bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in extreme regional sea level under global warming
Authors: Brunnabend S.-E. , Dijkstra H. A. , Kliphuis M. A. , Bal H. E. , Seinstra F. , van Werkhoven B. , Maassen J. , van Meersbergen M.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. An important contribution to future changes in regional sea level extremes is due to the changes in intrinsic ocean variability, in particular ocean eddies. Here, we study a scenario of future dynamic sea level (DSL) extremes using a high-resolution version of the Parallel Ocean Program and generalized extreme value theory. This model is forced with atmospheric fluxes from a coupled climate model which has been integrated under the IPCC-SRES-A1B scenario over the period 2000–2100. Changes in 10-year return time DSL extremes are very inhomogeneous over the globe and are related to changes in ocean currents and corresponding regional shifts in ocean eddy pathways. In this scenario, several regions in the North Atlantic experience an increase in mean DSL of up to 0.4 m over the period 2000–2100. DSL extremes with a 10-year return time increase up to 0.2 m with largest values in the northern and eastern Atlantic.
Comparison of a coupled near- and far-wake model with a free-wake vortex code
Authors: Pirrung Georg , Riziotis Vasilis , Madsen Helge , Hansen Morten , Kim Taeseong
Published: January 2017

Abstract. This paper presents the integration of a near-wake model for trailing vorticity, which is based on a prescribed-wake lifting-line model proposed by Beddoes(1987), with a blade element momentum (BEM)-based far-wake model and a 2-D shed vorticity model. The resulting coupled aerodynamics model is validated against lifting-surface computations performed using a free-wake panel code. The focus of the description of the aerodynamics model is on the numerical stability, the computation speed and the accuracy of unsteady simulations. To stabilize the near-wake model, it has to be iterated to convergence, using a relaxation factor that has to be updated during the computation. Further, the effect of simplifying the exponential function approximation of the near-wake model to increase the computation speed is investigated in this work. A modification of the dynamic inflow weighting factors of the far-wake model is presented that ensures good induction modeling at slow timescales. Finally, the unsteady airfoil aerodynamics model is extended to provide the unsteady bound circulation for the near-wake model and to improve the modeling of the unsteady behavior of cambered airfoils. The model comparison with results from a free-wake panel code and a BEM model is centered around the NREL 5 MW reference turbine. The response to pitch steps at different pitching speeds is compared. By means of prescribed vibration cases, the effect of the aerodynamic model on the predictions of the aerodynamic work is investigated. The validation shows that a BEM model can be improved by adding near-wake trailed vorticity computation. For all prescribed vibration cases with high aerodynamic damping, results similar to those obtained by the free-wake model can be achieved in a small fraction of computation time with the proposed model. In the cases with low aerodynamic damping, the addition of trailed vorticity modeling shifts the results closer to those obtained by using the free-wake code, but differences remain.
Profesinis perdegimas tarp anesteziologiją ir reanimatologiją studijuojančių rezidentų
Authors: Mikalauskas Audrius , Širvinskas Edmundas , Macas Andrius , Padaiga Žilvinas
Published: January 2017

Tyrimais įrodyta, kad darbuotojai, kurių darbo esmę ir turinį sudaro dažni ir intensyvūs kontaktai su kitais žmonėmis, patiria stiprius psichinius krūvius, kurie per ilgą laiką pasireiškia emociniu išsekimu, motyvacijos praradimu, bendravimo sutrikimais, prastėjančia savijauta. Literatūroje šis sindromas yra vadinamas perdegimo sindromu, jis apima tris komponentus: emocinį išsekimą, depersonalizaciją bei sumažėjusį veiksmingumą. Šia linkme atlikta daugybė studijų užsienio šalyse, kurios parodė, kad šį sindromą turi didelė dalis gydytojų. Tiriamųjų (rezidentai, studijuojantys anesteziologiją ir reanimatologiją) perdegimo sindromo paplitimas buvo vertintas parengus anketą, sudarytą iš standartizuoto Maslach perdegimo sindromo klausimyno bei papildomai sudarytais klausimais, padedančiais nustatyti socialinius, demografinius ir profesinius duomenis. Atlikus anoniminę anketinę apklausą internetu, profesinio perdegimo sindromas nustatytas 20,5 proc. respondentų, visos jos moterys. 75 proc. perdegusiųjų studijavo reanimatologijos, likę 25 proc. - anesteziologijos cikle. Beveik visi respondentai, dirbantys papildomai kitoje darbovietėje, turi aukštą depersonalizacijos įvertį. Santuokoje gyvenantys respondentai turi didelius aukšto emocinio išsekimo (93,1 proc.) bei aukštos depersonalizacijos įverčius (93,1 proc.). Galima teigti, kad perdegimo sindromas itin aktualus ne tik kitose šalyse, bet ir Lietuvoje. Todėl tokio tipo tyrimai turi būti atliekami nuolat. Ne mažiau aktuali tyrimų sritis - prevencija ir priemonės šalinti perdegimo sindromo pasekmes.
Klaipėdos rajono suaugusiųjų gyventojų sveikatos veiksnių netolygumai
Authors: Tarvydienė Neringa , Steponkienė Monika , Stepukonis Faustas , Norkienė Sigutė
Published: January 2017

ventojų
sveikatos būklės skirtumus tarp įvairių grupių
asmenų, kuriuos sąlygoja sveikatos determinantai.
Gyvensena ir elgsena labiausiai nulemia žmogaus
sveikatą. Klaipėdos rajone 2007, 2011, 2014
m. buvo atlikti trys suaugusiųjų gyventojų gyvensenos
ir sveikatos tyrimai, kurių tikslas - nustatyti
Klaipėdos rajono suaugusių gyventojų gyvensenos
ir sveikatos netolygumus pagal socioekonominius
rodiklius.
Apklausai atlikti buvo sudarytas klausimynas, remiantis
„Suaugusių Lietuvos gyventojų gyvensenos
tyrimo“ klausimynu. Taikyta tikimybinė daugiapakopė
atsitiktinė atranka. Apklausos atlikėjai kaimiškoje
vietovėje atsitiktinai atrinktoje gatvėje nelyginiuose
nuosavuose namuose (einant į kas antrą
namą) apklausė po vieną gyventoją, kurio gimtadienis
yra arčiausiai. Miestuose atsitiktinai atrinktoje
gatvėje apklausos atlikėjai rinkosi daugiabučius su
nelyginiais namo numeriais, ėjo į kas antrą nelyginį
butą. Name arba bute buvo apklaustas ne daugiau
kaip vienas gyventojas, vyresnis nei 18 metų, ir kurio
gimtadienis yra arčiausiai.
Remiantis tyrimo rezultatais, kasdien ir kartais rūkančių
gyventojų dalis sumažėjo 12,5 proc. nuo
2011 iki 2014 m. ir daržovių vartojimas mažiausiai
3 kartus per savaitę sumažėjo 39,9 proc. nuo 2007
m. iki 2014 m. Tačiau alkoholinių gėrimų vartojimas
Klaipėdos rajone du ir daugiau kartų per savaitę
(padidėjo 8,9 proc.), vaisių, uogų vartojimas padidėjo
30,1 proc., mankštinimasis mažiausiai 4 kartus
per savaitę, padidėjo 18,1 proc. Egzistuoja rūkymo,
alkoholinių gėrimų vartojimo, daržovių, vaisių,
uogų valgymo įpročių, fizinio aktyvumo netolygumai
tarp suaugusių gyventojų pagal socioekonominius
rodiklius – lytį, gyvenamąją vietą, išsilavinimą,
šeiminę padėtį, užimtumą.
Assistance For Dentists In Lithuania
Authors: Berlin Vilija , Pūrienė Alina , Dulkė Greta
Published: January 2017

The study objectives were to investigate the preference of Lithuanian dentists to work with or without an assistant and to identify the most significant predictors for the preference. As well, we aimed to explore the education of practicing dental assistants in Lithuania. The information was collected by a postal questionnaire survey which was carried out among all practicing general dental practitioners and dental specialists in Lithuania (n=2971). The final response rate was 67.6% corresponding to 2,008 respondents. The results show that most dentists in Lithuania always or sometimes work without an assistant. Each third dentist of those who work with an assistant employ non-certified dental assistant. This may be done on purpose due to financial reasons. Dentists should be educated how efficient, ergonomic practice with a qualified dental assistant can be; inclusion of contemporary four-handed practice subject in applicants resume could improve employment of certified dental assistants in the long term.
The Effect of Internal Communication on Employees’ Commitment to Change in Malaysian Large Companies
Authors: Marchalina Leonis , Ahmad Hartini
Published: January 2017

Employees’ commitment seems to be vital in decision making for any organizations in order to be able in business competition and to adapt with changes. The commitment among employees can be a crucial tool for improving their performance in organizations. Communication is needed to raise awareness among employees on the need of change as well as creating the readiness to the change whereby it leads to the commitment to change. The objective of this paper is to examine the influence of internal communication on employees’ commitment to change. Apparently, this issue likely has attracted the attention among either scholars or researchers. The theoretical contribution has been added in this study by investigating the effect of internal communication in influencing employees’ commitment to change. A survey of structured questionnaire was conducted in five-hundred fifty employees in Malaysian large companies. The significant relationship has been found between internal communication and employees’ commitment to change through multivariate regression analysis. Moreover, the implications to practice and theory are discussed.
A Case Control Study of Cemented Acetabular Total Hip Arthroplasty Components in Patients Less than 50 with 5-Year Minimum Follow-up
Authors: Yeoman Thomas F.M. , Smy William , Gaston Paul
Published: January 2017

Background

This study investigates the outcomes of cemented sockets in young patients (<50 years) requiring a total hip replacement (THR) compared to older patients (>50 years) having the same procedure, under the same surgeon between June 2005 and May 2009.

Methods

Prosthesis survivorship rates, patient outcomes and radiological findings were compared between a consecutive series of 56 young patients (mean 42, range 25-49) and 56 older patients (mean 69, range 53-81) that underwent a primary THR using a cemented Stryker® Exeter™ Contemporary™ flanged cup. The minimum follow-up was 5 years.

Results

No significant difference was observed between the groups’ Oxford Hip Scores (p = 0.078) or satisfaction scores (p = 0.67). Worst case scenario analysis for revision, failure or lost to follow-up showed 94.6% survival in the <50 year olds and 92.9% survival in the >50 year olds at 5 years. This study demonstrates no significant difference in patient outcomes, survivorship or radiographic findings at a minimum of 5 years between patients <50 years old and those >50 years old undergoing THR with a cemented socket.

Conclusions

We believe the current trend towards uncemented cups may be driven by marketing rather than by evidence of improved outcomes. Cemented sockets provide very good outcomes for patients of all ages.
Can NGAL be Employed as Prognostic and Diagnostic Biomarker in Human Cancers? A Systematic Review of Current Evidence
Authors: Roli Laura , Pecoraro Valentina , Trenti Tommaso
Published: January 2017

Background

Some studies have reported differentially altered neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels in several malignancies. We evaluated NGAL measured in plasma or urine as both prognostic and diagnostic marker for different types of human tumors.

Methods

We performed systematic electronic searches in Medline, Embase and CRDTAS. Studies were included if they evaluated NGAL as a prognostic or diagnostic marker for human cancers. The selection of the studies, screening of the full texts and data extraction were conducted independently by 2 authors. We used the random-effects model for the meta-analyses. A methodological assessment was completed.

Results

We included 35 studies dedicated to colorectal, pancreas, breast, thyroid, gastric, kidney, endometrial, brain, liver, lung, esophageal, oral and ovarian cancers. Our meta-analyses showed that, in patients with colorectal and breast cancer, positive NGAL expression was associated with a decrease of disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.54-3.36; HR = 1.78, 95% CI, 1.33-2.38, respectively). NGAL was a negative prognostic marker of overall survival in colorectal (HR = 2.37, 95% CI, 1.68-3.34) and endometrial (HR = 4.38, 95% CI, 1.9-10.12) cancers. Discriminative power of NGAL between cancer patients and control was moderate in colorectal cancer (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.6; pooled sensitivity 0.56; pooled specificity 0.72), acceptable in pancreatic cancer (AUC = 0.8; pooled sensitivity 0.6; pooled specificity 0.8) and good in thyroid cancer (AUC = 0.9; pooled sensitivity 0.85; pooled specificity 0.96).

Conclusions

NGAL determination in plasma and urine could be useful in the prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer, but its prognostic accuracy remains uncertain for other human tumors.
Endometrioma in Adolescents and Future Reproductive Health
Authors: Brosens Ivo , Benagiano Giuseppe
Published: January 2017

There continues to be debate over the nature and progression of ovarian endometriomas in adolescence due to the possibility that they may have a different origin and to the impossibility to be able to predict progress.

The hypothesis of a different origin traces its roots in the phenomenon called “neonatal menstruation” (NUB), occurring in approximately 5% of newborn. The retrograde shedding of neonatal endometrium may contain progenitor cells and stroma that may lie dormant under the peritoneal surface until being activated when estrogens begin to rise.

In teenagers, ovarian endometriomas are often preceded by highly angiogenic implants in the fossa ovarica, with adhesion formation resulting in the invagination of the ovarian cortex and the creation of a pseudocyst.

Use of imaging techniques makes it possible to diagnose even small endometriomas. This is vital to their management, since there is evidence that the disease in an adolescent represents a severe condition, with tendency to progression. In addition, if intervention is decided, the first surgical procedure can determine the ultimate outcome of her reproductive life, because there is a significantly higher risk of inadvertently removing ovarian tissue in the presence of an endometrioma than of other ovarian pathologies. For this reason, techniques avoiding additional trauma to the ovary should be preferred and those who wish to become pregnant should attempt conception as soon as possible; if pregnancy is not sought, hormonal therapy is strongly advised.

Finally, young age at diagnosis may constitute a pivotal factor in considering fertility preservation.
Second Malignancy Risk in Patients with Bronchopulmonary Carcinoids: Epidemiological Results from Italian Network of Cancer Registries
Authors: Lococo Filippo , Galeone Carla , Sacchettini Claudio , Leuzzi Giovanni , Cesario Alfredo , Paci Massimiliano , Mangone Lucia ,   AIRTUM working group contributors, Autelitano M. , Mannino S. , Filiberti R.A. , Borciani E. , Buzzoni C. , Candela G. , D'oro L. Cavalieri , Coviello V. , Caiazzo A. L , Barchielli A. , Crocetti E. , Cusimano R. , Rugge M. , Falcini F. , Ferretti S. , Fusco M. , Gennaro V. , Giacomin A. , Gola G. , Stracci F. , Madeddu A. , Magoni M. , Mangone L. , Spagnoli M. , Maspero S. , Mazzoleni G. , Melcarne A. , Merletti F. , Michiara M. , Minerba S. , Pannozzo F. , Piffer S. , Quarta F. , Ricci P. , Russo A. , Sampietro G. , Sciacca S. , Sensi F. , Serraino D. , Sardo A. Sutera , Tagliabue G. , Tisano F. , Traina A. , Tumino R. , Usala M. , Vitale F. , Vitarelli S.
Published: January 2017

Purpose

This epidemiological study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of second tumors (STs) in patients with bronchopulmonary carcinoids (BCs).

Methods

Data on neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) from the AIRTUM registry (1975-2011) were used for the analysis. Among 32,325 NECs, we focused our analysis on 3,205 patients (9.9%) affected by BCs. The overall ST number and incidence were calculated. The number of STs was compared with the expected cancer number in the healthy Italian population, and the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

Results

The male/female ratio was 1.5:1 and the mean age 61.7 years (range: 7-94). A total of 640 STs were observed (overall incidence: 20%): 198 tumors were metachronous, 23 synchronous, and 419 occurred before the diagnosis of BC. The most common STs were bladder tumors (12.2%) followed by breast tumors (11.1%). We observed a large number of thyroid tumors (SIR = 3.88), with a remarkably higher frequency of thyroid tumors being synchronously detected with BC in female patients (SIR = 61.39). In male patients there was an increased frequency of urinary system tumors, in particular metachronous tumors of the kidney and renal pelvis (SIR = 3.34) and synchronous tumors of the urinary bladder (SIR = 11.48).

Conclusions

A high frequency of STs is predictable in patients with BCs, with synchronous thyroid tumors being observed in women and kidney and urinary bladder tumors in men. However, these data should be interpreted with caution, considering that the diagnosis of such tumors often occurs as an incidental finding during investigations for other malignancies.
Expression of the aldehyde oxidase 3, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, and VIVIPAROUS 1 genes in wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to pre-harvest sprouting
Authors: Simlat Magdalena , Nowak Michał , Brutkowski Kamil , Hydzik Marcin , Zieliński Andrzej , Moś Maria
Published: January 2017

The quality of wheat grains is often negatively affected by pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), a complex trait with a poorly understood genetic background. In this study two wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to PHS were used to investigate expression of three genes: AAO3, CPS3 and VP1. AAO3 is coding for aldehyde oxidase 3, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of abscisic acid. CPS3 codes for ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase which belongs to the pathway of gibberellic acid synthesis. The product of VP1 (VIVIPAROUS 1) is a transcription factor which controls expression of the former two genes. The study was carried out using both developing and sprouting-induced grains. In Piko, a wheat cultivar susceptible to PHS, accumulation of the AAO3 transcript was significantly decreased, during the last stages of grain development, in comparison to Sława, a cultivar tolerant to PHS. In case of the CPS3 and VP1 transcripts, the differences between cultivars were especially evident from 17th to 31st day after pollination. In turn, after induction of sprouting within spikes, accumulation of the AAO3 and VP1 mRNA in the Sława grains was lower in comparison to that observed in the Piko grains. Moreover, accumulation of the CPS3 transcript was significantly higher for Piko than for Sława, both in sprouting and non-sprouting grains. According to our knowledge this report provides the first description of the AAO3 and CPS3 expression in the context of PHS, and in the future it would be valuable to correlate this information with the data on the accumulation of ABA and GA3.
The role of abiotic factors modulating the plant-microbe-soil interactions: toward sustainable agriculture. A review
Authors: Santoyo Gustavo , Hernández-Pacheco Claudia , Hernández-Salmerón Julie , Hernández-León Rocio
Published: January 2017

Microbial soil communities are active players in the biogeochemical cycles, impacting soil fertility and interacting with aboveground organisms. Although soil microbial diversity has been studied in good detail, the factors that modulate its structure are still relatively unclear, especially the environmental factors. Several abiotic elements may play a key role in modulating the diversity of soil microbes, including those inhabiting the rhizosphere (known as the rhizosphere microbiome). This review summarizes relevant and recent studies that have investigated the abiotic factors at different scales, such as pH, temperature, soil type, and geographic and climatic conditions, that modulate the bulk soil and rhizosphere microbiome, as well as their indirect effects on plant health and development. The plant–microbiome interactions and potential benefits of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are also discussed. In the last part of this review, we highlight the impact of climate change on soil microorganisms via global temperature changes and increases in ultraviolet radiation and CO2 production. Finally, we propose the need to understand the function of soil and rhizospheric ecosystems in greater detail, in order to effectively manipulate or engineer the rhizosphere microbiome to improve plant growth in agricultural production.
Quality of life of people with dementia in nursing homes in Austria: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Deufert Daniela , Schermann Karoline
Published: January 2017

Background: The preservation and promotion of the quality of life (QoL) is a central objective in the provision of nursing care for people with dementia (PwD). Long-term care facilities face the major challenge to promote the QoL of the ever-growing group of PwD by providing adequate nursing care.Objective: The aim of the study was to outline the QoL of residents with dementia in Austrian nursing homes.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out. The data were collected through the Quality of Life in Dementia Questionnaire (QUALIDEM) and the Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST).Results: 147 people with mild to moderately severe dementia and 80 people with severe dementia residing in 23 nursing homes were included in the study. In people with mild to severe dementia, the highest scores were observed in the QUALIDEM-subscales positive affect and feeling at home, indicating a high QoL in these areas. The lowest scores with respect to the QoL were found in the categories restless tense behavior and having something to do. People with a very severe dementia had the lowest scores inthe QUALIDEM-subscales social relations, restless tense behavior and having something to do, indicating a low QoL in these areas. The categories with the highest scores were positive self-image and feeling at home.Conclusion: The results of the study provide first data and clues for possible developments or necessary changes in the care of PwD in long-term care facilities in Tyrol/Austria.
Três Modelos Integrativos de Gestão de Serviços: Um Comparativo sob Critérios Metateóricos
Authors: Da Silva Jussara Goulart , Urdan André Torres
Published: January 2017

A prestao de servios orientada pelo mercado um desafio para organizaes ao redor do mundo, cuja soluo passa pela articulao de diversas disciplinas. Nessa linha, trs modelos de gesto de servios sobressaem, pela natureza integrativa, na literatura: de Hiatos, de Estgio-Porto em Servios e de Design de Servio Multinveis. Resta saber acerca do padro de cada um deles como concepo terica. Assim, realizou-se uma avaliao preliminar comparativa dos trs modelos, segundo critrios metericos. Os resultados sugerem que todos eles ostentam mritos, mas se encontram em estgios distintos de consolidao terica. Mesmo o de Hiatos, mais sedimentado, reclama aprimoramento. O de Design de Servio Multinveis o mais carente de aprimoramento. No estgio em que se encontram esses estgios, a cada modelo se ligam algumas indicaes para aplicaes prticas. A melhoria do panorama traado depende de mais e mais pesquisas, tambm, no Brasil.
Didysis karas: diskursai ir atminimo praktika tarpukario Lietuvoje
Authors: Jokubauskas Vytautas
Published: January 2017

Straipsnyje analizuojami Didžiojo (Pirmojo pasaulinio) karo diskursai ir atminimo kultūros praktika tarpukario Lietuvoje. Tyrime aptariama grožinės literatūros Didžiojo karo tema kiekis tarpukario Lietuvoje ir jos pobūdis (atkreipiant dėmesį į verstinių ir vietinių autorių kūrinių lygį, literatūros karo tema „pakilimą“ ir pokyčius), šio karo reikšmė visuomenei; atskleidžiama Didžiojo karo sukakčių minėjimų ir karių kapų tvarkymo praktika tarpukario Lietuvoje.
Kongens reise til det ytterste nord. Dagbøker fra Christian IVs tokt til Finnmark og Kola i 1599
Authors: Sparboe Per Einar , Hagen Rune Blix
Published: January 2017

I løpet av tre vår- og sommermåneder i 1599 ledet den dansk-norske kongen Christian IV en ekspedisjon nordover langs kysten av sitt norske rike. Under toktet ble det ført dagbok av to av kongens medarbeidere og disse utgjør sentrale deler av boka. Formålet var å rense "Hans Kongelige Majestets Strømme" for sjørøvere, fribyttere og andre som seilte øst- og nordom Vardø uten å betale toll. Kongen ville hevde den dansk-norske suverenitet i dette konfliktfylte grenseområdet. Den 19 år gamle Christian IV hadde formelt overtatt styret av Danmark-Norge i 1596. Hans første store utenrikspolitiske sakskompleks ble herredømmet over kystterritoriet. Den unge monarken måtte forholde seg til en aggressiv og ekspansiv nordområdepolitikk fra den svenske kongen og den russiske tsaren. De europeiske landenes livlige og økende trafikk med handel, fiske, polarekspedisjoner og etter hvert hvalfangst i nord, representerte alvorlige utfordringer for en statsleder som så på havområdet mellom Norge og Grønland som sitt territorialfarvann. Dette er bakteppet for den gigantiske kystvaktoperasjonen som blir framstilt gjennom samtidsdokumenter og historiske perspektiver i boka. Marinetoktet i 1599 ga gjenklang over hele Europa og markerer Danmark/Norge blant de ledende sjøfartstater i datidens Europa.
Major impact of volcanic gases on the chemical composition of precipitation in Iceland during the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption
Authors: Stefánsson Andri , Stefánsdóttir Gerdur , Keller Nicole S. , Barsotti Sara , Sigurdsson Árni , Thorláksdóttir Svava Björk , Pfeffer Melissa Anne , Eiríksdóttir Eydís S. , Jónasdóttir Elín Björk , von Löwis Sibylle , Gíslason Sigurdur R.
Published: January 2017

The Holuhraun eruption in 2014–2015 was the largest in Iceland for more than 200 years. It resulted in emissions of large quantities of volcanic gases into the atmosphere (11 megaton (Mt) SO2, 0.1 Mt HCl, and 0.05 Mt HF). During the eruption the volcanic gases had major effects on F, SO4 and to a lesser extent Cl concentrations in precipitaxtion throughout Iceland, effects not observed in recent decades. The concentrations of F, Cl, and SO4 (n = 705) reached values of 444 µm 12,270 µm, and 17,324 µm during the eruption and were on average ~20 times higher for F and SO4 and much lower for Cl compared to preeruption times. The concentrations of major cations (Si, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe) (n = 151) in the precipitation were taken as having originated from seawater spray and dissolution of rock dust and aerosol. Based on the mixing model developed here, it is demonstrated that the source of the enrichment of F and SO4 was indeed the volcanic gas emissions with >60–100 mol % of SO4 and F in the precipitation originated from volcanic gas, whereas the Cl originated mostly from seawater spray, making the volcanic gas input of Cl relatively less important than for F and SO4. The results showed that large volcanic eruptions can have major effects on atmospheric chemistry and impact the composition of precipitation.
M2Di: Concise and efficient MATLAB 2‐D Stokes solvers using the Finite Difference Method
Authors: Räss Ludovic , Duretz Thibault , Podladchikov Yury Y. , Schmalholz Stefan M.
Published: January 2017

Recent development of many multiphysics modeling tools reflects the currently growing interest for studying coupled processes in Earth Sciences. The core of such tools should rely on fast and robust mechanical solvers. Here we provide M2Di, a set of routines for 2‐D linear and power law incompressible viscous flow based on Finite Difference discretizations. The 2‐D codes are written in a concise vectorized MATLAB fashion and can achieve a time to solution of 22 s for linear viscous flow on 10002 grid points using a standard personal computer. We provide application examples spanning from finely resolved crystal‐melt dynamics, deformation of heterogeneous power law viscous fluids to instantaneous models of mantle flow in cylindrical coordinates. The routines are validated against analytical solution for linear viscous flow with highly variable viscosity and compared against analytical and numerical solutions of power law viscous folding and necking. In the power law case, both Picard and Newton iterations schemes are implemented. For linear Stokes flow and Picard linearization, the discretization results in symmetric positive‐definite matrix operators on Cartesian grids with either regular or variable grid spacing allowing for an optimized solving procedure. For Newton linearization, the matrix operator is no longer symmetric and an adequate solving procedure is provided. The reported performance of linear and power law Stokes flow is finally analyzed in terms of wall time. All MATLAB codes are provided and can readily be used for educational as well as research purposes. The M2Di routines are available from Bitbucket and the University of Lausanne Scientific Computing Group website, and are also supplementary material to this article.
Magnetic excursions in the late Matuyama Chron (Olduvai to Matuyama‐Brunhes boundary) from North Atlantic IODP sites
Authors: Channell J. E. T.
Published: January 2017

The sedimentary record of late Matuyama magnetic excursions, between the end of the Olduvai Subchron and the Matuyama‐Brunhes boundary, has relied on North Atlantic Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 983/984, and individual recordings at ODP Site 1021 from the California Margin, and Core MD972143 from the west Philippine Sea. North Atlantic IODP Sites U1305, U1306, U1307 (Eirik Drift, off SE Greenland), and Site U1308 (central Atlantic) provide new records from u‐channel samples and discrete (8 cm3) cubic samples, collected from multiple holes drilled at each site. The results confirm the existence of the Intra‐Jaramillo, Punaruu, Bjorn, Gardar, and Gilsa excursions and possibly the Kamikatsura excursion. These excursions are not recorded at all sampled sites, although they do correspond to excursions recorded at ODP Sites 983/984 and to relative paleointensity minima recorded at all studied sites. For some records, including that of the Bjorn excursion (1251 ka), antipodal magnetization directions yield virtual geomagnetic poles that reach high northern latitudes, implying that the excursion involved reversal of the main axial dipole field. On the other hand, excursions are often partially and inadequately recorded, attributable to a combination of the brevity of geomagnetic excursions, bioturbation, and filtering of the magnetization signal by the detrital remanent magnetization acquisition process, nonuniform sedimentation rates at millennial/centennial scales, and possibly unrecognized drilling/sampling disturbance.
Production of a combined land surface data set and its use to assess land‐atmosphere coupling in China
Authors: Li Mingxing , Ma Zhuguo , Gu Hongping , Yang Qing , Zheng Ziyan
Published: January 2017

Land‐atmosphere interactions play an important role in shaping regional climate and its variability. In land‐atmosphere coupling study, a fundamental challenge is data limitation, such as the sparsity of long‐term land observations and uncertainty in individual model simulations. This study produces a multisource combined land surface data set using a Bayesian model averaging method, for the assessment of land‐atmosphere coupling across China. We employ the newly produced soil moisture and evapotranspiration, together with satellite‐derived soil moisture and observation‐based evapotranspiration to assess spatiotemporal characteristics of the coupling with observed precipitation and temperature. We also define a coupling index to identify region‐specific regimes. The results have shown that strong coupling occurs over northern China, particularly in the transition zone between dry and wet climate. Here summer coupling is dominated by land evaporative water storage. Over the southern humid regions and regions at high altitudes, land‐atmosphere coupling in summer is characterized by an energy‐limited regime. Estimated coupling strengths vary with season and variable used. Precipitation‐related couplings are generally stronger in summer; temperature‐related couplings are stronger in summer in dry areas but stronger in winter in humid areas. These findings provide a multisource combined representation and cross validation of spatial and temporal characteristics of land‐atmosphere coupling across China. The implications are that northern China is a critical region for climate change/variability impact and adaptation assessment.
Interpreting millimeter‐wave radiances over tropical convective clouds
Authors: Haddad Z. S. , Sawaya R. C. , Kacimi S. , Sy O. O. , Turk F. J. , Steward J.
Published: January 2017

Attempts to interpret the measurements of millimeter‐wave radiometers over tropical storms must overcome the difficulty of modeling the scattering signatures of hydrometeors at these frequencies. Most approaches to date try to retrieve surface precipitation, to which the observations are not directly sensitive. In fact, millimeter wavelengths are most sensitive to the scattering from solid hydrometeors within the upper levels of the cloud. Millimeter‐wavelength radiometers have a definite advantage over the lower frequency radiometers in that they have finer spatial resolution to resolve deep convection. Preliminary analyses summarized here indicate that the measurements are indeed sensitive to the depth and intensity of convection. The challenge is to derive a robust approach to make quantitative estimates of the characteristics of the convection directly from the observations, and conversely to derive a robust forward representation of the dependence of the radiances on the underlying moisture fields, to enable effective data assimilation. This is accomplished using a two‐step semiempirical approach: first, nearly simultaneous coincident observations by millimeter‐wave radiometers and orbiting atmospheric profiling radars are used to enforce unbiased consistency between modeled brightness temperatures and radar and radiometer observations; second, the departure from the first‐step mean empirical relations are explained in terms of the moisture variables, using cloud‐resolving simulations with different microphysical schemes, including an original microphysical representation that proves to be more consistent with remote sensing observations than existing schemes. The results are a retrieval approach and a forward representation that are unbiased by construction, with uncertainties quantified by the corresponding conditional variances.
Introduction: Photons and ground‐based
Authors: Spann James , Moore Thomas
Published: January 2017

A Conference on Measurement Techniques for Solar and Space Physics was held on 20–24 April 2015 in Boulder, Colorado, at the National Center for Atmospheric Research Center Green Campus. The present volume collects together the conference papers for photons and ground‐based categories.
Porous One‐Dimensional Nanomaterials: Design, Fabrication and Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Wei Qiulong , Xiong Fangyu , Tan Shuangshuang , Huang Lei , Lan Esther H. , Dunn Bruce , Mai Liqiang
Published: January 2017

Electrochemical energy storage technology is of critical importance for portable electronics, transportation and large‐scale energy storage systems. There is a growing demand for energy storage devices with high energy and high power densities, long‐term stability, safety and low cost. To achieve these requirements, novel design structures and high performance electrode materials are needed. Porous 1D nanomaterials which combine the advantages of 1D nanoarchitectures and porous structures have had a significant impact in the field of electrochemical energy storage. This review presents an overview of porous 1D nanostructure research, from the synthesis by bottom‐up and top‐down approaches with rational and controllable structures, to several important electrochemical energy storage applications including lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries, lithium‐oxygen batteries and supercapacitors. Highlights of porous 1D nanostructures are described throughout the review and directions for future research in the field are discussed at the end.
Size Dependence of Electrical Conductivity and Thermoelectric Enhancements in Spin‐Coated PEDOT:PSS Single and Multiple Layers
Authors: Andrei Virgil , Bethke Kevin , Madzharova Fani , Beeg Sebastian , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Kneipp Janina , Rademann Klaus
Published: January 2017

This work reveals that the electrical conductivity σ of a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film can be significantly increased by spin‐coating multiple thin layers onto a substrate. Generally, σ can be improved by more than fourfold for multiple layers, as compared to a single thicker one. A gradual enhancement is observed for pristine PEDOT:PSS films (up to 2.10 ± 0.26 S cm–1 for five‐layered films), while a plateau in σ at around 200 S cm–1 is reached after only three layers, when using a PEDOT:PSS solution with 5 vol% dimethyl sulfoxide. By contrast, only a small change in σ is observed for single layers of varying thickness. Accordingly, the thermoelectric power factor is also increased by up to 3.4 times for the multiple layers. Based on atomic force microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis, and Raman spectroscopy measurements, two mechanisms are also proposed, involving an increase in percolation by inclusion of smaller grains within the existing ones, respectively, a reorganization of the PEDOT:PSS chains. These findings represent a direct strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of conductive polymer films without additional reagents, while the mechanistic insights explain existing literature results.
What does variation in primate behavior mean?
Authors: Strier Karen B.
Published: January 2017

Interest in intraspecific behavioral variation has grown with concerns about the ability of primates to adapt to the rapidly changing ecological and demographic conditions that threaten their survival. Now, in addition to identifying the causes and phylogenetic distribution of normative, species‐specific behavior patterns for interspecific comparisons, there is widespread recognition of the need to incorporate intraspecific variation. This variation is evident across groups and populations of the same species as well over the long histories of single groups of long‐lived, socially complex animals with overlapping generations. Yet, analyses of both cross‐sectional and longitudinal data require explicit criteria about how to classify and interpret behavioral variation, and must be sensitive to the limitations of space‐for‐time substitutions in these comparisons. Current approaches have made great advances, but there remains an urgent challenge of understanding intraspecific variation in a way that will facilitate the development of new predictive models to assess population resilience and extinction risks in the face of climate change and other anthropogenic influences.
Current views on hunter‐gatherer nutrition and the evolution of the human diet
Authors: Crittenden Alyssa N. , Schnorr Stephanie L.
Published: January 2017

Diet composition and food choice are not only central to the daily lives of all living people, but are consistently linked with turning points in human evolutionary history. As such, scholars from a wide range of fields have taken great interest in the role that subsistence has played in both human cultural and biological evolution. Central to this discussion is the diet composition and nutrition of contemporary hunters and gatherers, who are frequently conscripted as model populations for ancestral human nutrition. Research among the world's few remaining foraging populations is experiencing a resurgence, as they are making the final transition away from diets composed of wild foods, to those dominated by domesticated cultigens and/or processed foods. In an effort to glean as much information as possible, before such populations are no longer hunting and gathering, researchers interested in the evolution of human nutrition are rapidly collecting and accessing new and more data. Methods of scientific inquiry are in the midst of rapid change and scholars are able to revisit long‐standing questions using state of the art analyses. Here, using the most relevant findings from studies in ethnography, nutrition, human physiology, and microbiomes, we provide a brief summary of the study of the evolution of human nutrition as it has specifically pertained to data coming from living hunter‐gatherers. In doing so, we hope to bridge the disciplines that are currently invested in research on nutrition and health among foraging populations.
Boraformylation and Silaformylation of Allenes
Authors: Fujihara Tetsuaki , Sawada Ayumi , Yamaguchi Tatsuya , Tani Yosuke , Terao Jun , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: January 2017

The boraformylation of allenes with B2(pin)2 and a formate ester as boron and formyl source, respectively, proceeds in the presence of a copper catalyst. The reaction selectively affords the corresponding β‐boryl β,γ‐unsaturated aldehydes in good to high yields. Furthermore, the silaformylation of allenes was achieved with a formate ester and PhMe2Si−B(pin) as the silicon source.
SBA‐15‐supported N‐coordinate ruthenium(II) materials bearing sulfonamide‐type ligands: Effect of ligand backbones on catalytic transfer hydrogenation of ketones and aldehydes
Authors: Dayan Serkan , Kayaci Nilgun , Kalaycioglu Ozpozan Nilgun , Dayan Osman
Published: January 2017

[RuLCl(p‐cymene)] (L = N‐arylsulfonylphenylenediamine) complexes (2a–d) were synthesized from the reaction between [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2]2 and ligand. Additionally, SBA‐15–[RuLCl(p‐cymene)] derived catalysts (3a–d) were successfully immobilized onto mesoporous silica (SBA‐15) by an easily accessible approach. The structural elucidations of 2a–d and 3a–d were carried out with various methods such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR and infrared spectroscopies, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis, nitrogen adsorption–desorption and scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. The Ru(II) complexes and materials were found to be highly active and selective catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation (TH) reaction of aldehydes and ketones. The influence of various 1,2‐phenylenediamines on the reactivity of the catalysts (complexes or materials) was studied and the catalysts (2d and 3d) with a 4,5‐dichlorophenylenediamine substituent showed the best activity (the maximum turnover frequencies are 2916 and 2154 h−1 for TH of 4‐fluoroacetophenone, and 6000 and 4956 h−1 for TH of 4‐chlorobenzaldehyde).
Prediction of CO2 gas permeability behavior of ionic liquid–polymer membranes (ILPM)
Authors: Mannan H. A. , Mukhtar H. , Murugesan T. , Man Z. , Bustam M. A. , Shaharun M. S. , Abu Bakar M. Z.
Published: January 2017

Predicting the gas permeability of ionic liquid‐polymeric membranes (ILPM) is of great importance for the design of efficient gas separation membrane materials. The available models for the prediction of CO2 gas permeability through ionic liquid‐polymeric membranes were analyzed using the literature data. Maxwell model was selected for modification due to relatively accurate prediction capability. The Maxwell model was modified for ionic liquid‐polymeric membranes by incorporating model parameter k for the effectiveness of volume fraction of dispersed phase. The established methodology was tested for different ionic liquid‐polymeric membrane systems for validation. A satisfactory agreement was observed for predicted and experimental permeability by using the current approach. This method can be used for the prediction of CO2 gas permeability through ionic liquid‐polymeric membranes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44761.
Incorporation of chloramphenicol and captopril into poly(GL)‐b‐poly(GL‐co‐TMC‐co‐CL)‐b‐poly(GL) monofilar surgical sutures
Authors: Márquez Yolanda , Cabral Tània , Lorenzetti Alice , Franco Lourdes , Turon Pau , del Valle Luís J. , Puiggalí Jordi
Published: January 2017

Incorporation of chloramphenicol and captopril into coated and uncoated monofilament sutures was evaluated, as well as the derived bactericide and wound healing effects. To this end, a commercially available suture and an amorphous random copolymer constituted by trimethylene carbonate and lactide units were considered. The suture had a segmented architecture based on polyglycolide hard blocks and a soft block constituted by glycolide, trimethylene carbonate and ε‐caprolactone units. Chloramphenicol was better loaded when the coating copolymer was employed due to its protective effect whereas captopril showed an opposite behavior due to partial solubilization during immersion in the coating bath. Interestingly, the release behavior was very different for the two studied drugs since a significant retention of chloramphenicol was always detected, suggesting the establishment of interactions between drug and copolymers. On the other hand, delivery of captopril showed a typical dose dependent behavior. A low in vitro toxicity of the two drugs was determined considering both epithelial‐like and fibroblast‐like cells. Bactericide effect of chloramphenicol against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria was demonstrated at a dose that was non‐toxic for all assayed cells. An accelerating wound healing effect of captopril was also demonstrated for early events. In this case, the use of a coating copolymer was fundamental to avoid cytotoxic effects on highly loaded sutures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44762.
Users and uses of a global union catalog: A mixed‐methods study of WorldCat.org
Authors: Wakeling Simon , Clough Paul , Silipigni Connaway Lynn , Sen Barbara , Tomás David
Published: January 2017

This paper presents the first large‐scale investigation of the users and uses of WorldCat.org, the world's largest bibliographic database and global union catalog. Using a mixed‐methods approach involving focus group interviews with 120 participants, an online survey with 2,918 responses, and an analysis of transaction logs of approximately 15 million sessions from WorldCat.org, the study provides a new understanding of the context for global union catalog use. We find that WorldCat.org is accessed by a diverse population, with the three primary user groups being librarians, students, and academics. Use of the system is found to fall within three broad types of work‐task (professional, academic, and leisure), and we also present an emergent taxonomy of search tasks that encompass known‐item, unknown‐item, and institutional information searches. Our results support the notion that union catalogs are primarily used for known‐item searches, although the volume of traffic to WorldCat.org means that unknown‐item searches nonetheless represent an estimated 250,000 sessions per month. Search engine referrals account for almost half of all traffic, but although WorldCat.org effectively connects users referred from institutional library catalogs to other libraries holding a sought item, users arriving from a search engine are less likely to connect to a library.