bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Handling, Breeding, Strain Preservation, Genotyping, and Drug Administration for Mouse Models of Cancer
Authors: Boggess Dawnalyn , Silva Kathleen A. , Landel Carlisle P. , Mobraaten Larry , Sundberg John P.
Published: October 2004

Mouse models are extremely valuable biomedical tools for cancer research. Their value to individual investigators depends upon the investigator's ability to manage a colony and manipulate the mice. Basic genotyping to maintain a colony of genetically engineered mice is a critical technique. Understanding the differences between inbred and outbred (nonsegregating vs. segregating backgrounds) determines the reproducibility of models. Preserving valuable colonies for future use through cryopreservation of embryos, sperm, or just the constructs used to create the models enables future work to be done. This chapter provides a broad overview of many of the methods commonly used to perform these tasks as well as how and where to find more specific information.
Pathology of Mouse Models of Cancer
Authors: Cardiff Robert D.
Published: October 2004

Analysis of the changes in structure (gross and histopathology) is essential for the validation of mouse models of human cancer. However, many investigators do not have immediate access to qualified pathologists who understand the unique features of genetically engineered mouse pathology. Further, the gross examination of the mouse and the preparation of tissues are usually done by the laboratory personnel and, most frequently, by relatively untrained graduate students or fellows. Some laboratories have the good fortune of having experienced laboratory technologists who perform the services and teach the incoming students and fellows the correct techniques. However, many laboratories do not have this advantage and frequently relegate the necropsy to the least experienced animal technician or the newest graduate student. Unfortunately, this often leads to disastrous results that cannot be overcome. Therefore, this chapter is not about how to be a pathologist but rather is about how to prepare a mouse for pathologic analysis and is meant to be a primer for the neophyte who needs basic help.
Intercurrent Infections in Genetically Engineered Mice
Authors: Barthold Stephen W.
Published: October 2004

The laboratory mouse was domesticated from fancy mice that arose from geographically diverse genetic origins. The diverse origins of the mouse also contributed to a lengthy list of infectious agents that are carried by mice. Despite years of microbial quality control, the burgeoning use of mice for research is causing a resurgence of infectious disease among laboratory mice. Infections can be introduced through mice, but also through biologic products such as serum, hybridomas, and transplantable tumors and through iatrogenic introduction by scientists. Retroviruses represent an important group of agents with significant effects upon mouse research, but the transmissible exogenous viruses are no longer an issue among laboratory mice. The diversity of other infectious agents induce a wide variety of effects upon cancer research, including immunomodulation, tumor graft rejection, misinterpretation of phenotype, modified carcinogenesis, and zoonotic risk. Prudent research practices require that microbial status of research mice does not necessarily have to be standardized among laboratories, but it must be defined so that research results are reproducible and valid.
Germline Modification Strategies
Authors: Grisendi Silvia , Pandolfi Pier Paolo
Published: October 2004

Modeling human disease in the mouse has become an extremely important source of knowledge in biomedical research by deepening our understanding of human tumorigenesis and generating experimental systems for the evaluation of novel therapeutic approaches. Various strategies exist for engineering gain and loss‐of‐function mutant alleles by means of conventional and conditional germline modification methodologies. We describe classical transgenic and gene‐targeting approaches as well as their more advanced conditional versions, providing specific examples that illustrate both their utility and their disadvantages in modeling human cancer in the mouse.
Somatic Cell Gene Transfer
Authors: Uhrbom Lene , Holland Eric C.
Published: October 2004

Experimentally induced, virally mediated oncogenesis has been used to study cancer for nearly 100 years. During this time, many of the fundamentals of cancer biology have been established. The technology differs from germline modification strategies in that the viral vectors that induce cancer in experimental animals achieve their goal by transferring genes into a limited number of somatic cells, usually after birth. New advances in these systems now support experimental designs aimed at assessing the effects of mixtures of genetic alterations, identification of the contribution of specific alterations on the histology of tumor cells, and the identification of cell‐of‐origin for certain cancers. These somatic cell gene transfer strategies are complementary to germline modification technologies in unraveling the complexities of cancer biology.
Lung Cancer
Authors: Kurie Jonathan M. , Minoo Parviz , Hecht Stephen S. , Nikitin Alexander , Demayo Franco J.
Published: October 2004

Lung cancer most often stems from a single environmental cause but has diverse genetic, biochemical, and histologic characteristics. This diversity has made the basic causes of lung cancer difficult to surmise. Current mouse models support genetic alterations in lung epithelial cell transformation, but these models do not recapitulate the diversity of histologic appearance, site of origin, or natural history of lung cancer in humans. Advances in mouse model technology provide hope that the significance of the myriad genetic and biochemical alterations in human lung cancer will eventually be understood and that future models will better represent their human counterpart. Progress in this area will enhance both the basic understanding of lung tumorigenesis and the speed with which the anticancer efficacy of investigational drugs can be investigated in preclinical trials.
Mammary Gland Cancer
Authors: Barkan Dalit , Montagna Cristina , Ried Thomas , Green Jeffrey E.
Published: October 2004

It has been 20 years since the first genetically engineered mouse model of mammary cancer was published (Stewart et al.,) using transgenic technology. Since the first report there have been well over 100 mouse models of mammary cancer developed which have provided critical insights into the functions of numerous genes involved in mammary oncogenesis. Advances in manipulating the mouse genome have provided the technology to induce mammary cancers in mice that arise from genetic mutations that have been identified in human cancer, thus generating models based upon molecular lesions relevant to the human disease. Recent work has focused on validating these models as systems which represent, at least in part, various aspects of the human disease and which may be used for preclinical testing of novel therapies. The challenge remains to establish the predictive value of such models for chemoprevention and therapeutic response for treating human breast cancer.
Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ellwood‐Yen Katharine , Sawyers Charles
Published: October 2004

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among men in the United States. Development of model systems to study the disease is imperative. Both transgenic and knockout mice have been generated and offer great hope for future studies. While this type of research is still in its infancy, several promising models have been generated which share similar features to the human disease. Many experiments have been conducted using these models to identify proteins and pathways important to the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Perhaps the most significant are microarray experiments performed on mouse tissues that have identified expression changes in several genes such asNkx3.1,Pim‐1, and prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA). These genes have already been implicated in human prostate cancer and therefore strengthen the argument for use of mouse model systems to tease out the molecular mechanisms of disease progression. It is only a matter of time before researchers are able to interpret data from the mouse and translate the results to human therapeutics.
Skin Cancer
Authors: Bosenberg Marcus
Published: October 2004

Skin cancer is the most common form of human cancer and causes significant morbidity and mortality. A wide variety of techniques have been used to model skin cancer in mice, including genetically engineered mice, exposure to chemical carcinogens or ultraviolet light, and xenograft studies of human skin and human skin reconstructs. These models have been used to validate human cancer genetics, identify new oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and to develop novel therapies for use in human skin cancer.
Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Orsulic Sandra
Published: October 2004

Mice have been used in ovarian cancer research mainly as hosts for cell lines derived from human ovarian tumors and ascites. Such models provided valuable information into the nature of metastatic ovarian cancer and possible treatment strategies. However, the complexity of genetic aberrations in human ovarian cancer cell lines precluded understanding of the initiating events responsible for ovarian cancer induction. Since the majority of ovarian cancer patients present at an advanced stage of the disease, it has been difficult to identify the precursor lesions that could be used to study the early morphologic and genetic changes in ovarian cancer. It is thought that the development of animal models in which ovarian cancer can be induced and studied during its early stages will enable better understanding of early ovarian cancer lesions and elucidate molecular events that support ovarian cancer progression. The difficulties in generating such models include the lack of an adequate ovary‐specific promoter, the uncertainty about the tissue of origin for different histologic types of ovarian cancer, and the deficiency in understanding the genetic aberrations responsible for ovarian cancer induction. In spite of these difficulties, the first advances toward generating mouse models for ovarian cancer have been made.
Peripheral Nervous System Tumors
Authors: Gutmann David H. , Perry Arie , Rangwala Reshma , Sherman Larry S.
Published: October 2004

Tumors of the peripheral nervous system arise from Schwann cells and include neurofibromas, schwannomas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Individuals with the inherited tumor predisposition syndromes, neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), develop neurofibromas and schwannomas, respectively, suggesting that the
NF1
and
NF2
tumor suppressor genes are critical regulators of Schwann cell growth. Mouse models of these tumors have focused on the
Nf1
and
Nf2
genes, while MPNSTs in mice and humans require additional cooperating genetic alterations.
Central Nervous System Tumors
Authors: Lassman Andrew B. , Holland Eric C.
Published: October 2004

Within the last several decades, a plethora of mutations and signaling abnormalities in human brain tumors have been discovered. This represents an exciting development that holds the potential for new therapies. However, conquering such tumors will also require the successful differentiation of oncogenic abnormalities from epiphenomena. Modeling of brain tumors in mice is an important technique in this endeavor; transgenic, knockout, conditional tissue expression and somatic cell gene transfer methods have all been used to create these models, both separately and in combination. In addition, use of these models will become an important modality to test newly developed small‐molecule pathway inhibitors. Developed models include those of the most common primary brain tumors: the gliomas and medulloblastomas. These mouse tumors have substantial similarities to their human counterparts with respect to both histologic appearance and noninvasive imaging. In this chapter, the pathways important in driving both gliomagenesis and medulloblastomagenesis are described, along with the key features of individual tumor models presently in use.
Myeloid Malignancies
Authors: Kogan Scott C.
Published: October 2004

A wealth of information is available regarding genetic abnormalities that contribute to human myeloid malignancies. Modeling these mutations in mice has been facilitated by the ability to manipulate the hematopoietic system not only through germline modification but also by retroviral transduction of bone marrow. Chimeric fusion proteins resulting from balanced chromosomal aberrations as well as intragenic mutations have been introduced into mice to generate models of many types of human myeloid leukemias. These models recapitulate important features of the human diseases and have been utilized to elucidate mechanisms through which particular genetic changes contribute to myeloid neoplasia.

The study of human myeloid neoplasms has led to many advances in our understanding of these disorders and of other human malignancies. The association of specific chromosomal changes in neoplastic cells with particular malignancies was begun by the identification of the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) (Nowell,). CML has remained a leading source of insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of human neoplasms: from identifying that the Philadelphia chromosome creates an oncogenic BCR/ABL fusion protein to the development of imatinib mesylate as a molecularly targeted therapeutic agent. In addition to the t(9;22) of CML, numerous recurrent balanced chromosomal aberrations have been identified in human myeloid neoplasms. In fact, the genes altered by all of the major (and many of the minor) balanced aberrations of myeloid leukemia have been identified. Most of these aberrations result in the production of abnormal fusion proteins, while others result in dysregulated gene expression. In addition, a substantial number of recurrent point mutations and small intragenic changes have also been associated with human leukemias and related disorders. Because there is a wealth of information regarding the genetic changes that are present in these human diseases, it has been possible to model numerous such changes in mice.
Lymphoid Malignancies
Authors: Teitell Michael A. , Pandolfi Pier Paolo
Published: October 2004

Malignant transformation may occur at any point during lymphoid cell maturation, resulting in stage‐ and lineage‐specific cancers of the immune system. Many in‐bred and engineered mouse strains develop specific lymphoid cancers, providing potentially useful models of human malignancy with insight for pathogenetic mechanisms. Newer techniques, targeting dysregulated gene expression to specific developmental stages portend newer, more accurate mouse models in the future. These models will likely have an increasing role in evaluating targeted therapeutic strategies for efficacy.
Genetic Modifiers
Authors: Threadgill David W. , Hunter Kent W. , Zou Fei , Manly Kenneth F.
Published: October 2004

Cancer is caused by a complex interaction between an individual's intrinsic genetic composition and extrinsic environmental exposures. Cancer modifiers, a special class of cancer genes that accounts for the majority of the intrinsic genetic differences in cancer susceptibility among individuals, contribute to a significant proportion of all human cancers. Modifiers are often normal allelic variants of genes that do not produce abnormal phenotypes alone, but rather “modify” the action of other cancer genes. Frequently, these genes are also called low‐penetrance cancer genes since, individually, they typically have small effects on cancer phenotypes. However, cumulatively, they can have major influences on all stages of cancer development from initiation through response to therapy. Similar to the unique characteristics that distinguish cancer modifiers from high‐penetrance cancer‐causing genes, the methods used to identify these genes are distinct. Because of the low‐penetrance nature of their actions, this class of cancer gene is particularly difficult to detect using human populations. As such, the mouse has become the predominant model to identify cancer modifiers. The unique characteristics, methods for detection and identification of cancer modifiers, and their use in human studies are described in this chapter.
Modeling Blood Vessel Formation in the Mouse
Authors: Benezra Robert , Rafii Shahin , Lyden David
Published: October 2004

Much of our current understanding of the development and maintenance of blood vessels in mammals comes from the analysis of mice. We summarize our current understanding of the developmental, cell, and molecular biology of blood vessel formation both in the mouse embryo and postnatally. The reader is provided with an understanding of how this information may impact on our ability to control blood vessel formation for the management of human cancers.
Metastasis
Authors: Chandler Dawn S. , Lozano Guillermina
Published: October 2004

Metastasis is a compilation of many steps, a process mediated by numerous genes involved in cell adhesion, motility, degradation of the extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis. The most commonly used models to study metastasis alter expression of specific genes in human tumor cell lines and measure migration and colonization in a nude mouse. These studies are limiting because several steps in the metastatic pathway cannot be analyzed in these models. The use of genetically engineered mice has recently been exploited to study metastasis. For example, clear and direct roles for E‐cadherin, L‐selectin, and the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) in metastasis have been identified with these models. However, few models have been developed to study metastasis, and a flurry of activity in this important area is needed. In particular, genes directly involved in the process of metastasis need to be identified and examined as possible therapeutic targets.
Immunologic Study of Tumors in Mouse Models
Authors: Merghoub Taha , Houghton Alan N.
Published: October 2004

Mouse tumor models have played a central role in the history of cancer immunology and more broadly in immunology. Studies of transplantable tumors opened the field of transplantation immunology. Serologic analyses of antibodies against tumors led to the discovery of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens that determine transplantation immunity as well as other alloantigens and lymphocyte subset markers, including the well‐known CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of T cells. In the present era, genetically manipulated mice are crucial tools to (1) understand the role of various components and cells of the immune system in promoting, accelerating, or rejecting tumors; (2) investigate immunity against cancers at different stages of tumor progression; and (3) develop and test new prevention and therapeutic strategies against cancer.
Micro–Computed Tomography of Mouse Cancer Models
Authors: Weichert Jamey P.
Published: October 2004

As mouse cancer models continue to more accurately depict the human disease, the ability to detect and monitor tumor development and regression has become increasingly important. Recent developments in microimaging techniques now offer researchers the ability to accurately detect and monitor tumors less than a millimeter in diameter in live mouse models. Introduced commercially in 2000, micro–computed tomography (CT) scanners are now capable of scanning live mice with spatial resolution exceeding 20 µm. Although X‐ray computed tomography provides exquisite skeletal images due to the inherent high density of bone, this chapter is intended to provide an overview of microCT imaging of mouse cancer models, including soft‐tissue tumors, which are particularly challenging. A further goal is to highlight the strengths and expose the weaknesses of this amazing new technology.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Mouse Cancer Models
Authors: Muruganandham Manickam , Koutcher Jason A.
Published: October 2004

Currently MRI is the imaging modality of choice for a wide variety of medical diagnostic questions and has an important role in the study of small‐animal tumor physiology. We provide a brief overview of the physical principles of MRI and describe some of the areas wherein new developments in MRI affect preclinical oncology studies.
Bioluminescence Imaging of Mouse Models of Human Cancer
Authors: Contag Christopher H.
Published: October 2004

The increasing sophistication of rodent models of human neoplastic disease has led to models that more closely approximate human disease where lesions can arise at various times and locations. The uncertainty of initiation and progression of disease and the complexity of these models have necessitated advancement and refinement of noninvasive imaging technologies that can reveal cellular and molecular changes in the context of the living animal. One of these technologies, in vivo bioluminescent imaging, uses internal biologic sources of light, luciferases, as reporters of biologic change in these models. This optical imaging modality is based on the transmission of light through mammalian tissues, and the sensitivity of detecting photonic signals from within the body, as with other optical modalities, is governed by the absorbing and scattering properties of tissue. In vivo imaging of luciferase activity has been used to reveal patterns of transcription, levels of protein–protein interaction, extent of tumor burden, sites of metastatic disease, location of immune cell migration, and mechanisms of oncogenesis. High signal‐to‐noise ratios result in sensitive in vivo measurements, and the ability to label a variety of steps in oncogenesis enables unprecedented in vivo cellular and molecular dissection of disease processes.
Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Treatment Response
Authors: Ross Brian D. , Chenevert Thomas L. , Moffat Bradford A. , Rehemtulla Alnawaz , Hall Daniel E. , McConville Patrick , Moody Jonathan
Published: October 2004

Rodent cancer models have become indispensable in the discovery and assessment of new anticancer agents. These models allow for easy quantitation of tumor growth and treatment response monitoring using caliper measurements of tumor volume. It is essential to use noninvasive imaging to facilitate the evaluation of the responsiveness of orthotopic tumors in preclinical therapeutic studies. We provide some examples and strategies for using imaging to quantitate the treatment response of orthotopically located tumors in rodent preclinical trials.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling
Authors: Yang Raymond S. H. , Dennison James E. , Andersen Melvin E. , Ou Ying C. , Liao Kai H. , Reisfeld Brad
Published: October 2004

We introduce the general concept and background knowledge of physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling. Examples of application of PBPK/PD modeling are provided. We illustrate the utility of PBPK/PD modeling, particularly in the pharmaceutical drug development process. We project future development on “second‐generation” PBPK/PD modeling and In silico toxicology. An emphasis is given to introducing the concepts of PBPK/PD modeling rather than the details of its techniques and processes.
Trial Design and Biostatistics
Authors: Festing Michael F. W.
Published: October 2004

Better design and statistical analysis of experiments could save research resources and minimize ethical issues when they involve animals or humans. Each experiment should have clearly stated objectives, should avoid bias, have high power to detect treatment effects, and have a wide range of applicability but should not be so complex that mistakes are made in its execution. This can be achieved by choosing uniform material, such as healthy isogenic strains of rodents, and controlling all sources of extraneous variation using a formal experimental design. Wherever possible, sample size should be determined using power analysis calculations.
Cancer Drug Development in the Modern Era
Authors: Sellers William R. , Matter Alex
Published: October 2004

For several decades the development of anticancer therapeutics has focused largely on the identification of compounds capable of interfering with the process of cell division. The completed human genome sequence, the use of comprehensive genetic studies in lower organisms, and the robust definition of signaling, death, motility, metabolic, hypoxia, DNA repair, stress response, and other pathways have enabled and are reinvigorating both the selection of rational targets and the application of small‐molecule drug design to the problem of cancer therapeutic development.
Preclinical Trials in Mouse Cancer Models
Authors: Weiss Brian , Shannon Kevin
Published: October 2004

The goals of this chapter are to address general principles involved in testing cancer therapeutics in the mouse with an emphasis on how murine cancer models might be deployed to overcome some of the difficulties involved in evaluating new agents in human beings. We compare xenograft systems with genetically engineered models and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. We suggest criteria that should be considered in designing and implementing preclinical trials in mouse models.
Display Technology
Authors: Theis Dietmar
Published: October 2004

Displays are the visual interface between human and electronically generated signals. Since the advent of the cathode ray tube, many other technical solutions for displays have been investigated and optimized to specific user requirements. This article attempts to structure the complexity of display categories and is focused on technology, that is, the engineering and material science aspects of electronic display devices. The fundamental technical features of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are outlined. The larger part of the article, however, deals with flat‐panel technologies that have been developed to overcome two of the major drawbacks of CRTs, bulkiness and high weight. Flat panel displays are distinguished as either light‐generating or (external) light‐modulating devices. In the first group, the underlying basic technologies are light generation from gas discharge, cathodoluminescence, and electroluminescence. The exploitation of gas discharge for display purposes has led to the flat, direct‐view large‐area plasma displays. Cathodoluminescence—light generation through electron impact on phosphors—is used in CRT and flat‐panel devices such as vacuum fluorescence displays and field‐emission displays. Electroluminescence is the light emission caused by the action of electronic fields in solid inorganic or organic material. In the group of light‐modulating devices, the dominating technology is based on the unique optical properties of liquid crystal material. In conjunction with additional enabling thin films (e.g., orientation layers and polarizers), these devices are used in reflective, transmissive, or transflective modes. For high performance, they rely on a matrix of active switches associated with each pixel. Other technologies in the light‐modulating group make use of a variety of microparticles, which could give way to the eventual realization of electronic paper. The article ends with a short survey on projection display technologies.
Electron Diffraction
Authors: Cowley John M.
Published: October 2004

The diffraction of high‐voltage electrons (with energies of a few hundred keV) by small particles or thin films of solids shows many interesting analogies with diffraction phenomena for visible light and X rays. The electron wavelengths are about one hundred times smaller than the interatomic distances so that electrons show mostly forward scattering. The strong interaction with matter makes the scattering from single atoms detectable, and multiple scattering effects are common. In conjunction with electron microscopy, electron diffraction allows a detailed study of matter at the atomic level. Electron‐diffraction structure analysis, analogous to X‐ray crystallography, and studies of defects or local structural variations, may be applied to small particles or crystalline regions having dimensions in the nanometer range. High‐precision studies on electron distributions in bonds in small crystals are also possible. Many determinations have been made of the structures of the surface layers on crystals, and the diffraction by gases has added greatly to the knowledge of molecular structure.
Monochromators
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio , Staehli Jean‐Louis
Published: October 2004

An overview on monochromators for electromagnetic radiation is presented. Instruments working in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectral regions and for soft and hard X rays are briefly described, starting from the fundamental concepts and definitions. The major advantages, difficulties, and limits of the different designs are mentioned. An important part of the article is devoted to the very widely used grating monochromators.
Ultrashort‐pulse Phenomena
Authors: Powers Peter E. , Spence David E. , Tang Chung L.
Published: October 2004

Ultrashort‐pulse phenomena are generally processes that occur on the subpicosecond to femtosecond time scale. The availability of lasers that generate ultrashort optical pulses has made possible the study of effects and processes that occur on ultrashort time scales. These measurements have led to a more fundamental understanding of processes in fields ranging from chemical kinetics to semiconductor physics. The high peak powers attainable with ultrashort‐pulse lasers has also led to new applications such as soft X‐ray generation and multiphoton microscopy. In this article, we review the generation, characterization, and a few of the applications of ultrashort optical pulses. We briefly introduce these topics with the goal of presenting an overview of the fundamental ideas. An extensive list of references is provided for each topic to give a starting point for further research.
Photography, Digital
Authors: Kriss Michael A.
Published: October 2004

Digital photography, with the advent of reasonably priced mega‐pixel digital cameras and high quality inkjet printers, is starting to challenge conventional, silver halide based imaging systems in the profitable consumer markets. This article is designed to provide a systematic review of all the technologies required to support digital photography. The digital imaging chain provides the flow and structure for reviewing the important imaging technologies including camera optics, imaging sensors and architectures, sensor speed, color reproduction, compression, image processing and digital hardcopy. In addition to the evaluation of individual imaging technologies, a systematic, system‐wide image quality assessment is provided that takes into account image quality (sharpness) and the most common image artifacts associated with digital photography.
Motion Picture and Video Lenses
Authors: Hope Thomas W. , Laikin Milton
Published: October 2004

The origin of the motion picture lens is traced to the modern state of the art. Motion picture camera lenses of all types are detailed with schematics. Image formation, effective focal length, photometry, depth of field, image aberrations, antireflection, stray‐light reduction, and camera formats are explained. Projection lenses are examined by prime and anamorphic lenses with details of wide‐screen systems. Video camera lenses and types are studied by the following, commercial and consumer plus projectors from consumer to high‐end. The article concludes with video conferencing and security/surveillance camera lenses.
White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices for Solid‐State Lighting
Authors: D'Andrade B. W. , Forrest S. R.
Published: October 2004

White organic light‐emitting devices (WOLEDs) have advanced over the last twelve years to the extent that these devices are now being considered as efficient solid‐state lighting sources. Initially, WOLEDs were targeted towards display applications for use primarily as liquid‐crystal display backlights. Now, their power efficiencies have surpassed those of incandescent sources due to improvements in device architectures, synthesis of novel materials, and the incorporation of electrophosphorescent emitters. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of several WOLED architectures in terms of efficiency and color quality. Hindrances to their widespread acceptance as solid‐state lighting sources are also noted.
Assessment of the Water and Habitat Quality of a Mediterranean River (Kalamas, Epirus, Hellas), in Accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive
Authors: Lekka Evanthia , Kagalou Ifigenia , Lazaridou‐Dimitriadou Maria , Albanis Triantafilos , Dakos Vasileios , Lambropoulou Dimitra , Sakkas Vasilis
Published: October 2004

In the present study, the water quality of Kalamas river (NW Greece) was evaluated using physicochemical and hydromorphological parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates. Statistical analyses (Cluster and FUZZY analyses) were performed and two biotic scores (BMWP' and HS) were used in order to classify the sites according to water quality. Kalamas river appeared to have excellent tomoderate water quality at all sampling sites except one (close to the delta area) which was ”fairly or significantly polluted”. During the low flow season water quality appeared poorer than during the high flow season. The ecological parameters (hydromorphological, chemical, and biological) used for this integrated approach are the ones proposed by the New Water Directive 2000/60 EC for an efficient surveying monitoring of running waters.
Sorption Behaviour of Phenols on Natural Sandy Aquifer Material during Flow‐through Column Experiments: The Effect of pH
Authors: Amiri Fariba , Rahman Md. Mokhlesur , Börnick Hilmar , Worch Eckhard
Published: October 2004

Flow‐through column experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of pH on the sorption of three phenols (2‐methyl‐4, 6‐dinitrophenol, 2, 4, 6‐trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol) onto a natural sandy aquifer material collected from a bank filtration site of River Elbe, Germany.

For the phenols investigated, an increase in sorption (retardation) with decreasing pH is observed indicating a stronger sorption of the neutral species in comparison to that of the anions formed by dissociation. The anions of 2‐methyl‐4, 6‐dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6‐trichlorophenol do not show significant sorption. On the contrary, pentachlorophenol showed sorption not only in neutral form but also in ionic form significantly which should be taken into account while assessing the fate and transport of such compound.

A linear model based on the degree of protonation (calculated from pH and pKa) can be used to resolve the apparent (observed) sorption coefficient (Kd, app) into its neutral (Kd, n) and ionised (Kd, i) components. Knowing pKa, Kd, n, and Kd, i the apparent sorption coefficient for pH values other than experimentally investigated can be predicted.
Factors Influencing the Bacteriological Water Quality in Mountainous Surface and Groundwaters
Authors: Schaffter Nicole , Zumstein Jacques , Parriaux Aurèle
Published: October 2004

The presence of pathogenic bacteria in water, along with the factors that act upon them, constitutes a field that has been little investigated in natural environments. It is clear, however, that these pathogens do have a significant effect on the quality of drinking water. Selected bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Listeria were searched for in groundwaters of mainly mountainous regions. Waters of one or two brooks in the catchment area of each spring were also analysed. Our results show that Campylo bacter and Listeria are frequent in all of these waters, even when land use in the catchment area is extensive (mountain pastures). Salmonella, on the other hand, was never found. Factors influencing the presence of Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Listeria were tested using Spearman rank correlations. The results suggest that the presence in water of some species of these bacteria (C. jejuni, L. monocytogenes 4b, and L. ivanovii) is related to a contaminant input, i.e. to the presence of cattle in the catchment area. For other species (C. coli, L. monocytogenes 1/2a, and Yersinia enterocolitica), however, one is forced to admit that no such connection between the presence of these species and that of an identified, potential contaminant input exists. We are therefore obliged to conclude either that these bacteria multiply in a natural way in the environment, or that they are able to survive in it for a long time. Finally, the present study shows that pathogenic bacteria are not always accompanied by indicators of faecal contamination (Escherichia coli, entero cocci); for this reason, they could potentially pose a risk to public health.
The Tragedy of the Karama Dam Project/Jordan
Authors: Salameh Elias
Published: October 2004

The Karama Dam, with a capacity of 55 Mio m3, was constructed in 1995 on Wadi Mallaha in the Jordan Valley area in order to store water for irrigational uses. The dam was constructed in spite of experts' warnings that this dam geologically, hydrogeologically, seismically, and from the points of view of salinity of its water, its management and the water resources to fill it is totally irrelevant, and that the dam will fail to fulfill its purposes.

Now after 9 years of its construction the dam fails to collect water because there are no sources available to fill it. The water the farmers were deprived of to partially fill the dam to demonstrate its success became in the dam reservoir highly saline (20 000 μS/cm). Reservoir bottom collapses due to dissolution of salts took place and large water amounts were lost to the underground. Not a single drop of water from the dam has been of any use for any purpose until now. Equipment to pump water for irrigational uses has been corroding, and the government is paying the depreciation, capital, and running cost of a fiasco project.
Land‐use Effects on Anion‐associated Cation Leaching in Response to Above‐normal Precipitation
Authors: Brye Kristofor R. , Norman John M.
Published: October 2004

Fertilizers and liming agents are generally used to achieve optimal economic yields. However, several negative effects of long‐term annual fertilization of nitrogen (N) in particular have been observed, such as reduced cation exchange capacity and decreased base saturation, which may stimulate accelerated leaching loss of other nutrients. Equilibrium‐tension lysimeters installed at a depth of 1.4 m were used to evaluate leaching of soil‐solution ionic constituents from a tallgrass prairie restoration and optimally and deficiently N‐fertilized, no‐tillage (NT) and chisel‐plowed (CP) maize (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems on Plano silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll). This study was conducted in south‐central Wisconsin, USA during a 1‐year period of above‐normal precipitation between January 2000 and January 2001. The loss of soluble constituents added to agroecosystems to maintain adequate soil fertility and pH, such as N, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, was generally numerically smaller from the natural prairie 25 years after conversion from cultivated agriculture than from optimally and deficiently N‐fertilized, NT and CP maize agroecosystems, though the differences were not significant. Tillage and fertilizer N‐rate generally did not significantly affect drainage, ionic concentrations, or their leaching losses in the maize agroecosystems, though all parameters evaluated tended to be numerically smaller in the deficiently than optimally N‐fertilized maize agroecosystems. Nitrate‐N leaching losses were generally significantly positively correlated with leaching losses of K, Ca, Mg, and Na in the maize agroecosystems, but not for the prairie, indicating that nitrate‐N leaching plays a significant role in the concomitant loss of cations to maintain soil‐solution charge balance in N‐fertilized maize agroecosystems in a temperate environment.
Theses in Water Sciences: Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 3/2004
Authors: Hörsch Philip
Published: October 2004

Effect of Chemical Oxidation on the Toxic Potential and the Biodegradability of Industrial Wastewaters
On the Limnology of Deep and Saline Lake Burdur in Turkey
Authors: Girgin Sönmez , Kazancı Nilgün , Dügel Muzaffer
Published: October 2004

Limnological characteristics of Lake Burdur in Lake District in south‐western Turkey are presented. It is a deep, tectonic (estimated max. depth 100 m), athalassic, highly alkaline, and saline lake. A set of physical and chemical variables was monitored, phyto‐ and zooplankton was sampled from surface layer of the lake during 1997. Physico‐chemical variables indicated that the lake is hyposaline and composed of some hydrochemically different water layers formed by groundwater sources located on the bottom of the lake. The phytoplankton composition of Lake Burdur consisted of Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta, and Chrysophyta. The abundance and number of species of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta were higher than the other taxa. The zooplankton composition of the Lake consisted of Rhizopoda, Rotifera, and Crustacea. Number of species of Rotifera was higher than the other taxa. The diversities of the phyto‐ and zooplankton were calculated according to the Shannon‐Weaver diversity index. The diversity of each group was found to be low in the lake.
Development of Easy and Reproducible Immobilization Techniques Using TiO2 for Photocatalytic Degradation of Aquatic Pollutants
Authors: Doll Tusnelda E. , Frimmel Fritz H.
Published: October 2004

Two main routes of methods for the preparation of photocatalytic active titanium dioxide films on glass substrates were investigated: (1) the use of titanium dioxide powder and (2) the in situ generation of the catalyst via hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) or TiCl4. The activities of the catalyst films were evaluated by measuring the degradation of dichloroacetic acid (DCA), clofibric acid, and terbuthylazine used as model organic compounds. The concentration decrease of DCA and the concentration increase of chloride ions as the decomposition product allowed to distinguish between photocatalytic degradation of DCA and adsorption onto the TiO2 films. Furthermore, TiO2 films of the commercially available materials P25 (Degussa) and Hombikat UV100 (Sachtleben Chemie) were used to investigate whether there was a difference in the degradation pathways of terbuthylazine as a model compound. For the experiments mini flow‐through reactors were constructed.

The investigated immobilization techniques were easy to handle without need of any expensive equipment. All TiO2 coatings showed good photocatalytic activities and mechanical stabilities with efficient long‐term stabilities. The best immobilization reproducibility was achieved by the spray coating technique and by the in situ method with the dipping sol‐gel process starting by TTIP. During the continuous use of the TiO2 films no TiO2 particles were found in the irradiated solutions.
Living with achondroplasia: Quality of life evaluation following cervico‐medullary decompression
Authors: Ho Nicola C. , Guarnieri Michael , Brant Larry J. , Park Susan S. , Sun Bonnie , North Marisa , Francomano Clair A. , Carson Benjamin S.
Published: October 2004

Achondroplasia is the most common of the heritable skeletal dysplasias. Cervico‐medullary compression is a frequently encountered and potentially lethal neurological complication. Cervico‐medullary decompression (CMD) at the foramen magnum is often employed to relieve the pressure on the emerging cervical cord. Given the inherent risks associated with major surgery, there has been a substantial debate regarding the best criteria for CMD. Our objectives for this study are to explore the quality of life of patients who had undergone CMD, and to assess whether surgery is associated with mortality and increased long‐term morbidity. A Medical Outcome Study 36‐item Short Form General Health Survey designed to evaluate eight general health concepts as well as achondroplasia‐related issues, was administered to patients assessed in the neurosurgery department in Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1977 and 1998. One hundred and sixty‐seven patients were eligible for inclusion. Forty‐three could not be contacted, and two refused consent. One hundred and twenty‐two patients were assessed. Fifty‐six (46%) individuals had CMD and 66 (54%) did not. There was 1 case of mortality in the CMD group and 12 cases in the non‐CMD group. In the non‐CMD group, all deaths, as far as we know, were unrelated to cervico‐medullary compression. In this cohort of surviving patients (n = 109), the quality of life of the 55 (50.5%) who had undergone CMD is comparable to that of the 54 (49.5%) who did not have surgery, controlled for age and sex. CMD is indicated for patients with achondroplasia with significant symptomatic foramen magnum compression. It can be life saving. It can abolish profound central apnea that may cause sudden death and alleviate neurological complications associated with damage of the significantly compressed spinal cord. With regards to long‐term outcome evaluation, the quality of life of individuals with achondroplasia who had CMD is similar to those age‐ and sex‐matched patients who did not have this surgery. Moreover, CMD, with all its inherent surgical risks, does not appear to be associated with higher mortality or increased long‐term morbidity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Getting paid: What you need to know about neutrals' compensation
Authors: Plimpton David
Published: October 2004

David Plimpton of Cape Elizabeth, Maine, provides a comprehensive checklist of expenses neutrals will incur in the course of doing business. The checklist divides costs into categories, including a discussion of the potential fees to be charged; the time costs; and considerations in arranging to be compensated.
Trade agreements and bilateral treaties expand use of investor‐state arbitration provisions
Authors: Kantor Mark
Published: October 2004

In a move to help arbitration gain an even stronger foothold as an alternative to unreliable national courts, the U.S. State Department with the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative earlier this year released a new draft U.S. model bilateral investment treaty. The new model's objective, writes Mark Kantor, of Washington, D.C., in the first of two parts, is to provide a consistent approach to dealing with conflict over investment provisions in Nafta and other free trade agreements, and future treaties.