bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitigating stress concentration through defense hole system for improvement in bearing strength of composite bolted joint, Part 1: Numerical analysis
Authors: Othman AR , Jadee Khudhayer J , Ismadi M-Z
Published: February 2017

The use of defense hole system allows the flow of the stresses to be redistributed by introducing auxiliary holes in the low stress area near the main hole. However, the question remains on the optimal configuration of the defense hole system for effective stress mitigation at the bolt-hole region and, hence, increasing the bearing capacity of particular composite bolted joints. This study presents the influence of defense hole system geometrical design on the stress reduction in a single-bolt, double-lap composite bolted joint. The nonlinear material behavior of the joint was simulated using ANSYS through a progressive failure model, considering the circumferential and radial stresses at bearing, shear-out, and net tension regions of the bolt-hole. It was found that the stress has been reduced between 2.3% and 6.1% for the narrow laminates over a range of E/ D ratios (1–5) with the benefits of the defense hole was clearly marked at DS = 2 D and DHD = 0.75 D. In contrast, for those of wider laminates, the stress reduction ranged from 1.9% to remarkably 18.6%.
Does Applied STEM Course Taking Link to STEM Outcomes for High School Students With Learning Disabilities?
Authors: Gottfried Michael A. , Sublett Cameron
Published: February 2017

Over the most recent two decades, federal policy has urged high schools to embed applied science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses into the curriculum to reinforce concepts learned in traditional math and science classes as well as to motivate students’ interests and long-term pursuits in STEM areas. While prior research has examined whether these courses link to STEM persistence for the general student population, no work has examined the role of these courses for students with learning disabilities (LDs). This is a critical lapse, as these courses have been supported as being one path by which STEM material can become more accessible for students with diverse learning needs. Hence, this descriptive study examines the landscape of applied STEM course taking for students with LDs. The findings suggest students with LDs are less likely to take applied STEM courses in high school compared to the general population. Additionally, while the general population does benefit from taking these courses, there is a unique association between applied STEM course taking and advanced math and science course taking or math achievement for students with LDs. Hence, there is no evidence that applied STEM course taking is related to any closure of the STEM achievement gap for students with LDs.
The constitutional invalidity of warrantless drugs searches in South Africa
Authors: Parpworth Neil
Published: February 2017

In some jurisdictions, where individual privacy and property rights are afforded constitutional protection, legal disputes regarding police powers of entry and search sometimes extend beyond the law of tort into public law, where the challenge is to the power itself. The South African Constitutional Court has determined the constitutional validity of warrantless powers of entry and search on a number of occasions. This article discusses the most recent addition to this body of case law, as well as several related authorities from other jurisdictions. Where appropriate, reference to the position in English law also forms part of the discussion.
Britain on its knees: Prayer and the public since the Second World War
Authors: Field Clive D
Published: February 2017

As an additional – and less familiar – key performance indicator of secularization, this article offers a meta-analysis of over-time quantitative data about private prayer in modern Britain, mostly derived from national cross-sectional sample surveys among adults. Despite the fragmentary nature of the evidence and its methodological challenges, with consequent variability in results, the direction of travel is clear. Self-reported regular (weekly or more) private prayer has declined from one-half to one-quarter of the population over the past half-century, while the proportion never praying has risen from one-fifth to one-half. There have been parallel falls in belief in prayer and its efficacy. Gender, age, and ethnicity are the main secular attributes impacting prayer behaviour, relatively higher levels of which also correlate with above average religiosity, belief in God, and churchgoing and with being Roman Catholic or non-Christian. Prayer statistics thus corroborate other indicators which suggest that secularization in Britain has been a progressive, rather than sudden, process.
Research Culture in Indian Universities: The Debate Continues
Authors: Patel Pravin J.
Published: February 2017

Social Change carried a symposium on Research Culture in the Indian Universities in its June 2015 issue with a lead comment by Professor Pravin J. Patel and responses by educationists from different parts of the world. In this issue, we carry the discussion on this crucial subject further with a response to the discussants by Professor Patel and a new comment on the same subject by Professor Vinay K. Srivastava.
Arthritis-Related Limitations Predict Insufficient Physical Activity in Adults With Prediabetes Identified in the NHANES 2011-2014
Authors: Strauss Shiela M. , McCarthy Margaret
Published: February 2017

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which arthritis-related limitations are salient in predicting less than the recommended amount of time for adults with prediabetes to spend on moderate or vigorous physical activity.

Methods

Data from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States were used to identify the predictors of insufficient physical activity in a large sample of adults with prediabetes 20 years of age and older (n = 2536).

Results

When extrapolated to more than 45 million adults in the United States at least 20 years of age with prediabetes, 42.7% had insufficient physical activity. Having arthritis-related functional limitations was a significant predictor of insufficient physical activity, even after accounting for the statistically significant contributions of female sex, older age, lower education level, higher body mass index, and depression.

Conclusion

When educating and counseling adults with prediabetes, diabetes educators should assess for arthritis-related functional limitations when examining factors that may affect prediabetes progression. Recommendations for physical activity for those with mobility and other limitations need to be individualized within a tailored exercise program to accommodate their specific limitations.
Intergenerational Support in One- and Multi-child Families in China: Does Child Gender Still Matter?
Authors: Chen Jia , Jordan Lucy P.
Published: February 2017

Using data from the baseline wave of the China Family Panel Studies, we applied three-level random-intercept logistic regression models to investigate how the child gender gap in intergenerational support differed between one- and multi-child families in China based on 16,201 parent–child dyads. The results showed that sons were more likely to receive both financial and instrumental support from elderly parents. Additionally, sons tended to provide financial support and daughters tended to provide instrumental support. Being in a one-child family increased the chance of children’s receipt of support, but not support provision from/to elderly parents. A difference in child gender gap was only found for children’s receipt of instrumental support, which was less in one-child families than in multi-child families. The findings suggest that the gendered pattern of intergenerational support has not changed in one-child families, which has implications for the provision of services for elderly care, considering families with different structures.
Modern Families
Authors: Costa Pedro Alexandre , Bidell Markus
Published: February 2017

The aim of this study was to examine parenting desire, intention, and experience among a sample of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals ( N = 568) from Portugal between the ages of 18 and 76 years. Approximately 7% ( n = 38) reported having children, with the majority stating a biological kinship with their children primarily from previous heterosexual relationships. The central focus of the current study includes participants without children ( n = 530), on average 12 years younger than those with children. Among this group, 65% stated a desire to have children and 56% stated the intention to have children in the future. A multiple regression revealed that young age, involvement in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender events, and low religiosity significantly predicted parenting intention. To further explore the effects of age on parenting intention, an analysis of variance was conducted. Younger participants reported significantly stronger parenting intention, and these differences were detected between each age/developmental group.
Girls Gone Web
Authors: Barnett Barbara
Published: February 2017

The Internet was heralded as a medium that might expand coverage of women’s sports, yet some question whether the Internet has provided even more opportunities to perpetuate gender stereotypes. This research study examines the personal websites of professional and amateur female athletes to determine how women present themselves to the public. This qualitative analysis considers whether women practice “apologetic behavior,” in which they assure the public they are women first and athletes second, and whether women follow traditional gender scripts that characterize them as maternal, sexy, or childlike. The analysis shows that women promote their brawn, beauty, and brands. Women provide details about the rigors of training to be elite athletes but also provide details about their personal lives that reinforce gender stereotypes. The analysis concludes that women use websites to construct an apologetic identity, in which they emphasize that they have sacrificed time and energy for their sport, but have not abandoned traditional feminine roles of sex object, mother, or caretaker.
Lead Manager’s Reputation and Aftermarket Survival of Initial Public Offerings: Empirical Evidence from India
Authors: Baluja Garima , Singh Balwinder
Published: February 2017

This article examines the effect of lead manager’s (LM) reputation on the survival profile of Indian initial public offerings (IPO) in the post-Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) era. The study analyzes the relationship between the involvement of expert intermediary and the probability of delisting as well as the time duration of post-IPO failure. For this, logistic regression and parametric survival analysis models have been employed. The study reveals that IPOs backed by highly reputed LMs are less likely to get delisted and exhibit longer survival duration in the market. Overall, the results indicate that expert market intermediary plays a crucial role in acquiring the resources for successful development of newly listed issues, which in turn enhance its survivability in the aftermarket. The present study provides all new evidence on the value of reputable LMs’ involvement on subsequent survival of newly listed firms.
Binge drinking affects brain oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution
Authors: López-Caneda Eduardo , Rodríguez Holguín Socorro , Correas Ángeles , Carbia Carina , González-Villar Alberto , Maestú Fernando , Cadaveira Fernando
Published: February 2017

Introduction:

Neurofunctional studies have shown that binge drinking patterns of alcohol consumption during adolescence and youth are associated with anomalies in brain functioning. Recent evidence suggests that event-related oscillations may be an appropriate index of neurofunctional damage associated with alcoholism. However, there is no study to date that has evaluated the effects of binge drinking on oscillatory brain responses related to task performance. The purpose of the present study was to examine brain oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution in young binge drinkers (BDs) compared with age-matched controls.

Methods:

Electroencephalographic activity was recorded from 64 electrodes while 72 university students (36 controls and 36 BDs) performed a visual Go/NoGo task. Event-related oscillations along with the Go-P3 and NoGo-P3 event-related potential components were analysed.

Results:

While no significant differences between groups were observed regarding event-related potentials, event-related oscillation analysis showed that BDs displayed a lower oscillatory response than controls in delta and theta frequency ranges during Go and NoGo conditions.

Conclusions:

Findings are congruent with event-related oscillation studies showing reduced delta and/or theta oscillations in alcoholics during Go/NoGo tasks. Thus, BDs appear to show disruptions in neural oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution similar to those observed in alcohol-dependent subjects. Finally, these results are the first to evidence that oscillatory brain activity may be a sensitive indicator of underlying brain anomalies in young BDs, which could complement standard event-related potential measures.
Epidemiological Patterns of Initial and Subsequent Injuries in Collegiate Football Athletes
Authors: Williams Jacob Z. , Singichetti Bhavna , Li Hongmei , Xiang Henry , Klingele Kevin E. , Yang Jingzhen
Published: February 2017

Background:

A body of epidemiological studies has examined football injuries and associated risk factors among collegiate athletes. However, few existing studies specifically analyzed injury risk in terms of initial or subsequent injuries.

Purpose:

To determine athlete-exposures (AEs) and rates of initial and subsequent injury among collegiate football athletes.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiological study.

Methods:

Injury and exposure data collected from collegiate football players from two Division I universities (2007-2011) were analyzed. Rate of initial injury was calculated as the number of initial injuries divided by the total number of AEs for initial injuries, while the rate for subsequent injury was calculated as the number of subsequent injuries divided by the total number of AEs for subsequent injury. Poisson regression was used to determine injury rate ratio (subsequent vs initial injury), with adjustment for other covariates.

Results:

The total AEs during the study period were 67,564, resulting in an overall injury rate of 35.2 per 10,000 AEs. Rates for initial and subsequent injuries were 31.7 and 45.3 per 10,000 AEs, respectively, with a rate ratio (RR) of 1.4 for rate of subsequent injury vs rate of initial injury (95% CI, 1.1-1.9). Rate of injury appeared to increase with each successive injury. RR during games was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1-3.0). The rate of subsequent injuries to the head, neck, and face was 10.9 per 10,000 AEs, nearly double the rate of initial injuries to the same sites (RR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5). For wide receivers, the rate of subsequent injuries was 2.2 times the rate of initial injuries (95% CI, 1.3-3.8), and for defensive linemen, the rate of subsequent injuries was 2.1 times the rate of initial injuries (95% CI, 1.1-3.9).

Conclusion:

The method used in this study allows for a more accurate determination of injury risk among football players who have already been injured at least once. Further research is warranted to better identify which specific factors contribute to this increased risk for subsequent injury.
Reorienting Public Health Nurses’ Practice With a Professional Practice Model
Authors: Cusack Cheryl , Cohen Benita , Mignone Javier , Chartier Mariette J. , Lutfiyya Zana
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Documents articulating public health nurses’ (PHNs’) roles, including Canadian standards and competencies, depict a broad focus working at multiple levels to improve population outcomes through the promotion of health equity. Conversely, Canadian experts depict a looming crisis, based on the rising disconnect between daily activities and ideal practice. While perfectly positioned, PHNs’ skills and abilities are under-utilized and largely invisible. The intention of this study was to develop a model to support the full scope of equity-focused PHN practice.

Method

A participatory action research approach was used. Qualitative data were gathered using semistructured interview guides during audio-recorded meetings. The data were coded into central themes using content analysis and constant comparison. A researcher reflexive journal and field notes were kept. A significant feature was full participant involvement.

Results

The outcome was a professional practice model to reframe the PHN role to focus on population health and equity. The model was imperative in promoting full scope of practice, dealing with workload pressures, and describing PHNs’ value within the organization and broader health system.

Conclusion

Professional practice models hold promise as frameworks to depict autonomous practice activities, situated within organizations and healthcare systems, and underpinned by nursing knowledge.
A Qualitative Study of Experiences with and Perceptions regarding Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics: Part II—Physician Perspectives
Authors: Iyer Srividya , Banks Nicola , Roy Marc-André , Tibbo Phil , Williams Richard , Manchanda Rahul , Chue Pierre , Malla Ashok
Published: February 2017

Objective

In many countries, including Canada, a small proportion of people with psychotic disorders receive long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics (APs), despite their demonstrated effectiveness and possible advantages for improving adherence rates. Attitudes regarding LAIs among physicians may influence their prescribing practices and thereby contribute to the underuse of LAIs. Here, we report on a qualitative study of perceptions and attitudes toward LAIs among psychiatrists in Canada.

Method

Focus groups were conducted with 24 psychiatrists in 4 Canadian provinces. The focus groups inquired about experiences with and attitudes toward LAI APs. The sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and transcripts were coded using a hybrid process of deductive and inductive methods. A brief pre-focus group questionnaire was administered.

Results

The pre-focus group questionnaires indicated that psychiatrists in our study prescribed the oral formulation of APs most of the time and had limited experience with LAIs. The focus groups yielded 4 main themes: limited knowledge about and experience with LAIs; attitudes toward LAIs (beliefs about negative perceptions of patients regarding LAIs, personal bias against needles, and consensus about some advantages of LAIs); prescribing practices around LAIs (generally seen as a last-resort option for patients with a history of nonadherence); and pragmatic barriers to using LAIs (for example, cost, storage, and staffing).

Conclusion

Several factors may be contributing to the underuse of LAIs and the continuing stigmatized and coercive image of LAIs. Psychiatrists may benefit from better education about LAIs, and from self-examination of their attitudes to LAIs and their prescribing practices.
“From the Heart”
Authors: Ferguson Jason L.
Published: February 2017

What are the non-monetary dimensions of selling sex? This article offers a cultural approach to the question of sexual labors, drawing on field observations and interviews in a community of gay men in Dakar, Senegal. Removing the notion of sexual labors from the stigmatized zone of “survival sex,” I explore the affective, extramonetary dimensions of sexual labors. The men in this study labor not simply to make money. Instead, I argue that against a highly gendered cultural backdrop, one where male admiration is often written synonymously with money and gift giving, gay men experience a validation of their self-worth and homoerotic attraction through sexual labors. The extent to which they derive recognition from sexual labors not only subverts the gendered heteronormative paradigm, but also is paradoxically conditioned by it. Beyond sexual labors, however, this article also engages a broader question—how do gay men forge a positive sense of self amidst a variety of oppressive forces? The answer is not only through sexual labors, but also through initiation into a gay identity and community, an ethos of generosity and solidarity, kinship ties, and an ethic of sexual discovery, each taking shape alongside these labors.
Do For-Profit Managers Spend Less on Schools and Instruction? A National Analysis of Charter School Staffing Expenditures
Authors: Weber Mark , Baker Bruce
Published: February 2017

This article takes advantage of a recently released national data set on school site expenditures to evaluate spending variations between traditional district operated schools and charter schools operated by for-profit versus nonprofit management firms. Prior research has revealed the revenue-enhancement, private fund-raising capacity of major nonprofit providers. For-profit providers may face greater pressure to reduce operating expenses. As such, we hypothesize that regardless of average differences in staffing expenses between district and charter schools, school site staffing expenditures are likely to be lower in for-profit than in nonprofit managed charter schools. Furthermore, school site instructional staffing expenditures may be lower yet. Applying national, then state-level models to compare spending for schools of similar size, serving similar grade ranges and students with similar attributes (income status, special education, and language proficiency status), we find these assumptions largely to be true. Specifically, on average across all settings (global model) we find that charters spend less per pupil on instructional salaries compared with districts; furthermore, for-profit charters spend less than nonprofits. Furthermore, for-profit charters spend statistically significantly less ( p < .05) on instructional salaries, compared with district schools in many states.
Indigenous Social Enterprises as Drivers of Sustainable Development: Insights From Mexico and Peru
Authors: Vázquez Maguirre Mario , Portales Luis , Velásquez Bellido Isabelle
Published: February 2017

The aim of this article is to explore the mechanisms by which indigenous social enterprises contribute to a rural community’s sustainable development and improves the quality of life of its inhabitants. The work follows a qualitative methodology and uses the case study as a research technique. The research suggests that social enterprise uses four main mechanisms to promote rural sustainable development in the community where it operates: labor as a source of quality of life, gender equality, sustainable exploitation of the resources, and the equitable distribution of benefits between the economic, social and environmental dimensions.
The role of organizational structure in readiness for change: A conceptual integration
Authors: Benzer Justin K , Charns Martin P , Hamdan Sami , Afable Melissa
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this review is to extend extant conceptualizations of readiness for change as an individual-level phenomenon. This review-of-reviews focuses on existing conceptual frameworks from the dissemination, implementation, quality improvement, and organizational transformation literatures in order to integrate theoretical rationales for how organization structure, a key dimension of the organizational context, may impact readiness for change. We propose that the organization structure dimensions of differentiation and integration impact readiness for change at the individual level of analysis by influencing four key concepts of relevance, legitimacy, perceived need for change, and resource allocation. We identify future research directions that focus on these four key concepts.
Experimental investigation of wing-body rock with nonzero equilibrium roll angles
Authors: Wei Dechen , Shi Zhiwei , Geng Xi , Ang Haisong
Published: February 2017

To study wing-body rock, various tests were used for the canard-configuration models in the wind tunnel, including free rolling, disturbance on free rolling, static moment measurements, dynamic derivative measurements, smoke wire method and particle image velocimetry. The models also have a chine forebody, strake wings, main wings and a vertical tail. In the tests, the canard deflection angles are 0° and 20° relative to the axis of the body. First, the roll angle time histories were obtained by free rolling motion and disturbed motion; the results demonstrate that both canard-configuration models have nonzero mean roll angles. In particular, the existence of the other larger nonzero mean roll angles on the same side is a curious aspect at the critical pitch angle, such as at θ = 37° for the model with canard deflection of 20°. Next, static moment tests and dynamic derivative tests demonstrate that although the roll angle time histories are non-limit cycle motions, they are irregularly self-excited oscillation under the influence of multi-vortex structures. Finally, the constituent parts of structures over wing bodies and the flow mechanism of abruptly jumping from an equilibrium roll angle to the other on the same roll side were revealed by the smoke wire and particle image velocimetry measurements.
New adaptive sliding mode control for a generic hypersonic vehicle
Authors: Guo Jianguo , Wang Guoqing , Guo Zongyi , Zhou Jun
Published: February 2017

The work presented here is concerned with the robust flight control problem for the longitudinal dynamics of a generic hypersonic vehicle under mismatched disturbances using adaptive sliding mode control with a nonlinear disturbance observer. A simplified control-oriented dynamic model is built with curve-fitted approximations. Based on the mismatched disturbance estimated by a nonlinear disturbance observer, a novel adaptive sliding mode control is proposed to stably track the velocity and altitude reference trajectory with back-stepping technique. The stability analysis of the closed-loop system and convergence of the system are verified based on Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, simulation results from the nonlinear model of hypersonic vehicle indicate that the proposed method can obtain promising robustness and disturbance rejection performance.
Alternative path for the future or a return to the past? Araujo’s “philosophical” history of psychology
Authors: Brock Adrian C.
Published: February 2017

Araujo begins by criticising what he calls the “social turn” in the history of psychology. He singles out the work of Kurt Danziger for special criticism in this regard. He then outlines the emergence of an allegedly new field called “History and Philosophy of Science” (HPS) and calls for a different approach which he labels a “philosophical” history of psychology. Here I examine his criticism of Danziger’s work and suggest that it is unjustified. I also point out that there is nothing new about the field of HPS and nothing original about the idea of relating history and philosophy of psychology. I conclude by suggesting that, although Araujo’s criticism is unjustified, it can give some insight into where his alternative path for the future will lead. It is an attempt to excise the sociology of knowledge from historical discourse and to return to a more traditional history of ideas.
The biometric imaginary: (Dis)trust in a policy vacuum
Authors: Gunnarsdóttir Kristrún , Rommetveit Kjetil
Published: February 2017

The decision in Europe to implement biometric passports, visas and residence permits was made at the highest levels without much consultation, checks and balances. Council regulation came into force relatively unnoticed in January 2005, as part of wider securitization policies urging systems interoperability and data sharing across borders. This article examines the biometric imaginary that characterizes this European Union decision, dictated by executive powers in the policy vacuum after 9/11 – a depiction of mobility governance, technological necessity and whom/what to trust or distrust, calling upon phantom publics to justify decisions rather than test their grounding. We consult an online blog we operated in 2010 to unravel this imaginary years on. Drawing on Dewey’s problem of the public, we discuss this temporary opening of a public space in which the imaginary could be reframed and contested, and how such activities may shape, if at all, relations between politics, publics, policy intervention and societal development.
People, place and politics: The anatomy of dispossession in the geography of Ray Hudson
Authors: Beynon Huw
Published: February 2017

This article reflects on my 35 years of friendship and collaboration with Ray Hudson. It focusses on his studies of the north east of England and the processes of state-regulated deindustrialisation that have threatened to transform its social and political fabric. The area was once identified with the heartland of “Labourism” – a commitment to the gradual reform of capitalism through local and national government intervention. Hudson’s work has tracked the failure of this approach and now reflects on the consequences as seen inter alia in the vote for Brexit and the growing support for the UK Independence Party.
Predicting serum drug level using the principles of pharmacokinetics after an overdose: a case of lithium overdose
Authors: Fernando Irosh
Published: February 2017

Objective:

In cases of drug overdose, clinicians often find it challenging to predict serum drug level and decide the optimum time for recommencing the overdosed drug.

Method:

This paper describes how to predict serum drug level using the principles of pharmacokinetics.

Results:

The proposed method and recommencement of the overdosed drug is demonstrated using a clinical case of lithium overdose.

Conclusion:

The proposed method can assist clinicians in predicting serum drug levels and deciding the optimum time for recommencing the overdosed drug safely. Therefore, it may reduce unnecessary repeat serum drug level procedures.
Development and validation of a quantitative PCR for rapid and specific detection of California sea lion adenovirus 1 and prevalence in wild and managed populations
Authors: Cortés-Hinojosa Galaxia , Gulland Frances M. D. , Goldstein Tracey , Venn-Watson Stephanie , Rivera Rebecca , Archer Linda L. , Waltzek Thomas B. , Gray Gregory C. , Wellehan James F. X.
Published: February 2017

California sea lion adenovirus 1 (CSLAdV-1) has been associated with hepatitis and enteritis in several wild and captive populations of diverse pinniped species. Currently available tests have been limited to pan-adenoviral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing. We present the development of a quantitative probe-hybridization PCR (qPCR) assay for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of this virus in California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus) and other pinnipeds. This assay did not amplify other mammalian adenoviruses and is able to detect consistently down to 10 viral copies per well. Compared with the gold standard conventional pan-adenovirus PCR/sequencing assay, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 88.2% were found, respectively. The lower diagnostic specificity of this qPCR assay may be the result of the lower limit of detection of this assay compared with the gold standard rather than the result of detection of true false-positives.
Isolation and partial characterization of Streptococcus suis from clinical cases in cattle
Authors: Okwumabua Ogi , Peterson Hanna , Hsu Hui-Min , Bochsler Phil , Behr Melissa
Published: February 2017

Sixteen isolates of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria were obtained from clinical cases of diverse conditions in cattle and identified as Streptococcus suis using 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing and other bacterial identification methods. None of the isolates could be assigned to any of the known S. suis capsular types. Virulence-associated gene profiling that targeted muramidase-released protein, extracellular protein factor, suilysin, 89-kb pathogenicity island, and arginine deiminase ( arcA) genes were negative except for 1 isolate that was arcA positive. The arcA-positive isolate caused severe widespread lesions, including multiorgan suppurative and hemorrhagic inflammation in the meninges, lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and serosae of heart and intestines. The other isolates were primarily associated with meningitis, bronchopneumonia, and multifocal acute necrotizing hepatitis. The isolates differed from each other by 4–6 fragments when examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, indicating they are possibly related. The isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin, and tiamulin. Resistance was noted to sulfadimethoxine (93%), oxytetracycline (86%), chlortetracycline (86%), neomycin (67%), tilmicosin (47%), clindamycin (47%), enrofloxacin (33%), gentamicin (13%), florfenicol (7%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (7%), and spectinomycin (53%). Multi-drug resistance (defined as resistance to at least 1 agent in 3 or more antimicrobial classes) was detected in 67% of the isolates. The pathology observations provide evidence that S. suis may be an important pathogen of bovine calves. S. suis is an agent that clinical bacteriology laboratories should consider when dealing with cases involving cattle.
Experimental acute infection of alpacas with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subgenotype b alters peripheral blood and GALT leukocyte subsets
Authors: Topliff Christina L. , Alkheraif Abdulrahman A. , Kuszynski Charles A. , Davis William C. , Steffen David J. , Schmitz Jack A. , Eskridge Kent M. , Charleston Bryan , Henningson Jamie N. , Kelling Clayton L.
Published: February 2017

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen in cattle and alpacas ( Vicugna pacos), causing acute and persistent BVDV infections. We characterized the effect of acute BVDV infection on the immune system of alpacas by determining lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) as well as serum interferon levels. Alpacas were experimentally infected with BVDV-1b (strain CO-06). Peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated at 0, 3, 6, and 9 d postinfection (dpi), and leukocytes of GALT at 9 dpi, and evaluated using flow cytometry. Serum interferon levels were determined daily. Flow cytometric analyses of peripheral blood leukocytes showed a significant decrease in CD4+, CD8+, and αβ T-lymphocytes at 3 dpi. CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly increased, and activated lymphocytes were significantly decreased in the C3-stomach region in BVDV-infected alpacas. Serum interferon concentrations significantly increased in BVDV-infected alpacas at 3–6 dpi, peaking at 3 dpi. Our study confirms that BVDV can be a primary acute pathogen in alpacas and that it induces an interferon response and alters leukocyte subset populations. The changes in the proportion of T-lymphocytes during the early stages of BVDV infection may result in transient immunosuppression that may contribute to secondary bacterial and viral infections, similar to cattle.
Comparative Language Development in Bilingual and Monolingual Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lund Emily M. , Kohlmeier Theresa L. , Durán Lillian K.
Published: February 2017

The prevalence of both bilingual children and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is growing rapidly, and early childhood educators may be increasingly likely to encounter bilingual children with ASD in their classrooms. Because ASD significantly affects communication, many parents and professionals may have questions or concerns about the impact of bilingualism on language development in children with ASD. The present article presents a systematic review of the literature comparing monolingual to bilingual development in children with ASD. Seven articles were included, covering a wide variety of languages and involving predominantly young, simultaneously bilingual children with ASD. Results generally showed small, varied differences in both receptive and expressive language outcomes for bilingual and monolingual children with ASD, thus providing tentative support for the idea that bilingualism does not have a consistent or large negative effect on language development in children with ASD. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
A Study on the Reporting Intention of Medical Incidents: A Nursing Perspective
Authors: Chen Li-Chin , Wang Li-Hsiang , Redley Bernice , Hsieh Ya-Hui , Chu Tsung-Lan , Han Chin-Yen
Published: February 2017

Medical incidents threaten patients’ lives and health, increase medical costs, and can lead to medical disputes. A high proportion of medical incidents are not reported. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing nurses’ reporting of medical incidents. The cross-sectional survey design used a self-administered 47-item questionnaire to survey 835 nurses in three hospitals in Taiwan between January and December 2014. The intention among nurses to report medical incidents was high (3.86/5); nurses’ intention to report medical incidents was positively correlated ( r = .34, p < .0001) with their attitude about reporting, awareness of reporting ( r = .37, p < .0001), and support from interested parties ( r = .12, p = .001), and was negatively correlated with positive incentives ( r = -.14, p < .0001) and negative incentives ( r = .29, p < .0001). Nurses’ awareness and a supportive work environment affect nurses’ willingness to voluntarily report medical incidents; hence, they are critical considerations as Taiwan moves toward systems of mandatory reporting.
Combination of Ceftriaxone and Ampicillin for the Treatment of Enterococcal Endocarditis: A Qualitative Systematic Review
Authors: Peterson Shaylee C. , Lau Tim T. Y. , Ensom Mary H. H.
Published: February 2017

Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to review all human trials assessing the efficacy and safety of ampicillin and ceftriaxone for enterococcal endocarditis and to discuss the clinical implications of the findings. Data Sources: MEDLINE (1946-), EMBASE (1974-), CENTRAL, Google Scholar, and the World Health Organization Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched through January 2017 using the search terms ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, cephalosporin, enterococ*, and endocarditis. Unpublished studies were eligible for inclusion. Additional references were identified from literature citations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Clinical trials in humans that reported on clinical efficacy or adverse outcomes with ceftriaxone and ampicillin therapy in patients with enterococcal endocarditis were included. Case reports, nonhuman, and non-English studies were excluded. Data Synthesis: Four observational clinical studies were identified. One examined the effects of ceftriaxone and ampicillin alone, and 3 compared the therapy to the current standard of care, ampicillin and gentamicin. The studies had small sample sizes and were not adequately designed or powered to establish noninferiority or equivalence to the current standard of care. Rates of clinical cure with ampicillin 2 g every 4 hours and ceftriaxone 2 g every 12 hours were similar to those of ampicillin and gentamicin. Ampicillin and ceftriaxone therapy was well tolerated with low rates of renal failure (0%-33%). Conclusion: The evidence to support the use of ampicillin and ceftriaxone for enterococcal endocarditis is not definitive. In the absence of compelling evidence, clinicians may consider ampicillin and ceftriaxone in patients with Enterococcus faecalis infection at high risk for nephrotoxicity or those with aminoglycoside-resistant pathogens.
A Theoretical and Clinical Perspective on Social Relatedness and the Patient With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Pounds Karen Goyette
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND: A therapeutic relationship forms the basis of care of patients in psychiatric mental health nursing. However, individuals with schizophrenia have difficulty participating in these relationships. Recent research in the area of social cognitive psychology offers that deficits in this area affect the flow of perceiving and relating in interpersonal relationships. This literature has not been applied to nursing. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to review the theories underpinning therapeutic relationships from a nursing and psychological perspective, including the newest research from social cognitive psychology. DESIGN: The article presents a literature review of the theories of nursing, psychology, and social cognitive science. Two patient case studies are used as examples of application of the theories. RESULTS: This article incorporates new knowledge about the components of social cognition to inform nurses as they build therapeutic relationships with patients with chronic and persistent mental illnesses. CONCLUSIONS: The science of social cognitive psychology offers nursing a new perspective on the evolving therapeutic nurse–patient relationship with patients with chronic and persistent mental illnesses. It has implications for clinicians, educators, and nurse scientists.
Evaluation of the joint effect of the incorporation of mechanically deboned meat and grape extract on the formulation of chicken nuggets
Authors: Tournour Hernán H , Cunha Luís M , Magalhães Luís M , Lima Rui C , Segundo Marcela A
Published: February 2017

The proximate composition, instrumental and perceived appearance of chicken nuggets formulated with varying contents of mechanically deboned chicken meat and varying concentrations of grape pomace extract were evaluated, with the choice of formulations following a central composite design. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in fat content were mainly associated to the extent of mechanically deboned chicken meat incorporation. Colour variables ( CIE a* and b*, and Whiteness index) varied significantly (P < 0.05), with redness (a*) being the variable most influenced by the incorporation of mechanically deboned chicken meat. Whiteness index decreased with added mechanically deboned chicken meat and grape pomace extract. Response surface was applied to identify formulations with higher acceptance scores. Correspondence analysis of open-ended comments complemented the information obtained from overall acceptance, adding valuable descriptive attributes of nugget samples. Thus, addition of grape pomace extract up to 120 mg/kg and mechanically deboned chicken meat up to 15 g/100 g did not adversely affect the perceived appearance of chicken nuggets. Mechanically deboned chicken meat and grape pomace extract can be successfully used for the elaboration of novel products, for different market segments, with healthy connotations highlighted by antioxidant properties retained by the grape pomace extract.
How Substance Users With ADHD Perceive the Relationship Between Substance Use and Emotional Functioning
Authors: Mitchell John T. , Weisner Thomas S. , Jensen Peter S. , Murray Desiree W. , Molina Brooke S. G. , Arnold L. Eugene , Hechtman Lily , Swanson James M. , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Victor Elizabeth C. , Kollins Scott H. , Wells Karen C. , Belendiuk Katherine A. , Blonde Andrew , Nguyen Celeste , Ambriz Lizeth , Nguyen Jenny L.
Published: February 2017

Objective: Although substance use (SU) is elevated in ADHD and both are associated with disrupted emotional functioning, little is known about how emotions and SU interact in ADHD. We used a mixed qualitative–quantitative approach to explore this relationship. Method: Narrative comments were coded for 67 persistent (50 ADHD, 17 local normative comparison group [LNCG]) and 25 desistent (20 ADHD, 5 LNCG) substance users from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) adult follow-up (21.7-26.7 years-old). Results: SU persisters perceived SU positively affects emotional states and positive emotional effects outweigh negative effects. No ADHD group effects emerged. Qualitative analysis identified perceptions that cannabis enhanced positive mood for ADHD and LNCG SU persisters, and improved negative mood and ADHD for ADHD SU persisters. Conclusion: Perceptions about SU broadly and mood do not differentiate ADHD and non-ADHD SU persisters. However, perceptions that cannabis is therapeutic may inform ADHD-related risk for cannabis use.
Gray matter trophism, cognitive impairment, and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Pravatà Emanuele , Rocca Maria A , Valsasina Paola , Riccitelli Gianna C , Gobbi Claudio , Comi Giancarlo , Falini Andrea , Filippi Massimo
Published: February 2017

Background:

Cognitive impairment and depression frequently affects patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the relationship between the occurrence of depression and cognitive impairment and the development of cortical atrophy has not been fully elucidated yet.

Objectives:

To investigate the association of cortical and deep gray matter (GM) volume with depression and cognitive impairment in MS.

Methods:

Three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted scans were obtained from 126 MS patients and 59 matched healthy controls. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests and depression with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Using FreeSurfer and FIRST software, we assessed cortical thickness (CTh) and deep GM volumetry. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables explaining depression and cognitive impairment were investigated using factorial and classification analysis. Multivariate regression models correlated GM abnormalities with symptoms severity.

Results:

Compared with controls, MS patients exhibited widespread bilateral cortical thinning involving all brain lobes. Depressed MS showed selective CTh decrease in fronto-temporal regions, whereas cognitive impairment MS exhibited widespread fronto-parietal cortical and subcortical GM atrophy. Frontal cortical thinning was the best predictor of depression ( C-statistic = 0.7), whereas thinning of the right precuneus and high T2 lesion volume best predicted cognitive impairment ( C-statistic = 0.8). MADRS severity correlated with right entorhinal cortex thinning, whereas cognitive impairment severity correlated with left entorhinal and thalamus atrophy.

Conclusion:

MS-related depression is linked to circumscribed CTh changes in areas deputed to emotional behavior, whereas cognitive impairment is correlated with cortical and subcortical GM atrophy of circuits involved in cognition.
Institutional economics and firm creation in the hospitality and tourism industry
Authors: Altin Mehmet , Memili Esra , Sönmez Sevil
Published: February 2017

Despite its importance for the global hospitality and tourism industry, firm creation remains an under-researched activity, particularly in terms of differences across developing and developed economies. By examining the impact of institutional structure on firm creation across economies of varying development levels, this study aims to address gaps in the literature and inform theory, practice, and public policymaking. More specifically, formal institutions such as government size, protection of property rights, sound money, free trade, and regulation are examined to understand their impacts on firm creation. This study draws upon institutional theory and uses panel data (2001–2012) from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and Economic Freedom of the World index to test hypotheses with a sample of 37 developing and 28 developed countries. Analyses reveal differential effects of formal institutions on firm creation in developing and developed economies. Implications for future research, practice, and public policy are further discussed.