bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences and Specificity of Anticipation of Coincidence
Authors: Petrakis Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

This investigation was conducted to determine if anticipation of coincidence as measured by the Bassin timer relates to “real world” skill of ball batting and to investigate further sex differences in perceptual-motor skills. 24 varsity athletes from a Midwest university's baseball and softball teams were tested on the Bassin timer and their batting averages were obtained from their respective coaches. A nonsignificant correlation suggests that the task on the Bassin timer is different from the anticipation of coincidence in hitting a softball or baseball. Evidence suggested that prior experience rather than sex may contribute to differences between men and women in perceptual-motor skills.
Psychometric Properties of Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S. , Valliant P. M. , Swindle D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to factor analyze responses by 154 students to the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Other measures of homogeneity, such as average correlation of one item with the rest of the items for the total scale and the subscales are also reported. For farther check on homogeneity, every single item was correlated with the total test score. The reliability of the scale was also estimated by Cronbach's alpha and by domain sampling method. Subjects' scores were correlated with those on other scales measuring similar concepts to gain insight into content and essential construct of the scale. The study examined the construct validity of this inventory by experimentally manipulating the subjects' self-esteem and then assessing the effect of the manipulation of subjects' scores. All measures of homogeneity showed the test to be heterogeneous. Homogeneity as measured by Cronbach's alpha, however, came to be .75. Correlations of this scale with some of the other tests were significant but not with all the tests. This one experimental manipulation of self-esteem did not indicate construct validity for this general scale. Other manipulations should be examined.
Teachers' and Students' Ratings of Achievement-Related Skills among Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Miller Maurice , Richey D. Dean
Published: September 2011

65 boys, 12 to 16 yr. old, with learning handicaps rated their achievement higher than their teachers did.
Contextual Effects in the Parallel Lines Illusion: Some Implications for Assimilation Theory
Authors: Jaeger Ted
Published: September 2011

32 undergraduates participated in each of two experiments designed to determine how structural manipulations of the parallel lines figure affect the resulting illusion. Collectively and for the range of figures studied, the data show (1) progressive elongations of the contextual lines of the illusion figure first increase, then decrease, the apparent length of the judged line; (2) the misestimation of the length of the judged line diminishes as the separation between it and shorter contextual lines increases; and (3) variations in contour lightness significantly affect the illusion when the contextual lines are shorter than and at any distance from the judged line or when the contextual lines are slightly longer than and at an intermediate distance from the judged line. These data indicate that size-assimilation, as well as size-contrast processes, contributes to the parallel lines illusion and that the assimilation process must be mediated by both sensory and cognitive activity in the visual system.
Comparison of Hand Preference in Trainable Mentally Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Children
Authors: Rider Robert A. , Imwold Charles H. , Griffin Michael , Sander Alan
Published: September 2011

Hand preference was compared in 22 trainable mentally handicapped and 22 nonhandicapped children ( Mage 78.00 mo.). Significant differences were found, showing the nonhandicapped group had a stronger preference when presented 10 hand-choice items from The Harris Tests of Lateral Dominance. In addition, stronger lefthandedness characterized the handicapped group, supporting previous research.
Role of Visual Richness in Picture Recognition Memory
Authors: Anglin Gary J. , Levie W. Howard
Published: September 2011

25 fourth graders, 21 eighth graders, and 21 college students were shown slides of objects presented as (a) color photographs, (b) black-and-white photographs, (c) simple outline drawings, or (d) printed words. After an 8-wk. delay, students were asked to discriminate the study slides from similar distractor slides. No significant differences were found among the types of pictures. Recognition of black-and-white photographs was superior to words.
Voluntary Control of Reversible Figures
Authors: Liebert Robert M. , Burk Bonnie
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to demonstrate that voluntary control of the perception of reversible figures is possible. Within the context of a fully counterbalanced design, some subjects were given instructions as to which side of a reversible screen or staircase to keep closer while others served as no instruction controls. As predicted, voluntary control was clearly demonstrated over both figures. Voluntary control instructions did not influence the frequency of reversals directly, but frequency of reversals and voluntary control were inversely related. Moreover, subjects' voluntary control over one figure was highly correlated with their control over the other, suggesting the presence of stable individual differences in ability to control perception voluntarily.
Eye Classification, Sex, and Math Anxiety in Learning Disabled Children: Behavioral Observations on Conservation of Volume
Authors: Robinson Shirley L. , Kirkpatrick Sue W. , Bannister Christiane A.
Published: September 2011

Benbow and Benbow suggest that myopia and maleness are advantages in mathematical giftedness; however, the influence of these biological correlates on learning disabilities is not yet as clearly defined. 29 learning disabled children (aged 7—13 yr.; eye class diagnosed) performed two Piagetian tasks on conservation of volume, one using numbered blocks to rebuild an original house whose “rooms” were cued by an illogically ordered system, and one using plain blocks to recreate an unnumbered house. A modification of the Preschool Observation Scale of Anxiety was used to observe frequencies of overt physiological behavioral indicators of anxiousness during task performances. No significance was noted by eye class; however, a significant interaction of sex by task did occur. Means differed by sex significantly on the numbered tasks. Implications are discussed in terms of certainty times versus correctness and facilitative versus debilitative anxiety.
Hemispheric Asymmetry and Left and Right Manual versus Pedal Tapping during a Concurrent Cognitive Task
Authors: Dalen Knut , Hugdahl Kenneth
Published: September 2011

In the present experiment we investigated the effects of concurrent hemisphere-specific cognitive activity on manual and pedal tapping frequency in a dual-task interference paradigm. Typically, right-hand finger-tapping interference is observed during a verbal task, and left-hand interference is observed during a nonverbal task. This effect has theoretically been linked to the concept of competition for the same functional space within a hemisphere between two concurrently performed tasks. In the present study, the concept of functional space was examined by comparing finger-tapping with foot-tapping. The assumption was that finger-tapping should be more affected than foot-tapping to hemisphere-specific tasks, and especially a verbal task, considering the closer structural overlap between the cortical hand area and the speech area The experiment involved four tasks performed concurrently with either finger- or foot-tapping. The tasks were reading a text aloud, humming, watching slides with nonsense-syllables, and watching slides with visuospatial patterns. The subjects were 20 right-handed males. The results did not support the hypothesis of competition for functional space.
Styles of Oroalimentary Behavior: Relationship with Modulation of Emotional Behavior and Myographic Tension of the Oral Region
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Sabatini Nicoletta , Muglia Geltrude
Published: September 2011

The relationship between styles of oroalimentary behavior and both modulation of aggressive behavior and myographic tension at rest for some muscles engaged in the process of mastication was examined for 24 women. Our data suggested an inverse relation between outward overt hostility and oral appetitive hyperactivation with or without partial masticatory components. Moreover, the oral appetitive activation was negatively correlated with the myographic tension of oral region, particularly the right masseter.
Measures of Attention
Authors: Murphy-Berman Virginia , Wright Gregg
Published: September 2011

A computerized reaction-time task and a computerized vigilance task, both measures which have been used to assess children's attention, were administered to 232 children, Grades K-5 and 7 and 9. The children's scores on these procedures were moderately correlated. Developmental trends up to Grade 5 were also evident for both tasks, and sex differences were found on the vigilance test. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Role of Reflection-Impulsivity in Time to Learn a Sequential Movement Task
Authors: Lee Amelia , Landin Dennis , Greenockle Karen M. , Hill Katherine , Edwards Rosalind V.
Published: September 2011

27 children who were classified as reflective and 30 classified as impulsive showed significant differences on an obstacle course requiring specific movements in sequential order. Mean trials to criterion was lower for the reflective group, but there was no difference in running speed after criterion had been reached. Boys ( n = 27) were faster than girls ( n = 30) after criterion.
EMG Activity with the Jaw Fixed of Orbicularis Oris Superior, Orbicularis Oris Inferior and Masseter Muscles of Mild and Moderate Articulatory Disordered Children
Authors: Rastatter Michael , Guire Richard Mc , Blair Bruce
Published: September 2011

The peak amplitude of EMG activity was measured from the orbicularis oris superior, orbicularis oris inferior, and masseter muscles of 3 mild and 3 moderately articulatory disordered and 3 normal boys repeating a series of /p æ/ syllable trains with the jaw fixed. Analysis showed similar levels of peak EMG amplitude and variability of performance for all subjects across the three muscles. These data were interpreted to suggest that speech-motor equivalence for simple articulatory acts requiring compensation is functioning within normal limits for the disordered subjects studied here.
Dichotic Listening and Hypnotizability: Variability in Ear Preference
Authors: Spellacy F. , Wilkinson R.
Published: September 2011

28 right-handed, English-speaking subjects were administered two tests, Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale-Form C and a whole-word dichotic listening test. The latter was given in both waking and hypnotized states. Subjects of low hypnotizability showed the usual right-ear advantage in both waking and hypnotized states. Subjects of high hypnotizability showed a different pattern of ear advantage: half of the group-showed left-ear advantage in the waking state but all showed right-ear advantage in the hypnotized state. Results are interpreted to show that for subjects of high hypnotizability, the narrowed attention characteristic of hypnosis produces the expected lateralizing effect. Subjects of low hypnotizability show a consistent right-ear preference in both the hypnotized and nonhypnotized conditions. The results suggest that much of the atypical ear preference shown in dichotic listening experiments may be associated with the variability in cognitive states found in persons of high hypnotic susceptibility.
Decision Time and Movement Time: Differential Effects of Practice
Authors: Ghozlan A. , Widlocher D.
Published: September 2011

Choice Reaction Time involves at least two components of response latency, Decision Time and Movement Time. Studies usually report values for these two components averaged over a definite number of trials. The aims of this study were to investigate the pattern of behaviour of the two components across the trials and the effect of repeating the experimental procedure two weeks later. 16 control subjects were given two sessions of 50 trials each. In Session 1 (D.0), the two components behave quite differently across the trials; there was no significant change in decision time, but a significant reduction in movement time occurred. Decision and movement time show no relationship. In Session 2 (D.15), a different pattern was found; movement time was still significantly reduced across trials but there was also a significant increase in decision time so the two components exhibit a negative relationship. Comparison of values from Sessions 1 and 2 shows an effect is found only on the first 10 trials for both components, the values of decision and movement times being smaller in Session 2 than Session 1.
Anxiety, Perceptual and Motor Skills in an Underwater Environment
Authors: De Mojà Carmelo A. , Reitano Massimo , De Marco Pantaleo
Published: September 2011

This research has analyzed the perceptual and motor skills in an underwater environment at 30 m of 24 subjects differing in diving experience. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form X-1, was administered to evaluate possible changes in anxiety associated with hyperbaric conditions during the perceptual and motor task. Analysis indicates that in comparison with experienced divers, less experienced divers showed a performance decrement. No changes in anxiety were observed.
Chromesthetic Responses to Music: Replication and Extension
Authors: Polzella Donald J. , Biers David W.
Published: September 2011

Chromesthesia or “colored-hearing” is a phenomenon in which color images are evoked by auditory stimuli. Subjects reported the color of their mental images as they listened to a series of 12 preludes chosen from J. S. Bach's Well-tempered Clavier. The preludes varied systematically in tonality, tempo, and meter. “Red” responses tended to be elicited by preludes of moderate tempo in quadruple meter. “Yellow” responses tended to be elicited by preludes in a major key with fast tempo and triple meter, and “Blue” responses tended to be elicited by slow tempo preludes. The precise mechanism by which these responses occurred is uncertain, but previous research has indicated that the links between chromesthetic responses and music are mediated by attributes common to both visual and auditory experience.
Rarefaction and Resolution, Stimulus Area and Detection: An Order of Priority
Authors: Vardabasso Fulvia , Zanuttini Lucia
Published: September 2011

The aim of this research was to establish the priority of different effects between phenomenal variables in acuity tasks. The phenomenon we considered—observed at first by Vicario in 1971—is a good example of links between different percepts. In Exp. 1 the threshold of the resolution distance of square gratings having the same phenomenal frequencies (as observed in a 1985 experiment by Vardabasso and Zanuttini), although different areas, was checked. The distance at which the oblique lines, with the same phenomenal frequencies, are distinguished does not differ significantly for the two squares. In Exp. 2 we checked the effect of two different variables—the physical spacing between the lines and the area of the pattern—on detection thresholds on a task which allowed comparing the distance at which a gap in the diagonal of the squared gratings “small and large”, “sparse and dense” was detected.
Scaling Task Complexity along a Single Dimension
Authors: Kohl Robert M. , Roenker Daniel L. , Indermill Catherine
Published: September 2011

Time-on-target on pursuit rotor tracking tasks has been shown to decrease for triangle, square, and circle templates, respectively. Since these templates are unrelated geometric shapes they cannot be scaled along a single continuous dimension. For the present study, templates were constructed to be continuously scaled by eccentricity. It was demonstrated that time-on-target on pursuit rotor tracking was a decreasing function of template eccentricity. Also, it was concluded that elliptical templates were preferred over the usual geometric templates because time-on-target relationships among templates can be examined.
A Cognitive Maze
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: September 2011

A cognitive maze was developed to study perceptual and conceptual processes in the discovery of relationships through inductive inference and flexible shifting of mental sets adaptive to changed problems. For example, the experimenter-tester presents a list of digits in consecutive pairs; subject-testee is asked to select one digit from each pair and tester answers “right” or “wrong” according to whether the choice agrees or disagrees with the hidden principle fixed for that particular problem. After reaching criterion, the principle is stated explicitly, and a new problem involving a different principle (odd or even number, high or low value, simple or double alternation) is presented. In two pilot studies, numbers of trials and errors to criterion correlated strongly with scores on WAIS Arithmetic., Digit Span, and Block Design for a randomly selected heterogeneous group of 10 testees and with course grades for 25 college students. This maze can be administered and scored by computer. Applications are many.
Strength of Suppression in Binocular Rivalry Immediately after Onset and Offset of Suppressing Pattern
Authors: Sohmiya Tamotsu , Sohmiya Kazuko
Published: September 2011

If the dichoptic viewing method is used to analyze functions of the human brain rather than binocular rivalry itself, temporal properties of suppression come up as an important problem. To clarify the properties, a method in which test and suppressing patterns can be presented on any temporal condition was devised. When the suppressing pattern was flickered, the strength of suppression immediately after the onset of the pattern approached a maximum at the intercycle interval of 3 sec. It also increased with the increasing duration of exposure and reached a maximum at about 100 msec. The strength of suppression immediately after the offset decreased rapidly but continuously as time went on. These results indicate that the on-effect is produced by the presentation of the suppressing pattern, not the off-effect by its removal, whereas physiological data generally show the strong effect both at “on” and “off” of a light stimulus.
Effect of Clothing on Perception of Masculine and Feminine Managerial Traits
Authors: Forsythe Sandra M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effect of masculinity of clothing on the perception of masculine and feminine managerial traits in women. Each of 70 subjects viewed one of four videotapes of a woman interviewing for a management position and rated the applicant on 14 masculine and feminine managerial traits. The masculinity of the clothing worn by the applicant in each videotape was manipulated so that clothing presented in each of the four videotapes represented a different degree of masculinity. Analysis of variance showed a significant relationship between masculinity of the clothing worn and perception of masculine managerial traits in women. More masculine clothing conveyed more masculine managerial traits. However, masculinity of clothing did not affect the perception of feminine managerial traits.
Young Persons' Attitudes toward Aging
Authors: Babladelis Georgia
Published: September 2011

Because people are living longer, healthier lives, it was expected that social perceptions of the elderly would reflect that vigor. 160 young adults surveyed do not show the expected change in their views of the elderly.
Verbal and Spatial Memory Span in Patients with Extrapyramidal Diseases
Authors: Orsini A. , Fragassi N. A. , Chiacchio L. , Falanga A. M. , Cocchiaro C. , Grossi D.
Published: September 2011

Spatial span (Corsi's block-tapping test) and verbal span (Wechsler's Digits Forward test) were measured in 651 normal subjects and in three groups of extrapyramidal patients (Progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson, and Huntington's Chorea). Analysis showed Huntington's Chorea patients scored lower on both tests than did controls and other groups.
Psychometric Data on the Group Embedded Figures Test for a Sample of Adult Learners
Authors: Cummings Anne L. , Murray Harry G.
Published: September 2011

The Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) was administered to 70 teachers taking a counseling course. Distribution characteristics, reliability, internal consistency, and sex differences are presented.
Movement Retrieval from Long-Term Memory: Physical versus Mental Rehearsal
Authors: Puretz Susan L.
Published: September 2011

Despite references in the psychomotor literature regarding the use of rehearsal strategies in recovering movements from longer term memory, no significant difference between physical (overt) and mental (covert) rehearsal strategies for retrieving a complex dance movement over 30 min., 2 days, and 1 wk. were observed for 72 college women in beginning dance classes. Further, no rehearsal was as effective as either physical or mental rehearsal for retrieving dance movements for up to 1 wk. after original learning by these inexperienced dancers. The findings raise the possibility that other forms of retrieval than those already proposed are used to recover complex dance movements from longer term memory.
Study of Neuromotor Reaction Times under the Influence of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
Authors: Repperger Dan , Jennings Tom , Jacobson James , Michel Norman , Goodyear Chuck , Howell Lora
Published: September 2011

Neuromotor reaction times (simple, choice, and decision) were measured when Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was administered intravenously to nine healthy men in a double-blind study. Measurements were made of simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and decision time for each subject at various intervals over a 54-hr. period. Given the observed inherent interaction of the drug with the long time used (54 hr.), most analyses were conducted across separate time epochs. Injected subjects showed inhibition in the normal improvement of simple reaction time (which occurs with practice), and they reduced the time required to make a decision. Choice reaction time, however, remained unchanged across the drug-nondrug experimental conditions.
Follow-up on the Youngest Rehabit Client: Importance of Caution
Authors: Brodsky Patricia
Published: September 2011

The youngest subject (age 5) participating in the 1986 evaluation studies published in this Journal returned 25 mo. after finishing REHABIT training. This boy's test scores showed a significant decline in verbal ability. It was concluded that follow-up studies of REHABIT clients are necessary and that such clients should be cautioned that regression may occur.
Consistent Projective Differential Responses by American and Japanese College Students
Authors: Raynolds Peter A. , Sakamoto Shiori , Raynolds Gennie H.
Published: September 2011

American (31 men, 31 women) and Japanese (69 men) students showed significant agreement in responses to 30 nonverbal projective differential items on the topics GOOD and STRONG. A projective differential item consists of a pairing of abstract visual images, and the response is a rapidly made choice of the one image from a pairing that seems “somehow” to be more like the topic being rated. Present results are discussed in the context of developing a nonverbal method for cross-cultural measurement of attitudes toward various topics.
Effects of Training and Visual Distance on Speechreading Performance
Authors: Small Larry H. , Infante Alicia A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training on subjects' ability to speechread sentences at varying visual distances of 3–6 ft., 6–12 ft., and 12–18 ft. 15 college women who received training obtained higher sentence speechreading scores than the 15 untrained women. The emphasis placed on kinesthetic feedback may have assisted the trained subjects' performance; however, distance up to 18 ft. did not appear to affect subjects' ability to speechread sentences, regardless of training.
Psychophysiology of Analysis of Connotative Decodification: The Role of Thermic and Somesthetic Systems in Decodification of Chromatic Stimuli
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Petruzziello Maria Grazia
Published: September 2011

We hypothesized that in the decodification of connotative aspects of visual chromatic stimuli the periphery of the body plays an important role. In particular we hypothesized that the decodification process of so called “warm” and “cold” colours is related to a real modification of the temperature of the body which is the basis of the “subjective feeling” and of the attribution of the “emotional meaning” to the stimulus. So we have measured the temperature of the body of 36 female psychology students while they were looking at a luminous screen through spectacles in which filters (coloured lenses) of different colours were placed. Analysis indicated that during the perception of so called “warm” colours a statistically significant increase in the temperature of the body appeared. We observed an enhancement of temperature on the left side of the body during the perception with red and yellow filters and a small increase in temperature on the right side of the body with orange and yellow filters. In the discussion of the results we considered also the role of the cerebral dominance in decodification process of the connotative components of stimuli.
The Psychology of Cosmetics: A Research Bibliography
Authors: Cash Thomas F.
Published: September 2011

Psychological research on physical appearance remains predominantly the study of physical attractiveness as a trait dimension. This perspective ignores the fact that most persons actively modify their appearance across time and situations by means of self-grooming or self-adornment, for example, as many females do by use of cosmetics. To document and facilitate research from the perspective that appearance is not merely a fixed trait, this bibliography of psychological studies, reviews, and commentaries is provided.
Exposure Effects on the Psychophysical Scaling Methods of Magnitude Estimation and Cross-Modal Matching for Vibrotactile Stimulation of the Tongue and Hand
Authors: Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel , Petrosino Linda , Randolph-Tyler Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible effects of exposure upon psychophysical scaling responses when vibrotactile magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching are conducted within the same experiment. Four groups of 10 subjects each, with an over-all age range of 18–23 yr., were employed. Groups 1 and 2 performed magnitude estimation for lingual vibrotaction and cross-modal matching with the lingual vibrotactile stimulus as the standard. Group 1 received the magnitude-estimation task first and Group 2 received the cross-modal-matching task first. Groups 3 and 4 performed magnitude estimation for vibrotaction applied to the thenar eminence of the hand and cross-modal matching with the vibrotactile stimulus applied to the thenar eminence of the hand as the standard. Group 3 received the magnitude-estimation task first and Group 4 received the cross-modal-matching task first. The psychophysical scaling methods of magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching showed very little exposure effect of one upon the other when used in the same experiment. Also, magnitude scaling responses tended to increase more rapidly with increases in vibrotactile stimulus intensity when the test site was the thenar eminence of the hand as opposed to the dorsum of the tongue.
Purdue Pegboard: Test-Retest Estimates
Authors: Reddon John R. , Gill David M. , Gauk Stephen E. , Maerz Marita D.
Published: September 2011

26 normal, self-reported dextral subjects (12 men, 14 women) were assessed with a Purdue Pegboard 5 times at weekly intervals to evaluate temporal stability and efficacy of lateralization with this test. There was a statistically significant increase in performance over time for men on the right- and left-hand placing subtests and for women on the assemblies subtest. For men/women the test-retest reliability over the 5 sessions averaged .63/.76 for the right-hand, .64/.79 for the left-hand, .67/.81 for both-hands, .81/.83 for assemblies, and .33/.22 for the right/left-hand ratio.
The Interaction of Individual Psychological Crisis and Time Phases in Basketball
Authors: Bar-Eli Michael , Tenenbaum Gershon
Published: September 2011

Strain in basketball competition can be structured temporally into three psychologically meaningful phases: a beginning, main, and endphase of each half-time. The relevance of these phases for the diagnosis of an individual psychological crisis during the competition is discussed. Empirical evidence is based on the results of a study conducted on 28 basketball experts, who were asked to assess the components of the Bayesian likelihood ratio (diagnosticity) for each phase, thereby evaluating the crisis-relevance of that phase. Analysis of variance shows the significant influences of the hypothesized crisis-noncrisis character, half-time (first-second) and phase (beginning, main, end) on the (considerable) diagnostic relevance of the time-phases. The authors briefly discuss the meaning of the present results.
Predictors of Personal Investment in Physical Activity among Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Duda Joan L. , Tappe Marlene K.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the social psychological components of Personal Investment Theory and exercise behaviors among 47 middle-aged and older men and women participating in an organized exercise program. Specifically, the degree to which personal incentives for exercise, perceptions of sense of self (i.e., physical self-efficacy, fitness locus of control, self-motivation, social identity), and the congruence between program and participants' goals predict present physical activity and estimated future physical activity was examined. Multiple regression analyses indicated that present and future exercise behaviors significantly related to social psychological variables reflecting personal investment.
Evidence for Validity of the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory as Indicated by Differential Performance
Authors: Morse David T. , Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

The Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory was administered to 613 undergraduate students representing four groups: art majors, music majors, majors other than art taking an introductory art course, and majors in other disciplines. The groups' three subscores from the inventory (art, music, and Other) were compared for differences in variability and means. Significant differences were found on the art and music subscores for both forms of the instrument, with students majoring or taking courses in the area showing higher scores and less variability than students not majoring in that area. The only significant difference on the “other” subscore was that of art students who obtained higher mean scores on Form B. The instrument can differentiate among persons on the basis of talent in specified areas.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XLVII. Ignatius Loyola and Behavior Therapy
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

An early instance of what we call behavior therapy, devised by Ignatius Loyola, is noted.
Comparison of K-ABC Performance between at-Risk and Normal Preschool Children
Authors: Lyon Mark A. , Smith Douglas K. , Klass Patricia D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined differences in K-ABC performance between at-risk ( n = 44) and normal ( n = 49) preschool children. For the group at-risk, all of the mean global scores on the K-ABC clustered around a standard score of approximately 90. The normal group's mean scores were 15 to 21 standard-score points higher and clustered near 110. The results of t tests for independent samples indicated that the normal group's scores on both the global scales and K-ABC subtests were significantly higher than the at-risk group's scores in nearly every instance. Correlations among scores were consistent with previous findings for preschoolers on the K-ABC For the normal group, correlations obtained among the global scales were nearly identical to chose reported for the standardization sample. For the at-risk group, however, the correlation of .75 between Sequential processing and Achievement was higher than that (.58) between Simultaneous processing and Achievement.
Inaccurate Self-Perception as a Limiting Factor in Managerial Effectiveness
Authors: Karlins Marvin , Hargis Edyth
Published: September 2011

As part of a large organizational investigation, 52 managers were asked to identify their leadership style on a Climate Opinion Survey. Within the same study, a group of 40 employees who worked for the managers were asked to describe their supervisors' leadership style. There was a wide discrepancy between the responses of the two groups. The authors suggest that possibly the reason so many managers deemphasize “people” concerns in the workplace is their inaccurate self-perception, a perception that allows them to believe they are striking a balance between “task” and “people” concerns when, in fact, their overwhelming focus is on the “task” alone.
Effects of Eye Color on Frisbee Toss
Authors: Beer John , Fleming Paula
Published: September 2011

Light-eyed individuals generally perform better at self-paced activities while dark-eyed individuals perform better at reactive activities. Using multiple regression it was found that dark-eyed students hit a target with a frisbee more times than did light-eyed students.
A Possible Proximity Effect on Human Grip Strength: An Attempted Replication
Authors: Braud William G.
Published: September 2011

A double-blind experiment with 50 adults was conducted to replicate a finding that proximity to sugar reduces human grip strength. Grip strength of the dominant hand was measured by a chart-recording hand dynamometer for 12 trials. For half of the trials, the subject held an opaque, sealed bottle containing sugar; for half of the trials, the subject held a control bottle of equal weight containing sand. Statistical analysis indicated no significant effect of held substance upon grip strength.
Effects of Physical Exercise on Peripheral Vision and Learning in Children with Spina Bifida Manifesta
Authors: Krebs Patricia , Eickelberg Warren , Krobath Hans , Baruch Ingrid
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of active exercise of the arms on various physiological, perceptual, and cognitive parameters of children with spina bifida manifesta who were aged 9 to 12 yr. Following a 5-min. rest interval, subjects were either not exercised (control days) for a 6-min. period or were exercised (experimental days) for a 6-min. period. Cardiac measures, respiratory function, peripheral vision, and figural learning trials were recorded after exercise. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests were computed on the means of the exercise and no-exercise conditions for each measure. Six minutes of active exercise resulted in significant increases in peripheral vision, respiratory and cardiac measures and significant decreases in figural learning trials for these children. A floor effect was noted for the figural learning test. It was concluded that exercise increased blood flow through the lungs allowing for greater oxygen diffusion in the brain and other facilitatory effects resulting in more effective cerebral activity. Curriculum revisions for such children seem to indicate the importance of activity in facilitating subsequent learning.
Sex Differences in Time Perception
Authors: Rammsayer Thomas , Lustnauer Sebastian
Published: September 2011

In an experiment on discrimination of duration of auditory stimuli in the range of milliseconds 16 men and 16 women were tested. Men scored better than women in discrimination of duration as well as in required session time. These results were discussed in terms of the assumption of a neurotransmitter-related internal clock and with respect to sex differences in reaction time.
Effects of Sports Instruction on Children's Self-Concept
Authors: Miller Rosalie
Published: September 2011

A sample of 120 children (69 boys and 51 girls), ranging in age from 9 to 14 yr., was administered the Harter Self-perception Profile for Children before and after a 5-wk. program of swimming instruction. It is predicted that children who improve most in swimming will also have the largest gains in athletic self-concept. The data supported the prediction for an association between gains in swimming skill and self-concept for certain skill groups.
Manual Behavior, Lateralization of Manual Skills and Cognitive Performance of Preschool Children
Authors: Smirni Pietro , Zappalà Giuseppe
Published: September 2011

Direction and degree of manual specialization (functional asymmetry between the hands) on a pegboard task, and fine motor ability (total number of pegs inserted) of both hands were correlated with verbal and visuospatial performances for 47 preschool children. No significant differences were found between right-, and left-, and mixed-handers even though the best motor skills were shown by the 6 mixed-handed subjects, who also had the highest scores on cognitive tasks. Verbal and visuospatial performances were not correlated with degree or direction of manual specialization. They were instead correlated with the level of motor ability of both hands. Motor maturation should be viewed, then, as a process that implies a richer motor performance of both hands and could be interpreted as a more specific diagnostic parameter than the traditional indices of handedness in cognitive fields.
Mood State Changes of Women as a Function of Regular Aerobic Exercise
Authors: Frazier Scott E. , Nagy Steve
Published: September 2011

The present study examined mood states of aerobic exercisers before and after completing a 15-wk. program. The subjects (ages 18 to 36 yr.) were 86 women enrolled in activity classes at a large state school in the southeast. Subjects were initially classified according to previous exercise habits. Analysis indicated both groups of frequent and infrequent exercisers were similar in mood states. Participation in regular exercise did not significantly change or enhance the mood states from pre-treatment measures. Pretest measures of mood states provided poor prediction of posttest measures, indicating extreme variability in subjects' scores.
Factor Structure of Perceptual-Motor Attributes in Normal Children: A Cross-Validation
Authors: Neeman Renate L. , Sawicki Jenifer S. , Neeman Mo
Published: September 2011

The scores on 22 items of the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey, administered to 567 normal school children of mean IQ 103 and mean age of 116 mo., were subjected to R-factor analysis by the method of principal factoring with orthogonal varimax rotation. The analysis led to the definition of 10 factors: J, ocular control; K, dynamic balance; L, visual-motor fluency; M, chalkboard; N, unilateral-bilateral coordination; O, upper-lower body differentiation; P, form perception; Q, developmental maturation; R, sex; and S, spatial body perception. The results provide cross-validation for previous studies on the perceptual-motor attributes of normal school children.
The Possible Interaction of Harderian Material and Saliva for Thermoregulation in the Mongolian Gerbil, Meriones Unguiculatus
Authors: Grant Mitzie , Thiessen Del
Published: September 2011

Self-grooming in Meriones unguiculatus is associated with saliva spread and the release and spread of Harderian material from the external nares. Saliva spread results in evaporative cooling and Harderian spread insulates the pelage. Two experiments tested the predictions that (1) saliva production and Harderian material decrease systematically following a self-groom, (2) high ambient temperature (34°C) increases saliva production but decreases Harderian release, and (3) low ambient temperature (7°C) decreases saliva production but increases Harderian release. The predictions were generally confirmed, suggesting that short-term and long-term thermoregulatory reactions are differentially affected by ambient temperatures. Thus, an animal will tend to emphasize saliva production when evaporative cooling is needed and will exaggerate Harderian release when insulation of the pelage is required.
Peripheral Apparent Motion as a Function of Location, Contrast, and Direction of Stimulus Motion
Authors: Barfield Woodrow , Kraft Conrad , Piyarali Ali
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the perception of the direction of peripheral apparent motion as a function of stimulus location in the peripheral visual field, stimulus contrast, and the direction of the apparent motion. Results indicated that each of these independent variables was significant as a main effect while the interactions were not.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LV. Predicting the Details of Visitor Experiences and the Personality of Experients: The Temporal Lobe Factor
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: September 2011

The visitor experience, a more intense form of the normal sense of presence, emphasizes the deep belief of personal contact with an extraterrestrial (or religious) entity. Phenomenological details of visitor experiences are expected to reflect the functions of deep temporal lobe structures; common details involve cosmic meaningfulness, vestibular experiences, flickering, complex visual sensations and alimentary references. After intense experiences, interictal-like behaviors similar to religious conversions (widening affect, sense of personal, desire to spread the word, concern about Man's destiny) emerge. Normal people who are prone to these experiences show frequent temporal lobe signs and specific personality characteristics that include enhanced creativity, suggestibility, mild hypomania, anxiety, and emotional lability. Learning histories that encourage the use of right temporal lobe functions for the consolidation of memory, such as compartmentalization of beliefs or repression due to early sexual abuse, predispose to intense visitor experiences. The most frequent precipitants are psychological depression, personal (existential) stress and proximal exposure to the focal tectonic strain fields that accompany luminous phenomena. Possible neuropsychological mechanisms are discussed.
Relative Importance of Factors concerning a Contemporary Artist's Background
Authors: Kettlewell Neil M. , Lipscomb Sara B.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the importance of different factors or variables used by relatively naive people in judging the merits of a graphic artist. Subjects were university students who responded to a questionnaire in which they ranked 12 factors on importance in deciding the merit of an hypothetical artist. The analysis indicated that the rankings were not random and that ‘work shown in a museum’ was clearly the most persuasive indicator of merit. The ability of an artist to exercise some control over the perception of his work is discussed.
Incentive Shift and Post-Reinforcement Delay in the Runway
Authors: Rosen Alexander J. , Tessel Richard E.
Published: September 2011

Food-deprived rats ( n = 32) received 55 straight runway trials for 1 or 12 pellet rewards combined factorially with 0- or 20-sec. post-reinforcement delays. The 12-pellet groups were then run for an additional 55 trials at 1 pellet while the 1-pellet groups were run for 86 trials and then shifted to 12 pellets for an additional 24 trials. The result of importance was the absence of differences between delay and no-delay groups following reward reduction. These data were contrasted with effects of post-reinforcement delay on extinction.
Cardiac Activity in Rats during Bar-Press Avoidance and “Freezing” Responses
Authors: Malcuit Gerard , Ducharme Raymond , Belanger David
Published: September 2011

7 rats were trained to avoid shock by bar-pressing in an instrumental conditioning situation. The US was preceded by a 30-sec. sound signal (CS). The intertrial period was held constant (20 sec). HR was recorded at fixed intervals during 7 sequences (Intertrial-CS-US or Avoidance Response) in each 30-min. daily experimental session. 5 of the 7 initial Ss reached a high frequency of avoidance responses, while the other two failed to reach the fixed criterion adopting rather a freezing response. The animals were then placed in a situation leading to the experimental extinction of the instrumental avoidance response. The results show that, when the response is to be one of avoidance, the HR rises immediately upon CS-onset and remains at that high level until the response is effected. In between avoidance responses the base HR level is relatively high. on the other hand, in the case of a “freezing” non-avoidance response, the HR also rises upon CS-onset but drops immediately afterward to a level significantly lower than the pre-CS level. The intertrial HR frequency is also significantly lower than that observed between avoidance responses. The pre-CS and during-CS drops in HR become more and more important as the experiment progresses, providing evidence in favor of a learning process.
Variance Components in Five Psychological Tests
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Portions of the standardization data for the DTVP, the ITPA, the WPPSI, the WISC, and the WAIS were analyzed to determine the variance components of their subtests. The use of the squared multiple correlation as a measure of the common variance throughout the analysis permits valid comparisons to be made among the five tests, and the findings also provide an empirical standard for evaluating the specific variance in other tests.
Effect of Alcohol on Conflict Behaviors
Authors: Freed Earl X.
Published: September 2011

40 Charles River (cd) rats were trained to run down a 15-ft. alley and bar press for food in a 2 × 2 analysis of variance design with alcohol and control treatments and two conflict-producing methodologies. In Exp. 1, conflict was induced by shocking S when it bar pressed; in Exp. II, when S touched the food dish. After approach-avoidance conflict was established, half the Ss in each experiment were injected intraperitoneally with 2.0 cc/100 gm. body weight of 1.0 gm. alcohol/Kg. and half with an equitonic control dextrose solution. When Ss were returned to the alley with shock off, 5 alcohol and 1 control Ss in Exp. I and 4 alcohol and 2 control Ss in Exp. II resolved the conflict to resume running, bar pressing and eating. Analysis of variance revealed that alcohol was significant in determining distance run. Compared with controls, alcohol-treated is ran farther and more frequently touched the dish and the bar. Data support the thesis that alcohol attenuates conflict in rats and suggest that more discrete dependent variables, such as bar pressing, temporally and spatially mote closely associated with the conflictful goal, may be less significantly affected by alcohol than grosser measures of conflict such as running.
Verbal Conditioning in Noninstitutional Mildly Retarded Adolescents as a Function of Sex of Subject and Sex of Experimenter
Authors: Gardner William I. , Kaufman Melvin E.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of mildly retarded adolescents residing in the community ( Ns = 20 males, 20 females in each group) participated in a Taffel-type verbal conditioning task. Following a baseline block of 20 trials, social reinforcement was provided same and opposite-sex Ss in the experimental group by same and opposite-sex adults. In contrast to the control group, the experimental group demonstrated a significant verbal conditioning effect. However, contrary to results of other social reinforcement studies, no effects of sex were obtained.
Normative Data on Some MMPI Scales
Authors: Finney Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Normative data are given on the 45 new MMPI scales and, for comparison, on 56 other MMPI scales.