bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Conservatism and Continuity and the Phylogenetic Tree
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

It was Louis Dollo who concluded, based on paleontological observations, that evolution is unidirectional. The irreversibility of evolution, also known as Dollo’s Law (see also Huxley, 1953, pp. 31-32), was recently treated statistically at the molecular evolution level by Marshall et al. (1994). As noted by Dawkins (1986, p. 94), Dollo’s Law is really just a statement about the statistical improbability of following exactly the same evolutionary trajectory twice (or indeed any particular trajectory), in either direction. A single mutational step can easily be reversed. But for larger numbers of mutational steps ... the chance of two trajectories ever arriving at the same point becomes vanishingly small.
Basic Assumptions and Strategies
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

The study of the origin deals with hypothetical chemical entities and primordial creatures that presumably do not exist today. It focuses on central attributes of the interactions among these primordial entities, that is, the physicochemical reactions of their gradual organization into more and more complex forms in the prebiotic evolution process. The latter encompasses catalysis, template-directed synthesis of oligomers and polymers, mutability, selection, establishment of primordial reaction cycles, compartmentation, and the buildup of complexity, all of which are manifested as evolutionary processes at the molecular level.
Bottom-Up Biogeochemical Reconstruction:Starting from Organic Scratch in the Absence of Minerals
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

The biogeochemical approach is based on specific environments, without which the reactions undergone by organic oligomers and polymers would not be understood in the context of the molecular evolution process (Miller and Orgel, 1974). The present chapter focuses on the study of prebiotic geochemical environments, including primordial energy sources and some important reactions and processes of prebiotically plausible organic molecules. The establishment of hypothetical pathways and scenarios based on laboratory experiments as well as on computer-modeling simulations of the origin-of-life processes will be discussed in the following chapters.
Tramps Like Us
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel
Published: November 2023

Based on three years of ethnographic research with Bruce Springsteen fans, and informed by the author ‘s own experiences as a fan, Tramps Like Us is an interdisciplinary study of the ways in which ordinary people form special, sustained attachments to Springsteen and his music and how those attachments function in people ‘s daily lives. An insider ‘s narrative about Springsteen fans--who they are, what they do, and why they do it--this book also explores the phenomenon of fandom in general. The text oscillates between fans ‘ stories and ideas and the author ‘s own anecdotes, commentary, and analysis. Cavicchi challenges the stereotypes of fans as obsessive, delusional, and even mentally ill, and explores fandom as a normal cultural and social phenomenon. He argues that music fandom is a useful and meaningful behavior that enables people to shape identity, create community, and make sense of the world.
Musically shaping the self
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel
Published: November 2023

At first glance, Springsteen fans seem an unlikely group. When I distributed questionnaires to fans through an ad in Backstreets, I received answers from more than fifty people, aged fifteen to fifty-seven, with widely varied educational levels and occupations, from all over the United States and Canada. While meeting and talking with specific fans, I have likewise encountered people with many different backgrounds and concerns—professors, insurance clerks, part-time cashiers, housewives, students, musicians, the unemployed, men and women, teenagers and golden-aged adults, citizens of many states and countries—most of whom have not met and probably never will.
Constraining Organic Matter Cycling With Benthic Fluxes
Authors: Jahnke Richard A
Published: November 2023

Significant advances have been made in quantifying the rates and understanding the processes of solute exchange across the sediment-water interface through the recent, increased, widespread use of in situ benthic flux chambers (chapter 10) and microelectrodes (chapter 8). Because net solute exchange rates are determined by particle deposition rates and the rates of sedimentary chemical, biological, and physical processes, these measurements are providing important new insights and constraints on the biogeochemical cycling of marine particles and biologically active elements. The strengths and limitations of the techniques used to estimate seafloor exchange are discussed in chapter 10. The purpose of this chapter is to review selected areas of study that demonstrate the advances made in marine biogeochemistry through the study of seafloor fluxes. Specifically, recent advances in the study of seafloor solute exchange mechanisms and the cycling of organic matter on the continental shelf, slope, and deep seafloor are reviewed.
Some Other Early Lieder: Opuses 27, 30, 31, and 49
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

No particular significance attaches to the date of composition for most of the songs written by Schumann in 1840 and 1841. But because of the nature and extent of critical comment regarding the merit of early versus late Lieder, it is well to keep in mind which ones were written in 1840 and which were of later composition. Publication dates and sequential opus numbers may be misleading as to when the songs were written. Now that the major cycles have been considered, it is appropriate to turn to other early Lieder.
Opus 127 and Opus 142
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

As mentioned earlier, it is a mistake to assume that high opus numbers indicate late composition dates. Some songs written in 1840 bear late opus numbers. Among these are four Lieder originally intended for inclusion in Dichterliebe No particular significance attaches to the date of composition for most of the songs written by Schumann in 1840 and 1841. But because of the nature and extent of critical comment regarding the merit of early versus late Lieder, it is well to keep in mind which ones were written in 1840 and which were of later composition. Publication dates and sequential opus numbers may be misleading as to when the songs were written. Now that the major cycles have been considered, it is appropriate to turn to other early Lieder.
Opus 77
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Opus 77 contains songs written in the years 1840 and 1850. Der frohe Wandersmann, #1, comes from the Spring of 1840. It was originally intended as the first song of the Eichendorff Liederkreis, op. 39, but was wisely removed by Schumann from the 1850 edition. It is hard to understand how Schumann could have initially considered Der frohe Wandersmann appropriate to Liederkreis. The setting matches Eichendorff’s boisterous expression but comes close to the banal. It goes beyond the confines of a folk song and should be sung and played in exuberant fashion.
Drei Gesange (Byron), Opus 95, and Opus 96
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

The three Byron poems set in December 1849 to German translations by Theodor Komer were originally conceived for voice and harp. Schumann altered that scheme, recasting them for voice and pianoforte. They were published as appropriate for either harp or pianoforte. Experimental in nature, the pianoforte scoring of Die Tochter Jephthas, #l, sounds not far removed from a Stephen Heller etude. It cannot be considered one of Schumann’s best successes at a new form of song. Yet a soprano will find it vocally gratifying.
Dissection of Frogs: The Jenifer Graham Case
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

In April 1987, Jenifer Graham, a 15-year-old student in Victorville, California, refused to dissect a frog in her biology class. She said it was not squeamishness but moral objections and respect for animal life that led her to refuse. Jenifer offered to do an alternative study in place of dissection that would not involve killing an animal, but this offer was not accepted by the school: if Jenifer failed to perform this requirement, then she would have to suffer the consequences, the principal said. The school lowered Jenifer’s grade from an A to a D, but later raised it to a C. As a potentially punitive measure, they added a notation on her official transcript for the purpose of college admission stating, “This student refused to participate in the dissection portion of this class.”
Force-Feeding of Geese
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

Foie gras (literally, “fat liver”) is an expensive food created for French restaurants and the gourmet food market. Foie gras comes from the livers of specific breeds of domesticated geese raised on a carbohydrate-rich diet. Various preprations of fresh foiegras and pate de foiegras are the most popular and the most profitable items on the menus of many French restaurants, but the way the geese are raised and fed has generated international controversy.
Fowl Deeds
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

If someone said, “This must constitute, in both magnitude and severity, the single most severe, systematic example of man’s inhumanity to another sentient animal,”‘ what would you think he or she was talking about? The person who made this claim went on to reveal that in the United Kingdom alone, one-quarter of the heavy strains of these animals are in chronic pain for one third of their short, six-week lives, only 10% are able to walk normally, up to 6% die during rearing, 4% have chronic arthritis, 3% break their bones, and 2 million of them die during transport each year. In 1994 some 7 billion of these animals were eaten in the United States, 4 billion in Europe, and 719 million in the United Kingdom. We are, in fact, discussing broiler chickens, and the person who made these statements is John Webster, professor of animal husbandry at the University of Bristol’s School of Veterinary Science.
Where should research scientists get their dogs?
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

On 3 July 1965, Fay Brisk, a dedicated humanitarian who had worked for reform of the Pennsylvania dog dealers, called the Animal Welfare Institute for help.1 A Dalmatian dog, named Pepper, had been stolen from his owners, the Lakavage family, and they were seeking his return. Mr. Lakavage had seen Pepper in a photograph taken of the temporary unloading of animals from a Pennsylvania dog dealer’s overcrowded truck. The family, which included three children, set off to find their pet. Pepper allegedly had been taken to a big New York dog dealer, named Nersesian. When the exhausted family arrived at Nersesian, they were refused admission.
Animal Sacrifice as Religious Ritual: The Santeria Case
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1987, a controversy arose in the city of Hialeah, Florida. It began when Ernesto Pichardo, the president and priest of the Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, issued a public statement on the church’s plan to build a worship and education center on city land that the church previously had leased. The announcement triggered discussion and debate among residents of Hialeah, some of whom were opposed to the church’s plan. Before the controversy subsided, the US Supreme Court had become involved. The case raises issues about balancing the interests of nonhuman animals against the interests of humans, in particular, the human interests incorporated in First Amendment protection of the free exercise of religion. The opposition originated in concerns about the sacrifice of animals, a practice associated with the Church of the Lukurni Babalu Aye. Members of the church practice a religion called Santeria. This religion began in the sixteenth century, among Cuban slaves who had been removed from their East African homes. The slaves belonged to the Yoruba people, who practiced a traditional religion in Africa. In Cuba, the Yoruba were not permitted to practice their religion openly. They were often baptized as Christians without their consent before being forced onto the Spanish ships that took them to Cuba.
The Epidemiologic Basis for Prevention
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

To the control of events (Last, 1990). The usefulness of epidemiology is far-reaching and not limited to public health professionals (Gordon, 1940, 1949). The epidemiologic approach is distinguished from the clinical approach in that the focus of epidemiologic investigation and prevention is a group (i.e. a community or population) rather than an individual. An injury is damage to an organism (host) and is defined by the following two factors: Sub-acute exposures to energy over long periods of time cause many chronic diseases and disabilities. It is the acuteness of exposure that differentiates injury from disease. Thus, acute smoke inhalation is generally classified as an injury, while chronic damage from substances such as lead and cigarette smoke are excluded as injuries because toxic effects occur slowly. This distinction is somewhat arbitrary and not rigid, but is conceptually useful for classification, research, and policy purposes. The establishment of a well-developed theoretical and practical framework for the science of injury prevention has led to replacing the concept of accidents with an etiologic definition of injury events as a health problem (Haddon, 1968; Waller, 1987). Instead of considering injuries as acts of God or unexpected random events with out apparent cause, modern epidemiologic concepts of injury control emphasize that injuries result from exposures to specific hazards and affect certain high risk groups more than others.
Assessing the Community Impact of Injuries: Costs
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

While measures of morbidity and mortality are most familiar to the public health community, economic indicators are often of greater interest for politicians, policymakers, and business leaders. Although the focus of this book is on the use of epidemiology and policy in the study and control of injuries, a brief overview of certain economic aspects is included here, since no one who is seriously interested in injury control can afford to ignore the costs of injuries or economic strategies for prevention. Cost estimates show the impact of injuries on the following: Data on the health costs and economic impact of injuries that can be provided are often crude estimates that may range widely, depending upon the methods and assumptions used for the calculations. Nevertheless, such information is needed to persuade policymakers and politicians that expenditure on injury control is an appropriate and worthwhile investment, compared to other demands competing for scarce resources.
Traffic Injuries: Introduction
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

There has been a rapid increase in exposure to motor vehicles in many parts of the world. Nevertheless, traffic injuries need not be an inevitable consequence of development, since motor vehicles are a man-made hazard and subject to control or modification. Un fortunately, few countries, in both the developed and developing world, have made deliberate efforts to favor alternate methods of transport (Lowe, 1989). In the absence of explicit government policy to favor safer methods of transport, rapid motorization can be expected to continue as demand is stimulated by local pressure from users, by external marketing activities of vehicle exporting countries, and by policies of international lending institutions (Replogle, 1991;Orski, 1990;J. Wong, 1994b).
Injury Treatment and Rehabilitation: The Role of Health Services and Other Sectors
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

Preventing injury-causing events or their adverse effects on the human body is clearly preferable to attempting to repair the ensuing damage. Moreover, deaths from certain types of injuries often occur before there is any opportunity for medical intervention. Examples include many drownings, suicides, severe traffic injuries, and smoke intoxication from carbon monoxide poisoning in house fires. Nevertheless, for many types of injuries, treatment and rehabilitation, or tertiary prevention, is an important part of injury control. Timely, appropriate treatment of injuries prevents many deaths and permanent disabilities and minimizes pain, suffering, and economic losses from inability to work. Tertiary prevention works not only by repairing damage and restoring function, but also by preventing an escalation in the extent and severity of the initial injury. Immediate control of hemorrhage from a penetrating wound prevents the rapid progression of a localized injury to systemic shock and death. Adequate early cleaning and covering of open wounds avoids entry of destructive bacteria into the adjacent structures and bloodstream during the hours and days after the initial injury. Infected wounds can escalate to systemic septicemia and death, or smoulder on to permanent disability by destruction, atrophy, and scarring.
Democracy, Risk, and Community
Authors: Hiskes Richard P
Published: November 2023

This controversial book explores the connection between technological risk and basic concepts of liberal political theory and practice. Arguing that modern risks are emergent and therefore not reducible to individual actors or events, Hiskes demonstrates how risks challenge the most basic concepts of liberal political theory and democratic politics, including the ideas of consent, authority, rights, and moral responsibility. He argues forcefully that successful policy for risk depends on understanding the dynamic between risk and liberal concepts.
Unfoldings
Authors: Schachter Carl
Published: November 2023

Carl Schachter is, by common consent, one of the three or four most important music theorists currently at work in North America. He is the preeminent practitioner in the world of the Schenkerian approach to the music of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which focuses on the linear organization of music and now dominates discussions of the standard repertoire in university courses and in professional journals. His articles have appeared in a variety of journals, including some that are obscure or hard to obtain. This volume gathers some of his finest essays, including those on rhythm in tonal music, Schenkerian theory, and text setting, as well as a pair of analytical monographs, on Bach's Fugue in B-flat major from Volume 1 of the Well-Tempered Clavier and Chopin's Fantasy, Op. 49.
Analysis by Key
Authors: Schachter Carl
Published: November 2023

Until fairly recently, most musicians thought of Heinrich Schenker (if they thought of him at all) as the theorist who reduced whole pieces to three notes and denied that they modulated to different keys. Nowadays anyone familiar with music theory knows that Schenker did more than analyze the first movement of the Eroica as “Three Blind Mice” with a college education. But many still believe that he rejected outright the concept of key change, and indeed there is more justification for this misconception than for the other. Schenker was, to say the least, highly critical of the way the concept had been generally formulated and applied, and his own theory greatly reduces its scope.
Motive and Text in Four Schubert Songs
Authors: Schachter Carl
Published: November 2023

Music set to words can reflect them in many different ways. Perhaps the most fascinating and greatest settings are those where the tonal and rhythmic structure, the form, and the motivic design embody equivalents for salient features of the text: grammar and syntax, rhyme schemes and other patterns of sound, imagery, and so forth. Structural connections between words and music occur frequently in the art-song repertory-above all, in the songs of Schubert. Yet they seem to have attracted less attention, at least in the published literature, than prosody, tone painting, and affect.
A Theory of Rape
Authors: Burgess-Jackson Keith
Published: November 2023

What is rape? This may seem an odd question to ask for at least two reasons. First, scientists are busy investigating the causes and consequences of rape, hoping thereby to gain a better understanding of it as a biological, psychological, and social phenomenon. Much of this work is conducted with an air of urgency because of the assumption (which I share) that rape is seriously wrong. It is thought that the more thoroughly rape is understood, the more amenable it will be to individual and social control.4 Second, our legal system tries, convicts, and punishes individuals-sometimes quite harshly-for committing rape. The assumption is that rapists, no less than murderers or thieves, are free, responsible agents. The punishment is designed to pay them back for their misdeeds, incapacitate them, and deter others from engaging in similar conduct. Neither the scientist nor the lawyer pauses for very long (if at all) to inquire into the nature of rape.
Sexual Harassment, Rape, and Criiminal Sanctions
Authors: May Larry , Soule Edward
Published: November 2023

This chapter raises the question: How should various forms of sexual harassment, especially those that resemble cases of rape and battery, be treated in law? We do not argue for wholesale legal reform. Rather, we believe the present statutory framework is probably adequate if we properly frame what takes place in the context of sexual harassment offenses and if we are willing to include sexual harassment offenses in standard legal categories. We will argue that some forms of sexual harassment should be given the status of criminal offenses and treated like cases of rape, intimidation, attempted rape, and battery. And we will argue that the law should recognize and hold sexual harassers responsible for causing emotional distress and for creating harmful nuisances. At the moment, most sexual harassment is treated as sex discrimination. We do not think this is wrong but see it as overly broad. We believe that this “one treatment fits all cases” approach glosses over other crucial aspects of sexual harassment that might deserve more severe punishment. Indeed, it is surprising to us that there have been so few criminal legal remedies attempted in sexual harassment cases.
Evaluating Rape Shield Laws
Authors: Snow Nancy E
Published: November 2023

During the 1970s, feminist reformers and law enforcement officials spearheaded an extensive array of substantive and evidentiary rape law reforms.Among the evidentiary reforms was the passage of rape shield statutes, now in place in 49 states, the Federal government, and the military.2 These laws are meant to exclude from consideration at trial evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct. The purposes of doing this are threefold: to protect the rape victim from humiliating and intimidating cross-examination about her sexual conduct; to prevent judges and juries from being prejudiced by sexual history evidence that might have little probative value; and to encourage the reporting of rape by making the victim’s in-court experience less grueling and degrading.
The 1960s: Going Underground
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

The apparent retrenchment of Latin music continued during the 1960s. The Cuban-based core style returned to its island roots. Hollywood lost interest. Popular music had a last fling with Brazilian music early in the decade and then passed on. Cubop was hardly a memory as the creative cutting edge of jazz became involved in the New Thing, with its emphasis on polytonality, free rhythm, and other elements borrowed from the European avant-garde.
The 1970s: The Return to the Mainstream
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

In many respects, Latin music during the 1960s and 1970s mirrored the 1920s and 1930s. In each case, the first decade emphasized a growth that would take full effect in the second. The 1930s saw the introduction of Latin music as a substyle within U.S. popular music as a whole; the late 1970s saw its clear emergence as a major ingredient in the sound of almost all American popular idioms.
Fecal-Oral Transmission
Authors: Byers Karin E , Guerrant Richard L , Farr Barry M
Published: November 2023

Infections with organisms transmitted by the fecal-oral route most often manifest in diarrhea. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa may be responsible for diarrheal illnesses. In recent years, there have been tremendous advances in the understanding of infectious diarrhea and improved sanitation has decreased its occurrence in developed countries. However, gastrointestinal infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diarrhea is still the leading cause of childhood death worldwide with 4.6 to 6 million children dying from diarrheal disease in Asia, Africa, and Latin America every year (Guerrant and Bobak 1991). Even in developed countries, there are frequent outbreaks in child care centers, nursing homes, and hospitals. The fecal-oral pathogens of concern vary geographically and among different age groups.
Sexual Transmission
Authors: Thomas James C , Stratton Sara
Published: November 2023

The number of pathogens known to be transmissible through sexual contact has increased dramatically in the last few decades as new methods of detection have emerged. A list of sexually transmissible pathogens is presented in Table 13-1. The pathogens and the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) they cause are often grouped by organism taxonomy or symptoms. The organism types, as listed in Table 13-1, include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and ectoparasites. Clinicians who diagnose STDs are more likely to think in terms of the presenting signs of infection, however. These include urethritis (e.g., chlamydia and gonorrhea); cervicitis and vaginal symptoms (e.g., chlamydia and trichomoniasis, respectively); and skin lesions (e.g., the chancres of syphilis, herpes, and chancroid).
Evaluation of Immunization Programs
Authors: Chen Robert T , Orenstein walter A
Published: November 2023

Immunizations are among the most successful and cost-effective disease prevention interventions available (World Bank 199 3). In the United States, the introduction of routine immunizations has greatly reduced the incidence of several vaccine preventable diseases (Table 17-1). Similar success in disease reduction has been demonstrated by immunization programs in many other countries (Acres 1985, Feery 1981). The World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI), with assistance from the United Nation’s Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and other donors, has made great strides in extending these benefits to developing countries (WHO 1999). Immunizations permitted the global eradication of smallpox (Fenner 1988) and may do the same for poliomyelitis (Satcher 1999) and some other diseases. Interest in immunization programs continues to grow as countries attempt to improve the rational allocation of their scarce health resources.
Energy Characteristics and Control Strategies
Authors: Robertson Leon S
Published: November 2023

Injury epidemiologists should have at least a rudimentary understanding of the forms of energy involved in injury and the tolerance of human beings to exposure to energy. Since incidence and severity of injury are usually classified by vehicles or circumstances rather than by agent, the precise numbers attributable to a given agent are not available in many data sets. At the turn of the century in the United States, about 58 percent of fatal injuries and 62 percent of hospitalized injuries were attributed to motor vehicles, falls, and firearms (Finkelstein et al., 2006). These injuries, and a proportion of those injuries associated with factors and activities grouped into the “other” category (industrial machines, farm machines, knives, sports), indicate that mechanical energy accounts for the substantial majority of severe injury.
Definition and Criteria for Diagnosis
Authors: Gómez Manuel Rodríguez
Published: November 2023

“Tuberous sclerosis of the cerebral convolutions” is the descriptive term Bourneville coined for the unique and distinctive cerebral pathology he found in a patient with seizures and mental subnormality. The cerebral lesion, called a cortical tuber, is the hallmark of a protean autosomal dominant disease with variable expression in one or more organs or tissues. The various lesions are encompassed under the umbrella term proposed by the pathologist Moolten, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). “Tuberous sclerosis of Bourneville” and “Boumeville disease” are historically correct eponymic terms that refer only to the cortical tuber, but this is a single pathologic feature in a single organ, the brain.
Brain Imaging in the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Carlson Blake A , Houser O Wayne , Gómez Manuel Rodríguez
Published: November 2023

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), one of the hamartomatoses, affects multiple organ systems. The skin, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS) are commonly involved in this disorder. Basic CNS pathologic findings in TSC include subependymal nodules (SENs), cortical/subcortical tubers, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), heterotopic dysplastic neurons in white matter, and ventricular enlargement. Intracranial or extracranial vascular disease may also occur but is rare. Most of these pathologic findings are readily imaged with current technology. This chapter contains a re view of the neuroimaging findings that characterize this congenital disorder.
Cardiac Manifestations
Authors: Mair Douglas D , Edwards William D , Seward James B
Published: November 2023

The frequent association of tuberous sclerosis (TSC) and cardiac rhabdomyoma has been recognized for many years. In one series of 40 autopsied cases of TSC there were 12 (30%) with rhabdomyoma of the heart.’ Conversely, pathologic examination of the brain demonstrated that 11 of 30 patients (37%) with cardiac rhabdomyoma had TSC. Approximately 50% of infants with TSC have been reported to have rhabdomyoma. The understanding of the natural history of rhabdomyoma associated with TSC has improved greatly in recent years as a result of the ability to visualize the tumors noninvasively utilizing echocardiography.
Pulmonary Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Lie J T
Published: November 2023

Desire-Magloire Bourneville (1840-1909), a noted French physician, gave the first detailed description of the clinical syndrome of tuberous sclerosis in 1880. Just over 50 years later, virtually all the pathologic lesions currently considered as parts of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) had been observed and were summarized in tabular form by Van der Hoeve in 1933. In either the classic or the forme fruste type of TSC, a constellation of hamartomatous and/or neoplastic lesions occurs in almost every organ sys tem of the body, including the brain, eyes, heart, lungs, kidneys, digestive tract, endocrine glands, bones and, more recently, the blood vessels.
Imaging the Skeleton and the Great Vessels
Authors: Hoffman Alan D
Published: November 2023

Radiographic examinations of lesions of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) have always been an important ingredient in the assessment of patients afflicted with this disease. In this chapter the classic radiographic features in the skeleton are reviewed. In addition, a few rare manifestations seen in TSC are reviewed: overgrowth of portions of an extremity and abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Lineages of Cells in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Stefansson Kari , Wollmann Robert L , Huttenlocher Peter R
Published: November 2023

The cells in the central nervous system lesions of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) appear sufficiently different from normal cells to make it difficult to determine from which cell type they are derived. This problem is not unique to the lesions of TSC. There is hardly a neoplasm that arises within the central nervous system for which there has not been a “lineage debate’’ in the literature. The differences between different cell types in the central nervous system are now known to be less clear than was once believed.
The Heart of Long-Term Care
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C
Published: November 2023

Long-term care in the United States has taken the nursing home as its benchmark, but the monetary, social, and psychological costs of nursing home care are all too high. This book challenges the current dominance of nursing homes as the principal institution of long-term care. It offers a series of alternative models where both services and housing can be provided in a way that allows long-term consumers to enjoy dignified, "normal" lifestyles. It addresses the political and economic consequences of making this decision. The authors start with the premise that long-term care is designed to assist people who lack the capacity to function fully independently. They argue that no disabled person of any age should be required to forsake his/her humanity in exchange for care. The book rejects the artificial dichotomy between social and medical care, asserting that both play important roles in psychological and physical well-being of long-term care patients. The authors consider the need for competent and compassionate medicine and discuss the methods for improving both its coordination of care and its effectiveness. The book redefines the meaning of safety and protection in long-term care, and how this goal can be accomplished without sacrificing quality of living. As the new millenium and the aging of baby boomers approaches, more creative approaches to providing better long-term care are required. This volume outlines a useful framework for the provision ofeffective and humane community-based programs that are both feasible and affordable. It will be an invaluable guide for geriatricians, public health professionals, family physicians, nurses and others who care for elderly patients.
Spectrum of Care
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C
Published: November 2023

For many Americans, long-term care is synonymous with the nursing home—so much so that some commentators use long-term care to mean nursing home. This usage causes great confusion, such as when some writers contrast long-term care with home care, whereas others (including us) perceive home care as a form of long-term care. Indeed, the spectrum of long-term care features a large array of services and programs, which are discussed in this chapter. The chapter also touches on financing because long-term care programs cannot be discussed intelligibly apart from the funding programs that created them, gave them shape, and, through eligibility criteria, defined their clientele.
Obstacles to Balanced State Long-Term Systems
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, long-term care policy is largely forged at the state level of government, albeit with substantial federal money and some federal oversight. And state long-term care systems, in our view, require fundamental redirection. This chapter explores why fundamental change in state long-term care systems is so difficult to achieve.
International Perspectives on Long-Term Care
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C
Published: November 2023

Aging is a global affair. Virtually every country faces, or will soon face, societal needs to respond to the aging and disability of its population. Even developing countries face serious questions about how to care for their rapidly aging populations. In regard to aging in the developing world, 1980 can be seen as a demographic watershed. In that year the number of older people in developing countries outnumbered those in the so-called developed world. Although most developing countries have a smaller percentage of older people than developed nations (through a combination of higher birth rates and earlier death rates), the absolute numbers of older persons in these often populous areas demand attention. Developing nations simply cannot afford the patterns of long-term care that have been established by their wealthier counterparts. One hopes they can learn from the experience of those that have already passed through this demographic revolution and avoid some of the mistakes that predecessors have made. In countries where total expenditures on health care amount to only a small fraction of what is spent in affluent nations, the approach to long-term care cannot rely on expensive institutions. Natural community systems must form the bulwark of the approach to providing longterm care.
Conclusions: The Heart of the Matter
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C
Published: November 2023

At the heart of long-term care are people living their lives with disabilities, people needing help with everyday matters. Long-term care, therefore, is inescapably intertwined with everyday life. The disabilities we describe as requiring long-term care may get better in time, but they will probably get worse. In any case, life will go on for the people needing the care, their family members, and other significant people in their lives. A good long-term care program will have the capacity to help people achieve their maximum functional capabilities, and it will be able to suggest ways to provide care that helps avoid future problems. The challenge is to manage this care without presuming to manage lives. Moving to a residential care facility or nursing home is a life decision that should not be casually ‘ ‘prescribed’ ‘ to meet efficiency goals of a health care system. It should not be spoken of as a “placement.” People who need care will make decisions with their care needs in mind, but their lives should not be held hostage to their need for care.
Human Behavioral Ecology
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss how dynamic state variable models can be applied to understand problems of human behavioral ecology. Currently some controversy exists about whether any kind of “evolutionary” argument may apply to humans, because our ecological situation is now so different from that in which we evolved (Borgerhoff Mulder and Judge 1993; Crawford 1993; Emlen 1995; Mace 1995, 1996). We avoid this controversy by focusing on two systems in which the assumptions that underlie the use of dynamic state variable models are likely to be justified.
Stochasticity, Uncertainty, and Information as a State Variable
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

Until now, we have assumed that the world is stochastic: various events such as finding food or avoiding predators are characterized by probabilities or probability distributions. There is little that can be done to control stochastic events since they are probabilistic by their nature. However, the world may also be uncertain: the parameters that characterize the probability of finding food or avoiding predation may themselves have probability distributions that characterize imperfect knowledge, rather than uncertain events. Learning may reduce the uncertainty that results from imperfect knowledge, as in the model of functional response discussed in chapter 9.
The Four Cs
Authors: Karp David A
Published: November 2023

All human beings are theorists. We may not think of ourselves that way since we normally take our implicit theories largely for granted. Still, it would be impossible to live without practical theories about all sorts of things.1 Parents, for example, cannot raise their children without some guiding principles about what constitutes humanness, how babies are made socially human, what they need in order to thrive, and certainly their own role in shaping their children’s lives. Of course, there is no shortage of childrearing theories. People disagree about everything from the role of spanking in creating moral persons to the importance of reading stories aloud in order to develop a child’s intelligence. Similarly, there are fundamental disagreements and competing theories about why people commit crimes and what to do about it, why people are on welfare and how governments ought to deal with them, just how men and women are different from each other and how that influences their relationships, and so on.
Mill’s Pig: An Introduction
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

“Is it better to be Socrates dissatisfied, or a pig satisfied?” John Stuart Mill’s advice on answering his question was: don’t ask the pig.1 He has a point. It is not that pigs should be assumed to be more biased, or less intelligent, or even less experienced (if one is measuring “amount” of experience by length of life, or by events per day, or the like). The point is that the pig’s range of experience is limited. One can assume that the pig has had all the usual piggy pleasures, but one must recognize that Socrates and humans in general, in addition to enjoying the piggy pleasures, have open to them a whole range of intellectual, spiritual, and ‘‘higher” pleasures. And if one is judging between types of pleasures, one ought of course to give greater weight to the person (or creature) of wider experience, the one who has experienced all the relevant types of pleasures.
What is Wrong with Incest?
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

A friend wanted to have an affair with her cousin. She asked me if I could think of any reason why she should not. I could not (on just that basis) think of any. But then, are there any grounds other than affection that are admissible in limiting the choice of sexual objects (especially in those cases where affection is presumably most natural)? Are all possible relations open? Are taboos silly? Is everything (in the sphere of sexuality) permissible? If we cannot think of good reasons for existing institutions or practices, does that mean that the institutions or practices are dismissible? What is a “good reason”?
Lévi-Strauss on Shamanism
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

What is the role of thoughts or beliefs in Western and non-Western therapies? Why should thoughts have any role? What sort of thoughts must they be? Does it matter whether they are conscious or unconscious, fantasies or memories, true or false? What is the connection between the etiology of a disorder and the importance of the meanings or analyses provided in interpretative therapies?
“Getting Behind the Demons”
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

What makes room for a psychoanalytic account of a practice, especially where, as so often in anthropology, it involves setting aside or going behind (or below) alternative accounts? When are alternative explanations competing, when complementary, when merely incommensurable? This is an essay on psychoanalytic explanation in anthropology, on realism and relativism.
The Stored Tissue Issue
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

This book provides a thorough, well-balanced analysis of common research practices with banked tissues, DNA, and genetic data. Describing many examples of beneficial tissue research, the authors focus on problematic research practices, controversial cases, and federal and institutional policies that limit the informed choices of patients and research participants. They offer a series of recommendations to help overcome these problems.
The Federal Regulations for Human Tissue Research: Summary and Assessment
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the federal policy governing research with human participants, focusing on application of the federal regulations to research with stored tissue samples, and placing the research practices described previously in the regulatory framework in which they are commonly conducted. The animating objective of the federal policy is to ensure that critical societal interests in expanding scientific knowledge and biomedical progress are bounded by ethically sound policies and practices that minimize the risks of harm for participants and value respect for per­ sons. To this end, there are two commitments at the core of the regulatory scheme: (J) respect for autonomy through an appropriate process of informed consent to participation in research; and (2) a process for review and approval of biomedical research designed to ensure adherence to informed consent requirements and to protect participants from harm in the conduct of research. Informed consent and IRB oversight are often called the “twin protections” of the federal policy.
Environmentalism for a New Millennium
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul
Published: November 2023

Although closely associated with the 1960s, the environmental movement has a long history in the United States. In this book, Leslie Paul Thiele describes this history, particularly environmentalism as a social movement, tracing it from its beginnings in the mid-1800s to its broad role in the culture today. With a dispassionate eye, the author presents the key stages in environmentalism’s development and the concerns which have driven it. The volume touches on issues in philosophy, political science, and sociology, and can serve as a general introduction to the field or as a textbook for courses in environmental ethics, environmental politics, or American social history.
The Quest for Environmental Sustainablility: Generational Interdependence across Time
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul
Published: November 2023

“The fate of mankind,” Teilhard de Chardin once said, “depends upon the emergence of a new faith in the future.” Environmentalists might well agree. Yet their orientation is less that of the religious faithful than that of the morally forward-looking. What is intrinsic to environmentalism is a sense of obligation to those who will come after us.

This “future focus” constitutes the most widespread and enduring feature of contemporary environmentalism. It is concisely represented by a popular environmental slogan: “We do not inherit the Earth from our parents, we borrow it from our children.” A sense of obligation to progeny grounds environmental ethics. Environmental organizations make this commitment explicit. “If there is anything that has distinguished the environmental movement during the past 100 years,” Sierra Club executive director Carl Pope wrote, “it has been our insistence that we not plan for a one-generation society, that the future matters.” The founding of the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), representatives observe, was impelled by the commitment not to “steal the future from our children and our children’s children—the clean air and water they will need, the natural resources that should sustain their economy and their jobs, and their chance to experience wilderness and wild creatures and to find spiritual renewal in nature.”