bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Strength to Concede: Ruling Parties and Democratization in Developmental Asia
Authors: Slater Dan , Wong Joseph
Published: September 2013

Authoritarian ruling parties are expected to be exceptionally resistant to democratization. Yet some of the strongest authoritarian parties in the world have not resisted democratization, but have embraced it. This is because their raison d'etre is to continue ruling, not necessarily to remain authoritarian. Democratization requires that ruling parties hold free and fair elections, but not that they lose them. Authoritarian ruling parties can thus be incentivized to concede democratization from a position of exceptional strength as well as extreme weakness. This “conceding-to-thrive” scenario is most likely to unfold when regimes (1) possess substantial antecedent political strengths and resource advantages, (2) suffer ominous setbacks signaling that they have passed their apex of domination, and (3) pursue new legitimation strategies to arrest their incipient decline. We illustrate this heretofore neglected alternative democratization pathway through a comparative-historical analysis of three Asian developmental states where ruling parties have democratized from varying positions of considerable strength: Taiwan, South Korea, and Indonesia. We then consider the implications of our analysis for three “candidate cases” in developmental Asia where ruling parties have not yet conceded democratization despite being well-positioned to thrive were they to do so: Singapore, Malaysia, and the world's most populous dictatorship, China.
Are Elections Mechanisms of Authoritarian Stability or Democratization? Evidence from Postcommunist Eurasia
Authors: Kaya Ruchan , Bernhard Michael
Published: September 2013

Since the end of the Cold War, political scientists have radically reexamined the role that elections play in authoritarian contexts. Some argue elections are congruent with authoritarianism and actually help to stabilize non-democratic forms of rule. Others challenge this claim by arguing that elections can function as a mechanism for democratization. We test whether elections have functioned as a mechanism of change or of neo-authoritarian stability in the postcommunist world. We generally find that elections neither promote democracy nor strengthen authoritarianism. However, we do find that in energy-rich states elections promote authoritarianism, though of a somewhat more benign sort. We also find that the mechanisms of electoral participation and competitiveness thought to promote democracy function differently in the postcommunist context and explore this in greater detail through a paired case study of electoral mobilization in Slovakia and Belarus.
Response to William Scheuerman's review of A Liberal World Order in Crisis: Choosing Between Imposition and Restraint
Authors: Sørensen Georg
Published: September 2013

Thanks to William Scheuerman for his thoughtful and stimulating comments on my book. It is certainly true that the crisis of liberalism in general and of the liberal world order in particular is not a new subject. Then why take it up again? For two reasons: first, many of the previous and contemporary critical analyses of the liberal world order tend to be prejudiced by theoretical and/or political convictions that serve to predetermine their view of the subject. I consider myself a skeptical liberal in the sense that the progress which most liberals talk about is possible and desirable, but it cannot be taken for granted and the obstacles to progress are much more serious than many liberals think. Differently put, there is no end of history, no secure path to modernity for all, no safe, upward arrow towards progress. “History has no libretto,” as Alexander Herzen said.
Kognition und Psychopathologie bei autosomal dominant vererbten Ataxien
Authors: Karner Elfriede , Delazer Margarete , Nachbauer Wolfgang , Benke Thomas , Boesch Sylvia
Published: September 2013

Autosomal-dominante Ataxien sind eine heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen, denen ein zerebelläres Syndrom gemeinsam ist. Neben motorischen Einschränkungen zeigen sich auch häufig kognitive Beeinträchtigungen und affektive Störungen. Exekutive Dysfunktion und Gedächtnisdefizite stehen dabei im Vordergrund. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Überblick über die bisher veröffentlichten Befunde zur Neuropsychologie bei verschiedenen spinozerebellären Ataxien und weiteren seltenen hereditären Ataxien gegeben. Die Notwendigkeit von neuropsychologischen Untersuchungen bei diesen Patientengruppen wird deutlich. Weitere Forschungen über den Verlauf der kognitiven Entwicklung und über den Zusammenhang mit klinischen Parametern (u. a. Krankheitsbeginn, Repeatlänge, Schweregrad der Erkrankung) sind notwendig, um in Zukunft Patienten entsprechend beraten zu können. Eine Empfehlung für neuropsychologische Tests zur Diagnostik wird genannt.
Pflege und Sprache
Authors: Olbrich Christa
Published: September 2013

Wir Menschen entwickeln uns mit unserer Sprache. Haben sie jemals gedacht, ohne Worte im Kopf zu formulieren? Wir kommunizieren miteinander, um uns zu verständigen, um uns zu verstehen, Informationen auszutauschen und uns weiter zu entwickeln. Sprache bedeutet jedoch mehr. Mit ihr stellen wir Beziehung her. Eine gute Beziehung ermöglicht uns Wohlbefinden und erfüllt unser Grundbedürfnis nach Sicherheit, Wertschätzung und Sinngebung.
Körper + Sprache = Status?
Authors: Eberhardt Doris
Published: September 2013

Status ist ein Phänomen, das unmittelbar und unumgänglich auftritt, wenn Menschen aufeinander treffen. Situationen, in denen es um die – meist unbewusste – Aushandlung von Status geht, begegnen uns überall. Im Berufsleben hat das eigene Statusverhalten bzw. die Reaktion auf andere Menschen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf das Erreichen persönlicher Ziele sowie die Akzeptanz und Anerkennung im Team. Statusverhalten zeigt immer Wirkung auf den anderen. So kann die bewusste Gestaltung von Status den Verlauf von Situationen beeinflussen. Da sich Status hochgradig durch körpersprachliche Signale vermittelt, spielt dieser Aspekt bei der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema eine besondere Rolle.
Ethik lehren und ethische Reflexion praktizieren
Authors: Riedel Annette , Lehmeyer Sonja
Published: September 2013

An die ethische Kompetenz von Pflegepädagoginnen und Pflegepädagogen werden komplexe Anforderungen gestellt. In ihrem beruflichen Kontext umfasst Ethik zwei Dimensionen: die pädagogische Ethik und die Pflegeethik. Dafür will der Beitrag sensibilisieren sowie Chancen einer wertebezogenen Verknüpfung der beiden Dimensionen und Betrachtungsperspektiven diskutieren.
Die Bedeutung von Lehrbüchern der Pflege für die Unterrichtsvorbereitung
Authors: Eisele Eva , Reiber Karin
Published: September 2013

In der Masterarbeit „Anforderungen an ein Lehrbuch der Pflege zur Unterrichtsvorbereitung“ wurde mit Hilfe von fünf Expertinnen- und Experteninterviews die Verwendung von Lehrbüchern erfragt. Die Lehrkräfte beurteilten die Qualität dieser und welche Eigenschaften diese aufweisen müssten, dass sie zu einer effektiven Unterrichtsvorbereitung beitragen.
Pati-ENTEN-Edukation
Authors: Georg Jürgen
Published: September 2013

Der folgende Beitrag ist im Rahmen einer redaktionellen Nachtschicht für das Hauptwerk der Pflegediagnostik von Doenges und Moorhouse (2013) entstanden. Er lehrt viel über leidgeplagtes Federvieh, kann aber auch dazu dienen, die Strukturen hinter Pflegeklassifikationen, -prozessen und -diagnosen besser und humorvoll zu durchschauen. Viel Spaß beim Ergründeln dieses Beitrags.
Soziale Normen, Akzeptanz von Innovationen und die moderierende Rolle von Trendsetting
Authors: Gunnesch-Luca George , Klöble Ulrike , Göritz Anja S. , Moser Klaus
Published: September 2013

Trendsetter sind Personen, die gerne neue Informationen über Innovationen aufnehmen, sie an andere weitergeben und diese erläutern (Batinic, Haupt & Wieselhuber, 2006). Damit ging auch die Erwartung einher, Trendsetter seien besonders sensibel für Innovationen und zugleich weniger für soziale Einflüsse anfällig, obwohl die bisherige Forschung dem widersprechend fand, dass Trendsetter sich sogar mehr als andere Personen von sozialen Normen beeinflussen ließen. Zur Überprüfung dieses erwartungskonträren Befunds untersuchten wir an einer Stichprobe von Experten (n = 90) für landwirtschaftliche Innovationen in einer querschnittlichen Studie den Zusammenhang von sozialen Normen, Trendsetting sowie deren Interaktion mit der Akzeptanz von Innovationen im Bereich der Präzisionslandwirtschaft. Konsistent mit den Ergebnissen einer früheren Studie zeigt sich allerdings, dass Trendsetting normverstärkend wirkt. Die Erwartung, mit dem Trendsetterkonzept sei ein Maß gefunden worden, das dabei hilft, besonders innovationsfreudige und von der Meinung anderer Personen eher unabhängige Personen identifizieren zu können, hat sich somit nicht erfüllt.
Brain Bioavailability of Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin and its Transport through the Murine Blood–Brain Barrier
Authors: St-Amour Isabelle , Paré Isabelle , Alata Wael , Coulombe Katherine , Ringuette-Goulet Cassandra , Drouin-Ouellet Janelle , Vandal Milène , Soulet Denis , Bazin Renée , Calon Frédéric
Published: September 2013

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is currently evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of various disorders of the central nervous system. To assess its capacity to reach central therapeutic targets, the brain bioavailability of IVIg must be determined. We thus quantified the passage of IVIg through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) of C57Bl/6 mice using complementary quantitative and qualitative methodologies. As determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a small proportion of systemically injected IVIg was detected in the brain of mice (0.009±0.001% of injected dose in the cortex) whereas immunostaining revealed localization mainly within microvessels and less frequently in neurons. Pharmacokinetic analyses evidenced a low elimination rate constant (0.0053  per hour) in the cortex, consistent with accumulation within cerebral tissue. In situ cerebral perfusion experiments revealed that a fraction of IVIg crossed the BBB without causing leakage. A dose-dependent decrease of brain uptake was consistent with a saturable blood-to-brain transport mechanism. Finally, brain uptake of IVIg after a subchronic treatment was similar in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer disease compared with nontransgenic controls. In summary, our results provide evidence of BBB passage and bioavailability of IVIg into the brain in the absence of BBB leakage and in sufficient concentration to interact with the therapeutic targets.
Cerebral Arterial Bolus Arrival Time is Prolonged in Multiple Sclerosis and Associated with Disability
Authors: Paling David , Thade Petersen Esben , Tozer Daniel J , Altmann Daniel R , Wheeler-Kingshott Claudia AM , Kapoor Raju , Miller David H , Golay Xavier
Published: September 2013

Alterations in the overall cerebral hemodynamics have been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, their cause and significance is unknown. While potential venous causes have been examined, arterial causes have not. In this study, a multiple delay time arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging sequence at 3T was used to quantify the arterial hemodynamic parameter bolus arrival time (BAT) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and deep gray matter in 33 controls and 35 patients with relapsing–remitting MS. Bolus arrival time was prolonged in MS in NAWM (1.0±0.2 versus 0.9±0.2 seconds, P=0.031) and deep gray matter (0.90±0.18 versus 0.80±0.14 seconds, P=0.001) and CBF was increased in NAWM (14±4 versus 10±2 mL/100 g/min, P=0.001). Prolonged BAT in NAWM ( P=0.042) and deep gray matter ( P=0.01) were associated with higher expanded disability status score. This study demonstrates alteration in cerebral arterial hemodynamics in MS. One possible cause may be widespread inflammation. Bolus arrival time was longer in patients with greater disability independent of atrophy and T2 lesion load, suggesting alterations in cerebral arterial hemodynamics may be a marker of clinically relevant pathology.
Blood Pressure Reduction Does Not Reduce Perihematoma Oxygenation: A CT Perfusion Study
Authors: Kate Mahesh P , Hansen Mikkel B , Mouridsen Kim , Østergaard Leif , Choi Victor , Gould Bronwen E , McCourt Rebecca , Hill Michael D , Demchuk Andrew M , Coutts Shelagh B , Dowlatshahi Dariush , Emery Derek J , Buck Brian H , Butcher Kenneth S
Published: September 2013

Blood pressure (BP) reduction after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is controversial, because of concerns that this may cause critical reductions in perihematoma perfusion and thereby precipitate tissue damage. We tested the hypothesis that BP reduction reduces perihematoma tissue oxygenation. Acute ICH patients were randomized to a systolic BP target of <150 or <180 mm Hg. Patients underwent CT perfusion (CTP) imaging 2 hours after randomization. Maps of cerebral blood flow (CBF), maximum oxygen extraction fraction (OEFmax), and the resulting maximum cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2max) permitted by local hemodynamics, were calculated from raw CTP data. Sixty-five patients (median (interquartile range) age 70 (20)) were imaged at a median (interquartile range) time from onset to CTP of 9.8 (13.6) hours. Mean OEFmax was elevated in the perihematoma region (0.44±0.12) relative to contralateral tissue (0.36±0.11; P<0.001). Perihematoma CMRO2max (3.40±1.67 mL/100 g per minute) was slightly lower relative to contralateral tissue (3.63±1.66 mL/100 g per minute; P=0.025). Despite a significant difference in systolic BP between the aggressive (140.5±18.7 mm Hg) and conservative (163.0±10.6 mm Hg; P<0.001) treatment groups, perihematoma CBF was unaffected (37.2±11.9 versus 35.8±9.6 mL/100 g per minute; P=0.307). Similarly, aggressive BP treatment did not affect perihematoma OEFmax (0.43±0.12 versus 0.45±0.11; P=0.232) or CMRO2max (3.16±1.66 versus 3.68±1.85 mL/100 g per minute; P=0.857). Blood pressure reduction does not affect perihematoma oxygen delivery. These data support the safety of early aggressive BP treatment in ICH.
Solvation properties and behaviour of lutetium(III) in aqueous solution—A quantum mechanical charge field (QMCF) study
Authors: Hitzenberger Manuel , Hofer Thomas S. , Weiss Alexander K. H.
Published: September 2013

This work presents the first ab initio molecular dynamics study of trivalent lutetium in aqueous solution. The hybrid quantum and molecular mechanics simulation has been carried out on Hartree-Fock level and the results were compared to extended X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray diffraction data. In addition to the structural characterisation via radial and angular distribution functions, the influence of the ion on the surrounding solvent was further investigated by local-density-corrected three-body distribution functions and frequency calculations. The obtained results for the mean Lu–O bond distance and force constant were in very good agreement with the literature. Furthermore, deeper insight into the dynamics and geometry of the solvation shell and the number of involved solvent molecules was obtained.
A 4 K cryogenic probe for use in magnetic resonance force microscopy experiments
Authors: Smith Doran D. , Alexson Dimitri A. , Garbini Joseph L.
Published: September 2013

The detailed design of a mechanically detected nuclear magnetic resonance probe using the SPAM (Springiness Preservation by Aligning Magnetization) geometry, operating at 4 K, in vacuum, and a several-Tesla magnetic field is described. The probe head is vibration-isolated well enough from the environment by a three-spring suspension system that the cantilever achieves thermal equilibrium with the environment without the aid of eddy current damping. The probe uses an ultra-soft Si cantilever with a Ni sphere attached to its tip, and magnetic resonance is registered as a change in the resonant frequency of the driven cantilever. The RF system uses frequency sweeps for adiabatic rapid passage using a 500 μm diameter RF coil wound around a sapphire rod. The RF coil and optical fiber of the interferometer used to sense the cantilever's position are both located with respect to the cantilever using a Garbini micropositioner, and the sample stage is mounted on an Attocube nanopositioner.
Extended thermodynamics of charged gases with many moments: An alternative closure
Authors: Carrisi M. C. , Pennisi S.
Published: September 2013

In 2011, a macroscopic extended model with many moments for the description of relativistic gases under the influence of an external electromagnetic field has been proposed. An exact closure of this model, up to whatever order with respect to thermodynamical equilibrium, has been found. Such closure is given in terms of the entropy density at equilibrium and the expression for the higher order terms involves a family of arbitrary constants. It allows to know the value of the constitutive functions up to every desired degree of approximation, but paying the cost of a large amount of arbitrary terms. Moreover, if one wants to use the closure for applications it is necessary to cut it at a chosen order with respect to thermodynamical equilibrium. In this paper, we propose a different method to find the closure that, starting from a fixed order with respect to thermodynamical equilibrium, allows to obtain univocally all the lower order terms in terms of two arbitrary functions depending on a scalar variable and of one polynomial which degree depends on the order of approximation.
Direct determination of the silicon donor ionization energy in homoepitaxial AlN from photoluminescence two-electron transitions
Authors: Neuschl B. , Thonke K. , Feneberg M. , Goldhahn R. , Wunderer T. , Yang Z. , Johnson N. M. , Xie J. , Mita S. , Rice A. , Collazo R. , Sitar Z.
Published: September 2013

We report on the identification of a two-electron transition for the shallow donor silicon in homoepitaxial aluminum nitride (AlN). One c-oriented sample was analyzed by low temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy on multiple excitation spots. We find a unique correlation of one single emission band, 76.6 meV below the free excitonic emission, with the luminescence of excitons bound to neutral silicon proving the identity as a two-electron transition. The assignment is confirmed by temperature dependent photoluminescence investigations. We find a donor ionization energy of (63.5 ± 1.5) meV for silicon in AlN.
Efficiency of a solar cell with intermediate energy levels: An example study on hydrogen implanted Si solar cells
Authors: Ichimura Masaya , Sakakibara Hiromu , Wada Koji , Kato Masashi
Published: September 2013

For any pn junction solar cell, there is a theoretical limit to its conversion efficiency, which is determined by its band gap. This efficiency may exceed the limit by introducing an intermediate level (IL) that can facilitate the sub-band-gap optical absorption, but the IL can simultaneously enhance the carrier recombination rate. To understand the net effects of the IL, it is necessary to estimate the rates of both the optical absorption and carrier capture via the IL. In this study, trap parameters and the optical absorption coefficient are evaluated for defect levels in hydrogen implanted silicon wafers using deep level transient spectroscopy, the optical-capacitance transient spectroscopy, and carrier lifetime measurements. Using the obtained trap parameters, the characteristics of hydrogen implanted silicon solar cells are simulated. The simulation results indicate that it is not possible to realize improvements in efficiency by performing hydrogen implantation.
Enhanced stability in spin transfer nanopillars due to a Fe/Gd/Fe trilayer
Authors: Romera Miguel , Grollier Julie , Collin Sophie , Devolder Thibaut , Cros Vincent , Muñoz Manuel , Prieto José L.
Published: September 2013

A sharp antiferromagnetic boundary of Fe/Gd is found to affect notoriously the critical current for spin transfer torque (STT). Transport measurements performed on nano-patterned spin valves show that when a Fe/Gd/Fe is added as a top layer, the effect of spin transfer on the free layer is dramatically reduced. The critical current increases up to one order of magnitude at 10 K and five times at room temperature. We show that this increase cannot be fully explained by the macrospin approximation and we argue that it is due to a torque at the Gd/Fe interface that opposes the STT in the free layer.
Phenomenological study of inhomogeneous interfacial ferroelectrics
Authors: Chang Wontae
Published: September 2013

Inhomogeneity in ferroelectrics can exist as undesirable defects in the single crystalline structure or as designable factors in the composite structure. Surface or interface is inhomogeneous in nature, and superlattices or mixed-phases are inhomogeneous under plan. Effects of the inhomogeneous interfacial layer on ferroelectric nonlinearity have been investigated using a time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model based on phenomenological equation for a two-dimensional lattice of ferroelectric unit cells. The simulation is based on Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 (BST) with and without the inhomogeneous interfacial layer, e.g., nonswitchable fixed dielectric, switchable linear dielectric, or switchable nonlinear dielectric, and with and without Ginzburg-type gradient effect originated from the interactions between the BST and interfacial layers. Homogenization of the inhomogeneous systems is realized by the gradient effect allowing the gradual variation in polarization between the neighboring unit cells, and it heavily depends on the dielectric type of the interfacial layer—whether or not the gradient effect is applied to the interfacial layer. Effects of frequency, electric field type, depolarization, lattice strain, temperature, and thickness on the inhomogeneous nonlinearity are discussed.
Study on longitudinal dispersion relation in one-dimensional relativistic plasma: Linear theory and Vlasov simulation
Authors: Zhang H. , Wu S. Z. , Zhou C. T. , Zhu S. P. , He X. T.
Published: September 2013

The dispersion relation of one-dimensional longitudinal plasma waves in relativistic homogeneous plasmas is investigated with both linear theory and Vlasov simulation in this paper. From the Vlasov-Poisson equations, the linear dispersion relation is derived for the proper one-dimensional Jüttner distribution. Numerically obtained linear dispersion relation as well as an approximate formula for plasma wave frequency in the long wavelength limit is given. The dispersion of longitudinal wave is also simulated with a relativistic Vlasov code. The real and imaginary parts of dispersion relation are well studied by varying wave number and plasma temperature. Simulation results are in agreement with established linear theory.
All-optical logic binary encoder based on asymmetric plasmonic nanogrooves
Authors: Lu Cuicui , Hu Xiaoyong , Yang Hong , Gong Qihuang
Published: September 2013

We report an all-optical logic binary encoder based on two asymmetric plasmonic nanogrooves etched in a gold film coated a polyvinyl alcohol layer. The physical mechanism originates from the unique capability of plasmonic nanogrooves in modulating the propagation properties of surface plasmon polaritons. The incident signal lights dropping in different wavelength regions are endowed with different logic state encodings. In such an ultracompact device with a feature size of only 2.4 μm, the coupling of free-space signal lights to surface plasmon polaritons and the on-chip encoding are integrated together, which is much suitable for practical integration applications.
Ion effects in hydrogen-induced blistering of Mo/Si multilayers
Authors: Kuznetsov A. S. , Gleeson M. A. , Bijkerk F.
Published: September 2013

The role that energetic (>800 eV) hydrogen ions play in inducing and modifying the formation of blisters in nanoscale Mo/Si multilayer samples is investigated. Such samples are confirmed to be susceptible to blistering by two separate mechanisms. The first is attributed to the segregation of H atoms to voids and vacancies associated with the outermost Mo layer, driving blister formation in the form of H2 filled bubbles. This process can occur in the absence of ions. A second blister distribution emerges when energetic ions are present in the irradiating flux. This is attributed to an ion-induced vacancy clustering mechanism that produces void blisters. The defects and strained states associated with the Mo-on-Si interfaces provide the preferred nucleation points for blistering in both cases. The effects of ions are ascribed to promotion of hydrogen uptake and mobility, in particular through the Si layers; to the generation of additional mobile species in the Si and Mo layers; and to the creation of new blister nucleation points. In addition to directly stimulating blistering via vacancy clustering, ions modify the development of H2-filled blisters. This is most evident in the formation of multi-component structures due to overlapping delaminations at different layer interfaces. This affect is attributed to the introduction of active transport of hydrogen from the H2 filled blisters across the outermost Mo-on-Si interface to the underlying layers. Ion-induced variations in hydrogen uptake and distribution and in the rates of blister nucleation and growth produce lateral differences in blister size and areal number density that create a macroscopic concentric pattern across the surface.
Coupling effects in bilayer thick metal films perforated with rectangular nanohole arrays
Authors: Yuan Li , Chen Fuyi
Published: September 2013

The coupling effects in bilayer thick metal (silver) films perforated with rectangular nanohole arrays are investigated using the finite-difference time-domain technique. Many interesting light phenomena are observed as the distance between the metal rectangular nanohole arrays varies. Coupling effects are found to play very important roles on the optical and electronic properties of bilayer metal rectangular nanohole arrays: antisymmetric coupling between surface plasmon polaritons near the top and bottom film plane, and antisymmetric coupling between localized surface plasmon resonances near the two long sides of the rectangular hole, are probably excited in each layer of bilayer metal rectangular nanohole arrays; antisymmetric and symmetric magnetic coupling probably occur between the metal rectangular nanohole arrays.
‘You Only Start Filling in the Boxes’: Natural Resource Management and the Politics of Plan-Ability
Authors: Valve Helena , Åkerman Maria , Kaljonen Minna
Published: September 2013

To an increasing extent, the management of natural resources rests on planning as a means to enhance collaborative deliberation and policy integration. But even before a planning process can start and any joint meeting be held, a lot of organisational and ontological work needs to be done. ‘Plan-ability’ requires the shaping of an analytical and operational platform that allows making sense of, and relating to, natural resources and their evolution. Moreover, the setting must be acceptable for those viewed as important collaborators. By focusing on two regional planning processes in Finland, this paper analyses how plan-ability is created and maintained in practice. The results suggest that the planning of natural resource management depends on material arrangements that operate at two levels. Those of the first level enable focusing of analytical sight and deliberation. As a result, a planning object shapes up. However, what emerges is unlikely to stabilise automatically. Further work is needed, and this may happen at the second level of arranging. At this level, acceptance of the object configuration can be enhanced by disconnecting the plan, or parts of it, from the operational core of policy making. Through the ontological work at the two levels, an ordering of actors and concerns develops that has passed the test of plan-ability. The concept points to the experimental nature of planning, inviting attention to the forces and trajectories that condition policy integration and collaborative policy making.
Shared Practice and Converging Views in Nuclear Waste Management: Long-Term Relations between Implementer and Regulator in Sweden
Authors: Wärnbäck Antoienette , Soneryd Linda , Hilding-Rydevik Tuija
Published: September 2013

The international relevance of learning from nuclear waste management in Sweden cannot be underestimated as the planning process for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden has been underway for more than thirty years. During this time the same types of actors—private, public, and NGO representatives—and even the same individuals have interacted with each other throughout. Based on a review of the implementer's Research, Development and Demonstration programmes (RD&Ds) of methods for the management and disposal of nuclear waste and interviews with representatives of the implementer, regulator, and NGOs, this paper analyses the outcomes of these long-term interactions. It then discusses the potentially serious problems this creates in relation to knowledge production in the planning and environmental impact assessment process and problems now the regulator is set to review the final application. The tendency of the values and priorities of implementer and regulator to converge over time, due to sustained social interaction, is a new phenomenon, which could not only impede the safety of nuclear waste management, but also risks occurring in other countries embarking on similar long-term processes.
Theoretical Principles in Interurban Simulation Models: A Comparison
Authors: Pumain Denise , Sanders Lena
Published: September 2013

Agent-based models are increasingly used by urban specialists, supplanting the simulation models using differential equations which were more popular earlier. These models already made reference to the theories of self-organisation and to mechanisms of evolution not so far from those used today to describe the emergence of macroscopic properties or structures in a bottom-up process from interactions operating at the microlevel. Moreover there is less difference than often suggested in the literature between the two forms of modelling – differential equations and multi-agent models—in the way they integrate principles of urban theory. To test this assumption, we compare models made of systems of differential equations (Allen's model firmly rooted in self-organisation theory and the model developed by Weidlich and Haag, affiliated to synergetic theory) with multi-agent models (SIMPOP family) designed to meet the same task: Simulating the differentiated dynamics of urban entities over the medium to long term from their functional economic specialisation. We show that multi-agent systems are providing interesting solutions for the modelling method, because of their greater ability to simulate the emergence of geographical macrostructures from different levels of interaction.
The trials and tribulations of estimating the pasture intake of grazing animals
Authors: Cottle David J.
Published: September 2013

The present paper reviews estimation methods for measuring pasture intake of individual grazing animals, in particular, the use of indigestible plant markers. Natural alkanes and alcohols function essentially as an internal marker and thus accommodate differences in forage digestibility among individuals and those arising from interactions between supplement and forage. An estimate of diet composition partitions total intake into its component plant species. Estimates of diet composition require correction for incomplete faecal marker recovery, where relative recoveries (i.e. the recovery of the alkanes relative to each other) suffice. If estimates of whole-diet digestibility are also wanted, actual faecal alkane recoveries must be used. Using known labelled supplement intakes as a means of estimating the intake of all other diet components avoids the need to dose animals separately with synthetic alkanes. The results, problems and possible workarounds for a commercial system under development to estimate individual animal pasture intakes using known labelled-supplement intakes are outlined. A prototype bin system was trialled and, despite many initial technological problems, it showed enough promise for Sapien Technology to continue to develop the system with Proway Livestock.
Nutritional management of group-housed gestating sows – key challenges in the transition from stall-housing systems
Authors: van Barneveld R. J.
Published: September 2013

Transition from gestation stalls to group-housing systems is a source of trepidation for many pork producers, given the capital cost of conversion and the challenges associated with managing sows in groups. Despite this, market imperatives in Australia have led to rapid transition in many enterprises. The cost of conversion of a 4100-sow unit from stalls to groups using low-cost retrofitting of existing breeder space (AU$150.00/sow) at relatively high densities (1.8 m2/sow) in small static groups (15–20 sows) based on floor or trough feeding with or without head bales and shoulder partitions equates to an additional cost of $3.00/piglet weaned if the level of productivity is maintained. If the number of piglets born per litter is increased by 1.04 piglets per litter, overall earnings of the herd are equal to levels achieved before the transition. This capital cost appears manageable if appropriate nutritional regimens are implemented to address individual nutritional needs of sows housed in groups and to manage aggression. Management of sow body condition during the reproductive cycle focussed on standardised gilt introduction to the breeding herd and optimisation of sow and gilt feed intake in lactation is pivotal, as it reduces the need for remedial feeding of individual sows post-weaning and during gestation. Nutritional management can also be used to reduce aggression between sows by removing impediments to feed access and by induction of satiety. Commercial implementation of these strategies confirms their relevance and demonstrates that sows can be cost-effectively managed in group-housing systems.
Regulation of the chloroplastic copper chaperone (CCS) and cuprozinc superoxide dismutase (CSD2) by alternative splicing and copper excess in Glycine max
Authors: Sagasti Sara , Bernal María , Sancho Diana , del Castillo Miren B. , Picorel Rafael
Published: September 2013

Metal homeostasis is an important aspect of plant physiology, and the copper transport into the chloroplast and its fate after delivery is of special relevance for plants. In this work, the regulation of the chloroplastic copper chaperone for the cuprozinc superoxide dismutase (GmCCS) and its target, the cuprozinc superoxide dismutase (GmCSD2), was investigated in photosynthetic cell suspensions and entire plants from Glycine max (L.) Merr. Both genes were expressed in cell suspensions and in all plant tissues analysed, and their RNAs matured by alternative splicing with intron retention (IntronR). This mechanism generated a spliced and three non-spliced mRNAs in the case of GmCCS but only a spliced and a non-spliced mRNAs in GmCSD2. Copper excess strongly upregulated the expression of both fully spliced mRNAs but mostly unaffected the non-spliced forms. In entire plants, some tissue specificity was also observed depending on copper content status. At the protein level, the GmCCS was mostly unaffected but the GmCSD2 was strongly induced under copper excess in all subcellular fractions analysed, suggesting a post-transcriptional regulation for the former. This different protein regulation of the chaperone and its target may indicate some additional function for the CSD2 protein. In addition to its well-known superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, it may also function as a metal sink in copper excess availability to avoid metal cell damage. Furthermore, the GmCCS seems to be present in the stroma only but the GmCSD2 was present in both stroma and thylakoids despite the general idea that the SOD enzymes are typically soluble stroma proteins. The presence of the SOD enzyme on the surface of the thylakoid membranes is reasonable considering that the superoxide radical (O2–) is preferentially formed at the acceptor side of the PSI.
Short-term performance of three underwater sampling techniques for assessing differences in the absolute abundances and in the inventories of the coastal fish communities of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Pita Pablo , Fernández-Márquez Diana , Freire Juan
Published: September 2013

Comparative works on sampling techniques allow selecting the best methods to study each target fish community. We analysed the structure of a coastal fish community in Galicia (north-western Spain) by comparing the following three techniques: diver-based underwater visual census (UVC), remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and remote underwater video (RUV). All techniques detected abundant and frequent taxa, but divers obtained more precise and complete inventories (80% of identified taxa) than did ROV (60%) and RUV (47%), were faster (only 1.4 days to achieve the estimated taxa list) than were ROV (2.0 days) and RUV (475.7 days), and were more reliable in estimating the abundances of highly mobile, less abundant, less frequent, cryptic and smaller fish. Conversely, RUV obtained the poorest estimates of abundances, and even though it obtained more replicates (136), there were more zeros (98%) than with divers (16 replicates, 64% zeros) and ROV (11 replicates, 75% zeros). Furthermore, the economic cost of the video system was triple the cost of the diving gear; consequently, we recommend using divers to study the coastal fish communities in the shallow waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. However, further research is necessary to explore the full capabilities of video techniques in long-term studies, in greater depths and in adverse weather conditions.
Clusters of cerebellar Purkinje cells control their afferent climbing fiber discharge
Authors: Chaumont Joseph , Guyon Nicolas , Valera Antoine M. , Dugué Guillaume P. , Popa Daniela , Marcaggi Paikan , Gautheron Vanessa , Reibel-Foisset Sophie , Dieudonné Stéphane , Stephan Aline , Barrot Michel , Cassel Jean-Christophe , Dupont Jean-Luc , Doussau Frédéric , Poulain Bernard , Selimi Fekrije , Léna Clément , Isope Philippe
Published: September 2013

Significance

The inferior olive, one of the major source of inputs to the cerebellum, sends climbing fibers to Purkinje cells, the key processing units of cerebellar-dependent motor control. Using an optogenetic strategy, we demonstrate that Purkinje cells disinhibit their climbing-fiber afferents via a poly-synaptic circuit. These findings identify a functional closed-loop organization in the olivo-cerebellar circuits that is potentially important for cerebellar motor learning.
Inappropriate heat dissipation ignites brown fat thermogenesis in mice with a mutant thyroid hormone receptor α1
Authors: Warner Amy , Rahman Awahan , Solsjö Peter , Gottschling Kristina , Davis Benjamin , Vennström Björn , Arner Anders , Mittag Jens
Published: September 2013

Significance

Patients with thyroid disease often report sensitivity to environmental temperature, feeling too hot or too cold in hyper- and hypothyroidism, respectively. Textbook knowledge attributes this to the role of thyroid hormone in basal metabolism. In this study, we show that a mouse model for hypothyroidism lacks proper control of tail vasoconstriction at room temperature, which causes inappropriate heat loss. This in turn activates heat-generating brown adipose tissue to maintain body temperature. Our study therefore demonstrates that changes in vascular control may in fact significantly contribute to the temperature hypersensitivity observed in patients with thyroid disorders and reveal a unique connection between vascular and metabolic effects of thyroid hormone.
Transforming the African Missionary Narrative: Rhetorical Innovation in Martin Delany'sOfficial Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party
Authors: McClish Glen
Published: September 2013

This rhetorical analysis investigates Martin Delany's (1861) innovative yet understudied Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party as a significant instance of nineteenth-century African American generic transformation and constitutive pan-Africanism. I explore how Delany recasts the genre of the mid-nineteenth-century African missionary narrative—with its white supremacist standpoint—into a lean, tightly controlled secular report intended to establish (1) Delany's African American readers’ agency as potential African emigrants; (2) the value of Delany's leadership in the emigration movement; and (3) a powerful constitutive pan-African ideological foundation for the emigration movement and for black uplift more generally.
RNA-Pareto: interactive analysis of Pareto-optimal RNA sequence-structure alignments
Authors: Schnattinger Thomas , Schöning Uwe , Marchfelder Anita , Kestler Hans A.
Published: September 2013

Summary: Incorporating secondary structure information into the alignment process improves the quality of RNA sequence alignments. Instead of using fixed weighting parameters, sequence and structure components can be treated as different objectives and optimized simultaneously. The result is not a single, but a Pareto-set of equally optimal solutions, which all represent different possible weighting parameters. We now provide the interactive graphical software tool RNA-Pareto, which allows a direct inspection of all feasible results to the pairwise RNA sequence-structure alignment problem and greatly facilitates the exploration of the optimal solution set.

Availability and implementation: The software is written in Java 6 (graphical user interface) and C++ (dynamic programming algorithms). The source code and binaries for Linux, Windows and Mac OS are freely available at http://sysbio.uni-ulm.de and are licensed under the GNU GPLv3.

Contact:  hans.kestler@uni-ulm.de
A radical route to interstellar propylene formation
Authors: Rawlings J. M. C. , Williams D. A. , Viti S. , Cecchi-Pestellini C.
Published: September 2013

Complex organic molecules, such as propylene (CH3CHCH2), are detected in molecular clouds (such as TMC1) with high fractional abundances (∼2 × 10−9, relative to hydrogen) that cannot be explained by gas-phase chemical reactions under normal dark-cloud conditions. To obtain such high abundances requires an efficient grain-driven chemistry to be operating, coupled with effective desorption of the complex organics back into the gas phase. We propose that the mechanism that we have previously described – rapid high-density gas-phase chemistry in the gas released following sudden, total, ice mantle sublimation – can explain the high abundances, without recourse to ill-defined surface chemical pathways. Our model provides a natural explanation for why it is that some sources harbour high abundances of propylene, whilst others do not, based on the age and level of dynamical activity within the source (which affects the ice composition), and the chemical composition of the ambient gas.
Stringent constraints on the H i spin temperature in two z > 3 damped Lyman α systems from redshifted 21 cm absorption studies
Authors: Roy Nirupam , Mathur Smita , Gajjar Vishal , Patra Narendra Nath
Published: September 2013

Physical properties of damped Lyman α (DLA) absorbers and their evolution are closely related to galaxy formation and evolution theories and have important cosmological implications. H i 21 cm absorption study is one useful way of measuring the temperature of these systems. In this work, very strong constraints on the temperature of two DLA absorbers at z > 3 are derived from low radio frequency observations. The H i spin temperature is found to be greater than 2000 K for both the absorbers. The high spin temperature of these high-redshift systems is in agreement with the trend found in a compilation of temperatures for other DLA absorbers. We also argue that the temperature–metallicity relation, reported earlier in the literature, is unlikely to be a spurious line-of-sight effect, and that the redshift evolution of the spin temperature does not arise due to a selection effect. All of these are consistent with a redshift evolution of the warm gas fraction in DLA systems.
First Report of Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus Infecting Eggplant in Laos
Authors: Tang Y. F. , He Z. F. , Du Z. G. , Lu L. H.
Published: September 2013

Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV) is a bipartite begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) reported to infect tomato and eggplant in Thailand and Vietnam (1,2). In April 2013, eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) plants exhibiting yellow mosaic symptoms were found in a suburb of Vientiane, Laos. Three symptomatic samples were collected. Total DNA was extracted from leaves by the CTAB method, and used as template for PCR using the degenerate primer pair AV494/CoPR (3). The PCR results suggested that the plants were infected by a begomovirus. The begomoviral genome was amplified by rolling circle amplification (RCA) with TempliPhi kit (GE Healthcare) following the manufacturer's protocol. RCA product was digested with the endonucleases BamH I, EcoR I, Hind III, Kpn I, Pst I, and Xba I, respectively. The fragments about 2.1 kbp (with Pst I digestion) and 1.5 kbp (with Xba I digestion) in size were cloned and sequenced. The sequence of the 2.1-kbp fragment showed similarity with begomovirus DNA-A component. A pair of primers for amplification of the full-length DNA-A, AF (5′-CTTCATCGTTTCTCAGCATCAT-3′) and AR (5′-CACTTGCACACGATCTCTAAGA-3′) were designed from the 2.1-kbp sequence. The full-length DNA-A was 2,752 nucleotides and encoded six putative ORFs (GenBank Accession No. KF218820). The sequence of the 1.5-kbp fragment shared similarity with begomoviruses DNA-B. The begomoviral circular DNA-B was amplified using the pair of primers BF (5′-GTAACAGCCGAAGTGCACG-3′) and BR (5′-AATGGAGAGACACCAGTCTGCC-3′) designed from the 1.5-kbp sequence. PCR yielded a product of expected size (~1.4 kbp). The full-length DNA-B sequence was obtained by assembling the two sequences. The DNA-B was 2,734 nucleotides and encoded two putative ORFs (GenBank Accession No. KF218821). The sequences of DNA-A and DNA-B of isolate Laos shared the highest nucleotide sequences identities at 99.0% and 98.0% with those of TYLCKaV-[TH:Kan 1:01] (AF511529), and [TH:Kan 2:Egg:01] (AF511527), respectively. The results indicated that the virus associated with eggplant yellow mosaic disease was an isolate of TYLCKaV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this begomovirus in Laos. Our results indicate that this virus may be spreading in Southeast Asia and scientists there should be aware of this virus when developing begomovirus-resistant varieties of tomato or eggplant.

References: (1) S. K. Green et al. Plant Dis. 87:446, 2003. (2) C. Ha et al. J. Gen. Virol. 89:312, 2008.(3) Z. F. He et al. Arch. Virol. 154:1199, 2009.