bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Factor Settings for Pharmaceutical Filling Process by Factorial Design of Mixed Levels
Authors: Chen Guangming , Ezekiel Andrew , Bardhan Tridip Kumar
Published: March 2021

Product and process variations can be costly to manufacturers in terms of high rework expenses, scrap, and inspection. We studied the variability of a generic pharmaceutical filling process (i.e., the fill weight and its related four factors).  Firstly, we used mixed level factorial design to carry out the experiments and collect the data. The significance of the process factors and their interactions was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Next, process capability analysis and optimization process were performed. The ultimate goal of the study was to develop the optimal level settings of controllable factors to minimize the quality loss caused by the deviation of process mean from the target value (nominal fill weight). The optimal level settings of the process factors were obtained for high and low viscosity products. As presented in this paper, significant quality improvement in the filling process can be achieved by reduction in fill weight variations. The approach may be generalized to other similar filling processes.
Finger Pinch Loosening and Tightening Torques on Small Cylindrical Handles Among Industrial Workers
Authors: Imrhan Sheik N , Munoz-Vasa Maria Jose
Published: March 2021

An experiment was conducted with 23 assembly line workers in a manufacturing plant to study to the variation in finger torque strengths on small handles. Subjects exerted MVC torques on small cylindrical handles with different finger contact surface finishes (smooth and knurled) and different diameters (3.3, 5.0, 6.4, 9.5, and 19.0 mm). Three similar handles with flanged finger contact were also tested to simulate torqueing on a specific medical device. The flange widths were 6.4, 9.5, and 19.0 cm. Both loosening and tightening peak torques were measured.  Ten males and 13 females between the ages of 22 and 55 years were tested. Each performed 26 different torque exertions while standing (20 on cylinders and 6 on flanges). The results indicated that finger torque strength decreased steadily as diameter of the cylindrical handle, or length of the flange, decreased. It was also stronger for tightening compared to loosening, and for knurled cylinders compared with smooth cylinders. Of greater interest was the 2-factor interaction effects on torque – surface*direction, surface*diameter and diameter*direction for the cylinders; and direction*width for the flanges. These interactions indicate that the change in torque over one torqueing factor is not independent of other factors.  These results have implications for the design of small device parts, as in some types of medical products.
Getting the Last Stop Right: An Analysis of the Fort Campbell Personnel Processing Center
Authors: Kwinn Michael J. , Coxen Julia , Wolter Jason A.
Published: March 2021

This project proposes to develop an improved system to process Soldiers at the Personnel Processing Center (PPC) located at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.  This processing center is the final pre-deployment requirement prior to missions in support of the Global War on Terror.  The PPC services the 101st Airborne Division and Fort Campbell’s tenant units and receives a high volume of Soldiers for processing.  It is in the interest of Soldiers, their families, and senior leadership to process deploying troops accurately and rapidly.  The current system, though functioning and meeting the Army’s needs, has inherent inefficiencies that limit its capacities and ability to maximize utilization.
Impacts of Leisure Activity Noise Levels A Revised Case Study
Authors: Drummond Claire C. , Connolly Brian W. , Lee Jimin , Parsons Donna , Patch Steve , Yearout Robert DeWitt
Published: March 2021

An article originally published in the International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics in 1991 discussed the effects of damaging noise levels exposed during the leisure time of industrial workers. With a noise level change preferences, this study was designed to work in collaboration with a 2013 study (Claire Drummond, 2013) which began the groundwork of measuring and examining the consistency of the data collected in 1990. Attributed to an increase in popularity of electronic music and improved digital sound equipment, indoor leisure environment sound levels have increased since the original study. The purpose of this study is to expand the collection of data on exposure levels in current leisure activities reported in the 2012 study to enhance the statistical significance that levels are indeed higher than the noise level preferences and tolerances specified by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) and International Standards Organization (ISO) guidelines. With strenuous legal standards, industries have taken substantial steps to follow the OSHA and ISO recommended guidelines; however, places of leisure such as bars, movie theaters, churches, and sporting events are not required to adhere to the same standards. The noise data was collected using a Quest SPL (2800) calibrated dosimeter. This device is a great improvement from the GenRad Sound Level Meter originally used in the 1990 study for the fact that the Quest SPL (2800) gives a complete printout at the end of a data run that takes in account the duration and average dose of noise exposure run as well as average and peak noise levels. The GenRad device was limited to measuring low and high noise level readings. Average leisure noise levels by category were as follows: peak levels in a sample of thirty-nine leisure activities: churches and concerts (118.06 dB (σ = 2.62 dB)), bars (117.48 dB (σ = 9.32 dB)), and sporting events (122.99 dB (σ = 10.97 dB)). Following the OSHA and ISO standards, any exposure noise level over 115.00dB exceeds the recommended allowance. Adult industrial workers exposing themselves to these levels after an eight hour workday in an OSHA-controlled environment are exceeding the allowable exposure. Industrial business are spending large sums of money to make sure they are in compliance with OSHA standards yet their employees are potentially permanently damaging hearing due to their choice of leisure activity. These individuals are thus increasing their risk of a permanent threshold shift. As a side observation to the adult exposures, many parents had their children under the age of 4 in attendance at the high level peak level leisure activities. Hearing is fully developed at birth, but extended exposure times to high peak noise levels can cause an earlier permanent threshold shift in children or permanent hearing loss at a younger age.
Systematic Routine for Setting Confidence Levels for Mean Time to Failure (MTTF)
Authors: Lee Jimin , Yearout Robert , Parsons Donna
Published: March 2021

There are circumstances where an item is intentionally tested to destruction.  The purpose of this technique is to determine the failure rate (λ) of a tested item.  For these items, the quality attribute is defined as how long the item will last until failure.  Once the failure rate is determined from the number of survivors and total time of all items tested the mean time to failure (MTTF) which is a typical statistic for survival data analysis issues.  MTTF is calculated by dividing one by failure rate (λ).  From this one obtains the reliability function R(t) = e-λt where t is time.  This allows the cumulative density function F(t) = 1- e-λt  to be determined.  This density function, f(t) = λe-λt is a negative exponential with a standard deviation (σ) = 1/λ.  Thus setting a warranty policy for the tested item is difficult for the practitioner.  An important property of the exponential distribution is that it is memory less.  This means its conditional probability follows P(T > s + t |T > s)=P(T > t) for all s, t ≥0.  The exponential distribution can be used to describe the interval lengths between any two consecutive arrival times in a homogeneous Poisson process.  The purpose of this research paper is to present a simple technique to determine a realistic confidence level. Using the same technique the warranty level for the tested item can be predicted.
Selecting Cloud Deployment Model Using a Delphi Analytic Hierarchy Process (DAHP)
Authors: Ngeru James , Bardhan Tridip Kumar
Published: March 2021

Cloud computing is a significant paradigm shift in information technology (IT) service offerings that has been receiving enormous attention in academic and IT industry. Recent years has seen exponential growth in cloud use adoption, where many organizations are moving their IT resources into cloud due to flexibility and low-cost. However, on account of rapid innovation and growth in cloud technologies and service providers, selecting the right cloud services, provider and strategy is becoming increasing a common challenge to organization during cloud adoption. In an attempt to address this challenge, we propose application of Delphi Analytic Hierarchy Process (DAHP) method in selecting cloud deployment model. There are several cloud deployment models and organizations must identify the right model that best suits their business needs. The proposed approach facilitates a collaborative decision making process, consisting a number of decision makers whom, with consensus facilitated by the DAHP process, identifies feasible approaches, decision making factors and ultimate selection of a cloud deployment model alternative that is based on organizational business needs and capabilities. The DAHP process is illustrated by a means of a case study. The DAHP result analysis, as was illustrated in the case study, helps in explaining and justifying the choice selected as the best cloud deployment model.
A Proposed Framework in Developing Sustainable Manufacturing Initiatives Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Authors: Ocampo Lanndon , Clark Eppie
Published: March 2021

This paper proposes an evaluation framework of input elements in developing sustainable manufacturing (SM) initiatives using the hierarchical structure of sustainability indicators set developed by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (US NIST) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Determining priority input elements in the development process is essential to ensure that SM initiatives are responsive to the demands of sustainability at firm level. This evaluation exposes a challenge due to the multi-criteria nature of the problem and the presence of subjective criteria with limited available information on their measurement systems. The use of AHP in the context of the hierarchical structure of the US NIST sustainability indicators set provides a comprehensive and promising approach in identifying fundamental inputs in developing effective programs and initiatives that address sustainability. The contribution of this work lies on presenting a framework that could guide decision-makers, in a way that is simple and comprehensive, in their attempt to promote sustainability. Results and implications are reported in this work.
An Optimization Approach to Balancing Risk and Cost in Combatant Command Capability Advocacy
Authors: Whitaker Savanna , Goirigolzarri Benjamin , Getty Summer , Pietz Jesse , Wilck Joseph , Martin Kiel , Mindrup Frank
Published: March 2021

Unified Combatant Commands (UCCs) have broad continuing missions around the globe where they are tasked to provide functional expertise and defense of geographical areas.  Accomplishing these missions requires a robust portfolio of military capabilities (e.g., aircraft, spacecraft, command and control systems, radar systems).  UCCs routinely perform analyses to identify gaps between capabilities required to accomplish their mission and those currently at their disposal.  Each year they submit a prioritized list of required capabilities, including new systems and greater capacity with existing systems, to the Joint Staff in the costly and time-consuming Integrated Priority List (IPL) process.  This process relies on operational art and subject matter expertise, and sometimes fails to identify acquisition opportunities that achieve an optimal balance between risk and cost.  Because this IPL process affects all of the DOD’s personnel, material, systems and missions, it is arguably the most significant analytic challenge faced by the United States military.  This article presents an integer linear programming model that computes an optimal balance between operational risk and the cost of acquiring new capabilities, and allows decision makers to identify the real-world impact of their budgetary decisions.  We apply this model to the mission of providing aerospace defense of the United States and illustrate through sensitivity analysis the meaningful insights that can be gained by studying the relationship between the risk of not achieving 100 percent radar coverage and the opportunity cost of advocating for new capabilities.
Modeling Megacity Medical System Response to a CBRNE Event
Authors: McDonald Kenneth , McLees Tyler , Connolly Shane , McNulty James , Wasserman Leah , Prins LTC Robert
Published: March 2021

The collaborative effectiveness of the public health system (PHS) and the Army Medical Department (AMEDD) is limited in the case of a 10-kiloton (kt) nuclear event on a megacity due to an overall lack of knowledge and understanding among agencies. This study details an exhaustive analysis of the current medical response system using New York City as a case study. Through the problem definition phase of the Systems Decision Process (SDP), this report identifies operational gaps existing at different levels within the system. Identified operational gaps existed at the local, state, and federal levels in the areas of resources, communication, and planning within the following agencies: Sloan Kettering Memorial Hospital, the Office of Emergency Management (OEM), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Health and Human Services (HHS), and the United States Department of Veteran Affairs (VA). Evaluation of the operational gaps illustrated the areas which were most vulnerable. The current analysis suggests that the system in place requires adjustments of the identified gaps so that maximum efficiency can be achieved.
Identifying and Quantifying Critical Information Streams for Tactical Combat Decision Modeling
Authors: Goodman Daniel , Mullins Shea , McDonald Josh , Cho James , Boylan Gregory
Published: March 2021

It is often asserted that more information on the battlefield leads to greater situational awareness (SA) which, in turn, translates to enhanced mission performance and outcomes.  However, the volume of available information on the modern networked battlefield is extensive and growing, which induces risk of indecision due to cognitive overload.  The potential overload highlights the need to streamline the flow of information to those critical streams that provide the most value to a tactical leader’s decision process at particular points in time. The purpose of this study is to identify critical information streams required by tactical leaders within the various phases of a dismounted search and attack/react to contact scenario.  Domain Mapping Matrix methodology (DMM) is utilized to quantify the value of various information streams relative to the sub -phases within the scenario using a constructed nominal scale. The significance of the highlighted interactions is validated through the use of statistical analysis, with combat veterans serving as test cases. The findings of this study will facilitate the development of decision models that will eventually enable more accurate and realistic simulation of the leader’s decision processes that increased SA purportedly enhances.
System for Corrosion Inspection and Monitoring
Authors: Alexander Ryan , Altamirano Matthew , Batdorj Saruul , Brooks Matthew , Brun Pascal , Del Angel Antelmo , De la Rosa Alexander , Brewer Craig , Deible Michael
Published: March 2021

This paper contains has conducted research and analysis on different corrosion identification and monitoring methods to develop an autonomous corrosion inspection system to solve the challenge issued by the University Student Design and Applied Solutions Competition. This challenge is to build an autonomous corrosion detection and monitoring system to help provide new ideas and innovations to the Department of Defense. Using research and stakeholder analysis, this research produced a system to best meet the demands of the competition and determine the best possible solution to the design challenge. Our integrated team used a systems engineering approach to produce the design that will be fielded at the competition in April 2016.
Alternatives for Navigating Small Unmanned Air Vehicles without GPS
Authors: Talmadge Ramsay , Jenkins Luke , Hidalgo Drew , Olivas Josh , Burk Roger
Published: March 2021

Considering the increased reliance on GPS navigation for the Army’s Unmanned Aircraft Systems, adversaries have invested in capabilities to deny our systems access to genuine GPS signals. Although significant effort has been put forth in the areas of anti-jamming and anti-spoofing in GPS receivers, a need for alternative navigation methods in a GPS denied environment has grown in importance. This report outlines the recommendation and analysis completed for Mr. Lars Ericsson of the Army Project Manager Unmanned Aircraft Systems (PM-UAS).  The report includes background research in the domain space, comprehensive stakeholder analysis, derived system requirements and functional requirements, ending with alternative generation, value scoring, costing, and provided findings for a recommended alternative for future consideration.
Economic Impact and Obstacles to Mainstream Biodiesel Integration
Authors: Hogan Dustin , Desai Anoop , Soloiu Valentin
Published: March 2021

Active research is being conducted to enable the integration of an alternate energy sources so as to replace petroleum based fuels. However, this research has been confined primarily within the auspices of a research laboratory. Of the various alternate energy source available today, biodiesel constitutes perhaps the most dominant and promising alternate energy source. A comprehensive analysis of the processes and effects involved with its integration would need to be conducted before said transition could occur as efficiently and as seamlessly as possible. These processes can recognize the mass appeal of biodiesel and its viability as a dominant energy source. This information can be used to develop a comprehensive methodology to achieve large-scale transfer of technology from the laboratory to the marketplace. Such a methodology needs to take into account the technological characteristics of the fuel production process, environmental effects of biodiesel emissions, and economic factors integral to the biodiesel supply chain. It is essential to analyze the characteristics and effects of this integration in order to successfully achieve the cost effective integration of this alternate fuel source into the marketplace. The aforementioned analysis would serve as a stepping stone or a foundation block to enable future research. This paper presents an overview of current practices and state of the art research focusing on integration of biodiesel into a mainstream marketplace.
Quantifying the Outfield Shift Using K-Means Clustering
Authors: Gerlica Jeffrey , LaDuke Izaiah , O’Shea Garrett , Pluemer Pierce , Dulin John
Published: March 2021

Sports teams constantly search for a competitive advantage (e.g. bidding for free agents or scouting nontraditional markets). As popularized by Moneyball, we focus on advanced analytics in baseball. These sabermetrics are employed to provide objective information to management and coaches to support player management and in-game strategy decisions. Though widely used at the professional level, analytics use in college baseball is limited. Air Force Academy Baseball has been one win short of qualifying for the Mountain West tournament three straight years, resulting in the loss of potential income from media payouts and exposure for future recruiting efforts. Using a K-means clustering method for defensive shifting, we calculate an overall catch probability increase of 7.4% with a shifted outfield in a one-game case study. Based on our analysis, we provide evidence that Air Force Baseball can benefit from an outfield defensive shifting scheme that drives a competitive advantage and additional wins.
PACOM Key Leader Engagement Process
Authors: Burke John , Connell Travis
Published: March 2021

The United States Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM) is one of six geographic combatant commands created to protect and defend the United States, its people, and its interests. This paper examines the key leader engagement (KLE) process and method of assessment for PACOM. PACOM has a pre-KLE process established to meet information requirements; however, the organization lacks a formal assessment method. KLEs are an instrumental tool to build relationships with partner nations and maintain command and control in PACOM’s area of responsibility. A structured and standardized KLE assessment system provides meaning to the data and is instrumental to evaluate each engagement and shape future KLEs. The KLE assessment – recording trip information, interpreting the data, and performing data visualization – was designed through benchmarking and performance measurement. Performance measures were developed to determine the success of each KLE by generating quantitative data from qualitative information. The development of a performance measurement-based assessment system promotes continuity and meaningful information to shape future engagements.
Causal Threat Modeling Applied to the Horn of Africa
Authors: Cromer Steven , McDonald Connor , Monahan Thomas , Shields Seth , DuBois Patrick
Published: March 2021

Initially developed to defeat the increasing threat of improvised explosive devices (IED) during the height of the Iraq War in 2003, DTRA/JD quickly evolved into the Department of Defense’s (DoD) main effort in countering and reducing the effect of improvised threats. Following a suggestion from DTRA/JD about project leads, our team reached out to AFRICOM and began working on a problem narrowly tailored toward their mission. AFRICOM’s strategic focus in East Africa and the complex situation involving refugees and internally displaced persons in the region require a systematic method to identify the most prevalent threats and their relationship with one another. This paper describes a method to leverage publicly available information (PAI) and K-Means Clustering to identify threats and model their interdependence using a Systems Dynamic model. The output will show the greatest threat to a region enabling a decision maker within AFRICOM to enact policy to reduce the overall threat level.
The Awareness of Cyber Security in Distance Learning
Authors: Ibrahim Manal
Published: March 2021

The present paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of a training program in improving the awareness of cyber security in distance learning among female primary school science teachers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher used the quasi-experimental approach based on the one-group experimental design; the study tool was the cyber security awareness scale. The sample consisted of 30 teachers. The pre-application of the cyber security awareness scale was performed, then teachers were trained on the proposed program during the first semester of 2020–2021. At the end of the experiment, the post-scale was conducted. The results show that there are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the teachers in the pre- and post-application phases of testing of the cyber security awareness scale for the sake of the post application. These differences indicate the degree of effectiveness of the suggested training program. A number of recommendations are suggested in light of the obtained results.
Prosodically-conditioned factive inferences in Korean: An experimental study
Authors: Jeong Sunwoo
Published: March 2021

Much work has been done to capture the systematic variation in projective behaviors of factive inferences. However, not as much has been said about variation in factivity below the level of projection. This paper presents an experimental study which probes and confirms that Korean showcases patterns of variation in this vein: Factive inferences systematically arise from certain V+CPs, but only under certain prosody, even in unembedded contexts. Characterizing this pattern as 'prosodically-conditioned factive inferences', the paper proposes a pragmatic analysis of it couched in alternative semantics. The analysis motivates and defends a new interpretive principle which governs how alternatives come into contrast with each other, and re-examines the ontological status of factivity.
Factive Islands and Interrogative Logical Triviality
Authors: Kalpak Hana
Published: March 2021

Factive predicates can prevent wh-movement from the clauses they embed (Cinque 1990). This 'factive island' effect has recently been analysed as resulting from pragmatic constraints on questions: wh-extraction is thought to be prohibited either because the resulting interrogative is systematically infelicitous(Schwarz & Simonenko 2018b), or because it is systematically blocked by competing interrogative forms (Schwarz, Oshima & Simonenko 2019). This paper notes empirical problems for both of these accounts, and offers an alternative explanation of factive islands in terms of 'IL-triviality', a novel extension of the notion of L-triviality (Gajewski 2002) to interrogative sentences.
The interaction of question particles and negation in embedded contexts: the case of alles
Authors: Chark Jordan
Published: March 2021

The German question particle alles (Reis 1992; Zimmermann 2007) is characterised in the semantic literature as imposing plurality and exhaustivity requirements on the answer space. We report on novel experimental probing the interaction of alles and negation in embedded questions. We investigated alles with three embedding predicates: vergessen 'forget', wissen 'know', and überraschen 'surprise'. The data show that alles may be focussed and contributes to at-issue propositional content, on the basis of its interaction with negation.
Montague Grammar Induction
Authors: Kim Gene Louis , White Aaron Steven
Published: March 2021

We propose a computational model for inducing full-fledged combinatory categorial grammars from behavioral data. This model contrasts with prior computational models of selection in representing syntactic and semantic types as structured (rather than atomic) objects, enabling direct interpretation of the modeling results relative to standard formal frameworks. We investigate the grammar our model induces when fit to a lexicon-scale acceptability judgment dataset – Mega Acceptability – focusing in particular on the types our model assigns to clausal complements and the predicates that select them.
Cross-categorial gradability in Logoori
Authors: Bowler Margit , Gluckman John
Published: March 2021

The central empirical observation of this paper is that there are polysemous lexical items in a number of unrelated languages that have similar, not intuitively related, meanings. These meanings are 'to arrive'/'to reach,' 'to be enough,' and 'must.' The central theoretical claim of this paper is based on a case study of one such polysemous lexical item in Logoori (Bantu, JE 41; Kenya). We argue that these three meanings all arise from a single semantic denotation that is sensitive to a shared gradable component in the semantics of linguistic expressions referring to spatial paths, gradable predicates, measures of plural count nouns/mass nouns, and modals. The main theoretical issue addressed in this paper is the application of ordered, abstract scales in a model of grammar. This paper is an abridged version of Bowler & Gluckman, to appear.
Comparing Conventions
Authors: Rudolph Rachel Etta , Kocurek Alexander W.
Published: March 2021

We offer a novel account of metalinguistic comparatives, such as 'Al is more wise than clever'. On our view, metalinguistic comparatives express comparative commitments to conventions. Thus, 'Al is more wise than clever' expresses that the speaker has a stronger commitment to a convention on which Al is wise than to a convention on which she is clever. This view avoids problems facing previous approaches to metalinguistic comparatives. It also fits within a broader framework --- independently motivated by metalinguistic negotiations and convention-shifting expressions --- that gives linguistic conventions a role in the semantics.
Wh-the-hell as a polarity-insensitive, speaker-oriented domain restrictor
Authors: Martin Joshua Robert
Published: March 2021

I argue for a reanalysis of "wh-the-hell" questions as restrictions on the domain of alternatives, rather than polarity items or domain extensions. This analysis returns to their original characterization as "aggressively non-D-linked" by specifying what it means to be D-linked, and in doing so captures a number of otherwise unconnected properties of such questions without positing extraneous features. Consequences of the proposal include a new notion of question-specific contextuality, evidence for an inquisitive semantic condition on sluicing, and a potential general discourse restriction on wh-movement.
From maximality to bias: Biased A-not-A questions in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Ye Shumian
Published: March 2021

This study aims to derive the epistemic bias in shi-bu-shi questions, a type of A-not-A question in Mandarin Chinese. I propose: (i) the focus marker shi presupposes that its prejacent is a possible complete answer to the current Question Under Discussion (QUD); (ii) accordingly, shi-bu-shi questions are presupposed to be part of the Focus-strategy of inquiry; (iii) the Focus-strategy of inquiry indicates the questioner's intention to close the current QUD as soon as possible, and to achieve this goal, the questioner should check the answer that she considers most likely to be true. By assuming such completeness-to-likelihood reasoning, a novel link between focus in polar questions and question bias is established. The ramifications of this proposal for related phenomena (e.g., bias in embedded questions, evidential bias) are then discussed.
Numeral Any: the view from Farsi
Authors: Alonso-Ovalle Luis , Moghiseh Esmail
Published: March 2021

This paper documents a dimension of crosslinguistic variation among Universal Free Choice Items. In English, the distribution and interpretation of any DPs containing a numeral ("numeral any") differs from that of any DPs with no numeral (Dayal 2005, 2013; Chierchia 2013). In contrast, the Farsi counterparts of any and numeral any mirror each other. Two competing analyses of the contrast between any and numeral any are assessed against the Farsi data – the Wide Scope Constraint Analysis (Chierchia 2013) and the Viability Constraint Analysis (Dayal 2013). The paper shows that, with minimal extensions, either analysis can capture the behavior of the Farsi counterpart of numeral any with distributive predicates. The situation changes, however, when the minimally modified analyses are assessed with respect to sentences with collective predicates: the extended Wide Scope Constraint Analysis captures the attested interpretation of those sentences, but the extended Viability Constraint Analysis rules them out, undergenerating.
Composing CPs: Evidence from disjunction and conjunction
Authors: Bassi Itai , Bondarenko Tatiana
Published: March 2021

In this paper we compare CP disjunction to TP disjunction and CP conjunction to TP conjunction, and conclude that CPs and TPs do not have identical meanings (cf. similar observations reported in Szabolcsi 1997, 2016; Bjorkman 2013). We argue that this result is incompatible with the view that the CP layer of embedded clauses is semantically vacuous. We propose that the differences between CPs and TPs can be explained under a particular implementation of Kratzer's approach to the semantics of clausal embedding (Kratzer 2006, 2016; Bogal-Allbritten 2016, 2017; Moulton 2009, 2015; Elliott 2017), according to which CPs denote predicates of events whose content equals the embedded proposition.
Composing reciprocity: An analysis of scattered reciprocal
Authors: Kobayashi Filipe Hisao
Published: March 2021

Scattered reciprocals (SRs) are Brazilian Portuguese constructions built from two discontinuous phrases which can offer a new window into the issue of the building blocks of reciprocity. By investigating how reciprocity is compositionally built in sentences with SRs, a puzzle emerges: SRs can apparently take split scope around other quantifiers, but only if these quantifiers are pronounced in a position outside of the reciprocal's scope domain. I argue that these are only apparent cases of split scope and, building on Murray (2008) and Dotlačil (2012), I propose a decompositional account of reciprocals which is formalized in Champollion, Bledin & Li's (2017) Plural Predicate Logic, a static logic which makes use of sets of assignment functions to model plurals. The resulting analysis allows us to view SRs and reciprocal pronouns like each other as being built from the same pieces, with the only difference between them being in how they are syntactically built.
Ignorance, Introspection, and Epistemic Modals
Authors: Crnic Luka , Trinh Tue
Published: March 2021

Embedded epistemic modals are infelicitous under desire predicates when they are anchored to the belief state of the attitude holder (see, esp., Anand & Hacquard 2013). We present two ways of deriving this observation from an inde- pendently motivated property of desire predicates (Heim 1992; von Fintel 1999).
Asymmetries between uniqueness and familiarity in the semantics of definite descriptions
Authors: Srinivas Sadhwi , Rawlins Kyle , Heller Daphna
Published: March 2021

In over a century of research into the English definite article "the", two main theoretical factors have been identified as relevant to its meaning: namely, (i) uniqueness and (ii) familiarity. The identification of these factors has led to an extensive debate in semantics about which of them is more fundamental to the meaning of "the". In this paper, we contribute to this debate by introducing novel data obtained through two controlled psycholinguistic experiments. We manipulated uniqueness and familiarity of potential referents, examining how these factors affect the comprehension and production of English definite descriptions. The behavioral results reveal an asymmetry between these two factors, with familiarity being a weaker cue than uniqueness – a pattern that is unexpected under any existing theory of definiteness. We close with a discussion of possible extensions to existing theories in light of this result, as well as avenues for future work.
Theoretical and empirical justification of hydrogen atom planetary model
Authors:   Butlerov Science Foundation, Potapov Aleksey A.
Published: March 2021

The basis for the hydrogen atom planetary model, which represents the development of the Rutherford-Bohr atom model, is presented. The measurements of the atom polarizability, radius, electric and magnetic moments, as well as the Stark and Zeeman effects are given as an argument. The central paragraph of the Article is a comparison of the binding energy obtained based on wave measurement data (the Rydberg constant) and the binding energy obtained by calculation according to the data of the electron charge and mass fundamental constants and applying the principle of momentum conservation. The substantiation of the atom stability is given proceeding from the atom planetary model. The nature and mechanism of the optical spectrum formation is discussed. The substantiation of the fine structure of the hydrogen atom spectral lines is presented, proceeding from the fundamental association between the electric field strength of the electron charge and the speed of its velocity. The origin of the optical spectrum hyperfine structure is discussed within the planetary model. The difficulty in constructing an acceptable theory of the electronic structure of atoms is primarily due to the complexity of obtaining direct information on the atoms internal structure. The point is that the outermost electron shell of an atom behaves itself like an effective screen for external probing electrical fields. This circumstance sharply limits the possibilities of experimental methods for studying the intra-atomic structure. On the other hand, it is imperative that the research methods being employed be non-destructive ones in order to obtain reliable information concerning the structure of atoms. This means that the action on the atom during measurement process must meet the condition of the electron shell perturbation smallness of the atom or ion being investigated. Concerns associated with the inaccessibility of the electronic structure of atoms served as a pretext for a conclusion of the limited possibilities of the empirical method of knowing the internal structure of atoms at the proper time.
Process features of neutralization of technical sulfuric acid with natural limestone
Authors:   JSC Uralmekhanobr (UMMC–Holding Corp.), Vzorodov Sergey A. , Klyushnikov Anton M. ,   JSC Uralmekhanobr (UMMC–Holding Corp.)
Published: March 2021

The work was devoted to the solution of the environmental problem associated with the disposal of sulfur dioxide emissions from metallurgical production at the Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant (Norilsk, Norilsk Nickel PJSC). For utilization of sulfur dioxide it is planned to build a sulfuric acid plant. Concentrated sulfuric acid produced at plant is planned to be neutralized with natural limestone. This work presents the results of the study on the neutralization of concentrated sulfuric acid with limestone pulp from the Mokulay deposit (Norilsk). The influence of the following parameters was investigated: limestone consumption, acid dosing rate, limestone pulp density. It is established that the process is limited by the internal diffusion of acid through the layer of gypsum. In order to eliminate internal diffusion process it is advisable to carry out neutralization in a periodic mode by introducing a strictly measured amount of acid into an excess amount of limestone pulp. This process allows one to speed up the process of neutralization in 3-3.5 times and achieve a higher value of the final pH of the pulp comparing with continuous process. Carrying out the process in the periodic way also makes it possible to achieve the complete absence of the release of acidic off-gas during neutralization. The optimal values of neutralization parameters were determined as the following: limestone pulp density was 11-12%, acid delivery time was 40 minutes, neutralization time was 20 minutes, and final pH value was at least 6.5, while the limestone feeding was an excessive by 22-28% from stoichiometry. It was shown that an increase in the limestone pulp density is impractical because it will lead to an increase in the duration of neutralization, as well as to a sharp increase in the viscosity of the gypsum pulp. That, in its turn, makes gypsum pulp difficult to flow from the neutralization apparatus. It was recommended to filter the resulting pulp in order to obtain a gypsum cake with a moisture content of about 55%. It was recommended to store cake on a special site. A flowsheet has been developed and process schedules have been implemented for the design of a neutralization plant with a capacity of up to 2 million tons technical sulfuric acid per year.
Study of the effect of stepped dosing of sulfuric acid in the process of decomposition of apatitis
Authors:   Kazan National Research Technological University, Sabirov Rauf F. , Makhotkin Alexey F. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Sakharov Yury N. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Makhotkin Igor A. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Sakharov Ilya Yu. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Durnik Roman V. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University
Published: March 2021

An experimental study of the effect of stepwise dosing of sulfuric acid in the process of decomposition of apatite with sulfuric acid has been performed. The process of decomposition of apatite in the apatite-H3PO4-H2SO4-H2O system was carried out with stepwise dosing of sulfuric acid. At the beginning of the process, the calculated amount of phosphoric acid and half of the stoichiometric amount of sulfuric acid required for the decomposition of the loaded amount of apatite was loaded into the batch reactor. It was experimentally shown that the pH of the reaction mixture at the beginning of the process increases to a pH value of 6.13, at the same time there is a decrease in the concentration of sulfuric acid and the formation of phosphoric acid, this is due to the decomposition of apatite in the reaction mixture. Already in the seventh minute, the concentration of sulfuric acid is zero, and the concentration of phosphoric acid has the first peak value, after which it begins to decrease. Thus, at the beginning of the process, the formation of phosphoric acid occurs due to the decomposition of apatite with sulfuric acid. Since sulfuric acid was added at the beginning of the process with a deficiency (0.5 mol) of sulfuric acid is not enough to decompose the charged apatite, a decrease in the concentration of phosphoric acid and the formation of monocalcium phosphate are observed after the peak. This is due to the consumption of phosphoric acid on the decomposition of the remaining apatite with the formation of monocalcium phosphate. At the 140th minute, the remaining stoichiometric amount of sulfuric acid was added to the reactor (0.5 mol), a sharp drop in pH to 5.48 and a simultaneous increase in the concentration of phosphoric acid were observed. Consequently, sulfuric acid is consumed for the decomposition of monocalcium phosphate. Thus, it was shown that with an insufficient amount of sulfuric acid, the resulting phosphoric acid is spent on the decomposition of apatite with the formation of monocalcium phosphate. Adding sulfuric acid makes it possible to extract production phosphoric acid from monocalcium phosphate.
Solid phase synthesis of calcium stearate on a modified screw equipment
Authors:   Kazan National Research Technological University, Momziakov Alexander A. , Deberdeev Timur R. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Deberdeev Rustam Ya. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Pecheny Eugeny A. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Nuriev Nail K. ,   Kazan National Research Technological University, Nafikova Railya F. ,   Ufa State Oil Technical University
Published: March 2021

Metal stearates are widely used in various industries: as a thickener, lubricants, auxiliary desiccant, emulsifier for cosmetics, chemical additives to synthetic rubbers and a stabilizing component in polyolefins (PE, PP), ABS plastic, polystyrene, polyamide and polyvinyl chloride ( PVC). The greatest interest in using the metal salt of stearic acid is stabilization of PVC. At present, technologies for the synthesis of divalent metal carboxylates have evolved in three directions: synthesis technology in solution, in the melt and in the solid phase. The latter was the most laborious at the end of the last century due to the lack of equipment that allowed the imposition of mechanical energy on the material in sufficient quantity to initiate chemical transformation. In the literature, experiments are carried out on planetary mills, attritors, rollers and Bridgman anvils. In devices of a similar design, the best conditions for the chemical process between the components of the reaction mixture are created. The chemical reaction proceeds as a result of the creation and subsequent relaxation of the stress field when applying a mechanical action to the reaction mixture. However, they did not give a high selectivity for the target product; therefore, the chemical industry of stabilizing additives focused on solution methods for producing metal carboxylates. The authors of the article have developed a new approach for the synthesis of calcium stearate in the solid phase on a modified screw apparatus. Screw machines, in turn, provide an increase in the number of contacts between reagents and, more significantly, the area of the contact interface. In addition, heat generation due to friction in the contact area can further intensify the process. The influence of the temperature range inside the material cylinder - the reactor, the screw rotation speed on the technical characteristics and the yield of calcium stearate was investigated. Mathematical processing of the results of the full factorial experiment was carried out. A comparison of the adequacy of the obtained linear equation and experimental data is carried out.
The identification of remains funeral food in clay molded vessels from burials by gaschromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors:   National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Pojidaev Victor M. , Sergeeva Yana E. ,   National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», Zaytseva Irina E. ,   Institute of Archeology RAS, Yatsishina Ekaterina B. ,   National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute»
Published: March 2021

The study of food products lipid residues found on external and internal surfaces of ancient clay or ceramic vessels, also their identification by chemical methods can provide valuable information about these vessels using and the food preferences of ancient people.Burial ground Shekshovo is a burial monument in Suzdal Opole, where in the course of archeological works, mound burial mounds with destroyed and undisturbed burials were detected. The samples extracts from ground filling 6 ceramic molded vessels from the burials of the XI century were investigated by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The various sterols were found by chromato-mass-spectrometric study of the fat residues. The main sterols was cholesterol, with insignificant admixtures of β-sitosterol and squalene. Monocarboxylic fatty acids (FAs) with carbon chain from 12 to 18, including lauric and myristic acids, as well as monocarboxylic acids odd-chain FAs and branch-chain FAs were detected in the studied extracts. The presence of cholesterol, lauric and myristic, as well as the high content of palmitic and stearic acids in extracts of soil samples from vessels, indicates the presence of animal fat in the remains of burial food. As result of comparison fatty acid profiles of soil extracts from archaeological vessels with literature data about fatty acids content of various fats, It was suggested that the remains of the burial food of three samples were contained the fat of ruminants (cattle, sheep or goats), the other three samples were contained animal fat single-chamber stomach (pigs or horses).