bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wide-Field Choroidal Thickness Analysis after Half-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Intravitreal Aflibercept Injection in Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy
Authors: Fukuda Yosuke , Notomi Shoji , Shiose Satomi , Maehara Yusuke , Kiyohara Kohei , Hashimoto Sawako , Kano Kumiko , Ishikawa Keijiro , Hisatomi Toshio , Sonoda Koh-Hei
Published: March 2024

Background: Pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) is a pachychoroid-spectrum disease. As blood circulation throughout the choroid may be involved in PNV pathogenesis, analysis using ultra-wide-field (UWF) fundus imaging is crucial. We evaluated choroidal thickness after half-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with intravitreal aflibercept injection for PNV using UWF swept-source optical coherence tomography. Methods: Seventeen eyes with PNV that underwent half-fluence PDT with an adjuvant single intravitreal aflibercept injection were analyzed. To compare choroidal thicknesses in the central and peripheral choroids, we set subfields <3, <9, and 9–18 mm from the fovea. The <9 and 9–18 mm subfields were divided into four quadrants. Results: Choroidal thickness in each subfield decreased significantly after half-fluence PDT (p < 0.001); this reduction was more pronounced in the central area. We also investigated the relationship between the dominant side of the deep choroidal veins that harbor choroidal vein efflux from the macula. When choroidal thickness in the supratemporal and infratemporal 9 mm subfields were evaluated, the ratio of choroidal thickness reduction was not significantly different between the dominant and non-dominant sides. The dominant side was not associated with the extent of choroidal thickness reduction in PNV. Conclusions: Half-fluence PDT caused thinning of the entire choroid, especially in the central area, in PNV.
The Effect of Epoxy Resin on the Infiltration of Porous Metal Parts Formed through Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Chen Jibing , Liu Yanfeng , She Yong , Yang Yang , Du Xinyu , Yang Junsheng , Wu Yiping
Published: March 2024

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing technology can print multi-material parts with multiple functions/properties, and has great potential for working in harsh application environments. However, the metal blank formed by sintering metal powder material with binder added through L-PBF has an obvious porous structure and insufficient mechanical properties, and few studies have been conducted studying this. In this paper, epoxy resin was used to impregnate the blank of porous metal parts formed by L-PBF with iron-based powder material at a certain temperature, and a cross-linked curing reaction was carried out with three kinds of phenolic resin in different proportions under the action of a curing agent, so as to fill the pores and achieve the desired mechanical properties. The characteristic peaks of each group of epoxy resin were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrums. The microstructure, decomposition temperature, and residue of four epoxy resin dispersion systems were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). The results show that the density of the porous metal parts was obviously improved, the heat resistance temperature of the parts could reach 350 °C, and the tensile strength of the sample after EP2-1 impregnation was increased by 4–6 times after curing at 160 °C for 6 h. Therefore, the use of an epoxy resin dispersion system can increase the porosity of L-PBF porous metal parts, but can also significantly improve their mechanical properties, which can help them to meet the requirements of applications as model materials, biological materials, and functional materials to provide a feasible solution.
Minimizing Dimensional Defects in FFF Using a Novel Adaptive Slicing Method Based on Local Shape Complexity
Authors: Elayeb Ahmed , Tlija Mehdi , Eltaief Ameni , Louhichi Borhen , Zemzemi Farhat
Published: March 2024

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has emerged as an innovative technology that gives designers several advantages, such as geometric freedom of design and less waste. However, the quality of the parts produced is affected by different design and manufacturing parameters, such as the part orientation, the nozzle temperature and speed, the support material, and the layer thickness. In this context, the layer thickness is considered an important AM parameter affecting the part quality and accuracy. Thus, in this paper, a new adaptative slicing method based on the cusp vector and the surface deviation is proposed with the aim of minimizing the dimensional defects of FFF printed parts and investigate the impact on the dimensional part tolerancing. An algorithm is developed to automatically extract data from the STL file, select the build orientation, and detect intersection points between the initial slicing and the STL mesh. The innovation of this algorithm is exhibited via adapting the slicing according to the surface curvature based on two factors: the cusp vector and the surface deviation. The suggested slicing technique guarantees dimensional accuracy, especially for complex feature shapes that are challenging to achieve using a uniform slicing approach. Finally, a preview of the slicing is displayed, and the G-code is generated to be used by the FFF machine. The case study consists of the dimensional tolerance inspection of prototypes manufactured using the conventional and adaptive slicing processes. The proposed method’s effectiveness is investigated using RE and CMM processes. The method demonstrates its reliability through the observed potential for accuracy improvements exceeding 0.6% and cost savings of up to 4.3% in specific scenarios. This reliability is substantiated by comparing the resulting dimensional tolerances and manufacturing costs.
Characterization of the Structural–Stratigraphic and Reservoir Controls on the Occurrence of Gas Hydrates in the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend, Alaska North Slope
Authors: Zyrianova Margarita , Collett Timothy , Boswell Ray
Published: March 2024

One of the most studied permafrost-associated gas hydrate accumulations in Arctic Alaska is the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend. This study provides a detailed re-examination of the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend with a focus on the gas hydrate accumulation in the western part of the Prudhoe Bay Unit. This integrated analysis of downhole well log data and published geophysical data has provided new insight on structural, stratigraphic, and reservoir controls on the occurrence of gas hydrates in the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend. This study revealed the relatively complex nature of the gas hydrate occurrences in the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend, with gas hydrates present in a series of coarsening upward, laterally pervasive, mostly fine-grained sand beds exhibiting high gas hydrate saturations. Most of the gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs in the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend are laterally segmented into distinct northwest- to southeast-trending fault blocks, occur in a combination of structural–stratigraphic traps, and are only partially hydrate filled with distinct down-dip water contacts. These findings suggest that the traditional parts of a petroleum system (i.e., reservoir, gas source, gas migration, and geologic timing of the system formation) also control the occurrence of gas hydrates in the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend.
The Relation between CEO-Friendly Boards and the Value of Cash Holdings
Authors: Seo Hoontaek , Yi Sangho , Yang Qing , McCumber William
Published: March 2024

Our study investigates how CEO-friendly boards influence the value and utilization of cash resources. In this paper, we analyze two conflicting views on CEO-friendly boards and their impact on corporate cash holdings: one view posits that such boards might be too lenient, fostering managerial moral hazard problem, while the other contends that they encourage CEOs to share information, despite CEOs knowing that better-informed boards could enforce stricter oversight. By measuring board friendliness through CEO-board social ties, we find that firms with a friendly board tend to maintain lower cash reserves but their excess cash is valued higher by the market compared to firms without such a board. Moreover, these boards deploy excess cash in ways that significantly enhance firm value. The results remain robust even after controlling for various governance variables and CEO characteristics. Our findings offer crucial insights for corporate practitioners and policymakers, highlighting the importance of appointing and retaining CEO-friendly directors to foster effective information exchange, especially in firms with substantial CEO-board information asymmetry in capital budgeting.
Asymmetric Effects of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Food Security in Nigeria
Authors: Kotur Lydia N. , Aye Goodness C. , Ayoola Josephine B.
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the asymmetric effects of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on food security in Nigeria, utilizing annual time series data from 1970 to 2021. The study used descriptive statistics, unit root tests, the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model and its associated Bounds tests to analyze the data. The analysis reveals that adult population, environmental degradation, exchange rate uncertainty (EXRU), financial deepening, food security (FS), government expenditure in agriculture uncertainty (GEAU), inflation, and interest rate uncertainty (INRU) exhibit positive mean values over the period, with varying degrees of volatility. Cointegration tests indicate a long-term relationship between EPU variables (GEAU, INRU, and EXRU) and food security. The study finds that cumulative positive and negative EPU variables have significant effects on food security in the short run. Specifically, negative GEAU, positive INRU, positive and negative EXRU have significant effects in the short run. In the long run, negative GEAU, positive and negative EXRU have significant effects on food security. Additionally, the research highlights asymmetric effects, showing that the influence of GEAU and EXRU on food security differs in the short- and long-run. The study underscores the importance of increased government expenditure on agriculture, control of exchange rate and interest rate uncertainty, and the reduction in economic policy uncertainty to mitigate risks in the agricultural sector and enhance food security. Recommendations include strategies to stabilize exchange rates to safeguard food supply and overall food security.
Comparative Study of Cultural Landscape Perception in Historic Districts from the Perspectives of Tourists and Residents
Authors: Jiang Siyu , Liu Jiang
Published: March 2024

From a human-centric perspective, improving the spatial quality of historical districts is a key focus in achieving their refined governance. Based on a public survey performed in Zhangzhou Ancient City, we explored the differences in the perception of cultural landscape genes (CLGs) between residents and tourists with different individual characteristics, utilizing non-parametric tests and box-plot analysis methods. The findings indicate the following: Tourists have a stronger perception of CLGs related to site layout and architectural features than residents, while residents have a stronger perception of cultural customs. Gender-related differences in the perception of CLG are only significant among tourists, with females showing a higher level of CLG perception than males. Residents of different age groups show a “U-shaped” distribution in their perception of CLGs related to site layout, whereas senior tourists have a lower cognitive perception level. People with lower educational backgrounds among residents tend to perceive cultural customs more significantly, whereas tourists with diverse educational backgrounds do not perceive them as having a significant impact. Residence location, visit frequency, duration of residence, and residence nature are key positive factors affecting the perception of CLGs. Our study highlights the significance of considering the users’ characteristics in enhancing the refined governance of historical districts.
An Upper Take on Doubler-Uppers
Authors: Bagasheva Alexandra
Published: March 2024

Against the background of comparatively insufficient, expressly dedicated studies on double particle verb person nominalisations, this paper offers a qualitative, cognitive-constructionist approach to the properties of doubler-upper nominalisations of particle verbs in English and a reappraisal of some of the available analyses thereof. On the assumption of the validity of the flexicon stance on the organisation of words in the human mind, and on the basis of a preliminary semantic analysis of 300 types of doubler-upper nouns extracted from two corpora and Urban Dictionary, it is claimed that there are no identifiable constraints on the possibility of double-er marking and no particular properties of particle verbs as bases to preclude double -er marking. A hypothesis is formulated that, despite their deviance, doubler-uppers strike the optimal balance between complexity and unity and appear to be the most natural and morphophonologically best-fitting pattern for particle verb -er nominalisation (at least in spoken discourse and the media).
Radiosensitization of Allogenic Subcutaneous C6 Glioma Model with Focused Ultrasound-Induced Mild Hyperthermia
Authors: Xu Zhiyuan , Schlesinger David , Drainville Robert Andrew , Moore David , Pramoonjago Patcharin , Sheehan Jason , Padilla Frederic
Published: March 2024

The radiosensitization potential of focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced mild hyperthermia was assessed in an allogenic subcutaneous C6 glioma tumor model in rats. Mild hyperthermia at 42 °C was induced in tumors using a single-element 350 kHz FUS transducer. Radiation was delivered with a small animal radiation research platform using a single-beam irradiation technique. The combined treatment involved 20 min of FUS hyperthermia immediately before radiation. Tumor growth changes were observed one week post-treatment. A radiation dose of 2 Gy alone showed limited tumor control (30% reduction). However, when combined with FUS hyperthermia, there was a significant reduction in tumor growth compared to other treatments (tumor volumes: control—1174 ± 554 mm3, FUS-HT—1483 ± 702 mm3, 2 Gy—609 ± 300 mm3, FUS-HT + 2 Gy—259 ± 186 mm3; ANOVA p < 0.00001). Immunohistological analysis suggested increased DNA damage as a short-term mechanism for tumor control in the combined treatment. In conclusion, FUS-induced mild hyperthermia can enhance the effectiveness of radiation in a glioma tumor model, potentially improving the outcome of standard radiation treatments for better tumor control.
Back to the Future of Metabolism—Advances in the Discovery and Characterization of Unknown Biocatalytic Functions and Pathways
Authors: Wohlgemuth Roland
Published: March 2024

The architecture, organization, and functioning of biocatalytic reaction networks, which are coded in the cell-specific genome and which work together in the small space of biological cells, are a fascinating feature of life evolved over more than 3 billion years. Knowledge about the diversity of biocatalytic functions and metabolic pathways sustaining life on our planet is highly important, especially as the currently occurring loss of biodiversity is considered a planetary boundary that is at high risk, and knowledge about the life of current biological organisms should be gained before they become extinct. In addition to the well-known enzymatic reactions involved in biochemical pathways, the enzyme universe offers numerous opportunities for discovering novel functions and pathways. Maintaining thousands of molecules and reactions functioning properly within biological cells, which may be exposed to various kinds of external hazards, environmental stress, enzymatic side reactions, or non-enzymatic chemical reactions, is key for keeping cellular life healthy. This review aims to outline advances in assigning enzyme functions to protein sequences and the discovery of novel biocatalytic functions and pathways.
Detection of Three Sarcocystis Species (Apicomplexa) in Blood Samples of the Bank Vole and Yellow-Necked Mouse from Lithuania
Authors: Prakas Petras , Gudiškis Naglis , Kitrytė Neringa , Bagdonaitė Dovilė Laisvūnė , Baltrūnaitė Laima
Published: March 2024

The genus Sarcocystis is an abundant group of Apicomplexa parasites found in mammals, birds, and reptiles. These parasites are characterised by the formation of sarcocysts in the muscles of intermediate hosts and the development of sporocysts in the intestines of definitive hosts. The identification of Sarcocystis spp. is usually carried out in carcasses of animals, while there is a lack of studies on the detection of Sarcocystis species in blood samples. In the current study, blood samples of 214 yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis) and 143 bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) from Lithuania were examined for Sarcocystis. The molecular identification of Sarcocystis was carried out using nested PCR of cox1 and 28S rRNA and subsequent sequencing. Sarcocystis spp. were statistically (p < 0.01) more frequently detected in the bank vole (6.3%) than in yellow-necked mice (0.9%). The analysed parasites were observed in four different habitats, such as mature deciduous forest, bog, natural meadow, and arable land. Three species, Sarcocystis funereus, Sarcocystis myodes, and Sarcocystis cf. glareoli were confirmed in the bank vole, whereas only Sarcocystis myodes were found in yellow-necked mice. The obtained results are important in the development of molecular identification of Sarcocystis parasites in live animals.
Behavior of Lubricated Bearings in Electric Circuits
Authors: Kirchner Eckhard , Bartz Marcel , Becker-Dombrowsky Florian
Published: March 2024

In recent years, electrical damage phenomena in rolling and plain bearings have become increasingly important due to the growing electrification of individual mobility and renewable energy technologies [...]
NEPE Propellant Mesoscopic Modeling and Damage Mechanism Study Based on Inversion Algorithm
Authors: Hu Zhenyuan , Zhang Kaining , Liu Qiqi , Wang Chunguang
Published: March 2024

To accurately characterize the mesoscopic properties of NEPE (Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether) propellant, the mechanical contraction method was used to construct a representative volume element (RVE) model. Based on this model, the macroscopic mechanical response of NEPE propellant at a strain rate of 0.0047575 s−1 was simulated and calculated, and the parameters of the cohesive zone model (CZM) were inversely optimized using the Hooke–Jeeves algorithm by comparing the simulation results with the results of the uniaxial tensile test of NEPE propellants. Additionally, the macroscopic mechanical behavior of NEPE composite solid propellants at strain rates of 0.00023776 s−1 and 0.023776 s−1 was also predicted. The mesoscopic damage evolution process of NEPE propellants was investigated by the established model. The study results indicate that the predicted curves are relatively consistent with the basic features and change trends of the test curves. Therefore, the established model can effectively simulate the mesoscopic damage process of NEPE composite solid propellants and their macroscopic mechanical properties.
Formal Modeling and Verification of Embedded Real-Time Systems: An Approach and Practical Tool Based on Constraint Time Petri Nets
Authors: Nigro Libero , Cicirelli Franco
Published: March 2024

Modeling and verification of the correct behavior of embedded real-time systems with strict timing constraints is a well-known and important problem. Failing to fulfill a deadline in system operation can have severe consequences in the practical case. This paper proposes an approach to formal modeling and schedulability analysis. A novel extension of Petri Nets named Constraint Time Petri Nets (C-TPN) is developed, which enables the modeling of a collection of interdependent real-time tasks whose execution is constrained by the use of priority and shared resources like processors and memory data. A C-TPN model is reduced to a network of Timed Automata in the context of the popular Uppaal toolbox. Both functional and, most importantly, temporal properties can be assessed by exhaustive model checking and/or statistical model checking based on simulations. This paper first describes and motivates the proposed C-TPN modeling language and its formal semantics. Then, a Uppaal translation is shown. Finally, three models of embedded real-time systems are considered, and their properties are thoroughly verified.
Ruptured Ovarian Cystic Teratoma: A Rare Diagnosis, Easily to Be Confused with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Authors: Costachescu Dan , Motofelea Alexandru Catalin , Malita Daniel , Birsasteanu Florica , Ionita Ioana , Motofelea Nadica , Jura Cristina Ana-Maria , Bacila Ioana-Flavia , Bacila Mihai , Motoi Sorin
Published: March 2024

Although ovarian cystic teratoma is the most common ovarian tumor, complications are quite rare. However, it is important to be recognized by the radiologist in order to avoid inaccurately diagnosing them as malignant lesions. This case report describes a 61-year-old postmenopausal woman, who presented to the emergency room with abdominal pain following a minor blunt abdominal trauma. In this context, a CT scan was performed, which showed the presence of round, hypodense masses randomly distributed in the peritoneum, with coexisting ascites in moderate amount; ovarian carcinoma with peritoneal carcinomatosis was suspected. The patient was hospitalized and an MRI of the abdomen and pelvis was recommended for a more detailed lesion characterization. Following this examination, the patient was diagnosed with mature cystic ovarian teratoma complicated by rupture. Surgery was performed, and the outcome was favorable. The cases of ruptured cystic teratomas are rare, and to our knowledge, this is the first occurrence described in literature. Special attention must be paid when confronting with such a case in medical practice, since it can easily misdiagnosed as peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty for Inoperable Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Insights from a Pilot Low-Volume Centre Study and a Comparative Analysis with Other Centres
Authors: Ivanauskiene Taida , Cesna Sigitas , Grigoniene Egle , Gumbiene Lina , Daubaraite Aurelija , Ivanauskaite Kaste , Glaveckaite Sigita
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) in patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in the Vilnius Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) Referral Centre and to provide a comparative analysis with other centres. Materials and Methods: This study included all BPA procedures performed between 2019 and 2024 in a single tertiary centre. Invasive haemodynamic parameters and clinical variables were assessed at baseline; at the end of invasive treatment; and at the conclusion of follow-up, an average of 8.6 months after the last BPA. A literature review was also performed. Results: Twenty-six patients with inoperable CTEPH were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 61.6 (40–80) years. Each patient underwent a mean of 3.84 (1–9) procedures. Follow-up data were available for 12 patients with an average of 6.08 (3–9) procedures. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased by 32% (p < 0.001) and pulmonary vascular resistance by 41% (p = 0.001) at follow-up compared with the baseline measurements. There was also a significant 80% (p < 0.001) reduction in brain natriuretic peptide levels and a 30% (p = 0.04) increase in 6-min walk distance. The BPA procedures were generally safe in this low-volume centre setting, with only 17% of procedures having non-severe and non-fatal procedure-related complications. The most common complications included vessel dissection (10%), pulmonary vascular injury with haemoptysis (3%), and hyperperfusion pulmonary oedema (1%), which was successfully treated in all patients. Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate that the BPA procedure is an effective and safe treatment for individuals with inoperable CTEPH, being associated with significant improvements in hemodynamic parameters and functional capacity and a low risk of major complications in the low-volume tertiary PH centre setting.
Musculoskeletal Pain, Physical Activity, Muscle Mass, and Mortality in Older Adults: Results from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA)
Authors: Hwang Sun-Woo , Kim Chang-Woo , Jang Yun-Jeong , Lee Chang-Han , Oh Min-Kyun , Kim Ki-Woong , Jang Hak-Chul , Lim Jae-Young , Chun Se-Woong , Lim Seung-Kyu
Published: March 2024

Background and objectives: Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain significantly impacts physical activity and quality of life in older adults, potentially influencing mortality. This study explored the relationship between MSK pain, physical activity, muscle mass, and mortality among older adults. Material and Methods: We studied 1000 participants in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA), a prospective, population-based cohort study of people aged 65 years or older. Survival status was tracked over a 5-year period. Correlations between low back pain (LBP), knee pain, regular exercise, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), and other variables were analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for mortality. Results: Of the total participants, 829 (82.9%) survived over a 5-year period. Survivors tended to be younger, had a higher BMI, and were more active in regular exercise. In contrast, non-survivors exhibited a higher prevalence of both LBP and knee pain, along with increased instances of multiple MSK pains. Lower ASM correlated moderately with LBP and knee pain, whereas higher ASM was associated with regular exercise. There was a moderate correlation between LBP and knee pain, both of which were associated with a lack of regular exercise. Age, sex, ASM, and regular exercise were significant predictors, even though MSK pain itself did not directly predict all-cause mortality. Conclusions: This study demonstrated the independent association between ASM, regular exercise, and mortality. Although MSK pain did not directly correlate with all-cause mortality, the non-survivor group had higher levels of both single and multiple MSK pains. Recognizing the interplay of MSK pain, physical activity, and muscle mass for older adults, the research underscores the need for holistic strategies to enhance health outcomes in older individuals with MSK pain.
First-Principles Investigation on the Adsorption and Diffusion of Oxygen at the B2(110)–O(001) Interface in Ti2AlNb Alloys
Authors: Zhang Ming , Xiang Hongping , Xu Lin , Feng Aihan , Qu Shoujiang , Chen Daolun
Published: March 2024

The adsorption and diffusion of oxygen at the B2(110)[1¯11]||O(001)[11¯0] interface in Ti2AlNb alloys were investigated via first-principles calculations. Only a 2.6% interfacial mismatch indicates that B2(110)–O(001) is basically a stable coherent interface. The calculated adsorption energies and diffusion energy barriers show that oxygen prefers to occupy the Ti-rich interstitial sites, and once trapped, it hardly diffuses to other interstitial sites, thus promoting the preferential formation of Ti oxides. Under the premise of a Ti-rich environment, a Nb-rich environment is more favorable for oxygen adsorption than an Al-rich environment. The electronic structures suggest that O 2p orbitals mainly occupy the energy region below −5 eV, bonding with its coordinated atoms of Ti, Al, and Nb. However, Al 3p and Nb 4d orbitals near the Fermi level couple with sparsely distributed O 2p orbitals, forming anti-bonding, which is not conducive to oxygen adsorption. Because Nb 4d electrons are more localized than Al 3p electrons are, Nb–O anti-bonding is weaker. O–Ti has almost no contribution to anti-bonding, suggesting good bonding between them. This is consistent with the experimental observations that TiO2 is the main oxidation product.
Associations of Infant Feeding, Sleep, and Weight Gain with the Toddler Gut Microbiome
Authors: Olson Magdalena , Toffoli Samantha , Vander Wyst Kiley B. , Zhou Fang , Reifsnider Elizabeth , Petrov Megan E. , Whisner Corrie M.
Published: March 2024

This study examines how feeding, sleep, and growth during infancy impact the gut microbiome (GM) in toddlers. The research was conducted on toddlers (n = 36), born to Latina women of low-income with obesity. Their mothers completed retrospective feeding and sleeping questionnaires at 1, 6, and 12 months; at 36 months, fecal samples were collected. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (V4 region) revealed that breastfeeding for at least 1 month and the introduction of solids before 6 months differentiated the GM in toddlerhood (Bray–Curtis, pseudo-F = 1.805, p = 0.018, and pseudo-F = 1.651, p = 0.044, respectively). Sleep had an effect across time; at 1 and 6 months of age, a lower proportion of nighttime sleep (relative to 24 h total sleep) was associated with a richer GM at three years of age (Shannon H = 4.395, p = 0.036 and OTU H = 5.559, p = 0.018, respectively). Toddlers experiencing rapid weight gain from birth to 6 months had lower phylogenetic diversity (Faith PD H = 3.633, p = 0.057). These findings suggest that early life nutrition, sleeping patterns, and growth rate in infancy may influence the GM composition. Further verification of these results with objective sleep data and a larger sample is needed.
Group A Streptococcus Pili—Roles in Pathogenesis and Potential for Vaccine Development
Authors: Tsai Catherine Jia-Yun , Takahashi Risa , Loh Jacelyn Mei-San , Proft Thomas
Published: March 2024

The Gram-positive human pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) employs an arsenal of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenesis. The pilus is an important factor that enables the pathogen to adhere to and colonize host tissues. Emerging research in pilus function shows that pili’s involvement in establishing infection extends beyond host adhesion. The diversity of GAS pilus types reflect the varying characteristics identified in different pili. With the development of new experimental systems and animal models, a wider range of biological functions have been explored. This brief review summarizes recent reports of new functions in different GAS pilus types and the methodologies that contributed to the findings. The established importance of the pilus in GAS pathogenesis makes this surface structure a promising vaccine target. This article also reviews recent advancements in pilus-based vaccine strategies and discusses certain aspects that should be considered in vaccine development according to the newly defined properties of pili.
Editorial for the Special Issue “Mineralogical, Geological and Geochemical Heterogeneities of Carbonate Reservoirs”
Authors: Tavakoli Vahid , Mehrabi Hamzeh
Published: March 2024

Carbonate reservoir heterogeneity is a defining characteristic that fundamentally shapes the behavior and properties of subsurface formations [...]
Neoproterozoic Lysan Alkaline–Ultramafic Complex in the Eastern Sayan, Southern Siberia, Russia: Mineralogical Constraints of Carbonate Rocks and Albitite for Petrogenesis
Authors: Kolotilina Tatiana B. , Mekhonoshin Aleksey S. , Shcherbakov Yuri D.
Published: March 2024

The Lysan alkaline–ultramafic complex is located in the Sisim shear zone at the contact of the two largest tectonic structures of the accretion–collisional belt in the southwestern frame of the Siberian craton. Intrusions of the complex consist of ore-bearing olivinites, kaersutite clinopyroxenites, and banded kaersutite gabbro, which have been «cut» by albitite dykes and veins. The veins and veinlets of the carbonate rocks are mainly associated with the albitites. The present paper represents the first detailed mineralogical study of carbonate rocks and albitites in the Podlysansky Massif of the Neoproterozoic Lysan alkaline–ultramafic complex. The mineral composition was determined in situ in a polished section by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and electron probe microanalysis. The carbonate rocks of the Podlysan Massif have been found to contain minerals that are typical of siderite–carbonatites (senso stricto), including calcite, siderite, phengitic muscovite, apatite, monazite, REE fluorocarbonates, pyrite, and sphalerite. These rocks are enriched in light rare earth elements due to the presence of monazite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce), parisite-(Ce), and synchysite-(Ce). The albitites were formed as a result of the fenitization of leucocratic gabbro by alkali-rich carbo-hydrothermal fluids in zones of intense development of tectonic fractures. Infiltration was the dominant mechanism of fenitization. The obtained data significantly enhance the current understanding of the geochemical and ore specialization of rocks in the Lysan Complex.
New Type of SIOP Structure in Serpulidae: Formation and Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Vinn Olev , Alkahtane Abdullah A. , Al Farraj Saleh , El Hedeny Magdy
Published: March 2024

There is a controversy involved in the models of the formation of serpulid tube microstructures, which either have been formed in similar ways to molluscan structures or in an alternative, unique serpulid way. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of the tube microstructure of Crucigera zygophora has been performed. A new serpulid tube microstructure, an aggregative SIOP, has been discovered in C. zygophora, herein termed ASIOP. During the first phase of crystallization, the sparsely located nuclei of the ASIOP structure formed, and in the second phase of crystal growth, the nucleation of spherultic sectors took place on the surface of preformed nuclei. The ASIOP structure differs from SIOP by more sparsely located crystallisation centres (nuclei) and the slower formation (i.e., crystallisation) of basic units. The formation of the ASIOP structure cannot be fully explained by the classical carbonate slurry model. Future comparative studies should show whether molluscan crossed spindle-like structures and serpulid SIOP structures are structural analogues.
Upper Rim-Bridged Calix[4]arenes via Cyclization of meta Alkynyl Intermediates with Diphenyl Diselenide
Authors: Surina Anastasia , Salvadori Karolína , Poupě Matěj , Čejka Jan , Šimková Ludmila , Lhoták Pavel
Published: March 2024

A Sonogashira coupling of meta-iodocalix[4]arene with various terminal acetylenes confirmed that the meta position of calixarene is well addressable, and that both thermal and microwave protocols led to good yields of alkynylcalixarenes. Alkynes thus obtained were subjected to the ferric chloride and diphenyl diselenide-promoted electrophilic closure. It turns out that the calix[4]arenes give completely different bridging products than those described for the non-macrocyclic starting compounds. This can be demonstrated not only by the isolation of products with a six-membered ring (6-exo-dig), but mainly by the smooth formation of the 5-endo-dig cyclization, which has never been observed in the aliphatic series. An attempt at electrocyclization led to a high yield of the 1,2-diketone (oxidation of the starting alkyne), again in contrast to the reaction described for the acyclic derivatives. The structures of the unexpected products were unequivocally established by X-ray analysis and clearly demonstrate how the preorganized macrocyclic skeleton favors a completely different regioselectivity of cyclization reactions compared to common aliphatic compounds.
Saponins from Allium macrostemon Bulbs Attenuate Endothelial Inflammation and Acute Lung Injury via the NF-κB/VCAM-1 Pathway
Authors: Liu Li , Qiu Liang , Xue Jing , Zhong Chao , Qin Manman , Zhang Yifeng , Xu Chuanming , Xie Yanfei , Yu Jun
Published: March 2024

Endothelial inflammation is a multifaceted physiological process that plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of diverse diseases, encompassing but not limited to acute lung infections like COVID-19, coronary artery disease, stroke, sepsis, metabolic syndrome, certain malignancies, and even psychiatric disorders such as depression. This inflammatory response is characterized by augmented expression of adhesion molecules and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we discovered that saponins from Allium macrostemon bulbs (SAMB) effectively inhibited inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by the exogenous inflammatory mediator lipopolysaccharide or the endogenous inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor-α, as evidenced by a significant reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) with decreased monocyte adhesion. By employing the NF-κB inhibitor BAY-117082, we demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of SAMB on VCAM-1 expression may be attributed to the NF-κB pathway’s inactivation, as characterized by the suppressed IκBα degradation and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Subsequently, we employed a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced septic acute lung injury to substantiate the potential of SAMB in ameliorating endothelial inflammation and acute lung injury in vivo. These findings provide novel insight into potential preventive and therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of diseases associated with endothelial inflammation.
Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of P-Type Sn-Substituted Higher Manganese Silicides
Authors: Jiang Ming-Xun , Yang Sang-Ren , Tsao I-Yu , Wardhana Bayu Satriya , Hsueh Shih-Feng , Jang Jason Shian-Ching , Hsin Cheng-Lun , Lee Sheng-Wei
Published: March 2024

This study introduces Sn-substituted higher manganese silicides (MnSi1.75, HMS) synthesized via an arc-melting process followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The influences of Sn concentrations on the thermoelectric performance of Mn(Si1−xSnx)1.75 (x = 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015) are systematically investigated. Our findings reveal that metallic Sn precipitates within the Mn(Si1−xSnx)1.75 matrix at x ≥ 0.005, with a determined solubility limit of approximately x = 0.001. In addition, substituting Si with Sn effectively reduces the lattice thermal conductivity of HMS by introducing point defect scattering. In contrast to the undoped HMS, the lattice thermal conductivity decreases to a minimum value of 2.0 W/mK at 750 K for the Mn(Si0.999Sn0.001)1.75 sample, marking a substantial 47.4% reduction. Consequently, a figure of merit (ZT) value of ~0.31 is attained at 750 K. This considerable enhancement in ZT is primarily attributed to the suppressed lattice thermal conductivity resulting from Sn substitution.
Insoluble Network Skeleton and Soluble Components of Nylon 6,6-Sputtered Nanoparticles: Insights from Liquid-State and Solid-State NMR Analysis
Authors: Šťastná Julie , Škorvánková Kateřina , Kuzminova Anna , Hanuš Jan , Hanyková Lenka , Krakovský Ivan , Solař Pavel
Published: March 2024

In this study, we performed a detailed analysis of -sputtered-nylon 6,6 plasma polymer nanoparticles (NPs). Following a previous study using standard techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we employed unconventional approaches, specifically solid- and liquid-state high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, supplemented by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to examine changes in the size of the NPs after contact with solvents and after heating. Our investigations revealed suspected strong binding and networking of the NPs, and a soluble monomer/oligomer phase was identified and characterised. This fraction is removable using solvent or heat treatment without significantly affecting the size of the NPs. Additionally, we suggested the chemical structure of this soluble phase. Our findings support the proposed rubber-like character of plasma polymer NPs and explain their strong tendency to reflect from substrates upon high-speed impact.
Dare to Ask! A Model for Teaching Nursing Students about Identifying and Responding to Violence against Women and Domestic Violence
Authors: Okenwa Emegwa Leah , Paillard-Borg Stéphanie , Wallin Lundell Inger , Stålberg Anna , Åling Maria , Ahlenius Gabriella , Eriksson Henrik
Published: March 2024

The role of nurses in identifying and responding to family violence and violence against women has long been established. However, nurses’ readiness to fully assume this role remains low due to various barriers and the sensitive nature of the subject. As part of capacity building to address this problem, an additional national qualitative learning target, i.e., to “show knowledge about men’s violence against women and violence in close relationships”, was introduced into the Swedish Higher Education Ordinance for nursing and seven other educational programs between 2017 and 2018. The aim of this paper is to describe how the national qualitative learning target is incorporated into the undergraduate nursing curriculum at the Swedish Red Cross University College. An overview of relevant teaching and learning activities and how they are organized is first presented, followed by the presentation of a proposed didactic model: Dare to Ask and Act! The model details a step-by-step progression from facts and figures, including the role of gender norms, to recognizing signs of abuse in complex clinical situations, as well as developing skills that enhance the courage to ask and act. Due to the sensitive nature of violence victimization, the proposed model reflects the importance of making the subject a reoccurring theme in undergraduate nursing education in order to boost nursing students’ interests and confidence to “Dare to Ask and Act!”. The model also shows that making the subject a recurring theme can be achieved with minimal disruptions to and without overcrowding an existing curriculum.
Carbon Monoxide Alleviates Salt-Induced Oxidative Damage in Sorghum bicolor by Inducing the Expression of Proline Biosynthesis and Antioxidant Genes
Authors: Ikebudu Vivian Chigozie , Nkuna Mulisa , Ndou Nzumbululo , Ajayi Rachel Fanelwa , Chivasa Stephen , Cornish Katrina , Mulaudzi Takalani
Published: March 2024

Crop growth and yield are affected by salinity, which causes oxidative damage to plant cells. Plants respond to salinity by maintaining cellular osmotic balance, regulating ion transport, and enhancing the expression of stress-responsive genes, thereby inducing tolerance. As a byproduct of heme oxygenase (HO)-mediated degradation of heme, carbon monoxide (CO) regulates plant responses to salinity. This study investigated a CO-mediated salt stress tolerance mechanism in sorghum seedlings during germination. Sorghum seeds were germinated in the presence of 250 mM NaCl only, or in combination with a CO donor (1 and 1.5 μM hematin), HO inhibitor (5 and 10 μM zinc protoporphyrin IX; ZnPPIX), and hemoglobin (0.1 g/L Hb). Salt stress decreased the germination index (47.73%) and root length (74.31%), while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (193.5%), and proline (475%) contents increased. This increase correlated with induced HO (137.68%) activity and transcripts of ion-exchanger and antioxidant genes. Salt stress modified vascular bundle structure, increased metaxylem pit size (42.2%) and the Na+/K+ ratio (2.06) and altered primary and secondary metabolites. However, exogenous CO (1 μM hematin) increased the germination index (63.01%) and root length (150.59%), while H2O2 (21.94%) content decreased under salt stress. Carbon monoxide further increased proline (147.62%), restored the vascular bundle structure, decreased the metaxylem pit size (31.2%) and Na+/K+ ratio (1.46), and attenuated changes observed on primary and secondary metabolites under salt stress. Carbon monoxide increased HO activity (30.49%), protein content, and antioxidant gene transcripts. The alleviatory role of CO was abolished by Hb, whereas HO activity was slightly inhibited by ZnPPIX under salt stress. These results suggest that CO elicited salt stress tolerance by reducing oxidative damage through osmotic adjustment and by regulating the expression of HO1 and the ion exchanger and antioxidant transcripts.
Rhizosphere Ventilation Effects on Root Development and Bacterial Diversity of Peanut in Compacted Soil
Authors: Liang Haiyan , Yang Liyu , He Xinhua , Wu Qi , Chen Dianxu , Liu Miao , Shen Pu
Published: March 2024

Soil compaction is one of the crucial factors that restrains the root respiration, energy metabolism and growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) due to hypoxia, which can be alleviated by ventilation. We therefore carried out a pot experiment with three treatments: no ventilation control (CK), (2) ventilation volumes at 1.2 (T1), and 1.5 (T2) times of the standard ventilation volume (2.02 L/pot). Compared to no-ventilation in compacted soil, ventilation T1 significantly increased total root length, root surface area, root volume and tips at the peanut anthesis stage (62 days after sowing), while T2 showed a negative impact on the above-mentioned root morphological characteristics. At the podding stage (S2, 95 days after sowing), both ventilation treatments improved root morphology, especially under T1. Compared to CK, both ventilation T1 and T2 decreased the activities of enzymes involving the anaerobic respiration, including root lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The activities of antioxidant enzymes of root superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase also decreased at S1, while superoxide dismutase and peroxidase significantly increased under T1 at S2. The ventilation of compacted soil changed soil nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities, with highest bacterial alpha diversity indices under T1. The Pearson correlation analyses indicated a positive relationship between the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobiaceae and root activity, and between unclassified_family of Rhizobiales and the root surface area, while Enterobacteriaceae had a negative impact on the root nodule number. The Pearson correlation test showed that the root surface, tips and activity positively correlated with root superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities. These results demonstrate that soil ventilation could enhance plant root growth, the diversity and function of soil nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities. The generated results from this present study could serve as important evidence in alleviating soil hypoxia caused by compaction.
Appraisal of the Role of Gaseous Signaling Molecules in Thermo-Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants
Authors: Gautam Harsha , Khan Sheen , Nidhi  , Sofo Adriano , Khan Nafees A.
Published: March 2024

A significant threat to the ongoing rise in temperature caused by global warming. Plants have many stress-resistance mechanisms, which is responsible for maintaining plant homeostasis. Abiotic stresses largely increase gaseous molecules’ synthesis in plants. The study of gaseous signaling molecules has gained attention in recent years. The role of gaseous molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), and ethylene, in plants under temperature high-temperature stress are discussed in the current review. Recent studies revealed the critical function that gaseous molecules play in controlling plant growth and development and their ability to respond to various abiotic stresses. Here, we provide a thorough overview of current advancements that prevent heat stress-related plant damage via gaseous molecules. We also explored and discussed the interaction of gaseous molecules. In addition, we provided an overview of the role played by gaseous molecules in high-temperature stress responses, along with a discussion of the knowledge gaps and how this may affect the development of high-temperature-resistant plant species.