bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revolucija v okupirani Ljubljani v letih 1941 in 1942: žrtvoslovni prikaz njenih posledic
Authors:   Study Centre for National Reconciliation, Hančič Damjan
Published: June 2023

The article focuses on the first period of revolutionary violence and uses sources reviewed thus far to show that the revolutionary side in Ljubljana and its immediate surroundings carried out attacks, kidnappings and assassinations targeting around 200 people between July 1941 and the end of October 1942 until the emergence of the counter-revolutionary side’s armed units; as many as around 170 of those people were killed. The vast majority of them were civilians or non-military persons, but there were also some victims from the revolutionaries’ own ranks – these were Partisan deserters or “unreliable persons”. The article contains an up-to-date list of the names of the victims from this period.
Biti partizan, vaški stražar ali domobranec
Authors:   Study Centre for National Reconciliation, Dujo Jurjevčič Mirjam
Published: June 2023

The article presents some motives that caused individuals during the Second World War to join either Village Guards, Partisan units, or Home Guard units. Of course, we recognise that there were also other reasons for this. We focus only on collected testimonies and other sources connected to the area of the southern Notranjska region, i.e. the six wartime municipalities of Begunje, Bloke, Cerknica, Rakek, Stari trg and Sv. Vid, which are today the municipalities of Bloke, Cerknica and Loška dolina.
Ko sta srp in kladivo izgubila moč : razkroj sovjetskega satelitskega sistema in demokratizacija srednje in vzhodne Evrope
Authors:   Univerza v Mariboru, Maver Aleš
Published: June 2023

The contemporary discussion of democratic movements during the late 1980s and early 1990s stresses the need to place these phenomena in a broader context, comprising the prehistory, dating at least to the beginning of WWII, the dynamics of the processes itself, and their aftermath until 2020. Regarding the historical foundations, a few characterictics have to be singled out. For instance, the inability or unwillingness of the Soviets to see the historical differences in their domain greatly contributed to the rather early and unexpected demise of their empire. Greater emphasis should be given to the particularities of the Soviet republics themselves. It is somewhat clear that the uneasy task to balance national emancipation and democratization was undertaken almost everywhere in the late 1980s. It is also easy to see that the former process gained the upper hand in most areas.
Armija i Slovenija 1984.–1991. godine
Authors:   Hrvatski institut za povijest, Marijan Davor
Published: June 2023

Based on an analysis of archival sources and literature, the author considers the formation of the Slovene independent and democratic country, especially from the point of view of the formation of the Slovene armed forces, which had to be reshaped by the emerging new country, while at the same time dealing with aggravated relations with the Yugoslav federal authorities, especially the Yugoslav Army, which was seizing power in the federal state. The opposition was also against the formation of the country’s own, Slovene army. Thus, the defence system and its leaders, especially Ministers Janša and Bavčar as well as Prime Minister Peterle, were faced with difficult decisions. In spite of the real war threat, scarce resources were available to the defence department, and these had to be devoted almost entirely to arms procurement. The awareness of the importance of armed forces for the defence of Slovenia’s sovereignty helped to form the armed forces, the Territorial Defence of the Republic of Slovenia, through a project named Manoeuvre Structure of National Protection. Together with militia, civil defence and support of the civilian population, the Slovenian War of Independency was won.
Ett sällsynt arvskifte i Huvudstad 1666
Authors: Westling Claes
Published: June 2023

Man möter ofta föreställningen att livet förr var hårt, fattigt och grått. Från Huvudstad by intill Vadstena finns ett bevarat arvskifte från år 1666 som tvärtom vittnar om relativt välstånd. Arvskiften, bouppteckningar och testamenten från 1600-talets bondemiljö är ovanliga i våra arkiv och just det här arvskiftet kan ha bevarats för att det har hamnat på »fel ställe« i Vadstena stadsarkiv. Det beskriver dödsboet efter bondeparet Mårten Olofsson och Anna Eriksdotter och hur deras barn fördelade sitt arv. Gården de arrenderade av kronan var något större än en genomsnittlig gård i området vid samma tid. I sina hus hade de rejäla mängder mat, dryck och spannmål, ett omfattande textilförråd, silver och penningar samt en rikhaltig djurbesättning. Arvskiftet är därför ett mycket intressant vittnesbörd om tidens livsvillkor. Inte minst mot bakgrund av att 1600-talets första hälft hade präglats av ett mycket hårt tryck på befolkningen genom de ständiga expansionskrigen, pestepidemier, översvämning och dessutom, förmodligen, två svåra bränder på den aktuella gården i Huvudstad.
Evaluation of the growth promoting effect of native microbial community under field conditions
Authors: Makhlouf Hassane , Mouawad Charbel , Shaban Nidal Thabit , Aad Joelle , Sassine Linda , Samaha Hala
Published: June 2023

The need for an agricultural system in the Mediterranean countries consuming fewer chemicals and respecting the environment becomes a pressing element. The use of natural beneficial microorganisms that enhance soil fertility could be a promising solution. Lebanese Beneficial Microorganisms (LBM) were extracted and evaluated for their capacity of promoting plant growth. Two combinations of LBM were compared to chemical fertilizers: alone (treatment B) or with an organic fertilizer (treatment A). Under field conditions, significant positive effects on height, leaf biomass, and fruit production were obtained starting from day 15 for both tested crops. Treatment A was the most efficient in enhancement of different growth parameters. Hence, Capsicum annuum shoots were 44.4% longer with 99.5% and 51.2% increase in the number of leaves and flowers per plant, respectively. Fruit yield increased over the control by 31.7% in C. annuum and 37.5% in Solanum lycopersicum. However, treatment B exhibited the highest significant values of root length and weight in S. lycopersicum. This study highlights the efficiency of both LBM combinations in the total absence of chemical fertilizers and the increase in their outcome by the addition of organic products. The use of native microbial consortia represents a novel strategy for the development of biofertilizers.
The Salford technique of correction of rotational malalignment in lower limbs
Authors:   Senior clinical fellow in Orthopaedics Department of Orthopaedics, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott lane, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom., Sundarapandian Rajkumar
Published: June 2023

Derotational osteotomies of lower limb are widely used to correct rotational deformity and the ability to translate pre-operative plan to accurate intra-operative correction remains challenging in these situations. Salford technique uses pre-operative CT scan, limb length radiographs and PACS tools to calculate a correction distance that can be marked on the surface of bone at the osteotomy site intra-operatively to obtain accurate correction. The calculation is based on the two dimensional geometrical formulae of a circle. We present this case report of a patient who underwent derotational osteotomies of femur and ipsilateral tibia along with Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using this technique. Salford technique is simple, reproducible and cost effective in allowing surgeons to accurately correct rotational deformity of lower limbs without the need for specialist equipment.
A review on the impact of cognitive rehabilitation on patients with traumatic brain impairment
Authors:   Department of Neurosurgery,Tabriz University of medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Mousavi Seyed Taher
Published: June 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most major causes of disability, especially cognitive problems and mortality in worldwide. Present study aims are the effect of cognitive rehabilitation for improving cognitive function in patients with traumatic brain injury.
A rare coexistence of Kaposi s sarcoma and myelodysplastic syndrome in an immunocompetent patient A fortuitous association
Authors:   Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco, Houda Jabri
Published: June 2023

Kaposi's sarcom is an angiogenic tumor related to the Human Herpes Virus 8 . Its association with myelodysplastic syndrome had been rarely reported in the literature. Herein, we relate a case of coexistence of KS and MDS in a human immunodeficiency virus negative female patient, which is to our knowledge the fourth reported in the literature. Some data suggest that viral agents might be involved in the pathogenesis of MDS. The HHV8 is a virus with tropism for hematopoietic cells and expression of transforming viral genes that may affect cell proliferation and thus cause the trigger of myelodysplastic disorders. However, other studies on larger populations are necessary to determine the causal correlation between these two disorders.
Minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer in a patient with giant paraesophageal hernia
Authors:   Department of Surgery of Diagnostic Institute of La Plata City. National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina., N Daniel Velasco Hernández
Published: June 2023

Minimally invasive esophagectomy in prone position is a procedure during which the patient is placed in a prone position during the thoracoscopic approach. A 67-year-old male patient consulted whit giant paraesophageal hernia and esophageal cancer. The treatment should be focused on the oncological resection of the esophagus despite the technical difficulties caused by the presence of a large hernia. A minimally invasive approach in the prone position and laparoscopic hernia repair can be considered an appropriate option for the resolution of both diseases with satisfactory results.
Platelet-rich fibrin used in regenerative endodontics and dentistry: Current uses, limitations, and future recommendations for application
Authors:   Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, India., Gautam Nandita
Published: June 2023

Numerous strategies, including pulp implantation, revascularization, and postnatal stem cell treatments, have been developed by regenerative endodontics. Revascularization has been effectively used in clinical settings recently, giving dentists amazing outcomes. When administered alone or in conjunction with a bone transplant, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) encourages bone development and vascularization. There are many uses for PRF in regenerative endodontics, including as a tool for mending iatrogenic pulpal floor perforations and for revascularizing developing permanent teeth with necrotic pulps. It serves as a matrix for the ingrowth of tissue. It was seen that the dentinal walls thickened with time, the roots lengthened, the periapical pathology regressed, and the apex closed. The specific mechanism of action of PRF for dental pulp rejuvenation, including both vitro and in vivo, necessitates further study.
JUDGES IN A RACE AGAINST TIME. SELECTED COMMENTS IN LIGHT OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Partyk Aleksandra
Published: June 2023

The paper presents deliberations concerning adjudicating a case without undue delay, from the perspective of statements presented by judges which were gathered in the course of an empirical research project. The paper provides a voice in the discussion, focusing on some remarks made by the judges. The author, while interviewing judges and gathering questionnaires filled out by judges, collected a number of observations related to the time taken to hear cases. In the article it was shown that judges often pay attention to the problem of significant workload, which also manifests itself in their experiencing different types of emotions. The judges at the same time highlighted positive emotions they felt when the case was successfully resolved early thanks to a conciliatory attitude shown by the parties to the case, as well as negative emotions when the parties undertake actions aiming at prolonging proceedings. The article also analyses the importance of an appropriate preparation for pronouncing a decision by judges. The judges more often than not declared that what they need to make a decision is proper consideration and that they often prefer to put off the decision, in order not to issue it in a hurry, under the influence of strong emotions. Moreover, it is shown in the article that from the judges perspective experience gatheredover the years is significant and it can be very helpful in adjudicating
PRINCIPLES OF ENTRUSTING THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT WITH TASKS RELATED TO THE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA
Authors: Żmuda-Matan Kamila
Published: June 2023

The purpose of the publication is to analyze the principles of entrusting a local government service unit with tasks related to the provision of services involving the protection of personal data. The need to consider this issue results from the fact that local government units may freely adjust the scope of joint service provided by the service units, depending on their needs. An exemplary catalog of the types of tasks that may be covered by joint service enables the ongoing creation of solutions that respond to new phenomena and needs emerging in local government administration, including technical solutions. This is confirmed by the expression in particular used by the legislator in the local government acts. It should be assumed that the scope of joint service provided by local government service units is open, and therefore it also allows entrusting this entity with tasks in the field of personal data protection, whose administrators or processors are serviced units.
PRINCIPLES OF PROCEEDINGS IN A CONSTITUTIONAL COMPLAINT
Authors: Śladkowski Mariusz
Published: June 2023

The constitutional complaint was introduced into the Polish legal order with the entry into force of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997. In accordance with the will of the legislator, the Polish model of a constitutional complaint has been shaped as narrow, both in the sphere of the objective scope, which by definition includes normative acts, and the scope of complaint protection granted to the complainant, which is of a limited nature. The doctrine rightly emphasizes that the Constitution of the Republic of Poland has relatively broadly defined the system of individual freedoms and rights, thus giving them the rank of constitutional fundamental rights. The effective implementation of these rights depends on the provision of effective means of their protection. Among the latter, the constitutional complaint comes to the fore as a special, extra-instance and extra-judicial means of legal protection, opening an individuals access to the Constitutional Tribunal. The principles determining the proceedings before the Constitutional Tribunal include the principle of the right of citizens to court, the principle of material truth, the principle of equality, the principle of availability, the principle of constitutional legality, the principle of adversarial procedure, the principle of openness of proceedings, the principle of collegiality, the principle of directness, the principle of orality, the principle of concentration evidence, and finally the principle of procedural formalism.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF STUDENT ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Authors: Bieńkowska-Gołasa Wioletta , Krzyżanowska Krystyna
Published: June 2023

The aim of the article was to identify the socio-economic determinants of entrepreneurial behaviour of academic youth, including personal characteristics and social skills, motives for the decision to start their own business, as well as factors conducive and hindering its implementation. Issues related to entrepreneurship, broadly defined, are among the important and yet frequently undertaken research areas, not only by economists, but also by representatives of other disciplines, including management, finance, sociology or psychology. The study uses the literature on the subject, as well as the results of an empirical study carried out in 2017 among 1,189 students of SGGW in Warsaw and 488 students of the Pedagogical University Commission of National Education in Krakw. The comparative analysis shows that the most important motives for starting a business included students ability to pursue their own passions, independence and self-reliance, while the main barriers included lack of knowledge about starting and managing a business and too high costs of running a business. Respondents expected support in terms of access to business and economic knowledge as well as recognition of the possibility of obtaining funding to start a business.
The Double Role of Nutrients in Immunity
Authors:   Deniplant-Aide Sante Medical Center, Biomedicine, Bucharest, Romania, GIURGIU Gheorghe , COJOCARU Manole ,   Titu Maiorescu University, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
Published: June 2023

"Background Nutrients are the substances found in food which drive biological activity, and are essential for the human body. Dietary nutrients may be converted into metabolites by intestinal microbes that serve as biologically active molecules affecting regulatory functions in the host. Objectives To demonstrate role of nutrients as functional foods in the management of immunity. Materials and methods This includes the role of macronutrients, micronutrients, and the gut microbiome in mediating immunological effects. Nutritional modulation of the immune system has applications within the clinical setting, but can also have a role in healthy populations, acting to reduce or delay the onset of immune-mediated chronic diseases. Ongoing research in this field will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the role of diet and nutrients in immune function Results Probiotics may restore the composition of the gut microbiome and introduce beneficial functions to gut microbial communities, resulting in amelioration or prevention of gut inflammation and other intestinal or systemic disease phenotypes. A well- functioning immune system is critical for survival. The immune system must be constantly alert, monitoring for signs of invasion or danger. Cells of the immune system must be able to distinguish self from non-self and furthermore discriminate between non-self molecules which are harmful (e.g., those from pathogens) and innocuous non-self molecules (e.g., from food). Conclusion This presentation describes how diet and intestinal luminal conversion by gut microbes play a role in immune-mediated chronic diseases."
Exploring the Digital Space in Investigating the Gender Representation of Indonesian Professional Accountant Institutions
Authors: Qonita  , Maharani Satia Nur , Pujiningsih Sri
Published: June 2023

This study aims to determine and analyze how gender representation is framed from media positions, subject-objects, and readers' positions based on Critical Discourse Analysis Sara Mills. The preparation of the writing of this research uses a critical paradigm qualitative method. Data were retrieved from the website and online news from the Financial Services Authority, which focuses on programs segmented by women, for data collection in this study using participant observation or independent people as data validity by analyzing how the gender representation of professional accounting institutions is displayed based on Sara Mills' Critical Discourse Analysis. The research findings show that the subject's position in the discourse is presented as a female figure who is educated, successful in the public sphere, and can positively influence society. However, the representation of women in other programs is still low and is dominated by men.
THE INFLUENCING OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FATORS ON SHARE RETURN (CASE STUDY ON BANKING GO PUBLIC IN INDONESIA)
Authors: Siagian Pariang , Hakim Luqman
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this research is to examine the various factors that can affect operational efficiency and it impacts on share return in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2015 and 2020 years. Theoretical basis of a bank's efficiency can mitigate and control operating cost to operating income, include to share price/return that can be affected by internal factors such as capital adequacy ratio, loan-to-deposit ratio, and net interest margin; and external factors as though macroeconomic indicators like inflation rate and exchange rate. The research method used linear multiplier regression by conducting various tests, including descriptive statistics, determination, regression equation, hypothesis, and implication tests.  This study finds that the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan-To-Deposit Ratio (LDR), Inflation rate and Exchange rate have a significant effect on share return, whereas Operating Cost to Operating Income and Net Interest Margin have not an influence on Share Return.  The research’s usefulness is terribly important for several sides include managers, companies, and policymakers interested in addressing banking business operations and improving financial performance and mitigation strategies. The study highlighted that operating efficiency is not only related to internal factors but also external factors, hence it might be obtained of competitive advantage. Otherwise, this study has limitations, the parties including internal and external factors, as well as the research period, can be expanded for future researchers.
Discussion about the role of teacher authority when making a transition into creative problem-solving in mathematics
Authors: Andresen Mette , Dahl Bettina
Published: June 2023

When introducing a new kind of teaching activity into the classroom, the teacher cannot foresee whether the students will accept it or not. Even when the students do, there is a risk, that they might be neither able nor willing to adopt all aspects of it. The teacher, then, faces a dilemma between, on the one hand, trying to win the students over to this new activity, and on the other hand, exerting an authority that may overrule the students’ own initiatives and ideas and which includes the potential danger of “losing” the students. In this article, we present a retrospect re-analysis of an older case where the teacher faces such a dilemma. After analysing video recordings and interviews with the teacher through the lenses of authority, we discuss how the teacher handled this dilemma. Here we take a participationist’s perspective and apply theories on authority and positioning. From this perspective, we argue that the teacher’s choice of not clearly exerting his authority leaves the students in doubt about whether they fulfilled the requests. We conclude that in the present case a “too nice” atmosphere in the Norwegian classroom had obstructed the teacher’s desire to implement a profound change. We come to the general conclusion that teachers need to feel comfortable with being assertive and being willing to exercise authority for the implementation of a new teaching activity, including that of creative problem-solving.
The nurse's contribution to breastfeeding
Authors: Sales Adelita Sebastiana , Silva Andreara de Almeida e
Published: June 2023

Breastfeeding is a natural strategy of bonding, affection, protection, and nutrition for the child and constitutes the most sensitive, economical, and effective intervention for reducing infant morbidity and mortality (Peres, 2021), allowing for an impact on the promotion of the integral health of the mother/baby binomial and the rejoicing of the entire society (Andrade JA, 2016).
Optimal Grading Scales for Enhancing Product Evaluation by Infomediaries
Authors: Tartaraj Azeta , Trebicka Brunela
Published: June 2023

Infomediaries, such as movie critics, play a crucial role in evaluating product quality and providing valuable information to potential consumers. Their use of discrete grades, such as thumbs-up and thumbs-down, helps consumers make informed purchasing decisions. In this study, we aim to investigate how the grading process can be improved, addressing research questions such as determining quality cutoffs for each grade, identifying the optimal number of grades to use, exploring grading strategies for goals beyond informativeness (e.g., maximizing reviewer's traffic), and designing grading systems that encourage producers to enhance product quality. Through the use of an analytical model, we demonstrate that the optimal grade cutoffs are contingent upon the distributions of product quality and consumer taste. Additionally, we find that the resulting grading scale may exhibit unequal intervals. Surprisingly, our findings indicate that as few as five grades can approach optimality in terms of consumer welfare. Furthermore, we reveal that grading should be made more challenging when producers have the ability to invest in quality improvement. These insights shed light on the design of grading scales for reporting quality, offering practical guidance to infomediaries and industry stakeholders. By understanding the interplay between product quality, consumer preferences, and grading strategies, we can enhance the effectiveness and relevance of grading systems, ultimately empowering consumers to make more informed decisions.

 

Received: 12 January 2023 / Accepted: 16 March 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
Tribunal for the Russian Aggression in Ukraine: The Need for Accountability
Authors: Jusufaj Elvina
Published: June 2023

The Russian aggression against Ukraine has raised the need for accountability and international rule of law. Russia through committing the supreme international crime has deliberately violated basic international principles and norms such as state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine and the prohibition of the use of force. Member states of the United Nations drafted and agreed to create the International Criminal Court to punish the most serious crimes. The Kampala amendments of the Rome Statute on aggression, adopted a decade later, can be activated if the two states concerned have accepted ICC jurisdiction. Russia and Ukraine are not members of ICC, although the unilateral declarations of Ukraine accepting ICC jurisdiction can be exercised for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide committed in the territory of Ukraine. The lack of an international mechanism to punish the crime of aggression against Ukraine have triggered calls and actions to create a special tribunal with a limited focus on that crime, based on the development of international criminal law over the past eighty years. The EU recently agreed to establish an International Center for the prosecution of the crime of aggression – to preserve evidence and prepare the analysis of the evidence for the prosecution for future national or international trials – which is considered a first step in that direction. This research will analyze options to create either a special international tribunal or a hybrid tribunal to investigate whether Russia’s acts of violence in Ukraine constitute a crime of aggression and their prosecution. It will examine the legal basis of its establishment and functioning of the tribunal based on previous precedents, such as the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg), or other specialized courts integrated in a national justice system with international judges – hybrid court. It will also explore the indispensable role of the United Nations in establishing such a tribunal and its implications in ending the conflict.

 

Received: 13 January 2023 / Accepted: 17 March 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
The “CNN Effect” and Its Influence on US Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Authors: Tomja Alida
Published: June 2023

The “CNN effect” is a term that has been used to describe the influence of 24-hour news coverage on foreign policy decision-making, particularly in the context of the United States. The term was coined in the early 1990s following the Gulf War, during which CNN's live coverage of the conflict was widely credited with shaping public opinion and influencing US foreign policy decisions. Since then, the concept of the “CNN effect” has been the subject of much debate and analysis in the field of media and foreign policy. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the 'CNN effect' on US foreign policy, with a specific focus on its role in shaping public opinion and influencing policy outcomes. Through a case study of US foreign policy initiatives in Somalia, this study analyzes the relationship between media coverage and policy decisions. The methodology used in this study involves conducting an in-depth analysis of media coverage and policy decisions in the selected cases. A combination of primary and secondary sources, including news reports, government documents, and academic literature, was used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the “CNN effect” on US foreign policy decision-making. The findings of this study suggest that the “CNN effect” is a real phenomenon that has had a significant influence on US foreign policy decision-making. Media coverage can create pressure on policymakers to take action by generating a sense of urgency and demand for response among the public and other stakeholders. In addition, media coverage can shape the international community's response to a crisis or conflict, which can further influence policymakers. However, the impact of media coverage on foreign policy decisions is complex and multifaceted, as decision-makers must balance the information presented in the media with other factors, such as strategic interests and long-term goals. This paper contributes to the understanding of the relationship between media coverage and foreign policy decision-making, highlighting the importance of considering the influence of media in policy outcomes. Understanding the “CNN effect” can inform the strategies of policymakers, journalists, and the general public in shaping the discourse and decisions of US foreign policy.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 18 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Opportunities for the Socio-Economic Development of "Durana"
Authors: Petraj Andela
Published: June 2023

Sustainable development of the economy based on growth and territorial development has always been one of the biggest challenges of the central government. Tirana and Durres are two of the largest cities of the Republic of Albania. The expansion of their territorial extent (in some cases formal and in others informal) and the tendency for these two cities to meet brought the need to deal with this situation at the central level. The chaotic constructions, the lack of infrastructure as well as the severe damage to the national natural landscape brought the need to draw up a national strategy for this area. In order to guarantee a sustainable territorial and urban development of this area, the Ministry of Urban Development, in cooperation with the National Territorial Planning Agency, took the initiative to draw up the Intersectional Integrated Plan for the Tirana-Durres area. The main goal of this plan is to create the appropriate infrastructure for a sustainable territorial and economic development. This plan will serve to coordinate and unify local government policies between these areas in order to guarantee the economic, social and environmental development of the region, promoting the economy and improving the environment. At the same time, this strategy will also help as a guarantee for foreign investors and businesses, who are interested in being involved in the further development of the Tirana-Durres metropolitan region. In this paper, some important elements related to the development of this area will be treated, giving a modest contribution to the doctrine of law in Albania.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 15 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Social Protection Through Adequate Minimum Wage in the States of the European Union
Authors: Țop Dan , Hrestic Maria Luiza
Published: June 2023

The need to improve living and working conditions in the European Union, but also the idea of ensuring economic and social progress within it, required that the minimum income of each worker could be determined transparently and predictably by each member state, in accordance with social reality and in accordance with national legislation. Directive 2.041/2022 on the adequate minimum wage in the EU, states that from the moment of its entry into force (October 2022), member states have two years to transpose the provisions into domestic legislation. Not all EU countries will have the same adequate minimum income. Each state will establish its level according to social and economic conditions, purchasing power, productivity level and the evolution of macroeconomic indicators at the national level, but having as a guide precisely the provisions of the European directive and the principles it includes. Thus, countries that already have a minimum wage per economy are committed to changing its level according to a formula that ensures a decent living, is consistent with the inflation rate and can cover the minimum shopping basket for various necessary goods and services. Member States are recommended to update their minimum wages at least every two years, and in countries using an automatic indexation mechanism, at least every four years. In order to correctly calculate this income, the directive recommends that member states take as a starting point the value of the consumption basket (as provided by national statistical reports), or set this income at 60% of the median salary or at 50% of the salary gross average per economy. For example, a consumption basket for a decent living can be composed of costs for: food, clothing and footwear, housing insurance, furnishing and maintenance, household products and personal hygiene, services, education and culture, health care, recreation and vacation, savings fund. Romania (with just over 600 euros) ranks among the last EU countries, in 20th place out of 22, just ahead of Hungary and Bulgaria, on a scale of this indicator between 2,387 euros in Luxembourg and 399 euros in Bulgaria. The EU directive will generate greater transparency, certainty, stability and predictability on the labor market, and in times of crisis it will become an anchor for vulnerable citizens from EU countries, implicitly also for those from Romania.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 15 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
New Dimensions of Soft Power in the 21st Century
Authors: Uste Ahmet Nazmi , Aydin Ulviyye Sanili
Published: June 2023

Joseph S. Nye, who is considered one of the most influential scholars on the US politics, has attracted a great attention with his concept of “soft power” in the 1980s. Since then, the term of “soft power” has been used by many academics and politicians with different emphasis. Based on the claim that hard power elements are insufficient alone to reach the goals in modern age, the soft power theory needs to be reinterpreted with the addition of new dimensions in the 21st century. Now it is possible to discuss the use of soft power as a necessity, rather than just a preference for influencing different societies by creating admiration. The 21st century has brought up many new problems and practices to the international agenda. Although the pandemic Covid-19 is the most striking among them, the intertwining of regional wars and cooperations, global warming, environmental issues, migrations and terrorism have both changed the traditional ways of establishing relations between states and created global areas of struggle outside the states. Now the international community and the world public opinion have started to determine their admirable preferences based on the extent of support given to global cooperation and solidarity rather than strong armies or good movies. Using a literature review, this paper aims to draw attention to the new dimensions of soft power in the changing image of the 21st century.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
DEMOCRACY AND PUBLIC SERVICES
Authors: BALLA Arkend , KRAJA Gentiana
Published: June 2023

Public services play a key role in developing a country as well as in democratic stability in emerging societies. To realize this important mission, public services should be guided by principles of efficiency, effectiveness to fulfill the condition of general interest and general economic interest as well as promoted by the EU. At the same time, democracy orientes us towards a system governed by the principles of individual and groups competition, high inclusion of participatory politics in the selection of leaders and fair choice policies, press freedom, promotion of participation etc. As we mentioned above, it seems that the principles of democracy conflict with those of public services. The main purpose of this paper is to reflect and analyze the way how public services operate in democracy, how it affects the social development of a country, and what is the role of a public servant or public administrator in this case. The paper analyzes the democratic role of interest groups in improving government policies in order to implement reforms and increase the efficiency of the rule of law in Albania.The aims of the paper will be realized between the theoretical synthesis of literature, legislation and reports.
MODULE OF HOMEOMORPHISMS TO MODULE
Authors: KRASNIQI Gazmend , FILIPI Kristaq
Published: June 2023

In this article, after a concise presentation of the modules over rings as a generalization of vector space over the fields, their homeomorphisms are treated. Further builds R-module si R-module of morphisms of the modules.
CRIMINAL LAW: ITS EFFICIENCY AND INEFFICIENCY OF A REASONABLE TRIAL TIME
Authors: NDOJA Arjan
Published: June 2023

Criminal law constitutes of set of legal principles, determining criminal acts, when is considered a person criminally responsible and criminal sanctions attributed to who committed the offense. The main task of the criminal law is the study, progression and implementation of criminal legislation in the territory of the Republic of Albania. The essential feature of the criminal law relates to the efficiency that it transmits. According criminal principles point of view and the continuous study it can be understand whether further reformation is necessary or not. The effectiveness of criminal law appears as a feature enabling the proper recognition and understanding of the institutions, notions and in general, criminal law principles in force. Respectively, in practice, the science of criminal law helps to adequately interpret and apply criminal law principles.
THE NECESSITY OF ALBANIAN KINGDOM AND ITS LEGALITY
Authors: SPAHIU Ekrem
Published: June 2023

90 years ago, exactly on September 1, 1928, (Saturday), the Constitutional Assembly in its fourth meeting, unanimously adopted the Statute changes (i.e. the Constitution). Two of the most important ones were: “Albania is a democratic, parliamentary and hereditary Kingdom” and “The King of the Albanians is His Majesty – Zogu the First.”1
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS IMPLEMENTATION: ALBANIA AFTER THE FALL OF DICTATORSHIP (1990-2018)
Authors: SADIKU Blerina
Published: June 2023

International law is one of the main legal instruments which has influenced the implementation of Human Rights in various countries, especially in the last decades. Conventions regarding the protection of these kind of rights have gained a substantial importance especially after the Cold War. Nevertheless, the protection of human rights is still one of the most debatable issues among scholars, authors, and other societal actors. However, this paper will focus on the progress that Albania has made in the context of the Human Rights after the fall of dictatorship, since only at this point Albania was ready to embrace the international system’s set of values. During the early 1990s, several international actors played a major role in regard to human rights in the country [Albania]. Not only its political system was changed due to the international intervention, but also its economic and societal environment was considerably transformed. However, this paper aims to analyze the Albanian context regarding some of the main Fundamental Human Rights like the protection of human dignity, the right to life, the freedom of expression and the right to a fair trial, since these were some of the basic Human Rights which were suppressed under the dictatorial regime. Furthermore, this study will also focus on the actual debate of Human Rights by analyzing the right of good administration as one of the main fundamental rights that individuals should enjoy nowadays, as it is stated in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Despite the fact that Albania has shown substantial progress in this background [amelioration of Human Rights] since the fall of dictatorship, according to several international organizations’ reports there is still considerable work to be done in this background.
The Right of Navigation and Development in the Albanian Reality
Authors: Kadrimi Leonard
Published: June 2023

Transport is an important phenomenon in the world and national economy and, as such, the need has long arisen for a better legal regulation with a tendency that goes towards uniformity due to the nature of the transport phenomenon as essentially international and, on the other hand, the traffic flow of goods cannot avoid the impact of legislation with special national characteristics. In this paper we will give an analysis of how transport and navigation law has developed in the Albanian legal reality, what were the principles that guided our legislator in the adoption of legislation in the field of sea and air navigation and how much has influenced the integration process toward EU and the approximation of legislation with the EU in drafting the transport codes. In addition, giving a description of the Albanian legislation in the field of transport, we will analyze the international conventions that Albania has ratified and how these have influenced during the process of drafting the Albanian domestic legislation in the field of transport.
An Inclusive Education Policy Oriented to Profession is the Key to the Development of Albanian Economy (Historical Trends in Vocational School 2008-2018)
Authors: Sota Jani
Published: June 2023

Education is a key element in the social and economic life of society. The strength of quality education results in two levels: the level of personal development of the citizen and the level of development of society. On a personal level, education enables people to acquire knowledge, skills and to form critical thinking approaches and make choices about improving the quality of their lives. At the societal level, education is a strategic sector on which the overall development of Albania depends. As education is of strategic importance to the development of society, the state treats it as an essential issue and seeks to control or at least influence it. In this case, the relationship between education and the state is characterized by a certain degree of inclusiveness, in particular, the decentralization of control over inclusive and vocational-oriented education as the key to success in the development of Albanian economy. Building an effective, professionally oriented education system requires: first, it is clear who is responsible for it. There is a need for a competent team of public administration staff who remains in office even after changing governments or ministers to enable continuity in the sustainable implementation of education policies; second, a clear or strategic plan is needed (for the required number of schools each city should have, what subjects should be offered in line with market demands at national, regional and local level; what curriculumn, teaching materials and equipment technical requirements; which teachers and what training do they have in accordance with the admission criteria in the schools and the graduation criteria); third, it is important that students do not choose the vocational school system as a simple alternative to other schools for admission to the university (which may be considered a waste of money); fourth, ongoing coordination between the government and donors involved at the operational and practical levels; fifth, sustainable cooperation with private sector enterprises / companies and lastly, continuity over the years!

 

Received: 6 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
Role of Education in Shaping Preparedness for Disasters in Albania
Authors: Grabova Perseta , Pojani Elona
Published: June 2023

Education system is much affected by the challenges imposed by disasters. Disasters affect both demand and supply side of education. During a disaster event, the less developed communities are the ones who bear the highest costs of a damaged environment, and this affects also education provision. These impacts affect the quality of education and jeopardize the security of students and teachers involved in the process of teaching and learning. This article will focus on the importance of disaster risk communication and perception, in the context of implementing a complete disaster management cycle. In particular, attention will be paid to the impacts and role of education, as an important tool for risk communication, emphasized in both research and practice. The methodology the paper includes both desk research and primary data collection. The needs of implementing disaster risk studies in higher education institutions is thoroughly assessed. The past experience with inter-disciplinary studies in the Balkan Region and in Albania is summarized. In-depth interviews are in addition conducted to support our study. Accordingly, conclusion on the needs to develop and integrate disaster studies in current curricula in Higher Education in Albania are elaborated.

 

Received: 1 June 2021 / Accepted: 10 July 2021 / Published: 15 July 2021
School Management - New Concept and Practice in Albanian Education
Authors: Sota Jani
Published: June 2023

Education systems in democratic countries are characterized by the application of democratic principles in the organization, administration, and realization of education; from the intentions to be as open and flexible as possible. School management leads to increased internal and external effectiveness, improved provision, and combination of resources in dynamic structures to meet the basic goals of the system or institution. The aim of this study is devoted to the method of staff selection based on criteria and testing, material needs, field and facility services, health and safety, purchases and finances, information systems and transport, social security, liaison and communication with the public, legal services, etc., which have taken on the values of professionalism. The management of the school is seen not only in the vertical aspect, but also in the horizontal one that has to do with the creation of suitable conditions in everyday life and management of the school, at every level, including the following social actors: teachers, parents, students, leaders, professional or non-governmental associations, personalities of culture, economy, business, etc. Identifying the needs of effective school management makes us sensitive in processing work mentalities and professional relationships to simultaneously identify possible changes. Education employees, scholars and other activists of Albanian life considering new ideas and experiences in school reform from developed countries will present them with efficient choices that will produce inherent values.

 

Received: 30 October 2021 / Accepted: 2 December 2021 / Published: 9 December 2021