bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulations and Technology Diffusion: Cross Subsidies and Digital Infrastructure Creation
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K. , Chang Hsihui
Published: May 2013

Using contemporary historical data, the analysis has examined the impact of cross‐subsidization on technology diffusion within telecommunications networks for local exchange sector telecommunications firms in the United States for the years 1995 to 2000. Firms obtaining greater cross‐subsidies engage in greater technology diffusion via network modernization using digital technologies. Contingent on the institutional setting, cross subsidies have risen. These amounts have been put to relevant use in the diffusion of technology via deployment of digital infrastructure. The principles of subsidization are considered negatively as they have presumed anti‐competitive consequences. In technology diffusion they have played a positive role, as the evidence shows. From a radical subjectivist perspective, cross subsidies generate financial capital for firms, which permits them to deploy high quality technology investments such as broadband and these investments can be used for entrepreneurial experiments in providing several customer services.
Education and human capital development in the giants of Asia
Authors: Jones Gavin , Ramchand Divya
Published: May 2013

Educational development has proceeded at a different pace and under different planning regimes in India, China, and Indonesia. This paper provides an overview of the role of education in their recent development—in particular their ability to capitalise on favourable trends in dependency ratios—and presents some key issues facing education planners and policy hurdles to overcome in further improving their level and quality of human capital. Common findings and useful strategies are highlighted in the conclusion, as well as the importance of seizing the opportunity of low dependency ratios to effect policies that will help develop human capital.
Gender exclusion in social security protection: evidence from Korea
Authors: Cho Joonmo , Lee Jaeseong , Kwon Taehee
Published: May 2013

This study provides an evaluation of the impact of Korea's stratified labour market on the gaps in wages and social security coverage using the raw data from the supplementary surveys conducted by the Korean National Statistics Office. The study confirms the existence of a labour market stratified by employment type/gender/unionised or non‐unionised/firm size. The labour market structure is not only reflected in the distribution of wages but also in the social security coverage. The empirical result suggests that gender and employment type are the key variables determining the likelihood of social security exclusion. With the other conditions controlled, the female worker has a 65 per cent likelihood of exclusion, and the non‐standard worker has a 40.9 per cent likelihood. For female non‐standard workers, the situation is worse. Their likelihood of exclusion from social security soars to 80.1 per cent. The empirical results with respect to other fringe benefits not mandated by law exhibit the same pattern of social security exclusion. The empirical results emphasise the limitations of gender policy intended to rectify gender discrimination or exclusion alone and suggest a matrix policy that takes into consideration the complex labour market structure.
Corruption in Southeast Asia: a survey of recent research
Authors: Kis‐Katos Krisztina , Schulze Günther G.
Published: May 2013

This paper surveys the empirical literature on corruption in Southeast Asia with a focus on the methodological approach that the contributions take to identify the extent, determinants, and consequences of corruption and the remedies against it. We present the major topics that empirical corruption research has focused on and point out the methodological challenges that this line of research has to address. We discuss the empirical corruption studies on Southeast Asia and describe the empirical approach that they have taken.
International production networks and host country productivity: evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Kam Andrew Jia‐Yi
Published: May 2013

In the 1990s, Malaysia, along with other East Asian countries, achieved rapid economic growth rates. Research has yet to ascertain the extent to which this rapid economic growth was due to the development of global production networks. The main objective of the paper is to examine the impact of international production fragmentation on productivity growth. The paper hypothesises that international production fragmentation increases productivity growth through trade and foreign direct investment, and that productivity growth increases due to skill‐intensive industries producing within an international production network.
Predominant sources and contributors of influential business ethics research: evidence and implications from a threshold citation analysis
Authors: Chan Kam C. , Fung Hung‐Gay , Yau Jot
Published: May 2013

Influential or frequently cited business ethics research does not appear in a vacuum; our study reveals its predominant sources and contributors by discipline. By examining citations from articles published in three top business ethics journals (Journal of Business Ethics, Business Ethics Quarterly and Business Ethics: A European Review) over the period 2004–2008, we document that the preponderance of influential business ethics research comes primarily from the management faculty. In addition, management journals and management books are the predominant sources for influential business ethics research. Further, among the management fields, organizational behavior and organizational structure predominate leadership and strategy as the major subject areas for influential business ethics research, suggesting that this influential body of research is focused on a micro rather than on a macro context. These empirical results lend credence to the perception that there is a silo effect in influential business ethics research and suggest that business ethics research in a micro context might have permeated to the teaching of business ethics.
rs2072135, a low‐penetrance variant for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia?
Authors: Sava Georgina P. , Speedy Helen E. , Di Bernardo Maria Chiara , Deaglio Silvia , Karabon Lidia , Frydecka Irena , Woszczyk Dariusz , Rossi Davide , Gaidano Gianluca , Mansouri Larry , Smedby Karin E. , Juliusson Gunnar , Rosenquist Richard , Catovsky Daniel , Houlston Richard S.
Published: May 2013

Recent multi‐stage genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are robustly associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) risk. Given that most of these SNPs map to non‐coding regions of the genome, it suggests that the functional basis of many GWAS signals will be through differential gene expression. By referencing publically accessible expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data on lymphoblastoid cells lines (LCLs) we have globally demonstrated an association between GWAS P‐values and eQTLs, consistent with much of the variation in CLL risk being defined by variants impacting on gene expression. To explore using eQTL data to select GWAS SNPs for replication, we genotyped rs2072135 (GWAS P‐value = 0·0024, eQTL P‐value = 1·510−19) in five independent case‐control series totalling 1968 cases and 3538 controls. While not attaining statistical significance (combined P‐value = 1 × 10−4), rs2072135 defines a promising risk locus for CLL. Incorporating eQTL information offers an attractive strategy for selecting SNPs from GWAS for validation.
Impact of Canadian Postsecondary Education on Occupational Prestige of Highly Educated Immigrants
Authors: Adamuti‐Trache Maria , Anisef Paul , Sweet Robert
Published: May 2013

Cet article utilise les données provenant de l'Enquête longitudinale auprès des immigrants du Canada (ELIC) couvrant la période 2000‐2004 afin d'évaluer l'emploi à durée déterminée et la réussite professionnelle des immigrants récents qui, bien qu'ayant obtenu un diplôme universitaire dans leur pays d'origine, ont choisi de s'inscrire dans un établissement d'enseignement postsecondaire canadien. La principale conclusion de l'article est que la réussite professionnelle des immigrants très instruits est affectée par le choix de l'enseignement post‐secondaire au Canada, toutes catégories socio‐démographiques et conditions d'avant ou après migration confondues. Quatre années après leur arrivée au Canada, les immigrants occupent des emplois nettement moins prestigieux que ceux qu'ils avaient avant la migration. Les immigrants qui ont poursuivi des études universitaires au Canada atteignent des meilleurs résultats professionnels que les non‐participants ou ceux qui ont choisi un collège communautaire. Néanmoins, la majorité des immigrants très instruits n'ont pas réussi à retrouver leur profession.

This paper uses data from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada covering the period 2000 to 2004 to assess short‐term employment and occupational attainment of recent immigrants who, despite having completed a university degree in their countries of origin, chose to obtain additional credentials at a Canadian postsecondary institution. The main finding of this paper is that occupational attainment of highly educated immigrants is affected by choice of postsecondary education in Canada regardless of differences in sociodemographic, premigration characteristics, and postmigration conditions. Four years after entry, immigrants worked in jobs with significantly lower occupational prestige than those held prior to migration. Immigrants who pursued a university education in Canada attained highest occupational outcomes when compared to nonparticipants and those who chose a community college pathway. Nevertheless, the majority of highly educated immigrants failed to gain entry to the professions.
Social communicative variation in 1–3‐year‐olds with severe visual impairment
Authors: Dale N. J. , Tadić V. , Sonksen P.
Published: May 2013

Background

Although the social communicative domain is recognized as being at risk in young children with visual impairment (VI), few tools are available for identifying those most at risk or the aspects that are most vulnerable.

Methods

A standard parent interview – Social Communication Interview for young children with visual impairment (SOCI‐VI), was developed and tested with 55 parents of 17 profoundly, 15 severely VI and 23 normally sighted children; mean age 22 months (range 10–40 months). The 35‐item SOCI‐VI 35 showed adequate inter‐rater and test–retest reliability (P < 0.001).

Results

Thirteen of 35 items discriminated within and between the vision groups (anova P 0.008). The group with profound VI scored significantly lower than the Sighted group on the reduced 13 item SOCI‐VI 13 (t‐test P 0.002), the disparity being greatest for items exploring joint attention. The reduced SOCI‐VI 13 showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha > 0.75) and concurrent validity with the Vineland adaptation questionnaire within a randomized VI subgroup (r 0.8, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The study reveals trends in early social communicative development in the young VI population and provides preliminary reliability and validity testing for future research within a clinical context.
Goal setting with mothers in child development services
Authors: Forsingdal S. , St John W. , Miller V. , Harvey A. , Wearne P.
Published: May 2013

Aim

The aim of this grounded theory study was to explore mothers' perspectives of the processes of collaborative goal setting in multidisciplinary child development services involving follow‐up home therapy.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted in South East Queensland, Australia with 14 mothers of children aged 3–6 years who were accessing multidisciplinary child development services. Interviews were focussed around the process of goal setting.

Results

A grounded theory of Maternal Roles in Goal Setting (The M‐RIGS Model) was developed from analysis of data. Mothers assumed Dependent, Active Participator and Collaborator roles when engaging with the therapist in goal‐setting processes. These roles were characterized by the mother's level of dependence on the therapist and insight into their child's needs and therapy processes. Goal Factors, Parent Factors and Therapist Factors influenced and added complexity to the goal‐setting process.

Conclusion

The M‐RIGS Model highlights that mothers take on a range of roles in the goal‐setting process. Although family‐centred practice encourages negotiation and collaborative goal setting, parents may not always be ready to take on highly collaborative roles. Better understanding of parent roles, goal‐setting processes and influencing factors will inform better engagement with families accessing multidisciplinary child development services.
A Moderated Mediation Model: Racial Discrimination, Coping Strategies, and Racial Identity Among Black Adolescents
Authors: Seaton Eleanor K. , Upton Rachel , Gilbert Adrianne , Volpe Vanessa
Published: May 2013

This study examined a moderated mediation model among 314 Black adolescents aged 13–18. The model included general coping strategies (e.g., active, distracting, avoidant, and support‐seeking strategies) as mediators and racial identity dimensions (racial centrality, private regard, public regard, minority, assimilationist, and humanist ideologies) as moderators of the relation between perceived racial discrimination and depressive symptoms. Moderated mediation examined if the relation between perceived racial discrimination and depressive symptoms varied by the mediators and moderators. Results revealed that avoidant coping strategies mediated the relation between perceptions of racial discrimination and depressive symptoms. The results indicated that avoidant coping strategies mediated the relation between perceived racial discrimination and depressive symptoms among youth with high levels of the minority/oppressive ideology.
Effortful Control Moderates Bidirectional Effects Between Children's Externalizing Behavior and Their Mothers' Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Choe Daniel E. , Olson Sheryl L. , Sameroff Arnold J.
Published: May 2013

This study examined bidirectional associations between mothers' depressive symptoms and children's externalizing behavior and whether they were moderated by preschool‐age effortful control and gender. Mothers and teachers reported on 224 primarily White, middle‐class children at ages 3, 5, and 10. Effortful control was assessed via behavioral battery and mother ratings. Structural equation modeling indicated that maternal depressive symptoms at child age 3 predicted more externalizing behavior at age 10 among children with low effortful control and among boys. Externalizing behavior at age 3 predicted fewer depressive symptoms at the age 10 assessments among mothers of children with high effortful control. Boys with suboptimal self‐regulation exposed to high levels of maternal depressive symptoms were at greatest risk for school‐age behavioral problems.
Advice to mothers about managing children's behaviours in Canada's premier woman's magazine: a comparison of 1945–1956 with 1990–2010
Authors: Clarke Juanne N.
Published: May 2013

Recent research and theorizing has characterized contemporary mothering as medicalized, intensive and risky. The rate of diagnosis of children's mental health issues has grown rapidly, particularly since the 90s. This paper examines the construction of mothering in regard to children's behaviours and mental health through an exploratory and qualitative content analysis of the portrayal of advice to mothers in Chatelaine Magazine, the premier women's magazine published in Canada. The time periods chosen for comparison were 1945–1956 and 1990–2010. The first period was selected because it was a time of dramatic changes that occurred in family, occupational and domestic life for women immediately after World War II. The second represents the modern period. The findings of the paper suggest that mothering was intensive, medicalized and risky in both periods although the conceptualizations of problems differed.
Diabetes and cancer: two diseases with obesity as a common risk factor
Authors: Garg S. K. , Maurer H. , Reed K. , Selagamsetty R.
Published: May 2013

There is a growing body of evidence to support a connection between diabetes (predominantly type 2), obesity and cancer. Multiple meta‐analyses of epidemiological data show that people with diabetes are at increased risk of developing many different types of cancers, along with an increased risk of cancer mortality. Several pathophysiological mechanisms for this relationship have been postulated, including insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, enhanced inflammatory processes, dysregulation of sex hormone production and hyperglycaemia. In addition to these potential mechanisms, a number of common risk factors, including obesity, may be behind the association between diabetes and cancer. Indeed, obesity is associated with an increased risk of cancer and diabetes. Abdominal adiposity has been shown to play a role in creating a systemic pro‐inflammatory environment, which could result in the development of both diabetes and cancer. Here, we examine the relationship between diabetes, obesity and cancer, and investigate the potential underlying causes of increased cancer risk in individuals with diabetes. Current treatment recommendations for reducing the overall disease burden are also explored and possible areas for future research are considered.
Dapagliflozin a glucose‐regulating drug with diuretic properties in subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lambers Heerspink H. J. , de Zeeuw D. , Wie L. , Leslie B. , List J.
Published: May 2013

Aims

Sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) reabsorbs glucose and sodium in the renal proximal tubule. Dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, targets hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes by increasing renal glucose excretion. To investigate whether the parallel occurring sodium loss would have diuretic‐like physiologic effects, we compared dapagliflozin and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) effects on 24‐h blood pressure (BP), body weight, plasma volume and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Methods

In this randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial, 75 subjects with type 2 diabetes were assigned placebo, dapagliflozin 10 mg/day, or HCTZ 25 mg/day. Changes from baseline BP, body weight, plasma volume and GFR were assessed after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results

Subjects' mean age was 56 years, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) duration 6.3 years, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.5%. Treatment with placebo, dapagliflozin or HCTZ resulted in changes from baseline in 24‐h ambulatory mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) of −0.9 (95%CI −4.2, +2.4), −3.3 (95%CI −6.8, +0.2), and −6.6 (95%CI −9.9, −3.2) mmHg, respectively at week 12, adjusted for baseline SBP. Body weight decreased with dapagliflozin and HCTZ. In a sub‐study plasma volume appeared to decrease with dapagliflozin but did not change with placebo or HCTZ treatment. Dapagliflozin induced a greater reduction in GFR (−10.8%; 95%CI −14.6, −6.7) relative to placebo (−2.9%; 95% CI −6.9, +1.2) or HCTZ (−3.4%; 95%CI −7.3, +0.6).

Conclusions

Dapagliflozin‐induced SGLT2 inhibition for 12 weeks is associated with reductions in 24‐h BP, body weight, GFR and possibly plasma volume. Cumulatively, these effects suggest that dapagliflozin may have a diuretic‐like capacity to lower BP in addition to beneficial effects on glycaemic control.
Combination therapy of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and metformin in type 2 diabetes: rationale and evidence
Authors: Liu Y. , Hong T.
Published: May 2013

The main pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) includes insulin resistance and pancreatic islet dysfunction. Metformin, which attenuates insulin resistance, has been recommended as the first‐line antidiabetic medication. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors are novel oral hypoglycaemic agents that protect glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) from degradation, maintain the bioactivity of endogenous GLP‐1, and thus improve islet dysfunction. Results from clinical trials have shown that the combination therapy of DPP‐4 inhibitors and metformin [as an add‐on, an initial combination or a fixed‐dose combination (FDC)] provides excellent efficacy and safety in patients with T2DM. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that metformin enhances the biological effect of GLP‐1 by increasing GLP‐1 secretion, suppressing activity of DPP‐4 and upregulating the expression of GLP‐1 receptor in pancreatic β‐cells. Conversely, DPP‐4 inhibitors have a favourable effect on insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM. Therefore, the combination of DPP‐4 inhibitors and metformin provides an additive or even synergistic effect on metabolic control in patients with T2DM. This article provides an overview of clinical evidence and discusses the rationale for the combination therapy of DPP‐4 inhibitors and metformin.
Assessment of Coronary Flow with Transthoracic Color Doppler Echocardiography in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ferreiro Daniel E. , Cianciulli Tomás F. , Saccheri Maria C. , Lax Jorge A. , Celano Leonardo , Beck Martin A. , Gagliardi Juan A. , Kazelián Lucia R. , Neme Roberto O.
Published: May 2013

Background

Recent advances in echocardiography have allowed assessment of flow velocity in the epicardial coronary arteries of patients with ischemic heart disease, using transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography (TTDE). However, few data are available regarding coronary blood flow in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Objective

To assess the epicardial coronary arteries of patients with HCM.

Material and Methods

A group of 25 patients with HCM was assessed prospectively (mean age 57 ± 21 years, 11 male) using TTDE; flow velocities in the epicardial coronary arteries were measured and compared with those obtained in 10 age‐ and gender‐matched controls. Analysis of the diastolic spectral waveform included flow velocity integral (VTI), peak velocity, deceleration time, and deceleration slope measurements, while systolic waveform analysis included peak flow measurement and morphology assessment (positive, absent or negative). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for multiple comparisons for variables with a normal distribution, and a Kruskal–Wallis test was used for variables with non‐Gaussian distribution.

Results

Patients with HCM exhibited an increase in diastolic flow velocity with a rapid deceleration slope and a systolic slope which was decreased, absent or reversed, compared to normal subjects. On linear regression analysis there was no correlation with the type of hypertrophy or magnitude of the intraventricular pressure gradient in patients with obstructive HCM.

Conclusion

In patients with HCM, noninvasive assessment with TTDE revealed abnormal findings in the distal flow of the epicardial coronary arteries, very similar to those seen in the no‐reflow phenomenon. These findings were independent of the type of hypertrophy and magnitude of the intraventricular pressure gradient in patients with obstructive HCM.
Feynman Diagrams, Problem Spaces, and the Kuhnian Revolution to Come in Teacher Education
Authors: Seltzer‐Kelly Deborah
Published: May 2013

A blue‐ribbon panel convened by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) concluded in 2010 that teacher education in the United States must be “turned upside down,” with practical experience at its center and academic content woven around the practical. It might seem that the new clinical model based on medical education, which has been adopted by eight states, would be well‐aligned with a Deweyan inquiry‐based pedagogy. Dewey himself recognized a paradox, however: preparation for the combination of rigor and flexibility needed for inquiry‐based pedagogical skills absolutely requires immersion in clinical settings, even as immersion in the teaching environment that prevails in U.S. public schools systematically socializes new teachers to a very different set of skills than those needed for this model of effective pedagogy. Recent scholarship by Kuhnian scholars provides practical guidance for an alternative understanding of how changes in practice occur and may be transmitted to future generations.
Class Analysis and the Emancipatory Potential of Education
Authors: Gerrard Jessica
Published: May 2013

Recently, a range of educational theorists have explored and extended upon popular currents in political theory through articulating “open” and “unknowing” pedagogies. Such contributions represent a radical turn away from the presumed “universals” found in proclamations of justice and emancipation and, ultimately, the centering of class analysis. At the same time, inspired by and building upon Bourdieuian theory, another cluster of educational research has developed a nuanced understanding of the social, cultural, and educational mechanisms involved in class reproduction. In this essay, Jessica Gerrard offers a critical — though sympathetic — response to these dual trends. Bringing together theories of reproduction in conversation with theories of pedagogical possibility, Gerrard argues for a renewed understanding of working‐class relations to education that incorporates an understanding of working‐class action and struggle.
Late‐onset Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia post–fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab: implications for prophylaxis
Authors: Haeusler Gabrielle M. , Slavin Monica A. , Seymour John F. , Lingaratnam Senthil , Teh Benjamin W. , Tam Constantine S. , Thursky Karin A. , Worth Leon J.
Published: May 2013

Objective

Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) therapy for lymphoid malignancies has historically been associated with a low reported incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). However, prophylaxis was routinely used in early studies, and molecular diagnostic tools were not employed. The objective of this study was to review the incidence of PJP during and post‐FCR in the era of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)–computerised tomography (CT).

Methods

All patients treated with standard FCR at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (March 2009 to June 2012) were identified from a medications management database. Laboratory‐confirmed PJP cases during this time were identified from an electronic database.

Results

Overall, 66 patients were treated with a median of 5.5 FCR cycles. Eight PJP cases were identified, 6 of whom had received chemotherapy prior to FCR. In 5 cases, 18F‐FDG PET demonstrated bilateral ground‐glass infiltrates. Median CD4+ lymphocyte counts at time of PJP diagnosis and 9–12 months following FCR were 123 and 400 cells/μL, respectively. In patients receiving no prophylaxis, 9.1% developed PJP during FCR. The rate following FCR was 18.4%, with median onset at 6 months (2.4–24 months).

Conclusion

Given the high rate of late‐onset PJP, consideration should be given for extended PJP prophylaxis for up to 12 months post‐FCR, particularly in pretreated patients. Further evaluation of the role of CD4+ monitoring is warranted to quantify risk of disease development and to guide duration of prophylaxis.
Corticotropin‐releasing factor infusion into nucleus incertus suppresses medial prefrontal cortical activity and hippocampo‐medial prefrontal cortical long‐term potentiation
Authors: Farooq Usman , Rajkumar Ramamoorthy , Sukumaran Shalini , Wu You , Tan Wei Hao , Dawe Gavin Stewart
Published: May 2013

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the rat has been implicated in a variety of cognitive processes, including working memory and expression of fear memory. We investigated the inputs from a brain stem nucleus, the nucleus incertus (NI), to the prelimbic area of the mPFC. This nucleus strongly expresses corticotropin‐releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptors and responds to stress. A retrograde tracer was used to verify connections from the NI to the mPFC. Retrogradely labelled cells in the NI expressed CRF receptors. Electrophysiological manipulation of the NI revealed that stimulation of the NI inhibited spontaneous neuronal firing in the mPFC. Similarly, CRF infusion into the NI, in order to mimic a stressful condition, inhibited neuronal firing and burst firing in the mPFC. The effect of concurrent high‐frequency stimulation of the NI on plasticity in the hippocampo‐prelimbic medial prefrontal cortical (HP‐mPFC) pathway was studied. It was found that electrical stimulation of the NI impaired long‐term potentiation in the HP‐mPFC pathway. Furthermore, CRF infusion into the NI produced similar results. These findings might account for some of the extra‐pituitary functions of CRF and indicate that the NI may play a role in stress‐driven modulation of working memory and possibly other cognitive processes subserved by the mPFC.
Formation of long‐lasting galls by overwintered nymphs in the Japanese aphid Quadrartus yoshinomiyai (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Hormaphidinae)
Authors: Uematsu Keigo , Shibao Harunobu
Published: May 2013

This paper examines the life history of a generation of galls created by the aphid Quadrartus yoshinomiyai (Hormaphidinae: Nipponaphidini) on its primary host plant, Distylium racemosum. First‐instar fundatrix nymphs of Q. yoshinomiyai initiated galls on stems of developing shoots in early April and incipient enclosed galls were found from later the same month. The galls lasted for up to 14 months, during which they grew to maturity, opened in early or mid‐April of the following year and dried up by the end of June. First‐instar fundatrix nymphs were found on winter buds, indicating that they hatched from eggs in autumn and overwintered as nymphs. These results suggest that Q. yoshinomiyai has a three‐year life cycle.
Calmodulin in a Heartbeat
Authors: Sorensen Anders B. , Søndergaard Mads T. , Overgaard Michael T.
Published: May 2013

Calmodulin is the primary sensor of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) levels in eukaryotic cells playing a key role in the proper deciphering of Ca2+ signalling. Given the versatility of Ca2+ as a secondary messenger, it is not surprising that calmodulin interacts with a vast number of proteins. Calmodulin is an extraordinarily conserved protein, which has not evolved since the genesis of the vertebrate lineage, and further is encoded by three different non‐allelic genes in the human genome. The protein displays a high degree of conformational plasticity, allowing for target proteins to evolve specific modes of calmodulin interaction and regulation during Ca2+ sensing. The recent identification of two calmodulin mutations giving rise to a heart arrhythmia with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia‐like symptoms and sudden cardiac death in young individuals, and the following identification of another three calmodulin mutations linked to recurrent cardiac arrest in infants, is in many ways intriguing. How can mutations result in cardiac‐specific phenotypes when calmodulin is fundamental for correct Ca2+ signal interpretation in virtually all cells in vertebrate organisms? Are there specific cardiac target protein interactions that are affected by these mutations? Another challenge is to elucidate how one mutated allele out of six encoding an identical calmodulin protein results in a dominant phenotype. Here we aim to give an overview of components in the cardiac contraction cycle whose function is modulated by calmodulin. In principle, these may all be implicated in the pathogenic molecular mechanism linking calmodulin mutations to cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death.
Gender specific patterns of carbon uptake and water use in a dominant riparian tree species exposed to a warming climate
Authors: Hultine Kevin R. , Burtch Kelley G. , Ehleringer James R.
Published: May 2013

Air temperatures in the arid western United States are predicted to increase over the next century. These increases will likely impact the distribution of plant species, particularly dioecious species that show a spatial segregation of the sexes across broad resource gradients. On the basis of spatial segregation patterns, we hypothesized that temperature increases will have a greater negative impact on female plants compared with co‐occurring male plants of dioecious species. This hypothesis was tested by examining the whole‐plant carbon and water relations of 10‐year‐old female (n = 18) and male (n = 13) Acer negundo Sarg. trees grown in a common garden in Salt Lake City, UT. The trees were established from cuttings collected where the growing season temperature averaged about 6.5 °C cooler than at the common garden. During May and June, stem sap flux (Js) was similar between genders, but averaged 25% higher in males during the warmer months of July and August. Daytime canopy stomatal conductance (gs) per unit leaf area was 12% higher in females in May : June, but was 11% higher in males in July : August. We combined measurements of sap flux–scaled transpiration with measurements of tree allometry and δ13C of leaf soluble sugars to estimate whole‐tree carbon assimilation (Atree) and water use efficiency (WUE) (Atree : Etree). Atree was similar between genders until late August when Atree was 32% higher in male trees. Atree : Etree was on average 7% higher in females than in males during the growing season. Patterns of Js, gs, Atree and Atree : Etree in the present study were in contrast to those previously reported for A. negundo genders under native growing season temperatures. Results suggest that the spatial segregation of the sexes could shift under global warming such that female plants lose their dominance in high‐resource habitats, and males increase their dominance in relatively lower‐resource habitats.
A survey of patients' quality of life and health‐care needs prior to undergoing total joint replacement surgery
Authors: Ko Yi‐Li , Wu Heng‐Fei , Lin Pi‐Chu
Published: May 2013

The objective of this study was to identify patients' quality of life (QOL) and health‐care needs before undergoing total joint replacement surgery. This study used a cross‐sectional descriptive survey approach. Data were collected in 2007. The results for role limitations because of physical functioning were the lowest. Health‐care needs for exercise guidance were the highest. Male participants experienced superior QOL for the physical components (t = 2.379, P < .05). Participants who were single (F = 3.804; F = 4.539) and employed full time (F = 4.961; F = 3.994) had superior QOL for both the physical and mental components (P < .05). The predictive factors for physical components of QOL included occupational status, the previous total joint replacement and other health problems. The predictive factor for the mental components of QOL was marital status. Because role performance is limited by physical functioning, the participants experienced a poor QOL for the physical components. The participants had substantial health‐care needs before surgery, particularly for rehabilitation exercise guidance and pain management.
THE NEW LEADERSHIP SPECIAL REPORT
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: May 2013

Leadership fit for the 21st century is taking shape. It is defiantly different from its predecessors, more inclusive and touches us all. This Special Report seeks out the new leadership — from the kitchen to the concert hall.
CINNAMON CLUB RULES
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: May 2013

The Cinnamon Club chef and CEO, Vivek Singh has led a culinary revolution, developing signature dishes and a powerful brand. He reveals his approach to leadership, innovation and growth to Stuart Crainer.
WE ARE THE CHAMPIONS
Authors: Kumar Nirmalya , Steenkamp Jan‐Benedict EM
Published: May 2013

From China Mobile to Coal India, state‐supported firms are on the march. Nirmalya Kumar and Jan‐Benedict EM Steenkamp map out the route from being a national champion to becoming a global brand.
VOICES: WHAT'S LOVE GOT TO DO WITH LEADERSHIP?
Authors: Hashemi Sahar
Published: May 2013

Growing businesses often get to a point where their founders' passion is seen as a hindrance rather than a help. Sahar Hashemi believes that is usually a mistake.
The Great Landowners in the House of Commons, 1833–85
Authors: Krein David F.
Published: May 2013

This prosopographical article demonstrates that the traditional British landed interest suffered very little by the terms of the 1832 Reform Act. They maintained their customary dominance of the house of commons, although voting records show that they had lost some of their ability to push legislation through the House that spoke to their more parochial interests. By contrast, the 1867 Reform Act caused serious erosion of their legislative power in the Commons. The 1874 election, especially in Ireland, saw great landowners losing their county seats to tenant farmers. Democracy was coming to Britain; just not as soon as some would have it.
Temperature Dependence of Ionic Conductivity of Ceria Electrolyte at Concentrated Range of Multiple Doping
Authors: Panigrahi Snigdha , Biswal Ramesh Chandra , Anwar Shahid , Besra Laxmidhar , Bhattacharjee Sarama
Published: May 2013

We study ionic conductivity of heavily doped ceria, doping level close to 50 mol% with multiple lanthanides in the temperature range of 200°C–500°C. The doped ceria is found to be single fluorite phase, where unit cell is dilated to 0.5527 nm, compared with pure ceria (0.5422 nm). Electrical characterization by impedance spectroscopy reveals that sample sintered at lower temperature (1400°C) has consistently higher bulk conductivity compared to sample sintered at higher (1600°C) temperature, throughout the temperature range studied. Activation energy for oxygen vacancy diffusion is close to 1 eV, indicating lesser association of defects with the dopants compared with other heavily doped ceria reported in literature (activation energy ~1.4 eV). The best ionic conductivity is found to be 1.58 × 10−3 S/cm at 500°C, which is much higher compared with heavily doped ceria reported in literature.
Sensitivity of Landsat‐Scale Energy Balance to Aerodynamic Variability in Mountains and Complex Terrain
Authors: Allen Richard G. , Trezza Ricardo , Kilic Ayse , Tasumi Masahiro , Li Hongjun
Published: May 2013

The speed and direction of air flow through complex terrain are difficult to define. Both impact sensible and latent heat flux exchanges at the surface. Evapotranspiration (ET) models such as Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC™) estimate ET as a residual of the surface energy process and are thus sensitive to aerodynamics, including terrain‐induced impacts on roughness governing convective heat transfer (H). There is a need to explore the sensitivities of H estimation and thereby ET estimation to wind speed and terrain roughness in mountainous areas and to determine the merit of operating complex mesoscale wind field models in conjunction with the energy balance process. A sensitivity analysis is explored in METRIC where we increased wind speed in proportion to a relative elevation parameter and we increased aerodynamic roughness to assimilate impacts of relative terrain roughness, estimated in proportion to standard deviation of elevation within a 3 km locality. These aerodynamic modifications increased convective heat transfer in complex terrain and reduced estimated ET. In other sensitivity runs, we reduced estimated wind speed on estimated leeward slopes. Estimated ET with and without these sensitivity adjustments is shown for mountainous areas of Montana and Nevada. Changes in ET ranged from little change (<5%) for lower slopes to about 30% reductions on windward slopes and 25% increases on leeward slopes for some mid to high elevations in the Montana application.
Flood Protection: Highlighting an Investment Trap Between Built and Natural Capital
Authors: van den Belt Marjan , Bowen Thomas , Slee Kimberley , Forgie Vicky
Published: May 2013

We present a simulation model developed to communicate a potential investment trap associated with using man‐made river engineering to protect built infrastructure. A small system dynamics model in STELLA™ was constructed following a collaborative model‐building process to increase understanding among stakeholders of the role natural capital plays in wealth creation. We set out to explore the dynamic relationship between investing tax revenue in natural capital (specifically forested headwaters and low land wetlands) rather than built capital (specifically stopbanks) for flood protection in the Manawatū watershed, New Zealand. Significant investment is currently required to maintain and enhance river engineering infrastructure and keep pace with changes in the river's geomorphology. Viewed from a systems perspective, we suggest diversion of a proportion of existing funding into restoration of forested headwaters on steep slopes and restoration of functioning wetlands on floodplains could in the longer term provide an effective approach to flood protection. Co‐benefits of increased natural capital include the ecosystem services nutrient cycling, sediment capture, water purification, biodiversity, pollination, and cultural and recreational values. Overcoming an investment trap requires a longer term perspective. This simple model consisting of two feedback loops and two delays aims to contribute to an ongoing stakeholder dialogue concerning the Manawatū River watershed in New Zealand.
Evaluating the Outcomes of Collaborative Modeling for Decision Support
Authors: Michaud William R.
Published: May 2013

Does collaborative modeling improve water resource management outcomes? How does collaborative modeling improve these outcomes? Does it always work? Under what conditions is collaborative modeling most appropriate? With support from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Institute for Water Resources (IWR), researchers developed an evaluation framework to help address these questions. The framework links the effects of collaborative modeling on decision‐making processes with improvements in the extent to which resource management decisions, practices, and policies balance societal needs. Both practitioners' and participants' experiences suggest that under the right circumstances, collaborative modeling can generate these beneficial outcomes. Researchers developed performance measures and a survey to systematically capture these experiences and evaluate the outcomes of collaborative modeling processes. The survey can provide immediate feedback during a project to determine whether collaborative modeling is having the desired effect and whether course correction is warranted. Over the longer term, the systematic evaluation of collaborative modeling processes will help demonstrate in what ways and under what circumstances collaborative modeling is effective, inform and improve best practices, and raise awareness among water resource planners regarding the use of collaborative modeling for resource management decisions.
Motivational incentives and methylphenidate enhance electrophysiological correlates of error monitoring in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Groom Madeleine J. , Liddle Elizabeth B. , Scerif Gaia , Liddle Peter F. , Batty Martin J. , Liotti Mario , Hollis Chris P.
Published: May 2013

Background

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterised by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and/or inattention and are particularly impaired when performing tasks that require a high level of cognitive control. Methylphenidate (MPH) and motivational incentives may help improve cognitive control by enhancing the ability to monitor response accuracy and regulate performance accordingly.

Methods

Twenty‐eight children with DSM‐IV ADHD (combined type) aged 9–15 years and pairwise‐matched typically developing children (CTRL) performed a go/no‐go task in which the incentives attached to performance on no‐go trials were manipulated. The ADHD group performed the task off and on their usual dose of MPH. CTRL children performed the task twice but were never medicated. EEG data were recorded simultaneously and two electrophysiological indices of error monitoring, the error‐related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) were measured. Amplitudes of each ERP were compared between diagnostic groups (CTRL, ADHD), medication days (Off MPH, On MPH) and motivational conditions (baseline – low incentive, reward, response cost).

Results

Error rates were lower in the reward and response cost conditions compared with baseline across diagnostic groups and medication days. ERN and Pe amplitudes were significantly reduced in ADHD compared with CTRL, and were significantly enhanced by MPH. Incentives significantly increased ERN and Pe amplitudes in the ADHD group but had no effect in CTRL. The effects of incentives did not interact with the effects of MPH on either ERP. Effect sizes were computed and revealed larger effects of MPH than incentives on ERN and Pe amplitudes.

Conclusions

The findings reveal independent effects of motivational incentives and MPH on two electrophysiological markers of error monitoring in children with ADHD, suggesting that each may be important tools for enhancing or restoring cognitive control in these children.
Pollen feeding, resource allocation and the evolution of chemical defence in passion vine butterflies
Authors: Cardoso M. Z. , Gilbert L. E.
Published: May 2013

Evolution of pollen feeding in Heliconius has allowed exploitation of rich amino acid sources and dramatically reorganized life‐history traits. In Heliconius, eggs are produced mainly from adult‐acquired resources, leaving somatic development and maintenance to larva effort. This innovation may also have spurred evolution of chemical defence via amino acid‐derived cyanogenic glycosides. In contrast, nonpollen‐feeding heliconiines must rely almost exclusively on larval‐acquired resources for both reproduction and defence. We tested whether adult amino acid intake has an immediate influence on cyanogenesis in Heliconius. Because Heliconius are more distasteful to bird predators than close relatives that do not utilize pollen, we also compared cyanogenesis due to larval input across Heliconius species and nonpollen‐feeding relatives. Except for one species, we found that varying the amino acid diet of an adult Heliconius has negligible effect on its cyanide concentration. Adults denied amino acids showed no decrease in cyanide and no adults showed cyanide increase when fed amino acids. Yet, pollen‐feeding butterflies were capable of producing more defence than nonpollen‐feeding relatives and differences were detectable in freshly emerged adults, before input of adult resources. Our data points to a larger role of larval input in adult chemical defence. This coupled with the compartmentalization of adult nutrition to reproduction and longevity suggests that one evolutionary consequence of pollen feeding, shifting the burden of reproduction to adults, is to allow the evolution of greater allocation of host plant amino acids to defensive compounds by larvae.