bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Ultrathin Bragg Beam Splitter by Plasma Chemical Vaporization Machining
Authors: Osaka Taito , Yabashi Makina , Sano Yasuhisa , Tono Kensuke , Inubushi Yuichi , Sato Takahiro , Matsuyama Satoshi , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Yamauchi Kazuto
Published: November 2012

A novel fabrication process was proposed to produce high-quality Bragg beam splitters for hard X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), which should consist of thin, bend-free, and robust Bragg-case crystals without any defects. A combination of a mechanical process and plasma chemical vaporization machining was employed. High crystalline perfection of the fabricated Si(110) crystal was verified with X-ray topography and rocking curve measurements. In addition, the thickness was evaluated to be 4.4 μm from the fringe period of the measured rocking curve. The crystal can be employed in Bragg beam splitters using the (220) Bragg reflection for X-ray pump-X-ray probe experiments with XFEL sources.
Cutter Engagement Feature Extraction by Using Dexel Representation Solid Model
Authors: Inui Masatomo , Umezu Nobuyuki
Published: November 2012

Computer simulation of the cutting force change in a milling process is important for realizing more stable, precise, and efficient metal cutting. In the latest cutting force simulation method, a cutter engagement feature representing a contact area between the milling cutter and the workpiece must be extracted for each small motion of the cutter. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for computing a cutter engagement feature based on the dexel representation of the workpiece. Most prior studies compute the feature based on the cutter removal volume of the workpiece. Differently from them, our technology to propose computes the cutter engagement feature based on the contact analysis between the cutter and dexels representing the workpiece shape. An experimental system is implemented and some computational experiments are performed. Our system can achieve the total cutter engagement feature extraction of a complex 3-axis NC milling process in a few minutes.
On the Extraction of Milling Tools Out of Shrink Fit Chucks
Authors: Denkena Berend , Heinisch Dennis
Published: November 2012

Thermal shrink fit chucks are widely used in high performance machining where excellent concentricity and high torque transmission are required. It was reported that in those milling operations, severe damage of tools, workpieces, and also machine tools occurs due to an extraction of the milling tool out of the shrink fit chuck during the process. Although, theoretically the interference fit assembly should withstand certain process forces, milling tools are apparently pulled out under special process conditions. The resulting increase of the cutting depth often leads to tool overload and breakage. So far, the phenomenon of tool extraction could not be explained. This paper presents an experimental approach of the investigation of the phenomenon of axial tool extraction. Therefore, a unique type of test rig for main spindles and tool interfaces is used. Experimental investigations on dynamic force and torque combinations leading to tool extraction are described. Results show, that the holding force is not only affected by geometrical parameters of the shrink fit chuck, but also by the applied dynamic load.
Method of Improvement in Identification Accuracy of the Dynamic Characteristics of Joints in Jointed Structure
Authors: Shimizu Shinji , Kabaya Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Haruhisa , Yamashita Kenichi
Published: November 2012

In this study, we examined influencing factors on the identification accuracy and improving method of the identification accuracy. As a result, the influence of the condition of the dynamic characteristic values is large and these values should correspond to the tangential and vertical directions. The influence of treating dynamic characteristic parameters of the same plural joints is also large, and then the parameters of the same plural joints should have the same value. In addition, the tangential dynamic characteristics should be identified from the vibration mode which has large tangential relative displacement between the joint interfaces. Similarly, the vertical one should be identified from the vibration mode which has large vertical relative displacement between the joint interfaces. Finally, the identification accuracy can be improved greatly by considering these influences.
Measurement of Movement Error and its Compensation for 6-DOF Parallel Mechanism Worktable
Authors: Zhang Yuan Rui , Zhu Jiang , Tanaka Tomohisa , Saito Yoshio
Published: November 2012

In this study, a small, 6-DOF (degree of freedom) parallel mechanism worktable for machine tool was developed. There are a lot of factors that affect the positioning error and the accuracy of the machine tools. The uncertainty in position is mainly due to the rigidity of the structure, the geometric error of parts and assembly errors. It is very difficult to estimate the assembly errors and the link parameter of each part. In this paper, the uncertainty factor in positioning of the worktable was investigated and compensated based on measurement of movement error by using coordinate measuring machine (CMM).
Polishing Process Automation by Industrial Robot with Polished Surface Quality Judgment Based on Image Processing - Visual Inspection Based on Pattern Matching
Authors: Okamoto Ken , Morishige Koichi
Published: November 2012

This study deals with automation of polishing process by using an industrial robot. In polishingprocess, full automation of polishing operation has not been achieved due to the difficulty invisual inspection. Judgment of whether polishing is sufficient or not has been performed by skilledworkers. In this study, the polishing after milling process is targeted. In the previous report, the generationof robot program for polishing operation based on CAD data was already proposed. Focusingon the periodicity of cutter mark patterns on milling surface, we proposed an automatic judgment ofpolished surface quality based on the image processing which uses Discrete Fourier Transformation.In order to capture images of polished surface, a CCD camera was mounted at 6-axis controlled robothand. However, the image processing method proposed in previous report could not judge the curvedcutter mark patterns because the periodicity of those patterns is not uniform. The objective of thisreport is the development of automatic judgment method for non-periodic cutter mark patterns. Wedeveloped judgment method which uses pattern recognition as a mean to judge existence or not of cuttermarks. As a result, the developed system allows the automatic polishing that includes the surfacequality judgment.
Development of New Scaife Machine for Making the High Precision Diamond Cutting Tools
Authors: Nishimura Kazuhito , Ooka Masahiro , Sasaoka Hideki
Published: November 2012

We have developed a new scaife polishing machine for the purpose of polishing the high precision diamond cutting tools. As a high precision cutting tool, the high sharpness and flawless cutting edge are required. By using this polishing machine, the sharpness of a diamond tool at the cutting edge can be controlled within the range of 20nm. This machine is equipped with a submicron-scale mirror finished hardened-steel polishing Scaife, a supporting table can reduce the face deflection to less than 1μm, and a plastic diamond tool holder for protecting the edge of the diamond tool from the unexpected shock, which is supported by three points consisting of the edge of diamond tip and two control screws, this structure can help to adjust the work surface to any angles by only adjusting the two control screws. To facilitate the advanced angle operations, the algorithm was created to calculate the overhang length variations of the two control screws for controlling the changes of roll- and pitch-angle of the diamond tools.
Development of an Ultraprecise Piezoelectric Deformable Mirror for Adaptive X-Ray Optics
Authors: Nakamori Hiroki , Matsuyama Satoshi , Imai Shota , Kimura Takashi , Sano Yasuhisa , Kohmura Yoshiki , Tamasaku Kenji , Yabashi Makina , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Yamauchi Kazuto
Published: November 2012

Ultraprecise piezoelectric deformable mirrors have been developed to construct adaptive X-ray focusing optics whose optical parameters can be varied while simultaneously performing wavefront correction. We designed and developed a deformable mirror that did not have high-spatial-frequency deformation errors. Using a Fizeau interferometer, we demonstrated that the mirror could be deformed with a peak-to-valley figure accuracy of 5 nm. In addition, wave-optical simulations based on the Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral revealed that the mirror could focus hard X-rays to 90 nm under diffraction-limited conditions.
Generation of Regularly Aligned Curved Surface Patches on Free-Form Surface for Patch Division Milling
Authors: Xu Kai , Sasahara Hiroyuki
Published: November 2012

This study describes a new machining strategy to make regularly aligned cutter marks on free-form surface efficiently for increasing the added value of industrial product. While the free-form surface is divided into many small patch segments employing curved surface patch division milling technique which can substitute for the conventional method, thus avoiding the influence of the change in the curvature. And the patch segments will be machined by a spiral tool path respectively, so that regularly aligned cutter marks can be successfully formed on the curved surface patches by controlling cross-feed, feed speed per tooth, number of teeth and the length of the tool path. Comparing the machined surface and the simulation result, the cutter marks agree with it. If the surface is machined only by the ball end milling with a machining center, this method will be a very effective tool for the machinery industry.
Development of Dynamic Loading Device for Rotating Spindle of Machine Tools
Authors: Sawamura Ryota , Ikenaga Shinya , Matsubara Atsushi
Published: November 2012

High performance milling spindles, which have high rigidity and high speed, are required for high productive machining. In order to evaluate the rigidity change of the spindle, authors has been developed a magnetic loading device. This device provides attractive force in radial direction to a dummy tool attached to a spindle. By using this device, the static stiffness of the rotating spindle has been successfully evaluated. However the loading rate could not be controlled due to the electric response lag caused by the magnetic field. To solve this problem, electric response of the coil-tool system with the air gap is analyzed and the dynamic response is estimated. The air-gap's influence on the load was also evaluated. Based on the analysis, a dynamic loading test is designed carried out for the measurement of the rigidity of a machine tool spindle.
Thermal Driving Method and Displacement Properties of a Thin-Film Polyimide Diaphragm for a MEMS Actuator
Authors: Mifuji Shinichiro , Adachi Koji , Tsukioka Tatsunori , Imai Satomitsu
Published: November 2012

A thin-film polyimide diaphragm for a MEMS actuator was fabricated and its process and mechanical characteristics were investigated. Owing to its low elastic modulus and the thin-film process, a thin-film polyimide diaphragm has a merit in terms of producing a large displacement. Given that merit, spin coating was used for forming a thin film of polyamide, and deep-RIE (Bosch process) was used for fabricating the diaphragm section of the actuator. Thin-film polyimide diaphragms with micrometer-order thickness were fabricated. To drive the diaphragm as an actuator, the following two methods were applied: heat expansion by applying an electric current and volume expansion of a gas-liquid phase-change material confined in a cavity between polyimide diaphragms. As for the former method, an aluminum thin film is deposited on the diaphragm. As for the latter, paraffin (vaporized by heating) is used as the phase-change material. Displacement characteristics for each method were revealed by the experiments. In the case of both methods, displacements of tens of micrometers were outputted. Experiments of driving actuator confirmed that the proposed systems work as actuators. The actuators developed in this research are applicable to micro-pumps for medical and other uses.
Fabrication of Spatially-Patterned Cells Using Selective Adhesion on Pre-Structured Fine Particles
Authors: Kaneko Arata , Sugihara Tatsuki , Murakami Hiromichi , Takeda Iwori , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Moronuki Nobuyuki
Published: November 2012

The application of a neuron network to a bio/micro-sensor has potential as a drug screening device. In this study, micro-structures of surface-modified particles were applied to a scaffold for selective cell adhesion and growth. Silica particles were covered with a specific protein (fibronectin) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) by electrostatic adsorption or transfer printing, respectively. They formed spatial patterns in a line-and-space structure tens of micrometers wide on a glass substrate. This paper investigates the effect of the coated material on the selectivity and adhesiveness of PC12 phenochromocytoma cells. An incubation process causes PC12 cells to autonomously align with selective adhesion on the micro-structures of both particles. The cells are minimally adhered to the glass surface around the particles. The structure of the fibronectin-coated particles enables a straight and uniform alignment of adhered cells, while that of bare silica particles causes randomly distributed cells. It was also found that the structure of CNT-adsorbed particles enhances cell adhesiveness to grow pseudopods of adhered cells.
High Throughput Method to Fabricate Ordered Nano Dot Array on Various Plastic Films
Authors: Truong Phuc Duc , Yamanaka Akinori , Yoshino Masahiko
Published: November 2012

In this paper, we propose a high throughput method to fabricate ordered metal nano dot array on a plastic film by combination of patterning by nano plastic forming, coating, annealing, and transferring to a plastic film. The effects of process parameters such as indentation load, annealing temperature on the formation of gold nano dot array and dot transfer ratio to a PDMS film are investigated. The results show that an ordered gold nano dot array is successfully formed on the pre-patterned substrate. The transfer of an ordered gold nano dot array to PDMS film is demonstrated.
Motion Artifact Compensation for Wristwatch Type Photoplethysmography Sensor
Authors: Horiguchi Daisuke , Naito Hiroki , Sasaki Ken
Published: November 2012

Heart beat measurement is useful not just for medical use but also for daily healthcare monitoring and for sports. Photoplethysmography is an optical pulse measurement method that measures the variation of light absorption of the blood flow in capillary. Fingertip and earlobe, which are suitable places for this method, are not suitable for wearing sensors in daily life. Measurement at wrist will be more favorable. Technical difficulties of applying photoplethysmography measurement on wrist are: a) blood flow variation and change of sensor orientation caused by body motions, and b) low sensitivity compared to measurement at fingertips or earlobes because of the low capillary density in the tissue. We derived a transfer function that expresses the relationship between body acceleration and change in capillary blood flow based on a simple fluid dynamics model of artery and capillary. Preliminary experiments have shown that motion the artifacts can be reduced by subtracting the change of blood flow estimated from body acceleration. This method is different from conventional frequency filtering methods that do not consider the relationship between the body motion and the changes in the capillary blood flow. Furthermore, sensor head suspension mechanism has been employed in order to stabilize the sensor orientation with respect to the skin as well as the applied force on the skin.
About Determining the Error Budget of a Miniaturized, Modular Machine Tool System for Micro Production
Authors: Kong Nan Xi , Grimske Silka , Roehlig Benny , Wulfsberg Jens P.
Published: November 2012

Since micro products have become smaller, the requirements concerning precision and accuracy for producing machine tools to manufacture such small parts increased. Consequently, each component of a machine tool needs to conform to these requirements. A flexure-based feed unit, a clamping system and mechanical couplings are briefly presented. These components can quickly be reconfigured, which allows for a new modular micro machine tool system. Each component incorporates individual precision and accuracy leading to an overall error budget for a machine tool system. This is methodically addressed in the contribution.
Self-Assembly of Fine Particles on Optical Element for Sensitivity Improvement of Biochemical Sensor
Authors: Moronuki Nobuyuki , Nishio Manabu
Published: November 2012

This paper introduces a sensitivity improvement of biochemical sensor by a combination of self-assembly of particles and optical lens. Typical biochemical sensor utilizes fluorescence emitted as a result of specific reaction. The sensitivity can be enhanced with the increase in surface area of self-assembled fine particles. In addition, optical lens was used to convergent the fluorescent light to simplify the system configuration. Silica particles of 1m diameter were assembled on a convex lens and modified with protein labeled with fluorescent material. Then, the spatial distribution of fluorescence was measured by changing the angle from the optical axis and distance from the lens. The results show sensitivity improvement up to 600 %. However, it was found that the effect of scattering should be taken into account for further sensitivity improvement.
The Study of Equalizing Injection Force in Multiple Injecting Needle-Free Injector
Authors: Kudo Mitsru , Nomoto Masanori , Takahashi Naoki , Fukushima Jim
Published: November 2012

The use of a needle-free injector (NFI) that inject drag solution into the skin by applying pressure is increasing with an increase in the number of diabetes patients. The medical treatment of diabetes involves insulin administration several times a day. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to improve the usability of the NFI and the development of the NFI that can be used for multiple injections with a one-time administration preparation. The existing the NFI inject the drag solution by the application of elastic force. The problem with these the NFI is the maintenance of a constant injection force each time that they are used, because the elastic force decreases with an increase in the number of injection times. We found that it is possible to assist the injection force by generating an impact force at the time of injection. Therefore, the impact clearance is set in the NFI. Certain experiments have been carried out to investigate the relationship between the impact clearance and injection force. The results of these experiments reveal that the injection force is maintained at a constant value by increasing the impact clearance when the spring power decreases. A trial model of the multiple-injecting the NFI is developed on the basis of these results. It is evaluated under the condition that a constant injection force is maintained even in the case of multiple injections.
Autonomous Conveyance Control of AGV Based on Knowledge of Taxi Transportation Rules
Authors: Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Ogawa Keiji , Kono Takahiro , Mitsuoka Daisuke
Published: November 2012

Recently, demand has been increasing for various kinds and volumes of manufacturing systems. Also, the importance of the Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) is increasing because it can flexibly correspond to the change of equipment in a factory. This paper describes an autonomous conveyance system for AGV based on a taxi transportation strategy. The system focuses on knowledge of a flexible taxi system in traffic engineering. A taxi is a transport unit in a traffic system with higher flexibility in traveling routes and arrival/departure points compared with railways and buses. In the present report, the waiting mode of a taxi is applied as an AGV rule and investigated to verify the effect of the proposed system. Moreover, the effect of multi-loaded AGV on system performance such as matching time and conveyance efficiency is investigated. A numerical experiment has been conducted to evaluate them. As a result, it was found that introduction of multi-loaded AGV is effective at reducing matching time without conveyance efficiency decrease.
Machinability of CBN Tool in Turning of Tungsten Carbide
Authors: Tsurimoto Seji , Moriwaki Toshimichi , Nagata Masafumi
Published: November 2012

Tungsten Carbide have extremely high hardness and wear-resistivity compared with conventional steel materials, and it is expected that the Tungsten carbide can be applied widely to dies and molds in the near future. In order to develop an efficient machining method of Tungsten Carbide for the dies and molds, series of cutting experiments were carried out to turn the sintered Tungsten Carbide materials with CBN tool. The selected sintered Tungsten Carbide workpieces are those containing Tungsten Carbide grains with mean grain size of 5μm, and 15wt%, 20wt% and 22wt% of Cobalt binder. The sintered CBN tool selected contains super-fine grains of CBN with mean grain size of 1μm. The cutting speed was varied from 10m/min to 60m/min, and the tool wear and the surface roughness were measured. It is concluded that the tool wear is less when cutting the sintered Tungsten Carbide containing larger amount of Cobalt binder. The surface roughness of about 2μm in Rz is obtained.
Development of a Small Hovering Robot with High Lifting Force Using Coaxial Double Rotors Driven by Twin Motor Pairs
Authors: Kobayashi Yuki , Kanamori Kento , Imai Yuichi , Eda Ryoji , Horiuchi Toshiyuki
Published: November 2012

A small hovering robot is under development for observing circumstances in dangerous indoor spaces where human beingA small hovering robot is under development for observing circumstances in dangerous indoor spaces where human beings cannot enter. To lift and carry various mechanisms for controlling the attitude, position and level of the robot, improvements of the lifting force and payload are required without enlarging the robot size. Because the lifting force is proportional to the square of rotation speed, high-speed rotation of coaxial rotors was enabled by driving each rotor using a pair of motors, here. As a result, the lifting force and payload were drastically increased. Driving the coaxial double rotors by four motors in total, and using a high-power and long-life battery, the lifting force was increased from 4.31 N to 11.86 N, and the payload was improved from 2.84 N to 9.48 N. The flight time was limited for less than 1.5 min in the past research, because each rotor was driven by a single motor, and the motors were excessively heated by the overload. Applying the twin motor drive, the hovering time only depended on the battery capacity, and a prototype robot with 5.68 N actually hovered for more than 3 min.
Nonlinear Modeling of Human Quiet Standing
Authors: Takagi Hiroyuki , Tabata Takuya , Sasaki Ken
Published: November 2012

Fluctuation during quiet standing of a person is one of the evaluation indexes of aging. Usually, fluctuation is measured by the center of the subject’s weight distribution on the floor, which is called center-of-pressure (COP), or the two dimensional trajectory of the top of the head taken from above the subject. In both cases, common evaluation indexes are standard deviation or maximum deviation. Control models of human quiet standing have been proposed and studied, and now it is widely accepted that human quiet standing is a nonlinear control system. However, there is no established nonlinear control model that expresses the characteristics of human quiet standing accurately. If we could express the nonlinear control dynamics of human quiet standing, the parameters of the control model can be utilized to evaluate subject’s motor control ability in more detail. In this study, we modeled the human body as a two link inverted pendulum. Leaning angle of the lower body and the upper body, and COP were measured in the experiment. Analysis of the data has revealed an asymmetry in the ankle joint torque in the anterior-posterior postural control. This asymmetry was modeled by asymmetric feedback gains of the feedback loop of ankle joint control. The proposed nonlinear model was verified by comparing the simulation results and the experimental data.
Non-Contact Actuation of Less-Invasive Bone Lengthening Device Using Embedded Cycloidal Motor Driven by Permanent Magnets from the outside
Authors: Matsuzaki Yuki , Kadota Yoichi , Uzuka Kazuo , Suenaga Hideyuki , Sasaki Ken , Morita Takeshi
Published: November 2012

This report proposes a miniaturized non-contact actuation mechanism for a surgical device for bone extension operation. The device is embedded inside the body, and the device controls the gap between the bones cut by operation. A small permanent magnet is attached to the outer gear of a cycloidal reducer that rotates a screw of the screw-nut mechanism. This magnet is forced by the external magnetic flux density controlled by the outer permanent magnets’ position. In this research, two pairs of permanent magnet bar were rotated by stepping motors outside the device. The outer gear is constrained in As a result, ring gear of the cycloidal reducer is driven in translational wobbling motion the inner gear is connected to the screw and the output nut position is driven linearly with screw rotation. The dimensions of the fabricated device were 7 mm in diameter and 39.7 mm in length. The output thrust of this device was 2 N.
A Design Method for Thin Film Patterning Process via Lift-Off Technique
Authors: Morinaga Eiji , Matsuura Yutaka , Wakamatsu Hidefumi , Satoh Ryohei , Nakagawa Koji , Iwata Yoshiharu , Arai Eiji
Published: November 2012

Thin film patterning by a lift-off method is effective from the viewpoint of cost performance and environmental issues. As a solution to the problems of conventional lift-off methods, the inversely-tapered resist profile with interstice was proposed and its fundamental feasibility was experimenatally proved. The resist profile still needed to be designed properly to solve the problems completely, and therefore a design method was also suggested. The method presupposes that conditions of deposition process have been already determined. However, actually, the conditions relate closely to the design of resist profile and wrong conditions may result in undesirable or infeasible design result. This paper proposes an integrated design method of the thin film patterning process considering design of both resist profile and deposition conditions.
Detecting Method of Bulk Defects in DLC Films Using Light Scattering
Authors: Sakurada Yuichi , Takashima Mai , Yasuhara Toshiyuki , Iwamoto Yoshinao , Matsuo Makoto , Ohtake Naoto
Published: November 2012

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) film has various micro-size defects like pinhole, void and particle. When DLC film is exposed to white light, light is scattered in all direction at defects in DLC film. In this paper, defects in DLC film are detected by observing scattering light from defects under dark-field microscope. DLC film has wavelength dependence of transmittance. Therefore, using its wavelength dependence allows to separate surface and inside defects of DLC film. This paper describes development of bulk defects detecting system using optical filtering and scattering light detecting. Bulk defects of DLC films were successfully separated into surface defects and inside defects. This detecting method of defect is nondestructive and easy, and applicable to DLC films as well as other coating films.
Analysis and Measurement of the Dynamic Motions of a Large-Scale Rotating Roll Workpiece
Authors: Lee Jung Chul , Gao Wei , Shimizu Yuki , Ito So , Hwang Jooho , Oh Jeong Seok , Park Chun Hong
Published: November 2012

This paper describes the analysis and measurement of the dynamic motions of a large-scale rotating roll workpiece, which is used for a large-scale lathe, under the gravity condition. A dynamic model which includes the gravity effect was first established. In order to investigate the behavior which comes from stiffness differences of the journal bearing at the headstock and the tailstock, a spring-mass-damper system was also established. In addition to the simulations, the behavior of the rotating roll workpiece was investigated with respect to the different rotating speed. In the experiment, a mirror finished hollow type roll workpiece with a diameter of 320 mm, a length of 1800 mm, a weight of about 340 kg was fabricated by a large-scale lathe. Five capacitive type displacement sensors were mounted on the sensor holders which were arranged along the axis of rotation of the spindle. The behavior measurement was carried out at 5 sections of the roll workpiece along the axial direction. The rotating speed was set to be 5, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 rpm. The dynamic model for the analysis with simulations and the measurement result of the behavior of a rotating roll workpiece according to the different rotating speed are presented in this paper.
Form Error Characterization of Reflective-Type Gratings
Authors: Shimizu Yuki , Kim Woo Jae , Ito So , Gao Wei
Published: November 2012

A form error characterization of a reflective-type scale grating, which is used in three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) encoders for position measurement of a planar motion stage, is presented. The scale grating has a micro-structured surface, the pitch of which is 1 µm in both X- and Y- direction. The periodic pattern on the scale grating generates diffracted beams when a laser beam incidents to the grating surface. The ±1st order diffracted beams from the grating contain information about the stage motions of not only X- or Y- directional in-plane displacement but also Z-directional out-of-plane displacement, and are therefore able to be utilized for multi-axis position detection. Accuracies of the position detection are mainly determined by a period deviation and a Z-directional out-of-flatness of the scale grating. The form error characterization of the grating is possible by using Fizeau interferometer, although the form error of a reference mirror in the Fizeau interferometer still remains as a measurement error in the form of the measured scale grating. In this paper, a new method was proposed to evaluate the form error characterization of the scale grating for the 3-DOF encoder, while eliminating the form error of the reference mirror in the Fizeau interferometer.
New Non-Contact Measurement of Small inside-Diameter Using Tandem Low-Coherence Interferometer and Optical Fiber Devices
Authors: Matsui Kenta , Matsumoto Hirokazu , Takahashi Satoru , Takamasu Kiyoshi
Published: November 2012

Recently, manufacturing techniques of small-scale products have been improved. As a result, precise measurement is required of small inside diameters, for example, of engine nozzles. However, an in situ measurement and measurement system for small-sized products has yet to be fully established. In this research, a contactless technique to measure small inside diameters is proposed. This new method uses tandem low-coherence interferometry and an optical fiber cut at an angle of 45°. This optical fiber is up to 30 μm in diameter and is used as a probe. Our objective is to measure holes as small as 50-μm inside diameter with an accuracy of 100 nm. In the present paper, we report on the measurement principle, calculate the measurement uncertainty and show that experimental measurements can be obtained of small-size holes up to 300-μm inside diameter with an accuracy of 100 nm.
Development of a Non-Contact Precision Measurement Technique Using Optical Frequency Combs
Authors: Onoe Taro , Takahashi Satoru , Takamasu Kiyoshi , Matsumoto Hirokazu
Published: November 2012

We develop a new method for high-resolution and contactless distance measurement based on self frequency beats of optical frequency combs. We use two optical frequency comb lasers with Rb-stabilized repetition frequencies for doing accurate distance measurement. The repetition frequencies of the optical frequency combs are different, thus parts of the high frequencies such as several gigahertz of self beats are beat-downed to several megahertz without an RF frequency oscillator. The phases of the beat signals of several megahertz frequencies are measured by a lock-in amplifier with a high resolution and high sensitivity. The new method is applied to distance measurement for objects which have rough-surface in the distance range of several-meters.
Geometric Quality Indicators for Scanned Point Clouds
Authors: Suzuki Hiromasa , Ohtake Yutaka , Shibata Shusaku , Michikawa Takashi
Published: November 2012

We propose geometric quality indicators for evaluating the quality of point clouds (sets of scanned points). These indicators represent aspects of quality often considered in practical scanning procedures, such as cloud thickness and cloud density. We defined the indicators mathematically and developed software to compute them, then conducted experiments to evaluate the indicators for point clouds obtained by scanning the same samples with different types of surface scanners and scanning procedures. The results showed that the indicators are capable of highlighting various aspects of point cloud quality.
Analysis and Evaluation of Surface Force Effects in Vibrating Fiber Probing System for 3-D Micro Structure Measurements
Authors: Murakami Hiroshi , Katsuki Akio , Sajima Takao
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a measurement system for 3-D micro structure using an optical fiber probe equipped with a piezo element generating vibration. The optical fiber probe consists of a stylus shaft with a diameter of 3 µm and a glass ball with a diameter of 5 µm attached to the tip. The stylus is set so as to circularly move in a plane. The measurement principle involves the monitoring of the vibrational amplitude of the stylus to prevent adhesion of the stylus tip to the measured surface due to the surface force, and this amplitude is measured optically. In this research, the stylus characteristics are examined. The effects of the relative humidity and the surface roughness on the surface force are then evaluated. As a result, it is shown that the surface force increases remarkably when the relative humidity is greater than 40%, and there is no adhesion of the stylus tip to the measured surface due to the surface force in case of the stylus vibrational amplitude of over 0.5 µm. Also, the adhesion of the stylus tip cannot be observed in the 0.2 - 0.8 µm surface roughness range.
Design of a Three-Axis Surface Encoder with a Blue-Ray Laser Diode
Authors: Li Xing Hui , Shimizu Yuki , Muto Hiroshi , Ito So , Gao Wei
Published: November 2012

A compact optical three-axis surface encoder, which can detect displacements in the XYZ-directions simultaneously by employing a scale grating with a short pitch (0.57 μm) and a single laser beam with a short wavelength (405 nm), is described in this paper. This surface encoder mainly consists of a blue-ray laser diode, a pair of two-dimensional diffractive gratings serving as scale grating and reference grating, respectively, and two quarter photodiodes (QPD) utilized for detecting output optical density. The displacements of the scale grating along X-, Y- and Z-directions are measured by analyzing interference signals caused by the phase shifts and light path difference of diffracted beams from the scale grating and reference grating. Basic measurement principle is illuminated, a compact surface encoder is designed and evaluation experiments are carried out.
Edge Contour Measurement of Single Point Diamond Cutting Tools by an Optical Probe
Authors: Jang Sung Ho , Shimizu Yuki , Asai Takemi , Ito So , Gao Wei
Published: November 2012

This paper presents an optical probe employed for edge contour measurement of single point diamond cutting tools. The laser beam from a laser diode (LD) is focused by an objective lens to form a small light spot with a radius of approximately 20 μm, and is then received by a photodiode (PD) after passed through the focal point of the objective lens. The cutting edge of the tool, which is placed on a line with the LD and the PD, is inserted into the laser beam section. At an each X-position, the output of the PD is recorded while the light spot is moved along the Z-direction, scanning across the cutting edge of the tool with its rake face aligned in the XZ plane. The Z-position of the cutting edge is evaluated by determining a specific value from the obtained outputs of the PD. The edge contour of the diamond cutting tool can thus be measured by repeating the Z-scanning at different X-positions. Computer simulation was carried out to investigate the influences of error factors on the evaluation of the cutting edge. Experiments were also carried out to measure a round nose of a tool with nominal nose radius of 2 mm.
Sub-Nanometer Line Width and Line Profile Measurement Using STEM Images with Metal Coating
Authors: Okito Haruki , Takahashi Satoru , Takamasu Kiyoshi
Published: November 2012

The novel method of sub-nanometer uncertainty for the line width and line profile measurement using STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope) images is proposed to calibrate CD-SEM line width measurement. In accordance with the proposed method, the traceability and reference metrology of line width measurements are established using Si lattice structures. The interface of SiO2-Air is defined using image intensity of STEM image after metal coating. The edge positions of the Si line from top to bottom are detected. Then, the pixel size of the images is evaluated using 2D Fourier analysis for Si lattice structures. Using the proposed method, the line profile and line width of 50 nm are measured with expanded uncertainty less than 0.3 nm.
Development of Electric Rust Preventive Machining Method – Optimization of Water Recycle System
Authors: Nishikawa Naohiro , Sato Yoshinori , Andou Fumika , Sawa Takekazu , Hagihara Yoshihiro , Kato Hiromasa , Yoshihara Nobuhito , Okawai Hiroaki , Murase Takatoshi , Iyama Toshiro , Mizuno Masahiro , Tsukamoto Shinya
Published: November 2012

In production site, machining fluid (cutting oil, grinding fluid) is used. It contains several chemicals that are oil, surface active agent, and extreme pressure agent, anti rust agent and so on. Waste fluid disposal which is incineration etc. is necessary and arise huge cost and environmental load. In addition, workers health hazard is concerned for several chemicals while machining. In this investigation, new water machining method system (electric rust preventive machining method system) that uses only water as machining fluid for solving of conventional machining fluid problems is developed. In particularly, this paper mentions optimization of used machining water recycle on purification rate and refined water flow quantity in developed water recycle system. Therefore, high speed adjustment test liquid equipment is developed for stable experimental condition for evaluation. Test liquid turbidity is random for sludge particle and simple filter decreases this fluctuation. However, water recycle system is aimed for constant refined output despite fluctuation of input dirty water, and it is achieved. The optimized refined water flow quantity is 13.3 L/min at 1.0 MPa from viewpoint of purification on iron, turbidity, colour, conductivity and flow rate and purification load for reverse osmosis membrane.
Development of Electric Rust Preventive Machining Method - Improvement of Electric Rust Preventive Chip Sedimentation System
Authors: Nishikawa Naohiro , Sato Yoshinori , Andou Fumika , Sawa Takekazu , Hagihara Yoshihiro , Kato Hiromasa , Yoshihara Nobuhito , Okawai Hiroaki , Murase Takatoshi , Iyama Toshiro , Mizuno Masahiro , Tsukamoto Shinya
Published: November 2012

The machining (cutting, grinding etc.) is conducted in manufacturing. Machining fluid (cutting oil, grinding fluid) that consists of oil, surface active agent, and extreme pressure agent, anti rust agent etc. is used. It improves machining performance, but it needs waste fluid disposal that is incineration or coagulative precipitation and so on. It causes huge cost and environmental load. Furthermore, it is afraid of workers health hazard for several chemicals while machining. Therefore, the electric rust preventive machining method system (water machining) is proposed and developed. This method uses only harmless water (tap water etc.) as machining fluid. In this paper, improvement of electric rust preventive chip sedimentation system that is part of water recycle system which is used for machining water purification and re-use. On long time (3 days) preservation of iron chip in water, decreasing of rust and turbidity is examined. Improved electric rust preventive chip sedimentation system is equipped simple circulation filter unit newly and its effectiveness is clarified. When many quantity of iron powder (3kg) likened to actual sludge is sunken in sedimentation water tank, if electric rust prevention and simple circulation filter activated, turbidity and colour would be decreased greatly. Therefore, it is expected that purification load of next part of filters is decreased and life-time of filter and system will be prolonged.
Micro Cutting of Sapphire
Authors: Matsumura Takashi , Endo Yuki , Ozawa Hideyuki
Published: November 2012

Sapphire has high mechanical strength at high temperatures and high pressure. Thus, micro devices made of sapphire are expected to be used in extreme environments such as aerospace, defense and marine. Then, the machining technology is required for manufacturing of 3 dimensional shapes. The paper discusses the micro cutting process of sapphire to determine the applicable cutting parameters in planing and milling. First, the critical stress at which crack initiation occurs is measured in the indentation test with detecting AE signal. The critical stress of sapphire is beyond 22.6 GPa, which is much higher than those of glasses. Then, the critical depths of cut, maximum depths of cut in which crack-free surfaces were finished, were measured in cutting of r crystal plane. The critical depth of cut is maximized when the cutting is performed in a crystal axis direction. In milling of sapphire, adhesion of chip onto the surface finish should be considered as well as brittle fracture. In milling of r crystal plane, the surface finish is improved better than those of the other crystal planes. Adhesion of material can also be controlled by supplying lubrication.
Simulations on Wear of a Reused Part that Consider Deviation of Product's Motion due to Deterioration of the Part
Authors: Arita Masayuki , Kawaharada Hiroshi , Hiraoka Hiroyuki
Published: November 2012

To promote the reuse of parts for sustainable society, estimation of deterioration of reused parts is required. For that purpose, we propose a simulation for estimating deterioration of parts that takes into consideration deviation of load caused by deviation of part shape. Preliminary results of the simulation are shown.
A Grain Boundary Formulation for the Analysis of Three-Dimensional Polycrystalline Microstructures
Authors: Benedetti Ivano , Aliabadi M.H.
Published: November 2012

A 3D grain boundary formulation is presented for the analysis of polycrystalline microstructures. The formulation is expressed in terms of intergranular displacements and tractions, that play an important role in polycrystalline micromechanics, micro-damage and micro-cracking. The artificial morphology is generated by Hardcore Voronoi tessellation, which embodies the main statistical features of polycrystalline microstructures. Each crystal is modeled as an anisotropic elastic region and the integrity of the aggregate is restored by enforcing interface continuity and equilibrium between contiguous grains. The developed technique has been applied to the numerical homogenization of cubic polycrystals and the obtained results agree well with available data.
To Research Residual Stress Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Wang Zhe Feng , Hu Yao Yang
Published: November 2012

The residual stress distributions of 7075 aluminum alloy rectangular thick plates after quench-hardening had been simulated firstly, then all the results were presented and compared with each other. Some deep theoretical analyses were also carried out. The results show that complicated residual stress distribution regularities in aluminum alloy thick plates can be obtained by the finite element analysis successfully.
Study on a Numerical Calculation Method of Fatigue Behavior in Glare Panel
Authors: Ma Yu E , Yun Shuang
Published: November 2012

GLARE (Aluminium with glass fibres) has become known since it was successfully and widely used in aircraft structure for its excellent fatigue and damage tolerance behavior. In this study, fatigue testing samples with 3/2 Glare were designed according to the standard. The finite element method was used to build the numerical model of the sample; the fibre bridging was modeled and the bridging stress was calculated. The delamination growth behavior can be predicted based on the energy release rate. This numerical method considered both damage modes (fatigue and delamination) at the same time.
The Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Micro-Cantilever Tests
Authors: Liu Dong , Flewitt Peter E.J.
Published: November 2012

Micro-scale cantilever beam specimens have been created in air plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings (APS-TBC) by focus-ion beam milling and tested in-situ using a force measurement technique. The elastic modulus, fracture toughness and the flexural strength of the specimens are calculated from the loading-deflection curve. In addition, the failure modes of the tested TBC are analysed.
Fatigue Behavior of A356 Cast Aluminum Alloy Microstructurally Modified by Friction Stir Processing under Low Strain Rate Condition
Authors: Kakiuchi Toshifumi , Uematsu Yoshihiko , Tozaki Yasunari
Published: November 2012

The fatigue behavior of cast aluminum alloy, A356-T6, microstructurally modified by the friction stir processing (FSP) was investigated. The FSP conditions were set to be the tool rotational speed of 500 rpm and traveling speed of 200 mm/min, in which the strain rate was relatively low. Plane bending fatigue tests have been performed using the as-cast and friction stir processed (FSPed) specimens. Fatigue strengths in the finite life region and the fatigue limit of the FSPed specimens were highly improved compared with the as-cast ones resulting from the elimination of casting defects by the FSP. However, the crack growth rates of the FSPed specimens were faster than those of the as-cast ones due to the softening of the material by heat input during the FSP. The effects of FSP with low stain rate were discussed based on the microstructural consideration.
Pressure Pipe Damage: Numerical Estimation of Point Load Effect
Authors: Zouhar Michal , Hutař Pavel , Ševčík Martin , Náhlík Luboš
Published: November 2012

The most relevant loading conditions for real polymer pipe systems are not only internal pressure, but also loading caused by sand embedding including bending or different kinds of point loads. It has been shown that service lifetime of buried pipes can be reduced especially due to stress concentration caused by external point loads. If the pipe is loaded locally the stress is concentrated here and a crack can initiate at this position or the existing crack can be affected by corresponding stress redistribution. In the paper the effect of the hard indenter, Poissons ratio, hoop stress level and pipe wall thickness on the crack shape was estimated using numerical simulations of the creep crack propagation based on finite element method. Relation between crack length and crack width was found and expressed by simple relationship. A deeper understanding of the point load effect in order to prevent unexpected failure of the pipelines is of paramount importance for pipeline design.