bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Morphology and Strength of Composites Based on an Isoprene Elastomer and Polyethylene, Modified with Fillers of Different Nature
Authors: Zhazaeva E.M. , Khaulyani Y.F.M. Al , Tkhakakhov R.B. , Shomakhov A.V.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the effect of different additions of nanoparticles on the morphology, density, and strength of composites based on synthetic isoprene rubber (SKI-3) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The extremal dependence of strength and density on the concentration of nanoparticles was established.
Analytical Methods for Polymers and Polymer Fibres
Authors: Bischoff M. , Seide G. , Gries T.
Published: September 2018

This paper gives a general overview of analytical methods for investigating polymers and fibres. As well as methods of thermal analysis, such as DSC, TMDSC, TGA and DMA, physical measurement techniques such as wide-angle X-ray diffraction, rheometry and pycnometry are also described. A chemical testing procedure – Karl Fischer titration – is also discussed. In addition, optical investigations such as electron microscopy are presented.
The Effect of Combined Dispersion of Polyethylene and Carbides on the Structure and Physicomechanical Properties of Composite Materials
Authors: Gordienko V.P. , Mustyatsa O.N. , Kovaleva G.N.
Published: September 2018

The molecular and supermolecular structure and the physicomechanical properties of composite materials obtained by combined dispersion of linear polyethylene and disperse silicon, titanium, and molybdenum carbides on an eccentric vibratory mill were investigated. The correlation between the structure, hardness, softening point, and thermomechanical properties of the composite materials was established.
The Kinetics of Change in the Service Characteristics of Glazing Elements Manufactured from New Modified Organic Glasses of Partially Crosslinked Structure during Exposure under Conditions of a Moderately Warm Climate
Authors: Mekalina I.V. , Aizatulina M.K. , Sentyurin E.G. , Bogatov V.A.
Published: September 2018

The paper sets out the results of studying and analysing the kinetics of change in the service characteristics of glazing models during exposure at the Gelendzhik Climatic Testing Centre (GTsKI) in comparison with results concerning artificial ageing for predicting the service life of glazing manufactured from new organic glasses of partially crosslinked structure. The main factors acting on organic glasses were found to be UV radiation and defects in the form of thermal stresses, which during ageing affect the resistance of the glasses to surface cracking (‘silver’ crack resistance) and their optical and strength properties. The correlation of change in the service characteristics of glazing models after artificial and natural atmospheric ageing was determined, making it possible to assess the design strength of models of organic glasses under artificial laboratory conditions 3–4 times more rapidly than during atmospheric ageing. On the basis of analysis of comparative data on natural atmospheric and artificial ageing of organic glasses of linear and partially crosslinked structure, the expediency of using organic glasses of partially crosslinked structure in the oriented state for aircraft glazing was shown.
The Graft Copolymerisation of Block Styrene Butadiene Rubbers with Acrylonitrile and Styrene
Authors: Sadrieva A.G. , Trifonova O.M. , Akhmetov I.G.
Published: September 2018

The paper presents the results of synthesising acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic, which make it possible to assess the influence of the characteristics of different specimens of block styrene butadiene rubbers on the kinetics of the copolymerisation process, the viscosity characteristics of the reaction mix in time, the degree of grafting of the monomers on the rubber, and the molecular parameters of the copolymer obtained.
Study of the Influence of the Modification of Glass Microspheres on the Properties of Syntactic Foams Based on Oligomethylsiloxane
Authors: Osipchik V.S. , Kostromina N.V. , Olikhova Yu.V. , Ivashkina V.N. , Belyaeva E.V. , Loginova N.A. , Ryzhenkov A.V. , Lapin E.E.
Published: September 2018

The dependence of the apparent density of oligomethylsiloxane–filler systems on the size of the microspheres and their bulk density was established. The acid–base method was used to determine the acid–base properties of the surface of fillers and to assess the interaction at the phase boundary.
The Influence of the Component Composition on the Glass Transition Temperature and Open Porosity of Shape-Memory Polyester Urethane Foam
Authors: Babaevskii P.G. , Kozlov N.A. , Devicheva O.V.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the influence of the quantity of the main and auxiliary components of the base polyurethane foam composite individually on the glass transition temperature and open porosity of rigid polyester urethane foam, the shape memory effect in which was investigated under conditions of microgravitation aboard the International Space Station. It was established that the glass transition temperature can be controlled in the widest range by varying the content of polyisocyanate and catalyst with chain extender, and the open porosity by varying the content of cell destroyer, surfactant, and catalyst with chain extender.
Investigating the Thermal and Thermophysical Properties of Composite Materials Based on Polyethylene Terephthalate and Superconcentrates of Layered Silicate Nanoparticles in Cyclic Butylene Terephthalate
Authors: Mdivanova I.R. , Khakulova D.M. , Abazova O.A. , Mamkhegov R.M. , Zhansitov A.A. , Khashirova S.Yu. , Mikitaev A.K.
Published: September 2018

New composite materials based on polyethylene terephthalate and superconcentrates of layered silicate nanoparticles in cyclic butylene terephthalate were developed and investigated. It was shown that the obtained concentrates of nanoparticles are sufficiently thermally stable for the modification of heat-resistant polymer matrices and increase the thermal and processing properties of the polyethylene terephthalate without lowering the molecular weight. By differential scanning calorimetry it was shown that the concentrates of layered silicate nanoparticles act as nucleators for the crystallising PET.
Certain Features of Chemical Reactions of Terminal Functional Groups of Macromolecules
Authors: Ermakov S.N. , Kerber M.L. , Kravchenko T.P. , Gorbunova I.Yu. , Kostyagina V.A. , Shitov D.Yu.
Published: September 2018

The role of terminal functional groups in the chemical interaction of macromolecules is discussed. An examination is made of the most well-known types of chemical reaction with the participation of terminal groups of macromolecules and the conditions under which they are conducted, and certain practical examples are given.
The Morphology and Surface Tension of Nanomodified Blends Based on Nitrile Butadiene Elastomer with Polyvinyl Chloride
Authors: Tkhakakhov R.B. , Baragunova L.V.
Published: September 2018

A study is made of the morphology and surface tension polytherms of an SKN-26–PVC polymer blend (synthetic nitrile polyvinyl chloride rubber) as a function of the filler concentration (DG-100 carbon black).
A Colour Criterion of the Climatic Ageing of an Epoxy Polymer
Authors: Startsev V.O. , Nizina T.A. , Startsev O.V.
Published: September 2018

An investigation was made of the colour characteristics of an epoxy polymer on open exposure in Gelendzhik in Saransk. It was demonstrated that the predominant factor in the effect of the ambient medium on change in the colour difference of the epoxy polymer is the dose of the ultraviolet component of solar radiation. The merit of the ‘dose’ criterion of ageing over the ‘time’ criterion was shown.
The Relationship between the Structure and Microhardness of Oriented Polyethylene Specimens
Authors: Budnitskii Yu.M.
Published: September 2018

By investigating the microhardness of oriented polyethylene specimens, data were obtained on the influence of the processing conditions on the morphological characteristics and properties of articles.
Crosslinked Polyolefin Composites not Sustaining Combustion. Kinetics of Crosslinking and Rheological and Thermophysical Properties
Authors: Chuleeva E.V. , Zolotarev V.M.
Published: September 2018

The results of theoretical and experimental investigations of the influence of the composition of crosslinked polyolefin composites on the kinetics of their crosslinking and their rheological and thermophysical properties are presented.
The Effect of Plastic Deformation under High Pressure on the Thermal Effects in Polyacrylamide
Authors: Zhorin V.A. , Kiselev M.R. , Roldugin V.I.
Published: September 2018

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry were used to investigate polyacrylamide obtained under different conditions and subjected to plastic deformation under a pressure of 0.5–2.0 GPa. On the thermograms there were two endothermic peaks, one of which was associated with the rupture of hydrogen bonds, and the second with thermal imidisation. Plastic deformation led to a reduction in the enthalpies of both peaks. The enthalpies of endothermic processes depended on the presence in the specimens of trapped electrons.
The Rubbery Modulus of Nanocomposites Based on Styrene Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Matseevich T.A. , Askadskii A.A. , Popova M.N. , Kovriga O.V.
Published: September 2018

The dependences of the rubbery modulus of nanocomposites on the concentration of nanoparticles and their size were analysed. The chemical structure of the polymer network and the number of recurrent units of the linear chains between crosslinked points were taken into account. Experimental verification was done on the basis of styrene butadiene rubber filled with SiO2 particles.
The Synthesis and Properties of Cresol-Containing Phenol Formaldehyde Novolacs and Crosslinked Copolymers Based on Them
Authors: Machulenko L.N. , Nechaev A.I. , Donetskaya S.A. , Salazkin S.N. , Klemenkova Z.S. , Buzin M.I.
Published: September 2018

By the interaction of formaldehyde with blends of phenol, phenolphthalein (or a phthalide-containing monophenol), and m-cresol in the presence of an acid catalyst, new cresol-containing phenol formaldehyde novolacs and crosslinked copolymers based on them were obtained. Their properties were studied.
The Development of Fireproof Composite Materials Based on Polybutylene Terephthalate
Authors: Khashkhozheva R.R. , Zhansitov A.A. , Khashirova S.Yu. , Mikitaev A.K.
Published: September 2018

A study was made of the effect of fireproofing compositions based on montmorillonite and melamine on the fire resistance of polybutylene terephthalate. It was revealed that montmorillonite premodified with melamine is a more effective modifier of polybutylene terephthalate by comparison with a mechanical fireproofing mixture. Fireproof composites based on polybutylene terephthalate were obtained.
The Effects of Operational Parameters in Hot-Air Vulcanisation
Authors: Schöppner V. , Brockhaus S. , Penner C. , Möckel J.
Published: September 2018

Hot-air vulcanisation is one of the oldest pressureless continuous vulcanisation processes. The transfer of heat to the extrudate which is needed for vulcanisation is achieved by means of hot air. Apart from the air temperature, other factors having a significant effect on the temperature profile within the extrudate include flow velocity and turbulence. One indicator of the efficiency of energy input is the heat transfer coefficient of the air as a function of the flow pattern (laminar or turbulent), flow velocity, temperature and geometry of the channel through which the air flows. The effects of operational parameters on the heat transfer coefficient in hot-air vulcanisation are presented and discussed.
The Rheokinetics of the Curing of Epoxy Oligomer ED-20 Modified with Polysulphone and Polyesterimide
Authors: Sopotov R.I. , Zyukin S.V. , Gorbunova I.Yu. , Kerber M.L. , Doroshenko Yu.E. , Kravchenko T.P. , Il'in V.I. , Tuzova S.Yu.
Published: September 2018

The process of curing an epoxyamine composite was investigated by methods of dynamic mechanical analysis and rotational viscometry. The service characteristics of the cured composites depend on the curing process and are directly related to the process kinetics and to change in the rheological characteristics.
Basalt-Filled Composites Based on Polyethylene
Authors: Bredikhin P.A. , Kadykova Yu.A.
Published: September 2018

The optimum amount and size of basalt particles for the filling of polyethylene was established. Study of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the developed polymer composites indicates the effectiveness of using basalt for the filling of polyethylene, which makes it possible to expand the areas of application of the given filler for the creation of polymer composites of a wide designation.
Assessing the Glass Transition Temperature of Nanocomposites Based on Copolymers of Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Polyisoprene, and Polybutadiene
Authors: Matseevich T.A. , Askadskii A.A. , Popova M.N. , Kovriga O.V. , Afanas'ev E.S.
Published: September 2018

A theoretical analysis was made of the effect of nanoparticles on the glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposites. Account was taken of the effect of the chemical structure of the polymer matrix and the concentration, size, and shape of the nanoparticles. Experimental checking was done for nanocomposites based on copolymers of styrene butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, and polybutadiene.
Polyvinyl Alcohol Cryogels as the Matrix for Biomaterials
Authors: Tsvetkova E.A. , Ukhartseva I.Yu.
Published: September 2018

Technological aspects of the formation of a matrix based on polyvinyl alcohol cryogels, its structure, and its physicomechanical and physicochemical properties are presented. The prospects of using the PVA cryogel matrix for the immobilisation of biologically active compounds are discussed.
The Effect of New Antiagglomerators of the Quantislip Series for Solution-Polymerised Rubber on the Properties of cis-1,4-polyisoprene
Authors: Nasyrov I.Sh. , Faizova V.Yu. , Zhavoronkov D.A. , Kavun S.M. , Kolokol'nikov A.S. , Medzhibovskii A.S.
Published: September 2018

The results of pilot-plant tests of SKI-3 isoprene rubber containing a series of Quantislip™ rubber crumb antiagglomerators (AAs) are presented. Tests were conducted at OAO ‘Sintez Kauchuk’, with the AAs introduced at the degassing stage. The new Quantislip AAs, developed by OOO ‘NPP Kvalitet’, ensure a reduction in calcium and chlorine ions in wastewater and in its alkalinity. An improvement in the elastic strength properties of carbon-black-filled vulcanisates based on cis-1,4-polyisoprene (SKI-3) and containing AAs was shown. For the production of SKI-3 rubber, an optimum AA composition – Quantislip of grade BM-2R – was developed. When BM-2R is used, stearic acid, formed in standard rubber with a calcium stearate suspension as AA, is eliminated. The possible mechanism of improvement in the strength properties of carbon-black-filled vulcanisates based on SKI-3 is discussed. This is possibly due to an improvement in rubber–filler interaction as a result of there no longer being any competition between segments of macromolecules and stearic acid for active centres when carbon black is adsorbed on the surface.
Investigation of an Elastomer Composite with Modified Carbon Fibres
Authors: Maskalyunaite O.E. , Zabolotskikh S.Yu. , Nekrasova V.V. , Grakovich P.N. , Ivanov L.F. , Shelestova V.A.
Published: September 2018

The possibility of using ‘Belum’ chemically modified hydroxycellulose carbon fibres (CFs) to improve the wear resistance of elastomer composites was studied. Comminuted Belum fibres with a length of the main fraction of 50–100 μm were used. Chemical modification of the CFs was carried out in electric discharge plasma in a medium of organofluorine compounds, as a result of which prepolymer coatings were formed with a thickness of several tens of nanometres, similar in chemical composition to polyetrafluoroethylene. The microstructure of the modified CFs was investigated by electron microscopy. It was shown that the introduction of modified Belum-grade CFs leads to an increase in the wear resistance of elastomer composites based on SKF-26 fluorine-containing rubber. It was also shown that there is an improvement in the ageing resistance, measured from the change in 20% compression set at temperatures of 100, 125, 150, and 200°C. Comparative bench tests revealed considerable advantages of different types of moving seal manufactured using modified Belum CFs. Service tests of articles manufactured from rubbers of the experimental composition also showed positive results. The mechanism of the influence of plasma modification is discussed.
Assessing the Plasticising Effect of Dispersing Agents for Rubber Mixes Based on Nitrile Butadiene Rubbers
Authors: Dolinskaya R.M. , Prokopchuk N.R. , Korovina Yu. V.
Published: September 2018

The influence of dispersing agents on the properties of rubber mixes based on nitrile butadiene rubbers BNKS-18AMN and BNKS-28AMN intended for the production of articles by injection moulding was studied. Four types of dispersing agent were investigated, and the best effect was obtained for two of them: INT 59 and LMWPE. When these are used, there is a considerable reduction in viscosity and an improvement in the processing and mechanical properties. The influence of the content of these dispersing agents was also studied. Comparison of the properties of raw mixes and vulcanisates showed that slightly better results, including the heat resistance of seals, are achieved for INT 159. As the difference is small, and LMWPE is produced in Belarus, LMWPE is recommended as a dispersing agent in the composition of rubbers intended for articles to be manufactured by injection moulding. It was shown that the optimum is to introduce LMWPE into the formulation in a quantity of 2 parts per 100 parts rubber; this corresponds to the best combination of service properties.
The Modification of a Rubber–Epoxy Matrix with Carbon-Containing Fillers for Heat-Shielding Materials
Authors: Istomina T.S. , Tiunova T.G. , Yakushev R.M. , Moskalev I.V.
Published: September 2018

Materials based on a rubber–epoxy matrix filled with coal-tar pitch and petroleum coking additive were investigated. The effect of the fillers on the degradation rate of the cured material and the coke residue yield was studied using data of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses and differential scanning calorimetry, It was established that the introduction of coal-tar pitches lowers the thermooxidative stability of the polymer matrix, while the introduction of petroleum coking additive raises it. In tests under isothermal and dynamic conditions, the greatest amount of coke residue is formed after annealing of the composite with petroleum coking additive. Burnout of the coke residue of the given material occurs in the widest temperature range. The influence of the nature of the filler and the test temperature on the mechanical properties of the materials was investigated. It was established that at elevated temperature the best deformation and strength properties are possessed by material with the petroleum coking additive. The prospects of using the obtained materials as heat-shielding coatings were assessed.
Optimum Conditions for the Bulk Polymerisation of Isoprene
Authors: Elfimov V.V.
Published: September 2018

This article continues a cycle of investigations into the process of liquid-phase bulk polymerisation of isoprene in small-volume cells. The investigations were based on a developed mathematical model. It was shown by calculation and experiment that the optimum process takes place in small-volume cells of cylindrical shape with a height of the reaction layer of no more than 3–4 mm. The dependence of temperature on time, the average monomer conversion, and the polymerisation time were calculated, and the data obtained were compared with data for a reactor (small-volume cell) of semi-spherical shape. The temperature and time of polymerisation in different layers of the cylindrical cell were also calculated. From the data obtained it follows that the productivity of a cylindrical reactor in any case, even at a lower polymerisation temperature, is far higher than the productivity of a small-volume reactor of semi-spherical shape. The properties of the polyisoprene obtained – its physicomechanical properties, microstructure, and gel fraction content – are not inferior to and in some cases are superior to the properties of standard industrial SKI-3 specimens. Apparatus is recommended for the process.
Innovative Technologies for the Production of Reinforced Elastomer Composites
Authors: Grishin B.S.
Published: September 2018

This review is devoted to an analysis of the theory and practice of reinforcement of elastomers, the classification of reinforcing fillers, the structure of reinforced elastomer composites, and innovative technologies for their production.
The Viscous Characteristics and Rheokinetics of an Epoxy Oligomer with an Active Thinner
Authors: Pakhomov K.S. , Antipov Yu. V. , Simonov-Emel'yanov I.D.
Published: September 2018

The effect of an EA-grade low-viscosity thinner and of temperature on the rheokinetic properties of an epoxy oligomer of grade UP-610 cured with a Benzam-ABA amine curing agent was investigated. It was established that, when thinner is introduced and the temperature is varied, the lifetime of EFA-B epoxy binder can vary from 25 min to 26 h.
Investigating the Tensile Behaviour of Blends of Polypropylene and a Statistical Copolymer of Propylene and Ethylene
Authors: Kozlov A.V. , Gorbunova I.Yu. , Kerber M.L. , Filatov S.N. , Kireev V.V.
Published: September 2018

The effect of a statistical copolymer of propylene and ethylene on the tensile strength of polypropylene was investigated.
Electrical Conductivity of Thermoplastic Elastomers Modified with Gaseous Fluorine
Authors: Petrova G.N. , Rumyantseva T.V. , Nazarov V.G. , Sapego Yu.A.
Published: September 2018

The electrical conductivity of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) modified with gaseous chlorine was studied. A TPE based on polyether (‘Vitur’-grade polyurethane) and the same TPE but with phosphorus-containing fireproofing agent were held in gaseous fluorine for 1 and 3 h, and were also treated with alcohol after fluorination. The surface morphology of specimens was studied using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The changes in morphology were similar to the changes observed after the surface fluorination of rubbers. The volume and surface resistivities were measured using an Agilent 4339B instrument (USA). In all cases, the volume resistivities of modified TPEs were two orders of magnitude lower than those of the initial TPEs. The introduction of a fireproofing agent leads to a 2.5-fold reduction in volume resistivity, and a 100-fold reduction in surface reactivity. The influence of the fireproofing agent is associated with it having an effect similar to that of fillers, and with the formation of a thin layer on the surface of specimens. it was shown that ethanol treatment leads to a reduction in volume resistivity.
Polymeric Materials Based on Acrylates and Modified Lignosulphonates
Authors: Chursin V.I.
Published: September 2018

The effect of the enzymatic treatment of technical-grade lignosulphonates with laccase on the kinetics of synthesis and on the properties of copolymeric materials based on methacrylic acid was investigated.
Carbon Nanotubes in Tyre Rubbers. Part 1: The Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on the Properties of Breaker Rubber
Authors: Mukhtarov A.R. , Mokhnatkin A.M. , Dorozhkin V.P. , Mokhnatkina E.G. , Muradyan V.E. , Batrshina R.R.
Published: September 2018

The processing and mechanical properties of green and vulcanised breaker rubbers based on natural rubbers containing single-wall carbon nanotubes (SCNTs) were studied. SCNTs were treated and introduced into a rubber mix in a composite containing carbon black (88.24%), SCNTs (9.8%), and SKI-3 polyisoprene rubber in solution (1.96%). The presence of –COOH groups on the surface of SCNTs after treatment was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. Increase in the content of SCNTs in the breaker rubber mix to 0.15 or 0.2% leads to an increase in cohesion strength up to 1.6-fold; the Mooney viscosity also increases, and there is an improvement in the vulcanisation properties. Changes in the Payne effect of rubbers containing SCNTs indicate an improvement in the interaction between the carbon black particles. Small amounts of SCNTs ensure a reduction in tg δ at 60°C, and increases in tear strength and in adhesion to metal cord. However, wear resistance deteriorates. The possibility of replacing 30 parts natural rubber with SKI-3 in the presence of SCNTs is shown.
Promising Methods for Activating Rubber Crumbs
Authors: Kablov V.F. , Perfil'ev A.V. , Shabanova V.P.
Published: September 2018

Methods for activating the surface of rubber crumbs using different physicochemical effects are examined. The properties of industry-produced activated rubber crumbs and the prospects of their use in different polymer compounds are analysed. The influence of the degree and depth of devulcanisation of the surface layer of rubber crumbs on the rheological and physicomechanical properties of rubber composites is shown. Promising directions of modern research in the area of surface activation of rubber crumbs are described. It is shown that the application of microwave energy to activate rubber crumbs directly before the manufacture of articles from them makes it possible to obtain products with improved properties.
The Rheological Properties of a Viscous Epoxy Oligomer
Authors: Pakhomov K.S. , Antipov Yu.V. , Simonov-Emel'yanov I.D.
Published: September 2018

The effect of grade EA low-viscosity thinner and of temperature on the rheological properties of grade UP-610 epoxy oligomer was investigated. The optimum composition for grade EFA-B polymer binder was established.
The Influence of Structural Inhomogeneity on the Physical Properties of Partially Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Aristov V.M. , Aristova E.P.
Published: September 2018

The influence of structural inhomogeneity on the physical properties of partially crystalline polymers is examined. Methods for investigating the properties of polymers are considered. It is shown how it is possible to predict the properties of materials if characteristic diagrams are available for quantitative assessment of the degree of structural inhomogeneity.
The Processing Properties of a Phosphazene-containing Epoxy Oligomer
Authors: Kireev V.V. , Simonov-Emel'yanov I.D. , Bilichenko Yu.V. , Brigadnov K.A. , Filatov S.N. , Apeksimov N.V. , Nikitina A.R.
Published: September 2018

The results of investigating the rheological properties and processing characteristics of a system consisting of 60 wt% epoxy bisphenol A resin of type ED-20 and 40 wt% phosphazene-containing epoxy oligomer are given. The kinetic dependences of the shrinkage, residual stresses, and rheokinetics are obtained, and the gelation times, activation energy of viscous flow, and glass transition temperature are determined.
An Empirical Model for Predicting the Kinetics of Desorption of Ingredients from Polymeric Materials of Different Thickness
Authors: Dedov A.V.
Published: September 2018

The use of an empirical model for predicting the desorption kinetics of ingredients and impurities from polymeric materials is analysed. A shortcoming of the model considered is the dependence of the reduction factor on the thickness of the polymeric material, which limits the use of different data. An approach for solving this problem is proposed.
Influence of the Modification of Ground Truck Tyres as an Additive on the Properties of a Truck Tread Compound
Authors: Herrmann V. , Heinrich A.
Published: September 2018

Commercially available ground tyre rubber (GTR) made exclusively from post-consumer truck tyres was mixed into a typical truck tyre tread compound. As already shown in a previous study, this leads to a distinct deterioration in properties. The goal of the present investigation was to minimise these property losses through modification of the GTR in terms of processing methods. Modification methods already documented in the literature were used, e.g. application of sulphur and crosslinking agents to the GTR and the use of trans-polyoctenamer as well as liquid polymers, which in principle provide the potential for crosslinking of the GTR and polymer matrix through the availability of double bonds. For some methods of modification, small improvements are observed in comparison with the unmodified GTR. However, none of the GTR modifications reaches the level of the reference compound without GTR. An economic estimate for the modification with the highest potential for technical success shows that, in practice, considerable costs must be expected.
A Decisive Breakthrough in the Field of Recovering Rubber Waste
Authors: Beirakh L.Ya.
Published: September 2018

An analysis of methods used in the recycling of rubber waste is given. The advantages and disadvantages of using finely ground rubber crumbs (crumbs of ultrasmall size) are discussed, and its main disadvantages are indicated. The mechanism of interaction of these crumbs and the rubber mix into which they are introduced is examined. A brief review is given of existing methods for modifying crumbs using amines and sulphides at not too high temperatures, leading to their surface devulcanisation. A process developed by the company Greengum Recycling is a continuation of these developments. It includes the following: a study of the physical and mathematical dependences of the properties of the crumbs and of the rubber mixes into which they are introduced on temperature and on other process parameters; the development of monitoring of the degree of devulcanisation on the basis of obtained mathematical models; the development of 23 modifier formulations; the creation of modified equipment for the process of fine grinding with simultaneous surface devulcanisation within a single pass; the development of formulations for different rubber mixes containing crumbs; the equipping of measuring apparatus.
The Influence of the Concentration of an ‘n-butyllithium–amine-containing Modifier’ Initiating System on the Copolymerisation of 1,3-butadiene and Styrene
Authors: Vagizov A.M. , Khusainova G.R. , Akhmetov I.G. , Sakhabutdinov A.G.
Published: September 2018

The influence of the concentration of an initiating system consisting of n-butyllithium and an amine-containing modifier on the copolymerisation of 1,3-butadiene and styrene in a hexane solvent was studied. The molecular characteristics and the microstructure of specimens of the obtained solution-polymerised styrene butadiene rubber (s-SBR) were determined by gel permeation chromatography on a Breeze liquid chromatograph (Waters) and by IR spectroscopy on a Spectrum GX 100 spectrometer (PerkinElmer) in accordance with ISO 21561/2. It was shown that a reduction in the amount of the initiating system is accompanied with a reduction in the copolymerisation rate and in the monomer conversion, and also with an increase in the average molecular weights of the copolymer. It was established that a reduction in the initiating system concentration in the reaction medium leads to a reduction in the content of 1,2-units in the rubber. A comparative analysis of data for rubber compounds based on the synthesised s-SBR and data for rubber compounds based on standard rubber indicates that their mechanical properties are at the same level. However, the tg δ at 60°C (determined on an RPA 2000 instrument) for rubber compounds based on a trial specimen has a lower value, which will make it possible to produce tyre rubbers providing a lower tyre rolling resistance.
The Effect of a Copolymer of Ethylene and Vinyl Acetate on the Formation of the Structure and the Processing Properties of Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Ableev R.I. , Baranets I.V. , Kurlyand S.K. , Zabelina A.N. , Ramsh A.S. , Kilin S.A. , Sirotinkin N.V.
Published: September 2018

Optical microscopy and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) were used to study the structure of dynamically vulcanised mixes based on polypropylene, ethylenepropylenediene rubber, and copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate (Levapren 400, 600, 700). For the microscopic investigations, we used a complex consisting of a Leica DM-2500 optical microscope, a DFC 420C cooling chamber, and a special computer desk. DRS data were obtained on a BDS 89 instrument (NovoControl) at temperatures ranging from −150 to +100°C at a heating rate of 2°C/min and a frequency of 110 Hz. The influence of the content of Levapren and the proportion of vinyl acetate in its composition on the morphology and processing properties of olefinic thermoplastic vulcanisates (TPVs) was investigated. The combination of the discovered changes in the fine structure and DRS data indicate the preferential interaction of Levapren with the rubber component. The evolution of the morphology of the TPVs with increase in the volume fraction of vinyl acetate is not monotonic, which is consistent with the nature of change in the physicomechanical properties of the TPVs. Combined analysis of the morphological characteristics and processing properties of TPVs showed that, to achieve high values of the deformation and strength properties, a uniform distribution and high polydispersity of the ingredients are necessary. Increase in the elastic properties of the material is ensured by modification of the polypropylene phase to form fibrillar structures, while the flow of TPEs that is necessary for processing is facilitated by modification of the rubber phase.
The Influence of the Polymeric Compatibiliser on the Impact Strength and Physicomechanical Properties of PP/NBR Composites Produced by Reactive Extrusion using a Peroxide Modifying System
Authors: Kazakov Yu.M. , Volkov A.M. , Ryzhikova I.G. , Vol'fson S.I.
Published: September 2018

In order to improve the balance of flow, impact strength, and physicomechanical properties of polypropylene/nitrile butadiene rubber composites of structural designation, we investigated the possibility of using two complementary approaches in the process of manufacturing the composites. Firstly, this involves the introduction into the composition of these composites of special polymeric compatibilisers based on maleinised polypropylene with additions of elastomers of different nature. Secondly, it involves the use of the method of dynamic vulcanisation in the process of reactive extrusion of a PP/BNKS-18AMN blend with a peroxide modifying system including as a coagent a complex of polar vinyl monomer (maleic acid polyester and ethylene glycol) with aramine industrial antioxidant Diafen FP. Determination of the principal physicomechanical characteristics of the composites revealed that only the combined use of these two methods of modification makes it possible to achieve a significant shift in the level of impact strength of PP/NBR composites without adversely affecting other indices, with control of the flow of the end products. Here, the most effective compatibilisers were maleinised blends of polypropylene with non-polar elastomers: ethylene–octene copolymer (Engage 8842) and ternary ethylenepropylene rubber (Royalene 563). It is assumed that a probable cause of the improvement in properties of the polymer blends is the considerable increase in the degree of dispersion of the rubber phase of the NBR in the polypropylene matrix under the action of the modification processes described above.
Thermal Protection of the Cylindrical Polymer Covering on the Steel Nipple of a Rubber Branch Pipe during Electric Welding
Authors: Dakhno A.V. , Mashkov A.V. , Potapenko O.V. , Smirnov Yu.P.
Published: September 2018

A thermal calculation of the steel nipple of a rubber branch pipe, under conditions of water cooling of the nipple, during its welding to a reciprocal part is carried out. The limit temperature in the control section – the initial boundary of the rubber covering of the nipple – that guarantees conservation of the covering is assumed to be 363 K. Heating and boiling of the cooling water are considered. A theoretical substantiation of technical solutions to protect the polymer from thermal breakdown is put forward. Comparison of calculated temperature fields shows good agreement between results obtained by the proposed approximate procedure and results obtained using the ComSol program package, which makes it possible to calculate regimes rapidly under industrial conditions.
Plasmapolymeric Coating Protects Elastomers against Wear
Authors: Schmidt S. , Paulkowski D.
Published: September 2018

Improved energy efficiency and durability are demanded for sealing components in multiple industries. Flat elastomer plates were coated with a polymeric film (SiOxCyHz) in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition process. The film thickness was varied from approximately 0.7 μm to 4.0 μm. Tribological lifetime tests were performed as a function of the applied film thickness. The investigated elastomeric substrate materials were acrylic rubber, fluoro rubber and nitrile butadiene rubber. Oscillating ball-on-plate contact was chosen to induce rapid wear. The coating was found to provide significant wear protection which is dependent on applied load and elastomer type. Film thicknesses in the range of 1 μm to 2.5 μm were recommended.
Flame-resistant Copolycarbonates
Authors: Bazheva R.Ch. , Kharaev A.M. , Bazhev A.Z. , Inarkieva Z.I. , Beslaneeva Z.L.
Published: September 2018

Copolycarbonates based on 4,4′-dioxydiphenylpropane and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-di(3,5-dibromo-4-oxyphenyl) ethylene were synthesised, and their main properties were studied. The relationships governing the synthesis of copolymers by acceptor-catalytic polycondensation were determined, and the relationship between their composition, structure, and properties was established. It was shown that copolycarbonates possess a high softening point and high heat and flame resistance.
An Analysis of the Influence of the Chemical Composition and Concentration of Components of a Polymer–solvent Mixture on its Forced Elasticity Limit and Viscosity
Authors: Matseevich T.A. , Kovriga O.V. , Matseevich A.V. , Askadskii A.A.
Published: September 2018

A calculation scheme has been developed for estimating the forced elasticity limit and viscosity of a system containing a polymer and a solvent (plasticiser). Allowance is made for the chemical structure of the polymer and solvent, the intermolecular interaction between the polymer and solvent, the van der Waals volume and the molecular weight of the repeating unit of the polymer and the solvent molecule, and the solvent concentration. The temperature dependences of viscosity are obtained. The calculation scheme has been computerised and forms a separate option in the ‘Kaskad’ computer program (INEOS).
The Influence of the Structural Organisation of Nitrile Butadiene Rubbers on their Vulcanisation
Authors: Sokolova L.V. , Kichaev N.A.
Published: September 2018

A comparative analysis of features of the vulcanisation of nitrile butadiene rubbers containing 18 wt% units of acrylic acid nitrile with different distributions of the AAN units along the macromolecules is carried out. The content of cis-1,4-, trans-1,4-, and 1,2-units was determined by IR spectroscopy (Bruker Equinox 55 Fourier spectrometer) from the intensity of the 730, 970, and 910 cm−1 absorption bands respectively. The dynamic viscosity at temperatures of 85 and 130°C and at shear rates of 1.13–42.23 s−1 and also the vulcanisation kinetics were determined on an Alpha Technologies RPA 2000 unit. The physicomechanical characteristics were determined using a Gotech AI-3000 instrument. The vulcanising system contained sulphur, ZnO, stearic acid, and an accelerator. The influence of the content of stearic acid on the properties of the vulcanisates was studied, and it was shown that the rubbers investigated can be divided into three groups. The authors suggest that the vulcanisation parameters and the physicomechanical characteristics of the elastomers are most influenced by the size of the alternating unit nanoformations.
The Modification of Silica Filler for Tyre Rubbers
Authors: Krotova O.A. , Kasperovich A.V. , Shulyak I.V. , Shashok Zh.S. , Potapov E.E. , Reznichenko S.V.
Published: September 2018

A cobalt-ion-modified silica filler was produced that can be used as an adhesion promoter in elastomer composites intended for the rubber coating of metal cord. Electron scanning microscopy with energy dispersive analysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis (XFA), and IR spectroscopy were used to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of the modified silica filler, and also its structure. The influence of the concentration of ammonia and of cobalt ions in the solution, the influence of the time for which the mixture is left to stand, and the influence of the amount of water used for washing on the number of cobalt ions on the surface of the silica filler were investigated. The mechanism of the reaction of silica filler with cobalt ions, consisting in the formation of complexes as a result of the interaction of surface silanol groups of the silica filler and cobalt ions, was investigated.
The Structure and Properties of the Degradation Products of Diethylenetriamine Polyurethane Based on 1,5-naphthylene Diisocyanate
Authors: Balakin V.M. , Gallyamov A.A. , Postnikov S.V.
Published: September 2018

The degradation of polyurethane by diethylenetriamine was studied. IR spectroscopy and gas–liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry were used to establish the structure of the degradation products of polyurethane.
Investigating the Influence of Different Types of Thermoplastic Elastomer on the Properties of Highly Filled Composites
Authors: Krasnov K.V. , Chalaya N.M. , Osipchik V.S. , Kazanchyan A.E.
Published: September 2018

The influence of the types of polyolefin elastomer (TPE-O) on the processing, physicomechanical, and service properties of composites with a high filler (fireproofing agent) content was investigated. These composites are used to produce products by extrusion.
The Effect of Modifying Polybutylene Terephthalate on its Processability and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Petrova G.N. , Beider E.Ya.
Published: September 2018

The effect of a modifying additive – a polybutylenetetramethylene oxide (PBT-PTMO) block copolymer of grade V-1000 – on the processability and mechanical properties of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was investigated. It was shown that the mixing of the thermoplastic elastomer – the block copolymer of grade V-1000 – with the rigid, hard, but relatively brittle structural material PBT makes it possible to produce materials with a high level of properties. The modification of PBT with the block copolymer leads to an increase in its impact strength without any perceptible loss in tensile strength. Furthermore, the addition of a small amount of block copolymer to PBT improves its processability. The developed PBT composite with the optimum content of modifying additive and fireproofing agent is recommended for the manufacture of moulded articles of decorative-structural designation, and also for the partial replacement of polyamides PA-12L and PA-610L.
Composite Materials Based on Graphite and Polyhydroxy Ether of Bisphenol A
Authors: Beeva D.A. , Abaev A.M. , Beev A.A. , Mikitaev A.K.
Published: September 2018

Composites based on polyhydroxy ether and graphite of industrial grades MPG and GL were produced and investigated. Methods were developed for introducing graphite into the polymer matrix. It was shown that preliminary oxidative surface treatment of the graphite leads to the selective adsorption of monomers on its surface, which lowers the rate of the reaction in situ during the production of the composites. It was shown that the method for introducing the graphite and the amount of the latter have a considerable influence on the properties of the composite obtained.
Waste Stone Wool as an Effective Filler for Polyethylene
Authors: Bredikhin P.A. , Kadykova Yu.A.
Published: September 2018

The results of experimental investigations of the influence of a disperse mineral filler – stone wool – on the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of polyethylene composites are presented.
Binary Blends of Ethylene-α-olefin Elastomers for Improving the Balance between the Impact Strength and Individual Deformation and Strength Properties of Polypropylene Composites Produced by Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Kazakov Yu.M. , Volkov A.M. , Ryzhikova I.G. , Bauman N.A. , Vol'fson S.I.
Published: September 2018

The authors established and studied the synergistic effect of an increase in the impact strength and in individual physicomechanical characteristics of an elasticised polypropylene (PP) composite by using a binary combination of ethylene-α-olefin elastomers with contrasting Mooney viscosity values during reactive melt modification by the action of an organic peroxide and a coagent – trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA).
A Study of the Processes of Imidisation and Modification of Polyimide Materials for Multilayer Structures
Authors: Kramarev D.V. , Azarov V.G. , Osipchik V.S. , Chalaya N.M. , Berezina A.B.
Published: September 2018

Processes of imidisation, the kinetics of imidisation, and the modification of polyimide materials were investigated. Optimum imidisation regimes were determined, and the kinetics of imidisation of polyamide acid was studied. The effect of modifiers on the properties of polyimide films was analysed.
Modelling the Impact Strength of Polymeric Materials
Authors: Lushcheikin G.A.
Published: September 2018

A theoretical analysis of the process of determining the impact strength under double-support impact bending (the Charpy notched impact strength), aN, is carried out, on the basis of which analytical dependences of aN on the elastic modulus, the parameters of the relaxation mobility of the polymer, the temperature, and the content of reinforcing fillers are proposed. The results of experiments confirm the correctness of the proposed methods for calculating aN.
Features of the Rotational Moulding of Thermoplastics
Authors: Igumenov M.S. , Lavrov N.A.
Published: September 2018

Features of the process of rotational moulding of thermoplastics have been examined. Heat transfer processes have been analysed. The influence of the particle size of the polymer on the distribution of the processed material within the rotational mould and on the duration of transition of the polymer from the solid to the viscous flow state has been studied. The dependence of the thickness uniformity of an article of linear polyethylene on the rotational speed of the mould has been examined.
Artificial Latexes of Butyl Rubber and Styrene Diene Thermoplastic Elastomer, Stabilised with a Mixture of Silicone and Cationic Surface-active Substances
Authors: Yamshchikova O.I. , Gritskova I.A. , Stuzhuk A.N. , Gaikov D.K. , Grinfel'd E.A. , Shragin D.I. , Bondarev A.N.
Published: September 2018

The influence of the mass ratio of silicone and cationic surface-active substances of different nature on the colloid chemical properties and stability of artificial latexes of butyl rubber and styrene diene thermoplastic elastomer is shown.
Biofuel Compatibility of Sealing Materials at Low Temperatures
Authors: Rost H.-C.
Published: September 2018

The combination of very good biofuel compatibility with excellent low-temperature properties is of major importance to the automotive industry. Changes in the regulatory framework and the tapping of new markets have increasingly led to new developments in this field. Parker has developed FKM compounds with TR10 values of −30°C, −35°C, −40°C and −45°C, which display only slight changes in physical properties upon storage in FAM B, E85 and KGS (VW first fill fuel). The sealing performance of these compounds at very low temperatures was investigated in compression set tests from −25°C down to −50°C.