bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hand biomechanics in skilled pianists playing a scale in thirds
Authors: Lee Sang-Hie
Published: June 2020

Pianists, who attend to the integral relationship of their particular musculoskeletal characteristics to the piano technique at hand, discover an efficient path to technical advancement and, consequently, to injury prevention. Thus, a study of pianist's hand biomechanics in relation
to different piano techniques is highly relevant, as hand features may influence various techniques in different ways. This study addressed relationships between pianists' hand biomechanics and the performance of a scale in thirds, as a part of an ongoing series of studies examining relationships
between hand biomechanics and performance data of primary techniques. The biomechanics of hand length and width, finger length, hand span, hand and arm weights, and ulnar deviation at the wrist were compared with tempo, articulation, and dynamic voicing (tone balance between two notes of the
thirds). Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive association between ulnar deviation and tempo; the other biomechanical features showed no relationships with any of the performance criteria. Qualitative cross-sectional observation of individual profiles showed that experienced pianists
perform with a higher degree of synchrony in two-note descent while pianists with organ training background play with a lesser degree of synchrony. All biomechanical features were closely related among one another with one exception: wrist ulnar deviation was not associated with any other
biomechanical features; rather, data suggest possible negative associations. This study underscores the importance of wrist mobility in piano skills development. Further research using a complete set of prototype piano techniques and multiple-level pianist-subjects could provide substantive
biomechanical information that may be used to develop efficient pedagogy and prevention strategies for playing-related injuries as well as rehabilitation.
Abstracts from the Literature, No. 49
Authors: Dawson William J
Published: June 2020

Once again, the mix of reviewed articles includes a topic with more than a single recent publication: musicians with career-threatening disorders, writing about their own experiences. While the first three papers are not strictly “scientific” in nature, they present a most
important view, that of the patient-performer. Whenever possible, such “miniseries” reviews will continue to be featured. Installment 49.
Oefening Baart Kunst—“Exercise Bears (Gives Birth To) Art”: Symposium for and by the Allied Health Professions of the NVDMG, Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, Den Haag, February 5, 2011
Authors: Rietveld ABM , Macfarlane John D
Published: June 2020

On Saturday, February 5th, 2011, the Dutch Performing Arts Medicine Association (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Dans- en MuziekGeneeskunde, NVDMG) organized a Symposium for and by allied health care professionals, held in the Medisch Centrum Haaglanden (MCH, Medical Centre of The Hague).
Allied health care professionals, such as physiotherapists, manual therapists, Mensendieck therapists, speech therapists, and foot therapists, form a vital and indispensable link in the chain of healthcare and cure for dancers, musicians, and singers. The intention of the symposium was to
highlight the practical and experience-related approach of allied health care providers, both in the presentations and in the artistic intermezzi. Apart from the exchange of knowledge and experience, there was ample opportunity for informal contact, facilitating and stimulating the formation
of an interdependent network of allied health care providers specialized and/or interested in dance, music, and singing in The Netherlands.
Abstracts from the Literature, No. 51
Authors: Dawson William J
Published: June 2020

Installment 51.
Playing-related Musculoskeletal Problems in Children Learning Instrumental Music: The Association Between Problem Location and Gender, Age, and Music Exposure Factors
Authors: Ranelli Sonia , Straker Leon , Smith Anne
Published: June 2020

PURPOSE: Playing-related musculoskeletal problems (PRMP) are common in adult musicians, and risk factors include gender, music exposure, and particularly instrument type. Emerging evidence suggests PRMP are common in children and adolescents and that risk factors may be similar. The
aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PRMP, both symptoms and disorders, and PRMP location in children and adolescents as well as the associations with gender, age, and music exposure factors such as type and number of instruments and playing time. METHODS: This study surveyed
731 children (460 females), aged 7 to 17 years, studying instrumental music in government schools in Perth, Australia. Lifetime and monthly symptoms, monthly disorders (inability to play an instrument as usual), and PRMP location were examined. Chi-squared analyses were used to evaluate associations
between gender, age, music exposure, and PRMP outcomes. Logistic regression evaluated the independent association of these potential risk factors with PRMP prevalence and location. RESULTS: Sixty-seven percent of students reported PRMP symptoms at some point, 56% reported them within the last
month, and 30% reported an inability to play as usual within the last month. After adjustment for gender and age, the type of instrument played (upper and lower strings, woodwind, and brass) was significantly associated with all PRMP (p<0.005) and playing three instruments was protective
against monthly symptoms (OR 0.43, p=0.05). The right (24%) and left (23%) hand/elbow and neck (16%) were the most commonly reported PRMP locations, with females affected significantly more than males Prevalence of PRMP increased with age for neck (p<0.001), mid-back (p=0.007), low back
(p<0.001), right hand/elbow (p=0.008), and mouth (p=0.011). PRMP prevalence for the left hand/elbow and right and left shoulders demonstrated high rates across all childhood ages. Odds ratios for the risk of PRMP in different locations varied by instrument played. CONCLUSIONS: The high
prevalence and location of PRMP are important issues for child and adolescent instrumentalists. Gender, age, and music exposure are associated with PRMP risk and need to be addressed to ensure musicians’ personal well-being and musical longevity.
Construction and Characterization of a Portable Sound Booth for Onsite Voice Recording
Authors: Jackson Christophe E , Tarvin John T , Richardson Paul A , Watts Stephen A , Castellanos Paul F
Published: June 2020

The negative effects of environmental noise on sound recordings are recognized in the professional literature. Sound booths and anechoic chambers are examples of controlled acoustical environments widely used in research. However, both enclosures are expensive, require substantial space,
and are not portable. Our research has been directed to measuring vocal endurance and voice characteristics of singers before and after sustained voice use. Our desire to acquire high-quality onsite recordings necessitated the development of a portable recording environment. In this article,
we report the design, construction, and acoustic characterization of a prototype portable sound box (PSB) to acquire high-quality voice recordings in a controlled, portable acoustical measurement. Simulations were conducted to model the intended use of the PSB by voice users, using two acoustic
characterization procedures. The first method showed higher intensity variations by region and depth as frequency changed. For the modified method, intensity response was more uniform and displayed less variation with frequency change. Both methods enabled us to (1) refine the onsite recording
procedure, (2) provide insight into potential sources of analysis errors, and (3) develop detailed analysis of frequency intensity response affected by equipment variability. We found that it is possible to construct a PSB for onsite high-quality voice recording.
Myself or Someone Like Me: A Review of the Literature on the Psychological Well-being of Child Actors
Authors: Anderson Leslie M
Published: June 2020

The number of child actors on television, in movies, and on stage has increased dramatically in recent years. While many regulations and laws are in place to protect the physical and financial well-being of these young performers, little attention has been given to their psychological
health and the strength of their self-concepts. This paper reviews the literature related to child actors’ psychological well-being and makes a case for future research into the topic. Available data are very limited but suggest that actors may have a weaker self-concept and more psychological
concerns than people who are not actors, and that the personalities and behaviors actors display publically may be incorporated into their self-concepts. As a result, child actors appear to have unique psychological needs that should be addressed.
Orofacial Problems in Musicians: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Rodríguez-Lozano FJ , Sáez-Yuguero MR , Bermejo-Fenoll A
Published: June 2020

Objectives: The objective of our study was to review the different pathologies of the stomatognathic system that can present in musicians as a result of playing their instruments. Design: The National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database was searched to identify all peer-reviewed
articles in the English literature dealing with orofacial problems in musicians, using both subject headings such as MeSH terms (PubMed) and free text words in combination (oral, musician, violin, wind instruments, vocalists, orthodontic, tooth, temporomandibular disorders [TMD]). The identified
studies were assessed independently by two authors. We included any instruments that involved the orofacial area: i.e., wind and brass instruments, vocalists, and violins and violas. Results: Thirty-two articles were selected that were of many different types (clinical reviews, longitudinal
and transverse studies of therapeutic procedures, case-control studies). Among orofacial problems, the most common disorders that affect musicians are TMDs, herpes simplex virus infections, orthodontic problems, and problems with perioral musculature. Conclusions: Musicians may suffer from
pathological conditions that are worsened by their occupation due to excessive practice and stress. These conditions can cause permanent injuries that subsequently prevent the musicians from playing. Depending on the characteristics of the musical instrument and the way it is played, professional
musicians generally show a propensity for buccodental problems.
Social Support and Performance Anxiety of College Music Students
Authors: Schneider Erin , Chesky Kris
Published: June 2020

This study characterized perceived social support and performance anxiety of college music students, compared characteristics to those of non-music majors, and explored the relationships between social support and performance anxiety. Subjects (n = 609) completed a questionnaire that
included demographics, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and visual analog scale measures of performance anxiety. Results showed that music majors perceived significantly lower levels of social support from significant others when compared to non-music majors.
Perceived social support was significantly correlated with measures of performance anxiety. Students with greater perceived social support reported less frequent anxiety and lower levels of impact of anxiety on ability to perform. These findings may have practical implications for schools
of music and conservatories.
Development of a Portable Anchored Dynamometer for Collection of Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contractions in Biomechanics Research on Dancers
Authors: Krasnow Donna , Ambegaonkar Jatin P , Stecyk Shane , Wilmerding M Virginia , Wyon Matthew , Koutedakis Yiannis
Published: June 2020

Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been used in dance medicine research since the 1970s, but normalization procedures are not consistently employed in the field. The purpose of this project was to develop a portable anchored dynamometer (PAD) specifically for dance-related research.
Due to the limited studies in the dance research literature using normalization procedures for sEMG data, a review of the procedures used in the exercise science literature was conducted. A portable anchored dynamometer was then developed and tested with dancers, using methods validated in
previous literature. We collected sEMG maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC, mV) from 10 female dancers (mean age 31.0 ± 15 yrs, mean height 163 ± 7.6 cm, mean weight 57.6 ± 6.9 kg, and 17.0 ± 13.9 yrs of training in ballet and/or modern dance) over three
trials (5 sec each) for eight muscles bilaterally (quadriceps, tibialis anterior, abductor hallucis, gastrocnemius, hamstrings, gluteus maximus, erector spinae, and rectus abdominus). Consistency of data and feedback from dancers suggest that this dance-specific portable anchored dynamometer
is effective for future sEMG studies in dance research.
Energy Expenditure in Brass and Woodwind Instrumentalists: The Effect of Body Posture
Authors: Baadjou Vera AE , van Eijsden-Besseling Marjon DF , Samama-Polak Ans LW , Smeets Rob JEM , Lima Passos Valéria , Westererp Klaas R
Published: June 2020

Body posture appears to influence fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints in musicians. Our aim was to determine energy expenditure and to investigate whether energy expenditure is affected by body posture in brass and woodwind instrumentalists. METHODS: Eighteen musicians (10 women,
8 men; 6 brass, 12 woodwinds), with a mean age of 39 ± 14 years and mean body mass index of 23.8 ± 4.9 kg/m2, played their instruments for 30 minutes twice: once in nonoptimized body posture (posture A), and once in a posture according to the postural exercise therapy method
Mensendieck (posture B). Patients were randomized to the order of postures in a crossover design AB/BA. Playing sessions were preceded and followed by 60 minutes of rest. Energy expenditure was measured in a respiration chamber with indirect calorimetry. Basal metabolic rate was measured with
a ventilated hood. RESULTS: Mean metabolic equivalents (MET) for playing a wind instrument in the sitting position in a nonoptimized posture and posture according postural exercise therapy were 1.69 (SD 0.18) and 1.80 (SD 0.22), respectively. Percent change between resting metabolic rate and
total energy expenditure while playing was 32% (95% CI 25–39%) in posture B and 23% (95% CI 17–30%) in posture A (p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Average physical activity while playing a wind instrument approximates 1.8 MET. Our data show an association between energy expenditure and
body posture while playing a brass or woodwind instrument: playing a musical instrument in a posture according to postural exercise therapy leads to higher energy expenditure as compared to a nonoptimized body posture. These results suggest that fatigue and the general feeling of lack of energy
after playing a musical instrument are not related to actual higher energy expenditure.
ADLs and PRMDs
Authors: Manchester Ralph A
Published: June 2020

The article by Lamontagne and Bélanger in this issue of the journal describes the development of a questionnaire concerning performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) in musicians. It is well designed and deserves careful reading by clinicians and researchers alike.
The authors are very clear in stating that their focus was strictly on musculoskeletal problems that are the result of playing an instrument: “. . . musicians are at risk for experiencing pain in their daily lives. In fact, any daily task or social, recreational, and professional activities
have the potential to trigger pain. However, in the study of risk factors for PRMDs, we are only interested in the measure of pain associated with a playing-related context.” This is a perfectly reasonable approach to take in the development of a questionnaire that will be used for research
purposes. It’s often best to start out doing research with a relatively narrow definition of the problem, gain a solid understanding of that particular system, and then broaden the question.
Noise Exposure Levels for Musicians During Rehearsal and Performance Times
Authors: McIlvaine Devon , Stewart Michael , Anderson Robert
Published: June 2020

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine daily noise doses and 8-hour time weighted averages for rock band musicians, crew members, and spectators during a typical rehearsal and performance using both Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute
of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) measurement criteria. DESIGN: Personal noise dosimetry was completed on five members of a rock band during one 2-hr rehearsal and one 4-hr performance. Time-weighted averages (TWA) and daily dose values were calculated using both OSHA and NIOSH criteria
and compared to industry guidelines for enrollment in hearing conservation programs and the use of hearing protection devices. RESULTS: TWA values ranged from 84.3 to 90.4 dBA (OSHA) and from 90.0 to 96.4 dBA (NIOSH) during the rehearsal. The same values ranged from 91.0 to 99.7 dBA (OSHA)
and 94.0 to 102.8 dBA (NIOSH) for the performance. During the rehearsal, daily noise doses ranged from 45.54% to 106.7% (OSHA) and from 317.74% to 1396.07% (NIOSH). During the performance, doses ranged from 114.66% to 382.49% (OSHA) and from 793.31% to 5970.15% (NIOSH). CONCLUSIONS: The musicians
in this study were exposed to dangerously high levels of noise and should be enrolled in a hearing conservation programs. Hearing protection devices should be worn, especially during performances. The OSHA measurement criteria yielded values significantly more conservative than those produced
by NIOSH criteria. Audiologists should counsel musician-patients about the hazards of excessive noise (music) exposure and how to protect their hearing.
Development and Validation of a Questionnaire on Musculoskeletal Pain in Musicians
Authors: Lamontagne Valérie , Bélanger Claude
Published: June 2020

Musculoskeletal pain is known to be prevalent among musicians. Unfortunately, there are a lack of standard measures to quantify perceived pain in this population. The principal objective of the present study was to develop a self-reported questionnaire targeting musculoskeletal pain
that is specific to musical activity. The Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire for Musicians (MPQM) is composed of 10 items investigating diverse areas related to musculoskeletal pain, divided into three components: a set of items related to disability associated with pain (4 items, component
1), a second one related to pain intensity (4 items, component 2), and a third one related to the frequency and duration of pain episodes (2 items, component 3). Thirty-one professional musicians, from the province of Quebec (Canada), entered the study and answered to the MPQM. Data collected
from the MPQM was submitted to a principal component analysis. It found that results from the 10 items of the questionnaire were structured around three factors: pain-related disability (32.71% of variance), pain intensity (25.42% of variance), and frequency and duration of pain (18.2% of
variance). Convergent validity was also tested, and an adequate correlation was obtained between the MPQM and the Chronic Pain Grade Questionnaire (r = 0.65, p = <0.01). Internal consistency for the whole instrument was measured and supported by a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.768. Because
the MPQM shows adequate psychometric characteristics, it is believed that it could be helpful in research on the correlates of musculoskeletal pain in musicians.
The Musician’s Survival Manual. By Richard N. Norris.
Authors: Bengtson Keith A
Published: June 2020

The Musician’s Survival Manual. By Richard N. Norris. Published by Richard N. Norris, June 2011, 91 pp (e-book). ISBN 0-918812-74-7.
Working After Breast Cancer Treatment: Lessons from Musicians
Authors: Schmalenberger Sarah , Gessert Charles E , Giebenhain Jean E , Starr Lisa D
Published: June 2020

OBJECTIVE: The Life and Livelihood Study was created to examine the impact of breast cancer treatment on musicians. The current report summarizes findings from the second (interview) phase of this study. METHODS: Female musicians who had been treated for breast cancer 1 to 5 years earlier
were recruited to participate in the first (survey) phase of the study. Subjects who completed the survey were invited to participate in the second (interview) phase. After obtaining informed consent, 38 subjects were interviewed by telephone, using an interview guide covering eight broad
areas of the subjects’ breast cancer experience. Transcripts of the interviews were read, coded and analyzed by the four investigators, using qualitative analysis methods. RESULTS: Four broad themes emerged from the data: 1) the impact of the adverse effects of breast cancer treatment
on musicians; 2) the need of these musicians to be understood as individuals and as professionals; 3) survivors’ efforts to regain a sense of control over their lives and work; and 4) the subjects’ integration of their cancer experience into their work and their world views. CONCLUSIONS:
For this group of musicians many of the common adverse effects of cancer treatment were potentially devastating. Patients’ core identities as musicians (“it’s who I am”) were threatened, as were their livelihoods. Subjects drew upon their creativity and resourcefulness
to integrate their breast cancer experiences into their lives.
Musculoskeletal Pain and Injury in Professional Orchestral Musicians in Australia
Authors: Ackermann Bronwen , Driscoll Tim , Kenny Dianna T
Published: June 2020

This paper reports on the major findings from the questionnaire component of a cross-sectional survey of the musicians in Australia’s eight fulltime professional symphonic and pit orchestras, focusing on performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs). METHODS: All musician
members of the orchestras participating in this project were invited to complete a self-report survey. The overall response rate was about 70% (n = 377). In addition to general health and experience questions, respondents who reported a current or previous PRMD were asked to report on a range
of associated factors. RESULTS: Of the participants, 84% had experienced pain or injuries that had interfered either with playing their instrument or participating in normal orchestral rehearsals and performances. Fifty percent reported having such pain or injury at the time of the survey,
mostly with disorders perceived by the musicians to be work-related. Twenty-eight percent had taken at least 1 day off from work for such pain in the previous 18 months. The most common broad sites affected were the trunk (primarily the back), the right upper limb and neck, the left upper
limb and neck, and the neck alone, but the relative proportions varied by instrument. Of those musicians who reported at least one episode of pain or injury in the past, less than 50% reported that they had completely recovered. The most commonly cited performance-related factors that had
contributed to injury or pain all related to training and playing load (including practice and performance). CONCLUSION: This study provides strong evidence that PRMDs are a common complaint in professional orchestral musicians and identifies a range of factors suggested as contributing to
the occurrence or persistence of these disorders.
The Relationship Between Postural Stability and Dancer’s Past and Future Lower-Limb Injuries
Authors: Clark Terry , Redding Emma
Published: June 2020

In an effort to address dance-related injuries, screening programs are typically employed to assess injury susceptibility. The aim of this study was to explore for potential links between postural stability and dancers’ previous lower-limb injuries and susceptibility to future
lower-limb injuries. Eighty-five contemporary dance students were recruited at a UK dance conservatoire. Information concerning previous injuries was collected by self-report survey. The participants completed two balance tasks, one static and one dynamic, performed on a RS Scan Footscan pressure
pad to calculate postural sway. Injuries in the participant cohort were then tracked for a 10-month period to assess injury susceptibility. The participants exhibited significantly less postural sway when balancing on the left leg than their right, and the women exhibited less postural sway
than the men. A one-way ANOVA revealed that participants who had experienced a lower-limb injury in the 12 months prior to testing exhibited more postural sway than participants who had not experienced a lower-limb injury, with some of the differences attaining significance (p <0.05). No
significant links were found between either postural sway or previous injury and future injury susceptibility. The results suggest that assessments of postural stability via centre of pressure measurements are a reliable method for assessing dancers’ balance ability. While reaffirming
the importance of comprehensive, multidisciplinary screening programs, the results also highlight the necessity of developing a greater understanding of both dancers and the environments in which they dance and work to fully ascertain injury susceptibility.
Primary Task-specific Bowing Tremor: An Entity of its Own?
Authors: Lee André , Altenmüller Eckart
Published: June 2020

A professional violinist in his early 60s, playing in a prestigious German orchestra for more than 20 years, presented to our institute because of a task-induced tremor in his right arm when playing the violin. We describe the phenomenology of this tremor and its treatment options and
compare it to findings in primary writing tremor (PWT). We then discuss whether primary bowing tremor is an entity of its own (similar to PWT) and propose hypotheses that would derive from such a definition.
Attitudes and Practices of Parents of Teenage Musicians to Health Issues Related to Playing an Instrument: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ackermann Bronwen , Driscoll Tim
Published: June 2020

A pilot study was designed to investigate the attitudes and practices of parents of teenage musicians concerning health issues related to playing an instrument. Participants were a convenience sample of parents of children at two metropolitan high schools, one an academically selective
public high school, and the other a specialised music public high school. Information came from a questionnaire completed by the parents. The 24 children ranged in age from 12 to 17 yrs. Parents’ responses suggested that they recognised the importance of their children having good knowledge
of health and normal body function in order to optimise the children’s musical performance and to minimise the adverse impact of the playing on their children’s health. The parental responses were similar in both the academically selective and musically selective schools despite
the fact that half of the parents of children at the musically selective school seemed to accept that pain associated with playing an instrument is normal, whereas all of the parents from the academically selective school disagreed with this proposition. A more detailed study of the issues
considered in this pilot study appears warranted.
A Combination of Constraint-Induced Therapy and Motor Control Retraining in the Treatment of Focal Hand Dystonia in Musicians: A Long-term Follow-up Study
Authors: Berque Patrice , Gray Heather , McFadyen Angus
Published: June 2020

Focal hand dystonia (FHD) in musicians is a painless, task-specific motor disorder characterized by involuntary loss of control of individual finger movements. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of a combined behavioral therapy intervention aimed at normalizing
finger movement patterns. METHODS: Eight musicians with FHD had taken part in the 1-year study involving intensive constraint-induced therapy and motor control retraining at slow speed as the interventions. Four of these subjects volunteered to take part in this 4-year follow-up. A quasi-experimental,
repeated measures design was used, with 9 testing sessions over 4 years. Video recordings of the subjects playing two pieces were used for data analysis. The Frequency of Abnormal Movements scale (FAM) was the main outcome measure. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences
in FAM scores achieved over the 4-year period. RESULTS: The results from the ANOVA revealed a significant decrease, by approximately 80%, in the number of abnormal movements for both pieces over the 4-year period (F=7.85, df=8, p<0.001). Tukey’s post-hoc test revealed that significant
improvements occurred after 6 months of therapy (p-values between p<0.001 and p=0.044). Although the results were not significant between month 12 and follow-up at year 4, the trend revealed that the progress achieved during the first year of intensive retraining was maintained at year
4. CONCLUSIONS: A 1-year period of intensive task-specific retraining may be a successful strategy with long-term, lasting effects for the treatment of musician’s FHD. Results suggest that retraining strategies may need to be carried out for at least 6 months before statistically significant
changes are noted.
Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Instrumental Musicians at a Center for Performing Arts in South Africa
Authors: Ajidahun Adedayo T , Phillips Julie
Published: June 2020

The prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMD) is high in various countries of the world, but there is a paucity of literature in Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PRMDs among instrumentalists in South Africa, with specific objectives
in determining the distribution, symptoms, and pain severity. The self-administered Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to collect information from the participants regarding the lifetime and current prevalence and the distribution of PRMD symptoms. A visual analog scale was used
to collect information on the severity of pain, while the questionnaire designed by Blackie, Stone, and Tiernan (1999) was used to collect information on the symptoms of the PRMDs. Twenty participants took part in this study, and the respondents reported a lifetime prevalence (over a period
of 12 months) of PRMDs as 14 out of 17 and the current prevalence (in the last 7 days) as 4. Pain severity was mostly mild, and the most affected region was in the upper extremities, with the shoulders being the most affected. Tightening and soreness were the most reported symptom of PRMDs.
The prevalence of PRMDs among this population was high, although severity was mild, with the upper extremities being the most affected area.
Piano Technique
Authors: Arthur Matthew , Lee Sang-Hie , Wristen Brenda , Berenson Gail , Riley Kathleen
Published: June 2020

I am an amateur pianist enquiring into improving piano technique but feeling slightly disillusioned by the lack of attention given to technique in the field of piano teaching. And whilst, however, there are many books out there written by great pianists that seem to combine logic, empirical
knowledge, and scientific knowledge in a very convincing manner, their assertions are void of being subject to strict scientific investigation and therefore, in my opinion, cannot be treated too seriously. [with Replies]
Pain Among Professional Orchestral Musicians: A Case Study in Body Culture and Health Psychology
Authors: Nygaard Andersen Lotte , Roessler Kirsten K , Eichberg Henning
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND: Professional musicians experience high rates of musculoskeletal pain, but only few studies have investigated how this pain is accepted by musicians. AIM: To investigate the culture of pain and to explore how professional musicians experience and cope with pain. METHODS:
Ten semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted; 8 with musicians and 2 with professional elite athletes. In addition, a concert and two rehearsals were observed. The audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim. Configurational analysis was used to interpret the material as a whole.
RESULTS: Musicians often experience pain as a consequence of prolonged repetitive work early in their career. Such pain is compounded by the lack of breaks during concerts and rehearsals. Orchestras seldom give opportunities for adjustments required for individual instruments, breaks, or action
to prevent pain. Musicians' strong sense of coherence and the experience of pain as integral to their identity have encouraged musicians to develop flexible coping strategies. Ignoring pain and potential damage is an accepted concomitant to striving for perfection. A musician does not focus
on pain but on the music. CONCLUSION: For the musician, pain has a significance beyond being something that can simply be removed by a practitioner. Pain tells both an individual story and a cultural story that is crying out to be heard.
Effect of Midsole Thickness of Dance Shoes on Dynamic Postural Stability
Authors: Wyon Matthew A , Cloak Ross , Lucas Josephine , Clarke Frances
Published: June 2020

Landing from jumps is one of the main causes of injury within dance. A number of studies have reported a negative effect of shoe midsole thickness on lower limb kinematics during running due to the reduction in afferent sensory outputs from the foot’s epithelium. The purpose of
this study was to examine the influence of varying midsole thicknesses in dance shoes on dynamic postural stability during a single-leg landing. Twenty-eight female undergraduate dance participants volunteered for the study. They carried out three trials under four conditions: barefoot and
in ballet flats (2 mm midsole thickness), jazz shoes (7 mm), and dance sneakers (30 mm). The task consisted of a single-leg forward jump over a hurdle at 50% of their maximal vertical jump height, landing on a force platform, and balancing for 3 seconds. The stability indices for vertical
stability (VSI), anterior-posterior stability (APSI), medial-lateral stability (MLSI), and dynamic postural stability (DPSI) were calculated using Wikstrom’s revised method. Significant differences were reported between the midsole thicknesses for both DPSI and VSI (p<0.01). No statistical
differences were noted for the indices SPSI or MLSI. The present data agree with the running studies in that increased midsole thickness has a negative influence on landing stability.
BMI Changes among Marching Artists: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Levy Jacob J , Statham Whitney J , VanDoren Laura
Published: June 2020

In a series of longitudinal analyses, we examined body mass index (BMI) of drum and bugle corps performers at the beginning (Time 1) and end (Time 2) of a competitive season and again at a 1-year follow-up (Time 3). Utilizing an archival database, BMI data were recorded for 501 marching
arts performers, representing four world-class drum and bugle corps. Significant reductions in BMI were found between Time 1 and Time 2 for performers in all sections (i.e., brass, percussion, and color guard). Archival data from 92 performers, representing three World-Class drum and bugle
units, revealed BMI significantly increased from Time 2 to Time 3. In an effort to identify possible personal influences on the changes in BMI found between Times 2 and 3, 50 performers from one drum and bugle corps provided archival data on a measures of performers’ athletic identity
(i.e., the strength and exclusivity of one’s identification with the athlete role) along with BMI. Correlational analyses revealed that performers’ athletic identity negatively related to BMI change from Time 1 and Time 3 and Times 2 and 3 (i.e., stronger athletic identity, lower
BMI change). Practical implications are discussed.
Efeitos da implantação do Plano de Mobilidade do Município de Brusque (SC) na Emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa
Authors: Suski Cassio , Schvambach Amabilly
Published: June 2020

O estudo pretende analisar o potencial de redução da emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE), a partir da implantação do Plano de Mobilidade Urbana (PMU) do município de Brusque/SC. A metodologia a ser utilizada se baseará na criação de cenários representativos da evolução e da aplicabilidade do PMU, tendo como cenário base o cenário atual e, os demais cenários representarão a aplicação gradual das propostas do PMU. Será realizada a comparação entre os cenários a fim de compreender os impactos negativos e positivos que as medidas podem ocasionar nas situações futuras. A análise dos dados será realizada por meio dos softwares PTV Visum e PTV Vissim. Como resultados espera-se que haja a reduçãoda emissão de GEE pelo sistema de transporte rodoviário do município por meio da implantação do PMU, bem como espera-se possibilitar uma melhoria na qualidade do clima do município e contribuir com importantes informações para a tomada de decisão dos gestores públicos frente a priorização de ações/infraestruturas.
Formação e impacto das linhas de crédito em tempo de pandemia: práticas e reflexões para os pequenos negócios
Authors: Duarte Rodrigo Garcia , Luft Maria Conceição Melo Silva , Matos Júnior José Ednilson , Silva Marcio Roque dos Santos
Published: June 2020

Este ensaio busca, por meio da apresentação de linhas de crédito específicas, trazer reflexões sobre possíveis práticas financeiras para financiamento às pequenas empresas face ao panorama de incerteza quanto a duração e impacto da crise gerada pela COVID-19. Revelam-se as particularidades da crise atual de forma comparativa aos choques anteriores, ressaltando-se a dificuldade de previsão da necessidade de crédito e a pouca aderência das linhas oferecidas a uma situação emergencial. Para isso, propõe-se a diversificação das ferramentas de auxílio com ampliação dos subsídios ao crédito, anistias e extinções dos juros, e reforça-se a primordialidade de cautela na chamada de linhas de crédito por parte dos pequenos negócios, com avaliação criteriosa e dimensionamento da real necessidade de capital ante a continuidade no negócio.
Estórias do passado para um futuro pós-COVID 19: além da normalidade da ‘boa gestão’
Authors: Faria Alexandre , Bispo Marcelo de Souza
Published: June 2020

Por meio de uma perspectiva histórico-decolonial para a maioria interrogamos o retorno do futuro pós-COVID 19 à normalidade. A normalidade é conceituada neste artigo como uma pandemia governada pelo capitalismo patriarcal que foi inaugurada em 1492 com a invasão/descoberta da América por uma ordem humana eurocêntrica predominantemente contrária à vida. A pandemia da normalidade (PN) é constituída por binarismos da normalidade (BN) baseados no binarismo saúde-doença cuja efetividade depende da vigilante mobilização da ‘boa gestão’ que combate e apropria territórios, histórias-outras, e realidades solidárias vividas pela maioria em escala global. Neste artigo compartilhamos uma saída para o futuro, em busca de espaços para intervenções e ativismos solidários para além dos binarismos da ‘normalidade’ dentro e fora da universidade neoliberal predominantemente branca em transformação. Compartilhamos uma estória do passado que contempla não apenas violência, gula e vitória privilegiadas pela história, mas em especial resistência e solidariedade mobilizadas cotidianamente por comunidades, sociedades e indivíduos que constituem a maioria que vive um futuro-presente no qual a história da normalidade e histórias-outras coexistem, colidem e coalescem.
A protocol for Targeted Perturb (TAP)-seq and targeted single-cell RNA-seq
Authors: Schraivogel Daniel , Velten Lars , Gschwind Andreas R. , Steinmetz Lars M.
Published: June 2020

Here we provide a step-by-step protocol for targeted single-cell RNA-seq and targeted Perturb-seq, as reported in the linked publication Schraivogel et al. Nat Meth 2020. The protocol describes cell preparation using flow cytometry, single-cell droplet formation with 10X Genomics, and targeted 3’ single-cell RNA-seq library preparation for Illumina sequencing.
Point-of-care serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 in a UK hospital population: potential for enhanced case finding
Authors: Pallett Scott , Patel Aatish , Davies Gary , Moore Luke
Published: June 2020

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic, causing over 3,600,000 reported cases and 250,000 deaths worldwide.1 Case identification has predominantly been made by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) during the acute phase and largely restricted to healthcare laboratories. Serological assays are emerging but independent validation is urgently required to assess their utility. Where a plurality of point-of-care (POC) SARS-CoV-2 antibody test kits have become available, we will therefore aim to evaluate a range of kits against the current available gold-standard diagnostic test of PCR in an initial, exploratory study. We will then proceed to carry out testing with 200 hospital inpatients using the OrientGene COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette against PCR in order to undergo a preliminary evaluation of POC serological test performance characteristics within a hospital inpatient cohort.
Role of school as a supportive entity for positive oral health behavior among adolescents in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria
Authors: Lawal Folake Barakat , Oke Gbemisola Aderemi
Published: June 2020

Background

The school is primed as an avenue for promoting health among adolescents. Conversely, the high unmet dental needs among school-going adolescents raises concern about the role of schools in this task. This study therefore assessed the role of schools in supporting positive oral health behavior of adolescents in a major city in a Low-Income-Country.
Methods

From 30 secondary schools that were randomly selected, 2097 students aged 12–18 years were recruited for this cross sectional study conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data was obtained through the use of self-administered questionnaire to the students; this assessed oral health education and other oral health promotional activities that had taken place in the school from the students as well as their motivation to participate in school oral health programme. A checklist was used to assess availability of oral health promotional materials in the schools and the schools’ tuck shops for sale of healthy food. Data were analyzed with SPSS.
Results

The only oral health promotional activity reported in the schools was oral health education conducted in 8 (26.7%) schools and only 331 (15.8%) students had been educated about their oral health. There were no oral health promotional materials in the schools. About half, 1161 (55.4%) students were motivated to participate in school oral health program. All the tuck shops had cariogenic foods and drinks for sale. Students from schools where oral health education had been conducted were better motivated to participate in school oral health program (OR = 1.6,95%CI = 1.2-2.0,p < 0.001) but disagreed with restriction of sales of cariogenic food in school’s stuck shops (OR = 2.2,95%CI = 1.6-3.0,p < 0.001).
Conclusion

The schools surveyed played very little or no role to support positive oral health behavior of adolescents. Students who had been exposed to oral health education in school were better motivated about their oral health.
‘She Taught Me’: Factors Consumers Find Important in Nurse Practitioner and Pharmacist Prescriber Services
Authors: Officer Tara , Cumming Jackie , McBride-Henry Karen
Published: June 2020

Background: Advanced practitioner services, such as those nurse practitioners and pharmacist prescribers provide, are an opportunity to improve health care delivery. In New Zealand, these practitioners remain underutilised, despite research suggesting they offer safe and effective care, and considerable international literature recording patient satisfaction with these roles. This study aimed to explore factors underlying consumer satisfaction with primary health care nurse practitioner and pharmacist prescriber services.Methods: As part of a larger realist evaluation, 21 consumers of advanced practitioner services participated in semi-structured interviews. These interviews were transcribed and coded against context-mechanism-outcome configurations tested and refined throughout the research.Results: Study findings emphasise the importance of consumer confidence in the provider as a mechanism for establishing advanced practitioner roles. Underlying this confidence is a recognition that these practitioners are more accessible, engage at the consumer’s ‘level’, and operate with passion.Conclusions: This research offers learnings to re-engineer service delivery within primary health care to make best use of the entire health care team by including consumers in the design and introduction of new roles.
Design and psychometric properties of the obstacles to postoperative pain management in dementia scale (OPPMDS): A mixed methods exploratory study
Authors: Didvar Farzaneh , Ghaffari Fatemeh , Shamsalinia Abbas
Published: June 2020

BackgroundThe severe and acute pain of surgical site after hip fracture surgery among the elderly patients with dementia can threaten the treatment consequences. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are used to reduce the risk of similar problems. Nevertheless, pain management may face different obstacles due to different reasons. Identifying and clarifying the acute pain management obstacles among the elderlies with dementia by the use of instruments tailored to the cultural structure of each community can lead to providing effective interventions.ObjectivesThis study aims to design and psychometrically validate the OPPMDS from the nurses’ point of view.MethodsA sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used for this study. The item-generation phase was carried out through two main methods: The inductive method (15 face-to-face and semi-structured interviews with 15 nurses) and the deductive method (literature review). Item reduction was conducted integration of qualitative, literature reviews and scale evaluation. For scale evaluation, face, content and construct validity (Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA); N = 330) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) ;N = 120), convergent and divergent Validity and Reliability (Internal consistency and stability) were conducted.ResultsThe EFA showed that the OPPMDS has three factors elderly-related factors, healthcare providers-related factors and system-related factors, which explained 57.572% of the overall variance. The CFA results indicated that the three-factor model of OPPMDS was best fit for the data. The convergent and divergent validity results suggested that the CR and AVE values of each factor was higher than 0.7 and 0.5, respectively (AVE > CR). The internal consistency of the first factor was 0.891, of the second was 0.929 and of the third was 0.890. The cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.956. In addition, the test-retest results demonstrated high rates of agreement between the first and the second test scores (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that OPPMDS can be applied as a valid and reliable scale for measuring the postoperative acute pain management among the older patients with dementia and hip fracture.