bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Listeners' Perception of English Cathedral Girl and Boy Choristers
Authors: Howard David M. , Szymanski John , Welch Graham F.
Published: February 2004

In the United Kingdom, it is increasingly common to find girls in English cathedral choirs, and some appear to wonder whether they can perform this traditionally male role appropriately. We report results from a perceptual experiment designed to establish whether or not listeners can correctly identify trained girl and boy English cathedral choristers when they are singing the top lines in samples of professionally recorded sacred choral music from one cathedral choir. In the experiment, the lower three parts (alto, tenor, and bass), the musical director, and the acoustic environment remained constant. Results suggest that listeners can identify the sex of the choristers singing the top line with an average accuracy of approximately 60%, but the results also suggest that musical context plays an important part in this perceptual ability. In addition, boys are accurately identified more often than girls, and adult listeners can discriminate between the two more reliably than child listeners.
Intonation of Harmonic Intervals: Adaptability of Expert Musicians to Equal Temperament and Just Intonation
Authors: Kopiez Reinhard
Published: February 2004

This study examines the deviation in the intonation of simultaneously sounding tones under the condition of an embedded melody task. Two professional musicians (trumpet players) were chosen as subjects to play the missing upper voice of a four-part audio example, while listening via headphones to the remaining three parts in adaptive five-limit just intonation and equal temperament. The experimental paradigm was that of a controlled varied condition with a 2 (tuning systems) × 5 (interval categories) × 5 (renditions) × 2 (players) factorial design. An analysis of variance showed a nonsignificant difference between the average deviation of harmonic intonation in the two systems used. Mean deviations of 4.9 cents (SD = 6.5 cents) in the equal-temperament condition and of 6.7 cents (SD = 8.1 cents) in the just-intonation condition were found. Thus, we assume that the musicians employed the same intonation for equaltemperament and just-intonation versions (an unconscious "always the same" strategy) and could not successfully adapt their performances to the just-intonation tuning system. Fewer deviations could be observed in the equal-temperament condition. This overall tendency can be interpreted as a "burn in" effect and is probably the consequence of longterm intonation practice with equal-temperament. Finally, a theoretical model of intonation is developed by use of factor analysis. Four factors that determine intonation patterns were revealed: the "major third factor," the "minor third and partials factor," the "instrumental tuning factor," and the "octave-minor seventh factor." To summarize, even in expert musicians, intonation is not determined by abstract tuning systems but is the result of an interaction among compositional features, the acoustics of the particular musical instrument, and deviation patterns in specific intervals.
El comercio México —Estados Unidos, 1870–1929: Reconstrucción estadística y tendencias generales
Authors: Ficker Sandra Kuntz
Published: February 2004

This article aims at reconstructing the yearly values of the bilateral trade between Mexico and the United States in the era of liberal capitalism, that is, between 1870 and 1929. It provides with new series of commodity imports and exports, specie flows, and the balance of trade between the two nations. Based upon the new series, the article analyses the evolution of bilateral trade and the role of the United States in Mexico's external commerce. It follows the process by which the United States became Mexico's main trading partner, and points to some of the forces that drove this process.

Este trabajo se propone reconstruir los valores anuales del comercio bilateral entre México y Estados Unidos en la era del capitalismo liberal, esto es, entre 1870 y 1929.Ofrece nuevas series anuales de las importaciones y exportaciones de mercancías, de los flujos de metálico y de la balanza comercial entre las dos naciones. Con base en las nuevas series, el artículo analiza la evolución del comercio bilateraly elpapelde Estados Unidos en elcomercio exterior de México. Al hacerlo, sigue el proceso por el cual Estados Unidos se convirtió en el principal socio comercial de México, y apunta a algunos de los factores que impulsaron ese proceso.
Learning Democracy in Mexico and the United States
Authors: Camp Roderic Ai
Published: February 2004

This essay explores how Americans, Mexican Americans, and Mexicans learn about politics, and specifically, their notions of democracy, using a comprehensive cross-national survey funded by the Hewlett Foundation. It identifies significant differences and similarities across groups, and raises important questions about the socialization process, about the resistance of certain attitudes to transformation in new cultural settings, and the ease with which major political views are altered within months of changing national residence. Language facility proves to be a significant variable in this process.

Este ensayo explora cómo los estadounidenses, los mexicano-americanos y los mexicanos aprenden sobre la política y, específicamente, investiga las nociones de democracia, a través de una encuesta comprensiva y nacional patrocinada por la Hewlett Foundation. Se identifican diferencias y similitudes significativas en los grupos y se plantean preguntas importantes sobre el proceso de socialización, sobre la resistencia de ciertas actitudes a la transformación en nuevos formatos culturales, y sobre la facilidad con que algunas visiones políticas principales son alteradas a sólo meses de haber cambiado de residencia de país. La facilidad de la lengua demuestra ser una variable significativo en este proceso.
Voting Preference and Political Socialization among Mexican Americans and Mexicans Living in the United States
Authors: Lawson Chappell
Published: February 2004

Recent survey data strongly suggest that extending the franchise to Mexicans living abroad would further weaken the already ailing Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Compared to their compatriots in Mexico, Mexicans in the United States are extremely ill disposed toward the PRI and particularly sympathetic to the center-right National Action Party (PAN). These differences, however, appear to be a function of education levels and media messages rather than underlying political values or self-selection through migration. Consequently, the distribution of voters across Mexico's main parties in future elections would depend in part on the dynamics of a campaign conducted partly in the United States.

Algunos datos de encuestas recientes sugieren contundentemente que la ampliación del derecho de voto a los mexicanos que viven en el extranjero debilitará aun más al doliente Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). Comparados a sus compatriotas en México, los mexicanos en los Estados Unidos están sumamente mal predispuestos hacia el PRI y miran con particular simpatía al Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN), de centro-derecha. Estas diferencias, sin embargo, parecen ser una función de los niveles de educación y de los mensajes de los medios de comunicación más que subrayar valores políticos o una auto-selección por la migración. Por consiguiente, la distribución de los votantes a través de los partidos principales de México en las elecciones futuras dependerá en parte de la dinámica de una campaña conducida en parte en los Estados Unidos.
The Impact of Ethnicity and Socialization on Definitions of Democracy: The Case of Mexican Americans and Mexicans
Authors: de la Garza Rodolfo O. , Yetim Muserref
Published: February 2004

This paper argues that Mexican American views of democracy differ significantly from those of Mexicans because of their exposure to the political institutions and culture of the United States. Our results vindicate Diamond's claim that there is no better way of developing the values, skills, and commitments of democratic citizenship than through direct experience with democracy (Diamond 1999). Equally significant is that the study demonstrates that ethnic ties do not determine political attitudes. That is, despite a shared historical background and contemporary cultural commonalities, Mexican views of democracy differ from those of Mexican Americans.

Este artículo arguye que las visiones de la democracia de los mexicano-americanos difieren significativamente de las de los mexicanos debido a su exposición a las instituciones de política y cultura de los Estados Unidos. Nuestros resultados justifican la idea de Diamond de que no hay mejor manera de desarrollar los valores, habilidades y el compromiso con una ciudadanía democrática qua a través de la experiencia directa con la democracia (Diamond 1999). De igual importancia, el estudio demuestra que los lazos étnicos no determinan las actitudes políticas. Esto es, a pesar de compartir un trasfondo histórico y de las concordancias culturales contemporáneas, las visiones de la democracia de los mexicanos difieren de las de los mexicano-americanos.
Missing Millions: The Demographic Costs of the Mexican Revolution
Authors: McCaa Robert
Published: February 2004

The Mexican Revolution was a demographic disaster, but there is little agreement about the human cost or its demographic components. Were the missing millions due to war deaths, epidemics, emigration, lost births, or simply census error or evasion? Reading the demographic history of the Revolution from a subsequent census, such as the highly regarded enumeration of 1930, yields more precise figures than those obtained from the usual benchmark, the census of 1921. The 1930 figures are of better quality and, therefore, more suitable for making an assessment by age and sex. This analysis shows that in terms of lives lost, the Mexican Revolution was a demographic catastrophe, comparable to the Spanish Civil War, which has been ranked the ninth deadliest international conflict over the past two centuries.

La Revolución Mexicana fue un desastre demográfico; sin embargo, no existe consenso en el monto de la pérdida demográfica ni de sus componentes. ¿Los millones perdidos fueron por la emigración, la mortalidad por epidemias, las muertes por la guerra, la caída en el número de nacimientos, o simplemente error estadístico? Leyendo la historia demográfica de la Revolución de un censo posterior, como por ejemplo el de 1930, ya que goza de reconocimiento por su calidad y confiabilidad, puede llevarse a cifras, por sexo y edad, mejor fundamentadas. En términos de las pérdidas de vidas, las nuevas estimaciones colocan a la Revolución Mexicana, junto con la Guerra Civil Española, como la novena guerra con mayor mortalidad en el contexto internacional, en los últimos dos siglos.
Chartist Aesthetics in the Mid Nineteenth Century: Ernest Jones, a Novelist of the People
Authors: Ledger Sally
Published: February 2004

This essay posits that the turn of Chartist writers to popular fiction and the writing of melodrama in the 1840s was part of an attempt to reharness radicalism to populism, at a time when the new commercial press was increasingly luring lower-class readers away from the radical press. Distinguishing carefully between radical, popular radical, and commercial popular fiction and journalism at the mid-century, the essay argues that while the radical press of the 1810s and 1820s had had a broad popular readership, Chartism was the first radical movement that had to compete with the new Sunday newspapers. Focusing on the novels of Ernest Jones, one of Chartism'slate, great leaders, the essay counters recent arguments for the essentially conservative or anti-activist thrust of melodramatic writing, arguing that a less formalist, more materialist account of the way that melodrama circulated in the cultural economy of the mid-century produces a more "radical" apprehension of its cultural politics. The essay also argues that Chartism'sturn to melodrama coincided with the rise of a political vocabulary of class identity and class conflict within Chartist discourse. While Chartism'sinitial investment in a Liberal Reformist language of individual rights had lent itself to the lyric individualism of Romantic poetry, the binary oppositions and frequently violent conflicts that characterize melodrama made it the preferred genre for later Chartist scribes.
Reconstructing Reality from Highly Deviant Perspectives A Reply to "'Verfassungsfeindlich': Church, State, and New Religions in Germany" by Irving Hexham and Karla Poewe
Authors: Schoen Brigitte
Published: February 2004

The reliance of Irving Hexham and Karla Poewe on deviant informants leads them to reconstruct German church-state relations solely from the viewpoint of these informants. Thus, they do not differentiate between the beliefs of their informants about such legal structures and events and the actual state of affairs as it can be reconstructed through scholarly research. This lack of source critique combined with a weak methodological framework is becoming more and more widespread and threatens to render secondary literature in the field unreliable.
Black Bodies in Pain and Ecstasy: Terror, Subjectivity, and the Nature of Black Religion
Authors: Pinn Anthony B.
Published: February 2004

This article argues that at its core, black religion involves a quest or struggle for complex subjectivity. It is a wrestling against efforts to dehumanize those of African descent historically documented through the process of slavery,disenfranchisement, etc. This depiction of the nature of black religion does not promote a static reality, unchanged through the ages. Religion is not essentialized in that sense. Rather, religion's core is responsive to changing existential conditions and is manifest through ever-evolving institutions, doctrines, rituals, and so on. Scholarly attention to this theory of black religion requires a new method of study.Pushing beyond conversation regarding method most often presented in terms of a hermeneutic of suspicion, this article concludes with the outline for a new hermeneutic of style.
Enfants Terribles: The Challenge of Sectarian Converts to Ethnic Orthodox Churches in the United States
Authors: Lucas Phillip Charles
Published: February 2004

This article considers two case studies of collective conversions to Eastern Orthodoxy to illustrate the most pressing challenges faced by ethnic Orthodox congregations who attempt to assimilate sectarian groups into their midst. I argue that these challenges include: 1) the different understandings of ecclesiology held by former Protestant sectarians and by "cradle" Orthodox believers; 2) the pan-Orthodox aspirations of sectarian converts versus the factionalism found in ethnically-based American Orthodox jurisdictions; 3) the differing pastoral styles of former sectarian ministers and Orthodox priests; 4) the tendency of sectarian converts to embrace a very strict reading of Orthodoxy and to adopt a critical and reformist attitude in relations with cradle Orthodox communities; and 5) the covert and overt racism that sometimes exists in ethnic Orthodox parishes. I suggest that the increasing numbers of non-ethnic converts to ethnic Orthodox parishes may result in increased pressure to break down ethnic barriers between Orthodox communities and to form a unified American Orthodox Church. These conversions may also lead to the growth of hybrid Orthodox churches such as the Charismatic Episcopal Church.
Ecotheology and Environmental Praxis in Guatemala
Authors: Hallum Anne
Published: February 2004

One can argue that religious beliefs have more influence for changing societal behavior than does scientific knowledge. Thus, the rediscovery of ecological themes in a variety of religious texts (ecotheology) can be a step toward environmental activism and conservation behavior, where science alone has been relatively ineffective. The article presents this argument, reviewing relevant literature. Next, the article tests this argument for the potential influence of religion in promoting environmentalism through a comparative case study of three Guatemalan villages: one in which religious traditions are quickly disintegrating because the population was forced to move; one in which religious traditions remain largely intact; and one in which Guatemalans, Europeans, and North Americans practice environmental preservation in a pluralistic religious setting. Shared values and the common religious theme of caring for creation can be a motin
Drinking the Kool-Aid: The Cultural Transformation of a Tragedy
Authors: Moore Rebecca
Published: February 2004

The expression "drinking the Kool-Aid" has entered the American idiom with little reference to its origins in the Jonestown tragedy of 18 November 1978. Instead, people are using Jonestown— the event—and Kool-Aid—the phrase—to signify a number of contradictory meanings and values. This is because those who died in Jonestown were ritually excluded from cultural consideration. The more traumatic the original incident, the more likely memory of that event will be forgotten or repressed. The author identifies the ways Kool-Aid and Jonestown are used in the news and on the Internet, and catalogues four main groups of uses: cult disasters, including 9/11; political uses; entertainment; and business uses. The categories of cult disasters and politics use Jonestown references negatively,thereby indicating a tenuous connection with the origins of the concepts. The entertainment and business worlds, however, use the references both negatively and positively,thus revealing dissociation and amnesia about the reality of Jonestown.
Jim Crow Downunder? African American Encounters with White Australia, 1942–1945
Authors: Brawley Sean , Dixon Chris
Published: February 2004

Between 1941 and 1945, as the U.S. military machine sent millions of Americans—and American culture—around the world, several thousand African Americans spent time in Australia. Armed with little knowledge of Australian racial values and practices, black Americans encoutered a nation whose long-standing commitment to the principle of "White Australia" appeared to rest comfortably with the segregative policies commonly associated with the American South. Nonetheless, while African Americans did encounter racism and discrimination—practices often encouraged by the white Americans who were also stationed in Australia during the war—there is compelling evidence that their experiences were not always negative. Indeed, for many black Americans, Australians' apparent open-mindedness and racial views of white Britons and others with whom African Americans came into contact during the war. Making use of U.S. Army censors' reports and paying attention to black Americans' views of their experiences in Australia, this article not only casts light on an aspect of American-Australian relations that has hitherto recieved scant scholarly attention and reveals something about the African American experience, but also offers insights into race relations within the U.S. armed forces.
Peace of Mind(1946): Judaism and the Therapeutic Polemics of Postwar America
Authors: Heinze Andrew R.
Published: February 2004

A full-page ad in the September 30, 1946, issue ofLifemagazine shows a picture of a book calledPeace of Mindbeing handed down from above by a male hand. “This New Best Seller,” the caption reads, “will help you find the happiness you have always sought.”Lifereaders may have wondered if the hand was supposed to be the author's, the publisher's, or the Lord's, but, in any case, it would have been Jewish. The author was a rabbi, the publisher was Simon and Schuster, and the God in question was the God of Moses rather than Jesus. The mysterious hand might have belonged to yet another Jew, as the book was the first religious best-seller to endorse Freud. In the advertisement, Harvard psychologist Gordon Allport testified that author Joshua Loth Liebman “shatters the long-standing myth that religion and psychology are necessary antagonists [and] proves that they converge upon a single goal—the enhancement of man's peace of mind.”
The Influence of American Missionary Women on the World Back Home1
Authors: Robert Dana L.
Published: February 2004

No churchgoer born before 1960 can forget the childhood thrill of hearing a missionary speak in church. The missionary arrived in native dress to thank the congregation for its support and, after the service, showed slides in the church hall. The audience sat transfixed, imagining what it might be like to eat termites in Africa, or beg on the streets in India, or study the Bible in a refugee camp. The usually mundane Sunday service became exotic and exciting, as the world beyond the United States suddenly seemed real. In an age before round-the-clock television news, and the immigration of Asians and Latin Americans even to small towns in the Midwest, the missionary on furlough was a major link between the world of North American Christians and the rest of the globe.
“Heathens and Infidels”? African Christianization and Anglicanism in the South Carolina Low Country, 1700–1750
Authors: Laing Annette
Published: February 2004

In early 1710, a small group of parishioners approached Francis Le Jau, the Anglican missionary to St. James Parish in South Carolina. He recognized them all as regular churchgoers, and he was pleased when they asked him to admit them to Holy Communion. Yet he hesitated, because the men admitted that, having been “born and baptized among the Portuguese,” they were Roman Catholics. Le Jau was always cautious in such cases, he assured church authorities in London. He told the men that he would need them first to renounce “the errors of the Popish Church” before he would allow them the sacrament. He then suggested that they give the matter some thought over the next few months.
In a Sacramental Mode: Jean de Le´ry's Calvinist Ethnography
Authors: Frisch Andrea
Published: February 2004

Recent readings of Jean de Léry's Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre du Bresil in light of his faith present a misleading picture of sixteenth-century Calvinism, and thus of the ethnography to which it gave rise in Léry. This essay argues that a generalized appropriation of both the anthropology and the semiotics that underlie Calvin'seucharistictheology - over and against a preoccupation with predestination - conditions Léry's overall ethnographic practice. Nearly every discussion of the nature of the sacraments in Calvin's Institutes uses the vocabulary of testimony.The Calvinist sacraments ''represent'' the divine bymeans of attestation, and not imitation. The Holy Spirit in Calvin's theology is the paradigmatic symbol of efficacious - yet (or,from the Protestant point of view,because) transparent - testimony of one world to another, radically different world. Léry's appropriation of Calvin's ''spiritual'' mode of testimony constitutes the most remarkable ethnographic achievement of the Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre du Bresil. Given the popularity of the Histoire d'un voyage in France in the centuries between its publication and its canonization by Claude Lévi-Strauss, and given the influence of the French heritage on the discipline of anthropology,a reevaluation of Léry's ethnographic practice allows for a reconsideration of the early influences on modern European ethnography as a whole. Ultimately,it is precisely the disembodied and transparent nature of Léry's authority, a mode of representation borrowed from the testimonial discourse of Calvinist theology, that explains why the Histoire d'un voyage remains a compelling ethnographic account. The notion of representation as testimonial provides an alternative to what has come to be considered, in the wake of Derrida and différance, the intractable problem of mimesis. The semiotics of Calvin's eucharist, unlike those of the Catholics (or of Luther), do not confound signs with bodies, or posit a stable link between them. For Calvin, as for Léry,the link between signs and their referents - between language and the real - must be continually reforged through the mechanism of testimony.
A Soccer Match in Auschwitz: Passing Culpability in Holocaust Criticism
Authors: Sanyal Debarati
Published: February 2004

IT HAS BECOME SOMETHING of a commonplace in recent criticism to claim that the Holocaust inaugurates a ''crisis of representation.'' To read, understand, and transmit a historical trauma of this magnitude is to confront the boundaries of the thinkable and the sayable. This essay critically examines the emergence of a theoretical current that presents the Holocaust primarily as a trauma that - as trauma - opens up unlocatable and unrepresentable forms of knowledge. It argues that the overwhelming focus on trauma as an optic for viewing the Nazi genocide leads to a dangerous conflation of the differences between victims, executioners, witnesses (primary and secondary); between literal and metaphorical survival and culpability; and between historical event and metaphorical, transhistorical condition.

For a generation that did not live through the Holocaust but encountered it as secondary witnesses, as readers and viewers of films and documentaries, a sense of metaphorical survival and second-hand guilt seems to be an inescapable condition of Holocaust reception. Theoretical approaches to representations and testimonies of the Holocaust, especially in the wake of deconstruction, increasingly rely on models of contamination, complicity, and trauma. Such models complicate not only the difference between victims and executioners within the camps, but also the differences between witnesses, bystanders, and successive generations of secondary witnesses. Primo Levi's description of a ''gray zone'' in the concentration camp (in The Drowned and the Saved) has played a crucial role in this recent focus on the traumatized culpability of the secondary witness. The ''gray zone'' describes situations that blurred and even dismantled the opposition between victims and executioners (as in the case of the Special Squads, or Sonderkommando s, composed primarily of Jewish prisoners working in the crematorium). This essay argues that Levi's ''gray zone'' is now deployed as a figure in the recent work of Giorgio Agamben, Cathy Caruth, and Shoshana Felman. Identifying proximities in their views of trauma and testimony, the essay shows how Levi's ''gray zone'' is transformed into an overarching metaphorical framework for thinking not only about the Holocaust, but more broadly, about history, subjectivity,and ethics in the fields of psychoanalysis, political philosophy, and literary criticism. This hypostasis of the ''gray zone'' not only erases the historical specificity of the Nazi genocide, but also subsumes the irreducibly distinct positions of victim, executioner, witness, accomplice, and proxy-witness under a general condition of traumatic complicity. The essay concludes with a paired reading of Albert Camus's La chute and Levi's The Drowned and the Saved, suggesting that Camus's novel, while often read as an exemplary testimony to historical trauma, instead stages some of the ethical and political problems of reading history through the optic of trauma.
A Social History of Untruth: Lie Detection and Trust in Twentieth-Century America
Authors: Alder Ken
Published: February 2004

THE POLYGRAPH FOR LIE DETECTION is a ''placebo'' technology whose ability to sort truth from falsehood depends essentially on the subject's belief in the efficacy of the instrument (as opposed to any ''real'' efficacy). In this sense, the lie detector is a technology that belongs to the realm of the social imaginary. As such, it offers an ideal probe into the shifting grounds of trust and mistrust in twentieth-century America. Originally designed to rein in corrupt municipal police forces—by substituting scientific interrogation for brute force beatings—the lie detector by midcentury was being used two million times each year to interrogate criminal suspects, corporate employees, and the denizens of the national-security state. Yet all the while polygraph evidence was formally banned from the courtroom. This article demonstrates that the historical process that led to this curious state of affairs was the outcome of two interdependent strategies for marketing and validating expert knowledge. Polygraph inventors and operators thrived by passing themselves off as the purveyors of an objective method of ferreting out the truth, transforming their subjects' bodies into a piece of counterfeit-proof circumstantial evidence. This appealed to the American public's preference for mechanical rules as the most certain guarantee of just and equal treatment. In fact, the inventors and operators succeeded in attracting clients among police, prosecutors, corporate managers, and the chieftains of the national-security state largely by virtue of the vast discretion that undergirded their methods of interrogation, and the confessions they could wring in the process. These methods (logically akin to judicial torture) document the degree to which American justice actually operates according to informal rules that favor the already powerful. This dual history illuminates the shifting grounds of the laity's trust in expert science, the blurred line between the rule of law and the informal procedures of American justice, and the evolving demands of loyalty within the institutions of corporate capitalism and the national-security state. Given the renewed attention to national security in the past few years—and the renewed assurances that the lie detector will help uncover spies, traitors, and terrorists—this history has new urgency.
Hamlet or Hecuba: Carl Schmitt's Decision
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: February 2004

This essay explores the importance of the early modern period for the work of the German jurist Carl Schmitt. It argues that Schmitt's misreading of Shakespeare and Hobbes can in turn shed light on Schmitt's own aestheticizing of politics.
What was that Secret? Framing Forced Disclosures from Teen Mothers
Authors: Fujimoto Naomi
Published: February 2004

Although previous research has examined the micropractices of therapeutic interaction, few studies have focused on the expression of power in group therapy. This ethnographic study examines a therapeutic program for teen mothers to explore how self‐disclosure occurs, focusing on the therapist's techniques for soliciting disclosure and subsequent responses. These techniques include the therapist's own disclosures, presentation of commands, and revelation of information, which then evoke the disclosure. Individuals respond with immediate compliance, delayed compliance, or sustained resistance. Although the therapist attempts to mask this imbalance, her strategies reinforce the power differences between herself and the teen mothers. The interactions observed here illustrate how clients may find therapeutic environments less about psychological unburdening and healing and more about the negotiation of power in an institutional setting. A more effective therapy might focus on disclosure of clients' successes rather than primarily on the revelation of discrediting information.
Children and the Discourse of Fear
Authors: Altheide David L.
Published: February 2004

The news media, a dominant source of information about social issues, use entertainment formats to organize reports that audiences will understand. Part of this organized effort is the use of a discourse of fear, or the pervasive communication, symbolic awareness, and expectation that danger and risk are central features of everyday life. Reliant on formal agents of social control as news sources about fear, news reports tend to repeat certain words, themes, and perspectives that support more social control. Although associated with crime, the discourse of fear includes other topics and concerns as well. A qualitative content analysis approach, “tracking discourse,” permits a mapping of discourse over time and across various topics. Analysis of the use of fear in three major newspapers during 1987–1996 shows that it has increased; that a large part of the discourse of fear includes children and the spaces they occupy (e.g., schools and neighborhoods); and that it changed from a focus on specific events in the 1980s to a more generalized, pervasive perspective in the 1990s, peaking in about 1994. It is argued that this is important for making claims about “necessary” social action to protect children, as well as protect us from children.

Fear is the path to the dark side.

—Star Wars: Episode 1: The Phantom Menace
Cowboys and Indians
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: February 2004

This experimental, layered, mixed‐genre narrative folds my biographical experiences into a critical reading of a cultural performance involving cowboys and Indians in a small Montana town in summer 2000. Informed by critical race theory and poststructuralism, this narrative attempts to deconstruct racial stereotypes associated with Native Americans and their presence in America's movies and popular culture.
The Temporality of Emotion: Constructing Past Emotions
Authors: Mattley Christine
Published: February 2004

Symbolic interactionists have developed a rich literature on emotion that has advanced our understanding of the socially constructed nature of emotions and has provided a wealth of understanding about emotions and emotional life. Left unexplored, however, has been the temporal nature of emotion. Similarly, interactionists' renewed interest in time and temporality has not focused on emotion. In this article I describe the implicit leads in these two literatures that need to be pulled together to make the linkage clear. Drawing on the work defining emotions as social objects and on George Herbert Mead's theory of the past, I describe how emotional pasts are used as foundations for situated actions. I also explain how we use the emotional pasts in four areas: the individual level, individuals in interaction, collective behavior, and the social structural level. This linkage provides insights for understanding how we use emotional pasts when we construct and enact behavior. I argue that emotional pasts are important tools used in the interpretation and construction of present emotions, to situate selves and others, and to construct the social order.
Slaps, Punches, Pinches—But not Violence: Boundary‐Work in Nursing Homes for the Elderly
Authors: Åkerström Malin
Published: February 2004

This article presents an analysis of boundary work in the context of care for the elderly, where violence appears to be widespread but is still relatively unacknowledged. Talk about aggressive patients was formulated in a particular way among workers in a nursing home. Nursing home staff described how the elderly residents sometimes slapped, pinched, or hit them. Although staff members could describe these acts as intentional, although they could hold patients responsible, and although this violence could end in injuries, demarcations were made such that aggressive acts were constructed as somehow not really “violence.” As “violent” is an inherently exclusionary label, this downplaying can be seen as an effort to avoid pushing persons outside the boundary of normalcy and of continued acceptance. Placing the elderly's violence outside the boundaries of violence means that the elderly remain “care takers,” the staff “caregivers,” and the nursing home a “caring context.”
Shame in Self and Society
Authors: Scheff Thomas J.
Published: February 2004

This article proposes that shame is the master emotion of everyday life but is usually invisible in modern societies because of taboo. A review of shame studies suggests a taboo that results in denial and silence. The studies by Cooley, Freud, Elias, Lynd, Goffman, Lewis, and Tomkins have been largely ignored. Their work suggests a vital connection between shame and social life: shame can be seen as a signal of a threat to the bond. If so, understanding shame would be necessary for the study of social systems. The taboo on shame in English still holds: current usage, for the most part, assigns an intense and narrow singular meaning. This meaning offends, on the one hand, and misses the everyday function of shame, on the other. Perhaps the problem can be approached, as it is in traditional societies, by the use of a broader term, such as “bond affect” or “Shame.” Such a concept could lead to discovery of the emotional/relational world.
What Happened on Ruby Ridge: Terrorism or Tyranny?
Authors: Dobratz Betty A. , Shanks‐Meile Stephanie L. , Hallenbeck Danelle
Published: February 2004

In the 1992 Ruby Ridge, Idaho, incident during which U.S. Marshal William Degan and Sammy and Vicki Weaver were killed, law enforcement and the Weavers socially constructed each other's roles. We focus on how the framing of what happened on Ruby Ridge changed. Drawing on Gamson's (1968) discussion of law enforcement strategies, we suggest that certain federal agencies were challenged about the justness of their actions. The Weavers, white separatists, and others tried to alter the dominant frame of the federal government from a legitimating one to that of unjust authority. To counter that, investigations by the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism and the Department of Justice portrayed certain agents as incompetent rather than unjust. Various federal agencies “yielded ground” by recognizing mistakes, making payments to the Weavers and Kevin Harris, and charging one official and temporarily suspending others, but they maintained the legitimacy frame.
The Marriage “Solution”: Misplaced Simplicity in the Politics of Fatherhood
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: February 2004

Marriage and fatherhood policies, inspired by the Christian Right and backed by conservative think tanks, have gained widespread support based on moral framing of family issues and simplistic interpretation of sociological “evidence.” Hybrid political-religious organizations including the National Fatherhood Initiative, the Marriage Movement, and Promise Keepers make rhetorical claims with similar religious underpinnings, policy objectives, assertions of social scientific consensus, and conservative foundation funding. Contrary to predictions about the diminishing influence of the Christian Right on social policy, religious and free-market conservatives have successfully joined forces to promote public policies favoring married heterosexual parents over other household types by relying on specious comparisons between “traditional” and “nontraditional” families. Sociologists of all faiths have a moral obligation to ensure that their research findings are not misinterpreted in the service of a narrow religious agenda or inappropriately used to justify nostalgic exclusionary family policies.
Educational Pathways and Work Value Trajectories
Authors: Johnson Monica Kirkpatrick , Elder Glen H.
Published: February 2004

This study relates change and stability in work values to educational pathways in the transition to adulthood. Using panel data, we examine whether levels and rates of change in work values in the eight years after high school are linked to postsecondary education. Along some value dimensions, initial differences increased notably between those who finished their education with high school and those who obtained postsecondary degrees, with postsecondary students demonstrating larger change on average. Young people who continued their education beyond high school initially placed greater importance on having influence at work and less importance on job security than other young people. These tendencies strengthened over time. Along other dimensions, including extrinsic, altruistic, and social, high school graduates attached less importance to rewards over time, whereas those who obtained postsecondary degrees maintained their initial values to a greater extent. The findings are consistent with the idea that work values predict investments in education, yet also undergo change with continued schooling.
Teenage Sexual Orientation, Adult Openness, and Status Attainment in Gay Males
Authors: Barrett Donald C. , Pollack Lance M. , Tilden Mary L.
Published: February 2004

Research on the effects of sexual orientation on gay male status attainment has been hampered by the use of opportunistic samples and by the inability to control for family background and sexual orientation characteristics. This research uses data from the Urban Men's Health Study, a multicity probability sample, to examine the status attainment process among men who identify as gay or bisexual (N = 2,290). Logistic regression is used to measure the effects of teen sexual orientation and adult expression of sexual orientation on educational achievement and household income. Early decision that one is gay and early homosexual activity are related to reduced educational achievement. Teen sexual orientation and adult expression of sexual orientation are not directly related to income, though education was. These findings suggest that the costs of discrimination encountered early in life are an important component of the reduced status attainment of gay males.
The Gender Gap in Poverty in Modern Nations: Single Motherhood, the Market, and the State
Authors: Christopher Karen , England Paula , Smeeding Timothy M. , Phillips Katherin Ross
Published: February 2004

In this article we examine gender gaps in poverty in the United States and seven other Western nations, asking how single motherhood, market earnings, and welfare states affect gender inequality in poverty. Our analyses speak to the theoretical literature emphasizing the gendered logic and effects of welfare states and labor markets. We find that single-mother families have higher poverty rates than other families in all nations except Sweden, though the degree of their poverty varies. Regarding welfare states, we find that the tax and transfer systems in Sweden and the Netherlands most effectively reduce gender inequality in poverty. Gender inequality in market earnings is worst in the Netherlands and Australia, though among full-time workers, Australia has the lowest gender gap. We conclude by discussing the policy issues raised by our findings.
Suggestions of the Postmodern Self: Value Changes in American High School Students, 1976–1996
Authors: Ovadia Seth
Published: February 2004

Following Allen and Turner's suggestion “to bring data to bear on the claims of postmodern theory,” this article evaluates one aspect of Kenneth Gergen's theory of social saturation. In The Saturated Self, Gergen proposes that the postmodern self can be seen in the increase in the number and diversity of values that individuals hold to be important. This “populating of the self” also leads to an abandonment of modernist ideas about truth and absolute knowledge. Using data from a nationally representative sample of American high school seniors, I test Gergen's theory about change in the values of individuals. Between 1976 and 1996 the importance of most values in the survey has increased, with only one of the fourteen values (finding meaning in life) declining in importance. These results support Gergen's theory of social saturation and provide an example of an empirical evaluation of a postmodern theory.
"Black Behind the Ears"—and Up Front Too? Dominicans in The Black Mosaic
Authors: Candelario Ginetta E.B.
Published: February 2004

This article considers the formation and representation of Washington, D.C.'s Dominican community in the Anacostia Museum's 1994 -1995 exhibit, Black Mosaic: Community, Race and Ethnicity Among Black Immigrants in D.C. The exhibit successfully pointed to the extensive historical presence of African Diaspora peoples in Latin America and explored the development of subsequent Diaspora from those communities into Washington, D.C. The case of Dominican immigrants to D.C., however, illustrates the continued privileging of a U.S.- or Anglo-centric ideation of African-American history and identity. I argue that a more accurate and politically useful formulation would call for an understanding that the African Diaspora first arrived in what would become Santo Domingo and was constitutive of Latin America several centuries before the arrival of Anglo colonizers and the formation of what would become the United States; that slavery was a polyfacetic institution that articulated with particular colonial and imperial systems and local economies in the Americas in ways that subsequently influenced racial orders and identities in multiple ways, both at home and in Diaspora; and that Dominicans' negotiations of the competing demands of blackness and Latinidad make these points especially salient.
The Fresno Sanitary Landfill in an American Cultural Context
Authors: Melosi Martin V.
Published: February 2004

On August 27, 2001, Department of Interior designated the Fresno Sanitary Landfill as a National Historic Landmark. The next day, Secretary Gail Norton "temporarily" rescinded the designation, claiming that the department was not aware of the landfill's Superfund status. For many people, the naming of a landfill as an historic landmark seemed ludicrous. For others, the designation offered an opportunity to pillory the Bush administration for its increasingly unpopular environmental policies. What got lost sight of was why the nomination was made in the first place, and if it had any merit as a historically significant site. The controversy also exposed the inability of people to take the waste issue seriously, to view it as an integral part of the process of living, and thus to conceive it as culturally and historically important.
Cover Picture: Antifreeze Glycoproteins: Elucidation of the Structural Motifs That Are Essential for Antifreeze Activity (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 7/2004)
Authors: Tachibana Yuki , Fletcher Garth L. , Fujitani Naoki , Tsuda Sakae , Monde Kenji , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro
Published: February 2004

Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) found in the body fluids of polar fish are known to protect them from freezing by suppressing ice‐crystal growth. The essential structural motifs of AFGPs were revealed by using a combination of chemical synthesis and spectroscopic analysis. The amphiphatic AFGPs form a threefold left‐handed axis, which enables the sugar moieties to cluster on one side of the molecule. For further details see the Communication by S.‐I. Nishimura and co‐workers on page 856 ff.
Direct fluorination of the polyimide matrimid® 5218: The formation kinetics and physicochemical properties of the fluorinated layers
Authors: Kharitonov A. P. , Moskvin Yu. L. , Syrtsova D. A. , Starov V. M. , Teplyakov V. V.
Published: February 2004

Fluorinated polymers have a set of unique properties, including improved chemical stability and thermal stability and good barrier and membrane parameters, which are mainly defined by their surface properties. This article presents systematic data on the direct fluorination of the polyimide Matrimid® 5218, a commercially available polymer suitable for the formation of gas‐separation hollow fibers. Changing the fluorination conditions (i.e., the fluorinated mixture composition, fluorine partial pressure, and treatment duration) allows the rate of formation of the surface‐fluorinated layer over the 0.1–10 μm range to be kept under control. The physicochemical properties of modified layers (i.e., the chemical composition, formation of radicals, refractive index, IR and UV spectra, density, and surface energy) are examined. The thickness of the fluorinated layer (δF) depends on the fluorination duration (t): δF ∼ t0.5. During fluorination, hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine, double bonds are saturated with fluorine, and at least one CN bond in the five‐member ring is disrupted. Fluorination results in a significant increase in the polymer density, transparency in the visible and ultraviolet regions of spectra, and a reduction of the refractive index. A high concentration of long‐living radicals (up to ∼5 × 1019 radicals/cm3 of the fluorinated layer) is generated under fluorination. This can be used for subsequent grafting (e.g., with acrylonitrile). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 6–17, 2004