bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology-based classification of functional groups for potamoplankton
Authors: Chen Ning , Liu Ling , Li Yanfeng , Qiao Danying , Li Yuanpo , Zhang Ying , Lv Yiyan
Published: May 2015

Simple morphological traits of phytoplankton have proven to correlate well with the functional properties of taxa. A logical way of distinguishing functional groups of phytoplankton is to cluster species according to their morphological traits, instead of phytosociological traits, which are difficult to measure and incomplete for the vast majority of phytoplankton species. This novel approach inspired the establishment of morphologically based functional groups (MBFG) for lake phytoplankton. This study considers the MBFG as a potentially suitable tool for investigating and comparing the potamoplankton assemblages in riverine ecosystems. This study constructed a special version of MBFG that is aimed at rivers, termed MBFGR. MBFGR is based on information obtained from more than 800 samples of potamoplankton and zooplankton collected from 101 rivers located in four climate zones. Their habitat templates were also described by the thresholds of the environmental variables that promote group dominance. Despite its similar framework with MBFG, MBFGR emphasized the presence of flagella, size and shape, exoskeletal structures, life strategy and subdivision of diatoms. Their habitat templates are outlined by additional factors connected to hydrology and river types. Moreover, each discussed template includes consideration of grazing by zooplankton. Theoretically, MBFGR is better than MBFG because it can sensitively capture the ecological preferences of phytoplankton groups most associated with rivers and provides empirical values to reflect the environmental conditions in riverine ecosystems.
Little faith: A pragmatic-linguistic perspective on Matthew’s portrayal of Jesus’ disciples
Authors: Van Aarde Andries G.
Published: May 2015

This article argues that fear is central to the state of being of Jesus’ disciples when their religious experience is characterised as ‘little faith’ in the Gospel of Matthew. A pragmatic-linguistic reading strategy is applied to that passage in the Gospel of Matthew where the implications of fear for the experiences of the disciples can be observed most clearly, namely Matthew 13:53–17:27. In this passage their state of being is described as ‘little faith’ and it is conveyed that the integrity of the disciples’ commission would not be accepted by their hearers unless they overcome their fear.Kleingeloof: ’n Pragmaties-linguistiese perspektief op Jesus se dissiples. Die artikel voer aan dat vrees sentraal in die eksistensiële belewenis van Jesus se dissipels staan wanneer hulle godsdienstige ervaring in die Evangelie van Matteus as kleingeloof gekarakteriseer word. ’n Pragmaties-linguistiese leesstrategie word op die betrokke gedeelte, Matteus 13:53–17:27, toegepas waar die implikasies van vrees in die dissipels se ervaring die duidelikste waargeneem kan word. Hulle eksistensiële belewenis word as kleingelowig beskryf en dit word duidelik gekommunikeer dat die integriteit van hulle opdrag om disssipels van ander mense te maak, nie deur die hoorders aanvaar sal word alvorens hulle hulle vrees oorwin het nie.
Fracture strength of roots instrumented with three different single file systems in curved root canals
Authors: Nur Bilge Gulsum , Ok Evren , Altunsoy Mustafa , Tanriver Mehmet , Capar Ismail Davut
Published: May 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the fracture strength of roots instrumented with three different single file rotary systems in curved mesial root canals of maxillary molars. Materials and Methods: Curvatures of 25°–35° on mesial roots of 60 maxillary molar teeth were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction to obtain roots 11 mm in length. The roots were balanced with respect to buccolingual and mesiodistal diameter and weight. They were distributed into three experimental groups and one control group (no instrumentation) (n = 15): Reciproc rotary file (R25, VDW, Munich, Germany), WaveOne Primary rotary file (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Tulsa, UK) and OneShape (Micro-Mega, Besancon, France) rotary file. Vertical load was applied until fracture occurred. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test (P < 0.05). Results: The mean fracture load was 412 ± 72 Newton (N) for the control group, 395 ± 69 N for the Reciproc group, 373 ± 63 N for the WaveOne group and 332 ± 68 N for the OneShape group. The fracture load differences among three experimental groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05.) Whereas, the fracture loads of control and OneShape groups were significantly different (P = 0.012). Conclusions: Fracture resistance of the roots instrumented with WaveOne and Reciproc file systems were similar to the control group whereas it was observed that OneShape rotary file systems enhance the fracture strength of standardized curved roots when compared with the control group.
Microshear bond strength evaluation of surface pretreated zirconia ceramics bonded to dentin
Authors: Anand Shenbagakuttalam , Ebenezar Ambrose Vedamanickam Rajesh , Anand Nirupa , Rajkumar Kothandaraman , Mahalaxmi Sekar , Srinivasan Narasimhan
Published: May 2015

Objectives: To comparatively assess the micro shear bond strength (MSBS) of dentin bonded surface pre-treated zirconia ceramics. Materials and Methods: Zirconia blocks were sectioned into 50 cubical blocks. The blocks were further categorized into five groups (n = 10 each). Group I: No treatment was performed on zirconia samples; Group II: The zirconia samples were sand-blasted; Group III: Group II + etched with 9.8% of hydrofluoric (HF) acid for 60 s; Group IV: The sandblasted zirconia samples were selectively infiltrated with low fusing porcelain; and Group V: Group IV + etched using 9.8% HF acid gel. The zirconia specimens were then bonded to dentin samples, and the samples were tested for MSBS evaluation using universal testing machine. Results: The MSBS of all the four experimental groups shows greater value than group I. Among the experimental groups, group V and group IV do not show any statistical significant difference, whereas the mean MSBS of groups IV and V were statistically greater than group III and group II. However, groups I, II, and III do not show any statistical significant difference in mean MSBS values between them. Conclusion: Selective infiltration etching of zirconia ceramics provides the highest bond strength with resin cement.
The minimum residual root thickness after using ProTaper, RaCe and Gates-Glidden drills: A cone beam computerized tomography study
Authors: Akhlaghi Nahid Mohammadzadeh , Bajgiran Laleh Mohammadian , Naghdi Amirali , Behrooz Elaheh , Khalilak Zohreh
Published: May 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the minimum residual root thickness (MRRT) of the danger zone after preflaring of the mesio-buccal (MB) canal of mandibular first molars using ProTaper, RaCe and Gates-Glidden (GG) drills as coronal shapers by cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the initial CBCT scans of 75 MB canals of mandibular first molars were provided within 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm of the furcation level. The samples were divided into three groups. The samples of ProTaper and RaCe groups were prepared up to F2 and #25.04 as the master apical file (MAF), respectively. The coronal preparation of the samples in the GG group was done using GG drills #2, #3 and #4 and canals were prepared till MAF # 25. After obtaining the postinstrumentation images, the MRRT and the amount of removed dentin were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA statistical analyses. Results: The GG drills removed significantly more dentin than RaCe at all the sections (P < 0.05) and more than ProTaper at 3 mm from the furcation. Statistically there was no significant difference between ProTaper and RaCe groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in MRRT between the groups (P > 0.05). The mean MRRT was not < 0.75 mm at all sections. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, when an appropriate root thickness is initially present, all of the instruments that were investigated may safely be used as coronal shapers in MB canals of mandibular first molars.
Memory Impairment and Reduced Exploratory Behavior in Mice after Administration of Systemic Morphine
Authors: Kitanaka Junichi , Kitanaka Nobue , Hall F. Scott , Fujii Mei , Goto Akiko , Kanda Yusuke , Koizumi Akira , Kuroiwa Hirotoshi , Mibayashi Satoko , Muranishi Yumi , Otaki Soichiro , Sumikawa Minako , Tanaka Koh-Ichi , Nishiyama Nobuyoshi , Uhl George R. , Takemura Motohiko
Published: May 2015

In the present study, the effects of morphine were examined on tests of spatial memory, object exploration, locomotion, and anxiety in male ICR mice. Administration of morphine (15 or 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) induced a significant decrease in Y-maze alternations compared to saline vehicle-treated mice. The reduced Y-maze alternations induced by morphine were completely blocked by naloxone (15 mg/kg) or β-funaltrexamine (5 mg/kg) but not by norbinaltorphimine (5 mg/kg) or naltrindole (5 mg/kg), suggesting that the morphine-induced spatial memory impairment was mediated predominantly by jl-opioid receptors (MOPs). Significant spatial memory retrieval impairments were observed in the Morris water maze (MWM) in mice treated with morphine (15 mg/kg) or scopolamine (1 mg/kg), but not with naloxone or morphine plus naloxone. Reduced exploratory time was observed in mice after administration of morphine (15 mg/kg), in a novel-object exploration test, without any changes in locomotor activity. No anxiolytic-like behavior was observed in morphine-treated mice in the elevated plus maze. A significant reduction in buried marbles was observed in morphine-treated mice measured in the marble-burying test, which was blocked by naloxone. These observations suggest that morphine induces impairments in spatial short-term memory and retrieval, and reduces exploratory behavior, but that these effects are not because of overall changes in locomotion or anxiety.
Invited review: Development and expression of dairy calf feeding behaviour
Authors: Miller-Cushon E. K. , DeVries T. J.
Published: May 2015

Miller-Cushon, E. K. and DeVries, T. J. 2015. Invited review: Development and expression of dairy calf feeding behaviour. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 341–350. Feeding and housing practices for dairy calves impact performance and growth early in life, as well as feeding behaviour. There is also increasing evidence that early exposure to different feeding and housing strategies influence the development of feeding behaviour. The dairy calf needs access to milk in sufficient quantities to maintain health and high-levels of growth. In addition, intake of solid feed, such as grain concentrate, is necessary early in life to establish fermentation and develop the rumen. In dairy calves, feeding behaviour patterns can have direct impact on nutrient consumption and, consequently, growth. Further, recent research has provided evidence that behaviour patterns that develop in response to management factors early in life may persist once learned, potentially having longer-term implications for health and welfare. Thus, there is potential for various nutritional, housing, and management factors to impact the learning of feeding behaviour early in the life of dairy calves. This review provides several examples of early management factors that influence feeding behaviour of dairy calves and, in turn, impact calf growth and welfare. For example, providing continuous, ad libitum access to milk results not only in greater growth, but also in meal patterns that more closely resemble the natural behaviour of a calf suckling its dam. Housing management also has the potential to influence when, and how much, a calf eats. Whereas social facilitation promotes intake, particularly at weaning, competition for feed in group-housed calves restricts feeding patterns and degree of feeding synchrony. With regards to provision of solid feed, recent data suggest that providing physically effective hay, in addition to grain concentrate, may be beneficial for the rumen environment and consequent growth and efficiency. However, the physical form and presentation of forage may also influence feeding behaviour of calves, in particular feed sorting, which can impact both immediate nutrient intakes as well as the development and persistence of that behaviour. For example, calves provided hay and concentrate as a mixture begin to sort their feed early in life, with the pattern of sorting depending on hay particle size. Feed sorting in young calves may reflect a motivation to consume a proportion of hay in the diet. In general, it appears to be beneficial for early growth and welfare to support milk and solid feed intake through unrestricted allowances and less-competitive feeding environments. Continued research in this area is needed to assess the longevity of learned behaviour patterns, and what factors may influence their persistence.
Marker soft red winter wheat
Authors: Tamburic-Ilincic Lily , Smid Arend
Published: May 2015

Tamburic-Ilincic, L. and Smid, A. 2015. Marker soft red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1029–1031. Marker is a soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar registered for Ontario, Canada. It has high grain yield, with good pastry quality and is moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight. Marker is well adapted to the winter wheat growing areas of Ontario.
Depth to compact subsoil effects on soil properties and barley–potato yields on a loamy soil in New Brunswick
Authors: Rees H. W. , Chow T. L. , Xing Z. , Li S. , Monteith J. O. , Stevens L.
Published: May 2015

Rees, H. W., Chow, T. L., Xing, Z., Li, S., Monteith, J. O. and Stevens, L. 2015. Depth to compact subsoil effects on soil properties and barley–potato yields on a loamy soil in New Brunswick. Can. J. Soil Sci. 95: 203–218. An experiment was established to investigate the implications of thickness of soil over compact subsoil on plow layer soil thermal and water regimes and ultimately the yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Three depths were considered, 24 cm (shallow), 36 cm (medium) and 60 cm (deep). Results on soil temperature impacts were inconclusive. The shallow treatment water content was most greatly affected by precipitation and had the greatest potential to become saturated then drying out more than the other treatments. The deep treatment did not improve soil temperature and water regimes enough to increase crop yield. The medium depth, which most closely approximated existing local solum development, proved superior to the shallow treatment in terms of crop yield and reduced soil moisture variation, while the deep treatment did not warrant the effort required to create under field conditions. Barley and potato yields from the medium depth were greatest with 20% (significant) and 8% (not significant) more yield, respectively, than from the shallow treatment. The eroded soil profiles common to the New Brunswick potato belt exacerbate soil erosion since an eroded soil has less volume to accept water from a rainfall event, making the soil more prone to erosion, especially if it is true that our weather is changing, with the amplitude of weather shifts becoming greater. Incorporation of subsoil materials into the plow layer of eroded soils due to soil loss may result in further reduction in crop yield.
The Bernstein–Sato $b$-function of the Space of Cyclic Pairs
Authors: Walters Robin
Published: May 2015

We compute the Bernstein-Sato polynomial of

f

, a function which given a pair

(M,v)

in

X = M_n(\mathbb C) \times \mathbb C^n

tests whether

v

is a cyclic vector for

M

. The proof includes a description of shift operators corresponding to the Calogero-Moser operator

L_k

in the rational case.
Spectral Properties of the Linearized Semigroup of the Compressible Navier–Stokes Equation on a Periodic Layer
Authors: Kagei Yoshiyuki , Makio Naoki
Published: May 2015

The linearized problem for the compressible Navier-Stokes equation around a given constant state is considered in a periodic layer of

\mathbb{R}^{n}

with

n\geq2

, and spectral properties of the linearized semigroup is investigated. It is shown that the linearized operator generates a

C_0

-semigroup in

L^2

over the periodic layer and the time-asymptotic leading part of the semigroup is given by a

C_0

-semigroup generated by an

n-1

dimensional elliptic operator with constant coefficients that are determined by solutions of a Stokes system over the basic period domain.
Supports for and Constraints on Comprehensive Musicianship Through Performance-Based Student Teaching
Authors: Berg Margaret H. , Sindberg Laura K.
Published: May 2015

While Comprehensive Musicianship through Performance (CMP) approaches are often discussed in preservice music education classes, their impact on student teaching remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to describe eight student teachers’ perceptions of the feasibility of implementing CMP in the instrumental ensemble setting. Two questions guided this multiple case study: (a) What aspects of the student teaching experience or context enabled student teacher implementation of CMP-based activities? and (b) What aspects of the student teaching experience constrained student teacher implementation of CMP-based activities? Cooperating teacher modeling of CMP-based teaching and mentoring style, methods course CMP-based activities, and student teacher disposition were factors that enabled some student teachers to implement CMP-based activities. Limited rehearsal time exacerbated by student skill level and performance expectations, multidimensional self concerns coupled with a focus on specific task concerns, cooperating teacher mentoring style, lack of modeling, and conflicting definitions of comprehensive musicianship constrained participants’ use of CMP-based practices. Implications for research and music teacher education are discussed.
Adaptive Hands-On Control for Reaching and Targeting Tasks in Surgery
Authors: Beretta Elisa , De Momi Elena , Rodriguez y Baena Ferdinando , Ferrigno Giancarlo
Published: May 2015

Cooperatively controlled robotic assistants can be used in surgery for the repetitive execution of targeting/reaching tasks, which require smooth motions and accurate placement of a tool inside a working area. A variable damping controller, based on a priori knowledge of the location of the surgical site, is proposed to enhance the physical human-robot interaction experience. The performance of this and of typical constant damping controllers is comparatively assessed using a redundant light-weight robot. Results show that it combines the positive features of both null (acceleration capabilities > 0.8m/s2) and optimal (mean pointing error < 1.5mm) constant damping controllers, coupled with smooth and intuitive convergence to the target (direction changes reduced by 30%), which ensures that assisted tool trajectories feel natural to the user. An application scenario is proposed for brain cortex stimulation procedures, where the surgeon's intentions of motion are explicitly defined intra-operatively through an image-guided navigational system.
Editorial: Evolution and Change
Authors: Weber Mary Beth
Published: May 2015

I attended a number of retirement parties last year, including one for the vice president for information and university librarian at my institution. Additionally, some of my ALCTS colleagues who were very active in our division retired during the past year. ALCTS Executive Director Charles Wilt announced his retirement in January 2014, and it was effective February 2015. Previous years have included a number of active ALCTS members retiring, such as Janet Swan Hill and Peggy Johnson. Gone are those individuals in our profession that we sought for their sage advice and guidance. And while things will not be the same, change provides a new perspective and new possibilities. I will miss Charles immensely and have enjoyed working with him. I look forward to working with Keri Cascio, the new ALCTS executive director, who has her own strengths that she will bring to leading the division.
Association for Library Collections and Technical Services Annual Report 2013–14
Authors: Owens Genevieve S.
Published: May 2015

Comprising nearly four thousand members from across the United States and forty-two countries from around the globe, ALCTS is the premier resource for information specialists in collection development, preservation, and technical services. We are the leader in the development of principles, standards, and best practices for creating, collecting, organizing, delivering, and preserving information resources in all forms. This year, under the leadership of ALA President Barbara Stripling and ALCTS President Genevieve S. Owens, we have focused on three key areas: financial stability, organizational flexibility, and excellence.
Notes on Operations: A Scenario Analysis of Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA) of E-Books in Libraries
Authors: Zhang Yin , Downey Kay , Urbano Cristóbal , Klingler Tom
Published: May 2015

Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA) has been commonly adopted by academic libraries in the United States for acquiring e-books in recent years. Implementation of the e-book DDA model varies by library. This paper introduces and demonstrates a scenario analysis approach for libraries to evaluate, identify, and select a DDA plan that works best for them based on their DDA program data. This approach helps address some key questions facing libraries with a DDA e-book program: How may a DDA program be evaluated under different scenarios? Does a short-term loan (STL) option make sense? And, is the current DDA implementation a good fit for the library? The implications and related issues are discussed.
Towards an Evaluation-Based Framework of Collaborative Archaeology
Authors: Guilfoyle David R. , Hogg Erin A.
Published: May 2015

Collaborative archaeology is a growing field within the discipline, albeit one that is rarely analyzed. Although collaborative approaches are varied and diverse, we argue that they can all share a single methodological framework. Moreover, we suggest that collaborative archaeology projects can be evaluated to determine the variety among projects and to identify the elements of engaged research. We provide two case studies emphasizing project evaluation: (1) inter-project evaluation of community-engagement in British Columbia archaeology and (2) intra-project evaluation of co-management archaeology projects in Western Australia. The two case studies highlight that project evaluation is possible and that a single framework can be applied to many different types of projects. Collaborative archaeology requires analysis and evaluation to determine what facilitates engagement to further the discipline and to create better connections between archaeologists and community members. The discussed case studies illustrate two shared methods for accomplishing this. The paper argues that collaborative approaches are necessary for advancing archaeological practice.
Micro-Scale Mapping Using Ground-Penetrating
Authors: Sturm Jennie O. , Crown Patricia L.
Published: May 2015

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has become a common method for mapping archaeological sites in the American Southwest. A less tested use for this method is to survey architectural spaces within larger pueblos to map features that may relate to the function, use, and abandonment of a specific room. In Chaco Canyon, GPR was used in a room (Room 28) within Pueblo Bonito prior to excavation to determine the presence and depth of buried features. Comparison with excavation results provides a means to evaluate how well this method mapped features in this small space. Three categories of features within this room, posts/postholes, entryways, and burned materials, were successfully identified in the GPR maps. By comparing this GPR survey with the subsequent excavation, we determined how GPR reflected these architectural features, allowing us to develop a set of expectations for using this method to identify similar features in other interior pueblo rooms.
The Pocket Penetrometer
Authors: Graesch Anthony P. , Shankel Sarah E. , Schaepe David M.
Published: May 2015

The identification of earthen house floors or living surfaces during archaeological field investigations can be hampered by the scale of excavation, variable fieldworker experiences, and any number of site formation processes. Furthermore, although time- and context-sensitive sampling protocols (e.g., those required of macrobotanical and microartifact data collection) rely on in-the-moment identifications of floors, strong empirical evidence for the presence of house floors often comes well after the field season has concluded. Pocket penetrometers—inexpensive instruments that measure the compaction strength of soil—can lend empirical support to decisions about sampling procedures during onsite investigations. In this study, we present findings from the analysis of 4,463 penetrometer readings recorded during the excavation of residential and non-residential architecture at Welqámex, a Stó:lō-Coast Salish settlement in southwestern British Columbia. We show how pocket penetrometer data reveal quantifiable differences in the compaction of floors and other cultural deposits. We argue that compaction measurements can provide an additional line of data (ratio scale) to affirm or challenge onsite interpretations of stratigraphy based on other tactile and observational data, particularly as such interpretations pertain to surfaces expected to have been exposed to recurrent foot traffic
The impact of advection on stratification and chlorophyll variability in the equatorial Pacific
Authors: Dave Apurva C. , Lozier M. Susan
Published: May 2015

Previously reported global‐scale correlations between interannual variability in upper ocean stratification and chlorophyll a (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass) have been shown to be driven by strong associations between the two properties in the central and western equatorial Pacific. Herein, we present evidence that these correlations are not causal but instead result from the advection of heat, salt, and nutrients in the region. Specifically, we demonstrate that stratification and chlorophyll are simultaneously influenced by shifts in the horizontal advective inputs of cold/saline/nutrient‐rich waters from upwelling regions to the east and warm/fresh/nutrient‐poor waters to the west. We find that horizontal advection contributes substantially to the annual surface layer nutrient budget and, together with vertical advection, significantly impacts interannual variability in chlorophyll. These results highlight the importance of a three‐dimensional framework for examining nutrient supply in the upper ocean—a crucial requirement for assessing future marine ecosystem responses to a changing climate.
Temperature impacts on the water year 2014 drought in California
Authors: Shukla Shraddhanand , Safeeq Mohammad , AghaKouchak Amir , Guan Kaiyu , Funk Chris
Published: May 2015

California is experiencing one of the worst droughts on record. We use a hydrological model and risk assessment framework to understand the influence of temperature on the water year (WY) 2014 drought in California and examine the probability that this drought would have been less severe if temperatures resembled the historical climatology. Our results indicate that temperature played an important role in exacerbating the WY 2014 drought severity. We found that if WY 2014 temperatures resembled the 1916–2012 climatology, there would have been at least an 86% chance that winter snow water equivalent and spring‐summer soil moisture and runoff deficits would have been less severe than the observed conditions. We also report that the temperature forecast skill in California for the important seasons of winter and spring is negligible, beyond a lead time of 1 month, which we postulate might hinder skillful drought prediction in California.
Increases in the annual range of soil water storage at northern middle and high latitudes under global warming
Authors: Wu Wen‐Ying , Lan Chia‐Wei , Lo Min‐Hui , Reager John T. , Famiglietti James S.
Published: May 2015

Soil water storage is a fundamental signal in the land hydrological cycle and changes in soil moisture can affect regional climate. In this study, we used simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 archives to investigate changes in the annual range of soil water storage under global warming at northern middle and high latitudes. Results show that future warming could lead to significant declines in snowfall, and a corresponding lack of snowmelt water recharge to the soil, which makes soil water less available during spring and summer. Conversely, more precipitation as rainfall results in higher recharge to soil water during its accumulating season. Thus, the wettest month of soil water gets wetter, and the driest month gets drier, resulting in an increase of the annual range and suggesting that stronger heterogeneity in global water distribution (changing extremes) could occur under global warming; this has implications for water management and water security under a changing climate.
Dispersion Fuels
Authors: Hofman Gerard L. , Kim Yeon Soo
Published: May 2015

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Constituent Phases of Fuel Compounds

U–Al Alloy andUAlx

Uranium Oxides

Uranium Silicides

U–MoAlloy

Fabrication

Production of Fuel Powders

Fabrication of Fuel Plates, Rods, and Tubes

Physical Properties

Fuel Meat Void Fraction

Fuel Meat Density and Constituent Volume Fractions

Thermal Properties

Heat Capacity

Thermal Conductivity

U–AlAlloy

Powder Metallurgy Fuels

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Mechanical Properties of As‐Fabricated Materials

Chemical Properties

Fuel–AlReactions

Reactions at Temperatures below Aluminum Melting

High‐Temperature Exothermic Reactions

Fuel–Water and Fuel–Steam Reactions

Irradiation Behavior

Mechanical Property Changes

Fuel–AlReaction under Irradiation

Interaction Layer Growth in Silicide/AlDispersion

Interaction Layer Growth inU–Mo/AlDispersion

Fuel Swelling

Ceramic Fuels

Intermetallic Compound Fuel

Summary of Fuel Swelling

Blister Threshold Temperature

Fission Product Release

Fuel Deformation by Creep inU–Mo/AlDispersion

AlAlloy Cladding Coolant‐Side Corrosion

Fuel Failure Behavior
Effective Synthesis of α‐d‐GlcN‐(1→4)‐d‐GlcA/l‐IdoA Glycosidic Linkage under Gold(I) Catalysis
Authors: Li Jiakun , Dai Yuanwei , Li Wei , Laval Stéphane , Xu Peng , Yu Biao
Published: May 2015

An effective glycosylation procedure for the stereoselective construction of the α‐d‐GlcN‐(1→4)‐d‐GlcA/l‐IdoA glycosidic linkage found in heparin and heparan sulfate is reported. The condensation occurs between 2‐deoxy‐2‐azido‐d‐glucopyranosyl (d‐GlcN) ortho‐hexynylbenzoate donors and uronate acceptors (d‐GlcA/l‐IdoA) under mild gold(I)‐catalyzed conditions. Optimal results are obtained when performing the reaction in CH2Cl2, from −72 °C to room temperature in the presence of 4 Å molecular sieves and under the promotion of [Ph3PAuCl]/AgOTf or [(1,1‐bis‐(diphenylphosphino)methane)(AuCl)2]/AgOTf as a source of the gold(I) catalyst. A donor/acceptor ratio of 3:1 as well as a loading of 0.6 equivalents of the gold(I) catalyst are essential to attain high yields and α selectivity, particularly for the [1+1] and [1+2] glycosylations.
Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Pistacia atlantica kurdica gum and their catalytic performance in Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions in aqueous solutions
Authors: Veisi Hojat , Faraji Ali Reza , Hemmati Saba , Gil Antonio
Published: May 2015

A one‐pot green method for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (Pd‐NPs) supported on Pistacia atlantica kurdica (P. a. kurdica) gum is described. This natural gum is used as a reducing and stabilising agent. The formation of the Pd‐NPs/P. a. kurdica gum catalyst was verified using several techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The Pd‐NPs stabilised by P. a. kurdica gum were employed as a heterogeneous catalyst in Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions at low palladium loading (0.1 mol%) under aerobic, phosphine‐free and ligand‐free conditions in water. Product yields of up to 98%, a facile work‐up, no evidence of leached palladium from the catalyst surface and smooth recovery of the catalyst, which can be reused at least eight times, confirm the efficiency of the catalysts in the reactions investigated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive spatial modelling of seasonal bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) distributions in the Mississippi Sound
Authors: Pitchford Jonathan L. , Howard Victoria A. , Shelley Jamie K. , Serafin Billie J. S. , Coleman Andrew T. , Solangi Moby
Published: May 2015

Spatial distribution models (SDMs) have been useful for improving management of species of concern in many areas. This study was designed to model the spatial distribution of bottlenose dolphins among seasons of the year in the Mississippi Sound within the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Models were constructed by integrating presence locations of dolphins acquired from line‐transect sampling from 2011–2013 with maps of environmental conditions for the region to generate a likelihood of dolphin occurrence for winter (January–March), spring (April–June), summer (July–September), and autumn (October–December) using maximum entropy.

Models were successfully generated using the program MaxEnt and had high predictive capacity for all seasons (AUC (area under curve) > 0.8). Distinct seasonal shifts in spatial distribution were evident including increased predicted occurrence in deepwater habitats during the winter, limited predicted occurrence in the western Mississippi Sound in winter and spring, widespread predicted occurrence over the entire region during summer, and a distinct westward shift of predicted occurrence in autumn.

The most important environmental predictors used in SDMs were distance to shore, salinity, and nitrates, but variable importance differed considerably among seasons.

Geographic shifts in predicted occurrence probably reflect both direct effects of changing environmental conditions and subsequent changes in prey availability and foraging efficiency.

Overall, seasonal models helped to identify preferred habitats for dolphins among seasons of the year and can be used to inform management of this protected species in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the population viability of a threatened amphibian with a fast life‐history
Authors: Pickett Evan J. , Stockwell Michelle P. , Clulow John , Mahony Michael J.
Published: May 2015

A bias in conservation research has meant that population viability analysis has focused primarily on mammals and birds with slow life histories. The global amphibian decline has demonstrated the capacity for fast life‐history species to experience decline. However, little is known about the viability of remnant populations of these species as patterns of decline cannot be inferred from other species with different life‐history strategies.

Population viability analysis was performed on the threatened frog, Litoria aurea, which exhibits high temporal variability in population size due to its fast life‐history traits.

Projections of population size from the viability model were highly variable, and removing parametric uncertainty only slightly improved overall model certainty, thus demonstrating the limits of population viability analysis for predicting abundance in fast life‐history species. Sensitivity analysis identified recruitment of adults, female survival, male survival and rate of maturity as having the most impact on population viability.

This population viability model provides a starting point to incorporate future research findings and better elucidate the causes of local extinction in this species.

This study also reinforces the importance of egg–juvenile survival for amphibian populations, but also exemplifies the variability of amphibian viability analyses for identifying important parameters. As a case study for amphibian conservation, this analysis shows the utility of population viability analyses for fast life‐history species, even with incomplete knowledge of all life‐history stages.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peer mentoring program in an interprofessional and interdisciplinary curriculum in Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Camila Aparecida Machado , de França Carvalho Carolina Prado , Céspedes Isabel Cristina , de Oliveira Flávia , Le Sueur‐Maluf Luciana
Published: May 2015

The Federal University of São Paulo, Baixada Santista Campus was founded in 2006 with five degree‐granting programs in physical education, physiotherapy, nutrition, psychology, and occupational therapy. The guiding principle behind the programs’ educational mission was centered on the development of health care professionals capable of working in interdisciplinary teams with an emphasis on holistic patient care. This pedagogical structure required peer‐mentoring programs in order to integrate different areas of knowledge and to improve learning strategies among new generations of students. The authors’ objective in the present report is to discuss the strategies and activities of the peer‐mentoring program in histophysiology and gross anatomy in an interdisciplinary and interprofessional curriculum. Evaluations by students, mentors and professors are presented, along with a statistical analysis of variance comparing student performance in the module assessments according to their participation in the peer‐mentoring activities. The results demonstrated that students who participated in peer‐mentoring activities enjoyed a higher rate of academic success than those who did not participate. In addition, student and mentor evaluations of the peer mentoring program were highly positive. The program enabled mentors to gain a deeper knowledge of the subjects addressed in the learning modules, as well as to develop intrinsic teaching skills during their time as mentors. In short, the authors believe that the peer‐mentoring program has been validated for its effectiveness in raising student academic performance. Anat Sci Educ 8: 338–347. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
High‐throughput process development of purification alternatives for the protein avidin
Authors: Diederich Patrick , Hoffmann Marc , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: May 2015

With an increased number of applications in the field of the avidin‐biotin technology, the resulting demand for highly‐purified protein avidin has drawn our attention to the purification process of avidin that naturally occurs in chicken egg white. The high‐throughput process development (HTPD) methodology was exploited, in order to evaluate purification process alternatives to commonly used ion‐exchange chromatography. In a high‐throughput format, process parameters for aqueous two‐phase extraction, selective precipitation with salts and polyethylene glycol, and hydrophobic interaction and mixed‐mode column chromatography experiments were performed. The HTPD strategy was complemented by a high‐throughput tandem high‐performance liquid chromatography assay for protein quantification. Suitable conditions for the separation of avidin from the major impurities ovalbumin, ovomucoid, ovotransferrin, and lysozyme were identified in the screening experiments. By combination of polyethylene glycol precipitation with subsequent resolubilization and separation in a polyethylene glycol/sulfate/sodium chloride two‐phase system an avidin purity of 77% was obtained with a yield >90% while at the same time achieving a significant reduction of the process volume. The two‐phase extraction and precipitation results were largely confirmed in larger scale with scale‐up factors of 230 and 133, respectively. Seamless processing of the avidin enriched bottom phase was found feasible by using mixed‐mode chromatography. By gradient elution a final avidin purity of at least 97% and yield >90% was obtained in the elution pool. The presented identification of a new and beneficial alternative for the purification of the high value protein thus represents a successful implementation of HTPD for an industrially relevant purification task. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:957–973, 2015
Cranberry flavonoids prevent toxic rat liver mitochondrial damage in vivo and scavenge free radicals in vitro
Authors: Lapshina Elena A. , Zamaraeva Maria , Cheshchevik Vitali T. , Olchowik‐Grabarek Ewa , Sekowski Szymon , Zukowska Izabela , Golovach Nina G. , Burd Vasili N. , Zavodnik Ilya B.
Published: May 2015

The present study was undertaken for further elucidation of the mechanisms of flavonoid biological activity, focusing on the antioxidative and protective effects of cranberry flavonoids in free radical‐generating systems and those on mitochondrial ultrastructure during carbon tetrachloride‐induced rat intoxication. Treatment of rats with cranberry flavonoids (7 mg/kg) during chronic carbon tetrachloride‐induced intoxication led to prevention of mitochondrial damage, including fragmentation, rupture and local loss of the outer mitochondrial membrane. In radical‐generating systems, cranberry flavonoids effectively scavenged nitric oxide (IC50 = 4.4 ± 0.4 µg/ml), superoxide anion radicals (IC50 = 2.8 ± 0.3 µg/ml) and hydroxyl radicals (IC50 = 53 ± 4 µg/ml). The IC50 for reduction of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH) was 2.2 ± 0.3 µg/ml. Flavonoids prevented to some extent lipid peroxidation in liposomal membranes and glutathione oxidation in erythrocytes treated with UV irradiation or organic hydroperoxides as well as decreased the rigidity of the outer leaflet of the liposomal membranes. The hepatoprotective potential of cranberry flavonoids could be due to specific prevention of rat liver mitochondrial damage. The mitochondria‐addressed effects of flavonoids might be related both to radical‐scavenging properties and modulation of various mitochondrial events. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical coherence tomography assessment of the mechanistic effects of rotational and orbital atherectomy in severely calcified coronary lesions
Authors: Kini Annapoorna S. , Vengrenyuk Yuliya , Pena Jacobo , Motoyama Sadako , Feig Jonathan E. , Meelu Omar A. , Rajamanickam Anitha , Bhat Arjun M. , Panwar Sadik , Baber Usman , Sharma Samin K.
Published: May 2015

Objectives

This study sought to assess the mechanistic effect of rotational atherectomy (RA) and orbital atherectomy (OA) on heavily calcified coronary lesions and subsequent stent placement using optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Background

RA and OA are two main approaches to ablate coronary calcium. While small case reports have described the mechanistic effect of RA in calcified coronary lesions, there has been no imaging study to assess the effect of OA on coronary artery architecture and/or compare the effects of two atherectomy devices.

Methods

This study analyzed 20 consecutive patients with OCT imaging performed after atherectomy and after stent implantation, RA (n = 10) and OA (n = 10).

Results

Postatherectomy OCT analysis identified tissue modification with deep dissections in around a third of lesions after RA and OA; however, post OA dissections (“lacunae”) were significantly deeper (1.14 vs. 0.82 mm, P = 0.048). Post OA/RA lesions with dissections had significantly higher percentage of lipid rich plaques and smaller calcification arcs as compared to plaques without dissections. Stents after OA were associated with a significantly lower percent of stent strut malapposition than post RA stents (4.36 vs. 8.02%, P = 0.038).

Conclusions

Although the incidence of dissections was comparable between RA and OA cases, OA resulted in deeper tissue modifications (lacunae) as shown by OCT imaging. The finding might provide an explanation for a better stent apposition after OA as compared to RA. Their impact on long‐term outcome needs to be determined. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance Comparison of Trisection Helical Baffle Heat Exchangers with Different Circumferential Overlap Sizes
Authors: Dong Cong , Chen Ya‐Ping , Wu Jia‐Feng
Published: May 2015

The circumferential overlap structure is considered as one of the key factors which influence the performances of helical baffle heat exchangers by restraining the bypass stream between adjacent baffles. The flow and thermal performances of four trisection helical baffle heat exchangers with the same angle of inclination but different circumferential overlap sizes were numerically investigated. The four schemes involve an end‐to‐end one and three circumferential overlap ones with triangular area covering one row (20°TCO), two rows (20°T2CO), and three rows (20°T3CO) of tubes. The flow field and combined slices with pressure contours plus velocity vectors were depicted. The 20°TCO scheme proved to be superior to other schemes since its Nusselt number as well as its comprehensive index are the highest and its secondary flow is the strongest.
Supramolecular Columnar Liquid Crystals Formed by Hydrogen Bonding between a Clicked Star‐Shaped s‐Triazine and Benzoic Acids
Authors: Feringán Beatriz , Romero Pilar , Serrano José Luis , Giménez Raquel , Sierra Teresa
Published: May 2015

A star‐shaped tris(triazolyl)triazine is shown to establish hydrogen‐bond interactions with polycatenar benzoic acids. The formation of hydrogen‐bonded triazine/acid complexes has been demonstrated both in solution and in bulk by different techniques. The complexes, mainly formed by nonmesogenic components, all show enantiotropic hexagonal columnar mesomorphism, which relies on the formation of hydrogen‐bond complexes in a triazine/acid ratio of 1:3. This approach combines the straightforward synthesis of a nonmesomorphic triazine core by click chemistry, and the preparation of a supramolecular complex, providing a much more convenient route than covalent synthesis to modify the periphery of triazine discotics and thus to modulate their functionality.
Organizing a precarious black box: An actor‐network account of the Atlantic Schools of Business, 1980–2006
Authors: MacNeil Ryan T. , Mills Albert J.
Published: May 2015

There is a growing use of actor‐network theory (ANT) throughout management and organization studies. While earlier ANT research used ethnography to “follow the actors” in the production of organization/knowledge, more recent studies use archival sources to examine developments over time. We extend the latter approach using qualitative social network analysis (SNA) and apply this to a case study of the Atlantic Schools of Business (ASB). Our contribution is two‐fold: first, through an examination of actors in the ASB networking processes over 26 years, we demonstrate how the seemingly stable surface of an organization can hide the precariousness of organizing; second, we reveal the potential fusion of ANT with SNA as a method for dealing with large qualitative datasets over long periods of time. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.