bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Microbial Communities Beneath Populus Grandidentata Grown Under Elevated Atmospheric CO2
Authors: Zak Donald R. , Ringelberg David B. , Pregitzer Kurt S. , Randlett Diana L. , White David C. , Curtis Peter S.
Published: April 2006

In most terrestrial ecosystems, the amount of substrate entering the soil from plant litter production is only sufficient to meet the maintenance requirements of soil microorganisms, allowing for no net annual growth. However, the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration has the potential to alter such a balance by increasing plant litter production, and hence the amount of substrate available for heterotrophic metabolism in soil. In a recent experiment, we observed that greater belowground plant litter production at elevated atmospheric CO2 significantly increased the biomass of soil microorganisms in both rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil. Because soil microorganisms differ in their ability to convert substrate into biomass, we hypothesized that greater plant litter production at elevated CO2 should shift community composition as fungal populations increase in response to greater substrate availability. We used a molecular technique, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, to gain insight into the composition of soil microbial communities beneath Populus grandidentata growing at ambient and twice‐ambient atmospheric CO2. PLFAs extracted from rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil were derivatized and identified using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. After one growing season the proportions of bacterial, actinomycetal, and fungal PLFAs were not significantly influenced by elevated atmospheric CO2 in either rhizosphere or non‐rhizosphere soil. However, clear differences were present between microbial communities in rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil. Although enhanced belowground plant litter production under elevated atmospheric CO2 increased the biomass of soil microorganisms, we have no evidence to suggest that such an increase occurred through a shift in community composition, at least in the short term.
Ecological Economics: Reintegrating the Study of Humans and Nature
Authors: Costanza Robert
Published: April 2006

Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary effort to link the natural and social sciences broadly, and especially ecology and economics. The goal is to develop a deeper understanding of the complex linkages between ecological and economic systems, and to use that understanding to develop effective policies that will lead to a world that is ecologically sustainable, has a fair distribution of resources (both among groups and generations of humans and between humans and other species), and efficiently allocates scarce resources including natural capital. This will require new approaches that are comprehensive, adaptive, integrative, multi‐scale, and pluralistic, and that acknowledge the huge uncertainties involved. Examples of integrated assessment and modeling studies at local, regional, and global scales are discussed as cases that both require and force the integration of ecology and economics and help to build common understanding of linked ecological‐economic systems.
Environmental Sustainability: Universal and Non‐Negotiable
Authors: Goodland Robert , Daly Herman
Published: April 2006

After deploring the mystification of the term sustainability and tendencies to conflate it with society's desiderata, we desegregate three types of sustainability: social, economic, and environmental. After clarifying these three linked and overlapping concepts, and construing them with sustainable development, we distinguish quantitative throughput growth from qualitative development, and mention intergenerational equity and scarcity of natural capital that together lead to the definition of environmental sustainability by the output/input rule, i.e., keep wastes within assimilative capacities; harvest within regenerative capacities of renewable resources; deplete non‐renewables at the rate at which renewable substitutes are developed. After distinguishing development from sustainability and from growth, the paper describes the concept of natural capital and uses the concept to present four alternative definitions of environmental sustainability. Next, the paper presents criteria for analyzing environmental sustainability and uses the Ehrlich‐Holdren framework in which Population," Pffluence, and Technology are examined separately. The paper then nuances the I = PAT identity and starts to disaggregate the components of sustainability into more dynamic formulations. The final section describes how one large development agency, the World Bank, is endeavoring to incorporate these new principles into its operations.
Biological Diversity, Ecosystems, and the Human Scale
Authors: Folke Carl , Holling C. S. , Perrings Charles
Published: April 2006

This paper considers the significance of biological diversity in relation to large‐scale processes in complex and dynamic ecological‐economic systems. It focuses on functional diversity, and its relation to production and maintenance of ecological services that underpin human societies. Within functional groups of organisms two important categories of species are identified: keystone process species and those essential for ecosystem resilience. The latter group represents natural insurance capital. In addition to basic research on the interplay among biological diversity, functional performance, and resilience in complex self‐organizing systems, we suggest that a functional approach has two main implications for a strategy for biodiversity conservation: (1) Biodiversity conservation to assure the resilience of ecosystems is required for all systems, no matter how heavily impacted they are. It should not be limited to protected areas. (2) The social, cultural, and economic driving forces in society that cause biodiversity loss need to be addressed directly. Specifically, (a) differences between the value of biological diversity to the private individual and its fundamental value to society as a whole need to be removed; (b) social and economic policies that encourage biodiversity loss should be reformed, especially where there is a risk of irreversible damage to ecosystems and diversity; and (c) institutions that are adaptive and work in synergy with ecosystem processes and functions are critical and should be created at all levels.
Comment: The First Data Analysis Should be Journalistic
Authors: Edwards Don
Published: April 2006

Bayesian statistical methods can be considered an attempt at mathematical formalization of the natural scientific process of interpretation of data in light of preexisting information. As such, their use, and the degree to which they are used, is largely a question of efficiency. In some instances it may be appropriate to incorporate prior information into an analysis to the extent that this information is deemed reliable by all concerned; it will not often be the case in an ecological study, however, that information satisfying these constraints is substantial. In the most important distributional setting a frequentist confidence interval is identical to a noninformative Bayesian credible interval, and it is asserted that in most other cases where noninformative priors are used, these two will be very similar; the primary data analysis in an ecological study should probably be of one of these two forms. It is conjectured that, in order to be mathematically tractable, decision theoretic methods (Bayesian or not) will often deal with a dangerously short action‐space time frame. Finally, Empirical Bayesian methods and hierarchical models in general are powerful new methods that should be used, with caution, to the extent that their superstructural assumptions are reliable.
Long‐Term Patterns in Coastal California Grasslands in Relation to Cultivation, Gophers, and Grazing
Authors: Stromberg Mark R. , Griffin James R.
Published: April 2006

Grasslands at the Hastings Natural History Reservation (HNHR) and in adjacent Santa Lucia coastal range of Monterey County, California were sampled from 1971 to 1991. Grasslands on HNHR showed two distinct and stable associations: stands with and without historical cultivation (≈ 1865‐1937$). Relict stands dominated by native, perennial grasses (e.g., Nassella pulchra, Poa secunda) are limited to uncultivated, steeper stands, often where soils have more clay. Abandoned agricultural fields have stable compositions dominated by Avena fatua, Bromus mollis, B. diandrus, Erodium spp., Hypochaeris glabra, Vulpia spp., Eremocarpus setigerus, and Amsinckia spp. Patterns in species composition were associated with gradients in soil texture, gopher abundance, and slope. Gophers provide a significant and continuous source of soil disturbance and may slow successional processes in old fields. Where gophers are excluded, aboveground biomass accumulates. Germination and establishment of native perennial grasses (compared to introduced, annual grasses) are reduced on gopher tailings in old fields. Species composition patterns reflecting past cultivation on both grazed and ungrazed stands are apparent. Relict (uncultivated) stands of native grasses persist under many historical levels of grazing. Effects of grazing are often only seen on old fields, and not on relict grasslands. Compared to stands where grazing was removed in 1937, stands currently or recently grazed by cattle show higher soil nitrogen, but reductions in cover of gopher tailings, species diversity, soil phosphate, and sulphate.
A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997
Authors: Ostrom Elinor
Published: April 2006

Extensive empirical evidence and theoretical developments in multiple disciplines stimulate a need to expand the range of rational choice models to be used as a foundation for the study of social dilemmas and collective action. After an introduction to the problem of overcoming social dilemmas through collective action, the remainder of this article is divided into six sections. The first briefly reviews the theoretical predictions of currently accepted rational choice theory related to social dilemmas. The second section summarizes the challenges to the sole reliance on a complete model of rationality presented by extensive experimental research. In the third section, I discuss two major empirical findings that begin to show how individuals achieve results that are “better than rational” by building conditions where reciprocity, reputation, and trust can help to overcome the strong temptations of short-run self-interest. The fourth section raises the possibility of developing second-generation models of rationality, the fifth section develops an initial theoretical scenario, and the final section concludes by examining the implications of placing reciprocity, reputation, and trust at the core of an empirically tested, behavioral theory of collective action.
Structure, Behavior, and Voter Turnout in the United States
Authors: Timpone Richard J.
Published: April 2006

Electoral participation in the United States is examined to provide a clearer account of the effect of the registration requirement on individual voting behavior. Pooling NES data from 1980, 1984, and 1988, I first model, with traditional and selection bias techniques, the full electorate to distinguish among three groups: nonregistrants, registered nonvoters, and voters. Analyses limited to recent movers then reported to understand more fully the forces associated with the actual decision calculi of registering and voting. The influences of many factors commonly accepted as important determinants of voting are disentangled, and their effect at each stage is ascertained. Factors yielding inconsistent effects in previ research or believed to be unimportant—such as race, gender, attitudes toward the candidates, and trust government—are shown to deserve closer scrutiny by electoral scholars.
One-dimensional fibers of rigid subanalytic sets
Authors: Lipshitz L. , Robinson Z.
Published: April 2006

Let K be an algebraically closed field of any characteristic, complete with respect to the non-trivial ultrametric absolute value ∣·∣: K → ℝ+. By R denote the valuation ring of K, and by ℘ its maximal ideal. We work within the class of subanalytic sets defined in [5], but our results here also hold for the strongly subanalytic sets introduced in [11] as well as for those subanalytic sets considered in [6]. Let X ⊂ R1 be subanalytic. In [8], we showed that there is a decomposition of X as a union of a finite number of special sets U ⊂ R1 (see below). In this note, in Theorem 1.6, we obtain a version of this result which is uniform in parameters, thereby answering a question brought to our attention by Angus Macintyre. It follows immediately from Theorem 1.6 that the theory of K in the language (see [5] and [6]) is C-minimal in the sense of [3] and [9]. The analogous uniformity result in the p-adic case was recently proved in [12].

Definition 1.1. (i) A disc in R1 is a set of one of the two following forms:

A special set in R1 is a disc minus a finite union of discs.

(ii) R-domains u ⊂ Rm, and their associated rings of analytic functions, , are defined inductively as follows. Rm is an R-domain and , the ring of strictly convergent power series in X1,…, Xm over K. If u is an R-domain with associated ring , (where K 〈X, Y〉 〚ρ〛S is a ring of separated power series, see [5, §2] and [1, §1]) and f, have no common zero on u and ◸ ϵ {<, ≤}, then

is an R-domain and

where J is the ideal generated by I and f − gZ (Z is a new variable) if ◸ is ≤, and

where J is the ideal generated by I and f − gτ (τ a new variable) if ◸ is <. (See [8, Definition 2.2].) R-domains generalize the rational domains of [2, §7.2.3]. It is true, but not easy to prove, that only depends on u as a point set, and is independent of the particular representation of u.
Looking Forward and Looking Backward: Cognitive and Experiential Search
Authors: Gavetti Giovanni , Levinthal Daniel
Published: April 2006

We used computer simulations to examine the role and interrelationship between search processes that are forward-looking, based on actors' cognitive map of action-outcome linkages, and those that are backward-looking, or experience based. Cognition was modeled as a simple, low-dimensional representation of a more complex, higher dimensional fitness landscape. Results show that, although crude, these representations still act as a powerful guide to initial search efforts and usefully constrain the direction of subsequent experiential search. Changing a cognitive representation itself can act as an important mode of adaptation, effectively resulting in the sequential allocation of attention to different facets of the environment. This virtue of shifting cognitive representation, however, may be offset by the loss of tacit knowledge associated with the prior cognition.
The Winding Road from Employee to Complainant: Situational and Psychological Determinants of Wrongful-Termination Claims
Authors: Lind E. Allan , Greenberg Jerald , Scott Kimberly S. , Welchans Thomas D.
Published: April 2006

Structured interviews with 996 recently fired or laid-off workers provided data for analyses of the situational and psychological antecedents of both thinking about filing a wrongful-termination claim and actually filing such a claim. Potential antecedents were drawn from relational theories of organizational justice, economic theories about claiming, and sociolegal studies of claiming in other contexts. Wrongful-termination claims were most strongly correlated with the way workers felt they had been treated at the time of termination and with their expected winnings from such a claim. Structural equation model analyses of panel data from follow-up interviews with 163 respondents four months later showed that the psychological variables were, in fact, causal antecedents rather than consequences of claiming thoughts and actions. These findings support relational models of organizational justice and lead to practical suggestions for managing the termination process so as to avoid wrongful-termination suits.
An Aboriginal Hematite Quarry in Oakland, California
Authors: Wallace William J.
Published: April 2006

At the junction of Redwood Road and Mountain Boulevard in Oakland, California is an outcrop of rock containing hematite which shows signs of having been worked aboriginally. The exposed stratum measures 30 by 20 feet by 6.5 feet at its highest point. Hematite occurs in almost pure form as thin layers in the main body of rock.

Sizeable cavities can be seen at the base of the deposit, indicating where the hematite was chipped out. Fire may have been used as an aid in getting out the ore, this being suggested by the presence of charcoal and smoke blackening. No quarrying tools were found.
Artifact Transport by Migratory Animals and Other Means
Authors: Heizer Robert F.
Published: April 2006

Two recent papers, one by Arthur Woodward, the other by J. Alden Mason, have called attention to the transportation of artifacts by the process of animal migrations. The impulse for both of these works derived from the finding of an Eskimo arrowhead imbedded in the breast of a duck shot at Bakersfield, California. Similar cases from the states of Indiana, North Carolina, and Nebraska are on record in these reports. Undoubtedly there are other known instances, but these four should serve to illustrate the fact that sizeable migrating birds may import projectiles of outland origin from tremendous distances.

I should like to present some additional instances which have come to my attention. These deal chiefly with transport of artifacts by migrating sea mammals and fish. The larger sea mammals are peculiarly suited,to carrying weapon points, since they have a thick protective fat covering in which a projectile could remain imbedded without having a harmful or hindering effect on the animal's health or movement.
Tiponi, or Corn Goddess Symbols
Authors: Lange Charles H.
Published: April 2006

Among the less frequently encountered, yet widely distributed, items of material culture recovered in the Anasazi Province are tiponi, or Corn Goddess symbols.

In the excavation of the Evans Site in the Gallina region of northern New Mexico three tiponi were found. Two, the largest and the smallest, were in the North House; the third was in the South House. All were of sandstone and were simply-fashioned cones, flat on one end and bluntly pointed on the other. Aside from their shape, no distinguishing features were discernible. The largest was 48 cm. in height and 20 cm. in basal diameter; the smallest was 18.4 cm. in height and 15.2 cm. in basal diameter.

The tiponi found in the South House was one of a number of miscellaneous stones which had been used as fill in the bottom of the fireplace or had fallen into the pit.
A Carved Stone from D'Arcy, Saskatchewan
Authors: Vigfusson Vladimar Alfred
Published: April 2006

In recent years, the attention of some archaeologists has been directed to the Canadian Northwest with the expectation of finding some evidence or indication of the early migrations of man on this continent. That man reached North America by Bering Strait from Asia, is generally accepted, but the theory that the migrations took place in late Pleistocene times and by way of an open corridor between the Keewatin ice and the Rockies, requires confirmation. It is significant that Folsom and Yuma points from Saskatchewan, described by E. B. Howard, were found mainly in areas bordering the ancient glacial Lake Regina.

As a further contribution to this problem, it seems desirable to present a brief description of a carved stone relic found in gravel in central Saskatchewan about three years ago.

The stone was found about seven miles southeast of the town of D'Arcy in a gravel pit located on Sec. 9, Tp. 28, Rge. 18, W. 3rd Meridian, on the north bank of a ravine running east into Bad Lake.
Progress at Zaculeu, Guatemala
Authors: Woodbury Richard
Published: April 2006

The excavation and restoration of Zaculeu, now in progress, is a project of the United Fruit Company, under the direction of John M. Dimick. The site of Zaculeu is in the western highlands of Guatemala about 3 kilometers from the town of Huehuetenango. At least one more season's work is planned, but the general outlines of the archaeological picture are already emerging.

The most important contribution which the work at Zaculeu will make to the archaeology of the Highland Maya is in furnishing a continuous record of architecture and pottery from Early Classic times to the Conquest, a period of nearly 1000 years (PI. XVI). The initial occupation of the site was contemporary with the Early Classic (Tzakol) phase of the lowlands and the Esperanza phase at Kaminaljuyu, to judge from several pieces of pottery found in graves. There was intensive building activity and many burials were incorporated in or dug through the stairways of terraced platforms.
Supplement to Archaeological Work in South America 1934–1936
Authors: Bennett Wendell C.
Published: April 2006

Several articles have come to my attention which should have been included in the summary of recent archaeological work in South America. A brief notation of these articles and a bibliography will remedy in part their omission from the original text.

Wassén (1936) has published a report of his excavations at the Hacienda of El Dorado between the villages of Yotoco and Restrepo in the Cauca Valley region of the western cordillera of Colombia. He describes the excavating of deep tombs, some from four to six meters in depth, and illustrates their contents.
Some Ancient Indian Village Sites Adjacent to Manchester, New Hampshire
Authors: Marshall Harlan A.
Published: April 2006

In early colonial times the Manchester region was, at certain periods each year, the home of Passaconaway, chief of the Pennacook tribe and the head of the Pennacook Confederacy. This confederacy includes such tribes as the Agawam, Wamesit, Nashua, Souhegan, Pennacook, Winnepesaukee and Namaoskeag (Amoskeag). When the first settlers arrived in the Manchester region, they found a number of villages in which lived a large native population. Not only the Pennacooks lived here but other friendly tribes came to Amoskeag Falls at the proper season to take advantage of the excellent fishing. That this situation had existed for some time is evidenced by the large number of village sites and by the fact that even now, after large quantities of artifacts have been collected, specimens may still be found in the ground.
Archaeological Work in South America, 1934 to 1936
Authors: Bennett Wendell C.
Published: April 2006

Two years ago Lothrop (1934) published a summary of archaeological work in South America covering the years 1931–1934. This article continues the summary up to 1936. Relatively few archaeological expeditions have come to my attention in this period and consequently the review is based largely on published accounts. Such field reports as are available are incorporated under the proper sections. Thompson (1936) has published a guide leaflet on the archaeology of South America, reviewing the various fields included. Other publications refer more specifically to single sections. The review of sections starts in the Andean region, and continues with the eastern South American countries.
Horizon Styles and Pottery Traditions in Peruvian Archaeology
Authors: Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

The Present paper is partially devoted to a consideration of the concept of “horizon styles” in Peruvian archaeology: how the concept has been used in archaeological reconstruction, and how new styles are in the process of formulation. It includes also an analysis of several ceramic periods which may be grouped into such a horizon style, the White-on-red. Differing from the horizon style is another historical phenomenon which I have called the “pottery tradition.” An attempt is made here to show the relationship of these two concepts— horizon styles and pottery traditions—as they are exemplified in Peruvian archaeology.
Problems Surrounding the Classification of Certain Culture Complexes in New England
Authors: Johnson Frederick
Published: April 2006

Previously I have attempted to show that we lack, almost completely, archaeological data from large and apparently significant areas in New England. It is true also that the excavation and research which has been done to date is very incomplete. I regret to say, in addition, that a number of inaccuracies and important omissions have produced results, particularly in the development of theories, which are extremely untrustworthy. A reworking of the available data and an investigation of the foundations of the various theories have brought to light a number of important facts and have made necessary several radical changes in the theoretical history of the region.
Squash-Blossom Headdress in Basket Maker III
Authors: Hawley Florence
Published: April 2006

Notations on the discovery of a figure of Kokopelli, the hunch-backed flute player, on a Pueblo I sherd in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, and speculations on the place of this figure in the prehistoric pantheon, brought forth a series of items of hitherto unpublished and illuminating data. It is hoped that this note on a second find of a human figure on a sherd in Chaco Canyon may likewise lead to some controversy and new information.

This new figure, discovered during the 1937 field season of the University of New Mexico, was that of a woman with squash-blossom headdress, the old fertility symbol of the Hopi maidens. The potsherd was of La Plata Black-on-white, a typical Basket Maker III type, dating probably some time before 700 A.D. Similar figures with the squash-blossom headdress have been noted from time to time as petroglyphs on boulders or on cliff walls in the northern part of the Southwest; but the Chaco sherd provides the best opportunity that I know of for dating this interesting coiffure.
Radiocarbon Contamination
Authors: Bliss Wesley L.
Published: April 2006

Before rushing into a revision of archaeological chronologies based upon the dates recently published in Memoir 8 of the Society for American Archaeology, the possibilities for the contamination of carbon should be considered. The dates given so far are from specimens found in widely divergent deposits and environments; they come from caves, bogs, Egyptian tombs, lake beds, deep deposits, shallow deposits, wet deposits, dry deposits, exposed deposits, and excavations; from material carefully removed and from other material which may have been molding in storage for years. The recognition of this diversity alone should produce caution in accepting radiocarbon dates as unassailable. Contamination of samples for dating can occur at a variety of times. It could happen prior to discovery or during excavation and removal, or in the archaeological laboratory, or even in the laboratory where the dating is done.
A Chronological Framework for the Mobile Bay Region
Authors: Trickey E. Bruce
Published: April 2006

A sound cultural chronology is the primary step in discovering the prehistory of any region. The chronology of the northwest coast of Florida and the adjacent Mobile Bay region of Alabama was first outlined by Willey (1949), utilizing his own surface and excavated collections, as well as the extensive but unsystematic work of Clarence B. Moore. Later Ford (1952) incorporated a portion of Willey's data into a chronological comparison of the Gulf Coast region and the Lower Mississippi Valley. Recently Sears (1956), in a most thorough report on the excavations at the Kolomoki site in southern Georgia, has called certain details of the ceramic chronology developed by Willey into question; notably the time position of the abundant check-stamped ware.
Material Culture of an Upper Coulee Rockshelter
Authors: Mills John E. , Osborne Carolyn
Published: April 2006

Though the number of recovered cultural remains are few, the authors believe that the brief description and analysis of these artifacts are important, as site 45GR2 is the first dry shelter to be excavated in the Columbia Plateau.

The area itself falls into the Upper Sonoran life zone. The plateau above the coulee is generally treeless and is more or less well covered with bunch grass. Lupines and sunflowers are important parts of the flora. In the coulee, ground water is more available, and better stands and more species of grasses are present. Successful wheat farms and a few orchards indicate that the area must, at least during certain seasons, have had an extensive floral cover. Aspen, willow, alder, and cottonwoods are found near the springs. The draws support heavy stands of brushy growth, with sage being outstanding. Juniper (cedar) trees are found both on the plateau and in the coulee. The bottom of the coulee, at least during and after the spring and early summer rains, is swampy, and standing water was probably present in earliest times in some places throughout most of the year. Rodents, small carnivore, and bird populations are large. The mule deer was no doubt the largest game animal of importance.
Radiocarbon Dating in the Arctic
Authors: Rainey Froelich , Ralph Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

The radiocarbon laboratory, operated by the Department of Physics and the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania, is concentrating its analyses in four fields of archaeology: the Middle East, Middle America, South America, and the Arctic. It is the policy of the laboratory to publish radiocarbon dates only in groups from one specific field after checks and rechecks of related materials result in a certain measure of internal consistency (Ralph 1955: 149-51; Coon and Ralph 1955: 921-2).
A Statistical Technique for Classifying Human Skeletal Remains
Authors: McKern T. W. , Munro E. H.
Published: April 2006

Arecurring question posed to the physical anthropologist by his archaeological associates concerns the problem of properly classifying new skeletal finds within the framework of a known local prehistory. An analysis may result which is initially purely quantitative. However, problems demanding interpretation often develop. For example, when the physical characteristics of prehistoric populations have been metrically described, their industrial accomplishments outlined, and their place in time fairly well established, the problem of spatial distribution becomes a primary interest. The discovery of skeletal material, peripheral to the known area of occupation, must be explained either as an addition to the known biological pattern or as representing a foreign element.
The Ball Game Played by the Aborigines of the Antilles
Authors: Alegria Ricardo E.
Published: April 2006

The study of the so-called juegos o corrales de los indios comprises one of the most interesting aspects of West Indian archaeology. The Archaeological Research Center of the University of Puerto Rico has devoted special attention to their study in the belief that these juegos stand in intimate relation with a number of problems of Caribbean archaeology, the solution of which cannot but lead to a clearer and more exact view of the aboriginal culture.
The Randall Component
Authors: Hurt Wesley R.
Published: April 2006

In a review of the Scalp Creek report (Hurt 1952) Donald J. Lehmer questions the evidence which would warrant the denning of a Randall component at the Scalp Creek site (39GR1), Gregory County, South Dakota (Lehmer 1954). In addition, Lehmer makes this statement, “However, when a subsequent report by Hurt tentatively derives the St. Helena focus of the Upper Republican aspect from a component established on the basis of 39 potsherds, it becomes a matter of somewhat more concern.” The writer wishes to summarize the evidence which led him to define a Randall component, since it is not fully covered in the review, and also to disclaim any adherence to the hypothesis quoted by Lehmer.

The writer defined 3 components at the Scalp Creek site. The lowermost component was assigned to the Loseke Creek focus of the Plains Woodland tradition. The Randall component occupied a midplace in stratigraphy and contained, in addition to the Loseke Creek ceramic types, 39 sherds classified Ellis Plain and Randall Incised (Hurt 1952, Fig. 16, 1-6).
The Excavation and Historical Identification of a Huron Ossuary
Authors: Kidd Kenneth E.
Published: April 2006

The unusual opportunity of excavating a Huron ossuary presented itself to the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology in 1946. The fact that probably less than a half dozen such sites still remain, coupled with the possibility that the ossuary in question was the one which the French Jesuit, Jean de Brebeuf, saw in use in 1636, led the Museum to decide upon excavation. A special grant from the Province to the Museum for archaeological purposes enabled work to begin.

The site was situated on a small sandy plain about one hundred acres in extent (Fig. 115), on the farm of Mr. Charles Daoust, in the north half of lot 14, concession 7, Tiny township, Simcoe county. The nearest stream is one-half mile to the west. Remains of historic Huron villages lie one mile north and one and one-half miles northwest of the site. When first seen by the writer, the ossuary was visible as a broad, saucer-shaped depression in the ground, whose maximum depth was about two feet, with a slightly elevated rim marking its borders. The owner said that he had long known the place for what it was, since he had once attempted to bury a sheep in itr but he believed it had not previously been disturbed. After finding human bones, and recovering them, he had not again touched the pit (Fig. 116).
Stratigraphic Excavations in the Sambaqui of Araujo II, Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Orssich Adam , Orssich Elfriede Stadler
Published: April 2006

Large accumulations of shells can be found in flat coastal regions and along the lower course of big rivers all over the world. Many of these shellmounds have been investigated by archaeologists and have been found to contain, besides shells, considerable quantities of ash, numerous artifacts of stone and bone, occasionally potsherds, and often a relatively large number of human skeletons. Their contents and stratification reveal these mounds to be deposits of kitchen refuse, accumulated on prehistoric dwellings sites by tribes whose main source of food was fish and mollusks.

In Brazil such shellmounds can be found not only all along the Atlantic coast and up the Amazon, but even in Mato Grosso, along the banks of the Paraguay River. No systematic survey of Brazilian shellmounds has yet been made.
Stratigraphy and Seriation
Authors: Rowe John Howland
Published: April 2006

Stratigraphic interpretation rests on two principles: the principle of superposition and the principle that deposition units can be identified by cultural content. The sequence of deposition units derived from a case of superposition may not give a true cultural sequence if mixing, filling, or collecting has affected the cultural contents of the units. There are two kinds of seriation: evolutionary seriation, done on the basis of an assumed general law of cultural development, and similary seriation, done on the basis of similarities and differences in objects or deposition units compared. Similiary seriation assumes only that cultural change is normally gradual. Of the two kinds of seriation, only similiary seriation can give credible results. Some evidence of archaeological associations is necessary to control the possibility of non-gradual change resulting from sudden outside influence or archaism. If the conditions for success can be met, either stratigraphy or seriation can provide a credible sequence. Each method provides a check on the other; the most credible results are achieved by combining the two.
The Cogged Stones of Southern California
Authors: Eberhart Hal
Published: April 2006

Cogged stones are one of the few classes of artifacts which are limited in occurrence to the “middle” period of southern California's prehistory. They are stone discs, 6⅛ inches or less in diameter, characterized by grooves or indentations in the edge. On the basis of the nature of the latter and of the presence or absence of perforation they are described in four types. Some of the variations may have historical significance, but this cannot be proven with the data at hand. Few specimens have been excavated under controlled conditions. The distribution is virtually limited to the coastal drainage south of Ventura County and appears to center along the Santa Ana River Valley. According to the interpretation of coastal chronology employed, cogged stones were made during the period 6000-3500 B.C. Their use is unknown, but the absence of any pattern of wear and the conjunctions of certain of the specimens suggest that they served some ritual function.
Ancient Mesoamerican Mortars, Plasters, and Stuccos: The Composition and Origin of Sascab
Authors: Littmann Edwin R.
Published: April 2006

The use of sascab as a substitute for sand in the preparation of ancient (and modern) mortars and plasters in Yucatán has been noted by many writers including Landa (Tozzer 1941: 171, 176), Morris, Chariot, and Morris (1931, Vol. 1: 220-4), E. H. Thompson (1887), and Villa R. (1934). R. H. Thompson (1958) details the use of sascab as temper for making pottery. Sascab is described by Villa R. (1934) as a soft limestone conglomerate; it has also been spoken of as an unconsolidated limestone. Sascab is a white to reddish, compacted powder, frequently containing rounded boulders or stones, and found in pockets in the limestone of Yucatán and possibly other areas with a similar geography.
Miniature Peruvian Shirts with Horizontal Neck Openings
Authors: VanStan Ina
Published: April 2006

Three miniature cotton shirts, found among the textiles of the Uhle collection from beneath the Temple of Pachacamac, in the University Museum, Philadelphia, show an unusual style of tubular construction in which the warp yarns run horizontally and the neck and arm apertures are located along the upper edge of the shirt. Apparently falling in Uhle's early classification of “Epigone Style” these miniatures show the same general garment form as that of a large shirt reported from the La Capilla cemetery of Hacienda Marques, and in addition, display pleats and a yoke-like use of warp-wise bands seen in a few garments of a related style reported from Piedras Gordas and Huacho, the latter presumably of later date than the former. Although the miniatures are sufficiently sturdy to have served as doll clothing, their purpose is unknown.
The Case of ‘O Mistresse mine’
Authors: Beck Sydney
Published: April 2006

That there was a possible collaboration between Thomas Morley and Shakespeare has long been a source of speculation and controversy among scholars. The discussion has generally centered on the validity of certain musical evidence, namely, the songs, ‘ It Was a Lover and His Lass’ from As You Like It and ‘O Mistresse mine’ from Twelfth Night, to which Morley may or may not have composed the music for the first performance of the play. It is not the purpose of this article to enter into the controversy, but rather to re-examine the problem of the relation between text and music in the case of the latter song, the chief bone of contention, and perhaps to throw some more light on the question.
Gondi-Medici Business Records in the Lea Library of the University of Pennsylvania
Authors: Hirsch Rudolf
Published: April 2006

This summary description of 143 recently acquired Italian Renaissance manuscripts is not a detailed list nor an evaluation of the collection. An evaluation would require considerably greater familiarity with the business history of Florence than this reporter possesses.

According to the limited information available, the entire group of these business records originally formed part of the Gondi archives, described by Roberto Ridolfi in Gli archivi delle famiglie fiorentine. More specifically it belonged to that part of the Gondi archives which was left by the sisters Caterina (b. 1694) and Elisabetta (b. 1693), descendants of Giuliano il Vecchio, to the Ritiro della Quiete in Florence. Ridolfi refers rather briefly to the commercial papers then in the Ritiro, but fails to explain how they came to include so few Gondi and so many Medici and Amadori volumes.
An Early Reference by Montaigne to ‘coaches’ and its Possible Bearing on the Meaning of ‘Des coches’
Authors: Genz Henry E.
Published: April 2006

Why Montaigne decided to use the title ‘Des coaches’ for one of the essays of Book III has never been clearly explained. Villey believes that the essay could have been divided into three distinct chapters, but that Montaigne ‘les a aboutés l'un à l'autre; il a entassé toutes ces réflexions sous un même titre. C'était trop; le cadre a éclaté.' He also suggests that ‘le luxe’ is really the ‘idée maîtresse qui revient de place en place comme un leit-motiv’ (Villey, II, 300), and which would have clarified matters for the reader had it been incorporated into the title. He concludes, however, that Montaigne was not aiming for clarity, and that ‘ce titre est là pour surprendre’ (Villey, II, 300).
A Royal Child Learns to Like Plays: The Early Years of Louis XIII
Authors: Wiley W. L.
Published: April 2006

During a period of something like fifty years, roughly from 1580 to 1630, there developed in France a complete change of attitude toward the theatre as a professional and social institution. This shift in concept was responsible for the growth in the city of Paris of successful dramatic companies who derived their total livelihood from the theatre. It is true that toward the end of the sixteenth century and in the early years of the seventeenth century, as has been pointed out by Trautman, Faber, Rigal, Fransen, Madame Deierkauf-Holsboer, and others, there existed struggling companies of professional actors who gave plays in French in the provinces as well as in Belgium, Holland, and across the German frontier. Such a group was in Strasbourg in 1593, and later went to the Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris.
The Editing of Monteverdi
Authors: Redlich Hans F.
Published: April 2006

Before a modern edition of Monteverdi is issued, the musical text should be clarified and interpreted. To carry out these two fundamental editorial demands is less easy than it sounds. There are no autographs on which a truly critical edition could be based—only first prints, many of which are studded with misprints despite the fact that they had been supervised by the composer himself. These first prints (of which only very few copies have survived completely) present the music—beginning with the publication of Il quinto libro dei Madrigali in 1605—not as it was actually sung or played but in an abridged version only, i.e. in the summarizing notation of the ‘Basso continuo’ period which cuts right across Monteverdi's life.Any music, backed by a figured bass, needs realization of that part in harmonies and the working-out of a playable part for a ‘fundamental-instrument’ (keyboard- instrument or lute).
The Second Coventry Carol and a Note on The Maydes Metamorphosis
Authors: Cutts John P.
Published: April 2006

The Coventry carol ‘Lully lulla yu littell tine child’, sung by the women in The Taylors & Shearmens Pageant to their babes before Herod's murderous soldiers burst in on them, is now well known and deservedly popular. It was first copied out by Thomas Sharp in 1825 from a manuscript copy of the pageant ‘newly correcte by Robert Croo’, who is said at the end to have finished his work on March 14, 1534. The manuscript was unfortunately destroyed in the disastrous fire at Birmingham City Reference Library in 1879, and thus Sharp's edition of the play has assumed considerable importance. Sharp's copying down of the musical score for ‘Lully lulla yu littell tine child’ presents no editorial difficulties; he was probably impressed by its immediate appeal and copied carefully from the manuscript. ‘Lully lulla’ has duly found a place in The Oxford Book of Carols.
Two Unpublished Stage Songs for the ‘Aery of Children’
Authors: Sabol Andrew J.
Published: April 2006

At the turn of the century, a few years before the First Quarto of Hamlet (1603) was printed, the reappearance of the choirboy troupes—the Children of the Chapel and the Children of Paul's—at their own private theaters in London provided serious competition to the adult companies acting on the public stages, and among them the Chamberlain's Men, Shakespeare's company. In a topicality in this corrupt, ‘reported’ version of the play, Guildenstern alludes to the popularity of the child actors as he accounts for the visit of the traveling players:

Yfaith my Lord, noueltie carries it away,For the principall publike audience thatCame to them, are turned to priuate playes,And to the humour of children.
A Proposed Identification for Maurice Scève's Délie
Authors: Redman Harry
Published: April 2006

When Maurice Scève wrote his Délie, obiect de plus haulte vertu, he did not allow his creative powers unlimited scope. Many of the dizains are imitations or else direct translations of Italian models. All of the poetic conventions of Scève's era are to be met with in the book. Addressing erotic verse to an actual or invented mistress called Delia was itself a convention, for that matter, at least as old as Tibullus. But in spite of this, there are abundant indications that some of the poems recount an authentic love experienced by Scève. Indeed, the reader is told as much when in one instance the poet remarks that he has chosen the name Délie in order not to disclose a real woman. In telling us that this is the ‘surnom’ by which his lady is to be called, the poet takes care to assert in addition that it is a ‘surnom louable’ (LIX).
Arcadelt and Michelangelo
Authors: Seay Albert
Published: April 2006

In his recent translation of the letters of Michelangelo, E. H. Ramsden devotes some space to a discussion of three letters to Luigi del Riccio, the artist's friend and banker at Rome, letters primarily concerned with the setting to music, evidently by Jacques Arcadelt, of one of his poems. The first letter (no. 215: II, 16-17) is somewhat enigmatic in its wording, but the evident meaning is that Del Riccio is to find someone to compose a musical setting of an enclosed poem. The second and third letters (nos. 216 and 217: II, 17-18) indicate that Del Riccio gave this commission to Arcadelt and that the resultant madrigal was sufficiently pleasing to Michelangelo and to others within Michelangelo's artistic circle to move him to reward the composer with a gift of money or of satin or silks. None of the three letters is dated, but Ramsden, on the basis of internal evidence, suggests May or June 1542 for all three.
The Archivio Bentivoglio in Ferrara
Authors: Clough Cecil H.
Published: April 2006

The Bentivoglio became the dominant family in Bologna in the fifteenth century, remaining in power until 1506, when Pope Julius II, backed by an army and spiritual sanctions, induced Giovanni II Bentivoglio to flee with his family into exile. Interestingly enough, the Kress Collection in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C., possesses magnificent portraits of this Giovanni, and of his wife Ginevra Sforza, painted by Ercole de'Roberti of Ferrara. The Bentivoglio family and its connections, however, is generally neglected by historians of ‘The Italian Renaissance,’ in large measure because Bologna itself is ignored. Yet almost thirty years ago a scholarly study by Cecilia M. Ady, The Bentivoglio of Bologna: a study in despotism sought to redress this, providing adequate evidence of the importance of the family for the understanding of Italian politics in the Renaissance period.
Science in the Renaissance: A Survey
Authors: Hellman C. Doris
Published: April 2006

Bearing in mind that science is a product of its environment and at the same time an important modifier of that environment, I shall try to draw an over-all picture of science in the Renaissance. This summary barely scratches the surface of the wealth of material for this exuberant era. The mathematical and physical sciences are emphasized and a number of really important men are consciously omitted.

It would be foolish to plunge into our topic without defining, at least in broad outline, what is meant here by the term Renaissance. Certainly, there is a difference between ancient and modern science.