bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise do Aprendizado de Suporte Básico de Vida e a Obtenção Prévia da Autorização para Conduzir Veículos
Authors: Gilioli João Paulo , De Freitas Renan Verdinasse , Pavarino Felipe Labaki , Marson Henrique Parisotto , Franqueiro Nicézia Vilela Junqueira , Gonsaga Ricardo Alessandro Teixeira
Published: March 2016

O conhecimento teórico e as habilidades práticas durante o Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) estão entre os determinantes mais importantes das taxas de sucesso em situações de emergência, o que ressalta a importância de dedicadas ações educacionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o aprendizado de acadêmicos do primeiro período de Medicina no treinamento prático do SBV, em imediato e médio prazo e correlacionar com a obtenção prévia da Carteira Nacional de Habilitação (CNH). Método: estudo prospectivo no qual os dados foram obtidos em três momentos, a saber: um questionário (pré-teste) antes do treinamento em SBV, outro, imediatamente após e o último, 21 dias depois. O questionário continha dados demográficos e 15 questões de múltipla escolha sobre o assunto. Foram avaliados 79 alunos, com média de idade de 19,9 (± 2,3) anos. Apenas quatro (5,1%) haviam recebido treinamento prévio nos moldes do SBV. A média de acertos no primeiro teste foi de 29,7%. Na avaliação pós-curso, a média de acertos foi 94,1%. Já no terceiro teste, a média de acertos foi de 83,3%. Utilizando o teste t Student para amostras independentes, não houve diferenças estatísticas entre aqueles que portavam e os que não portavam a CNH (p = 0,3264). Com base na caracterização dos alunos e do desempenho deles nas avaliações, pode-se concluir que o treinamento de SBV demonstrou uma importante qualidade na retenção de aprendizado. Evidenciou-se que portadores da CNH não tiveram resultados estatisticamente superiores aos que não a possuíam quanto aos conhecimentos adquiridos previamente ao treinamento.
Influência Dietética e Nutricional na Migrânea
Authors: E Silva Lívia Christine Santana , Freitas Betânia de Jesus Silva A.
Published: March 2016

A migrânea é um tipo de cefaleia altamente incapacitante, mais prevalente no sexo feminino e apresenta vários gatilhos dietéticos possíveis. A literatura traz alimentos, bebidas e condimentos que podem desencadear ou agravar as crises de migrânea, por outro lado, alguns constituintes alimentares podem ser úteis no tratamento desta. Em relação ao estado nutricional, obesos e desnutridos apresentam crises de migrânea mais duradoras e frequentes que pessoas com peso adequado. O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar fatores dietéticos e nutricionais com a migrânea. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de literatura nas bases de dados Pubmed, Medline, SciELO e Google Acadêmico, além de livros técnicos sobre o tema. A identificação dos gatilhos alimentares revela-se uma das maneiras mais eficientes para a redução das crises de migrânea. Porém, tendo em vista que alguns alimentos saudáveis têm sido relatados como gatilhos desta comorbidade, desaconselha-se sua eliminação total da dieta. Além disso, a literatura também tem trazido diversos componentes nutricionais atuantes na prevenção da migrânea, tais como: lecitina, ácidos graxos ômega-3 e ômega-6, fenilalanina, taurina, metionina e isoflavona, algumas ervas (manjericão, melissa, gengibre, artemísia), riboflavina, coenzima Q10, magnésio, niacina, carnitina, ácido lipoico e cafeína. Reforça-se ainda a importância da manutenção de um estado nutricional adequado, pois a concentração de gordura abdominal e a desnutrição estão relacionadas a uma maior incapacidade decorrente da migrânea. 
La frontera entre León y Córdoba a mediados del siglo X: desde Santarén a Huesca
Authors: Carriedo Tejedo Manuel
Published: March 2016

A través de las fuentes cronísticas más tempranas posibles, se analiza la línea fronteriza peninsular existente entre cristianos y musulmanes a mediados del siglo X (bajo los reinados de Ramiro II de León y de 'Abderrahmân III de Córdoba), tomando como punto de partida un curioso testimonio conservado en la obra de un prestigioso y fiable historiador cordobés del pleno siglo XI, Ibn Hayyân, quien, con motivo del acuerdo de paz alcanzado entre ambas comunidades en 941, traza una imaginaria línea divisoria (desde Santarén a Huesca") que finalmente viene a ajustarse de forma muy exacta a la realidad territorial del momento.
Memento mori. Los epitafios de la bóveda del locutorio del Monasterio de Osera
Authors: Fernández García Patricio
Published: March 2016

El prooósito de este artículo es estudiar los epitafios del siglo XIII y XIV que se encuentran reaporvechados en la bóveda del locutorio del monasterio de Santa María de Osera. Estos epitafios han sido estudiados en su génesis, en su forma, en su tradición y en su evolución. Es decir, pretendemos conocer al autor material formal de cada una de estas inscripciones, saber qué les llevó a ejecutarlas, cuál era su funcionalidad, quién era su destinatario, reconstruir el proceso de ejecución de los epígrafes y conocer las visicitudes por las que han atravesado a lo largo del tiempo
Juan de Alejandría, médico del siglo VII de la Edad Cristiana
Authors: Fernández Hernández Gonzalo María
Published: March 2016

Este artículo trata del medico Juan de Alejandría que vivió en el Siglo VII de la Era Cristiana
Impiedades reveladas: histórias de valores morais e políticos para exemplo e proveito dos governantes, segundo algumas Liçoes de Maquiavel
Authors: Lopes Marcos Antônio
Published: March 2016

El análisis se centró en los más conservadores en los escritos de Maquiavelo, que tanto como un seguidor de una tradición antigua de pensar la política, que como el ilustre fundador de la ciencia política moderna. Este objetivo teórico se basa en una sólida concepción empírica de espéculos principum género que Maquiavelo conserva en su propio camino y para certificar su identificación con los valores culturales del pasado, a diferencia de la concepción moderna de la acción política
A enfermagen em Portugal no século XX: um retrato histórico
Authors: Guerra Henriques Helder Manuel
Published: March 2016

El propósito de este trabajo es discutir la construcción profesional del grupo de enfermeros portugueses en el siglo XX. Vamos a argumentar que se trataba de un proceso influenciado por el Estado, otros grupos profesionales y un conjunto de conocimientos que, poco a poco, fueran apropiados por los enfermeros. Ancoramos, en termos teóricos, en Historia y Sociología de las profesiones. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, es un análisis socio-histórico, en una perspectiva diacrónica, que utiliza la legislación, bien como registros y fuentes orales como un corpus analítico de documentos
El simbolo de un Robín Hood vengador en el Occidente de Colombia
Authors: Acevedo Tarazona Álvaro
Published: March 2016

Como un fenómeno de las sociedades agrarias, Colombia fue uno de los países con mayores casos de bandolerismo en América Latina y el mundo, en especial el centro occidente de su actual territorio. Precisamente, en el municipio de Quinchía y poblaciones vecinas se creó la leyenda y casi el mito de un vengador social que asumió la causa de los campesinos minifundistas cafeteros y de los miembros del partido Liberal, perseguidos por una perversa alianza entre el Estado, la policía, el ejército y el partido Conservador. Este bandolero, además, se invistió de una especie de halo de "Robín Hood de los bosques" para encarnar una larga lucha de resistencia indígena desde los tiempos coloniales hasta la actualidad. Explicar el fenómeno del capitán Venganza en este largo proceso de resistencia, verbigracia del contexto polítco y social en el cual surgió el bandolerismo social no sólo en Colombia sin en el mundo, es el propósito de este artículo
Félix Varela: ética, patriotismo y libertad
Authors: Martínez Gómez Jesús Armando
Published: March 2016

En el trabajo se analizan los fundamentos teológico-liberales del pensamiento ético y patriótico de Félix Varela, a través de los cuales tratamos de explicar la forma en que se realacionan en él creencias religiosas, valores morales, ideas de libertad e igualdad y proyecto nacional liberador. Al hacerlo tomamos en cuenta la importancia doblemente liberadora de sus ideas en las que la liberación del pensamiento se asume como base para la liberación real del individuo y de la sociedad
Un ejemplo de religiosidad barroca. La V.O.T. franciscana de la ciudad de León
Authors: Martín García Alfredo
Published: March 2016

La tercera orden seglar se convirtió en uno de los vehículos más eficaces de propagacion de la reforma tridentina y la espirutualidad franciscana en la Europa barroca. A través del anásilis particular del caso leonés, comprobamos su capacidad de mimetismo, así como sus dimensiones económicas, sociales y devocionales.
La inmigración en España. Nuevos retos y encrucijadas
Authors: González Arpide José Luis , Fernández Álvarez Óscar
Published: March 2016

A partir de los cambios producidos en España en el ámbito sociopolítico presentamos algunas reflexiones que ayuden a generar respuestas ante el reto de la inmigración. Así la génesis de las propias autonomías crea contrapoderes que frenan la creación de redes compartidas. La escasez de expertos, especialmente en temas de lengua y cultura árabes entorpecen la toma de decisiones, con los países de nuestro entorno mediterráneo. El empleo, por otra parte de medios electrónicos de comunicación e información relativiza la ausencia del inmigrante creando una nueva forma de ser y estar. Distinguimos dos niveles de dinámica entre el Estado y la sociedad que crean realidades complejas, la interacción negativa de ambos puede crear espacios independientes que pongan en peligro, entre otros, la concepción de la interculturalidad. La aceptación de los derechos humanos de los inmigrantes, es otra perspectiva, a tener en cuenta
El ejército romano en la Península Ibérica. De la "Arqueología Filológica" a la Arqueología Militar Romana
Authors: Morillo Cerdán Ángel , Martín Hernández Esperanza
Published: March 2016

La Arqueología Militar romana en España ha presentado tradicionalmente un gran retraso respecto a otros países. Partiendo de los trabajos clásicos de Sehulten, García y Bellido, Roldán y Le Roux, durante las dos últimas décadas los esfuerzos de la investigación española en este campo se han centrado principalmente en las excavaciones arqueológicas en medio urbano (Herrera de Pisuerga, Lugo, León, Astorga, etc.). A lo largo de este periodo se ha producido una completa renovación metodológica y se ha experimentado un avance cualitativo en el campo de la Arqueología Militar romana. Presentamos en este trabajo los resultados principales de las intervenciones arqueológicas en contextos militares, así como los mayores avances en el campo de las producciones militares y de los militaria en Hispania.
La volatilidad de los legados indianos. El caso de Ruy Díaz Ramírez de Quiñones y sus disposiciones testametarias
Authors: Viforcos Marinas María Isabel
Published: March 2016

Tomando como base el testamento del leonés Ruy Diaz Ramírez de Quiñones, emigrado a Tierra Firme en el último cuarto del siglo XVI, se busca, en este artículo un triple objetivo: primero, señalar la pervivencia de vínculos afectivos y materiales con su tierra de origen, más allá de la distancia espacial y temporal; segundo, destacar el deseo de que su memoria se vincule a obras benéfico-asistenciales, a favor de sus familiares y antiguos convecinos; y tercero, incidir en las dificultades de materialización de las fundaciones, porque pese a la normativa sobre bienes de difuntos, éstos o no llegaban a su destino o lo hacían tan disminuidos por los pleitos y los años, que las hacían inviables
Algunas consideraciones geopolíticas a propósito de la ubicación de los valles de Laciana y Babia durante el bajo medievo: ¿en Asturias o en León?
Authors: García Cañón Pablo
Published: March 2016

El presente artículo se propone realizar un acercamiento histórico a la percepción geográfica y política, que las gentes de finales de la Edad Media tenían sobre la ubicación de los valles de Laciana y Babia en Asturias o en León
Evangelización pacificadora de los mercedarios durante la conquista del Perú. Visión global en la que se señala, al final, al pacificador P. Bovadilla
Authors: Vázquez Fernández Luis
Published: March 2016

Este estudio presenta una visión de la labor desarrollada por los mercedarios en Perú, durante el periodo de la Conquista y se pasa revista a algunos de los mercedarios más destacados
Cargos y oficios municipales en las ciudades de León, Zamora y Salamanca durante el reinado de Carlos III
Authors: Gómez Martínez Alfredo
Published: March 2016

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el origen, funcionamiento y forma de elección de los cargos y oficiales municipales en las ciudades de León, Zamora y Salamanca en el reinado de Carlos III.
Apuntes biográficos y bibliográficos sobre la figura de D. Bartolomé José Gallardo (1776-1852)
Authors: Gallego Lorenzo Josefa
Published: March 2016

Bartolomé José Gallardo fue un gran defensor de la lengua castellana y mostró especial interés por el mundo de las letras castellanas y las traducciones de los clásicos barrocos, que le convirtió en un coleccionista y especialista de libros raros y curiosos de los siglos XV, XVI y XVII.
Un conjunto de puntas de proyectil recuperadas en la excavación del Castro de los Judios (Puente Castro, León) y el uso de arcos y ballestas en la Edad Media
Authors: González Castañón María
Published: March 2016

En los últimos años la tendencia del estudio del armamento medieval ha ido cambiando y han aparecido trabajos de objetos como puntas de proyectil. Con este trabajo se pretende aportar una serie de piezas inéditas recuperadas en las excavaciones del Castro de los Judios (Puente Castro, León)
The Spanish School as a forerunner to the English School of International Relations
Authors: Lewkowicz Nicolás
Published: March 2016

El artículo presenta la tradición escolástica española de la obra de Francisco de Vitoria como precursora de la Escuela Inglesa de Relaciones Internacionales, situando la discusión de los conceptos de "guerra justa", la legitimidad de la conquista de las Indias y la subyugación de sus habitantes en el contexto histórico del sistema político internacional naciente
Estrategias para la represión en León (1936-1950)
Authors: González Castro Sara
Published: March 2016

Desde el 18 de julio de 1936 los sublevados tenían como objetivo acabar con los disidentes de su ideología. Para conseguirlo la represión fue su principal herramienta. Violencia, sumisión, manipulación y miedo fueron las estrategias que pusieron en marcha para controlar a la sociedad y al Estado durante casi cuarenta años
La Arqueología Industrial en León. Reflexiones apartir de la investigación en el Val de San Lorenzo
Authors: Alonso González Pablo
Published: March 2016

La Arqueología Industrial es una disciplina relativamente joven que está en continua discusión y renovación. En este artículo tratamos de hacer una aportación al debate y mostrar la deficitaria situación de la provincia de León en el cuidado de este Patrimonio y la realización de estudios arqueológicos. Partimos del trabajo realizado en el Val de San Lorenzo, un pueblo que vivió un gran auge de su industria textil y ahora se encuentra en decadencia
Las bebidas alcohólicas en el medievo asturleonés a través de los textos
Authors: Pérez González Maurilio
Published: March 2016

Primero se estudia la presencia del vino en Isidoro de Sevilla, en la Garcineida y entre los goliardos medievales, luego se estudian los términos relativos al vino en la documentación asturleonesa hasta 1230, sigue el estudio de la sidra y se finaliza aclarando que en los textos no aparecen otras bebidas alcohólicas
La producción suntuaria en el León Medieval: los azabacheros
Authors: Martínez Peñín Raquel
Published: March 2016

Este trabajo se centra en el estudio del sector azabachero leonés, que a lo largo del Medievo vive un gran desarrollo en la ciudad de León. Para conocer la evolución del oficio se han combinado las informaciones de fuentes manuscritas y de intervenciones arqueológicas
Residencias parciales y abiertas: conflicto de clases en el medio rural gallego (siglos XIII y XV)
Authors: López Sabatel José Antonio
Published: March 2016

El articulo pretende un acercamiento al medio rural gallego medieval como marco generador del conflicto de clases y estudia el antagonismo social entre las resistencias campesinas precedentes y la actitud del régimen señorial a través de las hermandades rurales en el seno del levantamiento irmandiño
A aquisição de bens pelo Cabido de Braga (1300-1350)
Authors: Barros Ana Andrea de Abreu Soeiro de
Published: March 2016

Con este trabajo se pretende indagar de qué forma cl Cabildo fue adquiriendo y formando su patrimonio a lo largo del espacio cronológico que va de 1300 a 1350. Centraremos primero nuestra atención en los legados testamentarios, las donaciones recibidas y las compras efectuadas por el propio Cabildo. Se destacarán particularmente los protagonistas, procurando determinar su categoría social y discernir sus motivaciones. Pasaremos luego a señalar las contrapartidas ofrecidas por el Cabildo: misas, aniversarios, capillas, oraciones y procesiones. Finalmente nos detendremos en cl bien adquirido -rural o urbano- y en su localización geográfica.
La familia de Santo Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo (siglo XIV-XVII)
Authors: Torres Margarita
Published: March 2016

Hemos tratado de actualizar un trabajo anterior nuestro en el que recomponíamos la estructura de parentesco, ascendente y lateral, de Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. En las páginas siguientes reconstruiremos la línea dimanada del Maestre de Campo, Gobernador de Chile y General de la Armada de los Mares del Sur Don Francisco de Quiñones, cuñado del santo. Una dinastía al servicio de la Corona española cuyos descendientes habrán de dividirse en dos ramas, la hispana y la americana, ejemplificando un modelo nobiliario común en el siglo XVII.
Reflexiones en torno a la construcción de esferas de control y sensibilidades : las casas de recogidas, siglos XVI-XVII
Authors: Onetto Pávez Mauricio
Published: March 2016

La idea central de este artículo es presentar y discutir sobre las posibles lógicas y soportes ideológicos bajo las que se erigieron las casas de recogidas o recogimientos en occidente, deteniéndose especialmente en el caso americano. En este sentido, nos interesa dar a conocer cómo estos lugares no sólo tuvieron como eje reformar los comportamientos transgresivos de las mujeres, sino además convertirse en verdaderas fábricas de sentidos y sensibilidades. Asimismo, el estudio intentará ver hasta qué punto se pudo aplicar cl conjunto de propuestas pensadas para estos lugares, sobre todo, ante escenarios tan diversos como los que presentaba América entre los siglos XVI-XVIII.
Análisis sociológico y actividad cultural de los claustros cistercienses en la Galicia moderna
Authors: Seijas Montero María
Published: March 2016

En este trabajo se analizan los componentes sociales de los monasterios cistercienses de Galicia, especialmente, y siempre que sea posible, los situados en la actual provincia de Pontevedra. Se realizará una aproximación al número de monjes de cada casa, su procedencia geográfica, el modo de captación de los novicios, su edad, el período de formación, el acceso a los hábitos y las condiciones de dicho acceso. Además se efectuará un pequeño recorrido por los colegios más importantes de la Orden y se conocerán, a través de los inventarios de algunas de sus bibliotecas, cuáles eran sus intereses en el mundo de los libros, al fin y al cabo, éstos eran los instrumentos imprescindibles para la formación religiosa e intelectual de los monjes
Un "paseado" en Tierras de León
Authors: Gavilanes Laso José Luis
Published: March 2016

El presente estudio se centra en el caso singular de Joaquín Heredia Guerra, que fue detenido y encarcelado en la Prisión Provincial de León y posteriormente recluido en el edificio de San Marcos. Además de dar cuenta de su circunstancia familiar y profesional, y de adjuntar testimonios sobre su conducta y personalidad, esta investigación toma como referencia fundamental la documentación correspondiente que obra en el Archivo Intermedio de la Región Militar Noroeste (El Ferrol), según la instrucción militar a Heredia incoada junto a la de Hipólito Romero Flores, en la causa 11/36, y de la que ambos resultaron sobreseídos; para inmediatamente ser puestos a disposición de la autoridad civil, que resuelve mantener su reclusión en San Marcos, lugar del que, según Victoriano Crémer c Hipólito Romero, Heredia es sacado el 21 de noviembre de 1936. Distintos indicios y la propia declaración oficial conducen a pensar que Heredia fue pasado por las armas en lugar próximo a Mansilla de las Mulas bajo la sospecha de "masón" y excusa de "accidente de guerra". La investigación de este caso particular se toma como paradigma general de los abusos de poder y de las irregularidades criminales cometidas por los sublevados en León contra los derechos humanos, sin aparentes causas que los justificasen; y hasta qué punto las autoridades civiles resultaron responsables de tales actos
Buy here, or keep driving? The effect of geographic market density on retail gas prices
Authors: Johnson Daniel K.N. , Schultheis Amy , Lybecker Kristina M. , Nadar Devin
Published: March 2016

Using market data from six midsized U.S. metro areas with similar isolation from neighboring retail markets, this paper examines the effects of location on retail price, while controlling for brand effects.  Spatial regression analysis accommodates the potential of spatially correlated errors, and sensitivity analysis tests for several measures of retail location concentration.  Results point to reproducible brand premiums and some location-based price differences, but also show the counterintuitive finding that areas with more market competition do not show significantly lower retail gas prices.
E-Business In Central And Eastern European Countries: Measures For Business Performance Analysis
Authors: Tekavcic Metka , Marc Mojca
Published: March 2016

Even though Internet usage in CEE population is increasing, it is below European average. The majority of companies are recognizing the need to do business electronically. However, most companies are currently still at the beginning stages: e-business does not reach operational processes indepth. Changes in the way a business is carried out influence business performance analysis. We argue that this happens mainly in the areas of customers, employees, intangibles, operational processes and also finance. For CEE e-business companies, at their present stage of development, the most important area is customer analysis. We present and discuss a number of measures that can be used to evaluate these areas and draw attention to some differences between traditional and e-business companies.
Ethanol Americas Safety Net?
Authors: Neil Benjamin A.
Published: March 2016

No matter how you look at it, the subject of Ethanol is going into two separate directions; one is that of clear support and the other is that of opposition.  Both are maintaining their own areas of study and analysis for validity.  There is little middle ground between the groups.  Much like today’s developing polarization in American Society.
Learning Through Reflectivity And Self-Assessment
Authors: Kambutu John
Published: March 2016

N/A
Negociando “Negritude” em um Estado Multicultural: Política Creole e Identidade na Nicarágua
Authors: Hooker Juliet
Published: March 2016

Esse artigo examina como os Creoles afrodescendentes estão atualmente reconfigurando suas identidades coletivas no âmbito do multiculturalismo nicaraguense. São examinadas questões como: o que significa ser atualmente Creole, negro ou afrodescendente na Nicarágua, um Estado que se proclama Multicultural? Como a negritude é negociada e vivenciada em um Estado onde o multiculturalismo se tornou uma política oficial, mas onde, historicamente, hierarquia racial e racismo não foram reconhecidos? Como essas identidades são negociadas e reconfiguradas em um contexto de lutas por justiça e igualdade? Hoje na Nicarágua, nação historicamente retratada como sendo majoritariamente mestiça ou indo-hispânica, muitos creoles anglófonos estão afirmando uma forte identidade negra racial, imaginada em termos de conexões transnacionais com a diáspora africana, incluindo com o passado africano e a ancestralidade afro-caribenha. Eu argumento no artigo que a atual ênfase na negritude, enquanto identidade creole, está conectada às mudanças do modelo de multiculturalismo nicaraguense, sobretudo a implementação de políticas específicas de combate ao racismo e a discriminação racial, uma dinâmica que ilustra a relação dialética entre direitos e identidades.---Negotiating "Blackness" on a Multicultural State: Politics and Creole Identity in NicaraguaThis article examines how Afro-descendant Creoles are currently reimagining their collective identities in Nicaragua in the context of multiculturalism. It examines questions such as: what does it means to be Creole, and/or black or Afro-descendant in Nicaragua today in the context of a self-proclaimed multicultural state? How is blackness negotiated and lived in a state where multiculturalism has become official state policy, but where, historically, racial hierarchy and racism have not been recognized? How are these identities negotiated and remade in the context of struggles for justice and equality? In the context a Nicaraguan nation that has historically been portrayed as overwhelmingly mestizo or Indo- Hispanic, many English-speaking Creoles today are asserting a strong black racial group identity imagined in terms of transnational connections to the African diaspora, including to an African past and Afro-Caribbean ancestry. I argue that the current emphasis on blackness in conceptions of Creole identity are connected to changes to Nicaragua’s model of multiculturalism, specifically the implementation of specific policies to combat racism and racial discrimination, a dynamic that illustrates the dialectical relationship between rights and identities.keywords: blackness, nicaragua, creole communities.
Afrodescendentes na América Latina e Caribe: novos caminhos, novas perspectivas em um contexto global multicultural
Authors: Agudelo Carlos , Lemos Igreja Rebecca
Published: March 2016

Nos últimos anos, vários países da América Latina e do Caribe promoveram reformas legislativas e institucionais com o objetivo de reconhecer e afirmar o caráter multiétnico e multicultural da nação. Esse movimento foi identificado como um “giro multicultural” que começou a ser implantado desde o final dos anos 80. Em boa parte desses países, a categoria de alteridade, antes atribuída especialmente aos povos indígenas, foi estendida às populações de origem africana que, dessa maneira, ganharam maior visibilidade enquanto populações culturalmente diferenciadas. É nesse contexto que o conceito de afrodescendente adquire um status quase generalizado no seio das instituições internacionais e estatais e entre os movimentos políticos, sociais e culturais da região, sem que com isso desapareçam outras formas de denominação nacional relativas a essas populações. Verifica-se, também,  uma diversidade de experiências de reconhecimento das populações afrodescendentes nos mais diversos países do continente americano. O texto que propomos aborda os artigos do dossiê que aqui se apresenta e que tem como objetivo principal apresentar essa diversidade de experiências e romper com o desconhecimento que ainda existe, especialmente no Brasil, da realidade das condições e demandas das populações afrodescendentes nos países latino-americanos e caribenhos. palavras-chave: afrodescendentes, américa latina e caribe, introdução, novas perspectivas.---Afrodescendants in Latin America and the Caribbean: new paths, new perspectives in a multicultural global contextOver the last few years, several countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have promoted legislative and institutional reforms in order to acknowledge and confirm the multiethnic and multicultural character of their nations. This movement was identified as a "multicultural spin" that was implemented in the late 80s. In most of these countries, the category of alterity, previously attributed, particularly, to indigenous peoples, was extended to populations of African origin that, thus, came to acquire greater visibility as culturally differentiated populations. It is in this context that the concept of "African descent" acquires an almost universal status within international and local institutions and among political, social and cultural movements in Latin America, without ignoring other forms of national denomination for these populations. It can also be observed a diversity of experiences for the recognition of Afro-descendants in various countries of the American continent. The proposed text addresses the articles of the dossier presented here, works which have as main purpose the presentation of these many experiences and that try to break through the disregard that still exists, especially in Brazil, to the real conditions and needs of Afrodescendent populations in Latin countries American and Caribbean.keywords: afrodescentes, latin american and caribbean, introduction, new perspectives.
Understanding the factors influencing the removal of heavy metals in urban stormwater runoff
Authors: Maniquiz-Redillas Marla C. , Kim Lee-Hyung
Published: March 2016

In this research, an infiltration trench equipped with an extensive pretreatment and filter bed consisting of woodchip, sand and gravel was utilized as a low impact development technique to manage stormwater runoff from a highly impervious road with particular emphasis on heavy metal removal. Findings revealed that the major factors influencing the removal of heavy metals were the concentration of the particulate matters and heavy metals in runoff, runoff volume and flow rates. The reduction of heavy metals was enhanced by sedimentation of particulates through pretreatment. Fine particles (<2 mm) had the most significant amount of heavy metals, thus, enhanced adsorption and filtration using various filter media were important design considerations. Sediment was most highly attached on the surface area of woodchip than to other filter media like sand, gravel and geotextile. It is suggested that maintenance must be performed after the end of the winter season wherein high sediment rate was observed to maintain the efficiency of the treatment system.
Does Geographic Relocation Induce the Loss of Features from a Single Speaker’s Native Dialect?
Authors: Barker Hollie
Published: March 2016

Over the past few years, academics such as Sankoff and Blondeau (2007) and Harrington (2006) have exhibited a marked interest in dialect variation and language change across the lifespan. Though it was acknowledged that individuals could temporarily adapt their language to accommodate to other interlocutors, permanent changes to their underlying grammar were previously thought impossible. What has come to light, however, is that as individuals we have been given increasing opportunities to be much more mobile; and as a result, our language has too. The aim of this study is to provide evidence for the claim that social and geographical mobility (in this case geographical) can cause an individual’s language to change. It was motivated by the belief that language cannot change after an individual has surpassed the critical period. The study focuses on one individual speaker in particular: the musician Ringo Starr. The speaker in question lived in Liverpool until the age of 40, before relocating to America. The data for this investigation were sourced from a number of TV and Radio interviews with Starr, taken from 20 years prior to and 20 years after his geographic relocation. In both cases, the interlocutors were speakers of British and American English varieties. The study examines three stable variables that exist in the speaker’s native dialect of Liverpool English — realisation of /t/ to /r/, non-rhoticity, and NURSE ~ SQUARE merger — and investigates whether these remain stable features, are lost completely, or are altered by geographical relocation. The study found that, although the speaker did not lose any features of his native dialect completely, the salience of the variables was affected by the move to the US. The speaker reduced his levels of /t/ to /r/ realisation and became more rhotic in certain phonological and lexical contexts. He retained the NURSE ~ SQUARE merger, but the results showed that he increased his frequency of F1 of NURSE vowels, articulating them slightly lower. Starr never acquired new, American variables such as the alveolar flap. What these results demonstrate is that an individual is capable of changing their language after the supposed “critical period”; it shows that not all change can be attributed to temporary accommodation. Dialect contact with varieties of American English appears to have resulted in some changes to Starr’s grammar.
Investigating Linguistic Prestige in Scotland: An Acoustic Study of Accommodation between Speakers of Two Varieties of Scottish Standard English
Authors: Salvesen Abigail
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates the attachment of overt and covert prestige to different varieties of Scottish Standard English (SSE), namely, Scots-SSE and Anglo-SSE. SSE itself encompasses wide linguistic variation and is often described as an accent continuum: at one pole are the typically “Scottish-sounding” speakers, who use a high proportion of traditional Scottish phonological features (and who are referred to as speakers of “Scots-SSE” for the purposes of this study), and at the other end of the spectrum are those who more closely emulate Southern Standard British English, using more anglicised features than Scottish (referred to here as speakers of “Anglo-SSE”). Although both varieties are broadly viewed as high prestige in Scotland, there has been little research to investigate the subtler social nuances attached to Anglo-SSE and Scots-SSE. In order to explore this, the study observes interactions between female lower-middle class speakers — a group for whom linguistic variation due to social pressure should be particularly pronounced — of Anglo-SSE and Scots-SSE. The systematic linguistic changes made by the speakers during interaction with one another are analysed with reference to the principles of Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles et al. 1991) to reveal the possible social implications of their behaviour. The study analyses realisations of the vowels /e/ and /o/, which are typically monophthongal in quality for Scots-SSE speakers and diphthongal for Anglo-SSE speakers. To determine the extent to which speech accommodation occurs, the variants produced by speakers in interaction with others using the same speech variety are compared to those that are produced when they talk to speakers who use the contrasting variety. There are salient patterns to the distribution of /e/ and /o/ variants in the speech of the Anglo-SSE and Scots-SSE speakers, suggesting that these are socially stratified within the given context. The Anglo-SSE group showed more evidence of convergence to the contrasting variety than the Scots-SSE group, who generally maintained their own speech style throughout the interactions. The patterns of variation appear to reflect the association of overt and covert prestige with the different varieties. The general avoidance of anglicised variants across the experiment might suggest that the speakers assigned a higher level of overt prestige to Anglo-SSE, which might have been viewed as an inappropriately formal speech style given the informality of the context. In turn, the adoption of Scots-SSE features by Anglo-SSE speakers seems to indicate that these are assigned covert prestige, perhaps as a result of their strong connotations with Scottish national identity. In general, the accommodative strategies used by the speakers during interaction with each other seem to reflect an effort to decrease the sense of an “in-group/out-group” distinction, likely perceived as a result of their different speech styles.
Impact of carrier material on fermentative activity of encapsulated yoghurt culture in whey based substrate
Authors: Krunic Tanja , Obradovic Natasa , Bulatovic Maja , Vukasinovic-Sekulic Maja , Trifkovic Kata , Rakin Marica
Published: March 2016

The main objectives of this paper were to study the influence of the carrier
material used for encapsulation and of bead size to fermentative activity and
viability of the dairy starter culture ?Lactoferm ABY 6?. Encapsulation of
yoghurt culture in beads with diameter of 1mm provides better results than
encapsulation in beads with larger diameter. Alginate beads and chitosan
coated beads have proved to be a strong barrier for nutrients from substrate,
so samples with those beads have lower viable cell count, lower titratable
acidity and higher pH value after 5h of fermentation at 42?C, than samples
with WPC-alginate beads. Also those beads have significantly (P < 0.05) lower
cell leaking, than WPC-alginate beads and lower antioxidant capacity.
Encapsulation of yoghurt culture in WPC-alginate carrier with diameter of
approximately 1mm provided the best characteristics for fermented product.
Samples with these beads have significantly (P < 0.05) higher increase of
viable cell number after fermentation, despite of major cell leaking (19.7
%). Moreover, sample with these beads have the highest titratable acidity,
the lowest pH value after fermentation (the best fermentative activity) and
the best antioxidant characteristics.
Influence of the structure of ceftazidime on obtaining biologically active cellulosic bandage
Authors: Rodic-Grabovac Branka , Djudjic Radana , Sailovic Pero
Published: March 2016

Biologically active fibers as drug carriers have improved characteristics in
comparison with conventional medical therapies. Cellulosic fibers as
hydrophilic and biocompatible, nontoxic and eco-friendly make a good polymer
matrix for obtaining biologically active fibers. Current investigations in
this area show that the features of these fibers depend on the type of
carrier as well as the drug structure. Loading drugs on the fiber carrier is
accomplished by ionic bonding between ionized drugs and the groups fixed on
the fiber (by ion exchange) or loosely adsorption on the fiber through
hydrophobic interactions. These interactions can be achieved between
hydrophobic parts of the drug and the fiber carrier or among the hydrophobic
drugs bonded on the fiber. Prevailing mechanism of ionized drug bonding on
the carrier is ionic, although different hydrophobic interactions can
contribute the drug loading to varying degrees. In this paper oxidized
cellulose (OC) with different carboxylic group content is obtained by
selective oxidation and used for chemical bonding of antibiotic ceftazidime.
In its structure this antibiotic has aminothiazole ring and pyridine ring in
the side chains of cephem nucleus. Ceftazidime has two carboxylic groups and
also great number of electron donors and acceptors. Due to these groups and
structures ceftazidime is able to form multiple chemical bonds i. e.
interactions with oxidized cellulosic bandage. The bonding was performed in
antibiotic water solution concentration of c=3,4?10-3 mol/L at room
temperature (22 ? 1?C), while desorption was performed in physiological
solution. The amounts of bonded and released antibiotic were determined
spectrophotometrically in UV range. Maximum amount of bound drug (0,0243
mg/g) was obtained during the sorption on the oxidized bandage with 2,276
mmol/g COOH and the maximum amount of released drug was 0,0238 mmol/g.
Antimicrobial activity of the samples with bonded ceftazidime was tested in
vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis i Escherichia coli by
agar diffusion test. The bigest zone of inhibition was obtained for
Escherichia. The paper studies the influence of ceftazidime chemical
structure, pH of solution in which sorption is performed and sorption
duration, on the amount of bonded drug. It was established that the drug
bonding was achieved by ionic bonds and the hydrogen bonds of the drug
functional groups with oxidised cellulose bandage. Also it was found that
buffering of the drug solution, in which bonding is performed, can increase
the amount of ceftazidime bonded on the fiber.
Digital filter-based 1D TLM model of dispersive anisotropic conductivity panel
Authors: Kostic Milos , Doncov Nebojsa , Stosic Biljana , Milovanovic Bratislav
Published: March 2016

One-dimensional (1D) Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) method with Z-transforms,
is applied in the paper to allow for an efficient time-domain simulation of
thin anisotropic conductive panel of dispersive behavior. It uses a digital
filter model to incorporate the scattering coefficients of the panel at two
TLM cells interface in order to avoid a fine meshing of panel thickness.
Model validation is done for a panel made of carbon-fibre material whose
electric conductivity is anisotropic and assumed to be frequency dependent
according to the Drude model. Fine TLM mesh results are used to verify the
model accuracy.
Analysis of dipole matrix element in quantum well and quantum cascade laser under the influence of external magnetic field
Authors: Demic Aleksandar , Radovanovic Jelena , Milanovic Vitomir
Published: March 2016

We present a method for modeling nonparabolicity effects (NPE) in quantum
nanostructures by using second order perturbation theory. We will analyze
application of this model on a quantum well without external electric field
and a quantum cascade laser (QCL). This model will allow us to examine the
influence of magnetic field on dipole matrix element in QCL structures which
will give better insight how NPE can disrupt gain of QCL structures.
Association of Blood Glucose Control and Lipids With Diabetic Retinopathy in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT)
Authors: Azad Nasrin , Bahn Gideon D. , Emanuele Nicholas V. , Agrawal Lily , Ge Ling , Reda Dominic , Klein Ronald , Reaven Peter D. , Hayward Rodney ,   the VADT Study Group
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

This study examined whether lipids modify the relationship between intensive glucose control (INT) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The incidence and progression of DR were assessed in 858 of 1,791 participants with 7-field stereoscopic fundus photographs at baseline and 5 years later.

RESULTS

Odds of DR progression were lower by ∼40% in those with baseline total cholesterol (TC) ≥200 mg/dL (P = 0.007), LDL-C ≥120 mg/dL (P < 0.02), or HDL-C ≥40 mg/dL (P < 0.007) in the INT arm versus standard glycemic treatment. Odds of DR progression were reduced by ∼40% in those who had TC ≤140 mg/dL (P ≤ 0.024), triglycerides (TG) ≤120 mg/dL (P = 0.004), or HDL-C ≥45 mg/dL (P = 0.01) at the fifth year. Odds of DR progression were lower by ∼40–50% with reductions of TC by ≥40 mg/dL (P < 0.0001), of LDL-C of ≥40 mg/dL (P < 0.004), and of TG by ≥60 mg/dL (P = 0.004) at the fifth year. Odds of DR progression increased by 80% with increases in TC of ≥20 mg/dL (P < 0.0001) and by 180% with increases in LDL-C by ≥60 mg/dL (P < 0.004). After adjusting for covariants, those with higher TC at baseline and lower TC during and at the fifth year and higher HDL-C throughout study had significantly decreased odds of DR progression in INT.

CONCLUSIONS

INT was associated with decreased odds of progression but not with onset of retinopathy in those with worse lipid levels at baseline and more improved lipid levels during the study. Higher HDL-C was consistently associated with better response to INT throughout the study.
Impact of locoweed poisoning on grazing steer weight gains
Authors: Ralphs M. H. , Graham D. , Duff G. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Emaciation is one of the clinical signs of locoweed poisoning but few studies have documented impacts of locoweed poisoning on weight gains. Stocker steers (British X Continental cross, 200-210 kg) were grazed on locoweed-infested, short-grass prairie in 1996 and 1997 in northeast New Mexico. Each year, half the steers were averted to locoweed to allow them to graze locoweed-infested pastures without eating locoweed. They did not graze locoweed and steadily gained weight (0.50 kg/day in 1996 and 0.71 kg/day in 1997). The other group of steers were allowed to graze locoweed under natural grazing conditions and became intoxicated. Weight gains were not affected for the first 3 weeks, but thereafter the steers lost weight in both years. In 1996, non-averted steers consumed locoweed for a season average of 20% of bites. They were severely intoxicated and did not begin gaining weight for 50 days after they stopped eating locoweed. Steers in the 1997 trial consumed less locoweed (11% of bites) than those in 1996 and they recovered more rapidly. Seasonal weight gains were 21 to 30 kg less for locoed steers than control steers in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Locoweed poisoning will cause weight loss, and severely intoxicated cattle require a lengthy recover period after they cease grazing locoweed before weight gains resume. Stocker cattle should not be placed on locoweed-infested rangelands until green grass is abundant and locoweed begins to mature.
Seasonal chemical composition of saltbush in semiarid grasslands in Jordan
Authors: El-Shatnawi M. K. J. , Mohawesh Y. M. ,   Society for Range Management
Published: March 2016

Saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.), a native shrub which is adapted to arid rangelands, was transplanted to the semiarid grassland at Jordan University of Science and Technology Campus in 1986. Our objective was to determine the seasonal changes in the chemical composition of the annual growth of leaves and stems of saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.) during 1995-96 and 1996-97. A strong positive correlation was found among P, Ca, crude protein, and nitrogen free extract and a strong negative correlation was found between fiber and P, Ca, crude protein, and nitrogen free extract. Nitrogen free extract (NFE) had a strong positive linear correlation with P, Ca, and crude protein. P, Ca, Ca:P ratio, crude protein, and NFE contents were found to be higher in leaves than in stems on all the occasions. Leaves had relatively higher concentrations of P, Ca, crude protein, and NFE during the growing season (February to April). Crude protein of leaves reached its maximum in March (22.7% ). The concentrations decreased, however, to 15% during the dry period (June to October). Crude protein content of stems ranged from 11.3 to 12.2%. Fiber content of leaves was lowest during February and March (16.9 to 18%), and reached maximum values during August and October. Saltbush is a good protein source for sheep during the dry season; however, P content would not meet nutritional requirements of ewes.