bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Care Managers’ Time Use: Differences Between Community Mental Health and Older People’s Services in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jacobs Sally , Hughes Jane , Challis David , Stewart Karen , Weiner Kate
Published: January 2007

Since the community care reforms of the early 1990s, care management in the United Kingdom has become the usual means of arranging services for even the most straightforward of social care needs. This paper presents data from a diary study of care managers’ time use, from a sample of social services commissioning organizations representing the most common forms of care management practiced in England at the end of the 20th century. It compares the working practices of care managers in community mental health service settings to the practices of those situated in older people’s services. Evidence is provided to suggest that while the former follow a more clinical model of care management, those working with older people take an almost exclusively administrative approach to their work. In addition, the multidisciplinary nature of mental health service teams appears to facilitate a more integrated health and social care approach to care management compared to the approach to older people’s services. Further enquiry is needed as to the comparative effectiveness of these different modes of working in each service setting.
Development of an in vivo Assay for Detection of Non-Targeted Radiation Effects
Authors: Seymour Colin , Mothersill Carmel
Published: January 2007

An adaptive response may be defined as the effect of a small priming dose of radiation modifying the anticipated cellular response of the same tissues so as to alter the predicted response to a larger dose of radiation. We and others have demonstrated that at low radiation doses (less than 0.5 Gy) the lethal and mutational effect of the radiation is mainly, possibly entirely, due to the non-targeted effects. This is the dose range for priming doses in adaptive response protocols. In an associated presentation from our group, we demonstrate that the adaptive response may be explicable as a non targeted (bystander) response. In this paper we present data from exposed human patients, showing that a simple assay using blood can demonstrate variation in the extent and type of non-targeted effects and that exposure to radiation can modulate the subsequent non-targeted response to a later dose. Patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment for cancer gave blood samples immediately after the first dose, midway during and six weeks after therapy. The serum from these samples was harvested, diluted in tissue culture medium and added to reporter cells. The toxicity or growth promoting activity of the serum was measured using a clonogenic assay coupled with immunocytochemical measurement of various proteins involved in apoptosis or growth. There is already evidence that bystander effects are controlled by both genetic and epigenetic (lifestyle) factors. These data could support the development of a simple blood based assay to predict overall response of human subjects to low doses of radiation taking all the low dose factors into account.
From Antithesis to Synthesis: Reinterpreting the Brian Holmes/Edmund King Dialectic
Authors: Nicholls Jason
Published: January 2007

The author reinterprets the work of two pioneers of methodology in comparative education, Brian Holmes and Edmund King. Where the two thinkers have tended to be understood as opposites, the author argues that this is not the case. Indeed, Holmes and King may be worth more together than apart, the systematic approach of the former complemented by the cultural sensitivities of the latter and vice versa. In this article, the two thinkers are understood, essentially, as anti-positivist liberals sympathetic to the ideas of Popper.
The Educational Recommendations of Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: Potential and Practice in Sierra Leone
Authors: Paulson Julia
Published: January 2007

This article investigates the impact of the educational recommendations made by Sierra Leone's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (SLTRC) while exploring broader questions regarding the potential of truth commissions to contribute to post-conflict educational reconstruction and reform. The complex interrelationships between education and conflict in Sierra Leone's civil war are explored, as is the current situation of educational reconstruction in the country. Using data gathered during field research in Sierra Leone, the contribution of the SLTRC educational recommendations to identifying post-conflict educational needs and to the educational reconstruction process is assessed. While the article suggests that truth commissions present potential to contribute to post-conflict educational reconstruction, it also points to the limitations of this process in Sierra Leone.
From Layered Basic Zinc Acetate Nanobelts to Hierarchical Zinc Oxide Nanostructures and Porous Zinc Oxide Nanobelts
Authors: Song R.‐Q. , Xu A.‐W. , Deng B. , Li Q. , Chen G.‐Y.
Published: January 2007

Novel hierarchical ZnO nanostructures, porous ZnO nanobelts, and nanoparticle chains are prepared from a precursor of synthetic bilayered basic zinc acetate (BLBZA) nanobelts. BLBZA nanobelts are obtained by a simple synthetic route under mild conditions. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis are used to characterize the BLBZA nanobelts and ZnO nanostructures. The obtained BLBZA precursor consists of a lamellar structure with two interlayer distances of 1.33 and 2.03 nm, exhibits a beltlike morphology, and has widths of 200 to 600 nm, thicknesses of 10 to 50 nm, and lengths of up to 50 μm. Refluxing an aqueous dispersion of BLBZA nanobelts at 120 °C for 12 h leads to the formation of well‐defined hierarchical ZnO nanostructures. The time‐dependent shape‐evolution process suggests that spindlelike ZnO particles form first, and then the ringlike nanosheets grow heterogeneously on the backbone of these spindles. In addition, calcination in air can remove ligand molecules and intercalated water molecules from BLBZA nanobelts, resulting in the formation of porous ZnO nanobelts and nanoparticle chains. The BLBZA nanobelts serve as templates during the transformation to form ZnO beltlike nanoparticle chains without morphological deformation. Photoluminescence results show that both the as‐synthesized hierarchical ZnO nanostructures and porous ZnO nanobelts show a narrow and sharp UV emission at 390 nm and a broad blue–green emission at above 466 nm when excited by UV light.
Tailoring the Optical Properties of Epitaxially Grown Biaxial ZnO/Ge, and Coaxial ZnO/Ge/ZnO and Ge/ZnO/Ge Heterostructures
Authors: Yin L.‐W. , Li M.‐S. , Bando Y. , Golberg D. , Yuan X. L. , Sekiguchi T.
Published: January 2007

Heterostructures of epitaxially grown biaxial ZnO/Ge, and coaxial ZnO/Ge/ZnO and Ge/ZnO/Ge heterostructured nanowires with ideal epitaxial interfaces between the semiconductor ZnO sublayer and the Ge sublayer have been fabricated via a two‐stage chemical vapor–solid process. Structural characterization by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction indicates that both the ZnO and Ge sublayers in the heterostructures are single crystalline. A good epitaxial relationship of (100)ZnO∥(2$ \bar 2 $0)Ge exists at the interface between ZnO and Ge in the ZnO/Ge biaxial heterostructure. There is also an epitaxial relationship of (0$ \bar 1 $0)ZnO∥(020)Ge at the interface between the ZnO and Ge substructures in the coaxial ZnO/Ge/ZnO heterostructures, and a good epitaxial relationship of (0$ \bar 1 $0)ZnO∥(0$ \bar 2 $0)Ge at the interface between ZnO and Ge in the Ge/ZnO/Ge coaxial heterostructure. Structural models for the crystallographic relationship between the wurtzite‐ZnO and diamond‐like cubic‐Ge subcomponents in the heterostructures are given. The optical properties for the synthesized heterostructures are studied by spatially resolved cathodoluminescence spectra at low temperature (20 K). Excitingly, the unique biaxial and coaxial heterostructures display unique new luminescence properties. It is concluded that the ideal epitaxial interface between ZnO and Ge in the prepared heterostructures induces new optical properties. The group II–VI Ge‐based nanometer‐scale heterostructures and their interesting optical properties may inspire great interest in exploring related epitaxial heterostructures and their potential applications in lasers, gas sensors, solar energy conversion, and nanodevices in the future.
Inside Front Cover: Inkjet Printing of Luminescent CdTe Nanocrystal–Polymer Composites (Adv. Funct. Mater. 1/2007)
Authors: Tekin E. , Smith P. J. , Hoeppener S. , van den Berg A. M. J. , Susha A. S. , Rogach A. L. , Feldmann J. , Schubert U. S.
Published: January 2007

Schubert and co‐workers have performed a detailed investigation on ink‐jet printing of well‐defined dots of luminescent CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix, as reported on p. 23, and subsequently made studies of their morphology and photoluminescence. The inside cover shows a photograph of an ink‐jet‐printed combinatorial library of differently sized CdTe NCs emitting at different wavelengths, and a 3D profilometer image of an array of printed dots.

Inkjet printing is used to produce well‐defined patterns of dots (with diameters of ca. 120 μm) that are composed of luminescent CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) embedded within a poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) matrix. Addition of ethylene glycol (1–2 vol %) to the aqueous solution of CdTe NCs suppresses the well‐known ring‐formation effect in inkjet printing leading to exceptionally uniform dots. Atomic force microscopy characterization reveals that in the CdTe NC films the particle–particle interaction could be prevented using inert PVA as a matrix. Combinatorial libraries of CdTe NC–PVA composites with variable NC sizes and polymer/NC ratios are prepared using inkjet printing. These libraries are subsequently characterized using a UV/fluorescence plate reader to determine their luminescent properties. Energy transfer from green‐light‐emitting to red‐light‐emitting CdTe NCs in the composite containing green‐ (2.6 nm diameter) and red‐emitting (3.5 nm diameter) NCs are demonstrated.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New 7‐Piperazinyl‐quinolones Containing a Functionalized 2‐(Furan‐3‐yl)ethyl Moiety
Authors: Foroumadi Alireza , Mohammadhosseini Negar , Emami Saeed , Letafat Bahram , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali , Samadi Nasrin , Shafiee Abbas
Published: January 2007

A number of 7‐piperazinylquinolones carrying a functionalized 2‐(furan‐3‐yl)ethyl moiety attached to the piperazine ring have been synthesized and evaluated as antibacterial agents against a panel of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant antibacterial activity, and this activity can be modulated through the nature of the functionality on ethyl spacer attached to piperazine ring and the type of side chain present at the N‐1 position of quinolone ring.
In Vitro Study of Magnesium‐Calcite Biomineralization in the Skeletal Materials of the Seastar Pisaster giganteus
Authors: Gayathri Subramanyam , Lakshminarayanan Rajamani , Weaver James C. , Morse Daniel E. , Kini R. Manjunatha , Valiyaveettil Suresh
Published: January 2007

The mechanisms of formation of biogenic magnesium‐rich calcite remain an enigma. Here we present ultrastructural and compositional details of ossicles from the seastar Pisaster giganteus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Powder X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and elemental analyses confirm that the ossicles are composed of magnesium‐rich calcite, whilst also containing about 0.01 % (w/w) of soluble organic matrix (SOM) as an intracrystalline component. Amino acid analysis and N‐terminal sequencing revealed that this mixture of intracrystalline macromolecules consists predominantly of glycine‐rich polypeptides. In vitro calcium carbonate precipitation experiments indicate that the SOM accelerates the conversion of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) into its final crystalline product. From this observation and from the discovery of ACC in other closely related taxa, it is suggested that substitution of magnesium into the calcite lattice through a transient precursor phase may be a universal phenomenon prevalent across the phylum echinodermata.
Zweistufige Mikroverkapselung von Rinderserumalbumin auf Trägerpartikeln in der Hochdruckwirbelschicht
Authors: Rosenkranz K. , Rodríguez Rojo S. , Kasper M. M. , Werther J. , Brunner G.
Published: January 2007

Die lösungsmittelfreie Ausfällung wasserlöslicher Substanzen und deren nachfolgende Verkapselung erlaubt es, rückstandsfreie Verbindungen mit definierbarem Auflösungsverhalten herzustellen. Eine mit überkritischem CO2 betriebene Hochdruckwirbelschicht bietet dabei eine Möglichkeit, auch temperaturempfindliche Substanzen wie Proteine zu behandeln. Im Beitrag wird die Proteinausfällung aus wässriger Lösung auf biokompatible Trägerpartikel mit nachgeschalteter Paraffinbeschichtung beschrieben. Es zeigt sich, dass sich in einem Zweistufenprozess nahezu agglomerationsfreies beschichtetes Produkt herstellen lässt.
Embryonic differentiation of serotonin‐containing neurons in the enteric nervous system of the locust (Locusta migratoria)
Authors: Stern Michael , Knipp Sabine , Bicker Gerd
Published: January 2007

The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the locust consists of four ganglia (frontal and hypocerebral ganglion, and the paired ingluvial ganglia) located on the foregut, and nerve plexus innervating fore‐ and midgut. One of the major neurotransmitters of the ENS, serotonin, is known to play a vital role in gut motility and feeding. We followed the anatomy of the serotonergic system throughout embryonic development. Serotonergic neurons are generated in the anterior neurogenic zones of the foregut and migrate rostrally along the developing recurrent nerve to contribute to the frontal ganglion. They grow descending neurites, which arborize in all enteric ganglia and both nerve plexus. On the midgut, the neurites closely follow the leading migrating midgut neurons. The onset of serotonin synthesis occurs around halfway through development—the time of the beginning of midgut closure. Cells developing to serotonergic phenotype express the serotonin uptake transporter (SERT) significantly earlier, beginning at 40% of development. The neurons begin SERT expression during migration along the recurrent nerve, indicating that they are committed to a serotonergic phenotype before reaching their final destination. After completion of the layout of the enteric ganglia (at 60%) a maturational phase follows, during which serotonin‐immunoreactive cell bodies increase in size and the fine arborizations in the nerve plexus develop varicosities, putative sites of serotonin release (at 80%). This study provides the initial step for future investigation of potential morphoregulatory functions of serotonin during ENS development. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:38–51, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β‐secretase expression in normal and functionally deprived rat olfactory bulbs: Inverse correlation with oxidative metabolic activity
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Xin , Xiong Kun , Luo Xue‐Gang , Struble Robert G. , Clough Richard W.
Published: January 2007

Cerebral hypometabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) accumulation are well‐characterized manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β‐Secretase (BACE) is a prerequisite for amyloidogenesis, and it is up‐regulated in sporadic AD. To explore a potential in vivo mechanism by which Aβ production is modulated by neuronal activity and/or oxidative metabolism, we compared BACE expression with cytochrome c oxidase (CO) or succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in normal and functionally deprived adult rat olfactory bulb. In normal bulb, BACE was expressed predominantly in the glomerular layer, but labeling intensity within individual glomeruli varied substantially. A strong negative correlation existed between BACE labeling intensity and CO or SDH activity among individual glomeruli. Unilateral naris occlusion resulted in elevated glomerular BACE labeling in the deprived bulbs relative to the nondeprived counterparts, which was correlated with decreased CO activity in the same anatomic location. Enhanced BACE labeling was confirmed by measurements of elevated protein levels, enzymatic activity, and β‐site cleavage products of amyloid precursor protein in bulb extracts. Our findings reveal a negative regulation of BACE expression by physiological neuronal activity and an intrinsic inverse correlation between BACE expression and oxidative metabolism at the first synapse on the olfactory pathway. The results point to a biological role of BACE in synapse function and plasticity as well as a potential mechanism whereby reduced neuronal activity or metabolism could lead to amyloid overproduction in synaptic terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:52–69, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The expression pattern of nuclear receptors during cerebellar development
Authors: Qin Jun , Suh Jae Mi , Kim Bum‐Jun , Yu Cheng‐Tai , Tanaka Toshiya , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Tsai Ming‐Jer , Tsai Sophia Y.
Published: January 2007

The cerebellum is essential for fine control of movement and posture, and it has been a useful model for studying many aspects of neural development because of its relatively simple anatomy and developmental program. However, the roles of nuclear receptors (NRs) underlying formation of the cerebellum and maintenance of cerebellar functions are still poorly characterized. As a contribution to the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas (NURSA), we employed immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression pattern of 18 NRs in the cerebellum. Ten receptors were demonstrated to be expressed in the postnatal day 21 (P21) cerebellum. Among them, five receptors (COUP‐TFI, COUP‐TFII, RORα, ERβ, and ERRγ) were expressed at all stages (embryonic stage, P0, P7, and P21) examined. Interestingly, COUP‐TFI and COUP‐TFII show differential anterior‐posterior expression patterns during cerebellar development. Taken together, our results suggest that members of the nuclear receptor superfamily might play importantly physiological roles in the cerebellum. Developmental Dynamics 236:810–820, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anion‐Dependent Structural Diversity in Silver(I) Complexes of 4‐Amino‐3,5‐diisopropyl‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Yang Guang , Wang Ying‐Li , Li Jin‐Peng , Zhu Yu , Wang Shao‐Min , Hou Hong‐Wei , Fan Yao‐Ting , Ng Seik Weng
Published: January 2007

Reactions of silver salts with 4‐amino‐3,5‐diisopropyl‐1,2,4‐triazole (L) afford dinuclear complex [Ag2L2(NO3)2(CH3CN)], triangular complex [Ag3L3](CF3SO3)3, and cyclic tetranuclear complexes [Ag4L6](BF4)4 and [Ag4L6](ClO4)4. On the basis of the X‐ray analyses, anions are found to play an important role in determining the structures. Through coordination/noncoordination, anions can impart their influence on the coordination geometry of Ag atoms and the angles of N–Ag–N, which seems to be the main factor controlling the nuclearity of the reaction products in this system. 1H NMR and MS measurements suggest that these complexes probably retain their structural integrities in CH3CN solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Rapid and accurate measurement for phase‐change optical recording bits
Authors: Chen Sy‐Hann
Published: January 2007

Conducting atomic force microscopy (CAFM) and scanning surface potential microscopy (SSPM) have been used to image the phase‐change optical recording bits. Commercially available digital versatile discs (DVD) + rewritable (RW) with initialization process were measured in experiments. Comparing the measurement results of both, the measurement resolution of CAFM is far superior to that of SSPM. With the DVD + RW disc rotating at a linear speed of 3.5 m/s, appropriate writing laser power range, may be precisely identified by CAFM as 10–15 mW. This is sufficient to verify the high‐resolution recording bits research method. This new method may also be applied to the development of new types of phase‐change recording materials. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stress analysis of the anterior tibial post in posterior stabilized knee prostheses
Authors: Huang Chang‐Hung , Liau Jiann‐Jong , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Cheng Cheng‐Kung
Published: January 2007

Recent retrieval studies have indicated a high incidence of polyethylene wear on the anterior tibial post caused by impingement. This study investigated the influences of post‐cam design features and component alignment on the stress distribution in the anterior tibial post when subjected to the impingement loading. Two three‐dimensional finite element models of posterior stabilized knee prostheses were constructed, one with flat on flat (FF) and another with curve on curve (CC) contact surfaces between anterior tibial post and femoral cam. The polyethylene insert was modeled with elastoplastic properties. Nine cases, three hyperextension angles (0°, 5°, and 10°) combined with three axial tibial rotations (0°, 2.5°, and 5°) simulating different component alignments were analyzed. A vertical compressive load of 2,000 N and an extension moment of 45 Nm were applied simultaneously. The FF model had larger stress increases than the CC model in both hyperextension and tibial rotation compared with the neutral position. The maximum increase for the FF model was 68% in peak contact stress, 125% in von Mises stress, and 58% in tensile stress in the extreme case of 10° of hyperextension combined with 5° of axial rotation. Stress concentration was found at the anterior corner of the post in the FF model; this was not found in the CC model. The curve on curve design can reduce edge loading on the tibial post, especially during axial tibiofemoral rotation. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:442–449, 2007
Development and validation of an RP‐HPLC method for quantitative determination of vanillin and related phenolic compounds in Vanilla planifolia
Authors: Sinha Arun Kumar , Verma Subash Chandra , Sharma Upendra Kumar
Published: January 2007

A simple and fast method was developed using RP‐HPLC for separation and quantitative determination of vanillin and related phenolic compounds in ethanolic extract of pods of Vanilla planifolia. Ten phenolic compounds, namely 4‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, p‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and piperonal were quantitatively determined using ACN, methanol, and 0.2% acetic acid in water as a mobile phase with a gradient elution mode. The method showed good linearity, high precision, and good recovery of compounds of interest. The present method would be useful for analytical research and for routine analysis of vanilla extracts for their quality control.
Atypical reconstructions with free jejunum flap after circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy
Authors: Benazzo Marco , Bertino Giulia , Gatti Patrizia , Alessiani Mario , Occhini Antonio , Spasiano Roberto
Published: January 2007

The ideal reconstruction after circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy is represented by the jejunum free flap, but when the resection extends to the oro‐ or nasopharynx, the discrepancy between the lumen of the flap and the pharyngeal defect represents a disadvantage. Two reconstructions to overcome this problem are presented: end‐to‐side anastomosis between the pharynx and the antimesenteric side of the jejunum; and a jejunal “reservoir.” The type 1 technique is quicker to perform, but can result in dysphagia; the type 2 technique is more complex, but usually no dysphagia is observed. In our opinion, no ideal surgical technique exists to equal the jejunum loop. The choice must be tailored to the single patient, bearing in mind the degree of the defect, the stage of the tumor removed, the general conditions of the patient, and personal surgical experience. Whatever procedure is chosen, it should provide the best possible quality of life for the expected life span of the patient. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 27, 2007.
The distal lateral arm flap for resurfacing of extensive defects of the digits
Authors: Atzei Andrea , Pignatti Marco , Udali Giorgio , Cugola Landino , Maranzano Massimo
Published: January 2007

The distal lateral arm flap (DLAF) was used to reconstruct six extensive defects of the digits: 2 degloving injuries of the thumb and 4 major skin losses of the fingers. Two adjacent fingers were involved in 1 patient. Flap size ranged from 3 × 7 cm to 9 × 14 cm. Four flaps were reinnervated using the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm. All flaps survived, though 1 showed marginal necrosis. Average follow‐up was 53.4 months. Thumb opposition scored 5 according to Kapandji; finger ROM averaged 50.75%; pinch strength 72.5%. Protective sensation with touch localization was restored. Patient satisfaction for resurfaced digits averaged 8.9 on a 10‐points visual analogic scale. All donor sites resulted in a painless scar with good patient satisfaction. The DLAF offers a thin, pliable skin ideal for digit reconstruction, with low rate of donor site morbidity and can be considered when toe‐to‐hand flap transfer is not advisable or refused by the patient. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Stochastic dynamic systems with complex‐valued eigensolutions
Authors: Rahman Sharif
Published: January 2007

A dimensional decomposition method is presented for calculating the probabilistic characteristics of complex‐valued eigenvalues and eigenvectors of linear, stochastic, dynamic systems. The method involves a function decomposition allowing lower‐dimensional approximations of eigensolutions, Lagrange interpolation of lower‐dimensional component functions, and Monte Carlo simulation. Compared with the commonly used perturbation method, neither the assumption of small input variability nor the calculation of the derivatives of eigensolutions is required by the method developed. Results of numerical examples from linear stochastic dynamics indicate that the decomposition method provides excellent estimates of the moments and/or probability densities of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for various cases including large statistical variations of input. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free hanging membrane model for shell structures
Authors: Brew J. S. , Lewis W. J.
Published: January 2007

The paper presents a form‐finding methodology based on a concept of a free hanging membrane (FHM). The numerical model of the membrane assumes that the material is inextensible, resists tension, has a specified area, but no fixed shape. The development of the numerical model has been motivated by a form‐finding process aimed at predicting natural forms of shell structures, a process originally based on physical experiments involving a creation of hanging models made of fabric or chains. As demonstrated by the experimental work of Swiss designer, Heinz Isler, the inverted shapes of hanging membrane models give, within the limitations of fabric properties, perfect shell structures, the shapes of which can be scaled up to a full‐size construction. The physical modelling process, however, is expensive and time consuming. The numerical alternative proposed here has a number of advantages. The FHM's mechanical properties are deduced and its application to form‐finding of hanging fabric models (inverted shell structures) is presented. It is shown, in cases where such configurations can be analysed, that the achieved shapes are minimum energy configurations. A number of examples of form finding are presented which show that the method is accurate and efficient. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry in the identification and differentiation of Panax Species
Authors: Leung Kelvin Sze‐Yin , Chan Kelvin , Bensoussan Alan , Munroe Mary J.
Published: January 2007

An HPLC‐MS method using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) source has been developed to assist in the differentiation of three ginseng species: Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng), P. ginseng (Chinese ginseng) and P. notoginseng (sanqi) species. The differentiation method relies on the identification of ginsenosides Rf and F11, and notoginsenoside R1. R1 is observed in both P. notoginseng and Chinese ginseng, whilst F11 is found exclusively in the American species. The presence of these compounds permits the definitive identification of the species to be made. The APCI ionisation source has been employed to tackle the matrix interference in analysing Chinese medicinal materials and to minimise the associated matrix effects that are commonly encountered with other ionisation modes. Moreover, the method allows direct interface to conventional HPLC systems. More importantly, chemical reference standards of ginsenosides are not required in this method. This technique provides an alternative approach to analysing high molecular weight polar compounds that typically encountered in complex matrices of Chinese medicinal materials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmentally friendly photosensitizer: starch modified with chlorophyll‐type chromophores
Authors: Nowakowska Maria , Zapotoczny Szczepan , Sterzel Monika
Published: January 2007

A novel water‐soluble polymeric photosensitizer (SPheo) based on starch and containing pheophorbide (Pheo), a chlorophyll‐derived chromophore, was synthesized and its photophysical and photochemical properties were studied. Pheo chromophores attached to the polymeric chains of starch absorb light of the UV‐visible spectral region. The clustering of hydrophobic Pheo chromophores results in the formation of hydrophobic microdomains in aqueous solution where organic molecules can be solubilized. SPheo polymer efficiently photosensitizes reactions mediated by energy and/or electron transfer from the electronically excited chromophores to the molecules of organic compounds solubilized in polymeric microdomains or residing in water. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Reactivity of quinones for the dehydrogenation of poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene)
Authors: Natori Itaru , Sato Hisaya
Published: January 2007

The reactivity of three types of quinones (3,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,2‐(o‐)‐benzoquinone (TOQ), 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ), and 2,3,5,6,‐tetrachloro‐1,4‐(p‐)‐benzoquinone (TCQ)) was examined for the dehydrogenation of poly(1,3‐cycohexadiene) (PCHD) composed of 1,2‐cyclohexadiene and 1,4‐cyclohexadiene units. The order of reactivity was TOQ > DDQ > TCQ. The steric hindrance of CO groups in the quinones appeared to be an important factor in determining their reactivity. DDQ was found to be an appropriate dehydrogenation reagent for PCHD. The reactivity of TCQ was considerably low for PCHD containing 1,2‐cyclohexadiene units. The reactivity of TOQ was too high and side reactions occurred, causing the formation of structural defects. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of bactenecin‐1 in cervicovaginal fluid by two‐dimensional electrophoresis in an ovine model of preterm labour
Authors: Young I. Ross , Rice Gregory E. , Palliser Hannah K. , Ayhan Mustafa , Dellios Nicole L. , Hirst Jonathan J.
Published: January 2007

Preterm labour is a major problem in obstetrics. Timely intervention with available treatments is hampered by the lack of a reliable test of imminent preterm delivery. Current methods of diagnosis are based on the detection of breakdown products of foetal membranes or structural changes to the cervix when preterm labour is well established. The aim of this study was to screen the cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) proteome to identify labour‐associated proteins that could be used as markers of imminent preterm delivery. Labour was induced in sheep at 135 days of gestation (term 147 days) by foetal infusion of dexamethasone (1 mg/24 h). CVF samples were collected before and 28 h after the start of infusion as well as at delivery (58.7 ± 1.9 after the start of infusion, n = 5). One protein that was upregulated eight‐fold, was bactenecin‐1, a member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial proteins. This antimicrobial protein warrants further investigation as a marker of preterm labour, particularly during the period after the initiation of labour but before there is marked cervical connective tissue breakdown.
Differential expression of sarcoplasmic proteins in four heterogeneous ovine skeletal muscles
Authors: Hamelin Muriel , Sayd Thierry , Chambon Christophe , Bouix Jaques , Bibé Bernard , Milenkovic Dragan , Leveziel Hubert , Georges Michel , Clop Alex , Marinova Penka , Laville Elisabeth
Published: January 2007

Fiber‐type distribution is known to vary widely within and between muscles according to differences in muscle functions. 2‐DE and MALDI‐MS were used to investigate the molecular basis of muscle fiber type‐related variability. We compared four lamb skeletal muscles with heterogeneous fiber‐type composition that are relatively rich in fast‐twitch fiber types, i.e., the semimembranosus, vastus medialis, longissimus dorsi, and tensor fasciae latae (TL). Our results clearly showed that none of the glycolytic metabolism enzymes detected, including TL which was most strongly glycolytic, made intermuscular differentiation possible. Muscle differentiation was based on the differential expression of proteins involved in oxidative metabolism, including not only citric acid cycle enzymes but also other classes of proteins with functions related to oxidative metabolism, oxidative stress, and probably to higher protein turnover. Detected proteins were involved in transport (carbonate dehydratase, myoglobin, fatty acid‐binding protein), repair of misfolding damage (heat shock protein (HSP) 60 kDa, HSP‐27 kDa, alpha‐crystallin beta subunit, DJ1, stress‐induced phosphoprotein), detoxification or degradation of impaired proteins (GST‐Pi, aldehyde dehydrogenase, peroxiredoxin, ubiquitin), and protein synthesis (tRNA‐synthetase). The fractionating method led to the detection of proteins involved in different functions related to oxidative metabolism that have not previously been shown concomitancy.
Covalently attached graft polymer monolayer on organic polymeric substrate via confined surface inhibition reaction
Authors: Yang Peng , Xie Jingyi , Yuan Jing , Zhang Li , Liu Weina , Yang Wantai
Published: January 2007

A grafting technique was proposed for the preparation of polymer monolayer on polymeric substrate. On the basis of our recent work on polymer‐supported inhibitor (PSI), hydroquinone (HQ) was first implanted onto polypropylene (PP) surface through UV‐initiated grafting. The resulting immobilized HQ was used as PSI for the thermal‐induced free radical polymerization (FRP) of acrylic acid (AA). The inhibition mechanism was similar to that of free HQ molecule, that is, polymer chain‐carrying radical or peroxy radical could be deactivated by abstracting hydrogen atom from hydroxyl group of immobilized HQ, and the resulting oxyradical (semiquinone radical) combined with another active chain free radical. According to this mechanism, a devised redox initiator consisting of sodium hydrogen sulfite and ammonium persulfate was used to initiate FRP of AA in water at low temperature (50 °C). High crystalline biaxial oriented PP film with HQ immobilized was deliberately laid in this system as a radical trap to capture poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) short chain radical. Through X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) analysis it was found that the atom ratio of CHQ (carbon in HQ) to CCOOH (carbon in COOH) decreased with prolonging polymerization time and became stable after about 30 min. The formed PAA short chain on the surface showed a distribution of monolayer, and the saturated thickness was calculated as 5–7 Å. The degree of polymerization of graft chain in PAA monolayer was estimated as 15–20 through three different models. Relating to surface coverage being 100% in ideal densely packed PAA monolayer, real monolayer surface coverage in such reaction system was estimated as 12.3–18.5%. This method was expected to give us a general approach for constructing kinds of graft polymer monolayer on polymeric substrate, because the involved chemistry was only common inhibition reaction between immobilized inhibitor (HQ) and FRP system in solution (herein redox initiating system of AA). We named this grafting chemistry as confined surface inhibition reaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 745–755, 2007
Constitutive modeling for characterizing the compressive behavior of PMMA open‐cell foams
Authors: Jo Choonghee , Fu Jin , Naguib Hani E.
Published: January 2007

A constitutive model for evaluating the compressive behavior of Poly(methyl‐methacrylate) (PMMA) open‐cell foams is herein proposed. Specifically, the study investigates the viscoelastic and viscoplastic behaviors of the PMMA open‐cell foams. The constitutive equation is expressed in terms of the following polymer and foam properties: elastic modulus, relative density, as well as the relaxation and densification constants. PMMA open‐cell foams are manufactured using a gas foaming/particulate leaching method and uniaxial compression tests are performed. The mechanical properties and compressive stress‐strain responses obtained from the experiments are compared with those predicted by the proposed constitutive model. The results suggest that the constitutive model is an apt one for assessing and evaluating the compressive behaviors of PMMA open‐cell foams. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 436–443, 2007
Polymer blend for fuel cells based on SPEKK: Effect of cocontinuous morphology on water sorption and proton conductivity
Authors: Lavorgna Marino , Mensitieri Giuseppe , Scherillo Giuseppe , Shaw Montgomery T. , Swier Steven , Weiss Robert A.
Published: January 2007

Proton‐exchange membranes (PEM), suitable for micro and small sized fuel cells, were obtained by blending sulfonated poly(ether ketone ketone) (SPEKK) polymers with different ionic exchange capacity (IEC). This approach was used to limit the amount of swelling caused by water sorption without significantly decreasing the proton conductivity of the membrane. In particular a membrane with a cocontinuous biphasic morphology was obtained by blending two SPEKKs, with respectively, an IEC equal to 1.2 and 2.08 in the weight ratio 60/40, casted from 5% (w/v) solutions in dimethylacetamide. The effect of a cocontinuous morphology on water sorption and proton conductivity in comparison to neat SPEKK was investigated. In the range of temperatures between 40 and 70 °C, which is typical for small and micro fuel cells conditions, it was found that the ratio of proton conductivity to water sorption could be maximized. This has been attributed to the presence of percolative pathways for proton transport provided by the cocontinuous morphology along with the constraint effect of the less sulfonated component on the overall capacity of swelling of the membrane. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 395–404, 2007
Determination of selenosugars in crude human urine using high‐performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Letsiou Sophia , Nischwitz Volker , Traar Pedro , Francesconi Kevin A. , Pergantis Spiros A.
Published: January 2007

The narrow gap between essentiality and toxicity of selenium requires detailed investigations on selenium metabolism in order to find suitable indicators for the selenium status in the human body. Current methods for quantitative selenium speciation in human urine are based on separation by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled online with elemental mass spectrometry (MS), and the potential of molecular MS detection techniques for the reliable identification and quantification of selenosugars in crude human urine has not been utilized. Now we report the development of an HPLC tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) method for the reliable determination in crude human urine of three significant selenium urinary metabolites, collectively termed selenosugars, namely methyl 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐1‐seleno‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (SeGalNAc), methyl 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐1‐seleno‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (SeGluNAc) and methyl 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐1‐seleno‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (SeGalNH2). Reversed‐phase HPLC, with and without cation‐exchange guard columns, was applied for the separation of the selenosugars, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) were used for selective and sensitive detection. The collision‐induced dissociation behaviour of the selenosugars was studied in detail using APCI triple quadrupole MS/MS and electrospray ion trap MS. The developed method was applied to urine samples collected prior to and after selenium supplementation for the quantification of SeGalNAc using both external calibration and the method of standard additions. Additionally, SeGalNH2 was detected in urine samples after Se supplementation. Finally, neutral loss scanning was explored as a possible method for the detection of unknown methyl‐selenosugars. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of high‐ and low‐resolution mass spectra for assessment of calibration methods
Authors: Turner Phillip G. , Taylor Steve , Goulermas John Y. , Hampton Kim
Published: January 2007

Calibrating mixtures of residual gases in quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) can be difficult since low m/z ratios of molecular ions and their fragments result in overlap of signals especially in the lower mass regions. This causes problems in univariate calibration methods and encourages use of full spectral multivariate methods. Experimental assessment of regression methods has limitations since experimental sources of error can only be minimised and not entirely eliminated. A method of simulating full spectra at low and high resolution to accurate masses is described and these are then used for a calibration study of some popular linear regression methods [classical least squares regression (CLS), partial least squares (PLS), principal component regression (PCR)]. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuity of vegetation in space and time: A comparison of insects' habitat templet in different successional stages
Authors: Southwood T. R. E. , Brown V. K. , Reader P. M.
Published: January 2007

Conslusions and Summary

This paper shows how dynamic are patterns of host plant distribution in space and time and indicates methods of assessing these features of the habitat templet that will play a major role in the evolution of the optimal migratory (sensu lat.) strategy.

The actual spatial patterns of host plants vary according to the growth form, environmental tolerance and propagule dispersal of the particular species. This study was not sufficiently extensive to detect trends in these features in relation to successional age. However, the length of time the host plant remains in the same location (H in the calculation of durational stability=H/τ), increases with the successional age of habitat, as does the size of patches of hsot plants, particularly when these are due to modular growth. Therefore the probability of an insect being able to oviposit on or near the host plant on which it fed as a larva increases with the successional age of the habitat.
Functional characteristics of cowpea flours in foods
Authors: McWatters K. H.
Published: January 2007

Functionality of legume flours as food ingredients is influenced by genetic and agronomic factors, storage, composition and processing. The processing of flour from dry cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) is a simpler technology than that utilized for oilseed flour production. A defatting step is not required because the crude fat content of cowpeas is low (∼1–2%); however, decortication (seed coat removal) is necessary if a light‐colored flour is to be obtained from cultivars with dark testa or eyes. Process condition employed in the decortication of cowpeas and production of cowpea flour influence the quality of subsequent products made from the flour. Functionality of cowpea flour as an ingredient in wheat flour mixtures, akara and moin‐moin (fried and steamed cowpea paste, respectively), extruded products and meat products will be reviewed.
Isolation and physicochemical characterization of the half‐unit membranes of oilseed lipid bodies
Authors: Jacks T. J. , Hensarling T. P. , Neucere J. N. , Yatsu L. Y. , Barker R. H.
Published: January 2007

The lipid‐free residue of lipid body membranes was isolated from quiescent peanuts and was physicochemically characterized. The preponderant component of the residue was proteinaceous and consisted of at least two polypeptides according to ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, gel electrophoresis and HPLC. The molecular weight of the principal polypeptide was between 10,000 and 16,000 daltons. Only one antigen, immunochemically unique with respect to other peanut components, was detected. Spectral analyses indicated the presence of a protoheme and revealed conformational modes of β‐sheet and unordered structure but no α‐helix. The amino acid composition was similar to that of an integral membrane polypeptide rather than to those of peripheral membranes or other plant polypeptides. The hydrophobicity, conformation and quantitative content of polypeptides were suitable for the existence of a monolayer at the lipid body‐cytoplasm interface. The results indicated that lipid body coatings physicochemically resemble membranes of intracellular organelles and supported the morphological concept that the coatings are half‐unit biological membranes. Reutilization of lipid body membranes appeared possible after lipid depletion during seed germination.
Measurement of α‐linolenic acid in the development of edible oil flax
Authors: Bhatty R. S. , Rowland G. G.
Published: January 2007

A thiobarbituric acid‐gas liquid chromatograph combination procedure is described for rapid screening of individual or half‐seeds of flax for α‐linolenic acid (ALA) in the development of an edible oil flax. The thiobarbituric acid test may be used to screen as many as 1000 seeds in a single day. However, the test needs to be complemented by quantitative determination of fatty acids by gas chromatography. The latter technique has been used to analyze half‐seed of flax. The combination has worked extremely well for the isolation of low ALA mutants of flax.
Crystallization of Indian beef tallow fatty acids from aqueous ethanols
Authors: Subrahmanyam V. V. R. , Achaya K. T.
Published: January 2007

Crystallization of Indian beef tallow fatty acids (total saturated acid content 64.3% by wt.) from six dilutions of ethanol (95 to 70%) at five temperatures (20° to −12.5°C.) and at six solvent/acid ratios (2.5 to 20) was systematically studied. Optimum conditions of choice would use 85% ethanol at −12.5°C. at a solvent/acid ratio to 10 to give 69.7% precipitated acids, I.V. 11.0, and 30.3% soluble acids, I.V. 93.5. Other conditions of a similar order are possible. The comparatively saturated character of Indian beef tallows and the use of ethanol cause a departure from the Emersol process operating conditions using methanol, which is designed for American tallows. Considerations bearing on large‐scale application are discussed.
The hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalyst. I. Hydrogenation of castor oil
Authors: Zajcew Mykola
Published: January 2007

A good quality of castor wax was prepared in the laboratory at 100°C. and 45 p.s.i.g., using a modified palladium catalyst. The product obtained had an iodine value of 4, a hydroxy value of 145, and acid value of 1.8, and a capillary melting point of 86°.