bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Microbial Properties of Olive Cultivated Soils under Short, Medium and Long-term Irrigation with Treated Wastewater
Authors: Hidri Yassine , Hibar Khaled , Bchir Amani , Werheni Rim , Jedidi Naceur , Hassen Abdennaceur
Published: March 2021

Aims: In Tunisia, Climatic changes and water shortage has led to the reuse of treated municipal wastewater (TMWW) in the agricultural sector since the sixties. This work was intended to study the short, medium, and long-term impacts of this practice on soil microbial properties.

Study Design: Five different experimental fields were chosen which had been irrigated with TMWW for 10, 20, 25, and 28 years, respectively. A pluvial irrigated field was selected as a control.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Zaouit Sousse (Tunisian Sahel region) located in the south of Sousse City (longitude: 35°47′, latitude: 10°38′ and of altitudes: 20 m N.G.T.). The soil sampling campaign was carried out at the end of the dry season (September 2014). This study was undertaken in a semi-arid area that is facing a water crisis (water shortage and irreversible seawater intrusion).

Methodology: Soil fecal pollution indicators were determined with the most probable number MPN method. Bacterial and fungal enumeration was done by the plate count agar method. Pathogenic bacteria was determined using the conventional bacteria identification methods.

Results: Irrigation with TMWW (for more than ten years) induced a significant increase in soil microbial biomass (heterotrophic bacteria and filamentous fungi). Soil microbial contamination was assessed by measuring Total and Fecal Coliforms, E. coli, and Faecal Streptococci at three studied soil layers (0-20; 20-40 and 40-60 cm) show’s a significant increase in TMWW irrigated plots compared to the control. Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. screening revealed the absence of those pathogens in all studied soils. This result is true for the three soil horizons (0-20; 20-40 and 40-60 cm). This result seems to be due to the short survival period of these pathogens in the soil.

Conclusion: TMWW irrigation had positive effects on soil fertility. However, this practice has led to a deterioration of the soil sanitary quality. The quality of the wastewater treated in Sousse Sud plant must be improved to ensure the reduction of emerging bacterial pathogens to non-detectable levels or to levels that have not been associated with human health risk.
Comparative Study of Growth and Yield of NERICA and PNR Rice Lines in Rainfed Ecosystem in the Eastern Interland of Kinshasa, DR Congo
Authors: Jules Mitashi Kimvula , Firmin Lukula Lukwera
Published: March 2021

The developing countries are rife with blatant pauperization. The agricultural sector, provider of food and a strong economy, has been in the hands of artisanal farmers for several decades. As a result, the yield is low to meet the needs of a rapidly growing population. Thus, in order to help support food security in tropical countries including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a study was conducted on the comparison of growth and yield of 15 lines / varieties of rice under natural conditions. On the Bateke plateau (Kinshasa, DRC) during season B, from January to June 2004. The number of tillers per plant, the number of tassels per plant, the height and flowering at 50% plant, the weight of a thousand kernels as well as the yield in kg / ha were used as observation variables to evaluate the performance of the plant. Each variety under study for 4 months following a randomized full block device with 3 replicates.From our observations, it emerges that although season B was less productive than season A, a few lines / varieties of rice have shown very distinct performances. Indeed, the varieties NERICA 7, P8.20.B3. 2.1. C1, PNR 1, NERICA 5 showed good height growth while NERICA 7, P10. 100. B1. N1B1, P10. 77. B2. N2. B3, P10. 51. B1. N1. gave a high dry grain yield.Therefore, given their high yield in dry grains, these lines / varieties would be a better substitute for the varieties already in circulation (PNR 1, IRAT 112, and IRAT 341) to increase the country's rice production and thus overcome the problem of low yield experienced by the DRCongo.
More Trust and Cohesion for Secondary School Classes – Experiences of the Implementation of the Express Yourself! Programme in Four EU Countries
Authors: Kettunen Aija , Kiessl Heidrun , Neuhaus Katrin , Kainulainen Sakari , Nummela Niko , Salomaa Terhi , Heinze Meike
Published: March 2021

Aim: The article describes and evaluates the implementation and impact of an inclusive grouping programme in the secondary school context, and how best practices can be established in different contextual and cultural conditions in Ireland, Germany, Lithuania, and Spain. The article is part of the Express Yourself! project and the European Union’s Erasmus+ Programme.

Methodology: The theoretical framework of this study is based on the self-determination theory. Following the PDCA Cycle, the project team developed a programme scheme (fitting for the broader European context) based on an experienced Finnish model as well as a research perspective. The participating school types ranged from secondary public schools in cities to vocational schools in inclusive settings and gymnasiums with students (approx. 12-20 years) from mainly rural areas. The Express Yourself! sessions include five meetings of 60 to 120 minutes over several weeks. Each session focuses on a different topic, but building up on each other. The training was held in the facilities of the schools and mainly carried out by external pedagogical staff. A 3X10D questionnaire, mainly gathering data on the well-being of the participants (N=677), and a trainer questionnaire, focusing on the content on perception of the session content, were used for the analysis.

Results: The article provides evidence that the Express Yourself! programme is a practical way of stimulating social inclusion in schools in different cultures and contexts. The research indicates a positive impact on students’ experienced overall well-being, especially in life-as-a-whole, managing daily activities, friends, and self-esteem. Deeper analysis of the results indicates that there were differences between the success of the project in cooperation countries. The main influencing factors were gender and age. 

Conclusion: The Express Yourself! programme was experienced as a low threshold and effective way to positively influence students’ well-being and inclusion. Promising results were promoted by the motivation and cooperation between the trainers and teachers, which was indirectly reflected in the atmosphere in the class. Based on cooperation, sessions were tailored to the needs of each class.
Novel and Re-emerging Zoonotic Viral Diseases in India during Last Two Decades: An Overview
Authors: Venugopal Priyanka , Sriram Damal Kandadai , George Melvin
Published: March 2021

Zoonotic diseases or zoonosis is an infectious disease caused by the transmission of pathogens from animals to humans. Depending on the pathogens, these diseases can be bacterial, viral, or parasitic and the route of transmission of the pathogens can be via reservoirs including birds, bats, pigs, and mosquitoes, eventually infecting humans. Spread among humans arises primarily through person-person contact and fomites, causing major outbreaks (epidemics and pandemics). Some of the major zoonotic outbreaks include plague, influenza, West Nile fever, brucellosis, and rabies. This review focuses on zoonotic viral outbreaks in India over the past 20 years highlighting the spread and severity of the disease, measures to control the infection and prevention, treatment and management of the infectious diseases. New or emerging and re-emerging viral diseases such as coronavirus, Japanese encephalitis, dengue and chikungunya are discussed. These outbreaks have been reported to cause high morbidity and mortality, in addition, pose a major risk to the health security, safety, and economy of the country. Insufficient knowledge of emerging diseases is a major challenge for producing effective anti-viral drugs and vaccines. Understanding the etiology and spread of the disease is essential for preventive measures and the development of efficient treatment strategies.
Efficacy of Laser Photocoagulation for Type 1 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Kono Hirofumi , Yokoyama Katsuhiko , Kishi Daiji , Kimoto Kenichi , Kubota Toshiaki
Published: March 2021

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of laser photocoagulation for type 1 idiopathic macular telangiectasia (MacTel).

Study Design: Retrospective case series

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Oita University Hospital during the period from 2004 to 2013.

Patients and Methods: Six eyes of 6 patients with type 1 MacTel diagnosed consecutively in the Oita University Hospital during the period from 2004 to 2013 were studied. They showed macular edema and their visual acuity were deteriorated due to leakage from the aneurysms. Four patients were male and two were female with an average age of 64 years (range: 41 to 74 years). Informed consent was obtained from each patient and the laser photocoagulation was applied to leaky aneurysms in all eyes. The central macular thickness (CMT) was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Mean follow up period was 44 months (range: 24 - 63 months). 

Results: Mean visual acuity significantly increased from logMAR 0.25±0.27 at baseline to logMAR 0.11±0.14 (P<0.05) at the last visit. Visual acuity improved more than 0.2 logMAR in five eyes and was stable (gain or loss of < 0.3 logMAR) in one eye. Mean central macular thickness significantly decreased from 454±181 μm at baseline to 231±67 μm (P<0.05) at the last visit. Macular edema was not detected by OCT inany patients at the last visit.

Conclusion: In type I MacTel, laser photocoagulation may achieve a visual improvement and normalize the central macular thickness.
Gender differences and site-specific incident risks of musculoskeletal disorders among 224 506 workers in the food and beverage service industry in Taiwan: A 15-year Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Peng Chiung-Yu , Hsieh Hui-Min , Li Meng-Yun , Liaw Lih-Jiun , Wang Chao-Ling , Pan Chih-Hong , Wu Ming-Tsang
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Occupational characteristics in the food and beverage service industry (FBSI) have been found to be associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study aimed to examine gender and site-specific incident risks of MSDs among FBSI workers in Taiwan using a national population-based database.

Methods

We conducted a 15-year population-based cohort study among 224 506 FBSI workers in Taiwan using data from five large nationwide databases to estimate direct standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for identifying specific MSDs related to overexertion and repetitiveness during work. Overall, MSDs risks were also investigated by gender, sub-industrial categories, and certificate types.

Results

We found SIRs for overall MSDs for male and female workers of 1.706 (95% CI, 1.688-1.724) and 2.198 (95% CI, 2.177-2.219), respectively. Our findings indicate significantly increased WMSD risk for both men and women, including median/ulnar nerve disorders (ICD-9 354.0-354.2); spondylosis and allied disorders (ICD-9 721); intervertebral disc disorders (ICD-9 722); disorders of the back (ICD-9 724); peripheral enthesopathies and allied syndromes (ICD-9 726); synovium, tendon, and bursa disorders (ICD-9 727); and soft tissues of the peripheral system disorders (ICD-9 729). Food stall workers and workers with Chinese cuisine or baking licenses were at higher risk among sub-industrial categories and certificate types.

Conclusion

This large-scale study revealed that FBSI workers were at higher risk for several MSDs than the general population. This information could help prioritize MSD problems and identify a high-risk population. Relevant policy and ergonomic improvements and interventions could be implemented for health promotion in this industry.
Extracellular vesicles and intercellular communication in the central nervous system
Authors: Lizarraga‐Valderrama Lorena R. , Sheridan Graham K.
Published: March 2021

Neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) release extracellular vesicles (EVs) to the interstitial fluid of the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. EVs contain proteins, nucleic acids and lipids that can be taken up by, and modulate the behaviour of, neighbouring recipient cells. The functions of EVs have been extensively studied in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. However, mechanisms involved in EV‐mediated neuron–glial communication under physiological conditions or healthy ageing remain unclear. A better understanding of the myriad roles of EVs in CNS homeostasis is essential for the development of novel therapeutics to alleviate and reverse neurological disturbances of ageing. Proteomic studies are beginning to reveal cell type‐specific EV cargo signatures that may one day allow us to target specific neuronal or glial cell populations in the treatment of debilitating neurological disorders. This review aims to synthesise the current literature regarding EV‐mediated cell–cell communication in the brain, predominantly under physiological conditions.
Adaptive cross backstepping control for a class of nonstrict feedback nonlinear systems with partial state constraints
Authors: Wang Chunxiao , Qi Lu , Yu Xiao , Yu Jiali
Published: March 2021

The tracking control problem for a class of partial state constrained nonlinear system is studied in this article. The system is divided into two semistrict feedback nonlinear subsystems, one is state constrained and the other is state free. By means of state transformation, the state constraint problem is transformed into the bounded problem of the transformed function. Compared with the barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) method, it not only solves the state constraint problem but also circumvents the feasibility check on virtual controllers. Based on the cross backstepping control, the constrained controller and unconstrained controller are designed simultaneously. It solves the coupling problem effectively in the design of cross processing control. On the other hand, dynamic surface control is used which effectively avoids “computation explosion” caused by backstepping control. The designed controllers can ensure the error signals converge to a small neighbourhood of zero and keep the asymmetric time‐varying constraints on system partial states are satisfied for all the time. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out on a hyperchaotic Rössler system to verify the efficacy of the control scheme.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Spiro‐β‐Lactams and Spiro‐δ‐Lactams
Authors: Alves Nuno G. , Alves Américo J. S. , Soares Maria I. L. , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: March 2021

Spirocyclic molecules are widely recognized for their complex three‐dimensional features and structural rigidity. Among this class of molecules, the spiro‐lactams subclass stands out, being extensively explored due to its bioactivity and utility in a variety of scientific fields such as drug design and organic synthesis. Given the recognition of spirocyclic lactams’ broad potential, several efforts have been engaged on the pursuit of new synthetic strategies towards these molecules. The present review gathers advances on the synthesis of both spiro‐β‐lactams (spiroazetidin‐2‐ones) and spiro‐δ‐lactams (spiropiperidon‐2‐ones) reported since 2015. The work is divided into two distinct parts, each one dedicated to one of these types of spiro‐lactam, with the approach used for building the spirocyclic system being extensively discussed, according to the method's scope, efficiency, selectivity, and reaction mechanism.

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A novel MPLKIP‐variant in three Finnish patients with non‐photosensitive trichothiodystrophy type 4
Authors: Strang‐Karlsson Sonja , von Willebrand Maria , Avela Kristiina , Wallgren‐Pettersson Carina
Published: March 2021

Trichothiodystrophy is a group of multisystem neuroectodermal disorders with dysplastic hair as the cardinal symptom. We describe three patients from two Finnish families in whom whole‐exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous variant, c.26del, p.(Pro9Glnfs*144) in the MPLKIP‐gene, confirming the diagnosis of non‐photosensitive trichothiodystrophy type 4 (TTD4). The variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and inherited from unaffected carrier parents. This report adds to the literature by expanding the genetic and phenotypic spectra of MPLKIP‐related trichothiodystrophy. We describe dysmorphic features in the patients and provide a comparison of clinical characteristics in patients with TTD4 reported to date.
Synthesis of Sulfonyloxindoles via Functional Group Exchange Between 3‐Sulfonylphthalide and Isatylidenemalononitrile
Authors: Satham Lakshminarayana , Suresh Alati , Namboothiri Irishi N. N.
Published: March 2021

An unusual reactivity of 3‐sulfonylphthalides with isatylidenemalononitriles has been exploited to provide an efficient entry into 3‐sulfonyloxindoles. Although a Hauser‐Kraus mechanism can be visualized for the observed transformation, a more probable mechanism, based on control experiments and spectroscopic studies, involves Michael addition of sulfonylphthalide to isatylidenemalononitrile followed by elimination and re‐addition of sulfonyl and malononitrile functionalities in an overall functional group exchange between phthalide and oxindolyl moieties. We have also demonstrated the synthetic applications of the sulfonyloxindoles in selected reactions such as conjugate addition and aromatization.
Outstanding Enhancement in the Axial Coordination Ability of the Highly Rigid Cofacial Cyclic Metalloporphyrin Dimer
Authors: Yamashita Ken‐ichi , Furutani Kazuhiro , Ogawa Takuji
Published: March 2021

Copper‐ and nickel−porphyrin complexes show extremely weak axial coordination ability without any electron‐withdrawing groups. Herein, we report axial ligation on CuII‐ and NiII−porphyrins in a highly rigid cofacial porphyrin dimer with a bidentate ligand, 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of CuII‐ and NiII−porphyrins for coordination‐induced guest binding of porphyrin‐based host molecules without the help of other metal ions. The high rigidity of the dimer induces guest binding through the cooperative effect of weak axial ligation. The results showed that CuII‐ and ZnII‐complexes bind one DABCO molecule inside their cavities, whereas the NiII‐complex binds two additional DABCO molecules outside to form a stable 6‐coordinate paramagnetic NiII‐complexes. The binding constants were determined by the UV/vis titration experiments.
Enhanced glycerol dehydration of pervaporation cross‐linkedPVAmembranes modified byVUV/UV‐Ctreatments
Authors: Backes Claudio W. , Weibel Daniel E.
Published: March 2021

The high glycerol miscibility in water needs more efficient processes to decrease the cost of dehydration. Water stable poly(vinyl alcohol) based membranes cross‐linked with 15% w/w of maleic acid were used for dehydrating glycerol‐water mixtures using pervaporation (PV). The membranes were characterized using water contact angle, profilometry, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy‐attenuated total reflectance, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water stability, swelling tests, and PV. Membranes were treated using dry methods with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV; 162 nm) or ultraviolet (UV)‐C (254 nm) radiation and exposed to O2or acrylic acid vapors, respectively. The VUV and UV‐C treatments improve PV performances, increasing the water separation selectivity more than 4 and 8.5 times, respectively. UV‐C treatments exhibit a water flux (kg m−2h−1), selectivity and PSI (kg m−2h−1) of 0.3, 250, and 87.4 respectively. Highly hydrophilic functional groups grafted onto the surface of the membranes after irradiation favor the selective transfer of water through the membrane. Overall, the VUV or UV‐C membrane treatments show great PV prospect in glycerol dehydration.
Effectiveness of reaching and maintaining therapeutic hypothermia target temperature using low‐cost devices in newborns with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy
Authors: Kinoshita Adriana Nishimoto , Magalhães Maurício , Rodrigues Daniela Pereira , Variane Gabriel Fernando Todeschi , Pietrobom Rafaela Fabri Rodrigues , Gallaci Clery Bernardi , Pachi Paulo Roberto , Rodrigues Francisco Paulo Martins , Netto Alexandre , Safadi Marco Aurélio Palazzi
Published: March 2021

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) using servo‐controlled cooling devices has proved to be a safe and effective method to reduce mortality and sequelae in neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, such cooling devices can be expensive and have limited availability in low‐ and middle‐income countries. To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of low‐cost cooling devices (ice packs) to reach and maintain the target temperature in newborns with moderate or severe HIE. Descriptive retrospective cross‐sectional study, including newborns with gestational age ≥35 weeks, weight ≥1800 g, with diagnosis of moderate or severe HIE, submitted to whole body hypothermia using ice packs for 72 hr. Data was obtained from medical records and databases. The thermal curves of each patient, time spent at the target temperature and rewarming time were evaluated. Complications directly related to therapeutic hypothermia, evolution, and early outcomes before hospital discharge were analyzed. Seventy‐one newborns met the criteria for TH, and 61 completed the entire cooling period and were included in the final analysis. The average time to reach the target temperature was 1.50 ± 1.3 hr. The mean temperature during the cooling period was 33.5°C (±0.62). 82.32% of the measurements were within the target temperature range (from 33 to 34°C). The following adverse events were observed during TH: pulmonary hypertension 11.3%, arrhythmia 4.2%, and coagulopathy 26.7%. Whole body hypothermia using low‐cost devices proved to be an effective method in the absence of availability of servo‐controlled devices, representing a plausible option in restricted resource settings.
Autopsy‐Based Learning is Essential But Underutilized in Medical Education: A Questionnaire Study
Authors: Pakanen Lasse , Tikka Julius , Kuvaja Paula , Lunetta Philippe
Published: March 2021

To this day, autopsies and dissections have been essential in medical education, but declining autopsy numbers have endangered this long‐standing tradition. Students' perceptions of these teaching methods should be constantly updated to help educators understand how to achieve their teaching goals. The purpose of this study was to explore the state of autopsy‐ and dissection‐based teaching in two Finnish universities based on the experiences of the students, survey their perceptions of such teaching, and to compare the Finnish situation with students' perceptions in other countries as it emerges from medical literature. A questionnaire went to 859 second‐, fourth‐, and sixth‐year medical students. The questions concerned dissection and autopsy classes these students had attended, the views of the students in regard to the number of classes, and the benefits of and attitudes towards autopsy teaching. An open question of how to improve autopsy teaching was included. The response rate was 19.4%. Most respondents requested more autopsy and dissection classes, especially practical education. They found autopsies most beneficial in learning anatomy and dealing with one's own emotions related to death. Their experiences proved least beneficial for interaction with the relatives of a deceased patient and for people skills. Integrational methods and focusing on the main learning outcomes were suggested as improvements. Overall, students found dissection and autopsy teaching important, but felt concerned about the diminishing autopsy numbers. Focusing on main learning objectives and better integration of autopsies in the teaching of different specialties could help to utilize autopsies to a greater extent.
Tensor product‐based model transformation approach to tower crane systems modeling
Authors: Hedrea Elena‐Lorena , Precup Radu‐Emil , Roman Raul‐Cristian , Petriu Emil M.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents the application of the tensor product (TP)‐based model transformation approach to produce Tower CRrane (TCR) systems models. The modeling approach starts with a nonlinear model of TCR systems as representative multi‐input–multi‐output controlled processes. A linear parameter‐varying model is next derived, and the modeling steps specific to TP–based model transformation are proceeded to obtain the TP model. The TP model is tested on TCR laboratory equipment in two open‐loop scenarios considering chirp signals and pseudorandom binary step signals applied to the three model inputs (control inputs). The nonlinear and TP model outputs in the two scenarios are the payload position, the cart position, and the arm angular position. The nonlinear and TP model outputs are collected, measured, and compared. The simulation results prove that the derived TP model approximately mimics the behavior of the nonlinear model; both system responses and numerical approximation errors are illustrated.
Beyond the “selfish mitochondrion” theory of uniparental inheritance: A unified theory based on mutational variance redistribution
Authors: Radzvilavicius Arunas
Published: March 2021

“Selfish” gene theories have offered invaluable insight into eukaryotic genome evolution, but they can also be misleading. The “selfish mitochondrion” hypothesis, developed in the 90s explained uniparental organelle inheritance as a mechanism of conflict resolution, improving cooperation between genetically distinct compartments of the cell. But modern population genetic models provided a more general explanation for uniparental inheritance based on mutational variance redistribution, modulating the efficiency of both purifying and adaptive selection. Nevertheless, as reviewed here, “selfish” conflict theories still dominate the literature. While these hypotheses are rich in metaphor and highly intuitive, selective focus on only one type of mitochondrial mutation limits the generality of our understanding and hinders progress in mito‐nuclear evolution theory. Recognizing that uniparental inheritance may have evolved—and is maintained across the eukaryotic tree of life—because of its influence on mutational variance and improved selection will only increase the generality of our evolutionary reasoning, retaining “selfish” conflict explanations as a special case of a much broader theory.
Cooperation is key for departmental success
Authors: Miles David
Published: March 2021

Cooperation is defined as “the process of working together to the same end.” This is never more true than on a university or college campus, where university public safety departments need the cooperation of not only the faculty, staff, and students, but also certain departments to create a safe campus environment.
Survey shows mental health concerns rising due to COVID‐19
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: March 2021

Student mental health crises have increasingly been a point of concern for campus safety officials (as well as other administrators on campus). The COVID‐19 pandemic has only increased reports of mental health concerns, according to a survey by the Center for Collegiate Mental Health at Penn State University.
Transformative pragmatism: How a diversity of Leitbilder is harnessed for rural transformation in Réiden, Luxembourg
Authors: Doerr Jan‐Tobias , Taylor Aiken Gerald
Published: March 2021

This article attempts to further a geographical theory of socio‐ecological transformation. Understanding transformation has previously focused on regions, places, networks, or individual and collective spatialities as the unit of analysis pushing change. This article, by contrast, outlines the pragmatic function that individually and collectively held beliefs, goals, and purposes have. We call these guiding visions Leitbilder, and outline how they act as guiding lights, lodestars, that motivate, temper, and contain different people, groups, and initiatives. Where academic work exists here it is often voluntaristic, elective, focused on intentional, opt‐in communities and so tends towards studies of “usual suspects.” This paper by contrast, addresses those preforming radical environmentalist behavior, beyond a conscious or elective identity of being environmental. We do so by outlining the case of Réiden, Luxembourg. We present an in‐depth study of four transformative initiatives in different domains and, through Q‐method, outline their intricate, mutable, and catalytic interrelationships. We argue that to take proper account of the geography of transformation, the alignment of heterogenous Leitbilder in functionally diverse practice coalitions is crucial.
Quality of life in men and women with heart failure: association with outcome, and comparison between the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire and the EuroQol 5 dimensions questionnaire
Authors: Ravera Alice , Santema Bernadet T. , Sama Iziah E. , Meyer Sven , Lombardi Carlo M. , Carubelli Valentina , Ferreira João Pedro , Lang Chim C. , Dickstein Kenneth , Anker Stefan D. , Samani Nilesh J. , Zannad Faiez , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Teerlink John R. , Metra Marco , Voors Adriaan A.
Published: March 2021

Aims

We sought to analyse quality of life (QoL) measures derived from two questionnaires widely used in clinical trials, the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) and the EuroQoL 5 dimensions (EQ‐5D), and to compare their prognostic value in men and women with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Methods and results

From the BIOlogy Study to TAilored Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure (BIOSTAT‐CHF) we compared KCCQ and EQ‐5D at baseline and after 9 months in 1276 men and 373 women with new‐onset or worsening symptoms of HFrEF, who were sub‐optimally treated and in whom there was an anticipated up‐titration of guideline‐derived medical therapies. Women had significantly worse baseline QoL (median) as compared with men, both when assessed with KCCQ overall score (KCCQ‐OS, 44 vs. 53, P < 0.001) and EQ‐5D utility score (0.62 vs. 0.73, P < 0.001). QoL improved equally in women and men at follow‐up. All summary measures of QoL were independently associated with all‐cause mortality, with KCCQ‐OS showing the most remarkable association with mortality up to 1 year compared to the EQ‐5D scores (C‐statistic 0.650 for KCCQ‐OS vs. 0.633 and 0.599 for EQ‐5D utility score and EQ‐5D visual analogue scale, respectively). QoL was associated with all outcomes analysed, both in men and women (all P for interaction with sex >0.2).

Conclusion

Amongst patients with HFrEF, women reported significantly worse QoL than men. QoL was independently associated with subsequent outcome, similarly in men and women. The KCCQ in general, and the KCCQ‐OS in particular, showed the strongest independent association with outcome.
In Silico Analysis to Identify Molecular Targets for Chemicals of Concern: The Case Study of Flocoumafen, an Anticoagulant Pesticide
Authors: Coronado-Posada Nadia , Mercado-Camargo Jairo , Olivero-Verbel Jesus
Published: March 2021

Rodenticides are pesticides used worldwide, with little information available regarding health consequences in wildlife and humans. The aim of the present study was to use virtual screening to identify potential targets for flocoumafen, a superwarfarin rodenticide. Blind docking of more than 841 human proteins was carried out employing AutoDock Vina. The strength of the ligand interaction with the proteins was quantified based on the binding affinity score (kcal/mol). Results indicate that flocoumafen could be a promiscuous ligand for diversity of cellular protein targets. The best complexes were obtained for prostaglandin F synthase (−14.2 kcal/mol) and serum albumin (−14.0 kcal/mol) followed by glucocorticoid receptor 2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, nuclear receptor ROR-alpha, and activin receptor type-1, all with values equal or better than −13.5 kcal/mol. Docking method validation based on the root-mean-square deviation showed that flocoumafen had good capability to predict corresponding co-crystallized poses; and molecular dynamics simulations suggested the complex with greater binding affinity was thermodynamically stable. Protein–protein interaction networks built with main protein targets revealed that protein kinase B (AKT1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (RPS6KB1), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA), and protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha (PPP2CA) were major hub proteins, whereas the gene ontology analysis reported that cellular response to endogenous stimulus, protein binding, and the TOR complex were the biological processes, molecular function, and cell component enrichments, respectively. These results should motivate more ecotoxicity testing for flocoumafen and other superwarfarins, as well as precautionary legislation to minimize exposure to these highly toxic chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2032–2041. © 2021 SETAC

Abstract

Flocoumafen: A xenobiotic of concern.
Blockchain for decentralized multi‐drone to combat COVID‐19 and future pandemics: Framework and proposed solutions
Authors: Alsamhi Saeed Hamood , Lee Brian , Guizani Mohsen , Kumar Neeraj , Qiao Yuansong , Liu Xuan
Published: March 2021

Currently, drones represent a promising technology for combating Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) due to the transport of goods, medical supplies to a given target location in the quarantine areas experiencing an epidemic outbreak. Drone missions will increasingly rely on drone collaboration, which requires the drones to reduce communication complexity and be controlled in a decentralized fashion. Blockchain technology becomes a must in industrial applications because it provides decentralized data, accessibility, immutability, and irreversibility. Therefore, Blockchain makes data public for all drones and enables drones to log information concerning world states, time, location, resources, delivery data, and drone relation to all neighbors drones. This paper introduces decentralized independent multi‐drones to accomplish the task collaboratively. Improving blockchain with a consensus algorithm can improve network partitioning and scalability in order to combat COVID‐19. The multi‐drones task is to combat COVID‐19 via monitoring and detecting, social distancing, sanitization, data analysis, delivering goods and medical supplies, and announcement while avoiding collisions with one another. We discuss End to End (E2E) delivery application of combination blockchain and multi‐drone in combating COVID‐19 and beyond future pandemics. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities of our proposed framework are highlighted.
Facility standards and the quality of public sector primary care: Evidence from South Africa's “Ideal Clinics” program
Authors: Stacey Nicholas , Mirelman Andrew , Kreif Noemi , Suhrcke Marc , Hofman Karen , Edoka Ijeoma
Published: March 2021

Primary healthcare systems are central to achieving universal healthcare coverage. However, in many low‐ and middle‐income country settings, primary care quality is challenged by inadequate facility infrastructure and equipment, limited human resources, and poor provider process. We study the effects of a recent large‐scale quality improvement policy in South Africa, the Ideal Clinics Realization and Maintenance Program (ICRMP). The ICRMP introduced a set of standards for facilities and a quality improvement process involving manuals, district‐based support, and external assessment. Exploiting differential prioritization of facilities for the ICRMP's quality improvement process, we apply differences‐in‐differences methods to identify the effects of the program's efforts on standards scores and primary care quality indicators over the first 12 months of implementation. We find large and statistically significant increases in standards scores, but mixed effects on care outcomes—a small magnitude improvement in early antenatal care usage, null effects on childhood immunization and cervical cancer screening, and small negative effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care. While the ICRMP process has led to significant improvements in facilities' satisfaction of the program's standards, we were unable to detect meaningful change in care quality indicators.
Snowmelt characteristics in a pristine mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek, Slovakia, over the last three decades
Authors: Holko Ladislav , Danko Michal , Sleziak Patrik
Published: March 2021

The Jalovecký Creek catchment, Slovakia (area 22.2 km2, mean elevation 1500 m a.s.l.), is likely the last big valley complex in the Carpathian Mountains, in which the hydrological cycle is still governed by natural processes. Hydrological research is conducted there since the end of the 1980s. The overall mission of the research is to increase the knowledge about the hydrological cycle in the highest part of the Carpathians. The research agenda, briefly introduced in the first part of this article, is focused on water balance, snow accumulation and melt and runoff formation. Recent analysis of precipitation, discharge, snow cover and isotopic data from period 1989–2018 indicates that hydrological cycle has become more dynamic since 2014. Although several indicators suggest that it could be related to the cold part of the year, direct links with snow storage and the contribution of snowmelt water to catchment runoff were not confirmed. The second part of the article is therefore focused on an analysis of daily cycles in streamflow in March to June 1988–2018 to obtain a deeper insight into the snowmelt process. We describe characteristics of the cycles and examine their variability over the study period. The results indicate that less snow at the lowest elevations (800–1150 m a.s.l.) since 2009 could have influenced the cessation of the cycles in June since 2010. The possible role of the decreased amount of snow at the lowest elevations in changes in runoff characteristics is also suggested by an increase in time lags between maximum discharges during the events and maximum air temperatures preceding discharge maxima measured near the catchment outlet (at 750 m a.s.l.) in spring 2018 compared to springs with a similar number of streamflow cycles in the years 1988, 2000 and 2009. Wavelet analysis did not indicate changes in global power spectra in hourly discharge and air temperature data.
Cancer clinical trial vs real‐world outcomes for standard of care first‐line treatment in the advanced disease setting
Authors: Kostos Louise , Hong Wei , Lee Belinda , Tran Ben , Lok Sheau Wen , Anton Angelyn , Gard Grace , To Yat Hang , Wong Vanessa , Shapiro Jeremy , Wong Rachel , Wong Shirley , de Boer Richard , Gibbs Peter
Published: March 2021

Clinical trials have strict eligibility criteria, potentially limiting external validity. However, while often discussed this has seldom been explored, particularly across cancer types and at variable time frames posttrial completion. We examined comprehensive registry data (January 2014 to June 2019) for standard first‐line treatments for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), advanced pancreatic cancer (PC), metastatic HER2‐amplified breast cancer (BC) and castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (CaP). Registry patient characteristics and outcomes were compared to the practice‐changing trial. Registry patients were older than the matched trial cohort by a median of 2‐6 years (all P = <.01) for the CRC, BC and PC cohorts. The proportion of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0‐1 patients was lower for CRC (94.1% vs 99.2%, P = .001) and BC (94.9% vs 99.3%, P = .001). Progression‐free survival (PFS) for registry patients was similar to the trial patients or significantly longer (CaP, Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.65, P = <.001). Overall survival (OS) was also similar or significantly longer (CaP, HR 0.49, P = <.001). In conclusion, despite real‐world patients sometimes being older or having inferior PS to trial cohorts, the survival outcomes achieved were consistently equal or superior to those reported for the same treatment in the trial. We suggest that this is potentially due to optimised use of each treatment over time, improved multidisciplinary care and increased postprogression options. We can reassure clinicians and patients that outcomes matching or exceeding those reported in trials are possible. The potential for survival gains over time should routinely be factored into future trial statistical plans.
Bupivacaine‐eluting soy protein structures for controlled release and localized pain relief: An in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Goder Daniella , Giladi Shir , Furer Ariel , Zilberman Meital
Published: March 2021

Burn pain is known to be excruciating, and while burn care has greatly advanced, treatment for burn‐related pain is lacking. Current pain relief methods include systemic administration of analgesics, which does not provide high drug concentration at the wound site. In the present study, soy protein was used as the base material for bupivacaine‐loaded hybrid wound dressings. The effect of the formulation on the drug release profile was studied using high performance liquid chromatography, and the cytotoxicity was tested on human fibroblasts. A second‐degree burn model in rats was used to quantify the efficacy of the wound dressings in vivo, using the Rat Grimace Scale. All tested films exhibited high biocompatibility, and the drug release profiles showed rapid release during the initial 5 hr and a continuous slower release for another 24 hr. Significant pain relief was achieved in the animal trials, proving a decrease of 51–68% in pain levels during days 1–3 post‐burn. Hence, the results indicate a safe and controlled bupivacaine release for a period of more than 24 hr, effectively treating pain caused by second‐degree burns. The understanding of the formulation‐properties effects, together with our in vivo study, enables to advance this field toward tailorable systems with high therapeutic potential.
Accumulation and health implications of metals in topsoil of an urban riparian zone adjacent to different functional areas in a subtropical city
Authors: Zeng Yue , Liu Jian , Li Yunqin , Wang Qianfeng , Liu Zhanming , Zeng Jingyu
Published: March 2021

The riparian zone is a river–land ecotone, and its environmental conditions have a significant effect on the river ecosystem and population health. In this study, As, Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the topsoils of urban riparian zones in a subtropical city in southeast China were quantitatively estimated by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. The geoaccumulation index and health risk evaluation model were adopted to assess the accumulation characteristic and health risk of residents’ exposure to metals. Principle component analysis was used to determine the source of metals. The results showed that the mean contents of metals (except Fe) were higher than the soil background value, but none of the metal contents exceeded the mass limit of environmental quality standards. The order of the geoaccumulation index was Cd > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Zn > As > Ni > Fe. The contamination level of Cd was classified as slight, whereas the other metals did not contribute to pollution. The spatial distribution of metals in the riparian zone was compatible with the pattern of functional zones in the adjacent urban areas, where levels of Cr, Cd, Fe, Mn, and Ni were higher in commercial areas, as were Pb and Zn in under‐construction land and As in residential and industrial areas. Carcinogenic risks of Cr, As, and Pb were acceptable. The hazard index indicated no significant noncarcinogenic risks from any metals. However, noncarcinogenic risks of metals other than Mn were higher for children than for adults, and the primary exposure route of metal into the human body was ingestion for children and inhalation for adults. Principle component analysis indicated that the primary sources of Cr, Ni, Mn, Cu, and Fe were pedogenic processes and mineral weathering, whereas Zn, As, Pb, and Cd mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, specifically, Zn from transportation emission, Pb from transportation emission and industry waste, As from coal combustion and residential waste, and Cd from pigments/paint used in commercial buildings, urban greening, consumer waste, and transportation emission.
Do radiation therapists feel able to routinely screen for symptoms and distress in people with cancer: barriers impacting practice
Authors: Arnold Belinda L. , Halkett Georgia , Dhillon Haryana , Girgis Afaf
Published: March 2021

Introduction

This study aimed to evaluate radiation therapists’ (RTs) perceptions regarding the perceived barriers, knowledge, attitudes, confidence and role in administering an electronic screening tool to routinely screen for cancer patients’ symptoms and distress.

Methods

RTs at two radiation therapy departments completed a cross‐sectional paper/pen survey to assess their demographic and workplace characteristics, perceptions of barriers, knowledge, attitudes, confidence and opinion of their role in symptom and distress screening. Responses were evaluated using simple frequencies and free‐text responses using thematic analysis.

Results

Of 39 RTs approached, 37 (95%) participated. The majority had not previously attended any emotional cues (77%) or psychosocial training (86%); 68% reported confidence discussing psychosocial concerns and recognising signs of anxiety and depression in patients, and 65% felt discussing patients’ psychosocial concerns was part of their role. Administering the tool to patients was agreed to be the role of RTs by 38% of participants. Lack of education about psychosocial issues was the highest‐ranked barrier to delivering the patient screening tool, with 74% of RTs responding ‘it has made it difficult’.

Conclusion

Whilst RTs are willing to play a role in patients’ psychosocial support, they do not feel able to fulfil this role adequately because they lacked knowledge and confidence to administer symptom and distress screening. This research has highlighted the need for RT education on psychosocial concerns and recognising and responding to emotional cues. Understanding the impact education may have on the knowledge, attitude, confidence and role of RTs performing routine symptom and distress screening is required.
Thermal/Near‐Infrared Light Dual‐Responsive Reversible Two‐Way Shape Memory cEVA/2D‐MoO2 Composite for Multifunctional Applications
Authors: Hao Chaobo , Wei Cong , Wang Yujie , Sun Zhichao , Liu Hao , Dai Ruixin , Huang Miaoming , He Suqin , Liu Wentao , Zhu Chengshen
Published: March 2021

Light‐responsive reversible two‐way shape memory polymers (2W‐SMPs) are highly promising for many fields due to indirect heating, clean, and remote control. In this work, a composite with both thermal‐ and near‐infrared (NIR) light‐induced reversible two‐way shape memory effect (2W‐SME) is prepared by doping extremely little quantities of 2D non‐layered molybdenum dioxide nanosheets (2D‐MoO2) into semicrystalline poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) networks. This is the first report on light‐induced reversible two‐way shape memory composites employing 2D‐MoO2 as photothermal fillers. Upon switching the NIR light on and off, due to the excellent photothermal feature and stability of 2D‐MoO2, the composite exhibits remarkable light‐induced reversible 2W‐SME. A light‐driven actuator for sensing applications is designed based on the composite and the circuit, where the lamp acting as an alarm can raise and fade upon responding to NIR light. A completely flexible, fuel‐free self‐walking soft robot is designed based on the advantages of the light‐responsive reversible 2W‐SMPs. Additionally, the composite acting as a light‐fueled crane is able to lift and lower a load that is 3846 times its own weight. The results demonstrate that the prepared composite has a promising prospect for applications as actuators, self‐walking soft robot and crane.