bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Perception-Behavior Link: The Ubiquitous Utility and Motivational Moderators of Nonconscious Mimicry
Authors: Chartrand Tanya L , Maddux William W , Lakin Jessica L
Published: November 2023

We live in a social world, which necessitates interacting with a wide variety of people on a regular basis. Our contact with loved ones, friends, colleagues, neighbors, and strangers often influences what we say, feel, think, and do. This is neither surprising nor controversial; one can easily visualize ways in which we emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally respond to the presence of others in social environments. While many of these influences are obvious, less obvious is the notion that the mere act of perceiving another person can have direct, unmediated effects on our behavior. Perception and behavior are inextricably intertwined such that people automatically behave as they perceive. This “perception-behavior link” refers to the unintentional, nonconscious effects of social perception on social behavior.
Motivational Sources of Unintended Thought: Irrational Intrusions or Side Effects of Rational Strategies?
Authors: Higgins E Tory
Published: November 2023

For over a century, psychologists have been fascinated with unconscious mechanisms that influence people’s thought processes. In the early twentieth century, the mechanisms that received the most attention were motivational, especially psychodynamic mechanisms. Attention shifted in the late twentieth century to cognitive mechanisms, especially those associated with automaticity. The purpose of this chapter is to return attention to the role of motivational mechanisms in unintended thought, but with a different perspective on the nature of the underlying mechanisms.
Building The Kingdom
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: November 2023

Mormonism is one of the world’s fastest growing religions, doubling its membership every 15 years. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the formal denomination of the Mormon church) is now 10 million strong, with more than half of its membership coming from outside the United States. More than 88 million copies of The Book of Mormon have been printed, and it has been translated into more than 50 languages. Mormons in America tells the tumultuous story of this religious group, from its humble origins in small-town New York State in 1830 to its present heyday. Claudia and Richard Bushman introduce us to charismatic leaders like Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, go deep behind Mormon rites and traditions, take us along the adventurous trail of the Mormon pioneers into the West, evoke the momentous erection of Salt Lake City in the desert, and draw us into the dozens of skirmishes, verbal attacks, and court battles between Mormons and their neighbors, other religions, the media, and the American government. Religion in American Life explores the evolution, character, and dynamic of organized religion in America from 1500 to the present day. Written by distinguished historians of religion, these books weave together the varying stories that compose the religious fabric of the United States, from Puritanism to alternative religious practices. Primary source material coupled with handsome illustrations and lucid text make these books essential in any exploration of America’s diverse nature. Each book includes a chronology, suggestions for further reading, and an index.
Joseph Smith’s First Visions, 1820–30
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: November 2023

Mormonism, one of the world’s fastest growing Christian religions, doubles its membership about every 15 years. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the formal name of the Mormon church) now claims more than 10 million members, more than half of whom are outside the United States. Within a decade after its organization in New York State in 1830 the church had more than twenty thousand adherents, and it has grown rapidly ever since.
Zion, 1831–37
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: November 2023

When the small band of Mormons straggled into Kirtland, Ohio, during the winter and spring of 1831, the new church was still largly undefined. The Book of Mormon, the church’s most distinctive feature, provided no creed or program for action. Like the Bible, the Book of Mormon was a sprawling compilation of history, sermons, prophesies, and visions with no single, outstanding doctrine other than faith in Christ. Joseph Smith’s revelations reaffirmed such basic Christian principles as repentance, but they only faintly outlined a special mission. The titles of church officers-elder, priest, teacher, and deacon-were familiar from Protestant churches, but the particular character of the new church was yet to be determined.
Mormon Women, 1831–90
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century, easterners considered Mormon women to be pitiful and oppressed. Besides the usual difficulties of pioneer living-the isolation, the privations, and the discomforts-they lived under the rule of “that dictator” Brigham Young. Many women lived in polygamous households as second or third wives, sharing husbands and limited incomes. Women in the East, striving for rights of their own, considered Mormon women slaves and concubines, prisoners who must be liberated from their prisons.
Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Wilson Tony
Published: November 2023

It is probably fair to say that the development and wide commercial availability of the confocal microscope has been one of the most significant advances in light microscopy in the recent past. The main reason for the popularity of these instruments derives from their ability to permit the structure of thick specimens of biological tissue to be investigated in three dimensions. They achieve this important goal by resorting to a scanning approach togetherwith a novel (confocal) optical system.

The traditional wide-field conventional microscope is a parallel processing system that images the entire object field simultaneously. This is quite a severe requirement for the optical components. We can relax this design requirement if we no longer try to image the whole object field at once. The limit of this constraint relaxation is to require an image of only one point on the object at a time. In this case, all that we ask of the optics is that it provide a good image of one point. The price that we have to pay is that we must scan to build up an image of the entire field. The answerto the question as to whetherthis price is worth paying will, to some extent, depend on the application in question.
Biomedical Imaging Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Fujimoto James G , Chen Yu , Aguirre Aaron
Published: November 2023

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging optical imaging modality for biomedical research and clinical medicine. Optical coherence tomography can perform high-resolution, cross-sectional tomographic imaging in materials and biological tissues by measuring the echo time delay and magnitude of back-reflected or backscattered light (Huang et al., 1991a; Fujimoto, 2003). In medical applications, OCT has the advantage that it can perform optical biopsy, imaging tissue structure in situ and in real time, without the need to remove and process specimens as in conventional excisional biopsy and histopathology. Optical coherence tomography can achieve axial image resolutions of 1 to 15µm; one to two orders of magnitude higher than standard ultrasound imaging. This chapter provides an overview of OCT technology and applications.

Optical coherence tomographic imaging is analogous to ultrasound imaging, except that it uses light instead of sound. Figure 7.1 shows how OCT works. Optical coherence tomography performs cross-sectional imaging by measuring the time delay and magnitude of optical echoes at different transverse positions. The dimensions of internal structures can be determined by measuring the “echo” time for light to be back-reflected or backscattered from structures at different depths or axial distances (axial scans). A cross-sectional image is generated by scanning the optical beam in the transverse direction and performing successive axial scan measurements. This generates a two-dimensional data set that is a measurement of the back-reflection or backscattering in a cross-sectional plane through the material or biological tissue.
Fluorescence Imaging in Medical Diagnostics
Authors: Andersson-Engels Stefan , Svanberg Katarina , Svanberg Sune
Published: November 2023

Humans orient themselves in the world largely utilizing their vision. The physical data recording in the retina of the eye is merged with extremely advanced data processing by the brain, by means of which it is possible to recognize objects and make sense of observations. Human vision largely works on the principle of imaging reflectance spectroscopy, during which the spectroscopic content is retrieved from the different color sensitivity of the retinal cones. However, the eye is sensitive in a very small region of the electromagnetic spectrum: from 400 (violet) to 700 nm (dark red). Obviously, a lot of information is available from other wavelength bands, and such data are now being utilized by spectroscopic and imaging systems largely extending the capability of the eye.

It is also well-known that the fluorescence phenomenon can reveal properties now invisible to the naked eye. By inducing fluorescence using invisible ultraviolet light, visible emitted light carries information additional to the one obtained in reflected light. Well-known applications of fluorescence techniques are found in the forensic science, art inspection, and microscopy fields. Passports, monetary bills, and credit cards all carry numbers, letters, and images only visible in fluorescence.
Fluorescence and Spectroscopic Markers of Cervical Neoplasia
Authors: Pavlova Ina , Drezek Rebekah , Chang Sung , Arifler Dizem , Sokolov Konstantin , Macaulay Calum , Follen, Michele , Richards-Kortum Rebecca
Published: November 2023

The effective screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in the developed world reduce the mortality resulting from cervical cancer enormously. This is an area of intensive undertaking. Tragically, in the developing world, where these resources are not available, this disease is the leading cause of cancer death among women. Inexpensive, real-time diagnostic tools based on optical spectroscopy have the potential to reduce mortality associated with cervical cancer. Because detection of cancer is provided in real time, optical methods could enable combined detection and treatment in a single visit. The difficulties of follow-up contact in many developing countries makes the implementation of a see-and-treat methodology the only logical choice. As part of the new managed health reality in the developed world, there is an important need for improved screening and detection methods for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia that are both sensitive and cost-effective. Recent developments in optical diagnostic technologies have the potential to address both of these issues. Many groups have demonstrated that techniques based on quantitative optical spectroscopy have the potential to fulfill this need by providing accurate, objective, and instantaneous point-of-care diagnostic and screening tools (Alfano et al., 1987; Hung et al., 1991; Richards-Kortum et al., 1991; Schomacker et al., 1992; Lam et al., 1993a,b; Mahadevan et al., 1993; Ramanujam et al., 1994a,b; Richards-Kortum, 1994; Zuclich et al., 1994; Mourant et al., 1995; Vo-Dinh et al., 1995; Cothren et al., 1996; Ramanujam et al., 1996a,b,c; Zangaro et al., 1997; Lam et al., 1998; Perelman et al., 1998; Pogue et al., 1998; Tumer et al., 1998; Zuluaga et al., 1998; Brookner et al., 1999; Hornung et al., 1999; Utzinger et al., 1999; Harries, 1995; Mitchell, 1998). However, the connections among these optical signatures and the underlying morphology and biology are not well understood.
Revealing the Subtleties of Disease and the Nuances of the Therapeutic Response with Optical Reporter Genes
Authors: Contag Christopher H
Published: November 2023

The use of optical imaging to study biology in animal models and to detect markers of disease in humans provides a window through which we can view features of disease that are either not detectable by conventional approaches or that can be detected more efficiently with optics. Moreover, with optics we can often appreciate patterns in biological processes that would be otherwise overlooked or missed. Because the nuances of disease mechanisms and the subtleties of the response to therapy are key to understanding and resolving disease, imaging has become an essential tool for revealing pathogenic mechanisms and for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Optical imaging tools comprise a key set of approaches for the study of biology in animal models, and are emerging as powerful methods for early disease detection, staging of progression, and assessing response to therapy in the clinic. Sensitive and rapid imaging methods based on the optical properties of tissues or the detection of reporter proteins and dyes provide real-time information that will contribute to our ability to unravel the mechanisms of disease, enable us to intervene with treatment strategies, and allow us to assess therapeutic outcomes.

Because optical imaging methods cover a range of scales, with resolutions from microns to centimeters, the preclinical and clinical applications are far-reaching, with great potential for changing the way these studies are performed. The clinical utility of optical imaging, however, is limited to a narrow set of applications in which the depth of penetration of light is sufficient to interrogate the intended target in mammalian tissues. These intended targets could be biological structures or molecules that are intrinsic to the tissue, or exogenous reagents that can label cells or stain tissues. The small number of approved optical contrast agents for human use further confines optical imaging in the clinic to specific application areas. In contrast, in preclinical studies the applications are limitless because the study subjects are typically small laboratory rodents in which many tissues and organs are accessible to optical tools. In addition, the cells and tissues in laboratory animals are amenable to staining with a range of exogenous dyes and may even be manipulated genetically to express optical reporters. Perhaps the greatest impact that optical imaging will have on human health is by providing a greater understanding of mammalian biology and more rapid evaluation of new therapies in laboratory animals.
Conservation Medicine: The Birth of Another Crisis Discipline
Authors: Ostfeld Richard S , Meffe Gary K , Pearl Mary C
Published: November 2023

The existence of an environmental crisis that includes widespread extinctions, biodiversity loss, habitat destruction, damaging pollution, and global climate change is not in doubt (Groombridge 1992; Meffe et al. 1997; Frumkin 2001). The causes of this crisis are complex and multifaceted, and the severity of its long-term consequences for the earth ‘s biota, including human health, is difficult to predict. Scientists are increasingly recognizing that solutions to the environmental crisis will be as complex and interrelated as the factors that have led to the crisis.
Monitoring to Health and Conversation of Marine Mammels, Sea Turtles and their Ecosystems
Authors: Aguirre A Alonsa , O’Hara Todd M , Spraker Terry R , Jessup David A
Published: November 2023

Marine ecosystem health is a relatively new and poorly defined concept. The enormous biological diversity harbored by the oceans and the lack of taxonomic and ecological studies limit our ability to define healthy marine ecosystem. It is generally agreed, however, that healthy ecosystems are those that have stable, or at least not declining, species abundance and diversity; do not have obvious environmental degradation, frequent pollution events, or unsustainable harvests; do not have a high frequency of emerging or reemerging diseases/intoxications with negative implications for human and wildlife health; and do not have frequent die-offs or similar stochastic events, particularly those involving “indicator” or “keystone” species.
Ecological Health and Wildlife Disease Management in National Parks
Authors: Gillin Colin M , Tabor Gary M , Aguirre A Alonso
Published: November 2023

Once considered to be shining examples of pristine nature, national parks and other conservation protected areas are facing increasing threats to their ecological integrity. Habitat fragmentation and degradation, habitat loss, species extinctions, alien species introductions, pollution, and recreational over usage represent some of the cumulative effects that are putting these areas of natural heritage under increasing stress.
Wildlife Health and Enviromental Security: New Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Reaser Jamie K , Gentz Edward J , Clark Edward E
Published: November 2023

Environmental security is the concept that social (and thus political and economic) stability affects, and is affected by, the abundance and distribution of natural resources. Poor human health, mass human migrations, and border zone conflicts are often symptoms of environmental insecurity, when human populations perceive that they are not able to acquire natural resources at an adequate level to sustain themselves (Dabelko 1998; Kennedy 1998; U.S. Department of State 1997).
Music for the Common Man
Authors: Crist Elizabeth B
Published: November 2023

In the 1930s, Aaron Copland began to write in an accessible style he described as “imposed simplicity.” Works like El Salón México, Billy the Kid, Lincoln Portrait, and Appalachian Spring feature a tuneful idiom that brought the composer unprecedented popular success and came to define an American sound. Yet the cultural substance of that sound--the social and political perspective that might be heard within these familiar pieces--has until now been largely overlooked. While it has long been acknowledged that Copland subscribed to leftwing ideals, Music for the Common Man is the first sustained attempt to understand some of Copland’s best-known music in the context of leftwing social, political, and cultural currents of the Great Depression and Second World War. Musicologist Elizabeth Crist argues that Copland’s politics never merely accorded with mainstream New Deal liberalism, wartime patriotism, and Communist Party aesthetic policy, but advanced a progressive vision of American society and culture. Copland’s music can be heard to accord with the political tenets of progressivism in the 1930s and ‘40s, including a fundamental sensitivity toward those less fortunate, support of multiethnic pluralism, belief in social democracy, and faith that America’s past could be put in service of a better future. Crist explores how his works wrestle with the political complexities and cultural contradictions of the era by investing symbols of America--the West, folk song, patriotism, or the people--with progressive social ideals. While much has been written on the relationship between politics and art in the 1930s and ‘40s, very little of that attention has been aimed at the world of concert music. Music for the Common Man offers fresh insights on familiar pieces and the political context in which they emerged.
Introduction
Authors: Crist Elizabeth B
Published: November 2023

During The Great Depression, two of Aaron Copland’s close friends, the director Harold Clurman and the playwright Clifford Odets, found themselves frequenting Stewart’s Cafeteria on Christopher Street in Greenwich Village. “Though this cafeteria must have represented a high degree of affluence to the really hungry,” Clurman recalled, “it struck me as a sort of singing Hooverville. For, strangely enough, this incubator of the depression, with many marks of waste and decay upon it, was in point of fact a place rank with promise.” The winter of 1932-33 was “historically cruel,” Clurman knew, but even so it seemed to him “a time of renewed faith.” In the midst of despair, there was a sense that “something new, not wholly aware of itself ... was in an early state of gestation.”
Creating Community
Authors: Crist Elizabeth B
Published: November 2023

Toward The End of the 1930s, Copland became involved in a number of collaborative projects and composed several works for stage and screen. Among them were The Second Hurricane (1936), a “play opera’’ for performance by high-school students with a libretto by Edwin Denby, and The Gty (1939), Copland’s first film score, composed for a documentary directed by Ralph Steiner with commentary written by Lewis Mumford. In their very nature as well as in their particular subjects, these works raise questions relevant to the cultural and political turmoil of the Depression era: questions of self-sufficiency and cooperation, of the relation between the individual and the group, self and society, liberty and equality. Perhaps of paramount importance to Copland, at once a very private and eminently sociable artist, was the issue of community.
Duration and Severity of Woman Battering: A Conceptual Model/Continuum
Authors: Roberts Albert R
Published: November 2023

This study provided the data to develop a new five-level classificatory schema or continuum of the duration and chronicity of woman battering based on interviews with 501 battered women. Having no preconceived ideas of what this typology would actually look like, we were able to examine women’s experiences and develop a framework based on the common themes presented by their interviews. Our goal is to describe different types of battering relationships with a greater level of detail to enhance our understanding of the variety of ways in which battering relationships occur and endure.
Police Responses to Battered Women Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Kurst-Swanger Karel
Published: November 2023

It was 1400 hours on September 6, 2010. Two police officers were dispatched on a report of a domestic violence complaint. Upon arriving at the scene, the officers spoke to the victim, Wilma R. She stated that her boyfriend, Louis, had been drinking the night before and became involved in an argument with her that ended with his punching her in the face and strangling her. The officers observed that Wilma had a cut on her upper lip and swelling in the area between her nose and mouth.
Helping Battered Women: A Health Care Perspective
Authors: Boes Mary , McDermott Virginia
Published: November 2023

In the midst of a winter ice storm, the wails of ambulance sirens signaled a new arrival to the overburdened emergency room staff every 5 minutes. The ER waiting area was already crowded. Within this onslaught of urgent accident cases and emergent needs of broken bones and flu, Julia Crouse was finally triaged.
Promising Directions for Helping Chemically Involved Battered Women Get Safe and Sober
Authors: Zubretsky Theresa M
Published: November 2023

Chemically involved battered women often find themselves in the ultimate Catch-22: Substance use may begin or escalate as a response to the trauma of victimization, and efforts to stop using substances may precipitate abusive partners’ use of increased violence. A battered woman’s words about her own recovery capture the essence of the dilemma. She said, “As an alcoholic, AA and treatment saved my life; as a battered woman, it nearly killed me.
Elder Abuse and Gerontological Social Work
Authors: Brownell Patricia
Published: November 2023

Mr. and Mrs. M. are both 90 years old. Mr. M., now retired, was a manual laborer and is in excellent health. Mrs. M. has a heart condition and is physically frail and emotionally depressed. Both refuse home care beyond the 28 hours a week of home health care funded by Medicare, in spite of the around-the-clock care needs of Mrs. M., which Mr. M. provides. One afternoon Mr. M. gets drunk and beats up Mrs. M. in the front yard, where the neighbors can witness it. An ambulance is called, and Mrs. M. is hospitalized. She claims not to remember the abuse incident and refuses to prosecute her husband.
C
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

CABARET SONGS: songs in the style of theater and cabaret, compositions written by Benjamin Britten, Arnold Schönberg, William Bolcom, and Milton Babbitt. Britten originally wrote a song, “Funeral Blues” (originally called “Stop All the Clocks”) for W. H. *Auden’s play, The Ascent of F6, produced in London in 1937. So taken was Britten with the performer’s rendition of this song that he wrote a series of songs in that vein to Auden’s verse, of which two have apparently been lost.
F
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

FABLEAU: although opinion is sharply divided as to the origin of the fableau, there are two possibilities: a form of Medieval poetry dealing with stories of animals with some humorous insights into human character; or, a short story in verse relating a comic or bawdy incident from middle-class life.
N
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

NABAB (Fr.), NABOB (Eng.): originally a native viceroy in India or one who returns to Europe from the east with great riches, later describing a man of great wealth or prominence in a particular field and sometimes used as a generalized expression of disapproval.
O
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

OBERON: king of the fairies, husband of *Titania, introduced by *Shakespeare in Midsummer Night’s Dream. The name is probably connected with Alberich, king of the Elves. At Oberon’s birth fairies bestowed their gifts: insight into men’s thoughts; power of transporting the self into any place instantaneously; the eventual conveyance of his soul into Paradise.
W
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

wagtail: a migrant bird that grooms its long tail incessantly. In Indian myth, the wagtail bears a holy cast mark and is the prophetic bird used in divination. Of great importance are the direction from which it appears and its proximity to other objects. Near the lotus, an elephant, horse, cow, or serpent it is good luck; close to and four novels. Her striking beauty combined with her aristocratic and artistic self cast a spell upon many, author Edmund Wilson included.
X
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

xanadu: a city named in the poem “Kubla Khan” by Samuel Taylor *Coleridge. “In Xanadu did Kubla Khan a stately pleasure dome decree, where Alph the sacred river ran through caverns measureless to man down to a sunless sea.” So begins the poem, inspired by an opium-induced dream. Kubla Khan, or Kublai Khan, is a historical person. Born about 1215, he died in 1294.The grandson of Jenghiz Khan, he was the founder of the Yuan dynasty of China. He encouraged scholarship, the arts, and foreign trade, and he was visited by Marco Polo.
Afro-Latin America, 1800-2000
Authors: Andrews George Reid
Published: November 2023

While the rise and abolition of slavery and ongoing race relations are central themes of the history of the United States, the African diaspora actually had a far greater impact on Latin and Central America. More than ten times as many Africans came to Spanish and Portuguese America as the United States. In this, the first history of the African diaspora in Latin America from emancipation to the present, George Reid Andrews deftly synthesizes the history of people of African descent in every Latin American country from Mexico and the Caribbean to Argentina. He examines how African peooples and their descendants made their way from slavery to freedom and how they helped shape and responded to political, economic, and cultural changes in their societies. Individually and collectively they pursued the goals of freedom, equality, and citizenship through military service, political parties, civic organizations, labor unions, religious activity, and other avenues. Spanning two centuries, this tour de force should be read by anyone interested in Latin American history, the history of slavery, and the African diaspora, as well as the future of Latin America.
Measuring Spatial Diffusion of Shots Fired Activity across City Neighborhoods
Authors: Tita George , Cohen Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Social scientists interested in crime often ask one of two questions: “Why does the distribution of crime differ over place?” or “Why does the level of crime within a place change over time?” However, the social processes often posited to explain changing crime rates do not limit themselves to such an either/or proposition. That is, the mechanisms of crime (e.g., economic opportunities, social mobility, opportunity structures) are interdependent both over time and across geographic space. This is especially true for acts of interpersonal violence.
Business Location and Spatial Externalities: Tying Concepts to Measures
Authors: Sweeney Stuart H , Feser Edward J
Published: November 2023

The notion that firms enjoy inherent and significant benefits from colocation is both intuitively persuasive and empirically challenging. Positive spatial business externalities (or localized business spillovers) are cost savings or productivity benefits that accrue to firms as a direct result of their geographic proximity to other businesses. Such externalities are a source of increasing returns, which help explain sustained economic growth in endogenous growth models, the geographical concentration of industrial activity, the ability of some regions to buck convergence and maintain dominant economic positions vis-à-vis other regions, and patterns of intraregional and international trade.
in Urban Research
Authors: Shen Qing
Published: November 2023

Aspatial perspective is essential for understanding many kinds of urban problems. Current literature on urban issues reflacts the continued prevalence of what might be called “the conventional spatial perspective”—the customary view that physical distance is a primary determinant, as well as a principal measure, of spatial relationship. Since the distance between any two objects on the surface of the earth is determined by their geographic locations, from this conventional perspective geographic location is the key to understanding how an object is spatially related to others.
Personal Rights and Public Space
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

I was once at an international seminar devoted substantially to the discussion of individual rights, their moral basis, their boundaries, and their relation to other values, moral and political-the aim being to present recent developments in American political theory to interested parties from elsewhere. The Americans in the group were much concerned over such issues as freedom of expression for racists, access to pornography, affirmative action for women and minorities, and restrictions on abortion.
The Writings of John Rawls
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Major works of philosophy are not easy to read. Try curling up with Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason or Aristotle’s Metaphysics some evening. Political philosophy, with its combination of theoretical and worldly ambitions, often aims to be more accessible, and it has produced rhetorical masterpieces in the writings of Hobbes, Hume, and Rousseau. But the writings of John Rawls, whom it is now safe to describe as the most important political philosopher of the twentieth century, are very different. They owe their influence to the fact that their depth and insight repay the close attention that their uncompromising theoretical weight and erudition demand.
Davidson’s New Cogito
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Skepticism depends on the claim that one could be in a subjectively indistinguishable state while the objective world outside one’s mind was completely different from the way it appears, and not just temporarily but permanently-past, present, and future. Call this theskeptical possibility. There are two traditional methods of refuting skepticism. One is subjective reductionism-the reduction of the objective to the subjective, in one form or another-so that facts about the objective world are analyzed, in some more or less complicated way, in terms of how things appear to us.
Emotions as Judgments of Value and Importance
Authors: Nussbaum Martha
Published: November 2023

The story of an emotion, I shall argue, is the story of judgments about important things, judgments in which we acknowledge our neediness and incompleteness before those elements that we do not fully control. I therefore begin with such a story, a story of fear, and hope, and grief, and anger, and love.
The Russian Connection
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

In the 1990s Alger Hiss’s longstanding connection with Soviet intelligence would come full circle. It was the Soviets who had enticed him into undercover work in the 1930s, who had encouraged him to move into the State Department, where he might have greater access to diplomatic and military information useful to them, and who continued to work with him long after Whittaker Chambers defected from them. Now, in the last years of Hiss’s life, it would be former Soviets who would attempt to clear him from any complicity as an undercover agent. Their attempt was taken in many quarters as conferring on Hiss the vindication he had so long sought. And, in a final twist, that vindication would turn out to be fleeting, and it would be the Soviets and their American undercover agents, this time as voices from the 1930s and 1940s, who would eliminate any ambiguity from the Hiss case.
Alger Hiss’s Looking-Glass Wars
Authors: White G Edward
Published: November 2023

Chapter four included a comment Whittaker Chambers made when Hiss was released from prison, declared his innocence, and announced his campaign for vindication. Chambers predicted that all Hiss needed to do was to continue to maintain that he had been a victim and a scapegoat, and that sooner or later one respectable inhabitant of Hartford, Connecticut (or any other American city), would say to another respectable inhabitant, “[r]eally, I don’t see how Alger Hiss would brazen it out that way unless he were innocent.” At that point, Chambers said, the Communist Party would have achieved “victory.”
The Structure of 5-Year-Old Children’s Play Narratives Within the MacArthur Story Stem Methodology
Authors: Klitzing Kai Von , Kelsay Kim , Emde Robert N
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents new psychometric information about the MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB; Bretherton, Oppenheim, Buchsbaum, Emde, & the MacArthur Narrative Group, 1990) and the MacArthur Narrative Coding System (MNCS; Robinson, Mantz-Simmons, Macfie, and the MacArthur Narrative Working Group, 1996) that emerges from the analysis of the narratives of 654 5-year-old nonclinical children within the MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study (MALTS; Emde et al., 1992; Plomin et al., 1993).
Temperament and Guilt Representations in Children’s Narratives
Authors: Aksan Nazan , Goldsmith H H
Published: November 2023

Children’s narratives are a rich, flexible, and complex instrument for understanding social, emotional, and moral development, as other chapters in this book well illustrate. In this chapter, we examine the concurrent and predictive interrelations between guilt representations in narratives and temperament.

Affective narrative paradigms take advantage of children’s growing representational abilities to tap into their understanding of emotionally charged situations. Affective narratives are especially welcome for the study of emotional processes, such as guilt or pride, that purportedly depend on complex appraisal processes such as a growing sense of self-other distinction (Lewis, 1993; Lewis, Sullivan, Stanger, & Weiss, 1989; Lewis, Alessandri, & Sullivan, 1992).
An Attachment Perspective on Children’s Emotion Narratives: Links Across Generations
Authors: Steele Miriam , Steele Howard , Woolgar Matthew , Yabsley Susan , Fonagy Peter , Fohnson Dannie , Croft Carla
Published: November 2023

This chapter reports on a study that investigated the possibility of links across generations in the emotion narratives provided by parents expecting their first child and those elicited from their 5-year-old children. We describe the rationale for this hypothesized link across generations, before introducing the data from an ongoing longitudinal study of intergenerational patterns of attachment (Steele, Steele, & Fonagy, 1996).

In a highly accessible 1985 compendium of thoughts and readings on “the society of mind,” the acclaimed cognitive scientist Minsky advances the idea that learning from attachment figures involves the acquisition of goals or ideals themselves, not merely the acquisition of tools or methods to reach a given goal. Such a viewpoint is consistent with the range of psychoanalytic and developmental theory that assumes children internalize, identify with, or appropriate their parents’ beliefs and behaviors (e.g., Freud, 1923/1961; Hoffman, 1983).
Coercive Control
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

The battle against domestic violence has focused primarily on incidents of extreme physical abuse and the resulting trauma to the victim. While there is a growing understanding of some forms of psychological abuse, such as stalking, there is less understanding of the pattern of abuse where physical attacks are combined with isolation, intimidation, and control. Stark argues that coercive control, which may not include any physical abuse, is actually the more prevalent and devastating form of domestic abuse, yet remains largely invisible to the helping professionals and has no legal standing. He contends that interventions are ineffective for a large number of battered women due to the gap between what these women experience and the singular emphasis on male violence and victim trauma. Drawing extensively on case studies, Stark identifies the problems with our current approach to domestic violence, outlines the components of coercive control, and then uses this alternate framework to analyse the cases of battered women charged with criminal offenses directed at their abusers. He presents the controversial notion that coercive control should be a legal defense for women who attack or kill their abusers.
Hanover 1688-1703
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

During his fifteen years at Hanover Steffani worked mainly in the secular fields that he had begun to cultivate in Munich. He was engaged as Kapellmeister to compose and direct the court opera but became increasingly involved in diplomatic affairs. Diplomacy eventually predominated, forcing him to abandon the opera, though he still composed and revised his chamber duets. His musical and diplomatic activities were interrelated. Duke Ernst August regarded opera as a symbol of power and an instrument of propaganda, using it to demonstrate the wealth and importance of his house. A knowledge of the political background is therefore essential to a full appreciation of Steffani’s work as a composer.
Understanding Depression
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

When Understanding Depression was first published over ten years ago, it quickly became a trusted guide for the millions of Americans suffering from depression. Now the long-awaited revised and expanded second edition of this definitive and readable book is available to a new generation of those struggling with depression and their families. Informed by up-to-date research on new drugs and treatments for biological depression, the authors again carefully illustrate the importance of accurately diagnosing the disease and using scientific data and tested research methods in treating it. The book provides the means of evaluating the benefits and disadvantages of both pharmaceutical and psychological treatment of depression and explores the different treatments available. The completely revised medication chapter covers both the old and the new antidepressants and SSRIs, as well as popular herbal supplements like St. John’s Wort. It also focuses on the environmental and hereditary causes of biological depression, about which there are still many misconceptions, even among professionals. The authors include several self-rating tests which readers can use to determine the need to seek a psychological evaluation. Using excerpts from patient histories to show their progress from the onset of depression to treatment to recovery, the authors put a human face on the specter of depression. Most of its victims fail to seek help, whether out of guilt or ignorance, and many are misdiagnosed by physicians or psychotherapists who fail to recognize the symptoms of the illness. Understanding Depression is an excellent source of support, providing a highly informed and readable guide to this much misunderstood disease.
Northern Mexico’s Landscape, Part II: The Biotic Setting across Time
Authors: Ferrusquía-Villafranca Ismael , González-Guzmán Laura I
Published: November 2023

An understanding of the terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems of northern Mexico (i.e., the Baja California peninsula and mainland Mexico north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; see fig. 1.1) must begin with an appreciation of past and current physical forces. Natural communities and ecosystems are dynamic over a wide range of tem-poral and spatial scales, and as demonstrated in chapter 1, they have been modified by geological events that occurred over tens of millions of years. Plate tectonic activity, volcanism, marine transgres-sion, and the associated shifts in climate and soil types all have played a large role in establishing the heterogeneity of current habitats and the distribu-tion of contemporary species and communities.
Hummingbird Communities along an Elevational Gradient in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Eastern Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Devender Thomas R Van , Krebbs Karen , Cartron Jean-Luc E , G. Ana Lilia Reina , Calder William A
Published: November 2023

With an area of about 185,430 km, Sonora is the second largest state in Mexico. It has a convoluted topography, and in particular its eastern portion is dominated by multiple north–southtrending mountain ranges belonging to the Sierra Madre Occidental. Four main river systems (from north to south, Río Colorado, Río Yaqui, Río Mayo, and Río Fuerte) drain the state to the Gulf of California, which lies to the west. Sonora’s rich flora includes about 5000 vascular plant species of mixed temperate and tropical affinity or origin (Felger and Wilson 1995; Felger et al. 2001). Besides vascular plants, the overall high biological diversity of Sonora includes more than 500 species of (year-round) resident and migratory birds, including 16 hummingbirds (Russell and Monson 1998).
Cetacean Diversity and Conservation in the Gulf of California
Authors: R. Jorge Urbán , Rojas-Bracho Lorenzo , Guerrero-Ruíz Mercedes , Jaramillo-Legorreta Armando , Findley Lloyd T
Published: November 2023

The Gulf of California, also called the Sea of Cortez, is an elongate marine basin with north-west-to-southeast orientation and is bounded on the west by the Baja California peninsula and on the east by mainland Mexico (fig. 14.1). It exceeds 1100 km in length and varies from 100 to 200 km in width. Altogether, it has an estimated surface area of nearly 260,000 km2 (for a comprehensive description of the Gulf, see chapter 9).
Catherine II and Moscow on the Eve of the Plague (1762-70)
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

By 1770, Moscow had not recorded a case of bubonic plague for more than a century. As the world’s most northern giant city, Moscow seemed relatively safe from warm weather diseases, such as plague, which Europeans increasingly relegated to backward regions like the Middle East. Although the epidemic of 1770-72 surprised the city, some observers had foreseen the threat of communicable disease. Indeed, whether viewed from the perspective of the eighteenth or the twentieth centuries, Moscow in 1770 presented an ideal setting for massive infection.

What kind of city was Moscow on the eve of the plague? What features attracted disease? What urban problems did contemporaries see as critical, and how were those perceived as dangerous being resolved? To fathom the reactions of contemporaries to the epidemic, one should understand their perceptions of the city. Catherine’s opinions hold special importance, because they shaped the policies that Petersburg devised for Moscow in the context of the imperial government’s general domestic program. Yet since the Empress loathed Moscow and rarely visited there, her views require comparison with local and foreign perspectives.

In the sphere of domestic policy, Catherine spent the first eight years of her reign cultivating public confidence in her government’s ability to lead Russia toward full and equal membership in the European community. Coincidentally she calculated that prudently progressive policies would solidify her doubtful claim to the throne. Thus, her government instituted piecemeal reforms that pursued administrative efficiency and uniformity, promoted economic advance and fiscal growth, and propagated enlightenment through expanded educational facilities, cultural activities, and religious tolerance. For example, Catherine rejuvenated the senate in 1762-63, expanded the functions and personnel of the office of procurator-general in 1763-64, and incorporated the Ukraine into the empire by abolishing New Serbia in 1762 and the hetmanate in 1764.
Fluctuations in Numbers: Population Regulation and Catastrophic Mortality
Authors: Marr James N M Smith1 Amy B , Arcese Peter , Keller Lukas F
Published: November 2023

All populations have the potential for unlimited increase in the absence of restriction on reproduction or survival (Malthus 1798). One framework in which to discuss these restrictions involves identifying the presence and effect of density-independent and density-dependent factors, which can each limit population growth (Sinclair 1989). Density independent limiting factors reduce reproduction or survival with equal force at all population sizes and destabilize populations overall. These effects are often related to environmental variation and lead occasionally to population crashes due to episodes of catastrophic mortality. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo killed roughly 67% of the red-cockaded wood peckers inhabiting Francis Marion National Forest, South Carolina (Hooper et al. 1990). In contrast, density-dependent limiting factors increase in effect as populations grow and thus regulate populations at an equilibrium carrying capacity in the absence of environmental variation (Sinclair 1989).
Social Mechanisms: Dominance, Territoriality, Song, and the Mating System
Authors: Smith James N M , Arcese Peter , O’Connor Kathleen D , Reid Jane M
Published: November 2023

Social dominance and territoriality are related aspects of aggression (Watson and Moss 1970). Dominance occurs when an individual repeatedly gets first access to a benefit such as food or a social opportunity (Piper 1997). Dominance is often signaled by threats from dominants and appeasement or submissive behavior by subordinates. Territoriality occurs when dominants exclude conspecifics from a particular area (Brown 1969). Territoriality and dominance thus differ mainly in the degree to which an individual monopolizes space. Often, only some parts of a joint range are defended while others are shared amicably and rank within a pair may shift across the range (Brown 1964). Both dominance and territoriality are conspicuous in songbirds. Territoriality is widespread in the breeding season (Howard 1920), while dominance occurs in many nonbreeding flocks (e.g., Nolan and Ketterson 1990).
Immigrants and Gene Flow in Small Populations
Authors: Marr Amy B
Published: November 2023

In chapter 7, we showed that individuals in small, isolated populations are more likely to inbreed and experience inbreeding depression. We also noted that isolated populations tend to lose the genetic variation that is vital for adapting to new environmental challenges and diseases. Studies of natural populations suggest that gene flow from immigrants can reverse the genetic deterioration of inbred populations; this is called genetic rescue (Vila et al. 2003; Tallmon et al. 2004).