bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphine/ondansetron PCA for postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting after skull base surgery
Authors: Jellish W. Scott , Leonetti John P. , Kristina Sawicki , Douglas Anderson , Origitano Thomas C.
Published: August 2006

Objective

Patients who underwent skull base procedures have been noted to experience appreciable pain. This study examines pain after surgery and the effectiveness of patient controlled analgesia (PCA) with combination morphine ondansetron for analgesia and control of emesis.

Study Design and Setting

A total of 120 skull base surgery patients were randomized to receive placebo, morphine, or morphine ondansetron. Demographic and intraoperative variables were recorded along with pain, nausea, vomiting, and rescue analgesics. Total PCA use, hospital stay, satisfaction, and cost were also compared.

Results

Demographically the groups were similar. Pain was elevated with placebo PCA, and this group averaged twice as many analgesic rescues. Total usage time was lower with placebo PCA. Morphine ondansetron PCA had the lowest pain score with highest satisfaction. Nausea and vomiting was similar but female patients had more vomiting regardless of PCA group.

Conclusions and Significance

The use of morphine PCA reduced pain and did not appreciably increase nausea or vomiting. The addition of ondansetron produced no real benefit and its PCA use cannot be justified.

EBM rating: A‐1b

© 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Alloplastic bone cements in otologic surgery: Long‐term follow‐up and lessons learned
Authors: Saunders James E.
Published: August 2006

Objective

Otolaryngologists are often confronted with structural defects in the tegmen, scutum, or external auditory canal. Carbonated calcium phosphate (CCP) bone cements offer an alternative way of managing these defects.

Study Design and Setting

Retrospective review in an academic otology practice. The technical feasibility of these techniques described as well as the wound healing and structural integrity results.

Results

CCP bone cement was used to reconstruct defects of the tegmen or EAC in 22 patients. The material was used to repair the EAC in 19 of these patients, including complete EAC reconstruction in 4 patients, and tegmen defects only in 3 cases.

Conclusion

The surgical technique is not technically difficult and the alloplastic material is hard within minutes of application. Twenty patients have been followed for over 1 year with an average follow‐up period of 3.8 years. Failure, defined as infection or explantation, occurred in 4 patients followed over 3 years. There was a difference in outcomes for pediatric cases.

EBM rating: C‐4
Treatment of pain after head and neck surgeries: Control of acute pain after head and neck oncological surgeries
Authors: Gil Ziv , Smith Darryl B. , Marouani Nissim , Khafif Avi , Fliss Dan M.
Published: August 2006

Objective

To devise an effective postoperative analgesic protocol.

Study Design and Setting

Two consecutive groups participated in this study. In the first group (n = 100), the pain‐control management was pro re nata (PRN). In the second group, (n = 109) we tailored a procedure‐specific pain‐control protocol for each patient according to the level of pain recorded in the first group. These patients were treated with analgesics given at predetermined hours. Pain was evaluated by using a verbal scale of 1 to 10.

Results

In the first group, a significant reduction in the level of pain was monitored 1 hour after PRN drug administration; however, patients reported the return of pain several hours later, after the drug effect subsided. Overall, the patients suffered a substantial level of pain during the entire postoperative period. In the second group, significant reduction in the level of pain was recorded throughout the hospitalization.

Conclusion

The PRN protocol is not adequate for management of pain after head and neck surgeries.

Significance

We can substantially reduce our patients' postoperative pain by adopting a procedure‐specific analgesic regimen instead of a PRN regimen.

EBM rating: B‐3b.
Topical otic antibiotics: Clinical cochlear ototoxicity and cost consideration
Authors: Berenholz Leonard P. , Burkey John M. , Farmer Tonia L. , Lippy William H.
Published: August 2006

Objective

Determine the incidence of clinical cochlear ototoxicity in routine use of Cortisporin after ventilation tube placement. Cost differential between use of Cortisporin and fluoroquinolone agents was evaluated.

Methods

A retrospective review of 500 patients was performed. Cortisporin otic suspension was used for 5 days following ventilation tube insertion.

Results

Testing following surgery indicated a sensorineural hearing loss in 19 (2.1%) ears. The SNHL existed prior to the surgery and there was no deterioration in the hearing postoperatively. The total cost for our study group who used Cortisporin was $15,500. If Floxin had been prescribed the cost would have been $45,000. Had Ciprodex been prescribed, the cost would have been $49,500.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates no clinical cochlear ototoxicity in children who received Cortisporin following ventilation tube placement. The cost differential for prescribing flouroquinolone drops is significant.

EBM rating: C‐4
Minimal incision for open thyroidectomy
Authors: Rafferty Mark , Miller Ian , Timon Conrad
Published: August 2006

Objectives

To establish the incision length for thyroid surgery that optimizes access and cosmesis.

Study Design and Setting

Prospective study from January 2003 to June 2004. All thyroidectomies were included. Exclusion criteria were concomitant neck dissections, previous surgery, and those performed endoscopically. The first 40 cases were attempted through a 5 cm incision and the second 40 through a 4 cm incision.

Methods

In both groups, the size of the incision was compared with the thyroid's weight and histology.

Results

Two subtotal, 22 total, and 56 hemithyroidectomies were performed. In the first group, median gland weight was 39.5 gm and 62.5% of these were removed through a 5 cm incision. In the second group, median gland weight was 34 gm and 75% were removed through a 4 cm incision.

Conclusion

A 4 cm incision provides adequate access for the majority of thyroidectomies in our cohort.

Significance

The minimal incision thyroidectomy is a useful addition to the thyroid surgeon's armamentarium.

EBM rating: B‐3b
Long‐term results of cricopharyngeal myotomy in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
Authors: Laurent Coiffier , Sophie Périé , Pascal Laforêt , Bruno Eymard , Jean Lacau St Guily
Published: August 2006

Objective

To analyze long‐term results of extramucosal cricopharyngeal myotomy in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.

Study Design

The preoperative and postoperative evaluations including symptoms, type of feeding, weight, and functional examinations were retrospectively evaluated in 39 patients. Results were defined postoperatively as successful, partial, or failed.

Setting

University hospital.

Results

In the short term, 25 patients showed a complete remission of symptoms, 10 showed a marked improvement, and 4 exhibited no improvement at all (success rate of 90%). Long‐term evaluation during a mean follow‐up of 4 years showed that of the 35 improved patients, 12 exhibited a recurrence of dysphagia (mean time of 39 months). In 3 of these 12 patients, a revision transmucosal endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy was performed with a successful outcome in 2. Of the 4 patients who initially showed no improvement, 1 was improved by transmucosal myotomy.

Conclusion

Extramucosal cricopharyngeal myotomy improves dysphagia in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy patients during the first few years but one third of the patients exhibited a recurrence of symptoms within 3 years. Revision by transmucosal endoscopic myotomy may be performed.

EBM rating: C‐4
Can a fluoroscopic estimation of pharyngeal constriction predict aspiration?
Authors: Yip Helena , Leonard Rebecca , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: August 2006

Background

The pharyngeal constriction ratio is a ratio of pharyngeal area measured in lateral fluoroscopic view at the point of maximum pharyngeal constriction during the swallow to the pharyngeal area measured with the bolus held in the oral cavity. We hypothesize that the PCR may represent a surrogate measure of pharyngeal strength.

Objective

To investigate the relationship between the PCR and aspiration.

Study Design and Setting

Data from a computerized clinical database of individuals undergoing a videofluoroscopic swallow evaluation at a tertiary academic swallowing center was acquired.

Results

Two hundred sixty videofluoroscopic studies were abstracted. The mean PCR was 0.32 (± 0.02) for individuals who aspirated and 0.20 (± 0.02) for individuals who did not (P < 0.001). In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the PCR was significantly associated with the prevalence of aspiration (P < 0.01). Individuals with a PCR greater than 0.25 were 3 times more likely to aspirate (95% CI = 1.7, 5.1).

Conclusions

The pharyngeal constriction ratio is associated with the presence of aspiration on fluoroscopy. Before the PCR can be used as a surrogate measure of pharyngeal constriction, correlation with pharyngeal manometry will be necessary.

Significance

The pharyngeal constriction ratio is associated with the presence of aspiration on fluoroscopy.

EBM rating: B‐3b
Primary head and neck Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children
Authors: Buchmann Luke , Emami Abbas , Wei Julie L.
Published: August 2006

Objective

To evaluate the experience of a tertiary care children's hospital in the diagnosis, treatment, and long‐term outcomes of patients with primary head and neck Langerhans' cell histiocytosis.

Study Design and Setting

A retrospective study of patients who presented with Langerhans' cell histiocytosis that primarily affected head and neck sites between January 1, 1986, and December 31, 2004, at Children's Mercy Hospital.

Results

Twenty‐two patients were diagnosed and treated for LCH at our hospital during this time period. Seventeen patients had head and neck involvement; 14 of these patients had primary head and neck LCH. Lesions of the head and neck are complicated and involve multiple structures including the calvarium and skull base. Overall outcomes were good with 10 of 14 patients without disease at time of last follow‐up. Recurrence is common and involved 50% of our patients.

Conclusions

Langerhans' cell histiocytosis commonly affects the head and neck. These lesions are complex and require prudent evaluation and treatment. Due to the complex nature of head and neck lesions, primary chemotherapy is the treatment of choice.

Significance

Because of the frequent head and neck involvement of this disease, otolaryngologists need to be familiar with its presentation, work‐up, and treatment.

EBM rating: C‐4
Pediatric partial cricotracheal resection: A new technique for the posterior cricoid anastomosis
Authors: Boseley Mark E. , Hartnick Christopher J.
Published: August 2006

Objective

Partial cricotracheal resection has become a more popular procedure in the pediatric population as a treatment for severe subglottic stenosis. We describe a new technique for the posterior cricoid anastomosis.

Study Design and Setting

This is a case series of 4 pediatric patients with a Myer‐Cotton grade III or IV subglottic stensosis.

Setting

Tertiary care hospital with a pediatric intensive care unit.

Results

All 4 patients were decannulated and there were no observed complications to include posterior mucosal dehiscence and/or recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.

Conclusions

Placing sutures through the cricoid cartilage is technically less difficult than previously described techniques for treating subglottic stenosis near the undersurface of the true vocal folds and affords a more stable posterior mucosal suture line.

Significance

This technique provides a surgical means to treat high subglottic stenosis that closely approximates the true vocal folds by enabling a stable posterior mucosa to mucosa apposition.

EBM rating: Grade C‐4
Unique challenges of obtaining regulatory approval for a multicenter protocol to study the genetics of RRP and suggested remedies
Authors: Sherwood Mylaina L. , Buchinsky Farrel J. , Quigley Matthew R. , Donfack Joseph , Choi Sukgi S. , Conley Stephen F. , Derkay Craig S. , Myer Charles M. , Ehrlich Garth D. , Post J. Christopher
Published: August 2006

Objective

Investigations that seek to generalize findings or to understand uncommon diseases must be conducted at multiple centers. This study describes the process of obtaining regulatory approval for a minimal risk genetic study in a multi‐center setting as undertaken by the Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) Task Force.

Study Design and Setting

Sequential cohort of American children's hospitals. A single protocol was submitted to each Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Results

Documentation was prepared for 14 IRBs over 2.5 years. The median time between enlistment and approval at the first 8 sites was 15 months. Institutions varied considerably in their requirements and in the issues that were raised. Protocols were submitted sequentially and accumulated experience was used in the preparation of applications to subsequent IRBs. Nevertheless, there was no correlation between the accumulated experience and the number of issues that were raised.

Conclusion

Despite uniform federal standards, all local IRBs required unique and individualized submissions. For multicenter studies, investigators should seriously consider the establishment of cooperative authorization agreements. On a simpler level, a standardized format for applications needs to be adopted nationwide.

EBM rating: B‐3b
Nasal polyp diseases in allergic and nonallergic patients and steroid therapy
Authors: Alatas Necat , Baba Fusun , San Imran , Kurcer Zehra
Published: August 2006

Objective

To investigate widespread disease causes, cellular‐structural differences, and steroid response of nasal polyps (NPs).

Method

Study group consisted of NPs, allergic‐NPs, NPs with steroid therapy (ST), antrochoanal polyp (ACP), and controls. We investigated stromal eosinophil, mast cell, CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts and presence of squamous metaplasia, Ki‐67 expression, intraepithelial eosinophils‐mast cells, epithelial damage, edema, fibrosis, hyalinization, polymorphonuclear leukocyte, and glandular hyperplasia.

Results

In allergic‐NPs, intraepithelial eosinophils and epithelial damage CD4+ were significantly higher than NPs and also, eosinophils, mast cells, intraepithelial eosinophils, and epithelial damage were significantly higher than ACP. Only stromal eosinophilic infiltration was significantly higher in NPs than ACP. There was significant increased glandular hyperplasia and decreased intraepithelial eosinophils, mast cells, CD4+ cells, squamous metaplasia, and epithelial damage with ST in allergic‐NPs. There were no significant differences with ST in NPs.

Conclusion

NPs in allergic and nonallergic patients may differ in their histology and in their histologic responses to ST.

EBM rating: B‐3b
Frozen versus fresh reconstituted botox for laryngeal dystonia
Authors: Thomas James P. , Siupsinskiene Nora
Published: August 2006

Objectives

To compare the efficacy and side effects of frozen versus fresh reconstituted botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) in the treatment of laryngeal dystonia.

Study Design and Setting

Prospective open‐label crossover study; 43 adult patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia were randomly treated with fresh or refrozen reconstituted BTX‐A at a private voice center. Treatment outcomes were assessed by duration of action and self‐rated satisfaction (7 point Likert scale). Side effects of breathiness and dysphagia for liquids were assessed as well.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of action (mean, 16.2 ± 8.5 vs 16.0 ± 7.6 weeks) and self‐rated satisfaction of the treatment (median, 6.0 vs 6.0 points). The side effects were similar for both BTX‐A injection types. In addition, there were no instances of infection for refrozen injections.

Conclusions

BTX‐A may be safely used after being reconstituted and frozen or refrozen without a significant loss of effectiveness or additional side effects. In our experience, the period of freezing was on 2 occasions for up to 8 weeks.

Significance

Refrozen BTX‐A may be a cost‐effective use of an expensive drug.

EBM rating: B‐2b
High efficiency gene delivery into laryngeal muscle with bidirectional electroporation
Authors: Saito Koichiro , Lehar Mohamed , Li Zhao Bo , Braga Natasha , King Alan D. , Samlan Robin A. , Flint Paul W.
Published: August 2006

Objective

The impact of polarity change on the efficiency of in vivo electroporative (EP) gene transfection was assessed in rat laryngeal muscle.

Study Design and Setting

High (HV) and low field voltage (LV) were combined with polarity changes to determine transfection in 5 different conditions: 1) without EP (EP[‐]), 2) HV+LV (HL), 3) HV+LV followed by HV+LV with no change in polarity (HLHL unidirectional), 4) HV+LV followed by HV+LV with opposite polarity (HLHL bidirectional), 5) HV+LV followed by LV with opposite polarity (HLL bidirectional).

Results

HLL bidirectional sequence showed the best result with less interindividual variability and extended expression period. With the exception of repeated high voltage sequences, EP parameters were not likely to induce cell injury or inflammation.

Conclusion

HLL bidirectional electroporative gene delivery produces high transfection rates with limited tissue trauma.

Significance

Bidirectional EP provides a safe and highly efficient method for therapeutic gene delivery into skeletal muscle. © 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Four suture tip rhinoplasty: A powerful tool for controlling tip dynamics
Authors: Leach Joseph L. , Athré Raghu S.
Published: August 2006

Objective

To evaluate the short‐term effectiveness of using a 4‐suture technique to control nasal tip dynamics. The 4 sutures include a medial crural suture, bilateral intradomal sutures, and an interdomal suture.

Study Design and Setting

Retrospective photograph analysis of preoperative and postoperative photographs of 77 patients with respect to 7 dynamic variables: supratip break, projection, rotation, tip shape, tip definition, tip symmetry, and the presence of a double columellar break.

Results

Seventy‐four patients underwent primary rhinoplasty and had an overall average score of 5.2 on a −7 to +7 scale, with a mean follow‐up period of 3.8 months. The 3 patients undergoing revision rhinoplasty had an overall average score of 5.0 and a mean follow‐up of 8.7 months.

Conclusion

The 4‐suture technique worked best with respect to projection and tip symmetry, although the technique proved to be an effective tool overall in controlling all 7 variables mentioned above.

EBM rating: C‐4
Gastroesophageal reflux and laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: Wise Sarah K. , Wise Justin C. , DelGaudio John M.
Published: August 2006

Objective

To assess the relationship of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Patients and Methods

Thirty‐seven sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) patients underwent polysomnography (PSG) and dual‐channel pH probe testing. LPR was defined as greater than 6.9 proximal reflux episodes or reflux area index (RAI) greater than 6.3. GER was defined as greater than 4% of time below pH 4.0.

Results

OSA was present in 28 patients. Twenty‐three patients had LPR (66.7% of snorers, 60.7% of OSA patients). Twenty‐one patients had GER (33.3% of snorers, 64.3% of OSA patients). Body mass index (BMI) correlated positively with respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (r = 0.67, P < 0.001). BMI did not correlate with pH probe parameters. OSA presence/severity did not correlate with LPR or GER. Supine LPR and GER events did not correlate with OSA presence/severity.

Conclusion

Gastric acid reflux is prevalent in SDB patients. Direct correlations between reflux and PSG parameters were not identified.

EBM rating: B‐2b
Democracy or autocracy on the march? The colored revolutions as normal dynamics of patronal presidentialism
Authors: Hale Henry E.
Published: August 2006

What impact have Eurasia’s 2003–2005 “colored revolutions” had on the state of democracy and autocracy in the region? The logic of patronal presidentialism, a set of institutions common to post-Soviet countries, suggests that the revolutions are at root succession struggles more than democratic breakthroughs generated by civic activists and foreign democratizing activity. This helps explain why Georgia is experiencing a new retreat from ideal-type democracy while only Ukraine, whose revolution weakened the patronal presidency, has sustained high political contestation after its revolution. This means that autocratic leaders clamping down on non-governmental organizations, free media, and their foreign supporters may have learned the wrong lessons, perhaps making their countries more susceptible to violent revolution than they were before.
What about Marcus Garvey? Race and the transformation of sovereignty debate
Authors: SHILLIAM ROBBIE
Published: August 2006

Post World War I, Marcus Garvey’s Pan-African movement managed to coalesce, however briefly and imperfectly, an extra-territorial sovereign authority in the form of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Through the recollection of this project the article seeks to disturb the predominant uni-linear narrative in IR debates of the transformation of sovereignty that posit a recent shift from territorial exclusivity to multi-level governance encapsulated in the emergence of the European Union. By narrating a string of transformations of sovereignty that led to Garvey’s UNIA the case is made that such transformations have not directly followed one universal logic but have been multi-linear in character, and further, extra-territoriality has been a defining principle of sovereignty in the modern epoch and by no means peculiar to the contemporary European milieu. Through exploring the generative relationship between capitalist, nationalist and racialist forms of sovereignty the article contributes theoretically and empirically to a historical sociology adequate to capture the multiple, yet related, transformations of sovereignty in the modern epoch.
Negotiating Europe: the politics of religion and the prospects for Turkish accession
Authors: HURD ELIZABETH SHAKMAN
Published: August 2006

This article examines the cultural basis of European opposition to Turkish accession to the European Union (EU). Most observers depict the cultural and religious dimensions of the European debate over Turkish accession as a disagreement between those who see Europe as a Christian ‘club’ and those open to a more religiously pluralistic European identity. However, polls suggest that cultural and religiously based doubts about Turkish accession resonate with a much larger proportion of the European population than those who publicly defend the idea of an exclusivist ‘Christian’ Europe. Both secularists and Christian exclusivists (‘traditionalists’) express hesitations about Turkish membership:
Against anthropocentrism: the destruction of the built environment as a distinct form of political violence
Authors: COWARD MARTIN
Published: August 2006

This article examines the nature of the destruction of built environments. Such destruction should be seen as a distinct form of violence: urbicide. This violence comprises the destruction of shared spatiality which is the condition of possibility of heterogeneous communities. Urbicide, insofar as it is a destruction of heterogeneity in general, is thus a manifestation of a ‘politics of exclusion’. However, this account of the destruction of the built environment is not only an insight into a distinct form of political violence. Rather, an account of urbicide also offers a metatheoretical argument regarding the scholarly study of political violence: namely that destruction of built environments contests the anthropocentric frame that usually dominates the study of violence.
Non-governmental organisations, power and legitimacy in international society
Authors: COLLINGWOOD VIVIEN
Published: August 2006

Legitimacy is currently a salient topic in the International Relations (IR) literature. In an era of globalisation, discrepancies have emerged between political ideals and the realities of the global distribution of power. One significant aspect of this debate concerns the role and influence of transnational non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This article examines the issue of transnational NGOs’ legitimacy in international society. It is suggested that accusations of NGOs’ ‘illegitimacy’ often rest on a comparison between ‘legitimate’ state power sanctioned by liberal democratic norms, and ‘illegitimate’ non-state power. More pressing than the fact of non-governmental sector’s ‘non-state’ character, however, is the question of how to put effective limits on power per se in international society.
The authority of international administrations in international society
Authors: ZAUM DOMINIK
Published: August 2006

This article analyses the way in which international administrations exercising governmental power in post-conflict territories justify their political authority in the absence of democratic legitimacy. Looking at the administrations in Bosnia, Kosovo, and East Timor, the article focuses on their establishment, their mandates, and their government practices and identifies five different sources of authority: consent, delegation, the maintenance of peace and security, the promotion of human rights and democracy, and the provision of government. However, all of these sources are contested. In particular the practices of international administrations, their lack of accountability and their limited effectiveness in providing government, undermine their authority. The article concludes by highlighting some possible avenues for enhancing the authority of international administrations.
Back to the future? The limits of neo-Wilsonian ideals of exporting democracy
Authors: CHANDLER DAVID
Published: August 2006

International state-building has become central to international policy concerns and has marked a clear neo-Wilsonian shift in international thinking, spurred by the leadership of the United States and the European Union. Today’s approaches insist on the regulatory role of international institutions and downplay the importance of locally-derived political solutions. This privileging of ‘governance’ over ‘government’ is based on the assumption that the political process can be externally influenced through the promotion of institutional changes introduced at the state level and pays less attention to how societal pressures and demands are constitutive of stable and legitimate institutional mechanisms. This article questions this approach and analyses the transformation in the assessment of the importance of the societal sphere. It considers how this shift has been shaped by current understandings of war and conflict, and how the prioritisation of governance has fitted with critical and post-positivist trends in academic thinking in international relations and security studies. The discussion is illustrated with examples drawn largely from the Balkans and the international regime in Bosnia–Herzegovina in particular.
You dissin me? Humiliation and post 9/11 global politics
Authors: SAURETTE PAUL
Published: August 2006

Despite a growing awareness about the importance of emotions to global politics, the discipline of International Relations is still working towards adequate theorisations and investigations of their role. This is particularly noticeable in the fact that there has been little sustained, scholarly examination of the effects of various emotions on the shape and orientation of the US foreign policy reaction to 9/11. This essay seeks to begin to address both of these gaps by examining the role that dynamics of humiliation and counter-humiliation have played in contemporary global politics. In particular, it develops a theoretical understanding of humiliation and then applies this framework to explain how dynamics of humiliation have impacted post 9/11 American global policy. It concludes that we cannot fully understand the sources, and the effects, of post 9/11 contemporary politics (especially US global policy) without taking into account the dynamics of humiliation.
Defensive realism and the Concert of Europe
Authors: RENDALL MATTHEW
Published: August 2006

Why do great powers expand? Offensive realist John Mearsheimer claims that states wage an eternal struggle for power, and that those strong enough to seek regional hegemony nearly always do. Mearsheimer’s evidence, however, displays a selection bias. Examining four crises between 1814 and 1840, I show that the balance of power restrained Russia, Prussia and France. Yet all three also exercised self-restraint; Russia, in particular, passed up chances to bid for hegemony in 1815 and to topple Ottoman Turkey in 1829. Defensive realism gives a better account of the Concert of Europe, because it combines structural realism with non-realist theories of state preferences.
Theodore Roosevelt, geopolitics, and cosmopolitan ideals
Authors: RUSSELL GREG
Published: August 2006

The central argument of this article is that Theodore Roosevelt’s worldview was formed at the intersection of geopolitics and cosmopolitan morality. The intellectual roots of his political and foreign policy convictions contributed to a diplomatic style for which the conventional labels of realism or idealism are both inadequate and misleading. Contrary to the stereotypical caricature of Roosevelt as an American architect of realpolitik, or ruthless man on horseback, he held a complex set of beliefs about international relations that transcends familiar academic theorising about either power politics or universal principles of morality. Neither the vision of international anarchy, nor the calculation of state capabilities, do justice to Roosevelt’s sense of the interplay between values and power in foreign policy conduct. Moral principles, Roosevelt claimed, help make clear the inescapable tension between ideals and reality. The moral problem persists, he thought, because foreign policy involves political choices obscured by faulty perception, controlled by national interests, and complicated by multiple purposes and goals. Roosevelt’s more nuanced worldview underscores the need for a revised historiography of international relations, one that builds upon the recognition that realists and idealists were never divided into clearly-identifiable camps either before or after the First World War.
Optimization of Fed‐Batch Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Using Dynamic Flux Balance Models
Authors: Hjersted Jared L. , Henson Michael A.
Published: August 2006

We developed a dynamic flux balance model for fed‐batch Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation that couples a detailed steady‐state description of primary carbon metabolism with dynamic mass balances on key extracellular species. Model‐based dynamic optimization is performed to determine fed‐batch operating policies that maximize ethanol productivity and/or ethanol yield on glucose. The initial volume and glucose concentrations, the feed flow rate and dissolved oxygen concentration profiles, and the final batch time are treated as decision variables in the dynamic optimization problem. Optimal solutions are generated to analyze the tradeoff between maximal productivity and yield objectives. We find that for both cases the prediction of a microaerobic region is significant. The optimization results are sensitive to network model parameters for the growth associated maintenance and P/O ratio. The results of our computational study motivate continued development of dynamic flux balance models and further exploration of their application to productivity optimization in biochemical reactors.
Numerical modeling of trace element behavior during crystal settling and reequilibration in high‐silica magma bodies
Authors: Nishimura Koshi
Published: August 2006

In a magma body, heat loss occurs primarily along the margin. With few exceptions, field evidence and physical models have suggested that most crystallization takes place along the margin during a certain period. In the interior of the body, the melt is generally hotter and chemically less evolved; crystals that settle from the upper part are likely to react with the melt. The high‐silica ash flow tuffs erupted instantaneously from zoned magma bodies provide evidence that crystals have sunk and reacted with the surrounding melts. This paper develops a heat and mass transfer model for crystal settling and reequilibration to quantify the trace element behavior in such magma bodies. Previous crystallization models such as fractional and equilibrium crystallization have assumed that a melt with a single composition evolves along a single liquid line of descent with increasing degree of crystallization. In the present model, however, melts of various compositions exist within the body at a given time. In addition, the liquid line of descent itself changes with time. A unique and important feature of the present model is this temporal variation of liquid lines of descent. The chemical evolution expected from crystal settling and reequilibration is consistent with the data from the Bishop Tuff high‐silica magma body and might account for some characteristic patterns of chemical zonation observed in high‐silica magma bodies.
Aerosol properties over the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) campaign area retrieved from ATSR‐2
Authors: Robles‐Gonzalez C. , de Leeuw G. , Decae R. , Kusmierczyk‐Michulec J. , Stammes P.
Published: August 2006

Aerosol retrieval algorithms for ATSR‐2 have been applied over land and water using data from the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) Intensive Field Phase (IFP) in February and March 1999. The goal was the extension of the ATSR‐2 algorithms, developed for application over the U.S. east coast and Europe, to other areas with different types of aerosols and to explore the feasibility of deriving spatial variations in the aerosol composition. The ATSR‐2 algorithm was extended with absorbing aerosols, and AERONET data were used to test the retrieved spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD). The resulting maps of AOD at 0.659 μm, Ångström coefficient and urban/industrial aerosol contribution to the AOD over the ocean are evaluated by comparison with in situ data. AOD over land is in the range 0.18–0.45 with values up to 0.7 when biomass burning aerosol is present and decreases gradually over water with increasing fetch to 0.15 near the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Ångström coefficients over land are in the range 1.5–2.0. Over water these values gradually decrease to almost zero. Over land urban/industrial aerosol dominates, and, as expected, over water the anthropogenic influence gradually decreases with fetch and the relative contribution of marine aerosol increases. South of the ITCZ the anthropogenic effect is negligible.
Dependence of droplet concentration on aerosol conditions in different cloud types: Application to droplet concentration parameterization of aerosol conditions
Authors: Segal Y. , Khain A.
Published: August 2006

The dependence of droplet concentration on the vertical velocity at the cloud base of stratiform and cumulus clouds and aerosol size distribution is calculated. A simple parameterization of droplet concentration under different aerosol conditions is described. The parameterization is represented in two ways: (1) by a regression equation that expresses the dependence of droplet concentration on the concentration of cloud nuclei (CN), on the parameters of the CN size distribution and on the vertical velocity at the cloud base and (2) by look‐up tables. The wide range of parameter variations was separated into different subranges typical of maritime, continental, and extreme continental clouds, both cumulus and stratiform. For each region a particular regression equation was derived. The coefficients in the equation were determined using the optimum experiment planning theory. In the simulations a 2000‐bin microphysical parcel model was used. It was found that among all parameters tested the aerosol concentration is the dominating factor. The comparison of the droplet concentrations obtained using the regression formula with the droplet concentration observed indicates a good agreement within a wide range of conditions. The analysis of the dependence of droplet concentration on the microphysical and dynamical parameters within each region makes it possible to reduce the procedure of droplet concentration calculation to a simple interpolation of the concentrations calculated in the center of each region. These look‐up tables are presented. All CN are assumed to be soluble. In case some fraction of CN is insoluble, a simple correction of the CN concentration should be performed. Parameterization can be used in different numerical mesoscale and large‐scale models whose resolution does not allow one to reproduce vertical velocities at the cloud base and supersaturation maxima explicitly. The results can be also useful in remote sensing studies.
Atmospheric fluxes of 210Pb to the western Mediterranean Sea and the Saharan dust influence
Authors: Garcia‐Orellana J. , Sanchez‐Cabeza J. A. , Masqué P. , Àvila A. , Costa E. , Loÿe‐Pilot M. D. , Bruach‐Menchén J. M.
Published: August 2006

Pb 210 is a well known tracer of particle dynamics in the marine environment. Geochemical models partially rely on the knowledge of its atmospheric input. Unfortunately, this is poorly known in the western Mediterranean Sea, especially regarding long‐term records. In this work we have evaluated the 210Pb annual atmospheric flux to this region from the analysis of 12 soil cores collected from coastal and island sites and total atmospheric deposition collected in Corsica during 1 year. The 210Pb fluxes ranged from 34 ± 3 to 121 ± 12 Bq m−2 yr−1, with an average of 75 Bq m−2 yr−1, and were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.95) with mean annual rainfall. This provides the possibility to determine 210Pb fluxes in a given location if the mean annual rainfall is well known, a useful outcome for both marine biogeochemical and soil erosion studies in this region. We have also estimated the mean annual atmospheric flux of 210Pb due to Saharan dust events registered in total deposition north of Barcelona during the last 17 years, yielding a value of 20 Bq m−2 yr−1. This flux represents a fraction of about 16% of the total atmospheric deposition of 210Pb in this area, but it could be up to 50% in sites with lower rainfall.
Extreme wet years over southern Africa: Role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures
Authors: Washington Richard , Preston Anthony
Published: August 2006

Southern Africa is a predominantly semiarid region with a high degree of interannual rainfall variability. Although much of the recent climate research has focused on the causes of drought events, the region has also experienced extremes of above average rainfall, the most recent examples being the major flooding episodes that devastated Mozambique during 2000 and 2001. This paper investigates extremely wet years over southern Africa during the twentieth century. Focusing on the two most extreme years, 1974 and 1976, we show that while ENSO serves as an important control on rainfall variability, a specific pattern of SSTs in the SW Indian Ocean, with warm anomalies in the subtropical SW Indian Ocean and cool anomalies in the northern SW Indian Ocean that is statistically independent of ENSO, plays a crucial role in generating extreme conditions. To do this, we use a series of multimodel experiments, to demonstrate first the importance of global sea surface temperatures. Through additional idealized experiments with HadAM3, we then isolate the role of SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean. The anomalies are based on the observed SSTs with the ENSO signal linearly removed. The critical influence is tied to cold SST anomalies in the Mascarene region which induce an anomalous anticyclonic circulation driving an anomalous low‐level easterly moisture flux along 10–20°S into eastern southern Africa. This results in enhanced moist convective uplift, conducive to enhanced rainfall, over a large part of southern Africa. Near surface humidity and 500‐hPa omega fields extend from eastern southern Africa into the Agulhas region in a tropical‐temperate cloud band like structure. The similarity between the reanalysis fields for the extreme years and the model experiments is striking.
Estimation of incident photosynthetically active radiation from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data
Authors: Liang Shunlin , Zheng Tao , Liu Ronggao , Fang Hongliang , Tsay Si‐Chee , Running Steven
Published: August 2006

Incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is a key variable needed by almost all terrestrial ecosystem models. Unfortunately, the current incident PAR products estimated from remotely sensed data at spatial and temporal resolutions are not sufficient for carbon cycle modeling and various applications. In this study, the authors develop a new method based on the look‐up table approach for estimating instantaneous incident PAR from the polar‐orbiting Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data. Since the top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) radiance depends on both surface reflectance and atmospheric properties that largely determine the incident PAR, our first step is to estimate surface reflectance. The approach assumes known aerosol properties for the observations with minimum blue reflectance from a temporal window of each pixel. Their inverted surface reflectance is then interpolated to determine the surface reflectance of other observations. The second step is to calculate PAR by matching the computed TOA reflectance from the look‐up table with the TOA values of the satellite observations. Both the direct and diffuse PAR components, as well as the total shortwave radiation, are determined in exactly the same fashion. The calculation of a daily average PAR value from one or two instantaneous PAR values is also explored. Ground measurements from seven FLUXNET sites are used for validating the algorithm. The results indicate that this approach can produce reasonable PAR product at 1 km resolution and is suitable for global applications, although more quantitative validation activities are still needed.
New dual‐frequency microwave technique for retrieving liquid water path over land
Authors: Deeter M. N. , Vivekanandan J.
Published: August 2006

We present and demonstrate a new methodology for retrieving liquid water path over land using satellite‐based microwave observations. As input, the technique exploits Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR‐E) brightness temperature polarization‐difference signals at 37 and 89 GHz. Regression analysis performed on model simulations indicates that over variable atmospheric and surface conditions these polarization‐difference signals can be simply parameterized in terms of the surface emissivity polarization‐difference (Δε), surface temperature, liquid water path (LWP), and precipitable water vapor (PWV). By exploiting the weak frequency dependence of Δε, a simple expression is obtained which enables fast and direct (noniterative) retrievals of LWP. The new methodology is demonstrated and validated using several months of AMSR‐E observations over (1) the Southern Great Plains (SGP) of the United States and (2) an area near Montreal, Canada, instrumented during the Alliance Icing Research Study II (AIRS II) field campaign. Comparisons are also made with MODIS LWP retrieval results for one scene over the SGP region. Retrieval results in clear‐sky conditions indicate an uncertainty on the order of 0.06 mm, in agreement with theoretical estimates. In cloudy conditions, results using the new method are systematically smaller than results for both ground‐based microwave radiometers and MODIS but are well correlated.
Multiyear Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer observations of summertime stratocumulus collocated with aerosols in the northeastern Atlantic
Authors: Matheson Mark A. , Coakley James A. , Tahnk William R.
Published: August 2006

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 4‐km data were collected over the northeast Atlantic for May–August 1995–1999. Aerosol optical depth at 0.55 μm was retrieved in pixels identified as being cloud‐free ocean. In pixels identified as containing clouds from single‐layered, low‐level cloud systems over oceans, the following cloud properties were retrieved: 0.64‐μm cloud optical depth, droplet effective radius, cloud layer altitude, pixel‐scale fractional cloud cover, column liquid water amount and column droplet concentration. Aerosol and cloud properties were averaged in 1° × 1° latitude‐longitude regions. Regions that contained clouds were limited to those in which all the clouds were part of a single‐layered, low‐level cloud system. Aerosol and cloud properties were compared only in 1° regions that had sufficient numbers of both cloud‐free pixels that yielded aerosol retrievals and cloudy pixels that yielded retrievals of cloud properties within a single overpass. The comparisons were collected in 5° × 5° latitude‐longitude regions to determine trends. Within each 5° region the cloud properties were similar from year to year, permitting the data to be composited for all 5 years. Aerosol optical depth decreased systematically with time, probably as a result of the increase in solar zenith angle due to the precession of the satellite orbit. Within the 5° regions, as aerosol optical depth increased, droplet effective radius decreased, cloud optical depth increased, and droplet column number concentration increased, qualitatively consistent with the trends expected for the aerosol indirect effect. In some regions, liquid water path decreased as aerosol optical depth increased, contrary to the trends expected for the suppression of drizzle. Within each 5° region, clouds in clean air, as indicated by their collocation with relatively small aerosol optical depths, had larger droplets and smaller cloud optical depths than clouds in polluted air, as indicated by their collocation with relatively large aerosol optical depths. On average, the aerosol indirect radiative forcing for overcast conditions was about twice as large as the direct radiative forcing for cloud‐free conditions. In most of the 5° regions increases in cloud liquid water with increasing aerosol optical depth enhanced the ratios by 20−30% over those calculated from the changes in droplet effective radius and an assumption of constant cloud liquid water. In some 5° regions, however, like those just to the west of the Iberian peninsula, the column amount of cloud liquid water decreased with increasing aerosol optical depth.