bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Skin Expansion to Repair Cosmetic Defects in Animals
Authors: MADISON JOHN B. , DONAWICK WILLIAM J. , JOHNSTON DUDLEY E. , ORSINI ROGER A.
Published: February 2008

Skin expansion was used in three horses, one heifer, and one dog to aid in the repair of cosmetic defects. Skin expansion was produced by inserting an expandable silicone device sub‐cutaneously and gradually inflating the device with saline. Skin expansion allowed skin to be mobilized and sutured over cosmetic defects without excessive tension. A successful outcome was achieved in four of the five cases reported here. In one animal, two attempts to create a pocket for a silicone prosthesis failed because the expanders ruptured. Complications included implant failure, wound dehiscence, and exposure of an expander. Skin expansion can be used to enable closure of skin defects in areas where skin tension usually precludes repair by local transposition.
Significance of the Heineke‐Mikulicz Pyloroplasty in the Treatment of Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: GREENFIELD CATHY L. , WALSHAW RICHARD , THOMAS MICHAEL W.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐six dogs with gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV) were stabilized medically, followed by tube gastrostomy and gastropexy. In 13 dogs, a Heineke‐Mikulicz pyloroplasty was also performed. Complications and recurrences were monitored during the immediate postoperative period and for 5 to 31 months thereafter. Barium gastrograms and contrast radiographs of the stomach were evaluated at week 1 and months 5 to 31. Significantly fewer dogs without pyloroplasty had complications during the immediate postoperative period. There were no differences in the long‐term complication rates. Radiographic evaluations of the width of the pylorus, the size of the stomach, and the rate of gastric emptying showed no differences between dogs with and without pyloroplasty at any evaluation period. The Heineke‐Mikulicz pyloroplasty increased the immediate postoperative complication rate after surgical fixation of the stomach for the treatment of GDV. It did not appear to influence the long‐term outcome of the surgical treatment of this disease. The Heineke‐Mikulicz pyloroplasty is not recommended in the treatment of GDV unless pyloric outflow obstruction can be demonstrated.
Metoclopramide Reversal of Decreased Gastrointestinal Myoelectric and Contractile Activity in a Model of Canine Postoperative Ileus
Authors: GRAVES GLENN M. , BECHT JAMES L. , RAWLINGS CLARENCE A.
Published: February 2008

Postoperative ileus is characterized by decreased gastrointestinal myoelectric activity and motility. Metoclopramide was used to treat experimentally induced postoperative ileus in six dogs. Contractile activity was monitored by extraluminal strain gages on the pyloric antrum and proximal segment of the duodenum, and myoelectric activity was measured by recording bipolar electromyograms (EMGs) at the pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, proximal segment of the duodenum, proximal and distal parts of the jejunum, and ileum. Measurements were obtained from animals without ileus (baseline) and those with ileus that were either untreated or treated with metoclopramide. Adynamic ileus was induced by rubbing a 50 cm segment of jejunum with a dry sponge for 5 minutes and exposing the bowel to the air for 30 minutes. Treated dogs received metoclopramide (0.4 mg/kg 4 times daily [QID] intravenously [IV]), whereas untreated dogs received a saline placebo, starting 1 hour after celiotomy closure. Recordings were made for 26 hours after induction of ileus. The phases of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) were identified and motility index values were determined. During ileus, the MMC phase II duration was increased at the duodenum and phase III duration was decreased at the antrum, pylorus, duodenum, and proximal segment of the jejunum (p < 0.05). Motility index values were decreased at the antrum and duodenum during ileus (p < 0.05). Treatment with metoclopramide reversed the MMC phase III inhibition at the antrum and pylorus, and partially reversed the inhibition at the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05). Motility index values were restored to preoperative baseline values with metoclopramide treatment (p < 0.05). Metoclopramide treatment may be beneficial in the treatment of canine postoperative ileus by increasing myoelectric and contractile activity of the proximal gastrointestinal tract.
Hepaticojejunostomy for Treatment of Common Hepatic Duct Obstructions Associated with Duodenal Stenosis in Two Foals
Authors: ORSINI JAMES A. , DONAWICK WILLIAM J.
Published: February 2008

Two female Standardbred foals 2 and 3 months of age were presented with signs of gastroduodenal obstruction that was confirmed with contrast radiography and exploratory surgery. Ventral midline celiotomy was performed, showing stenosis of the duodenum proximal and distal to the hepatopancreatic ampulla. The common hepatic duct, the pancreatic duct, and the sigmoid section of the duodenum proximal to the stenosis were greatly dilated. To bypass the intestinal obstruction, a side‐to‐side duodenojejunostomy was performed. Obstruction of the common hepatic duct was relieved by side‐to‐side hepaticojejunostomy. In addition, jejunojejunostomy was performed distal to the other anastomoses. Both foals recovered. On admission, the foals' total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma glutamyl transferase levels were greatly elevated. During the subsequent 6 to 8 months, they returned to normal. Six months after the first surgery, one foal was readmitted with an acute abdominal crisis. At surgery, there was greater than 360° clockwise rotation of the mesenteric root involving most of the jejunum. At necropsy, the previously created stomas were patent. The liver and bile duct were grossly and histologically normal. The second foal continues to progress normally 12 months after surgery.
Comparison of Adhesive Polyurethane Membrane and Polypropylene Sutures for Closure of Skin Incisions in Cats
Authors: COURT MICHAEL H. , BELLENGER CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: February 2008

Paired skin incisions were made on each side of four cats and closed with either interrupted polypropylene sutures or adhesive polyurethane membrane. The healing of these wounds was compared by gross appearance, break strength determination, and histologic examination. The adhesive polyurethane membranes were quicker and easier to apply, producing a more uniform closure than sutures both clinically and histologically. They adhered strongly to the skin, supporting more wound length than sutures for the first 7 days. There were no differences in break strength between closure techniques. Histologically, the wounds closed with adhesive polyurethane membrane were characterized by a milder inflammatory reaction and greater vascular infiltration than sutured wounds, especially early in the healing period.
Calcinosis Circumscripta Associated with Polydioxanone Suture in Two Young Dogs
Authors: KIRBY BARBARA M. , KNOLL JOYCE S. , MANLEY PAUL A. , MILLER LISA M.
Published: February 2008

Calcinosis circumscripta associated with polydioxanone suture material was diagnosed in two young dogs. In each case, the owner noticed a firm mass at the site of a previous surgical incision. Mineralization of soft tissues was visible radiographically. At excision, multiple chalky white nodular masses within the subcutis extended in a linear pattern the length of the sutured incision, but not beyond it. Polydioxanone suture was identified within the center of the nodules, which were identified histologically as calcinosis circumscripta.
Use of the Cobra Head Bone Plate for Distal Long Bone Fractures in Large Animals A Report of Four Cases
Authors: KIRKER‐HEAD CARL A. , FACKELMAN GUSTAVE E.
Published: February 2008

Four long bone fractures with a short distal fragment were repaired with a cobra head bone plate alone (2 cattle) or in combination with a straight, broad dynamic compression plate (2 horses). Three fractures were of the distal femur (1 horse, 2 cattle) and one was of the distal radius (1 horse). The long‐term outcome of the three femoral fractures was soundness in one case and mild lameness in two. Although satisfactory bone healing progressed in the horse with the radial fracture, laminitis in the contralateral forelimb necessitated euthanasia at week 6.
Anesthesia in the Llama
Authors: RIEBOLD T. W. , KANEPS A. J. , SCHMOTZER W. B.
Published: February 2008

Anesthesia for llamas is similar to other domestic species, although adjustments in technique are required to allow for species variations. Xylazine (0.4‐0.6 mg/kg) is well tolerated for sedation. The thiobarbiturates (8–10 mg/kg), ketamine (2.5‐5.0 mg/kg), or combinations of guaifenesin and thiobarbiturates or guaifenesin and ketamine (to effect) can be used for induction of anesthesia. In juvenile or debilitated animals, anesthesia can be induced with halo‐thane or isoflurane administered by mask. After tracheal intubation, anesthesia can be maintained with the inhalation agents, usually halothane or isoflurane. Supportive therapy and many anesthetic monitoring techniques used in domestic animals can be used in llamas. While under marginal planes of anesthesia, llamas can have more active physiologic responses to pain, including bradycardia and vasoconstriction, than domestic animals. Llamas are more prone to airway obstruction after tracheal extubation than domestic ruminants but otherwise recover as well from general anesthesia as domestic ruminants.
Abdominal Adhesions after Small Intestinal Surgery in the Horse
Authors: BAXTER G. M. , BROOME T. E. , MOORE J. N.
Published: February 2008

One hundred thirteen of 172 horses (66%) undergoing exploratory celiotomy for a small intestinal lesion survived 4 or more days after surgery. Intra‐abdominal adhesions causing clinical problems requiring additional surgery or euthanasia were documented in 25 horses (22.1%). Problems developed in significantly more males than females. The most common initial small bowel lesion was ileal impaction (12 horses); 21 horses underwent small intestinal resection or bypass. However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of intra‐abdominal adhesions between horses that underwent intestinal resection or bypass and those that did not. Only 4 of the 25 horses (16%) with problems associated with postoperative adhesions survived. The mean interval between surgical procedures or between the initial procedure and euthanasia for all horses was 84 days (range, 7–512 days; median, 25 days). However, 70% of the subsequent celiotomies were performed within 60 days of the previous surgery. The mean interval between celiotomies was 221 days (range, 9–512 days) for the survivors and 61 days (range, 7–358 days) for the nonsurvivors. These results indicated that most of the problems related to postoperative intra‐abdominal adhesions occurred within 2 months of the initial small intestinal surgery. Furthermore, the earlier development of postoperative adhesions was associated with a poorer prognosis for survival.
Survival after Small Intestine Resection and Anastomosis in Horses
Authors: MACDONALD MELINDA H. , PASCOE JOHN R. , STOVER SUSAN M. , MEAGHER DENNIS M.
Published: February 2008

The authors examined factors influencing survival in 140 horses that recovered from anesthesia after small intestinal resection between 1968 and 1986, using Kaplan‐Meier estimated survival curves and the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Seventy‐two horses (51%) died during the initial postoperative period, 19 horses (14%) died after discharge from the hospital, 33 horses (24%) were alive, and 16 horses (11%) were classified as censored. Mean age at surgery was 8 years. Horses 15 years of age or older, Arabians and Stallions, were overrepresented in the hospital population. The most common reason for resection was strangulation of bowel through a mesenteric rent. The mean and 50% median survival times were 1540 and 27 days, respectively. Horses admitted after January 1, 1980, had a significantly longer survival than those admitted before that time. Survival was longer after anastomosis of two small intestinal segments than after anastomosis of a small intestinal segment to the cecum; however, the length of bowel resected and the method of anastomosis had no demonstrable influence on survival. Of the variables studied, the heart rates at presentation and 24 hours after surgery were the most accurate predictors of survival.
Nuclear Medical Bone Imaging and Targeted Radiography for Evaluation of Skeletal Neoplasms in 23 Dogs
Authors: PARCHMAN MARK B. , FLANDERS JAMES A. , ERB HOLLIS N. , WALLACE ROBERT , KALLFELZ FRANCIS A.
Published: February 2008

Nuclear medical bone imaging was used in combination with targeted radiography to detect metastatic or multicentric lesions in 23 dogs with skeletal neoplasms. Each dog with a radio‐graphically diagnosed skeletal neoplasm was injected with Technetium‐99m labeled methylene diphosphonate (99mTc‐MDP) (15.0 mCi intravenously) for whole body imaging. All areas with increased uptake of 99mTc‐MDP were radiographed. In 19 dogs, the amount of bone shaft involvement in primary sites indicated by bone imaging was larger than the amount indicated by radiography. Eighteen dogs had secondary areas of increased 99mTc‐MDP uptake, six of which had secondary areas that were suspected radiographically to be neoplastic. Four dogs had lesions characterized histologically as neoplasia, one as bone infarction and one as normal cortical bone. Positive predictive value for this strategy was 66.7%. Results of this study suggest that nuclear medical bone imaging with targeted radiography is a quick, noninvasive technique with a good positive predictive value for evaluation of the skeleton for metastatic or multicentric sites of neoplasia.
System Behavior of Commonly Used Cranial Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Autografts
Authors: JOHNSON STUART G. , HULSE DONALD A. , HOGAN HARRY A. , NELSON JAMES K. , BOOTHE HARRY W.
Published: February 2008

Biomechanical analysis was performed on the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) and three autogenous tissues used for CCL reconstruction in the canine stifle. The autogenous tissues were patellar ligament‐based autografts described for over‐the‐top CCL replacement and included the central one third of the patellar ligament, the medial one third of the patellar ligament, and the lateral one third of the patellar ligament with fascia lata. Tension testing produced abrupt failure of the central and medial autografts but sequential failure of the lateral autograft. Structural properties were determined for the overload condition and within the load range of normal activity for the CCL (physiologic range). None of the autograft systems approached the stiffness, maximum load, and energy absorbed to maximum load of the CCL. The central and lateral autografts were stiffer, had greater maximum loads, and absorbed more energy to maximum load than the medial autograft. The central and lateral autografts had an elastic range, as defined by proportional limit, which corresponded to the physiologic range of loading for the CCL. Loads that corresponded to physiologic displacement of the lateral and central autografts were near the maximum load of the fixation site, which underscored the need for postoperative support of the repaired stifle.
The American College of Veterinary Surgeons The First Twenty‐Five Years
Authors: PETTIT GHERY D.
Published: February 2008

The American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS), founded in 1965 and recognized by the AVMA in 1970, maintains high standards for surgical training programs and administers rigorous certifying examinations. It provides educational outreach to the veterinary medical profession by presenting scientific programs at ACVS annual meetings, sponsoring the Veterinary Surgical Forum in the USA and Europe, and publishing a refereed journal, Veterinary Surgery. The ACVS offers research grants and other awards to surgical residents, and encourages its members to pursue original investigations and contribute to the veterinary literature. In its silver anniversary year, it is appropriate to recall the aspirations and accomplishments of this forward‐looking specialty organization.
Epiglottic Augmentation in the Horse
Authors: TULLENERS ERIC , MANN PETER , RAKER CHARLES W.
Published: February 2008

Epiglottic augmentation with injectable bovine collagen or an autogenous or allogenous auricular cartilage graft was performed in 12 horses with endoscopically and radiographically normal epiglottises. The grafting procedures were easy to perform and did not cause apparent discomfort. Cartilage graft extrusion or resorption may have occurred, but was not seen by endoscopy and lateral laryngeal radiography. Only collagen implants remained evident endoscopically, as smooth round submucosal bulges ventral to the epiglottic cartilage. Two horses with collagen implants, and all horses with cartilage autografts and allografts, were euthanatized at week 16. One horse with a collagen implant was euthanatized at week 4 and one at week 6. The epiglottis appeared thickened in three horses with collagen implants, two horses with autogenous grafts, and three horses with allogenous grafts. Pharyngeal lymphoid tissue was hyperplastic in two horses with autografts and three horses with allografts, but not in horses with collagen implants. Collagen grafts persisted as one or two smooth bulges 8 mm in diameter. Collagen incited a brisk foreign body reaction that was surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule. Epiglottises of the horses with collagen implants were significantly thicker 20 mm from the tip than those of normal horses and horses with allografts. Cartilage graft incorporation was not evident grossly and was seen on microscopic examination in only one autograft. Thickening was caused by submucosal fibrosis.
Pulse Oximetry in Horses
Authors: WHITEHAIR KAREN J. , WATNEY GUY C. G. , LEITH DAVID E. , DEBOWES RICHARD M.
Published: February 2008

The clinical usefulness of two pulse oximeters was evaluated at two probe sites in nine anesthetized horses. The hemoglobin saturation determined by the pulse oximeters (SaO2) was compared with the hemoglobin saturation calculated from the measured arterial oxygen tension (SaO2)‐The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated from the differences in saturation measurements, over the saturation range of 80% to 100%, for each oximeter used at the tongue probe site and for one oximeter used at the ear. The oximeter results tended to underestimate the SO2 with mean differences of ‐3.7% on the tongue and ‐6.0% on the ear. The limits of agreement were defined as the mean difference ± 2 SD. Each oximeter used at the tongue produced limits of agreement of +1% to ‐8%, which meant that 95% of the SaO2 values were 1 percentage point above or 8 percentage points below the SaO2. The variability of the differences and limits of agreement were larger when the ear was used as the probe site and at saturations less than 80%. Although both oximeters tended to underestimate the SaO2, they appeared to be clinically useful in detecting changes in arterial hemoglobin saturation.
A Comparison of Repair Methods for Gap Healing in Equine Flexor Tendon
Authors: BERTONE ALICIA L. , STASHAK TED S. , SMITH FRED W. , NORRDIN ROBERT W.
Published: February 2008

In nine horses (18 forelimbs), a 3 cm section of superficial digital flexor tendon was removed and the tendons were repaired with immobilization for 6 weeks and (1) no suture (n = 6); (2) a double locking loop tenorrhaphy with carbon fiber (n = 6); or (3) a double locking loop tenorrhaphy with size 2 nylon suture (n = 6). Clinical assessment, gross evaluation, morphometry, histology, and mechanical testing were performed on two limbs from each treatment group at weeks 6,12, and 24. At weeks 6 and 12, the unsutured tissue was less mature than the tissue sutured with nylon. By week 24, the carbon fiber repair had breaking stress (mean, 12.5 M Pa) similar to the unsutured repair (mean, 10.6 M Pa). There was necrosis and a granulomatous foreign body reaction around the carbon fiber. The nylon suture repair had significantly greater strength per unit area (mean breaking stress, 20.4 M Pa) because of a smaller area of repair tissue in the gap (mean, 3.6 cm2). At week 24, the nylon suture repair tissue was the most mature with the least inflammation of the three repair methods. A nylon double locking loop suture was the preferred method for equine flexor tenorrhaphy of a tendon gap because of greater breaking stress, histologic maturity, biocompatibility, and the adequate functional and cosmetic outcome.
Endoscopy of the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath in Horses
Authors: NIXON ALAN J.
Published: February 2008

An arthroscopic procedure for examination of the digital flexor tendons and tendon sheath was developed in 16 equine limbs and 12 horses. Distension of the tendon sheath and insertion of the arthroscope was accomplished through a cul‐de‐sac on the palmar or plantar surface of the tendon sheath 1 to 2 cm palmar or plantar to the digital neurovascular structures and between the annular ligament and proximal digital annular ligament. A single arthroscope entry point allowed examination of all regions of the tendon sheath cavity and most surfaces of the digital flexor tendons within the sheath. Distal to the fetlock, surgical procedures could be performed through additional entry portals on the lateral, medial, or palmar surfaces of the tendon sheath. The palmar digital vessels and nerves were avoided by palmar placement of the instrument incisions and insertion of a needle before incising the skin. The fetlock canal and proximal regions of the tendon sheath were examined by redirecting the arthroscope. Flexion of the fetlock aided passage of the arthroscope into the proximal tendon sheath regions. Evaluation of the palmar surface of the superficial digital flexor tendon was limited by the midline attachment of the tendon sheath, otherwise the surfaces of the tendons and tendon sheath could be examined with 25° and 70° arthroscopes. The tendon sheath was more tightly invested to the tendons in the proximal regions, limiting the arthroscope movements and second instrument access.
Evaluation of 25%, 50%, and 67% Nitrous Oxide with Halothane‐Oxygen for General Anesthesia in Horses
Authors: TESTA MARCO , RAFFE MARC R. , ROBINSON ELAINE P.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐five percent, 50%, and 67% nitrous oxide was administered to 12 horses anesthetized with halothane and oxygen. Compared to halothane‐oxygen alone, there was no significant difference in heart rate, systolic, diastolic, or mean blood pressure values, arterial pH, PaCO2, or plasma bicarbonate values when nitrous oxide was included. A significant linear reduction in PaO2 values could be correlated with N2O:O2 concentrations. The halothane level required to maintain surgical anesthesia was reduced when nitrous oxide was administered, but it was not affected by changing the nitrous oxide concentrations. Nitrous oxide concentrations greater than 25% provide no additional reduction in halothane requirement and may be accompanied by PaO2 values that pose risk to the horse.
A Comparison of Manual and Power‐Assisted Thoracolumbar Disc Fenestration in Dogs
Authors: HOLMBERG D. L. , PALMER N. C. , VANPELT D. , WILLAN A. R.
Published: February 2008

Thoracolumbar disc fenestration was performed in eight canine cadavers. A hole was cut in the anulus fibrosus with a scalpel in four dogs, and with a high speed drill and burr in four dogs. A curette was used to remove as much of the nucleus pulposus as possible. Sixty‐five percent of the nucleus pulposus was removed with the power‐assisted technique and 41 % was removed by manual fenestration. Manual and power‐assisted disc fenestration were performed on alternate intervertebral discs from T11–12 to L5–6 in four dogs. Six months after surgery, results of high‐detail radiographic and histologic evaluation of the vertebral bodies and discs showed minimal difference in the sequelae of the two techniques. A retrospective medical records analysis and follow‐up of 60 clinical cases treated with prophylactic, powerassisted disc fenestration failed to identify any cases with postoperative recurrence of neurologic deficits. Ten percent of the dogs had periodic back pain of unknown etiology, without other signs of intervertebral disc disease. The findings of this study indicate that power‐assisted disc fenestration permits more complete evacuation of the nucleus than manual fenestration, causes no more postoperative complications, and results in a low recurrence rate of neurologic deficits.
Talocalcaneal Luxation An Anatomic and Clinical Study
Authors: GORSE MARY JEAN , PURINTON P. TOM , PENWICK ROGER C. , ARON DENNIS N. , ROBERTS ROYCE E.
Published: February 2008

Talocalcaneal luxation in dogs was studied by anatomic dissection of the talocalcaneal joint in cadavers and review of five clinical cases. The integrity of the talocalcaneal joint was maintained by two strong ligaments traversing the tarsal sinus between the two bones. The joint was found to be a low motion joint. Luxation in clinical cases was not always apparent on standard radiographic views. Three dogs were treated surgically with a screw inserted in lag fashion from talus to calcaneus. One luxation was treated surgically with figure‐of‐eight orthopedic wires and one was treated with external coaptation. Four dogs returned to their previous levels of function without clinically detectable lameness.
Intrahepatic Portosystemic Venous Anomaly in the Dog Perioperative Management and Complications
Authors: KOMTEBEDDE J. , FORSYTH S. F. , BREZNOCK E. M. , KOBLIK P. D.
Published: February 2008

Hypotension, hemorrhage, and acute hepatic congestion were common complications during surgical correction of intrahepatic portosystemic venous anomalies in 13 dogs. Acute splanchnic congestion and hyperthermia were the most serious postoperative complications. Three dogs died within 24 hours; 10 dogs are alive and well after 12 to 46 months.
Arytenoid Cartilage Movement in Resting and Exercising Horses
Authors: RAKESTRAW P. C. , HACKETT R. P. , DUCHARME N. G. , NIELAN G. J. , ERB H. N.
Published: February 2008

Endoscopic examinations of the larynx were recorded on 49 horses at rest and while exercising on a 5% inclined high‐speed treadmill for 8 minutes at a maximum speed of 8.5 m/sec. Subjective laryngeal function scores at rest and while exercising were based on the degree and synchrony of arytenoid abduction. Arytenoid abduction was expressed as a left:right ratio of rima glottidis measurements. Horses with arytenoid cartilage asynchrony at rest (grade 2) could not be distinguished from normal horses (grade 1) when exercising because full abduction was maintained throughout the exercise period. Five horses with incomplete left arytenoid abduction at rest (grade 3) maintained full abduction during exercise; one grade 3 horse had dynamic collapse of the left side of the larynx. All horses with laryngeal hemiplegia at rest (grade 4) had dynamic collapse of the left side of the larynx during exercise. Forty‐two horses with a resting left:right arytenoid abduction ratio ≥.71 consistently had complete arytenoid abduction at exercise. Seven horses with a leffcright ratio <.71 consistently showed dynamic collapse at exercise. There was no significant difference in the exercising left:right ratio between normal horses (grade 1) and grade 2 or grade 3 horses. These results suggest that horses with arytenoid asynchrony at rest do not suffer progressive collapse of the rima glottidis during exercise, and that incomplete arytenoid abduction at rest is an unreliable predictor of such collapse. Surgical treatment of all grade 2 horses and some grade 3 horses may be inappropriate.
Pulsed Carbon Dioxide Laser for Cartilage Vaporization and Subchondral Bone Perforation in Horses Part II: Morphologic and Histochemical Reactions
Authors: NIXON ALAN J. , KROOK LENNART P. , ROTH JEROME E. , KING JOHN M.
Published: February 2008

A pulsed carbon dioxide laser was used to vaporize articular cartilage in four horses, and perforate the cartilage and subchondral bone in four horses. Both intercarpal joints were examined arthroscopically and either a 1 cm cartilage crater or a series of holes was created in the third carpal bone of one joint. The contralateral carpus served as a control. After euthanasia at week 8, the treated and control joints were examined for gross changes, and samples of cartilage and subchondral bone, synovial membrane, and peripheral lymph nodes were examined histologically. Depletion of cartilage matrix glycosaminoglycan was assessed by safranin‐O histochemical staining of the laser site and adjacent cartilage. Cartilage removal by laser vaporization resulted in rapid regrowth, with fibrous and fibrovascular tissue and occasional regions of fibrocartilage at week 8. The subchondral bone, synovial membrane, and draining lymph nodes appeared essentially unaffected by the laser cartilage vaporization procedure. Conversely, carbon dioxide laser drilling of subchondral bone resulted in poor penetration, extensive areas of thermal necrosis of bone, and significant secondary damage to the apposing articular surface of the radial carpal bone.
Surgical Management of Atlantoaxial Subluxation in 23 Dogs
Authors: THOMAS WILLIAM B. , SORJONEN DONALD C. , SIMPSON STEPHEN T.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐eight surgical procedures were performed in 23 dogs with atlantoaxial subluxation. Dorsal stabilization in seven dogs resulted in two recoveries and five failures of fixation. Ventral decompression and stabilization in 18 dogs resulted in eight recoveries and four failures of fixation. Six dogs died or were euthanatized within 7 days of ventral stabilization. Using either technique, four of seven nonambulatory dogs recovered.
The Influence of Detomidine and Epinephrine on Heart Rate, Arterial Blood Pressure, and Cardiac Arrhythmia in Horses
Authors: RAEKALLIO MARJA , KARJALAINEN JOUKO
Published: February 2008

Detomidine (10 μg/kg and 20 μg/kg) was administered to seven horses with and without epinephrine infusion (0.1 μg/kg/min) from 5 minutes before to 5 minutes after detomidine injection. One or more single supraventricular premature heartbeats were observed in three horses after detomidine administration. Epinephrine infusion did not modify the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in detomidine‐treated horses at the doses tested. Relatively high momentary peak systolic pressures were registered in some horses after detomidine administration during epinephrine infusion. The highest systolic arterial blood pressure was 290 mm Hg, but this value was not higher than that reported in horses during maximum physical exercise. Epinephrine infusion did not alter blood gases, arterial pH, or base excess.
A Biomechanical Comparison of 7‐Hole 3.5 mm Broad and 5‐Hole 4.5 mm Narrow Dynamic Compression Plates
Authors: JOHNSTON SPENCER A. , LANCASTER RONALD L. , HUBBARD ROBERT P. , PROBST CURTIS W.
Published: February 2008

Seven‐hole 3.5 mm broad and 5‐hole 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression plates were applied to paired canine cadaveric tibias in a stable fracture model. Paired tibias were tested to acute failure in rotation and four‐point bending, and to fatigue failure in four‐point bending. Resistance to screw pullout was measured for three 3.5 mm cortical screws and two 4.5 mm cortical screws inserted in the configurations of the bone plates. All plate‐bone systems failed by fracture of the bone through a screw hole. The 3.5 mm plate‐bone system was stronger in acute failure in rotation and in four‐point bending. There was no difference in stiffness, and no difference in the number of cycles to failure in fatigue testing. Three 3.5 mm screws had greater resistance to pullout than two 4.5 mm screws. Results indicate that the 7‐hole 3.5 mm broad dynamic compression plate has a biomechanical advantage over the 5‐hole 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression plate.
Transendoscopic Nd: YAG Laser Ablation of Vaginal Septa in a Bitch
Authors: WHITACRE MICHAEL D. , TATE LLOYD P. , ESTILL CHARLES T. , CAMP STEVEN D. VAN
Published: February 2008

A vaginal septum was diagnosed in an English bulldog bitch during routine estrous cycle staging. The septum extended 16 cm from the vestibulo‐vaginal junction to just caudal to the cervix. The septum was removed by two applications of an Nd:YAG laser via a flexible fiberoptic endoscope. Complete healing occurred over a 5‐week period and was uneventful. The bitch was bred and subsequently delivered four puppies vaginally. Transendoscopic laser ablation provided a noninvasive approach to surgically remove a vaginal septum in the dog.
A Comparison of Injectable Anesthetic Combinations in Horses
Authors: MATTHEWS N. S. , HARTSFIELD S. M. , CORNICK J. L. , WILLIAMS J. D. , BEASLEY A.
Published: February 2008

Six combinations of injectable anesthetic agents were administered to six adult horses in a Latin square design. The drug combinations were xylazine‐ketamine, xylazine‐butorphanol‐ketamine, xylazine‐tiletamine‐zolazepam, xylazine‐butorphanol‐tiletamine‐zolazepam, detomidine‐ketamine, and detomidine‐butorphanol‐ketamine. Measured variables were heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, arterial pH (pHa), Paco2, Pao2, recumbency time, and number of attempts necessary to stand. Quality of induction and recovery, muscle relaxation, and response to stimulus were evaluated subjectively. The horses required significantly more attempts to stand after administration of xylazine‐tiletamine‐zolazepam, xylazine‐butorphanol‐tiletamine‐zolazepam, and detomidine‐ketamine than after xylazine‐ketamine, xylazine‐butorphanol‐ketamine, or detomidine‐butorphanol‐ketamine. Mean recumbency times varied from 23.0 minutes with xylazine‐ketamine to 41.3 minutes with xylazine‐butorphanol‐tiletamine‐zolazepam. There were significant differences in mean heart rates at minute 15, mean respiratory rates at minutes 5, 10 and 15, and mean systolic blood pressures at minute 10 of anesthesia. There were no significant differences in pHa, Paco2 or Pao2.
Effect of Two Muscle Sling Techniques on Early Morbidity after Femoral Head and Neck Excision in Dogs
Authors: PROSTREDNY JOSEPH M. , TOOMBS JAMES P. , VanSICKLE DAVID C.
Published: February 2008

Femoral head and neck excision was performed on the left coxofemoral joint of 18 dogs. The osteotomy site was padded with a partial‐thickness biceps femoris muscle sling in one group of six dogs, and with a deep gluteal muscle flap in another group of six dogs. In a third group of six dogs, a partial‐thickness biceps flap was created and sutured back in its original location. The dogs were monitored daily for 3 weeks for degree of lameness, range of motion, fever, and postoperative complications. Dogs with intra‐articular muscle pads were less lame and had a greater range of motion in the treated hip than dogs without intra‐articular muscle pads. Dogs with biceps slings showed more improvement in limb function and range of motion than did dogs with deep gluteal flaps. There were no significant differences in mean temperature elevations and no clinically significant postoperative complications. Use of a partial‐thickness biceps muscle sling or a deep gluteal muscle flap decreased the chances of early postoperative morbidity and provided an earlier return to function. The partial‐thickness biceps sling appeared to be more beneficial than the deep gluteal flap.
Left Ventrolateral Cesarean Section in Three Dromedary Camels (Camelus Dromedarius)
Authors: ELIAS ERVIN
Published: February 2008

Left ventrolateral cesarean section was performed in three adult female dromedary camels for dystocias due to schistosoma reflexus, uterine torsion, and fetal malposition.
Evaluation of Toenail Blood Samples for Blood Gas Analysis in the Dog
Authors: QUANDT JANE E. , RAFFE MARC R. , POLZIN DAVID , ROBINSON ELAINE P. , MANDSAGER RONALD E.
Published: February 2008

Blood gas values were compared in blood collected from cut toenails and femoral arteries in 50 healthy crossbred dogs that were sedated and allowed to breathe room air spontaneously. Blood samples from cut toenails were collected by microcapillary technique with Natelson tubes. Femoral artery samples were collected by arterial puncture. Blood values for Po2, Pco2, pH, and HCO3 were compared. There was good correlation for pH, Pco2, and bicarbonate, but not for PO2. Microcapillary samples should be collected in 10 seconds or less for the most accurate results. A metal mixing “flea” was unnecessary. When properly handled, the Natelson tube technique provides an alternative method for collection of blood gas samples.
Pharmacokinetic Disposition of Cefazolin in Serum and Tissue during Canine Total Hip Replacement
Authors: RICHARDSON DANIEL C. , AUCOIN DAVID P. , DEYOUNG DAVID J. , TYCZKOWSKA KRYSTYNA L. , DeYOUNG BONNIE A.
Published: February 2008

Intraoperative cefazolin concentrations were measured in serum, joint capsule, cancellous bone of the acetabulum, and proximal cancellous bone of the femur in 15 dogs undergoing total hip replacement. Cefazolin (22 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) was administered every hour for three doses. The mean peak serum concentrations (±SEM) were 387.79 ± 27.56 μg/mL, 521.71 ± 28.00 μg/mL, and 542.20 ± 30.91 μg/mL, respectively. Mean serum concentrations just before administration of doses 2 and 3 were 51.77 ± 2.39 μg/mL, and 64.84 ± 3.46 μg/mL, respectively. The mean cefazolin concentrations in the joint capsule, cancellous bone of the acetabulum, and cancellous bone of the femur were 34.71 ± 2.50 μg/g, 28.70 ± 7.40 μg/g, and 36.20 ± 3.80 μg/g, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of cefazolin for 90% of the common contaminants (MIC90) in this clinic is ≤ 2 μg/mL or per gram of tissue. Serum concentrations never fell below 15 times the MIC90 (lowest trough, 35.93 μg/mL), and the lowest tissue concentration (6.57 μg/mL in cancellous bone from the acetabulum) was still more than 3 times the MIC90. The mean tissue concentration was 15 times the MIC90.
Gastric Myoelectric Activity after Experimental Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus and Tube Gastrostomy in Dogs
Authors: STAMPLEY ANITA R. , BURROWS COLIN F. , ELLISON GARY W. , TOOKER JENNIFER
Published: February 2008

Gastric myoelectric activity was measured after experimental gastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV), GDV and tube gastrostomy, or tube gastrostomy in 12 dogs. Gastric myoelectric activity was recorded for 1 hour before (hour 0) and at hours 5, 24, 48, 72, and 96 after surgically induced GDV in six dogs. Three dogs with induced GDV and tube gastrostomy, and three dogs with tube gastrostomy only were also studied at hours 120, 144, and 168. The only significant change in the slow wave appearance or frequency from hours 0 to 48 was bradygastria at hour 5 in all three groups. A relative increase in the mean percentages of dysrhythmia from hours 72 to 168 in the dogs with a tube gastrostomy was caused by increases in tachygastria and arrhythmias. Dogs with GDV and tube gastrostomy had the greatest mean percentages of dysrhythmia, which were significantly more than those in dogs with GDV alone at hours 48, 72 and 96. The mean percentage of spike activity was ≤ 31 and varied widely. In general, there was less spike activity when the frequency of dysrhythmias was high. Thus, gastric myoelectric activity was disrupted from hours 48 to 168 after GDV with tube gastrostomy and after tube gastrostomy alone. Surgically induced GDV alone did not produce any significant or sustained dysrhythmias.
Gastric Conduit Urinary Diversion in Normal Dogs Part II, Hypochloremic Metabolic Alkalosis
Authors: McLOUGHLIN MARY A. , WALSHAW RICHARD , THOMAS MICHAEL W. , HAUPTMAN JOE G.
Published: February 2008

Gastric conduit urinary diversion was performed in 10 dogs after complete cystectomy. Four dogs were euthanatized on day 30 because of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis and renal failure. Hematologic and biochemical changes in six dogs evaluated for 120 days were compatible with hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. The continuous loss of hydrochloric acid from the gastric conduit resulted in significant increases in arterial blood pH, PaCO2, anion gap, TCO2, and the concentration of Hco3‐. There were significant decreases in PaO2 and the serum concentrations of chloride and potassium. Deterioration of renal function resulted in all dogs. It was concluded that hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis makes gastric conduit urinary diversion unsatisfactory for clinical use in dogs.
Healing of Transected Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendons With and Without Tenorrhaphy
Authors: JANN H. W. , GOOD J. K. , MORGAN S. J. , BERRY A.
Published: February 2008

Healing of transected superficial digital flexor tendons was evaluated mechanically and histologically in eight horses. Tendons sutured with polyglyconate had higher loads at failure than nonsutured tendons at weeks 5 and 9. The tendon stress at failure (force per unit area) was higher in the sutured tendons at week 5 but not at week 9, reflecting the increased size of the scar at week 9. Histologically, scars after tenorrhaphy were consistently more mature than nonsutured tenotomy scars. The mean maturity score for sutured tendons was higher than for nonsutured tendons at weeks 5 and 9. Overall, these data support tenorrhaphy with absorbable suture.
Sutured End‐to‐End and Stapled Side‐to‐Side Jejunal Anastomoses in the Horse
Authors: BAXTER GARY M. , HUNT ROBERT J. , TYLER DAVID E. , PARKS ANDREW H. , JACKMAN BRADLEY R.
Published: February 2008

Hand sutured end‐to‐end (EE) and stapled side‐to‐side (SS) small intestinal anastomoses were performed in 10 healthy adult horses. In five SS anastomoses, staple lines on the blind ends of the jejunum were inverted (SSI) and in five they were not (SSNI). Five EE anastomoses were sutured with polydioxanone and five were sutured with polyglyconate. All horses were euthanatized on day 30. Intra‐abdominal adhesions were graded (0–4), and stomal areas were calculated from contrast radiographs made with the bowel distended. Histopathology scores for the anastomoses were based on the degree of inflammation (0–3), fibrosis (0–3), and alignment and healing of intestinal layers (0–3). Mean surgery times ± standard deviations for EE, SSI, and SSNI techniques were 33.9 ± 5.4, 36.2 ± 5.6, and 29.6 ± 5.9 minutes, respectively. Mean and median stomal areas were 9.4 ± 5.5 and 8.9 cm2 for EE anastomoses and 17.2 ± 16.5 and 12.1 cm2 for SS anastomoses. Intra‐abdominal adhesions developed in three horses, one of which had clinical signs of colic. Mean histopathology scores for EE and SS anastomoses were 4.8 ± 2.0 (median = 5) and 4.4 ± 1.8 (median = 4), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in surgery times, intra‐abdominal adhesion scores, stomal areas, or histopathology scores between small intestinal EE and SS anastomoses in these horses.
The Effect of Tension on Perfusion of Axial and Random Pattern Flaps in Foals
Authors: BRISTOL DAVID G.
Published: February 2008

Caudally based axial pattern and random pattern skin flaps, 5 cm × 10 cm, were raised on the abdomens of seven foals. Blood flow was measured 7.5 cm from the flap bases during incremental increases in applied tension. At tensions less than 1400 g, cutaneous blood flow was more than four times higher in axial pattern flaps than in random pattern flaps. Blood flow in axial pattern flaps at tensions up to 1500 g was greater than baseline flow in random pattern flaps. After removal of applied tension, perfusion in axial pattern flaps gradually increased but remained below baseline values. A short period of hyperperfusion after removal of tension in random pattern flaps may have been indicative of accumulation of waste products and localized acidosis. All flaps healed in their donor beds without complications.
A Comparison of Nylon, Polybutester, and Polyglyconate Suture Materials for Long Digital Flexor Tenorrhaphy in Chickens
Authors: JANN H. W. , STEIN L. E. , GOOD J. K. , EWING P. J. , PANCIERA R.
Published: February 2008

Digital flexor tenorrhaphies were performed in 32 8‐week‐old chickens with polyglyconate, polybutester, or nylon. There was no difference in maximum loads to failure at weeks 4 or 8. Polyglyconate and polybutester tenorrhaphies were significantly stronger at week 8 than all tenorrhaphies at week 4. Nylon tenorrhaphies at week 8 were not significantly stronger than any tenorrhaphy at week 4. The tenorrhaphies consistently had immature scars at week 4 and more mature scars at week 8. Scar maturity was not appreciably different between any of the suture materials at week 4 or week 8. There was no apparent difference in tissue reactivity to any of the suture materials at weeks 4 or 8.
Regional Limb Perfusion with Antibiotics in Three Horses
Authors: WHITEHAIR KAREN J. , ADAMS STEPHEN B. , PARKER JILL E. , BLEVINS WILLIAM E. , FESSLER JOHN F.
Published: February 2008

Antibiotics were delivered to chronically infected tissues by regional limb perfusion in three horses with osteomyelitis associated with orthopedic implants. Two infections were resolved with implants in place; in one, a sequestrum was resorbed. In one horse, regional antibiotic perfusion was applied to treat progressively worsening bone infection after initial implants loosened and were removed.
Canine Axial Skeletal Osteosarcoma A Retrospective Study of 116 Cases (1986 to 1989)
Authors: HEYMAN STEVEN J. , DIEFENDERFER DAVID L. , GOLDSCHMIDT MICHAEL H. , NEWTON CHARLES D.
Published: February 2008

Axial skeletal osteosarcomas were evaluated retrospectively in 116 dogs. Thirty‐one tumors occurred in the mandible, 26 in the maxilla, 17 in the spine, 14 in the cranium, 12 in the ribs, 10 in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, and 6 in the pelvis. Medium‐sized and large dogs were most commonly affected. Females outnumbered males 2.1:1, but this varied with tumor location. The mean age was 8.7 years. Osteosarcomas of the rib occurred in significantly younger dogs (mean age, 5.4 years) than osteosarcomas at any other axial skeletal site. Pulmonary metastasis was diagnosed radiographically in 11.1% of the dogs. The median survival for dogs treated surgically was 22 weeks, the 1‐year survival was 26.3%, and the 2‐year survival was 18.4%. The tumor recurrence rate was 66.7%. Most dogs (79.6%) died or were euthanatized for problems associated with the primary tumor.
The Anatomic Basis for a Trapezius Muscle Flap in Dogs
Authors: PHILIBERT DENIS , FOWLER J. DAVID , CLAPSON J. BRIAN
Published: February 2008

The anatomy of the cervical part of the trapezius muscle and its dominant vascular supply, the prescapular branch of the superficial cervical artery, was studied by dissection and selective angiography of 16 canine cadavers. The prescapular branch of the superficial cervical artery supplies blood to the skin of the caudal half of the neck and the cervical part of the trapezius muscle and is a minor contributor to other muscles of the neck. In these dogs, the mean length of the vascular pedicles was 4.4 cm and the mean diameter was 1.0 mm. With this information, it is possible to design a broad musculocutaneous flap suitable for reconstructive microsurgery in dogs. The potential for successful incorporation of the scapular spine in such a flap remains uncertain.
Free Microvascular Transplantation of the Trapezius Musculocutaneous Flap in Dogs
Authors: PHILIBERT DENIS , FOWLER J. DAVID , CLAPSON J. BRIAN
Published: February 2008

A musculocutaneous flap based on the prescapular branch of the superficial cervical artery and including the cervical part of the trapezius muscle and overlying skin was transplanted over a defect created on the medial side of the contralateral tibia in four dogs by using microvascular technique. The donor and recipient sites in three dogs were examined clinically for 21 days, after which they were examined angiographically and histologically. All dogs were free of lameness by hour 48. Seromas formed at the donor site between days 7 and 15. One vascular pedicle was traumatized at hour 40, and the dog was euthanatized. Three flaps survived with minimal necrosis. Edema of the flaps was severe from days 5 to 11. Angiograms showed complete perfusion of the flaps, and survival was confirmed histologically. Esthetic appearance and function were good in one dog at month 7.