bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium Catalyzed Reactions of Neopentylidenesiliranes
Authors: Saso Haruo , Ando Wataru
Published: July 2006

Palladium catalyzed reactions of neopentylidenesiliranes with unsaturated compounds have been studied. Two ring expansion products were obtained from the reaction of 1,1-dimesityl-2-Z-neopentylidenesilirane with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, and their ratio was dependent on the nature of ligands on palladium.
Highly Helix-Sense-Selective Polymerization of Diphenyl-2-pyridylmethyl Methacrylate
Authors: Okamoto Yoshio , Mohri Haruhiko , Hatada Koichi
Published: July 2006

Asymmetric anionic polymerization of diphenyl-2-pyridylmethyl methacrylate by fluorenyllithium or N,N′-diphenylethylenediamine monolithium amide complex of (S)-(+)-2-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)pyrrolidine gave quantitatively an almost purely one-handed helical polymer with narrow molecular weight distribution.
Drastic Base Dependence of Products in Photolysis of 1-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-2,2-diphenylvinyl Bromide. ipso Substitution by Alkoxide Ions
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Kabashima Takashi , Kobayashi Shinjiro , Taniguchi Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

Addition of alkoxide ions resulted in ipso substitution in the photolysis of an alcohol solution of 1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-2,2-diphenylvinyl bromide, whereas addition of triethylamine, pyridine, or NaHCO3 led to vinylic substitution.
Mechanistic Difference in Photoreduction of Phenacyl Halides by NADH Model Compounds
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Mochizuki Seiji , Tanaka Toshio
Published: July 2006

Photoreduction of phenacyl halides by an NADH model compound, 10-methylacridan (AcrH2), in MeCN proceeds via photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of AcrH2 to phenacyl halides without the contribution of radical chain reactions, while the photoreduction by another NADH model compound, 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), proceeds via photoinduced radical chain reactions. The origin of the mechanistic difference between AcrH2 and BNAH has been discussed.
Reaction of Methanol and Acetone over Metal Ion-Exchanged Forms of Fluoro Tetrasilicic Mica to Form Methyl Vinyl Ketone
Authors: Wang Fey-long , Ueda Wataru , Morikawa Yutaka , Ikawa Tsuneo
Published: July 2006

Methyl vinyl ketone was obtained at 30–40% selectivity by the reaction of methanol and acetone at 350 °C over Ti(IV)-, Cr(III)-, Mn(II)-, and Sn(IV)-exchanged forms of fluoro tetrasilicic mica (TSM). The addition of oxygen into the feed increased the conversion of acetone and the reaction over Ti(IV)-TSM converted 11% of acetone fed into methyl vinyl ketone at 85% selectivity.
Decarboxylation Rates of Benzoyloxyl Radicals as Determined by Laser Flash Photolysis. Further Insight into the Mechanism for Photodecomposition of Dibenzoyl Peroxides
Authors: Misawa Hiroaki , Sawabe Ken , Takahara Shigeru , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: July 2006

Bis(4-methoxybenzoyl), bis(4-chlorobenzoyl), and dibenzoyl peroxide were photolyzed in various solvents by 308-nm laser pulses to determine the rate constants for decarboxylation of the corresponding benzoyloxyl radicals. The activation energies of this process were lower than those estimated by indirect methods.
Fluidity of Adsorbed Water in Alumina Gels as Studied by ESR of Copper (II) Complex Probe
Authors: Ikoma Shuji , Kawakita Koichi , Ozawa Fusaji , Yokoi Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

A kind of fluidity for adsorbed water in alumina gels prepared by the sol–gel method has been revealed by ESR-monitoring of the molecular motion of water-soluble polyamine copper (II) complexes as dopants; the complex molecules are almost free in tumbling motion at room temperature in air, but the motion stops when the gels are dried at 50 °C or in a desiccator.
Dinuclear Manganese(III,IV) and Manganese(IV,IV) Complexes with Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine
Authors: Suzuki Masatatsu , Tokura Seiji , Suhara Masahiko , Uehara Akira
Published: July 2006

Dinuclear manganese(III,IV) and (IV,IV) complexes, [Mn2(N4-py)2(O)2](ClO4)3·H2O (1) and [Mn2 (N4-py)2(O)2](ClO4)4·CH3CN·H2O (2), were prepared, where N4-py represents tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine. Both complexes 1 and 2 exhibited strong antiferromagnetic interaction with J≈−159 and −137 cm−1, respectively. ESR spectrum of 1 showed a sixteen 55Mn hyperfine pattern at g=2, which is indicative of a Mn(III,IV) trapped valence state.
X-Ray Structure Analysis of a Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexasilane, Decaisopropylhexasilabicyclo[2.2.0]hexane
Authors: Matsumoto Hideyuki , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Kojima Nobumoto , Nagai Yoichiro , Goto Midori
Published: July 2006

The X-ray analysis disclosed that the title compound has a cis-fused structure. The bicyclic skeleton is twisted and has C2 symetry; the puckering of each four-membered ring is 21.8°. The central Si–Si bond distance, 239.6 pm, is comparable to those found for the peripheral Si–Si bonds, which range from 238.5 to 242.6 pm.
Preparation and Properties of Tetrathio-derivatives of Quinodimethanes Fused to a 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Unit and Related Heterocycles
Authors: Yamashita Yoshiro , Miyashi Tsutomu
Published: July 2006

Wittig-Horner reaction of 2-dimethoxyphosphinyl-1,3-benzodithiole with 1,4-benzoquinones fused to a 1,2,5-thiadiazole unit and related heterocycles gave a new type of donors which show reversible two-electron oxidation waves and formed conductive complexes with iodine and DDQ.
Cleavage of Cyclic Ethers Including Oxetane and Oxolane with a Highly Nucleophilic Species of Phenylselenide Anion
Authors: Haraguchi Kazuhiro , Tanaka Hiromichi , Hayakawa Hiroyuki , Miyasaka Tadashi
Published: July 2006

Phenylselenide anion generated from (PhSe)2 and LiAlH4, was found to be highly reactive to various types of cyclic ethers, providing a new method to prepare γ- and δ-phenylselenenyl alcohols from oxetane and oxolane, respectively.
Engineering crystals built from molecules containing boron
Authors: Maly Kenneth E. , Malek Nadia , Fournier Jean-Hugues , Rodríguez-Cuamatzi Patricia , Maris Thierry , Wuest James D.
Published: July 2006

The study of compounds containing boron continues to have an important impact on virtually every area of chemistry. One of the few areas in which compounds of boron have been neglected is crystal engineering, which seeks to develop and exploit an understanding of how the structure and properties of crystals are related to the individual atomic or molecular components. Although detailed predictions of crystal structures are not yet reliable, crystal engineers have developed a sound qualitative strategy for anticipating and controlling structural preferences. This strategy is based on the design of special molecules, called tectons, which feature carefully selected cores and multiple peripheral functional groups that can direct association and thereby place neighboring molecules in predetermined positions. Recent work has demonstrated that molecular crystals with unique properties can be constructed logically from tectons with boron in their cores or sticky sites of association. In particular, the -B(OH)2 group of boronic acids engages in reliable patterns of hydrogen bonding, and its use as a sticky site in tectons has emerged as an effective tool for controlling association predictably. In addition, replacement of tetraphenylsilyl or tetraphenylmethyl cores in tectons by tetraphenylborate leaves the overall molecular geometry little changed, but it has the profound effect of introducing charge. Tectons derived from tetraphenylborate can be used rationally to construct porous charged molecular networks that resemble zeolites and undergo selective ion exchange. In such ways, boron offers chemists exciting new ways to engineer molecular crystals with predetermined structures and properties.
Reactions of alkynes with metallaboranes: Novel reactivities lead to new structure types
Authors: Fehlner Thomas P.
Published: July 2006

The reactions of alkynes with nido-dimetallaboranes containing monocyclopentadienyl metal fragments are highly dependent on metal identity. Typical metals from groups 6 and 7 do not react under mild conditions, Rh gives exclusively alkyne cyclotrimerization via a cluster-catalyzed reaction, and Ru reacts predominantly via insertion to give new ruthenacarborane clusters. The facile reaction observed for Ru permits the characterization of intermediates exhibiting novel structural features, e.g., external cluster-bridging monoborane or alkylidene fragments. Despite the large differences in reactivity, circumstantial evidence suggests the alkyne adds to and opens the metallaborane to an arachno-structure. The metal present determines the character of the metallaborane, which in turn determines whether further reaction occurs. For Ru, it is the hydrogen-rich character fostered by the metal fragment that leads to the copious chemistry observed.
Metallacarboranes: New synthetic strategies and structural patterns
Authors: Hosmane Narayan S. , Maguire John A.
Published: July 2006

A summary of the latest results in the authors' laboratories covering three areas is presented. The results of the controlled syntheses of oxide ion encapsulating lanthanacarboranes, by the introduction of stoichiometric amounts of H2O in the synthesis reactions, and the strictures of the resulting compounds were discussed. The scope and limitations of a general method for the synthesis of the open pentadienyl complexes were presented. In addition, the results of a systematic study of the reactions of the [2,n-(SiMe3)2-nido-2,n-C2B4H4]2- (n = 3, 4) with the late transition-metal salts MCl2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) were discussed.
Construction of nitrogen bicyclic and cage compounds with the use of allylic organoboranes
Authors: Bubnov Yu. N. , Kuznetsov N. Yu. , Gurskii M. E. , Semenova A. L. , Kolomnikova G. D. , Potapova T. V.
Published: July 2006

It is shown that reactions of triallylborane with pyrrole, pyridines, isoquinolines, lactams, 1-pyrroline, and acetylenes offer versatile methodology for the construction of various bicyclic and polycyclic nitrogen compounds, some of which are skeletally related to important classes of alkaloids. Optically active 3-borabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-enes are useful precursors for synthesis of chiral 3-aza- and 3-thiabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-enes, as well as derived chiral cyclohexenoid systems. The convenient methodology for the transformation of 1-boraadamantanes into 1-azaadamantanes is also discussed.
The Relationship Between Attachment Style, Anxiety Sensitivity and Interpretive Bias Among Adolescent Nonclinical Panickers
Authors: Austin David W. , Jamieson Rachel S. , Richards Jeffrey C. , Winkelman John
Published: July 2006

Elevated anxiety sensitivity and the tendency to catastrophically misinterpret ambiguous bodily sensations has been demonstrated in people who experience nonclinical levels of panic (Richards, Austin, & Alvarenga, 2001), and anxiety sensitivity has been shown to be associated with insecure attachment in adolescents and young adults (Weems, Berman, Silverman, & Saavedra, 2001). This study investigated the relationship between attachment style, anxiety sensitivity and catastrophic misinterpretation among 11 nonclinical panickers and 58 nonanxious controls aged 18 to 19 years. Participants completed the Brief Bodily Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire (BBSIQ), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and an attachment questionnaire. The hypothesis that insecurely attached individuals would demonstrate greater catastrophic misinterpretation and higher anxiety sensitivity than securely attached individuals was not supported; however, nonclinical panickers gave more anxiety-related interpretations of ambiguous internal stimuli than nonanxious controls. Results do not support the notion that attachment style is related to anxiety sensitivity or catastrophic misinterpretation (regardless of panic experience). Results do, however, support the notion that anxiety-related misinterpretation of ambiguous somatic sensations precedes the onset of panic disorder.
Two novel GnRHR gene mutations in two siblings with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Authors: Antelli Alessandra , Baldazzi Lilia , Balsamo Antonio , Pirazzoli Piero , Nicoletti Annalisa , Gennari Monia , Cicognani Alessandro
Published: July 2006

Objective: Mutations in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene are the cause of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). We describe the molecular investigations of the GnRHR gene in two siblings affected by HH and their clinical course.

Design: The female was referred at age 14 for pubertal delay with no secondary sexual signs, whereas the male had been followed since prepuberty. Hormonal evaluation showed very low levels of gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone test (LHRH test) and sexual steroids in both patients, suggesting a possible defect in the mechanism of action of the GnRH gene on its receptor.

Methods: The GnRHR gene of the two siblings and their parents were analyzed by PCR followed by direct sequencing.

Results: Two new single nucleotide substitutions resulting in the T104I and the Y108C substitutions in the first extracellular loop (ECL1) were identified in both siblings. The molecular analysis confirmed the carrier status of the parents.

Conclusions: We identified two new missense mutations in the GnRHR gene in two siblings with HH. The nature of the substitutions lying in the ECL1 involved in the ligand–receptor interaction, as well as the high conservation of the two residues in all mammalian GnRHR, are suggestive of some implications in the phenotype observed.
Evaluation of metabolic risk markers in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin and body composition in hirsute PCOS patients and controls
Authors: Glintborg Dorte , Andersen Marianne , Hagen Claus , Frystyk Jan , Hulstrøm Veronica , Flyvbjerg Allan , Hermann Anne Pernille
Published: July 2006

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients are abdominally obese and are at increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome. Low adiponectin and ghrelin levels in PCOS patients could be caused by insulin resistance as well as high testosterone levels.

Design: Adiponectin and ghrelin levels were evaluated in 51 hirsute PCOS patients referred to the outpatient clinic of an academic, tertiary care medical centre and in 63 weight-matched female controls. Relationships between adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, body composition, testosterone and insulin were examined.

Methods: Measurements of body composition including waist-hip-ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI) and whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan measures of body fat mass. Measurements of fasting levels of adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, androgen status, oestradiol, lipid variables and insulin during follicular phase.

Results: Adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in obese PCOS patients compared with weight-matched controls (geometric mean (−2 to 2 s.d.) 5.3 (2.5–11.1) vs 7.3 (3.0–17.4) mg/l, P<0.05). Mean ghrelin was significantly lower in hirsute PCOS patients than in controls (0.6 (0.3 to 1.4) vs 0.8 (0.4 to 1.7) μg/l, P<0.001) and this remained significant after subdividing subjects according to waist circumference and BMI. During multiple regression analysis, testosterone correlated positively with adiponectin and negatively with ghrelin independent of BMI, WHR and total fat mass.

Conclusion: Obese hirsute PCOS patients demonstrated significantly lower adiponectin levels than weight-matched controls suggesting a very high risk for the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, ghrelin levels were decreased in hirsute PCOS patients and showed a significant, negative correlation with testosterone independent of body composition.
Investigation of adrenal functions in patients with idiopathic hyperandrogenemia
Authors: Atmaca Hulusi , Tanriverdi Fatih , Unluhizarci Kursad , Bayram Fahri , Kelestimur Fahrettin
Published: July 2006

Objective: Some patients with hyperandrogenemia had no identifiable cause, which was named as idiopathic hyperandrogenemia (IHA). The role of the adrenal glands in these patients was investigated.

Design: Clinical study in patients with IHA at the Endocrinology Department of a University Hospital.

Patient(s): In this study, 26 pre-menopausal women with IHA and 20 healthy women were included. Basal hormonal investigations, ACTH test and a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed. Basal levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione (A4), sex hormone-binding globulin, DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), 11-deoxycortisol (11-S) and ACTH-stimulated levels of cortisol, A4, DHEAS, 17-OHP, and 11-S were measured. Additionally, glucose and insulin responses to OGTT were obtained.

Results: The patients and the control subjects had similar age and body mass index. Peak and area under the curve (AUC) responses of 11-S (P < 0.05), DHEAS (P < 0.005), and A4 (peak, P < 0.005; AUC, P < 0.001) to ACTH test were significantly higher in the patients with IHA than in the control subjects. There was a significant correlation between the basal DHEAS levels, peak 11-S, and AUC11-S, in response to ACTH-stimulation test in patients with IHA (P < 0.005, r, 0.6). Four (16.6%) patients with IHA had glucose intolerance.

Conclusion: Our data suggest that adrenal androgen excess may playanimportant role in patients with IHA and these patients exhibit increased prevalence of glucose intolerance.
Long-term outcome in 46 gene carriers of hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma after prophylactic thyroidectomy: impact of individual RET genotype
Authors: Frank-Raue K , Buhr H , Dralle H , Klar E , Senninger N , Weber T , Rondot S , Höppner W , Raue F
Published: July 2006

Objective: In children with RET proto-oncogene mutation, curative treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is possible by prophylactic thyroidectomy. Recommendations on the timing and extent of thyroidectomy are based upon a model that utilises genotype–phenotype correlations to stratify mutations into three risk groups.

Design: We evaluated the long-term outcome (mean follow-up 6.4 years, 15 patients more than 10 years, 26 patients more than 5 years) of operated gene carriers stratified into two risk groups (levels 1 and 2) based on the biological aggressiveness of MTC.

Results: In 46 RET gene carriers, prophylactic thyroidectomy was carried out between the ages of 4 and 21 years. Level 1 mutations were harboured by 11 patients (codons 790, 791, 804 and 891). Histology was completely normal in two patients; in seven patients C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) and in two patients T1 tumours were diagnosed. All patients with level 1 mutations were cured. Level 2 mutations were harboured by 35 patients (codons 618, 620, 630 and 634). Histology of these patients showed CCH in 11 patients, T1 tumours in 21, T2 tumour in 1, T3 tumour in 1 and Tx in 1 patient. Histology showed no lymph node involvement. Five patients with level 2 mutations failed to be cured; in two patients, persistence of MTC was diagnosed directly after thyroidectomy and in three during follow-up. In two patients carrying a 634 mutation, other endocrinopathies (hyperparathyroidism and bilateral pheochromocytoma) manifested during follow-up.

Conclusions: If prophylactic thyroidectomy is done at early ages, cure rate is high. Timing and extent of prophylactic thyroidectomy can be modified by individual RET mutation.
Changes in bioactive IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-1 during an oral glucose tolerance test in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Chen Jian-Wen , Nielsen Michael F , Caumo Andrea , Vilstrup Hendrik , Christiansen Jens Sandahl , Frystyk Jan
Published: July 2006

Objective: Liver cirrhosis is characterized by reduced circulating IGF-I and this has been linked to an adverse clinical outcome. Therefore, we investigated the dynamic changes in circulating total, free, and bioactive IGF-I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-1-bound IGF-I (binary complex) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Methods: Seven Caucasian males with liver cirrhosis and seven healthy males matched for age (54.4 ± 3.2 vs 54.6 ± 4.4 years) and body mass index (25.3 ± 1.2 vs 25.9 ± 1.3 kg/m2) were studied. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min for determination of serum total and free IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and binary complex, while bioactive IGF-I was measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min.

Results: In comparison with healthy subjects, baseline levels of total (47%), free (36%), and bioactive IGF-I (51%) were lower, while IGFBP-1 (268%) was higher (P < 0.05), IGFBP-2 (172%) tended to be higher (P > 0.05), and the binary complex unchanged (~100%) in cirrhotic patients. Serum total and free IGF-I, and IGFBP-2 remained unchanged in both study groups during the OGTT. Bioactive IGF-I decreased by 29% from baseline to 60 min in cirrhotic patients and remained low at the end of the OGTT (P < 0.05). A similar tendency was observed in healthy controls (P = 0.052). Concomitantly, IGFBP-1, binary complex, and IGFBP-1 saturation index decreased significantly in both groups. The disappearance of the binary complex was about twofold faster than that of IGFBP-1 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Despite unchanged concentrations of total and free IGF-I, bioactive IGF-I declined significantly after an oral glucose load in patients with liver cirrhosis and the same tendency was observed in healthy subjects. We speculate that the reduction in bioactive IGF-I may be related to the higher levels of free IGFBP-1 and the faster disappearance of IGFBP-1-bound IGF-I.
Synthesis of new trifluoromethyl-containing 1-(3,5-dialkyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-pyrazole and -pyrazol-5-one deriatives and their corresponding aroxyls
Authors: Dinoiu Vasile , LÜ Jian-Ming
Published: July 2006

3,5-Dialkyl-4-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 1 reacted with hexafluoroacetylacetone and trifluoroacetylacetone yielding the pyrazoles 2 bearing trifluoromethyl and/or methyl substituents in positions 3 and 5. The same hydrazine derivatives 1 afforded the pyrazol-5-ones 3 with trifluoroacetoacetic acid ethyl ester. On oxidation with lead tetraacetate in CH2Cl2, some stable aroxyls were obtained and their ESR spectra are described.
Physical modeling of representative particles of electrodeposited copper powders
Authors: Popov Konstantin , Nikolic Nebojsa , Krstic Snezana , Pavlovic Miomir
Published: July 2006

A method for the estimation of the size of the representative particle of a copper powder is given. Cross sections of representative particles of flowing and non-flowing powders estimated by this procedure are also presented.
Are drugs necessary in obesity treatment?
Authors: Ivkovic-Lazar Tatjana , Stokic Edita , Lepsanovic Lazar
Published: July 2006

The main principles of obesity treatment are dietetic nutrition, physical activity and psychotherapy. Drug therapy is adjuvant, time limited and can be applied only with the mentioned therapeutic measures. An ideal antiadipose agent induces a potent decrease of body mass on the account of fat depot, it can be administered for a prolonged time without developing resistance, it should not be accompanied by significant side effects, and it has no negative effects on the obesity-related diseases. Anti-obesity agents Nowadays, there are mainly two groups of drugs in use, having different mechanisms of action: appetite suppressors and fat resorption inhibitors. From the first group of drugs the most suitable is dexfenfluramine, which is applied in obese nervous and tense subjects and in cases of compulsive food intake whereas fat resorption inhibitors (tetrahydrolipstatin, orlistat) are especially recommended to obese patients with accompanying hyperlipoproteinemia. Insulin-dependent form of diabetes is an indication for administration of drugs from this group. Conclusion Of course, before applying drugs it is necessary to thoroughly consider indications and especially contraindications of their action. In respect to the treatment duration, three-month treatments are mainly recommended. Prolonged courses are acceptable only if well-controlled studies are in question.
Oral health in pregnancy
Authors: Blagojevic Duska , Brkanic Tatjana , Stojic Sinisa
Published: July 2006

Introduction Good oral health care during pregnancy is essential but often overlooked factor of dental growth as well as of other structures of oral cavity. Pregnancy is the time when conscious approach to preventive oral care should increase. Preventive measures during pregnancy Preventive measures during pregnancy mean usage of fluorides, special dietary measures and increased oral hygiene habits. Preventive measures in pregnant women have one goal: providing conditions for development of fetal teeth as well as preventing tooth decay in pregnant women. The optimal period for introducing preventive measures is the first trimester of pregnancy. Alterations of oral health during pregnancy Because of hormonal alterations there is an increased incidence of dental diseases: gingivitis and low salivary pH (inflammation and bleeding gums). Impact of nutrition during pregnancy on oral health Eating habits of pregnant women may lead to frequent snacking on candy or other decay-promoting foods, thereby increasing the risk of caries. However, very poor oral health, possible dental complications and their consequences to the health as well as emotional status represent very strong reasons for activation of dental health care in this period.
Prions: Clinical significance, epidemiology and possibilities of transmission by blood and blood products
Authors: Vojvodic Svetlana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Prions play a leading role in development of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). These infectious particles, smaller than viruses and viroids, consist of special kind of proteins and don't contain nucleic acids. Due to that, they are named defective viruses. Biochemical characteristics Prion protein determined as PrPcs was isolated in infective material of all known prion diseases. This represents an abnormal conformer of PrPc prion protein, normally synthetized in all cells, predominantly in neurons of vertebrates. Pathogenesis of TSE Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are neurodegenarative diseases whose pathogenesis includes modification of secondary structure of normal glycoprotein - prion protein. In human peripheral blood, PrP are expressed in T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets and plasma. Epidemiological studies Investigations of transmission of prions to experimental animals showed that lymphoid tissues are infectious in the earliest phase of the disease. Experimental transmission of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) by intracerebral inoculation of experimental animals with whole blood buffy coat, platelet concentrates, plasma, early Cohn fractions and albumin preparations, has been reported. A small number of clinical studies reported transmission of CJD by human blood, urine and lymphoid tissues and the role of B lymphocytes in neuroinvasion and transmission of prions. Conclusion Thus, importance of prion diseases in blood transfusion is obvious. Iatrogenic transmission of prion diseases by blood and blood products, can't be neglected. Moreover, it is necessary to find markers in prion diseases as well as new technologies and methodologies in blood transfusion practice to minimize the theoretical risk of transmission of prion diseases by blood and blood products.
Effects of cigarette smoking on periodontium
Authors: Bokor-Bratic Marija
Published: July 2006

Introduction The exact mechanisms by which smoking effects the periodontal tissues are not known. Studies in which plaque or calculus are taken into consideration come to conflicting conclusions regarding effects of smoking. Aim The aim of this study was to examine the oral hygiene and periodontal status in smokers and compare them with nonsmokers. Material and methods The study group comprised 83 smokers and 83 nonsmokers. The mean age (SD) of smokers and nonsmokers was 42,4?7,0 years and 43,7?6,4 years, respectively. The age difference was not statistically significant. The average tobacco consumption of the smokers at the time of investigation was 14 cigarettes a day and they had been regular smokers for 21 years on average. Results The amount of dental plaque was evaluated in accordance with the criteria of Green-Vermillion by using disclosing solution. The periodontal condition was evaluated by Ramfjord Periodontal Disease Index. For gingival recession the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the gingival margin was determined on mid-buccal and mid-lingual surfaces of all teeth. Each subject was radiographically examined with a full mouth intraoral survey. Alveolar bone loss was determined as the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the point where lamina dura became continuous with the compact bone of the interdental septum. Mean alveolar bone loss based on all mesial and distal measurements was calculated for each subject. The amount of dental plaque was high in both smokers (2,60,60) and nonsmokers (1,50,70), whereas the differences were statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion Periodontal destruction, alveolar bone loss and gingival recession were significantly increased in smokers compared to nonsmokers (p<0.001). It is concluded that differences observed between smokers and nonsmokers with regard to periodontal condition are attributable to differences in oral hygiene. Smoking is a risk factor for periodontal health.
Menstrual cycle disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome: Ultrasonographic characteristics and hormonal status
Authors: Radulovic Aleksandar , Bogavac Mirjana , Trninic-Pjevic Aleksandra
Published: July 2006

Introduction The polycystic ovary syndrome is primarily characterized by an association of hyperandrogenism and anovulation. The aim was to determine the incidence of menstrual cycle disorders in patients with PCO syndrome and the relation with ultrasonographic and hormonal findings. Material and methods A retrospective study examined the ultrasonographic findings and hormonal status in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the General Hospital in Subotica. The sample comprised 39 patients. Results and conclusions Most frequently age at menarche was 14 years (29%) in obese and 10 years (45.5%) in normal weight patients. There was not a significant difference in duration of menstrual bleeding in both groups of examined patients, whereas amenorrhoea was significantly more frequent in obese patients (29.4%) than in patients with normal weight (4.7%). On the basis of presented results (increased percentage of severe disorders of menstrual cycle in all patients in subgroup C and increased percentage of menstrual disorders in patients with high stromal density in relation to those with normal echogenity of stroma) it can be concluded that there is a correlation between ultrasonographic findings of ovaries (number of microcysts, volume and density of the stroma) and menstrual cycle disorders, the polycystic ovary syndrome.
Abdominal sling surgery: Artificial sacro-uterine ligament
Authors: Draca Petar , Miljkovic Stamenko , Jakovljevic Branislava
Published: July 2006

Abdominal sling surgery is defined as attachment of either the connective tissue graft (fascia lata) or some synthetic material (Mersilene) to the anterior wall of the exposed vaginal vault following total hysterectomy or to the posterior wall of the uterine cervix in total and subtotal uterine prolapse, whereas the other end is attached to the anterior longitudinal ligament extending along the anterior surface of the vertebrae. Our analysis comprised 45 operations: 20 cases of vaginal vault prolapse following vaginal hysterectomy; 7 cases of vaginal vault prolapse following HTA: 2 cases of prolapse following subtotal hysterectomy; 3 cases of nondefined TH 2 cases following Burch operation; 1 following Kocher; 1 following Manchester, 1 following Neugebauer-Le For operation in which HTA was performed 2 times. Abdominal sling operation was associated with the following surgical procedures: sling in 13 cases, sling + douglasorrhaphy in 16 cases, sling + douglasorrhaphy + colpoperineoplastics in 6 cases, sling colpoperineoplastics in 9 cases and sling + Marshall Marcetti in 1 case. Recurrence of enterocele was recorded in 5 patients in whom closure of the douglas pouch had not been performed. This procedure was therefore later included into our approach to the operation. The abdominal sling operation has been a logical and physiologic approach to surgical therapy of genital prolapse, particulary of the vaginal vault prolapse following total hysterectomy. This operation ensures subsequent normal sexual relations.
Immune reconstitution following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, monitoring parameters and new methods of its assessment
Authors: Vojvodic Svetlana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Despite engraftment and function of graft after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation severe immune suppression is a characteristic of early posttransplant period. Primary parameters contributing to posttransplant immunoincompetence include: lack of sustained transfer of donor antigen specific immunity, recapitulation of immunological ontogeny effect of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and its therapy and reduction of the recipient's thymic function. Normal immune reconstitution following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) Immune reconstitution following allogeneic HSCT depends on the age of recipient initial pathology, degree of HLA and minor histocompatibility antigen mismatches, T-cell depletion and use of anti-T-cell antibodies for conditioning and prevention of GvHD, posttransplant complications such as acute and chronic GvHD, relapse of disease and infectious status of the donor and recipient prior to transplantation. Tests for studying immune reconstitution following allogeneic transplantation most often used are cutaneous tests of delayed hypersensitivity, phenotyping of blood mononuclear cells and investigation of their functions, production of antibodies (IgG, IgM and IgA) and cytokines such as IL-2, TGF-a, TNF-a or IL-10, study of TCR, mixed leukocyte reaction toward allogeneic cells CD4/CD8 ratio and others. New tools for assessment of immune reconstitution after HSCT New methods and techniques for monitoring immune reconstitution are as follows: ELISPOT assay quantifies secretion of cytokines by T lymphocytes, analysis of the T-cell receptor (chain diversity during immune reconstitution by IMMUNOSCOPE/SPECTRATYPING method, and TREC technology that detects recent thymic emigrants in peripheral blood. Conclusion Usage of above-mentioned contemporary techniques makes it possible to assess and monitor the dynamics of immune reconstitution especially reconstitution of T-cell diversity, thymic function and antigen-specific T-cell response following HSCT.
Charcot joints as chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Peter Andrea
Published: July 2006

Introduction Charcot joints are considered to be chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Although it is not a common disease, due to its progressive character, it can lead to permanent immobility and reduces quality of life in these patients. It is known that evolution of Charcot joints has three stages and the best results of therapy can only be achieved in the first stage. Later, only surgical treatment can be considered with very poor results. Case report This is a case report of a young patient with a very severe form of diabetic arthropathy and other complications of diabetes. This 27-year old woman suffered from diabetes for 10 years and her family history showed that her grandfather and uncle had diabetes too. During physical examination severe deformities of the foot and malleolus were detected. Detection of chronic complications required evaluation of the level of neuropathy. Discussion Chronic complications of diabetes are very frequent. A severe form of complications are Charcot joints that can lead to permanent immobility. That is why it is important to recognize the early signs and symptoms of these changes in order to treat them in the early phase when best results are expected.
Radiocontrast - induced nephropathy
Authors: Djurdjevic-Mirkovic Tatjana , Curic Slobodan , Vodopivec Slavenka , Mitic Igor , Bozic Dusan , Petrovic Lada , Ilic Tatjana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Hospital-acquired acute renal failure increased in the last years from about 5 to 6.4%, while mortality remained high and according to newest investigations it is about 60% on average. Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy is the third cause of death in hospital-acquired acute renal failure. Risk factors for radiocontrast-induced nephropathy Risk factors for radiocontrast-induced nephropathy include: the existing kidney disease diabetes, dehydratation, multiple myeloma, older age and earlier kidney damage by contrast substances. Course of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy The clinical course of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy may manifest from asymptomatic picture to development of oliguric form of acute renal failure. Prevention and treatment modalities of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy Modalities of prevention and treatment of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy are as follows: adequate hydration of patients, appropriate application of diuretics, calcium channel blockers nonionizing radiocontrast and preventive haemodialysis. Experimental studies in prevention and treatment of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy Experimental studies indicate application of atrial natriuretic peptide, endothelin, prostaglandin. Case review Two patients treated at the Clinic for Nephrology and Clinical Immunology in Novi Sad, presented with radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. In one patient it appeared after panaortography and in the second after computerized tomography of the abdomen. In both cases aggravation occurred due to already existing renal failure caused by radiocontrast substances. Conclusion The problem is particularly important because there is a large number of patients in whom there is a risk of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy and it is necessary to carry out adequate prophylaxis and accurate assessment of kidney function before application of radiocontrast substances.
Olfactory perception in women with physiologically altered hormonal status (during pregnancy and postmenopause)
Authors: Savovic Slobodan , Nincic Dejan , Lemajic Slobodanka , Pilija Vladimir , Mandic Aljosa , Rajovic Jelka , Ivetic-Petrovic Vesna
Published: July 2006

Introduction Olfaction is considered to be the ability to: perceive, conduct and recognize scents and odors. With its numerous connections to the limbic system and reticular formation, the olfactory system affects regulation of numerous vegetative functions, visceral functions and sexual behavior. Since estrogen and progesterone protect the olfactory function, changes in their levels in particular physiological states in women (in pregnancy and postmenopause) exert an influence on the ability to feel and recognize smells. It has its role in creating emotions and adjustment of visceral and vegetative response to particular emotional states. Also, it represents the connection between higher cortical functions and the endocrine system. Material and methods Our investigation was performed at the Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic in Novi Sad. The research included 80 healthy women classified into 4 groups; 20 women aged between 20 and 30; 20 women in the first trimester of pregnancy aged between 20 and 30; 20 premenopausal women aged between 41 and 50; and 20 women at least 3 years in postmenopause, aged between 41 and 50. For our research we used an olfactometer and the Fortunato-Niccolini method. Results and discussion In pregnancy the thresholds of perception (TP) and identification (TI) of examined substances were slightly lower in comparison to nonpregnant women of the same ages, but without any statistical significance (p>0.05). In climacteric-postmenopausal women there was a significant decrease of olfactory ability in comparison to nonmenopausal women of the same ages (p<0.01). Conclusion All changes of the olfactory function in pregnancy are explained by mental changes of pregnant women as well as their hormonal status. Significant decrease of olfactory ability in postmenopause is explained by decline in sexual hormone levels.
Hyperhomocysteinemia: Risk factor for development of occlusive vascular diseases
Authors: Milosevic-Tosic Mirjana , Borota Jela
Published: July 2006

Introduction Occlusive vascular diseases take the first places on lists of diseases in general population today. In spite of this, all risk factors which contribute to development of these diseases are not yet known. Recent studies have shown that homocysteine plays a critical role in it and is established as a new risk factor. What is homocysteine? Homocysteine is a sulfur containing amino acid formed in the metabolism of methionine. Reference values of homocysteine in circulation and different forms in plasma are described. Hyperhomocysteinemia - a risk factor Homocysteine was associated with atherosclerosis and occlusive vascular disease in 1960s for the first time. Since then, many studies - prospective and retrospective, have confirmed the role of hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor in 42% of patients with cerebrovascular disease, 28% with peripheral vascular and 30% with coronary artery disease. The Physician's Health Study, a prospective study in which 15.000 male physicians took part, revealed that increase in homocysteine concentration of 1.7 ?mol/l above normal values was associated by threefold higher risk for myocardial infarction. The risk for carotid artery stenosis also increases with elevation of homocysteine concentration. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with poor prognosis in patients with angiographically established coronary disease. Stroke, venous thromboembolism, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure are some of the complications of hyperhomocysteinemia. Causes of hyperhomocysteinemia Hyperhomocysteinemia has numerous genetic and nongenetic etiologic factors. Cystationine synthase deficiency, methylentetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency and defects in the synthesis of cobalamin cofactors are genetically determined. Nutritional factors such as B12, folate or B6 vitamin deficiency, cofactors in homocysteine metabolism, lead to hyperhomocysteinemia. Mechanisms of homocysteine action Atherogenic propensity of homocysteine is related to endothelial dysfunction, blood thrombocyte aggregation changes in factors of coagulation. Oxidative stress is involved, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. Conclusion Hyperhomocysteinemia is established as an important risk factor for occlusive vascular diseases. Reduction in homocysteine concentration can be achieved by supplementation of B-group vitamins, cofactors in homocysteine metabolism. Is it going to be effective in reducing cardiovascular risks remains to be seen.
Clinical characteristics and prognostic value of preherpetic neuralgia
Authors: Cvjetkovic Dejan , Jovanovic Jovana , Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic Ivana , Aleksic-Djordjevic Mirjana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Herpes zoster is a world-wide disease of older age commonly presenting with preherpetic pain. The aim of the study was to determine clinical characteristics of preherpetic neuralgia and its influence on occurrence of postherpetic neuralgia. Material and methods A prospective, controlled trial included 88 patients with preherpetic neuralgia. 44 herpes zoster patients without preherpetic neuralgia were included in the control group. All of them were clinically followed-up for three months after complete healing of skin lesions. Results Older age (>60 years) was significantly predominant (59.1%) compared with other age groups (p<0.01) as well as female sex (59.9%) compared with the male sex (p<0.01). There was no significant predominance of any type of preherpetic neuralgia (stabbing, burning, itching, dull pain). More intense preherpetic pain (reported as "severe" and "moderate") was established more often than mild pain. The mean duration of preherpetic pain was 4,4 days (ranged between 1-20 days). Postherpetic neuralgia developed in 36/88 patients with preherpetic neuralgia (affecting predominantly older than 50 years of age - 31/36), but there was no significant difference in proportion of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) according to those without preherpetic neuralgia. Discussion and conclusion People older than 60 years are the most common age group among herpes zoster patients suffering from preherpetic neuralgia. Sex distribution of patients with preherpetic pain reveals highly significant predominance of female sex. Opposite to some other authors' reports, preherpetic neuralgia and its severity have not been proven as risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia in patients involved in our trial. .
Endometriosis and pain
Authors: Topalski-Fistes Nada , Maticki-Sekulic Milana , Kopitovic Vesna , Tabs Dunja
Published: July 2006

Introduction The main symptoms of endometriosis are pain, adnexal tumor and infertility. Pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea are cardinal symptoms as well as pain upon defecation, suprapubic pain (dysuria), pain during coitus and during gynecologic examination. Pain can be caused by fibrotic reaction of the adjacent tissue, adhesions, prostaglandins produced both in endometrium inside the uterus and ectopic endometrium, and also by increased macrophages in the peritoneal fluid. Material and methods 500 infertile patients underwent the procedure of laparoscopy in order to determine the cause of infertility. The control group comprised 200 fertile women. The presence of pain in the small pelvis was compared in two groups of patients: with or without endometriosis. Correlation of pain with the stage of disease and location of endometriotic implants in the small pelvis has also been investigated. Results Endometriosis was diagnosed by laparoscopy in 26% of infertile and 5% of fertile women. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Dysmenorrhea was present in 46.92% of infertile women with endometriosis and in 48.68% of women without endometriosis. The difference was not statistically significant. Dysmenorrhea was present in 30% of fertile women and in relation to infertile women, the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05), no matter if they have endometriosis or not. In relation to stages of endometriosis (the revised classification of the American Fertility Society), there is no significant difference concerning dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea occurred in the first stage in 48%, in the second stage in 44.19%, in the third stage in 50% and in the fourth stage in 44.44%. The correlation coefficient ranged from -8.85 to -0.89. The correlation existed, it was high, but negative. Sensitivity, specificity and prognostic value of symptoms of dysmenorrhea have been estimated in relation to endometriosis with following results: sensitivity was 47%, specificity 51% and the prognostic value i.e. the possibility of occurrence in patients with dysmenorrhea was 25%. Localization of endometriotic foci did not affect occurrence of pain symptoms.