bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The optical variability of radio-loud quasars
Authors: Gu Minfeng , Ai Y. L.
Published: February 2013

The optical variability of a sample of 44 FSRQs and 18 SSRQs in the SDSS stripe 82 region is investigated by using the multi-epoch data covering nine years. The variabilities are clearly detected in each source with the amplitude in r band, from 0.18 to 3.46 mag. Twenty-five of 44 FSRQs show a bluer-when-brighter trend (BWB), while only one FSRQ shows a redder-when-brighter trend, which is in contrast to our previous results. Eight of 18 SSRQs display a BWB. We found an anti-correlation between the Eddington ratio and the variability amplitude in r band for SSRQs, which is similar to that in radio-quiet AGNs. This implies that the thermal emission from the accretion disk may be responsible for the variability in SSRQs.
Asymmetric recognition of the HIV-1 trimer by broadly neutralizing antibody PG9
Authors: Julien Jean-Philippe , Lee Jeong Hyun , Cupo Albert , Murin Charles D. , Derking Ronald , Hoffenberg Simon , Caulfield Michael J. , King C. Richter , Marozsan Andre J. , Klasse Per Johan , Sanders Rogier W. , Moore John P. , Wilson Ian A. , Ward Andrew B.
Published: February 2013

PG9 is the founder member of an expanding family of glycan-dependent human antibodies that preferentially bind the HIV (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein (gp) trimer and broadly neutralize the virus. Here, we show that a soluble SOSIP.664 gp140 trimer constructed from the Clade A BG505 sequence binds PG9 with high affinity (∼11 nM), enabling structural and biophysical characterizations of the PG9:Env trimer complex. The BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140 trimer is remarkably stable as assessed by electron microscopy (EM) and differential scanning calorimetry. EM, small angle X-ray scattering, size exclusion chromatography with inline multiangle light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetry all indicate that only a single PG9 fragment antigen-binding (Fab) binds to the Env trimer. An ∼18 Å EM reconstruction demonstrates that PG9 recognizes the trimer asymmetrically at its apex via contact with two of the three gp120 protomers, possibly contributing to its reported preference for a quaternary epitope. Molecular modeling and isothermal titration calorimetry binding experiments with an engineered PG9 mutant suggest that, in addition to the N156 and N160 glycan interactions observed in crystal structures of PG9 with a scaffolded V1/V2 domain, PG9 makes secondary interactions with an N160 glycan from an adjacent gp120 protomer in the antibody–trimer complex. Together, these structural and biophysical findings should facilitate the design of HIV-1 immunogens that possess all elements of the quaternary PG9 epitope required to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against this region.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEMPORARY ART FAIRS IN A ‘GLOBALIZED’ ART MARKET
Authors: Quemin Alain
Published: February 2013

This article examines the participation of art galleries at international contemporary art fairs (ICAFs) to evaluate what theories of cultural globalisation best describe this type of practice. For that purpose, it draws upon recent and original statistical data in order to examine the geographical distribution of major ICAFs worldwide, that is, their concentration in selected geographical locations, as well as the country of origin of the galleries participating in these events. This is intended to map out the workings of any territorial forms of dominance affecting the art market, seen both in the capability of a given country to organise one or more ICAFs and in that of art galleries to participate in such high profile events. The article firstly reviews relevant literature on cultural globalisation to outline, and also problematise, those interpretative models that can be applied to the particular case of ICAFs. Secondly, it provides and analyses new statistical data on ICAFs and gallery participation mentioned earlier. Thirdly, it examines how this data can be interpreted with the help of current theories of cultural globalisation. It concludes by arguing that the model best explaining the territorial dynamics of ICAFs is one that incorporates a notion of both centre and semi-peripheral domination on a vast periphery of countries including both Western and non-Western countries.
Aetiology of mitral regurgitation differentially affects 2‐year adverse outcomes after MitraClip therapy in high‐risk patients
Authors: Rudolph Volker , Lubos Edith , Schlüter Michael , Lubs Daniel , Goldmann Britta , Knap Malgorzata , de Vries Tjark , Treede Hendrik , Schirmer Johannes , Conradi Lenard , Wegscheider Karl , Reichenspurner Hermann , Blankenberg Stefan , Baldus Stephan
Published: February 2013

Aims

To assess, and identify predictors of, 2‐year adverse outcomes of surgical high‐risk patients after successful MitraClip therapy (MC), differentiated by the aetiology of mitral regurgitation (MR).

Methods and results

Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to assess survival free from death, heart failure rehospitalization, and reintervention up to 2 years in 202 successfully treated patients [74 ± 9 years, 132 men (65%); secondary MR aetiology in 140 patients, primary MR in 62]. Predictors for study endpoints were determined using Cox regression analyses. Mortality was 20% at 1 year and 33% at 2 years in both primary and secondary MR patients; independent predictors of death were reduced forward stroke volume, impaired LV function, and renal failure in primary MR, yet only an increased logistic EuroSCORE in functional MR patients. The rate of rehospitalizations was not different between the patient subgroups for 6 months, but then diverged significantly in favour of primary MR patients (estimated 2‐year incidence, primary MR 40% vs. secondary MR 66%). No predictor was found for primary MR patients, but increased LV end‐diastolic volume significantly increased the risk of rehospitalization in functional MR patients. Reinterventions were overall rare (7.4% at 1 year, 9.7% at 2 years); primary MR patients required all except one reintervention within 2 months of MC, with again no predictors found, whereas secondary MR patients (all except one with discharge MR of 2+) exhibited a steadily declining freedom from reintervention curve throughout follow‐up.

Conclusion

MR aetiology affects rehospitalization and reintervention, but not mortality, differently after successful MC.
Reliable and Sensitive Detection ofAcidovorax citrulliin Cucurbit Seed Using a Padlock-Probe-Based Assay
Authors: Tian Yanli , Zhao Yuqiang , Bai Sa , Walcott R. R. , Hu Baishi , Liu Fengquan
Published: February 2013

A method was developed using a padlock probe (PLP) and dot-blot hybridization for detecting Acidovorax citrulli in cucurbit seed. The PLP was designed based on the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequence from A. citrulli. The detection threshold for the PLP assay was 100 fg of genomic DNA, and A. citrulli was detected in 100% of artificially infested seedlots with 0.1% infestation or greater. In addition, using the PLP assay, 4 of 8 melon seedlots collected from Xinjang province and 15 of 47 watermelon seedlots collected from Ningxia province were positive for A. citrulli. In contrast, a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that relied on primers WFB1 and WFB2 facilitated A. citrulli detection in 1 of 8 and 5 of 47 seedlots from Xinjiang and Ningxia provinces, respectively. These data indicate that the PLP and dot-blot hybridization technique was more effective than conventional PCR for seed health testing.
Rapid evolution of pearl oyster shell matrix proteins with repetitive, low-complexity domains
Authors: McDougall Carmel , Aguilera Felipe , Degnan Bernard M.
Published: February 2013

The lysine (K)-rich mantle protein (KRMP) and shematrin protein families are unique to the organic matrices of pearl oyster shells. Similar to other proteins that are constituents of tough, extracellular structures, such as spider silk, shematrins and KRMPs, contain repetitive, low-complexity domains (RLCDs). Comprehensive analysis of available gene sequences in three species of pearl oyster using BLAST and hidden Markov models reveal that both gene families have large memberships in these species. The shematrin gene family expanded before the speciation of these oysters, leading to a minimum of eight orthology groups. By contrast, KRMPs expanded primarily after speciation leading to species-specific gene repertoires. Regardless of their evolutionary history, the rapid evolution of shematrins and KRMPs appears to be the result of the intrinsic instability of repetitive sequences encoding the RLCDs, and the gain, loss and shuffling of other motifs. This mode of molecular evolution is likely to contribute to structural characteristics and evolvability of the pearl oyster shell. Based on these observations, we infer that analogous RLCD proteins throughout the animal kingdom also have the capacity to rapidly evolve and as a result change their structural properties.
ER stress potentiates insulin resistance through PERK-mediated FOXO phosphorylation
Authors: Zhang Wei , Hietakangas Ville , Wee Sheena , Lim Siew Choo , Gunaratne Jayantha , Cohen Stephen M.
Published: February 2013

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is emerging as a potential contributor to the onset of type 2 diabetes by making cells insulin-resistant. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which ER stress affects insulin response remains fragmentary. Here we present evidence that the ER stress pathway acts via a conserved signaling mechanism involving the protein kinase PERK to modulate cellular insulin responsiveness. Insulin signaling via AKT reduces activity of FOXO transcription factors. In some cells, PERK can promote insulin responsiveness. However, we found that PERK also acts oppositely via phosphorylation of FOXO to promote FOXO activity. Inhibition of PERK improves cellular insulin responsiveness at the level of FOXO activity. We suggest that the protein kinase PERK may be a promising pharmacological target for ameliorating insulin resistance.
DNMT1 represses p53 to maintain progenitor cell survival during pancreatic organogenesis
Authors: Georgia Senta , Kanji Murtaza , Bhushan Anil
Published: February 2013

In the developing pancreas, self-renewal of progenitors and patterning of cell fates are coordinated to ensure the correct size and cellular makeup of the organ. How this coordination is achieved, however, is not clear. We report that deletion of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) in pancreatic progenitors results in agenesis of the pancreas due to apoptosis of progenitor cells. We show that DNMT1 is bound to the p53 regulatory region and that loss of Dnmt1 results in derepression of the p53 locus. Haploinsufficiency of p53 rescues progenitor cell survival and cellular makeup of the Dnmt1-deleted pancreas.
AtMMS21, an SMC5/6 Complex Subunit, Is Involved in Stem Cell Niche Maintenance and DNA Damage Responses in Arabidopsis Roots
Authors: Xu Panglian , Yuan Dongke , Liu Ming , Li Chunxin , Liu Yiyang , Zhang Shengchun , Yao Nan , Yang Chengwei
Published: February 2013

Plants maintain stem cells in meristems to sustain lifelong growth; these stem cells must have effective DNA damage responses to prevent mutations that can propagate to large parts of the plant. However, the molecular links between stem cell functions and DNA damage responses remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that the small ubiquitin-related modifier E3 ligase AtMMS21 (for methyl methanesulfonate sensitivity gene21) acts to maintain the root stem cell niche by mediating DNA damage responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Mutation of AtMMS21 causes defects in the root stem cell niche during embryogenesis and postembryonic stages. AtMMS21 is essential for the proper expression of stem cell niche-defining transcription factors. Moreover, mms21-1 mutants are hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents, have a constitutively increased DNA damage response, and have more DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the roots. Also, mms21-1 mutants exhibit spontaneous cell death within the root stem cell niche, and treatment with DSB-inducing agents increases this cell death, suggesting that AtMMS21 is required to prevent DSB-induced stem cell death. We further show that AtMMS21 functions as a subunit of the STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES5/6 complex, an evolutionarily conserved chromosomal ATPase required for DNA repair. These data reveal that AtMMS21 acts in DSB amelioration and stem cell niche maintenance during Arabidopsis root development.
Introgression of Novel Traits from a Wild Wheat Relative Improves Drought Adaptation in Wheat
Authors: Placido Dante F. , Campbell Malachy T. , Folsom Jing J. , Cui Xinping , Kruger Greg R. , Baenziger P. Stephen , Walia Harkamal
Published: February 2013

Root architecture traits are an important component for improving water stress adaptation. However, selection for aboveground traits under favorable environments in modern cultivars may have led to an inadvertent loss of genes and novel alleles beneficial for adapting to environments with limited water. In this study, we elucidate the physiological and molecular consequences of introgressing an alien chromosome segment (7DL) from a wild wheat relative species (Agropyron elongatum) into cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum). The wheat translocation line had improved water stress adaptation and higher root and shoot biomass compared with the control genotypes, which showed significant drops in root and shoot biomass during stress. Enhanced access to water due to higher root biomass enabled the translocation line to maintain more favorable gas-exchange and carbon assimilation levels relative to the wild-type wheat genotypes during water stress. Transcriptome analysis identified candidate genes associated with root development. Two of these candidate genes mapped to the site of translocation on chromosome 7DL based on single-feature polymorphism analysis. A brassinosteroid signaling pathway was predicted to be involved in the novel root responses observed in the A. elongatum translocation line, based on the coexpression-based gene network generated by seeding the network with the candidate genes. We present an effective and highly integrated approach that combines root phenotyping, whole-plant physiology, and functional genomics to discover novel root traits and the underlying genes from a wild related species to improve drought adaptation in cultivated wheat.
Innovation and conformity: intersection of gender and ethnicity in hi‐tech organizations
Authors: Kushnirovich Nonna , Heilbrunn Sibylle
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for analyzing preference for innovation of different groups of hi‐tech workers according to their culture of origin and gender.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative survey was conducted online among veteran Israelis, immigrants from North America, Western countries and immigrants from the Former Soviet Union employed in 60 different high‐tech organizations.

Findings

The paper developed the application of Bourdieu's concept of habitus, adopting it to migration research and to understanding preference of changes and innovativeness. The authors also developed a framework for analyzing the preference of innovation according to workers’ gender and culture of origin. Based on the Entrepreneurial Drive Theory regarding preference for innovation and nonconformity of Florin et al., the authors determined four dimensions characterizing innovativeness.

Research limitations/implications

The limitation of this study was the relatively small number of participants interviewed. The paper focused on only two ethnic immigrant groups.

Originality/value

The study should contribute to migration research, but also to social research on innovation. It can help understand what (and how) shapes innovativeness, both in the migratory processes and among the native population of the host country. Such understanding can contribute to encourage innovativeness resulting in economic development.
3D printing and scanning at the Dalhousie University Libraries: a pilot project
Authors: Groenendyk Michael , Gallant Riel
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe how 3D printing and scanning technology was implemented by the Dalhousie University Libraries in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Insights will be outlined about the benefits of these technologies in terms of data visualization and archival practices, as well as the potential user base for library‐centered 3D printing and scanning services.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper describes why the Dalhousie University Libraries purchased a 3D printer and scanner, the challenges of maintaining these technologies and instructing students in their use, and how Dalhousie faculty members and students have made use of these technologies for their own research purposes.

Findings

3D printing and scanning technologies can be of use to a much wider range of Faculties than have traditionally had access to them. The unique role libraries have on university campuses allows them to function as universal access points for these technologies. By offering 3D scanning technology, they can also use this technology internally for archival purposes.

Originality/value

While much has been written on 3D printing and scanning technology, very little has been written about how these technologies could relate to academic libraries. This paper sets the groundwork for further exploration into how 3D technologies can improve and expand library services.
From exhaustion to exhilaration: assessing librarian job satisfaction with virtual reference
Authors: Hendricks Arthur , Buchanan Sherry
Published: February 2013

Purpose

Librarians respond to staffing L‐net, Oregon's statewide reference chat service, in different ways. The aim of this paper is to create a survey to look for ways to improve the statewide service and improve the experience of chat librarians (as well as patrons).

Design/methodology/approach

The authors surveyed L‐net librarians to learn their thoughts and satisfaction with answering L‐net chat questions. They collected anonymous survey data via PSU's web survey software (Qualtrics). The survey instrument was a mixture of qualitative and quantitative questions. The survey consisted of 29 questions.

Findings

While the literature has many articles regarding patron satisfaction with chat reference, there is a dearth of articles regarding librarian satisfaction with chat. It was found that nearly a quarter of librarians said they did not answering chat questions on L‐net. A total of 76 percent indicated they had received written abuse. Swearing was the number one complaint at 28 percent, followed by sexual comments and rude remarks, which tied at 17 percent. One obvious problem seems to be the anonymity of the service and the way chat can serve as an outlet for youth learning boundaries.

Originality/value

While many studies have been done on patron satisfaction, few have studied librarian satisfaction in staffing virtual reference.
Comparison between Chinese and English electronic resources
Authors: Zha Xianjin , Li Jing , Yan Yalan
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine and compare Chinese electronic resources and English electronic resources in terms of ease of use, usefulness and usage in the context of a Chinese university library, so as to facilitate the effective use of English electronic resources in China.

Design/methodology/approach

Data collection was conducted through a large scale survey. A total of 378 valid data coming from the users of a Chinese university library were used for data analysis.

Findings

There are more users in Chinese university library who perceived that Chinese electronic resources are both easy to use and useful while English electronic resources are neither easy to use nor useful. Meanwhile, there are more users who used Chinese electronic resources more frequently while used English electronic resources less frequently.

Practical implications

This study could advance our knowledge about the current status of the use of Chinese electronic resources and English electronic resources as well as the digital divide at the second‐level and the third‐level, facilitating the effective use of English electronic resources.

Originality/value

Building on three levels of the digital divide, this study examines and compares Chinese electronic resources and English electronic resources in terms of ease of use, usefulness and usage in the context of Chinese university library, providing a new view for library electronic resources management research and practice alike.
Template‐based framework for nasal prosthesis fabrication
Authors: Sun Jin , Chen Xiaobo , Liao Haihong , Xi Juntong
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a template‐based framework for nasal prosthesis fabrication using a 3D areal scanner and a CT scanner.

Design/methodology/approach

Use of a self‐designed 3D areal scanner enables acquisition of accurate data describing the patient's face. Patients with nasal defects have no organization for reference, but the template‐based model construction method can ensure successful building of the outer surface of the nasal prosthesis. Since the areal scanner has some difficulties acquiring data for concave areas, preoperative CT data are used to provide concave information, enabling construction of the inner surface for the nasal prosthesis. The combined inner and outer surfaces are used to generate the completed nasal prosthesis.

Findings

The results showed that the nasal prosthesis fits the patient's appearance well. Clinical applications confirmed that this framework is attractive and has the potential desired nasal prosthesis in daily clinical practice.

Practical implications

The results of this study improve the fabrication accuracy of nasal prostheses. The construction and development technique employs a nasal digital library, 3D areal scanning data and CT scanning data. This technique facilitates fabrication of precise nasal prostheses while helping the patients predict the effect before the prosthesis is manufactured.

Originality/value

This template‐based framework has strong potential for clinical applications because of its advantages over other methods in terms of accuracy, speed, safety, and cost.
A study on time dependent properties of aluminum alloy by nanoindentation technique
Authors: Charitidis Costas A. , Dragatogiannis Dimitrios A. , Koumoulos Elias P.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

Lightweight alloys are of major concern, due to their applicability, in transport and industry applications. The purpose of this paper is to perform a comprehensive analysis of time dependent properties of aluminum alloy by nanoindentation technique, through investigation of creep behavior. Additionally, possible explanations on the time dependent behavior and the influence of the hold period at maximum load and the loading rate on the elastic modulus and hardness results are also analyzed and discussed.

Design/methodology/approach

In this work, a comprehensive analysis of time dependent properties of aluminum alloy by nanoindentation technique was performed, by varying the loading rate, the maximum applied load and the loading time. The stress exponent values are derived from the displacement‐holding time curves. The present experimental setup includes three different approaches: variation of loading rate, maximum applied load and loading time. The creep deformation mechanisms of the alloy, which are dependent on experiment setup, are discussed and the characteristic “elbow” behavior in the unloading part of the curves is also reported.

Findings

The authors found that the stress exponent values obtained are dependent on the applied peak loads and indentation loading rates. Nanoindentation creep testing of aluminum AA6082‐T6 revealed significant creep displacements, where the strain rate reached a steady state after a certain time and the stress decreased with time as the displacement increased during the creep process. The slopes of strain rate versus stress curves (exponent of power‐law creep) for different maximum loads and various holding times, were investigated.

Originality/value

The stress exponent of the constant‐load indentation creep, in all three types of experiments, was found to reduce at low load region. In case of different holding load and time, the stress exponent increased almost linearly and increased very rapidly as the indent size increased, exhibiting an intense size effect.
Creating a disaster resilient built environment in urban cities
Authors: Malalgoda Chamindi , Amaratunga Dilanthi , Haigh Richard
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the role and challenges for Sri Lankan local governments in creating a disaster resilient built environment within urban Sri Lankan cities.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on a literature review and a case study conducted in the Batticaloa city of Sri Lanka, supported by expert interviews among local and other government officials, policy makers, practitioners and academics who are engaged in disaster management and urban planning within the country.

Findings

The literature and empirical data reveal that local governments are facing a number of challenges in contributing to making cities resilient to disasters. Some of the issues that have emerged are inadequate financial and human resource capabilities; a lack of knowledge of disaster risks and vulnerabilities; the need for long‐term political commitment; a lack of focus on pre‐disaster planning; inadequate legislative authority; a lack of clear cut responsibilities and coordination among agencies; and a lack of involvement in major development activities, physical planning and regulation of land use. It is important to address these challenges faced by local governments in creating a disaster resilient built environment in a holistic manner to ensure effective disaster risk reduction within cities.

Research limitations/implications

The paper is based on partial findings of research which aims to explore and propose mechanisms to empower the Sri Lankan local governments to make cities more resilient to disasters, within the context of the built environment.

Originality/value

The paper identifies the weaknesses of the current institutional arrangements in place for creating a disaster resilient built environment in Sri Lanka and highlights the challenges faced by a local government in creating a disaster resilient built environment within a Sri Lankan city.
One-Shot Party Primaries: The Case of the Romanian Social Democrats
Authors: Gherghina Sergiu
Published: February 2013

While party primaries for candidate selection gain gradual popularity in established European democracies, they remain rare in Eastern Europe. This article focuses on the Romanian Social Democrats and investigates the reasons why primaries were abandoned after one use. The central argument is that this short lifespan was determined by the absence of relevant short-term benefits. A few pathologies of the primaries led to their failure: contest administration, primary regulations and high costs. The key findings are that party primaries did not produce the intended consequences when implementation was accompanied by centralised decision-making.
A Novel Bayesian Semiparametric Algorithm for Inferring Population Structure and Adjusting for Case‐Control Association Tests
Authors: Majumdar Arunabha , Bhattacharya Sourabh , Basu Analabha , Ghosh Saurabh
Published: February 2013

While the population‐based case‐control approach is the popular study design for association mapping of complex genetic traits because of ease of data collection and statistical analyses, it suffers from the inherent problem of population stratification. There have been methodological developments for adjusting these studies for population substructure, but efficient estimation of the number of subpopulations (K), which has evolutionary significance, remains a statistical challenge. In this article, we propose a Bayesian semiparametric approach to estimate population substructure under the assumption that K is random. Using extensive simulations, we find that our proposed method is not only computationally much faster than an existing Bayesian approach Structure, but also estimates the number of subpopulations more accurately, and thus, yields more power in detecting association in case‐control studies.
The Global War on Terror and Automatic License Plate Recognition
Authors: Cousineau Matt
Published: February 2013

En sciences sociales un produit un vaste corpus de recherche concernant la pratique et la politique des Systèmes de Surveillance en Circuit Fermé (CCTV). La recherche a cependant négligé les CCTV automatisés et informatisés. Je m'adresse à ces formes de culture de la surveillance au moyen d'un point de vue institutionnel d'explorer ce qui a été appelé de reconnaissance automatique des plaques d'immatriculation (ALPR). En retraçant la manière dont les plans d'un système de surveillance Warzone sont utilisés comme une ressource dans les pratiques policières américaines, je trouve qu'ils ont tous deux impliquent un positionnement géo‐des véhicules, l'analyse de l'apparence des véhicules, et en minimisant le travail de l'analyse des plaques d'immatriculation. Je montre comment ces liens sont obscurcies, puis terminera par une discussion de trois implications de ce point de vue institutionnel sur ALPR.

Social science has produced a fine body of research on the practices and politics of closed‐circuit television (CCTV) surveillance. Automated CCTV systems, however, have been neglected. I address these growing forms of surveillance through an institutional perspective to explore what has been called Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR). By tracing how plans for a war‐zone surveillance system are used as a resource in American policing practices, I find that they both involve a geo‐positioning of vehicles, analyzing the appearance of vehicles, and minimizing the labor of analyzing license plates. I show how these links are obscured, and then conclude with a discussion of three implications of this institutional perspective on ALPR.
Breaking the Mold: Sculpting Impasses in Couples' Therapy
Authors: Papp Peggy , Scheinkman Michele , Malpas Jean
Published: February 2013

In the fall of 2009, we the authors started a project at the Ackerman Institute for the Family in New York City that focuses on understanding and transforming impasses in couples' therapy. In experimenting with various interventions, we discovered the power of sculpting to capture and transform stalemates in couples relationships. In this article, we describe the ways in which sculpting brings forward the gestalt of a couple's impasse, highlights nuances of emotions and feelings, and reveals elements of both present and past. We also discuss the ways in which sculpting illuminates the partners' sense of self in the relationship as they feel constrained within their reciprocal dynamics. Through three different cases, we outline a protocol for sculpting. We demonstrate how the therapist invites the partners to create a visual/sensory narrative of their impasse, guides staging of their metaphors and images, and utilizes their enactments to unpack emotions, beliefs, and patterns that are typically on the periphery of awareness. We also articulate how sculpting offers a platform for the process of change.
Clinical usefulness of non‐protein respiratory quotient measurement in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Korenaga Keiko , Korenaga Masaaki , Teramoto Fusako , Suzuki Toshiko , Nishina Sohji , Sasaki Kyo , Nakashima Yoshihiro , Tomiyama Yasuyuki , Yoshioka Naoko , Hara Yuichi , Moriya Takuya , Hino Keisuke
Published: February 2013

Aim

Little is known about the effects of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on energy metabolism, although this disease is associated with metabolic syndrome. We measured non‐protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) using indirect calorimetry, which reflects glucose oxidation, and compared this value with histological disease severity in NAFLD patients.

Methods

Subjects were 32 patients who were diagnosed with NAFLD histopathologically. Subjects underwent body composition analysis and indirect calorimetry, and npRQ was calculated. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and plasma glucose area under the curve (AUC glucose) was calculated.

Results

There were no differences in body mass index, body fat percentage or visceral fat area among fibrosis stage groups. As fibrosis progressed, npRQ significantly decreased (stage 0, 0.895 ± 0.068; stage 1, 0.869 ± 0.067; stage 2, 0.808 ± 0.046; stage 3, 0.798 ± 0.026; P < 0.005). Glucose intolerance worsened and insulin resistance increased with fibrosis stage. npRQ was negatively correlated with AUC glucose (R = −0.6308, P < 0.001), Homeostasis Model of Assessment – Insulin Resistance (R = −0.5045, P < 0.005), fasting glucose (R = −0.4585, P < 0.01) and insulin levels (R = −0.4431, P < 0.05), suggesting that decreased npRQ may reflect impaired glucose tolerance due to insulin resistance, which was associated with fibrosis progression. Estimation of fibrosis stage using npRQ was as accurate as several previously established scoring systems using receiver–operator curve analysis.

Conclusion

npRQ was significantly decreased in patients with advanced NAFLD. Our data suggest that measurement of npRQ is useful for the estimation of disease severity in NAFLD patients.
Low‐Temperature Sintered NTC Thermistor Ceramics for Thick‐Film Temperature Sensors
Authors: Reimann Timmy , Töpfer Jörg , Barth Stefan , Bartsch Heike , Müller Jens
Published: February 2013

Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor thick films were fabricated by screen printing on alumina substrates and firing at 900°C. Spinel‐type NiMn2O4 exhibits limited stability in air between 730 and 970°C only and interacts with the Bi2O3 additive. The Zn–Co‐substituted spinel Zn0.75Ni0.5Co0.5Mn1.25O4 with 3 wt% additive shows complete densification at 900°C; no interaction between spinel and additive was observed. Alternatively, a Cu–Zn–Co‐substituted Cu0.37Zn0.52Ni0.44Co0.44Mn1.23O4 spinel with excellent sintering characteristics even without sintering additive was investigated. The thermistor films display a sheet resistance of about 300 kΩ/□ and B = 3300 K. The firing behavior, microstructure formation, and electrical properties of NTC thick films are reported.
The Emergence and Stability of the Attentional Bias to Fearful Faces in Infancy
Authors: Peltola Mikko J. , Hietanen Jari K. , Forssman Linda , Leppänen Jukka M.
Published: February 2013

Several studies have shown that at 7 months of age, infants display an attentional bias toward fearful facial expressions. In this study, we analyzed visual attention and heart rate data from a cross‐sectional study with 5‐, 7‐, 9‐, and 11‐month‐old infants (Experiment 1) and visual attention from a longitudinal study with 5‐ and 7‐month‐old infants (Experiment 2) to examine the emergence and stability of the attentional bias to fearful facial expressions. In both experiments, the attentional bias to fearful faces appeared to emerge between 5 and 7 months of age: 5‐month‐olds did not show a difference in disengaging attention from fearful and nonfearful faces, whereas 7‐ and 9‐month‐old infants had a lower probability of disengaging attention from fearful than nonfearful faces. Across the age groups, heart rate (HR) data (Experiment 1) showed a more pronounced and longer‐lasting HR deceleration to fearful than nonfearful expressions. The results are discussed in relation to the development of the perception and experience of fear and the interaction between emotional and attentional processes.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of archival tissue reveals the origin of a disjunct southern African–Palaearctic weevil radiation
Authors: Hernández‐Vera Gerardo , Caldara Roberto , Toševski Ivo , Emerson Brent C.
Published: February 2013

Aim

We test three alternative hypotheses for the disjunct Mediterranean–southern African distribution of endophagous weevils within the genera Rhinusa and Gymnetron (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): (1) a Palaearctic origin with dispersal to southern Africa; (2) a southern African origin with dispersal to the Palaearctic; and (3) a widespread ancestral distribution fragmented by vicariance. Divergence times are estimated to provide an approximate temporal framework for the evolution of the group and to evaluate potential palaeogeographical scenarios.

Location

Southern Africa, the Mediterranean region, the Palaearctic and eastern Africa.

Methods

Freshly collected and dry, pinned samples of weevils were used as a source of DNA. Prior genetic information was used to identify short phylogenetically informative amplicons within the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S). Phylogenetic reconstructions using Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data and molecular dating techniques were used to infer the biogeographical history of Rhinusa and Gymnetron species. A statistical approach to dispersal–vicariance analysis (s‐diva) was used to further assess biogeographical hypotheses.

Results

Successful polymerase chain reaction amplification of targeted short 16S DNA sequences (150 bp) from dry, pinned specimens provided for increased species sampling of Rhinusa and Gymnetron by 230%, greatly expanding species representation from southern Africa. Phylogenetic reconstructions and s‐diva analyses support a southern African origin for Rhinusa and Gymnetron species. Divergence time estimates suggest southern African and Palaearctic lineages diverged c. 11.6–7.4 Ma.

Main conclusions

Rhinusa and Gymnetron represent a complex of lineages with a shared evolutionary history of range expansions from southern Africa into the Palaearctic. Our results support a late Miocene vicariance scenario, most likely as a result of repeated desertification. The use of prior genetic information to identify short phylogenetically informative amplicons offers a useful approach for molecular phylogenetic analyses incorporating archival material.
Changing epidemiology of food bolus impaction: Is eosinophilic esophagitis to blame?
Authors: Mahesh Venkat N , Holloway Richard H , Nguyen Nam Quoc
Published: February 2013

Background and Aim

Data on the relationship between epidemiological changes in food bolus impaction (FBI) and its relationship to eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the prevalence and etiology of FBI at the Royal Adelaide Hospital over 15 years.

Methods

Details of all patients who presented with FBI to Royal Adelaide Hospital (1996–2010) were reviewed from a prospective database. Detailed endoscopic and histological findings were examined for patients admitted under the Gastroenterology team.

Results

From 1996–2010, 539 patients were admitted. Prevalence of FBI increased overtime, with a male preponderance. The age at presentation was significantly lower in 2006–2010 (56.2 ± 1.6 years) compared with 2001–2005 (61.6 ± 1.9 years, P = 0.03). There was a reduction in the proportion of patients with peptic‐related stricture (from 75% [1996–2000] to 41% [2006–2010] [P < 0.001]) and an increase in the prevalence of EoE (from 0% [1996–2000] to 35% [2006–2010], P < 0.001). The proportion of patients who had esophageal biopsies taken at the index endoscopy also increased (8% [1996–2000] vs 28% [2001–2005] and 61% [2006–2010], P < 0.01). There were no significant changes in rate of malignancy or post‐surgical strictures. Endoscopic removal of food bolus was required in 86% of cases and, of these, 98% were successful with no complication or death.

Conclusions

The prevalence of FBI has increased over the last 15 years. This was associated with an increased prevalence of EoE and a reduction in age of presentation and peptic‐related strictures. These findings suggest that EoE is an important cause of FBI and that esophageal mucosal biopsy should be performed in all cases of FBI.
Steroid permeation into the artificial ulcer by combined steroid gel application and balloon dilatation: Prevention of esophageal stricture
Authors: Mori Hirohito , Rafiq Kazi , Kobara Hideki , Fujihara Shintaro , Nishiyama Noriko , Oryuu Makoto , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Masaki Tsutomu
Published: February 2013

Background and Aim

Local steroid injection therapy is effective for preventing esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) but is associated with the risk of puncture‐related complications, such as bleeding. We evaluated the effectiveness of the application of triamcinolone acetonide gel following permeation into a large artificial ESD ulcer by balloon dilatation compared with steroid injection.

Methods

Forty‐three patients who underwent ESD for early esophageal cancer approved by the institutional ethics committee and provided consent to participate in this prospective study were divided into two groups using a sealed‐envelope randomization method as follows: 23 patients who were treated with local steroid injection and balloon dilatation and 20 patients were treated with steroid application and balloon dilatation. The stricture rate, the number of endoscopic balloon dilatation, and the mean procedure time on postoperative days (PODs) 5, 8, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60 were analyzed.

Results

No significant difference was found in the stricture rate on PODs 5, 8, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60 between the two groups. The mean number of endoscopic balloon dilatation procedures performed for treating dysphagia that appeared on or after POD 30 was significantly different between groups (P = 0.011). The mean procedure time showed no significant difference. Procedure‐related bleeding during the first 30 days was observed more in the local steroid injection group than the gel application group (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Steroid gel application is an effective way for preventing esophageal stricture after ESD and is more effective compared with local injection in terms of prevention of stricture.
Geometric morphometric analysis of craniofacial variation, ontogeny and modularity in a cross‐sectional sample of modern humans
Authors: Wellens H. L. L. , Kuijpers‐Jagtman A. M. , Halazonetis D. J.
Published: February 2013

This investigation aimed to quantify craniofacial variation in a sample of modern humans. In all, 187 consecutive orthodontic patients were collected, of which 79 were male (mean age 13.3, SD 3.7, range 7.5–40.8) and 99 were female (mean age 12.3, SD 1.9, range 8.7–19.1). The male and female subgroups were tested for differences in mean shapes and ontogenetic trajectories, and shape variability was characterized using principal component analysis. The hypothesis of modularity was tested for six different modularity scenarios. The results showed that there were subtle but significant differences in the male and female Procrustes mean shapes. Males were significantly larger. Mild sexual ontogenetic allometric divergence was noted. Principal component analysis indicated that, of the four retained biologically interpretable components, the two most important sources of variability were (i) vertical shape variation (i.e. dolichofacial vs. brachyfacial growth patterns) and (ii) sagittal relationships (maxillary prognatism vs. mandibular retrognathism, and vice versa). The mandible and maxilla were found to constitute one module, independent of the skull base. Additionally, we were able to confirm the presence of an anterior and posterior craniofacial columnar module, separated by the pterygomaxillary plane, as proposed by Enlow. These modules can be further subdivided into four sub‐modules, involving the posterior skull base, the ethmomaxillary complex, a pharyngeal module, and the anterior part of the jaws.
Prospects and limits of the flow cytometric seed screen – insights from Potentilla sensu lato (Potentilleae, Rosaceae)
Authors: Dobeš Christoph , Lückl Andrea , Hülber Karl , Paule Juraj
Published: February 2013

The flow cytometric seed screen allows for identification of reproductive modes of seed formation and inference of the ploidy of contributing gametes. However, the lack of a mathematical formalization to infer male/female genomic contributions, and the prerequisite of a binucleate female contribution to the endosperm limits its applicability.

We evaluated this assumption combining a DNA‐based progeny survey with a comparison of the cytology of reproductive pathways co‐occurring within single individuals representing 14 Potentilleae species from six phylogenetic lineages.

A numerical framework valid for sexual and pseudogamous taxa was developed, enabling quantification of female and male genomes contributing to embryo and endosperm independent of gametophyte origins, numbers of sperm involved and ploidy of parents. The inference strongly depended on accurate peak index estimation. The endosperm of Potentilleae species received a binucleate female contribution in five evolutionary lineages whereas endosperm formation remained uncertain in the Tormentillae. A modified flow cytometric seed screen protocol was developed to cope with low endosperm contents.

Evolutionary conservation of a binucleate female contribution to the endosperm suggested wide applicability of flow cytometric seed screen – at least in the Potentilleae. However, alternative progeny surveys and precise embryo/endosperm ploidy estimates are required for a comprehensive understanding of the cytology of seed formation.
Vascular pseudoinvasion in a solitary Peutz‐Jeghers polyp in the ileum
Authors: Okada Haruka , Itagaki Shingo , Enatsu Kazuaki , Kiriu Takahiro , Ishizawa Mitsugu
Published: February 2013

A Peutz‐Jeghers polyp (PJP) is a hamartomatous lesion characterized by arborescent smooth muscle bundles covered with mucosa native to the site of involvement. PJPs in the small intestine may represent misplacement of non‐neoplastic epithelium into the submucosa, muscularis propria and subserosa. Although epithelial misplacement in PJPs is a well‐documented phenomenon, pseudoinvasion even into the vascular space in PJPs has not previously been reported. We report a case of a 22‐year‐old Japanese woman with a solitary PJP in the ileum. The ileal PJP in this patient showed epithelial herniation even into the vascular space. All the herniated epithelium, including the epithelial components invaginated into the vascular space, demonstrated features of pseudoinvasion, that is, presence of normal small intestinal type mucosa accompanied by the lamina propria, absence of any stromal desmoplastic reaction, and retention of the basal‐luminal gradient. Pathologists must be aware of the possibility of vascular pseudoinvasion in small intestinal PJPs to avoid overdiagnosis of carcinoma and resulting unnecessary major surgery.