bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Design Process Interfaces as Organization Networks: Insights for Engineering Systems Management
Authors: Parraguez Pedro , Eppinger Steven , Maier Anja
Published: July 2016

The engineering design literature has provided guidance on how to identify and analyze design activities and their information dependencies. However, a systematic characterization of process interfaces between engineering design activities is missing, and the impact of structural and compositional aspects of interfaces on process performance is unclear. To fill these gaps, we propose a new approach that characterizes process interfaces as organization networks consisting of people and their interactions when performing interfacing activities. Furthermore, we provide guidance on how to test and interpret the effect of those characteristics on interface problems. As a result, we show how structural and compositional aspects of the organization networks between information‐dependent activities provide valuable insights to better manage complex engineering design processes. The proposed approach is applied to the development of a power plant, analyzing 79 process interfaces. The study reveals a relationship between the structure and composition of the process interfaces and reported interface problems. Implications of this approach include the integration of information about process and organization architectures, the systematic identification of key performance metrics associated with interface problems, and improved support for engineering managers by means of a better overview of information flows between activities.
Interaction analysis of waffle slabs supporting houses on expansive soil
Authors: Fardipour Mohammad , Gad Emad , Sivagnanasundram Siva , Rajeev Pathmanathan , Karunarathne Aruna , Wilson John
Published: July 2016

This study investigates the soil–slab interaction for waffle slabs supporting residential structures on highly expansive soils. Interaction modelling techniques are reviewed, and the implications of the modelling assumptions typically employed are discussed. More realistic modelling assumptions are proposed, and their effects are investigated. For this purpose, advanced incremental/inelastic FE models are developed in OpenSees to capture the slab structural response during the history of soil movement in heave condition. Soil profile (mound shape), soil stiffness profile and soil–slab contact are updated corresponding to growing mound. The study provides an insight into the resulting changes in bending moment and deformation demands on such slabs. It is found that the conventional assumption of a constant soft soil stiffness coupled with a stepped transition to that of hard soil is generally unconservative. The analyses also suggest that predefining a critical scenario and disregarding the history of loading is not necessarily conservative.
Pain management strategies for effective coping with Sickle Cell Disease: The perspective of patients in Ghana
Authors: Adzika V.A. , Ayim-Aboagye D. , Gordh T.
Published: July 2016

Aims

Prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is high in Ghana but not much is known in terms of research into non-medical strategies for managing and coping with the pain associated with SCD. This study was carried out to examine effective non-medical related strategies patients use to cope and manage their SCD condition.

Methods

SCD patients (387) at the Korle-bu Teaching Hospital (Sickle Cell Clinic), consisting of 180 males and 204 females between 18 and 65 years old years participated in the study. A cross-sectional research design was used in which participants completed 9 questionnaires on pain, non-medical coping and management strategies, anxiety, and depression.

Results

Over 90% of participants reported that pains associated with SCD were the main reason for seeking treatment in SCD crisis. In terms of non-medical related coping strategies, attending a place of worship and praying were the main coping strategies used in SCD crises, suggesting that patients’ beliefs, particularly in a supernatural being, served as a mitigating factor in the process of coping with the pain associated with SCD crisis. Also, avoidance and withdrawal from people and social activities were reported to be strategies used to cope with the pain associated with SCD crisis. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that socio-demographic characteristics contributed to the variance in the pain associated with SCD.

Conclusion

This study indicates that non-medical strategies, such as religious beliefs and psychosocial actions, are important factors for patients in Ghana for their coping and management of the pains associated with SCD. This knowledge may add to the understanding of the SCD-patients’ situation.
PEARL – Pain in early life. A new network for research and education
Authors: Andersen R.D. , Axelin A. , Eriksson M. , Kristjánsdóttir G.
Published: July 2016

Aims

To establish a network for research and education and to provide expert knowledge to parents and health care professionals about pain in early life.

Methods

In November 2014 a group of Nordic researchers and research students, committed to the field of pain in early life, gathered for an open lecture day and workshop in Örebro, Sweden. Inspired by the work of the Canadian initiative PICH – Pain In Child Health, the network formulated it’s vision: To be a stabile and competent research and training network within the area of pain in early life. A first collaborate project was designed: “Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the revised version of the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP-R): An effort to improve pain assessment in infants in the Nordic countries”.

Results

Fourteen months later, in January 2016, the second PEARL-meeting was held, in Oslo, Norway. The lecture day provided clinically active nurses and physicians from several countries with the latest findings on how to best manage pain in neonatal settings. The network which now consist of 18 researchers from different professions and academic levels presents itself on a five-language website: www.pearl.direct. The PIPP-R project has progressed according to the plan. The PIPP-R is translated into Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish. The cultural adaptation and validation should be finished in fall 2016. The members work on and plan for further collaborate projects. The next two steps are to translate and distribute educational material for parents via Internet and social media, and to establish a research and mas-ters course about pain in early life. The work has been secured by funding from Örebro University and Örebro University Hospital Research Foundation.

Conclusions

PEARL fulfils the need for a collaborative network for pain in early life researchers in the Nordic countries.
“Tears are also included” - women’s experience of treatment for painful endometriosis at a pain clinic
Authors: Hållstam A. , Stålnacke B.M. , Svensén C. , Löfgren M.
Published: July 2016

Aims

To explore how women perceive and are affected by treatment for painful endometriosis.

Method

Qualitative methodology with emergent design was used. Sixteen semi-structured interviews (including 3 follow-ups) with 13 women (age 20–47) treated at a pain clinic, were analysed with Grounded Theory.

Results

A preliminary model describes how women experience treatment for painful endometriosis and its consequences in one core category and three categories. The core category; Surviving painful endometriosis, described the women’s promoting strategies like Knowledge, Adaption and Planning, and inhibiting reactions as Anxiety and Resignation. The three interacting categories; Woman with painful endometriosis, included experiences of “The self” and “The body”. “The environment/significant others” described the environments’ support. Missed opportunities were described as a lack of participation in important life areas; “Social life”, “Career” and “Descendants”. “New possibilities” were experienced when pain disappeared or could be controlled. Dependent on health care included the experiences of “Treatments” from helpful to harmful and “Encounters with health care” from empowering to humiliating.

Conclusions

The suffering of women when exposed to painful endometriosis can lead to missed opportunities in several important areas of life. Hormonal and symptomatic treatments, as well as positive encounters of health care are important for the women’s possibility to develop working surviving strategies.
Coupled cell networks of astrocytes and chondrocytes are target cells of inflammation
Authors: Hansson Elisabeth , Skiöldebrand Eva
Published: July 2016

Aims

Systemic low-grade inflammation can be initiated in vivo after traumatic injury or in chronic diseases as neurodegenerative, metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Coupled cell networks are target cells leading to the spread of inflammation and changes in biochemical cellular parameters. Do astrocytes and chondrocytes behave in a similar way in an inflammatory reactive state with respect to Ca2+ signaling, actin filaments rearrangement, receptor properties, pro-inflammatory cytokine release etc?

Methods

Primary cultures of astrocytes and chondrocytes, respectively, were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 ng/ml, 24h) or interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (5ng/ml, 24 h) to induce inflammatory reactivity. Ca2+ signaling, Na+/K+-ATPase-, connexin 43 (Cx43)-, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- expressions, actin filament organization, and IL-1β release were analyzed.

Results

Stimulation with IL-1β or LPS altered the Ca2+ signaling from single peaks to oscillating waves and increased the expression of Cx43 and TLR4, and decreased expression of Na+/K+-ATPase. A disruption of the actin filaments with more pronounced ring-formed structures was found in inflammatory induced astrocytes and chondrocytes which in turn affects Ca2+ oscillations. Additionally a release of active matrix metallopeptidase-13 was found in media from IL-1β stimulated chondrocytes.

Conclusions

Our data show that cellular mechanisms of healthy chondrocytes as well as inflamed, resemble the coupled cell networks of astrocytes. Chronic, low-grade inflammation can influence coupled cell networks in one or several organs, leading to co-morbidity. It is crucial that inflammatory affected cells in various organs are restored back to a physiological non-inflammatory homeostasis in order to prevent tissue degradation and pain.
Changes in opioid prescribing behaviour in Denmark, Sweden and Norway - 2006-2014
Authors: Jarlbaek L. , Joergensen P.
Published: July 2016

Aims

A country’s use of opioids is frequently debated in the public, usually based on rough figures from prescription databases made for consumption registration purposes. However, these databases hold much more detailed information that can be processed to increase knowledge and insight into nationally opioid prescribing-behaviour. This study aims to provide a more detailed picture of opioid prescribing and its changes in Denmark, Sweden and Norway during 2006-2014.

Methods

Data on opioid-use (ATC; N02A) were downloaded from each country’s publically assessable prescription-databases. Consumption-data were converted from defined daily doses (DDDs) to mg oral morphine equivalents (omeqs). Changes in choice of opioid-types, use and number of users were presented using descriptive statistics and compared.

Results

Opioid users: During the whole period, Norway had the highest, and Denmark the lowest, number of opioid users/1000 inhabitants. In 2006, Norway, Sweden and Denmark had 98, 79, 66 users/1000 inhabitants. In 2014 the numbers were 105, 78, 75 users/1000 inhabitants, respectively. Opioid use/user: During the whole period, Norway had the lowest, and Denmark the highest use/user. In 2006, the mean use/user was 1979, 3615, 6025 mg omeq/user in Norway, Sweden and Denmark respectively. In 2014 the corresponding use was 2426,3473,6361 mg omeq/user. The preferred choices of opioid-types changed during the period for all three countries. The balance between use of weak or strong opioids showed more prominent changes for Norway and Sweden compared to Denmark.

Conclusions

Three nations, closely related in culture and geo graphically, showed significant differences and changes in opioid prescribing behaviour. This knowledge can easily be overlooked using the traditional way of presenting opioid consumption statistics. More detailed and clinically relevant presentation can increase the knowledge of doctors’ opioid prescribing behaviour, that can be related to changes in the society or health care system, like demography, legislation and guidelines from authorities.
Opioid usage in Denmark, Norway and Sweden - 2006-2014 and regulatory factors in the society that might influence it
Authors: Joergensen Peter Heine , Jarlbaek Lene
Published: July 2016

Aims

To relate changes in the number of opioid users in Denmark, Norway and Sweden during 2006-2014 to changes in national regulatory and economic incentive factors.

Methods

The material consists of data drawn from the national prescription databases in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Data on the number of opioid users per 1000 inhabitants were collected for all ages, both sexes and for the period 2006-2014. Concomitant changes in regulatory or economic incentives were identified and related to the drug statistics.

Results

For all opioids in the period 2006-2014 Denmark had the lowest number ofusers but the largest increase in users. Norway had the highest number of users but a lower increase. The number of users in Sweden was very stable showing no change in number of users.

The number of morphine users in Denmark increased from 2009 to 2014. The number of users of oxycodone decreased from 2010 to 2014. The Danish health authorities recommended using morphine as first drug of choice in 2010 and warned about potential drug dependency of oxycodone in 2011.

In Sweden the number of users of oxycodone increased over the period with the largest increase from 2012 to 2013. The number af tramadol users decreased from 2011. Prior to these changes tramadol was declared to be classified as an addictive drug 2011.

Conclusions

Changes in the countries’ opioid use appeared in the public prescription-databases in a timely manner after introduction of national recommendations not to use oxycodone and prefer morphine as first choice, or classify tramadol as an addictive drug. National drug statistics show the end-result of the doctors’ prescribing behavior and the population’s use of opioids. Thorough investigation of prescription-data can help to detect and explain the interplay between culture, society and medical reasons for prescribing opioids.
Activation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) following disc herniation induces hyperexcitability in the pain pathways
Authors: Kongstorp M. , Moen A. , Jacobsen D.P. , Haugen F. , Mahmood A. , Gjerstad j.
Published: July 2016

Aims

Low back pain and sciatica after disc herniation may be caused by mechanical compression of the nerve roots, but also by the release of pro-inflammatory agents including growth factors from the nucleus pulposus (NP).

Methods

Here, in an animal model mimicking the clinical situation following disc herniation, CLIA protein analyses, extracellular single-cell recordings in the spinal dorsal horn and qPCR were performed to examine the nociceptive signaling due to disc herniation.

Results

The present data demonstrated that EREG may be released from NP - and that administration of EREG onto the spinal dorsal nerve roots increased spontaneous activity in nociceptive neurons. An up-regulation of EGFR and HER4 in the dorsal horn as well as an up-regulation of HER3 in the DRG were demonstrated after application of NP onto the dorsal nerve roots.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that EREG and signaling through its receptors may be involved in pain hypersensitivity and other sensory abnormalities after disc herniation.
Emla®-cream as pain relief during pneumococcal vaccination
Authors: Duse B. Olsson , Sporrong Y. , Skoglund K. , Bartocci M.
Published: July 2016

Background

Pneumococcal vaccination for children was introduced in Sweden in 2009. For more than two decades, previous studies have shown that anesthetic cream Emla® has good effect in reducing vaccine-related pain. Even today health care workers claim “children forget quickly, and it (the pain) goes away”, this ignorance causes pain in children not treated or treated in one for the child and his guardians satisfactorily way.

Purpose

The purpose of this intervention study was to compare the effect of Emla® cream for pain relief or no pain relief in connection with the first pneumococcal vaccination at three months of age in child healthcare.

Method

The study included 72 children who, at three months of age received their first pneumococcal vaccine (Prevenar 13®). The children were randomized, 36 children received pneumococcal vaccination with placebo cream and the other 36 children received the intervention, Emla®-cream.

Result

The result shows that anesthetic cream Emla® significantly reduces pain when FLACC is used as a pain assessment tool and the children begin to cry significantly later than children who received placebo cream. An interesting secondary finding of the study was that the younger the child was the stronger was the reaction to pain.

Conclusion

The infant needs to be treated as an autonomous individual with full integrity. We recommend Emla® to be used and applied in vaccination when the children are three-, five- and twelve months.
Biomarkers for neuropathic pain – Is the old alpha-1-antitrypsin any good?
Authors: Bäckryd E. , Gerdle B. , Ghafouri B.
Published: July 2016

Aims

In a previous comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study [1], we described seven cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins highly discriminating between neuropathic pain patients and healthy controls. The aims of the present follow-up work were to examine the multivariate inter-correlations between all identified isoforms of these seven proteins. The focus was not on discriminant analysis but rather on the internal correlation structure between these proteins in healthy controls vs neuropathic pain patients. Our hypothesis was that neuropathic pain is associated with a disrupted correlation structure between these protein isoforms. Moreover, focusing on the patients, we wanted to regress clinical pain parameters (pain intensity and pain duration), using all the proteomic data (260 proteins) of our previous study [1] as predictor variables, thereby testing the hypothesis that the abovementioned seven discriminating proteins and/or their isoforms would be among the proteins having the highest predictive power for clinical parameters.

Methods

Biochemical identification of isoforms of the above mentioned seven proteins. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to describe and compare the correlation structures of patients vs. healthy controls, and orthogonal partial least square (OPLS) analysis was used to regress clinical parameters [2,3].

Results

We identified 5 isoforms of angiotensinogen, 18 isoforms or fragments of alpha-1-antitrypsin, 5 isoforms of haptoglobin, and 5 isoforms of pigment epithelium derived factor. In patients and using PCA, a down-regulated fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin correlated to another up-regulated fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin, indicating a possible physiological relationship. The OPLS regression of clinical parameters in patients also seems to yield interesting results (work in progress).

Conclusions

Some of the seven proteins that were the main results of our previous study [1] reappear in different ways in the results of the present study. This strengthens our interest in characterizing the nature of their post-translational modifications.
Acute bilateral experimental neck pain: Reorganise axioscapular and trunk muscle activity during slow resisted arm movements
Authors: Christensen S.W. , Hirata R.P. , Graven-Nielsen T.
Published: July 2016

Aims

Neck pain is frequent and many develop on-going neck pain after the initial onset. Studies on clinical neck pain suggested that altered axioscapular muscle activity may be an important factor in on-going neck pain. This study investigates the effect of bilateral experimental neck pain on axioscapular muscle activity during standardised resisted arm movements.

Methods

25 healthy participants were recruited for this single blinded cross-over study. Experimental pain was induced by bilateral injection of hypertonic saline into the splenius capitis muscle. Isotonic saline was used as a control. Pain intensity was recorded using an electronic visual analogue scale (VAS; 0-10 cm). Participants performed standardised arm movements, from a seated position, while wearing 1 kg wrist weights. Six arm abduction movements (30° to frontal plane, 3 per side) were performed to an angle of 140°. Each movement consisted of two 3 s phases (up/down) and was separated by a 6 s break, before moving the opposite arm. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recoded from 8 bilateral muscles. Recordings were done before, immediately after, and 5 min after the experimental pain. Root-mean-square (RMS) of the EMG signals were extracted for each muscle and averaged for the 3 trials. Data was compared between sides and no differences were identified after which data was pooled for further analysis.

Results

During the painful condition for the slow upward movement, a reduced RMS-EMG activity was found for the ipsilateral upper trapezius (P< 0.01). In addition, increased RMS-EMG was found bilaterally for the erector spinae muscle (P< 0.01).

Conclusion

Bilateral experimental neck reorganise axioscapular and trunk muscle activity during resisted, slow upward movement. The results of this supports previous studies on neck pain patients suggesting neck pain is linked to axioscapular function and underpins the necessity to include the shoulder girdle in assessment and rehabilitation of neck pain patients.
Mast cell proteases protect against histaminergic itch and attenuate tissue injury pain responses
Authors: Magnúsdóttir E.I. , Grujic M. , Pejler G. , Lagerström M.C.
Published: July 2016

Aims

Mast cell proteases comprise up to 25% of the total protein content within mast cells and have various functions that are still poorly understood but can be either protective or pro-inflammatory.Three ofthose proteases in mice have been identified as the closest functional homologues to human mast cell proteases, and in this currently ongoing study we are investigating if they play a role in itch and tissue injury pain, and if they do, what the possible mechanism behind that could be.

Methods

Knock-out mice were generated, lacking either one or multiple proteases. To evaluate itch, the animals (n = 8–10) were injected intradermally with histaminergic (histamine, compound 48/80) and non-histaminergic (protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonist, chloroquine) pruritic substances and their itch behavior over 1 h scored. Formalin injection (n = 20) in the hind paw was used as a model for tissue injury pain, where the mice were monitored for pain behavior for 1 h following the injection. Age and gender matched C57BL/6 mice were used as controls.

Results

Mice lacking three of the proteases had twice as many scratching episodes in response to histamine (P =0.016) and compound 48/80 (P =0.034) than controls. The non-histaminergic substances chloroqine and PAR2 are more potent pruritogens but difference was not seen in itch levels between genotypes. Furthermore, the protease-deficient mice exhibited a more pronounced pain response during the inflammatory stage (10–60 min after formalin injection, P = 0.025) of the tissue injury test.

Conclusions

The mouse mast cell proteases have a protective role against histaminergic itch and in acute inflammation following a tissue injury. The exact mechanism remains unclear at present as the proteases cleave a variety of different pro-inflammatory substrates and can act in complimentary fashion by cleaving the same substrates but at different sites.
Reversal of thermal and mechanical allodynia with pregabalin in a mouse model of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Magnúsdóttir R. , Fisher A. , Chenu C. , Upton N.
Published: July 2016

Aims

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose limiting side effect in the use of the platinum-based antineoplastic drug oxaliplatin as a treatment for colorectal cancer. Currently there is no treatment available to reverse the neurotoxicity which presents as pain, sensory loss and cold allodynia in up to 80% of patients. The aim of this study is to investigate if pregabalin can reverse the allodynia caused by oxaliplatin in CIPN.

Methods

CIPN was induced in 10 male C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks-old) with a single intraperitoneal injection of oxaliplatin (15 mg/kg i.p.). Signs of thermal and mechanical allodynia were assessed from baseline to 20 days after injection by Cold/Hot plate (Bioseb, France) at 20 °C and hand-held von Frey (vF) hairs of gradually increasing weights. Pregabalin (3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg p.o.) was administered to treat CIPN.

Results

Mechanical and thermal allodynia were established 3 days post-oxaliplatin injection and remained stable for 14 days. At day 15, pregabalin (3 mg/kg p.o.) reversed mechanical allodynia to baseline scores at 2 h (H) post-dosing and thermal allodynia at 1 and 2H post-dosing. Following a 2-day wash out where scores returned to neuropathic baseline, pregabalin (10 mg/kg p.o.) reverted scores for mechanical and thermal allodynia to baseline scores at both 1 and 2H. Thermal testing was performed either immediately after vF or alone and our results were similar, showing no iatrogenic effects of vF on thermal sensitivity. Correlation analysis of the responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli showed no significant trend, indicating that oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy affects the mechanical and thermal modalities in different ways.

Conclusion

Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy as measured by thermal and mechanical allodynia is reversible by a single dose of pregabalin.

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 642720. RM is funded by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 642720 doing a joint PhD with the Royal Veterinary Collage and Transpharmation Ltd. AF and NU are employees of Transpharmation Ltd.
Transoral robotic surgery frontiers
Authors: Bekeny James R. , Ozer Enver
Published: July 2016

Transoral robotic surgery is a exciting field that continues to develop and push the boundaries of current procedural ability and challenges historical treatment paradigms. With the first use of a surgical robot in 1985, to the first clinical use of the robot transorally in 2005, there was some lag in adoption of robotic techniques in the head and neck region. However, since 2005 transoral robotic surgery has rapidly gained momentum amongst head and neck surgeons. With FDA approval of the da Vinci robot in 2009, transoral robotic surgery is currently offered as a treatment modality for malignant and nonmalignant disease of the head and neck region. This new technology is being used to reconsider historical treatment paradigms for malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract due to the fact that minimally invasive surgical access to the oropharynx and larynx has been improved. Along with this enhanced access have come innovative procedures and uses of the technology for multiple facets of head and neck disease. Technology continues to improve and innovation in surgical robotics is expected to continue as more companies attempt to capture this market. This article aims to provide a view at the landscape of transoral robotic surgery and explore the future frontiers.
The Design of Structures to Resist Jet Noise Fatigue
Authors: Clarkson B. L.
Published: July 2016

The design of structures to resist jet noise fatigue demands a knowledge of a wide range of subjects from pure acoustics at one end to metal physics at the other. At the present time the various aspects of the problem are not sufficiently well known quantitatively for a purely theoretical design study to be made. Nevertheless a knowledge of the behaviour of typical forms of construction in noise environments can be used with a limited amount of theoretical work to indicate the most efficient types of structure. This approach to the problem is adopted in this lecture as it seems to be the most promising one available at the moment. It must be emphasised, however, that although some progress has been made in discovering the behaviour of a structure subjected to noise it is not possible to estimate the life of any component at the drawing board stage. Some prototype strain measurements and proof testing are therefore essential if one is to prove the integrity of the design.
A Description of the Imperial College Arc-Heated Wind Tunnel
Authors: Harvey J. K. , Simpkins P. G.
Published: July 2016

This paper describes the plasma jet which has recently been put into operation in tha Department of Aeronautics. A brief outline of the apparatus and its equipment is given, and methods are described for obtaining data from the high temperature gas stream. Finally some results of a recent test programme are outlined.
A Further Note on the Production of Peaked Velocity Profiles
Authors: Saunders A. , Morgan P. G.
Published: July 2016

In many internal flow problems, the velocity profile of the flow in a duct is of major importance. A recent survey has shown that the study of the effect of different velocity profiles on the performance of various components has been hampered because no general means of generating profiles was available.

Livesey, Parker and Jones have described a baffle specially developed in connection with gas turbine combustion chamber work, with which velocity profiles can be generated, having Vmax/Vmean ratios of up to 1·42, for an inlet profile of Vmax/Vmean = 1.15.
MAMLUKS IN OTTOMAN TUNISIA: A CATEGORY CONNECTING STATE AND SOCIAL FORCES
Authors: Oualdi M'hamed
Published: July 2016

This essay examines how administrative documents categorized the mamluks who served Ottoman governors of Tunis from the early 18th to the mid-19th century. The categorization of these state slaves-cum-servants illuminates three issues, namely, the relationships between Islamic states and societies, interactions between the Ottoman Empire and its provinces, and forms of military slavery around the globe. Seeing registers, letters, and historical chronicles as spaces of interaction allows us to break free from an a priori definition of mamluks. By exploring how slaves and servants contributed to defining themselves in administrative documents, I not only argue for a new understanding of the mamluk category, but also show that mamluks did not separate state and society. On the contrary, in the Tunisian case, mamluks connected the state to various imperial and provincial social forces.
JUSTICE FOR JEWS FROM ARAB COUNTRIES AND THE REBRANDING OF THE JEWISH REFUGEE
Authors: Zamkanei Shayna
Published: July 2016

Since its founding in 2002, the group Justice for Jews from Arab Countries (JJAC) has appealed to governments, international organizations, and Jewish communities worldwide to recognize post-1948 Jewish emigrants from Arab countries as refugees. Yet prominent scholars, Israeli government officials, and Jewish political activists in Israel and the United States have traditionally opposed this designation. Why, then, have JJAC's efforts met with success? This article draws on the experiences of JJAC and its predecessor, the World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries, as well as the claims of their critics, to argue that JJAC's accomplishments are due to the organization's ability to extricate the term “refugee” from a Zionist discursive context and to apply it within the framework of international law and human rights.
THE FUNDAMENTALIST DILEMMA: LESSONS FROM THE ISRAELI HAREDI CASE
Authors: Fisher Netanel
Published: July 2016

This article explores the “fundamentalist dilemma,” or how fundamentalist movements participate in secular political systems, especially when they gain prominent political positions that allow them to impose their extreme ideology on the entire society. After analyzing prevailing responses to this dilemma, ranging from political integration to aggressive takeover, the article turns to the case of Israeli Haredim. It explores three models of political integration through which Haredim have applied religious practices in the public sphere: protest, consolidation, and takeover. The study's main finding is that, opposite to a commonly accepted assumption that fundamentalists’ integration into secular politics causes them to moderate, the more political power that fundamentalists accrue the stronger is their tendency to promote their religious agenda. Yet the Israeli Haredi case also reveals the limitations of this tendency: fundamentalists often restrain their expansionist instinct when having to take nonfundamentalist reactions into consideration.
Gender, Power, and Agency in the Historical Study of the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Ghabrial Sarah
Published: July 2016

It is fair to say that some of the most vibrant work—and most challenging questions—surrounding “agency” and its intelligibility have come out of feminist scholarship on the “Muslim world,” broadly defined. This piece considers the transdisciplinary lives of agency as analytic tool, its uses and limitations, its particular proximity to gender-critical research, and, in turn, seeming synonymization with women.
In Touch: The Body and Sensibility as Historical Text
Authors: Brown Marie Grace
Published: July 2016

When introducing the body as an interpretive framework, it has become almost cliché to cite poet and essayist Adrienne Rich's instruction that we “begin … with the geography closest in.” For well over a decade, scholars have addressed the body and its attendant intimacies as microsites for examining broad sociopolitical systems of race, gender, class, sex, empire, and nation. This focus on the body contributes to the ongoing feminist work of overturning the analytic dichotomy of public and private and has launched a much newer project of approaching our physical selves as historical subjects in their own right.
V.T.O.L. and S.T.O.L. Aircraft and Helicopters and the System of Air Traffic Control They Will Require
Authors: Illingworth J. K. B.
Published: July 2016

The title of this paper is “V.T.OX. and S.T.O.L. Aircraft and Helicopters and the System of Air Traffic Control they will require,” but it does not set out to give an audience of Air Traffic Control experts a lecture on how they will have to run their business in the future. What it does do is to make a few remarks on how the operators will wish to run these types of aircraft, when they have them, and to draw some inferences about the new problems in Air Traffic Control which will have to be solved as a result.
Five Decades of the Aero Engine
Authors: Banks F. R.
Published: July 2016

I am very happy to give this lecture and since it is in the nature of an historical review I make no apologies for requoting something I wrote on another occasion: —

“The late Henry Ford is alleged to have said, ‘History is bunk’; which does not, of course, accord with the general view. Well-written and authenticated history is of great value to those willing to learn from it, but one should not lean upon the achievements of the past to progress towards the future.“

I will, later in this lecture, show a film on the turbojet engine, which is a good example of this modern method of putting across educational and instructional matter on products and processes.
The Approximate Elastic Critical Loads of Composite Struts
Authors: Waters H.
Published: July 2016

In a previous Note the elastic critical loads of continuous struts were investigated and approximate formulae were derived by employing a semi-graphical technique. In the analysis which follows, approximate formulae are derived for the elastic critical loads of composite struts, each consisting of two prismatic parts, and having various combinations of end conditions. These formulae are obtained as approximate solutions of the transcendental equations governing the behaviour of the struts. The derivation of the transcendental equations is standard, and is not given.
Aerial Treatments in Forest Areas
Authors: Crooke Myles
Published: July 2016

Aircraft have been profitably employed in a multitude of forest operations in many parts of the world. Their usefulness is, of course, greatest where the forest cover is extensive and more or less continuous and where ground access is difficult. In such situations, as, for example, in parts of the American continent and in some tropical areas, aircraft have become indispensable forest tools and are used for such varied duties as the survey and evaluation of the species composition and volume of the standing crop; the detection of outbreaks of fire, disease, and insect pests; the transport of men and materials for fire fighting; the application of chemicals, in either liquid or solid form, for the control of damaging insects, fungal disease, and rodents; the application of herbicides and fertilisers; the re-seeding of cut-over areas; and for surveys of wild life resources.
Further Properties of the Wave Charts
Authors: Woods W. A.
Published: July 2016

In a previous paper charts were given which related the flow Mach numbers on either side of a wave to a dimensionless wave speed. Charts were given for shock waves, isentropic expansion waves and isentropic non-steep pressure waves in a perfect gas. In this note it is shown that the lines of constant state ratio plotted on the charts constitute families of straight lines; this fact is particularly important in the case of the shock wave chart. The wave domains are also established and compared diagrammatically.
FADE TO BLACK
Authors: Jiménez Tomás R.
Published: July 2016

Increasingly, African Americans find themselves living side-by-side with immigrant newcomers from Latin America, the largest source of today’s immigrant population. Research on “Black/Brown” relations tends to a priori define groupness in ethnoracial terms and gloss over potential nuance in inter-group relations. Taking an inductive approach to understanding how African Americans interpret the boundaries that result from immigration-driven change, this paper draws on fieldwork among African Americans in East Palo Alto, California, a Black-majority-turned-Latino-majority city, to examine how African Americans construct multiple symbolic boundaries in the context of a Latino-immigrant settlement. Blacks’ rendering of these boundaries at the communal level invokesethnoracialboundaries as a source of significant division. They see Latinos as having overwhelmed Black material and symbolic prowess. However, accounts of inter-personal interactions evince symbolic boundaries defined bylanguageandneighborhood tenurethat render ethnoracial boundaries porous. Respondents note intra-group differences among Latinos, pointing out how the ability to speak English and long-time residence in the neighborhood are important factors facilitating ties and cooperation across ethnoracial boundaries. The findings point to the importance ofintra-ethnoracial-group differences forinter-ethnoracial-group attitudes and relations. Adopting ethnographic and survey research practices that treat boundaries as multiplex will better capture how growingintra-ethnoracial-group diversity shapes inter-ethnoracial-group relations.
IMMIGRANT RIGHTS IN A DEEP SOUTH CITY
Authors: Williams Kim M. , Hannon Lonnie
Published: July 2016

In 2010, the Alabama GOP took control of the state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction. The next year, in a sharply partisan vote, the legislature passed, and Governor Robert Bentley (R) signed into law, the Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act, also known as House Bill 56, the harshest immigration law in the country. This punitive state law was the impetus for Black elites in Birmingham to frame the immigration debate as a matter of civil rights and thus to see the issue in a new light. When Alabama Republicans moved to the Right on immigration, Black leaders in Birmingham moved Left. In this study, backed up by an event analysis of local newspapers, an analysis of interviews with members of the Black elite in Birmingham in 2013, who were previously interviewed in 2007, helps to substantiate this claim. In the summer of 2007, against the backdrop of an immigration debate in Washington, our Black elite study participants largely told us they had no stake in immigration. By 2013, many were willing to fight for immigrant rights at the highest level.
Altbewährtes und Neues – Update Krampfaderbehandlung 2016
Authors: Uthoff Heiko , Spinedi Luca , Lattmann Thomas , Broz Pavel , Staub Daniel
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Venöse Beinbeschwerden sind häufig, werden aber auch häufig unterschätzt. Die Behandlung von Krampfadern hat mit der Entwicklung von effektiven, minimal-invasiven endovenösen Methoden in den letzten Jahren grosse Fortschritte gemacht. Grundlage jeder Behandlung ist weiterhin eine kompetente Anamnese, eine klinische Untersuchung und eine Duplexsonografie. Ambulante endovenöse Verfahren werden bei mindestens gleich hoher Effektivität, aber geringeren Nebenwirkungen die traditionelle Chirurgie als Methode der ersten Wahl in der Behandlung von Stammvenen zunehmend ablösen. Seit 1. Januar 2016 sind die endovenösen thermischen Verfahren (Laser/Radiofrequenz) zur Stammvenentherapie durch das Bundesamt für Gesundheit anerkannt und vergütungspflichtige Leistungen in der Grundversorgung. Alle Methoden haben Vor-und Nachteile bzw. Limitationen, eine individuelle Auswahl anhand der vorhandenen Symptome, anatomischen Befunde und Patientenpräferenzen sind für ein optimales Ergebnis und maximale Patientenzufriedenheit elementar.
Adipositas-Paradoxon und Hirnschlag
Authors: Baumgartner Ralf , Oesch Lisa , Sarikaya Hakan
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Das Adipositas-Paradoxon suggeriert einen Überlebensvorteil von übergewichtigen und adipösen, älteren Hirnschlagpatienten. Bei der Interpretation der entsprechenden Studien ist jedoch Vorsicht geboten, da Selektionsbias, Behandlung und unterschiedliche Patientencharakteristika die Resultate verzerren können. Ausserdem fehlen kontrolliert-randomisierte Therapiestudien, welche die Wirksamkeit einer Gewichtsreduktion auf die Schlaganfallmortalität belegen. Da Adipositas ein unabhängiger Risikofaktor für Hirnschlag ist, sollte weiterhin eine Gewichtsreduktion bei übergewichtigen und adipösen Patienten erstrebt werden. Zweifellos sind kontrolliert-randomisierte Studien, welche die Wirksamkeit einer Gewichtsreduktion auf Morbidität und Mortalität vaskulärer Erkrankungen in allen Altersgruppen untersuchen, nötig.
Husten hat viele Gesichter
Authors: Niederegger Michael , Bock Andreas
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über einen 35-Jährigen, bisher scheinbar gesunden Patienten mit einer terminalen chronischen Niereninsuffizienz aufgrund einer IgA-Nephritis. Die initialen Symptome glichen jenen eines banalen viralen Atemwegsinfektes. Massive Hypertonie, Orthopnoe, Ödeme und Sehstörungen führten schliesslich zur Diagnose der terminalen Niereninsuffizienz. In der Nierenbiopsie konnte das Endstadium einer IgA-Nephritis mit mehrheitlich verödeten Glomeruli nachgewiesen werden. Eine Hämodialyse wurde nötig. Hierunter geht es dem Patienten den Umständen entsprechend gut. Er wartet auf eine Transplantatniere.
Arctic Survey Hunts for Missing Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Authors: Shultz David
Published: July 2016

A new survey of ocean waters flowing in and out of the Arctic may shed light on how dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus contribute to nutrient cycling in the Arctic.
Telica Volcano Rested Quietly Right Before Spewing Ash
Authors: Coombs Amy
Published: July 2016

The length of quiet periods predicts the severity of eruption events, according to a new model that might soon help forecast explosions worldwide.
MBTPS2 mutations cause defective regulated intramembrane proteolysis in X-linked osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Lindert Uschi , Cabral Wayne A. , Ausavarat Surasawadee , Tongkobpetch Siraprapa , Ludin Katja , Barnes Aileen M. , Yeetong Patra , Weis Maryann , Krabichler Birgit , Srichomthong Chalurmpon , Makareeva Elena N. , Janecke Andreas R. , Leikin Sergey , Röthlisberger Benno , Rohrbach Marianne , Kennerknecht Ingo , Eyre David R. , Suphapeetiporn Kanya , Giunta Cecilia , Marini Joan C. , Shotelersuk Vorasuk
Published: July 2016

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a collagen-related bone dysplasia. We identified an X-linked recessive form of OI caused by defects in MBTPS2, which encodes site-2 metalloprotease (S2P). MBTPS2 missense mutations in two independent kindreds with moderate/severe OI cause substitutions at highly conserved S2P residues. Mutant S2P has normal stability, but impaired functioning in regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of OASIS, ATF6 and SREBP transcription factors, consistent with decreased proband secretion of type I collagen. Further, hydroxylation of the collagen lysine residue (K87) critical for crosslinking is reduced in proband bone tissue, consistent with decreased lysyl hydroxylase 1 in proband osteoblasts. Reduced collagen crosslinks presumptively undermine bone strength. Also, proband osteoblasts have broadly defective differentiation. These mutations provide evidence that RIP plays a fundamental role in normal bone development.
A combined cryo-EM and molecular dynamics approach reveals the mechanism of ErmBL-mediated translation arrest
Authors: Arenz Stefan , Bock Lars V. , Graf Michael , Innis C. Axel , Beckmann Roland , Grubmüller Helmut , Vaiana Andrea C. , Wilson Daniel N.
Published: July 2016

Nascent polypeptides can induce ribosome stalling, regulating downstream genes. Stalling of ErmBL peptide translation in the presence of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin leads to resistance in Streptococcus sanguis. To reveal this stalling mechanism we obtained 3.6-Å-resolution cryo-EM structures of ErmBL-stalled ribosomes with erythromycin. The nascent peptide adopts an unusual conformation with the C-terminal Asp10 side chain in a previously unseen rotated position. Together with molecular dynamics simulations, the structures indicate that peptide-bond formation is inhibited by displacement of the peptidyl-tRNA A76 ribose from its canonical position, and by non-productive interactions of the A-tRNA Lys11 side chain with the A-site crevice. These two effects combine to perturb peptide-bond formation by increasing the distance between the attacking Lys11 amine and the Asp10 carbonyl carbon. The interplay between drug, peptide and ribosome uncovered here also provides insight into the fundamental mechanism of peptide-bond formation.
Action potential broadening in a presynaptic channelopathy
Authors: Begum Rahima , Bakiri Yamina , Volynski Kirill E. , Kullmann Dimitri M.
Published: July 2016

Brain development and interictal function are unaffected in many paroxysmal neurological channelopathies, possibly explained by homoeostatic plasticity of synaptic transmission. Episodic ataxia type 1 is caused by missense mutations of the potassium channel Kv1.1, which is abundantly expressed in the terminals of cerebellar basket cells. Presynaptic action potentials of small inhibitory terminals have not been characterized, and it is not known whether developmental plasticity compensates for the effects of Kv1.1 dysfunction. Here we use visually targeted patch-clamp recordings from basket cell terminals of mice harbouring an ataxia-associated mutation and their wild-type littermates. Presynaptic spikes are followed by a pronounced afterdepolarization, and are broadened by pharmacological blockade of Kv1.1 or by a dominant ataxia-associated mutation. Somatic recordings fail to detect such changes. Spike broadening leads to increased Ca2+ influx and GABA release, and decreased spontaneous Purkinje cell firing. We find no evidence for developmental compensation for inherited Kv1.1 dysfunction.