bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of elite wheat germplasm for resistance to Fusarium head blight -a threat to wheat production in north-west Pakistan
Authors: Gul Rubina , Fahim Muhammad , Jadoon Sultan , Shah Saad , Ahmad Ijaz , Ahmad Masood
Published: February 2023

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, affects both
quality and quantity of wheat produce. In Pakistan, due to favorable
environmental conditions during spring, FHB can cause significant losses to
wheat. Recently, we observed FHB in wheat fields, having 34-84% incidence,
along river Swat, Northwest Pakistan. Therefore, elite wheat cultivars and
candidate lines in Pakistan as well as exotic-near isogenic lines were
screened for FHB resistance using molecular markers, specific for Fhb-1, 2
and 3. Furthermore, all the germplasm was screened for 2NS Translocation -
from Triticum ventricosum segment containing cluster of resistance genes for
many diseases including FHB. Among Pakistani wheat varieties, Marvi-2000
showed presence of Fhb-2 and 3 specific bands while wheat cv. Saleem-2000
displayed presence of Fhb-1 and 2 specific bands. However, among the
candidate lines, L-112, L-105, L-106, L-103 and L-129 exhibited Fhb-1 and 2
specific bands while L-111 alone amplified bands specific to Fhb-1 and
Fhb-3. Moreover, 2NS translocation was validated in 2NS near isogenic lines
(NILs) obtained from Kansas State University using 2-NS specific marker
VENTRIUP and LN2, however, no 2-NS translocation was found in Pakistani
varieties as well as candidate lines. In conclusion, none of the Pakistani
varieties or candidate lines possessed all sources of FHB resistance in
altogether; however, one aliens NIL (Yaccora-Rojo-2NS) surprisingly not only
exhibited 2NS translocation but also Fhb-1, 2 and 3 resistant genes.
Genotype by environment interaction analysis for grain yield of wheat in irrigated and rain-fed mega-environments using AMMI and GGE bipolt models
Authors: Romena Mohammad , Najaphy Abdollah , Saeidi Mohsen , Khoramivafa Mahmud
Published: February 2023

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the major and strategic cereal crop globally.
It is grown worldwide under a wide range of agro-ecological conditions. The
performance of quantitative traits, for example grain yield, often varies
due to significant effects of the genotype and environment interaction
(GEI). Therefore, the integration of higher grain yield with stable
performance is one of the common objectives in wheat-breeding programs. The
present investigation was carried out to evaluate the GEI through GGE biplot
and AMMI analysis over six environments (rain-fed and irrigated conditions
during three years) using 29 diverse wheat genotypes. The analysis of
variance revealed that the effect of environments (E), genotypes (G) and GEI
are significant. The first two AMMI components justified 72.6% of the GEI
variation. In the other hands, the first two principal components of the GGE
biplot explained 58.3% of the observed variation for the grain yield. The
GGE biplot suggested suitability of the tester E6 based on discrimination
ability and representativeness, which is ideal for selecting superior
genotypes. Based on the similar results of AMMI and GGE-biplot methods, the
genotype G6 was the best performing genotypes at the rain-fed
mega-environment. In addition, the entries G1 and G29 were suitable for the
irrigated mega-environment.
Ensino de Sociologia na educação básica: expansão, retrocessos e perspectivas
Authors: Oliveira Amurabi
Published: February 2023

O ensino de Sociologia é uma área que tem se expandido recentemente, principalmente entre 2008 e 2017, período no qual essa ciência permaneceu como disciplina obrigatória no ensino médio brasileiro. Em um curto espaço de tempo, ocorreram transformações relevantes na área que redimensionaram a formação inicial e continuada de professores e lançaram novos desafios políticos, institucionais e pedagógicos para a Sociologia. Neste artigo, realiza-se uma breve revisão dos principais acontecimentos na área em período recente, buscando analisar as perspectivas futuras para esta.
O ProfSocio: sujeitos e temas pesquisados
Authors: Gonçalves Danyelle Nilin
Published: February 2023

O Mestrado Profissional de Sociologia em Rede Nacional (ProfSocio) está em três regiões brasileiras, em instituições federais e estaduais situadas em capitais e cidades do interior. A pesquisa apresenta o perfil dos alunos e um panorama das questões tratadas em seus trabalhos, atentando sobretudo para as contribuições que esses produtos estão oferecendo ao ensino de Sociologia na educação básica. Por meio da plataforma EduCapes os 116 alunos da primeira turma do ProfSocio responderam a um formulário sobre a avaliação do curso e sobre as implicações percebidas para a vida profissional e para a autoestima. Foram identificadas as linhas de pesquisa escolhidas para os trabalhos de conclusão do curso, constatando-se o predomínio das dissertações sobre as propostas de intervenção pedagógica e de material didático.
Possíveis contribuições do Enem para a democratização do acesso à educação superior no Brasil
Authors: Travitzki Rodrigo
Published: February 2023

Neste artigo, investigamos possíveis efeitos do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem) na democratização da educação no Brasil, especialmente no que tange ao acesso e à permanência no ensino superior. A metodologia se fundamentou em revisão não sistemática da literatura e análise descritiva de dados. A diversidade de argumentos e evidências mapeados e organizados em temas mostrou que há diferentes formas de se conceber a “democratização” e de investigá-la. Com base nesse mapeamento, analisamos os microdados do Censo da Educação Superior de 2018. Os resultados sugerem que, comparado a outras formas de seleção, o Enem contribui para a democratização (no sentido da equidade) do acesso ao ensino superior. Porém, isso provavelmente se deve à sua articulação com as políticas de cota e apoio social, não necessariamente ao exame propriamente dito, constituindo- se evidência da importância de políticas compensatórias integradas a processos seletivos para o ensino superior.
Exames nacionais de ingresso à educação superior: uma análise do Gaokao
Authors: Justino Rogério
Published: February 2023

Artigo de revisão de literatura construído a partir de levantamento e análise das principais produções bibliográficas que tratam do Exame Nacional Chinês de Ingresso à Educação Superior, Gaokao, 高考, o primeiro exame em larga escala a ser aplicado no mundo e o maior em número de inscritos. Iniciado em 1952, esse modelo é associado aos exames imperiais, que habilitavam para os cargos administrativos e militares na burocracia da China imperial. Historicamente, os sentidos da meritocracia e justiça associados aos exames imperiais influenciaram a criação do Gaokao. Sua configuração é dinâmica e pode variar de acordo com as províncias; contudo, apesar da longa história, as críticas são constantes e as reformas implantadas, na tentativa de criar alternativas para o ingresso às universidades, são estratégias para reduzir a pressão do exame sobre os jovens chineses. A condução da história do Gaokao, com atenção à forma, ao conteúdo e às críticas atuais, mostrará que existe um componente tradicional e constituidor cultural da vida escolar chinesa, herdando dos exames imperiais a conjugação da meritocracia e justiça.
Acesso centralizado à educação superior: os exames Enem (Brasil) e Gaokao (China)
Authors: Weller Wivian
Published: February 2023

Este estudo analisa o National College Entrance Examination (Gaokao) e o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem), principais formas de acesso à educação superior na China e no Brasil, respectivamente, e maiores exames em larga escala no mundo em número de inscritos. É um artigo de revisão de literatura cujo recorte teórico-metodológico apoia-se no campo da Educação Comparada (EC), em suas tendências recentes, que privilegiam a comparação do que se pode compreender e não do que se pode abstrair de um contexto. Discute, inicialmente, a expansão da educação superior a partir dos anos 1980 nos dois países, os investimentos na constituição de universidades de elite na China e a ampliação das universidades públicas no Brasil nas últimas décadas. Em seguida, aborda a história e o desenvolvimento dos exames, os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos, políticos e culturais que orientam sua organização, os aprendizados adquiridos e os desafios que ainda persistem em ambos os países.
Gaokao: vetor de mobilidade social ou guardião do elitismo?
Authors: Liu Ye
Published: February 2023

Este artigo dá continuidade à análise dos dados coletados em 2007, com o intuito de verificar se o Gaokao facilitou a mobilidade social ascendente na China. A primeira parte analisa dados nacionais e regionais sobre as tendências de mudança do exame, o acesso a diferentes tipos de universidades e a manutenção das oportunidades de acesso às instituições de elite para grupos sociais privilegiados. A segunda parte investiga o impacto do exame, rastreando, ao longo de 14 anos, três entrevistados codificados como Gaokao-campeão, Gaokao-perdedor e Gaokao-medíocre. Comparando os resultados que obtiveram no exame com as trajetórias profissionais subsequentes e o status social, destacam-se dois aspectos: 1) o Gaokao promove a ideologia da meritocracia e promete mobilidade social ascendente por meio da expansão das oportunidades de educação superior; 2) por detrás do aspecto meritocrático, está o aprofundamento da desigualdade social em todos os níveis, desde a renda até o status de hukou e as redes sociais. Essa desigualdade mantém as oportunidades e as redes de elite. O Gaokao serve para legitimar privilégios, justificar as promessas quebradas de mobilidade social ascendente e normalizar a sensação de desvalorização e inutilidade daqueles de origem rural e da classe trabalhadora.
Políticas de educação do campo em um cenário de desmonte das conquistas dos movimentos sociais
Authors: Mufarrej Hage Salomão Antônio , Do Socorro de Araújo Silva Hellen , Da Silva Lima Iranete Maria , Dustan Lucas de Souza Dileno
Published: February 2023

Estudo documental sobre os marcos regulatórios da educação do campo que resultaram das discussões e do trabalho coletivo de movimentos sociais do campo, universidades, órgãos públicos e outras organizações populares. O protagonismo do Movimento da Educação do Campo está presente desde as lutas em defesa dos territórios e da reforma agrária até a garantia do direito à educação dos povos tradicionais e camponeses, como princípios fundantes da educação do campo. Destacam-se as políticas públicas conquistadas: Projovem Campo – Saberes da Terra, 2008; Programa de Apoio à Formação Superior em Licenciatura em Educação do Campo (Procampo), 2009; Programa Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária (Pronera), 2010; Programa Nacional de Educação do Campo (Pronacampo), 2013; Escola da Terra, 2013. A conclusão alerta para o desmonte das políticas de educação do campo ligadas à educação básica e superior, que se reflete nos cortes do financiamento e na construção de propostas que revelam uma lógica de educação privatista centrada em uma racionalidade técnica.
Políticas públicas para a infância: da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte ao Marco Legal da Primeira Infância
Authors: Didonet Vital , Fernandes Faria Pinto Viviane
Published: February 2023

Entrevista com o mestre em educação que atua há mais de 40 anos nas áreas de educação infantil e políticas para a primeira infância, Vital Didonet.
Do supletivo à aprendizagem e educação de adultos em 40 anos
Authors: D. Ireland Timothy
Published: February 2023

A atual crise civilizatória tem suscitado uma série de acontecimentos – agendas, conferências, comissões, relatórios – que buscam saídas para a emergência em que a humanidade e o planeta se encontram. Todas as agendas apontam a educação, na perspectiva da aprendizagem e educação ao longo da vida, como uma peça fundamental para superar os desafios que a própria humanidade criou. Considerando o contexto internacional contemporâneo e os artigos publicados na revista Em Aberto, analisa-se como o conceito da educação de adultos vem evoluindo nos últimos 40 anos. A hipótese proposta é que, ao longo desse período, a educação de jovens e adultos tem sido tratada majoritariamente como escolarização tardia/educação compensatória ou como um processo de formação/adaptação contínua de “recursos humanos” competentes para o mercado de trabalho. O enfrentamento da crise requer uma mudança de paradigma; consequentemente, a nova narrativa da educação de adultos deverá orientar-se por uma ecopedagogia que reestabeleça um equilíbrio entre seres humanos e natureza.
Bibliografia comentada sobre políticas educacionais
Authors: Veiga Rios Guilherme , Alves Barros Orlene , De Almeida Silva Tiago
Published: February 2023

Bibliografia comentada sobre políticas educacionais.
De los datos a los hechos. ¿Qué nos dice la evaluación Terce sobre las acciones de política educativa en la región?
Authors: Silveira Aberastury Adrián
Published: February 2023

Resenha da obra TREVIÑO, Ernesto; VILLALOBOS, Cristóbal; BAEZA, Andrea. Recomendaciones de políticas educativas en América Latina en base al TERCE. Santiago, Chile: Orealc, Unesco, 2016. 165 p. [Documento del Tercer Estudio Regional Comparativo y Explicativo (Terce) en el marco de la Agenda de Educación 2030].
Formação docente e socioeducação: uma relação invisibilizada
Authors: Bisinoto Cynthia
Published: February 2023

Neste ensaio, com base na análise de fontes bibliográficas e documentais, busca-se evidenciar a invisibilidade que permeia a formação docente e a socioeducação. As medidas socioeducativas aplicadas a adolescentes autores de ato infracional estão previstas no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, de 1990, e no Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo, de 2012. Em ambos, o direito à educação está declaradamente garantido aos adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas. A garantia à educação escolar está reafirmada, desde 2016, nas “Diretrizes nacionais para a efetivação do direito à escolarização de adolescentes em atendimento socioeducativo”, as quais também normatizam que os cursos de formação de professores devem contemplar conteúdos sobre direitos humanos, direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes, e processos de escolarização no atendimento socioeducativo. A despeito do estabelecido pelos marcos legais, a socioeducação está invisibilizada nos cursos de formação de professores e nas políticas públicas educacionais.
Estágio supervisionado do curso de Pedagogia: experiências de articulação com disciplinas de Metodologia no ensino de Ciências
Authors: Briccia Viviane , Onofre Joelson Alves , Urrego Marmolejo Maria Victoria , Pereira dos Reis Ramos Rosenaide
Published: February 2023

O estágio supervisionado e seu lugar no currículo têm se mostrado fundamentais no processo de formação docente, articulando educação básica, universidade e seus sujeitos (professores e estudantes). Uma pesquisa qualitativa do tipo estudo de caso foi realizada com o objetivo de discutir concepções, práticas, saberes e fazeres do estágio supervisionado como espaço de articulação curricular e da relação entre teoria e prática na formação inicial de professores. Das 16 entrevistas realizadas com professores em formação inicial e em serviço, foram selecionadas 4 de sujeitos em formação inicial, nas quais ficou evidenciado que o estágio é, simultaneamente, ponto de referência, de convergência e de articulação entre teoria e prática. Portanto, inseridos nos espaços da prática, os docentes em formação confrontam-se com questionamentos – como fazer, o que fazer, como conduzir – os quais devem ser debatidos no campo das mais diversas disciplinas nas licenciaturas, possibilitando que as metodologias sejam práticas reflexivas sobre o contexto de sala de aula e não dissociadas das discussões teóricas sobre o ensino.
Coros infantis comunitários em instituições educativas e seu papel no desenvolvimento artístico, pessoal e social das crianças envolvidas
Authors: Cortesão Costa Irene , Menezes Isabel
Published: February 2023

O objetivo do canto coral, aliás, da educação musical, é contribuir para o crescimento pessoal e para a capacidade de fruição da música, desenvolvendo a musicalidade nas crianças. Para isso, é necessário que o professor promova desafios musicais significativos para elas, assim como a capacidade de realizá-los. Sendo o canto coral uma atividade musical, mas também corporal, transforma o corpo, em especial a voz, em um instrumento musical. Como prática de acesso simples, exige poucos recursos além do material humano, sendo capaz de mover emoções, imaginação e afetos dos que cantam e dos ouvintes. Na prática coral infantil em escolas, a componente lúdica como fundamental, portanto, os profissionais devem procurar qualidade pedagógica e didática, indo ao encontro dos gostos e das práticas musicais das crianças, não descurando a imaginação e a criatividade. Defende-se que a educação vocal esteja nas mãos de profissionais que privilegiem a atenção pessoal e o apoio emocional e promovam a capacidade nas crianças de definir uma linha de conduta de abertura à diferença, de curiosidade, de permanente descoberta e crescimento.
O peso “leve” do Teatro Mignon
Authors: Staccioli Gianfranco
Published: February 2023

O Teatro Mignon é uma forma de comunicação que destaca os aspectos teatrais da dimensão educacional. É um teatro “leve”, expressivo, simples e complexo ao mesmo tempo, com todas as características fundamentais que marcaram o teatro desde suas origens. É um lúdico teatro de vida que se baseia em dois pontos fundamentais (prossegue com calma e de acordo com as regras do jogo dramático) e que tem quatro características (é à la carte, multissala, artesanal e infinito). Aqueles que o praticam acompanham a narração (de uma história, de um pensamento, de um caráter psicológico) com elementos sutis e imperceptíveis, para que tenham “uma gravidade sem peso”. O Teatro Mignon aproxima aqueles que o praticam da busca feita pelos diretores e atores das correntes contemporâneas do teatro. Baseia- se na dimensão lúdica da relação educacional; a brincadeira, a vida e o teatro se entrelaçam e dão vida a uma ação teatral que se dirige aos outros, mas que também diz respeito a si. O adulto que usa o jogo teatral se encontra no âmbito que, para as crianças, é chamado de “jogo de ficção”.
Perspectivas teóricas e experiências educativas: a brincadeira na educação infantil
Authors: Ferreira França Franciele
Published: February 2023

Resenha do livro de SAVIO, Donatella; MORO, Catarina. Giocare per costruire mondi: prospettive e esperienze per l’educazione infantile, tra Italia e Brasile. Milano: Franco Angeli, 2019. 222 p.
O poder do faz de conta e a experiência narrativa das crianças: inspirações da obra de Vivian Gussin Paley
Authors: Girardello Gilka
Published: February 2023

Ensaio sobre a obra da educadora estadunidense Vivian Gussin Paley (1929- 2019), reconhecida internacionalmente por seus diversos livros dedicados à brincadeira, à fantasia e à criação narrativa em ambientes de educação infantil. Por meio de comentários sobre seus livros e palestras, são apresentadas reflexões a respeito de algumas das principais contribuições dessa autora para uma educação de crianças pequenas que valorize a imaginação e a liberdade do faz de conta, entendidos como aspectos imprescindíveis para sua formação como sujeitos. Entre os diversos temas associados a esse horizonte geral, destaca-se a sua metodologia para promover a criação de histórias significativas por parte das próprias crianças e o caráter dialógico da textura narrativa que se busca criar, em um entremeio das histórias inventadas pelas crianças com as histórias inventadas pela professora especificamente para aquele contexto, apostando na construção de comunidades em um sentido profundo. Conclui-se identificando, nas obras analisadas, as dimensões que vemos como mais potentes inspirações para o trabalho cotidiano na educação infantil no Brasil.
京都大學近百年的中國文學研究概況
Authors: 興 膳宏
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

京都大學是僅次於東京大學創立的日本第二個國立大學。其中文學部是1906年（明治三十九年）創建的。創建時，叫京都帝國大學文科大學，1919年（大正八年）改稱爲京都帝國大學文學部，第二次世界戰争後的1927年（昭和二十二年）再改稱爲京都大學文學部（下面稱京大文學部）。京大文學部是由三個學科——哲學科、史學科、文學科一組成的。這三個學科裏都設置了關於中國的講座。哲學科有支那哲學史講座（後來改爲中國哲學史講座），史學科有東洋史學講座，文學科有支那語學支那文學講座（後來改爲中國語學中國文學講座，下面略稱中文講座）。就東京大學來説，草創時期的文學部裏曾設置漢學 科，關於中國的哲學、史學、文學的講座都屬於這學科。(撮要取自內文首段)
厲鶚與姜夔：浙西别調與白石新聲
Authors: 張 宏生
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

清代浙西詞派的開創者朱彝尊推崇姜夔和張炎，提倡醇雅清空，但其實際創作更加靠近張炎，真正能够實現朱彝尊推尊姜夔的理念，並開創浙西詞派發展局面的是厲鶚。厲鶚與姜夔的共鳴既表現在藝術上，也表現在生活經歷上。但他對姜夔既有學習也有發展。一是通過表現特定區域的山水來寫人物感情和特定的美學感受，二是通過寫歷史人物來營造氛圍，三是創造了詞中的寧静清寂之境。儘管厲鶚的咏物詞特别追求獨創，但當時和後世的接受者却往往片面接受了其徵典獺祭之作，這反映了時代審美思潮的某些方面。Although Zhu Yizun, the inaugurator of West Zhejiang Ci School in the Qing Dynasty, canonizes Jiang Kui and Zhang Yan and advocates “Pure and Elegant” and “Clear and Empty”, his writings close more with Zhang Yan. It is Li E who can carry out Zhu Yizun’s idea for respecting Jiang Kui and start the development for West Zhejiang Ci School. Li E’s sympathy with Jiang Kui is in arts as well as in life. But Li E not only follows Jiang Kui but also exceeds him which is reflected as follows: first, he can write feeling and aesthetic taste by location landscape; second, he can create atmosphere by writing historical persons; third, he creates a kind of state, quiet and clear, in the Ci poetry. Though Jiang Kui’s Ci poetry on objects was full of creation, the receivers, in present and afterward, often take his such works with a lot of allusions as excellent ones. That shows some aspects of aesthetic spirit for the era.
潘光旦論馮小青之影戀性心理
Authors: 文 潔華
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

本文擬對中國首次應用精神分析法探索變態性心理之個案作出介紹、分析、回顧及評論。研究對象爲潘光旦先生於一九二二年完成初稿之《馮小青考》。本文將循以下綱目及内容進行工作：（一）介紹潘光旦先生對馮小青影戀之病源分析，以見出潘先生本人對精神分析説的采納内容；（二）將弗洛依德本人之自戀理論與潘先生之影戀分析作出比較，以見後者在應用上之確當程度；（三）探討潘光旦先生“西論中用”的動機，以及其對中國封建社會中女性處境的觀察；（四）最後，本文將會補充以新女性心理學對精神分析學派“自戀”觀的批評，以及其中的性别反思。This article is an introduction and review of the first psychoanalytical application in China. The subject is Mr. Pun Guang Dan’s study of the woman poet Feng Xiao Qing of the late Qing conducted in 1922, about her life, her psychology and her work. It first introduces the methodology of Pun’s psychoanalysis on Feng and traces the origin of his approach. It then compares Freud’ s notion of “narcissism” with Pun’s understanding of the term to understand and discuss his appropriation. It is realized that the attempt made by Pun was brave under the cultural and social situations in China in his time. The study will also highlight the living of Chinese women in the feudal Chinese society at the turn of the century and reflect on Pun’s social consciousness of the attempt. Finally, the article will also discuss the contemporary reflection of Freud’ s psychoanalysis (which was closely followed by Pun) by the new women psychology and its gender discourses.
論以杜詩入禪的方便義
Authors: 梁 萬如
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

關於杜甫與襌的討論，大部分著重從杜甫的生平及其詩歌的背景看禪，思想角度是由杜甫通向襌出發的。其實，在襌宗的典籍之中實在不乏杜甫的影蹤。如果我們换另外一個角度思考，從禪佛教的角度看，不難發現在襌師的語録之中，可以找到禪僧引述杜甫詩歌的用例。這樣的用例共有四個。我們要問：在禪宗語録之中，杜甫詩歌如何與襌思想契合呢？杜甫的詩歌在禪宗典籍之中又有何地位？其實，無論是誰借用也好，以杜詩入禪在佛教看來是一種方便。本文擬檢視宋代的禪宗語録，探討襌師引用杜甫詩的目的，運用比較法，一方面掌握杜詩在文學上的意思，另方面從禪師的話語脈絡著眼，討論禪師如何看待杜詩，怎樣在杜詩句中看出襌意。最後，歸結詩歌語言與禪宗語言蛊歸默的理解。The study of the relationship between Du Fu and Ch’an Buddhism has been shedding light on the life of Du Fu and the background of his poetry. The perspective of the study is from Du Fu. However, if we ponder on the question from another angle, one may discover that some Ch’an Masters made use of Du Fu’s poetry to enlighten their students skillfully in the sayings of Ch’an. Drilling into the sayings of Ch’an in Sung, there are four verses of Du Fu we have to pay attention to. In terms of Buddhist terminology, using verses to enlighten students is called skillful means. In this paper, we are going to explore the underlining meaning of these four verses in relation to the sayings of Ch’an in a comparative way. Ultimately, every single word, be it poetry or Ch’an, will rest in silence.
《愔愔室詩詞文稿》
Authors: 葛 曉音
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

談起中國歷代的女詩人，大約只有李清照、朱淑真這些名字爲大家耳熟能詳。其實我國清代的閨閣詩人有詩詞文集傳世者不在少數。可惜進入二十世紀以後，隨著傳統詩詞逐漸退出主流文壇，女作家亦罕有以詩名世者。但在這個時代作傳統詩詞，濾浄了世俗的因素，純爲寄意遣懷，反而能出有真性情的佳作。香港古琴家、書家及音樂教育家蔡德允女史最近出版的《愔愔室詩詞文稿》，便是因爲編集了從前〝未嘗有發表於世之想〞的全部舊作，而充分展現了一位從傳統中走來的現代女詞人的獨特風采。她精通古琴和書法的藝術氣質，使她自然繼承了清代閨閣詩人的優雅和柔婉；而她所經歷的將近一個世紀的變遷，又不可避免地爲她的詩詞烙上了時代的印記。(撮要取自內文首段)
《東南大學與“學衡派”》
Authors: 區 志堅
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

“五四”運動期間，以北京大學爲首的一群知識分子，創辦《新青年》雜誌，高舉新文化、新思想，展開重估及批判中國傳統文化的活動；另一群在南京高等師範學校執教的教員，不滿全盤批判傳統文化的言論，改以維護中國傳統文化，融合西方文化爲職志，藉“昌明國粹，融化新知”爲手段，從學術及創作上肯定傳統文化的價值，他們成立學衡社，出版《學衡》雜誌。然而昔日在奉批判傳統文化爲“新文化”代表的圖像下，忽視了學衡派的地位，並把學衡社社員視爲“保守的”學者，在研究領域上予以打撃，故學界未深入探討學衡派形成的原因及其所思所想。近日，高恒文提出“因東南大學興起而聚集，因東南大學衰落而離散，‘學衡派’與東南大學的興衰原來是這樣息息相關”（頁10）的觀點，爲研究這個被視爲“保守主義”代表的學派，提出另一種研究的方向。(撮要取自內文首段)
《廣州方言詞典》
Authors: 丘 學强
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

中國社會科學院語言研究所《現代漢語方言大詞典》各分卷陸續出版，聞者無不雀躍。其中，《廣州方言詞典》由白宛如先生編纂，本人閲後不禁對先生功力之深厚更感敬佩。

只是，經與饒秉才、麥耘、張勵妍諸學者所編的幾本《廣州話詞典》細作比較後，却發現白先生之大作有許多令人迷惑不解之處。例如，廣州話音系取“有介音説”是否合理？即使合理，在目前多數學者均仍然堅持“無介音説”的情况下是否應有所説明？會否因漏收了不少詞條或詞之義項而使該詞典有涵蓋面欠廣之嫌？方言詞典收入了較多的與普通話形同音異的詞條是否又會因“濫收”而削弱了其方言特色？多録舊詞、少録或不録新詞的做法是否正確？捨衆多的現今廣爲流傳的“俗字”不録而多以經與古籍對照考證出來的“本字”爲條目，是不是現代漢語方言詞典應有的正確的編纂原則？

本文將對《廣州方言詞典》的一些特色進行介紹，並以之爲例，向大家請教在方言詞典的編纂中應如何處理“本字”和“俗字”以及收詞的取捨等問題。
南戲的分化及傳播——以東南沿海地區爲中心的考察
Authors: 田仲 一成
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

今天我要介紹自己研究中國戲劇的看法。對於中國戲劇，我關注的是，跟鄉村祭祀結合而成爲祭祀的一部分的戲劇。我叫做“祭祀戲劇”，是原始的戲劇。相反地，城市或宫廷的劇場裏演出的娱樂性的戲劇，是“娱樂戲劇”，我把他看作後起的，暫時置而不談。(撮要取自內文首段)
從詩的比興到詞的寄託——常州詞派以寄託説詞的理論來歷及其實際批評
Authors: 吳 宏一
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

歷來評論詩詞的學者，往往喜歡以比興、寄託論詩談詞，常在詮釋作品、欣賞意境之餘，求其言外之意。就詞而言，特别是從清代張惠言之後，更喜歡比附風騷，鬯言寄託，認爲詞與詩同源而一理，甚至認爲詩詞與騷賦大有相通之處。1969年我在碩士論文《常州派詞學研究》第三章中，曾經對此多所論析，也曾引起一些回響。近年來，討論比興寄託與詩詞的關係，以及常州派詞學的論著，頗不少見，也各有見地。可是，對於比興、寄託二者的來歷分際，以及張惠言移之論詞的得失，論者則多不能溯其源而竟其委，因此尚不能饜足我心。也因此，我在寫成《温庭筠〈菩薩蠻〉“小山重叠金明滅”相關問題辨析》、《温庭筠〈菩薩蠻〉十四首的篇章結構》之後，擬以張惠言解説温庭筠《菩薩蠻》詞爲例，對詞與比興、寄託的問題，作進一步的探討，並且對他以寄託説詞的理論來歷以及爲何標舉、如何標舉温庭筠詞的問題，提出自己的一些看法。(撮要取自內文首段)
對唐代文學研究的一點看法
Authors: 鄺 健行
Published: February 2023

未有摘要可提供。No abstract is available.
從探討中國古代詩論和樂論、 畫論、書論的關係深化中國文學批評史的研究——張少康教授提出的一個新思考
Authors: 單 周堯
Published: February 2023

未有摘要可提供。No abstract is available.
文史結合的研究視野和精密科學的考證方法——評傅璇琮《唐代翰林與文學：以文史結合作歷史—文化的探索》
Authors: 賈 晉華
Published: February 2023

未有摘要可提供。No abstract is available.
戲劇研究的人類學視角
Authors: 劉 楚華
Published: February 2023

未有摘要可提供。No abstract is available.
陶淵明的思想創獲與實踐工夫
Authors: 鄧 小軍
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
魏晉時期哲學思想主流是玄學，性善論的儒家人性思想失落已久。在玄學内部，魏晉玄學家對於莊子哲學核心的心齋學説，慧解有所不足，更無此實踐工夫（嵇康例外）。
陶淵明《感士不遇赋》對魏晉以來失落已久的性善論的儒家人性思想，獨立地作出了重新發明。陶淵明《歸園田居》詩對莊子心齋哲學的精髓，獨立地作出了融會貫通和透徹理解，這是魏晉玄學家所未有的洞見。
泯滅欲望之心，保持澹泊之心、自由之心，是莊子心齋哲學的精髓。在任何環境、命運中，都能明辨是非，行爲符合人性，是儒家心性修養工夫的精髓。淵明棄官歸田的思想抉擇和實際行動，是莊子心齋哲學的實踐，亦是儒家心性修養工夫的實踐。儒家的精髓，莊學的精髓，融合在淵明的思想和實踐中。
Metaphysics was a main trend of Chinese philosophy in Wei and Jin Dynasties, when the Confucian theory of benevolent philanthropism as an inherent characteristic of humanity had been lost for a long time. However, the Wei-Jin philosophers were not sufficiently sagacious to understand and explain the theory of Xin Zhai （心齋）of Zhuangzi and also without any practice, except for Ji Kang.
Tao Yuanming's poem, Fu on the Future and Destiny of Scholar’s （《感士不遇賦》）, shows his independent development of the benevolent philanthropy of Confucianism. Another poem of his, Return to His Pastoral Life（《歸田園居》）, also shows his independent understanding of the Xin Zhai of Zhuangzi, achieving mastery through a comprehensive study of the subject, which only he did in that era.
Banishing the mentality of desiring wordy goods and pleasures, cultivating the mentality of not seeking fame and wealth, keeping freedom of the spirit, were the quintessence of Zhuangzi's philosophy of Xin Zhai; making a clear distinction between right and wrong, the behaviour always in accordance with human nature were the quintessence of Confucian accomplishment of mentality. Tao Yuanming gave up the position of officer in the government, returned to village life, both for the practice of Zhuangzi philosophy and for Confucian philosophy as both were in Tao Yuanming' s thought and action.
明僧紹與棲霞立寺史實考——重讀《攝山棲霞寺碑》與《明徵君碑》
Authors: 程 章燦
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
南京棲霞寺的創立與南齊徵君明僧紹有十分密切的關係。明僧紹出生於山東平原郡一個有信佛傳統的世族家庭。他有很高的儒學修養，自宋至齊，多次拒絶朝廷的徵辟。最初，他在長廣郡即今山東青島一帶聚徒講學。泰始二年（466），由於淮北四州淪於北魏，他隨家族南下建康，升明元年（477），又隨其弟明慶符到鬱州。三年後，他回到建康，並定居攝山，修築棲霞精舍。永明二年（484）明僧紹去世後，他的兒子明仲璋舍宅爲寺，永明七年（489）法度襌師以棲霞精舍爲基礎，正式創立了棲霞寺。The foundation of Qixia Temple was closely related to the famous scholar Ming Sengshao who was born into a great family with the tradition of professing Buddhism in Shandong province. However he himself was of great attainments on Confucism and rejected the public offices for several times. He taught at Qingtao of Shangdong province at his earlier years and moved in 466 with his family to Nanjing, the capital at that time, when Shandong was taken over by Northern Wei. He left Nanjing in 477 and came back three years later. This time he settled down in Qixia Mountain and built for himself a study called Qixia. After he died in 484 he son Ming Zhongzhang donated the study to the monk Fadu and on the basis of it the monk found up Qixia Temple eventually in 489.
《漢語大字典》義項辨正八則
Authors: 郭 鵬飛
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
《漢語大字典》是我國規模宏大的字典，專家學者參與編訂之多，可説空前。全書共收五萬六千餘字，注重形、音、義的配合，深入探討漢字的内在義蘊，資料繁富，解釋精審，是現今最具影響力的字典。然而，中國文化深厚悠長，典籍浩如烟海，字典在材料的選取、理解方面，不免有遺漏、誤釋的地方，如“遇”字，字典“遇”第一類第一義項是“相逢，不期而會”，其意爲“偶遇”。“遇”固有“偶遇”之意，但亦有不少語料顯示所“遇”並非偶然，因此，“遇”字如單以“偶爾相值遇”爲解，則未能全面顯示“遇”的意義。又如“治”字，字典第二類第四義項爲“有秩序；嚴整”，並引《釋名•釋言語》“治，值也。物皆值其所也”爲證。《釋名》以“值”釋“治”，其義爲“相當”、“恰當”而非“有秩序；嚴整”。又第十義項“爲；作”，字典引《爾雅•釋話下》“治，故也”及清郝懿行《爾雅義疏》“治與事聲義近......事訓治，治亦訓事”之説爲證。可是“治”無“故”義，而郝懿行的訓釋亦大有問題，字典不察，引以爲據，因而致誤。再如“在”字，字典“在”字第六義項爲“存問”、“問候”，書證爲《左傳•襄公二十六年》：“寡人淹恤在外，二三予皆使寡人朝夕聞衛國之言，吾子獨不在寡人。”杜預注：”在，存問之。”杜預之説，顧炎武早已指出其不當之處，字典却没接納。以上種種，是未有對古籍作根本性考辨的結果。本文就眼下所及，檢查“遇”、“盛”、“即”、“治”、“且”、“在”、“從”、“冒”八字相關義項，對其中的問題作進一步的探討，以供《漢語大字典》將來修訂時參考。
Hanyu Da Zidian has long been considered the most authoritative dictionary in China. The sheer number of prominent linguists, academics and lexicographers who had helped its compilation is monumental. The dictionary has a total of some 56,000 entries. Semantic, syntactic and phonological properties of each entry, as well as the evolutionary nature of the "shape" of the character, are analysed in detail. Each entry has explanatory notes that explore thoroughly its semantic properties and the nuances of its shifting meanings. It has therefore been regarded as a definitive work. However, because of the vast variety of works involved, and the extensive history of Chinese civilization, there are unavoidably inaccuracies and inadequacies found in the Hanyu Da Zidian, in terms of its selection of characters, coverage, and clarity. This essay attempts to re-examine semantically eight lexical items from the dictionary. They are namely yu （遇）, sheng（盛）, ji（即）, zhi（治）, qie（且）, zai（在）, cong （從）and mao（冒）. It is hoped that the re-examination of the items would offer possible suggestions for improving and refining the Hanyu Da Zidian.
“V著也是V著”格式試析
Authors: 宛 新政
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
從句法、語義、語用的三維角度出發，本文對“V著也是V著”格式進行初步考察。指出“V著也是V著”是一個緊縮結構，由於在語義上不够自足，缺乏句法獨立性，它一般要與其他小句一起構成複句。該結構構成複句的語義關係主要是兩種：因果、選擇。整個格式的語用意義是“説話人認爲某種持續行爲或狀態缺少積極性或缺乏價值，爲克服或避免這種情況，應該採取一個‘略好‘的新行爲。Based on the three-dimensional theory, the article focuses on the syntactic & semantic & pragmatic features of the structure "V 著也是 V 著”. It argues that “V 著也是 V 著” structure is syntactically dependent and usually appears as a clause of a compound sentence. The inner semantic relationship of the compound sentence can be divided into two kinds: cause-effect and selective. The pragmatic meaning of the whole structure may be generalized as “The speaker believes one lasting state or action lacks activity or value. To change or to avoid this situation, a new action which is a little better ought to be taken”.
不斷的樂舞，永遠的祝福——試論齊梁樂舞詩
Authors: 大村 和人
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

樂舞詩描寫演奏樂舞的女人。一般認爲宫體詩派專愛制作這種作品，但是值得注意的是反對宫體詩的蕭統也制作了樂舞詩，此事實讓我們重新考慮樂舞詩的性質。齊梁樂舞詩中往往可見表達“樂舞不停”和“挽留上客”的兩種詩句。經過考察這兩種表現類型的源流和内涵，我們發現這些模式繼承發展了古代宴飲詩和祭祀詩中所見的祝禱詞。不但蕭統，而且頗多齊梁詩人競相制作包含這種表現類型的樂舞詩來歌頌王朝的和平、祝賀皇帝或宴會主人的幸福。我們應該注意漢魏晉六朝詩歌，甚至齊梁的所謂“豔詩”也保留著古代詩歌的特性。The “Gongti 宫體" school poets have generally been recognized as tending to compose a kind of poetry called “yuewu-shi 樂舞詩", that depicted women who were playing music or dancing. But it is worthy noting that the crown prince Zhao-ming 昭明, who is well-known for his objections to the writing of “amorous poetry 豔詩” also composed some “yuewu-shi 樂舞詩", though it was a type of “amorous poetry 豔詩". In yuewu-shi Qi and Liang 齊梁樂舞詩, we frequently find characteristic lines expressing the ideas of “everlastingly playing music” and “keeping the guest at the banquet”. After consideration of the origin and the meaning of these two patterns of expression, it becomes clear that these two patterns were inherited from the word of festivity used in the ancient festive poetry and ritual poetry. Not only the Crown prince Zhaoming 昭明, but also numerous poets in the Qi and Liang 齊梁 dynasties composed “yuewu-shi 樂舞詩" to convey wishes for the success of the banquet, peace for the dynasty and long life for the emperor. We further need to note that Qi and Liang “amorous poetry” 齊梁“豔詩" retained the nature of the ancient poetry.
《〈清代學術概論〉導讀》
Authors: 馬 世年
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

梁啓超先生的《清代學術概論》（以下簡稱《概論》）一書是清學史研究當中的“經典性名著”之一，就個人而言，它與《中國近三百年學術史》同爲梁啓超論清學史的代表作品，朱維錚先生便將此二書列爲“梁啓超論清學史二種”而校注之。上海古籍出版社將其作爲清末民初的經典作品，納入到“蓬萊閣叢書”當中，由朱維錚先生予以導讀，僅此即可見其價值之高。關於這部書的具體評價，朱先生《〈清代學術概論〉導讀》（以下簡稱《導讀》）一文已有專門研究，此處再不過多涉及。這裏欲就《導讀》一文略作介紹。作爲“清學史”的專家，朱先生此文寫得非常精彩，趙逵夫師對此文很是讚賞，曾給我作專門推薦。拜讀之後，所獲良多。既深欽朱先生論述的精闢，又歎服趙先生目光的敏鋭。今將個人讀後的一些感受寫出來，以向二位先生彙報，也求教於各位方家。(撮要取自內文首段)
《經學與中國古代文學》
Authors: 唐 景玨 , 黄 文熙
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

儒家經學是中國封建社會的上層建築，隨着封建制度的終結，經學在當代成爲一種很少有人問津的冷門學問。但是，冷門學問不等於没有價值，日前香港大學出版社出版的《經學與中國古代文學》表明，適當關注儒家經學，對於中國古代文學研究是完全必要的。(撮要取自內文首段)
中國近現代文學的研究方法
Authors: 李 歐梵
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

這個講題其實是學生幫我起的。因爲學生最想知道的，就是老師在研究方法上有什麽新的見解。今天我要講的是老生常談，通俗的講法是自我反思一下，因爲我最近在美國的王德威安排下提出兩篇論文，一篇是講夏志清、夏濟安兄弟的；另一篇則是哈佛費正清研究中心成立五十周年，美國學術界研究中國現代文學的反思文章。今天我想把這兩篇文章加上自己的感想來講一下。没有講稿，只能算是閒談。(撮要取自內文首段)
重建“中國現代文學”——在學科建制與民間視野之間
Authors: 陳 平原
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

重建“中國現代文學”——這樣的提法，很容易讓人想起二十年前的“重寫文學史”。不過，這回不是關於具體作家作品的重新評價，而是對這一學科（包括教學方式以及著述體例）的功能、地位以及發展前景的整體思考。(撮要取自內文首段)
給崇高理想與博大精神賦形和着色——毛澤東詩詞藝術形象表現技巧概論
Authors: 楊 景春
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

毛澤東詩詞塑造自然形象和社會形象的方法值得注意，集中反映了詩人高超的技巧。而這些自然形象和社會形象又構成了毛澤東詩詞完整生動感人的内容，使傳統詩詞在新的歷史時期焕發出不尋常的光彩，呈現出前所未有的社會意義和藝術價值。The way Mao Zedong shapes the images of nature and society in his poems and lyrics is remarkable in the sense that it reflects the poet’s outstanding techniques. These images form the comprehensive and touching contents of Mao’s poems and lyrics. Through his works traditional poems and lyrics not only expose their extraordinary glamour in a new historical era, but also reveal unprecedented social meanings and artistic values.
陽羨詞人蔣景祁生平事蹟補考
Authors: 朱 幗馨
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
在清代陽羨詞派中，領袖人物陳維崧之外的蔣景祁、萬樹分别以“選政”和“詞律”宏開一派，值得詞學界給予更多關注。本文在嚴迪昌先生《陽羨詞派研究》的基礎上對詞人蔣景祁的身世、卒年、遊歷等作進一步補證，並附列年表於文末，以供同行參考。
In addition to Chen Weisong (陳維崧), master lyricist of Yangxian School, Jiang Jingqi (蔣景祁) and Wan shu (萬樹) were famous respectively for their “selective achievement (選政)” and “Ci-regulations (詞律)”. Both of these two lyricists and their works deserve more attention of modern scholars. This paper studies in more detail regarding the life of the Ci-poet Jiang Jingqi on the base of Prof. Yan Dichang’s work “A Study of Yangxian School”, and includes a table of the genealogy of this Ci-poet.
《汪兆鏞與近代粤澳文化》
Authors: 區 志堅
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

持中原文化中心史觀的學者，往往視處在邊緣的廣東爲“蠻煙蟹雨”，要藉自北方南下的“蘇海韓潮”傳播華夏精義，然而，鴉片戰争前後，廣東爲中國首開門户，學習近代西方文化早於各省，故廣東文化既有隨南下移民所帶的中原文化，也具融通中外文化的特點，省内香港、澳門兩地，尤居中原文化“邊緣”中的“邊緣”，澳門早於明嘉靖年間已爲葡人所佔，香港則於鴉片戰争後淪爲英國的殖民地，二地的文化異於廣東各省，但港澳二地既爲最接近中國大陸，又是外洋管治下建立一套不同於大陸政權管治的“邊緣”地方，每於國内政治動亂，或政權易手，港澳兩地相較爲安定，遂爲不滿中原政權的士子退隱的地方；更因其“邊緣”特色，既深染華夏文化，又受西方文化的薰陶，一群不滿新政權的士子，可以在港澳二地憑弔中國文化，思念已逝去的政權，又可安居退隱，港澳便成爲不滿新政權的前朝“遺民”南下首選的地方。清末民初的書畫家、史學家、著名學者兼遺民汪兆鏞（1861—1939）就是這樣一位人物，他畢業於清代嶺南高等學府學海堂，把華夏正音傳於異族政權，帶動澳門華文文化事業的發展。(撮要取自內文首段)
《思想史研究課堂講録——視野角度與方法》
Authors: 梁 萬如
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

本書作者以碩士及博士生爲寫作對象，目的主要探討文史的學術研究方法。作者既以學生爲書寫對象，於是就索性把書看作爲教科書，於内文插入圖例，於每一章後附上參考書目，教育性質很明顯。再探究ー下，書目名單並不完全列舉中文著作，有些是英文書籍，更有些是日文書本。標舉中、英、日三語的書本，顯示出作者具很强的現代學術研究意識。一般有志於學術研究的大學生，閲讀此書像上了一課現代學術研究方法論。(撮要取自內文首段)
《逸園叢録》
Authors: 林 英德
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

《逸園叢録》最近由齊魯書社出版，這是北師大文藝學研究中心著名古文論研究專家李壯鷹先生奉獻給學界的又一部力作。(撮要取自內文首段)
《易經》裏的針灸醫術紀錄考釋
Authors: 周 策縱
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
《易經》的卦爻辭有好些是古代歷史和社會、經濟生活的紀錄。王國維在〈殷卜辭中所見先公先王考〉一文裏已開了一條好的先路。顧頡剛、余永梁、李鏡池等在《古史辨》一九三一年的第三冊裏又陸續考定卦爻辭中記有殷商和周初的史事。我於一九六三年春天在美國威斯康辛大學講演，又指出從甲骨文和金文可證《易經》爻辭紀錄古代有忌逆產而棄嬰和徒涉採貝幣的習俗。三年以後在西德和香港各大學講演，又指出過「蠱」、「咸」、「恆」、「巽」諸卦爻辭可能與古代的巫醫有關。現在進一步討論分析「咸」、「艮」兩卦的卦名和卦爻辭所保存的針砭醫術史料。本文已立意多年，一九七九年四月底曾在台北淡江大學講演過大要。現在且先從釐清「咸」和「艮」這兩個字的古代意義説起。(撮要取自內文首段)Following in the footsteps of Wang Kuo-wei and Ku Chieh-kang, the author has repeatedly pointed out in the last thirty year that the I Ching preserves a number of materials concerning ancient Chinese social, political, economic, and intellectual history, more than we have known, and that they need further examination. In this article the author proposes that acupuncture and moxibustion records may be found in the oracle texts of hexagrams #31, Hsien (Xian), and #52, Ken (Gen) of the I Ching, the most significent Chinese classic closely related to divination, wu shamanism, and the later development of Chinese philosophy and thought. (Abstract taken from first paragraph of document.)
《詩經·召南·草蟲》釋義
Authors: 左 松超
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
喓喓草蟲，趨趯阜螽。未見君子，憂心忡忡。亦既見 止，亦既覯止，我心則降。陟彼南山，言采其厥。未見君子，憂心惙惙。亦既見 止，亦既覯止，我心則説。陟彼南山，言采其薇。未見君子，我心傷悲。亦既見 止，亦既覯止，我心則夷。這一篇詩的解釋，異説極多。首先是《毛序》、《傳》、《箋》一系列的解釋，《毛序》説是“大夫妻能以禮自防也”，《箋》、 《正義》皆無異義，並且在這一基礎上對“未見君子”、“既見君子”加以進一步的闡釋。《箋》釋“亦既見之，亦既覯之”兩句曰：“既見謂已同牢而食也，既覯謂謂已昏也。始者憂於不當，今君子待己以禮，庶自此可以寧父母，故心下也。《易》曰：‘男女覯精，萬物化生。’”清陳啟源則指出後儒對於鄭 《箋》“多笑其鑿”，但“鄭分為兩義，亦非無見”。歐陽修 (1007-1072)對於這首詩基本上維持了《序》説，但是不滿意毛、 鄭説是“在塗之女”云云，而解釋為“召南之大夫出而行役，妻留在家”，姚際恒(1647-1715?)謂其説“庶幾近之”；但是歐陽修接著所説的“當紂之末世，淫風大行，強暴之男侵陵貞女，淫泆之女犯禮求男，此大夫之妻能以禮義自防，不為淫風所化，。。。。。。而守禮以待君子之歸”的一番議論，就和他批評毛、鄭一樣：“皆詩文所無，非其本義”。其次是朱熹(1130-1200)，他認為是“南國被文王之化，諸侯大夫行役在外，其妻獨居，感時物之變，而思其君子如此”。朱熹是採用歐陽修之説，而擺脱了歐陽修尚不敢丢掉的“以禮自防”舊説的束縛，可惜的是仍然戴了頂“文王之化”的帽子。今人高亨(1900-1986)、陳子展(1898-1990)、程俊英、屈萬里(1906-1979)、王靜芝、朱守亮等皆逕以為是思婦之詩，則較朱熹舊説為通達了。崔述(1740-1816)ー方面認為《朱傳》“説為近是”，但另外一方面卻指出“玩其詞意，未見其當為大夫之妻，亦未見其必為妻之思夫也”，這可見出崔述作為一個考據學家實事求是的謹嚴態度。第三，方玉潤(1811-1883)以為是詩人 託男女之情以寫臣之思君，而莊有可則認為是“南國喜見周文王”，翟相君又以為可能是周平王，都未免太鑿實。第四，王先謙(1842-1917)據《説苑•君道》第五章引此詩，認為“是詩為好善作”。(撮要取自內文首段)The theme of the Poem《草蟲》in the Book of Odes, according to earliest interpretation, is on proper relationship between husband and wife. However since the Song Dynasty, this interpretation was largely discredited and many other interpretations were suggested. The author of this paper, based on《Tso Chuan》，《Shuo Yuan》and other source materials, suggests that it is about the happiness of a king obtaining the help of a good and capable person. (Abstract taken from first paragraph of document.)
杜甫府試下策試説
Authors: 鄺 健行
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

自宋至今，各種提到杜甫生平的文字，大抵都認為杜甫在二十三歲到二十六歲，即唐玄宗開元二十二年（734）至二十五年（737）之間曾經獲得解送而參加吏部由考功員外郎主持的進士試，結果落第；唐代進士試分三個階段進行：縣試、州、府試和初由吏部繼由禮部負責的中央級試；杜甫是在第三階段的考試中失敗的。譬如各種前人年譜之中，有的説“赴京兆薦貢，考功下之；”有的説“赴京兆貢舉，不第；”固然明指第三階段。就是有的把“赴鄉舉”和“下第”兩事隔年列出，指的還是第三階段：那是説鄉舉成功以後，再赴京兆考試而失敗。各種年譜、傳記、序文作者的結論應該是根據杜甫的《壯遊》詩自述而來，不過如果抱着上述的結論回轉頭讀《壯遊》詩，其中又不免頗有難解之處。換句話説，重新考慮之下，能不能據《壯遊》詩得出上述的結論，仍可商榷。然而杜甫中央級考試落敗是古今大多數人承認的事實，不宜輕率否定。下文提出的疑慮，只能看成個人讀書之後的反應，作為問題提出來供時賢參考，未敢有即時推翻取代成説之意。(撮要取自內文首段)There were two levels in the T’ang examination system: the local one and the national one. It is believed traditionally that Tu Fu failed the national examination. The author of this paper argued that from evidence gathered, Tu Fu had failed the local test, and never took the national test. (Abstract taken from first paragraph of document.)
王夫之的婚姻倫理觀
Authors: 葉 敬德
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

王夫之（1619-1692）字而農，號薑齋，晚年隱居於湖南衡陽縣的石船山。故學者均稱其為船山先生。夫之雖未從名師求學，卻自幼從兄父輩苦讀，十四歲考中秀才，二十三歲考中舉人。曾積極抗清，南明亡後，則更名隱居，潛心講學著書。遺著一百多種，四百餘卷。(撮要取自內文首段)Wang Fu-chih [1619-1692] was one of the three prominent scholars in the early Ch’ing period [1644-1722]. He was a philosopher of voluminous literary output. For him, the sequence of human relations is ordered by Heaven. The relationships between ruler and subject, father and son, and husband and wife are the most important of the five human relationships that Mencius mentioned, other relationships are extensions of these. He held that it is the function of propriety to determine the due that each individual should receive—the means by which human relations are regulated. The iaws that govern the primary human relationships are the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues. These are the original basis of propiety, referred to as the unchangeable proprieties. However, the ways in which these laws are to be applied are changeable proprieties. This paper is an attempt to elucidate Wang Fu-chih’s ethics of marriage. In doing so, a systematic study of his understandings of the objectives of marriage, the command of the parents and the good offices of the matchmakers, the procedures for contracting a marriage, divorce and remarriage, widowhood and chastity, and concubinage are provided. Wang Fu-chih had tried his best to follow the unchangeable proprieties in order to regulate the institution of marriage. However, he also launched his greatest effort to work out what changeable proprieties could be applied to a situation; the proprieites were very different from the time when the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues were established. (Abstract taken from first paragraph of document.)
胡曉明：《中國詩學之精神》
Authors: 吳 淑鈿
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

劉若愚在論中國傳統的詩歌觀時，先就詩歌本身提出兩個問題：詩歌是甚麼？及詩歌應該如何寫：此實二而為一的有機命題。探討這些問題除了從文學觀點去作解釋外，其實也不可昧於傳統的文化。或者説，將創作行為或文學作品放到文化的層次裏去考察是有必要的，因為詩歌除了是一種藝術實踐，它還應該是説明了一個民族的文化特質，表徵一個民族的智慧；所以詩學精神與人文精神是息息相關的。也因此上面的兩個問題便不單純是緣情言志，押韻製作，或體裁格律等答案可以解釋得完滿。胡曉明的《中國詩學之精神》提供給我們一個較廣闊的視角，從文化精神的脈絡探尋詩學的發展，以期找出一包涵豐富的詩心。(撮要取自內文首段)
李陀岳恒：《中國前衞藝術》
Authors: 黃 子平
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

本書以九十年代初在德國的一個展覽為基礎，介紹了六十位中國前衞畫家近三百幅精選的作品，其中一百六十頁用彩色印刷。書中同時收入了由中國和西方學者撰寫的十九篇專論，論述了七、八十年代以來中國美術、詩歌、電影、戲劇、小説、音樂、建築、攝影等藝術領域的演變過程和歷史趨向。此書由牛津大學出版社同時以中文和英文兩種版本出版，據我的了解，以如此規模推介中國前衞藝術的書，迄今為止在海內外仍屬絕無僅有。(撮要取自內文首段)
經君健：《清代社會的賤民等級》
Authors: 黃 毓楝
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

清史雖是近十多年來國內學者關注的研究範圍，但是有關社會史方面的成績顯然不夠理想。例如，雖有論者認為天津人 民出版社在九零年出版的馮爾康、常建華所著的《清人社會生活》，在清代社會史研究中具有開拓性的指導作用（參張實：〈清史及社會史研究的開拓性成果——《清人社會生活》評介〉，《清史研究》，第1期〔總第2期〕（1991年6月），頁54、56），而該書也確實對清代的社會史進行了比較全面的考察和介紹；不過，該書大部分內容乃是繼承和綜合前人的研究而已。例如，該書的第一章〈清人的等級社會生活〉，就是參照經君健的〈試論清代等級制度〉（載於明清史國際學術討論會秘書處論文組〔編〕：《明清史國際學術討論會論文集》〔天津：天津人民出版社，1982〕，頁286-319）而來，沒有很多新的內容。筆者認為，清代社會史的研究，綜合前人的成果固然重要，但是有創見和深度的研究更加必要，而經君建的《清代社會的賤民等級》，可説是對清代社會的賤民等級比較深入研究的著作。(撮要取自內文首段)
Stephen Owen: Readings in Chinese Literary Thought
Authors: 朱 耀偉
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

—直以來，研究中國文學的西方專著為數尚不算少，但在相比之下，以西方語言處理中國文學理論批評的作品卻並不多見。直至一九七五年，美籍華裔學者劉若愚才推出他那本被稱作「第ー本以當代西方方法分析中國文學理論的作品」：《中國 文學理論》（Chinese Theories of Literature）。此後當然也曾有過有關中國文論的西方專著，但最具規模地全面探討傳統中國文論的還要算宇文所安(Stephen Owen)的《中國文學思想選讀》(Readings in Chinese Literary Thought)。(撮要取自內文首段)
朱元璋的文章觀與洪武朝的文學思想導向
Authors: 羅 宗强
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
朱元璋實行思想統制，此一思想環境，影響着洪武朝文學思想之發展。他對士人既親近又猜疑、濫殺的行爲，造成士人複雜之心態，他爲士人留出的生存空間，對文學思想的走向，也起著導引的作用。
朱元璋前後七次詔諭文風改革；他對詩文和戲劇内容的限制，著眼點全在治道的得失上。他的文章觀的核心是尊典謨、重實用、去華飾、求平實，輕視藝術表現。
由於文化環境的影響和朱元璋的文章觀的導引，入仕新朝的一部分士人文學觀念的變化十分明顯。他們的創作傾向與文學觀念，適應其時之政治環境，逐漸成爲洪武朝文學思想之主流。首先是詩歌創作中出現了頌美的傾向，追求一種雍容典雅的氣象。同時以宋濂爲代表的原道、宗經、復古的文學思想，與朱元璋的治國理念、文章觀相符，處於其時文壇之正統地位。
重個人情懷自由抒發，無關政教得失的文學思想觀念，和承繼元末擬古傾向的文學思想，則處於在野的地位。
The intellectual environment created by Zhu Yuanzhang’s (posth. Emperor Taizu of the Ming, reigned 1368-1398) ideological control influenced the development of literary thought in his Hongwu reign-period. His attitude towards intellectuals was complicated. On the one hand he was close to them, but on the other hand his suspicion resulted in extensive executions. This gave rise to a complex mentality amongst intellectuals. The operating space that Zhu reserved for intellectuals was a decisive factor in the development of literary thought.
A particular focus of Zhu’s seven edicts on literary reform is the restricting of poetry, essays, and drama to content relating to the strengths and weaknesses of governance. Additionally, the basis of Zhu’s literary thought includes: a respect for classical models, emphasis on practicality, eradication of embellishment, the pursuit of simplicity and integrity, and reduced emphasis on artistry.
Zhu Yuanzhang’s literary thought, combined with other social factors, influenced a number of officials who served under the newly founded Ming dynasty to undergo an obvious change in their literary positions. In line with the political situation of the time, these trends in creative writing and literary thought gradually became mainstream in the Hongwu reign-period. The first consequence is the panegyric tone in poetry composition, which pursued an elegant and poised style. In the meantime, classicists such as Song Lian (1310-1381) advocated literary positions of “finding one’s root in Confucian teaching” and “basing one's writing on Confucian classics”. This thought accorded with Zhu YuanZhang's concept of state affairs and views on literature, and thus assumed orthodoxy.
On the other hand, two schools of literary thought became marginalized: free expression of individual sentiment unrelated to governance and didacticism, and a continuation of the late Yuan trend of “modeling on the ancients.”