bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information Technology and Regulatory Policy
Authors: Coglianese Cary
Published: May 2004

Information technology holds the potential for improving the process bywhich government makes regulatory decisions affecting vital aspects of society and the economy. This article charts new directions for research on the application of information technology to regulatory policy making. Drawing on the deliberations from two recent workshops organized by Harvard University’s Regulatory Policy Program, the article highlights avenues for expanding the objectives of digital government research, as well as contributing knowledge to decision makers who seek to improve the responsiveness, efficiency, and manageability of regulatory policy making. Effective innovations in applying information technology to regulatory policy will need to take into account both the capabilities of newinformation technologies and the institutional design of the federal regulatory process. By integrating perspectives from both the information and social sciences, digital government research can help shape the future of information technology and the making of regulatory policy.
Gender, Educational, and Occupational Digital Gaps 1983-2002
Authors: Losh Susan Carol
Published: May 2004

Using representative national surveys, this study tracks education, occupation, and gender access and use of digital technology among adults between 1983 and 2002. Although greater parity has occurred, substantial divisions remain. For individuals who owned a home computer, gender, education, and labor force gaps in home Internet access had largely disappeared by 2002, although better educated males still most often used home e-mail. Male college graduates most often had work web access or email. Gender gaps in online time rose from 1995 to 2002; men and very well educated adults increased their hours the most. Occupational variables were critical: many gender differences in information technology (IT) access and use lessened when labor force participation or occupational type were controlled. Although disparities have diminished, digital gaps across gender and educational level and among those with different labor force experiences continue.
Teaching Qualitative Data Analysis to Graduate Students
Authors: Blank Grant
Published: May 2004

This article reports the author’s experience teaching sociology graduate students howto analyze qualitative data. The course focused on teaching practical skills of defining coding categories, coding text, analyzing coded text, and writing up the results of analysis. The assignments used Qualrus software to give students hands-on practice doing all of these. The course was enthusiastically received and will become a permanent part of the sociology methods course offerings at American University.
Classifying and Coding Online Actions
Authors: Hargittai Eszter
Published: May 2004

Research on how the Internet is diffusing across the population has broadened from questions about who uses the medium to what people do during their time online. With this change in focus comes a need for more detailed data on people’s online actions. The author provides a method for coding and classifying users’ online information-seeking behavior. The author presents an exhaustive list of ways in which a user may arrive at a web page. The proposed methodology includes enough nuanced information to distinguish among different search actions and links. In its entirety, the coding scheme makes it possible to understand many details about the users’ sequence of actions simply by looking at the spreadsheet containing the information proposed in this article. The author also demonstrates the utility of this scheme with findings from a study on the information-seeking behavior of 100 randomly selected Internet users to exemplify the utility of this coding and classification scheme.
Adding Machines and Logarithms
Authors: McFarland David D.
Published: May 2004

Sociologists of earlier eras had much more limited computational tools available, but even in the founding era, there were slide rules and printed tables of mathematical functions, mechanical calculators were becoming more common, and punched card tabulating equipmentwas being developed. This article focuses on one particular founder, Franklin H. Giddings, and the kind of computations he did or did not do, using or not using various computational devices then available. Giddings’s reputation, as the leading quantitative sociologist among the founders of the discipline, is compared with his published work. Giddings himself, although a prolific author, did very little original quantitative research. His main contribution to quantitative sociology consisted of his programmatic statements, which helped provide legitimation for subsequent scholars who actually performed quantitative research.
Focused Online Discussions, Moments of Difficulty, and Student Understanding
Authors: Persell Caroline Hodges
Published: May 2004

How might computing technologies be used to help address critical problems in the teaching of sociology and other disciplines? This article discusses a qualitative case study designed to illuminate this question. It examines how a very simple computing technology, namely online discussion groups, was designed and structured to address certain pedagogical problems. Qualitative analysis of student postings and observations of the process reveals that focused, web-based discussions made student thinking visible to peers and teacher, created an electronic archive, and provided feedback to instructors. The moments-of-difficulty approach helped to identify and address lacunae in background knowledge or skills that interfere with learning, highlight new concepts needing clarification or statistical relationships requiring explanation, and helped students construct new interpretations and questions. The article discusses threshold conditions for using technology, suggests questions for further research, and considers how computing technologies may increase our understanding of teaching and learning more generally.
Appropriate and Inappropriate Forms of Testing, Assessment, and Accountability
Authors: Kornhaber Mindy L.
Published: May 2004

Policy makers have focused on promoting test-based accountability systems as a tool for correcting a wide variety of educational problems, including low standards, weak motivation, poor curriculum and instruction, inadequate learning, and educational equity. This article argues that the appropriateness of testing, or any other form of assessment, as a solution to such problems should be guided by one primary motivation: whether it enables all students to function at the highest possible level in the wider world. This motivation provides a standard for evaluating the effectiveness of assessment policies. The article looks for evidence that test-based accountability systems, when applied to various educational problems, enhance or impede diverse students’ ability to use their minds well. The evidence is, at best, mixed. This article argues for a more balanced use of assessments that can incorporate instructionally timely and useful information about students’ performance and concludes with guidelines and recommendations for appropriate test use.
Inclusive Ambiguity: Multicultural Conflict in an Era of Accountability
Authors: Hess Frederick M.
Published: May 2004

The expansion of high-stakes accountability in the past decades has created an unavoidable tension with contemporary efforts to promote multicultural curricula. Accountability requires that states establish common standards, a difficult task when there is disagreement about what content students should learn. Policy makers can adopt an “augmentative” strategy and add material to standards. This approach is less effective, however, in high-stakes systems where standards are expected to provide concrete guidance. At such times, negotiations become more nearly “zero sum”—something has to come out of the standards for each new item that goes in. Given the nature of the American system, conflicts are more often resolved by devising ambiguous and aspirational standards. Conflict is more common in the humanities and social sciences than in mathematics or science because the “soft” subjects are less able to appeal to a neutral authority and because additional content can be grafted onto them more readily.
States’ Efforts in Improving the Qualifications of Early Care and Education Teachers
Authors: Ackerman Debra J.
Published: May 2004

An important component of quality early care and education (ECE) is teacher training. Only 18 states require teachers in private ECE settings to undergo any preservice training, however, and there are many barriers to improving these teachers’ qualifications. Individual states are initiating various efforts that address those challenges and hold promise for improving ECE, including the provision of scholarships and financial incentives, specifications regarding the types of training ECE teachers need, and career lattices that delineate pathways for continued learning and improved practice. The article describes these efforts and summarizes the practices that seem to offer promise for improving ECE teachers’qualifications. The article also suggests topics to be considered in regard to future research.
Context, Capacity, and Concern: A District-Level Analysis of the Implementation of Standards-Based Reform in New York State
Authors: Sipple John W. , Killeen Kieran M.
Published: May 2004

Policy makers have initiated a dramatic period of standards-based reform for New York State students, an effort of great relevance across the United States. Although comprehensive high school examinations and state-endorsed Regents diplomas are over 100 years old, the demand that all students must earn college-preparatory diplomas is new. This research asked under what conditions district context matters in implementing of standards-based reform. The authors posited that personnel (teachers, principals, and superintendents) interact with the contextual characteristics of their district environments (organizational size, geography, resources, personnel level) in ways that shape responses to standards-based reforms. Surveys and state-collected data, along with multilevel modeling, were used to weigh programmatic reform at the school district level. Districts serving greater proportions of poor students were more likely to offer general equivalency diploma alternatives to the Regents diploma. Whether these phenomena undermine the heightened standards for all children or reflect healthy local variation and choice is debatable.
The Effect of a Communal Lifestyle on Depressive Symptoms in Late Life
Authors: Blumstein Tzvia , Benyamini Yael , Fuchs Zahava , Shapira Ziva , Novikoy Ilya , Walter-Ginzburg Adrian , Modan Baruch
Published: May 2004

Objectives: This study compares depression levels among lifetime kibbutz members ( n = 525) and old-age kibbutz residents ( n = 366) with a comparable national sample ( n = 412) and assesses the relationship between depression and individual differences related to lifetime in a kibbutz (e.g., health) and those related to current living conditions (e.g., social network). Methods: The analysis is based on data from the Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Aging Study conducted in Israel between 1989 and 1992 and the follow-up during 1993 and 1994. Results: The findings indicate significantly lower depressive symptomatology among women, but not among men, residing in kibbutz communities. The women’s lower level of depressive symptoms appears to be a result of better physical and mental functioning among kibbutz members and of such favorable lifestyle characteristics as frequent contact with their children among old-age kibbutz residents. Discussion: Both lifetime and current living conditions contribute to better mental health of women in the kibbutz at older ages.
Religion and Functional Health Among the Elderly
Authors: Benjamins Maureen Reindl
Published: May 2004

Objectives: Religion significantly influences a variety of health outcomes, especially among the elderly. Fewstudies have examined howthe relationship may differ by age within this age group. It is possible that increasing levels of religiosity within the elderly, or other age-related differences, may strengthen the influence of religion on functional limitations. Method: This study used the Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey, a nationally representative, longitudinal data set, to estimate the effects of religious attendance and salience on functional ability. Results: More frequent attendance is associated with fewer functional limitations, whereas higher levels of salience are associated with more limitations. No significant age interactions were found. Discussion: Attendance and salience predict the number of functional limitations in the elderly but in different directions. These effects tend to be stable within the elderly population, indicating that further age divisions may not be necessary when examining this relationship in future studies.
Children’s Use of Public Space
Authors: Karsten Lia
Published: May 2004

This article considers the gendered character of the contemporary playground. Based on observational studies in eight Amsterdam playgrounds and interviews with users, it is shown how playground participation, activities and micro-geographies are structured by gender. Furthermore, not only does the playground function as a gendered space, its physical and symbolic landscapes also reinforce this binary divide. In addition, the contested character of this divide is illustrated with examples of girls and boys challenging traditional gender behaviour. In its gendered access, the playground is comparable with other public spaces: in contrast, however, it has not yet been the focus of feminist critique. This article points out the wider significance of creating emancipatory public play environments.
Why Won’t They Listen to Us?
Authors: Grover Sonja
Published: May 2004

This article discusses the need for authentic social research with children given the fact that increasingly such research is being relied on to inform social policy which profoundly affects the lives of children. Authentic research is operationalized in this article as that research which gives power and voice to child research participants and which provides insights into their subjective world. Such research allows the children to a degree to be ‘subject’ or ‘collaborator’ in the research process rather than simply study ‘object’. Giving power and voice to children in the research context involves issues of research methodology and opportunities to contribute to research agendas and ethics guidelines such that the need and right to be heard is better met. Empathetic understanding in research with children as a byproduct of combining quantitative approaches with the phenomenological perspective is also discussed.
A Citizen-Candidate Model with Sequential Elections
Authors: Cadigan John , Janeba Eckhard
Published: May 2004

This article develops a citizen-candidate model with sequential elections. The model highlights the strategic considerations associated with the primary process, which hinge on the preferences of party members, in particular the party medians and the party boundaries. It is shown that although electoral competition leads to convergence in platforms, the primary process limits such convergence. Intuitively, this results from candidates having to please two different sets of citizens in successive races (party members in the primary and the electorate as a whole in the general election).
The Library is the Message
Authors: Delambre Raymond
Published: May 2004

La question de la légitimité de la bibliothèque, à l’âge du numérique pour reprendre l’expression convenue, se pose. Les redéploiements symboliques, métaphoriques de la bibliothèque légitiment la formule ‘ the Library is the Message’.

La formule est examinée à travers différents prismes: celui de la performance architecturale en tant que telle, la théorie du chaos, la bibliothèque ‘virtuelle’ – le thème de l’obsolescence des murs de bibliothèque est objectivé – le mythe de l’acteur – un continuum existe entre la prétendue interactivité de l’écran et le mythe de l’acteur – les notions de marketing, self-service, servuction. La bibliothèque semble s’assimiler à un ‘espace social’ – concrètement, la bibliothèque s’inspire de la librairie: la ‘doctrine consistant à ne pas en avoir’ imprègne l’architecture des bibliothèques.
After the Fall
Authors: Edwards John
Published: May 2004

Just as the study of minority groups can highlight generalities that apply to majorities as well, so the unfolding of momentous events can throw into greater relief existing aspects of the sociopolitical landscape. This is certainly true for the events of 11 September – together with what went before, and what came after. We have had reinforced our sense of the power of perception and image and, therefore, the importance of message, manipulation and positive self-presentation. We have seen aspects of the definition of American exceptionalism, and some of its implications for narrative, policy and practice. We have seen how nuanced analysis and measured dissent have all too often become casualties in a narrowly circumscribed rush to judgement. And we have seen, above all, opportunities for social and political progress unrecognized, ignored or thrown away. The fall continues.
The Events and Actors of 11 September 2001 As Seen from Uruguay: Analysis of Daily Newspaper Editorials
Authors: Achugar Mariana
Published: May 2004

The aim of this article is to identify some of the discursive properties of the Uruguayan media coverage of the events of 11 September 2001 and their aftermath. The specific focus is on the construction of inand out-group identity through representation of the events and its participants. In addition, the article explores how local political agendas are advanced by arguments that connect these events to local struggles/issues. The analysis is from a critical perspective that conceives language as a social practice construed by, and at the same time construing, the social. This conceptualization of the relationship between language and the social allows us to explore the political sphere through its realizations in language. The aim is to problematize the ‘naturalized’ or hegemonic aspects of the discursive practices identified.
The Role of Family Policy Institutions in Explaining Gender-Role Attitudes: A Comparative Multilevel Analysis of Thirteen Industrialized Countries
Authors: Sjöberg Ola
Published: May 2004

This article examines the role of institutionalized family policy in structuring attitudes towards female labour force participation in 13 industrialized countries. Two different perspectives on explaining the role of family policy institutions are distinguished. According to the first perspective, gender-role attitudes will differ cross-nationally according to the capacity of family policy institutions to reconcile work in the home with work in the paid labour force. According to the second perspective, institutions such as family policies can give rise to a certain collection of norms regarding the ‘proper’ role of women in society. Cross-national variation in family policies will, according to this perspective, have important implications for gender-role attitudes primarily because it will affect what is seen as normatively appropriate behaviour, rather then affecting the returns expected from alternative choices. The empirical analysis, using multilevel regression techniques on data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), indicates that variations in family policy models can contribute significantly to our understanding of cross-national variations in gender-role attitudes. It is also shown that the way gender-role attitudes are measured and conceptualized can have important implications for how cross-national differences in these attitudes are explained.
The Dynamics of Social and Labour Market Policies in France and the United Kingdom: Between Path Dependence and Convergence
Authors: Erhel Christine , Zajdela Hélène
Published: May 2004

Significant social and labour market policy reforms have taken place in most European countries since the beginning of the 1990s. These changes warrant an examination of the dynamics of differing national models from two opposing analytical perspectives: path dependence (signifying that initial differences persist) and convergence (merging towards a single model). This article compares the national models in France and the UK. Fundamental principles of social protection and labour market policy in each country were contrasting in the early 1990s; however, both experienced numerous reforms at the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s. We show that although the UK and France stick to differentiated institutional paths, nevertheless, some convergence towards job supply-oriented employment and social policies emerges at the end of the period. Therefore, path dependence theory appears to be highly significant in understanding the dynamics of national regimes, but this reference should be amended to include other forms of change that enable a functional convergence of initially differing systems. Neoinstitutionalist theory, in particular North’s work (North, 1990), is likely to underpin this more general framework to include insights into the role of informal factors, especially ideas.
Mathematics, Measurement, Metaphor and Metaphysics I
Authors: Fisher William P.
Published: May 2004

This paper relates philosophy’s metaphysical insistence on rigorous figure–meaning independence, and its own distrust of that insistence, to the potential for improved quantitative and qualitative methods in the sciences. Following Wittgenstein’s admonition that we pay attention to our nonsense, a kind of Socratic double vision is needed to simultaneously accept (1) that any meaningful discourse necessarily requires a significant degree of signifier–signified coordination, and (2) that an ideal degree of such coordination is never achieved in practice. A metaphysically informed theory of scientific method begins from the mathematical and hermeneutic implications of figure–meaning coordination. This paper explores the mathematical metaphysics of science, critically evaluates the often repeated maxim that fields of study are only as scientific as they are mathematical, and suggests that some forms of quantification are more mathematically astute, metaphysically informed, pragmatic and effective than others. In conclusion, the qualitative and quantitative aspects of three key features of measurement are briefly explored: (1) the deconstructive display and exploration of significant anomaly; (2) the metaphorically and numerically reductive identification, via sufficient reason and sufficient statistics, of new variables; and (3) the constructive application of technologically embodied sign–thing coordinations in research and practice.
Multiple Intelligence and the Structure of Thinking
Authors: Chongde Lin , Tsingan Li
Published: May 2004

We argue that Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences is surprisingly analogous to the theory of intelligence implied in the ancient Chinese educational program of the ‘Six Arts’, even though there are also important differences between them. Although we regard components of intellectual structure as multiple, our theory of intelligence is also different from Gardner’s. In this paper we (1) compare Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and the theory of intelligence implied in the Six Arts education of ancient China, and (2) analyze Lin Chongde’s theory of intelligence and his perspective that the components of intellectual structure are diverse.
Domain Mismatches, Scruffy Engineering, Exaptations and Spandrels
Authors: Hampton Simon Jonathan
Published: May 2004

Evolutionary psychology invokes the concept of a mismatch between the past and the present with regard to characteristics of the environment whilst maintaining that human minds are comprised of the same psychological adaptations. This paper addresses the question ‘how do “old” adaptations successfully accommodate novel environments?’ An answer comes by recourse to Gould’s (1991, 1997; Gould & Lewontin, 1979; Gould & Vbra, 1982) terms ‘exaptation’ and ‘spandrel’. Ostensibly antithetical to these ideas, I show how evolutionary psychology invites their use. Unless evolutionary psychology wants to deny the orthodox claims that adaptations are not optimally designed and that humans exhibit novel behaviours in terms of precedent in natural history, a consequence of this is that there is no evolutionary account of some common and important behaviours. Alternatively, if evolutionary psychology as a form of ‘strong’ adaptationism insists that novel behaviours are the product of directly selected adaptations, I examine the suggestion that adaptations are ‘ scruffily’ engineered, and show how this undermines the aspirations of the adaptationist programme in psychology as it has been expressed by Tooby and Cosmides (1992, 1995).
The Impact of Trade Union Education: a Study in Three Countries in Eastern Europe
Authors: Croucher Richard
Published: May 2004

Education is often viewed as a key instrument for effecting change in trade unions. This article examines the experience of a programme conducted by the International Union of Food, Agricultural and Allied Workers’ Associations within agricultural unions in Moldova, Ukraine, and Belarus. The analysis develops a typology of different educational approaches related to gender and to varying strategies in relation to union reform, which may have wider application. Results of the educational activities include the development of an international network of activists dedicated to union reform, reallocation of subscription income, and direct effects on industrial relations in a multinational company. The pace and direction of change in these former ‘official’ unions are sensitive issues because of increasingly hostile state regimes and dependence on external resources. These unions may be seen in future as less fruitful fields for global donor investment and may attract fewer resources than those in other regions of the world.
Libraries and the Regional Agenda
Authors: Hobbs Tim
Published: May 2004

Discusses the Government’s regional agenda in relation to library and information services. Stresses that the role of the regions, generally, is high up the political agenda and that the development of a regional aspect for library and information services, specifically, is also well advanced. Gives an overview of the role of Resource (the Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries) in the regional agenda and describes how the strategic involvement of the museums, libraries and archives (MLA) sector is becoming more prominent. Reviews a number of key developments for library and information services which have a regional perspective including Framework for the Future and the Wider Information and Library Issues Project (WILIP). Discusses how the new Regional Agencies will build on the success of the former Regional Library Systems to develop a new strategic agenda for the MLA sector which, whilst recognizing the differences between the various partners, hopes to capitalize on the synergies within the sector. Summarizes the key priorities for the Regional Agencies which include advocacy and lobbying, data gathering, raising the profile of the sector and its contribution to a range of policy areas, the mapping of user needs and the building of effective relationships. Acknowledges that problems exist in working across the different service areas including a separation of duties at government level and confusion about responsibilities. Concludes with an analysis of what the regional agenda can offer library and information services, asserting that a regional role and perspective could be the solution to a range of difficulties currently facing the sector.
The People’s Network and Cultural Change
Authors: Goulding Anne , Spacey Rachel
Published: May 2004

A recent report detailing the use of the People’s Network in public library services in the United Kingdom indicates an overwhelmingly positive reaction from users. The public are using the Internet in public libraries for a range of reasons and it is supporting their career-, learning-, leisure- and social-related activities. One of the striking features of the report is the number of comments from users commending the advice and assistance on using the Internet available from public library staff, suggesting that the public library is a comfortable and non-threatening environment in which to learn and practise ICT skills. The reaction from staff is more mixed, however, according to preliminary results of a PhD research project taking place at Loughborough University. While some public library staff are eager to seize the opportunities for new, expanded roles that the People’s Network offers, others are dismayed at the changes taking place to their job content and to public library services. Managers need to be alert to the cultural shift being experienced by staff, acknowledge it and find ways of addressing resistance and dislocation.
Little Book, Big Book
Authors: Furner Jonathan
Published: May 2004

Since its publication in 1963, Derek Price’s Little science, big science (LSBS) has achieved ‘citation classic’ status. Examination of the genesis of LSBS and the state of the discipline of the history of science in the UK and the USA in the late 1950s demonstrates that Price’s ideas were formulated during a pivotal period in the development of socio-historical studies of science. Price’s talent for innovation and synthesis at an unsettled but highly charged time, and his appreciation of the pioneering work in science studies of the crystallographer J.D. Bernal, are reflected in the uniquely profound and wide-ranging respects in which LSBS has contributed to the development of scientometric and sociological theory.
The Use of Print and Electronic Media in Botswana
Authors: Thapisa A. P.N.
Published: May 2004

One principle of Botswana’s Long Term Vision for 2016 is ‘An educated and informed nation’ through access to electronic and paper media and computer-based communication. This Department of Information and Broadcasting Services (DIBS) survey provides background data to ensure equality of access among communities. User patterns and preferences for viewing, listening and reading are determined using questionnaires, interviews, observation and focus groups. The survey technique provided for systematic random samples from city, town, urban village and village areas, reaching over 1,700 respondents. Access to radio and television, stations and times preferred, and newspaper readership are analysed by gender, age, education and income. Concludes that access in low income and rural areas should be increased by implementing more proactive education policies, equal employment and incomes policies, and the creation of rural community centres with television and radio. Radio and TV should not take a back seat to Internet access. Information should be in multiple languages, not just principal and official languages, appropriate to age and educational level of the audience, and should include programmes with useful local content created by the users themselves. The free newspaper should be more effectively distributed.
Life after Sheffield
Authors: Loughridge Brendan
Published: May 2004

Follow-up surveys of Masters programme graduates at the Department of Information Studies have been conducted at regular intervals since 1973. The findings of these reviews are outlined here, with particular reference to graduates’ perceptions of the relevance and value of the programmes they followed to their subsequent professional employment, and to factors affecting their job satisfaction in first and subsequent posts. Overall, graduates surveyed commented favourably on the quality and relevance of the programmes while making positive suggestions as to how the programmes might be improved. Factors affecting job satisfaction varied, depending on job destinations and employment sector, as did the commonest causes of job dissatisfaction.
Music Provision in UK Public Libraries
Authors: Dorney Carl , Mcknight Cliff
Published: May 2004

Public library music provision, as a less traditional role for public libraries, has always caused contention: a vital source of cultural materials within the community though never confirmed to be a core part of library services by the Government. This article concerns itself with a detailed consideration of the decline of music services over the past decade, despite the support of the Library and Information Plan (LIP) for Music. A brief introductory section establishes the cultural importance of music along with the role that public libraries play in providing music resources and services to the communities they serve. The aims and objectives of the study are then presented, including investigation into the Music LIP, the decline in public library music provision and methods of marketing and promotion. The results of a postal survey sent to all 213 local authorities in the United Kingdom are analysed to assess the current levels of provision, methods of marketing and professional opinion concerning the decline. Finally, a discussion section summarizes and considers the information provided by the study and recommendations are made with the intention of halting the decline in public library music provision based on the evidence presented.
UK Public Libraries: Roles in Adult Literacy Provision
Authors: Mcloughlin Carla , Morris Anne
Published: May 2004

Reported here are the results of a research project that examined the role of UK public libraries in addressing adult literacy including approaches and issues. Eight public libraries were selected as case studies and adult literacy provision was investigated using staff interviews. The interviews provided support for the role of public libraries in promoting the pleasure of reading to adults with poor literacy. The re-branding of adult literacy collections was recognized as the ideal starting point for the rejuvenation of adult literacy work. Approaches used to address poor adult literacy included the use of reading groups, talking books, themed activities and events, and student book buying. A role for public libraries in identifying adults with poor literacy was acknowledged as part of multi-agency work. The main issues facing public libraries in the delivery of adult literacy services concerned establishing dedicated staff time and identifying funding opportunities. Recommendations are provided for public libraries involved in establishing or reviewing adult literacy services.
Translational stylistics: Dulcken’s translations of Hans Christian Andersen
Authors: Malmkjær Kirsten
Published: May 2004

The aim of this article is to illustrate the claim that whereas the style and potential effects on readers of any text, whether translated or not, can be helpfully subjected to stylistic analysis as traditionally understood, no claims about writer motivation can helpfully be made about a translated text without due regard to significant regularities in the relationships between it and its source text. In translational stylistics, this relationship is seen as central; indeed, it is through observation of its manifestations that many of the most interesting questions about writer motivation are raised in the context of translated text.
‘Slainte, I goes, and he says his word’: Morvern Callar undergoes the trial of the foreign
Authors: Thomson Catherine Claire
Published: May 2004

This article explores how style may be implicated in the construction of ethnic identity in literary texts, and how associated linguistic patternings may be effaced or destroyed in interlingual translation. It is argued that the emphasis of the last decade within translation studies on the ethics of translation practice in the context of asymmetrical international power relations should extend to the study of intralingual translation, as a postnational phenomenon. Where non-standard language varieties are used in literature as the expression of an imagined national or sub-national community, as in some contemporary Scottish literature, translation as process and practice is already implicated in the source text. One way to understand the import of such literary practices is through ‘ethnostylistics’, tracing the stylistic expression of a culture’s concern with heterogeneity and difference both within and between national boundaries. After a discussion of ethics and ethnicity within translation studies, Antoine Berman’s analytic of translation is used as a framework for an analysis of the Danish translation of Alan Warner’s Morvern Callar.
Translating style and styles of translating: Henry James and Edgar Allan Poe in Catalan
Authors: Marco Josep
Published: May 2004

This article aims to examine the relationship between style and translation from two complementary perspectives: how the style of original texts fares in translation and how the style of individual translators or groups of translators sharing a common poetics becomes visible in their translated work. The first aspect is illustrated through an analysis of transitivity patterns in a passage from Henry James’s ‘The Turn of the Screw’, and of deviations from those patterns in two Catalan translations of the story. As to the second, the focus is on the notion of structural calque as displayed by the work of two prominent Catalan translators, Josep Carner and Carles Riba. Riba’s tendency to calque in his translation of Poe’s ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’ is broken down into two aspects of structure: word order and transitivity.
Point of View in Drama: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of Dennis Potter’s Brimstone and Treacle
Authors: Mcintyre Dan
Published: May 2004

The study of point of view in dramatic texts has been largely neglected by stylisticians. This is perhaps due to the fact that point of view is usually considered to be a narratological phenomenon, whereas most contemporary plays do not make use of narratorial mediation. Nevertheless, linguistic indicators of point of view do exist in dramatic texts and are not always the same as those which indicate viewpoint in prose fiction. I argue that studying point of view in drama can assist in the interpretation of dramatic texts, provide valuable insights into characterization and the relationships between characters, and also contribute to a greater understanding of how point of view is conveyed in language and communication in general. I demonstrate this through a socio-pragmatic analysis of Dennis Potter’s play Brimstone and Treacle, highlighting some of the viewpoint indicators which appear to be exclusive to dramatic texts.
Welfare Law, Welfare Fraud, and the Moral Regulation of the ‘Never Deserving’ Poor
Authors: Chunn Dorothy E. , Gavigan Shelley A. M.
Published: May 2004

The dismantling and restructuring of Keynesian social security programmes have impacted disproportionately on women, especially lone parent mothers, and shifted public discourse and social images from welfare fraud to welfare as fraud, thereby linking poverty, welfare and crime. This article analyzes the current, inordinate focus on ‘welfare cheats’. The criminalization of poverty raises theoretical and empirical questions related to regulation, control, and the relationship between them at particular historical moments. Moral regulation scholars working within post-structuralist and post-modern frameworks have developed an influential approach to these issues; however, we situate ourselves in a different stream of critical socio-legal studies that takes as its point of departure the efficacy, contradictions and inherently social nature of law in a given social formation. With reference to the historical treatment of poor women on welfare, we develop three themes in our critical review of the moral regulation concept: the conceptualization of welfare and welfare law, as illustrated by welfare fraud; the relationship between social and moral with respect to the role of law; and changing forms of the relationship between state and non-state institutions and agencies. We conclude with comments on the utility of a ‘materialist’ concept of moral regulation for feminist theorizing.
The Role of Rights and Utility in Instituting a Child’s Right to Know Her Genetic History
Authors: Wallbank Julie
Published: May 2004

This article examines recent developments in family law which are concerned with the child’s right to know her genetic history. It specifically investigates three areas. First, the Child Support (Pensions and Social Security) Act 2000 (CSPSSA). Second, an unusual case concerning IVF at a licensed clinic where a decision failed to be made about parental responsibility ( Re D [2001]; Re R [2001]). Finally, the recent Department of Health (2002) consultation exercise on donor anonymity. Drawing upon Parker’s (1992) theoretical discussion about the significance of rights and utility to family law, the article will show that although there is evidence of a child’s right to know in private familial disputes, this right is not approached consistently across family law. In respect of the government’s recent consultation paper on donor anonymity, it will be argued that the child’s right to know is subordinated to a utility approach. The article will recommend that the government should take the radical step of reforming the law on donor anonymity to allow donor children the right to know their genetic progenitor.*
Resisting Neo-Liberalism: the Poisoned Water Disaster in Walkerton, Ontario
Authors: Snider Laureen
Published: May 2004

This article examines how relations of governance generate particular forms of resistance, and the mechanisms through which resistance can reconfigure governance. It seeks to clarify actual and potential links between resistance, transformative politics and ameliorative change. Empirically it documents an environmental disaster in Walkerton, Ontario, Canada, when seven people died and 2300 became ill after E. Coli contaminated public drinking water in May of 2000. Following a Public Inquiry and nine months of Hearings, the intensely critical O’Connor Report explained the disaster as resulting from policies adopted by Ontario’s neo-liberal government and its ‘Common Sense Revolution’. The Report forced government to re-regulate and restaff the Ministry of the Environment. To understand how this critical narrative was produced and why it was heard, the article situates the Inquiry process in its historical, cultural and political context. Focusing on two particular forms of knowledge/power, science and law, it argues that the universalistic truth claims of science were allied with the normative and procedural claims of law to challenge hegemonic power and interrogate the truth claims of neo-liberal government. Resistance in this case took local form, but its roots and resonance came from history, timing, and world-wide struggles against globalization, free trade and the ever-expanding American empire.
Colombia’s Democratic Security Agenda: Public Order in the Security Tripod
Authors: Mason Ann
Published: May 2004

Colombia’s current democratic security policy aims to re-establish internal order and to protect the civilian population from the depredations of illegal, armed organizations, within a framework of rights and protections related to the rule of law. Although the government distinguishes its ‘get tough’ strategy, which has been developed within institutional parameters, from previous national security approaches, in which unchecked powers led to abuses against society, the actual policy content continues to privilege a conventional military approach to security problems. Given the critical levels of violence and instability in Colombia, however, I suggest that the overall strategic orientation that emphasizes law, order, and state authority over institutional strengthening is appropriate in the short run. A comprehensive, viable security model must incorporate the three dimensions of physical safety for society and state, institutional guarantees, and socioeconomic development, yet complex security emergencies such as Colombia’s warrant prioritizing the public order component of the security tripod. The challenge for the Colombian government will be to move forward quickly with second-order institutional reforms and social development programs so as to legitimate its security policies and make them sustainable in the mid and long term.
Innovation and Knowledge Driven by a Focal Corporation
Authors: Vale Mário
Published: May 2004

Traditionally, transnational subsidiaries in peripheral regions were labelled ‘cathedrals in the desert’ as they did not establish significant links with local or regional producers and did not control the decisionmaking process. The work of economists and geographers has tended to be heavily influenced by the branch plant stereotype. However, this rather basic vision of reality is now changing as inward investments promoted by transnational corporations (TNCs) become more embedded in the region. It seems there is a new strategy of foreign firms in relation to local firms and institutions, as evidenced by the technological knowledge governance and learning processes in supply chains polarized by some TNC subsidiaries.

In this paper we first assess the role of technological externalities as a new industrial location factor in the era of globalization. These externalities reinforce localization of innovative firms rather than stimulate spatial dispersion. Even TNC subsidiaries are more embedded in the host regions as globalization accelerates. Second, we analyse the features of the Autoeuropa (AE) supply chain in Portugal, namely the type of suppliers (firm size, origin of capital, markets and so forth) and their position in the hierarchical supply chain of AE. Finally, we assess external knowledge and innovation driven by Autoeuropa itself among suppliers, and we discuss the main benefits as well as the basic problems of such a form of knowledge creation and diffusion.
Learning in Projects, Remembering in Networks?
Authors: Grabher Gernot
Published: May 2004

This paper seeks to contrast two opposing logics of project-based learning. Accumulation and modularization of knowledge denote the key imperatives of a learning logic that is exemplified by the software ecology in Munich. Learning is geared towards moving from ‘one-off’ to repeatable solutions. This cumulative logic is juxtaposed with a discontinuous learning regime that is driven by the maxims of originality and creativity. ‘Learning by switching’ here signifies the emblematic knowledge practice that is exemplified by the London advertising ecology. The paper explores these learning modes by subsequently exploring processes of learning and forgetting within and between the core team, the firm, and the epistemic community tied together for the completion of a specific project. In addition, the paper also directs attention to more diffuse learning processes in an awareness space that extends beyond and beneath the actual production ties. Instead of mapping the awareness space along a simplistic scalar nesting of network density and knowledge types (reduced to the notorious global vs local dichotomy), the paper proposes a differentiation that primarily involves different social and communicative logics. Whereas communality signifies lasting and intense ties, sociality signifies intense and yet ephemeral relations and connectivity indicates transient and weak networks.