bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and its association with offspring renal function at 30 years: Observation from a birth cohort study
Authors: Das Sumon K , McIntyre Harold D , Alati Rosa , Al Mamun Abdullah
Published: December 2017

Aim

Prenatal exposure to alcohol has adverse ramifications on foetal development resulting in developmental abnormalities and major congenital anomalies. Experimental studies have documented effects on kidney structure and function among offspring exposed to alcohol during foetal life; however, human evidence is scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the development of CKD among a cohort of 30‐year‐old Australian offspring whose mothers reported consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.

Methods

The study sample comprised 1626 offspring of the Australia cohort study (MUSP) whose serum creatinine was assessed at 30 years of age and CKD was categorized from stage 1 to stage 5 based on their level of eGFR following the CKD‐EPI definition.

Results

Seven percent (n = 111) of offspring had mild (stage 2) CKD at 30 years. The overall adjusted odds of CKD were 2.10 (95% CI 1.02 to 4.33) for offspring of moderate to heavy drinking mothers in late pregnancy, 1.59 (0.69 to 3.66) for early pregnancy and 1.23 (0.75 to 2.04) for pre‐pregnancy. The association was higher for female offspring—2.84 (1.07 to 7.54) for late pregnancy and 2.94 (1.10 to 7.88) for early pregnancy. Higher but insignificant odds were found for male offspring at late pregnancy 1.51 (0.49 to 4.73) only.

Conclusion

Maternal alcohol exposure during early and late pregnancy is associated with development of mild CKD in their offspring at 30 years. This association is stronger for female than male offspring.
Proximal tubular epithelial cells preferentially endocytose covalently‐modified albumin compared to native albumin
Authors: Ly Nguyen DK , Tesch Greg H , Nikolic‐Paterson David J , Poronnik Philip
Published: December 2017

Aim

Albumin can be covalently modified at surface lysine residues and thus the circulation contains a mixture of native albumin (i.e. not modified) and albumin with varying degrees of modification. Uptake and lysosomal degradation of glomerular filtered albumin by proximal tubular cells via the megalin scavenger receptor is considered an important mechanism to limit albumin loss in the urine. However, whether this is a general mechanism of tubular uptake of albumin or if this is restricted to modified albumin is unknown. To address this question, we investigated the uptake of modified versus native albumin by proximal tubular cells.

Methods

A well‐characterized proximal tubular cell model of albumin uptake was used to compare the uptake of modified albumin (covalent labelling of lysine residues with fluorescent probes) to that of native recombinant human albumin (rHA) labelled with 14C during protein synthesis (14C‐rHA).

Results

Opossum kidney (OK) cells showed significant uptake of fluorescence‐labelled albumin via an endocytosis mechanism. This uptake was inhibited by an equimolar ratio of different types of covalently modified albumin; however, purified bovine serum albumin and rHA failed to compete with the uptake of fluorescence‐labelled albumin. In contrast, OK cells failed to endocytose native 14C‐rHA despite efficiently endocytosing covalently modified rHA.

Conclusion

Our studies show that OK cells preferentially endocytose covalently‐modified albumin compared to native albumin. This apparent selectivity of the megalin scavenger receptor complex suggests a specific role for this pathway in the removal of modified albumin from the circulation.
Structural diversity of naturally regenerating Chinese yew (Taxus wallichiana var. mairei) populations in ex situ conservation
Authors: Zhang Guang‐Fu , Li Qian , Hou Xue‐Ren
Published: December 2017

The Chinese yew (Taxus wallichiana var. mairei) is ranked in the first class of important wild endangered plants in China. Due to overexploitation, it now occurs scattered only in the forest undergrowth along the Yangtze River Valley. To improve the conservation management of the species, we applied structural indices to investigate the structural diversity of naturally regenerating yew populations that have established via ex situ conservation. The results show that most yews had larger non‐yew tree neighbors; these were 30–70% larger than their reference trees. Collectively, the average distances between the yews and the three nearest‐neighboring trees were short ( 3 m), suggesting that the yews face strong interspecific competition from neighbors. In these two forest stands, most of the pole‐sized yews were found beneath a single tall neighboring tree (height  10 m), and their growth was enhanced under a single neighboring tree but not under two, three or zero neighboring trees. Finally, we recommend simple silvicultural measures to reduce interspecific competition and improve the vitality of the yew population; specifically, the cutting or pruning of branches of large neighboring trees in tandem with the thinning of canopy trees growing next to the mother yews.
Application of photogrammetry for mapping of solution collapse breccia pipes on the Colorado Plateau, USA
Authors: Klawitter Matthias , Pistellato Davide , Webster Anthony , Esterle Joan
Published: December 2017

Solution collapse breccia pipes (SCBPs), that form under the influence of gravity, and sinkholes were studied on the Colorado Plateau in Arizona, USA to identify preserved evidence of their formation mechanisms. Close range photogrammetry was employed for data acquisition and reconstruction of the three‐dimensional (3D) scene of the outcrops. Key geological features were accurately mapped within their true 3D space using photogrammetry. Interpretations of the results suggest that the mechanisms controlling the collapse, and its debris distribution within the pipe, are influenced by in situ discontinuities in the host rocks at every scale from the regional context to the size and shape of the collapsed blocks.
PAR's (and ASPA's) Contribution to Public Administration Internationally
Authors: Podger Andrew
Published: December 2017

The study and practice of public administration vary in each and every country, yet there are many lessons to be learned internationally. Public Administration Review (PAR) and the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) have contributed substantially to these lessons over the last 80 years, including for public administration in Australia. That contribution has been particularly in organizational theory and behavioral influence, policy studies, and teaching and research. Australia has tended to emphasize institutions and descriptions of practice. These differences help explain the more limited involvement of practitioners in ASPA and the Institute of Public Administration Australia's too little involvement of scholars. ASPA and PAR have played a leading role in recent years in expanding opportunities for international learning. Such learning requires an appreciation of differences in contexts, including of America's own unique context. Better understanding of Australia's context might lead to a more positive appreciation in the United States of Australia's reform experience. The balancing of scholarly and practitioner perspectives is also required.
Insurer Growth Strategies
Authors: Fier Stephen G. , Liebenberg Andre P. , Liebenberg Ivonne A.
Published: December 2017

We study corporate growth strategy within the U.S. property–casualty insurance industry—where firms are required to report uniquely detailed operating information. We present and test two hypotheses related to the manner in which firms choose to grow: the pecking order hypothesis and the managerial discretion hypothesis. Our results imply that insurers follow a general pecking order of growth strategies, where they tend to grow first by entering new states, then by adding new lines of business, and finally through acquisitions. This order is consistent with firms initially choosing to grow in the least costly and complex manner and subsequently choosing more costly and complex methods. We also find evidence in support of the managerial discretion hypothesis as mutual insurers are less likely to choose to grow and, when they do, they tend to select less complex growth methods.
The Journal of Risk and Insurance: Authors of Influence
Authors: Pottier Steven W. , Xu Jianren , Frederick Joshua D.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of our study is to identify the most influential authors who published in the Journal of Risk and Insurance (JRI) between 1989 and 2010 using citations as our primary indicator of author influence. Extant citation studies concerning the JRI are at the journal level rather than the author level or they examine citations appearing in JRI articles rather than citations to JRI articles. Our study examines articles published in the JRI from 1989 to 2010 and the citations to these articles from 1989 to 2014 reported in Thomson Reuters Web of Science (WOS). This approach is consistent with the method used by WOS to calculate journal impact factors. Our study presents a variety of author productivity measures based on JRI publication activity and citations to JRI articles. The top 50 authors are ranked and identified for each metric.
A multi‐criteria decision‐making approach for geometric matching of areal objects
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Yu Kiyun , Bang Yoonsik
Published: December 2017

We propose a method for geometric areal object matching based on multi‐criteria decision making. To enable this method, we focused on determining the matched areal object pairs that have all relations, one‐to‐one relationships to many‐to‐many relationships, in different spatial data sets by fusing geometric criteria without user invention. First, we identified candidate corresponding areal object pairs with a graph‐based approach in training data. Second, three matching criteria (areal hausdorff distance, intersection ratio, and turning function distance) were calculated in candidate corresponding pairs and these criteria were normalized. Third, the shape similarity was calculated by weighted linear combination using the normalized matching criteria (similarities) with the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation method. Fourth, a threshold (0.738) of the shape similarity estimated in the plot of precision versus recall versus all possible thresholds of training data was applied, and the matched pairs were determined and identified. Finally, we visually validated the detection of similar areal feature pairs and conducted statistical evaluation using precision, recall, and F‐measure values from a confusion matrix. Their values were 0.905, 0.848, and 0.876, respectively. These results validate that the proposed classifier, which detects 87.6% of matched areal pairs, is highly accurate.
Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of transfusion‐associated circulatory overload in a mixed intensive care unit population: a nested case‐control study
Authors: Bosboom Joachim J. , Klanderman Robert B. , Zijp Maarten , Hollmann Markus W. , Veelo Denise P. , Binnekade Jan M. , Geerts Bart F. , Vlaar Alexander P.J.
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO) in a cohort of mixed intensive care unit patients and to compare risk factors with those for cardiac overload in the absence of transfusion.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In a retrospective cohort study, patients who developed TACO were compared using multivariate analysis of two control groups: patients without pulmonary deterioration who received transfusion and patients who developed circulatory overload in the absence of transfusion.

RESULTS

TACO was diagnosed in 66 of 1140 patients who received transfusions (5.8%). A total of 585 control transfusion recipients and 76 control patients who developed circulatory overload also were identified. Risk factors were the referring specialties cardiology (odds ratio [OR], 13.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.1‐35.7; p ≤ 0.001) and cardiothoracic surgery (OR, 8.8; 95% CI, 3.7‐20.7; p ≤ 0.001), history of cardiac failure (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2‐4.6; p = 0.01), continuous veno‐venous hemofiltration (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2‐8.9; p = 0.03), and degree of positive fluid balance (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07‐1.24; p ≤ 0.001), which was associated less with the onset of TACO compared with circulatory overload (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82‐0.97; p = 0.005). Patients in the TACO group had a longer length of stay in the intensive care unit compared with the transfusion and circulatory overload controls groups (median, 7.2 vs. 4.3 vs. 4.4 days; p = 0.001 vs. p = 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of TACO is high in a mixed intensive care unit population. The risk factors identified for TACO are cardiac failure, renal failure, and degree of positive fluid balance. A positive fluid balance may be less essential in the onset of TACO than in the onset of circulatory overload in the absence of transfusion.
Endothelial dysfunction may promote keloid growth
Authors: Noishiki Chikage , Takagi Gen , Kubota Yoshiaki , Ogawa Rei
Published: December 2017

Keloid is a cutaneous fibroproliferative disorder. It results from impaired wound healing that generates persistent inflammation and extensive deposition of collagen fibers in the wound/scar. Keloids tend to be worse in hypertensive patients. The present prospective cross‐sectional study assessed whether endothelial dysfunction, which occurs in hypertension, associates with keloid formation and progression. This study included randomly selected patients with keloids who were assessed for surgical keloid treatment in 2013–2014. A series of nonkeloid patients admitted to the hospital was also recruited during this period. To measure endothelial function, all patients underwent digital reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry. Test results were expressed as reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and augmentation index (AI). In total, 57 patients with keloids and 19 nonkeloid controls were recruited. Keloid patients did not differ from the controls in terms of demographic or clinical variables, but had significantly worse RHI and AI values. Moreover, poor RHI and AI values associated with keloid development on binomial logistic regression. The keloid patients were then divided into four groups depending on whether their keloids started at age 0–12, 13–18, 19–29, or ≥30 years. Patients whose keloids arose before and well after puberty tended to have lower RHI than the controls, but these differences did not achieve statistical significance. However, these two groups did have significantly poorer AI values than the controls. Thus, endothelial dysfunction could cause keloid formation and/or aggravation. This indicates that vascular endothelial cells are important for wound healing.
DISINTEGRATION AND SOLUBILISATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE FROM RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRY BY OZONATION
Authors: Mohd Sarif Siti Fatimah Zahra , Alias Syifa' Syahida , Muhammad Ridwan Fahmi , Abidin Che Zulzikrami Azner , Md. Ali Umi Fazara , Ku Salim Ku Sahrom
Published: December 2017

The activated sludge system is an effective biological treatment applied widely in both industrial and municipal wastewater treatment facilities worldwide. Yet, the big issue arising from this process is the huge amount of sludge production at the end of the process. Thus, this study was aimed at studying the sludge disintegration and solubilisation efficiency of activated sludge from rubber glove processing industry using ozonation. The ozonation was conducted in batch process, and the sample was analyzed after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes of contact time. It was found that ozone was able to cause the bacteria in the activated sludge to undergo lysis, which solubilised the organic matter. The settling property was improved with the SVI reduced from 103 to 79 mL/g. Ozonation at 40 minute with ozone consumption of 22.7 mgO3/gTSS was able to reduce SS, FS, and VSS to 16.6%, 19%, and 14%, respectively. The SCOD solubilisation was achieved at a maximum of 71.8%, while the nitrogenous compound of NH3-N was at 34% due to the release of organic matter from EPS and sludge cells after 60 minutes of treatment. A graph was plotted to evaluate the correlation between sludge disintegration and solubilisation, which showed a positive correlation (R2=0.970). Thus, ozonation was found to be an efficient method to disintegrate and solubilise the activated sludge from rubber processing industry.
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF SCALED IBS BLOCK COLUMN FOR STATIC NONLINEAR MONOTONIC PUSHOVER EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Yip Chun-Chieh , Marsono Abdul Kadir , Wong Jing-Ying , Lee Shu-Chi
Published: December 2017

This paper presents the seismic performance of the down scaled 1:5 model IBS block column with non-linear static analysis. The aim of this research is to access the ultimate capacity and structural behaviour of the IBS block column. This paper demonstrates the theoretical prediction of the full-scale prototype strength based on scaling factors at non-linear state. Besides, this research investigates the ultimate shear capacity, stiffness, bolt strength, inter-storey drift and block separation for prediction of seismic performance levels. Concrete material properties, mix specification and steel reinforcement detailing for scaled model are tabulated in this paper. The methodology of this research begins with full scale prototype design, scaling to the small model and followed by the scaled model fabrication. Theoretical lateral load prediction associated with scaling factors are also performed. The experiment test was carried out on the assembled scaled 1:5 IBS block column with proper displacement measuring equipment on test rig and graphical capture tools. The data of roof top displacement with base shear capacity, inter-storey drift and gap separations were tabulated for discussions. The tested ultimate roof top displacement was 128 mm with 3.1 kN base shear. The calculated elastic stiffness of the IBS block column was 0.137 kN/mm, followed by yielding stiffness of 0.033 kN/mm and 0.014 kN/mm plastic stiffness. The significant inter-storey drift was due to cracking and crushing of column blocks edges. The measured maximum separation gap was 24.4 mm located at 340 mm height due to the rocking of the column. Based on seismic performance levels indicator from FEMA 273 & 356, the column was in the state of immediate occupancy with 21 mm roof top displacement and 1.7 kN base shear. The life safety is limited at 65.27 mm roof top displacement with 2.4 kN of base shear. All scaled down data was then reverted to full scale prototype capacity according with the respective scaling factors. It concluded that the IBS blockwork column is capable of resisting the seismic event without falling of the blocks that endanger the occupant life at the maximum credible earthquakes of 1.3 g horizontal spectral acceleration equivalent to X+ Mercalli’s scale.
Investigating the Relationship between the Type of Auditors and Disclosure Domain Quality among Pharmaceutical Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange
Authors: Hirad Alireza , Rakhshani Mahmoodreza
Published: December 2017

This research examines the relationship between the type of auditor's report and disclosure domain quality of the pharmaceutical companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research method is inductive and is categorized in applied research according to research purpose. Research method and data analysis method is done using multiple correlation coefficient models and multiple regression. The statistical population of this study was all pharmaceutical companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2010-2014, which 488 companies have been selected. In this research, CD-ROMs and statistical software of Tehran Stock Exchange and other software available in Tehran stock exchange have been used to collect data in the present research. To document the results, statistical analysis and presenting final solutions, the researcher analyzed the questions and hypothesis using a statistical method as well as 7 Eviews software. The results of the main hypothesis of research show that there is a significant relationship between the type of audit report and disclosure domain quality in pharmaceutical companies. Given that disclosure domain quality of accounting information, documentation and clarification by the client after the issuance of the draft report and the client's attempt to justify the auditor are effective factors in disclosure domain quality, since increased disclosure quality has improved the financial reporting as well as the quality of the auditors' opinion. Increasing the quality can provide the necessary background for ease of implementation of the audit process, reduce audit risks, and ultimately reduce the auditors 'pessimism to the investigative body, each of which can more accurately report auditors' reports more qualitatively. The results also show that Audit Report has a higher degree of desirability to the extent that managers cooperate with the auditors in providing relevant and quality information and provide realistic and accurate information without any distortion or fraud and will show audit reports more qualitatively.
Comparison of Physical and Motoric Features of Children Continuous the Sport School
Authors: Nalbant Özgür
Published: December 2017

Objective: The comparison of the physical and motoric features of the children continuous sport school within team sports.Method: A total of 60 male athletes from 9 to 10 years participated as volunteers in the Galatasaray Sports Club for three months in basketball and volleyball. 27 of these athletes were basketball players and 33 were volleyball players. The age, height, weight and BMI of the basketball players were 9,19 ± 1,9 years; 140,37 ± 12,1 cm 38,06 ± 1,4 kg; 18.71 ± 3.7 kg / m² and the volleyball players were 10.54 ± 1.6 years,; 145.57 ± 10.5 cm; 41,34 ± 1,4 kg; 19,22 ± 3,3 kg / m² respectively. The body mass index (BMI), which measures the height and body weight of the participants, was calculated. For the evaluation of the motoric properties, sit and reach, trunk lifting, hand grip, ball throwing, push-up, shuttle, 10 mt speed, T test for agility, was tested. The SPSS 20.0 statistical program was used in the evaluation of the data. Independent Samples T Test was performed to compare the obtained data.Findings: Significant difference was found sit and reach, body lifting and ball throwing in volleyball and was found 10 m speed in basketball (p <0,05).Conclusion: Although some motoric features give different results in children going on to basketball and volleyball sports school, it has been found that they show similar features in most cases.
Estímulos, afrontamiento y adaptación en padres de recién nacidos hospitalizados en unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal
Authors: Tobo Medina Natalia , Bentacur Mesa Paula , De la Cruz Enríquez Carol
Published: December 2017

La hospitalización de un hijo provoca reacciones intensas que pueden afectar la salud y el vínculo padres-hijo cuando las demandas son desbordantes para los recursos personales y del medio. Según el modelo de adaptación de Roy, estímulos focales y contextuales pueden producir estrés y generar respuestas mediadas por diferentes formas de afrontamiento. Objetivo: Identificar en padres de neonatos hospitalizados en una unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal el afrontamiento, la adaptación y el grado en que experimentaron estresantes estímulos focales y contextuales. Método: Estudio descriptivo-transversal. Se seleccionaron 60 padres a través de muestreo no probabilístico y por conveniencia. Se utilizó la Coping Adaptation Processing Scale con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,88 y un coeficiente de correlación de Sperman de r = 0,94; entre tanto, el instrumento nivel de estrés experimentado frente a estímulos focales y contextuales tuvo una confiabilidad con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,8. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y medidas de tendencia central; además, se emplearon porcentajes y frecuencias para las variables cualitativas, al igual que media, desviación estándar y rango, para las cuantitativas. Resultados: Seis de nueve estímulos contextuales se experimentaron con alto nivel de estrés por el 67 % de los padres. La presencia de tubos y catéteres en su hijo produjo los mayores puntajes. Utilizaron mecanismos reguladores comportamentales y cognitivos en busca de adaptación, pero no presentaron niveles óptimos. Conclusiones: Es necesario desarrollar estrategias de cuidado para favorecer mejores condiciones de adaptación y reducir el nivel de estrés en los padres.
Enfermería. Una perspectiva historiográfica
Authors: Serdarevich Ursula
Published: December 2017

La enfermería, como campo disciplinar, ha experimentado importantes cambios en tiempos recientes. Constructos como cuidado, asistencia, cura, mediación o vocación se revisan a la luz de desarrollos científico-técnicos y epistemológicos. Eventos comunes al desarrollo de la profesión son: antigüedad, condiciones sociales y económicas, marco teórico referencial, estructuras de poder o grado de autonomía asignada a sus integrantes. En la génesis profesional, se encuentran mecanismos que explican el sistema de relaciones jerarquizado y sexualizado de la enfermería actual. Objetivo: Presentar una aproximación histórica orientada a esclarecer aconteceres, precisando causas y efectos. El enfoque historiográfico se presenta como una opción epistemológica, producción de conocimiento crítico significativo que atiende dimensiones sociohistóricas. Permite comparar, analizar y revisar elementos del pasado con vistas a trazar la trayectoria de la profesión para progresar hacia un modelo integrador. Ofrece significados para la comprensión y concreción de los cambios según el desarrollo del conocimiento. En enfermería, la historiografía posibilita construir un perfil que supere la asignación de roles y la participación en los equipos de salud, para abordar la naturaleza y alcances del constructo cuidado y sus implicaciones. Incorpora una visión renovada de concepciones que pueden rastrearse en el pasado y que cristalizan en valores, etiquetas y estereotipos fuertemente arraigados.
La autoridad privada en la gobernanza global. Una aproximación desde el arbitraje internacional de inversiones
Authors: Toro Valencia José A.
Published: December 2017

Este texto trata la emergencia de la autoridad privada en la gobernanza global contemporánea a partir del papel que desempeñan las oficinas globales de abogados en la gestión de un régimen internacional específico como el del arbitraje internacional de inversiones. El objetivo de la investigación es demostrar la presencia e influencia de los actores privados en la administración de agendas, temas y asuntos globales, que se deriva de su consideración como autoridades de naturaleza privada. Los arbitrajes CIADI relacionados con la crisis económica y política de la Argentina en el período 1999-2002 son el caso de estudio que permite ilustrar la presencia de la autoridad privada en la conducción de un régimen internacional.
Evolución del derecho internacional sobre la infancia
Authors: Rea Granados Sergio Alejandro
Published: December 2017

Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo conocer los antecedentes
y la evolución internacional histórica en el reconocimiento de los derechos
de la niñez que dieron origen al principio de interés superior mediante el
método dogmático para entender su significado, naturaleza y alcance,
que posteriormente fue adoptado por el derecho internacional a favor de
la protección de los derechos de los niños.

 
Sistema interamericano, empresas transnacionales mineras y estados de origen: improcedencia de la excepción de falta de jurisdicción entre estados miembros
Authors: Molina Portilla Diana María
Published: December 2017

En América Latina se ha registrado un incremento en las denuncias por violaciones de los derechos humanos ligadas con la actividad transnacional de las empresas mineras. Hasta el momento, el tratamiento jurídico de esas vulneraciones se ha estructurado en torno al ejercicio “eficaz” de la jurisdicción estatal y la atribución de responsabilidad internacional a los Estados anfitriones de las empresas transnacionales, ante la ausencia de un tratado vinculante sobre responsabilidad empresarial. Sin embargo, esta imputación es insuficiente pues —con fundamento en la falta de jurisdicción territorial— deja de lado la responsabilidad internacional de los Estados de origen de las empresas transnacionales. A partir de un análisis crítico, normativo, doctrinal y jurisprudencial del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, este artículo sugiere que la excepción de falta de jurisdicción no debe ser procedente entre Estados que pertenecen a un mismo sistema de protección de derechos humanos. Planteamos que en aras de la necesidad de cooperación, la vocación de universalidad y el carácter expansivo de los derechos, los Estados miembros de un mismo sistema de protección son responsables internacionalmente, cuando sus acciones u omisiones frente a las empresas transnacionales sean insuficientes para evitar un daño extraterritorial en materia de derechos humanos.
Sustracción internacional de menores: jurisprudencia reciente de los tribunales superiores de justicia chilenos
Authors: Rizik Mulet Lucía
Published: December 2017

El siguiente artículo es una revisión de la jurisprudencia chilena reciente en materia de sustracción internacional de niños. El objetivo general es demostrar que los tribunales chilenos prefieren resolver cuestiones relativas a la custodia en el marco del Convenio sobre los Aspectos Civiles de la Sustracción Internacional de Menores, lo cual desatiende sus objetivos. Sin embargo, poco a poco, los tribunales superiores de justicia chilenos han procurado, de manera incipiente asegurar el retorno del niño a su lugar de residencia habitual; así, interpreta de manera restrictiva las excepciones al retorno del niño. La metodología utilizada fue el análisis jurisprudencial, con una revisión crítica de las sentencias, en el marco de las posiciones doctrinarias que sustentan que el interés superior del niño en el ámbito del Convenio sobre aspectos civiles de la sustracción internacional de menores, se identifica con la protección del niño de los efectos de la sustracción, y el resguardo de que sea la autoridad administrativa o judicial del lugar de residencia habitual la que tome la decisión sobre la guarda o custodia del niño.
La naturaleza jurídico-internacional de los acuerdos de paz y sus consecuencias en la implementación
Authors: Amaya-Villarreal Alvaro Francisco , Guzman-Duarte Valeria
Published: December 2017

El presente artículo indaga el debate sobre la naturaleza jurídicointernacional del Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto y la Construcción de una Paz estable y duradera y los efectos legales que ello tendría a la luz del derecho constitucional colombiano. De esta forma, explora el alcance de distintas fuentes de derecho internacional público a efectos de verificar si el mencionado Acuerdo cumple con los elementos necesarios para calificarlo como norma de derecho internacional público.
El papel de las reparaciones en la justicia transicional colombiana: aportes desde una visión teleológica
Authors: Londoño-Lázaro María Carmelina , Gutiérrez-Perilla María Del Pilar , Roa-Sánchez Paula Andrea
Published: December 2017

El reconocimiento e implementación de medidas de reparación se constituye en un aspecto cardinal en las sociedades en transición como la colombiana. El presente artículo se pregunta por el fundamento del deber de reparar a las víctimas de violaciones a los derechos humanos a partir de diversas teorías de justicia, proponiendo una visión teleológica como la más adecuada para lograr las aspiraciones ultimas de una sociedad que busca superar el conflicto y lograr una paz estable y duradera. Este enfoque propone potenciar el papel de las reparaciones de cara a los fines últimos de la justicia transicional, articulando derechos individuales y colectivos, así como condiciones favorables para avanzar en los proyectos de vida personales de las víctimas y de la sociedad en general, a partir de la reivindicación de la noción de bien común. Así pues, se plantea una lógica pluridimensional que rescata tres dimensiones de las reparaciones: individual, colectiva y trascendental. Partiendo de lo anterior, se formulan algunos efectos jurídico-políticos prácticos que resultarían de la aplicación de esta visión teleológica pluridimensional.
Cambiar el futuro. Historia de los procesos de paz en Colombia
Authors: Agudelo González Andrés Felipe
Published: December 2017

Eduardo Pizarro es un destacado académico colombiano que ha combinado su labor intelectual con el ejercicio público. Fue fundador del Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, presidente de la Comisión Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación y relator de la Comisión de Historia del Conflicto y sus Víctimas en la Mesa de Conversaciones en La Habana.
La diferencia es que ellas son desplazadas y yo soy víctima”: desplazamiento interno y agenda posconflicto en el Perú
Authors: Ramírez Zapata Iván
Published: December 2017

El Perú vivió un conflicto armado interno entre 1980 y 2000. Se calcula que esta etapa produjo alrededor de seiscientos mil desplazamientos internos; sin embargo, es también un tema relegado en el conjunto de prioridades de la agenda posconflicto peruana. Este artículo ofrece una explicación para tal paradoja. Se identifican seis factores que explican el relegamiento del desplazamiento en la agenda posconflicto: 1) menores probabilidades de identificarse con la afectación de desplazamiento que con afectaciones caracterizadas por ataques directos contra la integridad física; 2) un marco de sentido en el cual la idea de “víctima” (del conflicto armado) no incluye la figura del desplazado; 3) la naturaleza del concepto de desplazamiento, cuyos elementos definitorios destacan el contexto en el que este ocurre antes que relacionar a un agresor con una víctima; 4) la necesidad de un discurso experto sobre el desplazamiento como condición para activar procesos de identificación con esta categoría; 5) la historia de movilidad interregional previa al desplazamiento, que resta especificidad a esta experiencia; y 6) el tratamiento que hace la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (CVR) sobre el desplazamiento. Esta argumentación ofrece dos aportes: 1) iniciar una discusión sobre la manera en que distintas afectaciones se relacionan y 2) mostrar límites de la agenda posconflicto poco explorados en la academia peruana.
Entre la democracia y lo democrático: crítica de la razón formal
Authors: Ronderos Sebastián
Published: December 2017

Este artículo se orienta hacia la problematización de conceptos esenciales en la teoría crítica, en su preocupación por reconfigurar los procesos de deliberación en el ámbito público-político, la institucionalización de las voluntades propias de este espacio y generar un diálogo entre perspectivas posibles en la transformación de las estructuras políticas. Se analizan los conceptos fundamentales en la teoría de Jürgen Habermas, tanto en la reconstrucción del materialismo histórico como en la consolidación de la teoría de la acción comunicativa, y así reedificar su comprensión de lo político. Se discute el papel de la neutralidad y el consenso en esta comprensión, cuestionando a su vez la predominancia de marcos formales en la reconfiguración de “la democracia”. Finalmente, trasladamos el ejercicio democrático por fuera de los andamiajes institucionales, proveyéndolo de un carácter crítico, dialéctico y comunitario, que no niega la conflictividad ni en los actos comunicativos ni en los procesos normativos.
Poder en la política de salud colombiana: la sociedad civil y la reforma a la salud de 2013
Authors: Daza Castillo Luis Antonio
Published: December 2017

Este estudio busca identificar las relaciones de poder entre sociedad civil y Estado en el debate presentado en Colombia durante la reforma a la salud realizada en 2013. Se discuten los hallazgos en función de los conceptos y argumentos acerca del poder postulados por el filósofo Michel Foucault. Los resultados señalan que la configuración del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud conllevó años después la determinación de múltiples actores dentro del sistema, con disparidad de poderes de acción frente al desarrollo de la política pública de salud. Los grados de participación y de poder se asocian a la naturaleza social del estamento al que pertenece cada grupo y a los intereses económicos o políticos que representan. Se recomiendan acciones centradas hacia la construcción social de una política de salud enfocada en la garantía de esta desde una perspectiva de derecho que module los alcances mercantiles y económicos asociados a la política que regulan y determinan (entre otras) el sistema de salud en Colombia.
Respuesta del ligamento periodontal a la avulsión dental. Reporte de caso / Periodontal Ligament Response to Dental Avulsion. Case Report
Authors: Solórzano Santos Raúl , Díaz-Caballero Antonio José , Covo Morales Eduardo
Published: December 2017

RESUMEN. Antecedentes: La avulsión es un tipo de lesión traumática poco frecuente en la dentición permanente. La reabsorción radicular externa es un evento común posterior al reimplante de un diente avulsionado. Objetivo: Reportar un caso de trauma de dos dientes reimplantados, en el que se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios con 26 semanas de seguimiento. Reporte del caso: Manejo clínico de paciente de sexo masculino de 8 años de edad que se presenta a la clínica del Postgrado de Endodoncia de la Universidad de Cartagena, Colombia, con antecedente de avulsión y posterior reimplante con ferulización de los dos incisivos centrales superiores. Los dientes fueron preparados hasta lima 50 tipo K, medicados con hidróxido de calcio y obturados con MTA. Resultados: Se observó cicatrización de la superficie radicular con disminución de las zonas de reabsorción externa radicular después de 26 semanas de seguimiento. Conclusión: La reabsorción radicular externa en dientes avulsionados reimplantados puede contrarrestarse en la medida que hayan sido manejados con conocimiento profesional, dentro de un marco de tiempo y condiciones biológicas.  ABSTRACT. Background: Dental avulsion is a rare traumatic lesion in permanent teeth. External root resorption is a common event after reimplantation of an avulsed tooth. Purpose: To report a case of two reimplanted teeth with satisfactory results after controls during 26 weeks. Case report: Clinical management of an 8-year-old boy that seeks attention in the clinic of the Postdoctoral Program in Endodontics of University of Cartagena with background of avulsion of both central upper incisors. The teeth were prepared up to a type K # 50 file, medicated with calcium hydroxide and later filled with MTA. Results: Healing was observed on the root surface with reduction of the external radicular resorption after a 26-week follow-up. Conclusion: External radicular resorption can be counteracted as long as its handling was performed professionally within parameters of time and biological conditions.
Cambios histomorfométricos en dentina al utilizar biomodificadores radiculares. Revisión sistemática / Histomorphometric Changes in Root Dentine after using Biomodifiers. A Systematic Review
Authors: Tous Yemail Paola Inés , García Ferrer Sandra Yasnini , Covo Morales Eduardo , Fang Mercado Luis Carlos
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT. Background: The success of endodontic therapy depends on an optimal biomechanical preparation, which includes removal of smear layer formed during root canal preparation. Smear layer adheres to the dentin surface and occludes the tubules, preventing the adhesion of the sealant material. It must be removed through irrigants that cause changes on the dentinal surface. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, and tetracycline have been used as irrigants. Purpose: To identify changes in dentine after applying EDTA, citric acid, and tetracycline as irrigants, as described in available literature. Methods: In this systematic review, histomorphometric changes in dentin surface observed after using root biomodifiers, regarding application time and concentration of solution. The sample consisted of 20 articles selected from a population of 889 articles found and published between 2009 and 2016. The overall measure of results was the standard difference of dentinal demineralization depth, obtained for each solution. Results: According to the literature, the depth of demineralization is directly proportional to exposition time and concentration after application of the irrigant. Regarding other variables, such as pH, evidence was limited to draw conclusions. Thus, it is suggested there is not enough scientific evidence to support this type of study. Conclusions: Dentinal changes that occur after using root biomodifiers depend on the length of the application time and its concentration.
Calidad de vida de los odontólogos en Colombia. Revisión exploratoria de la literatura / Quality of Life of Dentists in Colombia. Exploratory Literature Review
Authors: Donatres Giraldo Jazmín Astrid , Rojas Amador Mayra Alejandra , Jiménez Barbosa Wilson Giovanni
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT. Background: This article is a theoretical reflection, from which an empirical study will be carried out, about the current quality of life of dentists in Colombia. Objective: To reflect, based on available literature, about changes in the quality of life of dentists in Colombia. Methods: This was qualitative study based on document analysis. The design was an exploratory review of literature. Results: Even though national and international literature on this topic is scarce, the documents reviewed show that quality of life among dentists in Colombia has been affected because work conditions have deteriorated. Therefore, income has decreased and wellbeing is not comparable to what these professionals used to enjoy 30 years ago. This situation is associated to factors like the enacting of Law 100 of 1993 and the multiplication of dental schools nationwide. Thus, there is an excessive offer of professional in some zones, mainly cities, who get low-wage jobs and poor working conditions. Conclusions: Even though existing studies are limited in territorial scope, there is evidence of the deterioration of the quality of life among dentists in Colombia. However, more studies with national coverage are necessary to better understand the way in which dentists’ social, economic, and labor contexts have been affected.
A Simple Effective Stress Approach for Modeling Rate-Dependent Strength of Soft Clay
Authors: Yi Jiang Tao , Li Yu Ping , Bai Shan , Fu Yong , Lee Fook Hou , Zhang Xi Ying
Published: December 2017

This paper proposes a simple effective stress method for modeling the strain rate-dependent strength behavior that is experienced by many fine-grained soils in offshore events when subjected to rapid, large strain, undrained shearing. The approach is based on correlating the size of the modified Cam-Clay yield locus with strain rate, i.e., yield locus enlarging or diminishing dependent on the strain rate. A viscometer-based method for evaluating the needed parameters for this approach is provided. The viscometer measurements showed that strain rate parameters are largely independent of water content and agree closely with data from a previous study. Numerical analysis of the annular simple shear situation induced by the viscometer shows remarkable agreement with the experimental data provided the remolding-induced strength degradation effect is accounted for. The proposed method allows offshore foundation installation processes such as dynamically installed offshore anchors, free-falling penetrometer, and submarine landslides to be more realistically analyzed through effective stress calculations.
Non-Model-Based Identification of Delamination in Laminated Composite Plates Using a Continuously Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer System
Authors: Chen Da-Ming , Xu Y. F. , Zhu W. D.
Published: December 2017

Delamination frequently occurs in a laminated composite structure and can cause prominent local anomalies in curvature vibration shapes associated with vibration shapes of the composite structure. Spatially dense vibration shapes of a structure can be rapidly obtained by use of a continuously scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (CSLDV) system, which sweeps its laser spot over a vibrating surface of the structure. This paper introduces a continuous scanning scheme for general quadrangular scan areas assigned on plates and extends two damage identification methods for beams to identify delamination in laminated composite plates using a CSLDV system. One method is based on the technique that a curvature vibration shape from a polynomial that fits a vibration shape of a damaged structure can well approximate an associated curvature vibration shape of an undamaged structure and local anomalies caused by structural damage can be identified by comparing the curvature vibration shape of the damaged structure with that from the polynomial fit, and the other is based on the technique that a continuous wavelet transform can directly identify local anomalies in a curvature vibration shape caused by structural damage. The two methods yield corresponding damage indices and local anomalies in curvature vibration shapes can be identified in neighborhoods with high damage index values. Both numerical and experimental investigations on effectiveness of the two methods are conducted on a laminated composite plate with a delamination area. In the experimental investigation, delamination identification results from the two methods were compared with that from a C-scan image of the composite plate.
Musical and linguistic listening modes in the speech-to-song illusion bias timing perception and absolute pitch memory
Authors: Graber Emily , Simchy-Gross Rhimmon , Margulis Elizabeth Hellmuth
Published: December 2017

The speech-to-song (STS) illusion is a phenomenon in which some spoken utterances perceptually transform to song after repetition [Deutsch, Henthorn, and Lapidis (2011). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 2245–2252]. Tierney, Dick, Deutsch, and Sereno [(2013). Cereb. Cortex. 23, 249–254] developed a set of stimuli where half tend to transform to perceived song with repetition and half do not. Those that transform and those that do not can be understood to induce a musical or linguistic mode of listening, respectively. By comparing performance on perceptual tasks related to transforming and non-transforming utterances, the current study examines whether the musical mode of listening entails higher sensitivity to temporal regularity and better absolute pitch (AP) memory compared to the linguistic mode. In experiment 1, inter-stimulus intervals within STS trials were steady, slightly variable, or highly variable. Participants reported how temporally regular utterance entrances were. In experiment 2, participants performed an AP memory task after a blocked STS exposure phase. Utterances identically matching those used in the exposure phase were targets among transposed distractors in the test phase. Results indicate that listeners exhibit heightened awareness of temporal manipulations but reduced awareness of AP manipulations to transforming utterances. This methodology establishes a framework for implicitly differentiating musical from linguistic perception.
A Triassic plesiosaurian skeleton and bone histology inform on evolution of a unique body plan
Authors: Wintrich Tanja , Hayashi Shoji , Houssaye Alexandra , Nakajima Yasuhisa , Sander P. Martin
Published: December 2017

The first plesiosaur skeleton from the Triassic informs about the evolutionary success of four-flippered marine reptile.
Swedish plastics study fabricated, panel finds
Authors: Enserink Martin
Published: December 2017

High-profile
Science
paper had highlighted pollution's threat to larval fish.
Not so fast
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: December 2017

We can't even agree on what autonomous vehicles are, much less how they will affect our lives.