bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agritourism in Extremadura, Spain from the Perspective of Rural Accommodations: Characteristics and Potential Development from Agrarian Landscapes and Associated Activities
Authors: Sánchez-Martín José Manuel , Guillén-Peñafiel Rebeca , Flores-García Paloma , García-Berzosa María José
Published: August 2024

The boom of rural tourism in Extremadura (Spain) has been promoted by different administrations, both national and European, through multiple initiatives carried out for several decades. However, it has been developed in a generic way, ignoring the potential of agricultural landscapes for the development of agritourism as a specific variety. Therefore, this research aims to know the opinion of rural lodging owners in order to understand how the activity can be reoriented towards a more specific one, taking advantage of the potential of this type of tourist attraction. For this purpose, information has been collected through surveys to these owners. By carrying out a statistical analysis and a territorial analysis, it is possible to know their socio-demographic structure, as well as the characteristics of the accommodations and other aspects related to the activities they offer to tourists. Following the analyses, characteristics such as age, level of education and sources of income were identified, revealing a lack of knowledge of agritourism. It was also discovered that many lodgings could offer agritourism activities due to the presence of farms and attractive landscapes for tourists. However, there was a lack of activities related to agriculture and livestock, which represents a missed opportunity for the development of agritourism. The territorial analysis showed patterns of activity supply in certain areas, suggesting the possibility of promoting the sustainable development of rural areas through the diversification of tourism activities. Perhaps the main conclusion that can be drawn is the need to take advantage of the attractive landscape and the presence of activity companies to promote the economic and social development of rural areas, contributing to the conservation of traditions and the fight against depopulation.
Leveraging Observations of Untrained Panelists to Screen for Quality of Fresh-Cut Romaine Lettuce
Authors: Park Eunhee , Luo Yaguang , Bornhorst Ellen R. , Simko Ivan , Trouth Frances , Fonseca Jorge M.
Published: August 2024

Fresh-cut romaine lettuce’s high perishability challenges ready-to-eat (RTE) salad production. Selecting cultivars less prone to browning and decay is crucial for extending shelf life. Traditional quality evaluation methods using instrumentation and trained panelists are time-consuming and logistically complex. This study investigated the effectiveness of untrained volunteers in assessing fresh-cut romaine lettuce quality. Given that the average consumer in the USA is familiar with the flavor characteristics of romaine lettuce, this study proposed to investigate the value of having untrained volunteers discern the quality of fresh-cut romaine lettuce. Therefore, six romaine lettuce accessions (Green Forest, King Henry, Parris Island Cos, PI 491224, SM13-R2, and Sun Valley) were assessed for sensory quality attributes (browning, green color, decay, and overall quality) and compared with instrumentation analyses (gas composition including O2 and CO2, electrolyte leakage, and color). The results showed significant quality differences (p < 0.05) among the accessions, with some seasonal variability. Very importantly, the consumers’ (n = 159) assessments revealed similar results to those produced by either instrumentation or a trained panel. The consumers provided sensory scores that allowed for the grouping of accessions based on their postharvest quality, which efficiently matched their pedigree relationship. In conclusion, ad hoc consumer panels can be an effective way to characterize the quality of romaine lettuce for RTE salads.
Effect of the Particle Size Distribution of the Ballast on the Lateral Resistance of Continuously Welded Rail Tracks
Authors: Chalabii Jafar , Esmaeili Morteza , Gosztola Dániel , Fischer Szabolcs , Movahedi Rad Majid
Published: August 2024

While the effect of ballast degradation on lateral resistance is noteworthy, limited research has delved into the specific aspect of ballast breakage in this context. This study is dedicated to assessing the influence of breakage on sleeper lateral resistance. For simplicity, it is assumed that ballast breakage has already occurred. Accordingly, nine granularity variations finer than No. 24 were chosen for simulation, with No. 24 as the assumed initial particle size distribution. Initially, a DEM model was validated for this purpose using experimental outcomes. Subsequently, employing this model, the lateral resistance of different particle size distributions was examined for a 3.5 mm displacement. The track was replaced by a reinforced concrete sleeper in the models, and no rails or rail fasteners were considered. The sleeper had a simplified model with clumps, the type of which was the so-called B70 and was applied in Western Europe. The sleeper was taken into consideration as a rigid body. The crushed stone ballast was considered as spherical grains with the addition that they were divided into fractions (sieves) in weight proportions (based on the particle distribution curve) and randomly generated in the 3D model. The complete 3D model was a 4.84 × 0.6 × 0.57 m trapezoidal prism with the sleeper at the longitudinal axis centered and at the top of the model. Compaction was performed with gravity and slope walls, with the latter being deleted before running the simulation. During the simulation, the sleeper was moved horizontally parallel to its longitudinal axis and laterally up to 3.5 mm in static load in the compacted ballast. The study successfully established a relationship between lateral resistance and ballast breakage. The current study’s findings indicate that lateral resistance decreases as ballast breakage increases. Moreover, it was observed that the rate of lateral resistance decrease becomes zero when the ballast breakage index reaches 0.6.
“I Have Never Visited a Health Center”: Ethiopian Centenarians’ Perceptions of Their Health Conditions
Authors: Chane Samson , Adamek Margaret E.
Published: August 2024

The global centenarian population is expected to reach 4 million by 2050, yet little is known about the health status of centenarians in Sub-Saharan Africa. A case study examined the health conditions and functionality of nine Ethiopian centenarians. In-depth interviews revealed that all nine were Orthodox Christians and lived with extended family; eight were male. Aside from minor health complaints, centenarians in rural Ethiopia perceived that their sensory/cognitive functionality was normal until their late 90s. Despite a lack of medical care, the centenarians included two survivors, four delayers, and three escapers. Centenarians in rural Ethiopia were embedded in closely knit, religious, multigenerational households and communities and aspired to live resiliently. These findings call for the consideration of the unique health status of centenarians in Global South nations in their own cultural context.
Correction: Ferri et al. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 943
Authors: Ferri Nicola , Ruscica Massimiliano , Fazio Sergio , Corsini Alberto
Published: August 2024

There was an error in the original publication [...]
The Assessment of Upper Airway Volume Changes Following Bimaxillary Advancement Surgery: A Radiological Evaluation in the Supine Position at Multiple Intervals
Authors: Grab Paweł Piotr , Szałwiński Michał , Jagielak Maciej , Rożko Jacek , Jurkiewicz Dariusz , Chloupek Aldona , Sobol Maria , Rot Piotr
Published: August 2024

Background: Bimaxillary surgeries (BiMax) are an essential part of the craniomaxillofacial specialty. The osteotomies and subsequent spatial rearrangement of the maxilla and the mandible enable the correction of facial deformities, asymmetry, and malocclusion. Moreover, the movements performed during the procedure affect the morphology of surrounding soft tissues, including the upper airway (UA). Objectives: The objective of this study was to radiologically assess the potential volumetric alterations of the UA in the supine position at various intervals following BiMax advancement surgeries. Methods: A group of 31 patients who underwent BiMax advancement surgery were included in the study. Medical computed tomography (CT) of the head and neck region was performed 2 weeks preoperatively, 1 day postoperatively, and 6 months postoperatively. The UA volumes were calculated and analyzed based on the acquired Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) files using different software applications. The sella-nasion-A point (SNA) and sella-nasion-B point (SNB) angles were evaluated to measure the achieved maxillomandibular advancement. Results: When comparing the volume of the UA before surgery, post-surgery, and 6 months post-surgery, the p-value was <0.001, indicating statistically significant differences in UA volume between the successive examinations. A statistically significant difference was found between UA volume before surgery and 6 months post-surgery and between UA volume after surgery and 6 months post-surgery, with the obtained p-values being <0.001 and 0.001, respectively. A significantly larger UA volume was observed 6 months post-surgery (mean ± SD: 27.3 ± 7.3) compared to the volume before surgery (mean ± SD: 22.2 ± 6.4), as well as 6 months post-surgery compared to the volume assessed shortly after surgery (mean ± SD: 24.2 ± 7.3). Conclusions: BiMax advancement surgeries result in the significant enlargement of the UA. The volume of the UA does not diminish immediately following the procedure and is not constant; it increases significantly during the postoperative observation period.
Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on the Recurrence and Internal Structure of Chronic Subdural Hematomas
Authors: Veldeman Michael , Ridwan Hani , Alzaiyani Mohamed , Pjontek Rastislav , Kremer Benedikt , Hoellig Anke , Clusmann Hans , Hamou Hussam
Published: August 2024

Background/Objectives: Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a common disease of growing significance due to the increasing use of antithrombotic drugs and population aging. There exists conflicting observational evidence that previous treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduces the rate of cSDH recurrence. This study assesses the hypothesis that ACE inhibitors may affect recurrence rates by altering hematoma membrane formation. Methods: All patients with chronic subdural hematoma who were operated upon in a single university hospital between 2015 and 2020 were considered for inclusion. Hematomas were classified according to their structural appearance in computed tomography (CT) imaging into one of eight subtypes. Patients’ own medication, prior to hospitalization for cSDH treatment, was noted, and the use of ACI-inhibitors was identified. Results: Of the included 398 patients, 142 (35.9%) were treated with ACE inhibitors before admission for cSDH treatment. Of these, 115 patients (81.0%) received ramipril, 13 received patients lisinopril (11.3%), and 11 patients (9.6%) received enalapril. Reflecting cardiovascular comorbidity, patients on ACE inhibitors were more often simultaneously treated with antithrombotics (63.4% vs. 42.6%; p ≤ 0.001). Hematomas with homogenous hypodense (OR 11.739, 95%CI 2.570 to 53.612; p = 0.001), homogenous isodense (OR 12.204, 95%CI 2.669 to 55.798; p < 0.001), and homogenous hyperdense (OR 9.472, 95%CI 1.718 to 52.217; p < 0.001) architectures, as well as the prior use of ACE inhibitors (OR 2.026, 95%CI 1.214 to 3.384; p = 0.007), were independently associated with cSDH recurrence. Conclusions: Once corrected for hematoma architecture, type of surgery, and use of antithrombotic medication, preoperative use of ACE inhibitors was associated with a twofold increase in the likelihood of hematoma recurrence.
Surgical Outcomes, Ocular Safety and Tolerability of Bio-Interventional Cyclodialysis with Allograft Scleral Reinforcement: Clinical Experience of More than 240 Cases
Authors: Chaya Craig J. , Herndon Leon W. , Lince Jorge , Radcliffe Nathan , Sadri Ehsan , Yadgarov Arkadiy , Ianchulev Tsontcho
Published: August 2024

Background: To report the surgical safety of reinforced bio-interventional cyclodialysis with scleral allograft reinforcement. Methods: This was a consecutive case series of 243 eyes with open-angle glaucoma who underwent a bio-scaffolded cyclodialysis (BSC) procedure for uveoscleral outflow enhancement using allogeneic bio-spacers to maintain patency of the internal filtration conduit. Results: 79% of the eyes underwent concomitant phacoemulsification cataract surgery prior to BSC intervention, while the remaining eyes underwent stand-alone BSC surgery. All patients had a postoperative surgical safety period of at least 30 days. There were no sight-threatening or serious ocular adverse events. There was one case of prolonged iritis beyond 30 days, which resolved with topical treatment. Two cases (0.8%) of intraoperative and five (2%) of postoperative non-sight-threatening hyphema were without clinical sequelae, which resolved with conservative management. There were 11 cases of IOP elevation and one case of numeric hypotony without maculopathy, which resolved within the study period. The rate of secondary surgical intervention for IOP control was low, and overall, IOP for the cohort improved in the postoperative period, with 78.6% of eyes achieving IOP ≤ 18 mmHg without an increase in medications. Conclusions: Allogeneic biotissue for cyclodialysis intervention demonstrates a biocompatible ocular profile as an implantable material for internal scleral reinforcement during uveoscleral outflow enhancement surgery.
Investigation of the Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Expanded Ceramsite Granules Made on the Basis of Coal Mining Waste
Authors: Kocherov Yerkebulan , Kolesnikov Alexandr , Makulbekova Gulnaz , Mamitova Aigul , Ramatullaeva Lazzat , Medeshev Bahtiyor , Kolesnikova Olga
Published: August 2024

In this article, one of the main scientific directions was the search for ways of recycling coal mining waste to produce expanded clay granules. There are a number of scientific studies devoted to the use of various industrial wastes in the production of thermal insulation and fireproof expanded clay granules. The authors consider the production of granular porous aggregates based on pulverized fractions of igneous rocks—basalt, granite, and synertite, as well as man-made materials of various origins, to be promising. According to the results of the conducted studies, it was found that the optimal interval of the amount of waste in expanded clay was 4.0–6.0%, and the optimal firing temperature was 1150 °C with the production of samples with a bulk density of 0.337–0.348 t/m3 and with a compressive strength of 1.37–1.51 MPa under these conditions.
Tool Concept for a Solid Carbide End Mill for Roughing and Finishing of the Tool Steel Toolox 44
Authors: Globisch Steffen , Friedrich Markus , Heidemann Nils , Döpper Frank
Published: August 2024

In tool and mold making, components are typically first pre-machined in a soft state with residual stock allowance, as economical production is not possible in a hardened state due to the enormous tool wear. This extends the process chain and therefore also the throughput times. This paper presents an innovative tool concept for a solid carbide end mill in order to be able to carry out roughing and finishing in a hardened state. First, the structure of the innovative solid carbide end mill is described. Afterwards, the results of experimental tests are presented and discussed. These describe the suitability of the tool concept and include further investigations that examine the influence of the helix angle on the process behavior during the machining of the tool steel Toolox 44. To evaluate the process behavior, the development of process forces, chip formation, tool wear and component quality over the tool life are analyzed.
Analysing A/O Possession in Māori-Language Tweets
Authors: Trye David , Calude Andreea S. , Harlow Ray , Keegan Te Taka
Published: August 2024

This article contributes the first corpus-based study of possession in Māori, the indigenous language of Aotearoa New Zealand. Like most Polynesian languages, Māori has a dual possessive system involving a choice between the so-called A and O categories. While Māori grammars describe these categories in terms of the inherent semantic relationship between the possessum and possessor, there have been no large-scale corpus analyses demonstrating their use in natural contexts. Social media provide invaluable opportunities for such linguistic studies, capturing contemporary language use while alleviating the burden of gathering data through traditional means. We operationalise semantic distinctions to investigate possession in Māori-language tweets, focusing on the [possessum a/o possessor] construction (e.g., te tīmatanga o te wiki ‘the beginning of the week’). In our corpus comprising 2500 tweets produced by more than 200 individuals, we find that users leverage a wide array of noun types encompassing many different semantic relationships. We observe not only the expected predominance of the O category, but also a tendency for examples described by Māori grammars as A-marked to instead be O-marked (59%). Although the A category persists in the corpus, our findings suggest that language change could be underway. Our primary dataset can be explored interactively online.
The UDHR at 75: Analysing the Prevalence of the Use of the UDHR and Other Human Rights Treaties in the Work of the Constitutional Court of South Africa
Authors: Dube Angelo
Published: August 2024

South Africa’s democracy turned 30 years old in 2024. At the same time, its constitutional order and jurisprudence marked three decades since the Interim Constitution and its successor, the 1996 Constitution, came into operation. Coincidentally, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) turned 75 years old in the previous year, 2023. The confluence of these facts is quite poignant in the context of a constitutional text that is often lauded for its commitment to the protection of human rights and the eradication of the injustices of the past, which were firmly entrenched by the segregationist policies of the apartheid regime. At the centre of this hype about South African constitutional jurisprudence is the centrality of international law to the interpretation of the Bill of Rights as well as the development of the common law, customary law, and statutory law. With the UDHR being such a central pillar in the human rights sector, this study set out to determine the extent to which the Constitutional Court of South Africa relied on the UDHR and other international instruments in carrying out the mandate set out above. The study analysed cases delivered by the Court in two separate years, spaced ten years apart. The study did not necessarily attempt to determine a correlation, but simply to use descriptive statistics to determine how often, in those two years, the Court relied on international law in general, and on the UDHR in particular, in its interpretive and legal development mandate.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetocaloric Properties of the Ternary Boride Fe2AlB2 for Caloric Applications
Authors: Sharma Vaibhav , Barua Radhika
Published: August 2024

The ternary transition metal boride Fe2AlB2 is a unique ferromagnetic “MAB” phase that demonstrates a sizable magnetocaloric effect near room temperature—a feature that renders this material suitable for magnetic heat pump devices (MHP), a promising alternative to conventional vapor compression technology. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the material properties of Fe2AlB2 (magnetofunctional response, transport properties, and mechanical stability) and discuss alloy synthesis from the perspective of shaping these materials as porous active magnetic regenerators in MHPs. Salient aspects of the coupled magnetic and structural phase transitions are critically assessed to elucidate the fundamental origin of the functional response. The goal is to provide insight into strategies to tune the magnetofunctional response via elemental substitution and microstructure optimization. Finally, outstanding challenges that reduce the commercial viability of Fe2AlB2 are discussed, and opportunities for further developments in this field are identified.
The Effect of Artificial Ageing on the Changes in Selected Properties of Organic Coated Sheets
Authors: Sobotova Lydia , Brezinova Janette , Badida Miroslav , Badidova Miroslava , Ciecinska Barbara , Maslejova Alica
Published: August 2024

This contribution presents the results of research focused on changes in selected properties of organic-coated steel sheets in a corrosive environment of salt mist. The aim of this study was to characterise coated sheets and to analyse the influence of elevated temperature on changes in their selected properties. The methodology and experiments were chosen to simulate the accelerated ageing and to evaluate the surface of organic-coated steel sheets. During the research, the effect of artificial ageing due to increased temperature on changes in mechanical properties of coated sheets was monitored, which were determined by tensile testing according to STN EN 10002-1. The fracture surface of the test samples was analysed using a SEM. The following observations were made for the evaluation of coating by cross-cut tests according to EN ISO 2409. Corrosion tests were carried out by conducting salt spray corrosion tests according to EN ISO 9227. The test specimens were artificially sectioned using a laser beam. The results of the research experiments confirmed the assumption that the utilisation of the laser beam was convenient for the creation cross–cut test of the material. After the ageing test, only small significant changes in the basic mechanical properties of the tested materials were observed. It is necessary to take into account that there were changes in the appearance of the coating. The cross-cut test confirmed the results that the plastic-coated sheets could be utilised in salt corrosion environments.
Transformation of Cu2O into Metallic Copper within Matrix of Carboxylic Cation Exchangers: Synthesis and Thermogravimetric Studies of Novel Composite Materials
Authors: Kociołek-Balawejder Elżbieta , Winiarska Katarzyna , Winiarski Juliusz , Mucha Igor
Published: August 2024

In order to systematize and expand knowledge about copper-containing composite materials as hybrid ion exchangers, in this study, fine metallic copper particles were dispersed within the matrix of a carboxyl cation exchanger (CCE) with a macroporous and gel-type structure thanks to the reduction of Cu2O particles precipitated within the matrix earlier. It was possible to introduce as much as 22.0 wt% Cu0 into a gel-type polymeric carrier (G/H#Cu) when an ascorbic acid solution was used to act as a reducer of Cu2O and a reagent transforming the functional groups from Na+ into the H+ form. The extremely high shrinkage of the porous skeleton containing –COOH groups (in a wet and also dry state) and its limited affinity for water protected the copper from oxidation without the use of special conditions. When macroporous CCE was used as a host material, the composite material (M/H#Cu) contained 18.5 wt% Cu, and copper particles were identified inside the resin beads, but not on their surface where Cu2+ ions appeared during drying. Thermal analysis in an air atmosphere and under N2 showed that dispersing metallic copper within the resin matrix accelerated its decomposition in both media, whereby M/H#Cu decomposed faster than G/H#Cu. It was found that G/H#Cu contained 6.0% bounded water, less than M/H#Cu (7.5%), and that the solid residue after combustion of G/H#Cu and M/H#Cu was CuO (26.28% and 22.80%), while after pyrolysis the solid residue (39.35% and 26.23%) was a mixture of carbon (50%) and metallic copper (50%). The presented composite materials thanks to the antimicrobial, catalytic, reducing, deoxygenating and hydrophobic properties of metallic copper can be used for point-of-use and column water/wastewater treatment systems.
The Optimization and Control of the Engagement Pressure for a Helicopter Dry Clutch
Authors: Xiao Yangyang , Li Qunming , Liu Huisi
Published: August 2024

The engagement quality of a helicopter dry clutch has a significant impact on the service life and overall flight performance of the helicopter. The engagement oil pressure is an important factor affecting the clutch engagement quality. Firstly, a nonlinear input–output dynamic model for the dry clutch is developed to investigate the optimization and control of dry clutch engagement pressure in this paper. Secondly, to efficiently obtain the optimal pressure curve, an optimal method combining the developed dynamic model with the state feedback gain of a linear quadratic optimization regulator (LQR) solver is proposed. Thirdly, considering that hydraulic actuators may struggle with tracking certain pressure curves, a hydraulic actuator for accurately tracking pressure curves based on fuzzy PID is proposed. The simulation results indicate that the developed hydraulic actuator exhibits an excellent tracking performance. Moreover, compared with linear and segmented pressure curves, the optimal pressure curve derived from the proposed method significantly reduces jerk, friction work, and engagement duration, resulting in improved helicopter dry clutch engagement quality.
A Review of Wrapped Distributions for Circular Data
Authors: Bell William , Nadarajah Saralees
Published: August 2024

The wrapped method is the most widely used method for constructing distributions for circular data. In this paper, we provide a review of all known wrapped distributions, including 45 distributions for continuous circular data and 10 distributions for discrete circular data. For each wrapped distribution, we state its nth trigonometric moment, mean direction, mean resultant length, skewness, and kurtosis. We also discuss data applications and limitations of each wrapped distribution. This review could be a useful reference and encourage the development of more wrapped distributions. We also mention an R package available for fitting all of the reviewed distributions and illustrate its applications.
Components of Total Energy Expenditure in Healthy and Critically Ill Children: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Parshuram Georgia A. , Tuira Lori , Dazo Frances , El Hariri Noura , Hulst Jessie M. , Mtaweh Haifa
Published: August 2024

Background: Total energy expenditure (TEE) is the total energy expended by an individual to sustain life, activities, and growth. TEE is formed by four components: resting energy expenditure (REE), activity energy expenditure (AEE), growth-related energy expenditure (GEE), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF). Some energy expenditure (EE) components may change throughout childhood and cannot be reliably estimated using prediction formulae. Objective: To summarize measured TEE components as reported in the literature in healthy and critically ill children. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL for studies published between 1946 and 7 September 2023. The primary outcome was energy expenditure. Included studies were published in English and measured one or more of TEE, AEE, GEE, and TEF with Indirect Calorimetry or Doubly Labeled Water in participants between 1 month and 18 years of age. We excluded studies reporting only REE or using predictive equations. Following abstraction, reported values were converted into kcal/kg/day or kcal/day as possible. Weighted mean values were calculated using median or means of EE measurements. Results: We found 138 studies, 8163 patients, and 16,636 eligible measurements. The median (IQR) study sample size was 20 (12, 35) patients. TEE was the most evaluated component. The median (IQR) TEE in infants was 73.1 (67.0, 76.5), in children 78.0 (66.0, 81.3), and in adolescents was 44.2 (41.8, 51.9) kcal/kg/day. Very few studies reported on GEE and TEF. Conclusions: This is one of the first studies that summarizes components of total energy expenditure in different pediatric age groups in healthy and critically ill children. Growth- and feeding-associated energy expenditure are poorly reported in healthy children, while all components of TEE (except REE) are poorly reported in critically ill children.
Deer Skin Collagen Peptides Bound to Calcium: In Vitro Gastrointestinal Simulation of Digestion, Cellular Uptake and Analysis of Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Du Rui , Sun Li , Liu Jinze , Gao Fusheng , Guo Xiangjuan , Shi Meiling , Guo Pengli , Chen Weijia , Zong Ying , Geng Jianan , Zhao Yan , He Zhongmei
Published: August 2024

The by-product of deer skin, which has mostly been used as a decorative material, is rich in collagen and amino acids that could bind to Ca2+. Therefore, the preparation process, stability, antioxidant activity and calcium transport capacity of deer skin collagen peptide calcium chelate (Ca-DSCP) were investigated. In addition, the structure of the new chelate was characterized. The preparation process of Ca-DSCP was optimized using one-way experiments and response surface methodology. The ideal conditions were pH 9, 48 °C, and a peptide-to-calcium mass ratio of 5:1. The chelation rate was (60.73 ± 1.54)%. Zeta potential, XRD, UV–vis and FTIR analyses yielded that deer skin collagen peptides (DSCP) underwent a chelating reaction with calcium ions to form new structures. The stability of Ca-DSCP and the fraction of bioavailability of calcium ions were determined using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The results showed that fraction of bioavailability and stability of DSCP were improved by influencing the structural characterization. The antioxidant activities of DSCP and Ca-DSCP were evaluated by measuring relevant oxidative stress indicators, DPPH radical scavenging capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. Finally, bioinformatics and molecular docking techniques were utilized to screen and study the antioxidant mechanism of DSCP.
Development of the Competency Evaluation Scale for Clinical Nutritionists in China: A Delphi Study
Authors: Zhou Ailin , Li Zhourong , Wang Tiankun , Wu Rongxin , Yang Shuang , Shi Zumin , Zeng Huan , Zhao Yong
Published: August 2024

Background: Clinical nutritionists are responsible for nutritional therapy in clinical practice, which significantly enhances patients’ nutritional status. This study aims to develop and validate a competency evaluation scale to effectively assess the abilities of clinical nutritionists. Methods: The competency evaluation scale for clinical nutritionists was developed based on the iceberg model, utilizing literature review, semi-structured interviews, and the Delphi method. The weights of each indicator were calculated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the validity and reliability of the scale were confirmed through questionnaire surveys. Results: The competency evaluation scale of clinical nutritionists comprised five primary indicators, twelve secondary indicators, and sixty-six tertiary indicators. The primary indicators, including professional theoretical knowledge, professional practical skills, humanistic practice ability, interpersonal communication ability, and professional development capability, have respective weights of 0.2168, 0.2120, 0.2042, 0.2022, and 0.1649. The Cronbach’s α coefficients of the five dimensions of the scale were 0.970, 0.978, 0.969, 0.962, and 0.947, respectively. The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis showed that the prerequisites for factor analysis were satisfied. Additionally, Bartlett’s test of sphericity yielded a significance level of p < 0.001, confirming the scale’s reliability and validity. Conclusions: The competency evaluation scale for clinical nutritionists developed in this study is of high scientific reliability and validity, which provides assessment criteria for the training and assessment of clinical nutritionists.
Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Hepatic Diseases and Its Significance for the WHO’s Elimination Plan of Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Bucio-Ortiz Leticia , Enriquez-Navarro Karina , Maldonado-Rodríguez Angélica , Torres-Flores Jesús , Cevallos Ana , Salcedo Mauricio , Lira Rosalia
Published: August 2024

Liver damage can progress through different stages, resulting in cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), conditions that are often associated with viral infections. Globally, 42% and 21% of cirrhosis cases correlate with HBV and HCV, respectively. In the Americas, the prevalence ranges from 1% to 44%. The WHO has the goal to eliminate viral hepatitis, but it is important to consider occult HBV infection (OBI), a clinical condition characterized by the presence of HBV genomes despite negative surface antigen tests. This review aims to provide an overview of recent data on OBI, focusing on its role in the development of hepatic diseases and its significance in the WHO Viral Hepatitis Elimination Plan. Specific HBV gene mutations have been linked to HCC and other liver diseases. Factors related to the interactions between OBI and mutated viral proteins, which induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative DNA damage, and the potential role of HBV integration sites (such as the TERT promoter) have been identified in HCC/OBI patients. Health initiatives for OBI research in Latin American countries are crucial to achieving the WHO’s goal of eradicating viral hepatitis by 2030, given the difficulty in diagnosing OBI and its unclear association with hepatic diseases.
Drug-Drug Interactions between COVID-19 and Tuberculosis Medications: A Comprehensive Review of CYP450 and Transporter-Mediated Effects
Authors: Jony M. Rasheduzzaman , Ahn Sangzin
Published: August 2024

Most medications undergo metabolism and elimination via CYP450 enzymes, while uptake and efflux transporters play vital roles in drug elimination from various organs. Interactions often occur when multiple drugs share CYP450-transporter-mediated metabolic pathways, necessitating a unique clinical care strategy to address the diverse types of CYP450 and transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDI). The primary focus of this review is to record relevant mechanisms regarding DDI between COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB) treatments, specifically through the influence of CYP450 enzymes and transporters on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and pharmacokinetics. This understanding empowers clinicians to prevent subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic drug levels of COVID medications when co-administered with TB drugs, thereby mitigating potential challenges and ensuring optimal treatment outcomes. A comprehensive analysis is presented, encompassing various illustrative instances of TB drugs that may impact COVID-19 clinical behavior, and vice versa. This review aims to provide valuable insights to healthcare providers, facilitating informed decision-making and enhancing patient safety while managing co-infections. Ultimately, this study contributes to the body of knowledge necessary to optimize therapeutic approaches and improve patient outcomes in the face of the growing challenges posed by infectious diseases.
Functionalized Polymeric Micelles for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Steps from Conceptualization to Clinical Trials
Authors: Serras Ana , Faustino Célia , Pinheiro Lídia
Published: August 2024

Cancer is still ranked among the top three causes of death in the 30- to 69-year-old age group in most countries and carries considerable societal and macroeconomic costs that differ depending on the cancer type, geography, and patient gender. Despite advances in several pharmacological approaches, the lack of stability and specificity, dose-related toxicity, and limited bioavailability of chemotherapy (standard therapy) pose major obstacles in cancer treatment, with multidrug resistance being a driving factor in chemotherapy failure. The past three decades have been the stage for intense research activity on the topic of nanomedicine, which has resulted in many nanotherapeutics with reduced toxicity, increased bioavailability, and improved pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy employing smart drug delivery systems (SDDSs). Polymeric micelles (PMs) have become an auspicious DDS for medicinal compounds, being used to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs that also exhibit substantial toxicity. Through preclinical animal testing, PMs improved pharmacokinetic profiles and increased efficacy, resulting in a higher safety profile for therapeutic drugs. This review focuses on PMs that are already in clinical trials, traveling the pathways from preclinical to clinical studies until introduction to the market.
Investigation of the Impact of Single and Double Filtration Systems on Post-Consumer PE Film Waste
Authors: Langwieser Johanna , Fischer Joerg
Published: August 2024

Due to the diversity of plastic film waste streams available on the market and the associated variety of contaminants’ size and number, the use of melt filtration is necessary. Currently, single and double filtration systems are state of the art in the plastic recycling industry, depending on the application of the produced post-consumer recyclate (PCR). Using PCR for thin films demands small contamination sizes, which are easier to reach using a second filtration step. In the case of relatively clean post-consumer input materials, it must be investigated whether the additional load from the second filter has a counterproductive effect on the material and whether single filtration would be sufficient. For this paper, polyethylene (PE) film waste stemming from a separate post-consumer collection in Austria was processed using an industrial-sized recycling machine with different combinations of filter sizes and systems. Melt flow rate (MFR), ash content, oxidation onset temperature (OOT), and optical contaminant detection were measured to investigate the influence of single and double filtration systems. The investigation showed that, even though the contamination amount and size were reduced, the second filter had a distinct effect on specific properties.
Changes in Human Vulnerability to Flood and Landslide: Evidences from Historical Data
Authors: Petrucci Olga
Published: August 2024

Human impact by floods and landslides (FLs) is a significant concern, necessitating a deeper understanding to implement effective reduction measures, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction’s goal to reduce disaster mortality between 2020 and 2030. This study examines the evolution of human interaction with FLs over the past 70 years in Calabria, Italy. By systematically analyzing regional newspapers and historical archives from 1951–1960 and 2011–2020, a database was created documenting fatalities, injuries, and the involvement of people in FL incidents. For each victim, the database includes demographic details, accident time and place, circumstances of death or injury, and whether the victim’s behavior was hazardous or protective. Results indicate a drastic reduction in both the total number of fatalities (196 versus 20) and high mortality events from 1951–1960 to 2011–2020 (6 versus 1). However, the number of people involved in incidents has increased (202 versus 1102), although this may be partly due to improved dissemination of information. Changes in population habits and the construction of more robust houses have significantly reduced high-fatality events, enhancing security. The study highlights the importance of data collection for developing locally tailored risk reduction strategies, increasing community resilience by addressing specific vulnerabilities and strengths.
Affordances of Technology for Sustainability-Oriented K–12 Informal Engineering Education
Authors: Beheshti Mobina , Shah Sheikh Ahmad , Zhang Helen , Barnett Michael , Hira Avneet
Published: August 2024

The need for sustainability-oriented K–12 engineering education that expands beyond the classroom and the increased accessibility of educational technologies create an opportunity for examining the affordances of educational technologies in low-stakes informal engineering education settings. In this paper, we share our experiences of using novel technologies to develop sustainability-oriented mental models in K–12 informal engineering education. Through the use of technologies including Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), Minecraft video games, Tinkercad (browser-based application for computer-aided design (CAD)), and physical computing, we have designed and tested approaches to introduce students to engineering design and engineering habits of mind with an overarching theme of developing sustainability-oriented mental models among K–12 youth in informal engineering education spaces. In this paper, we share our approaches, and lessons learned, and outline directions for future research.
Stochastic Techno-Economic Optimization of Hybrid Energy System with Photovoltaic, Wind, and Hydrokinetic Resources Integrated with Electric and Thermal Storage Using Improved Fire Hawk Optimization
Authors: Liao Nihuan , Hu Zhihong , Mrzljak Vedran , Arabi Nowdeh Saber
Published: August 2024

In this paper, a stochastic techno-economic optimization framework is proposed for three different hybrid energy systems that encompass photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and hydrokinetic (HKT) energy sources, battery storage, combined heat and power generation, and thermal energy storage (Case I: PV–BA–CHP–TES, Case II: WT–BA–CHP–TES, and Case III: HKT–BA–CHP–TES), with the inclusion of electric and thermal storage using the 2m + 1 point estimate method (2m + 1 PEM) utilizing real data obtained from the city of Espoo, Finland. The objective function is defined as planning cost minimization. A new meta-heuristic optimization algorithm named improved fire hawk optimization (IFHO) based on the golden sine strategy is applied to find the optimal decision variables. The framework aims to determine the best configuration of the hybrid system, focusing on achieving the optimal size for resources and storage units to ensure efficient electricity and heat supply simultaneously with the lowest planning cost in different cases. Also, the impacts of the stochastic model incorporating the generation and load uncertainties using the 2m + 1 PEM are evaluated for different case results compared with the deterministic model without uncertainty. The results demonstrated that Case III obtained the best system configuration with the lowest planning cost in deterministic and stochastic models and. This case is capable of simply meeting the electrical and thermal load with the contribution of the energy resources, as well as the CHP and TESs. Also, the IFHO superiority is proved compared with the conventional FHO, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) achieves the lowest planning cost in all cases. Moreover, incorporating the stochastic optimization model, the planning costs of cases I–III are increased by 4.28%, 3.75%, and 3.57%, respectively, compared with the deterministic model. Therefore, the stochastic model is a reliable model due to its incorporating the existence of uncertainties in comparison with the deterministic model, which is based on uncertain data.
Understanding the Growth of Artificial Intelligence in Educational Research through Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Delen Ibrahim , Sen Nihal , Ozudogru Fatma , Biasutti Michele
Published: August 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate research trends in artificial intelligence studies related to education that were published in the Web of Science database. This review conducted a bibliometric analysis of 4673 articles published between 1975 and 2023 and explored trends in several areas, including the annual distribution of publications, frequently studied topics, top authors, top countries, top universities/departments, top journals and publishers, and top funders. The findings highlighted that the number of studies increased exponentially after 2010. The most often used terms in artificial intelligence research in education were machine learning, deep learning, and data mining. Studies in higher education have been more prevalent than studies in elementary and secondary education. The USA, mainland China, and Australia were the three most productive nations. Most productive authors were connected to academic institutions in Taiwan, Hong Kong, or mainland China. Furthermore, there was little cooperation among the most productive authors andcountries. In addition to the abundance of journals on educational technology, it is crucial to emphasize the dearth of publications on education across different disciplines. To understand how artificial intelligence can support new practices in educational research, interdisciplinary interest and support are needed.
Seasonal Variation in the Element Composition of Dried, Powdered Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) from Northern Norway
Authors: James Philip , Evensen Tor , Kinnby Alexandra
Published: August 2024

In many countries, such as Norway, there are vast quantities of sea urchins that have formed barrens over large areas of the coastline. Research has shown that removal of sufficient quantities of sea urchins from these barrens can lead to them reverting to a macroalgae forest. Identifying the chemical composition of sea urchins for various uses, such as agricultural fertiliser, would incentivise this sea urchin removal. This study investigates the composition of sea urchins and whether the composition varies when sea urchin collection sites vary both geographically and temporally. Sea urchins were collected from three sites within 10 km of each other in northern Norway at three times through the year. The sea urchins were dried, crushed, powdered, and analysed for nutrient content. An elemental analysis from the sea urchin samples showed high calcium and relatively high magnesium levels; smaller relative quantities of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium were also found. Micronutrients such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were found. More importantly, both primary, macro-, and micronutrients showed high variability when collected from different sites and at different times of the year. This will be a critical consideration when investigating the use of this product as a plant fertiliser or for any other use.
Mapping the Landscape of Carbon-Neutral City Research: Dynamic Evolution and Emerging Frontiers
Authors: Miao Yang , Yang Le , Chen Feng , Chen Jiawei
Published: August 2024

Carbon-neutral city research has attracted widespread attention. However, a comprehensive review of this research has not been conducted, and it is unclear how the various perspectives have evolved. In this study, CNKI and Web of Science were used as data sources. By summarizing the research results of carbon-neutral cities in recent years, the dynamics evolution trend is revealed, and the frontiers are explored. We found that: (1) the themes and contents of carbon-neutral city research were diverse and intersecting and mainly focused on energy, industrial structure, transportation, and building. (2) The knowledge map of author cooperation did not show many aggregates, which indicated that the cooperation and exchanges between relevant researchers are insufficient. (3) Chinese research on carbon-neutral cities was extensive and fruitful, taking the lead in the research in this field. Based on the current situation and trends, we provided a scientific reference for the development of carbon-neutral cities. Current research foci and cutting-edge findings will help to make cities more climate resilient, sustainable and livable. Understanding and magnifying these foci is what will help countries achieve their climate mitigation and carbon neutrality goals sooner rather than later.