bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Views from Practice
Authors: Kunz-Hallstein Hans Peter
Published: July 2017

The ilo Tribunal’s Statute requires that staff members must exhaust available means of redress in order for their complaints to be received by the ilo Tribunal. In recent decisions, the ilo Tribunal has addressed the problem of internal appeals boards not being constituted in accordance with the international organization’s internal rules (by, for example, the relevant staff association failing to appoint appeals boards’ members) and the effect this failure has on the ilo Tribunal’s competence to hear a claim. This piece addresses the ilo Tribunal’s approach to such situations.
Two new species of Podonomus Philippi (Diptera: Chironomidae: Podonominae) from mountains of Southeastern Brazil
Authors: SHIMABUKURO ERIKA MAYUMI , PEPINELLI MATEUS , TRIVINHO-STRIXINO SUSANA
Published: July 2017

Two new species of Podonomus from southeastern Brazil are described. The adults and pupa of Podonomus mina sp. nov. and the male adult and the pupa of Podonomus itatiaia sp. nov. were described based on specimens collected from mountaintops. DNA barcodes of Podonomus mina sp. nov. were analyzed to investigate the molecular divergence among Podonomus populations in Brazil, and used as a tool to associate different development stages and sexes. The immature stages of P. mina sp. nov. and P. itatiaia sp. nov. live in madicolous habitats.
Evaluation and Improvement of Turbulence Parameterization inside Deep Convective Clouds at Kilometer-Scale Resolution
Authors: Verrelle Antoine , Ricard Didier , Lac Christine
Published: July 2017

A challenge for cloud-resolving models is to make subgrid schemes suitable for deep convective clouds. A benchmark large-eddy simulation (LES) was conducted on a deep convective cloud with 50-m grid spacing. The reference turbulence fields for horizontal grid spacings of 500 m, 1 km, and 2 km were deduced by coarse graining the 50-m LES outputs, allowing subgrid fields to be characterized. The highest values of reference subgrid turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) were localized in the updraft core, and the production of subgrid TKE was dominated by thermal effects at coarser resolution (2 and 1 km) and by dynamical effects at finer resolution than 500 m. Countergradient areas due to nonlocal mixing appeared on the subgrid vertical thermodynamical fluxes in the updraft core and near the cloud top. The subgrid dynamical variances were anisotropic but the difference between vertical and horizontal variances diminished with increasing resolution. Then offline and online evaluations were conducted for this deep convective case with two different parameterization approaches at kilometer-scale resolution and gave the same results. A commonly used eddy-diffusivity turbulence scheme underestimated the thermal production of subgrid TKE and did not enable the countergradient structures to be reproduced. In contrast, the approach proposed by Moeng, parameterizing the subgrid vertical thermodynamical fluxes in terms of horizontal gradients of resolved variables, reproduced these characteristics and limited the overestimation of vertical velocity.
SCRITTURA E MEMORIA NELLA VITA E NELLA POESIA DI DINO CAMPANA
Authors: Seaman R. Francesca
Published: July 2017

L'analisi di alcuni aspetti del lavoro di Campana rivela traumi ed eventi che illuminano il significato della parola poetica, aldilà dei limiti contestuali. Questo saggio cerca di recuperare l'universo sepolto della realtà interiore del poeta attraverso lo studio delle immagini nella poesia e il collegamento di queste sia ad alcuni eventi biografici che alla malattia mentale chelo colpiva. Lo studio si vale a volte di un approccio psicoanalitico al testo e riprende anche il rapporto del poeta con la madre nel tentativo di far emergere i legami tra la parola poetica, l'esperienza di vita, e l'esperienza ontologica della psiche. Questo saggio indaga alcuni testi di Dino Campana, documenti relativi agli internamenti in manicomio, e lettere che rivelano il quadro familiare e sociale della vita del poeta.
IL DELITTO INSCENATO: LANDOLFI RACCONTA GABORIAU
Authors: Horn Vera
Published: July 2017

Il racconto landolfiano rivolge spesso lo sguardo su sé stesso, in un percorso che non solo vede il processo di composizione rappresentato, ma anche scomposto, disfatto, contestato, demistificato. Spesso questo sguardo beffardo e impietoso rivolto alla propria creazione esce dal dominio della pagina landolfiana per andare a ripensare tutta una tradizione narrativa ancorata su stilemi e principi che lo scrittore cerca di decostruire. Il racconto quindi passa a rappresentare lo spazio del narrato, che spesso si alimenta delle sue proprie perplessità e angosce. Landolfi raffigura nella sua pagina la condizione insufficiente della letteratura, in una specie di gioco che mette a nudo le limitazioni e in certi casi anche il fallimento della scrittura.

Nel racconto A rotoli, della raccolta Racconti Impossibili (1966), Landolfi ricrea il racconto giallo con una trama molto semplice in cui lo schema del poliziesco classico, che ha radici in Edgar Allan Poe e Emile Gaboriau, viene a meno per l'impre-vedibilità di un dettaglio motivato da un angosciante dubbio che muove il protagonista. Il giallo di Landolfi rompe con gli stilemi del genere nell'affidare al caso, all'incertezza e all' errore le sorti di un racconto tradizionalmente basato sulla logica, la certezza e la verità, dissacrando cosi un modello esemplare e affermando con ciò l'impossibilità del racconto stesso.
Trade, Competition and the WTO
Authors: Gogia Mohit
Published: July 2017

The rise in global activities has seen the form of an international system on competition regulation being discussed heatedly in the academic circles. Well-organized international competition would maximize not only global welfare, but economic freedom as well. Although a comprehensive agreement on competition policy is yet to come into the WTO regime, there are several provisions in the existing WTO agreements that deal with competition matters. In this respect, competition policy is already an integral part of the WTO. There are, however, still a few unresolved issues and hence a need to negotiate and establish an agreement to secure better and more equitable conditions for international trade, facilitating effective voluntary cooperation on anti-competitive practices which adversely affects international trade and assisting WTO Members in the establishment, implementation and enforcement of competition rules within their respective jurisdictions.
WTO and Dairy Trade
Authors: Elumalai K. , Sharma R.K.
Published: July 2017

This paper critically analyzes the extent of liberalization of international dairy trade under WTO rules. The paper is organized into four sections. The first section presents a brief history of international dairy trade negotiations under GATT. The broad disciplines of GATT and the current issues related to their implemen- tation are presented in the second section. The recent developments on agricultural trade negotiations are presented in the third section and the concluding remarks are made in the final section.
A Study of Export Marketing and Other Business Practices of Select Garment Exporters
Authors: Kathuria Lalit Mohan , Singh Raghbir
Published: July 2017

The Apparel industry is one of the largest sources of foreign exchange in the country. India exported garments worth US$6.46 billion in 2003. With the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) phase-out coming to an end in December 2004, India could be the big winner after China. India has the potential to increase its share from US$6 billion to US$20 billion by 2010. The dismantling of the quota regime presents both an opportunity as well as threat. Export markets will no longer be restricted for want of quotas whereas there looms a threat also, because markets will no longer be guaranteed by quotas. There is a need to devise new strategies, thus moving from cost-based competition to time-based and value-based competition. This paper examines the export marketing and other business practices of apparel exporters situated in Delhi and Ludhiana region. It also highlights the areas which required immediate attention of the owners of the studied units. In addition, the paper identifies the strategies for garment exporters that will help them in increasing their export share.
Contrasting Employee Assistance, Health Promotion, and Quality of Work Life Programs and Their Effects on Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
Authors: Sonnenstuhl William J.
Published: July 2017

Numerous programs addressing employee alcohol abuse and dependence have appeared in organizations in the U.S. since the 1940s. Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) have effectively used a dual strategy of constructive confrontation and counseling for dealing with problem drinkers at the work site. In many organizations, however, practitioners have begun to treat problem drinkers by altering this strategy and/or relying on health promotion programs (HPPs) and quality of work life (QWL) efforts. This article compares EAPs, HPPs, and QWL, discussing their theoretical underpinnings, methods, and demonstrated effectiveness in treating alcohol abuse and dependence. The author encourages cooperation among EAP, HPP, and QWL practitioners in addressing work place factors related to drinking problems, and makes several recommendations for future research.
Perceptions of an Employee Assistance Program and Employees' Willingness to Participate
Authors: Harris Michael M. , Fennell Mary L.
Published: July 2017

Little empirical research has examined employees' perceptions of employee assistance programs (EAPs) and their willingness to participate in them. A sample of 150 employees of a white collar firm was surveyed to determine the responden' attitudes, perceptions, and willingness to use various resources for help with alcohol abuse and dependence, their beliefs about the causes and stigma of alcoholism and reasons for drinking, and their levels of alcohol consumption. The results indicate that men and women appear equally willing to use EAPs, although they differ somewhat in their perceptions of and attitudes toward them. The authors also found that willingness to obtain help from an EAP was greatly influenced by a respondent's familiarity with the program, perceptions of its trustworthiness and opportunities for personal attention, level of alcohol consumption, and beliefs about drinking to reduce job-related stress.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Drug Use and Work Patterns among Middle-Class, White Adults
Authors: White Helene Raskin , Aidala Angela , Zablocki Benjamin
Published: July 2017

This article explores the relationship between drug use and patterns of living and working for a sample of middle-class, white “baby boomers” who have lived in communal households. A longitudinal investigation was initiated in the mid-1970s with 806 persons and followed up in 1986–1987 with 79% of these subjects. During interviews, the subjects supplied data related to their work and financial status, work-related attitudes and behavior, life status, and histories of drug use (i.e., types of drugs used, and quantity, frequency, and duration of use). The results indicate that neither chronic nor current use of marijuana or alcohol had adversely affected the subjects' occupational status and achievement in middle adulthood, although a relationship was found between daily alcohol consumption and delaying marriage and childbearing. The authors warn against extrapolating the results for this unique sample to the larger population, but note the implications they have for future research.
Word Scales for Degrees of Opinion
Authors: Dodd Stuart Carter , Gerbrick Thomas R.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes experiments relating to the choice of words and phrases for use in questionnaires and public opinion polls. It is concerned particularly with expressions of degree or intensity of belief or opinion, and of temporal frequency.

Sets of phrases were presented to groups of subjects in random order, in serial order, and in context and the subjects were asked to place each item on a nine-point scale. From the results, the mean scale position and the ambiguity of each item were calculated; these data were combined with an index of the length of each item (in words per syllable) and the frequency of its occurrence in the language generally to provide criteria for the choice of suitable word-scales. A number of recommended sets of phrases are given, together with their appropriate scale ratings, positions and ranges.
A Serial Position Effect in the Preparation of Abstracts
Authors: Warr Peter B.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments are reported which were designed to increase understanding of the process of abstracting from complex verbal passages. The experiments test three hypotheses : that a primacy effect will be observed (H1), that this effect will be more pronounced in the case of subjects who have little interest in the passage to be summarized (H2), and that interest in the passage will be positively related to the amount of material abstracted (H3).

The experiments are of the same design. This requires that two versions of a passage be used, and that the order in which the halves of the passage are presented be varied. Results of the two experiments are consistent with the validity of H1, but do not support H2 or H3. The need to compare abstraction behaviour with recall performance is emphasized.
A Study of Pauses in Oral Reading of One's Native Language and English
Authors: Black John W. , Tosi Oscar , Singh Sadanand , Takefuta Yukio
Published: July 2017

Seventy-two students, representing equally Hindi, Spamsh, and Japanese speakers, served as experimental subjects. Each group was equally subdivided between students who were more and ones who were less proficient in aural comprehension of English. All participants recorded a philosophical essay in both their native language and in English. The statistical treatment was based upon the median duration of each speaker's distribution of pauses in reading a two-minute portion of the passage. The groups of higher and lower levels of proficiency in the aural reception of English differed significantly both in the median length of pauses and the accompanying semi-interquartile range. Language groups differed in median duration of pauses, but not in semi-interquartile range. There was no difference in the length or distribution of pauses that the students used in reading in their native language and in English.
Variations in Vowel Intensity Measurements
Authors: Sharf Donald J.
Published: July 2017

Measurements were made of the intensities of vowels produced in isolation and in CVC syllables by three adult speakers. It was found that the predicted direct relationship with vowel opening did not apply to vowel intensity measures obtained. Similar results were found for both level recorder and voltmeter measurements. The lack of predicted relationship did not appear to be due to any effect of consonant environment. Increasing vocal effort did tend to increase the intensity of open vowels more than that of close vowels. It is suggested that reversals in the predicted relationship between vowel intensity and vowel opening may be due to variations in vocal effort and in voice quality.
Spectral Form and Duration as Cues in the Recognition of English and German Vowels
Authors: Bennett David C.
Published: July 2017

Pairs of short and long vowels, such as English / / and /3: / as in shut vs. shirt, differ from each other in both spectral form and duration. Experiments were carried out on two such pairs of English vowels and two pairs of German vowels, using synthetic speech, in order to assess the relative importance of the two cues in the discrimination of the vowels. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the importance of the duration cue is inversely proportional to the distance between the qualities of a given pair of vowels. The results showed in addition that spectral form is in general more important than duration in vowel recognition in both English and German, since it is only when two vowels are very close in quality that the duration cue is more important for their discrimination.

To examine the possibility that the different linguistic background of speakers of English and German might influence the amount of attention they devote to spectral form and duration, English and German subjects were presented with a test in which they had to discriminate a pair of back, unrounded vowels, [ ] and [ :], that occur neither in English nor in German. For the English subjects the duration cue was slightly more important than the spectral form cue. The Germans, on the other hand, discriminated the vowels largely on the basis of the spectral form cue. These results are in accordance with predictions that might be made from consideration of the phonological systems of the two languages.
Phonemic Interference as a Perceptual Phenomenon
Authors: Scholes Robert J.
Published: July 2017

The paper reports the results of a series of experiments in which a set of synthetic vocalic stimuli were presented to speakers of various languages under two conditions. In the first condition, the subject was asked to decide whether or not the sound heard was like a vowel sound of his native language and, if so, to give an example word containing that sound. The examples were then grouped by the subject so that all examples of the same vowel sound were put together. This procedure results in a categorization of the stimuli closely resembling a vowel phoneme inventory of the subject's native language. In the second condition, the subject was asked to repeat the experiment, responding in reference to English vowel sounds. It was found that his English responses are predictable from his native language responses and not from the inventory of English vowel phonemes.
Phonetic and Phonological Processes: The Case of Nasalization
Authors: Solé Maria-Josep
Published: July 2017

The aim of this paper is to differentiate between universal phonetic processes and language-specific phonological processes. Cross-linguistic data on coarticulatory nasalization of vowels preceding a nasal consonant were obtained across different speech rates in American English and Spanish. The data show that in American English the temporal extent of vowel nasalization varies with speech rate, whereas in Spanish, nasalization has a constant temporal extent across speech rates. It is argued that the different behavior of nasalization in these two languages reflects different inputs to speech production: In Spanish, vowels followed by a nasal are targeted as oral and nasalization is an unintended vocal tract constraint, whereas, in American English, vowels are targeted as nasalized and vowel nasalization is a phonological effect, intentionally implemented by the speaker. It is suggested that in American English, vowels followed by a tautosyllabic nasal are phonologically specified as nasal as a result of sound change. Data on perceived vowel nasalization in American English are reviewed and shown to be compatible with this proposal.
On the Role of Perception in Shaping Phonological Assimilation Rules
Authors: Hura Susan L. , Lindblom Björn , Diehl Randy L.
Published: July 2017

Assimilation of nasals to the place of articulation of following consonants is a common and natural process among the world's languages. Recent phonological theory attributes this naturalness to the postulated geometry of articulatory features and the notion of spreading (McCarthy, 1988). Others view assimilation as a result of perception (Ohala, 1990), or as perceptually tolerated articulatory simplification (Kohler, 1990). Kohler notes that certain consonant classes (such as nasals and stops) are more likely than other classes (such as fricatives) to undergo place assimilation to a following consonant. To explain this pattern, he proposes that assimilation tends not to occur when the members of a consonant class are relatively distinctive perceptually, such that their articulatory reduction would be particularly salient. This explanation, of course, presupposes that the stops and nasals which undergo place assimilation are less distinctive than fricatives, which tend not to assimilate. We report experimental results that confirm Kohler's perceptual assumption: In the context of a following word initial stop, fricatives were less confusable than nasals or unreleased stops. We conclude, in agreement with Ohala and Kohler, that perceptual factors are likely to shape phonological assimilation rules.
The Phonetics and Phonology of Perceptually Motivated Articulatory Covariation
Authors: Kingston John
Published: July 2017

This paper presents evidence that the acoustic effects of demonstrably independent articulations are integrated in the perception of vowel height and [voice] contrasts. This evidence supports two hypotheses: That, in at least some instances, articulatory covariation is perceptually motivated, and that the objects of speech perception are auditory rather than articulatory. Furthermore, it appears that perceptual integration can either increase or decrease the distinctiveness of contrasting speech sounds, so it may not only create favored patterns of articulatory covariation but also disfavored patterns. This suggests that integration is a product of general auditory mechanisms, not of mechanisms specific to speech perception.
The Phonological Representation of [VOICE] in Speech Perception
Authors: Jongman Allard , Sereno Joan A. , Raaijmakers Marianne , Lahiri Aditi
Published: July 2017

This paper examines to what extent phonological representations affect word identification. The contrast under investigation involves the interaction between voicing and vowel length in Dutch. Dutch has underlying contrasts both in obstruent voicing and in vowel length. The voicing contrast is neutralized on the surface in syllable-final position. Also, both long and short vowels are lengthened by some 25 msec when followed by medial voiced obstruents. The present study investigated whether this vowel length cue influenced listeners when hearing stimuli with ambiguous vowel duration in an identical, neutralized consonantal context in which the underlying representation of the obstruent following the vowel differed in voicing. A vowel length continuum ([at] to [a:t]) was created and appended to initial consonants to make two pairs of real words. Each pair differed in vowel length with opposite underlying final consonant representations: /zat/-/za:d/, and /stad/-/sta:t/. Our question was whether the vowel category boundaries would be different in pairs like /zat/-/za:d/ as compared to /stad/-/sta:t/. Although the underlying consonant is either voiced or voiceless, the surface word-final consonant for both pairs of stimuli is always voiceless ([t]). If the listener uses a surface representation with a voiceless consonant to recognize the words, there should be no difference in categorization of the vowel-length continua. The results of a vowel categorization task, however, showed a significant difference in the location of the phoneme boundaries between the two continua, suggesting that listeners' perception seems to be guided by the underlying phonological representation of words.
Context Effects in a Double-Weak Theory of Speech Perception
Authors: Nearey Terrance M.
Published: July 2017

The present study provides an elaboration of the “double-weak” theory of speech perception proposed by Nearey (1990, 1991). In this framework, the objects of speech perception (and production) are viewed as neither primarily auditory nor primarily gestural; rather, they are abstract, symbolic elements lawfully constrained to map onto relatively simple (but not entirely transparent) patterns in both domains. Speech cannot be understood unless both articulation and acoustics are considered: Many production strategies appear to be directed at achieving acoustically-oriented goals, yet most context effects in speech perception seem to be motivated by the consequences of gestural overlap. The double-weak framework suggests that speech perception and speech production are less-than-perfect inverses of each other. Despite long-term accommodation of each for the demands of the other, real-time production and perception may operate as autonomous subsystems. A family of perceptual models is discussed that provides varying degrees of approximation to “ideal solutions” (in the sense of minimizing error rate) to classifying production data exhibiting contextual interactions. Members of this family that provide substantial, yet incomplete, compensation for the consequences of gestural overlap appear to be adequate to account for the results of many speech perception experiments. Such partial perceptual compensation allows, in principle, for the kind of imperfect “error correction” discussed by Ohala (1981, 1990) in conjunction with hypo-and hypercorrec-tion phenomena.
A Commercial Large-Vocabulary Discrete Speech Recognition System: DragonDictate
Authors: Mandel Mark A.
Published: July 2017

DragonDictate is currently the only commercially available general-purpose, large-vocabulary speech recognition system. It uses discrete speech and is speaker-dependent, adapting to the speaker's voice and language model with every word. Its acoustic adaptability is based in a three-level phonology and a stochastic model of production. The phonological levels are phonemes, augmented triphones (phonemes-in-context or PICs), and steady-state spectral slices that are concatenated to approximate the spectra of these PICs (phonetic elements or PELs) and thus of words. Production is treated as a hidden Markov process, which the recognizer has to identify from its output, the spoken word. Findings of practical value to speech recognition are presented from research on six European languages.
Production and Detection of Speech Errors in Silent, Mouthed, Noise-Masked, and Normal Auditory Feedback Speech
Authors: Postma Albert , Noordanus Catharina
Published: July 2017

In this study subjects had to report their errors during the speeded production of tongue twister sentences in one of four speech conditions: silent, mouthed, noise-masked, and normal auditory feedback speech. In contrast to the other three conditions, silent speech comprises speech planning but no articulation. Error monitoring in the normal auditory feedback condition may occur both by means of an inner speech (prearticulatory) loop and by means of auditory feedback, whereas in the other conditions only the first channel is available. The results showed that reported error rates were roughly equal in the silent, mouthed, and noise-masked condition, with an increase in the normal auditory feedback condition. Significantly more phonemic-sized errors and disfluencies were reported with auditory feedback, whereas word errors were less frequent. Notwithstanding the differences with respect to error size, report rates for the individual error categories (e.g. anticipations, perseverations, substitutions, etc.) did not differ notably for the four conditions. Errors typically occurred at the same points across speech conditions. These results suggest that speech planning processes are similar in the four speech conditions. Moreover, actual motor execution (i.e. articulation) does not appear to be an important contributor to the error events under study. The main difference between conditions can be attributed to the available monitoring channels.
Utilisation of Grassland
Authors: Hamilton R. A.
Published: July 2017

Young grass is the ideal food for the grazing animal. It is rich in all essential nutrients and is cheaper to produce than most other feeds. The chief aims of the livestock farmer must be to get plenty of young grass for grazing in early spring and late autumn, when it is most needed, and to conserve any surplus, particularly as silage, for winter feeding. This will make his farm more self-supporting and lower the cost of livestock products.
Diseases and Pests of Rice in Japan
Authors: Padwick G. Watts
Published: July 2017

In no country is the technique of rice-growing so advanced as in Japan. Dr. Padwick, author of “Manual of Rice Diseases” reports on the extensive use now being made by the Japanese of chemicals to control rice pests and diseases.
Bloat Investigations
Authors: Ferguson W. S. , Terry R. A.
Published: July 2017

Bloat is an important nutritional disorder of cattle and sheep grazing on legumes, though it can arise on grasses. It has been the subject of much research within the last few years, and it is now known that “frothy” bloat can be prevented by applying surface-active agents to pastures. This method, however, is likely to be uneconomic for general use, and further research aimed at eliminating the bloating power of growing legumes is needed.
Wild Oats
Authors: Stubbs J.
Published: July 2017

Few weeds af arable land are so difficult to eradicate as wild oats, mainly owing to the persistence of seeds in the soil and kinship of the species to cultivated cereals. Cultural measures are beneficial but limited in application. Chemical treatments have proved of value in broad-leaved crops, and there is hope that they may yet reduce the weed in cereals, though much work must be done before this can be achieved in practice.
New Developments in Rearing Pigs
Authors: Braude R.
Published: July 2017

Great interest is now being taken by pig-keepers in the new rearing methods discussed in this paper. These show that piglets can be successfully weaned when a few days old and reared on milk substitutes. In this way more than two litters can be raised in a year and some of the losses met in natural rearing can be avoided; but substitute foods are costly, and much remains to be learned before the methods can be generally recommended.
Resistance to Insecticides
Authors: Newman J. F.
Published: July 2017

Many problems that are difficult to solve have been created by the appearance and spread of insecticide-resistant strains of insects. We now know that resistance is inherited, rapidly acquired and slow to be lost, and ways have been indicated in which it may arise; but more must be discovered about the mechanism of action of the toxicants and their metabolism in the insect body before the nature of the trouble can be fully understood.
Developments in the Field of Parasitic Bronchitis
Authors: Groves T. W.
Published: July 2017

Rapid progress has now been made in the control of lungworm disease. An anthelmintic has been found that is effective against adult worms, and a devitalized larval vaccine at present on field trial is showing promise of safely conferring immunity to the disease. How animals acquire resistance is well understood, but husbandry measures have not been devised that would enable grazing stock to be raised in relative immunity to infection.
Plant Diseases in the Colonies
Authors: Padwick G. Watts
Published: July 2017

There is a general dearth of accurate information on the incidence and economic importance of crop diseases, and only in post-war years have appreciable efforts been made to fill this gap. Knowledge of the kind is of great value not only to plant pathologists but to those who are directly concerned in planning research and development work on a national scale, especially in tropical countries where diseases frequently cause very heavy losses.
The Accumulation and Adhesion of Insecticides on Leaf Surfaces
Authors: David W. A. L.
Published: July 2017

When an insecticide is dusted or sprayed on plants its efficiency depends not only on the inherent toxicity of the chemical but on the form and persistency of the deposit. Many factors determine the fate of the particles that reach the treated surface, and it is essential to have a sound knowledge of the principles at work in developing methods and materials that will ensure the best possible coverage and protection in the field.
Control of Fungal Diseases of Fruit in Storage
Authors: Turner J. N.
Published: July 2017

Spoilage of fruit during transport and storage presents many complex problems. So varied are the conditions under which the fruits have to be kept and so numerous the organisms responsible for decays that several different methods are needed to ensure successful preservation. Among these the use of organic chemicals in dips, skin coatings and wraps is proving to be of great value in reducing losses between the orchard and the market.
Hypomagnesaemia and Grass Fertilization in the Netherlands
Authors: Van Der Molen H.
Published: July 2017

The nitrogenous fertilization of grass has made great headway in Britain since the war. It is of interest, therefore, to record experience from the Netherlands, where grass is even more heavily fertilized, concerning the practical control of grass tetany in milking cows, a topic that was touched on in Outlook, III, No. 4. The primary requirement is to maintain an adequate magnesium level in grass by avoiding luxury absorption of potassium.
Some Problems in Intensive Cereal Production
Authors: Bullen E. R.
Published: July 2017

Simplification and specialization on the farm are part of the agricultural revolution of the 20th century, a change not yet fully accomplished in Britain. Continuous, or intensive, cereal growing is an attractive goal; pioneers have shown that the maintenance of high cereal yields is possible. Nevertheless, the practice may encounter difficulties—some of them now well understood and not insuperable—that are discussed in the article.
Some Nutritional Implications of Metabolism in the Rumen
Authors: Ashton W. M.
Published: July 2017

If human diets are to improve, greater use must be made of animal protein—of milk and meat, with their accompanying vitamins, minerals and fats. The changes that occur when animal feeds—grass, compounded feedingstuffs and synthetics—are converted by ruminants and non-ruminants are therefore of great interest, not only in themselves or as a guide to the correct feeding of the animal, but as a step towards meeting pressing needs.
Iron, a Natural Soil Indicator
Authors: Oades J. M.
Published: July 2017

The way iron compounds originate in soil and the means by which they are transferred and deposited are discussed. Natural conditions favouring the production of one or other of the many known iron oxides, and the forms in which they tend to accumulate in temperate and tropical soils, are detailed and interpreted. Some practical aspects are mentioned, including iron chlorosis and the possibility of measuring reduction states in paddy soils.
Growth, Development and Yield in the Potato
Authors: Ivins J. D. , Bremner P. M.
Published: July 2017

In the potato plant there is competition for assimilates between foliage and tubers, and the balance can swing in one direction or the other depending on the treatments received. Skill in crop husbandry has found ways by which the crop can be manipulated towards higher returns. Growth analysis studies have now provided some understanding of the factors involved, better knowledge of which could lead to greater control over crop yields.
Rural Development in Southern Rhodesia — An Experimental Intensive Dairy Unit
Authors: Rowland J. W.
Published: July 2017

In Europe, as in Russia and the U.S.A., economic agricultural production is becoming centred more and more on large farms; in developing countries the basic family holding is usually a small plot. A 300-acre intensive dairy farm, with integrated crops and pastures, has been carefully costed over several years, and shows one way in which groups of African workers, under guidance and with specialist advice, can begin to help themselves.
Studies of Herbage Digestibility by an in Vitro Method
Authors: Raymond W. F. , Terry R. A.
Published: July 2017

The procedure described is relatively simple: a sample of milled herbage is incubated with a mixed culture of micro-organisms taken from the rumen of a sheep or steer, any undigested residue being given a second digestion with acid pepsin. As only small samples are required, the method is particularly suitable for use in herbage breeding studies, for screening and testing new varieties, and for establishing the changes in digestibility that occur as plants mature.
Irrigation in semi-arid regions
Authors: Hoare E. R.
Published: July 2017

A land area can be considered semi-arid if it has an annual rainfall of less than 15 inches and if the evaporation from a water surface exceeds 45 inches. Such areas, under irrigation, can be highly productive agriculturally and can also provide congenial living conditions. The extension of irrigation to new territories could contribute greatly to feeding and clothing the world's population.
Irrigation of vegetables in Britain
Authors: Winter E. J.
Published: July 2017

In Britain crop irrigation is a relatively recent development. Investigations at the National Vegetable Research Station have contributed greatly to our knowledge of the water requirements of vegetables and the retention characteristics of soils on which they are grown. The competing demands of domestic and industrial users of water are such that the aim of crop irrigation for some years must be the use of small quantities of water to the best advantage.
Paraquat as a tool for grassland renewal
Authors: Allen H. P.
Published: July 2017

Three properties of paraquat suggest its use for grassland renewal: rapid absorption into foliage imparting rainfastness, effectiveness against grasses and almost instantaneous inactivation on all but the very lightest of mineral soils. Extensive investigations, both in small plots and on a farm scale under a variety of conditions, have largely confirmed the original promise. Inevitably, in a new development, ancillary techniques are required. In this case new sod seeding methods have been investigated.
The fate of paraquat in soils
Authors: Calderbank A. , Tomlinson T. E.
Published: July 2017

An outstanding property of the bipyridylium herbicides is the rapidity with which they are inactivated in contact with soils. The initial inactivation is attributable to strong adsorption on soil colloids and, as may be expected, is governed by the nature of the soil. Subsequent degradation may be induced by ultraviolet radiation or, below the soil surface, by the activity of the microflora. The agronomic significance of these mechanisms is described by reference to recent work on paraquat.
Aerial photography in agriculture
Authors: Brenchley G. H.
Published: July 2017

Developments in aerial photography in archaeology and military reconnaissance have not as yet been fully exploited in agriculture. The author has applied aerial photography to the solution of certain problems in plant pathology and, almost incidentally, has shown that this approach is applicable to a wide range of agronomic problems. The significance both to farm management and to agricultural control on a national level becomes apparent.
Land and water resource planning in developing countries
Authors: Robertson V. C.
Published: July 2017

Land and water resources must be identified, characterized and quantified as an essential preliminary to agricultural development. Some of the techniques employed are described and discussed. The successful exploitation of these resources demands an accurate appraisal of socio-economic targets, which themselves must be amenable to adjustment in the light of fresh information on resource availability. Human understanding, if not compassion, is a desirable attribute of the planner.
Beef cattle breeds and beef production
Authors: Baker H. K.
Published: July 2017

Increased beef production is accorded a high degree of priority in most developed countries. In Britain the Meat and Livestock Commission has initiated recording schemes that should greatly facilitate the selection of suitable breeds and crosses and also the development of beef production systems geared to local conditions and individual requirements. The results of surveys conducted in recent years are reported and discussed, the different systems being evaluated in economic terms.
The development of an automatic system for rearing lambs artificially
Authors: Treacher T. T. , Penning P. D.
Published: July 2017

The efficiency of meat production in sheep can be increased by achieving a larger litter size or by increasing the frequency of breeding to give, say, three litters in two years. The former approach demands the use of some method of artificial rearing which, in the past, has been a labour intensive operation. The authors describe and discuss a system which makes minimal demands on labour and appears to ensure both a satisfactory growth rate and efficient feed conversion.
Agriculture and the survival of partridges
Authors: Potts G. R.
Published: July 2017

The conservation of game birds has long been practised in Europe although, until recently, some of the methods used may have lacked a sound ecological basis. In Britain, despite such conservation, partridge numbers have declined since the mid 1950s. There may still be a little uncertainty about the relative importance of some of the factors involved in this decline, but there can be very little doubt that radical and continuing changes in agricultural practice are the ultimate cause.
Nutrient losses from agricultural land
Authors: Tomlinson T. E.
Published: July 2017

Pollution of rivers and lakes has deservedly attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. It has been claimed that the use of fertilizers on agricultural land has resulted in an alarming rise in nitrate content, producing algal blooms and threatening the safety of domestic water supplies. While no responsible citizen would oppose the adoption of a watchful attitude towards the eutrophication of inland waters, the facts—in Britain, at least—do not warrant an alarmist view.
The multiple use of land
Authors: Prillevitz F. C.
Published: July 2017

Human activities make contrasting demands on land use. In the early years of civilization these could be met by allocation to one or other use. Except in a few areas, this system of allocation has persisted almost to the present time. Now, the density of human population, the mobility of that population and the wider horizons of individual members have radically changed the situation. Land use must be planned as a whole and multiple use must receive increasing consideration.
Paraquat, mulch and the mineral nutrition of tea
Authors: Willson K C
Published: July 2017

A system of chemical weed control in tea has been evolved in East Africa which has cut costs to one quarter. Active root growth within the undisturbed mulch layer from prunings and leaf-fall has improved uptake of nutrients, particularly phosphate, leading to greater response to applied fertilizer nitrogen and higher profitability. This recycling of nutrients explains how dense stands of natural vegetation are maintained on soils low in many essential elements.
The effect of weather, drainage efficiency and duration of spring cultivations on barley yields in England
Authors: Smith L P
Published: July 2017

Daily rainfall data for twenty years in arable farming areas are analysed with respect to four standards of drainage and for three lengths of schedule of spring work. Distribution and frequency in time of available work days are interpreted in terms of lateness of sowing and of barley yield. Formulae are established to calculate average yield loss in terms of drainage standard and work schedule, enabling estimates to be made of the effect of planned improvements.
Toxicology of agricultural chemicals
Authors: Barnes J M
Published: July 2017

Attitudes towards pesticides are often irrational. International organizations have tended to be preoccupied with questions of residues and ‘acceptable daily intakes’ but have been slow to act in preventing recurrence of tragedies through release of chemically treated seed grain for human consumption or through contamination of food by spillage of pesticides transported in unsuitable containers. Governments have imposed or recommended few restrictions on the manufacture and distribution of some of the most toxic materials for which safer substitutes are already available.
The increasing problem of aphids in agriculture and horticulture
Authors: Baranyovits F
Published: July 2017

Aphid pests are becoming an increasingly serious problem, in which an enhanced supply of nitrogen in the soil, the introduction of selective herbicides and the enlarged area of certain crops are possibly relevant factors. It has been accentuated by the development of insecticide-resistant strains, some confined to particular crops and areas, others affecting several crops in many parts of the world. Concerted action is needed, involving the use of selective insecticides in integrated pest control programmes and further research to develop a broader range of such insecticides.
EEC entry and the UK fruit industry in the light of Dutch experience
Authors: Spoor P A , Goedegebure J
Published: July 2017

From a Dutch viewpoint English growers have hitherto been sheltered by the quota system, competition has been limited and prices have depended on the size of the home crop. The Dutch on the other hand, facing competition from Italy and Southern France, have been obliged to modernize and intensify in order to stay in business. UK growers are urged to profit from Dutch experience during the interval before they have to face the full brunt of European competition.
“No-till” crop production proving a most promising conservation measure
Authors: Gard L E , Mckibben G E
Published: July 2017

Traditional methods of soil cultivation in the Corn Belt of the United States leave the land vulnerable to erosion by wind and water. Studies at Dixon Springs have shown a very marked reduction in soil losses under the “no-till” system, both for continuous maize-growing and for double-cropped wheat and maize, a factor of considerable importance in soil conservation.
Effects of direct drilling and reduced cultivation on soil conditions for root growth
Authors: Cannell R Q , Finney J R
Published: July 2017

The two aspects of soil conditions and root growth in reduced cultivation systems are reviewed. Generally, an uncultivated soil is characterized by increased mechanical strength, reduced porosity greater moisture, more organic matter and structural stability at the surface, more earthworms and the development of nutrient gradients. Effects on root growth are much more variable and reflect the indirect relationship that exists between bulk soil properties and root growth.
Machinery development for direct drilling
Authors: Koronka P
Published: July 2017

Ploughing is expensive in energy, particularly as speed increases. Direct drilling is quicker, uses less energy and costs less, both in capital and operating costs. Results with a specially-constructed test rig pointed to the need for a heavy drill and to the superiority of triple-disc coulters to other systems, except on stony soils. Some commercially available machines of various types are described.
Infestation of stored food in temperate countries with special reference to Great Britain
Authors: Freeman J A
Published: July 2017

The author discusses the various insects and mites attacking stored grain, flour and malt in Great Britain, and the damage they cause, together with the principal pests of food and feeding-stuffs in stores, processing factories and domestic premises. Methods of prevention and control are outlined, including the use of contact and fumigant chemicals, and non-chemical techniques such as cooling and hermetic storage; these must be coupled with effective inspection of imports.
The merits of protected cropping in NW Europe compared with field cropping or simple protection in the Mediterranean and N Africa
Authors: Sheard G F
Published: July 2017

Growers in NW Europe face competition from imports, particularly of salad vegetables, from countries which enjoy higher solar radiation in winter, but it is in consumers’, producers’ and importers’ interest if NW European and Mediterranean growers can each concentrate on supplying the market in those periods of the year to which they are best suited, and to minimize overlap. The domestic producer's competitive position is expected to improve, despite rapidly rising costs.