commanded shut-ins by analyzing historical and real-timefeed of sensor and simulation data. Deployed workflow can inform Control Room Operators hours or days before a potential un-commanded shut-inoccurs. A common unsupervised learning framework for predictive maintenance called anomaly detection algorithm is built. Multiple anomaly detection models are investigated within the scope of dimensionality reduction. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Artificial Neural Net(ANN) base LSTM Autoencoders are deployed to tackle the problem through reconstruction of the original input. Anomaly score and threshold as ML outputs are streamlined in near real-time back to the database to serve the operators. Following this, further analytics is conducted toassess the impact of chemical soaks on anomalies.

In this work, ML model output is benchmarked against a Gulf of Mexico Deepwater well where asphaltene precipitation and deposition is known to occur. The ML architecture can ingest real-time data in batch, maintained by OSI PI historian. The architecture is proved to detect anomalies hours or days before a shut-in event happens, so that operators can take early actions before severe damage to wellhead or downhole equipment occurs instead of reacting to a possible asphaltene event offshore. This study shows that, if used properly, data science can be an effective and reliable tool for Petroleum Engineers and Offshore Operators to not only detect anomalous events but also assess the impact of well interventions during drilling, completions and operations in Oil and Gas Industry.
Trust but Verify – Managing Supply Chain Risks
Authors: Fletcher Edwin John , Croft Nigel Howard
Published: April 2022

The oil and gas sector operates within a complex environment of operational and process safety requirements, regulatory and social license obligations. This complexity and the resultant risks and opportunities cascades throughout the sector's supply chain. It is standard practice for organizations in the sector to require their products and services suppliers to operate quality management systems.

This paper demonstrates the value of aligning and standardizing customer quality management requirements through the adoption of standards such as ISO 29001:2020 to realize and protect value and to limit the uncertainty and supplier cost and schedule contingencies applied to bespoke customer quality requirements and intervention in supplier operations.

ISO /TS 29001:2010 and comparable standards such as API Specification Q1 were developed to supplement the generic aspects of ISO 9001 with sector specific requirements tailored to address the context and associated risks of the sector.

ISO 9001:2015 introduced a step change in the way quality management systems are implemented across all industries. Organizations are required to place emphasis on the identification and management of risks associated with their activities, processes, output products and services. Quality management systems must include appropriate processes for risk management and opportunity realization. ISO 29001:2020 supplements ISO 9001:2015 with requirements and guidance to manage risks associated with the oil and gas sector and to provide a framework for aligning requirements with complementary standards, such as API Specifications Q1 and Q2 employed within the sector.

Recognizing that there is a vast scope of supply in the sector, from standard to specialized materials, equipment, and services, it is important that relevant risk-based approaches are taken when specifying and evaluating quality management system requirements. This strategy ensures that both supplier and customer resources are deployed to facilitate and verify conformance with requirements based on service risk and supplier capabilities.

The paper overviews the methodology and implementation strategies for performing risk assessments, assessing supply chain capability and for specifying and verifying quality requirements provided in Annex C of ISO 29001:2020.

The paper introduces case studies demonstrating the potential value of implementing ISO 29001:2020 and the methodology prescribed in Annex C. It also provides observations and draws conclusions on the prerequisites and barriers to the successful implementation of the standard.

This paper will also demonstrate how the sector specific quality requirements provided in ISO 29001:2020 complement the introduction of innovative technologies. Examples include virtual communication, data collection, analysis, identification and traceability applications to validate conformance and enable innovation and learning organizations.
Digital Requirement Development: Three Years of Using Digital Methods to Improve Standardization of Procurement Specifications
Authors: Machin Philip
Published: April 2022

Joint Industry Program 33 (JIP33) was established through IOGP with backing from the World Economic Forum to drive industry level standardization for procurement of equipment and packages. During Phases 1 and 2 of JIP33 the traditional business applications Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and e-mail were used to develop, collaborate and publish 14 specifications.

For phase 3 a digital requirements management platform was implemented to enhance capacity, efficiency and auditability of specification development and maintenance. This platform has subsequently been used to develop and publish 27 ‘exception’ style specifications and 4 ‘narrative’ style specifications, bringing the JIP33 published specification library to 45 since the program's commencement in 2016.

JIP33 proposed that the adoption of a digital requirements management platform would reduce the cost and time of development, simplify collaboration and improve the quality and maintainability of output. The platform's original configuration and work processes have evolved to enhance collaboration and improve traceability. Natural language processing technology has been integrated into the platform to support JIP33 writing protocols and reduce user dependence on external tools. Document production is automated using customised data transformations to output the specifications in a publishable form. Requirement Interchange Format (ReqIF) data exports are being piloted in collaboration with the IOGP Standards committee to test the digital transfer of JIP33 specifications into user databases.

Changes to JIP33 work processes aimed at improving user engagement also provided resilience to the Covid pandemic and the sudden shift globally to virtual working. However, notwithstanding improvements in the tools and process, timely engagement of collaborators in content development and reviews remains a significant area for improvement. Resistance to ‘sentence centric’ requirement writing should decline as familiarity and culture change programs take effect. Improvements to JIP33 data transformations are predicted to streamline extraction of publishable specification documents from the platform. Digital transfer of JIP33 specifications has also been piloted and advances in the standardisation of data attributes across the industry will drive the future evolution of the JIP33 program's use of these tools.

This paper will present an update of the JIP33 program's sustained use of a requirement management platform and other digital tools for specification development and future digital integration of JIP33 specifications by users.
Changing the Game: Dp Rig in Shallow Waters Using Bop Tethering System and Real Time Riser Analysis
Authors: Silva Magno Almeida da , Fulco Rafael Rodriguez , Weidlich Marcos Correa
Published: April 2022

BOP tethering is a system installed around the wellhead with the purpose of stabilizing laterally the top of the BOP Stack through the action of cables, anchors, and other devices. This system, which significantly reduces loads on the wellhead, have been used in the last decade in operations in the North Sea and other locations around the world to mitigate wellhead fatigue. In Brazil, it was proposed to enable the use of dynamically positioned (DP) drilling rigs in shallow waters, where the loads imposed by the riser-BOP on the wellhead during a drift-off/drive-off event are a stricter restriction to operations than wellhead fatigue. This article describes the process of investigation, homologation, design, construction, and operation of the BOP tethering system in a semisubmersible rig, making feasible important projects for Petrobras using this resource.
Evaluation of Floating Wind Technology to Reduce Emissions in Newfoundland and Labrador's Offshore Hydrocarbon Industry
Authors: Paulin Mike , Humby Damien , Cooke Nathan , King Tony
Published: April 2022

The move to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the offshore hydrocarbons production industry has resulted in a growing interest in the possibility of using offshore wind to reduce on-platform power generation. While some offshore areas are progressing towards, or planning for, the use of offshore wind to electrify hydrocarbon producing platforms, they do not have some of the challenges associated with Newfoundland & Labrador's offshore environment.

The authors are undertaking a study to investigate the feasibility of, and the benefits associated with the use of offshore floating wind to displace power generation for offshore hydrocarbon production platforms, thus reducing GHG emissions. The work is focusing on the applicability of potential concepts, services, supply chain, fabrication, facilities, and operations, and how these tie into various floating wind concepts and technologies that might be fabricated and assembled locally, and operated offshore Newfoundland & Labrador (NL). Electrification of offshore oil and gas production facilities through offshore wind could reduce the requirement for local power generation via turbine generators under normal operation. This paper examines the suitability of potential offshore floating wind concepts in the NL offshore, using wind energy to supply power to offshore facilities, reducing the need for fuel powered turbine generators, and thereby decreasing GHG emissions from power generation. The study looks at the full-field approach, from suitability of design to construction to operations and maintenance of offshore wind technology.
Axial Pile Capacity: Correlation Between Impact Driven Piles and Vibro Driven Piles
Authors: Verbeek Gerald , Van Dorp Rob , Moscoso Nicolas , Bielefeld Marcel
Published: April 2022

For an open pipe pile installed on the North Sea to serve as the foundation for an offshore gas production platform the capacity was determined in various ways. First the Cone Penetration Test data obtained at the location were used to simulate the vibro driving process. Then the monitoring data obtained during vibro driving were used adjust the soil model used for the initial simulation and to derive the pile capacity. Next the monitoring data for the Beginning of Restrike and the End of Impact Driving were used to assess the capacity yet again. The results as well as the soil models used for the simulations and the capacity estimates are presented to demonstrate that there is no need to drive a pile to its final penetration with an impact hammer to assess its bearing capacity, which when adopted in the industry will greatly reduce pile driving duration and thus cost.
Application for Evaluating Performance in Offshore Renewables Environmental Conditions
Authors: Gullaksen Joannes
Published: April 2022

Environmental conditions cover natural phenomena, which may contribute to overloading and fatigue damage. This paper is describing a method implemented for modelling and analysis of environmental conditions and loads on offshore renewables. Sea states are described by irregular wave models as ocean waves that are irregular and random in nature. Furthermore, a linear irregular wave model is a sum of many small linear wave components. Short-term wave conditions are described by a stochastic method using wave spectra, or the deterministic design wave method. Statistical distributions are used to describe long-term and extreme value conditions, or scatter diagrams for governing sea state parameters. Wind speed varies with time and the height above the sea surface. Therefore, the averaging time for wind speeds and the reference height above the sea surface are considered, whereas statistics are used in describing the short- and long-term conditions. The effects of currents are considered for steady excursions and slow drift motions, drag and lift forces, vortex induced vibrations and motions, interaction between currents and waves, and seabed scouring. Joint wave-current distributions of parameters and corresponding surfaces for given exceedance probability levels are considered as applicable. The fluctuating response can be resonant response, response due to vortex shedding, or reinforced vibration. This paper presents a small-scale method for software application to evaluate performance of offshore renewables. It aims to contribute to the practice of numerical simulations for ocean energy converters.
Perspectives on the Latest Cold Flow Technology Developments
Authors: Kvernland Martin , Lund Fredrik , Strømmegjerde Lars , Wolden Marita , Lund Are
Published: April 2022

This paper describes a flow assurance method known as "cold flow". The method is suitable for deepwater liquid dominated fields and reduces costs and carbon emissions compared to conventional flow assurance methods by letting hydrate and wax deposits travel as inert solids with the production stream to the host fascility (e.g. an FPSO). A compact subsea unit that utilizes the cold flow method is presented and an experimental test setup at SINTEF's Multiphase Flow Laboratory is described. The unit consists of a recycle stream that seeds dry particles to a place where the bulk flow temperature is close to the hydrate formation temperature (HFT) and the wax appearance temperature (WAT). Water droplets coat the dry particles and become a part of the particles absorbing free water in the flow. In addition to the seeding mechanism, a robot operated induction coil removes inner pipe wall deposits by heating the pipe locally. Results from the tests show no build-up of solids inside the cold flow unit itself or downstream the unit. The flow system is also robust in terms of shutdowns and the production flow is regained easily. Measurements also show that the unit is robust with respect to increasing water cut (WC).
Method for Rectification of Non-Rotated Residual Curvature Sections
Authors: Akritidis Argyrios , Norland Kristian , Gibson David
Published: April 2022

This paper presents a methodology to rectify non-rotated Residual Curvature (RC) sections in order to ensure the pipeline behaviour during start up does not jeoperdise the pipeline integrity.

Since 2012, the Contractor has successfully installed more than 100 RC sections within a large range of cross section geometries and water depths.

During installation of a pipe-in-pipe with RC sections an intermediate survey showed that while the majority of the RC sections had landed as expected, three RC sections had landed on the seabed with no observable torsional rotation or Horizontal Out Of Straightness (HOOS), i.e. in an upright position.

The expansion and buckling design for the pipeline depended on the RC sections developing into lateral buckles and it was challenging to confidently demonstrate that the pipeline could be started up and kept within the bending moment and stress limits as defined by the relevant code (DNV-ST-F101).

Engineering was carried out to select and optimise a mitigation method to fully ensure the relevant RC sections would develop into lateral buckles during start-up and ensure bending moment and stress were within acceptance criteria.

The method selected used buoyancy elements attached to the RC sections prior to and throughout the start-up. The buoyancy elements could be safely removed after start-up. The mitigation method was applied offshore in an efficient manner and the observed pipe behaviour matched very well with the predictive analysis results.

With a long track record of installing RC sections, the Contractor has developed efficient and realistic tools to predict torsional rotation and HOOS, but experience shows that there is still some level of uncertainty. A field-proven mitigation method that can be applied as contingency is now available to mitigate this uncertainty.

With this field-proven mitigation method in hand, the confidence in the RC method as a cost efficient and robust solution for expansion and buckling management is further increased.
Bowties for Offshore Platforms High Consequence Risks
Authors: Slatnick Sam , Angevine Doug , Cranefield Jack , Maddox Chris , Garrity Robert , Moczulski Michal , Younan Adel
Published: April 2022

Bow-ties are increasingly used in multiple industries to effectively manage risks during operation. Benefits of bow-ties include clear communication, operator ownership, relationship between safeguards for various threats and consequences, and the visibility of safeguard health during operations. In oil and gas, the main application of bow-ties has been to manage high consequence risks pertaining to process safety, i.e. loss of primary containment of hazardous substances. Unlike onshore facilities, escape from hazards can be inhibited by limited egress and evacuation options can be compromised as part of the events themselves, which heightens the potential number of fatalities in an offshore process safety event. Additionally, while the root cause of a good proportion of incidents originates from process safety hazards, many significant events have originated from offshore and marine structure hazards as well. Since offshore structural and marine failures are not always driven by loss of primary containment, the use of bow-ties in offshore structures and marine is less established. This paper introduces the use of bow-ties and associated principles as tools to manage all offshore risks, both process-safety and structural or marine related. It evaluates the application of bow-ties for a range of high consequence risk scenarios specific to fixed and floating offshore platforms, and provides simplified bow-ties for a range of different types of assets. Though it represents a less conventional approach than those commonly employed for offshore failure scenarios, use of bow-ties can support effective management of these risks, especially those requiring proactive management of safeguards, particularly ice feature overload, offshore collisions, multi-line mooring failures, and loss of floating stability.
One Side Spread Mooring System Applied for Floating LNG in West Africa
Authors: Kang Daehoon , Kim Taeyoung , Lim Jaehwan , Yoo Donghoon
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study is to develop and verify an alternative spread mooring system to be applied to FLNG operated in West Africa. Time domain analysis for ULS (ultimate limit state) and ALS (accidental limit state) design and frequency domain analysis for FLS (fatigue limit state) design were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of the developed mooring system. Side-by-side offloading analysis was also performed to ensure that FLNG equipped with the proposed mooring system can meet the operability requirement of the offloading operation.
FPSO Through Hull Cooling System
Authors: Costa Filho Fernando Homem
Published: April 2022

FPSO (Floating, Production, Storage, and Offloading) units have been considered one of the most efficient alternatives to produce oil and gas in deep waters. To perform this application, FPSOs have various systems and equipment that require cooling. Currently, this cooling is carried out through a closed circuit of industrial fluid cooled by an open circuit with seawater. This paper presents a new concept for the cooling system of these production units causing the closed-circuit cooling system using industrial fluid to be cooled through the contact of this fluid with the hull side/bottom shell and thus dissipating heat into seawater. In this way, there is no need to install the seawater lift system for cooling, reducing the footprint, and the structural reinforcement on the FPSO. In addition to increasing the platform's energy efficiency by reducing fuel consumption, this new cooling system concept mitigates the environmental impact of offshore production by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and the pollution of the oceans with biocide. As this new concept was recently debuted, its application studies are still in the conceptual design phase.