bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple One-Pot Method for the Synthesis of BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 Heterojunction for High-Performance Photocatalytic Degradation Applications
Authors: Song Yuan-Jun , Bi Xiao-Ying , Xia Peng , Sun Fei , Chen Ze-Xian , Zhang Xiao-Yang , Zhang Tong
Published: December 2024

This study presents a facile one-pot synthesis method to fabricate BiFeO3-Bi25FeO40-Bi2O3 heterojunction photocatalysts with controllable compositions and pure phases. Three different binary heterojunctions (BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40, BiFeO3/Bi2O3, and Bi25FeO40/Bi2O3) and a ternary BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40/Bi2O3 heterojunction were formed, all exhibiting significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and phenol under visible light irradiation, outperforming the individual compositions. Notably, the BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 heterojunction achieved the highest degradation efficiency (93.68% and 83.3% for MB and phenol, respectively) as well as excellent stability. Impressively, the phenol degradation efficiency of BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 was even over twice that of BiFeO3 and Bi25FeO40, and four times higher than that of Bi2O3. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 heterojunction is primarily attributed to the advantageous S-scheme band alignments that facilitate efficient charge separation and enhance redox capabilities. While other heterojunctions also exhibited improved MB and phenol degradation efficiency, each unique combination of materials led to distinct electronic structures and diverse reaction mechanisms. The simplicity and scalability of the synthesis method, combined with the remarkable photocatalytic performance of these BiFeO3-Bi25FeO40-Bi2O3 heterojunction materials, position them as highly promising candidates for applications in environmental remediation and solar energy conversion.
Differences in Salivary Cytokinome and Pathogen Load Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Disease Patients
Authors: Korzeniowska Aleksandra , Daca Agnieszka , Szarecka Maria , Bykowska Małgorzata , Witkowski Jacek , Bryl Ewa
Published: December 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease with complex pathogenesis, is characterized by an immune imbalance reflected, e.g., in the disturbed cytokines’ profile. Various viruses and bacteria can cause the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines influencing RA development. In particular, oral cavity dysbiosis, observed in multiple chronic diseases including periodontitis, may be linked to RA. The cytokine profile (IL-1β, IP-10, IL-29, GM-CSF, IFN-α2, IFN-β, TGF-β1, MPC-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-12p70, IL-2, and IL-4) of RA patients’ saliva was evaluated using flow cytometry and benchmarked with their levels in saliva of healthy controls and patients with other rheumatic diseases. The levels of IL-1β, IP-10, IL-2, and IL-4 were significantly elevated in RA patients’ saliva compared to other studied groups. To define the potential role of the most suspicious microbial agents (Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus, Parvovirus B19, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Segatella copri) for RA pathogenesis, the amounts of their DNA in the saliva of patients with RA were assessed in all the groups mentioned above. The EBV and P. gingivalis DNA levels measured by qRT-PCR were significantly higher in RA patients’ saliva than in other groups, indicating either the important role of these agents in RA pathogenesis or the higher susceptibility of RA patients for those infectious factors. The comprehension of the association of specific cytokine profiles in RA and the occurrence of specific viral and/or bacterial infections can be a key to a better understanding of RA pathogenesis. These results illustrate the complexity of the immunological profile of RA, show the high diagnostic potential of saliva, and provide insight into how various infections can contribute to RA development.
AMPK Phosphorylates LMX1b to Regulate a Brainstem Neurogenic Network Important for Control of Breathing in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Marin Traci L. , Wilson Christopher G. , Ramirez Miguel Lopez , Sun Wei , Malhotra Atul , Gongol Brendan
Published: December 2024

Ventilatory drive is modulated by a variety of neurochemical inputs that converge on spatially oriented clusters of cells within the brainstem. This regulation is required to maintain energy homeostasis and is essential to sustain life across all mammalian organisms. Therefore, the anatomical orientation of these cellular clusters during development must have a defined mechanistic basis with redundant genomic variants. Failure to completely develop these features causes several conditions including apnea of prematurity (AOP) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). AOP is associated with many adverse outcomes including increased risk of interventricular hemorrhage. However, there are no pharmacological interventions that reduce SIDS and AOP prevalence by promoting brainstem development. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a kinase that regulates ventilatory control to maintain homeostasis. This study identifies a signaling axis in which the pharmacological activation of AMPK in vivo via metformin in brainstem ventilatory control centers results in the phosphorylation of LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-beta (Lmx1b), a key player in dorsal–ventral patterning during fetal development. The phosphorylation of Lmx1b transactivates a neurogenic interactome important for the development and regulation of ventilatory control centers. These findings highlight the potential for metformin in the treatment and prevention of AOP.
Rising Concern About the Carcinogenetic Role of Micro-Nanoplastics
Authors: Ruggieri Lorenzo , Amato Ottavia , Marrazzo Cristina , Nebuloni Manuela , Dalu Davide , Cona Maria Silvia , Gambaro Anna , Rulli Eliana , La Verde Nicla
Published: December 2024

In recent years, awareness regarding micro-nanoplastics’ (MNPs) potential effects on human health has progressively increased. Despite a large body of evidence regarding the origin and distribution of MNPs in the environment, their impact on human health remains to be determined. In this context, there is a major need to address their potential carcinogenic risks, since MNPs could hypothetically mediate direct and indirect carcinogenic effects, the latter mediated by particle-linked chemical carcinogens. Currently, evidence in this field is scarce and heterogeneous, but the reported increased incidence of malignant tumors among younger populations, together with the ubiquitous environmental abundance of MNPs, are rising a global concern regarding the possible role of MNPs in the development and progression of cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the currently available evidence in eco-toxicology, as well as methods for the identification and characterization of environmental MNP particulates and their health-associated risks, with a focus on cancer. In addition, we suggest possible routes for future research in order to unravel the carcinogenetic potential of MNP exposure and to understand prognostic and preventive implications of intratumoral MNPs.
Cocaine-Induced Microglial Impairment and Its Rehabilitation by PLX-PAD Cell Therapy
Authors: Pe’er-Nissan Hilla , Shirel Itzhak Pnina , Gispan Iris , Ofir Racheli , Yadid Gal
Published: December 2024

Chronic cocaine use triggers inflammatory and oxidative processes in the central nervous system, resulting in impaired microglia. Mesenchymal stem cells, known for their immunomodulatory properties, have shown promise in reducing inflammation and enhancing neuronal survival. The study employed the cocaine self-administration model, focusing on ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein 1 (Iba-1) and cell morphology as markers for microglial impairment and PLX-PAD cells as a treatment for attenuating cocaine craving. The results revealed an addiction-stage and region-specific impairment in microglia following chronic cocaine exposure, with deficits observed in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) during the maintenance stage and in both the NAc and Dentate Gyrus (DG) during the extinction and reinstatement stages. Furthermore, PLX-PAD cell therapy demonstrated a significant reduction in cocaine craving and seeking behavior, interestingly accompanied by the prevention of Iba-1 level decrease and restoration of microglial activity in the NAc and DG. These findings highlight the unique role of microglia in modulating cocaine addiction behaviors through their influence on synaptic plasticity and neuronal remodeling associated with memory formation. They also suggest that PLX-PAD therapy may mitigate the detrimental effects of chronic cocaine exposure on microglia, underscoring the importance of incorporating microglia in comprehensive addiction rehabilitation strategies.
A Unique Expression Profile Responding to Powdery Mildew in Wild Emmer Wheat D430
Authors: Dai Yintao , Yu Ningning , Xu Hongxing , Liu Shaoqing , Zhang Jiadong , Liu Ruishan , Li Jiatong , Li Yaoxue , Xiao Bei , Pan Guantong , Li Dongming , Liu Cheng , Jin Yuli , Ma Pengtao
Published: December 2024

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a disease that seriously harms wheat production and occurs in all wheat-producing areas around the world. Exploring Pm gene(s) and developing resistant cultivars are preferred to control the disease. Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides, 2n = 4x = 28, AABB) has accumulated abundant gene resources for resistance to powdery mildew during the long process of natural evolution. In the current study, the WEW accession D430 was highly resistant to powdery mildew at the whole-growth stage. Genetic analysis showed that the powdery mildew resistance in D430 was conferred by a single dominant locus or gene by the cross of D430 and susceptible durum wheat 647, tentatively named PmD430. Combining BSR-Seq analysis, molecular mapping, and sequence alignment, PmD430 was finally mapped to Pm4 locus, and the sequence was identical to Pm4b. Subsequently, 1871 DEGs between resistant and susceptible bulks were annotated and analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. Eight disease-related genes were evaluated by qRT-PCR and exhibited a unique expression pattern when invaded by Bgt isolate E09 and was, therefore, presented as latent targets for regulating powdery mildew resistance in D430.
Zinc Deficiency Exacerbates Lead-Induced Interleukin-2 Suppression by Regulating CREM Expression
Authors: Trojan Hannah E. , Rink Lothar , Jakobs Jana
Published: December 2024

Lead, a prevalent heavy metal, impairs the immune system by affecting T cell function. Similarly, zinc deficiency adversely affects T cells, with zinc deficiency and lead exposure being linked to reduced interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Zinc deficiency has been associated with increased expression of the transcription factor CREM 100 kDa, which downregulates IL-2. Previous research suggests zinc may mitigate lead’s toxic effects. This study explored the molecular mechanism underlying IL-2 reduction in lead-exposed T cells and examined the role of zinc status. The effects of lead exposure were investigated in Jurkat T cells in zinc-adequate, zinc-deficient, and zinc-supplemented conditions. Results showed that lead exposure increased CREM 100 kDa expression, which was amplified under zinc-deficient conditions. Consequently, IL-2 production was significantly lower in cells exposed to both lead and zinc deficiency compared to lead exposure alone. However, zinc supplementation counteracted these effects, preventing CREM 100 kDa overexpression and restoring IL-2 levels. In conclusion, we identified CREM 100 kDa as a potential molecular mechanism behind the lead-induced IL-2 decrease in Jurkat T cells, with zinc deficiency exacerbating this effect. These findings highlight the protective role of zinc in counteracting lead toxicity and emphasize the importance of maintaining adequate zinc levels for immune health.
microRNA Profile of High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma with 11q Aberration
Authors: Zajdel Michalina , Szafron Łukasz Michał , Paziewska Agnieszka , Rymkiewicz Grzegorz , Dąbrowska Michalina , Bystydzieński Zbigniew , Kulińczak Mariusz , Grygalewicz Beata , Sromek Maria , Błachnio Katarzyna , Kulecka Maria , Hajdyła Filip , Goryca Krzysztof , Chechlińska Magdalena , Siwicki Jan Konrad
Published: December 2024

High-grade B-cell lymphoma with 11q aberration (HGBCL-11q) is a rare germi-nal centre lymphoma characterised by a typical gain/loss pattern on chromo-some 11q but without MYC translocation. It shares some features with Burkitt lymphoma (BL), HGBCLs and germinal centre-derived diffuse large B-cell lym-phoma, not otherwise specified (GCB-DLBCL-NOS). Since microRNA expression in HGBCL-11q remains unknown, we aimed to identify and compare the mi-croRNA expression profiles in HGBCL-11q, BL and in GCB-DLBCL-NOS. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based microRNA profiling of HGBCL-11q (n = 6), BL (n = 8), and GCB-DLBCL-NOS without (n = 3) and with MYC rearrange-ment (MYC-R) (n = 7) was performed. We identified sets of 39, 64, and 49 mi-croRNAs differentiating HGBCL-11q from BL, and from GCB-DLBCL-NOS without MYC-R, respectively. The expression levels of miR-223-3p, miR-193b-3p, miR-29b-3p, and miR-146a-5p consistently differentiated HGBCL-11q from both BL, GCB-DLBCL-NOS without MYC-R. In addition, HGBCL-11q presented greater heterogeneity in microRNA expression than BL. The expression profile of MYC-regulated microRNAs differed in HGBCL-11q and in BL, while also clearly distinguishing HGBCL-11q and BL from GCB-DLBCL-NOS. The microRNA pro-file of HGBCL-11q differs from those of BL and GCB-DLBCL-NOS, exhibiting greater heterogeneity compared to BL. The microRNA profile further supports that HGBCL-11q is a distinct subtype of B-cell lymphoma.
Genome-Wide Analysis of the Hsf Gene Family in Rosa chinensis and RcHsf17 Function in Thermotolerance
Authors: Kang Yanhui , Sun Pei , Yang Yuan , Li Maofu , Wang Hua , Sun Xiangyi , Jin Wanmei
Published: December 2024

Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) play an important role in response to high temperatures by binding to the promoter of the heat shock protein gene to promote its expression. As an important ornamental plant, the rose often encounters heat stress during the flowering process. However, there are few studies on the Hsf family in roses (Rosa. chinensis). In the current study, 19 Hsf genes were identified from R. chinensis and grouped into three main subfamilies (A, B, and C) according to their structural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. The expression patterns of RcHsf genes were detected in different tissues by quantitative real-time PCR. The RcHsf genes exhibited distinct expression patterns at high temperatures, with RcHsf17 having the highest expression level. RcHsf17 was localized in the nucleus and had transcriptional activity. The overexpression of RcHsf17 increased thermotolerance in Arabidopsis, suggesting the potential role of RcHsf17 in the regulation of the high-temperature response. In addition, RcHsf17 overexpressed in Arabidopsis could enhance the response of transgenic Arabidopsis to methyl jasmonate. Collectively, this study identified and screened RcHsfs in response to high temperatures in roses, providing new insights into the functional divergence of RcHsfs and a basis for screening new varieties of rose.
Causality Extraction from Medical Text Using Large Language Models (LLMs)
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Seethalakshmi , Garbayo Luciana , Zadrozny Wlodek
Published: December 2024

This study explores the potential of natural language models, including large language models, to extract causal relations from medical texts, specifically from clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). The outcomes of causality extraction from clinical practice guidelines for gestational diabetes are presented, marking a first in the field. The results are reported on a set of experiments using variants of BERT (BioBERT, DistilBERT, and BERT) and using newer large language models (LLMs), namely, GPT-4 and LLAMA2. Our experiments show that BioBERT performed better than other models, including the large language models, with an average F1-score of 0.72. The GPT-4 and LLAMA2 results show similar performance but less consistency. The code and an annotated corpus of causal statements within the clinical practice guidelines for gestational diabetes are released. Extracting causal structures might help identify LLMs’ hallucinations and possibly prevent some medical errors if LLMs are used in patient settings. Some practical extensions of extracting causal statements from medical text would include providing additional diagnostic support based on less frequent cause–effect relationships, identifying possible inconsistencies in medical guidelines, and evaluating the evidence for recommendations.
Myrmecophilous Aphid Species (Hemiptera, Aphididae) Feeding on Mycoheterotrophic Monotropa hypophegea (Ericales, Ericaceae)
Authors: Bielecki Bartosz , Długosz Patryk , Morawski Miłosz , Depa Łukasz
Published: December 2024

The paper presents the first report and morphological description of aphids feeding on the mycoheterotrophic plant Monotropa hypophegea Wallr. of the family Ericaceae. This is the first known case of aphids feeding on a mycoheterotrophic plant, additionally involved in mutualistic relation with ants Lasius niger (Hymenoptera, Formicinae). This observation took place on an overgrown, postmining spoil tip in southern Poland (Europe). Barcode COI sequencing and morphological examination indicated that the collected specimens of aphids belong to A. fabae s. lat., a group of closely related species. The discussion focuses on taxonomic issues concerning the species identity of the collected aphids and the ecological interactions between insects, plants, and fungi involved in the observed association. The presence of ants attending aphids indicates the possibility of ants serving as pollinators of M. hypophegea.
Evaluating Different Supplements on the Growth Performance and Bioconversion Efficiency of Kitchen Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae
Authors: Chen Lifei , Xu Meng , Shang Rongsheng , Xin Yizhen , Wang Guiying , Li Yifan , Wang Zhuoya , Wang Xiangyu , Sun Haoyang , Li Lusheng
Published: December 2024

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) convert kitchen waste into high-quality insect feed. However, the optimal amount of auxiliary materials needed to improve the physical and chemical properties of kitchen waste and enhance BSFL bioconversion efficiency remains unresolved. In this study, maize stover and BSFL frass were added to kitchen waste (in groups G2 and G3, respectively) to explore their effects on the growth performance and bioconversion efficiency of BSFL. The group with only kitchen waste, without the addition of maize stover or BSF frass, was used as the control group and labeled as G1. On the 5th day, the body length of the BSFL in the G2 group was significantly greater than that in G1 and G3 (p < 0.05). The dry matter weight loss rate in the G3 group was significantly lower compared to that of G1 and G2 (p < 0.05), and the feed conversion rate (FCR) of G1 was significantly lower than that of G2 and G3 (p < 0.01). In summary, adding maize stover and BSFL frass increased BSFL feed intake and improved body weight gain. However, these additives did not significantly enhance BSFL bioconversion efficiency. The organic matter in maize stover and BSFL frass was utilized by the BSFL, and the heavy metal levels in each group of BSFL did not exceed standard limits.
Pheromones in Crane Flies: Behaviorally Active Cuticular Compounds in Tipula autumnalis Loew (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Authors: Būda Vincas , Apšegaitė Violeta , Blažytė-Čereškienė Laima , Podėnas Sigitas , de A. Souza João Pedro , Zarbin Paulo H. G. , Labanauskas Linas , Paškevičius Tomas , Baužienė Vilma , Radžiutė Sandra
Published: December 2024

The pheromones of crane flies (Tipulidae), one of the largest families within the order Diptera (over 15,000 species), are unknown. The aim of our study was to identify the chemical compounds involved in communication in Tipula autumnalis, a representative species of the family. Female cuticular washes were found to be attractive to males in a bioassay. GC-EAD analysis revealed nine EAG-active compounds, which were identified as cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Both males and females contained these CHCs, though in different ratios. The strongest antennal responses in male T. autumnalis were evoked by n-pentacosane, (Z)-9-pentacosene, and (Z, E)-6,9-pentacosadiene, which were the predominant components in females. Each of these compounds were attractive to males in the behavioral assay and are therefore attributed to the female sex pheromone of T. autumnalis. (Z)-9-tricosene and (R)-3-methylheneicosane elicited both EAG and behavioral responses in males and were abundant in washes from same-sex individuals. In addition to the compounds involved in female–male interactions, it is evident that T. autumnalis also employs CHCs in male–male interactions. The exact roles of some compounds remain undetermined. Among the semiochemicals, the established stereostructure of (Z, E)-6,9-pentacosadiene and the olfactory/behavioral effects of (R)- and (S)-3-methylheneicosane were novel findings in insects.
Vitellogenins Level as a Biomarker of the Honeybee Colony Strength in Urban and Rural Conditions
Authors: Nicewicz Łukasz , Nicewicz Agata Wanda , Nakonieczny Mirosław
Published: December 2024

The study aimed to verify whether urban beekeeping affects the strength of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies from urban apiaries and the variability of the crucial for their health and long-life protein—vitellogenins. For this purpose, honeybees were kept in two locations—in a city apiary on a roof in the city center and in agricultural areas. Each of the apiaries consisted of six colonies, with the sister queens artificially inseminated with semen from the same pool of drones. The bee colony strength and the variability of the vitellogenins in various tissues in foragers from both apiaries were analyzed from May to August. Here, we revealed that colonies from the urban apiary were more abundant than those from the rural apiary. We observed the compensation mechanism during periods of worker deficiency in the bee colony, which was expressed as a change in the Vgs level in the forager tissues. Using the vitellogenin level as a biomarker of the honeybee colony strength can predict the fate of colonies, especially those with low numbers. The high level of Vgs can be a candidate for bee colony depopulation biomarker.
Enhanced Control Efficacy of Different Insecticides Mixed with Mineral Oil Against Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, Under Varying Climates
Authors: Hu Wei , Wang Kejing , Zhong Xiaoyue , Jiang Pei , Zhang Shunchang , Lu Zhanjun , Zhang Zhixiang , Yi Long , Zhang Ning
Published: December 2024

Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is one of the most devastating pests in citrus orchards due to its role in transmitting Huanglongbing (HLB). Currently, chemical control remains the most effective strategy for ACP management. Mineral oils are commonly used as insecticides or adjuvants in integrated pest management (IPM) practices. To extend the product life of synthetic pesticides, we evaluated the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPF), thiamethoxam (THX), or pyriproxyfen (PPF) mixed with mineral oil Lvying (LY) against ACP nymphs under different weather conditions. Individual application of CPF, THX, and PPF effectively controlled against ACP nymphs under no rain conditions, with mortality rates varying from 20 to 100% during 1–5 d after treatment. The addition of LY at 1.0% or 0.5% rates to CPF, THX, and PPF significantly enhanced their control efficacy, achieving sustained mortality rates from 60 to 100% during the same period. Light rain had less impact on the control efficacy of these insecticide mixtures compared to individual insecticides. However, cumulative rainfall above 20 mm significantly reduced the control efficacy of individual insecticides and their mixtures. The addition of LY decreased both surface tension and contact angle of THX solution on citrus leaves, thereby enhancing the solution’s wetting and increasing THX deposition. Moreover, the rainfastness of THX was improved after adding LY, leading to a greater retention on the leaves. LY at a rate of 1.0% exhibited excellent efficacy against ACP nymphs, and observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that LY altered ACP mouthpart morphology and blocked spiracles, likely contributing to its insecticidal effects. This study revealed that mineral oils can serve as both insecticides to combine with synthetic pesticides for enhancing toxicity against ACP and as adjuvants to facilitate the deposition and rainfastness of synthetic pesticides on leaves, which could be recommended for sustainable ACP management in citrus orchards.
Divergence in the Morphology and Energy Metabolism of Adult Polyphenism in the Cowpea Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Du Zhong , Liu Xiaokun , Liu Sipei , Jiang Lei , Zong Le , Li Wenjie , Fan Weili , Zhang Lijie , Wu Fengming , Ge Siqin
Published: December 2024

Adult polyphenism is a prevalent form of adaptive evolution that enables insects to generate discrete phenotypes based on environmental factors. However, the morphology and molecular mechanisms underlying adult dimorphism in Callosobruchus maculatus (a global storage pest) remain elusive. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for predicting the dispersal and population dynamics of C. maculatus. This knowledge can also provide a theoretical basis for biological control strategies. In this study, we compared the morphology of the hind wing and chest muscles, the transcriptional profiles, the energy metabolism substances, and the fecundity between the flight form and the normal form. The flight form displays a lighter overall appearance with small black spots, while the normal form lacks most flight muscles. Moreover, there are differences in the energy metabolism pathways between the two forms, including carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. The flight form exhibits higher contents of carbohydrates, lipids, and mitochondrial energetic storage. The normal form exhibits better fertility but has lost its ability to fly. This is the first study to analyze the morphology and molecular characteristics of adult polyphenism in C. maculatus using morphological, physiological, and behavioral approaches, providing a foundational understanding of these aspects. Our study on C. maculatus also provides supporting evidence of a trade-off between dispersion and reproduction, where the flight form is capable of flying while the normal form has more reproductive benefits.
Revisiting the History and Biogeography of Bactrocera oleae and Other Olive-Feeding Fruit Flies in Africa and Asia
Authors: Teixeira da Costa Luis , Bon Marie-Claude , van Asch Barbara
Published: December 2024

Bactrocera oleae Rossi causes important agricultural losses in olive growing regions. Despite its economic relevance, the expansion history and biogeography of B. oleae and other olive-feeding fruit flies remain unclear. We used mitogenomic data of Bactrocera species from a broad geographic range to explore possible historical biogeographic patterns in B. oleae and other olive-feeding fruit flies. Our data suggest that (1) the transition from stenophagy on Oleaceae to oligophagy on Olea most likely occurred in Africa more than 6 million years ago (MYA), and (2) the subsequent transition to monophagy on Olea europaea took place in Asia or in Africa in the Early Pleistocene. Our results support equally the hypotheses that the ancestors of modern B. oleae underwent two waves of migration from Asia to Africa or that they zigzagged between Asia and Africa.
Characterization of a Novel Male Pheromone Compound in Leucoptera sinuella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) and Its Role in Courtship Behavior
Authors: Sánchez-Aros Laura , Queiroz Abel F. O. , Guajardo Jorge , Barros-Parada Wilson , Svensson Glenn P. , Bergmann Jan
Published: December 2024

The poplar moth, Leucoptera sinuella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), is widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. It was first identified in Chile in 2015 and has since become a significant pest in the agricultural sector. Additionally, economic losses are further aggravated by the presence of L. sinuella pupae in nearby fruit orchards. This study investigated the presence of a male-produced sex pheromone in L. sinuella, focusing on the hairpencil (HP) glands, which are known as dissemination structures for male pheromones in lepidopterans. Male HP glands were solvent-extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Chemical microderivatization and comparisons of mass spectra and retention indices of natural compounds with synthetic standards led to the identification of two compounds: (Z)-3-decenyl hexanoate (the major component) and (Z)-3-decen-1-ol (a minor component). Although electrophysiological assays did not show detectable antennal responses to (Z)-3-decenyl hexanoate, behavioral bioassays demonstrated its role as a short-range courtship signal in L. sinuella. Males with ablated hairpencils exhibited significantly reduced courtship success compared to controls; however, exposure of females to synthetic (Z)-3-decenyl hexanoate or HP extract restored male courtship success. To our knowledge, (Z)-3-decenyl hexanoate has not been previously reported as a sex pheromone component in any insect species, making this discovery an intriguing addition to the diversity of chemical communication in insects.
Quantification of the Survival Disadvantage Associated with Major Amputation in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Leinweber Maria Elisabeth , Greistorfer Emanuel , Rettig Julia , Taher Fadi , Kliewer Miriam , Assadian Afshin , Hofmann Amun Georg
Published: December 2024

Objective: Despite advancements in vascular surgery, the mortality among peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients undergoing major amputations remains high. While a large body of evidence has previously covered survival rates after major amputation, there is less evidence regarding the associated survival penalty from an epidemiological perspective. The present analysis aimed at quantifying the survival disadvantage after major lower limb amputation while investigating which factors are associated with mortality in this patient cohort. Methods: Data from 246 PAD patients undergoing major amputations were retrospectively collected and matched with mortality records from the Austrian National Death Registry. Life expectancy was estimated using population-based life tables, and differences between observed and expected survival were analyzed across subgroups. Results: The median follow-up was 492 days (Q1–Q3: 73–1438), and 82.5% (n = 203) of patients died, with cardiovascular events being the leading cause (41%). A profound discrepancy between estimated (4697 days, Q1–Q3: 2962–6236) and observed survival (457 days, Q1–Q3: 73–1438, p < 0.001) was seen. In men, an associated median survival penalty of 11.2 years was observed, equivalent to a proportionate reduction in life expectancy of over 90%, while the difference in women was 8.7 years, equaling a reduction of 84.6%. In a multiple regression model, 1 year in life expectancy was associated with a survival penalty of −0.96 years, thereby affecting younger patients with the highest life expectancies the most. Conclusions: Major amputation in PAD patients is associated with a significant reduction in survival compared to standardized mortality rates in the general population. The survival disadvantage exceeds 70% of estimated survival times in over 70% of patients. Elevated mortality rates after major amputation in PAD patients should not be interpreted as a causal relationship but as a surrogate for impaired systemic cardiovascular health.
Impact of Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion on Immune Cell Clearance in Liver Transplantation: Enhancing Graft Function and Post-Transplant Outcomes
Authors: Koch Dominik Thomas , Schirren Malte , Jacobi Severin , Nieß Hanno , Renz Bernhard Willibald , Werner Jens , Guba Markus Otto , Koliogiannis Dionysios
Published: December 2024

Background: Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion (HOPE) has emerged as a critical innovation in liver transplantation (LTx), offering significant protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). This study focuses on quantifying and characterizing immune cells flushed out during HOPE to explore its effects on graft function and post-transplant outcomes. Materials and Methods: Fifty liver grafts underwent end-ischemic HOPE. Perfusate samples were collected at three time points: at the start of perfusion, after 10 min, and at the end of perfusion. The samples were analyzed to quantify and characterize immune cells, assessing the effectiveness of HOPE in reducing cellular debris and its impact on graft quality. Results: The primary perfusate contained significant concentrations of immune cells, mainly segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. After 10 min of perfusion, outflow cell concentration decreased by over 95%, and by the end of perfusion, a more than 99% reduction was observed. Conclusions: HOPE effectively reduces immune cell concentrations in liver grafts, suggesting a mechanism for improved graft function and reduced post-transplant complications. These findings support the continued use and optimization of HOPE in LTx.
Therapeutic Consequences and Prognostic Impact of Multimorbidity in Heart Failure: Time to Act
Authors: Bánfi-Bacsárdi Fanni , Kazay Ádám , Gergely Tamás G. , Forrai Zsolt , Füzesi Tamás Péter , Hanuska Laura Fanni , Schäffer Pál Péter , Pilecky Dávid , Vámos Máté , Vértes Vivien , Dékány Miklós , Andréka Péter , Piróth Zsolt , Nyolczas Noémi , Muk Balázs
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: In heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), the early diagnosis and proper treatment of comorbidities (CMs) are of fundamental relevance. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of CMs among real-world patients requiring hospitalisation for HFrEF and to investigate the effect of CMs on the implementation of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) and on all-cause mortality (ACM). Methods: The data of a consecutive HFrEF patient cohort hospitalised for HF between 2021 and 2024 were analysed retrospectively. Sixteen CMs (6 CV and 10 non-CV) were considered. Patients were divided into three categories: 0–3 vs. 4–6 vs. ≥7 CMs. GDMT at discharge and ACM were compared among CM categories. The predictors of 1-year ACM were also evaluated. Results: From the 388 patients (male: 76%, age: 61 [50–70] years; NT-proBNP: 5286 [2570–9923] pg/mL; ≥2 cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic disease overlap: 46%), a large proportion received GDMT (RASi: 91%; βB: 85%; MRA: 95%; SGLT2i: 59%; triple therapy [TT: RASi+βB+MRA]: 82%; quadruple therapy [QT: TT + SGLT2i]: 54%) at discharge. Multimorbidity was accompanied with a (p < 0.05) lower application ratio of RASi (96% vs. 92% vs. 85%; 0–3 vs. 4–6 vs. ≥7 CMs) and βB therapy (94% vs. 85% vs. 78%), while MRA (99% vs. 94% vs. 94%) and SGTL2i use (61% vs. 59% vs. 57%) did not differ (p > 0.05). Patients with multimorbidity were less likely to be treated with TT (93% vs. 82% vs. 73%, p = 0.001), while no difference was detected in the implementation of QT (56% vs. 54% vs. 50%, p = 0.685). The 1-year ACM of patients with an increased burden of CMs was higher (9% vs. 13% vs. 25%, p = 0.003). The risk of 1-year ACM was favourably affected by the use of TT/QT and less severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, while having ≥5 CMs had an unfavourable impact on prognosis. Conclusions: According to our real-world analysis, HFrEF patients with an increased burden of CMs can expect a less favourable outcome. However, modern GDMT can even be applied in this patient population, resulting in a significantly improved prognosis. Thus, clinicians should insist on the early, conscious implementation of a prognosis-modifying drug regime in multimorbid HF patients as well.
Olfactory Evoked Potentials and Brain MRI Outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ciurleo Rosella , De Salvo Simona , Caminiti Fabrizia , Militi Annalisa , Bonanno Lilla
Published: December 2024

Background: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is an underestimated symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple factors may play a role in the OD reported by MS patients, such as ongoing inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), damage to the olfactory bulbs due to demyelination, and the presence of plaques in brain areas associated with the olfactory system. Indeed, neuroimaging studies in MS have shown a clear association of the OD with the number and activity of MS-related plaques in frontal and temporal brain regions. However, these studies have used only psychophysical tests to evaluate the OD in MS patients. Olfactory Event-Related Potentials (OERPs) are a method to assess olfaction with the clear advantage of its objectivity in comparison with psychophysical tests. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the parameters of OERP components (latency and amplitude) and the lesion load of the brain regions which are involved in olfaction in a cohort of relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 30 RRMS patients and 30 healthy controls. The parameters of OERP components and magnetic resonance imaging data (lesions in the CNS) were analyzed in RRMS patients. Results: The association found between the RRMS patient groups with and without OERPs and the number of lesions in the frontal area as well as the correlation between the lesion load in the temporal area and OERP parameters suggest how brain alterations may impact on olfactory performance in MS. In addition, the predictive value of the number of lesions in the frontal and parietal areas for P2 amplitude also highlights the potential for OERP measures to serve as markers for disease progression in MS. Conclusions: This approach to assess the olfaction in MS could improve our understanding of the disease’s neurological impact and contribute to the development of new targeted interventions to mitigate olfactory sensory deficits.
Cumulative Burden of Fatty Liver and Kidney Cancer in Young Men: A National Population-Based Study
Authors: Lee Hee Yeon , Han Kyung Do , Kwon Hyuk-Sang
Published: December 2024

Background: This national population-based study aimed to assess the cumulative burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) measured via the fatty liver index (FLI) and its association with kidney cancer risk in young men aged 20–39. Methods: Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we examined a cohort of 1,007,906 men (age 20–39) who underwent four consecutive annual check-ups from 2009 to 2012. The FLI, calculated from body mass index values, waist circumference, triglyceride levels, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels, was used to quantify the cumulative burden of NAFLD (FLI ≥ 60). The study population was followed until a kidney cancer diagnosis was made, death occurred, or the advent of 2020. Results: Over a mean follow-up of 7.74 years, 649 subjects developed kidney cancer. An increasing mean FLI was associated with an elevated hazard ratio (HR) for kidney cancer. The cumulative frequency of NAFLD (0–4) showed a corresponding increase in the HR for kidney cancer. This association persisted after adjusting for lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Subjects with improved NAFLD had a decreased risk of kidney cancer compared to those with persistent or aggravated NAFLD. Conclusions: This study revealed a significant association between NAFLD and kidney cancer in young men. Addressing NAFLD may offer a valuable opportunity to mitigate premature morbidity and mortality associated with young-onset kidney cancer in subsequent generations.
Characteristics and Surgical Management of Bilateral Body Mandibular Fractures: A 23-Year Experience
Authors: Roccia Fabio , Cena Paolo , Cremona Giulia , Garzino Demo Paolo , Sobrero Federica
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Mandibular fractures are among the most common facial injuries. Bilateral fractures of the mandibular body region (BBMFs), however, are rare. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the characteristics, surgical management, and outcomes of BBMFs in a third-level trauma center in northern Italy. Methods: Between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2023, the following data were collected about patients hospitalized for BBMFs: age, sex, cause of fracture, dental status, degree of mandibular atrophy, surgical approach, number and thickness of plates used, concomitant maxillofacial fractures, length of hospital stay, and outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: During the study period, 26 patients (11 males and 15 females) presented with BBMFs, of which five were dentate (median age, 19 years) and 21 edentulous (median age, 80 years). The primary cause of trauma was road traffic accidents (RTAs) in dentate patients and falls in edentulous patients. In most dentate patients, fractures were treated using an intraoral approach with rigid or mixed fixation, using ≤1.4 mm thick plates. Edentulous patients were primarily treated using an extraoral approach and rigid fixation with ≥1.5 mm plates. The use of plates ≥ 1.5 mm was statistically associated with edentulous patients (p = 0.042) and with increasing degrees of atrophy (p = 0.020). Conclusions: This study shows that BBMFs are uncommon injuries, associated with high-impact trauma in dentate patients and medium- or low-impact trauma, such as falls, in edentulous patients. Internal fixation was predominantly rigid, with thicker plates used as the degree of mandibular atrophy increased.
Sex Differences in Management, Time to Intervention, and In-Hospital Mortality of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Non-Myocardial Infarction Related Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Desai Anushka V. , Rani Rohan , Minhas Anum S. , Rahman Faisal
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with high mortality, particularly in women. With early intervention being a cornerstone of CS management, this study aims to explore whether sex differences exist in the utilization of critical interventions, timing of treatment, and in-hospital mortality for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and non-AMI-CS. Methods: For this retrospective cohort study, we queried the National Inpatient Sample (years 2016–2021) for CS-related hospitalizations. We assessed sex differences in utilization, timing, and outcomes of CS interventions, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and prior cardiac interventions via multivariate logistic regressions. Results: Of 1,052,360 weighted CS hospitalizations, 60% were for non-AMI-CS and 40% were for AMI-CS. Women with CS had lower rates of all interventions. For AMI-CS, women had higher likelihoods of in-hospital mortality after revascularization (adjusted odds ratio 1.15 [95% confidence interval 1.09–1.22]), mechanical circulatory support (MCS) (1.15 [1.08–1.22]), and right heart catheterization (RHC) (1.10 [1.02–1.19]) (all p < 0.001). Similar trends were seen in the non-AMI-CS group. Women with AMI-CS were less likely to receive early (within 24 h of admission) revascularization (0.93 [0.89–0.96]), MCS (0.76 [0.73–0.80]), or RHC (0.89 [0.84–0.95]); women with non-AMI-CS were less likely to receive early revascularization (0.78 [0.73–0.84]) or RHC (0.83 [0.79–0.88]) (all p < 0.001). Regardless of CS type, in-hospital mortality was not significantly different between men and women receiving early MCS or revascularization. Conclusions: Sex disparities in the frequency of treatment of CS persist on a national scale, with women being more likely to die following treatment and less likely to receive early treatment. However, in-hospital mortality does not differ significantly when men and women are treated equally within 24 h of admission, suggesting that early intervention should be made a priority to mitigate sex-based differences in CS outcomes.
Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Prostate Biopsy Necessity Using PSA, MRI, and Hematologic Parameters
Authors: Sungur Mustafa , Aykaç Aykut , Aydin Mehmet Erhan , Celik Ozer , Kaya Coskun
Published: December 2024

Background: To establish a machine learning (ML) model for predicting prostate biopsy outcomes using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) findings, and hematologic parameters. Methods: The medical records of the patients who had undergone a prostate biopsy were evaluated. Laboratory findings, mpMRI findings, and prostate biopsy results were collected. Patients with benign prostate pathology were classified as Group 1, and those with prostate cancer (PCa) were classified as Group 2. The following ML algorithms were used to create the ML model: ExtraTrees classifier, Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LGBM) classifier, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) classifier, Logistic Regression, and Random Forest classifier. Results: A total of 244 male patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Among them, 171 (71.1%) were categorized in Group 1, and 73 (29.9%) in Group 2. The LGBM classifier model demonstrated the highest performance, achieving an accuracy rate of 81.6% and an AUC–ROC (area under the curve–receiver operating characteristic) of 78.4%, with sensitivity and specificity values of 66.7% and 88.2%, respectively, in predicting prostate biopsy outcomes. Conclusions: Pathological results can be predicted by ML models using PSA values, mpMRI findings, and hematologic parameters prior to a prostate biopsy, potentially reducing unnecessary biopsy procedures.
Colonic Polyp Study: Differences in Adenoma Characteristics Based on Colonoscopy History over 5-Year Follow-Up Period
Authors: Park Sang Hyun , Hong Kwang Il , Park Hyun Chul , Kim Young Sun , Bok Gene Hyun , Kim Kyung Ho , Shin Dong Suk , Han Jae Yong , Kim Young Kwan , Choi Yeun Jong , Eun Soo Hoon , Lim Byung Hoon , Kwack Kyeong Kun ,   The Korean Society of Digestive Endoscopy Polyp Study
Published: December 2024

Background: Timely detection and removal of colonic adenomas are critical for preventing colorectal cancer. Methods: This study analyzed differences in colonic adenoma characteristics based on colonoscopy history by reviewing the medical records of 14,029 patients who underwent colonoscopy between January and June 2020 across 40 primary medical institutions in Korea. Results: Adenoma and advanced neoplasia characteristics varied significantly with colonoscopy history (p < 0.05). In the first-time colonoscopy group, adenomas were more frequent in the sigmoid colon (S-colon) and rectum, with Is features and non-granular laterally spreading tumors. Advanced neoplasia was also more common in the S-colon and rectum, with Is and advanced-type features. In the <5-year group, adenomas were predominantly found in the transverse colon (T-colon) and descending colon (D-colon), with IIa and IIb features. Advanced neoplasia in this group was more frequent in the cecum and T-colon, with IIa and IIb features and laterally spreading tumors. In the ≥5-year group, adenomas were more commonly located in the ascending colon (A-colon) and cecum, with Ip features, while advanced neoplasia was more frequent in the A-colon and D-colon, also with Ip features. Conclusions: Although every segment of the colorectum should be carefully observed regardless of colonoscopy history, these findings suggest that prioritizing specific colonic segments for examination based on colonoscopy history may improve adenoma detection rates and reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer. However, further large-scale, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and support their application in clinical practice.