bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Fermi‐Level Engineering in Multi‐Interface CuO/Cu2O||rGO||h‐WO3||rGO|| Photoelectrodes on Photoelectrochemical CO2Reduction
Authors: Bieńkowski Krzysztof , Małolepszy Artur , Stobiński Leszek , Strawski Marcin , Wróbel Piotr , Solarska Renata
Published: March 2022

Heterojunction engineering enables more versatile and higher performance systems than single components. In parallel with heterojunction engineering, defect engineering has emerged as a means of tailoring the optoelectronic properties of photoelectrodes. However, constructing effective and stable hybrid semiconductor heterojunctions is a challenging task under the strict requirements of band alignment, vacancy characteristics, and interface properties. Herein, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) reduction of CO2to methanol is augmented by a novel approach explored by modeling the Fermi level in a multi‐interface architecture. The excellent PEC CO2reduction activity is attributed to the formation of a high‐performance, energetically aligned multi‐interface system of CuO/Cu2O||rGO|h‐WO3|rGO (rGO = reduced graphene oxide layer). The overall performance of this hybrid, system strongly depends on the number of oxygen groups in rGO and the structural properties of rGO. Therefore, to construct an effective PEC system, numerous postsynthetic treatments are explored for their practicality and usefulness. The results reported herein clearly show that the best performance toward the CO2photoreduction currents of 3 mA/cm2at 0.00.1 V versus reversable hydrogen electrode (more than double that of the CuO/Cu2O system) has been reached for the semiconductor architecture containing two layers of rGO.
Monolithic In‐Plane Integration of Gate‐Modulated Switchable Supercapacitors
Authors: Bräuniger Yannik , Lochmann Stefanie , Gellrich Christin , Galle Lydia , Grothe Julia , Kaskel Stefan
Published: March 2022

Monolithic integration of iontronic devices is a key challenge for future miniaturization and system integration. The G‐Cap, a novel iontronic element, is a switchable supercapacitor with gating characteristics comparable to transistors in electronic circuits, but switching relies on ionic currents and ion electroadsorption. The first monolithic in‐plane G‐Cap integration through 3D‐inkjet printing of nanoporous carbon precursors is reported. The printed G‐Cap has a three‐electrode architecture integrating a symmetric “working” supercapacitor (W‐Cap) and a third “gate” electrode (G‐electrode) that reversibly depletes/injects electrolyte ions into the system, effectively controlling the “working” capacitance. The symmetric W‐Cap operates with a proton‐conducting hydrogel electrolyte PVA/H2SO4 and shows a high capacitance (1.6 mF cm−2) that can be switched “on” and “off” by applying a DC bias potential (−1.0 V) at the G‐electrode. This effectively suppresses AC electroadsorption in the nanoporous carbon electrodes of the W‐Cap, resulting in a high capacitance drop from an “on” to an “off” state. The new monolithic structures achieve high rate performance, reversible on‐off switching with an off‐value reaching 0.5 %, which even surpasses recently reported values. Establishing technologies and device architectures for functional ionic electroadsorption devices is crucial for diverse fields ranging from microelectronics and iontronics to biointerfacing and neuromodulation.
Self‐Assembled 2D WS2 Interconnected Nanosheets: An Anode Material with Outstanding Lithium‐Storage Performance
Authors: Sengupta Shilpi , Kundu Manab
Published: March 2022

The unique lithium‐ion battery anodes consisting of interconnected nano‐architectures with high specific surface areas, adequate buffer space to tolerate the volume change, excellent conductivities, and admirable mechanical stabilities demand for next‐generation lithium‐ion battery (LIB). Herein this report, highly interconnected and self‐assembled tungsten disulfide nanosheets (WS2 NS) array is constructed through simple hydrothermal process. The ultrathin nature of nanosheet array can not only efficiently buffer the huge volumetric change but also abbreviate the Li‐ion and electron diffusion path. As expected, the ultrathin WS2 nanosheets array is endowed with excellent structural stability and also very fast electrochemical kinetics, and hence extraordinary lithium‐storage performance, such as delivering high capacities of 813.33 mAh g−1 at a C rate of C/8, admirable rate capability and good cycling stability, that is, 242 and 226 mAh g−1 at a C rate of 1 and 2 C, respectively, up to 600 cycles.
The application of nonthermal plasma in methanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation
Authors: Farahani Majid D. , Zeng Yimin , Zheng Ying
Published: March 2022

CH3OH is an energy carrier that can be generated from renewable resources and be used as a fuel in fuel cells and internal combustion engines and a platform chemical for the synthesis of value‐added chemicals or gasoline. Carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation is one of the widely researched methods to generate methanol. The traditional CO2 hydrogenation reaction method (requires high H2 pressure and temperatures) has attracted considerable attention. However, the new emerging field of catalysis referred to as nonthermal plasma (NTP) catalysis has also been developed extensively for methane reforming and CO2 hydrogenation to methane and CO. The plasma‐assisted approach not only presents remarkable advantages, such as room temperature and atmospheric H2 pressure but also has great potential to be powered by renewable electricity in a flexible way since it can be easily switched on/off. In this account, we review the recent articles published on methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 using NTP. We reviewed and discussed the mechanism of this reaction under NTP, the modification of the reactor configurations, and the rationale behind the catalyst design. In the end, we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of each of these works and the future perspectives of this interesting privileged reaction. We believe this review is of interest to researchers active in sustainable heterogeneous catalysis.
Polyethylene–Water and Polydimethylsiloxane–Water Partition Coefficients for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Influence of Polymer Source and Proposed Best Available Values
Authors: Jonker Michiel T. O.
Published: March 2022

For most passive sampling applications, the availability of accurate passive sampler–water partition coefficients (Kp-w) is of key importance. Unfortunately, a huge variability exists in literature Kp-w values, in particular for hydrophobic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This variability is a major source of concern in the passive sampling community, which would benefit from high-quality Kp-w data. Hence, in the present study “best available” PAH and PCB Kp-w values are proposed for the two most often applied passive sampling materials, that is, low-density polyethylene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), based on (1) a critical assessment of existing literature data, and (2) new Kp-w determinations for polyethylene and PDMS, with both polymers coming in six different versions (suppliers, thicknesses). The experimental results indicated that Kp-w values for PDMS are independent of the source, thus allowing straightforward standardization. In contrast, Kp-w values for polyethylene from different sources differed by up to 30%. Defining best available Kp-w values for this polymer therefore may require standardization of the polymer source. Application of the proposed best available Kp-w values will substantially improve the accuracy of freely dissolved concentration results by users and the potential for comparisons across laboratories. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1370–1380. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Effect of crude glycerin levels on meat quality and carcass characteristics of crossbred Boer goats
Authors: Bezerra Higor Fábio Carvalho , Santos Edson Mauro , de Carvalho Gleidson Giordano Pinto , de Oliveira Juliana Silva , de Moura Zanine Anderson , Pinho Ricardo Martins Araujo , de Araújo Maria Leonor Garcia Melo Lopes , Perazzo Alexandre Fernandes , Ferreira Daniele de Jesus
Published: March 2022

This study assessed the effects of four levels of crude glycerin (0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg dry matter (DM) basis) in the diet of Boer crossbred goat kids on the qualitative and quantitative carcass characteristics as well as meat quality. Thirty‐two crossbred, castrated Boer x undefined breed goat kids with an initial average weight of 17.8 ± 2.2 kg between 3 and 4 months of age were distributed across a complete randomized experiment with four treatments and eight replicates. The DM intake linearly decreased (p < .05) as the crude glycerin inclusion level in the diet increased. Crude glycerin levels decreased (linear effect, p < .05) empty body weight, hot dressing percentage, and cold dressing percentage. Conformation and subcutaneous fat thickness were not affected (p > .05) by dietary crude glycerin. Crude glycerin levels decreased (linear effect, p = .03) rib eye area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle, however, did not affect color, cooking loss, and shear force. The crude glycerin can be included up to 50 g/kg DM in the diet of crossbred Boer goats without negatively affecting carcass characteristics and meat quality. It can be recommended as an energy source in finishing diets.
The role of network‐forming collagens in cancer progression
Authors: Zhang Jin , Liu Jieya , Zhang Hongying , Wang Jiao , Hua Hui , Jiang Yangfu
Published: March 2022

Collagens are the main components of extracellular matrix in the tumor microenvironment. Both fibrillar and nonfibrillar collagens are involved in tumor progression. The nonfibrillar network‐forming collagens such as type IV and type VIII collagens are frequently overexpressed in various types of human cancers, which promotes tumor cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Studies on the roles of these collagens have shed light on the mechanisms underpinning the effects of this protein family. Future research has to explicit the role of network‐forming collagens with respect to cancer progression and treatment. Herein, we review the regulation of network‐forming collagens expression in cancer; the roles of network‐forming collagens in tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis; and the clinical significance of network‐forming collagens expression in cancer patients.
Analysis of the implementation of maternal death surveillance and response in Chad
Authors: Kouanda Seni , Ouedraogo Olivia M.A. , Tchonfiene Passiri P. , Lhagadang Foumsou , Ouedraogo Leopold , Conombo Kafando Ghislaine S.
Published: March 2022

Objective

To analyze implementation of the maternal death surveillance and response (MDSR) strategy in Chad.

Methods

Secondary data analysis of results from a cross‐sectional study involving semistructured interviews with decision‐makers at central, regional, and district levels, health providers, and technical and financial partners, and a document review. Data collection took place from June–July 2017.

Results

Maternal death reporting was incorporated into the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response system but did not include neonatal deaths nor maternal and neonatal deaths in communities. Underreporting of maternal deaths owing to fear of repercussions was evident, likely associated with maternal deaths reported at monthly meetings held by the country's President with stakeholders in the health sector. Maternal death reviews were only undertaken between 2015 and 2016 in four regions of Chad and ceased in mid‐August 2016. Reasons include the departure of foreign obstetricians, lack of motivation among health workers, weak accountability at all levels of the health system, organizational issues, and nonimplementation of review recommendations.

Conclusion

Strong action is needed by the Ministry of Health to revive implementation of the MDSR system.
Seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies among first‐trimester pregnant women during the second wave of the pandemic in India
Authors: Sharma Kandala Aparna , Singh Nilanchali , Hillman Sara , Mathur Purva , Yadav Kapil , Garg Anapti , Dadhwal Vatsla , Bhatla Neerja
Published: March 2022

Objective

Data on the immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 during pregnancy are lacking and the potential role and effect of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination in pregnancy is yet to be completely investigated.

Method

This is a cross‐sectional observational study wherein pregnant women were tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G levels, irrespective of their infective status or presence or symptomatology.

Result

Of the 220 pregnant women tested, 160 (72.7%) were SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG positive, 37 (16.8%) were SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM positive and 27 (16.9%) were both IgG and IgM positive. The average antibody titer found was 10.49 BAU/ml (±14.0) and 0.6 (±0.55) for anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG and IgM non neutralizing antibodies respectively. ROC analysis for SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG positivity showed a cut‐off value of 1.19 with a sensitivity of 99.3% (0.99 AUC, 95% CI) and specificity of 98.3% (0.99 AUC, 95% CI), respectively. Similarly, ROC analysis for SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM positivity showed a cut‐off value of 1 with a sensitivity of 97.3% (0.99 AUC, 95% CI) and specificity of 98.9% (0.99 AUC, 95% CI), respectively.

Conclusion

First trimester sero‐molecular screening suggests a high prevalence of COVID antibodies in the study population of pregnant women in the first trimester, without the patients being symptomatic.
OPEC study: An international multicenter study of ovarian preservation in endometrial cancers
Authors: Akgor Utku , Ayhan Ali , Shushkevich Alexander , Ozdal Bulent , Angelou Kyveli , Akbayır Ozgur , Kaidarova Dilyara , Ulrikh Elena , Stepanyan Artem , Ortac Fırat , Aliyev Shamistan , Ozgul Nejat , Taranenka Siarhei , Haberal Ali , Salman Coskun , Seyhan Alper , Selcuk Ilker , Haidopoulos Dimitrios , Akıllı Huseyin , Bolatbekova Raikhan , Alaverdyan Areg , Taskin Salih , Murshudova Sabina , Batur Meltem , Berlev Igor , Gultekin Murat
Published: March 2022

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility and oncological safety of ovarian preservation in early stage endometrial adenocarcinoma (EC) patients aged 40 and below.

Methods

A total of 11 institutions from eight countries participated in the study. 169 of 5898 patients aged ≤40 years were eligible for the study. Patients with EC treated between March 2007 and January 2019 were retrospectively assessed.

Results

The median duration of follow‐up after EC diagnosis was 59 months (4–187). Among 169 participants, ovarian preservation surgery (OPS) was performed in 54 (31.9%), and BSO was performed in 115 (68.1%) patients. Although patients younger than 30 years of age were more likely to have OPS than patients aged 30 to 40 years (20.4% vs. 9.6%, P = 0.021), there was no significant difference by the mean age. There were no other relevant baseline differences between OPS and BSO groups. The Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed no difference in either the overall survival (P = 0.955) or recurrence‐free survival (P = 0.068) among patients who underwent OPS, and BSO.

Conclusion

OPS appears to be safe without having any adverse impact on survival in women aged ≤40 years with FIGO Stage I EC.
The beneficial role of family enmeshment among South Korean immigrants in the United States
Authors: Jin Bora , Roopnarine Jaipaul L.
Published: March 2022

Enmeshment is considered inimical to healthy family dynamics among European Americans. However, recent studies have failed to show negative associations between family enmeshment and individual outcomes among Asian Heritage families. Using structural equation modelling and multiple group analysis, this study examined whether enmeshed relationships are dysfunctional in Korean immigrant families in the United States and whether degree of acculturation moderated the associations between enmeshment and children's socioemotional functioning and academic performance. The sample consisted of 98 South Korean immigrant families with children between 9 and 14 years of age residing in the Greater New York City Area. Results showed that enmeshed family relationships tended to be beneficial to child socioemotional functioning and the association became more evident with lower than higher degree of acculturation. Findings are discussed in terms of the meaning of enmeshment when working with Korean immigrant families in the United States.
Do we over‐diagnose ADHD in North America? A critical review and clinical recommendations
Authors: Gascon Abigaëlle , Gamache Dominick , St‐Laurent Diane , Stipanicic Annie
Published: March 2022

There has been a marked increase in the prevalence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the last 25 years in North America. Some see this trend as positive and believe that it reflects a better identification of ADHD and even think that the disorder is still under‐diagnosed. Others, however, contend that ADHD is over‐diagnosed. To help mental health clinicians to maintain an informed and nuanced perspective on this debate, this critical review aims to (1) summarize empirical results on factors that might contribute to increase the number of ADHD diagnoses and (2) propose clinical recommendations coherent with these findings to improve clinical practices for ADHD assessment and treatment. We conclude that artifactual factors such as current formulation of diagnostic criteria, clinical practices, and inordinate focus on performance, which is rampant in North America, likely contribute to inflated prevalence rates.
Residential mobility, neighborhood cohesion, and depressive symptoms among urban‐dwelling African American adolescents
Authors: Gepty Andrew A. , Lambert Sharon F. , Milam Adam J. , Ialongo Nicholas S.
Published: March 2022

Mechanisms linking residential mobility and depressive symptoms among urban‐dwelling African American adolescents have received little attention. This study examined neighborhood cohesion as a possible mechanism. Participants were 358 urban‐dwelling African American adolescents (Mage = 14.78; SD = 0.34) who reported their neighborhood cohesion in Grade 10 and depressive symptoms in Grades 9 and 11, and for whom residential address information was available. There was a significant indirect effect of past moves in middle school on depressive symptoms 1 year later through reduced neighborhood cohesion. However, the indirect effect was not significant in a propensity score‐matched sample. Results from the full sample of adolescents suggest that neighborhood cohesion may play a role in the experience of depressive symptoms following past moves in middle school. Different findings for the propensity score‐matched sample highlight the need for future studies of residential mobility to employ strategies to correct for possible selection bias.
Cycles of instability: Proximal and distal influences on residential instability among people with histories of homelessness in three Canadian cities
Authors: Czechowski Konrad , Sylvestre John , Gogosis Evie , Agha Ayda , Kerman Nick , Polillo Alexia , Palepu Anita , Hwang Stephen W.
Published: March 2022

People with histories of homelessness often have difficulties obtaining and maintaining adequate housing. This qualitative study examined the residential transitions of people with histories of residential instability and homelessness to understand factors contributing to the instability they experience. Interviews were conducted with 64 participants about their housing transitions, in the final year of a 4‐year, prospective cohort study in three Canadian cities (Ottawa, Toronto, and Vancouver). Findings showed that participants pointed to both distal and proximal factors as affecting residential transitions, including interpersonal conflict, safety concerns, substance use, poverty, pests, and health. Many reported disconnection from their housing and a lack of improvement from one housing situation to the next, demonstrating how even when housed, instability persisted. Our study highlights the complexity associated with participants' often unplanned and abrupt residential transitions. The complex and distal issues that affect housing transitions require structural changes, in addition to individual‐based interventions focused on the proximal problems.
The early embryonic transcriptome of a Hawaiian Drosophila picture‐wing fly shows evidence of altered gene expression and novel gene evolution
Authors: Chenevert Madeline , Miller Bronwyn , Karkoutli Ahmad , Rusnak Anna , Lott Susan E. , Atallah Joel
Published: March 2022

A massive adaptive radiation on the Hawaiian archipelago has produced approximately one‐quarter of the fly species in the family Drosophilidae. The Hawaiian Drosophila clade has long been recognized as a model system for the study of both the ecology of island endemics and the evolution of developmental mechanisms, but relatively few genomic and transcriptomic datasets are available for this group. We present here a differential expression analysis of the transcriptional profiles of two highly conserved embryonic stages in the Hawaiian picture‐wing fly Drosophila grimshawi. When we compared our results to previously published datasets across the family Drosophilidae, we identified cases of both gains and losses of gene representation in D. grimshawi, including an apparent delay in Hox gene activation. We also found a high expression of unannotated genes. Most transcripts of unannotated genes with open reading frames do not have identified homologs in non‐Hawaiian Drosophila species, although the vast majority have sequence matches in genomes of other Hawaiian picture‐wing flies. Some of these unannotated genes may have arisen from noncoding sequence in the ancestor of Hawaiian flies or during the evolution of the clade. Our results suggest that both the modified use of ancestral genes and the evolution of new ones may occur in rapid radiations.
Towards the first 90: impact of the national HIV self‐test program on case finding and factors associated with linkage to confirmatory diagnosis in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Yen‐Fang , Huang Yu‐Ching , Lo Yi‐Chun , Latkin Carl , Huang Hsun‐Yin , Lee Chia‐Chi , Pan Li‐Chern , Kuo Hsu‐Sung
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Being aware of one's HIV‐positive status can help reduce unprotected sex and promote early treatment seeking. Therefore, HIV self‐test (HIVST) programs may help control the HIV epidemic by case finding. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of HIVST programs on HIV case finding, time to confirmatory diagnosis and factors associated with linkage to confirmatory diagnosis in Taiwan.

Methods

The Centers for Disease Control in Taiwan initiated HIVST programs and imported 78,000 self‐test kits in 2017 and 2019. Clients paid 7 US dollars for a self‐test kit at facilities, vending machines or online. The programs set up an HIVST logistics management system; each kit had a unique barcode for monitoring the programs because purchases were anonymous. When clients provided their test results with photo barcodes online or at HIV/AIDS‐designated hospitals, they received full monetary reimbursement. We conducted a quasi‐experimental interrupted time‐series (ITS) analysis that covered a period of 60 months from 2015 to 2019. We enrolled a retrospective cohort of reported HIV cases with initial positive results from HIVST programs between March 2017 and July 2020.

Results

The ITS analysis included data from 10,976 reported HIV cases from 2015 to 2019. The HIVST‐positive cohort included 386 reported HIV cases, of whom 99.7% were males and 97% were men who have sex with men (MSM); the median age was 28 years. The ITS analysis showed a positive slope change in the number of reported HIV cases immediately in the beginning implementation month (coefficient: 51.09 in 2017 and 3.62 in 2019), but there was a significant decrease over time. It was a negative slope change by 9.52 cases per month in 2017 and 5.56 cases per month in 2019. In the HIVST‐positive cohort, three of five individuals linked to HIV confirmatory diagnosis within 1 month after a positive self‐test result, and an early linkage to confirmatory diagnosis was associated with HIVST disclosure (adjusted OR = 6.5; 95% CI: 3.9–10.6).

Conclusions

HIVST programs were associated with an increase in HIV case finding. Our findings suggest that countries with a high incidence of HIV among MSM populations should offer multichannel HIVST services.
South–South trade: An analysis of trade integration in the G‐77
Authors: Afonso Damares Lopes , Perobelli Fernando Salgueiro , de Andrade Bastos Suzana Quinet
Published: March 2022

This article investigates the economic impacts of greater trade integration in the Group of 77 (G‐77) through the GTAP model. The analyses are based on reductions in import tariffs on agricultural and industrial products, considering scenarios with and without the China participation. The economic impacts tend to strengthen production and trade in industrial sectors in already industrialised regions and agriculture in regions more dependent on this sector—pattern reinforced with China's presence. China's trade also leads to a drop in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in some G‐77 countries, with these losses outweigh welfare gains mainly in some least developed countries.
Comparative characterization of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern and mouse‐adapted strains in mice
Authors: Chen Qi , Huang Xing‐Yao , Liu Yu , Sun Meng‐Xu , Ji Bin , Zhou Chao , Chi Hang , Zhang Rong‐Rong , Luo Dan , Tian Ying , Li Xiao‐Feng , Zhao Hui , Qin Cheng‐Feng
Published: March 2022

SARS‐CoV‐2 has evolved into a panel of variants of concern (VOCs) and constituted a sustained threat to global health. The wildtype (WT) SARS‐CoV‐2 isolates fail to infect mice, while the Beta variant, one of the VOCs, has acquired the capability to infect standard laboratory mice, raising a spreading risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 from humans to mice. However, the infectivity and pathogenicity of other VOCs in mice remain not fully understood. In this study, we systematically investigated the infectivity and pathogenicity of three VOCs, Alpha, Beta, and Delta, in mice in comparison with two well‐understood SARS‐CoV‐2 mouse‐adapted strains, MASCp6 and MASCp36, sharing key mutations in the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) with Alpha or Beta, respectively. Our results showed that the Beta variant had the strongest infectivity and pathogenicity among the three VOCs, while the Delta variant only caused limited replication and mild pathogenic changes in the mouse lung, which is much weaker than what the Alpha variant did. Meanwhile, Alpha showed comparable infectivity in lungs in comparison with MASCp6, and Beta only showed slightly lower infectivity in lungs when compared with MASCp36. These results indicated that all three VOCs have acquired the capability to infect mice, highlighting the ongoing spillover risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 from humans to mice during the continued evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2, and that the key amino acid mutations in the RBD of mouse‐adapted strains may be referenced as an early‐warning indicator for predicting the spillover risk of newly emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants.
Patients with cam‐type femoroacetabular impingement demonstrate increased change in bone‐to‐bone distance during walking: A dual fluoroscopy study
Authors: Lewis Cara L. , Uemura Keisuke , Atkins Penny R. , Lenz Amy L. , Fiorentino Niccolo M. , Aoki Stephen K. , Anderson Andrew E.
Published: March 2022

Cam‐type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome is a painful, structural hip disorder. Herein, we investigated hip joint mechanics through in vivo, dynamic measurement of the bone‐to‐bone distance between the femoral head and acetabulum in patients with cam FAI syndrome and morphologically screened controls. We hypothesized that individuals with cam FAI syndrome would have larger changes in bone‐to‐bone distance compared to the control group, which we would interpret as altered joint mechanics as signified by greater movement of the femoral head as it articulates within the acetabulum. Seven patients with cam FAI syndrome and 11 asymptomatic individuals with typical morphology underwent dual fluoroscopy imaging during level and inclined walking (upward slope). The change in bone‐to‐bone distance between femoral and acetabular bone surfaces was evaluated for five anatomical regions of the acetabulum at each timepoint of gait. Linear regression analysis of the bone‐to‐bone distance considered two within‐subject factors (activity and region) and one between‐subjects factor (group). Across activities, the change in minimum bone‐to‐bone distance was 1.38–2.54 mm for the cam FAI group and 1.16–1.84 mm for controls. In all regions except the anterior–superior region, the change in bone‐to‐bone distance was larger in the cam group than the control group (p ≤ 0.024). An effect of activity was detected only in the posterior–superior region where larger changes were noted during level walking than incline walking. Statement of clinical significance: Patients with cam FAI syndrome exhibit altered hip joint mechanics during the low‐demand activity of walking; these alterations could affect load transmission, and contribute to pain, tissue damage, and osteoarthritis.
Applications of capillary electrophoresis in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical, and food analysis (2019–2021)
Authors: Wang Mengyao , Gong Qian , Liu Wenfang , Tan Songwen , Xiao Jian , Chen Chuanpin
Published: March 2022

So far, the potential of capillary electrophoresis in the application fields has been increasingly excavated due to the advantages of simple operation, short analysis time, high‐resolution, less sample consumption, and low cost. This review examines the implementations and advancements of capillary electrophoresis in different application fields (environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical, and food analysis) covering the literature from 2019 to 2021. In addition, ultrasmall sample injection volume (nanoliter range) and short optical path lead to relatively low concentration sensitivity of the most frequently used ultraviolet‐absorption spectrophotometric detection, so the pretreatment technology being developed has been gradually utilized to overcome this problem. Despite the review being focused on the development of capillary electrophoresis in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical, and food analysis, the new sample pretreatment techniques of microextraction and enrichment fit excellently to capillary electrophoresis in recent three years are also described briefly.
Methodology matters when estimating deer abundance: a global systematic review and recommendations for improvements
Authors: Forsyth David M. , Comte Sebastien , Davis Naomi E. , Bengsen Andrew J. , Côté Steeve D. , Hewitt David G. , Morellet Nicolas , Mysterud Atle
Published: March 2022

Deer (Cervidae) are key components of many ecosystems and estimating deer abundance or density is important to understanding these roles. Many field methods have been used to estimate deer abundance and density, but the factors determining where, when, and why a method was used, and its usefulness, have not been investigated. We systematically reviewed journal articles published during 2004–2018 to evaluate spatio‐temporal trends in study objectives, methodologies, and deer abundance and density estimates, and determine how they varied with biophysical and anthropogenic attributes. We also reviewed the precision and bias of deer abundance estimation methods. We found 3,870 deer abundance and density estimates. Most estimates (58%) were for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). The 6 key methods used to estimate abundance and density were pedestrian sign (track or fecal) counts, pedestrian direct counts, vehicular direct counts, aerial direct counts, motion‐sensitive cameras, and harvest data. There were regional differences in the use of these methods, but a general pattern was a temporal shift from using harvest data, pedestrian direct counts, and aerial direct counts to using pedestrian sign counts and motion‐sensitive cameras. Only 32% of estimates were accompanied by a measure of precision. The most precise estimates were from vehicular spotlight counts and from capture–recapture analysis of images from motion‐sensitive cameras. For aerial direct counts, capture–recapture methods provided the most precise estimates. Bias was robustly assessed in only 16 studies. Most abundance estimates were negatively biased, but capture–recapture methods were the least biased. The usefulness of deer abundance and density estimates would be substantially improved by 1) reporting key methodological details, 2) robustly assessing bias, 3) reporting the precision of estimates, 4) using methods that increase and estimate detection probability, and 5) staying up to date on new methods. The automation of image analysis using machine learning should increase the accuracy and precision of abundance estimates from direct aerial counts (visible and thermal infrared, including from unmanned aerial vehicles [drones]) and motion‐sensitive cameras, and substantially reduce the time and cost burdens of manual image analysis.
Getting cited early: influence of visibility strategies, structure, and focal system on early citation rates
Authors: Gelzer Emily R. , Laforge Michel P. , Becker Justine A. , Hough Nathan P. , Lambert Mallory Sandoval , Poulin Marie‐Pier , Thomas‐Kuzilik Rebecca , Verzuh Tana L. , Merkle Jerod A.
Published: March 2022

Elucidating factors that contribute to citation rates of scientific articles can help scientists write manuscripts that have a stronger influence on their scientific field and are accessible to a broad audience. Using a cohort of 778 articles published in The Journal of Wildlife Management from 2011–2015, we examined how visibility strategies, article structure, and focal system (all factors authors can predominantly control) influenced the accumulation of citations over various time frames within the first 5 years after publication, and the number of days until an article received its first citation. Visibility strategies (e.g., open access, increasing the Altmetric Attention Score, and self‐citations) all influenced the number of citations accrued following publication. Citations were more stochastic 1 year following publication compared to 5 years following publication, with only 20.1% of papers receiving a citation after 1 year compared to 92.5% of papers receiving a citation after 5 years. Our model explained much more of the variation after 5 years compared to after only 1 year (R2 = 0.57 and 0.12, respectively). The number of factors significantly associated with citation rates increased as the timeframe of our analysis increased. After 5 years, factors associated with article structure (e.g., number of references), focal system (e.g., methods papers), and visibility all increased citation counts of papers. Our work suggests citation rates within wildlife ecology are influenced by a number of controllable factors, and that authors pursuing a variety of visibility strategies can increase the influence of an article on science and management.
Utility‐scale solar impacts to volant wildlife
Authors: Smallwood K. Shawn
Published: March 2022

To reduce carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion, United States government agencies, including those in California, initiated aggressive programs to hasten development of utility‐scale solar energy. Much of California's early development of solar energy occurred in deserts and annual grasslands, much of it on public land. Measurement of solar energy's impacts to wildlife has been limited to mortality caused by features of solar facilities, and has yet to include impacts from habitat loss and energy transmission. To estimate species‐specific bird and bat fatality rates and statewide mortality, I reviewed reports of fatality monitoring from 1982 to 2018 at 14 projects, which varied in duration, level of sampling, search interval, search method, and carcass detection trials. Because most monitors performed carcass detection trials using species of birds whose members were larger than birds and bats found as fatalities, I bridged the monitors' onsite trial results to offsite trial results based on the same methods but which also measured detection probabilities across the full range of body sizes of species represented by fatalities. This bridge preserved the project site's effects on detection probabilities while more fully adjusting for the effects of body size. My fatality estimates consistently exceeded those reported. Projected to California's installed capacity of 1,948.8 MW of solar thermal and 12,220 MW of photovoltaic (PV) panels in 2020 (14,168.8 MW total), reported estimates would support an annual statewide fatality estimate of 37,546 birds and 207 bats, whereas I estimated fatalities of 267,732 birds and 11,418 bats. Fatalities/MW/year averaged 11.61 birds and 0.06 bats at PV projects and 64.61 birds and 5.49 bats at solar thermal projects. Fatalities/km/year averaged 113.16 birds and zero bats at generation tie‐ins, and 14.44 birds and 2.56 bats along perimeter fences. Bird fatality rates averaged 3 times higher at PV projects searched by foot rather than car. They were usually biased low by insufficient monitoring duration and by the 22% of fatalities that monitors could not identify to species. I estimated that construction grading for solar projects removed habitat that otherwise would have supported nearly 300,000 birds/year. I recommend that utility‐scale solar energy development be slowed to improve project decision‐making, impacts assessment, fatality monitoring, mitigation efficacy, and oversight.
Mixed‐stock aging analysis reveals variable sea turtle maturity rates in a recovering population
Authors: Turner Tomaszewicz Calandra N. , Avens Larisa , LaCasella Erin L. , Eguchi Tomoharu , Dutton Peter H. , LeRoux Robin A. , Seminoff Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2022

Quantifying demographic parameters and variable vital rates, such as somatic growth rates, time to maturity, and reproductive longevity, is important for effective management of threatened and endangered populations such as sea turtles (Cheloniidae). To address these knowledge gaps, we applied skeletochronology to analyze and compare somatic growth rates and variation in life‐history traits such as age and size at sexual maturity for 65 green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EP), along the west coast of the United States; turtles belonged to ≥2 nesting subpopulations that differed in body size (mean nesting size). Green turtles in the EP spend approximately 5 years in the oceanic stage before recruiting to nearshore habitats, males may be smaller and younger than females at maturation (x̅ = 17.7 ± 5.5 yr vs. 28.0 ± 8.2 yr), and younger age at sexual maturity was associated with smaller size at sexual maturity, suggesting that mean nesting body size may be reflective of maturation timing for subpopulations. Smaller body sizes for females nesting at Michoacán, Mexico (continental) rookeries, yielded a younger predicted age at sexual maturity (x̅ = ~17 yr) compared to females from Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico rookeries, which displayed larger body sizes and older age at sexual maturity (x̅ = ~30 yr). We consider possible mechanisms driving the observed divergence in life‐history traits, including the possibility that earlier maturation (reduced generation length) for turtles in the Michoacán nesting subpopulation may be a response to intense harvesting in the past 50 years, and consideration of such anthropogenic impacts is warranted by population managers. Finally, our results indicate green turtles moved into nearshore neritic habitats at a young age (4–6 yr), emphasize the importance of protecting neritic habitats along the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexican coasts, and encourage the incorporation of variable maturation time in population recovery assessments.
Nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N) and tissue nitrogen in shallow‐water and mesophotic macroalgae differ between the Main Hawaiian Islands and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Strait Nicholas , Williams Taylor M. , Sherwood Alison R. , Kosaki Randall K. , Giuseffi Louise , Smith Celia M. , Spalding Heather L.
Published: March 2022

The Hawaiian Archipelago stretches 2500 km from the Main to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, represents a complex gradient of oceanographic and anthropogenic drivers, and has a high abundance and diversity of native and invasive macroalgae. These photosynthetic organisms occur in intertidal to mesophotic (30–150+ m) depths and absorb nitrogen with limited fractionation associated with their physiology and source. Our goal was to examine nitrogen dynamics from shallow to mesophotic reefs using compositional patterns of two well‐characterized macroalgal tissue parameters: stable isotope ratio of nitrogen and tissue nitrogen content. We collected 813 macroalgal samples from 13 islands/atolls between 0 and 117 m depths. Within the Main Hawaiian Islands, macroalgal tissue stable N isotope ratios were higher in mesophotic depths; N content was higher in shallow depths. However, within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, no differences in stable N isotope ratios and N content were found between shallow and mesophotic depths. Regionally, stable N isotope ratios varied along a gradient of anthropogenic and oceanographic processes (in Main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, respectively), while N content reflected elevated nitrogen in the Main compared with the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Additionally, the invasive macroalga Avrainvillea lacerata had significantly higher N content than co‐occurring native bryopsidalean macroalgae at similar depths, and may be reshaping nutrient dynamics from shallow to mesophotic depths in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Nitrogen dynamics at mesophotic depths may be influenced by nearshore anthropogenically derived nitrogen via submarine groundwater discharge and/or inputs from deeper water within the Main Hawaiian Islands.
Fabrication and Decryption of a Microarray of Digital Dithiosuccinimide Oligomers
Authors: Shi Qiunan , Miao Tengfei , Liu Yuxin , Hu Lihua , Yang Hai , Shen Hang , Piao Minghao , Huang Zhihao , Zhang Zhengbiao
Published: March 2022

Digital polymers with precisely arranged binary units provide an important option for information storage. This is especially true if the digital polymers are assembled in a device, as it would be of great benefit for data writing and reading in practice. Herein, inspired by the DNA microarray technique, the programmable information storing and reading on a mass spectrometry target plate is proposed. First, an array of 4‐bit sequence‐coded dithiosuccinimide oligomers is efficiently built through sequential thiol‐maleimide Michael couplings with good sequence readability by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Then, toward engineering microarrays for information storage, a programmed robotic arm is specifically designed for precisely loading sequence‐coded oligomers onto the target plate, and a decoding software is developed for efficient readout of the data from MS/MS sequencing. Notably, short sequence‐coded oligomer chains can be used to write long strings of information, and extra error‐correction codes are not required as usual due to the inherent concomitant fragmentation signals. Not only text but also bitimages can be automatically stored and decoded with excellent accuracy. This work provides a promising platform of digital polymers for programmable information storing and reading.
Synthetic Strategies for Polymer Particles with Surface Concavities
Authors: Zou Hua , Lv Yongliang
Published: March 2022

Over the past decade or so, there has been increasing interest in the synthesis of polymer particles with surface concavities, which mainly include golf ball‐like, dimpled and surface‐wrinkled polymer particles. Such syntheses generally can be classified into direct polymerization and post‐treatment on preformed polymer particles. This review aims to provide an overview of the synthetic strategies of such particles. Some selected examples are given to present the formation mechanisms of the surface concavities. The applications and future development of these concave polymer particles are also briefly discussed.
Transformation of Amorphous Nanobowls to Crystalline Ellipsoids Induced by Trans‐Cis Isomerization of Azobenzene
Authors: Sun Hui , Zhou Xiaoyan , Leng Ying , Li Xiao , Du Jianzhong
Published: March 2022

The stimuli‐responsive transition of nanostructures from amorphous to crystalline state is of high interest in polymer science, but is still challenging. Herein, the transformation of amorphous nanobowls to crystalline ellipsoids triggered by UV induced trans‐cis isomerization is demonstrated, using an azobenzene‐containing amphiphilic homopolymer (PAzoAA) as a building block. The amide bond and azobenzene pendants are introduced to the side chain of PAzoAA to afford hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions, which promote the formation of nanobowls rather than spherical nanostructures. Upon exposure to UV irradiation, trans‐cis isomerization of azobenzene pendants occurs, leading to the increase of hydrophilicity and destruction of π–π interaction, further resulting in the disassembly of the nanobowls. Then the PAzoAA re‐assembles to form crystalline ellipsoids instead of amorphous nanostructures when recovered at 70 °C without UV light. Further, it is confirmed that the high incubation temperature after UV irradiation is critical for the cis‐trans transformation and the high mobility of the polymer chains to facilitate the regular rearrangement of azobenzene pendants. Overall, a facile method to achieve the transformation of amorphous nanobowls to crystalline ellipsoids is proposed, which may bring new insight into preparation of crystalline nanoparticles using amorphous precursors.
MFPS_CNN: Multi‐filter Pattern Scanning from Position‐specific Scoring Matrix with Convolutional Neural Network for Efficient Prediction of Ion Transporters
Authors: Nguyen Trinh‐Trung‐Duong , Ho Quang‐Thai , Tarn Yu‐Chun , Ou Yu‐Yen
Published: March 2022

In cellular transportation mechanisms, the movement of ions across the cell membrane and its proper control are important for cells, especially for life processes. Ion transporters/pumps and ion channel proteins work as border guards controlling the incessant traffic of ions across cell membranes. We revisited the study of classification of transporters and ion channels from membrane proteins with a more efficient deep learning approach. Specifically, we applied multi‐window scanning filters of convolutional neural networks on almost full‐length position‐specific scoring matrices for extracting useful information. In this way, we were able to retain important evolutionary information of the proteins. Our experiment results show that a convolutional neural network with a minimum number of convolutional layers can be enough to extract the conserved information of proteins which leads to higher performance. Our best prediction models were obtained after examining different data imbalanced handling techniques, and different protein encoding methods. We also showed that our models were superior to traditional deep learning approaches on the same datasets as well as other machine learning classification algorithms.