bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introductory Matters
Authors: Lewis Theodore J.
Published: August 2020

Chapter One articulates what is entailed in writing a comprehensive work on ancient Israelite religion. After surveying the massive nature of the task, it describes the scope of the present work. The concept of divinity is chosen as an organizing principle.
The contents of the following ten chapters are then described in brief. These include: (2) the history of scholarship on ancient Israelite religion; (3) methodology; (4) El worship; (5) the iconography of the deity El; (6) the origin of the god Yahweh; (7) the iconography of Yahweh including the aniconic traditions; (8) how God is characterized as a warrior and a family deity; (9) how God is characterized as king and judge; (10) the holiness of God; (Ch. 11) conclusion. Chapters 8-10, in addition to describing divine traits, probe how divinity can be used as a lens with which to view the lived reality of religious experience.
The History of Scholarship on Ancient Israelite Religion: A Brief Sketch
Authors: Lewis Theodore J.
Published: August 2020

In order to study the broad topic of divinity, it is essential to survey the history of scholarship, especially to understand the foundation of views inherited by modern scholars. The Enlightenment is chosen as a starting point due to the growth of the critical study of the Bible during these times. Germanic scholarship of the Hebrew Bible in nineteenth century is articulated as a critical turning point. Subsequent developments include the emergence of sociological methods, the “history of religion” comparative approach, and the “myth-and-ritual” school of thought. Newly discovered archaeological remains caused yet another shift, with scholars now debating whether ancient Israel’s religion was in fact as unique as confessional traditions taught. More recently, varying methodological approaches have exploded on the scene including epigraphy, socio-historical linguistics, revisionist historical hermeneutics, feminist approaches, intertextuality, and iconographic studies together with the maturing of the fields of archaeology and sociology.
The Iconography of Divinity: Yahweh
Authors: Lewis Theodore J.
Published: August 2020

Chapter Seven explores the ways in which Yahwistic divinity was represented in text and object. Whether Yahweh was embodied anthropomorphically or theriomorphically (with bulls and lions) or taking up residence in solid stone is situated within the broader philosophical debate coming from ancient Israel’s well-known aniconic traditions that advocated that the image of God cannot and must not be fashioned. Anthropologically, here we come up against Rudolph Otto’s theories that humans can be fascinated by the irresistible appeal of the numinous while at the same time standing in utter dread of the danger, even lethality, of the sacred.

The ubiquity of anthropomorphic language used of Yahweh resides on the pages of the Hebrew Bible alongside multiple traditions that represented Yahweh abstractly. These include (a) the use of fire, (b) a notion of abstract “radiance” (Hebrew kābôd), (c) the Deuteronomic/Deuteronomistic Name (šēm) Theology, and (d) portraying Yahweh invisibly.
The Characterization of the Deity Yahweh
Authors: Lewis Theodore J.
Published: August 2020

Chapter Eight intentionally juxtaposes Yahweh as Warrior and Yahweh as Parent. In the ancient world gods were perceived as and needed to be powerful—to right the wrongs, protect one’s crops and vanquish one’s enemies. Moreover, the notion of Yahweh as Divine Warrior transcended the mundane to include what has been labelled “cosmic” warfare where a super-endowed deity could vanquish seven-headed dragons who threatened society at large.
Alternative voices provided a counter narrative that God is a force of peaceful existence. Thus Chapter Eight balances tales of divine warfare with powerful rhetorical aspirations of disarmament. According to the prophet Isaiah, people can choose to beat their swords into plowshares, to learn of war never more. Using the language of family religion, this chapter describes the compassionate side of divinity, how Yahweh is portrayed as a caring father to Israel his child, like a mother nourishing her newborn.
The Characterization of the Deity Yahweh
Authors: Lewis Theodore J.
Published: August 2020

Chapter Ten explores the notion of Yahweh as the Holy One to speak primarily about priestly religion. The Hebrew Bible’s portrayal of human holiness concentrates on cultic management. Holiness is used ideologically to construct and reinforce rank, power and privilege. This is especially true of Moses, Aaron and the Aaronid priests. On performance and “the ritual body,” Chapter Ten examines the ritual acts of clothing and anointing, and ritual substances (e.g. oil) that serve to mark sacerdotal rank.
Chapter Ten articulates how each of the Hebrew Bible’s many traditions has its own nuances about who can be holy and why it vitally matters for the control and exercise of cult. The Hebrew Bible preserves opposing voices with regard to restricting and expanding holiness—including the role of women—and whether holiness should be narrow (cultic) or comprehensive, covering a wide array of cultic, economic, judicial, moral and social parameters.
Introduction
Authors: Huang Xian
Published: August 2020

Chapter 1 introduces this study about Chinese social welfare development. It presents the puzzling features of Chinese social health insurance in the first decade of the 2000s: expansion and stratification. Then it explains Chinese social health insurance as seen from the political interests of authoritarian leaders in benefit distribution; that is, authoritarian leaders must strike a balance in benefit distribution between elites and masses in order to maintain regime survival and stability. After discussing the alternative explanations of social welfare expansion and variation, this chapter introduces the main argument and research design of the book and provides a preview of the book chapters.
The Center’s Distributive Strategy and Fund Allocation
Authors: Huang Xian
Published: August 2020

Chapter 4 focuses on Chinese central leaders (the Center) and their distributive strategy and behaviors in providing social welfare. The deliberations and calculations reflected in the central leaders’ speeches between 1998 and 2011 show that the stratified expansion of social welfare was the Center’s most preferred model for social welfare provision in this period. Various internal speeches and communication revealed the hidden concern and measures taken to maintain the elites’ welfare privileges and benefits during the welfare expansion. Careful reading of the primary materials also suggests that the Center’s fiscal transfers to local governments were an important means for maintaining the welfare privileges of elite groups (e.g., civil servants, public-sector and SOE formal employees). This chapter later analyzes the central-to-local fiscal transfers from 1999 to 2010 and finds that the larger the elite groups in a province, the greater were the fiscal transfers the province received from the central government.
Local Motivation and Distributive Choices
Authors: Huang Xian
Published: August 2020

Chapter 5 focuses on local leaders’ distributive motivations and policy choices in social welfare provision. The combination of political centralization and fiscal decentralization compels Chinese local leaders to specify major policies in local circumstances while balancing the Center’s mandates and directives with local resources and constraints. Drawing from qualitative evidence collected during fieldwork in China between 2009 and 2012, this chapter not only demonstrates the regional variation in local policy responses to the Center’s directive of stratified expansion of social health insurance but also provides examples of local calculations and policy choices in implementing the health insurance expansion. The reasons for the regional differences in local policy choices for social health insurance expansion are not only the disparities of local socioeconomic conditions and resources but also the contradiction embedded in the Chinese authoritarian regime’s distributive strategy: expanding basic benefits to the masses while maintaining the welfare privilege for the elites.
Maps with a Mission Post-1967
Authors: Leuenberger Christine , Schnell Izhak
Published: August 2020

Post-1967, the “peace camp,” what are considered left-wing peace and human rights organizations, also actively used maps to put forth their geopolitical visions of an Israeli territory delimited by international law, while drawing on scientific cartographic conventions. Maps produced by the “peace camp” are informed by a range of very different discourses, which include concerns about Israel’s occupation strategies, its compliance or non-compliance with international law, its demography, the need for the recognition of Palestinians’ human rights and historical presence in the region, and the feasibility of particular territorial solutions. Organizations such as Peace Now, B’Tselem, the Geneva Initiative, and Zochrot (Remembering) used various visual and textual signifiers to communicate concerns in regard to territorial annexation, to propose territorial compromises for possible peace negotiations, and to challenge Hebrew topography by retracing alternative Arab topography in the search for historical justice. Such maps tended to invoke legal as well as scientific standards to give the maps authority and persuasive power in the attempt to increase the legitimacy of the geopolitical visions put forth.
Overview
Authors: Luo Chuliang , Sicular Terry , Li Shi
Published: August 2020

This chapter presents national estimates of incomes and inequality for 2007 and 2013. It begins with discussion of the CHIP datasets and measurement issues. It then reports core estimates of income and inequality, which indicate a modest decline in inequality during this period. Estimates are reported separately for formal urban residents, rural residents, and rural-to-urban migrants, with discussion of the effects of migration on inequality. Incomes and inequality are decomposed among the different sources of income; the urban/rural and regional income gaps are investigated. Alternative estimates of national inequality—using different income definitions, inequality indexes, and prices—are reported, as well as estimates that adjust for the underrepresentation of incomes in the top tail of the income distribution. The estimated decline in national inequality survives some but not all of these alternative calculations and thus raises questions about the magnitude and long-term sustainability of the inequality decline.
The Increasing Inequality of Wealth in China
Authors: Knight John , Li Shi , Wan Haiyuan
Published: August 2020

The inequality of wealth in China has increased rapidly in recent years. Prior to 1978 all Chinese households possessed negligible wealth. China therefore presents a fascinating case study of how inequality of household wealth increases with economic reforms, marketization, and capital accumulation. Wealth inequality and its growth are measured and decomposed by using data from the CHIP 2002 and 2013 survey datasets. Techniques for estimating the top tail of the income distribution by using a Pareto approximation are applied to measure the sensitivity of wealth inequality to plausible assumptions about the underrepresentation of the wealthy and underreporting by the wealthy. The rising wealth inequality is explained in terms of the relationships between income and wealth, house price inflation, and differential savings.
Public Policy and Long-Term Trends in Inequality in Rural China
Authors: Hoken Hisatoshi , Sato Hiroshi
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines long-term changes in rural household incomes, inequality, and poverty in China from the late 1980s to 2013, with a focus on changes in public policy and the structure of rural incomes from 2007 to 2013. Implementation of pro-rural (huinong) policies during the first decade of the 2000s marked a historic shift in public policy, which previously was heavily biased toward the urban areas. Rural income growth accelerated between 2007 and 2013 mainly because of an upsurge of wage earnings, asset income, and imputed rent from owner-occupied housing. The share of agricultural income in total income fell to a historic low. These shifts contributed to the increase in rural income inequality from 2007 to 2013. During this period rural poverty continued to decline. The implementation of pro-rural public policies after 2000 led to small but significant improvements in the redistributive impact of public transfers.
A “Problem with No Name”
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of violence against women in politics and considers why violence against women in politics has remained hidden for so long. Testimonies from politically active women point to four reasons. Some women normalize violence as part of the political game and thus simply do not perceive it as a “problem” (a cognitive gap). Others recognize that violence is not an acceptable cost of political engagement, but nonetheless remain quiet to protect their political careers and/or their political parties (a political gap), or to avoid scorn or blame from others for purportedly bringing the abuse upon themselves (a receptivity gap). A final group would speak out but feels there is no one to tell or no adequate language to describe their experiences (a resources gap). The chapter concludes with an overview of the volume.
An Expanded Vision
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Chapter 4 notes that the concept of violence against women in politics—as it has emerged—has largely been restricted to actions perpetrated against women in elections and/or within formal political institutions. During this same period, however, parallel campaigns have emerged to draw attention to violence committed against women human rights defenders and against female journalists. Observing that these efforts take up highly similar issues concerning violence as a barrier to women’s participation in the political field, the chapter advocates joining these various streams to forge a more comprehensive concept of violence against women in politics, underscoring continuities across challenges faced by politically active women of all types.
International Recognition
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Chapter 5 traces how the discussions outlined in previous chapters have become embedded in a growing number of international normative frameworks. The architecture surrounding the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has provided one entry point. The CEDAW Committee raised the issue in a number of country reviews and issued several General Recommendations alluding to violence in the political sphere. A second pathway has been via the mandate of the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, who issued two reports on this topic in 2018. A third involves UN General Assembly resolutions, including a recent resolution identifying sexual harassment as a form of violence against women referencing violence in politics. The new International Labor Organization Convention Concerning the Elimination of Violence and Harassment in the World of Work serves as a fourth venue, filling important gaps related to sexual and online harassment in political spaces.
Sexual Violence
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: August 2020

Chapter 14 provides an overview of sexual forms of violence against women in politics. Sexual violence comprises a host of unwanted behaviors targeting a person’s sexuality and sexual characteristics, ranging from non-consensual physical contact to unwelcome verbal conduct of a sexual nature. Whether involving a single incident or a pattern of behavior, sexual violence violates human dignity, communicating a message of domination and disrespect. Employed to display, gain, or maintain power, sexual violence can also create a hostile work environment, interrupting and potentially undermining women’s labors and contributions. Recent interventions around the world, especially in the wake of the #MeToo movement, seek to deepen emerging understandings that sexual violence is pervasive but unacceptable in the political realm by working to raise awareness, pursue sanctions, and devise preventative measures to expose and combat sexual violence in its various forms.
Attitudes
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: August 2020

Probabilities and utilities of possible outcomes yield the expected utilities of the acts an agent considers in a decision problem. This chapter introduces probability and utility as the book’s decision principles understand these functions. It has them attach to propositions that declarative sentences express, and it takes their values to represent the strengths of attitudes—strengths of doxastic attitudes in the case of probabilities and strengths of conative attitudes in the case of utilities. Desires and aversions, typical conative attitudes, may have narrow or wide evaluative scope. Intrinsic desires have narrow scope, and extrinsic desires have wide scope. Utility assignments may, correspondingly, have narrow or wide scope. The intrinsic utility of a risk evaluates the risk taken by itself, whereas the extrinsic or comprehensive utility of the risk evaluates all that accompanies the risk. Methods of measurement apply to these types of probability and utility, as the appendix demonstrates.
Rational Management of Risks
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: August 2020

The literature on expected utility formulates in two ways the principle to maximize expected utility. One version of the principle requires choices that literally maximize expected utility. The other version requires choices that are “as if” maximizing expected utility. The first principle is substantive and applies to a single choice. The second principle is representational and applies to a set of choices; it requires only a type of consistency among choices and is weaker than the first, substantive principle. The justification of the substantive version of the principle is that following it amounts to following preferences among the options in a decision problem. The justification takes an option’s risk as a consequence of the option’s realization. Making this move yields a simple decision principle, using evaluations of options that do not add weights to the probabilities or the utilities of an option’s possible outcomes.
Advice about Decisions
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: August 2020

Professionals, such as financial planners, may advise their clients or, with authorization, make decisions for their clients. A typical goal is an act that the client may perform if rational and informed. Mean-risk evaluation of acts assists a professional with this goal. Using it, a professional may evaluate an act by calculating for the client an informed attitude to the act’s risk and an informed attitude to the act’s consequences ignoring the act’s risk. In special cases, nonquantitative analogues of mean-risk evaluation apply. The method’s separation of probability assignments by a professional and utility assignments by a client does not create a separation of fact and value that neglects inductive risk.
Chuk Mor
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat
Published: August 2020

Chapter 2 examines the transnational life and career of Chuk Mor during the second half of the twentieth century. The chapter argues that Chuk Mor redefined the basis of “being Buddhist” in Malaysia by drawing on Taixu’s modernist ideas of Human Life Buddhism. As this chapter demonstrates, migratory circulations expanded, corrected, and modified understandings of Buddhist modernism and significantly transformed the religious landscape in postcolonial Malaysia. Chuk Mor encouraged intrareligious conversion by advocating a Malaysian Chinese Buddhist identity that emphasized this-worldly practice of Buddhism, promoted a vision of Buddhist orthodoxy (zhengxin fojiao), and established new Buddhist spaces for the promotion of religious education. By examining the Malaysian context with the idea of South China Sea Buddhism in mind, this chapter highlights the connected history of Buddhist communities in China and maritime Southeast Asia.
Unconditional
Authors: Gallicchio Marc
Published: August 2020

Signed on September 2, 1945, by Japanese and Allied leaders, the instrument of surrender formally ended the war in the Pacific and brought to a close one of the most cataclysmic engagements in history. VJ (Victory over Japan) Day had taken place about two weeks earlier, in the wake of atomic bombs being dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet Union’s entrance into the war. In the end, the surrender itself fulfilled FDR’s commitment that it be “unconditional.” Though readily accepted as war policy at the time, after Roosevelt’s death in April 1945, popular support for unconditional surrender wavered, particularly when the bloody campaigns on Iwo Jima and Okinawa made clear the cost of military victory against Japan. The war’s end in Europe spurred calls in Congress, particularly among anti-New Deal Republicans, to shift the American economy to peacetime and bring home troops. Even after the atomic bombs had been dropped, Japan continued to seek a negotiated surrender, further complicating the debate. Though this was the last time Americans would impose surrender unconditionally, questions surrounding it continued at home through the 1950s and 1960s, when liberal and conservative views reversed, and particularly in Vietnam and the definition of “peace with honor.” It remained controversial through the ceremonies surrounding the fiftieth anniversary and the Gulf War, when the subject revived. This book describes the surrender in its historical moment, revealing how and why the event unfolded as it did and the principal figures behind it
“Power Is Sweet”
Authors: Pinckney Jonathan C.
Published: August 2020

This chapter presents the second of three case studies of civil resistance transitions (CRTs) and the impact of the challenges of mobilization and maximalism in CRTs. The case examined is the transition in Zambia following the Movement for Multiparty Democracy’s campaign against Zambia’s one-party authoritarian regime. The case study finds that low levels of mobilization during the transition led to a lack of accountability for new leaders, facilitating an increase in corruption and derailing Zambia’s move to democracy. Instead the regime that has been consolidated over time is an elite semi-democracy, in which elites dominate the politics for their own benefit and ordinary people have little impact on political outcomes.
Mobilization and Moderation in Brazil
Authors: Pinckney Jonathan C.
Published: August 2020

This chapter presents the third and final case study of civil resistance transitions (CRTs) and the impact of the challenges of mobilization and maximalism in CRTs. The case examined is the transition to democracy in Brazil in the 1980s following the Diretas Ja campaign against Brazil’s military dictatorship. The case study finds that high levels of social and political mobilization, combined with low levels of maximalism, facilitated a successful transition to democracy in Brazil. Civil society groups that fought against the military dictatorship continued their activism during the transition, pushing for progressive constitutional protections and fighting against corruption. The result is a robust, though imperfect democratic regime.
Nietzsche's Values
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2020

The book gives a uniquely comprehensive philosophical analysis of Nietzsche’s thinking. It shows how this thinking has its unifying focus on values: both the past and prevailing values that his psychologies and genealogies explain and the new values that he himself creates and defends. It maps, in detail, the argumentative structure of his thinking as it bears on this central topic. It argues that his ultimate ambition is to show how we can incorporate the truth about values into our own valuing—and that he is therefore more deeply committed to truth than often supposed. The book’s chapters examine twelve key concepts, each at the heart of a network of problems and ideas. A first group of concepts (value, life, drives, affects) treats the bodily valuing he attributes to our drives and affects; a second group (human, words, nihilism, freedom) treats the valuing we carry out in our deeply flawed conception of ourselves as moral agents; the third group (the Yes, self, creating, Dionysus) projects the values he offers as the lesson of his critiques—values centered on a universal affirmation expressed in the idea of eternal return. Each chapter organizes the rich complexity of Nietzsche’s thought on its topic and works to resolve contradictions, often by showing how he treats the concepts and problems as historical. The book synthesizes these detailed analyses into a systematic picture of his thought.
Dionysus
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2020

The twelfth chapter treats the religious dimension of Nietzsche’s values, expressed in his ideas of Dionysus and eternal return. It might have seemed that he wants to replace gods with the superhuman or Übermensch. He attacks belief in gods as false and as spoiling our relation to values: we view them as commanded by gods, whereas our task is to make them for ourselves. Nevertheless Nietzsche still has use and need for gods and for religion more broadly. The universal Yes amounts to a “sanctification” of the world, demanding a strong affective response that is the positive core of religion that he wants to save. Its disadvantages for belief and will are outweighed by its support for a special feeling that is crucial to his new values. His evocations of Dionysus play this role, as does his thought of eternal return. We conclude with this most evocative of Nietzsche’s ideas.
Beyond the Glittering Eye
Authors: Bose Shibani
Published: August 2020

Notwithstanding the cultural fascination evoked by the tiger, wildlife histories have done little to salvage it from the shadows of the past, particularly in the context of ancient India. This chapter endeavours to fill in this gap by marshalling evidence testifying to human interactions with this mega carnivore in early India. It underlines the dearth of fossil evidence, notes the patchy evidence offered by the archaeozoological record, and details the images which can be garnered from visual depictions of the animal on seals, copper tablets, and terracottas. It also explores at length the ways in which it is perceived in a wide range of Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, and classical Western accounts. Typically an animal of the forest and jungle, charting the journey of the tiger provides valuable glimpses into India’s ancient ecological past.
Conclusion
Authors: Bose Shibani
Published: August 2020

This chapter endeavours to bring the three mega mammals within the same frame in the light of the evidence examined in the preceding chapters. Drawing upon imageries of conflict and coexistence with the faunal world, it sums up their individual stories, which are largely dominated by aspects of their interactions with human cultures whose perceptions have been crucial in determining their fortunes. It also examines the implications the histories of these big mammals have for the cultural and ecological moorings of ancient India in the millennia surveyed.
Scholars of Faith
Authors: Sanyal Usha
Published: August 2020

Since the late twentieth century, new institutions of Islamic learning for South Asian women and girls have emerged rapidly, particularly in urban areas and in the diaspora. This book reflects upon the increased access of Muslim girls and women to religious education and the purposes to which they seek to put their learning. Scholars of Faith is based on ethnographic fieldwork in two institutions of religious learning: the Jami‘a Nur madrasa in Shahjahanpur, North India, and Al-Huda International, an NGO that offers online courses on Islam, especially the Qur’an. In this monograph, Sanyal argues that Islamic religious education in the early twenty-first century—particularly for women—is thoroughly ‘modern’ and that this modernity, reflected in both old and new interpretations of religious texts, allows young South Asian women to evaluate their place in traditional structures of patriarchal authority in the public and private spheres in novel ways.
Pedagogy and Daily Life at Jami‘a Nur al-Shari‘at
Authors: Sanyal Usha
Published: August 2020

In Chapter 3 I enter the classroom with the teachers and students. This chapter presents an ‘ethnography’ of two different classes, one a Qur’an class and the other a class of Qur’anic exegesis for advanced students. We also hear discussions about the importance of taharat or ritual purity. We see how students and teachers interact, and how adab guides their relationship. The chapter shows how teachers skillfully present the material in a way that students find meaningful. It also discusses the role of memorization and peer learning in madrasa education. An appendix of the madrasa syllabus at the end of the chapter allows me to highlight the commonalities between ‘traditionalist’ Barelwis and Deobandis/Tablighis.
Hegemony without Dominance
Authors: Vishnupad
Published: August 2020

This essay in reversing historian Ranajit Guha’s classic colonialist formulation ‘Dominance without Hegemony’ contrarily suggests that the postcolonial state in India has hegemony without dominance. Over six decades of statist presence, it argues, the Indian social has acquired intimate literacy over the language and idioms of rule of law and statist practices. This pervasive circulation and currency—or hegemonic presence—of the statist idioms however has implied neither its uninhibited dominance, nor an unreserved compliance to it. Rather, the chapter argues, the engagement with rule of law is transactional or instrumental, and takes the form of routine circumvention and erosion, inventive negotiations, leading ultimately to recurrent resurrections and fetishization of law. This transactional and non-transcending articulation of law ultimately indexes a symptomatology of repetition compulsion that pointedly gestures towards irresolvable aporia of sovereignty of the modern Indian state; this paper strives to capture this predicament of the Indian polity through the lacanian category of ‘generalised perversion’
Customary Rights of Farmers in Neoliberal India
Authors: Joseph Sophy K.
Published: August 2020

The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Act, 2001, promises to balance the intellectual property rights of plant breeders and farmers under one umbrella legislation. However, there remain several grey areas and the rights of farmers, in reality, are still tenuous. Though the rights framework was foregrounded on an understanding between non-governmental organizations and industry, there is lack of clarity at both conceptual and procedural levels. In this context, Sophy K. Joseph analyses the impact of legal policy reforms during the ongoing Second Green Revolution on farmers’ customary rights and livelihood. The author discusses how the extension of private property rights to plant varieties, seeds, and other agrarian resources changed the demographic composition of the rural space, with increased migration of cultivators to the cities. The book argues that the transition from state interventionism (during the First Green Revolution), to state abstention (in the Second Green Revolution) has dramatically influenced India’s conventional agrarian practices and traditions. This work maps the evolutionary process of neoliberal economic and legal policies and its interference with primary concerns such as food security, food sovereignty, and agrarian self-reliance of the country.
Introduction
Authors: Goswami Namrata
Published: August 2020

This chapter consists of a historical backdrop in which I explain how the Naga conflict started and who were the chief protagonists. I then introduce the different armed actors involved in the conflict, their ideology, organization and belief systems, and how the conflict has changed over time. The chapter starts with the history of the conflict and why it has prolonged for so long. It offers an understanding of the impact of the deployment of the armed forces within the Naga society. The chapter highlights the complex role of Naga women in the local political setting, as well as their status today. The chapter also offers the reader a detailed map of the book, and the content of the following chapters.
The Life of a Cadre in an Armed Group
Authors: Goswami Namrata
Published: August 2020

The third chapter takes you into the life of a Naga rebel cadre in the armed camps. Based on my personal field visit to the camps, I take you inside the structure of the camps and the demands of rebel life on a young cadre. This is accomplished through capturing a day in the life of Jeffrey (name changed), a young Tangkhul Naga boy who is an NSCN (IM) sniper commando. This narrative provides you a snapshot of what it is like to be a young man who decides to join an insurgency and life thereafter.
Camp Hebron and Its Symbolism
Authors: Goswami Namrata
Published: August 2020

The fifth chapter travels to Camp Hebron in Nagaland, the NSCN (IM)’s headquarters. This chapter details my journey to this camp and my observations about how an insurgent group organizes itself, the training it imparts, the social networks it establishes, and the long-lasting social bonds the armed group builds with the Naga people, and how it accomplishes all this.
To Listen Is to Heal
Authors: Goswami Namrata
Published: August 2020

The sixth chapter introduces you to the life of the Naga Hoho (the apex Naga tribal body) as well as other tribal Hohos like the Ao Senden, the Sumi Hoho, etc; their vision and mission and their impact on the framing of the Naga conflict. The Naga social groups have predated the armed groups, and have been influential in how narratives are formed and impact life on a daily basis. Their voice is legitimate and societal depth.
The Naga Armed Group Leadership Structure
Authors: Goswami Namrata
Published: August 2020

In the tenth chapter, I introduce Phunthing Shimrang, who was former Commander-in-Chief and is a Lieutenant General in the Naga army, based on my interview with him. Phunthing is the nephew of Muivah and is deeply committed to the Naga cause. I envision him as the next leader of the NSCN (IM). Hence, his views and vision for the future will have special interest to the reader in order to get a sense of where the Naga movement may be heading towards. Phunthing is now an executive member of the NSCN (IM) steering committee.
Conclusion
Authors: Goswami Namrata
Published: August 2020

The final chapter ends with my own vision and thoughts on the Naga armed movement as well as the Indian state’s dealing of the conflict. I offer my estimation on why the Naga armed movement sustained itself for so long (over 101 years) as well as the political ideology that added strength to it. I offer my view on some of the challenges that it faces including severe internal ethnic differences. I provide a snapshot of how the future will look like in these conflict-affected areas post-the Naga framework agreement. I finally end with how Po has turned out in his life, 22 years after that day in the rain when I first encountered the Naga conflict with him under those overcast skies in Lodhi Basti (village), Dima Hasau District, Assam.
Scientific and cultural research: overview of key works
Authors: Malagaris George
Published: August 2020

This overview of Biruni’s works describes a selection of his surviving texts, which constitute the principal elements for his intellectual biography. With numerous works ascribed to Biruni, it is only possible here to concentrate on the major areas of his research. Accordingly, each selected book highlights the range of his scientific interests. For example, his attraction to calendars emerges prominently in studies such as Chronology and India, while geographical investigations can be found in Shadows and Determinations. Astronomical concerns are the focus of Astrology and the Canon. Cultural pursuits motivate his composition of Yoga and India. His accumulated knowledge of mineralogy shapes Gems and his reference work on medicaments appears in Pharmacology. To understand Biruni’s perspective, we should begin by allowing for the complexity of medieval thought generally, as well as the special qualities of his inquisitive intellect.
Reception of a polymath: Biruni in history
Authors: Malagaris George
Published: August 2020

Biruni enjoyed a high reputation for learning during his lifetime, particularly among the Ghaznavid literati. Shortly after his passing, Biruni’s fictionalized depiction in Nizami Arudi’s advice manual dramatized relations between him, Ibn Sina, and Mahmud of Ghazna. Biographical dictionaries in the eastern and western regions of the Islamic world represented Biruni differently. In philosophical and theological circles enamoured with Aristotelianism, the tendentious text of Biruni’s correspondence with Ibn Sina may have negatively affected Biruni’s intellectual reputation. Yet among astronomers, chronologists, geographers and others, Biruni’s reputation remained strong and his fame for exactitude, rigour, and scientific reasoning endured. Biruni received greater attention in the Indo-Persian context than the Latinate European one, in part due to the translation and patronage of specific genres of texts. The modern period experienced a revival in Biruni’s reputation and a renewed awareness of his achievements.
Further reading: a guide to the literature
Authors: Malagaris George
Published: August 2020

This bibliographic essay provides a guide to further reading and research into the life and works of Biruni. It comprises essential sources and scholarship globally, in English and in other languages. In the last two centuries, primary sources have been located, printed, translated, and commented upon in a variety of European languages, including English, German, French, Italian, and Russian. During the Cold War, Soviet scholarship kept pace with developments in Europe and the United States, but Atlantic-based scholarship has not always made itself aware of Soviet publications. Bibliographic studies grew throughout the last century and the number of articles on Biruni expanded remarkably in the 1970s, with more scholarship appearing in Persian, Urdu, Turkish, and Arabic. Biruni’s intellectual milieu emerged from late `Abbasid culture and sciences in the Central Asian context, with close ties to Iran and India.
Family and Early Life
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken
Published: August 2020

This chapter tells the story of Blake’s childhood in Baltimore. It relates his family lineage and his father’s life as a slave, and the life of the Blake family in Somerset County, Maryland. It highlights his father’s work as a stevedore, beginning in the Civil War period, on Baltimore’s docks. This chapter also discusses the upbringing of his strict and religious mother, beginning with her life in an orphanage. Eubie’s first encounters with racism are described, particularly as he was taunted by neighboring white children as he made his way to school. It also describes Eubie’s early interest in and talent for music; his early keyboard training by a neighboring woman and his first attempts to create his own music. The chapter also discusses his first professional work playing at Aggie Shelton’s bawdy house.
Blake Meets Sissle
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes Eubie’s first meeting with Noble Sissle; Sissle’s early life and training; Sissle and Blake’s initial song writing; and their efforts at pitching their song “It’s All Your Fault” to singer Sophie Tucker, who made it a local success. The chapter also discusses Eubie’s travel to New York to join Sissle as assistant to James Reese Europe; his work leading Europe’s band to entertain New York’s society at dinners and parties; and the racism he encountered while performing. Furthermore, the chapter explores the recording of “Charleston Rag”; the outbreak of World War I and Eubie’s lack of desire to serve abroad; the good treatment of black musicians in France as opposed to what they encountered at home; and the death of Europe and its impact on Sissle and Blake.
Shuffle Along
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken
Published: August 2020

This chapter relates the story of Shuffle Along, the first all-black musical to achieve success with a white audience on Broadway; the history of previous attempts to stage African American written and performed shows on Broadway; the initial writing of the book and songs; and the search for a producer willing to mount it on Broadway. Then the chapter discusses the pre-Broadway tryouts; difficulties on the road; the initial reception on the road and on its premiere in New York; concerns about presenting a love story between a black man and woman in a non-comic way; and key cast members, including Lottie Gee, Gertrude Saunders, Florence Mills, and Paul Robeson.
Hard Times
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores Eubie’s collaboration with Andy Razaf for the score of Lew Leslie’s Blackbirds of 1930; difficulties of working with Leslie; the show’s poor reception and short run on Broadway; the success of Blake and Razaf’s song, “Memories of You,” and its recording by Ethel Waters and Louis Armstrong; and the show’s troubled life on the road. The chapter further discusses Eubie’s return to working with Fanchon and Marco; Eubie’s breakup with Lottie Gee; his attempts to land work recording and on the radio; the formation of his own big band; the band’s recordings for the small Crown label; and Eubie’s difficulties dealing with his band members. Then the chapter examines Eubie’s appearance in the short film, Pie, Pie, Blackbird, with Nina Mae McKinney and the Nicholas Brothers; his breakup with Broadway Jones; Noble Sissle’s return to the United States and his reunion with Blake; the creation of Shuffle Along of 1933, with a new plot and new songs; and how Eubie briefly worked for W.C. Handy’s publishing company and published a few new songs and instrumentals with Handy.
Government Worker
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken
Published: August 2020

This chapter discusses Eubie’s employment by the WPA as a composer for the Federal Theatre Project’s variety shows. The chapter also explores Eubie’s partnership with new lyricist, Milton Reddie; Reddie and Blake’s work on the show, Swing It; the show’s reception on Broadway; Reddie and Blake’s attempts to interest black bandleaders in the work of black songwriters; their formation of an association to promote black songwriters’ work; and their formation of a song-writing service for would-be popular-song tunesmiths. The chapter also examine how, inspired by the success of Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue, Blake wrote a few piano works that wed a classical harmonic approach to his own syncopated melodies; the illness and subsequent death of Blake’s wife Avis, and its impact on him; Blake’s reunion with Andy Razaf to compose the revue Tan Manhattan, and their attempts to have it performed; Blake’s hiring by the USO to tour American camps; difficulties on the road touring the South; and his first meeting with Marion Gant Tyler, who would become his second wife.
After the War
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken
Published: August 2020

This chapter opens with background on Eubie’s second wife’s family and their courtship. After World War II, Eubie formed partnerships with several new lyricists. Among them was Ernie Ford, a newspaper advertising executive from Houston, Texas. The chapter also looks at the return of Milton Reddie to New York and Reddie and Blake’s work on the show Cleo Steps Out, which was never produced; Sissle’s continuing interest in reviving Shuffle Along on Broadway; the unexpected success of the song “I’m Just Wild about Harry” when it was adopted as Harry Truman’s campaign song; and their attempts to find a producer/backer, ultimately finding Irving Gaumont, a minor Broadway figure, who was willing to stage the show. The chapter further explores Gaumont’s decision to bring in play doctors and new songwriters to help modernize the show; Shuffle Along of 1952’s disastrous premier on Broadway; Flournoy Miller’s and Sissle’s anger at the way the show was produced and their breakup as partners for future shows.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Carter Tim
Published: August 2020

The pre-premiere publicity for Oklahoma! generated by the Theatre Guild fixed many of the themes that would dominate its reception history. The Guild had already established a pattern of creating musical versions of plays it had previously staged, by way of George and Ira Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess of 1935. Its executive director, Theresa Helburn, tried to persuade a number of Broadway composers to pick up the torch, including Kurt Weill (for Ferenc Molnár’s play Liliom, which later became Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Carousel). She also saw some potential in Lynn Rigg’s Green Grow the Lilacs, first done by the Guild in late 1930. Riggs was one of a new generation of “regional” playwrights, and he drew on his own upbringing in Claremore, Oklahoma, for a work interweaving vernacular dialogue and cowboy songs. Rodgers and Hammerstein, however, came from quite other theatrical traditions; anything they did would necessarily be very different.
The Legal Enforcement of Integrity
Authors: Green Stuart P.
Published: August 2020

Talk of “integrity” is ubiquitous in law and legal discourse: Protecting the integrity of our political system has been cited as a basis for anti-corruption laws; preserving the integrity of the legal profession as a principle underlying the rules of lawyer ethics; ensuring integrity in policing and in the wider criminal justice system as a justification for excluding evidence obtained in violation of the Constitution; and protecting bodily integrity as a potential goal for the law of rape and sexual assault. This chapter examines what integrity means in each of these contexts, what these uses have in common, and whether thinking about these various rules and doctrines in terms of integrity rather than other moral concepts leads to any practical difference in outcome. It also asks what the examination of integrity in the law can tell us about the concept of integrity in other contexts.
The Virtue of Honesty
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , West Ryan
Published: August 2020

Honesty is two-handed: it encompasses both truthfulness and parts of justice, not as a haphazard assemblage, but more like two hands mutually coordinated—different, but essential to each other’s function. Honesty as truthfulness is more than a disposition to tell the truth; it is also a disposition to face and seek the truth, and essentially involves a circumspect concern for and sensitivity to the values of truth in the context of human life. Honesty as justice, too, is a propensity to both actions and emotions, consisting in an intelligent concern that justice be done (i.e., that people get what’s coming to them) in the areas of justice having to do with keeping agreements, complying with rules, and respecting others’ property. Given the many available motives for dishonesty, honesty is reliable only when it partners with other virtues like compassion, humility, self-control, and conscientiousness.