bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Plant Sesquiterpene Diversity by Generating Chemical Networks
Authors: Silva Waldeyr , Andersen Jakob , Holanda Maristela , Walter Maria Emília , Brigido Marcelo , Stadler Peter , Flamm Christoph
Published: March 2019

Plants produce a diverse portfolio of sesquiterpenes that are important in their response to herbivores and the interaction with other plants. Their biosynthesis from farnesyl diphosphate depends on the sesquiterpene synthases. Here, we investigate to what extent metabolic pathways can be reconstructed just from knowledge of the final product and the reaction mechanisms catalyzed by sesquiterpene synthases. We use the software package MedØlDatschgerl (MØD) to generate chemical networks and elucidate pathways contained in them. As examples, we successfully consider the reachability of the important plant sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and β-farnesene. We also introduce a graph database to integrate simulation results with experimental biological evidence for selected predicted sesquiterpenes biosynthesis.
Designing a Sandwich Aircraft Spoiler with Lattice Structure Cores
Authors: Ou Haifeng , Liu Jie , He Junfeng , Pang Zufeng , Zhang Yonghui , Wei Wei , Wang Hongxin , Zhao Gang , Wen Guilin
Published: March 2019

By combing continuum topology optimization (TO) method and lattice structure technique, a sandwich aircraft spoiler with a high stiffness-to-weight is designed. TO method is served to produce the shell of the aircraft spoiler and the lattice structure, used as cores, is employed to support the shell. TO problem is established as maximizing the stiffness of the structure with limited material volume. Density-based method is utilized to achieve a 0/1 solution. We then empirically replace the core of the aircraft spoiler by using 3D kagome lattice structure. Two different materials, i.e., aluminum alloy and titanium alloy, are synthetically applied to further reduce the weight and simultaneously improve the strength of the aircraft spoiler. Numerical simulations are conducted to show that the designed aircraft spoiler can meet the service environment with a reduction of its weight by approximately 80% when compared with that of the initial design model. Finally, we have fabricated the designed model with photosensitive resin by using 3D printing technique.
Miscanthus x giganteus Stem versus Leaf-derived Lignins Differing in Monolignol Ratio and Linkage
Authors: Bergs Michel , Völkering Georg , Kraska Thorsten , Pude Ralf , Do Xuan Tung , Kusch Peter , Monakhova Yulia , Konow Christopher , Schulze Margit
Published: March 2019

As a renewable industrial crop, Miscanthus offers numerous advantages, namely high photosynthesis activity (as a C4 plant) and exceptional CO2 fixation rate. These properties make Miscanthus very attractive for industrial exploitation, such as lignin generation. Here, we present a systematic study analyzing the correlation of the lignin structure with Miscanthus genotype and plant portion (stem versus leaf). Specifically, the ratio of the three monolignols and corresponding building blocks as well as the linkages formed between the units have been studied. Depending on the Miscanthus genotype and plant component (leaf versus stem), correlations between chemical structure and properties of the lignins have been determined, i.e. correlations in molecular weight, polydispersity and decomposition temperature. Lignin isolation was performed using non-catalyzed organosolv pulping and the structure analysis includes NREL, FTIR, UV-Vis, HSQC-NMR, TGA, pyrolysis GC/MS. Structural differences were found for stem and leaf-derived lignins. Compared to beech wood lignins, Miscanthus lignins possess lower molecular weight and narrow polydispersities (< 1.5 Miscanthus vs. > 2.5 beech) corresponding to improved homogeneity. In addition to conventional univariate analysis of FTIR spectra, multivariate chemometrics revealed distinct differences for aromatic in-plane deformations of stem versus leaf-derived lignins. These results emphasize the potential of Miscanthus as low-input resource and Miscanthus-derived lignin as promising agricultural feedstock.
Determinants of Domestic Savings Mobilization Among the Rural Poor: The contribution of Table Banking in Kenya
Authors: Kimosop Joyce , Cheboi Josephat
Published: March 2019

This study examined the determinants of domestic savings mobilization among the rural poor in Uasin-Gishu county, Kenya. The general notion is that the subsistence farmers are too poor to save. This seems to be unfounded given the fact that they are general excluded from formal financial services and studies on poverty in the country show that the average propensity of the rural households to save is higher than the national average. What are the factors which motivate small scale farmers to save? The study was conducted on 446 table banking groups under the aegis of JOYWO, a table banking grouping in Kenya. Data was collected using structured questionnaires from members of groups under the umbrella of JOYWO. The findings of the study indicates that household income had a positive and significant effect on savings mobilization while dependency ratio had a negative and significant effect on savings mobilization. Household size was not significant. The results point to the need to expose the rural poor to informal savings and financing models expected to enhance income generating capabilities of the rural poor and lower the level dependency through government welfare funding for senior citizens and essential services for the young.
Etymology of Folk Nomenclatures for Sphenostysis stenocarpa (Hoechst ex A. Rich) Harms
Authors: Nnamani Catherine V. , Atkinson Christopher J. , Nwite Joel E.
Published: March 2019

Folk nomenclature is habitually established for species that have attained high utilitarian and cultural significance by custodians of such plants worldwide. Such folk names assigned to species often carry etymological values such as therapeutic effects, morphological features, mythical connotations, and their allegorical values. This research sought to unveil the etymology in folk nomenclatures of Sphenostysis stenocarpa (Hosch ex A. Rich) Harms (African Yam Bean). Three hundred and fifty respondents were randomly selected from 13 local communities in Ebonyi State in South-eastern, Nigeria. Data were collected through oral interviews with semi-structural questionnaires, along with focused group discussions. Analysis of data was carried out using simple statistical methods involving frequencies and percentages. The results recorded ten folk nomenclatures assigned to this species in seven dialects affiliated to cultural values within these communities. Etymologically, the results also revealed that out of the ten folk names of AYB cryptic connotations, five reflected their trust in the gods that answered their prayers, two were attributed to the healing potentials inherent in this crop for medicine, three names were associated with the seeds, while one referred to feminist attachment to the crop, another to its resilience/ adaptability to climatic stress and one as a sustainer of farmers. Considering that folk nomenclature is based mainly on qualitative data and the information outside the scientific domain, they are nonetheless highly valued because they are based on long-term interactions, utilization and observations of the custodians of these natural resources. However, these data are equally vulnerable to erosion if not properly documented and conserved for posterity.
PENERJEMAHAN INGGRIS-ARAB NAMA ALIRAN POLITIK: STUDI KASUS PADA MAUSŪ’AH AS-SIYĀSAH KARYA ABDUL-WAHHAB AL-KAYYALIY
Authors: Hamdan Hamdan
Published: March 2019

This article aims to discuss the Arabic translation of the names of English political doctrines by focusing on Mausū’ah as-Siyāsah written by ‘Abdul-Wahhab alKayyaliy. This research was conducted in three steps, namely data collection, analysis, and presentation of results. The source of this research data is literature data that is the names of political doctrines which was translated to Arabic in Mausū’ah as-Siyāsah. The names are recorded on the data card with certain marks and are classified to obtain terminology that clearly describes the process of its formation. In the next step, the terminologies chosen as a sample are analyzed using the theory of semantic fields. The study shows that the Arabic translation for the names of the political doctrines has two types, namely the Arabization (taʻrīb) and using the equivalent of Arabic. Besides, the translation itsels was conducted through a hermeneutical process in which the translation as much as possible took a high accordance with original English text.
Integrated Online Consumer Preference Mining for Product Improvement with Online Reviews
Authors: Li Jie , Lan Qiaoling , Liu Lu , Yang Fang
Published: March 2019

Exploring consumer preferences for a product is essential for the enterprise in product improvement. Many studies have been conducted in consumer preference. However, few studies have concentrated on evaluating the product and service characteristics of a specific product, to facilitate product and service improvements. This study proposes a systematic research framework for exploring major product and service features that reflect consumer preferences based on the online reviews. By creatively integrating quantitative studies of multiple linear regression and meta-analysis, this study expects to generate a feature-based preference importance ranking. Furthermore, by adopting an importance-satisfaction analysis, we can draw a matrix that is valuable in product improvement. Coupled with the preference rankings, implications for competitive strategies that facilitate product improvement can be drawn. The effectiveness of this methodology is verified by a case study of laptop on the basis of the online reviews from amazon.cn.
The High Expansion Wedge; Accessing A New World Of Coiled Tubing Drilling Sidetracks Through An Innovative Casing Exit System Approach
Authors: Ohlinger James , Milne John , Harris Robert , English Candice , Diller Carl , Frazier Bradley
Published: March 2019

Coiled Tubing Drilling (CTD) has been used on the North Slope of Alaska (Fig. 1) since 1994 for drilling sidetracks or laterals. Technology and techniques developed in Alaska have been transferred globally including the process and best practices to mill windows off whipstocks. A majority of the through tubing sidetracks have been drilled using conventional monobore or through-tubing whipstocks in multiple configurations. CTD has been limited to the size of the tubing or minimum internal diameter (ID) that a whipstock can pass-through and the ID of the tubing, liner, or casing that the whipstock will be set in. A 3-1/2" Thru-Tubing whipstock has a running outer diameter (OD) of 2.625" and could only be set in liner or casing up to 5-1/2".

The problem with installing a 3-1/2" Thru-Tubing whipstock in larger liner or casing than 5-1/2" has always been the ability to properly anchor the whipstock and keep the window milling bottom hole assembly (BHA) on the tray of the whipstock. That is no longer an issue with the development of the High Expansion Wedge (HEW). The HEW has a 2.625" OD and is capable of anchoring inside 7" liner or casing. This type of whipstock will open a new set of CTD candidates that have previously been inaccessible. The goal of this paper will be to describe the design, testing, and field trials that were used to develop the HEW.
Formation Damage and Compatibility Issues Associated with Use of Corrosion Inhibitors in Well Acidizing - A Review
Authors: Kudrashou Viacheslau Y. , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A.
Published: March 2019

Corrosion inhibitors are active chemical species that interact with other fluids and reservoir rock. This interaction affects the performance of some additives. It can also lead to formation damage. Finally, corrosion inhibitors change physical properties of the acid used in treatment. The objective of this paper is to discuss (1) the interactions between corrosion inhibitors and other additives used in well acidizing, and (2) formation damage mechanisms associated with corrosion inhibitors.

This paper reviews research work and provides the description of the interactions of corrosion inhibitors with additives, acids, and reservoir rock. The reported here results are summarized based on the previously published experimental results and field cases. Analysis of these results provides greater understanding of the interactions between corrosion inhibitors and other stimulation fluids. Observed trends can be useful for compatibility analysis and design of well stimulation treatemnts.

Comprehensive analysis of the literature revealed the most common problems with the application of corrosion inhibitors in acidizing treatments. It was found that performance of viscoelastic surfactants, polyacrylamide-based polymers, hydrate inhibitors, and hydrochloric acid can be negatively affected by corrosion inhibitors. Also, it was concluded that biocides, anionic surfactants, antisludging agents, mutual solvents and short chain alcohols reduce the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors. Finally, it is clear that a low concentration of corrosion inhibitors results in damage of tubulars. However, excessive use of corrosion inhibitors can interfere with the reservoir rock and cause wettability changes. These compatibility issues may cause formation damage, obscure the acid reaction, and can lead to failure of an acidizing treatment.

This work summarizes the issues with use of corrosion inhibitors in well stimulation applications. Chemical components and formulation of corrosion inhibitors are reviewed and summarized. This work reveals the scope of the problems associated with implementation of corrosion inhibitors and other additives used in acidizing of sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.
Modeling of Fracture Width and Conductivity in Channel Fracturing With Nonlinear Proppant-Pillar Deformation
Authors: Zhu Haiyan , Zhao Ya-Pu , Feng Yongcun , Wang Haowei , Zhang Liaoyuan , McLennan John D.
Published: March 2019

Channel fracturing acknowledges that there will be local concentrations of proppant that generate high-conductivity channel networks within a hydraulic fracture. These concentrations of proppant form pillars that maintain aperture. The mechanical properties of these proppant pillars and the reservoir rock are important factors affecting conductivity. In this paper, the nonlinear stress/strain relationship of proppant pillars is first determined using experimental results. A predictive model for fracture width and conductivity is developed when unpropped, highly conductive channels are generated during the stimulation. This model considers the combined effects of pillar and fracture-surface deformation, as well as proppant embedment. The influence of the geomechanical parameters related to the formation and the operational parameters of the stimulation are analyzed using the proposed model. The results of this work indicate the following:

Proppant pillars clearly exhibit compaction in response to applied closure stress, and the resulting axial and radial deformation should not be ignored in the prediction of fracture conductivity. There is an optimal ratio (approximately 0.6 to 0.7) of pillar diameter to pillar distance that results in a maximum hydraulic conductivity regardless of pillar diameter. The critical ratio of rock modulus to closure stress currently used in the industry to evaluate the applicability of a channel-fracturing technique is quite conservative. The operational parameters of fracturing jobs should also be considered in the evaluation.
A case of Japanese encephalitis misdiagnosed as tuberculous meningoencephalitis
Authors: Liu YanJun , Li MingMing , Li Jie , Ye Bin Qiang
Published: March 2019

Backgroud

Japanese encephalitis is a kind of central nervous system infectious disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus transmitted through mosquito[1].Most patients with JE are acute onset and critically ill, with high fever, disturbance of consciousness, epilepsy, abnormal mental behavior, cognitive impairment, and positive meningeal irritation.

Case presentation

A 15-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with acute febrile illness,headache,jet vomiting,disorder of consciousness,diagnosed as central nervous system (CNS) infection. According to the characteristics of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the patient was initially diagnosed with meningoencephalitis and took antituberculosis treatment.However,subsequent magnetic resonance images(MRI) did not match the performance of typical tuberculous meningoencephalitis.Further laboratory testing for infections was conducted. JE was confirmed by the Disease Control Center of Lanzhou City through the detection of Japanese encephalitis IgM antibodies in both blood and CSF of the patients.After diagnosis of JE, the patient was provided the treatment of Human immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone therapy.After 3 weeks, the patient was transferred to the department of rehabilitation medicine to continue treatment. After 3 months and 6 months of follow-up, the patient recovered and the FIM score were 126, which were completely independent.

Conclusion

Given the similar clinical manifestations of Japanese encephalitis and other types of encephalitis, it is essential to enhance the awareness of Japanese encephalitis.
Comparison of intravenous lidocaine and dexmedetomidine infusion for prevention of postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li Shuying , Li Hui , Ni Juan , Ma YuShan
Published: March 2019

Background

Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) frequently occurs during recovery in patients who undergo intra-operative urinary catheterization distress. We conducted this study to compare the effect of intravenous lidocaine and dexmedetomidine infusion for preventing CRBD.

Methods

120 patients undergoing elective open abdominal hysterectomy and hysteromyoma requiring urinary bladder catheterization were randomly allocated into three groups of 40 each. Group L received a 2 mg/kg lidocaine bolus followed by infusion of 1.5 mg/kg/h; Group D received a 0.5 mg/kg dexmedetomidine bolus followed by infusion of 0.4 mg/kg/h; Group C received a bolus and infusion of normal saline of equivalent volume. The incidence and different severity (mild, moderate, and severe) of CRBD were assessed on arrival in the postanaesthesia care unit at 0, 1, 2, and 6 h postoperatively.

Results

The incidence of CRBD was significantly lower in Group L and Group D compared with Group C at 0, 1, and 2 h. However, there was no significant difference among the three groups regarding the different severity of CRBD at all time points. The requirement of rescue tramadol for CRBD was lower in group L and group D than in group C. The incidence of sedation was significantly higher in Group D compared to Group L and Group C, though no difference in other adverse effects was observed.

Conclusions

Intravenous lidocaine and dexmedetomidine infusion reduced the incidence of CRBD as well as the additional tramadol requirement for CRBD, but had no effect on the different severity of CRBD.
The safety and efficiency of intravenous administration of tranexamic acid in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): A meta-analysis of 28 randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zhang Yanting , Bai Yun , Chen Minmin , Zhou Youfa , Yu Xin , Zhou Haiyan , Chen Gang
Published: March 2019

Background

The safety and efficiency of intravenous administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains unconfirmed. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis on this topic.

Methods

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PUBMED and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials on the topic. The results of this work are synthetized and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement.

Results

28 studies met our inclusion criteria. TXA reduced the incidence of postoperative reoperation of bleeding (relative risk [RR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.31-0.68), the frequency of any allogeneic transfusion (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.52-0.78) and the postoperative chest tube drainage in the first 24 hours by 206 ml (95% CI -248.23 to -164.15). TXA did not significantly affect the incidence of postoperative cerebrovascular accident (RR, 0.93; 95%CI, 0.62-1.39), mortality (RR, 0.82; 95%CI, 0.53–1.28), myocardial infarction (RR, 0.90; 95%CI, 0.78–1.05), acute renal insufficiency (RR, 1.01; 95%CI, 0.77–1.32). However, it may increase the incidence of postoperative seizures (RR, 6.67; 95%CI, 1.77–25.20). Moreover, the subgroup analyses in the settings of on-pump and off-pump CABG and the sensitivity analyses in trials randomized not less than 100 participants or with the maximum sample size study excluded further strengthened the above results.

Conclusions

TXA is effective to reduce reoperation for bleeding, blood loss and the need for allogeneic blood products in patients undergoing CABG without increasing prothrombotic complication. However, it may increase the risk of postoperative seizures.
Public finances, governance control and economic growth: a macroeconomic history approach
Authors: Honningdal Grytten Ola
Published: March 2019

The size of the public sector is an important tool in public governance. Public sector size may fuel both economic growth and political influence over the economy. By compiling and processing data from different sources of public accounts the paper aims at mapping the development of key financial indicators for the Norwegian central government sector during the transition period from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century. The data enable us to give measures of the size of the public sector alone and compared to the overall economy. It is found that the sector started its continuous growth before politicians deliberately started to increase the sector’s size of the total economy. The paper also finds that an increase of the public sector often, but not always, reflects political economy regimes. Persistent growth in public finances as a tool for economic policy making did not take place before the introduction of the social-democratic regime in 1935. The paper also concludes that economic growth started before the growth in the public sector, suggesting that public sector growth might as well be a result of economic growth or vice versa.
Substantiating the factors of influence on the employment level in the transport industry of Ukraine
Authors: Smachylo Valentyna , Kalinіchenko Liudmila , Arshava Elena
Published: March 2019

The trends and problems of the national labor market are projected in various economic sectors, supplemented by specific features determined by the peculiarities of a certain sector. The formation of workforce capacity in the transport industry of Ukraine has a particular significance; this branch is the main infrastructure component of the sustainable development of the economic system of any level, ensures national economic security, and deals with the logistics complex as a whole. This is the reason why consideration of the global, national, and local tendencies of labor markets’ development and identification of the main determinants of influence on the endogenous environment is necessary for the enterprises of the transport industry, which creates the need for a research in this area. The main trends of the labor market development at all levels of the economic system – from global to industry – have been determined. The multidirectional tendency has been revealed: on the one hand, the industry shows a negative tendency to decrease in volumes in kind, and it is logical to assume that the need for personnel will also decrease, and on the other hand, there is an increasing number of job vacancies. This indicates the imbalance between national and sectoral economic systems and the management of economic processes “in manual mode”, and the need to forecast the number of employees in the industry as the basis of the workforce capacity of transport enterprises. The factors influencing the number of employed in the transport industry have been substantiated: cargo turnover, passenger turnover, and salary level, and a hypothesis for assessing their impact is suggested, which is confirmed by a correlation and regression analysis, which made it possible to generate a forecast model of the number of employed depending on the substantiated factors. The developed model may be applied to predict the number of people employed in the transport industry, taking into account the above factors.
City as a palimpsest: A Preface to the Hidden Geometry of Cairo
Authors: El-Gemayi Ahmed
Published: March 2019

In the center of Cairo, there remains a street named “Baab El-Bahr”- or “A gateway to the sea”. This street once led to the shore of a wide sub-canal from the Nile River. Today, it only leads to the famous “Ramses square”, which still holds the name of the ancient statue of “Ramses the 2nd” that has been relocated to Cairo-Alexandria desert road in August 2006. The city witnessed major changes in its urban morphology across the 19th and 20th centuries as it lost its role as a platform for trade and instead turned out to be an everyday scene for controversy and dispute. Through an investigation of the key principals which generated the city’s morphology and its massive transformation, this study aims to support future urban regeneration methodologies, urban development policies and city expansion visions.
Artistic, Aesthetic and Edificial Works as Constant Elements of the Inconsistent Physical Character of a City
Authors: Mohamed Basem Fadel Sayed
Published: March 2019

Cities evolve and grow rapidly in a manner that is unprecedented throughout their long history. This great acceleration and growth is governed by many overlapping and intersecting factors (Economical, Social, Political, etc.), the process of identifying the city's character or identity is no longer an easy task. This appears more clearly in historic cities and historic areas that in most cases contrast with the civilizational, cultural and urban extension of the mother city. This therefore justifies the importance of polyphonic and edificial aesthetic works as they are elements of consistency and solidity of urbanism. Cities and their various components (facilities & planning, objectives & economics, construction & architecture) have witnessed a new turn and were influenced by many factors. These factors and their results should therefore be identified in order to understand how they reflect on cities and how artistic and aesthetic works reflect on the form and identity of cities.
Applying Mural Paintings to Restore the Luster of Archeological Parks in Alexandria, Egypt
Authors: Elgendy Eman Ahmed Ramzy
Published: March 2019

Historical, archeological parks such as Antoniadis garden, Al-shallalat gardens and the zoo are important assets in the city of Alexandria, Egypt. These parks suffer from severe neglect, damage and encroachments of street vendors. This study aims to find aesthetic solutions to improve these parks as part of Alexandria’s cultural heritage on the national and global levels. Mural paintings could be used to beautify the entrances of these parks along with the seating units, garbage bins, and water tap basins. This mural painting process could be well suited with the architectural styles of these parks to preserve their identity and still fit within the history and civilization of the ancient city of Alexandria. This will protect the historical features of these parks and make them touristic destinations instead of being abandoned and neglected over time.
Guide to Maintain Historic Egyptian Mosques: Case Study of Abul-Hajjaj Mosque - Luxor
Authors: Abd Elrahman Hesham Osman
Published: March 2019

The mosque is considered one of the most important buildings of the Islamic city since the Prophet's Mosque (peace and blessings be upon him), and maintenance is considered an important element and a cornerstone of buildings in general. This is due to the deterioration of public buildings generally given the bad use and common ownership of the mosque and in turn, its facilities have deteriorated. Some mosques belong to historic buildings, so maintaining them is of extra importance.In light of the status of the construction and maintenance systems of historic mosques in Egypt and the limitations and problems faced, this paper presents a proposed guide for the preventive maintenance of historic mosques. It also provides clear evidence for workers in the field of maintenance of mosques including the key elements that need to be taken into consideration while preparing the preventive maintenance plan for mosques.The preventive maintenance of the mosque needs a range of tools and methods in order to succeed. Planning and scheduling for items are major elements among these tools. In order to achieve integration between the elements and the different phases mentioned above, we need to formulate them in a form of an integrated guide with completed elements and dimensions. To find a guide for the maintenance of the mosques we should clearly identify the principles and rules for that guide. This comes through clarity of the purpose, the elements required to be controlled, how to control them, the statement of the time and places and the economic aspects of the guide.This research aims to find a guide for the maintenance of historic mosques, by making a case study for the Mosque of Abul-Hajjaj in Luxor.
Impact of Environment on Architecture of Mesopotamia with Respect to the Use of Materials, Tools and Mode of Construction
Authors: Iqbal Saira
Published: March 2019

Through architectural and engineering skills, humanity leaves its mark upon the earth. Urbanization started from Mesopotamia in west Asia where the Mesopotamian societies flourished. They evolved into various landscapes from the metal-rich highlands and elevations of southeastern Turkey to the Syrian deserts, from the woodmen of the Levant to the bogs of southern Iraq. Mesopotamian civilization, along with its architecture, survived more than three thousand years. The architecture of the Mesopotamian civilization is not only portentous in its outlook and proficient in planning, but it’s also considered rational and technical with respect to its environment.The civilization was very first of its kind, having technology and urban settlements that laid the foundation of future modern settlements. It considered the region's environment and climate as pivotal in the development of its culture and architecture.This study discusses how the people, consciously or unconsciously, shaped the land or landscape around them in relation to their environment. This study is both basic and applied, according to architectural research methods. By content, the research in this article is according to the process of design and construction and the data in this research will be analyzed morphologically and technically. The Mesopotamian people used mud bricks, aqueducts, wooden beams, Archimedes screw, courtyard and tripartite houses. The study in this article proves that all these constructions and the techniques used were according to their environmental and climatic conditions.
Policies, Strategies, and Mechanisms of New Cities in Egypt
Authors: Salem Esraa Osama , Monir Miran essam
Published: March 2019

The need to establish new cities emerged in the seventies of the last century in Egypt. The necessity emerged because of different reasons such as decreasing te pressure on greater cities and their infrastructure, creating new investments and job opportunities. Furthermore, it aimed to the rarefaction of the concentration of inhabitants around the narrow side of the Nile valley and its Delta. It even moved towards the vast desert in order to redraw the urban map of Egypt.So, the success of these new cities is measured by how much people they attract to settle and their input to local income according to general policies and goals which could be achieved through several strategies and mechanisms.Therefore, this research tries to discuss different policies in order to develop new cites, in particular, in addition to the efficient strategies and mechanisms which are necessary to decrease the consumption of resources and to achieve maximum benefits out of the available potentials.
Reflections of Feminism in Contemporary Mural Painting between Occidental and Oriental societies
Authors: Nour Zeinab
Published: March 2019

Feminism as a global movement was and is still working on achieving women rights & liberation in different ways and by using different tools. Art in general and mural painting as a public art in specific, are very eloquent tools to help present feminist causes to different societies. These societies vary from a nation to another, from        a culture to another, depending on the extent of suffering that women endure and also depending on how strong the feminist movement is in that particular society.Despite the fact that feminism is a global movement, each society's identity is reflected differently in such kinds of arts, especially when looking at occidental and oriental worlds where ethics and traditions are distinctly different. These differences shall be normally reflected in contemporary public art, like in subjects, messages, styles, and even concerning the amount of the architectural or structural available areas for such kind of arts.This is what the researcher will try to clarify through a kind of analytical comparison between occidental and oriental societies concerning the feminist movement. This includes its murals as a public art, especially in Egypt where feminist public art can be considered limited, the matter that may lead to some significant conclusions about the importance of such art, its role and its effect on the society.
Smart Technical Street Furniture Design: Case study of ''New Cairo Administrative Capital''
Authors: Hassanein Hala
Published: March 2019

The high pace of technology has redefined street furniture as smart devices that contribute to build future cities. Thus, it is a combination of passion; skills, ideas and tools of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) converted into finished products. ICT is a catalyst for cities to address these challenges in a ‘smart’ manner that links and strengthens networks of people, businesses, infrastructures, resources, energy and spaces. On the other hand, one of the most important components to be adopted for designing Smart Cities is the IT service management (ITSM). It refers to the entirety of the activities directed by policies, organized and structured to plan, design, operate and control ITSM offered to citizens by adopting a process approach towards management, focusing on their needs and stressing continual improvement.New trends in urban planning are heading to draw a new future- a Smart City that is able to link the physical capital with the social one. Street furniture, as an important element of Smart Cities, is a term used to define objects in public spaces. Such concept is related to the context of wireless infrastructure and house small-cell units. They are considered –visually- as common and tolerable places to the public.This research will focus on smart Street-Furniture design as a standard guide for designers and planners of the ''New Cairo Administrative Capital'', which is currently under construction as the first Smart City in Egypt.
The Far Morocco Idrisid Arts and their role in enriching the plaster wall processing in the southwest Saudi Arabian kingdom in the century (14th AH/ 20th AD)
Authors: Aref Eman
Published: March 2019

Studying the methods of plaster wall decorations is considered one of the complementary elements of the architectural vocabulary that reflects the cultural and ideological heritage identy of the time period. Wall decoration has broken the barrier of time and place,  and the political and doctrinal differences, expressing in an abstract way the truth about the beilefs of both the Far Morocco Idrisid and Sebia Idrisid in kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where they did not use any symbol or sign that demonstrates their belonging to Shi'i Muslims, so-most probably- they belong to Sunni Muslims. This study aims to track the foundation phases of Idrisid state in Far Morocco during the century (2-4THA.H/8-10TH A.D) and its extension to the east in the Tihama Asir region during the century (14THAH/20THAD). The research problem lies in trying to detect the link and the nature of the relationship between the two states despite their differences in time and place through studying the natural strategic crossings, as well as the political circumstances that contributed in the transfer of the  influences of Far Morocco Arts to Sebia region  in the southwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which contributed in enriching the plaster decorative arts of the facades of the Idriss Ashraaf's palaces, and their  merging with the local artistic nature of Najd, Yemen. This study has revealed- through following the analytical descriptive method- the emergence of some influnces coming from the countries of East Asia and India and the countries of the African continent  due to  Sebia's geographical location as a port on the Red Sea and its presence on both the coastal trade way and caravans.
The Study of Integrated Conservation of four Villages in Mian Mountain
Authors: Ding Yi Zhang Yu
Published: March 2019

The current study on the micro level of single-building protection and repair is relatively complete, however, the discussion about elements of cultural heritage and their relevance among the ancient villages is comparably insufficient. The protection work is strongly influenced by tourism development and cultural gimmick, thus resulting in low protection efficiency and many omissions. Historical village as the cultural settlement patterns bears a large number of heritage relics. They were regionally scattered with a clear characteristic of gathering. The article takes these four historical villages in Mian Moutain as an example, relying on the historical time period theory, then tries to look for the association and similarities of the forming mechanism between villages. The article discusses the integrated conservation from three levels: the regional heritage conservation, the cultural line shaping, and the featured brand building.
The Impact of Tourism on the Cultural Environment in Turkey: The Case of Antalya
Authors: ŞEN Şeyda , SALMAN Yıldız
Published: March 2019

Tourism has begun to develop with the development of the socio-economic structures of the countries after the Second World War and has become one of the fastest growing and expanding sectors in the world economy since this period.When tourism is rapidly growing, developing countries that have limited resources such as Turkey have to make rational investment decisions for the economic future of the country. Turkey’s tourism policies that focus on coastal tourism began to be applied through development plans in the 1960s. In the five-year development plans that started in 1963, tourism was selected as the priority sector in the economic development of Turkey and the main principle of tourism sector was defined as mass tourism until the 1980s.In this period when tourism investments were increasing, for the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage, it was aimed to give priority to the regions which were seen as most convenient for tourism investments.In the 1960s, Antalya was one of the selected priority regions according to the directions of the development plans to concentrate on the regions with high ability to attract tourists and to get short-term results. After the 1980s, although the concept of individual tourism has been mentioned in the development plans, mass tourism investments in Antalya have increased rapidly with the Tourism Incentive Law No. 2634 issued in 1982. From the 1980s, accommodation facilities in various categories have filled the city, thus the negative impacts of tourism on the natural, cultural heritage and social structure have begun to become evident.The tourism sector contributes greatly to the economic, cultural and social development of both developed and developing countries. However, the rapid and unplanned development of the tourism sector and focusing just on the economic impact of tourism for a long time has caused negative natural and socio-cultural influences.In Antalya, overpopulation caused by the rapid development of tourism has caused deteriorations on the cultural and natural environment. Particularly, Kaleiçi which is the historic center of Antalya has been through cultural and social transformations and lost its original character.The aim of this study which is based on the ongoing doctoral thesis is to discuss the role of tourism developments shaped by national policies and legal regulations with reference to the transformation process of cultural values in the case of Antalya Kaleiçi. In the first part of this study, national tourism policies and investments in Turkey and the interaction between them and the protection of the historic environment are explained. In the second part, the cultural, spatial and social impact of national tourism policies and investments in the case of Antalya are determined.
Destination Studies – An Institution
Authors: Ghosh Sayak
Published: March 2019

First of all, we must understand that there are various aspects of tourism with respect to its beauty, aesthetics, technical parameters, trade & commerce, training & education, innovation etc. If anyone wants to find the bondage between education and tourism, there can be various topics, concepts, factors, and parameters to portray the entity. Again, if Education is an aspect of tourism, then we can formulate a tourism course subject to beauty, aesthetics, technical parameters, trade & commerce, innovation and, last but not the least, the destinations – The prime capital for tourism; as a tourist has a destination whereas a traveler does not. So, pertaining to education and tourism, I shall focus on destination studies.It would be better to admit that tourism is the most special segment of human geography. This subject leads us to understand our planet and the culture of the world better than any other subject. So, we must also find a scientific way of studying tourism to understand the human race better. To start with, we must focus on the different destinations of the world, their geography – how to reach there, their culture, their heritage, their history, their socio-economy, interesting places to visit there etc. Once we grab it we have almost grabbed the major portion of the subject named tourism. So, let’s proceed.
Sustainable Perceived Authenticity in Cultural Tourism: Modeling Alsace and Bali
Authors: Andimarjoko Prihartomo
Published: March 2019

Cultural tourism roughly contributes to 40% of the international tourism arrivals. However, marketing for it is a dilemma between maximizing the economic return and nurturing the culture’s social functions because, in cultural tourism, a culture is a “product” to be “consumed”. Marketers need to attract the “correct” segments of cultural tourism, which have cultural motives as opposed to those of mass tourism. Research shows that attracting such segments can be done through a differentiation based on authenticity. However, in cultural tourism, authenticity is a relative and negotiable term. Perceived authenticity is more applicable than the traditional, objective authenticity. Previous research has been done to understand how authenticity is perceived by tourists but how it changes over a time remains elusive to researchers. This research focuses on the dynamics of perceived authenticity; how it changes over a time. A temporary, hypothetical model is proposed that is subject to a further seeking of variables and their relationships. The research is conducted in two stages: qualitative for building the model and quantitative for confirming it. Two cases will be built i.e. Alsace in France and Bali in Indonesia. The two regions will represent two different points on a spectrum. This research is a work in progress.
Education and Tourism: The Inclusion of Ancestral Knowledge in the University Degree Curricula
Authors: Flores Danny Rivera , Pazán Juan Carlos , Núñez Corina
Published: March 2019

Being able to recognize your own individual rights in vulnerable situations is a good way to live. A new curriculum developed under Ecuador’s Higher Education Board brings together the inter-cultural concept. In ancient cultures, segregation existed among Latin American people in higher education. In this way, the new proposal for education makes it vital for future professionals to develop in the domain of methods and proceeds about ancient acknowledge, traditions, and cultural. To achieve the purpose of having inclusive curricula, it was needed to analyze ancient thoughts focused in the Salasaka community consmovision (descendant from Bolivia settled in Ecuador) and Chibuleos community who formulated the methodology that promotes cultural consciousness and is focused on the development and potentiation of habits and customs that generate different ways of living and thinking in the new educational environments. The obtained results are in function of statistics settings that show inclusive methodologies that link up the university professorship with ancient knowledge and culture. The use of this investigation is the implementation of methodologies in curricula in Ecuadorian universities in higher education. It’s about transforming the ideological challenges on the academic formation of the ancestral towns.
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Published: March 2019

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Scenic and Scientific Representation of Water in Mughal Architecture: A case study of ShahJahan’s Quadrangle Lahore Fort, Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Saira
Published: March 2019

Nothing is useless in this world. Everything has its specific purpose and objectives with respect to its importance. The present-day hardware and materials utilized as a part of building swallow noteworthy measure of our national vitality. Ancient monumental buildings and palaces are still a place to relax without fans, coolers and air conditioners. There is a need to study the traditional buildings because they are time-tested. Mughal Architects are legendary for their creativity. Without beauty, architecture would just be the combination and amalgamation of some material. Hence, art is the soul and spirit of architecture. Mughal Architecture is the example of “Feeling of Wonder” that is the source of aesthetic experience. Mughals showed the great skills in infusing the Islamic idea with local tradition. Water has had been an important element in Asian culture and architecture. Water is an architectural element that is extensively used in our ancient buildings and in the garden of the Mughals. Water not only pleases the eye on a hot summer day, but also provides passive cooling. This paper deals with the utilization of water not only for the purpose of beautification of the site but also for studying the scientific utility of water. This study is a mixture of basic and applied methods according to architectural research methods. The study in this research will show how Mughals used water as an eminent representation of undaunted Mughal mastery in retaining and regulating the temperature along with the beautification purpose via fountains, water channels, and pools.