bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exciton Magnetic Polarons in CdZnTe/CdZnMnTe Quantum Well
Authors: Grabecki G. , Takeyama S. , Adachi S. , Takagi Y. , Wojtowicz T. , Karczewski G. , Kossut J.
Published: March 2014

Exciton photoluminescence has been measured in CdZnTe nonmagnetic single quantum wells surrounded by the magnetic CdZnMnTe barriers. Detailed analysis of the both temperature and magnetic field behaviors of the exciton PL lines points to the conclusion that the contribution from the magnetic polaron and/or magnetization fluctuations to the exciton localization energy is rather small and does not exceed 2 meV even at pumping He temperatures, in the quantum wells as narrow as 1.3 nm.
Resonant Raman Scattering and Photoluminescence in Zn1-xCdxSe–ZnSe Superlattice
Authors: Li Chi , Fan X. W. , Yang B. J.
Published: March 2014

The Raman scattering and photoluminescence from a Zn0.76Cd0.24Se-ZnSe superlattice at room temperature and 77 K have been studied. Two kinds of LO phonon confined modes were observed in detail for the first time, they were ascribed to those of ZnSe barrier layers and Zn0.76Cd0.24Se well layers in the superlattice, respectively. Four orders of LOw multi-phonon modes for well layers, including Stokes and anti-Stokes, and five orders of LOb multi-phonon modes for barrier layers were seen clearly at room temperature. At 77 K every order of LO phonon modes shifts a little toward lower frequency. Three photoluminescence peaks located at 2.478 eV (19990 cm-1), 2.554 eV (20600 cm1) and 2.387 eV (19250 cm-1) were observed at room temperature.
Optical Properties and Electronic Structures of Self-Organized Quantum Well (CnH2n+1NH3)2PbX4 (X=I, Br, Cl)
Authors: Ishihara Teruya , Hirasawa Masakatsu , Goto Takenari
Published: March 2014

We observed a prominent absorption peak due to the lowest exciton state in the two-dimensional perovskite crystals at 2.55eV for (C10H21NH3)2PbI4, 3.17eV for (C10H21NH3)2PbBr4, and 3.75eV for (C10H21NH3)2PbCl4, respectively. The less prominent structures in the absorption spectrum above the lowest exciton shifts as a whole, as the halogen goes from I to Cl, which shows that the optical excitation in these compounds is not due to the intraatomic transition in the Pb atom (cationic transition) but due to the interatomic transition from the halogen atom to the Pb atom. We performed tight binding calculations of the electronic band structure, which explain the energy shift and the polarization dependence of the reflection spectra.
Excitonic Properties of ZnSe–ZnCdSe Multiple Quantum Wells under High Excitation Density
Authors: Lu Y. M. , Fan X. W. , Chen L. C. , Yang B. J. , Zhang J. Y. , Zhang X. Q. , Li W. S.
Published: March 2014

ZnSe-Zn0.78Cd0.22Se MQWs are grown on GaAs(100) substrate by MOCVD. The photoluminescence (PL) under pulsed N2 laser excitation is investigated in detail. The bands observed in PL spectra at 77K are attributed to the n = 1,2 heavy-hole exciton transitions, respectively. In high-density excitation the excitonic recombination is mainly on the exciton interaction, involves the exciton-electron (Ex-x) and exciton-exciton (Ex-Ex) interactions. The stimulated emission due to Ex-Ex scattering is observed at 77K in ZnSe-ZnCdSe MQWs.
Persistent Spectral Hole Burning Phenomenon of Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Observation, Mechanism and Application
Authors: Masumoto Yasuaki
Published: March 2014

Persistent spectral hole-burning phenomenon was observed generally in semiconductor nanocrystals, CdSe, CdSSe, CuCl and CuBr, embedded in glass and crystal. Hole depth grew in proportion to logarithm of the burning fluence. Thermally-annealing and light-induced hole-filling phenomena were observed. The hole-burning and hole-filling experiments are well explained by the model of the two-level-system in the configuration coordinates. Possible application of the persistent spectral hole burning phenomenon is discussed.
Gain and Excitonic Nonlinearity in Binary and Ternary ZnSe-Based Quantum Well Structures
Authors: Lowisch Martin , Kreller Frank , Puls Joachim , Henneberger Fritz
Published: March 2014

This paper compares the nonlinear optical properties of multiple quantum well (MQW) - structures with binary (ZnSe/ZnMnSe) and ternary (ZnCdSe/ZnSe) wells grown by MBE. Pump-probe experiments and high-excitation PL measurements are carried out to study the excitonic nonlinearity as well as gain processes. We find that the nonlinear optical response is qualitatively different in these two structures as a result of the different kind of disorder present in the quantum well.
Optical Absorption of Molecular Chains with Conformational Disorder
Authors: Ezaki Hiromi , Tokihiro Tetsuji , Hanamura Eiichi
Published: March 2014

In Frenkel exciton systems, conformational disorder in a molecular chain leads to randomness of orientation of transition dipole moments which simultaneously induces randomness of exciton transfer. The optical absorption spectrum is sensitive to both of randomness and represents their correlation effect. The drastic change of the spectral profile near the critical point of helix-coil phase transition is also demonstrated.
Formation of Dye-Doped Silica Particles
Authors: Shibata S. , Yano T. , Yamane M.
Published: March 2014

Two types of sol-gel fabrication techniques have been investigated for preparing micrometer-sized dye-doped silica particles. For hydrophilic dye-doping, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was added into dye-dissolved alcohol solution containing ammonia water as a catalyst For hydrophobic dye-doping, polymerized phenyltriethoxysilane (PTES) in HCI solution containing dyes was titrated into ammonia water with stirring to make organic-inorganic(SiO2) particles by emulsion method. In both of them, interactions between dyes and matrices of the particles were essential to control their properties such as particle size, monomer dye doping ratio: In hydrophilic dyes charges of dyes and silica particles, and in hydrophobic dyes affinity between incorporated dyes and polymerized PTES.
Writing Waveguides in Silica-related Glasses with Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Hirao Kazuyuki , Miura Kiyotaka
Published: March 2014

Permanent optical waveguides could be written in bulk glasses with a 800 nm, 120 fs, 200 kHz laser beam. The writing of waveguides ( damage lines ) were carried out by translating the sample parallel to axis of the laser beam. By focusing the laser beam via a microscope objective damage lines which are stable at room temperature and visible under microscope magnification were produced with an increase of refractive index change of 0.04. For several damage lines, the near and far field pattern were observed. From mode profiles of several patterns, it was confirmed the damage lines were employed as an optical waveguide. This new technique gives possibilities in the field of integrated optics, especially for the conception of compact, all-solid-state laser, amplifiers and optical switches.
Fibre and Waveguide Refractive Index Measurements with AFM Resolution
Authors: Huntington S. T. , Roberts A. , Nugent K. A. , Mulvaney P. , Bazylenko M.
Published: March 2014

The use of preferential etching and atomic force microscopy to measure the refractive index profiles of optical fibres and silica waveguides is discussed. The validity of the technique itself is investigated. Several types of fibres including an elliptical core fibre have been profiled and the results compared to the preform refractive index profiles. Similarly, planar waveguides made by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) have been measured and the results correlated with the fabrication process. The lateral resolution of this technique is of order a few nanometers.
Time Evolution of Electro-optic Effect in Fibre During Thermal Poling
Authors: Wong D. , Xu W. , Janos M. , Chow J. , Hall R. , Fleming S.
Published: March 2014

Poled silica fibre with electro-optic effect expands the photonic functionality of the fibre. The understanding of its origin, however, is in a similar way to that of fibre Bragg grating formation, still not very clear. More experimental data is needed in order to clarify the process. In this paper, we present the measurement of the time evolution of the electro-optic effect in silica fibre during thermal poling. The new observation suggests that the current model of thermal poling of silica glass need to be modified.
Defect Formation in GeO2–SiO2 Glass by UV-excited Poling
Authors: Takahashi Masahide , Fujiwara Takumi , Ikushima Akira J.
Published: March 2014

We report on formation of Ge-related centers in GeO2-SiO2 glass fiber preform by poling with ArF laser excitation. Electric field dependence of the induced-defect concentrations was measured by means of the optical absorption Several color centers such as the germanium electron-trapped centers and the Ge E' center were induced. Concentrations of the induced germanium electron-trapped centers and Ge E' center increase with increasing the electric field. Conversion efficiency from the germanium electron-trapped centers to the Ge E' center was found to be independent of the electric field. The present result strongly suggests that the polingwith ArF laser excitati on is effective in the present GeO2-SiO2 glass for the formation of germanium electron-trapped centers.
Superconducting Tunnel Junctions as General Purpose Detectors
Authors: Shimizu Hirohiko M. , Ebisuzaki Toshikazu , Ikeda Tokihiro , Kato Hiroshi , Kawai Kazuhiko , Matsuoka Masaru , Miyasaka Hiromasa , Oku Takayuki , Otani Chiko , Sato Hiromi , Watanabe Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Superconducting tunnel junctions exhibit excellent performance in energy resolution together with the high rate counting capabilities which cannot be realized with conventional radiation detectors. We discuss possible improvements in astronomy and other research fields by employing superconducting tunnel junctions as detectors of X-rays and visible photons.
Effects of the interplanetary magnetic field on the twisting of the magnetotail: Global MHD results
Authors: Wang J. Y. , Wang C. , Huang Z. H. , Sun T. R.
Published: March 2014

We used the global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation to investigate effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on the twisting of the magnetotail. It is shown that the cross section of the magnetotail is elongated along a certain direction close to the IMF orientation. The elongated direction twists with the IMF orientation, magnitude, and the distance away from Earth, and the quantitative relationship has been given. In addition, the current sheet has a similar twisting behavior as the magnetotail magnetopause, with a smaller twisting angle. Our simulated results fall within the range that people have deduced from observations.
An oscillator model representative of electron interactions with EMIC waves
Authors: An Xin , Chen Lunjin , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M.
Published: March 2014

Nonlinear interactions of relativistic electrons with a monochromatic electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave were investigated in previous studies by solving the Lorentz equation for test particles. In the present study, we simplify the Lorentz equation to a set of oscillator equations, which capture the key features of the wave‐particle interaction. These reduced oscillator equations confirm that the inhomogeneity ratio plays an important role in determining the nonlinear nature of the interaction with a monochromatic wave. When considering the case of two discrete wave elements, three general regimes were identified in the nonlinear interactions, depending on the separation of the two wave numbers: There were (1) a decoupled regime in which electrons pass only one of the two distant resonance points, (2) a coupled regime in which electrons pass both of the two moderately separated resonance points, and (3) a degenerate regime in which electrons pass two closely situated resonance points. The decoupled and degenerate regimes in the nonlinear interaction are characterized by phase bunching. However, the electrons experience alternate trapping and detrapping near the separatrix in the coupled regime, leading to chaotic nature of electrons' motion. The linear interaction region is also considered, where the linear superposition principle is tested. The linear approximation results generally agree with the two‐wave simulation except in the coupled regime.
Near‐prospective test of Coulomb stress triggering
Authors: Strader Anne , Jackson David D.
Published: March 2014

Numerous studies retrospectively observed a strong association between earthquake location and increased static Coulomb stress. In addition to confirming these results for southern California seismicity, we observed prospective forecasting potential in static stress evolution. With 141 seismic and 98 aseismic stress sources, we considered alternate choices of stress components and receiver fault orientations, examined the effect of Coulomb triggering on earthquake magnitude, calculated stress histories for receiver quakes to see if some occurred after their stress had peaked, examined whether stress changes from the Hector Mine earthquake alone changed the earthquake rate as expected, and estimated the conditional distribution of earthquake occurrence given resolved Coulomb stress change. We found that with 95% confidence, M ≥ 2.8 receiver earthquakes nucleate in areas of shear or Coulomb stress change increase. On average, 59% of earthquakes occurred within stress‐enhanced zones, regardless of the choice of rupture plane or type of stress change. The 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake increased the seismicity in regions of positive and negative stress change but more so in the positive regions. Earthquakes frequently occur after their calculated peak stress has occurred, indicating that elastic calculations do not tell the whole story. We found no significant evidence that stress change affects the magnitude of receiver quakes. Thus, instantaneous Coulomb and shear stress change apparently influence the locations but not the magnitudes of future earthquakes.
Climate Model Intercomparisons: Preparing for the Next Phase
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Moss Richard , Taylor Karl E. , Eyring Veronika , Stouffer Ronald J. , Bony Sandrine , Stevens Bjorn
Published: March 2014

Since 1995, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has coordinated climate model experiments involving multiple international modeling teams. Through CMIP, climate modelers and scientists from around the world have analyzed and compared state‐of‐the‐art climate model simulations to gain insights into the processes, mechanisms, and consequences of climate variability and climate change. This has led to a better understanding of past, present, and future climate, and CMIP model experiments have routinely been the basis for future climate change assessments made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [e.g., IPCC, 2013, and references therein].
Global Forest Watch Initiative Provides Opportunity for Worldwide Monitoring
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: March 2014

A new initiative is using advances in satellite technology, open access to data, cloud computing, and crowdsourcing to try to stem deforestation around the world.
Coastal turbulence is highly heterogeneous
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: March 2014

When fresh river water first flows into the salty coastal ocean, the two types of water remain highly stratified. However, the difference in velocity between the river and ocean waters can cause turbulence—chaotic motion that breaks through density barriers and promotes mixing. Understanding the role of turbulence in driving coastal water properties—from temperature to salinity to nutrient load distributions—requires a more complete understanding of the physics of coastal turbulence.
Surface Plasmon Enhanced Hot Exciton Emission in Deep UV‐Emitting AlGaN Multiple Quantum Wells
Authors: Yin Jun , Li Yang , Chen Shengchang , Li Jing , Kang Junyong , Li Wei , Jin Peng , Chen Yonghai , Wu Zhihao , Dai Jiangnan , Fang Yanyan , Chen Changqing
Published: March 2014

The surface plasmon (SP)‐exciton coupling effect has attractive potential applications in nitride semiconductor‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with improved performances by enhancing the spontaneous radiative recombination rate, especially for AlGaN‐based deep UV LEDs with an intrinsic low internal quantum efficiency (IQE). In this work, significant deep UV emission enhancement is demonstrated on AlGaN‐based multiple quantum well (MQW) structure by introducing the coupling of local surface plasmons (LSPs) from Al nanoparticles (NPs) with the excitons in AlGaN MQWs. By precisely manipulating the size of the Al NPs, the evolution of emission wavelength and enhancement ratio for the SP‐coupled AlGaN MQWs along with the change of the LSP properties is investigated in detail. With respect to the bare MQWs, strong emission enhancements accompanied by large shifts towards shorter wavelengths are observed from the AlGaN MQW structure decorated with Al NPs, which is proposed to originate from the suppressing of the ground state exciton emission and the strongly enhanced emission from the high‐order QW exciton states by the LSP–exciton coupling process. Theoretical calculations confirm that the higher energy sub‐band e2–hh2 transition from the MQWs is the maximum enhanced emission channel through the SP coupling process.
Fullerene Nucleating Agents: A Route Towards Thermally Stable Photovoltaic Blends
Authors: Lindqvist Camilla , Bergqvist Jonas , Feng Ching‐Chiao , Gustafsson Stefan , Bäcke Olof , Treat Neil D. , Bounioux Céline , Henriksson Patrik , Kroon Renee , Wang Ergang , Sanz‐Velasco Anke , Kristiansen Per Magnus , Stingelin Natalie , Olsson Eva , Inganäs Olle , Andersson Mats R. , Müller Christian
Published: March 2014

The bulk‐heterojunction nanostructure of non‐crystalline polymer:fullerene blends has the tendency to rapidly coarsen when heated above its glass transition temperature, which represents an important degradation mechanism. We demonstrate that fullerene nucleating agents can be used to thermally arrest the nanostructure of photovoltaic blends that comprise a non‐crystalline thiophene‐quinoxaline copolymer and the widely used fullerene derivative [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). To this end, C60 fullerene is employed to efficiently nucleate PCBM crystallization. Sub‐micrometer‐sized fullerene crystals are formed when as little as 2 wt% C60 with respect to PCBM is added to the blend. These reach an average size of only 200 nanometers upon introduction of more than 8 wt% C60. Solar cells based on C60‐nucleated blends indicate significantly improved thermal stability of the bulk‐heterojunction nanostructure even after annealing at an elevated temperature of 130 °C, which lies above the glass transition temperature of the blend. Moreover, we find that various other compounds, including C70 fullerene, single‐walled carbon nanotubes, and sodium benzoate, as well as a number of commercial nucleating agents—commonly used to clarify isotactic polypropylene—permit to control crystallization of the fullerene phase.
Association of television viewing time with central obesity status in rural Asian Indian Women: Santiniketan women study
Authors: Ghosh Arnab , Bhagat Minakshi
Published: March 2014

Objectives

The present community based cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate anthropometric and body composition measures, and blood pressure characteristics by TV viewing times in rural women of Asian Indian Origin.

Methods

A total of 343 apparently healthy rural Asian Indian women living in and around Santiniketan, West Bengal, India and aged between 25 and 65 years took part in the study. Anthropometric measures namely body mass index (BMI), percentages of body fat (PBF), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and intra‐abdominal visceral fat (IVF) were measured using an Omron body fat analyzer. Fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), arm muscle area (AMA), arm fat area (AFA), and arm muscle circumference (AMC) were calculated using standard techniques. Each individual was also asked how many minutes/day they spend watching TV.

Results

Comparison of central obesity status (CNO = waist circumference < 80 cm and CO = waist circumference ≥ 80 cm) by TV viewing times (categories) revealed a significant difference [
14.29] for central obesity status across the groups.

Conclusion

Increased leisure‐time activity was associated with central obesity status and warrant early intervention to prevent increasing incidences of cardiovascular disease in this population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:427–430, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel mechanism for cyclic adenosine monophosphate–mediated memory formation: Role of amyloid beta
Authors: Ricciarelli Roberta , Puzzo Daniela , Bruno Olga , Canepa Elisa , Gardella Elena , Rivera Daniela , Privitera Lucia , Domenicotti Cinzia , Marengo Barbara , Marinari Umberto Maria , Palmeri Agostino , Pronzato Maria Adelaide , Arancio Ottavio , Fedele Ernesto
Published: March 2014

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates long‐term potentiation (LTP) and ameliorates memory in healthy and diseased brain. Increasing evidence shows that, under physiological conditions, low concentrations of amyloid β (Aβ) are necessary for LTP expression and memory formation. Here, we report that cAMP controls amyloid precursor protein (APP) translation and Aβ levels, and that the modulatory effects of cAMP on LTP occur through the stimulation of APP synthesis and Aβ production. Ann Neurol 2014;75:602–607
Mechanisms and effects of “fat taste” in humans
Authors: Tucker Robin M. , Mattes Richard D. , Running Cordelia A.
Published: March 2014

Evidence supporting a “taste” cue from fat in the oral cavity continues to accrue. The proposed stimuli for fat taste, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), are released from food through hydrolytic rancidity and lipase activity derived from foods or saliva. NEFA must then be released from the food matrix, negotiate the aqueous environment to reach taste cell surfaces, and interact with receptors such as CD36 and GPR120 or diffuse across cell membranes to initiate a taste signal. Knowledge of these processes in non‐gustatory tissues should inform understanding of taste responses to NEFA. Additionally, downstream effects of oral triglyceride exposure have been observed in numerous studies. Data specific to effects of NEFA versus triglyceride are scarce, but modified sham feeding trials with triglyceride document cephalic phase responses including elevations in serum lipids and insulin as well as potential, but debated, effects on gut peptides, appetite, and thermogenesis. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which NEFA migrate to and interact with taste cells, and then we examine physiological responses to oral fat exposure. © 2014 BioFactors, 40(3):313–326, 2014
SMEs and the Potential for A Collaborative Path to Environmental Responsibility
Authors: Lewis Kate V. , Cassells Sue , Roxas Hernan
Published: March 2014

Globally, the potential for small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) to collectively impact negatively on the environment is great. Therefore, the adoption, and maintenance, of environmentally responsible practices by this group of firms is especially critical. Studies of environmental practices successfully implemented by small firms have revealed that relationships with other firms, or other organizations, can contribute to greater awareness of the benefits of such activities and, therefore, enhance the possibility of environmental engagement. Collaborative relationships may provide opportunities for SMEs to overcome some of the barriers to implementing environmental initiatives associated with their size, and/or associated characteristics. This paper focuses on attitudes of SME owner‐managers to a variety of environmental issues (including regulation and voluntary standards), and to collaborating with other firms (in either a formal or informal sense). The data this paper draws upon are from two waves of an ongoing longitudinal survey of New Zealand SMEs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A generalized prestressing algorithm for finite element simulations of preloaded geometries with application to the aorta
Authors: Weisbecker Hannah , Pierce David M. , Holzapfel Gerhard A.
Published: March 2014

Finite element models reconstructed from medical imaging data, for example, computed tomography or MRI scans, generally represent geometries under in vivo load. Classical finite element approaches start from an unloaded reference configuration. We present a generalized prestressing algorithm based on a concept introduced by Gee et al. (Int. J. Num. Meth. Biomed. Eng. 26:52‐72, 2012) in which an incremental update of the displacement field in the classical approach is replaced by an incremental update of the deformation gradient field. Our generalized algorithm can be implemented in existing finite element codes with relatively low implementation effort on the element level and is suitable for material models formulated in the current or initial configurations. Applicable to any finite element simulations started from preloaded geometries, we demonstrate the algorithm and its convergence properties on an academic example and on a segment of a thoracic aorta meshed from MRI data. Furthermore, we present an example to discuss the influence of neglecting prestresses in geometries obtained from medical images, a topic on which conflicting statements are found in the literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Needle tract seeding: An avoidable complication
Authors: Tyagi Ruchita , Dey Pranab
Published: March 2014

Needle tract seeding refers to implantation of tumor cells by contamination when instruments like biopsy needles are used to examine, excise or ablate a tumor. Implantation along needle tract may lead to change of stage of the tumor, converting a resectable tumor into an inoperable one. In this paper we have reviewed the cases of needle tract seeding due to fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) procedure. We analyzed the various aspects of needle tract seedling and suggested how to take precautionary measures to prevent it. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:636–640. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preliminary examination of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels in women with purging disorder and bulimia nervosa
Authors: Dossat Amanda M. , Bodell Lindsay P. , Williams Diana L. , Eckel Lisa A. , Keel Pamela K.
Published: March 2014

Objective

This study examined pre‐ and postprandial glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) levels in women with bulimia nervosa (BN), purging disorder (PD), and non‐eating disorder control women to better understand whether alterations in satiation‐related hormones in BN may be linked to binge‐eating episodes or other altered ingestive behaviors.

Method

Participants included women with BN (n = 19), PD (n = 14), or controls (n = 14). Participants provided subjective ratings for hunger and fullness and plasma samples before and after consumption of a standardized test meal.

Results

As expected, GLP‐1 levels increased significantly following test meal consumption; however, participants with BN displayed significantly lower GLP‐1 levels compared to PD and control participants both before and after consumption of the test meal. There were no significant differences between PD and control participants in GLP‐1 levels, but individuals with PD displayed significantly higher levels of fullness throughout the test meal as compared to both control and BN participants.

Discussion

Our findings provide preliminary evidence that reduced GLP‐1 levels in individuals with BN may be associated with binge‐eating episodes. Additionally, increased fullness in individuals with PD does not appear to be accounted for by exaggerated postprandial GLP‐1 release. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:199–205
Which Way Does the Wind Blow? Analysing the State Context for Renewable Energy Deployment in the United States
Authors: Fischlein Miriam , Feldpausch‐Parker Andrea M. , Peterson Tarla R. , Stephens Jennie C. , Wilson Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2014

Wind power is an important low‐carbon technology and the most rapidly growing renewable energy technology in the US, but there is significant state‐by‐state variation in wind power distribution. This variation cannot be explained solely by wind resource patterns or US state policy and points to the importance of both local and central governance. We outline the national context for wind deployment in the US and then explore the sub‐national, state‐level factors shaping wind deployment patterns. We probe the socio‐political context across four US states by integrating multiple research methods. Through comparative state‐level analysis of the energy system, energy policy, public discourse as represented in the media and state‐level, energy policy stakeholders' perceptions we examine variation in the context for wind deployment in Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana and Texas. Our results demonstrate that different patterns of wind deployment and different debates about wind power have emerged in each locale. Participants across the different states appear to frame the risks and benefits of wind power in significantly different ways. We discuss the impact of risks and benefit frames on energy policy outcomes. The comparative assessment highlights the complex interplay between central and local governance and explores the significant socio‐political variation between states. The study contributes to the understanding of energy technology deployment processes, decision‐making and energy policy outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
‘Going Green’?: The Limitations of Behaviour Change Programmes as a Policy Response to Escalating Resource Consumption
Authors: Moloney Susie , Strengers Yolande
Published: March 2014

This paper contributes to a growing body of literature highlighting the limitations of behaviour change and the emergence of a social practice approach to reframe responses to escalating resource consumption. Drawing insights from interviews with Australian households and workshops with behaviour change practitioners, we demonstrate how the ‘Going Green’ discourse, which focuses on targeting individuals to participate in ‘easy’ sustainability actions, overlooks the majority of consumption implicated in everyday practices. This leaves unchallenged the complex ways in which our lives are becoming more resource intensive. We argue for an ontological framing of social change underpinned by theories of social practice. Rather than considering policies, regulations and infrastructures involving urban form, housing, transport and infrastructure provision as ‘external factors’ separate from behaviour, practice theories accord them integral status in the constitution of social order and change. This represents a more challenging agenda for practitioners and governments in shifting and transforming everyday life. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Performance implications of chemical mobilization after microchannel IEF
Authors: Tentori Augusto M. , Herr Amy E.
Published: March 2014

Chemical mobilization following IEF enables single‐point detection of an ideally stationary equilibrium electrophoresis mode. Despite prior studies exploring optimization of chemical mobilization conditions and recent insight from numerical simulations, understanding of both chemical mobilization mechanisms and the implications of mobilization on IEF analytical performance remains limited. In this study, we utilize full‐field imaging of microchannel IEF to assess the performance of a range of canonical chemical mobilization schemes. We empirically demonstrate and characterize key areas where limited understanding of performance implications exists, including: the effects of mobilization solution pH and ion concentration, differences between ionic and zwitterionic mobilization, and diffusion as a source of zone broadening. We utilize Simul5 simulations to gain insight into the sources of the measured performance differences. Measurements of the location, linearity, and slope of the IEF pH gradient (via fluorescent pH markers imaged before and during mobilization) as well as mobilization‐associated broadening of focused analytes were performed to quantify performance and determine the dominant sources of variability. Our results suggest that nonuniform broadening of the pH gradient and changes in the pH gradient linearity stem from conductivity nonuniformities in the separation channel and not diffusion‐associated band broadening during mobilization.
Multivariate time series models for prediction of air quality inside a public transportation bus using available software
Authors: Kadiyala Akhil , Kumar Ashok
Published: March 2014

Indoor air pollution predictions, if reliable and accurate, could play an important role in managing indoor air quality (IAQ). Accurate predictions of the air contaminants inside a transit microenvironment could assist vehicle manufacturers in the design of optimal ventilation systems by facilitating adequate air exchange rate that can prevent the buildup of in‐vehicle contaminants beyond recommended IAQ guidelines. The predictions can also be of particular interest to the public in understanding the possible levels of exposure when commuting during different time periods of a day. Due to the simple structure and the robustness in prediction, the use of time series models is greatly encouraged. This study demonstrates the methodology to develop and validate the multivariate time series transfer function models (ARMAX/ARIMAX) for the in‐bus contaminant concentrations of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide using available software. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 337–341, 2014
Online Diagnosis of PEMFC by Combining Support Vector Machine and Fluidic Model
Authors: Li Z. , Giurgea S. , Outbib R. , Hissel D.
Published: March 2014

This paper deals with the online fault diagnosis of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack. In the proposed approach, support vector machine (SVM) and a fluidic model are correlated to realize the diagnosis of the faults on water management. With the help of the fluidic model, health states of the stack can be identified. This procedure is then dedicated to labeling the training data, which is used to train the dimension reduction model, named Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA), and the SVM classifier. The online diagnosis can then be realized by using the trained FDA and SVM models. The proposed approach is illustrated by using the experimental data of a 20‐cell PEMFC stack. The feasibility of the approach for online implementation is also affirmed.
A gradual increase of iron toward the medial‐inferior tip of the subthalamic nucleus
Authors: de Hollander Gilles , Keuken Max C. , Bazin Pierre‐Louis , Weiss Marcel , Neumann Jane , Reimann Katja , Wähnert Miriam , Turner Robert , Forstmann Birte U. , Schäfer Andreas
Published: March 2014

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an important node of the cortico‐basal ganglia network and the main target of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease. Histological studies have revealed an inhomogeneous iron distribution within the STN, which has been related to putative subdivisions within this nucleus. Here, we investigate the iron distribution in more detail using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast mechanism. QSM allows for detailed assessment of iron content in both in vivo and postmortem tissue. Twelve human participants and 7 postmortem brain samples containing the STN were scanned using ultra‐high field 7 Tesla (T) MRI. Iron concentrations were found to be higher in the medial‐inferior tip of the STN. Using quantitative methods we show that the increase of iron concentration towards the medial‐inferior tip is of a gradual rather than a discrete nature. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4440–4449, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intranasal submucosal bevacizumab for epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Riss Dominik , Burian Martin , Wolf Axel , Kranebitter Veronika , Kaider Alexandra , Arnoldner Christoph
Published: March 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of bevacizumab (“Avastin”) for the treatment of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).

Methods

In this double blind, placebo controlled trial, 15 adult patients with HHT with a minimum of 2 epistaxis episodes per week were randomized. A history of thromboembolic events or recent or planned surgery led to exclusion. Patients received a single intranasal submucosal injection (10 mL) of 100 mg bevacizumab or placebo. The primary outcome was the relative reduction of average daily epistaxis visual analog score (VAS).

Results

Average daily posttreatment VAS scores decreased by 27% in the bevacizumab group and by 3% in the placebo group (p = .57). The reduction in HHT epistaxis severity scores was ‐0.61 greater in the bevacizumab group compared to the placebo group (p = .34).

Conclusion

Results show a trend toward reduced epistaxis with bevacizumab. This further supports the use of bevacizumab in HHT. Clincial Trials. gov number: NCT01314274 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 783–787, 2015
Improved NLDAS‐2 Noah‐simulated hydrometeorological products with an interim run
Authors: Xia Youlong , Peter‐Lidard Christa D. , Huang Maoyi , Wei Helin , Ek Mike
Published: March 2014

In North American Land Data Assimilation System Phase 2 (NLDAS‐2) Noah simulation, the NLDAS team introduced an intermediate ‘fix’ to constrain the surface exchange coefficient when the atmospheric boundary layer is stable. In the current NLDAS‐2 Noah version, this fix is used for all stable cases including snow‐free grid cells. In this study, we simply apply this fix to the grid cells in which both stable atmospheric boundary layer and snow exist simultaneously, excluding the snow‐free grid cells as we recognize that the fix in NLDAS‐2 is too strong. We conduct a 31‐year (1979–2009) NLDAS‐2 Noah interim (Noah‐I) run and use observed streamflow, evapotranspiration, land surface temperature, soil temperature, and ground heat flux to evaluate the results, including comparisons with the original NLDAS‐2 Noah run. The results show that Noah‐I has the same performance as NLDAS‐2 Noah for snow water equivalent; however, Noah‐I significantly improved the simulation of other hydrometeorological products as noted earlier when compared with NLDAS‐2 Noah and the observations. This simple modification is being included in the next Noah version used in NLDAS. The hydrometeorological products from the improved NLDAS‐2 Noah‐I are being staged on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction public server. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Objective validation of central sensitization in the rat UVB and heat rekindling model
Authors: Weerasinghe N.S. , Lumb B.M. , Apps R. , Koutsikou S. , Murrell J.C.
Published: March 2014

Background

The UVB and heat rekindling (UVB/HR) model shows potential as a translatable inflammatory pain model. However, the occurrence of central sensitization in this model, a fundamental mechanism underlying chronic pain, has been debated. Face, construct and predictive validity are key requisites of animal models; electromyogram (EMG) recordings were utilized to objectively demonstrate validity of the rat UVB/HR model.

Methods

The UVB/HR model was induced on the heel of the hind paw under anaesthesia. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds (MWTs) were obtained from biceps femoris EMG responses to a gradually increasing pinch at the mid hind paw region under alfaxalone anaesthesia, 96 h after UVB irradiation. MWT was compared between UVB/HR and SHAM‐treated rats (anaesthetic only). Underlying central mechanisms in the model were pharmacologically validated by MWT measurement following intrathecal N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK‐801, or saline.

Results

Secondary hyperalgesia was confirmed by a significantly lower pre‐drug MWT {mean [±standard error of the mean (SEM)]} in UVB/HR [56.3 (±2.1) g/mm2, n = 15] compared with SHAM‐treated rats [69.3 (±2.9) g/mm2, n = 8], confirming face validity of the model. Predictive validity was demonstrated by the attenuation of secondary hyperalgesia by MK‐801, where mean (±SEM) MWT was significantly higher [77.2 (±5.9) g/mm2 n = 7] in comparison with pre‐drug [57.8 (±3.5) g/mm2 n = 7] and saline [57.0 (±3.2) g/mm2 n = 8] at peak drug effect. The occurrence of central sensitization confirmed construct validity of the UVB/HR model.

Conclusions

This study used objective outcome measures of secondary hyperalgesia to validate the rat UVB/HR model as a translational model of inflammatory pain.
Metalophilic interaction in gold halide: Quantum chemical study of AuX (X = Fat)
Authors: Li Xinying
Published: March 2014

Quantum chemical calculations of the structures, stabilities, and metalophilic interactions of AuX halides (X = FAt) at the CCSD(T) theoretical level with extended basis sets were performed. Natural bond orbital analysis showed that the present gold–halide metalophilic interactions mainly resulted from the overlap of an sp hybrid on halogen and a 6s6p5d hybrid on the Au atom. Analysis of electron density deformation showed a pronounced charge accumulation in the middle of the region between heavier X and Au, and clearly suggested the formation of covalent bond. Topological analysis of the Laplacian and total electronic energy densities at bond critical points showed the “intermediate type” character of gold–halide metalophilic interactions. Electron localization function showed the increased covalency from X = F to X = At. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How much tetraradical character is present in the Si6Ge9 cluster?
Authors: Casanova David
Published: March 2014

This study discusses in detail the supposedly tetraradicaloid nature of a spirobis(pentagerma[1.1.1]propellane) derivative recently reported by Ito et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135, 6770). The electronic structure properties of the Si6Ge9 cluster are computationally explored by means of the composition of the ground state wavefunction, excitation energies to low‐lying singlet, triplet and quintet states, and magnetic couplings between radical centers. Two main conclusions can be extracted from the obtained results regarding the radical character of spriobis(pentagerma[1.1.1]propellane): (i) the ground state of the Si6Ge9 cluster presents a rather small amount of effective unpaired electrons, which might be related to its chemical stability and (ii) there is in fact a perceptible tetraradical character within the small overall radical nature of the molecule. The proposed description do not contradict the conclusions drawn by the introductory work of Ito et al., but it provides a more detailed and precise interpretation of radical character of the molecule. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficacy of Different Sequences of Radio‐ and Chemotherapy in Experimental Models of Human Melanoma
Authors: Arienti Chiara , Zoli Wainer , Pignatta Sara , Carloni Silvia , Paganelli Giulia , Ulivi Paola , Romeo Antonino , Menghi Enrico , Sarnelli Anna , Medri Laura , Polico Rolando , Silvestrini Rosella , Tesei Anna
Published: March 2014

Although combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy have become the standard of care in numerous tumors, the mechanisms of interaction are often still unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of radiation treatment and cisplatin sequences and to investigate their mechanisms of interaction. Three melanoma cell lines were used to evaluate in vitro radiation‐induced cytotoxicity before and after cisplatin treatment. Expression levels of a panel of genes were determined by real‐time RT‐PCR. Cytotoxic effect was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis and Comet assay. We also used normal human dermal fibroblasts (HUDE) to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the two treatments by clonogenic assay. Radiation and cisplatin used singly were not particularly effective in reducing proliferation in melanoma cells. Conversely, radiation treatment followed by cisplatin showed a strong synergistic interaction in all cell lines, with a ratio index ranging from 16 to >100. The synergistic effect was accompanied by apoptosis induction (up to 40%) and an increase in the percentage of comet‐shaped nucleoids from 85% to 99%. In parallel, our results also showed that radiation treatment of HUDE fibroblasts followed by cisplatin only induced weak cytotoxicity. Our findings highlight the efficacy of the sequence radiation → cisplatin in reducing cell proliferation and in inducing apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. This sequence also modulated a network of proteins involved in DNA damage repair. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 1548–1556, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progression of right ventricular dilation in repaired tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Buddhe Sujatha , Shah Amee , Lai Wyman W.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To evaluate factors associated with rapid rate of progression (ROP) of right ventricular (RV) dilation by cardiac MRI in repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients.

Materials and Methods

All patients with repaired TOF with two MRIs were included. RV volumes and function were assessed by MRIs performed on a GE 1.5 Tesla (T) platform. The ROP of RV dilation was calculated as the difference between the last and first RV indexed end‐diastolic volumes (iEDV) divided by the time difference. Subjects were divided into two groups: Group I—rapid ROP (top quartile of ROP) and Group II—slower ROP (lower three quartiles).

Results

A total of 61 subjects were included. Mean age was 18.0 ± 9.7 years and duration between MRIs 3.4 ± 2.1 years. Median ROP for RV iEDV was 2.0 (−12.7 to 27.8) mL/m2/year. Fifteen subjects were in Group I and 46 in Group II. RV iEDV, RV ejection fraction, RV indexed end‐systolic volume (iESV) were significantly different between groups. By multivariable analysis, RV iESV was the only independent parameter associated with rapid RV dilation (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

There was no significant change in RV iEDV in majority of repaired TOF subjects. RV iESV was the best parameter associated with more rapid RV dilation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:730–737. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Site‐specific effects of variable water supply and nitrogen fertilisation on winter wheat
Authors: Geesing Dieter , Diacono Mariangela , Schmidhalter Urs
Published: March 2014

The plant‐available soil water, amount and distribution of rainfall or irrigation are primary factors that may affect yield and quality of winter wheat in heterogeneous fields. The objective of this 2‐y study was to vary N application and water supply in order to achieve a more mechanistic insight into the effects of underlying differences in the site‐specific productivity on heterogeneous fields. Two N fertilizer rates (120 and 180 kg N ha–1) and three different water supply treatments (rain sheltering, irrigation, rain‐fed) were compared on field sites with lower or higher plant available soil water capacities. On the whole, the site, rather than rainfall or N fertilisation, was the primary factor that accounted for variability in grain yield. Rainfall distribution during the growing season affected the overall yield level in a given year. The sites characterised by lower plant available water capacity did not show higher grain yield and improved quality with the increased N rate. This suggests that the reduced N rate should be recommended on these sites to take into account the environmental sustainability of N fertilisation. With respect to the higher N application at sites of high plant available soil water capacity, although the already high yield levels were not increased further, the protein quality was significantly improved in the first season within all treatments and in the second season in the irrigated treatments. Therefore, a higher N‐rate proved to be advantageous, especially considering that the residual nitrate levels after harvest were low. The study demonstrated that the response of winter wheat to water shortage or abundance and N fertilisation is site‐specific and dependent on the availability of soil water.