bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity Energy Expenditure of Adolescents in India
Authors: Corder Kirsten , Brage Soren , Wright Antony , Ramachandran Ambady , Snehalatha Chamukuttan , Yamuna Annasami , Wareham Nicholas J. , Ekelund Ulf
Published: February 2010

Physical activity (PA) has rarely been quantified in adolescent populations undergoing economic transition; therefore relationships with disease still remain uncertain. This study assessed whether absolute PA energy expenditure (PAEE), PAEE/kg, and PAEE/kgFFM could be accurately estimated using accelerometry and a questionnaire in Indian adolescents and how these values compared to those of other populations. PAEE was assessed using doubly labeled water (DLW) in 30 adolescents from Chennai, India, over seven consecutive days, simultaneous with the measurement of PA using accelerometry and a previous‐week recall questionnaire. Accelerometry counts (regression analysis) and questionnaire data were used to estimate PAEE; estimates were cross‐validated using the Bland‐Altman method. Accelerometry data and DLW‐derived PAEE were visually compared to values from four North American and European populations. For boys, 49% of the variance in DLW‐derived PAEE was explained with an equation including accelerometry counts and fat‐free mass (FFM). Questionnaire‐derived estimates did not contribute to the explained variance in DLW derived PAEE. The group‐level PA of these Indian adolescents was successfully assessed using accelerometry, but not questionnaire. DLW‐derived PAEE/kgFFM (mean (s.d.): 53.0 (27.5) kJ/kgFFM/day) was lower in this group than other adolescent populations in Europe and similar to those in North America. Additionally, four boys and none of the girls accumulated ≥60 min/day of accelerometry‐derived moderate intensity activity, indicating low levels of PAEE and PA in these adolescents. Further research is necessary to investigate the association between PA and health outcomes in Indian adolescents.
LXR modulation blocks prostaglandin E
2
production and matrix degradation in cartilage and alleviates pain in a rat osteoarthritis model
Authors: Li Ning , Rivéra-Bermúdez Moisés A. , Zhang Mei , Tejada Julio , Glasson Sonya S. , Collins-Racie Lisa A. , LaVallie Edward R. , Wang Yihe , Chang Ken C. N. , Nagpal Sunil , Morris Elisabeth A. , Flannery Carl R. , Yang Zhiyong
Published: February 2010

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common arthritic condition in humans, is characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage accompanied by chronic joint pain. Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and prostaglandin E
2
(PGE
2
) that are elevated in OA joints, play important roles in the progression of cartilage degradation and pain-associated nociceptor sensitivity. We have found that the nuclear receptor family transcription factors
L
iver
X
R
eceptors (LXRα and -β) are expressed in cartilage, with LXRβ being the predominant isoform. Here we show that genetic disruption of Lxrβ gene expression in mice results in significantly increased proteoglycan (aggrecan) degradation and PGE
2
production in articular cartilage treated with IL-1β, indicating a protective role of LXRβ in cartilage. Using human cartilage explants, we found that activation of LXRs by the synthetic ligand GW3965 significantly reduced cytokine-induced degradation and loss of aggrecan from the tissue. Furthermore, LXR activation dramatically inhibited cytokine-induced PGE
2
production by human osteoarthritic cartilage as well as by a synovial sarcoma cell line. These effects were achieved at least partly by repression of the expression of ADAMTS4, a physiological cartilage aggrecanase, and of cyclooxygenase-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, key enzymes in the PGE
2
synthesis pathway. Consistent with our in vitro observations, oral administration of GW3965 potently alleviated joint pain in a rat meniscal tear model of osteoarthritis.
Interdependence of the Peroxisome-targeting Receptors inArabidopsis thaliana: PEX7 Facilitates PEX5 Accumulation and Import of PTS1 Cargo into Peroxisomes
Authors: Ramón Naxhiely Martínez , Bartel Bonnie
Published: February 2010

Peroxisomes compartmentalize certain metabolic reactions critical to plant and animal development. The import of proteins from the cytosol into the organelle matrix depends on more than a dozen peroxin (PEX) proteins, with PEX5 and PEX7 serving as receptors that shuttle proteins bearing one of two peroxisome-targeting signals (PTSs) into the organelle. PEX5 is the PTS1 receptor; PEX7 is the PTS2 receptor. In plants and mammals, PEX7 depends on PEX5 binding to deliver PTS2 cargo into the peroxisome. In this study, we characterized a pex7 missense mutation, pex7-2, that disrupts both PEX7 cargo binding and PEX7-PEX5 interactions in yeast, as well as PEX7 protein accumulation in plants. We examined localization of peroxisomally targeted green fluorescent protein derivatives in light-grown pex7 mutants and observed not only the expected defects in PTS2 protein import but also defects in PTS1 import. These PTS1 import defects were accompanied by reduced PEX5 accumulation in light-grown pex7 seedlings. Our data suggest that PEX5 and PTS1 import depend on the PTS2 receptor PEX7 in Arabidopsis and that the environment may influence this dependence. These data advance our understanding of the biogenesis of these essential organelles and provide a possible rationale for the retention of the PTS2 pathway in some organisms.
The Ero1α-PDI Redox Cycle Regulates Retro-Translocation of Cholera Toxin
Authors: Moore Paul , Bernardi Kaleena M. , Tsai Billy
Published: February 2010

Cholera toxin (CT) is transported from the plasma membrane of host cells to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where the catalytic CTA1 subunit retro-translocates to the cytosol to induce toxicity. Our previous analyses demonstrated that the ER oxidoreductase protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) acts as a redox-dependent chaperone to unfold CTA1, a reaction postulated to initiate toxin retro-translocation. In its reduced state, PDI binds and unfolds CTA1; subsequent oxidation of PDI by Ero1α enables toxin release. Whether this in vitro model describes events in cells that control CTA1 retro-translocation is unknown. Here we show that down-regulation of Ero1α decreases retro-translocation of CTA1 by increasing reduced PDI and blocking efficient toxin release. Overexpression of Ero1α also attenuates CTA1 retro-translocation, an effect due to increased PDI oxidation, which prevents PDI from engaging the toxin effectively. Interestingly, Ero1α down-regulation increases interaction between PDI and Derlin-1, an ER membrane protein that is a component of the retro-translocation complex. These findings demonstrate that an appropriate Ero1α-PDI ratio is critical for regulating the binding–release cycle of CTA1 by PDI during retro-translocation, and implicate PDI's redox state in targeting it to the retro-translocon.
Disease Forecasts and Livestock Health Disclosure: A Shepherd's Dilemma
Authors: Sheriff Glenn , Osgood Daniel
Published: February 2010

We analyze how to induce sellers to disclose food safety. With repeated interactions and safety correlated over time, cash transfers alone do not ensure disclosure. Perfect, but costly, testing ensures disclosure with a complex lottery that may be difficult to implement in practice. In contrast, even a noisy quality forecast allows the buyer to induce perfect disclosure with a simple pricing scheme. Forecast introduction may benefit or harm sellers. After introduction, sellers may suffer from increases in forecast precision. As an illustration, we cast our model in the context of Rift Valley fever in an East African livestock market.
Double cones are used for colour discrimination in the reef fish,Rhinecanthus aculeatus
Authors: Pignatelli Vincenzo , Champ Conor , Marshall Justin , Vorobyev Misha
Published: February 2010

Double cones (DCs) are the most common cone types in fish, reptiles and birds. It has been suggested that DCs are used for achromatic tasks such as luminance, motion and polarization vision. Here we show that a reef fishRhinecanthus aculeatuscan discriminate colours on the basis of the difference between the signals of individual members of DCs. This is the first direct evidence that individual members of DCs are used in colour vision as independent spectral channels.
Spreading speeds and travelling waves for non-monotone time-delayed lattice equations
Authors: Fang Jian , Wei Junjie , Zhao Xiao-Qiang
Published: February 2010

A non-monotone time-delayed lattice system with global interaction is considered. The spreading speed, including the upward convergence, is established by comparison arguments and a fluctuation method. The existence of travelling waves is obtained by Schauder’s fixed-point theorem and a limiting process. It turns out that the minimal wave speed of travelling waves coincides with the spreading speed.
Experimental genomics of fitness in yeast
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: February 2010

The set of single-gene deletions in yeast can be used to evaluate the effect of mutation on fitness over the whole genome. The measurement of growth in pure culture or relative growth in mixtures has confirmed that most deletions have little effect in laboratory culture. Moreover, there is a sharp distinction between lethality and a very mild impairment of growth, with very few intermediate cases. Different components of fitness, such as growth rate and yield, are positively correlated. Growth is also positively correlated across environments, although new conditions of growth usually identify a few conditionally impaired strains. Double mutants on average show alleviating epistasis, although a few per cent of combinations are synthetic lethal. The properties of the yeast deletion set provide us with the first genome-wide account of fitness, although transferring these conclusions to the field is a task for the future.
The quick and the dead: when reaction beats intention
Authors: Welchman Andrew E. , Stanley James , Schomers Malte R. , Miall R. Chris , Bülthoff Heinrich H.
Published: February 2010

Everyday behaviour involves a trade-off between planned actions and reaction to environmental events. Evidence from neurophysiology, neurology and functional brain imaging suggests different neural bases for the control of different movement types. Here we develop a behavioural paradigm to test movement dynamics for intentional versus reaction movements and provide evidence for a ‘reactive advantage’ in movement execution, whereby the same action is executed faster in reaction to an opponent. We placed pairs of participants in competition with each other to make a series of button presses. Within-subject analysis of movement times revealed a 10 per cent benefit for reactive actions. This was maintained when opponents performed dissimilar actions, and when participants competed against a computer, suggesting that the effect is not related to facilitation produced by action observation. Rather, faster ballistic movements may be a general property of reactive motor control, potentially providing a useful means of promoting survival.
Morphological plasticity reduces the effect of poor developmental conditions on fledging age in mourning doves
Authors: Miller David A.
Published: February 2010

Developmental plasticity can be integral in adapting organisms to the environment experienced during growth. Adaptive plastic responses may be especially important in prioritizing development in response to stress during ontogeny. To evaluate this, I examined how developmental conditions for mourning doves related to early growth and how this affected fledging age, an important life-history transition for birds. The life history of mourning doves is consistent with strong selective pressure to minimize fledging age. Therefore, I predicted that in the face of nutritional stress associated with experimental brood-size increases, young would prioritize growth to structures that promote early fledging to reduce the effect of slowed overall growth on fledging age. Increasing brood size slowed overall structural growth of nestlings and affected the relative allocation of growth among different body parts. Total wing area was the best predictor of fledging age and individuals from larger broods had larger wings relative to overall body size. Although nestlings from larger broods fledged at later ages owing to slower overall growth, prioritization of wing growth reduced this effect by an estimated 1.6 days relative to the delay if plasticity among body parts had not occurred. This was an 11 per cent reduction in the predicted developmental time it took to reach this important life-history transition. Results demonstrate that preferential allocation to wing growth can affect the timing of this life-history transition and that morphological plasticity during development can have adaptive near-term effects during avian development.
Impact of γ‐chain cytokines on T cell homeostasis in HIV‐1 infection: therapeutic implications
Authors: Gougeon M.‐L. , Chiodi F.
Published: February 2010

Abstract.  Gougeon M‐L, Chiodi F (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden) Impact of γ‐chain cytokines on T cell homeostasis in HIV‐1 infection: therapeutic implications (Symposium). J Intern Med 2010; 267: 502–514.

CD4+ T cell lymphocytes are a major target for human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) infection. During this chronic infection, CD4+ T cell loss (induced through direct viral replication), generalized immune activation and increased susceptibility to apoptosis result in impaired T cell homeostasis with subsequent development of opportunistic infections and cancers. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has a well‐defined, beneficial effect on HIV‐1‐related clinical outcome; however, it does not lead to normalization of immune dysregulation. In order to boost both CD4+ T cell restoration and HIV‐1 specific immunity, immunotherapy with γ‐chain cytokines has been used in HIV‐1‐infected patients during concomitant HAART. In this review, we summarize the role of γ‐chain cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)‐2 and IL‐7, in influencing T cell homeostasis and proliferation, and discuss how immunotherapy with these cytokines may be beneficial to reconstitute the T cell compartment in the context of HIV‐1 infection. The intriguing results of two large trials evaluating the efficacy of IL‐2 in restoring immune function during HIV‐1 infection are also discussed. In addition, we consider the promises and caveats of the first phase I/II clinical trials with IL‐7 in HIV‐1‐infected patients and the knowledge that is still lacking in the field of T cell reconstitution through γ‐chain cytokines.
Temporal changes in UK birth order and the prevalence of atopy
Authors: Upchurch S. , Harris J. M. , Cullinan P.
Published: February 2010

To cite this article: Upchurch S, Harris JM, Cullinan P. Temporal changes in UK birth order and the prevalence of atopy. Allergy 2010; 65: 1039–1041.

Background:  Many studies have reported an inverse association between birth order and the risk of respiratory allergic disease. In recent decades, the prevalence of atopy has increased alongside reductions in fertility rates.

Aims of the study:  To quantitate how much of the increased prevalence of atopy, measured by skin prick test or specific IgE, can be attributed to temporal changes in family size in the United Kingdom.

Methods:  Through a systematic literature review (MEDLINE, 1965–2009), five studies of UK populations were identified and their data were included in the calculation of a summary odds ratio for the risk of atopy for each birth order. Information on changes in UK family sizes between 1960 and 2001 was obtained from Eurostat. On this basis, expected increases in the prevalence of atopy were calculated by weighting the proportion in each birth order category for 1960 and 2001 by the summary odds ratio for that category and then calculating the relative risk of atopy in 2001 compared with 1960.

Results:  The pooled summary odds ratios for atopy were 0.90, 0.69 and 0.69 for those born second, third and fourth (or higher), respectively. The expected relative increase in the prevalence of atopy resulting from a change in family size between 1960 and 2001 was 3%.

Conclusions:  Despite the strong associations between birth order and atopy, reductions in family size in the last 40 years account for little of the increase in atopy.
Tranilast stabilizes the accumulation and degranulation of resident mast cells while reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a swine model of coronary microembolisation
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Yong , Li Jing‐Bo , Wang Zhi‐Hua , Li Xiao‐Bo , Yin Lian‐Hua , Wei Meng
Published: February 2010

1. Coronary microembolisation (CME) is associated with progressive myocardial dysfunction, and mast cells (MC) might have an important role in myocardial apoptosis after CME. We investigated whether the MC stabilizer tranilast suppresses the accumulation and degranulation of MC while reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis after CME.

2. We induced CME in miniswine by selective infusion of 15 × 104 microspheres (diameter 45 μm) into the left anterior descending artery. Some CME‐induced miniswine were treated with the MC stabilizer tranilast (50 mg/kg, p.o., b.d.) beginning 2 weeks before CME, and thereafter throughout the experimental period; others received tranilast without CME; and sham‐operated animals without CME served as controls. After 30 days, we assessed cardiomyocyte apoptosis by TUNEL assay and by the total number of MC and the number of degranulating MC using histology and transmission electron microscopy. The wall motion score index and left ventricular ejection fraction were studied by dobutamine stress echocardiography.

3. Coronary microembolisation was associated with increases in the total number of MC, the number of degranulating MC, and myocyte apoptosis. The number of total MC and degranulating MC and apoptotic cardiomyocytes over the anterior embolized myocardium after CME were significantly higher than those over the posterior control myocardium and anterior segments per animal without CME (P < 0.01). Tranilast administration to CME miniswine suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis while maintaining regional and global function, which was associated with reductions in the accumulation and degranulation of MC.

4. These findings suggest that tranilast suppresses the accumulation and degranulation of MC while reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis after CME.
Geographical distribution of helium isotope ratios in northeastern Japan
Authors: Horiguchi Keika , Ueki Sadato , Sano Yuji , Takahata Naoto , Hasegawa Akira , Igarashi George
Published: February 2010

In order to study the precise geographical distribution of helium isotope ratios in northeastern Japan and compare it with geophysical data, we collected 43 gas and water samples from hot and mineral springs in the region where the ratio had never been reported, and measured the 3He/4He and 4He/20Ne ratios of these samples. It was found that the 3He/4He ratios show clear contrasts between the forearc and the back‐arc regions in the Tohoku district in northeastern Japan. In the forearc region, the ratios are smaller than 1 RA (1 RA = 1.4 × 10−6; RA means the 3He/4He ratio of the atmosphere). On the other hand, those along the volcanic front and in the back‐arc region are apparently higher. Moreover, we found a variation in the 3He/4He ratios along the volcanic front. In Miyagi Prefecture (38–39°N), the ratios range from 2 to 5 RA. On the other hand, the ratios are less than 1 RA in and around the southern border between Iwate and Akita Prefectures (39–39.5°N). Comparing the distribution of helium isotope ratios to results of recent geophysical studies, we found that the features in geographical distribution of helium isotope ratios are similar to those of seismic low‐velocity zone distributions and high Qp−1 distributions in the uppermost mantle. These observations strongly suggest that the helium isotope ratios reflect the distribution of melts in the uppermost mantle and are a useful tool for investigating the origin, behavior, and distribution of deep fluids and melts.
Conservation and possible reintroduction of an endangered plant based on an analysis of community ecology: a case study of Primulina tabacum Hance in China
Authors: REN HAI , ZHANG QIANMEI , WANG ZHENGFENG , GUO QINFENG , WANG JUNE , LIU NAN , LIANG KAIMING
Published: February 2010

The distribution of the rare and endangered perennial herb Primulina tabacum Hance is restricted to eight karst caves in southern China. To conserve P. tabacum and to evaluate possible reintroduction, we studied its historical distribution and conducted field surveys of both its biotic and physical environment. We used detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis to investigate the plant community structure and to identify the major environmental factors associated with its presence at eight sites and absence from three other sites where it formerly grew. The results revealed differences in community structure among sites and close correlations between species composition and environmental conditions. The data indicate that P. tabacum has special ecological requirements, including alkaline soil, low soil content of N, P, K and organic matter, low light, a high soil water content and high relative humidity, and a high atmospheric CO2 concentration. Soil K content, relative humidity and atmospheric CO2 concentration were the three variables most strongly associated with the vegetation composition and structure of the 11 sites. It appears that as a result of reductions in humidity, some of the historical localities of P. tabacum may no longer be suitable for reintroduction. Pilea notata, Pteris cretica var. nervosa and two moss species, Heteroscyphus coalitus and Gymnostomiella longinervis, were strongly associated with P. tabacum. The first two plants could be useful as indicators of suitable environments for P. tabacum, and the moss species could be useful as nurse plants for the reintroduction of P. tabacum into wild habitats.
Seed dispersal and germination behavior of three threatened endemic labiates of Cyprus
Authors: KADIS COSTAS , GEORGHIOU KYRIACOS
Published: February 2010

The present study examined seed dispersal and germination in three of the most threatened endemic labiates of Cyprus: Origanum cordifolium, Phlomis brevibracteata and Phlomis cypria ssp. occidentalis. Some common traits in these taxa can be correlated with their overall survival strategy. Seeds mature in mid to late summer, but most seeds remain on the mother plants until the beginning of the rainy season. The opening of the calyces containing the seeds seems to be caused by absorption of moisture. Water is also the most important dispersal factor because the seeds are dispersed by rain. Seed germination occurs at relatively low temperatures that prevail in the field at the beginning of the rainy season. This behavior provides the plants with ecological advantages because their seeds are exposed on the soil at the most appropriate period (mid to late autumn) for germination and seedling survival. The present study contributes substantially to in situ and ex situ conservation of these threatened plants.
Morphological and genetic differentiation inIsodon umbrosusby altitudinal variation in bumblebee pollinator assemblages
Authors: DOHZONO IKUMI , SUZUKI KAZUO
Published: February 2010

The corolla tube length of the bumblebee‐pollinated plantIsodon umbrosusshows conspicuous geographical variation, corresponding with the proboscis length of its bumblebee pollinators across its distributional range. We hypothesized that altitudinal variation in the pollinator assemblage is a principal factor mediating morphological and genetic differentiation amongI. umbrosuspopulations. We examined determinants of the morphological and genetic differentiation ofIsodon umbrosusby analyzing floral morphology and allozyme variation across the distributional range. A reanalysis of previous data confirmed that altitude was a good indicator of pollinator assemblages. Corolla tube length was highly variable among the 15 study populations, and genetic differentiation among the populations (GST = 0.360) was also highly significant. The differentiation in corolla tube length was explained by altitudinal difference, a proxy of the difference in pollinator assemblages. Genetic differentiation among populations also tended to be affected by the same factor, but statistical support was weak. To better understand the mechanisms responsible for morphological and genetic differentiation inI. umbrosus, we need to investigate altitudinally different populations over a narrower geographical scale.
Emergency laparoscopic splenectomy for haemoperitoneum because of ruptured primary splenic pregnancy: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Biolchini Federico , Giunta Alessandro , Bigi Luciano , Bertellini Celestino , Pedrazzoli Claudio
Published: February 2010

Background:  Primary abdominal pregnancies are potentially life‐threatening, particularly without an accurate preoperative diagnosis.

Case:  A 41‐year‐old woman presented to the emergency room with 2 days‐lasting left upper quadrant abdominal pain, irradiated to the left shoulder. An urine β‐human chorionic gonadotropin test was positive. Transvaginal sonography raised a suspicion of ectopic pregnancy. The patient was then submitted to abdominal laparoscopy that revealed no sign of active bleeding or ectopic pregnancy. Because of worsening of abdominal pain and progressive anaemia, the patient underwent abdominal ultrasound and multislice computerized tomography scan (TC) that showed the presence of a mass at the superior splenic pole with haemoperitoneum. The patient was taken to the operating room and submitted to a laparoscopic total splenectomy. The post‐operative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged 8 days after intervention.

Conclusion:  Abdominal pregnancy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen in women of reproductive age. Abdominal ultrasound and computerized tomography studies must be performed before operative treatment if an ectopic pregnancy is suspected and no intrauterine gestational sac could be showed on transvaginal sonography.
Mothers’ Antenatal Depression and Their Children’s Antisocial Outcomes
Authors: Hay Dale F. , Pawlby Susan , Waters Cerith S. , Perra Oliver , Sharp Deborah
Published: February 2010

Interviews of 120 British adolescents and their parents (80% of a random sample of antenatal patients drawn from a representative urban population and followed longitudinally) revealed that 40 (33%) had been arrested and/or had a diagnosis of DSM–IV conduct disorder by 16 years of age; of those, 18 (45%) had committed violent acts. Depression in pregnancy significantly predicted violence in adolescence, even after controlling for the family environment, the child’s later exposure to maternal depression, the mother’s smoking and drinking during pregnancy, and parents’ antisocial behavior. Mothers with a history of conduct problems were at elevated risk to become depressed in pregnancy, and the offspring of depressed women had a greater chance of becoming violent by age 16.
From External Regulation to Self‐Regulation: Early Parenting Precursors of Young Children’s Executive Functioning
Authors: Bernier Annie , Carlson Stephanie M. , Whipple Natasha
Published: February 2010

In keeping with proposals emphasizing the role of early experience in infant brain development, this study investigated the prospective links between quality of parent–infant interactions and subsequent child executive functioning (EF), including working memory, impulse control, and set shifting. Maternal sensitivity, mind‐mindedness and autonomy support were assessed when children were 12 to 15 months old (N = 80). Child EF was assessed at 18 and 26 months. All three parenting dimensions were found to relate to child EF. Autonomy support was the strongest predictor of EF at each age, independent of general cognitive ability and maternal education. These findings add to previous results on child stress‐response systems in suggesting that parent–child relationships may play an important role in children’s developing self‐regulatory capacities.
Infant Pathways to Externalizing Behavior: Evidence of Genotype × Environment Interaction
Authors: Leve Leslie D. , Kerr David C. R. , Shaw Daniel , Ge Xiaojia , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Scaramella Laura V. , Reid John B. , Conger Rand , Reiss David
Published: February 2010

To further the understanding of the effects of early experiences, 9‐month‐old infants were observed during a frustration task. The analytical sample was composed of 348 linked triads of participants (adoptive parents, adopted child, and birth parent[s]) from a prospective adoption study. It was hypothesized that genetic risk for externalizing problems and affect dysregulation in the adoptive parents would independently and interactively predict a known precursor to externalizing problems: heightened infant attention to frustrating events. Results supported the moderation hypotheses involving adoptive mother affect dysregulation: Infants at genetic risk showed heightened attention to frustrating events only when the adoptive mother had higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms. The Genotype × Environment interaction pattern held when substance use during pregnancy was considered.
Moral Madness
Authors: Carr David
Published: February 2010

One clear reason why human agents often act badly is because they are insufficiently attentive to moral considerations and concerns, or tempted to ignore these in pursuit of more immediate satisfactions. In so far as madness, insanity or mental instability may be regarded as undermining moral agency, it might also be supposed that such madness attaches more to the non‐moral than the moral reasons or motives of agents. Still, the well‐known quote from Chesterton at the start of this paper may give pause to conventional thought on this matter. With reference to the ideas of Plato and Freud, as well as attention to literary and cinematic “case studies,” this paper argues that moral reasons and motives – of an apparently Chestertonian kind – may be a prime source of morally “insane” conduct.
Incomplete Self‐Similar Blow‐Up in a Semilinear Fourth‐Order Reaction‐Diffusion Equation
Authors: Galaktionov V. A.
Published: February 2010

Blow‐up behavior for the fourth‐order semilinear reaction‐diffusion equation

image

is studied. For the classic semilinear heat equation from combustion theory

image

various blow‐up patterns were investigated since 1970s, while the case of higher‐order diffusion was studied much less. Blow‐up self‐similar solutions of (1) of the form

image

are constructed. These are shown to admit global similarity extensions for t > T:

image

The continuity at t = T is preserved in the sense that

image

This is in a striking difference with blow‐up for (2), which is known to be always complete in the sense that the minimal (proper) extension beyond blow‐up is u(x, t) ≡+∞ for t > T. Difficult fourth‐order dynamical systems for extension pairs {f(y),  F(y)} are studied by a combination of various analytic, formal, and numerical methods. Other nonsimilarity patterns for (1) with nongeneric complete blow‐up are also discussed.
The Role of Landowners in Jaguar Conservation in Sonora, Mexico
Authors: ROSAS‐ROSAS OCTAVIO C. , VALDEZ RAUL
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  The northernmost known breeding population of jaguars occurs in the municipality of Nácori Chico, Sonora, Mexico about 270 km from the United States–Mexico border and may be the source from which jaguars sighted in the United States dispersed. Since 1999 at least 11 jaguars (Panthera onca) had been illegally killed in the area due to predator control programs. We initiated a jaguar landowner‐based conservation plan in 2004. The eight participating landowners agreed to suspend predator control programs targeting jaguars and pumas (Puma concolor) only if cattle losses were compensated. A private outfitter, with the consent of landowners, initiated white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) hunts in 2004 and agreed to pay the group of participating landowners US$1500 for every deer hunt permit sold. The funds paid to the landowners from deer hunts were sufficient to convince landowners to suspend all predator‐control efforts of jaguars and pumas. The involvement of landowners in the jaguar conservation program in northeastern Sonora is a successful, private, wildlife‐conservation initiative that provides an example for jaguar conservation efforts in northern Mexico.
On Valuing Information in Adaptive‐Management Models
Authors: MOORE ALANA L. , McCARTHY MICHAEL A.
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  Active adaptive management looks at the benefit of using strategies that may be suboptimal in the near term but may provide additional information that will facilitate better management in the future. In many adaptive‐management problems that have been studied, the optimal active and passive policies (accounting for learning when designing policies and designing policy on the basis of current best information, respectively) are very similar. This seems paradoxical; when faced with uncertainty about the best course of action, managers should spend very little effort on actively designing programs to learn about the system they are managing. We considered two possible reasons why active and passive adaptive solutions are often similar. First, the benefits of learning are often confined to the particular case study in the modeled scenario, whereas in reality information gained from local studies is often applied more broadly. Second, management objectives that incorporate the variance of an estimate may place greater emphasis on learning than more commonly used objectives that aim to maximize an expected value. We explored these issues in a case study of Merri Creek, Melbourne, Australia, in which the aim was to choose between two options for revegetation. We explicitly incorporated monitoring costs in the model. The value of the terminal rewards and the choice of objective both influenced the difference between active and passive adaptive solutions. Explicitly considering the cost of monitoring provided a different perspective on how the terminal reward and management objective affected learning. The states for which it was optimal to monitor did not always coincide with the states in which active and passive adaptive management differed. Our results emphasize that spending resources on monitoring is only optimal when the expected benefits of the options being considered are similar and when the pay‐off for learning about their benefits is large.
Skeletal muscle fiber‐type distribution and habitual physical activity in daily life
Authors: Den Hoed M. , Hesselink M. K. C. , Westerterp K. R.
Published: February 2010

The capacity to perform physical activity largely depends on physical fitness. Muscle fiber‐type distribution (MuscleFTD) is associated with physical fitness and may influence the capacity to perform physical activity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether habitual physical activity in daily life (PADL) and MuscleFTD are related. Thirty‐eight healthy non‐athletes (31 women, 7 men) were recruited. PADL was measured twice for 14 days using a tri‐axial accelerometer for movement registration (Tracmor). From Tracmor output, the proportion of time subjects were physically active at low, moderate, and high intensities was determined (%Low, %Moderate, and %High, respectively). A total activity index (PAindex) and sub‐scores on work, leisure‐time and sports were obtained using the Baecke questionnaire. MuscleFTD was determined using immuno‐fluorescence against respective myosin heavy chain isoforms. No relationship was observed between PADL and MuscleFTD. %Low, %Moderate, and %High, as well as PAindex and its sub‐scores, were not related to MuscleFTD either. The time spent on sports was associated with the proportion of type I and IIX fibers (P=0.06 and P<0.01, respectively). In conclusion, MuscleFTD probably cannot explain why some people are more prone to engaging in physical activities than others.
Factors affecting the increased risk of physical inactivity among older people with depressive symptoms
Authors: Rosqvist E. , Heikkinen E. , Lyyra T.‐M. , Hirvensalo M. , Kallinen M. , Leinonen R. , Rasinaho M. , Pakkala I. , Rantanen T.
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and physical inactivity, and whether motives for and barriers to exercise explain the potential association between depressive symptoms and physical inactivity in older people. The design of the study was cross‐sectional. The study population comprised 645 people born between 1922 and 1928 who were residents in a city‐center area of Jyväskylä in central Finland. Depressive symptoms were assessed using Center for the Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, physical activity usingGrimby's (1986)validated scale, and motives for and barriers to exercise using a questionnaire and mobility limitation with a test of walking time over 10 m. The results demonstrated that the risk of physical inactivity was more than twofold among persons with depressive symptoms compared with non‐depressed people. A higher prevalence of perceived barriers to physical activity, such as poor health, fear and negative experiences, together with lack of knowledge, explained part of the increased risk of physical inactivity among those with depressive symptoms while differences in motives for physical activity did not have a material effect. Adjustment for walking time over 10 m attenuated the increased risk of inactivity further. When planning exercise promotion programs, finding ways to overcome fear and negative experiences and providing information may help to increase physical activity among people with depressive symptoms. Additionally, difficulties caused by poor mobility should not be ignored.
Comprehensive standardized data definitions for acute coronary syndrome research in emergency departments in Australasia
Authors: Cullen Louise , Than Martin , Brown Anthony FT , Richards Mark , Parsonage William , Flaws Dylan , Hollander Judd E , Christenson Robert H , Kline Jeffrey A , Goodacre Steven , Jaffe Allan S
Published: February 2010

Patients with chest discomfort or other symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome are one of the most common categories seen in many Emergency Departments (EDs). Although the recognition of patients at high risk of acute coronary syndrome has improved steadily, identifying the majority of chest pain presentations who fall into the low‐risk group remains a challenge. Research in this area needs to be transparent, robust, applicable to all hospitals from large tertiary centres to rural and remote sites, and to allow direct comparison between different studies with minimum patient spectrum bias. A standardized approach to the research framework using a common language for data definitions must be adopted to achieve this. The aim was to create a common framework for a standardized data definitions set that would allow maximum value when extrapolating research findings both within Australasian ED practice, and across similar populations worldwide. Therefore a comprehensive data definitions set for the investigation of non‐traumatic chest pain patients with possible acute coronary syndrome was developed, specifically for use in the ED setting. This standardized data definitions set will facilitate‘knowledge translation’ by allowing extrapolation of useful findings into the real‐life practice of emergency medicine.
CHANGES OF LINOLEIC ACID CONCENTRATION DURING HEATING OF SOME PLANT‐ORIGIN OILS WITH POLYPHENOL ADDITION
Authors: KOWALSKI RADOSŁAW
Published: February 2010

The present study aimed at evaluating the influence of phenolic compounds (quercetin, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid) on inhibition of linoleic acid concentration changes in heated plant‐origin fats: corn oil, grape seed oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil and soybean oil. When comparing the control samples without and those with phenol addition, a significantly positive influence of all applied compounds was observed. The highest values were recorded for peanut oil heated for 120 h with protocatechuic acid addition (0.02 and 0.04%): Ih18:2 = 23.6% and Ih18:2 = 23.4%, respectively. In the case of grape seed oil, linoleic acid concentration in initial sample (“0”) was about 50.0/100 g, and 40.3/100 g after 120 h of heating; that acid levels ranged from about 42.1/100 g (quercetin 0.04%), Ih18:2 = 4.5% to 46.6/100 g (caffeic acid 0.02%), Ih18:2 = 15.7% in samples with antioxidant addition after 120 h of heating.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Results achieved in the present study confirm the possibility and efficiency of phenolic compound application (quercetin, caffeic acid and protocatechuic acid) in protecting changes occurring in stored and heated fats. Furthermore, the study confirms the possibility to apply the comparative GC analysis for indirect characterization of efficiency of applied antioxidants in inhibiting unfavorable changes in triacylglycerol fraction of fatty acids in fats.
Identity Transformation, Hegemonic Masculinity and Research on Professionalization
Authors: Schleef Debra
Published: February 2010

Despite more than two decades of antidiscrimination policies, diversity measures, and greater gender equality in graduate school admissions, recent studies reveal that hegemonic masculinity remains dominant in the socialization processes common to most professions. Hegemonic masculinity refers to the current dominant form of masculinity, which is a culturally idealized form of behavior that creates and reinforces institutions of male dominance over women and other men, including working class and men of color (Connell, Masculinities, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2005). These socialization processes involve the transformation of cognitive skills, the inculcation of ethical values, and emotions. I address the masculine nature of professionalization and suggest that centering on the ‘female’ professions in future research would provoke important questions about alternatives to standard ‘male’ forms of professionalization. I conclude by identifying directions for future research, particularly using action research to examine resistance and the institutionalization of inequalities in the professions.
Exposure history of the Peekskill (H6) meteorite
Authors: GRAF Th. , MARTI K. , XUE S. , HERZOG G. F. , KLEIN J. , MIDDLETON R. , METZLER K. , HERD R. , BROWN P. , WACKER J. F. , JULL A. J. T. , MASARIK J. , KOSLOWSKY V. T. , ANDREWS H. R. , CORNETT R. J. J. , DAVIES W. G. , GREINER B. F. , IMAHORI Y. , McKAY J. W. , MILTON G. M. , MILTON J. C. D.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— The Peekskill H6 meteorite fell on 1992 October 9. We report extensive measurements of cosmic‐ray produced stable nuclides of He, Ne, and Ar, of the radionuclides 22Na, 60Co, 14C, 36Cl, 26Al, and 10Be, and of cosmic‐ray track densities. After correction for shielding via the 22Ne/21Ne ratio, the concentrations of cosmic‐ray produced 3He, 21Ne and 38Ar give an average exposure age of 25 Ma, which is considered to be a lower limit on the true value. The 10Be/21Ne age is 32 Ma and falls onto a peak in the H‐chondrite exposure age distribution. The activities of 26Al, 14C, 36Cl, and 10Be are all close to the maximum values expected for H‐chondrites. Together with cosmic‐ray track densities and the 22Ne/21Ne ratio, these radionuclide data place the samples at a depth >20 cm in a meteoroid with a radius >40 cm. In contrast, the 60Co activity requires a near‐surface location and/or a much smaller body. Calculations show that a flattened geometry for the Peekskill meteoroid does not explain the observations in the context of a one‐stage irradiation. A two‐stage model can account for the data. We estimate an upper bound of 70 cm on the radius of the earlier stage of irradiation and conclude that Peekskill's radius was <70 cm when it entered the Earth's atmosphere. This size limit is somewhat smaller than the dynamic determinations (Brown et al., 1994).
Fractionated sulfur isotopes in sulfides of the Kaidun meteorite
Authors: McSWEEN Harry Y. , RICIPUTI Lee R. , PATERSON Bruce A.
Published: February 2010

Abstract— The Kaidun meteorite contains carbonaceous chondrite (CM1) clasts that have been highly altered by reactions with hydrothermal fluids. Pyrrhotite in these clasts occurs as unusual needles wrapped by sheaths of phyllosilicate, and pentlandite forms veins that crosscut aggregates of phyllosilicate and garnet but not pyrrhotite. The isotopic compositions of S (δ34SCDT) in individual sulfide grains, measured by ion micro‐probe, are fractionated compared to troilite in ordinary chondrites. The S in Kaidun sulfides is isotopically light (as much as −4.2% for pyrrhotite and −5.7%0 for pentlandite), unlike sulfides in other carbonaceous chondrites, which are enriched in 34S. The unusual S‐isotopic composition of these texturally unique sulfides supports the hypothesis that Kaidun CM1 clasts were pervasively altered under extreme thermal conditions, possibly by fluids that had lost isotopically heavy SO2.
The parent magmas of the cumulate eucrites: A mass balance approach
Authors: TREIMAN Allan H.
Published: February 2010

Abstract—The cumulate eucrite meteorites are gabbros that are related to the eucrite basalt meteorites. The eucrite basalts are relatively primitive (nearly flat REE patterns with La ∼ 8–30 × CI), but the parent magmas of the cumulate eucrites have been inferred as extremely evolved (La to > 100 × CI). This inference has been based on mineral/magma partitioning, and on mass balance considering the cumulate eucrites as adcumulates of plagioclase + pigeonite only; both approaches have been criticized as inappropriate. Here, mass balance including magma + equilibrium pigeonite + equilibrium plagioclase is used to test a simple model for the cumulate eucrites: that they formed from known eucritic magma types, that they consisted only of magma + crystals in chemical equilibrium with the magma, and that they were closed to chemical exchange after the accumulation of crystals. This model is tested for major and rare earth elements (REE). The cumulate eucrites Serra de Magé and Moore County are consistent, in both REE and major elements, with formation by this simple model from a eucrite magma with a composition similar to the Nuevo Laredo meteorite: Serra de Magé as 14% magma, 47.5% pigeonite, and 38.5% plagioclase; Moore County as 35% magma, 37.5% pigeonite, and 27.5% plagioclase. These results are insensitive to the choice of mineral/magma partition coefficients. Results for the Moama cumulate eucrite are strongly dependent on choice of partition coefficients; for one reasonable choice, Moama's composition can be modeled as 4% Nuevo Laredo magma, 60% pigeonite, and 36% plagioclase. Selection of parent magma composition relies heavily on major elements; the REE cannot uniquely indicate a parent magma among the eucrite basalts. The major element composition of Y‐791195 can be fit adequately as a simple cumulate from any basaltic eucrite composition. However, Y‐791195 has LREE abundances and La/Lu too low to be accommodated within the model using any basaltic eucrite composition and any reasonable partition coefficients. Postcumulus loss of incompatible elements seems possible. It is intriguing that Serra de Magé, Moore County, and Moama are consistent with the same parental magma; could they be from the same igneous body on the eucrite parent asteroid (4 Vesta)?