bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Change in Families Following the Home‐Start Parenting Program: Clinical Significance and Predictors of Change
Authors: Asscher Jessica J. , Deković Maja , Prinzie Peter , Hermanns Jo M.A.
Published: June 2008

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine whether improvements obtained after a home‐based parenting intervention reflected meaningful and significant changes for a sample of Dutch mothers. The results showed that Home‐Start mothers demonstrated reliable changes in well‐being and enhanced parenting behaviors compared to both a comparison and a norm group of mothers. At posttest, a substantial number (39 – 84%) of the Home‐Start mothers functioned at a level equivalent to that of a community group. The most reliable improvement was found with mothers experiencing the most severe problems at pretest, whereas the most recovery was reported for mothers with the fewest problems at pretest.
The Self‐Perception of Women Who Live With an Alcoholic Partner: Dialoging With Deviance, Strength, and Self‐Fulfillment*
Authors: Peled Einat , Sacks Ilana
Published: June 2008

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to learn about the self‐perception of women who live with alcohol‐addicted partners. It was hoped that avoiding to label the women in advance as codependent would facilitate a better understanding of their lives and self‐perceptions. The qualitative naturalist methodology used was based on a feminist framework. In‐depth interviews with 10 women living with alcoholic partners were conducted and analyzed. The findings revealed 3 central dialogues around which the women’s self‐perceptions evolved—with deviance, with strength, and with self‐fulfillment. Findings are discussed relative to the ongoing discourse between the codependency approach and other social, psychological, and gender conceptions in this domain. Clinical implications and directions for future research are offered.
Effect of Different Doses of Thalidomide in Experimentally Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Rats
Authors: Prakash Om , Medhi Bikash , Saikia Uma Nahar , Pandhi Promila
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different doses of thalidomide in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Adult Wistar rats of either sex were used (n = 36). Colitis was induced by a single intra‐colonic application of 20 mg 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) dissolved in 35% ethanol into the descending colon. Rats were divided into six groups (n = 6). Animals were treated with vehicle (ethanol), TNBS dissolved in 35% ethanol, thalidomide (with different doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight), and sulfasalazine (360 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. After completion of 14 days of treatment, animals were killed and the following parameters were assessed: morphological score, histological score and biochemical parameters (myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and tumour necrosis factor‐α). Results showed thalidomide with different doses provided protection against TNBS‐induced colonic damage. There was significant protection with thalidomide 150 mg/kg body weight compared to controls (P < 0.001). All the biochemical parameters were highly reduced in the entire thalidomide‐treated group compared to controls particularly with thalidomide 150 mg/kg body weight (P < 0.001). Treatment with thalidomide restored malondialdehyde as well as reduction of myeloperoxidase and tumour necrosis factor‐α towards normal levels. Morphological and histological score were significantly reduced in all the treated groups with significant effect found with 150 mg/kg (P < 0.001). Our results indicate efficacy of thalidomide in TNBS induce experimental colitis model in rats but present findings requires further investigation to establish the real safety and efficacy in human beings.
Palm Tocotrienol Exerted Better Antioxidant Activities in Bone than α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Maniam Sandra , Mohamed Norazlina , Shuid Ahmad Nazrun , Soelaiman Ima Nirwana
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat bones. Fifty‐six normal male Sprague‐Dawley rats, aged 3 months, were randomly divided into seven groups with eight rats in each group. The age‐matched control group was given the vehicle olive oil, by oral gavage daily. Six of the treatment groups received either palm tocotrienol or pure α‐tocopherol at the dose of 30, 60 or 100 mg/kg body weight, by oral gavage daily, 6 days a week for 4 months. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) that is an index to measure the level of lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels were measured in the femur at the end of the study. Palm tocotrienol at the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the TBARS level in the femur with a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase activity compared to the age‐matched control group. These were not observed in the α‐tocopherol groups. Palm tocotrienol was more effective than pure α‐tocopherol acetate in suppressing lipid peroxidation in bone. Palm tocotrienol showed better protective effect against free radical damage in the femur compared to α‐tocopherol. This study suggests that palm tocotrienol plays an important role in preventing imbalance in bone metabolism due to free radicals.
Antinociceptive Effect of the Polygala sabulosa Hydroalcoholic Extract in Mice: Evidence for the Involvement of Glutamatergic Receptors and Cytokine Pathways
Authors: Ribas Camila M. , Meotti Flavia C. , Nascimento Francisney P. , Jacques Amanda V. , Dafre Alcir L. , Rodrigues Ana Lúcia S. , Farina Marcelo , Soldi Cristian , Mendes Beatriz G. , Pizzolatti Moacir G. , Santos Adair R. S.
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  This study investigated the role of the glutamatergic system on the antinociception caused by Polygala sabulosa hydroalcoholic extract (HE). The systems mediated by substance P, capsaicin, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were also investigated. P. sabulosa HE given orally produced a significant inhibition of glutamate‐induced paw licking [ID50 = 530.3 (416.7–674.8) mg/kg and inhibition of 79 ± 6% at 1000 mg/kg]. The plant derivatives α‐spinasterol, scopoletin and styryl‐2‐pyrones (compound 1 and 3) (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) inhibited 80 ± 7%, 46 ± 11%, 45 ± 11% and 35 ± 13% the nociceptive response caused by glutamate, respectively. Furthermore, P. sabulosa HE (500 mg/kg, orally) caused marked inhibition of nociceptive response induced by intrathecal injection of glutamate, N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid, kainate, TNF‐α and IL‐1β, with inhibitions of 44 ± 7%, 55 ± 4%, 38 ± 10%, 61 ± 7%, 76 ± 9% and 100%, respectively. In contrast, P. sabulosa HE (500 mg/kg, orally) did not affect the biting response induced by the metabotropic glutamatergic receptor agonist (±)‐1‐aminocyclopentane‐trans‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid, substance P and capsaicin. The locomotor activity was altered only in mice treated with a very high dose (1000 mg/kg) of P. sabulosa HE. Our results showed that the antinociceptive effects of P. sabulosa HE are associated with an inhibition of glutamatergic transmission and an inhibition of pathways dependent on pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The plant derivatives α‐spinasterol, scopoletin and styryl‐2‐pyrones play an important role on the antinociceptive effects of P. sabulosa HE.
Neutralization of Pharmacological and Toxic Activities of Bothrops Snake Venoms by Schizolobium parahyba (Fabaceae) Aqueous Extract and Its Fractions
Authors: Vale Luis Henrique F. , Mendes Mirian M. , Hamaguchi Amélia , Soares Andreimar M. , Rodrigues Veridiana M. , Homsi‐Brandeburgo Maria Inês
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  The aqueous extract prepared from Schizolobium parahyba (Sp) leaves, a native plant from Atlantic Forest (Brazil), was tested to analyse its ability to inhibit some biological and enzymatic activities induced by Bothrops alternatus (BaltCV) and Bothrops moojeni (BmooCV) snake venoms. Sp inhibited 100% of lethality, blood incoagulability, haemorrhagic and indirect haemolytic activities at a 1:10 ratio (venom/extract, w/w), as well as coagulant activity at a 1:5 ratio (venom/extract, w/w) induced by both venoms. BaltCV fibrinogenolytic activity was also neutralized by Sp at a 1:10 ratio, resulting in total protection of fibrinogen Bβ chain and partial protection of Aα chain. Interaction tests have demonstrated that, at certain extract/proteins ratios, Sp precipitates proteins non‐specifically suggesting the presence of tannins, which are very likely responsible for the excellent inhibiting effects of the analysed ophidian activities. Sp aqueous extract chromatography on Sephadex LH‐20 was carried out aiming at the separation of these compounds that mask the obtained results. Thus, the fractionation of Sp resulted in three fractions: F1 (methanolic fraction); F2 (methanol:water fraction, 1:1 v/v); and F3 (aqueous fraction). These fractions were analysed for their ability to inhibit the BaltCV fibrinogenolytic activity. F1 inhibited 100% the venom fibrinogenolytic activity without presenting protein precipitation effect; F2 showed only partial inhibition of this venom activity. Finally, F3 did not inhibit fibrinogen proteolysis, but presented strong protein precipitating action. We conclude that Sp aqueous extract, together with tannins, also contains other compounds that can display specific inhibitory activity against snake venom toxins.
Geniposide Enhances Melanogenesis by Stem Cell Factor/c‐Kit Signalling in Norepinephrine‐Exposed Normal Human Epidermal Melanocyte
Authors: Lan Wen‐Jun , Wang Hai‐Yan , Lan Wei , Wang Ke‐Yu
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  Geniposide is an iridoid glycoside isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis used as a Chinese traditional medicine for treatment of generalized vitiligo. Stem cell factor from keratinocyte recognizes and activates its receptor c‐kit carried by melanocyte to potent enhance melanocytic melanogenesis that can be suppressed by norepinephrine. This study addresses the action and mechanism of geniposide enhancing melanogenesis in norepinephrine‐exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte. Flow cytometry results from this study exhibited the augmentation effect of geniposide on production of c‐kit receptor by norepinephrine‐exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte. However, geniposide did not affect the production of stem cell factor by norepinephrine‐exposed normal human epidermal keratinocyte assessed by cellular enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA indicated that at the presence of stem cell factor, geniposide was capable of elevating the level of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation within norepinephrine‐exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte, which is known to be involved in stem cell factor/c‐kit downstream signalling. And inhibition of c‐kit with inhibitory antibody K44.2 completely blocked the increase in geniposide‐stimulated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, spectrophotometry demonstrated the enhancement effect of geniposide on melanogenesis (tyrosinase activity and melanin production) in norepinephrine‐exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte at the presence of stem cell factor, which was blocked by c‐kit inhibitory antibody K44.2. Data from this study suggest that geniposide can enhance melanogenesis by stem cell factor/c‐kit signalling in which the expression of c‐kit receptor is augmented in norepinephrine‐exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte.
Carvedilol Overdose with Quantitative Confirmation
Authors: Bouchard Nicole C. , Forde Jenice , Hoffman Robert S.
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  Carvedilol is a non‐selective β‐adrenoreceptor antagonist that is also an antagonist at the α1‐adrenoreceptor. This unique pharmacological effect may produce a different toxicodynamic profile compared to other β‐adrenoreceptor antagonists. Only one previous case of carvedilol overdose has been reported. Here, we report massive carvedilol ingestion confirmed by quantitative analysis. The case report deals with an 84‐year‐old man who chewed a total of 60 (6.25 mg) tablets and rapidly developed symptoms. Vital signs on presentation were systolic blood pressure 70 mmHg; heart rate 45 beats/min.; respirations 18 breaths/min.; temperature 37°. The electrocardiogram showed a junctional rhythm at 49 beats/min. The patient was treated with normal saline boluses, repeated glucagon boluses (2–3 mg each) and a dopamine infusion. At 14 hr after ingestion, he was weaned off vasopressors and was in a normal sinus rhythm. Quantitative confirmation showed a carvedilol serum concentration of 472 ng/ml (steady‐state concentration 8.5 ng/ml during 6.25 mg twice daily dosing). Despite its unique pharmacological properties, the clinical manifestations of carvedilol overdose appear similar to other β‐adrenoreceptor antagonists.
Estimating the spatial distribution of available biomass in grazing forests with a satellite image: A preliminary study
Authors: Tsutsumi Michio , Kawamura Kensuke , Sugiyama Midori , Sato Shusuke , Deguchi Yoshitaka , Sugawara Kazuo , Sakanoue Seiichi , Itano Shiro
Published: June 2008

We tested whether available biomass in grazing forests could be estimated by analyzing a satellite image with field data. Our study site was situated in north‐eastern Japan and was composed of coniferous forest differing in afforested years, multilayered coniferous forest and deciduous broadleaf forest. The data of available biomass collected in previous studies was used to analyze a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image acquired in summer and we tried to depict a map of the spatial distribution of available biomass in the forest. It was suggested that an analysis should be conducted separately in each of the multilayered coniferous, the other coniferous and broadleaf forests. As a result of regression analysis on the relationship between available biomass and each of several parameters, the first principal component computed with reflectance of the six bands of the Landsat TM was the most appropriate parameter to estimate available biomass. The answer to the question ‘Can the spatial distribution of available biomass in a forest be estimated with a satellite image?’ is ‘Yes, in coniferous forests’. We propose a procedure for depicting a precise map of the distribution of available biomass in a forest with analysis of a satellite image.
Economic‐technological appraisal of grassland resources in Northern China by a fuzzy model
Authors: Wang Hua , Zhao Liming , Wang Yusheng
Published: June 2008

After briefly reviewing an appraisal of natural grassland of the Northern China, we made an attempt to apply a new mathematical method to grassland utilization and management. We turned our attention to those factors that can play an important part in an appraisal of grassland resources. A fuzzy mathematical model of multifactorial tri‐stage appraisal of grassland resources is proposed in this paper. This is the first report in which such a mathematical model is applied to the appraisal of natural grasslands. To verify the practical value of the model, we appraised three types of grassland as examples and the description of the computing process is given in detail. The present study proves that the model was highly accurate and is suitable for economic‐technological appraisals for natural grassland.
Leaf appearance, death and detachment, and tillering in centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) in comparison with bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge): A study at a small sod scale
Authors: Islam M. Anowarul , Hirata Masahiko
Published: June 2008

An experiment was conducted over a 12‐month period with two levels of nitrogen (5 and 20 g N m−2) to obtain information on leaf dynamics and tillering characteristics in centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) compared with bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge). Leaf appearance rate (LAR) was lower in centipedegrass than in bahiagrass (0–0.13 versus 0–0.23 leaves tiller−1 d−1), while rates of leaf death (LDR) and detachment as litter fall were almost similar for both grasses, resulting in a lower number of live leaves per tiller in centipedegrass than in bahiagrass. Leaf appearance rate, relative LDR and leaf detachment rate were positively related to air temperature, with lower maximal LAR in centipedegrass than in bahiagrass. Centipedegrass showed higher number of daughter tillers per tiller than bahiagrass (1.45 versus 0.36) due to higher probability of tillering at axils of leaves. The effects of N levels on all measured variables were minimal, except N stimulated tillering in bahiagrass in May–June. Overall, the present study demonstrates that centipedegrass has the potential to form a denser, leafier sward than bahiagrass, because tillering ability is much higher despite lower LAR and number of live leaves per tiller.
Quantification of plant cover estimates
Authors: Bonham Charles D. , Clark David L.
Published: June 2008

Despite it's popularity and usefulness as a vegetation community descriptor, plant cover is often considered by ecologists to be a qualitative or semiquantitative variable. The relative merit of visual estimation within quadrats versus the use of multiple points to measure cover has been debated. This apparent conflict has been of concern for decades to ecologists in regulatory agencies and in private industry. Coincidently, regulatory agencies often rely on plant cover estimates to form the basis of sound decisions regarding reclamation success. We offer a resolution to these issues. If each sample site within a vegetation community is regarded as a repeated Bernoulli trial of sufficient size, say 100 trials, probability of the number of successes can be closely approximated by the standard normal distribution. There is little to be gained in decreasing or increasing the number of Bernoulli trials away from n = 100. Either quadrats or points may be used to equal effect only if the area formed by the quadrat and placement of points within a point‐frame or along a line are the same. Further, even with a moderate sample size of 30 repeated sets of Bernoulli trials (n = 100) randomly located within a vegetation community, there is generally no need to transform the data to approximate a normal distribution prior to conducting hypothesis tests.
Effects of steam explosion on the chemical composition and rumen degradability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw
Authors: Kim W. , Yahaya M.S. , Goto M.
Published: June 2008

Changes in the chemical composition and in vitro degradability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw were examined for effects of steam explosion applied at 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 kgf/cm2 pressure on rice straw. Physical breakdown of the straw with treatment was observed on most fractions of the particle size. These treatments also decreased (P < 0.05) organic matter and cell wall constituents, such as organic cell walls and neutral detergent fiber contents in the straw, as determined by enzymatic and detergent procedures. In contrast, the acid detergent lignin and acid detergent fiber contents increased (P < 0.05) with increasing steam pressure. The ultraviolet absorbance spectra of water‐soluble extracts in 28 kgf/cm2‐treated straws showed a maximal peak of 0.91 and a shoulder peak of 0.45 around 280 nm and 320 nm, respectively, increasing the maximal absorbance in accordance with the increase in steam pressure. Thus, at the lowest steam pressure, the microbial degradation of rice straw was increased as shown by the results of gas fermentation and volatile fatty acid production. Results in the present study indicate the possibility of improvement of nutritive value of cereal straw using a mild steam explosion treatment, compared to high steam conditions which can dangerously increase insoluble residual substances toxic to rumen microbes in the exploded roughages.
Pretreatment of surfactant Tween 80 and fibrolytic enzyme influencing volatile fatty acid and methane production of a total mixed ration by mixed rumen microorganisms at in vitro
Authors: Kim Wanjae , Gamo Yuko , Yahaya Mohammad Sani , Yimiti Wusiman , Goto Masakazu
Published: June 2008

In vitro rumen dry matter degradability, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and methane production were examined in a total mixed ration pretreated with different levels of either commercial cellulolytic enzyme (CCE), the surfactant poly oxyethylene sorbitan monoolate (Tween 80) or both: (i) no pretreatment (Control); (ii) with 1% CCE alone; (iii) with 2% CCE alone; (iv) with 1% Tween 80 alone; (v) with 1% Tween 80 + 1% CCE;(vi) with 1% Tween 80 + 2% CCE; (vii) with 2% Tween 80 alone; (viii) with 2% Tween 80 + 1% CCE; and (ix) with 2% Tween 80 +2% CCE. In all culture supernatants of rumen microorganisms, activities of xylanase and cellulase were significantly (P < 0.001) increased with pretreatment of CCE alone, Tween 80 alone and both combined. Within the same treatment of no CCE and 1% CCE levels, the total VFA concentration was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with 2% Tween 80 than with no or 1% Tween 80 treatments. The molar percentage of propionate significantly (P < 0.001) increased only with Tween 80. Throughout the in vitro incubation, the average value of methane concentration decrease was greater (P < 0.001) with 1% CCE treatment than with no CCE and 2% CCE treatments, accounting for 0.797 and 0.887 of no CCE and 2% CCE treatments, respectively. Accumulative methane production was significantly lower with 1% CCE treatment than with no CCE and 2% CCE treatments. A ratio of VFA : methane production was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with 2% Tween 80 treatment than with no Tween 80 and 1% Tween 80 treatments, showing the average values of 7.28, 5.33 and 6.69, respectively.
Dry matter production and in vitro dry matter digestibility of tillers among napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) varieties
Authors: Ishii Yasuyuki , Yamaguchi Nobuaki , Idota Sachiko
Published: June 2008

Dry matter production and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of tillers in napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) were compared in twice‐cut field‐grown plants among three varieties with variable plant types, that is, Wruk wona of the tiller weight type, Taiwan A146 of the tiller number type and Merkeron of the intermediate type. The effect of the late July and the early September first cutting dates was also compared. Changes in the length and dry matter weight (DMW) of each tiller were investigated every month with some canopy structural characteristics and the IVDMD of the leaf blade (LB) and stem with leaf sheath (ST) of the harvested sample were determined at both the first cutting and the second cutting in early November. Annual total of herbage dry matter yield (HDMY) and in vitro digestible dry matter yield were the highest in Wruk wona, followed by Taiwan A146 and Merkeron in both cutting dates and the effect of the first cutting date on HDMY was dependent on plant type. The first cutting for the tiller weight type of Wruk wona should be favorable in early September due to the highest first‐cut HDMY, derived from the vigorous growth in each tiller. For the tiller number type of Taiwan A146, cutting was favorable in late July, due to the highest second‐cut HDMY by the largest number of regrown tiller. The DM production at the first and second cuttings positively correlated with leaf area development, mediated by the emerged individual leaf area on the tillers at the first cutting and by the tiller number on which several leaves attached at the second cutting. The IVDMD tended to be negatively related with DMW in both LB and ST of each tiller in each variety and this tendency reduced the varietal difference in IVDDMY, compared with that in HDMY.
Varietal differences in nitrate nitrogen concentration of Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) stapf)
Authors: Sunaga Yoshihito , Harada Hisatomi , Hatanaka Tetsuya
Published: June 2008

Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 2000 to examine varietal differences in nitrate nitrogen (nitrate‐N) concentrations among 13 Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf) commercial varieties under heavy nitrogen application. Significant differences in nitrate‐N concentrations among the 13 varieties were observed. The maximum nitrate‐N concentrations were 1.9 and 3.2 times larger than the minimum concentrations in 1998 and 2000, respectively.

The varietal differences in the nitrate‐N concentrations of Sudangrass were examined using the method developed by Harada et al. (1998, 2000). That is, the nitrate‐N concentration of a whole plant on a dry matter basis can be estimated by multiplying the concentration factor by the dilution factor. The concentration factor is the nitrate‐N concentration of the stem on a fresh matter basis and the dilution factor is the dry matter partitioning ratio of the stem divided by the dry matter ratio of the stem.

Two late‐flowering varieties (late varieties) had higher dilution factors than early flowering varieties (early varieties), resulting in higher nitrate‐N concentrations than the early varieties. Among the early varieties, nitrate‐N concentrations were strongly correlated with concentration factors and dilution factors with correlation coefficients of 0.971 and 0.963, respectively. Dilution factors were highly correlated with the dry matter ratio of the stem and the dry matter partitioning ratio of the stem with correlation coefficients of −0.887 and 0.615, respectively. Varieties with low nitrate‐N concentrations, had characteristics to reduce nitrate‐N, that is, a lower concentration factor and dry matter partitioning ratio of the stem, and a higher dry matter ratio of the stem.

There was a positive correlation between nitrate‐N concentrations and total nitrogen (total‐N) concentrations. However, nitrogen uptake of Sudangrass was correlated not with the total‐N concentration, but with the dry matter yield. Therefore, a variety with a high dry matter yield has a high nitrogen uptake, even if it has a low nitrate‐N concentration. HS9401 is the most useful variety for reducing nitrate‐N concentrations and enhancing nitrogen uptake among those tested
Genetics and molecular breeding in Lolium/Festuca grass species complex
Authors: Yamada Toshihiko , Forster John W. , Humphreys Michael W. , Takamizo Tadashi
Published: June 2008

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) are regarded as ideal grass species for use as animal forage in temperate grassland agriculture. Ryegrasses establish and grow quickly and provide dense swards of highly nutritious and easily digestible forage that can be turned into healthy meat and animal products for human consumption. However, their use is restricted as they lack persistency, especially in marginal areas and locations that are subject to summer and winter stresses and drought stress. Close relative species from within genus Festuca are much better adapted to such abiotic stresses but, by contrast, do not compare well in animal forage provision to Lolium species as they show poor establishment and comparatively lower quality characteristics. Lolium and Festuca species hybridize naturally and exhibit high frequencies of gene exchange in the hybrid condition. Intergeneric hybrids (Festulolium) between Lolium and Festuca species are being used to broaden the gene pool and to provide the plant breeder with options to combine high quality traits with broad adaptations to a range of environmental constraints. Festulolium varieties have promise as novel grasses with high forage quality and resistance to environmental stress and can thereby improve grassland productivity, persistency and benefit incomes. Recent progress on Festulolium breeding programs is described here. Conventional forage grass breeding programs rely on basis observable phenotypes using the natural genetic variation found between and within varieties or ecotypes. Genetic improvement of forage grasses by conventional breeding programs is very slow due to the obligate outbreeding and perennial nature of grasses. Advances in genomics and gene manipulation can complement and enhance conventional plant breeding programs. Many studies concerning the implementation of DNA markers, high‐throughout gene discovery, genome‐wide gene expression analysis and gene manipulation are currently being conducted for forage grasses. Recent progress on molecular and genomic research activity in the genus Lolium and Festuca is reviewed.
Cathepsin B protease is required for metamorphism in silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Wang Gen‐Hong , Liu Chun , Xia Qing‐You , Zha Xing‐Fu , Chen Jie , Jiang Liang
Published: June 2008

Cathepsin B belongs to lysosomal cysteine protease of the papain family. Temporal and spatial expression analysis of cathepsin B of Bombyx mori (BmCtB) was carried out based on Expression Sequence Tags (ESTs) data, oligonucleotide microarray, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and quantitative real‐time PCR. Expression of BmCtB was observed in all of the tissues and stages. Among the 10 tested tissues, the fat body and posterior silk gland are the two most enriched tissues with BmCtB. During Bombyx development, there was an expression fastigium of BmCtB during metamorphosis. RNA interference was used to suppress the expression of cathepsin B during metamorphosis. Significant developmental defective phenotypes were obtained in the RNAi treated group. The dramatically reduced expression of BmCtB was confirmed by Northern blot and quantitative real‐time PCR. These evidences strongly suggest cathepsin B protein‐ase was predominantly involved in the metabolism process of fat body and the posterior silk gland and was critical for metamorphism and development of silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Short‐term cold storage of blowfly Lucilia sericata embryos
Authors: Zhang Bo , Numata Hideharu , Mitsui Hideya , Goto Shin G.
Published: June 2008

The developmental rate under low temperatures and cold tolerance were investigated in embryos of the blowfly Lucilia sericata. The larvae of this species are now widely used in maggot debridement therapy. Embryonic development was dependent on temperature, with a lower developmental threshold of 9.0 °C. The duration of the egg stage at a rearing temperature of 25 °C was 14 h, and a low temperature of 12.5 °C successfully prolonged this period to 66 h. Embryonic stages differed markedly in their cold tolerance; young embryos were less tolerant to cold than old ones. Late embryonic stages are suitable for cold storage at 5 °C and the storage for 72 h did not decrease the hatching rate by more than 50%. In the mass‐rearing process required for maggot debridement therapy, either of these two simple protocols would be beneficial.
Isolation and characterization of insecticidal activity of (Z)‐asarone from Acorus calamus L.
Authors: Yao Yingjuan , Cai Wanlun , Yang Changju , Xue Dong , Huang Yanzhang
Published: June 2008

The insecticidal activity of Acorus calamus L. rhizome‐derived material against adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky was examined by using repellency method and contact toxicity. The biologically active constituent of the A. calamus rhizome was separated and identified. The results showed that the ethanol extract of A. calamus had strong repellency and contact effect to S. zeamais and the active constituent of the A. calamus was characterized as (Z)‐asarone by spectroscopic analysis. Responses from the tests varied with exposure times and doses. In the repellency test, ethanol extract of A. calamus had 93.92% repellency at 629.08 μg/cm2 but only 71.38% at 157.27 μg/cm2 12 h after treatment. As a contrast, (Z)‐asarone showed 84.50% repellency at 314.54 μg/cm2 and 77.02% at 78.63 μg/cm2 12 h after treatment. In the filter paper diffusion test, ethanol extract of A. calamus caused 95.56% and 17.78% mortality to S. zeamais at 314.54 μg/cm2 and 78.63 μg/ cm2 4 days after treatment, while (Z)‐asarone brought about 100.00% and 15.56% mortality at 40.89 μg/cm2 and 15.73 μg/cm2 respectively. These results indicate that the insecticidal activity of the A. calamus extract may be due to (Z)‐asarone.
Parasitism‐induced effects on host growth and metabolic efficiency in Plutella xylostella larvae parasitized by Cotesia vestalis or Diadegma semiclausum
Authors: Huang Fang , Cao Ting‐Ting , Shi Min , Chen Ya‐Feng , Chen Xue‐xin
Published: June 2008

The nutritional physiology of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, larvae was examined after parasitization by the solitary endoparasitoids Cotesia vestalis or Diadegma semiclausum. Examinations were performed in two phases, one was examined at the time point of 24 h post‐parasitization, and the other was done at the end of the 4th instar larvae of host. Rates of growth, food consumption, assimilation, excretion, and respiration were calculated as well as approximate digestibility and the rate ratios ECI (percent efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance), and ECD (percent efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance). Parasitization by C. vestalis resulted in significant decrease in the rates of growth, feeding, excretion, assimilation, and respiration, but the final dry rate of respiration at the end of last larval stadium was elevated. The ECI and ECD were also reduced as the result of parasitization, but digestibility was increased. All these parameters in the larvae parasitized by D. semiclausum at 24 h post‐parasitization were also significantly changed compared to the control; however, these differences were quantitatively, but not qualitatively before pupation, similar to those resulted from parasitization by C. vestalis. In spite of the similarities of the parasitism‐induced effects caused by these endoparasitoids, the final metabolic rate, that is, the rate of intake of nutrients required to compensate for metabolism, was much lower in the larvae parasitized by C. vestalis than that of the larvae parasitized by D. semiclausum. All of the results discussed here will contribute toward explaining the different ways these two wasps regulate the parasitoid‐host relationship.
The saproxylic beetle assemblage associated with different host trees in Southwest China
Authors: Wu Jie , Yu Xiao‐Dong , Zhou Hong‐Zhang
Published: June 2008

Dead wood is a habitat for many insects and other small animals, some of which may be rare or endangered and in need of effective protection. In this paper, saproxylic beetle assemblages associated with different host trees in the subtropical forests in southwestern China were investigated. A total of 277 species (1 439 specimens) in 36 beetle families were collected from 117 dead wood samples, of which 101 samples were identified and respectively belonged to 12 tree genera. The number of saproxylic beetle species varied greatly among logs of different tree genera, with the highest diversity on logs of Juglans. Generally, broad‐leaved trees had a higher richness and abundance of saproxylic species than coniferous trees. Cluster analysis revealed that assemblages from broad‐leaved tree genera were generally similar (except for Betula) and assemblages from coniferous trees formed another distinct cluster. The subsequent indicator analysis proposed that there are different characteristic species for different cluster groups of host tree genera. In our study, log diameter has no positive influence on beetle species density. Conversely, comparisons of individual‐based rarefaction curves suggested that beetle species richness was highest in the small diameter class both in coniferous and broad‐leaved tree genera. With increased wood decay, proportion of habitat specialists (saproxylic beetles living on one tree genus) decreased, whereas proportion of habitat generalists (living on more than three tree genera) increased. The beetle species density was found to be higher in early stages, and decreased in later stages as well. A negative influence of altitude on saproxylic beetle species richness and abundance was detected. It was indicated that different tree genera and altitudes possibly display cross effects in modulating the altitudinal distribution and host preference of the beetles.
Labial tip sensilla of Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Hemiptera: Blissidae): Ultrastructure and behavior
Authors: Baker Gerald T. , Chen Xiong , Ma Peter W.K.
Published: June 2008

The cuticular sensory receptors that are found on the apex of the labium of hemipterans play an important role in their feeding behavior. In this study we describe the ultrastructure, number, and distribution of sensilla on the labium apex of the chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus. Each apical field of sensilla on the labium contains 11 uniporous peg sensilla and one sensillum chaeticum. The uniporous peg sensilla are innervated by 4–5 bipolar neurons that send dendrites in the lumen of each peg. Three neurons are associated with each sensillum chaeticum, two neurons have dendrites in the lumen of the sensillum, and the third dendrite ends in a tubular body at the base of the sensillum. Behavioral tests that involve chemical blockage of the sensory receptors show the importance of the labial sensilla in feeding behavior. Both morphological and behavioral evidence indicate that the labial sensilla have a chemosensitive function.
Ultrastructural features of the hypopharyngeal glands in the social wasp Polistes versicolor (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Britto Fábio Barros , Caetano Flávio Henrique
Published: June 2008

The wasps of the genus Polistes have been considered the key to understanding the evolution of social behavior in Hymenoptera. Several studies have shown that the development of organized insect societies was accompanied by the evolution of structures like exocrine glands, which became specialized to perform specific functions. This article investigates the ultrastructural and cytochemical features of the hypopharyngeal glands of Polistes versicolor. These glands have been studied in depth in social bees, where they occur only in nurses and produce the royal jelly. Our results revealed that these glands basically did not vary among individuals or between sexes. They are constituted by spherical cells, each with a large nucleus and well‐developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. Secretion vesicles are abundant, but lipid droplets were not observed, indicating that these glands may not have a role in pheromone synthesis. Acid phosphatase was detected in lysosomes, and also free in the cytosol, but did not seem to be related with cell death. Thus, our results suggest that the hypopharyngeal glands of P. versicolor may not have a specialized social role, but could produce digestive enzymes.
Evidence of temporary mining in the Cretaceous fossil mine assemblage of Negev, Israel
Authors: Krassilov Valentin A.
Published: June 2008

Temporary mining is a peculiar behavioral trait in leaf parasites requiring adaptations of consecutive larval stages to the endophytic and ectophytic life. The first fossil evidence for the origin of the trait comes from the Cretaceous (Turonian) plant–insect locality of the Negev Desert containing rich trace assemblages of leaf parasites, including blotch mines with leaf pieces cut out for case construction, as well as attached larval cases. The host plants are deciduous broadleafs or aquatic angiosperms with emergent leaves, suggesting that initial acquisition of the habit might have been related to leaf abscission and the risk for the larva being chocked in the mine during floods. Unlike tracks of permanent miners, temporary mines never co‐occur on leaves with other type mines, which attests to their effect of enhancing plant resistance. Mine predation appears to have been widespread in the Cretaceous biotic community, suggesting a possibility of top‐down regulation of mining habits at this early stage of their evolutionary development.
Practical strategies to improve treatment of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Fleury‐Milfort Evelyne
Published: June 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to document the need for, barriers to, and available treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes, with a focus on modern insulins and delivery systems.

Data sources: Extensive review of the scientific literature was carried out, concentrating on data supporting the need for tight glycemic control, and efficacy and safety data on oral antidiabetes agents, insulins (particularly insulin analog therapies), incretins, and insulin delivery devices.

Conclusions: Nurse practitioners and other clinicians need to be aware of the urgent need to help patients optimize glycemic control using therapies that can bring blood glucose levels within the target range throughout the day. Choice of therapy must take into account anticipated hemoglobin A1c decrease, tolerability, effect on comorbid conditions, and cost. As diabetes progresses, insulin is the only hypoglycemic agent with unlimited potential to lower blood glucose; earlier initiation of insulin therapy can help many patients achieve glucose targets more rapidly and provide symptomatic relief. Modern insulins and related therapies in conjunction with innovative delivery devices, appropriate counseling, and patient education can help overcome many barriers to insulin therapy.

Implications for practice: The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate. More aggressive treatment, based on the pathophysiology of the disease, is necessary and should include greater attention to control both fasting and postmeal glucose excursions, as well as earlier introduction of insulin therapy that is both effective and acceptable to patients. The educated use of oral antidiabetes agents, modern insulin analogs, incretin agents, and innovative delivery devices can help many patients achieve blood glucose targets in a scientifically logical manner that takes into account a patient’s lifestyle needs.
Targeting cardiovascular risk: Early identification of insulin resistance
Authors: Fortson Julie , Howe Linda , Harmon Corinne , Sherrill Windsor Westbrook
Published: June 2008

Purposes: To review current data regarding the known pathophysiology of insulin resistance and its associated sequelae related to cardiovascular risk, to discuss the current measures for insulin sensitivity and studies associated with measures of insulin resistance, and to summarize the impact of insulin resistance.

Data sources: CINAHL, Health and Wellness Resource Center, and Medline.

Findings: Insulin resistance yields a diminished sensitivity of key target cells to the actions of insulin and is present early in the course of insulin resistance syndrome, also known as metabolic syndrome, leading to prediabetes and cardiovascular disease approximately 10 years before the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

Implications for practice: Early identification of insulin‐resistant individuals would allow extra time for preventive measures and may alter the progression of the development of associated cardiovascular risk. A recommendation for a treatment plan of identified insulin‐resistant individuals is provided.
A collaborative approach to wellness: Diet, exercise, and education to impact behavior change
Authors: Turner Saundra L. , Thomas Andria M. , Wagner Peggy J. , Moseley Ginger C.
Published: June 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate an interdisciplinary Wellness Program developed to help patients implement behavior changes necessary to begin weight reduction.

Data sources: A 12‐week program was developed to offer a choice of three diets, education, behavior change, and support groups that would allow participants to work through their concerns. A total of 109 participants provided feedback throughout the program and had varying degrees of change. Measures included education, food diaries, support, exercise, and anthropomorphic measurements.

Conclusions: Participants who attended the exercise classes showed the most positive results with weight loss, and the greater the number of times attending the exercise classes, the more weight was lost. Readiness and willingness to change and the degree of involvement in the program also proved to be major factors in the program.

Implications for practice: While obesity and overweight continue to be major healthcare issues in the United States, a real positive approach to helping patients with this problem has not been found. Continued study and support are needed to help patients deal with the impact of weight on overall health and well‐being.
Knowledge and risk of cardiovascular disease in rural Alabama women
Authors: Hamner Jenny , Wilder Barbara
Published: June 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe rural women’s knowledge of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and actual risk of CVD. The research question guiding this study was: “Are there relationships between demographic factors, women’s knowledge of CVD, and women’s CVD risk score?”

Data sources: Demographic data were collected from a convenience sample of 112 women at a full‐service, rural medical clinic in Alabama. Two questions assessed women’s knowledge of their risk factors for CVD. The Coronary Heart Disease Knowledge Test measured knowledge of coronary heart disease (CHD). Framingham CHD prediction scores were calculated to assess the actual heart disease risk of subjects.

Conclusions: Knowledge of CVD in rural Alabama women is inadequate. The mean score for the knowledge test was 8.50 out of 20. This population of women has significant risk for CVD. Women recognized that smoking and obesity are issues, but are less aware of factors such as race, personality types, oral contraceptive use, hypertension, diabetes, age, hyperlipidemia, and family history.

Implications for practice: The majority of women in the study could list only one or two CVD risk factors. New strategies for educating women about CVD should be explored by nurse practitioners (NPs). For example, NPs interested in CVD in women could organize and offer to teach in local schools, colleges, universities, churches, and at sites where women work. Collaboration with the local American Heart Association and Health Department in educating women may be appropriate. By increasing women’s knowledge, their actual risk may change and thus improve their chance to live free of CVD or have it later in life or to a lesser extent.
Clinical uses of brain natriuretic peptide in diagnosing and managing heart failure
Authors: Anderson Kelley M.
Published: June 2008

Purpose: To review current issues in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of heart failure (HF), focusing on the clinical use of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a diagnostic marker.

Data sources: Selective review of scientific literature and clinical practice guidelines.

Conclusions: BNP is a useful clinical tool for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of HF patients. Studies have consistently demonstrated high sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of BNP levels in diagnostic situations. BNP cannot differentiate between systolic and diastolic HF.

Implications for practice: BNP can be used to assist in diagnosing HF in emergency and outpatient situations, particularly when the presenting symptom is dyspnea; determining HF prognosis, including predicting death and cardiac events; and potentially managing individuals with HF by determining safe discharge levels from acute care to avoid readmissions. BNP levels can vary depending on multiple confounders; therefore, clinical interpretation can be difficult.