bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autophagy and Inflammation Regulation in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Gong Li , Pan Qingjun , Yang Nianlan
Published: September 2020

Autophagy at an appropriate juncture in the cell cycle exerts protective effects in acute kidney injury (AKI), whereas abnormal autophagy may lead to cell death. Inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiological process of kidney injury and repair during AKI. Several studies have reported an interaction between autophagy and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AKI. This review outlines recent advances in the investigation of the role of autophagy in inflammatory response regulation based on the following aspects. (1) Autophagy inhibits inflammatory responses induced in AKI through the regulation of mTOR and AMPK pathways and the inhibition of inflammasomes activation. (2) Autophagy can also help in the regulation of inflammatory responses through the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, which is beneficial to the recovery of kidney tissues. These studies reviewed here provide better insight into the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of the autophagy-inflammatory pathway. Through this review, we suggest that the autophagy-inflammatory pathway may serve as an alternative target for the treatment of AKI.
Evaluating Multiple Allelic Combination to Determine Tiller Angle Variation in Rice
Authors: Jang Su , Kang Yoo Seok , Lee Yoon Kyung , Koh Hee-Jong
Published: September 2020

Tiller angle is an important influencing factor in rice plant architecture that affects planting density and yield per unit area. Molecular tools to predict tiller angle contribute to breeding programs, which aim at optimizing rice plant architecture. In this study, several single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers related to tiller angle were developed and used with a model population to define a linear regression model for the prediction of tiller angle in rice. The resulting linear regression model, consisting of eight SNP markers as independent variables, was assessed using an independent test population. Overall, the regression model achieved an adjusted R2 of 0.51 and exhibited consistent predictive accuracy with an R2 of 0.61. Three of the eight independent variables, namely, PIN2-1, LIC1-1, and TAC1, contributed substantially to the linear regression model. These three major effect markers were also major determinants of tiller angle in the independent test population. Allelic combinations of the three major effect markers modulated tiller angle in the range of 5.6–19°. The DNA markers and linear regression model developed in this study will facilitate rice breeding programs for improving plant architecture.
Comprehensive Genomic Characterization and Expression Analysis of the Lipoxygenase Gene Family in Watermelon under Hormonal Treatments
Authors: Liu Jianping , Zhou Yong , Li Jingwen , Wang Feng , Yang Youxin
Published: September 2020

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are non-haem iron-containing dioxygenases and play vital roles in a variety of plant biological processes. Here, we first carried out the genome-wide identification of LOX genes in watermelon. A total of 16 LOX genes were identified, which could be classified into two categories according to phylogenetic analysis: the 9-LOXs (ClLOX1–4, 12, and 15) and 13-LOXs (ClLOX5–11, 13, 14, and 16). Furthermore, the protein structures, intrachromosomal distributions, and gene structures were thoroughly analyzed. Cis-element analysis of the promoter regions indicated that the expression of ClLOX genes may be influenced by stress and plant hormones. Bioinformatic and expression analyses revealed that the expression of ClLOX genes is tissue-specific and hormone-responsive. The detected LOX genes exhibited distinctive expression patterns in various tissues. Different ClLOX genes showed different responses to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET) treatments, particularly ClLOX7, which exhibited the most active response to the above treatments. This study provides valuable information for a better understanding of the functions of LOX genes and further exploration of the LOX gene family in watermelon.
An Improved Calibration Method for the Misalignment Error of a Triaxial Magnetometer and Inertial Navigation System in a Three-Component Magnetic Survey System
Authors: Li Supeng , Cheng Defu , Gao Quanming , Wang Yi , Yue Liangguang , Wang Mingchao , Zhao Jing
Published: September 2020

In order to calibrate the misalignment error of a triaxial magnetometer and an inertial navigation system in a three-component magnetic survey system, an improved method with easy realization is proposed in this paper. We establish the misalignment error model based on Euler’s theorem. We transform the calibration of misalignment error into estimating calibration parameters to minimize the value of objective function. Then, the nonlinear least squares method is used to estimate the calibration parameters. In the simulation experiment, the deviation between the value and the preset value is within 1 nT. In the field experiment, the fluctuation value of the x, y, and z components reduce to 1.09%, 0.92%, and 1.28%, respectively. The absolute deviation values are reduced to 0.72%, 0.70%, and 0.81% and the standard deviation value are reduced to 0.74%, 0.71%, 0.86%, respectively. The proposed method has advantages of high operability and precision as compared with existing methods.
Origins and Spatial Distribution of Non-Pure Sulfate Particles (NSPs) in the Stratosphere Detected by the Balloon-Borne Light Optical Aerosols Counter (LOAC)
Authors: Renard Jean-Baptiste , Berthet Gwenaël , Levasseur-Regourd Anny-Chantal , Beresnev Sergey , Miffre Alain , Rairoux Patrick , Vignelles Damien , Jégou Fabrice
Published: September 2020

While water and sulfuric acid droplets are the main component of stratospheric aerosols, measurements performed for about 30 years have shown that non-sulfate particles (NSPs) are also present. Such particles, released from the Earth mainly through volcanic eruptions, pollution or biomass burning, or coming from space, present a wide variety of compositions, sizes, and shapes. To better understand the origin of NSPs, we have performed measurements with the Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) during 151 flights under weather balloons in the 2013–2019 period reaching altitudes up to 35 km. Coupled with previous counting measurements conducted over the 2004–2011 period, the LOAC measurements indicate the presence of stratospheric layers of enhanced concentrations associated with NSPs, with a bimodal vertical repartition ranging between 17 and 30 km altitude. Such enhancements are not correlated with permanent meteor shower events. They may be linked to dynamical and photophoretic effects lifting and sustaining particles coming from the Earth. Besides, large particles, up to several tens of μm, were detected and present decreasing concentrations with increasing altitudes. All these particles can originate from Earth but also from meteoroid disintegrations and from the interplanetary dust cloud and comets.
Identification of Novel Hypothalamic MicroRNAs as Promising Therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 by Regulating ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression: An In Silico Analysis
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Debasmita , Mussa Bashair M.
Published: September 2020

Background: Neuroinvasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is well documented and, given the similarities between this virus and SARS-CoV-2, it seems that the neurological impairment that is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is due to SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion. Hypothalamic circuits are exposed to the entry of the virus via the olfactory bulb and interact centrally with crucial respiratory nuclei. Hypothalamic microRNAs are considered as potential biomarkers and modulators for various diseases and future therapeutic targets. The present study aims to investigate the microRNAs that regulate the expression of hypothalamic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), essential elements for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. Methods: To determine potential hypothalamic miRNAs that can directly bind to ACE2 and TMPRSS2, multiple target bioinformatics prediction algorithms were used, including miRBase, Target scan, and miRWalk2.029. Results: Our in silico analysis has revealed that, although there are over 5000 hypothalamic miRNAs, around 31 miRNAs and 29 miRNAs have shown binding sites and strong binding capacity against ACE2 and TMPRSS2, respectively. Conclusion: These novel potential hypothalamic miRNAs can be used to identify new therapeutic targets to treat neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients via regulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression.
Mental Health and Family Functioning in Patients and Their Family Members after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Rasmussen Mari , Arango-Lasprilla Juan , Andelic Nada , Nordenmark Tonje , Soberg Helene
Published: September 2020

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects the family as a whole. This study aimed to describe and compare mental health and family functioning in TBI patients and their family members, and to identify individual and family-related factors that were associated with mental health. It was conducted at an urban, specialized, TBI outpatient clinic and included 61 patients with mild to severe TBI and 63 family members. Baseline demographics and injury-related data were collected, and the participants answered standardized, self-reported questionnaires 6–18 months post-injury that assessed mental health; general health; family functioning, communication, and satisfaction; depression and anxiety; self-efficacy; resilience; and condition-specific quality of life. The patients reported significantly worse mental health, depression, resilience, self-efficacy, and general health compared with the family members. Patients and family members had similar perceptions, showing balanced family functioning, high family communication levels, and moderate family satisfaction. Factors significantly associated with mental health in patients and family members were depression, anxiety, and resilience, explaining 56% of the variance (p < 0.001). Family-related factors were not associated with mental health. The disease burden was mainly on the patients; however, the family members also reported emotional distress. Family-targeted interventions across the TBI continuum should be considered.
Cognitive Training Deep Dive: The Impact of Child, Training Behavior and Environmental Factors within a Controlled Trial of Cogmed for Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Scott Haleigh , Harvey Danielle J. , Li Yueju , McLennan Yingratana A. , Johnston Cindy K. , Shickman Ryan , Piven Joseph , Schweitzer Julie B. , Hessl David
Published: September 2020

Children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) exhibit deficits in a variety of cognitive processes within the executive function domain. As working memory (WM) is known to support a wide range of cognitive, learning and adaptive functions, WM computer-based training programs have the potential to benefit people with FXS and other forms of intellectual and developmental disability (IDD). However, research on the effectiveness of WM training has been mixed. The current study is a follow-up “deep dive” into the data collected during a randomized controlled trial of Cogmed (Stockholm, Sweden) WM training in children with FXS. Analyses characterized the training data, identified training quality metrics, and identified subgroups of participants with similar training patterns. Child, parent, home environment and training quality metrics were explored in relation to the clinical outcomes during the WM training intervention. Baseline cognitive level and training behavior metrics were linked to gains in WM performance-based assessments and also to reductions in inattention and other behaviors related to executive functioning during the intervention. The results also support a recommendation that future cognitive intervention trials with individuals with IDD such as FXS include additional screening of participants to determine not only baseline feasibility, but also capacity for training progress over a short period prior to inclusion and randomization. This practice may also better identify individuals with IDD who are more likely to benefit from cognitive training in clinical and educational settings.
Targeting Ca2+ Signaling in the Initiation, Promotion and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Ali Eunus S. , Rychkov Grigori Y. , Barritt Greg J.
Published: September 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a considerable health burden worldwide and a major contributor to cancer-related deaths. HCC is often not noticed until at an advanced stage where treatment options are limited and current systemic drugs can usually only prolong survival for a short time. Understanding the biology and pathology of HCC is a challenge, due to the cellular and anatomic complexities of the liver. While not yet fully understood, liver cancer stem cells play a central role in the initiation and progression of HCC and in resistance to drugs. There are approximately twenty Ca2+-signaling proteins identified as potential targets for therapeutic treatment at different stages of HCC. These potential targets include inhibition of the self-renewal properties of liver cancer stem cells; HCC initiation and promotion by hepatitis B and C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (principally involving reduction of reactive oxygen species); and cell proliferation, tumor growth, migration and metastasis. A few of these Ca2+-signaling pathways have been identified as targets for natural products previously known to reduce HCC. Promising Ca2+-signaling targets include voltage-operated Ca2+ channel proteins (liver cancer stem cells), inositol trisphosphate receptors, store-operated Ca2+ entry, TRP channels, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (Ca2++Mg2+) ATP-ase and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. However, none of these Ca2+-signaling targets has been seriously studied any further than laboratory research experiments. The future application of more systematic studies, including genomics, gene expression (RNA-seq), and improved knowledge of the fundamental biology and pathology of HCC will likely reveal new Ca2+-signaling protein targets and consolidate priorities for those already identified.
Cancer and pH Dynamics: Transcriptional Regulation, Proteostasis, and the Need for New Molecular Tools
Authors: Czowski Brandon J. , Romero-Moreno Ricardo , Trull Keelan J. , White Katharine A.
Published: September 2020

An emerging hallmark of cancer cells is dysregulated pH dynamics. Recent work has suggested that dysregulated intracellular pH (pHi) dynamics enable diverse cancer cellular behaviors at the population level, including cell proliferation, cell migration and metastasis, evasion of apoptosis, and metabolic adaptation. However, the molecular mechanisms driving pH-dependent cancer-associated cell behaviors are largely unknown. In this review article, we explore recent literature suggesting pHi dynamics may play a causative role in regulating or reinforcing tumorigenic transcriptional and proteostatic changes at the molecular level, and discuss outcomes on tumorigenesis and tumor heterogeneity. Most of the data we discuss are population-level analyses; lack of single-cell data is driven by a lack of tools to experimentally change pHi with spatiotemporal control. Data is also sparse on how pHi dynamics play out in complex in vivo microenvironments. To address this need, at the end of this review, we cover recent advances for live-cell pHi measurement at single-cell resolution. We also discuss the essential role for tool development in revealing mechanisms by which pHi dynamics drive tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.
Molecular Insights and Emerging Strategies for Treatment of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
Authors: Mallone Fabiana , Sacchetti Marta , Lambiase Alessandro , Moramarco Antonietta
Published: September 2020

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular cancer. In recent decades, major advances have been achieved in the diagnosis and prognosis of UM allowing for tailored treatments. However, nearly 50% of patients still develop metastatic disease with survival rates of less than 1 year. There is currently no standard of adjuvant and metastatic treatment in UM, and available therapies are ineffective resulting from cutaneous melanoma protocols. Advances and novel treatment options including liver-directed therapies, immunotherapy, and targeted-therapy have been investigated in UM-dedicated clinical trials on single compounds or combinational therapies, with promising results. Therapies aimed at prolonging or targeting metastatic tumor dormancy provided encouraging results in other cancers, and need to be explored in UM. In this review, the latest progress in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of UM in adjuvant and metastatic settings are discussed. In addition, novel insights into tumor genetics, biology and immunology, and the mechanisms underlying metastatic dormancy are discussed. As evident from the numerous studies discussed in this review, the increasing knowledge of this disease and the promising results from testing of novel individualized therapies could offer future perspectives for translating in clinical use.
Radiotherapy-Mediated Immunomodulation and Anti-Tumor Abscopal Effect Combining Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Zhao Xinrui , Shao Chunlin
Published: September 2020

Radiotherapy (RT) is a conventional method for clinical treatment of local tumors, which can induce tumor-specific immune response and cause the shrinkage of primary tumor and distal metastases via mediating tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Ionizing radiation (IR) induced tumor regression outside the radiation field is termed as abscopal effect. However, due to the mobilization of immunosuppressive signals by IR, the activated CD8+T cells are not sufficient to maintain a long-term positive feedback to make the tumors regress completely. Eventually, the “hot” tumors gradually turn to “cold”. With the advent of emerging immunotherapy, the combination of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and local RT has produced welcome changes in stubborn metastases, especially anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 which have been approved in clinical cancer treatment. However, the detailed mechanism of the abscopal effect induced by combined therapy is still unclear. Therefore, how to formulate a therapeutic schedule to maximize the efficacy should be took into consideration according to specific circumstance. This paper reviewed the recent research progresses in immunomodulatory effects of local radiotherapy on the tumor microenvironment, as well as the unique advantage for abscopal effect when combined with ICB, with a view to exploring the potential application value of radioimmunotherapy in clinic.
The Role of Daily Adaptive Stereotactic MR-Guided Radiotherapy for Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: Tetar Shyama U. , Bohoudi Omar , Senan Suresh , Palacios Miguel A. , Oei Swie S. , Wel Antoinet M. van der , Slotman Berend J. , Moorselaar R. Jeroen A. van , Lagerwaard Frank J. , Bruynzeel Anna M. E.
Published: September 2020

Novel magnetic-resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) permits real-time soft-tissue visualization, respiratory-gated delivery with minimal safety margins, and time-consuming daily plan re-optimisation. We report on early clinical outcomes of MRgRT and routine plan re-optimization for large primary renal cell cancer (RCC). Thirty-six patients were treated with MRgRT in 40 Gy/5 fractions. Prior to each fraction, re-contouring of tumor and normal organs on a pretreatment MR-scan allowed daily plan re-optimization. Treatment-induced toxicity and radiological responses were scored, which was followed by an offline analysis to evaluate the need for such daily re-optimization in 180 fractions. Mean age and tumor diameter were 78.1 years and 5.6 cm, respectively. All patients completed MRgRT with an average fraction duration of 45 min. Local control (LC) and overall survival rates at one year were 95.2% and 91.2%. No grade ≥3 toxicity was reported. Plans without re-optimization met institutional radiotherapy constraints in 83.9% of 180 fractions. Thus, daily plan re-optimization was required for only a minority of patients, who can be identified upfront by a higher volume of normal organs receiving 25 Gy in baseline plans. In conclusion, stereotactic MRgRT for large primary RCC showed low toxicity and high LC, while daily plan re-optimization was required only in a minority of patients.
Rapid Detection of Free Cancer Cells in Intraoperative Peritoneal Lavage Using One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA) in Gastric Cancer Patients
Authors: Gęca Katarzyna , Rawicz-Pruszyński Karol , Mielko Jerzy , Mlak Radosław , Sędłak Katarzyna , Polkowski Wojciech P.
Published: September 2020

Cytokeratin-19 (CK19) has been proven to be commonly expressed by cancer cells in a variety of solid tumors and may serve as a suitable marker of metastases in gastric cancer (GC). Since objective assessment of peritoneal lavage or fluid for free cancer cells (FCC) is essential for clinical decision making in patients with GC, it is important to develop a quantitative and reproducible method for such evaluation. We assessed the possible application of One-Step Nucleic Acid amplification (OSNA) assay as a rapid method for FCC detection in intraoperative peritoneal lavage or fluid of GC patients. Seventy-eight intraoperative peritoneal lavage or fluid samples were eligible for the analysis by conventional cytology and OSNA examination. The concentration of CK19 mRNA in intraoperative peritoneal lavage and fluid was compared with the conventional cytological assessment. CK19 mRNA concentration was detected by OSNA assay. For peritoneal lavage samples, sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 87.8%, respectively. In peritoneal fluid, significantly higher CK19 values were observed in patients with serosal infiltration (medians: 100 copies/µL vs. 415.7 copies/µL; p = 0.0335) and lymph node metastases (medians: 2.48 copies/µL vs. 334.8 copies/µL). OSNA assay turns out to be an objective, fast, and reproducible quantitative method of FCC assessment.
The Influence of Neodymium Element on the Crater Structure Formed on Al-17.5Si Alloy Surface Processed by High-Current Pulsed Electron Beam
Authors: Li Kui , Gao Bo , Xu Ning , Sun Yue , Denisov Vladimir Viktorovich , Hu Liang
Published: September 2020

The effect of neodymium element on the elimination of crater structures on the surface of Al-17.5Si metallic materials processed by high-current pulsed electron beam was investigated in this study. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the grain sizes of Al-17.5Si metallic materials were reduced and craters were removed from surfaces of the processed Al-17.5Si metallic material after addition of Nd. This can be attributed to the efficient transfer of heat accumulated in rich-silicon (primary silicon) areas without the eruption of a primary silicon phase if the size of primary silicon grains are small. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that all diffraction peaks are broadened because of the presence of structural defects, grain refinement and stress state. Electron probe micro-analyzer analysis demonstrated that Al and Nd were evenly distributed on the surface of the treated alloy, which could be attributed to the diffusion of the element. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that nano-Al and nano-Si cellular textures were generated during the treated process. The formation of these structures can be attributed to rapid heating and cooling effects by the treatment. Finally, electrochemical tests revealed that the corrosion current density of Al-17.5Si metallic materials (with Nd, 0.3 wt.%.) surface decreased by three orders of magnitude compared with that of the processed Al-17.5Si metallic material surfaces (without Nd). This can be attributed to the elimination of craters and grain refining.
Side-Channel Evaluation Methodology on Software
Authors: Guilley Sylvain , Karray Khaled , Perianin Thomas , Shrivastwa Ritu-Ranjan , Souissi Youssef , Takarabt Sofiane
Published: September 2020

Cryptographic implementations need to be robust amidst the widespread use of crypto-libraries and attacks targeting their implementation, such as side-channel attacks (SCA). Many certification schemes, such as Common Criteria and FIPS 140, continue without addressing side-channel flaws. Research works mostly tackle sophisticated attacks with simple use-cases, which is not the reality where end-to-end evaluation is not trivial. In this study we used all due diligence to assess the invulnerability of a given implementation from the shoes of an evaluator. In this work we underline that there are two kinds of SCA: horizontal and vertical. In terms of quotation, measurement and exploitation, horizontal SCA is easier. If traces are constant-time, then vertical attacks become convenient, since there is no need for specific alignment (“value based analysis”). We introduce our new methodology: Vary the key to select sensitive samples, where the values depend upon the key, and subsequently vary the mask to uncover unmasked key-dependent leakage, i.e., the flaws. This can be done in the source code (pre-silicon) for the designer or on the actual traces (post-silicon) for the test-lab. We also propose a methodology for quotations regarding SCA unlike standards that focus on only one aspect (like number of traces) and forgets about other aspects (such as equipment; cf. ISO/IEC 20085-1.
Accurate Estimation of Brittle Fracture Toughness Deterioration in Steel Structures Subjected to Large Complicated Prestrains
Authors: Kosuge Hiroaki , Kawabata Tomoya , Okita Taira , Nako Hidenori
Published: September 2020

Studies have suggested that brittle fractures occur in steel because microcracks in the brittle layer at grain boundaries propagate as a result of the increase in piled-up dislocations. Therefore, prestraining can approach the limits of a material, which could lead to a decrease in fracture toughness. However, strains are tensors comprising multiple components, so the effect of prestrain on fracture toughness is not simple. Additionally, the mechanism of change in critical stress due to prestrain has not been thoroughly investigated. For the lifetime evaluation of steel structures with a complicated load history, it is important to generalize the effect of complicated prestrain on the decrease in fracture toughness. In this paper, a single prestrain was applied in a direction different from the crack opening direction. A general three-point bending test was employed for fracture evaluation. Numerical analyses using the strain gradient plasticity (SGP) theory, which is a method based on the finite element method (FEM) are carried out; conventional macroscopic material damage rules are considered as well. Using these FEM analyses, the critical stress is calculated. Finally, the change in critical stress can be expressed by the yield point increase and dislocation density and formulated based on the identified micromechanisms.
Geometric Optimisation of Quantum Thermodynamic Processes
Authors: Abiuso Paolo , Miller Harry J. D. , Perarnau-Llobet Martí , Scandi Matteo
Published: September 2020

Differential geometry offers a powerful framework for optimising and characterising finite-time thermodynamic processes, both classical and quantum. Here, we start by a pedagogical introduction to the notion of thermodynamic length. We review and connect different frameworks where it emerges in the quantum regime: adiabatically driven closed systems, time-dependent Lindblad master equations, and discrete processes. A geometric lower bound on entropy production in finite-time is then presented, which represents a quantum generalisation of the original classical bound. Following this, we review and develop some general principles for the optimisation of thermodynamic processes in the linear-response regime. These include constant speed of control variation according to the thermodynamic metric, absence of quantum coherence, and optimality of small cycles around the point of maximal ratio between heat capacity and relaxation time for Carnot engines.
Impact of Powertrain Components Size and Degradation Level on the Energy Management of a Hybrid Industrial Self-Guided Vehicle
Authors: Ghobadpour Amin , Amamou Ali , Kelouwani Sousso , Zioui Nadjet , Zeghmi Lotfi
Published: September 2020

This paper deals with the design of an energy management strategy (EMS) for an industrial hybrid self-guided vehicle (SGV), considering the size of a fuel cell (FC) stack and degradation of a battery pack. In this context, first, a realistic energy model of the SGV was proposed and validated, based on experiments. This model provided a basis for individual components analysis, estimating energy requirements, component sizing, and testing various EMSs, prior to practical implementation. Second, the performance of the developed FC/battery SGV powertrain was validated under three EMS modes. Each mode was studied by considering four different FC sizes and three battery degradation levels. The final results showed that a small FC as a range extender is recommended, to reduce system cost. It is also important to maintain the FC in its high efficiency zones with a minimum ON/OFF cycle, leading to efficiency and lifetime enhancement of FC system. Battery SOC have to be kept at a high level during SGV operation, to support the FC during SGV acceleration. In order to improve the SGV’s overall autonomy, it is also important to minimize the stop and go and rotational SGV motion with appropriate acceleration and deceleration rate.
Assessment of the Damage from Hydrogen Pipeline Explosions on People and Buildings
Authors: Russo Paola , De Marco Alessandra , Parisi Fulvio
Published: September 2020

Failure of a pipeline carrying gaseous hydrogen can have several effects, some of which can pose a significant threat of harm to people and damage to buildings in its immediate proximity. This paper presents a probabilistic risk assessment procedure for the estimation of damage to people and buildings endangered by high-pressure hydrogen pipeline explosions. Such a procedure provides an evaluation of annual probability of damage to people and buildings under an extreme event using a combination of the conditional probability of damage triggered by an explosion and the probability that the explosion occurs as a consequence of the pipeline failure. The release of hydrogen is simulated using the LimitState:SLAB model and the size of the hydrogen-air cloud in the flammability range is evaluated, then overpressure and impulse generated by the blast are evaluated through the Netherland Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) model, while explosion effects on people and buildings are estimated through Probit equations and pressure–impulse diagrams. As for people, both direct and indirect effects of overpressure events are taken into account. For buildings, a comparison of the damage to different types of buildings (i.e., buildings made of reinforced concrete and buildings of tuff stone masonry) is also made. The probabilistic procedure presented may be used for designing a new hydrogen pipeline network and will be an advantageous tool for safe management of H2 gas pipelines.
Dynamic-Model-Based AGC Frequency Control Simulation Method for Korean Power System
Authors: Gwon Han Na , Kook Kyung Soo
Published: September 2020

To fulfill the need of operating power systems more effectively through diverse resources, frequency control conditions for maintaining a balance between generators and loads need to be provided accurately. As frequency control is generally achieved via the governor responses from local generators and the automatic generation control (AGC) frequency control of the central energy management system, it is important to coordinate these two mechanisms of frequency control efficiently. This paper proposes a dynamic-model-based AGC frequency control simulation method that can be designed and analyzed using the governor responses of generators, which are represented through dynamic models in the planning stage. In the proposed simulation model, the mechanism of the AGC frequency control is implemented based on the dynamic models of the power system, including governors and generators; hence, frequency responses from the governors and AGC can be sequentially simulated to coordinate and operate these two mechanisms efficiently. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by simulating the AGC frequency control of the Korean power system and analyzing the coordination effect of the frequency responses from the governors and AGC.
Diseases of Eucalypts in Paraguay and First Report of Teratosphaeria zuluensis from South America
Authors: Silva Ximena , Roux Jolanda , Asiegbu Fred O.
Published: September 2020

Background and objectives: The global forest economy is threatened by eucalypt pathogens which are often latent or cryptic species that escape common quarantine and detection methods. Plantation forestry using eucalypts is of considerable importance to Paraguay, but knowledge regarding the pests and diseases affecting these plantations is limited. This study identified fungal diseases present in these plantations. Materials and Methods: We surveyed eucalypt plantations in four provinces in Paraguay and collected material from diseased trees for identification of the causal agents. The samples were analyzed using a combination of morphological and molecular methods. Results: Diseases encountered included Botryosphaeria stem canker, Calonectria leaf blight, Chrysoporthe stem canker, myrtle/eucalypt rust, Coniella leaf spot, heartwood rot and Teratosphaeria stem canker. Contrary to expectations, the causal agent of Teratosphaeria stem canker was identified as Teratosphaeria zuluensis (M.J. Wingf., Crous & T.A. Cout.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous and not Teratosphaeria gauchensis (M.-N. Cortinas, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) M.J. Wingf. & Crous, that is commonly documented for the South American region. Conclusions: This study updates the knowledge on forest fungal pathogens in Paraguayan eucalypt plantations and is the first report of T. zuluensis in Paraguay and in South America.
The Value of Simple Heuristics for Virtualized Network Function Placement
Authors: Jahedi Zahra , Kunz Thomas
Published: September 2020

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) can lower the CAPEX and/or OPEX for service providers and allow for quick deployment of services. Along with the advantages come some challenges. The main challenge in the use of Virtualized Network Functions (VNF) is the VNFs’ placement in the network. There is a wide range of mathematical models proposed to place the Network Functions (NF) optimally. However, the critical problem of mathematical models is that they are NP-hard, and consequently not applicable to larger networks. In wireless networks, we are considering the scarcity of Bandwidth (BW) as another constraint that is due to the presence of interference. While there exist many efforts in designing a heuristic model that can provide solutions in a timely manner, the primary focus with such heuristics was almost always whether they provide results almost as good as optimal solution. Consequently, the heuristics themselves become quite non-trivial, and solving the placement problem for larger networks still takes a significant amount of time. In this paper, in contrast, we focus on designing a simple and scalable heuristic. We propose four heuristics, which are gradually becoming more complex. We compare their performance with each other, a related heuristic proposed in the literature, and a mathematical optimization model. Our results demonstrate that while more complex placement heuristics do not improve the performance of the algorithm in terms of the number of accepted placement requests, they take longer to solve and therefore are not applicable to larger networks.In contrast, a very simple heuristic can find near-optimal solutions much faster than the other more complicated heuristics while keeping the number of accepted requests close to the results achieved with an NP-hard optimization model.
Dynamics of a Protein Interaction Network Associated to the Aggregation of polyQ-Expanded Ataxin-1
Authors: Vagiona Aimilia-Christina , Andrade-Navarro Miguel A. , Psomopoulos Fotis , Petrakis Spyros
Published: September 2020

Background: Several experimental models of polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases have been previously developed that are useful for studying disease progression in the primarily affected central nervous system. However, there is a missing link between cellular and animal models that would indicate the molecular defects occurring in neurons and are responsible for the disease phenotype in vivo. Methods: Here, we used a computational approach to identify dysregulated pathways shared by an in vitro and an in vivo model of ATXN1(Q82) protein aggregation, the mutant protein that causes the neurodegenerative polyQ disease spinocerebellar ataxia type-1 (SCA1). Results: A set of common dysregulated pathways were identified, which were utilized to construct cerebellum-specific protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks at various time-points of protein aggregation. Analysis of a SCA1 network indicated important nodes which regulate its function and might represent potential pharmacological targets. Furthermore, a set of drugs interacting with these nodes and predicted to enter the blood–brain barrier (BBB) was identified. Conclusions: Our study points to molecular mechanisms of SCA1 linked from both cellular and animal models and suggests drugs that could be tested to determine whether they affect the aggregation of pathogenic ATXN1 and SCA1 disease progression.
How COVID-19 Changed the Information Needs of Italian Citizens
Authors: Falcone Rino , Sapienza Alessandro
Published: September 2020

Italy was the first European country to be affected by COVID-19, facing an unprecedented situation. The reaction required drastic solutions and highly restrictive measures, which severely tested the trust of the Italian people. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the introduced measures was not only linked to political decisions, but also to the choice of the Italian people to trust and rely on institutions, accepting such necessary measures. In this context, the role of information sources was fundamental, since they strongly influence public opinion. The central focus of this research was to assess the information seeking behavior (ISB) of the Italian citizens, to understand how they related to information and how their specific use of information influenced public opinion. By making use of a survey addressed to 4260 Italian citizens, we identified extraordinarily virtuous behavior in the population: people strongly modified their ISB in order to address the most reliable sources. In particular, we found a very high reliance on scientists, which is particularly striking, if compared to the past. Moreover, starting from the survey results, we used social simulation to estimate the evolution of public opinion. Comparing the ISB during and before COVID-19, we discovered that the shift in the ISB, during the pandemic, may have actually positively influenced public opinion, facilitating the acceptance of the costly restrictions introduced.
Health Risks Related to Domestic Violence against Roma Women
Authors: Kozubik Michal , van Dijk Jitse P. , Rac Ivan
Published: September 2020

Background: Data on Roma women’s experience of violence from their male partners are very scarce. We explored the process of actual domestic violence against Roma women, the threat of violence and its health consequences. We further focused on barriers in the availability of specialized support services aimed at eliminating domestic violence. Methods: The sample included 20 Roma women living throughout Slovakia: scattered among the majority (45.0%), in crisis centers and sheltered houses (40.0%), and in segregated Roma settlements (15.0%). Data were obtained through qualitative research by means of semi-structured interviews in 20 individual case studies. All 20 women had experienced a combination of violence: physical, psychological and economic, all of them connected with social isolation. Results: Prevailing gender stereotypes are a precondition of domestic violence against women, regardless of their status. Violence against Roma women resulted in several health consequences, and all of the 20 women suffered from these. Most of them reported general psychological problems (75%), among which anxiety and depression (25%), headache (25%), weight loss (10%) and health problems connected with motor activity (5%). The barriers include lack of awareness among Roma women of any specialised support services and the absence of such services for abused women in the region. Conclusions: Domestic violence results in serious psychological and physical health consequences. Violence elimination is generally set up without a specific ethnic or gender approach. Disregard of these specifics can lead to deepening of the uneven position of Roma women within the family, community and society, and the acceptance of violence against Roma women.
An Interdisciplinary Mixed-Methods Approach to Analyzing Urban Spaces: The Case of Urban Walkability and Bikeability
Authors: Resch Bernd , Puetz Inga , Bluemke Matthias , Kyriakou Kalliopi , Miksch Jakob
Published: September 2020

Human-centered approaches are of particular importance when analyzing urban spaces in technology-driven fields, because understanding how people perceive and react to their environments depends on several dynamic and static factors, such as traffic volume, noise, safety, urban configuration, and greenness. Analyzing and interpreting emotions against the background of environmental information can provide insights into the spatial and temporal properties of urban spaces and their influence on citizens, such as urban walkability and bikeability. In this study, we present a comprehensive mixed-methods approach to geospatial analysis that utilizes wearable sensor technology for emotion detection and combines information from sources that correct or complement each other. This includes objective data from wearable physiological sensors combined with an eDiary app, first-person perspective videos from a chest-mounted camera, and georeferenced interviews, and post-hoc surveys. Across two studies, we identified and geolocated pedestrians’ and cyclists’ moments of stress and relaxation in the city centers of Salzburg and Cologne. Despite open methodological questions, we conclude that mapping wearable sensor data, complemented with other sources of information—all of which are indispensable for evidence-based urban planning—offering tremendous potential for gaining useful insights into urban spaces and their impact on citizens.
Development of a Prediction Model for Demolition Waste Generation Using a Random Forest Algorithm Based on Small DataSets
Authors: Cha Gi-Wook , Moon Hyeun Jun , Kim Young-Min , Hong Won-Hwa , Hwang Jung-Ha , Park Won-Jun , Kim Young-Chan
Published: September 2020

Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been employed to predict construction and demolition (C&D) waste generation. However, most studies have used machine learning models with continuous data input variables, applying algorithms, such as artificial neural networks, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems, support vector machines, linear regression analysis, decision trees, and genetic algorithms. Therefore, machine learning algorithms may not perform as well when applied to categorical data. This article uses machine learning algorithms to predict C&D waste generation from a dataset, as a way to improve the accuracy of waste management in C&D facilities. These datasets include categorical (e.g., region, building structure, building use, wall material, and roofing material), and continuous data (particularly, gloss floor area), and a random forest (RF) algorithm was used. Results indicate that RF is an adequate machine learning algorithm for a small dataset consisting of categorical data, and even with a small dataset, an adequate prediction model can be developed. Despite the small dataset, the predictive performance according to the demolition waste (DW) type was R (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) = 0.691–0.871, R2 (coefficient of determination) = 0.554–0.800, showing stable prediction performance. High prediction performance was observed using three (for mortar), five (for other DW types), or six (for concrete) input variables. This study is significant because the proposed RF model can predict DW generation using a small amount of data. Additionally, it demonstrates the possibility of applying AI to multi-purpose DW management.
Chemical Characterization and Seasonality of Ambient Particles (PM2.5) in the City Centre of Addis Ababa
Authors: Tefera Worku , Kumie Abera , Berhane Kiros , Gilliland Frank , Lai Alexandra , Sricharoenvech Piyaporn , Samet Jonathan , Patz Jonathan , Schauer James J.
Published: September 2020

Ambient air pollution is a growing public health concern in major African cities, including Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), where little information is available on fine particulate matter (PM2.5, with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm) pollution. This paper aims to characterize annual PM2.5, including bulk composition and seasonal patterns, in Addis Ababa. We collected 24-h PM2.5 samples in the central city every 6 days from November 2015 to November 2016. The mean (±SD) daily PM2.5 concentration was 53.8 (±25.0) µg/m3, with 90% of sampled days exceeding the World Health Organization’s guidelines. Principal components were organic matter (OM, 44.5%), elemental carbon (EC, 25.4%), soil dust (13.5%), and SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium ions, 8.2%). Higher PM2.5 concentrations were observed during the heavy rain season, while crustal dust concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 37.6%, with higher levels during dry months. Meteorological variables, vehicle emissions, biomass fuels, unpaved roads, and construction activity contribute to poor air quality. Compared to the Air Quality Index (AQI), 31% and 36% of observed days were unhealthy for everyone and unhealthy for sensitive groups, respectively. We recommend adopting effective prevention strategies and pursuing research on vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and dust control to curb air pollution in the city.
The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress and Their Associated Factors in College Students
Authors: Ramón-Arbués Enrique , Gea-Caballero Vicente , Granada-López José Manuel , Juárez-Vela Raúl , Pellicer-García Begoña , Antón-Solanas Isabel
Published: September 2020

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress and associated factors in a population of college students. Method: Cross-sectional study of psychological distress measured through the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) in a sample of 1074 college students. Results: We found a moderate prevalence of depression (18.4%), anxiety (23.6%) and stress (34.5%) symptoms in our study population. Being <21, having problematic Internet use behavior, smoking, presenting insomnia and having a low self-esteem were independently associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Being a woman, living with their family, having a stable partner, consuming alcohol frequently and having poor nutritional habits were significantly associated with symptoms of stress; lacking a stable partner was significantly associated with depressive symptoms; and frequent consumption of alcohol was significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety. Conclusion: We found a moderate prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in our population. Interventions aimed at promoting mental health among college students should be implemented.