bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TECHNOLOGY CHOICE AND ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS IN A TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT CONTEXT*
Authors: YAKITA AKIRA
Published: September 2009

Assuming that an environmentally‐friendly technology not only reduces pollution emissions but also strengthens the preference of consumers for goods produced with such a technology, we show that a legally stipulated choice of cleaner technologies, requiring resources and hence reducing output, can improve the welfare of the economy even when other economies do not choose such technologies, and that the driving force can be the terms‐of‐trade effect. Therefore, even a unilateral regulation on the choice of technology would be approved in the economy when the environmental awareness of consumers is sufficiently raised.
End‐Point Estimation for Decreasing Densities: Asymptotic Behaviour of the Penalized Likelihood Ratio
Authors: PAL JAYANTA KUMAR
Published: September 2009

Abstract.  We consider the problem of estimating the modal value of a decreasing density on the positive real line. This has application in several interesting phenomena arising, for example, in renewal theory, and in biased and distance samplings. We use a penalized likelihood ratio‐based approach for inference and derive the scale‐free universal large sample null distribution of the log‐likelihood ratio, using a suitably chosen penalty parameter. We present simulation results and a real data analysis to corroborate our findings, and compare the performance of the confidence sets with the existing results.
The restricted likelihood ratio test at the boundary in autoregressive series
Authors: Chen Willa W. , Deo Rohit S.
Published: September 2009

Abstract. The restricted likelihood ratio test, RLRT, for the autoregressive coefficient in autoregressive models has recently been shown to be second‐order pivotal when the autoregressive coefficient is in the interior of the parameter space and so is very well approximated by thedistribution. In this article, the non‐standard asymptotic distribution of the RLRT for the unit root boundary value is obtained and is found to be almost identical to that of thein the right tail. Together, these two results imply that thedistribution approximates the RLRT distribution very well even for near unit root series and transitions smoothly to the unit root distribution.
‘Caring/Sharing’: Gender and Horizontal Co‐ordination in the Workplace
Authors: Hamilton Judy L.
Published: September 2009

Classical organizational theory assumes a hierarchical structure and the vertical co‐ordination of work. Horizontal co‐ordination between organizational participants is currently recognized only at upper and middle organizational levels. This qualitative study of workers at the lowest rungs of the organizational hierarchy finds that they do engage in horizontal co‐ordination by working together in ways that are invisible. This study also finds differences between same‐sex work groups in how they perceive working together. The caring/sharing phenomenon describes the sharing of work, and the implementation of horizontal co‐ordination, undertaken in the context of caring relationships among work colleagues, all of whom were women. Women and men working in same‐sex work groups differ in their conceptions of how those work groups form and how they function. The findings from this study indicate that common conceptions of teams and teamwork may in fact be male norms of horizontal co‐ordination.
The Formative Context of Organizational Hierarchies and Discourse: Implications for Organizational Change and Gender Relations
Authors: Crawford Janet Bell , Mills Albert J.
Published: September 2009

Society as artifact, meaning society as a thing that is made and imagined, is a central aspect of Roberto Unger's constructive social theory. This article develops Unger's social theory, specifically his notions of organizational hierarchy, discourse, and organizational change, and applies it to an understanding of gender relations at work. Constructive social theory is defined with a focus on the instrumental concept of formative context. A critical perspective of Unger's constructive social theory is also presented to illustrate its strengths, challenges and limitations. Drawing on literature from a variety of sources and perspectives, organizational hierarchy, organizational discourse, organizational change and gender relations are viewed through a formative context lens. The concept is then applied as a framework for organizational change through change in organizational discourse, specifically language. Change in organizational discourse through language is utilized as a means of improving gender relations: in particular, the advancement of women in organizations.
Career Sidestep, Wage Setback? The Impact of Different Types of Employment Interruptions on Wages
Authors: Theunissen Gert , Verbruggen Marijke , Forrier Anneleen , Sels Luc
Published: September 2009

We examined the wage implications of different types of wage employment interruptions in a sample of 44,384 Belgian employees. The employment interruption types included are family leave, unemployment, self‐employment, educational leave and a category other interruptions (for example, travel, voluntary work). We conduct separate analyses for men and women. Results indicate that unemployment spells and family breaks are penalized by lower subsequent wages, while the wage impact of self‐employment spells and educational leave is insignificant. Family breaks and unemployment spells were found to be more harmful for men than for women. Implications of the results and directions for future research are discussed.
From end time to the time of the end: some reflections about the emergence of subjectivity
Authors: Martin‐Vallas François
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  In this article, the author presents the first ten years of the analysis of a young patient who just barely escaped an onset of schizophrenia. The patient showed defences of the self that had been frozen with regard to his relationship to time, and had shut him outside of any rapport with time, forcing him to seek—as desperately as unconsciously—a ‘time of the end’, a present time.

He explores different ‘lived times’: circular and linear times that are both classical in Jungian theory; he then describes what he calls subjective linear ‘lived time’ as a modality for opening up instinctual objectivity to subjectivity's access to the symbolic. In his theorization of this passage, he uses the Greek notion of Kairos as well as the French psychoanalyst Jean Laplanche's theory of originary seduction.

Finally, he ties this transition to recent theories in physics of complex systems, also called chaos theory, and poses the hypothesis that this model can represent two essential qualities of subjectivity: its non‐predictability and its non‐reproductability.
The cryptomnesic origins of Jung's dream of the multi‐storeyed house
Authors: Myers Steve
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  Jung first recounted his dream of the multi‐storeyed house in the 1925 seminars to illustrate the concept of the collective unconscious and explain the influence of phylogeny on his split with Freud. However, his telling the story of the dream belies a cryptomnesic influence of the early writings of psychoanalysis because Josef Breuer used a similar image to illustrate the structure of the psyche which Édouard Claparède associated with a phylogenetic inheritance. When telling the story of the dream, Jung misrepresented Freud's position, creating the impression of there being a bigger difference between their theories than was actually the case, and giving the dream a fictional significance for the breakdown of their relationship. In fact, Jung followed Freud into the fields of mythology and phylogenetics, and their split was due primarily to their different attitudes towards sexuality rather than phylogeny. The dream image has therefore led to a misunderstanding of Freudian theory when viewed from within a Jungian perspective. Freud believed there was a phylogenetic layer in the psyche, though he held a different view to Jung on its nature and importance.
The late positive potential: a neurophysiological marker for emotion regulation in children
Authors: Dennis Tracy A. , Hajcak Greg
Published: September 2009

Background:  The ability to modulate emotional responses, or emotion regulation, is a key mechanism in the development of mood disruptions. Detection of a neural marker for emotion regulation thus has the potential to inform early detection and intervention for mood problems. One such neural marker may be the late positive potential (LPP), which is a scalp‐recorded event‐related potential reflecting facilitated attention to emotional stimuli. In adults, the LPP is reduced following use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal. No studies to date have examined the LPP in relation to cognitive emotion regulation in children, and whether the LPP is related to parent‐report measures of emotion regulation and mood disruptions.

Methods:  To examine this question, high‐density electroencephalograph (EEG) was recorded from 20 children (M age = 87.8 months, SD = 18.02; 10 girls) while they viewed unpleasant emotional pictures following either a directed negative or neutral interpretation of the picture.

Results:  As predicted, the LPP was smaller following neutral versus negative interpretations at posterior recording sites, except for younger girls (aged 5–6). The timing of this effect was later than that reported in studies with adults. For all children, greater modulation of the LPP by neutral interpretations was associated with reduced anxious‐depressed symptoms, whereas larger LPPs for both interpretation types were associated with greater mood symptoms and worse parent‐reported emotion regulation.

Conclusions:  Results suggest that the LPP may represent a clinically relevant neural marker for emotion regulation and mood disruptions.
Tree endurance on the Tibetan Plateau marks the world’s highest known tree line of the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Opgenoorth Lars , Vendramin Giovanni G. , Mao Kangshan , Miehe Georg , Miehe Sabine , Liepelt Sascha , Liu Jianquan , Ziegenhagen Birgit
Published: September 2009

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03112.xCommentary p 5
Utilisation of buttermilk for the preparation of carbonated fruit‐flavoured beverages
Authors: SHAIKH MERAJ FATIMA BURHANUDDIN , RATHI SATYANARAYAN DAGDULAL
Published: September 2009

This study set out to utilise buttermilk to formulate beverages. Various filtration techniques, such as prefiltration and ultrafiltration were used, and orange, mango and pineapple juices were added with a view to making them more nutritious and acceptable organoleptically. Carbonation remarkably improved the sensory characteristics of the beverages, which were found to be more acceptable than the market samples. The beverage containing 12% sugar, 24% pineapple juice and processed by ultrafiltration was adjudged the best compared with other combinations.
Urban–agricultural water appropriation: the Hyderabad, India case
Authors: CELIO MATTIA , SCOTT CHRISTOPHER A , GIORDANO MARK
Published: September 2009

With the urbanisation drive comes steady growth in urban water demand. Although in the past this new demand could often be met by tapping unclaimed water sources, this option is increasingly untenable in many regions where little if any unclaimed water remains. The result is that urban water capture, and the appropriation of associated physical and institutional infrastructure, now often implies conflict with other existing uses and users. While the urbanisation process has been studied in great depth, the processes and, critically, impacts of urban water capture and appropriation are not well researched or understood. This paper undertakes a critical examination of the specific case of Hyderabad, one of India's fastest growing cities, to shed light more generally on the process of water capture by cities and the resultant impacts on pre‐existing claims, particularly agriculture. It does this by examining the history and institutional response to Hyderabad's urban–rural water contest; how the results of that contest are reflected in surface and groundwater hydrology; and the eventual impacts on agriculture. The findings show that the magnitude, and sometimes even direction, of impact from urban water transfer vary in space and time and depend on location‐specific rainfall patterns, the nature of existing water infrastructure and institutions, and farmers' adaptive capacities and options, notably recourse to groundwater. Broader consideration of the specific findings provides insights into policy mechanisms to reduce the possible negative impacts from the global, and seemingly inexorable, flow of water to the world's growing cities.
A new baleen whale from the Late Miocene of Denmark and early mysticete hearing
Authors: STEEMAN METTE E.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  The extinct mysticete fauna of the North East Atlantic is primarily known from the abundant but fragmented Belgian specimens. Compared to the well‐preserved contemporary mysticete fauna from deposits in North America, there are only few near complete European Miocene mysticete fossils. Presented here is a new, almost complete fossil baleen whale Uranocetus gramensis gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Miocene Gram Formation in South West Denmark. It is the first stem‐balaenopterid that has an initial stage of reduction in the mandibular cavity and a rostral configuration that is intermediate between that of other stem‐balaenopterids and true balaenopterids. It is likely that Uranocetus used a gulp feeding technique that approaches that of balaenopterids. Details of the periotic and mandibular morphology place Uranocetus in the family Diorocetidae Steeman 2007. The large mandibular cavity in Uranocetus and most other extinct mysticetes, when compared to the reduced condition in recent mysticetes, is not an indication that early mysticetes used odontocete‐like echolocation. In Uranocetus and a distantly related mysticete, high frequency sounds in the range odontocetes use for echolocation would suffer a significant volume loss across the lateral mandibular wall on the passage towards the inner ear. A reduction in the mandibular cavity in separate evolutionary lineages of mysticetes may be the result of a shift towards the use of low frequency sounds.
A new neosuchian crocodylomorph (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Early Cretaceous of north‐east Brazil
Authors: FORTIER DANIEL C. , SCHULTZ CESAR L.
Published: September 2009

Abstract: A new neosuchian crocodylomorph,Susisuchus jaguaribensissp. nov., is described based on fragmentary but diagnostic material. It was found in fluvial‐braided sediments of the Lima Campos Basin, north‐eastern Brazil, 115 km from whereSusisuchus anatocepswas found, in rocks of the Crato Formation, Araripe Basin.S. jaguaribensisandS. anatocepsshare a squamosal–parietal contact in the posterior wall of the supratemporal fenestra. A phylogenetic analysis places the genusSusisuchusas the sister group to Eusuchia, confirming earlier studies. Because of its position, we recovered the family name Susisuchidae, but with a new definition, being node‐based group including the last common ancestor ofSusisuchus anatocepsandSusisuchus jaguaribensisand all of its descendents. This new species corroborates the idea that the origin of eusuchians was a complex evolutionary event and that the fossil record is still very incomplete.
High European sauropod dinosaur diversity during Jurassic–Cretaceous transition in Riodeva (Teruel, Spain)
Authors: ROYO‐TORRES RAFAEL , COBOS ALBERTO , LUQUE LUIS , ABERASTURI AINARA , ESPÍLEZ EDUARDO , FIERRO IGNACIO , GONZÁLEZ ANA , MAMPEL LUIS , ALCALÁ LUIS
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  Up to now, more than 40 dinosaur sites have been found in the latest Jurassic – earliest Cretaceous sedimentary outcrops (Villar del Arzobispo Formation) of Riodeva (Iberian Range, Spain). Those already excavated, as well as other findings, provide a large and diverse number of sauropod remains, suggesting a great diversity for this group in the Iberian Peninsula during this time. Vertebrae and ischial remains from Riodevan site RD‐13 are assigned to Turiasaurus riodevensis (a species described in RD‐10, Barrihonda site), which is part of the Turiasauria clade. This is the first time that a taxon is attributed to Turiasaurus genus out of its type site. A Neosauropod caudal vertebra from the RD‐11 site has been classified as Diplodocinae indet., supporting the previous attribution on an ilion also found in Riodeva (CPT‐1074) referring to the Diplodocidae clade. New remains from the RD‐28, RD‐41 and RD‐43 sites, of the same age, among which there are caudal vertebrae, are assigned to Macronaria. New sauropod footprints from the Villar del Arzobispo Formation complete the extraordinary sauropod record coming to light in the area. The inclusion of other sauropods from different contemporaneous exposures in Teruel within the Turiasauria clade adds new evidence of a great diversity of sauropods in Iberia during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition. Turiasauria distribution contributes to the understanding of European and global palaeobiogeography.
Origins and biomechanical evolution of teeth in echinoids and their relatives
Authors: REICH MIKE , SMITH ANDREW B.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  Echinoid teeth are without doubt the most complex and highly specialized skeletal component to have evolved in echinoderms. They are biomechanically constructed to be resilient and tough while maintaining a self‐sharpening point. Based on SEM analysis of isolated tooth elements collected primarily from the Ordovician and Silurian of Gotland, we provide a detailed structural analysis of the earliest echinoderm teeth. Eight distinct constructional designs are recognized encompassing various degrees of sophistication, from a simple vertical battery of tooth spines to advanced teeth with multiple tooth plate series and a reinforced core of fibres. These provide key data from which we reconstruct the early stages of tooth evolution. The simplest teeth are composed of stacked rod‐like elements with solid calcite tips. More advanced teeth underwent continuous replacement of tooth elements, as a simple self‐sharpening mechanism. Within echinoids tooth design was refined by evolving thinner, flatter primary plates with buttressing, allowing maintenance of a sharper and stronger biting edge. Despite the obvious homology between the lanterns of ophiocistioids and echinoids, their teeth are very different in microstructural organization, and they have evolved different self‐sharpening mechanisms. Whereas echinoid teeth evolved from a biseries of mouth spines, ophiocistioid goniodonts evolved from a single series of mouth spines. Rogeriserra represents the most primitive known battery of tooth elements but its taxonomic affinities remain unknown.
Redescription of Drepanopterus abonensis (Chelicerata: Eurypterida: Stylonurina) from the late Devonian of Portishead, UK
Authors: LAMSDELL JAMES C. , BRADDY SIMON J. , TETLIE O. E.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  Stylonurid eurypterids (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) include some of the largest known arthropods – bizarre sweep‐feeding hibbertopterids from the Carboniferous to end‐Permian. New material of Drepanopterus abonensis, a stylonurid from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of Portishead, south‐west England, offers key insights into this genus and its affinities. A redescription utilising the new material enables D. abonensis to be assigned as basal member of the Superfamily Hibbertopteroidea, the large‐sweep‐feeding forms, possessing a cleft metastoma and blades (modified blunt spines) on their anterior prosomal appendages. D. abonensis also shares characters such as a clavate telson and median ridge on the carapace with the proposed hibbertopteroid sister group the Kokomopteroidea. Hibbertopteroid eurypterids are the most long‐ranging stylonurids, surviving the decline and extinction of the other eurypterid families in the Late Devonian, their survival probably because of their sweep‐feeding mode of life, which was not in direct competition with their eurypterine relatives and other predators.
The Luliangshan garnet peridotite massif of the North Qaidam UHPM belt, NW China ‐ a review of its origin and metamorphic evolution
Authors: SONG S. G. , NIU Y. L. , ZHANG L. F. , BUCHER K.
Published: September 2009

The Luliangshan garnet peridotite massif is an ultramafic complex in the North Qaidam UHPM belt, NW China. The strongly layered complex comprising garnet‐bearing dunite, garnet‐harzburgite, garnet‐lherzolite and garnet‐pyroxenite and garnet‐free dunite, occurs together with eclogite embedded in various continental gneisses. The geological setting, the internal structure, bulk‐composition, rare earth elements, isotopic and mineral composition data show that the garnet peridotite derives from a middle Ordovician Alaskan‐type layered sub‐arc cumulate intrusion of ascending mantle wedge melts. An abyssal peridotite protolith can be excluded. During the Ordovician‐Silurian continental collision, thickening and foundering, the Luliangshan peridotite complex was exposed to ultrahigh pressures (UHP) reaching 5.5 GPa possibly >6 GPa at temperatures of 900 °C (perhaps up to 1000 °C) corresponding to a depth of ∼200 km. The extreme pressure conditions have been derived from thermobarometry using mineral compositions of the garnet peridotite assemblages, but they are supported by a wealth of decompression‐induced mineral exsolutions in UHP minerals and by diamond inclusion in zircon. The Luliangshan garnet peridotite has experienced four stages of retrograde overprint during exhumation that lasted into the Devonian: (i) decompression‐induced unmixing of the UHP minerals; (ii) garnet kelyphitisation; (iii) amphibole overprinting and (iv) serpentinization. Hydrous minerals occurring within peak metamorphic assemblage represent pseudo‐inclusions, that is reaction products of reactions related to various stages of decompression and cooling rather than prograde inclusions during porphyroblast growth.
Ultrastructural Changes in Axons Following Exposure to Pulsed Radiofrequency Fields
Authors: Erdine Serdar , Bilir Ayhan , Cosman Eric R. , Cosman Jr. Eric R.
Published: September 2009

Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) fields applied by an electrode to neural structures, such as the peripheral sensory nociceptor axons and dorsal root ganglion, are clinically effective in reducing pain and other neuropathic syndromes. However, a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which this occurs has not yet been clarified. In this study, PRF is applied to the afferent axons of the sciatic nerves of rats. A standard radiofrequency (RF) electrode and RF generator is used to apply the RF signal output to the sciatic nerve using standard PRF parameters that have been successfully used in clinical practice. The ultrastructure of the treated axons is observed after 10 days by electron microscopy. A control, sham application is simultaneously applied to the contralateral sciatic nerve to provide a statistical differential comparison. It is found that the internal ultrastructural components of the axons show microscopic damage after PRF exposure, including: abnormal membranes and morphology of mitochondria, and disruption and disorganization of microfilaments and microtubules. The damage appears to be more pronounced for C‐fibers than for A‐delta and A‐beta fibers. The results are discussed in terms of internal electric field strengths and thermodynamic parameters.
The Effects of Monetary Policy on Unemployment Dynamics under Model Uncertainty: Evidence from the United States and the Euro Area
Authors: ALTAVILLA CARLO , CICCARELLI MATTEO
Published: September 2009

This paper explores the role that the imperfect knowledge of the structure of the economy plays in the uncertainty surrounding the effects of rule‐based monetary policy on unemployment dynamics in the euro area and the United States. We employ a Bayesian model averaging procedure on a wide range of models which differ in several dimensions to account for the uncertainty that the policymaker faces when setting the monetary policy and evaluating its effect on real economy. We find evidence of a high degree of dispersion across models in both policy rule parameters and impulse response functions. Moreover, monetary policy shocks have very similar recessionary effects on the two economies with a different role played by the participation rate in the transmission mechanism. Finally, we show that a policymaker who does not take model uncertainty into account and selects the results on the basis of a single model may come to misleading conclusions not only about the transmission mechanism, but also about the differences between the euro area and the United States, which are on average essentially small.
The Impact of Central Bank Independence on Political Monetary Cycles in Advanced and Developing Nations
Authors: ALPANDA SAMI , HONIG ADAM
Published: September 2009

This paper examines the extent to which monetary policy is manipulated for political purposes during elections. We do not detect political monetary cycles in advanced countries or developing nations with independent central banks. We do find evidence, however, in developing countries that lack central bank independence. Furthermore, we find some evidence that these cycles are not caused by monetization of election‐related fiscal expansions. This suggests that pressure by politicians on the central bank to exploit the Phillips curve may be an important factor in generating political monetary cycles.
Repo Auctions and the Market for Liquidity
Authors: BINDSEIL ULRICH , NYBORG KJELL G. , STREBULAEV ILYA A.
Published: September 2009

What is the nature of imperfections in the market for liquidity? Studying bidder level data from European Central Bank (ECB) repo auctions, we find that this market appears to be informationally efficient in the sense that participants do not have private information about future short‐term rates. However, auction allocations affect banks' subsequent behavior in a way that is consistent with a degree of allocational and operational inefficiency. Also, large bidders appear to have better access to the interbank market than small ones. Finally, the evidence suggests that the ECB uses collateral haircuts that do not equilibrate opportunity costs.
Reading Their Book of Faith: North American Muslims and Their Interpretations of the Qur’an in the Post 9/11 Era
Authors: Grafton David D.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  This article seeks to provide an overarching view of the North American Muslim conversation about interpreting the Qur’an in a post 9/11 world. While most Western critiques of Islam focus on reading the texts of Islam, the author argues that one must also listen to the contemporary intra‐Muslim conversation about their own text, in order to faithfully understand the Muslim perspective. In this conversation, the author provides evidence for a plurality of social‐political views among Muslims and notes that the post 9/11 North American context is alive and well with such faith conversations.
Ecology, Justice, Liturgy: A Theological Autobiography
Authors: Santmire H. Paul
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  A narrative of the vocational trajectory and theology of a longstanding Christian theologian of nature and church practitioner, from the Lynn White, Jr. controversy to ecojustice issues, through historical Christian attitudes toward nature, cosmic Christology, and the ecological renewal of the Church's liturgy.
Emergency Medicine and Political Influence
Authors: Hemphill Robin R. , Sklar David P. , Christopher Theodore , Kellermann Arthur L. , Tarrant James R.
Published: September 2009

The 2008 election brought sweeping political change to Washington, DC. For a variety of reasons, there is also substantial political momentum for reform of our health care system. At the 2008 Association of American Medical Colleges meeting in San Antonio, Texas, the Association of Academic Chairs of Emergency Medicine, meeting in conjunction with the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, chose to examine the topic of “advocacy and political influence.” This article summarizes comments made at the meeting and develops the argument that expertise in health policy and political advocacy are valuable skills that should be considered legitimate components of scholarly activity in academic emergency medicine. Strategies for effective advocacy of issues relevant to emergency medicine and emergency patient care are also discussed.
Phytohaemagglutinin injection has a long‐lasting effect on immune cells
Authors: Sarv Tuul , Hõrak Peeter
Published: September 2009

Measurement of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐induced skin swelling is the most popular assay of immune function in avian studies. The mechanisms causing swelling have been relatively well studied; however, very little is known about the potential long term physiological effects of PHA. Here we show that injection of PHA into patagium of captive greenfinches Carduelis chloris increases the concentration of heterophils (phagocytic cells of the innate immune response) in the peripheral blood for at least 30 days. Such long‐term consequences should be taken into account when using PHA skin test in studies monitoring changes in individual physiological condition and/or immune status.
The potential role of c‐Jun activation in patients with cutaneous lichen planus
Authors: Marčeková Zuzana , Flaig Michael J. , Kekuš Maja , Ruzicka Thomas , Rupec Rudolf A.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  c‐Jun, a component of the activating protein‐1 transcription factor family, has been known to play an important role in the control of cell proliferation. It is also suspected to be a critical mediator of tumor promotion. However, investigations of c‐Jun activation patterns in inflammatory and inflammatory transforming skin diseases have not been described so far. In this work, we show the c‐Jun activation pattern in skin samples of patients with cutaneous lichen planus (LP), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), psoriasis and normal skin using an immunohistochemical approach and Western blot analysis. In addition, we studied the c‐Jun activation pattern in histological samples of three patients in whom LP transformed to SCC. We show that c‐Jun is rarely activated in normal skin and psoriasis in contrast to LP and SCC. Our results suggest that c‐Jun activation in human skin is involved in (1) proliferation and (2) could potentially participate in the transformation of LP from an inflammatory to a carcinogenic state. Nevertheless, JNK1/2, an important c‐Jun activating kinase, was not found to be differentially regulated in LP and SCC compared with normal skin.
Comparative in situ topoproteome analysis reveals differences in patch test‐induced eczema: cytotoxicity‐dominated nickel versus pleiotrope pollen reaction
Authors: Eyerich Kilian , Böckelmann Raik , Pommer Ansgar J. , Foerster Stefanie , Hofmeister Henning , Huss‐Marp Johannes , Cavani Andrea , Behrendt Heidrun , Ring Johannes , Gollnick Harald , Bonnekoh Bernd , Traidl‐Hoffmann Claudia
Published: September 2009

Please cite this paper as: Comparative in situ topoproteome analysis reveals differences in patch test‐induced eczema: cytotoxicity‐dominated nickel versus pleiotrope pollen reaction. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 511–517.

Abstract:  A subgroup of patients with atopic eczema develops acute eczematous reactions to type I allergy‐inducing agents such as pollen that clinically resemble type IV allergies induced by haptens like metal ions. To clarify the underlying immunologic mechanisms, this study was designed to map the inflammatory in situ topoproteome of eczematous responses to grass/birch pollen and nickel by using atopy patch test (APT) and nickel patch test (NPT) as an appropriate clinical model, respectively. Biopsies from NPT (n = 6) and APT (n = 6) with positive reactions at 72 h were analysed by multiple epitope ligand cartography (MELC), which enabled to investigate coexpression of 49 different epitopes immunohistochemically in a single given tissue section. Colocalisation of IgE and FcεRI was investigated by confocal microscopy. Compared with APT responses, NPT reactions were dominated by cytotoxic TIA‐1 + and CD8 +  T cells. In contrast, the immune response in APT reactions appeared more pleiotrope – as detected by colocalisation analysis. Multiple combinatorial molecular phenotype (CMP) motifs containing naive, early maturation and memory T cell (CD45RA, CD7, CD44, CD45R0), and general activation markers (CLA, HLA‐DR, CD13, CD29, CD58, CD71, CD138) were significantly higher expressed in APT when compared with NPT reactions. APT response was confirmed to be accompanied by IgE bound to FcεRI. In summary, our results demonstrate that the NPT reaction is clearly dominated by cytotoxic events, while the APT reaction to pollen grains is more heterogeneous and elicits a combined humoral and cellular immune reaction.
Model specification in oral health‐related quality of life research
Authors: Kieffer Jacobien M. , Verrips Erik , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: September 2009

The aim of this study was to analyze conventional wisdom regarding the construction and analysis of oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) questionnaires and to outline statistical complications. Most methods used for developing and analyzing questionnaires, such as factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha, presume psychological constructs to be latent, inferring a reflective measurement model with the underlying assumption of local independence. Local independence implies that the latent variable explains why the variables observed are related. Many OHRQoL questionnaires are analyzed as if they were based on a reflective measurement model; local independence is thus assumed. This assumption requires these questionnaires to consist solely of items that reflect, instead of determine, OHRQoL. The tenability of this assumption is the main topic of the present study. It is argued that OHRQoL questionnaires are a mix of both a formative measurement model and a reflective measurement model, thus violating the assumption of local independence. The implications are discussed.
Signal transduction and gene transcription induced by TFF3 in oral keratinocytes
Authors: Storesund Trond , Schenck Karl , Osmundsen Harald , Røed Asbjørn , Helgeland Kristen , Kolltveit Kristin M.
Published: September 2009

Trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) is secreted in saliva. The peptide improves the mechanical and chemical resistance of mucins, and it may act as a motility signal for oral keratinocytes during wound healing. This study aimed to identify novel functions of TFF3 in oral keratinocytes. To achieve this, we used phosphoprotein and messenger RNA (mRNA) arrays to compare TFF3‐treated and untreated oral keratinocytes. Analysis of the phosphoprotein array indicated that TFF3 signals through the mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and through the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB) pathway. Microarray analysis of mRNA showed that TFF3 stimulation induced changes in the expression of genes functionally related to cell death/survival, cell growth and proliferation, and cell movement. The reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) results indicated that the transcription of some immediate‐early genes (IEGs) was downregulated, whereas the IEGs FBJ osteosarkoma oncogene (FOS) and C‐MYC binding protein (MYCBP2) were transiently upregulated by TFF3 stimulation. Together, the results of the arrays indicate that TFF3 is a modifying factor in pathways regulating cell survival, cell growth and proliferation, and cell migration of oral keratinocytes. Trefoil factor family 3 may therefore promote oral wound healing and it should be considered for the treatment of oral ulcerating diseases, or of other diseases.
Functional estrogen receptors alpha and beta are expressed in normal human salivary gland epithelium and apparently mediate immunomodulatory effects
Authors: Tsinti Maria , Kassi Eva , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Kapsogeorgou Efstathia , Moutsatsou Paraskevi , Patsouris Efstratios , Manoussakis Menelaos N.
Published: September 2009

Salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) have been shown to participate in immunological responses and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). Experimental evidence from animal models indicates that estrogen deficiency may also participate in SS pathogenesis. However, the expression and functionality of the estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) in normal human salivary epithelium is unknown. To investigate these points, formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded specimens and cultured non‐neoplastic SGEC lines derived from nine minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsies with normal histology were studied. Immunohistochemical analyses detected the epithelial expression of ERα, ERβ1, and ERβ2 protein isoforms both in MSG tissues and in cultured SGECs. Such epithelial expression was verified by immunoblotting of various ER proteins in cellular extracts of cultured SGECs (full‐length‐ERα, ERα‐Δ3, ERβ1‐long, ERβ1‐short, and ERβ2‐long isoforms). Estrogens did not induce growth or apoptosis in cultured SGECs. However, similarly to other cellular systems, treatment of cultured SGECs with estrogens (17β‐estradiol and the ERα‐ and ERβ‐selective agonists propylpyrazole‐triol and diarylpropiolnitrile, respectively) inhibited the interferon‐γ‐inducible expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1. This finding corroborated the functionality of ER expressed by SGEC. Our results suggest that salivary epithelium expresses constitutively functional ERα and ERβ proteins that apparently mediate immunomodulatory effects.
Epstein–Barr virus prevalence in oral squamous cell cancer and in potentially malignant oral disorders in an eastern Hungarian population
Authors: Kis Andrea , Fehér Enikő , Gáll Tamás , Tar Ildikó , Boda Róbert , Tóth Etelka D. , Méhes Gábor , Gergely Lajos , Szarka Krisztina
Published: September 2009

We tested 65, 44, and 116 patients with oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC), oral leukoplakia (OL), and oral lichen planus (OLP) against 68 age‐matched controls for the presence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Apparently healthy mucosa was simultaneously sampled and examined in all patients. Paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of all EBV‐positive patients with OSCC were examined for latent membrane protein‐1 (LMP‐1) expression (demonstrable in most EBV‐associated malignancies) using immunohistochemistry. The prevalence of EBV in the controls and in OSCC, OL, and OLP lesions was 19.1%, 73.8%, 29.5%, and 46.6%, respectively, and 66.2%, 22.7%, and 31.9% in the healthy mucosa of patients, respectively. The prevalence of EBV in OSCC patients was significantly higher than in controls or in respective samples of the other two patient groups both in the lesion and in the healthy mucosa. Comparisons including only patients with EBV‐negative lesions yielded similar results. Lesions of patients with OLP, but not of patients with OL, differed significantly from controls in EBV prevalence. In OSCC, LMP‐1 expression was not detected, and EBV carriage was not significantly associated with any risk factors and did not influence the outcome. Although a high prevalence of EBV was found in OSCC, comparable carriage rates on healthy mucosa of patients indicated that an aetiological role of EBV is unlikely.
In vitro degradation of resin–dentin bonds with one‐bottle self‐etching adhesives
Authors: Hashimoto Masanori , Fujita Shinichi , Endo Kazuhiko , Ohno Hiroki
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the durability of one‐bottle self‐etching adhesive during long‐term water‐storage testing. Resin–dentin bonded specimens were prepared using four commercially available one‐bottle self‐etching adhesives. The specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive interface to produce beam‐shaped specimens that were stored in water for 24 h (control group) and 100, 200, and 300 d (experimental groups). After each storage period, the beams were subjected to a microtensile bond test. After the bond test, fractured surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope. In addition, interfacial observations of the silver tracer were performed using the secondary and back‐scatter modes of the scanning electron microscope. The bond strength of all tested adhesives decreased significantly after 100 or more days in water. The interfacial observations showed an oxygen‐inhibition zone as electron lucent in the adhesive–composite border in control specimens, displaying silver impregnation with breakage after aging. The deterioration of the oxygen‐inhibition zone in the adhesive–resin composite junction resulted in a decrease in bond strength after 100 d in water for one‐bottle self‐etching adhesives.
Analysis of differential artificial ageing of the adhesive interface produced by a two‐step etch‐and‐rinse adhesive
Authors: Saboia Vicente P. A. , Silva Francisco C. F. A. , Nato Fernando , Mazzoni Annalisa , Cadenaro Milena , Mazzotti Giovanni , Giannini Marcelo , Breschi Lorenzo
Published: September 2009

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of different in vitro ageing techniques on the dentine‐bonded interface produced by a two‐step etch‐and‐rinse adhesive. Composite build‐ups were bonded to sectioned human molars using XP BOND and cut into non‐trimmed dentine–composite beams for microtensile testing. Beams were assigned to one of the following storage conditions: (i) artificial saliva, 24 h (control); (ii) 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 1 h; (iii) 10% NaOCl, 3 h; (iv) 60,000 thermal cycles, 2 months; (v) artificial saliva, 2 months; (vi) 60,000 thermal cycles, 6 months; and (vii) artificial saliva, 6 months. Beams were then pulled until failure and bond strength was calculated. Additional specimens were examined to investigate interfacial nanoleakage expression. NaOCl solution significantly reduced bonding compared with the control (group 2 = group 3 < group 1); and thermocycling reduced the bond strength in comparison to specimens stored for the same time‐period in artificial saliva (group 4 < group 5; group 6 < group 7). Artificial ageing affected bond strength only after 6 months of storage (group 7 < group 5 = group 1). Increased nanoleakage was found under all ageing conditions in comparison with controls. NaOCl solution is a rapid and reliable in vitro ageing method for examining the durability of the adhesive interface produced by two‐step etch‐and‐rinse adhesive systems.
Localization of antimicrobial peptides human β‐defensins in minor salivary glands with Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Kaneda Yoshihiro , Yamaai Tomoichiro , Mizukawa Nobuyoshi , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Yamachika Eiki , Gunduz Mehmet , Sawaki Koichi , Yamanishi Yuji , Matsubara Masakazu , Katase Naoki , Takagi Shin
Published: September 2009

Sjögren’s syndrome is a common systemic autoimmune disease associated with inflammatory cells that infiltrate exocrine glands. The antimicrobial peptides human β‐defensin‐1, human β‐defensin‐2, and human β‐defensin‐3 are expressed in various human epithelial cells and in normal salivary glands. Antimicrobial peptides provide local protection against infection and participate in inflammatory responses. Because of the presence of inflammation, we hypothesized that human β‐defensin expression in minor salivary glands may be increased in subjects with Sjögren’s syndrome. However, the expression of human β‐defensins 1 and 2 was decreased in salivary glands affected by Sjögren’s syndrome in comparison with the human β‐defensin expression patterns in salivary glands from normal subjects. In addition, the reduction in expression of human β‐defensin‐2 was greater than the reduction in expression of human β‐defensin‐1. The aforementioned result suggests that the reduction in expression of human β‐defensin‐2 may occur earlier than the reduction in expression of human β‐defensin‐1, which may lead to a greater decrease in human β‐defensin‐2 than in human β‐defensin‐1 during disease progression.
Effect on de novo plaque formation of rinsing with toothpaste slurries and water solutions with a high fluoride concentration (5,000 ppm)
Authors: Nordström A. , Mystikos C. , Ramberg P. , Birkhed D.
Published: September 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect, on de novo plaque formation, of rinsing with toothpaste slurries and water solutions containing a high concentration of fluoride (F). Sixteen subjects rinsed three times per day for 4 d with dentifrice slurries containing 5,000, 1,500, and 500 ppm F, while 12 subjects rinsed with water solutions containing 5,000, 1,500, 500, and 0 ppm F, and 1.5% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Plaque was scored [using the Quigley & Hein index (QHI)] after each 4‐d period. Plaque samples for F analysis were collected. Significantly less plaque was scored for the dentifrice slurry containing 5,000 ppm F (buccal and all surfaces) and for 1.5% SLS (buccal surfaces). The differences in plaque scores between dentifrice containing 5,000 and 1,500 ppm F were 19% for all surfaces and 33% for buccal surfaces. The difference between the water solutions containing 1.5% SLS and 1,500 ppm F for buccal surfaces was 23%; the corresponding difference for 5,000 ppm F was 17%. The dentifrice slurry containing 5,000 ppm F accumulated 56% more F in plaque. The combination of high levels of F and SLS in dentifrice reduces de novo plaque formation and increases the accumulation of F in plaque after 4 d.
Mixing ability test compared with a comminution test in persons with normal and compromised masticatory performance
Authors: Speksnijder C. M. , Abbink J. H. , Van Der Glas H. W. , Janssen N. G. , Van Der Bilt A.
Published: September 2009

A mastication test was needed with a material that forms a bolus and is soft enough to be chewed by persons with compromised oral function, in particular patients confronted with oral cancer. We therefore developed a wax‐mixing ability test and compared it with a comminution test using Optocal as test food. We hypothesized that the mixing ability test would be better at differentiating between groups of persons with compromised masticatory performance than the comminution test. Sixty healthy subjects were recruited in three groups of 20, matched for age and gender: a group with natural dentition; a group with full dentures; and a group with maxillary denture and implant‐supported mandibular overdenture. The mixing ability test was found to discriminate better between the two full‐denture groups than the comminution test.
Effects of N-acetylcysteine on substance use in bipolar disorder: A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Bernardo Michelle , Dodd Seetal , Gama Clarissa S. , Copolov David L , Dean Olivia , Kohlmann Kristy , Jeavons Susan , Schapkaitz Ian , Anderson-Hunt Murray , Bush Ashley I , Berk Michael
Published: September 2009

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on substance use in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of NAC in bipolar disorder. It is hypothesised that NAC will be superior to placebo for reducing scores on the Clinical Global Impressions scale for Substance Use (CGI-SU).

Methods:

Participants were randomised to a 6-months of treatment with 2 g/day NAC (n = 38) or placebo (n = 37). Substance use was assessed at baseline using a Habits instrument. Change in substance use was assessed at regular study visits using the CGI-SU.

Results:

Among the 75 participants 78.7% drank alcohol (any frequency), 45.3% smoked tobacco and 92% consumed caffeine. Other substances were used by fewer than six participants. Caffeine use was significantly lower for NAC-treated participants compared to placebo at week 2 of treatment but not at other study visits.

Conclusions:

NAC appeared to have little effect on the participants who were using substances. A larger study on a substance-using population will be necessary to determine if NAC may be a useful treatment for substance use.