bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State, Civil Society and National Development: The Scottish Problem
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: March 2007

Capitalist sodeties in the post-war period have been characterised by nationalist revivals, regionalism, movements for ethnic minorities and subculturalism. Movements for political autonomy are responses to the uneven development of the capitalist economy in which spatial coali tions take shape under the banner of linquistic, religious and cultural persistence. These theories of cultural nationalism and internal colonialism are critically reviewed with reference to Scotland. The conventional argument is that the political union of Scotland and England conserved the autonomy of Scottish civil society, fostering the political alliance of the Scottish and English bourgeoisie in the context of British imperial expansion. The global economic decline of Britain undermined this alliance and decimated the Scottish working class. Cultural nationalism thus arose on the back of a distinctive civil society as an effect of regional imbalances. These theories exaggerated the ideological unity of "civil society", treating the working class as incor porated. The appeal of nationalism had a very different significance for both class and intra-class formations. Scotland has in fact two cultures — Highland and Lowland — which limited the integrative role of any common culture.
Regional Policy in New Zealand and Scotland: A Tentative Comparison
Authors: Carter Ian R.
Published: March 2007

This paper raises a number of comparative questions about regional planning in New Zealand. Scotland's experience in trying to counter underdevelopment at its periphery, particularly through the Highlands and Islands Development Board, have some lessons for New Zealand in it contemporary efforts to develop workable regional policy.
White-Settler Colonial Development: Early New Zealand Pastoralism and the Formation of Estates1
Authors: Fairweather John R.
Published: March 2007

A comparison of early Australian and New Zealand pastoralism suggests that class conflict was not decisive in the evolution of colonial capitalism but that dynamics within the organisation of pastoral production were. In New Zealand, early runholding spread rapidly until the 1870s when geographical limitations and the speculative character of runholding investment forced runholders to buy land and establish estates. The transition to estates required active political participation and the use of aggressive land purchasing tactics. Estate production involved sophisticated and diverse credit relationships within a relatively autonomous economy which featured generalised entrepreneurial activity rather than urban dominance of a rural class. Bureaucratic and patriarchal domination characterised the organisation of work on estates, and successful estate production sustained a colonial gentry life-style. A focus on the dynamic nature of capital investment in land is suggested as a more fruitful approach to colonial capitalism rather than those perspectives which emphasise class and class conflict.
A Tale of Two Cities: Marriage and Mobility in New Zealand
Authors: Pearson David , Thorns David C.
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to explore the role that occupational mobility has played within New Zealand society. The paper begins by reviewing the approaches found within mobility research and how these have been taken up within New Zealand research. It notes the limited nature of present knowledge and research into patterns of mobility through time.

The article then moves to discussing a method for the longi tudinal study of occupational mobility rates through marriage records. Data is presented based upon two Wellington and two Christchurch localities. From the analysis a number of tentative conclusions are drawn regarding both the overall rate of mobility over time and the distance travelled by the more mobile individuals. The analysis shows that there has always been a fairly high level of self-recruitment to occupational positions and a limited amount of long run mobility.
Motherhood and Feminism: Are They Compatible? The Ambivalence of Mothering
Authors: Davies Bronwyn , Welch D'arne
Published: March 2007

This paper examines two conflicting moral imperatives: mothers are the people best equipped to raise their own children; and women are people and have a right to their own lives. Based on interviews with women with small children, this paper looks at the conflicts experienced by these women as they attempt to fulfil the motherhood role. It is found that being a person and being a mother can be experienced as mutually exclusive, especially where there is a high level of idealism about motherhood. We conclude that it is not the mothering of small children or motherhood per se that leads to the feelings of ambivalence on the part of mothers: it is mothering under a certain set of conditions (in the isolation of the nuclear family) and with a particular set of beliefs about womanhood and motherhood that leads to conflict and loss of self.
Sociology and the Category of Culture: The Problem of Specificity
Authors: Stratton J.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relationship between the discursive areas classified under the terms sociology and culture. This relationship is examined in an historical perspective leading up to the modern sociological understanding of culture as articulated through the dominant, Parsonsian originated paradigm. I want to suggest that the success of Parsonsian inflected sociology has had the effect of eliding questions concerned with socio-cultural specificity in favour of a movement towards normative universalisation. One way in which this has been achieved has been through a very particular redefinition of the meaning of culture. One concrete effect of the acceptance of this redefinition has been that the problem of socio- cultural distinctiveness - as, for example, in the case of Australian society - has been hard to formulate let alone come to terms with.
Policing and Social Change
Authors: Corns Christopher
Published: March 2007

The form and structure of the original policing model developed in the first half of the nineteenth century in England has undergone significant reforms as a result of broader social changes. However, police organisations have experienced serious difficulties in adapt ing conventional police ideologies and practices to new social norms. The police response is characterised by conservatism, internal organisational tensions, and a growing disjunction between them selves and the community. To understand this response and its implications, this article considers changes in policing in terms of (a) functions (b) policewomen (c) educational standards and (d) legal status of police officers. These examples highlight a number of structural contradictions within modern policing as well as suggest ing the likely form of future policing.
Closure and Fluidity in the Class Structure
Authors: Jones F.L. , Davis Peter
Published: March 2007

Among the several approaches to the empirical analysis of patterns of social inequality in the advanced capitalist societies, two have produced large bodies of findings: the status attainment approach introduced by Duncan, Sewell, and others in the 1960s, and the log- linear analysis of mobility tables pioneered by Goodman, Hauser, and others in the 1970s. We use both these analytic techniques to assess the degree of openness in Australian society and argue that its relatively high degree of social fluidity provides at least a partial explanation of the failure of the proletariat to perform the revolu tionary task set for it by some class theorists. In a relatively open class society with attenuated bases for class identity and class soli darity, the politics of change are more likely to be the pursuit of progressive reforms than naked class warfare.
Ascription versus Achievement in Australia: Changes over Time 1965-1990
Authors: Marks Gary N.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates changes between 1965 and 1990 in the influences of ascription and educational achievement on occupational attainment in Australia. A simple model of status attainment is constructed incorporating measures of both ascription and achievement processes. The model is analysed separately for men and women. During the 1970s, the effects of father's occupational status declined and the effects of education increased quite dramatically. During the 1980s, the increase in the effects of education had slowed. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the influence of education on occupational attainment was smaller for women compared to men. By the 1980s, men and women received similar returns from education. It is concluded that occupational attainment in Australia has become more based on achievement in the educational system than on ascriptive processes.
The Response of Orthodox Medicine to the Challenge of Alternative Medicine in Australia
Authors: Easthope Gary
Published: March 2007

The recent rise in the usage of alternative medicine is a consequence of the interaction between most orthodox doctors and their patients, changes in the medical market and a general societal shift toward postmodernity.

The Australian Medical Association has recently responded to this rise by seeking to exclude alternative practices from funding by the government. The success of this tactic is partly dependent on the government's response. The government is faced by two major constituencies in this area: the AMA, who seek more funding for orthodox medicine and the Treasury, who seek to limit funding by capping devices and by arguing for preventive medicine.

The government's response has been to channel preventive health practices through orthodox medicine. They are unlikely to support alternative practitioners as they would constitute a further drain on funds. However, this does not mean the AMA's tactic of exclusion will be totally successful. The consumers of medical care are demanding choice, control over their own health and individual attention. If orthodox practitioners do not meet that demand then their patients will desert them.
Women and The 'Uneven' Development Of Workers' Compensation Law
Authors: Cameron Margaret A.
Published: March 2007

This analysis of women and workers' compensation law employs the concept of 'uneven' development to explain legislative change. The article challenges notions of progress and argues that law develops unevenly in the context of social, economic and political conditions. After examining changes to South Australian workers' compensation legislation over the last century it considers recent developments that broaden the primary focus of the law from the injured workers' economic well-being to include notions of rehabilitation and future employment. At this point the article considers the divergence between law as legislation and law in practice. Presently in law most women experience the availability of workers' compensation as a condition of employment, however, scope exists for medical practitioners, rehabilitation administrators, and trade unionists to reject women's claims.
Physical Education and Regimes of the Body
Authors: Kirk David
Published: March 2007

This paper illustrates the ways in which the practices of school physical education and sport have contributed to the construction and constitution of the body in modernity, a body which can be disciplined and energised through mass educational, medical, and other interventions to be economically productive and politically acquiescent. Various shifts in physical education's treatment of the body during this century are posited as indicative of shifts in regimes of the body more broadly, moving towards forms of corporeal power which are increasingly diffused, individualised and internalised, these regimes projecting a view of the body as the most intimate manifestation of social and self-identity. It is suggested that while there is evidence of a liberalisation of regimes of the body after the second world war, contemporary physical education and sport programs continue to school the modernist body. At the same time, it is noted that recent developments in the project of body management, pursued in exercise gyms and other sites, may have begun to signal the limits of the malleability of the modernist body.
'The Great Debate About Cholesterol': Medical Controversy and the News Media
Authors: Lupton Deborah
Published: March 2007

This note analyses features of the debate over the importance of controlling dietary cholesterol to prevent heart disease as it was reported in the Australian news media. It examines the position of the news media as sites for the struggle over meaning, at which a number of competing discourses are expressed and negotiated, and acknowledges the complexities of the tensions and often contradictory interests with which news media workers and organisations wrestle when constructing the news. It is concluded that while the controversial nature of the cholesterol debate was acknowledged in the news texts, the reproduction of dominant discourses concerning individual responsibility for bodily control and lifestyle choices was achieved by glossing the debate as a medical controversy rather than as a serious challenge to health promotion orthodoxy.
Drought, discourse, and Durkheim: a research note
Authors: West Brad , Smith Philip
Published: March 2007

In this paper we report the results of an extensive qualitative analysis of Australian discourses on drought. Themes in Australian discourses on drought are broadly Durkheimian in nature, referring to the need to reaffirm social morality and solidarity in the face of an unexpected and unprecedented challenge from nature. A brief analysis of statistical data suggests that drought discourses have a relative autonomy from both meteorological and social structural determinants. The paper concludes by theorising why 'drought' is so often invoked as a symbolic threat to the Australian national community.
Converting the lawyers: the dynamics of competition and accountability reform
Authors: Parker Christine
Published: March 2007

The success of competition and accountability reform to the Australian legal profession is found to be as dependent on the process by which it is introduced as on its substantive merits. A diversity of opinions on, and experiences of, reform proposals was gathered through interviews with forty-one lawyers selected by the difference discovery method. Their varied responses to reform were analysed using the constant comparative method and placed into two broad categories: (a) conversion stories based on community responsiveness, persuasive dialogue, discovery of self-interest, pragmatic acceptance of fate and surrender to market forces; and (b) defiance stories induced by discredit and disrespect. It was found that individual lawyers and professional associ ations have responded constructively to persuasion and dialogue especially when they also see reform as inevitable. They have resisted when change is introduced in a way that denies them a role in their own regulation and reform.
Enter the market: competition, regulation and hospital funding in Australia
Authors: Collyer Fran , White Kevin
Published: March 2007

Financial provision for health care (and particularly hospital-based services) in Australia during the past half century have been characterised by a continuous tension between the public and private sectors. Successive governments have favoured alternate sectors, building up or dismantling one relative to the other. The latest trend has been to imitate developments overseas and introduce 'market forces' into the public sector in the form of competition, privatisation and new forms of monitoring, funding and regulation. Despite prolific dis cussion about these changes, there has been little recognition that the ensuing impact will also be shaped by simultaneous (and perhaps, unforeseen) developments in the health care sector—such as the entry of foreign 'hospital chain' corporations into Australia, the internationalisation of health care markets, and the globalisation of finance capital. This article seeks to clarify the nature of these developments, and addresses some of the implications of this unique coalescence of events.
Constructing 'epilepsy': a case study of medical student texts from 1894-1994
Authors: Llewellyn Margaret
Published: March 2007

This study examined the disease label 'epilepsy' and the social processes that have shaped and legitimated the concept. Using the methodology of content analysis, medical student textbooks listed in Calendars and Handbooks at an Australian univer sity were sampled at ten year intervals over the period 1894-1994. The findings of this research show medical knowledge concerning 'epilepsy' has not been a linear progression of medical enlightenment and humanitarian spirit. To the contrary, the journey was fraught with dissimulation and despair. A hidden curriculum of eugenics permeates medical texts. Clinical definitions of 'epilepsy' remain problematic as physicians grapple with a widely held but false notion that their predecessors helped to generate.
Race, crime and region: the socio-spatial dynamics of Aboriginal offending 1
Authors: Tyler William
Published: March 2007

Patterns of indigenous over-representation in the criminal justice systems of settler societies such as Australia and Canada exhibit a strong spatial component, with rural and remote regions showing higher levels both of serious crime and of punitive response. In Australia, these patterns have been the subject of recent cultural geographies of Aboriginal offending which rely on limited functionalist models of the effects of modernisation. An alternative model is proposed, which interprets these variations in the light of socio-spatial theories of postmodernisation. A probit analysis of rates of Aboriginal offending across Australian jurisdictions reveals a close relationship between levels of seriousness of crime and levels of cultural stability and socioeconomic stress.
Neoliberalism as a political rationality: Australian public policy since the 1980s
Authors: Beeson Mark , Firth Ann
Published: March 2007

Since the 1980s a remarkable transformation has occurred in the rationale that informs public policy in Australia. This transformation reflects a fundamental change in the way national economies and populations are conceived by policy-makers, and has led to the emergence of new strategies of governance as a consequence. We argue that this change of direction in Australian public policy may be best thought of as a specific neoliberal 'political rationality'. The first section of the paper outlines changes in con ceptions of the economy and subjectivity which are associated with neoliberalism as a political rationality. The second part of the paper examines the articulation and imple mentation of neoliberalism in Australia over the last couple of decades.
Who thinks what about capitalism? Class consciousness and attitudes to economic institutions
Authors: Western Mark
Published: March 2007

Attitudes to the fundamental economic institutions of capitalism, private ownership of productive property, markets as arenas for securing economic outcomes, and working class rights to associate and to strike, are key dimensions of class consciousness. This paper investigates how class location shapes these attitudes in combination with other factors like employment sector and trade union membership. Using data from the 1995 National Social Science Survey, the paper finds systematic class variation on attitudes to economic institutions that is consistent with respondents endorsing or rejecting class-specific strategies of interest realisation according to their own class circumstances. On some attitudes, class structural effects are additionally moderated by organisational norms associated with public sector employment and mediated by the impact of trade union membership.
Backspace
Authors: Tatlow Mike
Published: March 2007

This has changed; press coverage and the speed of Microsoft's reaction have shown that there is a potentially devastating virus that attaches itself to saved documents created by Microsoft Word.
Audit in radiology
Authors: Prime N.J.
Published: March 2007

A review of the Audit Commission report on radiology, Improving Your Image, is given. The impact on radiology information technology (IT) strategies and quality within the National Health Service (NHS) are considered.
The gender trap
Authors: Greaves J.
Published: March 2007

One could argue that of all professions subject to sex-role stereotyping, nurses seem the most severely handicapped, as they are doubly conditioned by society and the medical profession to be deferential and obedient, rather than assertively taking control of their own destiny. This is a view supported by Pizurki et al (1987). This paper will briefly discuss women's experience of science and technology education in their early years, and explore how this may have influenced today's qualified nurses' ability to control development of computing and information technology (IT) in the clinical area. It will then go on to examine the patriarchal influence over the design and implementation of computerized nursing systems which compromises the validity of these systems as quality caring tools. Finally, suggestions will be made of how to make IT education more useful and appropriate for qualified nurses, so empowering them through education as 'an educated work force learns to use technology and ignorant one becomes its victim' (Stonier 1981).
Acute Rheumatism and Rheumatic Heart Disease
Authors: Conybeare E.T.
Published: March 2007

Although there has been a substantial decline in its prevalence during the last twenty years, acute rheumatism remains one of the most important diseases of the rheumatic group.

Infection with hæmolytic streptococci of Group A is at present the only factor in the aetiology of acute rheumatism which can be identified with confidence.

Until other aetiological factors, which almost certainly exist, have been defined the prevention of acute rheumatism rests upon general measures such as diminution of overcrowding which will control the frequency, weight and variety of upper respiratory tract infections among children and young adults.

Prompt detection of acute rheumatism, especially of the forms which have an insidious onset, rest in bed during the stages of acute illness and convalescence, together with special clinical arrangements for after-care extending over many years remain the only satisfactory measures for the prevention and limitation of the chronic heart disease caused by acute rheumatism. The chief responsibility for this now lies with the hospital and specialist section of the National Health Service.

Research at present in progress may serve to uncover some of the hitherto unknown factors in the aetiology of acute rheumatism and hence lead to better methods for its prevention. The use of penicillin to control upper respiratory infections in rheumatic individuals and of hormones in the treatment of the initial illness which are now being investigated may prove to be valuable in the prevention of chronic rheumatic heart disease.
The Eradication of Bovine Tuberculosis
Authors: Callender E.R.
Published: March 2007

The desirability of eradicating bovine tuberculosis from the herds of this country is discussed both from a public health and an economic point of view. Steps taken over the past few years to achieve this end are indicated and some explanation for the apparently slow progress sought. The progress made under the Tuberculosis (Attested Herds) Scheme is reviewed and the proposed steps to be taken in the final stage of the campaign against this disease are discussed. It is of course highly desirable that the programme should interfere as little as possible with the necessary normal movement of animals which takes place throughout the country, and this fact has been kept in mind when framing the necessary proposals. Both the milk producer and the stock rearer have been offered financial inducement, in the way of bonus payments, to eradicate tuberculosis from their herds voluntarily under the Tuberculosis (Attested Herds) Scheme, I950. This scheme is discussed in some detail in view of its importance in the campaign for some years to come, and the lines along which it is proposed to proceed wtih eradication on an area basis are indicated.
Positive Health and the Relationship of Man to his Living Environment
Authors: Vickery K.O.A.
Published: March 2007

Positive health, although exceptional, was seen in certain races, and was therefore an attainable goal. No lesser goal was worthy of the public health service. The evidence of the physical, mental and spiritual ill-health in the community was the challenge for the future.

The way ahead was by a consideration of human health within the laboratory of the living world about us. Man's place in the cycle of life was described and the consequences of his breach of that cycle pointed out. The purpose of disease in nature was shown to be a part of the essential cycle of growth, fruition and decay. Indications were given of neglected experimental work showing the intimate association of soil, plant and animal health.

It was contended that disease in man, as in the plant and animal world, was largely an indication of imperfect nutrition. Malnutrition in man was shown to arise from an insufficiency of the orthodox advice coupled with a lack of discernment on the part of the consuming public, whose main source of food supply was grown on impoverished soil and further depleted by manipulation and staleness.

Corrective measures included education of health workers and elected representatives, and the need for a widespread return of our waste products to the land was stressed.
Teaching assertiveness skills to people with learning disabilities: a brief report of a training programme
Authors: Laxton M. , Gray C.J. , Watts S.M.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a training programme for seven participants with learning disabilities, who completed 24 sessions of assertiveness training in a group setting. In addition to these training sessions, the group convened and presented a staff workshop so that they could share what they had learned, and seek support for their newly acquired skills to be practised in other settings. Evaluation of these training sessions used two main approaches that included weekly evaluations, and pre- and post- (training session) interviews. The individual achievements of the participants are highlighted in this paper. This paper discusses those factors that have contributed to the development of assertiveness skills, as well as the difficulties that were encountered.
Learning disability and citizenship: paradigms for inclusion
Authors: Redworth M. , Redworth F.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses citizenship and explores the concepts of integration, pluralism and assimilation to determine which offers the most appropriate approach to ensure full citizenship for people with learning disabilities.

The paper demonstrates that all three concepts offer an attainable approach to citizenship. However, assimilation, which allows people who are different to become absorbed into society, places higher value on the patterns of life adopted by mainstream society. Thus it fails to value alternative lifestyle models. Integration involves mixing freely with a group and adopting their values without necessarily losing personal values. It is argued that this has been interpreted as a form of 'mainstreaming' whereby people are perceived to be integrated into society but often fail to achieve the citizenship rights afforded to others in that society. Pluralism is seen as the most desirable approach to integration. Here people retain their separate identities and any differences are valued through an ethos of equality of opportunities.

The paper progresses to consider how pluralism can be achieved. It argues that positive action is required so that a philosophy of anti-oppression and equal opportunity which underlies citizenship is adopted by society.

The paper concludes that it may be necessary to adopt all three approaches to citizenship in order to reach all people within society.
Specific factors in assessing and intervening in cases of self-injury by people with autistic conditions
Authors: Hare D.J. , Leadbeater C.
Published: March 2007

Self-injurious behaviour presents a serious challenge to those working with people with learning disabilities. Several models have been advanced to account for the occurrence of the behaviours and offer methods for intervention. The current paper examines self-injurious behaviour as exhibited by people with learning disabilities and autistic conditions. A number of autism-specific factors are put forward for staff to consider when analysing and intervening with such behaviours.
Ready, willing and waiting: supported employment and people with learning disabilities
Authors: Bush T.
Published: March 2007

The 1990s have seen a rapid growth in the number of agencies offering supported employment for people with learning disabilities. Initially, many of these agencies saw their role as job coaching and support in the work place. However, with the implementation of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DFEE 1996) some large employers have started to use these agencies as consultants in setting up their own supported employment schemes within the work place. This paper explores the growth and evolution of these schemes and considers the impact of the Disability Discrimination Act.
Meaningful choices: consent to treatment in general health care settings for people with learning disabilities
Authors: Hart S.L.
Published: March 2007

A small scale qualitative research project explored the experiences of I3 learning disabled people receiving care and treatment in general hospital settings. Using grounded theory to analyse the data, the question of consent to treatment emerged as an area of significantly varying practice. Some respondents reported that they were forbidden to sign consent for their own operation, whereas others who could have been deemed able, opted to let a significant other sign on their behalf. Evidence suggests that consent is primarily being sought as a legal requirement, and rarely as a strategy for ensuring people with learning disabilities understand the nature of their forthcoming treatment. One respondent reported that his attempt to withdraw consent for treatment was ignored. The respondents had received treatment in a total of seven different hospitals, all of which emerged as having markedly different approaches to obtaining consent from patients with learning disabilities. The current attention addressing the health care needs of people with learning disabilities, bolstered by the publication of 'Signposts for Success' (NHS Executive I998) last year, is welcomed. But if such work is to make a significant contribution to the well-being of people with learning disabilities then it must run in tandem with developments in the understanding of consent. Ultimately this must lead to the introduction of practices that respect the wishes of people with learning disabilities, and are enabling, at the same time ensuring that action is taken, where necessary, in the best interest of others. Recommendations include the need for additional training for general hospital staff and, where possible, the involvement of learning disability nurses in preparing people for planned admissions.
Knowledge of learning disabilities: the relationship with choice, duty of care and non-aversive approaches
Authors: McKenzie K. , Murray G.C. , Higgon J. , Matheson E.
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the relationship between the knowledge of the diagnostic criteria for a learning disability (based on DSM IV criteria), care practices and experience in health care and social care staff. Responses to a questionnaire were analysed in terms of participants emphasis on: recognizing duty of care; enabling choice; non-aversive and aversive strategies. Results indicated that the knowledge of the criteria for a learning disability was limited, with only I6% of the sample correctly identifying all three criteria. There were no significant differences between the two groups in relation to experience or level of knowledge. No clear cut differences were found between the groups in relation to tendency to emphasize a particular management approach, with the strategies adopted appearing to be influenced by vignettes used in this study. Participants tended to give responses that identified both a recognition of their duty of care to clients and the need to enable choice. Limitations of this study are discussed.
Majoring On the Minors: Recent Research On Haggai and Zechariah
Authors: Boda Mark J.
Published: March 2007

This article showcases key contributions to the study of the books of Haggai and Zechariah and their various contexts over the past 15 years. It begins by listing the many recent commentaries on these books before highlighting the conclusions of four of these on the key issues of historical background, redactional formation and literary unity. The article then surveys the many monographs that have helped students of these books understand the his tory, sociology, form, tradition, rhetoric, canon and afterlife of these pro phetic texts.
Women Reading Women in the Apocalypse: Reading Scenario 1, the Letter To Thyatira (Rev. 2.18-29)
Authors: Thimmes Pamela
Published: March 2007

Women reading (interpreting) women characters in the Apocalypse demon strate that the category of gender is an important component in any reading strategy, particularly where women are drawn to type, theologically and ideologically, as they are in the Apocalypse. Using the letter to Thyatira (Rev. 2.18-29), and the attention given the woman prophet in the Thyatiran community, this study surveys interpretations from other woman scholars and introduces anthropological studies that link women, sex and food, a triad John also utilizes in the Thyatiran letter. In sum, Thyatirans are literally 'eating culture', and the conflict represented in the letter is a conflict for authority, a conflict about who will set and maintain group boundaries—a woman prophet who is an insider in the community or John, an outsider, who has the only voice the reader hears?
Polymers for Coating Textile Substrates
Authors: Loy W.
Published: March 2007

This series of three papers will describe in general terms the great diversity of coating materials available today for application to textile substrates. Although some of the products and processes are more typical of Europe than of America, the principles discussed are generally applicable. The first article of this series deals with polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylates, and prevulcanized natural rubber latices.
Vapor Phase Boric Acid Treatments for Cotton Batting To Meet U.S. Mattress Flammability Standard Ff 4-72
Authors: Knoepfler Nestor B. , Madacsi John P. , Neumeyer Julius P.
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Mattress Flammability Standard FF 4-72 imple mented in December 1973 requires that mattresses resist ignition by lighted cigarettes placed on the bare mattress surfaces at specified loca tions, as well as similar tests where the cigarettes are placed between two sheets. This standard, while implying flammability, really measures resist ance of cotton mattresses to the initiation of smoldering combustion. Smoldering combustion is defined as a slow oxidation directly from the solid phase. Phosphorus containing flame retardants that impart excellent glow resistance in the context of open flame tests are inadequate to pre vent smoldering combustion in mattresses. Boric acid, although not con sidered an efficient or effective flame retardant, when applied to cotton batting yields products that will pass FF 4-72. Current processes for the treatment of cotton batting with boric acid utilize immersion-padding, spray, or dry powder techniques. These processes require either large amounts of energy or excessive chemical add-on. A process employing methanol and boric acid, which readily forms volatile methyl borate at ambient temperature, has been developed. This process takes advantage of the hydrolysis of methyl borate to boric acid when the vapors contact moisture within and on the cotton, as shown by the following reaction:
Smoke From Fabric-Cushion Systems
Authors: Hilado Carlos J.
Published: March 2007

The contribution of the fabric to the smoke pro duced from pyrolysis or combustion of a fabric-cushion system appears to be minor. The contribution of the cushion material tends to be predominant because of its higher weight or volume fraction of the system.
The SRRC Experimental No-Twist Yarn System
Authors: Salaun Harold L. , Louis Gain L.
Published: March 2007

A method for producing a no-twist cotton yarn directly from card web has been developed. The technique is made possible by a unique device for aligning the fibers in the web to form a no-twist yarn in a one-step operation. This progress report presents details of this new technique as well as yarn and fabric data obtained from the experimental yarn as compared to conventional ring and open-end spun yarns.
An Educative and Empowering Notion of Leadership
Authors: Smyth W. John
Published: March 2007

What is the role of leadership in staff development? This discussion of theory argues that heads should empower teachers by working "with" rather than "on" them. It shows how a process of supervision can be developed using these principles.
Scottish Education: The 16+ Development Programme
Authors: Donaldson James T.
Published: March 2007

The Scottish 16+ Plan has been singled out as the most significant development in British education in the 1980s. Its objectives and characteristics are described by a Scottish educationist closely involved in its development ...
Motivation as a Consideration in Organisational Change and Staff Development Within a Peripatetic Support Group
Authors: Jeffs Alvin
Published: March 2007

Peripatetic staff have distinct characteristics and needs. This paper shows how consultation is used as a resource, highlighting areas for consideration in planning organisational change.
Strategies of Staff Deployment in a Sheffield Project
Authors: Garforth Joan , Lydiat Mike
Published: March 2007

This report finds that an extra teacher often made the difference between merely containing a fragile situation and creating the conditions under which sensible educational experiences could be offered to difficult and vulnerable children.
Staff Appraisal and Teaching as a Career in Scotland
Authors: Erskine Sheena
Published: March 2007

Close analysis of policy statements on staff appraisal asks what difference this proposed policy might make to the way in which teachers compete for promoted posts in the 1990s. Part I expresses doubts about the validity of the anticipated processes. Part II suggests that staff appraisal is to be central to the gradation of teachers on a five-point scale. Thus, an elite group of teachers. may be identified.
The Management of Disaffection in Schools
Authors: Alhassan A.B.
Published: March 2007

Inquiries among teachers and pupils in Kaduna about truancy found that parental illiteracy, pupils' perceived irrelevance of school curriculum and poor teacher-pupil relationships were significantly associated with truancy. However, administration of punishment, consultation with parents of disaffected pupils, and routine roll- calls were the three main measures that schools were taking to manage the incidence of truancy. The findings suggest implications for policy and practice. The author is at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria.
Evaluation of Examination Performance of a School
Authors: Samuels J.F.
Published: March 2007

The simple use of examination results as performance indicators can be misleading. This article shows how to introduce considerations of pupils' social background and national comparisons.
What Can Be the Governors' Contributions in Staff Appraisal? An Introduction
Authors: Hinds Tom
Published: March 2007

Over the last few years , teachers in England and Wales have discovered the meaning of 'innovation overload'. The introduction of teacher appraisal in all state schools from 1992 represents one of these innovations. In his paper, Tom Hinds, an experienced educationalist, considers the contribution which governors can make. He stresses that this is not meant to be just another academic paper: Rather it offers a range of personal points. He takes as his premise that teaching is a very exposed, personal activity and argues that the attitudes and behaviours of governors in and around the appraisal of staff is almost entirely a matter of a relationship. In working these ideas out he examines six possible areas in which governors might claim to have something to do with staff appraisal.
Say it out loud: Does mental context reinstatement out loud benefit immediate and delayed memory recall?
Authors: Gawrylowicz Julie , Pereira Ema
Published: March 2024

Mental context reinstatement (MCR) is a key part of the cognitive interview. However, police face challenges delivering MCR in real‐life situations. Over the years, modifications have been made to make MCR more user‐friendly for officers and ensure witness engagement. The current study evaluates the impact of vocalizing MCR generations aloud on mock‐witness's immediate and delayed recollections. Participants watched a staged multiple‐car collision and were interviewed about it the next day. Half verbalized mental images aloud (aMCR), while the other half kept them silent in their minds (cMCR). After a week, participants took part in a delayed recall attempt. No significant differences in immediate recall performance were found. During the delayed recall, participants who engaged in aMCR previously recalled significantly more and more correct details than those who received cMCR. aMCR might lead to more coherent representations in working memory, resulting in improved consolidation and better future recall.
Rationally Designed Ionically Conductive Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Ultrasensitive Methamphetamine Analogs Sensor
Authors: Xiong Chonghao , Li Li , Yang Menghao , Chen Ying , Wang Lu , Xiong Lize , Huang Jia , Zou Yidong
Published: March 2024

Achieving convenient, sensitive, low‐cost, and non‐contact detection of trace addictive drugs is a challenging problem. Herein, a novel ionically conductive metal‐organic framework (IC‐MOFs) is designed through a controlled interface assembly strategy. The active metal anions are incorporated into the layered MOFs with a porous structure, forming charge carriers that served as effective adsorption/binding sites for N‐methylphenethylamine (MPEA), a crucial simulator of addictive drugs. The in situ integrated Zn3(HHTP)2‐MOF sensor device designed in this study demonstrated real‐time detection of sub‐ppb level MPEA at room temperature, with an exceptionally low theoretical detection limit of 20 ppt. The overall sensing performance of this sensor surpassed all previously reported chemical sensors for detecting methamphetamine. The Zn3(HHTP)2‐MOF sensor exhibited outstanding selectivity, rapid response time (ca. 5 s), excellent long‐term stability, amenable miniaturization, and device consistency. The device successfully passed dual 85 test (500 h at 85 °C and 85% of humidity), which is rarely report previously. Density functional theoretical calculations (DFT) and spectral characterization confirmed that the prominent selectivity of Zn3(HHTP)2‐MOF toward MPEA is attributed to the strong binding ability. The general and straightforward strategy provides brand‐new route to exploiting smart sensors for drug prevention and surveillance.
Intrinsic Defect‐Rich Carbon‐Supported Iron Phthalocyanine as Beyond‐Pt Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Chen Jiarun , Wang Mingjie , Chen Liuhua , Guo Kun , Liu Boya , Wang Kai , Li Ning , Bao Lipiao , Lu Xing
Published: March 2024

Molecular iron phthalocyanine (FePc) bearing a single‐atom Fe–N4 moiety is a high‐profile non‐platinum catalyst toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), but its unsatisfactory activity and inadequate stability hinder the practical application. Herein, a novel strategy by hybridizing FePc with fullerene‐derived intrinsic defect‐rich carbon to improve its ORR activity and stability is reported. Via alkali‐assisted thermal pyrolysis, C60 molecules are disintegrated into tiny fragments that then restructure into pentagon‐ and edge‐rich carbon (FC). Utilizing FC as a support of FePc leads to a significantly improved ORR activity compared to other supports including reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotube that hold distinct structural features. The optimized FePc/FC with a Fe loading of 3 wt% presents a half‐wave potential of 0.917 V, far beyond that of Pt/C (0.846 V), via selective four‐electron ORR pathway and excellent stability under accelerated stress test. The practical applicability of FePc/FC is also demonstrated as a high‐performing cathode catalyst of aqueous zinc–air batteries. It is, for the first time, explicitly disclosed that strong interactions between FePc molecules and intrinsic carbon defects (e.g., pentagons and edges) not only strengthen the anchoring effect of supported FePc but also enhance the intrinsic ORR activity of single‐atom Fe–N4 sites.
Preoperative serum cholinesterase as a prognostic factor in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Nakamura Kimihiko , Seishima Ryo , Matsui Shimpei , Shigeta Kohei , Okabayashi Koji , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: March 2024

Aim

Serum cholinesterase (ChE) levels are considered to reflect nutritional status. Although ChE has been well documented as a prognostic factor for some cancers, no clear consensus on its use for colorectal cancer (CRC) has been reached. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between preoperative serum ChE and postoperative long‐term prognosis in CRC patients.

Methods

A total of 1053 CRC patients who underwent curative surgery were included in this study. The correlations between the preoperative ChE value and overall survival (OS) or cancer‐specific survival (CSS) were assessed. By dividing patients into two groups according to their ChE value, OS and CSS were compared between the groups.

Results

Multivariate analysis revealed that the continuous ChE value was a significant predictor of OS (hazard ratio, 0.996; 95% CI, 0.993–0.998; p = 0.002) and CSS (hazard ratio, 0.994; 95% CI, 0.991–0.998; p = 0.001), independent of other variables. The low‐ChE (≤234 U/L) group had a significantly poorer prognosis than the high‐ChE (>234 U/L) group for both OS (5‐year OS for low ChE and high ChE: 79.8% and 93.3%, respectively; p < 0.001) and CSS (5‐year CSS for low ChE and high ChE: 84.8% and 95.6%, respectively; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Lower preoperative serum ChE levels are a predictive factor of poor prognosis for CRC patients. As serum ChE levels can be measured quickly and evaluated easily, ChE could become a useful marker for predicting the postoperative long‐term outcomes of CRC patients.