bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Extended Kalman Filtering Mechanism Based on Generalized Interval Probability
Authors: Hu Jie , Wang Yan , Cheng Aiguo , Zhong Zhihua
Published: April 2015

Kalman filter has been widely applied for state identification in controllable systems. As a special case of the hidden Markov model, it is based on the assumption of linear dependency relationships and Gaussian noise. The classical Kalman filter does not differentiate systematic error from random error associated with observations. In this paper, we propose an extended Kalman filtering mechanism based on generalized interval probability, where state and observable variables are random intervals, and interval-valued Gaussian distributions model the noises. The prediction and update procedures in the new mechanism are derived. Two examples are used to illustrate the developed mechanism. It is shown that the method is an efficient alternative to sensitivity analysis for assessing the effect of systematic error.
A General Method for
Kinematic Analysis of Robotic Wrist Mechanisms
Authors: Talpasanu Ilie
Published: April 2015

The paper presents a novel and simple technique for the kinematic analysis of bevel gear trains (BGT). The approach is based on edge-oriented graphs for efficient computation of BGT’s absolute and relative velocities of links using incidence matrices. The kinematic equations are generated in matrix form using a cycle basis from a cycle matroid. The set of independent equations is automatically obtained from matrix orthogonalities and not by taking derivatives. Equation coefficients are expressed as function of speed ratios and have minimal variables. Then the relationships between the output and input angular velocities can be determined. In addition, a simple procedure is demonstrated to check for mechanism singularities. The method presented here has general applicability and can be employed for spatial geared mechanisms with any number of gears and degrees of freedom (DOF) as illustrated by numerical examples of robotic wrist mechanisms.
Uncertain Friction-Induced Vibration Study: Coupling of Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Sets, and Interval Theories
Authors: Massa Franck , Do Hai Quan , Tison Thierry , Cazier Olivier
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a complete method to carry out a fuzzy study of a friction-induced vibration system and to analyze the effects of uncertainty on the output data of a stability problem. The proposed approach decomposes the fuzzy problem into interval problems and calculates interval output solutions by optimization. Next, each calculation of the stability problem output data, which is useful during the optimization process, is reanalyzed by integrating fuzzy logic controllers for the static step and homotopy development and projection techniques for the modal step. Finally, the obtained results are compared with Zadeh’s extension principle reference.
Tip Clearance Effects on Stalling Pressure Rise in Axial Flow Compressors
Authors: McNair R. E.
Published: April 2015

Designers of axial flow compressors have always been alert to the effects of tip clearance. The literature contains some simple theories and many tests of specific machines. There has been a tendency to presume that these test results are valid for compressors in general. Certainly a general rule is needed for the great variety of designs found today. Some types, among them generator cooling blowers and wind tunnel blowers, may require large tip clearances so accurate prediction is essential to success. Enough data have now accumulated to permit attempts at generalization. Leroy H. Smith, Jr. provided a starting point with his 1958 paper. This one adds more data, carries the analysis of data further, and points out practical need for further experiment.
The Surge Problem as Related to the ASME Compressor Test Code PTC 10-1949
Authors: Hamrick Joseph T.
Published: April 2015

Over the past decade a large amount of information has been accumulated on both centrifugal and axial compressors as a result of extensive research and development for gas turbine engines for aircraft. With the accumulation of this information it is important that a review be made of the ASME Power Test Code 10 for Centrifugal, Mixed-Flow and Axial Flow Compressors and Exhausters. As a result a committee has been appointed to revise ASME PTC 10 and bring it up to date. It is desirable as a part of this revised test code to include information on the problem of surging in compressors. Surging normally is defined as backflow which expresses itself both audibly and in violent instrument fluctuation. It is probable that the term surge should be extended to include any destructive forces that result from aerodynamic instability within the machine. If this is done, the problem of detection becomes more acute. For example, instabilities in both axial flow and centrifugal compressors which were not audible have resulted in failures. Rotating stall which has been reported in a number of papers has been investigated in both rotating blade rows and in stationary cascades. It is not the purpose of this paper to rehash the problem of rotating stall. Rather, it is intended here to discuss what aspects of aerodynamic instability should be considered by the user and the manufacturer and what common ground in compressor specifications can be met. It is recognized that although the compressor is normally the source of aerodynamic instabilities, these can be magnified by system arrangement. Therefore a compressor that operates quite satisfactorily in one system may fail in another. One of the main problems that is encountered in aerodynamic instability occurs with shifts in Reynolds number. Frequently the effects of Reynolds number change can be detected by running complete compressor maps over a range of inlet pressures. This in itself may require more testing than generally is expected by the supplier or the user. Therefore it is a second purpose of this discussion to emphasize the importance of thorough compressor test programs.
1100-HP Gas Turbine for Marine Applications
Authors: Mills R. G. , Pitt P. A.
Published: April 2015

The 1100 Saturn gas-turbine engine is a high-performance unit that uses a simple thermodynamic cycle. It is designed for both long life and low weight and has a weight-to-power ratio of 1.14 lb/hp. The engine is intended specifically for intermittent and continuous duty in marine and ground installations. The engine development program was backed by extensive development of individual components. The development and design of the engine are described in detail.
Economics of the Steam-Gas Turbine Exhaust-Fired Cycle for Medium-Size Utilities
Authors: Eisler M. , Sybert W. M.
Published: April 2015

All electric utilities are faced with the problem of optimizing the addition of new generating units to provide adequate capacity as predicted by the load-growth forecasts. Smaller capacity additions permit closer matching of the load-growth curve, but larger units have a lower capital cost per kilowatt. The conflict between installing small generating units at a high capital cost per kilowatt, or larger units at a lower kilowatt cost, but resulting in excess system capacity, is particularly acute for the small and medium-size electric utilities. For these systems, the combined steam-turbine gas-turbine fired-exhaust cycle may be of special interest. This cycle permits a “building-block” approach; i.e., the gas turbine can be added to a new or an existing steam station at an optimum time, allowing deferment of the next steam-turbine installation. This building-block concept permits closer matching of the load-growth curve with all the advantages of the combined plant as an additional benefit.
Three Years’ Operating Experience With 7500-kw Gas-Turbine Plants in Belgian Steelworks
Authors: Aguet E. , von Salis J.
Published: April 2015

Gas turbines are being used in increasing numbers in the European steel industry, utilizing as fuel blast-furnace gas, and producing either electric power or blast-furnace wind; in some cases both combined. It is now possible to put on record results obtained with these machines in commercial operation, as some of the units have been running practically nonstop for several years. Apart from teething troubles during the first few thousand running hours, the gas turbine has fulfilled all expectations, both regarding the economics of operation and from the maintenance point of view.
Operating Experience of Nimonic 80A First-Stage Buckets in Natural-Gas-Burning Turbines
Authors: Heckman G. R. , Herbenar A. W.
Published: April 2015

As a result of critical material shortages during the Korean conflict, Nimonic 80A was substituted for S-816 in first stage buckets for 5000 horsepower machines. Original evaluations of long-time performance indicated adequate strength, however, premature failures occurred in 1956 after 15,000–20,000 hours of operation. These failures were discussed in ASME paper (59-GTP-19) by Carameros, Mathews, and Moyer. This paper presents the results of intensive investigations which followed, and which not only revealed basic causes of these failures, but determined the corrective measures required for more reliable performance of this material now in service. Current design dictates the use of a higher strength M-252 alloy with proven stability through long time service.
The Thermodynamic Design of a Combined Steam and Gas Turbine Marine Propulsion System
Authors: Marwood R. M. , Bassilakis C. A.
Published: April 2015

The subject of this paper is the thermodynamic design of a 25,000 shp combined steam and gas turbine (COGAS) powerplant for marine propulsion. The plant includes a high-pressure ratio, aircraft-type gas turbine which exhausts into an unfired, low-pressure waste-heat boiler. The paper considers all aspects of the thermodynamic design including selection of the feed heating system, steam conditions, and gas turbine cycle. It considers the different part-throttle operating modes, and describes the major components and machinery arrangements. It is shown that the efficiency of this relatively simple, state-of-the-art system equals or exceeds that of high-pressure marine steam plants, and approaches the efficiency (based on effective horsepower at the propeller) of the low-speed marine diesel.
Effects of Turbine Atmospheres on Sulfidation Corrosion
Authors: Donachie M. J. , Bradley E. F. , Sprague R. A. , Talboom F. P.
Published: April 2015

Special problems are encountered in the use of gas turbine engines in salt atmospheres. Ingestion of salt in the presence of sulfur-containing fuels can cause sulfidation corrosion, and considerable effort has been devoted to the theoretical and experimental evaluation of this process. The authors’ company pioneered the development of laboratory testing procedures by which it became possible to study the sulfidation behavior of alloys. This paper reviews these studies, describing the apparatus, the tests, and their various effects.
The Use of Gases Other Than Air in the Acoustical Testing of Model Compressors
Authors: Wells R. J. , McGrew J. M.
Published: April 2015

Studies were made of the feasibility of simulating acoustical and aerodynamic characteristics of a full-scale axial-flow air compressor with a scale model operating in Freon in a closed-loop system. Correlation was attained between model and prototype for both acoustical and aerodynamic performance. Agreement was obtained with a previously published generalized acoustic prediction curve; and a tentative acoustic scaling law was developed which permits rapid prediction of full-scale sound power levels from measurements of the sound power levels produced by a model.
Mobile Compressor Stations for Natural Gas Transmission Service
Authors: Albone Trevor
Published: April 2015

The paper discusses the development and use of mobile compressor stations to achieve maximum utilization of pipeline facilities by affording protection against outage of base-load compression equipment. The design approach makes use of an aircraft-type turbine as the hot gas generator due to its high power-to-weight ratio and suitability for trailer mounting. Comparative cost data showing the feasibility of the mobile concept are presented, together with details of capital cost and operating, costs. The operating record for two mobile units is outlined, and a program for future operation is presented.
The Design and Application of the Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Boiler
Authors: Stewart J. C. , Stretch H. J.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents details of a heat-recovery boiler design as applied to gas turbine exhaust for the generation of steam. The factors involved in such applications are reviewed, together with an explanation of the heat-balance calculations and the limits that apply. A description is given of the parameters used in the design of the heat-transfer surface in the boiler. A specific design is described including details of the components in the boiler train. Reference is made to factors to be considered in erection and installation of this equipment. An explanation is included of the computer programs used to determine the optimum heat balance and for boiler selection and performance at “off-design” operating points. The operating performance of an actual installation is included.
Gas Turbine Electrical Power and Steam Generation at Allison Division of General Motors
Authors: Bixler G. W. , Clifford H. J.
Published: April 2015

At the 1962 and 1964 ASME meetings, Allison submitted papers describing the possibilities of industrializing the T56 aircraft engine and the applications of the 501 gas turbine to industrial operations. Since 1964, Allison has been evaluating a prototype electrical power and steam generation set which has operated for approximately 20,000 hr. This paper describes the test program and the results obtained. Operating data from various engine configurations using natural gas and diesel fuel, four lubricating oils, two types of air-inlet filters, and a Harrison special high heat transfer rate exhaust gas steam boiler are also presented.
A 3-Shaft Gas Turbine to Meet Automotive Requirements
Authors: Collet P. J.
Published: April 2015

At present the regenerative, low-pressure, 2-shaft gas turbine seems to be the generally accepted cycle layout for automotive applications. The performance of such an arrangement in its simplest form is assessed with regard to sfc (especially at part load), engine response, torque characteristics, and engine braking capability. The application of variable geometry, e.g., movable power-turbine nozzles, can be used to reduce part-load sfc in addition to providing engine braking. A more drastic approach towards improving performance to meet automotive requirements is described in this paper. The addition of a “turbocharger,” two freewheels, and variable high-pressure turbine nozzles results in an increased specific output, decreased fuel consumption, a higher torque ratio permitting a simplified transmission, and a major braking capability. Significant features of this 3-shaft arrangement include the retention of a comparatively low design pressure ratio and a novel method of maintaining adequate engine response.
Emulsified Gas Turbine Fuel
Authors: Harris J. C. , Steinmetz E. A.
Published: April 2015

The development of an emulsified JP-4 gas turbine fuel is described. Improvement in fire hazard prevention was indicated by sharp reduction in both flame propagation rate and volume of the fireball as determined during crash simulation tests. Associated emulsion properties are given.
The Manufacture of Turbine Blade Airfoil Contours by Electrochemical Machining
Authors: Wennberg J. L. , Pentland William
Published: April 2015

This paper discusses the application of electrochemical machining to the production of gas turbine airfoils. A new adaptively controlled system for maintaining a constant gap between tool and work is described. This system coupled with a unique tooling concept allows the production of airfoils in difficult-to-machine materials to heretofore unobtainable tolerances.
Gas Turbine Installations
Authors: Weimer R. D. , Streed E. R.
Published: April 2015

This paper outlines the planning which led to the installation of gas turbines in the Delmarva Power & Light Co. electric system. The units are briefly described and data collected from operating and maintenance records of the company are presented showing the degree of reliability, operating and maintenance costs, and major causes of maintenance of four units.
Problems and Solutions for Sand Environment Operation of Helicopter Gas Turbines
Authors: Rapp G. C. , Rosenthal S. H.
Published: April 2015

This paper is of two parts: a review of the experience of the T58 in an erosive environment, and a review of the design considerations, development testing and field experience in the T64 program relative to operation in a sand environment. Combat operation of various T58-powered helicopters showed erosion to be the major cause of engine premature removals. A description is given of problems encountered and of the design improvements and maintenance procedures implemented to minimize erosion effects. Field experience and redesign effort established general guidelines applicable to future turbine engine design and installations for helicopter and V/STOL aircraft. Mechanical and aerodynamic design requirements for sand environment operation are discussed as applicable to the T64, including the test experience obtained during the development program. Results are presented of the flight test program to evaluate the effectiveness of the inertial separator installed on the Sikorsky CH-53. Relative engine conditions are reviewed and compared to SEA field experience.
General Design Considerations for Gas Turbine Waste Heat Steam Generators
Authors: Hambleton W. V.
Published: April 2015

This paper represents a study of the overall problems encountered in large gas turbine exhaust heat recovery systems. A number of specific installations are described, including systems recovering heat in other than the conventional form of steam generation.
From Millivolts to Megawatts: Control of Large Gas Turbines
Authors: Johnson J. O. , Williamson J. S. , Fetterhoff K. I.
Published: April 2015

The adaptation of high power aircraft gas turbines to the ground applications of pumping gas, generating electricity, or chemical processing has led to the development of a completely electronic fuel control system. The control system is versatile, presently encompassing single- and multiengine applications in a range from 3000 hp to 240,000 hp. Optimum acceleration and power limiting features are provided as well as safeguard functions for automatic remote engine operation over the total load range. The service experience accumulated in the past seven years on over 100 controllers is also discussed.
Danish CODOG Frigates Operational Progress Report
Authors: Stott T. E. , Nolte George
Published: April 2015

The two Royal Danish Navy frigates, Peder Skram and Herluf Trolle have now had considerable time at sea. The authors present results of the Herluf Trolle sea trials and the Peder Skram 500-hr hot section inspection. Problems and developed modifications are discussed. The paper concludes that a marine propulsion system using modified aircraft gas turbines has had sufficient at-sea service so that a designer may specify this application with a high degree of confidence.
Operating Experience With a Multijet Gas Turbine-Generator
Authors: Bailey W. D.
Published: April 2015

This paper is intended to cover the operating experiences of the Gas Turbine Generating Unit at the Sewaren Generating Station of the Public Service Electric and Gas Company. This gas turbine is powered with eight aircraft-type jet engines and is rated at 140,000 kw. It completed two years of service in November 1967 and has accumulated more than 1600 hr of service. The problems and experiences associated with the unit in this period are reviewed.
Self-Generating Brayton Cycle Performance Model
Authors: Richter H. P.
Published: April 2015

A mathematical model is described which permits the performance analysis of advanced Brayton cycles as used in turbine engines for stationary and flight power plant applications. The model permits the performance evaluation of different working fluids, provides for various component combinations, and facilitates exchange of parameters and variables for off-design point performance and tradeoff studies. The concept of entropy production is used for expressing the losses (irreversible effects, efficiencies) occurring in components of turbine engines. The derived equations permit the use of specific heat as a function of temperature in energy, entropy, and mass flow relations and establish a consistent set which facilitates the generalized performance analysis. Examples related to open and closed Brayton cycles are discussed. Two significant relationships are obtained for the evaluation of working fluids.
Subsonic Transport Aircraft Engine Noise
Authors: Kramer J. J.
Published: April 2015

Accompanying the spectacular growth of the air transport industry is the increased frequency of exposure of airport neighbors to airplane noise. The NASA response to this problem is a two-pronged effort to reduce propulsion noise. The Langley Research Center is developing nacelle treatments to reduce engine noise radiated to the ground. The Lewis Research Center has initiated a program to demonstrate the feasibility of an engine that will produce significantly less noise than current commercial engines. This engine will be a turbofan engine with a bypass ratio in the range of 3 to 8. The considerations leading to the selection of this type engine and its cycle characteristics are discussed.
Propulsion System Controls Capabilities and Future Requirements
Authors: Bentz C. E.
Published: April 2015

Future propulsion systems will require more complex control systems. More control functions will be necessary to maintain adequate flow stability margin in a propulsion system during all phases of flight and achieve the optimum fuel economy for any desired thrust setting. The representative control requirements of a current and advanced propulsion system are presented to illustrate the need for increasing the sensing and computational capabilities of propulsion controls. If future controls are expected to develop the maximum performance potential from a propulsion system during all flight conditions, then more direct methods for sensing critical engine parameters must be employed which establish the level of component performance and stability rather than prescheduling their operation. In addition, the control functions of the inlet, engine, and exhaust nozzle must be totally integrated by a “propulsion system control” and coupled with the aircraft guidance and control system to insure that optimum aircraft performance is maintained during all modes of flight operation.
Surface Integrity in Conventional Machining
Authors: Koster W. P. , Fritz L. J.
Published: April 2015

Metal removal processes disturb or alter the surface layer creating characteristics which may be quite different from those of the base metal. A wide variety of surface alterations can be produced by conventional machining as well as by a variety of electrically and chemically assisted metal removal methods. The effect of variables in milling and grinding will be reviewed. Photomicrographs illustrating surface alterations produced in martensitic steels, titanium and nickel alloys will be presented, as well as microhardness data illustrating the types of hardness changes found in these surfaces. Data on residual stresses produced in some of these materials as a function of machining variables will also be presented. The fatigue characteristics of these alloys, as affected by conventional metal removal process variables, are summarized and explained. It can be concluded that the method of machining and the variables chosen for a particular machining method are significant in relation to the mechanical performance of finished parts. Machining methods must, therefore, be carefully evaluated in their relation to the performance of highly stressed components which are subjected to a variety of hostile environments.
Operating Experience With Large Industrial Utility Gas Turbines
Authors: Arvidsson F. L. , Thorén K. T. E.
Published: April 2015

One of the largest industrial type gas turbines, the 50–70 MW GT 120, has now been in operation for ten years. This paper gives a short description of the unit and typical installations, discusses operating experience with regard to noise and smoke, dual fuel operation, automatic starting and starting reliability.
Gas Turbines — Dust — Air Cleaners: Experience and Trends
Authors: Mund M. G. , Guhne Hanspeter
Published: April 2015

The object of this paper is to present in one place most of the documented experience that shows the interrelationship of gas turbines, dust and air cleaners; and to compare opinions on what an air cleaner must do to prevent a gas turbine from failing because of air-borne contaminants. This experience covers three types of gas turbine air cleaners in both the laboratory and the field, on wheeled and tracked vehicles, and on helicopters and air cushion vehicles. The consensus is that gas turbines do need air cleaners if they are going to compete with piston engines in their environment. The information is presented so that a person specifying a gas turbine air cleaner knows what factors he must consider, and can determine the relative importance of the features of the air cleaner that would best suit his needs.
The Application of Ceramics to the Small Gas Turbine
Authors: McLean A. F.
Published: April 2015

This paper reviews the limitations today’s superalloys exercise on the realization of the potential of the gas turbine engine. Ceramic materials are suggested as a means of achieving lower cost and higher turbine inlet temperature in small gas turbine engines. The paper serves to introduce ceramic materials and processing techniques and identifies silicon nitride, silicon carbide and lithium-alumina-silicate as promising materials for high temperature turbine engine components.
Utilization of Cascade Data in Axial-Flow Compressor Design and Analysis: A Critical Review
Authors: Serovy G. K.
Published: April 2015

Data from experimental research in plane and annular cascade facilities have been and are currently used extensively in aerodynamic design and analysis of axial-flow compressors. The information required and available for this application is reviewed and existing general correlations of data are discussed. A significant number of cascade test facilities are currently in operation, but most recent experiments have been limited in scope and have investigated either a proposed blade section profile over a small range of cascade configuration geometry, or a specific compressor flow phenomenon. Typical programs are discussed and evaluated. Although the future role of cascade experimentation is not clear, areas are noted which might be productive in development of advanced axial-flow compressor units with improved performance. The primary value of stationary cascade studies in improvement of understanding of flow in compressors is emphasized.
Use of Supersonic Cascades Made of Blades of Simple Geometric Shapes for Cascade Wind Tunnel Performance Evaluation
Authors: Fabri J. , Paulon J. , Janssens G.
Published: April 2015

Use of blades of simple geometric shape for supersonic compressor cascade tests gives easy means to check the validity of wind tunnel tests, since comparison of experimental and theoretical shock and flow patterns as well as pressure distributions is simplified due to the fact that there exists only a limited number of discrete shock waves or expansion fans. A supersonic compressor blade cascade wind tunnel performances are evaluated according to this technique.
Requirements for and Operation of a Jet Engine Driven Electrical Generating Plant (70 MW) Sequenced and Controlled for System Peaking and Frequency Change in Venezuela
Authors: Pfersdorff O. H. , McKimmey M. L.
Published: April 2015

Arrangement and control features and operating results of a plant designed for unattended automatic operation through load and mode changes including dual frequency, dual fuel, synchronous compensation and isolated start.
An Introduction to the Use of Electronic Controls in Marine Automation
Authors: Hunt G. F.
Published: April 2015

The operating conditions and duty of various types of ship are considered and their influence on control system design is discussed. The reasons for choosing a modular electronic form to meet a variety of control requirements are set out. The design of such a system, for a twin-screw naval gas turbine powered ship, is described in detail.
Automation of Jet Engines and Gas Turbines for the Propulsion of High-Speed Vessels
Authors: Müller C. , Stasiowski C.
Published: April 2015

First a survey is given of the present state of automation in shipbuilding, by describing permanently wired as well as freely programmed automatic systems. Further, the technological and structural details of jet engines and gas turbines used as main propulsion plants for shipboard application are described. From the example of a series of plants already completed, the automatic system is then explained in regard to its system components and overall function, with which fully automatic operation of such plants has been made possible. The results of system examinations at the analog computer supplement and complete the paper.
Irrationality of Marine Gas Turbine Ship Cost Effective Analyses
Authors: Peterson H. A.
Published: April 2015

The gas turbine powered ship is a new concept which generates a complete new system capable of completely new capabilities not achievable by current ships. Most analyses treat gas turbine powered ships as a variant of steam powered ships and not as a completely new system capable of new missions and service unattainable by current ships. Analyzing new concepts explicitly in terms of old environments is a common error of man. Past history of such action is reviewed. A means to evaluate the relative effectiveness of gas turbines and other ship machinery systems in current and future environments is suggested.
Aircraft-Type Gas Turbines Drive 16 Independent Cableway Cars to be Used Under the “Delta Plan” (The Netherlands)
Authors: Konings J. A. K. , Erlebach L.
Published: April 2015

In view of the existing price differences between gas turbines and reciprocating engines, gas turbines are often only selected for duties where typical advantages of the gas turbine can be exploited. For the majority of applications, these advantages are limited to the low weight, smaller dimensions and less maintenance requirement of the gas turbine. For an application in the Netherlands, however, where, under the “Delta Plan,” estuaries are being dammed off by means of a cableway system with automatic cableway cars, the gas turbine has the further advantage of being able to absorb a brake power equal to the drive power. After discussing the operations involved in the “Delta Plan” and the reasons why cableway cars are employed, the authors go on to describe the gas turbine drive system. Detailed comparisons between diesel engines, split-shaft turbines and single-shaft turbines illustrate why the single-shaft gas turbine proves the optimum solution for this project and was therefore selected as the power unit.
Advanced Control System Considerations for Small Shaft-Type Aircraft Gas Turbines
Authors: Prue D. A. , Soule T. L.
Published: April 2015

The next generation of free-turbine engines in the 2 to 5-lb/sec airflow class will undergo vast improvements in performance and efficiency. The improvements will be achieved concurrent with overall reductions in size and weight. Effort is required at optimization and miniaturization of the engine control system to keep pace with these improvements. This paper describes a conceptual design of an advanced engine control system for this class of engine. It provides gas generator and power turbine control with torque, temperature, load sharing and overspeed limiting functions. The control system was concepted to accommodate, with minimum hardware changes, such variants as regenerative cycle and/or variable power turbine geometry. In addition, considerations for closed and open loop modes of control and fluidic, electronic and hydromechanical technologies were studied to best meet a defined specification and a weighted set of evaluation criteria.
Incorporation Into SEGBA’s Greater Buenos Aires System of 120-MW Peaking Units
Authors: Descalzo C. A. , Novoa J. M. , Scholand R. F.
Published: April 2015

The authors summarize the process of incorporating peaking units into the company’s system, which in 1966, before the incorporation of those units, had an installed capacity of 1370 MW. The characteristics of the system established the basis for a technical-economical feasibility report, including the comparative choice of the types of units and of the most convenient places on the system for their location. Comments are made regarding the technical characteristics of the equipment and the experience gathered during installation and putting into service. Some statistical data and a reference to the principal difficulties encountered, show their behavior in operation.
The Attitude Control System as an Integral Part of the V/STOL Propulsion System Installation
Authors: Stalder J. P.
Published: April 2015

The analytical techniques for evaluating the design and weight penalties associated with the V/STOL attitude control system are presented. A comparison is made between a V/STOL 200-passenger transport which uses thrust modulation of the lift engines for attitude control in the roll mode versus an alternate configuration which uses roll control fans driven by individual gas generators. The configuration using lift engine thrust modulation for roll control shows a 4729-lb weight advantage.
220-MW Air Storage Power Plant
Authors: Olsson E. K. A.
Published: April 2015

Hydro, nuclear, and conventional steam power require a high use factor for good economy, and it would therefore be an advantage if energy could be stored during low demand periods for use as variable peak power. A pumped storage station has this characteristic, but is passive, i.e., it produces no active energy but transfers low cost energy to high value peak power periods with the least possible losses. The air storage gas turbine power plant described herein is both passive and active, i.e., can transfer low cost energy to peak time energy and in addition produce an active energy output. The air storage is of the hydrostatic pressurized, excavated cavern type, which gives the widest possible choice in geographic location. The specific cost of the plant in $/kw is approximately 70 percent of a conventional gas turbine installation and generally lower than for pumped storage.
Experience in Belgium With Aircraft Jet Engine Peaking Units
Authors: Bosquet H. , Remeysen J.
Published: April 2015

The paper describes briefly the five 20-MW and the 40-MW turbojet electric power plants. The methods of operation and the difficulties during commissioning and operation are dealt with and some statistics are given. Finally, the maintenance routine and manpower requirements are described.
Flight Evaluation of Helicopter Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: Bortkiewicz J. F.
Published: April 2015

Five distinct phases of flight testing are outlined: initial flight evaluation, engine-helicopter integration, intensive flying, environmental tests and continuation development after introduction of engines into service. Areas of evaluation are listed and ultimate objectives specified. Since many areas of flight evaluation are common with fixed wing subsonic aircraft, emphasis is laid primarily on matching of the engine characteristics to the helicopter dynamic system. The paper is concluded with a statement of prerequisites of “ideal” engines and their control systems for helicopters.
20,000 Hours With Analog Computer Controlled Gas Turbines in Utility and Industry
Authors: Loft Arne
Published: April 2015

This paper outlines the design of a new solid state, analog computer for control of gas turbines. It emphasizes some of the features built in to give it all-out reliability, particularly for process and marine applications and shows some of the special tests performed in the factory and in the field. It concludes with the experience gathered during initial installation, and during over 20,000 hr of operation on several units for utility and pipeline application.
Two New 9-MW Gas Turbines Split- and Single-Shaft Type
Authors: Strub R. A. , Zerlauth F.
Published: April 2015

The units are characterized by a low weight and compact design for easy transportation erection and maintenance, with no special foundations or heavy lifting devices required. Many critical parts have been submitted to severe testing insuring long life. The auxiliaries are housed in separate packages with easy interconnections. The starting unit which can be of any type drives the auxiliaries through hydraulic transmissions having the advantage of being explosion-proof. Light distillate fuel or gas in any proportions can be burned providing a fully variable dual fuel capability. The control and regulating systems are of the electronic modular type insuring maximum reliability.
Design of a 3-MW Industrial Gas Turbine
Authors: Tyler J. R. , Smith R. C.
Published: April 2015

This paper details the features incorporated and some of the problems encountered during the design of a 4000-hp single-shaft gas turbine. Details of development work carried out to resolve some of these problems is included.
Some Technological Aspects of a 15,000-HP Industrial Multipurpose Gas Generator
Authors: Thorén K. T. E. , Torstenfelt R. N. A.
Published: April 2015

Jet engines have a number of very attractive properties also when used as stationary prime movers: high power in relation to weight and volume, convenient start, thermoflexibility, easy gas generator change-out, etc. On the other hand, industrial type gas turbines generally have lower maintenance costs, accept a wider range of fuels, do not require special overhaul shop facilities, etc. This paper gives some technological aspects of a 15,000-hp gas generator which is a hybrid of the two design concepts including some virtues of both.
Supercritical Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant Utilize Geothermal Water Energy
Authors: Pradhan A. V.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a closed cycle gas turbine power plant to utilize low temperature and low quality geothermal steam and water, that cannot be utilized in a steam turbine type of power plant. Fluids which have critical temperatures below 300 F, the usual geothermal water temperatures, can be utilized. This paper compares performances of power cycles using various fluids and establishes that carbon dioxide is the most suitable fluid for this application. The paper then compares performances of carbon dioxide cycles and establishes the best thermodynamic region for cycle operation. The generalized characteristics approach was used to analyze cycle performances and is briefly presented. It enables quick comparisons to be made for selection of an optimum cycle. The paper then considers a 2000-kw power plant operating on a closed CO2 cycle, establishes the geothermal water requirements and the system design. System control, and start-up problems are also discussed.
Application of Gas Turbine Power to Oilwell Service Pumping
Authors: Thometz T. G.
Published: April 2015

This paper discusses the application of the two-shaft gas turbine to oilwell stimulation pumping through the successful design and manufacture of a mobile mounted 2000-hp pumper, using two 1000-hp turbines. The design is discussed from the standpoint of: functional requirements; operational requirements; power train design; control requirements and design; auxiliary systems; and field operating experience. The pumper was put into operation in October 1968 and after one year of experience it was judged successful in terms of reliability and reduction of maintenance and operating costs. Two more pumpers are now planned and scheduled for completion in March and June 1970.
The Influence of Machining on the Performance of Ultra High Strength Steels
Authors: Dickinson G. R.
Published: April 2015

During an exercise to determine the optimum conditions for metal removal and tool wear, three ultra high strength steels investigated were 18% Ni maraging steel, a Ni-Cr-Mo steel (designated REX 685), and a 5% Cr-Mo-V steel (designated H50). These were machined in the fully heat treated condition (120 tsi U.T.S.). Metallurgical etch inspection techniques were used to assess the metallurgical surface conditions created by the machining operations, which were turning, milling, drilling, reaming and grinding. Stress corrosion and fatigue tests were carried out on specimens machined under optimum and sub-optimum conditions, “sub-optimum” being used to describe machining under conditions outside those recommended but which can develop during normal workday practice.
Different Applications of the 3-MW Gas Turbine With Particular Emphasis on Operating Experience
Authors: Bebié E. F. , Lindenmann A.
Published: April 2015

The gas turbine under reference, nominally a 3-MW unit, is manufactured in two versions, namely split-shaft, type designation NS 63 II, and single-shaft, type designation N 53 II. Three different applications with the corresponding operating experiences are described.
Some Investigative Results of Air-Cooling Effect on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Gas-Turbine Flow Path
Authors: Tyryshkin V. G.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents the basic results of experimental investigations of the open cooling systems of disks, rotors, and rotor blades used in building stationary gas turbine machinery. The investigations were initiated at Central Boiler-Turbine Institute (CKTI) on a specially designed experimental gas-turbine model with maximal inlet temperature of 850 C. The generally sound approach and the overall conclusions indicate a good understanding of cooling turbine aerodynamics and thermodynamics.
Large Helium Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Endres W.
Published: April 2015

A short review of the state-of-the-art of the closed cycle gas turbine technology is given and the future requirements for large helium turbines are described. The necessary development of components and turbine sizes is outlined. In a second part of the paper the configuration and layout of power plants with gas turbines are discussed.
Analytical and Experimental Studies of Two-Dimensional Flows in a Radial Bladed Impeller
Authors: Benson R. S. , Cartwright W. G. , Hill M. J.
Published: April 2015

The current state of a research program to study flows in radial turbomachines at both on- and off-design conditions is described. Numerical solutions of the flow within a rotating impeller are described based on potential theory using a direct method of solution instead of by relaxation. The experimental apparatus comprising a rotating cascade rig is described. The rig consisted essentially of a rotor mounted horizontally in an open circular water tank. An external pipe system enabled the water to be circulated for either radial inflow or radial outflow. The rotor speed could be varied up to 300 rpm. A variety of perspex shrouded rotor geometries up to a maximum diameter of 3 ft 6 in could be tested. Flow visualization by means of polystyrene particles could be observed by a camera mounted above the rotor on its axis and driven at the same angular speed. A 12-channel electronic flash unit enabled the particle velocity and directions to be photographed. As an alternative to the flow visualization system, a bank of manometers, could be mounted above the rotor and driven at the same rotational speed, i.e., with no relative movement. Static pressure measurements could be taken on the blade faces and within the rotor passages. A comparison is made of the experimental and analytical results obtained for one straight vaned, constant area rotor.
Application and Operation of a 3000-Hp Turbo-Compressor Unit
Authors: Syner A. L. , Brown D. A.
Published: April 2015

The final phase of the development program of 3000-hp turbine included an inservice field evaluation. El Paso Natural Gas Co. shared in this phase by installing one of the two prototype units in gas transmission service. This paper describes the unit and its application and reviews the first year’s operation including inspections, tests and modifications.
Electronic Versatility for Fuel Economy in Turbine Powered Vehicles
Authors: Teumer K. A.
Published: April 2015

The control and limiting of gas turbine speed and temperature is most readily achieved with an electronic fuel control system. The control system to be described is practical hardware for vehicular applications. The same basic electronics used with a suitable choice of fuel metering valve and choice of actuator for whatever means of torque transfer is employed, provide proper control for a turbine of any horsepower rating using liquid or gaseous fuels. Minor modification in the electronics can adapt the control for generator sets and other industrial applications.
The Use of Gas Turbines in Gas Pipeline Service in Western Canada: Present and Future
Authors: Stauffer R. E.
Published: April 2015

Existing gas pipeline facilities in Western Canada are outlined. The paper points out the trend away from industrial type gas turbines, and points out the advantages to using aircraft type gas turbines. The expansion of pipeline facilities to the Canadian Arctic and Alaska could prove to be a market for the new high efficiency aircraft type gas turbines. The fuel gas savings can be a significant factor when constructing the new line.
Investigation Concerning the Fluid Flow in the Mixed-Flow Diffuser
Authors: Honami Shinji , Tsukagoshi Keizo , Sakai Toshimichi , Watanabe Ichiro
Published: April 2015

Velocity profile measurements were performed on the flow in a mixed-flow diffuser with walls having equal cone angles. The aim of the present study is to understand the flow behavior and the relation between the flow patterns and the diffuser losses. The boundary layer flow accompanied by separation on the inner wall and the velocity normal to the diffuser walls were measured in detail to examine the three-dimensional flow behavior in the mixed-flow diffuser. Comparing with the radial diffuser, the mixed-flow diffuser had a more complicated flow mechanism as it had the pressure gradients of transverse and normal directions.
A Study on the Flow Pattern Within the Centrifugal and Mixed-Flow Impellers
Authors: Mizuki Shinpei , Sakai Toshimichi , Watanabe Ichiro
Published: April 2015

An Investigation of the flow patterns within the centrifugal and mixed-flow impeller channel were performed. The velocity distributions within the impeller channel and blade surface pressure of the centrifugal and mixed-flow impellers were closely examined by experiment and the flow behavior within these impellers were clarified. The incompressible and inviscid flow within the impellers having straight radial blades were also derived analytically. The present authors assumed an outermost boundary of the relative eddy at the impeller exit periphery and corrected the analytical results. The corrected analytical results thus obtained showed good coincidence with the experimental data.
The Jet Fuel Starter Goes Operational
Authors: Quick R. A. , Miller F. D.
Published: April 2015

A new type aircraft starting system is now operational in the A-7D aircraft. A general description of the system, its components and operation are covered. The Jet Fuel Starter, a small gas turbine and heart of the new system, is described in detail. History, operational experience, problems encountered, and preproduction testing of the Air Force Type STU-26/A Jet Fuel Starter are reviewed.
Cleaner Fuel Through Nitrogen Inserting
Authors: Brookley W. Q.
Published: April 2015

Development of an aircraft fuel tank nitrogen system to suppress fire and explosion has been underway for several years. As work progressed it was learned that such a system could also reduce contamination in the fuels. Reduction of contamination will reduce fuel system component malfunctioning, improve aircraft performance, and possibly eliminate the need for fuel additives and exotic fuels.