bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The UK Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme and changes in diet, physical activity and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from eight longitudinal studies
Authors: Wielgoszewska Bożena , Maddock Jane , Green Michael J. , Di Gessa Giorgio , Parsons Sam , Griffith Gareth J , Croft Jazz , Stevenson Anna J. , Booth Charlotte , Silverwood Richard J. , Bann David , Patalay Praveetha , Hughes Alun D. , Chaturvedi Nish , Howe Laura D , Fitzsimons Emla , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , Ploubidis George B.
Published: June 2021

Background

In March 2020 the UK implemented the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (furlough) to minimize job losses. Our aim was to investigate associations between furlough and diet, physical activity, and sleep during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

We analysed data from 25,092 participants aged 16 to 66 years from eight UK longitudinal studies. Changes in employment (including being furloughed) were defined by comparing employment status pre- and during the first lockdown. Health behaviours included fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, and sleeping patterns. Study-specific estimates obtained using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and pre-pandemic health and health behaviours, were statistically pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Associations were also stratified by sex, age, and education.

Results

Across studies, between 8 and 25% of participants were furloughed. Compared to those who remained working, furloughed workers were slightly less likely to be physically inactive (RR:0.85, [0.75-0.97], I2=59%) and did not differ in diet and sleep behaviours, although findings for sleep were heterogenous (I2=85%). In stratified analyses, furlough was associated with low fruit and vegetable consumption among males (RR=1.11; 95%CI: 1.01-1.22; I2: 0%) but not females (RR=0.84; 95%CI: 0.68-1.04; I2: 65%). Considering change in these health behaviours, furloughed workers were more likely than those who remained working to report increased fruit and vegetable consumption, exercise, and hours of sleep.

Conclusions

Those furloughed exhibited broadly similar levels of health behaviours to those who remained in employment during the initial stages of the pandemic. There was little evidence to suggest that such social protection policies if used in the post-pandemic recovery period and during future economic crises would have adverse impacts on population health behaviours.
Structural optimization of a composite launch tube of man portable air defense system
Authors: Yar Efecan , Acar Erdem
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to find the optimum configuration of the composite launch tube currently being developed in Roketsan. The winding thicknesses and winding angles of the launch tube are selected as design variables, and three different composite material alternatives are evaluated: glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and aramid/epoxy.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, structural optimization of a composite launch tube of man portable air defense system is conducted. To achieve a cost-effective design, a cost scoring table that includes structural weight, material cost, availability and manufacturability is first introduced. Then, optimization for minimum weight is conducted, where the winding thicknesses and winding angle are taken as design variables, and the safety factor value obtained by using the Tsai–Wu damage criterion is used as constraint. A surrogate-based optimization approach is used where various options for surrogate models are evaluated. Glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and aramid/epoxy are considered as alternative materials for the launch tube. Finally, the selection of the most cost-effective design is performed to achieve optimum cost.

Findings

Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix material provides the optimum cost-effective design for the launch tube.

Practical implications

The findings of the paper can be used to design more cost-efficient composite launch tube currently being developed in Roketsan.

Originality/value

The existing studies are based on a design approach to achieve minimum weight of the launch tubes, whereas this study introduces a design approach to achieve optimum cost.
Formalizing knowledge representation in earthwork operations through development of domain ontology
Authors: Taher Alhusain , Vahdatikhaki Faridaddin , Hammad Amin
Published: June 2021

Purpose

This study proposes a framework for Earthwork Ontology (EW-Onto) to support and enhance data exchange in the project and the efficient decision-making in the planning and execution phases.

Design/methodology/approach

The development of EW-Onto started from defining the concepts and building taxonomies for earthwork operations and equipment following the METHONTOLOGY approach. In addition, several rules have been extracted from safety codes and implemented as SWRL rules. The ontology has been implemented using Protégé. The consistency of EW-Onto has been checked and it has been evaluated using a survey.

Findings

The assessment of EW-Onto by experts indicates an adequate level of consensus with the framework, as an initial step for explicit knowledge exchanges within the earthwork domain.

Practical implications

The use of an ontology within the earthwork domain can help: (1) link and identify the relationships between concepts, define earthwork semantics, and classify knowledge in a hierarchical way accepted by experts and end-users; (2) facilitate the management of earthwork operations and simplify information exchange and interoperability between currently fragmented systems; and (3) increase the stakeholders' knowledge of earthwork operations through the provision of the information, which is structured in the context of robust knowledge.

Originality/value

This paper proposes a framework for Earthwork Ontology (EW-Onto) to support and enhance data exchange in the project and the efficient decision-making in the planning and execution phases. EW-Onto represents the semantic values of the entities and the relationships, which are identified and formalized based on the basic definitions available in the literature and outlined by experts.
Literacy practices as social: relational-keys in literacy events
Authors: Beauchemin Faythe
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to work toward more fully conceptualizing literacy practices as social by theorizing the combined relational and intellectual context for learning. This context is created through students’ and their teachers’ uses of language. In particular, the quality of language that creates this intellectual relational context is relational-keys that are inherent to any talk between people. Building upon Hymes (1974) conceptualization of key, relational-keys can be described as the emotional mood or spirit of a conversation, but they are much more than that per se. They are constitutive of the complex, multi-layered relationships that people have with each other, with themselves and with the material environment through their uses of language.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing upon a classroom ethnographic study in a first-grade classroom and using discourse analysis of classroom interactions, the author uses data from instructional conversations to illustrate how students and their teachers collaboratively perform relational-keys.

Findings

Findings reveal that students and their teacher perform relational and intellectual stances toward reading and toward each other through relational-keys, that frame the act of reading and their experience of doing it together.

Originality/value

The concept of relational-key provides literacy researchers with another tool to analyze what happens in instructional conversations. It also provides teachers with a curricular resource to identify relational-keys that are enacted. Therefore, teachers are able move away from the enaction of relational-keys that contribute to subtractive schooling, and toward relational-keys that nurture empowering stances in students toward reading and their relationships.
Evaluation of patient safety culture in a private general hospital: a case study in Brazil
Authors: Prates Cassiana Gil , Caregnato Rita Catalina Aquino , Magalhães Ana Maria Müller de , Dal Pai Daiane , Urbanetto Janete de Souza , Moura Gisela Maria Schebella Souto de
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The purpose is to assess the patient safety culture perceived by healthcare and administrative staff in a Brazilian hospital and examine whether education and experience are related to positive perceptions.

Design/methodology/approach

A descriptive–analytical case study was carried out at Ernesto Dornelles Hospital, a private Brazilian institution. The Brazilian version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture was used to assess the perceptions of 618 participants, of whom 315 worked in healthcare assistance and 303 in administrative services. The main outcome was the percentage of positive responses, and the independent variables included the type of work, schooling and length of experience.

Findings

None of the twelve dimensions was strengthened. The percentage of positive responses was the highest for “Hospital management support for patient safety” (67.5%), and the lowest was for “Nonpunitive response to error” (29%). The healthcare staff had a slightly higher average than the administrative staff. The percentage of positive responses from professionals with undergraduate or graduate degrees was higher for the eight dimensions of safety culture. The length of hospital experience was not associated with any dimensions.

Originality/value

This study explored the influence of education and professional experience on the perception of patient safety in healthcare and administrative staff from a private institution. These approaches allow to know with greater depth and clarity factors that are related to the patient safety culture and, thus, have more consistent evidence to support interventions in specific needs.
Customer prioritization, product complexity and business ties: implications for job stress and customer service performance
Authors: Yeniaras Volkan , Kaya Ilker
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Drawing on the theoretical lens of the job demands-resources model, this study builds upon and tests a conceptual model that links customer prioritization, product complexity, business ties, job stress and customer service performance. Conceptualizing customer prioritization and product complexity as job demands and business ties as personal job resources, this research explicates the mediating process by which customer prioritization and product complexity affect customer service performance through job stress and its boundary conditions. The purpose of this paper is to offer a theoretical framework in which business ties moderates the mediated relations of customer prioritization and product complexity to customer service performance.

Design/methodology/approach

Structural equation modeling and a moderated mediation analysis were used on a unique multi-level, multi-respondent data set of 248 participants from 124 small and medium-sized enterprises in Turkey.

Findings

This study finds that both customer prioritization and product complexity increase job stress. In addition, this paper finds that business ties have a bitter-sweet nature as a personal resource and reverse the relation of customer prioritization to job stress while strengthening the negative direct relation of product complexity to job stress. Finally, this study finds that the indirect relation of customer prioritization to customer service performance through job stress is contingent on business ties. Specifically, this paper finds that high levels of business ties negate the indirect relation of customer prioritization to customer service performance while low levels of business ties exacerbate the negative effects of customer prioritization to customer service performance, channeled through job stress.

Practical implications

The findings demonstrate the critical role that personal networks play in reducing job stress and enhancing customer service performance for small and medium-sized enterprises that adopt customer-centric strategies such as customer prioritization. Nevertheless, the results suggest that the managers need to cognizant of the undesirable consequences of business ties may have on job stress when boundary-spanners handle a wide range of products/services that are technically complex. Accordingly, this study recommends small and medium-size enterprise managers and owners should be cautious in resource allocation to establish informal, personal ties with suppliers, competitors, customers and other market collaborators.

Originality/value

This paper offers a deeper perspective of the relations of customer prioritization and product complexity to job stress and customer service performance. This study also specifies business ties as a personal coping resource, which decreases the undesirable consequences when used in small and medium enterprises that adopt customer-centric strategies.
Failed entrepreneurship in a heterotopia: the story of Villa Ahumada
Authors: Montiel Mendez Oscar Javier , Pelly R. Duncan M.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The heterotopia is frequently portrayed as a third space in organization studies, characterized by its flexibility and receptivity to innovation. Rural entrepreneurship, embodied in the heterotopic space of community-based enterprises (CBEs), is a key concept in emerging economies. Understanding the CBE’s economic and social dynamics is vital for the genesis of entrepreneurship in these spaces, for regional development and for national economies. This paper aims to deep dive into the group dynamics of Villa Ahumada (VA), a well-known subspace located close to the Mexico–USA border, which, despite its market potential, has not been able to support the collectivization required of a CBE.

Design/methodology/approach

Under a case study design, four deep interviews were conducted, which explore the stories of entrepreneurship in VA and analyze the rich narrative accounts of the participants. Narratives offer opportunities for extending the current conceptualizations of entrepreneurship and its processes.

Findings

This paper opens a conversation about the negative aspects of heterotopias, especially with regards to entrepreneurship. Much literature has been devoted to the power of rural communities and peasant villages as fertile places for entrepreneurship. They emphasize the role of entrepreneurial culture and governmental support as almost guarantors of entrepreneurial success. This narrative provides one reason for entrepreneurial failure: the deviant heterotopia. Despite government policy that favored collective entrepreneurial efforts, and despite a vibrant underground entrepreneurship culture combined with a valuable brand, entrepreneurship in VA was dead before it started.

Originality/value

Rural entrepreneurship should be a multidimensional phenomenon focusing upon entrepreneurship, context, group dynamics and social capital; but it has not been interpreted from the perspective of a heterotopia or paratopia.
Knowledge-based marketing and competitive advantage: developing new scales using mixed method approach
Authors: Mohammad Shafiee Majid
Published: June 2021

Purpose

One of the most challenging issues businesses face today is seeking ways toward gaining competitive advantage (CA). Although previous research considered several aspects in this regard, the literature has largely overlooked the process of gaining CA via knowledge-based marketing (KBM) capabilities. This paper aims to conceptualize KBM, to develop a new scale for KBM and to examine how to gain CA through KBM.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing from the related literature and building on the concept of KBM, this paper conducted a mixed-method approach. After reaching a pool of items using qualitative methods, this paper developed new scales and validated them. This paper developed the model by highlighting the antecedent role of KBM toward CA. In the quantitative phase, using data collected from both public/private and manufacturing/service firms, this paper classified the extracted items into five critical factors. Moreover, the relationship between KBM and CA was tested.

Findings

The results indicate that KBM construct consists of five critical capabilities, including market research, competitive intelligence, supply chain management, customer relationship management and new product development. Moreover, there is a positive and significant relationship between KBM and CA.

Originality/value

The traditional ways to achieve CA no longer work. Instead, success in the existing business context necessitates firms to seek CA through their knowledge capabilities. Previous research did not fully address KBM antecedents toward CA in a comprehensive model. By developing a new scale for KBM, this paper tested its relationship with CA, which has hitherto received scant attention in the field of knowledge and competition.
Participation of learning disabled people in the parliamentary election of 2019 in the United Kingdom
Authors: James Elaine , Hatton Chris , Mitchell Rob
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Participation of people with learning disabilities in the United Kingdom (UK) Parliamentary Elections has previously been found to be lower than that of non-learning disabled peers. This paper aims to consider whether an intervention to support the right to take part in democratic and political life may result in increased participation rates.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered by social workers from 135 learning disabled people about their voter registration and voting in the May 2019 UK local government election. Social workers subsequently ran a promote the vote campaign with this cohort and gathered the same data in respect of the December 2019 UK Parliamentary Election.

Findings

Following the campaign, there were statistically significant increases in both the proportion of people who registered to vote and in the proportion who voted.

Originality/value

People with learning disabilities are more likely to vote if made aware of their rights and supported to do so.
Face‐Work: Making Hair Matter in Sixteenth‐Century Central Europe
Authors: Hanß Stefan
Published: June 2021

Bringing gender history, the history of the body and art history into a conversation with material culture studies, this article argues that the sudden fashionability of beards in Renaissance Europe has been intricately linked with a culture of material and visual experimentation. I propose shifting perspectives from a focus on the symbolism of beards towards examining how early modern ways of material engagement with the matter of hair crafted a visual attention to facial hair that made up the sociocultural significance of beards. Focusing on how people made hair matter, I suggest working with the concept of face‐work. In particular, this article maps how the Reformation upheavals and the rise of new visual practices dynamised Renaissance protagonists’ creative engagement with facial hair as a means for staging the self.
Trade‐off mitigation: a conceptual framework for understanding floral adaptation in multispecies interactions
Authors: Ohashi Kazuharu , Jürgens Andreas , Thomson James D.
Published: June 2021

Explanations of floral adaptation to diverse pollinator faunas have often invoked visitor‐mediated trade‐offs in which no intermediate, generalized floral phenotype is optimal for pollination success, i.e. fitness valleys are created. In such cases, plant species are expected to specialize on particular groups of flower visitors. Contrary to this expectation, it is commonly observed that flowers interact with various groups of visitors, while at the same time maintaining distinct phenotypes among ecotypes, subspecies, or congeners. This apparent paradox may be due to a gap in our understanding of how visitor‐mediated trade‐offs could affect floral adaptation. Here we provide a conceptual framework for analysing visitor‐mediated trade‐offs with the hope of stimulating empirical and theoretical studies to fill this gap. We propose two types of visitor‐mediated trade‐offs to address negative correlations among fitness contributions of different visitors: visitor‐mediated phenotypic trade‐offs (phenotypic trade‐offs) and visitor‐mediated opportunity trade‐offs (opportunity trade‐offs).Phenotypic trade‐offsoccur when different groups of visitors impose conflicting selection pressures on a floral trait. By contrast,opportunity trade‐offsemerge only when some visitors’ actions (e.g. pollen collection) remove opportunities for fitness contribution by more beneficial visitors. Previous studies have observed disruptive selection due tophenotypic trade‐offsless often than expected. In addition to existing explanations, we propose that some flowers have achieved ‘adaptive generalization’ by evolving features to avoid or eliminate the fitness valleys thatphenotypic trade‐offstend to produce. The literature suggests a variety of pathways to such ‘trade‐off mitigation’. Trade‐off mitigation may also evolve as an adaptation toopportunity trade‐offs. We argue that active exclusion, or floral specialization, can be viewed as a trade‐off mitigation, occurring only when flowers cannot otherwise avoid strongopportunity trade‐offs. These considerations suggest that an evolutionary strategy for trade‐off mitigation is achieved often by acquiring novel combinations of traits. Thus, phenotypic diversification of flowers through convergent evolution of certain trait combinations may have been enhanced not only through adaptive specialization for particular visitors, but also through adaptive generalization for particular visitor communities. Explorations of how visitor‐mediated trade‐offs explain the recurrent patterns of floral phenotypes may help reconcile the long‐lasting controversy on the validity of pollination syndromes.
Delivering the unexpected—Information needs for PSA screening from Men's perspective: A qualitative study
Authors: Kuss Katrin , Adarkwah Charles Christian , Becker Miriam , Donner‐Banzhoff Norbert , Schloessler Kathrin
Published: June 2021

Background

Making decisions about PSA screening tests is challenging, as it requires both knowledge of the possible benefits and harms of screening and an individual assessment of the patient's values. Our research explores how much and what information men perceive to be necessary with regard to screening for prostate cancer.

Objective

To explore men's information and associated needs for decision making in PSA testing.

Design

Qualitative interview study.

Setting and participants

We interviewed 32 men (aged 55‐69) about their decision making on PSA screening following counselling with a Decision Aid at their GP’s or urologist's practice in Germany.

Main Outcome Measures

Men's expressed needs for decision making in PSA testing.

Methods

All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed by framework analysis.

Results

Comprehensive pre‐screening counselling is needed. For the men in our study, information about test (in)accuracy, the benefit‐harm balance and consequences of the test were relevant and surprising. Additional needs were for interpretation support, a take‐home summary and time for deliberation. For several men, their physician's attitude was of interest. After being well‐informed, most men felt empowered to make a preference‐based decision on their own.

Discussion

Men were surprised by what they learned, especially regarding the accuracy and possible harms of screening. There is large variation in the breadth and depth of information needed, and some controversy regarding the consequences of testing.

Conclusion and patient contribution

A core set of information should be offered before men make their first PSA screening decision. Information about biopsy and associated side‐effects could follow in a short form, with details only on request. Knowledge about a high rate of false‐positive test results beforehand might help men handle a suspicious test result.
Direct and size‐mediated effects of temperature and ration‐dependent growth rates on energy reserves in juvenile anadromous alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus)
Authors: Guo Lian W. , McCormick Stephen D. , Schultz Eric T. , Jordaan Adrian
Published: June 2021

Growth rate and energy reserves are important determinants of fitness and are governed by endogenous and exogenous factors. Thus, examining the influence of individual and multiple stressors on growth and energy reserves can help estimate population health under current and future conditions. In young anadromous fishes, freshwater habitat quality determines physiological state and fitness of juveniles emigrating to marine habitats. In this study, the authors tested how temperature and food availability affect survival, growth and energy reserves in juvenile anadromous alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus), a forage fish distributed along the eastern North American continent. Field‐collected juvenile anadromousA. pseudoharenguswere exposed for 21 days to one of two temperatures (21°C and 25°C) and one of two levels of food rations (1% or 2% tank biomass daily) and compared for differences in final size, fat mass‐at‐length, lean mass‐at‐length and energy density. Increased temperature and reduced ration both led to lower growth rates, and the effect of reduced ration was greater at higher temperature. Fat mass‐at‐length decreased with dry mass, and energy density increased with total length, suggesting size‐based endogenous influences on energy reserves. Lower ration also directly decreased fat mass‐at‐length, lean mass‐at‐length and energy density. Given the fitness implications of size and energy reserves, temperature and food availability should be considered important indicators of nursery habitat quality and incorporated inA. pseudoharenguslife‐history models to improve forecasting of population health under climate change.
It's All Under Control: Threat, Perceived Control, and Political Engagement
Authors: Smith Brianna A.
Published: June 2021

The relationship between political threat, anxiety, and political engagement is the subject of a large but mixed body of evidence. While some researchers find that political threat and/or anxiety increase engagement with politics, others find that they lead to disengagement. In this article, I highlight two factors which explain when threat will increase political engagement: perceived control over the threat and individual differences in threat sensitivity. Using an experiment conducted during the 2016 US general election, I show that threats framed in high‐control, preventable terms increase both political interest and reported turnout relative to low‐control, inevitable framing—but only among those who are high in threat sensitivity. These changes in engagement are highly durable, lasting several weeks after participants were first exposed to the threat. I discuss the implications of these findings for political science and more broadly for elections and election outcomes in a political atmosphere that is often saturated with threatening rhetoric.
Soil carbon balance after the temporal cessation of cultivation under cool and subtropical humid climate in Japan
Authors: Shimoda Seiji
Published: June 2021

The decreasing number of farm households in Japan is beginning to affect soil carbon and nitrogen balance. At both cool and warm sites, the soil C level was the lowest in the second year of the experiment, and thereafter, it gradually increased. The change in soil C concentration was negative at the warmer site; however, the content reached 119 g C m−2 at the cooler site. Soil N showed a significant increase of 14.3 g N m−2 from the first year to over 4 years at the cooler site. At the cooler site, less soil decomposition contributed to the retention of soil C and N, and the dominant deciduous woody plants increased the supplemental C and N content. Land‐use management strategies involving conventional cultivation, abandonment and abandonment to recultivation did not affect the soil C and N balance for over 6 years. Fallow tillage to recultivation was less effective in retaining the C pool in the fifth year of the experiment, causing significantly lower soil C content (1.97 kg C m−2) than abandonment to recultivation (2.20 kg C m−2). Whereas the soil C content increased in the subsequent year (i.e. the sixth year), less productivity of recultivation crop (white mustard) contributed to a significant decrease in soil C, and abundant residue of winter wheat could recover the soil C and N in the subsequent year. The results suggest that agricultural abandonment can preserve soil C in cool regions and that the introduction of winter crops can maintain the C pool.
Video‐mediated breaking bad news simulation
Authors: Rivet Emily Burke , Cholyway Renee , Edwards Cherie , Wishnoff Matthew , Raza Omar , Haynes Susan , Feldman Moshe
Published: June 2021

Background

Communication between clinicians, patients, and families is a core component of medical care that requires deliberate practice and feedback to improve. In March 2020, the COVID‐19 pandemic caused a sudden transformation in communication practices because of new physical distancing requirements, necessitating physicians to communicate bad news via telephone and video‐mediated communication (VMC). This study investigated students’ experience with a simulation‐based communications training for having difficult conversations using VMC.

Methods

Thirty‐eight fourth‐year medical students preparing for their surgical residency participated in a simulated scenario where students discussed a new COVID‐19 diagnosis with a standardised family member (SFM) of a sick patient via VMC. Learners were introduced to an established communications model (SPIKES) by an educational video. After the simulation, SFM and course facilitators guided a debrief and provided feedback. Learners completed surveys evaluating reactions to the training, preparedness to deliver bad news, and attitudes about telehealth.

Results

Twenty‐three students completed evaluation surveys (response rate=61%). Few students had prior formal training (17%) or experience communicating bad news using telehealth (13%). Most respondents rated the session beneficial (96%) and felt they could express empathy using the VMC format (83%). However, only 57% felt ready to deliver bad news independently after the training and 52% reported it was more difficult to communicate without physical presence. Comments highlighted the need for additional practice.

Conclusion

This pilot study demonstrated the value and feasibility of teaching medical students to break bad news using VMC as well as demonstrating the need for additional training.
Bienes y servicios ambientales que ofrece la microcuenca río Tamauca en Santiago (Putumayo) como posibilitadores de desarrollo sostenible de la comunidad indígena inga.
Authors: Aristizabal López Angela Maria , Orobio Rosero Harold Javier , Vargas Marín Luis Alberto
Published: June 2021

En este artículo se describe la concepción o imaginario que tiene la comunidad indígena inga del desarrollo sostenible y se interpretan  las relaciones entre la comunidad indígena inga y los bienes y servicios ambientales que ofrece la microcuenca río Tamauca. Los datos analizados reflejan la percepción de esta comunidad sobre el desarrollo sostenible, que, desde su cosmovisión, se asocia con el poder pervivir. Esta pervivencia la encuentran en la educación, en el ámbito de sus chagras, en el cultivo de sus productos alimenticios y en fortalecer sus saberes ancestrales de la medicina tradicional, con trascendencia oral, con conocimiento directo de la naturaleza y todo lo que se considere su medio  ambiente. La comunidad inga tiene un fundamento de espiritualidad de los recursos que genera su territorio, es una relación muy íntima y racional. En esta cosmología se considera que existe un continuo enlace entre la sociedad, la naturaleza y el mundo espiritual.
A Centennial History of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers: 1880-1980
Authors: Sinclair Bruce
Published: June 2021

In 1980 the American Society of Mechanical Engineers celebrates the centenary of its founding. The occasion has provided an opportunity for the Society to look back and survey its accomplishments, its distinguished members, and its constant dialogue — among its members and with the American people — concerning the role of engineering in a technological society. The dynamic tensions within the ASME make a fascinating background to this centennial history. The central role of the Society’s headquarters in New York is examined the light of various movements for regional and professional sections within (and occasionally outside) the Society. The technical question of standards is shown to be a constant and creative problem for members — reflecting their attitudes towards their role in a political system often reluctant to enforce nation-wide standars in business and industry. From the Progressive Era, and its attempts to reform city government and check the power of private utilities, to the 1970s and its renewed concern with ecology and business ethnics, the Society has provided a microcosm of informed debate about technical engineering problems which — as this book makes clear — concerns us all.
ASME’s Social Economy
Authors: Sinclair Bruce
Published: June 2021

What ASME’s founders distinguished as its social purpose and as its technical purpose became two great currents flowing through the Society’s history. One expressed the application of rigorous training and specialized knowledge to the solution of technical problems. The other, a less natural analytical category, reflected the engineer’s desire for social status and for political and economic power. Over the years, these elements have been mixed in various and often contradictory combinations, and have assumed forms that differed substantially from one time to another. But perhaps in the way that the search for identity describes a kind of continual force in individual psychology, so the interplay of its social and technical characteristics has from the beginning defined the essence of ASME’s nature.
Secondary Impact Protection for Locomotive Engineers – Improved Airbag Design
Authors: Gordon Jeffrey , Gantoi Florentina M. , Singh Som P. , Prabhakaran Anand
Published: June 2021

Under the locomotive cab occupant protection research program sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Sharma & Associates, Inc. (SA) developed a Secondary Impact Protection System (SIPS) for locomotive engineers. The system uses a large, automotive-style, passenger airbag in combination with a deformable knee bolster to provide the level of protection needed for the locomotive engineer, without compromising the normal operating environment and egress.

A prior version of the system [1] was prototyped and tested in a dynamic sled test with a 23g crash pulse and was shown to meet most limiting human injury criteria defined in the Department of Transportation (DOT)’s Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS 208) [2] for the head, chest, neck, and femur. The system also showed marginal performance for the chest injury index and indicated potential for an improved airbag design to fully meet all requirements.

In the current study, simulations with an optimized airbag and higher capacity inflator system showed that SIPS can provide excellent occupant protection for an unbelted locomotive occupant in a frontal crash. Sled testing of SIPS confirmed the performance, and the system successfully met all eleven (11) criteria of the FMVSS 208 standard [2].

The shape and position of the airbag module and its attachments to the desk were generally the same as those presented in previous research. The key changes that helped meet all criteria were the higher capacity inflators, knee bolster system brackets moved forward, thicker knee plate, higher volume airbag and additional vents.
Hollow cathode plasma electron source for low temperature deposition of cobalt films by electron-enhanced atomic layer deposition
Authors: Sobell Zachary C. , Cavanagh Andrew S. , Boris David R. , Walton Scott G. , George Steven M.
Published: June 2021

The development of a hollow cathode plasma electron source (HC-PES) facilitated the rapid nucleation and low temperature deposition of thin cobalt films using electron-enhanced atomic layer deposition (EE-ALD). The Co EE-ALD was performed near room temperature (30–60 °C) using sequential exposures of cobalt tricarbonyl nitrosyl and low energy (100–200 eV) electrons. Electron-stimulated desorption of CO and NO surface species creates open sites for precursor adsorption to facilitate the low temperature film growth. The HC-PES displayed high electron currents, rapid ALD cycling, and low susceptibility to chemical interference. Electron steering optics were also used to mitigate the effects of sputtering in the HC-PES. The high electron currents from the HC-PES yielded rapid nucleation of cobalt films in as few as four EE-ALD cycles with Co growth rates over 2 Å/cycle on areas >4 cm2. In high aspect ratio structures, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses revealed a 4:1 topographical selectivity in favor of horizontal compared with vertical surfaces. This selectivity was attributed to the directional electron flux from the HC-PES. This topographical area selective deposition suggests that Co EE-ALD may be successful in achieving bottom-up fill of trenches and vias.
Relationship between surface antigens of two variants of influenza A (H3N2) virus, as revealed by hemagglutination inhibition, kinetic neutralization, and neuraminidase inhibition
Authors: Hsia C N , Foy H M , Cooney M K
Published: June 2021

Rabbit antisera were raised against plaque-purified influenza virus strains of A/Victoria/75 and A/Texas/77 isolated from Seattle influenza patients. The antigenic specificity of hemagglutinins was compared by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and kinetic neutralization tests. Anti-A/Victoria/75 had equally high HI titers and neutralization rate constants (kappa values) for A/Victoria/75 and A/Texas/77. In contrast, anti-A/Texas/77 had a high HI titer and kappa value to A/Texas/77 and a low HI titer and kappa value to A/Victoria/75. Similar results were obtained with antisera to recombinants with hemagglutinin specific for A/Victoria/3/75 or A/Texas/1/77 and with irrelevant neuraminidase. Seven wild-type isolates, three each of A/Texas and A/Victoria, and one strain characterized as a bridging strain were tested by HI and kinetic neutralization. Characterization as A/Texas or A/Victoria was confirmed by the results. No significant difference in neuraminidase specific for A/Victoria/75 or A/Texas/77 was hown when recombinants with an irrelevant hemagglutinin were compared by the neuraminidase inhibition test. These results suggest that A/Victoria/75 strains are "senior" to A/Texas/77 strains. The epidemiological implications of this observation are discussed.
Role of Spleen in Morbidity and Mortality of
Plasmodium berghei
Infection in Mice
Authors: Eling Wijnand M. C.
Published: June 2021

Splenectomy has a strain-specific effect on
Plasmodium berghei
infection in mice. Mean survival time either was unchanged or increased to three times the value observed in intact controls. A delay of early mortality, which was otherwise observed in the second week of infection, was a general feature of susceptible strains. Delayed mortality was also observed when splenectomy was performed shortly before expected mortality. Ineffectiveness of splenectomy as to increased survival time was independent of the infective dose. The morbidity of the infection was reduced or delayed. Liver pathology, as assayed by changes in serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity, was always reduced after splenectomy. Strains exhibiting increased survival time after splenectomy also showed reduced peak parasitemia and delayed thymus involution, enhanced reduction of hematocrit, and a more pronounced increase in liver weight during infection compared to intact controls and strains in which splenectomy did not prolong survival times. The effect of splenectomy on morbidity and mortality of a
P. berghei
infection was compared to its strain-specific effect on antibody production to heterologous erythrocytes. The possibility of a spleen-dependent (immuno)-pathological response induced by the parasite during primary infection contributing to death of the host is discussed.
Interaction of Herpesvirus with Spleen Cell Subpopulations: Comparison of a Neurotropic and a Lymphotropic Virus
Authors: Chow Tina C. , Hsiung G. D.
Published: June 2021

We studied the interaction of a neurotropic herpesvirus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2), and a lymphotropic herpesvirus, guinea pig herpes-like virus (HLV), with guinea pig spleen cells. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 and HLV can attach to and penetrate into B- or T-enriched cells. Less than 1.4% of the total B- or T-enriched cell populations were susceptible to infection by HLV and to some degree to HSV-1 or HSV-2 as determined by infectious center assays. After specific antiserum treatment, higher titers of intracellular virus were detected in HLV-infected cells than in HSV-1- or HSV-2-infected cells. Both B-enriched and T-enriched cells could support HLV replication, but not that of HSV-1 or HSV-2. The replication of HSV-1 was demonstrated in guinea pig spleen cells pretreated with lipopolysaccharide but not with phytohemagglutinin. Furthermore, when cells were separated into B- and T-enriched cells, the B- enriched cells prestimulated with lipopolysaccharide were susceptible to HSV-1 replication, whereas the T-enriched cells prestimulated with phytohemagglutinin were not. The differences observed in vitro in the interactions of these two herpesviruses with guinea pig spleen cell subpopulations may provide a basis for understanding the differences observed in vivo in the pathogenesis of these two viruses; i.e., HLV is capable of infecting and persisting in guinea pig lymphocytes, whereas HSV is not.
Glycerol incorporation in certain oral streptococci
Authors: Kral T A , Daneo-Moore L
Published: June 2021

Cells of 30 different strains of oral streptococci were grown in a chemically defined medium supplemented with [14C]glycerol to determine their ability to incorporate the labeled glycerol. Of the five species tested, only two, the rat-type strains (Streptococcus rattus) and strains isolated from wild rats (Streptococcus ferus), were able to incorporate the nonfermentable substrate, glycerol. For those strains capable of incorporating glycerol, the amount incorporated ranged from 0.15 to 0.43% of the cellular dry weight and followed simple saturation kinetics. The amount of glycerol incorporated depended solely on the concentration of glycerol in the growth medium. As a result, cultures exposed to low concentrations of glycerol ceased incorporation of the labeled glycerol before cessation of exponential growth.
Immunochemical Studies of Diphtherial Toxin and Related Nontoxic Mutant Proteins
Authors: Cryz Stanley J. , Welkos Susan L. , Holmes Randall K.
Published: June 2021

Competitive binding radioimmunoassays were used to analyze the immunochemistry of diphtherial toxin. Rabbit antisera obtained by immunization with formolized toxoid or fragment A were used to characterize purified toxin, toxoid, fragment A, and related nontoxic mutant proteins. Antitoxoid serum had a high titer of neutralizing activity. Most of the antibodies in antitoxoid bound to toxin but not to fragment A. The anti-fragment A antibodies that were present in antitoxoid recognized determinants of fragment A that were exposed on unnicked toxin. Formaldehyde treatment partially destroyed antibody-binding sites associated with the A and B domains of toxin. Anti-fragment A serum had a low titer of neutralizing activity. The specificities of the anti-fragment A antibodies in antitoxoid and anti-fragment A sera were different. Approximately half of the anti-fragment A antibodies in anti-fragment A serum recognized determinants of fragment A that were masked in toxin. Per unit of fragment A-binding activity, anti-fragment A serum was significantly more potent than antitoxoid serum as an inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of fragment A. By analyzing the antigenic structure of several nontoxic mutant proteins (cross-reacting materials) that cross-react with toxin, we distinguished three different subgroups of antigenic determinants associated with the B domain of toxin. Furthermore, the exposed antigenic determinants of the A domain of toxin were separated into two subgroups, both of which were distinct from the masked determinants of the A domain. The radioimmunoassays described here provide rapid, sensitive, quantitative, and versatile methods for immunochemical characterization of toxin or related cross-reacting proteins encoded by corynebacteriophages.
Microbicidal and cytotoxic properties of soluble components from quaternary aminoethyl-sephadex
Authors: Selsted M E , Martinez R J
Published: June 2021

Soluble material released during hydration and equilibration of a quaternary aminoethyl-Sephadex anion exchanger was found to be toxic for a variety of cell types. Among these were gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and a murine cell line. The material was also found to interfere with the spectrophotometric enzymatic determination of lysozyme.
Tryptophan and hydrogen sulfide reaction from modified trypticase soy agar
Authors: VON Riesen V L
Published: June 2021

The use of Trypticase soy agar modified by the addition of 0.05% ferric ammonium citrate and 0.01% sodium thiosulfate for the determination of indole, phenylpyruvic acid, anthranilate, kynurenine, and hydrogen sulfide reactions is described.
Growth and Amino Acid Requirements of Various Strains of Group B Streptococci
Authors: Milligan Thomas W. , Doran Terence I. , Straus David C. , Mattingly Stephen J.
Published: June 2021

A chemically defined medium (FMC; B. Terleckyj, N. P. Willett, and G. D. Shockman, Infect. Immun.
11
:649-655, 1975) was used to compare the growth and amino acid requirements of 16 strains of group B streptococci, consisting of both laboratory-passaged organisms and fresh clinical isolates from adult and neonatal infections. The 5 standard Lancefield immunizing strains of group B streptococci, 090 (Ia), H36B (Ib), A909 (Ic), 18RS21 (II), and D136C (III), had doubling times in FMC (28 to 36 min) similar to those observed in Todd-Hewitt glucose broth (24 to 30 min). Similar doubling times were obtained with 11 clinical isolates growing in Todd-Hewitt glucose broth and FMC. The optimum buffering capacity of FMC was provided by 0.06 M sodium phosphate, and 1% glucose gave maximum cell yield. The group B streptococci, with minor exceptions, were very homogeneous in their amino acid requirements under both aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamate, arginine, valine, leucine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine, cystine, and histidine were required by all 16 strains under both aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. In addition, threonine was required by all strains under aerobic growth conditions, whereas only 9 strains required threonine under anaerobic conditions. Serine was required by only 3 type III fresh clinical isolates aerobically, but not anaerobically. A requirement for glycine varied from strain to strain, apparently influenced by the oxidation-reduction potential of the growth medium.