bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Facile Supramolecular Approach towards Strategic Fluorescence Switching and Recognition‐Controlled Photoreduction
Authors: Roy Bappaditya , Noguchi Takao , Yoshihara Daisuke , Sakamoto Junji , Shinkai Seiji
Published: November 2017

A supramolecular system design strategy to control photoreduction is reported. 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenediimide (NDI) was used as the core unit to synthesize two different sets of ionic aromatic amphiphiles (AA), one incorporating the NDI with an aliphatic chain (denoted NDI) and the other with a phenoxy‐based chain (denoted NDI‐Phe). These systems form self‐assembled structures which are different to those in their monomeric states and which can selectively be photoreduced to generate the radical anion (NDI‐Phe.−) and dianion (NDI2−) in the presence of dicarboxylic acids as the counter anion (CA). Interestingly, fluorescence (FL) switching was detected in the different redox states. The reduction mechanisms and the kinetics were found to be different for these two sets of AAs and the reduction kinetics were further controlled by the structurally different CAs. This unexpected observation reveals molecular recognition in the controlled‐assembly systems. The changes in spectroscopic output upon an electronic input have been described as a simple “off/on” FL switch. The appealing “bottom‐up” approach toward molecular device fabrication is possible only in molecular assembly systems such as these.
Metallic Nano‐Composite Toxicity Evaluation by Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Test with Identification of Specific Exposure Biomarkers
Authors: Pecoraro Roberta , Salvaggio Antonio , Marino Fabio , Caro Gianfranco Di , Capparucci Fabiano , Lombardo Bianca Maria , Messina Giuseppina , Scalisi Elena Maria , Tummino Maurizio , Loreto Francesco , D'Amante Giusi , Avola Roberto , Tibullo Daniele , Brundo Maria Violetta
Published: November 2017

Nanomaterials (NM) have different shapes and can be composed of different materials such as carbon, silicon, and some metals like gold, silver, and titanium. They are used as fillers, catalysts, semiconductors, cosmetics, drug carriers in medicine, energy storage systems, and antifriction coatings. NM are the parent compounds of nanoparticles (NPs), which may be divided into two groups: fullerenes and engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). After crossing the cell membrane, NPs may be stored in vesicles, mitochondria, and additional organelles within epithelial cells. They may generate reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity, as well as denaturation of proteins, apoptosis, and necrosis. Nowadays, new toxicological data are required to assess the potential exposure of the environment and human beings to pollutants. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the toxicity of the metallic nano‐composite by the zebrafish embryo toxicity test (ZFET). The methods described here can be easily adapted to other nanocomposites or nanomaterials with some variations. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inter‐and Intra‐Laboratory Standardization of TUNEL Assay for Assessment of Sperm DNA Fragmentation
Authors: Gupta Sajal , Sharma Rakesh , Agarwal Ashok
Published: November 2017

The functional aspects of sperm activity such as sperm chromatin integrity and ability to fertilize cannot be characterized by routine semen parameters. Men with unexplained infertility and idiopathic infertility, as well as men with normozoospermic semen profiles, show high DNA fragmentation. Molecular anomalies in the sperm can be detected by a sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) assay which can be used in adjunct to conventional semen analysis. While the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) remains the “gold standard,” the TUNEL assay using flow cytometry is becoming popular among the different tests that are currently available to measure sperm DNA fragmentation. In this unit, we describe the inter‐laboratory and intra‐laboratory standardization of the TUNEL assay using a benchtop cytometer. The article also provides a step‐by‐step protocol for measuring sperm DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL assay and a bench‐top flow cytometer, and also points out the inherent challenges with this test. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic substructure and admixture as important factors in linkage disequilibrium‐based estimation of effective number of breeders in recovering wildlife populations
Authors: Kopatz Alexander , Eiken Hans Geir , Schregel Julia , Aspi Jouni , Kojola Ilpo , Hagen Snorre B.
Published: November 2017

The number of effective breeders (Nb) and effective population size (Ne) are population parameters reflective of evolutionary potential, susceptibility to stochasticity, and viability. We have estimated these parameters using the linkage disequilibrium‐based approach with LDNE through the latest phase of population recovery of the brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Finland (1993–2010; N = 621). This phase of the recovery was recently documented to be associated with major changes in genetic composition. In particular, differentiation between the northern and the southern genetic cluster declined rapidly within 1.5 generations. Based on this, we have studied effects of the changing genetic structure on Nb and Ne, by comparing estimates for whole Finland with the estimates for the two genetic clusters. We expected a potentially strong relationship between estimate sizes and genetic differentiation, which should disappear as the population recovers and clusters merge. Consistent with this, our estimates for whole Finland were lower than the sum of the estimates of the two genetic clusters and both approaches produced similar estimates in the end. Notably, we also found that admixed genotypes strongly increased the estimates. In all analyses, our estimates for Ne were larger than Nb and likely reflective for brown bears of the larger region of Finland and northwestern Russia. Conclusively, we find that neglecting genetic substructure may lead to a massive underestimation of Nb and Ne. Our results also suggest the need for further empirical analysis focusing on individuals with admixed genotypes and their potential high influence on Nb and Ne.
Marked reduction in demographic rates and reduced fitness advantage for early breeding is not linked to reduced thermal matching of breeding time
Authors: Arlt Debora , Pärt Tomas
Published: November 2017

Warmer springs may cause animals to become mistimed if advances of spring timing, including available resources and of timing of breeding occur at different speed. We used thermal sums (cumulative sum of degree days) during spring to describe the thermal progression (timing) of spring and investigate its relationship to breeding phenology and demography of a long‐distant migrant bird, the northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe L.). We first compare 20‐year trends in spring timing, breeding time, selection for breeding time, and annual demographic rates. We then explicitly test whether annual variation in selection for breeding time and demographic rates associates with the degree of phenological matching between breeding time and thermal progression of spring. Both thermal progression of spring and breeding time of wheatears advanced in time during the study period. But despite breeding on average 7 days earlier with respect to date, wheatears bred about 4 days later with respect to thermal spring progression. Over the same time period, selection for breeding time changed from distinct within‐season advantage of breeding early to no or very weak advantage. Furthermore, demographic rates (nest success, fledgling production, recruitment, adult survival) and nestling weight declined markedly by 16%–79%. Those temporal trends suggest that a reduced degree of phenological matching may affect within‐season fitness advantage of early breeding and population demographic rates. In contrast, when we investigate links based on annual variation, we find no significant relationship between either demographic rates or fitness advantage of early breeding with annual variation in the degree of phenological matching. Our results show that corresponding temporal trends in phenological matching, selection for breeding time and demographic rates are inconclusive evidence for demographic effects of changed phenological matching. Instead, we suggest that the trends in selection for breeding time and demographic rates are due to a general deterioration of the breeding environment.
Cluster [Co3(CO)3(µ2‐CO)3(µ3‐C8H8)]– as a Ligand: Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Vinogradov Mikhail M. , Perekalin Dmitry S. , Gutsul Evgenii I. , Novikov Valentin V. , Smol'yakov Alexander F. , Wadepohl Hubert , Kudinov Alexander R. , Loginov Dmitry A.
Published: November 2017

The cluster anion [Co3(CO)3(µ2‐CO)3(µ3‐C8H8)]– (2) reacts with fragments [(ring)M]+ and [(cod)M]+ to give the Co3M clusters (ring)MCo3(CO)3(µ3‐CO)3(µ3‐C8H8) {(ring)M = CpFe (3a), Cp*Fe (3b), CpRu (4a), (C4Me4)Co (5)} and (cod)MCo3(CO)3(µ3‐CO)3(µ3‐C8H8) {M = Rh (6), Ir (7)}, respectively. However, 2 does not form stable complexes with [(Ph3P)M]+ species (M = Cu, Ag, Au), which was explained on the basis of DFT calculations by the inefficient overlap between the cluster and fragment orbitals. The structures of 3b and 5 were determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Interventions to improve employee health and well‐being within health care organizations: A systematic review
Authors: Williams Stephen P. , Malik Humza T. , Nicolay Christopher R. , Chaturvedi Sankalp , Darzi Ara , Purkayastha Sanjay
Published: November 2017

In response to an increasing body of evidence on the importance of employee health and well‐being (HWB) within health care, there has been a shift in focus from both policymakers and individual organizations toward improving health care employee HWB. However, there is something of a paucity of evidence regarding the impact and value of specific HWB interventions within a health care setting. The aim of this article was to systematically review the literature on this topic utilizing the EMBASE, Global Health, Health Management Information Consortium, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Forty‐four articles were identified and, due to a large degree of heterogeneity, were considered under different headings as to the type of intervention employed: namely, those evaluating changing ways of working, physical health promotion, complementary and alternative medicine, and stress management interventions, and those utilizing multimodal interventions. Our results consider both the efficacy and reliability of each intervention in turn and reflect on the importance of careful study design and measure selection when evaluating the impact of HWB interventions.
Increasing flooding frequency alters soil microbial communities and functions under laboratory conditions
Authors: Randle‐Boggis Richard J. , Ashton Peter D. , Helgason Thorunn
Published: November 2017

The impacts of increased flooding frequency on soil microbial communities and potential functions, in line with predicted environmental changes, were investigated in a laboratory‐controlled environment. More frequent flooding events altered microbial community composition and significantly increased the resolved species alpha‐diversity (Shannon index). The Bacteria:Archaea ratio was greater at the end of the experiment than at the start, more‐so after only one flood. Significant changes in taxa and functional gene abundances were identified and quantified. These include genes related to the reduction and oxidation of substances associated with anoxia, for example, those involved in nitrogen and sulfur cycling. No significant changes were observed in the methanogenesis pathway, another function associated with anoxia and which contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases.
Reversible Broad‐Spectrum Control of Selective Reflections of Chiral Nematic Phases by Closed‐/Open‐Type Axially Chiral Azo Dopants
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroya , Mochizuki Daigou , Higuchi Hiroki , Okumura Yasushi , Kikuchi Hirotsugu
Published: November 2017

Invited for this month's cover picture is the groups of Professor Hirotsugu Kikuchi and Dr. Yasushi Okumura at the Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering at Kyushu University (Japan). External dynamic control of molecular self‐organized superstructures with unique features has been researched, as these structures are applicable to chiral molecular devices. The cover picture shows photocontrol of selective reflection color that originated from the self‐organized helical structure of chiral nematic liquid crystals (N*LCs) using closed‐/open‐type dopants. The drastic structure changes of the dopants by light stimuli enable reversible broad‐spectrum control of selective reflections of N*LCs with opposite helical sign. Read the full text of the Full Paper at 10.1002/open.201700121.
Safety of discharge for children with cancer and febrile neutropenia off antibiotics using absolute neutrophil count threshold values as a surrogate marker for adequate bone marrow recovery
Authors: Campbell Matthew E. , Friedman Debra L. , Dulek Daniel E. , Zhao Zhiguo , Huang Yi , Esbenshade Adam J.
Published: November 2017

Background

Febrile neutropenia (F&N) is common among pediatric oncology patients. However, there is a lack of clarity regarding parameters whereby such patients have demonstrated adequate bone marrow recovery for hospital discharge and empiric antibiotic discontinuation.

Procedure

A retrospective review was performed for 350 episodes of F&N occurring at a single institution between 2007 and 2012 in pediatric oncology patients who were afebrile for 24 hr and had no bacterial source identified. Seven‐day postdischarge outcomes were assessed and compared based on absolute neutrophil count (ANC) at discharge in order to identify an optimal threshold.

Results

Overall, 7‐day readmission rates were low (17/350, 4.6%), with patients discharged with post‐nadir ANC of 100–199/μl (2/51, 3.9%), 200–499/μl (5/125, 4.0%), and ≥500/μl (8/160, 5.0%), all having similar rates. Patients with a discharge ANC < 100/μl (2/14, 14.3%) had a higher readmission rate. A new bloodstream infection was identified upon readmission in one patient in each discharge ANC range except for ANC of 100–199/μl, in which none occurred. In a subset of 217 episodes where the ANC fell below 200/μl during the admission and subsequently rose above 100/μl, 94 episodes resulted in 126 additional hospital days while subjects awaited further count recovery. One death occurred in a patient whose ANC at discharge was 290/μl. This patient had received additional chemotherapy after count recovery and prior to discharge, and was readmitted with Clostridium tertium bacteremia.

Conclusion

These results suggest that a post‐nadir ANC > 100/μl is a safe threshold value for empiric antibiotic discontinuation and discharge home.
Infusion hemolysis after pediatric major ABO‐mismatched bone marrow transplant: Comparison of two red blood cell depletion techniques
Authors: Nickel Robert Sheppard , Qayed Muna , Worthington‐White Diana , Stowell Sean R. , Chiang Kuang‐Yueh
Published: November 2017

Background

During major ABO‐mismatched bone marrow transplant (BMT), the infusion of incompatible red blood cells (RBCs) that are present in the bone marrow graft can cause adverse events from hemolysis. RBC depletion of the bone marrow graft can decrease this risk, but the optimal method to prevent hemolysis is unclear.

Procedure

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent major ABO‐mismatched BMT at a pediatric center and had RBC depletion with either hydroxyethyl starch (HES) sedimentation or Ficoll density gradient separation. Postinfusion hemoglobinuria and creatinine values were compared.

Results

Between 2002 and 2016, 37 patients received HES‐treated and 16 patients received Ficoll‐treated major ABO‐mismatched bone marrow grafts. The median residual volume of RBCs was significantly greater with HES‐treated grafts (HES 21.0 ml vs. Ficoll 1.4 ml, P < 0.0001). Patients who received HES‐treated grafts had a higher prevalence of postinfusion hemoglobinuria (HES 57% vs. Ficoll 6%, P = 0.0009), but renal impairment was rare. Considering only HES‐treated grafts, the volume of RBCs was not associated with either postinfusion hemoglobinuria or a creatinine increase.

Conclusions

Ficoll density gradient separation achieves smaller RBC volumes and less postinfusion hemoglobinuria than HES sedimentation, but both can prevent significant hemolysis. Further studies are needed to determine the residual incompatible RBC volume threshold in major ABO‐mismatched BMT.
Charge transport and prototypical optical absorptions in functionalized zinc phthalocyanine compounds: A density functional study
Authors: Sahoo Smruti Ranjan , Sahu Sridhar , Sharma Sagar
Published: November 2017

Metal phthalocyanines are considered to be prominent candidates for designing organic semiconductors. However, enhancing n‐type characteristics and air stability in these compounds have been the major challenges. Earlier studies on zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc) reported enhancement in electron mobility due to fluorination. We present a theoretical study of the charge transfer and optical properties of functionalized zinc phthalocyanines (XZnPc, with X = F16, Cl16, Br16, I8, and (CN)8) within the framework of the density functional theory. Substitutions with electron‐withdrawing groups at the peripheral sites of ZnPc was found to lower both EHOMO and ELUMO in the compounds. Computed values of electron affinity (EA) > 3 eV in all XZnPcs indicated effective electron injection inferring enhanced n‐type characteristics and air stability in these compounds. However, cyanation ((CN)8), as compared to the other EWGs, is found to enhance the electron mobility more prominently in the compound. In addition, studied optical absorption spectra of all XZnPc compounds at different exchange‐correlation functionals such as B3LYP, PBE0, CAM‐B3LYP, wB97xD, M06, and M06‐2X exhibited Q‐band in visible region (∼600‐700 nm) and B‐band (Soret) in ultraviolet (∼300‐400 nm) region, and a few shows an N‐band below 300 nm. Upon functionalization, the B‐band and Q‐band maxima show bathochromic shift both in gas phase and dimethyl sulfoxide. All these optical absorptions were found to be prototypical in nature, and the spectra are assigned to
character.
Resistive Switching in Li‐Doped ZnO Films
Authors: Igityan Arsen , Aghamalyan Natella , Petrosyan Silva , Badalyan Georgi , Kafadaryan Yevgenia
Published: November 2017

The resistive switching (RS) behavior and the impact of Li content on the RS characteristics of the devices comprising Li‐doped ZnO (LiZnO) film sandwiched between LaB6 (bottom) and Au (top) electrodes are investigated. A device consisting of 1 at.% Li‐doped ZnO film (Li1ZnO) exhibits n‐type conductivity and zero‐crossing hysteretic current–voltage characteristics, i.e., bipolar resistive switching (BRS). With an increase in Li content to 10 at.%, the film (Li10ZnO) becomes a ferroelectric p‐type semiconductor and displays BRS behavior along with rectifying property. A distinct advance in the BRS characteristics is observed in the device based on p‐Li10ZnO/n‐Li1ZnO bilayer. The analysis of the conductivity mechanism in Au/p‐Li10ZnO/n‐Li1ZnO/LaB6 device suggests that the enhanced BRS characteristics and rectification are related to both the oxygen vacancy migration in Li1ZnO under external electric field and the p–n junction formed at p‐Li10ZnO/n‐Li1ZnO interface, whose width and potential barrier height are modulated by reversible polarization of Li10ZnO.
Taking a Closer Look at Your Informational Writing Instruction
Authors: Beschorner Beth , Hall Anna H.
Published: November 2017

When students write informational text, they have the opportunity to engage with meaningful topics, become curious about the world, learn domain‐specific knowledge, and use academic vocabulary. Given the possibilities for learning through writing informational text, it is important for teachers to reflect on and improve their informational writing instruction. This Teaching Tip describes approaches to creating a classroom environment that supports informational writing, including the use of digital tools for writing.
Avoiding dangerous climate: results from the AVOID2 programme
Authors: Lowe J. A. , Arnell N. W. , Warren R. , Gambhir A. J. , Bernie D. , Thompson E.
Published: November 2017

The AVOID2 programme provided evidence for UK Government on what might constitute dangerous climate change and the feasibility of avoiding it. The programme quantified some of the benefits of moving from a world that warms by around 4–5°C to one limiting global warming to below or well below 2°C. Whilst there is evidence that this transition is feasible, it will require early action to reduce emissions and to develop the potential for large‐scale deployment of a range of low carbon technologies.
Visible neutrino decay in the light of appearance and disappearance long-baseline experiments
Authors: Gago Alberto M. , Gomes Ricardo A. , Gomes Abner L.G. , Jones-Pérez Joel , Peres Orlando L.G.
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We investigate the present constraints from MINOS and T2K experiments for the neutrino decay scenario induced by non-diagonal couplings of Majorons to neutrinos. As novelty, on top of the typical invisible decay prescription, we add the contribution of visible decay, where final products can be observed. This new effect depends on the nature of the neutrino-Majoron coupling, which can be of scalar or pseudoscalar type. Using the combination of disappearance data from MINOS and disappearance and appearance data from T2K, for normal ordering, we constrain the decay parameter α ≡ E Γ for the heaviest neutrino, where E and Γ are the neutrino energy and width, respectively. We find that when considering visible decay within appearance data, one can improve current neutrino long-baseline constraints up to

$$ \alpha <\mathcal{O}\left(1{0}^{-5}\right)\ {\mathrm{eV}}^2 $$

α
<
O

1

0

−
5

eV
2

, at 90% C.L., for both kinds of couplings, which is better by one order of magnitude compared to previous bounds.
Syndrome mit breitem Tumorspektrum
Authors: Steinke-Lange Verena , Becker Kerstin , Behnecke Anne , Neuhann Teresa , Holinski-Feder Elke
Published: November 2017

Die klinische Diagnose erblicher Tumorsyndrome ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der humangenetischen Beratung. Bei seltenen Syndromen, die mit einem breiten Spektrum an Tumoren und phänotypischen Überschneidungen einhergehen, ist dies nicht immer einfach. In diesem Artikel sollen deshalb die typischen und wegweisenden Merkmale der wichtigsten seltenen Tumordispositionssyndrome mit breitem Tumorspektrum herausgearbeitet werden. Hierzu gehören der Carney-Komplex, das Cowden-Syndrom, die juvenile Polyposis, das Li-Fraumeni-Syndrom und das Peutz-Jeghers-Syndrom. Darüber hinaus sind auch die derzeit empfohlenen Früherkennungsuntersuchungen dargestellt, die meist eine interdisziplinäre Betreuung der Patienten erforderlich machen.
Fuzzy modelling and mapping soil moisture for observed periods and climate scenarios. An alternative for dynamic modelling at the national and regional scale?
Authors: Nickel Stefan , Schröder Winfried
Published: November 2017

Key message

Average soil moisture was spatially modelled for observed periods and climate scenarios using a fuzzy logic approach. Accordingly, a significant decline of soil moisture until 2070 in Germany and the Kellerwald National Park could be evidenced for soils influenced by ground water and by stagnant water and at sites on steep slopes and on southerly slopes.

Context

Soil moisture is an essential environmental factor affecting the condition of forests throughout time with high spatial variance. To adapt forests to climate change, assessments of ecological integrity and services in forest management and nature conservation need spatio-temporal estimations of current and future soil moisture. Dynamic modelling of soil moisture even with rather simple models needs numerous data which are often not available for areas of large spatial extent.

Aims

Therefore, the objectives of this investigation were to (1) spatio-temporally estimate ecological soil moisture with available data covering the whole territory of Germany, (2) to specify these estimates for the regional scale, (3) to statistically analyse temporal trends of modelled soil moisture for the time period 1961–2070 and (4) to map soil moisture changes (drying-out) at both national and regional levels.

Methods

A fuzzy rule-based model was developed allowing the combination of a pedological and an ecological soil moisture classification. The fuzzy modelling approach was applied for mapping average soil moisture at two spatial scales.

Results

Soil moisture was modelled and mapped on a scale of 1:500,000 across Germany and regionally specified on a scale of 1:25,000 for the Kellerwald National Park for the time intervals 1961–1990, 1991–2010, 2011–2040 and 2041–2070. The model validation gave a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.86 and a coefficient of determination (pseudoR2) of 0.21. Average soil moisture was expected to decline significantly until 2070 concerning soils influenced by ground water and by stagnant water and at sites on steep slopes (> 25%) and on southerly slopes (120–240°).

Conclusion

The model allows mapping of mean soil moisture at the national and regional scale as shown by the example of Germany and the Kellerwald National Park across observed periods and climate scenarios. It should be combined with available ecological data on forest ecosystem types (Jenssen et al. 2013; Schröder et al. 2015) and tested at the European scale.
Failure to flow: An exploration of learning and teaching in busy, multi-patient environments using an interpretive description method
Authors: Chan Teresa M. , Van Dewark Kenneth , Jonathan Sherbino Jonathan , Schwartz Alan , Norman Geoff , Lineberry Matthew
Published: November 2017

Introduction As patient volumes continue to increase, more attention must be paid to skills that foster efficiency without sacrificing patient safety. The emergency department is a fertile ground for examining leadership and management skills, especially those that concern prioritization in multi-patient environments. We sought to understand the needs of emergency physicians (EPs) and emergency medicine junior trainees with regards to teaching and learning about how best to handle busy, multi-patient environments.

Method A cognitive task analysis was undertaken, using a qualitative approach to elicit knowledge of EPs and residents about handling busy emergency department situations. Ten experienced EPs and 10 junior emergency medicine residents were interviewed about their experiences in busy emergency departments. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed inductively and iteratively by two independent coders using an interpretive description technique.

Results EP teachers and junior residents differed in their perceptions of what makes an emergency department busy. Moreover, they focused on different aspects of patient care that contributed to their busyness: EP teachers tended to focus on volume of patients, junior residents tended to focus on the complexity of certain cases. The most important barrier to effective teaching and learning of managerial skills was thought to be the lack of faculty development in this skill set.

Conclusions This study presents qualitative data that helps us elucidate how patient volumes affect our learning environments, and how clinical teachers and residents operate within these environments.
Enduring Questions and the Ethics of Memory Blunting
Authors: VUKOV JOSEPH
Published: November 2017

Memory blunting is a pharmacological intervention that decreases the emotional salience of memories. The technique promises a brighter future for those suffering from memory-related disorders such as PTSD, but it also raises normative questions about the limits of its permissibility. So far, neuroethicists have staked out two primary camps in response to these questions. In this paper, I argue both are problematic. I then argue for an alternative approach to memory blunting, one that can accommodate the considerations that motivate rival approaches even while avoiding the problems these rivals face. In addition to arguing for this primary thesis, the paper also aims to suggest something about neuroethics generally: despite what some neuroethicists claim, new discoveries in neuroscience may not typically upend traditional views of morality. Rather, discoveries in neuroscience often provide us with new occasions to reflect on enduring questions about what it means to be human.
Territorial Differentiation in EU Law: Can Scotland and Northern Ireland Remain in the EU and/or the Single Market?
Authors: SKOUTARIS Nikos
Published: November 2017

In the Brexit referendum of 23 June 2016, voters in England and Wales voted to leave the EU, while in Scotland and Northern Ireland they voted to remain. Following that, there has been a debate about how it would be possible to achieve the continuing presence in the single market of the UK constituent nations that do not want to be taken out against their will. This paper explores two pathways for Scotland and Northern Ireland to remain in the EU and/or the single market. The first entails the achievement of Scottish independence and the reunification of Ireland through democratic referendums. To this effect, the paper reviews the right of secession of those two constituent nations under UK constitutional law. It revisits the debate on the appropriate legal basis regulating Scotland’s future EU accession and discusses the Irish reunification from an EU law perspective. The second pathway explores how it would be possible for Scotland and Northern Ireland to remain in the EU and/or the single market even without seceding from the UK. In order to do that, the paper points to the remarkable flexibility of the EU legal order as evidenced in numerous cases of differentiated application of Union law. The paper shows that the EU possesses the necessary legal instruments to accommodate the divergent aspirations of the UK constituent nations.
‘Black spots on the map of Europe’: Ireland and Finland as oppressed nationalities,c.1860–1910
Authors: Newby Andrew G.
Published: November 2017

In late 1909, the liberal Russian newspaperBirzhevye Vedomostiexpressed the fear that Finland could become ‘Russia’s Ireland’. The implication was that by restricting the autonomy that Finland had enjoyed within the Russian Empire for much of the preceding century, Russian nationalists risked creating a chaotic, discontented eastern province, dangerously close to the imperial capital. The ‘Russia’s Ireland’ motif became so prominent in the following eight years – before Finnish independence in 1917 – as to become an international cliché. The discourse of imperial subjugation that existed in both Ireland and Finland in the first decade of the twentieth century has rather obscured the fact that, despite obvious superficial parallels, the nineteenth-century experiences of these nations differed considerably. Both Finland and Ireland were part of larger imperial systems in the nineteenth century, and national movements emerged in both countries that sought to develop political, economic and cultural autonomy. Finland became a sporadic model for diverse Irish national aspirations, but the analogy was rejected consistently, and often vigorously, by Finns in the nineteenth century. This article charts the development of the Finnish–Irish constitutional analogy from the middle of the nineteenth century to the eve of both nations’ independence. It demonstrates that despite the similarities in overall historical timelines, contemporaries perceived differences between the two cases.
‘A model co-operative country’: Irish–Finnish contacts at the turn of the twentieth century
Authors: Hilson Mary
Published: November 2017

Agricultural co-operative societies were widely discussed across late nineteenth-century Europe as a potential solution to the problems of agricultural depression, land reform and rural poverty. In Finland, the agronomist Hannes Gebhard drew inspiration from examples across Europe in founding the Pellervo Society, to promote rural cooperation, in 1899. He noted that Ireland’s ‘tragic history’, its struggle for national self-determination and the introduction of co-operative dairies to tackle rural poverty, seemed to offer a useful example for Finnish reformers. This article explores the exchanges between Irish and Finnish co-operators around the turn of the century, and examines the ways in which the parallels between the two countries were constructed and presented by those involved in these exchanges. I will also consider the reasons for the divergence in the development of cooperation, so that even before the First World War it was Finland, not Ireland, that had begun to be regarded as ‘a model co-operative country’.
THE SILENT HALF SPEAKS
Authors: Wu Shellen
Published: November 2017

It wasn't so long ago that histories of China's rocky transition to modernity featured a small and entirely male cast of characters. In the works of the first generation of American Sinologists, from John King Fairbank to his most famous students such as Joseph Levenson, a few men, from late Qing statesman Li Hongzhang 李鴻章 to reformers and revolutionaries like Kang Youwei 康有為, Sun Yatsen 孫中山, and Liang Qichao 梁啟超, loomed large over the narrative of the Chinese revolution. Into this lacuna Mary Rankin's rediscovery of the late Qing female martyr Qiu Jin 秋瑾 came as a thunderbolt. Her work opened up the possibility that perhaps the problem wasn't the absence of women in China's revolution but the failure of scholars to look for their contribution. Rankin's 1968 article on “The Tenacity of Tradition,” and her subsequent bookEarly Chinese Revolutionariespaved the way for a far more nuanced and complicated new social history of modern China.
Protein phosphatase PP2C in the flagellum of Leishmania major: cloning and characterization
Authors: Escalona-Montaño A. R. , Pérez-Montfort R. , Cabrera N. , Mondragón-Flores R. , Vélez-Ramírez D. E. , Gómez-Sandoval J. N. , Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. , Becker I. , Aguirre-García M. M.
Published: November 2017

The main goal of this work consisted in cloning, purifying and characterizing a protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) from promastigotes ofLeishmania major. The gene was cloned and amplified by PCR using specific oligonucleotides and the recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography. The peak with maximal protein concentration was analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and revealed a protein of 44·9 kDa with PP2C activity. This activity was dependent on divalent cations (Mg+2and Mn+2) and was optimal at pH of 8·5, using phosphothreonine as the substrate. Sanguinarine inhibited the activity of the recombinantLmPP2C, while protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors had no effect. The recombinantLmPP2C was used to generate polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies recognized a protein of 44·9 kDa in differentLeishmaniaspecies; theLmPP2C was localized in the flagellar pocket and the flagellum of promastigotes.
Niuean
Authors: Brown Jason , Tukuitonga Kara
Published: November 2017

Niuean (ISO 639-3 code niu) is a Polynesian language spoken on the island of Niue, with an additional population of speakers living in New Zealand. Figure 1 indicates where Niue is located with respect to other neighboring islands in the South Pacific. The 2011 Niue Census of Populations and Households cited the number of individuals who had either basic or fluent spoken abilities at 1121 (with 101 non-speakers) (Statistics Niue 2012). English is the second most widely used language on the island. The 2013 New Zealand census cited 4548 individuals living in New Zealand who listed Niuean as one of their languages (Statistics New Zealand 2013). Niuean is classified as ‘definitely endangered’ by UNESCO (Moseley 2010). There are historically two distinct dialects: the older Motu dialect from the northern area, and the more recent Tafiti from the southern area. These dialect differences were once reflected in slight phonological differences in vocabulary items, but the differences have since eroded in the modern language (see McEwen 1970: ix). Previous research on Niuean phonetics and phonology includes a brief outline in Seiter (1980: x), two dictionaries (McEwen 1970, Sperlich 1997), and an article on vowel length (Rolle & Starks 2014). While these works provide an overview of some of the phenomena to be addressed below, this sketch attempts a more thorough documentation of the phonetic structures of Niuean, and provides novel acoustic and articulatory data from the language. Recordings accompanying this paper are of a male speaker (Mr. Krypton Okesene) and a female speaker (the second author).
An inference procedure for behavioural studies combining numerical simulations, statistics and experimental results
Authors: Guarini Jean-Marc , Coston-Guarini Jennifer , Deprez Tim , Chauvaud Laurent
Published: November 2017

The technical difficulties of performing underwater observation mean that marine ecologists have long relied on behavioural experiments to study reactions of marine organisms. In this article, we examine the underlying complexity of assumptions made in raceway experiments and we propose a statistical inference procedure tailored to this type of experimental protocol. As an example, experiments were performed to test if light of two different intensities affects the proximal behaviour (i.e. direct, local and immediate) of two species of crustaceans, the hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus), and the green crab (Carcinus maenas). Individuals were collected in the vicinity of the Sven Loven Marine Center in Tjarnö (Sweden). Their movements in raceways were recorded and the statistical distance between the resulting experimental distribution and a simulated null distribution was used to compare their behaviour in two situations: dim (when they were expected to feed) and bright light (when they were expected to shelter). Initial tests indicated no differences of behaviour between dim and bright light for the two species. However, when compared with the reference state (here, a null distribution) the behaviour in dim light deviates significantly from the null distribution suggesting non-random behaviour. Our results suggest that efforts should be made to understand the behaviours of the individuals of these two species to establish a comprehensive reference state as a basis for comparison. This fundamental information should be a prerequisite before implementing experiments testing how potential disturbances affect individual organisms in behavioural ecology.
Molecular and morphological characterization of the cercariae of Lecithodendrium linstowi (Dollfus, 1931), a trematode of bats, and incrimination of the first intermediate snail host, Radix balthica
Authors: ENABULELE EGIE E. , LAWTON SCOTT P. , WALKER ANTHONY J. , KIRK RUTH S.
Published: November 2017

Lecithodendrium linstowi is one of the most prevalent and abundant trematodes of bats, but the larval stages and intermediate hosts have not been identified. We present the first molecular and morphological characterization of the cercariae of L. linstowi based on a phylogenetic analysis of partial fragments of LSU and ITS2 rDNA. The first intermediate host was incriminated as Radix balthica by DNA barcoding using cox1 and ITS2 sequences, although the snail morphologically resembled Radix peregra, emphasizing the requirement for molecular identification of lymnaeids as important intermediate hosts of medical and veterinary impact. The application of molecular data in this study has enabled linkage of life cycle stages and accurate incrimination of the first intermediate host.
Molecular identification of parasitic nematodes (Nematoda: Strongylida) in feces of wild ruminants from Tunisia
Authors: Said Yousra , Gharbi Mohamed , Mhadhbi Moez , Dhibi Moktar , Lahmar Samia
Published: November 2017

In Tunisia and other North African countries, there is a lack of knowledge about parasite biodiversity within threatened wild ruminants and there are not any studies on their gastrointestinal nematodes. Thus the aim of this study was to identify gastrointestinal fauna in the faecal samples of Tunisian wild ruminants. A total of 262 faecal samples were collected from domestic sheep and goat, and wild ruminants (Addax, Barbary sheep, Barbary red deer, Dorcas gazelle, Slender-horned gazelle and Scimitar-horned Oryx) living in protected areas. Samples were examined with floatation (saturated sodium chloride solution), polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA. Microscopic analysis allowed the identification of only Nematodirus genus or molecular tools allowed a first identification of five gastrointestinal nematode species in North African wild ruminants: Chabertia ovina (1.6%), Camelostrongylus mentulatus (1.6%), Marshallagia marshalli (4.7%), Nematodirus helvetianus (62.5%) and Nematodirus spathiger (29.7%). This study reported the first records of C. mentulatus and M. marshalli in Addax and of M. marshalli in Dorcas gazelle and it was the first reported record of N. helvetianus and M. marshalli in Tunisia.
Why was the Dome of the Rock built? A new perspective on a long-discussed question
Authors: Levy-Rubin Milka
Published: November 2017

The existing discussion regarding the motives for building the Dome of the Rock revolves around two suggestions: that the incentive for building was the fierce competition between ʿAbd al-Malik and ʿAbdallah b. al-Zubayr in Mecca, and that it was competition with local Christian monuments that moved ʿAbd al-Malik to building this outstanding edifice. This paper suggests that a third incentive lay in the political and ideological rivalry with Constantinople that was at its peak during that period. This rivalry drove ʿAbd al-Malik to build a monument that would outdo those of Constantinople, and especially that of the Hagia Sophia. Muslim tradition emphasized that Constantinople had contaminated the site of the Temple and had claimed to inherit its place as God's throne on earth. The building of the Dome of the Rock, the New Temple of Solomon, was thus meant to redeem the Temple of Jerusalem's honour as of old against the claims of Constantinople.
Old Khotanese type A stems in -a- and -e-
Authors: Hitch Doug
Published: November 2017

In 1968 Emmerick proposed the existence of a present stem type D. It is shown here from morphophonological patterning that his category contains two subtypes, temporarily labelled D1 and D2. By comparing vocalic contractions from the nominals with the D1 endings, it is clear that the D1 stems end synchronically in -a- and take the regular type A endings. The D2 stem vowel in contrast, behaves partly like nominal stems in -a-, and partly like stems in -i-. By reviewing contraction evidence relating to all vowels, it is shown that the D2 stems end synchronically, albeit abstractly, in -e- and take the regular type A endings. Two further verbs from Emmerick's type C are shown also to end in -e- and take the regular endings.
Identification of a small fragment of Mani'sLiving Gospel(Turfan Collection, Berlin, M5439)
Authors: Shokri-Foumeshi Mohammad
Published: November 2017

Heretofore three fragments of ManiʼsLiving Gospel– the most important work of Mani – have been recognized in Middle Persian and in Manichaean script: M17, M172/I/ and M644. This article, with a codicological and textological approach, shows that M17 and the new fragment M5439 are two separate pieces of a single manuscript page. The verso-side of M5439 has a new text. Now, after the identification and reading of this damaged fragment, we are able to correct the previous reconstructions and comment on a few Middle Persian words. The text contains a part of theexordiumand of the chapterAlephof theLiving Gospel.
Crashing the party: advocacy coalitions and the nonpartisan primary
Authors: Sinclair J. Andrew , O’Grady Ian , McIntosh Brock , Nordlund Carrie
Published: November 2017

California and Washington recently replaced traditional partisan elections with nonpartisan “top-two” election procedures. Some reform advocates hoped that voters would behave in a way to support moderate candidates in the primary stage; the limited evidence for this behaviour has led some scholars to conclude that the reform has little chance to change meaningful policy outcomes. Yet we find that the nonpartisan procedure has predictable and disparate political consequences: the general elections between two candidates of the same party, called copartisan general elections, tend to occur in districts without any meaningful crossparty competition. Furthermore, copartisan elections are more likely to occur with open seats, when a new legislator will begin building a network of relationships. The results, viewed through the lens of the Advocacy Coalition Framework, suggest that opportunities exist for coalitional rearrangement over time.
THE ADDED VALUE OF INTEGRATE-HTA GUIDANCE IN THE WORK PROCESSES OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AGENCIES
Authors: van der Wilt Gert Jan , Kievit Wietske , Oortwijn Wija
Published: November 2017

A central idea underlying the INTEGRATE-HTA project is that many of the interventions that are being used in health care are quite complex. By this, we mean that the relation between the delivery of the intervention on the one hand, and the onset of (desired and undesired) changes may be less straightforward than hoped for. There may be all sorts of reasons for this, varying from a lack of resources, lack of skills, perverse incentives, organizational problems, etc. Not identifying such factors and their potential impact may seriously compromise the policy relevance of a health technology assessment (HTA) (1). However, current approaches and methods in HTA do not seem to be adequately geared to deal with this complexity.
RUSKIN, DARWIN, AND LOOKING BENEATH SURFACES
Authors: Krieg Katelin
Published: November 2017

John Ruskin and Charles Darwinshared a desire to change the way their readers looked at both nature and art. However, when considering them together, we typically remember their failure to see eye to eye on man's place in nature. Examining Ruskin's responses to Darwin's work, sexual selection in particular, or Ruskin's late dissatisfaction with Victorian science more generally, scholars have emphasized their conflicting worldviews. Yet this tendency to focus on conceptual disagreement fails to consider a shared intellectual background between the two men: the science of geology.
CRITICAL NAMES MATTER: “CURRER BELL,” “GEORGE ELIOT,” AND “MRS. GASKELL”
Authors: Jung Daun
Published: November 2017

It is a well-known factthat many Victorian women writers such as the Brontë sisters, George Eliot, and Elizabeth Gaskell adopted pseudonyms or anonymity in publishing their literary works, but few people are aware of how such naming practices had been received by contemporary readers, especially by Victorian periodical reviewers – the very first readers and mediators that presented any major literary works to the public. Since we, as modern day scholars, have become so intimate with their present forms of author names appearing on course syllabuses, school curriculums, and academic papers, we hardly ask how such naming has become possible.