bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecogeographic variation of body size in the spectacled salamanders (Salamandrina): influence of genetic structure and local factors
Authors: Romano Antonio , Ficetola Gentile Francesco
Published: July 2010

Aim  The patterns and causes of ecogeographical body size variation in ectotherms remain controversial. In amphibians, recent genetic studies are leading to the discovery of many cryptic species. We analysed the relationships between body size and climate for a salamander (Salamandrina) that was recently separated into two sibling species, to evaluate how ignoring interspecific and intraspecific genetic structure may affect the conclusions of ecogeographical studies. We also considered the potential effects of factors acting at a local scale.

Location  Thirty‐four populations covering the whole range of Salamandrina, which is endemic to peninsular Italy.

Methods  We pooled original data and data from the literature to obtain information on the snout–vent length (SVL) of 3850 Salamandrina females; we obtained high‐resolution climatic data from the sampled localities. We used an information‐theoretic approach to evaluate the roles of climate, genetic features (mitochondrial haplogroup identity) and characteristics of aquatic oviposition sites. We repeated our analyses three times: in the first analysis we ignored genetic data on intraspecific and interspecific variation; in the second one we considered the recently discovered differences between the two sibling species; in the third one we included information on intraspecific genetic structure within Salamandrina perspicillata (for Salamandrina terdigitata the sample size was too small to perform intraspecific analyses).

Results  If genetic information was ignored, our analysis suggested the existence of a relationship between SVL and climatic variables, with populations of large body size in areas with high precipitation and high thermal range. If species identity was included in the analysis, the role of climatic features was much weaker. When intraspecific genetic differences were also considered, no climatic feature had an effect. In all analyses, local factors were important and explained a large proportion of the variation; populations spawning in still water had a larger body size.

Main conclusions  An imperfect knowledge of species boundaries, or overlooking the intraspecific genetic variation can strongly affect the results of analyses of body size variation. Furthermore, local factors can be more important than the large‐scale parameters traditionally considered, particularly in species with a small range.
A Thermodynamic Analysis of the Binding of Calcium, and Magnesium Ions to Parvalbumin
Authors: MOESCHLER Hans J. , SCHAER Jean‐Jacques , COX Jos A.
Published: July 2010

Microcalorimetry and equilibrium dialysis were used to determine the thermodynamic functions ΔHΔ, ΔG° and δS° guiding the interaction of Ca2+ and Mg2+ with purified carp muscle isoparvalbumin of pI 4.25. The equilibrium dialysis studies indicate equal affinities of the two metal sites of parvalbumin for either Ca2+ or Mg 2+ with equilibrium constants of KCa= 2.7 × 109 M−1, and KMg= 9.5 × 104 M−1. Binding of the two metal ions is fully competitive with no indication for cooperative effects. The apparent Ca2+ affinity constant K'Ca in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ 2.8 × 107M−1, and the Mg2+−Ca2+ exchange equilibrium constant equals 2.8 × 104 M−1.

Microcalorimetry shows that parvalbumin exhibits negative reaction enthalpies of –37.2 kJ/mol metal site for Ca2+‐binding and –25.1 kJ/mol site for Mg2+‐Ca2+ exchange, yielding ΔH°=–12.1 kJ/mol site for Mg2+ complex formation. Enthalpy changes are linearly dependent upon the amount of metal bound to the protein, thus corroborating the equal affinities of the two sites. Reaction entropies ΔS° are + 55.2 J · mol−1− K−1 for Ca2+ complex formation and + 54.8 J · mol‐−1·K−1 for Mg2+ complex formation. Thus the respective metal binding processes are driven by both enthalpy and entropy contributions, and are reminiscent of Ca2+ binding to troponin C. The reaction entropy observed during Mg2+−Ca2+ exchange (0.4 J. mol−1 ‐ K−1) is negligible in spite of the markedly different hydration entropies for Ca2+ and Mg2+ This indicates that the two metal complexes of parvalbumin do not have the same conformation entropy. Since no variation in the intrinsic protein fluorescence was observed upon metal exchange, the conformation differences must be restricted to the immediate environment of the metal binding sites.
Mapping quantitative trait loci for sheath blight resistance in rice using double haploid population
Authors: Xu Qun , Yuan XiaoPing , Yu HanYong , Wang YiPing , Tang ShengXiang , Wei XingHua
Published: July 2010

With 2 figures and 1 table

This study used a double haploid (DH) population of ‘Maybelle’, a USA japonica variety susceptible to sheath blight (ShB), and ‘Baiyeqiu’, a Chinese indica landrace resistant to ShB, to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling rice ShB resistance. The DH population (251 lines) was inoculated with R. solani strain RH‐9. A molecular linkage map saturated with 227 markers was constructed. We detected a total of four QTL located on four different chromosomes (qShB1, qShB2, qShB3 and qShB5). The qShB1 QTL explained 8.9% of the phenotypic variation in 2007 and 13.2% in 2008.
Termination of professional responsibility: Exploring the process of discharging patients with heart failure from hospitals
Authors: Hekmatpou Davood , Mohammadi Eesa , Ahmadi Fazlollah , Arefi Sayed Hassan
Published: July 2010

Hekmatpou D, Mohammadi E, Ahmadi F, Arefi SH. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 389–396 Termination of professional responsibility: Exploring the process of discharging patients with heart failure from hospitals

Despite the emphasized importance of the discharge process for patients with heart failure, this process is not taken as seriously as it should be. The objective of this qualitative study is to explore the concept of discharge and its associated factors in 42 experienced patients, family members, nurses and cardiologists at two educational hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The content analysis of the data indicates that the participants consider hospital discharge as the termination of professional responsibility on the part of physicians and nurses as far as health‐care support is involved. Three themes were identified as factors related to the treating team, health‐care system and patients and their families. Adverse outcomes of inappropriate discharge planning which manifested as incompliance with ‘diet and medical regimen’ and lack of lifestyle modification were also noted. It seems proper to try and change the attitude of physicians and nurses towards the concept of discharge, and raise their sensitivity to organizing and executing discharge plans. It is also recommended that postdischarge care should be established.
Australian rural remote registered nurses' experiences of learning to provide antenatal services in general practice: A pilot study
Authors: Mills Jane , Birks Melanie , Francis Karen , Miles Maureen , Jones Jan
Published: July 2010

Mills J, Birks M, Francis K, Miles M, Jones J. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 319–325 Australian rural remote registered nurses' experiences of learning to provide antenatal services in general practice: A pilot study

This article reports on a pilot vocational study programme for provision of antenatal services in the general practice environment. The concurrent evaluation study assessed practice nurses' experiences of undertaking the pilot programme, the level and applicability of the content, and the mode of delivery. General practitioners' understanding of the role of the nurse in providing antenatal services, and the actual and potential impact of this new role on models of service delivery and care were also investigated. Women receiving care from practice nurses within this new model of service delivery and care were also of interest in this study. Findings showed that the current role of the general practice nurse in caring for pregnant women is restricted to assisting the general practitioner to complete their assessment of clients. Organizing clinical placement with a midwife was a major barrier to completing the pilot programme.
Comparative germination ecology of the endemic Centranthus amazonum (Valerianaceae) and its widespread congener Centranthus ruber
Authors: MATTANA EFISIO , DAWS MATTHEW I. , BACCHETTA GIANLUIGI
Published: July 2010

Centranthus amazonum Fridl. & A. Raynal (Valerianaceae) is a critically endangered narrow endemic to Central–Eastern Sardinia (Italy), where it occurs in rocky habitats. In the present study, the germination ecology of this species was investigated and compared with the relatively widespread species Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. subsp. ruber. In particular, the effects of a range of constant temperatures (5–25°C) and two alternating temperature regimes (25/10 and 30/15°C) on seed germination were analyzed. For the two species, cardinal temperatures were determined as the reciprocal of time to 50% germination (t50). In addition, seed persistence in the soil was assessed by experimental seed burials. Seeds of both species were non‐dormant; however, C. amazonum produced more empty seeds and germination was slower and reached lower final percentages than C. ruber. Moreover, seed and seedling mass of C. ruber were higher than for C. amazonum and the lack of a persistent soil seed bank detected for C. amazonum increases vulnerability to extinction for this species. The present study provides new data on the germination ecology of the previously unstudied C. amazonum that may explain the rarity of this species when compared with the commonness of C. ruber.
Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer: Basic skills
Authors: Furuse Hiroshi , Ozono Seiichiro
Published: July 2010

Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) is the standard surgical procedure for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer. We believe that all urologists should be trained in this procedure. This DVD provides an overview of TURBT with particular focus on basic skills, including basic surgical techniques such as the obturator nerve block.

Important basic surgical skills required for complete TURBT in non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer are: (i) resection of all visible tumors; (ii) resection of apparently normal mucosa on the border of the tumor; (iii) resection of the muscle layer at the base of the tumor until normal muscle fibers are visible; (iv) in applicable cases, random biopsy of apparently normal urothelium of the bladder wall and transurethral resection (TUR) biopsy of both sides of the prostatic urethra; and (v) when possible, after these procedures are completed, a different operating surgeon should inspect the bladder lumen to confirm that there are no remaining tumors. In particular, sampling resection should be implemented in apparently normal mucosa for approximately 1 cm around the tumor, and at the base of the tumor down to the superficial muscle layer. Resected specimens should be examined histopathologically in order to confirm the absence of malignant findings.

Fundamental procedures for TURBT include both one‐stage and two‐stage resection. One‐stage resection is used for relatively small tumors and involves a single procedure with simultaneous resection of both the tumor and the tissue at the tumor base down to the superficial muscle layer. In the two‐stage resection, the first resection exposes the lower level of the mucosa and the second resection removes that lower mucosal layer in order to sample the superficial muscle layer for cancer staging. At the start of the resection, the loop is electrified before it makes contact with the mucosa. Delicate movements of the sheath should be used, along with delicate movement of the loop itself to adjust the depth of resection.

The illustration of surgical techniques shows not only the basic techniques but also some points for caution during the resection. For actual resection, it is important to fully understand the properties of the tumor and to combine these techniques appropriately for each individual resection procedure. When resecting multiple tumors, the same basic resection techniques used for single tumors should be applied, and repeated as necessary. (This is a translated section of a video article originally published in Japanese as a DVD in the Audio‐Visual Journal Vol.14 No.1. 2008 by The Japanese Urological Association.)
Carbon stocks in above‐ground biomass of monoculture plantations, mixed species plantations and environmental restoration plantings in north‐east Australia
Authors: Kanowski John , Catterall Carla P.
Published: July 2010

Summary  The emergence of carbon markets has provided a potential source of funding for reforestation projects. However, there is concern amongst ecologists that these markets will promote the establishment of monoculture plantations rather than more diverse restoration plantings, on the assumption that fast‐growing monocultures are likely to store more carbon than restoration plantings. We examined the validity of this assumption for three predominantly rainforest plantation types established in the moist tropical uplands of north‐east Australia: monoculture plantations of native rainforest conifers (n = 5, mean age 13 years); mixed species plantations of rainforest cabinet timber species, rainforest conifers and eucalypts (n = 5, mean age 13 years); and, environmental restoration plantings comprised mostly of a diverse range of rainforest trees (n = 10, mean age 14 years). We found that restoration plantings stored significantly more carbon in above‐ground biomass than monoculture plantations of native conifers (on average, 106 t vs 62 t carbon per ha); and tended to store more carbon than mixed species timber plantations which were intermediate in value (86 t carbon per ha). Carbon stocks were higher in restoration plantings than in monoculture and mixed species plantations for three reasons. First, and most importantly, restoration plantings were more densely stocked than monoculture and mixed species plantations. Second, there were more large diameter trees in restoration plantings than monoculture plantations. Third, the trees used in restoration plantings had a higher average wood density than the conifers used in monoculture plantations. While, on average, wood density was higher in mixed species plantations than restoration plantings, the much higher stocking rate of restoration plantings meant they stored more carbon than mixed species plantations. We conclude that restoration plantings in the moist tropics of north‐east Australia can accumulate relatively high amounts of carbon within two decades of establishment. Comparison with reference rainforest sites suggests that restoration plantings could maintain their high stocking rates (and therefore high biomass) as they develop in future decades. However, because restoration plantings are currently much more expensive to establish than monoculture plantations, restoration plantings are unlikely to be favoured by carbon markets. Novel reforestation techniques and designs are required if restoration plantings are to both provide habitat for rainforest biota and store carbon in biomass at a cost comparable to monoculture plantations.
Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology
Authors: Wiens John J. , Ackerly David D. , Allen Andrew P. , Anacker Brian L. , Buckley Lauren B. , Cornell Howard V. , Damschen Ellen I. , Jonathan Davies T. , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Harrison Susan P. , Hawkins Bradford A. , Holt Robert D. , McCain Christy M. , Stephens Patrick R.
Published: July 2010

The diversity of life is ultimately generated by evolution, and much attention has focused on the rapid evolution of ecological traits. Yet, the tendency for many ecological traits to instead remain similar over time [niche conservatism (NC)] has many consequences for the fundamental patterns and processes studied in ecology and conservation biology. Here, we describe the mounting evidence for the importance of NC to major topics in ecology (e.g. species richness, ecosystem function) and conservation (e.g. climate change, invasive species). We also review other areas where it may be important but has generally been overlooked, in both ecology (e.g. food webs, disease ecology, mutualistic interactions) and conservation (e.g. habitat modification). We summarize methods for testing for NC, and suggest that a commonly used and advocated method (involving a test for phylogenetic signal) is potentially problematic, and describe alternative approaches. We suggest that considering NC: (1) focuses attention on the within‐species processes that cause traits to be conserved over time, (2) emphasizes connections between questions and research areas that are not obviously related (e.g. invasives, global warming, tropical richness), and (3) suggests new areas for research (e.g. why are some clades largely nocturnal? why do related species share diseases?).
Print and the Female Voice: Representations of Women's Crime in London, 1690–1735
Authors: Shoemaker Robert B.
Published: July 2010

Between 1690 and 1735, London experienced a female crime wave. This article examines how this female criminality was represented in the burgeoning world of popular crime literature. Traditional genres of print remained wedded to conventional gender stereotypes, but the new quasi‐official genres of the Old Bailey Proceedings and the Ordinary's Accounts represented female thieves in first‐person narratives which allowed the complex motivations for their crimes to be examined. These provided the background for Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders, and led to at least one accused criminal telling her story in her own publication. In the longer term, however, such representations of female theft did not proliferate.
Feminist Mediations of the Exotic: French Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, 1921–39
Authors: Boittin Jennifer Anne
Published: July 2010

This article considers why and how locality influenced feminists’ perceptions of colonised women. It does so through an analysis of how militants and novelists linked with the Union Française pour le Suffrage des Femmes (French Union for Women's Suffrage, UFSF) perceived the Arab and Berber women of colonial North Africa. The organisation had branches in North Africa, and thus feminists in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia are compared to those in France. Where these women lived shaped their understanding of French women's roles in the colonies, along with their opinions regarding the rights to which colonised women could lay claim. Tensions among UFSF members are traced here through the literary figure Elissa Rhaïs, articles in the feminist newspaper La Française and correspondence among UFSF members. These sources indicate that while all these French women positioned themselves as mediators of colonialism and women's rights, their precise interpretations of that mediation were consistently influenced by local concerns.
Femininity, Race and Treachery: How ‘Tokyo Rose’ Became a Traitor to the United States after the Second World War
Authors: Shibusawa Naoko
Published: July 2010

Based on archival and printed sources, this article revisits the ordeal of Iva Toguri d’Aquino (1916–2006), the Japanese American woman who became trapped in the myth of ‘Tokyo Rose’ and was tried for treason in 1949. It retells the tale by weaving together the various narratives of her story and pays particular attention to the ways in which the media constructed her story. The larger purpose is to explore why the federal government and the mainstream media deliberately ignored the other available narratives that explained Toguri's actions as a broadcaster for Radio Tokyo during the war. An analysis of the alternative narratives in conjunction with the stories of other female announcers who were not prosecuted (‘Manila Rose’) or who did not gain the infamy of ‘Tokyo Rose’ (‘Axis Sally’) will help us better understand how treason is gendered and orientalised.
Beyond class and nation: reframing social inequalities in a globalizing world1
Authors: Beck Ulrich
Published: July 2010

From the start individualization theory is the investigation of the paradigm shift in social inequality. Furthermore it shows, how the transnationalization of social inequalities bursts the framework of institutional responses – nation state (parties), trade unions, welfare state systems and the national sociologies of social classes. In this essay I shall try to conceptually elucidate the ‘cosmopolitan perspective’ on relations of social inequality in three cases: (1) the inequality of global risk; (2) the Europe‐wide dynamic of inequality; and (3) transnational inequalities, which emerge from the capacities and resources to transcend borders. Before that I take up Will Atkinson's question: ‘What exactly constitutes individualization and to what extent has it really displaced class?’ (Atkinson 2007: Abstract)
Micropolitics of race and ethnicity in women's prisons in two political contexts
Authors: Kruttschnitt Candace , Hussemann Jeanette
Published: July 2010

Research over the past two decades has focused on the topic of race as important for understanding order and compliance in men's prisons. However, relatively little research considers how subjective understandings of imprisonment are influenced by race, particularly in the case of women prisoners. The current study analyses 139 interviews conducted with women prisoners in California and England in order to determine how race and ethnicity shape prisoners' experiences and abilities to cope with institutional confinement. Findings suggest that women's understandings of their racial identities differ substantially in these two contexts. In California, where the conditions of confinement are more extreme and white women assume a minority status, racial identity emerges as a salient factor in coping with the adversities of prison life. By contrast, in England, it is the women of colour, and particularly foreign nationals, who have a greater appreciation of the role of race and ethnicity in their daily lives. These findings have implications for our understanding of how prisoners draw on their lived experiences to make sense of their carceral worlds.
In search of the glass ceiling: gender and recruitment to management in Norway's state bureaucracy1
Authors: Storvik Aagoth Elise , Schøne Pål
Published: July 2010

There are still fewer female than male managers in Norway's state bureaucracy. This article asks if there are organizational barriers which prevent women from entering these positions. Is there really a glass ceiling, or must one look outside the organizational environment to find an explanation? Is it rather the case that the scarcity of female managers is caused by women's own preferences or their life situations outside work? Or do both contribute to the situation? The study shows that female managers are treated just as well as male managers in central parts of the state bureaucracy. Employers give equal shares of respect and attention to both genders. Female managers are encouraged to apply for the same number of jobs as men and are offered an equal number of jobs as men when they apply; in fact, women are offered more jobs than men, when one controls for the number of job applications. This indicates that organizational barriers are not the problem. The study also shows that there are no differences in work orientation between male and female managers. Female managers are just as ambitious as male managers. Nor do female managers find it more difficult than male managers to combine work and family life. So, how can one explain the low number of female managers? The study shows that one reason can be that female managers apply for management jobs less often than their male colleagues. The cause of this seems to be anticipated discrimination rather than lack of ambition or self‐confidence. However, this slows down women's movement into higher management positions in the state bureaucracy.
Unity is strength: staff college and the British officer corps
Authors: King Anthony
Published: July 2010

Utilizing Bourdieu's concept of the habitus, Keith Macdonald has recently examined the elite social origins of the British officer corps. His analysis is valid as far at it goes but it ignores the professional practices of British officers. This article examines Britain's Joint Services Command and Staff College to assess the unification of the three services around common forms of military practice. It argues that while the new staff college has been effective in disseminating new forms of professional expertise among British officers, various practices have been institutionalized which actively undermine the unity of the officer corps.
The influence of Green parties on postmaterialist values
Authors: Tranter Bruce , Western Mark
Published: July 2010

This paper contributes to the debate on value change by advancing a new explanation of the relationship between political parties and generational‐based values in advanced industrialized nations. Through multivariate analysis of World Values and other survey data from 29 countries, we show that the relationship between generations and values tends to vary between polities dominated by major parties and those in which many parties achieve electoral success. Green parties enhance the uptake of postmaterialist values and speed the decline of materialist ones, particularly among younger generations, by promoting a political discourse and agenda that contributes to the formative experiences underpinning value change. This research suggests that institutional structures and political parties need to be given far greater prominence in theories of postmaterial value change.
Laïcité and multiculturalism: the Stasi Report in context1
Authors: Akan Murat
Published: July 2010

French republican universalism – expressed most strongly in the principle and practice oflaïcité– and multiculturalism have constituted opposite poles on questions of citizenship and integration. The report of the Stasi Commission onlaïcitéon 11 December 2003 and the following legislation on the donning of religious symbols in French public schools have once again, spurred debates over the meanings and practices oflaïcité. The report and the law have been interpreted in different ways. Some have presented them as a reaffirmation of a historically constitutedlaïcitéunder new circumstances, others as a divergence from the real problems of racism, unemployment and gender inequality. In this article, I offer an alternative reading by supplementing a critical reading of the report with an analysis of its historical and immediate institutional context. I evaluate the Stasi Report in its immediate context of institutional change, and in the historical context of selected developments concerninglaïcitésince the 1905 law separating churches and State. I argue that the Stasi Report marks a fundamental break with French republican universalism, and I show that this break occurred contemporaneously with key gestures of multiculturalism: the establishment of the French Muslim Council and the creation of Muslim high schools under contract with the French state. This double movement to narrow the boundaries oflaïcité, and for the state to expand the boundaries of identity‐specific, Muslim public institutions and private schooling constitutes a reorganization of the public sphere in France which qualifies as a move towards multiculturalism.
Does intergenerational social mobility affect antagonistic attitudes towards ethnic minorities?
Authors: Tolsma Jochem , De Graaf Nan Dirk , Quillian Lincoln
Published: July 2010

Up till now, no study satisfactorily addressed the effect of social mobility on antagonistic attitudes toward ethnic minorities. In this contribution, we investigate the effect of educational and class intergenerational mobility on ethnic stereotypes, ethnic threat, and opposition to ethnic intermarriage by using diagonal mobility models. We test several hypotheses derived from ethnic competition theory and socialization theory with data from theSocial and Cultural Developments in The Netherlandssurveys (SOCON, waves 1995, 2000, and 2005) andThe Netherlands Kinship and Panel Study(NKPS, wave 2002). We find that the relative influence of social origin and social destination depends on the specific origin and destination combination. If one moves to a more tolerant social destination position, the influence of the social origin position is negligible. If on the other hand, one is socially mobile to a less tolerant social position, the impact of the origin on antagonistic attitudes is substantial and may even exceed the impact of the destination category. This confirms our hypothesis that adaptation to more tolerant norms is easier than adaptation to less tolerant norms. We find only meagre evidence for the hypothesis that downward mobility leads to frustration and consequently to more antagonistic attitudes.
Explaining religiosity: towards a unified theoretical model1
Authors: Stolz Jörg
Published: July 2010

The article presents a unified theoretical model, explaining differences in Christian and ‘alternative’ religiosity at individual and collective levels. The model reconstructs and integrates the most important theories explaining religiosity (deprivation, regulation, socialization, cultural production, and ethnicity) as complementary causal mechanisms in a rational‐action based framework. It is maintained that the mechanisms of the various theories are not exclusive, but complementary, and that integration into the general model is both theoretically and empirically beneficial. The model is tested on representative data from Switzerland. Substantively, I find for the Swiss case that Christian religiosity can be best explained by a religious socialization mechanism. The most important mechanisms accounting for alternative religiosity involve deprivation, gender, and age.
Class analysis and the reorientation of class theory: the case of persisting differentials in educational attainment1
Authors: Goldthorpe John H.
Published: July 2010

In class analysis the main regularities that have been established by empirical research are not ones of long‐term class formation or decomposition, as envisaged in Marxist or liberal theory, but rather ones that exhibit the powerful resistance to change of class relations and associated life‐chances and patterns of social action. If these regularities are to be explained, theory needs to be correspondingly reoriented, and must abandon functionalist and teleological assumptions in favour of providing more secure micro‐foundations. This argument is developed and illustrated in the course of an attempt to apply rational action theory to the explanation of persisting class differentials in educational attainment.
British Muslims and the UK government's ‘war on terror’ within: evidence of a clash of civilizations or emergent de‐civilizing processes?
Authors: Vertigans Stephen
Published: July 2010

In the immediate aftermath of the September 2001 attacks on America, defending civilization was quickly established at the core of the ‘war on terror’. Unintentionally or otherwise this incorporation of civilization connected with Samuel Huntington's ‘Clash of Civilizations’ thesis. Within the ‘war on terror’ the dark side of counterterrorism has become apparent through international practices like extrajudicial killing, extraordinary rendition and torture. The impact of Western governments' policies upon their indigenous Muslim populations has also been problematic but social and political analysis has been relatively limited. This paper seeks to help address the scarcity of sociological contributions. Hidden costs of the UK government's attempts to utilize violence and enhance social constraints within the nation‐state are identified. It is argued that although counterterrorism strategies are contributing to a self‐fulfilling spiral of hatred that could be considered evidence in support of the ‘Clash of Civilizations’, the thesis is unhelpful when trying to grasp the underlying processes. Instead the paper draws upon Norbert Elias's application of the concepts of ‘civilizing’ and ‘de‐civilizing’ to help improve levels of understanding about the processes and consequences of particular Muslim communities being targeted by security forces. The paper concludes with an exploration of the majority of the population's acquiescence and willingness to accept restraints upon Muslims in order to safeguard their own security.
Settling the kings' lands: aprisio in Catalonia in perspective
Authors: Jarrett Jonathan
Published: July 2010

Important aspects of social history can sometimes be lost in legalisms. A long debate, recently continued in EME, has studied the right of aprisio claimed by those who took over wasteland on the frontier of the future Catalonia. This paper argues that previous treatments of the term have conflated many separate factors and misunderstood what aprisio actually was in practice. When studied at ground level it seems that, despite the role given to immigrant settlers by historians, landholders by aprisio need not have been newcomers, but locals using new rules for otherwise normal land clearances.
SHAFT‐HOLE AXES FROM CAPUT ADRIAE: MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS ABOUT THE PROVENANCE OF SERPENTINITIC ARTEFACTS*
Authors: BERNARDINI F. , DE MIN A. , EICHERT D. , ALBERTI A. , DEMARCHI G. , VELUŠČEK A. , TUNIZ C. , MONTAGNARI KOKELJ E.
Published: July 2010

The change of raw materials used to produce stone axes during the Neolithic to Copper Age transition in northeastern Italy, central and western Slovenia and northwestern Croatia (Caput Adriae) has been recently linked to the development of early European metallurgy. Serpentinite shaft‐hole axes occur commonly in the archaeological context of this region and their rounded irregular shape suggests that the raw material was mainly sourced from secondary deposits. The aim of the present study is to characterize with multiple analytical methods, including synchrotron radiation, the axes and locate the primary outcrop(s) of raw materials and related secondary exploitation areas. All the analysed artefacts are manufactured from peridotites and probably pyroxenites completely metamorphosed in greenschist facies and characterized by antigorite, diopside and magnetite, sometimes rimmed by penninite. Mineralogical and petrographic data exclude most Eastern Alps outcrops as possible raw material sources, thus limiting the research to the Hohe Tauern. Chemical data reveal a close homogeneity for the peridotite‐derived axes and therefore demonstrate a selection of the most suitable raw material for axe production. Provenance from Hohe Tauern and related secondary deposits of the Drava River hydrographical system agrees with previous studies, as this region is rich in copper ore deposits, which have been exploited since prehistory.
THE EFFECT OF HAZE AND HIGH SOLAR ALTITUDE ON THE DENSITY OF AIR SURVEY NEGATIVES
Authors: Hall R.
Published: July 2010

The effect of haze in vertical daylight air photography for various solar altitudes is considered. If appreciable haze is present the density of negatives exposed when the solar rays are inclined to the vertical at angles less than the lens field semi‐angle may vary over the field to such an extent that the photographs will be unsuitable for survey purposes. A theoretical investigation is made and practical results analysed. Methods by which the phenomena may be avoided are suggested. The effect on negative density of the variation in shadow length across the picture is also discussed.
ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR MAPPING FROM BALLOON PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Vozikis E.
Published: July 2010

This paper attempts to demonstrate the economy, quality and accuracy that can be obtained by the use of analytical methods and instruments in photogrammetry.

As a practical example, amateur photographs, taken from a balloon (BCV D4 Delacoste) with a Hasselblad 500 EL/M camera, were used for restitution by means of the ORIENT bundle adjustment program and the Wild Aviolyt AC1/Aviotab TA2 analytical plotting system. Results are quoted for the time required and the accuracy obtained.

Cet article essaie de mettre en évidence les wantages que l'on peut tirer de l'emploi d'appareils et de méthodes analytiques en photogrammétrie, en ce qui concerne l'économie, la qualityé et la précision. On cite à titre d'exemple, l'emploi de photographies d'amateurs, prises en ballon (un Delacoste BCV D4) avec un appareil Hasselblad 500 EL/M, restituées au moyen du programme de compension par faisceaux ORIENT et du système de restitution analytique Wild Aviolyt AC/1 Aviotab TA2. On fait état du temps nécessaire et de la précision obtenue dans les résultats.

Es wird der Versuch gemacht, Ökonomie, Qualität und Genauigkeit, die mit analytischen Verfahren und Geräten in der Photogrammetrie erzielt werden können, aufzuzeigen. Alspraktisches Beispiel dienen Amateurfotos, die von einem Ballon aus (BCV D4 Delacoste) mit einer Hasselblad‐Kamera 500 EL/M aufgenommen und mit dem Bündelprogramm ORIENT und dem Analytischen Auswertegerät von Wild Aviolyt AC1/Aviotab TA2 ausgewertet wurden. Es werden Ergebnisse für den Zeitaufwand und die erreichte Genauigkeit angegeben.
THE FUTURE PROSPECTS OF DATA ACQUISITION BY PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER AIRBORNE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE SCALE MAPPING
Authors: Burnside C. D.
Published: July 2010

This paper was the first to be presented at the Thompson Symposium 1984 which had as its theme “The future of photogrammetry”. The paper considers only the acquisition of imagery for large scale mapping and similar purposes. It discusses the role of the standard metric aerial survey camera and makes some proposals for the wider use of smaller format cameras. It also reviews the position with regard to other possible sources of imagery such as vidicon and solid state cameras.
BLOCK ADJUSTMENT WITH ARRAY AND VECTOR PROCESSORS
Authors: Baz I. , Methley B. D. F.
Published: July 2010

The paper discusses some hardware and software developments in mainframe computers and their effects on aerial triangulation block adjustment programs. The results of test runs on two modern computers with unconventional architectures are given and comparisons are made with run times on more conventional serial type computers.
A NEW LIGHTWEIGHT CAMERA RIG
Authors: Ekin W. H.
Published: July 2010

A new lightweight vertical camera rig which can be clamped to the front legs of the front seat of a light aircraft is described. In one version, a fixed transparent fairing is attached to the door, whereas in the second version the fairing is attached to the camera rig itself which can then be extended and retracted in flight. This rig has received C.A.A. (Civil Aviation Authority) Approval.
SOME ASPECTS OF HEIGHT EXTRACTION FROM SPOT IMAGERY
Authors: Ley R. G.
Published: July 2010

Military systems are becoming far more demanding in their requirement for geographical information. Military Survey must be able to support these requirements and consequently undertake a continuous evaluation of new potential sources and exploitation systems. In considering SPOT data, both the improved spatial resolution and the three dimensional capability afforded by the system must be investigated. Military Survey, together with universities and industry, is conducting trials on the accuracy and detail obtainable from both film and digital data. This paper will consider the three dimensional geometric fidelity of SPOT data using three different systems. The first exploits the data as a stereopair of diapositives using an analytical plotter. The second is a hybrid system in that the stereoscopic digital data are loaded into an image processing workstation which projects a stereo‐image onto a split screen. This is then treated as “hardcopy” and is interactively exploited by a conventional stereoscope. The third system is completely digital in that height extraction is undertaken within a digital environment incorporating autocorrelation routines. Overall system errors of 10 m to 12 m (σ) were recorded for each exploitation system. Digital elevation model accuracies varied depending upon terrain type and image contrast.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING WITH SPOT 1 DATA: A PRACTICAL APPROACH BY THE ORDNANCE SURVEY
Authors: Hartley W. S.
Published: July 2010

The Overseas Surveys Directorate (OSD) of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OS) has experimented with using SPOT I HRV data for topographic line mapping at 1:100 000 scale in the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). Results of these tests indicate that sufficient accuracy to support 1:100 000 scale mapping with a 40 m contour interval is possible but that the compilation of detail is incomplete. More emphasis on field completion and verification is required than with traditional techniques to maintain a standard 1:100 000 scale mapping specification. Costs of mapping large areas can be significantly reduced but savings are yet to be made in providing ground control. OSD has acquired expertise and hardware in a new mapping process, not to replace traditional mapping systems but to complement them under appropriate conditions. OSD has developed sufficient confidence in the use of SPOT to commit itself to mapping approximately 25 000 square kilometres of north east Yemen Arab Republic.
A NEW PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROCEDURE FOR OFFSHORE ENGINEERING SURVEYS
Authors: Bozzolato G.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes an innovative and unconventional photogrammetric solution developed by Agip S.p.A. when faced with the problem of surveying offshore structures. It was necessary to determine the separation of the centre lines of pipe supports and, in order to provide control, chains of known length were slung between adjacent pipes. Various camera platforms were investigated and a helicopter was finally selected. Special photographic equipment was developed for the project based on the Zeiss (Jena) UMK 10/1318 metric cameras. The entire system has performed satisfactorily on land but, at the time of writing, had yet to be tested offshore. It is designed to provide rapid dimensional engineering surveys of large objects with high accuracy carried out under a wide range of environmental conditions.
DIGITAL PLOTTERS: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Dowman I. J.
Published: July 2010

This paper reviews the requirements and equipment for the photogrammetric restitution of digital data. Advances in computer technology have made it possible to process and display image data in very fast time; this has made real time movement of images on a display screen a reality and hence, together with stereoscopic viewing, a digital version of the analytical plotter. The necessary components are discussed and the implementations which have been made. The use of parallel processing for additional speed is also discussed and the alternatives of using standard workstations are considered. A system developed at University College London is described and some pointers to the future are provided.
HIGH PRECISION INDUSTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Wester‐Ebbinghaus W.
Published: July 2010

A new high precision photogrammetric system for measurements in industry is presented, which consists of a large format camera and a digital monocomparator. Retroreflecting targets support automatic measurement. Because of a rigorous réseau technique, the system requires lower mechanical effort and fewer costs than conventional systems. It is in operational use in the German and French Airbus Industries.
CLOSE RANGE MEASUREMENT USING ELECTRONIC THEODOLITE SYSTEMS
Authors: Grist M. W.
Published: July 2010

Co‐ordinate measuring systems based on theodolites are increasingly being found in industrial environments. The paper explains the principles on which the technique is based, the system components and the factors which affect the accuracy that can be achieved. Finally some application areas are listed and a particular example from the aircraft industry is highlighted.
REFRACTION CONSIDERATIONS FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN A THERMAL VACUUM CHAMBER
Authors: Fraser C. S.
Published: July 2010

Photogrammetric measurements within environmental test chambers which incorporate viewing ports constitute an application of multi‐media photogrammetry. Perturbations to the incident bundles of rays due to refraction must therefore be taken into account. In this paper, refraction compensation for the case of antenna measurements within thermal vacuum chambers is discussed. Correction models applicable to the camera invariant refracting surfaces of a glass window and vacuum chamber are reviewed, especially error compensation using the approach of analytical selfcalibration. Results of a sequence of measurements of a satellite antenna are then analysed to illustrate the high measurement accuracies which are afforded by the selfcalibration approach.

Les déterminations photogrammétriques dans un environnement de caissons ď essais munis de hublots de visée, constituent une application de la photogrammetrie à trovers des milieux multiples. II y a lieu par conséquent de tenir compte des perturbations que subissent lesfaisceaux de rayons lumineux incidents par suite de la réfraction. On examine dans cet article la compensation de la réfraction dans le cas de mesures sur des antennes placées dans des enceintes thermiques sous vide. On analyse les modèles de correction applicables aux surfaces réfractantes invariantes de la chambre photographique et de ľ enceinte à vide, comprenant des fenêtres en verre, en s'attachant plus particulièrement à une compensation ď erreurs basée sur des méthodes ď auto‐étalonnage analytique. On présente ensuite les résultats ď une série de mesures portant sur une antenne de satellite, qui illustrent le haut degré de précision atteint par cette méthode ďauto‐étalonnage.

Photogrammetrische Messungen innerhalb von Umwelt‐Testkammern, die auch Öffnungen zum Durchblick enthalten, stellen eine Anwendung der Multimedien‐Photogrammetrie dar. Demzufolge müssen Störungen wegen Refraktion bei den Aufnahmestrahlenbündeln berücksichtigt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Kompensation der Refraktion für Antennenmessungen in thermalen Vakuum‐Kammern diskutiert. Korrekturmodelle, die auf die kamerainvarianten brechenden Oberflächen eines Fensterglases und die Vakuum‐Kammer angewandt werden können, werden analysiert, besonders unter dem Gesichtspunkt, daß eine Fehlerkorrektur mittels Selbstkalibrierung erfolgt. Dann werden Ergebnisse einer Folge von Messungen an der Satellitenantenne analysiert, um die hohe Meßgenauigkeit darzustellen, die aus dem Ansatz zur Selbstkalibrierung resultiert.
Introduction to an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage
Authors: Hedberg Hollis D.
Published: July 2010

International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification [Report No. 7a; editor H. D. Hedberg]: Introduction to an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage. Boreas, Vol 1, pp. 199–211. Oslo, 1st September, 1972. [Co‐published with Lethaia, Vol. 5, pp. 283–295].

The International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification (ISSC), a subcommission of the IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy, has been working for the last 15–20 years towards the preparation of an International Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Usage. The purpose of the Guide is to promote international agreement on principles of stratigraphic classification and to establish internationally acceptable stratigraphic terminology and rules of stratigraphic procedure. The Introduction explains the background of its preparation.