bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FABABEANS IN THE DIETS OF YOUNG HOLSTEIN CALVES AND LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Authors: INGALLS J. R. , McKIRDY J. A. , SHARMA H. R.
Published: March 2010

Growth studies were carried out with calves from 0 to 7 wk and from 8 to 20 wk of age. During the first phase, 36 Holstein calves (male and female) were assigned to two calf starters containing either 13% soybean meal or 30% coarsely ground fababeans (Acker Perle) which were fed free choice. Similar feed intake and growth performances were observed for the two groups. During the 8–20 wk period, the above calves plus eight more (females) were placed on test and assigned to four diets containing either 10% soybean meal, 3.5% soybean meal + 0.8% urea, 24% fababeans or 8.5% fababeans + 0.8% urea as the supplementary nitrogen sources. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed for feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency ratios among the four treatments. Replacement of soybean meal with fababeans in two experiments had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on feed intake, milk yield or milk composition, but did result in greater (P < 0.05) loss in body weight of cows receiving the fababeans containing diets in one experiment. Cows receiving 50% grain diets consumed more (P < 0.01) hay DM and less (P < 0.05) grain supplement than those fed 70% grain diets and a similar amount of total dry matter. This significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the acetate:propionate ratios and the milk fat (%) between the two levels of grain feedings. With similar levels of fibre in the diets, replacing soybean meal with fababeans had no apparent effect on fat test; however, milk protein content was reduced (P < 0.05).
THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF LIME ON CROP YIELDS, pH, AND OTHER CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A GREY WOODED SOIL BROKEN TO DIFFERENT DEPTHS
Authors: Hamilton Herman A. , Levesque M. , Lessard J. R.
Published: March 2010

A virgin Grey Wooded soil in which soil pH increased with depth of profile was ploughed to different depths on first breaking the land. It was observed that irrespective of depth of ploughing, calcitic limestone applied at 2 and 4 tons per acre respectively still exerted an effect on crop yields 7 years after application. The predominant effect of increases in soil pH and crop yields were attributable to lime, though with 6-in. ploughing nitrogen had a significant effect in increasing soil pH but no significant effect on crop yields. Phosphorus did not significantly affect soil pH with any of the ploughing treatments imposed, but had some effect on crop yields with 6-in. ploughing and 24-in. ploughing. In the absence of lime application, soil pH decreased substantially in the first year of cropping and then remained fairly constant. An application of 2 tons of lime per acre was just sufficient to maintain the natural pH of the different soil layers and yet caused substantial increases in crop yields. With 4 tons of lime per acre, the increase in soil pH was at a maximum in the first year after application, and with 6-in. ploughing was maintained at this level. However with 12-in. ploughing and 24-in. ploughing the maximum pH attained was not maintained.Lime applied to the surface soil affected soil pH in the subsurface soil.Irrespective of initial ploughing treatment on breaking the land, lime decreased organic matter and increased Bray 'acid-soluble' phosphorus in the surface soil. With 6-in. and 12-in. ploughing, lime increased Bray 'adsorbed' phosphorus, but caused a decrease with 24-in. ploughing. On the application of lime, increases in Bray 'acid-soluble' phosphorus were in general more pronounced than increases in Bray 'adsorbed' phosphorus.
CONTROL OF THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF THATCHER WHEAT BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND MOISTURE STRESS
Authors: Hutcheon W. L. , Paul E. A.
Published: March 2010

Experiments are reported in which it was shown that the protein content of spring wheat, grown in the growth chamber, could be effectively controlled by nitrogen supply and soil moisture stress. Protein contents above 16% were obtained only where yields were below the maximum attainable. In the protein range from 11 to 16%, it was possible to increase both protein and yields concurrently; protein contents higher than 16% were realized only where a growth factor such as moisture was below optimum for maximum yields.Moderate moisture stresses resulted in maximum efficiency of water use by the crop. High levels of nitrogen had more influence on the growth of straw than grain; the straw/grain ratio widened with increasing increments of nitrogen
THE EXTRACTION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER BY BASE AND CHELATING RESIN
Authors: Levesque M. , Schnitzer M.
Published: March 2010

not available
NEAR-NEUTRAL ORGANIC SOILS FOUND IN INTERIOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Ryswyk A. L. van , Pringle W. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF LIME ON POTATO CROPS AND ON PROPERTIES OF A SPHAGNUM PEAT SOIL
Authors: MacLean A. J. , Jasmin J. J. , Halstead R. L.
Published: March 2010

Limestone applied at the rate of 6.7 metric tons/ha to a raw peat soil (pH 3.7) increased the yield of potatoes in a field experiment by 5.5 tons/ha. Higher rates of lime gave no further increase. In the three subsequent years the yield was just as satisfactory on the unlimed plots as on those receiving the 6.7-ton rate and the yield was depressed by higher rates of lime.Limestone, particularly at the higher rates, tended to increase hygroscopic moisture, volume weight, ash, CEC and solubility in pyrophosphate solution and to decrease C and the C/N ratio of the soil. Although these changes were small they were indicative of a beneficial effect of lime on humification of the peat.
MINIMUM TILLAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR SUMMERFALLOW IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Molberg E. S. , McCurdy E. V. , Wenhardt A. , Dew D. A. , Dryden R. D.
Published: March 2010

Experiments at seven locations in Western Canada between 1956 and 1961 indicated that three or four tillage operations were usually enough for satisfactory weed control on summerfallow, and generally provided highest yields of grain. Two tillage operations were not sufficient. The herbicides that were available did not control all of the weeds that were present. Nitrate nitrogen accumulation at the end of the summerfallow period was greater when weeds were adequately controlled by tillage than with incomplete control. Different amounts of tillage had little effect on soil-moisture conservation. The use of herbicides without tillage resulted in inadequate weed control in most years, and slightly less moisture was stored.
ALUMINUM REMOVED FROM SOLUTION BY MONTMORILLONITE
Authors: Turner R. C.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were made to investigate the effect of experimental conditions on the forms of Al adsorbed from solution by clays. It was found that when Ca(OH)2 was added to suspensions of clay in approximately 10−2 M solutions of AlCl3, the titration curves of the 2 N NaCl extracts of the clays showed one buffer zone between pH 4 and 5. If the Ca(OH)2 was mixed with the AlCl3 solution before adding the clay, the titration curves of the NaCl extracts showed, besides the normal buffer zone between pH 4 and 5, a second one near pH 6. Since the Al material that titrated near pH 6 was formed in the mixtures of Ca(OH)2 and AlCl3, removed from the dilute salt solutions by clay and released again to 2 N NaCl, it was assumed to be positively charged, exchangeable, polymeric Al ions. These polymeric ions were depolymerized and measured as monomers by the aluminon method. Heating the clay-AlCl3 suspensions, to which Ca(OH)2 had been added, to 100 °C also produced these exchangeable, polymeric Al ions but in this case they were not depolymerized and measured by the aluminon method.
REACTION PRODUCTS OF ORTHOPHOSPHATES IN SOILS CONTAINING VARYING AMOUNTS OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
Authors: Racz G. J. , Soper R. J.
Published: March 2010

The reaction products formed when orthophosphates (pellets) were added to 22 soils, with different calcium and magnesium contents, were identified. Di-calcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4∙2H2O) formed in the soils having a water-soluble calcium to magnesium ratio of approximately 1.5 or greater. Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and/or dimagnesium phosphate trihydrate (MgHPO4∙3H2O) formed in soils having a water-soluble calcium to magnesium ratio of less than 1.5.Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and dimagnesium phosphate trihydrate precipitated in filtrates of two dolomitic soils shaken for 15 min with saturated solutions of KH2PO4and NH4H2PO4. Octacalcium phosphate (Ca4H (PO4)3∙3H2O) and trimagnesium phosphate tetrahydrate (Mg3(PO4)2∙4H2O) precipitated in filtrates of these soils when saturated solutions of K2HPO4and (NH4)2HPO4were used.Trimagnesium phosphate twenty-two hydrate (Mg3((PO4)2∙22H2O) formed when dimagnesium phosphate trihydrate was added to a soil containing large amounts of magnesium.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND CHEMICAL CRITERIA OF SOME SOLONETZIC SOILS OF NORTHWESTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Reeder S. W. , Arshad M. A. , Odynsky Wm.
Published: March 2010

The Solonetzic soils of this study included three profiles at each of two widely separated sites that had a range in morphological characteristics from Solonetz to Solod soils. The soils had developed under similar conditions and were as identical between sites as could be determined by field methods.Clay mineral properties, particle size distribution, and total chemical composition of the soils revealed the uniformity of materials within and between sites.Differences in the soils, within and between sites, were disclosed by exchange analysis, soluble salt analysis, pH's and water stability of aggregates.The results of this study indicate that pH as well as Al3+ and exchange acidity content play a role in determining aggregate stability in these soils. Some hypotheses of the formation of stable structure in the B horizons of these soils are discussed in the light of the evidence presented.
OCCURRENCE OF SOIL SALINITY IN THE DRY LANDS OF SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Greenlee G. M. , Pawluk S. , Bowser W. E.
Published: March 2010

Considerable groundwater seepage has occurred in the Vulcan region of southwestern Alberta, and high salt concentrations have accumulated in the soil. A study of aerial photographs indicates that the extent of salinity is steadily increasing.Soluble-salt analysis of groundwater, soil and parent geologic-material samples suggests that bedrock, and to a lesser extent till, are the salt sources. Studies of groundwater movement, by means of a dye indicator, piezometers, and water-table levels in shallow wells, suggest both regional and local groundwater flow systems.There has been extensive soil salinization in the area; however, Solonetzic morphological features are not evident in all soils.
CONDUCTANCE OF ADSORBED SODIUM IONS IN BENTONITE, SILT, AND SAND MIXTURES
Authors: Schaik J. C. van
Published: March 2010

The effect on electrical conductance of adding silt and sand to bentonite gels was studied. Maximum values for the apparent equivalent conductance were found for all samples in a range of volumetric moisture contents from 0.88 to 0.95. The addition of silt to bentonite gels increased the equivalent conductance by a factor of at least 1.3. This effect was not so pronounced when only sand was added. Indications are that the addition of silt increases the tortuosity factor.
PEAK FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF ORCHARDS AS AFFECTED BY SOIL TEXTURE AND PEAK EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Authors: Wilcox J. C.
Published: March 2010

A scheduling procedure was used in 17 orchards, from 1962 to 1965 inclusive, to determine the peak flow of irrigation water required per unit area of land. Irrigation was by the sprinkler method, with portable pipe settings of 12 hours. Peak flow was determined on a steady-flow basis during periods of peak evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration (ET) was determined by use of evaporimeters. The texture and the water-holding capacity of the soil were also determined. Highly significant coefficients of correlation were obtained between the peak flow required and each of percent sand, average ET per day during the period of peak ET, depth of water applied at each irrigation, length of irrigation interval and various other factors. High correlation coefficients were also obtained among the factors studied. Regression of percent sand and peak ET on peak flow accounted for 90.6% of the variations in peak flow; regression of depth per application and length of irrigation interval accounted for 84.1%. It is suggested that peak flow was affected directly by the depth of water applied at each irrigation and by the length of the "safe" irrigation interval, and indirectly by other factors.
REACTIONS OF PHOSPHATE WITH ALUMINUM AND WYOMING BENTONITE
Authors: Webber M. D. , Clark J. S.
Published: March 2010

Reactions between phosphate, Al and Wyoming bentonite in aqueous suspensions were studied under two conditions: (1) H3PO4 was added after interlayer hydroxy aluminum complexes had been formed by the addition of Ca(OH)2 to AlCl3 + bentonite suspensions; and (2) H3PO4 was added to AlCl3 + bentonite suspensions before the addition of Ca(OH)2. The suspensions were aerated and maintained at 25 °C.When H3PO4 was added after the formation of hydroxy aluminum complexes, the results were not significantly different from those when Ca(OH)2 was added to suspensions containing both AlCl3 and H3PO4. Phosphate was removed from solution and an interlayer hydrous aluminum phosphate was formed which increased the d(001) spacings of the bentonite. The amount of phosphate removed from solution increased to a maximum with increasing amounts of H3PO4 added and over this range there was no change in cation exchange capacity (CEC). Large amounts of H3PO4 increased the CEC of the bentonite. A major part of the reaction was completed within 24 hours and the values of pH changed only slightly from 1 to 120 days.Values of the (Al) (OH)2(H2PO4) ion product measured after aging for 14 days were larger than would have been maintained by crystalline variscite, but X-ray diffraction studies showed no evidence for formation of a separate crystalline phosphate phase.
MODIFICATION OF THE ASCORBIC ACID METHOD FOR DETERMINING PHOSPHORUS IN DILUTE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Omanwar P. K. , Robertson J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
CONCENTRATIONS OF SOIL NUTRIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER FIRE
Authors: SMITH D. W.
Published: March 2010

Large amounts of nutrients from the L-H horizons and 0–2 cm of mineral soil were either redistributed at mineral soil depths or removed by leaching within a 15-month period after severe fire in jack pine barren lands in northern Ontario. Losses and redistribution by leaching were attributed to the large decrease in amount of organic matter (79 to 91%) and a decrease in exchange capacity of the L-H horizons as a result of burning. Increased solubility of the nutrients deposited in ash contributed to their vulnerability to leaching.Leaching of sodium, potassium and calcium was greatest during the first 3-month period after fire. Differential leaching resulted from the differing adsorption properties of the cations; more potassium was leached in comparison with calcium. Decreases in levels of extractable iron, aluminum and phosphorus may have been partly the result of their fixation in unavailable form, but leaching was responsible for 48% of the decrease in extractable phosphorus from the surface horizons over the 15-month period.
MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TEN REDDISH BROWN SOILS FROM THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES IN RELATION TO PARENT MATERIALS AND PEDOGENESIS
Authors: McKEAGUE J. A. , BRYDON J. E.
Published: March 2010

The clay mineralogy data were consistent with previous findings in showing marked weathering in the Ae horizons of Podzols (Spodosols), an intermediate degree of weathering in Degraded Dystric Brunisols (Cryochrepts), and weak weathering in the Ae horizons of Luvisols (Alfisols). Mica was apparently partly altered to montmorillonite and chlorite was weathered out of the clay of Podzol Ae horizons, but chlorite remained and only slight alteration of mica to vermiculite had occurred in Luvisol Ae horizons. The apparent weathering of clays in the Gleysolic (Aqualf and Aquept) Ae horizons varied. In one, the clay mineralogy was like that of a Podzol Ae, but in another little weathering was evident. Thus, in general, but not in all instances, clay mineralogy was related to the classification of the soils based on morphological, physical, and chemical data.Both the sand and the clay mineralogy indicated some differences in parent materials, and some relationships of the soil materials with the underlying bedrock.
BORON DEFICIENCY IN TURNIP RAPE GROWN ON GRAY WOODED SOILS
Authors: Nyborg M. , Hoyt P. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
DETERMINATION OF CARBON AND SULFUR IN SOIL EXTRACTS BY DRY COMBUSTION USING A HIGH TEMPERATURE INDUCTION FURNACE
Authors: Lavkulich L. M. , Dairon P. A. , Spindler B. von
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF FREEZING AND THAWING ON SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THREE SOILS
Authors: Hinman W. C.
Published: March 2010

The effect of continuous freezing at −15 C and alternate freezing and thawing on some chemical properties of three Saskatchewan soils was determined. The results are based on soils treated while moist with methyl bromide and freeze-dried following the frost treatments. The freezing effects were obtained by comparisons with air-dried control samples. Alternate freezing and thawing resulted in a large increase in exchangeable NH4-N and a small but significant decrease in exchangeable K; there was no effect on cation exchange capacity or exchangeable Ca++ and Mg++. Freezing and thawing did not affect NO3-N content. Dilute NaHCO3-extractable N and water-soluble carbohydrates, as indices of available N, increased sharply after continuous freezing, but alternate freezing and thawing gave a further increase in NaHCO3-extractable N only in one soil. There was an increase in NaHCO3-extractable P after continuous freezing and a further significant increase following alternate freezing and thawing. The large increase in exchangeable NH4-N as a result of alternate freezing and thawing was not reflected in an increase in N uptake by barley seedlings grown on the frost treated soils. Generally there was good agreement between N uptake and available N results. The uptake of P by the barley seedlings did not reflect the increase in NaHCO3-extractable P as a result of the frost treatments.
RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C. , MacLEOD L. B.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam soil under greenhouse and field conditions to determine the optimum levels of Cu in cereal crops. An application of 0.5 ppm Cu to the soil, under greenhouse conditions, resulted in percent yield increases of about 38, 180 and 500 for kernels of wheat, barley and oats, respectively. Under field conditions, Cu application, in general, did not affect the kernel yield or the weight of 1000 kernels of any of the three cereal crops. Under greenhouse conditions, without applied Cu, wheat and barley heads were 10 to 14 days later in emerging. For maximum yields under greenhouse conditions, the optimum content of Cu in plant tissues at the boot stage was 3.2 to 3.3 ppm for wheat and oats, and 4.8 ppm for barley. A Cu content of 2.3, 2.0 and 1.8 ppm in wheat, barley and oat kernels, respectively, appeared to be sufficient. For straw, a Cu content of 3.9, 3.0 and 2.3 ppm in wheat, barley and oats, respectively, appeared to be adequate for optimum growth of the crops. In general, the Cu content of kernels from field tests was higher than that of kernels from greenhouse tests. Under field conditions, Cu applications did not increase the Cu content of either the boot stage tissue or of the kernels. The results indicated that exchangeable (oxalate-extractable) Cu content of about 1.2 to 1.8 ppm in soil is indicative of Cu deficiency for growing cereal crops under greenhouse conditions.
HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF DISTURBED AND UNDISTURBED SOILS
Authors: SHAYKEWICH C. F.
Published: March 2010

Studies showed that sample disturbance influenced water retention, lower limit of available water and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Significant differences in water retention due to sample disturbance occurred more frequently at low than at high suction. Results showed that sample disturbance may influence unsaturated hydraulic conductivity by changing area of water flow and/or tortuosity. A modified Millington and Quirk method did not adequately predict measured hydraulic conductivity, in either disturbed or undisturbed soils. In view of theoretical objections to extension of capillary theory to the dry end of the available water range, and the relative ease of direct measurements, it is suggested that direct measurement is the only reliable procedure available.
PHOSPHOLIPID COMPONENTS EXTRACTED FROM SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: KOWALENKO C. G. , McKERCHER R. B.
Published: March 2010

Soil phospholipids and their hydrolysis products, examined by thin-layer chromatography and selective sprays, revealed two major components, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline. Phosphatidyl choline represented about 40% of the total phospholipid P and phosphatidyl ethanolamine about 30%. Small quantities of lyso-phosphatidyl choline were isolated from one soil. It is suggested that a study of the fatty acid constituents of phospholipids may indicate whether their source is largely from microorganisms or plant residues.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS PERIODS OF SEED-DOWN TO ALFALFA AND BROMEGRASS ON SOIL NITROGEN
Authors: FERGUSON W. S. , GORBY B. J.
Published: March 2010

Total soil nitrogen decreased substantially during the 12-year period (1954 to 1965) in a coarse-textured Chernozemic soil located at Brandon, Manitoba. The amount of nitrogen loss was related to cropping practices. The loss was 24% when the soils were continuously summerfallowed and 16% when the soil was producing alfalfa, during eight of the 12 years. Other perennial crops (bromegrass, and a mixture of bromegrass and alfalfa) had similar effects on total nitrogen to those of alfalfa. The loss of soil nitrogen was inversely proportional to the intensity of cropping during the 12-year period. The availability of soil nitrogen, as assessed for wheat production during the four-year period 1966 to 1969, was directly proportional to the intensity of cropping during 1954 to 1965, and was increased by alfalfa production. The total nitrogen absorbed by three crops of wheat was closely related to the amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil to a depth of 122 cm at the beginning of the three years of production. It was not related to total soil nitrogen. The protein content of the grain was related to intensity of cropping and alfalfa production. The change in the amount of nitrogen in the amino acid, hexosamine, ammonia, and unidentified fractions of an acid hydrolysate of these soils was proportional to the change in total soil nitrogen. It did not appear to be related to changes in available nitrogen as measured by soil nitrate, plant nitrogen absorption or nitrate released on aerobic incubation.
EVALUATING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOIL PROPERTIES BY COMPUTER ANALYSIS
Authors: McKEAGUE J. A. , DAY J. H. , SHIELDS J. A.
Published: March 2010

Data for 16 measured and seven calculated properties of 461 samples from 115 soils occurring in various parts of Canada were coded, and a correlation analysis was run on the data for various groups of samples. In general, correlations of color value and organic matter were moderately high (|r| > 0.5) and significant, but for 21 Podzol Ae horizons the correlation was very low (r = −0.13) and not significant. Chroma and dithionite Fe were significantly correlated for several groups of samples but not for Podzolic B (spodic) horizons or Bm horizons. Linear regression equations expressing cation exchange capacity and pH-dependent charge as functions of organic matter and other variables fitted the data reasonably well. The danger of generalizing from presumed relationships among soil properties was indicated but, for some groups of samples, useful relationships existed between visible soil properties and properties measured in the laboratory.
OBSERVATIONS ON CLAY-SIZE ORGANO-MINERAL COMPLEXES ISOLATED FROM SOIL BY ULTRASONIC DISPERSION
Authors: Lowe L. E. , Parasher C. D.
Published: March 2010

not available
DISTRIBUTION OF IRON, CLAY AND EXTRACTABLE IRON AND ALUMINUM IN SOME SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: STONEHOUSE H. B. , St. ARNAUD R. J.
Published: March 2010

The variability of oxalate- and dithionite-extractable iron and aluminum throughout the soil profile and their relationship to total iron and clay contents were investigated for soils representative of the Chernozemic, Solonetzic, Luvisolic and Gleysolic soil orders of Saskatchewan. These distributions and relationships are similar for Chernozemic, Solonetzic and Luvisolic soils. They indicate comigration of iron and clay. Oxalate-extractable iron is low and relatively constant throughout the depth of the soil. Dithionite-extractable iron is somewhat higher and always exhibits a maximum in the B horizons. In all but the Luvisolic soils, the ratios of dithionite-extractable iron to clay are significantly higher in the Ae horizon than in the B horizons. This reflects a higher content of dithionite-extractable iron in the coarse clay fraction than in the fine clay fraction of these soils. Gleysolic soils show different relationships in some respects; oxalate-extractable iron equals that extracted by dithionite in the Ae horizon, reflecting the effect of reducing conditions on iron extractability.
INFLUENCE OF ALTERNATE FREEZING AND THAWING ON THE AVAILABILITY OF SOME SOIL MINERALS
Authors: CHENG B. T. , BOURGET S. J. , OUELLETTE G. J.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-gram portions of Tilly soil of three particle sizes (< 1.68 mm, < 0.250 mm, and < 0.149 mm) were placed in flasks and incubated for over periods of one, three and six weeks at water contents of 80 and 200% of field moisture capacity. They were either frozen and thawed once or repeatedly frozen and thawed. The recycling of freezing and thawing under flooded conditions increased the exchangeable manganese and iron of the soil but decreased the amount of exchangeable calcium and potassium. Increasing the soil moisture content increased the availability of soil manganese and iron. The solubility of potassium and calcium, however, was not affected by soil moisture. In all instances, the availability of certain soil minerals increased with decreasing soil particle size. Significant interactions between moisture level, particle size and freezing and thawing treatments on the mineralization of nutrient elements in the soil is also discussed.
USE OF QUARTZ, ZIRCONIUM AND TITANIUM AS INDICES IN PEDOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: SUDOM M. D. , ST. ARNAUD R. J.
Published: March 2010

Four soils, two of which had developed from deposits with visible unconformities, served as a basis for evaluating the use of quartz, ZrO2 and TiO2 as resistant indicators in pedological studies. Contents and ratios of these components for individual size fractions, the total non-clay fraction, and the total soil were compared. Values for individual fractions serve to differentiate and characterize underlying geological strata; changes in particle size distribution and clay translocation within solum horizons necessitate the use of the total non-clay fraction for establishing the original uniformity of soil deposits. Both quartz and zirconium are reliable indices upon which to base quantitative evaluation of pedogenic changes when the total > 2 μ fraction is used, providing that original uniformity of the soil deposit has been established. The mobilization of titanium in all fractions during soil weathering limits its usefulness in this regard. Except for the surface layers, in which anomalous zirconium values were obtained, quartz and ZrO2 provided similar values of calculated losses and gains within horizons of the Orthic Gray Luvisol studied. Significant changes in particle size distribution resulting from physical breakdown in the A horizon, as well as clay translocation and formation within the solum, were recorded.
RECOVERY OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES FROM CHERNOZEMIC SOILS
Authors: HEAD W. K. , McKERCHER R. B.
Published: March 2010

A63Ni EC-GLC technique was used to investigate the recovery of several chlorine-containing pesticides from three typical Chernozemic soils at various moisture contents. Maximum average recoveries of aldrin, dieldrin, lindane and triallate from soil fortified at the 0.02-ppm level ranged from 77 ± 11% to 117 ± 3.1%. Maximum recoveries of p,p′-DDT added to the soil at the 0.2-ppm level ranged from 72 ± 1.5 to 92 ± 1.7%. Moistening the soil prior to extraction was generally beneficial; however, the optimum moisture content appeared dependent on both the pesticide and the soil. Residues of these chemicals were estimated in a few cultivated fields and in soils under trees which had been treated with DDT. Amounts of chemicals in cultivated fields were less than 0.1 ppm but DDT residues in the soil under treated trees were considerably higher, probably due both to application methods and to rates of treatment.
LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY SEEDLING GROWTH AS AFFECTED BY SOIL TYPE
Authors: Jackson L. P. , Hall I. V. , Aalders L. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, TEMPERATURE, AND MOISTURE REGIME ON THE YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF NEEPAWA WHEAT
Authors: PARTRIDGE J. R. D. , SHAYKEWICH C. F.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted in growth chambers growing wheat on a soil initially low in NO3-N. At rates up to 100 ppm N, grain yield increased with succeeding increments of fertilizer-N. Increased temperatures (15, 21, and 25 C) significantly decreased grain yield in most instances. Low to moderate stress soil moisture regimes (0.3–0.5 and 0.3–2.8 bars) had no significant influence on grain yield. A line was plotted for percent protein vs. added fertilizer-N resulting in a concave protein curve, with an initial decrease in protein to 50 ppm N and a subsequent rise with 100 and 200 ppm N. At each level of N, a close negative correlation was shown between percent protein and grain yield. The effect of increased temperature in increasing percent protein was found to be mostly an indirect effect through the influence of temperature on grain yield. Moisture regime was found to have no significant direct effect on percent protein.
EFFECTS OF SOLONETZ SOIL HORIZON MIXING ON THE AVAILABILITY OF NITROGEN TO PLANTS IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: CAIRNS R. R.
Published: March 2010

Samples of individual and mixed horizons of Solonetz soils were incubated and analyzed for NO3-N. Similar samples were used for the production of barley seedlings in which the plant uptake of N was measured. The measurement of NO3-N in soils after incubation showed, in general, that there was less mineralization of N in mixed horizons than in Ap horizons, although for three of the four soils, N taken up by barley seedlings was greater from the mixed horizons than from the Ap horizons.
SEWAGE SLUDGE AS A FERTILIZER
Authors: MILNE R. A. , GRAVELAND D. N.
Published: March 2010

not available
SOIL MORPHOLOGY AND SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. I. SOIL AERATION
Authors: AYRES K. W. , BUTTON R. G. , JONG E. DE
Published: March 2010

The relation between soil structure and soil aeration was investigated on undisturbed soil cores from soil horizons exhibiting six distinct kinds of soil structure (prismatic, columnar, blocky, granular, platy, massive) over a broad range of soil texture. Soil aeration was characterized at ⅓ atm suction by measurements of air porosity, relative diffusivity (D/Do) and the rate of oxygen diffusion to a platinum microelectrode (ODR). Aeration was adequate in most of the Chernozemic soil horizons studied; however, aeration in many of the Bnt horizons of the Solonetzic soils was inadequate. Air porosity and D/Do were highly correlated. The regression coefficient for D/Do vs. air porosity for blocky structures was significantly different from that found for the other five structural types. For granular structures a negative correlation was found for ODR vs. air porosity compared with a low positive correlation found for the other structure types.
A STUDY OF FOREST SOILS AND LEACHATES ON SLOPING TOPOGRAPHY USING A TENSION LYSIMETER
Authors: BOURGEOIS W. W. , LAVKULICH L. M.
Published: March 2010

Acrylic tension lysimeters were used to collect both vertically and horizontally moving water from soils at two different forest sites on sloping topography. The leachates were analyzed for ion content and the values compared within each soil, between soils, and relative to soil properties. The topographically lower site (Whatcom soil) had an accumulative leachate volume collected over the 4-month study period of 2387.4 liters, whereas the upper slope soil (Blaney series) yielded only 901.2 liters of leachate. Collected leachate volumes varied within each pedon as expressed by the Whatcom soil values of 22.8 liters from the surface soil horizons increasing to 1184.0 liters from the horizons immediately above the impervious glacial material. Downslope movement of water occurred throughout each pedon but to a greater extent in the subsurface horizons. Although more leachate was collected from the Whatcom soil, the ionic concentrations were similar between the two sites. Within the pedons the podzol B horizons had the highest ion concentrations. The general order of cation abundance was [Formula: see text], which was explained by the mineralogical composition of the soils. The anions varied in their abundance but bicarbonate was generally the most abundant. Seasonal trends were indicated in both anion and cation leachate concentrations. The volume of leachate collected and the similarity of ion concentrations between the two sites added support to previous studies relating forest site quality to soil parameters.
OXIDATION OF MANGANESE BY MICROORGANISMS IN MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF NEWFOUNDLAND SOIL
Authors: IVARSON K. C. , HERINGA P. K.
Published: March 2010

Manganese pans, found in coarse-textured soil material underlying acid peat deposits in the humid regions of Newfoundland, were examined for the presence of microorganisms capable of oxidizing and precipitating manganese in agar media and from solution. Microorganisms of the genera Sphaerotilus (Leptothrix), Pedomicrobium, Metallogenium, Kusnezovia, Caulococcus, and Siderococcus, which are known manganese oxidizers, were not detected. Microorganisms resembling Hyphomicrobium, which have been found to take part in manganese oxidation, were present but showed no tendency to oxidize manganese in pure cultures. Commonly found was a fungus, a Cephalosporium sp., which grew at pH 4.5 and produced black deposits on agar medium containing only manganous sulfate. The X-ray pattern of these deposits showed variation in chemical composition. They were either identical with that of Mn3O4 (hausmannite) or similar to delta MnO2 (birnessite). The fungus lived heterotrophically; no signs of autotrophy were detected. After 22 mo of circulating large quantities of aerated peat leachate (pH 4.5) with added MnSO4 through simulated pipelines, black deposits containing hausmannite were observed. Cephalosporium spp. could be isolated from these deposits. An evaluation of the analytical data has led to the conclusion that further investigations are necessary before it can be established whether Cephalosporium is involved in the formation of the manganese pans.
EFFECTS OF LIME ON EXTRACTABLE ALUMINUM AND OTHER SOIL PROPERTIES AND ON BARLEY AND ALFALFA GROWN IN POT TESTS
Authors: MacLEAN A. J. , HALSTEAD R. L. , FINN B. J.
Published: March 2010

Liming of six acid soil samples in an incubation experiment with rates to raise the soil pH to 6.0 or above eliminated Al soluble in 0.01 M CaCl2, reduced soluble Mn and Zn, increased NO3-N markedly, and at the highest pH increased the amounts of NaHCO3-soluble P in some of the soils. In corresponding pot experiments, liming increased the yield of alfalfa and in three of the soils the yield of barley also. Liming reduced the concentrations of the metals in the plants and at the highest pH tended to increase the P content of the plants. Liming to a pH of about 5.3 eliminated or greatly reduced soluble Al and the soils were base saturated as measured by the replacement of Al, Ca, and Mg by a neutral salt. There was some evidence that liming to reduce soluble Al and possibly Mn was beneficial for plant growth. Gypsum increased the concentrations of Al, Mn, and Zn in 0.01 M CaCl2 extracts of the soils whereas phosphate reduced them. The changes in the Mn content of the plants following these treatments were in agreement with the amounts of Mn in the CaCl2 extracts.
ALLOPHANE AND OTHER AMORPHOUS CONSTITUENTS IN A PODZOL FROM NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: BRYDON J. E. , SHIMODA S.
Published: March 2010

The major portion of the clay fraction of the B horizons of the Bayswater soil, a podzol from Nova Scotia, consisted of an amorphous component that had the properties of allophane. The X-ray diffraction patterns, the infrared (IR) spectra, the Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) curve, the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) curve and loss in weight data, and the chemical analysis were similar to the data obtained from allophane of volcanic ash origin. The C horizon clay fraction consists of mica, vermiculite, quartz, and feldspar plus a substantial amount of amorphous material. As previously found, the montmorillonite in the Ae horizon showed beidellite-vermiculite-mica characteristics. The B horizon clays contained a small amount of a vermiculite material and an Fe, Al-organic matter complex in addition to the allophane. The data provided evidence that the compositional-depth relations were genetic and that the allophane in the B horizons arose through chemical weathering, physical weathering, and coprecipitation as previously suggested by other workers.
EFFECTS OF PIPELINE INSTALLATION ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: JONG E. DE , BUTTON R. G.
Published: March 2010

The effects of pipeline installation on soil productivity were studied on medium-textured Chernozemic and Solonetzic soils in southeastern Saskatchewan. Chemical and physical soil properties and wheat yields were measured for the undisturbed field, the trench, and the area adjacent to the trench used for soil storage during pipeline installation (the claybank). In general, CuSO4-extractable NO3-N, NaHCO3-extractable P, and NH4OAc-extractable K were similar for the top 15 cm of the undisturbed field, the trench, and the claybank. Significant amounts of topsoil had been incorporated below the 30-cm depth in the trench as indicated by increased levels of NO3-N, P, and K. Where pipelines had been installed in soils that had developed on saline parent materials, the salt concentration and pH in the top of the trench were increased, especially for recently installed pipelines. Trenching neither harmed nor improved the physical properties of Chernozemic soils. It improved permeability and aeration of the Bnt horizons of Solonetzic soils and decreased their density. Wheat yields on the claybank were not significantly different from those of the undisturbed field. On Chernozemic soils, trenching did not affect yields except for one soil on which consistent yield increases were obtained. On Solonetzic soils, yields on the trench were better than on the undisturbed field, especially for older pipelines.
SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO THE GROWTH AND QUALITY OF FIELD PEAS
Authors: MACK A. R.
Published: March 2010

Cooking quality of two cultivars of field peas (Pisum sativum L.), Kapuskasing 3880-4 and Weitor 702, changed markedly when grown under different soil temperature–moisture conditions in a field environment modified by circulating chilled and heated water through pipes buried in the soil. Quality of Kapuskasing for "puree" soup was "poor" at the low temperature of 10.4 C but improved to "very good" at the warm soil temperature of 29.2 C (20-cm depth), whereas the quality of Weitor remained "good" to "very good" for both cool and warm soils. The quality for both cultivars appeared to be associated with the concentration of 2% HCl soluble-Phytin, Ca/Phytin-P, Mn, and K. In the top growth, the concentration of P generally increased with higher temperature and moisture regardless of yield levels. Concentrations of Mn and Fe consistently decreased with high moisture contents and that of Fe and Zn increased with higher soil temperature. Maximum vine weight for both cultivars occurred at the seasonal mean daily soil temperature of 18.5 C (20-cm soil depth) when moisture stress was kept low. The weight was less at lower (10.4 C) and higher (29.2 C) soil temperatures. Pea yields for both cultivars were highest, however, at the coolest temperature, and as the soil became warmer the reduction in yield was greater for Weitor than for Kapuskasing. Moisture stress considerably reduced growth and pea yields. The total amount of organic residues in the soil varied only slightly among the cool, seasonal, and warm soils. When separated into particle-size fractions by wet sieving, the amount of organic carbon in the fraction > 2.0 mm was much higher for the cool than for the warm soil, whereas the amount in the fraction 0.25–1.0 mm was higher for the warm soil. Thus, change in growth and quality of peas may be greater for some cultivars than for others when grown in different climatic regions, or when soil temperature conditions are changed by management practices. Such a management practice might involve using hot water discharged from the cooling operations of thermal power stations by distributing it through pipes embedded in the soil. However, if soil temperatures were raised, adequate water for irrigation would need to be provided for the greater evapotranspiration loss resulting from the induced higher soil temperature.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF GASES EMANATING FROM A SATURATED SOIL SYSTEM
Authors: BAILEY L. D. , BEAUCHAMP E. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
DECOMPOSITION OF 14C-LABELLED PLANT MATERIAL UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: SHIELDS J. A. , PAUL E. A.
Published: March 2010

Mature, uniformly labelled (14C, 15N), chopped, wheat straw incorporated in the plow layer of a Brown Chernozemic soil and a Gray Wooded soil was allowed to decompose in the field. Labelled grass material (14C) was added to the surface of an adjacent virgin Brown Chernozemic soil. After 4 yr of normal cropping practices, one-fifth of the C of added straw remained in the Brown soil and one-sixth in the Gray Wooded. The initial decomposition rate of straw was retarded in plots under wheat as compared with those under fallow. Decomposition of labelled grass was initially dependent on sufficient rainfall to compress it to the soil surface. When winter periods are excluded from the time scale, the half-life of resistant straw components or soil organic matter derived from the straw was equivalent to 24 mo in Gray Wooded soil and 48 mo in Brown soil. Resistant grass material decomposed more slowly with a half-life of 96 growing mo. Distribution of labelled C among the various fractions of soil organic matter after different periods of time was investigated. The rapid decline of labelled straw from the fraction that floated in water, the high specific activity of fulvic acid, coupled with fluctuations in humic acid and the fraction <0.04 μ suggested a higher degree of biological activity in the Gray Wooded soil. In the Brown soil, the major transfer of labelled C was from the floated fraction to the humin (>0.2 μ) suggesting that the rate of decomposition was controlled to a greater extent by abiotic factors.
PHOSPHORUS IN PERCOLATES FROM MANURED LYSIMETERS
Authors: BIELBY D. G. , TEL D. A. , WEBBER L. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF SOIL WATER MATRIC POTENTIAL AND RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION ON CORN ROOT ELONGATION
Authors: MIRREH H. F. , KETCHESON J. W.
Published: March 2010

A study of the interacting effects of soil bulk density and soil water matric potential on resistance to penetration and on corn root elongation showed that for any level of resistance, elongation was further restricted as potential decreased (suction increased). This was explained through the effect of matric potential on plant turgor, which in turn affects the ability of the root to overcome resistance. At negligible resistance, elongation was greater in a clay loam soil than over a range of equivalent osmotic potentials in solution, indicating that moisture transport in the soil apparently did not restrict moisture supply to the root. It is suggested that the presently accepted upper limits of resistance for corn growth may be too high.
RECLAMATION OF A SALINE–SODIC SOIL BY THE HIGH SALTWATER-DILUTION METHOD
Authors: PLUYM H. S. A. VANDER , TOOGOOD J. A. , MILNE R. A.
Published: March 2010

Changes in the permeability and the swelling of a montmorillonite-rich soil were measured for a range of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and electric conductivity (EC) values of the leachant. Concentrations, related to a 20% drop in hydraulic conductivity (HC) and the start of a rapid swelling process, were between 40 and 400 meq/liter, and were called "threshold" and "jump-off" concentrations, respectively. The initial leaching of the soil cores with highly saline solutions gave high HC values for the leachants with high SAR's, and low HC values for the leachants with low SAR's. Subsequent tests with diluted solutions reversed the situation; solutions with high SAR's lowered the HC of the soil drastically to HC values well below those of the soil cores treated with low SAR leachants. Solutions with a low EC or a high SAR, or both, maintained in their leachates EC and SAR values above and below, respectively, the expected equilibrium values. Increased solubility of the 40.6 t/ha of gypsum accounted for the discrepancy.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS FIELD LEVELS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND SOIL MOISTURE ON THE GROWTH OF BEANS INFECTED WITH BACTERIAL BLIGHT
Authors: MACK A. R. , WALLEN V. R.
Published: March 2010

Yield of white beans increased markedly (250, 1,090 and 1,545 kg/ha) when grown in field plots at soil temperatures of 11.6 (T1), 19.7 (T2), and 29.7 C (T3) (20-cm depth 0830 h). This represents a change in yield of 71.1 kg/ha per 1 C change in the seasonal temperature (T2) of the soil from 23 June to 21 August. The number of degree-day units for the soil (> 5 C) corresponding to these temperatures (20-cm depth) were 268, 602, and 1,004. A decrease in the Soil Moisture Index (SMI) from 0.69 to 0.10 and an increase from 0.69 to 1.00 lowered yield by 35% and 6%, respectively (T2), for the seasonal temperature. Loss in yield from plants infected with bacterial blight (Xanthomonas phaseoli E.F. Sm. Dows.) by spraying the organism onto leaves of 21-day-old seedlings was negligible. However, loss in yield from plants infected by injecting the organism into stems was 9.0, 43 and 52% for plants grown at cool (T1), seasonal (T2), and warm (T3) soil temperatures, respectively. Percent of pods infected by spraying was increased, whereas percent of pods infected by injection was decreased at the higher soil temperatures. In general under cool seasonal temperatures, protein content of the infected and noninfected beans decreased with higher moisture that coincided with only a small change in yield. The protein content, however, remained fairly constant under large yield increases resulting from higher soil tempratures. The data are interpreted in relation to spread of the disease in fields from seedborne infection and subsequent spread of the disease to adjacent healthy plants.