bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of genotype and housing system on production results of fattening chickens
Authors: Pavlovski Zlatica , Skrbic Z. , Lukic M. , Petricevic V. , Trenkovski S.
Published: September 2009

Investigation was carried out on 500 Arbor Acres and Redbro chickens. First group of 30 male and female chickens per genotype was slaughtered after 12 h period of food deprivation. Second group remained in the facility and was fattened until 50. day. Third group was reared for 50 days but in a semi intensive system, with use of 20 m? and free range area of 1 m?/bird. Nutrition was based on mixture of ground corn, barley, vitamins mineral additive and 30% of complete forage mixture. All chickens, subsequent to finished fattening period (50 days) were weighed and after 12 h food deprivation period were slaughtered. Arbor Acres chickens at the age of 42 days had lower mortality (3.80%), better feed conversion (1.868) and higher realized value of production index (206.73) compared to Redbro chickens. Chickens reared in the facility have realized considerably higher body mass (1820.33 g) compared to free range chickens (1667.50 g). Chickens at the age of 50 days had higher carcass yield compared to chickens at the age of 42 days. Carcass yields 'traditional processing' and 'ready to roast' were considerably higher in chickens at the age of 50 days (83.53 and 76.59) compared to carcass yields of chickens at the age of 42 days (82.61 and 75.68). Chickens reared in the facility (chicken coop) (83.86) had higher carcass yields 'traditional processing' than free range chickens. Other yields in chickens were considerably higher in chickens reared in the facility (76.56 and 67.13) than in free range chickens (75.76 and 65.45). .
Neurobehavioral responses of the freshwater teleost, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus.) under quinalphos intoxication
Authors: Chebbi S.G. , David M.
Published: September 2009

Effect of quinalphos on the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio to elucidate inhibitory effect of quinalphos on acetyl cholinesterase activity associated behavioral changes. Fishes were exposed to one fifth (0.15 ?g/l) and one tenth (0.75 ?g/l) of the lethal concentration (7.5 ?g/l) of quinalphos for a period of 1, 7 and 14 days, and were allowed to recover for 7 days. Maximum decrement in acetyl cholinesterase activity of the exposed fish was recorded in brain followed by muscle, gill and liver. Recovery tenures witnessed increment in acetyl cholinesterase activity but significantly differed in comparison with control group. Depression of acetyl cholinesterase activity suggests decreased cholinergic transmission and consequent accumulation of acetylcholine in the tissues leading to cessation of nerve impulses. This has lead to behavioral and morphological changes due to impaired neurophysiology of the fish. .
The possibility of some herbicides using in beet root crop
Authors: Mijatovic Mirjana , Ivanovic Miroslav , Zdravkovic Jasmina
Published: September 2009

In this paper, we presented the results of investigating the efficacy of herbicides in controlling the weed in beet root. The herbicides were fenmedifam + desmedifam + etofumesat, etofumesat, fenoksaprop-p-etil hloridazon, hloridazon + metolahlor, alahlor, haloksifop-r-metil. The research has been carried out on the experimental plot of the Center for Vegetable Crops in Smedj. Palanka, on the loam type of soil. The experimental material was "Palanacka crvena" beet variety. We recorded fourteen weed species on our experimental plots, two of which were dominant: Echinochloa crus-galli and Polygonum lapathifolium. The efficacy of the applied herbicides has been evaluated 36 days after the application. The results of using herbicides were: reduced number of weed species and weed plants per surface unit. The best efficacy has been obtained by hloridazon metolahlor, hloridazon, and alahlor. Fenoksaprop-p-etil and haloksifop-r-metil herbicides were highly efficient while combination fenmedifan + desmedifam + etofumesat, and etofumesat had considerably lower efficacy. Haloksifop-r-metil and alachlor were phytotoxic. The highest yield has been obtained at the combination of hloridazon + metolahlor application and the lowest yield was at the haloksifop-r-metil application. Statistical analysis showed significant differences regarding the yield.
Sublethal effects of clofentezine and flufenzine on preovipositing Tetranychus urticae Koch females
Authors: Marcic Dejan
Published: September 2009

Changes in parameters of Tetranychus urticae Koch population growth were investigated based on the life tables of females treated with acutely non-toxic concentrations of Clofentezine (200 mg/L) and flufenzine (100 mg/L) in preoviposition period. Over the initial four days of reproduction females treated with Clofentezine laid 14% and those treated with flufenzine 16% less eggs than untreated ones. Gross fertility was 14% lower in the female cohort treated with Clofentezine and 24% lower in the one treated with flufenzine, compared to the untreated cohort. In treatment with flufenzine, the difference between the number of eggs laid and gross fertility mostly resulted from a considerably high number of unhatched eggs 35% on the first day of reproduction, 18% on the second, 4% on the third and 3% on the fourth day. Net fertility was 24% lower in females treated with Clofentezine and 28% lower in those treated with flufenzine over the initial four days of reproduction, compared to control, which means that female mortality under treatment additionally decreased fertility. The decreased net fertility in the initial days of reproduction did not result in a statistically significant decrease in growth rates.
Weed resistance to herbicides states: Causes and possibilities of preventive resistance
Authors: Elezovic Ibrahim , Bozic Dragana , Vrbnicanin Sava
Published: September 2009

Resistance occurs as a result of heritable changes to biochemical processes that enable plant survival when treated with a herbicide. Resistance can result from changes to the herbicides target site such that binding of the herbicide is reduced, or over-expression of the target site may occur. Alternatively, there may be a reduction in the amount of herbicide that reaches the target enzyme through detoxication, sequestration, or reduced absorption of herbicide. Finally, the plant may survive through the ability to protect plant metabolism from toxic compounds produced as a consequence of herbicide action. Herbicide-resistant weeds were predicted shortly after the introduction of herbicides. During the 1970s, many, additional important weed species (e.g., Amaranthus spp., Chennpodium spp., Erigeron canadensis Kochia scoparia, Solanum nigrum, Panicum crus-galli, Senecio vulgaris, Poa annua) were reported to be resistant to triazine herbicides and several other herbicides. Over the last 10 years and now ALS-herbicide-resistant weeds account for the greatest number of resistant species and probably the largest area affected by resistance. In contrast to triazine resistance target-site-based resistance to the ALS-inhibiting herbicides can be conferred by a number of different point mutations. Differences occur in target-site cross-resistance among the different chemical classes of herbicides that inhibit ALS. The differences are related to particular amino acid substitutions that occur within the binding region. Indeed, six different substitutions of Ala, Arg, Glu, Leu, Ser, or Tri for Pro 173 have been observed in different weed populations.
Biological control in crop protection: Problems and perspectives
Authors: Filajdic Nenad , Vuksa Petar , Ivanovic Mirko , Rekanovic Emil
Published: September 2009

The idea of fighting pathogens, pests, and weeds by biological measures is not new. Only recently, however, has the need for this aspect of crop protection and related bioproducts arisen. Increasingly stricter legislation concerning pesticides and new information about their potential harmfulness have narrowed the scope of products, offered by large agrochemical companies, thus reducing the prospects of successful and profitable crop protection. In addition, there has been a high risk of resistance of harmful organisms to classical pesticides which throws new light on problems that the industry of chemical pesticides encounters. The control of harmful insects by bioproducts has been a matter of utmost interest, mainly due to a relative success of products, based on Bacillus thuringiensis. However there has been a few more successful attempts of developing biological fungicides, nematocides, and herbicides in the last decade. Still, crop protection products, based on living organisms, represent a small portion of total pesticide industry which amounts to approximately 32 billion dollars per year (Warrior, 2000). The majority of living organisms, been investigated with purpose of biological control, belongs to fungi, bacteria, or arthropods. Commercially, the number of those applied in biopesticides is small, especially because of limitations, imposed on reproduction and stability of organisms in storage and formulation of biopesticides. The aim of this paper is to describe the status of biological control in crop protection, problems encountered, and perspectives of its future development.
Fitotoxic effects of trifluralin to hybrid maize (zea mays l) and their persistance
Authors: Jovanovic-Radovanov Katarina , Elezovic Ibrahim
Published: September 2009

The objective of the study was to analyze the susceptibility of three different types of hybrid maize to carryover potential of trifluralin using the bioassay, and persistence of trifluralin. Herbicide toxicity was analyzed by determining the inhibition of root and shoot length and fresh weight. In addition, using the bioassay trifluralin persistence in the leached chernozen soil type was studied applying two doses. Herbicide degradation was monitored over a period of one year following application during the two trial years. The hybrids tested showed a significant susceptibility to herbicide tested. The doses analyzed inhibited root length and fresh weight. Regression analysis was used to determine I50 values for the parameters tested thus proving fresh root weight reduction to be the most susceptible and accurately computed parameter. Hybrid ZPSC 633 was the most susceptible (with regard to the parameters tested). Higher herbicide doses provoked slower degradation of trifluralin, as confirmed by calculated DT-50 values. Trifluralin residues (applied at the rate of 960 g a.i.7ha) provoked no damage to ground parts. Root length and fresh weight inhibition was about 10% in the case of the most susceptible hybrid. However trifluralin (applied at the rate of 1920 g a.i./ha) residues one year following application provoked damage to ground parts (up to 20% in the case of the most susceptible hybrid), whereas root length and fresh weight inhibition was approx. 30%.
Effect of Fomesafen on the abundance of soil microorganisms in soybean crop
Authors: Santric Ljiljana , Janjic Vaskrsija , Radivojevic Ljiljana
Published: September 2009

Effect of the herbicide Fomesafen on the abundance of soil microorganisms was investigated. The abundance of total microflora, fungi, actinomycetes aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter) and cellulolytic bacteria was studied. Trials were set up on smonitza and alluvium soil types in laboratory environment. Fomesafen was applied at 0.2 and 0.4 kg/ha rate. Microbiological analysis was done 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days after treatment. The acquired results showed that fomesafen had caused a decrease in the abundance of total microorganisms, aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria, the highest effect being recorded in the interval between the 7th and 14th post-treatment days. The most susceptible genus was Azotobacter. Fomesafen was found to cause an increase in the abundance of actinomycetes, while no shangein fungi abundance was recorded. No difference in the intensity of effect on the investigated parameters was found between the applied rate and soil type, except a 36% reduction of total microorganisms on smonitza and 51% on alluvium, and 48% reduction of cellulolytic bacteria on smonitza and 41% on alluvium.
Susceptibility of white button mushroom (agaricus bisporus lange) and its pathogens verticillium fungicola (preuss) hassebrauk and mycogone perniciosa (magnus) delacr. to fungicides
Authors: Tanovic Brankica , Vracarevic Maja , Potocnik Ivana
Published: September 2009

The isolates of two mycopathogenic fungi Verticillium fungicola and Mycogone perniciosa, and a commercial isolate of white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus were tested for sensitivity to prochloraz, benomyl, and iprodione in vitro. The pathogens were isolated from the diseased mushrooms originating from mushroom farms in Vracevsnica (Gornji Milanovac) and Pozarevac in Serbia. Prochloraz and iprodione were highly toxic to both M. perniciosa and V. fungicola. The isolate of M. perniciosa was also very sensitive to benomyl, whereas the toxicity of benomyl to V.fungicola was extremely low. Among the fungicides investigated, iprodion was the most toxic and benomyl the least toxic to the isolate of white button mushroom. Chemical control of both dry and wet bubble is possible by prochloraz and iprodione. Moreover, successful control of wet bubble causal agent can be obtained by benomyl as well, due to high toxicity of this fungicide to the pathogen and low toxicity to white button mushroom. In addition, use of benomyl alternating prochloraz provides resistance management strategy providing that a given farm is free of V.fungicola population.
Independent Contribution of Diabetes to Increased Prevalence and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Nichols Gregory A. , Reinier Kyndaron , Chugh Sumeet S.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE

Diabetes has long been recognized as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation, but its independent contribution to atrial fibrillation has not been fully evaluated. We sought to compare the prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation in age- and sex-matched patients with and without type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using an observational cohort design, we selected 10,213 members of an HMO diabetes registry as of 1 January 1999 plus 7,159 patients who entered the registry by 31 December 2004 and matched them to patients without diabetes on year of birth and sex. All patients were followed until they died, left the health plan, or until 31 December 2008. We compared the baseline prevalence of atrial fibrillation and then followed patients without atrial fibrillation to compare atrial fibrillation incidence while controlling for known risk factors.

RESULTS

Atrial fibrillation prevalence was significantly greater among patients with diabetes (3.6 vs. 2.5%, P < 0.0001). Over a mean follow-up of 7.2 ± 2.8 years, diabetic patients without atrial fibrillation at baseline developed atrial fibrillation at an age- and sex-adjusted rate of 9.1 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI 8.6–9.7) compared with a rate of 6.6 (6.2–7.1) among nondiabetic patients. After full adjustment for other risk factors, diabetes was associated with a 26% increased risk of atrial fibrillation among women (hazard ratio 1.26 [95% CI 1.08–1.46]), but diabetes was not a statistically significant factor among men (1.09 [0.96–1.24]).

CONCLUSIONS

In this population, diabetes was an independent determinant of atrial fibrillation prevalence but predicted incidence only among women. These findings have potential public health implications and emphasize the need for further investigation of the mechanistic links between diabetes and atrial fibrillation.
Comparison of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Toxicity in Rat Astrocytes in Primary Culture
Authors: Šarc Lucija , Lipnik-Štangelj Metoda
Published: September 2009

Comparison of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Toxicity in Rat Astrocytes in Primary Culture

This study compared the effects of toxicity of ethanol and its first metabolite acetaldehyde in rat astrocytes through cell viability and cell proliferation. The cells were treated with different concentrations of ethanol in the presence or absence of a catalase inhibitor 2-amino-1,2,4 triazole (AMT) or with different concentrations of acetaldehyde. Cell viability was assessed using the trypan blue test. Cell proliferation was assessed after 24 hours and after seven days of exposure to either ethanol or acetaldehyde.

We showed that both ethanol and acetaldehyde decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In proliferation studies, after seven days of exposure to either ethanol or acetaldehyde, we observed a significant dose-dependent decrease in cell number. The protein content study showed biphasic dose-response curves, after 24 hours and seven days of exposure to either ethanol or acetaldehyde. Co-incubation in the presence of AMT significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of ethanol on cell proliferation.

We concluded that long-term exposure of astrocytes to ethanol is more toxic than acute exposure. Acetaldehyde is a much more potent toxin than ethanol, and at least a part of ethanol toxicity is due to ethanol's first metabolite acetaldehyde.
Potentiation of Bleomycin Lethality in HeLa and V79 Cells by Bee Venom
Authors: Oršolić Nada
Published: September 2009

Potentiation of Bleomycin Lethality in HeLa and V79 Cells by Bee Venom

This study investigated possible growth-inhibiting effects of bee venom applied alone or in combination with a cytotoxic drug bleomycin on HeLa and V79 cellsin vitrobased on clone formation, cell counting, and apoptosis. Melittin, the key component of bee venom, is a potent inhibitor of calmodulin activity, and also a potent inhibitor cell growth and clonogenicity. Intracellular accumulation of melittin correlates with the cytotoxicity of antitumour agents. Previous studies indicated that some calcium antagonists and calmodulin inhibitors enhanced intracellular levels of antitumor agents by inhibiting their outward transport. In this study, treatment of exponentially growing HeLa and V79 cells with bleomycin caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell survival due to DNA damage. This lethal effect was potentiated by adding a non-lethal dose of the bee venom. By preventing repair of damaged DNA, bee venom inhibited recovery from potentially lethal damage induced by bleomycin in V79 and HeLa cells. Apoptosis, necrosis, and lysis were presumed as possible mechanisms by which bee venom inhibited growth and clonogenicity of V79 cells. HeLa cells, on the other hand, showed greater resistance to bee venom. Our findings suggest that bee venom might find a therapeutic use in enhancing cytotoxicity of antitumour agent bleomycin.
Nitrofurantoin-Induced Acute Liver Damage in Pregnancy
Authors: Akšamija Alenka , Horvat Gordana , Habek Dubravko , Žalac Damir , Jendriš Eva
Published: September 2009

Nitrofurantoin-Induced Acute Liver Damage in Pregnancy

This article presents a rare case of acute toxic hepatitis in thirty-one-year old primigravida. In the 36thweek of gestation, the patient was introduced nitrofurantoin 100 mg a day due to symptoms of dysuria and enterococcus isolated from urine culture. After induced delivery at term because of hypertension, repeated laboratory findings showed increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) andalanine aminotransferase(ALT) and negative hepatitis C and B markers. The patient was subicteric at the time. Coagulation and complete blood count values were within the normal range. Nitrofurantoin therapy was discontinued. Abdominal ultrasound was normal with the exception of a slight hepatomegaly without any lesions, focal or diffuse. Given that discontinuation of nitrofurantoin and introduction of methylprednisolon therapy significantly lowered liver enzyme levels, restoring most of them to normal, we concluded that this was probably the case of toxic liver damage caused by nitrofurantoin.
Environmental Noise and Annoyance in Adult Population of Skopje: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ristovska Gordana , Gjorgjev Dragan , Polozhani Aziz , Kočubovski Mihail , Kendrovski Vladimir
Published: September 2009

Environmental Noise and Annoyance in Adult Population of Skopje: A Cross-Sectional Study

The aim of this study was to identify noise exposure indicators during day and night in the city of Skopje and to see if there is an association between these noise exposure indicators and annoyance. We have performed noise measurements and interviewed 510 adult subjects, using a questionnaire, prepared according to the ISO/TS-15666 standard. Average noise level over the day (Lday) was (62±6.45) dB(A) and over night (Lnight) (56±6.52) dB(A). Thirteen percent of subjects reported a high level, and 33.5% moderate level of annoyance. The most annoying noise sources were construction activities (34% of the subjects), road traffic (24%), and leisure/entertainment activities (18%). We found a significant association between exposure to Lday in the range 61 dB(A) to 65 dB(A) and annoyance in the exposed population (chi-square = 86.14; p<0.001; Spearman's R=0.45; p<0.05). During the night time annoyance was reported with exposure to Lnight above 46 dB(A). Levels of annoyance in Macedonia are similar to levels in developed European countries. Differences are in the source of noise. This study has shown that environmental noise is a significant hazard in urban environments, and assessment of annoyance may prove a useful tool for town planners and public health policy makers.
Effects of Traffic Noise on Sleep in an Urban Population
Authors: Stošić Ljiljana , Belojević Goran , Milutinović Suzana
Published: September 2009

Effects of Traffic Noise on Sleep in an Urban Population

Urban noise is an important environmental stressor, and sleep disturbance is its major health effect. Substantial inter-individual variance in these effects might partly be explained by different sensitivity to noise. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of urban noise on sleep and the relation between self-estimated sensitivity to noise and sleep disturbance. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was performed on 911 adult residents of Niš, Serbia, of whom 388 were men (42.6 %) and 523 women (57.4 %). The streets were regarded as noisy if night equivalent noise level (Leq) was higher than 45 dB(A) and quiet if night Leq was ≤45 dB(A). Noise sensitivity was measured with the Weinstein's Noise Sensitivity Scale. The study showed that respondents from noisy area significantly more often reported difficulty in falling asleep, being woken up, poor sleep quality, tiredness after sleep, and use of sleep medication than residents from quiet streets (p<0.001). Noise sensitivity significantly correlated with sleep disturbances (p<0.001).
Isospora mionectesi sp. nov. (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) from the grey-hooded flycatcher, Mionectes rufiventris in Brazil
Authors: Berto Bruno , Flausino Walter , Luz Hermes , Ferreira Ildemar , Lopes Carlos
Published: September 2009

A new isosporoid coccidian (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) species from the grey-hooded flycatcher, Mionectes rufiventris, from Brazil, is reported in the current study. Isospora mionectesi sp. nov. oocysts are ellipsoidal, 28.3 × 21.2 µm, with smooth, bilayered wall, ∼1.3 µm. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but one or two polar granules are present. Sporocysts are elongate ellipsoidal, 19.7 × 11.7 µm. Stieda body rounded and substieda body prominent. Sporocyst residuum is subspherical and compact. Sporozoites are vermiform with one refractile body and a nucleus.
A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis of the Internal/External Frame of Reference Model of Academic Achievement and Academic Self-Concept
Authors: Möller Jens , Pohlmann Britta , Köller Olaf , Marsh Herb W.
Published: September 2009

A meta-analysis of 69 data sets ( N = 125,308) was carried out on studies that simultaneously evaluate the effects of math and verbal achievements on math and verbal self-concepts. As predicted by the internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model, math and verbal achievements were highly correlated overall (.67), but the correlation between math and verbal self-concepts (.10) was close to zero. Correlations between math and verbal achievement and correlations between achievements and self-concepts within the domains were more positive when grades instead of standardized test results were used as achievement indicators. A path analysis revealed support for the I/E model, with positive paths from achievement to the corresponding self-concepts (.61 for math, .49 for verbal) and negative paths from achievement in one subject to self-concept in the other subject (−.21 from math achievement on verbal self-concept, −.27 from verbal achievement to math self-concept). Furthermore, results showed that the I/E model is valid for different age groups, gender groups, and countries. The I/E model did not fit the data when self-efficacy measures were used instead of self-concept measures. These results demonstrate the broad scope of the I/E model as an adequate description of students’ self-evaluation processes as they are influenced by internal and external frames of reference.
Indigenizing the Structural Syllabus: The Challenge of Revitalizing Mi'gmaq in Listuguj
Authors: Sarkar Mela , Metallic Mali A'n
Published: September 2009

Mi'gmaq, an Algonkian language of northeastern North America, is one of nearly 50 surviving Indigenous languages in Canada that are usually not considered to be viable into the next century. Only Inuktitut, Cree, and Ojibwe presently have enough younger speakers to provide a critical mass for long-term survival. In one Mi'gmaq community, however, a new way of passing on the language to adults who do not already speak it is rekindling new hope for the language. Building on a kernel provided by Arapaho scholar and Indigenous language revival activist Stephen Greymorning, teachers in Listuguj have created a structural syllabus that expands on the basic categories found in Mi'gmaq grammar rather than borrowing from methods devised to teach English or French as a second language. Learners have responded enthusiastically. This article reports on a participatory action research project involving Listuguj teachers and researchers from McGill University who are documenting this approach as it evolves.
Speaking Spanish Like a Boy Scout: Language Socialization, Resistance, and Reproduction in a Heritage Language Scout Troop
Authors: Guardado Martin
Published: September 2009

This article offers a critical analysis of the language socialization of Spanish-speaking families in a Scout group in Metro Vancouver. Using tools of discourse analysis, the article examines the language use patterns of the participants, particularly focusing on the language ideologies to which they oriented themselves and the identities indexed by their linguistic actions. A key finding is that language ideologies and practices can unwittingly reproduce the very dominant ideologies they are designed to challenge. The concept of agency is addressed in terms of the families’ appropriation of the values of the Scout Movement in order to assert their identities and in relation to their children's active roles in the process of socialization. Finally, the author problematizes the role of identity in heritage language (HL) development, calls attention to the need for language maintenance theory to acknowledge the complexities entailed for individuals, and draws attention to the existence of complex and potentially contradictory processes of socialization.
Self-Determination, Motivation, and the Learning of Chinese as a Heritage Language
Authors: Comanaru Ruxandra , Noels Kimberly A.
Published: September 2009

The motivation of 145 learners of Chinese was examined in light of self-determination theory through a questionnaire survey. The results showed that the more learners felt they were learning Chinese because it was personally meaningful and fun, the more they engaged in the learning process. This orientation was promoted to the extent that learners felt a connection with the Chinese community and, particularly for heritage learners, a sense of personal control over the learning process. Relative to non-heritage learners, heritage learners more strongly indicated that they were learning Chinese because it was an integral aspect of their self-concept, but also because of feelings of obligation. There were few differences between heritage learners who spoke Chinese as a mother tongue and those who spoke English, which suggests that from the standpoint of social psychology, regardless of Chinese proficiency, subgroups of heritage language learners may be more alike than different.
Barth's Apocalyptic Exegesis and the Question of Israel in Römerbrief, Chapters 9–11
Authors: Harink Douglas
Published: September 2009

Abstract:

Karl Barth's Der Römerbrief (1921) is considered by all to be a major milestone of modern theology, but is rarely considered by New Testament scholars as a reliable guide to Paul's theology and the message of Romans. In this essay I argue that Barth's “dialectical” reading of the epistle is in fact a very successful attempt to convey the truth and power of Paul's apocalyptic theology. While a critical comparison of Barth's dialectic and Paul's apocalyptic reveals some weaknesses in Barth's construal, his commentary stands as a penetrating and powerful rendition of Paul, and not simply as an example of Barth's early theology. This thesis is tested with particular reference to Romans 9–11, and the question of Israel and supersessionism. I show that Barth's reading of these chapters cannot be regarded as supersessionist, precisely because he rigorously subverts any historicist or heilsgeschichtlich readings of the relation between Israel and the Church. In this respect Barth's dialectical reading follows Paul's apocalyptic understanding of history, even though it must be corrected at points with a better reading of Paul.
Bonhoeffer as Preacher: Philosophy and Theology in the Service of the Sermon
Authors: Frick Peter
Published: September 2009

Abstract:

Given the recent centenary of Bonhoeffer's birth, this essay seeks to re-examine the important but deceptively simple question, “Who was Dietrich Bonhoeffer?” Was he a theologian, a philosopher, an exegete, a preacher? Was he primarily one of these, or did his life bear witness to the fact that he was simultaneously some or even all of these? I will argue that Bonhoeffer understood himself as embodying all of these roles. For him, these four roles are mutually correlated in a manner that is progressive from theologian to preacher. Ultimately, being a pastor/preacher was the most valued role for Bonhoeffer. Being a theologian, philosopher, and exegete is significant in that these roles become the backbone for the preacher. It is possible to hold the three first roles without being a preacher, but it is impossible to be a preacher without also being a theologian, philosopher, and exegete. In other words, the main objective of this study is to clarify the professional roles Bonhoeffer assumed over his lifetime, and to examine how these roles functioned in their uniqueness and how they are correlated in view of the sermon.
Making (Normative) Sense of the Headscarf Debate in Europe
Authors: O'Brien Peter
Published: September 2009

This article analyzes the most influential weltanschauungen at play in the politics of immigration in Europe. I categorize relevant value judgments into what I, following Theodore Lowi, call "public philosophies." I highlight three competing public philosophies in the politics of immigration in Europe: 1) liberalism; 2) nationalism; and 3) postmodernism. Liberalism prescribes universal rights protecting the autonomy of the individual, as well as rational and democratic procedures (rules of the game) to govern the pluralism that inevitably results in free societies. Against liberalism, nationalism stresses community and cultural homogeneity in addition to a political structure designed to protect both. Rejecting both liberalism and nationalism, postmodernism posits insurmountable relativism and irreducible cultural heterogeneity accompanied by ultimately irrepressible political antagonism. I examine the three outlooks through a case study of the headscarf debate. The article concludes with consideration of how normative ideas combine with other factors to influence policymaking.
Thoracic and lumbar laminoplasty using a translaminar screw: morphometric study and technique
Authors: Park Sung Bae , Jahng Tae-Ahn , Kim Chi Heon , Chung Chun Kee
Published: September 2009

Object

The aim of this study was to describe a novel technique for laminoplasty in which translaminar screws are used in the thoracic and lumbar spine.

Methods

The authors first performed a morphometric study in 20 control individuals using 3D reconstructed CT scans and spine simulation software to measure the lengths and diameters of the spaces available for translaminar screw placement from the T-1 to S-1.

Based on the results of the morphometric study, the authors then attempted translaminar screw fixation in 5 patients (April 2007–July 2007) after en bloc laminectomy in the thoracic and lumbar regions. All patients had intradural lesions: 3 schwannomas, 1 cavernoma, and 1 arachnoid cyst.

Results

The morphometric study in control individuals revealed that the safe trajectories for simulated screws measured 25–30 mm in length and 8–11 mm in diameter in the thoracic region (T1–12) and 26–34 mm in length and 6–7 mm in diameter in the lumbosacral region (L1–S1). This morphometric and simulation study showed that translaminar screw placement would be possible in practice.

Five patients underwent en bloc laminoplasty and translaminar screw fixation in which the screws measured 2.7 mm in diameter and 24 or 26 mm in length. Sixteen attempts at translaminar fixation were made in 8 vertebrae. Fourteen translaminar screws were successfully placed at the thoracic and lumbar levels. Two microplates had to be used because the laminae were too thin and narrow after further laminectomy with undercutting. There were no complications associated with the translaminar screws.

The mean follow-up period was 14.5 months. There was no screw breakage or displacement. Solid osseous fusion was documented in 2 patients who underwent CT scanning 15 months postoperatively.

Conclusions

The authors found that the laminoplasty and translaminar screw technique is feasible in the thoracic and lumbar regions, but further studies are needed to analyze the biomechanical effects and long-term outcomes in a large number of patients.
Prevalence and clinical features of intraspinal facet cysts after decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Ikuta Ko , Tono Osamu , Oga Masayoshi
Published: September 2009

Object

Although many cases of primary intraspinal facet cysts in the lumbar spine have been reported, there have only been a few reports of postoperative intraspinal facet cysts in the lumbar spine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical features of postoperative intraspinal facet cysts in the lumbar spine.

Methods

Data from 81 patients undergoing microendoscopic posterior decompression to treat lumbar spinal stenosis were reviewed. The development of a postoperative intraspinal facet cyst was observed using MR imaging during 1 year after surgery. If the patient demonstrated a postoperative intraspinal facet cyst, additional MR imaging was performed to evaluate the natural course of the cyst. Furthermore, the authors conducted a comparative evaluation to identify the factors associated with the causes of cyst development.

Results

A postoperative intraspinal facet cyst developed in 7 patients (8.6%) during 1 year after surgery. Spondylotic spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, and degenerative scoliosis were revealed before surgery in 2, 4, and 1 patient, respectively. In 5 patients, the cysts developed within 3 months after surgery. Although 3 patients exhibited symptoms caused by cyst development, all symptoms were relieved by conservative treatment. On radiographic evaluations, postoperative segmental spinal instability, including a progression of spondylolisthesis and disc degeneration, was revealed in 6 (86%) of the 7 patients. Spontaneous regression of the cysts was observed in 5 (71%) of these 7 patients. On comparative evaluation of patients with and without postoperative intraspinal facet cysts, the presence of segmental spinal instability before surgery (including degenerative spondylolisthesis) and the appearance of postoperative segmental spinal instability were related to the development of the cysts.

Conclusions

The prevalence of postoperative intraspinal facet cysts, including asymptomatic cysts, was 8.6% during 1 year after decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. The development of postoperative intraspinal facet cysts was related to the presence of segmental spinal instability before surgery (including degenerative spondylolisthesis) and postoperative segmental spinal instability, including a progression of spondylolisthesis and disc degeneration after surgery. A postoperative intraspinal facet cyst, which can be expected to regress spontaneously with a probability > 50%, should be recognized as one of the postoperative complications of decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis.
Optimal Thermodynamics—New Upperbounds
Authors: Feidt Michel
Published: September 2009

This paper reviews how ideas have evolved in this field from the pioneering work of CARNOT right up to the present. The coupling of thermostatics with thermokinetics (heat and mass transfers) and entropy or exergy analysis is illustrated through study of thermomechanical engines such as the Carnot heat engine, and internal combustion engines. The benefits and importance of stagnation temperature and irreversibility parameters are underlined. The main situations of constrained (or unconstrained) optimization are defined, discussed and illustrated. The result of this study is a new branch of thermodynamics: Finite Dimensions Optimal Thermodynamics (FDOT).
Preventing and Managing Cardiometabolic Risk: The Logic for Intervention
Authors: Pereira Mark  A. , Kottke Thomas  E. , Jordan Courtney , O’Connor Patrick  J. , Pronk Nicolaas  P. , Carreón Rita
Published: September 2009

Cardiometabolic risk (CMR), also known as metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance syndrome, comprises obesity (particularly central or abdominal obesity), high triglycerides, low HDL, elevated blood pressure, and elevated plasma glucose. Leading to death from diabetes, heart disease, and stroke, the root cause of CMR is inadequate physical activity, a Western diet identified primarily by low intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and high in saturated fat, as well as a number of yet-to-be-identified genetic factors. While the pathophysiological pathways related to CMR are complex, the universal need for adequate physical activity and a diet that emphasizes fruits and vegetables and whole grains, while minimizing food high in added sugars and saturated fat suggests that these behaviors are the appropriate focus of intervention.
Modelling Catalyst Surfaces Using DFT Cluster Calculations
Authors: Czekaj Izabela , Wambach Jörg , Kröcher Oliver
Published: September 2009

We review our recent theoretical DFT cluster studies of a variety of industrially relevant catalysts such as TiO2, γ-Al2O3, V2O5-WO3-TiO2 and Ni/Al2O3. Aspects of the metal oxide surface structure and the stability and structure of metal clusters on the support are discussed as well as the reactivity of surfaces, including their behaviour upon poisoning. It is exemplarily demonstrated how such theoretical considerations can be combined with DRIFT and XPS results from experimental studies.
Spectroscopic Analysis of Arsenic Uptake in Pteris Ferns
Authors: Slonecker Terrence , Haack Barry , Price Susan
Published: September 2009

Two arsenic-accumulating Pteris ferns (Pteris cretica mayii and Pteris multifida), along with a non-accumulating control fern (Nephrolepis exaltata) were grown in greenhouse conditions in clean sand spiked with 0, 20, 50, 100 and 200 ppm sodium arsenate. Spectral data were collected for each of five replicates prior to harvest at 4-week intervals. Fern samples were analyzed for total metals content and Partial Least Squares and Stepwise Linear Regression techniques were used to develop models from the spectral data. Results showed that Pteris cretica mayii and Pteris multifida are confirmed hyperaccumulators of inorganic arsenic and that reasonably accurate predictive models of arsenic concentration can be developed from the first derivative of spectral reflectance of the hyperaccumulating Pteris ferns. Both the arsenic uptake and spectral results indicate that there is some species-specific variability but the results compare favorably with previously published data and additional research is recommended.
Detection and Monitoring of Active Faults in Urban Environments: Time Series Interferometry on the Cities of Patras and Pyrgos (Peloponnese, Greece)
Authors: Parcharidis Issaak , Kokkalas Sotiris , Fountoulis Ioannis , Foumelis Michael
Published: September 2009

Monitoring of active faults in urban areas is of great importance, providing useful information to assess seismic hazards and risks. The present study concerns the monitoring of the potential ground deformation caused by the active tectonism in the cities of Patras and Pyrgos in Western Greece. A PS interferometric analysis technique was applied using a rich data–set of ERS–1 & 2 SLC images. The results of the interferometric analysis were compared with the tectonic maps of the two cities. Patras show clearer uplift–subsidence results due to the more distinct fault pattern and intense deformation compared to the Pyrgos area, where more diffused deformation is observed, with no significant displacements on the surface.
Fiber Loop Ringdown — a Time-Domain Sensing Technique for Multi-Function Fiber Optic Sensor Platforms: Current Status and Design Perspectives
Authors: Wang Chuji
Published: September 2009

Fiber loop ringdown (FLRD) utilizes an inexpensive telecommunications light source, a photodiode, and a section of single-mode fiber to form a uniform fiber optic sensor platform for sensing various quantities, such as pressure, temperature, strain, refractive index, chemical species, biological cells, and small volume of fluids. In FLRD, optical losses of a light pulse in a fiber loop induced by changes in a quantity are measured by the light decay time constants. FLRD measures time to detect a quantity; thus, FLRD is referred to as a time-domain sensing technique. FLRD sensors have near real-time response, multi-pass enhanced high-sensitivity, and relatively low cost (i.e., without using an optical spectral analyzer). During the last eight years since the introduction of the original form of fiber ringdown spectroscopy, there has been increasing interest in the FLRD technique in fiber optic sensor developments, and new application potential is being explored. This paper first discusses the challenging issues in development of multi-function, fiber optic sensors or sensor networks using current fiber optic sensor sensing schemes, and then gives a review on current fiber optic sensor development using FLRD technique. Finally, design perspectives on new generation, multi-function, fiber optic sensor platforms using FLRD technique are particularly presented.
A Portable Luminometer with a Disposable Electrochemiluminescent Biosensor for Lactate Determination
Authors: Martínez-Olmos Antonio , Ballesta-Claver Julio , Palma Alberto J. , Valencia-Mirón Maria del Carmen , Capitán-Vallvey Luis Fermin
Published: September 2009

A hand-held luminometer for measuring electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for lactate determination and based on one-shot biosensors fabricated using screen-printed electrodes is described. The lactate recognition system is based on lactate oxidase and the transduction system consists of electro-oxidation of luminol, with all the reagents immobilized in a Methocel membrane. The membrane composition and reaction conditions have been optimized to obtain adequate sensitivity. The luminometer is based on a large silicon photodiode as detector and includes a programmable potentiostat to initialize the chemical reaction and signal processing circuitry, designed to acquire a low level photocurrent with offset cancelation, low pass filtering for noise attenuation and adjustable gain up to 1012 V/A. The one-shot biosensor responds to lactate rapidly, with an acquisition time of 2.5 min, obtaining a linear dependence from 8 × 10−6 to 2 × 10−4 M, a detection limit of 2.4 × 10−6 M and a sensor-to-sensor reproducibility (relative standard deviation, RSD) of around 7–10 % at the medium level of the range.
Detailed Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of the Ocular Motor Nerves in Duane's Retraction Syndrome
Authors: Yonghong Jiao , Kanxing Zhao , Zhenchang Wang , Xiao Wu , Xuehan Qian , Fengyuan Man , Wei Lu , Fanghua Zhang , Schramm Nathan H.
Published: September 2009

Purpose:

To study the neuroanatomic characteristics of patients with Duane's retraction syndrome with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods:

The study included 11 consecutive cases, including five patients with type I, one patient with type II, four patients with type III, and one patient with inverse Duane's retraction syndrome. The patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, brain stem, cavernous sinus, and orbits.

Results:

In 10 patients, the abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) was absent or showed hypoplasia in the brain stem, cavernous sinus, and orbit. However, these findings were not seen in the patient who had inverse Duane's retraction syndrome. In two children, magnetic resonance imaging showed that the cavernous sinuses were smaller on the affected side. The inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) was traced to enter the lateral rectus muscle or had intimate continuity with the lateral rectus muscle in nine patients with type I and type III Duane's retraction syndrome. In one patient with type III Duane's retraction syndrome, the oculomotor foramen was significantly larger on the affected side than on the sound side. In the patient with type II Duane's retraction syndrome, the superior division of cranial nerve III was enlarged and had three branches. In the patient with inverse Duane's retraction syndrome, the inferior division of cranial nerve III sent two branches to the medial rectus muscle, and the patient had superior oblique muscle hypoplasia.

Conclusion:

Neuroimaging findings showed that the absence of cranial nerve VI, hypoplasia in the brain stem, and an extra branch of the inferior division of cranial nerve III to the lateral rectus muscle is the most common presentation of Duane's retraction syndrome, but not the only one. The aberrant branches likely correspond to the abnormal eye movement seen in patients with this disorder.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:278–285.]