bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication: Mapping water collisions for interstellar space conditions
Authors: Yang C.-H. , Sarma G. , ter Meulen J. J. , Parker D. H. , McBane G. C. , Wiesenfeld L. , Faure A. , Scribano Y. , Feautrier N.
Published: October 2010

We report a joint experimental and theoretical study that directly tests the quality of the potential energy surfaces used to calculate energy changing cross sections of water in collision with helium and molecular hydrogen, at conditions relevant for astrophysics. Fully state-to-state differential cross sections are measured for H2O–He and H2O–H2 collisions at 429 and 575 cm−1 collision energy, respectively. We compare these differential cross sections with theoretical ones for H2O+H2 derived from state-of-the-art potential energy surfaces [P. Valiron et al., J. Chem. Phys. 129, 134306 (2008)] and quantum scattering calculations. This detailed comparison forms a stringent test of the validity of astrophysics calculations for energy changing rates in water. The agreement between theory and experiment is striking for most of the state-to-state differential cross sections measured.
Development of laser induced fluorescence diagnostic for measuring the parameters of plasma containing rare gas species
Authors: Gorbunov A. V. , Molodtsov N. A. , Moskalenko I. V. , Shcheglov D. A.
Published: October 2010

Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique development activity for measurement of plasma parameters in ITER divertor plasma is described. Helium density is the task of priority, but Doppler measurement of ion (atom) temperatures is also the aim of the program. The concept of ITER scenarios includes injection of “extrinsic” impurities (Ne, Ar, and Kr). It is possible to use the species as tracing elements for measurement of Ti, Ta. The program included modeling experiments on PNX-U (a multicusp trap with microwave argon plasma). Helium was added by puffing into discharge. Temperatures Ti(Ar1+) and Ta(He0) have been measured by scanning laser line across absorption line of species. Summarizing of fluorescence signals provided input data for estimation of Ar1+ and He0 densities via interpretative collisional-radiative models. Besides, the collisional-radiative model has been used for estimation of electron density using the ratio of fluorescence signals at 388.9 and 706.5 nm helium lines.
Measurements of velocity shear and ion viscosity profile in a magnetohydrodynamic plasma jet
Authors: Dorf L. A. , Intrator T. , Sun X. , Hendryx J. , Wurden G. A. , Furno I , Lapenta G.
Published: October 2010

Time-dependent, two-dimensional profiles of the axial flow velocity, density, electron temperature, and magnetic field components are measured at two axial locations in a screw pinch plasma column of the reconnection scaling experiment. The results show that the ion momentum flux for a given column radius is dissipated by the ion-ion Coulomb scattering viscosity due to a significant radial shear of the axial velocity. By comparing the terms of the magnetohydrodynamic momentum balance equation, radial profile of ion viscosity is determined. Chord-integrated ion temperature measurements performed at several radial locations using Doppler broadening spectroscopy show ion temperature of about 1 eV. Measured ion viscosity agrees within a factor of 2 with the classical Braginskii expectations.
Many-electron self-interaction and spin polarization errors in local hybrid density functionals
Authors: Haunschild Robin , Henderson Thomas M. , Jiménez-Hoyos Carlos A. , Scuseria Gustavo E.
Published: October 2010

Errors for systems with noninteger occupation have been connected to common failures of density functionals. Previously, global hybrids and pure density functionals have been investigated for systems with noninteger charge and noninteger spin state. Local hybrids have not been investigated for either of those systems to the best of our knowledge. This study intends to close this gap. We investigate systems with noninteger charge to assess the many-electron self-interaction error and systems with noninteger spin state to assess the spin polarization error of recently proposed local hybrids and their range-separated variants. We find that long-range correction is very important to correct for many-electron self-interaction error in cations, whereas most full-range local hybrids seem to be sufficient for anions, where long-range-corrected density functionals tend to overcorrect. On the other hand, while all hitherto proposed long-range-corrected density functionals show large spin polarization errors, the Perdew–Staroverov–Tao–Scuseria (PSTS) functional performs best of all local hybrids in this case and shows an outstanding behavior for the dependence of the energy on the spin polarization.
Refractive and relativistic effects on ITER low field side reflectometer design
Authors: Wang G. , Rhodes T. L. , Peebles W. A. , Harvey R. W. , Budny R. V.
Published: October 2010

The ITER low field side reflectometer faces some unique design challenges, among which are included the effect of relativistic electron temperatures and refraction of probing waves. This paper utilizes GENRAY, a 3D ray tracing code, to investigate these effects. Using a simulated ITER operating scenario, characteristics of the reflected millimeter waves after return to the launch plane are quantified as a function of a range of design parameters, including antenna height, antenna diameter, and antenna radial position. Results for edge/SOL measurement with both O- and X-mode polarizations using proposed antennas are reported.
Characteristics of four-channel Cherenkov-type detector for measurements of runaway electrons in the ISTTOK tokamak
Authors: Plyusnin V. V. , Jakubowski L. , Zebrowski J. , Duarte P. , Malinowski K. , Fernandes H. , Silva C. , Rabinski M. , Sadowski M. J.
Published: October 2010

A diagnostics capable of characterizing the runaway and superthermal electrons has been developing on the ISTTOK tokamak. In previous paper, a use of single-channel Cherenkov-type detector with titanium filter for runaway electron studies in ISTTOK was reported. To measure fast electron populations with different energies, a prototype of a four-channel detector with molybdenum filters was designed. Test-stand studies of filters with different thicknesses (1, 3, 7, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μm) have shown that they should allow the detection of electrons with energies higher than 69, 75, 87, 95, 120, 181, and 260 keV, respectively. First results of measurements with the four-channel detector revealed the possibility to measure reliably different fast electrons populations simultaneously.
Millimeter-wave radiometer diagnostics of harmonic electron cyclotron emission in the Levitated Dipole Experiment
Authors: Woskov P. P. , Kesner J. , Garnier D. T. , Mauel M. E.
Published: October 2010

A 110/137 GHz radiometer pair with collimated antenna pattern is being used to diagnose optically thin harmonic electron cyclotron emission from hot electrons in LDX. Signal levels of 0.1–1 keV and 110/137 ratios of 2–4 stationary with ECRH power have been observed. The large plasma core magnetic field gradient causes all relevant harmonics to be simultaneously viewed over a ∠(k,B) angular range of 0°–90° representing a unique geometry for interpretation of ECE in terms of hot electron temperature and density.
Spectroscopic modeling of an argon-doped shock-ignition implosion
Authors: Florido R. , Mancini R. C. , Nagayama T. , Tommasini R. , Delettrez J. A. , Regan S. P. , Yaakobi B.
Published: October 2010

We present results from the spectral postprocessing of a one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of an argon-doped, warm-shell shock-ignition implosion with a detailed atomic and radiation physics model. The argon tracer is added to the deuterium filling in the core for diagnostic purposes. Spectral features in the emergent intensity distribution in the photon energy range of the argon K-shell spectrum that have potential for diagnostic application are discussed.
Interaction between Faraday rotation and Cotton–Mouton effects in polarimetry modeling for NSTX
Authors: Zhang J. , Crocker N. A. , Carter T. A. , Kubota S. , Peebles W. A.
Published: October 2010

The evolution of electromagnetic wave polarization is modeled for propagation in the major radial direction in the National Spherical Torus Experiment with retroreflection from the center stack of the vacuum vessel. This modeling illustrates that the Cotton–Mouton effect–elliptization due to the magnetic field perpendicular to the propagation direction–is shown to be strongly weighted to the high-field region of the plasma. An interaction between the Faraday rotation and Cotton–Mouton effects is also clearly identified. Elliptization occurs when the wave polarization direction is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the local transverse magnetic field. Since Faraday rotation modifies the polarization direction during propagation, it must also affect the resultant elliptization. The Cotton–Mouton effect also intrinsically results in rotation of the polarization direction, but this effect is less significant in the plasma conditions modeled. The interaction increases at longer wavelength and complicates interpretation of polarimetry measurements.
Impurity dynamics in the presence of transport barriers in tokamaks
Authors: Futatani S. , Garbet X. , Benkadda S. , Dubuit N.
Published: October 2010

Impurity transport in tokamak core plasmas is investigated with a three-dimensional global fluid code. The diffusion coefficient and the pinch velocity of impurity transport in tokamaks are studied using the fluid model for ion temperature gradient and trapped electron mode driven turbulence in tokamak plasmas. It is shown that in the presence of an internal transport barrier created by a reversed magnetic shear configuration or external E×B shear flow, a reversal of impurity pinch velocity is obtained, which changes from inward direction to outward direction. This scenario is favorable for expelling impurities from the central region and decontaminating the core plasma. The pinch reversal is attributed to a change of sign of the curvature pinch velocity. This modification is mostly due to the reversal of magnetic shear for the hollow q profile. When a strong E×B shear flow is externally imposed, it is rather due to a change of the turbulence mean phase velocity.
High capacitance density by CaCu3Ti4O12 thin films
Authors: Fiorenza Patrick , Lo Nigro Raffaella , Raineri Vito , Malandrino Graziella , Toro Roberta G. , Catalano Maria R.
Published: October 2010

Metal-oxide-metal capacitors based on CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) thin films, grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition and presenting a “brick wall” morphology, have been fabricated and characterized. In these capacitors, the coexistence of two Maxwell–Wagner related phenomena, i.e., the internal barrier layer capacitor and the electrode polarization effects, has been demonstrated and modeled. The detailed description of the involved mechanisms is discussed. High reliability and reproducibility in capacitors based on CCTO thin films can be achieved when the phenomena are controlled. A remarkable high capacitance density (about 100 nF/mm2) has been obtained at room temperature in optimised processing.
Influence of degradation on the electrical conduction process in ZnO and SnO2-based varistors
Authors: Ponce M. A. , Ramírez M. A. , Parra R. , Malagú C. , Castro M. S. , Bueno P. R. , Varela J. A.
Published: October 2010

The conduction process during degradation, promoted by the application of fixed dc bias voltage at different temperatures (thermal steady states) and current pulses 8/20 μs on ZnO and SnO2-based varistors, was studied comparatively in the present work. The electrical properties of the varistor systems were highly damaged after degradation with current pulse 8/20 μs. Variations on the potential barrier height and donor concentration were calculated by fitting the experimental data from impedance spectroscopy measurements assuming the formation of Schottky barriers at the grain boundaries and electrical conduction to occur due to tunneling and thermionic emission.
Dielectric and conductivity relaxation in AgI doped silver selenite superionic glasses
Authors: Deb B. , Ghosh A.
Published: October 2010

Non-Debye relaxation in superionic AgI–Ag2O–SeO2 glasses has been investigated as a function of frequency and temperature. The experimental data have been analyzed in the framework of complex dielectric permittivity and complex electric modulus formalisms. The dielectric permittivity data have been well interpreted using the Havriliak–Negami function. The electric modulus data have been analyzed by invoking Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts function and various parameters describing the relaxation mechanism have been obtained. The temperature and compositional variation in relaxation times and the activation energy, obtained from dielectric permittivity as well as from electric modulus data, have been compared. The low value of stretched exponential parameter implies a highly nonexponential nature of relaxation and is attributed to the correlated ionic motion. The values of the stretched exponential parameter are observed to be independent of temperature as well as composition. Different scaling formalisms have been applied to understand the temperature and compositional dependence of the relaxation mechanism. The scaling of dielectric loss spectra and electric modulus spectra results in master curves, which signifies that the relaxation mechanism is independent of temperature as well as composition.
An off-lattice frustrated model protein with a six-stranded β-barrel structure
Authors: Kim Seung-Yeon
Published: October 2010

We apply a global optimization method, which is conformational space annealing (CSA) to a challenging problem of the 69-residue protein with the sequence B9N3(LB)4N3B9N3(LB)4N3B9N3(LB)5L, where B, L, and N designate hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and neutral residues, respectively. The 69-residue BLN protein folds into a six-stranded β-barrel structure. The CSA method always maintains the diversity of sampling and is able to cross the high energy barriers between local minima. The CSA successfully located the global minimum of the 69-residue BLN protein for all 100 independent runs. For a single run, it takes about 3 h and 30 min on average to obtain the global minimum on a Linux PC. Also, we investigate the properties of the 69-residue BLN protein, and the general behavior of the M-residue BLN protein for CSA runs.
Increasing correlation length in bulk supercooled H2O, D2O, and NaCl solution determined from small angle x-ray scattering
Authors: Huang Congcong , Weiss T. M. , Nordlund D. , Wikfeldt K. T. , Pettersson L. G. M. , Nilsson A.
Published: October 2010

Using small angle x-ray scattering, we find that the correlation length of bulk liquid water shows a steep increase as temperature decreases at subzero temperatures (supercooling) and that it can, similar to the thermodynamic response functions, be fitted to a power law. This indicates that the anomalous properties of water are attributable to fluctuations between low- and high-density regions with rapidly growing average size upon supercooling. The substitution of H2O with D2O, as well as the addition of NaCl salt, leads to substantial changes of the power law behavior of the correlation length. Our results are consistent with the proposed existence of a liquid-liquid critical point in the deeply supercooled region but do not exclude a singularity-free model.
Overcoming barriers in trajectory space: Mechanism and kinetics of rare events via Wang–Landau enhanced transition path sampling
Authors: Borrero Ernesto E. , Dellago Christoph
Published: October 2010

Within the framework of transition path sampling (TPS), activation energies can be computed as path ensemble averages without a priori information about the reaction mechanism [C. Dellago and P. G. Bolhuis, Mol. Simul. 30, 795 (2004)]. Activation energies computed for different conditions can then be used to determine by numerical integration the rate constant for a system of interest from the rate constant known for a reference system. However, in systems with complex potential energy surfaces, multiple reaction pathways may exist making ergodic sampling of trajectory space difficult. Here, we present a combination of TPS with the Wang–Landau (WL) flat-histogram algorithm for an efficient sampling of the transition path ensemble. This method, denoted by WL-TPS, has the advantage that from one single simulation, activation energies at different temperatures can be determined even for systems with multiple reaction mechanisms. The proposed methodology for rate constant calculations does not require the knowledge of the reaction coordinate and is generally applicable to Arrhenius and non-Arrhenius processes. We illustrate the applicability of this technique by studying a two-dimensional toy system consisting of a triatomic molecule immersed in a fluid of repulsive soft disks. We also provide an expression for the calculation of activation volumes from path averages such that the pressure dependence of the rate constant can be obtained by numerical integration.
Dynamical consequences of symmetry breaking in benzene and difluorobenzene
Authors: von Benten Rebekka S. , Liu Yaxing , Abel Bernd
Published: October 2010

The systems benzene/benzene-d1 and o-/m-/p-difluorobenzene were studied in the dense gas phase with ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate the effect of symmetry reduction through monodeuteration and constitutional isomerism on the timescales of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR). In both systems IVR proceeds faster in the molecules of lower symmetry. In addition the dynamics were simulated in vibrational quantum number space using a simple model based on scaling state-to-state interactions by coupling order and the energy gap law. These simulations (semi-) quantitatively reproduce the experimental data for benzene and benzene-d1 without incorporating further molecular symmetry restrictions. The relative impact of molecular symmetry and vibrational state space structure on IVR is discussed.
1.52

μ
m
photoluminescence emissions from InAs quantum dots grown on nanopatterned GaAs buffers
Authors: Wong P. S. , Liang B. L. , Lin A. , Tatebayashi J. , Huffaker D. L.
Published: October 2010

InAs patterned quantum dots (PQDs) are preferentially formed on faceted GaAs pyramidal buffers using selective-area epitaxy (SAE) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Photoluminescence (PL) wavelength is adjustable through a single parameter, the growth time, and strong room-temperature PL emissions from 1.3 μm to over 1.5 μm are demonstrated, with linear polarization from PQD’s asymmetric geometries. The long wavelength emission is attributed to the large PQD size and the reduced strain within PQDs enabled by SAE. It is thus a viable technique to independently control PL wavelength while maintaining the QD density, and to address single QDs for device applications.
In vivo two-photon imaging reveals monocyte-dependent neutrophil extravasation during pulmonary inflammation
Authors: Kreisel Daniel , Nava Ruben G. , Li Wenjun , Zinselmeyer Bernd H. , Wang Baomei , Lai Jiaming , Pless Robert , Gelman Andrew E. , Krupnick Alexander S. , Miller Mark J.
Published: October 2010

Immune-mediated pulmonary diseases are a significant public health concern. Analysis of leukocyte behavior in the lung is essential for understanding cellular mechanisms that contribute to normal and diseased states. Here, we used two-photon imaging to study neutrophil extravasation from pulmonary vessels and subsequent interstitial migration. We found that the lungs contained a significant pool of tissue-resident neutrophils in the steady state. In response to inflammation produced by bacterial challenge or transplant-mediated, ischemia-reperfusion injury, neutrophils were rapidly recruited from the circulation and patrolled the interstitium and airspaces of the lung. Motile neutrophils often aggregated in dynamic clusters that formed and dispersed over tens of minutes. These clusters were associated with CD115+F4/80+Ly6C+cells that had recently entered the lung. The depletion of blood monocytes with clodronate liposomes reduced neutrophil clustering in the lung, but acted by inhibiting neutrophil transendothelial migration upstream of interstitial migration. Our results suggest that a subset of monocytes serve as key regulators of neutrophil extravasation in the lung and may be an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
Modelling of Peripheral Fluid Accumulation after a Crystalloid Bolus in Female Volunteers – A Mathematical Study
Authors: Rodhe Peter , Drobin Dan , Hahn Robert G. , Wennberg Bernt , Lindahl Christina , Sjöstrand Fredrik , Svensen Christer H.
Published: October 2010

Objective. To simultaneously model plasma dilution and urinary output in female volunteers.

Methods. Ten healthy female non‐pregnant volunteers, aged 21–39 years (mean 29), with a bodyweight of 58–67 kg (mean 62.5 kg) participated. No oral fluid or food was allowed between midnight and completion of the experiment. The protocol included an infusion of acetated Ringer′s solution, 25 ml/kg over 30 min. Blood samples (4 ml) were taken every 5 min during the first 120 min, and thereafter the sampling rate was every 10 min until the end of the experiment at 240 min. A standard bladder catheter connected to a drip counter to monitor urine excretion continuously was used. The data were analysed by empirical calculations as well as by a mathematical model.

Results. Maximum urinary output rate was found to be 19 (13–31) ml/min. The subjects were likely to accumulate three times as much of the infused fluid peripherally as centrally; 1/μ = 2.7 (2.0–5.7). Elimination efficacy, Eeff, was 24 (5–35), and the basal elimination kb was 1.11 (0.28–2.90). The total time delay Ttot of urinary output
was estimated as 17 (11–31) min.

Conclusion. The experimental results showed a large variability in spite of a homogenous volunteer group. It was possible to compute the infusion amount, plasma dilution and simultaneous urinary output for each consecutive time point and thereby the empirical peripheral fluid accumulation. The variability between individuals may be explained by differences in tissue and hormonal responses to fluid boluses, which needs to be further explored.

Corrigendum to
“Modelling of Peripheral Fluid Accumulation after a Crystalloid Bolus in Female Volunteers – A Mathematical Study”dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/618653
Nitrogen incorporation into GaAs lattice as a result of the surface cavitation effect
Authors: Savkina R K , Smirnov A B
Published: October 2010

Semi-insulating gallium arsenide was exposed to cavitation impact initiated by focusing a high-frequency acoustic wave into liquid nitrogen. Optical and atomic force microscopy methods were used for the analysis of surface morphology. Formation of microstructures as well as change in the chemical composition of the surface are observed. The morphology of the structures is highly dependent on the acoustic parameters. Raman spectroscopy data have confirmed the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the GaAs lattice and Ga–N bond formation in the region of maximal structural change due to the cavitation impact.
Occurrence and Detection ofGlobodera rostochiensison Vancouver Island, British Columbia: An Update
Authors: Rott Michael , Lawrence Tracy , Belton Mark , Sun Fengcheng , Kyle Doug
Published: October 2010

The potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis, has been present in Central Saanich on Vancouver Island for at least 45 years. Eradication/control efforts have been ongoing, with regulations enacted in the early 1980s restricting the planting of host crops and movement of soil. Surveys monitoring for cyst populations have been minimal since the regulations have been in place with only one limited study in the early 1990s. In this report, a survey of eight fields was undertaken, chosen as the most likely sites that may still harbor viable PCN cysts. Conventional sampling/detection methods were considered inadequate for the detection of very low cyst populations, and an innovative bioassay was developed to improve detection while minimizing costs and labor. Viable cysts were recovered from two fields, both with past quarantine infractions. Fields with no known infractions were found free of viable cysts. Lack of viable cysts found in fields with no infractions suggests that the quarantine restrictions in place since the early 1980s have been effective in reducing or eliminating PCN from these fields. Further systematic and comprehensive retesting of all fields within the quarantine zone is now required, which could lead to the reduction or lifting of some quarantine restrictions.
First Report on the Occurrence of a Virulent Strain of Fusarium Wilt Pathogen (Race-1) Infecting Cavendish (AAA) Group of Bananas in India
Authors: Thangavelu R. , Mustaffa M. M.
Published: October 2010

Banana wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is one of the most significant threats to banana production worldwide. Strains of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense have been grouped into race-1, -2, or -4 on the basis of differential virulence among different genotypes of banana. In India, though the disease is reported among susceptible varieties of races 1 and 2, the disease is not reported from Cavendish cultivars, which are the differential host to race-4. Recent surveys of the Cumbum areas (Theni District, Tamil Nadu) revealed symptoms (e.g., yellowing and drooping of leaves around the pseudostem and longitudinal splitting of pseudostem) on cv. Grand Naine (Cavendish group – AAA). F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense was recovered and single-spore isolates had characteristic white-to-purple aerial mycelia producing single-celled, oval microconidia in false heads on branched monophialides and sickle-shaped macroconidia with an attenuated apical cell and a foot-shaped basal cell. Pathogenicity was demonstrated on cv. Grand Naine by inoculation with sand maize meal inoculum (20 g per pot containing 106 spores per g). Vegetative compatibility, using 33 nit-M testers of all known vegetative compatibility groups (2), showed that nit-1 mutants generated from a wild strain of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense isolated from cv. Grand Naine formed robust heterokaryons with nit-M tester 0124 of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Australia and also with nit-M tester obtained from an isolate of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense from Karpuravalli (Pisang Awak-ABB). Further characterization of this new Cavendish strain was studied on the basis of volatile odor production (3) using VCGs 0125 for race-1 (‘inodoratum group’) and 0120 for race 4 (‘odoratum group’) as positive controls and sterile medium as a negative control. This new F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense strain of Cavendish belonged to ‘inodoratum’ group of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Pathogenicity was demonstrated on potted plants (10 per cultivar) of cvs. Rasthali (Silk-AAB), Karpuravalli (Pisang Awak-ABB), Ney Poovan (AB), Poovan (Mysore-AAB), Red Banana (AAA), Nendran (French plantain-AAB), Monthan (ABB), and Grand Naine (Cavendish-AAA) by inoculation with sand maize meal inoculum (20 g per pot containing 106 spores per g) in three replicate experiments. Plants were uprooted 2 months postinoculation and disease severity was estimated by rating internal vascular discoloration in the corm (1). The result showed that all cultivars, except Red Banana and Nendran, had the highest rating for disease severity, 6. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a virulent strain of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense VCG 0124 of race-1on Cavendish banana.

References: (1) J. Carlier et al. Technical Guidelines Number 6. INIBAP, Montpellier, France, 2002. (2) J. C. Correll et al. Phytopathology 77:1640, 1987. (3) N. Y. Moore. Aust. J. Bot 39:161, 1991.
Monitoring Fungicide Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola of Sugar Beet for Disease Management Decisions
Authors: Secor Gary A. , Rivera Viviana V. , Khan M. F. R. , Gudmestad Neil C.
Published: October 2010

Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc., is the most serious and important foliar disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) wherever it is grown worldwide. Cercospora leaf spot first caused economic damage in North Dakota and Minnesota in 1980, and the disease is now endemic. This is the largest production area for sugar beet in the United States, producing 5.5 to 6.0 million metric tons on approximately 300,000 ha, which is 56% of the sugar beet production in the United States. This Plant Disease feature article details a cooperative effort among the participants in the sugar beet industry in this growing area and represents a successful collaboration and team effort to confront and change a fungicide resistance crisis to a fungicide success program. As a case study of success for managing fungicide resistance, it will serve as an example to other pathogen–fungicide systems and provide inspiration and ideas for long-term disease management by fungicides.
Double-Virus Resistance of Transgenic Oriental Melon Conferred by Untranslatable Chimeric Construct Carrying Partial Coat Protein Genes of Two Viruses
Authors: Wu Hui-Wen , Yu Tsong-Ann , Raja Joseph A. J. , Christopher Serene Judith , Wang Sine-Lan , Yeh Shyi-Dong
Published: October 2010

Production of oriental melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa) in Asia is often limited by two potyviruses, the watermelon infecting type of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV W) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). In order to engineer transgenic resistance to these two viruses, an untranslatable chimeric DNA comprising partial coat protein (CP) sequences of ZYMV and PRSV W was constructed and used to transform the elite cultivar of oriental melon, Silver Light, by Agrobacterium. Greenhouse evaluation by mechanical challenges with ZYMV and PRSV W, alone or together, identified transgenic lines exhibiting different levels of resistance or complete immunity to ZYMV and PRSV W. Molecular analyses of transgenic lines revealed random insertion of transgene into the host genome, with insert numbers differing among transformants. There was no correlation between transgene insert numbers and the degree of resistance expressed by transgenic lines. The levels of accumulation of transgene transcript varied among transgenic lines. However, an inverse correlation was observed between the level of accumulation of transgene transcripts and the degree of virus resistance. Moreover, small interfering (si)RNA was readily detected from the immune and highly resistant lines, but not from the weakly resistant and susceptible lines. Altogether, our results indicated that RNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) was the underlying mechanism of double-virus resistance of the transgenic melon lines. The segregation analysis of the R1progeny of the immune line ZW-1 indicated that the single inserted transgene is associated with the resistance phenotype and is inherited as a dominant trait. These transgenic melon lines with high degrees of resistance to ZYMV and PRSV W have great potential for the control of ZYMV and PRSV W in C. melo in Asia and elsewhere.
Temperature requirements of Atlantic salmonSalmo salar, brown troutSalmo truttaand Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus: predicting the effects of climate change
Authors: Elliott J. M. , Elliott J. A.
Published: October 2010

Atlantic salmonSalmo salar, brown troutSalmo trutta(including the anadromous form, sea trout) and Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus(including anadromous fish) provide important commercial and sports fisheries in Western Europe. As water temperature increases as a result of climate change, quantitative information on the thermal requirements of these three species is essential so that potential problems can be anticipated by those responsible for the conservation and sustainable management of the fisheries and the maintenance of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems. Part I compares the temperature limits for survival, feeding and growth.Salmo salarhas the highest temperature tolerance, followed byS. truttaand finallyS. alpinus. For all three species, the temperature tolerance for alevins is slightly lower than that for parr and smolts, and the eggs have the lowest tolerance; this being the most vulnerable life stage to any temperature increase, especially for eggs ofS. alpinusin shallow water. There was little evidence to support local thermal adaptation, except in very cold rivers (mean annual temperature <6·5° C). Part II illustrates the importance of developing predictive models, using data from a long‐term study (1967–2000) of a juvenile anadromousS. truttapopulation. Individual‐based models predicted the emergence period for the fry. Mean values over 34 years revealed a large variation in the timing of emergence withc.2 months between extreme values. The emergence time correlated significantly with the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, indicating that interannual variations in emergence were linked to more general changes in climate. Mean stream temperatures increased significantly in winter and spring at a rate of 0·37° C per decade, but not in summer and autumn, and led to an increase in the mean mass of pre‐smolts. A growth model forS. truttawas validated by growth data from the long‐term study and predicted growth under possible future conditions. Small increases (<2·5° C) in winter and spring would be beneficial for growth with 1 year‐old smolts being more common. Water temperatures would have to increase byc.4° C in winter and spring, and 3° C in summer and autumn before they had a marked negative effect on trout growth.
Socio‐economic drivers of freshwater fish declines in a changing climate: a New Zealand perspective
Authors: Ling N.
Published: October 2010

New Zealand has a freshwater fish fauna characterized by high levels of national and local endemism and which is threatened by anthropogenic stressors including habitat destruction or deterioration, commercial harvest, pollution and interactions with invasive exotic species. Significant expansion of New Zealand's dairy production has recently created further deterioration of lowland water quality and greater pressure for water allocation in drier eastern regions of the South Island. New Zealand has large freshwater resources and its climate is predicted to experience less dramatic changes in mean annual temperature and precipitation than many other regions of the world as a result of anthropogenic climate change. Predicted changes in regional climate and further expansion of the dairy industry, however, will impose similar pressures on freshwater resources in northern New Zealand to those already acting to threaten freshwater biodiversity in the eastern South Island.
Trajectory classes of heavy episodic drinking among Asian American college students
Authors: Iwamoto Derek K. , Corbin William , Fromme Kim
Published: October 2010

Aims  Heavy episodic drinking (HED) among Asian Americans is a growing concern. However, little is known about the etiology and developmental patterns of HED among Asian Americans, even though this group is one of the fastest‐growing populations in the United States.

Design  Three year longitudinal design.

Participants  Sample included 404 Asian American college students transitioning from high school, through the college years.

Measurement  Measures included heavy episodic drinking, parental and peer relationships, alcohol expectancies, drinking values, and alcohol‐related problems.

Findings  Results from growth‐mixture models (GMM) identified two discrete latent classes of HED comprising 59% of our sample: these trajectory classes (high increasers and low increasers) corresponded to expected changes and stability in well‐established correlates of drinking behaviour, including alcohol‐related problems, personal drinking values and alcohol expectancies. Parental awareness and caring and quality of peer relationships during senior year of high school were associated directly and indirectly with HED class membership.

Conclusion  These findings advance the literature by providing information about the developmental course of HED among Asian American young adults. The significant within‐group variability in problematic drinking in this sample highlights the fact that subgroups of high‐risk drinkers can be identified even in relatively low‐risk groups such as Asian Americans.
Revised dose schema of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of the neonatal opioid abstinence syndrome
Authors: Kraft Walter K. , Dysart Kevin , Greenspan Jay S. , Gibson Eric , Kaltenbach Karol , Ehrlich Michelle E.
Published: October 2010

Aims  More than half of infants exposed to opioids in utero develop neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) of severity to require pharmacological therapy. Current treatments are associated with prolonged hospitalization. We sought to optimize the dose of sublingual buprenorphine in the treatment of NAS.

Design  Randomized, Phase 1, open‐label, active‐control clinical trial comparing sublingual buprenorphine to oral morphine.

Setting  Large, urban, tertiary care hospital.

Participants  Twenty‐four term infants requiring pharmacological treatment for NAS.

Measurements  Outcomes were neonatal safety, length of treatment and length of hospitalization.

Findings  Sublingual buprenorphine was safe and effective. Infants treated with buprenorphine had a 23‐day length of treatment compared to 38 days for those treated with morphine (P = 0.01), representing a 40% reduction. Length of hospital stay in the buprenorphine group was reduced 24%, from 42 to 32 days (P = 0.05).

Conclusions   Sublingual buprenorphine was safe in NAS, with a substantial efficacy advantage over standard of care therapy with oral morphine.
Successful kidney transplantation after coccidioidal meningitis
Authors: Kokseng S.L. , Blair J.E.
Published: October 2010

S.L. Kokseng, J.E. Blair. Successful kidney transplantation after coccidioidal meningitis Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 285–289. All rights reserved

Abstract: Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection primarily found in residents or visitors to geographic areas where Coccidioides species are endemic, including the southwestern United States, northwestern Mexico, and certain areas of Central and South America. The infection rarely disseminates, but certain populations are at higher risk of dissemination. One population at high risk of disseminated disease is solid organ transplant recipients. At our transplant center in Arizona, patients with proven coccidioidal infection before transplantation undergo thorough counseling about the risks of dissemination and possible death from coccidioidomycosis subsequent to the use of immunosuppressive medications after transplantation. Currently, patients with coccidioidal infection before transplantation are maintained on lifelong infection suppression with triazole therapy. We present the first successful case of a kidney transplant in a patient after treatment for coccidioidal meningitis without post‐transplant reactivation of the coccidioidal infection.
Development of a real‐time PCR method for the identification of wheat genotypes carrying different eyespot resistance genes
Authors: Meyer N. , Lind V. , Karlovsky P. , Zahn M. , Friedt W. , Ordon F.
Published: October 2010

With 2 figures and 7 tables

Eyespot, caused by Oculimacula acuformis and O. yallundae, is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The two pathogens generate similar symptoms and cannot be distinguished visually. In order to distinguish O. acuformis and O. yallundae infections and to identify reliable quantitative differences in the level of resistance of wheat genotypes, two SYBR Green based real‐time PCR assays were developed. The influence of time after inoculation until sample collection, the effect of species (O. acuformis, O. yallundae), and the relevance of wheat cultivars carrying Pch1, Pch2, or none of the resistance genes on the pathogen‐DNA content were analysed. The most clear‐cut difference of pathogen content between resistant and susceptible wheat genotypes was obtained 12 weeks after inoculation with O. yallundae. Growth chamber tests using artificial inoculation with O. yallundae and sampling 12 weeks after inoculation for real‐time PCR is shown to be a reliable procedure to determine the resistance level of wheat against eyespot. Likewise, this is the basis for the development of efficient molecular markers.
Self‐pollination does not affect fruit set or fruit characteristics in almond (Prunus dulcis)
Authors: Martínez‐García Pedro J. , Ortega Encarnación , Dicenta Federico
Published: October 2010

With 1 figure and 4 tables

Self‐compatibility has become one of the most important traits in almond breeding programmes. This characteristic allows for the establishment of monovarietal almond orchards with many advantages for the grower. However, there are some uncertainties about the consequences of self‐fertilization regarding productivity and fruit quality. In this work, a new methodology was used to clarify the possible effects of self‐pollination on these parameters. Four different pollination treatments were applied to six self‐compatible almond genotypes by hand‐pollinating flowers on five different branches, so that along each branch the four treatments were distributed homogeneously. The pollinated flowers were later identified with wires of a particular colour for each treatment. Fruit set and fruit characteristics (weight in‐shell, kernel weight, percentage of kernel, percentage of defective kernels, double kernels and split kernels) were studied. With this methodology, results should only be influenced by the pollinator effect. In general, no significant differences were observed between self‐pollination and cross‐pollination for the characteristics studied. These findings demonstrate the absence of negative effects of self‐pollination on these agronomic traits.
A functionally relevant and long‐term model of deep brain stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus: advantages and considerations
Authors: Spieles‐Engemann A. L. , Collier T. J. , Sortwell C. E.
Published: October 2010

In this review we outline some relevant considerations with regards to the rat model of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS). In order to optimize the rat STN DBS model in terms of predictive validity for the clinical situation we propose that the STN stimulation experimental design parameters in rodents should incorporate the following features: (i) stimulation parameters that demonstrate functional alleviation of symptoms induced by nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) denervation; (ii) stimulation duration that is relatively long‐term and continuous; (iii) stimulation that is initiated at a time when the denervation status of the nigrostriatal system is known to be partial and progressing; (iv) stimulation current spread that is minimized and optimized to closely approximate the clinical situation; (v) the appropriate control conditions are included; and (vi) implantation to the STN target is verified post‐mortem. Further research that examines the effect of long‐term STN DBS on the neurophysiology and neurochemistry of STN circuitry is warranted. The rat model of functionally relevant long‐term STN DBS provides a most favorable preclinical experimental platform in which to conduct these studies.
Ethical brain stimulation – neuroethics of deep brain stimulation in research and clinical practice
Authors: Clausen Jens
Published: October 2010

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a clinically established procedure for treating severe motor symptoms in patients suffering from end‐stage Parkinson’s disease, dystonia and essential tremor. Currently, it is tested for further indications including psychiatric disorders like major depression and a variety of other diseases. However, ethical issues of DBS demand continuing discussion. Analysing neuroethical and clinical literature, five major topics concerning the ethics of DBS in clinical practice were identified: thorough examination and weighing of risks and benefits; selecting patients fairly; protecting the health of children in paediatric DBS; special issues concerning patients’ autonomy; and the normative impact of quality of life measurements. In exploring DBS for further applications, additionally, issues of research ethics have to be considered. Of special importance in this context are questions such as what additional value is generated by the research, how to realise scientific validity, which patients should be included, and how to achieve an acceptable risk–benefit ratio. Patients’ benefit is central for ethical evaluation. This criterion can outweigh very serious side‐effects, and can make DBS appropriate even in paediatrics. Because standard test procedures evade central aspects of patients’ benefits, measuring quality of life should be supplemented by open in‐depth interviews to provide a more adequate picture of patients’ post‐surgical situation. To examine its entire therapeutic potential, further research in DBS is needed. Studies should be based on solid scientific hypotheses and proceed cautiously to benefit severely suffering patients without putting them to undue risks.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different modes of insulin pump delivery. A randomized, controlled study comparing subcutaneous and intravenous administration of insulin aspart
Authors: Ihlo C. A. , Lauritzen T. , Sturis J. , Skyggebjerg O. , Christiansen J. S. , Laursen T.
Published: October 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 230–236 (2011)

Aims  To study the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three different modes of insulin infusion delivered by means of an insulin pump: subcutaneous bolus insulin injection once an hour, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous intravenous insulin infusion.

Methods  In random order, ten patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus received insulin aspart with subcutaneous bolus insulin injection, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous intravenous insulin infusion. The insulin aspart doses were individualized.

Results  A non‐random, sinus‐like variation of serum insulin aspart over time was found with subcutaneous bolus insulin injection compared with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous intravenous insulin infusion (P < 0.0001). Random variation of serum insulin aspart over time was significantly higher with continuous intravenous insulin infusion compared with subcutaneous bolus insulin injection (P = 0.023) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (P = 0.013). Mean serum insulin aspart did not differ significantly between subcutaneous bolus insulin injection, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous intravenous insulin infusion (P = 0.17). Thus, absolute bioavailability was near 100% for both subcutaneous bolus insulin injection and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Statistically significant differences were seen in mean plasma glucose and mean glucose infusion rate, with the highest mean plasma glucose and the lowest mean glucose infusion rate with continuous intravenous insulin infusion, suggesting a slightly lower bioefficacy of continuous intravenous insulin infusion compared with subcutaneous bolus insulin injection and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.

Conclusions  Small but statistically significant differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics between subcutaneous bolus insulin injection, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and continuous intravenous insulin infusion were observed. However, no major clinically relevant differences were found, suggesting that, for a basal subcutaneous insulin aspart pump therapy, relatively infrequent pump stroke frequency may suffice.