bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physalin F, a Potent Inhibitor of Lymphocyte Function, Is a Calcineurin Inhibitor and Has Synergistic Effect with Dexamethasone
Authors: Silva Dahara Keyse Carvalho , Novo Laura Beatriz da Cruz , Ribeiro Ivone Maria , Barreto Breno Cardim , Opretzka Luiza Carolina França , Meira Cássio Santana , Soares Milena Botelho Pereira
Published: February 2025

The dysregulation of immune responses are responsible for the development of several diseases, such as allergic and autoimmune diseases. The medications used to treat these conditions have numerous side effects, creating the need for new drugs. Physalins are natural compounds with various pharmacological activities already described. Here, we aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of physalin F in mouse splenocytes and in a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) model. In a cytotoxicity assay, physalin F had low cytotoxicity to mouse splenocytes in concentrations equal to or below 2 µM. It significantly inhibited lymphocyte proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and reduced the production of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ, in activated splenocytes. The combined therapy of physalin F with dexamethasone was investigated in vitro, showing a synergistic action of the two compounds. Mechanistically, physalin F reduced calcineurin activity in concanavalin A-stimulated splenocyte cultures. Finally, in vivo, the intraperitoneal administration of physalin F in a DTH model reduced paw edema induced by bovine serum albumin immunization. Our results demonstrate the potential of physalin F as an immunosuppressive agent, to be used alone or in combination with glucocorticoids.
Yeast Viability in HLD–NAC-Designed Fully Dilutable Lecithin-Linker Microemulsions
Authors: Doratt Mendoza Juan , Ding Jingwen , Acosta Alvarez Michelle , Acosta Edgar
Published: February 2025

Using microemulsions (µEs) as preservation media for cells was pursued in the 1990s; however, the difficulty in formulating biocompatible µEs and keeping unacclimatized cells alive for more than three days hindered developments in this area. This work explores the use of fully dilutable self-microemulsifying delivery systems (SMEDS) formulated with lecithin (Le) and polyglycerol-10-caprylate (PG10C) at a ratio of 2/5. This surfactant blend was mixed with ethyl oleate (EOL) at a ratio of 60 surfactant/40 EOL to produce a D60 dilution line. This D60 SMEDS was diluted with 0.9% w/v NaCl solution to produce lecithin-linker µEs (LLMs). The properties of the resulting LLMs were predicted using the hydrophilic–lipophilic-difference (HLD) and net-average curvature (NAC) model, indicating that LLMs with aqueous content from 5% to 60% are bicontinuous, confirmed via viscosity and conductivity. The largest yeast activity and viability obtained with LLMs were achieved with 30% aqueous content, resulting from the balance between having enough water for the effective transport of metabolites, enough SMEDS to contribute nutrients and lipids, and a low enough water to limit the partition of PG10C that, when present in the aqueous phase, inhibited yeast activity. For SMEDS, its low water activity ensured that the yeast remained dormant, keeping them alive for at least 10 weeks.
The Least Squares Method as a Tool for Assessment of the Stroke Parameters and Velocity in Monofin Swimming
Authors: Rejman Marek , Szkudlarek Paweł
Published: February 2025

This study explores the application of the Least Squares Method to analyze and model the kinematic parameters in monofin swimming, focusing on stroke rate, stroke length, and the amplitudes of joint displacements at the hip, knee, and ankle. The primary aim is to evaluate whether this method provides an objective and diagnostic tool for assessing monofin swimming techniques. Three elite monofin swimmers were evaluated under a progressive fatigue test. Results indicated that the stroke rate increases velocity by 0.95, 0.23, and 0.96 units (for the estimated models respectively). Optimized stroke length (0.01–0.12 units) also significantly correlates with velocity improvements. Joint amplitude reductions, particularly at the hip and ankle, enhanced propulsion by minimizing drag. This study highlights the Least Squares Method as a diagnostic tool for optimizing swimming techniques, with potential applications in performance training.
Trends in Flexible Sensing Technology in Smart Wearable Mechanisms–Materials–Applications
Authors: Wang Sen , Zhai Haorui , Zhang Qiang , Hu Xueling , Li Yujiao , Xiong Xin , Ma Ruhong , Wang Jianlei , Chang Ying , Wu Lixin
Published: February 2025

Flexible sensors are revolutionizing our lives as a key component of intelligent wearables. Their pliability, stretchability, and diverse designs enable foldable and portable devices while enhancing comfort and convenience. Advances in materials science have provided numerous options for creating flexible sensors. The core of their application in areas like electronic skin, health medical monitoring, motion monitoring, and human–computer interaction is selecting materials that optimize sensor performance in weight, elasticity, comfort, and flexibility. This article focuses on flexible sensors, analyzing their “sensing mechanisms–materials–applications” framework. It explores their development trajectory, material characteristics, and contributions in various domains such as electronic skin, health medical monitoring, and human–computer interaction. The article concludes by summarizing current research achievements and discussing future challenges and opportunities. Flexible sensors are expected to continue expanding into new fields, driving the evolution of smart wearables and contributing to the intelligent development of society.
Systematic Simulations of Structural Stability, Phonon Dispersions, and Thermal Expansion in Zinc-Blende ZnO
Authors: Talwar Devki N. , Becla Piotr
Published: February 2025

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has recently gained considerable attention due to its exceptional properties, including higher electron mobility, good thermal conductivity, high breakdown voltage, and a relatively large exciton-binding energy. These characteristics helped engineers to develop low dimensional heterostructures (LDHs)-based advanced flexible/transparent nanoelectronics, which were then integrated into thermal management systems. Coefficients of thermal expansion αT, phonon dispersions  ωj(q→), and Grüneisen parameters  γjq→ can play important roles in evaluating the suitability of materials in such devices. By adopting a realistic rigid-ion model in the quasi-harmonic approximation, this work aims to report the results of a methodical study to comprehend the structural, lattice dynamical, and thermodynamic behavior of zinc-blende (zb) ZnO. Systematic calculations of ωj(q→), γjq→, and αT have indicated negative thermal expansion (NTE) at low T. Soft transverse acoustic shear mode gammas  γTA at critical points offered major contributions to NTE. Our results of ωj(q→) at ambient pressure compare reasonably well with Raman scattering spectroscopy measurements and first-principles calculations. By adjusting the layers of materials with positive and negative thermal expansion, it is possible to create LDHs with near-zero αT. Such a nanostructure might experience a minimal dimensional change with T fluctuations, making it ideal for devices where precise dimensional stability is crucial.
Etiology and Mortality of Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus
Authors: Uçan Tokuç Firdevs Ezgi , Görgülü Emine , Genç Fatma , Korucuk Meltem , Erdal Abidin , Biçer Gömceli Yasemin
Published: February 2025

Objectives: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a disease with a high mortality rate and a very diverse etiology. The disease prognosis is related to the etiology. We aimed to investigate the etiology, mortality rates, and factors affecting mortality in patients diagnosed with NCSE in a tertiary epilepsy center in Turkey. Methods: All electroencephalograms (EEGs) were taken in the EEG laboratory of the Department of Neurology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, between June 2021 and February 2024. Patients who met the Salzburg Consensus Criteria (SCC) for NCSE were included. Demographic data, etiologic factors, comorbidities, neuroradiological imaging, laboratory data, treatments administered for NCSE and responses to treatment, short- and long-term outcomes, and EEG findings at follow-up, if any, were noted from the medical records of all patients who met the criteria. Results: A total of 200 patients were included in the study. Mortality was observed in 76 (38.4%) patients with NCSE. There was a statistically significant correlation between NCSE etiology and mortality (p < 0.001). Mortality was most common in patients with cerebral tumors as the etiology, with a rate of 63.6%. The lowest mortality rate was observed in patients with autoimmune encephalitis and epilepsy (14.3% and 17.2%, respectively). After appropriate antiseizure medication (ASM) treatment, 117 (58.5%) patients with NCSE improved. When post-treatment improvement and etiologic factors were analyzed, the highest rate of improvement was observed in the autoimmune encephalitis and CVD groups. Conclusions: Our study showed that advanced age and the presence of stroke are associated with mortality and that patients with NCSE due to autoimmune encephalitis respond well to treatment.
The Preventive Impact of Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) Extract Regarding the Disruption of Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis and Chosen Pathways of Its Regulation in an Animal Model of General Population Exposure to Cadmium
Authors: Brzóska Małgorzata M. , Gałażyn-Sidorczuk Małgorzata , Rogalska Joanna
Published: February 2025

Background: Our previous research in an experimental model of current environmental human exposure to cadmium (Cd) (female rats fed a diet containing Cd at 1 and 5 mg/kg for up to 2 years) revealed that chronic treatment with this toxic element destroyed the metabolism of the bone tissue, decreased mineralisation, and weakened bone biomechanical properties, whereas the co-administration of a 0.1% chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L. (Michx.) Elliott berry) extract (AME) ameliorated the osteotoxic action of Cd. Methods: In this study, it was explored whether the unfavourable effect of Cd and the protective action of AME might be mediated by the impact on the metabolism of bone essential elements such as calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (Pi), including the pathways of its regulation by calciotropic hormones (parathormone—PTH, calcitonin—CT, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3—1,25(OH)2D3) and Klotho. Results: Low-level Cd treatment (1 mg/kg) caused only a temporary elevation in the serum PTH concentration and a decline in the concentration of CT. Moderate treatment with Cd (5 mg/kg) destroyed the body homeostasis of both mineral elements (lowered their concentrations in the serum and enhanced urinary loss), influenced the serum concentrations of Klotho and calciotropic hormones, as well as reduced the concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha-OHase) and 1,25(OH)2D3 in the kidney. The application of AME during Cd intoxication improved the pathways involved in maintaining Ca and Pi homeostasis and allowed subjects to maintain the proper levels of these elements in the serum and urine. Conclusions: In conclusion, Cd at low-to-moderate exposure may exert an unfavourable impact on bone by influencing the pathways involved in regulating Ca and Pi metabolism and destroying the body status of these minerals. It seems that the possible mechanism of the osteoprotective effect of AME during chronic intoxication with this toxic element involves normalization of the concentrations of calciotropic hormones and Klotho in the serum and improvement of the homeostasis of Ca and Pi. This study provided further evidence that chokeberry products may be an effective strategy in counteracting the unfavourable effects of chronic low-to-moderate exposure to Cd.
Use of C-Reactive Protein in Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) Etiologic Criteria for Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Claims Database Study
Authors: Suganuma Shinya , Kanda Naoki , Yoshida Minoru , Miyagi Tomoka , Nakamura Kensuke
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) is suggested by major societies. The etiologic criteria for inflammation in critically ill patients remain unclear. Because an initial nutritional assessment is recommended within 48 h, it is also possible to use C-reactive protein (CRP) up to 3 days after admission. The purpose of the present study is to explore the utility of CRP in identifying malnutrition and to determine whether a nutritional assessment incorporating CRP criteria can effectively identify malnourished patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of ICU patients. The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital mortality, Barthel index < 60 at discharge, and length of hospital stay of 14 days or more. The area under the curve (AUC) for the primary outcome was calculated using CRP between days 0 and 2. We divided the patients into four groups using inflammation criteria with the optimal cut-off and low body mass index (BMI) criteria of the GLIM: CRP+/−, and BMI+/−. Results: A total of 38,981 patients were included. The AUC of the highest CRP between days 0 and 2 was 0.65, which was higher than the CRP on day 0 and the highest CRP between days 0 and 1 (0.59 and 0.63). The AUC and optimal cut-offs varied depending on diagnoses, with a maximum of 0.75 in neurology. The optimal cut-off for the maximum CRP was 3.82 mg/dL. In the four groups of CRP+BMI+, CRP+BMI-, CRP-BMI+, and CRP-BMI-, the in-hospital mortality values were 22.7, 14.4, 10.8, and 4.8% (p < 0.001 between all the groups). Conclusions: In an initial nutritional assessment of critically ill patients, it would be appropriate to use the maximum CRP over 3 days from ICU admission.
Incremental Hemodialysis: Review of Clinical Trials Focused on Patients Undergoing Once-Weekly Hemodialysis
Authors: Bolasco Piergiorgio
Published: February 2025

Background/objectives: The implementation of appropriate hemodialysis treatment in the transition from end-stage kidney disease to reduced frequency schedules represents a major challenge. The aim of our work is to report only treatment protocols that used once-weekly hemodialysis. Methods: The benefits and risks of 1WHD were explored in this systematic review. A search of MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register was conducted to identify publications relating to once-weekly hemodialysis trials performed between June 1981 and December 2024 and assess clinical impact, duration, safety, and mortality. Items, including age, causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD), creatinine levels, Blood Urea Nitrogen and GFR values, diuresis, nutritional supplementation, drop-out, survival, clinical benefit or drawbacks, and data from eventual control groups relating to higher frequency weekly HD sessions were included. Outcome at the end of a 1WHD regimen was represented by death or transition to twice/thrice-weekly HD rhythms. Results: A total of 1238 articles focused on IHD were included in the review, and 1226 trials were excluded as they referred either to twice-weekly hemodialysis (2WHD) schedules or failed to meet eligibility criteria, whilst another two were excluded based on incomplete outcome or patient recruitment issues. A total of eight articles comprising 254 patients undergoing 1WHD schedules were ultimately identified and evaluated. Only three studies focused on a comparison with a 1WHD schedule, whilst 107 referred to thrice-weekly HD (3WHD) and 15 2WHD). This choice demonstrated the possibility of slowing down the progression of CKD in the patients studied. Daily amino acid supplementation also proved to be beneficial. However, the milestone on which the 1WHD protocol is based is a low-protein diet. Conclusions: 1WHD has been shown to be safe and may result in improved clinical outcomes, particularly in appropriately selected patients. Large-scale randomized controlled trials should be carried out to confirm these potential advantages. However, the standard recruitment techniques applied tended to prevent suitably selected patients from transitioning into less frequent and potentially long-lasting 1WHD schedules.
Vocation of Human Care and Soft Skills in Nursing and Physiotherapy Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Hernández-Xumet Juan-Elicio , García-Hernández Alfonso-Miguel , Fernández-González Jerónimo-Pedro , Marrero-González Cristo-Manuel
Published: February 2025

Background: Empathy and assertiveness are two essential soft skills for health professionals such as nurses or physiotherapists. Both professions are characterised by their contribution to preserving and improving health and human care, and for their vocation of service. One of the achievements of the training is the voluntary, conscious, and individually inspired career choice. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the empathy, assertiveness, and care vocational levels among undergraduate students enrolled in Nursing and Physiotherapy Degree programmes and to investigate the relationship between these soft skills and the care vocation. Methods: A cross-sectional study of nursing and physiotherapy students was conducted in the 2023/2024 academic year. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index scales for empathy, the Rathus test for assertiveness, and the “Vocation of Service for Human Care” questionnaire were used as study tools. Finally, 226 nursing and physiotherapy students participated after providing informed consent, excluding those on national or international exchange programmes. Results: The empathy, assertiveness, and vocation of service for human care of the students was found to be acceptable. Significant differences were observed according to the gender variable or career among the students, with female students presenting better results in empathy subscales or vocation (p < 0.05). Students who were working or had clinical experience in other professions scored lower on the empathy personal distress subscale (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both nursing and physiotherapy students demonstrate satisfactory levels of empathy, assertiveness, and vocation for human care. However, gender and previous work experience notably influence these scores. It would be beneficial to conduct long-term studies with educational interventions to train and develop empathy, assertiveness, and vocation for human care.
Prospective Evaluation of Pulse Oximetry Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease in a Jordanian Tertiary Hospital: High Incidence and Early Detection Challenges
Authors: Abu Lehyah Naser Aldain A. , Hasan Abeer A. , Abbad Mahmoud Y. , Al-Jammal Razan A. , Al Tarawneh Moath K. , Abu Nasrieh Dima , Banihani Haneen A. , Aburumman Saif N. , Fraijat Areen G. , Alhawamdeh Heba M. , Shersheer Qasem A. , Al-Awawdeh Milad Kh. , Guthrie Scott O. , Starnes Joseph R.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is among the major causes of global neonatal morbidity and mortality. While the incidence of CCHD appears to vary across populations, much of this variation may stem from differences in detection and reporting capabilities rather than true prevalence. In Jordan, recent data revealed a congenital cardiac disease incidence of 17.8/1000 live births, much higher than international averages. Diagnosis is largely dependent upon echocardiography, which is difficult to obtain in low-resource settings where prenatal screening modalities are limited. Screening for CCHD with pulse oximetry offers a potential method to identify patients earlier and contribute to improved outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort study evaluated 20,482 neonates screened using pulse oximetry at Al-Bashir Hospital between January 2022 and May 2024. Demographic data, pulse oximetry measurements, and echocardiogram findings were collected during the screening process after obtaining ethical approval from the Jordanian Ministry of Health. Results: Pulse oximetry screening identified 752 neonates (3.7%) requiring further evaluation by echocardiography. An abnormality was detected in 240 neonates (31.9%), which included cardiac anomalies and pulmonary hypertension. Screening led to the identification of 138 infants with CCHD, including 80 with a previously unknown diagnosis, and an additional 247 infants with conditions requiring increased monitoring or treatment. Among those with CCHD, hypoplastic left heart syndrome and Tetralogy of Fallot were the most common conditions, 3.1%, and 2.4%, respectively. The overall false positive rate was 1.8% and was higher among those screened at less than 24 h of life compared to those screened at or after 24 h of life (2.3% [95%CI 2.1–2.6] vs. 0.8% [95%CI 0.6–1.0], p < 0.001). Conclusions: Pulse oximetry screening successfully led to the early detection of CCHD among Jordanian neonates. There was a high prevalence of CCHD compared to other reported cohorts. This highlights the importance of implementing national screening protocols to improve early diagnosis and intervention. Future studies will inform the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of national implementation in this setting.
Synthesis and Characterization of Memantine-Loaded Niosomes for Enhanced Alzheimer’s Disease Targeting
Authors: Turkez Hasan , Oner Sena , Yıldırım Ozge Caglar , Arslan Mehmet Enes , Dimmito Marilisa Pia , Kahraman Çigdem Yuce , Marinelli Lisa , Sonmez Erdal , Kiki Özlem , Tatar Abdulgani , Cacciatore Ivana , Di Stefano Antonio , Mardinoglu Adil
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Over the past 25 years, numerous biological molecules, like recombinant lysosomal enzymes, neurotrophins, receptors, and therapeutic antibodies, have been tested in clinical trials for neurological diseases. However, achieving significant success in clinical applications has remained elusive. A primary challenge has been the inability of these molecules to traverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Recognizing this hurdle, our study aimed to utilize niosomes as delivery vehicles, leveraging the “molecular Trojan horse” technology, to enhance the transport of molecules across the BBB. Methods: Previously synthesized memantine derivatives (MP1–4) were encapsulated into niosomes for improved BBB permeability, hypothesizing that this approach could minimize peripheral drug toxicity while ensuring targeted brain delivery. Using the human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line differentiated into neuron-like structures with retinoic acid and then exposed to amyloid beta 1–42 peptide, we established an in vitro Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model. In this model, the potential usability of MP1–4 was assessed through viability tests (MTT) and toxicological response analysis. The niosomes’ particle size and morphological structures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with their loading and release capacities determined via UV spectroscopy. Crucially, the ability of the niosomes to cross the BBB and their potential anti-Alzheimer efficacy were analyzed in an in vitro transwell system with endothelial cells. Results: The niosomal formulations demonstrated effective drug encapsulation (encapsulation efficiency: 85.3% ± 2.7%), controlled release (72 h release: 38.5% ± 1.2%), and stable morphology (PDI: 0.22 ± 0.03, zeta potential: −31.4 ± 1.5 mV). Among the derivatives, MP1, MP2, and MP4 exhibited significant neuroprotective effects, enhancing cell viability by approximately 40% (p < 0.05) in the presence of Aβ1-42 at a concentration of 47 µg/mL. The niosomal delivery system improved BBB permeability by 2.5-fold compared to free drug derivatives, as confirmed using an in vitro bEnd.3 cell model. Conclusions: Memantine-loaded niosomes provide a promising platform for overcoming BBB limitations and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Alzheimer’s disease treatments. This study highlights the potential of nanotechnology-based delivery systems in developing targeted therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore clinical applications.
X-Ray Irradiation Induces Oxidative Stress and Upregulates Intestinal Nrf2-Mrp2 Pathway, Leading to Decreased Intestinal Absorption of Valsartan
Authors: Teng Yunhua , Ma Jiaojiao , Zhang Junxia , Liang Bohan , Zhang Aijie , Li Yanjie , Dong Shiqi , Fan Huirong
Published: February 2025

Background: It has been documented that radiation can influence the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy drugs, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In clinical practice, a considerable number of cancer patients undergo radiotherapy, and those with comorbid hypertension required antihypertensive drugs, including valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. However, there is no research investigating whether radiotherapy poses a risk of altering the pharmacokinetics. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of X-ray abdominal irradiation on the pharmacokinetics of valsartan and to preliminarily elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods: The pharmacokinetics of valsartan after X-ray irradiation was investigated in rats and in vitro by detecting the concentration of valsartan in biological samples by LC-MS/MS. The oxidative stress in the intestine and the mRNA expression of partial transporters and Nrf2 in the liver and small intestine were detected by biochemical reagent kit or RT-qPCR. Results: In vivo studies showed that X-ray irradiation resulted in a significant decrease in the AUC and Cmax of valsartan, and the cumulative fractional excretion of valsartan in bile and urine, although there was no significant change in fecal excretion. In vitro studies showed that the uptake of valsartan by both intestine and Caco-2 cells decreased after irradiation, and the cellular uptake could be restored by Mrp2 inhibitor MK571. The levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT in the intestine decreased after irradiation. The mRNA expressions of Mrp2 and P-gp in the intestine or Caco-2 cells were significantly upregulated after irradiation while there was a downregulation of Mrp2 and oatp1b2 in liver. Nrf2 and HO-1 in the intestine were also significantly upregulated, which clarified the involvement of Mrp2 and the possible molecular mechanism. Conclusions: Abdominal X-ray irradiation can cause oxidative stress and upregulate intestinal Mrp2, which may be related to oxidative stress and upregulation of Nrf2, reducing intestinal absorption of valsartan and leading to a significant decrease in the blood concentration of valsartan.
Flowering Synchronization Using Artificial Light Control for Crossbreeding Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) with Varied Flowering Times
Authors: Somody Gergő , Molnár Zoltán
Published: February 2025

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), one of the earliest domesticated crops, has diverse applications in textiles, construction, nutrition, and medicine. Breeding advancements, including speed breeding, accelerate genetic improvements in crops by optimizing environmental conditions for reduced generation times. This study employed greenhouse and field experiments to develop a proprietary yellow-stemmed hemp germplasm with a unique stem trait. Initial crossbreeding between the late Eletta Campana (medium green stems) and the early Chamaeleon (yellow stems) demonstrated the recessive monogenic inheritance of the yellow-stem trait and fast and safe stabilization even in the case of parent varieties with different flowering times. Controlled flowering in the case of photoperiod-sensitive genotypes, manual pollination, and successive backcrossing stabilized the yellow-stem trait over six cycles, with 100% trait consistency achieved by the fifth cycle within just 12 months in total. Open-field trials validated greenhouse results, showing strong correlations between visual stem color assessments and visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) obtained through remote sensing imagery. Cannabinoid analyses indicated significant reductions in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content while maintaining optimal cannabidiol (CBD) levels. Accumulated growing degree days (GDDs) optimized flowering and maturity, ensuring consistency in phenological traits. This research highlights the utility of speed breeding and chemical analysis to accelerate trait stabilization and improve industrial hemp’s agronomic potential for fiber and CBD production while adhering to regulatory THC limits.
ATP Synthase Members of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Rubber Trees (Hevea brasiliensis) Response to Plant Hormones
Authors: Guo Bingbing , Fan Songle , Liu Mingyang , Yang Hong , Dai Longjun , Wang Lifeng
Published: February 2025

ATP synthase is a key enzyme in photophosphorylation in photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation in respiration, which can catalyze the synthesis of ATP and supply energy to organisms. ATP synthase has been well studied in many animal species but has been poorly characterized in plants. This research identified forty ATP synthase family members in the rubber tree, and the phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, cis-elements, and expression pattern were analyzed. These results indicated that the ATP synthase of mitochondria was divided into three subgroups and the ATP synthase of chloroplast was divided into two subgroups, respectively. ATP synthase in the same subgroup shared a similar gene structure. Evolutionary relationships were consistent with the introns and exons domains, which were highly conserved patterns. A large number of cis elements related to light, phytohormones and stress resistance were present in the promoters of ATP synthase genes in rubber trees, of which the light signal accounts for the most. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analysis showed that HbATP synthases responded to cold stress and hormone stimulation, and the response to ethylene was most significant. HbMATPR3 was strongly induced by ethylene and salicylic acid, reaching 122-fold and 17-fold, respectively. HbMATP7-1 was 41 times higher than the control after induction by jasmonic acid. These results laid a foundation for further studies on the function of ATP synthase, especially in plant hormone signaling in rubber trees.
Environmental Profile Assessment in a Highly Industrialized Area Through Magnetic Susceptibility Spatial Variations and Morphological Study of Magnetic Particles: The Case of Sarigiol Basin (Greece)
Authors: Chrysakopoulou Chrysoula , Aidona Elina , Vogiatzis Dimitrios , Drakoulis Alexandros , Papadopoulou Lambrini , Kantiranis Nikolaos
Published: February 2025

Two sets of sediment samples were collected from the Sarigiol basin, Greece, aiming to evaluate the environmental consequences of the industrial activity in the area by assessing their magnetic properties with the magnetic susceptibility method. Chemical composition and morphological characteristics of magnetic particles were defined by EDX analysis and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Based on the results, most of the study area shows positive values of the difference between XLF values of the samples, indicating the influence of fly ash dispersion from Agios Dimitrios and Kardia power plants and the conveyor belt, down to a depth of 50 cm. Negative values in the NE, W and S parts of the study area are attributed to ophiolite complexes. Anthropogenic and lithogenic magnetic particles were identified at a 50 cm depth, in the form of spheres and octahedrons, respectively. Fe is the dominant element while Al, Si, Mg and Ca were found in minor amounts. Cr increases with depth, pointing mainly to a lithogenic source, while Ti decreases, suggesting a relationship with the dispersed fly ash particles. Mn and Zn were found in limited magnetic spheres. These findings highlight the need for effective environmental management strategies and are valuable keys for soil pollution control.
The Development of a Non-Pneumatic Tire Concept Based on a Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composite
Authors: Andrä Jonathan , Lisboa Tales de Vargas , Spickenheuer Axel
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the use of glass and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites with epoxy matrices for non-pneumatic tires (NPTs), as an alternative to conventional elastomer-based designs. A novel NPT design approach was developed in three steps: (i) a finite element model with isotropic material properties was constructed to identify suitable spoke geometries; (ii) an anisotropic parametric study quantified key parameters influencing the load-bearing capability of two selected concepts from step (i); and (iii) a preferred version was chosen from step (ii) and evaluated under multiple load cases to ensure it met all requirements. The final tire design incorporates thick spiral spokes superimposed with a cosine-like function, showcasing the strengths and limitations of non-elastomeric reinforced polymers for NPT design. This study provides innovative insights into reducing the mass of NPTs and demonstrates the potential of fiber-reinforced polymer composites to achieve more lightweight, durable, and efficient NPT designs in comparison to pneumatic ones.
Thermal Degradation of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide 6,6 Composites: Investigation by Accelerated Thermal Ageing
Authors: Salvi Alessandro , Marzullo Francesco , Ostrowska Marlena , Dotelli Giovanni
Published: February 2025

Polyamide-based glass fibre-reinforced composites are extensively used in electrical and automotive applications due to their excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. However, prolonged exposure to high temperatures can lead to significant degradation, affecting their long-term performance and reliability. This study investigates the thermal ageing behaviour of polyamide 6,6 composites containing halogenated flame retardants used for electrical applications. The objective of this research is to evaluate the extent of degradation through accelerated ageing tests and to develop an Arrhenius-type ageing model to predict the long-term performance of these materials. This study examines the effects of thermal ageing at temperatures between 160 and 210 °C on flexural properties and explores the underlying degradation mechanisms. Results indicate that short-term exposure to high temperatures can enhance flexural strength due to annealing effects, which are eventually outweighed by thermal oxidation and increased crystallinity, leading to an increase in brittleness. The derived Arrhenius model, with an activation energy of 93 kJ/mol, predicts a service life of approximately 25 years at 80 °C, but a significantly shorter one at 130 °C. These findings underscore the importance of considering thermal ageing effects in the design and application of PA66 composites in high-temperature environments.
Polypropylene Modified with Carbon Nanomaterials: Structure, Properties and Application (A Review)
Authors: Elbakyan Lusine , Zaporotskova Irina
Published: February 2025

Polymer materials are increasingly used in all spheres of human activity. Today, it is difficult to imagine our life without the use of polymer products. Polymers have played a crucial role in the development of many industries and, of course, can be considered as one of the main drivers of technological progress. The research on the creation of new polymer materials that are obtained by modifying known polymers with various fillers, including nanomaterials, is widespread nowadays. In the foreseeable future, the time will come for modified polymer composites, when up to 75% of all things and materials that surround us will contain nano-additives. Due to their unique properties, these polymer compounds are in demand not only in industry and in everyday life, but also in medicine. One well-known nanomaterial is carbon nanotubes. The existing applications of nanotubes are almost limitless. Using them as modifying additives, it is possible to improve the properties of almost all known materials: polymers, alloys, plastics, rubbers, concretes, etc. In this review paper, the well-known polymer polypropylene and carbon nanotubes are selected as the main subjects of this study. This choice is due to their high demand in medicine, electronics, construction, etc.
Molecular Interaction of Water-Soluble Resorcinarenes for Potential Choline Detectors
Authors: Urquijo Cielo , Vela Miguel , Sarmiento Roger , Maldonado Mauricio
Published: February 2025

The molecular interactions of water-soluble crown resorcinarenes with choline were analyzed. To this end, four sulfonated resorcinarenes were synthesized and characterized by ATR-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The molecular interaction studies with choline were carried out through FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR titrations, and conductimetric titrations, with which it was possible to determine that the complexes formed 1:1 stoichiometries with the host, in addition to showing good interaction in the electronic cavity of the macrocycle, demonstrating great potential for host–guest systems for choline detection in aqueous media. Finally, the incidence of the structural aspects of sulfonated resorcinarenes were analyzed.
Enhanced Detection of Pipeline Leaks Based on Generalized Likelihood Ratio with Ensemble Learning
Authors: Liu Tao , Cai Xiuquan , Zhou Wei , Wang Kuitao , Wang Jinjiang
Published: February 2025

To address the challenges of insufficient model generalization, high false alarm rates due to the scarcity of leakage data, and frequent minor leakage alarms in traditional weak leakage (the leakage amount is less than 1%) detection methods for gas transmission pipelines, this paper proposes a real-time weak leakage detection framework for natural gas pipelines based on the combination of the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) and ensemble learning. Compared to traditional methods, the core innovations of this study include the following: (1) For the first time, GLR statistics are integrated with an ensemble learning strategy to construct a dynamic detection model for pipeline operating states through multi-sensor collaboration, significantly enhancing the model’s robustness in noisy environments by fusing pressure data from the pipeline inlet and outlet, as well as outlet flow data. (2) An adaptive threshold selection mechanism that dynamically optimizes alarm thresholds using the distribution characteristics of GLR statistics is designed, overcoming the sensitivity limitations of traditional fixed thresholds in complex operating conditions. (3) An ensemble decision module is developed based on a voting strategy, effectively reducing the high false alarm rates associated with single models. The model’s leakage detection capability under normal and noisy pipeline conditions was validated using a self-built gas pipeline leakage test platform. The results show that the proposed method can achieve the precise detection of pipeline leakage rates as small as 0.5% under normal and low-noise conditions while reducing the false alarm rate to zero. It can also detect leakage rates of 1.5% under strong noise interference. These findings validate its practical value in complex industrial scenarios. This study provides a high-sensitivity, low-false-alarm, intelligent solution for pipeline safety monitoring, which is particularly suitable for early warning of weak leaks in long-distance pipelines.
Recent Advances in Pharmaceuticals Biosorption on Microbial and Algal-Derived Biosorbents
Authors: Velkova Zdravka , Lazarova Kristiana , Kirova Gergana , Gochev Velizar
Published: February 2025

The removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous environments has become a critical ecological challenge. Biosorption has emerged as a promising and cost-effective solution for pharmaceutical removal. This review examines the potential of microbial and algal-derived biosorbents, including fungi, bacteria, and algae, in the biosorption of pharmaceuticals from water. The removal efficiency of various types of biosorbents is discussed in relation to the chemical structure and functional groups presented on the biosorbent surfaces at various process parameters, such as pH, contact time, biosorbent dosage, and initial pharmaceutical concentration. Additionally, the benefits of chemical and physical modifications, immobilization techniques, and the reusability of biosorbents are highlighted. The major goal of the present review is not just to gather and discuss information about possible mechanisms of biosorption, which to some extent are still speculative, and to explain the effect of process parameters on the removal but also to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of various types of microbial/algal biosorbents and to ease the selection of proper biosorbents for pharmaceuticals removal. In this way, the review will benefit and induce more technological studies in the field of biosorption.
Two-Phase Production Performance of Multistage Fractured Horizontal Wells in Shale Gas Reservoir
Authors: Xiao Hongsha , He Siliang , Chen Man , Liu Changdi , Zhang Qianwen , Zhang Ruihan
Published: February 2025

Shale gas extraction is hindered by the complex geological conditions of shale reservoirs, such as deep burial, low permeability, and multi-zone characteristics. Therefore, horizontal well hydraulic fracturing is essential for improving reservoir permeability. However, fracture interference and fracturing fluid retention can lead to gas–water co-production. Existing models for predicting the productivity of fractured horizontal wells typically focus on single-phase flow or do not fully account for fracture interactions and dynamic water saturation changes. In contrast, this study introduces a novel fast prediction model for the steady-state productivity of fractured horizontal wells under a gas–water two-phase flow. The model extends single-phase fluid seepage theory by incorporating a gas–water two-phase pseudo-pressure function, while also accounting for fracture interference using potential theory and the superposition principle. Furthermore, it dynamically integrates formation pressure and water saturation variations, offering a more accurate prediction of productivity. The result demonstrates that fracture interference significantly affects the distribution of productivity, with end fractures producing up to 5.6 × 104 m3 while intermediate fractures maintain a relatively uniform production of around 0.9 × 104 m3. The sensitivity analysis reveals that productivity increases with an increase in formation pressure, fracture number, fracture half-length, and fracture angle, while an increcase in water saturation and skin factor reduce it. These results highlight the importance of optimizing fracture design and production strategies. This work provides a more comprehensive and efficient method for predicting and optimizing the gas–water two-phase productivity of fractured horizontal wells.
Green Materials for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Mechanisms and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Recio-Colmenares Carolina Livier , Flores-Gómez Jean , Morales Rivera Juan Pablo , Palacios Hinestroza Hasbleidy , Sulbarán-Rangel Belkis
Published: February 2025

Green materials are emerging as sustainable alternatives in water and wastewater treatment. Due to their biodegradability, renewable origin and low toxicity characteristics, green materials are an alternative to conventional synthetic materials. Green materials include nanomaterials of natural origin, biopolymers and composites that optimize the adsorption and removal of contaminants. The applications of cellulose nanofibers, alginates, chitosan and lignin stand out, as well as functionalized hydrogels and aerogels for the removal of heavy metals, dyes and organic contaminants. The analysis of the mechanisms and processes of contaminant removal and modeling and optimization techniques are included as key emerging tools for the design and optimization of these materials, allowing one to predict properties, simulate interactions and customize solutions. Despite the sustainability benefits of green materials, they face technical and economic challenges, such as scalability, synthesis costs and experimental validation. This work concluded that green materials, combined with modeling and optimization tools, are essential to move towards more sustainable, efficient and environmentally friendly water treatment technologies, aligned with global objectives of sustainable development and climate change mitigation.
RNase P-Associated External Guide Sequences Inhibit HIV-1 Infection by Shutting Down Human CCR5 Expression
Authors: Liu Yujun , Yan Bin , Zhang Isadora , Liu Fenyong
Published: February 2025

Background: External guide sequences (EGSs) are small RNA molecules capable of hybridizing to a target mRNA and rendering the target RNA susceptible to degradation by ribonuclease P (RNase P), a tRNA processing enzyme. Methods: In this study, natural tRNA-originated and engineered variant EGSs were constructed to target the mRNA encoding human CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), an HIV co-receptor. Results: The EGS variant was about 100-fold more efficient in inducing RNase P-mediated cleavage of the CCR5 mRNA sequence in vitro than a natural tRNA-derived EGS. Furthermore, the expressed variant and natural tRNA-originated EGSs decreased CCR5 expression by 98% and 73–77% and reduced infection by the CCR5-tropic HIVBa-L strain in cells by more than 900- and 50-fold, respectively. By contrast, cells expressing these EGSs exhibited no change in the expression of CXCR4, another HIV co-receptor, and showed no reduction in infection by the CXCR4-tropic HIVIIIB strain, which uses CXCR4 instead of CCR5 as the co-receptor. Thus, the EGSs specifically targeted CCR5 but not CXCR4. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that EGSs are effective and specific in diminishing HIV infection and represent a novel class of gene-targeting agents for anti-HIV therapy.
The Impact of Cyber Governance Quality on Dividend Policy in Mitigating Cybersecurity Breaches
Authors: Al-Mohareb Manar
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the relationship between cyber risks and dividend policy, as well as how boards, as a governance mechanism, affect the dividend policy under cyber risk. This study collected firm-level financing, corporate governance, and control variables from the Bloomberg database during the period 2013–2022. This paper measures of cyber risk through publicly available corporate disclosures on Form 10-K. The findings confirmed that cyber risks significantly impact dividend policy by posing challenges to corporate technical communication and financial transparency. Effective boards play a critical role in guiding companies toward governance strategies that enhance dividend policy and improve cybersecurity. This study involves policy and practical implications, where research findings suggest the need to strengthen regulatory frameworks that encourage the adoption of strong governance practices and advanced cybersecurity practices within companies. On the practical level, companies should adopt a proactive approach to managing cyber risks by enhancing investments in this area and developing flexible dividend policies.
STMSF: Swin Transformer with Multi-Scale Fusion for Remote Sensing Scene Classification
Authors: Duan Yingtao , Song Chao , Zhang Yifan , Cheng Puyu , Mei Shaohui
Published: February 2025

Emerging vision transformers (ViTs) are more powerful in modeling long-range dependences of features than conventional deep convolution neural networks (CNNs). Thus, they outperform CNNs in several computer vision tasks. However, existing ViTs fail to encounter the multi-scale characteristics of ground objects with various spatial sizes when they are applied to remote sensing (RS) scene images. Therefore, in this paper, a Swin transformer with multi-scale fusion (STMSF) is proposed to alleviate such an issue. Specifically, a multi-scale feature fusion module is proposed, so that features of ground objects at different scales in the RS scene can be well considered by merging multi-scale features. Moreover, a spatial attention pyramid network (SAPN) is designed to enhance the context of coarse features extracted with the transformer and further improve the network’s representation ability of multi-scale features. Experimental results over three benchmark RS scene datasets demonstrate that the proposed network obviously outperforms several state-of-the-art CNN-based and transformer-based approaches.