bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deutsch‐französische Beziehungen in der Naturwissenschaft
Authors: Schimank H.
Published: February 2013

Aus der Feder des bekannten Historikers der Physik, des Professors an der Hanseatischen Universität Hamburg Hans Schimank, geben wir anschließend einen Aufsatz wieder, der am 6. 12. 1943 in der „Pariser Zeitung”︁ erschienen ist. Prof. Schimank zeigt darin an einer Anzahl von Beispielen wechselseitige Beziehungen zwischen der Naturwissenschaft der beiden Völker. Wenn auch die Beziehungen zu einem Teil bis in die jüngste Vergangenheit reichen, so liegen doch die klassischen Beispiele, die Prof. Schimank anführt, vorwiegend in der Blütezeit der Nationen des vorigen Jahrhunderts. Es ist ein Wechselspiel der Kräfte, ähnlich und doch wieder anderer Art, als wir es heute zwischen Deutschland und Amerika erleben. Deutsche Forscher haben in Frankreich und durch französische Forscher Anregungen empfangen und haben diese Saat gepflegt, bis sie Frucht getragen hat zu unserem und zum Nutzen anderer Völker. Amerikanische Forscher und Techniker aber haben von uns gelernt und Anregungen empfangen. Sie haben erkannt, daß die Forschung einer der Wege ist, die zur Macht führen. Sie haben die empfangenen Anregungen mit der ihnen eigentümlichen technischen Stoßkraft ausgenutzt.
Forschung in Schweden
Authors: Brüche E.
Published: February 2013

Gelegentlich einer Vortragsreise nach Schweden hatte der Herausgeber Herbst 1943 Gelegenheit, sich ein eigenes Urteil über einige schwedische Forschungsstellen auf physikalisch‐technischem Gebiet zu bilden. Seine Ausführungen wurden in den Mitteilungen der Deutschen Handelskammer in Schweden vor dem auf S. 146 wiedergegebenen Beitrag von Sundström zum Abdruck gebracht.
Der mathematisch‐naturwissenschaftliche Unterricht in den letzten 100 Jahren
Authors: Friedrich Studienrat A.
Published: February 2013

Studienrat Friedrich, der als Schulphysiker in Aufsätzen der Fachzeitschriften meist Stoff aus der Wehrphysik für den Oberklassen‐Unterricht bearbeitet hat, zuletzt als Mitautor des Buches: „Physik in der Kriegsmarine”︁ hervorgetreten ist, leitet dieses Heft durch einen Ueberblick über das Entstehen und die Entwicklung des höheren Schulwesens in Deutschland ein. Es wird dabei für die Leser bemerkenswert sein, daß zwischen der Entwicklung der Physik und der des Schulwesens in Deutschland eine enge Parallele besteht, die sich ebenso im Aufstieg wie im Abstieg zeigt. Im ersten Drittel des vorigen Jahrhunderts begann der Aufstieg der deutschen Naturwissenschaften, Um dieselbe Zeit traten die ersten Realschulen dem alten Gymnasium an die Seite. Um 1905 erreichten die exakte Naturwissenschaft und die höheren Schulen dieser Richtung den Höhepunkt der Entwicklung. 1924 wird der Abstieg schon sehr deutlich. Die „Preußische Reform”︁ ist ein in unserem Sinne bedenkliches Zeichen einer neuen Zeit, in der die exakten Naturwissenschaften hinter anderen Gebieten zurücktreten.
Zum Luftwaffenhelfer‐Unterricht
Authors: Dehn E.
Published: February 2013

In den Blauen Blättern: „Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften im Unterricht”︁ Jg. 1944, S. 33 ist ein Aufruf des Schriftwalters dieser Blätter, Dr. Dehn, zum Abdruck gekommen, der sich an alle wendet, die Luftwaffen‐ und Marinehelfer naturwissenschaftlich und mathematisch unterrichten. Dieser Aufruf, der die Misere des Luftwaffenhelferunterrichts in Physik recht deutlich zu erkennen gibt, der aber auch Möglichkeiten zur Besserung zeigt, ist im folgenden wiedergegeben.
Phenol‐containing phthalonitrile polymers – synthesis, cure characteristics and laminate properties
Authors: Augustine Dhanya , Mathew Dona , Nair C.P. Reghunadhan
Published: February 2013

Novolac–phthalonitrile polymers bearing a controlled concentration of phthalonitrile groups were synthesized by condensation of novolac with 4‐nitrophthalonitrile. The cure characteristics monitored by DSC and rheometry indicated acceleration of the cure reaction by the phenolic groups. Fourier transform infrared analysis of the cured products indicated that the cure mechanism was dependent on the extent of phthalonitrile substitution. In phenol‐rich systems, evidence was obtained for the phenol‐mediated reaction of nitrile groups resulting in the formation of isoindoline groups. The phthalonitrile‐rich system underwent crosslinking through formation of triazine and phthalocyanine groups. The phenol groups in the phthalonitrile backbone were conducive to building a stronger interphase in their carbon composites, resulting in better mechanical properties. This was corroborated by morphological studies by SEM. However, these groups were detrimental to the thermal stability of the cured resins. The polymers exhibited very high flame retardancy which improved further on increasing the degree of phthalonitrilation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
From spots to beads—PTM‐peptide bead arrays for the characterization of anti‐histone antibodies
Authors: Heubach Yvonne , Planatscher Hannes , Sommersdorf Cornelia , Maisch Daniel , Maier Julia , Joos Thomas O. , Templin Markus F. , Poetz Oliver
Published: February 2013

Antibodies that recognize PTMs of histones play a central role in epigenetic proteomic research. Modification‐specific antibodies are employed in chromatin immunoprecipitation, for Western blotting and during the immunoprecipitation steps for MS‐based global proteomic analyses. Knowledge about the antibodies’ off‐target binding is essential for the interpretation of experimental data. To address this challenge we developed a fast and cost efficient system for generating peptide bead arrays. We employed this method to establish a bead‐based peptide array containing 384 peptides displaying phosphorylated, acetylated, methylated, and citrullinated N‐terminal regions of histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 and controls. We profiled the binding of 40 PTM‐specific antibodies important for epigenetic proteomic research.
Correlation of Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Thin Polymer Layers with Cobalt Nanoparticles
Authors: Kharchenko Andrej , Lukashevich Mikhail , Popok Vladimir , Khaibullin Rustam , Valeev Valerij , Bazarov Valerij , Petracic Oleg , Wieck Andreas , Odzhaev Vladimir
Published: February 2013

Nanoparticles (NPs) of cobalt are synthesized in shallow layers of polyimide using 40 keV implantation of Co+ ions with a few different fluences at various ion current densities. Nucleation of individual NPs at low fluencies and their percolation at high fluencies are crucial processes governing the electrical and magnetic properties of the metal/polymer nanocomposites that can be controlled by the implantation regimes. In particular, one can tune the magnetoresistance between negative and positive through appropriate choice of ion fluence and current density. The found non‐monotonous dependence of the magnetoresistance on the applied magnetic field allows suggestion of spin‐dependent domain wall scattering affecting the electron transport. The samples implanted with low fluencies demonstrate superparamagnetic behavior down to very low blocking temperatures. For high fluence (1.25 × 1017 cm−2) the transition to ferromagnetic ordering is observed that is related to the increased magnetic interaction of NPs.
Thermo‐Stimulable Wax@Water@SiO2 Multicore‐Shell Capsules
Authors: Depardieu Martin , Nollet Maxime , Destribats Mathieu , Schmitt Véronique , Backov Rénal
Published: February 2013

Complex wax@water@SiO2 multicore capsules are synthesized by combining sol‐gel process and formulation of wax‐in‐water‐in‐oil double emulsions. The inner direct wax‐in‐water emulsion is stabilized with modified silica nanoparticles using limited coalescence occurring in Pickering emulsions. In a second step, this obtained liquid dispersion is emulsified in poly‐dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a non ionic surfactant to stabilize the second water/oil interface. Finally, a sol‐gel process is employed to mineralize the as‐generated double emulsions giving rise to wax@water@SiO2 multicore capsules. Due to the wax volume expansion through melting, the as‐synthesized multicore capsules offer thermally stimulated release that is enhanced when surfactant is added in the surrounding continuous oil phase. In addition, the melted wax release can be tuned from a one‐step process to a more sequential dropping mode by varying the mineral precursor tetraethoxy‐orthosilane (TEOS) concentration in the oily phase during mineralization.
An infant with pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis: Clinical improvement is associated with improvement in the pulmonary diffusion capacity
Authors: Ehsan Zarmina , Montgomery Gregory S. , Tiller Christina , Kisling Jeffrey , Chang Daniel V. , Tepper Robert S.
Published: February 2013

Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG) is an idiopathic interstitial lung disease of infants. The underlying pulmonary pathophysiology of PIG has not been well characterized. Herein we report a term‐gestatation infant who presented with persistent tachypnea and hypoxia. A chest CT scan demonstrated a diffuse ground glass appearance and lung biopsy demonstrated increased alveolar septae cellularity with glycogen‐containing cells, consistent with a diagnosis of PIG. At 3 months of age, pulmonary function testing included: pre‐ and post‐bronchodilator forced expiratory flows using the raised‐volume technique and the ratio of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide to alveolar volume (DLCO/VA). He was prescribed 5 days of oral prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day) and pulmonary function testing (PFT) was repeated at 5, 13, and 20 months of age. Initial PFTs demonstrated reduced forced vital capacity (FVC: Z‐score = −2.36) and an increased ratio of forced expiratory volume in 0.5 sec to FVC (FEV0.5/FVC: Z‐score = 1.15) with no significant change following an inhaled bronchodilator. There was also a marked reduction in DLCO/VA (Z‐score = −4.74) compared to age‐matched controls. Follow‐up demonstrated progressive clinical improvement as well as an increase in Z‐FVC and normalization of DLCO/VA. Our in vivo physiological findings are consistent with previous reports that symptom resolution correlated with histological thinning of the alveolar septae upon repeat lung biopsy. The restrictive lung disease we observed is consistent with expected reduced compliance of an alveolar interstitial lung process like PIG, whereas the absence of a reduction in FEV0.5/FVC confirms the absence of obstructive airway disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E17–E20. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cystic fibrosis in a Hispanic adolescent
Authors: Lin Jenny H. , Collaco Joseph M. , Paranjape Shruti M.
Published: February 2013

We describe the presentation of a Hispanic adolescent with chronic respiratory symptoms and poor growth that led to a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) based on an indeterminate sweat chloride result and DNA sequence analysis that revealed a single new frameshift mutation, Nt3878insATCAG, which results in a premature stop codon in exon 20 of the CFTR gene. This case, highlighted by the identification of a deleterious, disease‐causing mutation, illustrates the importance of maintaining both a high clinical suspicion for CF and low threshold for obtaining genetic testing in a non‐Caucasian Hispanic adolescent with a characteristic clinical presentation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E40–E41. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of novel wheeze phenotypes using longitudinal airway function and atopic sensitization data in the first 6 years of life: Evidence from the Southampton Women's survey
Authors: Collins Samuel A. , Pike Katharine C. , Inskip Hazel M. , Godfrey Keith M. , Roberts Graham , Holloway John W. , Lucas Jane S.A. ,   the Southampton Women's Survey Study Group
Published: February 2013

Background

In 1995 the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study (TCRS) identified clinically distinct phenotypes amongst early wheezers; the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents And Children (ALSPAC) has recently re‐examined these.

Objectives

To validate statistically derived ALSPAC phenotypes in the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS) using infant and 6‐year lung function, and allergic sensitization at 1, 3, and 6 years, comparing these with TCRS phenotypes.

Methods

Complete 6‐year follow‐up data were available for 926 children, selected from 1,973 infants born to 12,579 women characterized pre‐conception. Ninety‐five children had V'maxFRC and FEV0.4 measured age 5–14 weeks using rapid compression/raised volume techniques. At 6 years we performed spirometry (n = 791), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO, n = 589) and methacholine challenge (n = 234). Skin prick testing was performed at 12m, 3 and 6 years (n = 1,494, 1,255, 699, respectively). Using wheeze status questionnaire data at 6m, 12m, 2, 3 and 6 years we classified children into TCRS (never, transient early, persistent, late‐onset) and ALSPAC based groups (never, early, transient, intermediate‐onset, late‐onset, persistent).

Results

Amongst ALSPAC groups, persistent and late‐onset wheeze were associated with atopy at 3 and 6 years, whilst intermediate‐onset wheeze showed earlier atopic association at 1 year; all three were associated with FeNO at 6 years. Persistent wheezers had lower infant (V'maxFRC P < 0.05) and 6‐year lung function (FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25–75, P < 0.05), whilst late and intermediate‐onset wheezers showed no lung function deficits. Transient wheezers were non‐atopic but showed persistent lung function deficits (V'maxFRC in infancy, FEV1 and FEF25–75 at 6 years, all P < 0.05). Those who wheezed only in the first year (early phenotype) showed no lung function deficits. No associations were seen with 6 years bronchial hyper‐responsiveness or infancy FEV0.4.

Conclusion

SWS cohort data validates the statistically derived ALSPAC six‐class model. In particular, lung function and atopy successfully differentiate persistent, late‐onset and intermediate‐onset wheeze, whilst the Tucson “transient early” wheeze phenotype can be sub‐classified into groups that reflect early lung function. Since the 4‐class model fails to adequately differentiate phenotypes based on lung function and atopy, we propose that strong consideration be given to using the 6‐class paradigm for longitudinal outcome work in wheezing with onset in early life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:683–692. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exhaled breath condensate in pediatric asthma: Promising new advance or pouring cold water on a lot of hot air? A systematic review
Authors: Thomas P.S. , Lowe A.J. , Samarasinghe P. , Lodge C.J. , Huang Y. , Abramson M.J. , Dharmage S.C. , Jaffe A.
Published: February 2013

Background

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis is a simple non‐invasive technique that allows repeated collection of breath samples with a minimum of inconvenience for the subject. These breath samples can potentially indicate lung disease activity and given the ease of collection, EBC is becoming a useful research tool in the study of respiratory diseases. It has the potential to be used in both population‐based studies and in the context of pediatric asthma it may prove useful in diagnosis and monitoring.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted to identify studies of EBC markers in childhood asthma.

Results

Most of the studies were cross‐sectional in design, and the results suggest that simple chemical entities such as hydrogen ions (as pH), hydrogen peroxide, and oxides of nitrogen are associated with pediatric allergic asthma and exacerbations. In addition, more complex molecules including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cytokines such as the interleukins IL‐4 and IL‐5 are also elevated in the breath of those with asthma.

Conclusion

EBC has the potential to aid diagnosis, and to evaluate the inflammatory status of asthmatic children. Future studies may be able to refine further how best to collect EBC samples, to interpret them, and the technique has the potential to allow repeated sampling which will allow studies of natural history, pathogenesis and response to treatment to be undertaken. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:419–442. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical Aspects of Storage Tank Loss Prevention
Authors: Huang Szu‐Ying , Mannan M. Sam
Published: February 2013

Storage tanks are the most common chemical containing vessels within the process industries. There have been many accidents associated within storage tank (material deficiency, structure design failures, operation error etc.) or among storage areas throughout the history. Both human error and natural disasters can result in devastating incidents for tanks that are usually kept outdoors under weather influences, as well as the tank bodies and accessories are poorly designed, abused, or are not effectively inspected and maintained. There are potential hazards which must be assessed carefully before construction, during operation, and after shutdown of any storage areas including hazardous or flammable chemicals.

This article offers an overview of the tank and tank farm with significant incident causes about aboveground tank design failures, operation problems, and maintenance issues, with the relating discussion about the implementation of process safety management and regulations. Also, some innovative storage unit technologies including groundings, roof design, safer filling procedures, and tank fire mitigation systems are introduced to give a proper information session to help industry understand the tank hazards and implement adequate actions to prevent incidents and losses. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 32: 28–36, 2013
A Focus on Fire Fundamentals Including Emergency Response Training at the National Fire Agency in Taiwan
Authors: Willey Ronald J. , Hsiao Jack Huan‐Chang , Sanders Roy E. , Kossoy Arcady , Shu Chi‐Min
Published: February 2013

This article reflects on process safety fundamentals of fires and explosions for the benefit of new professionals entering the field. It provides a brief review of fire fundamentals such as the fire triangle and the respect that must be paid to the unknown ignition source. Various control methods are reviewed at the elementary level, including the reminder that the ignition source is always free. After a review of fire fundamentals, an emergency response training exercise is presented for a burning propane fire witnessed at a training facility in Taiwan. The National Fire Agency of Taiwan has built the third largest emergency response‐training center in the world. The 270 acres facility is located in central Taiwan near Taichung, Taiwan. The site has 49 separate emergency response training scenarios. Scenario pads include training for fire attack on mock‐ups of chemical storage facilities, tanker trucks, power transformers, passenger airliners, and shipping vessels. Overall, this article serves as a reminder of the safe guards used in fire safety and the importance of training beforehand in the event of an emergency. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 32: 2–7, 2013
French vineyards provide information that opens ways for effective resistance management of Botrytis cinerea (grey mould)
Authors: Walker Anne‐Sophie , Micoud Annie , Rémuson Florent , Grosman Jacques , Gredt Michel , Leroux Pierre
Published: February 2013

Resistance to fungicides is an evolutionary process resulting from the selection of advantageous genotypes in naturally diverse populations. Seven fungicide modes of action are authorised to control grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea on grapevine in France, and five of them have encountered specific resistance, with variable frequencies in populations and possible consequences for field fungicide efficacy. Moreover, multidrug resistance is caused by fungicide efflux and allows a weak resistance towards six unrelated modes of action. Here, a review is given of the fungicide resistance status of B. cinerea in France, particularly in the vineyards of Champagne, which are the most affected. Recently developed resistance and recent findings concerning the associated resistance mechanisms are focused upon in particular. Finally, antiresistance strategies are presented, and examples of managed resistance are discussed in a more general manner with the aim of extending this knowledge to other crops and countries undergoing similar resistance problems. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Suboptimal control on metformin and sulfonylurea: what next?
Authors: Othonos Nantia , Abbas Afroze
Published: February 2013

The authors consider the options available in the management of patients who remain over HbA1c target despite first‐ and second‐line treatment with metformin and a sulfonylurea.
Vitamin D deficiency: current approaches to management
Authors: Bondugulapati LN Rao , Harvey John
Published: February 2013

Vitamin D deficiency is common in the UK, the prevalence may be increasing and it often goes unrecognised. The authors discuss current vitamin D serum levels used in diagnosis and the recommended treatment of a range of conditions.
Magnetostrictive Fe–Ga alloy strips with a preferred orientation for lamination actuators
Authors: Na Suok‐Min , Passel Andrew , Downey Patrick , Flatau Alison
Published: February 2013

Fe–Ga alloys (Galfenol) are attractive for use in magnetostrictive actuators and sensors. We investigate attributes of thin strips of rolled sheet Galfenol containing NbC particles and demonstrate their suitability for incorporation in the construction of laminated actuator devices. Most quenched samples after annealing showed high magnetostriction and good flatness. A maximum value of 183 ppm was obtained in samples annealed at 1250 °C for 2 h in rolled (Fe0.81Ga0.19)99(NbC)1alloy.

We examine the magnetostriction response of a second alloy, (Fe0.81Ga0.19)99.5(NbC)0.5, and find it is relatively flat over a range of annealing temperature and time, and has a peak value of 132 ppm. We also assess the dynamic response of a 51‐mm‐long laminated rod of the (Fe0.81Ga0.19)99.5(NbC)0.5quenched sheets. It exhibited reduced impedance roll‐off with increasing frequency relative to that of a solid Galfenol rod and produced fairly constant dynamic strains up to 200 Hz, while strain in the solid rod rolled off at ∼20 Hz.
GaAs n‐i‐p‐i solar cells with ion implanted selective contacts
Authors: Royall B. , Mazzucato S. , Ketlhwaafetse R. M. , Balkan N. , Puustinen J. , Guina M. , Smith A. J.
Published: February 2013

A GaAs n‐i‐p‐i doping solar cell with ion implanted selective contacts is grown, fabricated and investigated by spectral response and AM1.5G current‐voltage (I‐V) measurements. The device, whose active region consists of 4 layers of horizontal doping alternating n–p‐n‐p, is grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Electrical connection to layers in the middle of the device is achieved by creating vertical layers of p+ and n+ type doping by ion implantation of Mg and Si, respectively. The implants are 10 µm wide and spaced 100 µm apart. By carefully selecting the energies of the ions, the implants are kept away from the surface of the device, so that standard front/back contacts to be used. Spectral response measurements suggest that all layers of the device contribute to the photocurrent effectively. The device achieves Jsc = 12.9 mA/cm2 and Voc = 0.189 V for the AM1.5G 1 sun solar spectrum. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Operational assimilation of ozone‐sensitive infrared radiances at ECMWF
Authors: Dragani Rossana , McNally Antony P.
Published: February 2013

ECMWF has been assimilating ozone‐sensitive infrared (IR/O3) radiances from AIRS, IASI, and HIRS in its operational system since November 2011. We present a detailed assessment of the value of assimilating these observations, as well as the steps that have been taken to successfully merge the infrared information with that provided by ozone products retrieved from UV sensors. In general, the assimilation of the IR/O3radiances improves the agreement between the ozone analyses and independent ozone data from MLS and sondes, especially in the UTLS and at high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere winter. However, blending the information provided by the IR/O3radiances with that provided by UV instruments can lead in certain circumstances to a degradation of the ozone analyses in the region of the ozone maximum, particularly at midlatitudes in the summer hemisphere. It is shown that this problem can be alleviated by providing the assimilation system with height‐resolved ozone information. The assessment of one‐year long assimilation experiments has shown some additional problems in the ozone analyses related to a slow drift of adaptive observation bias correction over time. Previously, just two uncorrected infrared channels (one from AIRS and one from IASI) were used to stabilise (anchor) the bias correction of all other ozone observations against the influence of model systematic error. However, it has been found that their influence (limited primarily to the UTLS) was not sufficient to constrain the ozone assimilation system as a whole (i.e. the total column) over longer time‐scales of several months to a year. This issue has been addressed by using additional anchoring observations to constrain the time evolution of the bias correction.
Embodied cognition
Authors: Foglia Lucia , Wilson Robert A.
Published: February 2013

Traditional views in philosophy of mind and cognitive science depict the mind as an information processor, one whose connections with the body and the world are of little theoretical importance. On the contrary, mounting empirical evidence shows that bodily states and modality‐specific systems for perception and action underlie information processing, and that embodiment contributes to various aspects and effects of mental phenomena. This article will briefly review and discuss some of this evidence and what it implies. By challenging mainstream accounts of mind and cognition, embodiment views offer new ways of conceptualizing knowledge and suggest novel perspectives on cognitive variation and mind‐body reductionism. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:319–325. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1226

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
The plume spreading in the MADE transport experiment: Could it be predicted by stochastic models?
Authors: Fiori A. , Dagan G. , Jankovic I. , Zarlenga A.
Published: February 2013

Key Points

A semi‐analytical transport model is applied to the MADE experiment

The parameters are derived from literature, and no fitting was required

Results suggest that advection may explain the MADE plume behavior
A new approach to account for fracture aperture variability when modeling solute transport in fracture networks
Authors: Larsson Martin , Odén Magnus , Niemi Auli , Neretnieks Ivars , Tsang Chin‐Fu
Published: February 2013

Key Points

Simple method includes effect of aperture variability in fracture network models

Fracture variability lessens matrix diffusion & retardation of solute transport

Quadratic relationship for flow‐wetted surface and median solute arrival time
Tuberculosis: Experience in a Low Endemic Area Australian Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Gill Preetjote , Coatsworth Nicholas R. , Gundara Justin S. , Hugh Thomas J. , Samra Jaswinder S.
Published: February 2013

Background

Abdominal tuberculosis (ATB) poses a significant diagnostic, management, and resource challenge. In Australia, an increasing number of tuberculosis (TB) cases are being reported, and we describe our experience of ATB in an Australian tertiary institution.

Methods

All diagnosed cases of tuberculosis (TB) at the Royal North Shore tertiary hospital campus of the University of Sydney are entered prospectively into a central registry. Cases of ATB encountered between September 1991 and November 2011 were identified and retrospectively reviewed.

Results

In all, 841 cases of TB were identified, of which 20 were abdominal (2.4 %). Median age at presentation was 34 years (range: 22–79 years), and 55 % of patients were women. None of the patients were born in Australia and 11 patients were of South Asian origin. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (65 %). Diagnosis was based primarily on histology (90 % sensitivity), and the sensitivity of PCR analysis in this series was low (44 %). Eleven of the patients required laparoscopy or laparotomy. 40 % of cases involved the peritoneum, and disease was also seen in solid organs (liver, spleen, pancreas, adrenal gland) and bowel (esophagus, small bowel, colon).

Conclusions

In our local experience ATB was seen exclusively in the immigrant population. The presentation of ATB varies greatly, necessitating a high index of suspicion within the context of abdominal symptoms in high‐risk groups. The role of surgical involvement is indispensable for both diagnosis and management of ATB‐related complications. Surgeons should remain mindful of the diagnosis in an age of increasing worldwide incidence.
Age and gender differences in coping style across various problems: Omani adolescents' perspective
Authors: Al‐Bahrani Muna , Aldhafri Said , Alkharusi Hussain , Kazem Ali , Alzubiadi Abdulqawi
Published: February 2013

This study examines adolescents' coping styles, with relation to their gender and age and level, of six types of problems. The participants were 1843 adolescents (51.7% female and 48.3% male) from the Sultanate of Oman with a mean age of 15.75. Two scales examining general adaptive and maladaptive coping styles and levels of school, economic, personal, health, family, and emotional problems were administered. The findings showed that adolescents' high levels of perceived problems were associated with higher levels of maladaptive coping styles than those with low levels of problems. Furthermore, female adolescents seem to use maladaptive coping styles (across all levels of the six types of problems) more than males. The use of adaptive and maladaptive coping styles increase with age.
Tumor suppressor protein VHL inhibits Hedgehog–Gli activation through suppression of Gli1 nuclear localization
Authors: Cho Hyun Kook , Kim So Young , Kim Kook Hwan , Kim Hyeong Hoe , Cheong JaeHun
Published: February 2013

VHL
physically interacts with
GLI1
by pull down (View interaction)
Transcriptional activation of the Prox1 gene by HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α in response to hypoxia
Authors: Zhou Bisheng , Si Wenxia , Su Zhenhong , Deng Wenbin , Tu Xin , Wang Qing
Published: February 2013

Prox1 encodes a homeobox transcription factor critical to organ development, but its regulation is poorly understood. Here, we show that Prox1 expression is induced by hypoxia, and controlled by a hypoxia‐response element (HRE) at the Prox1 promoter/regulatory region and HIF‐1α/HIF‐2α. EMSA and ChIP assays demonstrated the direct interaction of the HRE with HIF‐1α or HIF‐2α. Overexpression of HIF‐1α or HIF‐2α increased activation of the Prox1 promoter, whereas knockdown of HIF‐1α or HIF‐2α inhibited the activation. These data reveal a novel molecular mechanism for regulation of Prox1 expression in response to hypoxia and provide new insights into Prox1‐controlled processes such as lymphangiogenesis.
Striking stabilization of Rana catesbeiana ribonuclease 3 by guanidine hydrochloride
Authors: Solé Magali , Brandt Wolfgang , Arnold Ulrich
Published: February 2013

Unfolding by chemical denaturants and the linear extrapolation method are widely used to determine the free energy of proteins. Ribonuclease 3 from bullfrog shows an extraordinary behavior in guanidinium hydrochloride in comparison to its homologues ribonuclease A and onconase with a high transition midpoint of denaturation but an apparently low cooperativity. The analysis of the interdependence of thermal, urea‐, and guanidine hydrochloride‐induced unfolding revealed that whereas addition of urea resulted in the expected destabilization of all three proteins, guanidine hydrochloride acted diversely: in contrast to ribonuclease A and onconase, both of which were destabilized as expected, low concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride significantly stabilize ribonuclease 3 from bullfrog. This stabilizing effect was endorsed by in silico docking studies.
Inflammatory response of microglial BV‐2 cells includes a glycolytic shift and is modulated by mitochondrial glucose‐regulated protein 75/mortalin
Authors: Voloboueva Ludmila A. , Emery John F. , Sun Xiaoyun , Giffard Rona G.
Published: February 2013

Recent studies suggest a link between mitochondria and proinflammatory cytokine generation. We previously demonstrated that overexpression of mitochondrial chaperone glucose‐regulated protein75 (Grp75/mortalin) protects mitochondria. In this study we investigated the modulation of the lipopolisaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory response of microglial BV‐2 cells by Grp75. We demonstrate that LPS‐induced activation promotes significant metabolic changes suppressing mitochondrial function and increasing glycolysis. Overexpression of Grp75 attenuates the LPS‐induced oxidative and metabolic responses, and suppresses proinflammatory activation, which depends on both NF‐κB activation and lactate. Thus overexpression of Grp75 provides a novel strategy to modulate proinflammatory cytokine production of relevance to inflammation‐associated pathologies.
The heme‐copper oxidase superfamily shares a Zn2+‐binding motif at the entrance to a proton pathway
Authors: Lee Hyun Ju , Ädelroth Pia
Published: February 2013

Heme‐copper oxidases (HCuOs) catalyse the reduction of oxygen, using the liberated free energy to maintain a proton‐motive force across the membrane. In the mitochondrial‐like A‐type HCuOs, binding of heavy metal ions at the surface of the protein inhibits proton transfer. In bacterial C‐type oxidases, the entry point to the proton pathway is on an accessory subunit unrelated to any subunit in A‐type HCuOs. Despite this, we show here that heavy metal ions such as Zn2+ inhibit O2‐reduction very similarly in C‐type as in A‐type HCuOs, and furthermore that the binding site shares the same Glu‐His motif.
Are drumlins a product of a thermo-mechanical instability?
Authors: Hooke Roger LeB. , Medford Aaron
Published: February 2013

Of numerous theories of drumlin genesis, none has been widely accepted. It seems evident, however, that some form of positive feedback process is involved. Under certain circumstances perturbations are amplified. Herein we suggest that patchy areas of frozen bed provide the initial perturbation. Such frozen patches may occur in local areas underlain by material of lower thermal conductivity or on slight topographic highs. Drag exerted by the frozen patch deflects ice flow into its lee, dragging with it mobile till eroded from the thawed area. The energy balance is such that this till likely refreezes, either producing a topographic perturbation or amplifying an existing one. The resulting topography then deflects more of the geothermal heat away from the developing hill and into the adjacent trough, resulting in a positive feedback. Once the thermal perturbation exceeds a critical (though as yet undefined) level, melting may decouple the ice from the bed, preventing further entrainment of till from thawed areas, and thus limiting the height and length of the drumlin.
Nonlinear mushy-layer convection with chimneys: stability and optimal solute fluxes
Authors: Wells Andrew J. , Wettlaufer J. S. , Orszag Steven A.
Published: February 2013

We model buoyancy-driven convection with chimneys – channels of zero solid fraction – in a mushy layer formed during directional solidification of a binary alloy in two dimensions. A large suite of numerical simulations is combined with scaling analysis in order to study the parametric dependence of the flow. Stability boundaries are calculated for states of finite-amplitude convection with chimneys, which for a narrow domain can be interpreted in terms of a modified Rayleigh number criterion based on the domain width and mushy-layer permeability. For solidification in a wide domain with multiple chimneys, it has previously been hypothesized that the chimney spacing will adjust to optimize the rate of removal of potential energy from the system. For a wide variety of initial liquid concentration conditions, we consider the detailed flow structure in this optimal state and derive scaling laws for how the flow evolves as the strength of convection increases. For moderate mushy-layer Rayleigh numbers these flow properties support a solute flux that increases linearly with Rayleigh number. This behaviour does not persist indefinitely, however, with porosity-dependent flow saturation resulting in sublinear growth of the solute flux for sufficiently large Rayleigh numbers. Finally, we consider the influence of the porosity dependence of permeability, with a cubic function and a Carman–Kozeny permeability yielding qualitatively similar system dynamics and flow profiles for the optimal states.
Natural logarithms
Authors: McKeon B. J.
Published: February 2013

Marusic et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 716, 2013, R3) show the first clear evidence of universal logarithmic scaling emerging naturally (and simultaneously) in the mean velocity and the intensity of the streamwise velocity fluctuations about that mean in canonical turbulent flows near walls. These observations represent a significant advance in understanding of the behaviour of wall turbulence at high Reynolds number, but perhaps the most exciting implication of the experimental results lies in the agreement with the predictions of such scaling from a model introduced by Townsend (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 11, 1961, pp. 97–120), commonly termed the attached eddy hypothesis. The elegantly simple, yet powerful, study by Marusic et al. should spark further investigation of the behaviour of all fluctuating velocity components at high Reynolds numbers and the outstanding predictions of the attached eddy hypothesis.
Using Samples of Unequal Length in Generalized Method of Moments Estimation
Authors: Lynch Anthony W. , Wachter Jessica A.
Published: February 2013

This paper describes estimation methods, based on the generalized method of moments (GMM), applicable in settings where time series have different starting or ending dates. We introduce two estimators that are more efficient asymptotically than standard GMM. We apply these to estimating predictive regressions in international data and show that the use of the full sample affects inference for assets with data available over the full period as well as for assets with data available for a subset of the period. Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate that reductions hold for small-sample standard errors as well as asymptotic ones.
Vernacular Publics and Political Modernity: Language and Progress in Colonial South India
Authors: MANTENA RAMA SUNDARI
Published: February 2013

The late-nineteenth century in India, usually scrutinized for the emergence of anti-colonial nationalist thought and politics, witnessed broader, and potentially more radical changes in the making and re-making of political subjectivities as articulated within burgeoning vernacular public spheres. Vernacular publics coalesced around the emergence of new communicative forms, the formation of voluntary and political associations, and the restructuring of literary communities. It is within this context I place the writings of Gidugu Venkata Ramamurti (1863–1940). He proclaimed at the turn of the twentieth century that Telugu as a language had to be reformed in order for it to become an appropriate medium for the newly emergent Telugu public spheres. Through his study of linguistics, his commitment to educational reform, and his study of Telugu language and literature, Ramamurti became the spokesperson for a new Telugu that would be able to traverse the boundaries of modern genres of writing that flourished in the colonial era. Fully immersed in linguistic theories of the day, Ramamurti's concerns were primarily with language reform and its centrality in the remaking of political subjectivities.

‘In this era there is an important challenge facing us. There is no Telugu word for ‘challenge,’ nevertheless, the word, ‘dhikaaramu’ or defiance, comes close. For that reason, I am calling this era, ‘dhikaara yugamu,’ the age of defiance. In the past, society was divided between free people and the enslaved. Soon, the enslaved defied the power of the free and freed themselves. In the past, women were not allowed to be educated nor were they allowed to work. Now they are asking themselves why they were not considered more productive in society? These days, women are performing all kinds of work. . . .Until recently, in most countries the wealthy held power. And now the poor are challenging the power of the rich’.1
Between dominance and decline: status anxiety and great power rivalry
Authors: ONEA TUDOR A.
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the role of status considerations in the response of dominant powers to the rise of emergent states. Accordingly, the hypothesis explored is that dominant actors are prone to fear that they will lose their upper rank, and, due to this status anxiety, resist the efforts of emergent powers to match or surpass them. The article begins by explaining why political actors deem status important and puts forward a theory of status anxiety in world politics. The more pronounced is this anxiety across status dimensions (economic and military capabilities as well as prestige), the higher the likelihood of conflict. This argument is then tested against competing theories of dominant power behaviour in two cases: the relations between France and Britain from the 1740s to Napoleon and those between Britain and Germany from the 1880s to World War One.
Securitisation and Diego Garcia
Authors: SALTER MARK B. , MUTLU CAN E.
Published: February 2013

To advance the on-going debate on Securitisation Theory (ST), we argue that the important questions of audience and attention can be addressed through careful historical study. In an analysis of the securitising moves concerning the American military base on Diego Garcia, we are able to demonstrate that the Copenhagen and Paris Schools are not methodologically incompatible, and empirically that public attention for security issues has a tendency to dissipate without continual discursive investment.
Bio-inspired backlash reduction of a low-cost robotic joint using closed-loop-commutated stepper motors
Authors: Veres József , Cserey György , Szederkényi Gábor
Published: February 2013

The majority of current robotic joints are primarily actuated by rotational mechanisms. These electrical drives have substantially different features than the features found in human muscular systems. This paper presents a cost-effective solution to the backlash of a phenomenon known to cause positioning errors and other undesirable dynamic effects in drives. These errors are particularly pronounced when relatively major changes appear in the pre-load conditions of the motor such as in the case of a robotic leg or arm with a high degree of freedom. Current solutions require an accurate time-varying model of drives that is not available in the majority of practical cases. Therefore, in this paper a digitally controlled mechanical solution is proposed which is inspired by the human flexor–extensor mechanism. The idea is to construct an antagonistic actuator pair analogous to the flexor and extensor muscles. In order to obtain good control performance even in the low-speed range, permanent magnet stepper motors were chosen as actuators that are commutated in a digitally closed-loop fashion. The operation of the controlled structure has been verified in a real experimental environment where measurements showed good results and match with previous simulations.
The Spirit of the Sword and Spear
Authors: Pearce Mark
Published: February 2013

From the Norse sagas or the Arthurian cycles, we are used to the concept that the
warrior's weapon has an identity, a name. In this article I shall ask whether some
prehistoric weapons also had an identity. Using case studies of La Tène swords, early
Iron Age central and southern Italian spearheads and middle and late Bronze Age type
Boiu and type Sauerbrunn swords, I shall argue that prehistoric weapons could indeed
have an identity and that this has important implications for their biographies,
suggesting that they may have been conserved as heirlooms or exchanged as prestige
gifts for much longer than is generally assumed, which in turn impacts our
understanding of the deposition of weapons in tombs, where they may have had a
‘guardian spirit’ function.
Temporality and the Transition to Cremation in the Late Third Millennium to Mid Second Millennium bc in Britain
Authors: Appleby Jo
Published: February 2013

Time and temporality have been at the centre of a number of accounts of burial practices in the Bronze Age of Britain in the last twenty years. Up to now, however, the temporality of practice has been taken as an indication of past understandings of time and/or the ancestors. In this article I wish to argue that the temporality of mortuary practices was not merely reflective of understandings of time, but in fact was constitutive of them, and that through the changing temporality of mortuary practices, people's engagement with monuments themselves was changed. These changing temporalities were driven by the transition from inhumation to cremation as the dominant mode of disposal of the dead. By invoking chaînes opératoires for each mode, I will demonstrate the underlying similarities and differences of the two rites, showing how cremation led to a fundamental change in the temporality of mortuary behaviour, and as such created new understandings of funerary monuments and place.
Single-stage surgical repair of a complex pathology in Williams syndrome
Authors: Feng Tong , Zhi-Qiang Li , Ying-Long Liu
Published: February 2013

Williams syndrome is caused by a gene deletion of chromosome 7. A majority of the cases are sporadic with typical facial appearance, cardiac anomalies, and mental retardation. We report a rare case of Williams syndrome associated with supravalvular aortic stenosis, subvalvular aortic membrane, mitral regurgitation, aortic coarctation, and patent ductus arteriosus. The patient had undergone a single-stage surgical repair with satisfactory results at 5 months of follow-up.
Catheter interventions in the staged management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Reinhardt Zdenka , De Giovanni Joseph , Stickley John , Bhole Vinay K. , Anderson Benjamin , Murtuza Bari , Mehta Chetan , Miller Paul , Dhillon Rami , Stumper Oliver
Published: February 2013

Aim

To analyse the current practice and contribution of catheter interventions in the staged management of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Methods

This study is a retrospective case note review of 527 patients undergoing staged Norwood/Fontan palliation at a single centre between 1993 and 2010. Indications and type of catheter interventions were reviewed over a median follow-up period of 7.5 years.

Results

A staged Norwood/Fontan palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome was performed in 527 patients. The 30-day survival rate after individual stages was 76.5% at Stage I, 96.3% at Stage II, and 99.4% at Stage III. A total of 348 interventions were performed in 189 out of 527 patients. Freedom from catheter intervention in survivors was 58.2% before Stage II and 46.7% before Stage III. Kaplan–Meier freedom from intervention post Fontan completion was 55% at 10.8 years of follow-up. Post-stage I interventions were mostly directed to relieve aortic arch obstruction – 84 balloon angioplasties – and augment pulmonary blood flow – 15 right ventricle-to-pulmonary conduit interventions; post-Stage II interventions centred on augmenting size of the left pulmonary artery – 73 procedures and abolishing systemic venous collaterals – 32 procedures. After Stage III, the focus was on manipulating the size of the fenestration – 42 interventions – and the left pulmonary artery −31 procedures.

Conclusion

Interventional cardiac catheterisation constitutes an integral part in the staged palliative management of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Over one-third (37%) of patients undergoing staged palliation required catheter intervention over the follow-up period.