bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A time of change: Dynamics of chromatin and transcriptional regulation during nuclear programming in early Drosophila development
Authors: Boija Ann , Mannervik Mattias
Published: June 2015

In order for a new organism to form, the genomes of the highly specialized egg and sperm need to be reprogrammed into a totipotent state that is capable of generating all of the cell types that comprise an organism. This reprogramming occurs by erasing chromatin modifications, leaving the cells in a naïve state, followed by the induction of specialized programming events. Pioneer factors bind to the genome prior to zygotic genome activation, followed by acetylation of histones and further chromatin specialization by the addition of methylation marks later during differentiation. Genome‐wide approaches have provided insight into the genomic and epigenomic regulation of gene expression during development, providing a new perspective on the process of cell specification and differentiation. In this review, we discuss how distal DNA and core promoter elements, RNA polymerase pausing, transcription factors, and co‐regulators interact to shape the chromatin landscape and direct tissue‐specific expression patterns during embryo development, focusing on the well‐characterized Drosophila embryo. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 735–746, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accuracy and convergence properties of the fixed‐stress iterative solution of two‐way coupled poromechanics
Authors: Castelletto N. , White J. A. , Tchelepi H. A.
Published: June 2015

The paper deals with the numerical solution of Biot's equations of coupled consolidation obtained by a mixed formulation combining continuous Galerkin finite‐element and multipoint flux approximation finite‐volume methods. The solution algorithm relies on the recently developed fixed‐stress solution scheme, in which first the flow problem and then the mechanical one are addressed iteratively. We show that the algorithm can be interpreted as a particular block triangular preconditioning strategy applied within a Richardson iteration. The key component to the success of the preconditioner is the sparse approximation to the Schur complement based on a pressure space mass matrix scaled by a weighting factor that depends element‐wise on the inverse of a suitable bulk modulus. The accuracy of the method is assessed, making use of well‐known analytical solutions from the literature. Numerical results demonstrate robustness and low computational cost of the fixed‐stress scheme in accurately capturing the two‐way coupling between deformation and pressure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison between random model and periodic model for fiber‐reinforced composites based on a new method for generating fiber distributions
Authors: Zhang Taotao , Yan Ying
Published: June 2015

This article presents a new method to generate the random fiber distribution in transverse cross‐section of fiber reinforced composites with a desired high fiber volume fraction. The method, combined with random disturbance algorithm and perfect elastic collision algorithm, generates the Representative Volume Element (RVE) models through shifting fibers and avoiding fibers overlapped. The advantage of this algorithm is that it can study the continuous changing trends of both statistical characterizations and mechanical properties of the RVE models from periodic distribution to random distribution. Through analysis with compare, the generated distribution models present a convergence state after a designated disturbance time whether the initial periodic distribution is rectangular or hexagonal. We find that the transverse tensile moduli of rectangular model are higher than the random model while the hexagonal model is on the contrary. The transverse shear modulus of random model is higher than rectangular model and close to hexagonal model. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:77–86, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Breakthrough therapies: Cystic fibrosis (CF) potentiators and correctors
Authors: Solomon George M. , Marshall Susan G. , Ramsey Bonnie W. , Rowe Steven M.
Published: June 2015

Cystic Fibrosis is caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene resulting in abnormal protein function. Recent advances of targeted molecular therapies and high throughput screening have resulted in multiple drug therapies that target many important mutations in the CFTR protein. In this review, we provide the latest results and current progress of CFTR modulators for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, focusing on potentiators of CFTR channel gating and Phe508del processing correctors for the Phe508del CFTR mutation. Special emphasis is placed on the molecular basis underlying these new therapies and emerging results from the latest clinical trials. The future directions for augmenting the rescue of Phe508del with CFTR modulators are also emphasized. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:S3–S13. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developing and Testing a Best Practice Framework for Energy Access Interventions
Authors: Chen Xiaoxiao , Narkeviciute Rasa , Haselip James , Mackenzie Gordon A.
Published: June 2015

This article presents an attempt to operationalize the concept of 'best practice', as applied to project‐based interventions to expand energy access in developing countries. To this end a methodology has been developed to quantify project performance across five dimensions, each informed by three key indicators, and aggregate these into a composite indicator, using weights obtained from a survey of experts. The experience demonstrates the inherent limitations in developing a ‘one‐size‐fits‐all’ methodology, revealing the implicit tension between the political desire to refer to objective, absolute, measures of best practice and highly contextual realities where baselines are often lacking. However, the methodology does offer a comparative means to highlight the relative strengths and weaknesses of any given project, enabling both ex‐post assessments and project learning. The study features an analysis of cases selected from the Energy Access Knowledge Base, published by the Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Green Marketing for Sustainable Development: an Industry Perspective
Authors: Garg Arunesh
Published: June 2015

This paper investigates and compares acceptability, perceptions, initiatives and obstacles perceived by public and private manufacturing concerns in India in respect of green marketing. The sample of companies was selected from Delhi and north‐western region of India. The study reveals that both public‐sector and private‐sector companies are concerned for environment and believe that green marketing is relevant for sustainable development. It is also perceived as a promotional tool to build customer trust. Obstacles concerning adoption of green marketing by Indian industry are highlighted. The study calls for business firms to adopt environmentalism as a market opportunity rather than merely as compliance to increasing environmental pressures and legislations. Green marketing should become a norm in a developing country like India rather than an exception as it has the potential to contribute substantially in saving the world from environmental pollution and contribute to sustainable development. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Study on the Formation of Intragranular Acicular Ferrite in a Zr–Mg–Al Deoxidized Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Li Xiaobing , Min Yi , Liu Chengjun , Jiang Maofa
Published: June 2015

The formation of intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) in a Zr–Mg–Al deoxidized low carbon steel was investigated by means of dilatometry, thermo‐mechanical controlled processing, and combined these results with metallographical observations. The typical inclusions were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and the chemical composition of the inclusions was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The role of these inclusions on the formation of IAF was discussed. The results indicate that the Al2O3–MgO–ZrO2 and Al2O3–MgO–ZrO2–MnS multiphase particles with 1.5–3.0 μm size can be the effective nuclei of IAF, whereas the Al2O3–MnS inclusions are inert. A Mn–depletion zone is observed adjacent to the Al2O3–MgO–ZrO2–MnS inclusion, which is believed to be one of the possible mechanisms to promote the IAF formation. Through dilatometric tests, for Zr–Mg steel, the IAF structure forms in the cooling rate range of 1–10 °C s−1, and the most appropriate cooling rate for IAF is in the range of 5–10 °C s−1. A fine grained microstructure and an improvement of toughness and tensile properties are obtained after subjecting the steel grade with Zr and Mg additions to a special thermo‐mechanical regime.
Oxytocin enables novelty seeking and creative performance through upregulated approach: evidence and avenues for future research
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Baas Matthijs , Boot Nathalie C.
Published: June 2015

Oxytocin is an evolutionary ancient hypothalamic neuropeptide well known for its role in reproduction, social bonding, and group affiliation. Recent work has linked oxytocin in humans to creative cognition—the ability to produce insights, ideas, and problem solutions that are original and potentially useful. Here we review this literature, focusing on the relationship between (1) single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene; endogenous oxytocin from blood plasma, and intranasal administration of oxytocin (vs placebo), and (2) creativity‐related traits (e.g., novelty seeking, extraversion, and openness to experience), and behaviors (e.g., exploration, divergent thinking, original ideation, and problem solving). Findings are interpreted in the context of the dual pathway to creativity model and except for OXTR: (1) reveal a weak to moderate but consistent association between oxytocin and creativity, which emerges because (2) oxytocin enables the cognitive flexibility pathway more than persistent information processing. Findings can be best understood in terms of oxytocin's putative effects on dopaminergic activity and concomitant approach tendency. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:409–417. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1354

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Emotion and Motivation

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making

Neuroscience > Cognition
Targeting the plasma membrane of neoplastic cells through alkylation: a novel approach to cancer chemotherapy
Authors: Trendowski Matthew , Fondy Thomas P.
Published: June 2015

Background Although DNA-directed alkylating agents and related compounds have been a mainstay in chemotherapeutic protocols due to their ability to readily interfere with the rapid mitotic progression of malignant cells, their clinical utility is limited by DNA repair mechanisms and immunosuppression. However, the same destructive nature of alkylation can be reciprocated at the cell surface using novel plasma membrane alkylating agents. Results Plasma membrane alkylating agents have elicited long term survival in mammalian models challenged with carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Further, a specialized group of plasma membrane alkylating agents known as tetra-O-acetate haloacetamido carbohydrate analogs (Tet-OAHCs) potentiates a substantial leukocyte influx at the administration and primary tumor site, indicative of a potent immune response. The effects of plasma membrane alkylating agents may be further potentiated through the use of another novel class of chemotherapeutic agents, known as dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) inhibitors, since many cancer types are known to rely on the DHAP pathway for lipid synthesis. Conclusion Despite these compelling data, preliminary clinical trials for plasma membrane-directed agents have yet to be considered. Therefore, this review is intended for academics and clinicians to postulate a novel approach of chemotherapy; altering critical malignant cell signaling at the plasma membrane surface through alkylation, thereby inducing irreversible changes to functions needed for cell survival.
Regulation of heme biosynthesis and transport in metazoa
Authors: Sun FengXiu , Cheng YongJiao , Chen CaiYong
Published: June 2015

Heme is an iron-containing tetrapyrrole that plays a critical role in regulating a variety of biological processes including oxygen and electron transport, gas sensing, signal transduction, biological clock, and microRNA processing. Most metazoan cells synthesize heme via a conserved pathway comprised of eight enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Heme can also be acquired from food or extracellular environment. Cellular heme homeostasis is maintained through the coordinated regulation of synthesis, transport, and degradation. This review presents the current knowledge of the synthesis and transport of heme in metazoans and highlights recent advances in the regulation of these pathways.
The Impact of Linseed Oil Lipids on the Physical Properties of Corn Crisps and the Possibility of Obtaining Crisps Enriched with n‐3 Fatty Acids
Authors: Szterk Arkadiusz , Rogalski Mateusz , Szymborski Tomasz
Published: June 2015

Linseed oil, also known as flaxseed oil, is obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). The oil is obtained by pressing, sometimes followed by solvent extraction supported by a refining process. Linseed oil is an edible oil that is in demand as a nutritional supplement, as a source of α‐linolenic acid an n‐3 fatty acid. The aim of this work was to investigate: (1) the influence of the corn crisp extrusion process on the degradation of fatty acids in linseed oil (LO) and some preparations obtained from the linseed oil such as ethyl ester (EE) and free fatty acids (FFA) added to the corn in order to increase the nutritional value of the crisps, (2) influence of the oil and two fatty preparations obtained from it on the quality of corn crisps, (3) interaction of the lipid fraction with starch. The extrusion process did not degrade the fatty acids significantly. Expansion ratio obtained in the corn crisp extrusion process decreased from 620 % down to 153 %, the size of pores/thickness of the starch–protein walls forming the structure of the extruded product decreased from 10 μm down to 4 μm, the hardness of the crisps increased from 20 to 75 N, and number of lipid–starch complexes increased with rising polarity of the lipid fraction. FFA were complexed mostly by starch (about 90 %), to a lesser degree by EE (about 60 %) and to the least extent by triacylglycerols (about 10 %). The studies performed under industrial conditions using the single screw extruder for the production of corn crisps with the application of standard parameters of the extrusion process indicated that the addition of a mass of 5 % of the various lipids (triacylglycerols of linseed oil, ethyl esters and fatty acids obtained from linseed oil) to corn grits prior to the extrusion process significantly affect the quality of corn crisps.
Examining New York City Hospitals’ Nonuse of Medical Volunteers in Disasters
Authors: Williams Marsha , Trued Sally , Duggan Betty , Pruitt Darrin
Published: June 2015

Objective

To describe hospitals’ perceptions of the New York City Medical Reserve Corps (NYC MRC); clarify administrative, legal, and clinical obstacles to the use of NYC MRC volunteers; and identify possible strategies to overcome these barriers.

Methods

We administered an informational questionnaire to 33 NYC hospitals and conducted 2 facilitated discussion groups comprising 62 hospital representatives.

Results

The most commonly reported hospital barriers to the use of MRC volunteers were concerns about the clinical competence of the volunteers, their lack of familiarity with medical technology used clinically in a hospital setting, and the potential for institutional liability.

Conclusions

Although the NYC MRC has the potential to assist the health care system in the event of a disaster, NYC hospitals will need clarification of the clinical and legal issues involved in the use of MRC volunteers for patient care. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:391–395)
Dialect change and its consequences for the Dutch dialect landscape. How much is due to the standard variety and how much is not?
Authors: Heeringa Wilbert , Hinskens Frans
Published: June 2015

We recorded older male speakers and younger female speakers of 86 local dialects of Dutch. Using these data, we analyze and visualize the influence of standard Dutch on apparent time changes in these dialects. Focusing for the most part on variation in the sound components, we test whether (I) dialect change is mainly the result of convergence to standard Dutch, (II) sound changes in two dialects which make them converge to standard Dutch also make them more similar, and (III) sound changes in two dialects which make them diverge from standard Dutch also make them less similar. We used three-dimensional (first hypothesis) and five-dimensional Levenshtein distance implementations (second and third hypothesis). These implementations are a novel step in dialectometry and in the study of ongoing processes of language change and their consequences for the dialect landscape. The findings corroborate all three hypotheses.
Varieties of Representation
Authors: Kalhat Javier
Published: June 2015

The concept of representation has a vast and highly diverse extension. In this paper I distinguish four kinds of representation, viz. proxy, make-believe, and intentional representation, as well as representationsimpliciter. The bulk of the paper is devoted to intentional representation. I argue that the relation of intentional representation is non-reflexive, non-symmetrical, and non-transitive. I articulate a fundamental distinction between two aspects of the content of intentional representations, viz. subject and predicative content. Finally, I qualify and defend the distinction between iconic and symbolic intentional representation. Along the way, I also argue that psychological intentions play a constitutive role in representation.
Childhood hyperactivity/inattention and eating disturbances predict binge eating in adolescence
Authors: Sonneville K. R. , Calzo J. P. , Horton N. J. , Field A. E. , Crosby R. D. , Solmi F. , Micali N.
Published: June 2015

Background

Identifying childhood predictors of binge eating and understanding risk mechanisms could help improve prevention and detection efforts. The aim of this study was to examine whether features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as childhood eating disturbances, predicted binge eating later in adolescence.

Method

We studied specific risk factors for the development of binge eating during mid-adolescence among 7120 males and females from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a cohort study of children in the UK, using data from multiple informants to develop structural equation models. Repeated assessment of eating disturbances during childhood (mid-childhood overeating, late-childhood overeating and early-adolescent strong desire for food), as well as teacher- and parent-reported hyperactivity/inattention during mid- and late childhood, were considered as possible predictors of mid-adolescent binge eating.

Results

Prevalence of binge eating during mid-adolescence in our sample was 11.6%. The final model of predictors of binge eating during mid-adolescence included direct effects of late-childhood overeating [standardized estimate 0.145, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.038–0.259,p= 0.009] and early-adolescent strong desire for food (standardized estimate 0.088, 95% CI −0.002 to 0.169,p= 0.05). Hyperactivity/inattention during late childhood indirectly predicted binge eating during mid-adolescence (standardized estimate 0.085, 95% CI 0.007–0.128,p= 0.03) via late-childhood overeating and early-adolescent strong desire for food.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that early ADHD symptoms, in addition to an overeating phenotype, contribute to risk for adolescent binge eating. These findings lend support to the potential role of hyperactivity/inattention in the development of overeating and binge eating.
Homing in on consciousness in the nervous system: An action-based synthesis
Authors: Morsella Ezequiel , Godwin Christine A. , Jantz Tiffany K. , Krieger Stephen C. , Gazzaley Adam
Published: June 2015

What is the primary function of consciousness in the nervous system? The answer to this question remains enigmatic, not so much because of a lack of relevant data, but because of the lack of a conceptual framework with which to interpret the data. To this end, we have developedPassive Frame Theory, an internally coherent framework that, from an action-based perspective, synthesizes empirically supported hypotheses from diverse fields of investigation. The theory proposes that the primary function of consciousness is well-circumscribed, serving thesomatic nervous system. For this system, consciousness serves as a frame that constrains and directs skeletal muscle output, thereby yielding adaptive behavior. The mechanism by which consciousness achieves this is more counterintuitive, passive, and “low level” than the kinds of functions that theorists have previously attributed to consciousness. Passive frame theory begins to illuminate (a) what consciousness contributes to nervous function, (b) how consciousness achieves this function, and (c) the neuroanatomical substrates of conscious processes. Our untraditional, action-based perspective focuses on olfaction instead of on vision and isdescriptive(describing the products of nature as they evolved to be) rather thannormative(construing processes in terms of how they should function). Passive frame theory begins to isolate the neuroanatomical, cognitive-mechanistic, and representational (e.g., conscious contents) processes associated with consciousness.
CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR SCANNING MODALITY TO DIAGNOSE FOCAL LIVER LESIONS
Authors: Whitty Jennifer , Filby Alexandra , Smith Adam B , Carr Louise M
Published: June 2015

Objectives: Differences in the process of using liver imaging technologies might be important to patients. This study aimed to investigate preferences for scanning modalities used in diagnosing focal liver lesions.

Methods: A discrete choice experiment was administered to 504 adults aged ≥25 years. Respondents made repeated choices between two hypothetical scans, described according to waiting time for scan and results, procedure type, the chance of minor side-effects, and whether further scanning procedures were likely to be required. Choice data were analyzed using mixed-logit models with respondent characteristics used to explain preference heterogeneity.

Results: Respondents preferred shorter waiting times, the procedure to be undertaken with a handheld scanner on a couch instead of within a body scanner, no side-effects, and no follow‑up scans (p ≤ .01). The average respondent was willing to wait an additional 2 weeks for the scan if it resulted in avoiding side-effects, 1.5 weeks to avoid further procedures or to be told the results immediately, and 1 week to have the scan performed on a couch with a handheld scanner. However, substantial heterogeneity was observed in the strength of preference for desirable imaging characteristics.

Conclusions: An average individual belonging to a general population sub‑group most likely to require imaging to characterize focal liver lesions in the United Kingdom would prefer contrast‑enhanced ultrasound over magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Insights into the patient perspective around differential characteristics of imaging modalities have the potential to be used to guide recommendations around the use of these technologies.
“Beyond the Pale of Mercy”: Victorian Penal Culture, Police Court Missionaries, and the Origins of Probation in England
Authors: Auerbach Sascha
Published: June 2015

One of the most striking changes in the penal culture of fin-de-siècle Europe was England's reform of adjudication and punishment. In this “de-moralization of criminality,” the system began to shed its punitive sentencing, which often saw minor offenders imprisoned with hard labor for weeks or months, to adopt a more moderate system of penalties. These concrete changes were intertwined with a broader shift in British criminological thinking from a “classical” view to a “positivist” one. The former held offending to be a rational, individual choice that required severe deterrents, whereas the latter saw criminality as a product of harsh economic and social conditions. This shift in dominant understandings of criminality prompted reformers, judicial officials, police, and policymakers to refocus on the causes of crime and its prevention, the offender as a subject, and the potential for treatment and rehabilitation through state intervention. A central practice of the resultant “penal-welfare complex” was supervised probation as a substitute for imprisonment. Scholars of penal reform have argued that the passage of the Probation of Offenders Act 1907, which initiated the professionalization of the probation service, was a key moment in this transition. With it, such arguments hold, England took a substantial step from having a discretionary, moralized criminal justice system toward having a standardized, bureaucratic one.
Recanalisation of the closed ductus arteriosus in a critically ill infant with transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Soo Kok W. , Leong Ming C. , Khalid Faizah
Published: June 2015

We describe the case of an infant who was a late presenter of transposition of the great arteries where we proceeded with ductal stenting to improve oxygenation and left ventricle training. Stenting improved the infant’s saturation while keeping the left ventricle well trained for 4 months after the procedure. This report demonstrates that intermediate-term left ventricle training can be achieved via ductal stenting.
Neuroimaging of the dopamine/reward system in adolescent drug use
Authors: Ernst Monique , Luciana Monica
Published: June 2015

Adolescence is characterized by heightened risk-taking, including substance misuse. These behavioral patterns are influenced by ontogenic changes in neurotransmitter systems, particularly the dopamine system, which is fundamentally involved in the neural coding of reward and motivated approach behavior. During adolescence, this system evidences a peak in activity. At the same time, the dopamine (DA) system is neuroplastically altered by substance abuse, impacting subsequent function. Here, we describe properties of the dopamine system that change with typical adolescent development and that are altered with substance abuse. Much of this work has been gleaned from animal models due to limitations in measuring dopamine in pediatric samples. Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques have been used to examine structures that are heavily DA-innervated; they measure morphological and functional changes with age and with drug exposure. Presenting marijuana abuse as an exemplar, we consider recent findings that support an adolescent peak in DA-driven reward-seeking behavior and related deviations in motivational systems that are associated with marijuana abuse/dependence. Clinicians are advised that (1) chronic adolescent marijuana use may lead to deficiencies in incentive motivation, (2) that this state is due to marijuana’s interactions with the developing DA system, and (3) that treatment strategies should be directed to remediating resultant deficiencies in goal-directed activity.
Second language learning success revealed by brain networks
Authors: LI PING , GRANT ANGELA
Published: June 2015

A recent movement in cognitive neuroscience is the study of brain networks through functional and effective connectivity. The brain networks approach has already found its influences in the study of the neurobiology of language, but has yet to impact research in the neurocognition of bilingualism and second language. In this article, we briefly review some preliminary evidence in this emerging field and suggest that the understanding of the dynamic changes in brain networks enables us to capture second language learning success, thereby providing new insights into the neural bases of individual differences, neuroplasticity, and bilingualism.
Assessing Mindfulness on a Sample of Catalan-Speaking Spanish Adolescents: Validation of the Catalan Version of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure
Authors: Viñas Ferran , Malo Sara , González Mònica , Navarro Dolors , Casas Ferran
Published: June 2015

Background: Interest in mindfulness has increased over the last decade, resulting in several mindfulness-based interventions being developed and their efficacy empirically demonstrated. The practice of mindfulness has been associated with low levels of anxiety or depression and improved quality of life or personal well-being. The aim of this study is to translate the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) and adapt it to Catalan so as to analyze its internal consistency and construct and convergent validity. Method: The CAMM was administered to a sample of secondary school students ranging in age from 11 to 16 years old. Results: The Catalan version of the CAMM shows a good fit with the unidimensional model and internal consistency similar to the original version (α = .80). Furthermore, CAMM scores correlated positively with subjective well-being, temperamental dimensions of effortful control and self-esteem. Conclusions: The Catalan Version of CAMM is a valid and reliable measure of mindfulness skills.
Adversity and Adjustment in Children in Institutions, Family Foster Care, and Adoption
Authors: Jiménez-Morago Jesús M. , León Esperanza , Román Maite
Published: June 2015

This study’s objective was to identify the adversity profiles of children in different childcare placements, and to analyze their relationship with subsequent psychological adjustment. We studied a group of 230 children 4 to 10 years old indifferent childcare placements (international adoption, institutional care, non-kin foster care, and kinship care), as well as a control group. Information was collected from parent or caregiver interviews and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The results showed that children in the child welfare system had experienced significant adversity before their current placement, especially among institutional care cases and international adoptees. Meanwhile, children in kinship care had experienced less adversity (p< .001; size effects fromd> .50 tod> .80). After a period of time in their respective placements, children’s psychological adjustment was generally positive, but children living in institutional care exhibited the most problems and difficulties, followed by non-kin foster care cases (p< .001; size effects fromd> .50 tod> .80). Finally, we found that children’s early adversity levels (p< .05;r= .16), age of current placement (p< .01;r= .23), and duration of current placement (p< .05:r= –.19) were all tied to current psychological adjustment.
A simple three-input DNA-based system works as a full-subtractor
Authors: Lin Hung-Yin , Chen Jian-Zhou , Li Hao-Yi , Yang Chia-Ning
Published: June 2015

Over the past decade, DNA has demonstrated remarkable potential in fabrication of molecular logic and arithmetic systems. In this work, a simple DNA-based system mimicking a full-subtractor that handles three inputs including one minuend and two subtrahends for eight input/output conditions is successfully designed. The whole system is established by one gate molecule and three input sequences, all made of single-stranded DNA sequences.
Harbour porpoises react to low levels of high frequency vessel noise
Authors: Dyndo Monika , Wiśniewska Danuta Maria , Rojano-Doñate Laia , Madsen Peter Teglberg
Published: June 2015

Cetaceans rely critically on sound for navigation, foraging and communication and are therefore potentially affected by increasing noise levels from human activities at sea. Shipping is the main contributor of anthropogenic noise underwater, but studies of shipping noise effects have primarily considered baleen whales due to their good hearing at low frequencies, where ships produce most noise power. Conversely, the possible effects of vessel noise on small toothed whales have been largely ignored due to their poor low-frequency hearing. Prompted by recent findings of energy at medium- to high-frequencies in vessel noise, we conducted an exposure study where the behaviour of four porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a net-pen was logged while they were exposed to 133 vessel passages. Using a multivariate generalised linear mixed-effects model, we show that low levels of high frequency components in vessel noise elicit strong, stereotyped behavioural responses in porpoises. Such low levels will routinely be experienced by porpoises in the wild at ranges of more than 1000 meters from vessels, suggesting that vessel noise is a, so far, largely overlooked, but substantial source of disturbance in shallow water areas with high densities of both porpoises and vessels.
Circulating interleukin-6 and cancer: A meta-analysis using Mendelian randomization
Authors: Tian Geng , Mi Jia , Wei Xiaodan , Zhao Dongmei , Qiao Lingyan , Yang Chunhua , Li Xianglin , Zhang Shuping , Li Xuri , Wang Bin
Published: June 2015

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a contributory role in the progression and severity of many forms of cancer; it however remains unclear whether the relevance between circulating IL-6 and cancer is causal. We therefore meta-analyzed published articles in this regard using IL-6 gene -174G/C variant as an instrument. Seventy-eight and six articles were eligible for the association of -174G/C variant with cancer and circulating IL-6, respectively. Overall analyses failed to identify any significance between -174G/C and cancer risk. In Asians, carriers of the -174CC genotype had an 1.95-fold increased cancer risk compared with the -174GG genotype carriers (P = 0.009). By cancer type, significance was only attained for liver cancer with the -174C allele conferring a reduced risk under allelic (odds ratio or OR = 0.74; P = 0.001), homozygous genotypic (OR = 0.59; P = 0.029) and dominant (OR = 0.67; P = 0.004) models. Carriers of the -174CC genotype (weighted mean difference or WMD = −4.23 pg/mL; P < 0.001) and -174C allele (WMD = −3.43 pg/mL; P < 0.001) had circulating IL-6 reduced significantly compared with the non-carriers. In further Mendelian randomization analysis, a reduction of 1 pg/mL in circulating IL-6 was significantly associated with an 12% reduced risk of liver cancer. Long-term genetically-reduced circulating IL-6 might be causally associated with a lower risk of liver cancer.
Lipid droplets as a novel cargo of tunnelling nanotubes in endothelial cells
Authors: Astanina Ksenia , Koch Marcus , Jüngst Christian , Zumbusch Andreas , Kiemer Alexandra K.
Published: June 2015

Intercellular communication is a fundamental process in the development and functioning of multicellular organisms. Recently, an essentially new type of intercellular communication, based on thin membrane channels between cells, has been reported. These structures, termed intercellular or tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs), permit the direct exchange of various components or signals (e.g., ions, proteins, or organelles) between non-adjacent cells at distances over 100 μm. Our studies revealed the presence of tunnelling nanotubes in microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). The TNTs were studied with live cell imaging, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy (CARS). Tunneling nanotubes showed marked persistence: the TNTs could connect cells over long distances (up to 150 μm) for several hours. Several cellular organelles were present in TNTs, such as lysosomes and mitochondria. Moreover, we could identify lipid droplets as a novel type of cargo in the TNTs. Under angiogenic conditions (VEGF treatment) the number of lipid droplets increased significantly. Arachidonic acid application not only increased the number of lipid droplets but also tripled the extent of TNT formation. Taken together, our results provide the first demonstration of lipid droplets as a cargo of TNTs and thereby open a new field in intercellular communication research.
Synthesis of chiral polymorph A-enriched zeolite Beta with an extremely concentrated fluoride route
Authors: Tong Mingquan , Zhang Daliang , Fan Weibin , Xu Jun , Zhu Liangkui , Guo Wen , Yan Wenfu , Yu Jihong , Qiu Shilun , Wang Jianguo , Deng Feng , Xu Ruren
Published: June 2015

Chiral zeolitic materials with intrinsically chiral frameworks are highly desired because they can combine both shape selectivity and enantioselectivity. In the field of zeolite, the synthesis of chiral polymorph A of zeolite Beta or chiral polymorph A-enriched zeolite Beta is one of the biggest challenges. We demonstrate here a generalized extremely concentrated fluoride route for the synthesis of chiral polymorph A-enriched zeolite Beta in the presence of five achiral organic structure-directing agents. The polymorph A-enriched Ti-Beta shows a higher enantioselectivity for the asymmetric epoxidation of alkenes than the normal Ti-Beta.
Association between interleukin-18 gene polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori infection in the Korean population
Authors: Myung Dae-Seong , Lee Wan-Sik , Park Young-Lan , Kim Nuri , Oh Hyung-Hoon , Kim Mi-Young , Oak Chan-Young , Chung Cho-Yun , Park Hyung-Chul , Kim Jong-Sun , Cho Sung-Bum , Kweon Sun-Seog , Joo Young-Eun
Published: June 2015

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine that is capable of promoting the Th1 response. A predominant Th1 response induces chronic and persistent inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa in response to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between IL-18 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to H. pylori infection in the Korean population. A total of 678 subjects who underwent a routine health check-up were enrolled. The IL-18 gene polymorphisms at positions −656, −607, −137, +113, and +127 were genotyped. H. pylori positivity was demonstrated in 456 subjects (67.3%). The allele frequencies of IL-18 gene polymorphisms at position −137 (rs187238) were different based on the status of H. pylori infection (G vs. C, adjusted OR 0.64 CI: 0.47–0.87, P = 0.005). The results indicate that the genetic variants in the IL-18 gene may be associated with susceptibility to H. pylori infection in the Korean population, suggesting that IL-18 plays a role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated diseases. However, this finding requires further replication and validation.
Detection of highly conductive surface electron states in topological crystalline insulators Pb1−xSnxSe using laser terahertz radiation
Authors: Egorova S. G. , Chernichkin V. I. , Ryabova L. I. , Skipetrov E. P. , Yashina L. V. , Danilov S. N. , Ganichev S. D. , Khokhlov D. R.
Published: June 2015

We suggest a method for detection of highly conductive surface electron states including topological ones. The method is based on measurements of the photoelectromagnetic effect using terahertz laser pulses. In contrast to conventional transport measurements, the method is not sensitive to the bulk conductivity. The method is demonstrated on an example of topological crystalline insulators Pb1−xSnxSe. It is shown that highly conductive surface electron states are present in Pb1−xSnxSe both in the inverse and direct electron energy spectrum.
Validation of a criteria-specific long-term survival prediction model for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after liver transplantation
Authors: Teng Fei , Han Qiu-Cheng , Ding Guo-Shan , Ni Zhi-Jia , Fu Hong , Guo Wen-Yuan , Shi Xiao-Min , Gao Xiao-Gang , Ma Jun , Fu Zhi-Ren
Published: June 2015

The aim of this study was to validate a criteria-specific long-term survival prediction model (MHCAT) in a large cohort of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after liver transplantation (LT) in China. Independent risk factors in MHCAT were retrospectively analysed for HCC patients recorded in the China Liver Transplant Registry. Survival predictions for each patient were calculated using MHCAT scores and the Metroticket formula separately and the prediction efficacy of MHCAT and Metroticket was compared using the area under ROC curve (c-statistic). A total of 1371 LTs for HCC were analysed in the study, with a median follow-up of 22.2 months (IQR 6.1–72.4 months). The proportions meeting the Milan, UCSF, Fudan and Hangzhou criteria were 34.4%, 39.7%, 44.2% and 51.9%, respectively. The c-statistics for MHCAT predictions of 3- and 5-year survival rates of HCC recipients were 0.712–0.727 and 0.726–0.741, respectively. Among these patients, 1298 LTs for HCC were ultimately selected for the comparison analysis for prediction efficacy. The c-statistic of MHCAT for predictions of 3-year survival with reference to the Milan, UCSF and Fudan criteria was significantly increased compared with that for Metroticket (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MHCAT can effectively predict long-term survival for HCC recipients after LT.
Comparing equilibrium and kinetic protein unfolding using time-resolved electrospray-coupled ion mobility mass spectrometry
Authors: Liuni Peter , Deng Bin , Wilson Derek J.
Published: June 2015

We apply a new hyphenated method, TRESI-IMS-MS, to compare equilibrium and kinetic unfolding intermediates of cytochrome c.
A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for simultaneous estimation of anti-diabetic drugs inhibiting DPP-4 enzyme in human plasma: overcoming challenges associated with low recovery and sensitivity
Authors: Shantikumar S. , Satheeshkumar N. , Prasanth B. , Lingesh A. , Paul David , Srinivas R.
Published: June 2015

A simple and sensitive LC-QTOF/MS method was developed and validated to measure the human plasma concentrations of five gliptins.
Polymer@MOF@MOF: “grafting from” atom transfer radical polymerization for the synthesis of hybrid porous solids
Authors: McDonald Kyle A. , Feldblyum Jeremy I. , Koh Kyoungmoo , Wong-Foy Antek G. , Matzger Adam J.
Published: June 2015

PMMA@IRMOF-3@MOF-5, a hybrid polymer–MOF composite, was produced through a combination of core–shell and post-synthetic modification techniques. The core–shell architecture allows polymer chains to be tethered to the outer shell selectively.
Real-time monitoring of small biological molecules by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Zhang Yan , Liu Jiao , Zhang Chun-yang
Published: June 2015

We develop a ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for real-time detection of small biological molecules in a high-throughput format.
PVDF-HFP/ether-modified polysiloxane membranes obtained via airbrush spraying as active separators for application in lithium ion batteries
Authors: Seidel S. M. , Jeschke S. , Vettikuzha P. , Wiemhöfer H.-D.
Published: June 2015

Airbrush spraying enables the preparation of PVDF-HFP/ether-modified polysiloxane membrane separators directly on lithium ion battery electrodes.
Evolutionary growth of microscale single crystalline GaN on an amorphous layer by the combination of MBE and MOCVD
Authors: Min Jung-Wook , Bae Si-Young , Kang Won-Mo , Park Kwang Wook , Kang Eun-Kyu , Kim Bong-Joong , Lee Dong-Seon , Lee Yong-Tak
Published: June 2015

Epitaxial GaN layers are grown on amorphous substrate by the combination of MBE and MOCVD. MBE growth step provided uniform, preferred orientation and MOCVD enabled improved crystalline quality.
A comparative study on the quality of protein crystals obtained using the cross-diffusion microbatch and sitting-drop vapor diffusion methods
Authors: Hou Hai , Wang Bo , Hu Shan-Yang , Wang Jing-Zhang , Zhu Peng-Fei , Liu Yue , Wang Meng-Ying , Yin Da-Chuan
Published: June 2015

The protein crystals grown using the cross-diffusion microbatch method exhibited better quality than those grown using the sitting-drop vapor diffusion method.
High-throughput assessment of catalyst stability during autothermal reforming of model biogas
Authors: Luneau M. , Schuurman Y. , Meunier F. C. , Mirodatos C. , Guilhaume N.
Published: June 2015

A six parallel-flow reactor set-up was implemented to assess the long-term stability of Ni-based catalysts for autothermal reforming of model biogas.
Flipping of the coordinated triazine moiety in Cu(i)–L2and the small electronic factor, κel, for direct outer-sphere cross reactions: syntheses, crystal structures and redox behaviour of copper(ii)/(i)–L2complexes (L = 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine)
Authors: Yamada Atsutoshi , Mabe Takuya , Yamane Ryohei , Noda Kyoko , Wasada Yuko , Inamo Masahiko , Ishihara Koji , Suzuki Takayoshi , Takagi Hideo D.
Published: June 2015

Flipping of the triazine ring of the coordinated pdt ligand was observed, and the non-adiabaticity factorκelfor direct cross reactions was estimated asca.10−7.
Metal loading of lanthanidopolymers driven by positive cooperativity
Authors: Hoang Thi Nhu Y , Wang Zheng , Babel Lucille , Nozary Homayoun , Borkovec Michal , Szilagyi Istvan , Piguet Claude
Published: June 2015

The contraction of the lanthanidopolymers [L3N(Ln(hfac)3)m] (Ln is La, Eu or Y) observed upon metal loading with small lanthanides favours solvation in solution, a trend which induces positive cooperativity in the thermodynamic complexation process.
Renewable pyridinium ionic liquids from the continuous hydrothermal decarboxylation of furfural-amino acid derived pyridinium zwitterions
Authors: Kirchhecker Sarah , Tröger-Müller Steffen , Bake Sebastian , Antonietti Markus , Taubert Andreas , Esposito Davide
Published: June 2015

Fully renewable pyridinium ionic liquids were synthesised via the hydrothermal decarboxylation of pyridinium zwitterions derived from furfural and amino acids in flow.
Synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes using ammonium niobium oxalate (ANO) as an efficient and recyclable catalyst
Authors: Mendes Samuel R. , Thurow Samuel , Penteado Filipe , da Silva Maitê S. , Gariani Rogério A. , Perin Gelson , Lenardão Eder J.
Published: June 2015

Bis(indolyl)methanes were efficiently synthesized using ammonium niobium oxalate (ANO) as the catalyst and water or glycerol as the solvent.
UV-nanoimprint lithography as a tool to develop flexible microfluidic devices for electrochemical detection
Authors: Chen Juhong , Zhou Yiliang , Wang Danhui , He Fei , Rotello Vincent M. , Carter Kenneth R. , Watkins James J. , Nugen Sam R.
Published: June 2015

A low-cost and rapid method is developed to fabricate a flexible microfluidic device containing electrowetting valves and electrochemical transduction.
Latex routes to graphene-based nanocomposites
Authors: Bourgeat-Lami Elodie , Faucheu Jenny , Noël Amélie
Published: June 2015

This review article describes recent advances in the elaboration of graphene-based colloidal nanocomposites by the use of graphene or graphene oxide in heterophase polymerization systems.
From nanorods of palygorskite to nanosheets of smectite via a one-step hydrothermal process
Authors: Wang Wenbo , Zhang Zhifang , Tian Guangyan , Wang Aiqin
Published: June 2015

The structural evolution of silicate opens a new avenue to cognize its microstructure, intensify its properties and extend its application.
Nitrogen-doped carbon sheets derived from chitin as non-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution
Authors: Yuan Haoran , Deng Lifang , Cai Xixi , Zhou Shungui , Chen Yong , Yuan Yong
Published: June 2015

Nitrogen-doped activated carbon sheets were derived from chitin, which exhibited remarkable activity for ORR and high catalytic activity towards OER.
ZnBr2 supported on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4 for conversion of CO2 to diphenyl carbonate
Authors: Fan Guozhi , Luo Shanshan , Wu Qiang , Fang Tao , Li Jianfen , Song Guangsen
Published: June 2015

ZnBr2 supported on SiO2-coated Fe3O4 was developed as an effective and recyclable catalyst for diphenyl carbonate synthesis from CO2.
Anti-stacking dense conversion of solid organic sodium salt particles into graphene with excellent electrode performance
Authors: Cui H. J. , Zhu Y. Y. , Zheng J. F. , Jia S. P. , Wang Z. J. , Zhu Z. P.
Published: June 2015

Graphene frameworks can be densely synthesized from a rapid decomposition of common solid organic sodium salts.