bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Threatening Livelihoods”: Nordic Enemy Images of Peddlers from the Russian Empire
Authors: Wassholm Johanna
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores Nordic press portrayals of four mobile groups from the multi-ethnic Russian Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: “Rucksack Russians,” Eastern Jews, Tatars and Novgorodian saw grinders. Building on articles and short paragraphs in Swedish and Finnish periodicals, the article illustrates the ways in which these mobile groups were depicted as a threat, and the economic, moral, and political motives behind such expressions. The chapter discloses an aspect of reality that mobile Russians seeking a livelihood in the Nordics faced, as well as the mechanisms through which enemy images were created. The complaints mainly represented voices beyond the traders and their customers. They primarily emanated from local merchants, who viewed the peddlers as unfair competitors, authorities who sought to maintain order and offer security, and political actors.
Unruly and Submissive Marketgoers: Peasants Practicing Trade and Forming Markets
Authors: Östman Ann-Catrin
Published: June 2022

Using the digitalized Finnish Historical Newspaper Library, this chapter explores informal nineteenth-century market gatherings in Western Finland. Historically, the marketplace had been a traditional trading space, where dealers operated from humble premises and according to customary rules. When economic regulations were liberalized in the middle of the nineteenth century in Finland, market trade—a vernacular form of commerce—was increasingly viewed as disruptive and immoral, as well as old-fashioned and unnecessary. According to older traditions and regulations, however, peasants and other marketgoers continued to gather in the marketplace in several towns. Influenced by Michel de Certeau’s understanding of practices, this chapter discusses on the complex relationships between regulations, practices, cultural environment, and social hierarchies.
“The Whole World Had the Sound of the Barrel Organ”: Representations of Fairs in Finnish Newspapers and Fiction from the 1870s to the 1910s
Authors: Kuismin Anna
Published: June 2022

The chapter investigates representations of popular amusements in Finnish newspapers, periodicals, and fiction from the 1870s to the 1910s. Besides the merry-go-rounds, panoramas and exhibitions of exotic animals attracting crowds from the countryside, the entertainers included sellers of broadside ballads. While the latter type of trade was predominantly in the hands of Finnish-speaking men, the barrel organ grinders came from other ethnic backgrounds. The focus of this chapter is on depictions of sellers of songs and on the ways in which they were seen by people who bought their commodities. The period has been called “the golden age of broadside ballads”, during which the culture of creating, selling, and consuming (singing, reading) these texts belonged to the unschooled common people, while the educated writers repeatedly attacked these activities.
The use of single-stapling techniques reduces anastomotic complications in minimal-invasive rectal surgery
Authors: Brunner Maximilian , Zu’bi Alaa , Weber Klaus , Denz Axel , Langheinrich Melanie , Kersting Stephan , Weber Georg F. , Grützmann Robert , Krautz Christian
Published: June 2022

Background

Leakage of rectal anastomoses is one of the most important and feared complications in colorectal surgery. Apart from patient-specific risk factors, technical aspects may influence the occurrence of anastomotic complications. This study investigated whether using single-stapling techniques (SST) instead of the double-stapling technique (DST) for minimal-invasive rectal anastomosis is associated with a lower rate of anastomotic complications.

Methods

A retrospective review of 272 patients who received a minimally invasive stapled rectal anastomosis (3–16 cm from the anal verge) at our institution from 2015 to 2020 was performed. In 131 patients, rectal anastomosis was created by SST (SST group), while 141 patients received a rectal anastomosis with crossing stapler lines (DST group). The impact of the anastomotic technique on patient outcomes was determined by uni- and multivariate analyses.

Results

Overall anastomotic leakage rate was 6%. Patients with SST anastomoses had a lower leakage rate than patients with DST anastomoses (3% vs. 9% in the DST group, p = 0.045). The rate of anastomotic stenosis was lower in the SST group than in the DST group (1% vs. 6%, p = 0.037). Overall morbidity and mortality did not differ between the two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that single-stapling techniques significantly reduce the risk of anastomotic leakage (OR 3.5 [1.0–11.5], p = 0.043).

Conclusion

The use of SST for rectal anastomosis may help to reduce anastomotic complications. This finding should be confirmed by a randomized controlled trial.
Hypofraktionierte Strahlentherapie – ein modernisierter Klassiker
Authors: Merten R. , Christiansen H. , Ivanyi P. , Lafos M. , von Klot C.-A. J. , Knöchelmann A. C.
Published: June 2022

Die Nutzung unterschiedlicher Fraktionierungskonzepte in der Strahlentherapie ist seit über 100 Jahren Gegenstand der präklinischen und klinischen Forschung. Als Hypofraktionierung bezeichnet man dabei die Nutzung höherer Einzeldosen als 2,0 Gy bei insgesamt niedrigerer Gesamtdosis, was bei gleicher biologischer Effektivität die Behandlungszeit verkürzt. Inzwischen sind insbesondere für die definitive Strahlentherapie des Prostatakarzinoms, für die adjuvante Strahlentherapie des Mammakarzinoms und Glioblastoms und für die palliative Bestrahlung von Metastasen multimodale Konzepte unter Einbeziehung hypofraktionierter Bestrahlungskonzepte fest etabliert und deren Langzeitverträglichkeit in der Literatur gut dokumentiert. Einige Therapiekonzepte sind bereits in der klinischen Routine angekommen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die häufigsten und neueren Indikationen der zumeist moderat (in der Regel bis 3,0 Gy Einzeldosis) hypofraktionierten Strahlentherapie und Radiochemotherapie.
Lipocalin-2 negatively regulates epithelial–mesenchymal transition through matrix metalloprotease-2 downregulation in gastric cancer
Authors: Nishimura Sadaaki , Yamamoto Yurie , Sugimoto Atsushi , Kushiyama Shuhei , Togano Shingo , Kuroda Kenji , Okuno Tomohisa , Kasashima Hiroaki , Ohira Masaichi , Maeda Kiyoshi , Yashiro Masakazu
Published: June 2022

Background

Although the role of Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) in cancer development has been focused on recent studies, the molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance of LCN2 in gastric cancer (GC) still remain unclear.

Methods

Transcriptome analysis of GC samples from public human data was performed according to Lauren’s classification and molecular classification. In vitro, Western blotting, RT-PCR, wound healing assay and invasion assay were performed to reveal the function and mechanisms of LCN2 in cell proliferation, migration and invasion using LCN2 knockdown cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of GC samples from public human data was analyzed according to LCN2 expression. The clinical significance of LCN2 expression was investigated in GC patients from public data and our hospital.

Results

LCN2 was downregulated in diffuse-type GC, as well as in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) type GC. LCN2 downregulation significantly promoted proliferation, invasion and migration of GC cells. The molecular mechanisms of LCN2 downregulation contribute to Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 (MMP2) stimulation which enhances EMT signaling in GC cells. GSEA revealed that LCN2 downregulation in human samples was involved in EMT signaling. Low LCN2 protein and mRNA levels were significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with GC. LCN2 mRNA level was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in GC patients.

Conclusions

LCN2 has a critical role in EMT signaling via MMP2 activity during GC progression. Thus, LCN2 might be a promising therapeutic target to revert EMT signaling in GC patients with poor outcomes.
Artificial data in sports forecasting: a simulation framework for analysing predictive models in sports
Authors: Garnica-Caparrós Marc , Memmert Daniel , Wunderlich Fabian
Published: June 2022

Far-reaching decisions in organizations often rely on sophisticated methods of data analysis. However, data availability is not always given in complex real-world systems, and even available data may not fully reflect all the underlying processes. In these cases, artificial data can help shed light on pitfalls in decision making, and gain insights on optimized methods. The present paper uses the example of forecasts targeting the outcomes of sports events, representing a domain where despite the increasing complexity and coverage of models, the proposed methods may fail to identify the main sources of inaccuracy. While the actual outcome of the events provides a basis for validation, it remains unknown whether inaccurate forecasts source from misestimating the strength of each competitor, inaccurate forecasting methods or just from inherently random processes. To untangle this paradigm, the present paper proposes the design of a comprehensive simulation framework that models the sports forecasting process while having full control of all the underlying unknowns. A generalized model of the sports forecasting process is presented as the conceptual basis of the system and is supported by the main challenges of real-world data applications. The framework aims to provide a better understanding of rating procedures and forecasting techniques that will boost new developments and serve as a robust validation system accounting for the predictive quality of forecasts. As a proof of concept, a full data generation is showcased together with the main analytical advantages of using artificial data.
Epilepsy and other comorbidities in Down syndrome
Authors: Bösebeck Frank
Published: June 2022

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of intellectual disability. Due to many genetic and biochemical aberrations, people with DS suffer from several somatic disorders and concomitant diseases. Epilepsies occur more often than in the normal population, but less often than with intellectual disability of other causes. Epilepsies in DS have a trimodal distribution with age-related phenotypes, etiologies, and prognosis. The most common epilepsy syndrome in infancy is the often-self-limiting West syndrome; if Lennox–Gastaut syndrome occurs in the later course of development, the seizure prognosis worsens significantly. From the fourth decade of life, myoclonic epilepsy often occurs, which in combination with rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s dementia is life-limiting within a few years.
Ethical Sensemaking in Impact Investing: Reasons and Motives in the Chinese Renewable Energy Sector
Authors: Meng Tongyu , Newth Jamie , Woods Christine
Published: June 2022

This article explores impact investing within the renewable energy sector. Drawing on ethical decision making and sensemaking, this article contributes to an enhanced understanding of the complex ethical sensemaking process of impact investors when facing plausible situations in a world of contested truths. Addressing the ethical tensions faced by impact investors with mixed motives, this study investigates the way decision makers use context-specific reasons to make sense of and shape the renewable energy investment (REI) process. This represents an initial attempt to understand ethical sensemaking in impact investing made within the renewable energy (RE) sector using a multi-stakeholder approach. Our findings show that prosocial, personal, reputational, and economic motives are the main drivers of REI, with prosocial and personal motives being value-based, and reputational and economic motives being evidence-based. We find three different modes of ethical sensemaking (pragmatic, retrospective, and forecasting), allowing for the construction of the four motives noted above. These motives are based on the context-specific reasons of impact investing decision makers in the RE sector. This article contributes to the academic discourse on ethical sensemaking with some key processes involved in ethical decision making, and a better understanding of the underlying motivations of impact investing in the RE sector.
Simply the best? Determinants of achieving the highest grade in a doctoral degree in Germany
Authors: de Vogel Susanne
Published: June 2022

In Germany, the final grade of a doctorate is significant for careers inside and outside the academic labor market. Particularly important is the highest grade—summa cum laude. At the same time, doctoral grades are constantly subject to criticism. Thus far, however, neither German nor international studies have examined the determinants of doctoral grades. Drawing on Hu’s model of college grades, this study develops a conceptual framework for explaining doctoral grades and investigates the impact of doctorate holders’, reviewers’, and environmental context characteristics on the probability of doctoral candidates graduating with the highest grade, summa cum laude. Using logistic regression analyses on data from the German PhD Panel Study, the study confirms that high-performing individuals are more likely to achieve the highest doctoral grade. A learning environment that is characterized by supervision security, high expectations to participate in scientific discourse, and strong support in network integration also increases the chances of graduating with a summa cum laude degree. In contrast, being female, having a highly respected reviewer, studying natural sciences, medical studies or engineering, completing an external doctorate, and studying within a learning environment characterized by rigid time constraints are negatively related to the probability of receiving a summa cum laude grade. This study is the first to lend empirical evidence to the critical discussion of doctoral grades and offers insights to ensure the validity of doctoral grades.
Adaption and Cultural Validation of the Quality in Psychiatric Care-Outpatient Staff (QPC-OPS) Instrument to a Norwegian Community Mental Health Context
Authors: Skundberg-Kletthagen Hege , Schröder Agneta , Lundqvist Lars-Olov , Moen Øyfrid Larsen , Gonzalez Marianne Thorsen
Published: June 2022

The aim was to culturally adapt and validate the Swedish Quality in Psychiatric Care-Outpatient Staff (QPC-OPS) instrument for use in a Norwegian community mental health service context. The translated and culturally adapted instrument was named Quality in Psychiatric Care-Community Outpatient Staff (QPC-COPS). Three expert panels of mental health staff (n = 9) assessed the face and content validity. The internal consistency and test–retest reliability were assessed on a sample of community mental health staff (n = 64). The QCP-COPS had adequate face and content validity, and the full instrument showed excellent internal consistency (alpha = 0.90) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.87:0.94). In conclusion, the QPC-COPS is a valid and reliable instrument suitable for measuring staff’s perception of the quality of care they deliver in community mental health services.
Association of serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 and chest CT as potential prognostic factors in severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary experience
Authors: Anastasi Emanuela , Manganaro Lucia , Guiducci Elisa , Ciaglia Simone , Dolciami Miriam , Spagnoli Alessandra , Alessandri Francesco , Angeloni Antonio , Vestri Annarita , Catalano Carlo , Ricci Paolo
Published: June 2022

Purpose

To correlate in COVID-19 pneumonia CT-based semi-quantitative score of pulmonary involvement with high serum levels of KL-6, a biomarker of disease severity.

Methods

Between March 28 to May 21, 2020, 196 patients with strong suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated with RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, chest CT scan and blood test, including KL-6 serum protein, in our Emergency Unit. The final population included only patients who underwent blood sampling for KL-6 within 5 days from CT scan (n = 63), including n = 37 COVID-19-positive patients and n = 26 with negative RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 (control group). A semi-quantitative CT score was calculated based on the extent of lobar involvement (0:0%; 1, < 5%; 2:5–25%; 3:26–50%; 4:51–75%; 5, > 75%; range 0–5; global score 0–25).

Results

CT score was significantly correlated with serum value of KL-6 (r = 27, p = 0.035). This correlation was also present in COVID-19 positive patients (r = 0.423, p = 0.009) and CT score median value was significantly higher in patients with high KL-6 value (> 400 U/mL; 12.00, IQR 5.00-18.00, p-value 0.027). In control group, no statistically significant correlation was found between CT score and KL-6 value and CT score was higher in patients with high KL-6, although this difference was not statistically significant (5.00, IQR:1.75–8.00 versus 3.50, IQR:2.00–6.50). "Crazy paving" at the right upper (n = 8; 61.5%) and middle lobe (n = 4; 30.8%) and "consolidation" at the middle lobe (n=5; 38.5%) were observed in COVID-19 group with a significant difference between patients with high KL-6 value.

Conclusion

CT score is highly correlated with KL-6 value in COVID-19 patients and might be beneficial to speed-up diagnostic workflow in symptomatic cases.
Evaluation of voice commands for mode change in virtual reality implant planning procedure
Authors: Rantamaa Hanna-Riikka , Kangas Jari , Jordan Maarit , Mehtonen Helena , Mäkelä John , Ronkainen Kimmo , Turunen Markku , Sundqvist Osku , Syrjä Ismo , Järnstedt Jorma , Raisamo Roope
Published: June 2022

Purpose

In dental implantology, the optimal placement of dental implants is important to meet functional and aesthetic requirements. Planning dental implants in virtual three-dimensional (3D) environment is possible using virtual reality (VR) technologies. The three-dimensional stereoscopic virtual reality environment offers advantages over three-dimensional projection on a two-dimensional display. The use of voice commands in virtual reality environment to replace button presses and other simple actions frees the user’s hands and eyes for other tasks.

Methods

Six dentomaxillofacial radiologists experimented using a prototype version of a three-dimensional virtual reality implant planning tool, and used two different tool selection methods, using either only button presses or also voice commands. We collected objective measurements of the results and subjective data of the participant experience to compare the two conditions.

Results

The tool was approved by the experts and they were able to do the multiple-implant planning satisfactorily. The radiologists liked the possibility to use the voice commands. Most of the radiologists were willing to use the tool as part of their daily work routines.

Conclusion

The voice commands were useful, natural, and accurate for mode change, and they could be expanded to other tasks. Button presses and the voice commands should be both available and used in parallel. The input methods can be further improved based on the expert comments.
Schwierige Überzeugungsarbeit
Authors: Czaplicki Andreas , Hegerl Ulrich
Published: June 2022

Hintergrund

Depressionen sind häufige, schwere und oft lebensbedrohliche Erkrankungen, bei denen es – trotz sehr guter Behandlungsmethoden – Versorgungslücken gibt. Hierzu tragen Vorbehalte gegen eine leitlinienkonforme pharmako- und/oder psychotherapeutische Behandlung bei. Ziel der Arbeit ist es zu ermitteln, in welchen soziodemographischen Bevölkerungssegmenten diese Vorbehalte besonders ausgeprägt sind.

Methodik

Die Untersuchung basiert auf Online-Befragungen der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Jahren 2021, 2020 und 2019, darunter 1656 Personen (2021), 1775 Personen (2020) und 1729 Personen (2019) ohne Depressionserfahrungen. Mit einer CHAID-Analyse wurde geprüft, in welchen Bevölkerungssegmenten die Vorbehalte gegen eine leitliniengerechte Behandlung besonders groß sind.

Ergebnisse

Vorbehalte gegen Pharmakotherapie hatten insgesamt 69,8 % der Befragten ohne Depressionserfahrungen. Am größten waren die Vorbehalte unter jüngeren Personen (< 40 Jahre); hier lag der Anteil bei 74,2 %. Vorbehalte gegen Psychotherapie äußerten 31,4 % ohne Depressionserfahrungen; unter Frauen mit geringerer Schulbildung hatten 40,5 % Vorbehalte gegen eine Psychotherapie; unter Männern mit geringerer Schulbildung waren es 39,1 %. Vorbehalte gegen beide Behandlungsformen zeigten 27,7 %. Am größten waren die Vorbehalte unter Männern mit Schulbildung unterhalb der Hochschulreife (34,1 %). Die Ergebnisse sind signifikant (χ2-Test, p < 0,05).

Diskussion

Eine allgemeine Informationsstrategie wäre geeignet, Vorbehalten gegen Pharmakotherapie und Psychotherapie gleichermaßen zu verringern. Für eine spezifische Informationsstrategie müssen die Botschaften hinsichtlich Inhalt und Kommunikationskanälen so gestaltet werden, dass die jüngere Zielgruppe zuverlässig erreicht wird.
Patterned injuries from screwdrivers
Authors: Byard Roger W
Published: June 2022

A 40-year-old man was stabbed multiple times with a cross-tipped, Phillips head screwdriver with many of the puncture wounds characterized by a cruciate pattern consistently measuring approximately 5 × 5 mm corresponding to the shape of the weapon. Death was due to a single penetrating wound to the chest that had transfixed the aorta. This report characterizes the features of injuries that may be inflicted by Phillips head screwdrivers, contrasting this with injuries that may occur if the weapon is a flat or slotted head screwdriver. Given their ready availability, ease of handling, and sharpness, screwdrivers are surprisingly rarely used in fatal assaults.
Stages in Theory and Experiment. Fuzzy-Structuralism and Piagetian Stages
Authors: Winstanley Mark A.
Published: June 2022

The theory of stages in cognitive development is one of Jean Piaget’s enduring legacies, but it has also borne the brunt of much criticism. It maintains that intelligence develops in an invariant sequence of stages, and, in this paper, I situate Piaget’s conceptions of stages historically and functionally in the context of genetic epistemology, his research programme. I highlight some of the objections raised, and I show how the disparity between the conceptions of theoretical and empirical stages in Piaget’s theory is commensurate with the fuzzy-structuralist model of the relationship between theory and empirical research conceived by Rudolf Seising on the basis of Lofti A. Zadeh’s fuzzy set theory. Further, I propose a fuzzy conception of the notion ‘stage’, which not only captures its ordinary use in fuzzy space between theory and empirical research but also does justice to both the construct validity and quantitative variability of stages in empirical research. I therefore open a fuzzy-structuralist perspective on the Crisis of Variability afflicting Piaget’s stage theory during the 1970s and conclude retrospectively that the rift it caused was not necessary since the invariance and variability of stages is not irreconcilable.
General Attitudes Towards Robots Scale (GAToRS): A New Instrument for Social Surveys
Authors: Koverola Mika , Kunnari Anton , Sundvall Jukka , Laakasuo Michael
Published: June 2022

Psychometric scales are useful tools in understanding people’s attitudes towards different aspects of life. As societies develop and new technologies arise, new validated scales are needed. Robots and artificial intelligences of various kinds are about to occupy just about every niche in human society. Several tools to measure fears and anxieties about robots do exist, but there is a definite lack of tools to measure hopes and expectations for these new technologies. Here, we create and validate a novel multi-dimensional scale which measures people’s attitudes towards robots, giving equal weight to positive and negative attitudes. Our scale differentiates (a) comfort and enjoyment around robots, (b) unease and anxiety around robots, (c) rational hopes about robots in general (at societal level) and (d) rational worries about robots in general (at societal level). The scale was developed by extracting items from previous scales, crowdsourcing new items, testing through 3 scale iterations by exploratory factor analysis (Ns 135, 801 and 609) and validated in its final form of the scale by confirmatory factor analysis (N: 477). We hope our scale will be a useful instrument for social scientists who wish to study human-technology relations with a validated scale in efficient and generalizable ways.
Screening and Characterization of Some Lactobacillaceae for Detection of Cholesterol-Lowering Activities
Authors: Frappier Martin , Auclair Julie , Bouasker Samir , Gunaratnam Sathursha , Diarra Carine , Millette Mathieu
Published: June 2022

Dyslipidemia, specifically abnormal levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is an important risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Evidence showing the promising abilities of probiotics to lower total cholesterol or LDL-C has, however, not yet convinced experts to recommend probiotic bacteria as treatment for blood lipid management. Therefore, there are opportunities for the development of new efficient cholesterol-lowering probiotics. Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and feruloyl esterase (FAE) are bacterial enzymes proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering capacity of some bacteria and have both been shown to be responsible for lipid reduction in vivo. Here, in order to select for cholesterol-lowering bacteria, 70 strains related to Lactobacillaceae were screened for BSH and FAE activities. Based on this two-way screening approach, two bacteria were selected and assessed for their capacity to assimilate cholesterol in vitro, another suggested mechanism. Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 showed BSH and FAE activity as well as capacity to assimilate cholesterol in vitro. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CHOL-200 exhibited BSH activity and ability to assimilate cholesterol. These properties observed in vitro make both strains good probiotic candidates for the management of dyslipidemia. Further investigation is needed to assess their ability to reduce blood cholesterol in human trial.
Minusgrade, Schulden, Tauchtiefen – Spezifizierung von Sprachmitteln zur Einführung negativer Zahlen
Authors: Fabian Melina
Published: June 2022

Dass Mathematikleistung und Sprachkompetenz sich wechselseitig beeinflussen, konnte in diversen Studien zum Zusammenhang beider Dimensionen herausgefunden werden. Der fach- und sprachintegrierte Ansatz des sprachbildenden Vorstellungsaufbaus begegnet diesen Herausforderungen durch die systematische Verknüpfung von Sprachschatzarbeit mit dem Aufbau inhaltlicher Vorstellungen. Exemplarisch für die Einführung der negativen Zahlen soll dieser Beitrag zeigen, wie potenzielle sprachliche Hürden ausgehend von den fachlichen Anforderungen des Lerngegenstands identifiziert werden können. Hierfür wurden die thematisch relevanten Kapitel aus vier in Berlin und Brandenburg häufig eingesetzten Schulbüchern inhaltsanalytisch untersucht. Die in den Schulbüchern verwendeten bedeutungs-, formal- und kontextbezogenen Sprachmittel (Wörter, Phrasen, grafische Darstellungen) wurden theoriegeleitet inventarisiert und kategorisiert. Das induktiv ausdifferenzierte Kategoriensystem bildet einen umfangreichen, themenspezifischen Sprachschatz ab und zeigt Anknüpfungspunkte für einen intendierten sprachlichen Lernpfad auf. Gleichzeitig lassen sich potenzielle sprachliche Hürden bei der Einführung negativer Zahlen ableiten, die eng an die fachlichen Hürden geknüpft zu sein scheinen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Komplexität des inventarisierten Sprachschatzes vor allem durch eine in den Lehrwerken dargestellte Kontextvielfalt erhöht wird, im Rahmen derer zahlreiche bedeutungsähnliche Sprachmittel mit ihren Antonymen auftreten.
In Defence of Pre-Reflective Self-Consciousness: The Heidelberg View
Authors: Frank Manfred
Published: June 2022

In the 1960s, a school formed in Heidelberg around Dieter Henrich that criticized—with reference to J. G. Fichte—the ‘reflection model’ of self-consciousness according to which self-consciousness consists in a representational relation between two mental states or the self-representation of a mental state. I present a new “Heidelberg perspective” of pre-reflective self-consciousness. According to this new approach, self-consciousness occurs in two varieties which regularly are not sufficiently distinguished: The first variety is egological self-consciousness that exists in connection with the use of concepts. It consists in the consciousness of having an awareness of oneself as the Ego of a conscious state. The second variety is anonymous pre-reflective self-consciousness, which is awareness of consciousness but does not contain egological information. The pre-reflective self-consciousness does not exhibit a subject-object structure and thus cannot be appropriately determined as a representation, self-representation, or even acquaintance relation. Rather, anonymous self-consciousness is characterized by an indistinction of subject and object. However, pre-reflective self-consciousness is the basis of egological self-consciousness.
Amelioration of high-fat diet (HFD) + CCl4 induced NASH/NAFLD in CF-1 mice by activation of SIRT-1 using cinnamoyl sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives: in-silico molecular modelling and in-vivo prediction
Authors: Sodum Nalini , Rao Vanishree , Cheruku Sri Pragnya , Kumar Gautam , Sankhe Runali , Kishore Anoop , Kumar Nitesh , Rao C. Mallikarjuna
Published: June 2022

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major hepatic metabolic disorders that occurs because of the accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes in the form of free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) which become non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NOTCH-1 receptors act as novel targets for the development of NAFLD/NASH, where overexpression of NOTCH-1 receptor alters the lipid metabolism in hepatocytes leading to NAFLD. SIRT-1 deacetylates the NOTCH-1 receptor and inhibits NAFLD. Hence, computer-aided drug design (CADD) was used to check the SIRT-1 activation ability of cinnamic sulfonyl hydroxamate derivatives (NMJ 1–8), resveratrol, and vorinostat. SIRT-1 (PDB ID: 5BTR) was docked with eight hydroxamate derivatives and vorinostat using Schrödinger software. Based on binding energy obtained (– 26.31 to – 47.34 kcal/mol), vorinostat, NMJ-2, NMJ-3, NMJ-5 were selected for induced-fit docking (IFD) and results were within – 750.70 to – 753.22 kcal/mol. Qikprop tool was used to analyse the pre pharmacokinetic parameters (ADME analysis) of all hydroxamate compounds. As observed in the molecular dynamic (MD) study, NMJ-2, NMJ-3 were showing acceptable results for activation of SIRT-1. Based on these predictions, in-vivo studies were conducted in CF1 mice, where NMJ-3 showed significant (p < 0.05) changes in lipid profile and anti-oxidant parameters (Catalase, SOD, GSH, nitrite, and LPO) and plasma insulin levels. NMJ-3 treatment also reduced inflammation, fibrosis, and necrosis in liver samples.
Treatment response in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a naturalistic, case–control study
Authors: Pruccoli Jacopo , Pettenuzzo Ilaria , Parmeggiani Antonia
Published: June 2022

Purpose

Although a few recent articles describe adults with treatment-resistant anorexia nervosa (TR-AN), no study addresses the specific features of subjects not responding to treatment in the developmental age. This study reports on the clinical and psychopathological variables that distinguish children and adolescents who did not respond to treatment (here “TR-AN”) from good-outcome controls, in a multidisciplinary hospital treatment setting.

Methods

Naturalistic, case–control study conducted on individuals showing lack of response to treatment and good-outcome controls. TR-AN was defined as two or more incomplete admissions and no complete admissions, consistently with studies in adults. Good-outcome was defined as complete first admission, availability for follow-up visit after 6 months, and maintaining at follow-up a %BMI > 70% in the absence of binging or purging in the preceding 3 months. Psychopathological (Eating Disorders Inventory-3 EDI-3; Beck Depression Inventory-II), clinical, and treatment variables at admission were compared. Significant differences in the univariate analyses were included in an exploratory binary logistic regression.

Results

Seventy-six patients (30 TR-AN, 46 good-outcome AN controls) were enrolled (mean age 14.9 ± 1.9 years, F = 94.7%). TR-AN individuals had a higher age at admission and higher EDI-3 Eating Disorder Risk (EDRC) scores, were treated less frequently with a nasogastric tube (NGT), and achieved a lower BMI improvement at discharge than good-outcome controls. A predictive model for TR-AN status was found (X2 = 19.116; Nagelkerke-R2 = 0.478, p < 0.001), and age at admission (OR = 0.460, p = 0.019), EDI-3 EDRC (OR = 0.938, p = 0.043), and NGT (OR = 8.003, p = 0.019) were associated with a TR-AN status.

Conclusions

This is the first report on the psychopathological and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents not responding to treatment. These patients showed higher age and eating disorder scores, and were less frequently fed with NGT than controls. Despite the multiple incomplete admissions of our subjects, the short included follow-up limits the possibility for direct comparisons with adult samples of treatment-resistant patients. Thus, the specific features of children and adolescents with TR-AN should be assessed in longitudinal studies.

Level of evidence

III, Observational, case–control study.
The Contours and Limits of Environmental Remediation Under the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Evans Christopher P.
Published: June 2022

The entry into force of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) in January 2021 has sparked analysis of the so-called ‘positive obligations’ under Article 6, requiring states parties to address prior harm caused by the testing or use of nuclear weapons to both individuals and the environment. But although there has been much discussion of victim assistance under Article 6(1), there has been comparatively little assessment of the environmental remediation obligation under Article 6(2) that requires affected states to remediate areas contaminated by the past testing or use of nuclear weapons through ‘necessary and appropriate measures’. This article represents an attempt to begin filling this lacuna by considering various issues and questions concerning the scope and limits of the environmental remediation obligation established by Article 6(2). Specifically, this article identifies the geographical scope of application of Article 6(2) to illustrate precisely where TPNW parties’ remediation efforts should be applied, considers the meaning and underlying objectives of ‘remediation’ activities required by Article 6(2), and finally examines certain facets concerning the temporal dimension of the environmental remediation provision. Ultimately, this discussion aims to clarify the contours of the environmental remediation provision of the TPNW, and hopes to offer practical insight for states parties and encourage further consideration of the operationalisation of Article 6(2) in due course.
Highly Thermally Conductive Polymer/Graphene Composites with Rapid Room-Temperature Self-Healing Capacity
Authors: Yu Huitao , Chen Can , Sun Jinxu , Zhang Heng , Feng Yiyu , Qin Mengmeng , Feng Wei
Published: June 2022

Composites that can rapidly self-healing their structure and function at room temperature have broad application prospects. However, in view of the complexity of composite structure and composition, its self-heal is facing challenges. In this article, supramolecular effect is proposed to repair the multistage structure, mechanical and thermal properties of composite materials. A stiff and tough supramolecular frameworks of 2-[[(butylamino)carbonyl]oxy]ethyl ester (PBA)–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were established using a chain extender with double amide bonds in a side chain to extend prepolymers through copolymerization. Then, by introducing the copolymer into a folded graphene film (FGf), a highly thermally conductive composite of PBA–PDMS/FGf with self-healing capacity was fabricated. The ratio of crosslinking and hydrogen bonding was optimized to ensure that PBA–PDMS could completely self-heal at room temperature in 10 min. Additionally, PBA–PDMS/FGf exhibits a high tensile strength of 2.23 ± 0.15 MPa at break and high thermal conductivity of 13 ± 0.2 W m−1 K−1; of which the self-healing efficiencies were 100% and 98.65% at room temperature for tensile strength and thermal conductivity, respectively. The excellent self-healing performance comes from the efficient supramolecular interaction between polymer molecules, as well as polymer molecule and graphene. This kind of thermal conductive self-healing composite has important application prospects in the heat dissipation field of next generation electronic devices in the future.
Gender and researchers with institutional affiliations in the global south/north in social network science
Authors: Espinosa-Rada Alejandro , Ortiz Francisca
Published: June 2022

The following article aims to understand the prevalence of ascribed social characteristics such as the role of gender and the country of institutional affiliation of the authors in two prominent journals of social network science. Accordingly, we explore the Social Networks journal that has been extensively analysed to understand the evolution of the social network perspective and the development of this area of interest. Also, we explore the REDES journal, which mirrors the same journal but aims to represent the current state of social network science in Iberian America. For the analysis, we explore the network of these two journals, considering 301 papers from the Social Networks journal and 86 papers from REDES journal. For the analysis, we use exponential random graph models to control for simultaneously operating micro-mechanisms to understand the potential effects that allowed the emergence of these scientific networks. Our main results indicate that the country of institutional affiliation creates a centre-periphery tendency in both journals. Furthermore, there is a tendency of women to be an underrepresented group in the papers published in the period analysed.
Percolation in Spatial Networks
Authors: Gross Bnaya , Havlin Shlomo
Published: June 2022

Percolation theory is a well studied process utilized by networks theory to understand the resilience of networks under random or targeted attacks. Despite their importance, spatial networks have been less studied under the percolation process compared to the extensively studied non-spatial networks. In this Element, the authors will discuss the developments and challenges in the study of percolation in spatial networks ranging from the classical nearest neighbors lattice structures, through more generalized spatial structures such as networks with a distribution of edge lengths or community structure, and up to spatial networks of networks.
Unbiased filtering of a class of partially observed diffusions
Authors: Jasra Ajay , Law Kody J. H. , Yu Fangyuan
Published: June 2022

In this article we consider a Monte-Carlo-based method to filter partially observed diffusions observed at regular and discrete times. Given access only to Euler discretizations of the diffusion process, we present a new procedure which can return online estimates of the filtering distribution with no time-discretization bias and finite variance. Our approach is based upon a novel double application of the randomization methods of Rhee and Glynn (Operat. Res.63, 2015) along with the multilevel particle filter (MLPF) approach of Jasra et al. (SIAM J. Numer. Anal.55, 2017). A numerical comparison of our new approach with the MLPF, on a single processor, shows that similar errors are possible for a mild increase in computational cost. However, the new method scales strongly to arbitrarily many processors.
Some results on the telegraph process driven by gamma components
Authors: Martinucci Barbara , Meoli Alessandra , Zacks Shelemyahu
Published: June 2022

We study the integrated telegraph process$X_t$under the assumption of general distribution for the random times between consecutive reversals of direction. Specifically,$X_t$represents the position, at timet, of a particle movingUtime units upwards with velocitycandDtime units downwards with velocity$-c$. The latter motions are repeated cyclically, according to independent alternating renewals. Explicit expressions for the probability law of$X_t$are given in the following cases: (i) (U,D) gamma-distributed; (ii)Uexponentially distributed andDgamma-distributed. For certain values of the parameters involved, the probability law of$X_t$is provided in a closed form. Some expressions for the moment generating function of$X_t$and its Laplace transform are also obtained. The latter allows us to prove the existence of a Kac-type condition under which the probability density function of the integrated telegraph process, with identically distributed gamma intertimes, converges to that of the standard Brownian motion.

Finally, we consider the square of$X_t$and disclose its distribution function, specifying the expression for some choices of the distribution of (U,D).
Central limit theorem for bifurcating markov chains under L2-ergodic conditions
Authors: Bitseki Penda S. Valère , Delmas Jean-François
Published: June 2022

Bifurcating Markov chains (BMCs) are Markov chains indexed by a full binary tree representing the evolution of a trait along a population where each individual has two children. We provide a central limit theorem for additive functionals of BMCs under
$L^2$
-ergodic conditions with three different regimes. This completes the pointwise approach developed in a previous work. As an application, we study the elementary case of a symmetric bifurcating autoregressive process, which justifies the nontrivial hypothesis considered on the kernel transition of the BMCs. We illustrate in this example the phase transition observed in the fluctuations.
MORTALITY CREDITS WITHIN LARGE SURVIVOR FUNDS
Authors: Denuit Michel , Hieber Peter , Robert Christian Y.
Published: June 2022

Survivor funds are financial arrangements where participants agree to share the proceeds of a collective investment pool in a predescribed way depending on their survival. This offers investors a way to benefit from mortality credits, boosting financial returns. Following Denuit (2019,ASTIN Bulletin,49, 591–617), participants are assumed to adopt the conditional mean risk sharing rule introduced in Denuit and Dhaene (2012,Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,51, 265–270) to assess their respective shares in mortality credits. This paper looks at pools of individuals that are heterogeneous in terms of their survival probability and their contributions. Imposing mild conditions, we show that individual risk can be fully diversified if the size of the group tends to infinity. For large groups, we derive simple, hierarchical approximations of the conditional mean risk sharing rule.
Quality of antibiotic prescribing to children through the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
Authors: Wattles Bethany A. , Jawad Kahir S. , Feygin Yana F. , Stahl J. Drew , Vidwan Navjyot K. , Stevenson Michelle D. , Kong Maiying , Smith Michael J.
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To describe pediatric outpatient visits and antibiotic prescribing during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Design:

An observational, retrospective control study from January 2019 to October 2021.

Setting:

Outpatient clinics, including 27 family medicine clinics, 27 pediatric clinics, and 26 urgent or prompt care clinics.

Patients:

Children aged 0–19 years receiving care in an outpatient setting.

Methods:

Data were extracted from the electronic health record. The COVID-19 era was defined as April 1, 2020, to October 31, 2021. Virtual visits were identified by coded encounter or visit type variables. Visit diagnoses were assigned using a 3-tier classification system based on appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing and a subanalysis of respiratory visits was performed to compare changes in the COVID-19 era compared to baseline.

Results:

Through October 2021, we detected an overall sustained reduction of 18.2% in antibiotic prescribing to children. Disproportionate changes occurred in the percentages of antibiotic visits in respiratory visits for children by age, race or ethnicity, practice setting, and prescriber type. Virtual visits were minimal during the study period but did not result in higher rates of antibiotic visits or in-person follow-up visits.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that reductions in antibiotic prescribing have been sustained despite increases in outpatient visits. However, additional studies are warranted to better understand disproportionate rates of antibiotic visits.
Transmission visualizations of healthcare infection clusters: A scoping review
Authors: Brady Mya B. , VonVille Helena M. , White Joseph F. , Martin Elise M. , Raabe Nathan J. , Slaughter Julie M. , Snyder Graham M.
Published: June 2022

Objective:

To evaluate infectious pathogen transmission data visualizations in outbreak publications.

Design:

Scoping review.

Methods:

Medline was searched for outbreak investigations of infectious diseases within healthcare facilities that included ≥1 data visualization of transmission using data observable by an infection preventionist showing temporal and/or spatial relationships. Abstracted data included the nature of the cluster(s) (pathogen, scope of transmission, and individuals involved) and data visualization characteristics including visualization type, transmission elements, and software.

Results:

From 1,957 articles retrieved, we analyzed 30 articles including 37 data visualizations. The median cluster size was 20.5 individuals (range, 7–1,963) and lasted a median of 214 days (range, 12–5,204). Among the data visualization types, 10 (27%) were floor-plan transmission maps, 6 (16%) were timelines, 11 (30%) were transmission networks, 3 (8%) were Gantt charts, 4 (11%) were cluster map, and 4 (11%) were other types. In addition, 26 data visualizations (70%) contained spatial elements, 26 (70%) included person type, and 19 (51%) contained time elements. None of the data visualizations contained contagious periods and only 2 (5%) contained symptom-onset date.

Conclusions:

The data visualizations of healthcare-associated infectious disease outbreaks in the systematic review were diverse in type and visualization elements, though no data visualization contained all elements important to deriving hypotheses about transmission pathways. These findings aid in understanding the visualizing transmission pathways by describing essential elements of the data visualization and will inform the creation of a standardized mapping tool to aid in earlier initiation of interventions to prevent transmission.
Morphosemantic features in Universal Grammar: What we can learn from Marshallese pronouns and demonstratives
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth , Hall Daniel Currie
Published: June 2022

This article analyzes Marshallese pronouns and demonstratives, arguing that both privative and binary morphosemantic features are necessary, and that the two types coexist in a single domain. Marshallese encodes number with atomic, and person with [$\pm$author] and [$\pm$participant]. In the complex system of Marshallese demonstratives, atomic and [$\pm$human] map to the same head, subject to a constraint that only one feature appears at a time. The element $\chi$, which derives person orientation in demonstratives and pronouns, does not universally map to the same syntactic position. While in Heiltsuk $\chi$ is a dependent of the person head, in Marshallese it heads a projection above the person head. And while in Heiltsuk the person features occupy the same position in both pronouns and demonstratives, Marshallese pronouns have a different structure, with person and number features mapping to a single syntactic head. The contribution of UG is thus not a set of specific features or specific structures, but a set of more abstract principles.