bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USE OF HYDRAULIC MODEL FOR WATER LOSS REDUCTION / HIDRAULINIO MODELIO TAIKYMAS VANDENS NUOSTOLIAMS MAŽINTI
Authors: Rimeika Mindaugas , Jurkienė Anželika
Published: November 2016

Hydraulic modeling is the modern way to apply world water engineering experience in every day practice. Hydraulic model is an effective tool in order to perform analysis of water supply system, optimization of its operation, assessment of system efficiency potential, evaluation of water network development, fire flow capabilities, energy saving opportunities and water loss reduction and ect. Hydraulic model shall include all possible engineering elements and devices allocated in a real water supply system regardless to hydraulic modeling program selection. In order to create high quality hydraulic model it is necessary to carry out measurement in water supply system and perform model calibration. The article presents principles and examples of formation of district metered areas and examples of model calibration. The article also presents case study of Šiauliai water supply system model application for water loss evaluation and localization. Determined that hydraulic model of water supply system helps to significantly reduce search areas of physical water loss formation and improves efficiency of further detection of water loss formation points by saving time and resources.
Hidraulinis modeliavimas yra šiuolaikiškas ir modernus būdas, taikomas pasaulinėje vandentvarkos inžinerijos praktikoje. Hidraulinis modelis yra puikus darbo įrankis atliekant vandens tiekimo sistemos analizę, optimizuojant jos darbą, siekiant įvertinti sistemos darbo efektyvumo didinimo galimybes, vandentiekio tinklo plėtrą, gaisrų gesinimo galimybes, elektros energijos taupymo galimybes, vandens nuostolių paiešką ir kt. Nepriklausomai nuo hidraulinio modeliavimo programos pasirinkimo, hidraulinis modelis turi būti sudarytas iš daugelio inžinerinių elementų ir įrenginių, esančių realioje vandens tiekimo sistemoje. Kokybiškam hidrauliniam modeliui sukurti būtina atlikti slėgio ir debito matavimus bei modelio kalibravimą. Straipsnyje pateikiami debito ir slėgio matavimo vietų parinkimo principai bei modelio kalibravimo pavyzdžiai. Aprašyti Šiaulių miesto vandens tiekimo sistemos hidraulinio modelio taikymo pavyzdžiai vandens nuostolių lygiui nustatyti ir jų susidarymo vietoms lokalizuoti. Nustatyta, kad hidraulinis vandens tiekimo sistemos modelis padeda itin sumažinti fizinių vandens nuostolių paieškos plotą, o tolimesnis nuostolių vietos nustatymo įrangos taikymas gali būti žymiai efektyvesnis, taupant darbo laiką ir išteklius.
REVEALING THE z ∼ 2.5 COSMIC WEB WITH 3D Lyα FOREST TOMOGRAPHY: A DEFORMATION TENSOR APPROACH
Authors: Lee Khee-Gan , White Martin
Published: November 2016

Studies of cosmological objects should take into account their positions within the cosmic web of large-scale structure. Unfortunately, the cosmic web has only been extensively mapped at low redshifts (

), using galaxy redshifts as tracers of the underlying density field. At

, the required galaxy densities are inaccessible for the foreseeable future, but 3D reconstructions of Lyα forest absorption in closely separated background QSOs and star-forming galaxies already offer a detailed window into

–3 large-scale structure. We quantify the utility of such maps for studying the cosmic web by using realistic z = 2.5 Lyα forest simulations matched to observational properties of upcoming surveys. A deformation tensor-based analysis is used to classify voids, sheets, filaments, and nodes in the flux, which are compared to those determined from the underlying dark matter (DM) field. We find an extremely good correspondence, with 70% of the volume in the flux maps correctly classified relative to the DM web, and 99% classified to within one eigenvalue. This compares favorably to the performance of galaxy-based classifiers with even the highest galaxy densities from low-redshift surveys. We find that narrow survey geometries can degrade the recovery of the cosmic web unless the survey is

or

deg on the sky. We also examine halo abundances as a function of the cosmic web, and find a clear dependence as a function of flux overdensity, but little explicit dependence on the cosmic web. These methods will provide a new window on cosmological environments of galaxies at this very special time in galaxy formation, “high noon,” and on overall properties of cosmological structures at this epoch.
THE GRISM LENS-AMPLIFIED SURVEY FROM SPACE (GLASS). VI. COMPARING THE MASS AND LIGHT IN MACS J0416.1-2403 USING FRONTIER FIELD IMAGING AND GLASS SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Hoag A. , Huang K.-H. , Treu T. , Bradač M. , Schmidt K. B. , Wang X. , Brammer G. B. , Broussard A. , Amorin R. , Castellano M. , Fontana A. , Merlin E. , Schrabback T. , Trenti M. , Vulcani B.
Published: November 2016

We present a model using both strong and weak gravitational lensing of the galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1-2403, constrained using spectroscopy from the Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS) and Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) imaging data. We search for emission lines in known multiply imaged sources in the GLASS spectra, obtaining secure spectroscopic redshifts of 30 multiple images belonging to 15 distinct source galaxies. The GLASS spectra provide the first spectroscopic measurements for five of the source galaxies. The weak lensing signal is acquired from 884 galaxies in the F606W HFF image. By combining the weak lensing constraints with 15 multiple image systems with spectroscopic redshifts and nine multiple image systems with photometric redshifts, we reconstruct the gravitational potential of the cluster on an adaptive grid. The resulting map of total mass density is compared with a map of stellar mass density obtained from the deep Spitzer Frontier Fields imaging data to study the relative distribution of stellar and total mass in the cluster. We find that the projected stellar mass to total mass ratio, f
⋆, varies considerably with the stellar surface mass density. The mean projected stellar mass to total mass ratio is

(stat.), but with a systematic error as large as 0.004–0.005, dominated by the choice of the initial mass function. We find agreement with several recent measurements of f
⋆ in massive cluster environments. The lensing maps of convergence, shear, and magnification are made available to the broader community in the standard HFF format.
THE COLD DUST CONTENT OF THE OXYGEN-RICH SUPERNOVA REMNANT G292.0+1.8
Authors: Ghavamian Parviz , Williams Brian J.
Published: November 2016

We present far-infrared images of the Galactic oxygen-rich supernova remnant (SNR) G292.0+1.8, acquired with the PACS and SPIRE instruments of the Herschel Space Observatory. We find that the SNR shell is detected in the PACS blue (100 μm) band, but not in the red (160 μm) band, broadly consistent with results from AKARI observations. There is no discernible emission from G292.0+1.8 in SPIRE imagery at 250, 350 and 500 μm. Comparing the 100 μm emission to that observed with Spitzer at 24 and 70 μm, we find a very similar appearance for G292.0+1.8 at all three wavelengths. The infrared emission is dominated by dust from non-radiative circumstellar shocks. In addition, the radiatively shocked O-rich clump known as the “Spur” on the eastern side of G292.0+1.8 is clearly detected in the PACS blue images, with marginal detection in the red. Fitting the existing 14–40 μm IRS spectra of the Spur together with photometric measurements from 70 μm MIPS and 100 μm PACS photometry, we place an upper limit of

M
⊙ of ejecta dust mass in the Spur, under the most conservative assumption that the ejecta dust has a temperature of 15 K. Modeling the dust continuum in the IRS spectra at four positions around the rim, we estimate post-shock densities ranging from

cm−3 to 11 cm−3. The integrated spectrum of the entire SNR, dominated by swept-up circumstellar dust, can be fitted with a two-component dust model with a silicate component at 62 K and graphite component at 40 K for a total dust mass of 0.023 M
⊙.
A MULTIWAVELENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTO-BROWN-DWARF CANDIDATES IN SERPENS
Authors: Riaz B. , Vorobyov E. , Harsono D. , Caselli P. , Tikare K. , Gonzalez-Martin O.
Published: November 2016

We present results from a deep submillimeter survey in the Serpens Main and Serpens/G3–G6 clusters, conducted with the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA-2) at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. We have combined near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy, Herschel PACS far-infrared photometry, submillimeter continuum, and molecular gas line observations, with the aim of conducting a detailed multiwavelength characterization of “proto-brown-dwarf” (proto-BD) candidates in Serpens. We have performed continuum and line radiative transfer modeling and have considered various classification schemes to understand the structure and the evolutionary stage of the system. We have identified four proto-BD candidates, of which the lowest-luminosity source has an L
bol ∼ 0.05 L
☉. Two of these candidates show characteristics consistent with Stage 0/I systems, while the other two are Stage I-T/Class Flat systems with tenuous envelopes. Our work has also revealed a ∼20% fraction of misidentified Class 0/I/Flat sources that show characteristics consistent with Class II edge-on disk systems. We have set constraints on the mass of the central object using the measured bolometric luminosities and numerical simulations of stellar evolution. Considering the available gas+dust mass reservoir and the current mass of the central source, three of these candidates are likely to evolve into BDs.
Charting the Course of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Headed?
Authors: Rosenquist Peter B. , McCall W. Vaughn , Youssef Nagy
Published: November 2016

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the oldest and best treatments for severe mental illness. A safe and highly effective option for treatment-resistant mood disorders, ECT can be a lifesaving treatment for people suffering from catatonia and acute suicidality. Less recognized are the benefits of ECT in the treatment of primary psychotic disorders, Parkinson's disease, and status epilepticus. Evidence from multisite clinical trials in the past decade shows an evolving standard for the delivery of ECT to achieve and maintain remission and quality of life. Today, the optimal practice of ECT is defined by evidence-based treatment planning, including patient selection, choice of electrode placement and stimulus parameters, augmentation with pharmacotherapy, and the use of continuation/maintenance treatment. Research into biomarkers and neuroplasticity related to ECT response, as well as new investigational methods of delivering ECT, provide a glimpse into the future of this time-tested treatment.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2016;46(11):647–651.]
Overview of the Current Use of Deep Brain Stimulation in Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Witter Daniel P. , Ward Herbert E.
Published: November 2016

Stemming from its use in movement disorders, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as an experimental therapy for treatment-resistant cases of major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette's syndrome. Early, positive results from case studies have led to controlled trials evaluating the use of DBS in each of these conditions. Results have been varied but suggest moderate benefit in many cases and remain encouraging. As the relative safety and potential efficacy of DBS has become more widely accepted, its use has expanded to include the treatment of other psychiatric disorders and symptoms including anorexia nervosa, substance use disorder, aggression, and Alzheimer's disease. Case studies using DBS for each of these have reported benefits.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2016;46(11):631–636.]
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Use in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Brief Review
Authors: Szymkowicz Sarah M. , McLaren Molly E. , Suryadevara Uma , Woods Adam J.
Published: November 2016

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has grown in popularity over the past two decades as an alternative treatment option for various neuropsychiatric disorders. tDCS modulates cortical excitability through the application of a weak direct current to the scalp via electrodes placed over cortical regions of interest. It has been shown to be a promising and relatively safe treatment tool with few adverse events. In this article, we briefly review the efficacy of tDCS in depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We also discuss biomarkers of tDCS efficacy in depression, as it is the most studied neuropsychiatric disorder using tDCS application. We will then offer suggestions for future directions. Although efficacy results show promise, more studies with larger samples and longer treatment periods are needed to better understand the benefits of using tDCS as an alternative treatment option for neuropsychiatric disorders.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2016;46(11):642–646.]
Human Systems Integration
Authors: Sevillian Dujuan B.
Published: November 2016

Effective Human Factors Engineering (HFE) has provided the aerospace industry with design considerations that promote aviation safety in the development of complex aircraft systems, as well as the operators and maintainers that utilize those systems. HFE is an integral aspect within the systems engineering process. Measuring the effectiveness of Human Systems Integration (HSI) in the research & development stage is critical for the design of new and modified systems. This paper focuses on the importance of design and integration in the product development stages as well as understanding the impact on the user population.
NextGen Technologies Shape the Future of Aviation
Authors: Brown Lori J.
Published: November 2016

Today, wireless technology forms the communications backbone of many industries—including aviation, transportation, government, and defense. The era of the Next Generation Air Transportation System, (NextGen), is upon us. The Federal Aviation Administration, in collaboration with industry, is deploying NextGen technology on the ground, in the air, at air traffic control facilities and in the cockpit. These new technologies in aviation represent a global, transformative change. NextGen blends new and existing technologies, including satellite navigation and digital communications, to improve safety outcomes, increase on time performance, offer reduced fuel burn and positively impact aviation's adverse environmental concerns. Significant growth in technologies like global connectivity and cloud computing over the last few years has begun to unlock potential for seamless wireless communications, improved training processes, real-time weather and navigational displays. While technology has spurred improvements in aviation, basic hands-free wireless communication between flight attendants and pilots is still viewed as inadequate by industry professionals.
Seminarja o metodah korpusnega in eksperimentalnega jezikoslovja v Beogradu in Zagrebu
Authors: Čibej Jaka , Škrjanec Iza
Published: November 2016

Seminarja o metodah korpusnega in eksperimentalnega jezikoslovja v Beogradu in Zagrebu
Assessment of island beach erosion due to sea level rise: The case of
the Aegean Archipelago (Eastern Mediterranean)
Authors: Monioudi Isavela N. , Velegrakis Adonis F. , Chatzipavlis Antonis E. , Rigos Anastasios , Karambas Theophanis , Vousdoukas Michalis I. , Hasiotis Thomas , Koukourouvli Nikoletta , Peduzzi Pascal , Manoutsoglou Eva , Poulos Serafim E. , Collins Michael B.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The present contribution constitutes the first comprehensive attempt to (a) record the spatial characteristics of the beaches of the Aegean Archipelago (Greece), a critical resource for both the local and national economy; and (b) provide a rapid assessment of the impacts of the long-term and episodic sea level rise (SLR), under different scenarios. Spatial information and other attributes (e.g. presence of coastal protection works and backshore development) of the beaches of the 58 largest islands of the Archipelago were obtained on the basis of remote-sensed images available in the web. Ranges of SLR-induced beach retreats under different morphological, sedimentological and hydrodynamic forcing and SLR scenarios were estimated, using suitable ensembles of cross-shore (1-D) morphodynamic models. These ranges, combined with empirically-derived estimations of wave run up-induced flooding, were then compared with the recorded maximum beach widths, to provide ranges of retreat/erosion and flooding at the Archipelago scale. The spatial information shows that the Aegean beaches may be particularly vulnerable to mean (MSLR) and episodic SLRs due to: (i) their narrow widths (about 59 % of the beaches have maximum widths
Do Emigrant’s Remittances Cause “Dutch Disease”? : The Case of Nepal and Bangladesh
Authors: Taguchi Hiroyuki , Lama Bikram
Published: November 2016

This paper examines the Dutch Disease effects of international migrant remittances by using
a vector auto-regression estimation focusing on Nepal and Bangladesh. The reason for
targeting two economies is that the differences in their economic performances could shed
light on what kinds of mechanisms make the received remittances lead to or not to the Dutch
Disease. The study identified the existence of the Dutch Disease in Nepal, but not in
Bangladesh, judging from the causalities and dynamic responses from remittances to
manufacturing-services ratio. We speculate that the contrast in the Dutch Disease effects
might come from the differences in the demand structure and policy efforts for manufacturing
development between both economies.
Jan Hus in English Language Historiography, 1863–2013
Authors: Fudge Thomas A.
Published: November 2016

This historiographical article seeks to delineate the main sources and trajectories of interpretation over a 150-year period that has shaped the understanding of Jan Hus in the Anglophone world. The article also assesses the scholarly value of the major writings that have appeared. The evaluation is intentionally limited to books written wholly or largely about Hus while recognizing that a handful of scholars have made serious or important contributions in ways other than producing a monograph. The author argues there is a serious lack of historiographical awareness in the English-speaking world around the figure of Jan Hus that has been apparent during the many international symposia and other events marking the six-hundredth anniversary of his death in 2015. This article, building on the seminal work of Jarold K. Zeman in the 1970s, identifies the existing historiographical traditions, recent developments and advances, and the major textual contributions, and offers an opinion on the future of Jan Hus studies.
Chemical Composition of Drilled Wells Water for Ruminants
Authors: Manera Daniel Bomfim , Voltolini Tadeu Vinhas , Menezes Daniel Ribeiro , Araújo Gherman Garcia Leal de
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of water wells and to discuss the results in relation to nutritional requirements and tolerance limits of domestic ruminants. Ten samples of water wells (three replicates) from Brazilian semi-arid were collected and analyzed for their macro and trace minerals levels. A variation was found in the mineral composition of the waters and the macro minerals presenting highest levels were Cl, Mg, Ca and Na, while the predominant trace minerals were Fe and Mn. The concentration of the examined minerals can provide a small contribution to the animal as in the case of P or supply a considerable amount as Cl. The levels of total dissolved solids found in the majority of the samples can be tolerable for ruminants. In some of the samples the presence of Pb, Cd and Cr was found in concentrations higher than the upper recommended limit for ruminants.
Winter Residential Optional Dynamic Pricing: British Columbia.
Authors: Chi-Keung Woo , Zarnikau Jay , Shiu Alice , Li Raymond
Published: November 2016

This paper estimates the daily kWh responses on a working weekday of 1326 single-family-home residents who voluntarily participated in a residential optional dynamic pricing (RODP) pilot in the winter-peaking coastal province of British Columbia (BC) in western Canada. Based on the pilot’s operation in November 2007-February 2008, we estimate that the kWh reduction in the peak period of 4-9 pm on a working weekday sans an in-home display (IHD) is: (a) 2.2% to 4.4% at time-of-use tariffs with peak-to-off-peak price ratios of 2.0 to 6.0; and (b) 4.8 to 5.3% at critical peak pricing tariffs with peak-to-off-peak price ratios of 8.0 to 12.0. The IHD approximately doubles these estimated peak kWh reductions. As BC residents already have smart meters with an IHD function, these findings recommend exploring the use of a system-wide RODP program to improve the BC grid’s system efficiency.
Yardstick Regulation of Electricity Distribution—Disentangling Short-run and Long-run Inefficiencies
Authors: Kumbhakar Subal C. , Lien Gudbrand
Published: November 2016

In this paper we estimate the short-run, long-run and overall efficiency of Norwegian electricity distribution companies for the period 2000-2013 controlling for both noise and company effects. Short-run inefficiency is the part of inefficiency that is allowed to adjust freely over time for each company, but long-run (persistent) inefficiency remains constant over time, although it is allowed to vary across companies. For robustness check we also consider two additional models in which either company effects are not controlled or these are treated as inefficiency. The production technology is represented by a translog input distance function in all three models. We find that technical change and returns to scale are quite robust across the models. However, the efficiency scores across the three models we consider are not correlated strongly. We conclude that the regulators and practitioners should take extra caution in using the proper model in practice, especially when the efficiency measures are used to reward/punish companies through incentives for better performance.
Tratamentos pré-germinativos em sementes de Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Dcne. et Planch.
Authors: Franco Elci Terezinha Henz , Ferreira Alfredo Guí
Published: November 2016

Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Dcne. et Planch, (caixeta), é uma espécie nativa com vasta distribuição natural, rápido crescimento, grande porte e ainda pela sua rusticidade, é considerada uma espécie pioneira de potencial florestal para o Brasil. Porém, as suas sementes apresentam baixa germinabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de tratamentos pré-germinativos que pudessem maximizar o processo de germinação desta espécie. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: pré- -embebição em H20 por 8 h; escarificação química (HCl e H2SO4 a 70%); escarificação mecânica (por picotes no tegumento e com lixamento); lavagem com água destilada e lavagem em água + álcool (1:1) por 15, 30 e 45 min. As sementes foram colocadas para germinar em diferentes substratos. Realizou-se ainda teste de germinação in vitro. Sementes foram inoculadas em meio WPM, solidificado com ágar na presença de cinetina e ácido giberélico nas concentrações (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 mg/l), e caseína hidrolisada na concentração 250 mg/l. A incubação foi a 25°C 1°C em câmara de germinação sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas luz, numa intensidade de 14,3 μE.m-².s-¹ ou no escuro. A germinação foi favorecida pelos pré-tratamentos de lavagens com água e água + álcool, sendo o tempo mais eficaz o de 45 min. A adição de cinetina e ácido giberélico provocou um aumento na germinabilidade de 40 a 70 %. Estes resultados confirmam a dormência tegumentar parcial e indicam a presença provável de substancias inibidoras nos tegumentos, removidas pelas lavagens.
Caracterização de compostos reduzidos de enxofre gerados na produção de celulose kraft e pré-hidrólise kraft.
Authors: Moura Afonso Moraes de , Foelkel Celso Edmundo Bochetti , Frizzo Sonia Maria Bitencourt
Published: November 2016

Um problema ambiental da indústria de celulose kraft é o odor causado pela emissão dos compostos reduzidos de enxofre gerados pela deslignificação de madeiras de um modo em geral. Para monitorar essas emissões, existem equipamentos simples, desenvolvidos para a medição contínua do "total reduced sulphur" (TRS), tal como o analisador coulométrico. Neste trabalho, foram analisados sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S), metil mercaptana (CH3SH), dimetil sulfeto [(CH3)2S)] e dimetil dissulfeto [(CH3)2S2], gerados em deslignificações laboratoriais kraft e pré-hidrólise kraft de dois grupos de madeiras de folhosas. Um dos grupos de madeiras continha 25% e o outro 20% de lignina, base peso seco. Foi observado que as madeiras com menores teores de lignina geraram significativamente menores quantidades de compostos reduzidos de enxofre de TRS. Não foram notadas diferenças significativas nas quantidades totais geradas entre os processos de deslignificação estudados. O processo pré-hidrólise kraft foi mais sensível aos teores de lignina da madeira que o processo kraft. Recomenda-se, por isso, trabalhar com madeiras com menores teores de lignina quando do uso do processo pré-hidrólise kraft para produção de celulose. As principais formas geradas de TRS foram dimetil sulfeto e metil mercaptana.
Propriedades mecânicas de chapas aglomeradas estruturais fabricadas com madeiras de pinus, eucalipto e acácia-negra.
Authors: Hillig Éverton , Haselein Clovis Roberto , Santini Elio José
Published: November 2016

Neste trabalho, foram analisadas as propriedades mecânicas de chapas aglomeradas estruturais, fabricadas com madeiras de Pinus elliottii Engelm, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex-Maiden e Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Buscou-se segregar os efeitos da densidade básica da madeira, instalando-se um experimento no delineamento blocos ao acaso em que taxas de compressão de 1,21, 1,32 e 1,43 constituíram os blocos. Quinze tratamentos onde cada espécie participou com 0, 25, 50, 75 ou 100% de proporção em peso seco, foram utilizados para fabricação de chapas aglomeradas estruturais, com partículas de dimensões médias de 90 x 20 x 0,6 mm e coladas com 8% de adesivo à base de tanino-formaldeído. As análises foram realizadas por meio da correlação e ajuste de modelos matemáticos, obtidos por regressão linear simples ou múltipla, entre as variáveis de produção e a proporção de cada espécie na mistura. Os valores obtidos para MOR e MOE ficaram acima dos padrões de qualidade internacionais, no entanto, as chapas apresentaram baixos valores de ligação interna demostrando baixa qualidade de colagem. Como conclusão geral, a mistura de espécies foi mais vantajosa que a utilização de cada espécie individualmente, principalmente em razão da influência das diferentes densidades básicas de cada madeira sobre as propriedades das chapas. A melhor mistura, porém, tem de ser determinada em razão do uso do produto final e da disponibilidade de matéria- -prima.
Fabricação de chapas de partículas aglomeradas usando gesso como material cimentante.
Authors: Haselein Clovis Roberto , Calegari Leandro , Alberti Luis Fernando , Minello Adriano Luiz , Silva Paulo Anaximandro da , Pintos Rossina Gabriela Figueredo
Published: November 2016

Neste trabalho, foram confeccionadas chapas aglomeradas, utilizando gesso como material cimentante e papel reciclável dissociado (jornal e offset) e partículas de madeira de pinus como reforços. Em todos os tratamentos, a razão madeira (ou fibras) para gesso foi mantida em 0,25 (base seca) e duas dosagens de água (w) foram empregadas: 0,4 e 0,8, correspondendo à razão água:gesso. As chapas foram prensadas a frio em prensa de laboratório, em um processo similar à produção de chapas aglomeradas convencionais. Após condicionadas em câmara climatizada, as chapas foram testadas em flexão estática, dureza, arrancamento de parafusos, absorção d'água e inchamento em espessura. Em geral, a adição de fibras causou melhoria nas propriedades das chapas. Diferenças estatísticas significativas em relação à testemunha (gesso puro) foram encontradas para resistência à flexão estática (MOR), dureza e arrancamento de parafusos em relação a alguns dos tratamentos estudados. Já a inclusão de fibras de papel reciclável, com w = 0,4, não apresentou diferenças significativas em relação à testemunha para absorção d'água e inchamento em espessura. Os melhores resultados foram encontrados com papel jornal, com um coeficiente w = 0,4.
Avaliação de modelos polinomiais não-segmentados na estimativa de diâmetros e volumes comerciais de Pinus taeda.
Authors: Assis Adriana Leandra de , Scolforo José Roberto Soares , Mello José Márcio de , Oliveira Antônio Donizette de
Published: November 2016

Este estudo foi realizado com os objetivos de: construir equações com potências de grandezas fracionárias, unitárias e de dezenas, na tentativa de representar melhor a ponta, a porção média e a base da árvore respectivamente; construir equações polinomiais compatíveis com uma equação volumétrica; avaliar a acuracidade de três modelos polinomiais não-segmentados para estimar diâmetros e volumes ao longo do fuste de Pinus taeda; verificar se o melhor modelo para estimar diâmetros ao longo do fuste é também o melhor para estimar volumes totais e parciais. A base de dados utilizada foi composta por 58 árvores de Pinus taeda cubadas rigorosamente pelo método de Smalian, nas propriedades da empresa PISA - Papel de Imprensa S/A, na região de Jaguariaíva - PR. As 58 árvores foram divididas em oito classes diamétricas, e procedeu-se ao ajuste de três modelos polinomiais não-segmentados para cada classe diamétrica e para o conjunto total dos dados. Os modelos não-segmentados testados foram o de Schöepfer (1966); o de Hradetzky (1976); e o de Goulding e Murray (1976). A acuracidade dos modelos para estimar diâmetros e volumes ao longo do fuste foi avaliada pr meio das seguintes estatísticas: coeficiente de determinação, erro-padrão residual, análise gráfica dos perfis médios dos fustes, desvio médio em cada posição de medição ao longo do fuste, desvio-padrão das diferenças, soma de quadrados do resíduo relativo e resíduo percentual. Com base nas quatro últimas estatísticas, foi elaborado um "ranking" para detectar o modelo que propiciou estimativas mais acuradas de diâmetros e volumes em cada posição de medição do fuste, por ocasião da cubagem rigorosa. Como principais resultados, pode-se destacar que os modelos de Hradetzky (1976) é o mais estável na estimativa das duas variáveis estudadas. O modelo de Goulding e Murray (1976) é preciso para estimar diâmetros e volumes ao longo do fuste de Pinus taeda na região de estudo, apenas se o ajuste for por classe diamétrica. O modelo de Schöepfer (1966) mostrou estimativas tendenciosas ao longo de todo o fuste, em todas as classes diamétricas estudadas.
Estudo do momento ótimo de reforma para povoamentos de Eucalyptus spp - o caso da redução dos custos.
Authors: Souza Álvaro Nogueira de , Oliveira Antônio Donizette de , Rezende José Luiz Pereira de
Published: November 2016

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) propor e verificar a eficiência de um modelo matemático que permita estudar os efeitos do progresso tecnológico (redução dos custos) sobre a época ótima de substituir povoamentos de Eucalyptus spp; b) determinar a rotação florestal de um povoamento de Eucalyptus spp; c) verificar qual seria o momento de substituir se as receitas estivessem constantes desde o início dos incentivos fiscais, ou seja, na década de 60, e, d) projetar o momento de substituir o povoamento no futuro, considerando os custos decrescentes e a produtividade constante a valores de hoje. Utilizou-se a Função Gompertz para o cálculo da produção de madeira. O critério utilizado para a avaliação econômica da viabilidade dos projetos foi o Valor Presente Líquido. O modelo proposto permitiu calcular o efeito do progresso tecnológico nos custos no período entre 1960 e 2000 e projetar os valores dos custos para o período entre 2000 e 2040. Concluiu-se que: a) a rotação, com valores atuais, encontra-se, em 7 anos, mantidas as receitas da década de 60; b) o momento ótimo de reforma estaria em seis cortes; c) o modelo mostrou-se eficiente para estimativas em um horizonte de até 40 anos; o estudo da cadeia de substituição mostrou que as épocas ótimas de reforma caíram ao longo dos anos, de seis cortes na década de 60, três na década de 80 e dois atualmente; a tendência é permanecer nos dois cortes passando a três com um pequeno aumento na produtividade das talhadias.
Os sistemas agroflorestais como alternativa econômica em pequenas propriedades rurais: estudo de caso.
Authors: Santos Mário Jorge Campos dos , Paiva Samantha Nazaré de
Published: November 2016

Os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs) constituem-se em uma alternativa de uso da terra para aliar a estabilidade do ecossistema visando à eficiência e otimização de recursos naturais na produção de forma integrada e sustentada. O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica de um sistema agroflorestal localizado na região do Pontal do Paranapanema. O SAF em estudo é formada por espécies agrícolas: milho (Zea maiz), feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan), carioquinha, (Vigna unguiculata), preto (Phaseolus vulgaris) e mandioca (Manihot esculenta) com espécies florestais: Eucalyptus citriodora e Eucalyptus camaldulensis. A rentabilidade econômica do sistema foi mensurada, utilizando Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Razão Benefício/Custo (RB/C) para as culturas agrícolas anuais e Valor Esperado da terra (VET) para os componentes madeireiros. Para tais cálculos foi escolhida uma taxa de desconto de 6%. O estudo demonstrou que o sistema agroflorestal apresentou rentabilidade econômica positiva, e que podem ser adotados por pequenos produtores. Assim, pode-se concluir que os sistemas agroflorestais são economicamente viáveis para pequenos produtores rurais trabalhando nas mesmas condições apresentadas neste estudo.
Comparação gráfica entre curvas de índice de sítio para Pinus elliottii e Pinus taeda desenvolvidas no sul do Brasil.
Authors: Tonini Helio , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Schneider Paulo Renato , Spathelf Peter
Published: November 2016

Este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar o crescimento em altura dominante para Pinus elliottii e Pinus taeda, mediante comparações entre as curvas de índice de sítio construídas para algumas regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e outros Estados da Federação. Essas comparações indicaram que as curvas feitas por Tonini (2000) para as regiões da Serra do Sudeste e Litoral no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, não apresentaram o mesmo desenvolvimento em relação às curvas feitas por Scolforo e Machado (1988), para os estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina; Brasil (1989a), para a região de Passo Fundo RS, Marcolin (1990), para o Segundo Planalto Paranaense e Selle (1993), para a região de Cambará do Sul. No entanto, o comportamento em relação às curvas de índice de sítio feitas por Brasil (1989b), para a região de São Francisco de Paula mostraram-se semelhantes, havendo somente uma diferença de nível entre estas.
80 GHz AlGaInAs/InP colliding-pulse mode-locked laser with high pulse power
Authors: Zhao Pengchao , Liu Anjin , Zheng Wanhua
Published: November 2016

We theoretically analyze the impact of a saturable absorber (SA) length on the pulse power of a semiconductor mode-locked laser and find that in the range of the SA length from 1.5 to 7%, a laser with a longer SA can generate pulses with a higher power. Based on the simulation, we demonstrate a colliding-pulse mode-locked laser with an 80 µm SA. The device generates pulses at 80 GHz, with a pulse width of 1.75 ps, peak power of 188 mW, pulse energy of 0.33 pJ, and time–bandwidth product of 0.51. The results provide new possibilities for the design of high-repetition frequency high-pulse power mode-locked lasers.
Probabilistic biomechanical finite element simulations: whole-model classical hypothesis testing based on upcrossing geometry
Authors: Pataky Todd C. , Koseki Michihiko , Cox Phillip G.
Published: November 2016

Statistical analyses of biomechanical finite element (FE) simulations are frequently conducted on scalar metrics extracted from anatomically homologous regions, like maximum von Mises stresses from demarcated bone areas. The advantages of this approach are numerical tabulability and statistical simplicity, but disadvantages include region demarcation subjectivity, spatial resolution reduction, and results interpretation complexity when attempting to mentally map tabulated results to original anatomy. This study proposes a method which abandons the two aforementioned advantages to overcome these three limitations. The method is inspired by parametric random field theory (RFT), but instead uses a non-parametric analogue to RFT which permits flexible model-wide statistical analyses through non-parametrically constructed probability densities regarding volumetric upcrossing geometry. We illustrate method fundamentals using basic 1D and 2D models, then use a public model of hip cartilage compression to highlight how the concepts can extend to practical biomechanical modeling. The ultimate whole-volume results are easy to interpret, and for constant model geometry the method is simple to implement. Moreover, our analyses demonstrate that the method can yield biomechanical insights which are difficult to infer from single simulations or tabulated multi-simulation results. Generalizability to non-constant geometry including subject-specific anatomy is discussed.
On the correlation of water vapor and CO2: Application to flux partitioning of evapotranspiration
Authors: Wang Wen , Smith James A. , Ramamurthy Prathap , Baeck Mary Lynn , Bou‐Zeid Elie , Scanlon Todd M.
Published: November 2016

The partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) between plant transpiration (Et) and direct evaporation (Ed) presents one of the most important and challenging problems for characterizing ecohydrological processes. The exchange of water vapor (q) and CO2 (c) are closely coupled in ecosystem processes and knowledge of their controls can be gained through joint investigation of q and c. In this study we examine the correlation of water vapor and CO2 (Rqc) through analyses of high‐frequency time series derived from eddy covariance measurements collected over a suburban grass field in Princeton, NJ during a 2 year period (2011–2013). Rqc at the study site exhibits pronounced seasonal and diurnal cycles, with maximum anticorrelation in June and maximum decorrelation in January. The diurnal cycle of Rqc varies seasonally and is characterized by a near‐symmetric shape with peak anticorrelation around local noon. Wavelet and spectral analyses suggest that q and c are jointly transported for most eddy scales (1–200 m), which is important for ET partitioning methods based on flux variance similarity. The diurnal cycle of the transpiration fraction (ratio of Et to total ET) exhibits an asymmetric diurnal cycle, especially during the warm season, with peak values occurring in the afternoon. These ET partitioning results give similar diurnal and seasonal patterns compared with numerical simulations from the Noah Land Surface Model using the Jarvis canopy resistance formulation.
A conceptual framework for mixing structures in individual aerosol particles
Authors: Li Weijun , Sun Jiaxing , Xu Liang , Shi Zongbo , Riemer Nicole , Sun Yele , Fu Pingqing , Zhang Jianchao , Lin Yangting , Wang Xinfeng , Shao Longyi , Chen Jianmin , Zhang Xiaoye , Wang Zifa , Wang Wenxing
Published: November 2016

This study investigated the particle size‐ and age‐dependent mixing structures of individual particles in clean and polluted air. Aerosols were classified into eight components: sea salt, mineral dust, fly ash, metal, soot, sulfates, nitrates, and organic matter (OM). Based on our aerosol classification, a particle that consists of two or more aerosol components can be defined as an internally mixed particle. Otherwise, it is considered to be an externally mixed particle. Within the internally mixed particle class, we identified four heterogeneous mixing structures: core‐shell, dumbbell, OM coating, and dispersed OM, as well as one homogeneous‐like mixing structure. Homogeneous‐like mixing mainly occurred in fine particles (<1 µm), while the frequency of heterogeneously mixed particles increased with particle size. Our study demonstrated that particle mixing structures depend on particle size and location and evolve with time. OM‐coating and core‐shell structures are important indicators for particle aging in air as long as they are distant from specific emission sources. Long‐range transported particles tended to have core‐shell and OM‐coating structures. We found that secondary aerosol components (e.g., sulfates, nitrates, and organics) determined particle mixing structures, because their phases change following particle hydration and dehydration under different relative humidities. Once externally mixed particles are transformed into internally mixed particles, they cannot revert to their former state, except when semivolatile aerosol components are involved. Categorizing mixing structures of individual particles is essential for studying their optical and hygroscopic properties and for tracing the development of their physical or chemical properties over time.
Comment on “The reduction of friction in long‐runout landslides as an emergent phenomenon” by Brandon C. Johnson et al.
Authors: Iverson Richard M.
Published: November 2016

Results from a highly idealized, 2‐D computational model indicate that dynamic normal‐stress rarefactions might cause friction reduction in long‐runout landslides, but the physical relevance of the idealized dynamics has not been confirmed by experimental tests. More importantly, the model results provide no evidence that refutes alternative hypotheses about friction reduction mechanisms. One alternative hypothesis, which is strongly supported by field evidence, experimental data, and the predictions of a well‐constrained computational model, involves development of high pore fluid pressures in deforming landslide material or overridden bed material. However, no scientific basis exists for concluding that a universal mechanism is responsible for friction reduction in all long‐runout landslides.
Modeling the influence of preferential flow on the spatial variability and time‐dependence of mineral weathering rates
Authors: Pandey Sachin , Rajaram Harihar
Published: November 2016

Inferences of weathering rates from laboratory and field observations suggest significant scale and time‐dependence. Preferential flow induced by heterogeneity (manifest as permeability variations or discrete fractures) has been suggested as one potential mechanism causing scale/time‐dependence. We present a quantitative evaluation of the influence of preferential flow on weathering rates using reactive transport modeling. Simulations were performed in discrete fracture networks (DFNs) and correlated random permeability fields (CRPFs), and compared to simulations in homogeneous permeability fields. The simulations reveal spatial variability in the weathering rate, multidimensional distribution of reactions zones, and the formation of rough weathering interfaces and corestones due to preferential flow. In the homogeneous fields and CRPFs, the domain‐averaged weathering rate is initially constant as long as the weathering front is contained within the domain, reflecting equilibrium‐controlled behavior. The behavior in the CRPFs was influenced by macrodispersion, with more spread‐out weathering profiles, an earlier departure from the initial constant rate and longer persistence of weathering. DFN simulations exhibited a sustained time‐dependence resulting from the formation of diffusion‐controlled weathering fronts in matrix blocks, which is consistent with the shrinking core mechanism. A significant decrease in the domain‐averaged weathering rate is evident despite high remaining mineral volume fractions, but the decline does not follow a
dependence, characteristic of diffusion, due to network scale effects and advection‐controlled behavior near the inflow boundary. The DFN simulations also reveal relatively constant horizontally averaged weathering rates over a significant depth range, challenging the very notion of a weathering front.
Modeling sediment transport after ditch network maintenance of a forested peatland
Authors: Haahti K. , Marttila H. , Warsta L. , Kokkonen T. , Finér L. , Koivusalo H.
Published: November 2016

Elevated suspended sediment (SS) loads released from peatlands after drainage operations and the resulting negative effect on the ecological status of the receiving water bodies have been widely recognized. Understanding the processes controlling erosion and sediment transport within the ditch network forms a prerequisite for adequate sediment control. While numerous experimental studies have been reported in this field, model based assessments are rare. This study presents a modeling approach to investigate sediment transport in a peatland ditch network. The transport model describes bed erosion, rain‐induced bank erosion, floc deposition, and consolidation of the bed. Coupled to a distributed hydrological model, sediment transport was simulated in a 5.2 ha forestry‐drained peatland catchment for 2 years after ditch cleaning. Comparing simulation results to measured SS concentrations suggested that the loose peat material, produced during excavation, contributed markedly to elevated SS concentrations immediately after ditch cleaning. Both snowmelt and summer rainstorms contributed critically to annual loads. Springtime peat erosion during snowmelt was driven by ditch flow whereas during summer rainfalls, bank erosion by raindrop impact was identified as an important process. Relating modeling results to observed spatial topographic changes in the ditch network was challenging and the results were difficult to verify. Nevertheless, the model has potential to identify risk areas for erosion. The results demonstrate that modeling is effective in separating the importance of different processes and complements pure experimental approaches. Modeling results can aid planning and designing efficient sediment control measures and guide the focus of experimental studies.
Predicting shifts in rainfall‐runoff partitioning during multiyear drought: Roles of dry period and catchment characteristics
Authors: Saft Margarita , Peel Murray C. , Western Andrew W. , Zhang Lu
Published: November 2016

While the majority of hydrological prediction methods assume that observed interannual variability explores the full range of catchment response dynamics, recent cases of prolonged climate drying suggest otherwise. During the ∼decade‐long Millennium drought in south‐eastern Australia significant shifts in hydrologic behavior were reported. Catchment rainfall‐runoff partitioning changed from what was previously encountered during shorter droughts, with significantly less runoff than expected occurring in many catchments. In this article, we investigate the variability in the magnitude of shift in rainfall‐runoff partitioning observed during the Millennium drought. We re‐evaluate a large range of factors suggested to be responsible for the additional runoff reductions. Our results suggest that the shifts were mostly influenced by catchment characteristics related to predrought climate (aridity index and rainfall seasonality) and soil and groundwater storage dynamics (predrought interannual variability of groundwater storage and mean solum thickness). The shifts were amplified by seasonal rainfall changes during the drought (spring rainfall deficits). We discuss the physical mechanisms that are likely to be associated with these factors. Our results confirm that shifts in the annual rainfall‐runoff relationship represent changes in internal catchment functioning, and emphasize the importance of cumulative multiyear changes in the catchment storage for runoff generation. Prolonged drying in some regions can be expected in the future, and our results provide an indication of which catchments characteristics are associated with catchments more susceptible to a shift in their runoff response behavior.