bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intra‐community coalitionary lethal attack of an adult male southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides)
Authors: Talebi M.G. , Beltrão‐Mendes R. , Lee P.C.
Published: June 2009

We report on the first evidence of intra‐community coalitionary lethal aggression in muriquis (Brachyteles). The event occurred in southern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) during a long‐term study (>15 years) of two social groups inhabiting mostly pristine Atlantic forest habitat in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, southern São Paulo State, Brazil. The attack took place deep in the core area of the Group Caetê home range. Tense agonistic behaviors and vocalizations preceded the lethal coalitionary attack, and the tension increased over a 36–48 hr period. One adult female and two unidentified individuals also took part in a coalition led by six adult males. The members of the coalition collectively approached, embraced, immobilized and repeatedly bit the entire body of an adult male, resulting in severe bleeding injuries and the victim's death in less than 1 hr after the attack commenced. Combined ecological, behavioral and spatial data related to the event indicate that this was an intra‐community attack and suggest social tensions related to mating competition as the proximate trigger of the coalitionary killing. The attack resembled those reported for chimpanzees, with clear numeric superiority and a low risk of injury to aggressors, resulting in the death of a lone conspecific victim. This observation (n=1) is suggestive of a capacity for escalated aggression in muriquis and reinforces arguments for the potential adaptive significance of intra‐community aggression in male philopatric societies, as reported for spider monkeys and chimpanzees. These characteristics challenge the view of the muriquis as a peaceful primate and support the general hypothesis that imbalances of power contribute to intra‐specific killing in primates, such as chimpanzees and humans. Am. J. Primatol. 71:860–867, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eine weiche Alternative zum {(C5Me5)2U}‐Leitmotiv
Authors: Ephritikhine Michel
Published: June 2009

U in der „Pinzette“ statt im „Sandwich“: Sackgassen in der Metallocenchemie der Actinoide lassen sich durch den Einsatz eines weichen PNP‐Pinzettenliganden umgehen (siehe Schema). Der flexible und hemilabile PNP‐Ligand kann niedervalente Uranspezies ebenso stabilisieren wie hochvalente. Die (PNP)2‐Koordination ist eine wertvolle Alternative zur (C5Me5)2‐Ligandenumgebung und bietet besondere Strukturen und Reaktionsmuster.

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Luminescent Terbium Protein Labels for Time‐Resolved Microscopy and Screening
Authors: Rajapakse Harsha E. , Reddy D. Rajasekhar , Mohandessi Shabnam , Butlin Nathaniel G. , Miller Lawrence W.
Published: June 2009

Zum Leuchten gebracht: Heterodimere Konjugate aus Trimethoprim und sensibilisierten Terbiumchelaten koordinieren Fusionsproteine der Dihydrofolat‐Reduktase aus Escherichia coli mit nanomolarer Affinität (siehe Bild). Anhand der Terbiumlumineszenz lassen sich markierte Proteine in vitro und auf der Oberfläche lebender Säugerzellen zeitaufgelöst und mit hoher Empfindlichkeit detektieren.

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Decarboxylierende Grob‐Fragmentierung zur Synthese trisubstituierter Z‐Olefine: Anwendung auf Pelorusid A, Discodermolid und Epothilon D
Authors: Prantz Kathrin , Mulzer Johann
Published: June 2009

Zum Z‐Olefin zerlegt: Eine neue Methode zur Synthese methylverzweigter trisubstituierter Z‐Olefine (eines verbreiteten Strukturmotivs in Polyketiden mit Antitumoraktivität) beruht auf einer durch Hydroxidionen induzierten, decarboxylierenden Grob‐Fragmentierung (siehe Schema; Ms=Mesyl). Die Ausgangsverbindungen sind Mesyloxylactone mit einem quartären α‐Stereozentrum, die diastereo‐ und enantioselektiv durch Aldoladditionen aufgebaut wurden.

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Chemical Infiltration during Atomic Layer Deposition: Metalation of Porphyrins as Model Substrates
Authors: Zhang Lianbing , Patil Avinash J. , Li Le , Schierhorn Angelika , Mann Stephen , Gösele Ulrich , Knez Mato
Published: June 2009

New uses for ALD: By applying standard metal oxide atomic layer deposition (ALD) to two types of porphyrins, site‐specific chemical infiltration of substrate molecules is achieved: Diethylzinc can diffuse into the interior of porphyrin supramolecular structures and induce metalation of the porphyrin molecules from the vapor phase. A=Ph, p‐HO3SC6H4.

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Magnetic Bistability of Individual Single‐Molecule Magnets Grafted on Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Giusti Anna , Charron Gaëlle , Mazerat Sandra , Compain Jean‐Daniel , Mialane Pierre , Dolbecq Anne , Rivière Eric , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Ngo Biboum Rosa , Keita Bineta , Nadjo Louis , Filoramo Arianna , Bourgoin Jean‐Philippe , Mallah Talal
Published: June 2009

A POM to remember: Hexanuclear FeIII polyoxometalate (POM) single‐molecule magnets (see structure) can be noncovalently assembled on the surface of single‐wall carbon nanotubes. Complementary characterization techniques (see TEM image and magnetic hysteresis loops) demonstrate the integrity and bistability of the individual molecules, which could be used to construct single‐molecule memory devices.

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pH–temperature responsive poly(HPA‐Co‐AMHS) hydrogel as a potential drug‐release carrier
Authors: Deng Kuilin , Tian Hua , Zhang Pengfei , Zhong Haibin , Ren Xiaobo , Wang Haijun
Published: June 2009

In this study, a novel pH–temperature‐responsive copolymer was first synthesized by the radical copolymerization between HPA (2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate and 2‐hydroxyisopropyl acrylate) and AMHS (aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloric salt). The molecular structure of the corresponding copolymer has been confirmed by 1H‐NMR and FTIR. The lower critical solution temperature of the resulting copolymer exhibited a considerable dependence upon the ratio of monomers and pH value in the medium. On the basis of the copolymer, a hydrogel as drug release carrier was prepared via the introduction of a crosslinker, N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide. The swelling behaviors of hydrogel in the different pH value, temperature, and NaCl concentration have indicated that the hydrogel showed a remarkable phase transition at 31.5°C. The swelling ratio was increased with an increasing of pH value, especially in the greater pH values. By the use of caffeine as a model drug, we investigated the caffeine‐controlled release from hydrogel systematically as a function of pH value, temperature, and crosslinker content. The caffeine release was sensitive to the temperature. Only 55% caffeine was released from the hydrogel at room temperature, whereas ∼ 92% caffeine diffused into the medium at 37°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Comparison of ozone fluxes over grassland by gradient and eddy covariance technique
Authors: Muller Jennifer B. A. , Coyle Mhairi , Fowler David , Gallagher Martin W. , Nemitz Eiko G. , Percival Carl J.
Published: June 2009

Ozone flux measurements over vegetation are important to estimate surface losses and ozone uptake by plants. The gradient and eddy covariance flux technique were used for measurements over grassland at a flux‐monitoring site in southern Scotland during August 2007. The comparison of the two methods shows that the aerodynamic flux‐gradient method provides very similar long‐term average fluxes of ozone as the eddy covariance method. The eddy covariance technique is better at capturing diurnal cycles and short‐term changes, but the comparison of two fast analysers illustrate that there can be considerable measurement uncertainty. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Optimal corrective maintenance contract planning for aging multi‐state system
Authors: Ding Yi , Lisnianski Anatoly , Frenkel Ilia , Khvatskin Lev
Published: June 2009

This paper considers an aging multi‐state system, where the system failure rate varies with time. After any failure, maintenance is performed by an external repair team. Repair rate and cost of each repair are determined by a corresponding corrective maintenance contract with a repair team. The service market can provide different kinds of maintenance contracts to the system owner, which also can be changed after each specified time period. The owner of the system would like to determine a series of repair contracts during the system life cycle in order to minimize the total expected cost while satisfying the system availability. Operating cost, repair cost and penalty cost for system failures should be taken into account. The paper proposes a method for determining such optimal series of maintenance contracts. The method is based on the piecewise constant approximation for an increasing failure rate function in order to assess lower and upper bounds of the total expected cost and system availability by using Markov models. The genetic algorithm is used as the optimization technique. Numerical example is presented to illustrate the approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken
Authors: Budelmann Harald , Holst Alexander , Wichmann Hans‐Joachim
Published: June 2009

Die Kenntnis der Spanngliedvorspannkraft und deren zuverlässige und zerstörungsfreie Ermittlung sind für die Beurteilung des Bauwerkszustands vorgespannter Betonkonstruktionen und rückverankerter Systeme hinsichtlich Tragsicherheit, Gebrauchstauglichkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit von essentieller Bedeutung. Zur Bestimmung der Spannkräfte in Stahlzuggliedern wird bei dem im Beitrag vorgestellten Messverfahren der magnetoelastische Effekt (ME‐Effekt) ferromagnetischer Materialien genutzt. Dieser beschreibt den umgekehrt‐proportionalen Zusammenhang zwischen der mechanischen Spannung und den magnetischen Eigenschaften ferromagnetischer Stoffe. Die am iBMB/MPA der TU Braunschweig entwickelte und für den Praxiseinsatz optimierte Messanlage mit über den Spannstahl geschobenen, zylinderförmigen Spulensensoren ermöglicht es, die Spannstahlkraft nach einer Initialkalibrierung schnell und zuverlässig zu ermitteln.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird zunächst der Stand der Technik zur Spannkraftmessung an Stahlzuggliedern dargelegt. Anschließend werden das ME‐Messverfahren mit den Grundlagen und Vorzügen der magnetoelastischen Spannkraftermittlung vorgestellt, aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse erörtert und einige Bauwerksanwendungen gezeigt.
Verbundlose interne Vorspannung von weitgespannten Plattentragwerken im Hochbau
Authors: Bergmeister Konrad , Weis Walter , Taferner Josef , Sicher Philipp
Published: June 2009

Um den Ansprüchen der Robustheit und der Zeit‐ und Kostenoptimierung auch im Hochbau Rechnung zu tragen, wurde die verbundlose interne Vorspannung dahingehend vereinfacht, dass der Einbau der Spannglieder mit geringstmöglichem Arbeitsaufwand ermöglicht wird. Dazu wurde die freie Spanngliedlage entwickelt, bei welcher lediglich eine Randanhebung (Auflagerbereich) und eine oder mehrere Mittenanhebungen (Stützenbereich) notwendig sind. Die Umlenkkräfte werden vor allem zur Begrenzung der Durchbiegungen und erst in zweiter Linie zur Rissbreitenbeschränkung und zur Herstellung der Tragsicherheit herangezogen. In diesem Aufsatz werden neben theoretischen Überlegungen auch zwei innovative Anwendungsbeispiele gezeigt. Durch Überlegung der Abtragungsmechanismen und mittels dreidimensionaler FE‐Berechnungen konnte auch die Interaktion zwischen Tragwerk und Untergrund einbezogen werden.
Conserved noncoding elements and the evolution of animal body plans
Authors: Vavouri Tanya , Lehner Ben
Published: June 2009

The genomes of vertebrates, flies, and nematodes contain highly conserved noncoding elements (CNEs). CNEs cluster around genes that regulate development, and where tested, they can act as transcriptional enhancers. Within an animal group CNEs are the most conserved sequences but between groups they are normally diverged beyond recognition. Alternative CNEs are, however, associated with an overlapping set of genes that control development in all animals. Here, we discuss the evidence that CNEs are part of the core gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that specify alternative animal body plans. The major animal groups arose >550 million years ago. We propose that the cis‐regulatory inputs identified by CNEs arose during the “re‐wiring” of regulatory interactions that occurred during early animal evolution. Consequently, different animal groups, with different core GRNs, contain alternative sets of CNEs. Due to the subsequent stability of animal body plans, these core regulatory sequences have been evolving in parallel under strong purifying selection in different animal groups.
Enhanced dark field microscopy for rapid artifact‐free detection of nanoparticle binding to Candida albicans cells and hyphae
Authors: Weinkauf Heidi , Brehm‐Stecher Byron F.
Published: June 2009

We surveyed a panel of 13 metal nanoparticle (NP) catalysts for their antifungal activities against Candida albicans ATCC 90028. Initial characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that our ability to detect NP binding to Candida surfaces with this method was impeded by preparation artifacts. As an alternative method for visualizing NP binding, we used an enhanced dark field illumination system (CytoViva®) attached to a standard light microscope. When viewed using this system, all NP produced intense optical signals due to resonant light scattering. To assay binding, NP were allowed to interact with C. albicans hyphae and cells in spent RPMI broth for 15 min with gentle inversion, followed by viewing with the CytoViva® system. The antifungal efficacy of NP preparations was determined separately using a 24‐h broth microdilution test. For single‐metal NP, observations of binding at 15 min made via CytoViva® corresponded to antifungal efficacy at 24 h, with the most antifungal NP yielding complete coverage of hyphal surfaces. Our work suggests the utility of visual screening using the CytoViva® system for rapid, simple and artifact‐free viewing of NP‐cell interactions in support of antimicrobial screening efforts. This approach provides a quick and accessible alternative to SEM for imaging of NP‐cell interactions.
A 310‐helical pentapeptide in water: Interplay of α,α‐disubstituted amino acids and the central residue on structure formation
Authors: Wang Jia , McElheny Dan , Fu Yanwen , Li Guangyu , Kim Joohyun , Zhou Zhe , Wu Ling , Keiderling Timothy A. , Hammer Robert P.
Published: June 2009

Cα,α‐disubstituted amino acids (ααAAs) are widely used to conformationally constrain peptides. A series of pentapeptides containing dipropylglycine (Dpg) at alternating positions and their α‐amino acid counterpartL‐norvaline (Nva) analogues were synthesized to fully investigate the impact of Dpg on peptide backbone structure in aqueous solution. CD, VCD, and NMR spectral analysis suggest that Dpg containing peptides adopt more ordered structures relative to their Nva containing analogues. The central residues (Ala, Thr, Tyr, Val) and the charged side‐chains of Glu and Lys play important roles in the degree of peptide folding. Hydrophobic and branched residues (Val, Tyr) at the central position of the peptide produce greater folding as judged by CD and NMR. Variation of the chemical shift with temperature (Δδ/ΔTNH) of Ac‐Glu‐Dpg‐Tyr‐Dpg‐Lys‐NH2suggests a series ofi→i+ 3 hydrogen bonds between the N‐terminal acetyl carbonyl and the Tyr3NH, and the Glu1carbonyl and the Dpg4NH. The solution conformation of Ac‐Glu‐Dpg‐Tyr‐Dpg‐Lys‐NH2calculated from NMR‐derived constraints shows a 310‐helical structure (two repetitive type‐III β‐turns) at residues 1‐4, which is supported by 2D NMR, CD, and VCD spectra. Analysis of NMR‐derived models of these peptides suggest that there is a strong hydrophobic interaction of the pro‐Spropyl side chain of Dpg2and the Tyr3side‐chain that may be a strong stabilizing force of the peptide folding in water. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 92: 452–464, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Simultaneous determination of methylephedrine and pseudoephedrine in human urine by CE with electrochemiluminescence detection and its application to pharmacokeinetics
Authors: Liu Yan‐Ming , Tian Wei , Jia Yu‐Xiu , Yue Hai‐Yan
Published: June 2009

A novel method for the determination of ephedra alkaloids (methylephedrine and pseudoephedrine) was developed by electrophoresis capillary (CE) separation and electrochemiluminesence detection (ECL). The use of ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, BMIMBF4) improved the detection sensitivity markedly. The conditions for CE separation, ECL detection and effect of ionic liquid were investigated in detail. The two ephedra alkaloids with very similar structures were well separated and detected under the optimum conditions. The limits of detection (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3) in standard solution were 1.8 × 10–8 mol/L for methylephedrine (ME) and 9.2 × 10–9 mol/L for pseudoephedrine (PSE). The limits of quantitation (signal‐to‐noise ratio = 10) in human urine samples were 2.6 × 10−7 mol/L for ME and 3.6 × 10–7 mol/L for PSE. The recoveries of two alkaloids at three different concentration levels in human urine samples were between 81.7 and 105.0%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of ME and PSE in human urine and the monitoring of pharmacokinetics for PSE. The proposed method has potential in therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monoclonal Antibodies with Orthogonal Azaspiracid Epitopes
Authors: Frederick Michael O. , De Lamo Marin Sandra , Janda Kim D. , Nicolaou K. C. , Dickerson Tobin J.
Published: June 2009

Azaspiracid antibodies: Immunization of azaspiracid immunoconjugates has elicited monoclonal antibodies with distinct epitopes on the marine toxin; this will open the way toward azaspiracid diagnostics and the detection of contaminated shellfish before they can enter the food supply.

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COSMO‐RS Calculations of Partition Coefficients: Different Tools for Conformation Search
Authors: Buggert M. , Cadena C. , Mokrushina L. , Smirnova I. , Maginn E. J. , Arlt W.
Published: June 2009

This work is encouraged by the growing interest and recent success of quantum mechanics‐based methods in modeling of thermodynamic properties in the field of chemical engineering and life sciences. Among those, the COSMO‐RS model has become one of the most popular methods to predict phase equilibria in complex bio‐related systems. Recently, we have shown that the quality of predictions of n‐octanol/water and micelle/water partition coefficients is improved when the weighted mixtures of conformers are used to represent molecules, thereby demanding that the conformation analysis is performed for each component of the system. In this paper, different methods for performing the conformational search are evaluated. Micelle/water partition coefficients of solutes from different homologous series in aqueous solutions of Triton X100 as well as the n‐octanol/water partitioning of three common drugs (aminopinicillanic acid, ampicillin, and penicillin G) are calculated and compared with experimental data. Conformational analysis is made by the HyperChem program for the molecules placed in vacuum as well as by using the molecular dynamics simulation in a solvent medium (n‐octanol and water). It is demonstrated that molecular dynamics simulation is a promising tool to conduct conformational analysis. Along with the possibility of providing the conformers for large surfactant and pharmaceutical molecules, the method accounts for the solvent in a realistic manner. The results for micelle/water partition coefficients illustrate that n‐octanol is a reasonable approximation for the “micelle‐like” medium in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Predicted n‐octanol/water partition coefficients of three penicillins are in a good agreement with literature data and values calculated by a common quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR).
Experimental Determination of Pool Void Fraction under Vacuum for Chemical Reactor and Reboiler Operation Optimization
Authors: Simon L. L. , Hungerbuhler K.
Published: June 2009

This article presents the pool boiling void fraction measurements carried out under vacuum conditions ranging from 10–88 kPa. It is found that the Wilson correlation previously determined within the 2000–4000 kPa pressure range is valid under vacuum conditions for about up to 8 % void fraction value.
The First Asymmetric Halogen/Metal‐Exchange Reaction: Desymmetrization of Alcohols with Enantiotopic Bromoarene Substituents
Authors: Sälinger Daniel , Brückner Reinhard
Published: June 2009

Choosy organomagnesium: Prochiral bis(bromoaryl)alcohols were desymmetrized by treatment with iPr2Mg and an enantiopure Li salt. The resulting arylmagnesium intermediate was trapped with electrophiles. Protonolysis and two follow‐up reactions provided the antihistaminic and anticholinergic drug (R)‐orphenadrine (see scheme).

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Desymmetrizations of the prochiral bis(bromoaryl)alcohols 1 and 4 were effected by treatment with iPr2Mg and enantiomerically pure lithium alkoxides. The resulting arylmagnesium compounds were quenched with various electrophiles. The absolute and (if relevant) relative configurations of the resulting products were determined. The best ee/yield combination was obtained for the protonolysis furnishing monobromoalcohol (R)‐2 (53 % ee, 51 % yield). The latter was converted into (R)‐orphenadrine, an antihistaminic and anticholinergic drug.
Toward Palau′amine: Hg(OTf)2‐Catalyzed Synthesis of the Cyclopentane Core
Authors: Namba Kosuke , Kaihara Yukari , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Imagawa Hiroshi , Tanino Keiji , Williams Robert M. , Nishizawa Mugio
Published: June 2009

Catalytic cyclization: The Hg(OTf)2‐catalyzed N‐selective cyclization of amide carbonyl moieties for the construction of a quaternary carbon center was developed. The Hg(OTf)2‐catalyzed cyclization of cyclopentylidene alcohol with acylhydrazide afforded the desired cyclopenta[c]pyridazinone in good yield. The subsequent eight steps gave the functionalized cyclopentane with the correct stereochemistry that corresponds to the E ring of palau′amine (see scheme).

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One‐Pot Synthesis of Pentasubstituted Cyclohexanes by a Michael Addition Followed by a Tandem Inter–Intra Double Henry Reaction
Authors: García Ruano José Luis , Marcos Vanesa , Suanzes Juan Antonio , Marzo Leyre , Alemán José
Published: June 2009

Michael, Henry, and Henry: A new one‐pot reaction of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and β‐dicarbonyls, which involves a Michael reaction catalyzed by diarylprolinol ethers and an inter–intramolecular Henry tandem reaction catalyzed by TBAF (see scheme), has been developed. The reaction proceeds in high enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity for a wide range of unsaturated aldehydes and β‐dicarbonyl reagents.

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A computational strategy for prestressing patient‐specific biomechanical problems under finite deformation
Authors: Gee M. W. , Förster Ch. , Wall W. A.
Published: June 2009

In simulation of biomechanical structures the patient‐specific geometry of the object of interest is very often reconstructed from in vivo medical imaging such as CT scans. Such geometries therefore represent a deformed configuration stressed by typical in vivo conditions. Commonly, such structures are considered stress free in simulation. In this contribution we present and compare two methods to introduce a physically meaningful stress/strain state to the obtained geometry for simulations in the finite strain regime and demonstrate the necessity of such prestressing techniques. One method is based on an inverse design analysis to calculate a stress‐free reference configuration. The other method developed here is based on a modified updated Lagrangian formulation. The formulation of both methods is provided in detail and implementation issues are discussed. Applicability and accurateness of both approaches are compared and evaluated utilizing an analytical aorta model and fully three‐dimensional patient‐specific abdominal aortic aneurysm structures in the finite strain regime. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Description of flow cytometry examinations related to human cell differentiation molecules in clinical immunology
Authors: Fuentes‐Arderiu Xavier , Mestre Mariona
Published: June 2009

Human cell differentiation molecules, also known as “CD”, are cell‐surface molecules reacting with different monoclonal antibodies. The fraction of cells belonging to each immunophenotype is measured by flow cytometry. This brief communication proposes the application into clinical immunological laboratories, of the syntax recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine to describe biological properties. Following this syntax, all properties related to human cell differentiation molecules examined by flow cytometry, but not limited to, may be described in the same way. In addition, the application of the IUPAC‐IFCC recommended syntax in clinical immunology may facilitate unequivocal written or electronic communication between healthcare professionals world‐wide. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
Advances in complex multiparameter flow cytometry technology: Applications in stem cell research
Authors: Preffer Frederic , Dombkowski David
Published: June 2009

Flow cytometry and cell sorting are critical tools in stem cell research. Recent advances in flow cytometric hardware, reagents, and software have synergized to permit the stem cell biologist to more fully identify and isolate rare cells based on their immunofluorescent and light scatter characteristics. Some of these improvements include physically smaller air‐cooled lasers, new designs in optics, new fluorescent conjugate‐excitation pairs, and improved software to visualize data, all which combine to open up new horizons in the study of stem cells, by enhancing the resolution and specificity of inquiry. In this review, these recent improvements in technology will be outlined and important cell surface and functional antigenic markers useful for the study of stem cells described. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
Cognitive rehabilitation for children with acquired brain injury
Authors: Slomine Beth , Locascio Gianna
Published: June 2009

Cognitive deficits are frequent consequences of acquired brain injury (ABI) and often require intervention. We review the theoretical and empirical literature on cognitive rehabilitation in a variety of treatment domains including attention, memory, unilateral neglect, speech and language, executive functioning, and family involvement/education. Because there are more well‐designed studies examining the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in adults with brain injury, the major findings from this body of literature are also highlighted. In addition, given that similar cognitive and behavioral concerns are often apparent in children with certain neurodevelopmental disorders, selected literature focusing on interventions for these groups of children is included. Limitations and challenges inherent in examining cognitive interventions in children with ABI are also discussed. Overall, despite the growing body of literature examining the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in children with ABI, there continues to be a great need to develop well‐designed studies to examine the efficacy of these interventions. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:133–143.
School reentry for children with acquired central nervous systems injuries
Authors: Carney Joan , Porter Patricia
Published: June 2009

Onset of acquired central nervous system (CNS) injury during the normal developmental process of childhood can have impact on cognitive, behavioral, and motor function. This alteration of function often necessitates special education programming, modifications, and accommodations in the education setting for successful school reentry. Special education is not necessarily a special classroom, but an individualized set of educational needs, determined by a multidisciplinary school team, to promote educational success. The purpose of this article is to inform those pediatricians and pediatric allied health professionals treating children with CNS injury of the systems in place to support successful school reentry and their role in contributing to developing an appropriate educational plan. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:152–158.
Constraint‐induced movement therapy (CIMT): Pediatric applications
Authors: Brady Kathleen , Garcia Teressa
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this article is to describe theoretical and research bases for constraint‐induced movement therapy (CIMT), to discuss key features and variations in protocols currently in use with children, and to review the results of studies of efficacy. CIMT has been found to be an effective intervention for increasing functional use of the hemiparetic upper extremity in adults with chronic disability from stroke. CIMT developed out of behavioral research on the phenomenon of “learned nonuse” of an upper extremity, commonly observed following sensory and/or motor CNS injury, in which failure to regain use persists even after a period of partial recovery. CIMT includes three key elements: (1) constraining the use of the less‐impaired upper extremity (UE); (2) intensive, repetitive daily therapist‐directed practice of motor movements with the impaired UE for an extended period (2–3 weeks); and (3) shaping of more complex action patterns through a process of rewarding successive approximations to the target action. Mechanisms responsible for success are thought to be separate but complementary, that is, operant conditioning (reversal of learned nonuse) and experience‐driven cortical reorganization. CIMT has recently been extended to children with hemiparesis secondary to perinatal stroke or other CNS pathology. Numerous case studies, as well as a small number of randomized controlled or controlled clinical trials have reported substantial gains in functional use of the hemiplegic UE following CIMT with children. Protocols vary widely in terms of type of constraint used, intensity and duration of training, and outcome measures. In general, all report gains in functional use, with minimal or no adverse effects. Continued research is needed, to clarify optimal protocol parameters and to further understand mechanisms of efficacy. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:102–111.
Predictors of outcome following acquired brain injury in children
Authors: Johnson Abigail R. , DeMatt Ellen , Salorio Cynthia F.
Published: June 2009

Acquired brain injury (ABI) in children and adolescents can result from multiple causes, including trauma, central nervous system infections, noninfectious disorders (epilepsy, hypoxia/ischemia, genetic/metabolic disorders), tumors, and vascular abnormalities. Prediction of outcomes is important, to target interventions, allocate resources, provide education to family or caregivers, and begin appropriate planning for the future. Researchers have identified several factors associated with better or worse outcomes after ABI, including variables related to the injury itself, postinjury factors related to intervention or trajectory of recovery, and preinjury or demographic factors. When examining the scientific literature, it is important to identify how “outcome” is defined, as the predictors may change depending on the outcome studied. In addition, key variables may be specific to the etiology of injury. Therefore, predictors of outcome cannot be generalized across the various etiologies of ABI, and this review will discuss predictors within the context of multiple etiologies of ABI. This article reviews the current literature on predicting outcomes after pediatric ABI, and areas in need of further research are discussed. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:124–132.
Behavioral response to methylphenidate challenge: Influence of early life parental care
Authors: Engert Veronika , Joober Ridha , Meaney Michael J. , Hellhammer Dirk H. , Pruessner Jens C.
Published: June 2009

Rat studies have shown that pups subjected to suboptimal rearing conditions exhibited permanently dysregulated dopamine activity and altered behavioral responses to dopamine stimulation. In humans, heightened stress‐induced mesoaccumbens dopamine release in adults reporting low maternal care experience has been shown. We explored the relationship between quality of parental care and behavioral responsivity to reward and 20 mg of the dopamine agonist methylphenidate (MPH). Forty‐three male university students accomplished a monetarily rewarded card‐sorting task in a placebo controlled between‐subjects study design. In participants scoring above the cut‐off score for high parental care as assessed by the Parental Bonding Inventory, MPH decreased performance accuracy in the reward condition of the task. Contrarily, reward‐induced performance accuracy of low care participants was enhanced with MPH. Activity measures in response to reward and MPH were uninfluenced by parental care. This is the first human study to reveal that the behavioral MPH response interacts with early life parental care experience. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 408–416, 2009.
Protective effects of 1‐α‐hydroxyvitamin D3 on residual β‐cell function in patients with adult‐onset latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA)
Authors: Li Xia , Liao Lan , Yan Xiang , Huang Gan , Lin Jian , Lei Minxiang , Wang Xiangbing , Zhou Zhiguang
Published: June 2009

Background

Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that vitamin D could prevent pancreatic β‐cell destruction and reduce the incidence of autoimmune diabetes. In children with type 1 diabetes, vitamin D treatment produces moderate protective effects on residual β‐cell function and has proven to be safe. Therefore, we hypothesized that vitamin D might have protective effects on β‐cell function in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), a form of slowly progressive autoimmune type 1 diabetes.

Methods

Thirty‐five patients with LADA were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous insulin alone (n = 18) or insulin plus 1‐α‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (1‐α(OH)D3; 0.5 µg per day) (n = 17) for 1 year. Plasma C‐peptide levels in fasting state (FCP) and 2 h after 75‐g glucose load (PCP) were measured every 6 months with radioimmunoassay.

Results

Both FCP and PCP levels stayed steady in the insulin plus 1‐α(OH)D3 group, while FCP decreased in insulin‐alone group (P = 0.006) during the 12‐month intervention. Seventy percent of patients treated with 1‐α(OH)D3 maintained or increased their FCP concentrations after 1 year of treatment, while only 22% of patients treated with insulin alone maintained stable FCP levels (P < 0.01). Further analysis on LADA subgroups with different durations of diabetes demonstrated that islet β‐cell function was better preserved (as reflected by significantly higher FCP and PCP levels) in the 1‐α(OH)D3 plus insulin group only in patients with diabetes duration no longer than 1 year. No severe side effects were observed in any group.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that 1‐alpha(OH)D3 plus insulin therapy can preserve pancreatic β‐cell function in patients with LADA. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of genetic variation in Kv1.3 on olfactory function
Authors: Guthoff Martina , Tschritter Otto , Berg Daniela , Liepelt Inga , Schulte Claudia , Machicao Fausto , Haering Hans‐Ulrich , Fritsche Andreas
Published: June 2009

Background

Olfactory function is reduced in aged humans and diabetes mellitus patients. However, little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms leading to olfactory dysfunction. Recently, it has been shown that the voltage‐gated potassium channel Kv1.3 is regulated by insulin and is highly expressed in the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, the function of this channel is associated with olfaction in mice and with glucose metabolism in mice and men. We therefore hypothesized that a functionally relevant polymorphism in Kv1.3 might alter olfactory function.

Methods

We investigated a group of 94 healthy subjects (male: n = 58, female: n = 36) for olfactory function and genotyped them for rs2821557 in the human Kv1.3 gene. Olfactory function was tested using standardised sniffing sticks, and parameters of glucose metabolism were assessed.

Results

We found a significant olfactory impairment in male homozygous carriers of the Kv1.3 polymorphism rs2821557 (recessive model, p = 0.018, adjusted for age) that could not be determined in female subjects due to the very small number of homozygous minor allele carriers (n = 1). In addition, we found a significant correlation of olfactory dysfunction with higher HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, both adjusted for age). We also found a loss of olfactory function with age (p = 0.006). Gender, body mass index and insulin sensitivity did not alter smelling function.

Conclusions

The presence of genetic variation in Kv1.3 is associated with decreased olfactory function in healthy subjects. As olfactory function, glucose metabolism and genetic variation in Kv1.3 seem to be associated, further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mono(aryloxido)Titanium(IV) Complexes and Their Application in the Selective Dimerization of Ethylene
Authors: Cazaux Jean‐Benoit , Braunstein Pierre , Magna Lionel , Saussine Lucien , Olivier‐Bourbigou Hélène
Published: June 2009

We report on the synthesis of mono(aryloxido)titanium(IV) complexes of general formula {Ti[O(o‐R)Ar]X3}, with X = OiPr, ArO = 2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenoxy and R = CMe3 (2a), CMe2Ph (2b) and CH2NMe2 (2c). Attempts to reach pure mono(aryloxido) complexes when R = CH2NMe(CH2Ph) (2d) or CH2N(CH2Ph)2 (2e) were unsuccessful. When R = CH2OMe, the analogous mononuclear complex was not obtained, and instead, a dinuclear complex [(2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐6‐methoxymethylphenoxy) TiCl(OiPr)(μ2‐OiPr)2TiCl(OiPr)2] (3) was formed. Complexes 2b and 3 were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The former contains a tetrahedrally coordinated TiIV centre, whereas in the latter the aryloxido ligand behaves as a chelating–bridging ligand between the two, chemically very different metal centres that form two face‐sharing octahedra. Different synthetic approaches starting from [Ti(OiPr)4] or [TiCl(OiPr)3] were evaluated and are discussed. The hemilabile behaviour of the aryloxido ligand resulting from reversible coordination of its side arm was studied by variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy for 2c (R = CH2NMe2). Complexes 2a–d were contacted with ethylene and AlEt3 as cocatalyst. When activated with AlEt3 (3 equiv.) at 20 bar and 60 °C, complex 2c exhibits interesting activity (2100 g/gTi/h) for the selective dimerization of ethylene to 1‐butene (92 % C4=; 99+% C4=1). Noticeable differences in catalyst activity were observed when the R group was modified. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Recent Applications of Acyclic (Diene)iron Complexes and (Dienyl)iron Cations in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Donaldson William A. , Chaudhury Subhabrata
Published: June 2009

Complexation of (tricarbonyl)iron to an acyclic diene serves to protect the ligand against oxidation, reduction, and cycloaddition reactions, whereas the steric bulk of this adjunct serves to direct the approaches of reagents to unsaturated groups attached to the diene onto the face opposite to iron. Furthermore, the Fe(CO)3 moiety can serve to stabilize carbocation centers adjacent to the diene (i.e. pentadienyl‐iron cations). Recent applications of these reactivities to the synthesis of polyene‐, cyclopropane‐, cycloheptadiene‐, and cyclohexenone‐containing natural products or analogues are presented. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Probabilistic estimate of seismic response design values of RC frames
Authors: D'Ambrisi Angelo , Mezzi Marco
Published: June 2009

Probabilistically controlled design values of the nonlinear seismic response of reinforced concrete frames are obtained using a method previously proposed by the authors. The method allows to calculate conservative design values characterized by a predefined non‐exceedance probability, using a limited number of spectrum‐fitting generated accelerograms. Herein the method is applied to elastic‐strain hardening single degree of freedom systems representative of RC framed structures and is then assessed with reference to four reinforced concrete model frames designed according to EC8. The frames are characterized by different natural periods and aspect ratios. The results, compared with those obtained applying current EC8 recommendations, show the effectiveness of the proposed method. EC8 provides for design values of the seismic response of a structure with a nonlinear behavior computed as the mean value of the responses to seven accelerograms or as the maximum value of the responses to three accelerograms. These two criteria lead to design values characterized by very different and uncontrolled non‐exceedance probability levels, while the proposed method allows the analyst to directly control the non‐exceedance probability level of the calculated design values. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of central difference method for dynamic real‐time substructure testing
Authors: Wu Bin , Deng Lixia , Yang Xiandong
Published: June 2009

This paper studies the stability of the central difference method (CDM) for real‐time substructure test considering specimen mass. Because the standard CDM is implicit in terms of acceleration, to avoid iteration, an explicit acceleration formulation is assumed for its implementation in real‐time dynamic substructure testing. The analytical work shows that the stability of the algorithm decreases with increasing specimen mass if the experimental substructure is a pure inertia specimen. The algorithm becomes unstable however small the time integration interval is, when the mass of specimen equal or greater than that of its numerical counterpart. For the case of dynamic specimen, the algorithm is unstable when there is no damping in the whole test structure; a damping will make the algorithm stable conditionally. Part of the analytical results is validated through an actual test. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wood distribution in neotropical forested headwater streams of La Selva, Costa Rica
Authors: Cadol Daniel , Wohl Ellen , Goode Jaime R. , Jaeger Kristin L.
Published: June 2009

Surveys of wood along 30 forested headwater stream reaches in La Selva Biological Station in north‐eastern Costa Rica represent the first systematic data reported on wood loads in neotropical streams. For streams with drainage areas of 0·1–8·5 km2 and gradients of 0·2–8%, wood load ranged from 3 to 34·7 m3 wood/100 m channel and 41–612 m3 wood/ha channel. These values are within the range reported for temperate streams. The variables wood diameter/flow depth, stream power, the presence of backflooding, and channel width/depth are consistently selected as significant predictors by statistical models for wood load. These variables explain half to two‐thirds of the variability in wood load. These results, along with the spatial distribution of wood with respect to the thalweg, suggest that transport processes exert a greater influence on wood loads than recruitment processes. Wood appears to be more geomorphically effective in altering bed elevations in gravel‐bed reaches than in reaches with coarser or finer substrate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermochronological data from Sudan in the frame of the denudational history of the Nubian Red Sea margin
Authors: Balestrieri M. L. , Abbate E. , Bigazzi G. , El Bedri Ali Omer
Published: June 2009

Low‐temperature thermochronology provides information on the timing of rifting and denudation of passive margins, and the Red Sea with its well‐exposed, young rift margins is a suitable setting for its application. Here we present new apatite fission‐track (AFT) data from Sudan northern hinterland and Red Sea coastal areas. From the former region we obtained ages between 270 ± 2 Ma ad 253 ± 53 Ma, and from the coastal belt between 83 ± 8 Ma and 39 ± 7 Ma. These data prompted a review and comparison with low‐temperature thermochronological data from the whole Nubian Red Sea Margin, and a discussion on their implication in assessing the margin evolutionary style. AFT data are available for Egypt and Eritrea as well as apatite (U‐Th)/He (AHe) ages for two transects transversal to the margin in Eritrea. Both in Egypt and Eritrea AFT data record a cooling event at about 20–25 Ma (Early Miocene) and an earlier, more local, cooling event in Egypt at about 34 Ma (Early Oligocene). The thermal modeling of the Sudan samples provides an indication of a rapid cooling in Miocene times, but does not support nor rules out an Early Oligocene cooling phase. The re‐assessment of new and existing thermochronological data within the known geological framework of the Nubian and conjugate Arabian margins favours the hypothesis that early rifting stages were affecting the whole Gulf of Suez–Red Sea–Gulf of Aden system since the Oligocene. These precocious, more attenuated, phases were followed by major extension in Miocene times.

As to the mode of margin evolution, AFT age patterns both in Egypt and Eritrea are incompatible with a downwarp model. The distribution of AHe ages across the Eritrean coastal plain suggests that there the escarpment was evolving predominantly by plateau degradation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal patterns of suspended sediment transport in an abandoned farmland catchment in the Central Spanish Pyrenees
Authors: Lana‐Renault N. , Regüés D.
Published: June 2009

The suspended sediment response of a small catchment subjected to farmland abandonment and subsequent plant recolonization was studied in relation to its hydrological functioning. The analysis of data over a seven‐year period demonstrated that suspended sediment yield was greatly influenced by the occurrence of intense, low‐frequency events. Greater amounts of suspended sediment were exported during spring, when the catchment was hydrologically more active. Rainfall intensity and baseflow at the start of a flood event had a strong influence on the sediment response, suggesting that several hydrological processes were active within the catchment. SSC (suspended sediment concentration)‐Q hysteretic loop analysis at the event scale aided understanding of the sedimentological and hydrological behaviour of the catchment. During the study period the SSC‐Q loops showed a high degree of seasonality and two main patterns strongly related to catchment wetness were distinguished. When the catchment was dry (mainly during summer and the beginning of autumn) the predominant process was infiltration excess runoff over sparsely vegetated areas close to the main channel. Under these conditions, floods exhibited a counter‐clockwise hysteretic loop and were characterized by a small streamflow response, short duration and high SSC. Under wet conditions (mainly during winter and spring), saturation excess runoff was increasingly dominant over vegetated areas. Under these conditions, floods exhibited a clockwise hysteretic loop, and were characterized by a larger streamflow response, longer duration and higher suspended sediment yield. The lower SSC during the falling stage of the hydrograph is likely to be due to dilution effects related to the contribution of clean water resulting from enlargement of the saturated areas, together with an increase in the baseflow discharge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.