bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L52054 Reliability Based Strain Design
Authors: Wang  , Chen  , Liu
Published: August 2023

The reliability-based procedure similar to that presented in this report is useful in risk-informed design and maintenance of pipelines.� It allows more effective use of new materials, construction practice, and maintenance procedures.� However, the reliability-based procedure presented in this report should be viewed as preliminary.� Further experimental validation is necessary if it were to be used in practice.
L51940 Application of Master Curve Approach to Critical Assessment of Pipeline Girth Welds
Authors: Mohr
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project is to develop a procedure for obtaining an accurate Master Curve from pipeline girth welds. This procedure will draw upon unique features of pipeline girth welds to develop an accurate Master Curve procedure for these welds. The Master Curve is a method of providing expected values of toughness versus temperature when a limited amount of information about the material is available. The Master Curve method also contains estimates of the variability of toughness at a given temperature, so that lower bound estimates of toughness are possible, even with limited data not obtained at that particular temperature. Corrections are also available for differences in material thickness.
L41039 Locating Coating Defects and Interpreting Cathodic Protection Effectiveness
Authors: Groeneveld
Published: August 2023

A number of commercially available survey methods were examined to determine the best techniques for locating coating defects and interpreting cathodic protection effectiveness. The survey evaluated numerous methods using AC, DC, and electromagnetic measurement principles. The evaluations were based upon vendor literature, previous technical publications, and practical experience.
NR198603 Notched Tensile Test Procedure for Evaluating the Ductility of Seam Welds in ERW Pipe
Authors: Williams
Published: August 2023

Although current manufacturing methods result in highly reliable welds in ERW pipe, occasional small bond line defects, difficult to detect with present nondestructive test techniques, still are found. The development of improved inspection techniques to permit the detection of such small defects is a difficult undertaking. An Alternative approach toward increasing the reliability of ERW pipe is to insure that the weld region is able to tolerate the presence of any undetected defects without failure, that is, to insure that the weld has adequate ductility.

Studies were conducted to determine why welds in some ERW pipes failed to show acceptable weld ductility as defined by the ratio of notched tensile strength (NTS) to unnotched tensile strength (TS), when all other observations indicated that the welds had good weld ductility.
L51822 A Limit States and Reliability-Based Girth Weld Assessment Framework for Long Pipeline Segments
Authors: Warke
Published: August 2023

This report describes the development of a graphical framework enabling probabilistic assessment of surface-breaking planar defects in pipeline girth welds, in terms of multivariate limit state functions incorporating weld strength mismatch effects. This is part of an ongoing effort by the Welding Research Supervisory Committee to align girth weld fitness-for-service assessment methods with recent advancements in limit states- and reliability-based design for pipelines. A previous three-year program (PR-185-9429) by the same investigators produced a database of partial safety factors (PSFs), calibrated against a broad range of reliability targets, for use with limit state functions based on existing stress intensity (crack driving force) and plastic collapse solutions. Several inherent limitations of these solutions, including their inability to account for strength mismatch in the behavior of weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) flaws, motivated the development of new relationships in the present work. The PSF-based approach to probabilistic assessment also had its limitations, namely that it did not provide all of the necessary tools to address multi-weld pipeline segments, and that it was somewhat cumbersome to apply in practice. A more direct method was therefore desired.
NR199308 Stress-Corrosion Cracking Service History Data
Authors: Eiber  , Leis
Published: August 2023

The object of this report is to present the result of the program that was conducted to obtain information and generate data on the properties of line pipe that have experienced multiple stress corrosion cracking (SCC) failure in service, for use in validating the SCC life prediction model under development in the Pipeline Research Committee (PRCI) Line Pipe Research program.

The program consisted of: 1) a survey of PRCI member companies to obtain information on lines that have experienced multiple SCC incidents and to which remedial measures have been applied2) selection of a single line for the determination of material properties to be used in validating the SCC life prediction model with service data3) examination of a service leak that occurred in the line selected4) a survey to determine the cost of hydrostatic retesting pipelines with SCC and the mileage of lines that are being retested each year5) developing material property tests.
L51974 Automated Detection of Encroachment Events Using Satellite Remote Sensing
Authors: Groeneveld  , Davis  , Williams
Published: August 2023

As an integral part of the ongoing effort to develop an operational capability of remote sensing based pipeline encroachment monitoring, this investigation focused on the development of automated target detection using synthetic aperture radar (RADARSAT) and optical (QUICKBIRD, EROS) satellite imagery. Specifically, the study aimed at meeting the following objectives:

To develop automated target detection algorithms for optical and radar imagery that replicate detection rates obtained through visual image interpretation;
To investigate the utility of newly available high-resolution optical satellite imagery for encroachment monitoring;
To reduce false alarms through the processing of multitemporal radar images; and
To identify and prioritize areas of future research and development required for the operational application of the technology.
L41013 Laboratory Test Method For Unsteady State Gas Flow In Consolidated Porous Media
Authors: Miller  , Walker
Published: August 2023

The problem of unsteady-state flow of gas in porous media is not new to research workers. They have, by analogy, arrived at approximate solutions to the classical unsteady-state gas flow equation. Some have used heat flow formulas to accomplish their purpose, others have used electronic models, and still others have used digital computers as tools to arrive at solutions of finite-difference equations.

This work was done in an attempt to find a simple solution to the problem of simultaneously changing terminal rate and terminal pressure under conditions of unsteady-state flow in porous media. The procedures and data presented in this report were the results of an attempt by the Bureau of Mines to obtain and apply basic data so as to formulate correction factors that would permit a simple solution to the problem of simultaneously changing terminal rate and terminal pressure under conditions of unsteady-state flow in porous media. Single solutions are available for conditions of constant terminal rate and for constant terminal pressure.
L30510 Earth Current Effects on Buried Pipelines
Authors: Gideon  , Hopper  , McClure
Published: August 2023

This report is the second phase of a research program to determine the effects of stray currents caused by direct current electrical transmission systems on buried pipe. The purpose of this phase of the program is to validate a computer program developed during Phase I for predicting stray current effects. Field tests conducted in Ohio and Vancouver showed that the mathematical model accurately predicted the effects of earth currents and the most critical locations along the pipeline system. Details of the field tests and the computer program predictions are given in the report.
L32076 Precipitation-Strength Weldable Low-Carbon Structural Steel for Line-Pipe Applications
Authors: Fletcher E. E. , Elsea A. R.
Published: August 2023

This report reviews the characteristics of precipitation-strengthened steels, and includes a brief discussion on the mechanisms of precipitation-strengthening. The properties of steels strengthened by the most common precipitation-hardening systems are also described. The data for this report came from technical literature, predominately from articles published after 1973. The main emphasis of this report is on yield strength because of its importance in the design of gas transmission pipelines.
L51609 A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe
Authors: Vieth  , Kiefner
Published: August 2023

From its inception, the B31G criterion was intended to embody a large factor of safety to protect pipelines from failure. Experience has shown that the amount of conservatism embodied in the criterion is excessive, resulting in the removal or repair of more pipe than is necessary to maintain adequate integrity. Therefore, it is desirable to have a modified criterion that will still preserve adequate pipeline integrity but will result in less removal of pipe. A modified criterion that meets this requirement is described in this report.

A new and improved criterion was desired because of the known excess conservatism in the original B31G method. Even though the use of the B31G criterion has undoubtedly helped pipeline operators to avoid many unnecessary cut outs, the excess conservatism continues to cause some unnecessary cut outs that could be avoided without compromising safety. Thus, this project was undertaken to-devise a modified criterion that, while still assuring adequate pipeline integrity, would eliminate as much as possible the excess conservatism embodied in the existing criterion.
L51628 A Transient Far-Field Model of the Acoustic Emission in Buried Pipelines
Authors: Stulen
Published: August 2023

This report describes the development of an analytical model to generate synthetic acoustic emission (AE) propagating in a buried gas transmission pipeline in response to a source. The sources are assumed to be transient forces acting at a point in the pipe wall. The solution of the model is the set of displacements at a given location relative to the point source. These displacements are the representations of the AE waveforms.
L52051 Further Investigation of AUT Defect Detection and Sizing
Authors: Morgan  , Lozev  , Spencer
Published: August 2023

The objective of the work was to improve the reliability of detection and the accuracy of defect size measurement for defects in mechanised girth welds when using automated ultrasonic testing (AUT) methods. By amalgamating data from two previous studies in a single database the intention was to quantify the reliability of detection and accuracy of sizing for the different types of weld defects encountered in practice. Through the improved understanding of the impact of defect vagaries on ultrasonic signal responses the work intended to point the way to more robust procedures.

The report concludes that unusual defect/signal types can often be identified, so that a wider error margin can be used for the more common defect types. Time of Flight Diffraction (ToFD) sizing is not so error-prone as amplitude-based methods and should be used wherever the signal allows. Where a Phased Array (PA) system is used, separate ToFD probes are advantageous. PA systems also allow the application of electronic sectorial scanning (s-scan), which can give good size estimates, using the same probes as for normal linear scanning.
L51688B A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe
Authors: Kiefner  , Vieth
Published: August 2023

The RSTRENG software program and users manual were developed to enhance the usability and options available in the original program RSTRENG. RSTRENG was developed as part of AGA PR-3-805, "A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe." RSTRENG can be used by pipeline operators to evaluate the remaining strength of corroded pipe. The required user inputs are pipe diameter, wall thickness, grade of the pipe material, and a series of pit depth and length measurements. The new version of the RSTRENG software actually produces the same results as the first version; the improvements serve to make the software more versatile and user-friendly. Includes soft-cover manual and CD. It also address some problems encountered in its use (principally through misunderstanding or misuse). There will be flags alerting the user that he is attempting to extend the RSTRENG equation beyond its validation points and that the results may be non-conservative in a given application. A new version of the software was released in August 1999. (Includes: L51688, RSTRENG 3.0 Users Manual and Software) (https://prci.quickbase.com/db/bc5ycaqrp?a=dr and r=hh3 and rl=bf8j)
L51647 Welding on Fluid Filled and Pressurized Pipelines-Transient 3D Analysis
Authors: Goldak J.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project was to determine if research in Computational Weld Mechanics had matured to the stage where it could simulate the process of welding on a pressurized pipeline and provide useful estimates of the risk of burn-through. To achieve that objective we have compared the results of our FEM analyzes of several welds with the experimental data reported in "http://www.prci.com/publications/L51763.htm" PR-185-9515, Repair of Pipelines by Direct Deposition of Weld Metal: Further Studies. The temperature and deformation predicted by our FEM analysis agrees quite well with the experimental data. The critical input data in addition to the internal pressure in the pipe, the geometry of the pipe, the size and shape of the weld pool including weld reinforcement, are the convection coefficient on the internal pipe surface and the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the pipe metal. Our FEM analysis shows that creep under the weld pool can thin the pipe wall and form a groove. In welds that show significant groove formation and thus high risk of burn through, this groove is significantly deeper than in welds that are at low risk of burn-through. When the pipe wall is thinned by the groove, the internal pipe wall temperature increases under the weld pool. Also the groove could reduce the convection on the internal pipe wall. This would further increase the temperature on the internal pipe wall under the weld pool and further accelerate actual burn-through. In our FEM analysis, we found no significant groove formation in those welds for which no significant groove formation was reported in the PR-185-9515 experiments. We found significant groove formation exactly in those welds that burned-through or were at high risk of burn-through. In those welds, the FEM analyses predicted a somewhat deeper groove than experiment. This suggests the FEM analyses erred on the safe side. In this sense, we conclude that we have succeeded in computing useful estimates of the risk of burn-through using Computational Weld Mechanics. It is notable that almost no use is made of adjustable or tuning parameters. To simulate the actual burn-through we conjecture that we would need to include inertial forces in the stress analysis.
L52202 Determine Inhibitory and-or Corrosive Properties of Condensate
Authors: Papavinasam
Published: August 2023

The main objective is to develop a model that will predict the corrosivity and inhibitory properties of condensates. This model will make it possible to develop improved risk management tools and to enhance pipeline safety.
L51630A In-Line Detection and Sizing of Stress Corrosion Cracks Using EMAT Ultrasonics - Phase II
Authors: Alders George
Published: August 2023

This report covers that part of a Phase II effort that was completed by Magnasonics, Inc. prior to its liquidation by an adverse court ruling.

The Phase I program investigated several configurations of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT5) to arrive at an optimum approach to the problem of detecting and sizing stress corrosion cracks (SCC) in operating pipelines. Phase II was designed to optimize the most promising configuration by applying it to as many pipe samples as possible. Three pipe samples that contained several colonies of 5CC were made available to Magnasonics and a computerized data collection apparatus was assembled to collect ultrasonic data on the cracked areas. In agreement with the Phase I findings, high order Lamb wave modes were found to reflect strongly from the stress corrosion cracks and thus provide a sensitive detection method.

In order to develop sizing capacitates, the crack depths in the colonies of SCC were measured with an eddy current technique and by a new surface acoustic wave method. Good qualitative correlation between the severity of cracking and the amplitude of the reflected ultrasonic energy was observed but real quantitative comparisons must wait on destructive measurement of the actual crack depths. Since only 30% of the funding has been used to date, it is hoped that additional measurements can be made on even more samples in the future.
L51734 Evaluation of Ultrasonic Inspection Techniques for the Root Region of Girth Welds
Authors: Ent Jan van der
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the performance of the existing system(s) / method(s) and the improvements contemplated. It was decided to build the project around a number and variety of representative test welds. These were inspected with Rotoscan 1990, also using improvements and radiography, and then destructively tested for correlation with the NDE results.
L51459 Flue Gas Treatment Methods - Volume 3 Automatic Controlled SCR
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the use of selective catalytic NOx reduction (5CR) in the early spring of 1980 using ammonia (NH3) and a surface active catalyst to reduce NO compounds to nitrogen and water. The ammonia selectively"eacts with oxygen associated with the N0 rather than the free oxygen in the exhaust gas. This feature makes the method especially attractive for those IC engines that are designed to run fuel-lean (lean-burn). This includes all two-cycle and most turbocharged four-cycle engines.
L51532 Effect of Sulphur on Cold Cracking Susceptibility
Authors: Lazor Robert
Published: August 2023

This project was undertaken to examine reports that low sulphur steels were more prone to hydrogen-induced cracking than steels with higher sulphur contents.

The susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking of the root pass and the baseplate was evaluated using the high restraint cracking test developed at the Welding Institute of Canada, using two different edge configurations. The steels used in this study, containing 0.0024 and 0.0109 percent sulphur, were laboratory heats provided by Nippon Steel Corporation. Their compositions were typical of Nb-V. X70 linepipe steels and were essentially of the same nominal composition.
PR-15-61-R01 Indoor-Outdoor NOx Levels at Selected Compressor Stations
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Indoor-outdoor oxides of nitrogen measurements were conducted at three compressor stations during a four-month period. NOx indoor levels were measured in eight compressor buildings and nine miscellaneous buildings frequented by plant personnel. NOx concentrations, observed inside the various compressor and miscellaneous buildings, were presented and compared using bar charts. Outdoor sampling was conducted on a grid network where upwind and downwind samples were obtained. Minimum, maximum, and average NQ concentrations were determined for all three stations for upwind and downwind locations. Downwind dilution ratios were determined using emission rates obtained in a companion baseline emissions survey under this same project. NO measurements were made by the chemiluminescence method. Sampling procedures and analytical instrumentation are described in detail.
PR-214-124506-R02 Toughness and Strength of Sub-Arc Double Jointed High Strength Pipe
Authors: Begg Darren
Published: August 2023

Current design of pipelines calls for overmatching weld metal tensile strength, forcing deformation to occur in the base material and not in the weld. If straining of the weld metal were to occur, higher levels of weld metal toughness would be required to prevent fracture initiation from pre-existing defects. There are three known issues related to the Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) double jointing of pipeline steels:

- Consistently achieving weld metal strength and toughness requirements.

- Heat affected zone (HAZ) softening of the base material.

- Lack of an accepted test protocol for the entire range of pipe grades.

The results herein will help improve the quality and efficiency of SAW welding in double jointing for all pipeline steels, and enhance industry's ability to complete double jointing and standardize its acceptance, and will improve construction efficiency, pipeline reliability and safety by addressing this important research gap in transmission pipeline welding.
PR-178-516-R01 Submarine Pipeline On-Bottom Stability Analysis
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

A comprehensive design aid addressing all aspects of submarine pipeline design, and specifically detailing the stability design procedures and process.
L0007 Flow Phenomena in Large-Diameter Natural Gas Transmission Lines
Authors: Ellington R. T. , Bukacek H. F. , Staats W. R.
Published: August 2023

Measured data and corresponding correlations to calculate pipeline pressure losses.
GRI-05-0050-R01 Evaluation of Non-Thermal Plasma Exhaust Treatment
Authors: Yalin Azer , Willson Bryan , Stanglmaier Rudy , Collins George , Eakle Scott
Published: August 2023

Previous research has led to two concepts that may enable high ( greater than ~90%) NOx reductions in combination with relatively low energy costs (
PR-244-12700-R01 Effects of Stress on Casing Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Measurements
Authors: Heseltine Jonathan , Tao Gang
Published: August 2023

Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) contracted C-FER Technologies (1999) Inc. ("C-FER") to conduct a laboratory testing program to determine the Effects of Stress on Casing Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Measurements. Tubing joints with localized defect features were subjected to increments in axial tension to maximum stress levels beyond yield. At various load steps, measurements were made using Baker Hughes' ("Baker") High Resolution Vertilog Tool (HTVRT) to assess the variation in the defect measurements with load. This report describes the work performed, results, and considerations for future initiatives.
PR-363-17602-R03 Gap Analysis in Liquid Volume Proving Methods
Authors: Robson Brendan
Published: August 2023

The overall aim of the project is to identify the best practices in measurement system design and proving procedures in order to reduce measurement uncertainty. This is in recognition that improvements made to the calibration of flow meters would have a direct correlation in reducing system measurement uncertainty, improving overall pipeline balancing, and, amongst other benefits, reducing the minimum detection thresholds of leak detection systems.

The project includes an extensive literature review of proving practices, standards, developments and case studies. This was balanced by an industrial survey which collected views, experiences and priorities. A gap analysis was then conducted on the literature and survey results to meet the project's recommendations on areas of improvement and derived priorities.

The proving of ultrasonic and Coriolis flow meters requires special attention. By analyzing the existing literature, the project considers such concerns and presents suggestions for these devices in particular.

This report has a related webinar.
PR-469-143708-R02 In-line Inspection and Assessment for Pipeline Girth Weld Defects
Authors: Ting Wang , Sutherland Jeff
Published: August 2023

During 2010 to 2012, the United States reported a total of eight girth weld failures and economic loss amounted to $4,382,000 [Summarized from data provided by PHMSA, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/data-stats/flagged-data-files]. PRCI has several projects (current and historic) that investigate various integrity concerns of vintage girth weld defects.

Globally, the integrity of girth welds of oil and gas pipelines has increased as a concern due to failures with high consequences. A primary integrity issue to pipelines that has been the motivation of this project, considers defects originating during field construction but over time may also be subject to external loads and stresses due to earth movement. Girth weld defects in newly built pipelines are also assumed to exist but would be much smaller in size, and more difficult to detect, which motivated the investigation into minimum defect detection levels of the inspection technologies.

The research objectives of this project were to characterize, and summarize, the applicability of ILI (In-line Inspection) technologies of MFL4 (Magnetic Flux Leakage), USCCD (UltraScan and trade; Circumferential Crack-Like Detection) and EMAT (Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer) for inspection of defects related to pipeline girth welds. Pull-through tests and infield site excavations of operational pipelines, have been collected and used here for detection, defect type classification and sizing quantification. From 2015 to 2016, a comparison of test results of MFL4 and USCCD and EMAT technology for girth weld defects is discussed.

Based on the same pull test facility and manufactured defects for MFL4 and USCCD ILI inspection, comparison of the results were carried out for these two operational technologies for their inspection performances. The report also outlines the activities carried out to investigate a feasibility of EMAT technology to detect circumferentially oriented cracks based on current technology.
PR-461-14602-R02 Sample Mixing and Centrifugal Forces on Density and Sediment-Water Results
Authors: Zhao Bei , Laszlo James , Kaminsky Heather
Published: August 2023

The crude oil being transported by pipeline varies widely in density, viscosity, sulfur content, and other fluid properties. In a custody transfer, both parties are concerned with the quantity and the quality of the crude oil since this determines the monetary value of the transaction. The objective of this project is to investigate various factors that can impact accurate determination of the density, sediment and water content of crude. The findings will be critical to improve current procedures, including proper sample mixing and handling, analytical methodologies, and operation parameters, so that reliable and accurate custody transfer can be provided to all involved parties internationally.

This project investigated the impact of mixing and analytical methodologies on crude density and S and W determination. Operating parameters tested included mixing time (3 or 5 minutes), mixing system (new or old) and sample size (3 or 7 liters). Density determination was conducted by a thermos-hydrometer test and a digital density meter and the results were compared. S and W content was quantified by the centrifuge method and Karl Fischer titration and the results were compared. For the centrifuge method, the impact of two centrifugal forces on S and W results was also studied.

There is a related webinar.
PR-185-163609-R01 Model Error Assessment for Pipeline Metal-loss Defects Phase II
Authors: Zhu Xian-Kui , McGaughy Tom , Leis Brian
Published: August 2023

This project included seven, full-scale burst tests conducted on a single grade and size of pipe to evaluate a metal-loss defect assessment model developed under EWI Project No. 54922CSP, "Assessment of Corrosion Model Error for Metal Loss Defects in Pipelines" (PRCI Project EC-2-6). The goal of the modeling and full-scale test efforts was to minimize error and reduce the conservatism of Level-1 corrosion assessment models, with the eventual benefit of potentially reducing unwarranted maintenance efforts without increasing operator risk. Seven tests were performed on a recent vintage of API 5L X70M (L485M) grade pipe having an outside diameter of 24 in. (610 mm) and nominal wall thickness of 0.50 in. (12.7 mm).

The seven test pipes contained machined flat-bottomed defects for which the Shape Factor is 1, to focus on the role of the planar defect size and its depth and avoid the complexities of river-bottom shaped defects that are beyond the current scope. Defect lengths ranged between 3 and le; L/(Dt)0.5 and le; 10, at bounding values of width taken at arc angles of 20 and 60 degrees, and depth at d/t of 30% and 80%. The simulated corrosion was centered in pups approximately 12 ft (~3.7 m) in length, which is sufficient to prevent any interaction between the end caps with the defects. The pipes were then end-capped and pressurized with water to failure. The actual failure pressures were evaluated relative to predictions based on the model developed in EC-2-7 coupled with the reference stress developed in PRCI Project EC-2-6.
PR-164-164504-R01 Suitability of Line Pipe Materials for Sour Service
Authors: Pargeter Richard
Published: August 2023

It is understood that this work relates to issues arising from a failure in a pipe carrying wet sour gas, in which cracking developed from a shallow hard feature, 1 to 3mm deep and about 50mm in diameter. The overall aim is to prevent such failures, and samples of material from this program, selected on the basis of the work reported here, have been subjected to sour testing under PRCI project SSC-2-14, and there is also a link to PRCI project NDE-4-11, which is exploring non-destructive techniques for the detection of local hard regions.

This report presents the techniques used in the assessment of steel samples, and summarizes the results. Full results for each pipe sample are presented in a series of appendices. Most samples were API 5L grade X65, or the equivalent DVN OS F101 grade 450, but there was also one API 5L grade X60 pipe. All were made by thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) The majority of samples were supplied in the form of pipe rings, but three were supplied as flat plate.

The core of the testing consisted of Vickers hardness measurements on metallographic sections, ranging from relatively widely spaced measurements at 10kg indenting load to detailed hardness maps at 0.1kg load. In addition bulk chemical analysis, tensile testing and Charpy testing were carried out on all samples. Near surface micro analysis and near surface carbon profile analyses were carried out on selected samples. Micrographs from all samples are presented, with detailed images related to hardness maps for selected samples.
PR-244-173605-R01 Improving Corrosion ILI Sizing Models for Long Complex Corrosion Anomalies
Authors: Koduru Smitha
Published: August 2023

The PRCI Corrosion Technical Committee was interested in improving ILI sizing analysis for long complex corrosion. A parallel PRCI research project, EC-4-5 Quantification of ILI Sizing Errors and Improving Correction Factors performed by C-FER, collected data and performed analysis to develop correction factors for ILI sizing errors based on high-resolution non-destructive laser scan data.

The goals of this project are to expand on the parallel PRCI project EC-4-5 by developing burst pressure correction factors for long complex corrosion. This goal is achieved by determining the types of corrosion morphologies that could be classified as long complex corrosion (e.g., deep pits in general corrosion, corrosion bridging where corrosion clusters are separated by smaller anomalies), and developing correction factors for the burst pressure estimate that account for the effects of various interaction rules.

This report has a related webinar (member login required).
PR-309-14209-R01 Field Demo of Integrated Expert Level Continuous Performance Monitoring
Authors: Bothwell Susan , Millott John , Chini Jeff
Published: August 2023

Prior PRCI funded projects identified the ability of a continuous engine performance monitor (CEPM) to fulfill the likelihood of industry acceptance as a Performance Monitoring alternative to a Continuous Emission Monitoring System CEMS in future monitoring requirements for typical pipeline engines. This current project investigated an integrated and expert level monitoring system on a pipeline engine equipped with a CEPM system and assessed the ability of this expert system to detect ignition and combustion related problems. The system demonstrated the ability to detect combustion faults down to the level of individual pre-combustion chamber. It also demonstrated the potential to distinguish between spark ignition faults and pre-combustion chamber fueling problems.
PR-589-163726-R01 Assessment of NDE Tools for Difficult to Inspect Pipe in Liquid Applications
Authors: Ruiz-Alvarez Alex
Published: August 2023

A critical aspect of any pipeline inspection is selecting the correct ILI tool and subsequent vendor, capable of identifying the potential integrity threats a pipeline may contain. Understanding the ILI tool's detection and sizing capabilities is critical for an accurate defect assessment and establishing the pipeline's future integrity and inspection regime. This project looks at testing those ILI tools in "Difficult to Inspect" areas in pipelines.
PR-000-18COMP-R05 Horizontal Directional Drilling Compendium
Authors: Marlow Thomas , (Archived) Laurie Perry , Greaney Carrie
Published: August 2023

The PRCI Technical Committees have carried many research projects related to the subject of horizontal directional drilling (HDD). This report; therefore, presents a summary of past PRCI-funded studies in the area of HDD. Since studies sponsored by other industry groups (e.g., INGAA, EPRG, APIA, CEPA, etc.) or by individual pipeline companies are not included, this report does not represent a review of the topic in the broader industry-wide sense. Instead, it is designed to provide a guide to past work so that current TC members can identify and locate project reports that might be of use in addressing their current day-to-day HDD issues.
PR-350-134500-M02 Girth Weld Thermal Analysis Tool
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

This girth weld thermal analysis tool (GWTAT) uses welding parameters, pass sequence, weld joint geometry and pipe dimensions to predict per-pass thermal histories in the weld metal and HAZ for single- and dual-torch pulsed-gas meal arc welds (GMAW-P) in pipeline girth welds. The predicted thermal history is represented in two ways: (1) complete heating and cooling cycles and (2) cooling times from 800 �C to 500 �C (T85), 800 �C to 400 �C (T84), and 800 �C to 300 �C (T83).

This tool is an integral part of the essential welding variables methodology (EWVM) that has been used to facilitate and accelerate welding procedure development by using welding thermal cycles in conjunction with material response to thermal cycles to predict the weld properties achievable under various welding conditions
PR-457-17201-R02 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured Engine Parameters
Authors: Bajwa Abdullah , Jacobs Timothy
Published: August 2023

Gas exchange processes in two-stroke internal combustion engines, commonly referred to as scavenging, are responsible for removing the exhaust gases in the combustion chamber and preparing the combustible fuel-oxidizer mixture that undergoes combustion and converts the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical work. Scavenging is a complicated phenomenon because of the simultaneous introduction of fresh gases into the engine cylinder through the intake ports, and the expulsion of combustion products from the previous cycles through the exhaust ports. A non-negligible fraction of the gaseous mixture that is trapped in the cylinder at the conclusion of scavenging is composed of residual gases from the previous cycle. This can cause significant changes to the combustion characteristics of the mixture by changing its composition and temperature, i.e. its thermodynamic state. Thus, it is vital to have accurate knowledge of the thermodynamic state of the post-scavenging mixture to be able to reliably predict and control engine performance, efficiency and emissions. Two tools for estimating the trapped mixture state - a simple scavenging model and empirical correlations - were developed in this study.

Unfortunately, it is not practical to directly measure the trapped residual fraction for engines operating in the field. To overcome this handicap, simple scavenging models or correlations, which estimate this fraction based on some economically measurable engine parameters, can be developed. This report summarizes the results of event-II of a multi-event project that aims to develop such mathematical formulations for stationary two-stroke natural gas engines using data from more advanced models and experimentation. In this event, results from a GT-Power based model for an Ajax E-565 single-cylinder engine are used to develop a three-event single zone scavenging model and empirical correlations. Both of these mathematical devices produce accurate estimates of the trapped mixture state. The estimates are compared to GT-Power results. In the next event of the project, these results will be validated using experimental data. Various steps followed in the development of the model have been discussed in this report, and at the end some results and recommendations for the next event of the project have been presented.
PR-631-174506-R01 Substandard Properties in Pipeline Fittings and Flanges
Authors: Fazeli Fateh
Published: August 2023

Some instances of substandard high yield (42-80 ksi) fittings and flanges have been reported over the past few years in Canada and the USA. In response, PRCI launched project MAT-7-1 to investigate some of the potential metallurgical causes of this issue. The main activities in this project included a survey of operators and manufacturers, a review of the scientific literature pertinent to the metallurgy of fittings and flanges, a critical review of the relevant MSS and CSA manufacturing standards, as well as a summary of proposed changes for MSS-SP-44 that have been recommended by API Sub Committee 21 (Materials work-ing group on pipeline flange and fitting quality).

The report provides information, which should be useful for operators and manufacturers on the metallurgy pertinent to the manufacturing of fittings and flanges. The information should also help to improved stand-ard practices, as well as the quality and reliability of pipeline fittings and flanges.

This document has a related webinar.
PR-350-154502-R02 Implications of Low Strain Hardening Steels on Design Construction and Maintenance
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

Much of the design, construction, and maintenance practices in the pipeline industry was established before the extensive use of modern control-rolled and microalloyed steels. These modern steels can behave differently from traditional hot-rolled and normalized steels. For instance, these modern steels tend to have a lower strain hardening capacity (higher Y/T ratio) than vintage hot-rolled and normalized steels. One of the observed trends is that modern steels could be qualified as higher grade due to the increase of yield strength (YS) while their ultimate tensile strength (UTS) remains at a level close to the vintage lower grade steels. This would allow the pipelines built with modern steels to be operated at higher pressure when the design factor and other pipe dimensional parameters are the same.

Two representative linepipes are chosen from actual test data to examine the impact of the changes in the stress-strain behavior. One linepipe is a vintage X52; and the other is a modern X70. The UTS of those two pipes is very close. The vintage X52 pipe has a lower YS with a Y/T ratio of 0.73 and the modern X70 pipe has a higher YS with a Y/T ratio of 0.91.

The burst pressure of both pipes was analyzed under the following conditions:

- Pipes with uniform strength and no anomaly,

- Pipes with strength variations and no anomaly,

- Pipes with uniform strength and corrosion anomalies, and

- Pipes with uniform strength and no anomaly, subjected to field cold bending.
PR-186-163608-R01 Resistance of TMCP Line Pipe Material to Sulfide SCC in Sour Service
Authors: Gui Feng , Thodla Ramgopal
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes the effort to evaluate the sour fracture toughness properties of two thermo-mechanically controlled processed (TMCP) pipes and a plate material in sour environments with different H2S partial pressures. The primary objective of the project was to measure the fracture toughness properties of two TMCP pipes and a plate material in sour environments at three levels of H2S partial pressures ranging from 0.1 psia to 200 psia. The project also evaluated the Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) and Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) susceptibilities (for selected conditions) of materials. Constant load and constant displacement tests were performed for two of the three H2S levels to determine the initiation toughness as compared to that determined in the slow rising displacement fracture toughness (FT) tests.
PR-015-18603-R01 Review of PRCI Research on Piping and Header Effects on USM Performance
Authors: Hawley Adam
Published: August 2023

This project provides a review of previously completed PRCI projects on the topic of the effects of upstream disturbances on ultrasonic meter performance. This compendium document includes brief summaries of the projects along with comparisons of the results and general conclusions and recommendations. A gap analysis was also performed to inform the path forward for future research.
PR-471-14207-Z03 Evaluation of Field Pump Performance Testing Procedure
Authors: Robinett Fred
Published: August 2023

In situ pump performance testing was performed at the TransCanada pipeline Monitor station in Alberta Canada and Liebenthal station in Saskatchewan Canada in accordance with the Field Pump Performance Testing Procedure (PRCI report PR-471-14207-R01).

Testing at the Monitor station was performed by Sulzer with two different batches of crude oil with slightly different viscosities and densities. Because of the pipeline operation limitations the flow could not be varied appreciably, however the flow points were near the pumps bep flow and therefore believed to be beneficial. To help validate field pump performance testing techniques measurements were taken using two methods to measure flow and two to measure pump power-in.

Testing at the Liebenthal station was performed by TransCanada personnel on one fixed speed and one variable speed unit. All testing was performed with one batch of crude oil. The fixed speed unit power was measured with electrical power to the motor and the variable speed unit power was measured with a torque meter and electrical power.

A full description of the Excel sheets used to calculate the field pump performance and the factory test data corrected to field conditions is made. The spreadsheet is included with this report.

This work will benefit the liquids pipeline operators by validating the field test procedure, thereby providing assurance and acceptance of the methods. Using these field pump performance testing methods on additional pumps will help populate the database of measured viscous pump performances. This data can then be used to further improve the Hydraulic Institutes viscous correction calculations. Additionally, improved field pump performance measurements will allow the pipeline users to optimize their pipeline operation.
PR-309-14212-WEB Field Demonstration of Fully Integrated NSCR System
Authors: Beshouri Greg
Published: August 2023

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

3:30 pm. ET

PRESENTER: Bob Goffin, Advanced Engine Technologies

HOST: Chris Nowak, Kinder Morgan

MODERATOR: Gary Choquette, PRCI

CLICK THE DOWNLOAD/BUY BUTTON TO ACCESS THE WEBINAR REGISTRATION LINK

While superficially a "simple and proven" technology, non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR) control is in fact extremely complex, far more complex than the control of lean burn engines. Using a systems approach, PRCI research partners defined the most common failure modes for each of the components of the NSCR system.

Both regulators and operators often make simplistic assumptions regarding the reliability and robustness of NSCR control. Real world experience has shown those assumptions to be unfounded. Legacy NSCR systems can go "out of compliance" resulting in gross emissions deviations while remaining "in control." This webinar will review the reasons for those deviations and then postulates a system design capable of remaining both "in control" and "in compliance." This system was then designed, developed, installed and tested. The results confirmed the theoretical analysis resulting in satisfactory system performance. The result offers regulators and operators guidelines on procuring and/or developing NSCR systems that will satisfy regulatory expectations.

Learning outcomes/Benefits of attending include:

- Explains for legacy rich burn engines can be upgraded with NSCR and advanced controls

- Explores the instrumentation required

- Looks at control algorithms involved

Who should attend:

- Pipeline operators

- Reliability engineers and technicians

- Emissions compliance specialists

Recommended pre-reading: PR-309-14212-R01 Field Demonstration of Fully Integrated NSCR System

Not able to attend? Register anyway to automatically receive a link to the webinar recording to view on-demand at your convenience.

Attendance is limited to the first 500 registrants to join the webinar. All remaining registrants will receive a link to view the webinar recording.

After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the webinar.
PR-218-183607-WEB Peer Review of the Plausible Profile (Psqr) Corrosion Assessment Model
Authors: Kiefner John
Published: August 2023

Date: October 14, 2019

PRESENTER: John Kiefner, PhD

HOSTS: Shahani Kariyawasam, PhD and Shenwei Zhang, TC Energy

MODERATOR: Laurie Perry, PRCI

CLICK BUY/DOWNLOAD BUTTON TO ACCESS A RECORDING OF THIS WEBINAR

The PRCI Corrosion Technical Committee presented the findings from a peer review conducted by a team of world-renowned pipeline experts, led by Dr. John Kiefner, on a new corrosion assessment model developed by TC Energy. The new model utilizes multiple plausible profiles to assess the remaining strength of a corroded pipe. A safe failure pressure is derived from these plausible profiles. This safe pressure can result in fewer excavations needed in response to ILI-identified areas of metal loss.

Benefits/Learning Outcomes:

- Review of the Psqr Model and how it was formulated and validated

- An understanding of how the increased accuracy of the Psqr model can lead to fewer excavations

- Peer reviewed suggestions for implementing the Psqr Model

Target audience:

- Pipeline corrosion personnel

- Pipeline integrity management personnel

Recommended reading: PR-218-183607-Z01 Peer Review of the Plausible Profile (Psqr) Corrosion Assessment Model
PR676-183606-R03 Remote CP Monitoring Guidelines for an Efficient Use
Authors: Sunderman Kevin
Published: August 2023

The primary objective of this project is to research, identify, evaluate and combine the best industry practices related to remote cathodic protection monitoring, then develop procedures and guidelines for an optimized use of remote cathodic protection monitoring. Included will be rules and recommendations along with a decision tree to aid in selection, optimization and implementation of the most suitable remote cathodic protection monitoring system.

There are 3 specific tasks outlined by PRCI in the provided scope of work:

- Task 1: Benchmark of Practices

- Task 2: Good Practices and Gap Analysis Identification

- Task 3: Guidelines and Recommendations
PR-3-84-R02 Axial Compression of Line Pipe - Phase 2
Authors: Kuznetsov E. N. , Johns T. C.
Published: August 2023

Follow-on work for axial loading conditions to assess buckling characteristics of prefabricated prestressed pipe segments and to determine the effect of such design variables as support conditions, tolerance, and allowable design stress upon the ability of the pipeline to withstand precompression.