bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoration of Structural Timber Elements Using Epoxy Resin: Analysis of Mechanical Properties
Authors: da Silva Bertolini Marília , de Macedo Laurenn Borges , de Almeida Diego Henrique , Icimoto Felipe Hideyoshi , Rocco Lahr Francisco Antonio
Published: September 2013

Brazil cultural heritage is composed by numerous constructions that describe the various historical periods lived by country. Constructions arent in good conservation status, showing systematically some deterioration level of their structural elements, among them those of wood. Restoration process aims to preserve the identity of original cultural heritage. It is essential maintain structural characteristics related to mechanical loads response which are closely dependent on wood properties avoiding possible structural shocks. Wood deterioration can be characterized by fungi decay or termite attack. Depending on level and position of the deteriorated area in structural set, local interventions are enough to maintain structural integrity. Polymeric resins are material options that can be used when removed these deteriorated regions, requiring compatibility with wood to maintain structural elements properties. This paper aims use of a technical for restoring structural timber from historic buildings, based on removal of decayed regions and filling them with epoxy resin. To analyze restoration effectiveness, properties in static bending, according to Brazilian standard, were determined. Samples were produced containing one and three restorations along the specimens (105 cm in length and nominal square cross section of 4.5 cm side), on the same side. Samples of Pinus taeda with gaps generated in the specimens with dimensions of 1.10 cm in depth and 8 cm in length were tested, with restorations placed in central region. For grafting of these gaps bicomponent epoxy resin was employed, prepared by mixing components in 1:1.5 proportions. Resin was injected into splices and its cure occurred in a seven days period, using methodology restoration to simulate a situation in which these structural elements have been used. Samples were requested in static bending to obtaining the product of inertia, analyzing the amendment under the aspect of tractioned and as well under compressed edge. It is observed the viability of restoration using filling epoxy resin in timber samples, considering the mechanical performance and practicality of the methodology for local keeping.
Investigation on the Self-Tapping Screws Capability to Induce Internal Stress in Timber Elements
Authors: Giongo Ivan , Piazza Maurizio , Tomasi Roberto
Published: September 2013

In refurbishment operation of existing timber floors could prove of some interest the possibility of hogging the existing timber beams, in case of the presence of excessive permanent midspan deflections. In the case of sagged timber floors which cannot be buttressed due to heritage issues, the possibility of cambering a timber beam by simply putting another wooden beam on the top of it and inserting screws inclined at 45° relative to the beam axis has been experimentally investigated, with some promising result. The cambering procedure has proved to be more effective when the fastener are inserting starting from the internal part of the beam, permitting to obtain significant values of upward deflection (it has been observed an upward deflection of about one three-hundredth of the total beam length): the values could possibly be increased by reducing the screw spacing or by using fasteners able to generate a greater pressure. The effectiveness of this method is based on the capability of self-tapping screws to induce internal stress in timber element during the drilling procedure: the horizontal component of the resultant pressure yielded by the inclined screws is directly related to the possibility to hog the composite system. The aim of the experimental campaign described in this paper was to investigate the values of the internal stress induced by different type of fasteners during the drilling procedure, studying the influence of different parameters such as screw angle with respect to the grain direction, initial pressure, head penetration length, threaded part length, connector typology, wood density, time-dependence.
Microwaves as a Remedial Treatment of Wood
Authors: Lluch Antonio Martínez , Vegas López-Manzanares Fernando , Mileto Camilla , Diodato Maria
Published: September 2013

A pilot experiment of microwave treatment was carried out on an Art Nouveau residential building erected at the beginning of the 20th century in Valencia, Spain. The timber structure was affected by a combined damage caused by Anobium punctatum (common furniture beetle or common house borer) and Kalotermes flavicollis (yellownecked dry-wood termite). After performing an exhaustive preliminary study on the building and analyzing the different alternatives of wood treatment, it was decided to use a microwave machine especially designed to eliminate this type of wood boring insects.This machine generates microwaves, a type of electromagnetic radiation, with a frequency of 2.45 GHz. This circumstance makes it possible to produce a high-frequency alternating electric field that causes the rotation of the molecular dipoles of water. Because of this continuous rotation the temperature of the water rises considerably.By heating up the humidity inside a living being, as in the case of xylophagous insects, an artificial fever in the body is generated, and since the animal is not capable of tolerating this temperature, it dies.In order to eliminate xylophagous insects, the wood moisture content (usually between 10% and 12%) and the presence of water in wood boring insects (around 90%) must be taken into account. Due to the greater content of humidity the increase of the temperature is higher and quicker in insects than wood.After having studied and experimented with different combination of power and time of exposition to the microwaves, this machine was found capable of eliminating any type of insect that may live inside the timber without harming the wood itself.Prior to this pilot intervention, several research works were carried out with the same microwave machine, both on structural timber and wooden works of art. In all these studies it was observed that no damage was caused either to the wood or to the finish of the works of art including pigments, polishes, stains etc. On the other hand, 100% efficacy was achieved in the elimination of xylophagous insects.This article describes the design, experimentation and perfecting process of this microwave machine and its pilot application on structural timber in an Art Nouveau residential building. As an example of method, the intervention followed the main steps of diagnosis and treatment testing including the analysis of several options of intensity and time that led to the positive final results obtained.
A Development of the Visco-Elastic Damper for Timber Structure and a Suggestion of the Technological Design Assistance System
Authors: Kohara Katsuhiko , Nomura Takeshi , Koumoto Kazuyoshi
Published: September 2013

Our research team developed a brace type and an angle brace type of the visco-elastic damper on seismic-response controlled structure for timber structure. We performed various dependence evaluations by the materials examination of the styrene olefin-based visco-elastic body which we developed newly. We made a structural model using the performance that loading tests in timber frame. We inspected the validity of the structural model. In addition, we built a technical support system for damper setting by the time history response analysis so that a general design architect was easy to use the damper. We could express dynamics properties of visco-elastic body properties by Voigt model, and the structural model almost accorded with an examination property value. We made a structural model of the whole frame system by Kb of installation rigidity obtained from loading tests in timber frame. Because a design level almost accorded with experimental value, the validity of the frame design on seismic-response controlled structure in consideration of the dependence (distortion, frequency, temperature) of the visco-elastic body was confirmed. This visco-elastic damper on seismic-response controlled structure acquired minister authorization of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. In addition, this damper acquired the certification of the Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association.
Long Term Monitoring of Timber Bridges - Assessment and Results
Authors: Franke Bettina , Franke Steffen , Müller Andreas , Vogel Mareike , Scharmacher Florian , Tannert Thomas
Published: September 2013

Timber bridges have been built for decades all around the world. The hygroscopic material behavior of wood leads to the change of the moisture content of the wood and the dimensions depending on the climate. Therefore in regular inspections following questions arise: what happens with the wood due to the climate changes? Are there major changes of the moisture content? Are there differences between the natural material axes or within the cross section of the structural members? To answer these questions, traffic timber bridges with big cross sections are long term monitored within a research project. The results of the moisture contents measured and a comparison between the different measuring groups and positions are presented. The analyses confirm that the moisture content in the wood follows the climate changes delayed and with smaller amplitude against the calculated equilibrium moisture content. In first steps, a different behavior of the change of the moisture content could be determined over the cross section and along the span of the member.
12 Years of Structural Health Assessment and Maintenance for the Glulam Timber Structure of the Mormanno Traffic Bridge in Calabria
Authors: Bignotti Giorgio
Published: September 2013

The Mormanno traffic Bridge, built at the end of the year 2000 in South Italy, with its glulam exposed structure spanning around 70 m, is one of the most impressive traffic timber bridges in the world. The paper illustrates the various analysis executed for the assessment of the health of the structure and for the following maintenance actions during the first twelve years of service of the Bridge (2001-2013).
In the year 2004 a first visit for the assessment of the health of the timber bridge was decided. A team of experts inspected the bridge in order to check the conditions of the timber structures and register all the damages produced by weathering, fungi and insects on the structural elements. The experts found the decay still limited but recommended a maintenance action capable to stop the initial degenerative process mainly due to a moisture content higher than normal. In the year 2008 [ a new inspection team visited the bridge for the second time in order to check the effectiveness of the measures of protection adopted four years before. Non-destructive testing were used to investigate the health of the main glulam arches. The decay in the members object of the previous maintenance in general had stopped or slowed down, but in some other parts the moisture content was still higher than acceptable and more protections were added.
In the following years the maintenance was completed giving the bridge the possibility to extend its service with a sufficient level of safety. The frequent inspections of the bridge structure provided useful information for the maintenance of the Mormanno bridge but also in general for the design of the durability and for the maintenance planning of exposed timber structures.
Fig. 1 the Mormanno Bridge in service
X-Lam Panels in Swimming-Pool Building – Monitoring the Environment and the Performance
Authors: Jorge Luís , Dias Alfredo M.P.G.
Published: September 2013

The cross-laminated timber panels (X-Lam panels) are produced for structural use in Service Classes 1 and 2 conditions, in accordance with what is established on Eurocode 5 [. Timber boards are glued together on orthogonal layers, allowing the panel to perform two important characteristics: good dimensional stability and loading in two-way directions. The influence of wood moisture content on the feasibility of cross-laminated timber is described in this paper regarding the dimensional stability of the panels when applied in high moisture locations. Several European Technical Approvals, state the low importance of the dimensional variations with moisture content of this type of panel, but some reference values can be found in other technical documents. The French Avis Technique [[[1 reference the value of 0.01mm/m for in-plane deformation (per percentage of timber moisture variation) and the TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-62 [1, refers the maximum value of 0.02mm/m for the same conditions.The use of the X-Lam panels in Service Class 3 can not be used, concerning the high level of stressing in glue lines, and no producer has yet certified it for this Service Class. Moreover, the French Avis Technique doesnt allow the use of X-Lam panels in swimming-pools due to high hygrometry, even for conditions corresponding to Service Class 2.Cross laminated timber panels are widely used across Europe but are giving the first steps in Portugal at the moment. The first big project was finished in spring 2012 in Almada, comprising a building integrating a 25 meter in-door swimming-pool and a gym. In order to assess the behavior of the timber structure, due to the non-conventional using of the X-Lam panels, a monitoring program was started immediately after building construction. The results obtained are presented and discussed in this paper.
A Multi Sensor Approach for Prediction of Weathering Effects on Exposed Timber Structures
Authors: Sandak Jakub , Sandak Anna , Pauliny Dusan , Riggio Mariapaola , Bonfa Sandro , Meglioli Simone
Published: September 2013

The goal of this work was an attempt to understand and model the combined effect of time, geographical location, exposition, and coating type on the physical-chemical mechanisms for wood weathering in structures. A series of wooden samples non coated and coated with top industrial coating has been exposed to natural weathering conditions in seven locations varying in climatic conditions, including whole Italy and southern part of Germany. The set of samples has been exposed for four years, collecting representative samples each year. Four exposition directions (North, South, East and West) were investigated. All the samples have been collected from the field site and stored in a dark and conditioned room including non-weathered reference samples. Measurements of the samples included: photogrammetry, near and mid infrared spectroscopy, color, gloss, roughness and elemental composition (X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy). Such a wide set of information collected has been used for investigation of the collective effect of the above mentioned variables on the surface properties of timber structures exposed to weathering. A dedicated algorithm has been tested for modeling the exposure time and service life prediction.
Influence of Fungi on the State of Preservation and on the Usage Prospects of Antique Wooden Floor from Manor Houses in South-Eastern Poland
Authors: Boguslaw Andres , Rozanska Anna , Jankowska Agnieszka , Sandak Jakub
Published: September 2013

Floor structures are an integral part and a valuable element of antique buildings, and the only limitation of their preservation consists in their usage properties. A thorough study of their state of preservation is the starting point for choosing the correct conservation programmes. Currently, fungi are the main reason that leads to the replacement of antique wooden parquets in Poland. Simple visual inspections in many cases do not ensure a precise evaluation of the level of fungal infestation and the depth of penetration of the myceliums hyphae in the wood. Tests of ergosterol, which is a component of most fungis cell membrane, allow us to monitor the level of fungi infestation of diverse materials. This makes it possible to determine the depth of mycelium penetration within the wood quite precisely. Unfortunately, in case of basidiomycota it is not possible to correlate ergosterol with the myceliums biomass nor with the grade of wood degradation. Moreover, tests of ergosterol are not able to answer the question whether the fungi infestation is active, because this substance is also present in dead fungi hyphae. The presence of ergosterol in the wood can only give us a hint of presence of a substrate mycelium, which is responsible for the secretion of exoenzymes that degrade structural substances. Therefore, only the test results of ergosterol content and of the woods chemical composition, wettability curve and moisture equivalent, as well as computer simulations of its capacity to transfer own and usage loads (on the basis of the elasticity modulus, bending strength and wood density) together with the hardness, resistance to abrasion and resistance to scratches of wooden parquets permit us to take a correct decision as to the possibility of their further usage. The research carried out shows that, in many cases, parquets infested with fungi can be used safely. The article presents the proprieties that are important in the correct assessment of antique wooden parquets state of preservation and usage prospects. It specifies the factors that permit to eliminate the problem of fungi infestation and describes the proper usage conditions, proposing efficient methods of conservation.
Diagnosis for the Conservation of Wooden Ceilings inside the Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta (Mantua, Italy)
Authors: Augelli Francesco , Bordina Arianna , Migliavacca Jessica
Published: September 2013

The Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta, commissioned by Vespasiano Gonzaga in the end of 16th century, keeps four precious wooden ceilings inside. Rough wooden planks nailed to a skeleton structure creates the support for fine wood decorative elements. The requirement of a conservation work has prompted a diagnosis phase about the ceilings as a whole. This was carried out by closed up observations, drilling tests and laboratory analysis.
Problems Relating to Assessment, Repair and Restoration of Wooden Roof Structures in Historic Buildings, as Exemplified by Two Case Studies in Southern Poland
Authors: Bajno Dariusz , Bednarz Łukasz , Nowak Tomasz
Published: September 2013

The paper deals with problems relating to the assessment, repair and restoration of wooden roof structures in historic buildings. The roofs in two historic buildings located in southern Poland are the subject of this study. Their long use, the lack of proper maintenance, the merely local repairs and replacement of individual elements necessitated urgent repair and restoration measures. Some of the damage had gone unnoticed during routine surveys. All the factors which contributed to the degradation of the roof structures and created a hazard of their collapse are examined. The results of static analyses and calculations of the damaged structures are presented and the ways of strengthening and restoring them are described.
The Influence of Faulty 19th Century Technical Solutions on a Work of 18th Century Rafter Framing as Exemplified by Church in Nowy Kościół in Lower-Silesia, Poland - Case Study
Authors: Ałykow Krzysztof , Napiórkowska-Ałykow Magdalena
Published: September 2013

In this article the authors present a monumental rafter framing of a baroque church in Nowy Kościół Lower-Silesia, Poland. The rafter framing was built in the 18th century and it was repaired in the middle of the 19th century by adding some new structural elements. The authors have analyzed the original construction and the reinforced construction from the 19th century and they found some large destruction of particular elements. In the presented example, the rafter framing required immediate renovation at the time, on account of its very bad technical state. This bad condition resulted from the damage of structural elements during ineffective attempts of repair, which were made in the middle of the 19th century, and due to a natural ageing process and the destruction of materials. The authors of article suggest renovation of the structural elements by adding in new supporting elements to strength them, which will force modification of reinforced elements work. The authors suggest renovation in such a form, that the monumental character of rafter framing would be preserved.
The Wooden Roof of Banesa e Skendulate in Gjirokastra, Albania: The Role of the Diagnostic Test Campaign in the Structural Safety Evaluation
Authors: Podestà Stefano , Pompejano Federica , Stagno Gerolamo
Published: September 2013

Banesa e Skendulate is part of the historical center of the museum-city of Gjirokastra (Albanian UNESCO World Heritage), an unique and well-preserved example of Albanian urban vernacular architecture influenced by the ottoman architectural style, situated in a strategic position in the valley of the Drino. Banesa e Skendulate represents not only the typical compositional characteristics of this architecture but also a culture and a lifestyle deeply rooted in its own traditions. As its known, historic roofings are load-bearing structures made of timber according to an empirical and intuitive design, without structural engineering theory support, and Banesa e Skendulates roof is a clear example of the posts and beams system and shows the ability of the local craftsmen to deal with the support of heavy stone roofing. In the following paragraphs, will be presented the non-destructive diagnostic testing performed on the wooden structure of the roofing together with a detailed geometric and technological survey in order to recognize the structural system, its behavior and pathology and then process the analytical 3D model. Furthermore, the paper deals with the problem arose as consequence of the interpretation of the results obtained by the diagnostic tests, concerning the determination of the classes of resistance attached to ancient structural wooden elements that, for obvious reasons, cannot be classified according to the strength classes defined by the regulations for new timber constructions. Applying the reference strength values classified for the new timber elements to the historic ones, can cause a heavy penalty in terms of structural safety verification of the roof; that is why the role of the diagnostic test campaign should guide the reinforcement project applying reference values determined on the real conditions of the wooden elements.
Preservation of the Large Timber Roof of the Porta Nuova Railway Station in Torino
Authors: Bertolini-Cestari Clara , Invernizzi Stefano , Marzi Tanja , Rolla Steni
Published: September 2013

Torino, in 1861, was the first capital of the just unified Reign of Italy. In the same year, Eng. A. Mazzucchetti was charged for the design of the railway station of Porta Nuova in Torino, in correspondence of the arrival of the railway connecting Genova. The original conception resembles the bilateral scheme of the King Cross station in London, which is few years older. The design and construction of the station deserved contributions from the most outstanding scientists of that time, including R. Sephenson who provided the details of the lateral roof structures of the station, and the young Eng. A. Castigliano who defended his thesis on the design of the great steel vault above the rails. The two main branches were conceived with masonry bearing structure and a wide span timber roof covered with stone plates. The station, during the years, was object of several interventions, including restorations, dismantling of parts, and changes in the destination of use. Nowadays, the roof structure needs for important maintenance interventions due to the water leaking which caused the deterioration of the beneath timber structure. The present holders are considering the replacement of the entire roof. This solution is not respectful for conservation criteria, nor is affordable from an economical point of view. The present study describes the correct and sustainable approach for the structural assessment, restoration and maintenance program for the preservation of this important structure belonging to cultural heritage.
The Ancient Timber Roofing Structures in Emilia-Romagna Region
Authors: Marzo Anna , Marghella Giuseppe , Indirli Maurizio
Published: September 2013

Widespread survey, aiming at the evaluation of both vulnerability of the structures and usability of the buildings, have been carried out after the seismic events occurred on May 2012 in Emilia-Romagna districts. During the surveys, several cover typologies have been verified, which often evidenced lack in terms of earthquake-proof features. In contrast, some ancient timber roofs showed an original construction technology, according to the seismic mitigation measures. Clearly, the attention to the behaviour of the covering structures against the horizontal actions was due to the historic memory related to earthquakes occurred in the past or simply due to a good construction practice lost during the following years.This paper it is devoted to explain the analysis campaign carried out on an ancient timber covering structure located in the historic centre of the town of Cento (FE), aiming at the characterisation of its seismic behaviour. The study consists on three subsequent steps: 1) in-depth visual and geometrical survey; 2) in-situ non-destructive tests for material characterization; 3) Finite Element modelling of the complex structure.
Effect of Glycerol on Structure and Properties of Silk Fibroin/Pearl Powder Blend Films
Authors: Xie Rui Juan , Zhang Meng
Published: September 2013

In the present study, glycerol was used as plasticizer to prepare silk fibroin (SF)/pearl powder (PP) blend films. The effects of amount of glycerol on structure and properties of the films were investigated. The surface morphology was observed with scanning electron microscopy. The structure of films was investigated by X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The mechanical properties of the films were measured on a universal testing machine, and the dissolution rate of SF was examined by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The results showed that surface of pure SF films was smooth, but the surface of films containingPP was uneven, particles of PP dispersed in the films. The structure of the film without glycerol was mainly amorphous structure. The structure of the SF in the film was mainly silk I and silk II when the proportion of glycerol added was in the range of 10%- 20%, while the main structure of the SF in the films was silk I when the proportion of glycerol was more than 20%. The dissolution rate of SF in films without glycerol is rather great, while the dissolution rate had a significant decrease by adding glycerol. There was no significant difference in dissolution rates of SF which were all below 1.3% when the proportion of glycerol is 10-40%. The films without glycerol had very small elongation at break. The elongation at break of SF films increased with the increased amount of glycerol. Compared to films without glycerol, there was a significant difference when the proportion of glycerol was greater than 10%. The tensile strength of the films dropped significantly with the increase of glycerol, but there was no significant difference when the proportion of glycerol was greater than 30%. Therefore, the advisable addition percentage of glycerol is 20%.
Preparation and Characterization of pH-Responsive Poly(Vinyl-Alcohol)/Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Nanofibers
Authors: Zhang Xiao Xue , Sun Jun , Wang Jian Jun , Dai Li Xing
Published: September 2013

pH-sensitivity nanofibers composited of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) were prepared by electrospining. The structure, properties, and morphology of the nanofibers were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray differential (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pH-sensitivity testing. It was found that the reswelling of the nanofibers was pH-responsive and relied on the content of Na-CMC. FTIR spectroscopy of the nanofibers confirmed that hydrogen bonds were formed between PVA and Na-CMC which may cause the stable increase of pH-sensitivity. XRD peaks gradually weakened and broadened with the increase of Na-CMC content, indicating the decrease of crystallinity. Besides, the morphology of the PVA/ Na-CMC nanofibers was affected by the content of Na-CMC.
Platelet Adhesion on the Silk Fibroin Material Surface
Authors: Sun Dan , Wei Ya Li , Wang Yu , Wang Jian Nan
Published: September 2013

Silk fibroin (SF) has good biocompatibility and has been used to construct small caliber artificial blood vessels. As a vascular graft, the antithrombogenicity is the first important performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticoagulant property of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEG-DE) crosslinked and ethanol treated SF materials by investigating the platelet adhesion. Dacron and PTFE were parallel studied as the controls. Results showed that: the platelet adhesion ratios on the ethanol treated SF films were significantly lower than that on the Dacron and PTFE; the platelet adhesion ratios on the PEG-DE crosslinked SF films were higher than that on the ethanol treated SF films and slightly increased with increasing the proportion of the PEG-DE. But the platelet adhesion ratios on all of the PEG-DE crosslinked SF films were significantly lower than that on the controls.
The Influence of the Magnetic Fiber Content on Fabric Wearability
Authors: Wu Fei Fei , Yu Gao Jie , Chen Yan
Published: September 2013

The content of magnetic fiber is the determinate element of both the surface magnetic field intensity and the economic cost of the magnetic fabric. It probably has certain influence on fabric wearability. In this study, experimental method has been adopted to investigate the wearability of knitted magnetic fabric which is woven of magnetic fiber and non-magnetic fiber in different proportions. The mechanical property, pilling resistance, moisture permeability and other properties of magnetic fiber have been tested. The results of study shows that as magnetic fiber content in the magnetic fabric increases, the breaking strength, bursting strength and pilling resistance of the fabric decrease and the moisture permeability variation. But the bending property, drapability and dimension stability of the fabric nearly have no evident relation with the content of magnetic fiber. This study can provide references for the further research of the magnetic health-care garment and will make the magnetic fabric better uses on garment.
Generation of Polyclonal Antibody for Bombyx mori Pheromone-Binding Protein 1 (BmPBP1)
Authors: Xu Kai Zun , Wang Ming Hui , Ma Lie , Li Guo Sheng , Mei Chao , Li Bing , Wei Zheng Guo , Xu Ya Xiang , Shen Wei De , Chen Yu Hua
Published: September 2013

Bombyx mori pheromone-Binding Protein 1 (BmPBP1) in male moth antennae is a class of Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBPs), it can bind with the specific sex pheromone from female moth, thus initiates the males behaviors like seeking and mating, etc. It has been found that sex pheromone-binding protein 1 is differentially expressed in the antenna of male and female silkworm moths, however, the molecular mechanism of different PBP1 expression and its role in the information transmission are unclear. In this study, we successfully generated the BmPBP1 polyclonal antibody and used it to detect BmPBP1 expression in the silkworm moth antenna. Thus this work is helpful for further studies on the function of BmPBP1 in the information communication between male and female moths.
Study on Quality and Property of Fine-Denier Raw Silk
Authors: Yu Wen Jing , Tan Jian Zhong , Wang Guo He
Published: September 2013

In this paper, fine-denier silkworm was fostered from the Qing Song silkworm, and their raw silk was made to 23.3dtex fine-denier raw silk and normal ones respectively, and their moisture absorption and quality such as cross section, fineness and mechanical properties were studied.
The results showed that the cross section of fine-denier raw silk nearly irregular triangle; elongation and moisture regain were 39.63%, 13.32%; compared with normal raw silk, denier deviation, single grain silk linear density of fine-denier raw silk was 0.74dtex, 1.52dtex, respectively decrease to 46.54%, 48.41%, but breaking strength, elastic modulus, sericin content of fine-denier raw silk was 3.79cN/dtex , 0.69cN/dtex and 23.23%,respectively increased by 22.26% , 15% and 2.97%.
Thus it can be seen, the quality and moisture absorption of fine-denier raw silk is better than normal ones, and it has a good development prospect and application value.
Electrical Properties and Morphological Structures of UHMWPE/PANI Composite Fibers Doped with Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Hong Jian Han , Pan Zhi Juan , Li Min , Yao Mu
Published: September 2013

UHMWPE/PANI composite fibers were prepared by in-situ polymerization. The effects of concentration of hydrochloric acid on the electrical conductivity and surface morphology of the composite fiber were investigated, and the chemical construction and mechanical property were also studied. The results indicated that composite fibers prepared by in-situ polymerization were electrical conductive due to the conductive PANI film which adheres to the surface of matrix fibers, and the electrical conductivity reached 10-1S/cm. The roughness increased, and the electrical conductivity of UHMWPE/PANI composite fiber increased at the first and then decreased with the increase of concentration of HCl, the highest electrical conductivity obtained with the concentration of HCl of 0.7mol/L. The FTIR curves indicated that the composite fiber was a blending system of matrix fiber and PANI, and the chemical construction of matrix fiber was unchanged. The fibers breaking strength increased a little and breaking elongation unchanged basically after the conduction treatment.
Structure and Properties of Porous Bulked Tussah Silk and its Product
Authors: Xing Tie Ling , Sheng Jia Yong , Chen Guo Qiang , Yang Yong Fa , Liu Ya Guang
Published: September 2013

Tussah silk is a special product of China, which has luxury, ecological and health care advantages. Tussah silk is particularly suitable for the production of silk quilt, silk blanket, warm clothing and other products. In this work, porous bulked tussah silk fibers could be obtained through high temperature, high pressure, steaming explosion and puffing physical processing high-tech without any chemicals and assistants during degumming process. The surface morphology, size, porosity and mechanical property of the porous bulked tussah silk fibers were studied and compared with the ordinary tussah silk fibers. SEM results indicated that the bulked tussah silk fibers had porous structure. And the porous bulked tussah silk had higher elasticity and softness than the ordinary tussah silk fibers. Porous bulked and high elasticity tussah silk quit was produced from the ecotype porous bulked tussah silk fibers. The wearability of porous bulked tussah silk quilt was also investigated. The results showed that the insulating property, elastic recovery percentage and bulkiness of the porous bulked tussah silk quilt were all better than those of the ordinary silk quilt. As a result of the high resilience and flexibility of porous bulked tussah silk, the tussah quilt can effectively prevent the tangles and clumping of the silk fibers and is durable.
A Tearing Model for Warp Knitted Fabrics with Hexagonal Meshes
Authors: Wu Ling Ye , Wang Ping , He Ji Huan
Published: September 2013

The resistance to tearing is an important characteristic of warp knitted fabrics. In this paper, tongue tear tests were performed on warp knitted fabrics with three different sizes of hexagonal meshes, and a mathematical model is established to outline the basic tearing behavior, the geometrical and mechanical effects on tearing properties are elucidated. The theoretical model is verified with tearing experiments of various samples which validated the efficiency and accuracy of the mathematical model. This model can be extended to benefit for the design and manufacture of textile products.
Determination of the Del Zone in Tearing of Textiles Using an Ancient Chinese Algorithm
Authors: Wang Ping , Li Tian Tian , He Ji Huan
Published: September 2013

Resistance of tear is an important characteristic of textile materials, especially for fabrics used for personal protective equipment. In this study, a constant force is applied to tear the fabric specimens to obtain the del-zone theoretically. The strain-stress curve for a single yarn is obtained from experiment, and the del-zone is determined by an ancient Chinese algorithm. This combination of ancient Chinese algorithm and actual tearing behavior of woven fabrics provides a noval analysis approach of tearing performance of textile product theoretically.
R & D Status and Countermeasures of Natural Functional Kapok Fiber
Authors: Du Qun , Chen Yun Neng
Published: September 2013

Kapok fiber is getting more and more extensive attention in research and application because of its excellent natural characteristics such as its lightness, super warmth, anti-bacterial, anti-mite etc. in recent years. On the other hand, the features of short fiber length, low breaking elongation, water repellency and oil absorptive in surface, make it difficult when spinning and dyeing, and hinder its application and popularization in the field of textiles. This paper discusses the fiber structure, physical and chemical properties, spinning and dyeing process performance of kapok fiber, points out that it is up to 80% ~ 90% fiber hollowness, so very lower fiber apparent density as only 0.29g/cm3, water repellency, anti-bacterial, anti-mite, have potentially wide application. However its spinning and dyeing performance is poor, the process cost is higher and the yarn quality needs to be improved. In this paper, the main types of kapok fiber products and the reason that restricting the fiber development and application to consumption market are analyzed. Finally, the paper puts forward the countermeasures concerning the further utilization with kapok fiber characteristics, and further expanding the development as a new generation of green ecological kapok textiles in the future.
Fabric Identification Based on Friction Wave
Authors: Tao Chen , Chen Yan
Published: September 2013

This paper presents an approach to identify the fabric of styles by wave of friction. First, the friction waves of typical cotton, wool, silk and hemp styled fabrics are collected under controlled conditions with a self-made device. In allusion to the non-stationary and attenuation of the signals, differences based on scopes are proposed to represent the features of wave signal in various aspects, which forms into a feature impulse. Pairwise comparisons are made among feature impulses of the four typical fabrics and it is revealed that their features are unfolded gradually from microcosmic to macrocosmic. Then, considerable amount of fabrics of each style are included to extract feature impulses, which constructed a feature library. Finally, the indeterminate fabrics are identified by the feature library, and the results are reflected in a ocular way into a discrimination chart.
The Strategic Study on Shanghai Holding Group Leading the Development of Industrial Clusters
Authors: Liu Han Yan , Gao Chang Kuan , Hu Shou Zhong
Published: September 2013

Shanghai textile holding group (Shangtex for short) is one of the leading enterprises in the Shanghai textile industry ,as well as the largest state-owned enterprise, it plays a central role as a "bellwether" in the whole industry. In this paper , the study on the leading role of Shangtex suggests that it is an inevitable choice to make Shangtex as the leader to guide the development of cluster strategy if Shanghai textile clothing industry wants to tag on the changing times,submit to the trend of industries development, go on the routing of industrial cluster, and enhance the overall competitiveness. so that it can drive the common development of the whole Shanghai textile clothing industry. secondly, through the quantitative evaluation and status analysis about the degree of cluster development of the Shangtex, we make further improvement strategy for cluster development of Shangtex.
Research of the Weft-Curved Technology of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Sui Jian Hua , Li Yun Nan , Hu Qin Ping , Su Min
Published: September 2013

Research of the processing technology to make the weft be curved shape in woven fabrics. We demonstrate the feasibility of using the tension method, the beating-up method, the yarn method to product weft-curved fabrics. Through weaving samples in laboratory, we discussed the actual effect and existing problems of the three methods, summarized the technical methods that we should choose to make weft-curved fabrics be in industrialized production and the new ideas to develop weft-curved fabrics. We believe: If we use the big-belly yarns containing PVA fibers to make weft-curved fabrics, its effect is the best and symbiotic defects are the most slightly. At the same time, with the low technical difficulty and high production efficiency, it should be the preferred technical approach to develop weft-curved fabrics. The technology to develop weft-curved fabrics is more suitable for the development of new staple products and yarn-dyed striped grid, new jacquard products.
The Preparation of Aramid Paper and its Properties
Authors: Yao Li Rong , Zhao Wei Tao , Xu Shan Qing , Sun Qi Long
Published: September 2013

The meta-aramid fibrids were prepared by precipitation in this paper. The meta-aramid solution dissolved in the solvent system DMAc/LiCl was injected into the high shearing coagulant at room temperature and the mixture of water and N, N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc) was used as coagulant. The shearing rate, viscosity of the solution and the concentration of water in coagulant were the main factors on effecting the formation of fibrids. The meta-aramid fibrid has a gradual weight loss process when the temperature increases from 100°C to 400°C, lower thermal property of meta-aramid fibrid was due to the hydrogen bonding and crystalline structure were broken during dissolving process, however, a flexible and easy dispersing property of meta-aramid fibrid in fluid is due to its amorphous structure, which are very important that the meta-aramid fibrid has a better binding and adhesive property with the aramid short fiber in aramid paper, then yield a high mechanical and insulation property for aramid paper. Then, the properies of aramid paper were investigated. The results indicated that the proportion of meta-aramid fibrid in the aramid paper and the length of shorten aramid fiber are the main factors for affecting the strength and the other properties of aramid paper.
The Spinning State and Nanofiber Orientation of the Yarn Produced by a Novel Multi-Needles Electrospinning
Authors: Tian Long , Li Jie , Pan Zhi Juan
Published: September 2013

Electrospinning is one of the few simple and effective ways to produce nanofibers, which can be used in various fields. However, the common assembled nanofiber mats are limited in some areas, so static bath was used as the negative collector to produce nanofiber yarns. In order to improve the yields, a novel multi-needle electrospinning using static bath collector was employed, the spinning state and the nanofiber orientation of the as-spun yarns in different numbers of spinning needles are described in details. The results showed that the critical voltages, keeping the electrospinning process stable, increased from 21KV to 28KV with the number of spinning needles increasing from 1-5. Nevertheless, the orientation degrees of the nanofibers in the yarn decreased from 94.40% to 81.29%. Based on the SEM images and orientation degrees of the yarns, the alignment of the nanofibers along the axis of the yarn was seemed still pretty well when the 1-4 needles used. But it was seemed a little disordered when the number of needles reached 5, which was not so well for applications.
Surface Characterization of Poly(DL-Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) Membranes Fabricated by the Various Methods for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Liu Fu Juan
Published: September 2013

A systematic study on molecular structure of Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) films by the methods of being chemically immobilized onto self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and spin coating using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is reported. Especially, a surface sensitive second order nonlinear optical technique, SFG vibrational spectroscopy, was applied to study molecular structure on PLGA films. It is shown that the more chemical groups of PLGA thin films with being chemically immobilized have orientation than that of PLGA films made by spin coating on the basis of SFG vibrational spectroscopy data. The characterization of the other analytical techniques indicates similar results. This work will be an important step for future biomaterials design and understanding biosensors, biocompatibility and biomacromolecule (e.g. proteins and peptides) activity.
Analysis on the Differences of Color Fastness Standard of Textiles at Home and Abroad
Authors: Chen Mei Jun , Qiu Tao , Sun Xue Ke , Feng Cen
Published: September 2013

Based on the current color fastness standard of textiles at home and abroad, this paper gives a comparative analysis of the testing standard of related indicators, discuss the major color fastness of textiles including color fastness to water, to perspiration, to rubbing, to laundering. The quantified data of the sample test results show that there are some differences among the test methods, the equivalent of quantitative values and the requirements of indicator in GB, ISO, AATCC.
The Succinate Dehydrogenase Genes of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Xu Sheng Sheng , Du Fei , Zhang Ze
Published: September 2013

The succinate sehydrogenase (SDH) encoded by nuclear genome is a conjugating enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is a junction for oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain.As a part of complex II on the inner mt membranes, the SDH consists of four subunit proteins (A to D). We searched the genome sequence database of Bombyx mori with the Drosophila melanogaste and Nasonia vitripennis SDH by tBlastn and determined the structure of all putative B. mori genes of sdh by DNAMAN. The main results are as follows: The SdhAgene of B. mori contains 13 exons. The lengths of its cDNA is 2 880 bp at least. The SdhB gene of B. mori contains 1 exon only. The lengths of cDNA is 2 847 bp at least. The SdhC gene contains 4 exons. The lengths of cDNA is 714 bp at least. The SdhD gene contains 4 exons, too. The lenghts of cDNA is 1 976 bp at least.
Synthesis of Amino-Silicone Oil Modified with Fluoroalkyl Group and its Application of Deep Dyeing Finishing on Silk Fabric
Authors: Xu Yan , Li Zhan Xiong , Shan Liang , Cai Lu , Zang Xiong , Wu Lin
Published: September 2013

Using amino silicone oil and fluorinated acrylate as raw material, fluoroalkyl group modified amino-silicone oil was synthesized by primary amino group and C=C double bond of fluoroacrylate via Michael addition reaction. The fluoroalkyl modified silicone oil with different content of fluorine were obtained by changing the ratio of feeding. Then the fluoroalkyl modified silicone oil was applied on deep dyeing finishing on colored silk fabric. The relationship between the fluorine content of modified amino-silicone oil and the refractive index was discussed, as well as the effect of the increasing of depth on silk fabric. The result showed that 15g/L of finishing agent can afford 35% upgrade rate of dyeing depth on colored silk fabric when the fluorine content was 37.32%. SEM, FT-IR and XPS showed that treatment of the fluoroalkyl modified aminosilicone oil can form the polymeric layer on the silk fiber surface with low refractive index, and the lower the refractive index of the fluoroalkyl modified amino-silicone oil is, the better the upgrade of the deep dyeing finishing will be.