bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evaluation of Gastric Polyps Detected During Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: ÇALIŞKAN Ali Rıza , KAÇMAZ Hüseyin
Published: January 2024

Aim: Management of gastric polyps depends on the clinical condition of the patient and the malignant potential of the detected polyps. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of polyps detected during the gastroscopy procedure, the demographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with gastric polyp, the endoscopic and histopathological characteristics of polyps, other endoscopic findings accompanying polyps, and treatment methods.

Material and Method: A total of 177 patients diagnosed with gastric polyp via endoscopy were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. Patients' age, gender, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and epicrisis reports were obtained from the hospital's electronic database. The histopathological characteristics of gastric polyps detected during endoscopy and polypectomy were evaluated.

Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the number of polyps and polyp size according to the gender of the patients. It was observed that there was no statistically significant relationship in terms of the anatomical localization of the polyp and the polyp pathology groups. No statistically significant difference was found in the number of polyps according to the age groups of the patients. Still, a statistically significant difference was observed in the size of the polyps (p
Investigation of the Antiepileptic Effect of (R)-(-) and (S)-(+) Carvone in Penicillin-Induced Epileptiform Activity Model
Authors: BEYAZÇİÇEK Özge , ALTUN Sumeyye , BEYAZÇİÇEK Ersin , DEMİR Şerif
Published: January 2024

Aim: Epilepsy affects approximately 70 million people worldwide. While many drugs can prevent seizures, they have a limited impact on preventing or curing the disease. In this perspective, natural compounds, especially monoterpenes derived from medicinal plants, have been investigated in epilepsy models, such as carvone (CAR). The principal constituent of peppermint oil, (R)-(-)-carvone (R-CAR), and the primary component in cumin and dill seed oils, (S)-(+)-carvone (S-CAR), find diverse applications in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical formulations. This study aims to investigate the antiepileptic effects of the natural compounds S-CAR and R-CAR in penicillin (PEN)-induced experimental epilepsy model in rats.
Material and Method: In the research, 91 male Wistar rats were used. The rats were grouped into 3 main groups as common groups, pre-penicillin groups and post-penicillin groups. The main groups were divided into a total of 13 subgroups. Electrocardiogram recording was taken from rats. At the end of the experiment, the latency of the first epileptiform activity (EA), spike-wave frequency (SWF), and spike-wave amplitude (SWA) of the EA were analyzed.
Results: S-CAR and R-CAR administered before penicillin prolonged the latency to the onset of the first EA. S-CAR and R-CAR administered before penicillin decreased SWF. 100 mg/kg doses of S-CAR and R-CAR injected 30 minutes after penicillin administration decreased SWF. While 200 mg/kg dose of R-CAR administered before penicillin decreased SWA in a time-dependent manner, 100 mg/kg dose of S-CAR administered after penicillin decreased SWA.
Conclusion: These findings indicate that carvone could exhibit both protective and therapeutic effects in the management of epilepsy.
Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma as an Acceptable Management Option with Additional Benefits: A Comprehensive Systematic Review
Authors: Yoon Jee Hee , Choi Wonsuk , Park Ji Yong , Hong A Ram , Kim Hee Kyung , Kang Ho-Cheol
Published: January 2024

Background: Active surveillance (AS) has been introduced as a management strategy for low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) due to its typically indolent nature. Despite this, the widespread adoption of AS has encountered several challenges. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the safety of AS related to disease progression and its benefits compared with immediate surgery (IS).Methods: Studies related to AS in patients with low-risk PTC were searched through the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and KoreaMed databases. Studies on disease progression, surgical complication, quality of life (QoL), and cost-effectiveness were separately analyzed and narratively synthesized.Results: In the evaluation of disease progression, the proportions of cases with tumor growth ≥3 mm and a volume increase >50% were 2.2%–10.8% and 16.0%–25.5%, respectively. Newly detected lymph node metastasis was identified in 0.0%–1.4% of patients. No significant difference was found between IS and delayed surgery in surgical complications, including vocal cord paralysis and postoperative hypoparathyroidism. AS was associated with better QoL than IS. Studies on the cost-effectiveness of AS reported inconsistent data, but AS was more cost-effective when quality-adjusted life years were considered.Conclusion: AS is an acceptable management option for patients with low-risk PTC based on the low rate of disease progression and the absence of an increased mortality risk. AS has additional benefits, including improved QoL and greater QoL-based cost-effectiveness.
“Mr Hawes is Mr Hawes” Opera and Music Publishing in Early Nineteenth-Century London
Authors: Horton Peter
Published: January 2024

While it would be unfair to describe William Hawes (1785–1846) as a Jack of all trades and master of none, his involvement in a multiplicity of musical activities in early nineteenth-century London was partly responsible for his having remained a shadowy figure, largely forgotten by posterity. Whether as choirmaster, composer, conductor, musical “fixer,” publisher, organist, singer, or teacher, there were few areas of music in the capital that remained untouched by his influence. This essay, which draws on previously unexplored manuscript and printed sources, focuses on two of these interlinked activities: his involvement (from 1818 onwards) in music publishing, initially as a partner in the Regent’s Harmonic Institution (RHI) and subsequently on his own account, and his work as Musical Director of the English Opera House (EOH, 1824–1834?).
The “Failure” of Provincial Opera
Authors: Oates Jennifer
Published: January 2024

Opera in nineteenth-century Scotland illustrates two aspects of provincial operatic culture: the dominating influence of London and the prevalence of British opera and opera in English in the provinces. Initial reliance on London was necessary to establish opera and musical centers in the provinces. With the exception of the rise of amateur companies in the 1870s, staged performances of operas were restricted to touring companies, which performed in Edinburgh as early as the 1850s. Touring companies provided the main support for native opera, particularly the Carl Rosa Opera Company and its regular commissions of operas by British composers in the 1870s and 1880s. In spite of pleas by the Scottish press for more autonomy, opera in the Scottish capital conformed to the repertoire heard in London and was mostly performed by touring companies based in the southern metropolis. Edinburgh needed time to build a sustainable opera audience, something the touring companies helped achieve. In Edinburgh—for a time known as the second literary city in the British Isles—print culture aided in shaping local operatic taste, illustrated local views of opera culture, and, with the majority of articles written by critics based in Edinburgh, influenced the Scottish capital’s musical reputation throughout the British Isles.
From Theory to Practice
Authors: Unruh Daniel
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the changing context of post-Peloponnesian-War Greece, in the increased significance of monarchs and charismatic leaders in interstate affairs, and the ways in which anxieties about dealing with these rulers are reflected in Athenian political discourse. The chapter discusses the ways in which this increased dependence was addressed in Athenian political discourse. It focusses on the speeches of Athenian orators, in particular on Demosthenes, whose self-bestowed status as a foe of monarchic oppression meant that he engaged extensively with his city’s relationship with a range of rulers. A close examination of Demosthenes and his fellow orators reveals a deep disquiet over the degree to which the city’s fate had become intertwined with that of numerous autocratic rulers. Their works reveal a broadly ‘Herodotean’ attitude to interaction with monarchs, espousing the view that prolonged interaction with autocrats will lead to moral compromise and eventual corruption. At the same time, they find themselves obliged to acknowledge that Athens no longer has any choice but to interact with monarchs, putting the Athenians in a deeply uncomfortable bind between their professed ideals and their material needs.
A Modernizing Nation-State
Authors: Kéchichian Joseph A.
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 evaluates the “State of the State” as it hones on internal stability and the unification that the nation achieved despite the Dhuffar rebellion. It assesses the many challenges that Oman faced after 1954, when the Dhuffar Civil War (1954–1975) delayed the rise of a modern nation-state. The analysis delves into internal concerns for an emerging “State” during the first decade of Qaboos’ reign (1970–1980) and scrutinizes both nationalist as well as institutional initiatives after 1981. These features are placed in the wider context of initiatives geared to strengthen the Omani identity by evaluating existing traditions and values, institutional priorities and policies, all of which underlined the Omani character. After these initial inquiries, Qaboos’ diplomatic programs after 1970 are assessed, to reach an authoritative catalogue of what defined Oman’s foreign policy, concentrating on the Sultanate’s leadership role within the League of Arab States, the GCC alliance, and how both of these matured over the years. The chapter closes with Qaboos’ invocations and how he anchored his perception in ‘Ibadhi norms.
Validation of the Vision: Haitham and Oman
Authors: Kéchichian Joseph A.
Published: January 2024

Chapter 10 ponders whether Qaboos’ vision was validated under his successor. It opens with a brief biography of Haitham bin Tariq, offers a preliminary evaluation of its first two years in power, discusses key appointments, identifies various future challenges at both the domestic and regional levels, and closes with an evaluation of Haitham’s pragmatic preferences. It also speculates on the new ruler’s policies and challenges.
Mind the Ghost
Authors: Stojanovic Sonja
Published: January 2024

Spectrality disrupts and fissures our conceptions of time, unmaking and complicating binaries such as life and death, presence and absence, the visible and the invisible, and literality and metaphor. A contribution to current conversations in memory studies and spectrality studies, Mind the Ghost is an experiment in reading ghosts otherwise. It explores, through contemporary fiction in French, sites of textual haunting that take the form of names, lists, objects, photographs, and stains. The book turns to Jacques Derrida and Hélène Cixous to rethink what constitutes and functions as a ghost, proposing that this figure solicits readers’ investment in mnemonic practices. Considering the memories and legacies of violence that have marked the greater part of the twentieth-century – in Algeria, Bosnia, Croatia, France, and Rwanda – this book traces absences, disappearances and reappearances, textual omissions and untimely irruptions to posit literature’s power to both remember and communicate beyond the bounds of chronological time. Through close readings of recent fiction by Kaouther Adimi, Jakuta Alikavazovic, Gaël Faye, Jérôme Ferrari, Patrick Modiano, Lydie Salvayre, Leïla Sebbar, and Cécile Wajsbrot, Mind the Ghost articulates the mechanisms through which readers themselves become haunted.
On Timely Disruptions
Authors: Stojanovic Sonja
Published: January 2024

This chapter picks up from chapter one to propose a theory of ghosts according to Hélène Cixous through a focus on her Shakespeare-inspired texts, notably Défions l’augure [We Defy Augury] (2018) and the series subtitled Abstracts and Brief Chronicles of the Time. It shows how Cixous conceives of different ways of being together – whether one is alive, dead or fictional – through the power of literature and the power of the book. This chapter proposes that a conception of time that does not oppose the contemporary and the untimely offers a new possibility for reading ghosts otherwise. In being attuned to what echoes and what returns, one can reimagine what it means to be in community with ghosts.
Uncontainable Containers
Authors: Stojanovic Sonja
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on containers, such as boxes and suitcases, in their function as disappearing and reappearing ghosts in novels by Patrick Modiano and Jakuta Alikavazovic. In every Modiano novel, some object goes missing – readers can be can thus be on the lookout for it and in so doing they become haunted by the presence and absence of these objects. This chapter tracks, in particular, missing pieces of luggage. Then, turning to Alikavazovic’s L’avancée de la nuit [Night as It Falls] (2017), this chapter argues that trying to get rid of an object of traumatic knowledge is bound to fail, for it always comes back with a vengeance (even literally) – contaminating those around and those who come after.
Unions and Not Unions
Authors: James Michael
Published: January 2024

Chapter Two begins by looking at explicit references to trade unions in the poets’ work to assess what it means to talk of labour disputes and the collective (and how this presentation suggests a form of unified ‘voice’ that is capable of speaking to structures of power). The book argues for the ways in which these representations have the potential to reduce the individual members who make up unions to a homogeneous whole, removing a part of their agency as members. The latter part of the chapter focuses on the work of Helen Mort to consider the ‘exclusion’ of trade unions from poems that are explicitly concerned with industrial disputes. The work explores how Mort’s poetry shifts focus away from unions in an examination of the ways in which certain alternative voices become excluded from ‘mainstream’ narratives and legacies.
Other Poetic Responses
Authors: James Michael
Published: January 2024

Chapter Five begins by considering poetry produced by the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) in regards to the strike of 1984-5. The work, Against All the Odds, is used to examine this almost ‘naive’ poetry as a form of poetic ‘witness’. The book questions what it means to write poetry that is in the process of attempting to establish its ‘own’ narrative about an event, counter to ‘official’ narratives. The chapter continues by discussing the role of the poet laureate, with particular attention paid to Ted Hughes, who held the position for the majority of the 84-5 strike, to appraise the ‘official’ poetic responses to the strike and show the ‘gap’ between ‘official’ narratives and the work being produced by the poets focussed on in the rest of the book.
Into the Woods: Introduction
Authors: Kord Susanne
Published: January 2024

This chapter offers an overview over the film’s inception, reviews, and cinematic precursors. It argues that a philosophical reading of ‘The Cabin in the Woods’ is overdue, given the film’s clear focus on ethics, the common acknowledgment that Whedon’s work is philosophical in nature, and given that Cabin’s meta-horror status would clearly suggest such a reading.
Guilt v. Fear: Why We Look
Authors: Kord Susanne
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by asking why audiences expose themselves to horror, and argues that the common idea that horror films are about fear is a profoundly wrong-headed notion. It shows that the film’s alignment of the audience with the perpetrators rather than the victims, a commonplace approach in horror more generally, demonstrates that the main point of ‘The Cabin in the Woods’ (and the horror tradition) is not fear but guilt. It provides evidence for this theory both in terms of specific aspects of ‘Cabin’ and relating to generic horror. It argues that ‘Cabin’ has an ethical dimension, and that, in its capacity as a meta-horror film, it demonstrates that the same is true for the horror tradition at large.
Introduction
Authors: Booker M. Keith
Published: January 2024

This introduction describes the overall scope and main conclusions of the book. It also presents a brief introductory survey of Joker itself. It includes brief overviews of the findings of the individual chapters in the book.
The Cultural Logic of Early Neoliberalism
Authors: Booker M. Keith
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents a basic summary of the phenomenon of postmodernism, drawing heavily upon the theorization of postmodernism by Fredric Jameson. It then details the ways in which Joker should be categorized as a postmodern film. Finally, it describes some of the ways in which identifying Joker as a postmodern film helps us to understand the film better.
“How Can a President Not Be an Actor?”
Authors: Booker M. Keith
Published: January 2024

Chapter 6 explores some of the ways in which Joker engages with and comments upon the specific historical context of the early 1980s, when its action takes place (even if it takes place in an alternate reality that is not quite the same world as our own). While the events of Joker are definitively linked to the fall of 1981 in numerous ways, the film also involves a blurring of historical context by drawing upon events that occurred (in our reality) over more than a decade before and after 1981, from roughly 1969 to roughly 1992, the period during which the domination of American politics by Republican Party presidents greatly facilitated the rise and spread of neoliberalism (although one might also suggest that the spread of neoliberalism facilitated the unprecedented period of Republican dominance in presidential politics during this period)
“Kill the Rich”
Authors: Booker M. Keith
Published: January 2024

Chapter 9 continues the themes of Chapter 8 by arguing that the rebellion in Joker is informed by a performative aspect that links it to certain strains that informed the countercultural politics of the 1960s. The French version of those politics, of course, were the central impetus behind Debord’s original formulation of the society of the spectacle. In the case of Joker, meanwhile, there is a way in which the performativity of Arthur Fleck is (inadvertently) transferred to the crowds in the streets of Gotham. Inspired partly by reports of a clown-masked avenger in their midst, the rebels don clown masks of their own. In so doing, they give their rebellion a carnivalesque aspect, but is a dark-hearted carnival for which the malicious Joker from the Batman comics would seem to be an apt symbol. Joker makes no final statement about this rebellion, leaving it to viewers to draw their own conclusions about the meaning and the ultimate outcome of the uprising.
The Politics of Joker and the Age of Trump
Authors: Booker M. Keith
Published: January 2024

Chapter 10 discusses the specific relevance of the political content to the historical context of the late 2010s, when the film was made and released. For example, the popular rebellion depicted in Joker began to appear eerily prescient in the summer of 2020, when protests over racial injustice swept across America, in the wake of several shocking killings of African Americans, especially the death of George Floyd at the hands of Minneapolis police. These protests seemed to suggest a widespread dissatisfaction with the status quo, potentially giving the rebellion in Joker new resonance. Then, that resonance changed again on January 6, 2021, as a violent mob assaulted the U.S. Capitol—and in a mood that clearly corresponded more closely to that of the rebels in Joker than had the Black Lives Matter protests of the previous summer. The link between the popular rebellion in Joker and the Capitol insurrection of January 6, 2021, provides a direct connection between the politics of the film and the politics of the time of the film’s release. However, this chapter also discusses the ways in which the film suggests a continuity in history between the Trump administration and earlier Republican administrations going back at least to Nixon.
“Despite all the benefits given to her by my family”
Authors: Collins Jane-Marie
Published: January 2024

The second chapter of Part 1 focuses on a protracted freedom suit lodged after the Rio Branco Act of 1871. Set in the coffee-growing region of Colonia Leopoldina in the southeast of Bahia, the freedom suit of a pregnant household slave (mucama) confirms how black female reproductivity remained central to the praxis of slave mastery and slaveowner sentiment in the post-Free Womb era. Read as an act of reproductive refusal, this freedom suit foregrounds the gendered and racialised discourse of the mucama in the history of Brazilian slavery and by extension confirms the centrality of manumission and miscegenation to the mythmaking of racial democracy in Brazil. In addition, interrogation of the supposed historical benefits bestowed upon the mucama on account of her light-skin colour and femaleness confirms the normalcy of slaveowner violence as a mechanism for enforcing enslaved gendered behaviours and destabilises notions of advantage and privilege associated with mixed-race women who were household slaves. Finally, this case study also underlines topics and themes examined in subsequent chapters; namely, topics of inter- and intra-racial intimacies within practices of slave ownership, and themes of interest and emotion within patterns of childhood manumissions in Brazil.
“To forever enjoy his freedom”
Authors: Collins Jane-Marie
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 addresses the demographic disproportionality of children in manumission through the nexus of the enslaved mother and freed child. It comprises qualitative and quantitative analysis of letters of liberty for over 400 children from the city of Salvador da Bahia between 1830-1871. The significance of childhood manumission is assessed through the condition of the enslaved mother and within a historiographical framework and historical context where her child constitutes both subject and site of contestation. This gendered approach provides the basis for interpreting the prevalence of children in manumission in Brazil and by extension the prevalence of women and girls too. Findings confirm that the threat of reproductive dispossession compelled enslaved mothers to prioritise their children’s freedom over their own. Seen from the perspective of enslaved mothers and through the lens of their strategies for freedom, this chapter proposes an alternative version of the history of childhood manumissions, as one in which the rhetoric of maternal surrogacy overshadowed the role of slaveowner paternity. Thus, Chapter 4 re-casts both the notion of affective relations in childhood manumissions and challenges conventional views about the discrete pathways to freed status.
“She was mistress of the house”
Authors: Collins Jane-Marie
Published: January 2024

Part III scrutinises the subject position of a Portuguese immigrant who fathered children with two black Brazilian women (crioulas) in enslavement and freedom and assesses the scope for mobility for the women involved. Through the freedom suit of one of those women and her son, Chapter 5 examines the discursive construct of her status in that relationship. While ultimately successful, the freedom suit was a drawn-out and violently disputed affair that included a prison sentence for mother and son, the child of her former owner who attempted to deny both their freed status and his son’s paternity. Through the final appeal process, the adverse judicial decisions are examined in the context of contemporary Bahian political life marked by social unrest, racial conflict, and economic instability. The position of those at the sharp end of that conflict is viewed through the lens of the year-long incarceration of mother and son in Salvador’s Aljube prison, and the city’s parish census data of 1855. Finally, using evidence from wills and testaments about the material wealth, commercial and cultural life of other women of colour, Chapter 5 contextualises the fortunes and speculates about the fate of mother and son in freedom in nineteenth-century Salvador.
“I must declare that this house is hers”
Authors: Collins Jane-Marie
Published: January 2024

Chapter 6 interrogates practices of miscegenation and the agential choices of white men who had relationships and families with black women in enslavement and freedom in a race-based slave society. This chapter follows the life of one such man between his relationships with two black women (crioulas) and the mobility generated from their labour as he prospered as a Portuguese immigrant then Brazilian citizen in the city of Salvador. These relationships are examined through the successful freedom suit taken against him by one woman, and the probate records in which the other sought and failed to secure her own inheritance and that of her daughter she had with him. In addition, Chapter 6 examines the historical sites where these relationships took place, two of the oldest parishes in the city of Salvador: NS da Conceição da Praia and Sé. Analysis and interpretation of the demographics of race, gender, nuptiality and illegitimacy in these and other parishes of nineteenth-century Salvador, point to a normative model of socio-sexual behaviours that legitimised the systematic exclusion of black women, regardless of status, from a share of the wealth their labour created for the free men with whom they lived and procreated families.
“Because they are always intertwined”
Authors: Collins Jane-Marie
Published: January 2024

Chapter 7 analyses African motherhood and national identity vis-à-vis the pátria brasileira (Brazilian fatherland). The gendered notion of pátria is used to deconstruct discourses of race, nation and motherhood in the contested 1852 guardianship nomination made by a white female slaveowner for the free born children of her former slave, a Nagô woman. In this African freedwoman’s legal battle against maternal dispossession, a gendered anti-African ideology mapped onto a contestation over child welfare and labour relations through the Orphans Court. Core to that contestation was the status of cria—a child born into a slaveholding household whose mother was usually enslaved—and the role of creolisation within that household. This household contestation was not limited to this specific case but was intrinsic to Brazilian slave-master relations. In 1823 it was depicted by Jean Baptiste Debret in “Uma senhora em seu lar,” and recalled by Machado de Assis his short story “A vara” in 1891. Consequently, it is argued that this guardianship case prompts a reassessment of the significance of the urban slaveowner household as a specific site of creolisation of the children of African women, and the slaveowner home as a gendered site of spatialised domination and slave mastery.
Introduction: Dibia
Authors: Jennings William
Published: January 2024

The introduction opens with a scene from the life of Dibia, an enslaved African in Cayenne, French Guiana, in 1689 to show the detail provided by the manuscript of Jean Goupy, a seventeenth-century sugar planter. The manuscript’s importance as a source of information about industrial slavery is discussed; it is earlier than most comparable documents about slavery in the Americas; it describes field slaves and their work rather than focusing on domestic slaves; and it covers the first generation of slaves on the plantation just three decades after the first slave ship arrived in the colony from Africa. Lastly, the introduction examines and confirms the document’s authenticity.
Marriages
Authors: Jennings William
Published: January 2024

Goupy grouped the slaves in his biographies by family, with a large group of unmarried men appearing at the end. All women on Rémire in 1690 were married, save for some elderly women and a recent widow. Examination of ethnicity, age and date of arrival of married couples in the enslaved community finds that they were mostly from different ethnic groups and that the husband was transported by an earlier ship than the wife. These findings suggest that the planter determined slave marriages by using the promise of a wife as an incentive for hard-working enslaved men, despite Goupy and others saying slaves were free to choose their spouse.
Daily Life
Authors: Jennings William
Published: January 2024

This chapter investigates what happened outside work on the Rémire plantation and covers diet, material culture, rest and childcare. Diet was based on West African cuisine and shows African plants were transported with people on early slave ships. Food was produced on the plantation and supplemented by rations allocated by the planter. Enslaved people lived in simple huts and had almost no possessions apart from basic cooking utensils. Sundays and other holidays were not days of rest but involved going to mass, tending the gardens and, according to other sources, inspections. Care of children and the elderly was probably undertaken by older women.
Habit, Suggestion, and Imitation in Fin-de-siècle Spanish Theater
Authors: Menchero Juan , Menchero Juan
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyses changing attitudes towards actors and live performers in the context of emergence of organicism, and in relationship to one of its main tenets: the idea that form follows function, or that "function" makes the organ. Closely related to the process of nationalization, insofar as imitation of the right models was believed to help spread a common sentiment, this idea is also partly responsible for the persistent negative bias against the poorly paid, overworked actors of the teatro por horas. An important but frequently overlooked dimension of theatrical “degeneration” (“degeneración” appears very frequently in the literature) is precisely the culturally diffuse belief in the existence of a link between the hackwork of playwrights and composers and its deleterious effect on the performer’s body, which was extended to barkers (“pregoneros”), greengrocers (“verduleras”) and other such jobs carried out by lower-class individuals.
fuegoártico: A Beautiful Defeat. Jeremy James and the Creation of an Ensemble Methodology in Madrid, 2014
Authors: Breden Simon , Breden Simon
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how in 2014 Jeremy James (Théâtredu Soleil) attempted to form a large ensemble company, fuegoártico, to adapt the works of Anton Chekhov with a young cast in Madrid, Spain. In the end, only a work-in-progress showing of The Cherry Orchard,retitled Arboles 1.0, was seen for three performances at the now-defunct Kubik Fabrik space in Usera, Madrid. By employing an open-ended laboratory approach, James attempted not just to stage the play, but to train the actors in a physical and textual approach that set the work apart from anything on the Madrid stage with its fine attention to detail.
From Golden Age to Civil War: Stages of Spain in Yugoslavia
Authors: Prelec Alma , Prelec Alma
Published: January 2024

With particular focus on José Sanchis Sinisterra’s ¡Ay, Carmela!, this chapter examines the volatility of the supposedly fixed playscript when placed in new political contexts. Bennett’s work on reception theory and ‘alternative theatre’, which argues that ‘the milieu which surrounds a theatre is always ideologically encoded’ is here critical: since the war’s outbreak, Sinisterra’s play has been staged in the Balkans in traditional theatre venues as well as atypical spaces such as military units and has been used as a reference point in political protests. Through an analysis of case studies in Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, the author employs Michael Rothberg’s conceptual framework of multidirectional memory to exposit how continuously shifting theatrical spaces, political circumstances, and textual adaptations have affected ¡Ay, Carmela!’s trajectory in this region of the Balkans. Through a historical contextualisation of these three cases, the author further argues that references to the Spanish Civil War in Yugoslav productions have offered a clear opportunity for theatre practitioners to engage with questions of regional crisis. Emphasis is given to the perennial SARTR (Sarajevo War Theatre) production of ¡Ay, Carmela!: since its 1999 premiere, the Sarajevo version has become the longest running play in Bosnian history.
From the Warsaw Ghetto to Messianic Time: Polis and Memory in Juan Mayorga’s El cartógrafo. Varsovia, 1 : 400.000
Authors: Caamaño Juan , Caamaño Juan
Published: January 2024

To explain the structure of historicity in Juan Mayorga’s El cartógrafo and, principally, its mode of dramatic representation, this study examines the texts of Walter Benjamin where one finds the philosophical context in which to situate the play, namely, Benjamin’s diatribe against historicism, the predominant ideology of history in the Weimar Republic, as well as the basic concepts of what will become the lineaments of Mayorga’s idea of time. Concepts such as 'dialectical image', constellation, memory, ellipsis, Jeitzeit and 'state of emergency', underpinned by Benjamin’s messianism, will serve to elucidate the significance of temporality in Mayorga’s theatre. Finally, this chapter comments on the functioning of the image (dialectical, in Benjamin's sense) in the scenic space of El cartógrafo—an image that brings together all the tensions that define present time, to make it intelligible, by means of its intensity, in relation to a past that waits to be fully received.
Rewriting Race: The Angels in America Scandal and New Representations of Blackness in Contemporary Catalan Drama
Authors: Fanlo Isaias , Fanlo Isaias
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses highly problematic racial representations in two extremely successful plays premiered in 2018 (Josep Maria Miró’s Temps salvatge, and Santiago Rusiñol and Jordi Prat i Coll’s Els jocs florals de Canprosa ), as well as how the Catalan artistic community of African descent have reacted, by creating the association Tinta Negra, and by attempting to rewrite modern and contemporary Catalan culture through performance and drama. In this regard, works such as Silvia Albert Sopale’s No es país para negras (2016) and Blackface(2019), and Denise Duncan’s Negrata de merda(2018), El combat del segle(2020) and Banzo, el susurro de las ancestras(forthcoming, 2021) are paramount. In what ways is symbolic violence laid out on stage? Which ethic responsibilities are at stake in the theatrical event?
Archives before the Norman Conquest
Authors: Olney Richard
Published: January 2024

ThisAlthough there had been archives in Roman Britain, the continuous history of English archives begins with the arrival of Augustine and his fellow Benedictine monks in the late sixth century. They introduced the charter, written on parchment, of which the earliest genuine example extant today was drawn up in 679. The chapter continues with a discussion of monastic archives in the Anglo-Saxon period – their contents, where and how they were kept, and how they were affected by the vicissitudes of the period. Episcopal archives survived less well than monastic. For most of the period there seems to have been no systematically kept royal archive, and there is only fragmentary evidence of lay record-keeping.
The First Great Age of Archive Creation 1190–1300
Authors: Olney Richard
Published: January 2024

It was during the thirteenth century that archives entered a period of creativity and expansion, spreading outwards from the Capital into provincial England and down through its economy and society. At Westminster this movement began in the 1190s, with Chancery and the king’s courts joining the Exchequer in evolving its own bureaucracy and court of law. But record-keeping practices did not keep pace with records creation, and by 1300 the Palace of Westminster was becoming short of storage space. In local government the most significant developments were the creation of municipal archives and, mainly after 1250, the systematic keeping of records by manorial courts. In the dioceses the thirteenth century saw the creation of bishops’ registers, while the great lay landowners began to create and keep more substantial quantities of estate records.
Archival Furniture in Medieval England
Authors: Olney Richard
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the containers – chests, boxes, bags, cupboards and the like – in which medieval archives were commonly stored. This is a subject where the evidence is thin and scattered, and where much further research is needed. It was decided, therefore, to deal with it in a single chapter rather than spread it through Chapters 1-4. It is suggested that the introduction of cupboards or armariola can be dated to around 1300, but chests continued to be widely used down to the end of the Middle Ages and beyond.
Not Working Class, but Not Yet Middle Class
Authors: Reed Eleanor
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores magazines issued during 1928, when Woman’s Weekly designated its target readers lower middle class primarily in opposition to working-class and established middle-class culture. It addresses a rise in readers’ incomes, evident in their assumed ability to afford holidays, the romantic appeal of lower-middle-class men, themselves still recovering from the impact of the First World War, housework, and childcare. As in the previous chapter, Woman’s Weekly ranks lower middle class in relation to working-class magazines My Weekly and Peg’s Paper; launched in 1922, middle-middle-class Good Housekeeping is introduced as a key comparative publication. Parallel readings of fiction by Richmal Crompton and Margaret Kennedy underscore Woman’s Weekly’s lower-middle-class status, by countering the magazine’s attitude towards upward mobility to that held by the established middle classes.
Consumerism
Authors: Reed Eleanor
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores magazines issued during 1958 when, thanks to Britain’s return to economic prosperity, Woman’s Weekly readers are enjoying new opportunities to consume. Although materially better-off than ever before, however, they remain lower middle class in relation to readers of middle-middle-class magazines Good Housekeeping and Woman’s Own, and Woman’s Weekly retains its ambivalence towards consumerism and domestic leisure. For the first time in the period covered by this book, the magazine shows husbands performing domestic labour and entertains the possibility of working wives. Topics discussed are knitting, do-it-yourself (DIY) home renovation, housework and the beginnings of second-wave feminism, and working readers. The chapter closes with a discussion of Woman’s Weekly’s courtship of a teenage audience, engaging with wider concerns about teenage culture and ensuring its own continuation. Key texts are The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedman and fiction by Lyn Reid Banks and John Wyndham.
Conclusion
Authors: Reed Eleanor
Published: January 2024

This chapter draws together the arguments made throughout the book by showing how it meets its aims: to showcase an innovative methodology for surveying a domestic magazine, and to map changes and continuities in lower-middle-class culture it produces, transforming understandings of lower middle classness more broadly. Considering the first aim, the chapter concludes that the study of a magazine redraws the parameters of the literary field, broadening knowledge of reading culture and renegotiating literary values. Considering the second aim, the chapter concludes that Woman’s Weekly is a key agent in the formulation of lower-middle-class culture during a period of social turbulence. Designating its readers lower middle class in relative terms, the magazine counters negativity towards lower middle classness; the probable status of its producers, however, raises the possibility that its positive representation of lower-middle-class lifestyles and identities is motivated by efforts to keep the lower middle classes in their place.
Maximisation: Screw collier into ocean-going tramp
Authors: Fenton Roy
Published: January 2024

This chapter proposes that the design of the screw collier developed for the English east coast coal trade was progressed and enlarged to give ships suitable for trading on longer routes, giving rise to the ubiquitous steam tramp. Several strands of evidence are presented to support this case. To support the fighting in the Crimea between 1853 and 1856 the British government chartered a number of screw colliers which made voyages to the Black Sea. This demonstrated to owners that such voyages were feasible, and there is evidence from crew agreements and casualty returns that they began to send their colliers to the Baltic, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, often with coal and returning with grain or iron ore. Surveys of representative colliers and tramps built in the years 1860, 1870, 1880 and 1890 show that characteristics like hull size, ballast capacity, engine type were initially quite comparable, but decade by decade the steam tramp outgrew the collier in size. A survey of builders of both types found that the yards delivering colliers could and did turn their hand to steam tramps.
Miniaturisation: The birth of the steam coaster
Authors: Fenton Roy
Published: January 2024

Despite the evident success of the screw collier on the English east coast, steam ship penetration of other coastal bulk trades was slower, and not until the late 1870s did steam coasters began to be built in substantial numbers. These vessels were produced in a broad range of sizes, with only the largest type matching the dimensions of screw colliers. This chapter considers reasons for this disparity, and identifies the need for a smaller and particularly shallower vessel to suit trades beyond the large coal dispatching and receiving ports of the east coast. It is concluded that yards around the Clyde played a major part in perfecting the steam coaster, working closely with west coast shipowners, and adapting the water ballast capacity, hull design and steam engine pioneered in steam colliers to suit smaller and handier ships.
Steam tramp to motor tramp
Authors: Fenton Roy
Published: January 2024

The internal combustion engine is inherently more efficient than the steam engine, offering an overall efficiency of 45 per cent compared with just 10 per cent. This made a compelling reason to replace coal-fired steam engines, but the motor tramp also offered reduction in both crew numbers, whilst the ability to store oil in any available space increased cargo capacity by eliminating the need for coal bunkers adjacent to the engine room. This chapter traces the gradual replacement of steam tramps by motor tramps over the half century from 1910 to 1960, with emphasising the developing technology and reliability of the oil engine, and in particular the competing claims of the two-stroke and four-stroke cycles. Although both size and power grew, the hull design of motor tramps did not vary greatly from that of contemporary steam tramps. The chapter also surveys the emergence of standard motor ship designs during the period from 1930 to 1980.
Steam coaster to motor coaster
Authors: Fenton Roy
Published: January 2024

For small craft like coasters, where shallow draft is often a design requirement, the lighter and more efficient oil engine offered even greater advantages over a coal-fired steam engine than it did in ocean-going ships. At least three species of machinery covered by the term oil engine were fitted in coasters, and the principles of the compression ignition (‘Diesel’), spark ignition and hot bulb engines are described, with the first named quickly becoming the most popular type fitted. Much ingenuity has been displayed in improving the hull strength and carrying capacity of the motor coaster, whilst also attempting to reduce the measured tonnage figures on which harbour and other dues are based. Although the evolution of motor coasters built in Great Britain is followed, the growing importance of Dutch and German. practice is acknowledged, as is the growing internationalisation of motor coaster building which in the 21st century has moved largely to the Far East.
Tramp ship into bulk carrier
Authors: Fenton Roy
Published: January 2024

A bulk carrier is defined as a general-purpose, single-deck vessel with machinery aft and a significant water ballast capacity. Although it can be massively larger than biggest motor tramp, the modern bulk carrier is not fundamentally different in either use or design principles. Although the term bulk carrier became widely used onIy in the 1960s, tracing the type’s origin leads back to the first screw colliers. However, important contributions to its development have come from ships built on the Great Lakes of North America, attempts to build large ore carriers, and the enlargement of coastal coal carriers in North America and Europe. Although most bulk carriers are designed to carry a variety of cargoes, specialist vessels have also emerged, as ore carriers, ore/bulk/oil carriers (‘combination’ carriers), self unloaders, forest product carriers and cement ships. Size of bulk carriers is constrained by the ports and waterways used and by the quantity of cargo expected to be lifted. Terms such as ‘Handy-size’, ‘Panamax’ and ‘Capesize’ are widely used to describe a bulker’s size. Ownership of bulk carriers has spread well beyond Europe and North America, with their nationality often disguised by use of flags of convenience.
The consequences of the bulk carrier for industry and society
Authors: Fenton Roy
Published: January 2024

Bulk carriers have facilitated industrialisation by increasing the reach, efficiency, reliability and economy of the sea transport of raw materials. This has had an impact on society as a whole, extending well beyond the millions whose livelihoods depend on industry, to all consumers of industrial products. Reduction of transportation costs has also had a profound effect on agriculture by enabling intensive crop cultivation in areas distant from centres of consumption. Bulk carriers along with containerisation have contributed to globalisation, with their increasing ability to deliver bulk commodities at ever-reducing costs, so that freight charges have become a diminishing factor in the price of goods. The environmental effects of shipping have come into sharp focus with concern about exhaust emissions and their part in causing climate change. Although efforts have been made to ban use of high-sulphur fuels in certain zones, and new fuels such as liquid natural gas have marginally reduced carbon dioxide emissions, shipping’s heavy dependence on burning fossil fuels presents the industry with perhaps its biggest challenge
W. S. Graham, Looking
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines in some depth the relationship between W. S. Graham and the St Ives school of painters who worked in Cornwall in the mid-twentieth century. Some of Graham’s poems treating ekphrastically of works by these painters, notably Roger Hilton, Bryan Winter and Peter Lanyon, are discussed, as is, more generally, a set of shared assumptions about artistic creativity, notably the idea and practice of painterly abstraction. Much use is made, in this respect, of Graham’s superb published letters. Discussion of the poetry itself focuses on the poems ‘The Constructed Space’, ‘The Found Picture’, ‘Ten Shots of Mr Simpson’ and the letter-poems to the painters themselves. Examining Graham’s interest in photography as well as painting, the chapter also adduces relevant analogues in the work of Susan Sontag and Roland Barthes.