bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of FTO rs1421085 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism With Fat and Fatty Acid Intake in Indonesian Adults
Authors: Al-Jawadi Athraa Alaulddin , Priliani Lidwina , Oktavianthi Sukma , Febinia Clarissa A , Daya Mulianah , Artika I Made , Malik Safarina G
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveRecent studies showed that genetic polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) were associated with obesity and dietary intake. In this study of 71 adults in Jakarta, Indonesia, we investigated FTO rs1421085 association with body mass index (BMI), macronutrient intake, and fatty acid intake. We genotyped FTO rs1421085 using amplification-refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS PCR). The association was evaluated using linear regression analyses assuming co-dominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant, and additive genetic models.ResultsOnly individuals with CC genotype had a considerably higher BMI (p<0.001), which indicates a recessive genetic trait, but the incidence for this genotype is low (68 TT+TC vs. 3 CC). Individuals with the minor C allele had an estimated increase of fat intake by 3.45%—4.06% across various genetic models (dominant: p<0.010, over-dominant: p<0.030, additive: p<0.010). Subjects with TC/CC genotypes had increased dietary monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; 1.14%, p = 0.046) and saturated fatty acid (SAFA; 2.06%, p = 0.023) intakes, compared to those with the TT genotype. In conclusion, our study provided evidence for the association between FTO rs1421085 risk allele with higher BMI and individual preferences for consuming more fat, MUFA, and SAFA.
State Housing Policy: European Funding Practices and Realities of Ukraine
Authors: Illiashenko Kostiantyn V. , Illiashenko Tetiana O. , Tovstukha Olexander V.
Published: July 2021

The problem of citizen housing providing as a key prerequisite for sustainable development of Ukrainian cities has become especially relevant in the last decade, given a number of factors and objective circumstances. Such circumstances include both the global trend of urbanization and the challenges of today, which are the result of military aggression in the east of the country and the COVID-19 pandemic. All this raises the question of the need to intensify the state housing policy and finding non-standard models and additional reserves and funding sources for housing construction in Ukraine. The authors analysed the main approaches of European countries in the field of social housing. The existence of national peculiarities of the implementation of the state housing policy has been established, as well as the common features of the relevant public service provision by the governments of the EU member states to their citizens have been determined. The authors found that European countries, as a result of a long evolutionary path of development, mostly rely on the model of social housing sector support, which provides subsidies to both the developer during the construction of such housing and the citizens who find themselves in difficult circumstances. At the same time, social housing for the needy is not sold, but rented on preferential terms. The authors of the article on the basis of the Ukraine legislation analysis, according to the results of the proposed funding schemes effect assessment of social housing construction identified the main areas of optimization and further research. It is clearly illustrated that one of the ways to ensure the availability of such housing for those who need it is to reduce the cost of construction through the use of tax privilege for housing cooperatives, the benefits of small business taxation preferences and innovative methods of combining original organizational legal forms of doing business in combination with the use of modern financial instruments, such as derivatives.
Bibliometric Analysis of Economic, Social and Information Security Research
Authors: Novikov Vladislav
Published: July 2021

Issues of national security are of particular scientific interest because without it. It is impossible to imagine the existence of any state. Protecting the economic and social interests of the population has long been one of the prerogatives of public policy, which has expanded to information security of the people in the face of rapid digitalization of all spheres of life and the introduction of information attack as a new form of weapon. In this context, it is essential to conduct a thorough study of primary scientific papers on economic, social and information security. In this work, it is proposed to use quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis methods, which allows to identify the main trends and form a basis for further research. The information basis for this work was the international scientometric database Scopus and SciVal by Elsevier, which allows you to analyze bibliographic data using built-in tools and import them for external use in the software VOSviewer. Bibliographic information is presented from the 1930s to June 2021. The results show that in the world, the most researched is the topic of first, social, second, information, and third, economic security. At the same time, these studies are interdisciplinary, mainly at the intersection of economic and social sciences and information security at the intersection of economic and mathematical, computer sciences. The analysis of time trends changes the number of scientific papers on economic, social and information security in Scopus database shows their gradual growth. In contrast, information security has the fastest growth rate. The study of geographical trends shows that economic security research occurs mainly in the United States, the Russian Federation and Ukraine (the funding of research confirms this at the expense of the relevant ministries and foundations). Social security is mostly studied in English-speaking and European countries (United States, United Kingdom, Germany). Information security research is concentrated in English-speaking (United States, United Kingdom) and China, India. The qualitative bibliographic analysis allowed to analyze the most cited, and hence the trend works on selected topics, confirming the multidisciplinary nature of the work. In addition, a cluster analysis of co-occurrence of keywords was coducted, which formed clusters devoted to social, economic, socio-psychological, legal and other issues.
Wage Differentials And Educational Attainment In Germany. How Do Job Profiles Affect Earnings?
Authors: Popova Maria
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the results of an empirical analysis on the issue of wage differentials occurring within education levels. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the extent to which job profiles, classified as routine and non-routine tasks can explain wage differentials within educational levels in Germany. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of wage differentials indicates that in line with technological advancement witnessed over the past decades, earnings are largely determined by the nature of tasks carried out within the workplace. The relevance of this scientific problem decision is that educational systems have to keep up with advancing digitization and the rapidly changing labour market requirements. Investigation of the impact job profiles have on earnings, in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: firstly, a brief overview on previous research in the field is given, followed by an outline of the dataset analysed, proposed hypotheses, applied methodology and results concluding with a discussion. Methodological tools of the research methods were descriptive statistics along with OLS regression techniques. Based on German cross-sectional employee survey data from 2018 two hypotheses are tested by classifying 23 selected work activities into routine and non-routine tasks linked to the highest education level attained. In accordance with the German education system four educational levels are specified: no occupational degree, in-company or school-based vocational training, advanced vocational training degree and university degree. The results indicate that non-routine activities are on average remunerated at a higher rate compared to routine activities and non-routine analytical work is paid at a higher rate than non-routine craftmanship. Additionally, higher wages for computer assisted work activities is found. The OLS regression model results confirm both hypotheses implying increasing returns to educational attainments resulting in larger hourly pay and higher pay for those performing non-routine tasks. Pursuant to the traditional Mincer human capital approach on returns to schooling the research empirically confirms higher wages for employees completing advanced vocational training and those holding a university degree. The results of the research can be useful for policymakers in the education sector, fostering and improving analytical, data literacy and organizational skills.
Determinants of economic growth in the European Union. An empirical analysis of conditional convergence
Authors: Holobiuc Ana-Maria
Published: July 2021

Being established from the initiative of six visionary countries in the second half of the 20th century, the European Economic Community has shifted the history of the European continent by promoting economic collaboration and political stability. Given its initial success, the regional group has quickly evolved from customs union to Economic and Monetary Union, comprising nowadays twenty-seven European countries. Although the European Union has successfully managed political, economic, social and even sanitary turmoil, the stability of the European architecture continues to be threatened by the heterogeneity of its members. In this respect, one of the main challenges for the European Union in its current composition aims the convergence of the economic performance between countries and regions. The purpose of this paper is to study the economic growth patterns in the European Union during 2000 and 2019, also conducting a comparative analysis between New and Old Member States. In order to capture the European economic landscape, the methodology was based on conditional β-convergence and the estimates were conducted by using ordinary least squares and generalized least squares with fixed effects. We have tried to find the relationship between the lagged value of GDP per capita and the subsequent growth rates, but also to study the influence of macroeconomic and social-related variables. By estimating regressions based on panel data, we have found evidence in favor of income convergence in the European Union, based on the inverse relationship between the lagged value of GDP per capita and the annual growth rates. Moreover, the comparative analysis between the New and Old Members illustrated that convergence was stronger in the latter group, given the sound macroeconomic and social environment. The empirical analysis suggested that the economic growth process both at aggregate and subgroup level was enhanced by investment, exports of goods and services, sound public finances and the increase of percentage of population with tertiary education. Consequently, in order to increase the cohesion between Members and to avoid separatist movements, the European decision-makers should strengthen the macroeconomic and social frameworks, maintaining a sustainable economic growth trajectory for both the New Members from Central and Eastern Europe and the Old Member States.
Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture, a Case Study of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan
Authors: Bhandari Medani P.
Published: July 2021

Climate change raises the risk on food security, alters the cropping pattern, and secondly, it also plays the triggering role to widen inequality. The South Asian region is home to nearly half of the poor and malnourished population of the world. In South Asia — Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan encounter similar climate induced changes though they differ in their socio-political, economic, and cultural conditions. The physiological population densities (farming population per unit of agricultural land) suggest that these countries belong to the threat zone in terms of climate change impact on agriculture. It has been obvious that any unfavorable climatic conditions mean poor agricultural growth which will have serious ramification on the countries’ economies. Poverty induces poverty; because of the rudimentary technologies used in agriculture, more manpower is needed for farming thus encouraging couples to increase family manpower to invest on farming, which might lead to overpopulation. This paper evaluates how climate change has direct impact on the agricultural development and broader economic growth in the global context and South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan). Paper unveils the climate change induced challenges in agriculture with the empirical evidence, elaborates the consequences to the farmers livelihood and food security. Based on secondary information, this paper provides climate change risk scenario and recommends few coping strategies to minimize the climate change impact in farming systems and pathway for the future research.
The USA Federal Debt-to-GDP Ratio and The Unified Budget Act’s Lack of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Authors: Gentle Paul F.
Published: July 2021

Here in the beginning of 2021, two of the truly relevant federal public finance issues are presented in this article. One is the Debt-to GDP Ratio. The second topic is the true nature of deficits, surpluses and future liabilities treated in budgets constructed via the Unified Budget Act. Two graphs on these issues are included. This article shows that the present Debt-to-GDP ratio is relatively high, as if the nation similar to when the United States was in a period of a major war. This graph is shown in this article’s Figure 1. There has been evidence in the macroeconomic literature that indicates a high Debt-to-GDP ratio can possibly result in some degree of slowed economic growth. Though the literature is varied on that point. The reason for the possible crowding out effect has to do with the competition for loanable funds. There is competition from both the public and private demanders of those loanable funds. Furthermore, there is the reality that all federal trust fund balances of the United States must be used to hold U.S. Treasury bonds. For figure 2, two categories on U.S trust funds are shown. One category is the combined total of Social Security. Medicare, Disability and related funds. This is shown in a red line. All the other federal trust funds are indicated in a blue line. There is a graph that shows these two lines. The graph is of the percentage share between the two categories. As a result, the red and blue lines are inverse functions of each other. Over the eighty-year period (1940-2020), there has been variation if both the red and blue lines. The goal of this articles is for leaders and government analysts to be more aware of the issues of the USA Federal Debt to GDP Ratio and the Unified Budget Act’s lack of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.
Human Capital in Azerbaijan: Building Competitive Workforce Capacity for Industry 4.0
Authors: Zeynalli Latif
Published: July 2021

Human capital is one of the country’s most significant economic metrics. Today, of course, the advancement of technology, the production of inventions, is a result of the human brain. It, in effect, naturally happens in countries with highly evolved human capital. This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue priorities of human capital development in Azerbaijan during the industrial revolution. The main purpose of the research is to identify and encourage the improvements in Industry 4.0 in Azerbaijan that would be essential for human capital, as well as to suggest a sustainable workplace outlook for current manufacturing businesses during the modern industrial revolution. The relevance of this scientific problem decision is that given the formation of new mechanisms of development on the eve of the 4th Industrial Revolution, these factors also have an impact on the development of human capital. Because the emergence of new professions during the 4th industrial revolution makes it necessary to form human capital in accordance with these professions. Investigation of the topic in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: introducton, literature review, research methodology, empirical findings and conclusions. We used some indicators expressed in the 2008-2017 Global Competitiveness Report of the Azerbaijan World Economic Forum to assess the findings. The object of research is the chosen country is Azerbaijan, because namely here, the development of human capital is one of the main goals of public policy. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis regression, which showed that regression outcomes show that independent variables can explain 63.2 percent of the heterogeneity in higher education and training in Azerbaijan. Calculations of parameters indicate that any change of 1 percent in the independent variable will increase by 0.341 percent. The results of the study suggest that progressive reforms in Azerbaijan’s higher education and training have had a major effect. To meet the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, spending on human capital must be increased. The results of the research can be useful for in the direction of formation of competitive human capital and creation of modern innovation space in the coming years.
The Perception of Corruption Among Retailers in Central Asia and Eastern Europe During and After the 2008 Crisis
Authors: Kaya Halil Dincer , Engkuchik Engku Ngah S.
Published: July 2021

In this study, we examine how the 2008-2009 Global Crisis has affected the informal payments/gifts paid by retailers in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. We look at the overall incidence of bribes, the incidence of bribes in customs/imports, the incidence of bribes in courts, and the incidence of bribes in tax payments. We compare the crisis period to the post-crisis period and found that these firms believed that the incidence of bribes went down significantly after the crisis ended. When we differentiate the retailers with respect to size, structure, legal form, gender of the owners, gender of the top manager, and whether or not they held an international quality certification, we found that, the results hold for all classifications of retailers. When we go into more detail and examine the incidence of bribes in customs/imports, courts, and taxes/tax collection, we found that the respondents saw a significant drop in the incidence of bribes in all areas after the crisis ended. However, our results show that, for bribes in customs/imports, the results do not hold for some of the classifications (i.e. medium-sized and the largest small firms, the firms that are part of a larger firm, the shareholding firms trading in the market, the partnerships, and the firms with an internationally recognized quality certification). For bribes in courts, the results do not hold for the largest small firms and the partnerships. For bribes in taxes/tax collection, the results do not hold for the partnerships and the firms with a quality certification. Our findings are consistent with the low rankings of these countries in Transparency International’s annual Corruption Perception Index data. Our findings are also consistent with previous studies’ findings that document high-levels of corruption in developing (or less developed) nations.
Modelling and Forecasting Domestic Tourism. Case Study from Armenia
Authors: Poghosyan Karen , Tovmasyan Gayane
Published: July 2021

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of modelling and forecasting domestic tourism. During Covid-19 many countries tried to develop domestic tourism as an alternative to inbound tourism. In Armenia domestic tourism has grown recently, and in 2020 the decrease was 33% compared to last year. The main purpose of the research is to model and forecast domestic tourism growth in Armenia. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for solving the problem indicates that many models and different variables are used to forecast tourism development. Methodological tools of the research methods were static and dynamic models, years of research were 2001-2020, quarterly data. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis, which showed that with the static regression analysis a 1% change in GDP will lead to a change of 4.43% in the number of domestic tourists, a 1% change in the CPI will lead to a 14.55% change in the number of domestic tourists. For dynamic modelling we used 12 competing short-term forecasting models. Based on the recursive and rolling forecast simulation results we concluded that out-of-sample forecasts obtained by the small-scale models outperform forecasts obtained by the large-scale models at all forecast horizons. So, the forecasts of the domestic tourists’ growth obtained by small-scale models are more appropriate from the practical point of view. Then, in order to check whether the differences in forecasts obtained by the different models are statistically significant we applied Diebold-Mariano test. Based on the results of this test we concluded that there is not sufficient evidence to favor large-scale over small-scale models. This means that the forecast results obtained for domestic tourist growth by using the small scale models would not be statistically different from the results obtained by the large scale models. Based on the analysis, the forecasted values for domestic tourists for the future years were determined. The results of the research can be useful for state bodies, as well as private organizations, and for everybody who wants to model and forecast tourism development.
Inventor Views on University Innovation: a Survey of National Academy of Inventors Fellows
Authors: Hall Randolph W.
Published: July 2021

Innovation in universities serves many purposes: helping society through technology transfer, building economies, supporting the aspirations of faculty and students to be entrepreneurs or make an impact, and generating revenue. Such outside-focused innovation is complemented by inside
innovation, which aims to improve the practices of the university; to better serve society through education, research, and clinical care; and to remain competitive in the face of changes in technology and society. In this paper, we investigate how university innovators— represented
by the Fellows of the National Academy of Inventors—are supported in outside innovation and how Fellows view university culture's support for inside innovation to improve university practices. Our survey received responses from 339 Fellows. Inventors indicated that they were helped in
various ways and not just through traditional patenting and licensing. Help in creating a start-up, promotion of inventions in the media, and the consideration of inventions in promotion and appraisal contributed the most to their satisfaction, whereas royalty distributions had no significant
effect on satisfaction. Overall, respondents were only mildly satisfied with institutional support for innovation as well as the pace of innovation at their institutions. While respondents generally agreed that their institutions were receptive to implementing faculty ideas, they were less
likely to agree that their institutions were willing to take risks or try approaches not used by peers. Most respondents did not indicate that faculty satisfaction was a top-three institutional priority for innovation. They also were unlikely to indicate that disruption in education, research,
or clinical care was a top institutional priority
MGRP: Enabling Boundary-Breaking Innovation Through Academia and High Tech Industry Collaboration
Authors: Sohl Paul
Published: July 2021

In 1996, the Florida High Tech Corridor Council was established as an economic development initiative of the University of Central Florida, the University of South Florida, and the University of Florida with a mission to attract, retain, and grow high tech industry and innovation—and
the workforce to support it—in a 23-county region. Recognizing the importance of high tech innovation to the overall region's economic health and growth, it established its cornerstone Matching Grants Research Program (MGRP), connecting local high tech companies with university researchers
to further technological innovation and introduce new technologies into the marketplace. Since its inception, the MGRP has contributed to more than 120 patents and generated more than $1 billion in downstream economic impacts. The MGRP model for economic development has been internationally
recognized by organizations such as the State Science & Technology Institute for its support of technology commercialization and regional workforce development. This paper demonstrates the far-reaching impacts of partnering with MGRP through three success stories of National Academy of
Inventors Fellows who have become leaders within their respective industries thanks to the boundary-breaking collaborations introduced by MGRP.
Quantification of pH tolerance levels among entomopathogenic nematodes
Authors: Khathwayo Zanele , Ramakuwela Tshimangadzo , Hatting Justin , Shapiro-Ilan David I. , Cochrane Nicolene
Published: July 2021

Soil pH affects the availability of nutrients, which impacts plant growth and development. Similarly, soil pH may also influence microorganisms in the soil, either beneficial or nonbeneficial. One such group of beneficial microorganisms is entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), parasites of soil-inhabiting insects. Entomopathogenic nematodes have a number of attributes that make them good alternatives to chemical insecticides. The objective of this study was to investigate pH tolerance of 11 steinernematids and six heterorhabditids post exposure to different pH levels. Entomopathogenic nematode populations were exposed to varying pH levels (pH2 to pH11) made up from two different chemical solutions (ammonium-acetate and citrate-phosphate). Entomopathogenic nematode populations are expected to have varying tolerance to different pH levels. The highest infective juvenile survival was obtained from pH3 to pH10 in citrate-phosphate, where all populations displayed >50% survival. Steinernema carpocapsae populations had >90% survival at pH3 to pH11 in citrate-phosphate solutions. Overall, the steinernematids had a higher survival range in ammonium-acetate pH solutions compared with the heterorhabditids. Moreover, Steinernema spp., S. carpocapsae (ScCxrd, ScAll, and ScItalian) and S. riobrave showed consistently higher survival in both acidic and alkaline solutions, when compared to the other steinernematids, suggesting that they may be applied in both acidic and alkaline soils. These findings can be of use when selecting EPNs for biological control purposes in the two countries, respectively.
Data mining as a cognitive tool: Capabilities and limits
Authors: Polyakov Maxim , Khanin Igor , Shevchenko Gennadiy , Bilozubenko Vladimir
Published: July 2021

Due to the large volumes of empirical digitized data, a critical challenge is to identify their hidden and unobvious patterns, enabling to gain new knowledge. To make efficient use of data mining (DM) methods, it is required to know its capabilities and limits of application as a cognitive tool. The paper aims to specify the capabilities and limits of DM methods within the methodology of scientific cognition. This will enhance the efficiency of these DM methods for experts in this field as well as for professionals in other fields who analyze empirical data. It was proposed to supplement the existing classification of cognitive levels by the level of empirical regularity (ER) or provisional hypothesis. If ER is generated using DM software algorithm, it can be called the man-machine hypothesis. Thereby, the place of DM in the classification of the levels of empirical cognition was determined. The paper drawn up the scheme illustrating the relationship between the cognitive levels, which supplements the well-known schemes of their classification, demonstrates maximum capabilities of DM methods, and also shows the possibility of a transition from practice to the scientific method through the generation of ER, and further from ER to hypotheses, and from hypotheses to the scientific method. In terms of the methodology of scientific cognition, the most critical fact was established – the limitation of any DM methods is the level of ER. As a result of applying any software developed based on DM methods, the level of cognition achieved represents the ER level.
From the Doctrine of Johann Putter to De Bonald: The Genesis of the Conservative Political and Legal Thought
Authors:   Altai State University, Talibullina Z.R.
Published: July 2021

The article attempts to trace the genesis of conservative thought with the help of historical and legal analysis. If earlier researchers spoke in the context of the forerunners of conservative political and legal thought only about the Anglo-Irish parliamentarian Edmund Burke and the Sardinian Joseph de Maistre, sometimes mentioning the historical school of law, the researcher, on the contrary, insists on the need to study the original ideas of such conservative lawyers of the XVIII century as Justus Mezer, Gustaf von Hugo and Johann Putter. According to the author, these scientists pushed, including Burke and de Maistre, to the idea of the supremacy of national law and the political and cultural traditions of a particular nation in a particular state. It is noted that the conservative doctrine was born and developed synchronously in Germany, France and England, and as a result, it absorbed certain features: rationalism, a religious picture of the world, a tendency to hierarchy and reliance on traditions, as well as some impulsiveness in the form of a reactionary response to events happening in the country. Following the law professors, the author analyzes the ideological origins of the doctrines, reconstructs conservative ideas and forms the political and legal values of conservatism into a coherent system of attributes. For the purpose of a detailed study of the phenomenon of conservatism and its forerunners, the article identifies three bases, within which eight types of conservatism are revealed: static; dynamic; utopian; realistic; utopian, but with some reservations embodied in reality; realistic, supplemented with elements of utopia; liberal conservatism; true conservatism. The derived system of types of conservatism can be used in further research.
A Year of a Pandemic: the State of the Russian Budget System
Authors: Bukina I. S. , Lykova L. N.
Published: July 2021

In the first quarter of 2021 against the background of a slight recovery in economic activity and a continuing downward trend in real household incomes the RF consolidated budget revenues grew not only in nominal terms, but also in real terms compared to last year. The most active growth in real terms was demonstrated by tax revenues and VAT. Income taxes and social insurance payments related to the income of the population are significantly behind the rate of inflation. The formed positive trend in world oil prices, however, does not yet provide access to the level of last year’s oil and gas revenues of the federal budget. At the same time, the outstripping growth of non-oil and gas revenues, even with the increase in the total volume of federal budget expenditures above the rate of inflation, ensured the final positive balance of both the federal budget and the consolidated budget. In the first quarter of the year, spending on the national economy grew at a faster pace. The growth rate of social policy expenditures remains high. Sub-federal budget revenues also showed a pronounced upward trend, mainly due to federal transfers. There is a certain shift in emphasis from their non-target types to their target ones. Although the expenditures of the sub-federal budgets increased in real terms, the balance of the consolidated budgets remained positive. Nevertheless, in a number of regions, there is a budget deficit with a significant amount of deficit financing of expenditures. The values of the state subfederal debt decreased slightly, while the total amount of the country’s state internal debt increased significantly.
Challenges of Agglomerations Development in Russia
Authors: Odintsova А. V.
Published: July 2021

World experience shows that in modern conditions urban agglomerations are the most important form of spatial development. This is also evidenced by the experience gained in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Urban agglomerations are characterized by a large internal market, a high level of human capital, a high-quality urban environment, developed infrastructure, innovative potential, and higher entrepreneurial activity. Despite the fact that the Russian regions have already accumulated sufficient experience in the development of agglomerations, the issues of their formation have not yet been resolved at the federal level. This requires finding the optimal balance in the powers of municipalities and public authorities in their management. In the article, the author examines the key issues related to their institutionalization in Russia on the basis of the experience of a number of foreign countries in line with domestic experience. Being a form of inter-municipal cooperation, urban agglomerations are also the object of state management. The author analyzes the main provisions related to the development of urban agglomerations, which are contained in the Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation until 2025, as well as the Draft Law developed in the Ministry of Economic Development “On Urban Agglomerations”. It is concluded that the development of urban agglomerations is an integral part of a more general process of developing inter-municipal cooperation.
Design of Automatic Feeder for Shrimp Farming Based on Internet of Things Technology
Authors: Arditya Ilham , Setyastuti Tri Ari , Islamudin Fikri , Dinata Iskandar
Published: July 2021

In shrimp farming, feeding is an important activity to achieve good shrimp growth. Manual feeding manually using hand is less effective due to unequal food distribution. Thus, an automatic feeder is required to dispense feed at predetermined time. The advantages of automatic feeder are cost-effective, low labour requirement, and can be applicable for large volumes of feed. Design of automatic feeder machine can influence the capacity and time controlling of the feeder. In this research, the automatic feeder was designed using a controlling time system based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology. During plant trial, The automatic feeding was scheduled at 7 am, 11 am, 4 pm, and 8 pm. This machine could throw shrimp food homogeneously up to 10 m far for 2,500 m2 pond area. In shrimp farming, distribution of shrimp food in predetermined time becomes an important rule to achieve good shrimp growth.
Les polls électoraux
Authors: Philippart André
Published: July 2021

The polling system of «Polls» in Belgium is a typical process of the political life. Its purpose is to elaborate into the political parties the voting lists, either with internal polling processes, or by mecanisms of cooptation, or simply by choices corresponding to the establishment of the Belgian society.The pre-voting process seems to be relevant and adapted to the technique of the proportional repartition of votes between the lists of the parties.In fact, only several organizations of the Belgian Socialist Party utilize regularly this process for the structure of their lists of candidates before the legislature votes.It is a postulat of the political Democracy in Belgium of which the specific result is to reinforce the oligarchies.
Vijftien Angelsaksische auteurs over politiek, verzuiling en compromisvorming in België
Authors: Huyse Luc
Published: July 2021

Political science in the West has long dealt quasi-exclusively with the experiences of the stable two-party systems of the Anglo-American type and the so-called continental European polities (France, Italy, Germany) .The smaller European democracies have been neglected. Belgium too was terra incognita to most political scientists.In the late sixties the tide has turned. A vast literature on the political processes of countries such as Belgium has come into being.  This article deals with studies on Belgian politics which have been published in the United States and in Britain between 1965 and 1975.Two themes in particular were selected: «verzuiling» and « he politics of accomodation».  The main conclusion is that the studies under review have added a considerable amount of insights, findings and hypotheses to our knowledge of political processes in Belgium. We might impute this positive balance to three characteristics which mark most of these studies :  a strong tendency towards comparative analysis, the use of fruitful theoretical concepts, and the use of sophisticated techniques for handling empirical data.
L'axe gauche/droite
Authors: Frognier André-Paul
Published: July 2021

This article is concerned with the relevance of the Left/Right continuum for the belgian voters.It shows the distribution of the voters along the Left/Right axis, and how the electorate in general and this of each party locate the parties on this axis.It compares also the case of Belgium with this of other countries.
Les sections des Chambres législatives
Authors: Courtoy Claude
Published: July 2021

In 1974, the belgian House of representatives as well as the Senate have decided to bring about some deep changes in their respective rules of procedure. These changes, worked-out within the rank and file of theresearch centres of the three principal political forces, are based on the specialization which is naturally met within an assembly.  The Senate and the House of representatives, while respecting the proportional representation of the groups, got divided respectively into four and six sections destined to discuss definitively projects and propositions of law, budgets, as well as hear interpellations. The final vote is, in any case, left to the plenary assembly.This is the way the belgian Houses put into practice the idea of specialized chambers, which was evoked within the Association of the Secretaries general of Parliaments, in the early fifties, following the procedural innovation of the 1947 italian Constitution.The reform functions fully in the Senate, whereas the House of representatives calls up the sections to discuss only budgets and interpellations in relation to them.
Doelstellingen en machtsmomenten bij de fusie in het stadsgewest Leuven
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried
Published: July 2021

Now being one of the 10 most important urban centres, Leuven (Louvain) provides a good case to study the determinant elements that have inspired the policy of mergers of communes in Belgium in 1975.Technocracy, consultation of the municipal councils concerned, preferences of the population, the opposition in parliament have all had very little or no influence at all on the eventual decision-making.On the contrary, specific pressure groups, supervision authorities, the extent to which one tried to anticipate the 1976 local elections, and the power position of the majority parties have substantially infiuenced the merger map. Thus, these decision-making elements contain a considerable distortion - in terms of actual realization - of the official ideology behind the mergers, i.e. to make the municipal executive power more efficient.
Religion et sentiment national
Authors: Goriely Georges
Published: July 2021

From the beginning of the 19th Century to the present feelings of national identity and religious sentiments have coexisted in a close but ambiguous relationship. For example, national movements in Poland, French-speaking Canada and Ireland have been inextricably linked with the Roman Catholic faith. Pan-Arabism and Zionism could not exist without the underpinnings of Islam and the Jewish faith respectively.On the other hand, these same national movements have frequently been in conflict with the prevailing religious establishment. In many cases, the religious hierarchy has been at odds with nationalist currents.Moreover, often the leaders of nationalist movements were themselve either non-religious or dissenters. However, in order to succeed national movements could not ignore and, indeed, made good use of traditionalreligious feelings.There is a complex relationship between religion and nationalism, and their interplay results in both revolutionary and counter-revolutionary tendencies.
Remarques sur la clôture du temps dans le monachisme médiéval et dans le mouvement écologique contemporain
Authors: Rens Ivo
Published: July 2021

These remarks are parts of a historical research on the ideological functions of Catastrophism. It is suggested that in mediaeval monasticism the closing of time might have contributed to the unprecedented technical development of Western European culture between the Xth and the XVth centuries. The opening of time and space conveyed by the scientific and industrial revolutions have led to the ideologies of illimited progressand indefinite growth today officially prevailing in the whole world. It is questionned whether the closing of time inherent to the contemporary ecological movement, as illustrated by Economist Georgescu-Roegen, will contribute to the psycho-sociological mutation indispensable if mankind is to survive.
L'évolution des partis politiques en 1977
Authors: Mabille Xavier
Published: July 2021

The political year of 1977 was essentially marked by the organizing of an anticipated parliamentary election (six months after a local poll) and by the forming of a new government coalition. The aftermath of these elections and the reactions to the forming of the Tindemans Vcoalition cabinet were the main factors which conditioned the evolution of partie in the course of that year.
Le Parlement Européen et l'environnement
Authors: Hannequart Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2021

It is unquestionable that the European Parliament has contributed to the creation of a community policy in environmental matters and has given all its support to the first initiatives of the Community in thisrespect. Furthermore, it has adopted a series of specific resolutions. The European Parliament has not had a decisive infiuence, however, in the implementation of the Action Programme of the Community by the adoption of directives. Although the Commission generally approved suggestions made by parliamentarians, the Council hardly ever followed them through. Through the procedure of  parliamentary questions, possibly followed by the adoption of a resolution, the Parliament has nevertheless contributed to making a number of problems known.  In future, strengthening of the moral «authority» of the European Parliament by the very fact of its being directly elected seems to be of crucial importance. On the other hand it is conceivable that a great number of procedural changes in the Community can and must further the development of the European Parliament's role in environmentalpolicies.
De zetelverdeling voor het Europese Parlement : een extrapolatie en een simulatie
Authors: Holvoet Luc
Published: July 2021

The distribution of the seats in European Parliament which is most probably to result from the European elections in Belgium, on June 10, 1979 is forecasted.The extrapolation is based on the results of the general elections for the House of Representatives, which took place on April 17, 1977 and December 17, 1978.The mode of allocation of seats among the different political formations is influenced not only by the options taken by the parties themselves, whether they form a coalition with a like-minded party or not,but also by some characteristics of the electoral systems.Alternative systems lead to a different distribution than the one that is most likely to come out.
Ophefmakende falingen in de perswereld
Authors: Boone Luk
Published: July 2021

In the postwar history of the Dutch-language daily press in Belgium, the late fifties, marked by a trend !towards concentration, and the latter part of the seventies, notorious by the bankrupties of several newspapers, stand out as eras of turbulence. It is two particularly significant events occurring during the latter period, i.c. the 1976 insolvency of the prestigeous «Standaard» papers and that of «Volksgazet» two years later, which this article focuses upon. In his analysis of causes and suggested/chosen solutions, the author highlights the political rather than the economic dimension of the events and their aftermaths, given that each of the failing newspapers - and -hence their survival - mattered politically, i.c. to the  Christian Democrats and the Socialist party respectively. Central to this is the question of the measures considered/taken by the Belgian c.q. Flemish political authorities for having the newspapers. The course of events in each case is examined and the differences in terms of causal factors and measures taken/ omitted are noted. In the final analysis, the question arises as -to the relationship between certain political figures or groups on the one hand, and government agencies, which both «Volksgazet» and particularly the «Standaard» titles were heavily indebted to, on the other hand.
Les élections législatives du 17 décembre 1978 : Analyse des résultats
Authors: Fraeys William
Published: July 2021

This article is a summary of the results of the parliamentary election held on 17th December 1978. The balloting came in the wake of an early dissolution of the legislative bodies («Chamber» and «Senate») elected in 1977.The main feature of the election is that voters largely confirmed the 1977 voting patterns and that the new bodies wilt be very similar to the former ones.The only really significant trend is the falling off of Volksunie (Flemish federalists) and the ahead  movement of Flemish liberals (PVV). A second characteristic, together with an increased number of blank or spoilt ballot papers, is a slight breakthrough of new or minor lists of candidates, e.g. the Democratiec Union for Respect of Work, an anti-tax party, and a number of «green» lists.It came rather as a surprise that the Flemish Christian Democrats (CVP) lost some ground, as public opinion polls and political observers had forecast a gain.It seems that the Flemish liberal promises for tax cuts attracted CVP voters to some extent, resulting in that party not fully cashing in on the Volksunie drop.In the Walloon region the balloting was characterized by a Socialist loss, and a gain by Christian Democrats (PSC).The Chambers elected in 1978 are constituent bodies. For the time being it cannot be said whether they will be in a position to achieve pacification between the Flemish and French-speaking communities andto put an end to the long controversy concerning devolution which has been prevailing on the Belgian political scene for many years.