bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and Analysis of Supply Chain and Supplier Risks Using Frog-Leaping and Genetic Algorithms (A Case Study in the Automotive Industry)
Authors: Khosravian Mohsen , Pourzarandi Mohammad Ebrahim , Haghighat Monfared Jalal
Published: April 2024

Objective: The increasing complexity of the production process, the use of machines with advanced and modern capabilities, and the growing demand for products compel industry owners to maximize their capabilities at minimal costs towards production, reduce the risk of product manufacturing, and also improve the quality of their manufactured products to access broader markets. One of the most important factors in achieving this goal is the assessment of risk in product manufacturing. Given the financial difficulties in the automotive industry, supply chain management is of high importance because employing high-risk suppliers increases the possibility of rework and is economically detrimental to the automotive industry. Methodology: To examine the risks in the automotive supply chain, mathematical modeling was used, and the model was executed with two metaheuristic algorithms. Findings: Comparing the results, it is evident that the research model was analyzed with both exact solution methods and a metaheuristic approach, where in the metaheuristic method, it was solved using genetic and frog-leaping algorithms. By comparing the research outcomes, it can be said that the exact solution method shows better and more optimal results. Conclusion: However, due to the NP-HARD nature of the problem, this method does not reach a solution in a logical time frame for larger dimensions of the problem. Therefore, the problem was solved with metaheuristic algorithms. Comparing the algorithms, it can be seen that the frog-leaping algorithm has provided more optimal results, but the solving time was less in the genetic algorithm compared to the frog-leaping algorithm.
Identification and Prioritization of New Financial Provision Methods to Enhance Speed and Transparency in Financial Reporting Using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) Technique
Authors: Hamzavi Mohamad Amin , Hematfar Mahmoud , Basirat Mehdi , Mahmoudi Ali
Published: April 2024

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize new financial provision methods to increase the speed and transparency of financial reporting in private banks in Iran. Method: The current research method is quantitative and survey-based. The study comprises two populations. The first population consists of 95 banking and economic managers, and the second population includes 30 academic professors with master's and doctoral degrees in accounting, financial management, and information technology. Due to the small size of the first population, census sampling was employed, and for the second population, judgmental sampling with 25 participants was used. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and a pairwise comparison questionnaire. Findings: The findings of the study revealed that all considered variables, including payment technology, financial management technology, money transfer/remittance technology, international money transfer technology, insurtech technology, lending and crowdfunding technology, and capital market technology, are effective in enhancing the speed and transparency of financial reporting. Moreover, the findings indicated that money transfer technology, insurtech technology, international money transfer technology, capital market technology, financial management technology, lending and crowdfunding technology, and payment technology, in order of importance, have the highest significance in increasing the speed and transparency of financial reporting. Conclusion: Financial system planners can focus on prioritizing new methods of financial provision to enhance the speed and transparency of financial reporting.
Kano Based Investigation on Preference of Young People in Selecting Campus Buses’ Additional Features
Authors: Yahya Teguh Panuju Achmad , Jonathan Sagala Surya , Tabayan M Awi , Jeffriko Andreas , Al Habib M Yusuf
Published: April 2024

In order to optimize the public transportation system within a campus and reduce the use of private motor vehicles, buses on a campus in Lampung, Indonesia, need to improve their services by adding attractive features, especially for students. However, the addition of these features needs to be tailored to student preferences to be effective in meeting their needs as bus passengers. This study employs the Kano method to investigate students' tendencies towards eight features to be added to campus buses. From the survey and interview process conducted, it was found that only two features were considered attractive by participants, while the rest were categorized as indifferent. Ranking these features into a priority list will aid in the bus service improvement process by identifying which features are most important to add and which ones are unnecessary.
Upgrading the Performance Features of the CBSS Indigenous Weather Station
Authors: N. E. Ezechi , N. Aliyu , L. O. Daniyan , D. O. Nwagbara , S. O. Ozoko , B. I. Okere
Published: April 2024

This work presents an upgrade on the legacy version of the Centre for Basic Space Science (CBSS) indigenous Weather Station. The station is a microcontroller-based system that employed the use of sensor modules to acquire atmospheric, environmental and soil parameters values for scientific purpose. These data variables, station’s coordinate and owner’s informations are logged into an on-board Random Access Memory (RAM) in a Comma-Separated Value (CSV) format. The information is transmittable via radio telemetry setup to a handheld user-interactive communication console sub-system. In the event of components’ failure, the system offers precise identification of these failed components for ease of troubleshooting and maintenance.
Enhanced recovery through fast-track pathway for patients undergoing emergency appendectomy: a quality improvement study
Authors: Cidoncha Secilla Ariadna
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is a highly prevalent condition, with an incidence ranging from 5.7 to 57 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The average hospitalization duration for patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy is 2.08 days and 2.88 days for open appendectomy cases. The implementation of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols for early patient recovery reduces hospital stay without an increase in complications or readmissions. The main objective of the study is to analyze the postoperative hospital stay in patients undergoing urgent appendectomy (open or laparoscopic) who follow the clinical pathway included in the ERAS bundle.

Materials and methods: Prospective observational study conducted at the Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, in Sabadell (Barcelona). The results of the patients included in the study were compared with the historical cohort of the hospital with inclusion criteria identical to the study.

Results: Between May 2021 and February 2022, 50 patients (24 men and 26 women) were included. Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed in 47 patients and open appendectomy in 3 cases. The mean postoperative stay in the group that followed the clinical pathway was 23 hours, compared to 38 hours in the historical control group, with this difference being statistically significant (p 0.03), without observing an increase in morbidity.

Conclusion: The use of clinical pathways in patients undergoing urgent surgery for acute appendicitis reduces the average hospital stay without increasing the risk of complications or readmissions.
State of the Art Review: Evidence based management of acute appendicitis
Authors: Kamarajah Sivesh , El Boghdady Michael , Anyomih Theophilus , Wohlgemut Jared , Bhangu Aneel
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Even though acute appendicitis is the world’s most common emergency general surgical operation, it remains under-researcher with wide variations in care. The aim of this review was to present current evidence on the management of acute appendicitis, focusing on risk assessment, diagnostic modalities, treatment strategies, and special considerations for specific patient populations.

 

Methods: The writing group conducted a modified Delphi to prioritise topic areas for inclusion in this review. Consensus was achieved when each topic had >70% for either important or strongly important. Scoping reviews of current and grey literature were conducted to identify relevant evidence, focussing on new publications in the last 5 years (2019-2024).

 

Results: Validated risk scoring systems, such as the Adult Appendicitis Score and the AIRS score, aid in identifying low-risk patients suitable for ambulatory management, while imaging modalities, including CT scans and ultrasound, play a pivotal role in confirming diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions. The review highlights the efficacy of surgical intervention versus antibiotic therapy, emphasising the importance of shared decision-making and individualised treatment plans. Tailored care strategies are needed for elderly patients, pregnant women, and those with appendiceal neoplasms whilst strategies for optimising antibiotic stewardship, minimising negative appendectomy rates, and enhancing postoperative care will provide the best evidence-based care.

 

Discussion: This review provides evidence-based practices can be integrated into routine clinical care and ongoing education for frontline clinicians. The practice recommendations are designed to be evidence based and can be tailored depending on local resources. These should form the basis of future educational packages and surgical training programmes.
Lean Startup and Learning Loops in Entrepreneurial Ventures: A Systematic Review
Authors: York John M. , Turner Neil , Hussels Stephanie
Published: April 2024

The lean startup embraces experimentation and validated learning as part of the entrepreneurial search effort. Scholars situate it within the Learning School of Strategy (Bortolini et al., 2018; Mintzberg, 1978) and report that it intersects with multiple organizational learning areas (York, 2022). Of interest is the relationship of lean startup, its iterating and pivoting actions, and continuous experimentation with learning loops (single-, double-, and triple-loop) in the entrepreneurial setting. This systematic review, with guidance from Tranfield et al. (2003), Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analyses (Moher et al., 2010), and the International Journal of Management Reviews, identified evidence around these relationships. This effort used preset criteria to screen citations from three portals (ABI/Inform, EBSCO, and SCOPUS) and Snowball collection per Wohin (2014). This effort identified 41 publications (19 systematic, 22 snowball). This review finds direct and suggestive evidence concerning the interrelationships of lean startup, its actions, and processes with the learning loops. Also, it posits a model involving lean startup and the three learning loops and offers questions for further exploration.
Leadership, Strategy and Organizational Change
Authors: Banutu-Gomez Michael Ba , Banutu-Gomez Ramatoulie Whan
Published: April 2024

This study examined the role of leadership in organizational change. The researcher stated that the role leader’s play in the strategy process would have a significant impact on the overall success of any type of organizational change. The researcher found that leaders play a huge role when dealing with any type of organizational change implementation. A leader must take into consideration and utilize effective communication with the organization throughout this process. Further, this research revealed a four step that would make change successful in an organization. It is vital for a leader to utilize good leadership style, and empathy for employees throughout a change and maintain positive culture. This research has revealed that leader plays a key role in organizational change and must take all of that into consideration for an effective transition and successful change to come to reality in an organization.
Innovation Capability and Sustainable Performance Through Knowledge Management in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
Authors: Pham Anh Tuan , Pham Quoc Trung
Published: April 2024

Knowledge management (KM) across organizations is based on the realization that integrating knowledge or more broadly intellectual capital (IC) both inside and outside the enterprise helps enhance the innovation capability (INC) and sustainable performance (SUP) of enterprises. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of internal intellectual capital (IIC), external intellectual capital (EIC), and social capital (SOC) on INC and SUP through KM in SMEs. The survey questionnaire was sent to managers working in Vietnamese SMEs. SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis. The results indicate that IIC, EIC, and SOC have positive impacts on the INC and SUP of SMEs through KM activities. These findings hope to be useful for scholars and especially SME owners to understand more thoroughly the relationships between IC, SOC, and KM, as well as the influence of these relationships on INC and SUP, while providing new insight and useful suggestions for owners of SMEs in acquiring and exploiting knowledge from outside to fill knowledge gaps within the enterprise.
Development Of Hardware and Software For A NonInvasive Glucometer Based On A Microcontroller
Authors: Docent. Khaydarov A.Kh  , Docent Eltazarov B.T  , Sen. Lec.Kimizbayeva A.E
Published: April 2024

In modern medical practice, there is a tendency to widely use non-invasive methods of monitoring and diagnosing patients. Diabetes is known to be the main cause of many types of severe diseases and if the patient is not properly taken care of in a timely manner, it eventually leads to death. This disease occurs when blood glucose levels exceed a threshold value. Therefore, regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is a prerequisite for caring for patients with diabetes. Current methods for testing blood glucose levels are invasive methods that rely on needles that are inserted into a person's body to take a blood sample from the body, which is then transferred to disposable test strips for a chemical treatment to determine the amount of glucose present. However, attempts to relieve patient pain and discomfort have led to the development of non-invasive methods for controlling sugar levels. These methods use a near-infrared sensor to detect glucose levels from your fingertip without the use of needles or test strips. A near-infrared (NIR) optical signal is transmitted through one side of the fingertip and then received at the other side, which predicts the molecular count of blood glucose by analyzing the change in intensity of the received signal after its passage. In this work, we developed such a system using a microcontroller and other electronic parts. Before this, we developed a simulation model in the Proteus environment
Pensar y Reír con los Griegos y sin Ellos
Authors: Manzano Arzate Josué , Zaragoza Oscar Juárez
Published: April 2024

Reflexiones sobre la risa. El libro contiene con una adaptación del Philógelos "El amante de la risa" la colección de chistes que nos ha llegado de la antigüedad.
Space, time and concentration in online teaching and learning
Authors: Premazzi Viviana , Queiroz Eliana Zuliani
Published: April 2024

The contemporary society framework is characterized by rapid changes and a continuous development. These conditions were accelerated by the diffusion of COVID-19. In these challenging times, the cultural digitalization increased at more sustained rhythms, and the role of online education has to be reconsidered. On one side, it was fundamental for schools and universities to continue to provide the regular teaching and training services. On the other, more people started to dedicate more time to their personal and professional development. To keep up with the times, it has therefore been essential to adapt and to integrate the traditional educational methods with all the technological opportunities offered by the digital world. Using two case studies, the paper investigates how this integration can be done efficiently. Space, time and attention/concentration are the three main dimensions that will be explored. The paper will also provide some best practices and recommendations on how to implement successful online training, teaching and learning strategies, tools and methodologies.
PEMUNGUTAN PAJAK RESTORAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH KABUPATEN PANGKAJENE DAN KEPULAUAN
Authors: Nur Fadhli Ahmad
Published: April 2024

ABSTRAK

Ada satu bentuk pajak yang dikenal sebagai pajak restoran, dan potensinya berkembang seiring dengan semakin besarnya perhatian terhadap komponen pendukung sektor jasa, pembangunan, dan pariwisata dalam proses peningkatan pembangunan daerah. Dalam menjalankan fungsi pemungutan pajak, Pemerintah Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan berusaha melaksanakan pengembangan potensi dengan tujuan mencapai target yang lebih baik dan merealisasikan lebih banyak potensinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh kontribusi pajak restoran terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan.

Penelitian ini akan difokuskan pada Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan sebagai subjek penelitian. Metode analisis kuantitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pajak restoran memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pendapatan asli daerah Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan, namun potensi pengaruh tersebut belum sepenuhnya terealisasi karena belum semua restoran dilengkapi dengan peralatan MPOS.

ABSTRACT

There is a form of tax known as the restaurant tax, and its potential is developing as more attention is paid to the supporting components of the service, development, and tourist sectors in the process of increasing regional development. In the course of carrying out its function of tax collection, the Pangkajene and Islands Regency Government tries to implement potential development with the goal of reaching better targets and realizing more of its potential. The goal of this research is to ascertain the impact that the contribution of restaurants' taxes has had on the Regional Original Revenue of the Pangkajene and Islands Regency.

This investigation will focus on the Regional Financial Management Agency of the Pangkajene and Islands Regency as its subject matter. Methods of quantitative analysis are utilized in this research. According to the findings of this study, the restaurant tax has a significant impact on the local revenue of the Pangkajene and Islands Regency; nevertheless, the potential of this influence has not been fully realized because not all restaurants have been provided with MPOS equipment.
Analisis Sistem Penggajian Karyawan pada Perusahaan Waralaba
Authors: Zahrani Rahman AInun , Fajriani Miftha , Nurafni Oktaviyah
Published: April 2024

Salaries and wages are compensation costs that are routinely incurred in managing the company and are very important, because they are related to employee motivation. This research is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach with case studies. In this study using primary and secondary data sources. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. In this study using primary and secondary data sources. Data collection methods used by researchers are observation, interview and documentation techniques from Indomaret Mapala Branch. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion that have been put forward and linked to the research objectives, the payroll system contained in Indomaret Mapala is divided into several procedures. The procedures that make up the payroll system are recording time and attendance, paying salaries, deductions, bonuses, and overtime.
Aktualisasi Islamic Corporate Governance pada Audit Kepatuhan Syariah dalam Mencegah Fraudulent Financial Reporting (Studi pada Bank Syariah Indonesia KC Makassar)
Authors: Ali Nur Amalia , Abdullah Muhammad Wahyuddin , Jannah Raodahtul
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan Islamic Corporate Governance dapat menunjang Audit Kepatuhan Syariah dalam mencegah fraudulent financial reporting pada Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) KC Makassar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan tata kelola yang islami telah dicanangkan oleh BSI yang dapat dilihat pada nilai-nilai perusahaan yang diterapkan yaitu AKHLAK (Amanah, Kompeten, Harmonis, Loyal, Adaptif, dan Kolaboratif). Audit Kepatuhan Syariah dilaksanakan untuk menjamin ketaatan bank syariah terhadap prinsip-prinsip syariah yang dianut. Ketidakpatuhan terhadap syariah akan berpengaruh terhadap laporan keuangan karena jika aturan yang dipakai berbeda akan menghasilkan nilai yang berbeda pada laporan keuangan. Dengan melakukan pemeriksaan dan pengawasan atas kepatuhan terhadap syariah akan mencegah terjadinya kecurangan.
Automated Pneumonia Detection in Chest X-Ray Images Using Deep Learning Model
Authors: Li Shaojie , Mo Yuhong , Li Zhenglin
Published: April 2024

In the medical field, especially for the rapid diagnosis of pneumonia, enhancements in accuracy and efficiency are crucial for patient treatment and recovery. Traditional analysis of chest X-ray images relies on the professional judgment of radiologists, which can be time-consuming and may vary with the doctor’s level of experience. With the rapid development of deep learning technology, particularly the widespread application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in image processing, we now have the opportunity to use these advanced technologies to automate the process of diagnosing pneumonia. This study has constructed a deep learning model using the TensorFlow and Keras frameworks, aiming to automatically detect pneumonia from chest X-ray images. The construction process of the model involved complex data preprocessing, model design, and parameter tuning. Our model utilizes multiple layers of convolutional networks to capture image features and employs fully connected layers for classification. After rigorous training and validation, our model achieved an accuracy of 97% on the test set. This result demonstrates the effectiveness of the model in identifying pneumonia. Such improved performance offers a powerful tool for physicians, promising to significantly increase the speed and consistency of pneumonia diagnosis, ultimately enhancing patient treatment outcomes.
Acerca de la importancia de la educación moral: Un examen de algunos argumentos a favor y en contra de la educación moral formal
Authors: Lezama Quijada José
Published: April 2024

En este artículo, su autor examina algunos argumentos a favor y en contra de la educación moral formal. En relación con los argumentos a favor de la educación moral formal, dicho examen se enfoca en dos argumentos: El ‘argumento sociológico’ –o argumento sobre los beneficios sociales de la educación moral–, y el ‘argumento naturalista’. En cuanto a los argumentos en contra de la educación moral formal, el análisis se centra también en dos argumentos: el ‘argumento sobre el adoctrinamiento’, así como en el ‘argumento sobre las prioridades académicas’. Estos dos argumentos contra la educación moral formal serán finalmente contestados para concluir que la educación moral formal cuenta hoy con razones más poderosas para ser defendida y fomentada que para ser relegada o rechazada.
Sobre loros estocásticos. Una mirada a los modelos grandes de lenguaje
Authors: La Fontaine Gustavo
Published: April 2024

Este artículo examina críticamente la naturaleza y las capacidades de los sistemas de inteligencia artificial (IA) avanzados, con un enfoque particular en los modelos de lenguaje de gran escala como GPT-4. Utilizando la metáfora del "loro estocástico" propuesta por Bender et al. (2021), se analiza la habilidad de estos sistemas para generar respuestas basadas en estadísticas y probabilidad, destacando tanto su impresionante progreso como sus limitaciones inherentes. A pesar de la capacidad de estos modelos para producir texto que parece coherente y contextualmente apropiado, se argumenta que carecen de una verdadera comprensión semántica y consciencia, caracterizándolos más como imitadores sofisticados que como entidades conscientes.
La renovación de los valores en el capitalismo contemporáneo: ¿un nuevo giro hacia el individualismo?
Authors: Muñoz Miralles Albert
Published: April 2024

La expansión del capitalismo está ligada a la relevancia social alcanzada por un conjunto de valores y pautas conducta, expresión de una mentalidad característica, que fue modificándose según evolucionaba el sistema económico e institucional. Así, aunque quepa atribuir su impulso inicial a una acción emprendedora, su consolidación fue posible gracias a la difusión de una ética del trabajo orientada al largo plazo, así como a la capacidad para extender sus beneficios a capas más amplias de la población. Sin embargo, la implantación reciente de un esquema institucional flexible supone un nuevo giro en la evolución capitalista, alentando un ideal humano basado en el emprendimiento que resulta social y éticamente controvertido, erosionando los valores asociados al trabajo.
Selection of a Trial Column Section
Authors: Burgett Lewis B.
Published: April 2024

A member subjected to both axial and bending loads must comply with the AISC interaction equations (1.6-1a), (1.6-1b), and (1.6-2). The normal procedure for designing a column so loaded is to select a trial section and check it for compliance with one or more of the interaction equations. Since the checking is an arduous task, it is desirable that the number of checks of trial sections be held to a minimum. The process can be extremely discouraging when designing a structural system where preliminary beams and columns must be sequentially selected and tried several times, as in a rigid framed tiered structure. A method is presented which allows a column section to be selected quickly and in a direct manner. The selection will always be a practical one (approaches closely the value of 1.0 in the interaction equations) and usually is the most economical. It may be used for preliminary design without further checking by the column equations. The members of the final structural system, however, should be formally checked by the interaction equations for the record computations.
A Prestressed Composite Girder for Short Span Bridges
Authors: Anand Subhash C.
Published: April 2024

During the last two decades, a great deal of research has been done on various types of girders for bridges—namely, prestressed steel girders, composite steel girders, prestressed concrete composite girders, and prestressed steel composite girders. The prestressing of a steel girder (plate or lattice girder) can be achieved by using prestressed high strength steel cables anchored at the bottom flange of the girder. Composite construction has successfully been substituted for noncomposite construction in bridges and buildings since the 1950s. Prestressed composite design is similar to conventional composite design except that the composite girders are prestressed by means of high strength cables after the concrete has reached its required strength. The analysis of composite steel girders prestressed by using high strength cables before the concrete slab is cast has been discussed by Hoadley9 and by Reagan and Krahl. These studies show that the use of high strength cables for prestressing is not as effective as the addition of a cover plate in conventional composite design for working stress. However, prestressed composite beams of this type have been used both for bridge and for building construction.
Inelastic K-factor for Column Design
Authors: Disque Robert O.
Published: April 2024

The inelastic K-factor for column design, suggested by Yura (Engineering Journal, April, 1971) has deservedly been well received by practicing structural engineers. Certain questions regarding its application have been asked (Engineering Journal, January, 1972). Yuras response was published (Engineering Journal, January, 1972 and October, 1972). The purpose of this paper is to discuss further some of the questions which have been posed and also to show how the Yura Method may be applied without the iteration required in the original paper. Special tables are included to further simplify design.
Discussion: A Unified Approach to the Elastic Lateral Buckling of Beams
Authors: Piepenburg Dwayne D. , Chinn James
Published: April 2024

Discussion
Errata: Optimum Belt Truss Locations for High-Rise Structures
Authors: Taranath B.S.
Published: April 2024

Errata
Discussion: Yield Line Analysis of Column Webs with Welded Beam Connections
Authors: Kapp Richard H.
Published: April 2024

Discussion
Cable Connections in Stayed Girder Bridges
Authors: Podolny Jr.
Published: April 2024

The historical development of cable-stayed bridges and geometric configurations have been presented previously. This presentation will only discuss the details of the connection of the cables to the girder and to the tower. The design and structural details of individual components of cable-stayed bridges are similar to those of both girder and suspension bridges. General considerations applicable to all geometric types of cable-stayed bridges will be presented first. Saddles and terminal fittings for cables will then be presented in general terms. Specific cable anchorage details will then be presented on a case-study basis of selected existing structures. This paper may, therefore, be considered as a state-of-the-art of cable connections in stayed girder bridges.
Partial Tube Concept for Mid-Rise Structures
Authors: Colaco Joseph P.
Published: April 2024

The traditional structural systems for mid-rise structures (20 to 40 stories) generally consist of either a "frame" system or a frame combined with interior vertical trusses in the core of the building. Both approaches usually involve extensive field welding of beam-to-column connections to develop frame action. The advantages of tubular behavior over frame behavior are well known. The use of complete tubular systems has been confined to extremely tall structures such as the Sears Tower, World Trade Center, and the John Hancock Building in Chicago. The "partial tube" concept takes advantage of tubular behavior by developing the entire wind resisting system on the exterior face of the building. For a mid-rise structure, all the exterior columns are not required to develop the resistance to wind forces. Consequently, a logical structural system is a partial tube system which engages only the required number of exterior columns to develop wind resistance. The writer has developed the partial tube concept on two major structures. Figure 1 shows the 35-story 101 Marietta Building in Atlanta. The building is trapezoidal in floor plan. Figure 2 shows the 32-story Town Center Tower in Southfield, Michigan. This tower is rectangular in floor plan. The structural concepts are similar for the two towers; the Town Center Tower will be described, as it has a simpler geometrical shape.
Structural System; Standard Oil of Indiana Building (T.R. Higgins Award)
Authors: Picardi E. Alfred
Published: April 2024

This paper, which documents the structural design of the Standard Oil of Indiana Building in Chicago, Ill., is presented for several reasons. First, the building is one of the worlds tallest—for a while, the second or third highest. Second, and perhaps of most importance, the structural concept is unique. It incorporates innovations in both design concepts and details that have resulted in economy in the total building cost by reducing tonnage of steel used in the structural frame, by simplifying fabrication techniques, and by speeding the erection process. Furthermore, the structural concept provides for incorporation of the supply ducts and piping for the mechanical system within the same volume as the structure, furthering economy of the building. This paper and its companion papers are presented to document the main structural considerations involved in the design of one of the major office buildings of the world. The designers believe they have conceived and developed a unique structural system that is not only economic in terms of steel tonnage used, but also economic in terms of fabrication and erection procedures. The concept as described is light in steel tonnage in comparison to buildings of comparable height, and it introduces innovations in fabrication and erection techniques that may be less costly than other concepts currently being used.
Errata: Seismic Drift Control Criteria
Authors: Teal Edward J.
Published: April 2024

Errata
Errata: Rapid Selection of Column Base Plates
Authors: Bird William R.
Published: April 2024

Errata
Errata: Stiffness Design of Unbraced Steel Frames
Authors: Cheong-Siat-Moy F.
Published: April 2024

Errata
Discussion: Rapid Selection of Column Base Plates
Authors: Douty R.T.
Published: April 2024

Discussion
A Rational Approach to Fire Engineering Design of Steel Buildings
Authors: Thor Jorgen , Pettersson Ove , Magnusson Sven Erik
Published: April 2024

At present there is a clear trend in many countries toward developing building regulations containing more functionally based requirements and performance criteria. However, concerning the fire engineering design of buildings, the regulations in most countries are still based upon strongly stereotyped requirements. For a load bearing structure the regulations normally require a certain time of fire resistance according to a standard fire test. It is, however, a well known fact that the conditions during a real fire can differ to a very great extent from these during a standard fire test. The fire resistance time is therefore of rather limited interest if we want to know the behavior and load bearing capacity of a structure during a real fire. Wanting to know this, we must use more differentiated or rational design methods, not based upon stereotyped standard rules, but on physical realities. In 1967 the National Board of Urban Planning, which is the central authority for planning and building in Sweden, took an essential step towards more functionally based regulations in the field of fire engineering design. The Boards standard specifications for that year for the first time clearly pointed out the possibility of carrying through a more differentiated fire engineering design as an alternative to the stereotyped design. A problem in this connection, however, has been the complicated calculations, the lack of data, and the lack of manuals to facilitate the practical design work.
Proposed Criteria for Load and Resistance Factor Design
Authors: Galambos Theodore V. , Ravindra M.K.
Published: April 2024

The previous paper by Pinkham and Hansell outlined the basis and the background for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) criteria for steel building structures. The present paper describes a document entitled Proposed Criteria for Load and Resistance Factor Design of Steel Building Structures. This document represents the end product of a research project conducted at the Civil Engineering Department of Washington University during the period 1969 through 1976. The project was sponsored by the Structural Steel and Steel Plate Producers Committees of the American Iron and Steel Institute, and it was guided by a Task Force chaired by Ivan M. Viest. The principal investigators were T. V. Galambos and M. K. Ravindra. The work involved the cooperation and help of many individuals and groups, and the proposed document, which is the subject of this paper, is the result of many iterations and trials. The design criteria have been tested in design office trials (see the paper by Wiesner, which follows in this issue).
Discussion: Mill Building Design Procedure
Authors: Gogate Anand B.
Published: April 2024

Discussion
A Method for the Plastic Design of Unbraced Multistory Frames
Authors: De Buen Oscar
Published: April 2024

In a building without vertical bracing or shear walls, the frames must be able to resist gravity loads and the combination of vertical and horizontal loads, plus second order effects due to vertical load-lateral displacement interaction. Besides, frame stiffness must be sufficient to keep lateral displacements under working loads below maximum allowable values. Two different load factors are used in plastic design— one for vertical loads only and a smaller one for the combination of vertical permanent and horizontal accidental loads. Design of two or three stories at the top of unbraced buildings is generally governed by gravity loads, because the beams and columns necessary to support vertical loads are also able to resist gravity plus horizontal loads under a reduced load factor. The importance of horizontal forces increases in lower stories, and their design is governed by the combination of both types of loads. Design of upper stories is usually made with no consideration of lateral displacements. A revision is carried out later in order to verify that the overall critical load is not smaller than the collapse mechanism load. If necessary, the structure is modified or the critical load is taken as the limit of structural usefulness.
Discussion: Seismic Drift Control and Building Periods
Authors: Berg Glen V.
Published: April 2024

Discussion
Box Girder Bridge Design; State of the Art
Authors: Heins Conrad P.
Published: April 2024

The information that will be presented herein will pertain to straight and curved steel composite box girder bridges of moderate span length (50-250 ft) that are utilized for highway interchanges. Although the general theories are applicable to larger structures, the design formulas that have been developed and will be given herein are only suitable for the conventional highway bridge.
Errata: Graphical Aid for Design of Base Plate Subjected to Moment
Authors: Maitra Nirmal
Published: April 2024

Errata
Errata: A Fresh Look at Bolted End- Plate Behavior and Design
Authors: Krishnamurthy N.
Published: April 2024

Errata
Anchor Bolt Design for Shear and Tension
Authors: Kharod Umesh J.
Published: April 2024

When column base plates are subject to both uplift and very large shear loads, two independent systems are normally used to resist tension in the anchor bolts and shear at the level of the base plate: (1) the length of embedment and the diameter of the anchor bolts are determined on the basis of uplift tension and (2) a shear key is welded to the column base plate to resist shear. If very large shear loads do not accompany the uplift, the anchor bolts can be designed to resist both shear and tension, without using a shear key, as in the following example.
Steel Supported Masonry Walls
Authors: Soltis Lawrence A. , Tuan Young-Bee
Published: April 2024

Structural steel beams and columns are often used to support masonry walls subjected to transverse and axial loads. Warehouse and gymnasium type buildings often have large floor-to-ceiling heights, such that allowable masonry wall heights are exceeded. Steel framing, tied to the masonry wall by shear connections, tie bars or other devices, works compositely with the wall to resist flexural and compressive loads. Standard design practice considers the steel framing as a plane grid or as simply supported framing providing lateral support to the wall. The lateral load on the contributory wall area is assumed to be transmitted directly to the steel framing. Composite action is often neglected. This study considers the steel framing stiffness requirements for composite action to stiffen non-bearing masonry walls subjected to transverse loading.
8th Edition Manual Errata
Authors: AISC Team
Published: April 2024

Errata
An Experimental Look at Bracket-Loaded Webs
Authors: Ainso Heino , Hoptay Joseph M.
Published: April 2024

Brackets attached rigidly to the web of a rolled member require a check of the bending stresses in the web in order to avoid overstressing or tearing of the web. Figure 1 describes a typical bracket attachment. No guidance for sizing the web is found in the AISC Specification, but Abolitz and Warner have presented a theoretical yield line analysis for bending under seated connections that estimates the capacity of the web. Their method of analysis yielded a very simple and elegant upper bound solution. This paper compares some experimental data with the theoretical solution proposed by Abolitz and Warner, in order to assess the applicability and safety of an upper bound solution. The results of the test program, although limited, verified the soundness of the collapse mechanism approach of plastic analysis as proposed by Abolitz and Warner, for the design of bracket-to-web column connections. However, since Abolitz and Warner did not perform any tests, their recommended design procedure is still conservative.
Nomograph for Design of Power Plant and Industrial Precipitator Shell
Authors: Maitra N.
Published: April 2024

The shell of power plant and industrial precipitators are often designed on the basis of large deflection theory. It gives a lighter precipitator. As a consequence, the supporting structure also becomes lighter. The resultant savings in weight of the precipitator and its support structure can be significant. The table given on p. 408 of Ref. 1 can be used to design the stiffened plate with large deflection. But some groundwork is needed before this table can be used. Furthermore, this table gives stress as a function of E and b/t, which again needs additional computation before its actual value can be obtained. If this stress exceeds the allowable limit, the entire process has to be repeated. The nomograph, Fig. 1, will help the designer bypass this computation work and save some design office time to obtain a safe stiffener spacing. This nomograph gives deflection and stress directly; therefore, very little time is lost if the designer wants to try another combination for the stiffener spacing.
A Graphical Method for Design of Cantilevered and Suspended Span Beams
Authors: Mehta Purushottam B.
Published: April 2024

Cantilevered and suspended span beams are widely used in industrial building roof construction, particularly in single story structures, where joist spacing and beam spans are equal. This type of construction can save a considerable amount of structural steel and reduce erection time. According to the National Building Code of Canada, beams should be designed for loading conditions which produce maximum stresses. For continuous beam framing alternate span loading produces maximum moments. To minimize work in determining maximum beam moments and length of cantilevers, the author has prepared charts which, for specific loading conditions, can give coefficients for moment and cantilever length.
Design Aids for Single-Plate Framing Connections
Authors: Young Ned W. , Disque Robert O.
Published: April 2024

Recently completed research at the University of Arizona has demonstrated that a properly designed single plate framing connection fabricated from A36 steel is safe and practical. To assist designers, detailers and estimators, the authors have developed tabular design aids which can significantly reduce the computation time required for the design of such connections.
Stability of Metal Structures--A World View (Part 4)
Authors: SSRC ECCS
Published: April 2024

Stability of Metal Structures
Design of W-Shapes for Combined Bending and Torsion
Authors: Johnston Bruce G.
Published: April 2024

Numerous sources of information are available for the calculation of stresses in W-shapes in combined bending and torsion. Of these, only Ref. 3 gives much attention to effects of structural details, torsional restraint of attached members, the difficulty of achieving end-warping restraint, or the importance of twist angle when a masonry wall is supported. In some of the foregoing design examples, the reduction or virtual elimination of the torsion problem through participation of contiguous structural members may seem so obvious as to be trivial.
End Plate Connections in Plastically Designed Structures
Authors: Onderdonk A.B. , Lathrop R.P. , Coel Joseph
Published: April 2024

A revolutionary improvement in design methods is resulting from the development of practical applications of the plastic strength theory of structural steel design. This could not be accomplished without the new design specifications reflecting the capabilities of these new theories, high tensile bolts and improved welding machines and techniques. Much has been said recently of the savings in tonnage per project in applying the plastic theory to the design of structures. However, theoretical economy, i.e., use of lighter sections, is not enough; the structural engineer must assure that the increased cost of intricate connections to develop the lighter members to their full potential does not offset any savings accrued solely by tonnage reduction. The new AISC Specification is the outcome of years of research and testing; its issuance has modified and liberalized structural design in steel. This new realistic approach to the true capacities of steel, properly designed, reflects appreciable savings in the cost of steel construction without lowering the safety requirements with which we are so familiar.
Fundamentals of Orthotropic Plate Design
Authors: Au Tung , Chang Jerry C. L.
Published: April 2024

The use of steel bridge deck supported by closely spaced stringers and floor beams can be traced back to the "battledeck floor" introduced by the American Institute of Steel Construction in the 1930s. However, economy in design has been realized only in recent years with steel deck constructed of a welded monolithic unit with longitudinal ribs and transverse floor beams. Such a monolithic construction is now commonly known as an orthotropic plate. Orthotropic plate construction has resulted in substantial reduction of dead weight for long span bridges built in Europe, and more recently has found applications in the design of medium and short span bridges in the United States. An outstanding example of long span orthotropic plate construction is the Save River Bridge in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, which has an 856 ft span. This new bridge, weighing 3800 tons, replaced a destroyed suspension bridge of 6800 tons. The saving in weight of steel is partially offset by the increased cost of fabrication, but the net saving is still impressive. At present, there are more than 40 orthotropic plate bridge decks in Germany, and several more in othercountries including Canada.
On the Lateral Support of Inelastic Columns
Authors: Pincus George
Published: April 2024

The failure buckling load of centrally loaded columns with a high slenderness ratio is given by the Euler elastic buckling formula. An idealized column model may be used to find the buckling load of a centrally loaded column. A linear spring may be added to such a model to represent the effect of lateral support on the column. It is shown that inelasticity at failure requires a greater amount of (or stiffer) lateral support to reach a given load than that based on elastic conditions at failure. This phenomenon must be recognized by designers who assume lateral support as fully effective when it meets an arbitrary criterion or rule of thumb.