bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Low Temperature Short-term Storage for Synthetic Seeds of Caladium bicolor
Authors: MAQSOOD Mehpara , MUJIB Abdul , KHUSRAU Mir
Published: July 2019

An efficient somatic embryo encapsulation and in vitro plant regeneration technique were established with Caladium bicolor, an important ornamental plant.Tuber derived embryogenic callus (95.50%) was obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium amended with 0.5 mg L-1 α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) + 0.5 mg L-1 6-Benzyladenine (BA). The embryogenic callus later differentiated into somatic embryos in the same plant growth regulators (PGRs) added medium (NAA and BA). The induced embryos matured and developed into plantlets in NAA and BA added media; maximum plantlets development was observed at 1.0 mg L-1 NAA + 1.0 mg L-1 BA supplemented medium. Synthetic seeds were produced by encapsulating embryos in gel containing 3.0% sucrose + 3.0% sodium alginate and 100 mM of calcium chloride.The highest synthetic seed germination (97.6%) was observed on medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 NAA + 1.0 mg L-1 BA. The synthetic seeds were kept at low temperatures for storage; the encapsulated beads were viable and demonstrated good germination even after 12 weeks of storage at 4 °C. The plantlet recovery frequency was however declined with time. The synthetic seed derived plantlets were morphologically similar to the mother plant.
Weed Interference Effects on Leaves, Internode and Harvest  Index of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: GHAMARI Hossein
Published: July 2019

The development of appropriate weed management strategies and efficient use of herbicides relies upon understanding weed-crop interactions. A field study was carried out to assess the effect of weed interference on leaves, internode and harvest index of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The experiment was established under a randomized complete block design with two types of weed interference treatments: plots with weeds and plots without weeds at different time intervals (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after crop emergence). The sigmoid Boltzmann model was used to quantify the crop traits as influenced by weed interference. Prolonged delays in weed removal reduced gradually the number of leaves of the crop. Weed interference decreased dry weight of leaves as well, so that the lowest value of it (33.49 g plant-1) was observed in full season during weed-infested treatment. Infestation of weeds affected the length of the crop internodes. While the weed interference duration increased, the length of the internodes decreased. Harvest index was also sensitive to weed competition. As the crop was kept weed-infested from the emergence for increasing periods of time, harvest index decreased to a value of 28.01%. A significant negative correlation between total biomass of weeds and dry bean traits (number of leaves, leaves dry weight, internode length and harvest index) was observed. Therefore, weeds are able to adversely affect dry bean growth through constraining environmental resources and impairing leaves as the photosynthetic areas.
Isolation and Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Healthy Broilers in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria
Authors: UGWU Ifeoma Chinyere , ANYANWU Madubuike Umunna , UGWU Chidozie Clifford , OKORO Jude Chukwuemeka
Published: July 2019

This study was conducted to isolate and detect methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) in healthy broilers in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria and determine the antibiogram of the isolates. Cloacal and skin swabs were collected from each of 101 randomly sampled broilers meant for slaughter. The samples were processed for isolation and identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species, following standard methods. Confirmation of methicillin-resistance by the isolates was done using penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a) kit. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates to antimicrobial agents was determined using disc diffusion method. Out of 202 samples processed, 200 (99.01%) yielded positive growth of staphylococci on oxacillin-supplemented oxacillin-resistance staphylococcal agar base (ORSAB). A total of 200 methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates were obtained. Of these, 91 (45.5%) were identified as methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (MRCoPS), while 109 (54.5%) were identified as methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (MRCoNS). Out of the 91 MRCoPS, 53 (58.2%) were identified as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Resistance of the isolates was 99.5% to erythromycin and chloramphenicol, 100% to oxacillin, 76.5% to gentamicin, 96.5% to clindamycin, 92.5% to ciprofloxacin, 99% to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and tetracycline, and 98.5% to streptomycin and cefoxitin. All the isolates were multidrug resistant. This study has shown that healthy broilers reared and slaughtered in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria harbour multidrug-resistant MRS and thus serve as their reservoirs.
Systematic Comparisons of Orthologous Selenocysteine Methyltransferase and Homocysteine Methyltransferase Genes from Seven Monocots Species
Authors: ZHAO De-yong , SUN Fu-lai , ZHANG Bo , ZHANG Zhi-qiang , YIN Long-quan
Published: July 2019

Identifying and manipulating genes underlying selenium metabolism could be helpful for increasing selenium content in crop grain, which is an important way to overcome diseases resulted from selenium deficiency. A reciprocal smallest distance algorithm (RSD) approach was applied using two experimentally confirmed Homocysteine S-Methyltransferases genes (HMT1 and HMT2) and a putative Selenocysteine Methyltransferase (SMT) from dicots plant Arabidopsis thaliana, to explore their orthologs in seven sequenced diploid monocot species: Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Brachypodium distachyon, Hordeum vulgare, Aegilops tauschii (the D-genome donor of common wheat) and Triticum urartu (the A-genome donor of common wheat). HMT1 was apparently diverged from HMT2 and most of SMT orthologs were the same with that of HMT2 in this study, leading to the hypothesis that SMT and HMT originate from one common ancestor gene. Identifying orthologs provide candidates for further experimental confirmation; also it could be helpful in designing primers to clone SMT or HMT orthologs in other crops.
Photographic Key for the Microhistological Identification of Some Plants of Indian Trans-Himalaya
Authors: AHMED Tanveer , KHAN Afifullah , CHANDAN Pankaj
Published: July 2019

Microhistology techniques have been used in many studies regarding food habits of herbivores. The absence of detailed reference materials and time consumed in creating reference plant materials for a particular study species and area hampers an understanding and extensive use of the technique. On the other hand, the use of direct sighting procedure of animals to study the dietary spectrum of herbivores is interrupted by tough terrain and harsh climatic condition in the Trans-Himalaya. The current study provides a photographic key for identification of 38 plants species belonging to 35 genera and 21 families. Structures such as types of stomata, trichomes and epidermal cells are discussed for different species of plants collected from Kargil, Ladakh. The given information is expected to help researchers working on feeding ecology of mammals in the Indian Trans-Himalaya.
Callus Age and Size of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Improves Regeneration Efficiency
Authors: HAQUE Mozidul , ISLAM SM Shahinul
Published: July 2019

In order to improve regeneration efficiency embryos derived from immature seeds of BARI barley-6 were taken for this study. In this case callus size, age and its fresh weight were considered. Embryos sizes were classified into four groups: 0.6-1.0 mm (A), 1.1-1.5 mm (B), 1.6-2.0 mm (C) and 2.1-2.5 mm (D), and cultured to semi-solid MS medium for callus induction. Five weeks old calli were transferred to MS medium that contained 1.0 mg/l BAP + 150 mg/l L-glutamine, for regeneration. Results indicated that 1.6-2.0 mm size of embryos produced the highest callusing (56.72%) and green plantlets (42.16%), while small sized (0.6-1.0 mm) showed very poor (2.75%) callusing and no regeneration occurred. Calli were divided into three age groups e.g. early (1-3 weeks), medium (4-6 weeks) and prolonged age (7-12 weeks) and cultured to regeneration medium. To observe the effect of calli weight on regeneration, they were grouped into four categories: I (50-100 mg), II (101-150 mg), III (151-200 mg) and IV (>201 mg). The highest regeneration and rooting were recorded when the age of callus was 4-6 weeks and its weight range was 151–200 mg (III). The lowest regeneration and rooting were found when 1-3 weeks old calli were used and its average weight was 50-100 mg (I).
Control of Cherry Leaf Spot and Cherry Fruit Fly at Sour Cherry
Authors: BOROVINOVA Maria , PETROVA Vilina
Published: July 2019

The investigations were made in the experimental sour cherry orchard from the Institute of Agriculture, Kyustendil, Bulgaria, during the period 2010-2014, in order to compare conventional and integrated sour cherry protection against cherry leaf spot and cherry fruit fly. Two variants were investigated, with two different treatment approaches for the control of cherry leaf spot and cherry fruit fly. Variant 1 – cherry leaf spot was controlled by protective treatments with dodin and tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin and cherry fruit fly was controlled by treatments with deltametrin and thiacloprid, independently of density. Variant 2 - cherry leaf spot was controlled by post-infection (curative) treatments with tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin and cherry fruit fly was controlled by treatments based on biological threshold: 10-11 cherry fruit fly females caught in traps up to the moment for chemical treatment. It was established that Blumeriella japii can be successfully controlled by post-infection treatments and by this the number of insecticide treatments was reduced. The treatments against cherry fruit fly can be avoided or reduced when the attack control is based on the biological threshold established in the studied area.
Alleviate Seed Ageing Effects in Silybum marianum by Application of Hormone Seed Priming
Authors: SIADAT Seyed Ata , MOOSAVI Seyed Amir , SHARAFIZADEH Mehran
Published: July 2019

Most of the medicinal plants have seed dormancy or poor seed germination. This is due to their natural compounds or their morphological structure. Existence of such mechanisms makes the seeds able to endure harsh environments, stressful conditions or natural ageing. Different seed enhancement treatments were proposed in order to improve seed germination. In this study, it was examined Silybum marianum seed longevity (0, 48 and 72 hour of ageing) and the response to seed priming when using different concentrations of cytokinin (50, 200, 350 and 500 ppm) and different duration of treatment (8, 12 and 24 hour). Results revealed that ageing could be successfully alleviated using seed priming. Seed ageing significantly affected seed germination and vigour. Application of cytokinin considerably improved seed vigour in aged and non aged seeds. The most effective seed priming treatment was with 500 ppm cytokine, with the duration of 24 hours. In conclusion, it can be recommend the used of plant growth regulators like cytokine, as a good priming agent, to recover losses of seed quality and improve germination characteristics.
Impact of Humic Acid on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Grown on Calcareous Soil
Authors: RASSAM Ghorbanali , DADKHAH Alireza , KHOSHNOOD YAZDI Asghar , DASHTI Maryam
Published: July 2019

A field experiment was performed to determine the effects of using humic acid with irrigation on quantitative and qualitative yield traits of sugar beet grown on calcareous soils in Esfaraen, located in the North-East of Iran. Treatments consisted of three levels of humic acid concentration (zero or control, 2.5 and 5 L ha-1) and the number of applications (once 45 days after planting; twice, 45 and 75 days after planting; three times, respectively 45, 75 and 105 days after planting). The effect of the two experimental factors on sugar beet yield traits such as the content of sucrose, refined sugar, molasses forming substances, root yield and refined sugar yield were evaluated. The results proved the existence of a significant interaction between humic acid concentration and the number of applications on all parameters under study. The application of humic acid caused a significant increase of sucrose, refined sugar, root yield and refined sugar yield and a reduction in molasses forming substances content, compared to the control. The increased amount of sucrose and refined sugar content in all applications in concentration of 2.5 L ha-1 humic acid was more than with 5 L ha-1. Similarly, the content of molasses forming substances showed more reduction in 2.5 L ha-1 than in 5 L ha-1 treatment. However, the results revealed that the highest root yield and refined sugar yield, as the main qualitative and quantitative parameters of sugar beet yield, were achieved by three times application of 5 L ha-1 that had 24 and 37% increase compared to control.
Genetic Differentiation of Archachatina marginata Populations from Three Vegetation Zones Using Radom Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: AFOLAYAN Comfort O. , AWODIRAN Michael Olugemi
Published: July 2019

The genetic differentiation of Archachatina marginata populations from three different zones of Nigeria was studied with a view to delimiting them into sub-species. One hundred and nineteen (119) snail specimens were collected, comprising of forty (40) specimens from Yenagoa (Mangrove forest) and from Kabba (Guinea Savanna) and thirty nine (39) specimens were from Ile-Ife (Rainforest). Eight parameters of the shell specimens of A. marginata which included height of shell, width of shell, aperture height, aperture width, spire length, spire width, penultimate whorl length and first whorl length were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA) to delimit the populations into sub-species. DNA of the various populations was extracted from the foot muscle using CTAB (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide) method, which was subjected to RAPD analysis. The RAPD studies employed five (5) oligonucleotide primers (OPB – 17, OPH – 12, OPH – 17, OPI – 06 and OPU – 14) to amplify DNA from 27 samples of A. marginata selected. All five primers produced different band patterns, and the number of fragments amplified per primer varied. Among them, OPB- 17 gave DNA profiles with more numerous bands than the others primers. Both PCA and CVA produced overlapped clusters of A. marginata specimens from the three vegetation zones. The height of shell was observed to be the most variable feature and preferably the most suitable parameter for population grouping. Analysis of the proportions of polymorphic loci and band sharing based on similarity indices for A. marginata samples indicated a relatively high level of genetic variation in the populations from the three areas.
Comparative Antibacterial Efficacy of Vitellaria paradoxa (Shea Butter Tree) Extracts Against Some Clinical Bacterial Isolates
Authors: AJIJOLAKEWU Kamoldeen Abiodun , AWARUN Fola Jose
Published: July 2019

The antibacterial activities of the ethanolic extracts of seed, leaf and stem bark of Vitellaria paradoxa were investigated. The extracts were tested against three clinical bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using the agar diffusion and the broth dilution techniques. Ethanolic extracts of the plant parts showed activity against all the bacterial pathogens tested. At the highest extract concentration (200 mg/ml), the leaf extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity, while no activity was detected at the lowest concentration (3.13 mg/ml) against the tested isolates. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were more susceptible to all extracts of V. paradoxa, while Klebsiella pneumoniae showed the least sensitivity. The efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Vitellaria paradoxa was compared to a commercial antibiotic streptomycin. There were differences in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all the Vitellaria paradoxa ethanolic extracts with respect to the type of organism. All extracts exhibited bacteriostatic effects against the tested organisms at the experimented concentrations. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of saponins, tannins and alkaloids as the active principles of Vitellaria paradoxa's antimicrobial activity. V. paradoxa could be used as a potential source of antibiotic substance for a drug development.
Exogenous 5-Aminolevulenic Acid Promotes Antioxidative Defence System, Photosynthesis and Growth in Soybean against Cold Stress
Authors: MANAFI Elahe , MODARRES SANAVY Seyed Ali Mohammad , AGHAALIKHANI Majid , DOLATABADIAN Aria
Published: July 2019

In the present study, the possibility of enhancing cold stress tolerance of young soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr) by exogenous application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was investigated. ALA was applied at various concentrations (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mM) by seed priming and foliar application method. After ALA treatment, the plants were subjected to cold stress at 10 ± 0.5 °C for 72 h. Cold stress significantly decreased plant growth, relative water content, chlorophyll, photosynthesis and stomatal conductivity, while it increased electrolyte leakage and proline accumulation. ALA at low concentrations (0.3 mM) protected plants against cold stress, enhancing plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, stomatal conductivity as well as relative water content. Increase of electrolyte leakage was also prevented by 0.6 mM ALA. ALA also enhanced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities at 0.6 mM concentration especially under cold stress conditions. Proline increased with increasing in ALA concentration under both temperature conditions. In most cases, application of ALA by spraying method was better than seed priming method. Results showed that ALA, which is considered as an endogenous plant growth regulator, can be used effectively to protect soybean plants from the damaging effects of cold stress, by enhancing the activity of antioxidative enzymes, protecting cell membrane against reactive oxygen species and finally by promoting chlorophyll synthesis, leading to more intense photosynthesis and more carbon fixation, without any adverse effect on the plant growth.
Secondary Metabolites and Bioactivity of Hyophila involuta (Hook) Jaeg.
Authors: MAKINDE Amos M. , FAJUYIGBE Eunice A. , ISA Musibau O.
Published: July 2019

The phytochemical screening of Hyophila involuta collected from the Biological Garden of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, was carried out to investigate the presence or absence of some secondary metabolites and its antibiotic potentials, using different extracts (with acetone and ethanol) on selected organisms. The extracts obtained were screened for the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phlobatanins, saponins, steroids, tannins, triterpenes and xanthoproteins. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was carried out on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. Only acetone extract tested positive for the presence of flavonoids, while alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were detected present in both the acetone and ethanolic extracts. Flavonoids were detected present only in the acetone extract. Saponins were detected present only in the ethanolic extract. The extracts (acetone and ethanolic) showed significant activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus flavus. The results obtained from this study indicated that H. involuta has medicinally important compounds, having therapeutic potential from which effective antimicrobial medicine can be sourced.
Growth Response of Three Leafy Vegetables to the Allelopathic Effect of Vitellaria paradoxa
Authors: FOLARIN Olamide O. , OGUNKUNLE Clement O. , OYEDEJI Stephen O. , KOLAWOLE Saheed
Published: July 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth response of three leafy vegetables (Celosia argentea, Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochodriacus) to the leaf extract of Vitellaria paradoxa. Forty-five (45) experimental plastic containers were filled with 5 kg of loamy soil each and randomly allocated to the following regimes: control, 20 g, 40 g, 60 g and 80 g of powdered leaves of V. paradoxa, in three (3) replicates for each test crop respectively. It was observed that the response of the three leafy vegetables, grown within different composition of V. paradoxa leaves, are concentration dependent with respect to the studied growth parameters (plant height, leaf number, leaf area, stem girth). This indicated that V. paradoxa has allelopathic potential on the studied vegetables and therefore it could be used for natural weed control.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Indian Salmon, Eleutheronema tetradactylum from South Asian Countries Based on Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequences
Authors: THIRUMARAISELVI Ramakrishnan , THANGARAJ Muthusamy
Published: July 2019

Eleutheronema tetradactylum is an important commercial fish species exposed to intense exploitation both in Southeast Asian countries and Northern parts of Australia. Research on the population structure of E. tetradactylum in these coastal waters is substantial in order to ensure sustainable use and appropriate resource management. In this study, genetic variation, diversity and population structure of E. tetradactylum among four FAO fishing areas, along South Asian countries, were evaluated using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Totally 30 sequences of COI gene were collected from four FAO fishing areas. Among these 30 individuals, 18 distinct haplotypes were defined. High levels of haplotype diversity (hd = 0.952 ± 0.096) and nucleotide diversity (π = 0.01536 ± 0.00312) were observed in the population within the Bay of Bengal. No haplotype and nucleotide diversity were observed in South China Sea population. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 0.81% of the genetic variation occurred within the populations, while 7.09% variation occurred among populations. Significant genealogical branches were recognized in North Australian populations (one clade), South China Sea populations (one clade), Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal populations (one clade) on the neighbor-joining tree. These results suggested that E. tetradactylum populations in FAO fishing areas 51, 57 and 61 have developed different genetic structures. Tests of neutral evolution and mismatch distribution suggest that a population growth of E. tetradactylum may take place in these fishing areas.
Establishment of a Rapid Plant Regeneration System in Physalis angulata L. through Axillary Meristems
Authors: ANIEL KUMAR Owk , RAMESH Songa , SUBBA TATA Sape
Published: July 2019

An optimal plant propagation method of Physalis angulata L., a medicinally important herbaceous plant species has been developed using axillary meristem explants. Shoot bud proliferation was initiated from axillary meristem explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of 0.5-2.5mg/L/(BAP)/(Zeatin)/(KIN). The maximum in vitro response of shooting frequency of explants (88.1%) and shoots per explant (42) was achieved with medium containing 1.0mg/L BAP. Multiple shoot culture was established by repeated subculturing of the shoot buds of axillary meristems on shoot multiplication medium. Among the subculture media BAP in combination with 1.5mg/L (IAA)+0.25mg/L(GA3) produced maximum shoots per explant (128±0.29) after two weeks of culture. Effective in vitro shoot elongation and rooting was achieved on 1.0mg/L(GA3) and 1.0mg/L(IBA), respectively. Most of the generated shoots were successfully transferred to soil under field conditions. The survival percentage of the transferred plants on soil was found to be 90 per cent.  This protocol can be used for commercial propagation and for future genetic improvement studies.
Genetic Diversity in Haploid Nicotiana alata Induced by Gamma Irradiation, Salt Tolerance and Detection of These Differences by RAPD
Authors: EL-FIKI Ayman , SAYED Abdel-Hadi , EL-METABTEB Gamal , ADLY Mohamed
Published: July 2019

Haploid plants of Nicotiana alata were cultured in vitro on MS medium with IAA + KIN. The resulting plantlets were irradiated using gamma radiation doses of 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy. Single node pieces were cut and transferred onto fresh MS medium. Gamma radiation doses caused the death of 9% and up to 28% of explants. NaCl concentrations caused the death of 8% up to 36% of explants, while the combined effect between gamma radiation doses and salinity had an impact suffused on the percentage of survival. The combined effect of gamma radiation doses 20 Gy and 25 Gy on NaCl concentrations of 100, 150 and 200 mM were deadly. Even more, the combined effect of gamma radiation doses and salinity had a severe negative impact on both the proline content and total soluble protein. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to determine the degree of genetic variation in treated haploid Nicotiana alata plants. Total genomic DNAs from different haploid plantlets treated were amplified using five arbitrary primers. Two hundred and seventy bands were detected from plantlets irradiated with doses of 15, 20 and 25 Gy, with polymorphic band number 226 (83.7%). The total number of bands resulted from plant grew on 150 mM and 200 mM NaCl were 260 bands with polymorphic bands 185 (85.6%). However, the total number of bands produced from combined effects between gamma rays and salinity (20 Gy X 50 mM NaCl, 20 Gy X 100 mM NaCl and 25 Gy X 50 mM NaCl) were 270, with polymorphic band number 231 (85.5%). High similarity between treatments was revealed. Treatments relationships were estimated through cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on RAPD data.
Potential of Microsatellites Markers for the Genetic Analysis of Bryophytes
Authors: PANDEY Saumy , SHARMA Vinay , ALAM Afroz
Published: July 2019

Microsatellites have increasingly being used to study genetic diversity, phylogeny, population genetics, population ecology and genetic mapping of bryophytes. Due to co-dominant and highly reproducible features, microsatellites became markers of choice for several genetic analyses of bryophytes. However, the major limitation is de novo isolation of microsatellites from the interest species which were studied and gave genomic libraries. Initially, traditional methods of microsatellite development were tedious and time consuming, but due to the sequencing of several bryophytes available in public databases, advancement in PCR technologies and computer software, have cumulatively facilitated the development of microsatellites for bryophytes study. This review examines the features, strategies for the development of microsatellites and their utilization in many aspects of genetic and ecological studies of bryophytes.
Anti-Malarial Plants of Jonai, India: an Ethnobotanical Approach
Authors: WANGPAN Tonlong , CHETRY Luk Bahadur , TSERING Jambey , TAKA Tapi , TANGJANG Sumpam
Published: July 2019

North-East India represents a unique ecosystem with treasured medicinal plant wealth closely related with Folk medicines. A large number of plants having medicinal properties and their folk uses have remained confined to the natives of this region. The tribal community of Jonai, Assam was explored to expose the indigenous herbal remedy for malaria. Sixteen antimalarial plants belonging to 13 families were reported. The analysis revealed highest fidelity level (FL) value for Ajuga integrifolia (100%) followed by Ricinus communis (94%), Alstonia scholaris (88%), Oroxylum indicum (86%) and Achyranthes aspera (82%). The percentage of respondent’s knowledge (PRK) about anti-malarial plants showed Alstonia scholaris as the most commonly known antimalarial species (53%) within this region. Preference ranking (PR) unveiled eight species to be very effective against malarial parasite, which includes Allium sativum, Artemisia indica, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Clerodendrum glandulosum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Oroxylum indicum, Piper longum and Piper nigrum. All medicine preparations are made using water as the medium and are orally administered in the form of crude extract, powder, juice and decoction. Overall analysis suggested Ajuga integrifolia, Achyranthes aspera, Alstonia scholaris, Artemisia indica, Oroxylum indicum and Ricinus communis to be used for the development of novel, economical, effective and ecofriendly herbal formulations for healthcare management.
Soil Seed Bank Dynamics of a Riparian Forest and its Adjacent Upland Vegetation
Authors: OLALOYE Omowumi Omotoyosi , OKE Samson Olajide
Published: July 2019

The present study was conducted to determine the densities and soil seed bank composition of a riparian forest and its adjacent upland vegetation for a better understanding the potentials of the soil seed banks in facilitating succession towards a more natural forest of native tree species. Three contiguous 20 m x 20 m plots were systematically established on both riparian forest and upland vegetation. Species enumeration, identification and distribution into families of the standing vegetation were carried out. Furthermore, five replicates soil samples were collected at two different depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 .The seedling emergence test was carried out for six months in the greenhouse to determine the species composition and the density of the seed in both vegetation types. The results of the seedling emergence revealed that more seeds were deposited at the upper depth (0-15 cm) than the lower depth 15-30 cm in the two vegetation types in both dry and rainy season. There was low similarity in species composition between the standing vegetation and soil seed bank in each of the two vegetation types. Herbaceous species recorded the highest number of seedlings as compared to the other habit. The low similarity between seed bank and standing vegetation of the riparian forest and the adjacent upland vegetation suggested that soil seed bank was insignificant in their restoration.
Seasonal Variation in Physicochemical Properties of Soil within the Vicinity of an Iron Smelting Factory - Implication on Standing Vegetation
Authors: OLATUNJI Olusanya Abiodun , KOMOLAFE Emmanuel Timilehin , OKE Samson Olajide
Published: July 2019

This study examined the seasonal variations in the physicochemical properties of soil around the vicinity of an iron smelting factory in Fashina area, Ile-Ife, with the aim of monitoring the impact on the soil characteristics, nutrient availability and its possible consequence on the surrounding vegetation. Four study plots, each measuring 50 × 50 m were selected around the iron and smelting Factory. Soil samples were collected randomly and analysed during the rainy and dry seasons at a depth of 0-20 cm, representing the top soil using soil auger. The soil samples were analysed for particle size, soil texture, pH and availability of some basic soil nutrient such as nitrogen, organic carbon, potassium, phosphorus, etc. The study revealed that the physicochemical properties of soil in focus varied across the plots, which may be a consequence of the gradient created by the citing of iron smelting factory, but the data obtained did not significantly varied within the seasons. Furthermore, high organic matter was recorded in all the plots under study; this might be due to the fact that the study area was rich in clay. More clayey soils generally tend to contain higher levels of organic matter, mainly because of the tendency of clays to slow down microbial degradation of organic matter, as clays form clay-humus complexes with organic matter. Also, the heavy metal distribution varied within the two seasons, as most of the metals showed high level of concentration in the rainy season.
Foliar Epidermal Traits of Invasive and Non-Invasive Species of Dracaena Vand. ex L. (Dracaenaceae) in Obafemi Awolowo University Campus, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Authors: FOLORUNSO Abayomi Ezekiel , ADIFAGBADE Omotayo Christianah
Published: July 2019

A comparative foliar anatomical study of the invasive and non-invasive species of Dracaena in Obafemi Awolowo University Campus in Nigeria was carried out. A specific aim of the study was to determine the foliar and morphological traits in Dracaena mannii, which may be responsible for its invasive habit. The foliar anatomical traits were also used to describe the two studied Dracaena species. Fresh and matured leaves of D. mannii and D. arborea were collected and authenticated at the Herbarium of Obafemi Awolowo University (IFE). Quantitative and qualitative data were recorded for morphological traits, whereas scraping techniques were used to obtain the epidermal peels and photomicrographs of slides were taken for observing the anatomical traits. The presence of club-like glandular unicellular trichomes and papillose, high stomata index and frequency of epidermal cells per unit area strengthen the invasive habit of Dracaena mannii. The thin walls of the epidermal cells increase the intercellular flow of assimilates within D. mannii, which is also a notable invasive character.
Protective Effect of Nitric Oxide on High Temperature Induced Oxidative Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Callus Culture
Authors: EL-BELTAGI Hossam Saad , AHMED Osama K. , HEGAZY Adel E.
Published: July 2019

High temperature (HT) stress is a major environmental factor that limits plant growth, metabolism and productivity worldwide. Plant growth and development involve numerous biochemical reactions that are sensitive to temperature. Plants’ responses to HT vary with the degree and duration of HT and the plants’ adaptability. The protective effect of exogenous nitric oxide in alleviating high temperature induced damages of wheat (Triticum aestivum) callus tissues was investigated. Heat treatment (35 and 40 °C) alone or in combination with 0.5 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP; nitric oxide donor) was applied for 72 h to callus tissues cultured on MS medium. Heat stress significantly increased lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical levels, whereas ascorbate and total glutathione contents markedly decreased. In addition, heat stress increased the activities of antioxidant defense enzymes: superoxide distumase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. In contrast, the addition of SNP in the culture media prevented the callus from the heat-induced oxidative damage as indicated by the decrease of MDA, H2O2 and O2.− contents, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant constituents. These results provided support for the hypothesis that the exogenous applications of NO confer tolerance to high temperature stress by reducing the oxidative damage in plants.
Partial Purification and Characterisation of Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Acetobacter aceti Isolated from Palm Wine
Authors: ONAH Donatus Chimaobi , EZE Sabinus Oscar O. , ABA Patrick Emeka
Published: July 2019

Palm wine is a very important alcoholic beverage whose consumption is limited because it spoils easily. The study was designed to isolate Acetobacter aceti from palm wine, then extract, purify and characterize alcohol dehydrogenase (AD) from the A. aceti. Muller Hilton agar was used as medium for the growth of A. aceti for 48 h. The cells were harvested and subjected to ultrasonication using 500 watt ultrasonicator. Enzyme assay was carried out in both the supernatant and pellet. The enzyme was precipitated by polyethelene glycol 6000 while gel filtration was used for purifying the enzyme. The effects of pH, temperature and substrate concentration on AD were evaluated. The isolated A. aceti was gram negative, rod shaped, catalase positive, oxidase negative and was able to oxidize acetic acid to CO2 and H2O. Triton X-100 (0.3%) was the most effective concentration in solubilizing the protein (AD), while 15% polyethelene glycol 6000 was the most effective concentration for the precipitation of AD. An optimal pH of 5 was obtained with an optimal temperature of 50 °C. The most appropriate to solubilize and precipitate AD were 0.3% triton X-100 and 15% polyethelene glycol 6000 respectively, while AD activity was reduced under acidic pH, as well as for low and high temperatures.
In Vitro Micropropagation of the Medicinal Plant Physalis angulata L.
Authors: ANIEL KUMAR Owk , RAMESH Songa , SUBBA TATA Sape
Published: July 2019

Physalis angulata L. is an important medicinal herb. An efficient direct adventitious plant regeneration protocol was developed for large scale propagation using leaf disc as explants. The explants were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 0.25-3.0 mg/L 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) for primary shoot proliferation. Inclusion of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) in the culture medium along with BAP promoted a higher rate of shoot multiplication. The maximum number of shoots was produced in MS + BAP (1.0 mg/L) + IAA (0.5 mg/L) + GA3 (0.20 mg/L) after the third subculture. An average of 152.8 ± 0.40 shoots were produced from each leaf disc. For root induction the shootlets were transferred to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The highest percentage of root induction was observed in 1.0 mg/L (IBA). Rooted plants were successfully established in the soil after hardening. The survival percentage of rooted plants on soil was found to be 85%. This result will facilitate the conservation and propagation of the important medicinal herb Physalis angulata L.
Türkiye’de Gerçekleşen Terör Saldırılarının Olay Analizi: VIX Korku Endeksi, BIST 100 ve Kredi Temerrüt Swapları Üzerine Etkileri
Authors: ULUSOY Tolga , KENDİRLİ Selçuk
Published: July 2019

Terör olaylarının etkisi,
olayın büyüklüğüne göre, çok yıkıcı olabilmekle birlikte, esas etkisi ekonomik
faaliyetlere yansıyabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda,
terörün ülke ekonomilerine etkilerini ölçmek ve değerlendirmek adına, VIX Korku
Endeksi (Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index) oluşturulmuştur.
Çalışma kapsamında, Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen terör saldırılarının VIX Korku
Endeksine yansımaları, bu yansımalarla birlikte, Borsa İstanbul 100 endeksine
ve Türkiye Kredi Temerrüt Swaplarına (CDS) yansımaları analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan incelemede elde edilen sonuçlara göre,
Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen terör olayları VIX Korku Endeksine yavaş ve
gecikmeli olarak yansımaktadır. Korku endeksinin terör olaylarından hemen önce
düşük endekste olduğu görülmüştür. Olaylardan hemen sonra ise ani ve ivmeli bir
artışa geçtiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Aynı zamanda gerçekleşen terör olaylarının
etkileri Türkiye CDS’lerinde altıncı günden sonra ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gerçekleştirilen
terör olayları BIST 100’ü de olumsuz etkilemiştir. Bu etki terör olayının
gerçekleştiği günün ertesinde düşüş olarak gerçekleşmiştir. BIST 100 endeksinin
gerçekleştirilen terör olaylarından sonra toparlanma ortalaması ise altıncı
günden sonra olmuştur.
Safranbolu'da Kültürel Miras, Müze Kent Alımlaması ve Kentin Folklorik Sürdürülebilirliği
Authors: ÖZKAN ALTINÖZ Meltem
Published: July 2019

Türkiye’nin Batı
Karadeniz Bölümü’nde yer alan Safranbolu, coğrafyası, yerleşim tarihi ve
kültürel kimliği ile sanat ve kültür tarihi çalışmalarında ön plana
çıkmaktadır.  Safranbolu’nun somut ve
somut olmayan kültürel mirasından bahsedilen UNESCO raporunda, kentin dünya
miras listesine folklorik nedenlerle 1992 yılında dahil edildiği yazılmaktadır.
Safranbolu yeme-içme alışkanlıklarından, giyim-kuşama kadar uzanan zengin bir
folklorik dağarcığa sahip olmakla birlikte, günümüzde kent folklorunun bu çok
yönlü yapısı, mimari ve kentsel değerinin gölgesinde kalmaktadır. Bu çalışma,
yoğun kültürel geçmişe sahip olan Safranbolu'nun mevcut folklorik yapısının
politik ve sosyo-ekonomik nedenlerle değişime uğrarken, kültürel miras kavramı
ile ilintili “müze kent Safranbolu” imajını kazanmasını, folklorik değerlerinin
söz konusu somut miras alımlamasının gölgesinde kalışını değerlendirmektedir.
Çalışma ayrıca UNESCO’nun varlığının Safranbolu’nun folklorik sürdürülebilirliğine
olan etkisini mercek altına almaktadır.
Richard Wright’ın Yeraltında Yaşayan Adam ve Bilge Karasu’nun Dehlizde Giden Adam Adlı Öykülerinde ‘Yeraltı’nın Anlamı
Authors: KOLCU Abdurrahman
Published: July 2019

Cumhuriyet dönemi Türk
edebiyatının önemli öykü ve roman yazarlarından biri olan Bilge Karasu,
eserlerinde genelde bireyin sorunlarına eğilir, toplumsal hayata ve ona hâkim
olan değerlere bireyin penceresinden bakar. Göçmüş Kediler Bahçesi adlı
eserinde yer alan Dehlizde Giden Adam adlı öyküsünde de makineleşmenin
ve ileri teknolojinin hâkim olduğu bir yaşama düzenindeki bireyin tabiattan ve
kendi özünden uzaklaşması üzerinde durur. Yazar olay örgüsünü yeraltında
yaşanan bir deneyim olarak kurgular. Bu makalede eseri incelenen diğer yazar
olan Richard Wright ise 20. yüzyıl Amerikan edebiyatının önemli
temsilcilerinden biri olarak eserlerinde ağırlıklı olarak siyahî Amerikalıların
sorunlarına eğilmiştir. Onun dilimize Yeraltında Yaşayan Adam adıyla
çevrilen öyküsü 20. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinde geçen ve başkahramanın
yeraltındaki yaşamına odaklanan bir kurguya sahiptir. Bu çalışmada
başkahramanlarının yeraltındaki sıra dışı serüveni üzerinde odaklanan Dehlizde
Giden Adam ve Yeraltında Yaşayan Adam adlı eserler karşılaştırmalı
bir şekilde incelenmiştir.
BRICS ve MIST Ülkelerinde Ar-Ge Harcamaları İle Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: ÇELEBİ BOZ Füsun , GÜLTEKİN Ömer Faruk , BAYRAMOĞLU Turgut
Published: July 2019

Nitelikli ürün üretimi dünya ülkelerinin
kalkınma sürecinde çok önemli bir role sahiptir. Bu doğrultuda gelişmiş ve
gelişmekte olan birçok ülke günden güne bu konuya daha çok önem vermekte ve katma
değeri yüksek ürün üretimi için çalışmalarını artırarak devam etmektedir. Bu
noktadan hareketle çalışmada BRICS ve MIST[1] ülke
grupları adına 2000-2015 dönemi araştırma ve geliştirme harcamaları ve yüksek
nitelikli ürün ihracatı ilişkileri panel veri yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Elde
edilen sonuçlara göre Çin, Türkiye ve Brezilya’da yüksek teknolojili ürün
ihracatından AR-GE harcamalarına
doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu ortaya çıkarken,
Güney Kore’de ise bu ilişkinin çift yönlü olduğu gözlenmiştir. Çin ve Brezilya
gibi ülkelerde doğrudan yabancı sermaye girişi teknoloji transferini artırmış,
teknoloji transferi ise nitelikli ürün ihracatını artırmıştır.
Romantik İlişkilerde Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Authors: ÖZ SOYSAL Fatma Selda , UZ BAŞ Aslı , AYSAN Ferda
Published: July 2019

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Riggio ve Weiser,
Valenzuela, Lui, Montes ve Heur (2011) tarafından geliştirilen “Romantik
İlişkilerde Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği”ni (RİÖYÖ) Türk kültürüne uyarlayarak, geçerlik
ve güvenirlik çalışmasını yapmaktır. Araştırma, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi’nde
Eğitim Fakültesi’nin çeşitli bölümlerine devam eden lisans 4. sınıf öğrencileri
ile pedagojik formasyon eğitimi alan 243’ü kız ve 124’ü erkek olmak üzere
toplam 367 kişi ile yürütülmüştür. RİÖYÖ’nin iki faktörlü yapısı doğrulayıcı
faktör analizi yöntemi ile test edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, RİÖYÖ’nin iki
faktörlü yapısının doğrulandığını göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte ölçeğin dil
geçerliği de incelenmiştir. Ayrıca ölçeğin benzer
ölçek geçerliğini belirlemek için “Genel Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği” ölçüt olarak
kullanılmıştır Ölçeğin güvenirlik çalışması, test-tekrar test güvenirlik
katsayısı ve iç tutarlılık katsayısı ile hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar,
RİÖYÖ’nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olarak kullanılabileceğini
göstermektedir.
KÜRK MODASI, KÜRK KARŞITI HAREKETLER VE MODAYA ETKİLERİ
Authors: ACAR Sedef , TOSUN Ecem
Published: July 2019

Postlar insanoğlunun ilk giyim malzemesidir. İşlenerek kürke dönüştürülmesiyle moda kavramı eşliğinde farklı biçimlere dönüşerek giyim tarihi serüveninde yerini daima korumuştur.  Gelişen teknoloji ile hayvanlardan alınan bu postların işlenerek kullanılabilir hale gelmesiyle beraber giyimin önemli unsurlarından biri olmaya devam etmiştir. Moda kavramının gelişimiyle sezonlara uygun şekilde form, doku ve yüzey etkileri değişerek kullanımı yaygınlaşmıştır. Jackie Kennedy 60’ların başında Oleg Cassini’ nin kürk manto tasarımını giydiğinde kürk modanın vazgeçilmez bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Uzun yıllar doğal kürkler modanın yönlendirilmesiyle farklı şekillerde işlenmiş yeni görüntülere ulaşmış ve kürk sanayisi büyük bir sektör haline gelmiştir. Bu hızlı gelişim çevreye ve doğaya duyarlı hale gelmeye başlayan grupların tepkisine neden olmuştur. Doğal hayatın zarar görmesi, hayvan neslinin tükenmesi, vahşi hayvanların çiftliklerde yetiştirilmesi ve işkenceye maruz kalması gibi nedenler hayvan hakları savunucularının tepkisini çekmiştir. Kürke olan yoğun talep kürk endüstrisinin kurulmasına neden olmuştur. Hayvan hakları organizasyonları bu konuya dikkat çekmek için çeşitli eylemlerde bulunmuşlardır. Hayvanların kürkleri için insanlık dışı uygulamalara maruz kalması özellikle PETA gibi uluslararası organizasyonlar ve bölgesel gruplarla protesto edilmekte ve toplum kürk kullanmama konusunda bilinçlendirilmektedir. Bu süreçte yapay kürk sektörü adım adım daha çok tercih edilmeye başlamıştır.
Dünya Mirası Kırsal Kültürel Peyzajları ve Selge Tarım Terasları
Authors: BALTA Sıla , ATİK Meryem
Published: July 2019

Bu
çalışmada Dünya Mirası Kültürel Mirasları listesinde yer alan ve kırsal nitelik
taşıyan kültürel peyzaj alanlarının değerlendirilmesi ile Dünya Mirası kültürel
peyzajları açısından tarımsal ve kırsal özellikleri itibariyle binlerce yıldır
süregelen geleneksel alan kullanım deseni ile Selge geleneksel tarım terasları incelenmiştir.

Çalışmada,
Dünya Miras Listesindeki miras alanları seçilme kriterleri doğrultusunda
yorumlanmaktadır. Arazi çalışmaları ve yapılan kaynak incelemeleri ile ortaya
konan ve Selge antik kentinin belirgin bir özelliği olan geleneksel tarım
terasları ve antik özellikleri açısından UNESCO tarafından belirlenen kriterler
doğrultusunda uygunluğu değerlendirilmiştir. Selge antik kentinin ve geleneksel
tarım teraslarının Dünya Miras Listesinde yer alan kırsal kültürel peyzajların
öne çıkan özelliklerini içermesi, geleneksel alan kullanımı ve tarihi doku
değerleriyle listede yer alması gerekliliğinin
ortaya konulması çalışmayı önemli kılmaktadır.
NEMRUT DAĞI KUTSAL ANITI: I. ANTİOCHUS’UN DEHASI
Authors: YAŞAR Mesut
Published: July 2019

Ülkemiz coğrafyası birçok medeniyete ev
sahipliği yapmakla kalmamış kültür varlığı açısından da dünyanın en zengin
mirasına sahip olmuştur. Bu miras, genç sanatçıları uluslararası düzeye
taşıyabilecek birçok özelliklere sahiptir. Nemrut Dağı bu miraslardan biridir.
Çalışma, bu topluma miras olarak bırakılan Nemrut Dağı Anıtının önemini
irdelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.

Yazın taraması sonucunda Nemrut Dağı
ile ilgili birçok yayına ulaşılmıştır. Bu yayınlar genellikle turizm,
arkeoloji, müzecilik ile Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığının koruma amaçlı
“girişimleri” ile ilgili yazılardır. I. Antiochus’un dehasını sadece mevcut
yayınlarla kavramanın mümkün olmadığına inanılmaktadır. Çünkü Nemrut Dağı,
heykeller, tümülüs ve yazıtlar ile birlikte bir bütünün parçalarıdır ve
bütünlük, orayı ziyaret eden insanlarla tamamlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle Nemrut
Dağı ile ilgili bölüm, bilimsel yayınların ışığında, bireysel gözlemlere
dayanmaktadır.

Bu çalışmada ortaya çıkan sonuca göre,
Kommagene Kralı I. Antiochus, yaklaşık 2000 yıl önce, kendisini yaşayan Tanrı
ilan ederek ölümsüzleşmeyi hedeflemiştir; bu amaçla yaptırdığı Tapınak (Anıt
Mezar) aracılığıyla ortaya çıkan bir tür “illüzyon” ile halkını, kendisinin
Tanrı olduğuna inandırmak istemiş ve bunu da başarmıştır. I. Antiochus’un
dehasının, mekan tasarımında ve kullandığı objelere yüklediği “kavramda” saklı
olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Nemrut Dağı ve benzeri kültürel varlıkların verdiği
esinle, batı sanatında Enstalasyon ve Land Art gibi yeni sanatsal yaklaşımlar
ortaya çıktığı halde medeniyetlerin beşiği ülkemizde, Nemrut heykellerine
gösterilen ilgi, onların kopyalarını yapmakla sınırlı kalmıştır.