bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward An Exploration of Habituating to Tinnitus: Perspectives on Sensory Gating
Authors: Mohebbi Mehrnaz , Farhadi Mohammad , Daneshi Ahmad , Mahmoudian Saeid
Published: December 2019

Background:Some tinnitus participants habituate to their tinnitus, but some others do not and complain of its annoyance so much. It has been suggested that tinnitus is a habituation deficit. Habituation and the ability to ignore a sensory input depend on the normal function of
filtering mechanism of sensory gating.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare behavioral aspects of sensory gating in normal and tinnitus participants to search for the reason why some tinnitus participants habituate to their tinnitus but some others do not.Research Design:This
investigation was an observational case‐control study.Study Sample:There were 60 tinnitus participants who were categorized into two tinnitus groups (30 compensated tinnitus participants and 30 decompensated tinnitus participants) based on the complaint of tinnitus annoyance,
visual analog scale (VAS) for tinnitus loudness, annoyance, and awareness, scores on Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ), and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). Also, there were 30 normal hearing participants without tinnitus as the normal control group.Data Collection and Analysis:Sensory
Gating Inventory (SGI), TQ, THI, and VAS was obtained from all participants. THI, TQ, VAS, and SGI total scores and their factors were compared among the groups. Correlations between SGI scores with THI, TQ, and VAS score were calculated.Results:The results showed that SGI total score
and the scores of its four factors were significantly higher in decompensated tinnitus participants compared with compensated tinnitus participants and normal controls. Also, there was a positive correlation between SGI perceptual modulation factor and TQ emotional distress factor and with
the VAS for loudness in decompensated tinnitus group.Conclusions:These results suggested that tinnitus associated with behavioral aspects of sensory gating and decompensated tinnitus may be a result of deficient sensory gating.
Auditory Brainstem Responses in Children with Auditory Processing Disorder
Authors: Ankmnal-Veeranna Sangamanatha , Allan Chris , Allen Prudence
Published: December 2019

Background:The ASHA recommends including electrophysiological measures in an auditory processing disorder (APD) assessment battery, but few audiologists do so, potentially because of limited published evidence for its utility.Purpose:This study compared the auditory brainstem
responses (ABRs) of children with APD with age-matched children and adults.Study Sample:This study retrospectively examined the records of 108 children suspected of APD (sAPD) who had click-evoked ABRs recorded as part of their clinical assessment. Twenty adults and 22 typically developing
(TD) children were recruited as controls.Data collection and Analysis:Click-evoked ABRs were recorded at slow (13.3 clicks/sec) and faster (57.7 clicks/sec) stimulation rates. ABRs were analyzed using typical clinical measures (latencies and interpeak intervals for waves I, III, and
V) and using a model proposed by Ponton et al that offered a more detailed analysis of axonal conduction time and synaptic transmission delay.Results:Both clinical measures and the Ponton model analysis showed no significant differences between TD children and adults. Children sAPD
showed absolute latencies that were significantly prolonged when compared with adults but not when compared with TD children. But individual children sAPD showed clinically significant delays (>2 standard deviations of TD children’s data). Examination of responses delineating axonal
versus synaptic transmission showed significant delays in synaptic transmission in the group of children sAPD in comparison to TD children and adults. These results suggest that a significant portion of children with listening difficulties showed evidence of reduced or atypical brainstem functioning.
Examining the responses for axonal and synaptic delays revealed evidence of a synaptic pattern of abnormalities in a significant portion (37.03%) of children sAPD. Such observations could provide objective evidence of factors potentially contributing to listening difficulties that are frequently
reported in children identified with APD.Conclusions:Children sAPD often showed abnormalities in the ABR, suggesting a neurophysiologic origin of their reported difficulties, frequently originating at or before the first synapse. This study provides supportive evidence for the value
of click-evoked ABRs in comprehensive auditory processing assessment batteries.
Intraoperative Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential (ECAP) Measurements in Traditional and Hearing Preservation Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Nassiri Ashley M. , Yawn Robert J. , Gifford René H. , Haynes David S. , Roberts Jillian B. , Gilbane Max S. , Murfee Jack , Bennett Marc L.
Published: December 2019

Background:In current practice, the status of residual low-frequency acoustic hearing in hearing preservation cochlear implantation (CI) is unknown until activation two to three weeks postoperatively. The intraoperatively measured electrically evoked compound action potential
(ECAP), a synchronous response from electrically stimulated auditory nerve fibers, is one of the first markers of auditory nerve function after cochlear implant surgery and such may provide information regarding the status of residual low-frequency acoustic hearing.Purpose:This study
aimed to evaluate the relationship between intraoperative ECAP at the time of CI and presence of preoperative and postoperative low-frequency acoustic hearing.Research Design:A retrospective case review.Study Sample:Two hundred seventeen adult ears receiving CI (42 Advanced Bionics,
82 Cochlear, and 93 MED-EL implants).Interventions:Intraoperative ECAP and CI.Data Collection and Analysis:ECAP measurements were obtained intraoperatively, whereas residual hearing data were obtained from postoperative CI activation audiogram. A linear mixed model test revealed
no interaction effects for the following variables: manufacturer, electrode location (basal, middle, and apical), preoperative low-frequency pure-tone average (LFPTA), and postoperative LFPTA. The postoperative residual low-frequency hearing status was defined as preservation of unaided air
conduction thresholds ≤90 dB at 250 Hz. Electrode location and hearing preservation data were analyzed individually for both the ECAP threshold and ECAP maximum amplitude using multiple t-tests, without assuming a consistent standard deviation between the groups, and with alpha correction.Results:The
maximum amplitude, in microvolts, was significantly higher throughout apical and middle regions of the cochlea in patients who had preserved low-frequency acoustic hearing as compared with those who did not have preserved hearing (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0088, respectively). ECAP
threshold, in microamperes, was significantly lower throughout the apical region of the cochlea in patients with preserved low-frequency acoustic hearing as compared with those without preserved hearing (p = 0.0099). Basal electrode maximum amplitudes and middle and basal electrode
thresholds were not significantly correlated with postoperative low-frequency hearing.Conclusions:Apical and middle electrode maximum amplitudes and apical electrode thresholds detected through intraoperative ECAP measurements are significantly correlated with preservation of low-frequency
acoustic hearing. This association may represent a potential immediate feedback mechanism for postoperative outcomes that can be applied to all CIs.
Bayesian Characterization of Main-sequence Binaries in the Old Open Cluster NGC 188
Authors: Cohen Roger E. , Geller Aaron M. , Hippel Ted von
Published: December 2019

The binary fractions of open and globular clusters yield powerful constraints on their dynamical state and evolutionary history. We apply publicly available Bayesian analysis tools to a UBV
RIJHK

S
photometric catalog of the open cluster NGC 188 to detect and characterize photometric binaries along the cluster main sequence. This technique has the advantage of self-consistently handling photometric errors, missing data in various bandpasses, and star-by-star prior constraints on cluster membership. Simulations are used to verify uncertainties and quantify selection biases in our analysis, illustrating that among binaries with mass ratios >0.5, we recover the binary fraction to better than 7% in the mean, with no significant dependence on binary fraction and a mild dependence on assumed mass-ratio distribution. Using our photometric catalog, we recover the majority (65% ± 11%) of spectroscopically identified main-sequence binaries, including eight of the nine with spectroscopically measured mass ratios. Accounting for incompleteness and systematics, we derive a mass-ratio distribution that rises toward lower mass ratios (within our q > 0.5 analysis domain). We observe a raw binary fraction for solar-type main-sequence stars with mass ratios q > 0.5 of 42% ± 4%, independent of the assumed mass-ratio distribution to within its uncertainties, consistent with literature values for old open clusters but significantly higher than the field solar-type binary fraction. We confirm that the binaries identified by our method are more concentrated than single stars, in agreement with previous studies, and we demonstrate that the binary nature of those candidates that remain unidentified spectroscopically is strongly supported by photometry from Gaia DR2.
Star Formation Efficiencies at Giant Molecular Cloud Scales in the Molecular Disk of the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)
Authors: Espada D. , Verley S. , Miura R. E. , Israel F. P. , Henkel C. , Matsushita S. , Vila-Vilaro B. , Ott J. , Morokuma-Matsui K. , Peck A. B. , Hirota A. , Aalto S. , Quillen A. C. , Hogerheijde M. R. , Neumayer N. , Vlahakis C. , Iono D. , Kohno K.
Published: December 2019

We present ALMA CO (1−0) observations toward the dust lane of the nearest elliptical and radio galaxy, NGC 5128 (Centaurus A), with high angular resolution (∼1″, or 18 pc), including information from large to small spatial scales and total flux. We find a total molecular gas mass of 1.6 × 109
M
⊙ and reveal the presence of filamentary components more extended than previously seen, up to a radius of 4 kpc. We find that the global star formation rate is ∼1 M
⊙ yr−1, which yields a star formation efficiency (SFE) of 0.6 Gyr−1 (depletion time τ = 1.5 Gyr), similar to those in disk galaxies. We show the most detailed view to date (40 pc resolution) of the relation between molecular gas and star formation within the stellar component of an elliptical galaxy, from a scale of several kiloparsecs to the circumnuclear region close to the powerful radio jet. Although on average the SFEs are similar to those of spiral galaxies, the circumnuclear disk (CND) presents SFEs of 0.3 Gyr−1, lower by a factor of 4 than the outer disk. The low SFE in the CND is in contrast to the high SFEs found in the literature for the circumnuclear regions of some nearby disk galaxies with nuclear activity, probably as a result of larger shear motions and longer active galactic nucleus feedback. The higher SFEs in the outer disk suggest that only central molecular gas or filaments with sufficient density and strong shear motions will remain in ∼1 Gyr, which will later result in the compact molecular distributions and low SFEs usually seen in other giant ellipticals with cold gas.
Introduction
Authors: Brunfaut Victor , Nicolaï Quentin , Tassi Sara
Published: December 2019

Les 7 et 8 mai 2018 se tenait à la Faculté d’architecture La Cambre Horta de l’ULB le colloque de clôture d’un projet de recherche interrogeant la notion d’espace public au Sud-Bénin. Ce colloque prolongeait un travail réflexif sur les outils de l’architecture développé lors de journées d’études organisées en septembre 2017 à Porto-Novo, au Bénin. Ces deux événements constituent le corps de la présente publication. Lors de ces évènements, s’est imposée la notion de situation . Cette notion attire l’attention sur les manières toujours situées dont les réalités sont instaurées par les perspectives qu’elles rassemblent : elles n’existent que par elles. Elle nous aide à considérer les réalités au delà des oppositions binaires telles qu’objet/sujet, figure/ fond, dedans/dehors, esprit/matière, etc. et nous amène à penser et agir en termes de connexions, d’interdépendances.
Radioxọkọn
Authors: Brunfaut Victor , Nicolaï Quentin , Tassi Sara
Published: December 2019

Ce texte entend faire état de réflexions amorcées lors des journées d’études organisées du 18 au 21 septembre 2017 à l’École du Patrimoine Africain (EPA) à Porto-Novo, au Bénin. Ces journées ont réuni une petite vingtaine de personnes aux pratiques et aux parcours variés autour d’un travail de description de Radioxọkọn , un « espace public » de la ville de Porto-Novo. Elles nous ont permis de questionner ce à quoi la notion d’espace public se réfère concrètement, ainsi que la pluralité des manières de s’y rapporter, de la mobiliser.
The Socio-Legal Relevance of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Larsson Stefan
Published: December 2019

L’article propose une analyse sociojuridique des questions d’équité, de responsabilité et de transparence posées par les applications d’intelligence artificielle (IA) employées actuellement dans nos sociétés et de machine learning . Pour rendre compte de ces défis juridiques et normatifs, nous analysons des cas problématiques, comme la reconnaissance d’images fondée sur des bases de données qui présentent des biais de genre. Nous envisageons ensuite sept aspects de la transparence qui permettent de compléter les notions d’ explainable AI  (XAI) dans la recherche en sciences informatiques. L’article examine aussi l’effet de miroir normatif provoqué par l’usage des valeurs humaines et des structures sociétales comme données d’entraînement pour les technologies d’apprentissage. Enfin, nous plaidons pour une approche multidisciplinaire dans la recherche, le développement et la gouvernance en matière d’IA.
Enquêter in situ par questionnaire sur une mobilisation
Authors: les Gilets jaunes Collectif d’enquête sur , Bedock Camille , Bendali Zakaria , Bernard de Raymond Antoine , Beurier Anne-Gaëlle , Blavier Pierre , Bonin Loïc , Courty Amaïa , Della Sudda Magali , Delozière Gauthier , Dondeyne Christèle , Elalaoui Charif , Flipo Fabrice , Frémont Camille , Gaborit Maxime , Girardin Antonin , Grémion Théo , Guillemin Pierre , Havard Métilde , Ivanovic Mila , Larrouqué Damien , Levain Alix , Liochon Pauline , Neyrat Frédéric , Ormiere-Noblet Lucas , Pauchard Laura , Pigot François , Reungoat Emmanuelle , Schnatterer Tinette , Spéter Lejeune Ludwig , Soulié Floriane , Valeria Alfieri , Walker Étienne
Published: December 2019

Cette note de recherche est issue d'une enquête collective par questionnaire administrée entre novembre 2018 et mars 2019, conduite in situ pendant la mobilisation des Gilets jaunes. Elle se penche sur trois aspects : les difficultés méthodologiques inhérentes à l'enquête par questionnaire dans les mouvements sociaux, les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des participants et, enfin, leur rapport au politique et leurs revendications. Les Gilets jaunes ont mobilisé certaines fractions des classes populaires et moyennes. C'est aussi un mouvement social dans lequel se retrouvent à la fois des primo-mobilisés et des individus aux ressources militantes certaines. Nous montrons l'existence de différences de profils sociaux et politiques selon le lieu et le moment de l'implication des enquêtés.
Dossier. L'avenir de la répression extra-pénale
Authors: Deguergue Maryse , Perroud Thomas , Teitgen-Colly Catherine
Published: December 2019

Nous avons cherché dans ce colloque à répondre aux questions qui sont pour l’instant en suspens en matière répressive. Face à l’essor de la répression administrative, nous avons cherché à résoudre les problèmes qui se posent aujourd’hui : l’absence de code de procédure administrative répressive, l’articulation entre l’Administration et le Parquet, la publication par l’Administration de circulaires de politique répressive, l’indépendance de l’Administration sanctionnatrice ou la place des tiers. Nous avons enfin voulu élargir notre réflexion en replaçant l’essor de la répression administrative en parallèle avec le développement de la répression civile ou de la compliance pour essayer de comprendre comment toutes ces voies répressives pourraient, finalement, se combiner.
Les nouveaux rapports entre pouvoirs à l’aune des affaires Fillon et Benalla : vers une multiplication des contrôles ?
Authors: Guérin-Bargues Cécile
Published: December 2019

Les affaires Fillon et Benalla ont donné naissance à un certain nombre de procédures tant parlementaires que judiciaires. Largement contestées, et de manière peu convaincante, au nom de la séparation des pouvoirs, ces dernières sont venues préciser l’étendue du contrôle que chacun des pouvoirs exerce sur les autres. Ce faisant, elles apparaissent riches d’enseignements quant à la réalisation concrète de la finalité dudit principe : «  que, par la disposition des choses, le pouvoir arrête le pouvoir  ».
Case study analyzing the relationship between the degree of complexity of a product page on an e-commerce website and the number of unique purchases associated with it
Authors: Puente Domínguez Nuria
Published: December 2019

How are effective product pages designed for an e-commerce website? In the current economic context, Spanish companies must be able to justify all their investments. Therefore, so that they can compete effectively and obtain competitive advantages, they must know which elements generate value for the organization. This research analyzes the relationship between the degree of complexity of the product web pages and the number of unique purchases associated with them. The objective is to determine the most effective e-commerce merchandising strategies and techniques to help the companies in the food sector make the right strategic decisions, allowing them to increase the sales of their e-commerce websites. A case study research technique is used, the results of which conclude the importance of the visual aspects of the product web pages.
The impact of culture on sustainable development
Authors: Partida Hernández Alicia Paola
Published: December 2019

Culture plays an essential role in the sustainable and economic development of cities. There are currently more and more cities that recognize their importance and include it in their development plans, thus demonstrating its transversality. However, the prevailing question is how to measure its impact. In this sense, an alternative proposal to the UNESCO Culture for Development Indicators (CDIS) for evaluation is presented, consisting of 27 indicators organized in seven categories. The model is applied in the cities of Stockholm, Bilbao, and the Guadalajara metropolitan area (ZMG, consisting of the municipalities of Guadalajara, San Pedro Tlaquepaque, Zapopan, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Tonalá and El Salto). These cities have been chosen for their public policies and the cultural and creative projects that have been carried out there in recent decades. Lastly, the results show that cities that position culture in a cross-cutting manner achieve greater sustainable development.
Marcuse lector de Ser y tiempo. Contexto y aspectos centrales de la recepción marcuseana de Heidegger en las Contribuciones de 1928
Authors: Lara Francisco de
Published: December 2019

El artículo presenta el proyecto filosófico de Marcuse en su escrito Contribuciones a una fenomenología del materialismo histórico (1928) desde tres puntos de vista. Primero esboza el contexto de discusión en el que ese escrito se inserta; a continuación expone el modo crítico como Marcuse se apropia de ciertas temáticas de Ser y tiempo y, finalmente, indica la recepción que Heidegger hizo de esta original lectura de su obra.
La desconexión sistémica, las miradas centrípetas y sus efectos nostálgicos
Authors: Montesó Ventura Jorge
Published: December 2019

Decía Ortega que “la reabsorción de la circunstancia es el destino concreto del hombre”, pero ¿qué sucede cuando esta se percibe tan hostil que torna inviable todo proyecto de vida? En el presente artículo reflexionaremos sobre las posibles respuestas a una circunstancia tal; dónde buscamos refugio y dónde hallamos amparo para seguir creyendo en la posibilidad de un proyecto de vida. Entre otras opciones, el sujeto actual parece tender a buscarlo en el pasado, en la mirada nostálgica a los recuerdos y a la tradición. Pero esto no sucede sin riesgos. En tanto pasado, idealizado, cuando pretende afirmarse, ha de vérselas con esa circunstancia y el choque resultante da expresión a muchos de los actuales conflictos sociales.
Nostalgia. Sobre el origen y el nombre de una patología sentimental
Authors: Garrocho Diego S.
Published: December 2019

En el presente artículo intentaremos exponer un análisis filosófico del cuño y posterior desarrollo de una patología que, con el paso del tiempo sirvió para denominar una experiencia sentimental capital en la modernidad tardía: la nostalgia. Si el mundo antiguo se concentró en el estudio y diagnóstico de una vivencia próxima como es la melancolía, la nostalgia irrumpió en los manuales de medicina moderna como una dolencia h.brida entre el error moral y el defecto corporal. Su asimilación paulatina arraigó en una experiencia específica de la temporalidad provista de importantes connotaciones epistemológicas, políticas y existenciales. A lo largo de este estudio revisaremos algunos hitos fundamentales en el establecimiento de las condiciones históricas, sociales, culturales y vivenciales de esta experiencia sentimental y trazaremos algunas conexiones con aquellas referencias clásicas que preludiaron su diagnóstico y terapia. Finalmente describiremos el modo en que esta singular vivencia adquirió un protagonismo específico en el mundo contemporáneo llegando incluso a plantearse como una disposición anímica central en la literatura filosófica.
Une analyse ethnographique de la médiation extrajudiciaire et communautaire au Brésil
Authors: Beraldo de Oliveira Marcella
Published: December 2019

Cette recherche analyse la médiation des conflits entendue comme un champ de pratiques et de savoirs de l’administration des conflits au Brésil, désignée ici comme « justices du dialogue ». Je présente la façon dont la médiation extrajudiciaire opère dans les « comptoirs des droits » (Balcões de Direitos) de deux villes brésiliennes. La médiation repose sur un idéal de justice participative se fondant sur une dynamique communicationnelle, assortie d’une diminution du contrôle bureaucratique et d’un meilleur accès à la justice pour les populations aux revenus modestes. On constate, néanmoins, que cette pratique produit, non pas un sujet ayant des droits de citoyenneté mais des sujets (des femmes essentiellement) définis par leur « droit à une pension alimentaire », ceci par le biais du contrôle éducatif des familles pauvres.
Les stratégies discursives du ministère de l’Agriculture dans le processus de verdissement de l’éthanol au Brésil
Authors: Gameiro Mariana Bombo Perozzi
Published: December 2019

« Éthanol vert » : l’articulation entre ces deux termes semble presque aller de soi lorsqu’elle est accompagnée de références telles que « énergies propres et renouvelables », « réduction des émissions polluantes », le « développement durable » et autres. Pourtant, elle ne coule pas forcément de source. Au Brésil, l’association entre ces deux notions exaltant les vertus supposément écologiques des biocombustibles a fait l’objet d’un intense processus de construction de significations au cours des vingt dernières années. Le ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Élevage et de l’Approvisionnement (MAPA) peut être considéré comme l’un des principaux acteurs sociaux engagés dans ce projet visant à canaliser les intérêts de différents groupes et à les traduire en un discours commun. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les stratégies discursives mobilisées par le MAPA dans ce processus de construction sociale de l’image de l’éthanol en tant que produit durable. Les intérêts, les points de convergence et les conflits qui émergent des débats autour de l’éventuel caractère durable de l’éthanol sont mis en évidence. À la croisée des chemins entre les sociologies rurale, environnementale et économique, cet article fonde sa lecture théorique sur des auteurs comme Michel Foucault et Pierre Bourdieu. Sur le plan empirique, il repose sur des techniques qualitatives de recherche sociale, telles que l’analyse de documents et les entretiens.
La Grande Ecole du Numérique : en quête d’empowerment ? Une approche par les capacités
Authors: Labarthe Fabien , Delorme Valentine
Published: December 2019

Le programme « Grande Ecole du numérique » (GEN) est né à la faveur d’une annonce en février 2015 du Président de la République de l’époque, François Hollande. Le programme vise à structurer sur l’ensemble du territoire national une offre de formation au numérique diversifiée, incarnée par des « fabriques du numérique » supposées fonctionner sur le principe de l’empowerment. Le présent article s’appuie sur une enquête, débutée en 2016, conduite au sein de deux dispositifs de formation de ce type, tous deux portés par un établissement d’enseignement supérieur : la Passerelle Numérique à Marseille et la Design Tech académie à Saint-Etienne. En proposant de suivre les parcours de formation des jeunes adultes engagés dans ces dispositifs, l’article vise à interroger les conditions d’acquisition des compétences numériques par les publics ciblés, en tâchant de qualifier au plus près les types d’épreuves qu’ils rencontrent et les formes d’empowerment auxquelles elles donnent lieu.
Climate Change
Authors: Ayodele Johnson Oluwole
Published: December 2019

In combination with ignorance, incompetence, and poor governance, climate change has become a serious threat to the greatness of Africa. Beyond that, climate change poses a problem to global security but has deeper impacts on the world's most vulnerable populations. This chapter reviews archival information to analyse the vulnerability of Africa vis-à-vis climate change, for which it is partly a cause. Also, it assesses the victimization and Africans' adaptation practices. The chapter argues that entrenched poverty, traditional practices, and lack of faith in research discoveries increase the exposure of Africans to climate change and intensify their inability to respond competently to its inherent victimization. To boost her adaptation, this chapter suggests that Africa should reinvent social alignment with its communities and build climate-friendly attitudes to prepare for environmental calamities that may arise from climate variation.
Leading From the Front
Authors: Osuigwe Nkem Ekene
Published: December 2019

Technological advances, climate change, economic turbulence, and global demographics are bringing about rapid changes in every sphere of human existence. Multiculturalism and diversities are changing the makeup of many communities as migrations increase. Access to information is a click away on mobile devices. Leadership is critical especially in seasons of change. Libraries need to flow with the ebb or even better stay ahead of the crowd in the field of providing access to information. As the information provision sector continues to develop and evolve, libraries need visionary and focused leadership that would be courageous, fearless and strategic, committed, creative, and innovative to not only adapt to change but to lead change in providing access to information to their different user communities. Effective leadership is the core driver for growth and development in organizations including libraries. Self-development, disruptive thinking, global mindset, and ability to build social capital are highlighted among others as needful qualities for future ready library leaders.
Librarian Skillsets in the 21st Century
Authors: Chigwada Josiline Phiri
Published: December 2019

The chapter showcases the 21st century skills that are required by librarians. The digital era brought about a lot of changes in the way that librarians interact with their clients. Due to the changing needs of clients, librarians should ensure that they are well equipped to deliver the needed services. The objectives of the chapter are to identify the skills that librarians should possess in the 21st century, examine how librarians acquire those skills, and discuss the challenges that are faced when acquiring those skills. Structured literature review and web content analysis were used to get the LIS skills. It was discovered that librarians should possess professional, technical, and soft skills in order to remain relevant in the 21st century. The findings revealed that librarians can acquire skills through on the job trainings or formal education. The major challenge that is faced by librarians is the issue of lack of funds to support their capacity building endeavours.
LIS Education for 21st Century Information Users
Authors: Akanwa Pearl Chidimma , Okorie Ogechi Nkechi
Published: December 2019

This chapter is on library and information science education for the 21st century users. It aims at x-raying the nature of LIS program as practiced in Nigeria so as to ascertain the extent to which the graduates will remain relevant in practice. This is based on the fact that the present-day library and information users are getting technologically advanced, and graduates of LIS education are also expected to be technologically visible to the users. The following subheadings were considered: library schools in Nigeria and their programmes, need for restructuring LIS programme, new programmes/courses to be incorporated in LIS education, and challenges of restructuring LIS education programmes. Library and information science professionals are not only having to adapt to change in library services but they also require in-depth and structured education and training programmes that are in line with the current technological demands. This will help the professionals to provide the needed manpower for the nation's information occupation engagements and effective user assistance.
Libraries and Innovative Thinking in the Digital Age
Authors: Elaturoti Abiola Bukola
Published: December 2019

Librarianship, as is quite obvious, is changing very fast with the high rate of technological infusion in every aspect of the profession. Books and other information resources that are managed by libraries and information professionals are being transformed to electronic platforms. Also, the information users are becoming more technology savvy as well as sophisticated in their information needs and the quest to satisfy these needs. Users are vast in the use of search engines, and it is like they do not need libraries and the services of librarians anymore. All these and many more developments have put great strains on libraries and librarians. This chapter therefore discusses how librarians can provide services for 21st century users through innovative thinking.
Building Influence
Authors: Igbinovia Magnus Osahon , Solanke Esther Oluwayinka , Obinyan Oluwatoyin Oyeyemi
Published: December 2019

The poor perception of libraries by the general public and their unfavorable position in government corridors can be corrected by library advocacy (LA). While we all struggle to gain support for our libraries, there is need to “talk-up” the library by showcasing its relevance to national development in the 21st century. As a result of this, there is need for a text on advocacy in Africa and beyond, which prompted this chapter on strategizing for library advocacy. The chapter looks at introduction to library advocacy, building team for library advocacy, strategies for developing and getting messages out in library advocacy, media of library advocacy, and getting feedback and appraisal of library advocacy. The chapter concludes by affirming that strategy for library advocacy will create a roadmap for promoting libraries among stakeholders, thus retaining its place of pride as a social and information-based institution. Thereafter, recommendations were made on how to ensure effective strategy for library advocacy.
Knowledge Graph Generation
Authors: Daisy Anjali
Published: December 2019

Nowadays, as computer systems are expected to be intelligent, techniques that help modern applications to understand human languages are in much demand. Amongst all the techniques, the latent semantic models are the most important. They exploit the latent semantics of lexicons and concepts of human languages and transform them into tractable and machine-understandable numerical representations. Without that, languages are nothing but combinations of meaningless symbols for the machine. To provide such learning representation, embedding models for knowledge graphs have attracted much attention in recent years since they intuitively transform important concepts and entities in human languages into vector representations, and realize relational inferences among them via simple vector calculation. Such novel techniques have effectively resolved a few tasks like knowledge graph completion and link prediction, and show the great potential to be incorporated into more natural language processing (NLP) applications.
Natural Language Processing-Based Information Extraction and Abstraction for Lease Documents
Authors: S. Sumathi , S. Rajkumar , S. Indumathi
Published: December 2019

Lease abstraction is the method of compartmentalization of key data from a lease document. Lease document for a property contains key business, money, and legal data about a property. A lease abstract report contains details concerning the property location and basic lease details, price schedules, key events, terms and conditions, automobile parking arrangements, and landowner and tenant obligations. Abstracting a true estate contract into electronic type facilitates easy access to key data, exchanging the tedious method of reading the whole contents of the contract every time. Language process may be used for data extraction and abstraction of knowledge from lease documents.
Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry
Authors: Smith Andrea N.
Published: December 2019

Since the conception of education in the United States, schools have been the battlegrounds for equal opportunities among African American students. In an effort to improve educational options and achievement for such students, charter schools have emerged as a popular solution for failing schools. The literature and case study in this chapter provides a sociohistorical look at the education of African Americans and African American parents' perceptions of charter schools and their expectations that they hold for educational institutions. The level of hope that was evident from the parent narratives centered on non-academic measures such as cultural pride and caring environments and mirrored that of pre-Brown schools that served African American students. The case study does not suggest that charters are the solution to educational inequity but may serve as one promising avenue for educational reform that should be informed by culturally responsive practices that encourage collaboration between schools and African American families.
A Multilayered Approach for Addressing Poverty and Education in African American Communities
Authors: Jowallah Rohan James
Published: December 2019

For policymakers to address poverty and education outcomes for African American communities, a multilayered approach is needed at all levels of education, and this support should begin at birth and extend to the first four years of higher learning or two years of apprenticeship within a designated field. Many policymakers will argue regarding the cost; however, it should be noted that the benefits of a multilayered approach to support Black students could lead to various cost-saving measures, which could ultimately close the poverty gap and achievement gap between Blacks in the USA and other groups. This chapter will outline a pathway for addressing poverty and education outcomes for African American communities.
Virtual Baroque
Authors: Aiello Damiano Antonino Angelo , D'Agostino Graziana , Galizia Mariateresa
Published: December 2019

In recent years, in addition to the consolidated interest of the scientific community towards 3D digital surveying methods for the documentation of cultural heritage, the need to virtually use it is rising, to promote and enhance its value. This chapter focuses on the use of new technologies aimed at the documentation and communication of Knowledge, with the objective of involving the community through a participatory and immersive approach. Technologies, visualization, and fruition are, therefore, the key terms of the work in progress conducted by a team from the University of Catania and aimed at the documentation, safeguard, and communication of the ecclesiastical architectural heritage of Acireale, built after the earthquake of 1693.
Encoded Memory
Authors: Tono Alberto , Tono Hannah , Zani Andrea
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides an overview of some artificial intelligence applications in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. Furthermore, the authors will define Creativity and its limits for the machine in the role of architecture. This chapter raises the importance of start developing framework for artificial intelligence applications and big data to create the fundamental to further developments. Moreover, the importance of sharing data and train models in an open-source community will become a great asset to the development of our industry. In the future, Industry 4.0 will see more entrepreneurs in the field of architecture, engineering, and construction.
An Efficient Learning of Neural Networks to Acquire Inverse Kinematics Model
Authors: Nagata Fusaomi , Habib Maki K. , Watanabe Keigo
Published: December 2019

In this chapter, effective learning approach of inverse kinematics using neural networks with efficient weights update ability has been presented for a serial link structure and industrial robot. Generally, in making neural networks learn a relation among multi inputs and outputs, a desired training data set prepared in advance is used. The training data set consists of multiple pairs of input and output vectors. The input layer receives each input vector for forward computation, and it is compared with the yielded vector from the output layer. The time required for the learning process of the neural networks depends on the number of total weights in the neural networks and that of the input-output pairs in the training data set.
Rural Tourism and Its Dimension
Authors: Coroș Monica Maria
Published: December 2019

This chapter aims at identifying the role and perspectives of rural tourism in one of Romania's most attractive destinations, Transylvania. Rural tourism and rurality are conceptualized, followed by a literature review on the major pillars of rural tourism. Identified elements are linked to Transylvania's resources aiming at assessing its rural tourist potential, focusing on the area's rural tourism supply and demand. Potential recommendations include to work on the further development of rural and agritourism in Transylvania's multicultural villages, building promotion strategies around success cases such as Mărginimea Sibiului, Sâncraiu, Şirnea and the entire Bran-Fundata-Moieciu area, Viscri and the Saxon heritage, the UNESCO Heritage sites. Nature and wilderness are important differentiation elements. The success of any destination can only be achieved based on the joint efforts of all stakeholders. Thus, DMO strategies are formulated. To be internationally competitive, Transylvania must capitalize on its unique assets and it must provide diversified and integrated services.
Implementing a Probabilistic Learner Model Into a Course Creation Application
Authors: Tadlaoui Mouenis Anouar , El Moudden Fauzi , Khaldi Mohamed
Published: December 2019

In the context of e-learning systems, we can distinguish between two different types of settings. First, we have adaptable systems, which refer to the property of changing the system settings. The learner can change the behavior of the system. Then, the learner is able to customize the system in a specified way to fit the needs of users. The learner model is the key element to generate the adaptation of the system to each specific user. It is an internal representation of the user's properties through which the system is based in order to adapt to the needs of each user. The authors present in this chapter the implementation of a probabilistic learner model developed based on multi-entities Bayesian networks and artificial intelligence into a course creation application (COPROLINE) compatible with LMS-LD. The results presented in this work are arguments in our favor for the implementation of a learner model to endorse the adaptation into some learning situations that the learners have followed during a year of testing.
Deep Neural Networks in the Diagnosis of Postoperative Complications of Acute Appendicitis
Authors: Gorbachenko Vladimir
Published: December 2019

Digital models are needed in medicine for diagnosis and prediction. Such models are especially needed in personalized medicine. In this area, it is necessary to evaluate and predict the patient's condition from a priori knowledge obtained from other patients. Therefore, a new direction of predictive medicine appeared. Predictive medicine, or “in silicon medicine” is the use of computer modeling and intelligent technologies in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Using predictive medicine, the doctor can determine the likelihood of the development of certain diseases and choose the optimal treatment. Predictive medicine begins to be applied in surgery. The prognosis in surgery consists in the preoperative evaluation of various surgical interventions and in the evaluation of possible outcomes of surgical interventions.
Biometric Image Security Using Chaos Algorithm
Authors: Agarwal Sugandha , Singh O.P. , Nagaria Deepak
Published: December 2019

In this world of Advanced Technology, the Biometrics are proved to be a significant method for user identification. However, the use of biometric is not new, but these days, with the increase in multimedia applications, it has gained its popularity in analysing human characteristics for security purposes. Biometric Encryption using Chaos Algorithm is a technique used to make it more convenient to the user and to provide high level security. The most prominent physical biometric patterns investigated for security purposes are the fingerprint, hand, eye, face, and voice. In the proposed image encryption scheme, an external secret key of 160-bit is used. The initial conditions for the logistic map are derived using the external secret key. The results obtained through experimental analysis provide an efficient and secure way for real-time image encryption and transmission.
IPHDBCM
Authors: Babu Erukala Suresh , Nagaraju C. , Prasad M.H.M. Krishna
Published: December 2019

Secure communication is one of the basic requirements for any network standard. Particularly, cryptographic algorithms have gained more popularity to protect the communication in a hostile environment. As the critical information that is being transferred over the wireless adhoc networks can be easily acquired and is vulnerable to many security attacks. However, several security communication threats had been detected and defended using conventional symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic mechanism, which are too difficult and resource consuming for such mobile adhoc networks. Recently, one of the severe security threats that have to be detected and defend in any type of network topology is blackhole attack and cooperative blackhole. Because of its severity, the black hole attack has attracted a great deal of attention in the research community. Comprehensively the results of the existing system conclude that the black hole attack on various mobile adhoc networks is hard to detect and easy to implement. This paper addresses to detect and defend the blackhole attack and cooperative blackhole attack using hybrid DNA-based cryptography (HDC) mechanism. Moreover, the proposed method upsurge the security issue with the underlying AODV routing protocol. Eventually, This Hybrid DNA-based Cryptography (HDC) is one of the high potential candidates for advanced wireless ad hoc networks, which require less communication bandwidth and memory in comparison with other cryptographic systems. The simulation results of this proposed method provide better security and network performances as compared to existing schemes.
Modification of Traditional RSA into Symmetric-RSA Cryptosystems
Authors: Mohit Prerna , Biswas G. P.
Published: December 2019

This paper addresses the modification of RSA cryptography namely Symmetric-RSA, which seem to be equally useful for different cryptographic applications such as encryption, digital signature, etc. In order to design Symmetric-RSA, two prime numbers are negotiated using Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol followed by RSA algorithm. As the new scheme uses Diffie-Hellman and RSA algorithm, the security of the overall system depends on discrete logarithm as well as factorization problem and thus, its security is more than public-key RSA. Finally, some new cryptographic applications of the proposed modifications are described that certainly extend the applications of the existing RSA.
On the Pixel Expansion of Visual Cryptography Scheme
Authors: Guo Teng , Jiao Jian , Liu Feng , Wang Wen
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we first follow Ateniese et al.'s work that provides upper bounds of the pixel expansion of visual cryptography schemes(VCSs) for more kinds of graph access structures, in which we require that a subset of parties can determine the secret if they contain an edge of the graph G. The constructive upper bounds are derived by the graph decomposition technique. Then we generalize Ateniese et al.'s method of comparing the optimal pixel expansion of VCSs with two different access structures.
A Contemplator on Topical Image Encryption Measures
Authors: Mondal Jayanta , Swain Debabala
Published: December 2019

Images unduly assist digital communication in this aeon of multimedia. During times a person transmits confidential images over a flabby communication network, sheer protection is an accost contention to preserve the privacy of images. Encryption is one of the practice to clutch the reticence of images. Image encryption contributes a preeminent bite to charter security for secure sight data communication over the internet. Our work illustrates a survey on image encryption in different domains providing concise exordium to cryptography, moreover, furnishing the review of sundry image encryption techniques.
Cultural Identity in the Productive Matrix
Authors: Varela Sandra C. , Santamaría Jorge L. , Pilamunga Marcelo
Published: December 2019

The revolution in Ecuadorian shoe industry represents a big challenge because of the proliferation of imported products. This tariff advantage put the Ecuadorian entrepreneurs in a comfort zone, evidencing a stagnation in the evolution of products with differentiation strategies in opposition to globalized products. To this problem are added limiting factors such as raw materials and imported inputs. The current work studies the situation of the Ecuadorian entrepreneurs of the National Camera of Footwear in the Tungurahua province in order to know its reality and determine strengths and weaknesses of the sector and strategies to promote the productive matrix of Ecuador. The research exposes the impact that a proposed product can have from a strategic vision of differentiation through sustainability of Ecuadorian footwear.