bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LYME BORRELIOSIS IN NORTH BACKA DISTRICT
Authors: Kovačević Berić Dragica , Molnar Tibor , Miković Morana , Savić Sara
Published: June 2020

Lyme disease is the most common vector borne disease in regions with moderate climate. The cause of the disease is Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s.l.), whereas infection is spread via bite from a tick carrying the causative agent. The objective of this work is the examination of descriptive-epidemiological characteristics of Lyme disease in North Backa region in the period from 2012 to 2016. In terms of classifi cation, Lyme dis-ease does not fall into the category of diseases that must be reported when infection occurs among animals. The average rate of incidence in humans during the observed five-year period is 7/100.000. Th e highest incidence of this disease among humans was observed in 2013 (In 12.2/100,000) with 22 reported cases, whereas the lowest incidence was in 2015 (In 5.0/100,000) with 9 reported cases. The highest rate of incidence was recorded in Bačka Topola municipality – 15.9/100.000; followed by Mali Iđoš with 7.2/100.000; while the lowest rate was recorded in Subotica being 5.0 cases per 100,000 residents. Th e presence of the disease was confi rmed in all patients via labo-ratory (serological) tests. Women were more likely to become infected, with the male-female patient ratio being 41%-59%. The disease was documented predominantly among people aged 50-69. The majority of cases were re-corded during spring and summer, in the period from May to June (71%). Among animals, the disease was documented in Subotica and Mali Iđoš municipality, with average prevalence rates among dogs and horses being 0.07%; and 1.52% respectively. Subotica municipality has the most accurate records of cases and a prevalence of 0.06% among dogs, and 1.43% among horses, while Mali Iđoš municipality has higher prevalence, being 2.99% among horses and 0.14% among dogs. The highest occurrence of Lyme disease among animals was documented in 2015, with a prevalence of 2.85% among horses. The presence of causative agents among examined ticks in Mali Iđoš municipality was 16.28% on average, predominantly in 2015 (in 21.21% of examined ticks).
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli: diagnosis, virulence and prevention.
Authors: Velhner Maja , Suvajdžić Ljiljana , Todorović Dalibor , Milanov Dubravka , Kozoderović Gordana
Published: June 2020

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis within poultry flocks all around the world. There is a number of virulence mechanisms involved in the disease process in poultry and determination of some of the responsible genes is important for diagnosis of colibacillosis. In this work, research data regarding diagnostics of APEC and how certain clonal lineages could cause infection in different hosts is presented. In order to determine virulence genotype of APEC, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, based on a published sequence of seven pairs of primers (iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss, iutA, elitC and cvaC), was used in our laboratory. It was established in the research of other scientists that isolates with two or more of these genes can develop pathogenic phenotype, while isolates with one or none of the genes are mostly commensal E. coli. Additionally, virulence mechanisms in APEC were also briefly described. It was emphasized that resistance genes and virulence genes are sometimes co-located on the same plasmid and that such plasmids could be shared among related or unrelated bacteria species. Since APEC often confers resistance to antibiotics, the therapy is less effective in poultry with multidrug resistant strains. It was concluded that good management practice, treatment with probiotics and/or vaccination are necessary to reduce colibacillosis outbreaks. This approach is even more pronounced since APEC resides in intestine of healthy poultry and could cause disease if poultry is exposed to various stressors.
PREVALENCE OF MAEDI-VISNA IN SHEEP HERDS
Authors: Vidić Branka , Grgić Živoslav , Sav-Jevđenić Sara , Maljković Marko , Milanov Dubravka
Published: June 2020

Progressive sheep pheumonia and maedi are terms that denote chronic virus sheep disease. Maedi-visna virus causes a disease named visna, which is a disease of nervous system with the symptoms of paresis and paralyses. Besides pneumonia, maedi-visna is characterized by arthritis, heavy mastitis and slow growth of lambs. This diseases is closely related to encephalitis and goat arthritis. Virus maedi-visna and the virus of sheep progressive pneumonia are neoncogen sheep retroviruses that belong to a subfamily Lentvirinae. They cause persistent infection with lymphoproliferatic changes, mammary gland tissues, brain and joints. The earliest reports on the disease come from South Africa and SAD, but nowadays the disease is present in all the countries where sheep are raised. The ways of transmission and their importance are still not detected. Incubation period is very long, and most of sheep with clinical symptoms are older than 3 years. The most common symptoms are apathy, weight loss and exhaustion. It may be followed by coughing and nasal discharge, pneumonia as a consequence of secondary bacterial infection. The changes on mammary gland appear slowly, the udders are enlarged and hard, but papillae are flaccid. Due to changes on mammary glands lambs of the infected sheep are often weak and less developed. Clinically, the disease lasts 3-10 months always with fatal outcome. The virus may be isolated on tissue culture or identified with the method of complement fixation and virus neutralisation test. Different serology methods are used for diagnostics: agar gel immunodiffusion test, indirect immunofluorescence test and ELISA test. This survey included 2000 sera samples from sheep in 4 epizootiology areas of the Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia (NIVS) Belgrade, Veterinary Specialist Institute (VSI) Sombor, Veterinary Specialist Institute (VSI) Subotica and Veterinary Specialist Institute (VSI) Zrenjanin, each with 500 representative samples. The detection of specific antibodies against maedi-visna virus (MVV) was done by ELISA technique, using commercial set kit CHEKIT-CAEV/MVV, produced by IDEXX. Based on the obtained results from 2000 seep sera tested forMVVantibodies, in 325 cases (16.24%) sheep were seropositive, while only 45 (2.25%) sheep were suspicious (ambiguous). The disease is important because of economic losses, what restricts trade. The fact that MVVis proved in sheep population points out the fact that more attention should be given to this infection.
EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN SOUTH BAČKA REGION
Authors: Pušić Ivan , Lalošević Dušan , Bugarski Dejan , Prodanov Jasna , Grgić Živoslav , Urošević Miroslav , Lupulović Diana
Published: June 2020

Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a chronicle, infective disease associated with formation of specific inflammatory granulomas. Infection usually remains subclinical for a long period, but even when the clinical are present, they are not pathognomic. Bovine tuberculosis can spread to humans through inhalation of infectious droplets and by ingestion of raw milk, and on the rare occasion through consumption of meat products. Since the disease remains a great economic concern for cattle production operations and due to its zoonotic nature, most of the countries initiated a program for the control and eradication of tuberculosis in domestic animals. In South Baåka region (SBD) three tuberculous foci were detected on the territory of Žabalj, Novi Sad and Titel municipality. The first 11 reactors were detected in the year 2004 during the diagnostic examination that was conducted according to the Program of Measures for infectious disease survaillance. The number of animals with a positive reaction to the intradermal tuberculin test was 113, 54 and 142, in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The diagnosis was further confirmed by gama-interferon test, gross pathology and histopathological examination, and definitively confirmed by M. bovis isolation from the lymph node and lung lesions. The number of estimated tuberculin reactors was 320, located in six settlements and 37 husbandries. The percent of infected animals in some herds ranged from 11.10 to 59.18%. The objective of this investigation was to determine the routes of infection and to identify risk factors that contributed to the tuberculosis breakdown in the tuberculous hot spots. An epizootiological evaluation revealed that the high herd prevalence and high animal incidence of bovine TBC in South Baåka region was associated with the following factors: lack of TBC diagnosis in pastured animals in swampy areas for a long period, grazing areas are often flooded resulting in bad quality fodder and cattle malnutrition, presence of other domestic animals on the pastures, co-mingling of animals from different herds is frequent, common water through, presence of different wild animal species on pasture (as a potential reservoir of the disease), uncontrolled movement and illegal trade of infected animals, natural breeding as well as overpopulation in the sheds during winter housing.
REAL-TIME PCR FOR DETECTION OF EQUINE ARTERITIS VIRUS
Authors: Chenchev I. , Polychronova L. , Chakarova S. , Genova I.
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to develop and validate the real-time RT-PCR method in detection of the equine arteritis virus in the nasal swabs, semen plasma and whole blood samples from horses with clinical signs of the disease. The 66 samples - 28 nasal swab samples from mares, 23 semen plasma samples from stallions, 6 whole blood samples from stallions and mares, 7 samples - 10% internal organ tissues suspensions from aborted foetus were used in investigation. Two reference strains „ARVAC” and “Bucyrus” were used as the positive controls. RNA was isolated from cell culture supernatant fluid which was infected with reference viruses and whole blood from infected animals by commercial kit Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany). The real-time RT-PCR - one step protocol, developed by Balasuriya et al. (2002) was used for the amplification of the 204 bp ORF7 segment of the EAV genome. The 96% of samples showed the positive results by real time RT-PCR. The 3.5% we investigated again and only 0.5 % of the samples were negative. The controls tested positive and this contributed for precise interpretation of the obtained results. The samples which show high CT values were amplified again only with primers and the products were visualized in 2% agarose gel. The positive reaction products show the DNA fragments of about 200 bp.
STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF LEADING ZOONOSES IN VOJVODINA IN 2000-2009 PERIOD
Authors: Ristić Miroljub , Šeguljev Zorica , Vidić Branka , Petrović Vladimir , Ilić Svetlana
Published: June 2020

The data show that from more than 1.400 today known microorganisms, that cause infections in human population, 61% is of animal origin. The list of known zoonoses is enlarged every day, new diseases are recognized and discovered. Because of this, zoonoses are significant health and economical problem in the world. The participation of these diseases in national pathology of the inhabitants of certain area depends on the presence and number of foci, type of reservoir species, application and efficency of prophylactic measures. The goal of this paper is to analyze the structure and distribution of leading zoonoses in the population of AP Vojvodina. The analysis is made according to the data from the register of infectious diseases - Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Public Health of Vojvodina. The period included in this study is from 2000 to 2009. From 70 infectious diseases, which are to be declared according to national legislative, half of them are zoonotic diseases. In this analysis we treat only zoonotic diseases and vector borne zoonotic diseases registered in past 10 years. In the period included in this study 15 zoonotic diseases and vector borne zoonoses have been registered in AP Vojvodina. The highest level of incidence is for lyme disease, with the average 9,91/100.000 and trichinellosis with the average 6.40/t 100.000 (Table 1). Toxoplasmosis, Q fever, leptospirosis and echinococcosis have been registered in Vojvodina regularly, and the average incidence is below 1/100.000. The range from minimal to maximal registered incidence shows that there was not a significant difference in epidemiological situation of these diseases. Other zoonoses have been registered rarely and occasionally, as autochthonous or imported diseases (leishmaniasis). In this group of diseases 41 deaths have been registered. Most of it was caused by tetanus and leptospirosis. The lethality rate of tetanus was 54.55% and the patients were of the oldest age. Lethality rate from leptospirosis was 12.0%, and unlike tetanus, the patients belonged in the middle age group. The registered incidences of zoonoses in human population do not present the real situation because of the diagnostic and rapid recognition of symptoms. Some vector borne zoonotic diseases, like for example tick born meningoencephalitis and West Nile Virus fever, which regularly occur in Europe and surrounding countries, have not yet been registered in our region and Serbia. However, the risk from the infections and a possibility of occurrence is not eliminated.
MYCOLOGICAL FLORA OF DOG’S SKIN - A PROBLEM OF CITY ECOLOGY
Authors: Stojanov Igor , Stojanović Dragica , Pušić Ivan , Prodanov Radulović Jasna
Published: June 2020

On the surface and inside the body of pets there is a large number of different microorganisms. Some of them are pathogens of humans, and infect both humans and animals, while the others present only an indirect threat for humans. Skin is a large organ that plays an important role. It is in a direct contact with the environment and presents a mean of transmission for the microorganisms that may be transferred to human beings living in the cities. The objective of this paper was to carry out mycological examination of hair from dogs with clinical symptoms of skin diseases. The aim was to determine saprophytic fungi on dog skin and determine how they influence humans. In a one-year period the presence of fungi was analyzed in 72 samples from dogs with skin changes and 32 samples from dogs without lesions. The samples were inoculated on Saburo dextrose agar and incubated at 25oC for 10-21 days. The grown colonies were characterized based on their shape and color, and under a light microcope conidia, macroconidium and conidiophore were identified. On the dogs with lesions, the presence of fungi ranged from 26.38% to 66.66%, but in the group of dogs without lesions fungi were present in 22% to 65.62%. The isolated fungi were identified as: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Alternaria sp., Mucor sp. i Fusarium sp.
STUDY ON DIROFILARIOSIS IN MILITARY DOGS WITHIN THE ARMY OF SERBIA
Authors: Pajković Dušan , Savić Sara , Veljković Predrag , Grgić Živoslav
Published: June 2020

Dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease, caused with Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. Dirofilariasis can appear as a heart form and as a cutaneus form. For the spreading of dirofilariasis, the presence of mosquitoes is nessessary, because they serve as vectors Also a part of dirofilaria life cycle is developed with in the vector. Dirofilariasis can be found in dogs and cats and sometimes in humans. Even though dirofilariasis was primeraly known as a disease found in mediteranian countries, through the years it has spread out to the north and west of Europe, so now clinical cases of dirofilariasis can be found in middle Europe, including Srbija. First data on dirofilariasis in Serbia were published in 1999. and since that time there is a follow up on dirofilariasis in several regions of Serbia. During a six year period (2004. to 2010.) a study on dirofilariasis in millitary dogs within the army of Serbia was done. A few cases of adult dirofilaria were found in dogs hearts at autopsy. The  study was done on 71 serum samples, from dogs of diferent age, during the study period and a total seroprevelance of 14% was found.
THE SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS E VIRUS INFECTION IN WILD BOARS IN SERBIA
Authors: Lupulović Diana , Petrović Tamaš , Lazić Sava , Prodanov Radulović Jasna , Došen Radoslav , Pušić Ivan
Published: June 2020

Hepatitis E (HEV) belongs to one of fi ve so far described types of viral hepatitis caused by human agents (hepatitis A, B, C, D and E). The disease is characterized by clinical and epidemiological signs of acute hepatitis and is transmitted primarily by fecal-oral route via contaminated food and water. The infection is mainly detected in the developing countries of the Middle East, Asia and Africa, especially in countries with poor sanitary conditions of life. HEV infection in pigs was fi rst recorded in 1990. Numerous studies that followed proved that HEV can skip species barrier and can be transmitted from pigs to humans. HEV has been demonstrated as a new zoonotic agent. Hepatitis E virus has infected people in Japan who consumed insuffi ciently cooked meat of deer, pig liver and meat of wild boar. In humans four genotypes have been determined: I, II, III and IV, while so far tested swine isolates belong to genotypes III and IV. It is also important to note that the swine HEV isolates from one geographical region are genetically closer to human isolates from the same area than to the other isolates from pigs in the world. Th e aim of this paper is to show whether and how much HEV infection is present in the population of wild boars in Serbia, which represent a reservoir of this disease caused by a signifi cant zoonotic agent. Preliminary serological tests included the examination of 92 blood serum samples of wild boars. In 32 animals, or 34.78%, the presence of specifi c antibodies against HEV genotype was detected. Th e blood samples were collected during 2009, 2010 and 2011 from 15 hunting sites in Serbia. Laboratory testing was performed by non-commercial ELISA (in-house ELISA), where the used antigen was recombinant capsid protein-HEV genotype 3 ΔORF 2, which was obtained by laboratory cloning procedure. The test results showed that the hepatitis E virus is present in wild boars in Vojvodina, that are a potential source of this infection, as well as for many other infections of diferrent etiology.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISTURBANCES RELATED TO PROLONGED ANESTHESIA IN DOGS
Authors: Spasojević Kosić Ljubica , Trailović Dragiša
Published: June 2020

As major surgical procedures, which last longer, are associated with signifi cant hemodynamic changes, it is unclear how much the duration of both anesthesia and surgery has an indipendant effect on the outcomes. In this work the infl uence of six hours’ anesthesia was studied on 10 dogs, under no surgery. Prolonged anesthesia was evaluated by direct blood pressure measurement, ecg monitoring and urine collection. During prolonged anesthesia in dogs, decreases of systolic (SAP) (p<0.05, p<0,01), mean (MAP) (p<0.05) blood pressure, heart rate (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) and urine output (p<0.01, p<0.001), were signifi cant, but the regularity of heart rhythm was maintained. Although blood pressure is preserved within autoregulatory range, the coexisting values of mean blood pressure and heart rate, and T wave polarity changes, point out to existence of myocardial ischemia.
CONTROL OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUE IN MILK FROM FARM TO TABLE
Authors: Apić Jelena , Petrović Jelena , Rackov Olga , Milanov Dubravka
Published: June 2020

Antibiotic residue in milk may have harmful consequences for humans and milk technology. In order to prevent adverse effects of residue, nowadays different screening methods are used for qualitative examination of antibiotic residue in milk. The aim of the work was to investigate the presence of antibiotic residue in the samples of milk from different phases of production chain (from raw material to final product) by using different screening methods. Three screening methods, that are most often used, were chosen. Microbiological inhibitory methods: Delvo SP test and diffusion method with B. stearothermophilus and enzyme method Penzyme S test. A total of 60 samples were examined. The samples were collected from whole milk production chain from farm to final product. The investigation determined high compatibility of tests. The differences that occur in examining the same sample using three different methods are a consequence of different sensitivity of the methods. Delvo SP test is sensitive to antibiotics, sulphonamides, disinfectants and inhibitory substances in milk (lactoferin, lactoperoxidase). Diffusion method is sensitive to antibiotics, while Penzyme S is sensitive only to β-lactam antibiotics. High coincidence of Penzyme S test with two other tests prove that β-lactam antibiotics are the most often residua that can be found in milk. The differences in results may also be a consequence of difference of detection limit for the same antibiotics. On the basis of performed investigation, it was detected that there is a high percent of milk sample that contain antibiotic residues 30% in bulk tanks on farms, 20% in cistern in diary and 20% in pasteurized and sterilized milk on the market. On the bases of parallel investigation of diffusion method, Delvo SP test and Penzyme S test, we can conclude that all three methods are extremely in agreement and thus they fulfill one of the criteria for introducing them in systematic milk control on presence of antibiotic residue.
LESS COMMON AETIOLOGICAL AGENT OF BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Milanov Dubravka , Prunić Bojana , Košarčić Slavica , Potkonjak Aleksandar
Published: June 2020

Serratia marcescens was considered originally a saprophytic bacteria in the environment, and many decades after the discovery it was actually recognized as a pathogen of plants and a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates. It has been identified as an important human pathogen that causes a number of hospital-acquired infections. Due to the increase of resistance to a variety of antibiotics, the bacteria is recognized as an important public health issue. S. marcescens causes subclinical, chronic mastitis in dairy cows, which makes it significantly different from other members of Enterobacteriaceae family, such as coliform bacteria. In infected cows clinical signs are mostly mild, but for months, or even years, the bacteria is secreted in milk and infection of other cows in the herd may occur via the milking system. The antibiotic treatment of mastitis caused by S. marcescens is considered less efficiant. Most isolates of S. marcescens from the environment are characterized by a production of red pigment - prodigiosin, with the unknown function in bacterial physiology. This secondary metabolic product of S.marcescens is the subject of research in the field of pharmacy and bioengineering, because of its anfibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal (antimalaric) and immunomodulatory effects, as well as anticancer activities.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KERATIN LAYER OF DUCTUS PAPILLARIS AND ZINC BLOOD SERUM CONCENTRATION IN DAIRY COWS
Authors: Davidov Ivana , Radinović Miodrag , Erdeljan Mihajlo , Kovačević Zorana , Stojanović Dragica
Published: June 2020

The experiment was carried out on a mini farm of Holstein-Friesian cows with 30 animals, aged between 3 and 5 years and the zinc level in serum was measured. The analyses of the blood samples indicated a variation in the concentration of zinc in serum. In 11 out of 15 tested cows (73.33%) the zinc values in serum were below the physiological values for high-milking cows. In the experimental group different thickness of the keratin layer was detected in the teat canal. The statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between the concentration of zinc in cow serum and the thickness of teat canal keratin layer. This indicates that the cows with low values of zinc have thin keratin layer of the teat canal.
PARASITIC DISEASES IN CATS IN BELGRADE AREA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ZOONOSES
Authors: Lažetić Vladimir , Ilić Tamara , Ilić Vojislav , Dimitrijević Sanda
Published: June 2020

Parasitoses in cats are one of the most common diseases of this species. Parasites violate homeostasis of organism by their specific pathogenic mechanisms, mechanicaly, by making their hosts hypersensitive... Some cat parasitoses have zoonotic character, too, provoking serious diseases of people. In Belgrade area there are different ectoparasites and endoparasites, which representation is directly linked with cat’s way of life, and also with preventive actions that are taken by their owners on that issue. It has revealed the presence of giardiasis, coccidiosis, toxocariosis, ancylostomatidosis, pulicosis, cheyletielosis and Otodectes mange. Prevalence is significantly higher when cats are kept in groups and if they are free to go outside, unlike specimens hеld in controled and indoor conditions. However, by adequate preventive measures, it is possible to make a balance between good health state and animal welfare, even in large populations.
MARKETING IN MODERN VETERINARY PRACTICE SERVICES
Authors: Vidić Vaso
Published: June 2020

In some ways, marketing techniques have been used for the passed hundreds of years, but marketing as a scientific discipline emerged only recently. The basic concepts of marketing were discovered and developed in the U.S.A. and then spread worldwide. Starting in the 1950s, marketing underwent a full affirmation due to new developments such as increased supply compared to the demand, growing competition, changes in consumer’s needs and desires, as well as their education level and improved standard of living. An overview of available literature indicated a lack of an integral definition of marketing, that is, various authors have diverse approaches to marketing concept. The basic element of all definitions is the idea that marketing is a range of business activities aimed at gaining new customers and keeping the existing ones by satisfying their needs. The main goals of marketing are the following: firstly, to attract new customers by emphasizing the potential value of the product or service offered and secondly, to keep the existing customers by keeping them satisfied with the product or service by constantly producing superior value and exceeding their expectations. Contrary to the U.S.A., where greatest achievements were accomplished in the field of marketing theory and application and its implementation into veterinary practice, as well as in appropriate perception of importance of marketing idea and philosophy, this issue has not been appropriately addressed in our country. The main goal of marketing in veterinary practice is not only to sell a product or service, but also to create mutual profitable long-term relations with clients. To that aim, it is essential to know the client, his requirements, demands and problems. This is the way to provide conditions for selling appropriate product or service. Disregarding personal reasons for practicing veterinary medicine, particularly in small-animal practice, the veterinarian should approach such practice as any other business activity that should provide profits. In that respect, it is of key importance to adopt marketing approach and management concept. The four basic marketing instruments are product, price, promotion and place that make so-called marketing mix, which is applicable also in the veterinary practice. In veterinary medicine, the product pertains to spent items (e.g. drugs, food) or veterinary services. By determining the price, the basis is the cost price and added profit margin, depending on the product or service offered. The promotion encompasses communication with the owners, presenting them products and services offered, describing the features of the clinic or infirmary, etc. Contrary to other business branches, position of veterinary unit is not so important, yet it must provide good communication with animal owner. The overall experience of the customer, starting from entering the clinic or practice until leaving it, must be professional, pleasant and effective. Only accomplishing this goal will enable competitiveness or justify even a higher price for a superior service.
DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE HERPESVIRUS 1 IN CATTLE POPULATION AND BULLS FROM CENTERS FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION AND PRIVATE FARMS IN BULGARIA
Authors: Peshev Raiko , Christova Lilly
Published: June 2020

The aim of the study is determination of the BHV 1 incidence among the bovine population in Bulgaria by using various ELISA tests for antibody detection and diff erent methods for proving viral antigen. Commercial diagnostic ELISA kits were used for screening as well as for confi rmation of the antibodies. Serological examination encompassed 2973 serum samples from bovine population in Bulgaria (cattle, calves and bulls) originating from 21 country regions. Total 408 cattle and 150 bulls’ samples originating from artifi cial insemination centers (AIC), commune and private farms from 21 country regions were subjected to virology testing. Identifi cation of isolated viruses was performed using conventional and nested PCRs for BHV 1 gB gene detection. Th e percentage of positively reacting cattle sera were signifi cantly (p < 0.001) higher (38.3%) then that of bulls (29.3%) after ELISA testing of 2240 cattle serum samples and 733 bulls’ sera. Seven strains with BHV 1 characteristics were isolated from Dobrich, Lovech – 2 strains, Plovdiv, Targovishte, Pazardjik and Svishtov regions after cultivation 408 samples from cattle and calves (buff y coats, nasal, eyes, vaginal swabs, tissues and organs) on cell cultures. Th ree BHV 1 strains were isolated from Sliven, Shumen and Blagoevgrad regions aft er examining 150 bulls’ samples (nasal, eyes, preputial, semen samples and buff y coats). Confi rmation of virus isolation was accomplished using PCR gB gene based primers (amplified 478 bp) Th e amplicons from 3 bulls isolated strains with the same size and location as the referent Oxford strain were observed. After performance of nested PCR for gB gen, products with size of 385 bp were obtained in all samples as well as in the referent Oxford strain.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR DETECTION OF MICROSPORIDIA SPECIES OF THE GENUS NOSEMA IN HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA)
Authors: Glavinić Uroš , Stanković Aleksandar , Stevanović Jevrosima , Simeunović Predrag , Aleksić Nevenka , Stanimirović Zoran
Published: June 2020

Two microsporidia species of the Nosema genus cause nosemosis in the adult honeybee: N. apis and N. ceranae. For diagnostic purposes and the determination of infection level various microscopic and molecular biological methods are used. Th e aim of this research was to compare the reliability of the traditional microscopic assessment and two PCR techniques: simplex- and duplex-PCR. Honey bee samples were taken from 150 colonies. Microscopic examination, performed according to the recommendations of the OIE, revealed Nosema spores in 68.67% samples analysed, whilst with the simplex-PCR method all samples (100.0%) proved positive. On the other hand, duplex-PCR method used for the identifi cation of Nosema species resulted in 84.0% positive samples, all of which were N. ceranae. Our recommendation of the simplex-PCR method for the monitoring of honey bees in fi eld conditions is based on its higher reliability than the microscopic assessment in the detection of low-level infections, as well as its potential for the detection of vegetative Nosema sp. stages; thus the early detection and timely prevention of Nosema infection would be possible. Nosema species identifi cation is simplest and most cost-eff ective if performed with the duplex-PCR analysis. However, the simplex-PCR is more reliable, thus, it is suggested that samples that were negative when assessed with microscopy and duplex-PCR analysis undergo simplex-PCR.
SODIUM CHLORIDE CONTENT IN MEAT PRODUCTS
Authors: Prica Nadežda , Živkov Baloš Milica , Mihaljev Željko , Jakšić Sandra , Stojanov Igor
Published: June 2020

Table salt is the first food additive and its preserving eff ects are well known since long time ago. Because of its role in everyday diet, table salt is one of the fi rst products designated as “functional food”. However, it was established that excessive salt intake, i.e. sodium intake, is frequently associated with hypertension and development of a range of other diseases. Sodium chloride affects sensory and microbiological properties of meat products; however, it aff ects the human health as well. Since the current Regulation (Offi cial Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 31/2012) did not define the sodium chloride content of in meat products as a quality parameter, the aim of our study was to determine levels of sodium chloride in diverse meat products available at the market in Novi Sad. A total of 260 samples of meat products were examined, including: shaped ground (minced) meat, vegetarian spreads, smoked products, fermented dry sausages, fi nely minced boiled sausages, canned meat chop and cooked sausages. The content of sodium chloride was determined by using volumetric method. The lowest average sodium chloride content was established in samples of shaped ground meat, being 2.53%. Average level of sodium chloride in vegetarian spreads was 3.55%, in cooked sausages 2.95% and in canned meat chop and smoked products 3.44%. Sodium chloride content in boiled sausages was 3.06%, whereas highest value was established in fermented dry sausages, being 3.71%. According to the guidelines of the World Health Organization, daily salt intake for healthy adults should not exceed 5-6 g. Since the obtained results indicated that sodium chloride contents in some samples were close to the upper recommended limits, continuous and systematic monitoring is of paramount importance in a view of obtaining accurate and reliable information on the content of sodium chloride in relevant meat products.
SEROPREVALENCE OF SOME INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN STRAY DOGS IN THE WIDER TERRITORY OF LESKOVAC CITY
Authors: Manić Marija , Prokić Nataša , Gojković Katarina , Đorić Goran , Vasić Ana , Marić Jovan , Vojinović Dragica , Đuričić Bosiljka
Published: June 2020

Since the last decade, stray dogs have been signifi cant ecological, economical and sociological problem in the world as well as in the Republic of Serbia. They occupy specifi c place in the ecology of big cities and their contact with human population represents danger since they are carriers of many zoonotic infectious diseases. The goal of this paper is to present epizootiological survey on some diseases of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin through serological investigation of blood sera and full blood. The prevalence of leptospirosis, Tularaemia, West Nile fever and dirofi lariosis has been determined in this research. The material included full blood and blood sera of stray dogs in the wider territory of Leskovac city. The research methods encompassed standard serological tests: microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for determination of specific antibodies against Leptospira spp.; slow and fast agglutination test for determination of antibodies against Tularaemia causative agent (Francisella tularensis); agar gel immunodiff usion (AGID) for detection of specific antibodies against West Nile virus–WNV; modifi ed Knot’s test for the detection of microfilaria. The results revealed seropositivity for causative agents of Leptospirosis, Tularaemia and dirofi lariosis, while there were no positive findings for WNV.
HEALTH CONTROL OF PIG HERDS ON COMMERCIAL FARMS
Authors: Bojkovski Jovan , Vasiljević Teodora , Stojanović Dragica , Rogožarski Dragan
Published: June 2020

The concept of modern industrial production of pigs on commercial farms is based, among other things, on the implementation of biosecurity measures as well as solving problems of environmental protection, which greatly burden the production. It is well known that good health is a prerequisite for good pig reproduction, that is, a successful and profi table production. The health status of the herd depends on many factors such as the maintenance technology, nursing, nutrition, organization, level of staff training and systematic implementation of good health care policies. Today, we are witnessing high incidence of bacterial diseases, viral etiology and certain parasites that seriously aff ect the pig production in intensive farming conditions. Keeping such diseases under control is possible only by applying appropriate prophylactic and therapeutic measures, as well as by increased monitoring by professional services.
SEROSURVEILLANCE OF EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA IN A REGION OF VOJVODINA
Authors: Vidić Branka , Savić Sara , Grgić Živoslav , Bugarski Dejan , Lupulović Diana , Prica Nadežda , Marčić Doroteja
Published: June 2020

Equine infectious anemia is a consequence of a persistant infection of the horses with Lentivirus. Pathogenesis of the disease is very variable, what can bee seen through a wide range of clinical forms of the disease – from inaparrent infection to death. Diagnostics of EIA is based on clinical symptoms, detection of antibodies and virus. Antibodies can be identified with Hi, VN, CFIT, cELISA, SA-ELISA and AGID test. RT-PCR technique enables the detection of and/or quantifi cation of viral RNA level in blood of infected animal. First reliable serological test for EIA was AGID test. Modified AGID test is considered today as aknowledged, international standard for the detection of antibodies against EIA virus and it enables detection of more then 95% of ll positive animals. Horses with positive fi ndings with this test are considered infected and should be euthanized or placed in strict isolation. Further measures to control the spread of this disease are insectvector control and disinfection of surgical and other equipment in use on successive animals. Th e results of a study during a twenty year period, in the region of AP Vojvodina show that from the total of 11.972 horses blood samples, with te use of AGID test, positive results were found in 21 or 0,17% of horses.
POTENCY TEST OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE INACTIVATED NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINES IN SERBIA
Authors: Žekić Stošić Marina , Ratajac Radomir , Lazić Sava , Orlić Dušan , Kapetanov Miloš , Čebedžić Rajko
Published: June 2020

In order to evaluate the efficacy of inactivated oil-emulsion Newcastle disease vaccine (commercially available on market in Serbia) we carried out the potency test in chickens, using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for detection of antibodies. Th e values of HI titers in the serum before and three weeks aft er vaccination revealed immunoconversion (IC) in chickens, and indicated potential diff erences in the immunoconversion values between two groups vaccinated with monovalent and polyvalent vaccine. In the period 2010-2012, 27 vaccines were tested, there of 21 polyvalent and six monovalent ones. Th ree weeks aft er the vaccination, HI titers of all vaccines were high. Th e average IC values were calculated as log2 (HI titer). The values ranged from 2.2 to 8.2 for polyvalent vaccine, whereas average values for monovalent vaccines were in the range from 3.2 to 6.3. Three weeks post vaccination; no statistically signifi cant diff erences were recorded in the immune response between the tested groups of birds (vaccinated with monovalent and polyvalent vaccines). This supports the fact that both tested vaccines demonstrated good potency to creating immunity against ND in vaccinated birds.
RESISTANCE TO TETRACYCLINE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS: BRIEF OVERVIEW ON MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: Velhner Maja , Milanov Dubravka
Published: June 2020

In this work we briefl y present the mechanisms of resistance to tetracyclines. Tetracycline’s were introduced in clinical practice in 1948, and are used for the therapy in human and veterinary medicine or as growth promoters in livestock industry. Th ere are three major mechanisms of resistance to tetracyclines. Gram negative bacteria utilize effl ux pump system of proteinaceous transporters in eliminating the drug from the cell. This mechanism of resistance is encoded by tet genes that belong to the group 1. Gram positive bacteria promote resistance to tetracyclines by producing soluble cytoplasmatic ribosomal protection proteins and the most frequent once are TetM and TetO proteins. Enzymatic inactivation is not widespread mechanism and the responsible gene is termed tetX. Epidemiological importance of tetracyclines is well documented in number of research papers. We described few works showing that tetracycline’s are provoking resistance to other classes of antibiotics or vice versa. Th is phenomenon is probably due to the fact that resistance determinants are oft en situated on mobile genetic elements. Withdrawal of the therapy does not exclude resistance in short time frame due to the various environmental factors and animal feeding habits. Most oft en resistance to tetracycline is reported in Escherichia coli isolates from pigs, chickens and turkeys. The TetM and TetK proteins are most oft en found in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
NATURAL ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES IN SOIL BACTERIA AND INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC FERTILISERS ON THEIR PREVALENCE AND HORIZONTAL TRANSFER
Authors: Milanov Dubravka , Mišić Dušan , Čabarkapa Ivana , Ljubojević Dragana , Živkov Baloš Milica
Published: June 2020

All natural antibiotics available to modern medicine are products of soil-dwelling bacteria and fungi. In addition, all resistance genes which are being detected in human pathogens existed in soil bacteria even before antibiotics were discovered and brought into use. However, the concentrations of natural antibiotics in soil are usually subinhibitory – insuffi cient for the selection of resistant subpopulations of microorganisms. The consumption of organic fertilisers for agricultural soil amendment increases proportionally to the consumers’ growing demand for organically produced food. Manure originating from industrial pig, cattle and poultry farms is not only the source of nutrients which stimulate the vital functions of soil microorganisms, but also of antibiotics and bacteria harbouring various resistance mechanisms. The application of organic fertilizer leads to disruption of the natural balance between bacterial communities in the soil through several mechanisms, and infl uences the increase in the prevalence of resistance genes and promotes their horizontal transfer. Whether as-yet-unknown resistance genes in soil bacteria may pose threat to human health if transferred from commensal bacteria in the environment to pathogen species, or migrate to clinical settings via food chain or in some other possible route - remains an open question.
Development of an Anaerobic Digester for Animal Waste
Authors: Dairo Olawale U , Olayanju Tajudeen M , Adeoye Ademola A , Adeleke Ademola E , Adeosun Olayemi J , Iyerimah Rita B
Published: June 2020

Advancement in biotechnology and bioengineering has provided ways that resources, which hitherto were classified as wastes, now form the basis for energy production. Anaerobic digestion is a highly promising technology used for processing biomass materials (crop residue, human excreta, animal waste and food) in the absence of oxygen to a methane-rich biogas. This work developed a small-scale anaerobic digester to produce biogas from animal waste. The anaerobic digester consisted of three major components: bioreactor with an incorporated stirrer driven by an electric motor, gas scrubber and gas collector.  Batch feeding operation was adopted while pig waste was used as test material. Lime water was used as a scrubbing medium for methane enrichment.  Loading result revealed that there was seven days delay in gas production from day of loading. The daily temperatures and pH recorded for a period of 50 days were in the range of 29 - 34°C and 5.5 - 7.5 respectively, and the average yield of clean biogas was 0.13 l/kg of slurry/day. Biogas generation increased with days in digester and was a two-stage process with a peak production day between 40 and 45 days.  There was observed reduction in carbon dioxide content and methane enrichment as the days increased confirming the effectiveness of the scrubber. The biogas produced comprised between 55.1 and 74.1% of methane, and a range of 22.5 to 38.2% of carbon dioxide and was combustible after the 10th day of digestion. The results obtained showed the overall functionability of the developed anaerobic digester. The digester could be deployed and adopted in farmsteads as well as household to meet their energy demand
Evaluation of Inhibitive Performance of Acidic Extract of Eichornia Crassipeson Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel in 1M Sulphuric Acid Solution
Authors: Kuye Sidikat I , Amaechi Emmanuel , Adekunle Nurudeen O , Adetunji Olayide R , Adisa Alex F , Adeyemi Hezekiah O
Published: June 2020

Corrosion inhibition potential of Eichhornia crassipes extract on low carbon steel in 1 M sulphuric acid solution was investigated using gravimetric method and corrosion rate. The experiment was carried out for 3 hours at different concentration of Eichhornia crassipes extract and temperatures of 26.6°C, 40°C and 60°C. Arrhenius and improved Arrhenius equations were used to determine the thermodynamics properties of the reaction while the nature of the reaction was proposed by adsorption isotherms. The results showed that corrosion rate decreased in the presence of the extract except in 60oC. Inhibition efficiency also increased with extract concentration with the highest (82%) occurring at room temperature and 5% concentration. Inhibition efficiency decreased with increase in temperature with almost no inhibition at 60oC, this is associated with physisorption. Activation energy () and activation enthalpy () both had positive values and they increased in the presence of Eichhornia crassipes extract, those for inhibited solution were higher than those for uninhibited solution, these can also be attributed to physisorption. Inhibition  reaction obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Gibbs free energy () calculated for the reaction is -8.509 to -11.767 kJ mol-1.
Ground Magnetic Attributes For Subsurface Structural Analysis of Foundation Beds in a Sedimentary Terrain in Southwestern Nigeria: OSUSTECH Permanent Site as a case study
Authors: Hammed Olaide S , Awoyemi M O , Igboama W N , Fatoba J O , Bayode J O , Olurin O T , Arogundade A B , Falade S C , Aroyehun M
Published: June 2020

The structural failure such as subsidence, collapse and cracking of the walls of buildings in Nigeria has posed a threat or a significant potential hazard to the community in the affected areas. These hazards include gross loss of valuable lives and properties that always accompany such structural failure. Therefore there is need for subsurface structural analysis. The Stop-And-Go method was used for the acquisition of the data. This method is good for subsurface investigation at depths below 30 metres (100 feet). Data for this study were taken at a 10 metres station spacing which is about half that of the expected depth of target. The method requires the technique of measuring total field components at discrete points along the traverses distributed regularly throughout the survey area of interest. The raw data were processed to remove diurnal variations from the total field data measured from the base station. Interpretation of the ground magnetic data revealed that the study area comprises zones underlain with thin to thick overburden. In all the profiles, the regions A and B are associated with the high magnetic values except in the profile 4 in which only region E is associated with high magnetic values. Thus, the region E in the profile 4; the regions A and B in the profiles 1, 2, 3 and 5 are competent zones for the sitting of structures. It can be deduced that the regions of high magnetic susceptibility and high resistivity are competent zones for construction of high rise buildings and other engineering structures. While the regions of low magnetic susceptibility and low resistivity could pose problem of subsidence of the buildings around the region.