bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing mechanical properties of Er2O3–Al2O3–SiO2 glass–ceramics for advanced substrate application
Authors: Chen Daimeng , Chen Chao , Li Bo
Published: February 2025

The limited physical support offered by the substrate material significantly impedes the advancement of electronic components toward higher integration. In this study, the Er2O3–Al2O3–SiO2 (EAS) glass–ceramics (GCs) with exceptional mechanical properties were synthesized through a conventional solid‐phase method. The mechanical properties of EAS GCs were enhanced as the Er2O3 content increased to 51 wt.%, resulting in an ultrahigh flexural strength of 358.8 MPa, a Vickers hardness of 9.7 GPa, a fracture toughness of 2.87 MPa•m1/2, and an elastic modulus of 158.9 GPa. These findings revealed that high crystallinity, fine grain size, and dense microstructure can effectively impede crack propagation and mitigate stress concentration, thereby endowing the material with substantial fracture energy and superior mechanical properties. The enhanced mechanical properties of EAS GCs make them a promising candidate for substrate applications.
Atomic‐scale oxidation mechanism of high‐entropy carbides via density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics
Authors: Bai Yang , Liang Yuxin , Bi Juan , Cui Baoning , Lu Zhaopeng , Wang Huangxuan , You Xixi , Li Bangsheng
Published: February 2025

High‐entropy carbides (HECs) are increasingly recognized as promising materials for high‐temperature applications, thanks to their remarkable mechanical properties and resistance to oxidation. This study investigates the initial oxidation mechanisms of HEC (Zr₀.₂₅Hf₀.₂₅Nb₀.₂₅Ta₀.₂₅)C through density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Our results indicate that the (100) surface exhibits the highest stability, where oxygen molecules dissociate into atoms that preferentially adsorb at the threefold hollow site. Further analysis shows that oxygen atoms preferentially bond with Zr and Hf atoms, leading to the formation of oxides. The interaction between oxygen and the surface exhibits mixed ionic–covalent characteristics. Furthermore, oxygen atoms diffuse from the surface to subsurface octahedral sites via tetrahedral interstitial sites, with a migration barrier slightly above that of corresponding binary carbides. This research enhances our understanding of the oxidation resistance in HECs.
Preparation of high pressure hard anodized aluminum oxide coating on 6061 aluminum alloy
Authors: Yang Fan , Xu Guangming , Liu Ping , Nie Zhihao , Pan Hongkang , Lu Hailin
Published: February 2025

Hard anodized aluminum oxide coating was prepared on the surface of 6061 aluminum alloy by anodizing technology, and the effects of different anodizing voltages on the coating structure and properties were systematically studied, aiming to prepare high‐quality coatings with excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The microstructural analysis and wear and corrosion resistance tests of the coatings prepared at different voltages showed that under the conditions of 120 and 180 V, the coating did not form a complete nanoporous structure, and the coating thickness was low, and the performance was weak. In contrast, the coatings prepared under the conditions of 240, 300 and 360 V showed a complete nanoporous structure and higher thickness, and the content of soft Al2O3 particles on the coating surface gradually increased with the increase of voltage. It is worth noting that the 240 V sample showed the best wear and corrosion resistance. This is mainly due to its comprehensive advantages such as high coating thickness, low roughness, high hardness, and low porosity. This study provides important experimental basis and technical support for the optimization design and subsequent application of high‐performance coatings on aluminum alloy surfaces.
Around the World in 26 Million Years: Diversification and Biogeography of Pantropical Grass‐Yellow Eurema Butterflies (Pieridae: Coliadinae)
Authors: Leong Jing V. , Matos‐Maraví Pável , Núñez Rayner , Nunes Renato , Liang Weijun , Braby Michael F. , Doleck Tenzing , Aduse‐Poku Kwaku , Inayoshi Yutaka , Hsu Yu‐Feng , Wahlberg Niklas , Peggie Djunijanti , Mohagan Alma B. , Mohagan Dave P. , Genaro Julio A. , Perez‐Asso Antonio R. , Kunte Krushnamegh , Martins Dino J. , Sáfián Szabolcs , Kawahara Akito Y. , Pierce Naomi E. , Lohman David J.
Published: February 2025

Aim

Grass‐yellow butterflies (Eurema) are a group of pantropical Pieridae distributed throughout Asia, Australasia, Africa and the New World. However, little is known about their diversification, including the biogeographic mechanism(s) explaining their circumglobal distribution. We present the first densely sampled, time‐calibrated phylogeny and biogeographic reconstruction of grass‐yellows to confirm the monophyly of the genera, re‐evaluate their taxonomy and infer the biogeographic events contributing to their worldwide distribution.

Location

Global tropics and subtropics.

Taxon

The butterfly tribe Euremini (Pieridae: Coliadinae).

Methods

We analysed up to 391 genetic loci from 126 samples of 66 ingroup species. Divergence dating was accomplished in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework using secondary calibration points, and maximum likelihood models of various biogeographic models were fitted to the data using the R package BioGeoBEARS. We used the best fitting model to estimate relative dispersal events with biogeographical stochastic mapping. Finally, we estimated branch‐specific speciation and extinction rates to assess the diversification history of the group.

Results

Different phylogenomic analyses converged on similar topologies with robust support. Grass‐yellows emerged ca. 26 Mya in the New World, and a single extant lineage dispersed to Asia in the early Miocene, where they diversified and dispersed to Africa and Australasia. The fastest rates of diversification occurred in the Old World tropics during the late Miocene. Many of the grass‐yellow genera were either paraphyletic or polyphyletic as traditionally circumscribed. To maintain nomenclatural stability, we place all grass‐yellows in Eurema sensu lato and recognise two subgenera: Eurema (Abaeis) and Eurema (Eurema).

Main Conclusions

Grass‐yellow butterflies originated in the Americas and attained their global distributional patterns via dispersal. The Indo‐Australian and Caribbean archipelagoes seem to have accelerated the diversification of the group, and movement in and out of these island regions was frequent. Although the traditional view of founder‐event speciation envisions migrants from large landmasses (‘mainland’) colonising smaller landmasses (‘islands’), we find that island to mainland dispersal and differentiation were equally or more common.
A commentary on Zuniga‐Montanez and Davies et al.: how did COVID‐19 affect young children's language environment and language development? A scoping review
Authors: Chalmers Hamish
Published: February 2025

It was early 2020, a week or two into Hilary Term, what everyone else calls Spring Term, but we at Oxford love our arcane traditions. I recall one of my graduate students, from China, coming to me ashen‐faced at the end one of my lectures on the effects of bilingualism on the linguistic and cognitive development of young learners. “Please be careful,” she said. “Have you heard about the disease. It's really scary. Please look after your family.” Over the preceding Christmas break, news had started to filter through about a new form of flu that had spread rapidly from Wuhan in Eastern China to other parts of the country and was now starting to emerge in other parts of the world. We were starting to see desperate images of enforced quarantine, coerced separation of infected individuals from their loved ones, the rapid construction of temporary hospitals to house the unwell, and of course, school closures. It didn't look good. But I had seen similar outbreaks in the past. I had been working in Southeast Asia during the avian flu epidemic of 2003–04, and I was still there when swine flu broke out in 2009. Both were worrying, but neither had come to anything that could be classified as universally threatening. The school where I worked sent colleagues and children to be tested at the first sign of a tickly throat or stuffy nose, and a strict and regular cleaning and hand sanitising regime was implemented.
Influence of Different Carrier Agents on the Physical, Chemical, Bioactive, and Colorimetric Properties of White Acai Powders Produced via Freeze Drying and Spouted Bed Drying
Authors: Barros Hellen Carvalho , Cardoso Dilson Nazareno Pereira , Santana Elza Brandão , Campos Willison Eduardo Oliveira , do Nascimento Rafael Alves , Costa Cristiane Maria Leal , de Faria Lênio José Guerreiro
Published: February 2025

The different carrier agents used in the production of powdered products result in their distinct physicochemical features. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the influence of four carrier agents (modified starch, MS; maltodextrin, MA; gum arabic, GA; and hydrolyzed collagen, HC) on the production of white acai (WA) powder via freeze drying and spouted bed drying. The yield, moisture content, total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AAT), hygroscopicity, solubility, fluidity, color, and chemical structures of all WA powders were evaluated. The yield (≥ 75.40%) and moisture content (≤ 4.93 g 100 g−1) of freeze‐dried powders did not differ statistically (p > 0.05), regardless of the carrier agent used. The addition of MS or HC to spouted bed drying increased the yield (≥ 42.70%), and the moisture content of the corresponding WA‐HC powder was ≥ 6.00 g 100 g−1. The WA‐MS powders were least soluble (≤ 48.96%) and hygroscopic (≤ 13.73 g 100 g−1). The WA‐MA and WA‐GA powders showed higher TPC (≥ 8.52 mg EAG g−1) and AAT (≥ 42.75 μmol ET g−1). In addition, they were more soluble (≥ 94.36%), hygroscopic (11%–15% according to the Carr index), and preserved the original color of the pulp better than those of the other formulations. The chemical structures of all WA powders were the same as those of the WA pulp. This indicates the efficient encapsulation of bioactive compounds and the preservation of the functional groups of the original raw material, even after drying. The findings highlight WA powder for diversifying açaí‐derived products and suggest potential process improvements.
Consumer Confusion About Product Names Commonly Used to Describe Hemp‐Based Oils
Authors: McFadden Brandon R. , Muraleetharan Kawsheha , Campbell Benjamin , Rabinowitz Adam , Mark Tyler , Popp Michael
Published: February 2025

Consumers can now purchase cannabinoid Cannabidiol (CBD) oil from retailers. Product names are often used to communicate the differences in the contents of CBD oils; for example, “CBD isolate” only contains CBD, whereas “full spectrum CBD” contains terpenes, flavonoids, and some delta‐9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The names used to describe CBD oil could cause consumer confusion about actual product contents. We conducted an online survey with two product selection tasks to examine confusion associated with CBD oil names. Products in one selection task displayed names used to describe products, whereas the other selection task presented the attributes associated with the products. This design allowed us to conduct within‐subject tests to determine consumer confusion associated with the product names commonly used to describe CBD oils. This study provides valuable insights into consumer confusion and preferences regarding CBD products, and findings suggest that more detailed product attribute information can help reduce consumer confusion.
Stuck in time: The slow march of circadian medicine and how to speed it up
Authors: Cajochen Christian , Montagnese Sara
Published: February 2025

While there is considerable enthusiasm for the translational and clinical applications of chronobiology, their actual implementation is not progressing as rapidly as might be expected. Here we discuss the possibility that this may relate to a combination of conceptual, methodological, evidentiary and training challenges. These are compounded by the remaining, profound cultural differences between basic and applied chronobiologists. We argue that all these issues can be overcome by cross‐faculty teaching, time, patience and goodwill, together with a set of more formal actions, such as the establishment of a collaborative framework for evidence generation, the engagement of relevant stakeholders and public health campaigns based on already available evidence. We hope that chronobiology, and in particular the transformative power of circadian medicine, will change health outcomes, increase safety and improve quality of life for patients worldwide. Now is the time to bring “internal time” into medicine.
Refuting a Temporal Correlation: Interictal Epileptic Discharges Do Not Preferentially Occur During Respiratory Events in Patients With Sleep‐Related Breathing Disorder and Epilepsy
Authors: Horvath Christian M. , Drangova Hristina , Stefela Jakub , Schäfer Carolin , Zubler Frederic
Published: February 2025

The bidirectional interaction between sleep and epilepsy is well known. In particular, it has been established that sleep apnea can worsen epilepsy, whereas sleep apnea (SA) treatment has a beneficial effect on seizure control. However, the exact mechanisms whereby SA promotes epileptic seizures are unknown. We set out to examine whether interictal epileptic discharges (IED), one of the hallmarks of epilepsy, occur predominantly during respiratory events (RE, apnea or hypopnea) or desaturations in patients with obstructive SA (OSA) and epilepsy. Adult patients (> 18) who underwent a video‐polysomnography at the Bern University Hospital between 2012 and 2020 with an apnea‐hypopnea‐index (AHI) ≥ 10/h and IED were included in this retrospective study. IED density (per hour) was computed during and outside RE and oxygen desaturations (3%) using the AASM criteria and an extended definition. A total of 27 patients (9 females) met the inclusion criteria. The median age was 49 years and the median AHI was 17.4/h. There was no statistically significant difference in IED density in phases of sleep with RE compared to sleep without (median 3.6 [IQR 0.2–8.0] vs. 6.3 [3.7–19.7], p = 0.055). In the extended definition of RE, IED density was significantly lower during RE: 2.6 [0.3–6.6] versus 6.7 [3.9–20.5], p = 0.017. Desaturations were similarly associated with lower IED density in both analyses: 2.2 [0–7.4] versus 6.4 [3.4–18.4], p = 0.009 and 2.6 [0–6.7] versus 6.8 [3.4–18.5], p = 0.012. Our study shows that the influence of OSA on epileptic activity is probably indirect and does not result solely from immediate hypoxemia.
Monkeying around with bat scapulae: Old World fruit bats show arboreal adaptations of primates lacking in New World fruit bats
Authors: Adams R. A. , Carter R. T. , Hardgrave A. J.
Published: February 2025

Comparative analysis of nonflight morphologies can give important insight into the early ancestral origin of bats by revealing locomotor adaptations that may have predated wings. Because the scapula of bats is not directly involved in flight mechanics but does retain a primary role in walking and climbing, morphological analysis may help resolve if the ancestor to bats was arboreal or terrestrial as well as if bats are indeed monophyletic. We compared the scapulae of species representing the body mass range of Old World fruit bats (Pteropodidae) with those spanning the body mass range and diverse diets of New World fruit bats (Phyllostomidae), with a focus on the subfamily Stenodermatinae whose members have very similar niches to pteropodids. Because we were interested in scapular traits associated with climbing versus walking, we analyzed characters known to differentiate arboreal from terrestrial primates, in both contemporary and extinct lineages. We hypothesized that the scapulae of both fruit bat families would show similar adaptations, either for terrestrial or arboreal locomotion, especially if they were derived monophyletically. We found that pteropodids scapulae showed overall adaptations associated with climbing and suspensory locomotion similar to arboreal primates, whereas phyllostomids possessed character states indicating terrestrially adapted scapular morphology. Comparing the scapulae of contemporary species with the scapulae from full‐bodied fossil bats from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs showed alignments that may depict the evolutionary underpinnings of each group's adaptations.
Stomach Microbiome Simplification of a Coral Reef Fish at Its Novel Cold‐Range Edge Under Climate Change
Authors: Hayes Chloe , Mitchell Angus , Huerlimann Roger , Jolly Jeffrey , Li Chengze , Booth David J. , Ravasi Timothy , Nagelkerken Ivan
Published: February 2025

Climate‐driven range extensions of animals into higher latitudes are often facilitated by phenotypic plasticity. Modifications to habitat preference, behaviour and diet can increase the persistence of range‐extending species in novel high‐latitude ecosystems. These strategies may be influenced by changes in their gut and stomach microbial communities that are critical to host fitness and potentially adaptive plasticity. Yet, it remains unknown if the gut and stomach microbiome of range‐extending species is plastic in their novel ranges to help facilitate these modifications. Here, we categorised stomach microbiome communities of a prevalent range‐extending coral reef fish along a 2000‐km latitudinal gradient in a global warming hotspot, extending from their tropical core range to their temperate cold range edge. At their cold range edge, the coral reef fish's stomach microbiome showed a 59% decrease in bacterial diversity and a 164% increase in the relative abundance of opportunistic bacteria (Vibrio) compared to their core range. Microbiome diversity was unaffected by fish body size, water temperature, physiology (cellular defence and damage) and habitat type (turf, barren, oyster, kelp and coral) across their range. The observed shifts in microbiome composition suggest dysbiosis and low plasticity of tropical range‐extending fishes to novel environmental conditions (e.g., temperate prey and lower seawater temperature) at their novel range edges, which may increase their susceptibility to disease in temperate ecosystems. We conclude that fishes extending their ranges to higher latitudes under ocean warming can experience a simplification (i.e., reduced diversity) of their stomach microbiome, which could restrict their current rate of range extensions or establishment in temperate ecosystems.
‘Zionism as the Legacy of Cyrus’: (Online) Proxy Nationalism of Diasporic Iranians
Authors: Rahbari Ladan
Published: February 2025

This paper focuses on examining the online activities of a group of diasporic Iranians who exhibit Israeli proxy nationalism online by openly expressing support for Israel and Zionism. By analysing posts, reposts and comments made on X after the Hamas‐led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023 using the hashtag #IraniansStandWithIsrael, the paper aims to uncover the ideological and political motivations driving this group of diasporic Iranians' pro‐Israeli proxy nationalism. The paper identified multiple modes through which solidarity with Israel is expressed online. Two primary modes are recognizing a common enemy and shared suffering, which fosters a sense of solidarity between the two groups; and collective memory and nostalgia, highlighting the ancient bond between two peoples. The paper considers this group of Iranians as an extreme diaspora and discusses how online Israeli proxy nationalism is instrumentalized to reconstruct a racialized notion of ‘authentic Iranianness’, which serves to reinforce the existent Iranian nationalist narratives.
Exploring tail reliance and interconnectedness: GCC stock markets, sustainable investments, and renewable energy cryptos through Q‐VAR analysis
Authors: Liu Yadong , Radu Florin , Habib Qudasia , Odette Breaz Teodora , Jaradat Mohammad , Adrian Lile Raul , Hazaparu Violeta , Andreea Ciolomic Ioana , Shabbir Malik Shahzad , Sagheer Muhammad
Published: February 2025

This inspection examines the extreme tail reliance between the GCC stock market indices, sustainable investments, and renewable energy cryptos employing the Q‐VAR approach. For this reason, this inspection incorporated global uncertainties, which include the volatility index (VIX) and CBOE crude oil volatility (OVX), to determine their significant impacts on the magnitude and strength of the trend relationship between multiple asset classes. In contrast, to better understand the robustness of hedging potential of selected eco‐resilient investments in times of instability, this analysis employs two sustainable investment measures: the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) and the S&P Green Bond Index (SPGBI).
The Propensity to Evil and the Evil Fundamental Maxim
Authors: Damstra Conrad
Published: February 2025

Kant's view that there is a propensity to evil in human nature has been thought to be both internally inconsistent and in tension with his other philosophical commitments. This essay provides an interpretation of the propensity to evil to defend Kant from these objections. I argue that the propensity to evil is the choice of the evil fundamental maxim. I then assess Kant's claims that the propensity to evil is universal and inextirpable given this interpretation. I conclude by proposing a new interpretation of why Kant deliberately employs religious language in developing his account of the propensity to evil.
Pediatric Ewing's Sarcoma and Permanent Chemotherapy‐Induced Alopecia: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Lillich Madeline , Gold Stuart , McShane Diana
Published: February 2025

Permanent chemotherapy‐induced alopecia (PCIA), defined as the persistence of hair loss for > 6 months following chemotherapy cessation, is a rare pediatric diagnosis. A retrospective chart review was conducted to characterize cases of PCIA not previously reported in pediatric Ewing's sarcoma (ES) patients after completion of therapeutic chemotherapy, comparing demographic factors, cumulative chemotherapy dosing, family history of hair loss, and treatment methodologies with a control group. Of 12 patients with an history of pediatric ES, three were diagnosed with PCIA. Our findings suggest that PCIA can occur after treatment for ES in the pediatric population and that treatments, including topical and oral minoxidil, can be beneficial but may not result in complete hair regrowth.
Exploring Intimate Dynamics in Same‐Sex Couples: The Role of the Subjective Orgasm Experience in Relationship Satisfaction
Authors: Mangas Pablo , Sierra Juan Carlos , Pérez‐Amorós Carlos
Published: February 2025

The subjective orgasm experience (SOE) is conceptualized as the evaluation of orgasm from a psychological approach. There are a few precedents regarding the association of this dimension of sexuality with nonsexual aspects, such as relationship satisfaction. This study involved 110 Spanish same‐sex couples (53 male and 57 female), ages ranging from 18 to 54 years, and an average relationship duration of 42.82 months. Most participants reported exclusively homosexual sexual practices, with some engaging in varying degrees of bisexual contact. The study analyzed the dyadic effects of SOE dimensions (i.e., affective, sensory, intimacy, and rewards) on relationship satisfaction and the extent to which intradyadic discrepancies in SOE dimensions explain the variance in relationship satisfaction. In male couples, relationship satisfaction was positively explained by the individual's affective dimension and negatively explained by the partner's intimacy dimension. In female couples, it was positively explained by the partner's rewards dimension. The analysis of discrepancies revealed a decrease in relationship satisfaction due to intradyadic discrepancies in the affective and intimacy dimensions, but only in male couples. Our findings emphasize the need to consider how the perception of orgasm may influence satisfaction with relationship quality and the valuation of bonding.
Global sensitivity analysis of integrated assessment models with multivariate outputs
Authors: Chiani Leonardo , Borgonovo Emanuele , Plischke Elmar , Tavoni Massimo
Published: February 2025

Risk assessments of complex systems are often supported by quantitative models. The sophistication of these models and the presence of various uncertainties call for systematic robustness and sensitivity analyses. The multivariate nature of their response challenges the use of traditional approaches. We propose a structured methodology to perform uncertainty quantification and global sensitivity analysis for risk assessment models with multivariate outputs. At the core of the approach are novel sensitivity measures based on the theory of optimal transport. We apply the approach to the uncertainty quantification and global sensitivity analysis of emissions pathways estimated via an eminent open‐source climate–economy model (RICE50+). The model has many correlated inputs and multivariate outputs. We use up‐to‐date input distributions and long‐term projections of key demographic and socioeconomic drivers. The sensitivity of the model is explored under alternative policy architectures: a cost‐benefit analysis with and without international cooperation and a cost‐effective analysis consistent with the Paris Agreement objective of keeping temperature increase below 2°C. In the cost‐benefit scenarios, the key drivers of uncertainty are the emission intensity of the economy and the emission reduction costs. In the Paris Agreement scenario, the main driver is the sensitivity of the climate system, followed by the projected carbon intensity. We present insights at the multivariate model output level and discuss how the importance of inputs changes across regions and over time.
The Borders Between US: The Effects of Deportation on Men's Romantic Relationships
Authors: Torres Jose Alfredo
Published: February 2025

Using a family systems theoretical framework, the author was able to examine how deportations disrupted Salvadoran immigrant men's relationships with their romantic partners and their children in the US. While some romantic couples were able to adjust to the changes in their families, most couples were unable to readjust and decided to end their long‐term relationships. In this study, two men who were deported adjusted to the changes and remained in long‐distance relationships with their romantic partners. However, 16 of the men who were deported decided to end their relationships with their romantic partners. And 10 of the men who were deported decided to start new romantic relationships in El Salvador. This study highlights how deportations can fundamentally restructure romantic relationships and severe family ties that are important for their children. This study also demonstrates how romantic couples adjust to their new family circumstances and realities following their removal. These findings are significant in that they provide insight into how deported men and their romantic partners respond to major changes in their relationships and families. This study highlights the need for new immigration laws and policies and support services for romantic couples and families who have experienced family separations.
Intact microdissection of stellate ganglia in a Parkinson's disease model reveals aggregation of mutant human α‐synuclein in their cell bodies
Authors: Lee Bonn , Ahmad Shiraz , Edling Charlotte E. , LeBeau Fiona E. N. , Jeevaratnam Kamalan
Published: February 2025

Cardiac dysautonomia plays an important role in understanding Parkinson's disease (PD), with recent studies highlighting the presence of α‐synuclein in cardiac tissue. We hypothesise that sympathetic dysregulation observed in PD may involve pathological changes caused by α‐synuclein in stellate ganglia (SG). This study aimed to investigate α‐synucleinopathy in SG of the genetic PD murine animal model. Mice overexpressing Ala30Pro (A30P) mutant α‐synuclein were used. We here demonstrate a technique for meticulously dissecting SG. The collected SG from the transgenic mice were immunolabelled with neuronal markers, A30P human mutant α‐synuclein and anti‐α‐synuclein aggregates. A30P mutant α‐synuclein protein was expressed in the sympathetic neuronal (tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive) cell bodies. Approximately 27% of the TH‐positive cell bodies expressed the A30P mutant α‐synuclein protein. The mutant protein was densely localised at the cardiopulmonary pole of the SG. Additionally, we observed that the A30P mutant protein formed fibril aggregation in the SG. Our findings suggest that α‐synucleinopathy in the PD animal model can affect the sympathetic autonomic nervous system, providing insight for further research into targeting α‐synuclein pathology in the SG as a potential link between cardiac dysautonomia and PD.
Environmental pollutant SO₂ exposure affects trophoblast function involving an ER stress pathway
Authors: Singh Sunil , Goel Isha , Quadri Javed Ahsan , Minocha Rashmi , Kashyap Neha , Rana Anubhuti , Ahirwar Ashok , Sahoo Om Saswat , Dhar Ruby , Karmakar Subhradip
Published: February 2025

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) is a toxic air pollutant with deleterious effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine and reproductive systems. SO₂, being freely diffusible, can cross the placenta and reach the fetal system. Previous studies have reported the association between SO₂ exposure and adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes without much emphasis on its molecular aspects. The present study has investigated the adverse consequences of SO₂ derivatives on the two key trophoblast functions critical for placentation: invasion and fusion. SO₂ exposure inhibited the fusogenic potential of BeWo cells, as well as the invasion and migratory ability of the extravillous HTR8/SVneo cells. A molecular insight revealed dysregulated endoplasmic reticulum stress, with an altered epigenetic state as seen by histone modifications following SO₂ exposure. Collectively, our findings revealed the harmful effect of SO₂ and its consequences on the placental function. We therefore elucidated the detrimental impact of SO₂ exposure on trophoblast cells and the possible health consequences that may contribute to pregnancy‐related complications as a result of compromised placental function.

image

Key points

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) derivatives severely impaired trophoblasts migration, invasion and its ability of fusogenic differentiation.

SO₂ derivatives appear to affect trophoblast cell interactions, thereby affecting its 3D organization and its capacity to form spheroids.

Mechanistic insight into these events indicates SO₂ derivatives mediated the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation, as well as altered histone‐3 markers.

We therefore conclude that SO₂ exposure has a detrimental effect on placental trophoblast cells. Long‐term exposure during pregnancy may result in an adverse outcome.
Oral piercings: risks, complications, and health implications: a narrative review
Authors: Palermo Andrea , Cazzato Gerardo , Pezzolla Carmen , Sardano Roberta , Ferrante Laura , Trilli Irma , Sabatelli Francesco , Bordea Ioana Roxana , Oliveira Fernandes Gustavo Vicentis , Shaaban Ahmed Abdelwahed , Xhajanka Edit , Almasri Lwai , Alkassab Marwa , Amer Islam , Almasri Maher , Sampalmieri Francesco , Bambini Fabrizio , Memè Lucia
Published: February 2025

Body piercings, particularly those performed in the oral cavity, have become increasingly popular due to their aesthetic appeal and cultural significance. While oral piercings, including those on the tongue, lips, and other intraoral sites, are often considered safe, they are associated with a range of potential complications. These can be categorized into local and systemic complications, with short-term and long-term consequences for oral and general health. Local complications may include immediate issues such as bleeding, swelling, mucosal damage, and taste alterations, often resulting from poor procedural technique or inadequate post-operative care. Long-term complications, such as gingival recession, enamel fractures, and dental mobility, have been linked to continuous trauma from the piercing jewelry, particularly in the case of tongue piercings.
Additionally, systemic complications, including bacterial infections that can lead to conditions like endocarditis and septic arthritis, have been reported, especially in individuals with predisposing medical conditions. The risks of allergic reactions, including nickel hypersensitivity and the transmission of bloodborne infections in non-sterile environments, further exacerbate the potential harm associated with oral piercings. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the available literature regarding the complications of oral piercings, emphasizing the importance of proper hygiene, post-procedural care, and informed decision-making. Dental professionals play a crucial role in educating patients about these risks to mitigate adverse outcomes and enhance the overall safety of oral piercing procedures.
Burning mouth syndrome: review of etiopathogenetic factors and update on clinical management strategies
Authors: Rinaldi Fabiola , Gerardi Davide , Burdo Pierangelo , Angiolani Francesca , Durate Mendes Gustavo , Piattelli Maurizio , Varvara Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on the possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying burning mouth syndrome and the most appropriate clinical management for its treatment. Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is characterized by an intraoral burning sensation or dysesthesia without any detectable alterations in the oral mucosa, causing significant discomfort in affected patients. The idiopathic nature of that type of chronic orofacial pain makes it challenging to identify specific etiopathogenetic factors and mechanisms. Therefore, the therapeutic strategy for BMS is challenging to choose among, including pharmacological approaches involving synthetic drugs or compounds derived from natural substances. The most appropriate clinical management for its treatment may involve different therapeutic approaches, although a definitive protocol for managing BMS has yet to be established.
Determination the effect of different implant impression splinting techniques on the dimensional accuracy: an in vitro study
Authors: Rezaei Pourmashizi Zahra , Amini Parviz
Published: February 2025

The current study aimed to determine the effect of different implant impression splinting techniques on dimensional accuracy.  Five analog implant pairs were fixed in 5 jaw models using auto polymerizing resin. After completing the polymerization for 1 week, the impression copings were connected to the analogs. Then, the models were scanned by a laboratory scanner, and the results were used as reference data. In the next step, impression copings were splinted with flowable composite material. Then, the copings were separated from the analogs and connected to one of the analogs by turning 180 degrees, and the copings were scanned with a scanner. This process was repeated for auto polymerizing acrylic resin [which was cut in the middle and then connected by the same material], BIS-acryl composite resin, and light cure glass ionomer. The scanner output was entered into the GOM Inspect software, and the obtained information was saved in three-dimensional form and STL format. The distance, depth, and angle of implants were measured by software, and Friedman's non-parametric test was used for statistical analysis in different splinting materials. Data from this study showed that no significant differences were seen regarding implant distances [p=0.121], implant depths [p=0.334], and implant angles [p=0.856] using different splinting materials compared to the master model. In conclusion, we may demonstrate that due to insignificant differences regarding linear, depth, and angular errors between implants and master model as well as acceptable values of the errors, studied splinting materials are recommended to achieve accurate impressions in implant treatments.
Clear aligners: possible error considerations from the first visit to the delivery of retainers
Authors: Martelli Mirko , Russomanno Wanda Lelia , Di Vecchio Stefano , Dapei Beatrice , Bollero Patrizio , Dolci Alessandro , Ottria Liliana , Gargari Marco , Gianfreda Francesco
Published: February 2025

This article examines the possible and main errors that can occur during the first meeting with the patient, the collection of documentation, the treatment planning, the review of the 3D simulation of the therapy, the clinical management, the delivery of the aligners, and the possible finishing phase until delivery of the final restraints.
Clinical data collected on a sample of 250 patients at the Orthodontics division of the U.O.C. of Odontostomatology at the Fatebenefratelli San Pietro Hospital in Rome are analyzed to highlight the common causes of errors and provide practical guidelines for identifying and correcting them. This process is essential to ensuring optimal results and meeting patient expectations.
It follows that careful management of each phase of treatment with clear aligners is essential to obtaining predictable results. Identifying and correcting potential errors improves treatment effectiveness.
IoT-based Human Movement Monitoring System: Prospect for Conceptual Digital Twin
Authors: Parween Gulfeshan , Al-Anbuky Adnan , Mawston Grant , Lowe Andrew
Published: February 2025

The growing popularity of smart healthcare and novel innovations in human movement monitoring systems open doors for diagnosing various health conditions, including neurological disorders, musculoskeletal system problems, mobility limitations associated with aging, and the oversight of rehabilitation programs. This paper discusses the technical challenges, potential applications, and prospects for conceptual Digital Twin (DT) Technology in IoT-based human monitoring systems, underscoring its role in revolutionizing rehabilitation strategies. Current studies emphasize the possibilities of IoT and Digital Twin (DT) technologies across various sectors, including healthcare. However, given its use in real-time monitoring and follow-up of end-to-end rehabilitation programs is still emerging. Integrating Digital Twin in the existing IoT-based human movement monitoring system facilitates the handling of large amounts of data, supports analytics, and provides a platform for integrating additional services. This proposed framework incorporates inertia or wearable sensors to collect data on human activities during rehabilitation, utilizes fast Fourier transform (FFT) for feature extraction, and employs advanced Machine Learning algorithms for activity recognition along with Artificial Intelligence for predictive analytics. Furthermore, it implements a data-driven virtual model that mirrors physical behaviors for enhanced real-time monitoring and tunes the system based on personal requirements.
A broadband piezoelectric energy harvester with robust control using piecewise nonlinearity
Authors: Guan Yuqin , D'Souza Kiran
Published: February 2025

Research in the field of vibration energy harvesting has been increasing over the past decade. Researchers have developed various methods to collect unused or wasted energy from physical systems, such as bridges. This paper presents and tests a piecewise-linear (PWL) piezoelectric energy harvester design. Similar studies have been conducted for an electromagnetic energy harvester and have shown the benefit of implementing a PWL energy harvester for some potential applications. This work investigates the performance of the PWL energy harvester using a piezoelectric cantilever beam as the energy generator, which is more suitable for smaller-scale harvesting applications. The design of the piezoelectric cantilever beam system uses a simple control algorithm to maintain the optimal gap size in the system. This design actively adjusts the resonance frequency to maximize power generation over a larger frequency range to make self-powered sensors more viable. The resonance frequency is optimized by adjusting the gap size between the piezoelectric cantilever beam and an elastic stopper using a combination of linear actuators, circuits and microprocessors. The design shows an increased performance in maintaining an optimized vibrating amplitude in the pre-computed frequency range. An experimental realization of the design is tested and compared with the computational prediction to validate the design's effectiveness.
The Hybrid Pathway To Flexible Power Turbines: Part IV, Automated Construction Of Mesh Derived Thermal Network Models For Fast Full-Machine Thermal Analysis
Authors: Baker Mark , Rosic Budimir
Published: February 2025

The global drive towards renewable energy is imposing challenging operating requirements on power turbines. Flexible load-leveling applications must accept more frequent and demanding start-stop cycles. Full transient analyses are too computationally expensive for real-time simulation across all operating regimes so monitoring relies on sparse physical measurements. Alone, these sparse data lack the fidelity for real-time prediction of a complex thermal field. A new hybrid methodology is proposed, coupling data across a range of fidelities to bridge the limitations in the individual analyses. Combining several fidelity methods in parallel: low-order models, corrected by real-time physical measurements, are calibrated with high-fidelity simulations. The multi-faceted hybrid approach enables the real-time speed of low-order analysis at high resolution. This paper series develops the critical enabling features of the hybrid method.

Fast 3D thermal simulation is fundamental to the methodology. Low-order network models enable the real-time thermal calculation of regions inaccessible to monitoring and facilitate clearance and stress simulation necessary for flexible turbine operation. A novel automated construction method is presented, allowing complex full turbine thermal networks to be built with ease. Developed in Tensorflow, the thermal networks directly support GPU acceleration and neural network integration for seamless data transfer within the hybrid system. Capturing flow and material physics from high fidelity data, the hybrid network method demonstrates comparable accuracy at greatly reduced computational cost. The method is validated using real-machine data capturing a period of flexible transient operation.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: an atypical presentation of Crohn’s disease
Authors: Amin Jigisha , Bamgboye Joanne , Cooper Benjamin , Nevajda Branimir
Published: February 2025

The rise in stroke cases in young people should be of major health concern, given the extensive compilation of underlying causes not traditionally seen in older people, and the impact and longevity of complications. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare form of stroke with female predominance. The clinical manifestations of CVST can vary vastly, thus delaying diagnosis and leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Thrombosis induced by inflammatory bowel disease is well appreciated in the literature but not in acute clinical practice. We discuss the case of a young female whose acute presentation of headache and diagnosis of CVST led to the discovery of underlying Crohn’s disease. It highlights the importance of recognising unusual presentations of systemic conditions and the role of multidisciplinary teams for accurate diagnosis and effective management.
Impact of insurance coverage for non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants on quality of care and care disparities in patients hospitalised with atrial fibrillation in tertiary hospitals in China: interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Yang Na , Sun Zhaoqing , Liu Jun , Hao Yongchen , Long Deyong , Zhao Dong , Liu Jing
Published: February 2025

Objective

To examine recent patterns regarding oral anticoagulant (OAC) use among patients hospitalised with atrial fibrillation (AF) and quantify the impact of insurance coverage for non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) on quality of care and care inequality regarding OAC use among hospitalised patients with AF.

Design

Interrupted time series analysis.

Setting

Hospitals in China.

Participants

A total of 36 393 patients hospitalised with non-valvular AF were involved between 2015 and 2019 across China.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Outcome was the impact of insurance coverage for NOACs on quality of care regarding OAC prescription using interrupted time series analysis with segmented regression models.

Results

OAC prescription rate during hospitalisation was 52.1% (31.3% for warfarin and 20.8% for NOACs) in patients with high-risk AF and 66.3% (29.8% for warfarin and 36.5% for NOACs) in low-risk patients. Insurance coverage for NOACs was associated with an immediate 10.9% (95% CI 7.6% to 14.3%) increase in NOAC prescription and a 0.33% (95% CI 0.08% to 0.58%) increase in the slope of the secular trend of NOAC prescription among all the patients. Disparities in NOAC prescription among hospitals decreased from 18.9 before the insurance coverage for NOACs to 3.4 after that. Similar results were found in patients with high risk of stroke.

Conclusion

A large gap exists between clinical practice and guideline recommendations regarding OAC prescription among patients hospitalised with AF in China. Insurance coverage may be an effective healthcare strategy to improve quality of care and reduce care disparities regarding OAC prescription among patients with AF.

Trial registration number

NCT02309398.
Estimating the indirect costs associated with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus in Switzerland: evidence from a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Stoffel Sandro T , Bhadhuri Arjun , Salari Paola , Koeberle Dieter , Koessler Thibaud , Siebenhüner Alexander , Deantonio Letizia , Pless Miklos , Kahl Tim , Wicki Andreas , Oniangue-Ndza César , Schwenkglenks Matthias
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Our study investigated the impact of oesophageal cancer and its treatments on work productivity, leisure time, household chores and informal care in Switzerland. We assessed indirect costs for patients treated at different stages of adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus.

Design and setting

A retrospective, non-interventional survey was conducted among patients diagnosed with early or advanced oesophageal cancer in Switzerland. Between January 2023 and October 2023, 126 patients participated from seven clinical centres across German, French and Italian language regions.

Outcome measure

Self-reported lost time over a 4-week period, which was monetised to estimate indirect costs using respondents’ approximate earnings derived from national statistics.

Results

Of the 126 patients, 24 (19.0%) were disease-free at the time of the study, while 15.1% of patients were in stage I, 13.5% in stage II, 27.0% in stage III and 25.4% in stage IV. Most patients, across age groups and disease stages, reported no impact on their leisure time (62.2%), household chores (70.3%) or informal care needs (78.4%) in the last 4 weeks. For those affected, the mean loss of time was 9.5 hours per week for leisure (n=28) and 13.3 hours for household chores (n=21). Additionally, patients received an average of 11.8 hours of informal care per week (n=16). Among the patients who were employed at the beginning of the 4-week recall period (n=25), 57.1% reduced the degree of employment and/or missed work due to the disease and its treatments during that time, while 46.7% experienced presentism (decreased productivity at work). The estimated mean indirect costs over a 4-week period was (Swiss Francs) CHF2005 (€1874) per patient, with loss of work productivity being the largest contributor.

Conclusion

Oesophageal cancer in Switzerland affects patients’ professional and personal lives, resulting in lost time and informal caregiving, leading to societal costs.