bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelos Sociais Europeus – Crescimento, emprego e igualdade
Authors: Ferreira Eduardo Viegas
Published: March 2017

As recentes crises financeiras e económicas relançaram a discussão acerca dos efeitos dos modelos sociais europeus sobre o crescimento económico e a criação de emprego. Recorrendo à tipologia seminal de Esping-Andersen (1990) e aos dados estatísticos oficiais atualmente disponíveis, este artigo compara alguns desempenhos económicos e sociais, antes e depois da crise global de 2008, de estados-membros da União Europeia. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, após 2008, ocorreu uma aproximação entre os principais modelos sociais ideal-típicos europeus, traduzida num mais generalizado trade off entre menor crescimento e mais desemprego e menor desigualdade económica e menor risco de pobreza. Os resultados obtidos também sugerem que competitividade, crescimento económico e emprego foram compatíveis com baixos níveis de desigualdade na distribuição do rendimento entre capital, trabalho e inatividade.
A gestão da performance nas culturas juvenis
Authors: Pegado Elsa
Published: March 2017

Este artigo procura contribuir para uma reflexão sobre o lugar que a gestão da performance ocupa nas culturas juvenis, focando em particular as percepções dos jovens sobre os consumos de performance, entendidos como o consumo de medicamentos e/ou produtos terapêuticos com finalidades de gestão do desempenho neuro/cognitivo e/ou físico/corporal. A análise tem como base material empírico resultante da componente extensiva de um projecto de pesquisa sobre consumos de performance na população jovem (18-29 anos) em Portugal, designadamente um inquérito por questionário a uma amostra (n =1483) que abrangeu estudantes do Ensino Superior e trabalhadores sem formação superior. Os resultados revelam uma relativa permeabilidade nas culturas juvenis à ideia de gestão da performance, embora essa permeabilidade não seja homogénea e assuma modulações, quer em função de diferentes critérios de legitimação dos consumos, quer em termos da diversidade social e dos contextos culturais em que os jovens se situam.
Família empresária e competências empreendedoras
Authors: Rodrigues Jorge
Published: March 2017

O modelo ideal de família preconizado na modernidade enfatizava o amor romântico, o matrimónio ideal e o afeto como base da vida familiar. Hoje, a ênfase parece estar no bem-estar do momento, sem importar o passado. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é o de procurar compreender as relações entre as competências empreendedoras assentes no individualismo e a composição da família empresária, a cada momento. Cada geração tende a dispersar pelos seus públicos o acervo de património herdado, com a maioria das empresas familiares que desaparecem a terem como causa principal os conflitos familiares não resolvidos. Assim, através de uma pesquisa exploratória sobre as competências empreendedoras e a teoria baseada nos recursos, procurou-se contribuir para a definição do conceito de família empresária e o modo como esta depende e influencia os seus membros.
Empowerment of woman through agroecological fairs in the city of Ilhéus, Bahia/Brazil
Authors: Gomez Marcella , Lucena Emerson Antônio Rocha Melo de , Mandarino Ana Cristina de Souza , Gomberg Estélio
Published: March 2017

O foco principal deste artigo é apreender a importância das mulheres na militância agroecológica, enfatizando as suas atuações e influência nas feiras agroecológicas realizadas na cidade de Ilhéus, Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Apesar desta significativa e crescente atuação, as mulheres agricultoras enfrentam uma série de dificuldades no que respeita ao reconhecimento de seu trabalho de produção de alimentos, dificuldade no acesso à terra e/ou a comercialização direta dos produtos somada às atividades laboriais no espaço doméstico. Registamos uma valorização, por parte dos consumidores, desta modalidade de comercialização de agricultura orgânica, gerando uma maior fidelização com maior confiança pelo fato de ter sido produzida e comercializado por mulheres, denotando valores de qualidade de vida e alimentos saudáveis. Fica clara a importância destas feiras como espaços para geração de emprego e rendimentos, troca de saberes, valorização da cultura do campo e da mulher, e ainda a desconstrução de ideologias, atitudes e mentalidades discriminatórias e preconceituosas que regem, em geral, a estrutura social na Bahia.
Relationship Marketing as a Mediating Role Between Brand Image and Customer Loyalty in B2B Markets
Authors: Abd-El-Salam Eman Mohamed
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this paper is to examine how brand image, value equity (conceptualized as relationship value), and relationship equity (conceptualized as relationship quality) and customer loyalty play a vital role in the Egyptian business to business market-and to test it empirically in agricultural business customers of chemical manufacturer with respect to their main supplier. A structured questionnaire was developed. The hypotheses were simultaneously tested on a sample of 328 customer-supplier relationships out of 603 distributed, giving a response rate of 54.4 per cent. The structural equation modelling technique was used to empirically test the proposed hypotheses. The findings of this study show significant positive relationships and impacts among the factors under investigation. Also, relationship equity and value equity act as mediators in the link between brand image and customer loyalty.
On Some Algebraic Structures of Type 2 Fuzzy Multisets
Authors: Paul Jaya , John Sunil Jacob
Published: March 2017

Many problems arise in practical applications when data is extracted from a group of experts, all of whom do not collectively agree. The theory of Type 2 Fuzzy Multisets is capable of modelling these types of uncertainties in decision making. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the study of various algebraic structures of Type 2 Fuzzy Multisets. As a beginning of this study, the concept of Type 2 Fuzzy Multigroup is introduced and its various properties are discussed. The authors also introduced the concept of normal Type 2 Fuzzy Multigroups which serves as a powerful tool in the study of group structures of Type 2 Fuzzy Multisets.
A Comparative Study for Position Regulation and Anti-Swing Control of Highly Non-Linear Double Inverted Pendulum (DIP) System Using Different Soft Com
Authors: Kharola Ashwani , Patil Pravin P.
Published: March 2017

This paper presents a comparative analysis for stabilization and control of highly non-linear, complex and multi-variable Double Inverted Pendulum on cart. A Matlab-Simulink model of DIP has been built using governing mathematical equations. The objective is to control both the pendulums at vertical position while cart is free to move in horizontal direction. The control of DIP was achieved using three different soft-computing techniques namely Fuzzy logic reasoning, Neural networks (NN's) and Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The results show that the ANFIS controller is more effective as compared to other two controllers in terms of settling time (sec), maximum overshoot (degree) and steady state error. The regression (R) and mean square error (MSE) values obtained after training of Neural network were adequate and the training error obtained in ANFIS was also optimum. All the three controllers were able to stabilize the DIP system but ANFIS control provides better results as illustrated with the help of graphs and tables.
Application of Digital Signal Processing in USRP Satellite Signal Detection
Authors: Javidi Giti , Sheybani Ehsan
Published: March 2017

The Universal Software Radio Peripheral development technique is designing and implementing radio frequency based systems. The distinctiveness originates from the interchangeable daughterboard within the USRP. The system is designed around the Xilinx Vertex 3 FPGA chip. This means C++, Python, and VHDL can be used to program this device. The project consists of creating a receiver. The objective of the project is to research and comprehend the hardware functionalities of the USRP. The purpose is to create codes in C++ and Python to implement receiving capabilities of the device. The goal of this project was to design a GPS receiver that is capable of recording the L1 signal from a DirecTV satellite. The USRP is used a lot for research. This project consisted of more than just one method. We used GNU Radio Companion and Matlab/Simulink. GNU Radio is open source for building software defined radios. It is also known as GRC. While using GRC the USRP1 was the device used. This software has rapid development. It runs in Ubuntu, a Linux operating system. Within this software there are logic blocks. Each block consists of information to create a flow graph. The flow graph builds and generates the program. Simulink can be compared to GRC. They both have logic blocks that have to be connected to run. Simulink can be used to create a transmitter or a receiver for software radio development and signal processing. Software-defined radio can only be defined if its baseband operations can be completely defined by software. A SDR converts digital to analog signals. The USRP can also convert digital signals from a computer to Radio Frequency Signals (RF). This software is one way to communicate between hardware and software.
FMECA Modelling and Analysis in Blood Transfusion Chain
Authors: Zedda Francesco , Borelli Gianluca , Caredda Francesco Valentino , Fanti Alessandro , Gatto Gianluca , Mazzarella Giuseppe , Orrù Pier Francesco , Volpi Andrea
Published: March 2017

This paper describes the modelling and analysis of the processes and activities used in the Blood Transfusion Centre of Hospital Brotzu (Cagliari – Italy), via FMECA (Failure Modes Effects and Criticalities Analysis) method, in order to enhance patient safety and improve clinical risk management. The first part of the study consists on an analysis of the present blood transfusion chain processes (AS-IS), obtained by reverse engineering. Then a concise description of the FMECA methodology is presented. After the introduction of the reengineered process (TO-BE), developed via introduction of RFID technology, the results of simulation will be presented. For each activity of the two configurations studied (AS-IS and TO-BE) some performance indicators were evaluated, then a sensitivity analysis has been carried out to investigate the consistency of FMECA analysis. Finally follows the comparison of results between the simulation of actual process and the reengineered one.
Using Simulation to Teach Security and Encryption to Non-Technical Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Gaynor Mark , Omer Tracy , Turner Jason S.
Published: March 2017

This paper intends to simplify challenging concepts through role-play demonstrations and serve as a foundation for understanding the basis of securing healthcare data. Disparity exists between the rising need for security of electronic healthcare information and the number of healthcare leaders who understand the concepts behind ensuring privacy and accuracy of such data. Healthcare managers with a basic understanding of data encryption and how it safeguards health information are vital to the success of Electronic Health Records. They often are responsible for proper oversight of such systems and should instill confidence in medical providers and patients that electronic medical data is safe and accurate. However, data security and privacy are complex concepts and remain foreign to many healthcare managers. This paper reviews the benefits of simulation learning and outlines a workshop and simulation game developed in response to difficulties teaching the technology of encryption. The results are validated with anecdotal and indirect statistical evidence.
Statistical Modeling for Studying the Impact of ICD-10 on Health Fraud Detection
Authors: Zhang Yu , Olson Tyler
Published: March 2017

When an individual is seen or treated by a healthcare professional, a series of alphanumeric codes are used to describe the medical diagnoses and services provided. This designated classification structure, the ninth iteration of ICD (International Classification of Diseases), implements the use of coding for healthcare management, public health and medical informatics, and insurance purposes. ICD-9 has been the coding standard in the healthcare industry for 30 years. On October 1st, 2015, the tenth revision ICD-10 was formally implemented in the United States. This paper explores the validity of predictions from domain professionals regarding fraud detection and the implementation of the ICD-10 code set. The notion that fraud detection systems using supervised learning algorithms will encounter an initial decline in performance due to ICD-10 is fairly unsupported at the moment. The authors claim that the results from their study will provide evidence that will support this notion of a preliminary negative transitional impact.
Organizational Intelligence
Authors: Fernandes da Anunciação Pedro , Lagartinho Luís
Published: March 2017

Information and knowledge are the basis of all organizational processes and activities. But these two resources are not sufficient to organizational competitiveness or allocation of resources efficiency, or commercial activities effectiveness. Organizations should develop reaction and response mechanisms to established economic dynamics. The concept of intelligence corresponds to the value creation process by signal capture capability (information), their interpretation, understanding and reaction aiming at taking measures and decisions in the form, content and the appropriate time to identified situations. In this study the authors' propose a reference model with some dimensions, in order to establish a possible evaluation of the organizational intelligence level in hospital organizations.
The Bending Strength of the Porcelain with the Substitution of Quartz by Palm Oil Fuel Ash
Authors: Noh Mohamad Zaky , Hassan Uman , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: March 2017

In this study the use of a treated palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as a substitute material in producing an improved porcelain ceramic has been presented. The POFA was grounded in a ball mill until the median particle size was reduced to about 50 μm. The POFA was heated at a temperature of 600 oC for 1.5 h in an electric furnace. It was used to substitute quartz in porcelain body from 0 wt% to 25 wt%. The mixed powder was pressed into pellets at pressure of 31 MPa, 61 MPa, 91 MPa and 121 MPa. All the pellets were sintered at a temperature of 1100 oC for 2 h soaking time. It was found out among other things that the bending strength of the samples increases with increase in substitution and also with the increase in mould presure. With a value of 45 MPa the bending strength of the samples containing 15 wt% sintered at a temperature of 1100 oC were higher than the standard porcelain. This could be attributed to compaction and sharp microstructural changes.
Dielectric Properties of CaCu3Ti4O12/Al2O3 Composites
Authors: bin Abu Mohamad Johari , Zaman Rosyaini Afindi , Ab Rahman Mohd Fariz , Ahmadipour Mohsen , Mohamed Julie Juliewatty , Ain Mohd Fadzil , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: March 2017

In this work, (1-x)CaCu3Ti4O12/xAl2O3 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.1) composite samples were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method. The dielectric properties of the samples were investigated at frequency range of 20 – 106 Hz. X-ray diffractogram results show that the samples with Al2O3 sintered at 1040 °C/10 h are mixed phase and consist of CaCu3Ti4O12, CuAl2O4, TiO2 and Al2O3. The average grain size of the samples increased greatly for x = 0.01, then abruptly depressed for x ≥ 0.03. Al2O3-added (x = 0.01) has been shown to increase the dielectric permittivity (ε’) up to ~5000 over frequency range of 102 – 105 Hz, while retaining the dielectric loss (tan δ ~ 0.15) at 1 kHz. With further increase of Al2O3 content, the ε’ and tan δ values of the samples are decreased monotonically in all frequency ranges. The improvement of dielectric properties in the composite sample was attributed to the enhanced grain boundary resistance.
The Role of Nb2Zr6O17 Phase on the Hardness and Fracture Toughness of ZTA/Nb2O5 by Cold Isostatic Pressing
Authors: Su Nurul Khairunnisa , ABDUL RAZAK Muhammad Fadhlullah Al-Amin , Johar Banjuraizah , Idris Muhammad Asri , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: March 2017

The microstructure and mechanical properties of zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic added with niobia (Nb2O5) through cold isostatic pressing (CIP) method was investigated. The amount of Nb2O5 is varied from 0 wt.% to 7 wt.%. The phase composition of the sintered bodies was analyzed with an x-ray diffractometer, while their microstructure was observed with a scanning electron microscope. It is found that up to 3 wt.% of Nb2O5 addition, the secondary phase of Nb2Zr6O17 presence as square shape particles confirm by SEM and EDX. The addition of 3 wt.% showed the highest Vickers hardness value with 1600HV. It was observed that, further addition of Nb2O5 (> 3 wt.% ) deteriorates the Vickers hardness of ZTA. While the fracture toughness value increased at 3 wt.% until 5 wt.% of Nb2O5 addition (6.71 MPa · √m and 6.80 MPa · √m respectively). It was also found that the value for bulk density increased and porosity decreased with the increasing of Nb2O5 addition.
Characterization of Silica Gel Impregnated with Tetradecylamine by X-Ray Diffractometry and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller Studies
Authors: Nordin Muhammad Nur Adeel , Zakaria Muhammad Hamiz Zafran , Mohd Kamrin Nurul Nadiha , Abu Tahari Maratun Najiha , Yarmo Mohd Ambar
Published: March 2017

Commercially available porous silica gel (SG) is chemically modified for carbon dioxide capture. Calcinated silica gel functionalized with amine (tetradecylamine, TDA) using wet impregnation has been employed as a porous media. The prepared adsorbents is characterized by x-ray diffractometry (XRD) and N2 physisorption techniques (Brunauer-Emmet-Teller analysis, BET). Appearance of 3 new crystalline peaks on 65TDA/SG diffractogram evidenced the presence of TDA molecules on the SG. Significant changes in physical properties of the adsorbents further ascertained the dispersion of TDA on the internal channels and external surface of the SG.
The Effect of Liquid Natural Rubber as Toughening Agent in Epoxy/LNR/CB Composite
Authors: Fauzi Fatin Syahirah , Teh Pei Leng , Du Ngoc Uy Lan , Yeoh Cheow Keat
Published: March 2017

Liquid natural rubber (LNR) was used as the toughening agent to overcome the brittleness of epoxy thermoset matrix. The LNR were prepared by using depolymerization method. The experiment was consist of two parts of study, first, epoxy filled with carbon black to get the optimun 15 vol.% content of carbon black (CB). Second, epoxy with various amount LNR and at 15vol.% CB content. This can be seen from the result of flexural properties testing, fracture toughness testing and SEM morphology . The best properties of LNR as toughening as 4 phr because it gave optimun performance compared to others LNR content.
Biomimetic Bone-Like Apatite Coating on Anodised Titanium in Simulated Body Fluid under UV Irradiation
Authors: Lee T.C. , Koshy Pramod , Abdullah Hasan Zuhudi , Idris Maizlinda Izwana
Published: March 2017

Low temperature deposition techniques of bioceramics coatings are now being researched and developed to avoid deficiencies inherent in high temperature techniques. Biomimetic coatings is a solution-based method conducted at ambient temperature to deposit bioactive coatings on the surface. The current study aims to investigate the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the coating of bone-like apatite on the anodised surface. High purity titanium foils were anodised with an applied voltage of 350 V, current density of 70 mA.cm-2 in mixture of 0.04 M β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and 0.4 M calcium acetate (CA) for 10 min. After anodic oxidation, UV light treatment was conducted in pH-adjusted distilled water for 12 hours with ultraviolet light A (UVA) irradiation. Subsequently, the UV-treated anodised titanium foils were soaked in SBF for 7 days with/without UVA irradiation. After SBF immersion for 7 days, anodised titanium with combination of UV light treatment and UV irradiation during in vitro testing was fully covered by highly crystalline bone-like apatite at maximal thickness of 2.8 μm. This occurred mainly due to the formation of large amounts of Ti-OH groups which act as nucleation sites for bone-like apatite. This study also revealed that UV irradiation during in vitro testing is superior in promoting growth of bone-like apatite compared to UV light treatment. The suggested mechanism for bone-like apatite formation on anodised titanium under different UV irradiation conditions is illustrated in this article. The findings of this study indicated that biomimetic bone-like apatite coating with assistance of UV irradiation is an effective method in accelerating the formation of bone-like apatite.
EDS Analysis for Fruit Prunus Elemental Composition Determination
Authors: Motyleva Svetlana M. , Kulikov Ivan M. , Marchenko Lyudmila A.
Published: March 2017

The questions of the practical usage of the analytical scanning electron microscope JSM 600 LA by JEOL company (Japan) with EDS system – microanalysis were envisaged. This device was used to study the structure and elemental composition of the fruit ash received from 6 breeds of 3 plum species. Plum fruit are rich in mineral substances, the following order of substances accumulation is characteristic for them: K > P > Ca > Mg > Na ≈ S > Fe > Zn ≈ Cu > Mn ≈ Co > N i≈ Pb. In fruit pulp K is accumulated on 7 – 20 % more than in skin. The concentration of Ca, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn and Pb in fruit skin is in 2 – 10 times higher than in pulp. The most of mineral substances is accumulated in the fruit of Prunus salicina L. plum specie. The significant correlations are determined between Ca and Mg (r 0.75) and Ca and Ni (r 0.71); the medium correlation is indicated between Ca and Cu (r 0.62) and Cu and Ni (r 0.55).
The Spectroscopic Analysis of Pandanus' Tristearin
Authors: Ahmad Mohd Sharil , armayni ummu amirah , Md Yusof Nuruljannah , Mohsin Hannis Fadzillah , Abdul Wahab Ibtisam
Published: March 2017

Pandanus or the screwpines are nowadays, receiving more attention. It is the largest genera in Pandanaceae family. This species is usually found along coastal region from the Southeast Asia to the Pacific Island. Almost all parts of Pandanus species are used for many purposes in daily life. For example, the leaves are used as coloring and flavoring agents. Meanwhile, the bark and large branches are used in constructions. Besides the non-medicinal values, Pandanus species were also traditionally used as medications for the treatment of fever, headache, sore throat and others. Amazingly, some medical properties of Pandanus species are scientifically proven and the active constituents were known. The objective of this research is to investigate the biomolecule from Pandanus species, specifically, Pandanuspygmaues. It is aimed purify the chemical component that might present in the leaves part. In the methodology, the samples were cut prior to the organic solvent extraction and maceration. The compositions of Pandanuspygmaues extracts were detected via analytical and preparative thin layer chromatography. The hexane extract was subjected to an open column chromatography technique. A compound was successfully isolated and was analyzed by using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. This compound could be identified as a tristearin.
Effect of Dispersant Amount to Fabrication of 3-D Porous Cordierite through Gelcasting Method
Authors: Mokhtar Ahmad Kamil Fakhruddin , Mohamad Hasmaliza
Published: March 2017

In this research, cordierite was produced using oxide based raw materials (MgO, SiO2 and Al2O3) through glass route method. A mixture of raw material was gone through melting at 1550 °C followed by water quenching. Glass powder produced were then milled for 5 hour to get fine powder. Cordierite powder produced was then used to prepare 3-D porous cordierite ceramic. In this research, gelcasting method was choosen. The dispersant amount added in the cordierite slurry was varied (2.5-5.5g). The cordierite pellet were then characterized using x-ray difraction. Results shows high purity (99%) cordierite was obtained. The porosity and compressive strength were tested. The porosity show when increasing the dispersant amount, the porosity will decrease. For compressive strength increase when the dispersant amount increase.
Study of Eleiodoxa conferta (Kelubi) Fruit as Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) for Energy Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Hidayani Jaafar , SAFRI Siti Nazihah
Published: March 2017

Dye-Sensitizer Solar Cell (DSSC) is preferable because it is mimicking of photosynthesis that able to use any extraction from organic substances so it is more eco-friendly and economically device in utilising photon as source of electricity. Therefore, this is a fundamental study and the purpose is to investigate the extend ability of extraction from Eleiodoxaconferta fruit parts (young flesh, pickled flesh and seed) using DSSC in order to generate electricity. The energy conversion efficiency of the assembled DSSCs is compared by conducting current-voltage measurements based on the titanium dioxide (TiO2) thickness and dye-sensitizer use. Results show only pickled flesh contained both crystalline (18.9%) and amorphous (81.1%) structure and proven other samples (young flesh and seed) were organic compound as the XRD pattern show noise peaks. The highest absorbance with peak range of wavelength between 555 nm to 565 nm of 70% concentration of young flesh extraction gives 3.74 a.u.. Meanwhile, the best performance of DSSC was recorded by young flesh with 2 layer thicknesses of TiO2 with open circuit, Voc = 0.663 V, short circuit, Isc= 0.077 mA, fill factor, FF= 0.84 gives 0.43% efficiency of current-voltage measurement.
Influence of Reduction Temperatures on Reduction of FeO-Containing Slag by Agricultural Waste
Authors: Ismail Anis Nadhirah , Yunos Nur Farhana Mohd , Jamaludin Shamsul Baharin , Idris Muhammad Asri , Ibrahim Mohd Hakim , Sahajwalla Veena
Published: March 2017

Generally, the conventional carbon sources such coke/coal are used in EAF steelmaking attributed the highest growth rate in energy consumption. A substitute routes striving to improve energy efficiency by providing auxiliary sources is essential. The unique features such high carbon content, surface area, porosity and low sulphur was available in agricultural waste clearly have the potential to be used as reducing agent in steelmaking process. The present study investigated the reduction behavior of EAF slag and production of metallic iron by reduction process. The carbon materials, coke and palm char (pyrolyzed via chemical activation) were used as reducing agent composite with EAF slag respectively. The reduction reaction was conducted in horizontal tube furnace at different reduction temperatures (1250°C, 1350°C, 1450°C and 1550°C) under argon gas (flow rate 0.01L/min) within 20 minutes. The reduced sample was examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to understand the reduction behavior of both composite samples. Palm char showed more efficient due to improvement in degree of FeO reduction which was 57.72% compared to coke, 26.72%. The phase movement from iron oxide to iron was influenced by the reduction temperatures. XRD pattern revealed that the metallic iron was initiating appeared at temperature 1250°C and completely reduced at temperature of 1550°C . Predominant peak of metallic iron and the other oxides was clarified by EDS spectra. This study found that palm char has viability to be used as carbon sources in steelmaking applications.
Mineralogical Characteristics and Quantification of Mineral Phases in Malaysian Low Grade Manganese Ore
Authors: Muthalib Nurhidayah , Abdullah Norazharuddin Shah , Hussin Hashim , Ismail Suhaina
Published: March 2017

The aim of this work is to study the quantification of crystalline and amorphous content of manganese ore. The mineralogical characteristics and mineral phases of Malaysian low grade manganese ore are investigated using spiking method technique. Manganese ore was mixed with an internal standard of rutile and analyzed by Rietveld refinement with SIROQUANT. The refinement qualification and quantification indicated three phases which are pyrolusite (MnO2) with 1.1%, goethite (α-FeOOH) with 0.5% and quartz (SiO2) with 30.9%. From the calculation, sample consisted more amorphous content which is 0.6 compared to crystalline (0.4). This revealed that the ore is in amorphous form.
Sol-Gel Synthesis of Niobium Doped Yttria Stabilised Zirconia
Authors: Johar Banjuraizah , Cheong S.Y.
Published: March 2017

Niobium doped 8YSZ ceramics were prepared by sol-gel synthesis. The mixtures were calcined, compacted into cylindrical pellets, sintered and evaluated for phase stability, microstructure and electrical conductivity. Tetragonal, monoclinic and cubic phases were present, however the trend for phase seems to be erratic for the studied samples. The increasing Nb content appears to improve the morphology by increasing densification. It is noted that increasing Nb content also increases oxide conductivity. The best conductivity belongs to 1.0% mol Nb, with a value of 8.013 x 10-6 (Ωcm)-1. Increasing Nb content beyond 1.0% mol has detrimental effect on morphology and ionic conductivity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 Properties via High Planetary Mill
Authors: Sharif Shafiza Afzan , Mohamed Julie Juliewatty , Hasmaliza Mohamad , Ahmad Zainal Arifin , Wan Yusoff Wan Azhar
Published: March 2017

In this work, the piezoelectric material system of Pb (Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ceramics were synthesized by conventional solid state via high energy planetary mill reaction. This process were chosen in order to skip the calcinations and implement a single firing process which very effective to reduce the possibility of PbO loss. The effect of sintering parameters on structural behavior of pure PZT ceramic was discussed in detail. Comprehensive studies have been carried out in order get optimum parameter for sintering process, thus improved the performance of the pure PZT ceramics. Grain size properties of Pb (Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 ceramics increased with increasing the sintering temperature and duration. However longer sintering condition (1200 °C, 3 hours) causes excessive PbO loss which leads to presence new phases in XRD analysis, promote grain growth behavior with inhomogenous microstructure and tend to have more pores.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components--Part 13--Immunity to Electrostatic Discharge
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: March 2017

This SAE Standard specifies the test methods and procedures
necessary to evaluate electrical components intended for automotive
use to the threat of Electrostatic Discharges (ESDs). It describes
test procedures for evaluating electrical components on the bench
in the powered-up mode and for packaging and handling.

Functional status classifications for immunity to ESD are given
in Appendix A.

Sensitivity classifications for ESD sensitive devices are given
in Appendix A.

A procedure for calibrating the simulator that is used for
electrostatic discharges is given in Appendix B.

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Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components-Part 22-Immunity to Radiated Magnetic Fields
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: March 2017

This SAE Standard covers the recommended testing technique for determining the immunity of automotive electronic devices to magnetic fields generated by power transmission lines and generating stations.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures and Limits for Vehicle Components (Except Aircraft)--Conducted Immunity, 15 Hz to 250 Khz--All Leads
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: March 2017

This document is an SAE Standard and covers the requirements for determining the immunity characteristics of automotive electronic equipment, subsystems, and systems to EM energy injected individually onto all leads. This test may be used over the frequency range of 30 Hz to 250 kHz. The method is applicable to all input, output, and power leads. The method is particularly useful in evaluating DUTs with acoustic or visible display functions.
SNAP-ACCELERATION SMOKE TEST PROCEDURE FOR HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL POWERED VEHICLES
Authors:   Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to vehicle exhaust smoke measurements made using the Snap-Acceleration test procedure. Because this is a non-moving vehicle test, this test can be conducted along the roadside, in a truck depot, a vehicle repair facility, or other test facilities. The test is intended to be used on heavy-duty trucks and buses powered by diesel engines. It is designed to be used in conjunction with smokemeters using the light extinction principle of smoke measurement.

This procedure describes how the snap-acceleration test is to be performed. It also gives specifications for the smokemeter and other test instrumentation and describes the algorithm for the measurement and quantification of the exhaust smoke produced during the test. Included are discussions of factors which influence snap-acceleration test results and methods to correct for these conditions. Unless otherwise noted, these correction methodologies are to be considered an integral part of the snap-acceleration test procedure.
FLASHERS
Authors:   Circuit Protection and Switch Device Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice defines the test conditions, procedures, and minimum design requirements for nominal 6, 12, and 24 V turn signal, hazard warning, warning lamp alternating, and combination flashers.
Measurement of Radiated Emissions From Integrated Circuits-Surface Scan Method (Loop Probe Method) 10 Mhz to 3 Ghz
Authors:   Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Task Force
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice defines a method for evaluating the near field electric or magnetic component of the electromagnetic field at the surface of an integrated circuit (IC). This technique is capable of providing a detailed pattern of the RF sources internal to the IC. The resolution of the pattern is determined by the characteristics of the probes used and the precision of the mechanical probe positioner. The method is usable over the 10 MHz to 3 GHz frequency range with existing probe technology. The probe is mechanically scanned according to a programmed pattern in a plane parallel or perpendicular to the IC surface and the data is computer processed to provide a color-enhanced representation of field strength at the scan frequency. This procedure is applicable to measurements from an IC mounted on any circuit board that is accessible to the scan probe. For comparisons, the standardized test board shall be used. This diagnostic procedure is intended for IC architectural analysis including functional floor plan and power distribution.
Self-Propelled Sweepers-Air Flow Performance Part 2: Suction/Blower Fan Performance
Authors:   MTC2, Sweeper, Cleaner, and Machinery
Published: March 2017

This SAE Standard establishes a test method and definition for
disclosing the performance of suction/blower fans when applied to
self-propelled sweepers that solely use a pneumatic conveyance
means for the collection and transfer of "sweepings" into
a collection hopper.

The purpose of the document describes a test practice for
measuring the performance of suction/blower flans used in vacuum
and regenerative air street sweepers. The measured performance
considers the air volume movement versus the static depression
developed by the fan across a spectrum of different operating
conditions. The document also sets-out to propose a format for
presentation of the test results. The method in this document can
be used to disclose or compare particular operating performance
criteria under similar conditions.
Test Component Specification
Authors:   Truck and Bus Foundation Brake Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice contains the reference information for SAE J1802.
Class B Data Communication Network Messages-Message Definitions for Three Byte Headers
Authors:   Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice defines the information contained in the header and data fields of non-diagnostic messages for automotive serial communications based on SAE J1850 Class B networks. This document describes and specifies the header fields, data fields, field sizes, scaling, representations, and data positions used within messages.
TEST PROCEDURES FOR AUTOMOTIVE STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Authors:   Plastics Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Standard is intended to serve as a guide for the collection of physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials for automotive structural applications. This document attempts to utilize test methods applicable to the widest range of structural materials and processes without compromising the integrity of the data being sought. A summary of the material characterization is shown in Section 15.
ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEMS ENERGY CONSUMPTION TEST PROCEDURE FOR AIR-BRAKED-EQUIPPED TRUCK TRACTORS, BUSES, TRAILERS, AND DOLLIES
Authors:   Truck and Bus Brake Systems Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice provides instructions and test procedures for measuring air consumption of air braked vehicles equipped with Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) used on highways.
DIESEL ENGINES—DIESEL FUEL—PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT AND TEST METHOD FOR ASSESSING FUEL LUBRICITY
Authors:   Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment Standards Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Standard specifies: a test method for assessing the lubricating property of diesel fuels including those which may contain a lubricity enhancing additive, and the performance criteria necessary to ensure reliable operation of diesel fuel injection equipment with respect to fuel lubrication of such equipment.

It applies to fuel used in diesel engines.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAT TREATMENTS OF STEELS
Authors:   Metals Technical Committee
Published: March 2017

The information and data contained in this SAE Information Report are intended as a guide in the selection of steel types and grades for various purposes. Consideration of the individual types of steel is preceded by a discussion of the factors affecting steel properties and characteristics.

SAE steels are generally purchased on the basis of chemical composition requirements (SAE J403, J404, and J405). High-strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels (SAE J1392 and J1442) are generally purchased on the basis of mechanical properties; different chemical compositions are used to achieve the specified mechanical properties. Because these steels are characterized by their special mechanical properties obtained in the as-rolled condition, they are not intended for any heat treatment by the purchaser either before, during, or after fabrication.

In many instances, as in the case of steels listed in SAE J1268 and J1868, hardenability is also a specification requirement. This information report can be used as a reference for determining the general characteristics and applications of commonly used SAE steels. The use of the typical heat treatments listed in Tables 1 through 7 is recommended. These and other heat treatments commonly used on steel are briefly described at the end of this section.
Diesel Injection Pump Testing-Part 1: Calibrating Nozzle and Holder Assemblies
Authors:   Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment Standards Committee
Published: March 2017

This part of SAE J 968 specifies two types of calibrating nozzle
and holder assemblies intended for the testing and setting of
diesel injection pumps on test benches.

It applies to: a. a calibrating nozzle and holder assembly with
a single hole orifice plate; and b. a calibrating nozzle and holder
assembly with a delay pintle type nozzle.

The approximate range of the calibrating nozzle and holder
assembly is up to: a. 300 mm₃/stroke with the single hole orifice
plate; and b. 150 mm₃/stroke with the delay pintle type nozzle.
Setting and maintenance requirements are specified in ISO
4008/3.
Sources and formation mechanisms of carbonaceous aerosol at a regional background site in the Netherlands: insights from a year-long radiocarbon study
Authors: Dusek Ulrike , Hitzenberger Regina , Kasper-Giebl Anne , Kistler Magdalena , Meijer Harro A. J. , Szidat Sönke , Wacker Lukas , Holzinger Rupert , Röckmann Thomas
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We measured the radioactive carbon isotope 14C (radiocarbon) in various fractions of the carbonaceous aerosol sampled between February 2011 and March 2012 at the Cesar Observatory in the Netherlands. Based on the radiocarbon content in total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC), and elemental carbon (EC), we estimated the contribution of major sources to the carbonaceous aerosol. The main source categories were fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and other contemporary carbon, which is mainly biogenic secondary organic aerosol material (SOA). A clear seasonal variation is seen in EC from biomass burning (ECbb), with lowest values in summer and highest values in winter, but ECbb is a minor fraction of EC in all seasons. WIOC from contemporary sources is highly correlated with ECbb, indicating that biomass burning is a dominant source of contemporary WIOC. This suggests that most biogenic SOA is water soluble and that water-insoluble carbon stems mainly from primary sources. Seasonal variations in other carbon fractions are less clear and hardly distinguishable from variations related to air mass history. Air masses originating from the ocean sector presumably contain little carbonaceous aerosol from outside the Netherlands, and during these conditions measured carbon concentrations reflect regional sources. In these situations absolute TC concentrations are usually rather low, around 1.5 µg m−3, and ECbb is always very low ( ∼  0.05 µg m−3), even in winter, indicating that biomass burning is not a strong source of carbonaceous aerosol in the Netherlands. In continental air masses, which usually arrive from the east or south and have spent several days over land, TC concentrations are on average by a factor of 3.5 higher. ECbb increases more strongly than TC to 0.2 µg m−3. Fossil EC and fossil WIOC, which are indicative of primary emissions, show a more moderate increase by a factor of 2.5 on average. An interesting case is fossil water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, calculated as OC-WIOC), which can be regarded as a proxy for SOA from fossil precursors. Fossil WSOC has low concentrations when regional sources are sampled and increases by more than a factor of 5 in continental air masses. A longer residence time of air masses over land seems to result in increased SOA concentrations from fossil origin.
Long-term vegetation monitoring in Great Britain – the
Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond
Authors: Wood Claire M. , Smart Simon M. , Bunce Robert G. H. , Norton Lisa R. , Maskell Lindsay C. , Howard David C. , Scott W. Andrew , Henrys Peter A.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain provides a unique series of datasets, consisting of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The same sites, with some additional squares, were used for subsequent surveys of vegetation undertaken in 1990, 1998 and 2007, with the intention of future surveys. Other data, for example regarding soils, freshwater and habitat diversity and extents, have also been sampled in the same locations on analogous dates. However, the present paper describes only the vegetation surveys. The survey design is based on a series of gridded, stratified, randomly selected 1 km squares derived from a statistical environmental classification of Britain. 256 1 km sample squares were included in the 1978 survey, 506 in 1990, 569 in 1998 and 591 in 2007. Initially each square contained up to 11 dispersed vegetation plots but additional plots were later placed in different features so that eventually up to 36 additional sampling plots were recorded, all of which can be relocated where practically possible, providing a total of 16,992 plots by 2007. This database of vegetation plots is a unique national resource providing the only comprehensive quantitative ecological coverage of Britain, with a time-series of vegetation samples dating back to 1978. Plots in different habitats, land cover types and landscape features are included. Although a range of analyses have already been carried out, with changes in the vegetation being related to a range of drivers at local and national scales, there is a major potential for further analyses, for example in relation to climate change. Data from each of the survey years (1978, 1990, 1998, 2007) are available via the following DOIs: Countryside Survey 1978 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/67bbfabb-d981-4ced-b7e7-225205de9c96), Countryside Survey 1990 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/26e79792-5ffc-4116-9ac7-72193dd7f191), Countryside Survey 1998 vegetation plot data. (https://doi.org/10.5285/07896bb2-7078-468c-b56d-fb8b41d47065), Countryside Survey 2007 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/57f97915-8ff1-473b-8c77-2564cbd747bc).
Measurement experiences with FluxSet digital D/I station
Authors: Hegymegi László , Szöllősy János , Hegymegi Csaba , Domján Ádám
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Geomagnetic observatories use classical theodolites equipped with single axis flux-gate magnetometers known as declination inclination magnetometers (DIM) to determine absolute values of declination and inclination angles. This instrument and the measurement method is very reliable but needs a lot of handwork and experience. The authors developed and built a non-magnetic theodolite which gives all measurement data in digital form. Use of this instrument significantly decreases possibility of observation errors and minimizes handwork. The new instrument is presented in this paper together with first measurement results in comparison to the classical DIM.