bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Movement Control and Maturation in Elementary-Grade Children
Authors: Kerr Robert
Published: September 2011

Serial tapping by 5-, 7- and 9-yr.-old boys and girls, as measured by Fitts' Law, was recorded. 60 Ss performed a reciprocal tapping task and were assessed developmentally via hand-wrist X-rays. No significant relationship was found between the fine motor task and skeletal age. The results of the motor task suggest an improvement in movement time, with age, due to an ability to plan subsequent movements rather than simply an increase in speed of arm movement.
Effects of Field-Dependency, Social Class and Sex of Children between Ages 5 and 10
Authors: Cecchini Marco , Pizzamiglio Luigi
Published: September 2011

Development of field-independency has been studied as a function of age (5 to 10), social class, and sex utilizing two groups of 96 subjects each of high and low social class. On the Children's Embedded-figures Test a critical developmental period appears between ages 5 and 8 yr. for all Ss; on the Draw-a-Person such a period appears between ages 5 and 6 for high social class and between ages 6 and 8 for lower social class; scores on both tests were statistically significant as a function of social class at every age beginning at age 6. Sex did not seem to play any significant role. Three main masking factors have been singled out on the Children's Embedded-figures Test. Their differential effects on scores of Ss in the two classes are examined.
Information Processing and Estimation of Short Time Intervals
Authors: Wilsoncroft W. E. , Stone Jeffrey D.
Published: September 2011

Duration estimates were assessed by the method of reproduction with filled reproduction intervals. Mental arithmetic, reading and mirror-image drawing were used in pairs as initial and/or reproduction tasks. All nine possible pairs of tasks were used in a 9 × 5 × 5 mixed design with five Ss per task pair and five interruption intervals for each initial task. Results indicated that, when arithmetic was used as the initial task, Ss underestimated the duration of the initial interval. When arithmetic was used as the reproduction task, Ss overestimated the duration of the initial interval. A significant correlation was obtained between arithmetic outputs and the lengths of the duration estimates. Results are interpreted as supportive of Burnside's (1971) interpretation of Ornstein's (1969) storage-size hypothesis.
Temporal Information Processing and Psychopathology
Authors: Crain Peter , Goldstone Sanford , Lhamon William T.
Published: September 2011

Prior studies showed impaired temporal discrimination by schizophrenic and neurologic patients reflected in decreased information transmission. This report describes a study of 8 more carefully diagnosed schizophrenic patients, separating those with neurologic signs. Using temporal discrimination tasks involving two psychophysical methods, 8 schizophrenic patients with no organic signs did not differ from 17 nonpsychotic, nonorganic patients; an organic group ( n = 5) transmitted less information than the other patient samples. It is suggested that prior results were a product of casual diagnosis that ignored organic factors; reduced efficiency of temporal processing is associated predominantly with neurologic impairment.
Coin Value and Perceived Size: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Smith Howard V. , Fuller Raymond G. C. , Forrest Derek W.
Published: September 2011

Decimalization of the Irish currency presented an opportunity to study the perceived size of coins as they were introduced or withdrawn and to examine the accentuation of differences between coins. Estimates were obtained of the sizes of 4 coins from 478 subjects in 3 groups tested at different times: just after decimalization, 2, or 3 yr. later. A newly introduced coin was significantly underestimated in size at first but came to be significantly overestimated later, while all familiar coins were always significantly overestimated. The amount of overestimation of a coin depended on its value, not its size, leading to an accentuation of the difference between any two coins if the larger coin was also the more valuable but sometimes to the opposite if the smaller coin were of higher value than the larger member of the pair.
Predicting Memory for Pictures from Rankings of Interestingness, Pleasingness, Complexity, Figure-Ground and Clarity
Authors: Franken R. E. , Davis J.
Published: September 2011

Pictures used in the test phase of a picture-recognition task were ranked by 10 university students for interestingness, pleasingness, complexity, figure-ground, and clarity. The scale values obtained from these rankings were then correlated with the errors made by other subjects in the test phase of the picture-recognition task. Figure-ground and clarity were found, for the most part, to be reliable predictors of the errors made to both the “old” and “new” subsets of pictures in two experiments. Complexity, while not as consistent a predictor of either figure-ground or clarity, was a reasonably good predictor. Interestingness and pleasingness were not reliable predictors of errors.
Field Independence and Intellectual Functioning in Preschool Children
Authors: Coates Susan
Published: September 2011

In order to determine whether performance on the Preschool Embedded-figures Test, a measure of field independence for young children, involves processes shared by aspects of intellectual functioning, a factor analysis which included the Preschool Embedded-figures Test and all of the subtests of the WPPSI was carried out on a group of 169 4½-yr.-olds. For both sexes the Preschool Embedded-figures Test loaded a common factor shared also by WPPSI Block Design and Geometric Design. This factor was identified as a perceptual analytic factor and was demonstrated to be similar to the analytic factor identified by Goodenough and Karp (1961) at older age levels.
Children's Preference for Body or External Object on a Task Requiring Transposition and Discrimination of Right-Left Relations
Authors: Winer Gerald A.
Published: September 2011

First graders were tested on trials requiring the discrimination and transposition of right-left relations, with stimuli similar to (dolls) or different from (toy planes) the body. On an initial series of training and practice trials children were allowed to respond to body and external objects as referents providing right-left cues. A later series of test trials was then used to determine the referent the child actually preferred. Results of the test trials indicated that 24 children tested with the dolls preferred the body as referent, while 24 children tested with planes preferred the external referent. The results were interpreted as suggesting two alternative systems through which children develop an undersranding of right-left relations and possibly other concepts as well.
Independence of Hand Preference and Sex-Linked Genetic Effects on Spatial Performance
Authors: Yen Wendy M.
Published: September 2011

The paper-and-pencil spatial performance of right- and left-handed high school students was compared separately for 1236 males and 1241 females. Handedness differences in favor of right-handed subjects were found among males only. Analysis of data for a subgroup of 555 subjects indicated that handedness and sex-linked genetic effects acted independently and additively on spatial performance.
Effects of Being Imitated on the Behavior of Preschool Girls and Boys
Authors: Fouts Gregory T.
Published: September 2011

21 preschool girls and 21 boys were seated individually at a box with six holes in the top surface and presented the following conditions: Baseline—a child dropped marbles one-at-a-time in any holes he wished; Imitation—a child and E alternated responding, with the latter imitating S if he dropped his marbles at a hole previously designated for Imitation; and Nonimitation—continued alternation of responding with E dropping marbles in a prearranged random order. Both boys and girls responded significantly above chance when they were imitated and there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of being imitated as a reinforcer between boys and girls.
Effect of Sex in Accuracy of Predictive Judgment
Authors: Knestrick James L.
Published: September 2011

Accuracy of predictive judgment was examined under 3 conditions, sex of the predictor, sex of the person whose behavior was being predicted, and sex of the stimulus person, who presented behavioral alternatives to the observer. Stimulus persons presented 20 two-choice behavioral situations to observers, who were actually to carry out their choices; the judges watched the presentations and predicted which alternatives the observers would choose. A statistically significant interaction was found between sex of the observer and of the stimulus person. Female judges were significantly more accurate than the males in their predictions. Predictions were also significantly more accurate when stimulus persons were female. A statistically significant interaction effect was found between sex of observer and sex of stimulus person.
Sex, Sex-Role Identity, and Cognitive Style
Authors: Arbuthnot Jack
Published: September 2011

Two studies were conducted to test competing theoretical predictions concerning the relationships among sex, sex-role identity, and field independence: (1) Witkin and Vaught's positions that maleness and masculinity (regardless of biological sex) are associated with field independence and (2) the present author's contention sex-reversed sex-role identity, irrespective of sex, would be predictive of field independence. Data collected from 110 high school males and 78 college females and males supported the latter prediction but only for males. No main effects due to sex were found.
Specific Information Effect in Probability Estimation
Authors: Liu An-Yen
Published: September 2011

All the necessary prior probabilities for making a Bayesian estimation of the posterior probability were provided to subjects along with a cover story. The prior probabilities, but not the cover story, were non-systematically varied to provide 12 situations. Bayesian solutions of these probability problems indicated p values ranging from .4 to .9; but subjects estimated a p value around .7 across all conditions. For all conditions except one, the mode estimate was identical to one of the prior probabilities. High degree of similarity found among the dominating prior probability, the median and modal estimates of posterior probability within a condition seems to indicate the existence of specific information effect in probability estimation.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXIII. I. Franziska Baumgarten-Tramer (11/26/86-3/1/70)
Authors: Canziani Willy
Published: September 2011

A survey of the scientific work of the psychologist, Prof. Dr. Franziska Baumgarten, takes into consideration her research and her methods in the fields of occupational psychology, developmental psychology, professional ethics, and political and social psychology.
Observing Behavior in the Albino Rat: A Within-Subjects' Comparison of Increasing Levels of Visual Complexity
Authors: Burkholder Joel , Deitchman Robert , Haude Richard H. , Sanders Raymond E.
Published: September 2011

54 male CD strain Charles River albino rats were tested for complexity preference using a non-locomotor response. Each subject was presented an array of photographic slides containing an incremental series of complexity elements, i.e., 1, 2, 5 and 25 elements. All photographic slides were randomized both within and across subjects. Each photographic slide of each level of complexity was repeated three times. Results of an analysis of covariance, with luminance as the covariate, showed that cumulative viewing time increased with an increase in stimulus complexity. The relationship between looking and level of complexity was shown to be different when covariance procedures were used than without them.
Introspection and Imagery Reports of Human Faces
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel
Published: September 2011

Ss were asked to image suggested items and to rate their imagery on six different dimensions, each being a seven-point scale. Contrary to Galton (1883), both 42 low-imagers and 42 high-imagers were superior in visualizing faces of friends than acquaintances. Ss' generation of successive images steadily improved the quality of imagery. Differences were found in imagery reports of low- and high-imagers as a function of being made privately in a laboratory, in a group setting, or at home.
Further Comparison of Video Tape and Face-to-Face Interviewing
Authors: Waters Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has suggested strong similarity of data from the Standardized Video Tape Interview and face-to-face interview procedures. This hypothesis was substantiated by further analysis of the effects of subject variables and their possible differential interaction with the two interview modes. Although no interview mode and/or interviewer-interviewee interactions as such were found, several significant interviewer's sex differences were found and explanations offered.
The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: What Does it Measure?
Authors: Taylor L. J.
Published: September 2011

There has been some question as to what the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test measures. Although research indicates it has inadequate validity as a test of intelligence, other studies indicate it is an adequate measure of language ability. The present study correlated and factor analyzed the results from the Peabody test with results from a measure of linguistic and intellectual functioning. The analysis indicates that the test is not an adequate measure of either linguistic or intellectual abilities.
Judgment of Like-Dislike from Facial Expression and Body Posture
Authors: Waldron Joseph
Published: September 2011

The nonverbal communication of like-dislike information was studied by superimposing all possible combinations of three facial expressions which communicated liking, neutrality, or disliking onto two body-posture pictures of a female which communicated liking or disliking. A treatment by treatment analysis of variance indicated significant effects for facial expression, posture and the interaction of these factors for 30 female undergraduates. Post-experimental t tests indicated a complex relationship between facial expression and body posture. It was concluded that body posture can communicate information in the presence of facial expression and that body posture probably moderates the information communicated by the face.
Arousal and Activity Level of Rats with Lesions in the Dorsal Hippocampus
Authors: Pihl Robert , Shore Howard
Published: September 2011

The effect on gross locomotor activity of irrelevant stimuli, prior exposure to these stimuli and two dosages of amphetamine were assessed on rats with lesions in the dorsal hippocampus. These animals were significantly more active post-operatively than sham-lesioned subjects. Prior exposure to the irrelevant stimuli increased post-operative differentiation between stimuli, whereas the introduction of amphetamine had the reverse effect. Changes in locomotor activity occurred at lower dosages of amphetamine than in previous studies, suggesting that the irrelevant stimuli have an arousal effect which acts additively with amphetamine and hippocampal impairment.
Sex-Role Preference in Black Preschool Children Using a Modification of the it Scale for Children
Authors: Dill John R. , Bradford Corine E. , Prudent Suze , Semaj L. , Harper Jay
Published: September 2011

In the present study, the facial features of the “IT” figure in the IT Scale for Children were used as a less biased modification for measuring sex-role preference of preschool black children (46 boys, 47 girls). Data showed that the majority of the children identified “IT” as their own sex. Also, significant differences were obtained between the present sample of black boys and those black boys in a comparison sample. No differences existed, however, between the present sample and the original normative white sample of boys. Black girls in the present sample were as feminine as both the black and white comparison samples. The results indicate that the facial features version is appropriate when using the IT Scale. Black children seemed to manifest sex-role preference similar to their white peers although girls' scores were more variable. Previous assumptions regarding the socialization of sex-role behavior of black children are challengeable and must be reconsidered.
Color and Form Perception on the Rorschach as a Function of Eye Color
Authors: Markle Allan
Published: September 2011

Recent research has demonstrated that dark-eyed individuals are more reactive than light-eyed people. The present paper investigated one area of reactivity, ease of emotional arousal. The hypothesis that dark-eyed male subjects ( n = 40) would show greater ease of arousal than light-eyed male subjects ( n = 40) was tested using color and form responses on the Rorschach as dependent measures. The predicted interaction was significant; light-eyed subjects gave relatively more form responses, but dark-eyed subjects gave relatively more color responses. Implications for future research and application were discussed.
Delay in Retention of Forms
Authors: Heller Morton A. , Leventhal Gloria
Published: September 2011

10 forms were drawn on the palms of 48 subjects who were without vision. Subjects were then required haptically to explore three forms and choose the drawn shape. Three intervals, 0, 5, and 15 sec., were inserted between the presentation of the drawn form and the choice. It was expected that there would be a decline in the accuracy of form recognition with an increase in delay. Form recognition was significantly superior with no delay and loss of shape information seems to occur rather quickly since there was no significant difference in the accuracy of form recognition between the two longer delays.
Order and Item Information in Short-Term Reordering of Letters
Authors: Harris Gilbert J.
Published: September 2011

Subsequent to seeing a sequence of eight letters, 66 subjects were presented with the same letters in a jumbled order. Their task was to reconstruct the original order from the jumbled display. The acoustic similarity of the items as well as the rate of presentation was experimentally manipulated. A decrement in performance for sequences of acoustically similar items, as compared to those consisting of acoustically distinct items, increased as presentation rate decreased. The results were explained in terms of the processing of information about order and the acoustic nature of item information in short-term memory.
Reported Imagery and Social Desirability
Authors: Durndell A. J. , Wetherick N. E.
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that scores on imagery questionnaires reflect the social desirability of experiencing imagery and that consequently the validity of these scores should be questioned. However, reported imagery was not affected by manipulation of experimenter's status or of instructions as to the desirability of imagery. Reported imagery scores usually correlated very poorly with social desirability scores ( r = –.19 to .46, median r = .07). Females reported more imagery than males.
Evaluation of Two Instrumental Procedures for Use with Embedded-Figures Subtest of Purdue Motion-Picture Screening Test
Authors: Ayers Jerry B. , Rohr Michael E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine if modification of the materials used by young Ss in responding affected their performance on a motion picture screening device. Modification of the modes of measuring responses increased the total performance of 24 kindergarten Ss; however, there appeared to be little relationship with standardized reading achievement test scores for first and second grade Ss. The approaches used appeared applicable with kindergarten Ss.
Monocular Acquisition and Interocular Transfer in Albino Guinea Pigs as Mediated by IPSI- or Contralateral Fiber Systems
Authors: Riffle Donald W. , Reeves Dennis L. , Levinson Daniel M.
Published: September 2011

Monocular acquisition and interocular transfer of a horizontal-vertical discrimination were measured in 12 male albino guinea pigs with unilateral lesions of the striate cortex, and in 6 sham-operated controls. In accordance with electrophysiological and anatomical findings, the animals learned readily using the contralateral fibers, while the ipsilateral fibers were found to be incapable of mediating either acquisition, or retention, of the discriminarion. The control animals learned readily, but showed incomplete transfer.
Prediction and Control as Mediators of Causal Attribution
Authors: Goldberg Carlos
Published: September 2011

In this paper is reviewed the literature on the naive perception of causality. Studies support Heider's suggestion that actors give external reasons for their behavior, whereas observers attribute the same behavior to the actor's personal dispositions. However, studies also show that actors are sometimes internal and observers are sometimes external in their causal attributions, e.g., actors give external reasons for their failure but they give internal reasons for success, and observers give internal reasons for the other's failure but they give external reasons for success. It was concluded that such results can be explained in terms of both cognitive and motivational factors. It was proposed that the perceiver's concern with prediction and control is one factor responsible for the typical attributions of actors as well as observers, and, furthermore, that there are individual, cultural, and contextual factors which may reverse the typical perspectives of actors and observers.
Future-Time Gradients for Performance in Test Anxious Individuals
Authors: Gjesme Torgrim
Published: September 2011

It was assumed that highly anxious individuals should have a negative goal gradient for future performance and that this negative goal gradient should be reduced as the test-anxiety dispositions of the individuals decreased. The results for 392 grade school (6th) students showed, as expected, that (a) the highly anxious individuals ( n = 55) tended to decrease the number of problems solved correctly as a future goal (task) approached in time and that (b) the slopes of the negative goal gradients decreased as the test-anxiety dispositions decreased. When number of problems attempted was the measure of performance (c) there was a tendency for Ss of low anxiety ( n = 101) to increase their performance as the goal approached.
Development of Spatial Concepts in Visually Deprived Children
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C.
Published: September 2011

110 blind children in Grades 2 through 12 were matched with sighted controls for age, sex, and verbal reasoning ability. Spatial reasoning was compared with nonspatial reasoning ability for the two groups. At each age level, blind children were inferior to sighted children on spatial reasoning, although the two groups did not differ on nonspatial reasoning. Data further support the likelihood that certain interactions with the perceptual environment may be crucial to specific aspects of cognitive functioning in humans.
Interest in Entering Helping Activities and Self-Disclosure to Three Targets on the Jourard Self-Disclosure Scale
Authors: Lombardo John P. , Franco Raymond , Wolf Thomas M. , Fantasia Saverio C.
Published: September 2011

Jourard's 40-item Self-disclosure Questionnaire was administered to 50 students in a training and selection program for a quasi-counseling position and 52 randomly selected students. Subjects indicated past disclosures to three target persons, parents, best friend, and stranger. Results indicated: highest disclosures were reported to best friends, lowest to strangers; subjects interested in the quasi-counseling position reported more disclosure than subjects not interested in this position; females reported more disclosure than males only to strangers.
Aggression in Captive Pigtail Monkey Groups: Effects of Provision of Cover
Authors: Erwin J. , Anderson B. , Erwin N. , Lewis L. , Flynn D.
Published: September 2011

To assess the influence of provision of “cover” on aggressive behavior in captive nonhuman primate groups, concrete cylinders were introduced into rooms in which six groups of pigtail monkeys resided. Basal incidence of aggression was measured prior to introduction of the cylinders and during their presence in the rooms. Four groups, which underwent little or no change in group composition during the study, exhibited substantially less aggression when cover was available than when it was not. Moderate and extreme changes in group composition occurred in two groups; these changes resulted in slight and dramatic increases in aggression, respectively, at the times when the changes occurred. Subjects frequently used the cylinders to avoid successfully the aggressive attacks of others. Cover of the sort provided by the concrete cylinders resulted in decreased aggression in stable groups but did not prevent aggression in groups which underwent moderate or extreme social change.
Sam Complex Coordinator and Multidimensional Pursuit Test: Annotated Bibliographies
Authors: Benel Russell A
Published: September 2011

A brief description of the SAM Complex Coordinator (Mashburn Apparatus) and the SAM Multidimensional Pursuit Test (MDP or MPT) and annotated bibliographies including 144 and 51 citations respectively are presented. All references are annotated as to subject matter within six categories; Factor Analytic-Task Taxonomy, Aircrew Selection-Classification, Learning Phenomena, Stress Effects, History and Development, General Reviews.
Effect of Three Levels of Work Intensity on Performance of a Fine Motor Skill
Authors: Spano James F. , Burke Edmund J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three levels of work intensity on the performance of a fine motor skill during steady-state exercise. Subjects were administered a progressive bicycle ergometer test to exhaustion in order to determine maximum heart rate (HRmax). Following practice sessions on the pursuit rotor, subjects performed 3 different rides on a bicycle ergometer at 60, 75, and 90% of HRmax. The order of test administration was varied randomly in an attempt to control for sequential effects. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to determine differences in pursuit rotor performance by days and by levels of work intensity. No confounding of learning was noted. A significant F ratio ( p < .001) between work intensities showed that fine motor performance during steady-state exercise is affected by levels of work intensity.
Integration of Post-Exposural Directional Scanning and Cerebral Dominance Explanations of Lateral Differences in Tachistoscopic Recognition
Authors: Fudin Robert , Masterson Catherine C.
Published: September 2011

Post-exposural directional scanning and cerebral dominance are major postulates which account for lateral differences in tachistoscopic perception. These ideas can be integrated when tachistoscopic perception is viewed as a short-term memory task. Briefly exposed stimuli not only have to be scanned, but also rehearsed, subvocally, before they can be encoded. Since most Ss are left-hemisphere dominant for language, scanned information arriving in the right hemisphere has to be sent to the left hemisphere for rehearsal. This transmission effects a loss of scanned information because it is held in a rapidly dissipating storage. These ideas account for lateral differences found with vertically and horizontally oriented targets, but methodological considerations are discussed which indicate that these notions are more clearly demonstrable with the former than latter displays.
Comparison of Schizophrenics and Normals on a Visual Search Task
Authors: Russell Paul N. , Page Anthony E.
Published: September 2011

The response times of 16 paranoids, 16 nonparanoids and 16 normals were compared on a search task which required subjects to identify target letters embedded in displays of varying numbers of non-targets. The rate of increase in response times with increased numbers of letters displayed was not markedly different for the various groups, although a derived measure of decision and response-selection time indicated that normals selected responses more rapidly. When compared with normals, schizophrenics seemed to experience more difficulty in response selection and decision than in processing visual stimulus information.
Effects of Set, Setting, and Sedatives, on Reaction Time
Authors: Levine H. D. , Sicé Jean
Published: September 2011

The effects of sessions, individual characteristics, group behavior, sedative medications, and pharmacological anticipation, on simple visual and auditory reaction time were evaluated with a randomized block design. The project involved 4 separate small groups of 5 to 9 healthy young adults who met 4 times for 9 hr. over 4 mo. and received 4 drug regimens under controlled conditions. Attitudes toward the experiment, which were mainly related to an early fear of potent drugs and late feelings of weariness, markedly affected reaction time. This effect decreased the test-retest reliability of the instrument, hence its sensitivity. Group behavior, subjective feelings attributable to the medications, and pharmacological anticipation, on the other hand, did not seem to have affected psychomotor performance. The effects of sedatives were much more marked and consistent with reaction time than with subjective responses, which primarily represented the influence of anticipation. This dissociation between objective and subjective behavior indicates that the subjects acted according to the drugs which they had taken but felt according to what they believed they had received.
Trust and the Use of Promises
Authors: Kane Thomas R. , Monteverde Frank J. , Tedeschi James T.
Published: September 2011

High and low scorers on Rotter's measure of interpersonal trust were provided with opportunities to communicate noncontingent promises of cooperation to a target in the context of a Prisoner's Dilemma game. The target always reciprocated the subjects' promises and either always kept the promises or never did. There was a tendency for 20 students high in trust to be more exploitative in their first use of promises than 20 low scorers, but the situational factor of target credibility had much stronger behavioral effects. Subjects sent more promises and kept them more often when the target was credible than when she was not. Parallel impressions of the target were induced by both dispositional and situational factors.
Latency of Verbal Reproductions as a Variable in Vocal Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W.
Published: September 2011

Some CCVCs used by Smith and Koutstaal (1972) as stimuli in a paired-associate learning study resulted in noticeable delays in attempted vocalizations or subvocalizations. Latencies of vocalizations of CCVCs representing the four phonological categories of the stimuli were timed to determine whether a monotonic function would be obtained as for trials to criterion in the learning study. A markedly non-monotonic function resulted. Latency was rejected as a variable contributing to differences in trials to criterion for the paired-associate task. Practice effects were: (a) decrease in mean latencies for all categories, (b) reduction in range of correlations, and (c) an increase in mean correlations from .66 to .87 ( N = 40).
Imagery and Meaningfulness Ratings of Sentences: Reliability and Relationship to Learning
Authors: Bowen Corey , Standing Lionel
Published: September 2011

Exp. 1 assessed the test-retest reliability with which individuals and groups can rate simple sentences for image-evoking power and meaningfulness. For 10 different Ss rating 100 sentences on each dimension, the mean reliability coefficients were .69 and .67 for imagery and meaningfulness respectively. Within-group test-retest reliability of mean ratings was excellent (.90, imagery; .92, meaningfulness). Rating of both dimensions was also performed by a third group of 19 Ss, and inter-group agreement (estimated through correlation of group mean ratings) was substantial (.76, imagery; .87, meaningfulness). However, agreement between individual Ss was low for both dimensions (.18, imagery; .27, meaningfulness), though significant. Exp. 2 examined Paivio's (1971) dual-coding hypothesis applied to sentence memory through correlation of both individual ratings and group mean ratings with sentence recognition scores. Neither method yielded a significant correlation between learning and imagery, or meaningfulness. Apparently the dual-coding hypothesis cannot be straightforwardly applied to memory for sentences, despite its predictive strength for single-word learning tasks.
Causal Attribution of Success and Failure as a Function of Authoritarianism and Sex
Authors: Goldberg Carlos , Evenbeck Scott
Published: September 2011

We predicted that authoritarian actors would engage in defensive attribution, and authoritarian observers would derogate the other, to a greater extent than egalitarian perceivers. 48 male and 48 female college students were run in pairs of same sex and authoritarianism. A set of easy anagrams was given to subjects in success conditions and difficult anagrams to those in failure conditions. Each subject rated own outcome and other outcome in terms of internal factors of ability and effort, and external factors of task and luck. We found that authoritarian actors were more internal than egalitarian actors only in the condition own success-other's failure. Authoritarian observers, as compared to egalitarians, were more external for other's success and more internal for other's failure only when own outcome was successful. It seems that authoritarian perceivers exaggerate their abilities and derogate the other only when they are clearly in a superior position vis-a-vis the other. There were no sex differences as a function of outcome and authoritarianism.
Recall of Letters from the Left and Right Visual Half-Fields under Unilateral and Bilateral Presentation
Authors: Hines David , Sutker Louis W. , Satz Paul , Altman Ann
Published: September 2011

Bilateral presentation in the visual half-field greatly increases superiority of the right visual half-field in tachistoscopic recognition of words when fixation is controlled using a center digit. Two experiments explored left-right asymmetry with bilateral presentation on a visual half-field short-term memory task, with fixation controlled by a sequence of letters at fixation. A total of 40 subjects served in the two experiments, which compared recall under unilateral versus bilateral presentation to the visual half-field. Bilateral presentation increased over-all recall from the last serial position but did not alter asymmetry of the visual half-field. As in previous experiments, the superiority of the right visual half-field was greatest from the initial serial positions. It was concluded that asymmetry of the visual half-field on this recall task with controlled fixation depends primarily on masking and short-term memory but is independent of unilateral-bilateral presentation.
Children's Prehension: Normative Data for the Children's Box and Block Test
Authors: Young Dorothy S.
Published: September 2011

To establish norms for gross manual dexterity of school-age children, 113 Ss, aged 7, 8, 9 yr., were given the Children's Box and Block Test, which yields a performance index for each hand. (a) For 7-yr.-olds, the mean scores for dominant hand were 61.8 for boys, 62.7 for girls; and 57.7 for boys' and 59.4 for girls' non-dominant hands. (b) The mean scores for dominant hand of 8-yr.-old boys and girls were 66.0 and 67.2 respectively; for the non-dominant hand 61.9 and 63.3. For dominant and non-dominant hands of 9-yr.-old boys, scores were 71.0 and 62.3; for the girls 68.0 and 64.6. Test-retest reliability varied from .78 to .91.
Hierarchical Factor Patterns on the WISC as Related to Areas of Learning Deficit
Authors: Ackerman Peggy T. , Dykman Roscoe A. , Peters John E.
Published: September 2011

Initial and 4-yr. follow-up findings on 62 learning disabled boys and 31 matched controls indicated that level and hierarchy of WISC factor scores (verbal reasoning, spatial reasoning, and sequential memory) were related to degree and pervasiveness of basic skill retardation. Of particular significance were scores on the sequential memory factor and the Information subtest. While students with deficits on these tests and deficiencies in mathematics, reading or in other areas, generally cannot or will not employ strategies for memorization and problem solving, they do learn adequately those meaningful (to them) life skills which can be achieved non-deliberately and without resort to strategies. The most successful students appear to use such strategies as chunking, elaboration, rehearsal, and rearrangement to encode new information, and, perhaps just as important, they are willing to try alternative approaches to problem solving when the initial attempt fails.
Detection of a Deficit in Visual Discrimination of Pattern following Lesions of Anterior Cortex: Role of Type of Motivation
Authors: Rinck Christine M. , Sanders Robert E. , Hottman Terry J. , Sheridan Charles L.
Published: September 2011

6 albino rats were trained under appetitive motivation to perform diametrically opposed visual discriminations of pattern via opposite eyes. Small lesions were subsequently placed unilaterally in anterior neocortex. Following a period of post-surgical recovery, subjects were re-trained on the diametrically opposed discriminations in alternating 10-trial blocks. Every subject made more post-surgical errors on the discrimination mediated by the eye contralateral to the lesion. Since albino rats have virtually complete decussation of the visual system, this indicates selective impairment in mediation of performance of pattern discrimination in the part of the lesioned hemispheres. Thus, findings previously obtained in studies involving aversive motivation are general to appetitively motivated tasks.
Effects of Errors on Performance of Observers and Performers
Authors: Clingman Joy Moore
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of exposure to errors of both observers and performers ( n = 80 sixth graders) on a learning task involving a bolt-head maze. All subjects who were exposed to errors retained significantly less than those not so exposed. Making errors, however, was not more detrimental to retention than was observing errors.
Autokinetic Movement in Geometric Illusions: A Note
Authors: Borresen C. R.
Published: September 2011

Four static geometrical illusions were presented in an autokinetic movement situation. 50 Ss saw each form four times. Of the total responses, 36% were no-movement responses while 37% of the time the total figure was seen as moving. The remaining 27% of the responses involved apparent movement in only a part of the figure. In general, the elements seen as moving are the parts misperceived in the static geometrical illusion.
Design Features of Graphic Symbols Varying in Interpretability
Authors: Cahill Mary-Carol
Published: September 2011

10 of the graphic symbols designed by Henry Dreyfuss Associates for Deere and Company farm and industrial machinery were presented to 30 mechanical engineering majors for interpretation in context and in isolation. Approximately half of the 15 subjects in each condition had specific prior experience with the type of machinery for which the symbols were intended. Individual symbols were differentially affected by the two factors of context and experience, but relative ease of recognition among the symbols as a set persisted unchanged. Specific design features of the symbols were examined in an attempt to account for their variation in interpretability. While pictorial and “grammatical” aspects were involved, the more successful symbols were distinguished primarily by being representations of commonplace rather than technological objects and actions.
Amnesia for Random Shapes following Unilateral and Bilateral Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy
Authors: Ashton R. , Hess N.
Published: September 2011

Three 16-point shapes were shown to 15 patients before undergoing either unilateral or bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. They were then tested for recognition following therapy. The same subjects were similarly tested for recognition memory with no intervening shock. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differential effects of the two methods of electroshock application.
Teachers' Observed Behaviors and Students' Appraisals of Instruction in Twenty-Four Fourth and Fifth Grade Classrooms
Authors: Scott Owen
Published: September 2011

Observations of behavior of 24 teachers of 683 children in Grades 4 and 5 and of students' perceptions of instruction yielded significant correlations between teachers' systematic organized behavior with students' positive motivation, understanding of subject matter, and attitude about grading but no correlations were found between teachers' warm, friendly behavior and students' attitude about instruction or teachers' creative behavior and such attitudes.
Commonality of Word and Form Associates
Authors: Coren Stanley , Porac Clare , Ward Lawrence M.
Published: September 2011

Simple verbal associates were obtained to words depicting 10 geometrical forms in one sample of 84 undergraduates, while a separate group of 84 was presented with pictures corresponding to the verbal labels and asked to draw the first form which came to mind. A high degree of commonality between the two association tasks indicates frequent use of a common mediational process. Internal analyses indicate that the common mediator is probably verbal, although there are also associational processes unique to pictorial or verbal stimuli. The pattern of results seems to have implications for understanding the nature of stimulus encoding as a function of the nature of the stimulus input.
Electromyographic Responses in Infants after Auditory Stimulation
Authors: Boyle James P. , Hull Raymond H.
Published: September 2011

49 of 50 newborn infants, when presented with a strong auditory stimulus, showed significant increases in EMG potential. The infant who failed initially responded when rechecked in 1 mo. The results suggest it may be possible to develop an EMG-Audiometric process which could be employed in screening hearing of newborn infants.
Verbal Facilitation of Class-Inclusion Reasoning: Children Tested in Their Dominant or Subordinate Language
Authors: Padilla A. M. , Romero Arthur
Published: September 2011

Two explanations for verbal facilitation of class-inclusion reasoning have been suggested. One attributes the effect to differences in the interpretation of linguistic cues. The other considers the effect to be a product of distracting perceptual cues. 44 male and 44 female, third and fifth grade Mexican-American children categorized as either English- or Spanish-language dominant were presented both verbal and pictorial type class-inclusion questions. Half of the children were tested in their dominant language, the other half in their subordinate language. Results indicate that the verbal-type questions produced more correct responses than the pictorial questions. It is concluded that verbal facilitation is due to absence of distracting perceptual cues.
Effects of Prior Hypoxia Exposure on Visual Target Detection during Later More Severe Hypoxia
Authors: Kobrick John L.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 15 subjects each were exposed to 3 different combinations of intermediate (staging) altitudes and exposure times, and were then tested for visual target detection capability at a final altitude of 4300 m. All groups with staging exposure performed better at altitude and had fewer symptoms of acute mountain sickness than a fourth group which went directly to 4300 m altitude from sea level. The data showed that task factors of both viewing distance and degree of peripheral placement of the target significantly influenced detection time within all groups regardless of variations in exposure to altitude.
Note on the Relationship between Introversion-Extraversion, Field-Dependence-Independence and Accuracy of Visual Target Detection
Authors: Fine Bernard J. , Kobrick John L.
Published: September 2011

49 soldier-observers viewed 40 slides in which a stimulus soldier was identically posed in a constant background but at different viewing distances (175, 200, 225, 250, and 275 ft.) and viewing angles (14° and 21°, left and right) from the observer. Accuracy of target detection was compared with viewers' scores on the Hidden Shapes Test and the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Field-dependence-independence and extraversion-introversion were determined to be separately and jointly related to accuracy of target detection. The major effects were attributable to the notably poorer performance of Ss characterized as field-dependent extraverts.
Inability to Wink an Eye and Eye Dominance
Authors: Palmer Lyelle L.
Published: September 2011

Data from 56 subjects in Grades 4 to 12 only able to wink one eye indicated that the non-winking eye was used as the dominant one in tests of monocular and binocular sighting.
Children's Word-Finding Test: A Verbal Problem-Solving Task
Authors: Pajurkova Eva M. , Orr R. Robert , Rourke Byron P. , Finlayson M. Alan J.
Published: September 2011

A version of the Word-Finding Test was constructed for use with children. This test was administered to 40 normal children and 20 children with learning disabilities who had been matched for age and WISC Full Scale IQ. The results indicated that the test is appropriate for use with 9- and 10-yr.-old children, and that performance distinguishes between normal and learning disabled children of these ages at a high level of confidence. There were also some indications that the mode of approach to the test exhibited by the children with learning disabilities differed qualitatively from that of the normal children.
Measuring Visual Esthetic Sensitivity: An Alternative Procedure
Authors: Smets Gerda , Knops Leopold
Published: September 2011

This article explores the possibility of measuring esthetic sensitivity by means of the ability to judge whether paintings are or are not by the same artist (Westland, 1964). Unlike the conventional tests of esthetic sensitivity this measurement is based on answers that are right or wrong in a factual sense and not right or wrong on the basis of a consensus of opinion. The “test” is constructed such that it can be scored using information theory. This method allows us to include the size of the error in the score. The “test” differentiated 30 subjects attending an art course, and 34 psychology students of the same age and the same basic training. The split-half reliability is .906. The correlations with scores in specific art subjects are higher than for those on the Meier Art Judgment Test—even where these correlations are calculated for small numbers of subjects.
Primacy Effect in Orienting Responses to Auditory Stimuli of Tones and Music
Authors: Simon Eleanor B.
Published: September 2011

This 26 factorial experiment investigated the primacy effect in the orienting response. The type of stimuli (tone or “music”), stimulus intensities (loud or soft), length of adaptation period (same, 5 or 30 sec.; or different, 5 min.), interstimulus intervals (5 or 30 sec.), and sex were studied. College students, 32 males and 32 females were randomly assigned to each group. In the same condition, the tone (or music) was soft (or loud) for 5 sec. (or 30 sec.) in adaptation and was then changed alternately without interruption to loud, soft, etc. (or soft, loud, etc.) for 5 sec. (or 30 sec.). The different condition was identical except for the length of the adaptation period in which the stimuli sounded continuously for 5 min. Analyses of the GSR manifestation of the orienting responses indicated: (a) an over-all primacy effect with the auditory stimuli and (b) the primacy effect occurred in the 5-sec.-same but not in the 30-sec.-same condition as predicted.