bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The alternative explanation to the alternative‐outcome effect and the detection of the focal outcome effect
Authors: Nakamura Kuninori
Published: January 2004

Abstract:  Previous studies on subjective probability judgment indicate that pair‐wise comparison between the focal and the strongest alternative outcome plays an important role in probability judgment. This study, however, found that the randomness of alternative outcomes affected probability judgment for focal outcome. In the present study, 182 participants provided probability estimates for winning on hypothetical slot machines where both successes and losses were composed of multiple outcomes. The randomness of both the focal and alternative outcomes were defined by the expression used in Rappoport and Budescu (1997). The analysis indicated that the more random the distributions of both focal and alternative outcomes, the higher the estimated probability for focal outcome. Some theoretical suggestions are discussed.
Integration versus separation in Stroop‐like counting interference tasks1
Authors: Muroi Miya , Macleod Colin M.
Published: January 2004

Abstract:  Two versions of a Stroop‐like counting interference task were compared to examine how irrelevant information is ignored. In the integrated task, participants enumerated digits (inconsistent condition) or letters (neutral condition) while attempting to ignore the identity of the characters. In the newly created separated task, participants enumerated asterisks while attempting to ignore a single digit (inconsistent condition) or letter (neutral condition) at fixation. Interference (longer responses in the inconsistent condition than in the neutral condition) was small but significant in both tasks but was not reduced by separation. Contrasted with the pattern in the color–word Stroop task, these results suggest that dimensional separation has different effects on interference depending on the overall amount of interference.
Prenatal growth and development of the modern human labyrinth
Authors: Jeffery Nathan , Spoor Fred
Published: January 2004

The modern human bony labyrinth is morphologically distinct from that of all other primates, showing derived features linked with vestibular function and the overall shape of the cranial base. However, little is known of how this unique morphology emerges prenatally. This study examines in detail the developing fetal human labyrinth, both to document this basic aspect of cranial biology, and more specifically, to gain insight into the ontogenetic basis of its phylogenetically derived morphology. Forty‐one post‐mortem human fetuses, ranging from 9 to 29 weeks gestation, were investigated with high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative analyses of the labyrinthine morphology revealed a number of interesting age‐related trends. In addition, our findings show that: (1) the prenatal labyrinth attains an adult equivalent size between 17 and 19 weeks gestation; (2) within the period investigated, shape changes to all or most of the labyrinth cease after the 17–19‐week size maturation point or after the otic capsule ossifies; (3) fetal cochlea development correlates with the surrounding petrosal morphology, but not with the midline basicranium; (4) gestational age‐related rotations of the ampullae and cochlea relative to the lateral canal, and posterior canal torsion are similar to documented phylogenetic trends whereas other trends remain distinct. Findings are discussed in terms of the ontogenetic processes and mechanisms that most likely led, in part, to the emergence of the phylogenetically derived adult modern human labyrinth.
Microvascularization of the human digit as studied by corrosion casting
Authors: Sangiorgi S. , Manelli A. , Congiu T. , Bini A. , Pilato G. , Reguzzoni M. , Raspanti M.
Published: January 2004

The aim of this study was to describe microcirculation in the human digit, focusing on the vascular patterns of its cutaneous and subcutaneous areas. We injected a functional supranumerary human thumb (Wassel type IV) with a low‐viscosity acrylic resin through its digital artery. The tissues around the vessels were then digested in hot alkali and the resulting casts treated for scanning electron microscopy. We concentrated on six different areas: the palmar and dorsal side of the skin, the eponychium, the perionychium, the nail bed and the nail root. On the palmar side, many vascular villi were evident: these capillaries followed the arrangement of the fingerprint lines, whereas on the dorsal side they were scattered irregularly inside the dermal papillae. In the hypodermal layer of the palmar area, vascular supports of sweat glands and many arteriovenous anastomoses were visible, along with glomerular‐shaped vessels involved in thermic regulation and tactile function. In the eponychium and perionychium, the vascular villi followed the direction of nail growth. In the face of the eponychium in contact with the nail, a wide‐mesh net of capillaries was evident. In the nail bed, the vessels were arranged in many longitudinal trabeculae parallel to the major axis of the digit. In the root of the nail, we found many columnar vessels characterized by multiple angiogenic buttons on their surface.
The use of four‐colour immunofluorescence techniques to identify mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Schieker Matthias , Pautke Christoph , Reitz Katharina , Hemraj Indradeo , Neth Peter , Mutschler Wolf , Milz Stefan
Published: January 2004

In stem‐cell research a major difficulty is caused by the lack of distinctive features that allow the identification of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Until now, there has been no specific marker and the most common way to identify hMSC is by their characteristic stem‐cell properties: self‐replication and differentiation potential. However, these findings can only be revealed retrospectively, and, once differentiated, hMSC lose their stem‐cell character. The aim of this study was to establish four‐colour immunofluorescence of several markers simultaneously in order to address the problem of how to identify hMSC on the single‐cell level. The four markers collagen‐I, collagen‐IV, fibronectin and CD44 are known to be expressed by hMSC. Antibody binding was detected using secondary antibodies conjugated to FITC, Alexa546, TexasRed and AMCA. Because the distinction between Alexa546 and TexasRed was not possible on conventional digital images using standard filter sets, we performed spectral image acquisition. The image was subsequently decomposed into its pure spectral components, which permitted linear unmixing. Using this procedure we were able to demonstrate four‐colour immunofluorescence on hMSC. With the possibility of using more sophisticated marker profiles and/or additional markers, four‐colour immunofluorescence offers the opportunity of identifying hMSC on the single‐cell level without performing differentiation assays.
A multimodal, multidimensional atlas of the C57BL/6J mouse brain
Authors: MacKenzie‐Graham Allan , Lee Erh‐Fang , Dinov Ivo D. , Bota Mihail , Shattuck David W. , Ruffins Seth , Yuan Heng , Konstantinidis Fotios , Pitiot Alain , Ding Yi , Hu Guogang , Jacobs Russell E. , Toga Arthur W.
Published: January 2004

Strains of mice, through breeding or the disruption of normal genetic pathways, are widely used to model human diseases. Atlases are an invaluable aid in understanding the impact of such manipulations by providing a standard for comparison. We have developed a digital atlas of the adult C57BL/6J mouse brain as a comprehensive framework for storing and accessing the myriad types of information about the mouse brain. Our implementation was constructed using several different imaging techniques: magnetic resonance microscopy, blockface imaging, classical histology and immunohistochemistry. Along with raw and annotated images, it contains database management systems and a set of tools for comparing information from different techniques. The framework allows facile correlation of results from different animals, investigators or laboratories by establishing a canonical representation of the mouse brain and providing the tools for the insertion of independent data into the same space as the atlas. This tool will aid in managing the increasingly complex and voluminous amounts of information about the mammalian brain. It provides a framework that encompasses genetic information in the context of anatomical imaging and holds tremendous promise for producing new insights into the relationship between genotype and phenotype. We describe a suite of tools that enables the independent entry of other types of data, facile retrieval of information and straightforward display of images. Thus, the atlas becomes a framework for managing complex genetic and epigenetic information about the mouse brain. The atlas and associated tools may be accessed at http://www.loni.ucla.edu/MAP.
Merkel cells, a new localization of prepro‐orexin and orexin receptors
Authors: Beiras‐Fernández Andrés , Gallego Rosalía , Blanco Montserrat , García‐Caballero Tomás , Diéguez Carlos , Beiras Andrés
Published: January 2004

Orexins (OXA and OXB) are peptides derived from a common precursor called prepro‐orexin. They act through G‐protein receptors named orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX2R). Orexins were first demonstrated in neurons of the lateral hypothalamus and found to be related to the control of food intake. However, it has been shown that they are widely distributed in both the nervous system and peripheral tissues, including endocrine organs such as the pituitary and adrenal glands. Merkel cells are neuroendocrine cells situated in the epidermis, tactile hairs and oral mucosa, and act as mechanoreceptors. Up to the present, various neuropeptides have been detected in these cells. The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of prepro‐orexin and orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R) in porcine Merkel cells using immunohistochemistry. Prepro‐orexin was expressed in the cytoplasm of Merkel cells in the skin of the pig snout. Immunoreactivity for prepro‐orexin was more intense in the mature side of the cell, where the dense‐cored granules are accumulated. Epidermal nerve terminals associated with Merkel cells and dermal nerve fibres showed no immunostaining. Both orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R) were also demonstrated in the cytoplasm of Merkel cells of pig snout skin. The finding of orexins and their receptors in Merkel cells suggests that they have an autocrine function. Further studies are needed to ascertain the significance of this function.
Enzymes involved in flavour formation by bacteria isolated from the smear population of surface‐ripened cheese
Authors: Williams A G , Beattie S H , Banks J M
Published: January 2004

Twenty‐five bacterial isolates recovered from the surface population of smear‐ripened cheese were assigned phenotypically asBrevibacteriumspp., Corynebacteriumspp. andAureobacteriumspp. using the Biolog GP2 microplate system and database. The range and activity of hydrolytic enzymes involved in the formation of cheese flavour constituents were monitored in cell‐free lysates of the isolates. Esterase activity and the presence of a range of enzymes involved in amino acid release and breakdown was confirmed in all strains examined although there were pronounced interspecies and strain differences in the level of activity detected. Peptidolytic activities present in the smear bacteria included dipeptidyl peptidase and aminopeptidases that cleaved various N‐terminal amino acids including proline. Subsequent breakdown of the released aromatic and branched‐chain amino acids was mediated by α‐keto acid dependent aminotransferase action and several of the isolates were able to form thiols from sulphur‐containing amino acid precursors. It was confirmed that the enzymic activity of the smear population could be manipulated by the use of defined starter cultures comprising selected combinations of smear isolates. The hydrolytic activities of the smear bacteria are involved in the generation of cheese flavour compounds and the enzyme profile is thus an important selection criterion for strains to be evaluated for use in defined surface smear preparations.
Effects of milk treatment with dynamic high pressure on microbial populations, and lipolytic and proteolytic profiles of Crescenza cheese
Authors: Lanciotti R , Chaves‐López C , Patrignani F , Paparella A , Guerzoni M E , Serio A , Suzzi G
Published: January 2004

The effects of some physical treatments of milk (pasteurization and homogenization at 1000 bar) on the evolution of the microbial populations, as well as on the proteolytic and lipolytic profiles, of Crescenza, a traditional Italian soft cheese, were studied in relation to its shelf‐life. The dynamic, high‐pressure homogenization (HPH) treatment of milk caused a reduction in the cell loads attained by the expiry date of yeasts and Pseudomonas spp. Moreover, the thermal and HPH treatments had different selective actions on the yeast populations, the former favouring oxidative species. In addition, the Crescenza obtained using milk treated at 1000 bar showed evidence of early and significant lipolysis.
Isolation and characterization of the microbial population of different South African kefir grains
Authors: Witthuhn R Corli , Schoeman Tersia , Britz Trevor J
Published: January 2004

Kefir, a slightly acidic fermented milk, is produced by adding lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, in the form of grains, to milk. The bacteria and yeasts present in the kefir grains are known to vary widely. Selective growth media and morphological and biochemical characteristics were used for the isolation and identification of the microbes present in the grains from eight different sources in South Africa. The kefir grains were activated in milk for only 24 h to prevent any changes in the microbial population of the grains. The microbial numbers varied between 6.4 × 104and 8.5 × 108 cfu/g on the media selective for the bacterial species and between 1.5 × 105and 3.7 × 108 cfu/g on the media selective for the yeast species. The bacterial genera that were identified included Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Lactococcus and the yeast genera included Zygosaccharomyces, Candida and Saccharomyces. The distribution frequencies of the microbes in the different grains were determined and most of the grains were dominated by two microbial species. No pediococci, acetic acid bacteria or propionibacteria were detected.
Antimicrobial activity of camel's milk against pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Benkerroum Noreddine , Mekkaoui Majda , Bennani Nargisse , Hidane Kamal
Published: January 2004

The inhibitory activity of camel's milk and colostrum at 4°C and 20°C was tested by the well diffusion assay against six pathogens. The activity was also studied in situ by monitoring the growth of a three‐strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes or Escherichia coli O78:K80 in camel's milk, colostrum or Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) as function of time. The results of the well diffusion assay show that Bacillus cereus was resistant to the inhibitory activity present in camel's milk and to the colostrum, while L. monocytogenes LMG 13304 and E. coli O78:K80(JB2) were the most sensitive as judged by the diameters of the inhibition zones. The in situ test revealed a typical inhibition pattern of both pathogens in camel's milk samples during 48 h of incubation at both storage temperatures. The colostrum exerted a definite bactericidal activity against E. coli O78:K80 at ambient temperature, and the viable counts decreased to below the detectable level in a 1‐mL sample at 48 h, while at the refrigeration temperature, the counts were reduced by 1 and 3 log units compared to the initial inoculum and to the positive control, respectively. The camel's milk and colostrum samples had a bacteriostatic effect against L. monocytogenes during the first 8 h of incubation; thereafter, a tendency to increase was noted in the colostrum at 20°C. Similar experiments were carried out on E. coli O78:K80 in heat‐treated camel's or cow's milk and showed that the inhibitory effect of camel's milk was reduced by heat treatment.
The origin of single strain starter culture usage for commercial Cheddar cheesemaking
Authors: O'Toole Desmond K
Published: January 2004

The technology of using single strain starter cultures for commercial Cheddar cheesemaking is commonly believed to have originated in New Zealand in about 1934. However, W. S. Sutton of the New South Wales Department of Agriculture isolated pure strains of Streptococcus cremoris and, along with A. B. Shelton, conducted cheesemaking trials at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, now the University of Western Sydney, from at least September 1930. Pure strains were being used in factories by October 1930 and, by July 1932, at least six factories were using pure single cultures. The technology was taken to New Zealand from New South Wales by Dr Moir.
Midwives' perceptions and experiences of routine enquiry for domestic violence
Authors: Mezey Gill , Bacchus Loraine , Haworth Alison , Bewley Susan
Published: January 2004

Objective
To examine midwives' perceptions and experiences of routine enquiry for domestic violence.

Design
Focus groups and semi‐structured interviews.

Setting
The study was conducted in the maternity services of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Hospital Trust, an inner London teaching hospital.

Sample
Twenty‐eight midwives were interviewed.

Methods
One hundred and sixteen out of 145 (80%) midwives were trained to screen routinely pregnant women for domestic violence at booking, at 34 weeks of gestation and postpartum. Twenty midwives attended one of four focus groups and eight semi‐structured interviews were conducted. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using content analysis.

Main outcome measures
Midwives' views of routine enquiry for domestic violence.

Results
Midwives felt that domestic violence was an important issue to be addressed. However, practical and personal difficulties were encountered during the study. These included: time constraints, lack of confidential time, safety issues, staff shortages, low staff morale and midwives' personal experiences of domestic violence. The study produced a raised awareness about domestic violence within the maternity unit. There was considerable support for the idea of a specialist domestic violence midwife.

Conclusions
Routine enquiry for domestic violence cannot be implemented effectively without ensuring that in‐depth training, resources, staff support and policies to ensure that screening can be conducted safely and confidentially are in place.
Interaction between hormone replacement therapy preparations and oral anticoagulant therapy
Authors: McLintock L.A. , Dykes A. , Tait R.C. , Walker I.D.
Published: January 2004

There is limited information regarding the interaction of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral anticoagulants. Following the acute over‐anticoagulation of two women shortly after the initiation of tibolone, we have undertaken a retrospective review of anticoagulated women to determine if the dose of oral anticoagulants and quality of anticoagulant control are affected by the introduction of HRT. We demonstrate that acute over‐anticoagulation consistently occurs following the commencement of tibolone and requires anticoagulant dose modification to re‐establish target international normalised ratio (INR). In contrast, non‐tibolone HRT preparations do not consistently alter anticoagulant control or dose requirements.
Costing the cascade: estimating the cost of increased obstetric intervention in childbirth using population data
Authors: Tracy Sally K. , Tracy Mark B.
Published: January 2004

Objective
To estimate the cost of ‘the cascade’ of obstetric interventions introduced during labour for low risk women.

Design
A cost formula derived from population data.

Setting
New South Wales, Australia.

Population
All 171,157 women having a live baby during 1996 and 1997.

Methods
Four groups of interventions that occur during labour were identified. A cost model was constructed using the known age‐adjusted rates for low risk women having one of three birth outcomes following these pre‐specified interventions. Costs were based on statewide averages for the cost of labour and birth in hospital.

Main outcome measures
The outcome measure is an ‘average cost unit per woman’ for low risk women, predicted by the level of intervention during labour. Obstetric care is classified as either private obstetric care in a private or public hospital, or routine public hospital care.

Results
The relative cost of birth increased by up to 50% for low risk primiparous women and up to 36% for low risk multiparous women as labour interventions accumulated. An epidural was associated with a sharp increase in cost of up to 32% for some primiparous low risk women, and up to 36% for some multiparous low risk women. Private obstetric care increased the overall relative cost by 9% for primiparous low risk women and 4% for multiparous low risk women.

Conclusions
The initiation of a cascade of obstetric interventions during labour for low risk women is costly to the health system. Private obstetric care adds further to the cost of care for low risk women.
Reproducibility and reliability of pressure flow parameters in women
Authors: Digesu G. Alessandro , Hutchings Anna , Salvatore Stefano , Selvaggi Luigi , Khullar Vik
Published: January 2004

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability of pressure flow parameters in women.

Design
A prospective study.

Setting
Tertiary referral unit in a London teaching Hospital.

Population
Urodynamic traces of 621 women were studied to assess the reproducibility and reliability of pressure flow parameters.

Methods
Women with lower urinary tract symptoms were studied prospectively. Opening detrusor pressure (ODP), detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate PdetQmax, maximum flow rate (Qmax) and closure detrusor pressure (CDP) were measured by the same observer twice, one week apart. Pressure flows were compared using different media for filling (saline and contrast). All parameters were also measured in nine women from multiple voids during ambulatory urodynamics to assess their reproducibility and finally were remeasured by a second observer.

Results
There was good intra‐observer agreement for all pressure flow parameters except detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate and good inter‐observer agreement for opening detrusor pressure, closure detrusor pressure and detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate. There was no significant difference between parameters using saline or contrast (P > 0.05, independent samples t test).

Conclusion
Pressure flow parameters appear to be reproducible and consistent urodynamic measurements in women.
Improved fertility following conservative surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Bangsgaard Nannie , Lund Claus Otto , Ottesen Bent , Nilas Lisbeth
Published: January 2004

Objective
To evaluate fertility after salpingectomy or tubotomy for ectopic pregnancy.

Design
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting
Clinical University Center, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen.

Population
Two hundred and seventy‐six women undergoing salpingectomy or tubotomy for their first ectopic pregnancy between January 1992 and January 1999 and who actively attempted to conceive were followed for a minimum of 18 months.

Methods
Retrospective cohort study combined with questionnaire to compare reproductive outcome following salpingectomy or tubotomy for ectopic pregnancy. Cummulative probabilities of pregnancy for each group were calculated by the Kaplan‐Meier estimator and compared by Cox regression analysis to control for potential confounders.

Main outcome measures
Intrauterine pregnancy rates and recurrence rates of ectopic pregnancy after surgery for ectopic pregnancy.

Results
The cumulative intrauterine pregnancy rate was significantly higher after tubotomy (88%) than after salpingectomy (66%) (log rank P < 0.05) after correction for confounding factors. No difference was found in the recurrence rate of ectopic pregnancy between the treatments (16%vs 17%). In patients with contralateral tubal pathology, the chance of pregnancy was poor (hazard ratio 0.463) and the risk of recurrence was high (hazard ratio 2.25), assessed with Cox regression. The rate of persistent ectopic pregnancy was 8%.

Conclusion
Conservative surgery is superior to radical surgery at preserving fertility. Conservative surgery is not followed by an increased risk of repeat ectopic pregnancy, but by the risk of persistent ectopic pregnancy, which should be taken into account when deciding on the operative procedure. Management in case of contralateral tubal pathology is disputed and should ideally be addressed in a randomised clinical trial.
The effect of a novel vaginal ring delivering oestradiol acetate on climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women
Authors: Buckler Helen , Al‐Azzawi Farook ,   The UK VR Multicentre Trial Group
Published: January 2004

Objective
Evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of a novel vaginal ring delivering oestradiol acetate (Menoring) versus oral oestradiol for relief of climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women.

Design
Prospective, multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, comparator‐controlled, parallel group study.

Setting
Twenty‐one centres in the United Kingdom.

Population
Postmenopausal women, aged <65 years experiencing ≥20 hot flushes/night sweats per week for two consecutive weeks.

Methods
Patients received a vaginal ring releasing oestradiol acetate at a rate equivalent to 50 μg/day in addition to placebo tablets (vaginal ring group) or oral oestradiol 1 mg/day in addition to placebo vaginal ring (oral group) for 24 weeks. For patients with inadequate control of vasomotor symptoms, dosage was doubled at 12 weeks. Non‐hysterectomised women received norethisterone 1 mg/day for 12 days in each 28 day cycle.

Main outcome measures
Efficacy was assessed by change in climacteric symptoms measured by the Greene Climacteric Scale, as well as mean change in frequency of hot flushes/night sweats.

Results
A total of 159 patients were enrolled (84 vaginal ring, 75 oral). Significant improvement (P < 0.05) in mean total Greene Climacteric Scale scores in both treatment groups was observed at 12 and 24 weeks and for every subscale score including anxiety, depression and sexual dysfunction (P < 0.05). In both groups, frequency of hot flushes/night sweats was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) at 12 and 24 weeks. No significant between‐group differences were noted at 12 or 24 weeks.

Conclusions
The oestradiol vaginal ring significantly improved climacteric symptoms as measured by Greene Climacteric Scale scores and reduced the frequency of hot flushes/night sweats. Efficacy and safety of vaginal ring oestradiol were comparable with those of oral therapy. Patient evaluations of oestradiol vaginal ring tolerability and acceptability were excellent.
The in vitro effect of dual combinations of ritodrine, nicardipine and atosiban on contractility of pregnant rat myometrium
Authors: Doret Muriel , Mellier Georges , Gaucherand Pascal , Saade Georges R. , Benchaib Mehdi , Frutoso Jean , Pasquier Jean Charles
Published: January 2004

Objective To compare the tocolytic potency of ritodrine, nicardipine and atosiban, used alone and in dual combinations, to see whether combinations of these drugs, which act via different pathways, could improve inhibition of uterine contractility.

Design Study on myometrial contractility in vitro.

Setting Laboratory of physiology, Lyon, France.

Sample Longitudinal myometrial strips from non‐labouring timed pregnant Wistar rats (18 gestational days).

Methods Strips were simultaneously exposed to EC25, EC50 or EC75 of dual combinations of either ritodrine and nicardipine, ritodrine and atosiban or nicardipine and atosiban (n= 10/group). Basal contractile activity and contractile activity after addition of each combination was measured using the 10 min integral of activity. Changes were expressed as percentage from the basal 10 min integral activity. The observed percentage inhibition of activity was compared with the expected percentage inhibition in an additive pharmacological model. When no significant difference occurred, the combination was deemed simply to have an additive tocolytic effect. When inhibition of activity was significantly greater compared with the expected percentage inhibition, the combination was deemed to have a synergistic effect.

Main outcome measure Changes in integral contractile activity in response to tocolytic combinations.

Results Ritodrine and atosiban inhibited integral activity to a greater extent than expected [e.g. using EC50: observed inhibition 88.9% (13.8%) vs expected inhibition 75%; P < 0.015]. Actual inhibition by nicardipine/ritodrine [78.55% (20.4%) vs 75%; P= n.s.] and nicardipine/atosiban [78.94% (17.8%) vs 75%; P= n.s.] was not significantly different from expected.

Conclusions A combination of ritodrine plus atosiban exhibits a synergistic inhibition for myometrial activity, thus allowing the use of lower concentrations of each drug to achieve the same effect compared with each drug used alone. Combination of nicardipine plus ritodrine and nicardipine plus atosiban achieves only an additive effect. The potential for decreasing side effects (beta‐mimetics) and costs (atosiban) when using a combination in clinical practice needs to be evaluated.
The influence of pad test loss on management of women with urodynamic stress incontinence
Authors: Thomson Angus J.M. , Tincello Douglas G.
Published: January 2004

Members of the International Continence Society (UK section) were randomised to receive a scenario comprising clinical and urodynamic data of a woman with urodynamic stress incontinence, including a one‐hour pad loss of either 42 g (large loss) or 7 g (small loss). Members were asked to indicate their initial management choice from a list of four options. Three hundred and fifteen of 440 (72%) members responded. Gynaecologists and urologists were significantly more likely to choose surgical treatment for patients with a large pad loss (24%vs 8%; difference 15.8%, 95% CI 2.9–28.7), despite published data demonstrating the poor reproducibility and reliability of the pad test.
LH levels in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: have modern assays made them irrelevant?
Authors: Milsom Stella R. , Sowter Martin C. , Carter Marion A. , Knox Bruce S. , Gunn Alistair J.
Published: January 2004

Objective
To determine whether using newer monoclonal rather than polyclonal assays for measuring luteinising hormone (LH) alters the predictive value of LH and LH/follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios for polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Design
Prospective cohort study.

Setting
Fertility and Reproductive Endocrinology Clinic within a New Zealand Teaching hospital.

Population
Seventy‐eight women presenting with oligomenorrhoea or hirsutism and polycystic ovaries on pelvic ultrasound and 59 volunteer controls with ultrasonically normal ovaries and a regular menstrual cycle.

Methods
Serum LH concentrations were measured using a polyclonal radio‐immunoassay (Amerlex‐M, Johnson & Johnson) and two monoclonal immunometric assays (Immulite, DPC; Cobas Core, Hoffman La Roche). The proportion of women with an elevated serum LH concentration in each group was calculated using both current local laboratory reference intervals and a new reference range derived from our control group. The LH/FSH ratios for women in both groups were also calculated using the three different LH assays.

Main outcome measures
LH concentrations and LH:FSH ratios measured using polyclonal and monoclonal immunoassays.

Results
Using the local laboratory normal range, a significantly higher proportion of women had an elevated LH when measured with a polyclonal assay (23.1%) than when measured with a monoclonal assay (12.8% Core, 6.4% Immulite) (P < 0.05). LH/FSH ratios were significantly lower when monoclonal assay was used and receiver–operator characteristic curves suggest that LH/FSH ratios of 1 or lower provide the most reliable separation of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome from controls when these assays are used.

Conclusions
Clinicians should be aware that the use of monoclonal LH assays will result in significantly lower measured LH levels and LH/FSH ratios in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome than previously used polyclonal assays. Account should be taken of the assay type used, when using endocrinological parameters in the diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome, or the identification of women who have LH hypersecretion.
Contemporary Euroscepticism in the party systems of the European Union candidate states of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Taggart Paul , Szczerbiak Aleks
Published: January 2004

Abstract. This article examines party‐based Euroscepticism in the candidate states of Central and Eastern Europe. In an attempt to develop comparative lessons from the different cases, it presents research into the location, electoral strength and type of Euroscepticism in the party systems of these countries. The data is then used to examine six propositions about the relationship between party‐based Euroscepticism and left‐right ideological spectrum, party position in party systems, public Euroscepticism, prospects for accession, ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ Euroscepticism and state longevity. The article concludes that extending the scope of our study of Euroscepticism to the candidate states extends our understanding of Euroscepticism from its study in Western Europe and brings new insights into party systems in Central and Eastern Europe. It also offers clues as to some future effects of European Union enlargement.
Contested decisions: Empirical analysis of voting in the European Union Council of Ministers
Authors: Mattila Mikko
Published: January 2004

Abstract. This article analyses voting records of the European Union's (EU) Council of Ministers. Governments’ voting patterns are assumed to be partly affected by national‐level factors and partly by EU‐level factors. The results support the view that the political space of the EU is defined by two dimensions: the traditional left‐right dimension, and the independence versus integration dimension. In general, left‐wing governments tend to vote less against the Council majority than their right‐wing counterparts. However, if the government is a strong supporter of increased integration, its position on the left‐right dimension does not matter much. All other things being equal, pro‐integration governments are least likely to raise their voice against the Council majority. However, considerable differences are found among eurosceptic parties. Of these, right‐wing governments are the most active ‘no’ voters. In addition, large countries are more likely to vote ‘no’ than small countries. When they hold the presidency, governments take the role of arbitrator and vote less against the majority in the Council than otherwise.
Welfare regimes and the welfare mix
Authors: Powell Martin , Barrientos Armando
Published: January 2004

Abstract.We present a different approach to appraising welfare regimes, stressing different dimensions, variables and techniques to those used by Esping‐Andersen in his path‐breaking work entitledThe Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. First, instead of focusing on social rights, we construct an alternative path to identifying welfare regimes starting from the welfare mix. Second, we incorporate active labour market policies (ALMP) as a key variable of the welfare mix. Third, we use hierarchical and k‐means cluster analysis to identify welfare regimes in the data. Fourth, we compare regimes over time. Nevertheless, despite these different approaches, we conclude, like Esping‐Andersen, that there are three clusters or worlds of welfare capitalism. We also find that the clustering of welfare regimes was sharper in the mid‐1990s as compared to the mid‐1980s, but that comparing welfare regimes in the 1980s with the 1990s indicates strong path‐dependence. Faced with high and persistent levels of unemployment in the 1990s, OECD countries have adopted policies, including ALMP, which reinforce their welfare mix.
Problems of democratic governance of civil‐military relations in Turkey and the European Union enlargement zone
Authors: Cizre Umit
Published: January 2004

Abstract. In the light of the pre‐eminent role of the military in Turkish public affairs, this article seeks to assess critically the suitability of the entry criteria that Turkey must fulfil if it is to accede into the European fold. With that in mind, the article takes the idea of the ‘democratic control of the armed forces’ (Decaf), as conceived of by Western agencies such as NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) and the EU (European Union), and unravels its relevance and implications for the Turkish case. The key features of Central and Eastern European systems of civil‐military relations, which are targeted by the Decaf measures are contrasted with the Turkish case in order to show that a single‐model approach to Decaf is untenable. It is then argued that the way that the strategy that has been used for implementing Decaf is impoverished because it fails to capture the ‘real politics’ in which militaries are embedded. Based on that, the article reaches the conclusion that one of the central factors preventing Turkey's potential accession into the European fold is the prevailing civil‐military relationship. However, the approach being employed by Western agencies fails to adequately recognize and respond to the nature of that relationship.
In search of lost time: S. E. Finer, history and the science of government
Authors: Qvortrup Mads H.
Published: January 2004

Abstract. This article presents an account of Samuel E. Finer's seminal – and widely praised – study entitled The History of Government, Volumes I–III. It is argued that the Finer's magnum opus presents a continuation of the traditional British approach to the study of political science as a more – though not exclusively – ideographic discipline; one more akin to the humanities than the natural sciences. Following a discussion of Finer's place within the history of the discipline of political science, S. E. Finer's contribution to political science is presented. It is argued that The History of Government can be seen as a continuation of Finer's lifetime preoccupation with comparative government as an object of study that transcends the traditional – largely positivist – approach to the social sciences. Finally, it is suggested that Finer's approach points towards a post‐positivist turn in political science, and that his contribution, and the results he produces, necessitates a re‐thinking of the current – Americanised – approach to the study of government.
Reclaiming SPSSI's Radical Promise: A Critical Look at JSI's “Impact of Welfare Reform” Issue
Authors: Steinitz Vicky , Mishler Elliot G.
Published: January 2004

Studies of the impact of welfare reform reported in the Winter 2000 issue of JSI uniformly conclude that the results are mixed. Uncritically accepting the “official story” that success can be evaluated by the numbers of former welfare recipients who are working, the researchers, adopting a neutral “objective” perspective, focus on “barriers” to achieving this goal. We argue that this “honest broker” model, in which researchers provide “scientific” data to those in power, neglects the roles of social psychologists as social critics and political activists that were among the diverse perspectives among SPSSI's founders. We call for a rebirth of these more radical orientations and offer examples of research approaches that involve entering into alliances with oppressed groups in society. We hope our critique will stimulate wider discussion about SPSSI's future mission.
Cleansing, dehydrating, barrier‐damaging and irritating hyperaemising effect of four detergent brands: comparative studies using standardised washing models
Authors: Gloor Max , Wasik Barbara , Gehring Wolfgang , Grieshaber Romano , Kleesz Peter , Fluhr Joachim W.
Published: January 2004

Background and problem: It is well known that the damaging effect of surfactants on the stratum corneum varies according to the surfactant used. The present investigations aim to compare four standard commercial cleansing solutions (Esemptan® Cleansing Lotion, Stephalen® Shower Gel, Manipur® Antimicrobial Cleansing Solution and Tork® Mevon 55TM Liquid Soap) with respect to their cleansing and skin barrier‐damaging effects.

Material and methods: The cleansing effect of the solutions was determined in relation to their concentrations in a first experimental series involving 15 subjects using a standardised test method. The product concentrations with the most divergent cleansing effects were tested for their dehydrating (corneometry), epidermal barrier‐damaging (TEWL) and irritating effects (laser Doppler) in a standardised washing test. In a second experimental series, the concentration used for the cleansing solutions was based on the quantity of cleansing solution obtained from dispenser actuations (six actuations/L). These concentrations were used to test the cleansing and damaging effect on the stratum corneum using the same methods as in the first experimental series.

Results: There were no significant differences in the first experimental series. In the second experimental series, Stephalen® Shower Gel showed disadvantages in terms of a small cleansing effect, but without evidence of a smaller stratum corneum‐damaging effect, and Tork® Mevon 55TM Liquid Soap showed advantages in terms of a smaller stratum corneum‐damaging effect, but without evidence of a smaller cleansing effect.

Conclusions: These studies showed that the relationship between the cleansing and the damaging effect on the stratum corneum can be properly assessed only by testing different concentrations. Furthermore, this experimental approach allowed to differentiate the four tested cleansing solutions.
Barrier repair in chronic plaque‐type psoriasis
Authors: Goon Anthony Teik‐Jin , Yosipovitch Gil , Chan Yiong‐Huak , Goh Chee‐Leok
Published: January 2004

Purpose: To investigate barrier repair after mild trauma in lesional skin of psoriasis patients with chronic plaque‐type disease and to compare this with non‐involved psoriatic skin and normal controls.

Methods: Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) readings were taken from involved psoriatic skin and non‐involved skin of psoriasis patients as well as the skin of normal controls. Three readings were performed at each site: the basal state, immediately after 20 tape strippings and 1 week post stripping.

Results: Higher baseline, post‐stripping and 1‐week recovery TEWL readings in psoriatic‐involved skin compared to non‐involved and normal control skin. No significant difference in barrier recovery rate in psoriatic‐involved skin compared to non‐involved and normal control.

Conclusion: Although there appears to be a derangement of barrier function in lesional skin of psoriasis patients compared to non‐lesional skin and the skin of healthy controls, the barrier recovery function of lesional psoriatic skin is still fully operational.
Measurement of hydration in the stratum corneum with the MoistureMeter and comparison with the Corneometer
Authors: Alanen Esko , Nuutinen Jouni , Nicklén Kirsi , Lahtinen Tapani , Mönkkönen Jukka
Published: January 2004

Background/purpose: MoistureMeter is a novel capacitive device for measuring the hydration of stratum corneum (SC). The capacitor ‘plates’ are formed by the probe material and the well‐conducting epidermal–dermal skin layers, while the dry layer of SC acts as an ‘insulator’ of the capacitor. Due to this measurement principle, the measurement depth is not constant, but equal to the thickness of the dry layer of SC. The present study was undertaken to test the MoistureMeter SC‐2 in an experimental setup simulating the uppermost skin structure. The sensitivity of the MoistureMeter was compared with a conventional device Corneometer CM 820 in eight healthy volunteers.

Methods: The experimental setup consisted of a polyethene foil simulating SC and a mixture of cellulose and saline simulating the underlying skin layers with a high water content. The hydration of SC of volar forearm was measured in eight healthy volunteers both with the MoistureMeter SC‐2 and Corneometer CM 820 after the application of three different skin formulations: base, base plus salt (2 wt% NaCl), base plus salt and glycerin (5 wt%). In the sorption–desorption test, the skin was wetted with a drop of water and the dehydration was followed with both devices for 2 min.

Results: The test with the experimental setup agreed with the results predicted by the mathematical capacitance model. The hydration values of the MoistureMeter SC‐2 and Corneometer CM 820 correlated well (R=0.75), but the relative range of readings with the MoistureMeter was approximately three times larger than with Corneometer. The MoistureMeter was insensitive for the salt (2 wt% NaCl) of the formulation and differentiated the hydration effect of glycerin better than the Corneometer. In the sorption–desorption test, the MoistureMeter demonstrated the individual differences between the volunteers, whereas with the Corneometer the differences were minimal.

Conclusion: The capacitive measuring principle of the MoistureMeter was demonstrated in an experimental arrangement. Although both instruments yielded equivalent data with the base formulation, the MoistureMeter was a more sensitive device than the Corneometer CM 820 and independent of added salt in the formulations.
Do ethnicity and gender have an impact on pain thresholds in minor dermatologic procedures?
Authors: Yosipovitch Gil , Meredith Gregory , Chan Yiong Huak , Goh Chee Leok
Published: January 2004

Background and Objectives: The perception of pain is a personal experience influenced by many factors, including genetic, ethnic and cultural issues. Understanding these perceptions is especially important in dermatologic patients undergoing minor surgical operations and who often differ in their pain response to surgical treatments. Little is known about how these differences affect the perception of experimental pain. The purpose of this study was to determine experimental pain perception differences in three distinct East Asian ethnic populations.

Methods: Pain thresholds were examined with a psychophysical computerized quantitative thermal sensory testing device (TSA 2001) in healthy volunteers recruited from three different Asian ethnic groups. Using the methods of limits, experimental pain perception threshold was measured on the forehead and volar aspect of the forearm in 49 healthy subjects. The measurements were then repeated after skin barrier perturbation with adhesive tape stripping of the stratum corneum. All three ethnic groups were analyzed separately with respect to age, gender educational level and skin type.

Results: A total of 20 Chinese, 14 Malay and 15 Indian subjects completed the study. Thermal pain thresholds were similar in all three ethnic groups before and after tape strippings. No significant differences were noted between genders.

Conclusions: Using quantitative sensory thermal testing, we demonstrated that no significant differences in pain occur between different races and genders.