bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant Nuptials in the Linnaean Era
Authors: Taiz Lincoln , Taiz Lee
Published: July 2018

The primary preoccupation of eighteenth century botany was taxonomy, a field dominated by Carolus Linnaeus’s sexual system based on counting stamens and pistils. Linnaeus also developed a proto-evolutionary theory based on hybridization. Few eighteenth century botanists were experimentalists. In Italy, Guilio Pontedera compared nectaries to breasts that nourish seeds, dismissing male flowers as “useless appendages.” In France, Jean Marchant elaborated Malpighi’s uterine analogy of the flower, and Joseph Pitton de Tournefort espoused the classical interpretation of pollen as a “vessel of excretion.” However, Sébastien Vaillant and Claude-Joseph Geoffroy focused on plant sex. In 1717, Vaillant’s sensational lecture (denounced by Geoffroy as suitable only for “Priapic festivals”) celebrated steamy nuptial encounters between stamens and pistils. In England, Philip Miller discovered bee pollination, and Thomas Fairchild produced the first hybrid, although tampering with nature by creating “monsters” was still considered distasteful, even blasphemous. Richard Bradley tested the sexual theory on hermaphroditic flowers.
Introduction
Authors: Bucher Taina
Published: July 2018

Algorithms and software are starting to catch the interest of social scientists and humanities scholars, having become somewhat of a buzzword in media and communication studies during the past years. Yet we are only at the beginning of understanding how algorithms and computation more broadly are affecting social life and the production and dissemination of knowledge as we know it. The introductory chapter sketches the contours of an algorithmic media landscape as it is currently unfolding by focusing on the ways in which Facebook friendships are programmatically organized and shaped through algorithmic systems. The chapter introduces the concept of “programmed sociality” to draw attention to software and computational infrastructure as conditions of possibility for sociality in digital media.
Life at the Top
Authors: Bucher Taina
Published: July 2018

Algorithms play a fundamental role in governing the conditions of the intelligible and the sensible online. If users provide the data, the techniques, and procedures to make sense of it, to navigate, assemble, and make meaningful connections among individual pieces of data is increasingly being delegated to various forms of algorithms. In the case of the world’s biggest and most used social media platform, Facebook, algorithmic mechanisms shape the concerted distribution of people, information, actions, and ways of seeing and being seen. The chapter investigates how this kind of algorithmic intervention into people’s information-sharing practices takes place and what are the principles and logics of Facebook’s algorithmic governance. Through an analysis of the algorithmic logics structuring the flow of information and communication on Facebook’s news feed, the argument is made that the regime of visibility constructed imposes a perceived threat of invisibility on the part of the participatory subject.
An Introduction to Baths in Rome and Methodologies of This Study
Authors: Gensheimer Maryl B.
Published: July 2018

Given the fundamental importance of baths to daily life in ancient Rome, this chapter introduces the book and concentrates attention on the best preserved of Rome’s imperial thermae, the Baths of Caracalla, in order to unveil the cultural and sociopolitical forces that shaped monumental public spaces and their visual experience. By outlining the Baths’ architectural design and evocative decoration, this chapter foreshadows new insights into the multiple meanings underlying their embellishment and, therefore, the myriad ways in which imperial patronage can be understood. The chapter sets the stage by examining the importance of baths and bathing in ancient Rome generally before delving into the patronage of Rome’s imperial thermae and the Baths of Caracalla more specifically. Special attention is given to tracing the Baths of Caracalla’s ancient design and more modern history of excavation, as well as situating the author’s arguments and aims within recent scholarly contributions.
Spirits of Place in American Literary Culture
Authors: Gatta John
Published: July 2018

What might it mean, existentially and spiritually, for humans to form an intimate relation with discrete sites or dwelling places on earth? In ancient Rome, the notion of a locale’s genius loci signaled recognition of its enchanted, enspirited identity. But in a digitalized America of unprecedented mobility, can place still matter as seed ground for the soul? Such questions had been broached already by “ecocritics” concerned with how place-inflected experience figures in literature and by theologians concerned with “ecotheology” and “ecospirituality.” Yet this book offers a uniquely integrative perspective, informed by a theological phenomenology of place, that takes fuller account of the spiritualities associated with built environments than ecocriticism typically does. Spirits of Place blends theological and cultural analysis with personal reflection while focusing on the multilayered witness presented by American literary texts. Its interpretive readings range across texts by an array of both canonical and lesser-known writers. Along the way, it addresses themes such as the religious implications of localism versus globalism; the diverse spiritualities associated with long-term residency, resettlement, and pilgrimage; what seems to hallow some sites more than others; and how the creative spirit of Imagination figures in place-identified apprehensions of the numinous. This study grants that, whether in Christian or other religious terms, no discrete place matters absolutely. Yet it demonstrates, above all, how and why hallowed geography and the sacramentality of place have mattered throughout our cultural history. The book concludes with a case study of one collegiate experiment in place-making and contemplative learning.
The Killing Feet
Authors: Reeve C. D. C.
Published: July 2018

Did Oedipus kill his father and marry his mother? Are the various oracles dealing with the matter fulfilled? The evidence the play Oedipus Tyrannus presents is inconsistent, but audiences and interpreters are almost unanimous in treating it as if it yielded decisive positive answers to these questions. In treating inadequate evidence as decisive they follow in Oedipus’s footsteps, since he does the very same thing. That, indeed, is his tragedy, but also ours—which is precisely the point of the play. True reverence requires a degree of sensitivity to evidence, which—often with disastrous consequences—we are prone not to exhibit.
Aging Oedipus
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: July 2018

Oedipus at Colonus apparently shows the aging Oedipus finding a fulfilling ending to his life. The play characterizes that fulfillment in terms of a religious perspective few would now accept. This chapter attempts to construct a framework in which to appreciate Sophocles’s last play as a profound human drama (as is Oedipus Tyrannus). The serenity Oedipus achieves is the product of a struggle. As the episodes of the drama, particularly the encounters with Creon and Polynices, reveal, the aging hero retains many of the traits of his younger self, and his equilibrium is consequently precarious. The predicament is central to our experience as we age. Locating the play in relation to other literary works—the New Testament and the poetry of Yeats, Dylan Thomas, and T. S. Eliot—the chapter sees the closing life in terms of a struggle for calm self-acceptance.
Imagination and Evidence
Authors: Clark Catherine E.
Published: July 2018

The 1860 founding of Paris’s municipal historical museum and library made preserving the past a modern municipal imperative. As these institutions grew, their employees helped develop a mode of “poetic history” that stimulated the historical imagination to resurrect a connection to the past. This mode flourished in the vogue for historical reconstructions by the likes of Albert Robida, Fedor Hoffbauer, and Georges Cain. Under this mode, photographs were too cold, too technical to be anything more than technical aids for the study of the past. By the turn of the century, however, these uses would begin to change as shifting notions of the idea of the documentary and the realization of photography’s increasing role in documenting contemporary life recast its place in these institutions, especially at the Bibiliothèque historique de la Ville de Paris under the direction of Marcel Poëte.
Looking Back, Looking Forward
Authors: Clark Catherine E.
Published: July 2018

The Vidéothèque de Paris, a video archive of the city’s past that opened in 1988, provides the opportunity to take stock of over a hundred years of putting pictures of Paris’s past at the heart of municipal policy and prestige. While its futuristic viewing pods, robots, and searchable databases seem to predict the future of the Internet, video-sharing platforms, and digital history, the Vidéothèque also reveals how the production and circulation of images are not just windows onto urban change but part and parcel of that history. Photographs shaped the historical imagination in the twentieth century in significant ways. People learned to read photographs as history, while simultaneously believing them to provide transparent, direct access to the past. Photographs forged individual and collective memory. And, their circulation and institutionalization paved the way for arguments about Paris’s reduction to an image or a museum city in the twentieth century.
Philosophy of Physics
Authors: Barberousse Anouk
Published: July 2018

Philosophical reflections on physics and its theories have been shaping the agenda of general philosophy of science, including issues such as the nature of scientific theories, the meaning of scientific terms, and scientific modeling. But physics is also well worth being considered a special science of its own, whose methods and tools raised specific questions for philosophers of science: this is the approach followed in this chapter, which has as its main thread the role of mathematics in physical theories. It tackles classical issues concerning measurement and determinism and long-standing controversies in the philosophy of statistical mechanics (how may the reversible laws of mechanics account for the irreversible principles of thermodynamics?) and in the philosophy of quantum physics (does quantum mechanics provide us a with a complete description of quantum phenomena?). It also addresses emerging issues in the field, such as computer simulations and their role between theory and observation.
Philosophy of Biology
Authors: Pradeu Thomas
Published: July 2018

The aim of this chapter is to address the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological questions bearing on the foundations of today’s life sciences. It discusses the main themes of the philosophy of evolutionary biology, asking what is meant by the idea of adaptation and reviewing the various answers to the units of selection problem. The latter considers on which biological entities—genes, genomes, cells, organisms, groups, species, and so forth—natural selection operates and is a nice illustration of how philosophy of biology situates itself at the frontier between philosophy and the most theoretical parts of biology. The chapter also presents recent debates over the notions of genetic programming and organismal development and the reduction of macromolecular biology to molecular biology.
Philosophy of Economics
Authors: Cozic Mikaël
Published: July 2018

Although there are no doubts regarding the impact of economics in society and politics, doubts regarding its epistemological status endure. Does economics provide us with bona fide empirical theories? Are its mathematical models on a par with those of the hard sciences, or is its scientific character exaggerated? This chapter focuses on the key problem of the philosophy of economics: the reconciliation of its claim to empirical significance with what often appears as a non-empirical methodology, favoring deduction from a priori principles and showing little sensitivity to refutation by observation and experiment. Several attempts at answering this problem are considered, both in the Millian tradition and following neo-positivist approaches. Finally, the empirical status of the discipline is put in perspective with its recent extension to new fields of inquiry, such as behavioral economics and neuroeconomics, where experiments seem to be part of the core methodology.
Philosophy of Linguistics
Authors: Égré Paul
Published: July 2018

This chapter is an enquiry into the goals and methods of linguistics, with the aim of understanding both the specifics of the discipline and the relationships between linguists’ take on the methodology of their field and general principles of philosophy of science. The first part highlights linguistics as an inquiry into language, as opposed to languages. The second part describes the shift from structural linguistics to generative grammar as a paradigm shift, involving major changes in both what is studied and how it is studied. The next section focuses on the empirical import of contemporary linguistics, discussing standards of explanation and prediction, as well as confirmation and refutation of linguistic hypotheses. The last part introduces linguistic universals, what they are and how they may be identified and explained, thus making explicit the connection with the goal of understanding not only the variety of languages but the faculty of language.
Capitalism in the Classical and High Liberal Traditions
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses the main distinguishing features of two liberal traditions—classical liberalism and what I call “the high liberal tradition”—and their respective positions regarding capitalism as an economic and social system. It also compares the two traditions’ different positions regarding equality of opportunity and the distributive role of markets in establishing economic justice. I critically assess the classical liberal principle that economic agents deserve to be rewarded according to their marginal contribution to economic product. The chapter concludes with some reflections upon the essential role that dissimilar conceptions of persons and society play in grounding the different positions on economic justice that classical and high liberals advocate.
The Basic Structure of Society as the Primary Subject of Justice
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: July 2018

Rawls says that there are two sources for the primacy assigned to the basic structure: the profound effects of basic social institutions on persons and their future prospects, and the need to maintain background justice. This chapter discusses the main reasons behind Rawls’s position that the basic structure of society is the primary subject of justice, and that the political constitution, property, and the economic system are the first subject to which principles of justice apply. First, the primacy of the basic structure is necessary for the freedom, equality, and independence of moral persons. Second, the basic structure’s priority is a condition of economic reciprocity and the just distribution of income and wealth. Third, the primacy of the basic structure is required by moral pluralism and the plurality of values and reasonable conceptions of the good among free and equal persons.
Constructivism, Facts, and Moral Justification
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: July 2018

This chapter responds to G. A. Cohen’s criticisms of Rawls’s reliance upon social and psychological facts about humans to argue for his principles of justice. Cohen contends that such facts are irrelevant to the justification of fundamental principles of justice and that Rawls’s difference principle is not a fundamental principle but a principle of regulation to accommodate injustice due to human selfishness. I respond to these criticisms by discussing three reasons why the first principles of a moral conception of justice should be “fact-sensitive”: First, a conception of justice should be compatible with our moral and psychological capacities. Second, a conception of justice should provide principles for practical reasoning and supply a public basis for justification across conceptions of the good. Third, a moral conception should not frustrate but affirm the pursuit of the human good, including the exercise and development of our moral capacities and sense of justice.
Accidental Publication and Postpublication Revision
Authors: Larsen Matthew D. C.
Published: July 2018

Connected with textual unfinishedness are several concepts. Chapter 3 explores two such concepts and their connection to the idea of textual stability and authorial intentionality: accidental publication and postpublication revision. Unfinished texts often became what Larsen calls “accidentally published.” Publication was notional and social in antiquity, as the form of a published text would not necessarily differ from an unfinished one. The idea of accidental publication did a lot of different kinds of work for different writers. Moreover, even if a text was intentionally published, it could undergo substantive postpublication revision. All of the above calls into question what it means to talk about a “final” version of a textual tradition.
Epilogue
Authors: Larsen Matthew D. C.
Published: July 2018

Approaching the Gospel according to Mark as unfinished notes, the author argues that literary critics do not “find” nuanced literary structure in the text. They produce it—not unlike what the Gospel according to Matthew does with the Gospel according to Mark. The author proposes a new methodological framework for future study of early Christian gospels. He points to an example from cultural history (Robert Darnton’s work on eighteenth-century French folk tales) and to possible projects in the digital humanities in order to begin to think about how to reconceptualize the process of gospel writing.
Direct Realism and Hallucination
Authors: Maloney J. Christopher
Published: July 2018

Perception provides direct acquaintance with existent physical objects, if direct realism is true. However, hallucination involves perceptual experience of what does not exist. How should a direct realist rendition of perception confront hallucination? Fictivism proposes that the creation of objects of perception is secured by a person’s perception of them. Disjunctivism differentiates hallucination from perception while mistakenly insisting that hallucination is not in the brief of any genuinely coherent theory of perception. Direct realism rejects both fictivism and disjunctivism. Perception only detects and discovers—never creates nor concocts—when it represents its objects. Perception is cognition’s grip on the objectively real. If so, then accounts may be ready at hand to accommodate the likes of perception of the past, inverted and absent phenomenal character, as well as blindsight.
Introduction
Authors: Bakan Michael B.
Published: July 2018

How do autistic people make, experience, and find meaning in music? And why does it matter to them that they do? These are the guiding questions put forth at the beginning of the introductory chapter, which establishes the book’s purpose, conceptual framework, and significance. The widely recognized talents and affinities for music that many autistic people exhibit have historically been a focus of therapeutic interventions aimed at ameliorating autistic symptoms. In that context, autism is regarded as a disorder and autistic people as individuals in need of treatment. In this book, however, the conventional paradigm is turned on its head, with autism reconceptualized as a viable manifestation of neurodiversity rather than a disorder rooted in pathology. The ten autistic individuals who throughout the book will speak for themselves on the place, value, and meaning of music in their lives are introduced, and both the structure and rationale for the book’s conversational approach, which is re-presentational rather than representational, are outlined.
Zena Hamelson
Authors: Bakan Michael B.
Published: July 2018

When we first meet ten-year-old Zena Hamelson, she is sitting in a chair staring blankly at the wall, flapping her hands, repeatedly straightening and bending her legs, compulsively twisting and pulling on her fingers as her Artism Ensemble bandmates make joyful music all around her. Zena is stimming, that is, she is practicing a personal repertoire of self-stimulatory behaviors that align precisely with the symptomatic profile of her diagnosed autism spectrum disorder: Asperger’s syndrome. Stimming, autism researchers tell us, is associated with some dysfunctional system in the brain; its reduction or elimination is a target goal of many therapeutic interventions and autism studies. Yet as the chapter unfolds, Zena’s stimming is revealed as something else entirely: a meaningful mode of music-making, creative expression, and social experience unto itself.
Elizabeth J. “Ibby” Grace
Authors: Bakan Michael B.
Published: July 2018

“I sort of ‘think in music’ in the same way Temple [Grandin] says she ‘thinks in pictures,’ ” states the autistic professor, social activist, and singer Elizabeth J. “Ibby” Grace. “Music was the nexus between my self and language for a long time. . . my communicative access,” she explains. “When I relax among myself there are not words going on in my head. There are intervals, tones . . . sometimes in order to think, I structure the thoughts into more like music, or they do themselves like that.” Thinking in music also enables Ibby to function socially “in ways I would have no chance of access to without it . . . . I think I can hear people’s own music sometimes, [which is] how I classify what their soul sounds like to me, [and] I can use this facility to predict if people will be liable to get along with one another.”
Conclusion
Authors: Bakan Michael B.
Published: July 2018

In the concluding chapter, it is proposed that while dialogue, music, poetry, and storytelling—collectively the lifeblood of this work—should by no means be regarded as substitutes for progressive public policy or impactful legislation in the ongoing struggle for autistic rights, they are nevertheless valuable in their own right and can pave the way toward new policies and laws that make a real, positive difference. Conversation, in particular, is singled out for its capacity to help us “find common ground from which to move forward in common purpose toward the common good” while distancing us from “the tragic patterns of divisiveness, prejudice, intolerance, and denial of the humanity of others that darken the record of human history at every turn.” For conversation to foster such gains, however, our discourses must be approached with a commitment to really listening to what other people have to say. The greatest hope that the author and his collaborators have for this book, it is stated, is that its conversations and stories will ultimately “contribute in some meaningful way to making a future world that not only accepts neurodiversity but celebrates it as a hallmark of our shared humanity.” The work concludes with, first, a quotation from Hans Asperger emphasizing the importance of deeply engaged, compassionate conversation in his work with autistic children and, second, a closing poem from Mara Chasar, who suggests that however grave the challenges faced by autistic people may be, to be accepted, inspired, and loved by others will go a long way toward meeting them.
Rites of the God-King
Authors: Geslani Marko
Published: July 2018

Most accounts of Hinduism posit a radical difference between the aniconic fire sacrifice (yajña) and temple-based image worship (pūjā). The historical distinction between ancient Vedism and medieval Hinduism is often premised on this basic ritual opposition. Through an exacting study of ritual manuals, Rites of the God-King offers an alternative account of the formation of mainstream Hindu ritual through the history of śānti, or “appeasement,” a form of aspersion or bathing, developed in order to counteract inauspicious omens. This ritual, which originated at the nexus of the fourth and somewhat marginal Veda (Atharvaveda) and the emergent tradition of astronomy-astrology (Jyotiḥśāstra), would come to have far-reaching consequences on the ideal ritual life of the king in early medieval Brahmanical society—and on the ideal ritual life of images. The mantric substitutions involved in this history helped to produce a politicized ritual culture that could encompass both traditional Vedic and newer Hindu practices and performers. From astrological appeasement to gifting, coronation, and image worship, the author chronicles the multiple lives and afterlives of a single ritual mode, disclosing the always inventive work of priesthood to imagine and enrich royal power. Along the way, he reveals the surprising role of astrologers in Hindu history, elaborates concepts of sin and misfortune, and forges new connections between medieval texts and modern practice. Detailing forms of ritual that were dispersed widely across Asia, he concludes with a reflection on the nature of orthopraxy, ritual change, and the problem of presence in the Hindu tradition.
Zapatistas between Sliding Doors of Opportunity
Authors: Inclán María
Published: July 2018

This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and offers an explanation of why a seemingly successful insurgent social movement might be able to mobilize sympathy and support for its agenda but fail to force state authorities to address its demands. The conclusion is that despite relative failures, through protest mobilization and the support of solidaristic social movement organizations, insurgent social movements like the Zapatista movement may be able to survive as salient actors within a new democratic regime and as iconic figures among other social movements around the world. This chapter also compares the fate of the Zapatista movement to the outcomes of other social, indigenous, and guerrilla movements within different transitional conditions and offer some expectations for the future of Mexico’s democracy.
Psychopathic Resentment
Authors: Deigh John
Published: July 2018

Recent philosophical accounts of resentment make being a moral agent, that is, being someone who has a conscience, a condition for being liable to resentment. The argument of this essay opposes these accounts. The essay describes characters from two Hitchcock films, Shadow of a Doubt and Strangers on a Train, to illustrate the problem of taking moral agency or having a conscience as a condition for being liable to resentment. Both are psychopathic killers who are resentful of people they perceive as having mistreated them. The essay then uses the account of reactive attitudes and their role in interpersonal relations that P. F. Strawson offered in his “Freedom and Resentment” to explain the liability to resentment of psychopaths despite their lacking a conscience.
Transitional Figures: Edmund Husserl, Emile Durkheim, the Fabian Society
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: July 2018

Discussion of modernism tends to be confined to specific modes of expression—architecture, art, literature, music, photography. Generalizing nonetheless, modernism works by breaking the surface and working through layers. There is no empty space; there are only ensembles of relations, stable or shifting, linked by purpose. Form follows function; complexity induces functional differentiation. A distinctively modernist philosophy must dig beneath, or get inside, the questions: what is it possible to think, and ask? What is doing the work called thinking? Husserl’s phenomenology is the one philosophical program of its time directed to these questions and their implications for social existence. Durkheim expressly developed a functionalist perspective for social theory. Looking below the surface, he found social complexity subject to the differentiation of ever more specialized institutions performing more specialized tasks. Closely affiliated with London modernists, the Fabian Society began the task of assessing global administration in just these terms.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Janine A. , Cavatorta Francesco
Published: July 2018

This chapter highlights some of the most important themes to emerge from the edited volume, including researching in authoritarian contexts; qualitative, and the relative lack of quantitative, methods; positionality; gender; researching in contexts of protests, resistance, and conflicts; and ethics. In the context of a region that appears to be increasingly hostile to researchers, this chapter also discusses the security threats to both researchers and research participants.
Encountering the Mukhabarat State
Authors: Schwedler Jillian , Clark Janine A.
Published: July 2018

Chapter 2 provides guidelines for how to conduct field research in states that employ extensive intelligence apparatuses to spy on, intimidate, and harass citizens and researchers. The chapter provides advice on how to protect yourself and your data and, based on the authors’ personal experiences with the intelligence apparatus in Jordan, also on what to expect should researchers fall out of favor with intelligence services. While most scholars conduct research free of interference by the respective intelligence apparatuses of the countries of the region, this chapter gives advise on how to help ensure that this remains the case even as the region appears to be increasingly suspicious of researchers.
Interviewing
Authors: Clark Janine A.
Published: July 2018

In chapter 9, Janine A. Clark provides a list of lessons—the dos and don’ts—she has learned conducting open-ended elite interviews based on purposive sampling. Based on the author’s experiences conducting research in six countries in the region, the chapter provides advice on topics such as how to prepare for interviewing, where to hold an interview, how to present yourself, and how to record your data. It also looks at the advantages and disadvantages of using an interpreter or research assistant. Finally, the chapter provides some basic advice on how many interviews to conduct each day and how much time to allot for each interview.
Interviewing Salafis
Authors: Ramaioli Massimo
Published: July 2018

In chapter 10, Massimo Ramaioli provides advice on interviewing Salafis based on his experiences in Jordan. He shares 10 considerations with the readers: orientalism, ethics, risks, context, meetings, approach, language, ivory tower, muqābala (encounter/interview), and surprises. Salafis, insofar as it is possible to generalize, tend to share a rigid approach to Islam that may present a number of unusual and specific challenges to the researcher. This chapter seeks to offer practical and theoretical suggestions as to how to approach Salafis of various inclinations and attitudes for carrying out interviews, balancing amongst issues of access and communication, personal safety, and ethics.
Process Tracing and the Political Economy of Development in the Middle East
Authors: Waldner David
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, David Waldner explores the development of qualitative methods of within-case analysis. Process tracing is a method that can be employed to make valid claims from data gathered in the field. Using his own research work from the 1990s on state building and late development, Waldner discusses the reasons for developing process tracing methods, some early efforts at their development, some critiques of these early efforts, and more recent refinements. The chapter demonstrates the close interplay between theory, evidence, and methods.
Of Promise and Pitfalls
Authors: Brooke Steven
Published: July 2018

This chapter focuses on population-based experimental research, a relative novelty in Middle East political science. It is an attempt to identify some of the challenges this methodology offers and provide tangible ways to mitigate them, including strategies for monitoring, nesting experimental approaches in rich contextual knowledge, and planning for failure. These suggestions are discussed in the context of the author’s experiences conducting population-based experiments in Egypt.
Intersectionality Theory and Working with “Both Sides”
Authors: Shitrit Lihi Ben
Published: July 2018

This chapter points to the importance of thinking about intersectionality before, during, and after conducting fieldwork. In order to explore such phenomena, it focuses on doing research in Israel with Mizrahi and Palestinian-Israeli women activists on the Jewish and Muslim religious right, respectively.
Choice Matters
Authors: Moore Gordon , Quelch John A. , Boudreau Emily
Published: July 2018

Choice Matters: How Healthcare Consumers Make Decisions (and Why Clinicians and Managers Should Care) is a timely and thoughtful exploration of the controversial role of consumers in the U.S. healthcare system. In most markets today, consumers have more options and autonomy than ever before. Empowered consumers easily shop around for products and services that better meet their needs, and they widely share their reviews on social media to inform and influence other consumers. Businesses have responded with better experiences and prices to compete for consumers’ business. Though healthcare has lagged behind other industries in this respect, there is a rising tide of interest in consumer choice and empowerment in healthcare markets. However, most healthcare provider organizations, individual doctors, and health insurers are unprepared to consider patients as consumers. The authors draw upon the fields of medicine, marketing, management, psychology, and public policy as they take a substantive, in-depth look at consumer choice and point out its appropriate use, as well as its limitations. This book addresses perplexing issues, such as how healthcare differs from other consumer-driven markets, how consumers make healthcare decisions, and how increased consumer choice in healthcare can not only aid and empower American consumers but also improve the overall healthcare system.
Quakers
Authors: Allen Richard C.
Published: July 2018

Although the Toleration Act (1689) eased the position of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in many ways, the path towards full tolerance and acceptance remained rough. Their refusal to take oaths of allegiance meant that another expedient to demonstrate loyalty had to be found. Likewise, the refusal to pay tithes or to serve in the militia were also areas of contention. In an attempt to distance themselves from radical seventeenth-century associations, they sought to develop frameworks to provide for the internal regulation of the behaviour of their members. A number of popular customs, such as drinking and gambling, were regarded as inappropriate and there was a growing emphasis on the importance of marrying within the community. Although the enforcement of this code had an impact on the size of the membership, from the middle of the eighteenth century, Friends were increasingly involved in ‘respectable’ business and often did well within this context.
Abolitionism and the Social Conscience
Authors: Ditchfield G. M.
Published: July 2018

Explanations of the abolition of the slave trade have been the subject of intense historical debate. Earlier accounts tended to play up the role of individual, heroic abolitionists and their religious, particularly evangelical, motivation. Eric Williams argued that the decline in profitability of the ‘Triangular trade’ was important in persuading people that the slave trade hindered, rather than helped, economic progress. More recent work has rehabilitated the role of some abolitionists but has set this alongside the importance of campaigning and petitioning in shifting public opinion. The role that the slaves themselves played in bringing attention to their plight is also now recognized. Consequently, the importance of abolitionism for a sense of Dissenting self-identity and as part of broader attempts to influence social reform needs to be reconsidered.
Against Necessitarianism
Authors: McKitrick Jennifer
Published: July 2018

The laws of nature are at most physically necessary, and they are not metaphysically necessary. Dispositional Essentialists claim that if natural laws derive from powers, then the laws of nature are metaphysically necessary. But the idea that properties have dispositional essences does not entail necessitarianism for several reasons. There might be no laws of nature. The laws might have exceptions, or be probabilistic. There are non-dispositional properties that could figure in contingent laws. The world might have contained different properties. Finally, even if a property has a dispositional essence, it might have had a slightly different causal profile. Furthermore, the Necessitarian’s views are less revisionary than they initially seem.
A Tour of the Ephemeral
Authors: Crowther Thomas , Cumhaill Clare Mac
Published: July 2018

This introductory chapter gives a detailed overview of current debates and questions in the philosophy of perceptual ephemera. The chapter begins by identifying the notion of ‘the ephemeral’ that connects the contributions to the volume; the notion of ‘the insubstantial’ rather than the notion of ‘the fleeting’ or ‘short-lived’. Various ontological and phenomenological questions associated with ephemera and with perceptual experience of the ephemeral are then distinguished. The authors go on to identify a number of more specific themes in the philosophy of the ephemeral, and provide a brief introduction to how the contributors to this collection engage with these themes. The authors attempt to make a case for the view that reflection on ‘ephemera’ and ‘the ephemeral’ may enrich and challenge prevailing approaches in contemporary philosophy of perception.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: July 2018

The Introduction sets out the book’s principal aims: to provide a detailed analysis of AMISOM’s evolution and to understand how the mission and its key partners tried to overcome its major challenges, and what lessons should be learned from their experiences. It then proceeds in four parts. First, it explains what is referred to as the ‘AMISOM model’, that is, how the mission was organized and functioned. Second, it notes how AMISOM serves as an important case study for several broader debates about contemporary peace operations. Third, it briefly outlines some of the book’s principal arguments about the mission. Finally, it summarizes the sources utilized during the research for this book.
Stalemate
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: July 2018

This chapter analyses AMISOM’s challenges in Mogadishu after Ethiopia’s withdrawal. The first section summarizes conflict dynamics in Mogadishu while the second examines the state of AMISOM’s main partner: the second iteration of the Transitional Government under President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed. It focuses on the government’s (failed) attempts to build an effective set of security forces and some of the challenges this posed for AMISOM. The third section analyses the UN Security Council’s decision to establish a Support Office for AMISOM (UNSOA) in 2009, in order to provide AMISOM with better logistical support. The final section discusses how during the second half of 2010 the political and military balance began to tilt in AMISOM’s favour as a result of two major blunders made by al-Shabaab, namely, the decision to bomb civilian targets in Kampala, Uganda, and the failure of its 2010 Ramadan offensive in Mogadishu.
Reappraising the Stuff in Our Head
Authors: Massimini Marcello , Tononi Giulio
Published: July 2018

This chapter addresses the questions posed in Chapter 4. Using the general principle introduced in Chapter 5 as a guide, it reappraises different anatomical structures within the skull. Once analyzed under the perspective of IIT, the paradoxes posed by cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and by other large neuronal aggregates that seem irrelevant for consciousness, are less disconcerting; their architecture is not suited for integrating information, whereas the thalamocortical system seems to contain a core of high Φ‎. The chapter ends by suggesting that the time scale at which conscious experience flows (hundreds of milliseconds) may be related to the time it takes for the brain to integrate information.
One Goy, Multiple Language Games
Authors: Ophir Adi , Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: July 2018

This chapter analyzes the characteristic features of the goy as a specific type of other, in both its legal (halakhic) and homiletical (aggadic) manifestations, as well as the division of labor between these two genres of the rabbinic corpus. It reconstructs the goy as a figure and a discursive position, and examines the technology of separation associated with it in both legal (laws of idolatry; purity; pedigree; murder, theft, recovering lost items; etc.) and non-legal (embryology; eschatology; daily liturgy; homilies on the exodus and the Sinai covenant; etc.) domains. The chapter demonstrates the consolidation of the binary, total, individualized discursive formation of Jew-goy opposition, through each of these aspects, and traces the triadic structure in which the opposition is embedded in the aggadic discourse, with God serving as the mediating position between the two parties. Analyzing the different domains together exposes the depth and comprehensiveness of the new structure.
Postscript
Authors: Ophir Adi , Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: July 2018

The rabbinic gentile is a minor figure that a minor culture posited as its Other.1 The conditions under which rabbinic communities lived between the first and third centuries minimized the impact this figure could have had on “real” gentiles.2 The goy was a figure who lived in the discourse and imagination of the Judeans who constructed it and reaffirmed it in their everyday practices and was hardly ever adopted by the people to whom the category was assigned. There is simply no evidence that real, actual non-Judeans conceived of themselves as ...
Subject inversion in transitive sentences from Classical to Modern European Portuguese
Authors: Galves Charlotte , Gibrail Alba
Published: July 2018

This chapter focuses on Classical Portuguese and its change to Modern European Portuguese, bringing to the debate new data concerning transitive sentences. The data are drawn from the Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese (texts written by Portuguese authors born 1502–1836). It is argued that both constituent order syntax and the information structure functions of word order in transitive sentences (SVO, VSO, VOS) support the characterization of Classical Portuguese as a verb-second language: the verb occupies a high position in clause structure, which makes a high position for post-verbal subjects available as well. This explains why post-verbal subjects in Classical Portuguese are not obligatorily associated with an information focus interpretation, but very frequently receive a familiar topic interpretation. The empirical evidence discussed in this chapter supports the claim that there was a syntactic change from Classical to Modern European Portuguese, rather than a discursive reinterpretation of the same syntax.
All This Have I Proved by Wisdom
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

This chapter covers the two books that made Mill’s wider reputation as an intellectual: A System of Logic (1843) and Principles of Political Economy (1848). It explores what they reveal about how Mill’s mind worked, as well as the ways that they shed a sidelight on his views on religion. A System of Logic, in particular, is surprisingly permeated with religious themes. Not even counting pronouns, Mill refers to God directly in this textbook on logic, ratiocinative and inductive, over eighty times. Attention is paid to religious reactions to these works—as well as to Mill’s reactions to these reactions. Through these two highly successful, major works, Mill first gained a place that he would never lose as an eminent Victorian.
By Their Fruits Ye Shall Know Them
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

This chapter focuses on Mill as political and social activist, including his parliamentary career as MP for Westminster. ‘By their fruits ye shall know them’ was the scriptural text he offered to defend his conviction that the parliamentary candidacy of the atheist Charles Bradlaugh should be supported because he was a productive worker on behalf of much-needed, practical reforms. The moralistic, passionate Mill who agitated against slavery, the Confederacy during the American Civil War, and Governor Eyre is on display. Not least, this chapter explores The Subjection of Women (1869) and Mill’s courageous, pioneering advocacy for women’s rights and gender equality.
Complex Systems as Multilayer Networks
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

Chapter 1 constitutes Part I of the book: ‘Single and Multilayer Networks’. This chapter introduces multilayer networks as an important new development of Network Science that allows a more comprehensive understanding of Complex Systems. It identifies the main motivations driving the research activity in this field of multilayer networks and emphasizes the benefits of taking a multilayer network perpective to characterize network data. The main advantages of a multilayer network approach with respect to the more traditional single layer characterization of complex networks are broadly discussed, focusing on the information gain resulting from the analysis of multilayer networks, the non-reducibility of a multilayer network to a large single network and the rich interplay between structure and function in multilayer networks.
Multilayer Network Models
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

This chapter presents the existing modelling frameworks for multiplex and multilayer networks. Multiplex network models are divided into growing multiplex network models and null models of multiplex networks. Growing multiplex networks are here shown to explain the main dynamical rules responsible to the emergent properties of multiplex networks, including the scale-free degree distribution, interlayer degree correlations and multilayer communities. Null models of multiplex networks are described in the context of maximum-entropy multiplex network ensembles. Randomization algorithms to test the relevant of network properties against null models are here described. Moreover, Multi-slice temporal networks Models capturing main properties of real temporal network data are presented. Finally, null models of general multilayer networks and networks of networks are characterized.
Epidemic Spreading
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

Epidemic processes are relevant to studying the propagation of infectious diseases, but their current use extends also to the study of propagation of ideas in the society or memes and news in online social media. In most of the relevant applications epidemic spreading does not actually take place on a single network but propagates in a multilayer network where different types of interaction play different roles. This chapter provides a comprehensive view of the effect that multilayer network structures have on epidemic processes. The Susceptible–Infected–Susceptible (SIS) Model and the Susceptible–Infected–Removed (SIR) Model are characterized on multilayer networks. Additionally, it is shown that the multilayer networks framework can also allow us to study interacting Awareness and epidemic spreading, competing networks and epidemics in temporal networks.