bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of some integrated management approaches against flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)
Authors: Hossain Md Altaf , Sarker MA , Azam MG
Published: August 2018

Efficacy and profitability of different management packages comprising white sticky trap, biopesticide and synthetic insecticides were evaluated against flower thrips and pod borers of mungbean at Pulses Research Center, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh during two consecutive seasons of kharif-1, 2015 & 2016. All the treatments significantly reduced flower infestation by thrips and pod borer infestation. The highest percentage of flower infestation and thrips population reduction was observed in installing white sticky trap + spraying of chlorfenapyr (Intrepid 10 SC) + spraying with emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5 SG) followed by farmers practice, i.e. spraying imidacloprid (Imitaf 20 SL). Again, the highest pod borer infestation reduction was found in installing white sticky trap + spraying azadirachtin (Bio-neem plus 1EC) + spraying with spinosad (Success 2.5 SC) treated plots followed by installing white sticky trap + spraying chlorfenapyr (Intrepid 10 SC) + spraying with emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5 SG). The highest grain yield was obtained from installing white sticky trap + spraying chlorfenapyr (Intrepid 10 SC) + spraying with emamectin benzoate (Proclaim 5 SG), but the highest return came from farmers practice (spraying Imidacloprid). This might be due to the higher cost of Intrepid 10 SC and Proclaim 5 SG reduced the return as well as benefit. Therefore, considering the efficacy and benefit, it is seen that the evaluated IPM package could not be profitable against low level infestation of flower thrips and pod borer infestation. It could be profitable that areas where serious out break of flower thrips and pod borer occurs.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 7(1): 55-64, 2018 (June)
See No Evil, Hear No Evil: The First Thatcher Government and the Problem of North Korea, 1979–1983
Authors: Won Tae Joon
Published: August 2018

This article explores the diplomatic challenges which confronted the first Margaret Thatcher administration in regard to Britain's Cold War policy of non-recognition of North Korea. The request of St. Vincent and the Grenadines to simultaneously appoint its resident High Commissioner to London as its non-resident Ambassador to Pyongyang had to be opposed by the British Foreign Office despite the fact that St. Vincent was not a party to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, while London had to consider breaking the provisions of the 1883 Paris Convention in order not to recognize the ‘right of priority’ of patents which had been approved in Pyongyang as was required. Also, North Korea's stated intention to join the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization and therefore establish its permanent mission in London forced the Foreign Office to attempt to block North Korea's admittance to the IMCO despite the principle of universality of international organizations, while Britain's inability to talk directly to the North Koreans deprived London of an important means with which to stop North Korean military aid from arriving in Zimbabwe.
Increasing the Efficiency and Accuracy of Labile Cu Measurement in Wine with Screen-Printed Electrodes
Authors: Clark Andrew C. , Kontoudakis Nikolaos
Published: August 2018

Development of oxidative and reductive flavors in wine can be influenced by the concentration and form of Cu within the wine. Electrochemical techniques have been devised to quantitate electrochemically active Cu (labile) in wine, as opposed to inactive Cu (non-labile). However, the electrochemical methods to measure labile Cu may be biased by the wine matrix, require lengthy calibration processes and/or unduly perturb the wine matrix during measurement. In this study, medium exchange stripping potentiometry was utilized with a thin mercury film on a screen-printed carbon electrode to provide a quantitation method that could largely overcome these limitations. The best average recoveries for 0.040 mg/L of labile Cu of 101 ± 15% (n = 12) were observed using composite calibration graphs prepared in oxidized wines and on multiple electrodes and using Pb as an internal standard. Composite calibration curves performed on different electrodes to the sample analysis were as effective in quantifying labile Cu as calibration curves performed on the same electrode as the sample. The results allow selection of a quantitation procedure that will suit the required speed and accuracy of labile Cu determination.
Non-detection of Contamination by Stellar Activity in the Spitzer Transit Light Curves of TRAPPIST-1
Authors: Morris Brett M. , Agol Eric , Hebb Leslie , Hawley Suzanne L. , Gillon Michaël , Ducrot Elsa , Delrez Laetitia , Ingalls James , Demory Brice-Olivier
Published: August 2018

We apply the transit light curve self-contamination technique of Morris et al. to search for the effect of stellar activity on the transits of the ultracool dwarf TRAPPIST-1 with 2018 Spitzer photometry. The self-contamination method fits the transit light curves of planets orbiting spotted stars, allowing the host star to be a source of contaminating positive or negative flux that influences the transit depths but not the ingress/egress durations. We find that none of the planets show statistically significant evidence for self-contamination by bright or dark regions of the stellar photosphere. However, we show that small-scale magnetic activity, analogous in size to the smallest sunspots, could still be lurking undetected in the transit photometry.
La mise en place d’un système de contrôle de gestion stratégique dans les sociétés d’exercice libéral à responsabilité limitée de santé : le cas des cabinets médicaux
Authors: Wangani Simon
Published: August 2018

Les sociétés d’exercice libéral à responsabilité limitée de santé sont des petites entreprises et requièrent des critères de gestion spécifiques, qui tiennent compte de la très grande diversité de ces entreprises. Cette spécificité résulte du caractère global du système de gestion, qui exige d’analyser ensemble les objectifs, l’environnement, l’organisation et les activités, en dégageant des concepts fondamentaux reliant ces éléments. Cet article analyse la problématique de la mise en place d’un système de contrôle de gestion stratégique dans les cabinets médicaux. L’objectif est d’étudier le rôle et l’impact de ce type de système dans la gestion des sociétés d’exercice libéral de santé. Pour étudier cette problématique, nous avons réalisé des entretiens auprès des cabinets médicaux.
Enhanced Surface Mechanical Properties of Cr12MoV Using Ultrasonic Surface Rolling Process and Deep Cryogenic Treatment
Authors: Ren Shuai , Zhang Yun Fei , Xue Feng , Xin Rui Shan , Xu Zi Zhen , Zhao Ying Li , Fan Ming Qiang , Chang Jin Bao
Published: August 2018

Ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP) combined with deep cryogenic treatment (USRP+DCT) was applied on quenched and tempered Cr12MoV. The results indicated that USRP and USRP+DCT could significantly improve the surface mechanical properties, leading to smaller surface roughness and smoother morphology with less cracks and defects. Test of microhardness showed that the hardness increase of USRP and USRP+DCT were 16.4% and 23.6%, respectively. In addition, the wear resistance was improved by USRP and USRP+DCT. Compared with USRP, USRP+DCT can further improve the surface mechanical properties of Cr12MoV.
High Temperature Internal Friction Relaxations in Cold-Rolled Titanium
Authors: Zhou Zheng Cun , Du J. , Gu S.Y. , Yan Y.J.
Published: August 2018

The high temperature relaxation in cold-rolled Ti (CR-Ti) and commercial pure Ti (CP-Ti) has been investigated using internal friction apparatus operating in forced oscillations from room temperature to 650°C. It is shown that there is an internal friction peak at around 510°C for the CR-Ti and there is no 510°C internal friction peak in the CP-Ti. The internal friction peak shows typical features of phase transformation in the CR-Ti. It is tentatively suggested that this peak is due to the ordering of disordered lattices resulted from cold-rolling. The high temperature background damping (HTBD) in the CP-Ti is much lower than that in the CR-Ti. It is concluded that the HTBD is related to the microstructure observed inside the grains and does not dependent on grain size.
Research on Measurement and Compensation of Backlash in CNC Machine
Authors: Ji Zhao Ping
Published: August 2018

The machining accuracy of parts depends greatly on the positioning accuracy and repeated positioning accuracy of the machine tools, which can be affected by the transmission backlash. Therefore, it is of great importance to measure and compensate the transmission reverse clearance of NC machine tools at regular intervals. This paper mainly studies how to eliminate the reverse clearance of NC machine tools.
Activity Calculating Model of CaO-SiO2-TiO2 Molten Slag
Authors: Zhang Zhi Xia
Published: August 2018

According to the phase diagram of the CaO-SiO2-TiO2 drawn by FactSage software, the structure units of molten slag were confirmed. The activities of CaO, acid oxides and complex oxides in molten slag were calculated by the model. The effects of slag basicity and of temperature on activities of components were analyzed. The results show that slag basicity is the primary influencing factors.
Invasive potential and management of naturalised ornamentals across an urban environmental gradient with a focus on Centranthus ruber
Authors: Holmes Patricia M. , Rebelo Anthony G. , Irlich Ulrike M.
Published: August 2018

Background: Predicting which alien species may become invasive is important in prioritising scarce resources for management. Objectives: Sixteen naturalised ornamentals in Cape Town were assessed for invasion potential in relation to a mechanistic framework. The recently spreading species, Centranthus ruber (L.) DC., was studied in detail following management actions and vegetation fires. Method: The mechanistic framework was developed using nine features most likely to promote invasiveness. Species were assessed from their known characteristics, local usage and distribution records, including citizen science surveys. Surveys were conducted for C. ruber to assess its ability to survive and spread post-fire. Control efficacy for Centranthus ruber was assessed in plots at two sites. Results: Nine species with more than 25 naturalisation records had a median of seven features that promote invasion compared to five features in the less recorded group of seven species. Centranthus ruber was widespread in modified urban habitats and persisted in natural habitats following vegetation fires and is a high priority for control. Post-fire mechanical and chemical control of C. ruber significantly reduced its density and cover, but did not eliminate it. Conclusion: Naturalised ornamentals can move rapidly from latent to invasive phases; therefore, monitoring should start during the latent phase to detect sudden change. In firedriven ecosystems it is essential to have good pre-fire baseline data. More residents should be encouraged to become spotters through citizen science programmes and to report new naturalised ornamentals. It is important to act early in the invasion process and to allocate sufficient resources, if a newly invasive species is to be contained.
An investigation into the ability of the reverse yield gap to forecast inflation and economic growth in South Africa
Authors: Gossman Keren A. , Hayes Mark G.
Published: August 2018

Background: Monetary policy in South Africa is carried out by the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) with the aim of keeping inflation within a target range of 3% – 6%. The SARB uses a variety of models to aid them, with the core model being the most significant. Aim: The primary aim of this research is to determine whether the reverse yield gap (RYG) contains information that could be useful to the SARB when making monetary policy decisions. Setting: The authors found no evidence that similar studies on the RYG have previously been done in the South African context. Since the yield curve has been found to be significant in South Africa at forecasting economic growth, yet insignificant in Europe, the results for this research may too be different to the global experience. Methods: The authors tested for linear relationships between the RYG and economic growth and inflation over the period 1960–2014. Results: The results indicate that a slight linear relationship may exist in the case of economic growth, with the RYG based on earnings yields showing better out-of-sample forecasting abilities. Further investigation indicates that the linear relationship is stronger during times of economic upturn. The results for inflation forecasting, however, show no signs of a reasonable linear relationship. Conclusion: There is evidence for the SARB to consider whether the RYG can replace other economic variables in its core model without loss of predictive ability. Interestingly, this study found evidence to suggest that the RYG has an inverse relationship to future economic growth in South Africa, which is not what was expected.
Exploring contingent convertible bond alternatives for African banks
Authors: Liebenberg Francois J.N. , Van Vuuren Gary W. , Heymans André
Published: August 2018

Background: A variant of the contingent convertible bond, first proposed in 2011, is investigated: the Call Option Enhanced Reverse Convertible (COERC). Although issued as a bond, it converts to new shareholder’s equity if a bank’s market share of capital falls below a pre-specified trigger point. Aim: COERCs avoid the problems with market-based triggers (e.g. sell-offs and death spirals) due to panic and market manipulation. Banks that issue COERCs have less incentive to choose investments that may be subject to large losses and disincentive problems, associated with the replenishment of shareholder’s equity after market declines (also known as debt overhang) are also avoided. Setting: Proposed amendments to the COERC structure are suggested for the African market. Methods: The data used were simulated, stylised values for a standard COERC. No market parameters are required, such as equity or debt levels or market volatility. Details of the stylised example are provided in Table 4 and Table 5 in the ‘results and discussion’ section. Results: Both examples of floating coupons for COERCS would aid in the objective of issuing a security that is countercyclical in nature, as banks would avoid having to pay coupons in times of distress. Conclusion: In addition to the recommendations of the Basel frameworks, CoCos have been considered and proposed as an additional measure to promote counter cyclicality in terms of capital composition in banks.
Color stability and marginal integrity of interim crowns: An in vitro study
Authors: Elagra Marwa I. , Rayyan Mohammad R. , Alhomaidhi Maisam M. , Alanaziy Areej A. , Alnefaie Mona O.
Published: August 2018

Objective: Many commercial dental materials are used to fabricate interim restorations. This study aimed to compare the color stability and the marginal integrity of four different interim crown materials. Materials and Methods: An ivorine right maxillary central incisor was prepared for a full coverage all-ceramic restoration. A total of 36 specimens in the form of crowns were fabricated on the master die using four different materials (n = 9); Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin (TrimPLUS), PMMA computer-aided design, and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) blocks (Ceramill TEMP), cold cure bis-acryl resin (Success CD), and bis-acryl resin dual-cure composite (TempSpan). Color change ΔE for each sample was calculated by measuring its color as Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L* a* b* with a spectrophotometer before and after immersing in a concentrated tea solution for 7 days. Marginal gap was measured at four reference points using stereomicroscope at ×40. One-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparisons test were used to determine any statistically significant difference between the four groups, (α = 0.05). Results: Success CD showed significantly the greatest color change (7.7) among all the tested materials, while no significant difference was found between the other three materials. TempSpan showed significantly the highest marginal gap formation (430.15 μm), while no significant difference was found between the three other materials. Conclusions: Bis-acryl resin composite materials demonstrated clinically noticeable change in color while PMMA materials demonstrated superior color stability. Dual cure interim materials exhibited significantly higher marginal discrepancy in comparison to PMMA and cold cure bis-acrylic resin materials. CAD-CAM PMMA material exhibited the best color stability and marginal integrity.
Correlation of environmental tobacco smoke to gingival pigmentation and salivary alpha amylase in young adults
Authors: Ponnaiyan Deepa , Chillara Priyanka , Palani Yuvasri
Published: August 2018

Objective: Passive smoking leads to melanin pigmentation on gingiva. However, documentation of gingival pigmentation and salivary amylase activity in passive smokers relative to the duration of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is incomplete and requires further investigation. Thus, this study aimed to assess effects of ETS exposure on gingival pigmentation in young adults. In addition, to correlate a number of years of exposure to an extent, the intensity of gingival pigmentation and salivary amylase activity. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 nonsmokers aged 18–35 years with a positive history of ETS exposure were recruited for the study. Duration and source of ETS were assessed using a questionnaire. Gingival pigmentation was assessed using gingival pigmentation index for the extent and Dummett oral pigmentation index for intensity. The skin color of all patients was also assessed. Pearson Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA was used to statistically analyze the data. Results: Number of years of exposure to passive smoking was highly significant to the extent and intensity of gingival pigmentation (P < 0.001). ETS from home environment was highly significant to the intensity of pigmentation. Environmental sources of ETS contributed to pigmentation as the majority of patients reported exposure from vehicles and workplace. The salivary amylase levels were inversely proportional to the duration of exposure to ETS. Conclusion: Within limitations of this cross-sectional observational study, it was concluded that there was a strong correlation between ETS exposure and gingival pigmentation. Duration of exposure was significant to an extent, the intensity of pigmentation and salivary amylase activity.
Company Maturity Matrix
Authors: Eckardt Olga
Published: August 2018

The paper presents a Company Maturity Matrix as the possible interaction between two critical variables in management science: “Anti-Fragile” introduced by Nasim Taleb and measurement of cumulative experience as ability to manage company effectiveness and efficiency. The approach is to develop and represent a model as matrix coming from Boston Group Matrix. Both of variables are known and widely discussed, but the “Anti-Fragile” concept after its introduction has been isolated from other approaches, tools and measurements as a single research field. The aim of this research is to develop a simple framework (model) that could help to deeply understand the maturity level of a company, and use this matrix as the tool to develop different aspects of management in the company. On the next step, this theoretical framework can be used in empirical validation, which will lead to the building of a company life-cycle management.
Electroorganic synthesis of disulfonamide substituted p-benzoquinone by hydroquinone electrochemical oxidation
Authors: Nassif Seba , Bakeer Deeb , Madwar Rushdi , Khadam Waleed , Nakhla Abeer
Published: August 2018

This study illustrates electrochemical behavior of hydroquinone and 4-amino-6-chloro­benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in the phosphate buffer solution evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the peak of the hydroquinone oxidation potential in the presence of 4-amino-6-chlorobenzene-1,3-disulfonamide is shifted to more positive values compared to hydroquinone alone.  Based on these results, the electrochemical synthesis of new disulfonamide substituted p-benzoquinone is proposed and carried out via electro­chemical oxidation of hydroquinone in the presence of 4-amino-6-chlorobenzene-1,3-di­sulfonamide in the electrolytic cell. It has been concluded that hydroquinone is converted into disulfonamide substituted p-benzoquinone via an ECE mechanism. The successful electrochemical synthesis was conducted in the water/ethanol mixture under green conditions without any toxic reagents or solvents and with high atom economy.
Redox mediation at poly(o-aminophenol) coated electrodes: mechanistic diagnosis from steady state polarization curves
Authors: Ybarra Gabriel , Moina Carlos , Florit María Inés , Posadas Dionisio
Published: August 2018

In this work, the mediated reduction of Fe(CN)63- and Fe3+ in poly(o-aminophenol) coated electrodes is analyzed by means of a diagnosis diagram based on the features of the steady state current-potential curves. This analysis allows to identify the current determining process and to reproduce the experimental characteristics of the polarization curve from the relevant kinetic and thermodynamic parameters with a minimum amount of experimental measurements.
SEX TOURISM - AN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND SOCIAL PROBLEM
Authors: Gwoździewicz Sylwia , Koryluk Dominika
Published: August 2018

The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of sex tourism as an international criminal law and social problem - in the aspect of social and forensic issues, in reference to current measures of criminal law protection. The authors analyzed the theoretical aspects of sex tourism and described the phenomenon by detailing criminal and social problems. The aim of the study was to analyze legal literature, social and forensic problems related to sex tourism and to analyze the directions of scientific research.
REMARKS ON COMPLEMENTARY EDUCATION OF AN ADULT PERSON
Authors: Czarkowski Jakub Jerzy , Strzelec Marcin
Published: August 2018

The article presents concepts of complementary education. It indicates the characteristic features of this didactic concept such as individuality, subjectivity and turning towards modern education techniques. The relationship between complementary education and didactic tradition is underlined. The authors also point to the links between education and its axiological perspective.
Deep-sea Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Northwest Pacific
Authors: Sørensen Martin V. , Rohal Melissa , Thistle David
Published: August 2018

The bathyal kinorhynch fauna along the Northwest American continental rise is explored, with emphasis on species of Echinoderidae Zelinka, 1894. Seven species of Echinoderes Claparède, 1863 are described as new to science: E. anniae sp. nov., E. dubiosus sp. nov., E. hamiltonorum sp. nov., E. hviidarum sp. nov., E. juliae sp. nov., E. lupherorum sp. nov. and E. yamasakii sp. nov. Three known species, Echinoderes hakaiensis Herranz, Yangel & Leander, 2017, E. cf. unispinosus Yamasaki, Neuhaus & George, 2018 and Fissuroderes higginsi Neuhaus & Blasche, 2006, are reported. The numerous new species indicate that the deep-sea still holds a great, undiscovered diversity of kinorhynchs, and that Echinoderes, as is also the case in more shallow, coastal waters, represents an important component of the deep-sea kinorhynch fauna. The presence of E. hakaiensis in the deep-sea sediments demonstrates that the species may occur at a great depth range, and suggests that depth may play a less important role for the distribution of some kinorhynch species. The finding of the Northeast Atlantic species E. cf. unispinosus and the Southwest Pacific species Fissuroderes higginsi could indicate that kinorhynch species in the deep-sea may cover considerably larger distributional ranges than is assumed for coastal species of Echinoderidae.
Raising the stakes: cassava seed networks at multiple scales in Cambodia and Vietnam
Authors: Delaquis Erik , Andersen Kelsey , Minato Nami , Cu Thi Le Thuy , Karssenberg Maria E , Sok Sophearith , Wyckhuys Kris AG , Newby Jonathan C , Burra Dharani Dhar , Pao Srean , Iv Phirun , Le Duc Niem , Pham Thi Nhan , Garrett Karen A , Almekinders Conny JM , Struik Paul C , de Haan Stef
Published: August 2018

Cassava is one of the most important annual crops in Southeast Asia, and faces increasing seed borne pest and disease pressures. Despite this, cassava seed systems have received scant research attention. In a first analysis of Vietnamese and Cambodian cassava seed systems, we characterized existing cassava seed systems in 2016-17 through a farmer survey based approach at both national and community scales, with particular focus on identifying seed system actors, planting material management, exchange mechanisms, geographies, and variety use, and performed a network analysis of detected seed movement at the provincial level. Despite their status as self-organized ‘informal’ networks, the cassava seed systems used by farmers in Vietnam and Cambodia are complex, connected over multiple scales, and include links between geographically distant sites. Cassava planting material was exchanged through farmer seed systems, in which re-use of farm-saved supply and community-level exchanges dominated. At the national level, use of self-saved seed occurred in 47 and 64% of seed use cases in Cambodia and Vietnam, respectively. Movement within communes was prevalent, with 82 and 78% of seed provided to others being exchanged between family and acquaintances within the commune in Cambodia and Vietnam, respectively. Yet, meaningful proportions of seed flows, mediated mostly by traders, also formed inter-provincial and international exchange networks, with 20% of Cambodia’s seed acquisitions imported from abroad, especially neighboring Vietnam and Thailand. Dedicated seed traders and local cassava collection points played important roles in the planting material distribution network at particular sites. Sales of planting material were important means of both acquiring and providing seed in both countries, and commercial sale was more prevalent in high-intensity than in low-intensity production sites. Considerable variability existed in local seed networks, depending on the intensity of production and integration with trader networks. Adapted innovations are needed to upgrade cassava seed systems in the face of emerging pests and diseases, taking into account and building on the strengths of the existing systems; including their social nature and ability to quickly and efficiently distribute planting materials at the regional level.
Multiscale spatial patterns of species diversity and biomass in subalpine meadows on the east of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Manhou Xu , Shixiong Zhang , Xiaoyan Yang , Jing Wen , Min Liu
Published: August 2018

Background. Researchers frequently discuss spatial distribution patterns of species diversity and biomass together with their correlations along geographical gradients. Typical subalpine meadows occur widely on the east of the Loess Plateau, China. In recent years, with a rapid development of tourism and pasture husbandry, subalpine meadows have experienced extensive and severe degradation caused by humans in the mountain systems of the Plateau, where their environments are sensitive and fragile, meadows degradation had been increasing, and biodiversity has been threatened seriously. Methods. In our study, we selected nine mountains belonging to four mountain systems from north to south on the east of the plateau. We analyzed five latitudinal and longitudinal gradients together with six elevational gradients to study the spatial distribution patterns of species diversity (including α, β, and γ diversity) and biomass plus with their relationships at various scales. Results. For diversity, α-Diversity manifested unimodal variation patterns in horizontal spaces, peaking at high latitude and low longitude. However, α-diversity was not sensitive to elevation in vertical spaces and tended to decrease with increasing elevation. With increased latitude, longitude, and elevation, β-Diversity diminished; meanwhile, the rate of species turnover decreased and the similarity of community composition enlarged. γ-Diversity demonstrated quadratic function changes that were initially incremental and then decreased with increasing longitude, elevation, and latitude from 37.5° to 40°. For biomass, changes of aboveground biomass (AB) were more obvious along latitudinal gradients, whereas variations of belowground biomass (BB) had smaller differences along longitudinal and latitudinal gradients. More biomass was allocated to BB toward the north and east, whereas total biomass (TB) allocation was more evident at greater latitude than greater longitude. With increased elevation, more TB was also allocated to BB, and the relationship of biomass to elevation was closer in AB. In addition, species diversity had the strongest positive influence on AB. The Patrick and Shannon indices had correlations of power functions with AB and root-to-shoot ratio, respectively, indicating that an allometric model could be used to model relationships between species diversity and biomass. Discussion. The unique geomorphological structures with a series of basins between mountain systems on the east of the Loess Plateau, meant that subalpine meadows were mostly distributed along latitudinal directions, so the spatial distribution of species diversity and biomass was more evident along latitudinal gradients, and thus the response of aboveground biomass was more sensitive to variations of spatial gradients and species diversity.
Inhibition gates supralinear Ca2+ signaling in Purkinje cell dendrites during practiced movements
Authors: Gaffield Michael A , Rowan Matthew J M , Amat Samantha B , Hirai Hirokazu , Christie Jason M
Published: August 2018

Motor learning involves neural circuit modifications in the cerebellar cortex, likely through re-weighting of parallel fiber inputs onto Purkinje cells (PCs). Climbing fibers instruct these synaptic modifications when they excite PCs in conjunction with parallel fiber activity, a pairing that enhances climbing fiber-evoked Ca2+ signaling in PC dendrites. In vivo, climbing fibers spike continuously, including during movements when parallel fibers are simultaneously conveying sensorimotor information to PCs. Whether parallel fiber activity enhances climbing fiber Ca2+ signaling during motor behaviors is unknown. In mice, we found that inhibitory molecular layer interneurons (MLIs), activated by parallel fibers during practiced movements, suppressed parallel fiber enhancement of climbing fiber Ca2+ signaling in PCs. Similar results were obtained in acute slices for brief parallel fiber stimuli. Interestingly, more prolonged parallel fiber excitation revealed latent supralinear Ca2+ signaling. Therefore, the balance of parallel fiber and MLI input onto PCs regulates concomitant climbing fiber Ca2+ signaling.
Hurrian Meter and Phonology in the Boğazköy Parables
Authors: Sanker Chelsea
Published: August 2018

This article addresses meter in the Hurrian parables from Boğazköy (KBo 32.14). Bachvarova (2011) has characterized this text as having four stressed syllables per line; others have suggested that the pattern of unstressed syllables may also contribute to the meter (e.g., Haas and Wegner 2007, Neu 1988), although the widely variable line lengths pose a problem for an isosyllabic meter. I offer evidence for a meter consisting of four stressed syllables per line, with one to three unstressed syllables between stressed syllables. I further reconcile a syllable-counting meter with the observed variability in line length by positing that lines are in groups of two to three, forming semantic units. Within these groups, the average difference in syllable count between lines is significantly lower than it is between non-grouped lines.

The similarity within groups of lines suggests that, despite apparent differences based on the orthography, lines within groups may have matched exactly in number of syllables. Postulating this exact match, I offer three phonetic interpretations of the orthography that build on phonological characteristics discussed by Wilhelm (2008) and Wegner (2007): 1) an underlying glottal stop producing disyllabicity of  sequences and potentially other plene vowel sequences as well; 2) elision at word boundaries where the first word ended with a vowel and the following word began with a vowel; 3) a monosyllabic realization of a word-internal sequence of a high vowel followed by another vowel.

Such a syllable-counting meter provides a new line of evidence for the phonology of Hurrian as well as contributing to the metrical characteristics that can be found in poetry of the ancient Near East.
Greek and Indian Physiognomics
Authors: Zysk Kenneth
Published: August 2018

The focus of this paper is the relationship between the Greek and Indian systems of physiognomics in antiquity. The study seeks to find similarities between the two geographically separated modes of thought and, as a result, to posit a plausible exchange of ideas about the human body as omen in antiquity, in which the flow of ideas went both ways between the Greek and Indian cultures in the ancient world.
Latest on Seleucid Empire Building in the East
Authors: Spek R. J. Van der
Published: August 2018

Sonja Plischke’s Die Seleukiden und Iran is an attempt to study Seleucid empire building in Iran. In view of the fact that indigenous written sources from Iran are practically absent, Plischke decided to include Babylonia in this work, since the written cuneiform evidence from that region is fairly abundant. She detects some general tendencies—such as religious policy and the general wish to connect the different parts of the empire—supported by a personal conception of Seleucid kingship, beside more specific treatment of different regions. In my view, the Seleucids probably did not pay sufficient attention to the East, so that their control weakened. I take the opportunity to discuss the Babylonian sources, correct errors in Plischke’s use of them, and adduce some new publications.
New Punic Punditry
Authors: Kerr Robert
Published: August 2018

With the long awaited editio princeps of a portion of the Roman-era neo-Punic texts from Henchir Maktar (Tunisia), this large and fairly homogeneous corpus of primarily dedicatory and funerary inscriptions is finally being made available to the scholarly world in a modern publication with serviceable photographs. Although many of these texts have in the meantime been studied extensively, most recently by Jongeling (2008), this edition is—due to what many have in the past considered the cacographic state of these epigraphs—a most welcome and indispensable addition to the toolkit of philologists, epigraphists, historians, and theologians.
Doubts on Avicenna: A Study and Edition of Sharaf al-Dīn al-Masʿūdī’s Commentary on the Ishārāt. By Ayman Shihadeh
Authors: Janssens Jules L.
Published: August 2018

Doubts on Avicenna: A Study and Edition of Sharaf al-Dīn al-Masʿūdī’s Commentary on the Ishārāt. By Ayman Shihadeh. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science, Texts and Studies, vol. 95. Leiden: Brill, 2016. Pp. viii + 289. $126, €97.
Muḥammad Amīn b. Mīrzā Muḥammad Zamān Bukhārī (Ṣūfīyānī), Muḥīṭ al-Tavārīkh (The Sea of Chronicles). Edited by Mehrdad Fallahzadeh and Forogh Hashabeiky
Authors: Sela Ron
Published: August 2018

Muḥammad Amīn b. Mīrzā Muḥammad Zamān Bukhārī (Ṣūfīyānī), Muḥīṭ al-Tavārīkh (The Sea of Chronicles). Edited by Mehrdad Fallahzadeh and Forogh Hashabeiky. Studies in Persian Cultural History, vol. 4. Leiden: Brill, 2014. Pp. ix + 112 + 388 (Ar.). $216, €167.
Back Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: August 2018

Back matter
Silicone Oil Induced Glaucoma
Authors: Bhoot Madhu , Agarwal Ankita , Dubey Suneeta , Pegu Julie , Gandhi Monica
Published: August 2018

Silicone oil (SO) is a vitreous substitute which is widely used to provide long term intraocular tamponade in retinal surgery. Transient or permanent rise in intraocular pressure is a common complication of silicone oil injection following pars plana vitrectomy. The underlying mechanisms include pupillary block, infiltration of the trabecular meshwork by silicone bubbles, trabeculitis, synechial angle closure, rubeosis iridis and migration of emulsified and non emulsified silicone oil into the anterior chamber. Most of the cases can be managed medically, however, surgical intervention in the form of silicone oil removal, trabeculectomy with or without Mitomycin C, glaucoma drainage implants and cyclodestructive procedures may be required in cases unresponsive to conservative management.
Central Retinal Arterial Occlusion Following Schwannoma Resection
Authors: Mehrotra Navneet , Nagpal Manish , Jain Hardik , Vishnoi Avijit , Juneja Rakesh , Jain Ashish
Published: August 2018

A 26-year-old female patient presented at our hospital with vision loss in her left eye. She gave a history of unilateral proptosis and on imaging was diagnosed as orbital schwannoma, for which the patient underwent orbital surgery. Post tumor resection, the patient complained of vision loss. On examination, her vision was no light perception. Fundus evaluation revealed central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Large Hollenhorst plaques were present. Carotid Doppler and cardiac evaluation were within normal limits. We hypothesised the presence of fat emboli similar as seen in fracture of long bones which may have caused occlusion of the central retinal artery. Thus, we recommend fundus examination to be done within 4 hours of any orbital tumor resection.
Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of Laminar Metal Composites Produced by Accumulative Roll Bonding
Authors: Scharnweber Juliane , Chekhonin Paul , Oertel Carl‐Georg , Romberg Jan , Freudenberger Jens , Jaschinski Jörn , Skrotzki Werner
Published: August 2018

The paper aims to summarize the research on Laminar Metal Composites produced by Accumulative Roll Bonding. After some notes on the general subject, frequent material combinations and the issue of bonding are addressed. Then, the evolution of microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties typically observed in such materials is briefly summarized. Furthermore, the crucial aspect of layer continuity is discussed. In the main part, detailed experimental insight is provided for three representatives of different structural developments, namely Al2N/Al5N, Cu/Nb, and Ti/Al. The chosen systems represent different levels of component dissimilarity, as Al2N/Al5N is a combination of the same face centered cubic metal with varying purity while Cu/Nb and Ti/Al are combinations of face centered cubic with both body centered cubic and hexagonal close packed metals, respectively. As the layer thicknesses span different ranges, the composites also illustrate both the opportunities and experimental challenges of ARB Laminar Metal Composites.
Redox‐Targeting‐Based Flow Batteries for Large‐Scale Energy Storage
Authors: Yan Ruiting , Wang Qing
Published: August 2018

Redox‐targeting reactions of battery materials by redox molecules are extensively studied for energy storage since the first report in 2006. Implementation of the “redox‐targeting” concept in redox flow batteries presents not only an innovative idea of battery design that considerably boosts the energy density of flow‐battery system, but also an intriguing research platform applied to a wide variety of chemistries for different applications. Here, a critical overview of the recent progress in redox‐targeting‐based flow batteries is presented and the development of the technology in the various aspects from mechanistic understanding of the reaction kinetics to system optimization is highlighted. The limitations presently lying ahead for the widespread applications of “redox targeting” are also identified and recommendations for addressing the constraints are given. The adequate development of the redox‐targeting concept should provide a credible solution for advanced large‐scale energy storage in the near future.
The Rise of Hydrogen Peroxide as the Main Product by Metal‐Free Catalysis in Oxygen Reductions
Authors: Melchionna Michele , Fornasiero Paolo , Prato Maurizio
Published: August 2018

One of the recent trends in electrocatalytic reactions involves the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), where a new paradigm has been shaped to exploit this reaction for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 is a very versatile chemical of high commercial value, prepared currently through poorly sustainable processes. The emergence of metal‐free carbon catalysts for the selective synthesis of H2O2 is expected to revolutionize ORR research, beckoning at the development of new industrial schemes. The complexities of the mechanism and the factors dominating the selectivity of the process have been unveiled through a combination of theoretical and experimental studies.
Henry Ware Cattell and Walt Whitman's Brain
Authors: Wright James R.
Published: August 2018

Henry Ware Cattell was a prominent pathologist and medical editor in late 19th and early 20th century America. Strangely, his name is unknown to most medical historians but is more widely known by aficionados of Walt Whitman's poetry. In 1892, Cattell was involved in an incident that abruptly changed his life and decreased his commitment to pathology as a career. Cattell had been serving as the pathologist/prosector for the American Anthropometric Society at the time the poet Walt Whitman died. Cattell, the pathologist for the University of Pennsylvania's Wistar Institute, performed Whitman's autopsy on March 27, 1892; Whitman's brain was removed and was to join those of other prominent American intellectuals who had donated their brains to the Society's “Brain Club,” but something went horribly wrong (allegedly, an assistant had dropped the brain and destroyed it) and Cattell kept this a secret. Full of self‐doubt, Cattell was anguished about his inadequacies as a pathologist and was extremely worried about how all of this would affect his career when discovered. While still continuing to practice hospital‐based pathology, he began to transition into an author and editor. This essay will provide a detailed biographical sketch of Henry Ware Cattell, address his sibling rivalry with his more famous brother James McKeen Cattell, briefly discuss the fad of 19th century intellectuals embracing the pseudo‐science of phrenology and their participation in anatomical “brain clubs,” and, finally, address the mystery of what happened to Walt Whitman's brain. Clin. Anat. 31:988–996, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biophysical controls of water vapour and energy fluxes: Towards the development of biome scale predictive models of evapotranspiration in the Albany Thicket, South Africa
Authors: Gwate Onalenna , Mantel Sukhmani K. , Palmer Anthony R. , Gibson Lesley A.
Published: August 2018

An understanding of factors modulating water and energy fluxes partitioning over vegetated surfaces is important in a context of global environmental changes. The study evaluated the patterns of water vapour and energy fluxes to enable the development of biome scale predictive evapotranspiration (ET) models over the Albany thicket vegetation. Environmental constraints to ET were assessed by examining the response of ET to biotic and abiotic factors with the latter accounting for >50% variability in ET. Bulk parameters were used to evaluate the integrated impact of biophysical factors on fluxes. The surface conductance (Gs) for use in the Penman–Monteith equation and the Priestley–Taylor coefficient (α) for application in the modified Priestley–Taylor model were modelled as a function of environmental variables. A predictive ET equation developed for the area was validated. On an annual scale, 62% of net radiation was consumed by sensible heat flux, and α was <1, indicating that the area was water limited. The decoupling factor (0.005) suggested strong connection between the canopy and the boundary layer. The patterns of ET and vapour pressure deficit suggest strong ET control through stomatal conductance. The prediction of ET as a function of leaf area index and reference evapotranspiration was better able to simulate observed ET (root mean square error [RMSE] 0.28 mm day−1) than application of the Penman–Monteith equation using modelled Gs (RMSE of 0.59–0.62 mm day−1) when average ET was 0.87 mm day−1. The modified Priestley–Taylor equation did not perform well because ET was strongly coupled to vapour pressure deficit and surface conductance.
On the Role of Protocol-Driven Resilience in Coupled Infrastructure and Natural System Resilience
Authors: Francis Royce , Amodeo Domenico
Published: August 2018

Lifeline infrastructure systems have always been crucial to the social, economic, and military security of societies. Because lifeline systems are critical to societal coherence and economic operations, assessing and mitigating risks to lifeline system operations is crucial. However, attention has shifted from risk assessment to resilience assessment due to the exceptionally large adaptation and mitigation needs implied by the geographic and temporal scope of natural and man-made hazards. The goal of this commentary is to introduce the concept of protocol-driven resilience. Protocol-driven resilience refers to the way in which the network of human relationships, operating protocols, evolving objectives, and information sharing processes produces resilient system behavior. Protocols are the formal and informal rules, and formal and informal processes that govern the nature, quality, and quantity of connectivity and interaction between the coupled system's physical and human components. Protocols are crucial to resilience of coupled infrastructure and natural systems because although the physical components of the infrastructure are relatively static, the protocols are dynamic and decomposable. We assert that the resilience of a system should be assessed by studying the range or diversity of conditions under which a protocol set preserves relationships. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:578–580. © 2018 SETAC

Key Points

Resilience research must focus on adaptation to deal with the rapid changes to the environment and natural processes to which critical infrastructure is inherently coupled. Due to the fixed physical nature of complex critical infrastructure systems, significant gains in resilience are more likely to come from improved coordination among stakeholders than from improvements to the physical architecture. The coordination among stakeholders can be loosely called “protocols”—the dynamic and flexible components of systems architecture—and can be modified and improved to better facilitate responses to unforeseen challenges. We make the case for investigating the intersection between system architecture and resilience, particularly as it pertains to the protocols that dictate a system's governance.