bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydration properties of small hydrophobic molecules by Brillouin light scattering
Authors: Comez L. , Lupi L. , Paolantoni M. , Picchiò F. , Fioretto D.
Published: September 2012

We study the relaxation of water molecules next to hydrophobic solutes with different functional groups by Brillouin light scattering. Evidence is given for (i) water activation energy in trimethylamine-N-oxide, proline and t-butyl alcohol diluted solutions which is comparable to that of neat water, almost independent from solute mole fraction and (ii) moderate slowdown of relaxation time of proximal water compared to the bulk, which is consistent with excluded volume models. Assuming that the main contribution to viscosity comes from bulk and hydration water, a rationale is given of the phenomenological Arrhenius’ laws for the viscosity of diluted aqueous solutions.
A research of W-band folded waveguide traveling wave tube with elliptical sheet electron beam
Authors: Guo Guo , Wei Yanyu , Yue Lingna , Gong Yubin , Zhao Guoqing , Huang Minzhi , Tang Tao , Wang Wenxiang
Published: September 2012

Folded waveguide (FWG) traveling wave tube (TWT), which shows advantages in high power capacity, moderate bandwidth, and low-cost fabrication, has become the focus of vacuum electronics recently. Sheet electron beam devices are better suited for producing radiation sources with large power in millimeter wave spectrum due to their characteristics of relatively low space charge fields and large transport current. A FWG TWT with elliptical sheet beam working in W-band is presented in this paper, with the analysis of its dispersion characteristics, coupling impedance, transmission properties, and interaction characteristics. A comparison is also made with the traditional FWG TWT. Simulation results lead to the conclusion that the FWG TWT with elliptical sheet beam investigated in this paper can make full use of relatively large electric fields and thus generate large output power with the same electric current density.
Fine and hyperfine excitation of NH and ND by He: On the importance of calculating rate coefficients of isotopologues
Authors: Dumouchel Fabien , Kłos Jacek , Toboła Robert , Bacmann Aurore , Maret Sébastien , Hily-Blant Pierre , Faure Alexandre , Lique François
Published: September 2012

The NH and ND molecules play an important role in interstellar nitrogen chemistry. Accurate modeling of their abundance in space requires the calculation of rates for collisional excitation by the most abundant interstellar species. We calculate rate coefficients for the fine and hyperfine excitation of NH and ND by He. State-to-state rate coefficients between the first levels of NH and ND were obtained for temperatures ranging from 5 to 150 K. Fine structure resolved rate coefficients present a strong propensity rule in favor of Δj = ΔN transitions, as expected from theoretical considerations. The Δj = ΔF1 = ΔF propensity rule is observed for the hyperfine transitions of both isotopologues. The two sets of fine structure resolved rate coefficients are compared in detail and we find significant differences between the two isotopologues. This comparison shows that specific calculations are necessary for the deuterated isotopologues of any hydride. The new rate coefficients will help significantly in the interpretation of NH and ND terahertz spectra observed with current and future telescopes, and enable these molecules to become a powerful astrophysical tool for studying the nitrogen chemistry.
Accurate photoconductive antenna characterization using a thin film polarizer
Authors: Park H. , Parrott E. P. J. , Huang Z. , Chan H. P. , Pickwell-MacPherson E.
Published: September 2012

The horizontal and vertical polarizations of the terahertz radiation emitted from a small-gap dipole photo-conductive antenna are characterised using a single detector and a homemade thin-film wire grid polarizer. The two polarizations are seen to be temporally distinct. In addition, the dependence of the position of the excitation spot on the dipole with the polarity of the horizontal polarization is studied where a reversal in the horizontal polarization is observed between the two edges of the antenna anode.
Mixing normal and anomalous diffusion
Authors: Geyer Tihamér
Published: September 2012

In the densely filled biological cells often subdiffusion is observed, where the average squared displacement increases slower than linear with the length of the observation interval. One reason for such subdiffusive behavior is attractive interactions between the diffusing particles that lead to temporary complex formation. Here, we show that such transient binding is not an average state of the particles but that intervals of free diffusion alternate with slower displacement when bound to neighboring particles. The observed macroscopic behavior is then the weighted average of these two contributions. Interestingly, even at very high concentrations, the unbound fraction still exhibits essentially normal diffusion.
Ultrafast spherulitic crystal growth as a stress-induced phenomenon specific of fragile glass-formers
Authors: Caroli Christiane , Lemaître Anaël
Published: September 2012

We propose a model for the abrupt emergence, below temperatures close to the glass transition, of the ultrafast (glass-to-crystal) steady mode of spherulitic crystal growth in deeply undercooled liquids. We interpret this phenomenon as controlled by the interplay between the generation of stresses by crystallization and their partial release by flow in the surrounding amorphous visco-elastic matrix. Our model is consistent with both the observed ratios (∼104) of fast-to-slow velocities and the fact that fast growth emerges close to the glass transition. It leads us to conclude that the existence of a fast growth regime requires both (i) a high fragility of the glassformer; (ii) the fine sub-structure specific of spherulites. It finally predicts that the transition is hysteretic, thus allowing for an independent experimental test.
Negative differential resistance associated with hot phonons
Authors: Dyson A. , Ridley B. K.
Published: September 2012

We predict the existence of a hot-phonon negative differential resistance (NDR) in GaN. We show that this is a consequence of a wave-vector dependence of lifetime caused by the effect of coupled plasmon-phonons. Anti-screened long-wavelength modes have shorter lifetimes, screened shorter-wavelength modes have longer lifetimes, the boundary between them being determined by the temperature-dependent Landau damping. The higher density of screened modes means that the average lifetime is of order of the lifetime of the bare phonon. Its increase with electron temperature (field) is responsible for the NDR. We also find that the momentum relaxation rate (MRR) associated with the absorption of phonons can be negative in some circumstances, which can be seen to be a consequence of the non-uniform distribution of hot phonons in wave-vector space. We also point out that the ultra-short lifetimes sometimes deduced from experiment should more properly be regarded as electron energy- relaxation times.
Correlating local structure with inhomogeneous elastic deformation in a metallic glass
Authors: Ding J. , Cheng Y. Q. , Ma E.
Published: September 2012

The elastic response of metallic glasses (MGs) is inhomogeneous, due to the wide variation of local structural arrangements. Here, we present molecular dynamics simulations on a one-million-atoms sample of a Cu64Zr36 model MG, correlating the atomic strain and non-affine displacement with short-range order. Cu atoms in full icosahedra experience less atomic relaxation and behave stiffer, while the rest of Cu atoms contribute more to anelasticity on the timescale of simulation.
Surface tension and phase coexistence for fluids of molecules with extended dipoles
Authors: Sánchez-Arellano Enrique , Benavides A. L. , Alejandre José
Published: September 2012

Molecular dynamics simulations of fluids of molecules with extended dipoles were performed, with increasing distance between point charges but with a constant dipole moment, to obtain thermodynamic properties. It was found that the effect of varying the dipole length on the dielectric constant in the liquid phase, the vapor-liquid equilibria, and the surface tension was negligible for dipolar lengths up to half the particle diameter. By comparing thermodynamic properties of the predictions of the extended dipole model with those for the Stockmayer fluid of point dipoles, it was found that extended dipoles are equivalent to point dipoles over a wide range of dipole lengths, and not only near the point dipole limit, when the separation length is very small compared with the mean distance between particles. Finally, phase equilibrium results of extended dipoles were compared to those obtained from the discrete perturbation theory for a Stockmayer potential.
Multi-resonant energy harvester exploiting high-mode resonances frequency down-shifted by a flexible body beam
Authors: Seo Min-Ho , Choi Dong-Hoon , Kim In-Ho , Jung Hyung-Jo , Yoon Jun-Bo
Published: September 2012

We describe a mechanical vibration-based energy harvester deploying a flexible body beam to lower the spring constant of the device so that high-mode resonant frequencies are shifted down into a useable frequency range under natural environmental conditions. Whereas conventional cantilevers feature a single resonant frequency within this range, the proposed device generates multiple high-mode resonant frequencies in close proximity to form a wider operational bandwidth that is over 400% wider than that of conventional cantilever-type energy harvesters.
Linear and nonlinear dynamics of current-driven waves in dusty plasmas
Authors: Ahmad Ali , Ali Shan S. , Haque Q. , Saleem H.
Published: September 2012

The linear and nonlinear dynamics of a recently proposed plasma mode of dusty plasma is studied using kappa distribution for electrons. This electrostatic wave can propagate in the plasma due to the sheared flow of electrons and ions parallel to the external magnetic field in the presence of stationary dust. The coupling of this wave with the usual drift wave and ion acoustic wave is investigated. D'Angelo's mode is also modified in the presence of superthermal electrons. In the nonlinear regime, the wave can give rise to dipolar vortex structures if the shear in flow is weaker and tripolar vortices if the flow has steeper gradient. The results have been applied to Saturn's magnetosphere corresponding to negatively charged dust grains. But the theoretical model is applicable for positively charged dust as well. This work will be useful for future observations and studies of dusty environments of planets and comets.
Feasibility study in application of forging waste heat on absorption cooling system
Authors: Yao C. W.
Published: September 2012

Since there was no real practice of waste heat in forging production process before, the objective of this project is to take advantage of the waste heat energy. In this work, an experimental absorption cooling system was constructed and the waste heat energy in the forging production process was used to generate cooling capacity. A heat exchange conveyor was designed to transfer heat from high temperature forging products to the pipe walls. The cooling capacity from 11 to 20 tons can be achieved by the product weight and the time interval. Four different weights of forging products and five different time intervals were used to conduct the experiments. It proved that the waste heat of forging products could be used to drive the absorption cooling system. A map of the coefficient of performance (COP) was obtained from the experimental results. The coefficients of performance vary from 0.35 to 1.82 under different experimental conditions. Increase in product weight and decrease in time intervals can lead to increase in cooling capacities, but with lower COP. The optimum conditions for both cooling capacity and COP can be found from the optimum diagram, which suggested the best balanced condition for operating the forging absorption cooling system.
Communication: Beyond the random phase approximation on the cheap: Improved correlation energies with the efficient “radial exchange hole” kernel
Authors: Gould Tim
Published: September 2012

The “ACFD-RPA” correlation energy functional has been widely applied to a variety of systems to successfully predict energy differences, and less successfully predict absolute correlation energies. Here, we present a parameter-free exchange-correlation kernel that systematically improves absolute correlation energies, while maintaining most of the good numerical properties that make the ACFD-RPA numerically tractable. The radial exchange hole kernel is constructed to approximate the true exchange kernel via a carefully weighted, easily computable radial averaging. Correlation energy errors of atoms with 2–18 electrons show a 13-fold improvement over the RPA and a threefold improvement over the related Petersilka, Gossmann, and Gross kernel, for a mean absolute error of 13 mHa or 5%. The average error is small compared to all but the most difficult to evaluate kernels. van der Waals C6 coefficients are less well predicted, but still show improvements on the RPA, especially for highly polarisable Li and Na.
Evolutionary phenomics and the emerging enlightenment of arthropod systematics
Authors: Deans Andrew R. , Mikó István , Wipfler Benjamin , Friedrich Frank
Published: September 2012

Published research on the diversity and evolutionary history of Arthropoda sets a high standard for data collection and the integration of novel methods. New phylogenetic estimation algorithms, divergence time approaches, collaborative tools and publishing standards, to name a few, were brought to the broader scientific audience in the context of arthropod systematics. The treatment of morphology in these studies, however, has largely escaped innovation. Lodes rich in characters too often go unexplored, phenotype concepts are published with inadequate documentation and the way observations are textualised leaves them inaccessible to a majority of biologists. We discuss these issues, using data from recent arthropod systematics publications, and offer several that stand to restore the broad utility of morphological data. Specifically, we focus on: (1) the potential of internal soft-part characters and how to integrate their observation into arthropod systematics projects through dissection and serial sectioning; (2) the importance of capturing observations in images, especially using relatively new approaches, like laser scanning confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction; and (3) the untapped potential of established knowledge representation methods, which may help make the descriptive components of arthropod systematics research more accessible to other domains.
Vacuolar ATPase: a model proton pump for antifungal drug discovery.
Authors: Parra K. J.
Published: September 2012

This chapter reviews current knowledge on the structure and function of fungal vacoular ATPase (V-ATPase), highlighting its potential use as a drug target for discovering novel antifungal compounds. Current studies on high-throughput screening for inhibitors of V-ATPase are briefly discussed.
Plasma microreactor in supercritical xenon and its application to diamondoid synthesis
Authors: Oshima F , Stauss S , Ishii C , Pai D Z , Terashima K
Published: September 2012

The generation of plasmas in a microreactor is demonstrated in xenon from atmospheric pressure up to supercritical conditions. Ac high voltage at a frequency of 15 kHz was applied across a 25-µm discharge gap between a tungsten wire and a fused silica micro-capillary tube in a coaxial configuration. Using this continuous flow supercritical fluid microreactor, it was possible to synthesize diamantane and other diamondoids up to nonamantane, using adamantane as a precursor and seed. It is anticipated that plasmas generated in supercritical fluid microreactors may not only allow faster fabrication of diamondoids, but also offer opportunities for the fabrication of other nanomaterials.
Theoretical analysis of mode-competition noise in modulated laser diodes and its influence on the noise performance of fibre links
Authors: Ahmed Moustafa , Yamada Minoru
Published: September 2012

We analyse mode-competition (MC) noise in sinusoidally modulated laser diodes and assess its contribution to the noise performance of directly modulated fibre links. The noise figure (NF) is used to evaluate the noise performance of the link. The present analyses are based on a multimode rate equation model that takes into account both symmetric and asymmetric suppressions of the cross-modal gain. Variations of the MC relative intensity noise of both the total output and the oscillating modes with modulation conditions are investigated. The obtained results show that regardless of the fact that the non-modulated laser oscillates nearly in single-mode or in two-mode hopping, the modulated laser oscillates in single mode when the signal is continuous, and converts into multimode when the signal is pulsing. The contribution of MC noise to the NF of the link increases with an increase in the modulation depth and with a decrease in the modulation frequency, except when the signal has period doubling. This contribution is negligible under high modulation frequencies when the laser signal is continuous and uniform, and is most enhanced (∼53 dB) under low modulation frequencies when the signal is pulsing and superposed with non-uniform relaxation oscillations.
Pulsed microplasmas generated in truncated paraboloidal microcavities: simulations of particle densities and energy flow
Authors: Lee H-J , Park S-J , Eden J G
Published: September 2012

Microplasmas generated within cavities having the form of a truncated paraboloid, introduced by Kim et al (2009 Appl. Phys. Lett.
94 011503), have been simulated numerically with a two-dimensional, fluid computational model. Microcavities with parabolic sidewalls, fabricated in nanoporous alumina (Al2O3) and having upper (primary emitter) and lower apertures of 150 µm and 75 µm in diameter, respectively, are driven by a bipolar voltage waveform at a frequency of 200 kHz. For a Ne pressure of 500 Torr and 2 µs, 290 V pulses constituting each half-cycle of the driving voltage waveform, calculations predict that ∼10 nJ of energy is delivered to each parabolic cavity, of which 26–30% is consumed by the electrons. Once the cathode fall is formed, approximately 65% and 8% of the input energy is devoted to driving the atomic ion and dimer ion

currents, respectively, and the peak electron density of ∼6 × 1012 cm−3 is attained ∼90 ns following the onset of the first half-cycle (positive) voltage pulse. Specific power loading of the microplasma reaches 150 kW cm−3 and the loss of power to the wall of the microcavity drops by as much as 24% when the excitation voltage is increased from 280 to 310 V. The diminished influence of diffusion with increasing pressure is responsible for wall losses at 600 Torr accounting for <20% of the total electron energy.
Mitochondrial release of the NADH dehydrogenase Ndi1 induces apoptosis in yeast
Authors: Cui Yixian , Zhao Shanke , Wu Zhihao , Dai Pinghua , Zhou Bing
Published: September 2012

Saccharomyces cerevisiae NDI1 codes for the internal mitochondrial ubiquinone oxidoreductase, which transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone in the respiratory chain. Previously we found that Ndi1 is a yeast homologue of the protein apoptosis-inducing factor–homologous mitochondrion-associated inducer of death and displays potent proapoptotic activity. Here we show that S. cerevisiae NDI1 is involved in apoptosis induced by various stimuli tested, including H2O2, Mn, and acetate acid, independent of Z-VAD-fmk (a caspase inhibitor) inhibition. Although Ndi1 also participates in respiration, its proapoptotic property is separable from the ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity. During apoptosis, the N-terminal of Ndi1 is cleaved off in the mitochondria, and this activated form then escapes out to execute its apoptotic function. The N-terminal cleavage appears to be essential for the manifestation of the full apoptotic activity, as the uncleaved form of Ndi1 exhibits much less growth-inhibitory activity. Our results thus indicate an important role of Ndi1 in the switch of life and death fates in yeast: during normal growth, Ndi1 assimilates electrons to the electron transport chain and initiates the respiration process to make ATP, whereas under stresses, it cleaves the toxicity-sequestering N-terminal cap, is released from the mitochondria, and becomes a cell killer.
ATTENTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS
Authors: Jordan Patricia L. , Morton J. Bruce
Published: September 2012

Individual differences in child temperament longitudinally predict the development of anxiety disorders. The mechanisms that mediate this longitudinal relation, however, remain poorly understood. One possibility is that heightened behavioral inhibition promotes the development of threat-related attentional biases associated with anxiety. Although there is significant empirical evidence linking threat-related attentional biases with anxiety, there is little understanding of the relative contribution of reactive versus regulatory components of attention in conferring vulnerability. The chapter proposes a two-factor model that distinguishes between reactive biases in attentional orienting and effortful attentional regulation. Specifically, it is hypothesized that individuals with biases in both attentional orienting (i.e., toward threat-related information) and poor attentional regulation should be most vulnerable to the development of anxiety. The chapter concludes by outlining several empirical strategies for disentangling the relative contribution of reactive and regulatory components of attention in conferring vulnerability for anxiety.
CORE COMPONENTS OF FLEXIBLY ATTENDING
Authors: Elison Jed T. , Reznick J. Steven
Published: September 2012

The Posner cueing task and the gap/overlap paradigm are widely used developmental tasks that can be administered across multiple levels of analysis (e.g., behavioral, cognitive, and neural levels) and across a wide range of developmental functioning. Considering the overarching theoretical frameworks of developmental psychopathology and developmental cognitive neuroscience, this chapter summarizes findings from performance by individuals with autism spectrum disorders on these specific tasks. In conclusion, this chapter advances a developmental hypothesis that implicates domain-general attentional orienting operations and the neural circuitry that underlies these operations as putative mechanisms contributing to the development of atypical joint attention in infants who go on to develop autism.
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS IN CHILDHOOD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Authors: Sasson Noah J. , Brown Lauren Turner , Piven Joseph
Published: September 2012

Individuals with autism demonstrate marked impairments in the perception, processing, and interpretation of social information. Recent findings suggest that abnormal social orienting may serve as a persistent and developmentally critical mechanism underlying deficits in this domain, and may help differentiate autism from other neurodevelopmental disorders sharing similar social cognitive impairments. This chapter uses social orienting as an example of the significant benefit that can be gained by integrating the fields of cognitive neuroscience and developmental psychopathology through the identification of neuropsychological mechanisms contributing to the development of abnormal brain–behavior relationships. Social orienting may represent a potentially fruitful mechanism for disentangling the pathogenesis of social deficits in autism.
Assessment of Distress, Disorder, Impairment, and Need in the Population
Authors: Eaton William W. , Mojtabai Ramin , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Leoutsakos Jeannie-Marie S. , Janet Kuramoto S.
Published: September 2012

This chapter deals with the measurement of psychopathology, with an emphasis on population-based life course approaches. Assessment of mental and behavioral disorders is more difficult than measurement in many areas of medicine, because of the lack of simple and valid biological markers for the presence of mental and behavioral disorders. In effect, the measurement must always involve talking to individuals or observing their behaviors in ways that can be described to others and replicated by them if necessary, consistent with the scientific method.
An Introduction to Quantitative Methods Especially Relevant for Public Mental Health
Authors: Stuart Elizabeth A. , Leoutsakos Jeannie-Marie S. , Gross Alden L. , Janet Kuramoto S. , Eaton William W.
Published: September 2012

This chapter provides a brief introduction to some of the epidemiologic and statistical methods for and challenges to gathering and analyzing the data that underlie the research presented in this volume and in the field of public mental health as a whole. It focuses on some of the data and methodological complexities particularly common in public mental health research. It explores three fundamental types of questions relevant to public mental health: estimating rates of disorders in a population across people, place, and time; examining risk and protective factors associated with particular disorders; and exploring interventions to prevent disorders or to treat them once they emerge.
Progress Made, but Much More to Be Done
Authors: Leaf Philip J. , Ostrow Laysha , Manderscheid Ronald W. , Shern David L. , Eaton William W.
Published: September 2012

This chapter provides an overview of what can be done in the future to address the prevention and control of mental and behavioral disorders. It begins with a description of what has come before, examining progress and pitfalls. This is followed by a discussion of the evolution needed to bring about Winslow's vision of mental health care as an integral part of the public health. It examines the growing role of such factors as the social determinants of health; attention to the full spectrum of mental health and illness from prevention through recovery across the life span; the importance of resilience in preventing behavioral problems; the still evolving key role of consumers in treatment and recovery; and the policy changes needed to embrace mental health as an intrinsic part of the public health.
2 Minority Rights in Colonial India and the Constituent Assembly
Authors: Bajpai Rochana
Published: September 2012

This chapter offers a historical interpretation of the career of group preferential policies from the late nineteenth century through to close of the Constituent Assembly debates. It shows that while group rights in the first half of the twentieth century saw steady expansion, their colonial proportions came to be scaled back eventually. The chapter also argues that the dynamic of containment assumed different degrees and forms in different areas of group rights, with the most far-reaching changes occurring in political representation for religious minorities. While Partition is usually cited to account for attenuation in the rights of religious minorities during constitution-making, this chapter suggests that it does not constitute a sufficient explanation as is commonly believed. Instead, longer-term ideological features of Indian nationalism favoured the containment of differential treatment.
4 From Minority to Backward
Authors: Bajpai Rochana
Published: September 2012

That legislative and employment quotas for religious minorities in India were eventually withdrawn from the constitution and quotas for ‘backward classes’ retained, albeit in a weaker form, is entirely consistent with the normative resources for group-differentiated rights in nationalist discourse. As the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly unfolded, the nationalist vocabulary expanded to become the new legitimating framework of the polity, the language in which all political argument was conducted. During the Constituent Assembly debates, and in part through the process of debating, both the institutional forms of group rights and the discursive frame of the Indian polity came to be realigned: nationalists were able to translate their dominance into hegemony. This is established through an analytical reconstruction of positions in debates over three key institutional mechanisms for group rights: legislative quotas, employment quotas, and cultural and educational rights.
Status
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

It is often difficult and sometimes misleading to separate the legal from the social and economic aspects of personal status in Anglo-Saxon society and indeed in post-Conquest England. For example, notable indicators of status might be how honourable any services owed were and whether services of a less honourable kind had to be performed in person. In addition, aspects of status can overlap with aspects of what might better be referred to as office, most notably in the case of thegnship. Nevertheless, the notion of legal status remains analytically useful, focusing attention on contexts in which status could be of legal consequence, notably jurisdiction, procedure in court, penalties suffered, relationship to movables and land, lordship. This chapter discusses hierarchies of status, men of higher status, men of lesser status, slaves, clergy, and lordship and commendation.
Kings and Law
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter demonstrates major continuities from the Anglo-Saxon period both in terms of the royal ideology of law and justice and of administrative practice. The preservation of the system of district courts would have crucial importance for the later development of the common law. At the same time, there were innovations, probably including the extensive use of itinerant justices by late in Henry I's reign. In general, the administration of justice continued to be entrusted to some who were appointed to long-standing and continuing offices, such as the shrievalty; to others who were appointed on an ad hoc basis, for example to hear a specific plea; and to others still whose position was somewhere in between, for example Roger of Salisbury in the 1120s and 1130s. At the same time, the king relied not just on those who might be described as royal officials. Rulers recognised the role of lords in dealing with their own men and their own lands.
Movables
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

The impact of the Conquest was not nearly so dramatic on the law regarding movables as on that regarding land. Considerable continuities are noted, for example with regard to bequests and to warranty of sales. Transactions concerning movables seem largely to have taken place in the local courts that also survived the Conquest, and which, especially in hundreds and boroughs, felt considerable continuing influence from members of English origin. In addition, the impact of Norman forms of lordship was less significant on movables than on land. This in turn meant that the division of interests in a movable possession was normally less complex than in a piece of land. Such differing complexity would have a continuing effect on the different development of law regarding movables and land.
Forest Laws from Anglo-Saxon England to the Early Thirteenth Century
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

By the second half of the twelfth century, perhaps almost one-third of the realm was considered part of the king's Forest. Forest extended beyond royal demesne and included various types of terrain, not exclusively woodland. Within the royal Forest, the king had exclusive hunting rights over the most desirable beasts, unless he granted specific permission. Likewise, the tenant of land within the Forest needed royal permission or supervision for the taking of wood or the grazing of beasts. Those who committed offences against the laws of the Forests were penalised severely, and the laws of the Forest were seen as having their own particular character.
Conclusion
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter presents conclusions for Part II of the book. It discusses continuity and change across 1066, diversity and uniformity by 1135, and the reign of Stephen (1135–54).
Courts
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

Previous chapters have emphasised that courts were assemblies with many functions. Whilst on occasion they may have dealt with a prevalence of legal matters, these need not have been primarily judicial, but rather, for example, peace-keeping arrangements or witnessing of transactions. The Angevin period, however, saw the appearance of specialised royal law-courts that concentrated to a large extent on litigation. This chapter discusses the king's court, county courts, hundred courts, the sheriff's tourn, lords' courts, ecclesiastical courts, and the transfer of cases between secular courts.
Agreements and Debt
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman evidence concerning most forms of agreement and debt is very limited, and this chapter discusses agreement and ebt in relation to these periods. It covers agreements, usury, debt in Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, private debt in Angevin England, debt to the king in Angevin England, and Jews and debt.
Borough Law
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

This chapter shows the significant variety of customs between boroughs, an impression reinforced by an examination of later custumals that might suggest practice in this period. Such variety may be indicative of the type of diversity that existed unrecorded outside boroughs before being reduced by royal control. Such diversity may have co-existed with a greater similarity between borough and other law on matters such as landholding than some previous historians have allowed. There may have been significant continuities through this period. The influential English element in urban populations after 1066 may have encouraged continuity across 1066, for example in matters of landholding and in the use of the wergeld in the context of amercements. The borough law also shows features often associated with the law of a later period. The land market and in some boroughs the weakness of lordship further encouraged the proprietal nature of the rights of the landholder.
Magna Carta and the Common Law
Authors: Hudson John
Published: September 2012

Earlier chapters considered many issues to which later periods would refer as ‘Constitutional Law’, for example the relationship of king to legislation. Others, such as the composition of the Council, were not discussed in legal terms before the thirteenth century. However, the end of King John's reign saw a crisis in which matters of royal powers and of law and justice came together, raising specific legal and judicial issues as well as the over-arching one of the king's standing in relation to the law. A settlement was sought through the writing down in Magna Carta of solutions that were to have legal force. This chapter discusses criticism of justice under the Angevin kings, the Magna Carta and the law, and common law.
Identity and Authority
Authors: Harvey Karen
Published: September 2012

Arguments for a decline in ‘old‐style patriarchy’ rest to some extent on the view that a new individualized self — created partly from new forms of autobiographical writing — emerged during the eighteenth century, militating against the authority of the domestic patriarch. This chapter decouples personal identity from an individualist ‘self’. It examines not the new printed autobiography but men's manuscript writing of both narrative and non‐narrative form. The chapter shows that men's identities were rooted in the domestic. It argues that the house — as a community, a concept and a physical space — was critical to private and public constructions of self‐identity for men as they constructed a ‘family self’. In rooting personal identity in the house and family, individual men accessed authority both within and without the house.
Memory disorders and epilepsy during the nineteenth century
Authors: Berrios German E.
Published: September 2012

This chapter examines the study of epilepsy and memory in the nineteenth century. It first considers the difficulty posed for the history of medicine by the changing meanings of currently familiar terms: ‘epilepsy’ and ‘memory’ were understood quite differently from the nineteenth century to the twenty-first century. Medical history cannot, therefore, be expected to trace a simple line of discovery from past to present. Next, the chapter places thinking about epilepsy and memory in the nineteenth century in the context of the creation of ‘alienism’, the forerunner of neurology and psychiatry, the concept of the ‘neuroses’, and the development of new techniques of numerical description and of languages categorizing mental symptoms. Finally, it considers aspects of the study of epilepsy, of memory, and of their interaction in France in the nineteenth century.
Anticonvulsants and memory
Authors: Taylor Joanne , Baker Gus A.
Published: September 2012

People with epilepsy not only report subjective cognitive complaints, but they also demonstrate poorer performance on objective neuropsychological tests when compared to those without the condition. A number of studies have shown reduced memory and learning, attention, and concentration problems, slower information processing, language deficits, and executive dysfunction. This chapter reviews the evidence in respect of the specific effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on memory functioning. Despite between twenty-five and thirty years documenting the effects of antiepileptic drug medication, no definitive conclusions have been drawn in respect to the impact of individual AEDs on memory functioning. However, there is growing evidence that suggests that many of the newer antiepileptic drugs — used as monotherapy and given at therapeutic ranges — are unlikely to produce significant cognitive problems, although there are some exceptions, for example, topiramate and zonisamide.
The Theory and Practice of Global Economic Governance in the Early Twenty-First Century: The Limits of Multilateralism
Authors: Higgott Richard
Published: September 2012

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and its aftermath have caused some observers to question whether the international economic institutions developed in the Bretton Woods era are any longer suitable for the challenges they face in the contemporary age: if they are unable to prevent (increasingly recurring) crises or facilitate a more general process of long-term economic collective action problem solving what are they for? This kind of analysis misses the point. For all their apparent failings the need for such institutions is unlikely to disappear in an era characterized by higher levels of economic interdependence. Global economic governance may still be imperfect and, in contrast to the global economy, underdeveloped. But if global governance is to evolve, multilateral economic institutions of one kind or another must be at least one of the key elements of the process. The emergence of the G20 is discussed and its limitations reviewed. The generic challenge is to adapt multilateralism to the dynamics of a world battling to come to terms with changing power balances and emerging policy agendas that do not lend themselves easily to the approaches to collective action problem solving that prevailed in the second half of the twentieth century.
Specificity‐driven Syntactic Derivation
Authors: Lahne Antje
Published: September 2012

Specificity is arguably one of the main basic concepts of morphological theory (Subset Principle). This chapter proposes that the concept of specificity is at work in syntax, too, and it is a much more powerful underlying syntactic principle than previously thought. The chapter shows that syntactic derivations are driven by a specificity principle: an element X is more specific than an element Y iﬀ X has more (matching) features than Y. The new principle yields all relative locality effects excluding the superiority case, as it does not draw on availability of search space, but on competition between potential goals. The specificity principle also accounts for several anti-MLC effects, such as order-preserving movement and anti-superiority effects, previously accounted for by independent, partially overlapping principles. The system works without intervention by closeness. The chapter is programmatic, offers a new perspective on intervention, and aims at renewing discussion about the nature of locality.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: September 2012

This introductory chapter provides material intended to orient readers, coming as they will from a broad range of academic and non-academic backgrounds. Section I explains what is meant by ‘asymmetric’ armed conflict and how terrorism is connected to such conflict. Section II examines the term, ‘terrorism’, sketching and defending a concept of terrorism that informs the various contributions to this volume. Section III describes the two main approaches to assessing the legality and morality of targeted killing: the law-enforcement and the armed-conflict models. Section IV summarizes each subsequent chapter, drawing contrasts and remarking on similarities among them, and Section V offers some brief concluding thoughts.
Introduction
Authors: Allison Henry E.
Published: September 2012

The Introduction describes the basic structure of the collection and provides a brief summary of the argument of each essay. It notes that the essays are grouped into four parts, which are concerned respectively with Kant's theoretical philosophy, his practical philosophy, with an emphasis on the concept of freedom, the third Critique and its systematic significance, and a variety of topics including Kant's political philosophy, his philosophy of history, and philosophy of religion.
The Singleness of the Categorical Imperative
Authors: Allison Henry E.
Published: September 2012

This essay defends Kant's thesis that there is only a single categorical imperative. This needs a defense because in the Groundwork Kant presents a number of formulations of this imperative (the precise number itself being subject to dispute), which are not obviously equivalent. Its strategy is to show that these formulations result from Kant's attempt to provide a complete construction of the concept of the categorical imperative by linking them with various steps in a progressive account of rational agency. By the complete construction of the concept is understood an account of the necessary and sufficient conditions of the possibility of the categorical imperative. Kant's analysis of rational agency is termed progressive because each step, which is correlated with a distinct formula, adds a fresh dimension to the conception of such agency. The claim is that this makes it possible to view these formulas as extensionally but not intentionally equivalent.
Kant's Antinomy of Teleological Judgment
Authors: Allison Henry E.
Published: September 2012

This essay analyzes the antinomy of the teleological power of judgment between the mechanistic and teleological principles in the third Critique. It focuses on three questions raised by Kant's account: (1) What does Kant understand by the “principle of mechanism”? (2) Given Kant's view that an antinomy consists in an unavoidable conflict between principles of reason, how could he claim that there is the appearance of one pertaining to the teleological power of judgment and that it stems from the confusion of a principle of reflective with one of the determinative power of judgment? (3) How is the reassignment of these principles from the determinative to the reflective power of judgment, which effectively gives them a merely regulative rather than a constitutive status, supposed to resolve the antinomy? By addressing these questions, the essay endeavors to provide a plausible reading of a highly controversial text.
Teleology and History in Kant: The Critical Foundations of Kant's Philosophy of History
Authors: Allison Henry E.
Published: September 2012

The essay examines Kant's thesis that “All natural predispositions of a creature are determined sometime to develop themselves completely and purposively” which is the initial proposition of “The Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim.” It explores the connection between this teleological principle, which Kant applies in the remaining propositions of his essay to the history of humankind, and the central ideas of the Critique of the Teleological Power of Judgment; and, in light of this connection, it argues for the controversial thesis that Kant's philosophy of history is fully “critical.” Special attention is given to what has been called the “cunning of nature,” which refers to the way in which humankind is seen as directed against its collective will to the political ends specified in Toward Perpetual Peace. It further notes, however, that Kant alludes in his essay to a trans‐political goal of history, namely, the collective realization of the highest good.
Reason, Revelation, and History in Lessing and Kant
Authors: Allison Henry E.
Published: September 2012

This essay is concerned with the treatment of the relation between reason, revelation, and history in Lessing and Kant. It argues that both challenged the central assumption of the enlightenment that Christianity's claim to be the single true religion is based on the historicity of the Christian revelation and is therefore a question of fact. The essay is divided into three parts. The first explores Lessing's contention that the Christian religion has an “inner truth,” which is independent of its historical foundations, and his attempt in “The Education of the Human Race” to present a developmental view of religion in which Christianity occupies a middle place. The second analyzes Kant's account of Christianity as a pure moral religion, which should ultimately be purified of the historical elements of its belief system. The third part discusses the salient similarities and differences in the religious philosophies of these two thinkers.
Logical Constructions (i): Matter
Authors: Bostock David
Published: September 2012

Russell’s so-called ‘logical constructions’ aim to replace an ordinary concept that is in some way puzzling by a more economical substitute. He offers a construction of material objects from sensibilia, which are supposedly just like sense-data except that they also exist unsensed. (The hypothesis of unsensed sensibilia involves several problems.) The basic idea is that the material object should be identified with the class of all the sensibilia that it causes, but in fact Russell has no satisfactory account of which sensibilia come from the same material object. He does offer a general argument that we must be able to answer this question for actual sense-data, but it begs the question by supposing that the answer can be given independently of the theory that there are material objects.
English: The early period
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: September 2012

This chapter is about the early years of English and influences on British soil. The dominant force was Christianity and the loanwords that accompanied it. There was also considerable Latin influence as a result of translations and educational programs. Monastic schools created impetus for standardization of the emerging English language. Several attempts at a late West Saxon koine failed in part because external influences augmented the regional differences.
External linguistic input to English
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: September 2012

Several types of contact with multiple languages have left distinct traces on the history of English. This chapter reviews the evidence for and results of contact with Celtic, Scandinavian, French, Latin, and Greek. Although the types of contact differed, Latin and French primarily impacted the English lexicon and provided numerous affixes that entailed revamping of the morphological system. Celtic and Scandinavian also differed in the types of contact but impacted the syntactic structure of English. They differ in that Scandinavian alone contributed numerous lexical items. Greek influence on English was restricted to the lexicon, (limited) derivation, and compounding. Many of the remaining mysteries are also discussed.