bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLÍTICA DE ENSINO SUPERIOR, UNIVERSIDADES FEDERAIS BRASILEIRAS E TRABALHO DOCENTE NO GOVERNO DILMA ROUSSEFF (2011-2016)
Authors: Silva Tatianne Amanda Bezerra da , Silva Jamerson Antonio de Almeida da
Published: October 2017

Neste artigo, a política de ensino superior, em sua expressão mais geral, constitui o pano de fundo de uma interpretação sobre as medidas governamentais mais recentes no território brasileiro; contudo, aqui, o objetivo específico em análise são os elementos acerca da política de ensino superior no governo Dilma Rousseff e suas implicações para o trabalho docente nas universidades federais brasileiras, estabelecendo um diálogo com a política econômica na gestão em questão. Como hipótese de trabalho, acreditamos que no governo petista da presidenta há uma continuidade ao projeto de dominação burguesa vigente desde a década de 1990, ao adotar-se uma política econômica em estreita sintonia com o núcleo central das teses neoliberais. Esta e outras questões encontram-se no horizonte deste estudo, que, como consequência, intenta reconstruir um panorama contemporâneo do processo de reestruturação das universidades federais brasileiras, com o olhar atento aos impactos deste processo na precarização e intensificação do trabalho docente nas universidades federais brasileiras. Como caminho metodológico, utilizou-se abordagem qualitativa e revisão bibliográfica acerca do tema.
Reflexões sobre a influência das concepções pedagógica de Paulo Freire na formação de professores de Matemática
Authors: Ferrete Anne Alilma Silva Souza , Ferrete Rodrigo Bozi
Published: October 2017

Diante das exigências sociais, esperando que a escola seja capaz de promover a construção do conhecimento do aluno, e desenvolver o raciocínio lógico e participativo para enfrentar as questões de sua realidade, o presente artigo vem com o objetivo de identificar as possíveis influências e concepções pedagógicas de Paulo Freire na formação dos professores de Matemática do Instituto Técnico Federal de Sergipe (IFS). A opção por esse curso, em vez dos outros, ocorreu de forma intencional e não probabilística, devido à disposição de docentes e discentes em participarem das diversas etapas da pesquisa. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa de cunho qualitativo com o método de estudo de caso. Numa abordagem exploratória e descritiva, analisamos os documentos oficiais relacionados ao curso de Licenciatura em Matemática, ementas das disciplinas, e realizamos entrevistas com os egressos. Os dados foram coletados e interpretados a partir da Análise do Discurso, e os resultados conseguidos apontam indícios e aproximação com a teoria pedagógica proposta por Paulo Freire.
Apresentação: Pedagogia, inovação pedagógica e o papel que devem ter nos estudos curriculares
Authors: Fino Carlos Nogueira
Published: October 2017

Apresentação do Número Temático.
Discutindo conceitos em torno do Currículo
Authors: Sousa Jesus Maria
Published: October 2017

William Pinar, num artigo sobre “The Problem with Curriculum and Pedagogy”, publicado em 2005, considera que é necessário conferir ao estudo o mesmo realce que é dado a conceitoscomo ensino, instrução ou pedagogia, bem como, na dependência do ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação, no âmbito dos estudos curriculares. Face à diversidade conceptual que é trazida à discussão, na sua relação de proximidade ou de conflitualidade com o conceito de currículo, é nosso propósito discutir essa relação entre os pares currículo-pedagogia, currículo-ensino ecurrículo-estudo. O artigo de Pinar constitui assim apenas um pretexto para a clarificação conceptual, tão necessária para o diálogo entre os estudiosos deste campo de investigação.
Matética, pedagogia e o papel que ainda não têm nos estudos curriculares
Authors: Fino Carlos Nogueira
Published: October 2017

O artigo procura compreender a razão pela qual Pinar (2005) considera que a pedagogia (pedagogy) e o papel dos professores beneficiam de um estatuto inflacionado nos estudos curriculares, que precisa de ser ajustado (apesar da dificuldade da tarefa), sendo a chave dessa compreensão o significado de pedagogia na cultura anglo-americana. Com a ajuda de Hamilton (1993, 1999), o artigo estabelece uma relação entre pedagogia e didática, respetivamente nas culturas anglo-americana e europeia. Como exemplo para a compreensão do que  pedagogia, apresenta-se o construcionismo de Papert, mostrando como ela pouco tem a ver com didática, tornando evidente que, caso Pinar se tivesse exprimido emlíngua portuguesa, teria considerado que o que está efetivamente inflacionado nos estudos curriculares é a didática, devendo essa inflação ser corrigida.
Lost in translation? Professores, tecnologias e inovação na sala de aula
Authors: Mendes Geovana Mendonça Lunardi
Published: October 2017

O presente artigo objetiva discutir a forma como nos últimos anos as políticas de inserção de tecnologias tem se tornado uma pauta constante das Políticas Educacionais. Tomando como contexto o Brasil, o artigo apresenta os resultados parciais de um conjunto de investigações conduzidas pela autora e seu grupo e que analisam como, nas políticas educacionais, a inserção de tecnologias, a partir de programas específicos como no caso o modelo 1: 1, representam um ideário de mudança e inovação curricular na escola. Além disso, problematiza com base no conceito de política educacional global, o papel dos governos e estados-nação na adoção de políticas que circulam pelo mundo. Para tanto, organiza-se em torno de duas seções, no primeiro momento discute o Modelo 1:1 no contexto das políticas educacionais, e por fim, problematiza a questão dasmudanças curriculares anunciadas por estas políticas.
Unfreeze the pedagogies: introduction of a new innovative measure in Portugal
Authors: Kovacs Helena , Tinoca Luís
Published: October 2017

Calibrating the right developmental approach when introducing a new innovative intervention is a complex task for governments, and schools alike. The new Projeto-Piloto de Inovação Pedagógica offers six schools an opportunity to break most ofthe rules in order to unfreeze pedagogical and curricular traditions and open the “black box” classrooms. The paper examines what this intervention means for the Ministry and for the schools involved and reflects on its prospected outcomes.
Osseointegration as Treatment for a Knee Disarticulation Because of a Congenital Femoral Deficiency
Authors: Mills Nilani , Lu William , Li Jiao Jiao , Al Muderis Munjed
Published: October 2017

Case:

A 25-year-old woman underwent osseointegration surgery as treatment for an amputation that had been performed because of congenital femoral deficiency. The undersized custom-designed implant for the congenitally hypoplastic femur subsequently loosened, causing substantial pain and loss of function. The patient underwent revision surgery with a larger standard-sized osseointegration implant, and experienced no additional complications.

Conclusion:

This case demonstrates the possibility of stimulating a hypertrophic response in underdeveloped bone, which allows the subsequent insertion of a larger implant with greater stability. Similar procedures can be considered for the treatment of patients who had amputations because of congenital deficiencies, in order to produce improved outcomes and reduce the risk of additional complications.
The Use of Supramalleolar Osteotomies in Posttraumatic Deformity and Arthritis of the Ankle
Authors: Hintermann Beat , Zwicky Lukas , Schweizer Christine , Ruiz Roxa , Barg Alexej
Published: October 2017

Osteoarthritis of the ankle is a debilitating musculoskeletal disease that affects approximately 1% of adults worldwide. The most common etiology of ankle osteoarthritis is trauma. In general, patients with ankle osteoarthritis are 12 to 15 years younger than patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis. More than 50% of all patients with ankle osteoarthritis exhibit a substantial concomitant hindfoot deformity on the supramalleolar and/or inframalleolar level. Different treatment options for ankle osteoarthritis, including joint-preserving and non-joint-preserving surgical procedures, have been described in the current literature. Supramalleolar osteotomy is a joint-preserving option that can be considered in patients who have asymmetric ankle osteoarthritis, a partially preserved ankle joint, and a concomitant supramalleolar deformity.

The primary goal of the supramalleolar osteotomy is to realign the hindfoot and, specifically, the spatial relationship between the talus and the tibia in order to restore normal ankle biomechanics and normalize load distribution within the ankle joint. Different surgical techniques of supramalleolar osteotomy that are based on the underlying deformity, e.g., varus versus valgus, are described. The major steps of the procedure, which are demonstrated in this video article, include (1) exposure of the distal end of the tibia, (2) determination of the osteotomy site, (3) performance of the supramalleolar osteotomy, (4) mobilization of the osteotomized distal end of the tibia, (5) internal fixation of the osteotomy site, (6) additional balancing, and (7) step-by-step wound closure. In some instances, additional procedures are required to balance the ankle joint, e.g., inframalleolar osteotomies, arthrodeses, ligament reconstructions, and tendon transfers.

The postoperative rehabilitation requires non-weight-bearing activity for 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively. Intraoperative, perioperative, and postoperative complications can occur and are discussed in this article.
Isolasi dan Seleksi Jamur Endofit Asal Tanaman Kakao Sebagai Agens Hayati Phytophthora palmivora Butl.
Authors: Harni Rita , Amaria Widi , Khaerati Khaerati , Taufiq Efi
Published: October 2017

Phytophthora palmivora Butl. is a causal pathogen of black pod rot of cocoa (BPR) which leads to severe crop losses. Control of P. palmivora using biological agents such as endophytic fungi is most recommended for its environmentally friendly benefits. The aim of this research was to obtain endophytic fungi from cacao plant that works as biological agent against P. palmivora. The research was conducted at Plant Protection Laboratory, Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi, from January to July 2015. The exploration for endophytic fungi was carried out in cacao producing regions such as Southeast Sulawesi, West Java, and Lampung. The samples taken were of leaves, pods, and branches of a number of cacao varieties and clones. Isolated endophytic fungi were then being sterilized, selected, and studied in vitro using PDA medium and in vivo using cacao pod. The exploration obtained 269 endophytic fungi, consisted of 195 isolates from Southeast Sulawesi, 41 isolates from West Java, and 33 isolates from Lampung. The evaluation of endophytic fungi isolated from P. palmivora showed that there were 4 species of Trichoderma isolates which have potentials for biological agents to control P. palmivora, namely SWI, STII, PB5, and SWII with inhibitory effect of 70.33%; 68.89%; 67.43%; and 66.67%, respectively.
Ketamine-induced Changes in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Pre-hospital Intubated Patients
Authors: Sheth Milan Kirit , Brand Asher , Halterman Julia
Published: October 2017

When a patient experiences trauma, pre-hospital rapid sequence intubation (RSI) is often the course of action. While RSI is associated with favorable neurological outcomes among traumatic brain injury patients, it also carries the risk of increased hypotension and bradycardia. Ketamine is a fast-acting anesthetic agent used in RSI, attractive due to its ability to raise heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) and thus potentially lessening the severity of RSI-related hypotension and bradycardia. However, research in support of its use is inconclusive, with different studies reporting increases or decreases in BP and HR after ketamine administration. To study the effect of ketamine on HR and BP during RSI, we analyzed the data obtained from 1,516 patients who received trauma and non-trauma medical care including RSI from first responders and emergency personnel using two different statistical methods. We determined if there was any association between the vital signs prior to administration of ketamine and outcomes such as bradycardia and/or hypotension post-ketamine administration in patients undergoing RSI. We found that the vital signs prior to administration of ketamine (i.e. BP and HR) predict the development of bradycardia and/or hypotension in patients undergoing RSI and the relationship between baseline vital signs and the development of bradycardia and/or hypotension is moderated by the dose of ketamine. Results obtained from this study may help responders and emergency care personnel to identify the patients that are likely to benefit from ketamine as an anesthetic agent.
Amino Acid Degrading Enzymes and their Application in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Pokrovsky Vadim S. , Chepikova Olga E. , Davydov Denis Zh. , Zamyatnin Jr Andrey A. , Lukashev Alexander N. , Lukasheva Elena V.
Published: October 2017

Background:

Amino acids are essential components in various biochemical pathways. The deprivation of certain amino acids is an antimetabolite strategy for the treatment of amino acid-dependent cancers which exploits the compromised metabolism of malignant cells. Several studies have focused on the development and preclinical and clinical evaluation of amino acid degrading enzymes, namely L-asparaginase, L-methionine γ-lyase, L-arginine deiminase, L-lysine α-oxidase. Further research into cancer cell metabolism may therefore define possible targets for controlling tumor growth.

Objective:

The purpose of this review was to summarize recent progress in the relationship between amino acids metabolism and cancer therapy, with a particular focus on Lasparagine, L-methionine, L-arginine and L-lysine degrading enzymes and their formulations, which have been successfully used in the treatment of several types of cancer.

Methods:

We carried out a structured search among literature regarding to amino acid degrading enzymes. The main aspects of search were in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical trials concerning application of these enzymes in oncology.

Results:

Most published research are on the subject of L-asparaginase properties and it’s use for cancer treatment. L-arginine deiminase has shown promising results in a phase II trial in advanced melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Other enzymes, in particular Lmethionine γ-lyase and L-lysine α-oxidase, were effective in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion:

The findings of this review revealed that therapy based on amino acid depletion may have the potential application for cancer treatment but further clinical investigations are required to provide the efficacy and safety of these agents.
Gut Microbiota as a Therapeutic Target for Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Okubo Hirofumi , Nakatsu Yusuke , Kushiyama Akifumi , Yamamotoya Takeshi , Matsunaga Yasuka , Inoue Masa-ki , Fujishiro Midori , Sakoda Hideaki , Ohno Haruya , Yoneda Masayasu , Ono Hiraku , Asano Tomoichiro
Published: October 2017

Background:

Gut microbiota play a vital role not only in the digestion and absorption of
nutrients, but also in homeostatic maintenance of host immunity, metabolism and the gut barrier. Recent
evidence suggests that gut microbiota alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.

Objective and Method:

In this review, we discuss the association between the gut microbiota and
metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and
the contribution of relevant modulating interventions, focusing on recent human studies.

Results:

Several studies have identified potential causal associations between gut microbiota and
metabolic disorders, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The effects of modulating interventions,
such as prebiotics, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and other new treatment possibilities on
these metabolic disorders have also been reported.

Conclusion:

A growing body of evidence highlights the role of gut microbiota in the development of
dysbiosis, which in turn influences host metabolism and disease phenotypes. Further studies are required
to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which gut microbiota-derived mediators induce metabolic
disorders and modulating interventions exert their beneficial effects in humans. The gut microbiota
represents a novel potential therapeutic target for a range of metabolic disorders.
Click Reactions in Chemistry of Triterpenes - Advances Towards Development of Potential Therapeutics
Authors: Pokorny Jan , Borkova Lucie , Urban Milan
Published: October 2017

Triterpenoids are natural compounds with a large variety of biological activities
such as anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparazitic, antiinflammatory
and others. Despite their low toxicity and simple availability from the natural resources,
their clinical use is still severely limited by their higher IC50 and worse pharmacological
properties than in the currently used therapeutics. This fact encouraged a number of researchers
to develop new terpenic derivatives more suitable for the potential clinical use.
This review summarizes a new approach to improve both, the activity and ADME-Tox
properties by connecting active terpenes to another modifying molecules using click reactions.
Within the past few years, this synthetic approach was well explored yielding a lot
of great improvements of the parent compounds along with some less successful attempts.
A large quantity of the new compounds presented here are superior in both activity and
ADME-Tox properties to their parents. This review should serve the researchers who
need to promote their hit triterpenic structures towards their clinical use and it is intended
as a guide for the chemical synthesis of better drug candidates.
The effectiveness of principal’s competencies implementation at SMAN 3 and Internasional Budi Mulia Dua Yogyakarta
Authors: Phannalath Vikate , Prasojo Lantip Diat
Published: October 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of principal’s competencies implementation at SMA Negeri 3 Yogyakarta and SMA Internasional Budi Mulia Dua Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The research was an evaluation research using the discrepancy model of evaluation. The respondents were vice principals, teachers, as well as administrative officers. The data was collected through the questionnaires, the results of the study showed that the effectiveness of the principal’s competencies implementation at SMA Negeri 3 Yogyakarta is: personality competencies 78.84% effective, managerial competencies 82.69% effective, entrepreneurship competencies 78.84% effective, supervision competencies 84.61% effective, and social competencies 86.53% effective, while in the SMA Internasional Budi Mulia Dua was:  personality competencies 100% effective, managerial competencies 100% effective, entrepreneurship competencies 100% effective, supervision competencies 96% effective, and social competencies 100% effective. The effectiveness of the principal’s competencies implementation of SMA Internasional Budi Mulia Dua Yogyakarta was better compared to SMA Negeri 3 Yogyakarta.Keywords: the effectiveness of personality competencies, managerial competencies, entrepreneurship competencies, supervision competencies, social competencies
O "Livro vermelho": a escolha de Jung em produzir sua obra alquímica como livro
Authors: Oliveira Mônika
Published: October 2017

Uma das vias para a compreensão do "Livro vermelho" é relacioná-lo ao processo da opus (obra) alquímica ou opus magna, o trabalho dos alquimistas para a obtenção da pedra filosofal. Carl Gustav Jung usa esse processo na formação do "Livro vermelho", fato que ele mesmo foi compreender somente a posteriori. Lembrando que seu primeiro contato com textos alquímicos se deu em 1910 e que as atividades em relação ao "Livro vermelho" ganharam força entre 1913 e 1930, podemos entender que esta publicação e a alquimia têm uma relação causal. A percepção de que a psique segue os mesmos passos dos símbolos alquímicos no processo da individuação influenciou a psicologia analítica de maneira determinante. Nas etapas de elaboração da obra alquímica é revelada uma sequência de símbolos alquímicos que compõem o processo. O presente trabalho pretende demonstrar que o "Livro vermelho" segue uma conduta alquímica e que é nesta obra que Jung encontra o seu caminho pessoal rumo à individuação.
The Lived Experience of “Being Evaluated” for Organ Donation
Authors: Hanson Camilla S. , Ralph Angelique F. , Manera Karine E. , Gill John S. , Kanellis John , Wong Germaine , Craig Jonathan C. , Chapman Jeremy R. , Tong Allison
Published: October 2017

Background and objectives

Comprehensive evaluations are required to safeguard voluntarism and minimize harm to living kidney donors. This process is lengthy, invasive, and emotionally challenging, with up to one fifth of potential donors opting out. We aimed to describe donors’ experiences of the evaluation process.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We conducted 14 focus groups involving 123 kidney donors who completed donation from three transplant centers (Australia and Canada). Transcripts were analyzed thematically.

Results

We identified six themes reflecting donors’ experiences of evaluation. The themes that related to perseverance included emotional investment (prioritizing the recipient’s health, desperation for a normal life, protecting eligibility, shame of disappointing others, and overcoming opposition), undeterred by low risks (medical confidence and protection, worthwhile gamble, inherent invincibility, and normalizing risks), and mental preparation (avoiding regret, resolving decisional ambivalence, and managing expectations of recovery). The challenges included underlying fears for health (processing alarming information, unsettling uncertainty, and preoperative panic), system shortfalls (self-advocacy in driving the process, stressful urgency, inconsistent framing of safety, unnerving bodily scrutiny, questioning risk information, and draining finances); and lifestyle interference (living in limbo, onerous lifestyle disruption, and valuing flexibility).

Conclusions

Previous donors described an emotional investment in donating and determination to protect their eligibility, despite having concerns for their health, financial and lifestyle disruption, and opposition from their family or community. Our findings suggest the need to prepare donors for surgery and recovery, minimize anxiety and lifestyle burdens, ensure that donors feel comfortable expressing their fears and concerns, reduce unnecessary delays, and make explicit the responsibilities of donors in their assessment process.

Podcast

This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2017_10_16_CJASNPodcast_17_11_.mp3
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOID FROM KEPEL (STELECHOCARPUS BURAHOL) LEAVES AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
Authors: Indariani Susi , Hidayat Aisyah , Darusman Latifah K. , Batubara Irmanida
Published: October 2017

Objective: The objective of this research was to separate flavonoids of kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) leaves from methanol extract as antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus epidermidis that have a role in body odor.Methods: The methanol extracts of kepel was fractionated in methanol: water (7:3), n-hexane and chloroform consecutively. Methanol: water (7:3) extract with the highest flavonoids content, fractioned by silica gel column chromatography (isocratic elution, with n-buthanol: methanol: acetic acid (1:8:1) as eluent) to produce 7 fractions. All fractions were tested for antibacterial activity with a microdilution method. The most active fractions was determined using UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) and FTIR (Brucker, Germany).Results: Fraction V was the most active fraction with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.06 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.50 mg/ml. Fraction V was further separated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gave three fractions. Fraction V3 was the most active fraction with MIC 1.00 mg/ml and MBC of 2.00 mg/ml. Identification of fraction V3 based on assessments on ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectrum showed the maximum wavelength at 327 nm. These results indicate a transition π → π * and n → π * generated from the chromophore conjugated C = C and C = O. Based on the allegations of the functional group obtained, then alleged that in Fraction V3 containing flavones compounds.Conclusion: These results suggest that flavonoid of S. burahol leaves extracts is potential as antibacterial agents against S. epidermidisand therefore justifies their usage in traditional medicine for the treatment of body odor.
CHARD (BETA VULGARIS VAR. CICLA) EXTRACT MODULATES ZINC STATUS, GLUCOSE LEVEL AND ANTIOXYDANT VALUES IN DIABETIC RATS FED ZINC DEFICIENCY DIET
Authors: Hamdiken Malika , Kechrid Zine
Published: October 2017

Objective: Oxidative stress which comes from hyperglycemia, it accelerates the development of cellular and vascular damage complications in diabetes, but the antioxidants may play a beneficial role in its prevention. Several plants extracts have an antioxidant activity and the ability to reduce oxidative stress in diabetes. Thus this study was conducted to investigate the effect of Beta vulgaris var cicla extract on zinc status, glucose concentration and antioxidant parameters in streptozotocin-diabetic rats fed zinc deficiency diet.Methods: Twenty-eight male albino (Wistar) rats were divided into four groups: two groups fed a zinc-sufficient diet one non-diabetic and the other diabetic, while the others two diabetic groups were fed a zinc-deficient diet, one non-treated group and the other treated with the extract of Beta vulgaris var cicla. After 21 d of dietary manipulation, fasting animals were scarified. Blood glucose, tissues zinc (femur, liver, kidney), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were evaluated.Results: Body weight gain of zinc-deficient diabetic animals was lower than that of zinc-adequate diabetic animals. It was noticed also that inadequate dietary zinc intake increased glucose and MDA levels. In addition, zinc deficiency diet led to a decrease in zinc tissues, GSH concentration both GST and GSH-Px activities. However, Oral administration of Beta vulgaris extract significantly decreased both serum glucose and MDA (p<0.001) levels, with a significant increase in body weight gain (p<0.001), GSH concentration (p<0.05, P<0.001), GST (p<0.05, p<0.001) and GSH-Px (p<0.001) activities.Conclusion: The present study showed that Beta vulgaris var cicla supplementation presumably acting as an antioxidant, and it can be a natural source for the reduction of diabetes development caused by zinc deficiency.
SCREENING OF TOTAL PHENOL AND FLAVONOID CONTENT IN DIFFERENT CYTOTYPES OF TWO SPECIES OF ACHYRANTHES LINN. FROM WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA
Authors: Saggoo Manjit Inder Singh , . Lovleen
Published: October 2017

Objective: Genus Achyranthes Linn. belonging to family Amaranthaceae consists of six species. The present study was undertaken to screen the phenolic components in the different cytotypes of two species of Genus Achyranthes Linn. growing in western Himalaya, India.Methods: Methanol extract of leaves was used to determine the total phenol and flavonoid contents in different cytotypes of A. aspera Linn. and A. bidentata Blume by spectrophotometric method. Total phenol content was expressed as mg gallic acid g-1phenol and total flavonoid content as mg quercetin g-1flavonoid using the standard curves. Further, gallic acid content in methanol extracts of leaves was determined by RP-HPLC method using C-18 column, employing 0.01% (v/v) orthophosphoric acid: acetonitrile (98:2 v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with ultraviolet (UV) detection at 272 nm.Results: Hexaploid plants of A. aspera Linn. possess the higher amount of phenol (9.16±0.84 mg/g) and flavonoid (78.36±1.63 mg/g) constituents in the methanol extract of leaves as compared to its dodecaploid counterparts (7.86±0.08 mg/g and 70.20±1.81 mg/g respectively). Similarly, phenol and flavonoid content is found to be more in the methanol extract of leaves of hexaploid plants of A. bidentata Blume (11.93±0.59 mg/g and 115.92±1.32 mg/g respectively) as compared to its dodecaploid counterparts (9.46±0.75 mg/g and 107.76±0.94 mg/g respectively). Further, RP-HPLC analysis of gallic acid revealed that higher amount of gallic acid is present in dodecaploid plants of A. aspera Linn. (1.04±0.02 mg/g) and A. bidentata Blume (1.34±0.03 mg/g) as compared to hexaploid counterparts (1.01±0.01 mg/g and 1.22±0.05 mg/g respectively).Conclusion: The present investigation revealed that A. aspera Linn. and A. bidentata Blume plants show immense intraspecific variability in their phenolic components. Hence there is need to evaluate germplasm to select superior genotype for medicinal and conservation purpose.
ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF EXTRACTS OF BLUMEA LACERA DC. IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED HYPERGLYCEMIC RATS
Authors: Rath Diptirani , Panigrahy Snigdha Rani , Panigrahi Sandeep Kumar , Kar Durga Madhab , Maharana Laxmidhar
Published: October 2017

Objective: Present study of this research was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic activities of extracts of aerial parts of Blumea lacera DC. (Asteraceae) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemic rat.Methods: The methanol extracts (MEBL) and aqueous extract (AEBL) of B. lacera DC. were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemic rats at a dose level of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), acute and subacute antidiabetic (30 d) models keeping a parallel group of metformin (250 mg/kg body weight) as standard drug. The serum biochemical parameters, histopathology of liver and pancreaswere examined and analyzed statistically.Results: Treatment with methanol extract of B. lacera (MEBL) at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight, significantly decrease (p<0.05) blood glucose level from 289.83±9.83 and 289.83±2.71 to 201.83±8.87 and 105.00±2.05 respectively with corresponding percentage fall of blood glucose to 30.40±1.79 and 63.78±0.59. It also improved the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) near to normal value, restored the lipid and bio-chemical level and rejuvenate beta cells of pancreas, thereby improve insulin secretion.Conclusion: The result of the present study concluded that extracts of B. lacera DC possess marked antidiabetic activity. However, methanol extract of B. lacera (MEBL) at the dose of 400 mg/kg showed significant dose dependent antidiabetic effects without any destruction and restores the structure of liver and pancreas of hyperglycemic rats.
ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIRADICAL AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF GARDENIA GUMMIFERA L. F. (RUBIACEAE)
Authors: T. R. Prashith Kekuda , L. Raghavendra H. , M. Shilpa , D. Pushpavathi , Petkar Tejaswini , Siddiqha Ayesha
Published: October 2017

Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate antimicrobial, antiradical and insecticidal potential of leaf and fruit of Gardenia gummifera L. f. (Rubiaceae).Methods: The leaf and fruits were shade dried, powdered and extracted by maceration process using methanol. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria by Agar well diffusion assay. Antifungal activity was determined against six seed-borne fungi by Poisoned food technique. Antiradical activity of leaf and fruit extracts was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Insecticidal activity of leaf and fruit extracts, in terms of larvicidal and pupicidal activity, was assessed against larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti.Results: Both the extracts inhibited all test bacteria. Marked antibacterial activity was displayed by fruit extract when compared to leaf extract. S. epidermidis and E. coli were inhibited to highest and least extent by both extracts respectively. Fruit extract was found to exhibit higher antifungal effect when compared to leaf extract. Leaf extract and fruit extract exhibited highest inhibitory activity against A. niger and A. flavus respectively. Leaf and fruit extracts scavenged DPPH radical’s dose dependently with an IC50 value of 49.01µg/ml and 2.53µg/ml respectively. The scavenging of ABTS by leaf and fruit extracts was dose dependent and the IC50 value for leaf and fruit extract was 2.58µg/ml and 2.31µg/ml respectively. Fruit extract was shown to exhibit marked antiradical activity when compared to leaf extract. Leaf and fruit extracts exhibited dose dependent insecticidal activity in terms of larvicidal and pupicidal activity and the susceptibility of larvae and pupae to extracts was in the order II instar larvae>IV instar larvae>pupae. Fruit extract displayed marked insecticidal potential when compared to leaf extract.Conclusion: Overall, fruit extract of G. gummifera exhibited marked antimicrobial, antiradical and insecticidal activity when compared to leaf extract. The plant can be used for developing agents/formulations effective against infectious microorganisms, oxidative stress and insect vectors that transmit dreadful diseases. The observed bioactivities could be ascribed to the presence of active principles which are to be isolated and characterized.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND STABILITY INDICATING HPLC ASSAY OF TABLETS OF APIXABAN
Authors: Jain Hemant K. , Nikam Vishal K.
Published: October 2017

Objective: Cost effective formulation development and stability indicating HPLC method for estimation of apixaban in bulk and tablets dosage form.Methods: 32 factorial design was applied to formulate the immediate release tablets of apixaban by using direct compression method. The chromatographic separation was performed on Purospher Star RP-18e (5 µm, 250x4, 6 mm) column and a stability indicating assay method was developed by using HPLC. The mobile phase consists of water: acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) was delivered at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and UV detection at 280 nm. The method was validated with forced degradation studies as per ICH guidelines.Results: Prepared batches were evaluated for all pre-compression parameters and post-compression parameters. Formulation batch F5 prepared by direct compression shows highest dissolution release of 90.97 % over the period of 60 min while disintegration time was found to be 136 seconds. The retention time of developed HPLC method was found to be 5.66 min. This method was found to be linear in a concentration range of 5-30 μg/ml of the drug (r2= 0.999). The low value of % RSD in the precision study indicates reproducibility of the method. The low value of LOD and LOQ suggests the sensitivity of the method. The results of forced degradation studies indicated that the drug was less stable in thermal and photolytic condition and degraded in acidic, basic, oxidative conditions.Conclusion: On the basis of formulation evaluation, batch F5 was found to be promising formulation suitable for the immediate release of apixaban. Results obtained by validation studies suggested that the developed stability indicating assay method is simple, accurate, specific, sensitive and precise. Thus, this method can be used for routine analysis of apixaban formulation and to check the stability testing.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MYCOFLORA, ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF SELECTED FRESH AND STORED MEDICINAL FRUITS
Authors: S. Sushma K. , Rajeshwari Puttaswamy , Raveesha Koteshwar Anandrao
Published: October 2017

Objective: To understand the mycoflora, phytochemical constituents and antibacterial potential of fresh and stored herbal fruits of selected plants, extensively used in herbal medicines.Methods: Mycoflora analysis of Terminalia bellerica, Phyllanthus emblica and Myristica fragrans fruits was done employing serial dilution method, colony forming unit (CFU) and relative density of each fungi was recorded. The diversity of fungi associated with test fruits was calculated using various diversity indices. Methanol extracts of test fruits was subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, presence or absence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, quinones and cardiac glycosides was detected. Antibacterial potential of test fruits was studied by well diffusion method.Results: Fresh fruits were free of fungal contamination, whereas stored fruits were found in association with various fungi. A total of 64 isolates of 29 species belonging to 13 genera were identified from stored fruits. Aspergillus was predominant followed by Penicillium. T. bellerica was highly contaminated (1x105CFU/g). Stored fruits of M. fragrans recorded high fungal diversity with highest Simpson’s diversity index (D-1=0.840) and Shannon-Wiener index (H=2.888). P. emblica exhibited high species richness with high Margalef Richness (R=2.925), Menhinick index (E=1.830) and Berger Parker Dominance (d’=0.418). Phytochemical analysis of fresh and stored fruits did not show a significant difference in the presence or absence of tested phyto-constituents. Stored fruit extract recorded up to 41% increase in antibacterial activity.Conclusion: Results suggests the need of proper training to the herbal material handler’s right from the harvest to retail selling, and also points out the need to assess the fungal contamination of herbal materials before using them for herbal drug manufacture.
PHARMACISTS’ DISTRIBUTION IN NIGERIA; IMPLICATION IN THE PROVISION OF SAFE MEDICINES AND PHARMACEUTICAL CARE
Authors: Olukemi Oseni, Yejide , Oseni Yejide Olukemi
Published: October 2017

Objective: The aim of the study was to appraise the distribution of pharmacists in the six (6) zones of Nigeria; determine the number of community pharmacies per population in each zone and in selected States; and assess the implication of pharmacists’ distribution in the provision of safe medicines and pharmaceutical care.Methods: Data analysis of pharmacists and community pharmacies in 6 zones of Nigeria was done using 2013 register and interviews conducted for pharmacists on the issue were analysed.Results: About fifty six percent (56.2%) of all registered pharmacists works in the community pharmacies. Distribution of community pharmacists shows Southwest (SW) 41.7%, Northcentral (NC) 20.6%, Southsouth (SS) 15.5%, Southeast (SE) 12.9%, Northwest (NW) 6.7% and Northeast (NE) 2.5%. In SW zone where pharmacists are highly concentrated, rural / urban distribution of community pharmacies revealed urban 89.9% and rural 10.1%, and a community pharmacy serviced 36,836 of the population. Inequitable distribution is due to low turn-out of graduate pharmacists, dearth of pharmacists abroad, poor remuneration, poor political will to employ pharmacists at the PHC level and poor amenities in the rural areas. This has led to irrational use of medicines, non-professionals in practice, chaotic drug distribution system, poor access to safe medicines and negative effects on health indicators.Conclusion:  Improvement in country economy, increase number of faculties of pharmacy and improved facilities in the existing ones to increase turn-out of graduate pharmacists coupled with incentives for establishment of rural community pharmacy will increase access to safe medicines and care in Nigeria.
EVALUATION OF BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF LINUM USITATISSIMUM IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Authors: Tirgar Pravin , Kalpesh Limbasiya
Published: October 2017

Objective: Evaluation of beneficial effects of the seed of Linum usitatissimum in congestive heart failure.Methods: Methanolic extract of seeds of Linumusitatissimum (MELU) was prepared using soxhlet apparatus and oil of seed of Linumusitatissimum (OLU) was isolated using Clevenger apparatus. The positive inotropic action of methanolic extract of seeds of Linum usitatissimum was evaluated using Langendorff’s assembly (in vitro study). Beneficial effects of methanolic extract and oil of seeds of Linum usitatissimum were carried out by doxorubicin (1 mg/kg, i. p. within 3 w) to induce congestive heart failure (in vivo study). Parameters like electrocardiogram (ECG) recording and cytosolic Ca2+level and histopathology of the heart were carried out. In same study diuretic action was evaluated using Lipschitz model.Results: Methanolic extract of seeds of Linum usitatissimum showed significantly increased in positive inotropic effect (force of contraction 48.8±1.53 mm) as compared to control group (force of contraction 17.5±0.76 mm) on Langendorff”s study (in vitro study). In doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure both MELU and OLU showed significant decreased QT (Note: In cardiology, the QT interval is a measure of the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave in the heart's electrical cycle. There is no full form for this medical word) interval. The histopathologic study indicated the least damage to the architecture of myocardial membrane. MELU and OLU increased urine output (5.66±0.16 ml and 6.58±0.15 ml respectively) significantly in Lipschitz model as compared to disease control group (4.58±0.15 ml).Conclusion: Present research work emphasizes that the seeds of Linum usitatissimum is beneficial in the management of congestive heart failure because of having positive inotropic effect, diuretic activity and control of rhythmicity of heart.
IMPACT OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM BANANA (MUSA SP. VAR. NANJANGUD RASABALE) FLOWER AND PSEUDOSTEM TOWARDS CYTOPROTECTIVE AND DNA PROTECTION ACTIVITIES
Authors: Ramu Ramith , Shirahatti Prithvi S. , Bajpe Shrisha Naik , S V Varsha Reddy , Nagendra Prasad M. N.
Published: October 2017

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate for cytoprotective and DNA protective properties of the compounds isolated from ethanol extract of banana flower (EF) and ethanol extract of banana pseudostem (EE).Methods: The four active compounds viz., umbelliferone (C1) andlupeol (C2) from EF and stigmasterol (C3) and β-sitosterol (C4) from EE were isolated by activity-guided repeated fractionation through silica gel column chromatography. The isolated compounds were evaluated for cytoprotective on erythrocytes and pTZ57R/T plasmid DNA protection against hydroxyl radicals.Results: The study revealed that the compounds (C1-C4) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml exhibited 90% protection on erythrocytes membrane oxidation and also protect the pTZ57R/T plasmid DNA damage induced by hydroxyl radicals.Conclusion: These results endorse an insight for a strong chemical basis to the alleged beneﬁcial role of EF and EE in reducing oxidative stress conditions.
HPMC AS CAPSULE SHELL MATERIAL: PHYSICOCHEMICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOPHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Majee Sutapa Biswas , Avlani Dhruti , Biswas Gopa Roy
Published: October 2017

The most common instability problem of gelatin capsules arises from negative impact of extremes of temperature and especially atmospheric relative humidity on the mechanical integrity of the capsule shells with adverse effect extended even to the fill material. Moreover, choice of fill materials is highly restricted either due to their specific chemical structure, physical state or hygroscopicity. Additional reports of unpredictable disintegration and dissolution of filled hard gelatin capsules in experimental studies have prompted the search for a better alternative capsule shell material. The present review aims to provide an overview on the physicochemical, pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as capsule shell material and perform comparative evaluation of HPMC and gelatin in terms of in vitro/in vivo performance and storage stability. HPMC capsule provides a highly flexible and widely acceptable platform capable of solving numerous challenges currently facing the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries and expands the possibilities for selection of different types of fill materials. The current topic introduces a new section on influence of various factors on in vitro dissolution of HPMC capsules. Delayed in vitro disintegration/dissolution of HPMC capsules in aqueous medium does not produce any negative effect in vivo. However, advancements in the processes of production and filling of HPMC capsule shells and detailed studies on effects of various parameters on their in vitro/in vivo dissolution would establish their supremacy over hard gelatin capsules in future.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF NOVEL N-PHENYLPROPYL-3-SUBSTITUTED INDOLINE-2-ONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: . Pushpa , Naraboli Basavaraj S. , Biradar J. S.
Published: October 2017

Objective: The objective of the present work deals with the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of N-phenylpropyl-3-substituted indoline-2-one derivatives.Methods: A series of new 3-hydroxy-3-(2-oxoethyl)-1-(3-phenylpropyl) indolin-2-one derivatives 3(a-l) and 3-(2-oxoethylidene)-1-(3-phenylpropyl) indolin-2-one derivatives 4(a-l) were synthesized by knoevenagel condensation of N-phenylpropyl–5-substituted indole-2,3-diones with various acetophenones analogues. The chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR and Mass spectroscopic and elemental data. These compounds were also screened for their in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.Results: Novel compounds 3-hydroxy-3-(2-oxoethyl)-1-(3-phenylpropyl) indolin-2-one derivatives 3(a-l) and 3-(2-oxoethylidene)-1-(3-phenylpropyl) indolin-2-one derivatives 4(a-l) were synthesised and characterized using spectral and analytical data. The results of antibacterial and antifungal and antioxidant activities showed that some of the synthesized compounds exhibited promising results.Conclusion: All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity by cup plate method and antioxidant activity by the DPPH method using Ciprofloxacin and Amphotericin B as standards against gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi respectively.
STUDY ON CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONS AND OPTIMIZATION OF TABLETS CONTAINING AQUILARIA CRASSNA SPRAY-DRIED EXTRACT
Authors: Huong Bui Thi Thu , Monsatta Boonyaphat , Hanh Nguyen Duc , Phuong Phan Hoang Doan , Duong Do Quang
Published: October 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and optimize the formulation of tablets containing Aquilaria crassna extract using the direct compression method.Methods: D-optimal design based on three independent variables was applied to evaluate the cause-effect relations and optimize the A. crassna tablet formulation. The weight variation (Y1), disintegration time (Y2), hardness (Y3) and friability (Y4) were investigated with respect to three independent variables including % dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) in filler (X1), % filler (X2) and % croscarmellose sodium (CCNa) (X3). The dissolution study of the optimized A. crassna tablets were investigated in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) (pH 1.2) using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for mangiferin analysis.Results: All investigation factors were found to have significant effects on the physical properties of A. crassna tablet. The tablet hardness and the disintegration time increased in positive relations with the ratios of DCPA. The results exhibited the negative relations between disintegration time and the percentages of CCNa. The optimized A. crassna tablet formulation which included 35 % (w/w) DCPA in filler, 60 % (w/w) filler and 7% (w/w) CCNa possessed the weight variation of 1.38 % (w/w), the disintegration time of 6.29 min, the hardness of 85.63 N and the friability of 0.41 % (w/w). The optimized A. crassna tablet formulation was experimentally examined which demonstrated a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values. Mangiferin was found to release completely from the optimized A. crassna tablets within 30 min.Conclusion: The cause-effect relations and optimization of A. crassna tablet formulation were investigated and reported for the first time. The A. crassna spray-dried extract could be formulated into tablet by direct compression method with good mechanical properties and acceptable release profile.