bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulating the Interplay between the Uptake of Inorganic Phosphate and the Cell Phosphate Metabolism under Phosphorus Feast and Famine Conditions in Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Plyusnina Tatiana Yu. , Khruschev Sergei S. , Fursova Polina V. , Solovchenko Alexei E. , Antal Taras K. , Riznichenko Galina Yu. , Rubin Andrei B.
Published: December 2021

Using a mathematical simulation approach, we studied the dynamics of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris phosphate metabolism response to shortage and subsequent replenishing of inorganic phosphate in the medium. A three-pool interaction model was used to describe the phosphate uptake from the medium, its incorporation into the cell organic compounds, its storage in the form of polyphosphates, and culture growth. The model comprises a system of ordinary differential equations. The distribution of phosphorous between cell pools was examined for three different stages of the experiment: growth in phosphate-rich medium, incubation in phosphate-free medium, and phosphate addition to the phosphorus-starving culture. Mathematical modeling offers two possible scenarios for the appearance of the peak of polyphosphates (PolyP). The first scenario explains the accumulation of PolyP by activation of the processes of its synthesis, and the decline in PolyP is due to its redistribution between dividing cells during growth. The second scenario includes a hysteretic mechanism for the regulation of PolyP hydrolysis, depending on the intracellular content of inorganic phosphate. The new model of the dynamics of P pools in the cell allows one to better understand the phenomena taking place during P starvation and re-feeding of the P-starved microalgal cultures with inorganic phosphate such as transient PolyP accumulation. Biotechnological implications of the observed dynamics of the polyphosphate pool of the microalgal cell are considered. An approach enhancing the microalgae-based wastewater treatment method based on these scenarios is proposed.
Localization and Distribution of Testicular Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE) in Neck and Mid-Piece of Spermatozoa from Infertile Men in Relation to Sperm Motility
Authors: Pencheva Mina , Keskinova Donka , Rashev Pavel , Koeva Yvetta , Atanassova Nina
Published: December 2021

Testicular angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is known to play an essential role in the male reproduction and fertility. Data about tACE in cases of male infertility are quite scarce, and in this respect we aimed to study localization and distribution of tACE protein in the neck and mid-piece of spermatozoa from pathological samples in relation to sperm motility. The enzyme expression during capacitation and acrosome reaction was quantitatively assessed. In human ejaculated spermatozoa tACE is localized on sperm plasma membrane of the head, the neck and mid-piece of the tail. The immunoreactivity becomes stronger in capacitated spermatozoa followed by a decrease in acrosome reacted sperm. In different cases of semen pathology (oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia) fluorescent signals in the neck and mid-piece are in punctate manner whereas in normozoospermia they were uniformly distributed. The expression area of tACE the neck and mid-piece was decreased in ejaculated and capacitated sperm from pathological semen samples compared to normospermia. Significant positive correlation was established between tACE area and progressive sperm motility, whereas with immotile sperm the correlation was negative. Our data suggest that proper distribution of tACE in the neck and mid-piece is required for normal sperm motility that could be used as a novel biomarker for male infertility.
Targeting Chondroitin Sulfate Reduces Invasiveness of Glioma Cells by Suppressing CD44 and Integrin β1 Expression
Authors: Chu Yin-Hung , Liao Wen-Chieh , Ho Ying-Jui , Huang Chih-Hsien , Tseng To-Jung , Liu Chiung-Hui
Published: December 2021

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a major component of the extracellular matrix found to be abnormally accumulated in several types of cancer tissues. Previous studies have indicated that CS synthases and modification enzymes are frequently elevated in human gliomas and are associated with poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of CS in cancer progression and approaches for interrupting its functions in cancer cells remain largely unexplored. Here, we have found that CS was significantly enriched surrounding the vasculature in a subset of glioma tissues, which was akin to the perivascular niche for cancer-initiating cells. Silencing or overexpression of the major CS synthase, chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1), significantly regulated the glioma cell invasive phenotypes and modulated integrin expression. Furthermore, we identified CD44 as a crucial chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) that was modified by CHSY1 on glioma cells, and the suppression of CS formation on CD44 by silencing the CHSY1-inhibited interaction between CD44 and integrin β1 on the adhesion complex. Moreover, we tested the CS-specific binding peptide, resulting in the suppression of glioma cell mobility in a fashion similar to that observed upon the silencing of CHSY1. In addition, the peptide demonstrated significant affinity to CD44, promoted CD44 degradation, and suppressed integrin β1 expression in glioma cells. Overall, this study proposes a potential regulatory loop between CS, CD44, and integrin β1 in glioma cells, and highlights the importance of CS in CD44 stability. Furthermore, the targeting of CS by specific binding peptides has potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for glioma.
7-Ketocholesterol Induces Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming and Enhances Cholesterol Ester Accumulation in Cardiac Cells
Authors: Cheng Mei-Ling , Tang Hsiang-Yu , Wu Pei-Ting , Yang Cheng-Hung , Lo Chi-Jen , Lin Jui-Fen , Ho Hung-Yao
Published: December 2021

7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh) is a major oxidized cholesterol product abundant in lipoprotein deposits and atherosclerotic plaques. Our previous study has shown that 7KCh accumulates in erythrocytes of heart failure patients, and further investigation centered on how 7KCh may affect metabolism in cardiomyocytes. We applied metabolomics to study the metabolic changes in cardiac cell line HL-1 after treatment with 7KCh. Mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway-derived metabolites, such as farnesyl-pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols levels significantly declined, while the levels of lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs) and lysophosphatidylethanolamines (lysoPEs), considerably increased in 7KCh-treated cells. Furthermore, the cholesterol content showed no significant change, but the production of cholesteryl esters was enhanced in the treated cells. To explore the possible mechanisms, we applied mRNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq) to study genes differentially expressed in 7KCh-treated cells. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that genes involved in lipid metabolic processes, including MVA biosynthesis and cholesterol transport and esterification, were differentially expressed in treated cells. Integrated analysis of both metabolomic and transcriptomic data suggests that 7KCh induces cholesteryl ester accumulation and reprogramming of lipid metabolism through altered transcription of such genes as sterol O-acyltransferase- and phospholipase A2-encoding genes. The 7KCh-induced reprogramming of lipid metabolism in cardiac cells may be implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
Microtubule Integrity Is Associated with the Functional Activity of Mitochondria in HEK293
Authors: Cho Min Jeong , Kim Yu Jin , Yu Won Dong , Kim You Shin , Lee Jae Ho
Published: December 2021

Mitochondria move along the microtubule network and produce bioenergy in the cell. However, there is no report of a relationship between bioenergetic activity of mitochondria and microtubule stability in mammalian cells. This study aimed to investigate this relationship. We treated HEK293 cells with microtubule stabilizers (Taxol and Epothilone D) or a microtubule disturber (vinorelbine), and performed live-cell imaging to determine whether mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetic activity depend on the microtubule status. Treatment with microtubule stabilizers enhanced the staining intensity of microtubules, significantly increased ATP production and the spare respiratory capacity, dramatically increased mitochondrial fusion, and promoted dynamic movement of mitochondria. By contrast, bioenergetic activity of mitochondria was significantly decreased in cells treated with the microtubule disturber. Our data suggest that microtubule stability promotes mitochondrial functional activity. In conclusion, a microtubule stabilizer can possibly recover mitochondrial functional activity in cells with unstable microtubules.
Effectiveness of Hypnoanalgesia in Paediatric Dermatological Surgery
Authors: Juana María Peláez Pérez , Marcelino Sánchez Casado , Manuel Quintana Díaz , Jean Marc Benhaiem , Francisco Javier Escribá Alepuz
Published: December 2021

Background and objective. Stress in surgical settings has subtle psychological and physiological repercussions in children. The objective is to evaluate whether hypnosedation is effective in reducing the doses of sedation and analgesia required during the periprocedural period in children undergoing dermatological surgery, without negatively affecting pain and satisfaction. Patients and methods: A prospective, longitudinal, observational study where paediatric patients (aged 5–16 years) scheduled for dermatological surgery were analysed according to whether they received hypnosis or distraction during surgery (both common procedures at the centre). As outcome measurements we used sedation doses (propofol) during surgery and the need for analgesia; pain assessment post-surgery and at 24 h using a visual analogue scale (VAS) or revised face pain scale (FPS-r) (both 0–10) depending on age, as well as patient and guardian satisfaction (on a scale of 0–10). Results: Of the 68 patients eligible during the follow-up period, 65 were included. Of these, 33 were treated with hypnosis and 32 with distraction. Children who underwent hypnosis required less total propofol (45.5 ± 11.8 mg vs. 69.3 ± 16.8 mg; p < 0.001) and metamizole in the immediate postoperative period (34.4% vs. 65.6%; p = 0.018). After 24 h, they required less ibuprofen (9.1% vs. 28.1%; p = 0.048) and paracetamol (48.5% vs. 75.0%; p = 0.028). Mean pain according to VAS or FPS-r at 24 h was 3.1 with hypnosis vs. 4.3 with distraction (p < 0.001). Overall satisfaction was higher in the hypnosis group (8.7 ± 0.1 vs. 8.1 ± 0.2; p = 0.009). Conclusions: Hypnoanalgesia in children undergoing dermatological outpatient surgery could not only reduce sedation and analgesia requirements, but also improve child and guardian(s) satisfaction.
The Use of Auto-Titrating Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (AutoCPAP) for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children with Obesity
Authors: Benke Sarah , Okorie Caroline U. A. , Tablizo MaryAnne A.
Published: December 2021

Background: Positive airway pressure can be an effective and safe therapy for children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Few studies have assessed the safety and efficacy of autoCPAP in pediatric patients with obesity. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of children with obesity (Body Mass Index (BMI) > 99th percentile), ages 2–18, diagnosed with OSAS (Obstructive Apnea-Hypopnea Index (OAHI) > 1/h) and used autoCPAP with 30-day adherence. Exclusion criteria included patients with complex comorbidities. Adherence was defined as autoCPAP use ≥4 h/night for at least 21/30 days. Baseline PSG OAHI was compared to the AHI from the 30-day autoCPAP compliance report. We also compared autoCPAP 30-day 95th percentile pressures with the pressures from PAP titration. Results: The study included 19 children, ranging 5–15 years old. The median BMI was 99.6th percentile and average adherence was 25/30 nights with mean of 7.3 h/night. The median OAHI was 12.3/h on baseline PSG and the 30-day autoCPAP download AHI decreased to 1.7/h. No adverse outcomes were identified. The average difference between 95th percentile autoCPAP pressure and PAP titration pressure was 0.89 cmH20. Conclusion: Our study suggests autoCPAP is effective and safe for the treatment of OSAS in pediatric patients with obesity. Using autoCPAP may reduce delays in treatment. Additional research is needed to verify the long-term effectiveness of autoCPAP in this population.
Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Surface Roughness and Adhesion Forces of MEMS Surfaces Using a Novel Method for Making a Compound Sputtering Target
Authors: Salehi Majid , Heidari Pedram , Ruhani Behrooz , Kheradmand Amanj , Purcar Violeta , Căprărescu Simona
Published: December 2021

Achieving a compound thin film with uniform thickness and high purity has always been a challenge in the applications concerning micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). Controlling the adhesion force in micro/nanoscale is also critical. In the present study, a novel method for making a sputtering compound target is proposed for coating Ag–Au thin films with thicknesses of 120 and 500 nm on silicon substrates. The surface topography and adhesion forces of the samples were obtained using atomic force microscope (AFM). Rabinovich and Rumpf models were utilized to measure the adhesion force and compare the results with the obtained experimental values. It was found that the layer with a thickness of 500 nm has a lower adhesion force than the one with 120 nm thickness. The results further indicated that due to surface asperity radius, the adhesion achieved from the Rabinovich model was closer to the experimental values. This novel method for making a compound sputtering target has led to a lower adhesion force which can be useful for coating microgripper surfaces.
Fabrication of Novel Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite Nanostructured Thin Films for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Ciobanu Carmen Steluta , Iconaru Simona Liliana , Predoi Daniela , Trușcă Roxana-Doina , Prodan Alina Mihaela , Groza Andreea , Chifiriuc Mariana Carmen , Beuran Mircea
Published: December 2021

In this study, we develop chitosan–hydroxyapatite (CS–HAp) composite layers that were deposited on Si substrates in radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering discharge in argon gas. The composition and structure of CS–HAp composite layers were investigated by analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), metallographic microscopy (MM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). On the other hand, in the present study the second order derivative of FT-IR–ATR spectra, for compositional analyses of CS–HAp, were used. The SEM, MM, and AFM data have shown the formation of CS–HAp composite layers. The surface of CS–HAp composite layers showed uniform growth (at an Ar gas working pressure of p = 2 × 10−3 mbar). The surface of the CS–HAp composites coatings became more nanostructured, becoming granular as the gas pressure increased from 5 × 10−3 to 1.2 × 10−2 mbar. However, our studies revealed that the surface morphology of the CS–HAp composite layers varies with the Ar gas working pressure. At the same time, optical properties are slightly influenced by Ar pressure. Their unique physicochemical properties make them suitable for various applications in the biomedical field, if we consider the already proven antimicrobial properties of chitosan. The antifungal properties and the capacity of the CS–HAp composite layers to inhibit the development of fungal biofilms were also demonstrated using the Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (C. albicans) fungal strain.
Characteristic Evaluation of Various Formulations of Anti-Aging Cream from Carotenoid Extract of Bacterial Symbiont Virgibacillus salarius Strain 19.PP.Sc1.6
Authors: Kusmita Lia , Mutmainah NFN , Sabdono Agus , Trianto Agus , Radjasa Ocky Karna , Pangestuti Ratih
Published: December 2021

Premature aging can be triggered by free radicals from UV rays, since exposure to these rays can cause the skin to experience oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induces intracellular DNA damage, protein denaturation, and lipid peroxidation that lead to cell death. However, cell death can be prevented with antioxidants such as carotenoids, which are among the potential natural compounds for its treatment. Sources of carotenoids include microbial symbionts associated with Sinularia sp., one of which is the bacterium Virgibacillus salarius strain 19.PP.Sc1.6, a carotenoid-producing bacteria. This study aims to explore the utilization of carotenoids from the bacterium V. salarius strain 19.PP.Sc1.6 for the preparation of anti-aging creams. Furthermore, the method employed three formulations (vs, ow, and wo) containing different types of cream tested for stability, and antioxidant and sunscreen abilities. The results obtained established that the carotenoid extract from V. salarius strain 19.PP.Sc1.6 was more stable in the cream vs. the oil-in-water type cream with an anionic emulsifier.
Genomic Evaluation of the Genus Coltivirus Indicates Genetic Diversity among Colorado Tick Fever Virus Strains and Demarcation of a New Species
Authors: Hughes Holly R. , Velez Jason O. , Fitzpatrick Kelly , Davis Emily H. , Russell Brandy J. , Lambert Amy J. , Staples J. Erin , Brault Aaron C.
Published: December 2021

The type species of the genus Coltivirus, Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV), was discovered in 1943 and is the most common tick-borne viral infection in the Western US. Despite its long history, very little is known about the molecular diversity of viruses classified within the species Colorado tick fever coltivirus. Previous studies have suggested genetic variants and potential serotypes of CTFV, but limited genetic sequence information is available for CTFV strains. To address this knowledge gap, we report herein the full-length genomes of five strains of CTFV, including Salmon River virus and California hare coltivirus (CTFV-Ca). The sequence from the full-length genome of Salmon River virus identified a high genetic identity to the CTFV prototype strain with >90% amino acid identity in all the segments except segment four, suggesting Salmon River virus is a strain of the species Colorado tick fever coltivirus. Additionally, analysis suggests that segment four has been associated with reassortment in at least one strain. The CTFV-Ca full-length genomic sequence was highly variable from the prototype CTFV in all the segments. The genome of CTFV-Ca was most similar to the Eyach virus, including similar segments six and seven. These data suggest that CTFV-Ca is not a strain of CTFV but a unique species. Additional sequence information of CTFV strains will improve the molecular surveillance tools and provide additional taxonomic resolution to this understudied virus.
A Review of Burn Patients Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation at a Burns Facility
Authors: Frost Stephen , Davies Liz , Porter Claire , Deodhar Avinash , Agarwal Reena
Published: December 2021

Respiratory compromise is a recognised sequelae of major burn injuries, and in rare instances requires extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Over a ten-year period, our hospital trust, an ECMO centre and burns facility, had five major burn patients requiring ECMO, whose burn injuries would normally be managed at trusts with higher levels of burn care. Three patients (60%) survived to hospital discharge, one (20%) died at our trust, and one patient died after repatriation. All patients required regular, time-intensive dressing changes from our specialist nursing team, beyond their regular duties. This review presents these patients, as well as a review of the literature on the use of ECMO in burn injury patients. A formal review of the overlap between the networks that cater to ECMO and burn patients is recommended.
Quantitative Comparison between Traditional and Intensive Face-to-Face Education through an Organizational Model
Authors: Checa-Morales Cristina , De-Pablos-Heredero Carmen , Torres Yenny Guiselli , Barba Cecilio , García Antón
Published: December 2021

Face-to-face education continues to present benefits in terms of student motivation, even though in COVID-19 scenario, online education has been the model of choice. In addition to the traditional face-to-face style, the intensive face-to-face style remains, which allows greater flexibility for the student. The objective of this study was to compare both educational styles and build an organizational model to improve student satisfaction. Two-way general linear model (GLM) with educational styles and satisfaction as fixed factors and discriminant analysis was applied. The selection of the most discriminant variables was made applying the F of Snedecor, Wilks’-Lambda, and the 1-Tolerance. A discriminant model was built. The four variables with the highest discriminant power were problem-solving communication with students’ representatives and shared knowledge and goals with lectures in the intensive style and frequent communication with administrative officers in the traditional style. In addition, it was found that greater face-to-face attendance did not imply greater coordination and that intensive style students show greater satisfaction. The appropriate duration of face-to-face education can contribute to the design of an innovative hybrid system in the future.
Recent Applications of Molecular Structures at Silicon Anode Interfaces
Authors: Fang Chen , Liu Gao
Published: December 2021

Silicon (Si) is a promising anode material to realize many-fold higher anode capacity in next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Si electrochemistry has strong dependence on the property of the Si interface, and therefore, Si surface engineering has attracted considerable research interest to address the challenges of Si electrodes such as dramatic volume changes and the high reactivity of Si surface. Molecular nanostructures, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) and monolayers, have been employed in recent years to decorate or functionalize Si anode surfaces to improve their electrochemical performance. These materials have the advantages of facile preparation, nanoscale controllability and structural diversity, and thus could be utilized as versatile platforms for Si surface modification. This review aims to summarize the recent applications of MOFs, COFs and monolayers for Si anode development. The functionalities and common design strategies of these molecular structures are demonstrated.
A Blockchain-Based Authentication Protocol Using Cryptocurrency Technology in LEO Satellite Networks
Authors: Deng Xia , Shao Junbin , Chang Le , Liang Junbin
Published: December 2021

With the rapid development of satellite technology and the high transmission efficiency of LEO satellites, LEO satellite communication has received increasing attention. However, the frequent switching of satellite-earth links imposes a great challenge in LEO communication authentication. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a Blockchain-based Authentication Protocol Using Cryptocurrency Technology (BAPC), which solves the problem of a long pause time of satellite services caused by user access authentication in a scenario of frequent switching between satellites and ground users. First, we design three stages of the authentication process and introduce the cryptocurrency technology. Using currency transactions as the certificate of authentication improves not only the security of authentication, but also the efficiency of switching authentication. Next, in the network topology, the satellite cluster is divided into multiple regions to improve the efficiency of block consensus. Finally, the protocol is tested through extensive NS2-based simulations, and the results verify that BAPC can greatly shorten the response time of switching authentication and significantly reduce the time of block generation and the network throughput. As the number of users increases, the block generation time and network throughput can be further reduced.
Implementation and Validation of Hybrid Control for a DFIG Wind Turbine Using an FPGA Controller Board
Authors: Taoussi Mohammed , Bossoufi Badre , Bouderbala Manale , Motahhir Saad , Alkhammash Eman H. , Masud Mehedi , Zinelaabidine Nada , Karim Mohammed
Published: December 2021

In this study, a novel control approach for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is developed and applied to improve the system’s dynamic response and performance for providing high energy quality while avoiding harmonic accumulations. Because of its ease of implementation, field-oriented control (FOC) is frequently used. This control has great sensitivity to the machine’s parametric variations. For this reason, adaptive Backstepping control (ABC) is capable of preserving almost all of the performance and robustness properties. However, its analytical formulation has a problem. To overcome these disadvantages, the hybrid control (HC) is developed and verified to enable rapid response, complete reference tracking, and appropriate dynamic behavior with a low ripple level. This control is a combination of FOC’s and ABC’s control laws. The prepared control is explored by simulation testing using Matlab/Simulink and practical implementation using an FPGA board with actual turbine settings and a real wind profile of Dakhla City, Morocco. The results of hardware simulation show the efficacy of the HC in terms of speed and robustness, with a total harmonic distortion THD = 0.95, a value of THD that reveals the quality of the energy injected into the grid.
COVIDSensing: Social Sensing Strategy for the Management of the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Sepúlveda Alicia , Periñán-Pascual Carlos , Muñoz Andrés , Martínez-España Raquel , Hernández-Orallo Enrique , Cecilia José M.
Published: December 2021

The management of the COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to be critical for reducing its dramatic effects. Social sensing can analyse user-contributed data posted daily in social-media services, where participants are seen as Social Sensors. Individually, social sensors may provide noisy information. However, collectively, such opinion holders constitute a large critical mass dispersed everywhere and with an immediate capacity for information transfer. The main goal of this article is to present a novel methodological tool based on social sensing, called COVIDSensing. In particular, this application serves to provide actionable information in real time for the management of the socio-economic and health crisis caused by COVID-19. This tool dynamically identifies socio-economic problems of general interest through the analysis of people’s opinions on social networks. Moreover, it tracks and predicts the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic based on epidemiological figures together with the social perceptions towards the disease. This article presents the case study of Spain to illustrate the tool.
Input-Series-Output-Parallel DC Transformer Impedance Modeling and Phase Reshaping for Rapid Stabilization of MVDC Distribution Systems
Authors: Zhang Qian , Liu Ximei , Li Meihang , Yu Fei , Yu Dachuan
Published: December 2021

This paper focuses on the instability problem of the medium-voltage DC (MVDC) distribution system and proposes an impedance phase reshaping (IPR) method. To obtain the load impedance model of the MVDC distribution system, the input impedance of the input-series-output-parallel (ISOP) DC transformer (DCT) is derived by the generalized average modeling (GAM). Based on the obtained model, the traditional ISOP DCT controller optimization (IDCO) approach is discussed and the IPR method is developed. An impedance phase controller is introduced based on the original control method. According to the optimized impedance stability criterion, the parameters of the impedance phase controller are determined. Compared with the IDCO approach, the proposed method weakens the negative resistance characteristic of the load impedance at the resonant frequency. Therefore, the MV bus voltage oscillation is rapidly mitigated. Besides, the dynamic performance of the system using the IPR method can be classified as good. The simulation results show that the mathematical model is correct, and the proposed method is effective for the rapid stabilization of MVDC distribution systems.
Multi-Sensory Interaction for Blind and Visually Impaired People
Authors: Cho Jun-Dong
Published: December 2021

Multi-sensory interaction aids learning, inclusion, and collaboration because it accommodates the diverse cognitive and perceptual needs [...]
Domain-Adversarial Based Model with Phonological Knowledge for Cross-Lingual Speech Recognition
Authors: Zhan Qingran , Xie Xiang , Hu Chenguang , Zuluaga-Gomez Juan , Wang Jing , Cheng Haobo
Published: December 2021

Phonological-based features (articulatory features, AFs) describe the movements of the vocal organ which are shared across languages. This paper investigates a domain-adversarial neural network (DANN) to extract reliable AFs, and different multi-stream techniques are used for cross-lingual speech recognition. First, a novel universal phonological attributes definition is proposed for Mandarin, English, German and French. Then a DANN-based AFs detector is trained using source languages (English, German and French). When doing the cross-lingual speech recognition, the AFs detectors are used to transfer the phonological knowledge from source languages (English, German and French) to the target language (Mandarin). Two multi-stream approaches are introduced to fuse the acoustic features and cross-lingual AFs. In addition, the monolingual AFs system (i.e., the AFs are directly extracted from the target language) is also investigated. Experiments show that the performance of the AFs detector can be improved by using convolutional neural networks (CNN) with a domain-adversarial learning method. The multi-head attention (MHA) based multi-stream can reach the best performance compared to the baseline, cross-lingual adaptation approach, and other approaches. More specifically, the MHA-mode with cross-lingual AFs yields significant improvements over monolingual AFs with the restriction of training data size and, which can be easily extended to other low-resource languages.
A Real-Time Matrix Iterative Optimization Algorithm of Booking Elevator Group and Numerical Simulation Formed by Multi-Sensor Combination
Authors: Chen Wenxing , Zheng Baojuan , Liu Jiaying , Li Lianyan , Ren Xiaobin
Published: December 2021

Elevators are an essential indoor transportation tool in high-rise buildings. The world is advocating the design concept of safety, energy-saving, and intelligence. We focus on improving operation speed and utilization efficiency of the elevator group. This paper proposed a real-time reservation elevator groups optimization algorithm, and a dynamic matrix iterative model has been established. The indoor navigation technology UWB is applied, which can help users to quickly find elevators. The manned equilibrium efficiency and running time equilibrium efficiency of elevator group are given. Moreover, the data filtering criterion formulas for user waiting time and elevator remaining space are defined. In this paper, three numerical examples are given. Example 1 is a single elevator in n-storey building. Example 2 is compared with different scheduling algorithms, such as FCFS, SSTF, LOOK, and SCAN algorithms, and the results show that our method has the advantages of short total running time and less round-trip frequency. At last, the matrix of numerical iteration results are visualized, and the data movement status of people on each floor can be observed. Example 3 introduced elevator group algorithms. For high-rise buildings, this paper adopts a high, medium, and low hierarchical management model; this model has high coordination, as well as fast response, batch process, and adaptive function. Finally, we also discussed and compared the complexity of single elevator and elevator group algorithms. Therefore, this method has great development potential and practical application value, which deserves further study.
Multitemporal Analysis as a Non-Invasive Technology Indicates a Rapid Change in Land Use in the Amazon: The Case of the ITT Oil Block
Authors: Heredia-R Marco , Cayambe Jhenny , Schorsch Clint , Toulkeridis Theofilos , Barreto Deniz , Poma Paulina , Villegas Gladys
Published: December 2021

The Amazon Region of Ecuador (ARE) hosts a great variety of biodiversity and ecosystems. These hotspots are internationally recognized for presenting unique fauna and flora found nowhere else in the world. Within the ARE, there is the Yasuní National Park (YNP), a recognized Biosphere Reserve located in the sub-basins of various rivers. The study area is the “ITT Oil Block” (Ishpingo, Tambococha, and Tiputini), situated in the Province of Orellana and superimposed on the YNP. The block has an area of 179,449.53 ha. The main objective of the current study was to analyze the multi-temporality of land-use change in the ITT Oil Block of the ARE. In the methodological process, the PCI Geomatic and ARCGIS programs were used for the processing and classification of satellite images (Landsat 7 and 8). The changes in land use in the ITT Oil Block over the three periods (2001, 2014, and 2017) indicated that forest cover decreased by 24.23% in soils, while infrastructure and cultivation increased throughout the time period by 0.27% and 0.23%, respectively. The most significant land-use change rate in the ITT Oil Block in the period 2001–2017 are the categories of bare soil with 9.01% (10,640.82 ha) and cultivation with 7.27% (591.29 ha).
pH-Based Control Strategies for the Nitrification of High-Ammonium Wastewaters
Authors: van Rooyen Ignatius Leopoldus , Brink Hendrik Gideon , Nicol Willie
Published: December 2021

Aquatic nitrogen pollution is one of the most urgent environmental issues requiring prevention and mitigation. Large quantities of high-ammonium wastewaters are generated by several industrial sectors, such as fertilizer and anaerobic-digestion plants. Nitrification of these wastewaters is commonly carried out, either to remove nitrogen or produce liquid fertilizers. Standard control methodologies for the efficient nitrification of high-ammonium wastewaters to produce liquid fertilizers have not yet been established and are still within their early stages of development. In this paper, novel pH-based control algorithms are presented that maintain operation at the microbial maximum reaction rate (υmax) in batch and continuous reactors. Complete conversion of ammonium to nitrate was achieved in a batch setup, and a conversion of 93% (±1%) was achieved in a continuously-stirred-tank-reactor. The unparalleled performance and affordability of the control schemes proposed offer a steppingstone to the future of sustainable fertilizer production.
Models versus Datasets: Reducing Bias through Building a Comprehensive IDS Benchmark
Authors: Ahmad Rasheed , Alsmadi Izzat , Alhamdani Wasim , Tawalbeh Lo’ai
Published: December 2021

Today, deep learning approaches are widely used to build Intrusion Detection Systems for securing IoT environments. However, the models’ hidden and complex nature raises various concerns, such as trusting the model output and understanding why the model made certain decisions. Researchers generally publish their proposed model’s settings and performance results based on a specific dataset and a classification model but do not report the proposed model’s output and findings. Similarly, many researchers suggest an IDS solution by focusing only on a single benchmark dataset and classifier. Such solutions are prone to generating inaccurate and biased results. This paper overcomes these limitations in previous work by analyzing various benchmark datasets and various individual and hybrid deep learning classifiers towards finding the best IDS solution for IoT that is efficient, lightweight, and comprehensive in detecting network anomalies. We also showed the model’s localized predictions and analyzed the top contributing features impacting the global performance of deep learning models. This paper aims to extract the aggregate knowledge from various datasets and classifiers and analyze the commonalities to avoid any possible bias in results and increase the trust and transparency of deep learning models. We believe this paper’s findings will help future researchers build a comprehensive IDS based on well-performing classifiers and utilize the aggregated knowledge and the minimum set of significantly contributing features.
Implementation and Evaluation of Nodal Distribution and Movement in a 5G Mobile Network
Authors: Baranov Dmitry , Terekhin Alexandr , Bragin Dmitry , Konev Anton
Published: December 2021

The determining factor in the accelerated pace of informatization is the increase in the speed and reliability of data transmission networks. In this regard, new and existing standards are developed and modernized. A lot of organizations are constantly working on the development and implementation of new generation communication networks. This article provides an overview of available software solutions that allow us to investigate and evaluate the behavior of data networks. In particular, tools suitable for mobile communication systems were determined, having sufficient built-in functionality and allowing us to add our own implementations. NS3 has been chosen as a suitable network simulator. Apart from the review, a solution for this tool was developed. It allows estimating the reliability of data transmission from the start movement of a network node at all times during its removal from a base station.
Effect of Partial Soybean Replacement by Shrimp By-Products on the Productive and Economic Performances in African Catfish (Clarias lazera) Diets
Authors: Abu-Alya Ibrahim S. , Alharbi Yousef M. , Fathalla Said I. , Zahran Ibrahim S. , Shousha Saad M. , Abdel-Rahman Hassan A.
Published: December 2021

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of soybean with shrimp by-products (SBp) in African catfish (Clarias lazera) diets on productive (growth, digestibility, body composition, dressing yield, blood parameters, immunity) and economic performances. Therefore, 750 fingerlings (~20.0 g) were distributed into five groups of 150 fingerlings/group with three replicates (n = 50) per group. Group 1 was fed a basal diet, while G2 and G3 were fed diets containing 25% SBp (autoclaved and acid-treated, respectively) as soybean replacer for 12 weeks, while, in G4 and G5, SBp level was 50%. All growth and nutrient utilization parameters (body weight, Wg, ADG, PER, FCR, and digestibility), plasma proteins, and immunity significantly increased in G4 and G5. Anemia screening markers recorded insignificant differences between the tested groups and control one, whereas lipid markers of plasma and fish body decreased by autoclaved SBp and increased by acid-treated SBp. The African catfish body dry matter and crude protein percentages were enriched by the addition of SBp. Replacing the soybean meal decreases diet costs and diet costs/1 kg of weight gain. In conclusion, replacing soybean with SBp (especially 50% acid-treated) positively influenced productive and economic performances with friendly effects to avoid the environmental pollution by these wastes.
Rheological and Flow Behaviour of Yolk, Albumen and Liquid Whole Egg from Eggs of Six Different Poultry Species
Authors: Kumbár Vojtěch , Ondrušíková Sylvie , Trost Daniel , Polcar Adam , Nedomová Šárka
Published: December 2021

Liquid egg products are one of the basic raw materials for the food industry. Knowledge of their rheological and flow behaviour in real technical elements is absolutely necessary for the selection of suitable technological equipment for their processing. In this article, the rheological properties of liquid egg products were determined. Eggs from six different species of poultry are used: domestic hen (Gallus gallus domesticus) hybrid Hisex Brown; Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica); German carrier goose (Anser anser f. domestica); domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos f. domestica); domestic guinea fowl (Numida meleagris f. domestica); and domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo f. domestica). Liquid egg products showed pseudoplastic behaviour in range of shear strain rates from 0.2 up to 200 s−1 and at the temperature of 18 °C. Thus, the flow curves were constructed using the Ostwald-de Waele rheological model, with respect to the pseudoplastic behaviour of liquid egg products. According to the values of the coefficients of determination (R2), the sum of squared estimate of errors (SSE) and the root mean square error (RMSE), this model was appropriately chosen. Using the consistency coefficient K, the flow index n and the adjusted equations for the flow rate of technical and biological fluids in standard pipelines, the 3D velocity profiles of liquid egg products were successfully modelled. The values of the Reynolds number of the individual liquid egg products were calculated, and the type of flow was also determined. A turbulent flow has been detected for some liquid egg products.
Cognitive Keys in Psychophysical Estimation of Chemosensory Perception in University Students
Authors: Martínez-Sánchez Laura María , Parra-Martínez Cecilio , Martínez-García Tomás Eugenio , Martínez-García Concha
Published: December 2021

Psychophysical methods allow us to measure the relationship between stimuli and sensory perception. Of these, Detection Threshold (DT) allows us to know the minimum concentration to produce taste identification. Given this, we wonder whether, for example, wine tasting experts are more capable of perceiving their sensory properties than other people, or whether they can distinguish them because they are better able to “describe” them. To verify this, this study analyses the influence of having prior knowledge of the name astringency and, failing that, to detect it and distinguish it between the four basic tastes. One-hundred-and-sixty-two university students with an average age of 19.43 (SD = 2.55) years were assigned to three experimental conditions: an experimental group (G.2) without previous knowledge of the name astringency and with alimentary satiety, and two control groups, both with previous knowledge of the name, these being G.1, with satiety, and G.3, with hunger. DT was collected for the four basic tastes and astringencies. Results showed significant differences in the identification of astringency, being the least identified experimental group with respect to the control groups. It is striking that G.2, without prior knowledge of the name, identified astringency as a bitter taste in most cases. This supports our hypothesis of the importance of attending to linguistic cognitive processes when psychophysically estimating taste in humans.
Volatile Compounds in Pulses: A Review
Authors: Karolkowski Adeline , Guichard Elisabeth , Briand Loïc , Salles Christian
Published: December 2021

The worldwide demand for pulse-based products is increasing in the face of climate change, but their acceptability is limited due to the presence of off-flavours. Off-notes contribute to negative perceptions of pulses (beany notes). Volatile compounds belong to a large variety of chemical classes. They are mainly produced from the oxidation of unsaturated free fatty acids and the degradation of amino acids during seed development, storage, and transformation (dehulling, milling, and starch or protein production). This review aims to provide an overview highlighting the identification of these molecules in different pulses, their potential origins, and their impact on perceptions. However, data on odour-active compounds in pulses are sparse, as they are limited to those of two studies on peas and lupins. A better knowledge of the volatile compounds involved in the off-notes and their origins should allow for drawing efficient strategies to limit their impact on overall perception for more acceptable healthy food design.
Inactivation of Foodborne Viruses by UV Light: A Review
Authors: Gómez-López Vicente M. , Jubinville Eric , Rodríguez-López María Isabel , Trudel-Ferland Mathilde , Bouchard Simon , Jean Julie
Published: December 2021

Viruses on some foods can be inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. This green technology has little impact on product quality and, thus, could be used to increase food safety. While its bactericidal effect has been studied extensively, little is known about the viricidal effect of UV on foods. The mechanism of viral inactivation by UV results mainly from an alteration of the genetic material (DNA or RNA) within the viral capsid and, to a lesser extent, by modifying major and minor viral proteins of the capsid. In this review, we examine the potential of UV treatment as a means of inactivating viruses on food processing surfaces and different foods. The most common foodborne viruses and their laboratory surrogates; further explanation on the inactivation mechanism and its efficacy in water, liquid foods, meat products, fruits, and vegetables; and the prospects for the commercial application of this technology are discussed. Lastly, we describe UV’s limitations and legislation surrounding its use. Based on our review of the literature, viral inactivation in water seems to be particularly effective. While consistent inactivation through turbid liquid food or the entire surface of irregular food matrices is more challenging, some treatments on different food matrices seem promising.
Essential-Oil-Loaded Nanoemulsion Lipidic-Phase Optimization and Modeling by Response Surface Methodology (RSM): Enhancement of Their Antimicrobial Potential and Bioavailability in Nanoscale Food Delivery System
Authors: Yakoubi Sana , Kobayashi Isao , Uemura Kunihiko , Nakajima Mitsutoshi , Isoda Hiroko , Ksouri Riadh , Saidani-Tounsi Moufida , Neves Marcos A.
Published: December 2021

Nanoencapsulation is an attractive technique used for incorporating essential oils in foods. Thus, our main goal was to formulate a novel nanoemulsion (NE) with nanoscale droplet size and lowest interfacial tension in the oil–water interface, contributing positively to the stability and the enhancement of essential oil potential. Thereby, response surface methodology (RSM), with mixture design was used to optimize the composition of the NE lipid phase. The essential oil combinations were encapsulated through high-pressure homogenization (HPH) with the binary emulsifier system (Tween 80: Gum Arabic). Then, the electrophoretic and physical properties were evaluated. We also conducted a follow-up stability and antimicrobial study that examined the stabilization mechanism of optimal NE. Thereafter, the effect of nanoencapsulation on the essential oil composition was assessed. The RSM results were best fitted into polynomial models with regression coefficient values of more than 0.95. The optimal NE showed a nanometer-sized droplet (270 nm) and lower interfacial tension (~11 mN/m), favoring negative ζ-potential (−15 mV), showing good stability under different conditions—it synergistically enhances the antimicrobial potential. GC-MS analysis showed that the use of HPH affected the active compounds, consistent with the differences in linalool and 2-Caren-10-al content. Hence, the novel nanometric delivery system contributes to food industry fortification.