bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of skeletal muscle atrophy in response to disuse: clinical/preclinical contentions and fallacies of evidence
Authors: Atherton Philip J. , Greenhaff Paul L. , Phillips Stuart M. , Bodine Sue C. , Adams Christopher M. , Lang Charles H.
Published: July 2016

Muscle wasting resulting wholly or in part from disuse represents a serious medical complication that, when prolonged, can increase morbidity and mortality. Although much knowledge has been gained over the past half century, the underlying etiology by which disuse alters muscle proteostasis remains enigmatic. Multidisciplinary and novel methodologies are needed to fill gaps and overcome barriers to improved patient care. The present review highlights seminal concepts from a symposium at Experimental Biology 2016. These proceedings focus on 1) the role of insulin resistance in mediating disuse-induced changes in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and breakdown (MPB), as well as cross-talk between carbohydrate and protein metabolism; 2) the relative importance of MPS/MPB in mediating involuntary muscle loss in humans and animals; 3) interpretative limitations associated with MPS/MPB “markers,” e.g., MuRF1/MAFbx mRNA; and finally, 4) how OMIC technologies can be leveraged to identify molecular pathways (e.g., ATF4, p53, p21) mediating disuse atrophy. This perspective deals primarily with “simple atrophy” due to unloading. Nonetheless, it is likely that disuse is a pervasive contributor to muscle wasting associated with catabolic disease-related atrophy (i.e., due to associated sedentary behaviour of disease burden). Key knowledge gaps and challenges are identified to stimulate discussion and identify opportunities for translational research. Data from animal and human studies highlight both similarities and differences. Integrated preclinical and clinical research is encouraged to better understand the metabolic and molecular underpinnings and translational relevance,for disuse atrophy. These approaches are crucial to clinically prevent or reverse muscle atrophy, thereby reestablishing homeostasis and recovery.
FastSLAM Using Compressed Occupancy Grids
Authors: Cain Christopher , Leonessa Alexander
Published: July 2016

Robotic vehicles working in unknown environments require the ability to determine their location while learning about obstacles located around them. In this paper a method of solving the SLAM problem that makes use of compressed occupancy grids is presented. The presented approach is an extension of the FastSLAM algorithm which stores a compressed form of the occupancy grid to reduce the amount of memory required to store the set of occupancy grids maintained by the particle filter. The performance of the algorithm is presented using experimental results obtained using a small inexpensive ground vehicle equipped with LiDAR, compass, and downward facing camera that provides the vehicle with visual odometry measurements. The presented results demonstrate that although with our approach the occupancy grid maintained by each particle uses only40%of the data needed to store the uncompressed occupancy grid, we can still achieve almost identical results to the approach where each particle filter stores the full occupancy grid.
Arteria Lusoria: An Anomalous Finding during Right Transradial Coronary Intervention
Authors: Allen David , Bews Hilary , Vo Minh , Kass Malek , Jassal Davinder S. , Ravandi Amir
Published: July 2016

Arteria Lusoria or aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) is present in 0.6–1.4% of individuals. It typically remains clinically silent and is often discovered during angiographic procedures. The presence of ARSA can make a right transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty technically more difficult. With the use of catheter support, we describe two cases in which a right transradial approach for catheterization was successful in the setting of ARSA. As such, the presence of ARSA does not warrant abandoning a transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty.
Insulin Resistance and Obesity Affect Lipid Profile in the Salivary Glands
Authors: Matczuk Jan , Zalewska Anna , Łukaszuk Bartłomiej , Knaś Małgorzata , Maciejczyk Mateusz , Garbowska Marta , Ziembicka Dominika M. , Waszkiel Danuta , Chabowski Adrian , Żendzian-Piotrowska Małgorzata , Kurek Krzysztof
Published: July 2016

In today’s world wrong nutritional habits together with a low level of physical activity have given rise to the development of obesity and its comorbidity, insulin resistance. More specifically, many researches indicate that lipids are vitally involved in the onset of a peripheral tissue (e.g., skeletal muscle, heart, and liver) insulin resistance. Moreover, it seems that diabetes can also induce changes in respect of lipid composition of both the salivary glands and saliva. However, judging by the number of research articles, the salivary glands lipid profile still has not been sufficiently explored. In the current study we aim to assess the changes in the main lipid fractions, namely, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, free fatty acids, and diacylglycerols, in the parotid and the submandibular salivary glands of rats exposed to a 5-week high fat diet regimen. We observed that the high caloric fat diet caused a significant change in the salivary glands lipid composition, especially with respect to PH and TG, but not DAG or FFAs, classes. The observed reduction in PH concentration is an interesting phenomenon frequently signifying the atrophy and malfunctions in the saliva secreting organs. On the other hand, the increased accumulation of TG in the glands may be an important clinical manifestation of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Success and Recurrence Rate after Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Plantar Fasciopathy: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Malliaropoulos Nikos , Crate Georgina , Meke Maria , Korakakis Vasileios , Nauck Tanja , Lohrer Heinz , Padhiar Nat
Published: July 2016

Background and Aims. The exploration of an individualised protocol of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) for plantar fasciopathy, assessing success rates and the recurrence rate over a 1-year period after treatment, is not yet identified in literature.Methods and Results. Between 2006 and 2013, 68 patients (78 heels) were assessed for plantar fasciopathy. An individualised rESWT treatment protocol was applied and retrospectively analysed. Heels were analysed for mean number of shock wave impulses, mean pressure, and mean frequency applied. Significant mean pain reductions were assessed through Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) after 1-month, 3-month, and 1-year follow-up. Success rates were estimated as the percentage of patients having more than 60% VAS pain decrease at each follow-up. 1-year recurrence rate was estimated. The mean VAS score before treatment at 6.9 reduced to 3.6, 1 month after the last session, and to 2.2 and 0.9, after 3 months and 1 year, respectively. Success rates were estimated at 19% (1 month), 70% (3 months), and 98% (1 year). The 1-year recurrence rate was 8%. Moderate positive Spearman’s rho correlation (r=0.462,p<0.001) was found between pretreatment pain duration and the total number of rESWT sessions applied.Conclusions. Individualised rESWT protocol constitutes a suitable treatment for patients undergoing rESWT for plantar fasciitis.
White Matter Changes and Cognitive Decline in a Ten-Year Follow-Up Period: A Pilot Study on a Single-Center Cohort from the Leukoaraiosis and Disability Study
Authors: Madureira Sofia , Verdelho Ana , Moleiro Carla , Santos Catarina , Scheltens Philip , Gouw Alida , Ferro José
Published: July 2016

Aims: To describe the contribution of white matter lesions to the long-term neuropsychological profiles of different groups of clinical diagnoses, and to identify neuropsychological predictors of cognitive impairment in a 10-year follow-up. Methods: The Lisbon subcohort of the Leukoaraiosis and Disability (LADIS) study was re-evaluated performing a clinical, functional and cognitive evaluation [including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognition (ADAS-Cog) and ADAS-Cog with the extension for vascular impairment (VADAS-Cog), the 9-word version of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-9), the Trail-Making test and the Stroop test] as well as an MRI scan. Using clinical diagnostic criteria, participants were identified as having no cognitive impairment (NI), cognitive impairment but no dementia (CIND) or dementia (DEM), and the effect of time on clinical diagnosis and neuropsychological profiles was analyzed. Results: From the initial group of 66 participants, 37 out of 41 survivors (90%) were re-evaluated (mean age 81.40 years, 57% women). Fifteen patients (41%) had DEM, 12 (32%) CIND and 10 (27%) NI. Over time, the three groups presented distinct profiles in the MMSE [F2, 62 = 15.85, p = 0.000], ADAS [F2, 62 = 15.85, p = 0.000] and VADAS [F2, 48 = 5.87, p = 0.008]. Logistic regression analysis identified higher scores on MMSE (β = 1.14, p = 0.03, OR = 3.13, 95% CI 1.09-8.97) as predictors of NI after 10 years of follow-up. Conclusion: Higher scores on baseline MMSE were the only neuropsychological predictors of NI after 10 years.
Difference in Transcranial Doppler Velocity and Patient Age between Proximal and Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Vasospasms after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Kohama Misaki , Sugiyama Shinichiro , Sato Kenichi , Endo Hidenori , Niizuma Kuniyasu , Endo Toshiki , Ohta Makoto , Matsumoto Yasushi , Fujimura Miki , Tominaga Teiji
Published: July 2016

Background: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is used to monitor cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but its diagnostic ability is reported to be limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the diagnosability of TCD and the localization of the vasospasm. Methods: This retrospective study included 20 patients who presented with symptomatic vasospasm after SAH. All 20 patients underwent daily TCD examinations and cerebral angiography after the onset of delayed cerebral ischemia. We defined positive findings on TCD as a maximum flow velocity >200 cm/s or as a mean flow velocity >120 cm/s at the horizontal part of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). We also examined the site of vasospasm on cerebral angiography. Results: Fourteen patients had true-positive findings on TCD examination, and cerebral angiography showed diffuse vasospasm involving the horizontal segment of the MCA. However, 6 patients had false-negative findings on TCD examination, and cerebral angiography showed vasospasm localized at the distal part of the MCA (the insular and/or cortical segments). The patients with proximal vasospasm were significantly younger than those with distal vasospasm. Blood flow velocity at initial TCD and the increase in velocity at the onset of vasospasm were lower and smaller, respectively, in the distal vasospasm group. Conclusions: In patients with cerebral vasospasm localized at the distal part of the MCA, flow velocity at the horizontal segment of the MCA did not increase to the level we defined as positive. To avoid such false negatives, a slight increase in velocity on TCD should be considered as positive in distal vasospasm cases, especially in older patients.
Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Rennie Trijntje J.W. , Patton Andrea , Dreischulte Tobias , Bell Samira
Published: July 2016

Background: Incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), requiring dialysis, is on the rise globally and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Aim: This study is aimed at examining the incidence of AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the Tayside region of Scotland and the impact of RRT for AKI on morbidity, mortality and length of hospital stay. Methods: One hundred seventy eight patients (>18 years of age) who received acute RRT between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012 were retrospectively selected for inclusion in the longitudinal cohort study. Incidence rate was calculated. Length of hospital stay, likely cause of AKI, renal recovery and mortality data were collected for a follow-up period of 1 year or until death. Chi-square test was used to compare the morbidity and mortality data between subgroups. RRT-free survival and time-until-event (death or RRT) analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier plots. Cox-regression was used to examine the relationship between age, sex, diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) on survival. Results: Incidence of AKI requiring RRT was 430 per million population per year. Median length of hospital stay was 21 days. In-patient mortality was 36%, mortality at 90 days was 44% and at 1 year 54%. Median time from start of RRT until death or chronic RRT was 90 days (95% CI 14-166). One-year cumulative RRT-free survival was 26% in the ward, 36% in high dependency units and 48% in intensive care unit subgroups. Diabetes, gender and CKD at baseline did not affect RRT-free survival in the cohort being studied. A quarter of the cohort regained full renal function and 15% of survivors were on a chronic dialysis programme at 1 year. Conclusions: This study gives a comprehensive summary of renal outcomes and mortality after a single episode of AKI requiring RRT. The findings of the study confirm that dialysis-dependent AKI is associated with increased length of hospital stay, high mortality and loss of renal function long term, emphasizing the importance of recognition, classification and prevention of AKI.
Impact of a Delayed Laparoscopic Appendectomy on the Risk of Complications in Acute Appendicitis: A Retrospective Study of 4,065 Patients
Authors: Kim Hyun Kyu , Kim Yong-Seok , Lee Soo Ho , Lee Han Hong
Published: July 2016

Background: Urgent surgery performed for appendicitis is hypothesized to avoid complications such as perforation or abscess. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the timing of surgery on the complications of laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods: A retrospective review of 4,065 patients who underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy was conducted. The demographic data, time of presentation, physical findings, diagnostic data and complications were recorded. The patients were divided into 4 groups (Group A, 0-6 h; Group B, 6-12 h; Group C, 12-18 h; Group D, over 18 h) based on the time elapsed from the evaluation at the emergency room to the appendectomy. Results: Group A consisted of 2,084 (51.3%) patients, Group B consisted of 1,553 (38.2%) patients, Group C consisted of 388 (9.5%) patients and Group D consisted of 40 (1.8%) patients. A perforated appendicitis was observed in 560 (13.8%) patients. Postoperative complications developed in 293 (7.2%) patients. No significant differences in perforation and postoperative complications were observed between the 4 groups. Conclusion: The timing of surgery did not affect the incidence of complications or perforated appendicitis.
Reaching-related Neurons in Superior Parietal Area 5: Influence of the Target Visibility
Authors: Brunamonti Emiliano , Genovesio Aldo , Pani Pierpaolo , Caminiti Roberto , Ferraina Stefano
Published: July 2016

Reaching movements require the integration of both somatic and visual information. These signals can have different relevance, depending on whether reaches are performed toward visual or memorized targets. We tested the hypothesis that under such conditions, therefore depending on target visibility, posterior parietal neurons integrate differently somatic and visual signals. Monkeys were trained to execute both types of reaches from different hand resting positions and in total darkness. Neural activity was recorded in Area 5 (PE) and analyzed by focusing on the preparatory epoch, that is, before movement initiation. Many neurons were influenced by the initial hand position, and most of them were further modulated by the target visibility. For the same starting position, we found a prevalence of neurons with activity that differed depending on whether hand movement was performed toward memorized or visual targets. This result suggests that posterior parietal cortex integrates available signals in a flexible way based on contextual demands.
Visual Category Learning Results in Rapid Changes in Brain Activation Reflecting Sensitivity to the Category Relation between Perceived Objects and to Decision Correctness
Authors: Hammer Rubi , Sloutsky Vladimir
Published: July 2016

Little is known about the time scales in which sensitivity to novel category identity may become evident in visual and executive cortices in visual category learning (VCL) tasks and the nature of such changes in brain activation. We used fMRI to investigate the processing of category information and trial-by-trial feedback information. In each VCL task, stimuli differed in three feature dimensions. In each trial, either two same-category stimuli or two different-categories stimuli were presented. The participant had to learn which feature dimension was relevant for categorization based on the feedback that followed each categorization decision. We contrasted between same-category stimuli trials and different-category trials and between correct and incorrect categorization decision trials. In each trial, brain activation in the visual stimuli processing phase was modeled separately from activation during the later feedback processing phase. We found activation in the lateral occipital complex, indicating sensitivity to the category relation between stimuli, to be evident in VCL within only few learning trials. Specifically, greater lateral occipital complex activation was evident when same-category stimuli were presented than when different-category stimuli were presented. In the feedback processing phase, greater activation in both executive and visual cortices was evident primarily after “misdetections” of same-category stimuli. Implications regarding the contribution of different learning trials to VCL, and the respective role of key brain regions, at the onset of VCL, are discussed.
Cumulative effects of body size and social experience on aggressive behaviour in a subsocial bee
Authors: Withee Jacob R. , Rehan Sandra M.
Published: July 2016

Dominance hierarchies represent some of nature’s most rudimentary social structures, and aggression is key to their establishment in many animal species. Previous studies have focused on the relative influences of prior experience and physiological traits of individuals in determining social rank through aggression. Here we examine the behavioural potential for dominance hierarchy formation in the subsocial small carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata. Both physiological traits and social experience were found to play partial roles in predicting future interactive behaviour in this species. Our results suggest that individual size is associated with dominance in initial encounters, while prior experience plays a larger role in predicting dominance in subsequent encounters. Social systems in the early stages of social evolution may well have followed these same predictive factors and these factors are key targets for future studies of social evolution and the behavioural origins of dominance hierarchies.
un Peacekeeping and the International Men and Women of the Ghana Armed Forces
Authors: Clune John V.
Published: July 2016

This article argues that after 1973, participation in United Nations peacekeeping operations abroad enabled Ghanaian military personnel and their families to employ the infrastructure of international military cooperation to form an alternate global identity that was not simply larger than the nation-state. Ghanaian military families found the experiences of international military education and peacekeeping personally rewarding, but they also connected Ghanaians to global communities while weakening some national bonds. International military service provided Ghanaian families alternate strategies to negotiate economic insecurity in ways that strikingly resemble other diaspora communities, with an essential difference: in this case, Ghanaian soldiers families’ transnational identity still depended on functioning state agencies and international diplomatic processes to facilitate their travel.
New record of the genus Peramphithoe Conlan & Bousfield, 1982 (Amphipoda: Ampithoidae) from Brazilian coast, with description of a new species
Authors: SOUZA-FILHO JESSER F. , GUEDES-SILVA ELKÊNITA , SENNA ANDRÉ R.
Published: July 2016

A new species Peramphithoe conlanae sp. nov. is described from Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Northeast Brazil. The new species is characterized by the morphology of male gnathopod 1 coxa with anteroventral corner acute, palm transverse bearing a robust seta on the palmar corner and dactylus 2 × palm length, gnathopod 2 with propodus oval, palm extremely acute, concave and lacking processes or robust setae, pereopods 5 and 6 with merus and carpus inflated. This paper increases the number of described species in the genus to 22. It is the first record of the genus Peramphithoe from Brazilian waters.
Studies in Australian Tettigoniidae: A review of the Australian katydids of the genus Goodangarkia (Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae; Agraeciini; Liarina)
Authors: RENTZ DCF , SU YOU NING , UESHIMA NORIHIRO , WILSON GW
Published: July 2016

Six species in Goodangarkia are described. Information on the distribution. ecology and cytology of species is presented. An unusual characteristic of cranial stridulation of one species is noted. Cytological evidence suggests the chromosome complement of species are more basal than those from Africa for example.
The first record of Baccharis L. (Asteraceae) as a host-plant genus for Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera), with description of new Stigmella species from South America
Authors: STONIS JONAS R. , DIŠKUS ARŪNAS , REMEIKIS ANDRIUS , REMEIKIS ANDRIUS , DAVIS DONALD R. , SOLIS M. ALMA , TORRES NIXON CUMBICUS
Published: July 2016

We record the first Nepticulidae species found to feed on Baccharis L. (Asteraceae). Despite the high species richness of Baccharis in the Western Hemisphere, no nepticulid has ever been recorded feeding on Baccharis. In this paper we describe six new Stigmella Schrank species feeding on Baccharis: S. emarginatae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. bipartita Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. tripartita Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. latifoliae Remeikis, Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., S. baccharicola Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., and S. confertae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. The remaining two taxa are left unnamed. All taxa are illustrated with photographs of adults, their genitalia, and their leaf-mines. Additionally, leaf-mines on Baccharis salicifolia are documented.
Radar Observation of Evaporation and Implications for Quantitative Precipitation and Cooling Rate Estimation
Authors: Xie Xinxin , Evaristo Raquel , Troemel Silke , Saavedra Pablo , Simmer Clemens , Ryzhkov Alexander
Published: July 2016

This study analyzes radar observations of evaporation in rain and investigates its impact on surface rainfall and atmospheric cooling rates. A 1D model is used to examine the impact of raindrop evaporation on the evolution of the initial raindrop size distribution (DSD), the resulting reflectivity (Z), and differential reflectivity (ZDR) and surface rain rates. Raindrop evaporation leads to a decrease of Z and an increase of ZDR toward the surface because of the depletion of small raindrops that evaporate first and thus enhance the mean raindrop size. The latter effect, however, can be reduced because of the increasing temperature toward the surface and may even lead to a decrease of ZDR toward the surface. Two events with significant rain evaporation, observed simultaneously by a polarimetric X-band radar and a K-band Micro Rain Radar (MRR), offer quite detailed insight into the evaporation process. During the first event, which exhibits an initial ZDR > 1.5 dB in the upper rain column, raindrops undergo relatively weak evaporation as deduced from the decrease of the small raindrop fraction observed by the MRR. The second event is characterized by a lower initial ZDR < 0.5 dB with all raindrops evaporating before reaching the ground. A retrieval scheme for estimating the evaporation-related cooling rate and surface precipitation from polarimetric radar observations below the bright band is derived based on MRR observations. The algorithm is then used to simulate polarimetric X-band radar observations, which might mitigate uncertainties in the surface rainfall retrievals due to evaporation at far distances from the radars and in the case of beam blocking.
The Origin of Western European Warm-Season Prefrontal Convergence Lines
Authors: Dahl Johannes M. L. , Fischer Jannick
Published: July 2016

The authors investigate the origin of prefrontal, warm-season convergence lines over western Europe using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. These lines form east of the cold front in the warm sector of an extratropical cyclone, and they are frequently the focus for convective development. It is shown that these lines are related to a low-level thermal ridge that accompanies the base of an elevated mixed layer (EML) plume generated over the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa. Using Q-vector diagnostics, including the components that describe scalar and rotational quasigeostrophic frontogenesis, it is shown that the convergence line is associated with the rearrangement of the isentropes especially at the western periphery of the EML plume. The ascending branch of the resulting ageostrophic circulation coincides with the surface velocity convergence. The modeling results are supported by a 3-yr composite analysis of cold fronts with and without preceding convergence lines using NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis-1 data.
An Update on the Status of Sponsored Research in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Martens Matthew P. , Herman Keith C. , Takamatsu Stephanie K. , Schmidt Lexi R. , Herring Tracy E. , Labuschagne Zandre , McAfee Nicholas W.
Published: July 2016

Prior research has indicated that relative to other specialty areas in psychology, counseling psychology researchers are less likely to engage in research activities sponsored by external funding agencies. The primary purposes of this article were to address external funding in the counseling psychology profession and to compare the rates of articles published in the premier counseling psychology research journal ( Journal of Counseling Psychology [ JCP]) that reported external funding to other specialty areas’ premier research journals. Between 2007 and 2011, articles in JCP were less likely than those in other journals to report external funding and less likely to report research designs associated with external sponsorship. Post hoc analyses indicated that articles in a leading vocational research journal also had relatively low rates of external funding, and counseling psychology faculty members were less likely than peers in other programs to report external funding. The implications of these findings for the field are discussed.
Self-Efficacy in a Relational World
Authors: Lent Robert W.
Published: July 2016

Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory offers a remarkably flexible framework for understanding many issues of practical concern to counseling and vocational psychology. In this article, the author provides an overview of several efforts to extend social cognitive theory to the contexts of career and personal development. These have included the development of a set of social cognitive career theory (SCCT) models aimed at understanding various aspects of career and academic development. In another offshoot and extension of social cognitive theory, the author and his colleagues have explored how self-efficacy, in particular, develops and is revised in an interpersonal context. Though the latter work has thus far received less empirical attention in counseling psychology than SCCT, the “relational efficacy model” may have the potential to aid understanding of the growth-promoting functions of relationships that are of particular interest to the field, such as those involving client–therapist and supervisee–supervisor dyads.
Caught between restrictions and freedom: Narrative biographies shed light on how gendered structures and processes affect the drop-out of females from universities
Authors: Haas Marita
Published: July 2016

This article focuses on the topic of gender segregation at universities in German-speaking countries. It addresses the question how the interrelation of organizational structures and individual biographies leads to the drop-out of females during their PhD. Moreover, it contributes to the understanding of how these drop-outs are embedded in gendered organizational structures and processes. A case study approach is applied in order to gain a deeper understanding of the crucial mentor–mentee relationship at this career stage. The detailed reconstruction of narrative biographies shows how a young female researcher faces too many restrictions and too much freedom at the same time. Results revealed how the female junior is highly dependent on the male senior and that specific assignments of how and with whom to work impact her career development. At the same time, the evaluation of the junior’s work is based on the stereotypical picture of an autonomous scientist who produces excellent research results without senior interference. Findings are explained in line with the theory of trajectory curves, and demonstrate the long-term and complex process of the unplanned drop-out of a female researcher in a male-dominated environment with gendered structures and processes.
Stepping into the global: Turkish professionals, employment in transnational corporations, and aspiration to transnational forms of cultural capital
Authors: Erkmen T Deniz
Published: July 2016

This article explores the narratives of professionals from Turkey working in transnational corporations to contribute to discussions of new middle classes and global stratification focusing on emerging forms of cultural capital in the domain of the transnational business field. Analyzing respondents’ narratives about their careers, it argues that as these professionals try to differentiate themselves within the neoliberal market, transnational corporations structure the access to transnational forms of social and cultural capital, including a cosmopolitan self-narrative, and work as a means of institutionalizing distinction at the global level. As such, this article contributes to discussions on emerging cultural capitals as well as cosmopolitanism as cultural capital and emphasizes the transnationalization of class distinction strategies of the new middle classes in Turkey as it situates these strategies within a stratified neoliberal global market.
Good moral panics? Normative ambivalence, social reaction, and coexisting responsibilities in everyday life
Authors: Hier Sean
Published: July 2016

This article breaks the silence on the politically progressive characteristics of a moral panic. In contrast to the tacit scholarly consensus that moral panics entail regressively conservative social reactions to putative harms, moral panics are alternatively conceptualized as normatively ambivalent operations of power. The article builds on continuing efforts to conceptualize moral panic as a form of moral regulation by explaining how moral panics are capable of perpetuating as well as disrupting and potentially even reversing the norms of intelligibility that buttress hegemonic understandings of, and moral responsiveness to, violence, injustice, suffering, and harm.
‘A Heavy Blue Pencil’: The Effect of Government Censorship on Reuters Coverage of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1967–73
Authors: Goodman Giora
Published: July 2016

Government restrictions on reporting war and conflict have been the subject of much public and historic debate in two world wars and ever since. This article explores government press censorship in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Israel during the late 1960s and early 1970s, in respect of international media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict. By examining the work of the Reuters news agency, the important international provider of media information, it assesses the impact on foreign reporting of government prepublication censoring systems and other forms of press restriction. It demonstrates that formal censoring of news became an increasingly hard task due to the availability and incessant development of alternative routes of news transfer. Nevertheless, it also shows that restrictions on press access and news gathering remained effectual, as did the general need to stay on terms with governments, especially in authoritarian states.
Shaping the Future of Sociology: The Challenge of Interdisciplinarity beyond the Social Sciences
Authors: Lyle Kate
Published: July 2016

Despite the increasing push towards interdisciplinarity across the physical and social sciences, little is known about the realities of working across such diverse disciplinary boundaries. This article provides empirical insight into the challenges of collaboration from the perspective of a sociologist working on an interdisciplinary project focused on developing a medical device. Findings suggest the effective contribution of sociological research is affected by the framing of interdisciplinary projects. From the beginning, the project pursued a narrow framing focused on scientific development, pushing the sociological research outside the relevance of the project. Reframing is negotiated in shared spaces between disciplines, and fieldwork became important in reframing the project to include the sociological research. However, without commitment to addressing a societal problem, it was impossible for sociology to contribute effectively. Sociologists embarking on similar endeavours should ensure there is shared commitment towards a social issue to prevent the marginalization of sociological research.
The Moral Economy of Electoralism and the Rise of Populism in the Philippines and Thailand
Authors: Thompson Mark R.
Published: July 2016

In the Philippines and Thailand, two radically different “tales of democracy” are told: an elitist national narrative critiquing electoral “corruption” epitomized by vote buying and a local interpretation of elections in which politicians are judged according to the extent to which they benefit voters’ community and affirm poor people’s self-worth. The disadvantaged population’s community-based, mutualist voting behavior can be understood as a “moral economy of electoralism.” With the rise of populism under Joseph E. Estrada in the Philippines and Thaksin Shinawatra in Thailand, this electoral moral economy, previously hidden at the local level, appeared “center stage” in both countries, directly challenging elites. Under the guise of corruption charges, both Estrada in the Philippines and Thaksin in Thailand were overthrown despite continued strong support from less well-off voters. With the relative success of an elite “reformist” president in the Philippines, Benigno S. Aquino III, the populist “threat” has receded in the Philippines (although a neo-authoritarian challenge looms). But Thaksin’s electoral invulnerability led elites to back military rule aiming to postpone elections until their impact has been enervated through constitutional “reforms,” showing how strong the now nationalized moral economy of electoralism has become in Thailand.
Comparison of Caring Ability Between Chinese and American Nursing Students
Authors: Cheng Li , Liu Yilan , Ke Yuye , Wang Wenru
Published: July 2016

This descriptive comparative study aimed to compare caring ability between Chinese and American nursing students. A survey was conducted in 544 Chinese and 109 American nursing students using Caring Ability Inventory and socio-demographic data sheet. The results indicated that the Chinese nursing students reported significantly lower scores in the Caring Ability Inventory total and three subscales ( p < .001) compared with their American counterpart. Years of program and number of siblings were factors affecting the Caring Ability Inventory scores among Chinese students ( p < .05), whereas program, marital status, prior work experience, and gender were found to influence the Caring Ability Inventory scores of American students ( p < .05). Some gaps and differences between the Chinese and America nursing students’ caring ability were identified. Nurse educator should leverage the influencing factors to strengthen the caring ability of nursing students in both countries.
‘State Bureaucrats’ and ‘Those NGO People’: Promoting the idea of civil society, hindering the state
Authors: Drążkiewicz-Grodzicka Elżbieta
Published: July 2016

One of the characteristics of Polish foreign aid is its focus on the ‘transition experience’ and civil society. This specific celebration of the ‘Polish success story’ contrasts sharply with public debates that frequently criticise the weaknesses of Polish civil society and the difficulties in state – non-state relations. The Polish Aid apparatus itself is not immune to these problems, often exhibiting antagonistic relations between NGOs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. By looking at the relations linking these stakeholders this text aims to analyse relations between the ‘state’ and ‘civil society’ in Poland. As the text demonstrates, complicated contemporary relations between NGOs and the State are first the outcome of the country’s troubled history of civil society, and an inheritance of the Solidarity movement when the concept of civil society was built on the idea of opposition to the state. Second, the anti-state attitude characterising contemporary organisations was also fostered by foreign institutions, which supported the Solidarity movement in its efforts to overturn the socialist regime in Poland, and later in the 1990s, became the strongest proponents of civil society and NGOs. Finally, these pre-existing historical conditions for the strong polarisation of NGOs and state institutions are now additionally reinforced by the ‘professionalization’ and ‘institutionalisation’ of NGOs. However, the uncritical promotion of ‘Western standards’ exhibited in the ideals of transparency and audit culture, rather than generating positive change only antagonises NGOs and state institutions. The ultimate effect of this process is that NGOs become more and more obsessed with bureaucratic modes of operating, and start to resemble state institutions. Effectively, NGOs risk losing their identity which is so strongly built on the non-governmental aspect of their work. Effectively, the perpetuation of the state/non-State opposition becomes a strategy which allows this separate identity to be maintained and NGOs status to remain unchallenged.
Natural kinds, psychiatric classification and the history of the DSM
Authors: Tsou Jonathan Y
Published: July 2016

This paper addresses philosophical issues concerning whether mental disorders are natural kinds and how the DSM should classify mental disorders. I argue that some mental disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, depression) are natural kinds in the sense that they are natural classes constituted by a set of stable biological mechanisms. I subsequently argue that a theoretical and causal approach to classification would provide a method for classifying natural kinds that is superior to the purely descriptive approach adopted by the DSM since DSM-III. My argument suggests that the DSM should classify natural kinds in order to provide predictively useful (i.e. projectable) diagnostic categories and that a causal approach to classification would provide a more promising method for formulating valid diagnostic categories.
On Ethnographic Knowledge
Authors: Atkinson Paul , Morriss Lisa
Published: July 2016

We discuss the kinds and degrees of competence that the ethnographer needs to acquire. We consider the “unique adequacy” postulate, proposed by ethnomethodologists, that suggests that in the study of esoteric or specialized domains, the researcher needs to acquire or have previously acquired competence themselves. We suggest that this deserves more critical and nuanced scrutiny, not least given the impossibility of having prior competence in all aspects of a complex organization or activity. We also suggest that we need a more delicate appreciation of types of competence and, hence, of ethnographic knowledge. There is no single prescription, but a more thorough appreciation of the sociology of knowledge will inform ethnographic practice and methodological commentary.
The Politics of Rebuilding Chinese Sociology in 1980s
Authors: Hsiung Ping-Chun
Published: July 2016

Chinese sociology was denounced and abolished as “bourgeois science” for more than a quarter of a century (1952-1979). This article examines the politics of rebuilding Chinese sociology. Examining lectures, reports, and essays associated with the first three officially approved research projects (1981-1986), I clarify why the quantitative paradigm was embraced by sociologists at the expense of qualitative inquiry. With the introduction of survey questionnaire methods from the West and the making of sociological knowledge “useful” within China, sociology rebuilt its disciplinary identity and legitimacy. Based upon my analysis, I lay out three thematic issues essential to a critical, decentered approach in qualitative research.
“There Were Rapes!”: Sexual Assaults of African American Women and Children in Jim Crow
Authors: Thompson-Miller Ruth , Picca Leslie H.
Published: July 2016

Using data from 92 interviews, this article examines the narratives of African Americans’ experiences as children and young adults during Jim Crow in the Southeast and Southwest. It gives voice to the realities of sexual assaults committed by ordinary White men who systematically terrorized African American families with impunity after the post-Reconstruction south until the 1960s. The interviewees discuss the short- and long-term impact of physical, mental, emotional, and sexual assaults in their communities. We discuss the top four prevalent themes that emerged related to sexual assault, specifically (a) the normalization of sexual assaults, (b) protective measures to avoid White violence, (c) the morality of African American women, and (d) the long-term consequences of assaults on children.
Gender Equality, Patriarchal Cultural Norms, and Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence: Comparison of Male University Students in Asian and European Cultural Contexts
Authors: Ozaki Reiko , Otis Melanie D.
Published: July 2016

This study examined the relationship between patriarchal cultural norms and violence perpetration by male partners using a subsample of university students in Asia ( n = 784) and Europe ( n = 575) from the International Dating Violence Study (IDVS) data set. Bivariate analyses indicated Asian students scored significantly higher than Europeans on dominance, hostility to women, jealousy, negative attribution, and violence approval as well as perpetration of severe physical assault in dating relationships. Logistic regression models demonstrated that dominance and violence approval were significant predictors of severe physical and psychological aggression against dating partners. Implications for culturally relevant programming for intimate partner violence prevention are discussed.
Rape and Mental Health Outcomes Among Women: Examining the Moderating Effects of “Healthy” Fear Levels
Authors: Spohn Ryan , Wright Emily M. , Peterson Johanna C.
Published: July 2016

This study examined the mediating and moderating impact of fear of victimization on the relationships between forcible and vicarious rape on depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among college women. Forcible and vicarious rape positively affected PTSD and depression symptomology, but fear did not mediate these relationships. Fear moderated the impact of forcible rape on PTSD, but was not a moderator for depression. Findings suggest that there may be “healthy” levels of fear in the aftermath of victimization where having too little fear may leave women unnecessarily vulnerable to victimization, while having too much fear may lead to social isolation and withdrawal.
Video in Sociomaterial Investigations
Authors: Hindmarsh Jon , Llewellyn Nick
Published: July 2016

This article considers the application of video-based research to address methodological challenges for organizational scholars concerned with the sociomaterial foundations to work practice. In particular the claim that “all practices are always sociomaterial” raises a “problem of relevance”—that is, on what grounds can we select material to include in the analytic account when there is a vast array of material in each setting? Furthermore, how can we grasp the sociality of material objects that are often taken for granted and that drift in and out of view? We address these methodological questions drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, and by making use of video recordings of everyday work and organizing. We demonstrate the approach with data from two service settings and explore the analysis both of single cases and collections. To conclude, the article considers the distinctive contributions that these video-based studies have for our understanding of sociomateriality and organizational practice more generally.
A Bayesian recursive framework for ball-bearing damage classification in rotating machinery
Authors: Mao Zhu , Todd Michael D
Published: July 2016

Extracting damage-sensitive features plays an important role in all structural health monitoring applications, as it determines the metrics on which to base decision-making with regard to operation, maintenance, damage state, and so on. This article adopts the widely employed frequency response function, both its magnitude and phase, as the selected feature source and demonstrates how the damage types and locations are able to be classified by means of Bayesian recursive confidence updating. The features are estimated from the in situ acquired vibration data on a rotating machinery test-bed, and the probabilistic models that quantify feature uncertainty are the likelihood functions in a Bayesian framework, which informs the most plausible decisions based on the collected evidence. The damage classification effort in this article specifically calculates the posterior probability, considering the prior and likelihood of data observations; posterior probabilities are then fed back as prior probabilities in the next iteration as new test data are observed. There are three ball-bearing damage conditions applied to the rotary machine test-bed, and the correct model representing the correct damage types will be selected by the model with the maximum posterior confidence. Classification via posterior probability is shown in this article to outperform traditional likelihood evaluations, and the Bayesian recursive implementation distinguishes all three conditions in this work.