bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ÆSTIVO-AUTUMNAL PARASITES. MULTIPLE INFECTION OF RED CORPUSCLES AND THE VARIOUS HYPOTHESES CONCERNING IT
Authors: Lawson Mary R.
Published: June 2004

1. Multiple infection of red corpuscles with young parasites is seen in all malarial infections, but it is found most frequently in the æstivo-autumnal infections. The occurrence is accidental and has no significance other than that if the instances are numerous it suggests a heavy infection.

2. In instances of multiple infection the young parasites may be seen to be attached: (a) each encircling its own corpuscular mound, giving the typical ring-form picture, or (b) two or more encircling one corpuscular mound, giving the appearance of a single ring with two or more masses of chromatin.

3. Certain hypotheses as to the conjugation of malarial parasites have been formulated by observers to explain various instances of multiple infection. I do not believe that conjugation ever occurs. I believe that these hypotheses resulted from observation of certain appearances presented by the attached parasites, as when they are attached so closely together that they may appear to be adherent, or when two or more are attached to one corpuscular mound, giving the appearance of a single parasite with more than one mass of chromatin.

4. Certain appearances have also been described as a precocious division of the chromatin masses of young parasites. In these instances the chromatin granules were usually described as varying in size. Such an appearance may be explained as follows: (a) two young parasites in varying stages of development may encircle one corpuscular mound, the cytoplasm of one parasite being superimposed over that of the other parasite, giving a picture of a single ring with two unequal masses of chromatin; or (b) the variation in the size and number of the chromatin masses may be the result of traumatism, as the nuclei of young parasites are rather easily broken up.

5. Multiple infection of red corpuscles with crescentic bodies is considered rather a rare occurrence. It is always accidental, and if the instances are numerous it means a severe infection.

6. When one accepts the fact that all malarial parasites are attached to the external surface of the red corpuscles, the biological and morphological characteristics of the parasites cease to be obscure.
A HOMOHEMOLYTIC SYSTEM FOR THE SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

The elimination of the foreign complement and corpuscles from the test for the serodiagnosis of syphilis has been attempted, and the results so far obtained are very satisfactory. Instead of using guinea pig complement, fresh human serum was utilized for the source of complement for the production of hemolysis upon the human corpuscles in the presence of an adequate amount of the specific anti-human amboceptor (prepared in rabbits). Usually 0.1 cc. of fresh human serum contains enough complement to hemolyze 1 cc. of a 1 per cent suspension of human corpuscles, but the amount of anti-human amboceptor required in this combination is about five to seven times that necessary when guinea pig complement (0.04 cc.) is used. It has also been shown that when a given human serum contains insufficient complement, an adequate quantity (0.1 cc. is usually enough) of another fresh negative serum may be added to supplement it. However, one rarely encounters this group of sera. Inactivated human sera can also be examined by utilizing human complement from another source (the serum must be fresh, active, and negative).

The only drawback to the present method is the comparatively large amount of anti-human hemolytic amboceptor required. It is estimated that 30 to 40 cc. of the anti-human hemolytic immune serum, from one rabbit, of high potency—say 0.005 cc.—would be enough to examine about 3,000 to 4,000 cases (0.01 cc. for each case), whereas if guinea pig complement were used the same amount would cover about 15,000 tests (0.002 cc. for each case). In a large hospital or in the Army there should be no difficulty in preparing any amount of the anti-human hemolytic amboceptor. For example, material for 100,000 tests could be prepared within 1 month in less than 100 rabbits. The amboceptor serum can be used in the fluid state, or, if the titer is high, impregnated into filter papers.

Special attention should be called to the fact that to obtain a powerful anti-human hemolytic amboceptor five to six intraperitoneal injections of corpuscles, thoroughly washed (until there is no trace of serum in the supernatant fluid), in doses of 5, 7, 10, 10, 10, and possibly another 10 cc. of the concentrated suspension (restored to the. original volume of the blood) are required. The bleeding may be done by the 9th or 10th day. The animals may be kept after bleeding for the production of more amboceptor by subsequent injections of the washed corpuscles.

Finally, it should be emphasized that only the acetone-insoluble fraction of tissue lipoids of required standards (Noguchi) should be used when utilizing the human complement in the fixation test.
THE RELATION BETWEEN HEMOLYTIC AND NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI, AND ITS POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Kinsella Ralph A.
Published: June 2004

1. The relation between hemolytic and non-hemolytic streptococci is orderly and arises from the fact that the former variety is unique while the latter is heterogeneous.

2. Analogous considerations of the classification, distribution, and pathogenicity of the streptococcus group and the pneumococcus and colon-typhoid groups show a definite parallelism.

3. These considerations suggest that unique varieties of bacteria associated with man are the more highly invasive, while the heterogeneous varieties are more saprophytic.
PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN
Authors: Cooke J. V. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Sterile abscess, pleuritis, and pancreatitis give a clinical reaction in the experimental animal very like the same acute inflammatory processes due to bacterial activity, provided the bacterial agents are limited to the initial location.

The curve of urinary nitrogen excretion in the fasting dog shows the same precipitous and sustained rise in sterile and bacterial inflammatory reactions. This indicates that the same type of protein injury and autolysis in the body is produced by the sterile inflammatory reaction as by the bacterial reaction.

It is assumed that the primary effect of the chemical agent or of the bacterial growth in the tissues is local cell injury or necrosis. This injured cell protoplasm undergoes prompt autolysis with escape of toxic protein split products. These toxic protein split products may be, in part at least, of the proteose group and are absorbed into the circulation, producing the familiar general reaction.

The injury of body protein is obvious from the great increase in elimination of nitrogen in the urine and appears to be the same in sterile and in bacterial inflammation. The injurious agent in the sterile inflammation must be derived from the host protein, and we may assume with safety that much of the injurious material emanating from a septic inflammation must come from the host protein rather than from the bacteria.

Acute sterile pancreatitis is one of the purest examples of an acute non-specific reaction where the intensity of the host's intoxication may reach a maximum in 12 to 24 hours. We believe that fundamentally this reaction is very similar to that observed after the production of a sterile abscess or pleurisy.

Non-specific intoxication must account for the sterile reactions described above. Septic inflammations show the same acute reaction and injury of body protein. The deduction is obvious—that a great part, at least, of the reaction in septic inflammation is truly non-specific and results from the primary injury of the host's protein and cell autolysis.
MODIFICATIONS OF CULTURE MEDIA USED IN THE ISOLATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF TYPHOID, DYSENTERY, AND ALLIED BACILLI
Authors: Kligler I. J.
Published: June 2004

The three media as modified—Endo medium, neutral red-brilliant green, and the lead acetate Russell double sugar—have proved in our hands the best combination for the isolation and rapid differentiation of the various organisms belonging to the typhoid-dysentery group of bacilli.
DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY OF SECRETING TISSUE IN THE LIVING KIDNEY
Authors: Watanabe C. K. , Oliver Jean , Addis Thomas
Published: June 2004

1. Under the strain induced by the administration of urea, it is possible to demonstrate the relation between the degree of anatomical damage in the kidney and the degree of defect in the urea-excreting capacity induced by uranium.

2. The closest correlation between structure and function was obtained when the ratio between the urea content of the urine and of the blood was used as the measure of function.
A NEW NON-PATHOGENIC TETRAGENOUS AMEBA. I
Authors: Shimura Sohei
Published: June 2004

The non-pathogenic tetragenous ameba described here multiplies in the intestine of man, without producing any noticeable symptoms of dysentery.

This non-pathogenic ameba is distinguished morphologically and biologically from Entamœba tetragena Viereck and Entamœba coli Lösch emend. Schaudinn.

The vegetative forms of the non-pathogenic tetragenous ameba may be divided into two groups, large and small. The large vegetative form is found in the normally evacuated or the diarrheal stools obtained after purgation. The small form is found in the soft stools. This form may be transformed into cysts, or may reproduce itself by binary fission. Cysts are found in relatively large numbers in the soft and formed stools.

Experimentally, the new tetragenous ameba may be readily distinguished from the pathogenic variety. The vegetative forms of the dysentery ameba produced the disease in 91 per cent of cases when introduced per anum, and in 50 per cent where the cysts were introduced per os. Similar infection experiments undertaken on twenty-three young cats, i.e. ten experiments with the vegetative form of the non-pathogenic tetragenous ameba per anum, and thirteen experiments with the cysts per os, failed to produce pathological conditions. The intestines of the animals macroscopically and histologically failed to show any of the changes of dysentery.

Hence we may conclude that the new type of tetragenous ameba described here is non-pathogenic for man and for young cats.
THE RAT AND POLIOMYELITIS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Haselbauer Peter
Published: June 2004

The central nervous organs and other viscera of six rats, collected in a district in Greater New York in which many cases of epidemic poliomyelitis occurred, have been proved incapable of inciting, on inoculation, experimental poliomyelitis in Macacus rhesus monkeys.

The virus of poliomyelitis injected into the brain of white rats does not survive there as long as 4 days in a form or in amounts sufficient to cause infection when inoculated intracerebrally into monkeys.

The failure of the virus injected into the brain of rats to incite infection in monkeys is not due to the quantity introduced, since at the expiration of 1½ hours after the injection, the excised inoculation site when injected into the monkey caused typical experimental poliomyelitis.

It does not appear probable, therefore, that the rat acts in nature as the reservoir of the virus of poliomyelitis.
THE STABILITY OF THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BLOOD IN NATURALLY NEPHROPATHIC ANIMALS AND THE EFFECT ON RENAL FUNCTION OF CHANGES IN THIS EQUILIBRIUM
Authors: MacNider William deB.
Published: June 2004

1. The naturally acquired chronic glomerulonephropathies of the dog are not due to an acid intoxication.

2. Such an injury renders the acid-base equilibrium of the animal unstable and susceptible to an agent such as an anesthetic which tends to induce an acid intoxication.

3. When naturally nephropathic animals are anesthetized by Grehant's anesthetic, the principal anesthetic ingredient of which is chloroform, the animals develop an acid intoxication, and become anuric and non-responsive to diuretic substances.

4. The development of the anuria has been constantly associated with swelling, vacuolation, and necrosis of the convoluted tubule epithelium.

5. In the kidneys of these animals there occurs an accumulation of fat which is largely confined to the ascending limbs of Henle's loops and which shows a quantitative relation with the degree of acid intoxication.
EXPERIMENTAL CHEMICAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Wollstein Martha , Meltzer S. J.
Published: June 2004

It is obvious from the experiments reported that concentrations of chloramine-T solutions, even more dilute than those which are well borne by the nasopharyngeal mucosa, are injurious to the pulmonary tissue when introduced directly into. the bronchi in large volume. The pulmonary lesions produced are of the nature of an extensive bronchopneumonia which progresses during the first 2 days after injection of the chemical and then regresses, to disappear, as a rule, by the 7th day. Similar pulmonary lesions were produced by intrabronchial insufflation of Dakin's solution of hypochlorite of sodium.

These studies taken in conjunction with the earlier ones of Kline and Meltzer in which aleuronat, starch, egg yolk, and lecithin were insufflated into the lungs, show that pulmonary inflammation may be induced by various chemical substances—with the following differences. Aleuronat and starch set up consolidations containing much fibrin, as is the case with virulent pneumococci; egg yolk and lecithin gave lesions with little fibrin, as is the case with avirulent pneumococci. Both series of substances produced lobar pneumonia, while the pulmonary lesions induced by chloramine-T and sodium hypochlorite were of the nature of bronchopneumonia.

The consolidations of the lung produced by chemical substances differ from infectious pulmonary inflammations only in their sterility. These experimental results strongly suggest the view that the anatomical findings in pneumonia represent a part of a mechanism of defense and repair which the animal body creates in its struggle against infection and intoxication.
THE SPIROCHETAL FLORA OF THE NORMAL FEMALE GENITALIA
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Kaliski David J.
Published: June 2004

The spirochetal flora of normal female genitalia is similar to that of the male and consists of Treponema calligyrum, Treponema minutum, and Spironema refringens. The types are present in varying proportions, but the calligyrum usually predominates, and the refringens is the least frequent. The female genitalia are much richer generally in the number of spirochetes than the male.
AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE METHOD OF ISOLATING AND RECOVERING THE BACILLUS OF CATTLE ABORTION THROUGH GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Smillie Ernest W.
Published: June 2004

1. Bacillus abortus Bang can be regularly recovered from guinea pigs inoculated with material containing the bacillus within 3 to 4 weeks.

2. The method is especially useful in recovering the organism from fetal membranes which, as a rule, are obtained after having come in contact with fecal matter, bedding, etc.

3. The spleen is the organ in which the bacteria are regularly present and in largest numbers. Cultures must be made from it to ensure success.
NEW THORACIC MURMURS, WITH TWO NEW INSTRUMENTS, THE REFRACTOSCOPE AND THE PARTIAL STETHOSCOPE
Authors: Parker Frederick D.
Published: June 2004

1. An understanding of the physics of sound is essential for a better comprehension of refined auscultation, tone analysis, and the use of these instruments.

2. The detection of variations of the third heart sound should prove a valuable aid in predicting mitral disease.

3. The variations of the outflow sound should prove a valuable aid in determining early aortic lesions with the type of accompanying intimal changes.

4. The character of chamber timbre as distinct from loudness heard as the first and second heart sounds denotes more often the condition of heart muscle, and must not be confounded with valvular disease.

5. The full significance of sound shadows is uncertain. Cardiac sound shadows appear normally in the right axilla and below the left clavicle. Their mode of production is quite clear.

6. Both the third heart sound and the outflow sound may be heard with the ordinary stethoscope.
URINARY SIDEROSIS
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

In diseases which bring about a siderosis of the kidney there are ordinarily present in the urinary sediment cells containing granules of hemosiderin, and often many free granules as well. The finding has proved useful in the diagnosis of hemochromatosis and will probably be of service in the recognition of pernicious anemia, and possibly some other diseases. But in this relation the fact should be emphasized that urinary siderosis, as one may term it, is the indication of a renal condition, not of a disease.
THE PEPTOLYTIC POWER OF LIVER, SPLEEN, AND KIDNEYS IN POISONING BY PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROFORM
Authors: Simonds J. P.
Published: June 2004

1. Glycerol extracts of liver, spleen, and kidney contain an ereptic ferment capable of splitting peptone into amino-acids.

2. Poisoning by phosphorus appears to reduce the ereptic power of the liver, and to a less extent that of the kidneys.

3. Poisoning by chloroform appears to have no appreciable effect upon the ereptase content of the liver, spleen, or kidneys.

4. Feeding of sugar to normal animals has little or no effect upon the ereptic power of the liver, spleen, or kidneys.

5. Feeding of sugar before and after poisoning with phosphorus appears to prevent the reduction of ereptic power of the liver.
SPIRILLA ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE OF THE FETAL MEMBRANES IN CATTLE (INFECTIOUS ABORTION)
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

Spirilla of identical morphological and cultural characters have been isolated in pure culture from the fetuses of fourteen cases of abortion. The condition of the fetus is much the same whether spirilla or the bacilli of abortion are present. This condition is probably due in both cases to interference with the placental circulation. The injurious action of the etiological factor when spirilla are present is limited to the fetal membranes, more particularly the chorion. Definite lesions of the fetus were not detected. The spirilla gain access to the digestive and respiratory organs of the fetus when the latter swallows the amniotic fluid. More rarely they are disseminated through the body, probably through the circulation. The spirilla will grow in certain culture media only under reduced oxygen tension, readily secured by sealing the ordinary culture tubes with sealing wax. Laboratory animals (mammals) are refractory. The precise relation of the spirillum to the pathologic process remains to be more definitely formulated. Since the spirillum was first isolated, twenty-seven cases have been found associated with Bacillus abortus and fourteen with the spirillum. In none was a mixed infection with both organisms detected. The spirillum has been isolated only from the second or succeeding pregnancies.

Table I summarizes the data collected thus far. It gives by. number the male and shows that the spirillum is not associated with any one bull. The spirillum has been found in fetuses of various ages as shown in Column 3. The distribution of spirilla as shown by cultures is given, the sign + indicating pure cultures, the sign no growth. The guinea pig inoculations are shown to be uniformly negative as regards Bacillus abortus.
STUDIES IN BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

Aside from the streptococci, micrococci have been the next most frequent group of organisms isolated from inflamed udders. They produce various types of disease. Some give rise to only a mild catarrh of the larger milk ducts and cystern, while others produce more or less severe parenchymatous inflammation. On the whole, the prognosis is more favorable with micrococcic infection than with that associated with streptococci. Cases of considerable severity have, however, been attributed to staphylococci.

Micrococci similar in many respects to those associated with mastitis have been found to occur in the normal udder. This has led Savage to question their true etiological significance. In many instances micrococci may gain access to the udder and produce slight disturbances that are entirely overlooked. Even more severe changes may follow infection. After recovery the organisms still remain in the milk. This was observed in the case of Cow 60 infected with staphylococci. One frequently observes the elimination of streptococci from the udder even after apparent recovery from an attack of streptococcic mastitis. Doubtless streptococci and micrococci observed in these udders would be classed as belonging to the normal flora. Even though micrococci do occur in supposedly normal udders Evans has shown that many are pathogenic for rabbits. The introduction of these organisms into the udders of non-resistant individuals might well give rise to more or less intense inflammation. The multiplication would doubtless be rapid until resistance had been established.

In addition to the micrococci two other groups of rod-shaped organisms have been found associated with udder inflammation. In two instances Bacillus coli has been isolated from cases of mastitis and in another Bacillus lactis aerogenes. In four, tiny motile Gramstaining microorganisms have been obtained in pure culture. Two of these strains (Nos. C.79 and M.44) have been identified as Bacillus pyogenes.
A STUDY OF PARATYPHOID BACILLI ISOLATED FROM CASES OF HOG-CHOLERA
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl
Published: June 2004

During the course of some experimental work on hog-cholera, paratyphoid bacilli were isolated from 16 per cent of the pigs. Culturally these organisms are the same as paratyphoid 18 isolated from man, while they show several differences from hog-cholera bacilli. In their slight pathogenic effect on rabbits they also differ from the hog-cholera bacillus. In their agglutination in sera produced by the injection of living cultures, one of the cultures, isolated from a chronic case, corresponds to Bacillus enteritidis, while the other five are apparently in a class by themselves. They resemble paratyphoid ß more closely than hog-cholera bacilli, but the type of clumps formed and absorption experiments show that they are different from either. Whether these differences are enough to make it necessary to put them into a class by themselves is questionable, but the fact that when injected into rabbits they produce an immunity to the hog-cholera bacillus, while paratyphoid ß does not, is additional evidence in favor of such a classification. Complement fixation experiments have been of little value in differentiating the members of this group, but on the contrary show their close relationship. It seems probable that some of the cultures that are described in the literature as hog-cholera bacilli really belong to this group, which would account for much of the confusion that exists in the classification of the interesting, truly pathogenic bacillus that at one time was thought to be the cause of hog-cholera and in the series of animals with which we have worked has not appeared once. Whether the ingestion of pork containing these bacilli would cause disease in man is a question that can only be decided by a more careful bacteriological study of the organisms causing food poisonings and paratyphoid fever.
STANDARDIZATION OF ANTIMENINGOCOCCIC SERUM
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Marsh Penelope
Published: June 2004

Experiments were made for the purpose of testing the reaction of protection against infection as a measure of potency of antimeningococcic serum.

The results of the experiments were extremely variable and bore no relation to the quality of the sera as determined by the period of immunization of the horses from which they were obtained, or the indications of efficiency based upon their employment in human cases of epidemic meningitis.

The results also failed entirely to conform to the agglutination titer of the sera tested and to be affected by the different type forms of the meningococci.

We regard the protective power for laboratory animals of the antimeningococcic serum as an unsuitable index of its value in human medicine and as inferior to the agglutination titer as a standard of potency.
A STUDY OF THE CHANGES IN VIRULENCE OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS AT DIFFERENT PERIODS OF GROWTH AND UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF CULTIVATION IN MEDIA
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Kirkbride Mary Butler
Published: June 2004

It has been possible by rapid transfers alone, not only to maintain the virulence for mice of the pneumococcus in artificial media but also to restore a certain degree of virulence to cultures previously rendered non-virulent by less rapid transfers in the same medium. For these results the presence of enriching fluids such as blood or serum is not required. In addition it has been shown that attenuated cultures, which had been repeatedly demonstrated to be avirulent for mice at the 24 hour period of growth, exhibited marked pathogenicity if injected during, or especially at the commencement of the period of maximum growth when the growth energy may be considered at its height. In these cultures, however, the increase in virulence was usually less than in others transferred repeatedly at frequent intervals.

The significance of these results is not necessarily limited to pneumococcus infections. Other lines of investigation are suggested which may possibly help to clarify certain conceptions of the relation which the different activities of the bacterial cell as an agent of infection bear to one another and to the host in various infectious diseases. Although the pneumococcus may offer an especially striking example for purposes of demonstration by experiment, it is not probable that the close relation between the vegetative power or growth energy of the pneumococcus and its pathogenic power is peculiar to this organism. The vegetative power may depend upon many conditions affecting both the host and the bacterial agent of infection. Different species of bacteria may acquire or develop it in different degrees under different conditions. But it must assuredly form the basis not only of the essentially parasitic but also of the more special toxicogenic activities of the bacteria.
EFFECT OF DRY HEAT ON THE BLOOD COUNT IN ANIMALS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Animals subjected to dry heat for a short period show a sharp fall in the total white blood count, both the polymorphonuclear leucocytes and the lymphocytes taking part in the fall. Following this there is a slow recovery on the part of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which generally require several weeks to regain their normal number. The lymphocytes rise rapidly after the initial fall and continue to rise for 2 or 3 weeks. This increase often amounts to a gain of over 200 to 300 per cent above the normal count for the animal. The observations were made on mice, rats, and guinea pigs.

The circulating lymphocytes during the more active stage of stimulation after heating show numerous examples of amitotic division.
EFFECT OF STIMULATION OF THE LYMPHOCYTES ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF SPONTANEOUS TUMORS IN MICE
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Spontaneous cancers were removed from a series of mice by operation. The animals were then subjected to an exposure to dry heat at a temperature ranging from 55–63°C. for 5 minutes. Immediately afterwards a graft of the original tumor was returned. The mice so treated exhibited a marked increase in their resistance to the growth of the cancer graft, over 59 per cent remaining entirely free from a return of the cancer. In a control series in which no treatment was given 96 per cent of the animals showed a return of the cancer.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Taylor Herbert D. , Witherbee William D. , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

1. X-rays in large doses affect the lymphocytes before any of the other circulating cells.

2. There is a sharp fall in the total number of circulating lymphocytes, which is complete 48 hours after x-ray treatment.

3. Following the immediate decrease in the circulating lymphocytes there is a primary rise, followed by another fall, which in turn is followed by a permanent rise of these cells to normal.

4. The effect of the x-rays on different species of animals varies considerably, but in those studied, cat, monkey, guinea pig, rabbit, rat, mouse, and pony, the selective action on the lymphocytes was in all instances apparent.

5. When several animals of the same species are given the same dose of x-rays, the effect on the circulating lymphocytes seems to be quantitatively parallel, when determined by blood counts.

6. The polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes, when affected at all, increase in number immediately after the administration of the x-rays and then tend to decrease below their normal level. This decrease is followed by a return to normal many days before the lymphocytes reach their original level.

7. The other cells of the blood follow the neutrophilic curve.

8. Percentage figures, as determined by differential blood counts, do not give an accurate indication of the effect of the x-rays. It is only when these are multiplied by the total white blood count that a figure, representing the total number of cells of the series per c. mm. of blood, is obtained, which varies to the stimulus in a constant manner, the variations being practically quantitative.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Thomas Marguerite M. , Taylor Herbert D. , Witherbee William D.
Published: June 2004

This study consists of blood counts on nine rabbits after an exposure to x-rays of a 7/8 inch spark-gap, milliamperage 25, distance from the target 8 inches, and time of exposure 20 minutes.

In seven of the nine animals there resulted an increase of the circulating lymphocytes. In five of these the increase was marked and in two others definite but not striking.

Of the two animals which showed no stimulation one showed marked fluctuation of counts both before and after x-rays and the other little or no change.

The higher penetrating dose (6 inch spark-gap, milliamperage 5, distance from the target 10 inches, time 26 minutes and 57 seconds) given to two animals produced no appreciable stimulation.
THE INFLUENCE OF ETHER ANESTHESIA, OF HEMORRHAGE, AND OF PLETHORA FROM TRANSFUSION ON THE PRESSOR EFFECT OF MINUTE QUANTITIES OF EPINEPHRINE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Wilson George W.
Published: June 2004

Ether anesthesia has a marked influence in diminishing the pressor response to minute amounts of epinephrine injected directly into the circulation. Hemorrhage also acts to lessen or abolish the response, and to a degree directly proportional to the lowering of the blood pressure it causes. In the exsanguinated animal an amount of epinephrine three or four times that sufficient to produce a pressure rise of 10 to 15 mm. of mercury under normal conditions, may be entirely without effect. The response to large doses, on the other hand, is uninfluenced by ether or hemorrhage.

The facts stated have a practical bearing not only on the employment of epinephrine to tide over collapse but on its possible utilization in the future to raise a low blood pressure to the normal height and maintain it during a considerable period. For the amount of epinephrine which under normal conditions will suffice to bring up the blood pressure may have little or no effect on an etherized individual or on one who has lost blood. The same difficulty will doubtless be encountered under other conditions.

In animals rendered plethoric by transfusion the response to small doses of epinephrine lessens in proportion as the blood pressure is increased by the plethora.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC ANTISERA FOR INFECTIONS OF UNKNOWN CAUSE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Robertson Oswald H. , Oliver Jean
Published: June 2004

By the method of selective absorption with tissue, protective serum antibodies have been demonstrated in the case of an infection of unknown cause; namely, a chicken sarcoma transmitted by a filterable agent. Geese were repeatedly injected with the finely ground sarcoma and with blood from fowls moribund of it; and their sera acquired the power to prevent the tumor-producing agent from causing growths. That this was not due to antibodies elicited by the chicken tissue as such was shown by exhaustion of the goose sera with chicken red cells, a step which had not the least effect on the tumor-preventing power, and also by experiments with rabbits immunized as were the geese. These animals developed strong chicken antibodies in their sera which failed nevertheless to affect the tumor-producing agent.

Serum immunity to the chicken sarcoma is weak at best; and in the case of some other infections of unknown cause, more striking results may be anticipated from the method of selective absorption. It is even conceivable that by its means sera of therapeutic usefulness may become available. But much remains to be settled as regards the dangers of exhausted sera and the limitations of the method. Fortunately there exists an immediate field for the latter in laboratory studies on the nature of immunity to infections of which the cause has not been recognized.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

1. The law of cicatrization, of surface wounds may be expressed by an exponential formula in which the two coefficients may be determined.

2. A simple relation exists between these coefficients and the index, i, of cicatrization, previously established in function of the age of the patient and of the area of the wound.

3. The proposed equation with a simplified exponent, reduced to a single coefficient, expresses satisfactorily the phenomenon of contraction.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE WASSERMANN REACTION
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Newcomer H. S.
Published: June 2004

The Wassermann reaction carried out according to the method of McIntosh and Fildes, with cholesterolized antigen and with certain allowances for the presence of native anti-sheep amboceptor; leads to about the same result as when it is done according to the recent proposal of Noguchi, with the native human complement and acetone-insoluble lipoids as antigen. The differences are such as to suggest that from the point of view of diagnosis the Noguchi method is the more conservative but that there is definite advantage in using two metnods as distinct in origin of materials as these, partly for the purpose of control and partly in the hope of acquiring new information of importance. As a measure of control of treatment the cholesterol antigen appears to us to be the more valuable. The Wassermann reaction alone, by whatever method it may be done, can only be used in the diagnosis of syphilis in conjunction with presumption based on other grounds. That it fails to appear in a considerable percentage of syphilitics is well known. That the reaction is positive in other conditions is not so generally recognized. Fresh instances of this in certain febrile cases are here recorded.
A CHARACTERISTIC LOCALIZATION OF BACILLUS ABORTUS IN THE BOVINE FETAL MEMBRANES
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

The significance of this invasion of the chorionic epithelium from the standpoint of pathogene'sis cannot be properly evaluated until a more complete history of the successive localizations of Bacillus abortus has been obtained. It is safe to assume that this particular cell parasitism is but one of a series of localizations and centers of multiplication in the fetal membranes although evidence points to it as perhaps the earliest stage in which the organism gains by rapid, unchecked multiplication a considerable advantage over the host. The local destruction of an epithelial covering by an infectious agent when other miscellaneous infectious agents are absent may or may not be of much importance, for it would depend on the regenerative activity of the epithelium, the tendency to the gathering of injurious transudates, and the toxic substances associated with the bacilli.

It is probable that localizations also occur in the walls of the blood vessels of the chorion. Thus far only one case of this kind has been observed. The fusiform connective tissue cells of the adventitious coat of a blood vessel 0.8 mm. in diameter were completely replaced by clumps of minute bacilli. Since there is usually a slight perivascular cell infiltration in the diseased placenta this localization may be largely responsible for the circulatory disturbances which lead to death of the fetus. The case referred to may be but a greatly exaggerated illustration of the action of Bacillus abortus in the walls of the blood vessels where they are too few in number at any one time to be identified. It is known, that in the guinea pig disease with pronounced lesions Bacillus abortus is demonstrated only with great difficulty because of its scarcity.

The more or less specific localization and multiplication of bacteria within cells not having phagocytic functions have thus far been demonstrated in leprosy, syphilis, and in a disease of mice recently described by Tyzzer, who found an active invasion of both liver cells and intestinal epithelium by a bacillus. In cells to which phagocytic powers have been ascribed the specific localization of certain bacteria is well known. Thus tubercle bacilli occur within the endothelial cells of the tubercle. Leprosy bacilli have been found within a variety of cell groups. Mouse septicemia bacilli occur regularly within certain phagocytic cells of the blood. Recently bacteria have been found attached to the cilia of the respiratory tract in pertussis by Mallory and Hornor, in a form of guinea pig pneumonia by the writer. Actual occupation of epithelial cells followed by active multiplication of the invaders and destruction of the cell has, however, been frequently demonstrated for the sporozoa. That it may occur more often among bacteria is highly probable. Rapidity of multiplication and cell destruction or invisibility or both may stand in the way of a satisfactory demonstration.
A FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE CHRONIC NEPHROPATHY INDUCED IN THE DOG BY URANIUM NITRATE
Authors: MacNider William deB.
Published: June 2004

1. Uranium nitrate is relatively more toxic for old animals than for young animals.

2. This relative toxicity is not only expressed in the old animals by a greater functional disturbance of the kidney, but is also shown by an inability on the part of these animals to repair the kidney injury and reestablish its functional capacity.

3. The intoxication in younger animals has been followed by a repair of the renal injury and a partial restoration of kidney function.

4. In these animals the processes of repair lead to the development of a chronic diffuse type of nephropathy in which the acid-base equilibrium of the blood may be maintained at the point of normality. In these animals renal functional tests indicate the presence of severe kidney injury.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

By injecting into guinea pigs the blood of yellow fever cases occurring in Guayaquil a group of symptoms and lesions closely resembling those observed in human yellow fever were induced in a limited number of instances. Of 74 guinea pigs inoculated with specimens of blood from 27 cases of yellow fever, 8, representing 6 cases, came down with the symptoms; namely, a marked rise of temperature after a period of incubation averaging 3 to 6 days, with simultaneous suffusion of the capillaries, particularly of the conjunctivæs and soles, then preliminary hyperleucocytosis followed by progressive leucopenia, the early appearance of albumin and casts in the urine, which gradually diminishes in volume as the disease progresses. The fever lasts only a few days, rapidly dropping first to the normal and then usually to subnormal. At this period jaundice manifests itself in varying degrees of intensity, first in the scleras, then in the skin and the urine. Hemorrhages from the nasal or gingival mucosa or anus have been observed to occur during this period. Autopsies reveal deep jaundice throughout the entire tissue. The liver is fatty and yellow, the kidney hyperemic, and often swollen and hemorrhagic. Hemorrhagic spots were almost always found in the lungs and gastrointestinal mucosa. Guinea pigs are usually rather sensitive to the infection, though many appeared to be somewhat resistant and some even refractory.

The injection of the yellow fever blood into ringtail monkeys, rabbits, cats, guatusas, weasels, and sloths among the mammalians, and pigeons, ground-doves, bluebirds, mantas, blackbirds, parrakeets, reedbirds, blancos, and toucans among the birds, gave negative results.

In the blood, liver, and kidneys of the guinea pigs experimentally infected with the blood of yellow fever patients a minute organism was demonstrated which closely resembles in morphology the causative agent of infectious jaundice (Leptospira icterohamorrhagiæ).

The leptospira transmitted from yellow fever cases to guinea pigs was found to induce similar symptoms and lesions upon further passage into normal guinea pigs.

The leptospira obtained from cases of yellow fever has been givern the provisional name of Leptospira icteroides.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON A CASE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ALBUMINURIA
Authors: Sollmann Torald , McComb E. C.
Published: June 2004

1. The proteids consisted of albumins and globulins, varying in quantity between the extremes of .9010 grm. and .2592 grm. in the 24 hours, but usually between .7 and .37 grm., the average being .5317 grm.

2. The quantity of the proteids varies directly as the urea, inversely as the external temperature. The relation between the quantity of urine and the quantity of proteid is not constant. The quantity of the proteida is little affected by diuretics; it tends to be increased by certain drugs that act upon the circulation. It is lessened during sleep.

It is apt to suffer a sudden temporary increase, returning as suddenly to the usual average. For this phenomenon we have no explanation.

3. From .5449 to .6616 grm. of coagulable proteids a day (.0079 to .0094 grm. per kilo of body-weight) may be excreted through the urine for an indefinite time by an otherwise healthy individual without damage to either kidneys or organism.
STUDIES ON TRICHINOSIS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INCREASE OF THE EOSINOPHILIC CELLS IN THE BLOOD AND MUSCLE, THE ORIGIN OF THESE CELLS AND THEIR DIAGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE
Authors: Brown Thomas R.
Published: June 2004

To summarize, we have been able to demonstrate:

(1) In a case of acute trichinosis an extensive leucocytosis, with great absolute and relative increase in the number of eosinophilic cells in the blood, associated with a coincident decrease in the quantity of neutrophilic elements.

(2) From the examination of specimens of muscle removed during life, besides the peculiar degenerations of the muscle, a longitudinal splitting of some of the fibres; a remarkable transverse splitting of others; a great proliferation of nuclei, about many of which vacuoles are seen; and large numbers of polymorphonuclear eosinophilic cells, which are especially prevalent in the more degenerated areas.

(3) In a second case (after death), besides similar changes in the muscle, large numbers of eosinophiles throughout the infested portion.

(4) In two other cases, during life, a great increase of the eosinophilic cells in the blood, with a coincident decrease of the polymorphonuclear neutrophiles, associated with leucocytosis, though of less extent than in the first case.

(5) In pieces of muscle removed in these last two cases changes in most respects similar to those cited in the first case, but of less degree.

(6) The similar character of the nuclei of the eosinophiles and the neutrophiles both in the blood and in the muscle, and the presence in the first case of certain cells which might be regarded as forms transitional between neutrophiles and eosinophiles, suggesting the possibility that the increase in the latter elements may, in these instances, take place in the muscles by direct transition from the neutrophiles.
ON THE PRESENCE OF THE TYPHOID BACILLUS IN THE URINE
Authors: Richardson Mark Wyman
Published: June 2004

(1) Typhoid bacilli were demonstrated in the urines of 9 out of 38 typhoid patients (about 25 per cent). 172 specimens were examined with 44 positive results.

(2) The bacilli, when demonstrated, were always present in large numbers and in practically pure culture.

(3) The bacilli appeared first in the later stages of the disease and persisted in the great majority of cases far into convalescence.

The urines of typhoid patients should, therefore, not only be rigidly disinfected during the disease, but they should also be carefully supervised during convalescence.

(4) The typhoid bacilli were practically always associated with albuminuria and the presence of renal casts. On the other hand urines containing considerable amounts of albumin and casts in large numbers often showed no typhoid bacilli.

(5) Irrigation of the bladder with antiseptic solutions offers a possible means for removing permanently the bacilli from the urine.
A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF TYPHOID FEVER
Authors: Mallory F. B.
Published: June 2004

The typhoid bacillus produces a mild diffusible toxine, partly within the intestinal tract, partly within the blood and organs of the body.

This toxine produces proliferation of endothelial cells which acquire for a certain length of time malignant properties.

The new-formed cells are epithelioid in character, have irregular, lightly staining, eccentrically situated nuclei, abundant, sharply defined, acidophilic protoplasm, and are characterized by marked phagocytic properties.

These phagocytic cells are produced most abundantly along the line of absorption from the intestinal tract, both in the lymphatic apparatus and in the blood-vessels.

They are also produced by distribution of the toxine through the general circulation, in greatest numbers where the circulation is slowest.

Finally, they are produced all over the body in the lymphatic spaces and vessels by absorption of the toxine eliminated from the blood-vessels.

The swelling of the intestinal lymphoid tissue of the mesenteric lymph nodes, and of the spleen is due almost entirely to the formation of phagocytic cells.

The necrosis of the intestinal lymphoid tissue is accidental in nature and is caused through occlusion of the veins and capillaries by fibrinous thrombi, which owe their origin to degeneration of phagocytic cells beneath the lining endothelium of the vessels.

Two varieties of focal lesions occur in the liver: one consists of the formation of phagocytic cells in the lymph spaces and vessels around the portal vessels under the action of the toxine absorbed by the lymphatics; the other is due to obstruction of liver capillaries by phagocytic cells derived in small part from the lining endothelium of the liver capillaries, but chiefly by embolism through the portal circulation of cells originating from the endothelium of the blood-vessels of the intestine and spleen. The liver cells lying between the occluded capillaries undergo necrosis and disappear. Later the foci of cells degenerate and fibrin forms between them. Invasion with polymorphonuclear leucocytes is rare.

Many of the phagocytic cells pass through the liver and lungs, and get into the general circulation. A few come from the abdominal lymphatics through the thoracic duct.
GROWTH ACCESSORY SUBSTANCES FOR PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN ANIMAL TISSUES
Authors: Kligler I. J.
Published: June 2004

The growth of all the pathogenic bacteria studied was favorably influenced by the addition of small amounts of tissue extracts.

Beef heart, rabbit and cat tissues, and human nasal secretions contain substances favorable to the growth of the organisms tested. The mucosa of different organs, spleen, liver, and kidney, are relatively rich in these substances, while muscle is relatively poor. The favorable effect of the extracts is manifested by an enhancement of growth and a reduction of lag.

The water-soluble substances are apparently the ones essential for bacterial development; the ether extract has no effect on growth.

Experiments are reported which indicate that the substances in question belong to the class of so called vitamines.