bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Becoming more or less mature? The decline of self‐control in middle childhood
Authors: Ong Xiang Ling , Hong Ryan Y. , Tsai Fen‐Fang , Tan Seok Hui
Published: October 2018

Objective

This study examined the developmental change in self‐control and its association with daily stressful events during middle childhood, as well as the factors that contribute to individual differences in the trajectory of self‐control.

Method

A community sample of 302 Singaporean children (42% female, 69% Chinese) and their parents were recruited when the children were age 7. Follow‐up assessments were made when the children were ages 8, 9, and 11. Developmental changes were examined using latent growth and autoregressive cross‐lagged models.

Results

Self‐control showed a normative decline over time, and this trajectory was associated with an increase in daily stressful events. There was partial evidence for a reciprocal relationship between self‐control and daily stressful events over time. Moreover, the child temperament dimension of effortful control (assessed at age 7) mitigated the decline in self‐control, whereas low socioeconomic status predicted lower initial levels of self‐control.

Conclusions

This study advances current understanding on the developmental change in self‐control during middle childhood, as well as the factors that shape the direction and magnitude of this change.
Prevalence and association analysis of obstructive sleep apnea with gender and age differences – Results of SHIP‐Trend
Authors: Fietze Ingo , Laharnar Naima , Obst Anne , Ewert Ralf , Felix Stephan B. , Garcia Carmen , Gläser Sven , Glos Martin , Schmidt Carsten Oliver , Stubbe Beate , Völzke Henry , Zimmermann Sandra , Penzel Thomas
Published: October 2018

Identification of obstructive sleep apnea and risk factors is important for reduction in symptoms and cardiovascular risk, and for improvement of quality of life. The population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania investigated risk factors and clinical diseases in a general population of northeast Germany. Additional polysomnography was applied to measure sleep and respiration with the objective of assessing prevalence and risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea in a German cohort. One‐thousand, two‐hundred and eight people between 20 and 81 years old (54% men, median age 54 years) underwent overnight polysomnography. The estimated obstructive sleep apnea prevalence was 46% (59% men, 33% women) for an apnea–hypopnea index ≥5%, and 21% (30% men, 13% women) for an apnea–hypopnea index ≥ 15. The estimated obstructive sleep apnea syndrome prevalence (apnea–hypopnea index ≥5; Epworth Sleepiness Scale >10) was 6%. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea continuously increased with age for men and women with, however, later onset for women. Gender, age, body mass index, waist‐to‐hip ratio, snoring, alcohol consumption (for women only) and self‐reported cardiovascular diseases were significantly positively associated with obstructive sleep apnea, whereas daytime sleepiness was not. Diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were positively associated with severe obstructive sleep apnea. The associations became non‐significant after adjustment for body mass. Women exhibited stronger associations than men. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea was high, with almost half the population presenting some kind of obstructive sleep apnea. The continuous increase of obstructive sleep apnea with age challenges the current theory that mortality due to obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular co‐morbidities affect obstructive sleep apnea prevalence at an advanced age. Also, gender differences regarding obstructive sleep apnea and associations are significant for recognizing obstructive sleep apnea mechanisms and therapy responsiveness.
Evaluation of the growth and survival rate of the Caribbean Sea cucumber, Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867), early juveniles produced in captivity
Authors: Sánchez‐Tapia Itzel A. , Slater Matthew , Olvera‐Novoa Miguel A.
Published: October 2018

Isostichopus badionotus is a new commercially important sea cucumber in the Caribbean that has rapidly shown signs of overexploitation. There is no information on the growth and survival rates for wild or hatchery‐produced early juveniles. Hatchery production and determination of juvenile growth rates are essential for future aquaculture efforts for this species. In this study, daily growth rate (GR), specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), survival rate (SR), and weight–length relation (WLR) were evaluated using small (0.01 g) and large (0.25 g) hatchery‐produced early juveniles under laboratory conditions. Growth was rapid compared to other cultured sea cucumber species; maximal values of SGR and WG were obtained for small juveniles (4.58%/day and 2,191%, respectively), while maximal GR and SR were obtained for large juveniles (0.29 mm/day and 99.17%, respectively). A wide range of sizes was evident at the end of each trial. The WLR of small and large juveniles fit with a negative allometric growth trend. This study highlights the potential production of I. badionotus as early juvenile stages withstand hatchery handling well and exhibit a high SR, reaching commonly released mean sizes (>0.7 g and 25 mm) after almost 3 months (120 days postfertilization).
Fluctuating food resources and home ranges in brown hyaenas living in a semi‐arid environment
Authors: Maude G. , Reading R. P. , Harris S.
Published: October 2018

Whilst food availability influences space use by animals, how fluctuating resources influence the location of home ranges and space use patterns is little understood. In this study, we first determined the home range of brown hyaenas (Parahyaena brunnea) living inside, and adjacent to, the Makgadikgadi Pans National Park, Botswana. We then examined home range use and how home range fidelity varied depending on the spatio‐temporal variability of available resources that were important for brown hyaenas. Finally, we determined if there was any variation in space use between male and female brown hyaenas. We found that brown hyaenas lived in well‐defined home ranges and showed strong spatial associations with other group members. Brown hyaenas shifted their seasonal home ranges to match food distribution. Hyaenas living in variable food environments demonstrated greater fluctuations in seasonal home range sizes and lower levels of home range retention than individuals from clans in more stable food environments. While home range edges remained more stable for clans located in areas with more food, they still showed a high degree of spatial plasticity in seasonal and annual movements in response to food availability and distribution over time. Clans living inside the Makgadikgadi Pans National Park did not defend an area sufficiently large to provide adequate food resources all year and individuals foraged into adjacent clan ranges when food was scarce. Hyaenas in clans outside Makgadikgadi Pans National Park lived in an area that contained adequate food resources all year. Gender did not influence space use by brown hyaenas.
Tactic‐specific sperm traits in the dusky frillgoby (Bathygobius fuscus)
Authors: Nakanishi A. , Takegaki T.
Published: October 2018

Sperm competition between males with different reproductive tactics can be a strong selective force that shapes the evolution of tactic‐specific reproductive traits. In fishes, sneak fertilization of the female's eggs is the most widespread male alternative reproductive tactic and sneaker males generally exhibit enlarged testes as a tactic‐specific trait due to the higher risk of sperm competition they face. In addition, traits of the sperm themselves, such as size, density, velocity and longevity, vary with reproductive tactic in some species. Here, we investigated differences in the sperm traits between males of dusky frillgoby (Bathygobius fuscus) adopting nest‐holding tactics and sneaking tactics. In this species, sneak nest intrusion lasts only a few seconds to a minute, whereas females lay eggs over several hours. A unique feature of this species is that both types of males deposit sperm‐containing mucus on the nests, from which the sperm are gradually released into the water. We found that the sperm of sneaker males are present at a higher concentration in the testes, are longer lived and decrease in velocity more gradually than the sperm of nest‐holding males, despite no differences in sperm size being detected. These tactic‐specific sperm traits of sneaker males appear to contribute enhancing their fertilization success under the limited opportunity for sneaking in this species.
Gene copy number variations involved in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) adaptive variations
Authors: Prunier Julien , Giguère Isabelle , Ryan Natalie , Guy Robert , Soolanayakanahally Raju , Isabel Nathalie , MacKay John , Porth Ilga
Published: October 2018

Gene copy number variations (CNVs) involved in phenotypic variations have already been shown in plants, but genomewide testing of CNVs for adaptive variation was not doable until recent technological developments. Thus, reports of the genomic architecture of adaptation involving CNVs remain scarce to date. Here, we investigated F1 progenies of an intraprovenance cross (north–north cross, 58th parallel) and an interprovenances cross (north–south cross, 58th/49th parallels) for CNVs using comparative genomic hybridization on arrays of probes targeting gene sequences in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), a widespread North American forest tree. A total of 1,721 genes were found in varying copy numbers over the set of 19,823 tested genes. These gene CNVs presented an estimated average size of 8.3 kb and were distributed over poplar's 19 chromosomes including 22 hotspot regions. Gene CNVs number was higher for the interprovenance progeny in accordance with an expected higher genetic diversity related to the composite origin of this family. Regression analyses between gene CNVs and seven adaptive trait variations resulted in 23 significant links; among these adaptive gene CNVs, 30% were located in hotspots. One‐to‐five gene CNVs were found related to each of the measured adaptive traits and annotated for both biotic and abiotic stress responses. These annotations can be related to the occurrence of a higher pathogenic pressure in the southern parts of balsam poplar's distribution, and higher photosynthetic assimilation rates and water‐use efficiency at high latitudes. Overall, our findings suggest that gene CNVs typically having higher mutation rates than SNPs may in fact represent efficient adaptive variations against fast‐evolving pathogens.
Engagement as scholarship: Food justice in practice
Authors: MELLO CHRISTY
Published: October 2018

The following discussion summarizes Our Kitchen Table's (OKT) food justice project and how I used research methodology to support their community capacity building efforts toward systems change. I also compared and contrasted the work of OKT with that of other food security initiatives in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Time spent doing fieldwork with OKT led me to the conclusion that research should prioritize supporting the implementation of community‐driven solutions. Otherwise, similar to organizations with a top‐down focus, those with ties to the academy, often predictably impose an outside agenda. I explain how this occurrence can be avoided through the use of OKT's preferred method for interacting with researchers, what is referred to as a community‐owned and managed research (COMR) model. Further related discussion highlights the importance of reciprocity, restructuring tenure requirements to support engagement as scholarship, and ensuring the relevance of anthropology as a discipline.
Network meta‐analysis of the relative efficacy of bariatric surgeries for diabetes remission
Authors: Kodama S. , Fujihara K. , Horikawa C. , Harada M. , Ishiguro H. , Kaneko M. , Furukawa K. , Matsubayashi Y. , Matsunaga S. , Shimano H. , Tanaka S. , Kato K. , Sone H.
Published: October 2018

Background

Bariatric surgery leads to a higher remission rate for type 2 diabetes mellitus than non‐surgical treatment. However, it remains unsolved which surgical procedure is the most efficacious. This network meta‐analysis aimed to rank surgical procedures in terms of diabetes remission.

Methods and findings

We electronically searched for randomized controlled trials in which at least one surgical treatment was included among multiple arms and the diabetes remission rate was included in study outcomes. A random‐effects network meta‐analysis was performed within a frequentist framework. The hierarchy of treatments was expressed as the surface under the cumulative ranking curve value. Results of the analysis of 25 eligible randomized controlled trials that covered non‐surgical treatments and eight surgical procedures (biliopancreatic diversion [BPD], BPD with duodenal switch, Roux‐en Y gastric bypass, mini gastric bypass [mini‐GBP], laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, greater curvature plication and duodenal‐jejunal bypass) showed that BPD and mini‐GBP had the highest surface under the cumulative ranking curve values among the eight surgical treatments.

Conclusion

Current network meta‐analysis indicated that BPD or mini‐GBP achieved higher diabetes remission rates than the other procedures. However, the result needs to be interpreted with caution considering that these procedures were in the minority of bariatric surgeries.
The prospective association between objectively measured sedentary time, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in youth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Skrede T. , Steene‐Johannessen J. , Anderssen S. A. , Resaland G. K. , Ekelund U.
Published: October 2018

Sedentary time and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may be uniquely related to cardiometabolic health. Excessive sedentary time is suggested as an independent cardiometabolic risk factor, while MVPA is favourably associated with cardiometabolic health. This systematic review and meta‐analysis summarizes the evidence on a prospective relationship between objectively measured sedentary time, MVPA and cardiometabolic health indicators in youth.

PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PhyscINFO and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched from January 2000 until April 2018. Studies were included if sedentary time and physical activity were measured objectively and examined associations with body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein, insulin, blood pressure or the clustering of these cardiometabolic risk factors.

We identified 30 studies, of which 21 were of high quality. No evidence was found for an association between sedentary time and cardiometabolic outcomes. The association between MVPA and individual cardiometabolic risk factors was inconsistent. The meta‐analysis for prospective studies found a small but significant effect size between MVPA at baseline and clustered cardiometabolic risk at follow‐up (ES –0.014 [95% CI, −0.024 to −0.004]). We conclude that there is no prospective association between sedentary time and cardiometabolic health, while MVPA is beneficially associated with cardiometabolic health in youth.
Digital behavior surveillance: Monitoring dental caries and toothache interests of Google users from developing countries
Authors: Cruvinel Thiago , Ayala Aguirre Patricia E. , Lotto Matheus , Marchini Oliveira Thaís , Rios Daniela , Pereira Cruvinel Agnes F.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To determine the differences between the levels of interest of South American Google users on information related to dental caries and toothache over time.

Materials and methods

The monthly variation of Relative Search Volume (RSV) for both queries was obtained in Google Trends between 2004 and 2017. The association between RSVs, Internet penetration, and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) for dental caries in permanent teeth were tested by distinct regression models. Forecasting ARIMA models were developed to analyze trends and predict the interests until December 2018.

Results

In general, toothache‐related searches presented an uptrend associated positively with Internet penetration and negatively with DALYs, whereas dental caries‐related searches presented a downtrend associated negatively with Internet penetration and positively with DALYs. The seasonality affected only dental caries curves, with the highest rates observed in the first trimester and the lowest rates in June, July, and December.

Conclusion

The levels of interests of South American Google users in seeking dental caries and toothache information appear to have a direct connection with the burden of untreated dental caries lesions and Internet penetration. The no association between dental caries‐ and toothache‐related interests reinforces the unfamiliarity of most people about the relationship of dental pain with the final stages of chronic oral diseases.
Comparison of a piezoelectric and a standard surgical handpiece in third molar surgery
Authors: Gopal I. , Morkel J. , Titinchi F.
Published: October 2018

Aim

The aim was to compare the use of a piezoelectric handpiece versus a standard surgical handpiece in removal of impacted third molars under general anaesthesia.

Materials and methods

Thirty patients undergoing routine third molar removal were included in the study. Panoramic radiographs were used to assess the positioning of the impacted third molars. The patients were randomly subdivided and the split mouth technique was used in which each side (left or right) of the mouth was randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Hence each patient served as their own control. In one group, a piezoelectric handpiece was used, while a conventional handpiece was used for the second group.

All aspects of preoperative care, general anaesthesia, surgery and post‐operative care were standardised for the two groups. The following parameters were recorded; time of surgery, bleeding during surgery, post‐operative swelling, post‐operative pain, associated complications and post‐operative nerve injury.

Results

No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of pain and swelling. There was less bleeding with the use of the piezoelectric device as compared with the standard surgical handpiece; however, the surgical time was longer. There were no reports of trauma to the lips or intra‐oral soft tissue. There were two incidences (6.7%) of post‐operative paraesthesia in the standard surgical handpiece group.

Conclusions

The use of a piezoelectric device is an acceptable alternative to the standard surgical handpiece in third molar surgery. Its use is advocated in difficult cases especially where there is inferior alveolar nerve approximation.
Retrospective multivariable comparison for complications of third molar surgery performed under general versus local anaesthesia
Authors: Beteramia D. , Azami O. , Garg K. , Grubor D.
Published: October 2018

Aim

To compare the incidence of complication rates as a result of third molar surgery when performed under local versus general anaesthesia.

Materials and methods

Data were collected using a combination of computer database and patient records. A total of 277 patients were included in the study (130 local anaesthesia, 147 general anaesthesia). Several variables were collected and assessed including age, gender, method of anaesthesia, radiographic grading and complications.

Results

Five hundred and twenty‐three mandibular third molars were removed, 284 being removed under general anaesthesia and 239 under local anaesthesia. There were a total of 20 complications (3.8%), nine of those from procedures performed under local anaesthesia and 11 from procedures performed under general anaesthesia. There was a statistically significant increase of alveolar osteitis for procedures performed under LA. However, when assessing overall complication rate, there was no statistically significant difference in LA versus GA.

Conclusions

Teeth more severely impacted or angulated tend to be removed under general anaesthesia for reasons such as surgical access and patient experience. Our study suggests there is an increase in alveolar osteitis when third molars are removed under LA. However, there was no significant correlation found between the method of anaesthesia and overall complication rate when combining all complications. The present study indicates that other variables, such as gender and age may be more important in determination of post‐surgical complication rates after wisdom teeth removal. It is therefore reasonable for clinicians and patients to base their decision for modality of anaesthesia on patient preference, surgical difficulty, medical background and economic factors.
Locke on Persons and Other Kinds of Substances
Authors: Leisinger Matthew A.
Published: October 2018

Locke's commentators are divided about whether Locke thinks that the idea of a person is a substance idea or a mode idea. I use Locke's theory of kinds to argue for an intermediate interpretation on which the idea of a person is a substance idea that contains a mode idea. As a result, while proponents of the substance interpretation correctly claim that ‘person’ designates a kind of substance, proponents of the mode interpretation are nonetheless correct in insisting that mode ideas play an important role in Locke's account of persons and personal identity.
Welfare Dynamics With Synthetic Panels: The Case of the Arab World In Transition
Authors: Dang Hai‐Anh H. , Ianchovichina Elena
Published: October 2018

This paper studies welfare dynamics, especially changes associated with middle‐class status in Arab countries. Absent panel data, we construct synthetic panels using repeated cross sections of household expenditure surveys and subjective wellbeing surveys conducted during the 2000s and early 2010s. Objective welfare dynamics indicate mixed trends. About half of the poor in the 2000s moved out of poverty by the end of the decade, but chronic poverty remained high; upward mobility was strong in Syria and Tunisia, but downward mobility was pronounced in Yemen and Egypt. The analysis with subjective wellbeing data suggests negative developments in most countries during the Arab Spring transitions and provides evidence on the eroding middle‐class consensus in Arab countries before and after the Arab Spring. Low education achievement, informal worker status, and rural residency are positively associated with lower chances for upward mobility and greater chances for downward mobility for both types of welfare measures.
Self‐rated health, symptoms and health behaviour of upper secondary vocational students by field of study
Authors: Jaakkola Jenni , Rantanen Anja , Luopa Pauliina , Koivisto Anna‐Maija , Joronen Katja
Published: October 2018

This article examines the self‐rated health, symptoms and health behaviour of upper secondary vocational students in Finland. The data consist of the responses of first‐ and second‐year vocational students (n = 34 554) to the 2013 School Health Promotion Survey. The data were analysed statistically and processed separately for girls and boys. Associations between self‐rated health, symptoms and health behaviour and fields of study were examined by cross‐tabulation. Statistical significance was measured using the chi‐squared test. Self‐rated health, symptoms and health behaviour were found to have a statistically significant association with field of study (p < 0.001). Vocational students in different fields had different experiences of health, different symptoms and different health behaviours. The results complement existing evidence about disparities in well‐being among young people in the context of education.
Identification of trophoblast‐specific elements in the HLA‐C core promoter
Authors: Johnson Jenna K. , Wright Paul W. , Li Hongchuan , Anderson Stephen K.
Published: October 2018

There are several aspects of HLA‐C gene expression that distinguish it from the HLA‐A and HLA‐B genes. First, HLA‐C is expressed by extravillous trophoblasts, whereas HLA‐A and HLA‐B are not. Second, its cell‐surface expression is much lower, which has been linked to changes in transcription and efficiency of peptide loading and export. Third, HLA‐C possesses a NK cell‐specific promoter and a complex alternative splicing system that regulates expression during NK cell development. In this study, we investigate the contribution of the HLA‐C core promoter to trophoblast‐specific expression. Analysis of transcription start sites showed the presence of a trophoblast‐associated start site and additional upstream TATA and CCAAT‐box elements in the HLA‐C promoter, suggesting the presence of an overlapping trophoblast‐specific promoter. A comparison of in vitro promoter activity showed that the HLA‐C promoter was more active in trophoblast cell lines than either the HLA‐A or HLA‐B promoters. Enhanced trophoblast activity was mapped to the central enhanceosome region of the promoter, and mutational analysis identified changes in the RFX‐binding region that generated a trophoblast‐specific enhancer.
Epidemiology of chronic red‐cell transfusion recipients in Sweden and Denmark–a 10 year follow‐up study
Authors: Didriksen Maria , Rostgaard Klaus , Grønbæk Kirsten , Pedersen Ole B. , Titlestad Kjell , Erikstrup Christian , Nielsen Kaspar R. , Edgren Gustaf , Ullum Henrik , Hjalgrim Henrik
Published: October 2018

Background and objectives

Chronic red‐cell transfusions may be an indispensable part of patient treatment and may require early intervention to avoid adverse transfusion effects. The population of chronic transfusion recipients including common diagnoses and survival remains poorly characterised. Thus, the objective was to examine the complete range of chronic transfusion recipients, including demographic and patient characteristics and survival.

Materials and Methods

All patients who received their first transfusion in Sweden or Denmark from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2010 were followed up for subsequent transfusion episodes until December 31, 2012. Data on patient characteristics at time of the first and subsequent transfusions were retrieved from the national registers. We estimated the proportion of transfused patients who experienced 20 or more red‐cell transfusion episodes (with an episode defined as all transfusions received 4 days or less apart) and characterised this patient population with respect to diagnoses, demographics and survival.

Results

Among 893 117 first time red‐cell transfusion recipients, 6157 (0·7%) experienced 20 or more episodes in total. The most common diagnoses among these patients were haematologic malignancies followed by non‐haematologic malignancies and non‐malignant blood and immune system related diseases. On average, chronically transfused patients had a median survival of less than 1 year following their 20th transfusion episode.

Conclusion

This study provides an overview of patient characteristics related to repeat red‐cell transfusions and of the amount of red‐cell transfusion episodes administered during a 10‐year period in two countries. Patients who become chronically transfused suffer from diseases with poor prognosis.
Stormwater impact on water quality of rivers subjected to point sources and urbanization – the case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Adugna Dagnachew , Lemma Brook , Sahilu Gebrie Geremew , Larsen Larissa , Yeshitela Kumelachew , Bergen Jensen Marina
Published: October 2018

Urbanization of a catchment often causes degeneration of rivers. We studied the water quality of three rivers in Addis Ababa based on the impact of stormwater and non‐point sources, and urbanization. Along these rivers several point sources were registered, with direct discharge of industrial and domestic wastes into them. To distinguish the impact of these year‐round point‐sources from stormwater, we analysed physicochemical parameters, nutrients and heavy metals sampled from upstream to downstream sections of each river in the dry and wet season. Dissolved oxygen (DO), NO2–N, NH4–N, PO4–P, (Cr(VI) and Cu) exceeded international standards, pointing to a generally poor water quality of the rivers in both seasons. NO3–N, Mn and Zn were problematic in dry season only. Although stormwater improved DO, conductivity, PO4–P, Cr(VI) and Zn, the levels were still critical, pointing to construction sites, agriculture and pit latrines, somewhat offsetting the effect of stormwater dilution. No clear impact of urbanization pressure was found.
Degradation of azo dye by an UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process using an amalgam lamp
Authors: Navarro Patricia , Pellicer José A. , Gómez‐López Vicente M.
Published: October 2018

The discharge of dyes into water is an ecological problem that can be alleviated by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as UV/H2O2 treatments. Searching for more efficient light sources is a way to improve AOPs’ efficiency. This work tested the efficiency of an amalgam lamp on the degradation of an azo dye, studying the effect of dye and H2O2 concentrations and pH, and the influence of some salts on the decolouration rate of methyl orange. Actinometry showed that the amalgam lamp system was able to provide a high incident photon irradiance (6.30·10−5 mol/cm2 s). The amalgam lamp‐driven AOP was able to decolourize the dye at pseudo‐first‐order rates of 0.654–4.008 1/min, with increasing rates at low dye concentration and low pH and at high H2O2 concentrations until a maximum value is reached. The results show that the amalgam lamp can be an alternative light source for fast dye degradation by AOPs.
Ice Pressure Prediction Based on the Probabilistic Method for Ice-Going Vessels in Inland Waterways
Authors: Zhang Meng , Cheemakurthy Harsha , Ehlers Sören , Franz von Bock und Polach R. U. , Garme Karl , Burman Magnus
Published: October 2018

With increasing need to utilize inland waterways (IWW), the design of IWW vessels gains attention both from a transport efficiency and an emission control point of view. The primary challenge is to estimate the ice pressure acting on the ship hull for IWW. Ice information for Lake Mälaren is extracted and analyzed in this work. Since the ice properties have great influence on the impact load, they are studied based on empirical formulae and are calibrated by reference data. The ice impact is then predicted for an IWW barge. Probabilistic method is selected to derive the load based on available field test data. Several parent datasets are chosen, and different design strategies are implemented to evaluate the ice impact load and investigate the influence from exposure factors. The paper finds that the design curve of α=0.265a−0.57 can be used for Lake Mälaren. The approach itself introduces a possible way to investigate loads on ice-affected IWW.
On Spherical Inhomogeneity With Steigmann–Ogden Interface
Authors: Zemlyanova Anna Y. , Mogilevskaya Sofia G.
Published: October 2018

The problem of an infinite isotropic elastic space subjected to uniform far-field load and containing an isotropic elastic spherical inhomogeneity with Steigmann–Ogden interface is considered. The interface is treated as a shell of vanishing thickness possessing surface tension as well as membrane and bending stiffnesses. The constitutive and equilibrium equations of the Steigmann–Ogden theory for a spherical surface are written in explicit forms. Closed-form analytical solutions are derived for two cases of loading conditions—the hydrostatic loading and deviatoric loading with vanishing surface tension. The single inhomogeneity-based estimates of the effective properties of macroscopically isotropic materials containing spherical inhomogeneities with Steigmann–Ogden interfaces are presented. It is demonstrated that, in the case of vanishing surface tension, the Steigmann–Ogden model describes a special case of thin and stiff uniform interphase layer.
Evaluating Changes in Shear Modulus of Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament in Overhead Throwing Athletes Over the Course of a Competitive Season
Authors: Sadeghi Seyedali , Lin Che-Yu , Bader Dov A. , Cortes Daniel H.
Published: October 2018

The anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is commonly subjected to repetitive stress in overhead-throwing athletes, causing high subfailure strain and change in mechanical properties of the ligament. Understanding the change in UCL mechanical properties after repetitive loading can help to evaluate the health status of UCL. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in UCL shear modulus in overhead-throwing, Division I college-level athletes over the course of a competitive season using ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE). The proposed protocol quantified changes in shear modulus of UCL in 17 baseball players at preseason and season-end time points as well as in five football quarterbacks at preseason, midseason, and season-end time points. The highest shear modulus values were obtained in the nondominant arm at preseason time points in both groups of athletes. The average UCL shear modulus at the season-end decreased by 39.35% and 37.96% compared to the preseason values in dominant and nondominant arms, respectively. This study shows that SWE could quantify changes in the shear modulus of the UCL after repetitive loading, suggesting that it could be a useful clinical tool for evaluating the risk of UCL injury. Further research on injured overhead-throwing athletes is warranted.
Reliability of Submaximal Yo-Yo Tests in 9- to 16-Year-Old Untrained Schoolchildren
Authors: Póvoas Susana Cristina Araújo , Krustrup Peter , Castagna Carlo , da Silva Pedro Miguel Ribeiro , Coelho-e-Silva Manuel J. , Pereira Rita Liliana Mendes , Larsen Malte Nejst
Published: October 2018

Purpose: To examine the reliability of age-adapted submaximal Yo-Yo (Yo-Yosubmax) intermittent tests in untrained schoolchildren aged 9–16 years (n = 139; 72 boys and 67 girls) and within children with high and low percentage of body fat (%BF). Methods: Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 children’s (YYIR1C), Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 (YYIE1), and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 2 (YYIE2) tests were performed 7 days apart by 9- to 11-, 12- to 13-, and 14- to 16-year-old children, respectively. Reliability was tested for Yo-Yosubmax heart rate (HRsubmax), peak HR, and maximal distance. Results: HRsubmax typical errors of measurement (TEM) in YYIR1C, YYIE1, and YYIE2 were 2.2% (1.7%–2.9%), 2.4% (1.9%–3.3%), 1.9% (1.6%–2.5%) and 2.4% (1.9%–3.3%), 2.4% (1.9%–3.2%), 1.9% (1.5%–2.4%) for girls and boys, respectively. HRsubmax intraclass correlation coefficient values were good to excellent (.62–.87) in all age groups and in schoolchildren of different %BF. TEM for HRsubmax ranged from 2.1% to 2.3% in high and low %BF groups. Maximal distance intraclass correlation coefficients were excellent and TEM values ranged from 11% to 12% in both %BF groups. HRsubmax was moderately to largely associated (r = −.46 to −.64; P < .002) with Yo-Yo maximal distance across the age groups. Conclusion: Yo-Yosubmax tests are a reliable tool providing useful and sustainable aerobic performance testing in physical education, irrespective of individual %BF.
Comparison of Habitual Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Aviram Ronit , Harries Netta , Shkedy Rabani Anat , Amro Akram , Nammourah Ibtisam , Al-Jarrah Muhammed , Raanan Yoav , Hutzler Yeshayahu , Bar-Haim Simona
Published: October 2018

Purpose: The comparison of habitual physical activity and sedentary time in teenagers and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) with typically developed (TD) peers can serve to quantify activity shortcomings. Methods: Patterns of sedentary, upright, standing, and walking components of habitual physical activity were compared in age-matched (16.8 y) groups of 54 youths with bilateral spastic CP (38 who walk with limitations and 16 who require mobility devices) and 41 TD youths in the Middle East. Activity and sedentary behavior were measured over 96 hours by activPAL3 physical activity monitors. Results: Participants with CP spent more time sedentary (8%) and sitting (37%) and less time standing (20%) and walking (40%) than TD (all Ps < .01). These trends were enhanced in the participants with CP requiring mobility devices. Shorter sedentary events (those <60-min duration) were similar for TD and CP groups, but CP had significantly more long sedentary events (>2 h) and significantly fewer upright events (taking <30, 30–60, and >60 min) and less total upright time than TD. Conclusion: Ambulant participants with CP, as well as TD youth must be encouraged to take more breaks from being sedentary and include more frequent and longer upright events.
Cardiac Biomarker Release After Exercise in Healthy Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Cirer-Sastre Rafel , Legaz-Arrese Alejandro , Corbi Francisco , George Keith , Nie Jinlei , Carranza-García Luis Enrique , Reverter-Masià Joaquim
Published: October 2018

Purpose: The authors evaluated the impact of acute exercise and 24-hour recovery on serum concentration of cardiac troponins T and I (cTnT and cTnI) and N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in healthy children and adolescents. The authors also determined the proportion of participants exceeding the upper reference limits and acute myocardial infarction cutoff for each assay. Method: Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were systematically searched up to November 2017. Studies were screened and quality-assessed; the data was systematically extracted and analyzed. Results: From 751 studies initially identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria for data extraction. All 3 biomarkers were increased significantly after exercise. A decrease from postexercise to 24 hours was noted in cTnT and cTnI, although this decrease was only statistically significant for cTnT. The upper reference limit was exceeded by 76% of participants for cTnT, a 51% for cTnI, and a 13% for NT-proBNP. Furthermore, the cutoff value for acute myocardial infarction was exceeded by 39% for cTnT and a 11% for cTnI. Postexercise peak values of cTnT were associated with duration and intensity (Q(3) = 28.3, P < .001) while NT-proBNP peak values were associated with duration (Q(2) = 11.9, P = .003). Conclusion: Exercise results in the appearance of elevated levels of cTnT, cTnI, and NT-proBNP in children and adolescents. Postexercise elevations of cTnT and NT-proBNP are associated with exercise duration and intensity.
Correlation ofIn VitroSusceptibility Based on MICs and Squalene Epoxidase Mutations with Clinical Response to Terbinafine in Patients with Tinea Corporis/Cruris
Authors: Khurana Ananta , Masih Aradhana , Chowdhary Anuradha , Sardana Kabir , Borker Sagar , Gupta Aastha , Gautam R. K. , Sharma P. K. , Jain Dhruv
Published: October 2018

Recalcitrant dermatophytoses are on the rise in India. High MICs of terbinafine (TRB) and squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene mutations conferring resistance inTrichophytonspp.
Methylation-Induced Hypermutation in Natural Populations of Bacteria
Authors: Cherry Joshua L.
Published: October 2018

A common type of DNA modification, addition of a methyl group to cytosine (C) at carbon atom C-5, can greatly increase the rate of mutation of the C to a T. In mammals, methylation of CG sequences increases the rate of CG→TG mutations. It is unknown whether cytosine C-5 methylation increases the mutation rate in bacteria under natural conditions. I show that sites methylated by the Dcm enzyme exhibit an 8-fold increase in mutation rate in natural bacterial populations. I also show that modifications at other sites in various bacteria also increase the mutation rate, in some cases by a factor of forty or more. Finally, I demonstrate how this phenomenon can be used to infer sequence specificities of methylation enzymes.
Ethanolamine Influences Human Commensal Escherichia coli Growth, Gene Expression, and Competition with Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7
Authors: Rowley Carol A. , Anderson Christopher J. , Kendall Melissa M.
Published: October 2018

The microbiota protects the host from invading pathogens by limiting access to nutrients. In turn, bacterial pathogens selectively exploit metabolites not readily used by the microbiota to establish infection. Ethanolamine has been linked to pathogenesis of diverse pathogens by serving as a noncompetitive metabolite that enhances pathogen growth as well as a signal that modulates virulence. Although ethanolamine is abundant in the gastrointestinal tract, the prevailing idea is that commensal bacteria do not utilize EA, and thus, EA utilization has been particularly associated with pathogenesis. Here, we provide evidence that two human commensal
Escherichia coli
isolates readily utilize ethanolamine to enhance growth, modulate gene expression, and outgrow the pathogen enterohemorrhagic
E. coli
. These data indicate a more complex role for ethanolamine in host-microbiota-pathogen interactions.
Primary undifferentiated pleomorphic cardiac sarcoma withMDM2amplification presenting as acute left-sided heart failure
Authors: Watson Richard , Frye Joseph , Trieu Megan , Yang Michael X
Published: October 2018

Primary cardiac tumours are a rare clinical entity that can present with myriad of non-specific cardiopulmonary symptoms. We describe a case of a 61-year-old previously healthy woman who presented with progressive dyspnoea and lower extremity swelling, suggestive of acute left-sided heart failure. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a large, 3.7×3.2 cm intracardiac mass resulting in severe mitral valvular dysfunction. The patient underwent surgical resection of the mass, however, negative margins were not obtained, and the tumour quickly returned. Histological and molecular analysis was consistent with the diagnosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma with murine double minute 2 (MDM2) amplification. Given the overall grim prognosis, the patient chose to pursue comfort-based care. She died at home 9 months after the initial diagnosis. Here, we provide an updated review of the literature for the classification of undifferentiated pleomorphic cardiac sarcoma and potential treatment modalities.
Molecules in cancer immunotherapy: benefits and side effects
Authors: Bateman Adrian C
Published: October 2018

This mini review describes some of the key interactions between cancer cells and the immune system. This includes the concept of tumour cell immunosurveillance, mechanisms of immune evasion by tumour cells and some of the novel immunology-based anticancer therapies that have recently been introduced. The latter are also set into the context of the enlarging spectrum of immunohistochemistry-based and molecular testing that can now be performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues for predicting response to both well-established and newly developed agents. The emerging field of cancer immunotherapy requires and encourages close working between cellular and molecular pathology and clinical cancer treatment, while providing new hope for patients with cancers that may not have responded to conventional oncological treatments.
Apoptotic colopathy: a pragmatic approach to diagnosis
Authors: Karamchandani Dipti M , Chetty Runjan
Published: October 2018

‘Apoptotic colopathy’ is an umbrella term signifying a pattern of injury where the gastrointestinal biopsy shows a colitic picture with apoptosis as the predominant histological feature. Although the entities within apoptotic colopathy share a common histological feature— ‘apoptosis’, there is a list of varied clinical differential diagnoses that produce this similar histological pattern of injury. These include graft-versus-host disease, drug-induced injury due to multiple drugs (in particular, mycophenolate mofetil, check point inhibitor therapy and some others), infections (particularly cytomegalovirus, adenovirus and some others), immune disorders and other miscellaneous causes. However, the management of these varied differentials is strikingly different, thus necessitating an algorithmic approach for accurate diagnosis and optimal patient management. A definitive diagnosis requires interpretation of varied histological findings in the appropriate clinical context including clinical history, drug history and laboratory findings. This review will focus on the histopathological findings of varied entities that can manifest as ‘apoptotic colopathy’ on assessment of colonic biopsies.
Update on eighth edition American Joint Committee on Cancer classification for cutaneous melanoma and overview of potential pitfalls in histological examination of staging parameters
Authors: Trinidad Celestine M , Torres-Cabala Carlos A , Curry Jonathan L , Prieto Victor G , Aung Phyu P
Published: October 2018

Cutaneous melanoma causes most of the skin cancer deaths in the USA. Melanoma is the fifth most common cancer among men and the sixth most common cancer among women. The incidence of melanoma has risen sharply over the past three decades. In this review, which is informed by our extensive experience at a large cancer centre, we outline the key differences between the tumour, node and metastases staging criteria for cutaneous melanoma in the seventh and eighth editions of theAJCC Cancer Staging Manual. We also offer advice on how to assess the histophenotypic parameters that are relevant for staging, with a special focus on avoiding potential pitfalls, and how to report all the prognostically and therapeutically relevant histophenotypic parameters. Correct assessment and reporting of these clinically relevant histophenotypic parameters is of outmost importance for practising pathologists because these parameters help treating clinicians select the most appropriate personalised treatment for patients in this era of promising targeted and immunotherapies.
The biobank consent debate: Why ‘meta-consent’ is not the solution?
Authors: Manson Neil C
Published: October 2018

Over the past couple of decades, there has been an ongoing, often fierce, debate about the ethics of biobank participation. One central element of that debate has concerned the nature of informed consent, must specific reconsent be gained for each new use, or user, or is broad consent ethically adequate? Recently, Thomas Ploug and Søren Holm have developed an alternative to both specific and broad consent: what they call a meta-consent framework. On a meta-consent framework, participants can choose the type of consent framework they require, for different kinds of use, different types of user and so on. Meta-consent involves a distinctive kind of design of the consent process. Here it is argued, first, that although a meta-consent framework does not wrong participants, Ploug and Holm understate the likely costs and burdens of such a framework, so there are good practical reasons not to offer it. Second, although Ploug and Holm allude to some ethical considerations that might seem to ground an ethical argument for providing meta-consent, they do not offer any sound argument, and it does not wrong participants in any way to fail to offer them the opportunity to design their own consent process.
Lethal cysticercosis in a pet rabbit
Authors: Graham-Brown John , Gilmore Paul , Harcourt-Brown Frances , Eastham Heather , Williams Diana
Published: October 2018

A one-year-old neutered female crossbreed rabbit died unexpectedly after initially responding to symptomatic treatment over a three-month period for recurrent gut stasis, inappetence and lethargy. Postmortem examination revealed numerous fibrous tracks within the liver from which flattish ovoid parasites could be extruded. Parasites were also found in large numbers throughout the peritoneal cavity. Histopathology confirmed verminous hepatitis with numerous parasitic granulomas within the parenchyma of the liver containing intact and degenerate parasites. The severity of the parasitic burden and associated liver damage was the presumed cause of death. Intact parasites showed morphological features consistent withTaenia pisiformisat 6–15 days postinfection. Species identification was confirmed by PCR sequence analysis. The rabbit was fed on hay sourced from a local farm, commercially available nuggets and washed vegetables. It did not graze outside. Hay contaminated with dog or fox faeces was the presumed source of infection.