bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect on blood lipids and body composition of a high‐fat (MUFA) and high‐fiber diet: A case–control study
Authors: Romero‐Marco Patricia , Chicharro Celia , Verde Zoraida , Miguel‐Tobal Francisco , Fernández‐Araque Ana
Published: April 2024

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of risk factors including abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol (HDL‐C), elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose. In Spain, according to WHO criteria, the MetS prevalence is shown to be 32% in men and 29% in women. The role of dietary habits is one of the main therapeutic strategies for the management of MetS but the most effective dietary pattern has not been established yet. This study aimed to analyze the effect of on body composition, serum lipids, and MetS components of a high‐MUFA and high‐fiber diet (HMFD). A case–control study was performed considering 40 cohabiting women. Participants were randomly assigned to HMFD group or high mono‐unsaturated diet (HMD) group to receive one of the two proposed dietary interventions. All data (serum lipids, blood pressure, height, weight, body composition, and waist circumference) were collected fasting at baseline, 55, 98, and 132 days. The HMFD group showed higher decrease in waist circumference than in the HMD group. LDL‐C dropped in both groups. Triglycerides in the HMFD group dropped during the intervention, but once the intervention was over, they returned to baseline values. The mean systolic blood pressure was lower in HMFD group. A HMFD from a weekly consumption of processed meat (Torrezno de Soria) deeply fried in extra virgin olive oil in combination with vegetables logged in a Mediterranean diet can improve MetS risk factors in healthy overweight women.
Costs of care trajectories of people with dementia compared with matched controls. Longitudinal analysis of linked health and administrative data
Authors: Bosmans Judith E. , van der Heide Iris , van Hout Hein P. J. , Joling Karlijn J.
Published: April 2024

Objectives

To provide insight into the health and social care costs during the disease trajectory in persons with dementia and the impact of institutionalization and death on healthcare costs compared with matched persons without dementia.

Methods

Electronic health record data from family physicians were linked with national administrative databases to estimate costs of primary care, medication, secondary care, mental care, home care and institutional care for people with dementia and matched persons from the year before the recorded dementia diagnosis until death or a maximum of 4 years after the diagnosis.

Results

Total mean health and social care costs among persons with dementia increased substantially during the disease trajectory, mainly due to institutional care costs. For people who remained living in the community, mean health and social care costs are higher for people with dementia than for those without dementia, while for those who are admitted to a long‐term care facility, mean health and social care costs are higher for people without dementia than for those with dementia.

Conclusions

The steep rise in health and social care costs across the dementia care trajectory is mainly due to increasing costs for institutional care. For those remaining in the community, home care costs and hospital care costs were the main cost drivers. Future research should adopt a societal perspective to investigate the influence of including social costs.
Unraveling the RNA Tapestry: A Symphony of Innovations in m6A Research Technology
Authors: Fei Shengyi , Fang Zheng William , Zhao Boxuan Simen
Published: April 2024

This review navigates the evolving landscape of N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) research approaches, emphasizing the importance of advanced technology in understanding RNA epigenetics. Beginning with the fundamentals of m6A and the need for high‐ throughput methods, the investigation progresses from low‐throughput approaches to high‐throughput technologies, encompassing antibody‐dependent and antibody‐free sequencing methods, as well as nanopore‐based direct mRNA sequencing and computation methods for m6A detection. Spatial techniques and imaging tools for m6A are also introduced in addition. The discussion of their special applications emphasizes the biological significance of absolute quantification, single‐nucleotide resolution, single‐molecule detection, and single‐cell profiling. The review concludes with a vision of ideal approaches that combine current technologies for comprehensive m6A sequencing, with the potential to further our understanding of gene regulation, cellular diversity, and their roles in health and disease.
Risks of maternal cardiopulmonary events associated with ritodrine for tocolysis: A national database linkage study in 1 831 564 pregnant women
Authors: Lin Chih‐Wan , Chan K. Arnold , Chen Yi‐Yung , Huang Wei‐I , Chao Pi‐Hui , Liang Hsun‐Yin , Chen Wen‐Wen , Hsiao Fei‐Yuan
Published: April 2024

Objective

Real‐world data on cardiopulmonary events among pregnant women receiving β‐agonist therapy are scarce. In the present study, we aimed to examine the absolute and relative risks of maternal cardiopulmonary events associated with the use of β‐agonist ritodrine during pregnancy.

Methods

By linking Taiwan's National Birth Certificate Application Database with National Health Insurance data, 1 831 564 pregnancies at ≥20 weeks' gestation were identified. Age‐standardized incidence rates of cardiopulmonary events among pregnant women exposed to ritodrine were estimated. Nested case–control analyses were conducted to evaluate the relative risk of pulmonary edema, heart failure, and arrhythmia associated with prior ritodrine use. Cases and controls were matched using risk set sampling, and adjusted odds ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression models.

Results

A total of 189 cases of pulmonary edema, 126 cases of heart failure, and 162 cases of arrhythmia were identified (corresponding age‐standardized incidence rates: 20.90, 8.35, and 16.63 per 100 000 among pregnant women only exposed to oral ritodrine; 91.28, 36.01, and 14.61 per 100 000 among those ever exposed to intravenous ritodrine). Exposure to oral ritodrine was associated with a lower increased risk of pulmonary edema (aOR 1.76; 95% CI: 1.12–2.76) and arrhythmia (2.21; 1.47–3.32) whereas exposure to ritodrine injection was associated with a significantly higher risk of pulmonary edema (10.56; 6.39–17.45), arrhythmia (4.15; 1.99–8.64), and heart failure (5.58; 2.27–13.74).

Conclusions

Pregnant women receiving intravenous ritodrine therapy had higher cardiopulmonary risks and should be intensively monitored. While the relative risk associated with oral ritodrine is not pronounced, it should be used judiciously among pregnant women as well.
Cerebroplacental ratio and perinatal outcomes in mild‐to‐moderate idiopathic polyhydramnios cases
Authors: Dogru Sukran , Akkus Fatih , Acar Ali
Published: April 2024

Objective

This study will evaluate whether fetal cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) can predict perinatal adverse outcomes in singleton pregnancies with mild and moderate idiopathic polyhydramnios (IP).

Method

This study was designed as a prospective case–control study between January 2023 and November 2023. Pregnant women diagnosed with mild‐to‐moderate IP and low‐risk singleton pregnancies were included in the study. In all cases, umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) pulsatility indices (PIs) were measured at 36–40 weeks of gestation, and CPR was calculated. The group with polyhydramnios was divided into two parts according to whether the CPR value was below 1.08 or 1.08 and above. Perinatal outcomes of all groups were compared.

Results

A total of 140 patients were included in the study. Seventy of these were IP cases, and 70 were low‐risk pregnant women. UA PI in the IP group was not statistically different from that in the low‐risk group, but MCA PI and CPR were significantly lower in the IP group (P = 0.07, P = 0.001, and P = 0.004, respectively). IP cases were divided into a low group (<1.08, n = 18) and a normal group (≥1.08, n = 52) according to the CPR value. Cesarean section rates due to fetal distress were significantly higher in the low‐CPR group (n = 8 [44.4%] vs 5 [9.6%], P = 0.001). In the low‐CPR group, 5‐min Apgar <7, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission rates were significantly higher (P = 0.045 and P = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

It is encouraging that in cases with mild‐to‐moderate IP, low CPR predicts emergency delivery due to fetal distress, a low Apgar score at 5 min, and NICU admission.
Polarization‐directed nanophotonic routers based on two‐dimensional inorganic molecular crystals
Authors: Yao Jiacheng , Feng Xin , Zhang Tingting , Chen Fangqi , Zhang Zhenglong , Zheng Hairong , Zhai Tianyou , Ding Tao
Published: April 2024

Photonic and plasmonic hybrid nanostructures are the key solution for integrated nanophotonic circuits with ultracompact size but relative low loss. However, the poor tunability and modulability of conventional waveguides makes them cumbersome for optical multiplexing. Here we make use of two‐dimensional molecular crystal, α‐Sb2O3 as a dielectric waveguide via total internal reflection, which shows polarization‐sensitive modulation of the propagating beams due to its large polarization mode dispersion. Both experiments and simulations are performed to verify such concept. These Sb2O3 nanoflakes can be coupled with plasmonic nanowires to form nanophotonic beam splitters and routers which can be easily modulated by changing the polarization of the incidence. It thus provides a robust, exploitable and tunable platform for on‐chip nanophotonics.

image
Design and analysis of a fiber Bragg grating‐based foot pressure assessment system
Authors: Sharan Preeta , Khouqeer Ghada A. , El‐Badry Basma A. , Upadhyaya Anup M.
Published: April 2024

This research presents a comprehensive study focused on the design, implementation, and analysis of an innovative fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based foot pressure assessment system. FBG sensors strategically placed on the great toe, metatarsal 1, metatarsal 2, and heel provided distinct peak resonant wavelengths, strains, and pressures during experimental cycles. Participant 1 exhibited peak resonant wavelength of 1537.745 nm for great toe, 1537.792 nm for metatarsal 1, 1537.812 nm for metatarsal 2, and 1537.824 nm for heel. Participant 2 showcased distinct graphical representations with peak resonant wavelengths ranging from 1537.903 to 1537.917 nm. In a fracture patient condition, the FBG‐based system monitored weight‐bearing capacity, integrated with real‐time X‐ray imaging for dynamic insights of rehabilitation as distinct approach. The strains and pressures at each position exhibited notable variations along with the sensitivity of 1.31με obtained across all positions, underscoring the FBG‐based system's reliability in capturing subtle foot pressure.
The Terwilliger algebras of the group association schemes of three metacyclic groups
Authors: Yang Jing , Zhang Xiaoqian , Feng Lihua
Published: April 2024

For any finite group , the Terwilliger algebra of the group association scheme satisfies the following inclusions: , where is a specific vector space and is the centralizer algebra of the permutation representation of induced by the action of conjugation. The group is said to be triply transitive if . In this paper, we determine the dimensions of and for being , and , and show that and are triply transitive. Additionally, we give a complete characterization of the Wedderburn components of the Terwilliger algebras of , and when they are triply transitive.
Exploring novel function of Gpx5 antioxidant activity: Assisting epididymal cells secrete functional extracellular vesicles
Authors: Li Long , Jin Tianqi , Chen Shaoxian , Cao Heran , Ma Yuxuan , Fang Wuzi , Wang Yang , Liu Qimin , Zheng Lijuan , Wijayanti Dwi , Dong Wuzi
Published: April 2024

Glutathione peroxisomal‐5 (Gpx5) promotes the elimination of H2O2 or organic hydrogen peroxide, and plays an important role in the physiological process of resistance to oxidative stress (OS). To directly and better understand the protection of Gpx5 against OS in epididymal cells and sperm, we studied its mechanism of antioxidant protection from multiple aspects. To more directly investigate the role of Gpx5 in combating oxidative damage, we started with epididymal tissue morphology and Gpx5 expression profiles in combination with the mouse epididymal epithelial cell line PC1 (proximal caput 1) expressing recombinant Gpx5. The Gpx5 is highly expressed in adult male epididymal caput, and its protein signal can be detected in the sperm of the whole epididymis. Gpx5 has been shown to alleviate OS damage induced by 3‐Nitropropionic Acid (3‐NPA), including enhancing antioxidant activity, reducing mitochondrial damage, and suppressing cell apoptosis. Gpx5 reduces OS damage in PC1 and maintains the well‐functioning extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by PC1, and the additional epididymal EVs play a role in the response of sperm to OS damage, including reducing plasma membrane oxidation and death, and increasing sperm motility and sperm‐egg binding ability. Our study suggests that GPX5 plays an important role as an antioxidant in the antioxidant processes of epididymal cells and sperm, including plasma membrane oxidation, mitochondrial oxidation, apoptosis, sperm motility, and sperm‐egg binding ability.
Potential probiotic characteristics and genomic analysis of a new folate‐producing lactic acid bacteria Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZFM55
Authors: Zhang Zihao , Xiong Jiayi , Chen Lin , Wang Gang , Dong Ruomeng , Wang Fengxuan , Huang Yingjie , Meng Xia , Li Tiantian , Gu Qing , Li Ping
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Folate is crucial for maintaining health, but humans are unable to synthesize folate and need to obtain it from food. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum can produce the necessary vitamin B for the human body, including folate. Whole genome sequencing technology can clarify the physiological characteristics of folate production in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. In order to explore new Lactiplantibacillus plantarum that produce folate, the folate production and probiotic characteristics of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZFM55 isolated from infant feces were investigated, and whole genome sequencing was performed.

RESULTS

The folate synthesis ability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZFM55 were measured, and its total folate production was 299.72 ± 28.81 ng mL−1. Subsequently, its probiotic properties were explored. The antibacterial test showed that its inhibition zone diameter against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium was 15.5 ± 0.82 mm and 13.88 ± 0.98 mm, respectively. The tolerance test results indicated that it maintained good activity in simulated gastrointestinal tract and bile salt environments. In vitro intestinal simulation experiments had confirmed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZFM55 can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria in the intestine and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia_Shigella. Genomic sequencing indicated that the genetic material of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZFM55 contains one chromosome and three plasmids, and it has 20 genes related to folate synthesis, which explains its ability to produce folate.

CONCLUSION

This study reports a new potential probiotic that produces folate, and provides ideas for exploring probiotics with specific probiotic characteristics. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Enhancing the catalytic efficiency of M32 carboxypeptidase by semi‐rational design and its applications in food taste improvement
Authors: Wang Jinjiang , Lu Xinyao , Zhuge Bin , Zong Hong
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Carboxypeptidase is an exopeptidase that hydrolyzes amino acids at the C‐terminal end of the peptide chain and has a wide range of applications in food. However, in industrial applications, the relatively low catalytic efficiency of carboxypeptidases is one of the main limiting factors for industrialization.

RESULTS

The study has enhanced the catalytic efficiency of Bacillus megaterium M32 carboxypeptidase (BmeCPM32) through semi‐rational design. Firstly, the specific activity of the optimal mutant, BmeCPM32‐M2, obtained through single‐site mutagenesis and combinatorial mutagenesis, was 2.2‐fold higher than that of the wild type (187.9 versus 417.8 U mg−1), and the catalytic efficiency was 2.9‐fold higher (110.14 versus 325.75 s−1 mmol−1). Secondly, compared to the wild type, BmeCPM32‐M2 exhibited a 1.8‐fold increase in half‐life at 60 °C, with no significant changes in its enzymatic properties (optimal pH, optimal temperature). Finally, BmeCPM32‐M2 significantly increased the umami intensity of soy protein isolate hydrolysate by 55% and reduced bitterness by 83%, indicating its potential in developing tasty protein components.

CONCLUSION

Our research has revealed that the strategy based on protein sequence evolution and computational residue mutation energy led to an improved catalytic efficiency of BmeCPM32. Molecular dynamics simulations have revealed that a smaller substrate binding pocket and increased enzyme–substrate affinity are the reasons for the enhanced catalytic efficiency. Furthermore the number of hydrogen bonds and solvent and surface area may contribute to the improvement of thermostability. Finally, the de‐bittering effect of BmeCPM32‐M2 in soy protein isolate hydrolysate suggests its potential in developing palatable protein components. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Quality of Life Outcomes After Pediatric Otitis Media Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lam Doreen , Fahmy Alex , Timashpolsky Alisa , Sangal Neel , Chandrasekaran Ganesh , Cedrone Melanie , Dedhia Kavita
Published: April 2024

Objectives

Systematically review of literature characterizing health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) impact of surgery in pediatric otitis media (OM) patients, and meta‐analysis of studies using the OM‐6 questionnaire.

Data Sources

Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus.

Review Methods

A systematic review of literature of studies evaluating HRQoL outcomes for OM patients managed by surgery. Two investigators independently reviewed abstracts and full‐length articles. Risk of bias was assessed using the MINORS criteria and Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool.

Results

The search yielded 1272 studies, 50 underwent full‐text review and 23 met inclusion criteria. Non‐randomized studies were of moderate to good quality, while randomized trials had a high risk of bias. Age ranged from 6 months to 15 years. Race and socioeconomic factors were inconsistently reported. There were 11 HRQoL outcome measure instruments of which four were disease‐specific. Eleven studies used OM‐6 and nine were included in the meta‐analysis. Pooled analysis of five studies showed a mean OM‐6 change of 1.79 (95% CI: 1.53–2.06; 95% PI: 0.92–2.67; I2 = 68%) 4–6 weeks after surgery; a mean change of 1.87 (95% CI: 1.15–2.58; 98%) after 6 months across two studies; and a mean change of 1.64 (1.02 to 2.27; −6.35 to 9.64; 98%) after 9–13 months across three studies.

Conclusions

There is no consistency in HRQoL instruments used to evaluate pediatric OM surgery outcomes in current literature with few RCTs. Meta‐analysis showed a clinically significant large improvement in HRQoL 4–6 weeks after tympanostomy tube placement.

Level of Evidence

N/A Laryngoscope, 134:4176–4185, 2024
Quantitative Comparison of Chatbots on Common Rhinology Pathologies
Authors: Bellinger Jeffrey R. , Kwak Minhie W. , Ramos Gabriel A. , Mella Jeffrey S. , Mattos Jose L.
Published: April 2024

Objectives

Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of chatbots as a source of patient information is critical for providers in the rising artificial intelligence landscape. This study is the first to quantitatively analyze and compare four of the most used chatbots available regarding treatments of common pathologies in rhinology.

Methods

The treatment of epistaxis, chronic sinusitis, sinus infection, allergic rhinitis, allergies, and nasal polyps was asked to chatbots ChatGPT, ChatGPT Plus, Google Bard, and Microsoft Bing in May 2023. Individual responses were analyzed by reviewers for readability, quality, understandability, and actionability using validated scoring metrics. Accuracy and comprehensiveness were evaluated for each response by two experts in rhinology.

Results

ChatGPT, Plus, Bard, and Bing had FRE readability scores of 33.17, 35.93, 46.50, and 46.32, respectively, indicating higher readability for Bard and Bing compared to ChatGPT (p = 0.003, p = 0.008) and Plus (p = 0.025, p = 0.048). ChatGPT, Plus, and Bard had mean DISCERN quality scores of 20.42, 20.89, and 20.61, respectively, which was higher than the score for Bing of 16.97 (p < 0.001). For understandability, ChatGPT and Bing had PEMAT scores of 76.67 and 66.61, respectively, which were lower than both Plus at 92.00 (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and Bard at 92.67 (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). ChatGPT Plus had an accuracy score of 4.39 which was higher than ChatGPT (3.97, p = 0.118), Bard (3.72, p = 0.002), and Bing (3.19, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

On aggregate of the tested domains, our results suggest ChatGPT Plus and Google Bard are currently the most patient‐friendly chatbots for the treatment of common pathologies in rhinology.

Level of Evidence

N/A Laryngoscope, 134:4225–4231, 2024
Nano‐water treatment residuals: Enhancing phosphorus kinetics and optimization in saline soils
Authors: EL‐Sharkawy Mahmoud , Sleem Mahmoud , Du Daolin , El Baroudy Ahmed , Li Jian , Mahmoud Esawy , Ali Nehal
Published: April 2024

Phosphorus (P) use in agriculture has witnessed a global increase, leading to significant environmental problems. Nevertheless, the understanding of P kinetics in saline soils amended with nano‐water treatment residuals (nWTR) remains limited. This study aimed to (1) Investigate the impact of different nWTR addition rates (0%, 0.10%, 0.20%, and 0.50%) on the adsorption‐desorption kinetics of P applied to five soils with different salinity levels (1.47–58.50 dS m−1) using batch adsorption experiments. (2) Using different optimization models via Fit Quadratic Model and principal component analysis to predict the optimal utilization of nWTR. The X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared patterns proposed that the main mechanisms controlling the process are ligand exchange and precipitation. The results revealed that the adsorption level of P in amended soils was rapid, then decreased gradually until reaching equilibrium after 24 h/25°C. The kinetics data were well described by a pseudo‐second‐order model, suggesting a chemisorption‐dependent adsorption process. Increasing soil salinity and nWTR addition led to decline the phosphorus desorption. The application of 0.5% nWTR decreased P‐desorption from 33.95% to 16.22% in the non‐saline soil and from 18.43% to 10.63% in the highly saline soil. principal component analysis distinguished a positive association between P‐adsorbed and nWTR. The optimization models predicted that applying 0.5% nWTR for 965 min maximizes the P‐adsorption rate, reaching 1041 mg Kg−1 in highly saline‐soils. Therefore, nWTR can serve as a cost‐effective and efficient absorbent for mitigating P mobility and reducing its transport in saline soils.
Microzooplankton grazers induce chain length plasticity in colonial diatoms
Authors: Ryderheim Fredrik , Huang Yuan , Selander Erik , Kiørboe Thomas
Published: April 2024

Many diatoms form long chains and the distribution of chain lengths within a species depends on several environmental factors, among them grazing risk. Larger grazers, such as copepods, efficiently handle and ingest even very long chains but are less efficient with individual cells, whereas most smaller grazers are unable to feed on chains exceeding a few cells in length. Copepod cues make several species shorten their chain length, and theory predicts that cues from small grazers should induce increased, but this remains to be tested, despite the importance of diatoms in marine food webs. Here, we expose three species of chain‐forming diatoms, Skeletonema marinoi, Chaetoceros affinis, and Thalassiosira rotula to cues from various actively feeding micrograzers and record their response. The effect of grazer presence on chain length varies depending on both the type of grazer and the diatom species. For example, S. marinoi increased its chain length when exposed to grazing cues from the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dominans and the ciliate Euplotes sp. but not to a copepod nauplii (Temora longicornis). C. affinis also responded to cues from grazing G. dominans by increasing chain length, and the response increased with exposure time. Finally, T. rotula did not respond to grazing cues from G. dominans, but rather inhibited the dinoflagellates' ability to feed, presumably through the release of chemical compounds. Our results suggest that some chainforming diatoms can sense and appropriately respond to fast‐growing micrograzers, thus contributing to the success of diatoms in marine environments.
Splitting of Optical Spatial Modes via Stern‐Gerlach Effect
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Wang Zhaoyuan , Hu Yi , Xu Jingjun
Published: April 2024

Stern‐Gerlach (SG) effect, initially found for unveiling the existence of quantized electron spins, is now a general concept describing a state‐dependent separation. It is widely explored in optics to achieve a function of optical splitting, but the current schemes always require a polarization‐ or wavelength‐dependent process, thus showing limitations for broader applications. Here, spatial modes of an optical field are employed as another degree of freedom to demonstrate an SG effect. Two modes of a pair of coupled waveguides are found to be in analog to the electron spins. They are able to undergo a splitting upon a spatially‐dependent waveguide coupling, which plays the role of a non‐uniform magnetic field. In an experiment, such a splitting is realized in two coupled non‐parallel slab waveguides, and its strength is adjusted at ease by varying the parameters of this proposed structure. This SG‐related optical splitting may find applications in the field of optical sensing and signal processing.
Spin‐Decoupled Metasurface by Hybridizing Curvature‐ and Rotation‐Induced Geometrical Phases
Authors: Wang Zhenxu , Fu Xinmin , Liang Jian‐gang , Han Yajuan , Jia Yuxiang , Ding Chang , Qu Shaobo , Wang Jiafu
Published: April 2024

Geometric phases are very important for achieving broadband functional metasurfaces, which are usually obtained by rotating meta‐atoms. However, such rotation‐induced geometric phases are inherently spin‐coupled, with the same magnitude and opposite sign for left‐ and right‐handed circularly polarized (LCP and RCP) waves, which is unfavorable for designing different functions for LCP and RCP waves. Therefore, it is desirable that geometric phases for single circular polarization be explored. In this work, it is first proposed to achieve geometric phases for single polarization by delicately designing curvature of the meta‐atom, which only imparts geometric phase to RCP or LCP waves. Then, spin‐decoupled metasurfaces are designed by hybridizing such curvature‐induced geometric phases and conventional rotation‐induced geometric phases. Two prototypes of dual‐channel functional metasurfaces are designed, fabricated, and measured. Both the simulated and experimental results verify the spin‐decoupled phase modulation. This work expands the methods of phase engineering in metasurfaces and may find wide applications in communication, sensing, imaging, and others.
An overview of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 2: Structure, biological function, and small‐molecule modulators
Authors: Hao Wanting , Luo Dongdong , Jiang Yuqi , Wan Shengbiao , Li Xiaoyang
Published: April 2024

Over the past decade, there has been a notable increase in research on sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), which is a type of G‐protein‐coupled receptor. Upon activation by S1P or other ligands, S1PR2 initiates downstream signaling pathways such as phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K), Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), Rho/Rho‐associated coiled‐coil containing kinases (ROCK), and others, contributing to the diverse biological functions of S1PR2 and playing a pivotal role in various physiological processes and disease progressions, such as multiple sclerosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and tumors. Due to the extensive biological functions of S1PR2, many S1PR2 modulators, including agonists and antagonists, have been developed and discovered by pharmaceutical companies (e.g., Novartis and Galapagos NV) and academic medicinal chemists for disease diagnosis and treatment. However, few reviews have been published that comprehensively overview the functions and regulators of S1PR2. Herein, we provide an in‐depth review of the advances in the function of S1PR2 and its modulators. We first summarize the structure and biological function of S1PR2 and its pathological role in human diseases. We then focus on the discovery approach, design strategy, development process, and biomedical application of S1PR2 modulators. Additionally, we outline the major challenges and future directions in this field. Our comprehensive review will aid in the discovery and development of more effective and clinically applicable S1PR2 modulators.
A Hermitian refinement of symplectic Clifford analysis
Authors: Eelbode David , Muarem Guner
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we develop the Hermitian refinement of symplectic Clifford analysis, by introducing a complex structure
on the canonical symplectic manifold
. This gives rise to two symplectic Dirac operators
and
(in the sense of Habermann), leading to a
‐invariant system of equations on
. We discuss the solution space for this system, culminating in a Fischer decomposition for the space of (harmonic) polynomials on
with values in the symplectic spinors. To make this decomposition explicit, we will construct the associated embedding factors using a transvector algebra.
Minimum phantom size for megavoltage photon beam reference dosimetry
Authors: Rogers D. W. O.
Published: April 2024

Background

Water phantoms are required to perform reference dosimetry and beam quality measurements but there are no published studies about the size requirements for such phantoms.

Purpose

To investigate, using Monte Carlo techniques, the size requirements for water phantoms used in reference dosimetry and/or to measure the beam quality specifiers and .

Methods

The EGSnrc application DOSXYZnrc is used to calculate , the dose per incident fluence at 10 cm depth in a water phantom irradiated by incident   beams of   or 6 MV photons. The water phantom dimensions are varied from to and occasionally smaller. The and values are also calculated with care being taken to distinguish results when using Method A (changing depth of water in phantom) and Method B (moving entire phantom). Typical statistical uncertainties are 0.03%.

Results

Phantom dimensions have only minor effects for phantoms larger than . A table of corrections to the dose at 10 cm depth in   beams of   or 6 MV photons are provided and range from no correction to 0.75% for a  beam incident on a phantom. There can be distinct differences in the values measured using Method A or Method B, especially for smaller phantoms. It is explicitly demonstrated that, within 0.15%, values for a phantom measured using Method A or B are independent of source detector distance between 40 and 200 cm.

Conclusions

The phantom sizes recommended in the TG‐51 and IAEA TRS‐398 reference dosimetry protocols are adequate for accurate reference dosimetry and in some cases are even conservative. Correction factors are necessary for accurate measurement of the dose at 10 cm depth in smaller phantoms and these factors are provided. Very accurate beam quality specifiers are not required for reference dosimetry itself, but for specifying beam stability and characteristics it is important to specify phantom sizes and also the method used for  measurements.
Nutrition adequacy in the late period of the acute phase is associated with a lower risk of 30‐day mortality in critically ill patients: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Coruja Mariane Kubiszewski , Antunes Luciana da Conceição , Leotti Vanessa Bielefeldt , Steemburgo Thais
Published: April 2024

Background

The provision of nutrition support for critically ill patients in the early phase of intensive care unit (ICU) admission plays a vital role in their recovery. However, there is still debate regarding the impact of nutrition adequacy of critical illness phases. We aimed to investigate whether nutrition adequacy in the acute phase (early and late periods) is associated with 30‐day mortality in critically ill patients.

Methods

We prospectively collected nutrition and clinical data from critically ill patients receiving exclusive enteral nutrition (EN) within the first 10 days of ICU admission. EN was classified as adequate when ≥80% of the prescribed EN was administered. Directed acyclic graphs were constructed to identify the minimum set of adjustment variables required to control for confounding factors. The relationships between energy and protein intake and 30‐day mortality were assessed using the Cox regression analysis.

Results

A total of 119 patients were evaluated (70 years old, 56.3% male, and 68.1% with medical admission). The 30‐day mortality rate was 23%. After adjusting for confounders, in the late period (days 5–10), energy adequacy (hazard ratio [HR] =  0.960; 95% CI, 0.937–0.984) and protein adequacy (HR = 0.960; 95% CI, 0.937–0.982) were predictors of 30‐day mortality. No associations were observed in the early period (days 1–4) of the acute phase.

Conclusion

In critically ill patients, nutrition adequacy (≥80% EN) during days 5–10 in the ICU was associated with a lower risk of 30‐day mortality.
Clinical Outcomes of an Active, Transcutaneous, Bone Conduction Hearing Device: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Jukic Alma , Cismas Marine , Flores Nancy , Stevens Shawn M.
Published: April 2024

Objective

The purpose of this study was to review patient demographics, indications, intraoperative findings, complications/adverse events, and audiological outcomes related to the implantation of the Osia 2 device.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Setting

Single tertiary institutional experience.

Methods

Patients who had undergone Osia 2 implantation by the senior author were identified from 2019 to present. Information was extracted from patient charts concerning patient demographics, indications for implantation, surgical findings, audiological outcomes, and adverse events.

Results

Sixty patients and 67 implants were included. The median age was 51 years (R: 11‐92). Fifty‐five percent of patients had mixed hearing loss (HL), 30% had single‐sided deafness, and 15% had conductive HL. The mean operative time was 53.9 minutes. Only 4.5% of patients required bone polishing, and 3.0% required tissue thinning. The mean pure‐tone averages 4 gain from unaided conditions was 41.2 dB. Mean gain at 6 and 8 kHz from unaided conditions was 35.42 and 40.67 dB, respectively. Mean improvement in speech recognition threshold and word recognition score was significant in noise and quiet conditions. The all‐cause adverse event/complication rate in our series was 10.4%. The most common complications were infections (4.5%) and poorly controlled postoperative pain (3.0%). Hematomas occurred in 1.5% of patients. Reoperation was required in 4 patients; explant in 1.

Conclusion

Use of the Osia 2 device in our series has resulted in good hearing outcomes, particularly in terms of high frequency gain. Complication rates were low. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date reporting on Osia 2 outcomes.
Novel variant in ACTA1 identified in a fetus with akinesia deformation sequence and cortical development delay
Authors: Martínez‐Diago Clara , Mademont‐Soler Irene , Bonmatí Alexandra , Rodo Carlota , Alberch Ariadna , Obon María , Fuertes Begoña , Maroto Anna
Published: April 2024

We present a case of fetal akinesia deformation sequence due to nemaline myopathy (NM). In addition to the muscle manifestations, prenatal observations included an enlarged subarachnoid space and delayed cortical development. Trio whole‐exome sequencing revealed a de novo novel pathogenic variant in the ACTA1 gene, which encodes skeletal muscle alpha‐actin. Our findings suggest that brain abnormalities can occur prenatally in NM and support the potential role of skeletal muscle alpha‐actin in the central nervous system.
Real‐world utilization, patient characteristics, and treatment patterns among men with localized prostate cancer tested with the 17‐gene genomic prostate score® (GPSTM) assay
Authors: Nguyen Amy M. , Carter Gebra Cuyun , Wilson Lesley‐Ann Miller , Canfield Steven
Published: April 2024

Objectives

Descriptive study focusing on real‐world utilization and characteristics of men with prostate cancer tested with the 17‐gene Genomic Prostate Score® (GPS™) assay by linking administrative claims and electronic health record (EHR) data with GPS results.

Methods

This retrospective, observational cohort study (January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020) included men aged 40–80 years with localized prostate cancer claims, continuous enrollment in Optum's Integrated Claims data set, ≥1 day of EHR clinical activity, and a GPS result. Men were classified as undergoing definitive therapy (DT) (prostatectomy, radiation, or focal therapy) or active surveillance (AS). AS and DT distribution were analyzed across GPS results, National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®) risk, and race. Costs were assessed 6 months after the first GPS result (index); clinical outcomes and AS persistence were assessed during the variable follow‐up. All variables were analyzed descriptively.

Results

Of 834 men, 650 (77.9%) underwent AS and 184 (22.1%) DT. Most men had Quan‐Charlson comorbidity scores of 1–2 and a tumor stage of T1c (index). The most common Gleason patterns were 3 + 3 (79.6%) (AS cohort) and 3 + 4 (55.9%) (DT cohort). The mean (standard deviation) GPS results at index were 23.2 (11.3) (AS) and 30.9 (12.9) (DT). AS decreased with increasing GPS result and NCCN risk. Differences between races were minimal. Total costs were substantially higher in the DT cohort.

Conclusions

Most men with GPS‐tested localized prostate cancer underwent AS, indicating the GPS result can inform clinical management. Decreasing AS with increasing GPS result and NCCN risk suggests the GPS complements NCCN risk stratification.
The study of iron‐ and copper‐binding proteome of Fusarium oxysporum and its effector candidates
Authors: Kushwah Ankita Singh , Dixit Himisha , Upadhyay Vipin , Verma Shailender Kumar , Prasad Ramasare
Published: April 2024

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici is a phytopathogen which causes vascular wilt disease in tomato plants. The survival tactics of both pathogens and hosts depend on intricate interactions between host plants and pathogenic microbes. Iron‐binding proteins (IBPs) and copper‐binding proteins (CBPs) play a crucial role in these interactions by participating in enzyme reactions, virulence, metabolism, and transport processes. We employed high‐throughput computational tools at the sequence and structural levels to investigate the IBPs and CBPs of F. oxysporum. A total of 124 IBPs and 37 CBPs were identified in the proteome of Fusarium. The ranking of amino acids based on their affinity for binding with iron is Glu > His> Asp > Asn > Cys, and for copper is His > Asp > Cys respectively. The functional annotation, determination of subcellular localization, and Gene Ontology analysis of these putative IBPs and CBPs have unveiled their potential involvement in a diverse array of cellular and biological processes. Three iron‐binding glycosyl hydrolase family proteins, along with four CBPs with carbohydrate‐binding domains, have been identified as potential effector candidates. These proteins are distinct from the host Solanum lycopersicum proteome. Moreover, they are known to be located extracellularly and function as enzymes that degrade the host cell wall during pathogen–host interactions. The insights gained from this report on the role of metal ions in plant–pathogen interactions can help develop a better understanding of their fundamental biology and control vascular wilt disease in tomato plants.
Importance of Scaling in RF GaN HEMTs for Reduction of Surface Traps‐Induced Drain Lag
Authors: Yazdani Hossein , Zervos Christos , Beleniotis Petros , Brusaterra Enrico , Hilt Oliver , Rudolph Matthias , Würfl Joachim
Published: April 2024

Drain lag is a well‐known phenomenon that leads to radio frequency performance degradation in AlGaN/GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors. Herein, it is demonstrated that a reduction of the gate‐to‐drain distance (Lgd) from 2.0 to 0.5 μm results in 7% reduction in the current collapse. This improvement is attributed to a decrease in surface trapping, which, in this case, is found to have a greater impact on current collapse than relatively slow traps in the buffer layer. To support this argument, TCAD simulations are conducted. Load‐pull analysis confirms that scaling the devices to Lgd = 0.5 μm provides 15% better output power density at 10 GHz than Lgd = 2.0 μm. Additionally, a new passivation layer for reduced surface traps exhibits a 20 to 30% higher output power density and at least a 10% improvement in power‐added efficiency at 20 GHz on a nominally identical GaN‐on‐semi‐insulating SiC epi‐wafer.
Deposition of a‐C:H:SiOx Coatings Using Low‐Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma
Authors: Grenadyorov Alexander S. , Semenov Vyacheslav A. , Oskirko Vladimir O. , Oskomov Konstantin V. , Solovyev Andrey A.
Published: April 2024

This article investigates the plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition of a‐C:H:SiOx coatings in a non‐self‐sustaining arc discharge plasma with a hot cathode in combination with a low‐frequency (200 kHz) inductively coupled plasma. It is shown that increasing the inductor power from 0 to 600 W leads to a twofold increase in the ion current density on the substrate. An increase in ion bombardment intensity results in a 1.3‐fold reduction in the coating's growth rate due to the resputtering phenomenon, a 1.5‐fold reduction in surface roughness, and an improvement in the mechanical properties of the coatings. The hardness of the coating is increased by 9–11%, the plasticity index by 10–17%, and the resistance to plastic deformation by 32–49%.
Optical, Electrical, and Optoelectronic Characterization of Ti‐Supersaturated Gallium Arsenide
Authors: Algaidy Sari , Caudevilla Daniel , Godoy‐Pérez Guillermo , Benítez‐Fernández Rafael , Pérez‐Zenteno Francisco , Duarte‐Cano Sebastián , García‐Hernansanz Rodrigo , San Andrés Enrique , García‐Hemme Eric , Olea Javier , Siegel Jan , Gonzalo José , Pastor David , del Prado Álvaro
Published: April 2024

Herein, a detailed investigation on the properties of supersaturated gallium arsenide (GaAs) using Ti+ implantation followed by nanosecond pulsed laser melting (PLM) is presented. The supersaturated samples are analyzed by means of electrical, optical, and optoelectronic characterization. The sheet resistance results obtained using van der Pauw configuration measurements do not show activation of the implanted Ti+ in semi‐insulating GaAs after PLM. Absorptance measurements show a sub‐bandgap absorption (up to 6.5% for λ = 1000 nm) of the supersaturated GaAs:Ti and the just PLM‐processed GaAs, with the same laser melting fluence used (0.50 J/cm−2). The origin of this sub‐bandgap absorption is analyzed. Optoelectronic measurements show a similar sub‐bandgap photo‐response related to the absorption analyzed. The photo‐response measured below the bandgap originates from point defects introduced by the PLM process.
Evaluation of Frictional Influence and Thermal Analysis of Flexible Paper‐Based Materials Used in the Vertical Form–Fill–Seal Process: An Experimental Study
Authors: Merabtene Mahdi , Tanninen Panu , Pesonen Antti , Lyytikäinen Johanna , Varis Juha , Leminen Ville
Published: April 2024

This study evaluated the frictional behaviour of flexible polymer‐coated and dispersion‐coated materials used in vertical form–fill–seal (VFFS) machines. A laboratory‐scale friction measurement device was developed to investigate the relationship between different surface topographies, roughness and frictional properties. Furthermore, surface roughness, contact angle and surface energy of the material were analysed and a microscopic analysis was performed to further understand the effect of material properties on friction. Thermal camera analysis was performed to measure the temperature changes within the material during the film‐transport stage of the VFFS machine. The friction measurement results indicated that the sliding direction did not affect the static and kinetic coefficients of friction. The significant influence of friction on the surface topography of the plate (forming shoulder and tube) was particularly evident. Some materials experienced the stick–slip phenomenon during sliding, depending on the surface type. Teflon tape, which is commonly used in the forming tubes of VFFS machines, exhibited the lowest coefficient of friction. Thermal camera analysis revealed that polymer‐coated paper materials generated more heat than dispersion‐coated papers during VFFS trials and thermoplastic films generated the least heat. No clear relationship between the surface roughness of the paper, fibre orientation, surface energy and friction coefficient was noted. Furthermore, paper‐based materials exhibited a higher coefficient of friction, which is possibly related to the dispersion components of surface energy. The findings of this study provide additional knowledge for designing the forming tube, shoulder geometry and surface plate to minimize the occurrence of defects, such as wrinkles, in paper‐based packages.
Remediation of chlorpyrifos by utilizing waste packaging wood as magnetic biochar
Authors: Devanand Devanand , Khatkar Rahul , Nahar Sonia , Nagpal Suman
Published: April 2024

The concentration of pesticides in water resources (groundwater and surface water) has reached concerning levels due to the widespread use of pesticides in agricultural activities and their persistent nature. Pesticide contamination poses severe health risks to humans and also to various animal populations. Therefore, innovative approaches to pesticide removal from contaminated water is an essential area of research leading to various chemical‐ and herbal‐based solutions to this problem. The present work demonstrates a novel approach to addressing pesticide contamination by repurposing waste packaging wood for their removal. Wood is one of the major components utilized in packaging which results in a large amount of waste requiring management. In this work, waste packaging wood has been utilized to produce magnetic biochar using pyrolysis in an environmentally friendly way and characterized using various characterization tools such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy. FTIR results confirmed the characteristic peak at 577 cm−1 of the magnetic group representing biochar. The efficiency of prepared magnetic biochar for the removal of one of the most frequently used organophosphate pesticides (chlorpyrifos) was tested using batch absorption studies; the results are significant, as the prepared magnetic biochar showed more than 85% removal efficiency of chlorpyrifos with (10 mg/10 mL) at optimized conditions (pH 4–5, temperature ~25°C) in 1 h. This work has promising future potential as the magnetic biochar produced from alternative waste wood sources, such as packaging wood, crop stubble (paralli), and hence forth can be extended to address the removal of different pesticides from water. Moreover, this innovation provides the added benefit of avoiding air pollution caused by the burning of waste wood or utilizing landfill space for wood waste.