bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The special librarian and personalized meta-services
Authors: Michael Nolin Jan
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The article aims to identify areas of potential research support that none of the traditional supportive actors (libraries, IT units, information units) have concerned themselves with, arguing for new tasks and roles for the academic library, specifically the special librarian.

Design/methodology/approach

– Areas of “overload” in the digital practice of contemporary researchers are identified and then connected to various personalized digital tools. The article explores the idea that attention to new aspects of researchers information needs creates a potential for developing personalized meta-services at academic libraries.

Findings

– It is possible to identify a wealth of new services that can, if put into practice, substantially redefine the relationship between academic librarians and researchers. This entails a turn from service aimed at novice users to sophisticated end-users. Such ideas also carry implications for LIS education programs and the need to build on special librarians who uphold competence in distinct knowledge domains. Two forms of domain-specific meta-services are explored: as support for collaboration and support for presentation.

Practical implications

– It is suggested that academic libraries systematically utilize the “full cost” model of project funding in order to exhibit concrete benefits of personalized meta-services. The article holds implications for both academic libraries and for LIS educational institutions.

Originality/value

– Personalized meta-services constitute a relatively fresh topic and have previously not been explored in connection with academic libraries.
Information seeking behaviour of parents and caregivers of children with mental illness in Tanzania
Authors: Tandi Lwoga Edda , Florence Mosha Neema
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to assess information needs and information seeking behaviour of parents and caregivers of children with mental illness at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) in Tanzania. The study mainly assessed the information needs of parents and caregivers of children with mental illness, their preferable sources of health information, and their constraints on information seeking.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study used a case study research design, where 168 structured questionnaires were distributed to parents and caregivers of children with mental illness at the Neurological Pediatrics Outpatient Clinic of KCMC. The rate of response was 89.3 per cent.

Findings

– The study found that health information needs of parents and caregivers were mainly associated with health care (for example, nutrition, treatment) and health education. Parents and caregivers of children with mental illness used the internet as the main source of information about their children's health, which was followed by printed books and television. Health information seeking behaviour appeared similar across gender categories, but there were differences on the use of print and electronic information sources according to age and level of education. The main factors that hindered access to health information included low level of education, lack of funds and health information illiteracy.

Practical implications

– The paper provides useful suggestions that would facilitate information seeking and use among parents and caregivers of children with mental illness in Tanzania and other countries with similar conditions.

Originality/value

– Previous studies on the topic are scanty and, therefore, the paper provides important insights into the information needs and information seeking behaviour of parents and caregivers of children with mental illness in a developing country setting.
Preservation and dissemination of women's cultural heritage in Nigerian university libraries
Authors: Ngozi Anasi Stella , Ibegwam Ahiaoma , Olubukunmi Oyediran-Tidings Stella
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the preservation and dissemination of women's cultural heritage in selected university libraries in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

– The descriptive survey research design using questionnaire to collect data was employed.

Findings

– The study revealed that non-print materials constitute an average of about 28 per cent of the forms in which cultural heritage materials for women are obtained and preserved in some Nigerian leading academic libraries. Over 50 per cent of the respondents in their views agreed that the benefits are accruable when women's cultural heritage materials are kept including enhancement of public perception of women, improvement in accessibility to information about women, improvement in the visibility of women as essential contributors to the development of the society, fostering of tourism among others. The most prominent barrier that the respondents believed could hamper the preservation of women's cultural heritage materials was the adverse tropical climatic conditions.

Originality/value

– It encourages information experts to engage in capacity building for effective preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage information that are gender related. It also stressed the need for networking and collaboration among information experts as an essential strategy in promoting women's cultural heritage information system. All stakeholders are urged to prioritize and demonstrate fiscal commitment towards the preservation of cultural heritage resources. This paper was presented at IFLA Women, Information and Libraries Satellite Conference, 2012.
Gender differences in burnout among municipal police sergeants
Authors: P. McCarty William
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to compare the levels and predictors of burnout between female and male sergeants in a large municipal law enforcement agency.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study used surveys of 171 female and 737 male sergeants. In the survey they described their extent of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and reported on other issues that affect burnout. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the levels and predictors of these chronic stress reactions.

Findings

– Female sergeants expressed higher levels of emotional exhaustion and lower levels of depersonalization than male sergeants. Also, the burnout process is largely consistent between female and male sergeants, driven by similar factors, including feelings of work-life conflict and relations with peers and supervisors.

Research limitations/implications

– The survey was fielded in one organization, which may or may not be representative of other agencies. Future studies of different organizations are needed to test external validity and refine the theoretical model.

Practical implications

– The results indicate the importance of studying the different components of burnout as well as allocating organizational resources to mitigating these conditions. Programs focussed on mentoring female sergeants or younger sergeants would be beneficial.

Originality/value

– Prior research has not examined how the burnout experiences of female sergeants differ from or resemble their male counterparts as typically their numbers are too small to conduct a reliable test of differences and predictors. By focussing on a single large department, this obstacle can be overcome, while controlling for other variables.
Supporting independence – from rhetoric to reality
Authors: Greig Rob
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– Linking together four other articles in the journal, this commentary aims to discuss how and why national policy and its implementation in England have helped or hindered a reduction in dependency and increase in independence for people with a learning disability.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper is primarily a personal view, drawing on examples from policy, practice and research, written to be challenging and provocative about the current limitations of policy and its delivery mechanisms in the current political and economic climate.

Findings

– The lack of a clear consensus about “prevention” in the learning disability sector and a failure to give sufficient time to effect cultural change that will help reduce dependency, allied to a set of system dynamics that militate against creative commissioning and the use of evidence, are collectively resulting in effective action to promote independence being limited to places that are characterised by creative thinking and effective leadership.

Originality/value

– The paper argues for a fundamental change in the prevailing approach to commissioning and accountability in public services.
Experimental evidence for indirect facilitation among invasive plants
Authors: Flory S. Luke , Bauer Jonathan T.
Published: November 2013

Facilitation among species may promote non‐native plant invasions through alteration of environmental conditions, enemies or mutualists. However, the role of non‐trophic indirect facilitation in invasions has rarely been examined.

We used a long‐term field experiment to test for indirect facilitation by invasions of Microstegium vimineum (stiltgrass) on a secondary invasion of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) by introducing Alliaria seed into replicated plots previously invaded experimentally by Microstegium.

Alliaria more readily colonized control plots without Microstegium but produced almost seven times more biomass and nearly four times as many siliques per plant in Microstegium‐invaded plots. Improved performance of Alliaria in Microstegium‐invaded plots compared to control plots overwhelmed differences in total number of plants such that, on average, invaded plots contained 327% greater total Alliaria biomass and 234% more total siliques compared to control plots.

The facilitation of Alliaria in Microstegium‐invaded plots was associated with an 85% reduction in the biomass of resident species at the peak of the growing season and significantly greater light availability in Microstegium‐invaded than control plots early in the growing season.

Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that an initial plant invasion associated with suppression of resident species and increased resource availability can facilitate a secondary plant invasion. Such positive interactions among species with similar habitat requirements, but offset phenologies, may exacerbate invasions and their impacts on native ecosystems.
Non‐market valuation: usage and impacts in environmental policy and management in Australia
Authors: Rogers Abbie A. , Kragt Marit E. , Gibson Fiona L. , Burton Michael P. , Petersen Elizabeth H. , Pannell David J.
Published: November 2013

An extensive literature exists on environmental nonmarket valuation research. It appears that results from these studies should be useful inputs to decision‐making about environmental policy or management. Here, we investigate the extent to which this occurs in practice in Australian environmental management bodies. Nonmarket valuation experts were surveyed about their studies that they believed to have influenced policy. Then, decision‐makers in environmental bodies were interviewed about the level of influence nonmarket valuation has had on their decisions. We find that researchers' perceptions of the influence that nonmarket valuation has on decision‐making are overly optimistic. Interviews with decision‐makers suggest that nonmarket valuation is little used in decision‐making. Indeed, the majority of them are unfamiliar with nonmarket valuation techniques. Nevertheless, once the concept was explained to them, many decision‐makers believed it could benefit environmental policy. Researchers' perceptions of the reasons for low usage of nonmarket valuation are largely inaccurate. We suggest a range of strategies that economists can use to promote the use of nonmarket valuation in environmental policy and management decisions, including ways to improve communication and engagement with decision‐makers, and strategies to increase the capacity for decision‐makers to use nonmarket valuation results.
Using a Situational Q‐Sort to Assess Perceptions of a Food Recall Message as a Function of Delivery via Social, Organizational or Traditional Media
Authors: Freberg Karen J. , Saling Kristin , Freberg Laura
Published: November 2013

Behavior in response to a crisis will result from a combination of individual and situational variables. In spite of the increased recognition of the importance of situational variables, a literature and methodological toolkit for the study of situational influences that is comparable with those available for individual variables has not yet emerged. However, the recently developed Riverside Situational Q‐sort provides a novel method for quantifying subjective impressions of any situation. This proof‐of‐concept demonstration asked participants to complete the RSQ in response to an imaginary food crisis situation communicated via one of three message sources (social media, organizational website and traditional media). Results illustrate the potential of this method to provide quantitative evaluations of subjective responses to crisis situations.
Identification of aphids of Aphis frangulae‐group living on Lamiaceae species through DNA barcode
Authors: Massimino Cocuzza Giuseppe E. , Cavalieri Vincenzo
Published: November 2013

The genus Aphis frangulae‐group living on Lamiaceae includes several postulate species, which are morphologically indistinguishable. As a consequence, identification is possible only on the basis of the host plant or life cycle. This study tested the utility of a fragment (614 bp) of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) with the aim of identifying the species and/or to confirm the previous classification based on host plant and data reported in the literature. Although the general nucleotide variability found was rather low, the analysis enabled the separation and identification of all the specimens collected. In some cases, the lack of nucleotide variability among postulated taxa indicates the limits of identification based on biological traits. Consequently, based on the molecular analysis, the postulate species A. symphyti, A. stachydis and A. lamiorum should be regarded as synonymous of A. frangulae.
Validation of the consensus methodology algorithm for the classification of systemic necrotizing vasculitis in Indian patients
Authors: Sharma Aman , Mittal Tarun , Rajan Roopa , Rathi Manish , Nada Ritambhra , Minz Ranjana W. , Joshi Kusum , Sakhuja Vinay , Singh Surjit
Published: November 2013

Aim

Many patients with systemic necrotizing vasculitis (SNV) satisfy classification criteria of different disease entities when different classification systems are used. A new classification algorithm has been proposed recently by using the American College of Rheumatology criteria, Chapel Hill Consensus Criteria (CHCC) and Sorensen surrogate markers for a more uniform classification of patients suffering from these rare disorders.

Methods

We applied this algorithm to patients diagnosed as having systemic vasculitis between 2007 and 2011. We also analyzed the data using this algorithm by incorporating the recently proposed revised CHCC nomenclature of vasculitis in place of the older criteria.

Results

Seventy‐nine patients with SNV were studied. One patient diagnosed as microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) had to be excluded from analysis as she had previously been diagnosed as having Behcet's disease. All patients of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and MPA were reclassified to the same diagnostic subcategory after application of the algorithm. Three (16.7%) of 18 polyarteritis nodosa patients were unclassifiable after application of the consensus algorithm while two (11.1%) were reclassified as MPA. All previously unclassifiable patients could be classified either as MPA or GPA after application of the new algorithm. There was no difference in the results when the CHCC 2012 nomenclature was used instead of the older CHCC in the consensus algorithm.

Conclusion

The new classification algorithm is a reliable method for classification of SNV for epidemiological purposes in our population.
Salt sensitivity of renin secretion, glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure in conscious Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Isaksson G. L. , Stubbe J. , Lyngs Hansen P. , Jensen B. L. , Bie P.
Published: November 2013

Aim

We hypothesized that in normal rats in metabolic steady state, (i) the plasma renin concentration (PRC) is log‐linearly related to Na+ intake (NaI), (ii) the concurrent changes in mean arterial pressure (MABP) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are negligible and (iii) the function PRC = f(NaI) is altered by β1‐adrenoceptor blockade (metoprolol) and surgical renal denervation (DNX).

Methods

In catheterized, conscious rats on low‐Na+ diet (0.004% Na+), NaI was increased by up to 120‐fold, in four 3‐day steps, by intravenous saline infusion. MABP was recorded continuously, PRC measured in arterial blood, and GFR estimated by inulin clearance.

Results

Steady states were achieved within 3 days. PRC [mIU L−1] was log‐linearly related to NaI [mmol kg−1 day−1]: PRC = −9.9 log (NaI) + 22. Set point (22 mIU L−1 at NaI = 1) and slope (9.9 mIU per decade NaI) were independent of metoprolol administration and DNX. MABP and GFR were markedly salt‐sensitive: MABP [mmHg] = 4.9 log (NaI) + 99 (P < 0.01), and GFR [mL min−1] = 1.4 log (NaI) + 8.3 (P < 0.01). MABP increased similarly (approx. 10%, P < 0.001) irrespective of pre‐treatment. Metoprolol, but not DNX, reduced MABP, HR, and GFR (all P < 0.01). Salt sensitivity of GFR was not observed in DNX rats.

Conclusion

Log‐linear relations to sodium intake exist not only for PRC, but also for MABP and GFR, which per 10‐fold increase in sodium intake rose by 5 mmHg and 1.4 mL min−1 respectively. Steady‐state levels of PRC appear independent of renal nerves. MABP and GFR seem markedly salt sensitive in normal rats.
Single whole‐leg compression ultrasound for exclusion of deep vein thrombosis in symptomatic ambulatory patients: a prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Horner Daniel , Hogg Kerstin , Body Richard , Jones Steve , Nash Michael J. , Mackway‐Jones Kevin
Published: November 2013

International guidance has recently recommended serial proximal compression ultrasound (CUS) as first line imaging for suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Single whole‐leg CUS is a routine alternative diagnostic strategy that can reduce repeated attendances and identify alternative pathology. We conducted a prospective observational cohort study. Consecutive ambulatory, adult patients with suspected DVT and negative or inconclusive whole‐leg CUS had anticoagulation withheld and were followed for 3 months. The primary outcome was a predefined clinically relevant adverse event rate. Secondary outcomes included technical failure, alternative diagnoses and all cause mortality. 212 patients agreed to participate and completed follow up. One patient was subsequently diagnosed with an isolated distal DVT. The adverse event rate was thus 1/212, 0·47% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0·08–2·62). Technical imaging failure occurred in 11·3% of cases (95% CI 7·7–16·3). Several potential predictors of an inconclusive result were identified on multivariate analysis. 150 (70·8%) patients were provided with a documented alternative diagnosis. Patients who have anticoagulation withheld following a negative or inconclusive whole‐leg CUS for suspected DVT have a low rate of adverse events. Technical failure remains an issue: several factors were significantly associated with inconclusive results and may warrant an alternative diagnostic approach.
Low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma with nuclear pleomorphism arising in the subcutis of a child
Authors: Sedrak Michael P. , Parker Douglas C. , Gardner Jerad M.
Published: November 2013

Low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) represents a rare soft tissue tumor that was first characterized in 1987. LGFMS usually presents as a large, deeply situated mass in adults and is characterized by deceptively bland histopathologic features. LFGMS is less common in superficial soft tissue and in children. It is distinctly uncommon for LGFMS to exhibit nuclear pleomorphism. Herein, we present a case of a 10‐year‐old male who presented with a subcutaneous back mass that displayed features typical for LGFMS as well as scattered large, hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei. The constellation of clinicopathologic features, including the young age of the patient, the small size and superficial location of the tumor and the presence of scattered nuclear pleomorphism are all unusual features for LGFMS. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a break‐apart probe for FUS revealed the presence of a FUS gene rearrangement confirming the diagnosis of LGFMS. This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for LGFMS even in the context of small, superficially‐located tumors, pediatric patients or tumors with scattered nuclear pleomorphism.
Collaboration between laparoscopic surgery and endoscopic resection: An evidence‐based review
Authors: Teoh Anthony Yuen Bun , Chiu Philip Wai Yan
Published: November 2013

Developments in endoscopy and laparoscopy have made monumental changes to the way gastrointestinal diseases are being managed. Many diseases that were traditionally managed by open surgical resection could now be treated by endoscopy alone. However, there are still instances where endoscopic treatment alone is inadequate for disease control and laparoscopic surgery is required. In addition, the collaboration between laparoscopic surgery and endoscopic submucosal dissection or other endoscopic resectional techniques represents a new frontier forfurther research. The present manuscript aims to discuss the complementary role of laparoscopic surgery to endoscopic resection in the traditional context and also its future development.
Antitumor effects of bevacizumab in a microenvironment‐dependent human adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma mouse model
Authors: Mori Fumiko , Ishida Takashi , Ito Asahi , Sato Fumihiko , Masaki Ayako , Narita Tomoko , Suzuki Susumu , Yamada Tomiko , Takino Hisashi , Ri Masaki , Kusumoto Shigeru , Komatsu Hirokazu , Hishizawa Masakatsu , Imada Kazunori , Takaori‐Kondo Akifumi , Niimi Akio , Ueda Ryuzo , Inagaki Hiroshi , Iida Shinsuke
Published: November 2013

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bevacizumab with or without systemic chemotherapy for adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and clarify the significance of angiogenesis for ATL pathogenesis.

Methods

NOD/Shi‐scid, IL‐2Rγnull (NOG) mice were used as recipients of tumor cells from a patient with ATL, which engraft and proliferate in a microenvironment‐dependent manner. The ATL cells could be serially transplanted in NOG mice, but could not be maintained in in vitro cultures.

Results

Injection of bevacizumab alone significantly increased necrosis and decreased vascularization in the tumor tissue. Levels of human soluble interleukin two receptor in the serum (reflecting the ATL tumor burden) of bevacizumab‐treated mice were significantly lower than in untreated mice. Although bevacizumab monotherapy showed these clear anti‐angiogenesis effects, it did not prolong survival. In contrast, injection of bevacizumab together with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone (CHOP) led to a significant prolongation of survival of the ATL mice relative to CHOP alone.

Conclusions

This is the first report to evaluate the efficacy of bevacizumab for ATL in a tumor microenvironment‐dependent model. Bevacizumab therapy combined with chemotherapy could be a valuable treatment strategy for that subgroup of ATL probably depending to a large extent on angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor.
The contribution of intra‐ and interspecific tolerance variability to biodiversity changes along toxicity gradients
Authors: De Laender Frederik , Melian Carlos J. , Bindler Richard , Van den Brink Paul J. , Daam Michiel , Roussel Helene , Juselius Jonas , Verschuren Dirk , Janssen Colin R.
Published: November 2013

The worldwide distribution of toxicants is an important yet understudied driver of biodiversity, and the mechanisms relating toxicity to diversity have not been adequately explored. Here, we present a community model integrating demography, dispersal and toxicant‐induced effects on reproduction driven by intraspecific and interspecific variability in toxicity tolerance. We compare model predictions to 458 species abundance distributions (SADs) observed along concentration gradients of toxicants to show that the best predictions occur when intraspecific variability is five and ten times higher than interspecific variability. At high concentrations, lower settings of intraspecific variability resulted in predictions of community extinction that were not supported by the observed SADs. Subtle but significant species losses at low concentrations were predicted only when intraspecific variability dominated over interspecific variability. Our results propose intraspecific variability as a key driver for biodiversity sustenance in ecosystems challenged by environmental change.
Melanoma inhibitory activity in melanoma diagnostics and therapy – a small protein is looming large
Authors: Riechers Alexander , Bosserhoff Anja Katrin
Published: November 2013

Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer with a very poor prognosis after the onset of metastasis. We have previously demonstrated that the protein melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) is involved in the metastasis of and immunosuppression in malignant melanoma. Recently, we further established MIA as a therapeutic target to inhibit metastatic spread in malignant melanoma. We could show that an inhibition of MIA by a synthetic peptide decreased both the number of metastases as well as immunosuppression in a murine model of malignant melanoma. To control recurrence after surgical resection of a primary lesion, it is paramount to have diagnostic tools available that can detect a relapse due to the strong metastatic potential of melanoma. This follow‐up is maintained with periodic re‐examinations. Due to high cost and the associated radiation exposure, radiology examinations are avoided if possible. The analysis of prognostic markers in patient serum is therefore attractive. In this review, we focus on the quantitative analysis of the MIA protein as a prognostic tool because it has proven to be a useful serum marker for documenting disease progression of malignant melanoma. The MIA quantification assay itself is readily performed using an ELISA kit and common laboratory equipment. Because analysing MIA serum levels in combination with other established markers such as S100B improves their prognostic value, we feel that the quantification of MIA in the serum, among other markers, should be performed as a general standard of care in patients at risk of developing metastatic melanoma.
The Psychological Availability of Dual‐Earner Parents for Their Children After Work
Authors: Danner‐Vlaardingerbroek Gerdientje , Kluwer Esther S. , van Steenbergen Elianne F. , van der Lippe Tanja
Published: November 2013

Using data from a sample of Dutch dual‐earner parents (N = 261), this study showed that parents' psychological availability acted as a link between negative and positive workday residuals (i.e., work‐related negative mood, exhaustion, rumination, and work‐related positive mood and vigor) and the quality of parent–child interactions after the workday. Parents' preference for type of role combination moderated these relationships in that evidence for negative spillover was found only for parents who tended to integrate work and family life, whereas positive spillover was found only for parents who tended to segment work and family life. These findings suggest that workday residuals combined with parents' boundary management strategies have important implications for the parent–child relationship.
Improved asymmetry prediction for short interfering RNAs
Authors: Malefyt Amanda P. , Wu Ming , Vocelle Daniel B. , Kappes Sean J. , Lindeman Stephen D. , Chan Christina , Walton S. Patrick
Published: November 2013

In the development of RNA interference therapeutics, merely selecting short interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences that are complementary to the mRNA target does not guarantee target silencing. Current algorithms for selecting siRNAs rely on many parameters, one of which is asymmetry, often predicted through calculation of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the two ends of the siRNA. However, we have previously shown that highly active siRNA sequences are likely to have particular nucleotides at each 5′‐end, independently of their thermodynamic asymmetry. Here, we describe an algorithm for predicting highly active siRNA sequences based only on these two asymmetry parameters. The algorithm uses end‐sequence nucleotide preferences and predicted thermodynamic stabilities, each weighted on the basis of training data from the literature, to rank the probability that an siRNA sequence will have high or low activity. The algorithm successfully predicts weakly and highly active sequences for enhanced green fluorescent protein and protein kinase R. Use of these two parameters in combination improves the prediction of siRNA activity over current approaches for predicting asymmetry. Going forward, we anticipate that this approach to siRNA asymmetry prediction will be incorporated into the next generation of siRNA selection algorithms.
Combined effect of elevated UVB, elevated temperature and fertilization on growth, needle structure and phytochemistry of young Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings
Authors: Virjamo Virpi , Sutinen Sirkka , Julkunen‐Tiitto Riitta
Published: November 2013

Simultaneously with warming climate, other climatic and environmental factors are also changing. Here, we investigated for the first time the effects of elevated temperature, increased ultraviolet‐B (UVB) radiation, fertilization and all combinations of these on the growth, secondary chemistry and needle structure of 1‐year‐old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings in an outdoor experiment. After one growing season, elevated temperature increased root : shoot ratio and concentrations of needle piperidine alkaloids, while concentrations of needle catechins and acetophenones and bark flavonoids decreased compared with ambient temperature seedlings. UVB‐radiation increased concentrations of bark condensed tannins, while fertilization increased total biomass and concentrations of needle catechins. In addition to the main effects, concentrations of some individual phenolic compounds showed UV × temperature or UV × temperature × fertilization interactions, and fertilization modified temperature response on root : shoot ratio. All the treatments described here affected the defence chemistry profiles of the seedlings, which may imply some changes in plant‐herbivore interactions in connection with changing climate. The interactions between treatments indicate a need for further experiments involving several simultaneously affecting environmental changes.
Land surface skin temperature captures thermal environments of C3 and C4 grasses
Authors: Still Christopher J. , Pau Stephanie , Edwards Erika J.
Published: November 2013

Aim

Numerous studies have documented ecological sorting of C3 and C4 grasses along air temperature gradients. However, phylogenetically structured analyses suggest that closely related C3 and C4 grasses (in the same PACMAD clade: Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae, Aristidoideae and Danthonioideae) occur in environments with similar air temperature, challenging our understanding of how the photosynthetic pathway influences grass biogeography. To better understand thermal differences between C3 and C4 grass lineages, we analysed the surface radiative temperature as an alternative measure that is more closely aligned with plant microclimate.

Location

Hawaiian Islands, USA.

Methods

We used the MODIS land surface temperature (LST) product, a satellite‐based measurement of radiative temperature. We compared LST with mean annual air temperature (MAT) for locations where C3 and C4 grass species were collected. We also utilized other satellite products, like MODIS tree cover, as a proxy for relative habitat openness where these grasses occur.

Results

Comparisons of C3 lineages [in BEP (Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae and Pooideae) and PACMAD clades] and C4 lineages (PACMAD clade only) illustrate the differing thermal environments for each group. C4 taxa are found in the environments with the highest MAT, followed by C3 PACMAD species. By contrast, C3 PACMAD species are found in the environments with the coolest LST, and the LST values for C3 BEP species are substantially higher than their MAT values. The difference in LST between C3 and C4 PACMADs is larger than the difference in MAT between these groups.

Main conclusions

Though LST has been used infrequently in ecology and biogeography, it is intimately related to water and energy balance and ecosystem structure, and should more accurately capture plant temperatures and microclimates than MAT. Our results provide support for a pronounced thermal difference in the environments of closely related C3 and C4 grass taxa, and show that C3 PACMADs occur in the coolest and least variable thermal environments, probably due to the greater tree cover of these habitats.
Income management in Australia: A critical examination of the evidence
Authors: Mendes Philip , Waugh Jacinta , Flynn Catherine
Published: November 2013

The introduction of income management – sometimes called welfare quarantining – for subgroups of Australian income security recipients within the Northern Territory, and subsequently a number of other trial sites, has provoked considerable contention. The present study critically examined the arguments and evidence presented in favour of income management with particular reference to the guidelines, methodology and findings of official evaluations conducted by the Commonwealth Government. We identified five key issues that do not seem to be adequately addressed by official evaluations: choice and control, the quality of decision making, consultation with local community members, structural disadvantage and economic cost. We used these concepts to develop a proposed alternative model for assessing the impact of income management on local communities.
The Rise (and Frequent Fall) of Evangelical Politicians: Organization, Theology, and Church Politics
Authors: Reich Gary , dos Santos Pedro
Published: November 2013

Latin American evangelicals have become a common presence in legislative politics. Brazil exemplifies the potential clout of evangelical legislators and a troubling tendency toward political corruption. This article explains the quality of evangelical interest representation by focusing on church organization and theology, arguing that evangelicals approach electoral politics via three different modes: rejection; participation as individual, politically engaged believers; and engagement as church corporate project. While individual participation is unrelated to political corruption, the corporate model fosters machine politics, characterized in Brazil by resource-based politics, narrow voter bases, and frequent party switching. We link these characteristics to evangelical involvement in two corruption scandals that occurred during the administration of President Lula da Silva. The analysis shows the central role of evangelical organization and theology in shaping interest representation and suggests future duplication of the church-as-political-machine model, particularly where the “Prosperity Theology” variant of pentecostalism is strong.
The genus Mantisalca (Asteraceae) in southwest Europe
Authors: Ruiz de Clavijo Emilio , Devesa Juan Antonio
Published: November 2013

The diversity of the genus Mantisalca in southwest Europe is the subject of much controversy. The present taxonomic revision of the genus on the Iberian Peninsula allows four species to be recognized, whose morphological variability is described and various synonyms are typified. A new species is described, M. cabezudoi Ruiz de Clavijo and Devesa, endemic to southeast Spain. The name Microlonchus spinulosus Rouy is reinstated for a species endemic to the central and east Iberian Peninsula, for which a new combination is made: Mantisalca spinulosa (Rouy) Ruiz de Clavijo and Devesa. A diagnostic key to the taxa is given.
Circulating microRNAs as mirrors of acute coronary syndromes: MiRacle or quagMire?
Authors: Li Jin , Xu Jiahong , Cheng Yan , Wang Fei , Song Yang , Xiao Junjie
Published: November 2013

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is among the most serious cardiovascular diseases. Exploring novel approaches, which can complement and improve current strategies for ACS, is continuous. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of small, short non‐coding RNA that post‐transcriptionally regulate genes. The tissue‐ or cell‐specific distribution features of miRNAs and its merit of stably existing in serum and plasma make them attractive biomarkers for ACS. An early and accurate diagnosis is the pre‐requisite to facilitate rapid decision making and treatment and therefore improve outcome in ACS patients. This review highlights and summarizes recent studies using circulating miRNAs as novel biomarkers for ACS including its role in diagnosis, prediction, prognosis and reaction to therapy. In addition, we also discuss the potential function of miRNAs as extracellular communicators in cell‐to‐cell communication. Large multicentre studies are highly needed to pave the road for using circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for ACS from the bench to the bedside. Considering the advantageous properties and the continuously increasing number of studies, circulating miRNAs definitely have the potential to be reasonable diagnostic tools once their infancy has passed.
Telocytes in human oesophagus
Authors: Chen Xiaoke , Zheng Yonghua , Manole Catalin G. , Wang Xiangdong , Wang Qun
Published: November 2013

Telocytes (TCs), a new type of interstitial cells, were identified in many different organs and tissues of mammalians and humans. In this study, we show the presence, in human oesophagus, of cells having the typical features of TCs in lamina propria of the mucosa, as well as in muscular layers. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and primary cell culture. Human oesophageal TCs present a small cell body with 2–3 very long Telopodes (Tps). Tps consist of an alternation of thin segments (podomers) and thick segments (podoms) and have a labyrinthine spatial arrangement. Tps establish close contacts (‘stromal synapses’) with other neighbouring cells (e.g. lymphocytes, macrophages). The ELISA testing of the supernatant of primary culture of TCs indicated that the concentrations of VEGF and EGF increased progressively. In conclusion, our study shows the existence of typical TCs at the level of oesophagus (mucosa, submucosa and muscular layer) and suggests their possible role in tissue repair.
Efficacy and safety of nateglinide plus vildagliptin combination therapy compared with switching to vildagliptin in type 2 diabetes patients inadequately controlled with nateglinide
Authors: Kudo‐Fujimaki Kyoko , Hirose Takahisa , Yoshihara Tomoaki , Sato Fumihiko , Someya Yuki , Ohmura Chie , Kanazawa Akio , Fujitani Yoshio , Watada Hirotaka
Published: November 2013

Aims/Introduction

To investigate the efficacy and safety of vildagliptin, a potent dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, as add‐on to nateglinide, compared with switching to vildagliptin in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients poorly controlled with nateglinide.

Materials and Methods

A total of 40 patients inadequately controlled with nateglinide were randomized to the switching group (n = 20, switching from nateglinide to vildagliptin) or combination group (n = 20, nateglinide plus vildagliptin). A meal tolerance test was carried out at weeks 0 and 24.

Results

The mean changes in glycated hemoglobin from baseline to week 24 were −1.2 ± 0.3% and −0.3 ± 0.5% in patients of the combination and switching groups, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean changes in area under the curve of glucose from 0 to 180 min (AUC0–180 min) from baseline to week 24 was −361 ± 271.3 mmol·min/L in patients of the combination group compared with 141 ± 241.9 mmol·min/L in those of the switching group (P < 0.001). The incidence of hypoglycemic events was low (three in the combination group), and none of the patients developed severe hypoglycemia. Although the addition of vildagliptin to nateglinide did not significantly increase insulin secretion relative to glucose elevation (ISG) after meal load (ISG0–180 min: AUC0–180 min insulin / AUC0–180 min glucose) in comparison with that in baseline, the mean ISG0–30 min 24 weeks after addition of vildagliptin to nateglinide was significantly higher than that at baseline. In contrast, switching from nateglinide to vildagliptin reduced the mean ISG0–180 min, relative to baseline.

Conclusions

The combination therapy of vildagliptin and nateglinide is effective and safe in Japanese type 2 diabetes, and the improved glycemic control is as a result of augmentation of nateglinide‐induced early phase insulin secretion. This trial was registered with UMIN (no. ID000004010).
The timing of early life events and growth rate estimates of age‐0 year group brill Scophthalmus rhombus along the west coast of Ireland
Authors: Haynes P. S. , Brophy D. , Mcgrath D.
Published: November 2013

The timing of spawning and hatching, larval durations and growth exhibited by juvenile brill Scophthalmus rhombus captured along the Irish west coast were estimated using otolith microstructure analysis. Scophthalmus rhombus were estimated to have hatched between February and May, with fish settling onto nursery grounds between March and June. Fish collected later on in the season exhibited higher otolith growth rates in comparison to earlier collected fish. This is the first study to describe the early life history of a commercially valuable but understudied flatfish species.
Adapting to the wild: the case of aquaculture‐produced and released meagres Argyrosomus regius
Authors: Gil M. M. , Palmer M. , Grau A. , Deudero S. , Alconchel J. I. , Catalán I. A.
Published: November 2013

The performance of juvenile Argyrosomus regius released off the coast of Mallorca Island (Balearic Islands, Spain) was assessed by comparing the body condition, stable isotope signature and stomach contents of aquaculture‐produced A. regius that had been released, fished and returned by fishermen after spending from a few days to >1 year at liberty with A. regius reared under controlled conditions on two contrasting diets (well‐fed and unfed). During the first 40 days of the experiment, the condition index (KR) of the returned A. regius and the unfed A. regius followed the same decreasing trend. Thereafter, the KR values of the returned A. regius were significantly higher than those of the unfed A. regius but never reached the values of well‐fed A. regius. The δ13C signal of the returned A. regius clearly increased (in comparison with the well‐fed A. regius) after they had spent a few months at liberty. The temporal pattern depicted by the stable isotopes and the most likely prey composition inferred from this pattern strongly suggest a shift in diet. The stomach contents of the returned A. regius that had spent <100 days at liberty consisted almost exclusively of decapods. The diet of the few returned A. regius that had spent >100 days at liberty consisted entirely of fishes. Wild A. regius from the remaining fishery on the Spanish coast exhibited the same ontogenetic diet shift from invertebrates to fishes, but at a smaller size threshold. Overall, the results demonstrated that culture‐reared A. regius experience adverse conditions during the first days after release into the wild but that at least some A. regius are able to adapt to the natural environment after a few months at liberty.
Interpersonal Perceptions of Narcissism in an At‐Risk Adolescent Sample: A Social Relations Analysis
Authors: Grafeman Sarah J. , Barry Christopher T. , Marcus David K. , Leachman Lacey L.
Published: November 2013

This study utilized Kenny's social relations model (SRM) to explore the interpersonal correlates of narcissism in an adolescent sample from a voluntary residential program. Participants were forty‐seven 16–18‐year‐olds (24 males, 23 females) attending a 22‐week residential program. Participants completed a self‐report measure of narcissism and rated one another on narcissism‐related traits and social status variables. Individuals with high levels of self‐reported narcissism were perceived by peers as antagonistic and likely to engage in future delinquency. Self‐reported narcissism was also associated with peer perceptions of narcissism‐related traits. Therefore, adolescent narcissism seems to be detected by peers and is associated with peer perceptions of some negative qualities. Potential implications of these findings are discussed.
Reply to Sealey and Carter on Realism and Language
Authors: Elder‐Vass Dave
Published: November 2013

This short reply seeks to clarify the concept of linguistic norm circles and to correct some misunderstandings of it implicit in Sealey & Carter's response. It also reinforces some doubts over their version of the linguistic system. Norm circles, it argues, provide an important part of the explanation for linguistic practices, but always in conjunction with other interacting causal powers.
Risk factor of community‐onset spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by fluoroquinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Kim Jungok , Kang Cheol‐In , Joo Eun‐Jeong , Ha Young Eun , Cho Sun Young , Gwak Geum‐Youn , Chung Doo Ryeon , Peck Kyong Ran , Song Jae‐Hoon
Published: November 2013

Background & Aims

Despite the high prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli in hospital‐acquired infections, the clinical epidemiology of fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in community‐onset spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients with cirrhosis is not well understood. This study was performed to evaluate clinical features and risk factors for community‐onset SBP caused by FQ‐resistant E. coli.

Methods

A case‐control control study was performed using cases of community‐onset SBP from June 2000 to August 2011 at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea). Patients with FQ‐resistant E. coli were designated as case patients. A control group I (CG I) patient was defined as a person whose clinical sample yielded FQ‐susceptible E. coli, and a control group II (CG II) patient was defined as a person with a negative culture result.

Results

A total of 82 subjects with community‐onset SBP caused by E. coli were identified, of which 26 (31.7%) were FQ‐resistant E. coli infection. Fifty‐seven matched subjects were randomly selected for CG II. Compared with CG I, previous SBP episodes (OR, 4.91; 95% CI, 1.50–16.53; P = 0.010), prior use of FQ within 30 days (OR, 7.05; 95% CI, 1.17–42.38; P = 0.033), and third‐generation cephalosporin resistance (OR, 17.68; 95% CI, 1.67–187.26; P = 0.017) were significantly associated with FQ‐resistant E. coli. Compared with CG II, a previous SBP episode was significantly associated with FQ‐resistant E. coli (OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 1.50–11.80; P = 0.006).

Conclusion

FQ‐resistant E. coli is a significant cause of community‐onset SBP, with relation to previous SBP episodes, recent FQ use and third‐generation cephalosporin resistance.