bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternate muscle activity patterns among synergists of the quadriceps femoris including the vastus intermedius during low‐level sustained contraction in men
Authors: Akima Hiroshi , Saito Akira , Watanabe Kohei , Kouzaki Motoki
Published: December 2011

Introduction:

We quantified the alternate muscle activity among four synergists of the quadriceps femoris (QF), including the vastus intermedius (VI), during low‐level sustained contraction.

Methods:

Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the VI, vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) in 11 healthy men during isometric knee extension at 2.5% maximum voluntary contraction for 60 min to determine alternate muscle activity among the four synergists of the QF.

Results:

Alternate activity was primarily found between the RF and VI, VL, or VM, and rarely found among the vasti muscles. Multiple muscle comparison revealed the duration of alternate activity in the RF/VI+VL+VM combination remained high throughout the experiment, although the frequency of that combination did not.

Conclusions:

These results suggested that there is a fixed muscle combination, i.e., RF and the 3 vasti muscles, to perform low‐intensity sustained contraction in the human QF. Muscle Nerve 46: 86–95, 2012
An approach to determining the thicknesses of shear bands with an echelon‐crack structure
Authors: Wang G. S. , Kong L. W. , Wei C. F.
Published: December 2011

In this paper, the internal structure of shear band is investigated, and a model of the shear band with an echelon crack structure is developed. The model assumes the shear band to be composed of two conjugate sets of echelon cracks, such that the smaller echelon cracks are embedded in the space of the larger ones. The additional strain induced by the echelon cracks and the anisotropic development of the compliance tensor in the shear band zone are analyzed. The critical crack density at the onset of shear band is obtained by applying the bifurcation condition. Deviating from previous approaches, the new procedure evaluates the thickness of shear band based on the geometrical characteristics of echelon crack arrays and the failure probability of grain boundaries in the longitudinal direction at the onset of shear band. Parametric analysis shows that grain size, internal friction angle, dilation angle, and failure probability of grain boundaries are the dominant factors that account for the shear band thickness. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data available in the literature. The model soundly explains that the measurements of the shear band thickness are generally scattered, ranging from 4 to 30 (or even more) times the grain size. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spontaneous adverse event reports of Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: detecting associations with medications
Authors: Papay Julie , Yuen Nancy , Powell Greg , Mockenhaupt Maja , Bogenrieder Thomas
Published: December 2011

Purpose

Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are medically serious skin reactions that are often drug induced. The mainstay of therapy and future prevention is to discontinue and avoid the use of the suspected inducing drug. However, many cases of SJS/TEN occur in patients who are taking multiple medications, and it is often difficult to determine which drug to stop. This analysis was conducted to identify drugs that were most associated with SJS/TEN in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database and to identify medications that were likely innocent bystanders.

Methods

A Multi‐item Gamma Poisson Shrinker value with an EB05 ≥2 was considered a disproportional increase in reporting frequency (at least two times higher than expected). The identified drugs with reporting frequency of SJS/TEN in the US FDA AERS database were then compared to the EuroSCAR (European case–control surveillance of severe cutaneous adverse reactions) study results as a reference to define signals. The EB05s were calculated as a cumulative relative reporting frequency from 1968 to 3Q2009.

Results

Fifty drugs were identified as being associated with SJS/TEN. This included 12 “highly suspect” drugs and 36 “suspect” drugs. Meloxicam was the only drug that appeared on the “highly suspect” list from EuroSCAR that did not show a disproportional increase in relative reporting frequency (EB05 = 0.734). In addition, several drugs did not have an association with SJS/TEN (EB05 < 2).

Conclusions

There was good concordance between the reporting frequencies observed in the FDA AERS database and the published risk estimation of medications implicated in SJS/TEN. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced alignment technique for precise printing over selective emitter in c‐Si solar cells
Authors: Voltan Alessandro , Galiazzo Marco , Tonini Diego , Casarin Alessandro , Cellere Giorgio , Baccini Andrea
Published: December 2011

Significant improvements in c‐Si solar cells performance can be achieved acting on the emitter or on the contact formation side. At the moment, an efficiency gain around 0.5–0.6%abs [1] has been demonstrated for selective emitter (SE) cells, mainly caused by the improvement of the blue response of the shallow emitter. Nevertheless, in case of sub‐optimal alignment of the printed metal with the deep emitter, the shallow junction depth leads to a significantly narrower firing process window, consequently causing high contact resistance and poor shunting behavior. Moreover, after Anti Reflective Coating (ARC) the contrast between differently doped areas is poor and often prevents the screen printer vision system from correctly recognizing the pattern for metal printing alignment. Thus, we developed a new equipment, high precision selective emitter, for precise alignment over SE able to guarantee recognition of every SE pattern and consequent printing repeatability within +/‐30 µm without rejections or misalignments. In this work, results from experimental investigations and mass production are reported and discussed, including also comparison with standard alignment methods and further feasible applications. New equipment for precise alignment over SE able to guarantee recognition of every SE pattern and consequent printing repeatability within +/‐30μm without rejections or misalignments has been developed (examples of SE patterns are reported in the following pictures). Test performed at production sites confirm that an efficiency gain of 0.1% and a significant reduction of rejection can result from the increased robustness of the presented method. Finally, also a correlation between sheet resistance of heavily doped area and image contrast has been demonstrated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GIAO/DFT calculations of relative conformer energies and 1H NMR shifts of unsaturated alcohols in benzene
Authors: Lomas John S. , Maurel François
Published: December 2011

Density functional theory calculations were performed on alkenols and alkynols at the PBE1PBE/6‐311 + G(d,p) level with the inclusion of solvent (benzene) effects by the integral‐equation‐formalism polarizable continuum model (IEFPCM). For the smaller molecules, conformers in which the OH group is in the vicinity of the double or triple bond are preferred, but this preference falls as the alkyl chain is lengthened. The solvent effect on the relative Gibbs energies of different conformers is irregular, and in only two cases, 3‐buten‐1‐ol and 3‐butyn‐1‐ol, is there marked levelling. Gauge‐including atomic orbital calculations, based on the PBE1PBE/6‐311 + G(d,p) geometries but using a larger basis set, cc‐pVTZ, give nuclear magnetic resonance shifts for all the protons in each conformer. Overall shifts are calculated by weighing these according to the conformer population. Calculated values are well correlated with experimental data from high‐dilution spectra in the same solvent, ranging from about 0.4 to 5.8 ppm, with a slope of 1.09 ± 0.01. Calculations on some alcohols with hetero‐atom substituents confirm that these also prefer gauche (synclinal) conformers in the gas phase, with a less marked preference in benzene. The nuclear magnetic resonance shifts, however, are calculated to be on average over 0.8 ppm higher than observed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoinduced decarboxylation of 9‐oxo‐6,9‐dihydro[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4‐f]quinoline‐8‐carboxylic acid
Authors: Staško Andrej , Bella Maroš , Rimarčík Ján , Barbieriková Zuzana , Milata Viktor , Lukeš Vladimír , Brezová Vlasta
Published: December 2011

Photoinduced reactions of 9‐oxo‐6,9‐dihydro[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4‐f]quinoline‐8‐carboxylic acid (SeQCA) were investigated in alkaline media (aqueous NaOH solutions) by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, following the in situ formation of paramagnetic species. According to UV–Vis and nuclear magnetic resonance investigations, protonation (pH ≈ 11) and deprotonation (pH ≈ 13) of the imino hydrogen of the 4‐pyridone moiety has to be considered, reflected also in the different EPR spectra observed upon irradiation. Photoinduced generation of radicals was found only for carboxylate substituted SeQCA; other studied selenadiazoloquinolone derivatives, together with those substituted at the C(8) position (R = H, COOCH2CH3, COOCH3, COCH3 or CN), did not generate paramagnetic species during exposure. Consequently, photodecarboxylation was suggested as the decisive step, accompanied by the decomposition of the selenadiazole ring, resulting in the formation of ortho‐hydroxylate anions. EPR parameters elucidated from experimental EPR spectra obtained at pH ≈ 11 and pH ≈ 13 indicate the formation of oxygen‐centered radicals at the decarboxylated 4‐pyridone ring. EPR spin trapping experiments with nitromethane confirmed a very effective photoinduced electron transfer from all the selenadiazoloquinolones investigated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational study on the conformational preferences in nateglinide
Authors: Jain Vaibhav , Dhaked Devendra Kumar , Kasetti Yoganjaneyulu , Bharatam P. V.
Published: December 2011

Ab initio and semi‐empirical calculations were performed on the monomers, dimers and tetramers of the antidiabetic drug nateglinide to understand the conformational preferences and to explore their possible relation with polymorphism. The reported crystal structure of bis(nateglinide) hydronium chloride shows one asymmetric unit consisting of four different conformations of the drug nateglinide. The Becke, three‐parameter, Lee–Yang–Parr /6‐31+G(d,p) optimizations indicate that these conformers are energetically quite comparable and the differences disappear in gas phase. Our analysis shows that Φ (phi) torsion angle of this phenylalanine derivative is responsible for the observed differences in stability among the nateglinide conformations. Four different polymorphs of nateglinide (B, H, S and X2) were reported but the structural differences are not available. This quantum chemical study on the dimers of nateglinide helps in proposing the structures of polymorphs. As per the quantum chemical analysis, the dimer N‐44 is the structure of the stable polymorph, whereas, the dimers N‐AA, N‐CC and N‐AC are almost isoenergetic, thus proposed to be the structures of metastable state. The dimerization and tetramerization energies are estimated to be about −9.0 and −38.67 kcal/mol, respectively. The extra stability in tetrameric state compared with the dimeric form is attributed to additional hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size and concentration controlled growth of porous gold nanofilm
Authors: Zhang Renyun , Hummelgård Magnus , Olin Håkan
Published: December 2011

At an air/water interface, diffusion‐limited aggregation (DLA) of gold nanoparticles can form porous gold thin films. This porous film roughly consists of a network of irregular nanowires. For this air–water system, external parameters like temperature are well studied, while the influence of internal parameters, e.g., the size and concentration of the nanoparticles, have not been studied in detail. Here, we report on the growth of porous gold nanofilms for different nanoparticle sizes and concentrations to get a relationship between the morphology of the films and the internal parameters. The gold nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing HAuCl4 using sodium citrate. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization showed a linear relation between the formed gold nanowires and the concentration of HAuCl4 if the concentration of sodium citrate is unchanged. A linear dependency was also found between the wire diameter and the gold nanoparticle concentration, and between the wire diameter and volume fraction of the nanoparticles. The electrical resistance of the films was measured, showing a linear relation between resistance and the inverse of the cross‐sectional area of the nanowires. This study shows the relation between the morphology and resistance of the grown porous films and the controllable internal parameters that will be useful in further exploration of this thin‐film growth method.
Piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide nanowires grown on paper substrate
Authors: Soomro M. Y. , Hussain I. , Bano N. , Nur O. , Willander M.
Published: December 2011

In this study, we demonstrate piezoelectric power generation from zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown on paper substrate. Vertically aligned ZnO nanowires are deflected by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip in contact mode which generates an output voltage of up to 7 mV. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters mainly influencing the magnitude of the output voltage are discussed. We expect that due to its simplicity, this approach represents an important step within the development of nanoscale power generators. It offers a promising alternative powering source for the next generation of nanodevices on disposable paper. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sample size calculations for ROC studies: parametric robustness and Bayesian nonparametrics
Authors: Cheng Dunlei , Branscum Adam J. , Johnson Wesley O.
Published: December 2011

Methods for sample size calculations in ROC studies often assume independent normal distributions for test scores among the diseased and nondiseased populations. We consider sample size requirements under the default two‐group normal model when the data distribution for the diseased population is either skewed or multimodal. For these two common scenarios we investigate the potential for robustness of calculated sample sizes under the mis‐specified normal model and we compare to sample sizes calculated under a more flexible nonparametric Dirichlet process mixture model. We also highlight the utility of flexible models for ROC data analysis and their importance to study design. When nonstandard distributional shapes are anticipated, our Bayesian nonparametric approach allows investigators to determine a sample size based on the use of more appropriate distributional assumptions than are generally applied. The method also provides researchers a tool to conduct a sensitivity analysis to sample size calculations that are based on a two‐group normal model. We extend the proposed approach to comparative studies involving two continuous tests. Our simulation‐based procedure is implemented using the WinBUGS and R software packages and example code is made available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal multistage designs for randomised clinical trials with continuous outcomes
Authors: Wason James M.S. , Mander Adrian P , Thompson Simon G.
Published: December 2011

Multistage designs allow considerable reductions in the expected sample size of a trial. When stopping for futility or efficacy is allowed at each stage, the expected sample size under different possible true treatment effects (δ) is of interest. The δ‐minimax design is the one for which the maximum expected sample size is minimised amongst all designs that meet the types I and II error constraints. Previous work has compared a two‐stage δ‐minimax design with other optimal two‐stage designs. Applying the δ‐minimax design to designs with more than two stages was not previously considered because of computational issues. In this paper, we identify the δ‐minimax designs with more than two stages through use of a novel application of simulated annealing. We compare them with other optimal multistage designs and the triangular design. We show that, as for two‐stage designs, the δ‐minimax design has good expected sample size properties across a broad range of treatment effects but generally has a higher maximum sample size. To overcome this drawback, we use the concept of admissible designs to find trials which balance the maximum expected sample size and maximum sample size. We show that such designs have good expected sample size properties and a reasonable maximum sample size and, thus, are very appealing for use in clinical trials. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive kernel‐based target tracking method based on multiple features fusion
Authors: Qiu Xuena , Liu Shirong , Liu Fei
Published: December 2011

A new adaptive kernel‐based target tracking method is proposed to improve the robustness and accuracy of target tracking in a complex background. A linear weighted combination of three kernel functions of scale‐invariant feature transform (SIFT), color, and motion features is applied to represent the probability distribution of the tracked target. Appearance and motion features are combined to enhance the target region location stability and accuracy. The size of the tracking window can be adjusted in real time according to the affine transform parameters of the corresponding SIFT couples. The weights of three kernel functions are also adaptively turned according to the scene, in order to better extract the features. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can track the moving target successfully in different scenarios. Moreover, it can handle target pose, scale, orientation, view, and illumination changes, and its performance is better than that of the classic Camshift algorithm, SIFT‐based method, the and color SIFT‐based method. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dielectric properties of poly(phenylene sulfide) as a function of temperature and frequency
Authors: Hikosaka Saki , Ohki Yoshimichi
Published: December 2011

Dielectric properties of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), a kind of super engineering plastic, were investigated over a wide temperature range by measuring its frequency spectra of complex permittivity and thermally stimulated polarization and depolarization currents (TSPC and TSDC). Experimental results indicate that its permittivity and dielectric loss factor remain stable and maintain low values up to around 140 °C, despite the fact that its glass transition appears at a much lower temperature of 88 °C. As for TSPC and TSDC, a very small peak associated with the glass transition appears at about 110 °C. Furthermore, a much clearer TSPC peak due to orientation of dipole moments associated with the ether linkage induced by the cross‐linking reaction appears at about 150–170 °C. The corresponding TSDC peak due to randomization of these dipoles is very small compared to the TSPC peak, since PPS was cross‐linked during the high‐temperature process in the TSPC measurement, which made rotation of the dipoles difficult. At temperatures higher than 150 °C, both the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity show significant increases with increase in temperature and decrease in frequency. This is attributable to the transport of the charge carriers. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
International comparison of standard systems for impulse current measurement
Authors: Takayuki Wakimoto , Masaru Ishii , Ik‐Soo Kim
Published: December 2011

The impulse current test is an important test that is used for the evaluation of lightning protection equipment. The quality of the test greatly depends on the measuring system. Some countries already have their own standard measuring systems. Standard systems are under construction in Japan and Korea. According to the international standard on high‐voltage test techniques, a comparison test is needed to confirm the impulse parameters which have traceability or compatibility with the standard values. Different from intercomparison of impulse voltage measuring systems, Japan and Korea have not conducted an international comparison test for impulse current measuring systems. Now we have jointly conducted a comparison test for impulse current measurement. As a result, it was confirmed that the system of Japan is compatible with that of Korea, which is traceable to another foreign national standard.

In this paper, the result of the comparison test between two countries is described. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Computational models of syntactic acquisition
Authors: Yang Charles
Published: December 2011

The computational approach to syntactic acquisition can be fruitfully pursued by integrating results and perspectives from computer science, linguistics, and developmental psychology. In this article, we first review some key results in computational learning theory and their implications for language acquisition. We then turn to examine specific learning models, some of which exploit distributional information in the input while others rely on a constrained space of hypotheses, yet both approaches share a common set of characteristics to overcome the learning problem. We conclude with a discussion of how computational models connects with the empirical study of child grammar, making the case for computationally tractable, psychologically plausible and developmentally realistic models of acquisition.WIREs Cogn Sci2012, 3:205–213. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1154

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Computational Models of Language
{Sn10[Si(SiMe3)3]5}– : An Anionic Metalloid Tin Cluster from an Isolable SnI Halide Solution
Authors: Schrenk Claudio , Helmlinger Jens , Schnepf Andreas
Published: December 2011

The disproportionation reaction of the subvalent metastable halide SnBr proved to be a powerful synthetic method for the synthesis of metalloid cluster compounds of tin. Hence the neutral metalloid cluster compound Sn10[Si(SiMe3)3]6 (1) was synthesized from a reaction of a SnBr emulsion with LiSi(SiMe3)3. Using the phosphane PnBu3 as a donor component during the synthesis of the monohalide solution, an isolable SnI halide solution is obtained. The reaction of such an isolable SnCl solution with LiSi(SiMe3)3 gives the anionic metalloid cluster compound {Sn10[Si(SiMe3)3]5}– (5) in 63 % yield, where only five tin atoms are bound to one ligand and where a centaur polyhedral arrangement of the ten tin atoms is present. Due to the open structure 5 might be used for further applications in the field of subsequent build‐up reactions.
Syntheses, Structures, and Luminescent Properties of two Cadmium(II) Entangled Frameworks Based on 5‐Bromoisophthalic Acid and Bipyridyl Ligands
Authors: Liu Guang‐Xiang , Wang Xiao‐Feng , Zhou Hong
Published: December 2011

Two cadmium(II) entangled frameworks, Cd(BIPA)(bpe)1.5 (1) and Cd(BIPA)(bpp)(H2O) (2), were prepared by hydrothermal reactions based on rigid 5‐bromoisophthalic acid (H2BIPA) and two flexible bipyridyl ligands 1, 2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane (bpe) and 1, 3‐bis(4‐pyridyl)propane (bpp). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 is a rare example of a polycatenated array of 1D nanotubes, whereas complex 2 exhibits a three‐dimensional twofold interpenetrating diamondoid network. The analysis results reveal that the flexibility of the bipyridyl ligands plays a significant role in the structure of the final products. Moreover, the luminescent properties of the complexes were investigated.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties of Nitroso Compounds
Authors: Miró Sabaté Carles , Delalu Henri
Published: December 2011

Sodium and potassium methyl(nitroso)amide (M[CH3N2O], M = Na (1), K (2)) were prepared by the reaction of monomethylhydrazine with iso‐pentyl nitrite or n‐butyl nitrite and a suitable metal ethoxide (M[CH3CH2O], M = Na, K) in an ethanol‐ether mixture. The reaction of monomethylhydrazine with a small excess of iso‐pentyl nitrite or n‐butyl nitrite and in the absence of a metal ethoxide led to the formation of N‐nitroso‐N‐methylhydrazine (CH3(NO)N–NH2, (3)). Alternatively, compound 3 was prepared by the amination reaction of 1 or 2 using the sodium salt of HOSA in ethanol solution. Compounds 1–3 were characterized using elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, mass spectrometry, vibrational (infrared and Raman) and UV spectroscopy and multinuclear (1H, 13C and 15N) NMR spectroscopy. For compounds 1–3, several physical and chemical properties of interest and sensitivity data were measured and for compound 3 thermodynamic and explosive properties are also given. Additionally, the solid‐state structure of compound 3 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis and the structures of the cis‐ and trans‐[CH3N2O]– anions and that of 3 were optimized using DFT calculations and used to calculate the NBO charges.
Effects of Tween 80 and pH on mycelial pellets and exopolysaccharide production in liquid culture of a medicinal fungus
Authors: Liu Yuan-Shuai , Wu Jian-Yong
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the effects of surfactant additives and medium pH on mycelial morphology and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in liquid culture of a valuable medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1. In the medium containing 20 g l−1 glucose and 6 g l−1 peptone as the sole nitrogen source, the Cs-HK1 fungal mycelia formed smooth and spherical pellets about 1.8-mm mean diameter. The mycelial pellets became less uniform at pH (4.0–5.0) lower than the optimum (pH 6.0) or turned to filamentous form at higher pH (8–9). Surfactants added to the medium inhibited pellet formation, resulting in smaller and looser pellets. Tween 80 exhibited a remarkable promoting effect on EPS production, increasing the EPS yield more than twofold at 1.5% (w/v), which was most probably attributed to the stimulation of EPS biosynthesis and release from the fungal cells by Tween 80.
Medical Students' Exposure to Urology in the Undergraduate Curriculum, a Web Based Survey
Authors: Derbyshire L.F. , O'Flynn K.J.
Published: December 2011

Objective:

Urological knowledge and skills are lacking in junior doctors and Urology is undersubscribed for specialist training. Lack of exposure as undergraduates may be responsible. We aimed to assess Urology exposure, confidence about managing common conditions and career prospects, in current UK medical students.

Methods:

All UK medical schools were contacted. Final year students were asked to complete an online survey about Urology.

Results:

610 responses were received. Only 42% of respondents had a compulsory clinical attachment in Urology, lasting on average 1 week. 46% had compulsory attachments partially based in Urology, mainly with other surgical specialities. Common urological activities had been attended by >50% of respondents, however 6% had not attended any. Over 80% of respondents received teaching on common Urology topics except for urological emergencies (62%). Lectures and anatomy sessions were the main teaching methods. 87% of teaching was from Urologists. Most respondents felt ‘confident’ managing common urological problems, but 32% felt ‘not very confident' with urological emergencies. Only 14% of respondents would consider a career in Urology.

Conclusion:

Urology experience is not compulsory in UK medical schools and is variable. Final year students lack confidence managing urological emergencies and have limited interest in Urology as a career. Development of a Urology undergraduate curriculum should help address these issues.
The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: An Italian prospective study
Authors: Bressi C. , Porcellana M. , Marinaccio P.M. , Nocito E.P. , Ciabatti M. , Magri L. , Altamura A.C.
Published: December 2011

Objective

To evaluate potential differences in insight among bipolar manic, mixed and bipolar depressed inpatients and assess the role of clinical and demographic characteristics as possible predictors.

Method

One hundred and twenty consecutive inpatients divided into three diagnostic groups were studied on admission (T0), at discharge (T1) and at 18weeks after hospitalization (T2). The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) were used.

Results

Patients with mixed mania showed highest scores on the SUMD than patients with mania or bipolar depression. It was found a significant relationship between improvements in mania and in the insight. The level of insight at baseline was the only predictor of awareness in social consequences, moreover clinical and demographic characteristics were predictors of insight into mental illness. For what concerns insight about therapy benefits it was influenced by level of mania at baseline.

Conclusion

The three general dimensions of insight revealed significant differences among the three groups. Regression models suggest that insight is a multidimensional concept in which some aspects are state-related, associated with psychopathology, whereas others are trait-like qualities, not directly associated with symptoms and predicted only by level at baseline.
Proteostasis of tau. Tau overexpression results in its secretion via membrane vesicles
Authors: Simón Diana , García-García Esther , Royo Felix , Falcón-Pérez Juan Manuel , Avila Jesús
Published: December 2011

Increasing amounts of tau protein were expressed in non‐neuronal cells. When intracellular amounts reached a threshold level, tau protein was released to the extracellular culture medium in association with membrane vesicles. Hence, we propose that tau might be secreted through membrane vesicles as a cellular mechanism to eliminate the excess of tau protein, thereby avoiding its toxicity.
Length‐dependent compaction of intrinsically disordered proteins
Authors: Uversky Vladimir N. , Santambrogio Carlo , Brocca Stefania , Grandori Rita
Published: December 2011

This work investigates the effect of chain length on the degree of compaction of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). The three main IDP types, native coil (NC), pre‐molten globule (PMG) and molten globule (MG), are compared by means of a compaction index (CI) normalized for chain length. The results point out a strong variability of compactness as a function of chain length within each group, with larger proteins populating more compact states. While qualitative sequence features are responsible for the main differences among groups, chain length seems to have an unspecific effect modulating the extent of compaction within each group. The results are consistent with a cooperative character of the weak interactions responsible for chain collapse.
Planar controlled gliding, tumbling and descent
Authors: Paoletti P. , Mahadevan L.
Published: December 2011

Controlled gliding during descent has been thought of as a crucial intermediate step toward the evolution of powered flight in a variety of animals. Here we develop and analyse a model for the controlled descent of thin bodies in quiescent fluids. Focusing on motion in two dimensions for simplicity, we formulate the question of steering an elliptical body to a desired landing location with a specific orientation using the framework of optimal control theory with a single control variable. We derive both time- and energy-optimal trajectories using a combination of numerical and analytical approximations. In particular, we find that energy-optimal strategies converge to constant control, while time-optimal strategies converge to bang–coast–bang control that leads to bounding flight, alternating between tumbling and gliding phases. Our study of these optimal strategies thus places natural limits on how they may be implemented in biological and biomimetic systems.
Analytical solutions for turbulent Boussinesq fountains in a linearly stratified environment
Authors: Mehaddi Rabah , Vauquelin Olivier , Candelier Fabien
Published: December 2011

This paper theoretically investigates the initial up-flow of a vertical turbulent fountain (round or plane) in a linearly stratified environment. Conservation equations (volume, momentum and buoyancy) are written under the Boussinesq approximation assuming an entrainment proportional to the vertical velocity of the fountain. Analytical integration leads to exact values of both density and flow rate at the maximal height reached by the fountain. This maximal height is expressed as a function of the release conditions and the stratification strength and plotted from a numerical integration in order to exhibit overall behaviour. Then, analytical expressions for the maximal height are derived from asymptotic analysis and compared to experimental correlations available for forced fountains. For weak fountains, these analytical expressions constitute a new theoretical model. Finally, modified expressions are also proposed in the singular case of an initially non-buoyant vertical release.
Flow structure on finite-span wings due to pitch-up motion
Authors: Yilmaz T. O. , Rockwell D.
Published: December 2011

The flow structure on low-aspect-ratio wings arising from pitch-up motion is addressed via a technique of particle image velocimetry. The objectives are to: determine the onset and evolution of the three-dimensional leading-edge vortex; provide complementary interpretations of the vortex structure in terms of streamlines, projections of spanwise and surface-normal vorticity, and surfaces of constant values of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor (iso-$Q$ surfaces); and to characterize the effect of wing planform (rectangular versus elliptical) on this vortex structure. The pitch-up motion of the wing (plate) is from 0 to $4{5}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $ over a time span corresponding to four convective time scales, and the Reynolds number based on chord is 10 000. Volumes of constant magnitude of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor are interpreted in conjunction with three-dimensional streamline patterns and vorticity projections in orthogonal directions. The wing motion gives rise to ordered vortical structures along its wing surface. In contrast to development of the classical two-dimensional leading-edge vortex, the flow pattern evolves to a strongly three-dimensional form at high angle of attack. The state of the vortex system, after attainment of maximum angle of attack, has a similar form for extreme configurations of wing planform. Near the plane of symmetry, a large-scale region of predominantly spanwise vorticity dominates. Away from the plane of symmetry, the flow is dominated by two extensive regions of surface-normal vorticity, i.e. swirl patterns parallel to the wing surface. This similar state of the vortex structure is, however, preceded by different sequences of events that depend on the magnitude of the spanwise velocity within the developing vortex from the leading edge of the wing. Spanwise velocity of the order of one-half the free stream velocity, which is oriented towards the plane of symmetry of the wing, results in regions of surface-normal vorticity. In contrast, if negligible spanwise velocity occurs within the developing leading-edge vortex, onset of the regions of surface-normal vorticity occurs near the tips of the wing. These extremes of large and insignificant spanwise velocity within the leading-edge vortex are induced respectively on rectangular and elliptical planforms.
10.—Andrè Thevet (1504–1592) et sa contribution à la cartographie et àl' ocèanographie
Authors: Destombes M.
Published: December 2011

II y a fort à faire pour réhabiliter dans l'esprit des historiens modernes le Frère Cordelier André Thevet (1504-92), aumônier de la reine Catherine de Médicis, Garde des Curiosités et Cosmographe des rois de France Henri II, Charles IX et Henri III. Est-il possible de dégager de ses travaux quelque contribution positive en matière cartographique et un apport original dans le domaine de l'ocèanographie? C'est ce que nous voudrions brièvement examiner dans ces quelques pages.
24.—Early Concepts of Oceanographic Phenomena of the Indian Ocean.
Authors: Panikkar N. K. , Srinivasan T. M.
Published: December 2011

The Indian Ocean has been the scene of varied activities of ancient explorers and maritime traders from the very beginnings of recorded history. Experience of early pioneers has led to much information on the sea pertaining to weather, winds, currents, waves and tides. Although their observations were often correct, the ideas derived from them lacked precision and clarity, but they succeeded in forming a good general picture of the physical conditions prevailing in the northern Indian Ocean. Historically, the subject is of considerable interest, for the ideas concerning the physical aspects of the Indian Ocean have been expressed in the semi-scientific terminology of the times. The principal sources which preserve these early concepts are either of Indian or of Mediterranean origin. The Indian sources are derived mainly from literary (Sanskrit, Pali and Tamil) and archaeological (excavations, numismatics and paintings) records and findings. Of the Mediterranean sources, the Greeks have been the principal contributors through their writings and records pertaining to travel towards Asian and African Coasts.
30.—Weather Routing of Ships on the North Atlantic.
Authors: Zobel R. F.
Published: December 2011

Modern ship routing is a matter for specialist forecasters using a mass of meteorological observations processed by large, high-speed electronic computers, as will appear below.

Historically, some form of routing has been practised for centuries as the result of observations made by navigators and explorers as they gradually laid bare the geography of the earth's oceans and continents.

It cannot be known whether the very early navigators followed routes based on weather considerations, but they may have done so in limited areas of the globe. There is some reason to suppose that the Atlantic islands and even perhaps the West Indies were known to the Phoenicians. Legends which suggest this are supported by the finding of a stock of fourth century b.c. Phoenician coins at Corvo in the Azores. It has been reasonably supposed in some quarters that these coins were from a Phoenician trader wrecked on the island whilst on passage westwards, but how far west we cannot be sure.

It has never been seriously doubted that the north-east coast of America was discovered and temporarily colonised by Vikings from Greenland during the latter part of the first century A.D. Certain archaeological finds have been held by some to support this view. An account of some early pioneering voyages has been given by Villiers (1956).

These early voyages can hardly have been consciously weather routed, though some knowledge of the prevailing wind conditions may well have been acquired. Perhaps it was as late as the end of the fifteenth century that the first known weather-routed voyage was made. Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry of Portugal) was intent on finding a way round the Cape into the Indian Ocean in order to oust the Venetians and Arabs from their lucrative trading in that area. He fitted out expedition after expedition, but they all turned back as they hugged the African coast and were caught in the doldrums. Eventually they learned to stand well out to sea and so get the benefit of the N.E. trades and in 1434 they reached the equator. However, it was another half-century before the Cape was reached and this could conceivably be regarded as the first weather-routed voyage.
45.—Early Investigations of the Suez Canal Waters during and after its Opening in 1869
Authors: Morcos Selim A.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

A historical review of the physical and chemical data collected from the Suez Canal waters in the first 40 years (1867–1906) during and after its filling shows that it was the focus of interest of many explorers and scientists. From 27 successive observations (table) the waters were completely analysed
seven times. The salinity (density) was measured along the canal on eight occasions, of which four were not previously known. The first observations along the Canal were made in May 1870 by the Admiralty Ship Blue Cross. Her results, together with the second set of observations (February 1872), were found in a small booklet printed in Alexandria (Tissot 1872). The data of two sections (Durand-Claye 1875a; Anonymous 1907) were found by the author as unpublished manuscripts and are revealed here for the first time.

A comment on the determination of salinity of sea water by evaporation to dryness was found in a handwritten manuscript by Durand-Claye (1873). This comment was eliminated in the published text (Durand-Claye 1874), and is reproduced here for its interest to the history of chemical oceanography.

The difficulties in making a comparative study of these old data are explored. It is suggested to start some sort of ‘practical historical oceanography’ by studying old hydrometers, thermometers and other oceanographic apparatus using modern equipments in order to reassess the data of old expeditions.
The Lead by the Dutch in World Charting in the Seventeenth and first half of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Koeman C.
Published: December 2011

In order to form an opinion on the prominent place of Dutch maritime cartography in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, comparison with the achievements of other European seafaring nations is required.
The Exploration of Submarine Canyons and their Benthic Faunal Assemblages.
Authors: Rowe Gilbert T.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The geological exploration of submarine canyons and valleys began late in the nineteenth century.Theories of canyon genesis are many, but the probable causes are turbidity currents or sediment slumps, or both. Recent biological investigations indicate that the faunal composition of canyons is quite different from adjacent depths without canyons. The predominance of motility in the fauna implies that canyons today are physically more dynamic than previously expected. Motility could be an adaptive strategy for survival in an unstable sedimentary environment, or the species may be trophic opportunists which are able to take advantage of the entrapment by canyons of large aggregates of organic detritus.
Planktonic Oceanic Ostracods—Historical, Present and Future
Authors: Angel M. V.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Brady's (1880)Challengerreport mentioned only three species of planktonic ostracods, all halocyprids. At that time only 10 halocyprid species were known and only 14 papers had been written on the group. The major burst of interest came in the twenty years 1890–1909, when first Claus and then G. W. Müller published series of papers describing the majority of the present species. Table 1 shows the wax and wane in the numbers of papers published and the species described by decades since 1849 when Dana described the first species. The table clearly shows the recent upsurge of interest in the group. Many of the papers include only passing mention of planktonic ostracods, and so this review attempts to assemble all these scattered references so that the ecological importance of the group can be appreciated and further research requirements become clearer
Some Developments in the Study of Luminescent Marine Animals
Authors: Herring Peter J.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The bacterial and chemical bases for the luminescence of a number of marine animals had been demonstrated by the end of the nineteenth century. Since that time a considerable amount has been learned about the chemical reaction systems of some bioluminescent animals and a generalised reaction sequence can be postulated to encompass the various components extracted from the different species.

The factors which determine, at the various biological levels, the intensity and the spectral and spatial distribution of the emitted light are described and discussed in terms of the chemical nature of the reaction systems and the biology of the animals concerned.
History of Investigations on Plankton in the Norwegian Sea and the Main Results of Soviet Investigations
Authors: Pavshtiks E. A. , Timokhina A. F.
Published: December 2011

The end of the nineteenth century saw the publication of the first works on plankton of the Norwegian Sea.

In 1886 G. O. Sars wrote about abundant zooplankton in the banks off the Norwegian coast and the rich fauna of the cold waters. In their monographs, Gran (1902) and Damas (1905) also dwelt on plankton of the Norwegian Sea. Gran singled out the groups of plankton characteristic of the Atlantic, mixed and Arctic waters. He believed that the terms of development of plankton depended on the thermal state of the Atlantic Current.
Atlantic Salmon in the Sea
Authors: Pyefinch K. A.
Published: December 2011

The main facts about the life history of Atlantic salmon have been known for a surprisingly long time. Neill (1946) gives an account of early writings on this subject which makes it clear that, for over four hundred years, it has been known that salmon breed in fresh-water, that they spend a period there before migrating to the sea and that, once in the sea, they undertake long migrations. These earlier writers tended to underestimate the period of time spent in the sea (e.g. they thought it likely that salmon returned to fresh water in the same year that they migrated to sea) but, otherwise, their knowledge of the life history of salmon was remarkably complete and accurate.
Maximizing measures for partially hyperbolic systems with compact center leaves
Authors: RODRIGUEZ HERTZ F. , RODRIGUEZ HERTZ M. A. , TAHZIBI A. , URES R.
Published: December 2011

We obtain the following dichotomy for accessible partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms of three-dimensional manifolds having compact center leaves: either there is a unique entropy-maximizing measure, this measure has the Bernoulli property and its center Lyapunov exponent is 0, or there are a finite number of entropy-maximizing measures, all of them with non-zero center Lyapunov exponents (at least one with a negative exponent and one with a positive exponent), that are finite extensions of a Bernoulli system. In the first case of the dichotomy, we obtain that the system is topologically conjugated to a rotation extension of a hyperbolic system. This implies that the second case of the dichotomy holds for an open and dense set of diffeomorphisms in the hypothesis of our result. As a consequence, we obtain an open set of topologically mixing diffeomorphisms having more than one entropy-maximizing measure.
Some late nineteenth-century Scottish travellers in Africa
Authors: Dow Derek A.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

In the late eighteenth century the Scottish Highlands were attractive to travellers eager to test themselves against climatic, dietetic and other deprivations. From the early nineteenth century, the Scots themselves became more adventurous and Scottish medical men, notably Mungo Park and David Livingstone, played a prominent part in the exploration of Africa. In the 1860s Livingstone's prolonged travels through the Dark Continent and his belief that he had conquered malarial fever led to the dispatch of the first Christian Mission to the Zambesi region, a venture which failed largely as a result of the missionaries' ignorance of hygiene and medicine.

The establishment of the European presence in British Central Africa (now Malawi) was accomplished by representatives of the Scottish Presbyterian Churches in the 1870s. This paper examines some of the problems encountered during the ensuing half century. Specific themes include the impact of developments in transport systems; housing and sanitation; hints on suitable clothing; the presence of trained medical personnel in both Mission and Government and their role in the study of tropical disease; use and abuse of alcohol.