bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saturation energy of shake process in photoionization
Authors: Mukoyama Takeshi
Published: November 2009

The saturation effect of the shake process in photoionization has been studied. The electron shakeup and shakeoff probabilities accompanying K‐shell photoionization have been calculated as a function of incident photon energy in the sudden approximation with taking into account the energy sharing between the photoelectron and the shake electron. The saturation energy is larger for the shakeoff process than for the shakeup process and is smaller for larger principal quantum number n and for larger orbital quantum number l when n is same. This behavior is in qualitative agreement with the experimental results and the dependence of the saturation energy on n and l can be explained due to the energy sharing between two electrons. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Starlings as Distributors of “Gapes.”
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: November 2009

(1) Of 482 starlings examined during the period November 1925 to February 1926, 169 were infested with the Gapeworm (S. trachealis): the percentage of infected birds being 35 per cent. This confirms the previous observations when the writer found 14 infected birds out of 38.

(2) There is a suggestion of a gradual increase, towards March, in the percentage of starlings infected.

(3) The average length of the gapeworm in starlings is much the same as the average length of the gapeworm of chickens.

(4) Welsh names for gapes are given.

(5) Gapes among chickens occurs in Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire from March to August; in young turkeys in May and June; and in adult turkeys and pheasants throughout the year.

(6) Starlings, turkeys and pheasants act as a bridging, between November to March when few or no young chickens occur for the propagation and distribution of the gapeworm.

(7) Cases are instanced of (a) a sudden outbreak of gapes among chickens kept in an area where no turkeys have been kept, (b) heavy losses among pheasants on an estate which starlings had previously frequented in very large flocks.

(8) Owing to the higher percentage of infection and its wider migrations, the starling is here considered as a more effective distributor of the disease than turkeys. Other wild birds, such as pheasants, thrushes, rooks and jays, also play a part in spreading the gapeworm and the disease this worm causes.
Field Studies on Heterodera schachtii Schmidt in relation to the Pathological Condition known as “Potato Sickness”
Authors: Miles Herbert W.
Published: November 2009

Preliminary studies in Lancashire and Cheshire (Smith and Prentice, 1929) have indicated that under certain conditions there is a positive association between the disease known as “potato sickness” and the intensity of root eelworm, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, as measured by the cyst content of the soil. This association does not appear to be constant, as a moderately high cyst content may occur in the absence of obvious disease. It has also been found (Smith and Miles, 1929) that under conditions prevailing in the North West of England the cyst content of the soil increases only after a crop which is not a total failure.
On Tylenchus agrostis (Steinbuch 1799).
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Galls, in the inflorescences of various species of grasses, caused by nematodes have been known since Steinbuch first described them, in 1799, in the flowers of Agrostis capillaris and Phalaris phleoides. Since that time they have been found in several other species of grasses and have been studied principally by entomologists interested in galls caused by insects. The causative organisms have received but little serious attention from helminthologists in recent years.
On Longistrongylus meyeri gen. and sp. nov., a Trichostrongyle parasitizing the Red Hartebeest Bubalis caama
Authors: le Roux P. L.
Published: November 2009

In June, 1930, the writer received from Mr. T. Meyer of Onderstepoort, some parasites collected from a red hartebeest at Gobabis in South West Africa. The examination of this material revealed the presence of rather long slender worms which could not be allocated to any of the known genera of the sub-family Trichostrongylinœ, Leiper, 1908. The genus Longistrongylus is proposed for the reception of this species which is named Longistrongylus meyeri gen. and sp. nov., in honour of the collector and donor.
Anguillulina graminophila n.sp., a Nematode causing Galls on the Leaves of Fine Bent-grass
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

About the middle of July, 1932, red galls were discovered on blades of grass in a meadow at Winches Farm, St. Albans, by Mr. W. A. Macdonald, who drew the attention of the writer to the presence of nematodes within them. Subsequent search on this and an adjoining meadow proved that the galls were widely distributed, on the same kind of grass, over the whole area, whilst some days later similar galls were found on a bank by the side of the main road from St. Albans to Hatfield. The grass was identified as Agrostis tenuis Sibth. (Agrostis vulgaris With.), popularly called Fine Bent-grass.
Potato Eelworm (Heterodera schachtii): Further investigations
Authors: Carroll J. , McMahon E.
Published: November 2009

The investigations described in this paper are in part a continuation of those described by Carroll and McMahon in a previous paper published in 1935. The previous paper demonstrated the fact that the root excretion of potatoes growing in recently sterilized soil does not possess the power of inducing the hatching of eelworm eggs in the normal manner. It was shown that when eelworm cysts were placed in soil leaching (containing potato root excretion) obtained from pots of very recently sterilized soil growing potatoes practically no hatch of the eggs in these cysts took place until after the lapse of about thirty days. It was further indicated that this interval of time which elapses before hatching commences diminishes according as the period between time of sterilization of the soil and time of obtaining soil leaching for hatching experiment increases.
Field Experiments on Control of the “Potato-Sickness” associated with the Nematode, Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Edwards E. E.
Published: November 2009

Although the “potato-sickness” associated with the nematode Heterodera schachtii has been the subject of a good deal of investigation in Britain during the past twelve years, the only practical method of control so far devised is the adoption of a well-planned crop rotation in which potatoes are omitted for several years. The limitation of a general application of this method to the thousands of acres of land infected with this eelworm disease but otherwise admirably suited for the growing of potatoes has led to insistent demands for further study into chemical treatment of affected soil. In the present investigation, comparative control trials of soil treatment by certain chemical substances were carried out on land known to be thoroughly “potato-sick” and the last potato crop grown in it had been a failure. Most of the experimental treatments had already shown in other field experiments some measure of protection from “potato-sickness,” at least, judging by the healthier appearance of the foliage and increase in yield of crop. Although the results of previous experience indicated that there was a positive association between application of these various soil dressings and intensity of disease, it was felt that a more accurate computation of the latter, by measuring the eelworm cyst content of the soil, was desirable before any definite conclusion might be drawn.
The Excystment of Trichinella larvae in Artificial Gastric Juice
Authors: van Someren Vernon D.
Published: November 2009

By feeding infected flesh to experimental animals, and examining the stomach contents of the latter at varying periods after feeding, various workers have shown that Trichinella larvae are released from their cysts within one or two hours after reaching the stomach of the experimental host. (Bugge, 1934, Heller, 1933, 1934, Kreis, 1937.) The actual release of the larvae from the cysts has not been followed, though Kreis (1937) on the basis of the appearance of stained cysts recovered a short time after ingestion, suggests that the larvae are released not only by the action of the gastric juice of the host, but also as a result of secretory activity by the larvae themselves within the cysts.
Field Experiments in Ayrshire on Control of Heterodera schachtii by the use of Chloroacetates
Authors: O'Brien D. G. , Gemmell A. R. , Prentice I. W. , Wylie S. M.
Published: November 2009

The effect of calcium and ammonium chloroacetates in increasing the yield of potatoes grown in Ayrshire fields infected with Heterodera schachtii is demonstrated.

From the examination of roots of treated and untreated plants it is believed that this increase in yield is due to a reduction in the eelworm infection, and from hatching experiments this reduction is thought to be the result of the action of calcium chloroacetate in retarding and reducing the hatching of larvae from the cysts.
Experiments on Trap Cropping with Potatoes as a Control measure against Potato Eelworm (Heterodera schachtii)
Authors: Carroll J. , McMahon E.
Published: November 2009

In a previous paper published in 1937 Carroll & McMahon discussed the possibility of effecting control of potato root eelworm (Heterodera schachtii) by means of trap cropping with potatoes. During the past two seasons further experiments, designed with the same object in view, have been carried out. The additional information obtained from these experiments and from the experience of the past two years is presented in the present paper.
Does “Tulip root” in Oats commonly arise from Seed-borne Infection?
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

It has been known for many years that the stem eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci, can be carried in or upon the seeds of a number of different plants. Kühn (1858) originally found the parasite in the diseased seed heads and seed of the teasel or fuller's thistle. Bos (1888) discovered the worms in the flowers of the onion, Allium Cepa, and found in one case 3 per cent. of the seeds were infected. Godfrey (1924) found infestations of the parasite in the flower heads of cat's-ear, Hypochoeris radicata, and dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, and discovered in both hosts that living worms occurred within the seed coats. He also obtained diseased seedlings by sowing infected seed of both hosts. Hodson (1926) reported the occurrence of the parasite in quiescent form beneath the pales of oats harvested from fields badly affected with “tulip root” and obtained small numbers of infected seedlings by sowing such seed. The number of such cases was, however, so small that he considered their occurrence might be accidental. Robertson (1928) investigating “tulip root” in oats, found the parasite in the panicles of affected plants giving rise to abortive flowers. In a number of oat grains from distorted panicles he found small numbers of the parasite between the glumes and pales and between the pales and the kernel and was able to show that after storage for a few months the worms could be revived by soaking the grains in water. He did not pursue his studies to the extent of obtaining diseased seedlings from such infected seed. Cobb (1929) found samples of seed of red clover and lucerne, as cleaned by commercial processes, yielded the parasite in a living condition when soaked in water.
Cylindrocorpus nom. nov. for Cylindrogaster Goodey, 1927 (Nematoda)
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Perusal of the first volume of “Nomenclator Zoologicus” shows, on p. 927, that the generic name Cylindrogaster was first proposed by Stål in 1855 for a Dermapteran insect. As a consequence of this it becomes necessary to put forward a new generic name in place of Cylindrogaster which the writer (Goodey, 1927) gave to a saprophagous nematode obtained from a culture of rat faeces.
A Phenothiazine Experiment Statistically Treated
Authors: Peters B. G. , Leiper J. W. G. , Clapham P. A.
Published: November 2009

In a previous paper, Peters & J. Leiper (1940) pleaded that, in anthelmintic experiments, the statistical problem of variation should be considered, not only so as to assess the significance of treatment differences after the results have come to hand, but also with a view to the prior construction of an experimental design capable of giving reliable answers to the questions posed. Reference was made to the “Enormous expenditure of time, labour and money” on anthelmintic experiments, the results of which usually remain undigested and of unknown significance.

While the paper was passing through the press a symposium on phenothiazine as an anthelmintic, led and summarized by Taylor & Sanderson (1940), was published in the Veterinary Record. The symposium deals with “Work carried out in various parts of the country and co-ordinated through the Agricultural Research Council” it covers some 150 horses, 300 to 400 sheep, 70 to 80 goats, and a few cattle, pigs, and dogs. The drug was found to be remarkably efficient against horse strongyles and the stomach-worms of ruminants, and in varying degree less efficient against other worms.

Extensive tables of egg-counts, worm-counts, and weights of animals are published in the symposium. It was usual to count eggs or weigh animals once before treatment and several times afterwards. The repeated after-treatment determinations are made in order to detect a general trend in egg-counts or weights: in other words there is no attempt to measure and make allowance for the very considerable upand- down variation from day to day.
Stem eelworm in onion bulbs, probably seed-borne in origin
Authors: Wallace E. R. , Wood J.
Published: November 2009

On 23/3/43 a small experiment was sown with commercial onion seed at Kirton, being one of a series laid down at county oentres in order to study the effect of different times of lifting on the development of wastage in store. Four varieties, which may be designated A, B, R, U, were sown in strips of three rows 10in. apart, in triplicate, the rows being 41 yards long and forming three randomised blocks. The liftings were also in randomised block pattern, 3 × 3, across the length of the rows. Two sub-plots of each variety were taken for convenience, consisting of adjacent six-foot lengths across the three rows, the produce of each sub-plot being put into a separate box immediately on lifting.
Note on the Use of Picric Acid as a Hatching Agent
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: November 2009

When carrying out hatching experiments it would frequently be an advantage to have a quantitative measure of the activity of the root excretion used and search was accordingly made for a stable substance which could be made to a solution of constant known strength and which could be used as the basis for the comparison of the activity of different samples of root excretion. Hurst (Hurst 1937) records that tyrosine in dilute solution, lysine in the form of its picrate as well as picric acid at ·01% concentration caused active hatching to occur and experiments using the above single cyst technique were conducted to investigate these claims. The results with the former two substances were disappointing but dilute picric acid solutions were found to be very active. Since it is hoped to publish a further paper in which the effects of picric acid will be considered quantitatively and in detail it is not proposed to publish data in this article but concentration experiments showed that picric acid is most active at ·02—·01% concentrations, the solutions being made up in distilled water. Several experiments were conducted in which picric acid in these concentrations was compared with water and with root excretion; in all cases picric acid hatches were significantly greater than water hatches although picric acid was not generally as active as root excretion taken from vigorously growing plants.
On the identification of some species of Trichostrongylus
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

A method is described by means of which trichostrongylid spicules are separated from the surrounding soft tissues and their examination made easier. NaOH and KOH are the most satisfactory substances for this purpose, though both substances eventually act on the chitin of the spicules themselves, causing distortion. The reaction takes place at a temperature of 37°C. with reasonable speed. Spicules of Ostertagia can also be freed satisfactorily by this method but those of Nematodirus are quickly affected by the alkali, with consequent distortion.
On a Species of Physaloptera Causing a Subcutaneous Abscess in the Neck of an Indian
Authors: Singh S. N. , Ramachandra Rao V.
Published: November 2009

A case of human infection with Physaloptera causing an abscess in the neck of a patient in Hyderabad is recorded. The structure of one of the worms recovered, a female, is described and compared with that of other species recorded from mammals in India, but in the absence of the male it is not possible to determine the species.
Some Observations on the Behaviour of Cercaria doricha Rothschild, 1935
Authors: Brown K. N.
Published: November 2009

The positions adopted by C. doricha Rothschild, 1985 during swimming and resting periods are described.

A sharp decrease in the amount of swimming carried on by the cercariae was shown to occur in the first few hours. A change of activity from long swimming and long resting periods to irregular swimming and resting was also demonstrated. The active life of these cercariae was found to be from two to three days.

The possible vertical distribution of C. doricha in the sea is tentatively discussed.
Seasonal Variations in the Hatching Responses of the Potato-root Eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, and Related Species
Authors: Winslow R. D.
Published: November 2009

There is a winter dormancy in the hatchability of some species of Heterodera. The dormancy varies in degrees with eelworm species, being slight in the case of beet eelworm and more pronounced in the case of potato-root eelworm and some other species. It is not wholly dependent on immediate environmental conditions but possibly is induced by previous conditions. The dormancy can be shortened by storing infested soil at certain temperatures, but the cessation of dormancy in spring is not necessarily associated with rise in soil temperature.
Abbreviata nyassae n.sp. (Physalopteridae, Spiruroidea) from Agama atricollis in Nyasaland
Authors: Fitzsimmons W. M.
Published: November 2009

The cuticle is finely striated and is partially reflected over the lips. The cervical papillae are symmetrically placed and occupy a position just anterior to the junction of the two parts of the oesophagus at about the same level as the nerve ring, some 0·32 mm. from the anterior end. The pseudolips are hemispherical and lateral. Each of the two pseudolips carries two papillae, one towards the latero-dorsal border and one towards the latero-ventral border. An amphid is situated centrally between the two papillae on each pseudolip. Internal to the pseudolips there is a complete denticular crest comprising externo-lateral teeth, interno-lateral teeth, paired submedian teeth and intervening denticles (Fig. 1). The externo-lateral teeth are large and pointed; the interno-lateral teeth, somewhat more posteriorly placed (Fig. 2), are smaller and also pointed. The four pairs of sub-median teeth are easily distinguished by their greater size from the denticles. The four spaces between the sub-median teeth and the externo-lateral teeth are each occupied by six to seven denticles. These denticles are larger in size than the very small denticles of which ten occupy the dorsal and ten occupy the ventral angles of the denticular crest.
On Hepatinema karachiensis gen. et sp. nov. (Thelaziidae Railliet, 1916) from a Marine Fish of Pakistan, with a Note on the Genus Filochona (Saidov, 1954) Yamaguti, 1961
Authors: Rasheed Suraiya
Published: November 2009

1. A new genus of a spiruroid nematode belonging to the family Thelaziidae is described from the liver of a marine fish, Chorinemus tala from Karachi, Pakistan. The genus is based on the structure of the head, the presence of body papillae, the peculiar female reproductive system, the position of the vulva etc. This is the first record of a nematode from the liver of a fish.

2. The genus Filochona (Saidov, 1954) Yamaguti, 1961 is synonymised with Rhabdochona and the subfamily Filochoninae Yamaguti, 1961 is suppressed.
A New Species of Stephanofilaria in Skin Lesions from the Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.) in Kenya
Authors: Round M. C.
Published: November 2009

Stephanofilaria dinniki sp. nov. is described from cutaneous lesions of the black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis L. The species differs from the others of the genus mainly in the length of the left spicule in the male; the short distance of the vulva from the anterior end in the female; and the curved tails in both sexes.
A Survey of the Intestinal Helminths Parasitic in British Domestic Fowl
Authors: Wakelin D.
Published: November 2009

1. Examination of 289 fowl showed that 69·2% were infected with intestinal helminths. The following 6 species were identified: Ascaridia galli (33·6%), Capillaria anatis (10·4%), C. caudinflata (15·9%), C. obsignata (45·3%), Davainea proglottina (0·7%) and Heterakis gallinarum (60·9%).

2. No parasites were found in the upper intestines of 151 fowl.

3. The results are compared with those of previous surveys and are discussed in relation to the age and management of the birds.
Studies on Larval Trematodes Infecting the Freshwater Molluscs of Llangorse Lake, South Wales: Part III. The Furcocercariae
Authors: Probert Allan J.
Published: November 2009

During a study of the larval trematodes infecting the fresh-water molluscs of Llangorse Lake, South Wales, twenty-one species of cercariae have been encountered. The present paper deals with the Furcocercariae. Six new species are described in detail and the remaining two compared with the description of previous workers.
Immunization of calves against the microfilariae of Onchocerca lienalis
Authors: Townson Simon , Bianco A. E.
Published: November 2009

Three Jersey bull calves were immunized by subcutaneous injections of sonicated Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae suspended in phosphate buffered saline, and three control animals were injected with medium only. All calves received booster injections 27 days later, and were challenged with live microfilariae 44 days after the booster. Following challenge, only the immunized animals developed an elevated level of circulating eosinophils. When necropsied ten days after challenge there was a 97% reduction in recoveries of microfilariae from immunized animals compared to challenge controls. In human onchocerciasis it is the microfilariae which are the principal cause of pathology, and we believe that studies on O. lienalis in both the natural bovine host and in inbred rodents provide a promising model to investigate immunity to Onchocerca microfilariae.
Brevibucca frugicola n. sp., a saprophagous nematode found in a rotting peach fruit.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Early in 1938 the writer received a tube of nematodes from Mr. Colin Smee, Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, Zomba, Nyasaland, collected from a rotting peach fruit in which he had been trying to hatch fruit-flies. According to Mr. Smee's letter the worms had formed masses in the fruit and had also appeared on the surface as waving threads or tendrils composed of numerous eelworms massed together. The material had been fixed in glycerine alcohol and consisted of numerous adult males and females as well as large numbers of larval forms. Fixation was not good as although the gross morphology and anatomy was fairly easily discernible, some of the finer structural details were not as clear as one could have wished.
Experimental Trichinella spiralis infection in the ferret, Mustela putorius furo
Authors: Campbell William C. , Blair Lyndia Slayton , Kung Fan-Yao , Ewanciw Debra Vislocky
Published: November 2009

Laboratory ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were each inoculated with 500 larvae of a strain of Trichinella spiralis that had been passaged in mice for many generations. The recovery of adult worms from ferrets on Days 4 and 7 of infection represented a mean of 32% of the inoculum, with most of the worms being in the anterior three quarters of the small intestine. Larvae subsequently became encysted in the ferret musculature, with the diaphragm alone yielding as many as 5,750 larvae upon digestion.

For comparative purposes, mice were each inoculated with 200 T. spiralis from the same batch of larvae. The recovery of adult worms from mice represented a mean of 54% of the inoculum. An abrupt decline in worm population, typical of infections in the mouse, was observed in both mouse and ferret hosts; in neither species had the decline begun on Day 7 of infection, but it had clearly begun by Day 11 and was essentially ended by Day 14.
Thyroid disorders in older people
Authors: Verma Ajit , Hasan Taj
Published: November 2009

Thyroid disorders become more common with advancing age. Clinical features of hypothyroidism overlap with signs and symptoms often present in euthyroid older people and there is high likelihood of misdiagnosis. Conversely, there may be a relative paucity of signs and symptoms in hyperthyroid older people. A large number of patients may have subclinical disease. High suspicion and confirmation by laboratory assay is the key to correct diagnosis, though thyroid function tests should be interpreted with caution during acute illnesses. There is a reduced requirement for levothyroxine replacement in elderly hypothyroid patients and dosage should be titrated up cautiously as it can unmask symptoms of ischaemic heart disease. Drug interactions should be taken into account because a number of drugs interfere with levothyroxine absorption and metabolism. Radioactive iodine ablation of overactive thyroid tissue is the preferred treatment of hyperthyroidism in older people.
Ionosphere‐thermosphere models at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center
Authors: Webb Phillip A. , Kuznetsova Masha M. , Hesse Michael , Rastaetter Lutz , Chulaki Anna
Published: November 2009

One of the ways to address the science needs of the research community and to enable science progress is to provide community access to modern space science models. The Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) is a multiagency partnership based at the Goddard Space Flight Center that hosts a set of state‐of‐the‐art space science models ranging from the solar atmosphere to the Earth's upper atmosphere. The CCMC provides a Web‐based, no‐cost, Runs on Request system, by which the interested scientist can readily request simulations for time intervals of interest. CCMC also provides a tailored Web‐based visualization interface for the model output, including near‐real‐time results from select models. Model outputs have been specifically tailored for easy comparison with observational data to facilitate data analysis and model validation. This paper provides an overview of CCMC activities, with an emphasis on the ionosphere‐thermosphere models residing there.
Measurements of modal symmetry in subwavelength plasmonic slot waveguides
Authors: Spasenović M. , van Oosten D. , Verhagen E. , Kuipers L.
Published: November 2009

We excite a guided plasmonic mode in slot waveguides of subwavelength width. With a phase- and polarization-sensitive near-field microscope, we measure the electric field of the mode for a range of slot widths from 40 to 120 nm. The field is experimentally found to be antisymmetric across the slot gap. Numerical calculations confirm this symmetry. Calculations also show a confinement of the field to a lateral size ∼10 times smaller than the free-space wavelength.
The effect of MgO barrier on the structure and magnetic properties of Co2MnSi films on n-Si(100) substrates
Authors: Nahid M. A. I. , Oogane M. , Naganuma H. , Ando Y.
Published: November 2009

We investigated the structure and magnetic properties of Co2MnSi/MgO/n-Si(100) films with the goal of achieving efficient spin injection. The Co2MnSi films were fabricated by dc sputtering and post annealed at 400 °C for 1 h. They were oriented along the ⟨100⟩ direction with a MgO barrier layer. A strong chemical reaction was observed between the Co2MnSi thin films and n-Si substrates in the absence of the MgO barrier. The diffusion or chemical reaction may occur up to a MgO layer thickness of 2 nm. With a MgO layer that is 2 nm thick, Co2MnSi possessed large saturation magnetization and low surface roughness at room temperature. The electrical (I-V) characteristics of Co2MnSi/MgO(2 nm)/n-Si(100) obtained at various junction sizes were symmetric, suggesting that MgO was an effective tunnel barrier.
Electro-optic laser beam shaping by patterned ferroelectric domains
Authors: Krishnamurthi Mahesh , Li Peng , Singh Aseem , Thomas J. G. , Lehecka T. M. , Liu Z. , Gopalan V.
Published: November 2009

We demonstrate laser beam shaping by utilizing the linear electro-optic effect in patterned ferroelectric domains in lithium tantalate. The phase function essential for the conversion of a 633 nm wavelength laser light from a Gaussian to a flat-top intensity profile was computed using the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm. The corresponding ferroelectric domain pattern required to induce the equivalent phase function was fabricated on a lithium tantalate crystal, and the performance compared with design specifications.
Determination of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in ultrathin ferromagnetic films by extraordinary Hall voltage measurement
Authors: Moon Kyoung-Woong , Lee Jae-Chul , Choe Sug-Bong , Shin Kyung-Ho
Published: November 2009

A magnetometric technique for detecting the magnetic anisotropy field of ferromagnetic films is described. The technique is based on the extraordinary Hall voltage measurement with rotating the film under an external magnetic field. By analyzing the angle-dependent Hall voltage based on the Stoner–Wohlfarth theory, the magnetic anisotropy field is uniquely determined. The present technique is pertinent especially for ultrathin films with strong intrinsic signal, in contrast to the conventional magnetometric techniques of which the signal is in proportion to the sample volume and geometry.
Tracing the origins of Panamanian Congo speech
Authors: Lipski John M.
Published: November 2009

The Afro-descendents of Panama’s Caribbean coast maintain the tradition of the Negros Congos, a series of folkloric manifestations occurring during Carnival season, and including a special cryptolect based loosely on Spanish. According to oral tradition, Congo speech was devised among captive and maroon Africans in colonial Panama as a means of hiding their speech from their colonial masters. Widely felt — both by Congo participants and by outside observers — to consist only of deliberate deformations of Spanish words and semantic inversions, Congo speech in reality also contains numerous elements traceable to Afro-Hispanic communities in other former Spanish-American colonies. Data drawn from twenty-four Congo communities demonstrate systematic regional variation — phonetic and lexical — that verifies the status of Congo speech as a cryptolect undergoing natural language evolution. These data also contribute to the search for the geographical locus of the original Congo dialect.
A lethal ovitrap‐based mass trapping scheme for dengue control in Australia: II. Impact on populations of the mosquito Aedes aegypti
Authors: RAPLEY L. P. , JOHNSON P. H. , WILLIAMS C. R. , SILCOCK R. M. , LARKMAN M. , LONG S. A. , RUSSELL R. C. , RITCHIE S. A.
Published: November 2009

In Cairns, Australia, the impacts on Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) populations of two types of ‘lure & kill’ (L&K) lethal ovitraps (LOs), the standard lethal ovitrap (SLO) and the biodegradable lethal ovitrap (BLO) were measured during three mass‐trapping interventions. To assess the efficacy of the SLO, two interventions (one dry season and one wet season) were conducted in three discrete areas, each lasting 4 weeks, with the following treatments: (i) SLOs (>200 traps, ∼4/premise), BG‐sentinel traps (BGSs; ∼15, 1/premise) and larval control (container reduction and methoprene treatment) and (ii) larval control alone, and (iii) untreated control. Female Ae. aegypti populations were monitored for 4 weeks pre‐ and post‐treatment in all three areas using BGSs and sticky ovitraps (SOs) or non‐lethal regular ovitraps (ROs). In the dry season, 206 SLOs and 15 BGSs set at 54 and 15 houses, respectively, caught and killed an estimated 419 and 73 female Ae. aegypti, respectively. No significant decrease in collection size of female Ae. aegypti could be attributed to the treatments. In the wet season, 243 SLOs and 15 BGSs killed ∼993 and 119 female Ae. aegypti, respectively. The mean number of female Ae. aegypti collected after 4 weeks with SOs and BGSs was significantly less than the control (LSD post‐hoc test). The third mass‐trapping intervention was conducted using the BLO during the wet season in Cairns. For this trial, three treatment areas were each provided with BLOs (>500, ∼4/premise) plus larval control, and an untreated control area was designated. Adult female Ae. aegypti were collected for 4 weeks pre‐ and post‐treatment using 15 BGSs and 20 SOs. During this period, 53.2% of BLOs contained a total of 6654 Ae. aegypti eggs. Over the intervention period, collections of Ae. aegypti in the treatment areas were significantly less than in the control area for BGSs but not SOs. An influx of relatively large numbers of young females may have confounded the measurement of changes in populations of older females in these studies. This is an important issue, with implications for assessing delayed action control measures, such as LOs and parasites/pathogens that aim to change mosquito age structure. Finally, the high public acceptability of SLOs and BLOs, coupled with significant impacts on female Ae. aegypti populations in two of the three interventions reported here, suggest that mass trapping with SLOs and BLOs can be an effective component of a dengue control strategy.
The effect of investor sophistication on the influence of nonfinancial performance indicators on investors’ judgments
Authors: Coram Paul J.
Published: November 2009

This paper presents an experiment that examines how enhanced disclosure of nonfinancial performance indicators affects the stock‐price estimates of nonprofessional and professional investors. Participants were provided with a case study containing excerpts from a hypothetical company’s annual report. The experiment was a 2 (nonprofessional and professional) × 3 (positive nonfinancial performance indicators, negative nonfinancial performance indicators, and financial information only) between‐subjects design. Consistent with conservatism, the nonprofessional investors underreacted in their stock‐price estimates to the positive nonfinancial disclosures, compared with professional investors with task‐specific knowledge. The results from this study suggest that the value of enhanced disclosure of this type may not flow equally to all users of financial reports, if conservatism, and lack of task‐specific knowledge, adversely affect their decision‐making.
Microalbuminuria as an early marker of renal involvement in Behcet’s disease: it is associated with neurological involvement and duration of the disease
Authors: Kavala M , Menteş F , Kocaturk E , Ergin H , Zindanci I , Can B , Turkoglu Z , Südogan S
Published: November 2009

Background  Despite its nature as a systemic vasculitis, renal involvement is known to occur infrequently in Behçet’s Disease (BD).

Objectives  Our aim was to investigate proteinuria, microhematuria and microalbuminuria in 24‐h urine and evaluate subclinical or symptomatic renal involvement in BD patients.

Methods  Two hundred and eleven patients who fulfilled the International Behçet’s Disease criteria were included in the study. After urine analysis, five of 12 patients who were found to have proteinuria underwent renal biopsy, while 199 patients without proteinuria were investigated for microalbuminuria (MA).

Results  A total of 34 (16.1%) patients were found to have renal involvement including 22 (11.1%) with MA and 12 with proteinuria (5.6%). Renal biopsies resulted as focal glomerulosclerosis in three, membranous glomerulosclerosis in one and secondary amyloidosis in two patients. Neurological involvement was found to be significantly more prevalent in patients with MA (P <0.01). Neurological involvement and duration of disease (≥10 years) was found to increase the risk for MA by 21.75‐fold and 5.03‐fold, respectively. Though age over 40 years, thrombophlebitis, HLA B51 haplotype and opthalmological involvement were not found to be significantly associated with MA; these parameters increased the risk for MA.

Conclusions  Renal involvement may be more prevalent in BD than it has been recognized; it usually presents with asymptomatic microhematuria, proteinuria and/or microalbuminuria; therefore clinicians must check 24‐h urine for the presence of proteinuria, microhematuria and microalbuminuria; especially in patients who are aged over 40 years, have a longer duration of the disease and multisystem involvement.
News Organizations and Information Gathering During a Natural Disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Miller Andrea , Goidel Robert
Published: November 2009

News organizations are uniquely situated to gather and transmit information during times of natural disaster, which can help citizens and policy‐makers understand the scope, causes, and consequences of the unfolding disaster. Yet, news organizations are also subject to institutional biases that may lead to distorted presentations of reality and that perpetuate misinformation, stereotypes, and misunderstanding. In this article, we utilize examples from Hurricane Katrina to critically examine the role of the television news media during natural disasters. We contend that the institutional characteristics of news organizations are invaluable in the reporting of ‘breaking news’ and developments on the ground but hinder their ability to gather contextually rich information on the causes and consequences of natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina.
Widespread historical presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in African pipid frogs
Authors: Soto‐Azat Claudio , Clarke Barry T. , Poynton John C. , Cunningham Andrew A.
Published: November 2009

Aim  Amphibian chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is associated with global amphibian population declines and species extinctions. Current evidence indicates that the pathogen has recently spread globally from an enzootic focus, with Xenopus spp. (family Pipidae) in South Africa having been identified as a likely source. The aim of this study was to investigate further the likelihood of African Xenopus spp. as the original source of Bd.

Location  We examined 665 museum specimens of 20 species of African and South American pipid frogs collected between 1844 and 1994 and held in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London.

Methods  Skin brushings taken from adult amphibians and brushings from the mouthparts, lips and developing hind limbs of larval pipid frogs were examined for the presence of Bd using real‐time PCR.

Results  We found six cases of Bd infection in three Xenopus spp. (from Africa), but none of the South American pipids was positive, although only 45 South American frogs were available for examination. The earliest case of Bd infection was in a specimen of Xenopus fraseri collected from Cameroon in 1933. A consistently low prevalence of infection over time indicates that a historical equilibrium existed between Xenopus spp. and Bd infection in Africa.

Main conclusions  Our results suggest that Bd infection was present in Xenopus spp. across sub‐Saharan Africa by the 1930s, providing additional support for the ‘out of Africa’ hypothesis. If this hypothesis is correct, it strengthens the argument for stringent control of human‐assisted movements of amphibians and other wildlife world‐wide to minimize the likelihood of pathogen introduction and disease emergence that can threaten species globally. Our findings help inform species selection for conservation in the face of the current Bd pandemic and also guide future research directions for selecting Bd isolates for sequencing and virulence testing.
Excited State Processes in 1‐Deazariboflavin Studied by Ultrafast Fluorescence Kinetics
Authors: Slavov Chavdar , Mansurova Madina , Holzwarth Alfred R. , Gärtner Wolfgang
Published: November 2009

The photochemical reactions of the 1‐deaza derivative of riboflavin (RF) have been studied by sub‐ps time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. A potential effect of the solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding capability on the excited state (ES) dynamics was tested by measuring 1‐deaza RF in water and, after acetylation of the sugar moiety, also in acetonitrile. Opposite to former reports, which indicated no fluorescence after laser excitation (Spencer et al. [1977] Biochemistry16: 3586–3594), we find a significant fluorescence in either solvent. For both compounds, the fluorescence decays are biexponential with lifetimes in the ps time domain (1.8 and 12.5 ps for 1‐deaza RF, and 3 and 87 ps for Ac4‐1‐deaza RF). In addition, a third, independent fluorescence decay was observed for both compounds. The remarkably slower second decay process for the measurements of the tetra‐acetyl derivative in acetonitrile points to the involvement of hydrogen bonding or changes in the protonation/tautomerization state in the ES. In contrast to the parent compound (RF), no triplet state formation can be detected for 1‐deaza RF, making the internal conversion and the fluorescence the only decay processes of the ES.
Time series analysis with the Hilbert–Huang transform
Authors: Donnelly Denis , Rogers Edwin
Published: November 2009

Time series data can be transformed to the frequency domain via the Hilbert–Huang transform. This transform has two major stages. The data are first deconstructed into a set of monocomponent intrinsic mode functions that are the basis states for the transform. A Hilbert spectral analysis is then performed on each of these basis states, yielding time dependent amplitude and frequency information. The process of extracting the intrinsic mode functions and performing Hilbert spectral analysis is described and applied to a set of examples that show the advantages and shortcomings of this transform.
The borderland of neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Matthews Lucy A E , Baig Fahd , Palace Jacqueline , Turner Martin R
Published: November 2009

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), also known as Devic’s disease, is an emerging clinical and pathological entity originally thought to be a variant of multiple sclerosis. Characterised by episodes of demyelination confined to the optic nerve and spinal cord, the discovery in such patients of antibodies to the aquaporin-4 channel has been largely responsible for defining the phenotype to date. Recently it has become clear that there is a borderland where there are patients with optic neuritis-only and myelitis-only forms of the disease, and these may be seronegative in the early phase. We describe two cases of optic neuritis-only NMO, and explore the current understanding of the diagnosis and spectrum of NMO disorders.
Glioblastoma Proto-oncogene SEC61γ Is Required for Tumor Cell Survival and Response to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Lu Zheming , Zhou Lei , Killela Patrick , Rasheed Ahmed B. , Di Chunhui , Poe William E. , McLendon Roger E. , Bigner Darell D. , Nicchitta Christopher , Yan Hai
Published: November 2009

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most prevalent type of adult brain tumor and one of the deadliest tumors known to mankind. The genetic understanding of glioblastoma multiforme is, however, limited, and the molecular mechanisms that facilitate glioblastoma multiforme cell survival and growth within the tumor microenvironment are largely unknown. We applied digital karyotyping and single nucleotide polymorphism arrays to screen for copy-number changes in glioblastoma multiforme samples and found that the most frequently amplified region is at chromosome 7p11.2. The high resolution of digital karyotyping and single nucleotide polymorphism arrays permits the precise delineation of amplicon boundaries and has enabled identification of the minimal region of amplification at chromosome 7p11.2, which contains two genes, EGFR and SEC61γ. SEC61γ encodes a subunit of a heterotrimeric protein channel located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition to its high frequency of gene amplification in glioblastoma multiforme, SEC61γ is also remarkably overexpressed in 77% of glioblastoma multiforme but not in lower-grade gliomas. The small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of SEC61γ expression in tumor cells led to growth suppression and apoptosis. Furthermore, we showed that pharmacologic ER stress agents induce SEC61γ expression in glioblastoma multiforme cells. Together, these results indicate that aberrant expression of SEC61γ serves significant roles in glioblastoma multiforme cell survival likely via a mechanism that is involved in the cytoprotective ER stress–adaptive response to the tumor microenvironment. [Cancer Res 2009;69(23):9105–11]
Old Wine in New Flasks: The Story of Late Neoclassical Midrash
Authors: Atzmon Arnon
Published: November 2009

Scholarly consensus holds that early classical midrashim focused upon midrashically glossing the local verse. This is primarily true for the exegetical midrashim, but it is also true for the homiletical midrashim as well. In contrast, the later midrashim were principally concerned with expanding the biblical story. Many scholars have shown that we witness the narrative component taking pride of place over that once occupied by the exegetical component in midrashic literature.

In this paper, I wish to shed light upon another evolutionary direction in the history of the late midrash, a stage which I will refer to as ‘late neoclassical midrash.’ In this evolutionary branch, there was a structural return to the verse-focused exegetical style of classical midrash. A redactor of this midrashic type often used materials already shaped by the later narrative style, reshaping them back into the earlier classical form.

The paper will begin by reviewing a number of brief, neoclassical, midrashic compositions, namely, Midrash Exodus Rabbah I, and Midrash Esther Rabbah II, and continue by demonstrating this neoclassical phenomenon by analyzing aggadicnarrative material from the midrash Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer, assimilated by the neoclassical Esther Rabbah II.

Various literary and historical approaches for analysing this phenomenon will be suggested. Among these, I will suggest that these midrashim were created in a historical circumstance, in Spain, in which the stature of biblical commentary was ascendant. The desire to return to the classical midrashic form reflected a tendency to strengthen the bond between Hazal’s derashot and the biblical text, an approach designed to strengthen the position of the midrashic tradition as biblical commentary.
Realisierung von Sozialen Netzwerken im Semantic Web mit OntoWikiOntoWiki – a Social Semantic Web Wiki-Node
Authors: Dietzold Sebastian , Auer Sören
Published: November 2009

In diesem Beitrag zeigen wir, wie auf Basis einfach zu implementierender Kommunikations-Technologien, wie Linked Data und Pingback, ein soziales Semantisches Web aufgebaut werden kann. Wir erläutern dies an wichtigen Aktivitätsmustern für Social Networks und stellen unsere Implementierung vor, welche in das Semantische Daten-Wiki OntoWiki integriert ist.
Semantic Desktop for the End-UserSemantic Desktop für Anwender
Authors: Grimnes Gunnar Aastrand , Adrian Benjamin , Schwarz Sven , Maus Heiko , Schumacher Kinga , Sauermann Leo
Published: November 2009

This article describes the Semantic Desktop. We give insights into the core services that aim to improve personal knowledge management on the desktop. We describe these core components of our Semantic Desktop system and give evaluation results. Results of a long-term study reveal effects of using the Semantic Desktop on personal knowledge work.