bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urinary tract infections in female pigs.
Authors: Martineau G. P. , Almond G.
Published: January 2009

This review is intended to provide an update on our current understanding of urinary tract infections (UTI) in female pigs. In general, there are two primary bacterial pathogens involved in these infections; however, several management and animal husbandry factors either contribute to or reduce the likelihood of infections. The precise molecular defence mechanisms in the porcine urinary bladder are poorly understood and extrapolation from other species may explain some of these mechanisms. Nevertheless, female pigs do possess inherent physiologic mechanisms for preventing the onset of UTI. To some extent, a 'country effect' appears to be involved with the significance of UTI in sows. Considerable efforts are made to diagnose and treat sows with UTI in France. In contrast, problems with UTI in sows tend to be overlooked in the USA. As shown in human medicine, perhaps the most significant challenge is the dilemma of asymptomatic bacteriuria. It is evident that considerable collaborative research is required to elucidate UTI in female pigs.
Extent and implications of agricultural reuse of untreated, partly treated and diluted wastewater in developing countries.
Authors: Keraita B. , Jimenez B. , Drechsel P.
Published: January 2009

The agricultural reuse of untreated, partially treated and diluted wastewater is a common reality in and around three out of four cities in low-income countries. It is practiced in both dry and wet climates, mostly as an informal activity. In several instances, raw wastewater is used in irrigation; in the majority of the cases, however, wastewater is discharged into water bodies and thus used in diluted form. The main driving forces identified for the growth of this practice include general global scarcity of freshwater resources and contamination of water bodies traditionally used for irrigation, especially around urban centres. Estimates on the extent of this practice range widely, but figures point at about 20 million ha of land irrigated in this way, most of it in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa. Benefits highlighted in the cases reviewed include its reliable flow (which allows for multiple cropping across all seasons and climates), nutrient recovery, contributions to urban food supply and safeguarding of livelihoods (especially for the urban and peri-urban poor). However, health risks for farmers and consumers, such as worm infections, diarrhoea and skin diseases are major possible drawbacks, limiting formal recognition and support of wastewater irrigation. Nevertheless, low-cost interventions, as recently recommended by the World Health Organization and tested in West Africa, have shown great potential to reduce the health risks between farm and fork, especially where comprehensive wastewater treatment is not yet feasible. The development of locally appropriate risk reduction interventions should involve their users from the start in taking advantage of farmers' own innovations.
Risks associated with bovine embryo transfer and their containment.
Authors: Soom A. van , Nauwynck H. J.
Published: January 2009

Virus-embryo interactions have been widely studied in cattle. This review examines possible routes of viral infection, sources of contamination and protective measures that can be taken when performing embryo transfer in cattle, and when appropriate, in other domestic species. Fertilized embryos are protected by the zona pellucida, but recent evidence in cow, pig and mouse embryos has shown that the pores in the zona pellucida are sufficiently large to mechanically entrap certain viruses, although penetration through the zona with infection of embryonic cells is considered unlikely. Whether this assumption holds true for very small viruses, and for embryos of other species remains to be determined. Viral transmission may not always be related to infection of the gametes or embryos, but may originate from infection of the genital tract of the donor, or from contamination of the media or of equipment used to manipulate the embryos. Recent technologies involving vitrification and subsequent storage of the embryos or semen in liquid nitrogen in open containers represent an increased contamination risk during long-term cryobanking. Sanitary measures to guard against the risk of viral infection need to be taken, especially when working with embryos from infected donors or with techniques that may compromise the embryo's defence mechanisms. In cattle, sanitary guidelines have been developed and accepted worldwide that can ensure that the risks of transmission via reproductive technology is very low when sanitary guidelines are being followed rigorously. For other species, such guidelines are in the process of development.
Mangrove forests and human security.
Authors: Walters B. B.
Published: January 2009

This paper reviews concepts and theories of 'environment and security' and examines their relevance in understanding human-mangrove interactions. Scientists and decision-makers are increasingly interested in the relationship between environmental change and human security. Research on human-mangrove interactions suggests that mangrove forests illustrate this relationship well, at least in terms of the general framing of these issues. Mangroves and the diverse resources and services they provide (wood, food and fuel) are critical to the livelihood security of highly vulnerable coastal populations throughout the tropics. At the same time, their restricted coastal distribution, which is often proximate to population concentrations, makes them the frequent loci of conflict between competing human interests. Studies of mangrove planting and human settlement along the coast demonstrate the value of mangroves for protecting property and livelihood from storm impacts. Observations of the Asian tsunami of 2004 further highlight this protective role and provide a stark reminder that environmental sustainability and human security are often inseparable. Yet, broadly framed discussions of environment and security offer little concrete guidance to researchers and policy-makers tasked with understanding and better managing the relationships between people and mangrove forests in particular contexts.
PRACTICING SCIENCE
Authors: Grinnell Frederick
Published: January 2009

Chapter 1 presents an overview of the two central activities of the scientific process: discovery (learning new things about the world) and credibility (convincing other researchers that the new findings are correct). According to the linear model of research found in science textbooks, these activities are carried out by dispassionate investigators who are guided at every step by objectivity and logic in accordance with the scientific method. By contrast, everyday practice is far more ambiguous. Researchers are influenced by personality and biography; success requires intuition and passion as well as objectivity and logic. Objectivity ultimately depends on individual researchers transcending their subjectivity by turning to the scientific community with the goal of achieving knowledge that is correct for anyone, anywhere, anytime. Diversity in how scientists think and work enhances scientific exploration. When science education focuses solely on the linear model of research, the excitement and adventure of everyday practice are left out.
INTEGRITY
Authors: Grinnell Frederick
Published: January 2009

Chapter 4 analyzes everyday practice of science in the context of surrounding sociocultural, political, and economic factors. Science policy determines what work will be done, who will do it, and how it will be financed. Ambiguity inherent in everyday practice, subjectivity of review panels, and differences of opinion regarding what counts as a desirable outcome all complicate the linkage between research agendas and national goals. Normal functioning of the research environment requires a high degree of trust. Financial conflict of interest can interfere with every aspect of practice, including analysis and publication of research findings, sharing of research knowledge and tools, and decision making by public advisory committees. Disclosure may be unable to deal adequately with conflict of interest; recusal may be necessary. The potential change in the research environment from “publish or perish” to “patent and prosper” threatens the health of biomedical research.
Kinship Care in Family-Serving Agencies
Authors: Wilson Dana Burdnell
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the development of kinship care practice in family-serving agencies. Family-serving agencies are setting goals for kinship care services that embrace a broad and inclusive definition of family, respect family strengths, build upon family resources, and work to support each family's effort to prevent the unnecessary separation of children from their kin. Family members are viewed as collaborative partners in service delivery, and interventions are offered to strengthen the ability of families to care for children.
WhanauKnows Best
Authors: Ernst Joy Swanson
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines the child care and protection system in New Zealand. It begins with a historical background of the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act of 1989, focusing on the provisions of the 1989 Act relevant to kinship care. The chapter then describes the organization and structure of the New Zealand Young Persons and Their Families Services (NZCYPFS), provides statistical information, and discusses the role of community agencies. The process used by the NZCYPFS to respond to a report of child abuse or neglect is considered. Four themes arising in kinship care practice are discussed: availability of family, assessment of caregivers, financial help, and support and monitoring.
Doing Good While Doing Well
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses corporate social responsibility, presenting several examples of firms that have become involved in this arena. Topics covered include the definition of corporate social responsibility, reconciling the bottom line with social responsibility, changing patterns of corporate social responsibility, and corporate strategies for welfare reform.
How One Corporation Got Involved
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

This chapter tells the story of Pennsylvania Blue Shield's venture into the world of welfare. It discusses the factors that created the receptive environment for the venture. These include the organization's need for new workers, commitment and interest of management in the venture, the organization's history of providing training to new employees to give the necessary skills for competent job performance, receptive corporate culture, and involvement of other collaborating organizations in the project.
Integrating the New Workers
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on the strategies used to integrate the new workers into the workplace. An overall approach was recommended which highlighted the importance of integrating the new workers into the workforce as naturally and as quickly as possible. Another strategy involved the use of the new employees as quickly as possible to help others, thus giving support and recognition to them as they succeeded in their new roles.
Innovations in Treating Alcohol Problems
Authors: ZWEBEN ALLEN , ROSE SUSAN
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines the issues and practices related to the treatment needs of alcohol-abusing populations. Emphasis is placed on the brief intervention model, an approach deemed suitable for large numbers of individuals afflicted with alcohol problems. The rationale for this model along with its task components are presented. The chapter reviews empirical evidence on its effectiveness and provides recommendations for future research. Implications for practice, service delivery, policy, and interdisciplinary education are discussed.
Reflections on Collaborative Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents a synthesis of the material presented in the book. Various themes are presented that convey the wonders and challenges of collaborating with nontraditional settings.
Caring and Helping
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines the concept of nontraditional settings and why these institutions have played a critical role in communities of color. It identifies the factors that make people who work in nontraditional settings so interesting. The barriers to collaboration in nontraditional settings and the development of new approaches for practice within nontraditional settings are discussed.
Principles and Strategies
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter provides a framework for developing partnerships with nontraditional settings. The four levels of community service delivery and intervention strategies for communities of color are discussed.
Risk and Resiliency in Social Contexts
Authors: Joyce West Stevens
Published: January 2009

This chapter explicates the construct of resilience within historical social contexts to illuminate an evolutionary perspective of contextual stresses and the ways in which they are negotiated and managed over time. Strengths and social supports are used interchangeably with resilience and protective factors. Various risk models are explained. Both risk and resilience are defined. Race and ethnicity for Blacks is viewed as a form of social stigma and a risk factor. The notion of internalized racial self-hatred is rejected. Racial stigma need not be attributed as self-blame. A strengths perspective is defined.
Adolescent Developmental Theories
Authors: Joyce West Stevens
Published: January 2009

This chapter critiques the psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development as undergoing fundamental revisions influenced, in part, by feminist theory and developmental research. A developmental life-span thesis is explored for its relevancy to the phenomenological person-process-context model which clarifies identity as complex, integral to social contexts and evolving over the life span. Key developmental domains that characterized the adolescent trajectory are defined. Maturational tasks and developmental markers are clarified in each domain.
Person-Process-Context: An Ecological Transactional Model
Authors: Joyce West Stevens
Published: January 2009

This chapter explains the principal paradigm of the book — the person-process-context model — to answer the question: How do socially stigmatized individuals reconcile basic humanness in daily praxis? Operationally, the PPC model, metaphorically liken to a jazz ensemble, explains the improvisational nature of daily life experiences. Ordinary varieties of intersubjective experiences and Bronfenbrenner’s nested ecological contexts are given full explanation with diagrammatic illustrations. The PPC model is inherently rooted in the idea of the maximization of change processes. Since change is not always possible, the limitations of change is given systematic analysis by addressing issues of structural strain and social capital.
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Role Commitment
Authors: Joyce West Stevens
Published: January 2009

This chapter spells out the first of seven developmental domains in the adolescent trajectory to maturation. The maturational task of the Race, Ethnic, and Gender Role Commitment domain is to commit to a racial, ethnic, and gender social identity with minimal ambivalence and anxiety for a cohesive and coherent self-presentation. Singularly, this particular domain is thought to be critical in its effect on all other domains for adaptive or maladaptive social outcomes. This domain as others in subsequent chapters is systematically analyzed relative to the impingement of pertinent social ecologies such as the family, peers, school, and neighborhood.
Opportunity Mobility and Adulthood Preparation
Authors: Joyce West Stevens
Published: January 2009

This chapter begins by noting the difference between the ascribed and achieve statuses of adulthood. It then explores the inextricable connection of particular opportunity pathways, such as education and employment to adulthood preparation. Civic responsibilities are given careful consideration and are viewed as being of great import in adulthood preparation. In this regard, the limitations of poverty stricken communities are examined.
Community Social Work Practice in an Urban Context
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

Community social work practice based on a capacity enhancement model offers tremendous potential for unifying communities consisting of groups from very different cultural backgrounds, and in the process of doing so, make physical changes in the community. This book emphasizes community and urban social work and explains how to create positive community environments in marginalized urban-based communities. The use of murals, gardens, playgrounds, and sculptures, for example provide social workers with an opportunity to identify, engage, and plan services with communities. These projects, in turn, are based upon a community's strengths and represent an effort at developing a community's capacity to help itself with assistance from professionals.
Introduction
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This introductory chapter sets the context from which to understand the importance of urban-centered practice for social work in the 21st century. It traces how the author became interested in a community-assets perspective and why the development of urban-specific interventions are so critical to community social work practice. In addition, it outlines the goals for the book, defines some of the key terms that are used, and describes the research methods used in selecting and analyzing case studies.
Framework for Capacity-Enhancement Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents an overview of a framework for undertaking community capacity-enhancement interventions that are focused on murals, gardens, playgrounds, and sculptures that are built by the community. The framework consists of five phases that place equal emphasis on assessment, mapping, engagement, planning (includes implementation), and evaluation. The chapter discusses these different phases, how they interrelate, and grounds them within an ecological perspective toward practice.
Conceptual, Historical, and Ideological Underpinnings of Supported Employment
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

Supported employment was developed during the advent of the consumer and family movements and more positive treatment approaches. The consumer movement pushed for a stronger voice in shaping service delivery and taking responsibility for directing one’s own life. Psychiatric rehabilitation promoted skills development directed toward independent community living and supports provided as needed. Choice was a fundamental component of recovery. Forerunners, Wehman and Moon, described the place-train approach as the foundation to supported employment. The Rehabilitation Act Amendment of 1986 codified supported employment into law. IPS standardizes supported employment for people with severe mental illness by combining information on services and outcomes from research studies.
Introduction to the IPS Approach to Supported Employment
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

IPS is a standardized approach to supported employment for people with severe mental illness. IPS is derived from eight empirically derived principles. Employment specialists join mental health treatment teams to provide coordinated services. The vocational unit is comprised of a vocational supervisor and at least two employment specialists who carry discrete caseloads of no more than twenty-five people. In IPS, all people are encouraged to think about how employment may fit into their lives. Clients who express interest in working are assisted in finding a competitive job, full-time or part-time, that matches their skills, preferences, and experiences. People are provided individualized supports to maintain employment. As a team-based approach, all members of the team support the client’s work efforts.
Maintaining Jobs
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

Once a person has obtained a job, the employment specialist and the rest of the treatment team offer individualized supports to the client to maintain the job. Each working client will have a different set of supports because everyone has different needs. Supports are provided on an ongoing basis as long as the client wants and needs support. This chapter describes different categories of follow-along support, such as emotional support, support in the workplace, employer support, family support, peer support, and social skills training. Job endings are always viewed in terms of transitions and new information about the person as a worker that is used when planning for the next work experience. The chapter includes several vignettes to illustrate follow-along support.
Dual Diagnosis and Work
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

Many people who have a co-occurring substance use disorder (dual diagnosis) are found ineligible for employment services because of substance use. This chapter includes an illustration of a person with a co-occurring substance use disorder who becomes interested in working. The illustration highlights benefits of working for people with dual disorders, such as structuring time and providing a motivation to reduce substance use. Motivational counseling strategies are used to help clients clarify goals. The employment specialist, treatment team, and client work together to identify a good job match that supports sobriety. The employment specialists and the team help clients develop a money management plan because money is often a cue for people with dual diagnosis to buy alcohol and drugs. The team provides ongoing support even when the client relapses.
Reasons for Hope for Children and Families: A Perspective and Overview
Authors: Burns Barbara J.
Published: January 2009

This chapter argues that there are reasons for hope in terms of improved treatment and better outcomes in the field of child mental health. It cites four factors that provide the basis for hope and the rationale for taking action to implement care in the community instead of institutional settings. There is increasing evidence documenting positive outcomes for community-based interventions, improved understanding about how to change clinical practice, the availability of tools and training approaches to improve clinical practice, and policy to facilitate and support the implementation of selected community-based interventions. The aims of the book and overview of the subsequent chapters are presented.
Community-Based Interventions in a System of Care and Outcomes Framework
Authors: Duchnowski Albert J. , Kutash Krista , Friedman Robert M.
Published: January 2009

The response of the mental health system to troubled youth and their families is in a period of transition, and changes are occurring in both the conceptualization of what constitutes effective intervention and in how services are delivered. This chapter describes the initiatives and research findings that have driven these changes within a system of care and outcomes framework. It traces the history of children's mental health services, and presents forecasts for future developments.
What Is Case Management?
Authors: Evans Mary E. , Armstrong Mary I.
Published: January 2009

This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the definitions of case management. It then discusses the core functions of case management, the process of case management, its history and development, the theory of change in case management, and the establishment and maintenance of a case management program. An example of a case management intervention is presented.
Mentoring to Facilitate Resiliency in High-Risk Youth
Authors: Vance J. Eric
Published: January 2009

Community mentoring is a rapidly growing movement that affiliates high-risk youth with healthy adult role models from outside their immediate families. This chapter looks at the notion of mentoring, discusses the rationale for this type of intervention, and describes a model of community mentoring designed to enhance psychosocial resiliency in high-risk youth. Research evidence for the effectiveness of mentoring as an intervention strategy for youth with severe emotional disorders is examined.
Family Support and Education
Authors: Ireys Henry T. , Devet Katherine A. , Sakwa Diane
Published: January 2009

Family support programs involve systemic efforts to support the psychological and social resources of family members as they respond to a continuing stressor. These programs often involve “experienced peers,” “veteran parents,” or “supporting partners” who develop relationships with target parents based on their previous experience with similar stressors or consequences. This chapter focuses on community-based support programs for families of children with serious emotional disorders. It presents the theoretical foundations for family support interventions, and then discusses various issues and parameters affecting the development, implementation, and evaluation of the family support program, Parent Connections.
Policy Implications Relevant to Implementing Evidence-Based Treatment
Authors: English Michael J.
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents policy implications for emerging community-based interventions for children with severe emotional disorders, highlighting their theories of change, the changing roles of key participants, and their potential impact on environments within which these practices are evolving. Policy implications for the following topics are addressed: systematic service delivery, community-based care, prevention and early intervention, families, payers, providers, child-serving agencies, research, and training.
Responding to Legal Mandates
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses critical legislation that impacts professionals within human service organization. Information is provided about various laws that affect the workplace (e.g., The Family Leave Act, The Equal Opportunity Act, The Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Age Discrimination Act). Case examples are presented to familiarize managerial supervisors with the issues and approaches to be considered in meeting legal mandates.
Building Strategic Alliances
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the developmental stages and issues faced when managerial supervisors engage in building new interorganizational relationships. It begins with an example of alliance building, which is used as reference throughout the chapter as it defines alliance, identifies how different types of interorganizational alliances can be structured, and focuses on how supervisory managers can skillfully work with and in human service alliances. Maria Rodriguez and the Elder Care Management Program is used to illustrate each concept.
Supporting Diversity
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: January 2009

This chapter seeks to support the managerial staff in human service organizations who similarly wish to address the reality of diversity within their agency. It focuses on human service organizations since their mission is concerned with meeting the needs of the wide array of consumers being served, with special attention to diversity. The chapter begins with a discussion of the changing population mix within the United States, followed by a definition of diversity. It explores a four-level organizational typology of working with diversity, along with the costs and benefits inherent in the process. A parallel typology is then presented that shifts from the organizational to an individual perspective as a continuum of personal orientations toward diversity is discussed. It concludes with an example of diversity intervention in two human service settings that can serve to stimulate practical approaches to this challenge.
Creating and Sustaining Interdisciplinary Teams
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines interdisciplinary teams, with the managerial supervisor as team leader and highlights some of the critical intra-team issues. It argues that interdisciplinary teams are one of the most effective organizational strategies for responding and proactively beginning to challenge the rapid, complex changes occurring in both the professions and the environment. Teams have costs and benefits. If correctly created and maintained, with the appropriate leadership and membership, the benefits can far outweigh the costs. Managing teams means dealing with team dysfunction, addressing the paradox of relationship, and providing leadership in the form of designing, coaching, and advocating.
Protecting Managers as Workers
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the protection and nurturing of managerial supervisors, given the problem of employment instability in the human services. It discusses employment-at-will, whistleblowers, and trade unionism for professionals. It concludes with suggestions for organizational supports of management and staff in this challenging time.
Evaluating Program Effectiveness
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting F. Ellen
Published: January 2009

This chapter explores the professional challenges managers face as they encounter several paradoxes related to program effectiveness. It begins by setting the context within which the supervisory manager can examine the forces that are propelling human service agencies toward outcome-based measurement as a form of accountability. It then highlights what supervisory managers need to know in order to oversee the documentation of program effectiveness through outcome measurement. Given the reality that all contemporary funding sources will reinforce the importance of outcome measurement for program evaluation, it is essential that supervisory managers provide effective leadership in this arena.
Teaching Spirits
Authors: Brown Joseph Epes , Cousins Emily
Published: January 2009

This book offers a thematic approach to looking at Native American religious traditions. Within the great multiplicity of Native American cultures, the book observes certain common themes that resonate within many Native traditions. It demonstrates how themes within native traditions connect with each other, at the same time upholding the integrity of individual traditions. The book illustrates each of these themes with explorations of specific native cultures including Lakota, Navajo, Apache, Koyukon, and Ojibwe. It demonstrates how Native American values provide an alternative metaphysics that stand opposed to modern materialism. It also shows how these spiritual values provide material for a serious rethinking of modern attitudes—especially toward the environment—as well as how they may help non-native peoples develop a more sensitive response to native concerns. Throughout, the book draws on the author's extensive personal experience with Black Elk, who came to symbolize for many the greatness of the imperiled native cultures.
Fixing a Center
Authors: Brown Joseph Epes , Cousins Emily
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on Native American interactions with the land. Many tribes believe in the sustaining power of the land. According to most Native American traditions, the land is alive. Every particular form of the land is experienced as the locus of qualitatively different spirit beings; their presence sanctifies and gives meaning to the land in all its details and contours. These spirits also give meaning to the lives of people who cannot conceive of themselves apart from the land. Apache stores of place, Navajo relationship with the land, conflict over sacred lands, and sacred architecture are discussed.
Cognitive-Behavioral Group Treatment with Mothers of Sexual Abuse Victims
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

This chapter describes and illustrates through case example the use of cognitive-behavior group treatment with non-offending parents (typically mothers) whose preschool children have been sexually abused. The empirical evidence for cognitive-behavioral treatment with sexual abuse victims and their families is presented, followed by a rationale for the use of a group modality with this population. Techniques are targeted toward decreasing maternal stress and improving coping; building maternal support; and providing information on sexual abuse dynamics and how to handle symptoms in children.
Structural Family Therapy with Adolescent Conduct Disorder
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

This chapter begins with a brief overview of structural family therapy and then follows with an empirical rationale for the use of structural family therapy with adolescent conduct disorder. The central goal of structural family therapy is to create a well-functioning structure, which is hierarchically organized with clear boundaries around subsystems. These goals are achieved through enactments, working with interactions in the session, so that new patterns are formed. Assumptions of structural family therapy and its techniques are applied to a case study.
Reinforcement Training with the Partners of Those Who Abuse Substances
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

This chapter covers a type of treatment for substance use that targets partners of the problem drinker. Variations of this type of treatment are categorized together as “reinforcement training,” which revolve around operant behavioral theory and the central importance of reinforcement for increasing desirable behavior (sobriety in the case of substance use). Also central is the concept of antecedent conditions that cue certain behaviors to occur. Applied to substance abuse, partners are trained to pay more positive attention to their partners when they are not drinking and to create opportunities for sobriety. Skills training in communication and conflict resolution are also offered as part of a behavioral approach. Before presenting the application of the model, its empirical evidence will be briefly described, followed by a discussion of when it is appropriate to use reinforcement training as an option for treatment.
Introduction
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

This book covers the family treatment practice theories that have begun to develop an evidence basis to support them. It not only reviews the research evidence to support these theories, but most importantly delineates how to implement them with problems that human service and mental health practitioners commonly see in today's practice settings. Theories discussed include psychoeducation, behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, solution-focused therapy, structural family therapy, and multisystemic therapy. The organization of the book is developmental stage (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older adulthood) and type of presenting problem (social problems and mental health disorders).
Phases of the Strengths-and-Skills-Building Model
Authors: CORCORAN JACQUELINE
Published: January 2009

This chapter describes a template of the helping process for the strengths- and skill-building model, which includes engagement; exploration of the problem; exploration of the solution; goal-setting; taking action; and evaluation and termination. Treatment phases exist as constructive parameters that serve to define activities and direct focus. For example, problem- and solution-finding opportunities are not necessarily linear; rather, strengths are identified and solution pathways constructed at all points in the process. Specific techniques, procedures, and principles are drawn from each of the three theories, solution-focused therapy, motivational interviewing, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Treatment of Adolescents With Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: CORCORAN JACQUELINE , SPRINGER DAVID W.
Published: January 2009

This chapter highlights how the strengths- and skills-building model can be used with adolescent disruptive behavior disorders, which include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Solution-focused therapy and motivational interviewing can be used together to build strengths and motivation and to get teens to take responsibility for the change process. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is then offered to address cognitive or behavioral deficits that may have played a role in the disruptive behavior.
The Strengths-and-Skills-Building Model
Authors: CORCORAN JACQUELINE , BELL HOLLY
Published: January 2009

This chapter applies the strengths- and skills-building model to women who are living with intimate partner violence. In this approach, the woman's ambivalence about the violent relationship is targeted, and her readiness to take action toward leaving the relationship is assessed through motivational interviewing techniques. The model empowers women by focusing on the strengths and coping capacities that they bring. Skills and capacities are further built by employing cognitive-behavioral techniques, particularly when there is distorted thinking about the acceptability of violence or attributions of blame toward the self. Most importantly, the role of the helper in the strengths- and skills-based model is collaborative rather than confrontative or authoritative in nature.
Child Maltreatment
Authors: Kurst-Swanger Karel , Petcosky Jacqueline L.
Published: January 2009

This chapter explores a variety of issues and concerns relating to the maltreatment of children. It begins with an examination of the social and historical context in which society views and treats children, and the economic, political, and social conditions related to the evolution of child welfare policy. Various forms of child maltreatment are addressed including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, and the various forms of neglect. Current issues related to the various forms of maltreatment are examined including: corporal punishment, Munchausen syndrome by proxy, prenatal substance abuse, ritual abuse, and juvenile sexual offenders. The chapter also discusses ways that child development is affected by maltreatment, specifically reviewing the research regarding the short-term and long-term consequences to cognitive, affective, and physical growth and development.
Preventing Violence in the Home
Authors: Kurst-Swanger Karel , Petcosky Jacqueline L.
Published: January 2009

This chapter explores the prevention of family violence by examining systemic issues, prevention ideology, the roles of various professional groups in prevention and education, and the role of technology. Systemic issues discussed include the fragmentation of intervention systems, the lack of strength-based models, conflict between professionals in the delivery of services, and the lack of evaluation of various policy and service models. The chapter explores how educators, policy makers, employers, and the mass media can specifically contribute to prevention and how technology is being applied in various ways to improve victims' protection and safety. It includes a discussion of how people can get involved to work toward solutions to the problem of violence in the home.
EAST AND WEST
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: January 2009

The cultural and historical tensions between East and West are among the most complex forces in Jewish history. Jewish music has historically embodied this tension, and it is one of the ways in which modernity emerges as a quality of Jewish music. In the synagogue, prayer and song are directed toward the altar at the eastern end of the sanctuary. Several styles and repertories of modern popular music in Israel are designated as musica mizrahit, literally “eastern music.” In modern Europe East and West also formed along a cultural fault line between Jews speaking Yiddish as a vernacular language in Eastern Europe and Jews speaking other vernaculars in Central Europe, especially German. As Jewish musicians increasingly entered the domains of popular and entertainment music in the late nineteenth century, East and West came to represent two different, even contested, identities in the Diaspora.
PATHS TOWARD UTOPIA
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: January 2009

The ontologies of Jewish music changed to reflect a transformation of the past into a utopian future at the end of the long nineteenth century, especially as World War I brought about the end of much traditional Jewish life in Europe. New cultural movements swept the Diaspora, not least among them Zionism, both in cultural and in political forms. Jewish music absorbed the images of the new utopias beyond the crisis of modernity: the paradise of a modern Israel; new forms of settlement, such as the collective kibbutz; the pioneer songs that allowed Jews in the Diaspora to sing in Hebrew about the past that had the potential to be the future. The case studies in the chapter include the attempt to create a canon of national Israeli art songs in the 1930s and the endeavors of the first organization cultivating Jewish music in the Yishuv, the World Centre for Jewish Music in Palestine, in the late 1930s.
1 Confounded by Faith
Authors: Farr Thomas F.
Published: January 2009

This chapter describes the “avoidance syndrome” that has characterized U.S. diplomacy's failure to engage religion in the international order. It surveys the evidence for what scholars call the desecularization of the world. It then identifies the two major issues—religious persecution and transnational Islamist terrorism—that ought to have forced U.S. policy makers to address the underlying religious nature of problems in the international order. Diplomats have fallen short in both areas. The chapter ends by describing two key elements of the explanation for diplomacy's ineptness: the culture wars and “secularization theory”—in particular the latter's Rawlsian assumption that religion is inherently emotive and irrational.
2 The Intellectual Sources of Diplomacy's Religion Deficit
Authors: Farr Thomas F.
Published: January 2009

This chapter explores how the premises of the secularization theory have affected the diplomatic climate of opinion. After some cautions about the limits of intellectual history, it surveys the writings of scholars and policy makers in each of the three major schools of thought in contemporary U.S. foreign policy: realism, liberal internationalism, and neoconservatism. Each of these schools avoids the subject of religion, but for very different reasons. Realists, generally uninterested in the internal affairs of nations, see religion only as a “passion” and a drive to power. Liberal internationalists, although interested in domestic issues, see traditional religion as an obstacle to the furthering of progressive goals like human autonomy. Neoconservatives, despite their commitment to democracy promotion, have seen little connection between religion-driven culture and political development.
6 Interregnum (2000–2002)
Authors: Farr Thomas F.
Published: January 2009

With the 2000 election of George W. Bush expectations were high among supporters of an energetic IRF policy. Events, however, were soon to disappoint them. It quickly became apparent that the new President's enthusiasm for religious liberty had few foreign policy implications. Most strikingly, the Bush administration allowed the IRF ambassador's position to remain vacant for some 16 months. Meanwhile, the State Department considered “double hatting” the IRF ambassador's job under the new Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Within Foggy Bottom the IRF office remained quarantined. Despite the efforts of the author, who was the de facto head of the office, and his small but hardy crew of colleagues, religious freedom remained an insignificant factor in U.S. foreign policy. Surprisingly, this remained true even after the attacks of September 11, 2001. One bright spot was the annual IRF Report, which accurately catalogued the facts of religious persecution.
7 The Lion's Den
Authors: Farr Thomas F.
Published: January 2009

The story behind the nomination and confirmation of John Hanford as IRF ambassador brings credit on no one, least of all the IRF supporters who opposed Hanford; the Bush administration which let the wrangling proceed too long; or Hanford himself, who delayed in taking his position even after Senate confirmation. When he finally arrived in May 2002, the Bush-Powell team had been operating well over a year and Hanford had to fight even to maintain authority over his own staff. He quickly discovered what his predecessor had learned: IRF was not a mainstream concern at Foggy Bottom. But John Hanford had a certain comfort level with this arrangement. He preferred to oppose persecution rather than advancing religious freedom. The results over the next few years were decidedly mixed, especially in China, but his work in Vietnam and Saudi Arabia was potentially ground-breaking.
8 Seeking the Heart of Islam
Authors: Farr Thomas F.
Published: January 2009

Chapter 8 is woven around the author's trip to Saudi Arabia six months prior to 9/11. There are two faces of Saudi Arabia: Mecca, the birthplace of Islam and the prophet Mohammed, and Riyadh in the Nadj region, the home of Mohammed bin Abd al-Wahhab and the birthplace of Osama Bin Laden. The chapter explores the tensions between the two kingdoms, and the connections between Islam and Islamist extremism, especially as manifested in Saudi understandings of jihad and tawhid. It traces the pernicious Wahhabi public theology from its origins in the 13th century to its ideological covenant with the House of Saud. The author's experiences with Saudi officials, religious minorities in the kingdom, the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom and the State Department lead him to conclude that Wahhabism will remain a source of terrorism, and a threat to U.S. national security, until the Saudis contain or destroy it via political reform grounded in religious freedom.
Introduction: Buddhism and Modernity
Authors: McMahan David L.
Published: January 2009

What many Americans and Europeans understand by “Buddhism” is actually a hybrid of a number of Buddhist traditions that have cross-fertilized with the dominant discourses of western modernity, especially those rooted in Enlightenment rationalism, Romanticism, and Protestant Christianity. The popular western picture of Buddhism is neither unambiguously “there“ in ancient Buddhist texts and lived traditions nor merely a fantasy of an educated elite population in the West, an image with no corresponding object. It is, rather, an actual new form of Buddhism that is the result of a process of modernization, westernization, reinterpretation, image-making, revitalization, and reform that has been taking place not only in the West but also in Asian countries for over a century.
The Spectrum of Tradition and Modernism
Authors: McMahan David L.
Published: January 2009

This chapter charts a variegated continuum between traditionalist and modernist Buddhists by providing five composite profiles of Buddhists: a British “Buddhist sympathizer,” a traditional Thai laywoman, an American dharma teacher, a Tibetan monk, and an Asian modernizer. It then discusses three processes by which modernization has taken place in Buddhism: detraditionalization, whereby authority is internalized and shifted from institutions to individuals; demythologization, in which elements of traditional cosmology, such as the six realms of rebirth, are re-interpreted as mental states; and psychologization, in which unseen beings are translated into psychological phenomena and, more generally, Buddhism comes to be interpreted in terms of western psychology.