bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Jet Engine Propulsion and Thrust relative to the use of the Water Molecule Power Reactor System
Authors: Ecle Jeremy Guimbaolibot , Abrera Fedeliza O. , Araneta Arvin Anthony S. , Bolito Cherlowen A. , Duran Archibald M. , Alforte Loren Rose L. , Balano Arnold R. , Ranido Archibal D.
Published: February 2022

As civilization evolves through time, humans had begun to unfold the capabilities of the mind to create things and it had evolved through the great span of time from ancient world to the modern era but human civilization cannot be considered advance yet until it is able to reach the nearest planet from earth. As human had begun to embrace the modern world of digital technology and space travel, it had become a burden for mankind as to how would it be able to reach the moon and the nearest planet from earth. The primary concern for space travel is fuel. The fuel that would be capable of transporting a ship from this planet earth to the next nearest planet in the solar system, the answer to this question might be here on earth as well, the very element that came from space and form our beautiful and amazing planet, it is water. Water is a very vital element to human existence although many take it for granted but water is truly our life and time will come that water will be a very valued commodity in this planet.
Security Control Assessment of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition for Power Utilities in Tanzania
Authors: Chaula Job Asheri , Luwemba Godfrey Weston
Published: February 2022

The primary purpose of this research was to assess the adequacy and effectiveness of security control of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) communication network used by infrastructure companies. Initially, the SCADA networks were physically separated from other networks connected to the internet and hence assumed secure. However, the modern SCADA are now integrated with other network resulting in new security vulnerabilities and attacks similar to those found in traditional IT. Thus, it is important to reassess the security controls of the SCADA because it is operated in an open network environment. In this research, a case of the SCADA security controls in the power sector in Tanzania was assessed, whereby a specific SCADA implementation was studied. The data were gathered using observation, testing, interviews, questionnaire and documentation reviews. The results were analyzed using the Cyber Security Evaluation Tool (CSET) and checked for compliance based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and North America Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) standards. The findings have shown that there exist security vulnerabilities both in security compliance of the standard and component-based vulnerabilities. Additionally, there is inadequate of audit and accountability, personnel security and system and information integrity. Also, for the component-based security compliance, the finding shows that identification and authentication, security management and audit and accountability. On the basis of the results, the research has indicated the areas that require immediate action in order to protect the critical infrastructure.
Using Hysteresis Band Method for the Control of Three-Phase STATCOM Connected to a Transport Network
Authors: Ngasop Ndjiya , David Asnang , Djalo Haman
Published: February 2022

The transit of reactive power through the electric transport lines due to the inductive loads, creates problems of instabilities on the electrical networks. Transport networks are increasingly vulnerable to instability of voltage due to industrialization and/or population growth. The managers of these networks are therefore seeking effective solutions to these problems. STATCOM is one of the devices of the family of shunt FACTS used for reactive energy compensation. It generally offers better features compared other FACTS devices and conventional reactive compensation devices. This work aims to apply the STATCOM controlled by the current control method by hysteresis bands for the maintenance of the voltage in an electric transport network. The transport network is modeled as a transport line in MATLAB/SIMULINK and its characteristics are compared to the system without STATCOM.
Modelling of Ventilation Rate and Heating Rate using Multi-Module Fuzzy Control System for A Greenhouse
Authors: Yau Jamilu , JianWei Ji , Wang Hui , Eniola Olubakinde , Ibitoye Folahan Peter
Published: February 2022

The implementation of Ventilation rate and Heating rate can save energy and reduce cost of production. In previous studies, ventilation rates and heating rates were calculated based on mass and energy balance but they are mainly influenced by several factors. In order to check for the effectiveness and applicability of greenhouse ventilation rate and heating rate, we study a multi-module fuzzy control method and use fuzzy logic controllers to control the coordination of a greenhouse heating and ventilation systems. The complexity is reduced by using fuzzy tool in matlab-simulink environment which enables a quick design. The experimental data showed that the new multi-module fuzzy control reduced temperature and humidity fluctuations and maintained temperature and humidity closer to the desired temperature and humidity; this method can be easily used to control other equipment in the greenhouse.
Spatial Limit of CFD Model at Nanometer Scale Geometry: Part I: Capillary Flow
Authors: Mark Simon , Boyer Harry
Published: February 2022

Numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics has been studied broadly in various fields of applications. Along with the advancement in new technology especially those employing micro or nanoscale geometries or lab-on-chip devices, it is important to understand the efficiency of such numerical models at small geometrical scales. To access any potential error in numerical simulation using CFD, in the present work we report the investigation of capillary driven passive flow inside a channel of varying geometry. The potential error in the results of simulation at a very small scale is accessed by comparing it with the results of theoretical analysis. Hence, establishes a spatial limit of the continuum model for simulation in related applications. This gives new insight to the further study on CFD at nanometers scale geometry.
Analysis on Geometry of Fluid Flow Manifold in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Govindarasu Ramasamy , Kavitha R. , Nambiraj M. , Kumaar R. Praveen , Kumar N. N. Harish
Published: February 2022

Fuel cells are the devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. Direct Methanol Fuel cell (DMFC) is a proton exchange membrane fuel cells in which methanol is used as fuel. Its high energy density makes it suitable for fuel cells. Even though carbon dioxide is produced, there is no production of sulfur or nitrogen oxides. The problems usually occurred while working with DMFC are methanol crossover, condensation of methanol, water management and carbon dioxide release. In that the uneven flow distribution, accumulation of carbon dioxide bubbles in the fuel cell are the major issues in DMFC. To prevent these issues, this work focuses on the theoretical and experimental studies on development of fuel cells with special importance to geometry of the manifold. This paper provides the optimal solution for preventing uneven flow distribution that is the usage of squoval shaped manifold which is the combination of both square and circle. Performance of DMFC with squoval shape manifold is evaluated experimentally and is compared with square shape manifold and rectangle shape manifold geometry design.
MgO Cluster Models for Capture CO2 Molecule
Authors: Alhony Zinab Ibrahim , Bawa Fathi Hassan
Published: February 2022

The density functional theory (DFT) method was used to study the adsorption of acidic CO2 molecule on the oxide clusters (MgO)n , (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 12). Basis sets, 6–311 G, 6–311G (d) and 6–311G (2d) were employed in order to test the effect on adsorption structures and binding energies. Both  and adsorption sites have been considered. Our previous calculation DFT energies have been achieved for the (MgO)n, (CaO)n, (n = 1–4, 6, 8, 9, and 12 clusters), [WJERT, 2019, Vol.5, Issue 1, 328-341]. The present work investigates the adsorption properties (e.g., adsorption energies, geometries and HOMO and LUMO molecular orbitals) of a single CO2 molecule. The results show that the CO2 molecule / (MgO)n clusters prefer to adsorb as [Mg surf –  with one acidic sites, while the interaction with surface basic    sites, carbonate species consequently may occur. The HOMO and LUMO interaction between CO2 and MgO cluster models were also studied. Furthermore, such nanostructures systems can be potential candidates for practical applications of capturing CO2 from hot exhaust gases.
Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger for Practical Application
Authors: Abdulmumuni Bashiru , Ayoade Adedeji Mathew , Buhari Ologunye Opeyemi , Olatunde Azeez Rasheed , Olaniyi Fanifosi Johnson
Published: February 2022

A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids, at different temperatures in thermal contact. This paper focuses on a shell-and-tubes heat exchanger that involves two fluids (hot water and cold water) in contact with each other while the cold water flows through the tubes and hot water through the shell. Heat exchangers have special and practical applications in the feed water cooler in the process industries, power plants, chemical plants, refineries, process applications as well as refrigeration and air conditioning industry. The design calculations were carried out to determine the specifications of essential parameters for the development of the heat exchanger, data generated from the theoretical formulae were used to fabricate the heat exchanger using some locally available and durable materials, and the performance of the system was evaluated. Some of the parameters evaluated include heat duty, capacity ratio, effectiveness, overall heat transfer coefficient, and fouling factor. The heat exchanger was tested under various flow conditions and the results obtained were as follows; cold water inlet temperatures of (26, 26, 26, 27and 27) ºC increased to (59, 44, 39, 47 and 35) ºC after (10, 7½, 6½  8,  and 6) minutes and the hot water temperatures decreased from (100, 80, 75, 87 and 73) ºC to (73, 59, 55, 62 and 50) ºC, respectively. The design data and test data were compared in terms of the heat duty, capacity ratio, effectiveness, overall heat transfer coefficient, and fouling factor, the deviation is found to be 22.87%, 13.99%, 8.98%, 43.30%, and 43.30% respectively. The results obtained proved that the heat exchanger was effective, reliable and provides a good technical approach to evaluate the thermal performance of the heat exchanger and useful in conducting heat and mass transfer practical in thermodynamics laboratory.
Risk Analysis of Associated Gas Utilization in Power Plants
Authors: Allison Isaiah , Agbadede Roupa
Published: February 2022

This study presents the analysis of associated gas fueled gas turbine power plant with a view to harnessing associated gas. GASTURB performance simulation software was employed to model and simulate the design and off design performance of the various engines that made up the power plant investigated. Monte Carlo Simulation using Palisade’s @RISK software was employed to conduct the risk analysis of associated fueled gas turbine by incorporating different variables. A decline rate of -13% was applied over the 20-year period of power plant life, beginning from Year 2015. When the distribution curves for the clean and degraded conditions of DS25 engine set were compared, the plots show that the clean condition generates higher profit than the degraded condition.  Also, when the clean condition for DS25 and LM6K engine sets were compared, the distribution curve plots show that the cluster of DS25 engine set generates a higher profit than the LM6K engine set.
Normal Electrochemical Deposition NiFe
Authors: Tikhonov Robert Dmitrievich
Published: February 2022

Due to heating of the electrolyte is an excluded abnormal codeposition alloy components and reduced variation of process parameters to achieve optimal magnetic properties Ni81Fe19 films of magnetic field concentrators. Proposed chloride electrolyte pH adjusted with hydrochloric acid, which provides congruent electrochemical deposition of permalloy at heating and stirring. Magnetic properties of permalloy films are very sensitive to the variation of component relationships of 4.26. Control of accuracy of preparation of chloride electrolyte for electrochemical deposition of NiFe conducted using spectrophotometry. It is shown that the selection process of cooking the electrolyte for electrodeposition of Ni81Fe19 alloy and temperature allow to get normal, congruent electrochemical deposition of permalloy films. It has been established that the anomalous character of permalloy deposition associated with the main feature of iron ions-the existence of variable Valence iron with two or three values in the charge of ions during the hydrolysis of iron salts.
Robust Adaptative Generalized Predictive Control with Multiple Reference Model for Frequency Control In Hydroelectric Power Plants
Authors: Korassaï Korassaï , Yeremou Aurelien Tamtsia , Djalo Haman
Published: February 2022

This paper presents a method for the design of a Primary Frequency Controller applied to hydroelectric power plants. This controller is designed to maintain quality, reliability and stability to consumers even in the face of fluctuating power demand. For this purpose, a robust adaptive Generalized Predictive Control with Multiple Reference Model type controller is proposed. Simulation results on Matlab/Simulink show that the Generalized Predictive Control with Multiple Reference Model controller can not only achieve good performance under load disturbances, but also excellent robustness.
Experimental Research of Induction Heating in Inner Hollow of Cylindrical Solenoid
Authors: Strelnikova Viktoriia
Published: February 2022

Purpose. Experimental determination of the dependence of the magnetic field strength distributions and the density of induced currents in the metal of the tubular blank from its position in the cylindrical inductor internal hallow. Methodology. The electrodynamic problem solution using mathematical apparatus for analytical calculations. To describe the processes that arise in the material under processing, expressions for fields and currents flowing in non-magnetic metals under the action of a multi-turn cylindrical solenoid that derived from the system of Maxwell's equations. Accepted mathematical assumptions and simplifications do not affect the correctness of the results. Carrying out an experiment to determine the intensity of the magnetic field in the solenoid inner hollow and the induced currents density on the surface of the nonmagnetic blank. Results. The obtained experimental distributions of the magnetic field strength and induced currents with the full blank placement in the cylindrical inductor hollow correspond to the analytical relations derived earlier and coincide with the fundamental physical concepts of the processes taking place in the system. When the billet is partially placed in the inner hollow of the inductor, there is a sudden increase in the tangential magnetic field strength component. In this case, an extremum is observed in the end zone of the billet. This is explained by the concentration of induced currents in this region, as well as on the cylindrical surface of the billet. Originality. The average induction heating speeds correspond to the calculated values for the materials of the processed samples used in the experiment, which indicates the effectiveness of using this processing technology in equal measure, both non-magnetic metals and magnetic. The practical value of the results consists in the possibility of estimating the qualitative indices of the concentration of induced currents and heat release in the end part of nonmagnetic cylindrical preforms with their partial overlapping by an inductor to perform heating operations.
Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Polyphenols from Mango Seed Kernel through Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Akouan Anta Junior Franck Ekorong , Biloa Dorothée Marcelle , Raghavarao K.S.M.S.
Published: February 2022

Phenolic compounds constitute an essential part of the human diet, and are of considerable interest due to their antioxidant properties. The traditional maceration method has been used for the extraction of polyphenols from mango seed kernel (Mangifera indica L.). Highlight the effects of different extraction parameters is useful to optimize the process, as well as to predict the extraction yield within the experimental domain with enough precision and confidence. The purpose of this work is to probe the influence of extraction time, extraction temperature and agitation speed on the extraction yield of phenolic compounds, and the total reducing power of the extract. The Surface Methodology (RSM), using the Doehlert design, have been applied. Optimal values of extraction yield and total reducing power was 36.99 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g and 61.08 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent/g respectively. The optimal conditions are 60 minutes of extraction time, 68.7°C extraction temperature and 424 rpm for agitation speed. Under optimized conditions the experimental values well agreed with the values predicted by the model equations proposed.
Comparison of Hidden Markov Model and Recurrent Neural Network in Automatic Speech Recognition
Authors: Deshmukh Akshay Madhav
Published: February 2022

Understanding human speech precisely by a machine has been a major challenge for many years.With Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) being decades old and considering the advancement of the technology, where it is not at the point where machines understand all speech, it is used on a regular basis in many applications and services. Hence, to advance research it is important to identify significant research directions, specifically to those that have not been pursued or funded in the past. The performance of such ASR systems, traditionally build upon an Hidden Markov Model (HMM), has improved due tothe application of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Despite this progress, building an ASR system remained a challenging task requiring multiple resources and training stages. The idea of using DNNs for Automatic Speech Recognition has gone further from being a single component in a pipeline to building a system mainly based on such a network.This paper provides a literature survey on state of the art researches on two major models, namely Deep Neural Network - Hidden Markov Model (DNN-HMM) and Recurrent Neural Networks trained with Connectionist Temporal Classification (RNN-CTC). It also provides the differences between these two models at the architectural level.
Repurposing Hydroxychloroquine as a Model Drug for the Prediction of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor
Authors: Igwe K. K. , Ikpeazu O. V. , Amaku F. J. , Otuokere I. E.
Published: February 2022

The use of hydroxychloroquine as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor is currently being reviewed in various clinical trials.  To exhaustively assess the benefit of hydroxychloroquine in the search for SARS-CoV-2 cure, this paper repositioned hydroxychloroquine as a model for virtual screening on the ZINC database.  Molecular docking studies of 5r7y with the retrieved molecules were performed.  The S-score of the predicted compounds were compared with the reference inhibitor (hydroxychloroquine).  After evaluating their binding energy, five compounds (ZINC52939663, ZINC21291670, ZINC12714071, ZINC40089978 and ZINC15963294) were noticed have to highest binding energy with SARS-CoV-2.  The binding scores of the top five ligands were higher than that of the reference molecule.  The pharmacokinetics, toxicity prediction, drug-likeness and global reactivity assessment of ZINC52939663, present the lead compound as a drug candidate with the probable capacity to inhibit SARS-CoV-2.
Using the Pharmacophoric features of Azithromycin to design potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor
Authors: Ikpeazu O. V. , Amaku F. J. , Otuokere I. E. , Igwe K. K.
Published: February 2022

The outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) found in Wuhan China is rapidly spreading to all nations of the world.  Currently, there are no approved drugs for the treatment of the novel coronaviral disease.  Meanwhile, repositioning of some antibiotics, antiviral and antimalaria drugs have been employed.  In this study, we used azithromycin as a model drug to virtual screen the ZINC database and the molecules obtained were docked against SARS-CoV-2 protein with PDB code: 5r7y.  The best five ligands with high affinity for the target protein was compared with the reference molecule (Azithromycin).  The docking score for the predicted ligands with high affinity for the target protein include ZINC10635972 (-6.3 kcal/mol), ZINC02651653 (-6.2 kcal/mol), ZINC09728215 (-6.2 kcal/mol), ZINC15003138 (-6.1 kcal/mol), ZINC89836288 (-6.1 kcal/mol) and azithromycin (+28.2 kcal/mol).  The lead molecule (ZINC10635972) was observed to interacted with LUE 141, ASN 142, SER 144, SER 46, GLY 189, GLU 166, MET 165, HIS163, MET 49, HIS 164, PHE 140, GLY 143,THR 25, CYS 145, HIS 41, CYS 44 and THR 45.  Meanwhile, hydrogen bond was predominant in the ZINC10635972-5r7y interaction.  The lead molecule demonstrated good pharmacokinetics properties, drug-like characteristic and moderate chemical reactivity index.  Besides, ZINC10635972 was noticed to fit the class 5 toxicity index.  Hence, ZINC10635972 is a promising compound that should be further examined as drug candidates before clinical evaluation.
Wear Resistance Improvement of Copper Alloys Using a Thermochemically Obtained Zinc-Rich Coating
Authors: Alvarez Omar , Valdés Carlos , Barba Arturo , González Rafael , Valdéz Raúl , Cruz Celso , Agredo Dayi Gilberto , Covelo Alba , Hernández Miguel Ángel
Published: February 2022

It has been developed a thermochemical process that has been applied on copper alloys: brass and bronze, using pure zinc powder, obtaining a zinc-rich wear protective coating. The layers obtained by a diffusion process, on brass (alloy C36000) and bronze specimens (alloy SAE 62), were characterized using a scanning electron microscope, EDAX microanalysis, Vickers microhardness, X-Ray diffraction analysis, and sliding wear test. The chemical analysis showed a layer composition of 62 % Zn and 38 % Cu, on average. The microhardness for thermochemical treated brass was 496HV and 598HV for bronze; thus, a microhardness increase for brass is 468% and 532% for bronze. It was made an X-Ray diffraction analysis, confirming the results obtained with the chemical analysis and crystalline structure for coating. It showed the presence of Cu64Zn36 and Cu5Zn8 phases. The wear tests demonstrated that treated specimens show better wear resistance than non-protected specimens.
Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancer in Developing Countries Using a Stacked Ensemble Model
Authors: Akinbohun Folake , Akinbohun Ambrose , Daniel Adekunle , Ojajuni Oghenerukevwe Elohor
Published: February 2022

Head and neck cancers (HNC) are indicated when cells grow abnormally.  The incidence of HNC is on the increase owing to several factors. There is often late presentation that can result in loss of lives (mortality) especially in Africa due to paucity of specialists. These challenges prompted the development of a stacked ensemble model for diagnosis of HNC to facilitate prompt referral.  The data were collected which consists of 1473 instances with 18 features.   Information Gain was used for selecting important features and three supervised learning algorithms were deployed for the base learners: Decision Tree (C4.5), K-Nearest Neighbors and Naïve Bayes. The predictions of the base learners were combined and passed to meta learners: Logistic Model Tree (LMT). The result showed that Information Gain method with stacked LMTwas 95.11%. It was deduced that both Information Gain with stacked MLR produced higher accuracy that the base learners’ results. Hence, this stacked model can be used for diagnosis of HNC in healthcare systems.
Modelling and Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Ekorong Akouan Anta Junior Franck , Marcelle Biloa Dorothée , Siewe Bruno Fabrice , K. S. M. S. Raghavarao
Published: February 2022

Mango seed kernels are by-products of the consumption and transformation of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.). Many ways of valorisation have been proposed, and among them, their phenolic compounds extraction. To increase the extraction yield, ultrasound-assisted extraction was modelled and optimized. The 4 factors Central Composite design associated with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used to achieve that goal. The effect of extraction time, temperature, stirring rate and the Ultrasound Amplitude, on the total phenolic compound extraction yield and the total reducing power of the extract, were studied and modelled. The modelling allows us to do a multi-response optimization to identify the best-operating conditions to achieve at the same time the highest extraction yield and antioxidant capacity. The optimal operating conditions achieved were 41.82 min of extraction time, 54.75?C as extraction time, under 266.67 rpm as stirring rate, and 100% ultrasound amplitude. With an expected extraction yield of 71.35 mg GA/g, and 123.058 mg AA/g of total reducing power. 2 extraction cycles, under these conditions, are enough to extract a maximum of the phenolic content, under the described conditions.
Evaluation and Modelling of a Low Budget Hall Effect Based Flow-Rate Sensor using Adaptive Calibration Paradigm
Authors: Eronu Emmanuel M. , Odiagbe Moses
Published: February 2022

The research work demonstrated the use of adaptative and comparative paradigm to calibrate and validate Hall Effect flowrate sensor’s related performance data. The experimental testbed used for the research work is composed of an IoT based platform integrated into a water pipe network. The use of IoT largely assisted in facilitating a well-coordinated and flexible paradigm for efficient data collections and analysis. Correlated and Associative analysis on data obtained shows a strong significant relationship (R2=89%) between the rate of Pulse count and rate of change in differential volume leading to the derivation of a model that is helpful in determining of volumetric rate and quantity of liquid dispense as function of pulse count generated from a Hall Effect flowrate sensor.
Investigating Design Strategies for Regenerative Development
Authors: Ayeni Dorcas A. , Omeiza Victory O.
Published: February 2022

The menace of environmental dilapidation has been an issue of great concern in the built environment since the wake of the industrial revolution. Buildings have been said to be instruments that cut short the natural cycles of resources in both the human and natural ecosystem due to man’s anthropocentric mind-set and activities. Various theories, framework, and models have been proposed to facilitate re-generatively sustainable developments. This paper aims at highlighting strategies that are currently practiced in regenerative development with a view of presenting ideas for the practical application of regenerative sustainability in all its facets and phases. Relevant literature that described the processes of creating a regenerative development and the aspects in which regenerative sustainability principles are implemented were reviewed. The design strategies employed in the studied cases were described as they related to the phases and then grouped into the four facets of regenerative development. The paper, therefore, gives an idea of the various integrative element and practical strategies for the implementation of regenerative design in all its phases and facets. Clarity on the subject of regenerative development is also anticipated as examples of regenerative design element implemented in the cases under study were detailed out. These strategies, when applied with attention to place patterns and potentials in all aspects of the built environment, will help in creating a truly regenerative development in any area.
Another Statistical Distribution: The Exponentiated Complementary Mukherjee-Islam Distribution
Authors: Osowole Oyedeji Isola , Nzelu Ngozi , Nwaka Rita
Published: February 2022

This study considered a newly proposed Exponentiated Complementary Mukherjee-Islam distribution obtained by exponentiating the Complementary Mukherjee-Islam distribution. Some properties of the new distribution were derived and results from the distribution indicated that the distribution is a better alternative than its baseline distribution. The new distribution is therefore a creditable addition to the existing family of exponentiated distributions.
Synthesis of Antiseptic Soap from Blends of Wood Tar and Some Selected Vegetable Oils
Authors: Zubairu Abdu , Gimba Abdullahi S.B. , Korode Mohammed B.
Published: February 2022

Antiseptic soap is a cleansing product to which active ingredient have been added to kill bacteria or germs. Usually, the price associated with conventional antiseptic soap is prohibitive, thus the need for cheap alternative sources of antiseptic soap could not be overemphasized. Traditionally, wood tar inherits antiseptic properties from the parent tree, it therefore provides an easily accessible and affordable recipe for antiseptic soap manufacture. In this paper, we elucidate the use of wood tar extracted from selected local trees (cassia, eucalyptus, and neem) as feedstock to synthesize antibacterial soap, by blending separately with vegetable oil. Two common vegetable oils (castor and peanut oils) were used in this work. The wood tar extracted by destructive distillation of the wood was characterized using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. The analysis indicates that wood tar from the selected trees contain antiseptic components like creosol. The optimum blend ratios of wood tar to vegetable oil suitable for saponification in terms of soap yield was also investigated. Similarly, the soap formulation from optimum blend of wood tar and vegetable oil was characterized to determine pH, foam ability, cleansing power and the microbial activity of the soap. The antimicrobial sensitivity results indicate that the soap has significant inhibitory property on E. coli bacteria. More also, for the selected vegetable oils considered, peanut oil blend was found to give higher yield of soap compared to castor oil blend.
The Impact of Sugar Particles Size and Natural Substitutes for the Replacement of Sucrose and Fat in Chocolate Brownies: Sensory and Physicochemical Analysis
Authors: Richardson Aislinn M. , Tyuftin Andrey A. , O’ Sullivan Maurice G. , Kilcawley Kieran N. , Gallagher Eimear , Kerry Joseph P.
Published: February 2022

As fat contributes important textural properties such as lubricity and tenderness to cakes, it is plausible to focus on ways to increase the perception of these properties with the aim of creating the illusion of a higher fat. The utilisation of small sugar particles has been shown to increase the moist and soft texture of Chocolate Brownies. The present study assessed three different sugar particle sizes in their ability to create the illusion of fat content and therefore their ability to permit fat replacement (FR) in this product. The unground commercial sugar (200-5181 µm) was used as the control (UC) and two of its sieved sugar separates, Large (L924-1877 µm) and Small (S459-972 µm) were investigated. For each, fat was replaced using pureed black beans. The most accepted sample was used for sucrose replacement (SR) using inulin and Rebaudioside A. (Reb A.). Samples containing the smallest sugar fraction with 25% FR were most significantly associated overall acceptability (OA) (p<0.01). The application of small sugar particles did not significantly negatively affect OA or liking of samples at a level of 75% FR compared to the other two sugar fractions. The utilisation of small sugar particles (459-972 µm) in the preparation of baked goods could aid baking & industry professionals in reducing the fat content of cake-like products.
Selection of Probabilistic Model of Extreme Floods in Benue River Basin, Nigeria
Authors: Ologhadien Itolima
Published: February 2022

The selection of optimum probabilistic model of extreme floods as a crucial step for flood frequency analysis has remained a formidable challenge for the scientific and engineering communities to address. Presently, there is no scientific consensus about the choice of probability distribution model that would accurately simulate flood discharges at a particular location or region. In practice, several probability distributions are evaluated, and the optimum distribution is then used to establish the design quantile - probability relationship. This paper presents the evaluation of five probability distributions models; Gumbel (EV1), 2-parameter lognormal (LN2), log Pearson type III (LP3), Pearson type III(PR3), and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) using the method of moments (MoM) for parameter estimation and annual maximum series of four hydrological stations in Benue River Basin in Nigeria. Additionally, Q-Q plots were used to compliment the selection process. The choice of optimum probability distribution model was based on five statistical goodness – of – fit measures; modified index of agreement (Dmod), relative root mean square error (RRMSE), Nash – Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), Percent bias (PBIAS), ratio of RMSE and standard deviation of the measurement (RSR). Goodness – of – fit assessment reveals that GEV is the best – fit distribution, seconded by PR3 and thirdly, LP3. In comparison with WMO (1989) survey of countries on distribution types currently in use for frequency analysis of extremes of floods shows that GEV is standard in one country, while PR3 is a standard in 7 countries, and LP3 is standard in 7 countries. It is recommended that GEV, PR3 and LP3 should be considered in the final selection of optimum probability distribution model in Nigeria.
Assessing the Correlation between Brick Properties and Firing Hours of Locally Produced Clay-burnt Bricks in Taraba State, Nigeria
Authors: Bassah E. J , Joshua W. K.
Published: February 2022

The use of burnt-clay bricks is increasing in rural areas because of its availability and low cost. However, the burning of bricks locally at unknown temperatures will likely result in the production of bricks that are unfit for construction purposes. The study assesses the minimum number of days bricks require to attain the minimum stipulated standards for compressive strength and water absorption. The results obtained were compared to the NIS 87: 2000 standards to assess their conformity. From the study results, the mean compressive strength of bricks (1.576 N/mm², 2.306 N/mm², 3.634 N/mm²) at 48, 72 and 96 hours of firing fails to attain the target value of 5N/mm² as stipulated by the NIS building code. However, the mean compressive strength after 120 hours (5.386 N/mm²) attains the stipulated unit value. The water absorption rate displayed similar findings with mean values of 37.12%, 34.2%, 28.88% failing to conform with the stipulated 20% standards. However, the mean of water absorption after 120 hours (21.02%) has no significant difference and hence conforms to the stipulated value. This therefore means that bricks should be burnt far beyond the 120 hours in order to safely conform to 5N/mm² and 20% compressive strength and water absorption respectively.
Determination of the Conditions for Agglomeration of Molybdenite Fines in the Presence of Kerosene Emulsion Through the Extended DVLO Theory
Authors: López Mendoza Antonio , Chàvez Guajardo Alicia Elizabeth
Published: February 2022

The hydrophobic agglomeration of fine particles of molybdenite in the presence of kerosene emulsion, has been studied in this paper. The results obtained in the investigation as; zeta potential of kerosene emulsion(?emulsion), zeta potential of the molybdenite sample (?MoS2), hydrophobicity of molybdenite represented by the contact angle (?MoS2) varying the pH, were used to calculate the total potential energy  through the extended DVLO theory. Diagram containing curves total potential energy vs. separation distance of the particles, indicate that increasing the pH, also increases the energy barrier to overcome to achieve agglomeration and viceversa, which translates to a high probability of agglomeration in the pH range 5 to 8, with greater effect as the pH is increased in the acidic region.
Analysis of Rock Mass Rating Classification with Using RMR Method
Authors: Tawil Sukardan , Syam Muh. Imran , Uno Irianto
Published: February 2022

The looseness that occurs on the road along Tawaeli-Toboli is a very important issue to be examined because the road is the most important axis road in Central Sulawesi - Indonesia. The goal to be achieved is to know the value of the quality of the rocks and their relation to the size of the slope angle on the road, especially at km 16 to km 26 from Palu City, using the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) method. From the analysis of RMR obtained one slope whose description of rocks is poor, namely on slope 3 with a value of RMR of 28 and a medium description with a value of 51 is on slope 1, for the other six slopes the description of the rock is still a good rock state with values ranging from 63-73. It is concluded that the lowest RMR value requires special attention to be on slope 3. Thus, the friction angle in small rocks, the value of RMR is also small, and the type of soil indicated is bad.
Features of the Electrochemical Deposition of Films from a Triple System of CoNiFe
Authors: Tikhonov Robert Dmitrievich
Published: February 2022

The nature of phenomena that occurs in the electrolyte during the electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films and the mechanism leading to the difference in the relative content of elements in the electrolyte and film was clarified. This clarification was obtained with the help of a spectrophotometric study of chloride electrolytes and the electrochemical deposition of CoNiFe films at 70 °C. An experimental study of the absorption spectra and the pH values of the FeCl2, NiCl2 and CoCl2 salt solutions at concentrations of 0.005 to 1 mol/l showed the complex nature of the ion-formation balance in single-component and mixed solutions and the dependence of ion formation on acidic and alkaline additives. The deposited CoNiFe film was made from a chloride electrolyte with a component content ratio of 1:1:1 at both high (0.5 mol/l) and low (0.006 mol\l) concentrations of each component. The content of each component in the film after the electrochemical deposition of the three component solution (FeCl2, CoCl2, and NiCl2 at equal concentrations) did not correspond to the composition of the electrolyte. The mechanism for the abnormal deposition of Co, Fe, Ni occurred due to the incomplete ionization of atoms and the differences in the mobility of ions. The magnetic susceptibility of the films formed in the triple CoNiFe system was higher than that of a permalloy. Therefore, the triple system shows promise for use in magnetic field converters.
Comparative Enhancement of Mild Steel Weld Mechanical Properties for Better Performance Using COPRAS–ARAS Method
Authors: Nweze S. , Achebo J.
Published: February 2022

Some machine part failures have often occurred in areas of components where the strength was lowest, especially at its weld region. Presence of voids in weldments or weld joints greatly reduces the quality of the weldment. To prevent these defects, a proper optimum selection of process parameters is highly encouraged to achieve an acceptable weld mechanical property. The Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) method was applied to determine the relative significance of each alternative and the quantitative utility for each alternative. The Addition Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method was applied to optimize these parameters by utilizing the weights generated using COPRAS method. In this study, the COPRAS-ARAS method which is a multi-criteria decision making tools was applied to determine the optimum process parameters to improve the mechanical properties of the weldment. From applying these methods, it was found that weldments 7, possess the optimum input process parameters. The corresponding mechanical properties of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 395MPa, absorbed impact strength (CVN) of 250J, Bead height (BH) of 1.98mm and Bead width (BW) of 4.82mm was found to possess the best mechanical properties.
Performance Analysis of a Dual-Fuel Sugar Based Solid Rocket Propellant
Authors: Adeniyi Gbadebo Omoniyi , Nkere Inkechukwu , Adetoro Lanre Moshood , Sholiyi Olusegun Samuel
Published: February 2022

The effects of dual-fuel on improving the ballistic efficiency of a low energy sugar-based solid rocket propellant were investigated in this paper. This was achieved by establishing a threshold proportion of sucrose to sorbitol that provided the highest ballistic efficiency, using a beam load cell (model single-point 2,000 kg linearly defined by 0-20 kN force, with ±.005 percent precision). Seven different propellant formulations were prepared, loaded into the rocket motor and tested for performance. The major performance parameters of interest were the thrust, total impulse, burn time, delivered specific impulse, delivered characteristic velocity, and the chamber pressure. The formulations tested were potassium nitrate–sucrose propellant (65% KNO3 and 35% sucrose (C12H22O11)) (KNSU); potassium nitrate-sorbitol propellant (65% KNO3 and 35% sorbitol (C6H14O6)) (KNSB); modified potassium nitrate-sucrose propellant (65% KNO3, 32% sucrose (C12H22O11)), and 3% carbon (C) (MODKNSU); potassium nitrate-sucrose-sorbitol propellant (65% KNO3, 25% sucrose (C12H22O11)), and 10% sorbitol (C6H14O6) (KNERK); potassium nitrate-sucrose-sorbitol-carbon propellant (65% KNO3, 24% sucrose (C12H22O11), 10% sorbitol (C6H14O6), and 1% carbon (C)) (MODKNERK); and finally a propellant made from KNO3, sucrose (C12H22O11), sorbitol (C6H14O6), carbon (C) and iron II oxide(Fe2O3) combinations in 65, 30, 3, 1, 1% proportion respectively. The novel result obtained from these experiments was applied to boost the performance of a KNSB rocket propellant motor during a rocket launch experiment. Both static and dynamic rocket motor internal ballistic parameters were then compared. The measured delivered motor average thrust and the effective propellant burn times were recorded as: (164.15N, 3.97s); (102.95N, 6.53s); (65.66N, 9.38s); (79.09N, 3.77s); (243.98N, 3.77s) and (92.6N, 5.89s) respectively. The MODKNERK, was established to produce a most efficient motor and with the full delivery of its ballistic energy. It was also established, that the ballistic and rocket motor efficiency of a lower energy rocket motor can be improved by starting the ignition of such motor with fast burning dual-fuel rocket propellant (MODKNERK).
Optimal Sliding Mode Control of Permanent Magnet Direct Drive Linear Generator for Grid-Connected Wave Energy Conversion
Authors: Elgammal Adel , Boodoo Curtis
Published: February 2022

the key goal of this article is on the design and optimum sliding mode control for Grid-Connected direct drive extraction method of ocean wave energy by Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). A Linear Permanent Magnet Generator simulates the ocean wave energy extraction system, driven by an Archimedes Wave Swing. Uncontrolled three-phase rectifiers, a three-level buck-boost converter and 3 level neutral point clamped inverter are planned grid integration of Wave Energy Conversion device. The technique monitors the three-level buck-boost converter service cycle linked to the PMLG output terminals and decides the optimum switching sequence of 3 level neutral point clamped inverter to enable the grid relation. Simulations using Matlab/Simulink were carried out to test working of the wave energy converter after the suggested optimal control method was applied under various operating settings. Various simulation test results indicate that the proposed optimum control system is tested in both normal and irregular ocean waves. And it has been shown that the control method of the MOPSO sliding mode is ideal for maximizing energy transfer efficiency. Better voltage management at the DC-link and for achieving greater controllability spectrum was accomplished by the proposed Duty-ratio optimal control system.
Performance Evaluation of a Smart Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Model
Authors: Istiaque Shah Md. , Khan Asif Iqbal , Hassan Zaber Al , Waheed Sajjad
Published: February 2022

The research work titled “Smart Intrusion Detection System Comprised of Machine Learning and Deep Learning” was published in European Journal for Engineering and Technology Research (EJERS) online journal in the October edition where a smart IDS model was proposed. In this present work, validation of the IDS model is conducted.

KDD Cup'99 intrusion detection dataset was used to build the IDS model. A unique method is incorporated to test the performance of the model. Here, training is conducted by using the KDD'99 dataset. But testing is done through the NSL-KDD dataset. Testing is conducted in three-stage. In the first stage, using generic 41 features the accuracy, sensitivity, and FPR of detecting attack was 95.240%, 93.103%, 1.936% respectively for Random Forest and for MLP it is 87.811%, 90.065%, and 15.168% respectively. In the second stage selective 15 features are used where accuracy, sensitivity, and FPR of detecting attack is 70.808%, 81.992%, 43.971% respectively for Random Forest and for MLP it is 67.637%, 87.660%, 54.266% respectively. In the third stage selective 22 features are used where accuracy, sensitivity, and FPR of detecting attack is 97.001%, 96.643%, 2.272% for Random Forest respectively and for MLP it is 85.442%, 82.350 and 10.472 respectively. Total 3,11,021 record is used for training and 22,544 record is used for testing purpose.

The final accuracy, sensitivity and FPR of the model can be resulted as 95.24%, 70.808%, 96.988% for 41 features, 93.103%, 87.68%, 97.233% for 15 features, 1.936%, 43.97%, 3.36% for 22 features. Therefore, the IDS model is efficient and effective.
Geochemistry and Petrogenetic Relationships Between Pegmatites and Host Rocks in the Keffi Area, North Central, Nigeria
Authors: Tanko I. Y. , Dzigbodi-Adjimah K.
Published: February 2022

Keffi pegmatites area which contains numerous mineralised and non-mineralised pegmatites lie between the Wamba pegmatite field to the NE and Nasarawa pegmatite field to the SW on the North Central Pegmatite belt of Nigeria. In Keffi area exploitation of deposits is currently being done by small scale miners, whose activities are haphazard and uncoordinated, because of that information on the geology and petrology that will enable a systematic study of the pegmatites in the area is scanty. Systematic geochemical investigations of the pegmatites and surrounding host rocks aimed at establishing petrogenetic relationships amongst the various rock types in the area were conducted. Major, trace and REE investigations of the pegmatites and associated granitoids have indicated petrogenetic relationships amongst the pegmatites and between the pegmatites and surrounding granitoids of Keffi area. Also, the variation diagram of major, trace and REE in whole rocks and K-feldspar samples show patterns which categorised the pegmatites of Keffi area into; (1) Non-mineralised, (2) intermediate and (3) mineralised pegmatites.  It was also deduced from the geochemical characteristics (variation diagrams in major and trace element, REE geochemistry and tectonic environment classification) that a genetic model based on the evolution of melt by partial melting of metasedimentary protolith during ultrametamorphic and deformational activities (anatexis) is proposed for the granite-pegmatite system of Keffi area. This information will be useful as guide for fruitful exploration of the pegmatites and serves as model for the exploitation of pegmatite veins in similar geologic settings.