bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of ultrasonographic cervical length and the Bishop score in predicting successful labor induction
Authors: LAENCINA ANA M. GÓMEZ , SÁNCHEZ FRANCISCO GARCÍA , GIMENEZ JAVIER HERRERA , MARTÍNEZ MONTSERRAT SOLERA , MARTÍNEZ JORGE ARTURO VALVERDE , VIZCAÍNO VICENTE MARTÍNEZ
Published: July 2007

Background. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the Bishop score and transvaginal ultrasonography to predict successful labor induction, and to estimate the most useful cut‐off points for the two methods. Methods. The five components of the Bishop score were assessed by digital examination and cervical length was measured by transvaginal ultrasonography in 177 women with a single pregnancy, 36–42 weeks of gestation, and a live fetus in cephalic presentation before induction of labor. Results. Multiple regression analysis showed that the Bishop score, cervical length, and parity provided independent contribution in the prediction of the likelihood of delivering vaginally within 60 h. The only component of the Bishop score that was independently predictive of the probability of vaginal delivery within 60 h was station. The best cut‐off points for predicting successful induction using receiver operating characteristic curves were 24 mm for cervical length and 4 for the Bishop score. Cervical length was a better predictor than the Bishop score (sensitivity and specificity of 66 and 77% versus 77 and 56%, respectively). Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that cervical length was the best discriminator of successful induction. Conclusion. Measurement of cervical length by transvaginal ultrasonography is a better predictor of success in labor induction with both topical prostaglandin and oxytocin.
Globalised images of environmental security in Africa
Authors: Obi Cyril
Published: July 2007

Since the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s, there has been a pronounced concern in academic and policy circles, with global environmental change, and its implications for global security (Speth, 1990; Brock, 1991; Renner, 1996; Brown, 1994; Obi, 1997a, 1997b, 1998b; Leach & Mearns, 1996; Hyden, 1999). At the heart of this shift has been the expansion of the notion of security to include the containment of non‐military, extra‐state threats. Thus, issues such as poverty, environmental degradation, crisis, wars, drug‐trafficking and even migration were included in the emerging perspective to security. Also, globalisation meant that threat‐perception in the west began to take on board the linkages between environmental crisis in the third world, with its strategic needs for stability, markets, resources, and even, leisure. At the same time, there was the concern among some policy‐makers and scholars of the implications of globalisation for the post‐colonial African state, which was experiencing various forms and intensities of crisis. Such fears were based on the belief that a crisis‐ridden Africa would pose a serious threat to global peace and security. This concern is most pronounced in the surviving Cold War superpowers, particularly the United States, which is the undisputed global hegemon in the post‐Cold War order.
Zimbabwe: structural adjustment, destitution & food insecurity
Authors: Chattopadhyay Rupak
Published: July 2007

This article examines the persistence of hunger in food surplus Zimbabwe during the 1990s. It combines a discussion of the literature on hunger with an analysis of the Zimbabwean structural adjustment programme using the ‘entitlements’ theory of famine as the point of departure to examine ‘persistent starvation’. The article questions the extent to which the structural adjustment programme and increased food production have contributed to food security and welfare. It notes that destitution resulting from structural adjustment polices have increased food insecurity by eroding the purchasing power of large sections of the population. The article further argues that in addition to economic causes, destitution is exacerbated by the effective lack of accountability on the part of the key decision‐makers.
Cuban‐African relations: nationalist roots of an internationalist policy
Authors: Gonzales David
Published: July 2007

To understand the type of relationship that Cuba has had with Africa for the past four decades, one must understand what happened on 1 January 1959, a watershed date in Cuban history. On that day after several years of armed struggle, dictator Fulgencio Batista fled, a Revolutionary Government led by Fidel Castro took power and Cuba ceased to be the neo‐colony that it had been for over 56 years.
Pressure on to keep crop seeds patent-free
Authors: Madava Tinashe
Published: July 2007

In order to safeguard world food security, concerned organisations are calling on their leaders to keep open access for all seeds around the world's most important crops unrestricted by patent and intellectual property rights.
Bringing political struggle back in: African politics, power & resistance
Authors: Harrison Graham
Published: July 2007

This article will investigate the enduring importance of political struggle as a key notion in the understanding of contemporary African politics. It does so with an awareness that this notion has fallen out of academic favour. This article sketches an approach that gives a key role to political struggle in processes of political change in sub‐Saharan Africa. In doing so, African political economies are seen as necessarily contested and therefore there is a need (to re‐work the phrase of the new statists/institutionalists) to consider bringing struggle back in to the analytical frame.
Congo: revisiting the looking glass
Authors: Collins Carole J.L.
Published: July 2007

This Briefing analyses economic developments and trends in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), within the context of recent political and military manoeuvres and the current human rights situation.
The Zanzibar treason trial
Authors: Chase Hank
Published: July 2007

More than four years ago Sheikh Abeid Karume, Chairman of the Zanzibar Revolutionary Council and First Vice‐President of the United Republic of Tanzania, was assassinated. (Karume's two positions of authority reflected a fact which is worth emphasising: despite the union in 1964 of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the latter essentially retained its complete internal political autonomy, with the result that two entirely separate administrations ruled different parts of the nominally united country.) In the aftermath of an ensuing investigation—which involved the detention of approximately 1,100 people and the extensive use of torture—the Zanzibari authorities announced that they had uncovered a far‐reaching plot ‘conceived and masterminded’ by Abdulrahman Mohamed Babu, a former leader of the nationalist movement and an important actor in the 1964 revolutionary insurrection which established the present Zanzibari administration, a cabinet minister in the Tanzanian government from 1964–72, and an internationally influential communist. This article briefly summarises the development of the Zanzibari social formation through the colonial period, traces the developments of the post‐colonial period that resulted in Karume's assassination, reviews the process of transition occasioned by his death, and evaluates the subsequent mass treason trial which left more than 40 people under sentence of death.
Zambia: class formation and detente
Authors: Eriksen Karen
Published: July 2007

Zambia's stance on the liberation of southern Africa has seemed to vacillate in the last few years. In fact there have always been contradictory elements in her policy — shooting of refugees and liberation movements, imposing sanctions on the one hand, but a readiness to parley with the white regimes, a commitment to ‘peaceful’ change, on the other. These contradictions have deepened and Zambia has become more prone to compromise and to deliver movements up to the negotiating table as a result of the country's perilous economic crisis and, of more permanent importance, the emergence of a more powerful local bourgeoisie.
Foreign powers and militarism in the horn of Africa: part I
Authors: Luckham Robin , Bekele Dawit
Published: July 2007

A central argument of this paper is that the conflicts in the Horn can be understood as a collision of geographical cycles: those established by the working out of local historical processes in the Horn; and those by the working out of historical processes at the global level, including crises in the international economy and the new Cold War. Weapons have been one of the crucial links between these cycles. They have also been central in the emergence of hegemonic cycles at the global level. Major powers aquire interests in global territory, airspace and oceans both to protect their own access to resources and to valorise their accumulation of arms and military power.
The meaning of health in Africa
Authors: Baylies Carolyn
Published: July 2007

This briefing demonstrates some of the tensions which arise in trying to define and describe problems of health in Africa: the tension of having available only statistics of known inaccuracy, aggregated across all population groups; the fact that attempts to describe status of health classically rely on describing incidence of diseases. Likewise, in looking at attempts to improve health, there is a tension between, on the one hand states, whose political economy militates against health, and, on the other international agencies who are thus reduced to a progressive rhetoric coupled with, in practice, a set of merely technical interventions of questionable impact.
Somalia: state and society in Turmoil
Authors: Salih M A
                      Mohamed , Wohlgemuth Lennart
Published: July 2007

On 15 January 1994, an international conference on ‘Somalia: State and Society in Turmoil’ was organised by the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies in Uppsala, Sweden. The conference was attended by representatives of eight Somali factions, the indigenous peoples of Somalia, ministers from the self‐proclaimed Republic of Somaliland, Somali peace and intellectual groups, Somali and Northern NGOs, representatives of human, rights groups, representatives of Nordic development authorities and a number of Concerned observers from the South and the North. The conference reviewed the developments in Somalia and Somaliland since the collapse of the Siad Bane regime and the UNSOM intervention in December 1992. The participants reviewed achievements and drawbacks of the peace conferences, the politics of reconciliation, and relief and rehabilitation.
Variable dimension adjustment in the Côte d'Ivoire: reasons for failure
Authors: Mahieu François
                      Régis
Published: July 2007

The Côte d'Ivoire has experienced a rapid succession of development models and policies. In the first twenty years after independence, indigenous planning experts designed and implemented large ‘agribusiness’ and then ‘integrated development’ projects. By the end of this period, the sanctions imposed by international markets had transformed these grandiose projects into financial black holes.

In the 1980s pressure from international authorities imposed, successively, global economic adjustment (disinflation), sector adjustments (competitive) and the social dimensions of adjustment (anti‐poverty). However, deflation of public spending and disinflation with competitive and social objectives proved incapable of restraining financial deficits whilst simultaneously causing a deterioration of human development indicators.

The 1990s confirmed the Côte d'Ivoire's leading position in development ‘technology’, in particular the national approach to programmes (demand led). Prime Minister Ouattara's medium term economic programme and ‘national approach to programmes’, adopted by the government in 1993, established the basis for a new form of planning.

Finally, in 1994, the Côte d'Ivoire discovered the practical consequences of monetarism in an open economy. The devaluation on 11 January gave it access to large loans and gave hopes of further improvements in competitivity. Would this change from competitive disinflation to competitive devaluation resolve financial problems and improve the standard of living?

In this article I will illustrate, against a backdrop of failure, the succession of adjustment policies, from standard adjustment (1980s) to the social dimensions (end of the 1980s). Then I will discuss the national approach to programmes (beginning of the 1990s) and finally monetary stabilisation (since January 1994).
How to take away the world bank's money
Authors: Danaher Kevin
Published: July 2007

The World Bank raises most of its capital in the international bond market. For the divestment strategy outlined below to be really effective, it will require mass mobilisation in all the G‐7 countries to pressure large institutional investors not to buy or sell World Bank bonds.
The social construction of labour in the struggle for democracy: the case of post‐independence Nigeria
Authors: Barchiesi Franco
Published: July 2007

In this article the author attempts to provide a historical understanding of the nature, character and contradictions of the Nigerian labour movement in the struggle for democracy. The article shows the capacity of labour movements’ radicalism to influence processes of political transition even in the absence of a meaningful impact on the part of labour organisations themselves. However, only a multi‐faceted analysis of labour, concerned with shifting boundaries between institutions and militancy, centralised bargaining and localised conflict, commitment to democratic stability and to the defence of standards of living undermined by structural adjustment will provide an appropriate space for the study of radicalism and social transformative visions as components in building organised labour as an effective actor in democratisation. In the meantime, the absence of socially and strategically diversified organised labour in Nigeria today is what mostly makes the perpetuation of military power viable.
Semantic Distinctions and Memory for Complex Sentences
Authors: Clark Herbert H. , Clark Eve V.
Published: July 2007

This investigation studied what people remember in recalling complex sentences, whether it is certain semantic distinctions or merely transformational markers. After short intervals 24 subjects tried to recall sentences of six kinds which formed paraphrase sets: S1 before S2, S1 and then S2, After S1 S2, S2 after S1, S2 but first S1, and Before S2 S1. (S1 and S2 denote first and second clauses in temporal, not linguistic, order.) Subjects remembered the underlying sense of sentences with S1–S2 clause ordering better than those with S2–S1 clause ordering, regardless of transformational complexity. Subjects also showed a response bias, hence better verbatim recall, for sentences with subordinate clause second and for sentences with S1–S2 clause ordering. Sentence confusions indicated that subjects remembered three semantic distinctions: the temporal order, order of mention, and main-subordinate relation of the two described events. A theory of memory for marked and unmarked semantic distinctions was used to account for the results.
Effect of Loud Noise on Attentional Selectivity
Authors: Hockey G. R. J.
Published: July 2007

The effects of loud noise are examined by observing its influence upon a combined tracking and multi-source monitoring task. Tracking (the primary task) improves in noise, as does the detection of centrally located signals in the monitoring task. Peripheral signals are detected less often in noise. The data are interpreted in terms of increased selectivity of attention with arousal.
Neuropsychological Evidence of Visual Storage in Short-term Memory Tasks
Authors: Warrington Elizabeth K. , Shallice T.
Published: July 2007

Auditory and visual presentation of verbal material were compared in a single patient having an auditory verbal S.T.M. deficit. A Peterson short-term forgetting experiment and an immediate memory span task are reported. Striking differences in performance related to modality of input were obtained. Auditory short-term forgetting was more rapid, whereas with visual presentation short-term decay functions were relatively normal. With visual presentation there was no evidence of acoustic confusion errors but there was some evidence of visual confusion errors. The findings are interpreted in terms of a separate post-perceptual visual S.T.M. system.
Identification of amyloid fibril-forming segments based on structure and residue-based statistical potential
Authors: Zhang Zhuqing , Chen Hao , Lai Luhua
Published: June 2007

Motivation: Experimental evidence suggests that certain short protein segments have stronger amyloidogenic propensities than others. Identification of the fibril-forming segments of proteins is crucial for understanding diseases associated with protein misfolding and for finding favorable targets for therapeutic strategies.

Result: In this study, we used the microcrystal structure of the NNQQNY peptide from yeast prion protein and residue-based statistical potentials to establish an algorithm to identify the amyloid fibril-forming segment of proteins. Using the same sets of sequences, a comparable prediction performance was obtained from this study to that from 3D profile method based on the physical atomic-level potential ROSETTADESIGN. The predicted results are consistent with experiments for several representative proteins associated with amyloidosis, and also agree with the idea that peptides that can form fibrils may have strong sequence signatures. Application of the residue-based statistical potentials is computationally more efficient than using atomic-level potentials and can be applied in whole proteome analysis to investigate the evolutionary pressure effect or forecast other latent diseases related to amyloid deposits.

Availability: The fibril prediction program is available at ftp://mdl.ipc.pku.edu.cn/pub/software/pre-amyl/

Contact:  lhlai@pku.edu.cn

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Eu.Gene Analyzer a tool for integrating gene expression data with pathway databases
Authors: Cavalieri Duccio , Castagnini Cinzia , Toti Simona , Maciag Karolina , Kelder Thomas , Gambineri Luca , Angioli Samuele , Dolara Piero
Published: June 2007

Motivation: Eu.Gene Analyzer is an easy-to-use, stand-alone application that allows rapid and powerful microarray data analysis in the context of biological pathways. Its intuitive graphical user interface makes it an easy and flexible tool, even for the first-time user. Eu.Gene supports a variety of array platforms, organisms and pathway ontologies, transparently deals with multiple nomenclature systems and seamlessly integrates data from different sources. Two different statistical methods, the Fisher Exact Test and the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), are implemented to identify biological pathways transcriptionally affected under experimental conditions. A suite of tools is offered to define, visualize and share custom non-redundant pathway sets.

In conclusion, Eu.Gene Analyzer is a new software application that takes advantage of information from multiple pathway databases to build a comprehensive interpretation of experimental results in a simple, intuitive environment.

Availability: Download of Eu.Gene Analyzer Java version is available free of charge for academic users. Please visit the web page: http://www.ducciocavalieri.org/bio/Eugene.htm

Contact:  duccio.cavalieri@unifi.it

Supplementary information: http://www.ducciocavalieri.org/bio/Eugene/Suppl_Inf
Specific interactions of serpins in their native forms attenuate their conformational transitions
Authors: Na Yu‐Ran , Im Hana
Published: June 2007

Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) belongs to the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) protein superfamily. Serpins are unique in that their native forms are not the most thermodynamically stable conformation; instead, a more stable, latent conformation exists. During the transition to the latent form, the first strand of β‐sheet C (s1C) in the serpin is peeled away from the β‐sheet, and the reactive center loop (RCL) is inserted into β‐sheet A, rendering the serpin inactive. To elucidate the contribution of specific interactions in the metastable native form to the latency transition, we examined the effect of mutations at the s1C of PAI‐1, specifically in positions P4′ through P10′. Several mutations strengthened the interactions between these residues and the core protein, and slowed the transition of the protein from the metastable native form to the latent form. In particular, anchoring of the strand to the protein's hydrophobic core at the beginning (P4′ site) and center of the strand (P8′ site) greatly retarded the latency transition. Mutations that weakened the interactions at the s1C region facilitated the conformational conversion of the protein to the latent form. PAI‐1's overall structural stability was largely unchanged by the mutations, as evaluated by urea‐induced equilibrium unfolding monitored via fluorescence emission. Therefore, the mutations likely exerted their effects by modulating the height of the energy barrier from the native to the latent form. Our results show that interactions found only in the metastable native form of serpins are important structural features that attenuate folding of the proteins into their latent forms.
Near‐surface models in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bridle Ralph , Ley Robert , Al‐Mustafa Ameerah
Published: June 2007

A single‐layer model of the near surface throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is available. While this simple model suffices for most areas and large subsurface structures, it fails in situations where the surface topography is complex, the base of weathering is below the datum, or where the time structural closure is less than the uncertainty in the static correction. In such cases, multiple‐layered models that incorporate velocities derived from analysis of first arrivals picked from seismic shot records have proved to be successful in defining the lateral heterogeneity of the near surface. The additional velocity information obtained from this first‐arrival analysis (direct as well as refracted arrivals) vastly improves the velocity–depth model of the near surface, regardless of the topography. Static corrections computed from these detailed near‐surface velocity models have significantly enhanced subsurface image focusing, thereby reducing the uncertainty in the closure of target structures. Other non‐seismic methods have been used either to confirm qualitatively or to enhance the layer models previously mentioned. Gravity data may be particularly useful in sandy areas to confirm general structure, while geostatistical modelling of vibrator base‐plate attributes has yielded information that enhances the velocity field. In the global context, exploration targets of the oil and gas industry are seeking smaller and lower relief‐time structures. Thus, near‐surface models will need to enhance and integrate these methods, particularly in areas where the assumption of flat‐lying near‐surface layers cannot be met.
Long‐term follow‐up of liver function in Italian haemophilic patients
Authors: CECCONI NADIA , CARDUCCI ANNALAURA , PANICUCCI FRANCO
Published: June 2007

A 14‐year follow‐up of 153 haemophilic patients treated with clotted factor concentrates was made to assess liver function. Investigations included measurement of alanine amino transferase (ALT), immunoglobulins, HIV antibody, HBsAg, antibody to HBs and HBc antigens, antibodies to HCV (assayed by ELISA‐2 and by RIBA‐2) and HCV viraemia assessed by PCR. Assessment of liver function also included liver ultrasound scan and oesophageal X‐ray. A positive correlation was found between abnormal liver function and age, HIV infection, HBV infection, HCV infection and hepatomegaly. However, there was no correlation between abnormal liver function and annual clotting factor concentrate use. The increasing incidence of liver insufficiency with increasing age is likely to result in substantial morbidity and mortality amongst haemophilic patients.
Two decades of haemophilia treatment in the Netherlands, 1972–92
Authors: TRIEMSTRA A. H. M. , SMIT C. , VAN DER PLOEG H. M. , BRIËT E. , ROSENDAAL F. R.
Published: June 2007

Summary Four questionnaire surveys were conducted over a period of 20 years to evaluate long‐term effects of haemophilia treatment in the Netherlands. The response to the prestructured questionnaires in 1972, 1978, 1985 and 1992 varied between 70% and 84%. Data concerned treatment modalities, bleeding episodes, hospitalization, absenteeism, joint impairment and employment. Results over the period 1972–92 for patients with severe and moderately severe haemophilia showed that the use of prophylaxis had sharply increased (from 21% to 45%), as was the case for home treatment (from 4% to 62%). Consequently, the annual mean number of bleeds diminished from 19 to 13. Absence from school was markedly reduced (from 32 to 5 days), and sick leave in employed patients had also diminished (from 26 to 22 days). Furthermore, the use of inpatient hospital facilities, as well as employment in haemophilia patients, had nearly equalled that of the general Dutch male population. The self‐reported degree of joint impairment showed no overall improvement, but in patients aged under 35 years there seemed to be a slight reduction in severe impairment. Patients aged under 15 years finally had no severe impairment at all. Social participation can only be further improved if arthropathy is prevented from an early age. Therefore adequate prophylactic regimens and close monitoring of joint impairment in young adults are needed.
Recherches sur l'artère hépatique du Rat après ligature et sur le rôle de l'artère hépato‐oesophagienne*
Authors: Sinzinger Helmut , Unterberger Helga
Published: June 2007

Resume

On trouve aux rats opérés après la ligature de l'artère hépatique une augmentation du calibre de l'artère hépato‐oesophagienne, celle‐ci peut garantir tout seul la fourniture artérielle du foie. L'augmentation des calibres est visible particulièrement à la branche desce mais aussi à la branche ascen‐dente. Le nombre des ramifications extra‐hépatiques est petit, le nombre des artères accessoires de foie venant de l'artère coronaire stomachique est aug‐menté. La développement d'autres artères accessoires est discutée.

Bei operierten Ratten findet sich nach einer Ligatur der A. hepatica im Vergleich zu Normaltieren eine starke Kaliberzunahme der Hepato‐oesopha‐geal‐Arterie, die die alleinige Versorgung der Leber ubernehmen kann. Die Vergrofierung des Kalibers macht sich besonders am Ramus descendens, aber auch am Ramus ascendens bemerkbar. Die Zahl der extrahepatischen Leber‐arterienverzweigungen ist gering, die Zahl der accessorischen Leberarterien aus der A. gastrica sinistra stark erhöht. Die Ausbildung zusätzlicher Gefäße durch die Arterienligatur wird diskutiert.

Examination of the hepatic artery after its ligation, and the influence of this ligation on the hepatoesophageal artery

Following ligation of the hepatic artery in rats a marked increase in the caliber of the hepatoesophageal artery takes place, so that this artery can become the sole supply of the liver. This enlargement is especially marked in the descending branch of the hepatoesophageal artery, but is also present in the ascending branch. The number of the extrahepatic branches of the hepatic artery is small, but the number of the accessory liver branches from the left gastric artery is markedly increased. The formation of additional arteries occasioned by the ligature is discussed.

Estudio de la Arteria hepatica en la rata, después de su ligatura, y su influencia sobre la Arteria hépatoesofágica

En las ratas intervenidas quirurgicamente, luego de la ligature de la A. hepática, se encuentra en aumento notable en el espesor de la A. hépatoesofágica, la cual hasta puede encargarse de la irrigación total del hígado. Tal aumento se observa especialmente en la rama descendente, pero también en la ascendente. El numero de ramificaciones extrahepáticas de la A. hepática no es grande, la cantidad de Arterias hepáticas accessorias provenientes de la A. gástrica izquierda aumenta notablemente. Se discute la influencia de la ligatura de arterias sobre la formación de vasos adicionales.
Elektronenmikroskopisch‐zytochemische Untersuchungen an Zellmembranen der Hornzellen vom Vormagenepithel der Ziege*
Authors: Schnorr B. , Hild A.
Published: June 2007

Mit ultrahistodiemischen Methoden wurde die feinstrukturelle Lokalisation von kohlenhydratreichen Verbindungen und SH‐Gruppen an den Hornzellmembranen des Vormagenepithels der Ziege nachgewiesen. Es wurde festgestellt, daß SH‐Gruppen nur an der Innenlamelle der Plasmamembranen vorkommen, während Mucosubstanzen an beiden Seiten zu finden waren. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der nachgewiesenen Substanzen ist bisher noch unklar. Vor allem ist unbekannt, ob sie an spezifisdien Transportprozessen des Vormagenepithels teilnehmen.
Las placas de Dastre del corion de la oveja
Authors: Salamanca M. E. , Salazar Ignacio , Badiola J. J.
Published: June 2007

En este trabajo se estudian las placas coriales (placas de Dastre) del saco embrionario de la oveja. Estas formaciones calcáreas presentan el máximo desarrollo hacia el centro del período embrionario (embriones de8–12 centímetros que corresponden a edades de9–10 semanas). El estudio matemático de la curva resultante permite apreciar la existencia de una fase de crecimiento rápido y otra de descenso. Al final del período embrionario desaparecen estas formaciones. Los cortes histológicos ponen de manifiesto la existencia de depósitos calizos en el mesenquima del corion. Se emite la hipótesis de un posible parentesco genético de estas placas calizas con la cáscara de huevo de los saurópsidos, de la que representaría formaciones vestigiales, aunque desplazadas hacia las capas profundes del corion.

Die DASTRE'schen Platten im Chorion des Schafes

Vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Dastre'schen Platten im Embryonal‐sack des Schafes. Diese Verkalkungserscheinungen erreichen den Höhepunkt ihrer Entwicklung etwa um die Mitte der Embryonalperiode (Embryonen von8–12 cm, die etwa einem Alter von9–10 Wochen entsprechen). Die mathematische Kurve ihres Auftretens zeigt einen raschen Anstieg und einen langsameren Abstieg. Gegen Ende der Embrynalperiode verschwinden diese Bildungen. Histologische Schnitte zeigen Kalkablagerungen im Mesenchym des Chorion. Es wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, daß diese verkalkten Platten genetisch mit den Eischalen der Sauropsiden verwandt sind, und zwar im Sinne von rudimentären Resten, die in tiefere Schichten des Chorion verlagert wurden.

DASTRE's plates in the chorion of the sheep

The authors have examined Dastre's plates which are found in the fetal membranes of sheep. These calcifications are most numerous and best developed around the middle of gestation when the fetus is8–12 cm long, and about9–10 weeks old. Plotting their numbers on a graph, one can deduce that the plates appear rapidly and disappear more slowly. Toward the end of gestation the plates disappear. Histological sections show calcium deposits in the mesenchyme of the chorion. The authors speculate that the calcified plates correspond to the egg shells of the Sauropsids, and that these rudiments have been displaced into the deeper layers of the chorion.

Les «plaques de DASTRE» dans le Chorion du Mouton

Le présent travail concerne les «plaques de Dastre» dans les anexes foetales du Mouton. Ces formations minéralisées atteignent leur plus grand développement vers la moitié de la période foetale (foetus de8–12 cm, sort un âge de9–10 semaines). Leur courbe évolutive montre une croissance rapide, suivie ďune regression plus lente. Vers la fin de la période foetale ces formations disparaissent. Les coupes histologiques montrent des concentrations calcaires dans le mésenchyme du Chorion. On présente ľhypothèse selon lognelle ces plaques minéralisées seraient lieés phylogénétiquement à la coguille des œufs des Sauropsidés dont elles représenteraient des rested rudimentaired déposés dans les couches profondes de Chorion.
Étude cytologique du pancréas endocrine de la barbotte brune (Pisces Ictalurus nebulosus, le Sueur 1819)
Authors: Discorde D. le
Published: June 2007

Le pancréas endocrine ďIctalurus nebulosus, localisé préférentiellement au niveau de ľîot principal du pancréas, est constitué de travées cellulaires formant des îlots endocrines au sein du tissu exocrine. On y distingue trois types cellulaires A, B et D répartis les uns entre les autres de façon presque uniforme et bien individualisés chacun par des colorations et réactions histo chimiques sélectives. Ce travail réclame en outre pour ce Téléostéen la revision conceptuelle de ľopinion apportée à ce sujet par Bencosme et al. (1965).

Zur Zytologie des endokrinen Pancreas der Aalraupe (Pisces, Ictalurus nebulosus, Le Sueur 1819)

Das endokrine Pancreas von Ictalurus nebulosus liegt vornehmlich im Bereidi der Hauptinsel des Pancreas und besteht aus Zellbalken, die die endokrinen Inseln inmitten des exokrinen Gewebes bilden. Drei Zelltypen (A, B, D) sind zu unterscheiden, die einander fast gleichmäßig durchmischen, aber färberisch und histochemisch gut unterscheidbar sind. Die für diesen Fisch von Bencosme et al. (1965) vertretene Meinung wird damit widerlegt.

On the cytology of the endocrine pancreas of Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur 1819)

The endocrine pancreas of Ictalurus nebulosus lies mainly in the principal part of the pancreas and consists of cell strands which form the endocrine islets in the exocrine pancreatic tissue. Three cell types (A, B, D) are present. These are evenly distributed and can be differentiated easily by histological stains and histochemical methods. The opinion of Bencosme et al. (1965) in regard to this fish is hereby refuted.

La citologia del pancreas endocrino de Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur, 1819)

El páncreas endocrino de Ictalurus nebulosus se encuentra especialmente en el isfote principal del páncreas y se compone de trabéculas celulares que forman los islotes endocrinos dentro del tejido exocrino. Se diferencian tres tipos de células (A, B, D) que están mezcladas entre si, pero se diferencian bien con métodos histoquímicos y de coloración. De esta manera, se refuta la opinión de Bencosme et al. (1965) sobre este pez.
A Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Developing Bovine Sympathetic Ganglia
Authors: Canfield Paul J.
Published: June 2007

This study concentrated on the histogenesis of bovine sympathetic ganglia, especially the development of the capsule, the interaction of sympathoblasts and supporting cells, and the ultrastructural detail of developing sympathoblasts. For this purpose 1st thoracic ganglia from 19 embryos and foetuses were collected and separated into 4 groups. The methods of study involved light and electron microscopy. From the study it was concluded that for neuronal development a functional interaction was necessary with satellite and Schwann cells, that the capsule had a role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, and that sympathetic neurons displayed a number of morphologically distinct forms before reaching maturity.
The Anatomy of the Parotid Duct (Ductus parotideus) of the Greyhound as Appreciated by the Sense of Touch
Authors: McCarthy P. H.
Published: June 2007

A method is described for the detailed palpation of the parotid duct of the live Greyhound; the method can also be applied to other dog breeds which have short facial hair. Transquilisation is needed where the dog concerned is nervous, boisterous or impatient.
Sur les variations morphologiques et architecturales des reins des oiseaux domestiques (Gallus domesticus, Meleagris gallopavo, Anser domesticus, Anas boschas domestica)
Authors: Radu C.
Published: June 2007

On the Morphological and Architectural Variations of the Kidneys in Domestic Fowls

The investigations have been carried out on kidneys injected with latex and corroded in HCl. The kidneys were taken from 3 cocks, 20 hens, 2 turkey‐cocks, 4 turkey hens, 2 drakes, 5 ducks, 5 ganders and 3 geese at the age of 6 months to 1 year. The territorial distributions of the renal vessels are similar in all the four species. Venous “by‐pass” and anastomosis not mentioned in the literature have been described. The renal arteries manifest a high degree of variability concerning their origins and ramifications. Our hypothesis of the “longitudinal traction” correlates the “contracted” and “elongated” forms of the kidneys and their architectonics with the longitudinal development of the pelvis, i. e. the adaptation of the apparatus locomotorius to the living conditions of the species.
Die Entwicklung der Bursa omentalis des Schafes und ihre Bedeutung für die Topographie der Bauchhöhle*
Authors: Heckl Eveline
Published: June 2007

The hypotheses for the development of the omental bursa (rotation of the stomach, formation of folds, invagination of the celomic epithelium, formation of a recess) do not agree with each other. On 31 sheep embryos (4–50 mm CRL; 16–44 days old) the formation of the omental bursa was studied using serial sections and three‐dimensional reconstructions. The primary epiploic foramen induces fusion and enlargement of mesenchymal clefts on the right side of the foregut, producing recesses. The latter, after elongation of the dorsal and ventral mesogastria, give rise to the omental bursae.
Light and Electron Microscopical Observations on Thyroid Cysts in Vitamin‐A Deficient Guinea Pigs
Authors: Kirkeby S. , Zelander T.
Published: June 2007

The purpose was to study the thyroid gland from vitamin‐A deficient guinea pigs. The material comprised 13 guinea pigs fed ad lib. on vitamin‐A deficient diet and 23 on a control diet. The methods included light and electron microscopy. The functional aspects of the findings were discussed.
The Cardiac Conducting System of the Fowl*
Authors: Kim Yon , Yasuda Mikio
Published: June 2007

Twenty‐four hearts of Brown Leghorn ranging in age from newly hatched to adult were investigated histologically to elucidate the topographical disposition of the entire cardiac conducting system. Through this study, the bird's heart was found to have the same specialized conducting system as that of mammals. Moreover, in addition to this system, the nodus truncobulbaris and the fasciculus truncobulbaris were reported in detail, and the anulus atrio‐ventricularis dexter was confirmed. These peculiar nodes and bundles of the bird's heart are discussed in comparison with the mammalian cardiac conducting system.
Mouse Ultimobranchial Body not Mixed with the Thyroid: Four Cases1
Authors: Wechbanjong Nualnoi , McMillan Paul J. , Dalgleish Arthur E.
Published: June 2007

Four cases in which the ultimobranchial body (UB) failed to fuse with the median thyroid primordium were observed. In these cases calcitonin‐containing cells were only found in the discrete UB which was found at the dorso‐lateral edge of the cricoid cartilage and in two cases had a diverticulum directed toward the cricothyroid ligament.
Musculoskeletal Growth Gradients: A Contribution to Quadrupedal Mechanics
Authors: Davies A. S.
Published: June 2007

Postnatally, the axial skeleton of the pig shows peaks of high relative growth at the sites of attachment of the fore and hindlimbs, corresponding to the regions of highest relative growth in the limbs. This supports the concept that musculoskeletal growth gradients are a propulsive adaptation.
Neuron Number in the Intestinal Myenteric Plexus of the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Ali H. A. , McLelland J.
Published: June 2007

The number of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, rectum and cecum of chick and adult domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) was counted. Gradients of neuron density were observed in the small and large intestines, the difference between the neuron densities in adjacent regions generally being significant. The mean neuron density in each region in the chick was two to three times higher than in the adult. The concentration of neurons was significantly greater in the mesenteric zone of the plexus than in the antimesenteric zone. The total number of neurons in the adult was significantly higher than in the chick. The differences between the neuron counts in the chicks and adults are discussed.
Feinstruktur des Bulbus olf actorius des Haushuhnes
Authors: Hummel Gerhard
Published: June 2007

In order to investigate the fine structure of the chicken's Bulbus olfactorius and to determine differences between birds and mammals, tissue specimen were taken from 26 animals. The following techniques were used: Luxol‐Fast‐Blue‐ and Nisslstaining, Bodian impregnation. Marked differences between the Bulbus of chicken and mammals were found lightmicroscopically in the number of the cell layers and the localization and size of cells. The electronmicroscope revealed that the cell organelles and the different types of synapses resembled the ones found in mammals. The mitral cells of the hen contrary to the ones of mammals often contained lamellar bodies.
Ganglionic Cell Distribution in the Central Area of the Beagle Dog Retina
Authors: Krinke A. , Schnider K. , Lundbeck E. , Krinke G.
Published: June 2007

The distribution of ganglionic cells in the central area of the Beagle dog retina was studied by means of light microscopy in thirteen whole‐mount preparations stained with cresyl violet. The central area was composed of two parts termed “the round central area” and the “horizontal streak”; in some specimens the former and in other the latter part was more prominent. The highest concentration of ganglionic cells occured in the round central area (about 7.100 cells/mm2). In other regions of the central area the cells were less numerous and the fewest number was found outside the central area. The size categories of ganglionic cells in the Beagle retina are comparable with those observed in other species.
Algunos aspectos sobre la inervación de pulmon en animales de laboratorio
Authors: Rivera Flor Gómez de
Published: June 2007

The finer innervation of the tissues of the lung was studied with several methods of silver impregnation, focussing especially on the fibers and endings of the nerves. The richest terminal innervation could be found in the epithelial and subepithelial tissue, and was sometimes similar to the situation in the smooth muscles which might indicate that, somehow, secretory and motor innervation are alike morphologically. On the other hand, there were many nerve fibers in the perichondrium of the small nodules and plaques of cartilage too, although they did not enter the cartilaginous tissue. The final nerves ended in different forms, from round or ovoid masses to free “ultraterminal” filaments.
The Embryonic Development of the Equine Heart*
Authors: Vitums Arturs
Published: June 2007

Equine cardiogenesis was studied in embryos of approximately 21 to 49 days of gestation, with particular attention to the partitioning of the ventricular outflow channel. Timing of several morphogenetic events associated with this partitioning was recorded in Table 1. Present investigation indicated that partitioning of the ventricular outflow channel into the pulmonary trunk and aorta was already completed at about 36th to 38th day of gestation. Results of this study may aid in better understanding of the congenital malformations, especially those associated with great vessels of the equine heart.
Observations on the Arrangement of Peyer's Patches in the Small Intestine of the Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)*
Authors: Sackmann Werner
Published: June 2007

The number and distribution of Peyers patches in the small intestine of 461 Chinchilla rabbits and 19 Russian bred rabbits were determined during surgery and at a subsequent necropsy. The Peyers patches were located within the jejunum and ileum where they were evenly distributed along the antimesenteric portion of the intestine. No correlation was found between length of the intestine and numbers of Peyers patches.
Early Morphological Differentiation of the Bipolar Neurons in the Chick Retina A Golgi Analysis
Authors: Quesada A. , Prada F. , Armengol J. A. , Génis‐Gálvez J. M.
Published: June 2007

We report a histogenetic study of the bipolar cells of the chick embryo retina between days 5 and 9, using the Golgi technique. On day 8, at the level of the developing outer plexiform layer, small delicate spines appear on the outer processes of the bipolar cells, which represents the commencement of their dendritic ramification. At a later staige in development che detachment of Landolt's club from the outer limiting membrane is observed in some cells The inner ramifications of the bipolar cell, at the inner plexiform layer, appear later than those of the outer process.
Microscopic Anatomy and Enzyme Histochemistry of the Canine Anal Canal
Authors: Budsberg S. C. , Spurgeon T. L.
Published: June 2007

The microscopic anatomy of the anal canal was studied using routine histological methods and the light microscope in male and female dogs ranging from six months to 10 years of age. Precise anatomical boundaries were established for the zona columnaris, the zona intermedia, and the beginning of the zona cutanea. In an effort to clarify conflicting terminology concerning the anal canal, the term “anal sinus” (sinus anales) is applied to the shallow troughs located between the longitudinal mucosal ridges or columns (columnae anales) characteristic of the canine and human zona columnaris; and the term “anal crypt” is used to represent and distinguish the terminal blind pockets of anal sinuses which extend into the lamina propria of the zona intermedia.

Anal glands were identified routinely in the z. columnaris and z. intermedia of the anal canal; dilated excretory ducts of the anal glands were frequently encountered, often filled with inflammatory cells. PAS‐positive but Sudan Black‐negative secretion was demonstrated in these ducts as well as within the secretory acini. Sebaceous, circumanal and apocrine sweat glands were restricted to the z. cutanea. Moderate to high alkaline phosphatase activity in the basement membrane of circumanal glands may suggest the presence of myoepithelial cells.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Circulating Primordial Germ Cells in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Götzens V. J. , Gimeno M. , Dominguez L. , Climent S.
Published: June 2007

A demonstration of circulating primordial germ cells in the stage 14 embryo was carried out. The definition of primordial cells was based upon specific criteria utilized by other workers and developed in this study. Evidence supports a passive transport of these cells to the germinal epithelium.
Zur Frage der Umdifferenzierung von Synovialis zu Faserknorpel am Beispiel der Cartilago suprapatellaris des Kaninchens1
Authors: Bidier Von I. , Loeffler K.
Published: June 2007

Using the suprapatellar cartilage of the rabbit as a model, it is shown both light and electronmi‐croscopically that the synovial layer and its connective tissue substrate can differentiate to form fibrocartilage with typical chondrocytes.

In einer vorangegangenen Untersuchung (Loeffler/Bidier, 1984) konnten wir nach‐weisen, daß sich bei der Synovialgrubenbildung das Bindegewebe und die Deckzellen, zumindest jene vom Typ B, aus dem Knorpelgewebe, vor allem aus den oberflächlichen Schichten enrwickeln. Um die damit gezeigte enge Beziehung zwischen der Synovialis und der Gelenkknorpeloberfläche auch durch ein Modell mit gegenläufiger Tendenz anschau‐lich zu machen, suchten wir nach einem entsprechenden Objekt.

Nachdem die lichtmikroskopischen Untersuchungen über díe Entwicklung der Cartilago suprapatellaris (C. s.) im Kniegelenk der Kaninchen (Chisiu/Constantinescu, 1974a–c u. Frey, 1981) Hinweise dafür lieferten, daß sich bei dieser Tierart postnatal die proximal der Patella gelegene Synovialis in die C. s. umwandelt, sollten diese Vorgänge lichtoptisch an Dünnschnitten sowie elektronenmikroskopisch (TEM) detaillierter abge‐klärt werden. Dabei wurden nur die Oberfläche der Synovialis bzw. der Cartilago berücksichtigt, weil die Umwandlungsvorgänge in den tieferen Schichten als lichtoptisch hinreichend abgeklärt anzusehen sind (Frey, 1981).