bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergency Medicine Research Directors and Research Programs: Characteristics and Factors Associated with Productivity
Authors: Karras David J. , Kruus Linda K. , Baumann Brigitte M. , Cienki John J. , Blanda Michelle , Stern Susan A. , Panacek Edward A.
Published: April 2006

Background:
Periodic surveys of research directors (RDs) in emergency medicine (EM) are useful to assess the specialty's development and evolution of the RD role.

Objectives:
To assess associations between characteristics and research productivity of RDs and EM programs.

Methods:
A survey of EM RDs was developed using the nominal group technique and pilot tested. RDs or surrogate respondents at programs certified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were contacted by e‐mail in early 2005. The survey assessed programs' research infrastructure and productivity, as well as RD characteristics, responsibilities, and career satisfaction. Three measures of research productivity were empirically defined: research publications, grant awards, and grant revenue.

Results:
Responses were received from 86% of 123 EM programs. Productivity was associated with the presence of nonclinical faculty, dedicated research coordinators, and reduced clinical hours for research faculty. Programs with an RD did not have greater research productivity, using any measure, than those without an RD. The majority of RDs cited pursuing their own studies, obtaining funding, research mentoring, and research administration to be major responsibilities. The majority characterized internal research funding, grant development support, and support from other faculty as inadequate. Most RDs are satisfied with their careers and expect to remain in the position for three or more years.

Conclusions:
Research productivity of EM residency programs is associated with the presence of dedicated research faculty and staff and with reduced clinical demands for research faculty. Despite perceiving deficiencies in important resources, most RDs are professionally satisfied.
Synthesis and Structure of Novel Organo(siloxo)platinum Complexes. Facile Reduction by Dihydrogen
Authors: Fukuoka Atsushi , Sato Akihiro , Mizuho Yuji , Hirano Masafumi , Komiya Sanshiro
Published: April 2006

Novel mono- and dinuclear organo(siloxo)platinum complexes PtR(OSiPh3)(cod) (R = Me, Ph) and [{PtMe(cod)O}Ph2Si]2O have been prepared and characterized. The molecular structure of PtPh(OSiPh3)(cod) has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. The activity for reduction of PtMe(OSiPh3)(cod) and PtMe(OPh)(cod) by H2 is higher than that of PtMe2(cod).
Regie-Control of Formal [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of 5-Alkoxyoxazoles with Diethyl Oxomalonate
Authors: Suga Hiroyuki , Shi Xiaolan , Ibata Toshikazu
Published: April 2006

Tin(IV) chloride-catalyzed formal [3 + 2] cycloadditions of 5-alkoxy-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)- or 2-phenyloxazoles with diethyl oxomalonate gave 2-oxazoline-4,5,5-tricarboxylates in high regioselectivity. 4-Substituted 5-alkoxy-2-methyloxazoles showed a trend to shift the regioselectivity to offer more 3-oxazoline-2,5,5-tricarboxylates in terms of regioselectivity than 2-oxazolines.
π-Conjugated Charge Transfer Polymer Constituted of Electron-donating Thiophene and Electron-withdrawing Quinoxaline
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Kanbara Takaki , Ooba Naoki , Tomaru Satoru
Published: April 2006

Palladium-catalyzed polycondensation between 2,5-bis(trimethylstannyl)thiophene and 5,8-dibromoquinoxaline derivatives gives soluble new π-conjugated polymers, which exhibit absorption bands at 575 ± 30 nm assignable to intramolecular charge transfer bands and show the three-photon resonant third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) of about 5 × 10−11 esu.
Imidazolate-mediated Antiferromagnetic Coupling between Fe(III) Ions in Rigidly-linked Porphyrin Dimers and Trimers
Authors: Naruta Yoshinori , Sawada Nobuyuki , Tadokoro Makoto
Published: April 2006

1,8-Anthracene- and o-phenylene-linked iron(III) porphyrin dimers and the trimer were synthesized. Their Fe(III) ions were ligated by imidazolate(s) in the molecular creft to form the corresponding low-spin complexes. Relatively large imidazolate-mediated antiferromagnetic exchange coupling (−J = 15.3–29.4 cm−1) between the Fe(III) ions is observed by means of their esr and magnetic susceptibility measurements.
Second–Harmonic Generation from the Monolayers of Rare Earth Complexes Et2NC6H4CH=CHC5H4NC16H33Ln(TTA)4 (Ln = La, Nd, Dy, Yb)
Authors: Wang Ke Zhi , Jiang Wei , Huang Chun Hui , Xu Guang Xian , Xu Ling Ge , Li Tian Kai , Zhao Xin Sheng , Xie Xiao Ming
Published: April 2006

The LB films of four hemicyanine salts with rare earth complex anions were prepared. From second-harmonic generation experiments, the second-order molecular hyperpolarizability β was evaluated to be about 2 × 10−27e. s. u. Enhanced second-order nonlinearity compared with the hemicyanine bromide was discussed according to the crystal structure of a model complex. The results of UV-Vis, IR and low angle X-ray diffraction for the LB films are also reported.
Formal Synthesis of a Unsaturated Trihydroxy C-18 Fatty Acid
Authors: Sharma Pradeep Kumar
Published: April 2006

Stereoselective synthesis of (4R,5S)-2,2-dimethyl-5-[(Z)-2-pentenyl]-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxaldehyde, a key intermediate for the synthesis of (9S,12S,13S)-trihydroxy-(10E,15Z)-octadecadienoic acid starting from cis-butene-1,4-diol, is described.
Recovery of Nickel and Vanadium from a Fly Ash of Bitumen-in-Water Emulsion by Chemical Vapor Transport
Authors: Murase Kuniaki , Nishikawa Ken-ichi , Machida Ken-ichi , Adachi Gin-ya
Published: April 2006

Nickel and vanadium in a fly ash of bitumen-in-water emulsion, as a new fuel, were recovered with the yields of 67 and ∼100%, respectively, by a high temperature chlorination and a subsequent chemical vapor transport along temperature gradient. To use a vapor complex former, Al2Cl6(g), increased the yield of the nickel, and to optimize the temperature gradient reduced the contamination of magnesium in the recovered nickel.
Asymmetric Carbene C–O Insertion Reaction Using Optically Active Bipyridine-Copper Complex as a Catalyst. Ring Expansion of Oxetanes to Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Ito Katsuji , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: April 2006

Copper complex of (7R,7R′)-7,7′-di(1-t-butyldimethylsiloxy-1-methylethyl)-6,6′,7,7′-tetrahydro-5H,5′H-2,2′-bi-1,1′-pyrindine (3) was found to be an effective catalyst for asymmetric carbene insertion reaction into the C-O bond of oxetanes. For example, the reaction of dl-2-phenyloxetane and t-butyl diazoacetate in the presence of Cu-3 complex provided trans- and cis-t-butyl 3-phenyltetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylate of 75% ee and 81% ee, respectively.
Simultaneous Epoxidation of 1-Hexene and Hydroxylation of Benzene during Electrolysis of Water
Authors: Otsuka Kiyoshi , Yamanaka Ichiro , Hagiwara Makoto
Published: April 2006

Epoxidation of 1-hexene and hydroxylation of benzene to phenol and hydroquinone occurred at the same time on the anode and the cathode, respectively, during electrolysis of water at room temperature. The most favorable anode and the cathode for these reactions were Pt black and the carbon whisker added with Pd black and Fe2O3, respectively.
Reaction of ortho-Azidohetarenecarbaldehydes with bis(Trimethylsilyl)sulfide. A Novel Route to Fused Isothiazoles
Authors: Degl’innocenti Alessandro , Funicello Maria , Scafato Patrizia , Spagnolo Piero
Published: April 2006

o-Azidohetarenecarbaldehydes react with bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide and hydrochloric acid to give fused isothiazoles in yields strongly dependent upon the nature of the heteroaromatic ring through intramolecular cyclization reaction of presumable intermediate o-azidocarbothialdehydes.
Preparation and X-Ray Structure Analysis of 3,3-Diphenyl-2-(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,2-thiaphosphirane
Authors: Toyota Kozo , Shimura Kazuho , Takahashi Hiroaki , Yoshifuji Masaaki
Published: April 2006

Reaction of low coordinated 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)phosphaethene with elemental sulfur afforded the corresponding 1,2-thiaphosphirane 2-sulfide 6 via methylene(thioxo)phosphorane 5. Desulfurization reaction of 6 gave the corresponding thiaphosphirane 7 and the structure was analyzed by X-ray crystallography. Valence isomerism between 5 and 7 by heat or light was studied.
α-Umpolung of Ketones via Enol Cation Radicals. Mechanistic and Synthetic Aspects
Authors: Schmittel Michael , Levis Michael
Published: April 2006

The novel α-Umpolung of ketones via intermediate enol cation radicals has been explored mechanistically and tested for different nucleophiles that are compatible to the oxidative conditions. The rate of the reaction was determined indicating that enolization takes place prior to the one-electron oxidation step.
Synthesis and Structural Features of a Series of κ3SNS Pincer Complexes of Group 10 Metals σ-Bonded to Centered Pyrrolate Unit
Authors: Okamoto Ken , Kanbara Takaki , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: April 2006

N-Metalation of N,N′-dibenzyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarbothioamide afforded new pincer complexes of group 10 metals with κ3SNS-type coordination. Molecular structures of the complexes were characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Surface Ignition of Aluminum in Oxygen
Authors: Chiffoleau G , Newton B , Holroyd NJH , Havercroft S
Published: April 2006

Published reports of burning aluminum in oxygen using ASTM G 124-type testing demonstrated that aluminum alloys are difficult to ignite but once ignited are extremely flammable in terms of regression rate and energy release. The ignition resistance of aluminum is associated with its tenacious and protective oxide, which allows aluminum to safely contain high-pressure oxygen in certain applications. The ignitability of aluminum varies between alloys and surface treatments so a test method was developed to evaluate the ignitability of various aluminum surfaces. The test method uses a promoted ignition chamber consistent with ASTM G 124 testing; however, the test sample is configured in the shape of a coupon. Instead of promoting the sample with an electrically heated wire, a controlled electrical arc is generated by drawing an electrode away from the center of the coupon while passing current through the sample. The level of energy applied to the surface of the coupon is semi-quantifiable and kept constant between tests. Based on this semi-quantifiable amount of energy, an ignition pressure is established and the influence of alloy composition and surface treatments on aluminum is evaluated.
Application of Low Plasticity Burnishing (LPB) to Improve the Fatigue Performance of Ti-6Al-4V Femoral Hip Stems
Authors: Hornbach DJ , Prevey PS , Loftus EF
Published: April 2006

Low plasticity burnishing (LPB) is a surface enhancement method that produces a deep layer of compressive residual stress with minimal cold working and an improved surface finish. Extensive fatigue testing, performed on numerous metal alloys in simulated environmental conditions, demonstrates that LPB significantly improves fatigue strength of highly stressed components. LPB is a flexible process, capable of being implemented on a wide variety of CNC machine tools. A product-specific LPB process was developed and applied to the modular neck taper junction of a Ti-6Al-4V total hip prosthesis (THP). LPB produced a compressive residual stress field with an improved surface finish, which enhanced component fatigue strength and resistance to fretting damage. X-ray diffraction (XRD) residual stress measurements, made before and after LPB application, are shown. High cycle fatigue (HCF) results obtained on LPB-processed hip stems are shown along with baseline data for unprocessed hip stems. HCF tests demonstrate complete elimination of fretting fatigue failures in the LPB processed area of the taper junction and a substantial increase in overall THP fatigue strength.
Sorption of Cm(III) onto different Feldspar surfaces: a TRLFS study
Authors: Stumpf Silvia , Stumpf Th. , Walther C. , Bosbach Dirk , Fanghänel Thomas
Published: April 2006

The pH dependent sorption of Cm(III) onto alkali Feldspars (albite and orthoclase) is investigated by time resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) in the pH range from 3.4 to 9.4. Three single components are calculated from the raw spectra for both feldspar systems. The first component which corresponds to the Cm(III) aquo ion has a peak maximum at 593.8 nm and a fluorescence emission lifetime of 68±4 μs. This lifetime corresponds to a Cm(III) coordination of nine water molecules in the first coordination sphere of the actinide ion. The second component with a peak maximum at 601.4 nm corresponds to an adsorbed species. Its lifetime of 107±3 μs indicates a reduction of coordinating H2O/OH− ligands from nine to five caused by inner-sphere complex formation. The third component (603.6 nm) can be attributed to another sorption species. The corresponding lifetime is again 107±3 μs. Hence the number of coordinating ligands remains constant while the ligand field changes caused by the hydrolysis of the sorbed Cm(III).

In a further set of experiments the Cm(III) sorption onto albite which is altered at pH 6.0 and pH 9.0 is also investigated by TRLFS. Independent of the dissolution and different surface morphologies caused by the alteration process the same Cm(III) species are formed as found for the sorption onto the untreated albite surface. With regard to the clarification of a feldspar dissolution mechanism the TRLFS results of the Cm(III) sorption onto altered feldspar surfaces give no evidence for a dissolution-reprecipitation based alteration mechanism.
Alternate-Day Feeding Strategy for Nile Tilapia Grow Out in the Philippines: Marginal Cost-Revenue Analyses
Authors: Bolivar Remedios B , Jimenez Eddie Boy T , Brown Christopher L
Published: April 2006

Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were produced in an experimental, on-farm grow-out cycle in which economic and production efficiencies were partially examined. Milled feeds were provided either daily (control) or on alternate days (experimental) at a given percentage of body weight, ranging from 20% initially to 2% at the end of the experiment. Growth, survival, feed conversion efficiency, cost, yield, and income were considered under the two strategies. Although the cost of feeds was cut in half by the experimental feeding treatment, feeding on alternate days did not reduce Nile tilapia growth or production performance variables, and yields were not significantly different. A trend favoring larger fish among the controls was not significant, and profit margins were higher for the alternate-day feeding strategy than for the control strategy. Although feed conversion ratios varied considerably among the nine participating farms, the improved efficiency in the experimental groups was consistently observed and was statistically significant. It is possible that the improved performance attained by alternate-day feeding is a result of reduced feed waste, either through more complete consumption of or improved nutrient absorption from available feeds.
Changes in Fish Assemblage Structure Upstream of Impoundments within the Upper Wabash River Basin, Indiana
Authors: Guenther Cameron B. , Spacie Anne
Published: April 2006

The effects of dams and impoundments on downstream fish assemblages have been well documented, but changes in fish assemblages in upstream tributaries have received little attention. We compared changes in abundance and composition in fish assemblages in streams fragmented by impoundments with those found in nearby unfragmented streams by sampling fish, in‐stream habitat, physicochemical factors, and drainage features in 22 agriculturally dominated streams during the summers of 2002 and 2003. Eleven sampling sites were tributaries upstream of impoundments, while 11 were tributaries of free‐flowing rivers. We tested the hypothesis that fish assemblages upstream of impoundments would differ from those found in streams without impoundments. Using multiple regression and canonical correspondence analysis, we partitioned the variation in species distributions into that explained by in‐stream habitat, reach‐level factors, drainage features, and temporal variation. Spatial patterns of species distributions indicated significant upstream effects of impoundment, fragmentation being the single largest predictor of species distributions. Mean fluvial specialist richness was significantly greater in unfragmented (6 species/reach) than in fragmented streams (3 species/reach), whereas mean fluvial generalist richness was significantly greater in fragmented (12 species/reach) than unfragmented streams (8 species/reach). A shift in piscivore abundance and composition was also observed, with smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and redfin pickerel Esox americanus replaced by largemouth bass M. salmoides and white bass Morone chrysops in the streams fragmented by impoundments. Additionally, greater total richness and piscivore abundance was observed in tributaries upstream of impoundments. Unfragmented streams showed a significantly lower total abundance of piscivores (7 fish/reach) than upstream tributaries of impoundments (14 fish/reach). The downstream presence of an impoundment led to significant homogenization of fish assemblages through a significant increase in generalist richness and abundance in fragmented streams and a shift in the abundance and type of piscivores.
Factors Contributing to the Physiological Disturbance in Walleyes during Simulated Live‐Release Angling Tournaments
Authors: Killen Shaun S. , Suski Cory D. , Cooke Steven J. , Philipp David P. , Tufts Bruce L.
Published: April 2006

The goal of the current study was to examine the physiological disturbances in walleyes Sander vitreus that occurred during the different phases of a live‐release angling tournament. To achieve this, we took blood and white muscle samples from walleyes during experiments that simulated different aspects of a live‐release tournament (angling, live‐well confinement, and weigh‐in procedure). In accordance with recent findings for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, the physiological disturbance experienced by tournament walleyes results mainly from two distinct bouts of anaerobic metabolism occurring during angling and the weigh‐in procedure. These periods are characterized by large increases in white muscle and plasma lactate concentrations, reductions in white muscle ATP, phosphocreatine, and glycogen and a significant cardiac disturbance. The physiological effects of angling are already well understood, but the physiological disturbance that occurs during the weigh‐in procedure of tournaments has received little attention. In view of the results from our tournament simulations, a final set of experiments was conducted to examine more closely the bout of anaerobic metabolism experienced by walleyes during the tournament weigh‐in. The results of these experiments showed that the magnitude of the physiological disturbance in tournament‐caught walleyes is directly related to the duration of air exposure occurring during the weigh‐in. Based on these findings, we suggest that to reduce the physiological disturbance experienced by tournament‐caught walleyes, tournament organizers should strive to minimize air exposure during the weigh‐in procedure.
Migration Depths of Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Relative to Total Dissolved Gas Supersaturation in a Columbia River Reservoir
Authors: Beeman John W. , Maule Alec G.
Published: April 2006

The in situ depths of juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. were studied to determine whether hydrostatic compensation was sufficient to protect them from gas bubble disease (GBD) during exposure to total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation from a regional program of spill at dams meant to improve salmonid passage survival. Yearling Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and juvenile steelhead O. mykiss implanted with pressure‐sensing radio transmitters were monitored from boats while they were migrating between the tailrace of Ice Harbor Dam on the Snake River and the forebay of McNary Dam on the Columbia River during 1997–1999. The TDG generally decreased with distance from the tailrace of the dam and was within levels known to cause GBD signs and mortality in laboratory bioassays. Results of repeated‐measures analysis of variance indicated that the mean depths of juvenile steelhead were similar throughout the study area, ranging from 2.0 m in the Snake River to 2.3 m near the McNary Dam forebay. The mean depths of yearling Chinook salmon generally increased with distance from Ice Harbor Dam, ranging from 1.5 m in the Snake River to 3.2 m near the forebay. Juvenile steelhead were deeper at night than during the day, and yearling Chinook salmon were deeper during the day than at night. The TDG level was a significant covariate in models of the migration depth and rates of each species, but no effect of fish size was detected. Hydrostatic compensation, along with short exposure times in the area of greatest TDG, reduced the effects of TDG exposure below those generally shown to elicit GBD signs or mortality. Based on these factors, our results indicate that the TDG limits of the regional spill program were safe for these juvenile salmonids.
Management's Responsibility to Society: The Growth of an Idea
Authors: Heald Morrell
Published: April 2006

Even in laissez-faire days there was a “corporate conscience,” well defined and with active, if limited, manifestations. Over the course of years not only criticism but changing social forces and modifications of the economic system itself exerted a broadening influence on the attitude of American business toward its public responsibilities.
The American Business Community and Cleveland's Venezuelan Message
Authors: LaFeber Walter
Published: April 2006

The President's determined foreign policy pronouncement focused attention upon both the lack of unanimity in business circles and a surprising capacity for independent American action in international finance. For historians, the Venezuelan Message is a challenge inviting efforts to probe the depth and longevity of cleavage between public policy sentiment in the financial and industrial-mercantile sectors of the economy.
Hamilton MacFarland Barksdale and The Du Pont Contributions to Systematic Management
Authors: Dale Ernest , Meloy Charles
Published: April 2006

This article establishes the contributions of a pioneer American thinker to the theory of administration, scientific management, and the theory (and practice) of human relations. Barksdale did not publish his ideas widely, and his contributions are best known through the men he trained and his own managerial success at Du Pont and General Motors.
Dr. Gesner's Kerosene: The Start of American Oil Refining
Authors: Beaton Kendall
Published: April 2006

Accounts of the “birth of the petroleum industry” traditionally have emphasized the discovery and exploitation of early oil fields. Equally important, however, was the growth of a market for the production of those fields. Little information has hitherto been available about Dr. Abraham Gesner and his Kerosene Works. Here was one of the significant origin points for a major industrial development. Gesner's story, interesting in itself, contributes greatly to an understanding of all phases of the early petroleum industry.
Recent Developments in American Business Administration and their Conceptualization
Authors: Chandler Alfred D. , Redlich Fritz
Published: April 2006

The following article appeared in the March, 1961, issue of the Weltwirt-Schaftliche Archiv, published since 1913 by the Institut für Weltwirt-Schaft an der Universität Kiel. Because of the pertinence and broad interest of the study, publication in America seemed highly desirable. Reproduction rights were graciously extended by Dr. Anton Zottmann, editor of the Archiv, and by the authors. The article is printed here directly from galley proof supplied by the Archiv. Commentaries by American scholars will be published in a subsequent issue of the Business History Review.
The Promoting and the Financing of the Suez Canal
Authors: Baer Werner
Published: April 2006

This timely account of the hunching of the Suez Canal project reveals both sides of the coin of innovation. It is, on the one hand, a study of the character and methods of one of the most famous innovators of the nineteenth century. Ferdinand DeLesseps was not a politician, a financier, an engineer, a promoter (in the common sense of the word), or a businessman. Yet he succeeded brilliantly in a venture requiring consummate mastery of all these professional fields. On the other hand is revealed the waterway itself — vital to one civilization, useless and neglected in another, and then of transcendent importance as world history marched on. Realization of the grand scheme envisaged by the Pharaohs came at last when economic and political factors momentarily aligned in a pattern of opportunity for a unique set of entrepreneurial qualifications.
The American Businessman at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Sears Marian V.
Published: April 2006

The attitudes and preoccupations of businessmen at any given time are deemed important by historians both as clues to and reasons for business action. The year 1900 is a promising one in which to probe those attitudes and preoccupations because at that time a great many important characteristics of the business community were undergoing rapid change. Examination of business literature of the day suggests that the businessman of 1900 was preoccupied with the merger movement and with labor agitation, with shifting distribution patterns, and with trade association activity. His concern with financial techniques and public relations was intense, if erratic, and he was preoccupied with problems of administrative structure. He was, in short, concerned with those developments commonly emphasized by historians, but with so much more besides as to suggest several new research avenues. Surprising results emerge when business attitudes and preoccupations of 1900 are compared with those of 1956.
The Fabulous Billy Durant
Authors: Rae John B.
Published: April 2006

Durant has been described as “the most picturesque, spectacular, and aggressive figure in the chronicles of American automobiledom” but he was much more than this. His career is a chssic study in the dual abilities, promotional and administrative, that created and nourished big business in America. Ultimate personal disaster grew out of Durant's failure to strike a balance between the two, yet his genius left imperishable marks, and his luster as the symbol of an era is untarnished.
The Electric Vehicle Company: A Monopoly that Missed
Authors: Rae John B.
Published: April 2006

Attempts to monopolize the automobile industry began early in its history but were never successful because the industry possessed characteristics which made monopolization exceptionally difficult. The first of these efforts provides an illuminating example of business failure resulting from avoidable errors of judgment. The Electric Vehicle Company began its operations on the assumption that the electric automobile was going to be the dominant type; when this became demonstrably a bad guess, the company tried to compensate by using the Selden patent to collect royalties from the manufacturers of gasoline automobiles. This scheme likewise misfired, and the company collapsed into bankruptcy. The scheme also brought disaster to the Pope Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut, which abandoned a very promising position of leadership in the automobile field in order to participate in a highly speculative enterprise.
The Concentration of Banking Power in Nevada: An Historical Analysis
Authors: Barsalou F. W.
Published: April 2006

Nevada commercial banking has, from the start, been successively dominated by three organizations. The fact that these organizations rose to power under differing circumstances and by differing means suggests how deep-rooted and long-lived the propensity toward, economic concentration in some environments may be. In such environments the manner in which quasi-monopolistic powers are exercised has real cogency. Under two of the three historical situations studied, service to the consumer has not been noticeably different from that provided in more competitive banking areas.
The NAM and the Congressional Investigations of 1913: A Case Study in the Suppression of Evidence
Authors: Steigerwalt A. K.
Published: April 2006

Over a famous Congressional investigation lies the shadow of evidence suppressed for political reasons and long ignored by scholars, who by too glib acceptance of the printed testimony have perpetuated bias as historical fact.
The Story of the Alberti Company of Florence, 1302–1348, as Revealed in Its Account Books
Authors: de Roover Raymond
Published: April 2006

This study is an attempt to reconstruct the history of a medieval company on the basis of the extant fragments of its account books, the only surviving records. Despite the incompleteness of the data, it was possible to reach important conclusions and to show that the continued existence of a medieval firm depended on the same factors as today: coordination, efficient management, and effective control. The records also shed interesting light on personnel relations, adjustment to new trends, and the attitude of the merchants toward the Church.
The Beginnings of “Big Business” in American Industry
Authors: Chandler Alfred D.
Published: April 2006

The growth of big business in America in the last two decades of the nineteenth century was primarily a response to the rise of urban markets — a result, in turn, of the spreading railroad network. Then, as a new century began to unfold, the dominant influence upon big business development came to be technological. Discernible patterns of integration, combination, diversification, and administration influenced and were influenced by the rise of huge companies and oligopolistic industries. Price competition yielded to other weapons, and the economy adjusted to make room for the young giants in its midst.
Business History Resources in the National Archives
Authors: Fishbein Meyer H.
Published: April 2006

Many opportunities for fruitful research emerge from this survey of those holdings of the National Archives which are pertinent to the historical study of government-business relationships in the United States.
Fashion, Sumptuary Laws, and Business
Authors: Freudenberger Herman
Published: April 2006

A remarkable instance of the interaction of business, society, and government unfolds in this study of the origins and effects of seventeenth-and eighteenth-century restrictions on luxury.
The Performance of the British Machine-Tool Industry in the Interwar Years
Authors: Aldcroft Derek H.
Published: April 2006

The modest growth of the British machine-tool industry between the World Wars is here traced to competitive weaknesses in production methods and marketing arrangements.
The Study of the History of Industrial Enterprises in Czechoslovakia since 1945
Authors: Lehár Bohumil , Myška Milan
Published: April 2006

The philosophy and accomplishments of Czech historians of industrial enterprise are surveyed by two leading scholars.
The Mississippi River: St. Louis' Friend or Foe?
Authors: Lemly James H.
Published: April 2006

Professor Lemly explores the blind loyalty of a city to a river, describes the ambivalence that characterized the city's leaders when railroads offered an alternate means of inter-regional transporty and analyzes the eventual efforts of St. Louis to make the most of both river and rails.
Government-Business Relations in India
Authors: Varshney R. L.
Published: April 2006

The present policies and problems of government-business relations in India are examined by Professor Varshney against the background of his nation's historical experience.
The Personality and Career of Hikojirō Nakamigawa, 1887–1901
Authors: Yui Tsunehiko
Published: April 2006

Hikojirō Nakamigawa, the famous head of the Sanyō Railway and the huge Mitsui business combine, has long been characterized by historians as the epitome of the modern entrepreneur. In this article, Professor Yui, after a brief survey of the highlights of Nakamigawa's career, challenges the traditional interpretation by presenting a more balanced view of this controversial figure.
Tobacco Marketing in Venezuela, 1798–1799: An Aspect of Spanish Mercantilistic Revisionism
Authors: Bierck Harold A.
Published: April 2006

As Spanish mercantilism sagged in the late eighteenth century, a host of “foreign” traders probed her colonies. This account of one North American group is illustrative of the process of change.
Foreign and National Enterprise in Nineteenth-Century Colombia
Authors: Safford Frank
Published: April 2006

The energy and interplay of Latin American and foreign businessmen in enduring the uncertainties of independence and the obstacles of nature are underscored in this example from the Colombian experience.
“A Newly Appreciated Art:” The Development of Personnel Work at Leeds & Northrup, 1915–1923
Authors: Nelson Daniel
Published: April 2006

Pressures for expansion of production brought by World War I caused labor problems which led many American manufacturers to begin organized personnel work. Morris E. Leeds, despite setbacks caused by the 1920–1921 recession, succeeded in creating one of the most comprehensive employee programs in the United States.
Fish and Flour for Gold: Southern Europe and the Colonial American Balance of Payments
Authors: Lydon James G.
Published: April 2006

A neglected trade and its commodities are emphasized in Professor Lydon's consideration of the colonial merchants' search for profitable returns to England.
Secretary Taney and the Baltimore Pets: A Study in Banking and Politics
Authors: Gatell Frank Otto
Published: April 2006

The interaction of business and political goals and strategies is emphasized in this critique of a key state bank's role in national affairs of the 1830's.
The Entrepreneurial Spirit in Rhode Island History
Authors: Coleman Peter J.
Published: April 2006

Once vigorously creative in adapting to environmental deficiencies or change, Rhode Island businessmen became increasingly passive and defensive as the nineteenth century progressed. The evolution of this initially dynamic spirit and the effects of its erosion on Rhode Island's economy form a suggestive study of the interaction of businessmen and their environment over time.
The Auction System in the Port of New York, 1817–1837
Authors: Cohen Ira
Published: April 2006

Professor Cohen recounts the operations of the famed auction system in New York, suggesting reasons for its success in the years after the War of 1812 and its decline in the decade of the 1830's.
The Evolution of Commercial Credit Reporting Agencies in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Madison James H.
Published: April 2006

Professor Madison examines the formative decades of an important new industry in the nineteenth-century American economy. Overcoming a wide range of problems and challenges, firms such as the Bradstreet and the Dun agencies became established enterprises by the end of the century primarily because they effectively met new needs in a changing business environment.
Damming the Flood: British Government Efforts to Check the Outflow of Technicians and Machinery, 1780–1843
Authors: Jeremy David J.
Published: April 2006

In the waning decades of the age of mercantilism, Great Britain intensified her efforts to keep at home the new industrial technology—technicians and machines—that the inventiveness of her people had produced. From his researches in the records of the Board of Trade, which played a major role in coordinating these efforts, Mr. Jeremy shows that as time wore on the policy of prohibiting emigration and exports became more and more internally contradictory and incapable of enforcement despite great ingenuity on the part of those responsible.
Qum-1956: A Misadventure in Iranian Oil
Authors: Rosenberg Robert L.
Published: April 2006

Professor Rosenberg describes an unsuccessful attempt by four international businessmen to obtain oil concessions in Iran during a period of concern about oil supplies. The incident illuminates some of the hidden politics of international business activity.
The United States and the Reconstruction of Germany in the 1920s
Authors: Costigliola Frank
Published: April 2006

The foreign economic policy of the United States in the aftermath of World War I was not isolationist, but selectively interventionist. With a group of very able American businessmen-diplomats in the lead, the nation pressured the French to accept the Dawes Plan, which, it was hoped, would solve the reparations problem, encourage healthy economic recovery and growth (which would embrace large sales of American capital goods to Germany), and ensure peaceful contentment in two nations that were more bitter enemies than ever. But, Professor Costigliola shows, a plan to rebuild Germany that was half private business and half foreign policy, and that was manipulated to both ends, could not succeed in the marketplace, where it had to live or die.
American Manufacturers and Foreign Markets, 1870–1900: Business Historians and the “New Economic Determinists”
Authors: Becker William H.
Published: April 2006

Recent diplomatic historians have explained much of American expansionism at the end of the nineteenth century as the product of domestic industrial overcapacity and the resulting need to seek foreign markets. Evidence of business behavior, however, indicates that overseas expansion and exports were not a very important avenue through which U.S. businessmen sought to control prices and output. Indeed, in most of the industries which did engage in significant foreign activities, their expansion was usually the result of genuine competitive advantages rather than a sign of economic ill health.
Maritime Business History: A Reconnaissance of Records, Sources, and Prospects
Authors: Wilson Alan
Published: April 2006

Professor Wilson surveys existing materials for the historical study of business in Canada's Maritime provinces and considers the outlook for future studies of that region.
Management Accounting in an Early Multidivisional Organization: General Motors in the 1920s
Authors: Thomas Johnson H.
Published: April 2006

Introduction of the multidivisional enterprise, which has generally replaced the functional or departmental form of organization in the twentieth century, required management accounting techniques that provided both divisional and top management with data with which to evaluate individual managers' performance, company-wide performance, and future company policy. Professor Johnson discusses the development of these controls at General Motors, the results obtained with them in practice, and their alleged shortcomings, especially in respect to division managers' attitudes towards constructive decisions that might tend to limit in the short run the rate of return on the investment entrusted to them. He concludes with some observations on the influence that organization has had on corporate goals.
The Evolution of Municipal Accounting in the United States: 1900–1935
Authors: Potts James H.
Published: April 2006

The American city, following a half-century of rapid and choatic growth, was the subject of much attention after 1900. Efforts to reform its political structure and to improve and expand its service facilities demanded improvements in municipal accounting procedures as well. Professor Potts discusses the relative merits of commercial accounting, as applied to cities, and of new philosophies of accounting advanced in the light of the city's unique place in society. He explains how cities have oscillated between the two approaches, and concludes that the problem may be more adaptable to accounting philosophies designed for profit-making enterprises than has been generally supposed.
Petrobrás: The Politicizing of a State Company, 1953–1964
Authors: Smith Peter Seaborn
Published: April 2006

Mr. Smith explores the troubled history of the Brazilian state-owned oil company, Petrobrás, pointing out the difficulties of achieving economic development through such institutions when domestic politics strongly influence the companies' economic decisions.
Bolton Ogden & Co.: A Case Study in Anglo-American Trade, 1790–1850
Authors: Killick John R.
Published: April 2006

This study of the history of a large group of merchants directing Anglo-American commerce from the end of the eighteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century analyzes major long-run changes in the organization and functions of mercantile institutions in that important period.
Technological Change and the Theory of the Firm: The American Locomotive Industry, 1920–1955
Authors: Marx Thomas G.
Published: April 2006

This study analyzes the differing managerial behavior of the three dominant firms in the steam locomotive oligopoly as diesel locomotives replaced steam.
Technological and Managerial Innovation: The Johnson Company, 1883–1898
Authors: Massouh Michael
Published: April 2006

The Johnson Company was initially innovative in both a technological and a managerial sense, but its technically-oriented inventor-managers proved unable to provide creative leadership once the enterprise had passed through its early, technologically creative period.
Perspectives on American Industrial Violence
Authors: Gitelman H. M.
Published: April 2006

Professor Gitelman suggests that the causes of industrial violence were similar in the United States and Europe, and that the apparently higher incidence of strike violence in this country was due to the greater willingness and/or ability of American management to utilize strategies of replacing striking workers and deploying armed men.
Regulation in America
Authors: McCraw Thomas K.
Published: April 2006

Professor McCraw surveys the state of the art of understanding regulatory commissions in American history, evaluating the relevant literature in history, economics, political science, and law.
Bureaucrats, Businessmen, and Foreign Trade: The Origins of the United States Chamber of Commerce
Authors: Werking Richard Hume
Published: April 2006

Rapid changes in the relationship between business and government from 1890 onwards brought a growing desire for a better exchange of ideas and information and, particularly, for a national organization that would facilitate this exchange. While the United States Chamber of Commerce has been viewed almost universally as the outcome of efforts by businessmen, Professor Werking shows that it was a few government bureaucrats, notably in the relatively new and ambitious Department of Commerce and Labor, who, with the support of the Secretary and the White House, became the decisive factor in the birth of the Chamber in 1912.
The Development of the Franchise Distribution System in the U.S. Automobile Industry
Authors: Marx Thomas G.
Published: April 2006

In this note on the history of automobile distribution methods in the United States, Dr. Marx examines the development of franchised dealerships. He traces the changes in the nature of consumer demand and the growing complexity in relations between manufacturers and their sales force that led to the predominance of the independent dealer franchise in the automobile “distribution channel.”
American Business Philanthropy and Higher Education in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Wren Daniel A.
Published: April 2006

Nineteenth century America witnessed the expansion of business enterprise as well as the extension of a system of higher education. Business philanthropy played a substantial role in higher education by filling the gap between the church-supported colleges of the colonial period and the state colleges and universities of later years. The philanthropy of American business leaders provided for scientific and polytechnical schools, opened colleges for women, extended new opportunities for black “freedmen,” and created the first undergraduate and graduate schools of business. Although nineteenth century law prohibited corporate philanthropy and offered no tax incentives, business leaders gave because they thought that they were stewards of wealth, they saw a need for practical education, they wished to create memorials for loved ones, and they desired to meet the needs of special groups of individuals.
Business History and Legal History
Authors: Keller Morton
Published: April 2006

It may well be that the present will stand as a golden age in the historiography of American business and American law. Both fields have flourished – indeed, flowered – in recent years. Perhaps the best measure of this is the fact that the 1978 winners of the Bancroft Prize in American History were Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.'sThe Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Businessand Morton J. Horwitz'sThe Transformation of American Law 1780–1860, each a notable work in its own right, each a summation of sorts of the recent evolution of its field of historical inquiry.
The Emergence of Managerial Capitalism
Authors: Chandler Alfred D.
Published: April 2006

In this article, Professor Chandler compares and contrasts the emergence of managerial capitalism in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and Japan. Though he observes that large firms tended to evolve according to a common pattern, he is equally impressed by international differences in the pace, timing, and character of change.
Entrepreneurial Typologies in the History of Industrial Italy (1880–1960)
Authors: Amatori Franco
Published: April 2006

Those who in the past twenty years have examined the historiography of industrial Italy cannot help but recognize its “backwardness” when compared to similar studies in other countries, particularly those of American entrepreneurial history. Various reasons have been given to justify this “backwardness,” such as the excessive humanistic tradition of Italian historical studies, the relatively scarce statistical data available on Italian industry, and the poor condition of industrial archives. But, above all, it has been observed that “enterprise,” “entrepreneurs,” and “entrepreneurship” are concepts not especially sympathetic to Italian historiographical culture. First, there is an ideological suspicion, which suggests that to investigate these topics impliesper sea favorable attitude. Second, there is a diffuse conviction according to which it is necessary to utilize explanations other than free initiative, and, particularly to stress the role of the State, in order to understand Italian economic development.
Industrial Organization and Technological Change: The Decline of the British Cotton Industry
Authors: Lazonick William
Published: April 2006

In this important study Professor Lazonick provides an astute reappraisal of why Britain's once dominant economy has failed to meet the challenges of international competition in the twentieth century. The vehicle for his discussion is cotton manufacture, the industry which, through the technological and commercial innovations of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, made Britain the leading industrial power. Among Dr. Lazonick's questions are why did Britain's preeminance in this industry come to an end? Why did technological innovation yield to stagnation? Why did inefficient modes of economic organization persist in the face of manifest inadequacy? And what does the history of this industry have to teach us about recent economic theory?
The New Left and American Foreign Policy during the Age of Normalcy: A Re-examination
Authors: Braeman John
Published: April 2006

Recent years have seen the so-called New Left school of historiography cut a wide swath through the study of American diplomacy. Reacting at least in part to the exigencies of the Vietnam War, as well as to older schools of diplomatic history, its adherents have molded a point of view that has emphasized economic factors as the driving force in American foreign policy. In this essay. Dr. Braeman focuses on the 1920s, a crucial decade in New Left thinking. After probing the intellectual origins of this school of thought, he brings historical statistics to bear in his analysis of American investment abroad, the conduct of American policymakers, and the contending interpretations of American foreign policy.