bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling non‐stationarity of kernel weights for k‐space reconstruction in partially parallel imaging
Authors: Miao Jun , Wong Wilbur C. K. , Narayan Sreenath , Huo Donglai , Wilson David L.
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

In partially parallel imaging, most k‐space‐based reconstruction algorithms such as GRAPPA adopt a single finite‐size kernel to approximate the true relationship between sampled and nonsampled signals. However, the estimation of this kernel based on k‐space signals is imperfect, and the authors are investigating methods dealing with local variation of k‐space signals.

Methods:

To model nonstationarity of kernel weights, similar to performing a spatially adaptive regularization, the authors fit a set of linear functions using concepts from geographically weighted regression, a methodology used in geophysical analysis. Instead of a reconstruction with a single set of kernel weights, the authors use multiple sets. A missing signal is reconstructed with its kernel weights set determined by k‐space clustering. Simulated and acquired MR data with several different image content and acquisition schemes, including MR tagging, were tested. A perceptual difference model (Case‐PDM) was used to quantitatively evaluate the quality of over 1000 test images, and to optimize the parameters of our algorithm.

Results:

A MOdeling Non‐stationarity of KErnel wEightS (“MONKEES”) reconstruction with two sets of kernel weights gave reconstructions with significantly better image quality than the original GRAPPA in all test images. Using more sets produced improved image quality but with diminishing returns. As a rule of thumb, at least two sets of kernel weights, one from low‐ and the other from high frequency k‐space, should be used.

Conclusions:

The authors conclude that the MONKEES can significantly and robustly improve the image quality in parallel MR imaging, particularly, cardiac imaging.
Fast IMRT with narrow high energy scanned photon beams
Authors: Andreassen Björn , Strååt Sara Janek , Holmberg Rickard , Näfstadius Peder , Brahme Anders
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

Since the first publications on intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the early 1980s almost all efforts have been focused on fairly time consuming dynamic or segmental multileaf collimation. With narrow fast scanned photon beams, the flexibility and accuracy in beam shaping increases, not least in combination with fast penumbra trimming multileaf collimators. Previously, experiments have been performed with full range targets, generating a broad bremsstrahlung beam, in combination with multileaf collimators or material compensators. In the present publication, the first measurements with fast narrow high energy (50 MV) scanned photon beams are presented indicating an interesting performance increase even though some of the hardware used were suboptimal.

Methods:

Inverse therapy planning was used to calculate optimal scanning patterns to generate dose distributions with interesting properties for fast IMRT. To fully utilize the dose distributional advantages with scanned beams, it is necessary to use narrow high energy beams from a thin bremsstrahlung target and a powerful purging magnet capable of deflecting the transmitted electron beam away from the generated photons onto a dedicated electron collector. During the present measurements the scanning system, purging magnet, and electron collimator in the treatment head of the MM50 racetrack accelerator was used with 3–6 mm thick bremsstrahlung targets of beryllium. The dose distributions were measured with diodes in water and with EDR2 film in PMMA. Monte Carlo simulations withgeant4 were used to study the influence of the electrons transmitted through the target on the photon pencil beam kernel.

Results:

The full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of the scanned photon beam was 34 mm measured at isocenter, below 9.5 cm of water, 1 m from the 3 mm Be bremsstrahlung target. To generate a homogeneous dose distribution in a 10 × 10 cm2 field, the authors used a spot matrix of 100 equal intensity beam spots resulting in a uniformity of collimated 80%–20% penumbra of 9 mm at a primary electron energy of 50 MeV. For the more complex cardioid shaped dose distribution, they used 270 spots, which at a pulse repetition frequency of 200 Hz is completed every 1.36 s.

Conclusions:

The present measurements indicate that the use of narrow scanned photon beams is a flexible and fast method to deliver advanced intensity modulated beams. Fast scanned photon IMRT should, therefore, be a very interesting modality in the delivery of biologically optimized radiation therapy with the possibility forin vivo treatment verification with PET‐CT imaging.
In vivo real‐time dosimetric verification in high dose rate prostate brachytherapy
Authors: Seymour Erin L. , Downes Simon J. , Fogarty Gerald B. , Izard Michael A. , Metcalfe Peter
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To evaluate the performance of a diode array in the routine verification of planned dose to points inside the rectum from prostate high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy using a real‐time planning system.

Methods:

A dosimetric study involving 28 patients was undertaken where measured doses received during treatment were compared to those calculated by the treatment planning system (TPS). After the ultrasound imaging required for treatment planning had been recorded, the ultrasound probe was replaced with a geometric replica that contained an 8 mm diameter cylindrical cavity in which a PTW diode array type 9112 was placed. The replica probe was then positioned inside the rectum with the individual diode positions determined using fluoroscopy. Dose was then recorded during the patients' treatment and compared to associated coordinates in the planning system.

Results:

Factors influencing diode response and experimental uncertainty were initially investigated to estimate the overall uncertainty involved in dose measurements, which was determined to be ±10%. Data was acquired for 28 patients' first fractions, 11 patients' second fractions, and 13 patients' third fractions with collection dependent upon circumstances. Deviations between the diode measurements and predicted values ranged from −42% to +35% with 71% of measurements experiencing less than a 10% deviation from the predicted values. If the ±10% measurement uncertainty was combined with a tolerated dose discrepancy of ±10% then over 95% of the diode results exhibited agreement with the calculated data to within ±20%. It must also be noted that when large dose discrepancies were apparent they did not necessarily occur for all five diodes in the one measurement.

Conclusions:

This technique provided a method that could be utilized to detect gross errors in dose delivery of a real‐time prostate HDR plan. Limitations in the detection system used must be well understood if meaningful results are to be achieved.
Exome Sequencing of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reveals Inactivating Mutations in
NOTCH1
Authors: Agrawal Nishant , Frederick Mitchell J. , Pickering Curtis R. , Bettegowda Chetan , Chang Kyle , Li Ryan J. , Fakhry Carole , Xie Tong-Xin , Zhang Jiexin , Wang Jing , Zhang Nianxiang , El-Naggar Adel K. , Jasser Samar A. , Weinstein John N. , Treviño Lisa , Drummond Jennifer A. , Muzny Donna M. , Wu Yuanqing , Wood Laura D. , Hruban Ralph H. , Westra William H. , Koch Wayne M. , Califano Joseph A. , Gibbs Richard A. , Sidransky David , Vogelstein Bert , Velculescu Victor E. , Papadopoulos Nickolas , Wheeler David A. , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Myers Jeffrey N.
Published: July 2011

The mutational profile of head and neck cancer is complex and may pose challenges to the development of targeted therapies.
Isotopic Signature of N
2
O Produced by Marine Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea
Authors: Santoro Alyson E. , Buchwald Carolyn , McIlvin Matthew R. , Casciotti Karen L.
Published: July 2011

Archaea may account for the majority of marine nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere.
The effect of endurance exercise on the power, speed, talent and anaerobic capacities of teenage female basketball players
Authors: İri Rüçhan , Yılmaz Gürkan , Çözeli M Serdar
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study is to investigate a 16-week endurance exercise in terms of power, speed, ability and aerobic capacity in 13–16-year-old female basketball players. Twenty female basketball players participated in the study and they are divided into two groups, ‘endurance group’ and ‘control group’. Both groups have exercised 3 days a week and 90 min a day throughout 16 weeks. The 1st group (endurance group – EG) is applied the interval training method and the 2nd (control group – CG) group is applied general basketball exercises. The groups in the study have taken 20-m speed run, squat jump, countermovement jump and running-based anaerobic speed run tests both before and after the exercises. Paired-samples t test is done for arithmetical mean, SD and the evaluation between groups, and non-parametric test Mann–Whitney U test is done for the comparison of the two groups. Statistically, in the assessment of groups before exercises (EÖ) and after exercises (ES), a significant difference is found in terms of the number of shoots within the groups themselves, between EÖ and ES, and between the two groups being in favour of EG group. A significant difference in favour of EG group is found in valid shoot and group shuttle tests as well. Statistically significant differences in favour of EG group are also found in the assessment of ES in terms of all the running values of anaerobic speed test. It is seen that there is a significant difference in the fatigue index value of EG group in favour of ES. No statistically significant differences have been observed in the other tests.

In conclusion, interval endurance exercise is seen to have caused an improvement in the number of shoots, in valid shoots, in grouped shuttle tests and in the anaerobic powers of young females. Thus, it can be suggested that the application of interval training method besides cardiovascular and metabolic specific factors in the improvement of endurance in children may be useful.
The evolution of the body size and shape in children: causes and consequences
Authors: de Ridder Hans
Published: July 2011

Childhood obesity is becoming a worldwide public health concern. Research studies from the International Obesity Task Force reveal that an estimated 155 million school-age children and adolescents worldwide show symptoms of obesity and being overweight. Among those, 30–45 million children and adolescents aged 5–17 are obese. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 18.8% of children aged 6–11 in the USA are obese. Recent studies have shown that the current generation of children in the USA and UK are projected to have shorter life spans than the previous generations – for the first time in history. According to recent studies, the costs of obesity to health systems and individuals are increasing by alarming rates. Since 2000, costs from childhood obesity-associated illnesses in the USA have risen from $35 to $127 million. The decrease in physical activity is found to be associated with the epidemic of obesity in children. There is therefore no better time for parents, educators, children and communities to promote healthy lifestyles and learning opportunities for students and to examine how we are preparing health and physical education (PE) teachers. It is important that all children have access to daily health and PE programmes. Physical educators at all school levels should remain abreast of current research, committed to further professional development, open-minded and committed to advancing the field. Life-long active living must be the primary goal of the health and PE curriculum. PE must be part of the school curriculum and not a subject that continues to be marginalised. Health must be a very important focus point in the PE curriculum with a strong emphasis on how to handle the worldwide obesity problem in children.
Kinanthropometric backup to core group probables of 2010 CWG
Authors: Talwar Rajdeep Kaur
Published: July 2011

Kinanthropometry is the basic sports science, knowledge of which is extremely important to find out the performance excellence in the competitions. Requirement of body structure with regard to suitability of the sport is pre-requisite for being an athlete. In the present article, complete kinanthropometric backup provided to various core group probables of 2010, in the sport disciplines of track and field, boxing, cycling and wrestling will be discussed and efforts will be made to present the normative values of various anthropometric parameters pertaining to these elite level Indian athletes.
The relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness with some of the anthropometry characteristic and physical activity in girls and boys 8–12 years old
Authors: Nasibeh Kazemi
Published: July 2011

Background

Physical activity (PA) participation is associated with health benefits and/or health risks. Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CVF) and fatness seem to be important health problems. Regarding some of the studies, it has been proven that CVF is related to daily PA and fatness.

Objective

The purpose of this study was evaluating the relationship between CVF with some of the anthropometric characteristics and PA in children aged 8–12 years.

Design

A cross-sectional study of 44 children aged (mean±SD) 9.73±1.38 years, height 134.5±11.77 cm and weight 32.04±8.66 kg from Noorabad city volunteered for this study. Before performance of any testing, the enrolled children's parents provided written informed consent and all children filled up an informed consent form. The current health status of the children was checked, CVF was measured by Bruce's treadmill test and the recording paper of daily PA for 2 days of a week (a holiday and a non-holiday) was filled by the children's parents. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight/height squared (kg/m2), and using Jackson's formula the body fat percentage (BF%) was calculated. Pearson bivariate correlation analysis was done. The analysis was performed using SPSS (version 15.0), and the level of significance was set at p=0.5.

Results

A statistically significant relationship was found between CVF (VO2max) and PA (p=0.0005), BMI (0.034) and BF% (p=0.005).

Suggestion

Our cross-sectional results suggest that PA may improve children's CVF. In addition, we can estimate by VO2max measuring BMI and BF%.
Fore foot area, length and breadth of fore foot as determinants in sprint and long distance running
Authors: Venkata Rajasekhar Kali , Dommalapati Krishnamoorthy , Kishore Siva , Sarojini Sarah
Published: July 2011

Higher metabolic cost of propulsion leads to quicker depletion of muscle phosphagens and accumulation of lactic acid while sprinting and uneconomical metabolic cost leading to quicker fatigue while running long distances. Larger foot dimensions need more propulsive force. This study analysed correlation among the forefoot area, length and breadth of forefoot and maintenance of top sprinting speed and distance running capacity of individuals. Timings for last 40 m in 100 m run to understand sprint maintenance and 1500 m to understand distance run were correlated. Foot area of the subjects was measured by graph weighing method. Zero, first and second order partial correlations were applied to analyse results. Significant zero order positive correlations were found between foot area and sprint maintenance (r= 0.355) and distance running (r=0.225) at 0.05 level of significance. The positive correlations between fore foot area and the sprint maintenance timing (r2= 0.336) and fore foot area and distance running timing (r2= 0.213) were significant (at df 200; r=0.132) when the effect of fore foot length and breadth were removed by second order correlation. First order correlations also were significant between forefoot area and sprint maintenance (r1=0.345 and r1= 0.336, length and breadth effect removed, respectively) and distance running (r1= 0.224 and r1= 0.213, respectively). It appears the sprint maintenance ability during the last 40 m of 100 m and distance running capacity decreases with the increase in the area of the fore foot.
Post marital changes of structural variables in sedentary and active women
Authors: Das Anindita
Published: July 2011

Women, though, have some structural disadvantage over men in respect to physical strength, but stamina and skill and also the prejudices of consequent ill effect have started participating increasingly more in sports proving marriage and motherhood is not the end of active life. Studies were conducted to examine the post marital changes in both sedentary and active women in respect to structural variables for verifying the utility of physical activities even after marriage. Data collected before marriage from 50 each sedentary and active women on the structural variables like height, weight, biepicondylar humerus width, biepicondylar femur width and fat percentage were compared by paired ‘t’ test to that collected 6–9 months after marriage. Significant effect of marriage on both active and sedentary women in respect to almost all the variables was noticed. Before marriage, no significant difference in the value of body weight among the active and sedentary women was found. Sedentary women, before marriage, had higher fat percentage (10.18%) and BMI (5.01%) but lower biepicondylar humerus width (19%) and biepicondylar femur width (21%). In active women body weight (4.78%), BMI (5.01%) and the biepicondylar femur width increased while fat percentage (5.90%) and the biepicondylar humerus width (3.84%) decreased after marriage but in sedentary women all the values increased in the tune of 4.04%, 4.08%, 1.05% and 2.49%, respectively, for body weight, BMI, fat% and the biepicondylar humerus width after marriage. In respect to fat% active women had significant post marital loss (6%), while sedentary women had gain (1%), difference in fat% between active and sedentary women being wider from 10% higher in sedentary women before marriage to 18% after marriage. Biepicondylar humerus width had 4% loss in active and 2.49% gain in sedentary women. The study thus revealed important facts about the structural changes that marriage brings to women, particularly in respect to body weight and BMI which is negative from physical fitness point of view thus showing the importance of physical exercise and fitness activities of the women even after marriage.
The profile of body abnormalities of bodybuilders
Authors: Haji-Abadi Mahdi Rostami , Rahnama Nader
Published: July 2011

Situational abnormalities usually occur due to the non-standard use of body which leads in the deformity of body and has lost of side effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the type and incidence of skeletal abnormalities in bodybuilders. Situational abnormality of 118 bodybuilders were assessed via posture screen and inserted in examination form. χ2Test was used to analyse the data. Results of this study showed that in total 874 situational deformities was observed in the athletes. The average deformity in each athlete was nearly 7.5. The most common abnormalities were medial rotated shoulder (10.4%), lordosis (9.61%), anterior head tilt (8.65%) and kyphosis (7.78%). There was a significant different among trunk and head abnormalities with upper extremities abnormalities (χ2= 12.28, p< 0.01) and lower extremities abnormalities (χ2= 4.17, p< 0.05). There was no significant difference between abnormalities of lower extremities and upper extremities (χ2=2.14, p<0.05). It can be concluded that the incidence of abnormalities among bodybuilders is very high. Further studies may deal with the causes of these abnormalities. This is a warning to these athletes. So, trainers should reduce the athlete's abnormalities with designing standard training programme.
Estimation of body composition using different equations on a longitudinal physical training paradigm of experimentation on female sports persons of national level
Authors: Kaushik Seema , Shaw Dhananjoy
Published: July 2011

Estimation of body composition has always been a point of interest for health science applications as well as research. But there are many prediction equations available and it becomes difficult to select for specific purpose(s) for the Indian population. Hence, the objectives of present investigation were: (1) to estimate the body composition of female volunteers using different equations; and (2) to study the effect of longitudinal physical training programme on female sports volunteers of national level of University of Delhi on selected body composition variables as estimated by using different equations. The sample size for the study was 78 having three groups of female (ie, experimental or progressive, constant load and control or no load group), each group having 26 samples (the mean age was 19.76 ± 0.69 years). Different equations used to compute the body density included Sloan, Durnin and Womersley, Weltman and Katch, Nagamine and Suzuk, Sloan and Weir and Jackson and Pollock, while both Siri and Brozek's formula were used to compute the fat percentage. The variables included lean body weight, body fat and percentage body fat. Standard landmarks and measurement protocols were followed to measure the selected variables as described by various authors. The mean and SD were computed to describe the data while analysis of covariance was applied to test the variability of covariance as the effect of experimentation (18 weeks of training) on selected groups (progressive load or intensive training, constant load or moderate training, no load or sedentary group); at different stages of testing that is, test-1 (at 0 weeks of training ie, pretest), test-2 (after 6 weeks of training), test-3 (after 12 weeks of training), test-4 (after 18 weeks or completion of training) as well as for intermittent stages of testing in a longitudinal experimental paradigm on selected variables of male. The paired t test comparison for mean difference was done as post-hoc analysis, where the F-ratio was found to be significant at 0.05 level. The level of significance chosen for testing the hypothesis was 0.05. The study concluded that a long term physical training paradigm of experimentation had a significant impact on body composition of female sports person of national level (students of University of Delhi), The estimation of body composition using different equations are comparable.
Alteration in the selected skinfold variables of female as a result of longitudinal physical training
Authors: Kaushik Seema , Shaw Dhananjoy
Published: July 2011

The aims of present investigation were: (1) to describe the selected skinfold variables of female students of University of Delhi; and (2) to study the effect of a long term physical training programme on selected skinfold variables of male volunteers from University of Delhi. The sample size for the study was 78 having three groups of female (namely progressive load or intensive training, constant load or moderate training, no load or sedentary group); each group having 26 samples (the mean age was 19.76 ± 0.69 years). The variables included skinfold measurements at biceps, triceps, forearm, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh and calf. Standard landmarks and measurement protocols were followed to measure the selected variables as described by various authors. Mean, SD and analysis of covariance were applied to test the variability of covariance as the effect of conditioning programme on selected groups (progressive load or intensive training, constant load or moderate training, no load or sedentary group); at different stages of testing that is, test-1, test-2, test-3, test-4 (intermittent stages of testing) in a longitudinal experimental paradigm of 18 weeks on selected variables of male. The paired t test comparison for mean difference was done as post-hoc analysis. The findings documents that the F-ratios were significant at 0.05 level, which were confirmed by post-hoc analysis at certain intersects of training stages and groups. The level of significance chosen for testing the hypothesis was 0.05. The study concluded that a long term physical activity had a positive effect on selected skinfold variables of female volunteers from University of Delhi.
Estimation of body composition using different equations on a longitudinal physical training paradigm of experimentation on national level male sportsperson
Authors: Shaw Dhananjoy , Kaushik Seema
Published: July 2011

Body composition, the proportion of the lean body mass and depot fat, is one of the most important features characterising human. The assessment of body composition has revealed that athletes generally have physique characteristics unique to their specific sports. Studies have shown that high percentage of body fat not only serves as dead weight but also lessens the relative ability to support oxygen to the working muscles then cutting down on one's cardiovascular endurance. There are debate on the specific uses of different equations for estimating body compositions of Indian population. Hence, the present investigation was conducted with the following objectives: (1) estimation of body composition using different equations; and (2) to study the effect of longitudinal physical training on selected body composition variables of national level male sports person of University of Delhi. The sample size for the study was 90 having three groups of male (namely progressive load or intensive training, constant load or moderate training, no load or sedentary group), each group having 30 samples (the mean age was 20.04 ± 0.49 years). Different equations used to compute the body density included Sloan, Durnin and Womersley, Weltman and Katch, Nagamine and Suzuk, Sloan and Weir and Jackson and Pollock, while both Siri and Brozek's formula were used to compute the fat percentage. The variables included lean body weight, body fat and percentage body fat. Standard landmarks and measurement protocols were followed to measure the selected variables as described by various authors. Mean and SD were computed to describe the data while analysis of covariance was applied to test the variability of covariance as the effect of experimentation (18 weeks of training) on selected groups (progressive load or intensive training, constant load or moderate training, no load or sedentary group); at different stages of testing that is, test-1 (at 0 weeks of training ie, pretest), test-2 (after 6 weeks of training), test-3 (after 12 weeks of training), test-4 (after 18 weeks or completion of training) as well as for intermittent stages of testing in a longitudinal experimental paradigm on selected variables of male. The paired t test comparison for mean difference was done as post-hoc analysis, where the F-ratio was found to be significant at 0.05 level. The level of significance chosen for testing the hypothesis was 0.05. The study concluded that a long term physical training paradigm of experimentation had a significant impact on the body composition variables of male sports person of national level (students of University of Delhi). The estimation of body composition using different equations are comparable.
Evaluation of the body proportions among All-India Inter-Collegiate basketball players
Authors: Elayaraja M , Nageswaran A S , Viswanathan J
Published: July 2011

Body size, shape and proportionality have been discovered to impose constraints upon capacity for optimal performance in sports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the body proportions of percent body fat, fat mass and fat-free mass, and muscle mass of basketball players participated in All India Inter-Collegiate basketball tournament organised at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India from 27 January 2009 to 1 February 2010. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 55 basketball players (15 guard, 22 forward and 18 post players) who represented the state at National Basketball Championships. The instruments for data collection were weighing scale used to measure body weight, stadiometer to measure body weight, Harpenden skinfold caliper to measure skinfold thickness – biceps, triceps, supra-iliac and subscapular to calculate % body fat, fat mass and fat-free mass. All the measurements were taken by the ISAK level-2 accredited anthropometrists. The descriptive statistics of mean and SD and one-way analysis of variance were used to test inter-players positional differences in height, weight and body proportion estimations. The result reveals that basketball players has high fat free mass, muscle mass and a normal BMI, but low fat mass and % body fat which was at a risk zone even for wellness when compared with standard norms. This low % body fat and a high muscle mass calls for nutritional interventions, since the more muscle mass the higher the metabolic rate and a need for more calories to meet up their energy need.
Comparison of height, weight and BMI of Indian school children (6–14 years of age) with WHO New Growth Standards
Authors: Dhingra Meenu , Jain Rita , Raj Yujwal
Published: July 2011

Background

WHO New Growth Standards 2006 are considered appropriate for Indian population and clinicians and anthropologists can assess nutritional status of children much early in life. Comparing with these standards provide useful insights into early recognition and prevention of childhood nutritional problems.

Objective and methodology

With the objective of assessing the nutritional status of school children, an anthropometric survey of Delhi school children (N=711) aged 6–14 years (boys=398; girls= 313) was conducted in 2008. Height, weight and body mass index were compared with WHO New Growth Standards 2006. Statistical analysis was based on WHO Anthroplus software for calculation of mean, median, SD, range and z scores, for each variable over 9 age groups in boys and girls.

Results

Results of z scores for weight-for-age (zwfa), height-for-age (zhfa) and BMI-for-age (zbfa) indicate that boys fall in the overweight category with shorter height (SD >1<2) in all age groups except at age group 8 where the boys are significantly taller than reference values. In case of girls, zwfa and zbfa indicate that girls are overweight in all age groups (SD >1<2) except at age 6 and zhfa scores reflect that they are shorter than the reference values across all age groups.

Conclusions

The present study shows overweight condition of both boys and girls in the study of Indian school. Nutritional intervention and physical activity programme may be suggested to them to prevent any further complications. It is recommended that similar study be carried out every year on school children to monitor the progress of growth and development.
The study of anthropometric sizes and physical fitness factors of boy students aged 12–14 in Shahrood city
Authors: Fahiminezhad Ali
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to study of anthropometric sizes and physical fitness factors of boy students aged 12–14 in Shahrood City. This cross-sectional study was performed on 368 boy students aged 12–14 years in Shahrood (2010). Subjects were selected via random sampling. Anthropometric measurements included: height, weight, sitting height, arms span, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and percentage body fat (BF%) and physical fitness components included: cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run test), general strength (dynamometer back and leg), leg power (vertical jump test), flexibility (sit and reach test) and agility (Illinois test). The mean of height (cm), weight (kg), sitting height (cm), arms span (cm), BMI (h/w2), WC (cm), WHR and BF% subjects were 154.1, 43.4, 77.1, 155, 18, 67.6, 84 and 22, respectively. The mean of VO2max (ml/kg/min), general strength (kg), leg power (kg/m), flexibility (cm) and agility (s) were 49.6, 92.1, 56.9, 30.5 and 18.97, respectively. There was significant negative correlation between VO2max and anthropometric measurements, agility with height, flexibility and leg power, while a significant positive correlation was found between general strength and leg power with anthropometric measurements subjects. Survey results showed that 12–14-year-old boy students in shahrood were of thought height, weight, BMI, general strength and leg power lower from adolescents of other countries and height, weight, BMI almost equal and general strength and leg power higher from adolescents of our country. Also 12–14-year-old adolescent boys in shahrood on base BMI 30.5%, BF% 26.9%, WHR 16.8% and VO2max 10% may provide insight into the prediction of future risk chronic disease.
Biomechanical factors in 100 m freestyle swimming and their relationships with anthropometric characteristics
Authors: Barghamadi Mohsen , Behboodi Zohreh
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between stroke rate, stroke length and velocity in each 10 m distance in 100-m freestyle competitive in order to compare male and female swimmers' results and assess their relationships with anthropometric characteristics. Sixteen male and six female of Chandigarh's elite swimmers were tested during competition. Each of the 22 subjects swam and biomechanical factors were recorded with video camera and stopwatch at 10 m distances. Correlations showed that there was significant relation between SR (stroke rate), SL (stroke length) and V (velocity) in each 10 m distance. Correlations existed between SR, SL, V and any anthropometric characteristics between males and females in each 10 m distance. There were no significant correlations in SR and SL between males and females but velocity showed significant correlation in each 10 m distance.
Study of relationship between the ECG components and some anthropometric measurements
Authors: Kaur Parminderjit , Lehri Anuradha , Verma Satish Kumar
Published: July 2011

The study was conducted on 51 healthy male volunteer students in March 2008. The volunteers were taken from the various departments of Punjabi University, Patiala. All volunteers were adults within the age range of 18–23 years with no vascular abnormalities. All the anthropometric and ECG measurements were carried out under controlled conditions in quiet air-conditioned room with temperature and humidity levels controlled at 23 ± 2°C and 55% ± 5%, respectively, using standard equipments and techniques. It was concluded that body weight is positively correlated to QRS duration (r= 0.284, significant at 5%), it means that over weight were more prone to develop aberration in the ventricular depolarisation and blocks in the ventricular conduction system. It is also examined that greater BMI has shifted the electrical activity of repolarisation of the ventricles to the left (BMI is negatively correlated to the direction of ventricular repolarisation). It was also observed that weight has shown correlation with QRS duration. Maximum heart rate has shown positive correlation with P-axis (0.332), T-axis (0.299) and QTC interval (0.41) and negatively correlated with QT interval (0.632).
The relationship between anthropometric and physiological variables elite distance and middle distance runners of Iranian national team
Authors: Hassan Matinhomaee
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this research is to define the relationship between anthropometric and physiological variables in elite distance and middle distance runners of Iranian national athletics team for the 3000 m performance. To do this, a sample of 30 elite runners with the mean age of 21.10±0.63 and mean height of 177.8±5.82 and mean weight of 64.26±7.07 were used. Characteristics of anthropometric and physiological and their relationship for the athletes were measured. The Pearson regression with (p≤0.05) was used for this analysis. From 41 variables 8 of them had a meaningful relationship with the performance of athletes which from these body fat mass (kg) and percentage of fat (%) had a positive and meaningful relationship with the performance and a negative and meaningful relationship between distribution of fat and performance. Between VO2max (ml/min/kg), anaerobic power, VO2max LT (ml/min) and the performance there was a negative and meaningful relationship. Between rest heart rate, breath rate and the performance there was a positive and meaningful relationship.
Relationship between bone mineral content, bone mineral density and anaerobic power in professional jumpers
Authors: Haydari Mahdi , Rahnama Nader , Khayambashi Khalil , Marandi Mohammad
Published: July 2011

The positive effect of physical activity and exercise on bone mass is well documented in several studies comparing with sedentary subjects. Recent studies have reported that cardiovascular fitness and weight-bearing exercise affect bone mass beneficially. Although it is widely accepted that muscle strength is significantly correlated with bone mass, little is known about anaerobic power and its relation to bone mass. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the relation between bone mass and anaerobic power in professional jumpers. Thirty professional men jumpers (long, high and triple jumping) with no history of bone disease participated in this study (mean±SD, aged 21.27±3.52 years, height 182±6 cm, weight 69.93±6.01 kg). Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Femoral neck and trochanter BMC and BMD for right and left sides and also lumbar spines were assessed. Sargent jump test was performed by athletes and records were converted to anaerobic power using Lewis formulae. Pearson correlation test was used to analyse data. Results of this study showed a positive relationship between femoral neck and trochanter BMC and anaerobic power (r=0.557, p<0.05). Similar result was found for femoral neck and trochanter BMD and anaerobic power (r=0.446, p<0.05). In conclusion, long-term jumping, is associated with markedly increased BMC and BMD at the femoral neck and trochanter and it can be accounted as one of the important environmental factors to determine femoral BMC and BMD in elite jumpers.
Nutrition and ergogenic AIDS symposium: nutritional and legal substances for increasing FFM and athletic performance
Authors: Girandola Robert
Published: July 2011

Athletes are always trying to get an edge on competitors, whether it is a training technique, drug or nutritional substance. World Anti-Doping Agency and other drug testing agencies ban many drugs and ergogenic aids, whether these substances have efficacy or not. However, athletes often overlook some of the more benign substances because they appear to have no effect. This presentation will look at regular milk and chocolate milk as nutritional ergogenics that have proven to maximise the anabolic effect of resistance exercise (regular milk) and also to shorten recovery time following high intensity exercise (chocolate milk). In addition, two legal ergogenics, creatine and β-hydroxy-methylbutyrate will be discussed as potential anabolic agents that may also prove efficacious.
Vegetarianism and Indian sports
Authors: Goswami Shashikant
Published: July 2011

The high performance diet has always been a matter of concern for the elite sports persons. The selection of right kind of food has an important role to play to achieve good health and high performance. In spite of being an oldest vegetarian country the Indian sports persons at elite level starts following the non-vegetarian foods to have high protein intake in their daily diet to gain muscle mass and strength. Whereas, vegetable proteins, when combined, provide excellent protein and also numerous other nutrients such as phytochemicals and fibres that are highly regarded in the diet.
Meal planning and nutritional supplements use among elite bodybuilders in Taiwan
Authors: Kuo Margaret Jip
Published: July 2011

The interaction between exercise and nutrition is important for bodybuilders. The intake of food during post-exercise recovery is necessary for hypertrophy to occur. Therefore, the current survey was performed to assess information regarding the meal planning and use of such supplements among elite bodybuilders in Taiwan.

Method

Thirty-four (26 male and 8 female) bodybuilders completed a questionnaire which conducted to examine the source of information, meal planning and usage of nutritional supplements.

Result

All the bodybuilders ingest protein and carbohydrate following exercise to attain a positive protein balance and maximise their skeletal muscle adaptive response. The prevalence of supplement use was 65% and nine different products were used. Female athletes were more likely to take supplements for their health or because of an inadequate diet, while male reported taking supplements to improve strength and power, and for weight and muscle gain. Females were more likely to take calcium, multivitamins and essence of chicken. And males had significant intake for Siberian ginseng, amino acids, glutamine, weight gainers and whey protein. The most frequently used supplements overall were sports drinks (88%), creatine (74%), whey protein (65%), energy drinks (53%), vitamin C (57%), vitamin B complex (62%) and multivitamin (44%). Before using a product, 72% sought information, usually from the media and internet, a store nutritionist, coaches, friends and fellow bodybuilders. However, many did not know where to obtain reliable information and 82% were also unaware that supplementation can have adverse effects.

Conclusion

Although the supplement use is common among the bodybuilders in Taiwan, many do not have accurate information about these products. Hence, there is an urgent need to provide athletes nutritional education and scientifically sound guidance by leading sport organisations is required.
Considering effect of liquids use on cortisol stressing hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine while long time in hot weather
Authors: Sajjadian Mohammad , Shiasy Hossein , Moeini Seyed Ziae
Published: July 2011

To study effect of liquids use on cortisol stressing while long time (90 min) practice in hot weather is the main purpose of this research. In this research, two arbitrary groups of students in football team at Islamic Azad University of Shoushtar were selected and tested namely test and control groups. The applied effect of eating carbohydrates while 90 min practice of bicycle riding in minutes of 26, 56 and 86 in test groups is studied; of course it was wanted from each group to control their diet. The applied results were analysed with SPSS and the main theoretical result is that using carbohydrate liquids while long time practicing in hot weather on football players has positive effect that should be valued in feeding diet of coaches.
Dietary consumption pattern of selected commonwealth probables with special reference to energy and protein
Authors: Varghese Deethu Sara , Yagnambhatt Venkataramana , Ahuja Ashok
Published: July 2011

Optimal nutrition is important for athletes to maintain good performance and to attain a good health in latter life. The nutrient intake of an athlete should be adequate to cover the specific energy requirement of the sport as well as for tissue maintenance and repair. The nutritional data of international level athletes is sparse in India. Therefore, a case based study was done on the representative sample from boxing, wrestling and athletics who were preparing for commonwealth games (commonwealth probables) during the initial stage of the camp. A detailed study was done on the dietary consumption pattern of these athletes, especially on energy and protein intake levels. Both the protein and energy intake was found to be higher than the recommended levels. Even, cases in which the energy intake was found to be twofold and protein intake, more than fivefolds of the requirement was found when the nutritional data of the athletes were analysed individually. Despite of meeting their requirement of energy and protein from the diet alone, athletes were found to be consuming high amount of protein supplements. This extreme pattern of protein consumption will have deleterious effects on performance and health of the athletes. Hence, necessary dietary modifications were made to bring their energy and protein consumption to the recommended levels. It can be concluded that supplementation of energy and protein is not required if an athlete is consuming a balanced diet. To achieve this, proper awareness on nutrition should be imparted to the athletes and coaches.
The effect of 1-month thyme using in elite sportsmen on oxidant stress and anti-oxidant capacity
Authors: Alpay C Berkan , Hazar Serkan , Gokdemir Kadir , Guzel Nevin Atalay , Gonenc Aymelek , Simsek Bolkan
Published: July 2011

The object of the study is to determine the effect of thyme loading during exercise at elite wrestlers on oxidant stress and anti-oxidant capacity. Totally 18 elite wrestlers were involved in the study. The wrestlers were randomly divided into two groups, experimental and placebo. The subjects were loaded 1 g dried thyme tea three times a day after meals during 35-day period. The blood samples were taken before and after loading thyme, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), melondialdehyde (MDA) and total sulphydryl group (RSH) were analysed. To evaluate the dates, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for in-group evaluation and Mann–Whitney U test was used for inter group evaluation and significance level α was set at 0.05. While there were no differences between groups before loading thyme, TAC values were found meaningfully increased after loading in experimental group (p<0.05). However, the decrease in MDA values of the experimental group after loading thyme was statistically significant (p<0.01). The decreases in RSH values of the experimental group were insignificant (p>0.05). In the other hand experimental group decreasing of the MDA values and increasing of the TAC values were found statically significant compared with placebo groups (p<0.05). But compared with two groups RSH values were statically insignificant. It was concluded that thyme loading increases enzymatic antioxidant capacity but does not have any effects on non-enzymatic antioxidant structures during exercise. However, thyme loading reduced oxidant stress in elite sportsmen.
Assessment of the effect of L-glutamine supplementation on DOMS
Authors: Tajari Somayeh Namdar , Rezaee Mona , Gheidi Naghme
Published: July 2011

Glutamine is an amino acid and is not considered one of the eight essential aminos. Amino acid supplementation outspreaded to enhancing athletic performance, preparation, removal fatigue and minimising risk of injures. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is result of a combination of unaccustomed muscle contraction (especially lengthening of the muscle under load) and poor motor neuron recruitment. This study investigated the effect of L-glutamine supplementation on DOMS after 30 min ergometric exercise by comparing two metabolic enzymes (aldolase and creatine kinase) and hip flexors range of motion. Experimental double blind design was used. This study included 20 non-athletic girl with 22.8±2.6 years old and 21.45±3.1 body mass index. The subjects randomise to glutamine and placebo supplementations. The supplement group was ingested 4 weeks, three times in week and twice a day (5 g per time). The control group use placebo same as experimental group. analyses of variance and t test use for data analyses. Aldolase increased 36 h after activity than after activity time in experimental group, but in control group it was reverted. There is a significant difference in aldolase level between control and experimental group (p> 0.05). The creatine kinase increased significantly in 36 h after activity than after activity time in experimental group. Range of motion of hip joint decreased in T3 in both of them significantly, but it was recovered for experimental group 36 h after activity. These results suggest that L-glutamine supplementation attenuates DOMS effects, muscle damage and downfall of performance in flexor of hip.