bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENZYMATIC REDUCTION OF SELENITE
Authors: Nickerson Walter J. , Falcone Giuseppe
Published: January 2020

Nickerson, Walter
J. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.)
and Giuseppe Falcone
. Enzymatic reduction of selenite. J. Bacteriol.
85:
763–771.—1963. Extraction of boiled yeast extract with
n
-hexane removed its ability to restore selenite-reducing capacity in dialyzed enzyme preparations obtained from baker's yeast or from
Candida albicans
. Menadione or thiodione substituted for the quinone(s) extracted by
n
-hexane. Active components of the water-soluble, dialyzable fraction of yeast extract included: glucose-6-phosphate, triphosphopyridine nucleotide, and glutathione. Selenite appears to be bound to protein through vicinal thiol groups, and to be released therefrom as metallic selenium after accepting four electrons.
FOOD-POISONING POTENTIAL OF THE ENTEROCOCCI
Authors: Deibel R. H. , Silliker J. H.
Published: January 2020

Deibel
, R. H. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.),
and J. H. Silliker
. Food-poisoning potential of the enterococci. J. Bacteriol.
85:
827–832. 1963.—A total of 23 enterococcus strains were fed to two and sometimes three human volunteers in an effort to elicit food-poisoning symptoms. Each culture was consumed after it was grown in whole sterile milk or on the surface of commercially sterile ham slices. Six strains of
Streptococcus faecalis
var.
liquefaciens
were consumed after complete liquefaction of gelatin. In addition, strains of
S. faecalis
were consumed after having been grown in media which altered the energy metabolism (arginine, gluconate, malate, and pyruvate). In no instance were any of the above conditions of growth conducive to the production of food-poisoning symptoms in the volunteers. Moreover, no evidence was found to indicate that either the age of the culture or the disruption of the cell was a factor in the production or release of a toxic principle. It would appear that until the environmental conditions (if any) for food poisoning are defined the evidence obtained suggests that the association of enterococci and food poisoning is questionable.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF SERINE IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
AND
SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: Umbarger H. E. , Umbarger Merle A. , Siu Patrick M. L.
Published: January 2020

Umbarger
, H. E. (Long Island Biological Association, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.),
Merle A. Umbarger, and Patrick M. L. Siu
. Biosynthesis of serine in
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella typhimurium
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1431–1439. 1963.—Evidence for the operation in extracts of
Escherichia coli
of a pathway from glucose to serine involving 3-phosphoglycerate, phosphohydroxypyruvate, and phosphoserine as intermediates was obtained by the technique of isotopic competition. The steps of the pathway were demonstrated in extracts of
E. coli
and
Salmonella typhimurium
. The first reaction was studied in the reverse of the biosynthetic direction by observing the disappearance of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the presence of phosphohydroxypyruvate. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction was missing in two
E. coli
mutants that required serine or glycine for growth and in a representative of one of two genetically distinct classes of
S. typhimurium
serine-glycine auxotrophs. The second reaction, the amination of phosphohydroxypyruvate, was also studied in the reverse of the biosynthetic direction using α-ketoglutarate as the amino acceptor in a transamination reaction with phosphoserine. The final step, the cleavage of phosphoserine, could not be catalyzed by extracts prepared from cells of
S. typhimurium
serine-glycine auxotrophs of the second genetic class. It has been concluded that these three reactions provide the only significant pathway to serine in these organisms.
IDENTIFICATION OF COLEMAN'S SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIUM AS A MESOPHILIC RELATIVE OF
CLOSTRIDIUM NIGRIFICANS
Authors: Postgate John R. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: January 2020

Postgate, John
R. (University of Illinois, Urbana)
and L. Leon Campbell
. Identification of Coleman's sulfate-reducing bacterium as a mesophilic relative of
Clostridium nigrificans
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
274–279. 1963.—Coleman's sulfate-reducing bacterium is immunologically and morphologically similar to
Clostridium nigrificans
and unlike
Desulfovibrio
species. It is not thermophilic and does not acquire the thermophilic habit; it is thus the first naturally occurring mesophilic member of this group to be described.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF A PUTRESCINE-DEGRADING MUTANT OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Kim Ki-Han
Published: January 2020

Kim, Ki-han
(Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich.). Isolation and properties of a putrescine-degrading mutant of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
320–323. 1963.—A mutant was isolated from
Escherchia coli
B which can grow on putrescine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. This mutant contains a constitutive putrescine α-ketoglutarate transaminase and can be induced for the enzymes responsible for the conversion of γ-aminobutyraldehyde to succinate. The intracellular putrescine of this mutant could be nearly quantitatively removed by nitrogen starvation. This removal of intracellular putrescine did not damage the reproduction of T
2
in these cells.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM CAPRYLATE ON
CANDIDA ALBICANS
II
Authors: Payne W. J. , Bannister E. R.
Published: January 2020

Payne
, W. J. (University of Georgia, Athens)
and E. R. Bannister
. Effects of sodium caprylate on
Candida albicans
. II. Influence of various concentrations on biochemical changes. J. Bacteriol.
86:
558–562. 1963.—Suspending resting cells of
Candida albicans
in buffered solutions of 0.1
m
sodium caprylate resulted in leakage of K
+
, protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and carbohydrate (including glucose) but not of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or sterol. In 0.025
m
caprylate, the yeast leaked carbohydrate but not any of the other metabolites, whereas at 2.5 × 10
−3
m
or in buffer alone there was no significant leakage. Inclusion of 2.5 × 10
−3
m
sodium caprylate in Sabouraud dextrose broth cultures, however, suppressed growth greatly. Assays of relative protein, RNA, and DNA contents of dried cells taken from the suppressed cultures revealed changes in the rates of production of each from those of untreated cultures.
INFLUENCE OF TISSUE CULTURE PASSAGE ON VIRULENCE OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS FOR MOTHER MICE
Authors: Campbell Charles H.
Published: January 2020

Campbell, CharlesH. (Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, N.Y.). Influence of tissue culture passage on virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus for mother mice. J. Bacteriol.86:593–597. 1963.—Foot-and-mouth disease virus serially passaged in bovine cell cultures was more lethal for mother mice than the parent virus from infected steers. In tests with virus from several pools of bovine tongue tissue, only 0 to 20% of the mice died. Serial passage of such virus in primary calf-kidney cell cultures progressively increased the lethality of the virus. By the eighth passage, after which no further appreciable increase was observed, the mortality was 60%. As the lethal capability of this virus population increased, the average time required for it to produce death decreased.
ACTION OF PLAGUE MURINE TOXIN ON MITOCHONDRIA FROM RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE ANIMALS
Authors: Kadis Solomon , Ajl Samuel J. , Rust James H.
Published: January 2020

Kadis, Solomon(Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.),Samuel J. Ajl, and James H. Rust, Jr.Action of plague murine toxin on mitochondria from resistant and susceptible animals. J. Bacteriol.86:757–765. 1963.—Purified murinePasteurella pestistoxin inhibited the respiration of liver mitochondria isolated from both the rat and the rabbit. Toxin had little or no effect on the respiration of rabbit sarcosomes, but when they were disrupted with either sodium deoxycholate or sonic vibration their respiration was inhibited. The respiration of heart mitochondria from rats immunized with toxoid-adjuvant mixtures was inhibited only slightly by the toxin, whereas the respiration of liver mitochondria from immunized rats was inhibited to the same degree as that from nonimmunized animals. Toxin caused the heart mitochondria of the rat to swell, but had little or no effect on the heart mitochondria of the rabbit. Also, brain mitochondria were not swollen by the toxin.
SEROLOGICAL GROUPING OF THE PATHOGENIC CLOSTRIDIA
Authors: Ellner Paul D. , Green Stanley S.
Published: January 2020

Ellner, Paul
D. (University of Vermont, Burlington),
and Stanley S. Green
. Serological grouping of the pathogenic clostridia. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1098–1100. 1963.—By use of the soluble antigens of ten species of pathogenic clostridia and specific globulins, it has been possible to divide these organisms into a number of groups based upon the presence or absence of precipitin lines in agar gel. A scheme for such a grouping is presented, and the utility of this method is discussed.
INCIPIENT GERMINATION IN HEAVY SUSPENSIONS OF SPORES OF
BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
AT SUBMINIMAL GROWTH TEMPERATURES
Authors: Curran Harold R. , Pallansch Michael J.
Published: January 2020

Curran, Harold
R. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.),
and Michael J. Pallansch
. Incipient germination in heavy suspensions of spores of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
at subminimal growth temperatures. J. Bacteriol.
86:
911–918. 1963.—By use of spore (plate) counts and permeability to stain, labilization was followed periodically in heavy suspensions of washed
Bacillus stearothermophilus
1518 spores incubated at different temperatures. Although vegetative proliferation did not occur below 38 C, incipient germination was rapid down to 20 C and much slower and incomplete at 14 C. Dilution of the suspension materially reduced the degree and rate of labilization. The degree of washing and use of deionized water had no appreciable influence upon early development of the spores. The results are discussed from the point of view of the possible origin and nature of the germination stimulant.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS
Authors: Malsberger R. G. , Cerini C. P.
Published: January 2020

Malsberger
, R. G. (Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.),
and C. P. Cerini
. Characteristics of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1283–1287. 1963.—Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus of trout is an ether-stable virus unable to cause hemagglutination or hemadsorption. During multiplication, the latent period was 5 hr and was followed by a logarithmic phase of virus release terminating at 12 hr postinfection. The virus yield per infected cell averaged 300
tcid
50
. Autointerference was demonstrated on serial passage of undiluted seed virus. Infectivity was maintained on storage at 4 C for approximately 5 weeks after which the loss of infectivity became exponential. At −70 C, the decrease in infectivity was exponential through 36 weeks with a total loss of approximately 0.5 log
10
units. The virus is antigenic, and cross-neutralization occurred between the original isolate and a feral strain isolated from tissue cultures of apparently normal trout. The reported characteristics, together with the known size of 30 mμ, are all consistent with the characteristics of the Picornavirus group.
DRUG RESISTANCE OF ENTERIC BACTERIA II
Authors: Harada Kenji , Kameda Mitsuo , Suzuki Mitsue , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: January 2020

Harada, Kenji
(Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan),
Mitsuo Kameda, Mitsue Suzuki, and Susumu Mitsuhashi
. Drug resistance of enteric bacteria. II. Transduction of transmissible drug-resistance (R) factors with phage epsilon. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1332–1338. 1963.—Transmissible drug-resistance (R) factors, which transfer resistance to tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfonamide by cell-to-cell contact, were found to be transduced in the system of
Salmonella
E group with phage epsilon (ε
15
and ε
34
). The R
+
transductants of
S. newington
(S-84) and
S. chittagong
(S-224) were all found to be unable to transfer their R factors by conjugation, and their R factors were not eliminated by treatment with acridine dyes so far as tested. The R factors containing TC resistance were consistently segregated when transduced. At low multiplicities of infection, the R
+
transductants with ε
15
were all nonlysogenic and unable to produce normal ε
15
phage particles; among the R
+
transductants with ε
34
, 34% were lysogenic and 66% were sensitive to ε
34
.
HEMOLYSIS OF RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES BY PURIFIED STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-TOXIN II
Authors: Cooper Louis Z. , Madoff Morton A. , Weinstein Louis
Published: January 2020

Cooper, LouisZ. (New England Center Hospital, Boston, Mass.),Morton A. Madoff, and Louis Weinstein. Hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by purified staphylococcal alpha-toxin. II. Effect of inhibitors on the hemolytic sequence. J. Bacteriol.87:136–144. 1964.—Study of the time course of hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes by purified staphylococcal alpha-lysin revealed that the specific toxin-red cell reaction occurs during the prelytic period. This reaction could be prevented or decreased by alpha-lysin antitoxin added early, but not by antitoxin added at the end of the prelytic phase or at any time thereafter. In contrast, hemolysis is suppressed temporarily by sucrose and permanently by polyethylene glycol, even when these are added during the period of rapid release of hemoglobin. When sucrose is present together with alpha-lysin and red cells only during the prelytic period, and when the cells are then washed and resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline, their subsequent hemolysis is not altered by the presence of the sugar. This is not so when antitoxin is employed. When erythrocytes are laked by a measured excess of alpha-lysin, only a portion of the original hemolytic activity can be recovered. Repeated exposure of lysin to red cells produces a loss of activity represented by a linear function when logs of residual activity are plotted sequentially. Once alpha-lysin has reacted with red cells, it does not appear to be available for attachment to other erythrocytes.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN VEGETATIVE CELLS AND MICROCYSTS OF
MYXOCOCCUS XANTHUS
Authors: Dworkin Martin , Niederpruem Donald J.
Published: January 2020

Dworkin, Martin
(University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and Donald J. Niederpruem
. Electron transport system in vegetative cells and microcysts of
Myxococcus xanthus
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
316–322. 1964.—Respiration by intact cells of the fruiting myxobacterium
Myxococcus xanthus
is cyanide-sensitive and can be demonstrated in the vegetative cells but not in the microcysts. Cell-free particles from both vegetative cells and microcysts have cyanide-sensitive reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase, diaphorase, NADH cytochrome
c
reductase, and cytochrome oxidase activities. While the vegetative cell specific activities for NADH oxidase and diaphorase are slightly higher than those for the microcysts, the microcysts have ten times the cytochrome
c
reductase and cytochrome oxidase activities of the vegetative cells. Furthermore, the respiration of the microcyst particles is considerably less cyanide-sensitive than is that of the vegetative-cell particles. Difference spectra of the cell-free particles of vegetative cells and microcysts are qualitatively identical, showing the presence of
b
- and
c
-type cytochrome and flavoprotein. The
a
-type pigments are clearly present in the extracts of the vegetative cells and are suggested by the spectrum of the microcyst particles. The cytochrome oxidase activity of both extracts is consistent with the presence of
a
-type pigments in both. The spectra of the carbon monoxide-binding pigments were determined and, by this parameter, qualitative differences appear between the vegetative cells and the microcysts.
EFFECT OF DRUG-RESISTANCE FACTOR R ON THE F PROPERTIES OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Hirota Yukinori , Nishimura Yukinobu , Ørskov Frits , Ørskov Ida
Published: January 2020

Hirota, Yukinori
(Osaka University, Osaka, Japan),
Yukinobu Nishimura, Frits Ørskov, and Ida Ørskov
. Effect of drug-resistance factor R on the F properties of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
341–351. 1964.—Infection of
Escherichia coli
male cells (Hfr or F
+
) with resistance factor R results in the co-ordinate inhibition of several distinct functions of F factor: mating capacity to transfer chromosome by conjugation, production of
f
+
antigen, and formation of receptors for the male-specific bacteriophages, f1 and ribonucleic acid phage. The
i
−
mutant (R
100−1
) of R factor, which was isolated from wild-type R factor (R
100
), shows no inhibition of these F properties. Male R
+
100−1
cells were autoagglutinable but the
f
+
antigen was still present. When R-infected female cells had acquired the ability to form recombinants with an F
−
strain, they also had become autoagglutinable. The question of the presence of
f
+
antigen in these strains was not solved. The cause of the autoagglutinability is not known, but it is not the result of loss of O antigen (rough autoagglutinability). Sensitivity to a phage
tau
, which can form plaques on female cells only, is not affected by the presence or absence of R factor. No difference in the pattern of segregation of recombinants was observed between the cross of Hfr R
−
× F
−
and that of Hfr R
+
× F
−
. These results indicate that R factor controls a key mechanism in the synthesis of “F substances” formed on the cell surface by the F factor.
STABILIZATION OF PERTUSSIS VACCINE IN THE PRESENCE OF BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: Olson B. H. , Eldering Grace , Graham Bernice
Published: January 2020

Olson
, B. H. (Division of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health, Lansing),
Grace Eldering, and Bernice Graham
. Stabilization of pertussis vaccine in the presence of benzethonium chloride. J. Bacteriol.
87:
543–546. 1964.—Data are presented showing that pertussis vaccine preserved with benzethonium chloride (BC; Phemerol) was inactivated during storage. BC-preserved vaccine stored at 37 C showed no measurable mouse-protective potency at 16 weeks. That stored at 0 to 4 C lost approximately 80% of its potency within 1 year. Treatment of pertussis vaccines with aluminum, calcium, magnesium, choline, or
dl
-lysine before the addition of the BC prevented its uptake by the cells. Pertussis vaccines pretreated with 0.004
m
Ca
++
or 0.0004
m
Al
+++
retained 70% of the initial potency after 42 weeks of storage at 37 C. Similar vaccines showed no loss of protective antigens when stored for 1 year at 0 to 4 C.
ANALYSES OF WOUND EXUDATES FOR CLOSTRIDIAL TOXINS
Authors: Noyes Howard E. , Pritchard William L. , Brinkley Floyd B. , Mendelson Janice A.
Published: January 2020

Noyes, Howard
E. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
William L. Pritchard, Floyd B. Brinkley, and Janice A. Mendelson
. Analyses of wound exudates for clostridial toxins. J. Bacteriol.
87:
623–629. 1964.—Earlier studies indicated that death of goats with traumatic wounds of the hindquarter could be related to the number of clostridia in the wounds, and that toxicity of wound exudates for mice and guinea pigs could be partially neutralized by commercial trivalent gas gangrene antitoxin. This report describes in vitro and in vivo analyses of wound exudates for known clostridial toxins. Wounds were produced by detonation of high-explosive pellets. Wound exudates were obtained by cold saline extraction of both necrotic tissues and gauze sponges used to cover the wounds. Exudates were sterilized by Seitz filtration in the cold. In vitro tests were used to measure alpha-, theta-, and mu-toxins of
Clostridium perfringens
and the epsilon-toxin of
C. novyi
. Mouse protection tests, employing commercial typing antisera, were used to analyze exudates for other clostridial toxins. Lethality of wound exudates for mice could be related to (i) the numbers of clostridia present in the wound, (ii) survival time of the goats, and (iii) positive lecithovitellin (LV) tests of the exudates. However, the LV tests could not be neutralized by antitoxin specific for
C. perfringens
alpha-toxin. Mice were not protected by typing antisera specific for types A, C, or D
C. perfringens
or
C. septicum
but were protected by antisera specific for type B
C. perfringens
and types A and B
C. novyi
.
RADIOSENSITIVITY OF SEVERAL DEHYDROGENASES AND TRANSAMINASES DURING SPOROGENESIS OF
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Rowley D. B. , Newcomb H. R.
Published: January 2020

Rowley
, D. B. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.),
and H. R. Newcomb
. Radiosensitivity of several dehydrogenases and transaminases during sporogenesis of
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
701–709. 1964.—Cells of
Bacillus subtilis
grown in a chemically defined medium for 17 hr, subsequently washed, and transferred to a phosphate solution containing CaCl
2
sporulated in a reproducible pattern. The synthesis of dipicolinic acid essentially paralleled the appearance of thermoresistant cells. X-ray resistant cells appeared 2 to 3 hr before the appearance of thermoresistant cells and the formation of dipicolinic acid. Changes in enzyme activity of cells undergoing sporogenesis varied among the enzymes studied. The transaminases exhibited a marked decrease in activity during early sporogenesis, whereas the dehydrogenases exhibited maximal activity. The determination of enzyme radioresistance in extracts of sporulating cells indicated that the resistance of transaminases remained essentially unchanged, whereas the dehydrogenases exhibited a decreased resistance early in sporogenesis. Although both glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were demonstrated in vegetative cells, only the latter was detected in mature spores. The radioresistance of GOT in vegetative-cell extracts was two to three times greater than in spore extracts.
ANALYSIS OF A GENE CONTROLLING CELL DIVISION AND SENSITIVITY TO RADIATION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Adler Howard I. , Hardigree Alice A.
Published: January 2020

Adler, Howard
I. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.),
and Alice A. Hardigree
. Analysis of a genetic locus controlling cell division and sensitivity to radiation in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
720–726. 1964.—Radiation sensitivity in
Escherichia coli
is under control of genes that are transferred during conjugation between donor and recipient strains. Conjugation experiments establish that one of these genes occupies a locus on the
E. coli
K-12 linkage map between the genes controlling ability to utilize lactose and galactose. It affects sensitivity to both ionizing and ultraviolet (2,537 A) radiation. A strain possessing a mutation at this locus fails to show increases in resistance to ionizing radiation during late lag and early log phases, and increases in resistance when grown to stationary phase in a glucose-containing complete medium. The primary effect of the mutation at this locus may be an interference with the mechanism by which cells form cross plates. Cells of the mutant form long, nonseptate filaments when grown after exposure to ionizing radiation. The filaments do not give rise to macrocolonies. Pantoyl lactone, an agent that initiates cross plate formation, allows the filaments to divide normally and produce macrocolonies. When plated after irradiation on complete medium containing pantoyl lactone, the survival of the mutant is greatly increased.
PREFERENTIAL SYNTHESIS OF α-AMYLASE BY
BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
IN THE PRESENCE OF 5-METHYL-TRYPTOPHAN
Authors: Welker N. E. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: January 2020

Welker
, N. E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio),
and L. Leon Campbell
. Preferential synthesis of α-amylase by
Bacillus stearothermophilus
in the presence of 5-methyl-tryptophan. J. Bacteriol.
87:
828–831. 1964.—Washed-cell suspensions of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
induced with pure maltose preferentially synthesized α-amylase in the presence of 5-methyl-tryptophan (5-MT). 5-MT did not inhibit the formation of active α-amylase or the incorporation of proline-
C
14
into α-amylase. In contrast,
p
-fluorophenylalanine inhibited the formation of active α-amylase by 92% and the incorporation of proline-
C
14
into the enzyme by 95%.
p
-Fluorophenylalanine and 5-MT inhibited cellular protein synthesis, as measured by proline-
C
14
incorporation, by 74 and 72%, respectively.
MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS I
Authors: Tabak Henry H. , Chambers Cecil W. , Kabler Paul W.
Published: January 2020

Tabak, HenryH. (Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio),Cecil W. Chambers, and Paul W. Kabler. Microbial metabolism of aromatic carbon compounds. I. Decomposition of phenolic compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons by phenol-adapted bacteria. J. Bacteriol.87:910–919. 1964.—Bacteria from soil and related environments were selected or adapted to metabolize phenol, hydroxy phenols, nitrophenols, chlorophenols, methylphenols, alkylphenols, and arylphenols when cultured in mineral salts media with the specific substrate as the sole source of carbon. A phenol-adapted culture (substrate-induced enzyme synthesis proven) was challenged in respirometric tests with 104 related compounds; probable significant oxidative activity occurred with 65. Dihydric phenols were generally oxidized; trihydric phenols were not. Cresols and dimethylphenols were oxidized; adding a chloro group increased resistance. Benzoic and hydroxybenzoic acids were oxidized; sulfonated, methoxylated, nitro, and chlorobenzoic acids were not;m-toluic acid was utilized but not theo- andp-isomers. Benzaldehyde andp-hydroxybenzaldehyde were oxidized. In general, nitro- and chloro-substituted compounds and the benzenes were difficult to oxidize.
UTILIZATION OF ARGININE AS AN ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE GROWTH OFSTREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
Authors: Deibel R. H.
Published: January 2020

Deibel, R. H. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.). Utilization of arginine as an energy source for the growth ofStreptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol.87:988–992. 1964.—Although bothStreptococcus faecalisandS. faecium(and its varietydurans) hydrolyze arginine, the utilization of this amino acid as an energy source appears to have taxonomic utility, as onlyS. faecalisand its varieties can couple the resultant energy with growth processes. Utilization of arginine byS. faecalisin a semisynthetic, casein-hydrolysate medium requires small concentrations of a fermentable carbohydrate (0.05%), presumably for synthetic reactions. The arginine analogue, agmatine, is utilized as an energy source byS. faecalisbut not byS. faecium, and only approxinately 50% of the latter strains hydrolyzed this compound. Other ureido- and guanido-containing compounds tested were neither utilized as an energy source nor deaminated.
INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL STATE OF THE BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE UPON THE RATE OF RESPIRATION
Authors: Henneman Dorothy H. , Umbreit W. W.
Published: January 2020

Henneman, Dorothy
H. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),
and W. W. Umbreit
. Influence of the physical state of the bacterial cell membrane upon the rate of respiration. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1274–1280. 1964.—NaCl and KCl in concentrations of the order of 0.2 to 0.5
m
inhibit the respiration of
Escherichia coli
B and other gram-negative organisms. Cell-free enzymes concerned in respiration and prepared from the same organisms are not inhibited by these salts, whereas these same enzymes tested in intact cells are. The physical state of the cell membrane appears to be a factor controlling its respiratory activity.
SEROLOGICAL ANALYSES OF CELLULAR SLIME-MOLD DEVELOPMENT I
Authors: Sonneborn D. R. , Sussman M. , Levine L.
Published: January 2020

Sonneborn, D. R. (Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass.), M.Sussman, and L. Levine. Serological analysis of cellular slime-mold development. I. Changes in antigenic activity during cell aggregation. J. Bacteriol.87:1321–1329. 1964.—During aggregation inDictyostelium discoideum, the concentration of a single antigenic determinant increased markedly, starting from very low or undetectable levels. Subsequently, the determinant appeared to segregate preferentially into the stalks of terminal fruiting bodies. Sera containing the antibody specific for this determinant inhibited the aggregation ofD. discoideumwithout disturbing cell viability. The properties of the antigen during fractionation are consistent with the supposition that it may be a protein associated with the cell membrane. The ability or inability of three species to coaggregate withD. discoideumwas correlated with the presence or absence of the antigenic determinant in aggregates of these species.
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI I
Authors: Willoughby Donald S. , Ginzburg Yael , Watson Dennis W.
Published: January 2020

Willoughby, Donald
S. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
Yael Ginzburg, and Dennis W. Watson
. Host-parasite relationships among group A streptococci. I. Hyaluronic acid production by virulent and avirulent strains. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1452–1456. 1964.—Intradermal passage of group A streptococcal strains in rabbits is an easy and effective technique for selecting organisms capable of producing increased amounts of hyaluronic acid. Glutamine was required for in vitro hyaluronate production, although the requirement varied with the organism tested. The virulent type 18 cells produced maximal amounts of hyaluronic acid in the presence of 0.01% glutamine compared with 0.1% for the more avirulent type 28; after animal passage, the glutamine requirement for type 28 decreased to 0.01%. Organisms selected by animal passage produced small quantities of hyaluronic acid in the absence of an exogenous source of glutamine. Glucose at a concentration of 1% gave the greatest stimulation for hyaluronate formation. Growth studies indicated similar rates of multiplication for types 18 and 28; yet, the rate of hyaluronate production under these conditions was much greater for the more virulent type 18. Because of these observations, it is suggested that the rate of hyaluronate production is a contributing factor in the virulence of type 18.
INDUCTION AND MECHANISMS OF ARSENITE RESISTANCE INPSEUDOMONAS PSEUDOMALLEI
Authors: Arima Kei , Beppu Michiko
Published: January 2020

Arima, Kei(University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan),and Michiko Beppu. Induction and mechanisms of arsenite resistance inPseudomonas pseudomallei. J. Bacteriol.88:143–150. 1964.—Pseudomonas pseudomalleistrain 54, able to grow in the presence of 2 × 10−2marsenite, was isolated from soil. After a short lag period, it grew at a normal growth rate. In the organisms grown with 10−2marsenite, oxidation of α-ketoglutarate and other substrates proceeded in the presence of the same concentration of the drug. The concentration of arsenite which was half-inhibitory to α-ketoglutarate oxidation was 1.6 × 10−3min the sensitive bacteria and 3.3 × 10−2min the resistant ones. Cells capable of oxidizing α-ketoglutarate in the presence of arsenite were induced rapidly by contact with arsenite in growing cultures; when the drug was removed from the cultures, resistance was maintained for about two generations and then gradually disappeared. From the data presented, it was concluded that resistance in this organism is a physiological change and not a hereditary one. Further studies were carried out to investigate the arsenite-resistance mechanisms. α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in the cell-free extracts of the resistant bacteria was sensitive to arsenite. An increase in the contents of this enzyme and sulfhydryl compounds, involving lipoic acid, was not observed in the resistant bacteria. The possibility of detoxication of arsenite was ruled out. Treatment of the resistant cells with cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide made them susceptible to 2 × 10−2marsenite, although untreated cells were resistant to the same concentration of the drug. These data suggest the decreased permeability to arsenite of the resistant bacteria as a main mechanism of resistance.
RESPIRATION OF BASIDIOSPORES OF
SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE
Authors: Niederpruem Donald J.
Published: January 2020

Niederpruem, Donald
J. (Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis). Respiration of basidiospores of
Schizophyllum commune
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
210–215. 1964.—The aerobic metabolism of basidiospores of the wood-rotting mushroom
Schizophyllum commune
was investigated by use of manometric techniques and specific respiratory poisons. Basal respiration was stimulated markedly by the uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol. This effect was pH-dependent and was sensitive to antimycin A. A positive periodic acid-Schiff reaction and a respiratory quotient (CO
2
/O
2
) of near unity pointed to carbohydrate as the endogenous substrate. Oxygen consumption was increased by sucrose, certain hexoses,
d
-xylose, acetate, and ethanol. Oxidative assimilation was evident with
d
-glucose and acetate. Glucose oxidation was inhibited by cyanide, azide, antimycin A, Atabrine, and phenylmercuric acetate. These data implicate cytochrome oxidase,
b
- and
c
-type cytochromes, flavoprotein, and essential sulfhydryl groups in basidiospore respiration.
COMPLEMENT-FIXATION TITERS IN EXPERIMENTAL COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Brosbe Edwin A. , Kietzman Jewell N. , Kurnick Nathaniel B.
Published: January 2020

Brosbe, Edwin
A. (Veterans Administration Hospital, Long Beach, Calif.),
Jewell N. Kietzman, and Nathaniel B. Kurnick
. Complement-fixation titers in experimental coccidioidomycosis. J. Bacteriol.
88:
233–241. 1964.—The course of experimental coccicioidomycosis in rabbits was followed with complement-fixation (CF) tests. Uniformity of complement-fixing antibody response to large infective doses was observed, and levels as high as 1:4,096 in the New Zealand albino and 1:16,384 in the Dutch rabbit were attained. Mortality reflected the size of the inoculum rather than the level of CF titer. Animals receiving additional challenges displayed no marked elevation in titer, although high titers persisted. Nitrogen mustard, for the most part, did not influence the CF titer.
INDUCTION OF ACQUIRED RESISTANCE IN GUINEA PIGS WITH DEFATTED
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
VACCINES
Authors: Smith D. W. , Fregnan G. B. , DeLaquerriere-Richardson L. , Valdivia E.
Published: January 2020

Smith
, D. W. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), G. B.
Fregnan, L. DeLaquerriere-Richardson, and E. Valdivia
. Induction of acquired resistance in guinea pigs with defatted
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
vaccines. J. Bacteriol.
88:
87–92. 1964.—Residues of mycobacteria exhaustively extracted with neutral organic solvents have been shown to produce a level of resistance against tuberculosis in guinea pigs comparable to that produced by BCG. Disruption of defatted tubercle bacilli in adjuvant eliminated the acid-fast staining property of the residue, but immunizing and sensitizing properties were retained in the fraction which sedimented at 44,000 ×
g
. To demonstrate these activities with 50 μg of vaccine, it was necessary to use Bayol-Arlacel adjuvant. A similar quantity of vaccine given in saline was inactive. A defatted vaccine prepared from a virulent strain of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
recently passed through a guinea pig was significantly more immunogenic than a similar vaccine prepared from H37Ra.
PIGMENTATION VARIANTS OF
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Howarth S. , Dedman M. D.
Published: January 2020

Howarth
, S. (University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand),
and M. D. Dedman
. Pigmentation variants of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
273–278. 1964.—Pigmentation variants were isolated from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strain 1, including both FP
+
and FP
−
sublines, and strain 78 by growth with sulfathiazole. The changes were from the normal yellow-green color to brown and nonpigmented variants. Brown variants arising from strain 1 were studied in most detail, and were found to occur as spontaneous mutants in the normal population with a frequency of about 10
−7
. These variants have other altered characteristics; notably, they show a change to a smooth colony morphology and resistance to the virulent bacteriophage E79. When grown in the presence of sulfathiazole, pigmentation variants have a selective growth advantage, which would account for their presence in unusually high numbers in populations surviving sulfathiazole treatment.
TRANSFER OF DRUG RESISTANCE BETWEEN ENTERIC BACTERIA INDUCED IN THE MOUSE INTESTINE
Authors: Kasuya Morimasa
Published: January 2020

Kasuya, Morimasa
(Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan). Transfer of drug resistance between enteric bacteria induced in the mouse intestine. J. Bacteriol.
88:
322–328. 1964.—Transfer of multiple drug resistance in the intestines of germ-free and conventional mice was studied with strains of
Shigella, Escherichia
, and
Klebsiella
. The transfer experiment was carried out under antibiotic-free conditions to eliminate the production of drug-resistant bacteria by antibiotics. All resistance factors (chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfathiazole) were transferred with ease in the intestinal tracts of mice, when donors and recipients multiplied freely, and acquired resistance was further transferred to other sensitive enteric bacteria in the intestinal tract. Bacteria to which resistance factors were transferred showed, in most of the experiments, exactly the same level and pattern of resistance as the donors. Based on the above, a hypothesis that the same process may possibly occur in the human intestine is presented.
METABOLISM OF MEVALONIC ACID BY
LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM
Authors: Durr I. F. , Shwayri A. N.
Published: January 2020

Durr
, I. F. (American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon),
and A. N. Shwayri
. Metabolism of mevalonic acid by
Lactobacillus plantarum
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
361–366. 1964.—
Lactobacillus plantarum
strain 8014-H
2
, unlike other lactobacilli studied, does not require mevalonic acid for growth, but growing and resting cells utilize it only for the synthesis of nonsaponifiable lipids. Upon the incubation of washed cells with mevalolactone-
2-C
14
, the label appeared in the lipids but not in CO
2
. On the other hand, when mevalolactone-
1-C
14
was used, the label appeared in CO
2
but not in lipids. For every mole of CO
2
liberated, 1 mole of radioactive carbon was introduced in the lipids, suggesting that terpenic polymers were synthesized. Amino acids did not stimulate the utilization of mevalonic acid. Starved cells could not synthesize nonsaponifiable lipids from mevalonic acid unless glucose was supplied. Sodium fluoride (0.14
m
), 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.003
m
),
p
-hydroxymercuribenzoate (0.0013
m
), potassium phosphate (0.1
m
), and ammonium formate (0.04
m
) were potent inhibitors. Cells metabolized only one isomer of
dl
-mevalonic, and utilized the salt form at least twice as efficiently as the lactone. Optimal synthesis of lipids from mevalonic acid occurred aerobically, at pH 5 and 30 C.
EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF CERTAIN TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE ENZYMES IN
THIOBACILLUS THIOPARUS
Authors: Cooper Robert C.
Published: January 2020

Cooper, Robert
C. (Michigan State University, East Lansing). Evidence for the presence of certain tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in
Thiobacillus thioparus
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
624–629. 1964.—Various tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes appear to be present in
Thiobacillus thioparus
. Cell-free extracts of
T. thioparus
were active for a number of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, including aconitase, isocitric dehydrogenase, and malic dehydrogenase. Tests for the presence of fumarase and the condensing enzyme, citrogenase, were inconclusive. Citrate was shown to be active in the metabolism of
T. thioparus
, but the actual mechanism involved in its formation was not clear. The enzyme, isocitratase, appeared to be absent. Evidence for the presence of succinic dehydrogenase was found in experiments with whole cells. From these results, it would appear that
T. thioparus
has a terminal respiration pathway similar to that found in many heterotrophic microorganisms.
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDS OF ACETIC ACID BACTERIA
Authors: De Ley J. , Friedman S.
Published: January 2020

De Ley, J.
(State University, Ghent, Belgium),
and S. Friedman
. Deoxyribonucleic acid hybrids of acetic acid bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
88:
937–945. 1964.—Deuterated N
15
-labeled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from
Acetobacter aceti
(
mesoxydans
4) forms hybrids with ordinary DNA from other species of this genus (
A. xylinum, A. pasteurianus, A. estunensis
, and possibly
A. xylinoides
) when the guanine plus cytosine base composition does not vary by more than 1 to 2%. Beyond this limit (
A. aceti
Ch31 and
A. muciparus
5) no hybrids are formed. The hybrids are apparently derived from an asymmetrical part of the compositional distribution. The results lend strength to the concept of a genetic species rather than to a division of a genus into sharply separated species, based on small phenotypic differences. Taxonomic implications are discussed.
MUTANT OF
SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
DEFICIENT IN THE CARBON DIOXIDE-FIXING ENZYME PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVIC CARBOXYLASE
Authors: Theodore Theodore S. , Englesberg Ellis
Published: January 2020

Theodore, Theodore S.
(University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.),
and Ellis Englesberg
. Mutant of
Salmonella typhimurium
deficient in the carbon dioxide-fixing enzyme phosphoenolpyruvic carboxylase. J. Bacteriol.
88:
946–955. 1964.—Resting cells of
Salmonella typhimurium
wild type (C
+
dg
s
) and the C
-
dg
s
mutant characterized by impaired glucose and glycerol metabolism are able to oxidize Krebs cycle intermediates to the same extent. The wild type oxidized glucose and pyruvate “completely,” and the mutant oxidized these substrates at a reduced rate and incompletely, with the accumulation of acetate. Resting cells of the wild type in the presence of NaHCO
3
-
C
14
and glucose incorporated 11 times more CO
2
than did similar suspensions of the mutant. Extracts prepared from cells previously grown in a mineral glucose supplemented medium revealed that the mutant was deficient in the CO
2
-fixing enzyme phosphoenolpyruvic carboxylase (PEP carboxylase). This enzyme was found to be present in the wild-type extracts. It catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and CO
2
in the presence of Mn
++
or Mg
++
. No added nucleotides are required for its activity. Since only low levels of phosphoenolpyruvic carboxykinase activity are present in extracts prepared from both kinds of cells grown in a mineral glucose supplemented medium, and perhaps only trace amounts of the malic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvic carboxytransphosphorylase, and of the enzyme requiring pyruvate, CO
2
, and adenosine triphosphate are present, it was concluded that PEP carboxylase is required for CO
2
, fixation in this organism. The loss of this enzyme prevents the growth of the mutant in a mineral-glucose or mineral-glycerol medium, and results in the incomplete oxidation of glucose and pyruvate with the accumulation of acetate. This is the first demonstration of the essential role of this particular enzyme in CO
2
fixation in chemoorganotrophs.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTANTS OFBACILLUS SUBTILISBACTERIOPHAGE SP3 I
Authors: Nishihara Mutsuko , Romig W. R.
Published: January 2020

Nishihara, Mutsuko(University of California, Los Angeles),and W. R. Romig. Temperature-sensitive mutants ofBacillus subtilisbacteriophage SP3. I. Isolation and characterization. J. Bacteriol.88:1220–1229. 1964.—Twelve temperature-sensitive mutants ofBacillus subtilisbacteriophage SP3 were isolated from a suspension of the wild type treated with nitrous acid. The mutants were detected because of an impaired ability to replicate in the host cell at 45 C, in contrast to the parental wild type which has essentially the same burst size at temperatures between 37 and 48 C. However, the latent period of the wild-type phages was decreased as growth temperatures were varied from 37 to 49 C. The reduction of burst size at temperatures above 48 C is probably the result of the effect of higher temperatures on the metabolism of the host, because the bacterial growth rate is decreased between 45 and 51 C. A temperature effect on the mutants was studied by infecting cells at 45 C, and then transferring portions of the mixture to 37 C at two time intervals. One transfer was made within the expected 45 C latent period, and the other was made about 10 min after the end of the latent period. In both cases, removal of the phage-bacterium complexes from the inhibitory condition of high temperature did not result in an immediate increase of plaque-forming units. A delay was observed which might correspond to the time necessary to complete the temperature-sensitive synthesis in the infected cells. In experiments with three of the mutants, cells infected at 37 C were transferred to 45 C at various times during the 37 C latent period. The extent of inhibition upon transfer to the high temperature was found to decrease progressively with increasing time of prior incubation at 37 C.
SELECTIVE DESTRUCTION BY
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
OF COMMON ANTIGEN OF ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
Authors: Whang H. Y. , Neter E.
Published: January 2020

Whang
, H. Y. (Children's Hospital, Buffalo, N.Y.),
and E. Neter
. Selective destruction by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
of common antigen of Enterobacteriaceae. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1244–1248. 1964.—Supernatant fluids and filtrates from several strains of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, when incubated with common antigen from various enteric bacteria, will produce selective destruction of this antigen, leaving intact the simultaneously present O antigen. This effect is evidenced from hemagglutination, hemolysis, antibody absorption, hemagglutination inhibition, and immunization experiments. The
Pseudomonas
factor is heat-labile, being destroyed by heating at 100 C for 10 min. The action of this factor on the antigen is time-dependent and temperature-dependent, requiring incubation for 18 to 72 hr and progressing more rapidly at 50 or 56 C than at 37 C. The specificity of the reaction is indicated by the fact that supernatant fluids from cultures of
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Bacillus subtilis
, as well as several enzymes, such as pancreatic protease, trypsin, and lipase, have no effect on the common antigen. Utilization of the
Pseudomonas
factor, conceivably an enzyme, may aid in the eventual elucidation of the chemical nature of the common antigen of enteric bacteria.
ENZYMES ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLUMINESCENCE IN
PANUS STYPTICUS LUMINESCENS
AND
PANUS STYPTICUS NON-LUMINESCENS
Authors: Airth R. L. , Foerster G. Elizabeth
Published: January 2020

Airth
, R. L. (The University of Texas, Austin),
and G. Elizabeth Foerster
. Enzymes associated with bioluminescence in
Panus stypticus luminescens
and
Panus stypticus non-luminescens
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1372–1379. 1964.—Fungal bioluminescence depends upon at least four factors: (i) reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) (or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); (ii) a molecule to accept electrons, either directly or indirectly from NADH; (iii) an enzyme(s) to catalyze electron transfer; and (iv) luciferase to catalyze the actual light-emitting reaction. Cell-free light emission from
Panus stypticus luminescens
was obtained, and the enzymes of this species are interchangeable, in all combinations, which those of another luminous fungus,
Collybia velutipes
. A study of the nonluminous form of
Panus stypticus
indicates that both enzymes are absent in this strain, and no definite conclusion could be made regarding the presence or absence of the electron acceptor. The genetic implications of these findings are discussed.