bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxing Losses: Economic Suicide or Shrewd Trade Policy?
Authors: Butler J. S. , Weinhold Diana
Published: July 2002

The ancient Nabateans had an economic law that penalized those who diminished and rewarded those who increased the common property. Normally, such a law could reduce long-run growth, but the Nabateans flourished. In the context of their nearly pure trade economy, this law enhanced the city of Petra's ability to accumulate wealth by discouraging competitive price reductions (a strategic trade policy). Under general assumptions, the policy would also have penalized inefficient traders, reduced the number of traders, and increased aggregate saving.
A Simple Model of Long-Term Spike Train Regularization
Authors: Brandman Relly , Nelson Mark E.
Published: July 2002

A simple model of spike generation is described that gives rise to negative correlations in the interspike interval (ISI) sequence and leads to long-term spike train regularization. This regularization can be seen by examining the variance of thekth-order interval distribution for large k (the times between spike i and spike i Ck). The variance is much smaller than would be expected if successive ISIs were uncorrelated. Such regularizing effects have been observed in the spike trains of electrosensory afferent nerve fibers and can lead to dramatic improvement in the detectability of weak signals encoded in the spike train data (Ratnam & Nelson, 2000). Here, we present a simple neural model in which negative ISI correlations and long-term spike train regularization arise from refractory effects associated with a dynamic spike threshold. Our model is derived from a more detailed model of electrosensory afferent dynamics developed recently by other investigators (Chacron, Longtin, St.-Hilaire, & Maler, 2000; Chacron, Longtin, & Maler, 2001). The core of this model is a dynamic spike threshold that is transiently elevated following a spike and subsequently decays until the next spike is generated. Here, we present a simplified version—the linear adaptive threshold model—that contains a single state variable and three free parameters that control the mean and coefficient of variation of the spontaneous ISI distribution and the frequency characteristics of the driven response. We show that refractory effects associated with the dynamic threshold lead to regularization of the spike train on long timescales. Furthermore, we show that this regularization enhances the detectability of weak signals encoded by the linear adaptive threshold model. Although inspired by properties of electrosensory afferent nerve fibers, such regularizing effects may play an important role in other neural systems where weak signals must be reliably detected in noisy spike trains. When modeling a neuronal system that exhibits this type of ISI correlation structure, the linear adaptive threshold model may
Explorations in the Use of Augmented Reality for Geographic Visualization
Authors: Hedley Nicholas R. , Billinghurst Mark , Postner Lori , May Richard , Kato Hirokazu
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we describe two explorations in the use of hybrid user interfaces for collaborative geographic data visualization. Our first interface combines three technologies: augmented reality (AR), immersive virtual reality (VR), and computer vision-based hand and object tracking. Wearing a lightweight display with an attached camera, users can look at a real map and see three-dimensional virtual terrain models overlaid on the map. From this AR interface, they can fly in and experience the model immersively, or use free hand gestures or physical markers to change the data representation. Building on this work, our second interface explores alternative interface techniques, including a zoomable user interface, paddle interactions, and pen annotations. We describe the system hardware and software and the implications for GIS and spatial science applications.
ZCS Redux
Authors: Bull Larry , Hurst Jacob
Published: July 2002

Learning classifier systems traditionally use genetic algorithms to facilitate rule discovery, where rule fitness is payoff based. Current research has shifted to the use of accuracy-based fitness. This paper re-examines the use of a particular payoff-based learning classifier system—ZCS. By using simple difference equation models of ZCS, we show that this system is capable of optimal performance subject to appropriate parameter settings. This is demonstrated for both single- and multistep tasks. Optimal performance of ZCS in well-known, multistep maze tasks is then presented to support the findings from the models.
Using Interorganizational Information Systems to Support Environmental Management Efforts at ASG
Authors: Shaft Teresa M. , Sharfman Mark P. , Swahn Magnus
Published: July 2002

We examine use of environmental information systems by ASG AB (hereafter ASG), an international logistics and transport firm headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, as a case study to illustrate the role of information systems in life‐cycle‐oriented environmental management. This case provides an example of how a firm can use interorganizational information systems (IOISs) to move toward environmentally sustainable business practices. Through the use of IOISs, ASG has been able to improve its environmental performance and that of its suppliers. Further, this improved environmental performance has been a competitive advantage for ASG and enabled it to attract new business. As such, ASG's experiences illustrate how aggressive practices move environmental management beyond compliance and cost control, at which many firms have been successful, to revenue generation. The case also shows how environmentally sustainable business practices can be integrated into a firm's strategy. In addition to illustrating how ASG has used IOISs to improve environmental performance, we compare their use of environmental ISs with the expected evolution of environmental ISs presented in the Shaft and colleagues (1997) framework. Although some of ASG's experiences verify the expected progression of these types of systems, some developments are not as expected. These differences have implications for the framework.
Linking Industrial Ecology with Business Strategy: Creating Value for Green Product Design
Authors: Finster Mark , Eagan Patrick , Hussey Dennis
Published: July 2002

As organizations practice environmental design, some discover green design positively impacts business performance. This article demonstrates how an organization can employ existing design methods and tools with the Kano technique to craft an environmental product design strategy that enhances its business strategy. These tools expand the toolbox of the industrial ecologist and enable the link between green design and business improvement. The Kano technique was developed in the 1980s to facilitate design of innovative products. We also introduce terminology and concepts such as “voices of the environment,”“environmental knowledge management,”“environmental profile,” and “environmental product attribute” in order to bridge the gap between industrial ecology and business concerns.

To demonstrate how an organization can find the synergy between business value and environmental value, this article describes three activities and their corresponding tools and exhibits their use with industry examples. First, we present techniques by which designers can identify and prioritize customers and stakeholders who voice both environmental and business concerns. Second, we describe how voice‐of‐the‐customer translation techniques can be used to efficiently collect and translate data from these customers and stakeholders into critical environmental product and service attributes. Third, we discuss how the Kano technique can be used to connect green design to business strategy by making visible the variety of stakeholder and customer perceptions of these critical environmental attributes. Examples then demonstrate how those perceptions suggest appropriate approaches for integrating the critical environmental attributes into product and business strategy. Finally, we provide examples based on work done with General Electric Medical Systems (GEMS) to illustrate the design of products that improve environmental performance while adding greater perceived value for numerous customers along material‐flow value chains.
Environmental Change, Protest, and Havens of Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Asia
Authors: Hall Derek
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the relevance for the debate on “pollution havens” of two cases from the international political economy of Japan-Southeast Asia relations. It begins by suggesting that the typical focus of the pollution havens literature is too narrow, and concentrates instead on the broader question of the extent to which the environmental transformations associated with particular sectors influence their international siting patterns. The first case—the changes in Japanese FDI to Asia in the 1970s—demonstrates that Japanese firms and the Japanese state consciously attempted to relocate highly-polluting industry in order to escape anti-pollution protest in Japan. The second case—the effort to create in Asia and the Pacific an export-oriented industrial tree plantation (ITP) sector supplying regional pulp and paper markets—shows, somewhat counterintuitively, that political contestation related to the environmental problems caused by ITPs has encouraged Japanese companies to concentrate their tree planting activity not in Southeast Asia but in Australia.
READING MESOPOTAMIAN LAW CASES PBS 5 100: A QUESTION OF FILIATION
Authors: Roth Martha
Published: July 2002

In this article I explore ways of reading Mesopotamian legal records as narratives and so derive insights into Mesopotamian legal, social, and cultural norms. I examine two prevailing and insufficiently considered scholarly biases and I suggest new ways to study documents. I present a single case from Old Babylonian Nippur by way of example of how we can read Mesopotamian law collections and law cases. Dans cet article, je cherche les moyens de lire les documents juridiques mésopotamiens en les considérant comme des récits, essayant ainsi de comprendre les normes légales, sociales et culturelles de Mésopotamiens. J'examine deux préjugés scientifiques qui ont cours et qui n'ont pas été su samment approfondis et je propose de nouvelles méthodes pour l'étude de ces documents. A titre d'exemple, je présente un seul cas tiré de Nippur de la période paléobabylonienne, pour montrer comment peuvent être lus les collections de lois et les cas juridiques.
IS THERE AN EAST ASIAN DEVELOPMENT PATH? LONG-TERM COMPARISONS, CONSTRAINTS, AND CONTINUITIES
Authors: Pomeranz Kenneth
Published: July 2002

Much literature normalizes a North Atlantic pattern of development, and sees a regionally specific "East Asian" path in the 20th century. However, development patterns in core regions of Europe and East Asia were surprisingly similar until almost 1800, and Europe's divergence thereafter was shaped by exceptional resource bonanzas. East Asian growth has been less-resource-intensive, and based on different social ideas. Recently, "East Asian" growth has spread to coastal China, but China's interior poses greater challenges; current interest in more resource-intensive, state-centered development strategies for those regions (which resemble those predicted by Gerschenkron) is thus unsurprising, but environmentally and socially risky. La plus grande partie de la littérature sur l'Asie de l'Est prend comme modèle le développement économique et social du Nord-Atlantique, insistant également sur un chemin spécifiquement "Est-Asiatique" qui a été suivi par la region dans le 20e siècle. Néanmoins, l'histoire du développement économique dans les regions centrales de l'Europe est semblable à celle de L'Asie de l'Est, jusqu'au début du 19e siècle. La divergence de l'Europe après 1800 se déterminait comme résultat d'un accès exceptionnel aux ressources naturelles permettant une sur-croissance économique ininterrompue. La croissance en Asie de l'Est était nettement moins dependante sur l'acces aux ressources, et fût basée sur un système d'idées sociales très différent. Plus récemment, le modèle "Est-Asiatique" de croissance économique est apparu en Chine littorale, mais non à l'interieur du pays. L'intérêt actuel des stratégies du développement (tres semblables, d'ailleurs, à celles prevues par Gerschenkron) basées sur l'accès aux ressources, et organisées autour de l'intervention centralisée de l'état dans ces régions n'a rien de surprenant, mais pose en même temps des risques très graves pour l'environnement et pour la société dans les régions de l'intérieur.
THE ORGANISATION OF INSTITUTIONAL AGRICULTURE IN MARI
Authors: van Koppen Frans
Published: July 2002

The archives from the time of Zimri-Lim (1678-1664 BC) found in the palace at Mari allow a reconstruction of the accounting practises associated with institutional agriculture. Both the local relations of production and the political goals of the state are assessed in determining land use. The central government restricted itself to the distribution of a variety of resources to its rural estates and to the organisation of supplementary labourers. The "farmer" (ikkarum) managed the basic work unit, plough teams, in order to meet production goals, but his simultaneous contracts with directors of different estates both allowed for his investment (and private gain) and stimulated efficient employment of the palace's resources. This practice provided flexibility for the central government's management of its agricultural estates. Les archives de l'époque de Zimri-Lim (1678-1664 BC) exhumés dans le palais de Mari permettent une reconstruction de la système de comptabilité de l'agriculture institutionelle. Les moyens de production disponibles et des considérations politiques déterminaient l'emploi des terres. Le gouvernement se bornait à la distribution des ressources et à l'organisation de la main-d'oeuvre supplémentaire. Le "cultivateur" (ikkarum) dirigeait les unités de base de l'agriculture, les charrues, afin de produire une récolte fixée. Il investissait des ressources privées (et pourait en profiter) et dirigait des charrues dans des domaines agricoles differentes, que permettait un emploi economique de resources du palais. Cette pratique fournissait de la flexibilité dans un régime dirigé de façon centralisée.
Aristotle's Use of Examples in the Prior Analytics
Authors: Ierodiakonou Katerina
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the relevance and importance of the large number of examples which Aristotle uses in his Prior Analytics. In the first part of the paper three preliminary issues are raised: First, it investigates what counts as an example in Aristotle's syllogistic, and especially whether only examples expressed in concrete terms should be considered as examples or maybe also propositions and arguments with letters of the alphabet. The second issue concerns the kinds of examples Aristotle actually uses from everyday life as well as from various scientific and philosophical forms of discourse; among these, it seems that biological examples, rather than mathematical ones, have a predominant place. Finally, I discuss what Aristotle himself has to say about the use of examples, and in particular about the similarity between the use of an example and the use of induction. The second part of the paper focusses on the functions of Aristotle's logical examples. It is of course obvious that some of the examples in the Prior Analytics are used to illustrate, and thus to clarify, a definition, a logical rule, a type of argument. However, I think that Aristotle's logical examples have another function, which is philosophically more interesting, namely as integral parts of the procedure of proving something. To support this claim, I analyse three passages from the Prior Analytics in which examples are used either in order to prove that something is not the case, i.e. as counter-examples, or in order to prove positively that it is possible for something to be the case. At the end, I argue that for such uses of examples Aristotle uses the notion of 'ekthesis', which seems to have a wider sense than usually suggested; that is to say, it is used to refer to any proof by means of an example, and not only for the procedure which Aristotle uses to reduce imperfect to perfect syllogisms.
WHO WEEPS IN JEREMIAH VIII 23 (IX 1)? IDENTIFYING DRAMATIC SPEAKERS IN THE POETRY OF JEREMIAH
Authors: Henderson Joseph
Published: July 2002

Since the work of A. Heschel, who described the pathos of God in Jeremiah, it has become common to identify the weeping speaker of Jeremiah viii 23 as Yahweh. Many hold that the speech of God and the speech of the prophet are indistinguishable, but a few, including M. Biddle, maintain that Yahweh alone is the speaker. This paper contends that the speaker of Jeremiah viii 23 (and several other passages that express sympathy for the people) is not Yahweh, but Jeremiah. It argues that the sympathetic term bat-'ammî found in these passages and similar passages in Lamentations is typical of a speaker who cries out to God in complaint. Distinguishing Jeremiah's diction and concerns from Yahweh's allows the poetry of Jeremiah ii-xx to be read as dramatic dialogue.
YAHWEH AT ASHKELON AND CALAH? YAHWISTIC NAMES IN NEO-ASSYRIAN
Authors: Younger K. Lawson
Published: July 2002

This article investigates the transcription of names containing the Yahwistic theophoric element into Neo-Assyrian in order to evaluate the claims that the names Siqda (king of Ashkelon mentioned in Sennacherib's inscriptions) and Atalia (queen of Sargon II mentioned in inscribed objects from a recently discovered royal tomb in Calah/Nimrud) contain this element.
Phonotaxis to advertisement calls by midwife toads (Alytes muletensis) is not necessarily related to mating
Authors: Dyson Mandy , Halliday Tim , Lea Jerry
Published: July 2002

Previous studies with the Mallorcan midwife toad (Alytes muletensis) found that gravid females show inconsistent phonotactic preferences for male calls unless they are highly motivated to mate; and, non-gravid females will occasionally show phonotaxis to male advertisement calls. These results suggest that sometimes phonotaxis may not be related to seeking a mating partner. In this article we report on experiments that give further support to a non-mating function of phonotaxis in this species. Males and metamorphs were played conspecific male and female advertisement calls. Males that were expected to be unmotivated to mate were not less likely to respond to, or less consistent in their choice of, female calls than males who were expected to be motivated to mate. Metamorphs who were not yet in breeding condition nevertheless showed positive phonotaxis. We suggest that Mallorcan midwife toads may sometimes show phonotaxis simply to seek out refuges where toads aggregate.
Seasonal patterns of breeding activity of Atlantic Rainforest anurans at Boracéia, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Rodrigues Miguel Trefaut , Bertoluci Jaime
Published: July 2002

Annual patterns of breeding activity of 28 anuran species were studied at Boracéia, an Atlantic Rainforest locality in the coastal mountains of Southeastern Brazil. Five patterns were evident: (1) species that call year-round; (2) opportunistic calling activity associated with rainfall; (3) explosive breeding; (4) winter activity; and (5) summer species with variable breeding seasons. The number of species with calling males was positively correlated with mean monthly temperature.
Merleau-Ponty and Nature
Authors: Barbaras Renaud
Published: July 2002

The course on nature coincides with the re-working of Merleau-Ponty's breakthrough towards an ontology and therefore plays a primordial role. The appearance of an interrogation of nature is inscribed in the movement of thought that comes after the Phenomenology of Perception. What is at issue is to show that the ontological mode of the perceived object - not the unity of a positive sense but the unity of a style that shows through in filigree in the sensible aspects - has a universal meaning, that the description of the perceived world can give way to a philosophy of perception and therefore to a theory of truth. The analysis of linguistic expression to which the philosophy of perception leads opens out onto a definition of meaning as institution, understood as what inaugurates an open series of expressive appropriations. It is this theory of institution that turns the analysis of the perceived in the direction of a reflection on nature: the perceived is no longer the originary in its difference from the derived but the natural in its difference from the instituted. Nature is the "non-constructed, non-instituted," and thereby, the source of expression: "nature is what has a sense without this sense having been posited by thought." The first part of the course, which consists in a historical overview, must not be considered as a mere introduction. In fact, the problem of nature is brought out into the open by means of the history of Western metaphysics, in which Descartes is the emblematic figure. The problem consists in the duality - at once unsatisfactory and unsurpassable - between two approaches to nature: the one which accentuates its determinability and therefore its transparency to the understanding; the other which emphasizes the irreducible facticity of nature and tends therefore to valorize the view-point of the senses. To conceive nature is to constitute a concept of it that allows us to "take possession" of this duality, that is, to found the duality. The second part of the course attempts to develop this concept of nature by drawing upon the results of contemporary science. Thus a philosophy of nature is sketched that can be summarized in four propositions: 1) the totality is no less real than the parts; 2) there is a reality of the negative and therefore no alternative between being and nothingmess; 3) a natural event is not assigned to a unique spatio-temporal localization; and 4) there is generality only as generativity.
What is Ecophenomenology?
Authors: Wood David
Published: July 2002

What is eco-phenomenology? This paper argues that eco-phenomenology, in which are folded both an ecological phenomenology and a phenomenological ecology, offers us a way of developing a middle ground between phenomenology and naturalism, between intentionality and causality. Our grasp of Nature is significantly altered by thinking through four strands of time's plexity - the invisibility of time, the celebration of finitude, the coordination of rhythms, and the interruption and breakdown of temporal horizons. It is also transformed by a meditation on the role of boundaries in constituting the varieties of thinghood. Eco-phenomenology takes up in a tentative and exploratory way the traditional phenomenological claim to be able to legislate for the sciences, or at least to think across the boundaries that seem to divide them. In this way, it opens up and develops an access to Nature and the natural, one which is independent both of the conceptuality of the natural sciences and of traditional metaphysics.
ORNSTEIN–UHLENBECK PROCESSES IN BANACH SPACES AND THEIR SPECTRAL REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: Groves James S.
Published: July 2002

For Q the variance of some centred Gaussian random vector in a separable Banach space it is shown that, necessarily, Q factors through $\ell^2$ as a product of 2-summing operators. This factorization condition is sufficient when the Banach space is of Gaussian type 2. The stochastic integral of a deterministic family of operators with respect to a Q-Wiener process is shown to exist under a continuity condition involving the 2-summing norm. A Langevin equation

$$ \rd\bm{Z}_t+\sLa\bm{Z}_t\,\rd t=\rd\bm{B}_t, $$

with values in a separable Banach space, is studied. The operator $\sLa$ is closed and densely defined. A weak solution $(\bm{Z}_t,\bm{B}_t)$, where $\bm{Z}_t$ is centred, Gaussian and stationary, while $\bm{B}_t$ is a Q-Wiener process, is given when $\ri\sLa$ and $\ri\sLa^*$ generate $C_0$ groups and the resolvent of $\sLa$ is uniformly bounded on the imaginary axis. Both $\bm{Z}_t$ and $\bm{B}_t$ are stochastic integrals with respect to a spectral Q-Wiener process.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 60G15. Secondary 46E40; 47B10; 47D03; 60H10
CUSP DENSITIES OF HYPERBOLIC 3-MANIFOLDS
Authors: Adams Colin
Published: July 2002

The cusp density of a hyperbolic 3-manifold is the ratio of the largest possible volume in a set of cusps with disjoint interiors to the volume in the manifold. It is known that all cusp densities fall in the interval $[0,0.853\dots]$. It is shown that the cusp densities of finite-volume orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds are dense in this interval.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 57M50
CROP RESIDUES FOR MULCH AND FEED IN CROP–LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS: IMPACT ON MAIZE GRAIN YIELD AND SOIL PROPERTIES IN THE WEST AFRICAN HUMID FOREST AND SAVANNA ZONES
Authors: Larbi A. , Smith J. W. , Adekunle I. O. , Agyare W. A. , Gbaraneh L. D. , Tanko R. J. , Akinlade J. , Omokaye A. T. , Karbo N. , Aboh A.
Published: July 2002

A study was conducted in the humid-forest, forest-savanna, and Guinea savanna zones of West Africa from 1993 to 1999 to examine the effect of managing crop residues from cereal–legume cropping systems for mulch and fodder for sheep. Increasing the proportion of total crop residues produced from a unit area of land and used as mulch increased maize grain yield, soil organic carbon, nitrogen and available phosphorus. The extra increases obtained when more than half the crop residues were applied as mulch were relatively small, however, suggesting that 25–50% of the crop residues could be removed as feed without any detrimental effect. When any crop residues rejected by sheep were mixed with livestock urine and faeces and returned to the respective fields from where the crop residues had been removed, subsequent grain yield and soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and available phosphorus increased. The study demonstrated the possibility of managing crop residues for increased productivity in smallholder mixed crop–livestock systems.
Mapping quantitative trait loci with epistatic effects
Authors: YI NENGJUN , XU SHIZHONG
Published: July 2002

Epistatic variance can be an important source of variation for complex traits. However, detecting epistatic effects is difficult primarily due to insufficient sample sizes and lack of robust statistical methods. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian method to map multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with epistatic effects. The method can map QTLs in complicated mating designs derived from the cross of two inbred lines. In addition to mapping QTLs for quantitative traits, the proposed method can even map genes underlying binary traits such as disease susceptibility using the threshold model. The parameters of interest are various QTL effects, including additive, dominance and epistatic effects of QTLs, the locations of identified QTLs and even the number of QTLs. When the number of QTLs is treated as an unknown parameter, the dimension of the model becomes a variable. This requires the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The utility of the proposed method is demonstrated through analysis of simulation data.
A spectral study of differential diffusion of
passive scalars in isotropic turbulence
Authors: ULITSKY MARK , VAITHIANATHAN T. , COLLINS LANCE R.
Published: July 2002

In a companion paper, Ulitsky & Collins (2000) applied the eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) turbulence theory to the mixing of two inert passive
scalars with different diffusivities in stationary isotropic turbulence. Their paper
showed that a rigorous application of the EDQNM approximation leads to a scalar
covariance spectrum that violates the Cauchy–Schwartz inequality over a range of
wavenumbers. The violation results from the improper functionality of the inverse
diffusive time scales that arise from the Markovianization of the time evolution of
the triple correlations. The modified inverse time scale they proposed eliminates this
problem and allows meaningful predictions of the scalar covariance spectrum both
with and without a uniform mean gradient.

This study uses the modified EDQNM model to investigate the spectral dynamics of
differential diffusion. Consistent with recent DNS results by Yeung (1996), we observe
that whereas spectral transfer is predominantly from low to high wavenumbers,
spectral incoherence, being of molecular origin, originates at high wavenumbers
and is transferred in the opposite direction by the advective terms. Quantitative
comparisons between the EDQNM model and the DNS show good agreement. In
addition, the model is shown to give excellent estimates for the dissipation coefficient
defined by Yeung (1998).

We show that the EDQNM scalar covariance spectrum for two scalars with different
molecular diffusivities can be approximated by the EDQNM autocorrelation spectrum
for a scalar with molecular diffusivity equal to the arithmetic mean of the first two
scalars. The result is exact for the case of an isotropic scalar and is shown to be
a very good approximation for the scalar with a uniform mean gradient. We then
exploit this relationship to derive a simple formula for the correlation coefficient of
two differentially diffusing scalars as a function of their two Schmidt numbers and the
turbulent Reynolds number. A comparison of the formula with the EDQNM model
shows the model predicts the correct Reynolds number scaling and qualitatively
predicts the dependence on the Schmidt numbers.

To investigate the degree of local versus non-local transfer of the scalar covariance
spectrum, we divided the energy spectrum into three ranges corresponding to the
energy-containing eddies, the inertial range, and the dissipation range. Then, by
conditioning the scalar transfer on the energy contained within each of the three
ranges, we have determined that the transfer process is dominated first by local
interactions (local transfer) followed by non-local interactions leading to local transfer.
Non-local interactions leading to non-local transfer are found to be significant at the
higher wavenumbers. This result has important implications for defining simpler
spectral models that potentially can be applied to more complex engineering flows.
DNS study of turbulent transport at low Prandtl
numbers in a channel flow
Authors: PILLER MARZIO , NOBILE ENRICO , HANRATTY THOMAS J.
Published: July 2002

Direct numerical simulations of the velocity and temperature fields for turbulent flow
in a channel are used to examine the influence of Prandtl number Pr on turbulent
transport. The Reynolds number, based on the half-height of the channel and the
friction velocity, is Reτ = 150. Prandtl numbers of 1.0, 0.3, 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 were
studied. The bottom and the top walls were kept at constant temperatures of +Tw
and −Tw. The influence of Pr on Reynolds transport, on the turbulent diffusivity, ατ,
and on the spectral density function of the temperature fluctuations was studied. The
observation that spatial variations of the ratio of the turbulent diffusivity to the value
observed at Pr = 1.0 are not large is used to propose a method for calculating average
temperature fields. The decrease in ατ with decreasing Pr is related to observations
of the increased damping of high-wavenumber temperature fluctuations. Molecular
conductivity, at smaller Pr, is pictured to act as a filter that renders high-frequency
velocity fluctuations ineffective in transporting heat.
Study on the spin-up of fluid in a rectangular container using Ekman pumping models
Authors: SUH Y. K. , CHOI Y. H.
Published: July 2002

Spin-up in a rectangular container with a free surface is investigated numerically and
experimentally. In the formulation of two-dimensional numerical computation, we use
a potential-like function in addition to the stream function to deal with the first-order
Ekman pumping model. It is shown that our numerical results are in good agreement
with those obtained by the experiment when either the leading-order or first-order
pumping model is used. On the other hand, when no pumping effect is considered the
numerical results show, except in the initial development, a considerable discrepancy
from those of the experiment. Our attention in this study is focused on clarifying the
physical mechanism of cyclonic vortex merging. At low Reynolds numbers and/or
liquid depths the Ekman pumping damps the vortical flows fast, resulting in non-merging.
At moderate Reynolds numbers, it enhances merging because the cyclonic
vortices expand due to the Ekman pumping. We discuss the influence of various
parameters, including Reynolds number, Rossby number, and dimensionless liquid
depth, on the evolution of the vortical flows.
Linear stability of rectangular cavity flows driven
by anti-parallel motion of two facing walls
Authors: ALBENSOEDER S. , KUHLMANN H. C.
Published: July 2002

The flow in an infinite slab of rectangular cross-section is investigated numerically
by a finite volume method. Two facing walls which move parallel to each other with
the same velocity, but in opposite directions, drive a plane flow in the cross-section
of the slab. A linear stability analysis shows that the two-dimensional flow becomes
unstable to different modes, depending on the cross-sectional aspect ratio, when the
Reynolds number is increased. The critical mode is found to be stationary for all
aspect ratios. When the separation of the moving walls is larger than approximately
twice the height of the cavity, the basic flow forms two vortices, each close to one
of the moving walls. The instability of this flow is of centrifugal type and similar to
that in the classical lid-driven cavity problem with a single moving wall. When the
moving walls are sufficiently close to each other (aspect ratio less than 2) the two
vortices merge and form an elliptically strained vortex. Owing to the dipolar strain
this flow becomes unstable through the elliptic instability. When both moving walls
are very close, the finite-length plane-Couette flow becomes unstable by a similar
elliptic mechanism near both turning zones. The critical mode produces wide streaks
reaching far into the cavity. For a small range of aspect ratios near unity the flow
consists of a single vortex. Here, the strain field is dominated by a four-fold symmetry.
As a result the instability process is analogous to the instability of a Rankine vortex
in an quadripolar strain field, resulting from vortex stretching into the four corners
of the cavity.
On the frequency selection of finite-amplitude vortex shedding
in the cylinder wake
Authors: PIER BENOÎT
Published: July 2002

In this paper it is shown that the two-dimensional time-periodic vortex shedding
régime observed in the cylinder wake at moderate Reynolds numbers may be interpreted
as a nonlinear global structure and its naturally selected frequency obtained
in the framework of hydrodynamic stability theory. The frequency selection criterion
is based on the local absolute frequency curve derived from the unperturbed basic
flow fields under the assumption of slow streamwise variations. Although the latter
assumption is only approximately fulfilled in the vicinity of the obstacle, the theoretically
predicted frequency is in good agreement with direct numerical simulations for
Reynolds numbers Re > 100.
Finite-Weber-number motion of bubbles
through a nearly inviscid liquid
Authors: KUSHCH VOLODYMYR I. , SANGANI ASHOK S. , SPELT PETER D. M. , KOCH DONALD L.
Published: July 2002

A method is described for computing the motion of bubbles through a liquid under
conditions of large Reynolds and finite Weber numbers. Ellipsoidal harmonics are
used to approximate the shapes of the bubbles and the flow induced by the bubbles,
and a method of summing flows induced by groups of bubbles, using a fast multipole
expansion technique is employed so that the computational cost increases only linearly
with the number of bubbles. Several problems involving one, two and many bubbles
are examined using the method. In particular, it is shown that two bubbles moving
towards each other in an impurity-free, inviscid liquid touch each other in a finite time.
Conditions for the bubbles to bounce in the presence of non-hydrodynamic forces
and the time for bounce when these conditions are satisfied are determined. The
added mass and viscous drag coefficients and aspect ratio of bubbles are determined
as a function of bubble volume fraction and Weber number.
Nonlinear effects in the response of a floating ice
plate to a moving load
Authors: PĂRĂU EMILIAN , DIAS FREDERIC
Published: July 2002

The steady response of an infinite unbroken floating ice sheet to a moving load is
considered. It is assumed that the ice sheet is supported below by water of finite
uniform depth. For a concentrated line load, earlier studies based on the linearization
of the problem have shown that there are two ‘critical’ load speeds near which
the steady deflection is unbounded. These two speeds are the speed c0 of gravity
waves on shallow water and the minimum phase speed cmin. Since deflections cannot
become infinite as the load speed approaches a critical speed, Nevel (1970) suggested
nonlinear effects, dissipation or inhomogeneity of the ice, as possible explanations.
The present study is restricted to the effects of nonlinearity when the load speed is
close to cmin. A weakly nonlinear analysis, based on dynamical systems theory and
on normal forms, is performed. The difference between the critical speed cmin and
the load speed U is taken as the bifurcation parameter. The resulting normal form
reduces at leading order to a forced nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which can be
integrated exactly. It is shown that the water depth plays a role in the effects of
nonlinearity. For large enough water depths, ice deflections in the form of solitary
waves exist for all speeds up to (and including) cmin. For small enough water depths,
steady bounded deflections exist only for speeds up to U*, with U* < cmin. The weakly
nonlinear results are validated by comparison with numerical results based on the full
governing equations. The model is validated by comparison with experimental results
in Antarctica (deep water) and in a lake in Japan (relatively shallow water). Finally,
nonlinear effects are compared with dissipation effects. Our main conclusion is that
nonlinear effects play a role in the response of a floating ice plate to a load moving
at a speed slightly smaller than cmin. In deep water, they are a possible explanation
for the persistence of bounded ice deflections for load speeds up to cmin. In shallow
water, there seems to be an apparent contradiction, since bounded ice deflections have
been observed for speeds up to cmin while the theoretical results predict bounded ice
deflection only for speeds up to U* < cmin. But in practice the value of U* is so close
to the value of cmin that it is difficult to distinguish between these two values.
Whole-field velocity measurements around an
axisymmetric body with a Stratford–Smith
pressure recovery
Authors: HAMMACHE M. , BROWAND F. K. , BLACKWELDER R. F.
Published: July 2002

Wind tunnel experiments are performed on a body of revolution with aft-section
designed to be an axisymmetric Stratford ramp (i.e. the flow over the ‘ramp’ experiences
an adverse pressure gradient that causes it to be continuously on the verge of
separation). Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) measurements over the ramp
reveal a thick boundary layer that is characterized by self-similar velocity profiles with
a large wake component and organized vorticity structures. The mean skin friction
quickly drops to a value near zero.

The sensitivity of the boundary layer to the degree of severity of the adverse
pressure gradient is investigated by testing two additional ramps; one is slightly more
conservative (i.e. less steep) than the Stratford ramp while the other is slightly more
radical (i.e. steeper). In comparison to the Stratford ramp, the conservative ramp is
characterized by a thinner boundary layer, with velocity profiles that start attached
and gradually develop a large wake component, a much more gradual drop in the skin
friction, and vorticity that is concentrated very close to the wall. On the other hand,
the boundary layer over the radical ramp is unsteady and separates intermittently.
Measurements of the drag force on each of the three bodies confirm that the Stratford
ramp experiences the least amount of drag.

Finally, additional data are gathered on the windward and leeward sides of the
Stratford ramp when subjected to a small angle of attack. This case exhibits a more
complex flow structure: the flow remains attached over the windward side of the
ramp while separating over the leeward side.
On the generation of magnetic fields
due to ponderomotive forces
in astrophysical plasmas
Authors: CHOWDHURY A. ROY , KHURSHED ALAM M. , CHOWDHURY K. ROY , PAUL S. N. , BEGUM B. A.
Published: July 2002

The generation of magnetic fields due to ponderomotive forces in astrophysical plasma consisting of electrons, ions and positrons is investigated theoretically. It is seen that collisional or non-collisional interactions (between electromagnetic waves and plasma particles) via ponderomotive forces in an inhomogeneous
plasma can excite a magnetic field. The growth rate of the magnetic field is illustrated graphically for different values of the temperature and concentration of
positrons in the plasma.
Regularization of superdrift magnetic islands
for finite electron temperature
Authors: MIKHAILOVSKII A. B. , KONOVALOV S. V. , SURAMLISHVILI G. I. , TSYPIN V. S.
Published: July 2002

The regularization of magnetic islands is studied for the case when the
electron temperature is larger than the ion temperature. The slab approximation
is used. Drift effects are neglected, i.e., the case of superdrift magnetic islands,
SDMIs, is analyzed. Then the regularization problem reduces to, first, a spreading
of the step-functional velocity profile and the conventional delta-functional polarization current profile in the region near the island separatrix; second, finding the
dispersion terms of the polarization current in this region; and, third, calculating
the total polarization current contribution to the generalized Rutherford equation
for the island width. It is shown that this problem can be solved if one allows for the
effects of the electron pressure gradient in the parallel Ohm's law. The polarization
current contribution in the case of islands regularized due to these effects proves
to be the same as that in the case of nonregularized islands.
Phonetic variation in voiced obstruents in North-Central Peninsular Spanish
Authors: González Carolina
Published: July 2002

In Spanish, /b, d, [vvplosive]/ are usually spirantized to voiced approximants in all syllabic contexts after a continuant sound. However, in North-Central Peninsular Spanish (NCS), spirantization interacts with coda devoicing, yielding voiceless fricatives. In the majority of cases, coda /b, d, [vvplosive]/ occur in stressed syllables. This work examines whether or not stress is a factor in the likelihood of frication and devoicing of coda /b, d, [vvplosive]/ in this dialect. An acoustic study was conducted of nine native speakers from NCS. These speakers were tested on nonce words with /b, d, [vvplosive]/ in coda position in both stressed and unstressed syllables. Measurements were made of vowel and consonant duration, presence and absence of frication and voicing, and voicing duration. The results show that frication is more likely in stressed syllables than in unstressed syllables. This suggests that in stressed syllables, a higher subglottal pressure produces higher airflow across the glottis, thereby favoring frication. In turn, frication inhibits voicing due to conflicting aerodynamic requirements between the two. We conclude that stress is a factor in spirantization and that it may indirectly affect the voicing properties of /b, d, [vvplosive]/.
Jicarilla Apache
Authors: Tuttle Siri G. , Sandoval Merton
Published: July 2002

Jicarilla Apache is an Eastern Apachean language, a member of the Athabaskan family of North American languages. The speech described here is that of one of the authors, Merton Sandoval of Dulce, New Mexico. The Apachean group is comprised of Western Apachean (Navajo; the Western Apache dialects Cibecue, San Carlos, and White Mountain; and Chiricahua and Mescalero) Eastern Apachean (Jicarilla, Lipan) and Plains Apache (formerly called Kiowa Apache). The other major groups of Athabaskan languages include the northern group of languages spoken in Alaska and Canada, and the Pacific Coast group spoken in Oregon and California. While the western Apachean languages have a well-documented member in Navajo, the eastern group is less well known, being best documented so far in the works of Goddard (1911), Hoijer (1938, 1945, 1946a, 1946b) and Jung (1999). Differences between the western and eastern groups concentrate in consonant development and the evolution of stem shape, and, to some extent, in the lexicon; however, Jicarilla resembles all other Athabaskan languages in bearing a close morphological relationship to all its relatives.
Die paulinische Theologie im Kontext der heiligen Schriften Israels: ‘So viele Verheißungen Gottes, in ihm das Ja’ (2 Kor 1.20)
Authors: FRANKEMÖLLE HUBERT
Published: July 2002

The notion of the variety of Jewish theologies echoes the variety found within Israel's sacred scriptures. Paul, in his Torah-centred period, based his theology mainly on notions derived from the Deuteronomistic school; later, after his call to be the apostle of Jesus Christ, he was indebted to the theology of the Priestly Code (see especially the figure of Abraham in Rom 4). Just as the Torah remains the privilege of Israel, so also the covenant. Non-Jews participate in the divine promises. Accordingly, ‘scripture’ as such cannot be invoked as witnessing to Paul's gospel; instead, Pauline theology is constituted on the basis of certain passages found within the corpus of Israel's sacred scriptures.
Theistic metaphysics and biblical exegesis: Francis Turretin on the concept of God
Authors: REHNMAN SEBASTIAN
Published: July 2002

In this article I argue that the integration of biblical exegesis and metaphysical argumentation in Turretin's doctrine of God is due to his views in epistemology and semantics. Anyone reading Turretin's Locus de Deo will recognize that it is not limited to scriptural exegesis and exploration of biblical concepts. The biblical orientation is, of course, prominent, but in addition he combines it with logic and metaphysics. I argue that by adhering to an instrumental view of reason, and an analogical or partially univocal theory of theistic reference, he is able to construct a concept of God which draws first and foremost on the Christian canon and in addition on logic and metaphysics.
Craig on the actual infinite
Authors: MORRISTON WES
Published: July 2002

In a series of much discussed articles and books, William Lane Craig defends the view that the past could not consist in a beginningless series of events. In the present paper, I cast a critical eye on just one part of Craig's case for the finitude of the past – viz. his philosophical argument against the possibility of actually infinite sets of objects in the ‘real world’. I shall try to show that this argument is unsuccessful. I shall also take a close look at several considerations that are often thought to favour the possibility of an actual infinite, arguing in each case that Craig's response is inadequate.
Volume 38, Number 1, pages 1–25 God's creation of morality
Authors: Mawson T. J.
Published: July 2002

The title of T. J. Mawson's article was incorrectly given as “God's creation of
mortality” on the Contents page and cover. The publishers would like to apologise to the author and
their readers for this error.