bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Fibers from End-of-Life Tires as a Self-Compacting Concrete Reinforcement – An Experimental Study
Authors: PAJĄK Małgorzata
Published: April 2019

Concrete reinforced with various types of fibers is increasingly used construction material. The currently applied steel fibers are characterized by various geometrical parameters and are produced specially for this purpose. The paper deals with application of steel fibers coming from end-of-life tires (RSF) in self-compacting concrete. The geometry of RSF with small diameter, variable length and their curved longitudinal shape causes doubts in their effectiveness in the concrete mix in comparison to industrial fibers. To clarify the real influence of RSF on mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) the compression and flexural tests were evaluated. The high amounts of RSF equal to 1% and 1.5% were choosen. As expected, RSF slightly influenced the compressive strength of SCC. The results from the four-point flexural tensile tests demonstrate that the RSF fibers were not only a material that improves the ductility of brittle SCC matrix but also were uniformly distributed in the matrix. The high amounts of RSF truly decreased the rheological parameters of SCC, what was tested in slump flow and L-box test, however, did not have a negative influence on the homogeneity of the mix. Concluding, the fibers from end-of-life tires were fibers that can be successfully used as a randomly distributed reinforcement of self-compacting concrete.

Streszczenie

Beton zbrojony różnego rodzaju włóknami jest coraz chętniej stosowanym materiałem konstrukcyjnym. Obecnie stosowane stalowe zbrojenie rozproszone stanowią specjalnie w tym celu wytwarzane włókna o przeróżnej geometrii. Artykuł dotyczy możliwości zastosowania włókien stalowych pochodzących ze zużytych opon (RSF) do zbrojenia betonu samozagęszczalnego. Geometria RSF z ich małą średnicą, zmienną długością i zakrzywionym podłużnym kształtem powoduje powątpiewanie w ich skuteczność w mieszance betonowej w porównaniu z włóknami przemysłowymi. W celu określenia prawdziwego wpły-wu RSF na właściwości mechaniczne SCC wykonano testy ściskania i zginania. Zastosowano duże zawartości objętościowe RSF wynoszące 1.0% i 1.5%. Zgodnie z oczekiwaniami, odnotowano niewielki wpływ RSF na wytrzymałość betonu samoza-gęszczalnego na ściskanie. Wyniki uzyskane w badaniach czteropunktowego zginania wykazały, że włókna RSF są nie tylko materiałem, który poprawia plastyczność kruchej matrycy SCC, ale również są równomiernie rozmieszczone w matrycy. Zaaplikowanie wysokich zawartości objętościowych włókien istotnie zredukowały parametry reologiczne SCC, które były badane w teście rozpływu i L-box, jednakże nie spowodowały negatywnego wpływu na homogeniczność mieszanki. Podsumowując można stwierdzić, że włókna pochodzące z recyklingu opon są materiałem, który z powodzeniem może być stosowany jako zbrojenie rozproszone w betonie samozagęszczalnym.
Safety Analysis of Tap Water Biostability
Authors: TCHÓRZEWSKA-CIEŚLAK Barbara , PAPCIAK Dorota , PIETRUCHA-URBANIK Katarzyna , PIETRZYK Andżelika
Published: April 2019

The work concerns the analysis and assessment of the risk of biological stability of water. The consequence of the lack of water stability is an increased susceptibility of the distribution system to secondary microbial contamination of water and thus a threat to the health of consumers. The value of risk function is a measure of the loss of safety of water supply. The health of water consumers is a priority. From the point of view of the required quality of water intended for human consumption, the value of the risk function is related to failure to meet certain water quality parameters that may adversely affect physico-chemical parameters and the bacteriological quality of the water reaching the consumers. The paper presents the method of analysing and evaluating the risk of loss of biostability of tap water. The analysis was based on the operating data obtained from the water treatment plant.

Streszczenie

Praca dotyczy analizy i oceny ryzyka braku stabilności biologicznej wody. Skutkami braku stabilności wody jest zwiększona podatność w systemie dystrybucji na wtórne skażenie mikrobiologiczne wody, a więc zagrożenie zdrowia konsumentów. Wartość funkcji ryzyka jest miarą utraty bezpieczeństwa dostaw wody. Priorytetem jest bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne konsumentów wody. Z punktu widzenia wymaganej jakości wody przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi wartość funkcji ryzyka związana jest z niedotrzymaniem określanych parametrów jakości wody, które mogą mieć negatywny wpływ na parametry fizyko-chemiczne i jakość bakteriologiczną wody docierającej do konsumenta. W pracy przedstawiono metodę analizy i oceny ryzyka utraty biostabilności wody wodociągowej. Analiza została wykonana na podstawie uzyskanych danych eksploatacyjnych ze stacji uzdatniania wody.
Effect of Cellular Concrete Powder on Durability of Normal Strength Concrete
Authors: GYURKÓ Zoltán , SZIJÁRTÓ Anna , ABED Mohammed , NEMES Rita
Published: April 2019

Present research program is dealing with the effects of cellular concrete powder (CCP) on the compressive strength and durability of concrete. CCP is an industrial by-product, which was applied as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in the concrete mix. In the previous research of the authors of this paper, it was found that the cellular concrete powder, applied as an additive to the concrete mix, can increase the compressive strength and the resistance against freezing of concrete [1]. In that paper, the results were compared to a reference mix and a mix that contains air-entraining agent, which is a typical solution to increase concrete durability. Increasing of durability can be achieved by the application of supplementary materials, like silica-fume or metakaolin. Present paper is dealing with the comparison of concrete with metakaolin and cellular concrete powder, on the basis of compressive strength and frost resistance, using them as a cement substituting material. Different amount of metakaolin and CCP were added to the concrete mix, by substituting a given percentage (3, 10 or 17%) of cement with them. The results show the positive effect of both supplementary materials and based on present research the maximum amount of useful CCP can be approximated for the given concrete mix.

Streszczenie

Przedstawiony program badawczy dotyczy wpływu sproszkowanego betonu komórkowego (CCP) na wytrzymałość betonu na ściskanie i jego trwałość. CCP jest przemysłowym produktem ubocznym, który został zastosowany jako dodatek do cementu w mieszance betonowej. W poprzednich badaniach autorów tego artykułu stwierdzono, że sproszkowany beton komórkowy, stosowany jako dodatek do mieszanki betonowej, może zwiększać wytrzymałość na ściskanie i odporność na zamarzanie betonu [1]. W tym artykule porównano wyniki z mieszanką referencyjną i mieszanką zawierającą domieszkę napowietrzającą, co jest typowym rozwiązaniem zwiększającym trwałość betonu. Zwiększenie trwałości można osiągnąć przez zastosowanie dodatków w postaci pyłu krzemionkowego lub metakaolinu. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono porównanie betonu z metakaolinem i sproszkowanym betonek komórkowym w odniesieniu do wytrzymałości na ściskanie i mrozoodporności, wykorzystując te dodatki jako materiał zastępujący cement. Do mieszanki betonowej dodano różne ilości metakaolinu i CCP, zastępując nimi określony procent (3, 10 lub 17%) cementu. Wyniki badań pokazują pozytywny wpływ obu dodatków i pozwalają wyznaczyć dla danej mieszanki betonowej maksymalną przybliżoną wartość CCP.
Nanocomposites Prepared by a Dispersion of CNTS on Cement Particles
Authors: Vilela ROCHA Vanessa , LUDVIG Péter
Published: April 2019

The hydrophobic behaviour of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a main challenge for the incorporation in Portland cement (PC) composites. In this paper, multi-wallet carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at proportions of 0%, 0.05% and 0.10% of cement weigh, without any surface treatment, were mixed in a non-aqueous isopropanol media and unhydrated PC and were sonicated for 2 hours. Thereafter isopropanol was evaporated, water was added to the mixture of cement and carbon nanotubes, and pastes were prepared and moulded. After 28 days, the cement pastes were subjected to compressive and splitting tensile tests. Results indicated better performance of PC nanocomposites. Incorporation of 0.05 % of CNTs resulted in gains of approximately 50% in both compressive and splitting tensile strengths. The results suggest that reinforcement due to the presence of carbon nanotubes and/or the nanomaterial acted as nucleation sites for cement hydration product formation leading to a matrix densification.

Streszczenie

Hydrofobowe zachowanie się nanorurek węglowych (CNT) jest głównym problemem dla ich zastosowania w materiałach kompozytowych na bazie cementu portlandzkiego (PC). W tym artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wielowarstwowych nanorurek węglowych (MWCNT), które w proporcji 0%, 0.05 % i 0.10 % masy cementu, bez żadnej obróbki powierzchniowej, mieszano w niewodnym medium izopropanolowym i bezwodnym cemencie portlandzkim, i sonikowano przez 2 godziny. Następnie odparowano izopropanol; do mieszaniny cementu i nanorurek węglowych dodawano wodę; przygotowywano zaczyny i uformowano próbki. Po upływie 28 dni, zaczyny cementowe poddano badaniom na ściskanie i rozciąganie przez rozłupanie. Wyniki badań wskazują na lepsze zachowanie nanokompozytów z cementu portlandzkiego. Dodatek w postaci 0.05% CNT przyniósł zysk w przybliżeniu 50% zarówno dla wytrzymałości na ściskanie jak i rozciąganie prze rozłupanie. Wyniki badań wskazują, że zbrojenie w postaci nanorurek węglowych i/lub nanomateriałów działało jako miejsca zarodkowania do tworzenia produktu hydratacji cementu, prowadząc do zagęszczenia matrycy cementowej.
Utilization of Multiple Short Heat Consumption Measurement Method for Diagnostics of Heat Source of Existing Building: Part 2: Practical use of the Method
Authors: FOIT Henryk , LUBINA Piotr , TĄTA Dawid
Published: April 2019

The paper presents the way to determine the required heat power for heat source diagnostics for the existing residential building. For this purpose, it was proposed to designate the required thermal power of the building using the original method of multiple short heat consumption measurement in existing residential building with natural ventilation.

Streszczenie

W artykule zaprezentowano określanie wymaganej mocy cieplnej dla diagnostyki źródła ciepła istniejącego budynku mieszkalnego. W celu zaproponowano wyznaczanie wymaganej mocy cieplnej budynku z wykorzystaniem oryginalnej metody kilkukrotnego krótkiego pomiaru zużycia ciepła w istniejącym budynku mieszkalnym z wentylacją naturalną.
The Impact of Building Parameters and way of Operation on the Operative Temperature in Rooms
Authors: KACZMARCZYK Jan , FERDYN-GRYGIEREK Joanna , BARANOWSKI Andrzej
Published: April 2019

The control of the thermal environment and the assessment of the quality of rooms in terms of thermal comfort of users is often based solely on the measurement of the air temperature. Proper assessment should, however, be based on an analysis of the operative temperature, which, in many cases, differs from the air temperature in the room. The operative temperature takes into account also the influence of surrounding building partitions on building occupants due to thermal radiation. The paper analyzes the impact of building elements such as the construction of the building walls, the size of the glazing, building orientation, as well as the way the building is operated on the differences between the air temperature and the operating temperature. Multivariate simulation analyzes were carried out for an exemplary office room using the IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE) program.

Streszczenie

Kontrola środowiska cieplnego i ocena jakości pomieszczeń pod kątem komfortu cieplnego użytkowników jest często oparta wyłącznie na pomiarze temperatury powietrza. Właściwa ocena powinna jednak zawierać analizę temperatury operatywnej, która, w wielu przypadkach, różni się od temperatury powietrza w pomieszczeniu. Temperatura operatywna uwzględnia także oddziaływanie otaczających przegród budowlanych na użytkowników wskutek promieniowania cieplnego. W artykule przeanalizowano wpływ takich elementów budynku jak konstrukcja ścian budynku, wielkość oszklenia, orientacja względem stron świata, a także sposób eksploatacji budynku na różnice między temperaturą powietrza a temperaturą operatywną. Wielowariantowe analizy symulacyjne przeprowadzono dla przykładowego pomieszczenia biurowego wykorzystując program IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE).
Experimental Study of the Pressure Agglomeration Process of Coal and Plant-Based Waste
Authors: OBIDZIŃSKI Sławomir , DOŁŻYŃSKA Magdalena , SOSNA Krzysztof
Published: April 2019

The aim of the research was to examine the pressure agglomeration process of agri-biomass waste ie. straw with an additive of 20% hard coal. The analyzed parameters included as independent variables the process temperature and the moisture content of the substrate mixture. During the experiment there were examined the maximum densifying pressures and the obtained granule density. The study of the agglomeration process was carried out on a laboratory stand SS-3 (open chamber). The process took place at temperatures of 30, 50, 70, 90°C and the moisture contents of the fuel mixture were 15, 20, 25%. During the test, a sample of 0.6 g was poured into the thickening chamber where, as a result of the piston movement, they were compacted. The high maxiumum densifying pressures (approx. 30 MPa in process temperature of 30°C) obtained while the thickening of straw mixture with 20% of coal indicate a low compaction ability of the material. Increasing the humidity of the compacted coal straw from 15 to 25% caused a decrease in the maximum thickening pressures, compaction and density. The highest density (1149 kg·m-3) was obtained at 20% material humidity and process temperature of 30°C.

Streszczenie

Celem badań była analiza procesu ciśnieniowej aglomeracji odpadów rolno-biomasowych, tj. słomy z 20% dodatkiem węgla kamiennego. Analizowane parametry obejmowały jako zmienne niezależne temperaturę procesu i zawartość wilgoci w mieszaninie substratów. Podczas eksperymentu zbadano maksymalne ciśnienia zagęszczania oraz gęstość uzyskanych granul. Badania procesu aglomeracji przeprowadzono na stanowisku laboratoryjnym SS-3 (zapatrzonym w otwartą komorę zagęszczającą). Proces przeprowadzono w temperaturach 30, 50, 70 i 90°C, a zawartość wilgoci w mieszaninie paliwowej wynosiła 15, 20, 25%. Podczas testu w komorze zagęszczającej umieszczano próbkę 0.6 g, w wyniku ruchu tłoka zostawały one aglomerowane. Wysokie maksymalne ciśnienia zagęszczania (około 30 MPa w temperaturze 30°C) uzyskane podczas zagęszczania mieszanki słomy z 20% węgla wskazują na niską zdolność zagęszczania materiału. Zwiększenie wilgotności mieszaniny słomy i węgla z 15 do 25% spowodowało zmniejszenie maksymalnych sił zagęszczających i gęstości. Najwyższą gęstość (1149 kg·m-3) uzyskano przy 20% wilgotności materiału i temperaturze procesu wynoszącej 30°C.
Evaluation of Quality of Bottom Sediments of Water Reservoir Poraj by Applying Sediment Quality Guidelines and Spiatal Analysis
Authors: ROZPONDEK Katarzyna , ROZPONDEK Rafał
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of bottom sediments of water reservoir Poraj by applying a set of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and a spatial analysis. Samples of bottom sediments were collected at 46 measuring points. Collected samples were analyzed in terms of total trace element content, toxicity and organic matter. Concentrations of three trace elementss were above PEC value: Zn (22% of samples), Pb (17%) and Cd (17%). Considering mean PECQ value, 17% of samples were predicted to be toxic. For TEC value, 76% of bottom sediments samples were predicted to be non-toxic. Values of PECQ ranged from 0.04 to 2.08 with mean of 0.38. PERI from 4.36 to 323.62 with mean of 55.35. PERI above 150 was observed in 17% of collected samples. The Coefficient of determination were determined between studied factors: PERI and PECQ (R2= 0.98), PECQ and TEC (R2= 0.99), PERI and TEC (R2= 0.98), PERI and PE (R2= 0.06), PECQ and PE (R2= 0.07). Low correlation between toxic effect and PERI or PECQ indicated that there are other factors that contribute to the toxicity of the sediments. Spatial analysis performed in geostatistical software allowed determining areas with the highest ecological risk.

Streszczenie

Celem badań była ocena jakości osadów dennych zbiornika wodnego Poraj z zastosowaniem wytycznych dotyczących jakości osadów (ang. SQGs – Sediment Quality Guidelines) oraz analiz przestrzennych. Próbki osadów dennych zostały pobrane na podstawie regularnej siatki kwadratów zawierającej 46 punktów pomiarowych. Pobrane próbki zostały poddane analizom laboratoryjnym pod kątem zawartości metali śladowych, toksyczności oraz materii organicznej. Zawartość trzech metali śladowych przekroczyła odpowiadającą wartość PEC: Zn (22% próbek), Pb (17%) i Cd (17%). Porównując wartość PECQ, 17% próbek określa się jako prawdopodobnie toksyczne. Dla TEC w 76% badanego materiału nie wykryto toksyczności. Wartości PECQ zawierały się w przedziale od 0.04 do 2.08 z wartością średnią 0.38, PERI od 4.36 do 323.62 z wartością średnią 55.35. Wartość PERI ponad 150 została zaobserwowana w 17% próbek. Wyznaczono współczynnik determinacji pomiędzy badanymi wskaźnikami: PERI i PECQ (R2= 0.98), PECQ i TEC (R2= 0.99), PERI i TEC (R2= 0.98), PERI i PE (R2= 0.06), PECQ i PE (R2= 0.07). Niska wartość korelacji pomiędzy procentowym efektem toksyczności a analizowanymi wskaźnikami wskazuję na udział innych czynników wpływających na toksyczność osadów dennych zbiornika wodnego Poraj. Na podstawie rozkładów przestrzennych wyznaczono obszary z największym ryzykiem ekologicznym.
Soil Electrical Conductivity Map Variability in Limestone Soils Overlain by Loess
Authors: Mueller T. G. , Hartsock N. J. , Stombaugh T. S. , Shearer S. A. , Cornelius P. L. , Barnhisel R. I.
Published: April 2019

Sensors exist that allow rapid mapping of bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC); however, the utility of these sensors for Kentucky producers is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the nature and the causes of soil EC variability and to make a first assessment of its potential utility in Kentucky, particularly for fields containing soils derived from limestone residuum overlain by loess. Various geostatistical, correlation, and regression analyses were conducted at seven locations to examine EC map variability. Sensor drift and errors associated with changes in coulter depth were minimal. Bulk soil EC related fairly well with clay content across locations and sample dates (r2= 0.40); however, many site‐ and time‐specific correlations were better. Clay (maximumr2= 0.75), moisture content (maximumr2= 0.76), Ca (maximumr2= 0.67), and Mg (maximumr2= 0.64) were positively correlated with EC, and depth to argillic or cambic horizon (maximumr2= 0.62), depth to fragipan (maximumr2= 0.81), and depth to bedrock (maximumr2= 0.32) were negatively correlated with EC. A multiple‐regression model (R2= 0.70) was developed to predict EC that included nine factors: clay, sand, soil moisture, buffer pH, base saturation, Ca, soil temperature, depth to cambic and argillic horizon, and slope. Soil EC variability was spatially structured, and spatial patterns were stable over time; however, the degree to which these patterns could be observed depended on the mapping procedures used. Our research suggested that EC mapping may have utility for Kentucky farmers.
Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon Changes in Turfgrass Systems Using the CENTURY Model
Authors: Bandaranayake W. , Qian Y. L. , Parton W. J. , Ojima D. S. , Follett R. F.
Published: April 2019

Soil organic C (SOC) directly affects soil quality by influencing aeration and water retention and serving as a major repository and reserve source of plant nutrients. Limited information is available concerning the long‐term SOC changes in turfgrass systems. The CENTURY simulation model offers an opportunity to predict long‐term SOC trends based on mathematical representations of C‐cycling processes in the soil–plant systems. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the ability and effectiveness of the CENTURY model to simulate the long‐term SOC dynamics in highly managed turfgrass ecosystems and (ii) simulate long‐term SOC changes for golf course fairway and putting green scenarios with the CENTURY model. The CENTURY model simulations near Denver and Fort Collins, CO, indicate that turfgrass systems can serve as a C sink following establishment. Model estimates are that 23 to 32 Mg ha−1 SOC were sequestered in the 0 to 20 cm below the soil surface after about 30 yr. Historic soil‐testing data from parts of 16 golf courses with age ranging from 1 to 45 yr were used to compare with the simulated results. Model predictions of organic C accumulation compared reasonably well with observed SOC, with regression coefficients of 0.67 for fairways and 0.83 for putting greens. Our results suggest that the CENTURY model can be used to simulate SOC changes in turfgrass systems and has the potential to compare C sequestration under various turf management conditions. Simulation results also suggest that warming temperatures have greater degree of influence on SOC in turf systems compared with native grasslands.
Effects of Injected Liquid Cattle Manure on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat and Soil Characteristics
Authors: Matsi Theodora , Lithourgidis Anastasios S. , Gagianas Athanasios A.
Published: April 2019

Liquid cattle (Bos taurus) manure should be applied to soils in such a manner that would improve soil fertility and crop production without causing salinity problems or increasing NO−3levels. This study investigated the influence of liquid cattle manure on winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. cv. Yecora) germination, growth, and nutrient utilization. Four treatments were applied in the same plots in a 4‐yr field experiment with winter wheat: (i) application of 40 Mg ha−1yr−1liquid dairy cattle manure (wet weight basis) before sowing; (ii) single application of 120 and 26 kg ha−1yr−1N and P, respectively, as inorganic fertilizers before sowing; (iii) as in ii, but with split application of N, half the amount before sowing and the rest at tillering; and (iv) no fertilization. The biological evaluators used to compare the effect of the treatments were (i) number of seedlings per square meter at tillering for the first year only and (ii) dry biomass at heading and harvest; plant concentration and uptake of N, P, and K; and grain yield for every year of experimentation. The results showed that application of manure did not affect seed germination but resulted in a significant increase in dry biomass at the two growth stages and in grain yield and nutrient uptake, similar to the inorganic N and P fertilization. The amounts of soil available NO3−N and P were significantly increased while at the end of the field experiment, soil salinity, organic C, and total N levels remained unchanged.
Low Intensity Harvest Management of Reed Canarygrass
Authors: Cherney J. H. , Cherney D. J. R. , Casler M. D.
Published: April 2019

High K grass forage increases risk of animal metabolic disorders, and forage management of perennial grass grown under K‐limiting soil conditions needs further study. Our objective was to evaluate forage nutritive value, yield, and stand persistence of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceaeL.) under two‐harvest management and low availability of soil K. Three N and three K fertilizer treatments were applied to reed canarygrass for 5 yr at two sites in central New York state with Niagara silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Epiqualfs) and Williamson silt loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Fragiudepts) soil types. Reed canarygrass persisted under all treatments throughout the experiment, although K deficiency symptoms appeared in the high N, low K fertilizer combination. At the high N fertilizer rate, dry matter (DM) yield increased linearly (P< 0.05) with increased K fertilizer rate, while K fertilizer did not influence yield in the absence of N fertilizer. Recovery of K fertilizer was low and increased linearly (P< 0.05) with increased N fertilizer rate from 6 to 42%. Soil test K increased to 59.9 mg kg−1with no N fertilization and decreased to 34.9 mg kg−1with 224 kg N ha−1. Under high N fertilization with no K fertilization, grass forage K concentration averaged <12 g kg−1in the spring and <8 g kg−1in the fall. Sufficient yields of grass forage with reasonable quality and low concentrations of K were possible through high N, low K fertility management in a two‐harvest system.
Steer Performance on Kura Clover–Grass and Red Clover–Grass Mixed Pastures
Authors: Mouriño Francisco , Albrecht Kenneth A. , Schaefer Daniel M. , Berzaghi Paolo
Published: April 2019

Assessment of cattle performance on grazed kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) has not been reported in USA. This study was conducted to compare steer performance on kura clover–grass (KC–G) and red clover (T. pratense L.)–grass (RC–G) mixed pastures. Pastures were rotationally stocked with Holstein (Bos taurus) steers using a variable stocking rate. Animal performance and pasture composition were recorded from 1998 to 2000. The red clover was annually renewed in the RC–G pasture by frost seeding. The legume fraction accounted for at least 66% of the herbage mass every year in KC–G pasture while in RC–G pasture, it ranged from 33% in 1998 to 10% in 2000. Kura clover–grass pasture was lower in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber and higher in crude protein and in vitro true digestibility than the RC–G pasture. Herbage mass and carrying capacity were greater in KC–G than in RC–G pasture each grazing season. Average daily gain was higher every year for KC–G than for RC–G and averaged 1.21 and 0.99 kg, respectively. Beef gains on KC–G and RC–G were 1151 and 953 kg ha−1 in 1998, 882 and 628 kg ha−1 in 1999, and 1030 and 820 kg ha−1 in 2000, respectively. The greater gain per hectare on KC–G was attributed to the combination of its capacity to produce more forage and its superior nutritive value. Both are consequences of the ability of kura clover to maintain a high proportion of legume in the sward.
Effect of Drought Stress on Leaf and Whole Canopy Radiation Use Efficiency and Yield of Maize
Authors: Earl Hugh J. , Davis Richard F.
Published: April 2019

Drought stress reduces yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and other grain crops by (i) reducing canopy absorption of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), (ii) reducing radiation use efficiency (RUE), and (iii) reducing harvest index (HI). The primary objective of this work was to quantify yield losses attributable to each of these components for maize exposed to drought stress in a 2‐yr field study. A second objective was to examine the relationship between RUE at the single leaf level (estimated using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques) and RUE at the whole crop level. Two levels of soil water deficit and a control treatment were established using drip tape irrigation, and dry matter harvests were taken at midseason and at physiological maturity. Mild and severe water stress treatments reduced final grain yield by 63 and 85%, respectively, in 2000, and by 13 and 26%, respectively, in 2001. Reduction of intercepted PAR (IPAR) was generally a very minor yield loss component. Yield losses attributable to reduced RUE and reduced HI were of similar magnitude. Weekly chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were used to estimate the average quantum efficiency of photosystem II at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1200 μmol m−2 s−1 (ΦII1200) for each plot. Crop dry matter accumulation was not linearly related to IPAR, due to decreased RUE in the water stress treatments. However, the linear relationship was restored when daily IPAR was multiplied by the current estimate of ΦII1200, suggesting that ΦII1200 can be used as an indicator of whole‐crop RUE.
Desarrollo de la logística humanitaria: una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Flórez Oviedo Néstor Eduardo
Published: April 2019

Este artículo ahonda la literatura de la logística humanitaria y la evolución que ha tenido este objeto de estudio a lo largo de estos veinticuatro años de investigación. Recalcando los autores y trabajos más importantes a nivel mundial, las contribuciones de los diferentes artículos aplicados a la problemática real y la trascendencia que han tenido las corrientes de planificación y repuesta a los desastres, debido al incremento de estos en los últimos años. Se resaltan las investigaciones en cada una de las etapas de la logística humanitaria, los modelos desarrollados y las contribuciones que dan pie al desarrollo de nuevos trabajos que ayuden a mejorar las condiciones críticas de una población ante una situación de desastre. Esta revisión a la literatura pretende que el lector de una manera clara y concisa conozca sobre las cadenas de valor humanitarias, y en el caso que el tema se convierta en su corriente de estudio, tenga una guía para su investigación, tomando como referentes los documentos aquí citados, que pueden orientar sobre temas propios de la logística humanitaria que aún no han sido tratados.
Clinical case of curing a generalized adenovirus infection on the background of graft versus host reaction in a child after bone marrow transplantation from a haploidentical donor
Authors: Mezentseva A. V. , Skorobogatova E. V. , Burya A. E. , Kirgizov K. I. , Konstantinova V. V. , Machneva E. B. , Pristanskova E. A.
Published: April 2019

Adenovirus infection is one of the causes of transplant-associated mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Fulminant liver failure with adenovirus infection is a diagnostic and therapeutic problem due to its aggressive clinical course and extremely poor prognosis, while modern methods of treating adenovirus infection are based on the use of virostatic drugs and virus-specific lymphocytes and are associated with severe side effects. The article presents a rare clinical case of elimination of disseminated adenoviral infection with fulminantly developing liver failure in a patient after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from a haploidentical donor.
Together 20 years!
Authors: Kiseleva E. Yu.
Published: April 2019

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Bromotryptophan and its Analogs in Peptides from Marine Animals
Authors: Jimenez Elsie C.
Published: April 2019

Bromotryptophan is a nonstandard amino acid that is rarely incorporated in ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (ribosomal peptides). Bromotryptophan and its analogs sometimes occur in non-ribosomal peptides. This paper presents an overview of ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptides that are known to contain bromotryptophan and its analogs. This work further covers the biological activities and therapeutic potential of some of these peptides.
Visit-to-visit Blood Pressure Variability and Arterial Stiffness: Which Came First: The Chicken or the Egg?
Authors: Miyauchi Shunsuke , Nagai Michiaki , Dote Keigo , Kato Masaya , Oda Noboru , Kunita Eiji , Kagawa Eisuke , Yamane Aya , Higashihara Tasuku , Takeuchi Arinori , Tsuchiya Akane , Takahari Kosuke
Published: April 2019

Earlier studies have shown that visit-to-visit blood pressure (BP) variability (VVV) served as a significant
independent risk factor of stroke, specifically, in the high-risk elderly of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although
the mechanism is not clearly understood, arterial remodeling such as carotid artery, coronary artery and
large aortic artery would be a strong moderator in the relationship between VVV and CVD incidence. Recent
studies have provided evidence that VVV predicted the progression of arterial stiffness. While the class of
antihypertensive agents is suggested to be an important determinant of VVV, long-acting calcium channel
blockers use (CCBs) is associated with the reduction of VVV, and thus, is suggested to decrease the arterial
stiffness. Specifically, the relationship between VVV and coronary arterial remodeling has never been
reviewed until now. This article summarizes the recent literature on these topics. In the elderly hypertensives,
strict BP control using CCBs could play a pivotal role in suppressing arterial stiffening via VVV reduction.
The Low Molecular Weight Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Mimetics with Antidepressant-like Activity
Authors: Gudasheva Tatiana A. , Povarnina Polina , Tarasiuk Alexey V. , Seredenin Sergey B.
Published: April 2019

The search for new highly-effective, fast-acting antidepressant drugs is extremely relevant. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and signaling through its tropomyosin-related tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor, represents one of the most promising therapeutic targets for treating depression. BDNF is a key regulator of neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, the dysfunction of which is considered to be the main pathophysiological hallmark of this disorder. BDNF itself has no favorable drug-like properties due to poor pharmacokinetics and possible adverse effects. The design of small, proteolytically stable BDNF mimetics might provide a useful approach for the development of therapeutic agents. Two small molecule BDNF mimetics with antidepressant-like activity have been reported, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone and the dimeric dipeptide mimetic of BDNF loop 4, GSB-106. The article reflects on the current literature on the role of BDNF as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of depression and on the current advances in the development of small molecules on the base of this neurotrophin as potential antidepressants.
Safety and Efficacy of Tocolytics for the Treatment of Spontaneous Preterm Labour
Authors: Lamont Ronald F. , Jørgensen Jan S.
Published: April 2019

Background:

Preterm birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Attempts to reduce the burden may be proactive using biochemical or biophysical prediction and preventative measures. If these efforts fail, then the approach may have to be reactive using tocolytics to inhibit spontaneous preterm labour.

Objective:

We have reviewed the evidence concerning the safety and efficacy of various classes of tocolytic agents.

Results:

The evidence to support the use of magnesium sulfate or nitric oxide donors as a tocolytic is poor. Compared to placebo or no treatment, there is evidence to support the efficacy of calcium channel blockers (mainly nifedipine), prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (mainly indomethacin and sulindac), oxytocin receptor antagonists (mainly atosiban) and β2-agonists (mainly ritodrine, terbutaline, salbutamol and fenoterol). Maternal safety concerns have reduced the use of β2-agonists. Fetal safety and gestational age restrictions have largely condemned prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors to second-line therapy. First-line therapy in Europe and other parts of the world outside the USA and Australia is limited to calcium channel blockers and oxytocin receptor antagonists. With respect to efficacy, atosiban and nifedipine are similar, but the robustness of the evidence favours atosiban. With respect to safety, atosiban is clearly the safest tocolytic as there are fetomaternal concerns with nifedipine, particularly in high daily doses.

Conclusion:

The perfect tocolytic that is uniformly effective and safe does not exist. Cost, licensing and informed consent are considerations involved in the choice. Efforts continue to develop and introduce other or better agents, including novel compounds such as progesterone, PGF2α antagonists and statins.
In Silico and 3D QSAR Studies of Natural Based Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors
Authors: Malik Neelam , Dhiman Priyanka , Khatkar Anurag
Published: April 2019

Background: A large number of disorders and their symptoms emerge from deficiency or overproduction of specific metabolites has drawn the attention for the discovery of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of disorders. Various approaches such as computational drug design have provided the new methodology for the selection and evaluation of target protein and the lead compound mechanistically. For instance, the overproduction of xanthine oxidase causes the accumulation of uric acid which can prompt gout.  Objective: In the present study we critically discussed the various techniques such as 3-D QSAR and molecular docking for the study of the natural based xanthine oxidase inhibitors with their mechanistic insight into the interaction of xanthine oxidase and various natural leads.

Conclusion:

The computational studies of deferent natural compounds were discussed as a result the flavonoids, anthraquinones, xanthones shown the remarkable inhibitory potential for xanthine oxidase inhibition moreover the flavonoids such as hesperidin and rutin were found as promising candidates for further exploration.
Potentiation of PBD Dimers by Lipophilicity Manipulation
Authors: Cailleau Thaїs , Adams Lauren R. , Arora Neha , Kang Gyoung-Dong , Masterson Luke , Patel Neki , Hartley John A. , Mao Shenlan , Harper Jay , Howard Philip W.
Published: April 2019

Background & Introduction:

Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers are highly potent DNA cross-linking agents used as warheads in Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy. We propose to investigate the correlation existing between the lipophilicity of those molecules and their activity (both in vitro and in vivo) as well as any effect observed during conjugation.

Materials and Methods:

Reaction progress was monitored by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) using Merck Kieselgel 60 F254 silica gel, with a fluorescent indicator on aluminium plates. Visualisation of TLC was achieved with UV light or iodine vapour unless otherwise stated. Flash chromatography was performed using Merck Kieselgel 60 F254 silica gel.

Results:

We have successfully designed and synthesized a novel PBD warhead (SG3312) with enhanced physicochemical properties. The warhead also displayed increased potency in vitro. After overcoming some epimerization issues, the synthesis of enantiomerically pure payload was achieved (SG3259) and fulfilled our criteria for a simplified and more efficient conjugation. No addition of propylene glycol was required, and high DAR and excellent monomeric purity were achieved.

Conclusion:

The ADC (Herceptin-maia-SG3259) has been shown to release the active warhead (SG3312) upon exposure to Cathepsin B and demonstrated encouraging activity both in vitro and in vivo.
Protein-Protein Interactions of Phosphodiesterases
Authors: Al-Nema Mayasah Y. , Gaurav Anand
Published: April 2019

Background:

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that play a key role in terminating cyclic
nucleotides signalling by catalysing the hydrolysis of 3’, 5’- cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP) and/or 3’, 5’ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), the second messengers within the cell
that transport the signals produced by extracellular signalling molecules which are unable to get into the
cells. However, PDEs are proteins which do not operate alone but in complexes that made up of a many
proteins.

Objective:

This review highlights some of the general characteristics of PDEs and focuses mainly on the
Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) of selected PDE enzymes. The objective is to review the role of PPIs
in the specific mechanism for activation and thereby regulation of certain biological functions of PDEs.

Methods:

Methods The article discusses some of the PPIs of selected PDEs as reported in recent scientific literature.
These interactions are critical for understanding the biological role of the target PDE.

Results:

The PPIs have shown that each PDE has a specific mechanism for activation and thereby regulation
a certain biological function.

Conclusion:

Targeting of PDEs to specific regions of the cell is based on the interaction with other proteins
where each PDE enzyme binds with specific protein(s) via PPIs.
The Recent Progresses in Chemical Synthesis of Proteins with Site-Specific Lysine Post-translational Modifications
Authors: Wang Zhipeng A.
Published: April 2019

In the past two decades, a plethora of lysine (Lys) posttranslational modifications (PTMs) has been
discovered on proteins, major groups are acylation, alkylation, and ubiquitination. Although considered biologically
important, functional annotation of proteins with Lys PTMs has largely fallen behind the discovery.
One grand challenge of characterizing proteins with PTMs is the procurement of homogenously modified proteins.
To resolve this obstacle, sophisticated methods have been developed. These include total synthesis, semisynthesis
that is based on native chemical ligation, expressed protein ligation, and enzyme-catalyzed peptide
ligation, and the amber-suppression based noncanonical amino acid mutagenesis technique that may need to
couple with follow-up bioorthogonal chemistry. This review summarizes currently identified significant PTMs
and chemical biology methods for their installation in proteins. We hope that the current review will provide
helpful insights and critical perspectives to this important research frontier.
Type 1 Diabetes-related Autoantibodies in Different Forms of Diabetes
Authors: Sørgjerd Elin Pettersen
Published: April 2019

Autoantibodies against Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GADA), insulinoma antigen-2 (IA- 2A), insulin (IAA) and the most recently Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8A) are one of the most reliable biomarkers for autoimmune diabetes in both children and adults. They are today the only biomarkers that can distinguish Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) from phenotypically type 2 diabetes. As the frequency of autoantibodies at diagnosis in childhood type 1 diabetes depends on age, GADA is by far the most common in adult onset autoimmune diabetes, especially LADA. Being multiple autoantibody positive have also shown to be more common in childhood diabetes compared to adult onset diabetes, and multiple autoantibody positivity have a high predictive value of childhood type 1 diabetes. Autoantibodies have shown inconsistent results to predict diabetes in adults. Levels of autoantibodies are reported to cause heterogeneity in LADA. Reports indicate that individuals with high levels of autoantibodies have a more type 1 diabetes like phenotype and individuals with low levels of autoantibody positivity have a more type 2 diabetes like phenotype. It is also well known that autoantibody levels can fluctuate and transient autoantibody positivity in adult onset autoimmune diabetes have been reported to affect the phenotype.
Design and Synthesis of New Sulfonamides-Based Flt3 Inhibitors
Authors: Abutayeh Reem F. , Almaliti Jehad , Taha Mutasem O.
Published: April 2019

Background:

Flt3 is an oncogenic kinase involved in different leukemias. It is most
prominently associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Flt3-specific inhibitors have shown
promising results in interfering with AML.

Methods:

The crystallographic structures of two inhibitors complexed within Flt3, namely, quizartinib
and F6M, were used to guide the synthesis of new sulfonamide-based Flt3 inhibitors.

Results:

One of the prepared compounds showed low micromolar anti-Flt3 bioactivity, and interestingly,
low micromolar bioactivity against the related oncogenic kinase VEGFR2.

Conclusion:

Sulfonamides were successfully used as privileged scaffolds for the synthesis of
novel Flt3 inhibitors of micromolar potencies.
Pyrimidinone Associated Triazole Carboxamides: Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxicity and DNA Binding Studies
Authors: Bhaskar Prakash , Tholappanavara Suresha K. , Kalal Bhuvanesh S. , Kumar Vasantha , Siddegowda Ananda K.C. , Vijaykumar Sowmya H.B. , Pai Vinitha R. , Ganapathy Sujan
Published: April 2019

Background:

Pyrimidinones and its derivatives are present in many anti-cancer agents. It has
been reported that these substances were proven to have significant activities against different types of
human cancers. The incorporation of [1,2,3]-triazole, a nitrogen-rich unit not only increases the efficacy
but also increases the lipophilicity of the drug molecule. As our research was to synthesize newer molecules
of effective cytotoxicity, we focused on pyrimidinone and [1,2,3]-triazoles systems, as important
scaffolds with the expectation of potential cytotoxic properties.

Methods:

Novel series of [1,2,3]-triazole carboxamides (5a-j) were synthesized, starting from 3-(2-
chloroethyl)-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one. The structure of all the synthesized
compounds was elucidated based on IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and LC-MS data. Compounds were
focused for their in vitro cytotoxicity against A375 melanoma cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 breast
cancer cell lines and HEK 293-Human embryonic kidney cell lines using colorimetric MTT assay. The
potent compound was evaluated for the DNA binding studies.

Results:

Most of the Pyrimidinone conjugated [1,2,3]-triazole carboxamides found to be selective towards
melanoma cancer cell lines than breast cancer cell lines. Compounds 5d, 5i and 5b were effective
against A375 cancer cell lines and are found to be non-toxic against HEK 293-Human embryonic kidney
cell lines. The potent compound 5d showed good intrinsic binding constant (Kb) value 3.12 x 103
M-1 in UV based DNA titration.

Conclusion:

Newly synthesized Pyrimidinone conjugated [1,2,3]-triazole carboxamide derivatives
showed the significant cytotoxicity and the potent compound showed good intrinsic binding constant in
UV based DNA titration.
A Comprehensive Review on Importance and Quantitation of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and their Active Metabolites in Commercial Dosage Forms
Authors: Rahman Habibur , Haque S.K. Manirul , Siddiqui Masoom Raza
Published: April 2019

Background:

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects more than twenty-one
million people throughout the world. Schizophrenia also causes early death. Schizophrenia and other
related psychotic ailments are controlled by the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, which act by blocking
certain chemical receptors in the brain and thus relieves the symptoms of psychotic disorder. These
drugs are present in the different dosage forms in the market and provided in a certain amount as per the
need of the patients.

Objective:

Since such medications treat mental disorders, it is very important to have a perfect and accurate
dose so that the risk factor is not affected by a higher or lower dose, which is not sufficient for
the treatment. For accurate assay of these kinds of drugs, different analytical methods were developed
ranging from older spectrophotometric techniques to latest hyphenated methods.

Results:

The current review highlights the role of different analytical techniques that were employed in
the determination and identification of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites. Techniques such as
spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas
chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry employed in the method development of
such antipsychotic drugs were reported in the review. Different metabolites, identified using the hyphenated
techniques, were also mentioned in the review. The synthesis pathways of few of the metabolites
were mentioned.

Conclusion:

The review summarizes the analyses of different antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites.
A brief introduction of illnesses and their symptoms and possible medications were highlighted. Synthesis
pathways of the associated metabolites were also mentioned.