bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One-loop amplitudes in Einstein-Yang-Mills from forward limits
Authors: Porkert Franziska , Schlotterer Oliver
Published: February 2023

Abstract

We present a method to compute the integrands of one-loop Einstein-Yang-Mills amplitudes for any number of external gauge and gravity multiplets. Our construction relies on the double-copy structure of Einstein-Yang-Mills as (super-)Yang-Mills with the so-called YM+ϕ3 theory — pure Yang-Mills coupled to bi-adjoint scalars — which we implement via one-loop Cachazo-He-Yuan formulae. The YM+ϕ3 building blocks are obtained from forward limits of tree-level input in external gluons and scalars, and we give the composition rules for any number of traces and orders in the couplings g and κ. On the one hand, we spell out supersymmetry- and dimension-agnostic relations that reduce loop integrands of Einstein-Yang-Mills to those of pure gauge theories. On the other hand, we present four-point results for maximal and half-maximal supersymmetry where all supersymmetry cancellations are exposed. In the half-maximal case, we determine six-dimensional anomalies due to chiral hypermultiplets in the loop.
On interim performance evaluations and interdependent period outcomes
Authors: Lukas Christian
Published: February 2023

Performance feedback is an integral element of an accounting system, and firms provide this feedback at varying frequencies to their employees. This paper explicates the impact of an interim performance evaluation on the principal’s surplus using a dynamic two-period agency model. Two settings are discussed: single-purpose use, wherein accounting information is used solely for control purposes, and dual-purpose use, in which accounting information is used for production and control. Results demonstrate that the optimality of interim performance evaluations depends on the use of information and the interdependence of period outcomes. Furthermore, neither setting entails strict dominance with regard to carrying out interim evaluations or not. It implies that an interim evaluation can be optimal even if the optimal course of action does not depend on it. It further suggests that refraining from the interim review can be optimal even if that information is required to determine the optimal effort level.
The prognostic value of CZT SPECT myocardial blood flow (MBF) quantification in patients with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA): a pilot study
Authors: Zhang Han , Caobelli Federico , Che Wenliang , Huang Yan , Zhang Yu , Fan Xin , Hu Xueping , Xu Chong , Fei Mengyu , Zhang Jiajia , Lv Zhongwei , Shi Kuangyu , Yu Fei
Published: February 2023

Background

Despite the demonstrated adverse outcome, it is difficult to early identify the risks for patients with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA). We aimed to explore the prognostic potential of CZT SPECT in INOCA patients.

Methods

The study population consisted of a retrospective cohort of 118 INOCA patients, all of whom underwent CZT SPECT imaging and invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Dynamic data were reconstructed, and MBF was quantified using net retention model. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were defined as cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, heart failure, late coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina.

Results

During a median follow-up of 15 months (interquartile range (IQR) 11–20), 19 (16.1%) MACEs occurred; both stress myocardial blood flow (sMBF) ($$p<0.001$$

p
<
0.001

) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) ($$p<0.001$$

p
<
0.001

) were significantly lower in the MACE group. Optimal thresholds of sMBF<3.16 and CFR<2.52 were extracted from the ROC curves, and both impaired sMBF (HR: 15.08; 95% CI 2.95–77.07; $$p=0.001$$

p
=
0.001

) and CFR (HR: 6.51; 95% CI 1.43–29.65; $$p=0.01$$

p
=
0.01

) were identified as prognostic factors for MACEs. Only sMBF<3.16 (HR: 11.20; 95% CI 2.04–61.41; $$p=0.005$$

p
=
0.005

) remained a robust predictor when sMBF and CFR were integrated considered. Compared with CFR, sMBF provides better prognostic model discrimination and reclassification ability (C-index improvement = 0.06, $$p=0.02$$

p
=
0.02

; net reclassification improvement (NRI) = 0.19; integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) = 0.10).

Conclusion

The preliminary results demonstrated that quantitative analysis on CZT SPECT provides prognostic value for INOCA patients, which may allow the stratification for early prevention and intervention.
Trismus, health-related quality of life, and trismus-related symptoms up to 5 years post-radiotherapy for head and neck cancer treated between 2007 and 2012
Authors: Aghajanzadeh Susan , Karlsson Therese , Tuomi Lisa , Engström My , Finizia Caterina
Published: February 2023

Purpose

Radiotherapy-induced trismus is present in up to 40% of patients treated radiotherapeutically for head and neck cancer (HNC) and impacts health-related quality of life (HRQL) negatively. This prospective study aimed to investigate the development of trismus and its influence on HRQL and trismus-related symptoms in HNC patients for up to 5 years post-radiotherapy completion as no such follow-up studies exist.

Methods

Patients (n = 211) were followed prospectively from pre-radiotherapy to 12 and 60 months post-radiotherapy. At each follow-up, maximum interincisal opening (MIO) was measured, and patients filled in the European Organization for Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Questionnaire Core-30 (EORTC QLQ-C30), Head and Neck-35 (EORTC QLQ-HN35), and Gothenburg Trismus Questionnaire (GTQ). Trismus was defined as an MIO ≤ 35 mm.

Results

At 1 year post-radiotherapy, a total of 27% met the trismus criterion, and at 5 years post-radiotherapy, the corresponding figure was 28%. Patients in the trismus group scored significantly worse compared to the patients without trismus on 8/15 domains at 1 year post-radiotherapy on EORTC QLQ-C30, further worsening in 11/15 domains at 5 years post-radiotherapy. Similar results were found for EORTC QLQ-HN35. Patients with trismus reported more trismus-related symptoms according to the GTQ at both timepoints compared to those without trismus.

Conclusion

This study highlights that HNC patients suffering from radiotherapy-induced trismus report poorer HRQL and more trismus-specific symptoms compared to patients without trismus. These differences persist and increase up to at least 5 years following treatment completion. Hence, our results highlight that radiotherapy-induced trismus affects long-term HRQL, jaw symptoms, and pain, further stressing the need for early and structured intervention.
Long-term effects of chronic stress models in adult mice
Authors: Tran Inès , Gellner Anne-Kathrin
Published: February 2023

Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as major depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder, tend to be long-term conditions in whose development and maintenance stress are central pathogenic factors. Translational mouse models are widely used in neuropsychiatric research, exploiting social and non-social stressors to investigate the mechanisms underlying their detrimental effects. However, most studies focus on the short-term consequences of chronic stress, whereas only a few are interested in the long-term course. This is counterintuitive given the human conditions that preclinical models are designed to mimic. In this review, we have summarized the limited work to date on long-term effects of chronic stress in mice models. First, the different models are presented and a definition of short- vs. long-term sequelae is proposed. On this basis, behavioral, endocrine, and vegetative effects are addressed before examining data on cellular and molecular alterations in the brain. Finally, future directions for research on the long-term effects of stress are discussed.
Anxiety and depression in keratotic oral lichen planus: a multicentric study from the SIPMO
Authors: Adamo Daniela , Calabria Elena , Canfora Federica , Coppola Noemi , Leuci Stefania , Mignogna Martina , Muzio Lorenzo Lo , Spirito Francesca , Giuliani Michele , Azzi Lorenzo , Dani Marta , Colella Giuseppe , Colella Chiara , Montebugnoli Lucio , Gissi Davide Bartolomeo , Gabriele Mario , Nisi Marco , Sardella Andrea , Lodi Giovanni , Varoni Elena Maria , Giudice Amerigo , Antonelli Alessandro , Gambino Alessio , Antonucci Giuliana , Vescovi Paolo , Meleti Marco , Majorana Alessandra , Bardellini Elena , Campisi Giuseppina , Panzarella Vera , Spadari Francesco , Garagiola Umberto , Pentenero Monica , Sutera Samuele , Biasotto Matteo , Ottaviani Giulia , Gobbo Margherita , Nardini Luca Guarda , Romeo Umberto , Tenore Gianluca , Serpico Rosario , Lucchese Alberta , Lajolo Carlo , Gioco Gioele , Aria Massimo , D’Aniello Luca , Mignogna Michele Davide ,   SIPMO (Italian Society of Oral Pathology, Medicine)
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Oral lichen planus with exclusive keratotic reticular, papular, and/or plaque-like lesions (K-OLP) is a clinical pattern of OLP that may be associated with a complex symptomatology and psychological alteration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety (A) and depression (D) in patients with K-OLP, analyzing the potential predictors which can affect mental health status.

Methods

Three hundred K-OLP patients versus 300 healthy controls (HC) were recruited in 15 Italian universities. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Total Pain Rating Index (T-PRI), and Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and for Anxiety (HAM-D and HAM-A) were administered.

Results

The K-OLP patients showed statistically higher scores in the NRS, T-PRI, HAM-D, and HAM-A compared with the HC (p-value < 0.001**). A and D were found in 158 (52.7%) and 148 (49.3%) K-OLP patients. Strong linear correlations were identified between HAM-A, HAM-D, NRS, T-PRI, and employment status and between HAM-D, HAM-A, NRS, T-PRI, employment status, and female gender. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that HAM-D and HAM-A showed the greatest increase in the R2 value for A and D in the K-OLP patients, respectively (DR2 = 55.5% p-value < 0.001**; DR2 = 56.5% p-value < 0.001**).

Conclusions

The prevalence of A and D is higher in the K-OLP patients compared with the HC, also found in K-OLP subjects without pain, suggesting that the processing of pain may be in a certain way independent of the processing of mood.

Clinical relevance

Mood disorders and pain assessment should be carefully performed in relation to K-OLP to obtain a complete analysis of the patients.
Elastic similarity and distance measures for multivariate time series
Authors: Shifaz Ahmed , Pelletier Charlotte , Petitjean François , Webb Geoffrey I.
Published: February 2023

This paper contributes multivariate versions of seven commonly used elastic similarity and distance measures for time series data analytics. Elastic similarity and distance measures can compensate for misalignments in the time axis of time series data. We adapt two existing strategies used in a multivariate version of the well-known Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), namely, Independent and Dependent DTW, to these seven measures. While these measures can be applied to various time series analysis tasks, we demonstrate their utility on multivariate time series classification using the nearest neighbor classifier. On 23 well-known datasets, we demonstrate that each of the measures but one achieves the highest accuracy relative to others on at least one dataset, supporting the value of developing a suite of multivariate similarity and distance measures. We also demonstrate that there are datasets for which either the dependent versions of all measures are more accurate than their independent counterparts or vice versa. In addition, we also construct a nearest neighbor-based ensemble of the measures and show that it is competitive to other state-of-the-art single-strategy multivariate time series classifiers.
Using some natural essential oils and their nano-emulsions for ammonia management, anti-stress and prevention of streptococcosis in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Korni Fatma M. M. , Mohammed Asmaa N. , Moawad Usama K.
Published: February 2023

The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of dietary thyme essential oil (TEO), Nigella sativa essential oil (NSEO), thyme essential oil nano-emulsion (TEO-NE), and Nigella sativa essential oil nano-emulsion (NSEO-NE) in reducing total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), improving immune response, mitigating stress, and acting as anti-inflammatory agents as well as preventing streptococcosis infection in Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus). Fish (N = 330, 14 ± 2 g) were divided into 10 groups of 11 fish each, with three replicates in each group. The negative and positive controls were fed a control diet, while the third group was given 1% TEO. Moreover, the fourth group of fish was given 2% TEO. The fifth and sixth groups were fed 1% TEO-NE and 2% TEO-NE, respectively. The seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth groups were fed 1% NSEO, 2% NSEO, 1% NSEO-NE, and 2% NSEO-NE, respectively. After dietary intake of TEO, NSEO, and their nano-emulsions for 28 days, the mean values of TAN levels in the water of fish aquaria had a significant reduction in the group fed 2% TEO-NE compared to the control group. On the contrary, NSEO-NE at the same concentration had no significant effect on TAN levels. The levels of lysozyme, complement 5, and IgM increased in all feeding groups compared to the control group. Concerning cortisol level as a stress indicator, it was decreased in all feeding groups compared to the control. Also, the current experiment overall showed a significant decrease in the expression level of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) gene in the gills of fish groups fed TEO, TEO-NE, NS, and NS-NE relative to the β-actin gene. Oppositely, there was an increase in the expression level of the anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor (TGF-β). In the current study, TEO-NE and NSEO-NE showed a better effect on preventing streptococcosis in O. niloticus with no mortality than 1% TEO and NSEO, respectively. Furthermore, there was a 12.5% mortality rate and an 84.99 RPS in the group fed 1% TEO and injected with Streptococcus inae. On the other hand, the groups fed 1 and 2% NSEO showed 37.5 and 25% mortality rate, respectively and 54.99 and 69.99 RPS. In conclusion, the nano-emulsion either TEO or NSEO had the superior effect. For bulk status, the TEO had superior effect than NSEO. The study needs more investigations for ammonia, either on the mode of action or over a longer period.
A revised taxonomy and estimate of species diversity for western North American Lampetra
Authors: Carim K. J. , Larson D. C. , Helstab J. M. , Young M. K. , Docker M. F.
Published: February 2023

Lampreys are an ancient lineage of jawless fish for which the relationships among some lineages are uncertain. We addressed these information gaps for Lampetra species with a focus on western North America. Phylogenetic analysis using all publicly available sequences of two mitochondrial genes—cyt b and COI—supported designation of western North American Lampetra as a distinct genus from Lampetra in Europe, Asia, and eastern North America. Species delimitation analysis of cyt b sequences identified seven species, only three of which are currently recognized. Lampetra ayresii and L. richardsoni, regarded as separate under the “paired species concept,” were not genetically distinct; we recommend synonymizing L. richardsoni with L. ayresii because the latter has precedence, yet continuing to recognize each ecotype using its current common name. Other than the widespread L. ayresii clade, all other species exhibited limited ranges often restricted to one or two locations. Within headwaters of the Willamette River, L. ayresii demonstrated strong genetic structure and lack of gene flow among subbasins, indicating that the subbasin scale may represent an appropriate management unit. However, the appropriate management scale in other areas may differ based on evolutionary histories and gene flow. Subsequent work is needed across western North America to better delineate the ranges of the aforementioned species and to evaluate whether other unrecognized taxa in this lineage may be present.
Glomerular deposition of fibrinogen predicts good prognosis of IgA nephropathy: a single-center cohort study
Authors: Yang Wei-guang , Zhu Rong , Zheng Jian-nan , Zhang Jun-xiao , Liu Nan , Yao Li , Liu Lin-lin
Published: February 2023

Purpose

It has been proven that fibrinogen deposition exists in IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but its clinical significance has not been identified. We aim to investigate the clinical implication of fibrinogen deposition in evaluating the activity and prognosis of IgA nephropathy.

Methods

In this cohort, 935 adult IgAN patients were divided into 3 groups according to the intensity of glomerular fibrinogen deposition. Primary outcome refers to a composite event of either a ≥ 50% reduction in eGFR or ESRD (eGFR < 15 ml/min/1.73m2, dialysis, or renal transplantation). Factors associated with fibrinogen deposition and prognosis were identified.

Results

The results showed that the intensity of fibrinogen deposition was positively correlated with eGFR (P < 0.001), serum albumin (P = 0.041), and hemoglobin levels (P < 0.05), but negatively correlated with age (P = 0.04), serum fibrinogen levels (P < 0.001), serum C4 (P = 0.023), the proportion of patients with hypertension (P = 0.003), and the percentage of glomeruli sclerosis (P < 0.001). The prognostic analyses identified that fibrinogen deposition was an independent predictor for the progression of IgAN (P = 0.033).

Conclusion

Our study indicated that the deposition of renal fibrinogen can predict the prognosis of IgAN with high reliability.
Groundwater vulnerability to pollution assessment: an application of geospatial techniques and integrated IRN-DEMATEL-ANP decision model
Authors: Chukwuma Emmanuel Chibundo , Okonkwo Chris Chukwuma , Afolabi Oluwasola Olakunle Daniel , Pham Quoc Bao , Anizoba Daniel Chinazom , Okpala Chikwunonso Divine
Published: February 2023

This study evaluated the susceptibility to groundwater pollution using a modified DRASTIC model. A novel hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model integrating Interval Rough Numbers (IRN), Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and Analytical Network Process (ANP) was used to investigate the interrelationships between critical hydrogeologic factors (and determine their relative weights) via a novel vulnerability index based on the DRASTIC model. The flexibility of GIS in handling spatial data was employed to delineate thematic map layers of the hydrogeologic factors and to improve the DRASTIC model. The hybrid MCDM model results show that net recharge (a key hydrogeologic factor) had the highest priority with a weight of 0.1986. In contrast, the topography factor had the least priority, with a weight of 0.0497. A case study validated the hybrid model using Anambra State, Nigeria. The resultant vulnerability map shows that 12.98% of the study area falls into a very high vulnerability class, 31.90% falls into a high vulnerability, 23.52% falls into the average vulnerability, 21.75% falls into a low vulnerability, and 9.85% falls into very low vulnerability classes, respectively. In addition, nitrate concentration was used to evaluate the degree of groundwater pollution. Based on observed nitrate concentration, the modified DRASTIC model was validated and compared to the traditional DRASTIC model; interestingly, the spatial model of the modified DRASTIC model performed better. This study is thus critical for environmental monitoring and implementing appropriate management interventions to protect groundwater resources against indiscriminate sources of pollution.
The role of brain radiotherapy for EGFR- and ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastases: a review
Authors: Nardone Valerio , Romeo Caterina , D’Ippolito Emma , Pastina Pierpaolo , D’Apolito Maria , Pirtoli Luigi , Caraglia Michele , Mutti Luciano , Bianco Giovanna , Falzea Antonella Consuelo , Giannicola Rocco , Giordano Antonio , Tagliaferri Pierosandro , Vinciguerra Claudia , Desideri Isacco , Loi Mauro , Reginelli Alfonso , Cappabianca Salvatore , Tassone Pierfrancesco , Correale Pierpaolo
Published: February 2023

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is frequently complicated by central nervous system (CNS) metastases affecting patients’ life expectancy and quality. At the present clinical trials including neurosurgery, radiotherapy (RT) and systemic treatments alone or in combination have provided controversial results. CNS involvement is even more frequent in NSCLC patients with EGFR activating mutations or ALK rearrangement suggesting a role of target therapy in the upfront treatment in place of loco-regionals treatments (i.e. RT and/or surgery). So far clinical research has not explored the potential role of accurate brain imaging (i.e. MRI instead of the routine total-body contrast CT and/or PET/CT staging) to identify patients that could benefit of local therapies. Moreover, for patients who require concomitant RT there are no clear guidelines on the timing of intervention with respect to innovative precision medicine approaches with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors, ALK-inhibitors and/or immuno-oncological therapies. On this basis the present review describes the therapeutic strategies integrating medical and radiation oncology in patients with metastatic NSCLC (mNSCLC) adenocarcinoma with CNS involvement and EGFR activating mutations or ALK rearrangement.
Aortic valve and vascular calcium score in pre-TAVI CT: correlation with early post-procedural complications
Authors: Milo Sabrina Maria , Toia Patrizia , Midiri Federico , D’Alessandro Luigi , Sollami Giulia , Panci Aldo , Pernice Vincenzo , Violante Francesco , Fattouch Khalil , Cutaia Giuseppe , Salvaggio Giuseppe , Lo Re Giuseppe , Grassedonio Emanuele , Galia Massimo , La Grutta Ludovico
Published: February 2023

Purpose

The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of early complications after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) and their correlation with the Calcium Score (CS) of the aortic valve, aorta and ilio-femoral arteries derived from pre-procedural computed tomography (CT).

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed 226 patients (100 males, mean age 79.4 ± 6.7 years) undergoing 64-slice CT for pre-TAVI evaluation from January 2018 to April 2021. The population was divided into CS quartiles.

Results

Overall, 173 patients underwent TAVI procedure, of whom 61% presented paravalvular leak after the procedure, 28% presented bleeding or vascular complications, 25% presented atrioventricular block, and 8% developed acute kidney injury. The prevalence of paravalvular leak and vascular complications was higher in the upper CS quartiles for aortic valve and ilio-femoral arteries.

Conclusions

Aortic valve and vascular CS could help to predict post-TAVI early complications.
From Teacher to Manager
Authors: White Ron , Hockley Andrew , van der Horst Jansen Julie , Laughner Melissa S.
Published: February 2023

This is a handbook for managers of language teaching organizations such as Directors and Assistant Directors of Studies, Academic Directors, and School Owners, including those moving into a management role from teaching or administration. It provides an introduction to key concepts required by managers of language teaching organizations, covering topics from strategic and operational financial management, sales and marketing and customer service through to academic and human resource management. This book is also suitable for candidates undertaking the Cambridge ESOL International Diploma in Language Teaching Management (IDLTM).
Louis XIV's Assault on Privilege
Authors: McCollim Gary B.
Published: February 2023

The government of Louis XIV developed two taxes during the last thirty years of the king's reign that forced the privileged to pay. This book is a study of how those taxes developed and what caused them to be adopted.
Britannia and the Bear
Authors: Madeira Victor
Published: February 2023

A compelling new narrative about how two Great Powers of the early twentieth century did battle, both openly and in the shadows.
Food, Eating and Identity in Early Medieval England
Authors: Frantzen Allen J.
Published: February 2023

A fresh approach to the implications of obtaining, preparing, and consuming food, concentrating on the little-investigated routines of everyday life.
Advances in cumulative effects assessment and application in marine and coastal management
Authors: Willsteed Edward A. , New Leslie , Ansong Joseph O. , Hin Vincent , Searle Kate R. , Cook Aonghais S. C. P.
Published: February 2023

Quantifying and managing the cumulative effects of human activities on coastal and marine environments is among the foremost challenges in enabling sustainable development in the twenty-first century. As the speed with which these environments are changing increases, there is greater impetus to resolve the evident problems facing governance systems responsible for managing cumulative impacts. Policymakers and regulators recognise the need to assess and manage cumulative effects, as evidenced by widespread legislation requiring cumulative effects assessment (CEA). Yet there is ample evidence that we are not turning the tide in terms of balancing good environmental health with increasing demands of already degraded coastal and marine spaces that are increasingly impacted by climate change. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding scientific and practical advances in CEA, assesses whether these advances are being applied in decision-making and identifies where challenges to implementation exist. Priority research questions are formulated to accelerate the inclusion of effective CEA in marine and coastal planning and management.
The Standard Picture and Statutory Interpretation
Authors: Graham Aaron
Published: February 2023

The Standard Picture holds that the contribution to the law made by an authoritative legal pronouncement is directly explained by the linguistic content of that pronouncement. This essay defends the Standard Picture from Mark Greenberg’s purported counterexamples drawn from patterns of statutory interpretation in U.S. criminal law. Once relevant features of the U.S. rule of recognition are admitted into the analysis—namely, that it arranges sources of law hierarchically, and that judicial decisions are sources of valid law—Greenberg’s counterexamples are revealed as only apparent, not genuine. The legal norms that result from the patterns of interpretation he identifies can be directly explained in terms of the linguistic contents of authoritative pronouncements: judicial decisions. Furthermore, those norms can be understood as modifications of the valid norms contained in their originating statutes because judicial decisions are permitted ‘explanatory intermediaries’ of statutes by the rule of recognition.
Developing Countries: The Legacy of Keynes and Post-Keynesian Economists
Authors: Bagchi Amiya Kumar
Published: February 2023

Geoffrey Harcourt remained a steadfast left Keynesian all his life. He applied his economic analysis in framing policy recommendations targeting the welfare of the poor. He undertook incisive and comprehensive surveys of the work of Cambridge post-Keynesians, some of whom were involved intellectually or practically in the economics of developing economies. Keynes, remaining an imperialist as far as India was concerned, nevertheless produced a corpus which has been immensely helpful in understanding developing economies and prescribing policy solutions for them. First, Keynes created the modern macroeconomics discipline and refined the concept of national income, allowing methods of collecting and organising economic and social data enabling assessment of intersectoral impacts. Second, still relevant today is his idea of an International Clearing Union, disciplining countries with excessive balance of payments surpluses or deficits, even though American opposition at Bretton Woods prevented its adoption. Third, although an economist of the short run, Keynes took up issues of vital concern for the development of an underdeveloped economy, departing from his long-held fears about excessive population growth and contributing to policies for stabilising commodity prices. While Keynes remained a Eurocentric imperialist, his dreams for Europe in general and Britain in particular proved relevant for many developing countries today. He supported public investment and state involvement in solving problems of unemployment and industrial restructuring. His analysis of the instability of stock markets and dangers of financialisation remains highly relevant in a world experiencing major stock market crashes in almost every decade since the 1970s.
Principles of diagnostic stewardship: A practical guide from the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Diagnostic Stewardship Task Force
Authors: Fabre Valeria , Davis Angelina , Diekema Daniel J. , Granwehr Bruno , Hayden Mary K. , Lowe Christopher F. , Pfeiffer Christopher D. , Sick-Samuels Anna C. , Sullivan Kaede V. , Van Schooneveld Trevor C. , Morgan Daniel J.
Published: February 2023

Executive summary

We provide an overview of diagnostic stewardship with key concepts that include the diagnostic pathway and the multiple points where interventions can be implemented, strategies for interventions, the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration, and key microbiologic diagnostic tests that should be considered for diagnostic stewardship. The document focuses on microbiologic laboratory testing for adult and pediatric patients and is intended for a target audience of healthcare workers involved in diagnostic stewardship interventions and all workers affected by any step of the diagnostic pathway (ie, ordering, collecting, processing, reporting, and interpreting results of a diagnostic test). This document was developed by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Diagnostic Stewardship Taskforce.
Pursuing Change or Pursuing Credit? Litigation and Credit Claiming on Social Media
Authors: Gunderson Anna , Widner Kirsten , Macdonald Maggie
Published: February 2023

Interest groups often post about their judicial advocacy on social media. We argue that they do so for two main reasons. First, providing information about the courts on social media builds the group’s credibility as a source of information with policymakers, media and the public. Second, social media provides a way to claim credit for litigation activity and outcomes, which can increase membership and aid in fundraising. Using original datasets of millions of tweets and Facebook posts by interest groups, we provide evidence that interest groups use social media for public education and to credit claim for their litigation activity.
Mouth breathing, dry air, and low water permeation promote inflammation, and activate neural pathways, by osmotic stresses acting on airway lining mucus
Authors: Edwards David A. , Chung Kian Fan
Published: February 2023

Respiratory disease and breathing abnormalities worsen with dehydration of the upper airways. We find that humidification of inhaled air occurs by evaporation of water over mucus lining the upper airways in such a way as to deliver an osmotic force on mucus, displacing it towards the epithelium. This displacement thins the periciliary layer of water beneath mucus while thickening topical water that is partially condensed from humid air on exhalation. With the rapid mouth breathing of dry air, this condensation layer, not previously reported while common to transpiring hydrogels in nature, can deliver an osmotic compressive force of up to around 100 cm H2O on underlying cilia, promoting adenosine triphosphate secretion and activating neural pathways. We derive expressions for the evolution of the thickness of the condensation layer, and its impact on cough frequency, inflammatory marker secretion, cilia beat frequency and respiratory droplet generation. We compare our predictions with human clinical data from multiple published sources and highlight the damaging impact of mouth breathing, dry, dirty air and high minute volume on upper airway function. We predict the hypertonic (or hypotonic) saline mass required to reduce (or amplify) dysfunction by restoration (or deterioration) of the structure of ciliated and condensation water layers in the upper airways and compare these predictions with published human clinical data. Preserving water balance in the upper airways appears critical in light of contemporary respiratory health challenges posed by the breathing of dirty and dry air.
Application of the vortex breakdown phenomenon in the attenuation of trailing vortices
Authors: Traub L. W. , Mani S. , Galls S. F. , Rediniotis O. K.
Published: February 2023

An experimental investigation to determine the effectiveness of a wing-tip device designed to attenuate the trailing vortex of a lifting, flat-plate wing is detailed. The induced-breakdown vortex attenuation device (IBVAD) is essentially a toed-in, vertically-oriented sheared tip. Results are presented comprising force-balance, water tunnel flow visualisation and wake studies using a seven hole probe. The data shows that compared with an equal span rectangular wing, variations of the IBVAD device can reduce drag at moderate-to-high lift coefficients, as well as reduce die maximum rotary velocity of the trailing vortex by 28%. Axial vorticity in the wake vortex was significantly attenuated compared with the rectangular wing, with a 52·6% reduction in the magnitude of die maximum vorticity. The vortex core radius was also seen to be larger than die rectangular wing. However, even substantial attenuation and redistribution of trailing vorticity may be insufficient to reduce the wake hazard.
Unsteady propeller flows due to turbulence ingestion
Authors: Harden J. M. , Lowson M. V.
Published: February 2023

A laser doppler anemometer (LDA) was configured to provide simultaneous ID velocity readings from two separate points in the contracting flow regime upstream of 0·63 m diameter model propeller operating under high thrust conditions. Cross-correlations between the velocity signals were used to map the progress of turbulent eddy structures throughout the distortion, even within the highly oscillatory region close to the blades. These measurements were used to provide data on the strength and velocity of the eddies, as well as their average size and shape in two dimensions. The results show both elongation of the turbulent structures in the streamwise direction and distortion along their length, caused by the contracting flow and the high Reynolds stress. Linearised isotropic theory was used to predict the changes in the turbulent kinetic energies, and was found to be accurate for the longitudinal component only.
Two new techniques for aircraft parameter estimation using neural networks
Authors: Raisinghani S. C. , Ghosh A. K. , Kalra P. K.
Published: February 2023

Two new techniques for estimating aircraft stability and control derivatives (parameters) from flight data using feed forward neural networks are proposed. Both techniques use motion variables and control inputs as the input file, while aerodynamic coefficients are presented as the output file for training a neural network. For the purpose of parameter estimation, the trained neural network is presented with a suitably modified input file, and the corresponding predicted output file of aerodynamic coefficients is obtained. Suitable interpretation and manipulation of such input-output files yields the estimated values of the parameters. The methods are validated first on the simulated flight data and then on real flight data obtained by digitising analogue data from a published report. Results are presented to show how the accuracy of the estimates is affected by the topology of the network, the number of iterations and the intensity of the measurement noise in simulated flight data. One of the significant features of the proposed methods is that they do not require guessing of a reasonable set of starting values of the parameters as a popular parameter estimator like the maximum likelihood method does.
International obligations as regards safety in international civil aviation
Authors: Abeyratne R. I. R.
Published: February 2023

In 1995, 19 western built jet aircraft were totally destroyed in air crashes which killed 383 passengers and 39 crew members. Although this rate of loss has been steady for the past 10 years, there were three major losses in 1996 — the famous Valujet and TWA aircraft in the United States and the world's worst midair collision in history New Delhi, India, where a Saudia Boeing 747 with 312 persons aboard collided with a Kazak aircraft carrying 37 passengers and crew. All on board were killed.
Transonic flow over wavy walls: a new solution procedure compared with experiments
Authors: Narang B. S. , Ho J.
Published: February 2023

A new method has been used to solve the transonic flow equation for flow over a wavy wall. The results thus obtained are compared with those obtained from windtunnel experiments. A new fluctuating flow phenomenon has been observed both in the experiment and in numerical calculations which may enhance flow mixing. The numerical results also indicate that the flow becomes locally sonic for a transonic parameter value greater than 0·5, while experimental data indicate a value of 0·6363 for the transonic parameter. The classical value of transonic parameter has a value of one for the flow to become locally sonic.
On the use of large scale windtunnel models
Authors: Giacchetto A.
Published: February 2023

The use of large scale windtunnel models offers considerable advantages to an experimenter

1. the possibility of obtaining high Reynolds number, certainly significant and sometimes equal to that in flight, for moderate stagnation pressures

2. an accurate representation of geometric elements, i.e. good form similitude (it is necessary to emphasise the importance of being very thorough in this area)

3. large internal volumes which enable numerous transducers to be implanted, ambitious experimental devices and means of remote control of model motorisation

4. test conditions remain those corresponding to industrial manufacturing methods and so avoid problems related to extreme miniaturisation.

Additionally, there exist some test conditions for which scale reduction is limited or even impossible; for example, because of physical phenomena, limitation in industrial methods of miniaturisation, or quite simply because the subject is itself the flying object. These conditions are applicable to all tests whether industrial or research. They are especially true for industrial tests where these concern important decisions. They are also true for research tests whenever they need to be sufficiently close to flight reality. Wind-tunnels are always a means to reduce the costs and risks of aeronautical project developments. The risk taken in extrapolating from windtunnel tests to flight are lower when the test is more realistic and this gives a clear advantage to tests on large sized models.
Multidisciplinary optimisation of a supersonic transport using design of experiments theory and response surface modelling
Authors: Giunta A. A. , Balabanov V. , Haim D. , Grossman B. , Mason W. H. , Watson L. T. , Haftka R. T.
Published: February 2023

The presence of numerical noise in engineering design optimisation problems inhibits the use of many gradient-based optimisation methods. This numerical noise may result in the inaccurate calculation of gradients which in turn slows or prevents convergence during optimisation, or it may promote convergence to spurious local optima. The problems created by numerical noise are particularly acute in aircraft design applications where a single aerodynamic or structural analysis of a realistic aircraft configuration may require tens of CPU hours on a supercomputer. The computational expense of the analyses coupled with the convergence difficulties created by numerical noise are significant obstacles to performing aircraft multidisciplinary design optimisation. To address these issues, a procedure has been developed to create noise-free algebraic models of subsonic and supersonic aerodynamic performance quantities, for use in the optimisation of high-speed civil transport (HSCT) aircraft configurations. This procedure employs methods from statistical design of experiments theory and response surface modelling to create the noise-free algebraic models. Results from a sample HSCT design problem involving ten variables are presented to demonstrate the utility of this method.
Efficient and robust algorithms for trim and stability analysis of advanced rotorcraft simulations
Authors: McVicar J. S. G. , Bradley R.
Published: February 2023

This paper derives innovative techniques for use in the trimming and stability analysis of advanced rotorcraft simulations. It begins by exploiting the symmetry of the rotor to produce an efficient definition of periodic trim which is applicable to rotorcraft simulations. This definition is then expanded to produce a trimming algorithm which is capable of concurrently ascertaining the initial conditions and control inputs necessary to trim latest generation simulation models to a specified periodic trim state. The algorithm is based on a periodic shooting approach with Newton-Raphson iteration and exploits the symmetry of the rotor to minimise computational workload. The definition of periodic trim is then further developed to produce a technique by which the stability characteristics of rotorcraft can be ascertained from advanced simulation models. This technique is based on a Floquet approach and again exploits the symmetry of the rotor to reduce computational burden. The paper concludes by presenting results obtained when the stability characteristics of a tiltrotor simulation model are investigated.
The use of inverse simulation for preliminary assessment of helicopter handling qualities
Authors: Thomson D. G. , Bradley R.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes a method for using inverse simulation to obtain a preliminary assessment of helicopter handling qualities. Formal descriptions of standard manoeuvres, defined to establish the handling qualities of military helicopters, are used to drive an inverse simulation of a subject helicopter. The simulation generates the controls and states of the helicopter as it executes the manoeuvre and the results may be used to calculate values of quickness, a parameter defined to measure responsiveness. Initial results reveal that in the context of inverse simulation quickness is independent of vehicle configuration when, as specified in the requirements, the quickness is based on the helicopter's kinematic states. An alternative quickness parameter, associated with the control displacements required to fly the manoeuvre is shown to be capable of discriminating between the pilot workload involved in flying two different configurations through the same manoeuvre.
Recent experience in the prediction and assessment of windtunnel wall interference
Authors: Ashill P. R. , Jordan R. , Simmons M. J.
Published: February 2023

Recent experience in the prediction and assessment of windtunnel wall interference is reviewed. Three areas of development are identified. The first deals with the influence of wall boundary layers on wall-induced velocities in solid-wall windtunnels; the second is concerned with preparations for determining wall interference in the European Transonic Windtunnel and the third relates to recent studies aimed at providing the basis for correcting data to free-air conditions.
V-22 flight test update
Authors: Dunford P. J. , Marr R. L.
Published: February 2023

The Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey tiltrotor is a unique aircraft capable of landing vertically, flying at speeds in excess of 300 KTAS (knots, true air speed), with the added feature of folding the rotor and wing for deployment from ships for US Navy, Marines, and SOF operations. During the development of the V-22, including 1200 hours of flight testing, a number of significant technology and design development challenges were encountered and overcome. This paper presents an overview of many of these challenges. It also reviews the integrated approach to testing to be used in the next phase of the flight test programme, and describes the changes that have been implemented to improve flight test productivity.
Predicted performance characteristics of a
variable cycle turbofan
Authors: Ulizar I. , Pilidis P.
Published: February 2023

The selective bleed turbofan is a two shaft, three compressor, variable cycle aircraft engine. Its bypass ratio (BPR) can be modulated to suit the operating flight conditions. At subsonic flight speeds it operates as a medium bypass turbofan (low pressure mode or LPM). It becomes a low bypass turbofan (high pressure mode or HPM) when flying faster and is capable of supersonic cruise without reheat (RH).

The aim of this paper is to describe the selection of the main engine design parameters in the HP mode and to outline the challenges to be met to enable the powerplant to operate in the other mode. The components have to perform satisfactorily over a wide range of varying conditions. The resulting demands are reflected in many ways, for example in the operating lines of the low pressure compressors and in the overall efficiency changes with increased bypass ratio. In the case of the present investigation the two bypass ratios selected are 0·3 for the high pressure mode and 0·7 for the low pressure mode. The latter was selected after an examination of a choice of bypass ratios ranging from 0·4 to 1·0. The change in variable stators required to achieve the LP mode cycle is indicated.

The effect of changing bypass ratio on engine performance and handling is shown. The main conclusion is that the design of this engine seems to be feasible within current technological capabilities and further investigation is encouraged because it appears to yield significant benefits.
Repairing composite aircraft structures — RAF experience of peacetime and battle damage techniques
Authors: Chicken S. H. , Welburn S. , Reed S.
Published: February 2023

The RAF has been undertaking peacetime repairs on composite rotor blades, fibreglass radomes and panels on a variety of combat aircraft types for many years. However, the Service's main experience in the repair of aircraft structures manufactured from carbon fibre composite (CFC) material has been related to the Harrier II. In any future conflict involving air power, battle damaged aircraft, including the Harrier II, will have to be repaired rapidly to meet operational requirements. The repair techniques used may have to differ from those undertaken in peacetime but they must still aim to restore the full static strength of the aircraft within the time constraints imposed by the operational situation. Therefore, aircraft battle damage repair (ABDR) is a carefully planned alternative to conventional repair techniques. This paper describes the main CFC structures of the Harrier II and outlines the variety of RAF peace and wartime structural repair procedures applied to the aircraft. Examples are provided of various simple and complex repairs. Greater emphasis on adhesively bonded repairs is called for if Harrier II experience is to aid in the logistic support of Eurofighter 2000 (EF2000) in peace and war.