bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Une approche mosaïque d’Abbey Road
Authors: MacFarlane Thomas
Published: March 2016

En septembre 1969, les Beatles publient leur dernier album, Abbey Road, qui vient parfaire leur approche unique et innovante de l’enregistrement multipiste. Après une présentation générale du disque visant à souligner la cohérence structurelle de son medley, cet article propose une approche mosaïque de « Because » qui permet de saisir l’œuvre enregistrée selon ses propres modalités. En s’inspirant des recherches de Marshall McLuhan sur les effets culturels des médias électroniques, l’auteur s’intéresse plus particulièrement à la façon dont « Because » crée un récit vivant au sein d’un espace acoustique. Les implications de ce récit sont examinées à la lumière du rapport étroit des Beatles à la technologie électrique et de la façon dont cette relation a modelé les environnements médiatiques du xxie siècle.
L’histoire, l’endroit et le moment : le déclenchement de la British Invasion
Authors: Inglis Ian , Wilkins Charlotte
Published: March 2016

Après une année ponctuée de succès retentissants au Royaume-Uni, les Beatles connurent, en 1964, un succès encore plus considérable aux États-Unis. Non seulement les ventes de leurs disques et leur popularité atteignirent des niveaux sans précédent, mais encore, l’acceptation du groupe par le public américain marqua le début de ce que l’on appelle aujourd’hui la British Invasion, des vagues d’artistes britanniques leur emboîtant le pas pour se lancer à la conquête du marché américain. Si l’accès des Beatles à une renommée internationale a été largement documenté, peu d’auteurs se sont intéressés aux circonstances de l’engagement de trois semaines qu’ils ont honoré en France en janvier 1964. En effet, quand les Beatles arrivèrent à Paris pour se produire à l’Olympia, ils n’étaient guère connus en dehors du Royaume-Uni. Quand ils quittèrent la ville, trois semaines plus tard, ils avaient amorcé la conquête de l’Amérique (et du reste du monde) qui allait bouleverser le cours des musiques populaires pour les décennies à venir. Dans cet article, nous cherchons à comprendre en quoi cet épisode parisien peut être considéré comme une étape essentielle dans l’évolution des Beatles, mais aussi dans le basculement qui allait s’ensuivre en termes du jeu imprévu des influences musicales entre les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni.
Subcutaneous Allergic Sensitization to Protease Allergen Is Dependent on Mast Cells but Not IL-33: Distinct Mechanisms between Subcutaneous and Intranasal Routes
Authors: Kamijo Seiji , Suzuki Mayu , Hara Mutsuko , Shimura Sakiko , Ochi Hirono , Maruyama Natsuko , Matsuda Akira , Saito Hirohisa , Nakae Susumu , Suto Hajime , Ichikawa Saori , Ikeda Shigaku , Ogawa Hideoki , Okumura Ko , Takai Toshiro
Published: March 2016

Protease activity of papain, a plant-derived occupational allergen homologous to mite major allergens, is essential to IgE/IgG1 production and lung eosinophilia induced by intranasal papain administration in mice, and IL-33 contributes to these responses. In this work, we investigate skin and Ab responses induced by s.c. papain administration into ear lobes and responses induced by subsequent airway challenge with papain. Subcutaneous papain injection induced swelling associated with increased epidermal thickness, dermal inflammation, serum IgE/IgG1 responses, and Th2 cytokine production in draining lymph node cells restimulated in vitro. These responses were markedly less upon s.c. administration of protease inhibitor-treated papain. Results obtained by using mast cell–deficient mice and reconstitution of tissue mast cells suggested the contribution of mast cells to papain-specific IgE/IgG1 responses and eosinophil infiltration. The responses were equivalent between wild-type and IL-33−/− mice. After the subsequent airway challenge, the s.c. presensitized wild-type mice showed more severe lung eosinophilia than those without the presensitization. The presensitized IL-33−/− mice showed modest lung eosinophilia, which was absent without the presensitization, but its severity and IgE boost by the airway challenge were markedly less than the presensitized wild-type mice, in which protease activity of inhaled papain contributed to the responses. The results suggest that mechanisms for the protease-dependent sensitization differ between skin and airway and that cooperation of mast cell–dependent, IL-33–independent initial sensitization via skin and protease-induced, IL-33–mediated mechanism in re-exposure via airway to protease allergens maximizes the magnitude of the transition from skin inflammation to asthma in natural history of progression of allergic diseases.
Topical Application of Fingolimod Perturbs Cutaneous Inflammation
Authors: Sun Wai Y. , Dimasi David P. , Pitman Melissa R. , Zhuang YiZhong , Heddle Robert , Pitson Stuart M. , Grimbaldeston Michele A. , Bonder Claudine S.
Published: March 2016

The prevalence of allergies, including rhinitis, eczema, and anaphylaxis, is rising dramatically worldwide. This increase is especially problematic in children who bear the greatest burden of this rising trend. Increasing evidence identifies neutrophils as primary perpetrators of the more severe and difficult to manage forms of inflammation. A newly recognized mechanism by which neutrophils are recruited during the early phase of histamine-induced inflammation involves the sphingosine kinase (SK)/sphingosine-1-phosphate axis. This study examines whether topical application of fingolimod, an established SK/sphingosine-1-phosphate antagonist already in clinical use to treat multiple sclerosis, may be repurposed to treat cutaneous inflammation. Using two mouse models of ear skin inflammation (histamine- and IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) we topically applied fingolimod prophylactically, as well as after establishment of the inflammatory response, and examined ear swelling, SK activity, vascular permeability, leukocyte recruitment, and production of proinflammatory mediators. The present study reveals that when applied topically, fingolimod attenuates both immediate and late-phase responses to histamine with reduced extravasation of fluid, SK-1 activity, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, and neutrophil influx and prevents ear swelling. Intravital microscopy demonstrates that histamine-induced neutrophil rolling and adhesion to the postcapillary venules in the mouse ears is significantly attenuated even after 24 h. More importantly, these effects are achievable even once inflammation is established. Translation into humans was also accomplished with epicutaneous application of fingolimod resolving histamine-induced and allergen-induced inflammatory reactions in forearm skin. Overall, this study demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, that fingolimod may be repurposed to treat cutaneous inflammation.
The diagnostic pathway embolism: from the Emergency Department to the Internal Medicine Unit
Authors: Pizzini Attilia Maria , Galimberti Daniela , De Pietri Stefano , Silingardi Mauro , Leone Maria Cristina , Ferrari Annamaria , Iori Ido
Published: March 2016

The diagnostic pathway of pulmonary embolism, both in the Emergency Department and in the Medical Unit, is not a standardized one. Pulmonary embolism, often but not always complicating surgery, malignancies, different medical diseases, sometimes but not often associated with a deep vein thrombosis, is not infrequently a sudden onset life-threatening and rapidly fatal clinical condition. Most of the deaths due to pulmonary embolism occur at presentation or during the first days after admission; it is therefore of vital importance that pulmonary embolism should promptly be diagnosed and treated in order to avoid unexpected deaths; a correct risk stratification should also be made for choosing the most appropriate therapeutic options. We review the tools we dispose of for a correct clinical assessment, the existing risk scores, the advantages and limits of available diagnostic instruments. As for clinical presentation we remind the great variability of pulmonary embolism signs and symptoms and underline the importance of obtaining clinical probability scores before making requests for further diagnostic tests, in particular for pulmonary computer tomography; the Wells score is the only in-hospital validated one, but unfortunately is still largely underused. We describe our experience in two different periods of time and clinical settings in the initial evaluation of a suspected pulmonary embolism; in the first one we availed ourselves of a computerized support based on Wells score, in the second one we did not. Analysing the results we obtained in terms of diagnostic yield in these two periods, we observed that the computerized support system significantly improved our pulmonary embolism diagnostic accuracy.
Sitagliptin versus saxagliptin in decompensated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Asti Antonio , D'Alessandro Alessandra , Zito Francesco Paolo , Nardi Salvatore , Sarnelli Giovanni , Maresca Giorgio , D’Alessandro Giuseppe
Published: March 2016

Sitagliptin and saxagliptin are oral hypoglycemic agents inhibitors of DPP-4, indicated in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with metformin, in patients who have not achieved adequate glycemic control. In our study we enrolled 128 decompensated type 2 diabetes patients while on metformin maximum dosage. At time 0’ we have detected, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL), triglycerides, transaminases and pancreatic amylase; patients were randomized to receive sitagliptin or saxagliptin; follow-up was performed after 4 months with the revaluation of the same variables and adverse events. In both sitagliptin and saxagliptin groups we observed a significant reduction in fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, weighing, BMI, triglycerides, while the reduction in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol did not reach statistical significance. There was no suspension of therapy, adverse events appeared minor and temporary. In conclusion, our observations highlight the almost identical efficacy of sitagliptin and saxagliptin. These data reinforce even more the idea that we should think about this class of drugs as the next step in patients failing therapy with metformin.
Agranulocytosis in a patient with acute Parvovirus B19 infection: a case study
Authors: Di Donato Carlo , Vecchi Monica , Ferrari Vincenzo , Papi Giampaolo , Gozzi Cristina
Published: March 2016

The definition of neutropenia is the reduction in the absolute number of neutrophils below 1.5×109. The chapter about acquired neutropenias affecting the adult population is of particular interest to the internist. PC, 75 years old man, was hospitalized because of fever, asthenia. In anamnesis: recent diagnosis of ulcerative pancolitis treated with mesalazine and corticosteroid therapy. During the hospitalization, to the fever resolution, we witnessed to a gradual reduction in the value of neutrophils leucocytes until the complete agranulocytosis. We set a therapy with granulocytes colony stimulating factors, and antifungal. The osteo-medullar biopsy confirmed a pure aplasia of the granulocyte marrow series without any evidence of cancer. The subsequent clinical development was favorable, with stable apyrexia and recovery of leucocytes count. Few days after, we received the positive response on the research of anti-Parvovirus B19 immunoglobulin M and in qualitative polymerase chain reaction. The patient was discharged with diagnosis agranulocytosis in patient with acute infection of Parvovirus B19. Neutropenia associated with Parvovirus infection is not frequent and is related to the presence of hematological diseases or condition of immunosuppression. The peculiarity of the case described is the complete agranulocytosis found: in fact in literature, only rare cases are described. Patient gave his informed consent.
What is the gender gap?
Authors: Gnerre Paola , Politi Cecilia
Published: March 2016

Not available
Importance of climate change-physical forcing on the increase of cyanobacterial blooms in a small, stratified lake
Authors: Planas Dolores , Paquet Serge
Published: March 2016

The community structure of planktonic cyanobacteria was studied in a dimictic lake in which recurrent summer surface algal blooms have frequently occurred since the beginning of this millennium. In eutrophic-hypereutrophic lakes, epilimnetic cyanobacterial blooms are promoted by increased ambient temperatures and water column thermal stability, which favour the vertical migration of buoyancy-regulating cyanobacteria. Here we propose that intensified external energy (wind) that alters thermocline stability could explain the occurence of heavy blooms in the surface of lakes with low external nutrient loading. Specifically, we hypothesized that: i) in small stratified lakes with low external nutrient sources, cyanobacterial growth primarily occurs near the lake bottom, where phosphorus is more abundant and light is available; ii) we additionally hypothesized that turbulence induced by strong winds increases the amplitude and energy of metalimnetic internal waves and entrains meta- and hypolimnetic water,  rich in nutrients and cyanobacteria, into the epilimnion. The study was done in a small lake (45 Ha, maximum and mean depth 7.2 m and 4.3 m, respectively) with mean epilimnetic dissolved phosphorus concentrations ≈ 4 μg L-1 and chlorophyll α ≈ 8 μg L-1.  Vertical temperature profiles during the open season were continuously registered using thermistors.  Weekly vertical profiles of light transmission, phytoplankton distribution and water chemistry were also taken. On one occasion, these variables were measured throughout a continuous 24 h cycle. Results demonstrated that summer cyanobacterial blooms were dominated by Plankthotrix spp., which began their cycle in late spring at the bottom of the lake, and grew to form dense metalimnetic biomass peaks. Time series analysis of isotherms and the Lake number indicated that internal metalimnetic waves (seiches) were present through the summer. During the diel sampling cycle, we found that medium to strong westerly wind gust events (~5 to >12 m s-1) induced large amplitude internal waves (mainly V2H1 mode) that vertically displaced the isotherms by more than 3.5 m. During this event the top of the metalimnetic algal peak was entrained through the epilimnion, bringing metalimnetic Plankthotrix spp. to the lake surface, modified the deep metalimnion and hypolimnion concentrations of dissolved oxygen, and caused an upsurge in phosphorus. We conclude that algal and nutrient upwelling linked to intermittent deep mixing events, play an important role in supporting summer cyanobacterial blooms in lake Bromont.
The algal growth-limiting nutrient of lakes located at Mexico’s Mesa Central
Authors: Bernal-Brooks Fernando W. , Sánchez Chávez José J. , Bravo Inclán Luis , Hernández Morales Rubén , Martínez Cano Ana K. , Lind Owen T. , Dávalos-Lind Laura
Published: March 2016

This paper reports on the algal growth-limiting nutrients of five lakes located on Mexico’s Mesa Central - a topic poorly known in the regional limnology of Mexico. The five case studies involved three contiguous watersheds of Michoacán State and provided a trophic state variation from mesotrophic to hypereutrophic; the case studies included Lakes Zirahuén, Pátzcuaro, Teremendo, Cuitzeo and the Cointzio Reservoir. The fieldwork involved the collection of physical and chemical data (including nutrients) from each case study during the dry and rainy seasons of 2010. Additionally, water samples (1 L) were obtained and filtered (0.45 µm) in the laboratory to keep the nutrient content available for bioassays. The chemical analyses suggested a phosphorus (P) limitation in the Cointzio Reservoir, Lake Teremendo and Lake Zirahuén relative to an N:P>16:1. There was a nitrogen (N) limitation at three sampling stations of Lake Pátzcuaro, with an N:P<16:1. As result of the bioassays conducted in July 2012, the Cointzio Reservoir and Lake Teremendo appeared to be P-limited and Lake Pátzcuaro appeared to be N-limited at three sampling stations. Lake Zirahuén showed seasonal variation, with an N limitation during the dry season and a P limitation during the wet season. Those cases with similar results from both methods confirmed the limiting nutrient identification. Lake Cuitzeo, Lake Zirahuén (dry season), and the shallowest sampling station in Lake Pátzcuaro produced unclear results because of divergent outcomes. In terms of the algal growth potential, the Cointzio Reservoir remained unaltered from one season to the next. However, for most of the lakes (with the exception of Lake Pátzcuaro sites 2 and 4), the rainy season provided a dilution effect. Effective lake management depends on a clear recognition of such elements that are in control of the aquatic productivity. In the area of Michoacán, both N and P may act as limiting nutrients.
On Fitzpatrick’s theory and stability of flows
Authors: Visintin Augusto
Published: March 2016

The initial-value problem associated to a maximal monotone operator may be formulated as a minimization principle, on the basis of a theory that was pioneered by Brezis, Ekeland,Nayroles and Fitzpatrick. This note defines the notions of structural compactness and structural stability, and reviews results concerning the stability of maximal monotone flows under perturbations not only of data but also of the operator. This rests upon De Giorgi’ theory of

\Gamma

-convergence, and on the use of an exotic nonlinear topology of weak type.
Comunicación turística colaborativa 2.0: promoción, difusión e interactividad en las webs gubernamentales de Iberoamérica
Authors: Túñez-López Miguel , Altamirano Verónica , Valarezo González Karina Paola
Published: March 2016

La comunicación turística ha evolucionado de una comunicación de masas controlada, destinada a la promoción asimétrica y unidireccional de los destinos turísticos reconocidos, a una nueva era de la información multimediática en la red. Esta investigación evalúa lo que conceptuamos como comunicación turística colaborativa 2.0 en los sitios web de promoción turística de los 22 organismos gubernamentales de Iberoamérica. Metodología. Se crean indicadores para un modelo propio de análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de: herramientas utilizadas, accesibilidad, recursos digitales, generación de productos, espacios interactivos (principalmente redes generalistas) y creación de comunidades virtuales. Resultados y conclusiones. La Comunicación turística necesita ajustarse a una actitud colaborativa que implica comunicación bidireccional e interactiva en planos de igualdad por ambas partes. Los sitios web se consolidan como una plataforma indispensable para la promoción y la difusión turística pero los cambios en el comportamiento del turista 2.0, exigen que estas plataformas se adapten a sus necesidades, ofreciendo recursos y herramientas que dinamicen la oferta junto a espacios de interactividad que permitan su participación y el establecimiento de una asesoría directa en la red.
A Case of Fatal Serotonin Syndrome–Like Human Rabies Caused by Tricolored Bat–Associated Rabies Virus
Authors: Regunath Hariharan , Chinnakotla Bhavana , Rojas-Moreno Christian , Salzer William , Hughes Natalie J. , Sangha Harbaksh
Published: March 2016

Human rabies is a fatal disease, transmitted by saliva of infected animals, and the diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. Very few cases are reported annually in the United States. We present a case of human rabies without a clear exposure history that masqueraded as serotonin syndrome.
Supplementation with Abscisic Acid Reduces Malaria Disease Severity and Parasite Transmission
Authors: Glennon Elizabeth K. K. , Adams L. Garry , Hicks Derrick R. , Dehesh Katayoon , Luckhart Shirley
Published: March 2016

Nearly half of the world's population is at risk for malaria. Increasing drug resistance has intensified the need for novel therapeutics, including treatments with intrinsic transmission-blocking properties. In this study, we demonstrate that the isoprenoid abscisic acid (ABA) modulates signaling in the mammalian host to reduce parasitemia and the formation of transmissible gametocytes and in the mosquito host to reduce parasite infection. Oral ABA supplementation in a mouse model of malaria was well tolerated and led to reduced pathology and enhanced gene expression in the liver and spleen consistent with infection recovery. Oral ABA supplementation also increased mouse plasma ABA to levels that can signal in the mosquito midgut upon blood ingestion. Accordingly, we showed that supplementation of a Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood meal with ABA increased expression of mosquito nitric oxide synthase and reduced infection prevalence in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Identification of the mechanisms whereby ABA reduces parasite growth in mammals and mosquitoes could shed light on the balance of immunity and metabolism across eukaryotes and provide a strong foundation for clinical translation.
Investigation of Recurrent Melioidosis in Lao People's Democratic Republic by Multilocus Sequence Typing
Authors: Rachlin Audrey , Dittrich Sabine , Phommasone Koukeo , Douangnouvong Anousone , Phetsouvanh Rattanaphone , Newton Paul N. , Dance David A. B.
Published: March 2016

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the saprophytic bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. In northeast Thailand and northern Australia, where the disease is highly endemic, a range of molecular tools have been used to study its epidemiology and pathogenesis. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) where melioidosis has been recognized as endemic since 1999, no such studies have been undertaken. We used a multilocus sequence typing scheme specific for B. pseudomallei to investigate nine cases of culture-positive recurrence occurring in 514 patients with melioidosis between 2010 and 2015: four were suspected to be relapses while the other five represented reinfections. In addition, two novel sequence types of the bacterium were identified. The low overall recurrence rates (2.4%) and proportions of relapse and reinfection in the Laos are consistent with those described in the recent literature, reflecting the effective use of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
La lección del embalse. Le Corbusier y los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos
Authors: Río Vázquez Antonio Santiago
Published: March 2016

Resumen: El interés de Le Corbusier por los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos es una constante a lo largo de su vida, sobre todo como inspiración y referencia para proyectar su arquitectura, dando forma a una lección del embalse que veremos enfocada de diferentes maneras y en distintos momentos, desde su descubrimiento durante el trabajo en Vienne (Francia) para la Société d’applications du bétón armé hasta el intento de materialización con la obra de Bhakra en la India, pasando por etapas sucesivas en las que se va exponiendo, publicando o compartiendo, mediante conferencias, textos teóricos o encuentros en viajes, como el realizado a los Estados Unidos en 1946, cuando visita el macroproyecto de la Tennessee Valley Authority y deja constancia en la primera edición americana de Quand les catedrales étaient blanches: voyage au pays des timides. A través de sus palabras, de sus dibujos y de sus proyectos vamos revelando las dos caras de la lección del embalse: la que se desprende de manera inmediata desde las realidades encontradas, que tendrá su impulso final paralelo a la construcción de Chandigarh con la implicación en la presa sobre el Sutlej; y la cara oculta, desvelada como aportaciones e influencias progresivas en su arquitectura. Ambas caras permanecerán como el testimonio de la fértil relación entre Le Corbusier y los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos. Abstract: The interest of Le Corbusier on hydroelectric industry is a constant throughout his life, especially as inspiration and reference to project its architecture, shaping a lesson of the dam that we will see focused in different ways and at different times, from their discovery while working in Vienne (France) for the Société d’applications du bétón armé to the attempt to materialize the work of Bhakra in India, through successive stages in wich he will be in exposing, publishing or sharing through conferences, theoretical texts and encounters on trips, like the one made to the United States in 1946, when he visits the macro project of Tennessee Valley Authority and describes it in the first American edition of Quand les cathedrals étaient blanches: voyage au pays des timides. Through his words, his drawings and his projects we will reveal the two faces of the lesson of the dam: the one which follows immediately from the facts found, which will find the final attempt parallel to the construction of Chandigarh with the involvement at the dam on Sutlej; and the other side, unveiled as inputs and progressive influences in its architecture. Both sides remain as the testimony of the fertile relationship between Le Corbusier and hydroelectric industry.  Palabras clave: Arquitectura; Siglo XX; Le Corbusier; agua; industria; embalse. Keywords: Architecture; 20th Century; Le Corbusier; water; industry; dam. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1007
El espacio público en Le Corbusier. Evolución de su pensamiento y de sus estrategias formales
Authors: Alonso García Eusebio
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Se analiza el papel del espacio público en diferentes obras de Le Corbusier, en sus diferentes categorías –paisaje, espacio urbano, colectivo, comunitario, de encuentro y relación, social, circulatorio, etc. – y en su implicación en las estrategias formales y espaciales. Articularemos estas reflexiones en tres apartados. El primero incidirá en la relación o identificación que se produce entre paisaje y espacio público en sus propuestas urbanísticas en las décadas de los años veinte y treinta. En el segundo apartado contrastaremos las diferencias y similitudes entre dos proyectos, UHM y Ronchamp, entendidos a veces como contradictorios pero en cuya solución proyectual resulta determinante el diseño y ubicación de los espacios colectivos de encuentro y relación de la comunidad; y ello a pesar de sus diferencias programáticas. En el tercer apartado veremos la interacción con el paisaje urbano que establece la dialéctica entre arquitectura y ciudad en dos proyectos de los últimos años, Centro de Artes Visuales Carpenter y Hospital de Venecia. Esta breve selección de edificios y proyectos, dentro de la dilatada producción de Le Corbusier, permitirá, por su adscripción temática y cronológica, establecer una adecuada perspectiva temporal en la compresión del tema y su evolución. Abstract: It is analysed the role of the public space in different works of Le Corbusier, in their different categories - landscape, urban space, collective, community, meeting and relationship, social, circulatory, etc. - and their involvement in formal and spatial strategies. We are going to distribute these reflections into three sections. The first will affect the relationship or identification that occurs between landscape and public space in its urban planning proposals in the decades of the 1920s and 1930s. In the second section, we will contrast the differences and similarities between two projects, UHM y Ronchamp, sometimes understood like contradictory but in whose design solution is determining the design and location of collective spaces of encounter and relationship of the community; and it occurs despite their functional differences. In the third section we will see the interaction with the urban landscape that the dialectic between architecture and town sets in two projects of last years, Carpenter Visuals Arts Center and Venice Hospital. This brief selection of buildings and projects, within the extensive production of Le Corbusier, will allow, by its thematic and chronological affiliation, to establish a suitable temporal perspective in the understanding of the subject and its evolution.  Palabras clave: espacio público; interrelación; paisaje; infraestructura; contexto; ciudad. Keywords: public space; interface; landscape; infrastructure; context; town. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1012
Le Corbusier et Christian Zervos dans Cahiers d’art
Authors: Sabella Maria Paola
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The search has as purpose to notice the importance of Christian Zervos (Argostoli 1889 – Paris 1970), a greek art historian and founder of the magazine and publishing house Cahiers d’art, that lived in Paris from 1907 to the end of his life) with Le Corbusier, inserted in the contest of Cahiers d’art. The exceptional versatility of Zervos’s mind had allowed him to realize, through Cahiers d’art, a intellectual environment that exceeded the ordinary publishing house of that period, beacuse it was enchanted and nourished by all sector of knowledge. Zeros, inside the Cahiers d’art, made Le Corbusier protagonist of the section of Architecture, that submits to Sigfried Giedion. In fact since the first number of Cahiers d’art the work of Le Corbusier was broadly taken in examination. The articles related to the work of the Architect have gone since 1926 to 1954; the themes that touch these texts can be separate in four major topics: design, private house, great public buildings, painting. La recherche a le but de relever l’importance de Christian Zervos (Argostoli 1889-Parigi 1970), historien de l’art et fondateur des Éditions Cahiers d’art, qui vécut à Paris depuis 1907 à sa mort, et Le Corbusier, insérée dans le contexte de Cahiers d’art. L’exceptionnel éclectisme de Zervos a permis de réaliser dans Cahiers d’art un excellent milieu intellectuell qu’il va au-delà des Éditions, car uni et nourri par chaque domaine de la connaissance. Dans les Cahiers d’art, Zervos rend Le Corbusier le protagoniste de la section d’architecture, soignée par Siegfried Giedion. Keywords: Cahiers d’art; Christian Zervos; projects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1018
Machines à exposer
Authors: Dumont d'Ayot Catherine
Published: March 2016

Résumé: Ateliers d’artistes, appartements et villas de collectionneurs, pavillons, scénographies et musées : l’exposition est un fil rouge de l’œuvre de Le Corbusier. Le rapport que l’homme entretient à l’œuvre d’art et les modalités de ce rapport sont des éléments fondateurs de son architecture et occupent une position primordiale dans sa vision de la ville. De la ziggourat du Musée mondial en 1929, jusqu’aux projets des années 1960 comme le Centre d’Art international à Erlenbach ou le Musée du XXe siècle pour Nanterre, les musées sont des pièces incontournables des ses grands plans d’urbanisme. Les projets de musées et de pavillons d’exposition entre 1929 et 1965 et les concepts des différentes expositions qu’il organise évoluent en parallèle de sa manière d’envisager le rapport à l’œuvre, que ce soit celui de l’artiste, du spectateur initié ou du novice. Les esquisses préparatoires des différents projets de musées et de pavillons retracent cette évolution. La critique du projet du Mundaneum par Karel Teige assume un rôle clé dans la transformation décisive du concept du musée qui a lieu entre le Musée Mondial en 1929 et le projet de Le Corbusier pour le Musée à croissance illimitée en 1930. C’est un changement séminal qui est décisif pour les projets futurs. L’architecture et la relation à l’œuvre d’art ne sont plus déterminées par le recours à une forme, mais par un mécanisme fonctionnel et organique: la croissance, à la fois image et symbole de l’évolution positiviste de l’humanité. Abstract: Exhibitions, museums, pavilions, artist ateliers, apartments and collectors’ villas: exposition runs like a red thread through Le Corbusier’s work. Man’s relationship to art is a fundamental element of architectural dispositifs. Art influences his vision of society as a whole, and museums are central to his major urban plans, from the ziggurat of the Musée Mondial in Geneva, to the museums in Ahmadabad, Tokyo or Chandigarh, to projects he realized in the late 1960s, such as the Museum of the 20th Century in Nanterre. The evolution of museum design between 1929 and 1965 and of the concepts Le Corbusier developed for the different exhibitions of his own œuvre are in keeping with his way of understanding the relationship to works of art, whether by the artist, a knowledgeable public or those encountering art for the first time. The sketches for the different museums and pavilions retrace this evolution. Karel Teige’s critique of the Mundaneum project assumes a key role in the transformation of the museum concept that occurred between the Musée Mondial of 1929 and Le Corbusier’s first designs for a Museum with Unlimited Growth in 1930. The architecture and the place for art in society are no longer determined by the use of a form but through a functional mechanism. Growth is understood as an image of the positive evolution of mankind. This seminal change is a key to the later projects.Mots clés: musée, exposition, fonctionnalisme. Keywords: museum, exhibition, functionalism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1025
Une correspondance architecturale: Ionel Schein "enfant" de Le Corbusier
Authors: Berselli Silvia
Published: March 2016

Résumé: Pour la génération d’architectes, tels Ionel Schein, qui se forment à Paris après la guerre, Le Corbusier représente le seul antidote à l’académisme “bozartien”. La filiation corbuséenne se fait d’abord en clandestinité, à travers les livres et les projets, puis avec le contact direct ou par lettre, et représente un bassin inépuisable pour l’éducation permanente des jeunes à l’architecture. Les rencontres et la correspondance, ponctuée de divertissements intellectuels, permettent à Schein d’absorber le lexique corbuséen comme une nouvelle langue maternelle, jusqu’à la formation de son propre vocabulaire d’architecture. A la mort du maître, contré pendant toute sa vie par les institutions, Schein est dégoûté par la suite grotesque d’honneurs posthumes mise en scène : sa fidélité au message de Le Corbusier survit aux apparences et dans ses obituaires sans couronnes de lauriers on trouve le sens profond d’un héritage tant discuté et imposant. Resumen: Para la generación de arquitectos que, como Ionel Schein, se forman en París después de la guerra, Le Corbusier es el único antídoto contra el academicismo de la Escuela de Bellas Artes. La filiación corbuseana se hace primero clandestinamente, a través de los libros y de los proyectos, y en seguida con el contacto directo o por carta, y representa una reserva inagotable por la educación de los jóvenes a la arquitectura. Las reuniones y la correspondencia, punteada de entretenimientos intelectuales, permiten a Schein de absorber el léxico corbuseano como una nueva lengua materna, hasta la formación de su propio vocabulario arquitectónico. A la muerte del maestro, Schein crítica duramente la serie grotesca de honores póstumos enscenada por las instituciones que lo obstaculizaron por toda su vida. Su fidelidad al mensaje de Le Corbusier sobrevive a las apariencias y en sus obituarios sin coronas de laurel se encuentra el significado más profundo de un legado tan discutido e imponente.  Mots clés: Ionel Schein; Claude Parent; Atelier 35 rue de Sèvres; Scuola CIAM Venezia 1952; CIAM IX 1953; correspondance.Palabras clave: Ionel Schein; Claude Parent; Atelier 35 rue de Sèvres; Escuela CIAM Venecia 1952; CIAM IX 1953; correspondencia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1042
La Fábrica verde de la Ciudad lineal industrial: una propuesta de Le Corbusier para el trabajo del hombre en la “época maquinista”
Authors: Bodei Silvia
Published: March 2016

Resumen: En Les trois établissements humains (1945) Le Corbusier, junto con el grupo ASCORAL, describe la fábrica verde como un establecimiento industrial organizado según “una biología de las circulaciones, de la composición de los edificios y de la eficiencia”, que “reinstala de nuevo las condiciones de la naturaleza alrededor del trabajo”. Son palabras importantes, que destacan algunos de los temas cruciales del pensamiento social de principios del siglo XX y sobre los cuales Le Corbusier reflexionó para crear nuevas soluciones arquitectónicas y urbanísticas. El artículo recorre sintéticamente estos aspectos del pensamiento de Le Corbusier a través de sus diferentes modelos urbanos, para detenerse en particular sobre la idea de Fábrica verde de la Ciudad lineal industrial, puesta en práctica en el proyecto de la fábrica de armas en Aubusson (1940), donde el verde, el paisaje, la circulación y los espacios están pensados con una idea de funcionamiento alternativa a la organización del trabajo, alejada de los ritmos mecánicos de la cadena de montaje. Esta concepción es alimentada por referencias culturales y arquitectónicas, entre las cuales figura el pensamiento del sindicalista obrero Hyacinthe Dubreuil, que Le Corbusier traduce en un proyecto para una fábrica que quiere conciliar el maquinismo funcional con la naturaleza a través de soluciones y relaciones compositivas “orgánicas” más que mecánicas. Abstract: In Les trois établissements humains (1945) Le Corbusier, with the ASCORAL group, describes the Green Factory as an industrial establishment organised according to « a biology of circulation, a composition of buildings and efficiency », that « newly reintroduces natural conditions around the workplace ». These are important words that highlight some crucial themes of the social thought of the XX century on which Le Corbusier had reflected a long time in order to create new architectural and urban solutions. The article traces and summarises these particular aspects of the architect's thought process through the different urban models of his studies, to then dwell especially on the idea of the Green Factory and the “linear industrial city ”, applied to the project for the arms factory in Aubusson (1940). Here trees, landscape, circulation and spaces give work a different and alternative meaning that is very distant to the mechanical rhythms of the production line. This concept is nurtured by cultural and architectural references, amongst which figures that of the trade unionist and factory worker Hyacinthe Dubreuil. Le Corbusier translates Dubreuil's thought in a project for a factory that wishes to conciliate functional machinism with nature, by using "organic" compositive solutions and relationships rather than mechanical ones.  Palabras clave: establecimiento industrial, modelos urbanos, paisaje, espacios de trabajo. Keywords: industrial establishment, urban models, landscape, workspaces. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.1128
El dibujo y la noción de horizonte en Le Corbusier
Authors: Hermosilla Germán Hidalgo
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Este trabajo indaga en la particular forma de dibujar la arquitectura de Le Corbusier: una síntesis de distintas tradiciones gráficas que adquirió en su juventud y que fue capaz de integrar coherentemente en un estilo muy personal. Intentándola definir, William J. R. Curtis lo asimiló a un sistema de apuntes taquigráficos y la consideró dotada de un poder alquímico. Es un hecho que esta forma de dibujar abrió una vía fecunda de aproximación a la arquitectura, tanto para estudiarla como para generarla. En este trabajo intentamos precisar una de sus cualidades: la capacidad de situar, que se verifica a partir de la noción de horizonte. Como se sabe, el concepto de horizonte tomó una forma precisa con el surgimiento de la perspectiva renacentista, pero que en el caso de Le Corbusier es reformulada a partir de sus primeras experiencias con las visiones amplias, paisajísticas, elevándolo a referencia fundamental del hombre en el mundo, remitiéndolo por tanto a dimensiones históricas, culturales, existenciales. Abstract: This paper explores the particular way of drawing the architecture Le Corbusier: a synthesis of different graphic traditions acquired in his youth and which he was able to integrate coherently in a very personal style. Trying to define his way of drawing, William JR Curtis assimilated it to a system of shorthand notes and considered it equipped with an alchemical power. It is a fact that this way of drawing opened a fruitful approach to studying and generating architecture. This paper attempts to clarify one of his qualities: the ability to situate, putting into play the notion of horizon. As it is known, the concept took its precise form with the emergence of Renaissance perspective, but in the case of Le Corbusier it was reformulated from his first experiences with the panoramic views, raising it to the fundamental reference of the relationship of man and world, and thus returning it to historical, cultural and existential dimensions.Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; Dibujo; Horizonte. Keywords: Le Corbusier; Drawing; Horizon. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.554
Sobre una caracterización 'corbuseriana' del mobiliario moderno
Authors: Villanueva Fernández María , García-Diego Héctor
Published: March 2016

Resumen: A partir de 1920 Le Corbusier comenzó a elaborar un cuerpo teórico sobre el diseño de objetos que iría difundiendo a través de sus escritos y conferencias. Libros como Vers une architecture, L´art décoratif d´aujourd´hui o Précisions sur un état présent de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme han constituído un rico legado de ideas e imágenes interrelacionadas que permiten analizar la propuesta del arquitecto desde el plano de la teoría. Sin embargo, el poder de sus postulados fue continuamente experimentado y corroborado por su obra en materia de mobiliario, hasta el punto de establecerse relaciones directas entre teoría y obra. Esta evolución conjunta proporciona una completa visión del concepto de mobiliario moderno desarrollado por Le Corbusier. Por tanto, esta investigación persigue, por un lado, sacar a la luz un verdadero cuerpo teórico de cuño 'corbuseriano' y específico del equipamiento moderno, haciendo especial mención a los postulados y dibujos originales del arquitecto y, por otro, comprobar la correspondencia real entre sus teorías y sus obras mediante el análisis de una escogida selección de obras del arquitecto pertenecientes al periodo de entreguerras, para, finalmente, ofrecer una caracterización 'corbuseriana' del mobiliario moderno. Abstract: From 1920 Le Corbusier began to develop a theoretical body on the objects design that went spreading through his writings and lectures. Books like Vers une architecture, L'art décoratif d'aujourd'hui or Précisions sur un état présent de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme have constituted a rich legacy of interlinked ideas and images to analyze the proposal of the architect from the level of theory. However, the power of its principles was continuously experienced and corroborated by his work in furniture, to the point of establishing direct relations between theory and work. This joint development provides a comprehensive overview of modern furniture concept developed by Le Corbusier. Therefore, this research aims on the one hand, to expose a 'Corbusian' and specific theoretical body of modern equipment, with special reference to the principles and original drawings by the architect; and, secondly, to check the real correspondence between his theories and works by analyzing a choice selection of works by the architect belonging to the interwar period, to finally offer a 'Corbusian' characterization of modern furniture.Palabras clave: Teoría; mobiliario; moderno; escritos. Keywords: Theory; furniture; modern; writings. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.569
Le Corbusier’s Musée à croissance illimitée: A Limitless Diagram for Museology
Authors: Chin Irene
Published: March 2016

Abstract: “Let us imagine a true museum, one that contained everything, one that could present a complete picture after the passage of time, after the destruction by time…” This paper considers La Musée à croissance illimitée, an unrealized proposal from 1939 by Le Corbusier in which a series of galleries elevated on pilotis and organized about a square courtyard would extend – infinitely. The paper unfolds as an analysis of the museum and its relationship to history and time, structured by the form of Le Corbusier’s proposal. Four themes establish the parameters of the investigation – spatial organization, notions of monumentality, relationship to site, and ideas of growth – and Le Corbusier's resistant approach is considered as a method of criticality. Order-less, face-less, place-less, end-less. To categorize the Museum of Unlimited Growth as such is not to suppose conditions without, conditions of lack, or absence; but rather is a means to consider the proposal as an absolute – a degree zero that subsumes and thus allows for conditions of possibility. The themes set up a dialectical reading of the project, as its negations are bound to the assertive, positivity of the idea of a limitless spiral. Perpetually unfolding and folding in on itself, the Musée resists the forces of time. It is the ur- museum, a concept that negates the historiography of museums before and proposes an impossible model for museums to come.  Keywords: museum; limitless; growth; spiral. Palabras clave: museo; límites; crecimiento; espiral. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.584
Búsquedas para el establecimiento de una relación armónica con el paisaje. Dos exploraciones paralelas
Authors: Mejía Vallejo Clara Elena , Deltell Pastor Juan
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Los proyectos para la Sainte-Baume y para Cap Martin retoman el hilo de varias de las investigaciones realizadas previamente por Le Corbusier en torno a la vivienda de densidad media construidas a partir de muros de carga, como son las Maisons Loucheur (1929), las Maisons Murodins (1940), las Maisons pour Maîtres et Contremaîtres de la S.P.A (1940) y las Unités Transitoires (1944). No obstante, es posible afirmar que en ellos se opera una búsqueda nueva que tiene que ver con la asociación de estos módulos residenciales en pro de formar un conjunto coherente y unitario, analizando las implicaciones que ello tiene con respecto al paisaje. A la par que Le Corbusier reflexiona sobre la métrica y optimiza la distribución de estos espacios residenciales, continúa trabajando de manera intensa con la sección para intentar encontrar la manera adecuada de llegar al suelo y de relacionarse tanto con el entorno natural sobre el que el edificio se apoya, como con el paisaje lejano con el que se pretende dialogar. A esta búsqueda se suma otra que ahonda en la necesidad de una definición material acorde. A partir de estas premisas se orquesta un diálogo a varias bandas que recoge reflexiones sobre forma y proporción, sobre materialidad y sintaxis constructiva, así como sobre el entendimiento de una relación deseada entre el hombre y la naturaleza.Abstract: The projects for the Sainte-Baume and Cap Martin take up the thread of several previous investigations by Le Corbusier about the medium density housing built from load-bearing walls, as they are the Maisons Loucheur (1929), the Maisons Murodins (1940), the Maisons pour Maîtres et Contremaîtres of the SPA (1940) and the Unites Transitoires (1944). However, one can say that in them lies a new search that has to do with the association of these residential units in favour of forming a coherent and unified whole, analysing the implications that those create with the landscape. At the same time that Le Corbusier makes a reflexion on metrics and optimize the distribution of these premises, he continues to work intensively with section in order to try to find the appropriate way to reach the ground and to relate both to the natural environment on which the building rests, as well as with the distant landscape. In parallel to this work appears a search that delves into the need for a consistent material definition according to it. From these premises he establishes a dialogue that gathers several bands reflections on form and proportion, about materiality and constructive syntax, as well as the understanding of a desired relationship between man and nature.Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; paisaje; búsqueda; Cap Martin; Roq et Rob; Sainte-Baume.Keywords: Le Corbusier; landscape; search; Cap Martin; Roq et Rob; Sainte-Baume.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.586