bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release versus Cryosurgery for the Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis: A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: Çatal Bilgehan , Bilge Ali , Ulusoy Ragıp Gökhan
Published: November 2019

Background

In a prospective randomized study, we compared two different surgical techniques used in plantar fasciitis surgery.

Methods

Forty-eight patients diagnosed as having plantar fasciitis and treated for at least 6 months with no response to conservative modalities were included in this study. The patients were randomly assigned to receive endoscopic plantar fascia release (EPFR) or cryosurgery (CS). Patients were evaluated using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale (AOFAS-AHS) as a primary outcome measurement at baseline and 3 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. At the final follow-up visit, the Roles-Maudsley score was used to determine patient satisfaction.

Results

Five patients did not complete the 1-year follow-up examination (one in the EPFR group and four in the CS group). Thus, the study group included 43 patients. Although both groups showed significant improvement at the final evaluation, the patients in the EPFR group had significantly better AOFAS-AHS scores at 3 months. The success rate (Roles-Maudsley scores of excellent and good) in the EPFR group at 12 months was 87% and in the CS group was 65%.

Conclusions

Both EPFR and CS were associated with statistically significant improvements at 1-year follow-up. At 3-month follow-up, EPFR was associated with better results and a higher patient satisfaction rate compared with CS.
From command-line bioinformatics to bioGUI
Authors: Joppich Markus , Zimmer Ralf
Published: November 2019

Bioinformatics is a highly interdisciplinary field providing (bioinformatics) applications for scientists from many disciplines. Installing and starting applications on the command-line (CL) is inconvenient and/or inefficient for many scientists. Nonetheless, most methods are implemented with a command-line interface only. Providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for bioinformatics applications is one step toward routinely making CL-only applications available to more scientists and, thus, toward a more effective interdisciplinary work. With our bioGUI framework we address two main problems of using CL bioinformatics applications: First, many tools work on UNIX-systems only, while many scientists use Microsoft Windows. Second, scientists refrain from using CL tools which, however, could well support them in their research. With bioGUI install modules and templates, installing and using CL tools is made possible for most scientists—even on Windows, due to bioGUI’s support for Windows Subsystem for Linux. In addition, bioGUI templates can easily be created, making the bioGUI framework highly rewarding for developers. From the bioGUI repository it is possible to download, install and use bioinformatics tools with just a few clicks.
Impact of Senescence on the Nutritional Profiles of Some Fruits Consume in Makurdi, Nigeria
Authors: Agorye Adie Peter , Onyilo Ediga Peter , Ahule Wuana Raymond
Published: November 2019

Chemical and nutritional changes with senescence in some fruits commonly consumed in Makurdi, North Central Nigeria, were investigated using standard analytical methods. Four fruits: mango, pawpaw, orange and pineapple at three different stages of growth; pre-ripe, ripe, and post-ripe were screened for proximate composition, mineral elements, pH, titrable acidity, and vitamins A and C. Results indicated increase in moisture content as the fruit deteriorated in the climacteric fruits (mango and pawpaw), while in the non-climateric fruits (orange and pineapple) the parameter depreciated from ripe to over-ripe. Other proximate parameters showed a consistent rise at ripening and declining thereafter as the fruit deteriorated. In all cases, pH of the fruits showed steady rise with senescence, and this was inversely related to the titrable acidity. Beta-carotene (vitamin A) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) showed similar trend of peaking at the ripening stages and declining as the fruits aged. Nitrogen recorded the highest concentration (45.28±0.04 mg/L) among the macronutrient elements at the ripe stage of pawpaw, while phosphorus recorded the least (1.39±0.01 mg/L) for over-ripe pineapple. The instrument failed to detect Ni in all samples analyzed in the micronutrient mineral elements category, while Ca recorded the highest (5.25±0.07 mg/L). Macronutrients showed consistency in appreciating at ripening and depreciating as the fruits aged. Only Zn showed presence in all samples among the micronutrients analyzed. Results showed that in most of the parameters investigated, nutritional and chemical contents of the fruits are at their optimum at the ripen stage of the fruits, and declined as the fruits deteriorates with age.
Analyzing Demographic Context of Rural Households by Food Poverty level: A Case of Humbo District, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Motuma Feleke Yehuwalashet , Zema Temesgen Tadewos
Published: November 2019

The major objective of this study was analyzing the demographic context of rural households by food poverty level: A case of Humbo district, Southern Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, relevant data were collected through a structured interview. The generated data were computed through descriptive (frequencies, percentages, ratios, mean values, standard deviation, standard error) and t-test inferential statistics to analyze desired household characteristics to poor and non-poor categories in Humbo district. Hence, comparing with non-poor rural households, poor rural households have less average of family size in Humbo district than non-poor households showing significant difference at 1 per cent significance level. There was an insignificant mean difference between poor and non-poor concerning dependency ratio, average age household heads and the female-male ratio of rural households at 5 per cent significance level in Humbo district. Our final conclusion was that effort should be made to improve those identified the demographic factors to alleviate rural food poverty of Humbo district.
REVISTA COMPLETA, Ano 17, Número 02 Edição Especial Outubro de 2019
Authors: Souza Joana
Published: November 2019

Inspirada pela iniciativa da Revue Psychologie Clinique sob o projeto de Olivier Douville, Luis Eduardo Prado de Oliveira que recolheu, traduziu e editou diversos textos que compuseram na revista mencionada, uma seção intitulada: “A psicanálise na tormenta: testemunho de brasileiros”, tivemos a ideia de publicarmos o presente número especial intitulado: Psicanálise e Política: versões e reversões do mundo e do imundo. Para tal, convidamos a escrever, tanto alguns colegas que já haviam colaborado com referida revista, quanto vários outros psicanalistas ou não, que pudessem se pronunciar sobre as memórias desses tempos conturbados.
Action Potential: Ionic Mechanisms
Authors: Elmslie Keith S
Published: November 2019

The generation and propagation of the action potential require sodium influx via voltage‐dependent sodium channels that drive the upstroke of the action potential. This positive feedback cycle is terminated by sodium channel inactivation that shuts down the channel at depolarised membrane potentials. The reduced sodium influx along with increased potassium efflux permits rapid action potential repolarisation. The enhanced potassium efflux is mediated by the activity of both voltage‐dependent and voltage‐independent potassium channels. The recovery of sodium channels from inactivation and the closing of potassium channels following the action potential determine the refractory period, which is a period of increased action potential threshold. Thus, the kinetics of sodium and potassium channel gating determine not only the action potential shape and duration but also the threshold for action potential generation.

Key Concepts

Sodium influx via voltage‐dependent sodium channels depolarises the membrane to activate more sodium channels in a positive feedback mechanism that generates the ballistic rising phase of the action potential.

This positive feedback cycle is terminated by a separate gating process called inactivation, which shuts down sodium flux even though the membrane is still depolarised.

The reduction of sodium influx resulting from inactivation combined with potassium efflux from the cell via voltage‐dependent and/or voltage‐independent potassium channels drive the repolarisation phase of the action potential.

The voltage‐dependent potassium channels often remain active following the action potential (slow to close) to generate an afterhyperpolarization (AHP).

The AHP can speed sodium channel recovery from inactivation, which is faster at more hyperpolarised voltages, so that the channels are more rapidly reset to participate in generating the next action potential.

Action potential threshold is determined by the relative activity of sodium vs. potassium channels with an action potential being generated if the sodium influx is larger than the potassium efflux.

Insulating the axon with myelin increases the speed of action potential propagation by limiting action potential generation to small unmyelinated gaps called nodes of Ranvier.

High‐density clustering of sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier ensures sufficient current is generated to exceed threshold at the next node so that the action potential is faithfully propagated along the axon.
Impact of Chemical Modification ontRNAFunction
Authors: Howell Nathan W , Jackman Jane E
Published: November 2019

Post‐transcriptional tRNA modifications play a critical role in ensuring a high‐quality pool of tRNA for participation in cellular translation. Despite their importance, important questions remain about the impacts of individual tRNA modifications on tRNA structure and function. Similarly, biological consequences of the absence of tRNA modifications have begun to be characterised in detail only recently. tRNA modifications have important impacts on biology, ranging from important impacts on individual tRNA molecules, to powerful effects on cellular function, and finally important roles in human health and disease.

Key Concepts

tRNA modifications occur at high frequency and with great chemical diversity.

tRNA modifications fine‐tune tRNA structure and function.

Through their effects on individual tRNA molecules, the impacts of tRNA modifications propagate to the cellular and organismal levels.

tRNA modifications can regulate translation and impact protein homeostasis.

Lack of tRNA modifications has been implicated in human diseases, such as neurological disorders, glucose metabolic defects and cancer.
Surface Nonlinear Optics on Centrosymmetric Dirac Nodal‐Line Semimetal ZrSiS
Authors: Chi Shumeng , Liang Fei , Chen Hongxiang , Tian Wendong , Zhang Han , Yu Haohai , Wang Gang , Lin Zheshuai , Hu Jiangping , Zhang Huaijin
Published: November 2019

Gapless surface states (SSs) are features of topological semimetals and are extensively observed. Nowadays, the emerging question is whether the SSs possess exotic and applicable properties. Here, associated with the symmetrical selection rule for nonlinear optical materials, the surface nonlinear optics on a centrosymmetric Dirac nodal‐line semimetal ZrSiS crystal is studied and it is found that the SSs bring record nonlinear susceptibilities. The unprecedented conversion efficiencies for second and third harmonic generations are 0.11‰ and 0.43‰, respectively, more than ten orders of magnitude larger than the typical surface second harmonic generation. This work discovers a new route toward studying the SSs for applications in nonlinear photonics.
Ambient Pressure Sublimation Technique Provides Polymorph‐Selective Perylene Nonlinear Optical Microcavities
Authors: Pradeep Vuppu Vinay , Mitetelo Nikolai , Annadhasan Mari , Popov Mikhail , Mamonov Evgeniy , Murzina Tatiana , Chandrasekar Rajadurai
Published: November 2019

Highly pure, organic, crystalline materials with nonlinear optical (NLO) properties are in great demand due to their potential to be utilized in miniaturized nanophotonic device applications. Perylene dye is one of the celebrated near‐direct bandgap NLO materials. It crystallizes in two distinctive polymorphic forms (square‐shaped, α, and rhombus‐shaped, β) emitting yellow and green fluorescence, respectively. However, selective access to any one of the polymorphic microcrystals possessing qualities such as smooth‐surface and mirror‐like light‐reflecting sharp edges is a challenging task. On the other hand, these qualities are indispensable for a microcrystal to operate as an optical cavity. Here, a cost‐effective and straightforward, yet promising sublimation technique to grow microscale perylene crystals with the above qualities in a polymorph‐selective manner at ambient pressure is presented. As a result, both polymorphic microcrystals act as whispering gallery mode (WGM) cavities in the linear and notably, NLO regime as well. In agreement with the experiments, finite difference time domain numerical calculations support the WGM‐cavity‐type and also reveal the intricate localization of electric‐field within these cavities. Further, the quadratic dependence of emission intensity as a function of laser power establishes the two‐photon absorption nature of the optical cavities pumped by infrared lasers.
A 50‐nm‐Sized Micellar Assembly of Thermoresponsive Polymer‐Antisense Oligonucleotide Conjugates for Enhanced Gene Knockdown in Lung Cancer by Intratracheal Administration
Authors: Kim Beob Soo , Osawa Shigehito , Naito Mitsuru , Ogura Satomi , Kamegawa Rimpei , Ishida Hiroki , Kim Hyun Jin , Uchida Satoshi , Miyata Kanjiro
Published: November 2019

For intratracheal delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to lung cancer, a nano‐sized micellar assembly is fabricated from an ASO conjugate with thermoresponsive poly(2‐n‐propyl‐2‐oxazoline) (POX). POX‐ASO conjugate is prepared via a copper‐free click conjugation between azide‐terminal POX and dibenzocyclooctyne‐terminal ASO. Through the thermoresponsive transition of the POX segment from hydrophilic to hydrophobic at temperatures above a critical solution temperature, a 50‐nm‐sized micellar assembly with a narrow size distribution is successfully fabricated when the hydrophobicity of POX segment is strengthened by increasing the molecular weight to 30 kDa. The micellar assembly, termed “ASOball”, elicits more efficient cellular uptake of ASO and significantly higher gene knockdown, compared with non‐conjugated ASO, with negligible cytotoxicity in cultured human lung cancer cells. When the ASOballs are intratracheally administrated into an orthotopic lung cancer model mouse, they show enhanced retention in the tumor tissue 24 h post‐administration, compared with non‐conjugated ASO. Ultimately, the ASOballs significantly reduce the expression level of target long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) by ≈55% at a dose of 15 µg per mouse in a sequence‐specific manner 72 h post‐administration, whereas no significant knockdown effect is observed for non‐conjugated ASO. These results demonstrate the strong potential of ASOballs for intratracheal ASO delivery to lung cancers.
Scalable Fabrication of Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules on Flexible Glass Substrates
Authors: Dai Xuezeng , Deng Yehao , Van Brackle Charles H. , Chen Shangshang , Rudd Peter N. , Xiao Xun , Lin Yun , Chen Bo , Huang Jinsong
Published: November 2019

Perovskite materials are good candidates for flexible photovoltaic applications due to their strong absorption and low‐temperature processing, but efficient flexible perovskite modules have not yet been realized. Here, a record efficiency flexible perovskite solar module is demonstrated by blade coating high‐quality perovskite films on flexible Corning Willow Glass using additive engineering. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is added into the perovskite precursor solution to retard the nucleation which prevents voids formation at the interface of perovskite and glass. The addition of NH4Cl also suppresses the formation of PbI2 and reduces the trap density in the perovskite films. The implementation of NH4Cl enables the fabrication of single junction flexible perovskite solar devices with an efficiency of 19.72% on small‐area cells and a record aperture efficiency of 15.86% on modules with an area of 42.9 cm2. This work provides a simple way to scale up high‐efficiency flexible perovskite modules for various applications.
Group C+ particles: Efficiency augmentation of fluidized bed reactor through nano‐modulation
Authors: Zhou Yandaizi , Zhao Zhiwei , Zhu Jesse , Bao Xiaojun
Published: November 2019

Group C+ particles, Group C particles after nano‐modulation, with extremely large specific surface area, have been shown to exhibit extraordinarily good fluidization quality with superiorly high bed expansion, significantly increasing gas holdup in the bed. As a first attempt, Group C+ particles were used as catalysts in a fluidized bed reactor (C‐plus FBR) to evaluate the reaction performance and were compared to that using Group A particles. C‐plus FBR could achieve a much higher reaction conversion, up to 235% of that using Group A particles. The contact efficiency for Group C+ particles is much higher, being 330% more than that for Group A particles. The greater contact efficiency is due to both larger specific surface area and higher bed expansion, providing larger gas–solid interfacial area and longer gas residence time. Conclusively, Group C+ particles with superior fluidization quality and reaction performance do have huge potential in gas‐phase catalytic reactions.
A Specific Blend of Drakolide and Hydroxymethylpyrazines: An Unusual Pollinator Sexual Attractant Used by the Endangered Orchid Drakaea micrantha
Authors: Bohman Björn , Tan Monica M. Y. , Phillips Ryan D. , Scaffidi Adrian , Sobolev Alexandre N. , Moggach Stephen A. , Flematti Gavin R. , Peakall Rod
Published: November 2019

Bioactive natural products underpin the intriguing pollination strategy used by sexually deceptive orchids. These compounds, which mimic the sex pheromones of the female insect, are emitted in particular blends to lure male insect pollinators of specific species. By combining methods from field biology, analytical chemistry, electrophysiology, crystallography, and organic synthesis, we report that an undescribed β‐hydroxylactone, in combination with two specific hydroxymethylpyrazines, act as pollinator attractants in the rare hammer orchid Drakaea micrantha. This discovery represents an unusual case of chemically unrelated compounds being used together as a sexual attractant. Furthermore, this is the first example of the identification of pollinator attractants in an endangered orchid, enabling the use of chemistry in orchid conservation. Our synthetic blend is now available to be used in pollinator surveys to locate suitable sites for plant conservation translocations.
An Unexpected Transannular [4+2] Cycloaddition during the Total Synthesis of (+)‐Norcembrene 5
Authors: Breunig Michael , Yuan Po , Gaich Tanja
Published: November 2019

We report a concise and versatile total synthesis of the diterpenoid (+)‐norcembrene 5 from simple building blocks. Ring‐closing metathesis and an auxiliary‐directed 1,4‐addition are the key steps of our synthetic route. During the synthesis, an unprecedented, highly oxidized pentacyclic structural motif was established from a furanocembranoid through transannular [4+2] cycloaddition.
A Black Phosphorus–Graphite Composite Anode for Li‐/Na‐/K‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jin Hongchang , Wang Haiyun , Qi Zhikai , Bin De‐Shan , Zhang Taiming , Wan Yangyang , Chen Jiaye , Chuang Chenghao , Lu Ying‐Rui , Chan Ting‐Shan , Ju Huanxin , Cao An‐Min , Yan Wensheng , Wu Xiaojun , Ji Hengxing , Wan Li‐Jun
Published: November 2019

Black phosphorus (BP) is a desirable anode material for alkali metal ion storage owing to its high electronic/ionic conductivity and theoretical capacity. In‐depth understanding of the redox reactions between BP and the alkali metal ions is key to reveal the potential and limitations of BP, and thus to guide the design of BP‐based composites for high‐performance alkali metal ion batteries. Comparative studies of the electrochemical reactions of Li+, Na+, and K+ with BP were performed. Ex situ X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculation reveal the lowest utilization of BP for K+ storage than for Na+ and Li+, which is ascribed to the highest formation energy and the lowest ion diffusion coefficient of the final potassiation product K3P, compared with Li3P and Na3P. As a result, restricting the formation of K3P by limiting the discharge voltage achieves a gravimetric capacity of 1300 mAh g−1 which retains at 600 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.25 A g−1.
Fabricating a partial wetting structure for improving the toughness of intumescent flame‐retardant HDPE
Authors: Zhao Pan , Gao Xiping , Lu Chang , Wang Xiao , He Yuxin , Yao Dahu
Published: November 2019

A multistep processing method was developed to fabricate a partial wetting morphology for improving toughness of flame retardant polymer. In the first step, high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and nylon 6 (PA6) were melt‐extruded with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) for fabricating HDPE/PA6/IFR blends with a core–shell structure (core: IFR, shell: PA6). At the second step, maleic anhydride‐grafted‐linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE‐g‐MAH) was melted with HDPE/PA6/IFR at processing temperatures slightly below the melting temperature of PA6 to produce a partial wetting morphology in which LLDPE‐g‐MAH phase with the sphere was dispersed at the HDPE/PA6 interface. The effect of the LLDPE‐g‐MAH content on the impact strength was investigated, and high toughness was exhibited in the blend with 2 wt % LLDPE‐g‐MAH. Its elongation at break and notched impact strength were 43 and 270% higher, respectively, than that of neat HDPE. The unique interface failure mode was responsible for the high impact strength. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48735.
Natural rubber‐graft‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of silica‐filled natural rubber composites
Authors: Borapak Warisara , Chueangchayaphan Narong , Pichaiyut Skulrat , Chueangchayaphan Wannarat
Published: November 2019

The grafting of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) onto natural rubber (NR‐g‐PHEA) was used to compatibilize NR composites with silica filler. The NR/silica compounds were prepared with various grafting percentages of NR‐g‐PHEA (0, 6.5, 10.5, and 14.5%) and fixed amounts of 3 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) NR‐g‐PHEA and 20 phr silica. The cure characteristics were examined using a moving die rheometer. The physicomechanical properties of NR/silica composites were determined in terms of tensile strength, bound rubber content, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermal properties were assessed with thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that scorch time and cure time tend to decrease with the level of grafting in NR‐g‐PHEA. The NR‐g‐PHEA decreased tan δ, whereas bound rubber content in NR/silica compounds increased, which indicates improved silica dispersion in the NR matrix. The mechanical properties improved with level of grafting in NR‐g‐PHEA. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48738.
Enabling technologies for utilization of maize as a bioenergy feedstock
Authors: Choudhary Mukesh , Singh Alla , Gupta Mamta , Rakshit Sujay
Published: November 2019

Limited supplies of fossil fuels have led to a search for alternative sources of fuel to drive economic growth. Maize, and especially the grain portion, has been utilized to a large extent for biofuel production while the abundant lignocellulosic portion has remained underexplored owing to its recalcitrant nature. The diversion of grain for bioethanol production has consequences for food security. However, the lignocellulosic portion can easily be directed for ethanol production without any consequences for food security. Maize has emerged as the leading crop in the last decade and hence provides a vast amount of grain and biomass. Biomass quantity and its digestibility are the two key traits for efficient biofuel production. Significant variation has been reported for these traits in maize. The brown midrib mutants (bm) of maize, with reduced lignin content, can be exploited for the development of cultivars with better digestibility. Recent advances in genetics and genomics revealed key genomic regions associated with biomass‐contributing traits. The molecular markers associated with the identified genomic regions can be utilized for marker‐aided development of cultivars with high biomass and better digestibility. Advances in phenomics have also facilitated bioethanol‐targeted breeding in maize. Biorefining uses feedstock as input and processes it into biofuel. In this review, the improvement of maize as a feedstock and biological conversion strategies of lignocellulosic biomass are assessed. Research and development platforms to enable improvements in feedstock and biological processing are also discussed. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The potential of a bioeconomy to reduce Brazilian GHG emissions towards 2030: a CGE‐based life cycle analysis
Authors: Machado Pedro G. , Cunha Marcelo , Walter Arnaldo , Faaij André , Guilhoto Joaquim J. M.
Published: November 2019

Brazil is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world with most of its emissions coming from the land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector. New commitments have been set by the Paris Agreement and are reflected in the country's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). The Brazilian NDC has three main pillars to reduce emissions: increasing the share of biomass in the total primary energy supply to 18%, reducing deforestation, and achieving 45% of renewable energy in the energy mix. It is important to enlarge the share of biomass in the Brazilian economy, but it is also important to assess the potential impacts on deforestation in order to set the right strategy eventually. This study is thus an effort to investigate the contributions of a biobased economy to reduce Brazilian emissions, considering the broader concept of the bioeconomy, using biomass for energy, chemicals, and materials. To satisfy the objectives of the project, especially those related to its interest in economy‐wide changes in feedstock (from fossil to biobased), computable general equilibrium modeling (CGE) was chosen as the basic methodology integrated with an economic input–output life cycle analysis (EIO‐LCA). Results show that the impacts of the bioeconomy scenarios are positive but not sufficiently high to reduce the estimated emissions drastically. Emissions by the energy sector produce the highest reductions (7.5%) but the 12% increase in the LULUCF sector offsets those reduction. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A core syllabus for the teaching of gross anatomy of the thorax to medical students
Authors: Moxham Bernard J. , Stephens Shiby , Sharma Deepak , Loukas Marios
Published: November 2019

Discussion is ongoing concerning the need to ensure the clinical relevance of the biomedical sciences. However, clinical relevance within health care courses presupposes that there is internationally agreed core material to be taught and learned. For anatomy, by the initial use of Delphi Panels that comprise anatomists, scientists, and clinicians, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAAs) is developing internationally accepted core syllabuses for all anatomical sciences disciplines in the health care professions. In this article, the deliberations of a Delphi Panel for the teaching of thoracic anatomy in the medical curriculum are presented, prior to their publication on the IFAA's website. To develop the syllabus further, it is required that anatomical societies, as well as individual anatomists and clinicians, comment upon, elaborate, and amend this draft recommended syllabus. The aim is to set internationally recognized standards and thus to provide guidelines concerning the knowledge of the human thorax expected of graduating medical professionals. Such information should be borne in mind by those involved in the development of medical courses. Clin. Anat. 33:300–315, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bilateral symmetry of the subtalar joint facets and the relationship between the morphology and osteoarthritic changes
Authors: Kleipool Roeland P. , Vuurberg Gwendolyn , Stufkens Sjoerd A.S. , van der Merwe Alie E. , Oostra Roelof‐Jan
Published: November 2019

There is a paucity in the literature regarding bilateral symmetry between the facets of the subtalar joint. Often surgeons use the contralateral side as a reference when dealing with a fracture or other joint pathology. Moreover, the presence of osteoarthritic (OA) changes in the subtalar joint is suggested to have a relation with its morphology. In this study, we addressed both these issues. Forty pairs of cadaveric tali and calcanei were analyzed by dissection and measurement. Twenty pairs of asymptomatic calcanei were morphologically analyzed by computer tomography imaging. In the cadaveric feet, the length and width of the facets, the number and interfacet connections, the intersection angle, and the presence of OA changes were registered. In the healthy feet, the orientation and curvature of the posterior facet were analyzed based on cylinder fittings. Bilateral symmetry was tested with paired Student's t tests. Significant associations between morphometric parameters and the presence of OA changes were tested with generalized estimating equation logistic regression models. The morphometric data demonstrated a high degree of bilateral symmetry. The types of tali and calcanei between left and right differed in about one‐fifth of the individuals. No significant interactions were found between morphological parameters and the presence of OA changes. Only age had a significant association. There was a high degree of symmetry in the subtalar joints facets. No significant associations were found between OA changes and morphological features, whereas other studies did. Further research is needed to explore this relationship in further detail. Clin. Anat., 33:997–1006, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Effect of Secondary Nucleation on Deracemization through Temperature Cycles
Authors: Cameli Fabio , ter Horst Joop H. , Steendam René R. E. , Xiouras Christos , Stefanidis Georgios D.
Published: November 2019

Herein, the pivotal role of secondary nucleation in a crystallization‐enhanced deracemization process is reported. During this process, complete and rapid deracemization of chiral conglomerate crystals of an isoindolinone is attained through fast microwave‐assisted temperature cycling. A parametric study of the main factors that affect the occurrence of secondary nucleation in this process, namely agitation rate, suspension density, and solute supersaturation, confirms that an enhanced stereoselective secondary nucleation rate maximizes the deracemization rate. Analysis of the system during a single temperature cycle showed that, although stereoselective particle production during the crystallization stage leads to enantiomeric enrichment, undesired kinetic dissolution of smaller particles of the preferred enantiomer occurs during the dissolution step. Therefore, secondary nucleation is crucial for the enhancement of deracemization through temperature cycles and as such should be considered in further design and optimization of this process, as well as in other temperature cycling processes commonly applied in particle engineering.
Assessing Water Quality of Mamasın Dam, Turkey: Using Water Quality Index Method, Ecological and Health Risk Assessments
Authors: Baştürk Emine
Published: November 2019

The water quality of Mamasın Dam, the drinking water source for Aksaray in Turkey, is investigated for assessment of ecological and health risks according to data between December 2015 and November 2016. Water quality index, ecological risk, and health risk assessments are determined to depend on the intensity of occurrence of parameters and seasonal and spatial distributions at different depth ranges. As a result, some ions such as Al, As, B, Ba, Co, F, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn were found to be exceeding the limit values of the national regulatory standards. Besides, Pb is listed in Priority Substances and Certain Other Pollutants according to Annex II. Because the WQI values of the water quality are low (below 60), the source is suitable for industrial and agricultural usage; however, it cannot be used for drinking water supply without treatment. The trace element levels, especially Ag, Ba, Cu, Cr, and Zn, are potential pollutants for organisms. The non‐carcinogenic health risks of As threaten both adults and children at “medium” and “high” levels through oral ingestion. The B, F, and Pb elements have Hazard Index values above 0.1 and may cause a “low” level risk chronic disease for children by oral ingestion.
Structure‐Activity Relationship and Crystallographic Studies on 4‐Hydroxypyrimidine HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Inhibitors
Authors: Holt‐Martyn James P. , Chowdhury Rasheduzzaman , Tumber Anthony , Yeh Tzu‐Lan , Abboud Martine I. , Lippl Kerstin , Lohans Christopher T. , Langley Gareth W. , Figg William , McDonough Michael A. , Pugh Christopher W. , Ratcliffe Peter J. , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: November 2019

The 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) are targets for treatment of a variety of diseases including anaemia. One PHD inhibitor is approved for use for the treatment of renal anaemia and others are in late stage clinical trials. The number of reported templates for PHD inhibition is limited. We report structure–activity relationship and crystallographic studies on a promising class of 4‐hydroxypyrimidine‐containing PHD inhibitors.
Analysis of the spectral reflectance and color of mineral pigments affected by their particle size
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Li , Wan Xiao‐Xia
Published: November 2019

The color of mineral pigments changes obviously with their particle size. However, how the particle size of these mineral pigments affects the color of the mineral pigment color block remains unclear. Based on optical principles and the physical properties of mineral pigment particles, our analysis found that changes in the particle size not only nonlinearly affect the behavior of light at the first surface of the mineral pigment color block, but also affect the interaction of light with the particles within the body of the mineral pigment color block, ultimately changing the spectral reflectance and color of the mineral pigment color block. Finally, we derived a nonlinear monotonically decreasing relationship between the particle size and the spectral reflectance. The experiment conducted in this article selected six kinds of mineral pigments as color block samples and observed the changes in the spectral reflectance and color value with the particle size. These studies are beneficial for color researchers conducting scientific research related to mineral pigments.
Proposed Dynamics of CDB3 Activation in Human Erythrocytes by Nifedipine Studied with Scanning Flow Cytometry
Authors: Yastrebova Ekaterina S. , Konokhova Anastasiya I. , Strokotov Dmitry I. , Karpenko Andrei A. , Maltsev Valeri P. , Chernyshev Andrei V.
Published: November 2019

Nifedipine is calcium channels and pumps blocker widely used in medicine. However, mechanisms of nifedipine action in blood are not clear. In particular, the influence of nifedipine on erythrocytes is far from completely understood. In this work, applying scanning flow cytometry, we observed experimentally for the first time the dynamics behind a significant increase of HCO3−/Cl− transmembrane exchange rate of CDB3 (main anion exchanger, AE1, Band 3, SLC4A1) of human erythrocytes in the presence of nifedipine in blood. It was found that the rate of CDB3 activation is not limited by the rate of nifedipine binding and/or Ca2+ transport. In order to explain the experimental data, we suggested a kinetic model assuming that the rate of CDB3 activation is limited by the dynamics of the balance between two intracellular processes (1) the activation of CDB3 limited by its interaction with intracellular Ca2+, and (2) the spontaneous deactivation of CDB3. Thus the use of scanning flow cytometry allowed to clarify quantitatively the molecular kinetic mechanism of nifedipine action on human erythrocytes. In particular, the efficiency (~30) and rates of activation (~0.3 min−1) and deactivation (~10−3 min−1) of CDB3 in human erythrocytes was evaluated for two donors. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Applications of imaging flow cytometry in the diagnostic assessment of red cell membrane disorders
Authors: More Tejashree Anil , Dalal Bhavik , Devendra Rati , Warang Prashant , Shankarkumar Aruna , Kedar Prabhakar
Published: November 2019

Background

Red cell membranopathies refers to phenotypically and morphologically heterogeneous disorders. High throughput imaging flow cytometry (IFC) combines the speed, sensitivity, and phenotyping abilities of flow cytometry with the detailed imagery and functional insights of microscopy to produce high content image analysis with quantitative analysis. We have evaluated the applications of IFC to examine both the morphology as well as fluorescence signal intensity in red cell membranopathies.

Methods

Fluorescence intensity of eosin‐5‐maleimide (EMA) labeled red cells was measured for diagnosis of RBC membrane protein defect on Amnis ImageStreamX followed by Image analysis on IDEAS software to study features such as circularity and shape ratio.

Results

The hereditary spherocytosis (HS) group showed significantly decreased MFI (52,800 ± 9,100) than normal controls (81,100 ± 4,700) (p < .05) whereas non‐HS showed 78,300 ± 9,900. The shape ratio of hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) was significantly higher (43.8%) than normal controls (14.6%). The circularity score is higher in HS (64.15%) than the normal controls (44.3%) whereas the circularity score was very less in HE (10%) due to the presence of elliptocytes.

Conclusions

The advantages of the IFC over standard flow cytometry is its ability to provide high‐content image analysis and measurement of parameters such as circularity and shape ratio allow discriminating red cell membranopathies (HS and HE) due to variations in shape and size. It could be a single, effective, and rapid IFC test for detection and differentiation of red cell membrane disorders in hematology laboratories where an IFC is available.
Link efficiency and quality of experience aware routing protocol to improve video streaming in urban VANETs
Authors: Bouzid Smida Emna , Gaied Fantar Sonia , Youssef Habib
Published: November 2019

In a vehicular ad‐hoc network (VANET), vehicles can play an essential role in monitoring areas of a smart city by transmitting data or multimedia content of environmental circumstances like disasters or road conditions. Multimedia content communication with quality of experience (QoE) guarantees is a challenging undertaking in an environment such as that of a VANET. Indeed, a VANET is characterized by numerous varying conditions, significantly impacting its topology, quality of communication channels, and paths with respect to bandwidth, loss, and delay. This paper introduces a link efficiency and quality of experience aware routing protocol (LEQRV) to improve video streaming provisioning in urban vehicular ad‐hoc networks. LEQRV uses an enhanced greedy forwarding‐based approach to create and maintain stable high quality routes for video streaming delivery. It improves the performance of the quality of experience by increasing the achieved QoE scores and reducing the forwarding end‐to‐end delay and frame loss.
Statistical vertical reduction‐based data abridging technique for big network traffic dataset
Authors: Garg Sheetal , Singh Raman , Obaidat Mohammad S. , Bhalla Vinod Kumar , Sharma Bhisham
Published: November 2019

Security is the major concern in the world of Internet. Traditionally, encryption, firewall, and other security countermeasures are used to secure the data. However, in the modern era of technology, the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) plays a major role in the field of security to detect the attack type. IDS are tuned in such a way that it learns from historical network traffic data and detects normal as well as abnormal event connection from the monitored system. Nevertheless, due to the huge size of historical data, this system can suffer from issues like accuracy, false alarms and execution time. In this paper, a new abridging algorithm is proposed, which is able to vertically reduce the size of network traffic dataset without affecting its statistical characteristics. In the literature, vertical data reduction i.e. features selection techniques are always used to reduce dataset, but this paper evaluates the effect of vertical reduction, which has not been examined significantly. Apart from abridging of vertical instances, Infinite Feature Selection technique is used to extract the relevant features from the dataset and Support Vector Machine classifier is used to classify normal and anomalous instances. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated on different datasets like NSL‐KDD and Kyoto University benchmark dataset using various parameters like accuracy, the number of instances reduced, recall, precision, f1‐score, t‐value and execution time.
Testing the specificity of interpretation biases in women with eating disorder symptoms: An online experimental assessment
Authors: Korn Julia , Dietel Fanny A. , Hartmann Andrea S.
Published: November 2019

Objective

Cognitive biases, such as memory, attention, and interpretation bias, are thought to play a central role in the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the interpretation bias is ED‐specific or can be generalized to comorbid disorder‐related threats in women with high levels of ED symptoms.

Method

In an online study, we measured interpretation bias using the modified Sentence Word Association Paradigm (SWAP), comparing women with (n= 39) and without (sub)threshold eating disorders (n= 56). We assessed endorsement and rejection rates as well as reaction times in response to a positive/neutral or a negative ED‐specific, social anxiety‐specific (SAD), or generalized anxiety‐specific (GAD) interpretive word following an ambiguous sentence.

Results

In ambiguous situations, women with high ED symptoms selected more negative (p< .001) and fewer positive/neutral ED‐related interpretations (p< .001). Negative interpretations were endorsed significantly faster (p< .001), while positive interpretations were rejected faster in this group (p< .001). These women also manifested negative SAD‐specific interpretation bias patterns in reaction time measures. Nevertheless, ED severity was best predicted by the endorsement of negative ED‐specific stimuli, whereas ED and SAD reaction time measures seemed to have a negligible effect.

Discussion

The results indicate that the interpretation bias might be ED‐specific. The SWAP can be a useful tool for the further investigation of the etiological relevance of the interpretation bias as well as for the development of modification training interventions.
Riparian soil nitrogen cycling and isotopic enrichment in response to a long‐term salmon carcass manipulation experiment
Authors: Feddern Megan L. , Holtgrieve Gordon W. , Perakis Steven S. , Hart Julia , Ro Hyejoo , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: November 2019

Pacific salmon acquire most of their biomass in the ocean before returning to spawn and die in coastal streams and lakes, thus providing subsidies of marine‐derived nitrogen (MDN) to freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Recent declines in salmon abundance have raised questions of whether managers should mitigate for losses of salmon MDN subsidies. To test the long‐term importance of salmon subsidies to riparian ecosystems, we measured soil nitrogen cycling in response to a 20‐yr manipulation where salmon carcasses were systematically removed from one bank and deposited on the opposite bank along a 2‐km stream in southwestern Alaska. Soil samples were taken at different distances from the stream bank along nine paired transects and measured for organic and inorganic nitrogen concentrations, and nitrogen transformation rates. Marine‐derived nitrogen was measured using 15N/14N for bulk soils, and and soil pools. Stable isotope analyses confirmed 15N/14N was elevated on the salmon‐enhanced bank compared to the salmon‐depleted bank. However, 15N/14N values of plant‐available inorganic nitrogen exceeded the 15N/14N of salmon inputs, highlighting nitrogen isotope fractionation in soils that raises significant methodological issues with standard MDN assessments in riparian systems. Surprisingly, despite 20 yr of salmon supplementation, the presence of MDN did not cause a long‐term increase in soil nitrogen availability. This finding indicates the importance of MDN to ecosystem nitrogen biogeochemistry, and riparian vegetation may be overestimated for some systems. Given that essential nutrients can also be pollutants, we urge more critical analyses of the role of MDN to inform compensatory mitigation programs targeting salmon nutrient enhancement.
Soil chemistry turned upside down: a meta‐analysis of invasive earthworm effects on soil chemical properties
Authors: Ferlian Olga , Thakur Madhav P. , Castañeda González Alejandra , San Emeterio Layla M. , Marr Susanne , da Silva Rocha Barbbara , Eisenhauer Nico
Published: November 2019

Recent studies have shown that invasive earthworms can dramatically reduce native biodiversity, both above and below the ground. However, we still lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind these changes, such as whether earthworm effects on soil chemical properties drive such relationships. Here, we investigated the effects of invasive earthworms on soil chemical properties (pH, water content, and the stocks and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) by conducting a meta‐analysis. Invasive earthworms generally increased soil pH, indicating that the removal of organic layers and the upward transport of more base‐rich mineral soil caused a shift in soil pH. Moreover, earthworms significantly decreased soil water content, suggesting that the burrowing activities of earthworms may have increased water infiltration of and/or increased evapotranspiration from soil. Notably, invasive earthworms had opposing effects on organic and mineral soil for carbon and nitrogen stocks, with decreases in organic, and increases in mineral soil. Nitrogen fluxes were higher in mineral soil, whereas fluxes in organic soil were not significantly affected by the presence of invasive earthworms, indicating that earthworms mobilize and redistribute nutrients among soil layers and increase overall nitrogen loss from the soil. Invasive earthworm effects on element stocks increased with ecological group richness only in organic soil. Earthworms further decreased ammonium stocks with negligible effects on nitrate stocks in organic soil, whereas they increased nitrate stocks but not ammonium stocks in mineral soil. Notably, all of these results were consistent across forest and grassland ecosystems underlining the generality of our findings. However, we found some significant differences between studies that were conducted in the field (observational and experimental settings) and in the lab, such as that the effects on soil pH decreased from field to lab settings, calling for a careful interpretation of lab findings. Our meta‐analysis provides strong empirical evidence that earthworm invasion may lead to substantial changes in soil chemical properties and element cycling in soil. Furthermore, our results can help explain the dramatic effects of invasive earthworms on native biodiversity, for example, shifts towards the dominance of grass species over herbaceous ones, as shown by recent meta‐analyses.