bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of weaning on oxygen consumption and cardiovascular function A comparison of continuous flow and demand valve systems
Authors: YAM P. C. IP , APPADURAI I. R. , KOX W. J.
Published: July 2010

This study compared the continuous positive airways pressure mode of the demand valve system of the Engstrom Erica ventilator with a custom‐made continuous flow continuous positive airways pressure system in terms of the oxygen cost of breathing during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Ten consecutive patients in our intensive care unit, with thermodilution pulmonary artery flotation catheters in situ, were studied. Measurements were carried out under steady‐state conditions, initially when breathing spontaneously with continuous positive airways pressure via the Erica and then when transition to the continuous flow system was achieved. There were no significant differences between the two methods of providing continuous positive airways pressure in terms of the measured and derived physiological variables studied, with the exception of oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption with the continuous flow system was significantly less than with the Erica (142.8 (SEM 31.4) ml.min‐1.m‐2 compared with 165.8 (SEM 30.5) ml.min‐1.m‐2, p < 0.05). This difference reflects the reduced oxygen cost of breathing when the custom‐made continuous flow system was used during weaning.
Incidence of Gram‐negative bacteraemia in sepsis syndrome Implications for immunotherapy
Authors: WILLATTS S. M. , SPELLER D. C. E. , WINTER R. J.
Published: July 2010

The incidence of Gram‐negative bacteraemia in 100 patients with sepsis syndrome receiving antibiotics, and admitted to the Intensive Therapy Unit, was only 12%. If endotoxin antibody is only effective in bacteraemic patients and these results are confirmed, there would be little indication for its use in our Intensive Therapy Unit.
Cerebral hypoxia detected by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: WILLIAMS I.M. , PICTON A.J. , HARDY S. C. , MORTIMER A.J. , McCOLLUM C.N.
Published: July 2010

Near infrared spectroscopy is a relatively new technique for monitoring intracerebral oxygen saturation. Using the technique, three episodes of cerebral hypoxia were detected during elective carotid endarterectomy which were not reliably recorded by more standard monitoring of cerebral perfusion. In one case, cerebral hypoxia was related to slippage of the tracheal tube into the right main bronchus and in the other two to episodes of hypotension. Near infrared spectroscopy is a reliable indicator of peripheral cortical perfusion and provides continuous and noninvasive monitoring of intracerebral oxygen saturation.
Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation: comparison of the Belscope and Macintosh blades
Authors: GAJRAJ N. M. , CHASON D. P. , SHEARER V. E.
Published: July 2010

This study was designed to compare the degree of cervical spine movement during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation using the Belscope and Macintosh laryngoscope blades. Twenty ASA 1 and 2 patients scheduled for elective surgery requiring tracheal intubation were studied. Following induction of anaesthesia and muscle relaxation, a neutral cross‐table lateral cervical spine X ray was taken. Laryngoscopy was then performed in each patient using both the Belscope and Macintosh blades. After visualisation of the vocal cords and tracheal intubation the cervical spine X ray was repeated. Movement of the cervical spine was evaluated by tracing bony landmarks on each film and then superimposing the neutral and intubating films. We were unable to demonstrate a difference in the amount of cervical spine movement comparing the two blades. Using the Belscope blade, intubation took longer (median 18 s) than the Macintosh blade (median 12 s, p < 0.01) and was unsuccessful in two patients despite adequate visualisation of the vocal cords.
Performance of the Baxter disposable patient‐controlled analgesia infusor under hyperbaric conditions
Authors: RADCLIFFE J. J. , SPENCER I.
Published: July 2010

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment may require the concurrent administration of drugs. A study was performed to assess the suitability of the infusor device from the Baxter Patient‐Controlled Analgesia system, for drug delivery during hyperbaric therapy. Thirty infusor devices were used to deliver 5% dextrose, 50% dextrose or propofol solutions under conditions of 1 and 2.3 atmospheres of pressure. The increased pressure caused an increase inflow of 4.27%, 1.79% and 9.84% for 5% dextrose, propofol and 50% dextrose respectively.
Pain during injection of propofol
Authors: Lee T. W. , Loewenthal A. E. , Strachan J. A. , Todd B. D.
Published: July 2010

A controlled, double‐blind study was performed to compare the prior administration of intravenous saline 4 ml (n = 36), lignocaine 20 mg (n = 36) or thiopentone 100 mg (n = 43) on the pain produced by intravenous injection of propofol. One hundred and fifteen ASA 1 or 2 patients scheduled for minor surgery were studied using a randomised, double‐blind design. Thiopentone was more effective than lignocaine in reducing the incidence of propofol injection pain (p < 0.03).
Rapid sequence induction: a national survey of practice
Authors: Morris J. , Cook T. M.
Published: July 2010

We performed a national postal survey exploring anaesthetists' practice in rapid sequence induction. All respondents used pre‐oxygenation, although the technique employed, and its reliability, varied. Thiopental and succinylcholine, given after waiting for signs of loss of consciousness, were the most widely used drugs for rapid sequence induction. Propofol and rocuronium were used by more than a third of respondents, and most respondents (75%) also routinely administered an opioid. Cricoid pressure was used universally but the practice of its application varied widely. The commonest aids used if intubation was difficult were the gum elastic bougie, the long laryngoscope blade and the laryngeal mask. After failed intubation, approximately half of respondents would maintain the supine position. Failure to intubate at rapid sequence intubation had been seen by 45% of respondents but harm was uncommon. In contrast, 28% had seen regurgitation, which frequently led to considerable harm and to three deaths. In spite of this, practice of a failed intubation drill was uncommon (15%) and anaesthetic assistants were rarely known to practice application of cricoid pressure. Consultants were less likely than trainees to use rocuronium as a muscle relaxant, and more likely to choose morphine if administering an opioid. They were less likely to practice a failed intubation drill. Other aspects of practice varied little between grades. This survey suggests that many anaesthetists do not follow best practice when performing a rapid sequence induction.
Seasonal variation in admission rates to intensive care units
Authors: Garfield M. , Ridley S. , Kong A. , Burns A. , Blunt M. , Gunning K.
Published: July 2010

Intensive care physicians perceive that there is seasonal variation in the number of admissions to critical care services. There is, however, little published evidence to support this belief. Data were therefore collected from five adjacent critical care units in the eastern region over a period of 8 years, in order to quantify any seasonal variation that may exist. Data on 16 355 critically ill patients were obtained between 1992 and 2000. Analysis showed clear winter peaks; December had a 30% higher admission rate than the quietest month, February. There was a small, but increasing, summer peak. The admission rate also exhibits an increasing linear trend, equivalent to a 6.6% annual increase in admissions per critical care bed. We conclude that there is significant seasonal variation in critical care activity, and that this is important to consider when planning services.
The effect of posture on cerebral oxygenation during abdominal surgery
Authors: Harrison G. R.
Published: July 2010

Performing surgery with a patient in the head‐down position for several hours may cause marked facial and conjunctival oedema. It is not known whether oedema might also be occurring within the cranial cavity. This study, using near‐infrared regional cerebral oximetry, was performed to see if there was any evidence of cerebral anoxia during operations performed with patients in the head‐down position compared with those performed on patients who were flat. Patients managed in the head‐down position did not demonstrate any reduction in regional cerebral oxygenation, but those who were managed flat did. An explanation of these paradoxical findings is elusive.
The effect of cardiac output changes on end‐expired volatile anaesthetic concentrations – a theoretical study
Authors: Kennedy R. R. , Baker A. B.
Published: July 2010

Cardiac output is one of the major determinants of the rate of uptake, and therefore the end‐expired concentration (FE′) of volatile anaesthetic agents. The purpose of this theoretical study was to explore the effect of cardiac output changes on FE′ for a range of volatile anaesthetics. A multicompartment model of anaesthetic uptake and distribution which produces constant values of FE′ was used. The minimum detectable change in cardiac output was determined for a variety of anaesthetic agents for four patterns of cardiac output change. The effect of a step change in cardiac output from 5 to 10 l.min−1 was also recorded. The smallest cardiac output changes (average 33%) were detected with isoflurane. As blood solubility increased or decreased, larger cardiac output changes were needed before they could be detected. With a large step change in cardiac output and with increasing solubility, the final change in FE′ increased but the initial rate of change of FE′ is decreased. A significant cardiac output change will produce a change in volatile anaesthetic uptake. An unexpected change in FE′ should be considered as a possible signal of a sudden cardiac output change. The difference between agents may represent a balance between the amount of agent taken up and the size of the tissue ‘sink’ for that agent.
Pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of cannabis and cannabinoids
Authors: Kumar R. N. , Chambers W. A. , Pertwee R. G.
Published: July 2010

This review highlights the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of cannabinoids. The effect of cannabinoids on anaesthesia is mentioned briefly. Important advances have taken place in cannabinoid research over the last few years and have led to the discovery of novel ligands. The possible clinical applications of these ligands and the direction of future research are discussed.
Presence of protein deposits on ‘cleaned’ re‐usable anaesthetic equipment
Authors: Miller D. M. , Youkhana I. , Karunaratne W. U. , Pearce A.
Published: July 2010

Twenty previously used and supposedly clean, sterilised laryngeal mask airways, five bougies and five Magill forceps from the operating theatre, and 61 laryngoscope blades from different sites within a single hospital were randomly collected and stained with erythrosin B dye, which stains proteins if present on surfaces. All 20 laryngeal mask airways had been used before and were stained: four (20%) showed heavy staining, five (25%) moderate staining and 11 (55%) mild staining. Two unused laryngeal mask airways used as controls were without staining. Thirty‐four of 44 (77%) laryngoscope blades taken from the operating theatres, six of seven (86%) from the overnight intensive recovery room and all 10 (100%) from the wards were stained. None of the other items was totally clean. These findings suggest that current cleaning methods do not remove all proteinaceous material.
Comparison of continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine and sufentanil with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia after total hip replacement
Authors: Kampe S. , Randebrock G. , Kiencke P. , Hünseler U. , Cranfield K. , König D. P. , Diefenbach C.
Published: July 2010

We assessed the efficacy of an epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.1% and sufentanil 1 µg.ml−1, comparing it with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia using piritramide in this prospective, randomised, double‐blind study of 24 ASA physical status I–III patients undergoing elective total hip replacement. Lumbar epidural block using ropivacaine 0.75% was combined with either propofol sedation or general anaesthesia for surgery. Epidural infusion and patient‐controlled analgesia were started after surgery. Twelve patients received an epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.1% and sufentanil 1 µg.ml−1 at a rate of 5–9 ml.h−1 and an intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia device loaded with saline. Eleven patients received an epidural infusion of saline at the same rate and intravenous piritramide via the patient‐controlled analgesia device. Motor block was negligible in both groups. The epidural ropivacaine group had significantly lower visual analogue pain scores at rest 4 h after surgery (p < 0.01), and on movement 4 h (p < 0.01) and 8 h (p < 0.05) after surgery, than the intravenous piritramide group. The piritramide group experienced significantly more adverse events than the epidural group (p < 0.001), especially hypotension (p < 0.01) and vomiting (p < 0.05). Patients in the epidural ropivacaine group were more satisfied with the pain management (p < 0.05). We conclude that the epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.1% and sufentanil 1 µg.ml−1 is superior to intravenous opioid by patient‐controlled analgesia in preventing pain after total hip replacement, with fewer adverse effects and greater patient satisfaction.
Prediction of prolonged laryngoscopy
Authors: Saghaei M. , Safavi M. R.
Published: July 2010

Duration of laryngoscopy must be kept as short as possible to prevent disturbances of oxygenation and ventilation. Because the factors associated with prolonged laryngoscopy are not well known, we studied 1000 patients undergoing tracheal intubation under general anaesthesia to determine the possible effects of their characteristics on the incidence of prolonged laryngoscopy (defined as lasting longer than 15 s). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the odds ratio for significant factors. Prolonged laryngoscopy occurred in 158 patients (15.8%). Six characteristics were determined as risk factors for a prolonged laryngoscopy: weight > 80 kg [OR 3.7 (95% CI 1.9–7.1)]; tongue protrusion < 3.2 cm [OR 2.0 (1.0–4.2)]; mouth opening < 5 cm [OR 4.3 (2.1–8.9)]; upper incisor length > 1.5 cm [OR 4.2 (2.0–8.6)]; Mallampati class > 1 [OR 10.0 (7.1–14.6)]; and head extension < 70°[OR 7.1 (3.8–13.6)]. The presence of three of these factors predicted prolonged laryngoscopy with a sensitivity of 0.72 and a specificity of 0.91
Use of methoxamine in the resuscitation of epinephrine‐resistant electromechanical dissociation
Authors: McBrien M. E. , Breslin D. S. , Atkinson S. , Johnston J. R.
Published: July 2010

We describe three cases of electromechanical dissociation under anaesthesia that were unresponsive to doses of intravenous epinephrine given according to current Advanced Life Support guidelines, but which responded immediately to the intravenous administration of the pure α agonist, methoxamine. We suggest a possible mechanism to explain this finding and review the literature on vasopressor drugs used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation during electromechanical dissociation. An intravenous α agonist, such as methoxamine 20 mg, should be considered for any case of cardiac arrest secondary to electromechanical dissociation which is unresponsive to epinephrine given according to current guidelines.
Alterations in forearm vascular reactivity in patients with septic shock
Authors: Kienbaum P. , Prante C. , Lehmann N. , Sander A. , Jalowy A. , Peters J.
Published: July 2010

Patients with septic shock are haemodynamically unstable and suffer from vasodilation. Studying the human forearm vascular bed in patients with septic shock, we tested the hypothesis that the responses to regionally infused endothelium‐(in)dependent vasodilators and vasoconstrictors are uniformly impaired. Forearm blood flow (FBF, venous occlusion plethysmography) and brachial arterial pressure were determined to calculate forearm vascular resistance (FVR) in eight consecutive sedated, mechanically ventilated patients with septic shock (APACHE II Score range 21–34, SOFA Score 11–16) and 11 healthy volunteers. Despite increased baseline FBF in patients with septic shock (6.1 (SD 1.5) ml.min−1.(100 ml of tissue)−1 compared to 4.7 (1.4) in volunteers) the significant decreases in FVR seen in response to exogenous nitric oxide (nitroprusside) and acetylcholine did not differ between groups. However, compared to volunteers, mitigation of endogenous nitric oxide production by a low dose of NG‐methyl‐l‐arginine acetate (l‐NMMA) caused a significant increase (+ 6.7 mmHg.min.ml−1) in septic patients. Regional vasoconstriction in response to phenylephrine (FVR: + 9.9 vs + 30.7 mmHg.min.ml−1 in controls) and angiotensin II (FVR: + 9.0 vs + 67.4 mmHg.min.ml−1) was markedly impaired. In contrast, vasopressin, in dosages evoking no vasoconstriction in volunteers, induced a significant increase in FVR in septic patients (+ 10.0 mmHg.min.ml−1). In the forearm of patients with septic shock, vasoconstriction by α1‐ and angiotensin II receptor agonists is selectively impaired, whereas the vasoconstrictor response to vasopressin is exaggerated. These findings exclude a generalised impairment of vasomotor activity in patients with septic shock and provide a rationale for vasopressin administration.
Evaluation of the Airtraq® and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients at increased risk for difficult tracheal intubation*
Authors: Maharaj C. H. , Costello J. F. , Harte B. H. , Laffey J. G.
Published: July 2010

The Airtraq®, a novel single use indirect laryngoscope, has demonstrated promise in the normal and simulated difficult airway. We compared the ease of intubation using the Airtraq with the Macintosh laryngoscope, in patients at increased risk for difficult tracheal intubation, in a randomised, controlled clinical trial. Forty consenting patients presenting for surgery requiring tracheal intubation, who were deemed to possess at least three characteristics indicating an increased risk for difficulty in tracheal intubation, were randomly assigned to undergo tracheal intubation using a Macintosh (n = 20) or Airtraq (n = 20) laryngoscope. All patients were intubated by one of three anaesthetists experienced in the use of both laryngoscopes. Four patients were not successfully intubated with the Macintosh laryngoscope, but were intubated successfully with the Airtraq. The Airtraq reduced the duration of intubation attempts (mean (SD); 13.4 (6.3) vs 47.7 (8.5) s), the need for additional manoeuvres, and the intubation difficulty score (0.4 (0.8) vs 7.7 (3.0)). Tracheal intubation with the Airtraq also reduced the degree of haemodynamic stimulation and minor trauma compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: A randomised single blinded study of the administration of pre‐warmed fluid vs active fluid warming on the incidence of peri‐operative hypothermia in short surgical procedures*
Authors: Andrzejowski J. C. , Turnbull D. , Nandakumar A. , Gowthaman S. , Eapen G.
Published: July 2010

We compared the effect of delivering fluid warmed using two methods in 76 adult patients having short duration surgery. All patients received a litre of crystalloid delivered either at room temperature, warmed using an in‐line warming device or pre‐warmed in a warming cabinet for at least 8 h. The tympanic temperature of those receiving fluid at room temperature was 0.4 °C lower on arrival in recovery when compared with those receiving fluid from a warming cabinet (p = 0.008). Core temperature was below the hypothermic threshold of 36.0 °C in seven (14%) patients receiving either type of warm fluid, compared to eight (32%) patients receiving fluid at room temperature (p = 0.03). The administration of 1 l warmed fluid to patients having short duration general anaesthesia results in higher postoperative temperatures. Pre‐warmed fluid, administered within 30 min of its removal from a warming cabinet, is as efficient at preventing peri‐operative hypothermia as that delivered through an in‐line warming system.
Inheritance of β‐mannosidosis in goats
Authors: FISHER R. A. , RATHKE E. J. S. , KELLEY J. A. , DUNSTAN R. W. , CAVANAGH K. , JONES M. Z.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Plasma levels of β‐mannosidase activity were measured in the phenotypically normal members of a family of goats in which 12 cases of β‐mannosidosis have been reported. Normal or carrier genotypes were assigned on the basis of these results, and mating tables drawn up. Similar data were collected on a number of other small families unrelated to the one with β‐mannosidosis. The results indicate that the plasma β‐mannosidase level is a reasonably good indicator of carrier status and confirm that the disease β‐mannosidosis is inherited in a recessive manner and is not X‐linked.
Joint inheritance of bovine major histocompatibility system antigens W6 and W11
Authors: STEAR M. J. , MACKIE J. T.
Published: July 2010

Summary. BOLA workshop antigens W6 and W11 were inherited together in a small number of crossbred Charolais cattle.
Polymorphic plasma postalbumins of some domestic animals (pig PO2, horse Xk and dog Pa proteins) identified as homologous to human plasma α1B‐glycoprotein
Authors: JUNEJA R. K. , GAHNE B. , STRATIL A.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Pig, horse and dog plasma proteins, separated by horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 9.0) and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, were tested for cross‐reaction with antiserum to human plasma α1B‐glycoprotein (α1B). The results showed that one previously reported polymorphic plasma postalbumin in each of these species (pig PO2, horse Xk and dog Pa protein) was homologous to human plasma α1B. In the light of the previously known genetic linkages in these species, this implied: (1) α1B gene is close linked toPhi, PgdandHal(halothane sensitivity locus) loci in pigs; and (2) α1B gene is linked toMElandPhiloci in horses. This suggested that the α1B gene may also be found to be closely linked to gene(s) controlling susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia in humans and other mammals.
Further characterization of the G blood group system of rhesus monkeys
Authors: STONE W. H. , SAMPLES N. K. , LUTTRELL L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. We describe a new antiserum that has the unique ability to distinguish homozygous from heterozygous genotypes in the G blood group system of rhesus monkeys. With this new typing serum (reagent), all 10 possible genotypes in this system can be distinguished and the utility of blood typing for genetic studies has been greatly increased.
A monoclonal antibody identifying a T‐cell marker in the horse
Authors: CRUMP A. L. , DAVIS W. , ANTCZAK D. F.
Published: July 2010

Summary.A cell surface molecule of equine T lymphocytes was identified and characterized using a mouse monoclonal antibody, HT23A. The molecule was detected on all T cells but not on other cells in peripheral blood, with the possible exception of a small subpopulation (about 5%) of B cells, as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. HT23A labelled T cell areas of horse lymph nodes and spleen when used in an indirect immunoperoxidase assay on frozen sections. Macrophages and neutrophils were not labelled by the antibody nor were frozen sections of horse liver, kidney, or brain. HT23A precipitated a molecule of approximately 69kDa from125Iodine labelled horse lymphocytes.
Serological and genetic study of the ELA W21 specificity
Authors: HIRNI H. , LAZARY S. , GERBER H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Investigations on the W21 specificity showed that this antigen is expressed on lymphocytes and platelets but not on erythrocytes. The molecule carrying the antigen W21 moves in the cell membrane independently from ELA locus A and B encoded antigens, as observed in ‘lysostripping’. The W21 specificity occurs with very different gene frequencies in various breeds. In informative families it segregates together with defined gene products of the MHC region.

The data suggest strongly that the W21 specificity belongs to the ELA system as a class I gene product, but is governed by a separate locus than the known locus A and locus B allelic series.
Equine disease association studies: a clinician's perspective
Authors: McCLURE J. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Diagnostic criteria should be carefully defined and described in disease association studies to allow (1) comparison among studies from different laboratories evaluating the same disease, (2) critical evaluation of selection procedures of patients, and (3) to strengthen genuine associations with any genetic marker system. Factors to consider include age at onset of disease, specialized diagnostic methods necessary to diagnose or eliminate patients with a selected disease, ranges of affectedness and differences in sex expression.
Effects of bovine colostrum, foal serum immunoglobulin concentration and intravenous plasma transfusion on chemiluminescence response of foal neutrophils
Authors: LEBLANC M. M. , PRITCHARD E. L.
Published: July 2010

Summary.The effects of bovine colostrum, absorption of equine colostral immunoglobulins and age on phagocytic and serum opsonizing activity of nine clinically healthy foals were examined. Cells and serum were collected prior to suckling and at 7, 14 and 28 days of age. Seven foals had serum IgG concentrations >600mg/dl whereas two foals had <350mg of IgG/dl. Phagocytic and serum opsonic activity of eight clinically ill foals with <400mg of IgG/dl of serum were also examined before and after plasma transfusion. Phagocytic and serum opsonizing activities were evaluated by an assay for chemiluminescence (CL) after addition of opsonized streptococci. Results showed that bovine colostrum stimulated CL of foal neutrophils. Preliminary characterization of opsonins in bovine colostrum by ammonium sulphate fractionating and heat inactivation indicated that opsonins generating CL were mainly associated with immunoglobulin G. Chemiluminescence generated by foal neutrophils varied with age with foal neutrophils collected at day 14 producing more CL than adult neutrophils (P<0.05). Foal serum opsonizing activity was similar to adult opsonizing activity if serum IgG concentrations were >600mg/dl but it was less if IgG concentration was <350mg/dl (P<0.05). Chemiluminescence generated by foal and adult neutrophils was higher when post‐transfusion foal serum was used as the source of opsonin than when pre‐transfusion foal serum was used (P<0.05). When adult serum was the opsonin, chemiluminescence of foal neutrophils collected before and after plasma transfusion did not differ. The increase in CL following plasma transfusion was probably due to an increase in serum opsonizing activity.
Joint Report of the Fifth International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 31 October‐1 November 1987
Authors: LAZARY S. , ANTCZAK D. F. , BAILEY E. , BELL T. K. , BERNOCO D. , BYRNS G. , McCLURE J. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Six laboratories participated in the Fifth International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse, testing 132 alloantisera against lymphocytes of 880 horses chosen to represent different families and breeds. Most of the alloantisera were produced by lymphocyte immunization between horses matched at the ELA‐A locus. All horses were also tested with antisera contributed to the workshop by participating laboratories which identified ELA specificities A1‐A10 and W12‐W21. Previously identified workshop specificities ELA‐W14, W15 and W19 were accepted as products of the ELA‐A locus based on family and population studies by the workshop. Their designations were changed to ELA‐A14, ELA‐A15 and ELA‐A19, respectively.

Two new specificities were identified, namely ELA‐W22 (W22) and ELA‐W23 (W23). Population and family studies indicated that W22 and W23 as well as W13 are products of an ELA locus other than ELA‐A. The presence of these specificities was correlated with the presence of certain ELA‐A locus specificities, e. g. W13 with A3, W22 with A2 and W23 with A5. However, the association was not complete and W13, W22 and W23 also segregated with other ELA‐A specificities in some families.

Evidence for recombination was found between the ELA‐A locus and the locus or loci encoding these specificities resulting in seven recombinant haplotypes found among the data presented in this workshop. Further studies are required for definitive assignment of the specificities to a class I or class II locus.
Genetic polymorphism of horse serum protein 3 (SP3)
Authors: JUNEJA R. K. , SANDBERG K. , KURYL J. , GAHNE B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Two‐dimensional agarose gel (pH 8.6)‐horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis of horse serum samples, followed by general protein staining, revealed genetic polymorphism of an unidentified protein tentatively designated serum protein 3 (SP3). The SP3 fractions appeared distinctly when a 14% concentration of acrylamide was used in the separation gels. The 2‐D mobilities of SP3 fractions were quite similar to that of albumin. Family data were consistent with the hypothesis that the observed SP3 phenotypes were controlled by four co‐dominant, autosomal alleles (D,F,I,S). Evidence was provided that the Fallele can be further divided into two alleles (F1 and F2); the mobilities of F1 and F2 variants were very similar. Each of the SP3 alleles gave rise to one fraction and each of the heterozygous types showed two fractions. More than 600 horses representing five different breeds (Swedish Trotter, North‐Swedish Trotter, Thoroughbred, Arab and Polish Tarpan) were typed for SP3, and allele frequency estimates were calculated. SP3 was highly polymorphic in all breeds studied.
Additional studies of sheep haemopexin: genetic control, frequencies and postnatal development*
Authors: STRATIL A. , BOBÁK P. , MARGETIN M. , GLASNÁK V.
Published: July 2010

Summary. This study presents evidence that sheep haemopexin phenotypes are genetically controlled by three alleles, HpxA, HpxB1 and HpxB2, of a single autosomal locus. Frequencies of two alleles, HpxA and HpxB (HpxB encompasses two isoalleles, HpxB1 and HpxB2), were studied in eight sheep breeds in Czechoslovakia. The frequency of the HpxA allele was highest (ranging from 0.81 in Merino to 1.0 in East Friesian sheep). Qualitative and quantitative changes in haemopexin during postnatal development were studied by starch gel electrophoresis and rocket immunoelectrophoresis respectively. In electrophoresis, 1‐ or 2‐day‐old lambs had two very weak zones corresponding in mobility to two slower zones of adult animals. Later, the third more anodic zone appeared and gradually increased in intensity. In 1‐month‐old lambs the patterns were practically identical with those of adult animals. Using rocket immunoelectrophoresis, the level of haemopexin shortly after birth was practically zero. It rose sharply till the sixth day of life; then the level continued to rise slowly till about 1 month of age. The mean haemopexin level in adult sheep was 64.5 ± 18.26 (SD) mg/100ml serum, ranging from 30.5 to 116.5 mg/100ml.
Evidence for absence of linkage between the B and Z as well as between the F and S systems of cattle blood groups
Authors: WIMITZKY M. , FRANÇOIS D. , GROSCLAUDE, F.
Published: July 2010

Summary. In accordance with previous results and contrary to recent conclusions of Georges et al. (1990), neither the B and Z, nor the F and S systems of cattle blood groups are linked.
Mixed lymphocyte culture studies reveal complexity in the bovine MHC not detected by class I serology
Authors: DAVIES C. J. , ANTCZAK D. F.
Published: July 2010

Summary.The genetic structure of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was investigated using the lymphocyte microcytotoxicity test for class I typing and the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) assay for class II typing. Using locally produced alloantisera and antisera from the Third International BoLA Workshop, 14 class I BoLA‐A locus alleles were identified in the study population, a single herd of approximately 700 Holstein‐Friesian cattle. Eleven of these were alleles recognized in the International Workshop and three were new alleles. An MLC titration assay was employed in conjunction with class I typing to define BoLA haplotypes and identify BoLA complex homozygotes. An embryo transfer family consisting of eight full sibling cattle including one BoLA complex homozygote was produced by half sibling mating. Five other BoLA complex homozygotes were subsequently identified in the herd. Six MLC defined class II haplotypes investigated in detail were designated BoLA‐D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D7. BoLA‐D1 was associated with the class I specificity BoLA‐Aw6, D2 with Aw6 and the new class I specificity Ac3, D3 with Aw6 and Aw11, D4 with Aw10, D5 with Aw31 and Aw11, and D7 with Aw20. The discovery of four groups of class I identical‐class II disparate haplotypes, and three pairs of class I disparate‐class II identical haplotypes indicates the presence of considerable complexity in the BoLA complex that is not detected using class I serology.
Use of DNA fingerprints for the detection of major genes for quantitative traits in domestic species
Authors: HALEY C. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The detection of marker loci linked to major genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) of large effect in farm animal populations is of great potential value, both because it allows the easy manipulation of the major genes and because it provides a possible route to their ultimate isolation. At present the number of markers available is limited in farm animals. DNA fingerprints provide a promising source of informative marker loci and have the advantage that several loci can be detected on a single Southern hybridization. The disadvantage of DNA fingerprints is the difficulty in determining allelism of DNA fingerprint bands in different pedigrees and the fact that not all potentially resolvable loci can be resolved in a single pedigree. With probes capable of detecting 50 randomly distributed loci, about 50% of the genome of a typical domestic mammal might be expected to be closely linked to a marker (at a distance of 0.2 Morgans or less). If a proportion of DNA fingerprint loci prove to be clustered near chromosomal telomeres or elsewhere in the genome, coverage will be less. In order to detect linkage to a major gene, sires known or suspected to be heterozygous are used to produce large half‐sibships, all animals in the pedigree are DNA fingerprinted and the phenotypes of the offspring are recorded. Where several heterozygous sires are available, sires can be selected in an attempt to maximize the number of marker loci resolved. The optimum number of sires needed to produce pedigrees will depend upon the size of the major gene, the number of DNA fingerprint probes available and the characteristics of the DNA fingerprints produced, but often one or two pedigrees will be optimum. Monte Carlo simulation was used to explore the power of detection of linkage between a major gene and a marker locus in a backcross. Maximum likelihood and analysis of variance of mean differences between marker genotypes were of similar power, but maximum likelihood provided reasonable estimates of the major gene effect and its linkage to the marker under some circumstances. One hundred offspring informative for the segregation of a marker would provide reasonable power for the detection of a gene causing a difference between the heterozygote and the homozygote of at least one within‐sire, within‐genotype standard deviation when linkage was very close (0.05 or less). With looser linkage (0.2 Morgans or less), a sample of the same size has reasonable power to detect genes causing at least two within‐sire, within‐genotype standard deviations difference between the heterozygote and the homozygote. The Booroola gene causes a difference of approximately 2.75 within‐sire, within‐genotype standard deviations for ovulation rate between heterozygous carriers and homozygous non‐carriers of the Booroola allele. DNA fingerprints can provide a worthwhile probability of finding a marker linked to the Booroola gene in a sample of less than 100 informative offspring.
Chicken major histocompatibility complex congenic lines differ in the percentages of lymphocytes bearing CD4 and CD8 antigens
Authors: HÁLA K. , VAINIO O. , PLACHÝ J. , BÖCK G.
Published: July 2010

Summary. In the experiments to be described two congenic inbred lines CB and CC and two recombinant lines CB.R1 and CC.R1 were used. All four lines differ only in regard to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). To determine the percentage distributions of the two cell subsets in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in these lines, monoclonal antibodies to these two antigens were used. By FACScan there were more CD4+PBL in CB and CB.R1 lines (share B‐F/B‐L region, controlling class I/class II antigens with line CB) than CC and CC.R1, while the reverse was true with CD8+ subsets. There were more CD8+ PBL in the CC and CC.R1 lines and less in CB and CB.R1 lines. The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ in CB chickens was 3.4pL0.2 and in CC chickens 1.6pL0.1.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the growth hormone gene in pigs
Authors: NIELSEN V. H. , LARSEN N. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Pigs from four Danish and two Swedish populations were examined for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the growth hormone (GH) gene. Polymorphism was detected with the restriction enzymes Dra1 and Taq1. A comparison of the Danish populations showed significant differences among their allelic frequencies.
A fast and highly sensitive method for detecting freemartinism in bovine twins using immunomagnetic beads and Y‐specific PCR primers
Authors: Olsaker I. , Hellemann A. L. , Lie Ø , Jørgensen C. B. , Thomsen P. D.
Published: July 2010

A method for detecting male cells in the blood of the female calf in bovine heterosexual twin pregnancies has been established. Nucleated cells were isolated from full blood by immunomagnetic separation, lysed by boiling and then subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with Y chromosome specific primers. Diagnosis was achieved within one day. The method was successfully used on blood samples that had been stored at +4°C for more than one month. Dilution of male blood in female blood showed that XY cells were detectable down to a concentration of 0.1%. This method should be amenable to automatization and can be adapted to any PCR‐based genetic test.
Biochemical characterization of the feline AB blood group system
Authors: Griot‐Wenk M. , Chisholm‐Chait A. , Giger U. , Pahlsson P. , Spitalnik P. F. , Spitalnik S. L.
Published: July 2010

The biochemical nature of the feline AB blood group system was characterized by analysing red blood cells from homozygous (genotype A/A) and heterozygous (A/B) type A, type B (B/B), and type AB cats. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) of red cell gly‐colipids revealed that specific neuraminic acids (NA) on gangliosides, containing ceramide dihexoside (CDH) as a backbone, correlated with the feline AB blood group antigens. Although disialogangliosides predominated, mono‐ and trisialogangliosides were also isolated. B cats expressed solely N‐acetyl‐NA (NeuNAc) on these gangliosides. In addition to expressing N‐glycolyl‐NA (NeuNGc) containing gangliosides, A red cells have gangliosides with only NeuNAc or mixtures of both NA. HPTLC profiles of disialogangliosides from homozygous and heterozygous A cats differed slightly in the quantity of disialogangliosides. Equal amounts of NeuNAc and NeuNGc containing disialogangliosides, as well as two intermediary forms, were recovered from AB erythrocytes. Analysing disialogangliosides from red cells belonging to 17 genetically related cats, we consistently obtained the expected disialoganglio‐side profile, based on blood typing and pedigree information. SDS‐PAGE of red cell membrane proteins and blotting withTriticum vulgaris, a lectin recognizing NeuNAc, revealed glycoproteins of approximately 51, 53, and 80 kD in B and AB cats but only a faint band of approximately 53 kD in A cats. By haemagglutination,Triticum vulgariscould also distinguish different blood types by specifically binding to B and AB cells. Flow cytometry showed that more anti‐B bound to B cells than anti‐A bound to A cells. Although AB cells had a broad range of fluorescence when compared to the profiles seen with A and B cells, the mean fluorescence with AB cells was half of that seen with A or B. These results further characterize the antigens determining the feline AB blood group system illustrating differences between A, B and AB cats, and between homozygous and heterozygous A cats.
Short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) sequences of the Bovidae
Authors: Lenstra J A , van Boxtel J A F , Zwaagstra K A , Schwerin M
Published: July 2010

DNA sequences from Bovidae (cattle, goats and sheep) in the EMBL nucleotide database contain several short interspersed repeated sequences (SINEs). Three different SINEs have been found: Bov‐A2, containing two 115‐bp A elements; Bov‐tA, a tRNA pseudogene coupled to an A element; and Bov‐B of 560 bp or less and partially homologous to the A element. Bov‐A2, Bov‐tA and Bov‐B occupy about 1.8%, 1.6% and 0.5%, respectively, of the bovine genome as represented in the nucleotide database. Apart from a tRNA‐like sequence in both Bov‐tA and the porcine SINEs, there was no similarity with the porcine SINEs. Apparently, the artiodactyle SINEs were established after the divergence leading to the Suidae and Bovidae but before the radiation within these families. Oligonucleotides were designed for a specific amplification of DNA from Bovidae.
Assignment of the gene for porcine insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) to chromosome 5 by linkage mapping
Authors: Winterø A K , Fredholm M , Andersson L
Published: July 2010

Investigation of published sequence data from the porcine insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene, resulted in the detection of a microsatellite in the first intron of the gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers flanking the (CA)19 repeat were constructed. Polymorphism and Mendelian segregation were documented in a three‐generation pedigree and allele frequencies were determined in 74 unrelated animals from four different breeds. Seven alleles were encountered. Linkage analysis was performed in a large pedigree established for gene mapping. Linkage between the IGF1 microsatellite and an anonymous microsatellite marker, S0005, was detected. Furthermore, IGF1 and S0005 was found to be linked to the porcine submaxillary gland mucin (MUC) gene, previously assigned to chromosome 5. The results presented here extend the linkage group on pig chromosome 5 and are in accordance with conserved synteny between human chromosome 12, cattle chromosome 5, mouse chromosome 10 and pig chromosome 5.
Isolation and sequence determination of porcine class II DRB alleles amplified by PCR
Authors: Våge D I , Olsaker I , Lingaas F , Lie Ø
Published: July 2010

The first domain exon of a porcine DRB gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the nucleotide sequence was determined. In a material consisting of 10 unrelated animals, five different alleles were identified, all probably belonging to a single locus designated DRB1. In addition, a non‐expressed locus, designated DRBP, was coamplified with DRB1. This pseudogene, containing a single base deletion, also exhibited some variation, but at a very restricted level compared with DRB1. In pairwise comparisons of DRB1 alleles, the number of amino acid substitutions ranged between 6 and 21 out of 83 positions compared.
A PCR‐based sex‐determination assay in cattle based on the bovine amelogenin locus
Authors: Ennis S , Gallagher T F
Published: July 2010

A method for determining the sex of bovine embryos has been established. Primers for a portion of the bovine amelogenin locus (AMX/Y) were used to amplify DNA present in either 0.1 μ1 of blood or biopsies taken from 6–7‐day‐old embryos. The primers amplify a 280 bp band in females and a 280 and 217bp bands in males. The method is rapid, does not require prior purification of DNA and contains an internal control which detects PCR failure.
The bovine butyrophilin gene maps to chromsome 23
Authors: Ashwell M S , Ogg S L , Mather I H
Published: July 2010

Chromosomal assignment of the bovine butyrophilin gene (BTN) was performed by analysis of DNA from somatic hybrid cell lines using the polymerase chain reaction. The gene was assigned to bovine chromosome 23 using two sets of primers specific for bovine BTN.
Use of chicken microsatellite markers in turkey: a pessimistic view
Authors: Liu Z , Crooijmans R P M A , van der Poel J J , Groenen M A M
Published: July 2010

Eighty‐eight chicken microsatellite markers, previously developed in our laboratory, were tested for their ability to amplify polymorphic fragments using turkey genomic DNA. Amplification products were obtained for 61 chicken microsatellite markers (69.1%) whereas 27 (30.9%) did not give rise to any products, even when different polymerase chain reaction conditions were employed. From the 61 markers that gave a product, only eight showed a length polymorphism while 37 were monomorphic on the three divergent commercial turkey lines used. The remaining 16 markers yielded many unspecific bands and no specific amplification product could be obtained. Five polymorphic and eleven monomorphic products contained a detectable microsatellite repeat. Furthermore, of the markers that detected a polymorphism in turkey, the observed heterozygosity (15–50%) and allelic variation (only 2 in most cases) was very low. Therefore, on the basis of our results, we think that chicken microsatellite markers are not very useful for mapping purposes in turkey.
PCR‐RFLP analysis of the cytochrome b gene in horse mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Ishida N , Hasegawa T , Mukoyama H , Oyunsuren T
Published: July 2010

The mitochondrial DNA sequence of cytochrome b gene in a Thoroughbred horse was determined. By comparing DNA sequences between the Thoroughbred and published sequence data (two horses and one Grevyi zebra), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed for amplification of a 590 bp DNA fragment in the cytochrome b gene, and PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was studied in 140 horses of six breeds using three restriction enzymes (AciI, BamHI, RsaI). Two morphs were found using each of the three enzymes. By combining three enzymes morphs, the 140 horses examined were classified into four types. Type 2 was most frequent in all breeds.
Single‐parent segregant pools for allocation of markers to a specified chromosomal region in outcrossing species
Authors: Shalom A. , Darvasi A. , Barendse W. , Cheng H. , Soller M.
Published: July 2010

Bulked co‐segregant analysis is a method of rapidly allocating unmapped genetic markers to a specific chromosomal region. Although originally developed for utilization in populations derived from crosses between fully inbred lines, it has been proposed that co‐segregant pools could also serve the same purpose in outbreeding populations, if individuals from only a single large family are pooled. Large, fully mapped, single‐sire backcross and half‐sib families are presently available as part of the international chicken and bovine reference family panels respectively. In this study, power and tests of significance for single‐parent co‐segregant analysis are derived for full‐sib, single‐parent back‐cross and single‐parent half‐sib families, as a function of proportion of recombination between index marker and linked marker, proportion of single‐parent alleles among the mates, number of individuals in each segregant pool and technical error variance. Power was found to be greater than 0–80 for many reasonable parameter combinations. The method is illustrated using microsatellite markers and a large single‐sire bovine family, part of the international bovine reference family panel.