bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technological Exorcism, Body Thetans, and Scientology’s Secret Mythology
Authors: Lewis James R.
Published: May 2019

When applying the category of “mythology” to a contemporary new religious group like the Church of Scientology (CoS), one has to choose from among several different categories of narratives which could be regarded as mythological. If we set aside the body of tales surrounding L. Ron Hubbard, CoS’s founder (which could arguably be classified as mythology), one of Scientology’s key stories is the so-called Xenu narrative (also referred to as the ot-iii teachings). Although this story is only revealed after one has tread the “Bridge” for some time, it is arguably a foundational myth, which sets the Scientology enterprise into a cosmological framework. While the present article will focus on the Xenu story, it also discusses Hubbard’s self-mythologizing, including his “discovery” of Incident Two (the Xenu narrative) as a hero myth.
The Hunt and the Otherworld: A Breton Reading of the Massleberg Stora Skee Rock Art Panel (Bohuslän, Southern Sweden)
Authors: Egeler Matthias
Published: May 2019

Taking its starting point from the current trend towards using Indo-European comparative material for elucidating Scandinavian Bronze Age rock art sites, this article develops an interpretation of the overall iconographic program of the Massleberg Stora Skee rock art panel in Bohuslän, southern Sweden. It focuses on the hunting scene which forms one of the centerpieces of the site and poses the question of how this hunting scene relates to the remaining iconographic elements of the panel, especially the ships and footprints, and to the water flowing over the rock. Using analogies drawn from Old French “Breton lays,” medieval Irish and Welsh literature, and the archaeology of the Hallstatt period (the Strettweg cult wagon), it is possible to develop an interpretation which connects the hunt with the communication between the human world and an “Otherworld” and to show how such an interpretation can tie in with the other iconographic as well as natural elements of the site. On this basis, the article concludes with a general discussion of the use of typological analogies versus the application of concepts of Indo-European heritage for the analysis of Scandinavian rock art and discusses the wider applicability of the “Otherworld” term as an analytical concept.
Does Shamanism Have a History? With Attention to Early Chinese Shamanism
Authors: Michael Thomas
Published: May 2019

The article examines various options that scholars have explored in their efforts to construct a history of shamanism. Recognizing Eliade’s promise that such a history lies in the near future, the article then explores the important ways in which this has been undertaken. It specifies four such ways: with prehistoric rock art, the origins of cultural myths, memory studies, and movements of cultural resistance. Ultimately resisting each of these four options while paying particular attention to the case of early Chinese shamanism, its concluding sections recognize the work of Mircea Eliade and Roberte Hamayon as providing two alternative pathways that might lead into possible constructions of this history, and it then attempts to locate a third way between them.
Spirits in a Material World
Authors: Longkumer Arkotong
Published: May 2019

This article is about woodcarving and the role it plays in religion. It is an attempt to grapple with the idea of heritage as partnership — involving “persons in action,” that is between human and non-human persons — focusing on the work of an artist, Lepten, and the seven themed wooden pillars he and others carved in Mopungchuket village in Nagaland, India. It demonstrates, in this case, how heritage as a process opens up conversations between representing the past and the present in the religious grammar of Baptist Christianity and its relationship with materiality through the medium of wood. It also sheds light on the multiple meanings of heritage that are about openings and pathways for people to discuss how they experience memory and change, renewal and loss. It suggests that what is represented as the “past” in heritage is never dormant but is perpetually being animated through the relations that revise, form, and re-embed in new ways. In this sense, the problem of heritage and the different forms of mediation must take into account how carvings are viewed in Ao Naga society, drawing on both Christian and indigenous Naga concepts that continue to push where the boundaries of heritage as an idea and practice begin and where they end.
Right-Wing Think Tank Networks in Latin America: The Mexican Connection
Authors: Castro Rea Julián
Published: May 2019

Right-wing think tanks and their transnational networks in Latin America are barely known, and scarcely documented.1 Close scholarly investigation into their activities, structure, connections, impacts, and ideology is non-existent. This article aims at contributing to fill this gap, by adding insights into the most prominent organizations and networks based in Mexico. This preliminary information is useful to gauge more accurately the scope of the organizations and networks, and their ability to influence policy and the political process.
Viewing Microcredit Lending through Participatory Mapping: A Case Study
Authors: DeGrave Jeff , Schaffer Nathan
Published: May 2019

Participatory mapping has been employed for just over two decades as a tool to seek greater social justice through spatial representations from the points of view of historically marginalized populations. Since its rise in the 1990s, applications of participatory mapping have increased dramatically throughout both the Global North and South. While most participatory mapping projects have engaged indigenous issues, such as those involving territorial disputes and access to natural resources, few studies have attempted to apply participatory mapping to enhance “bottom-up” microlending practices in the developing world. This study combines participatory mapping with interviews and geospatial technology to examine the limited participation of younger adults in the financial services offered by a credit union in Tilaco, Mexico. We examine the process, utilities, and limitations of employing participatory mapping to help answer this question.
The Effects of the Trade-related Investment Measures Agreement on the Egyptian Economy
Authors: El-Deeb Lourna , Labeeb Ahmed
Published: May 2019

The Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) Agreement aims to balance the interests of developed countries seeking to protect their investments as well as developing countries trying to attract more foreign investments to finance national projects. This article assesses the TRIMs Agreement and the compatibility of Egyptian economic legislation, especially the provisions of the Investment Law No. 72/2017, alongside the impact of this agreement on the Egyptian economy. We conclude that Egyptian legislation as a whole is in line with the TRIMs Agreement, with the exception of some provisions enacted under exceptional circumstances in Egypt since January 2011. As a result of these circumstances, it is impossible accurately to assess the extent to which the Egyptian economy was affected by the implementation of TRIMs during the current period, since the policies adopted by the Government of Egypt have succeeded in increasing the volume of foreign direct investment to Egypt.
The Ṭāʾifiyyah or Sectarianism in Syria: Theoretical Considerations and Historical Overview
Authors: Zecca Valentina
Published: May 2019

This article explores the sectarian issue in the Syrian context, analyzing different theoretical perspectives from which we can examine sects and sectarianism as social and political phenomena. Through this analysis we draw the historical frame in which sectarianism originated, giving an overview of the features which define the strict relation between sectarianism and the modern political system of the national State. Furthermore, this article examines the historical development of sectarianism in the Syrian State and the role the sectarian ties assumed inside the authoritarian political system created by the Syrian president Ḥāfiẓ al-Asad.
Dooyeweerd’s Idea of Modalities: The Pivotal 1922 Article
Authors: Glenn Friesen J.
Published: May 2019

Dooyeweerd says that the first rudimental conception of his philosophy had ripened even before he started work at the Kuyper Foundation in October 1922. He had not even studied Kuyper’s works, although he would later find some similarities in Kuyper. A detailed analysis of an article written earlier in 1922 shows us how Dooyeweerd developed his philosophy. This article is ‘Normatieve rechtsleer. Een kritisch-methodologische onderzoeking naar Kelsen’s normatieve rechtsbeschouwing.’ It includes these ideas: the rejection of the autonomy of thought, the idea of intuitive beholding [schouwen], and the idea of modalities or modes of consciousness. Previous historians of reformational philosophy have not adequately researched Dooyeweerd’s sources for these ideas. None of these sources are Calvinistic. Dooyeweerd used these ideas to critique neo-Kantianism. He dismantles Kant’s logical categories and instead puts forward the idea of intuited modalities. And Dooyeweerd uses the scholastic idea of ‘meaning-moments’ to individuate these modalities from totality.
Žižek’s Ruptured Monism: A Comparative Typological Reading of Less Than Nothing
Authors: Dettloff Dean
Published: May 2019

The problem-historical method of D.H.Th. Vollenhoven is easily, rightly or wrongly, seen as needlessly idiosyncratic and esoteric, casting the suspicion that it is no longer useful for understanding contemporary philosophers. I suggest, however, that a “comparative typological reading” that utilizes Vollenhovean types as productive failures could provide new avenues for the method. That is, by failing to capture the uniqueness of certain discourses, using the ontology of Slavoj Žižek as a test case, Vollenhoven’s types help articulate certain misunderstandings of those discourses. In doing so, a new theoretical type, what I call a “ruptured monism,” emerges in order to summarize Žižek’s ontology, operating as a possible contemporary expansion of Vollenhoven’s taxonomy. The paper intends, then, to demonstrate there may be creative and underexplored uses of Vollenhoven for illuminating contemporary philosophy, suggesting a future for Reformational historiography.
Multiple Encounters: Philology, Exile, and Hospitality, from Fāris al-Shidyāq to Auerbach and Edward Said
Authors: Ismail Sherif H.
Published: May 2019

From the second half of 1820s and for almost three decades, the Lebanese-born writer and linguist Fāris al-Shidyāq (1804-87) continued to work for Protestant missionary societies, mainly in Malta and in England. He collaborated with various scholars in compiling, translating and editing religious and educational publications, including a translation of the Bible into Arabic. Al-Shidyāq records segments of his encounters with European scholars and Orientalists in his travel account Kashf al-Mukhabbāʾ, and in his autobiographical narrative al-Sāq ʿalā al-Sāq, where he offers an early critique of Orientalist scholarship. Opposing the prevailingly Eurocentric discourse of the Arab nahḍa, as represented by his contemporary, the renowned Egyptian intellectual Rifāʿa al-Ṭahṭāwī (1801-73), al-Shidyāq insists on linguistic difference and cultural particularity, and, at the same time, he promotes hospitality across both cultures and religions. Al-Shidyāq’s minority background, nomadic life, and secular outlook link him with exilic philology in Erich Auerbach and Edward Said.
Translations as Linguistic Commentaries? On the Interpretative Dimension of Early Bible Translations into Judaeo-Arabic
Authors: Vollandt Ronny
Published: May 2019

Arabic translations of the Scriptures were an early vehicle for satisfying the need for versions that the masses, as well as the more educated strata, could understand, and for adapting the biblical text to a new world at a time of profound political and cultural change. Most of the languages that had been in general use prior to this time had been supplanted by Arabic. For the majority of communities that were now under Muslim rule, the languages of religious learning became a scholastic medium that had to be acquired and preserved through instruction. This led to a multiglossic culture, in which Arabic was the daily vernacular, used alongside central religious texts in Hebrew and Aramaic (or Syriac, Greek, and Coptic for Christian communities). In this contribution I seek to demonstrate how early Jewish translations of the Bible into Arabic promoted continuing and close study of Hebrew, rather than the reverse.
Facing the World: Towards a Global History of Non-Latin Type Design
Authors: Mullaney Thomas S.
Published: May 2019

This essay serves as the entry point into a broader exploration of critical issues in the history of “non-Latin” type design—that is, type design beyond the Latin alphabet. With special emphasis on certain scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Greek, and Devanagari, among others) and regions (South Asia, East Asia, South Africa, and beyond), this special issue brings together practicing designers and scholars, federating rigorous archival work, practice-based insight, and a deep engagement with the global history of the written, designed, and printed word.
Samarasiṃha and the Early Transmission of Tājika Astrology
Authors: Gansten Martin
Published: May 2019

One of the earliest preserved Sanskrit works on Perso-Arabic (Tājika) astrology, the thirteenth-century Karmaprakāśa of Samarasiṃha (also known as the Manuṣyajātaka, Tājikatantrasāra or Gaṇakabhūṣaṇa), is examined with particular attention to subgenre, distinctive content and likely Arabic-language sources. On the basis of a comparison of the extant text of the Karmaprakāśa with excerpts attributed to Samarasiṃha by later Tājika writers, conclusions are drawn with regard to other works, now lost or misattributed, by the same author.
Contributions to the knowledge of the "Staphylinus-complex" (Insecta: Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylinini) of China. Part 20. The genus Wasmannellus Bernhauer, 1920. Section 2
Authors: SMETANA ALEŠ
Published: May 2019

The genus Wasmannellus was established by Bernhauer (1920: 186) to include a single species, W. tristis, from Sikkim (Darjeeling). The genus was redescribed and redefined by Smetana (2006). Not only has W. tristis remained the sole species of the genus until now, but also the holotype is still the only known specimen of the taxon. It was, therefore, a rather pleasant surprise that in some recently collected Chinese Staphylinina submitted for identification, a series of specimens was found that turned out to represent a second species of the genus Wasmannellus. The specimens displayed all the important character states defining Wasmannellus, including the puncture bearing the postocular seta on the head being situated closer to posterior margin of head than to posterior margin of eye (Fig. 2).
A review of the Neotropical genus Eucalandra Faust, 1899 (Coleoptera; Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae)
Authors: ANDERSON ROBERT S.
Published: May 2019

The genus Eucalandra Faust is reviewed, including a redescription of the genus, diagnoses of the four previously described species, E. boxi Marshall, E. luteosignata (Blanchard), E. mexicana (Champion), comb. n., and E. setulosa (Gyllenhal), and the description of a new species, E. alas Anderson, sp. n., from Costa Rica. A key to the five now known species is provided, along with illustrations of the species and summaries of their natural history and distribution. These weevils are associated with bamboos.
Four new species and a new record of Cryptoniscoidea (Crustacea: Isopoda: Hemioniscidae and Crinoniscidae) parasitising stalked barnacles from New Zealand
Authors: HOSIE ANDREW M.
Published: May 2019

Four new species of the families Hemioniscidae and Crinoniscidae are described from New Zealand waters: Crinoniscus politosummus sp. nov., C. cephalatus sp. nov., Scalpelloniscus vomicus sp. nov. and S. nieli sp. nov. Mature males and females are described for all species, and the epicaridium larva is described for S. vomicus sp. nov. Males of the two species of Scalpelloniscus can be distinguished from S. penicillatus and S. binoculis by coxal plate dentition, relative sizes of propodus and dactylus. Crinoniscus politosummus sp. nov. and C. cephalatus sp. nov. can be separated from the only other congener Crinoniscus equitans by the body shape of the mature females, and shape of antennule article 1 of the males. A single specimen tentatively identified as S. cf. penicillatus is also recorded from New Zealand waters. These species are the first records of cryptoniscoid isopods infecting thoracic barnacles from the South West Pacific.
Cladistics, classification and identification of the brachycercine mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Caenidae)
Authors: SUN LU , MCCAFFERTY W. P.
Published: May 2019

The mayfly subfamily Brachycercinae (Pannota: Caenidae) is redefined and shown to be an apotypic, monophyletic group based on numerous synapomorphies, including, for example in the larvae, the presence of ocellar tubercles, an anterior row of long setae on the larval head capsule, a patch of long setae posterior to the base of the glossae, a broad prosternum, and the absence of toothlike claw denticles. Over 100 morphological characters of larvae, adults, and eggs discovered to be useful for phylogenetic analysis and diagnoses are detailed and illustrated. Thirty-eight species are recognized among the genera Brachycercus Curtis, Caenoculis Soldán, Cercobrachys Soldán, Insulibrachys Soldán, Sparbarus, n. gen., Oriobrachys, n. gen., Latineosus, n. gen., Susperatus, n. gen., and Alloretochus, n. gen., by adopting a strictly phylogenetic classification, including a first tribal classification within the subfamily. Brachycercus ojibwe, n. sp., Cercobrachys fox, n. sp., C. lilliei, n. sp., C. pomeiok, n. sp., C. winnebago, n. sp., Latineosus cayo, n. sp., L. cibola, n. sp., Oriobrachys mahakam, n. sp., Sparbarus choctaw, n. sp., S. coushatta, n. sp., S. miccosukee, n. sp., and Susperatus tonkawa, n. sp. are newly described. The Nearctic Brachycercus articus Soldán, n. syn., and B. edmundsi Soldán, n. syn., are shown to be equivalent to B. harrisella Curtis, proving the latter to be a widespread Holarctic species. Sparbarus capnicus (Zhou, Sun and McCafferty), n. comb., S. corniger (Kluge), n. comb., S. europaeus (Kluge), n. comb., S. gilliesi (Soldán and Landa), n. comb., S. japonicus (Gose), n. comb., S. kabyliensis (Soldán), n. comb., S. lacustris (Needham), n. comb., S. maculatus (Berner), n. comb., S. nasutus (Soldán), n. comb., S. tubulatus (Tshernova), n. comb., Susperatus prudens (McDunnough), n. comb., and S. tuberculatus (Soldán), n. comb., are transferred from Brachycercus. Alloretochus peruanicus (Soldán), n. comb., and Latineosus colombianus (Soldán), n. comb., are transferred from Cercobrachys. Caenis dangi (Soldán), n. comb., is transferred from Caenoculis and Brachycercinae to Caeninae, and provisionally placed in Caenis Stephens. Sparbarus flavus (Traver), n. comb., is transferred from Brachycercus and considered to be a nomen dubium. Nomenclatural history, new or revised descriptions as appropriate, diagnoses, illustrations, and keys are provided for known stage of species. Origins and evolutionary relationships of the Brachycercinae are hypothesized based on cladistic results. Brachycercinae is considered to have originated from a Caenis-like ancestor. The genera Cae-WORLD BRACHYCERCINAEnoculis and Insulibrachys represent more ancestral lineages, whereas the genera Sparbarus, n. gen., Brachycercus, Oriobrachys, n. gen., Latineosus, n. gen., Susperatus, n. gen., Alloretochus, n. gen., and Cercobrachys appear more derived. Cercobrachys pomeiok and other closely related species are most apotypic in terms of numbers of accumulated apomorphies.
Three new species of Alepia Enderlein (Diptera, Psychodidae, Psychodinae) from the Brazilian semi-arid region
Authors: BRAVO FREDDY
Published: May 2019

Three new species of Alepia Enderlein from the semi-arid region of Bahia State, northeastern Brazil are described: A. montana sp. nov., A. arenivaga sp. nov., and A. fervida sp. nov. Currently, eight species of Psychodidae are known from the semi-arid area (including the three species here described)—a region characterized by a long dry season (6–11 months) and low precipitation levels (300–1000 mm/year). A list of the eight species of Psychodidae from the Brazilian semi-arid region is provided.
Descriptions of two Copidognathus halacarid mites (Acari, Halacaridae) from Zanzibar, Tanzania
Authors: CHATTERJEE TAPAS , DE TROCH MARLEEN , CHAN BENNY K. K.
Published: May 2019

Two halacarid species of the genus Copidognathus (Acari, Halacaridae) collected from the east coast of Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania, are described. Copidognathus matemwensis sp. nov. is characterized by an anterodorsal plate with 3 areolae, posterior dorsal plate with 2 costae, pair of ventromedial areolae between lateral and posterior setae on anterior epimeral plate, areolae present on lateral side of anterior half of genitoanal plate tending to join the areolae laterally to the genital opening area, rostrum elongate, tibiae I and II each with 1 denticulate process proximoventrally. The male of Copidognathus corallorum (Trouessart, 1899) is reported for the first time and described; leg morphology for C. corallorum is provided.
Nomenclatorial changes in Triaenonychidae: Sclerobunus parvus Roewer is a junior synonym of Paranonychus brunneus (Banks), Mutusnonychus Suzuki is a junior synonym of Paranonychus Briggs, and Kaolinonychinae Suzuki is a junior synonym of Paranonychinae Briggs (Opiliones: Triaenonychidae)
Authors: SHEAR WILLIAM A. , DERKARABETIAN SHAHAN
Published: May 2019

The harvestman species Sclerobunus parvus was described by Roewer (1931) from the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Some forty years later, Briggs (1971) revised the Triaenonychidae of North America, but missed including Roewer’s species, which had not been mentioned in the literature since its description. Briggs (1971) recognized two subfamilies in North America, Triaenonychinae Sørensen 1886 (Briggs attributed the subfamily name to Pocock, but according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Sørensen’s original proposal of the family name included the nominate subfamily) and Paranonychinae Briggs 1971. Paranonychinae included two new genera, Metanonychus Briggs 1971 and Paranonychus Briggs 1971. The latter genus was based on Sclerobunus brunneus Banks 1893, a commonly occurring species distributed from Clackamas County, Oregon, north to Atka Island, Alaska (Briggs 1971).
The synonymy of Cyalithoides fulgida Fisher, 1922 with Chrysodema robusta Deyrolle, 1864 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Chrysochroinae)
Authors: BELLAMY C. L. , LANDER T.
Published: May 2019

The genus Cyalithoides Fisher (1922) has remained unstudied since its original description, with only subsequent listings by Obenberger (1926) and Bellamy (2003).  Furthermore, it was discussed apparently without the type having been examined by Levey (1978) and Hoyski (1980) in relation to new taxa and classification proposals in their respective works. The unique holotype of C. fulgida Fisher (1922) was recently examined by us and was found to be synonymous with Chrysodema robusta Deyrolle (1864), and structurally coming very close to the type of C. cyanivertex Obenberger (1928), which is also a junior synonym of C. robusta. Lander’s (2003) recent revision of Chrysodema Laporte & Gory, 1835 provides confidence for the new synonymy proposals below as there are no differences in C. robusta that do not agree with the current definition of Chrysodema.  One additional note is that Fisher must have considered Cyalithoides as feminine given his use of fulgida, as the specific epithet.  Article 30.1.4.4 (ICZN 1999) states that genus-group endings in the suffix  -oides are masculine unless the author stated another gender or treated it otherwise.  Although Bellamy (2003) treated Cyalithoides as masculine, it can be argued that Fisher treated it as feminine and that definition has priority.  Nonetheless, with the synonymy proposed herein, C. fulgida is moved to another feminine genus.
On the status of the species of Acanthistius (Gill, 1862) (Percoidei) in the South-West Atlantic Ocean
Authors: IRIGOYEN ALEJO J. , GERHARDINGER LEOPOLDO CAVALERI , CARVALHO-FILHO ALFREDO
Published: May 2019

We review the species of Acanthistius Gill (1862) (Osteichthyes, Percoidei) from the South-Western Atlantic, solving a discrepancy concerning the taxonomic status of Acanthistius brasilianus (Cuvier & Valenciennes 1828) and Acanthistius patachonicus (Jenyns 1842), and providing an objective diagnostic key for the two species. While Argentinean fishery biologists consider A. patachonicus to be a synonym of A. brasilianus, ichthyologists elsewhere regard them as separate species with different distributional ranges. Based on a literature review, examination of museum specimens and observation of live individuals in the field, we identified the sources of the dissent and concluded that A. brasilianus and A. patachonicus are separate species, differing in diagnostic morphological characters and distinctive color patterns and having slightly overlapping distributional ranges. Distinction between these two species has significant implications for management and conservation.
Near-Real-Time Surface-Based CAPE from Merged Hyperspectral IR Satellite Sounder and Surface Meteorological Station Data
Authors: Bloch Callyn , Knuteson Robert O. , Gambacorta Antonia , Nalli Nicholas R. , Gartzke Jessica , Zhou Lihang
Published: May 2019

Near-real-time satellite-derived temperature and moisture soundings provide information about the changing atmospheric vertical thermodynamic structure occurring between successive routine National Weather Service (NWS) radiosonde launches. In particular, polar-orbiting satellite soundings become critical to the computation of stability indices over the central United States in the midafternoon, when there are no operational NWS radiosonde launches. Accurate measurements of surface temperature and dewpoint temperature are key in the calculation of severe weather indices, including surface-based convective available potential energy (SBCAPE). This paper addresses a shortcoming of current operational infrared-based satellite soundings, which underestimate the surface parcel temperature and dewpoint when CAPE is nonzero. This leads to a systematic underestimate of SBCAPE. This paper demonstrates a merging of satellite-derived vertical profiles with surface observations to address this deficiency for near-real-time applications. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS) hourly surface observation data are blended with satellite soundings derived using the NOAA Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System (NUCAPS) to create a greatly improved SBCAPE calculation. This study is not intended to validate NUCAPS or the combined NUCAPS + MADIS product, but to demonstrate the benefits of combining observational weather satellite profile data and surface observations. Two case studies, 18 June 2017 and 3 July 2017, are used in this study to illustrate the success of the combined NUCAPS + MADIS SBCAPE compared to the NUCAPS-only SBCAPE estimate. In addition, a 6-month period, April–September 2018, was analyzed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of using surface observations in satellite SBCAPE calculations. To address the need for reduced data latency, a near-real-time merged satellite and surface observation product is demonstrated using NUCAPS products from the Community Satellite Processing Package (CSPP) applied to direct broadcast data received at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Hampton University in Virginia, and the Naval Research Laboratory in Monterey, California. Through this study, it is found that the combination of the MADIS surface observation data and the NUCAPS satellite profile data improves the SBCAPE estimate relative to comparisons with the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) mesoscale analysis and the NAM analysis compared to the NUCAPS-only SBCAPE estimate. An assessment of the 6-month period between April and September 2018 determined the dry bias in NUCAPS at the surface is the primary cause of the underestimation of the NUCAPS-only SBCAPE estimate.
Heterogeneity and Giving: Evidence From U.S. Households Before and After the Great Recession of 2008
Authors: Osili Una O. , Clark Chelsea J. , Han Xiao
Published: May 2019

Before the Great Recession of 2008, a stable two-thirds of the U.S. population donated to charitable causes in any given year. However, the fraction of American donors has declined by 11% since the Great Recession. In this article, we investigate pre- and postrecession charitable giving between 2000 to 2014. By examining household dynamics including race and ethnicity, age, gender, and educational attainment, this article uncovers changes in giving behaviors and provides new insights into how the Great Recession of 2008 affected both giving rates and amounts. It also discusses the implications for civil society and the need to build resilience for responding to future economic shocks.
Formulary Drug Review: Sufentanil Sublingual
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: May 2019

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433.
Mechanical, fire, and smoke behaviour of hybrid composites based on polyamide 6 with basalt/carbon fibres
Authors: Mazur Karolina , Kuciel Stanislaw , Salasinska Kamila
Published: May 2019

This paper describes the hybridization of basalt and carbon fibres in polyamide 6 by injection moulding method and the analyses of the mechanical, morphological, fire, and smoke properties of the obtained materials. The content of basalt/carbon fibres in hybrid composites amounted to 5/5 wt%, 7/7 wt%, and 10/10 wt%. The addition of fibres resulted in an increase in mechanical properties of the examined materials, was reflected by the threefold increase of Young modulus for the composites containing 10/10 wt% of fibres. To investigate the aging, the samples were stored in distilled water for 1, 7, 14, 100, and 210 days. After 210 days, a significant decrease in mechanical properties was observed. Interestingly, the addition of fibres caused a 50% reduction in stiffness, whereas, in the case of neat polyamide 6, the decrease was about 78%. Additionally, the addition of fibres reduced water sorption. With the increasing fibre load, the decrease in the maximum average rate of heat emission was observed. In the case of composites containing 10 wt% of basalt fibres and 10 wt% of carbon fibres, it amounted to 207 kW/m2 and was lower by approx. 37% in comparison to the unmodified polymer.
Elaboration and mechanical properties analysis of a composite based on polyester resin reinforced with natural Alfa fibres
Authors: Boukhoulda A , Boukhoulda FB , Makich H , Nouari M , Haddag B
Published: May 2019

In this paper, the elaboration process of a new composite material based on polyester resin reinforced with long Alfa fibres is described. The used Alfa fibres have been obtained using the chemical method of extraction based on alkali treatment with different percentage of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The obtained average diameters of fibres treated with 9%, 10%, 11% and 14% NaOH concentrations are about 145 ± 35 µm, 90 ± 15 µm, 83 ± 15 µm and 75 ± 15 µm, respectively. The composite was elaborated with impregnation of the fabric Alfa fibres in polyester resin. Besides, an experimental characterization using tensile tests has been conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the fibres obtained with the different NaOH concentrations. The results show that the composite made of polyester resin reinforced with fibres treated with 9% concentration of NaOH presents the greatest tensile strength.
Embedding Self-Regulation Instruction Within Fractions Intervention for Third Graders With Mathematics Difficulties
Authors: Wang Amber Y. , Fuchs Lynn S. , Fuchs Douglas , Gilbert Jennifer K. , Krowka Sarah , Abramson Rebecca
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of fractions intervention with and without an embedded self-regulation (SR) component for third-grade students at risk for mathematics disabilities. Fractions intervention focused on magnitude understanding and word problems. Embedded SR was designed to support a growth mindset (fostering belief that intellectual and academic abilities can be developed) along with SR processes in which students set goals, self-monitor, and use strategies to engage motivationally, metacognitively, and behaviorally through challenging tasks. Students ( n = 69) were randomly assigned to business-as-usual control and the two versions of fractions intervention. Multilevel models, accounting for the nested structure of the data, identified a moderation effect on fraction word problems: For students receiving fractions intervention with embedded SR, response to intervention was robust across the continuum of students’ pretest word problem skill; by contrast, without SR, response to fractions intervention depended on students’ pretest word problem skill. On the remaining outcomes, results reflected stronger outcomes when fractions intervention embedded SR instruction without moderation.
Backing up, not backing down: Mitigating audience costs through policy substitution
Authors: Lin-Greenberg Erik
Published: May 2019

Can a leader reduce the audience costs imposed for backing down completely on a threat by opting instead to ‘back up’ to a less hawkish policy? Current research examines the political repercussions of making a threat and then taking no action at all. Real world leaders, however, often ‘back up’ and implement policies that involve some action – for instance, imposing sanctions after threatening military force, rather than backing down entirely. This article argues that audience costs can be mitigated through policy substitution: backing up to less hawkish policies – that reduce inconsistency between a leader’s words and deeds – may reduce audience costs. A series of original survey experiments finds support for the argument and demonstrates that the population treats inconsistency as a continuum. The findings have implications for domestic politics and crisis bargaining. Domestically, a leader who backs up faces lower audience costs and is seen as more competent than one who backs down. Yet those on the receiving end of threats are less likely to believe the future threats of a foreign leader who has previously backed up or backed down. Backing up therefore degrades the credibility of crisis signals by making it difficult for rivals to distinguish between credible threats and those that will be backed up.
What Do Preschool Children in India Understand About Death?: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Agrawal Jyotsna
Published: May 2019

Most people avoid talking about death with children even when required, as they are unsure at what age children start understanding the concept of death. Although this question has been researched in the west, it has not been answered in the Indian context. Therefore, this study was conducted in India with 25 children (14 females, 11 males; 3–5 years), using play and joint story construction method, along with semistructured interviews. Results indicated that majority of the children understood that everyone has to die, including significant people like their own parents (i.e., universality) and also, many children understood that death is final (i.e., irreversibility). However, only few children understood that all cognitive/behavioral functions cease at death (i.e., nonfunctionality). In conclusion, only a small proportion of preschoolers seems to have had a mature concept of death.
Comparative study of metamodeling and sampling design for expensive and semi-expensive simulation models under uncertainty
Authors: Parnianifard Amir , Azfanizam AS , Ariffin MKA , Ismail MIS
Published: May 2019

In spite of the wide improvements in computer simulation packages, many complex simulation models, particularly under uncertainty, may be inefficient to run in terms of time, computation, and resources. To address such a challenge, integrating metamodels and robust design optimization has been applied. In the current paper, a systematic comparative study is implemented to evaluate the performance of three common metamodels, namely polynomial regression, kriging, and radial basis function. The required experiments are designed by different space-filling methods including the orthogonal array design and three forms of Latin hypercube sampling such as randomized, maximin, and correlation approaches. Although, the impact of sample size on the performance of metamodels in robust optimization results are investigated. All methods are analyzed using five two-dimensional test problems and one engineering problem while all of them are considered in two forms that are expensive (with a small sample size) and semi-expensive (with a large sample size). Uncertainty is assumed in all problems as a source of variability, so all test problems are conducted in the format of robust optimization in the class of dual response surface in order to estimate robust Pareto frontier. The performances of methods are studied in two terms of accuracy and robustness. Finally, the results of comparison, an applicable guideline is provided to aid the practitioners in selecting the appropriate combination of metamodels and sampling design methods for investigating set of robust optimal points (estimated Pareto frontier) in simulation–optimization problems under uncertainty.
Pathways to the power elite: The organizational landscape of elite careers
Authors: Ellersgaard Christoph Houman , Lunding Jacob Aagaard , Henriksen Lasse Folke , Larsen Anton Grau
Published: May 2019

To capture elites, we must map out the organizational landscape through which they pass during their careers. This organizational landscape moulds the character of elites, tells us about the prestige of organizations that are elite incubators and provides valuable indicators about how different sectoral experiences serve to accumulate capital for the elite. Unpacking the organizational experience challenges theoretical and methodological understandings of the elite character, calling for a renewed focus on the organizational embedding of elites after school. By analysing the occupational history of 416 highly central individuals in a Danish elite network, what we term ‘the power elite’, a very distinct set of career trajectories, running through a subset of large, well-established, interconnected organizations, is mapped and analysed. To understand the different ways in which the members of this power elite accumulate ‘organizational capital’ in different fields, sequence analysis on six distinct channels, sector, subsector, size, level, rhythm and geography, is applied. Through this multi-channel sequence analysis, 10 distinct clusters of career trajectories are identified, distinguishing primarily between four private sector clusters: corporate ambassadors, industrial inner circle, bankers and landed gentry; and six public sector clusters: state nobility, professional politicians, lobbyists, scientists, unionists, and education and local politics. Analysing the careers, private sector careers are shown to be more homogeneous than public sector careers, while careers based on positions with a democratic mandate, mainly politicians and union leaders, are more turbulent and unpredictable. We link pathways to social backgrounds, showing preference for pathways for the natives in the upper class.
Listening to community: The aural dimensions of neighbouring
Authors: Lewis Camilla
Published: May 2019

This article examines the multisensory nature of everyday life and the ways in which sound shapes experiences of community, presenting findings from a research project, ‘Place and belonging: What can we learn from Claremont Court housing scheme?’ Whilst acknowledging the multisensory nature of perception, the discussion focuses on sound in particular, exploring the different ways that sound (or lack of it) informed residents’ neighbouring practices and sense of community. Despite general fears of ‘loss of community’ due to increasing individualisation, the findings show the continued importance of neighbouring relations, which point to varied types of community attachment. Cases are presented from the data focusing on the themes of nostalgia, uncertainty and feelings of difference. These themes provide telling insights into the ways in which community is experienced and how people living in the same housing scheme interpret sounds differently. All residents were exposed to similar sound ecologies, but their significance and meanings were understood in vastly different ways. The article offers an original contribution by arguing that sound is an important dimension of everyday life in urban settings, which is related to affective and emotional dimensions of community, which have, as yet, been glossed over in the sociological literature.
From Oppositional Culture to Cultural Integrity: African American Students’ Perceptions of the Activity Structure and Physical Ecology of Classrooms
Authors: Sankofa Biko Martin , Hurley Eric A. , Allen Brenda A. , Boykin A. Wade
Published: May 2019

This work extends examination of African American students’ attitudes toward learning and achievement to contrast the oppositional culture (Ogbu and Fordham) and cultural integrity perspectives. We assessed 200 students’ responses to classrooms designed to support competitive, individualistic, communal or high-verve thinking, and behavior. Students preferred activity structures and physical ecologies supporting the expression of communalism and high verve. Relationships with grade point average (GPA) were also examined. Interviews corroborated the questionnaires. Students’ positive attitudes toward academic success are moderated by the value orientation of what must be done to succeed. Implications for reinterpreting students’ resistant/disengaged behavior are discussed.
Severe Acute Respiratory Infections With Influenza and Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses: Yemen, 2011-2016
Authors: Al Amad Mohammad Abdullah , Al Mahaqri Ali Ali , Al Serouri Abdulwahed Abdulgabar , Khader Yousef S.
Published: May 2019

In 2010, Yemen started the surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARIs) by establishing 2 sentinel sites in Sana’a and Aden city. This study aims to determine the proportions of influenza and noninfluenza viruses among SARI patients and to determine the severity of SARI and its associated factors. The data of SARI patients who were admitted to SARI surveillance sites at Al Johory hospital in Sana’a and Al Wahdah hospital in Aden city during the period 2011-2016 were analyzed. The proportions of positive influenza viruses (type A, B) and noninfluenza viruses (respiratory syncytial, adenovirus, human parainfluenza, and human metapneumovirus), intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate, and fatality rate among SARI patients were calculated. A total of 1811 of SARI patients were admitted during 2011-2016. Of those, 78% were <15 years old. A total of 89 (5%) patients had influenza viruses and 655 (36%) had noninfluenza viruses. The overall ICU admission rate was 40% and the case-fatality rate was 8%. Infection by influenza type (A, B) and mixed (adenovirus, human parainfluenza) was significantly associated with lower ICU admission. Age <15 years old, infection with influenza B, pre-existence of chronic diseases, and admission to Aden site were significantly associated with higher fatality rate among patients. In conclusion; SARI patients in Yemen had a high ICU admission and case-fatality rates. Influenza type B, chronic diseases, and admission to Aden site are associated with higher fatality rate. Expanding surveillance sites and panel of laboratory tests to involve other pathogens will help to provide accurate diagnosis for SARI etiology and give more comprehensive picture. Training staff for SARI case management will help to reduce severe outcomes.
Tourism and Economic Growth: A Meta-regression Analysis
Authors: Nunkoo Robin , Seetanah Boopen , Jaffur Zameelah Rifkha Khan , Moraghen Paul George Warren , Sannassee Raja Vinesh
Published: May 2019

Numerous studies have focused on delineating the relationship between tourism and economic growth. In this article, we present the results of a rigorous meta-regression analysis based on 545 estimates drawn from 113 studies that empirically tested the tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLGH). The results suggest the presence of publication bias in the literature on this topic, where the majority of studies report positive and statistically significant estimates. Findings provide support for the TLGH, but they also suggest that the estimates are sensitive to a number of factors that are related to country data, specification, and estimation characteristics, and time span. Such sensitivities suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on reporting estimates of the relationship between tourism and economic growth across a variety of methodological characteristics and specification and estimation choices. The implications of the results for theory development are also discussed.
What Makes Public Space Public? The Chaos of Public Space Definitions and a New Epistemological Approach
Authors: Zhang Xuefan , He Yanling
Published: May 2019

While the concept of public space is frequently referenced, its definition is ambiguous. Current studies have attempted to clarify the definitions of public space. However, the supposed definitions of public space are usually contradictory upon further inspection. This article argues that epistemological assumptions are the main reason for these logical problems. The entity view, the preference for a real definition, and the concentration on “space in plan” should be changed. Inspired by Wittgenstein’s epistemology, this article proposes a framework for defining public space, which will help administrators flexibly and consistently identify the public nature of diverse semipublic spaces.