bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redescription of Hippolyte Obliquimanus Dana, 1852, and Comparison With Hippolyte Williamsi Schmitt, 1924 (Decapoda, Caridea)
Authors: d'UDEKEM d'ACOZ Cédric
Published: April 2008

Examination of topotypic (Brazilian) specimens of Hippolyte obliquimanus Dana, 1852, and H. exilirostratus Dana, 1852, shows that the two species are identical and also conspecific with the West Indian H. curacaoensis Schmitt, 1924. The name obliquimanus Dana, 1852 is given precedence over exilirostratus Dana, 1852. The species is redescribed and compared to its East-Pacific counterpart H. williamsi Schmitt, 1924.
Three New Species of Pontellidae (Copepoda, Calanoida) From Coastal Waters of Java, Indonesia
Authors: Mulyadi
Published: April 2008

Three new species of the family Pontellidae, Labidocera javaensis, L. muranoi and Pontella labuanensis, are described and illustrated from specimens collected in coastal waters of Java, Indonesia, and their relationships to related species are discussed. Labidocera javaensis, which belongs to the Labidocera pectinata-group, is distinguishable from other species of this group by a combination of characters of the genital complex and the fifth legs in the female and of the fifth metasomal somite, the first urosomal somite, and the fifth legs in the male. It seems to be a neritic species inhabiting coastal waters shallower than 15 m in depth, and within 1 km offshore. Labidocera muranoi, which was collected from Cilacap Bay, a mangrove estuary facing the Indian Ocean, belongs to the Labidocera kroyeri-group and is distinguished from other species of this group by the urosomal somites and the fifth legs in the female and by the fifth metasomal somite and the fifth legs in the male. This may be an endemic species which has a preference for low salinities. Pontella labuanensis does not belong to any of the known three species-groups of Indo-West Pacific Pontella, in having the symmetrical genital somite and the exopods of the fifth legs virtually naked in the female, and the rostrum with double convex lenses and the exopods of the fifth legs with two subequal thumbs, in the male. The establishment of a new species-group, the P. labuanensis-group, is proposed.
On Two New Species of Freshwater Crabs of the Genera Sayamia and Heterothelphusa (Brachyura, Parathelphusidae) From Southern Thailand
Authors: Ng Peter K.L.
Published: April 2008

Two new species of freshwater crabs of the family Parathelphusidae are described from southern Thailand. Sayamia melanodactylus sp. nov. is one of the smallest members of the genus known, and seems to be most closely related to S. sexpunctata, but differing in carapace and male gonopod characters as well as in the colour of the fingers of its minor chelae (black against brown). Heterothelphusa fatum sp. nov. is related to H. insolita from nearby northeastern Peninsular Malaysia, but has a distinctly more swollen carapace, proportionately more slender ambulatory legs and a very differently structured major male chela.
Rediscovery and Redescription of Austriocyclops Vindobonae Kiefer, 1964 (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) With Remarks On the Subfamily Eucyclopinae Kiefer
Authors: Pospisil Peter , Stoch Fabio
Published: April 2008

Since the publication of the description of Austriocyclops vindobonae Kiefer, 1964, all known material was represented by a single female collected in a groundwater well in Vienna (Austria), characterized by a strong reduction of leg 5. The recent discovery of several specimens of A. vindobonae in phreatic waters in Vienna allows a redescription of the female and the first description of the male. The rudimentary fifth leg consists of one or two setae and resembles that of some Cyclopinae genera; however, the presence of tube-like, plumed aesthetascs on the male antennula and the spine pattern of the basipod of the antenna reveal that the genus Austriocyclops belongs to the subfamily Eucyclopinae. The inadequacy of using the fifth leg in the definition of this subfamily is discussed, and new characteristics for definition (shape and location of aesthetascs on male antennule and ornamentation pattern of antenna basipod) are proposed.
Phenomenology, Psychology, and Radical Behaviorism: Skinner and Merleau-Ponty On Behavior
Authors: Corriveau Michael
Published: April 2008

Scientific points of view, according to which my existence is a moment of the world's, are always both naive and at the same time dishonest, because they take for granted, without explicitly mentioning it, the other point of view, namely that of consciousness, through which from the outset a world forms itself round me and begins to exist for me.*
Psychogenesis: A Theory of Perinatal Experience
Authors: Tien Stephen Slade
Published: April 2008

Perinatal experience is posited as generative of psychogenesis: the psychological birth of the infant. The process involves a sentient human being rather than a nonconscious tabula rasa fetus. That birth experience is only traumatic is reductionist. The origins of positively colored affects as well as sexual feelings and even ecstasy may be intrauterine. The importance and complexity of the birth experience can better be described in terms of phases of being that parallel the physical stages of labor. These phases are immanence, obstruence, descendence, experience, ascendence, emergence, and transcendence. Each of these phases encompasses a unique state and dynamic process. Birth as such is shown to be a rich multidimensional experience that is also transformative.
Operative Intentionality: : Notes on Merleau-Ponty's Approach to Mental Activities That Are Not the Exclusive Product of the Conscious Mind
Authors: Freeman Adam
Published: April 2008

This article is meant to give psychotherapists a glimpse of the clinical implications of Merleau-Ponty's approach to unconscious thought and insight. Freud found evidence of consciousness and intentionality in processes that were understood in terms of coincidence or biological automata. Phenomenology has demonstrated that intentionality is an attribute of the entire embodied subjectivity. Both approaches point to the fact that the sphere of lived intentions is much larger than that of conscious thought. The article includes clinical examples.
From Symptoms to Phenomena: The Articulation of Experience in Schizophrenia
Authors: Corin Ellen , Lauzon Gilles
Published: April 2008

Research conducted in Montreal with schizophrenic patients was aimed at exploring the mode of Being-in-the-world and the kind of lifeworld associated with a positive evolution. Data were collected through open-ended interviews with patients who were contrasted for their rate of rehospitalization. The analysis combined structural analysis, inspired by hermeneutics, and discourse analysis. The interpretation of the data was guided by the framework provided by European phenomenological psychiatry. The research indicates that nonrehospitalization is associated with a specific mode of Being-in-the-world, which is described at several levels: At the structural level, it is marked by a stance of "positive withdrawal" dominated by personal detachment; self-perceptions evidence various semiological and rhetorical strategies that contribute to the rearticulation of a sense of personal identity; narratives reveal that patients resort to a limited number of specific life strategies for relocating themselves within their own biography and within the present world. Hypotheses are posed regarding the potential influence of the North American culture on the restorative strategies drawn from the patients' narratives.
Modernity and the Upgrading of Psychological Reflectivity
Authors: Poulsen Arne
Published: April 2008

The societal dynamism of modernity results in the theoretical upgrading and the actual development of personal reflective capacities, for example abstract reasoning, Kantian morality, and the development of the idiocentered perspective. These capacities are created in the disembedding of prereflective capacities, for example context-sensitive intelligence, care-morality, and mundocenteredness. The reflective capacities become the prerequisite of further modernization. The development-potential offered by the demands of modernity is accompanied by a risk of assimilative stress, for example pseudological reasoning, varieties of postmodernism, making a fetish of the medium, and the forfeit of the morality of care.
Presuppose Nothing! the Suspension of Assumptions in Phenomenological Psychological Methodology
Authors: Ashworth Peter
Published: April 2008

Historically, the suspension of presuppositions (the epoché, or bracketing) arose as part of the philosophical procedure of the transcendental reduction which, Husserl taught, led to the distinct realm of phenomenological research: pure consciousness. With such an origin, it may seem surprising that bracketing remains a methodological concept of modern phenomenological psychology, in which the focus is on the life-world. Such a focus of investigation is, on the face of it, incompatible with transcendental idealism. The gap was bridged largely by Merleau-Ponty, who found it possible to interpret Husserl's later work in an existentialist way, and thus enabled the process of bracketing to refer, not to a turning away from the world and a concentration on detached consciousness, but to the resolve to set aside theories, research presuppositions, ready-made interpretations, etc., in order to reveal engaged, lived experience. This paper outlines the history of the suspension of presuppositions and discusses the scope and limitations of bracketing in its new sense within existential phenomenology. The emphasis is on research practice and on the phenomenological quest for entry into the life-world of the research participant. It is argued that the bracketing of presuppositions throughout the process of research should be a cardinal feature of phenomenological psychology. Of equal importance is the investigator's sensitive awareness that the investigation of the life-world and the phenomena which appear within it is a thoroughly interpersonal process, necessarily entailing the taken-for-granted assumptions implicit in all social interaction. These presuppositions are not open to bracketing.
The New Generation of Diagnostic Manuals (Dsm-Iii, Dsm-Iii-r aNd Dsm-Iv) : an Overvi Ew an d a pHenomenologically Based Critique
Authors: Goldfarb Mical , Halling Steen
Published: April 2008

Given the extraordinary influence of the DSM-III and its successors, the DSM-III-R and the DSM-IV, it behooves humanistically oriented practitioners to appraise these new manuals most carefully. Toward this end, we discuss the goals that have guided the manuals' development and provide an overview of their basic structure. This is followed by a phenomenologically based critique, evaluating the claim that these manuals are "descriptive" and "atheoretical." We conclude with a discussion of five guiding principles for phenomenological diagnosis and assessment.
The Phenomenology of Forgiveness an d rEconci Liation
Authors: Fow Neil Robert
Published: April 2008

Phenomenological research on forgiving another is presented with a focus on impetus, outcome, and relationship to reconciliation. Preliminary implications for psychotherapeutic application of the distinction between forgiveness and reconciliation are introduced.
The Interpermeation of Self and World: Empirical Research, Existential Phenomenology, and Transpersonal Psychology
Authors: Adams Will W.
Published: April 2008

This study, based upon empirical phenomenological research, explores an essential phenomenon of human existence: the interpermeating communion of self and world. In interpermeation, the supposed separation of self and world is transcended. The being, energy, life, and meaning of the world "flow into" one's self and become integrated as part of who one is; simultaneously, one's being, consciousness, awareness, and self "flow into" the world (via perception and action) and become part of the world. Conscious of interpermeation, we tend to understand ourselves and reality differently, and to be more aware and compassionate with others and the natural world: awareness of interpermeation generates love as love generates awareness of interpermeation. A hermeneutic dialogue is offered between existential phenomenology, transpersonal psychology, and the world's spiritual traditions.
The Natural-Scientific Constitutive Phenomenological Psychology of Humans in the Earliest Sartre
Authors: Embree Lester
Published: April 2008

Sartre was strongly attracted by what he had heard about German phenomenology. Raymond Aron was spending a year at the French Institute in Berlin and studying Husserl simultaneously with preparing a historical thesis. When he came to Paris he spoke of Husserl to Sartre. We spent an evening together at the Bec de Gaz in the Rue Montparnasse. We ordered the speciality of the house, apricot cocktails; Aron said, pointing to his glass: "You see, my dear fellow, if you are a phenomenologist, you can talk about this cocktail and make philosophy out of it!" Sartre turned pale with emotion at this. Here was just the thing he had been longing to achieve for years-to describe objects just as he saw and touched them, and extract philosophy from the process. (Simone de Beauvoir, The Prime of Life, p. 112).
Sartre and Lived Experience
Authors: McBride William L.
Published: April 2008

"The conception of 'lived experience' marks my change since L'Etre et le Néant ... L'Etre et le Néant is a monument of rationality. But in the end it becomes an irrationalism, because it cannot account rationally for those processes which are 'below' consciousness and which are also rational, but lived as irrational. Today, the notion of 'lived experience' represents an effort to preserve that presence to itself which seems to me indispensable for the existence of any psychic fact, while at the same time this presence is so opaque and blind before itself that it is also an absence from itself."1
Zarathustra: The Tragic Figure of the Last Philosopher
Authors: Brogan Walter
Published: April 2008

The coast has vanished, now the last chain has fallen from me, the boundless roars around me, far out glisten space and time; be of good cheer, old heart.1
Archaeological Investigations in Azerbaijan (1986-1990)1
Authors: Goshgarli G. , Aliev I.
Published: April 2008

Archaeologists in Azerbaijan have studied the period in the middle of the first millennium B.C. which laid the economic basis of later states in the area (e.g. Atropene and Caucasian Albania) and during which nomadic peoples became settled pastoralists and arable farmers. Their work has revealed the process of transformation of temporary camps into permanent settlements, confirming ancient references to ca. 30 cities in Albania, and indicates the emergence of a new culture integrating native and Iranian elements in the late 1 st mill. B.C. -early 1 st mill. A.D. Mediaeval archaeology still focusses on urban settlements, but the number of sites and the scale of investigations have increased considerably. Main concerns have been the process and problems of urbanisation and the development of crafts, trade and architecture, however use of modern scientific methods studying the mass of excavated material is expected to throw light on the genesis of the mediaeval town, its social structure.and typology and the social aspects of its craft industries.
The Sasanian Šahrab of Balkh
Authors: Nikitin A.B.
Published: April 2008

One group of fragmentary clay seals of the Kushano-Sasanian period found in 1976 at Djigadépé near Balkh in N. Afghanistan bears the portrait of a Sasanian official and a unique double inscription in Bactrian and Middle Persian scripts. Combination of the various fragments allows a full reading of the inscription and the identification of the owner as a high official-šahrab-of modern Balkh. The seal is tentatively dated to the 4th c. A.D., but too few seals of this period are known to make this certain.
Investigations Into the Monuments of the Scythian Period From the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe (1980-1990)
Authors: Skoryj S.A.
Published: April 2008

Excavations on the right bank of the Dnieper have focused on the basins of the Tyasmin and Ross' rivers in the Kiev and Cherkassy regions. Here there has been intensive excavation of burial mounds (complexes at Tsvetkovo/Zhabotin/Flyarkovo, Lisovichi/Petrovskoe, Ivanovka/Stanislavchik/Ksaverovo/Yasnogore'e, Medvin), less intensive investigation of settlements (Mlynok, Kanev, Matroninskoe). On the left bank of the Dnieper research has concentrated on the Vorskla basin (Poltava region) and in the Cherkassy region. Here settlements (e.g. Bel'skoe/Helon) have received more attention than burials (e.g. at Gladkovshchina).
New Finds From Western Scythia
Authors: Okhotnikov S.B.
Published: April 2008

Recent large-scale archaeological work in the region between the Dniester and the Danube, e.g. excavations of burials at Artsiz and Dubossary, allow revisions of the history of its early nomadic inhabitants and show that the area was not merely a Scythian province.
Ancient Glass: Studies By Scholars From Russia and the Sovereign States of the Caucasus
Authors: Sorokina Nina P.
Published: April 2008

The author surveys the literature in Russian relating to the study of Roman glass vessels from the North Pontic area and the Caucasus, in particular for the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s which has seen a revival of interest in glass as a source for the history of the Classical states in the area.
The Archaeological Collection of the Yalta Historical-Literary Museum
Authors: Novichenkova Nataliya G.
Published: April 2008

Founded in 1892 and now containing ca. 11,000 pieces, the Yalta museum draws on pre-Revolutionary private collections, especially of Classical objects obtained locally and abroad, as well as on objects associated with the Mountain and Southern regions of the Crimea, acquired more systematically as a result of archaeological excavations and chance finds in the region. The most important pre-Revolutionary collection, that of Grand Prince Alexander Mikhajlovich, still contains-despite the destruction of WW II-more than 50 amphoras and 500 other ceramic pieces, especially of Archaic Corinthian and Samian ware. The museum houses many finds from pre-War excavations, e.g. from the Balim-Kosh site (ca. 20,000 Neolithic artefacts) and from the Roman legionary fortress at Charax. The creation after WW II of an Archaeological Department of the Museum has led to a 5-fold increase in the size of its collection. This now includes finds from late classical and early medieval burial grounds (Aj-Todor, Alushta, Druzhnoe, Verkhynaya Oreandal, the Gothic necropolis near Goluboj Zaliv, and the Mesolithic complex of Cape of Trinity I. The most important addition has been of more than 5000 objects from the sanctuary excavated in the past decade at the pass of Gurzufskoe Sedlo, which was in use from the Stone Age to the late Middle Ages. Its heyday was 1st cent. B.C.-1st cent. A.D. and from this period date the overwhelming majority of finds of bronze and silver statuettes, glass, metal instruments, ceramics, arms and coins. Such material provides a rare insight into all of the main phases of Crimean history and coins and other objects from the site have formed the subject of a recent exhibition in the museum.
Lapis Lazuli From the East: a Stamp Seal in the British Museum
Authors: Collon Dominique
Published: April 2008

The article deals with the interpretation of two images on the lapis lazuli stamp seal from the Western Asiatic Department of Antiquities in the British Museum. The author compares the images with scenes on Shahdad "standard", on bifacial disc from eastern Iran and on fragments of steatite vases from Louvre and the British Museum, and comes to the conclusion that the figure with a sidelock is a male personage, the other one is a female. Links with the art of south-eastern Iran put the stamp seal in the context of the Trans-Elamite culture, about 2550-2250 B.C.
Pour Un Apprentissage «Environnemental» De L'Arabe
Authors: Dichy Joseph
Published: April 2008

«... Car je n'étais plus un bébé sans parole, mais un petit garçon qui parlait. Cela, je m'en souviens, et depuis j'ai observé comment j'ai appris à le faire. Ce ne sont pas mes aînés qui m'ont enseigné les mots ... d'une façon méthodique. Mais moi, aspirant par des cris, des sanglots et divers mouvements de mes membres, à exprimer tout ce que je voulais à qui je voulais, je me suis moi-même, grâce à l'entendement que vous, mon Dieu, m'avez donné, entraîné à pratiquer les sons contenus dans ma mémoire ... Et ainsi, en entendant continuellement des mots apparaissant dans diverses phrases, j'ai graduellement saisi ce qu'ils représentaient, et, pliant ma bouche à ces signes, j'ai pu donner une expression à mon désir. Alors j'ai pu échanger avec mes proches ces signes courants de nos désirs, et j'ai dès lors plongé dans les profondeurs orageuses des relations humaines...» (Saint-Augustin, les Confessions.)
Angelology and the Supernal Worlds in the Aramaic Targums To the Prophets
Authors: Kasher Rimmon
Published: April 2008

Our goal was to try and examine the degree to which the different Targums to the books of the Prophets-Targum Jonathan and the Toseftot Targum-do or do not represent a unified attitude to angels and the angelic world. There is no doubt that both TJ and the TTs take the existence of angels for granted; but it is equally clear that TJ adopts a more cautious, reserved, approach than the TTs. Indeed, the TTs are intensely curious about the supernal world. Despite the fact that they derive from a variety of sources and differ quite widely in their language and function, it is undeniable that fifteen of them display such an interest. Moreover, these fifteen instances constitute a representative sample of the different sources and are therefore adequate to indicate a trend shared by the Toseftot Targum as a whole.69 Moreover, I would say that the difference is not one of quantity alone, but also of substance-not only is the number of references larger, but their content is quite different. Unlike TJ to Prophets, the TTs furnish us with the names of no less than seven angels: Uriel, Gabriel, Metatron, Michael, Samael, Penuel and the Angel of Death. The number of groups or categories of angels mentioned in the TTs is also greater. While TJ mentions only such groups as "angels of fire," "angels of trembling," "heavenly angels" and "angels of wind," the TTs refer to still other groups: "cruel angels," "angels of wrath," "angels of peace" and "angels of fear" (in addition to those mentioned in TJ, which also appear in TTs). And such expressions as "his attendants" (smšwhy) or "officers" (srky¸) also occur in the TTs but not in TJ.
Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition
Authors: Gow Andrew
Published: April 2008

Gog and Magog, the apocalyptic destroyers prophesied in the book of Revelations, gave concrete expression to the apocalyptic climate that dominated medieval thinking about the future-and the present. They permeated medieval texts and appeared in most maps of the world. Historians are coming to understand medieval and early modern world maps not primarily as rather primitive technical tools but as cultural documents. Such maps expressed in graphic form the world view(s) of medieval elites (princely, scholarly, mercantile). The traditional contents of mappaemundi and early printed maps place them firmly in the tradition of medieval learning, yet they show signs very early on of skeptical and "empirical" questioning directed at received (mainly ancient) wisdom concerning the existence, location, population, and qualities of traditional cartographic *topoi (e.g., the kingdom of Prester John). As Renaissance source-scholarship, rules of evidence, and overseas exploration reshaped cartography, world maps underwent both a rapid transformation into sources of up-to-date information and a certain retrenchment of traditional contents, especially in distant and marginal areas. Gog and Magog are among the principal remnants of the medieval dream of the world. They appear, often with reference to Marco Polo, on world maps well into the seventeenth century. Early modern Europeans continued to view much of the world through medieval lenses.
Muscovy and the "General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century"
Authors: Crummey Robert O.
Published: April 2008

This article discusses the applicability of the concept of the "general crisis of the seventeenth century" to Russia. The author begins by reviewing the literature on the "general crisis," particularly the contributions that potentially throw the most light on Russia's historical experience. Jack Goldstone's new book, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World, receives particular attention. The author argues that Goldstone's multi-causal, but ultimately new-Malthusian model is not helpful in explaining Russian developments: insofar as historians understand them, demographic trends in seventeenth-century Russia do not support Goldstone's arguments. In more general terms, the author concludes that a number of contributions to the debate on the "general crisis" do help to explain Russian events. In fact, Russia had two profound crises that display important parallels with simultaneous events elsewhere in Europe- the Time of the Troubles (1598-1613) and the crisis of 1648-49. The former was the most severe of the many European crises of the 1590s. The latter was, in essence, a revolt of taxpayers against the rapidly increasing demands of an absolutist state. Although the rebels did not overthrow Tsar Alexis' regime, his government, in response, took important steps toward more effective absolute rule, most importantly the full enserfment of the manorial peasantry.
Towards a Social History of Art: Defining "Mozarabic"
Authors: Hilsdale Cecily
Published: April 2008

Medieval Spanish art posed a particular problem for art historians due to the difficulty in reconciling strcmg formal differences between perceived Classicism on the one hand and foreign "Mozarabic" elements on the other. The connotations of such formal designations reveal much about larger perceptions of historical development at the beginning of this century. The term "Mozarabic" in early essays by Meyer Schapiro among others attained its definition solely in opposition to other earlier and later styles. It was understood in a pejorative light as the inferior counterpart to other formal idioms such as the Romanesque.
Orientalism and Crusader Art: Constructing a New Caanon
Authors: Ghorgopoulou Maria
Published: April 2008

This article argues that we need to question the Orientalist ideology that draws boundaries between the study of crusader art and that of the neighboring Muslim states. Two unusual Ayyubid glass beakers, now in the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore, are shown to contain Christian images. These images are placed within a landscape showcasing the major monuments in Jerusalem: the Dome of the Rock, the Holy Sepulchre, and the Tower of David, to highlight the significance of the sites for the viewer/patron. When these two beakers are compared with rnetalwork made in an Islamic style but depicting Christian scenes, it becomes clear that they were not as rare as we may think. Indeed, they prompt us to rethink our preconsumptions about daily life in the crusader kingdoms and to reassess the workings of the multiethnic market spaces of the Levant. The beakers may have served a foreign clicntele, but most probably were made for local Christian communities. Furthermore, these pieces allow us to study the processes of transference of tastes and techniques to the West.
Is This the Orient?
Authors: Odell Dawn
Published: April 2008

This paper is an experiment in applying Edward Said's notion of "human experience" to visual materials. Caan we avoid the polarizing structure of Orientalisrn by accessing "experience" and do visual images lend themselves to such an approach? Illustrated travel books from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century arc the basis of this study.
The Genizah and Jewish Liturgy: Past Achievements and a Current Project
Authors: Reif Stefan C.
Published: April 2008

Schechter appreciated the significance of his liturgical finds in the Genizah but important contributions were carlier made in Oxford by Adolf Neubauer, and his nephew, Adolf Büchler. Publication of such fragments progressed in Europe, and leading figures were Ismar Elbogen and Jacob Mann. In the U.S.A., Louis Finkelstein attempted to reconstruct the "original" Second Temple versions of the amidah and the grace after meals. More recently, Naphtali Wieder has analysed hundreds of fragments that permit comparisons of the Palestinian and Babylonian rites while Ezra Fleischer has questioned Joseph Heinemann's theory about the existence of equally valid alternatives of the standard prayers in the talmudic period, and produced a major monograph on Eretz-Israel customs. Note should be taken of variant methodologies, of the contributions of younger scholars, and of new theories inspired by a century of Genizah finds. One of the remaining questions, being dealt with by Reif, assesses how the physical medium has affected the development of content. Recent research traces how the single leaf evolved into the codex, how the private individual became the professional scribe, and how brief and provisional notes turned into formal, and virtually canonized, prayer-books.
Discourse analysis within the study of religion: Processes of change in ancient Greece
Authors: Albinus Lars
Published: April 2008

The aim is to show how formations of discourse can be seen as the subject matter for the historian of religions, drawing on structuralist and hermeneutic approaches. Although these may differ on important theoretical and methodological issues, I find the way in which they correspond, namely by pointing to the topic of discourse as their field of investigation, even more important. In this article a discourse is understood as a framework of communication, and the focus is laid upon religious discourse as a special kind of authorization. In ancient Greece, for example, "authors" such as Homer and Orpheus were the authorities of two different discursive traditions. The analysis of discourse can present us with a view of how certain frames of communication were interacting by means of contest, and how, eventually, it was the very strategy of authorization that was contested. Hence, what has often been seen as a paradigmatic shift from mythos to logos could more fruitfully be viewed from a discursive angle than from a perspective of different mentalities. Discourse analysis, as presented in this article, is a way of coming to terms with the process of transformation by regarding dynamic properties of communication, that is, as interrelated strategies on connected levels of system and event.
A Psychological Comparison of Ritual and Musical Meaning
Authors: Baranowski Ann
Published: April 2008

This article offers a theory of cognition and meaning of patterns in time. In religion, many practices are patterned in time such as ritual, chanting, meditation, and mantras. The study of ritual meaning has tended to look for meaning in the context of ritual and that to which the content supposedly refers. However, a large body of ethnographic data shows that ritual participants do not tend to understand the meaning of their rituals referentially. The aim of this article is to give an account of this data by showing how temporal patterns might be understood as meaningful in a non-referential sense. It looks for meaning in the form of ritual, that is, the temporal patterns themselves. I first argue that all patterns in time are understood in cognitively identical ways. If this is the case, then theories of the cognition and meaning of music would apply equally well to the study of the cognition and meaning of temporal patterns in religion. Theories of the cognitive realization of tonal/rhythmic patterns in music and the resulting meaning are presented and shown to be relevant to the study of ritual. The article ends with some final, more speculative thoughts on how meaning on this formal, non-referential level may fulfill a biological need.
Der Erste Kritiker Marxens
Authors: Hirsch Rudolf
Published: April 2008

Am 26. Juni 1956 wiederholte sich zum hundertsten Male der Todestag Max Stirners. Durch das Erscheinen seines Werkes "Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum", in dem er seine Zeit, die nachhegelianische Epoche, schonungslos kritisierte, war er bei den einen berühmt, bei anderen berüchtigt geworden. In neuerer Zeit lenkte er die allgemeine Aufmerksamkeit vor allem durch Nietzsche und durch die posthum erschienene Kritik Marxens an seinem Werk wieder auf sich, die letzterer 1845/46 gemeinsam mit Engels verfaßte, der Zeitumstände wegen aber "der nagenden Kritik der Mäuse überlassen" mußte. Sie erschien erstmals unter dem Titel "Die deutsche Ideologie" in der Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe, 1932, I. Abt., 5. Band.
Investigation, Detention and Release of Ships under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control: A View from Practice
Authors: Kiehne Gerhard
Published: April 2008

The Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (MOU) shall eliminate the operation of substandard ships in the ports of Europe. It does not set up additional safety requirements. Instead, it shall help to enforce rules and standards laid down in international agreements ("relevant instruments") on ships regardless of the flag they are flying. The control is carried out by surveyors (Port State Control Officers, PSCOs) appointed by the port state authorities. Ships are selected for control with regard to the typical hazards that certain types of ships pose, and to a "rolling list" of flags with especially high detention rates. If a deficiency is found, the surveyor can impose measures ranging from an instruction to rectify them before departure, or within two weeks, or in the next port of call, to the detention of the ship. The legal basis for the detention must be found in the "relevant instruments" implemented by the domestic law of the port state. The owner or operator of the detained ship has a right of appeal. Appeal, however, does not suspend detention.
Foreign Military Activities in the Swedish Economic Zone
Authors: Mahmoudi Said
Published: April 2008

On 29 April 1994, the Swedish daily Dagens Nyheter published a short report about the diplomatic contacts between Sweden and the United States concerning the activities of an American military ship in the Swedish economic zone.' According to the report, the USNS Kane had some three weeks previously carried out surveys in the Swedish economic zone somewhere between the islands of Gotland and Oland. The purpose had been to study currents and other water movements on the bottom of the sea. According to the report, the Swedish coastguard had suspected marine scientific research, which required prior notification.2 The staff on the Kane had responded that the activity was in fact survey, which is distinct from marine scientific research. The military status of the vessel was also invoked as a justification of the military nature of the activity. The coastguard reported the Kane's activity to the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, which had contacted the American authorities for explanation. The Kane had left the Swedish economic zone after the completion of her mission.
Prison Health Law
Authors: Tomaševski Katarina
Published: April 2008

Comparative prison health is marked by three paradoxes: while problems are similar, responses vary a great deal; the image of the prison population as young, male and healthy is contrasted against the excessive use of health services; prison health service is criticised if standards are worse, but also if they seem better than outside prison. This text highlights current controversies in prison health, pointing to some of the main health problems in prison and outlining the pattern of responses in individual European countries, and also at the European and global level. Because many prison health issues are controversial, and these controversies are reflected in law, examples are used instead of a comparative overview. The interplay between three sources of guidance, namely law enforcement, health and human rights, has marked the recent process of change from prison into prisoners' health law, which has been based on the acceptance of equivalence as the ultimate goal. This has made a substantial change in the very approach to regulating prison health - rather than part of the penitentiary, prison health is increasingly seen as part of the health system. The acceptance of equivalence has had profound consequences for both prisoners and health professionals working in prison. The rights of patients-prisoners are not yet fully recognized, nor is their access to health care guaranteed similarly to patients at liberty, but the process of effective recognition is progressing rapidly. The health personnel in many countries retains its dual - and often conflicting - role of prison and prisoners' health service. Legislative changes have, in some countries, separated health from penitentiary law, and subsumed prison health under the general health law. Even where this has not been accomplished, the utilization of professional and ethical standards, and of human rights procedures, have contributed to their enhanced professional independence.
Ethical Aspects of Brain Research
Authors: Lucia Irccs S.
Published: April 2008

Theme I: Health and Human Rights. Health and human rights in relation to children and other vulnerable groups - for example, ethnic minorities and migrants; the role of health professionals in promoting respect for human rights; discrimination on the basis of health status. Theme II: The Death Debates. Cross-cultural and comparative religion perspectives on dying; euthanasia; nurse-assisted and physician-assisted suicide; the futility debate; advance directives; transplantation ; procuring organs from heart-beating donors or anencephalic infants. Theme III: Genetics and Reproductive Technology. The nature of human identity; genome mapping; genetic manipulation and counselling ; embryo research; preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis; the legal status of embryos, fetuses, infants, and families created by assisted reproduction; fetal tissue transplants; eugenics; population ethics. Theme IV: Health, Ecology, Persons and Planet. The connections between human health and ecological health, including how concepts developed in medicine, ethics, and law might be applicable in the promotion of ecological health, and vice versa. These include resource allocation; justice (including intergenerational justice) in health care; open and closed legal systems; and concepts of trust, covenant, and quality of life.
Life and Death Decisions: "Die, my dear doctor? That's the last thing I shall do!"1
Authors: Morris Anne
Published: April 2008

This article examines the current state of English law in relation to advance directives, formerly referred to as "living wills." There has been much discussion about the wisdom of allowing patients to have the right to direct what should happen in the event of their future incapacity. The article seeks to illustrate that the law already allows for anticipatory decisions which must be adhered to by health care teams. The remaining uncertainties are focused on form and scope rather than on the validity of the general principle. Reference is made in particular to the Law Commission Report on Mental Incapacity, the British Medical Association Code of Practice on Advance Statements About Medical Treatment and the Report of the House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics which dealt with the right to withhold consent to treatment.
Autonomy: potential and limitations
Authors: Lapidoth Ruth
Published: April 2008

The role of autonomy is to ease tensions resulting from the heterogeneity of the population within a State, in particular ethnic diversity. Territorial political autonomy is compared to personal autonomy. Factors which may increase prospects for success are analyzed, as well as the pros and cons for autonomy.
Group rights: The definition of group rights in the contemporary legal debate based on socio-cultural analysis
Authors: Segesvary Victor
Published: April 2008

Individuals are not atomized entities but integrated into groups thus sharing common belief- and value-systems, traditions, language, and symbolic orderings of the world. This means that groups (or communities) and their characteristics are constitutive of individual beings. This fact, which was frequently ignored in modemity, is the basis of the assertion that group rights are a sui generis category of the national and international legal regimes. However, group rights fall into two classes: quasi-group rights which are of natural (biological or accidental) origin, and group rights which correspond to the culturally and socially formed characters of groups (ethnic, national, religious, or linguistic groups) and of their members.
Government-Minority Dialogue in Austria
Authors: Sanford William E.
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this article is to analyze the functioning of Austria's Ethnic Advisory Councils as institutionalized mechanisms for government-minority dialogue. The article first describes the Austrian social and political context, specifically regarding Austria's six officially-recognized autochthonous ethnic groups2. After an overview of the historic and contemporary situations of these groups, their legal status and the process for policy-making on minority issues in Austria are examined. Based on extensive interviews with policy-makers and minority representatives during Summer 1995, the last sections specifically address the role of the Ethnic Advisory Councils and consider various proposals for improving their functioning.
The issue(s) of minorities in the European peace and security context1
Authors: Trifunovska Snežana
Published: April 2008

This article gives a short analysis of the protection of minorities in the European peace and security context. Starting from a brief description of the complex minority situation in Europe, the author deals with the existing legally and non-legally binding documents adopted by the European organizations, OSCE, Council of Europe and the European Union, relevant for protection of minorities, as well as with the available mechanisms which can be used in the situations in which the position of minorities can affect peace and security. The purpose of the author is to determine whether the existing documents and mechanisms are sufficient for protection of minorities and preservation of peace and security. The paper was presented at the Eight Annual Meeting of the Academic Council on the United Nations Systems, held in New York on 19-21 June 1995.
Regime Change, State Crime and Transitional Justice: A Criminal Law Retrospective Concentrating on Former Eastern bloc Countries3
Authors: Arnold Jörg , Silverman Emily
Published: April 2008

In an initial summing up of this necessarily abbreviated and cursory report of findings, the first thing to recognise is that the countries examined in the study accorded different significance to the criminal law as a means for dealing with the past. The Eastern European countries, at any rate, appear to be largely in agreement with regard to the role of rehabilitation and compensation, although more comparative research into their realization in practice is required. With regard to the direct criminal prosecution and punishment of political and state-promoted crime, however, there is much less uniformity. This is clearly illustrated by the disparate criminal justice practices in the individual countries. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that criminal law plays no role whatsoever in accounting for the past.
Jesuit Concepts of Spatium Imaginarium and Thomas Hobbes's Doctrine of Space1
Authors: Leijenhorst Cees
Published: April 2008

Thomas Hobbes's doctrine of space is here considered as an example of the Nachzuirkung of Jesuit commentaries on Aristotle's natural philosophy (especially those by Toletus, Pereira, Suarez, Fonseca and the Conimbricenses) in seventeenth-century mechanistic science. Hobbes's doctrine of space can be reconstructed in terms of his intensive dialogue with late scholasticism, as represented in the works of several important Jesuit authors. Although he presents his concept of space as an alternative to the Aristotelian notion of place, there are some remarkable similarities between Hobbes's alternative notion of space and the concept of spatium imaginarium, found in the Jesuit commentaries. While Hobbes adopts many scholastic elements, he employs these to his own purposes. Thus, on the one hand, this article does not so much challenge Hobbes's "modernity", but rather tries to put it in its proper perspective. On the other hand, it tries to show the vitality and importance of Jesuit natural philosophy in non- or even anti-Aristotelian contexts.
Celestial Motions in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Grant Edward
Published: April 2008

With the introduction of Greco-Islamic science and natural philosophy, medieval natural philosophers were confronted with three distinct astronomical systems: Aristotelian, Ptolemaic, and the system of al-Bitruji. A fundamental problem that each had to confront was how to explain simultaneous contrary motions in the heavens -for example, the sun's motion, which moves east to west with a daily motion while simultaneously moving west to east along the ecliptic- within an Aristotelian physical system that assumed that a simple body could have only one proper motion. How medieval natural philosophers resolved this problem is the focus of the article.
Philosophical Cosmology in Judaism
Authors: Rudavsky T.M.
Published: April 2008

In this paper I shall examine the philosophical cosmology of medieval Jewish thinkers as developed against the backdrop of their views on time and creation. I shall concentrate upon the Neoplatonic and Aristotelian traditions, with a particular eye to the interweaving of astronomy, cosmology and temporality. This interweaving occurs in part because of the influence of Greek cosmological and astronomical texts upon Jewish philosophers. The tension between astronomy and cosmology is best seen in Maimonides' discussion of creation. Gersonides, on the other hand, is more willing to incorporate astronomical material into his cosmological thinking. By examining these motifs, we shall arrive at a greater understanding of the dimension of temporality within Jewish philosophy.
Cannibalism and Contagion: Framing Syphilis in Counter-Reformation Italy*
Authors: Eamon William
Published: April 2008

The outbreak of syphilis in Europe elicited a variety of responses concerning the disease's origins and cure. In this essay, I examine the theory of the origins of syphilis advanced by the 16th-century Italian surgeon Leonardo Fioravanti. According to Fioravanti, syphilis was not new but had always existed, although it was unknown to the ancients. The syphilis epidemic, he argued, was caused by cannibalism among the French and Italian armies during the siege of Naples in 1494. Fioravanti's strange and novel theory is connected with his view of disease as corruption of the body caused by eating improper foods. His theory of bodily pollution, a metaphor for the corruption of society, coincided with Counter-Reformation concepts about sin and the social order.
Gilles De Corbeil Ou Le Médecin Pédagogue Au Tournant Des Xiie Et Xiiie Siècles
Authors: Ausécache Mireille
Published: April 2008

Gilles de Corbeil (12th century) figures as the initiator of the scientific teaching of medicine in Paris at a time when medicina became physica. He studied medicine at the famous school of Salerno, and his teaching was based upon Salernitan theories and practice. He showed himself very concerned with teaching methods and attached great importance to memorizing. This explains why he composed medical poetry so as to provide a mnemonic aid for his students. As a teacher, he took care of his students' reading, offering them advise. He insisted on the importance of a personal relationship between teacher and student, evoking his own relationship with his Salernitan masters, but repeatedly criticized the students of his time.