bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violência relacionada ao trabalho e apropriação da saúde do trabalhador: sofrimento anunciado no Sistema Único de Assistência Social
Authors: Guimarães Ana Paula Dias , Oliveira Helian , Silva Jandira Maciel da
Published: September 2020

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a violência no trabalho vivenciada no Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) e suas repercussões na saúde psíquica do trabalhador. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, qualitativo e com referencial metodológico na fenomenologia. Após a coleta dos dados, através de entrevistas semiestruturada com os trabalhadores do SUAS, a análise seguiu as seguintes etapas: leitura global dos dados; divisão dos dados em unidade de significação; organização e enunciação dos dados brutos na linguagem do referencial teórico - saúde mental e trabalho - e a síntese dos resultados. Relatos sobre a violência que emerge do local, da organização e das relações de trabalho, assim como a violência indireta, a institucional e a patrimonial, demonstraram repercussões na saúde dos trabalhadores entrevistados. Possibilidades que foram confirmadas pela perda de sentido do trabalho que realizam, sofrimentos psíquicos, comprometimento da qualidade do trabalho ofertado, além das licenças médicas, rotatividade e absenteísmo. Recomendam-se intervenções sistematizadas do poder público no sentido de modificar e melhorar as condições de trabalho e de saúde para os trabalhadores no SUAS.
“Debordering” public health: the changing patterns of health border in modern Europe
Authors: Zylberman Patrick
Published: September 2020

Abstract According to David Fidler, the governance of infectious diseases evolved from the mid-nineteenth to the twenty-first century as a series of institutional arrangements: the International Sanitary Regulations (non-interference and disease control at borders), the World Health Organization vertical programs (malaria and smallpox eradication campaigns), and a post-Westphalian regime standing beyond state-centrism and national interest. But can international public health be reduced to such a Westphalian image? We scrutinize three strategies that brought health borders into prominence: pre-empting weak states (eastern Mediterranean in the nineteenth century); preventing the spread of disease through nation-building (Macedonian public health system in the 1920s); and debordering the fight against epidemics (1920-1921 Russian-Polish war and the Warsaw 1922 Sanitary Conference).
Universal health coverage as a global public health goal: the work of the International Labour Organisation, c.1925-2018
Authors: Gorsky Martin , Sirrs Christopher
Published: September 2020

Abstract We examine the efforts of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) to extend medical care under social security, through international conventions, advocacy and technical assistance. We consider the challenges faced by the ILO in advancing global health coverage through its labourist, social security model. The narrative begins in the interwar period, with the early conventions on sickness insurance, then discusses the rights-based universalistic vision expressed in the Philadelphia Declaration (1944). We characterize the ILO’s postwar research and technical assistance as “progressive gradualism” then show how from the late-1970s the ILO became increasingly marginalized, though it retained an advisory role within the now dominant “co-operative pluralistic” model.
The World Health Organization’s changing goals and expectations concerning malaria, 1948-2019
Authors: Litsios Socrates
Published: September 2020

Abstract From its inception, in 1948, the World Health Organization made control of malaria a high priority. Early successes led many to believe that eradication was possible, although there were serious doubts concerning the continent of Africa. As evidence mounted that eradicating malaria was not a simple matter, the malaria eradication programme was downgraded to a unit in 1980. Revived interest in malaria followed the Roll Back Malaria Initiative adopted in 1998. This article presents an historical account of the globally changing ideas on control and elimination of the disease and argues that insufficient attention was paid to strengthening health services and specialized human resources.
Public health heritage and policy: HIV and AIDS in museums and archives
Authors: Parry Manon Sian
Published: September 2020

Abstract In the last five years there has been a resurgence of scholarly research and museum exhibitions on the history of HIV and AIDS. This work has called into question some of the conventions of archiving and interpreting the history of the pandemic. It is increasingly clear that a narrow range of materials have been saved. As historians and curators turn to these holdings for analysis and exhibition, they find they inadequately represent the impact of AIDS across diverse groups as well as the range of local, national, international responses. This essay considers some of the factors that shape collection of the material culture, particularly the heritage of public health, and the consequences for our understanding of lessons from the past.
What Do Quoted Spreads Tell Us About Machine Trading at Times of Market Stress? Evidence from Treasury and FX Markets during the COVID-19-Related Market Turmoil in March 2020
Authors: Dobrev Dobrislav , Meldrum Andrew
Published: September 2020

We highlight four main results from our analysis. First, we find that quoted spreads did not merely rise to much higher than usual levels on average, but were also oscillating over a wider range; while at some points within the day spreads were substantially wider than on a typical day, at other times spreads were as narrow as on a typical day. This result suggests that market participants, likely including both dealers and PTFs, became less willing to replenish the order book fast enough to keep quoted bid-ask spreads consistently tight in these markets, which may have amplified the initial shock to liquidity, particularly for the 30-year bond. Second, using alternative volume-weighted quoted spread measures we put forward in this note, we also find evidence that some market participants employing machine trading strategies were nonetheless able to mitigate the increase in trading costs—by executing trades when bid-ask spreads were relatively tight. Third, we further document that liquidity conditions in Treasury futures markets deteriorated less than those in Treasury cash markets. Fourth, we find that quoted spreads in other liquid futures markets, such as those for major foreign exchange (FX) rates, increased notably more than most of the Treasury futures market (the exception being the 30-year Ultra Treasury bond futures contract). Our findings thus point to the systemic nature of the market strains in March, extending beyond differences in market structure and participation. Our findings also underscore the potential benefits from the use of sophisticated algorithmic execution strategies that can adapt rapidly to changing liquidity conditions.
Igualdade de gênero: uma revisão de literatura nacional e internacional
Authors: Iwamoto Helga Midori
Published: September 2020

RESUMO
Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura nacional e internacional sobre o tema da Igualdade de Gênero. Ao longo desta revisão, foram relatados exemplos de boas práticas dentro da temática, assim como casos extremos de misoginia. Como forma de nortear os futuros estudos sobre igualdade/desigualdade de gênero, foram adotados como ideais teleológicos para a área tanto a Declaração de Pequim (ONU, 1995), quanto a Teoria das Capabilidades de Martha Nussbaum (2001).

ABSTRACT
A review of national and international literature on the theme of Gender Equality was carried out. Throughout this review, examples of good practices have been reported within the theme, as well as extreme cases of misogyny. As a way of guiding future studies on gender equality, the Beijing Declaration (UN, 1995) and the Theory of Capabilities of Martha Nussbaum (2001) were adopted as teleological ideals for the area.
A pesquisa-intervenção em Psicologia: os usos do diário de campo
Authors: Nascimento Maria Lívia , Lemos Flávia Cristina Silveira
Published: September 2020

Este artigo problematiza a pesquisa-intervenção pelos caminhos da análise institucional e de suas ferramentas. Para tanto, pensa o processo de pesquisa por meio da noção de implicação e traz o diário de campo como ferramenta fundamental para as análises. Há intempestivos no pesquisar e é preciso estar atento ao que René Lourau chamou “fora-texto”, aquilo que no círculo científico clássico não deve constar da asséptica escrita do texto final. O “fora-texto” é rico em possibilidade de análises, expõe as implicações, e sua escrita produz uma leitura da prática. Na intenção de entrecruzar diferentes ferramentas da análise institucional, o artigo procura trazer a pesquisa-invenção como uma metodologia que se interpõe aos princípios de neutralidade e objetividade da ciência positiva, às suas dicotomias e produção de verdades. Embora o pensamento de Renè Lourau conduza o artigo, não há uma leitura pura desse autor, mas deslocamentos nos usos de suas ferramentas de pesquisa.
Representações sociais de “pobreza” e “bolsa família” para mulheres beneficiárias de programas de transferência de renda
Authors: Cavaler Camila , Mezari Vitali Marieli , Landro Maiara , Quadros Luiz Felipe , Castro Amanda , Soratto Jacks
Published: September 2020

A presente pesquisa objetivou identificar as representações sociais da pobreza e do bolsa família para mulheres beneficiárias de programas de transferência de renda de um município do Sul de Santa Catarina. Participaram deste estudo 26 mulheres, selecionadas por amostragem por conveniência. Fez-se uso do teste de associação livre como instrumento de coleta de dados. As participantes escreveram as cinco primeiras palavras que surgiam à mente a partir do termo indutor “pobreza” e “bolsa família”. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de similitude e prototípica por meio do software IRaMuTeQ. Quanto ao termo indutor pobreza aparece como possível elemento central a palavra “fome”, seguida dos elementos “miséria”, “dificuldade” e “tristeza”; mostrando que a multidimensionalidade da pobreza e os efeitos simbólicos que não estão necessariamente atrelados ao capital monetário. No que se refere ao termo indutor “Bolsa Família”, o possível núcleo central é o elemento “ajuda” seguido dos elementos “benefício”, “importante”, “comprar”, “escola”, “água”, “comida”, “renda” e “assistência”. Tal representação demonstra a perspectiva assistencialista das beneficiárias acerca do Programa. Os resultados apontam que os programas de transferência de renda têm pautado suas estratégias de enfrentamento a pobreza em políticas unidimensionais, que priorizam o valor monetário em detrimento de garantias sociais. Além disso, salienta-se que apesar de necessários para garantir condições mínimas de dignidade para a população, os programas de transferência de renda têm pouco potencial de mudança nas estruturas de sociais, tendo em conta, o baixo valor monetário oferecido aos beneficiários.
A Method to Promote the Development of Intelligence and Game Skills in Youth Football
Authors: Esposito Giovanni , D’Elia Francesca , Raiola Gaetano
Published: September 2020

Research purpose. The aim of the study is to evaluate the playing skills of the young players under investigation in a global context. Specifically, it is intended to test whether the proposed training methodology favorably influenced the development of game skills, increasing the efficiency of game performance.
Materials and methods. The study participants are 24 young players, aged between 13 and 14. To achieve the tasks set, the study relied on the following methods: analysis of scientific literature, field testing and methods of mathematical statistics. The experimental group performed a specific training mesocycle (that of the Brain Kinetic), while the control group performed a traditional working mesocycle. To detect the effects of the training methodologies, field tests  were used both before and after the training period, respecting the execution protocols described by H. Wein. The study materials were processed by the statistical analysis software-IBM SPSS 22. A paired sample t-test was used to compare the results of the two groups.
Results. The t-test analysis indicates statistically significant changes in the training effect of the experimental group. A better performance index found in the experimental group in the execution of skills, compared to the control group, is due to the diversification of the methodology to which they were subjected. Therefore, the changes after training at each skill index are amplified by the subsequent repetition of the tests. Differences between test indicators are statistically significant (p = 0.25)
Conclusions. The study, through the use of field tests, has confirmed the hypothesis that the use of the Brain Kinetic training method determines a positive training effect in skill exercises. This method allowed the players involved in the experimental group to take personal, individual and group actions that had a real impact on the outcome of the game.
Comparative Analysis of the Kickboxers’ Impact Techniques Indicators at the Preliminary Basic Training Stage Taking Into Account the Weight Categories
Authors: Hutsul Natalia , Rykhal Volodymyr , Okopnyy Andriy , Vovk Ihor
Published: September 2020

The objective of the study is to conduct a comprative analysis of the kickboxers experimental and control groups' performance.
Materials and methods. The pedagogical study involved 60 kickboxers who were at the stage of preliminary basic training. There were formed two homogeneous groups. The experimental group consisted of 30 people in three categories: I (67 kg), II (70 kg), III (74 kg). There were 10 people in each category. The control group also consisted of 30 people in the same three categories: I (67 kg), II (70 kg), III (74 kg). There were also 10 people in each category.
Results. The ratio of impact techniques quantitative indicators between the control and experimental groups determines the effectiveness of kickboxers’ impact techniques at the stage of preliminary basic training, taking into account the weight categories, where the experimental group significantly exceeded (p ≤ 0.05) the control group by all indicators.
Conclusions. The study of existing research has revealed that the analysis of motor performance techniques of kickboxers can be a component of training to improve the efficiency of the training process and the effectiveness of competitive activities.
The analysis of the special literature allowed to determine the most frequently performed percussion techniques in oriental martial arts.
The results obtained after the experiment indicate that the indicators of technical motor actions of kickboxers in the experimental group are significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than in the control group. A detailed analysis of the technique of percussion among kickboxers allowed to establish the difference in technical training between athletes of the experimental and control groups, taking into account weight categories during the performance of eight strokes for the first category (67 kg) were in the range of 14.7-36.3% (in the second category, 70 kg) – 15.0-51.2% and III category (74 kg) – 15.3-66.6% in favor of the experimental group.
Fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS) on human post-mortem cortex tissue enabling the isolation of distinct neural cell populations for multiple omic profiling v1
Authors: S S Policicchio Stefania
Published: September 2020

Increased understanding of the functional complexity of the genome has led to growing recognition about the role of epigenetic/transcriptional variation in health and disease. Current analyses of the human brain, however, are limited by the use of “bulk” tissue, comprising a heterogeneous mix of different neural cell types. Because epigenetic processes play a critical role in determining cell type-specific patterns of gene regulation it is important to consider cellular composition in regulatory genomic studies of human post-mortem tissue, and there is a need for methods to purify populations of specific cell-types. Furthermore, the valuable nature of human post-mortem tissue means it is important to use methods that maximize the amount of genomic data generated on each sample. This protocol describes a method that uses fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS) to isolate and profile nuclei from multiple different human brain cell-types from frozen post-mortem tissue. This protocol can be used to robustly purify populations of neuronal (NeuN+ve), oligodendrocytes (SOX10+ve), microglia (IRF8+ve) and other glial origin nuclei (NeuN-ve/SOX10-ve/IRF8-ve) from adult post-mortem frozen brain, with each tissue sample yielding purified populations of nuclei amenable to simultaneous analysis of i) DNA modifications (via bisulfite sequencing / array), ii) histone modifications (via CUT&Run-seq), iii) open chromatin analysis (via ATAC-seq), and iv) gene expression (via RNA-seq).
Primates en las colecciones biológicas del departamento de Antioquia: estado y potencial de investigación
Authors: García-R Sebastián
Published: September 2020

En Colombia se reconoce la existencia de 38 especies de primates, de las cuales 13 se distribuyen en Antioquia. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las investigaciones se enfocan en aspectos ecológicos mientras que son escasos los estudios sobre distribución y taxonomía. Para evaluar la representatividad de primates se consultaron tres colecciones biológicas locales, dos nacionales y cinco internacionales. Se registran diez especies en las colecciones del departamento, siendo Alouatta seniculus la más representada y faltando únicamente A. palliata, Aotus zonalis y Ateles fusciceps. Por su parte, las colecciones nacionales y del exterior albergan ejemplares de nueve especies complementando las colecciones locales con registros de A. fusciceps. Se resalta la escasez de información del origen de especímenes en algunas colecciones, la necesidad de actualización en identificaciones taxonómicas y la importancia de generar estrategias que aporten al ingreso de material biológico a las colecciones.
Bending vibrations of viscoelastic plates within the Kirchhoff-Love model
Authors: Pyatetska O. V.
Published: September 2020

Within the framework of the hypotheses of the classical Kirchhoff-Love theory, complete systems of resolving equations are constructed to determine the stress-strain state and the temperature of dissipative heating under steady transverse vibrations of plates made of a linear viscoelastic material, the properties of which depend on the frequency of external excitation and temperature. The equations were obtained without any preliminary suggestions about the law of temperature variation over the plate thickness. This law is determined in the process of solving the problem. The unrelated problem of vibrational bending of viscoelastic plates for complicated way of fixing a contour and different types of thermal boundary conditions is considered. Mathematical models of problems on the steady-state transverse vibrations of plates made of a linear viscoelastic material, the properties of which depend on temperature for an arbitrary law of its change over the thickness of the object. If the material characteristics depend on temperature, investigation of the influence of temperature of dissipative heating is reduced to solution of complicated non-linear systems of differential equations.
Applying information technologies to mathematical education of IT specialists in English-speaking academic groups
Authors: Karupu O. W. , Oleshko T. A. , Pakhnenko V. V. , Pashko A. O.
Published: September 2020

Knowledge of the basic theoretical foundations and possession of the skills of applying Mathematical Analysis, Differential Equations, Linear Algebra, Analytic Geometry, Discrete Mathematics, Numerical Methods, Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics are important for the professional training of future specialists in the field of information technologies. Since future specialists in the field of information technology require a deep mathematical training, the curricula of IT specialties usually contain various mathematical disciplines from this list. A specialist of any IT profile must have specific professional features and competencies. These characteristics of future IT professionals should preferably be formed in the process of studying both special and general scientific disciplines. The result of the educational process is formation of both hard and soft skills of students.

This article is devoted to the study of some features of the use of information technology in the process of teaching some questions of mathematical disciplines in English to students of IT profile who are not native speakers of this language.
About intraperitoneal hemorrhages
Authors: Veit. J.
Published: September 2020

The author divides hemorrhages in the abdominal cavity into free haemorrhagia intraperitonealis, osumkovannoe haematocele and extraperitonealin the pelvic tissue.
Harakiri Benzeri Yöntem İle İntihar: Bir Olgu Sunumu
Authors: Seydaoğulları Baltacı Ayşe , Zeybek Volkan , Tekin Özgür , Acar Kemalettin
Published: September 2020

Suicide is defined as “a person’s giving an end to his own life due to emotional, psychological, or social effects”. Many factors such as cultural structure, ethnic group, age, gender and accessibility are effective in the choice of suicide method. The most common suicide method is hanging, followed by firearms, jumping from heights and chemical intake. While the suicide with the sharp intruments constitutes %2 of all suicides, the incidence of suicide with the sharp intruments which is similar to Harakiri is % 0.2. What makes our case valuable is that the person belongs to the Turkish race and has chosen a suicide method as harakiri that is special to the Japanese race. A 56-year-old man diagnosed with psychotic disorder died of peritoneal, small intestine and mesenteric injuries due to abdominal and chest penetrating stab wounds and hypovolemic shock due to bleeding.
Experimental study on effects of vehicle speed variations on effective rolling radius according to the changes in tire pressure
Authors: KÖYLÜ Hakan
Published: September 2020

This study aims to experimentally examine the effects of vehicle speed changes on the vertical resonance frequency of effective rolling radius variations for applying to TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring System). For this, the road tests have been conducted at constant vehicle speeds 30, 60, 90km/h for tire pressures 15, 20, 25, 30, 35psi. In these tests, the effective rolling radius changes have been measured. Test results show that the vehicle speed changes cause the resonance frequency to shift at same tire pressure. Therefore, this study shows that the changes in vertical resonance frequency resulting from vehicle speed changes may cause wrong tire pressure information to be taken by TPMS.
Efecto de la variedad y fecha de siembra en el potencial productivo de remolacha azucarera
Authors: Sánchez Villegas José Alfonso , Jiménez León José , López Elías Jesús , Rascon Chu Agustín
Published: September 2020

La remolacha azucarera es un cultivo tradicionalmente de zonas templadas, aunque el desarrollo de nuevas variedades, permite su explotación en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Sin embargo, para obtener buenos rendimientos y alta calidad, es fundamental evaluar variedades y fechas de siembra antes de su establecimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial productivo de tres variedades de remolacha azucarera (Coronado, Syngenta y SesVanderHaven) en dos fechas de siembra en el Campo Experimental de la Universidad de Sonora, bajo un diseño en parcelas divididas. La variedad y fecha de siembra tuvieron un efecto significativo en el diámetro de la raíz, SST y producción de follaje. La variedad Coronado sembrada en el mes de Noviembre presentó la mayor producción de raíz (109.2 t·ha-1) y mayor contenido de SST (19.3° Brix), mientras que la mayor producción de follaje (25.4 t·ha-1) en peso seco se obtuvo  en el cultivar Coronado sembrado en Octubre. Los rendimientos de raíz y SST obtenidos bajo las condiciones agroecológicas del presente estudio, son similares a los mayores valores reportados en la literatura, por lo que se concluye que bajo las condiciones climáticas del presente estudio, es factible el cultivo de las tres variedades evaluadas en las dos fechas de siembras propuestas con rendimientos comparables a las explotaciones comerciales.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY DISABILITY DUE TO DORSOPATHIES IN MOSCOW FOR 2013-2016
Authors: Zapariy Sergey P. , Lescay O. A , Krytogolov A. N , Sidorova E. M , From A. Yu
Published: September 2020

The article presents statistical material for the analysis of dynamics of primary disability due to dorsopathies among the adult population of Moscow, on age group and severity of disability in comparison with the figures for the Central Federal district and the Russian Federation for 2013-2016.
THE ASSESSMENT OF THE FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF X-RAY SIGNS OF THE DAMAGE TO BONES AND JOINTS IN THE CASE OF ITEMS OF MEDICAL CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING HEALTH HAZARDS
Authors: Klevno Vladimir A. , Tarasova N. V
Published: September 2020

The main evidence-based method of bone fractures and injuries of the surrounding tissues is the results of radiological diagnosis (conventional radiography and computed tomography), provided for forensic medical examinations on a variety of media, which is a prerequisite for faultless judgments by the expert on the nature and severity of the harm done to human health. The aim of the study was to estimate the diagnostic value of different methods of radiation diagnosis to establish the harm to health in accordance with medical criteria in the execution of forensic medical examination of living persons with injuries of bones and major joints. Research materials: data from statistical reporting of the the Bureau of forensic medical examination for the Moscow region over 2011-2016. Results: lack of clear visualization of injuries on radiographs of bones and joints, defects in X-rays images can lead to expert errors in the application of medical criteria in the determination of the severity of the injury. So, according to our data, the number of expert’s errors amounted to 18.2%. Conclusion: computed tomography allows visualize not only bone fractures, but also the condition of surrounding tissues, including bleeding in the meninges and the substance of the brain, which is a prerequisite in the detection the characteristics corresponding to medical criteria.
THE YOUNGER MEDICAL SPECIALIST AT LABOR MARKET: EXPECTATIONS OF EMPLOYERS
Authors: Reshetnikov A. V , Prisiajnaia N. V , Pavlov S. V , Morozov A. P , Petrov M. A , Kutakova Yu. Yu , Morozov P. N , Lakunin K. Yu
Published: September 2020

The analysis of concepts and expectations of employers concerning level of professional competence, personal characteristics and moral attitudes of younger medical specialists was implemented. The main attention was paid to specifics of interaction between younger specialists and employers in conditions of modern labor market. The observed imbalance of demand and offer at sectoral labor market is, in particular, related to discrepancy of requirements of employers and expectations of applicants, poor channels of communication between employers and potential workers, inadequate level of interaction between universities and labor market. The expectations of younger specialists concerning future place of work is mainly related to notions about priority of availability of "good" diploma whereas employers are most of all interested in professional working experience an practical professional skills.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ATTITUDE OF VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF MEDICAL PERSONNEL OF MUNICIPAL MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS TO HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS
Authors: Lisauskene M. V , Plotnikova Yu. K , Rakova Yu. N
Published: September 2020

The article presents results of medical sociological survey of attitude of various categories of medical personnel of municipal medical institutions of the Irkutskaia oblast to HIV-infected patients. The study used qualitative and quantitative sociological techniques that permitted to obtain representative data about characteristics of attitude of medical workers to patients and to establish risks of professional contamination and factors effecting development of models of behavior of medical workers in the system of relationships "physician-patient". The sociological survey fixed ambiguous and contradictory character of attitude of medical workers to HIV-infected patients related to fear of professional risk of contamination. The correlation and typological analysis permitted to establish stigmatization and discrimination of HIV-infected individuals manifesting at emotional psychological and behavioral levels and fixing in striving of particular groups of respondents to isolate HIV-infected patients. The results of survey testify necessity of development in all categories of medical personnel rational pragmatic attitudes of perception of risk of contamination permitting to manage this perception and to develop program of psychological and behavioral trainings for various categories of medical workers.
Researchers and scientific communication networks in the digital age and academic capitalism. Review of the monograph S. A. Dushina, V. A. Kupriyanov, T. Ju. Khvatova «Uchenye v setyakh “otkrytoi nauki”» [Scientists in the Networks of “Open Science”]
Authors: Semenov Evgeny V. , Sokolov Dmitry V.
Published: September 2020

The widespread adoption of digital technologies over the past decades has an increasingly significant impact on the academic environment. The book of S. A. Dushina, V. A. Kupriyanova, T. Yu. Khvatova «Scientists in the networks of “open science”» offers a comprehensive view of the problems of changes in the internal structure of modern science, the system of scientific communications and the place of the researcher in them. Combining the methods of informational, economic, sociological, historical, philosophical research in the monograph, the authors build a complex picture of both the prospects that open up for science as a whole, scientific communities and individual researchers of new opportunities, and new challenges that arise. Starting with the historical part which describes the formation of a system of scientific communication in Europe in the 17th century, the authors then proceed to the analysis of the modern system of knowledge exchange, highlighting its most significant components. Then, based on the analysis of the most significant concepts and their own empirical research, the authors form their understanding of the phenomenon ofa scientific career, analyzing not only cases of successful careers, but also the problem of “broken” careers, especially at the bottom of the career ladder. As a result, a complex but whole picture of developmental dynamics within scientific communications in the past and their features at the present stage of technological development appears before the reader’s eyes.
Education as a political technology. Review of the book «Rossiiskaya sistema obrazovaniya segodnya: Reshayushchii faktor razvitiya ili put’ v bezdnu? Obrazovanie kak politicheskaya tekhnologiya»
Authors: Shuper Vyacheslav A.
Published: September 2020

The book considers the possibility of using education reform as a political technology to solve the problems of Russia’s development. The liberal education reform implemented in Moscow over the past 10 years has been analyzed in detail and sharply criticized. The concept of epistemic violence of the first and second types is introduced – as a compulsion to serious study and as a manifestation of bureaucratic perversions. In fact, the author substantiates the mobilization model of education development, but without using this concept.The research methodology is modern, based on the idea of activity as the only source of knowledge, but there is a tendency to narrow the applied approach only to project activities. The author justifies the need to fight for such an understanding of the past that contributes to the successful and independent development of the country, but some historical assessments are very controversial. A narrow political interpretation of history is unacceptable for a country that is preparing for a breakthrough that will require maximum consolidation of society. International comparisons are interesting, but not always instructive. The Finnishexperience does not suit us at all, since in the course of recent reforms this country has almost completely abandoned the teaching of basic Sciences in secondary schools. We need a big development idea for the country. This idea can be taken from the 30s: catch up and overtake! This is real just in the field of education.
PNP: What's in a Name?
Authors: Eisenberg Robert
Published: September 2020

The name PNP was introduced by Eisenberg and Chen because it has important physical meaning beyond being the first letters of Poisson-Nernst-Planck. PNP also means Positive-Negative-Positive, the signs of majority current carriers in different regions of a PNP bipolar transistor. PNP transistors are two diodes in series PN + NP that rectify by changing the shape of the electric field. Transistors can function as quite different types of nonlinear devices by changing the shape of the electric field. Those realities motivated Eisenberg and Chen to introduce the name PNP in 1993.The pun “PNP = Poisson-Nernst-Planck = Positive-Negative-Positive” has physical content. It suggests that Poisson-Nernst-Planck systems like open ionic channels cannot be assumed to have constant electric fields. Indeed, the equations of electrodynamics make it more or less impossible that a channel have a constant electric field, if there is permanent charge nearby. The electric field must be studied and computed because its change of shape is unavoidable for charged channels, and the shape of the electric field is likely to be important in the function of biological systems, as it is in semiconductor systems.
A Short Note on Obtaining Item Parameter Estimates of IRT Models with Bayesian Estimation in Mplus
Authors: ŞEN Sedat , COHEN Allan , KIM Seock-ho
Published: September 2020

Parameter estimation of Item Response Theory (IRT) models can be applied using both Bayesian and non-Bayesian methods. Although maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), a non-Bayesian method, has predominated since the 1970s, there is an increasing use of Bayesian methods, due to their capability for estimating complex models and for their implementation in commercially available software. In view of the recent increase in the popularity of these methods, a comparison between model parameter estimates from the two types of methods would be useful for practitioners. In this study, we compare MLE and Bayesian estimation, two popular methods for obtaining parameter estimates for dichotomous IRT models, using the MLE and Bayes estimator options as implemented in the Mplus software package. Results indicated Bayesian and MLE estimates differed only slightly, clearly demonstrating the consistency between estimates from the two methods. Further, Bayes estimator option in Mplus can be a viable and relatively easy to use tool for calibrations of IRT models.
Hemophagocytic Syndrome Caused by Methotrexate Overdose in a Total Knee Arthroplasty Patient
Authors: Liu Chen , Liu Ning , Wang Junfeng , Liu Xinguang , Zhang Ke , Li Feng
Published: September 2020

Case:

We report a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who developed hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). The HPS was attributed to sepsis, itself a consequence of methotrexate (MTX) overdose. The discovery of MTX overdose was facilitated by the presence of epidermolysis bullosa, multiple ulcers of the whole digestive tract, and additional history from the patient's family.

Conclusion:

For arthroplasty patients with underlying inflammatory disorders such as RA, drug history should be thoroughly inquired. Correct diagnosis results from careful history review, detailed physical examination, and necessary laboratory tests.
Arthroscopic Management of Synovial Chondromatosis of the Ankle Joint
Authors: Al Farii Humaid , Doyle-Kelly Christopher , Marwan Yousef , Volesky Monika , Turcotte Robert
Published: September 2020

Background:

Synovial chondromatosis (SC) of the ankle is a rare disorder in which metaplastic proliferation of synovia, tendon sheaths, and/or bursae leads to the formation of loose cartilaginous bodies within the joint space. While SC itself is a benign condition, its sequelae can be chronic and debilitating if left untreated, or if there is postoperative recurrence. Arthritic degeneration and malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma are among the more serious complications in the natural history of the disease; the latter occurs in approximately 5% of cases. We performed a systematic review of the literature on the arthroscopic management of ankle SC in order to better understand recurrence patterns and suggest an alternative approach to open arthrotomy.

Methods:

Using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the PubMed and Embase databases were searched for relevant articles related to arthroscopic surgical management of patients with confirmed SC of the ankle. Article selection and data abstraction were performed in 3 steps by 3 independent reviewers.

Results:

The initial search retrieved 116 articles, of which 15 were included. Those studies included 22 patients (14 to 63 years of age; 77% male) who were followed for a mean of 27 months (range, 8 weeks to 12 years) postoperatively. The cases represented a mix of primary and secondary SC etiologies, and almost entirely stage-III disease. Arthroscopic synovectomy with excision of loose bodies was a consistent feature of treatment, and bursectomy, debridement of osteochondral lesions or involved tendons, and osteophyte resection were performed as indicated. All but 1 case employed an anterior approach including anteromedial and anterolateral portals, and in several cases a 4-portal technique was used, which was subsequently proposed as a necessary approach for the definitive treatment of ankle SC. On the basis of the available data, complication and recurrence rates following arthroscopic management were very low.

Conclusions:

A growing pool of evidence is emerging to suggest favorable outcomes for arthroscopic treatment of SC of the ankle joint. However, more data on patient and surgical variables, as well as comparative studies with longer follow-up, are needed in order to draw definitive conclusions.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Impact of Legalization of Access to Recreational Cannabis on Canadian Medical Users with Cancer.
Authors: Hawley Philippa Helen , Gobbo Monica , Afghari Narsis
Published: September 2020

Background Canada legalized cannabis use for medical purposes in 1999. Legalization of cannabis for recreational purposes in October 2018 offered the opportunity to assess the impact of recreational legalization on cancer patients’ patterns of use to identify learning points that could be helpful to other countries considering similar legislation.Method Two identical anonymous cross-sectional surveys were administered to cancer patients in British Columbia (2 months before and 3 months following legalization), with the same eligibility criteria. The prevalence of medical cannabis use, the distribution of symptoms leading to use, the most common types of cannabis products and sources, reasons for stopping using cannabis, and barriers to access were assessed.Results The overall response rate was 27%. Both cohorts were similar regarding age (median= 66yrs), gender (53% female), and education (approximately 85% of participants had an education level of high school graduation and higher). Respondents had multiple motives for taking cannabis, including to manage multiple symptoms, to treat cancer, and for recreational reasons. The majority of patients in both surveys did not use the legal medical access system. Comparison of the two cohorts showed that after legalization the prevalence of current cannabis use increased by 26% (23·1% to 29·1%, p-value 0·01), including an increased disclosure of recreational motive for use, from 32% to 40%. However, in the post-legalization cohort more Current Users reported problems getting cannabis (18%) than the pre-legalization cohort (8%), (p-value <0·01). The most common barrier cited was lack of available preferred products, including edibles, as these were only available from illegal dispensaries. Conclusions Results showed that legalization of cannabis for recreational purposes may have an impact on those who use medical cannabis. Impacts include an increase in prevalence of use; problems accessing preferred products legally; higher cost, and difficulties using a legal access system. The desired goal of regulation in reducing harms from use of illegal cannabis products are unlikely to be achieved if the legal process is less attractive to patients than use of illegal sources.
Antibiotic prescription for febrile outpatients: a health facility-based secondary data analysis for the Greater Accra region of Ghana
Authors: Opoku Michael Mireku , Bonful Harriet Affran , Koram Kwadwo A.
Published: September 2020

Background: Misguided prescription of antibiotics is an important contributor towards the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. The absence of effective interventions to control antibiotic use leads to increased consumption beyond the needed requirements. Antibiotic stewardship interventions must be appropriately targeted and assessed to enhance the controlled use of antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with antibiotic prescription to febrile outpatients who seek care in health facilities within the Greater Accra region of Ghana.Methods: Secondary data obtained from the medical records of 2,519 febrile outpatients, consecutively sampled at the outpatient department of 6 health facilities in 3 municipalities during the baseline survey of a quasi-experiment in 2016 was used. The primary outcome was prescription of any antibiotic. Independent variables included patients’ demographics, symptoms, laboratory investigations (blood film microscopy, malaria rapid diagnostic test, full blood count, urine and stool routine examinations), diagnoses, and prescribers’ demographics. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with antibiotic prescription. Results: The prevalence of antibiotic prescription was 70.1% (95% CI: 67.7-72.4). Prescribers with more years of practice (>5years) were more likely to prescribe antibiotics compared to those with less than 3 years of practice (p < 0.001). Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) training was associated with a 2.3 (95% CI: 1.54, 3.53, p < 0.001) fold odds of antibiotic prescribing. Patients aged 5 years or more were 60% less likely to receive antibiotics compared with those under 5 years (AOR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.51; p<0.001). Patients referred for laboratory investigations were 29% less likely to be prescribed antibiotics than those not referred. The presence of cough as a presenting symptom was associated with a 3.5 (95% CI: 2.54, 4.92) fold odds of antibiotic prescription. Conclusion: Prescription of antibiotics to febrile outpatients was high. Promoting laboratory testing can potentially reduce irrational antibiotic prescription. Prescribing antibiotics for children under five and the prescribing practices of prescribers with longer years of practice should be targeted with interventions to reduce high use of antibiotics.
Management of chlamydia and gonorrhoea infections diagnosed in primary care using a centralised nurse-led telephone-based service: mixed methods evaluation
Authors: Brangan Emer , Horwood Jeremy , Manley Petra , Horner Paddy , Muir Peter , North Paul , MacLeod John
Published: September 2020

Background: Up to 18% of genital Chlamydia infections and 9% of Gonorrhoea infections in England are diagnosed in Primary Care. Evidence suggests that a substantial proportion of these cases are not managed appropriately in line with national guidelines. With the increase in sexually transmitted infections and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, their timely and appropriate treatment is a priority. We investigated feasibility and acceptability of extending the National Chlamydia Screening Programme’s centralised, nurse-led, telephone management (NLTM) as an option for management of all cases of chlamydia and gonorrhoea diagnosed in Primary Care. Methods: Randomised feasibility trial in 11 practices in Bristol with nested qualitative study. In intervention practices patients and health care providers (HCPs) had the option of choosing NLTM or usual care for all patients tested for Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea. In control practices patients received usual care.Results: 1154 Chlamydia/gonorrhoea tests took place during the 6-month study, with a chlamydia positivity rate of 2.6% and gonorrhoea positivity rate of 0.8%. The NLTM managed 335 patients. Interviews were conducted with sixteen HCPs (11 GPs, 5 nurses) and 12 patients (8 female). HCPs were positive about the NLTM, welcomed the partner notification service, though requested more timely feedback on the management of their patients. Explaining the NLTM to patients didn’t negatively impact on consultations. Patients found the NLTM acceptable, more convenient and provided greater anonymity than usual care. Patients appreciated getting a text message regarding a negative result and valued talking to a sexual health specialist about positive results.Conclusion: Extension of this established NLTM intervention to a greater proportion of patients was both feasible and acceptable to both patients and HCP, could provide a better service for patients, whilst decreasing primacy care workload. The study provides evidence to support the wider implementation of this NLTM approach to managing chlamydia and gonorrhoea diagnosed in primary care.
Incidence, Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury after Heart Transplantation: A Retrospective Single Center Study.
Authors: Jiang Yiyao , Kong Xiangrong , Xue Fenlong , Chen Honglei , Zhou Wei , Chai Junwu , Wu Fei , Jiang Shanshan , Li Zhilong , Wang Kai
Published: September 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the incidence rate of Acute kidney injury (AKI) in our center and predict in-hospital mortality and long-term survival after heart transplantation (HTx). Methods: This single-center, retrospective study from October 2009 and March 2020 analyzed the pre-, intra-, and postoperative characteristics of 95 patients who underwent HTx. AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Risk factors were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression models. The log-rank test was used to compare long-term survival. Results: : Thirty-three (34.7%) patients developed AKI. The mortality in hospital in HTx patients with and without AKI were 21.21% and 6.45%, respectively (P<0.05). Recipients in AKI who required renal replacement therapy (RRT) had a hospital mortality rate of 43.75% compared to 6.45% in those without AKI or RRT (P<0.0001). A long cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (OR:11.393, 95% CI: 2.183 to 59.465, P=0.0039) was positively related to the occurrence of AKI. A high intraoperative urine volume (OR: 0.031, 95% CI: 0.005 to 0.212, P=0.0004) was negatively correlated with AKI. AKI requiring RRT (OR, 11.348; 95% CI, 2.418-53.267, P=0.002) was a risk factor for mortality in hospital. Overall survival in patients without AKI at 1 and 3 years was not different from that in patients with AKI (P=0.096).Conclusions: AKI is common after HTx. AKI requiring RRT could contribute powerful prognostic information to predict mortality in hospital. A long CPB time and low intraoperative urine volume are associated with the occurrence of AKI.