bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Cannulation Prosthetic Graft (Acuseal™) for Arteriovenous Access: A useful option to provide a Personal Vascular access Solution
Authors: Aitken Emma L. , Jackson Andrew J. , Kingsmore David B.
Published: May 2014

Purpose

Early cannulation arteriovenous grafts (ecAVGs), such as the GORE® Acuseal™, have “low bleed” properties permitting cannulation within 24 hours of insertion. They may provide an alternative to tunneled central venous catheters (and associated line complications) in patients requiring urgent vascular access.

Methods

We present our early experience of 37 patients treated with the GORE® Acuseal™ ecAVG.

Results

A total of 11 upper limb, 24 lower limb and 2 complex graft procedures were performed. Indications for ecAVG were as follows: bridge to transplantation (21.6%); bridge to arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation (8.1%); AVF salvage (8.1%); no native options (67.6%, including 17 patients with bilateral central vein stenosis); 36 AVGs (97.3%) were successfully cannulated. Mean time to first cannulation: 30.4±23.4 hours (range: 2–192). Primary and secondary patency rates at 3, 6 and 12 months were 64.9%, 48.6%, 32.4% and 70.2%, 59.4%, 40.5% respectively. The systemic bacteremia rate was 0.2 per 1,000 access days. There was one perioperative death. Other complications included hematoma at cannulation sites (n=9), pseudoaneurysm (n=3) and local infection at graft site (n=6). A total of 26 of 37 patients (70.6%) achieved a “personal vascular access solution”: bridge to transplantation (n=8), bridge to functioning AVF/interposition AVG (n=5), maintenance hemodialysis via ecAVG (n=13); death with functioning AVG (n=1).

Conclusions

Early experience with the GORE® Acuseal™ is encouraging. Patency and bacteremia rates are at least comparable to standard polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. ecAVGs have permitted cannulation within 24 hours of insertion and line avoidance in the majority of patients. Nearly three-quarters of patients achieved a definitive “personal vascular access solution” from their ecAVG.
Unfavorable Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Replacements can be Reduced Using an Integrated Closed Intravenous Catheter System
Authors: Tamura Naoaki , Abe Shizuko , Hagimoto Kazue , Kondo Akemi , Matsuo Ayako , Ozawa Yuko , Takahashi Mayumi , Yokokawa Shinobu , Kuri Junko , Tateno Hiroko , Tomaru Takeshi
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of an integrated closed intravenous catheter system (CICS) with a preattached stabilization platform and extension tube (BD Nexiva™; Becton, Dickinson and Company) in Japanese patients.

Methods

In this open, single-center study, patients who required peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheterization for ≥72 hours were quasi-randomized to receive a CICS or a conventional intravenous catheter. Study outcomes included adverse events during catheter insertion, catheter replacements during the initial 72 hours, catheter survival rate at 72 hours after insertion and costs of initial catheterization and catheter replacement.

Results

Of 359 patients enrolled, 194 received the CICS and 165 received the conventional catheter. The incidence rates of ≥1 failed insertion attempts, blood leakage and blood exposure were similar in both groups. The survival rate of the CICS group (83.7%) was significantly higher than that of the conventional catheter group (62.6%) in the intention-to-treat analysis (p=0.0085). There were significantly fewer catheter replacements due to catheter-related complications (e.g., catheter failure or extravasation) in the CICS group (p=0.0056). Although the initial cost per patient was greater for the CICS group (US$17.07 vs. US$13.26), the total cost per patient over 72 hours was similar (US$21.00 vs. US$20.30) because of the cost of unplanned replacements of conventional catheters.

Conclusions

Although rates of adverse events at insertion were similar for both catheters, significantly fewer patients required unplanned reinsertion with the CICS. The results suggest that the longer survival rate for the CICS can offset the higher initial catheterization costs.
Narcyza Żmichowska’s Novel from Life Czy to powieść? (Is This a Novel?) (1876)
Authors: Phillips Ursula
Published: May 2014

The article discusses Narcyza Żmichowska’s final novel. Like most of her other fiction, it is incomplete, although the extant part consists of over 250 published pages. Żmichowska left a general outline of how she envisaged the text would develop, as well as another document and letters that all shed light on her original conception of the project as a collaborative effort with her former pupil Wanda Grabowska. The novel was conceived as the “writing of a woman’s life” and raises crucial issues surrounding distinctions between the genres of autobiography, biography, and fiction. It also highlights Żmichowska’s concerns about authorship and authenticity, as well as more specifically about the problems affecting female authorship in the nineteenth century. The part of the text she managed to complete portrays the protagonist’s childhood in the 1820s and also the stories of several female members of her maternal family stretching back to the beginning of the eighteenth century, which provide an interesting critique of the social, psychological, and emotional lives of Polish women in the pre-partition and early nineteenthcentury noble manor.
In Search of the New Man Changing Masculinities in Late Nineteenth-Century Polish Novels
Authors: Ingbrant Renata
Published: May 2014

This article is a part of an ongoing study, the purpose of which is to map masculinities under transformation in late nineteenth-century Polish prose, and particularly in the works of Henryk Sienkiewicz, Bolesław Prus, Stefan Żeromski, and Wacław Berent. Drawing on developments taking place in society at that time, the article explores the new types of literary heroes that appear in Polish literature toward the end of the nineteenth century: the decadent antihero, the aristocrat Leon Płoszowski as well as “newcomers” to the capitalist society, the “New Men,” Stanisław Wokulski, Tomasz Judym, and Kazimierz Zaliwski. The article argues that, even though the new models of masculinity that the protagonists represent pose a certain challenge to the prevailing romantic models, the characters remain entrapped in literary conventions that inscribe specific gender roles on literary heroes.
RNAP II CTD tyrosine 1 performs diverse functions in vertebrate cells
Authors: Hsin Jing-Ping , Li Wencheng , Hoque Mainul , Tian Bin , Manley James L
Published: May 2014

The RNA polymerase II largest subunit (Rpb1) contains a unique C-terminal domain (CTD) that plays multiple roles during transcription. The CTD is composed of consensus Y1S2P3T4S5P6S7 repeats, in which Ser, Thr and Tyr residues can all be phosphorylated. Here we report analysis of CTD Tyr1 using genetically tractable chicken DT40 cells. Cells expressing an Rpb1 derivative with all Tyr residues mutated to Phe (Rpb1-Y1F) were inviable. Remarkably, Rpb1-Y1F was unstable, degraded to a CTD-less form; however stability, but not cell viability, was fully rescued by restoration of a single C-terminal Tyr (Rpb1-25F+Y). Cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic Rpb1 was phosphorylated exclusively on Tyr1, and phosphorylation specifically of Tyr1 prevented CTD degradation by the proteasome in vitro. Tyr1 phosphorylation was also detected on chromatin-associated, hyperphosphorylated Rpb1, consistent with a role in transcription. Indeed, we detected accumulation of upstream antisense (ua) RNAs in Rpb1-25F+Y cells, indicating a role for Tyr1 in uaRNA expression.
Delivering the second revolution in site-specific nucleases
Authors: Hackett Perry B , Somia Nikunj V
Published: May 2014

Viruses have been used to deliver two types of site-specific nucleases into cells for targeted gene editing.
D region electron profiles observed with substantial spatial and temporal change near thunderstorms
Authors: Lay Erin H. , Shao Xuan‐Min , Jacobson Abram R.
Published: May 2014

Broadband lightning signals are used to probe the D region ionosphere with a temporal resolution of 5 min and a spatial resolution of ~50 × 50 km. Together with a full wave propagation model, this technique allows determination of the reference height, h′, and steepness parameter, β, of an exponential electron density profile sensitive to the range of 106–108 electrons/m3. Daytime and nighttime background electron profiles away from thunderstorms are presented, as well as profiles from three regions nearby and atop thunderstorms. The average daytime profile parameters are found to be h′ = 67.7 km with a standard deviation of 0.9 km and β = 0.7 km−1 with a standard deviation of 0.1 km−1. Average nighttime parameters are h′ = 80.9 km with a standard deviation of 1.3 km and β = 2.8 km−1 with a standard deviation of 0.2 km−1. Nighttime electron profiles nearby and atop thunderstorms show slightly higher values of h′ (82.5–84.2 km) and significantly lower values of β (0.9–1.5 km−1). These findings indicate that there is significant electron depletion above ~80 km near and atop thunderstorms during the nighttime. Detailed analysis also shows substantial profile variations in space and time related to lightning discharges due to localized electron enhancement at high altitudes and reduction at lower altitudes. Nevertheless, the general depletion at higher altitudes appears to be related to the overall electrical behavior of the thunderstorm but not directly to lightning activity.
A new look at methane and nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions from oil and natural gas operations in the Colorado Denver‐Julesburg Basin
Authors: Pétron Gabrielle , Karion Anna , Sweeney Colm , Miller Benjamin R. , Montzka Stephen A. , Frost Gregory J. , Trainer Michael , Tans Pieter , Andrews Arlyn , Kofler Jonathan , Helmig Detlev , Guenther Douglas , Dlugokencky Ed , Lang Patricia , Newberger Tim , Wolter Sonja , Hall Bradley , Novelli Paul , Brewer Alan , Conley Stephen , Hardesty Mike , Banta Robert , White Allen , Noone David , Wolfe Dan , Schnell Russ
Published: May 2014

Emissions of methane (CH4) from oil and natural gas (O&G) operations in the most densely drilled area of the Denver‐Julesburg Basin in Weld County located in northeastern Colorado are estimated for 2 days in May 2012 using aircraft‐based CH4 observations and planetary boundary layer height and ground‐based wind profile measurements. Total top‐down CH4 emission estimates are 25.8 ± 8.4 and 26.2 ± 10.7 t CH4/h for the 29 and 31 May flights, respectively. Using inventory data, we estimate the total emissions of CH4 from non‐O&G gas‐related sources at 7.1 ± 1.7 and 6.3 ± 1.0 t CH4/h for these 2 days. The difference in emissions is attributed to O&G sources in the study region, and their total emission is on average 19.3 ± 6.9 t/h, close to 3 times higher than an hourly emission estimate based on Environmental Protection Agency's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program data for 2012. We derive top‐down emissions estimates for propane, n‐butane, i‐pentane, n‐pentane, and benzene from our total top‐down CH4 emission estimate and the relative hydrocarbon abundances in aircraft‐based discrete air samples. Emissions for these five nonmethane hydrocarbons alone total 25.4 ± 8.2 t/h. Assuming that these emissions are solely originating from O&G‐related activities in the study region, our results show that the state inventory for total volatile organic compounds emitted by O&G activities is at least a factor of 2 too low for May 2012. Our top‐down emission estimate of benzene emissions from O&G operations is 173 ± 64 kg/h, or 7 times larger than in the state inventory.
Convectively generated gravity waves simulated by NAM‐SCA
Authors: Yano Jun‐Ichi , Lane Todd P.
Published: May 2014

Convectively generated gravity waves are an unresolved process in global models. However, parameterization of their effects is difficult because the parameterized wave spectrum must be linked to the convective source, which is itself parameterized. Here we use the NAM‐SCA model (nonhydrostatic anelastic model with segmentally constant approximation), which is midway between a cloud‐resolving model and convection parameterization. Unlike conventional convection parameterizations, NAM‐SCA is built directly upon a nonhydrostatic anelastic model, and thus it describes dynamical processes consistently but in a “compressed” manner (i.e., with truncation via a spatiotemporal adaptive mesh) that facilitates its potential use as a parameterization. As a result, under the dynamical framework of NAM‐SCA, convection generates a spectrum of gravity waves in a physically consistent manner without any additional assumptions or simplifications. The present study examines the capacity of NAM‐SCA for generating gravity waves from convection under varying degree of “compression” and assesses its viability as a physically consistent convective gravity wave source parameterization. By taking the TWP‐ICE (Tropical Warm Pool‐International Cloud Experiment) period for the case study, NAM‐SCA successfully represents the convectively generated gravity waves even down to the compression rate of 0.1. Analysis in the wave number frequency space shows that the compression behaves as a weak low‐pass filter in wave number, but higher‐frequency components generated by dynamic adaptation partially compensate the filtering effect making the net Reynolds stress relatively insensitive to compression.
Influence of low‐cloud radiative effects on tropical circulation and precipitation
Authors: Fermepin Solange , Bony Sandrine
Published: May 2014

Low‐level clouds, which constitute the most prevalent cloud type over tropical oceans, exert a radiative cooling within the planetary boundary layer. By using an atmospheric general circulation model, we investigate the role that this cloud radiative cooling plays in the present‐day climate. Low‐cloud radiative effects are found to increase the tropics‐wide precipitation, to strengthen the winds at the surface of the tropical oceans, and to amplify the atmospheric overturning circulation. An analysis of the water and energy budgets of the atmosphere reveals that most of these effects arises from the strong coupling of cloud‐radiative cooling with turbulent fluxes at the ocean surface. The impact of cloud‐radiative effects on atmospheric dynamics and precipitation is shown to occur on very short time scales (a few days). Therefore, short‐term atmospheric forecasts constitute a valuable framework for evaluating the interactions between cloud processes and atmospheric dynamics, and for assessing their dependence on model physics.
Combined147,146Sm‐143,142Nd constraints on the longevity and residence time of early terrestrial crust
Authors: Roth Antoine S. G. , Bourdon Bernard , Mojzsis Stephen J. , Rudge John F. , Guitreau Martin , Blichert‐Toft Janne
Published: May 2014

Primordial silicate differentiation controlled the composition of Earth's oldest crust. Inherited142Nd anomalies in Archean rocks are vestiges of the mantle‐crust differentiation before ca. 4300 Ma. Here we report new whole‐rock147,146Sm‐143,142Nd data for the Acasta Gneiss Complex (AGC; Northwest Territories, Canada). Our147Sm‐143Nd data combined with literature data define an age of 3371 ± 141 Ma (2 SD) and yield an initial ε143Nd of −5.6 ± 2.1. These results are at odds with the Acasta zircon U‐Pb record, which comprises emplacement ages of 3920–3960 Ma. Ten of our thirteen samples show142Nd deficits of −9.6 ± 4.8 ppm (2 SD) relative to the modern Earth. The discrepancy between142Nd anomalies and a mid‐Archean147Sm‐143Nd age can be reconciled with Nd isotope reequilibration of the AGC during metamorphic perturbations at ca. 3400 Ma. A model age of ca. 4310 Ma is derived for the early enrichment of the Acasta source. Two compositional end‐members can be identified: a felsic component with142Nd/144Nd identical to the modern Earth and a mafic component with142Nd/144Nd as low as −14.1 ppm. The ca. 4310 Ma AGC source is ∼200 Myr younger than those estimated for Nuvvuagittuq (northern Québec) and Isua (Itsaq Gneiss Complex, West Greenland). The AGC does not have the same decoupled Nd‐Hf isotope systematics as these other two terranes, which have been attributed to the crystallization of an early magma ocean. The Acasta signature rather is ascribed to the formation of Hadean crust that was preserved for several hundred Myr. Its longevity can be linked to142Nd evolution in the mantle and does not require slow mantle stirring times nor modification of its convective mode.
A laboratory acoustic emission experiment under in situ conditions
Authors: Goodfellow S. D. , Young R. P.
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we revisit acoustic emission (AE) data from an in situ rock fracture experiment conducted at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Manitoba, Canada. The Mine‐By experiment, a large‐scale excavation response test, was undertaken at a depth of 420 m and involved the mechanical excavation of a cylindrical tunnel. During the experiment a small array of 16 Panametrics V103 AE sensors enclosed a 0.7 m × 0.7 m × 1.1 m rectangular prism of Lac du Bonnet granite located in the tunnel wall. The V103 sensors were later calibrated in the laboratory, and a source parameter analysis was undertaken using a spectral fitting method. Corner frequency and moment magnitude were found to be inside the ranges 250 kHz <fc< 490 kHz and −7.5 <Mw<−6.8, respectively. Static stress drops ranged from 0.3 to 4 MPa, which is consistent with large seismicity recorded at the URL.
The impact of forcing efficacy on the equilibrium climate sensitivity
Authors: Kummer J. R. , Dessler A. E.
Published: May 2014

Estimates of the Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) from twentieth century observations predict a lower ECS than estimates from climate models, paleoclimate data, and interannual variability. Here we show that estimates of ECS from the twentieth century observations are sensitive to the assumed efficacy of aerosol and ozone forcing (efficacy for a forcer is the amount of warming per unit global average forcing divided by the warming per unit forcing from CO2). Previous estimates of ECS based on the twentieth century observations have assumed that the efficacy is unity, which in our study yields an ECS of 2.3 K (5%–95% confidence range of 1.6–4.1 K), near the bottom of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's likely range of 1.5–4.5 K. Increasing the aerosol and ozone efficacy to 1.33 increases the ECS to 3.0 K (1.9–6.8 K), a value in excellent agreement with other estimates. Forcing efficacy therefore provides a way to bridge the gap between the different estimates of ECS.
Enhanced particle scavenging in deep water of the Aleutian Basin revealed by 210Po‐210Pb disequilibria
Authors: Hu Wangjiang , Chen Min , Yang Weifeng , Zhang Run , Qiu Yusheng , Zheng Minfang
Published: May 2014

The high sedimentation rate but low primary production in surface ocean raised a question whether particles from local upper water column could support high deposition in the Aleutian Basin. Here we first present large 210Po‐210Pb disequilibria in deep water of the Aleutian Basin. Dissolved 210Po and 210Pb were depleted relative to 210Pb and 226Ra, respectively, in deep water below 1000 m, as well as decreased with depth, suggesting enhanced particle scavenging in the deep water. The 210Po residence times (1–2 a) in deep water were comparable to those in the upper water column, indicating that 210Po scavenging rates were high in deep water of the Aleutian Basin. The export fluxes of 210Po from the upper 100 m were estimated to be 0.2–0.8 Bq/m2/d, much lower than those in the deep water (7–8 Bq/m2/d). Similarly, POC export fluxes in deep water (24–80 mmolC/m2/d) were higher than those in the upper 100 m (∼1 mmolC/m2/d). Such a large discrepancy between the upper and deep water suggested that particles from local upper water column could not totally meet the enhanced scavenging in the deep water. Based on mass balance calculations, the extra fluxes of 210Pb and POC imported to deep water were estimated to be 8–12 Bq/m2/d and 22–79 mmolC/m2/d, respectively. The ratio of POC to particulate 210Pb (i.e., POC/PPb) in the extra source was estimated to be 6.5 mmol/Bq, which was lower than that in the Bering Shelf with a mean POC/PPb ratio of 10.9 mmol/Bq, implying that particles in the Bering Shelf could be a potential source for the enhanced particle scavenging in deep water of the Aleutian Basin. However, quantitative and detailed role of ridges and manganese from sediments in particle scavenging in the deep water was unclear, and further studies are necessary.
High‐Performing Monometallic Cobalt Layered Double Hydroxide Supercapacitor with Defined Local Structure
Authors: Vialat Pierre , Mousty Christine , Taviot‐Gueho Christine , Renaudin Guillaume , Martinez Herve , Dupin Jean‐Charles , Elkaim Erik , Leroux Fabrice
Published: May 2014

Through a topochemical oxidative reaction (TOR) under air, a β‐Co(OH)2 brucite type structure is converted into a monometallic CoIICoIII–CO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH). The structural and morphological characterizations are performed using powder X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transformed IR spectroscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The local structure is scrutinized using an extended X‐ray absorption fine structure, X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure, and pair distribution function analysis. The chemical composition of pristine material and its derivatives (electrochemically treated) are identified by thermogravimetry analysis for the bulk and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the surface. The electrochemical behavior is investigated on deposited thin films in aqueous electrolyte (KOH) by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and their capacitive properties are further investigated by Galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation. The charge capacity is found to be as high as 1490 F g−1 for CoIICoIII–CO3 LDH at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. The performances of these materials are described using Ragone plots, which finally allow us to propose them as promising supercapacitor materials. A surface‐to‐bulk comparison using the above characterization techniques gives insight into the cyclability and reversibility limits of this material.
Suppression of VEGF by Reversible‐PEGylated Histidylated Polylysine in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Cai Xiaojun , Zhu Haiyan , Dong Haiqing , Li Yongyong , Su Jiansheng , Shi Donglu
Published: May 2014

A reversible‐PEGylated polylysine is designed and developed for efficient delivery of siRNA. In this unique structure, the ε‐amino groups of disulfide linked poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polylysine (mPEG‐SS‐PLL) are partially replaced by histidine groups, in order to develop the histidylated reversible‐PEGylated polylysine (mPEG‐SS‐PLH), for enhanced endosome escape ability. The transfection efficacy of mPEG‐SS‐PLH is found to closely correlate with histidine substitution. Its maximum transfection efficiencies are determined, respectively, to be 75%, 42%, and 24%, against 293T, MCF‐7, and PC‐3 cells. These data indicate that the transfection efficiencies can equal or even outweigh PEI‐25k in the corresponding cells (80%, 38.5%, and 20%). The in vivo circulation and biodistribution of the polyplexes are monitored by fluorescent imaging. The in vivo gene transfection is carried out by intravenous injection of pEGFP to BALB/c mice using the xenograft models. The in vivo experimental results show effective inhibition of tumor growth by mPEG‐SS‐PLH/siRNA–VEGF, indicating its high potential for clinical applications.
Small Molecule Host Materials for Solution Processed Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yook Kyoung Soo , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: May 2014

Solution processed phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been actively developed due to merits of high quantum efficiency of phosphorescent materials and simple fabrication processes of solution processed OLEDs. The device performances of the solution processed phosphorescent OLEDs have been greatly improved in the last 10 years and the progress of the device performances was made by the development of small molecule host materials for solution processes. A hybrid host of polymer and small molecules, a single small molecule host and a mixed host of small molecule hosts have effectively enhanced the quantum efficiency of the solution processed phosphorescent OLEDs. Therefore, this paper reviews recent developments in small molecule host materials for solution processed phosphorescent OLEDs and provides future directions for the development of the small molecule host materials.
Metal‐Free Catalytic Hydrogenation of Imines with Recyclable [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Derived Frustrated Lewis Pairs Catalysts
Authors: Wang Guan , Chen Cheng , Du Tieqi , Zhong Weihui
Published: May 2014

A series of [2.2]paracyclophane‐derived frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) with reversible, metal‐free hydrogen activation was synthesized and successfully applied in the hydrogenation of imines in moderate to good yields. The high stability of the novel FLP system enables effective recycling of the metal‐free catalysts. This reaction could also be compatible with a larger scale and developed into a pharmaceutical synthesis of cinacalcet {(R)‐N‐[1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl]‐3‐[3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan‐1‐amine} without heavy metal residues.

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Regioselective Benzylation of Diols and Polyols by Catalytic Amounts of an Organotin Reagent
Authors: Xu Hengfu , Lu Yuchao , Zhou Yixuan , Ren Bo , Pei Yuxin , Dong Hai , Pei Zhichao
Published: May 2014

An efficient one‐pot method for the selective benzylation of diols and polyols using 0.1 equiv. of organotin reagents and tetrabutylammonium bromide as catalyst has been developed. The diols and polyols containing a cis‐vicinal diol were regioselectively benzylated in 70–94% isolated yields. A catalytic reaction mechanism was also proposed.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed CF Bond Formation via Directed CH Activation
Authors: Li Yan , Wu Yun , Li Guang‐Shui , Wang Xi‐Sheng
Published: May 2014

Palladium‐catalyzed CF bond formation via directed CH activation has recently emerged as a significant method to introduce fluorine atoms into organic molecules in an atom‐ and step‐economical path. At the interface between fluorine chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry, the development of direct fluorinations of the CH bond remains sluggish, due to the major challenge of reductive elimination to afford the CF bond. One strategy is to oxidize palladium(II) species to more electron‐deficient palladium(IV or III) fluorides to promote the CF bond forming reductive elimination, which opens up palladium‐catalyzed CH fluorination as a powerful transformation. This focused review gives a brief summary of the mere handful of examples, including C(sp2)F and C(sp3)F bond formations, in this field so far.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Allylic Dearomatization Reaction of α‐Substituted β‐Naphthol Derivatives: Scope and Mechanistic Investigation
Authors: Zhuo Chun‐Xiang , You Shu‐Li
Published: May 2014

A highly efficient dearomatization reaction of α‐substituted β‐naphthols with excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity has been developed. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the dearomatized alkylation product is the thermodynamically more stable compound. The etherification product could be further transformed to the dearomatization product.

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Long‐term data on reproductive output and longevity in captive female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Ash Hayley , Buchanan‐Smith Hannah M.
Published: May 2014

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is widely used in biomedical research, with many housed for breeding purposes world‐wide. Significant variation in reproductive output among females has been found compared to other anthropoid primates. The present study explores this reproductive variation, focusing on potential predictors of dam longevity and litter size, as well as changes over time. Back‐record analysis was conducted, yielding litter information and reproductive summaries of 360 dams housed at three UK marmoset colonies over four decades (1970s–2000s). Results revealed differences among the colonies, as well as within colonies over decades, suggesting environment may play an important role. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses revealed significant effects of mean litter size and yearly production on dam longevity. Decade, mean inter‐birth interval and mean dam weight were found to be significant factors explaining dam longevity when looking at colonies individually. The most commonly recorded cause of death was “poor condition.” Linear regression models found that no reproductive variable was useful in explaining mean litter size, except dam weight at conception, data which was only consistently recorded at one colony. While triplets were common at all three colonies, these larger litters were consistently associated with higher infant mortality, despite human intervention to improve survival. This study increases our understanding of marmoset reproduction, and possible improvements to practical aspects of colony management to enhance survival and welfare are discussed. Am. J. Primatol. 76:1062–1073, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Isomerization of the Gas‐Phase 2‐Norbornyl Cation Revealed with Infrared Spectroscopy and Computational Chemistry
Authors: Mosley Jonathan D. , Young Justin W. , Agarwal Jay , Schaefer Henry F. , Schleyer Paul v. R. , Duncan Michael A.
Published: May 2014

In an attempt to produce the 2‐norbornyl cation (2NB+) in the gas phase, protonation of norbornene was accomplished in a pulsed discharge ion source coupled with a supersonic molecular beam. The C7H11+ cation was size‐selected in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer and investigated with infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy using the method of “tagging” with argon. The resulting vibrational spectrum, containing sharp bands in the CH stretching and fingerprint regions, was compared to that predicted by computational chemistry. However, the measured spectrum did not match that of 2NB+, prompting a detailed computational study of other possible isomers of C7H11+. This study finds five isomers more stable than 2NB+. The spectrum obtained corresponds to the 1,3‐dimethylcyclopentenyl cation, the global minimum‐energy structure for C7H11+, which is produced through an unanticipated ring‐opening rearrangement path.
Photoswitching CO2 Capture and Release in a Photochromic Diarylethene Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Luo Feng , Fan Cong Bin , Luo Ming Biao , Wu Xiao Liu , Zhu Yan , Pu Shou Zhi , Xu Wen‐Yuan , Guo Guo‐Cong
Published: May 2014

We demonstrate herein a promising pathway towards low‐energy CO2 capture and release triggered by UV and visible light. A photosensitive diarylethene ligand was used to construct a photochromic diarylethene metal–organic framework (DMOF). A local photochromic reaction originating from the framework movement induced by the photoswitchable diarylethene unit resulted in record CO2‐desorption capacity of 75 % under static irradiation and 76 % under dynamic irradiation.
Crystallization behavior of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites prepared by ethylene in situ polymerization
Authors: Guan Chao , Yang Huaqin , Li Wei , Zhou Danying , Xu Jie , Chen Zhong‐Ren
Published: May 2014

A [3‐t‐Bu‐2‐OC6H3CHN(C6F5)]2TiCl2 catalyst (bis(phenoxyimine)titanium dichloride complex – FI catalyst) was immobilized on disilanolisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OH‐POSS) to prepare ultrahigh molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites during ethylene in situ polymerization. The dispersion state of POSS in the UHMWPE matrix was characterized by X‐ray diffraction measurements and transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that the OH‐POSS achieved uniformed dispersion in the UHMWPE matrix, although its polarity was unmatched. The isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of the nanocomposites was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The crystallization rate of the nanocomposites was enhanced because of the incorporation of POSS during the isothermal crystallization. POSS acted as a nucleus for the initial nucleation and the subsequent growth of the crystallites. For nonisothermal studies, POSS showed an increase in the crystallinity. The crystallization rate of the nanocomposites decreased because the presence of POSS hindered the crystal growth. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40847.
Observation on different reducing power of cocatalysts on the Ziegler–Natta catalyst containing alkoxide species for ethylene polymerization
Authors: Hongmanee Goond , Sripothongnak Saovalak , Jongsomjit Bunjerd , Praserthdam Piyasan
Published: May 2014

In this work, the effects of three types of cocatalyst having different alkyl groups, such as triethylaluminium (TEA), triisobutylaluminum (TiBA), and trioctylaluminium (TnOA), and their concentrations on the catalytic activity and polymer properties were investigated for the Ziegler–Natta catalyst containing alkoxide species. The drastic escalation of catalytic activity was observed when the ratio of Al/Ti was increased only for TEA because of its good diffusivity as proven by the electron spin resonance technique. Moreover, it was found that the characteristic of the alkyl group in cocatalyst affected on the chain transfer ability. The chain transfer ability of TnOA was found to be equal to the TiBA in spite of its concentration was higher. By the way, the cocatalyst types and their concentrations did not affect on the variety of active sites as seen in molecular weight distribution of polymer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40884.
Patent overlay mapping: Visualizing technological distance
Authors: Kay Luciano , Newman Nils , Youtie Jan , Porter Alan L. , Rafols Ismael
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a new global patent map that represents all technological categories and a method to locate patent data of individual organizations and technological fields on the global map. This overlay map technique may support competitive intelligence and policy decision making. The global patent map is based on similarities in citing‐to‐cited relationships between categories of the International Patent Classification (IPC) of European Patent Office (EPO) patents from 2000 to 2006. This patent data set, extracted from the PATSTAT database, includes 760,000 patent records in 466 IPC‐based categories. We compare the global patent maps derived from this categorization to related efforts of other global patent maps. The paper overlays the nanotechnology‐related patenting activities of two companies and two different nanotechnology subfields on the global patent map. The exercise shows the potential of patent overlay maps to visualize technological areas and potentially support decision making. Furthermore, this study shows that IPC categories that are similar to one another based on citing‐to‐cited patterns (and thus close in the global patent map) are not necessarily in the same hierarchical IPC branch, thereby revealing new relationships between technologies that are classified as pertaining to different (and sometimes distant) subject areas in the IPC scheme.
Adaptive Control Design for a Class of Uncertain High‐Order Nonlinear Systems with Time Delay
Authors: Sun Zong‐Yao , Liu Yun‐Gang
Published: May 2014

This paper is concerned with adaptive stabilization for a class of uncertain high‐order nonlinear systems with time delays. To the authors' knowledge, there has been no analogous result. Hence during investigation, the conditions on delay effect and the control design framework should be established for the first time. In this paper, under somewhat necessary restrictions on the system nonlinearities, by the method of adding a power integrator and the related adaptive technique, a procedure is developed to design the continuous adaptive state‐feedback controller without overparametrization. Moreover, the uniform stability and convergence of the resulting closed‐loop system are rigorously proven, with the aid of a suitable Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical result.
LICENSURE FOR BEHAVIOR ANALYSTS: THE PATH TO RESPONSIBLE AND COOPERATIVE ACTION
Authors: Guercio John M. , Murray William J.
Published: May 2014

The increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in the last decade has contributed to growth in the field of applied behavior analysis (ABA). This growth has been spurred by consumer demand for access to this evidence‐based treatment for those with an autism spectrum disorder. Presently, there are at least 34 states that have laws or regulations in place that mandate insurance coverage for autism spectrum disorders. There are also 14 states that have passed licensure or a similar regulatory mechanism for identifying competent providers of ABA. The following paper documents the process of insuring consumer advocacy and protection in the states of Missouri and Wisconsin through the passage of legislation that established licensure for practitioners of ABA. The evolution of this process in both of these states will be detailed as well as a number of lessons learned that should prove to be helpful as additional states move toward licensure for practitioners of ABA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative studies on the interactions of dihydroartemisinin and artemisinin with bovine serum albumin using spectroscopic methods
Authors: Liu Rong , Cheng Zhengjun , Jiang Xiaohui
Published: May 2014

The interactions of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and artemisinin (ART) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been investigated using fluorescence, UV/vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra under simulated physiological conditions. The binding characteristics of DHA/ART and BSA were determined by fluorescence emission and resonance light scattering (RLS) spectra. The quenching mechanism between BSA and DHA/ART is static. The binding constants and binding sites of DHA/ART–BSA systems were calculated at different temperatures (293, 298, 304 and 310 K). According to Förster non‐radiative energy transfer theory, the binding distance of BSA to DHA/ART was calculated to be 1.54/1.65 nm. The effect of DHA/ART on the secondary structure of BSA was analyzed using UV/vis absorption, FTIR, synchronous fluorescence and 3D fluorescence spectra. In addition, the effects of common ions on the binding constants of BSA–DHA and BSA–ART systems were also discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detachably assembled microfluidic device for perfusion culture and post‐culture analysis of a spheroid array
Authors: Sakai Yusuke , Hattori Koji , Yanagawa Fumiki , Sugiura Shinji , Kanamori Toshiyuki , Nakazawa Kohji
Published: May 2014

Microfluidic devices permit perfusion culture of three‐dimensional (3D) tissue, mimicking the flow of blood in vascularized 3D tissue in our body. Here, we report a microfluidic device composed of a two‐part microfluidic chamber chip and multi‐microwell array chip able to be disassembled at the culture endpoint. Within the microfluidic chamber, an array of 3D tissue aggregates (spheroids) can be formed and cultured under perfusion. Subsequently, detailed post‐culture analysis of the spheroids collected from the disassembled device can be performed. This device facilitates uniform spheroid formation, growth analysis in a high‐throughput format, controlled proliferation via perfusion flow rate, and post‐culture analysis of spheroids. We used the device to culture spheroids of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells under two controlled perfusion flow rates. HepG2 spheroids exhibited greater cell growth at higher perfusion flow rates than at lower perfusion flow rates, and exhibited different metabolic activity and mRNA and protein expression under the different flow rate conditions. These results show the potential of perfusion culture to precisely control the culture environment in microfluidic devices. The construction of spheroid array chambers allows multiple culture conditions to be tested simultaneously, with potential applications in toxicity and drug screening.
A serum‐free medium developed for in vitro expansion of murine intestinal stem cells
Authors: Mohamed Mahmoud S. , Chen Yun , Yao Chao‐Ling
Published: May 2014

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are located at the base of the intestinal crypts and have the ability to self‐renew as well as to differentiate into mature epithelial cells. Recently, ISCs have received much attention for the treatment of many intestinal diseases. However, many challenges face those studying ISCs because insufficient ISCs are available. Therefore, the development of a culture medium for ISC expansion is an important necessity for basic research and clinical application. In this study, we described the technique used to develop a serum‐free medium for expanding ISCs in vitro. Furthermore, five serum substitutes were selected and optimized in order to maintain the long‐term proliferation and enteroid‐forming ability of ISCs: (i) ethanolamine; (ii) ascorbic acid phosphate; (iii) transferrin; (iv) glutathione; and (v) sodium selenite. Analysis of gene expression of Lgr5, Bmi1, Msi1 and PTEN demonstrated that our serum‐free medium sustained the expression of genes involved in ISC‐related functions in the expanded ISCs. Additionally, the expression intensity of surface markers, including Lgr5, CD24 and CD44, on serum‐free expanded cells in crypts was greatly increased. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the number of ISCs can be expanded and their functionality maintained in our serum‐free medium, indicating the suitability of this serum‐free expansion medium for increasing the numbers of ICSs available for basic research and clinical applications in the future.
PEGylation of lysine residues improves the proteolytic stability of fibronectin while retaining biological activity
Authors: Zhang Chen , Desai Raj , Perez‐Luna Victor , Karuri Nancy
Published: May 2014

Excessive proteolysis of fibronectin (FN) impairs tissue repair in chronic wounds. Since FN is essential in wound healing, our goal is to improve its proteolytic stability and at the same time preserve its biological activity. We have previously shown that reduced FN conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) at cysteine residues is more proteolytically stable than native FN. Cysteine‐PEGylated FN supported cell adhesion and migration to the same extent as native FN. However, unlike native FN, cysteine‐PEGylated FN was not assembled into an extracellular matrix (ECM) when immobilized. Here, we present an alternative approach in which FN is preferentially PEGylated at lysine residues using different molecular weight PEGs. We show that lysine PEGylation does not perturb FN secondary structure. PEG molecular weight, from 2 to 10 kDa, positively correlates with FN–PEG proteolytic stability. Cell adhesion, cell spreading, and gelatin binding decrease with increasing molecular weight of PEG. The 2‐kDa FN–PEG conjugate shows comparable cell adhesion to native FN and binds gelatin. Moreover, immobilized FN–PEG is assembled into ECM fibrils. In summary, lysine PEGylation of FN can be used to stabilize FN against proteolytic degradation with minimal perturbation to FN structure and retained biological activity.
Ligand‐Assisted Dual‐Site Click Labeling of EGFR on Living Cells
Authors: Yang Yi , Lin Shixian , Lin Wei , Chen Peng R.
Published: May 2014

We have developed a dual‐site click labeling strategy for the simultaneous installation of a FRET donor–acceptor pair onto the extracellular domains of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on living cells. Our method integrates the genetic code expansion strategy, enzyme‐mediated protein labeling, and ligand‐assisted CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) into a tri‐step labeling procedure. This enabled cis‐membrane FRET imaging of EGFR under living conditions. This procedure might be generally applicable for dual‐site labeling and cis‐membrane FRET analysis of the domain–domain dynamics of important mammalian cell‐surface receptors.
Plant‐based biopharming of recombinant human lactoferrin
Authors: Yemets Alla I. , Tanasienko Iryna V. , Krasylenko Yuliya A. , Blume Yaroslav B.
Published: May 2014

Recombinant proteins are currently recognized as pharmaceuticals, enzymes, food constituents, nutritional additives, antibodies and other valuable products for industry, healthcare, research, and everyday life. Lactoferrin (Lf), one of the promising human milk proteins, occupies the expanding biotechnological food market niche due to its important versatile properties. Lf shows antiviral, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal and antioxidant activities, modulates cell growth rate, binds glycosaminoglycans and lipopolysaccharides, and also inputs into the innate/specific immune responses. Development of highly efficient human recombinant Lf expression systems employing yeasts, filamentous fungi and undoubtedly higher plants as bioreactors for the large‐scale Lf production is a biotechnological challenge. This review highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the existing non‐animal Lf expression systems from the standpoint of protein yield and its biological activity. Special emphasis is put on the benefits of monocot plant system for Lf expression and the biosafety aspects of the transgenic Lf‐expressing plants.
Cardiomyocyte cytokinesis score: a potential method for cardiomyocyte proliferation
Authors: Hua Kun , Nie Yu , Hou Jianfeng , Zheng Zhe , Hu Shengshou
Published: May 2014

One of the most important indicators of myocardial regeneration is cardiomyocyte proliferation. However, it is difficult to distinguish cardiomyocytes in the regenerating stage from binucleated or multinucleated myocytes by conventional morphometric techniques. As cell cycle progression (CCP) scores have been successfully applied to the evaluation of the proliferation of cancer cells, we sought to establish a multi‐gene score to evaluate cardiomyocyte proliferation in this study. Given the disturbances of nuclear division without cell division that occurs in cardiomyocytes, ten cytokinesis‐correlated genes (Anln, Aurkb, Cenpa, Kif4, Kif23, Prc1, RhoA, Spin1, TACC2, and CDC42) were chosen to establish the cardiomyocyte cytokinesis score (CC‐Score). The expression levels of these genes in H9C2 rat cardiomyoblast cells, the proliferation of which were stimulated or inhibited, were detected using qRT‐PCR. To confirm the feasibility of the CC‐Score system, four conventional methods for evaluating cardiomyocyte proliferation, including the MTT assay, BrdU assay, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry analysis, were used in each group. The results of the CC‐Score in the assessment of the proliferation of H9C2 cells were consistent with those of four commonly used proliferative assay methods. We conclude that the CC‐Score can be used to assess the proliferation status of H9C2 cells, and suggest that the CC‐Score may be a potential method for the assessment of cardiomyocyte proliferation in myocardial regeneration. However, validation studies utilizing primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes and heart tissue are warranted.