bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lyric Population and the Prospects of Police
Authors: Nicolazzo Sal
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a new reading of vagrancy in early Romantic poetry. By reading the poetry of Mary Robinson against the backdrop of police reform and vagrancy law at the end of the eighteenth century, it proposes a turn away from lyric or legal subjectivity in order to see other crucial poetic valences of what can be termed “Romantic vagrancy.” Robinson not only pushes one to reconsider a literary-historical narrative that has long been dominated by William Wordsworth, but also offers an engagement with vagrancy that theorizes law and lyric as intersecting precisely where legal persons and lyric subjects disappear. Tracing how Robinson's collection brings rural English poverty into the same frame as global war, the scandal of destitute Asian sailors stranded in London by the East India Company, the Sierra Leone colonization project, and the role of police reformers in reshaping dockside labor in London, the chapter argues that poetic vagrancy allows one to understand its most iconic recurring image — the dispossession of the rural English poor — as an optic for invoking vast scales and distant populations. Vagrancy's relation to police, especially as a mode of governmentality that spanned scales from local to global, is in fact crucial to its poetic redeployment.
The Moneytree
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about Ron Kalifa, who was working at the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) with a mission to turn the group created by disgraced banker Fred Goodwin into a payments powerhouse when the financial crisis hit. It cites public company Worldpay's merge with an American rival, Vantiv, which acquired a huge portfolio of new American clients and became one of the biggest payments providers in the world. It also describes the rise of Worldpay out of the embers of the financial crisis as a parable of how Britain's leadership as the originator of the financial technology that now drives the global banking system. The chapter looks at the acumen and trading skills that made the City of London the biggest exporter of financial services on earth and is now turning it into a fintech champion. The Worldpay saga says a great deal about the skill set and culture that has made financial services the most valuable wealth-creating sector of the UK economy.
Infrastructure
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the priority projects, the climate change agenda, and the low interest rate environment that constitute a big step forward for UK. It illustrates the UK as a country where Conservative and Labour parties after a decade of austerity agree that the UK needs to invest for the future. It also discusses the priorities of digital transformation and a lower carbon Britain outside the EU that look even more desirable after the Covid-19 experience. The chapter highlights Britain as the master of capital investment in the Victorian era as much of the infrastructure for creating the railways, the Clifton Suspension Bridge and the Bazalgette sewage system in London was designed and built in that period. It points out how long-term investment for the greater public good is not something that the UK has excelled at in more modern times.
Heritage
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter emphasizes the profound impact that Brexit has had on British and global trade and production associated with the coronavirus pandemic. It examines how it has become fashionable to deprecate Englishness and the admittedly nebulous concept of Global Britain as the UK embarks on a post-Brexit renewal. It also describes the UK's rich heritage at home and overseas as something to be admired and developed, and should not be dismissed as a vacuous slogan. The chapter explores the little recognition given to the part that immigration has played in the advancement of the UK economy. It points out the latest long-term projections from City forecasters CEBR, which cite migration as one of the reasons why the UK economy will outpace that of France and other EU members in the 2020s.
The Analysis of Beauty, II
Authors: Zitin Abigail
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the role of gender in The Analysis of Beauty. Many critics have focused on the fact that Hogarth associates the line of beauty with the female body. According to this way of thinking, Hogarth’s focus on the beauty of female bodies is the ground for his democratic aesthetics (female beauty is the kind of beauty “everyone” already knows how to recognize). But Hogarth explicitly addresses his treatise to female as well as male readers, setting women’s attunement to visual experience on a par with the technical expertise of the artisan, and thereby understanding women as subjects as well as objects of visual pleasure.
Epilogue
Authors: Zitin Abigail
Published: May 2021

In this book, I have argued that the development in the eighteenth century of a distinct field of inquiry that we now know as aesthetics was slow to produce a concept of form that now seems central to humanistic study. Because of my training and my institutional position, my approach to this argument is literary. I use methods of interpretation associated with literary texts—but the texts I spend the most time with in this book are not literary in the most familiar sense, not plays or novels or poems. And arguably, my focus on form as a problem is just as much a product of my literary orientation; we in literary studies have been arguing about form for years. (We seem never to tire of calling formalism “new,” or of declaring that form is over.) But our form problem does not necessarily define the other humanistic disciplines that fall under the domain of the aesthetic. Moreover, my literary orientation does not mean that the understanding of form that I develop in this book lends itself easily to literary use, integrally related as it is to the practice of the visual arts. Should it, though? More fundamentally: could it? In the last few pages of this book, I speculate a bit in response to these two questions....
Legions of Pigs in the Early Medieval West
Authors: Kreiner Jamie
Published: May 2021

Early medieval communities were thinking seriously about their environments. They saw themselves as part of a complex and dynamic universe that was propelled by interconnected organisms and forces. In that system, even the smallest creatures or events could have far-reaching consequences. The big picture was tied to hyperlocal circumstances. The people who lived in the early medieval West (in what is now northwest Africa and Europe) brought these perspectives to bear on their farming, policy making, and philosophizing. And pigs were both a means and a motivation for doing this. They were a flexible species that could handle a diversity of ecologies. They illustrated the benefits of being adaptable. But they were also a constant reminder that humans had to adapt to their animals and landscapes: total control or assimilation was unthinkable. Pigs were nearly everywhere in the early medieval West, and they left their hoofprints on laws, politics, philosophy, religion, and even humans’ own sense of themselves.
A Singular and Plural Beast
Authors: Kreiner Jamie
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how early medieval communities bent their social and legal arrangements in order to accommodate these tricky animals. It also probes the limits of thinking about “the pig” as a stable species, because early medieval and modern commentators alike have noticed the hazards of generalizing: pigs had individual characteristics and abilities, they could learn new things, and they could change.
The Athenaeum
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

When it was founded in 1824, the Athenæum broke the mold. Unlike in other preeminent clubs, its members were chosen on the basis of their achievements rather than on their background or political affiliation. Public rather than private life dominated the agenda. The club, with its tradition of hospitality to conflicting views, has attracted leading scientists, writers, artists, and intellectuals throughout its history, including Charles Darwin and Matthew Arnold, Edward Burne-Jones and Yehudi Menuhin, Winston Churchill and Gore Vidal. This book is not presented in the traditional, insular style of club histories, but devotes attention to the influence of Athenians on the scientific, creative, and official life of the nation. From the unwitting recruitment of a Cold War spy to the welcome admittance of women, this lively and original account explores the corridors and characters of the club; its wider political, intellectual, and cultural influence; and its recent reinvention.
Prologue
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

This prologue provides an overview of the Athenæum, looking at Ballot Day 1892, a worked-up drawing of the club members by J. Walter Wilson. The selection of members and the way in which they are portrayed offer clues to the composition and ethos of the Athenæum in the 1890s. Ballot Day 1892 presents to the viewer figures from the intellectual stratum of what would now be called the 'British Establishment'. Membership of the Athenæum and a fellowship of a learned society often go together: in 1884, 290 Athenians were fellows, mainly of the Royal Society, in whose rooms the Athenæum's first committee meeting was held sixty years earlier. Under the unwritten rules of the Athenæum, public rather than private life dominates the agenda. Even those engaged in the arts tend to have some kind of public role as well as a more private creative life. This book identifies and describes the club's ethos and 'aura', demonstrating the persistent continuities, even as the club adapts to irresistible change, and showing how its members, amenities, and values relate to British society and its evolution, up to the present day.
Croker’s London
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the founder of the Athenæum, John Wilson Croker. Croker created a new kind of club, which had no political affiliation, which chose its members on the basis of achievements rather than birth, and which was to benefit from the rapid rise of an expanding middle class. Croker knew about clubs, and he also knew literary, scientific, and artistic London better than most. Many of the Athenæum's 'original' members, as those elected in the first year or so were called, moved in the same political and intellectual circles, in the House of Commons and the Admiralty, at John Murray's publishing house and the Royal Institution, among the book shops of St James's, at the learned societies in Somerset House off the Strand, at soirées in private houses, or at the Union Club in Waterloo Place. The chapter visits these centres of activity in the years after Wellington's victory at Waterloo in 1815, a victory that established Great Britain as the leading European power which ruled over the largest empire the world had ever known. In this way, one can see what Croker meant when he referred to 'these times' as being propitious for the formation of a new London club.
Migrants in the Profane
Authors: Gordon Peter E.
Published: May 2021

Migrants in the Profane explores the concept of secularization in the thought of three key figures in the classical phase of critical theory, Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, and Theodor W. Adorno. Following Adorno’s dictum that theological concepts must undergo a “migration into the profane,” the book asks whether it is possible for secular modernity to draw instruction from the normative resources of religion without violating its own principle of modern independence. It pursues this question in three chapters, examining how each author proposed distinctive answers. Interlacing philosophical and historical criticism, the book also addresses the history of Frankfurt School critical theory in its early years. It concludes with broader reflections on the relationship between religion and secular society, and the challenge of ethno-religious pluralism in an era of migration.
The Last Tenth
Authors: Lund Christian
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that if possession is nine-tenths of the law — of property — then legalization is the last tenth: the persuasion that the possession is legal. This persuasion depends on legal posturing to produce an air of legality to make claims pass as legal. Legalization is about meaning and social contract. Dismissing law and property as a hoax or a sham in order to focus on “actual,” “factual” access, whether legalized or not, may effectively redact the production of meaning and social contracts in which people seem deeply engaged. The chapter then discusses the structural contingency of change and endurance, and the respective powers to fix and undo property. While all the implicated actors are law makers, in principle, they are not equally in control of its direction. Undoing competing claims often requires the momentary capacity of violence and abrogation, whereas entrenching new ones requires an enduring capacity to perpetuate the recognition of claims. Whereas institutionalization is an achievement demanding stamina, its destruction only has to succeed once.
What Is a Complex System?
Authors: Ladyman James , Wiesner Karoline
Published: May 2021

What is a complex system? Although “complexity science” is used to understand phenomena as diverse as the behavior of honeybees, the economic markets, the human brain, and the climate, there is no agreement about its foundations. In this introduction for students, academics, and general readers, the authors develop an account of complexity that brings the different concepts and mathematical measures applied to complex systems into a single framework. The book begins with an overview and a brief history of complexity science. Complexity science is relatively new but already indispensable. Many of the most important problems in engineering, medicine, and public policy are now addressed with the ideas and methods of complexity science. The conceptual foundations of complexity science are disputed, and there are many and diverging views among scientists about what complexity and complex systems are. Its origins lie in cybernetics and systems theory and it is related to dynamical systems theory and the study of cellular automata. The book introduces the different features of complex systems and discusses different conceptions of complexity with the authors documenting their own account. In do so, they explain why complexity science is so important in today's world.
Features of Complex Systems
Authors: Ladyman J. , Wiesner K.
Published: May 2021

This chapter uses the representative examples of complex systems discussed in the previous chapter to arrive at a list of the distinctive features of complex systems. These features include numerosity; disorder and diversity; feedback; and non-equilibrium. The interesting thing about complex systems is that these conditions can give rise to the following products: spontaneous order and self-organisation; nonlinearity; robustness; nested structure and modularity; history and memory; and adaptive behaviour. Not all these features are present in all complex systems. Whenever any of the products are found in a system, they are the collective result of the conditions, but not all the products are found in all complex systems. Often products help produce other products — for example, memory is impossible without a degree of robustness, and adaptive behaviour can build nested structure and modularity. The chapter considers each of them in turn in more detail and assesses whether each is necessary and/or sufficient for complexity on any or some conceptions of what complex systems are.
Algebraic methods in difference sets and bent functions
Authors: KESKAR Pradipkumar H. , KUMARİ Priyanka
Published: May 2021

We provide some applications of a polynomial criterion for difference sets. These include counting the difference sets with specified parameters in terms of Hilbert functions, in particular a count of bent functions. We also consider the question about the bentness of certain Boolean functions introduced by Carlet when the $\mathcal{C}$-condition introduced by him doesn't hold.
OCULAR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AIR TRAVELING
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, PROST MAREK , KOWALCZUK KRZYSZTOF ,   Department of Simulator Studies and Aeromedical Training, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, WASYLUK JAROMIR ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine
Published: May 2021

Abstract: Air transport is the most dynamically developing branch of transport and the number of services provided by civil aviation is increasing from year to year. However, the conditions in the passenger cabin during the flight differ from those on the ground. The aim of this report is to discuss how the changed environment in the cabin affects the visual system, where eye disorders can cause or exacerbate existing ones and in which diseases traveling by air is contraindicated. Air traveling is generally safe for most passengers with eye diseases, but may cause exacerbation of some diseases of the eye and is contraindicated after some vitreoretinal operations and in the case of ischemic changes of the retina and optic nerve.
TECHNICAL PROPERTIES AND RESEARCH CAPABILITIES OF THE TRUCK SIMULATOR OWNED BY THE MILITARY INSTITUTE OF AVIATION MEDICINE – A NEW PERSPECTIVE IN RESEARCH ON TRUCK DRIVERS
Authors:   Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, BARAN PAULINA , KREJ MARIUSZ ,   Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, PIOTROWSKI MARCIN ,   Department of Simulator Studies and Aeromedical Training, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, DZIUDA ŁUKASZ ,   Department of Psychophysiological Measurements and Human Factor Research, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine
Published: May 2021

Abstract: This paper is aimed at presenting basic technical properties and possibilities of using the truck simulator owned by the Military Institute of Aviation Medicine (MIAM). The truck driving simulator is a stationary device, equipped with a six degrees of freedom (6 DoF|) motion system and reproducing the functionality of a truck on the basis of the Mercedes Benz Actros cabin. It is intended for conducting research as well as training truck drivers in simulated traffic conditions.
Post-pandemic: moving on from ‘child protection’
Authors: Featherstone Brid , Gupta Anna , Morris Kate
Published: May 2021

COVID-19 has shone a light on the many inequalities scarring our landscape. As we look to the future, a consensus is emerging around the need to reject the highly individualistic focus of previous decades and to build back fairer by tackling the ‘causes of the causes’ of so many of our social ills. What might this mean for ‘child protection’, where a focus on individual families and individually generated risks has dominated? We suggest that this model is broken beyond repair and out of kilter with what is needed going forward. We argue that a focus on promoting human flourishing is likely to serve children, young people, their families and society better. In order to support such a project, we argue for the need to change our language, hold broader conversations than hitherto and marry ambition with caution.
The broken chain of learning: the crisis of religion and belief literacy and its origins
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the loss of religion and belief literacy, which it locates in two public spheres: welfare and education. The period before the loss of religion and belief literacy in Britain and the West was, by its very nature, almost entirely Christian. Although there was a degree of plurality, and an awareness of some other religions, these were largely treated as essentially exotic. Yet, at the very moment that people stopped paying (much) attention to religion and belief, they entered a period of dramatic change. This has meant massive declines in Christianity, increases in other world religions, a huge growth in atheism and non-religion, and a shift towards informal and revival forms of religion and belief, especially associated with varying ideas of spirituality. The resulting challenges of religion and belief literacy are rooted here in the post-war period, in which the deliberate dilution of religious socialisation post-1945 has been followed by the accidental invisibility of religious social action and its disconcerting re-emergence after 1980, and then a striking renewal of religion and belief as a public sphere issue around the turn of the century, and especially after 9/11. What emerges is a tension between a loss of public religion and belief and its subsequent re-emergence after a prolonged period in which it was not really talked about.
Religion and belief in Religious Education
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates religious education. Under the Education Act 1944, it is a requirement in English law that learning about religion and belief must take place in all state-maintained schools, including those in reception classes and sixth forms. During the period up until 1988, teaching was almost entirely based on a Christian, scriptural approach, though increasingly with consideration of the other 'world religions'. The requirement for religious education of a 'Christian character', the notion of 'six main religions', the continuing mandate for a daily act of collective worship, the right to withdraw, and massive change in the real religion and belief landscape suggest that, in relation to religion and belief, we have a mid-20th-century settlement for an early-21st-century reality. This is likely to both reflect and reproduce a lack of religion and belief literacy among school leavers, who are confused by the religion and belief messages communicated in schools and, by extension, in wider society. Ultimately, based on the research findings, religion and belief learning should be concerned with preparing students for the practical task of engagement with the rich variety of religion and belief encounters in everyday, ordinary life.
Religion and belief across schools
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on religion and belief in the wider life of schools. Religion and belief are not simply the preserve of religious education in schools, though they may be most obvious there. They also appear in the requirement of the act of daily worship, as well as in the right to withdraw — a right belonging only to this sphere and to sex education, apparently two areas in need of more than usually sensitive handling. However, religion and belief are implied, and have implications, throughout the whole life of schools. A number of spaces complement, supplement, overlap with, and even colonise the formal business of religious education. Spiritual, moral, social and cultural education (SMSC); ritish values; the Prevent duty; citizenship education; Personal, Social, Health and Economic education (PSHE); and relationships and sex education (RSE) are all interrelated parts of socialising pupils in religion and belief in schools, and each does so from its own epistemological and normative starting points, which do not necessarily line up. The chapter considers each of these spaces in turn, as well as in relation to each other and religious education.
Religion and belief in university teaching and learning
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the role of religion and belief in university teaching and learning. In some subjects, of course, religion is simply a topic of relevance, as in history and in religious studies itself. In others, it is a cultural legacy to be decoded and understood. In others again, it embodies the opposite of the rational, scientific method that predominates in higher education, and in relation to which practically all other disciplines have cut their teeth. As such, it is an utter irrelevance. In some cases, this produces hostility against all religious ideas. This is likely to feel painful for some students, who can feel uncomfortable when hearing lecturers be rude or offensive about their beliefs or about belief in general. In the social sciences, unlike race, gender, or sexual orientation, religion has rarely been a variable. The question of the place of religion and belief in university disciplines was explored in the project Reimagining Religion and Belief for Policy and Practice. The study analysed nine arts, humanities, and social science disciplines, including anthropology, cultural studies, geography, philosophy, religious studies, social policy, social work, sociology, and theology.
Policy analysis in Colombia: an introduction
Authors: Rubaii Nadia , Sanabria-Pulido Pablo
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the policy analysis in Colombia at a critical juncture in the country's history when having government officials capable of making evidence-based policy decisions is as important as ever. It evaluates the role of different levels of government, institutions of government, and actors outside of government in the development, implementation, and evaluation of public policy. It also highlights the degree to which analysis informs key substantive policy areas. The chapter details how governmental and nongovernmental institutions and actors have historically contributed to the analysis of policy options and outcomes. It describes Colombia as a country that exemplifies a particular path of development and has been able to configure a relatively developed public administration apparatus even with the presence of key institutional challenges.
Evolution of policy analysis as a field of study and instruction in Colombia
Authors: Rubaii Nadia , Sanabria-Pulido Pablo
Published: May 2021

This chapter documents the brief but intense period of development of public policy education in Colombia in recent years. It examines the characteristics of existing educational programs in terms of their potential to contribute to capacity building across actors and sectors. It also provides a descriptive overview of the roles of specific governmental and nongovernmental actors in policy analysis, and the application of policy analysis within various policy realms. The chapter reviews the public policy education in Colombia that is delivered within the context of a larger system of higher education that both facilitates and constrains its development. It gives some context for understanding the system of higher education in Colombia in terms of both its institutional structure and the mechanisms for ensuring quality.
Policy analysis and the legislature in Colombia
Authors: Pachón Mónica , Muñoz Manuela
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the operation of the legislative branch in Colombia and the challenges of applying evidence-based analysis in the public policy process that occur within such a highly politicized environment. It summarizes some of the previous findings of the research conducted on the role of Congress in the contemporary policy-making process. It also shows how Congress has played an important part in reacting to executive bills, protecting constituency interests, leading public debates, and occasionally affecting the agenda impeding governmental action. The chapter covers the period after the 1991 Constitution, examining mostly the legislative output of Congress. It underscores the rules establishing the separation of powers and evaluates the nature of the party system determining the separation of purpose among the branches and the legislative output.
Policy analysis and decision making in the military forces: the Havana experience
Authors: Mora-Hernández Paula Lorena , Gélvez-Ferreira Juan David , Weintraub Michael , Bitar Sebastián
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the role of the Colombian military during the Havana peace negotiations in shaping policy decisions regarding demobilization of guerilla forces. It uses semi-structured interviews with individuals involved in the negotiations to provide an important glimpse into the behind-the-scenes policy negotiations that led to specific provisions in the agreement. It also describes the role of the military in the Colombian peace process. The chapter refers to an analytical model for the logistics of demobilization used by negotiators in Havana and the specific tasks undertaken by the military during the negotiations. It seeks to serve as a point of departure for other peace processes as other countries also strive for an end to their own armed conflicts.
Austerity, Welfare and Work
Authors: Etherington David
Published: May 2021

The book provides fresh perspectives on the link between welfare policy and employment relations. A central argument of the book is that austerity in the work first policies (including Universal Credit) play a key role in attacking both social and employment rights. The book analyses the role and strategies of trade unions and civil society organisations in contesting the reform agenda demonstrating the importance of union organisation and bargaining for welfare policies. The geographies of austerity play a central role in the politics of welfare, with the ‘left behind’ regions, bearing the brunt of public expenditure cuts. In the case studies of Greater Manchester, as England’s flagship Devolution initiative, and the Sheffield Needs a Pay Rise Campaign the book explores the role of trade unions and civil society organising against welfare reform and precarious work. The final two chapters are devoted to exploring alternatives including lessons which can be drawn from Denmark’s, more redistributive welfare and industrial relations system and the importance of challenging the austerity narrative. The author calls for a greater role for economic and welfare democracy involving strengthening employment rights through coordinated collective bargaining and investing in public services and local government as a basis of building a democratic and accountable labour market.
Conclusions: progressive alternatives to austerity
Authors: Etherington David
Published: May 2021

There is another way and alternative to austerity. Despite the defeat of a Corbyn led (anti- austerity) Labour Party, there are conditions and opportunities for challenging neoliberalism and inequalities. Key to this is questioning the austerity narrative relating to the economy and public services. Alternative policies are assessed including for through collective bargaining, enhanced employment rights, a remodelled social security system which offers a adequate safety net and linking welfare to employment policies through job rotation. Democratising welfare and employment policy through local government is seen as central to a more inclusive agenda
Integrating superdiversity in urban governance: the case of inner-city Lisbon
Authors: Oliveira Nuno , Padilla Beatriz
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses how local urban governance has come to incorporate migration-driven superdiversity in policies, mainly in the realm of mixed cultural and economic development policies. It looks at the case of the Mouraria neighbourhood in Lisbon, arguing that it is a site where a number of strategies have been identified to work towards new forms of accommodating old and new diversities to produce a specific cosmopolitan sense based on a 'diversity advantage' approach. Basically, the concept of 'diversity advantage' encapsulates the idea that diversity should be seen as a resource to be harnessed. It is intrinsically linked to cities' innovative policies and to economic comparative advantage whenever diversity is utilised as an asset. The chapter considers how such linkages have come about in Lisbon, highlighting three urban strategies: de-ethnicisation of superdiversity and urban growth policies; aestheticisation of diversity and the rationale of the encounter; and place marketing and city branding.
A regime approach
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica
Published: May 2021

This chapter develops the theoretical framework within which Italian poverty characteristics and drivers should be understood, in a European comparative perspective. Following Polanyi’s approach, it argues that poverty is the outcome of modes of regulation of social processes that, on one hand, shape the system of opportunities and disadvantages, and, on the other, expose specific social groups to the risk of poverty. These modes of regulation are historically rooted and involve economic processes, family and social forms of solidarities, gender arrangements and cultural norms and representations.
Based on various indicators, the chapter delineates five types of poverty regimes within the EU, which differ both in levels and intensity of poverty and in the specific dimensions of vulnerability.
Poverty regimes and the Great Recession
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica
Published: May 2021

After having discussed some methodological problems one has to face when assessing and comparing poverty across different countries, this chapter offers an overview of how the 2008 financial crisis affected the different European countries and poverty regimes, thus setting the Italian case in a broad European comparative perspective. Based on empirical data and the most recent literature, it argues that differences in the incidence and patterns of distribution of the negative impact of the crisis do not depend only on the strength of the economy, but also on the existing system of social protection and on the policy choices made by governments in response to the crisis. Focusing on the four largest Mediterranean countries, which have been among the worst hit by the crisis, it shows that although Italy has comparatively been less affected at the economy level, it has been much slower in recovering.
The historical roots of the Italian poverty regime
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the historical roots of the Italian poverty regime as it was shaped by a regionally uneven economic development and by a welfare state development that de facto ignored both the persistence of old and new form of poverty and the risks associated to single earner households with children.
Poverty did decrease substantially in Italy with the post WWII recovery and the mass movement of population from rural to urban areas following the process of intense industrialization, particularly in the Northern regions. But its incidence remained comparatively high. Old forms persisted and new ones started to emerge, linked to the development of secondary, precarious labour markets in the informal economy. While the overall improvement in the level of living contributed to marginalize poverty in the policy agenda, the Italian welfare state developed not only following a male breadwinner model, but in a patchy and fragmentary way, leaving the most vulnerable largely unprotected. Neither the Christian Democratic Party nor the Communist Party - the two major parties until the early 1990s- had contrasting poverty in their agenda, although for different reasons.
Working-poor, children and migrants: Italy’s ‘new poor’
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on three, partly overlapping, social groups that appear as not only the “losers of the crisis” but of the overall Italian model of social regulation: the working poor, children and migrants. The working poor and underage children were already over-represented among the poor before the 2008 crisis set in and were also the worst affected, while the third group, migrants, are a new entry because Italy became an immigration country only comparatively late. Together, they well represent the characteristics of the Italian poverty regime, its over-expectations with regard to family solidarity, the skewedness of social protection in favour of pensions with little attention for children and for work-family conciliating policies, a large and increasing presence of precarious jobs with a blurring of boundaries between the formal and informal economy. Furthermore, the analysis of these three groups allows to explore the experience and risk of poverty from different perspectives: the individual and the household level, the functioning of the labour market, the household gender division of labour, the functioning of welfare, the costs of migration.
The foundational economy and the civil sphere
Authors: Barbera Filippo , Jones Ian Rees
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the relationship between FE, citizenship, democracy and social justice. We outline the scope of the Foundational Economy and proceed to focus on the importance of Foundational thinking for critiques of capitalist formations that involve financialization and extraction. We then discuss the relationship between the Foundational Economy and human needs and capabilities before developing an argument for a moral basis to the Foundational Economy and how this links to civil society, citizenship and the commons focusing in particular on the potential for developing democratic governance and public action. We conclude by arguing that Foundational thinking provides a means of linking citizenship to attempts to manage the commons and, if social relations and institutional arrangements vary contextually across space and time, this requires innovative solutions based on experimentation at different scales.
Waste management and value extraction in Italy: Where is the citizen? Waste to worth
Authors: Minervini Dario
Published: May 2021

The chapter focuses on the role of citizens and how this role is framed in official reports about waste. The hypothesis advanced is that the “objectivity” of the win-win game of waste recycling, accounted for by the official national reports, neutralizes the political overlapping of the neoliberal logic of waste commodification with the logics of public utility and urban welfare. A documentary analysis of official reports released by three of the most important actors performing Italian governance of waste management and recycling, is presented. The findings show how different logics adopted in the institutional accounting strategy contribute towards enacting a particular identity and agency of citizens in the process of waste valorisation.
Co-creation and the state in a global context
Authors: Brownill Sue , Puig Oscar Natividad
Published: May 2021

This chapter draws on debates about the need for theory to ‘see from the South’ (Watson, 2009) to critically reflect on the increasingly global nature of co-creation both as a focus for research and for initiatives from governments around the world. It explores whether current understandings of co-creation narratives, which have tended to come from the Global North, can adequately characterise and understand the experience from the South, and the resulting need to decolonise knowledge and conduct research into the diverse ways in which co-creation can be constituted. It goes on to illustrate these debates by exploring the differing contexts for co-creation created by state-civil society relations in the project’s participating countries. These show that, while distinct contrasts emerge, it is important to move beyond dichotomies of north and south to explore the spaces of participation and resistance that are created within different contexts and how these are navigated by projects and communities engaged in co-creation. The chapter draws on material from interviews with local stakeholders and academics involved in the Co-Creation project and project conferences in Rio, Mexico City and Berlin.
Global North-South tensions in international Co-Creation projects
Authors: Iglesias José Luis Gázquez
Published: May 2021

This chapter seeks in the first place to contextualize the theoretical model of the Global North-South divide and the implications it has in terms of the relational structure between countries assigned to each category and as a hegemonic representational practice that reproduces asymmetry and domination. Given this context of interaction, the Co-Creation methodology is proposed as an innovative approach with the aim of constructing alternative representational structures. Taking as a case study the international workshop held at the favela of Santa Marta, Rio de Janeiro, the chapter presents Co-Creation’s basic principles and methodological tools and techniques as a means for building shared meanings and collective knowledge with the main goal of disrupting misperceptions and stereotypes that produce stigma and exclusion of marginalised communities. The chapter examines the roles and identities of participants in this kind of workshop (intervention) and whether or not their methodology empowers local actors or communities in the process of producing shared collective, participatory knowledge.
Does space matter? Built environments and Co-Creation in Mexico City
Authors: Suarez Pamela Ileana Castro , Rothe Hector Quiroz
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that urban built environments are essential elements for the success of collective projects associated with the concept of Co-Creation as a contribution to a sociological approach that favours other political, organizational or financial aspects. The research considers geographical analysis, fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with staff members of cultural venues in Mexico City, an iconic metropolis of the Global South with a long tradition of socially engaged art, and frequently associated with informal urbanisation processes which are the origin of more than 50 per cent of the city’s neighbourhoods. The chapter considers the built environment as a useful medium to achieve the social benefits that Co-Creation promoters look for, through diverse participatory methodologies. In this sense, the definition of Co-Creation in this chapter favours the process, more than the product, in which various agents participate to produce knowledge about their current urban situation and expectations. The chapter clarifies the relationships between the location and characteristics of official and independent art and cultural venues, the key social components for successful Co-Creative projects, and the agents involved in the process.
Co-Creation and social transformation: a tough issue for research
Authors: Segers Jim
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at social transformation through the lens of ‘tough issues’. The perspective makes the vast challenges communities are faced with more practical, which in turns allows for progress in the right direction through small wins. Many citizen and community organisations with a background in environmental, peace and third world movements have roots in direct action. Over recent decades, they have been moving from opposing developments to proposing alternatives. We use the words of de Certeau (1984) to describe it as a shift from ‘résistance’ to ‘bricolage’. This shift has brought them closer to more institutionalised partners like government, business, civil society and research institutions.
While this rapprochement has proven beneficial to each party involved – research methodologies such as Co-Creation prove that notions like horizontal decision-making, anti-authoritarianism and self-organisation are no longer the preoccupation of informal actors solely – the different stakeholders have not become interchangeable. The chapter argues for the role of a third actor in a social transformation process. This actor is not a stakeholder itself, but through a creative process (“prototyping” in the case of City Mine(d), arts creation in others) becomes tactically linked to the important stakeholders.
Working the hyphens of artist-academic-stakeholder in Co-Creation: a hopeful rendering of a community organisation and an organic intellectual
Authors: Clift Bryan C. , Telles Maria Sarah da Silva , Silva Itamar
Published: May 2021

Regularly experiencing forced evictions, drug and gang activity, policy brutality, spatial stigmatization, employment and education discrimination, and racism, favela residents are situated at the intersection of multiple power formations and inequalities. Yet, favelados are also known for their distinctive cultural traditions found in music, food, art, religion, and social organisation. Key to the latter of these traditions are the figures and leaders (e.g. Afro-Brazilians, women, labor activists, church officials, and both urban and rural poor) responding to the political and social power dynamics that contour the city’s and country’s iniquitous social life. Some activists intervening into these structures can be framed through Gramsci’s understanding of organic intellectuals. One such organic intellectual, we suggest, is Itamar Silva, whose role in the struggle for equality, power, and social justice is evident within his actions and relationship with Grupo Eco, a community organization in favela Santa Marta, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We illustrate the relevance and consideration of politically-driven local activists, leadership, and context in the process and product of Co-Creation.
Artist-researcher collaborations in Co-Creation: redesigning favela tourism around graffiti
Authors: Rodrigues Leandro ‘Tick’ , Horvath Christina
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores artist-researcher collaborations in Co-Creation projects through a case study based in Tabajaras & Cabritos, a favela located in Rio de Janeiro’s South Zone that underwent police pacification in 2010 but has been experiencing ongoing security issues since 2017. The study focuses on a Co-Creation initiative designed in July-August 2019 by graffiti artist Leandro Rodrigues de Souza, aka Tick, in collaboration with local residents, stakeholders and researchers from the University of Bath. After an initial assessment of the models of favela and street art tourism, the participants of this workshop used Co-Creation strategies, discussions with local residents and stakeholders and participant observation on a series of favela and street art tours and graffiti painting events in favelas to support the artist’s initiative to create an ethical, community-based and sustainable street art tour. The analysis, carried out collaboratively by the artist and one of the researchers, addresses the roles and responsibilities of artists and researchers, their power relations and mutual benefits, as well as their respective contributions to both the research and the creative outputs.
Civic participation over the lifecourse
Authors: Taylor Chris
Published: May 2021

In this chapter. Christ Taylor draws on longitudinal data from the British Birth Cohort Studies to chart the changing patterns of civic and political participation over the adult lifecourse within the UK. The analysis shows how different stages of the life course – family formation, child-rearing and employment – have implications for civic engagement as measured in terms of trade union membership, volunteering and voting. The analysis also reveals how important prior civic participation is on later civic participation. In this connection, social class background appears to have an important role in determining initial levels of civic participation over the lifecourse, particularly in terms of formal volunteering. The role of education and the intergenerational transmission of civic behaviours and attitudes, particularly during childhood, would seem to be an important component of this.