bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transition‐Metal‐Free Regioselective Alkylation of Quinoline N‐Oxides via Oxidative Alkyl Migration and C−C Bond Cleavage of tert‐/sec‐Alcohols
Authors: Sen Chiranjit , Ghosh Subhash C.
Published: December 2017

An unprecedented C2‐alkylation of quinoline N‐oxide derivatives via C−C bond activation of tert‐ and sec‐alkyl alcohol is described using hypervalent iodine (III) reagent PhI(OAc)2 (PIDA). This regioselective alkylation using mild hypervalent iodine reagents is more practical, operationally simple and transition metal free. The reaction proceeds efficiently with a broad range of substrates including quinoline, isoquinoline, and pyridine N‐oxides using a variety of tert‐/sec‐ alcohols. From experimental outcome, we also propose a rationalized mechanism, mediated by PIDA.

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LC‐MS/MS profiling of polyphenol‐enriched leaf, stem and root extracts of Korean Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc and determination of their antioxidant effects
Authors: Choi Jin Young , Desta Kebede Taye , Lee Soo Jung , Kim Yun‐Hi , Shin Sung Chul , Kim Gon‐Sup , Lee Sung Joong , Shim Jae‐Han , Hacımüftüoğlu Ahmet , Abd El‐Aty A. M.
Published: December 2017

Polyphenols from ethyl acetate extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of Korean Humulus japonicus were comprehensively profiled using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 36 polyphenols were detected, of which 26 were structurally characterized based on their [M − H]− peak, tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern, UV–vis absorption and published data. Validation data provided satisfactory results for the evaluated parameters. The determination coefficients were ≥0.9812. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.017–0.573 and 0.056–1.834 mg/L, respectively, indicating good performance limits. The accuracy (expressed as percentage recovery) at 50 and 100 mg/L was 71.4–99.7 and 75.1–105.1%, with precisions (expressed as relative standard deviation) of 1.5–7.3 and 0.8–4.1%, respectively, indicating acceptable accuracy and precision values. The leaves were rich in total polyphenols (3089.9 ± 6.4 mg/kg of fresh sample) followed by the stems (1313.9 ± 6.4 mg/kg of fresh sample) and roots (655.2 ± 2.7 mg/kg of fresh sample). Antioxidant activity, determined by α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, revealed the lowest EC50 value for the leaf extracts, indicating a higher scavenging activity in this tissue followed by the roots and stems. Overall, the results indicated that H. japonicus is rich in polyphenols and could be a potential alternative to Humulus lupulus (hop plant) in the brewery industry.
Unveiling the Role of Macrodipolar Interactions in the Properties of Self‐Assembled Supramolecular Materials
Authors: Pereira Oliveira Marina , Schmidt Hans‐Werner , Queiroz Albuquerque Rodrigo
Published: December 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Rodrigo Queiroz Albuquerque at Liverpool John Moores University. The image depicts an antiparallel interaction among macrodipoles inside the supramolecular material, each arrow representing the macrodipole of a 1D supramolecular column self‐assembled from tricarboxamide derivatives. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201704548.
Enhanced visible photocatalytic activity of Fe‐Cu‐ZnO/graphene oxide photocatalysts for the degradation of organic dyes
Authors: Zhu Pengfei , Chen Yanjun , Duan Ming , Liu Mei , Zou Ping , Zhou Meng
Published: December 2017

Fe‐Cu‐ZnO/graphene oxide (Fe‐Cu‐ZnO/GO) photocatalysts are successfully prepared by the sol‐gel method and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV‐Vis DRS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the Fe‐Cu‐ZnO/GO photocatalyst has the smaller average crystallite size and the narrower band gap, exhibits the stronger light absorption in the whole visible light region, and possesses better charge separation capability than that of pure ZnO, ZnO/GO, and Cu‐ZnO/GO photocatalysts. The photocatalytic activity of these catalysts is tested by degradation of dark green dye under visible light irradiation which demonstrates that Fe‐Cu‐ZnO/GO photocatalyst effectively degrades dark green dye and shows a significant photocatalytic enhancement compared to ZnO, ZnO/GO, and Cu‐ZnO/GO photocatalysts. The degradation rate of dark green dye can reach up to 99.28 %, when the initial concentration of dark green dye is 50 mg/L and the Fe‐Cu‐ZnO/GO catalyst dosage is 1 g/L with neutral pH under 90 min of visible light irradiation. In addition, Fe‐Cu‐ZnO/GO photocatalyst shows a good degradation efficiency on three other dyes. Meanwhile, the catalyst shows relatively superior reusability according to the cycling tests.
Influence of a Confined Methanol Solvent on the Reactivity of Active Sites in UiO‐66
Authors: Caratelli Chiara , Hajek Julianna , Rogge Sven M. J. , Vandenbrande Steven , Meijer Evert Jan , Waroquier Michel , Van Speybroeck Veronique
Published: December 2017

UiO‐66, composed of Zr‐oxide bricks and terephthalate linkers, is currently one of the most studied metal–organic frameworks due to its exceptional stability. Defects can be introduced in the structure, creating undercoordinated Zr atoms which are Lewis acid sites. Here, additional Brønsted sites can be generated by coordinated protic species from the solvent. In this Article, a multilevel modeling approach was applied to unravel the effect of a confined methanol solvent on the active sites in UiO‐66. First, active sites were explored with static periodic density functional theory calculations to investigate adsorption of water and methanol. Solvent was then introduced in the pores with grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, followed by a series of molecular dynamics simulations at operating conditions. A hydrogen‐bonded network of methanol molecules is formed, allowing the protons to shuttle between solvent methanol, adsorbed water, and the inorganic brick. Upon deprotonation of an active site, the methanol solvent aids the transfer of protons and stabilizes charged configurations via hydrogen bonding, which could be crucial in stabilizing reactive intermediates. The multilevel modeling approach adopted here sheds light on the important role of a confined solvent on the active sites in the UiO‐66 material, introducing dynamic acidity in the system at finite temperatures by which protons may be easily shuttled from various positions at the active sites.
Potent Anti‐Inflammatory and Pro‐Resolving Effects of Anabasum in a Human Model of Self‐Resolving Acute Inflammation
Authors: Motwani Madhur P. , Bennett Frances , Norris Paul C. , Maini Alexander A. , George Marc J. , Newson Justine , Henderson Alice , Hobbs Adrian J. , Tepper Mark , White Barbara , Serhan Charles N. , MacAllister Raymond , Gilroy Derek W.
Published: December 2017

Anabasum is a synthetic analog of Δ8‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)‐11‐oic acid that in preclinical models of experimental inflammation exerts potent anti‐inflammatory actions with minimal central nervous system (CNS) cannabimimetic activity. Here we used a novel model of acute inflammation driven by i.d. UV‐killed E. coli in healthy humans and found that anabasum (5 mg) exerted a potent anti‐inflammatory effect equivalent to that of prednisolone in terms of inhibiting neutrophil infiltration, the hallmark of acute inflammation. These effects arose from the inhibition of the neutrophil chemoattractant LTB4, while the inhibition of antiphagocytic prostanoids (PGE2, TxB2, and PGF2α) resulted in enhanced clearance of inflammatory stimulus from the injected site. Anabasum at the higher dose of 20 mg possessed the additional properties of triggering the biosynthesis of specialized pro‐resolving lipid mediators including LXA4, LXB4, RvD1, and RvD3. Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time a striking anti‐inflammatory and pro‐resolution effects of a synthetic analog of THC in healthy humans.
Electrochemical Deposition of Transparent p‐Type Semiconductor NiO
Authors: TONG BAYINGAERDI , ICHIMURA MASAYA
Published: December 2017

NiO is a p‐type semiconductor having a large band gap (>3 eV). In this study, thin films containing Ni‐O were deposited by the cathodic electrochemical deposition method, and characteristics change by heat treatment was investigated. An aqueous solution containing Ni(NO3)2 was used as a deposition solution. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the sample before annealing was predominantly Ni(OH)2. After heat treatment in air at temperatures higher than 300 °C, the NiO phase was observed by X‐ray diffraction, and the p‐type response was confirmed by the photoelectrochemical measurement. The band gap obtained from the light transmittance measurement was around 3.5 eV.
A phase field model for martensitic transformation coupled with the heat equation
Authors: Schmidt Simon , Dornisch Wolfgang , Müller Ralf
Published: December 2017

In order to consider temperature dependency in a phase field model for martensitic transformations a temperature dependent phase separation potential is introduced. The kinematics and the energetic setup underlying the phase transformation are briefly explained. Parameters are identified using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The kinetics of the phase field model are in good agreement with those of the MD simulations. Further, the effect of temperature on the microstructure evolution is studied for varying initial austenite contents.
High‐Efficiency Direct Ammonia Fuel Cells Based on BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3−δ/Pd Oxide‐Metal Junctions
Authors: Aoki Yoshitaka , Yamaguchi Tomoyuki , Kobayashi Shohei , Kowalski Damian , Zhu Chunyu , Habazaki Hiroki
Published: December 2017

A direct ammonia‐type intermediate temperature fuel cell is examined by means of a hydrogen membrane fuel cell (HMFC) comprising 1‐µm‐thick BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3−δ (BZCY) thin‐film electrolyte and Pd solid anode. It generates the maximum power density of 0.58 W cm−2 at 600 °C with ammonia fuels, and this value is found to be three times larger than the champion data of the recently reported direct ammonia‐type proton‐conducting ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs). AC impedance spectroscopy is performed to determine the interfacial polarization resistances, disclosing that the anodic overpotentials of HMFCs are at least one order of magnitude smaller than those of anode‐supported PCFC under relatively high DC outputs. The anode reactions are driven by the oxidation of monoatomic hydrogen dissolving at the BZCY/Pd solid–solid interface, mediated via proton transfer from Pd to BZCY. The electrochemical analysis reveals that the BZCY/Pd junction forms Ohmic contact without growth of wide depletion layer and thus facilitates the proton transfer reactions because the interfacial region beneath Pd electrode can accommodate amounts of protonic defects as well as the bulk of BZCY due to the small depletion of holes under hole–proton thermodynamic equilibrium.
Comparisons between traditional medicines and pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cognitive outcomes
Authors: May Brian H. , Feng Mei , Hyde Anna J. , Hügel Helmut , Chang Su‐yueh , Dong Lin , Guo Xinfeng , Zhang Anthony L. , Lu Chuanjian , Xue Charlie C.
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To evaluate the clinical evidence for traditional medicines (TMs) used in East Asia on measures of cognition in Alzheimer disease, determine the effect sizes at different time points for the TMs and pharmacotherapies, and assess the tolerability of the TMs.

Methods

We searched 12 databases in English, Chinese, and Japanese for eligible randomised controlled trials that compared orally administered TMs with pharmacotherapy and reported cognitive outcomes. Meta‐analyses were conducted for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale and/or Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate treatment effects.

Results

Thirty randomised controlled trials met inclusion criteria. Twenty‐nine compared TMs with donepezil. Single studies provided comparisons with galantamine, rivastigmine, or memantine. There were no significant differences between the TM and donepezil groups at 12 or 24 weeks for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive subscale or MMSE. Improvements over baseline were significant for MMSE at 12 and 24 weeks within the TM and donepezil groups and remained significant at 1 year. Effect sizes were reduced in the 3 double‐blind studies. At 24 weeks, donepezil 10 mg/d generally produced greater improvements in MMSE than 5 mg/d. Tolerability reporting was incomplete and inconsistent between studies.

Conclusions

The results suggested that the clinical benefits of the TMs were not less than donepezil at comparable time points, with both groups showing improvements. However, lack of blinding in most studies and other design and measurement issues are likely to have resulted in overestimation of effect sizes in both groups. Further well‐designed studies are needed.
Mortality effects of containing moral hazard: Evidence from disability insurance reform
Authors: García‐Gómez Pilar , Gielen Anne C.
Published: December 2017

We exploit an age discontinuity in a Dutch disability insurance reform to identify the health impact of stricter eligibility criteria and reduced generosity. Our results show substantial adverse effects on life expectancy for women subject to the more stringent criteria. A €1,000 reduction in annual benefits leads to a 2.4 percentage points higher probability of death more than 10 years after the reform. This negative health effect is restricted to women with low pre‐disability earnings. We find that the mortality rate of men subject to the stricter rules is reduced by 0.7 percentage points. The evidence for the existence of substantial health effects implies that policymakers considering a disability insurance reform should carefully balance the welfare gains from reduced moral hazard against losses not only from less coverage of income risks but also from deteriorated health.
Employee participation in employee stock ownership plans: Cross‐level interaction effects of institutions and workgroup behavior
Authors: Oehmichen Jana , Wolff Michael , Zschoche Ulrike
Published: December 2017

In this multilevel study, the authors investigate the influence of country‐level formal institutions and workgroup behavior on foreign subsidiary employees' participation in employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs). Based on the perspectives of bounded rationality, transaction cost theory, and psychological ownership, the authors argue that weak formal institutions restrain multinational enterprises from effectively implementing ESOPs due to reduced employee participation. However, the authors expect that workgroup behavior—more specifically, the participation of the workgroup's members and superiors in ESOPs—has a positive influence on employees' ESOP participation. Furthermore, the authors analyze whether cross‐level effects of institutions and workgroup behavior function as substitutes or complements. They empirically examine the ESOP participation of 185,291 foreign subsidiary employees in 28 countries. The results confirm the hypotheses about direct effects of weak institutions and workgroup behavior and additionally provide support for a complementary relationship between institutions and workgroup behavior.
Lipase‐catalyzed Synthesis of Sugar Ester in Mixed Biphasic System of Ionic Liquids and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Chang Panpan , Zhang Zhixia , Tang Shaokun
Published: December 2017

Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of lauroyl glucose ester was continuously performed in a biphasic system consisting of supercritical CO2 and an ionic liquid (IL). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are employed to identify the product lauroyl glucose ester. The effects of reaction pressure, temperature, substrate flow rate, the amount of enzyme, and the amount of IL on the glucose conversion rate are investigated. The highest glucose conversion of up to 95.5% could be achieved at the optimal condition, which is higher than that in the pure IL. The enzyme activity in the biphasic system was 18.19 μmol/g/min, which is much higher than that in the pure IL. The continuous reaction in the binary system could last for 10 h at high enzyme activity. The combination of supercritical CO2 and ILs could not only improve the reaction rate and yield, which are attributed to the fast mass transfer rate and enhanced enzyme activity and lifespan, but also make the product separation and enzyme/ILs recycling easier.
Global land surface air temperature dynamics since 1880
Authors: Wang Jinfeng , Xu Chengdong , Hu Maogui , Li Qingxiang , Yan Zhongwei , Jones Phil
Published: December 2017

The geographical extent, magnitude, and uncertainty of global climate change have been widely discussed and have critical policy implications at both global and local scales. In this study, a new analysis of annual mean global land surface air temperature since 1880 was generated, which has greater coverage and lower uncertainty than previous distributions. The Biased Sentinel Hospitals Areal Disease Estimation (BSHADE) method, used in this study, makes a best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE) when a sample is small and biased to a spatially heterogeneous population. For the period of 1901–2010, the warming trend was found to be 0.109 °C decade−1with 95% confidence intervals between 0.081 °C and 0.137 °C. Additionally, warming exhibited different spatial patterns in different periods. In the early 20th century (1923–1950), warming occurred mainly in the mid‐high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, whereas in the most recent decades (1977–2014), warming was more spatially extensive across the global land surface. Compared with other common methods, the difference in results appears in the areas with few stations and in the early years, when stations had sparse coverage and were unevenly distributed. Validation, which was performed using real data that simulated the historic situation, showed a smaller error in the BSHADE estimate than in other methods. This study produced a new database with greater coverage and less uncertainty that will improve the understanding of climate dynamics on the Earth since 1880, especially in isolated areas and early periods, and will benefit the assessment of climate‐change‐related issues, such as the effects of human activities.
Automated image quality assessment for chest CT scans
Authors: Reeves Anthony P. , Xie Yiting , Liu Shuang
Published: December 2017

Purpose

Medical image quality needs to be maintained at standards sufficient for effective clinical reading. Automated computer analytic methods may be applied to medical images for quality assessment.

Methods

For chest CT scans in a lung cancer screening context, an automated quality assessment method is presented that characterizes image noise and image intensity calibration. This is achieved by image measurements in three automatically segmented homogeneous regions of the scan: external air, trachea lumen air, and descending aorta blood. Profiles of CT scanner behavior are also computed.

Results

The method has been evaluated on both phantom and real low‐dose chest CT scans and results show that repeatable noise and calibration measures may be realized by automated computer algorithms. Noise and calibration profiles show relevant differences between different scanners and protocols.

Conclusions

Automated image quality assessment may be useful for quality control for lung cancer screening and may enable performance improvements to automated computer analysis methods.
Comparison of umbilical cord occlusion methods: Radiofrequency ablation versus laser photocoagulation
Authors: Abdel‐Sattar Mira , Chon Andrew H. , Llanes Arlyn , Korst Lisa M. , Ouzounian Joseph G. , Chmait Ramen H.
Published: December 2017

Objective

To compare outcomes between 2 umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) methods: radiofrequency ablation (RFA) versus fetoscopic‐guided laser photocoagulation.

Methods

Retrospective study of all monochorionic diamniotic multiple gestations that underwent UCO with RFA (preferred after 2014) or laser (preferred before 2014). In bivariate analysis, patients treated with RFA were compared with laser. Risk factors for intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) and 30‐day survival of the co‐twin were identified, and multiple logistic models were fitted to examine whether the UCO method was associated with these outcomes.

Results

Of 60 UCO cases, 18 (30%) underwent RFA and 42 (70%) underwent laser surgery. The RFA method was associated with co‐twin IUFD after surgery (6/18 [33.3%] vs 1/42 [2.4%], P = 0.0021). In logistic regression models, patients who underwent RFA were more likely than patients who underwent laser to have an IUFD of the co‐twin (OR 13.2, 1.23–142.62, P = 0.0331). These patients were also less likely to have 30‐day survival of the co‐twin, although this was not statistically significant (OR 0.20, 0.04–1.15, P = 0.0710).

Conclusion

Despite clear technical advantages of RFA compared with laser, we found that RFA appeared to be associated with increased risk of post‐procedure fetal demise. Further studies should be conducted to confirm these findings.
Structures and Binding Energies of Nitrate Plasticizers DEGDN, TEGDN, and Nitroglycerine
Authors: Buszek Robert J. , Soto Denisse , Dailey Jami M. , Bolden Sarah , Tall Terita L. , Hudgens Leslie M. , Marshall Christopher A. , Boatz Jerry A. , Drake Gregory W.
Published: December 2017

The interactions between nitrate plasticizer ingredients nitroglycerine, diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN), and triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN) have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Density functional theory (DFT) and second order perturbation theory (MP2) calculations show that intermolecular N−O electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding between alkyl hydrogens and oxygen atoms govern the dimer structures, which have predicted binding energies ranging from 20.6 to 39.3 kJ mol−1. Vibrational frequencies observed in the nitrate band fingerprint region of the infrared spectra are in good agreement with the DFT scaled harmonic frequencies. The relative volatility observed in thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements of the pure ingredients and their 1 : 1 mixtures show reasonable correlation with the DFT dimer binding energies. The similarity in the dimer binding energies of all three plasticizers suggest that their mixtures should be uniformly miscible.
Directed spanning tree–based adaptive protocols for second‐order consensus of multiagent systems
Authors: Yu Zhiyong , Jiang Haijun , Huang Da , Hu Cheng
Published: December 2017

This paper discusses the consensus problem of second‐order multiagent systems with nonlinear dynamics. A directed spanning tree–based adaptive control protocol is developed, which overcomes the drawback that the spectrum of the Laplacian matrix must be known a priori. A scheme for reordering the nodes is proposed. Applying the developed method and the Lyapunov stability theory, some distributed adaptive laws are designed in the directed network. It is found that the consensus can be achieved by randomly choosing a directed spanning tree and using the developed distributed adaptive law. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the theoretical analysis.
Does Openness Improve National Innovation? An Application to OECD Countries
Authors: Standing Craig , Mavi Reza Kiani , Suseno Yuliani , Jackson Paul
Published: December 2017

Open systems theory offers a conceptual platform to understand how systems can be effective in adapting to their environments through purposeful action. It is relevant to the performance of national systems of innovation: open‐oriented countries are more likely to be successful in innovation because of the knowledge exchange between international organizations and organizations within the same country. In this paper, the open systems concept is defined and measured by a number of factors including extent of open trade, information and communication technology development, and online government service measures. In this study, the relationship between the measures of openness and the level of innovation of each country (measured using the Global Innovation Index) is analysed using analysis of variance, with results indicating a positive relationship. The theoretical contribution resides in the argument that a nation's openness relates to innovation capability and that this can be assessed by the factors in the model used in the paper. We argue that rather than focusing on innovation, countries should consider developing an open systems platform for innovation by maximizing their interactions with the international environment and developing mechanisms to circulate knowledge internally within the country. This should result in a supportive context where innovations can emerge. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lead poisoning: rare but be aware
Authors: Brightman Christopher
Published: December 2017

The use of lead in petrol, paint and pipes has been phased out in the UK, resulting in a decrease in the amount of lead in the environment, and consequently a decrease in the levels of lead in the population. However, occasional cases of lead poisoning do still occur and doctors need to be vigilant.
The extension of the method of dimensionality reduction to layered elastic media
Authors: Argatov I. , Heß M. , Popov V. L.
Published: December 2017

The method of dimensionality reduction (MDR) has been extended to the axisymmetric unilateral contact problem for a layered elastic medium so that the case of continuously inhomogeneous elastic foundation is covered as well. The corresponding MDR formalism has been developed for a circular contact area. Both the non‐adhesive contact and the JKR‐type adhesive contact are considered. The developed theory is verified by means of two special cases, and new results, in particular, have been derived for the case of a functionally graded solid with an exponential law of inhomogeneity.
Gut microbiome: a new player in gastrointestinal disease
Authors: Gorkiewicz Gregor , Moschen Alexander
Published: December 2017

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors a diverse and host-specific gut microbial community. Whereas host-microbe interactions are based on homeostasis and mutualism, the microbiome also contributes to disease development. In this review, we summarize recent findings connecting the GI microbiome with GI disease. Starting with a description of biochemical factors shaping microbial compositions in each gut segment along the longitudinal axis, improved histological techniques enabling high resolution visualization of the spatial microbiome structure are highlighted. Subsequently, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines are discussed and the respective changes in microbiome compositions summarized. Finally, approaches aiming to restore disturbed microbiome compositions thereby promoting health are discussed.
Combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and anti-tumor immunity in cancer therapy
Authors: Hwang Hee Sook , Shin Heejun , Han Jieun , Na Kun
Published: December 2017

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is performed using a photosensitizer and light of specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen to generate singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species(ROS) in the cancer cells. The accumulated photosensitizers in target sites induce ROS generation upon light activation, then the generated cytotoxic reactive oxygen species lead to tumor cell death via apoptosis or necrosis, and damages the target sites which results tumor destruction. As a consequence, the PDT-mediated cell death is associated with anti-tumor immune response. In this paper, the effects of PDT and immune response on tumors are reviewed. Activation of an immune response regarding the innate and adaptive immune response, interaction with immune cells and tumor cells that associated with antitumor efficacy of PDT are also discussed.
Dispute Settlement Reports 2012
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2012: XI reports on United States - Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes (WT/DS406).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2012
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2012: XII reports on China - Countervailing and Anti-Dumping Duties on Grain Oriented Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel from the United States (WT/DS414).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2007
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. Among others, DSR 2007: I reports on United States – Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews.
Dispute Settlement Reports 2005
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2005:XV reports on Dominican Republic – Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes and European Communities – Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels.
Dispute Settlement Reports 2005
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2005: XXII reports on Korea - Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia and Mexico - Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Beef and Rice - Complaint with Respect to Rice.
On the potential of hand-held GPS tracking of fjord ice features for remote-sensing validation
Authors: Negrel Jean , Gerland Sebastian , Doulgeris Anthony P. , Lauknes Tom Rune , Rouyet Line
Published: December 2017

Research on young thin sea ice is essential to understand the changes in the Arctic. But it is also the most challenging to investigate, both in situ and from satellites. If satellite remote-sensing techniques are developing rapidly, fieldwork remains crucial for the mandatory validation of such data. In April 2016, an Arctic fieldwork campaign was conducted at Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. This campaign provided an opportunity to combine various techniques to record the fjord ice properties ranging from local field sampling to broader ground-based and satellite radar remote sensing of the fjord. Tracking the boat used to access the field sites with hand-held GPS devices offered a good opportunity to map fjord ice and assess the limits of radar identification of small icebergs and thin ice. During 1 week, 17 icebergs and the thin ice edges in two different locations were mapped. The GPS tracks present a good agreement with the Radarsat-2 data analysis for one of the two ice edges. The second ice edge track only partly corresponds to the radar scene. Ice movement, recorded by a ground-based radar, is likely to explain this result. Grounded icebergs could be identified in both Radarsat-2 and ground-based radar.
Dispute Settlement Reports 2008
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2008: XII and XIII report on United States - Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC - Hormones Dispute (WT/DS320).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2008
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2008: XVIII reports on European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas - Recourse to Article 21.5 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes by the United States (WT/DS27) and European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas - Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes by Ecuador (WT/DS27).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2008
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2008: VII reports on United States - Customs Bond Directive for Merchandise Subject to Anti-Dumping/Countervailing Duties (WT/DS343, WT/DS345).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2008
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers, and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2008: Volumes IX to XI report on United States - Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC - Hormones Dispute (WT/DS320).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2012
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2012: I to III report on United States - Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint) (WT/DS353).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2011
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2011: IV reports on Thailand – Customs and Fiscal Measures on Cigarettes from the Philippines (WT/DS371).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2011
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2011: V and VI reports on United States - Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China (WT/DS379).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2011
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2011: VII reports on United States - Anti-Dumping Administrative Reviews and Other Measures Related to Imports of Certain Orange Juice from Brazil (WT/DS382) and European Communities - Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China (WT/DS397).
Dispute Settlement Reports 2011
Authors: World Trade Organization
Published: December 2017

The Dispute Settlement Reports of the World Trade Organization (WTO) include Panel and Appellate Body reports, as well as arbitration awards, in disputes concerning the rights and obligations of WTO members under the provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. These are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. An essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2011: VIII reports on European Communities – Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China (WT/DS397).
Radiocarbon Dating of a Speleothem Record of Paleoclimate for Angkor, Cambodia
Authors: Hua Quan , Cook Duncan , Fohlmeister Jens , Penny Dan , Bishop Paul , Buckman Solomon
Published: December 2017

We report the chronological construction for the top portion of a speleothem, PC1, from southern Cambodia with the aim of reconstructing a continuous high-resolution climate record covering the fluorescence and decline of the medieval Khmer kingdom and its capital at Angkor (~9th–15th centuries AD). Earlier attempts to date PC1 by the standard U-Th method proved unsuccessful. We have therefore dated this speleothem using radiocarbon. Fifty carbonate samples along the growth axis of PC1 were collected for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis. Chronological reconstruction for PC1 was achieved using two different approaches described by Hua et al. (2012a) and Lechleitner et al. (2016a). Excellent concordance between the two age-depth models indicates that the top ~47 mm of PC1 grew during the last millennium with a growth hiatus during ~1250–1650 AD, resulting from a large change in measured14C values at 34.4–35.2 mm depth. The timing of the growth hiatus covers the period of decades-long droughts during the 14th–16th centuries AD indicated in regional climate records.
Re-evaluation of the life cycle of Eimeria maxima Tyzzer, 1929 in chickens (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Jenkins M. C.
Published: December 2017

A time-course study was conducted to resolve discrepancies in the literature and better define aspects of the Eimeria maxima life cycle such, as sites of development and both morphology and number of asexual stages. Broiler chickens were inoculated orally with five million E. maxima oocysts (APU1), and were necropsied at regular intervals from 12 to 120 h p.i. Small intestine tissue sections and smears were examined for developmental stages. The jejunum contained the highest numbers of developmental stages. At 12 h p.i., sporozoites were observed inside a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) in the epithelial villi and the lamina propria. By 24 h, sporozoites enclosed by a PV were observed in enterocytes of the glands of Lieberkühn. At 48 h p.i., sporozoites, elongated immature and mature schizonts, were all seen in the glands with merozoites budding off from a residual body. By 60 h, second-generation, sausage-shaped schizonts containing up to 12 merozoites were observed around a residual body in the villar tip of invaded enterocytes. At 72 and 96 h, profuse schizogony associated with third- and fourth-generation schizonts was observed throughout the villus. At 120 h, another generation (fifth) of schizonts were seen in villar tips as well as in subepithelium where gamonts and oocysts were also present; a few gamonts were in epithelium. Our finding of maximum parasitization of E. maxima in jejunum is important because this region is critical for nutrient absorption and weight gain.
The impact of schizophrenia and mood disorder risk alleles on emotional problems: investigating change from childhood to middle age
Authors: Riglin Lucy , Collishaw Stephan , Richards Alexander , Thapar Ajay K. , Rice Frances , Maughan Barbara , O'Donovan Michael C. , Thapar Anita
Published: December 2017

Background

Previous studies find that both schizophrenia and mood disorder risk alleles contribute to adult depression and anxiety. Emotional problems (depression or anxiety) begin in childhood and show strong continuities into adult life; this suggests that symptoms are the manifestation of the same underlying liability across different ages. However, other findings suggest that there are developmental differences in the etiology of emotional problems at different ages. To our knowledge, no study has prospectively examined the impact of psychiatric risk alleles on emotional problems at different ages in the same individuals.

Methods

Data were analyzed using regression-based analyses in a prospective, population-based UK cohort (the National Child Development Study). Schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD) polygenic risk scores (PRS) were derived from published Psychiatric Genomics Consortium genome-wide association studies. Emotional problems were assessed prospectively at six time points from age 7 to 42 years.

Results

Schizophrenia PRS were associated with emotional problems from childhood [age 7, OR 1.09 (1.03–1.15), p = 0.003] to mid-life [age 42, OR 1.10 (1.05–1.17), p < 0.001], while MDD PRS were associated with emotional problems only in adulthood [age 42, OR 1.06 (1.00–1.11), p = 0.034; age 7, OR 1.03 (0.98–1.09), p = 0.228].

Conclusions

Our prospective investigation suggests that early (childhood) emotional problems in the general population share genetic risk with schizophrenia, while later (adult) emotional problems also share genetic risk with MDD. The results suggest that the genetic architecture of depression/anxiety is not static across development.
TRANSFORMACIÓN Y DESIGUALDAD ECONÓMICA EN LA INDUSTRIALIZACIÓN EN EL ÁREA DE BARCELONA, 1715-1860
Authors: Brea-Martínez Gabriel , Pujadas-Mora Joana-Maria
Published: December 2017

Labour market transformation and inequality were fundamental aspects in the transition to the industrialisation. This article reconstructs the Barcelona’s area economic structure across the 18thand 19thcenturies through the Marriage Licences of the Barcelona’s Cathedral. These documents registered a proportional tax paid by the spouses’ according to their occupational and social status. Since 1780, an important decrease in the primary sector and an increase in the secondary and tertiary sectors are observed. Inequality between economic sectors rose and also within the secondary sector (textile) due to the proletarianization of the workers. Conversely, there was not an increase in inequality in the primary sector while it decreased in the tertiary sector.
CAPITAL WITHOUT WAGE-LABOUR: MARX’S MODES OF SUBSUMPTION REVISITED
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas
Published: December 2017

This paper argues that capitalist social relations do not presuppose wage-labour. The paper defends a functional definition of the capitalist relations of production, in terms of what Marx calls the ’subsumption of labour by capital’. I argue that there are at least four modes of subsumption, one transitional to and one transitional from the capitalist mode of production. Unlike the capitalist mode of production, capitalist relations of production are compatible with the absence of a labour market, and even with the absence of workplace authority relations. The ambit of capitalist domination is therefore broader than typically thought.