bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Natural Gas: Mitigating Expropriation Risk of Natural Gas Projects
Authors: Weems Philip R.
Published: July 2013

The international energy companies often find the most attractive oil and gas prospects to be located in countries where the risk of expropriation, whether full or partial, looms on the horizon. Although the epicenter of recent expropriations has been Latin America, expropriation risk is certainly not limited to that region. As new resources are discovered in new parts of the globe, many nations are for the first time experiencing major oil and gas operations within their borders. Given the right political and social atmosphere and the rising value of hydrocarbons, any of these nations could become the next expropriator.
Archaeological and Geophysical Investigation of Submerged Coastal Structures in Kekova, Southern Coast of Turkey
Authors: Özdaş Harun , Kızıldağ Nilhan
Published: July 2013

We conducted archaeological and geophysical surveys in order to investigate the submergence of ancient constructions along the coast at Kekova Island in southern Turkey. Submerged archaeological remains were measured with respect to present sea level, and geological features that may have caused subsidence were determined by seismic investigation. We estimated relative sea‐level change taking into account presumed original elevation of constructions associated with the harbor at the time of occupation and compared our results with eustatic–isostatic sea‐level studies in the Mediterranean. Ceramics found along the submerged quay of Kekova Island provided evidence for the time of last use of the harbor structures and suggest that submergence began during the early Byzantine period. Considering relative sea‐level changes, eustatic–isostatic effects, and the period of submergence, we estimate a rate of coastal tectonic subsidence of at least 1.6 mm/yr over the last 1400 years.
Understanding the annual cycle in global steric height
Authors: Giglio Donata , Roemmich Dean , Cornuelle Bruce
Published: July 2013

Steric variability in the ocean includes diabatic changes in the surface layer due to air‐sea buoyancy fluxes and adiabatic changes due to advection, which are dominant in the subsurface ocean. Here the annual signal in subsurface steric height (η′below 200 db) is computed on a global scale using temperature and salinity profiles from Argo floats. The zonal average of Δη′ over a season (e.g., ) is compared to the wind‐forced vertical advection contribution both in the global ocean and in different basins. The results show agreement that extends beyond the tropics. The estimate of is based on the Ekman pumping and assumes that the seasonal vertical velocity is constant over the depth range of interest. This assumption is consistent with annual isopycnal displacements inferred from Argo profiles. The contribution of horizontal advection to Δη′is significant in some regions and consistent with differences between Δη′ and Δηw′.
Increasing amount of Arctic Ocean deep waters in the Greenland Sea
Authors: Somavilla R. , Schauer U. , Budéus G.
Published: July 2013

In the last three decades, deep convection has come to a halt in the Greenland Sea. Hydrographic data reveal that during this period, temperature and salinity in the deep Greenland Sea have increased at mean rates without precedent in the last 100 years, and these trends are among the highest in the global deep ocean. The origin of these changes is identified as the advection of Arctic Ocean deep waters and the necessary transports to explain them are calculated (0.44±0.09 Sv). Despite the fact that the deep Greenland Sea hardly covers 0.05% of the global surface, the resulting trends constitute 0.3% of the World Ocean heat content increase per unit area of earth's surface and 0.1% of the global sea level rise. These results suggest that changes of the deep Arctic Mediterranean and their contribution to the global budgets need to be addressed.
Crowdsourcing urban air temperatures from smartphone battery temperatures
Authors: Overeem A. , R. Robinson J. C. , Leijnse H. , Steeneveld G. J. , P. Horn B. K. , Uijlenhoet R.
Published: July 2013

Accurate air temperature observations in urban areas are important for meteorology and energy demand planning. They are indispensable to study the urban heat island effect and the adverse effects of high temperatures on human health. However, the availability of temperature observations in cities is often limited. Here we show that relatively accurate air temperature information for the urban canopy layer can be obtained from an alternative, nowadays omnipresent source: smartphones. In this study, battery temperatures were collected by an Android application for smartphones. A straightforward heat transfer model is employed to estimate daily mean air temperatures from smartphone battery temperatures for eight major cities around the world. The results demonstrate the enormous potential of this crowdsourcing application for real‐time temperature monitoring in densely populated areas.
Statistical analysis of EMIC waves in plasmaspheric plumes from Cluster observations
Authors: Usanova M. E. , Darrouzet F. , Mann I. R. , Bortnik J.
Published: July 2013

Recently, electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave generation in plasmaspheric plumes has been the subject of extensive discussion. Theory predicts that regions of detached cold, dense plasma immersed in relatively low background magnetic field should aid EMIC wave growth and may provide conditions for interaction between the EMIC waves and relativistic (MeV) electrons, leading to energetic particle loss into the atmosphere. Since plasmaspheric plumes are specific to disturbed geomagnetic conditions, the link between EMIC waves and plumes may be especially important for radiation belt dynamics during magnetic storms. In this work, we present an in situ survey of EMIC waves in plasmaspheric plumes using data from the Cluster satellites and will address the question of whether plumes are important for EMIC wave generation from a statistical perspective. We used a survey of plasmaspheric plumes between 2001 and 2006 identified from the Waves of High frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron density by Relaxation (WHISPER) sounder measurements. We further identified EMIC waves from simultaneous (with WHISPER) magnetic field measurements by the fluxgate magnetometer instruments and investigated the relationship between these two data sets. Only 10% of the time when Cluster‐observed plumes along its orbit did we also observe EMIC waves. The wave occurrence outside plumes is further significantly reduced and is ~20 times lower in immediately adjacent regions than inside plumes. We found that cold plasma density was not a good predictor of EMIC occurrence inside the plumes and that the absolute density does not affect the EMIC probability. On the other hand, enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure significantly increases EMIC wave occurrence rate inside the plumes.
Automated interplanetary shock detection and its application to Wind observations
Authors: Kruparova O. , Maksimovic M. , Šafránková J. , Němeček Z. , Santolik O. , Krupar V.
Published: July 2013

We present an automated two‐step detection algorithm for identification of interplanetary (IP) shocks regardless their type in a real‐time data stream. This algorithm is aimed for implementation on board the future Solar Orbiter mission for triggering the transmission of the high‐resolution data to the Earth. The first step of the algorithm is based on a determination of a quality factor, Q indicating abrupt changes of plasma parameters (proton density and bulk velocity) and magnetic field strength. We test two sets of weighting coefficients for Q determination and propose the second step consisting of three additional constraints that increase the effectiveness of the algorithm. We checked the algorithm using Wind (at 1 AU) and Helios (at distances from 0.29 to 1 AU) data and compared obtained results with already existing lists of IP shocks. The efficiency of the presented algorithm for the Wind shock lists varies from 60% to 84% for two Q thresholds. The final shock candidate list provided by the presented algorithm contains the real IP shocks, as well as different discontinuities. The detection rate of the IP shocks equals to 64% and 29% for two Q thresholds. The algorithm detected all IP shocks associated with the solar wind transient structures triggering intense (Dst<−100 nT) geomagnetic storms.
Earthquake synchrony and clustering on Fucino faults (Central Italy) as revealed from in situ36Cl exposure dating
Authors: Benedetti Lucilla , Manighetti Isabelle , Gaudemer Yves , Finkel Robert , Malavieille Jacques , Pou Khemrak , Arnold Maurice , Aumaître Georges , Bourlès Didier , Keddadouche Karim
Published: July 2013

We recover the Holocene earthquake history of seven seismogenic normal faults in the Fucino system, central Italy. We collected 800 samples from the well‐preserved limestone scarps of the faults and modeled their36Cl concentrations to derive their seismic exhumation history. We found that > 30 large earthquakes broke the faults in synchrony over the last 12 ka. The seven faults released strain at the same periods of time, 12–9 ka, 5–3 ka, and 1.5–1 ka. On all faults, the strain accumulation and release occurred in 3–6 ka supercycles, each included a 3–5 ka phase of slow (≤ 0.5–2 mm/yr) strain accumulation in relative quiescence, followed by a cluster of three to four large earthquakes or earthquake sequences that released most of the strain in < 1–2 ka. The large earthquakes repeated every 0.5 ± 0.3 ka during the paroxysmal phases and every 4.3 ± 0.9 ka between those phases. Earthquakes on the northern faults produced twice larger surface slips (~ 2 m) and had larger magnitudes (Mw 6.2–6.7) than those on the southern faults. On most faults, the relative strain level was found to control the amount of slip and the time of occurrence of the next large earthquake. Faults entered a phase of clustered activity once they had reached a specific relative strain threshold. The Tre Monti fault is identified as the most prone to break over the next century. Our data document earthquake synchrony and clustering at a broader space and time scale than has been reported to date.
Idealized dry quasi 2‐D mesoscale simulations of cold‐air outbreaks over the marginal sea ice zone with fine and coarse resolution
Authors: Chechin Dmitry G. , Lüpkes Christof , Repina Irina A. , Gryanik Vladimir M.
Published: July 2013

A nonhydrostatic model (NH3D) is used for idealized dry quasi 2‐D simulations of Arctic cold‐air outbreaks using horizontal grid spacings between 1.25 and 60 km. Despite the idealized setup, the model results agree well with observations over Fram Strait. It is shown that an important characteristic of the flow regime during cold‐air outbreaks is an ice‐breeze jet (IBJ) with a maximum wind speed exceeding often the large‐scale geostrophic wind speed. According to the present simulations, which agree very well with those of another nonhydrostatic mesoscale model (METRAS), the occurrence, strength, and horizontal extent L of this jet depend strongly on the external forcing and especially on the direction of the large‐scale geostrophic wind relative to the orientation of the ice edge. The latter dependency is explained by the effects of the thermally induced geostrophic wind over open water and Coriolis force. It is found that coarse‐resolution runs underestimate the strength of the jet. This underestimation has important consequences to the surface fluxes of heat and momentum, which are also underestimated by about 10–15% on average over the region between the ice edge and 120–180 km downstream. Our results suggest that a grid spacing of about L/7 is required (about 10–30 km) to simulate the IBJ strength with an accuracy of at least 10%. Thus, the results of large‐scale models as well might contain uncertainties with regard to the simulated IBJ strength which would influence the energy budget in a large region along the marginal sea ice zones.
KI‐VO(acac)2‐H2O2‐AcOH, A New Iodinating System for Selective Iodination at C‐5 Position of Activated Pyrimidinediones: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Study
Authors: Saikia Lakhinath , Talukdar Dhrubajyoti , Deka Ramesh C. , Thakur Ashim J.
Published: July 2013

KI‐VO(acac)2‐H2O2 in aqueous ethanolic medium with acetic acid as additive has been found to iodinate pyrimidinediones and aromatic amines. The methodology is mild, efficient, and environmentally benign. Density functional theory‐based reactivity parameters support the experimentally observed reactivity of pyrimidinedione derivatives.
Baking properties and biochemical composition of wheat flour with bran and shorts
Authors: Kaprelyants Leonid , Fedosov Sergey , Zhygunov Dmytro
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Bran, being a by‐product of grain grinding, is characterised by a high biological value and is thus widely used in food production. In this study, different streams of bran and shorts from the wheat graded milling process were incorporated into wheat flour at levels of 5, 11, 17 and 23% (w/w) to investigate their influence on the nutritional and baking properties of flour.

RESULTS

Bran and shorts streams improved the baking properties of flour blends. The best result in the case of graded flour blends with different bran products was obtained at the 95:5 ratio. The products containing peripheral parts of grain had higher proteolytic enzyme and superoxide dismutase activities and lower trypsin inhibitor content and β‐amylase activity compared with graded flour.

CONCLUSION

Streams of wheat milled fractions including peripheral parts of grain increase the content of bioactive substances and dietary fibre in blends with wheat graded flour. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
EPR Investigations into the Kinetics of Trithiocarbonate‐Mediated RAFT‐Polymerization of Butyl Acrylate
Authors: Meiser Wibke , Buback Michael , Sidoruk Alana
Published: July 2013

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is used for measuring rate coefficients of addition, kad, and fragmentation, kβ, together with the associated equilibrium constants, Keq, for butyl acrylate polymerizations mediated by S‐ethyl propan‐2‐ylonate‐S’‐propyl trithiocarbonate (EPPT) and by S‐S’‐bis(methyl‐2‐propionate) trithiocarbonate (BMPT). Experiments at −40 °C yield kad = (3.4 ± 0.3) × 106 L mol−1 s−1, kβ = (1.4 ± 0.4) × 102 s−1, and Keq = (2.6 ± 0.8) × 104 L mol−1 for EPPT and kad = (4.1 ± 0.9) × 106 L mol−1 s−1, kβ = (4.5 ± 0.5) × 101 s−1, and Keq = (8 ± 4) × 104 L mol−1 for BMPT. The Keq values are in satisfactory agreement with data from ab initio calculations.

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Leucine supplementation modulates fuel substrates utilization and glucose metabolism in previously obese mice
Authors: Binder Elke , Bermúdez‐Silva Francisco Javier , Elie Melissa , Leste‐Lasserre Thierry , Belluomo Ilaria , Clark Samantha , Duchampt Adeline , Mithieux Gilles , Cota Daniela
Published: July 2013

Objective

High‐protein diets favor weight loss and its maintenance. Whether these effects might be recapitulated by certain amino acids is unknown. Therefore, the impact of leucine supplementation on energy balance and associated metabolic changes in diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice during and after weight loss was investigated.

Methods

DIO C57BL/6J mice were fed a normocaloric diet to induce weight loss while receiving or not the amino acid leucine in drinking water. Body weight, food intake, body composition, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, insulin, and leptin sensitivity were evaluated. Q‐PCR analysis was performed on muscle, brown and white adipose tissues.

Results

DIO mice decreased body weight and fat mass in response to chow, but supplementation with leucine did not affect these parameters. During weight maintenance, mice supplemented with leucine had improved glucose tolerance, increased leptin sensitivity, and lower respiratory quotient. The latter was associated with changes in the expression of several genes modulating fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrial activity in the epididymal white and the brown adipose tissues, but not muscle.

Conclusions

Leucine supplementation might represent an adjuvant beneficial nutritional therapy during weight loss and maintenance, because it improves lipid and glucose metabolism and restores leptin sensitivity in previously obese animals.
Pilot Study: Efficacy of Sensory Integration Therapy for Japanese Children with High‐Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Iwanaga Ryoichiro , Honda Sumihisa , Nakane Hideyuki , Tanaka Koji , Toeda Haruka , Tanaka Goro
Published: July 2013

This study's objective was to investigate the efficacy of sensory integration therapy (SIT) for children with high‐functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD). The subjects were 20 HFASD children with IQs above 70 selected from previously collected data. Eight participated in individual SIT sessions, and 12 participated in group therapy (GT) including social skill training, communication training, kinetic activities, and child–parent play for 8–10 months. Changes in Total score and five Index scores on the Japanese version of the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers before and after therapy between children in the SIT and GT groups were compared. The results showed that Total score and all Index scores except for Verbal Index increased significantly in the SIT group, while only Total score increased in the GT group. Furthermore, the SIT group showed more improvement compared with the GT group in Total score and on Coordination, Non‐verbal, and Complex Index scores. SIT might have a more positive effect on motor coordination abilities, non‐verbal cognitive abilities, and combined abilities of sensory motor and cognition in children with HFASD when compared with GT. This study has limitations such as being an analysis of previously collected data. Further study should be conducted with a randomized control trial. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution simulations of the night‐time stable boundary layer over snow
Authors: Savijärvi Hannu
Published: July 2013

The nocturnal stable boundary layer (SBL) over snow was studied via 1‐D clear‐sky simulations at 67oN. Three wind regimes could be identified. A windy SBL was relatively well‐mixed, turbulent cooling rates being moderate and long‐wave (LW) cooling rates weak as gradients of temperature and moisture (T,q) remained small. In calm and near‐calm cases the surface temperature Ts dropped rapidly in the evening, leading to a strong shallow inversion dominated by strong LW cooling. During weak winds (geostrophic wind Vg ∼ 3 m s−1), Ts decreased fairly rapidly in the evening with T2m closely coupled. The nocturnal inversion was moderately strong with strong turbulent cooling in the surface layer. The T,q‐profiles induced moderate LW cooling at mid‐inversion levels but LW heating in the lowest metres, which resisted the strong turbulent cooling. Thus the heating/cooling rates were fairly sensitive to the wind, especially near the surface.

The snow surface was coldest after a calm night and warmer at windy sunrises, whereas the coldest air temperatures were obtained during weak winds, provided that the model's stability functions were of the ‘short tails’ type. A maximum in the downward sensible heat flux was associated with this. When the model's multilayer snow scheme was replaced by a coarse scheme, the nocturnal Ts and T2m stayed too warm. The use of old snow properties instead of typical snow produced relatively warm nocturnal temperatures whereas fresh snow led to quite cold temperatures. These aspects may have relevance to the SBL warm biases of large‐scale models.
Future‐Proofing Six Sigma
Authors: Goh T. N.
Published: July 2013

Six Sigma started some three decades ago as a problem solving framework for quality improvement. It has since evolved, while being implemented in industry, into a management approach to performance excellence. Whether Six Sigma will continue to enjoy the attention it has been getting and keep embraced by practitioners depends on whether its implementation continues to be in line with new organizational needs in the twenty‐first century. This paper considers what it would take for Six Sigma to face the future world and analyzes from both strategic and operational directions a number of maneuvers necessary to sustain its relevance. Various inclusive and proactive features are explained for remaking of a Six Sigma that is to remain in demand for many years to come. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience report: implementation of a multi‐standard compliant process improvement program
Authors: Kaynak Onur , Karagöz N. Alpay
Published: July 2013

This paper explains the experience of an information technology (IT) solutions provider company about the integrated management of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 15504 based process assets library with other related IT standards, which are ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 20000, and ISO 9001:2008. In order to establish and execute an efficient and effective infrastructure, a companywide process improvement program has been conducted. The lessons that are learned from the execution of this process improvement program, key implementation, practices and major challenges are shared in this paper. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Investigation of Surface Active Properties of Counterion Coupled Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Noori Sahar , Naqvi Andleeb Zehra , Ansari Wajid Husain , Akram Mohd , Kabir‐ud‐Din
Published: July 2013

Three counterion coupled gemini (cocogem) surfactants in the series 1,6‐bis(N,N‐alkyldimethylammonium) adipate, referred as n‐6‐n (n = 12, 14, 16), were synthesized, purified and characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Their physicochemical properties were investigated by electrical conductivity and surface tension measurements. The degree of ionization, critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface excess at the air/solution interface (Γmax), minimum area per surfactant molecule at the air/solution interface (Amin), surface tension at the CMC (γCMC), and pC20 (negative log of the surfactant molar concentration, required to reduce the surface tension of water by 20 mN m−1) were calculated. Increase in tail length of the surfactants increases the efficiency of surfactants to decrease the surface tension of water. Thermodynamic parameters, viz. molar free energy at the maximum adsorption attained at CMC (Gmin), standard Gibb's energy of micellization (), and standard Gibbs energy of adsorption (), were also calculated. The and values show that the monomers were preferred to be adsorbed at the air/water interface and then in the micellar formation in the bulk. Additionally, fluorescence measurements were used to find the aggregation number. Other relevant surface properties (Krafft point, emulsion stability, foaming ability, micellar stability and dye solubilization ability) were also evaluated. These results suggest that with respect to emulsion formation, micellar stability and dye solubilization, the cocogem with a 16‐carbon chain gives better results, producing 89 % more stable foams and shows better aggregational behavior.
Fish Oil Decreases C‐Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio Improving Nutritional Prognosis and Plasma Fatty Acid Profile in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Mocellin Michel Carlos , Pastore e Silva Juliana de Aguiar , Camargo Carolina de Quadros , Fabre Maria Emília de Souza , Gevaerd Scheila , Naliwaiko Katya , Moreno Yara Maria Franco , Nunes Everson Araújo , Trindade Erasmo Benicio Santos de Moraes
Published: July 2013

Previous studies have shown that n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids n‐3 (n‐3 PUFA) have several anticancer effects, especially attributed to their ability to modulate a variety of genomic and immune responses. In this context, this randomized, prospective, controlled clinical trial was conducted in order to check whether supplementation of 2 g/day of fish oil for 9 weeks alters the production of inflammatory markers, the plasma fatty acid profile and the nutritional status in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Eleven adults with CRC in chemotherapy were randomized into two groups: (a) supplemented (SG) daily with 2 g/day of encapsulated fish oil [providing 600 mg/day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] for 9 weeks (n = 6), and (b) control (CG) (n = 5). All outcomes were evaluated on the day before the first chemotherapy session and 9 weeks later. Plasma TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐10 and IL‐17A, the pro/anti‐inflammatory balance (ratio TNF‐α/IL‐10 and IL‐1β/IL10) and serum albumin, showed no significant changes between times and study groups (p > 0.05). C‐reactive protein (CRP) and the CRP/albumin ratio showed opposite behavior in groups, significantly reducing their values in SG (p < 0.05). Plasma proportions of EPA and DHA increased 1.8 and 1.4 times, respectively, while the ARA reduced approximately 0.6 times with the supplementation (9 weeks vs baseline, p < 0.05). Patients from SG gained 1.2 kg (median) while the CG lost −0.5 kg (median) during the 9 weeks of chemotherapy (p = 0.72). These results demonstrate that 2 g/day of fish oil for 9 weeks of chemotherapy improves CRP values, CRP/albumin status, plasma fatty acid profile and potentially prevents weight loss during treatment.
Association of a 7‐year percent change in fat mass and muscle mass with subsequent cognitive dysfunction: the EPIDOS‐Toulouse cohort
Authors: Abellan van Kan Gabor , Cesari Matteo , Gillette-Guyonnet Sophie , Dupuy Charlotte , Vellas Bruno , Rolland Yves
Published: July 2013

Background

Cognitive dysfunction and changes in body composition share common pathophysiological pathways. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate whether changes in appendicular muscle mass (AMM) and fat mass (FM) are associated factors with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction in community‐dwelling older women.

Methods

A nested case–control study was performed in 181 women aged 75 years and older from a subsample of the Epidemiologie de l'Osteoporose participants from Toulouse. Body composition parameters at inclusion and 7 years later (assessed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry), and the presence of cognitive dysfunction (dementia and mild cognitive impairment) at 7 years of follow‐up, assured by two memory experts based on best clinical practice and validated criteria, were obtained. Multivariate logistic regression models assessed the association of percent change in AMM and FM with risk of cognitive dysfunction.

Results

At 7 years of follow‐up, 15 participants suffered from dementia, 6 suffered from mild cognitive impairment, and 160 were cognitively normal. Neither body composition changes nor gait speed was found to be statistically associated with cognitive dysfunction after controlling for potential confounders. Only age, over 85 years, was associated with an increased risk of subsequent cognitive impairment (odds ratio 3.10; 95 % confidence interval 1.07–8.87).

Conclusions

No significant association could be evidenced between changes in body composition and cognitive dysfunction. Due to the small sample size, statistical power could be an issue. The study could also suggest the possibility that the risk of cognitive dysfunction is not mediated by changes in body composition.
CBX8, a component of the Polycomb PRC1 complex, modulates DOT1L‐mediated gene expression through AF9/MLLT3
Authors: Malik Bhavna , Hemenway Charles S.
Published: July 2013

AF9 is known to interact with multiple proteins including activators and repressors of transcription. Our data indicate that other AF9 binding proteins compete with the histone methyltransferase DOT1L for AF9 binding thus diminishing its ability to methylate lysine 79 of histone 3. Specifically, we show that AF9 is part of a protein multimer containing members of Polycomb group (PcG) PRC1 complex, CBX8, RING1B, and BMI1. Interaction with CBX8 precludes AF9–DOT1L binding. Knockdown of CBX8 with short‐hairpin RNA (shRNA) leads to decreased expression of the AF9 target gene ENaCα. In contrast, CBX8 overexpression results in increased ENaCα mRNA levels and this effect can be partially overcome by co‐overexpression of AF9.
Heat Stroke Risk for Open-Water Swimmers During Long-Distance Events
Authors: Macaluso Filippo , Barone Rosario , Isaacs Ashwin W. , Farina Felicia , Morici Giuseppe , Di Felice Valentina
Published: July 2013

Open-water swimming is a rapidly growing sport discipline worldwide, and clinical problems associated with long-distance swimming are now better recognized and managed more effectively. The most prevalent medical risk associated with an open-water swimming event is hypothermia; therefore, the Federation Internationale De Natation (FINA) has instituted 2 rules to reduce this occurrence related to the minimum water temperature and the time taken to complete the race. Another medical risk that is relevant to open-water swimmers is heat stroke, a condition that can easily go unnoticed. The purpose of this review is to shed light on this physiological phenomenon by examining the physiological response of swimmers during long-distance events, to define a maximum water temperature limit for competitions. We conclude that competing in water temperatures exceeding 33°C should be avoided.
Disaster Documentation for the Clinician
Authors: Zoraster Richard M. , Burkle Christopher M.
Published: July 2013

Documentation of the patient encounter is a traditional component of health care practice, a requirement of various regulatory agencies and hospital oversight committees, and a necessity for reimbursement. A disaster may create unexpected challenges to documentation. If patient volume and acuity overwhelm health care providers, what is the acceptable appropriate documentation? If alterations in scope of practice and environmental or resource limitations occur, to what degree should this be documented? The conflicts arising from allocation of limited resources create unfamiliar situations in which patient competition becomes a component of the medical decision making; should that be documented, and, if so, how?

In addition to these challenges, ever-present liability worries are compounded by controversies over the standards to which health care providers will be held. Little guidance is available on how or what to document. We conducted a search of the literature and found no appropriate references for disaster documentation, and no guidelines from professional organizations. We review here the challenges affecting documentation during disasters and provide a rationale for specific patient care documentation that avoids regulatory and legal pitfalls. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1–7)
Could Personalisation Reduce Re-offending? Reflections on Potential Lessons from British Social Care Reform for the British Criminal Justice System
Authors: FOX ALEX , FOX CHRIS , MARSH CAROLINE
Published: July 2013

Rising prison numbers and high rates of re-offending illustrate the need for criminal justice reform. In the social care sector, the ‘personalisation revolution’ has resulted in the near eradication of long-term, institutional care for the majority of people with disabilities and many frail older people, increasing satisfaction. This paper examines what this has entailed and considers the case for introducing personalisation in the criminal justice system. It concludes that criminal justice reformers can learn from the social care experience and suggests how personalisation might fit within the current criminal justice reform agenda. However, introducing personalisation will pose significant challenges, perhaps the biggest being the need to change criminal justice culture.
The second person in “I”-“you”-“it” triadic interactions
Authors: Cleret de Langavant Laurent , Jacquemot Charlotte , Bachoud-Lévi Anne-Catherine , Dupoux Emmanuel
Published: July 2013

Second person social cognition cannot be restricted to dyadic interactions between two persons (the “I” and the “you”). Many instances of social communication are triadic, and involve a third person (the “him/her/it”), which is the object of the interaction. We discuss neuropsychological and brain imaging data showing that triadic interactions involve dedicated brain networks distinct from those of dyadic interactions.
Social affordances: Is the mirror neuron system involved?
Authors: Dezecache Guillaume , Conty Laurence , Grèzes Julie
Published: July 2013

We question the idea that the mirror neuron system is the substrate of social affordances perception, and we suggest that most of the activity seen in the parietal and premotor cortex of the human brain is independent of mirroring activity as characterized in macaques, but rather reflects a process of one's own action specification in response to social signals.
From synthetic modeling of social interaction to dynamic theories of brain–body–environment–body–brain systems
Authors: Froese Tom , Iizuka Hiroyuki , Ikegami Takashi
Published: July 2013

Synthetic approaches to social interaction support the development of a second-person neuroscience. Agent-based models and psychological experiments can be related in a mutually informing manner. Models have the advantage of making the nonlinear brain–body–environment–body–brain system as a whole accessible to analysis by dynamical systems theory. We highlight some general principles of how social interaction can partially constitute an individual's behavior.
A mature second-person neuroscience needs a first-person (plural) developmental foundation
Authors: Lewis Charlie , Stack James
Published: July 2013

Schilbach et al.'s model assumes that the ability to “experience” minds is already present in human infants and therefore falls foul of the very intellectualist problems it attempts to avoid. We propose an alternative relational, action-based account, which attempts to grasp how the individual's construction of knowledge develops within interactions.
A second-person approach cannot explain intentionality in social understanding
Authors: Moore Chris , Paulus Markus
Published: July 2013

A second-person approach that prioritizes dyadic emotional interaction is not well equipped to explain the origins of the understanding of mind conceived as intentionality. Instead, the critical elements that will deliver the understanding of self and other as persons with intentionality are shared object-centered interactions that include not only emotional engagement, but also joint attention and joint goal-directed action.
Ways of crossing a spatial boundary in typologically distinct languages
Authors: ÖZÇALIŞKAN ŞEYDA
Published: July 2013

Expression of spatial motion shows wide variation as well as patterned regularities across the world's languages (Talmy, 2000), and events involving the traversal of a spatial boundary impose the tightest typological constraints in the lexicalization of motion, providing a true test of cross-linguistic differences. Speakers of verb-framed languages are required by their languagenotto use manner verbs in marking the change of location across boundaries (Aske, 1989). Here we test the strength of the boundary-crossing constraint and ask how speakers convey motion events when the constraints imposed by the experimental task are at odds with the constraints imposed by their native language. We address this question by comparing adult speakers’ description of motion scenes that involve the traversal of a spatial boundary in two typologically distinct languages: English and Turkish. Using an experimental paradigm that imposes competing demands with the semantic structure of Turkish, we compare Turkish speakers’ description of boundary-crossing scenes to that of English speakers. We find strong cross-linguistic differences in speakers’ verb choice (manner vs. path) and event segmentation (one vs. many), suggesting that boundary-crossing constraint can serve as a reliable test to detect the typological class of a language.
Does argument structure complexity affect reading? A case study of an Italian agrammatic patient with deep dyslexia
Authors: BARBIERI ELENA , AGGUJARO SILVIA , MOLTENI FRANCO , LUZZATTI CLAUDIO
Published: July 2013

The argument structure complexity hypothesis (Thompson, 2003) was introduced to account for the verb production pattern of agrammatic patients, who show greater difficulty in producing transitive versus unergative verbs (argument number effect) and in producing unaccusative versus unergative verbs (syntactic movement effect). The present study investigates these two effects in the reading performance of a patient (GR) suffering from deep dyslexia. GR read nouns significantly better than verbs; moreover, her performance was better on unergative than on transitive verbs, whereas the comparison between unergative and unaccusative verbs did not differ significantly. Data support the extension of the argument structure complexity hypothesis to word naming and suggest that the two aspects of argument structure complexity occur at different levels within models of lexical processing.
Nouns to verbs and verbs to nouns: When do children acquire class extension rules for deverbal nouns and denominal verbs?
Authors: LIPPEVELD MARIE , OSHIMA-TAKANE YURIKO
Published: July 2013

We investigated when children acquire class extension rules for denominal verbs and deverbal nouns using an intermodal preferential looking paradigm. We taught French-speaking 2.5-year-olds (mean age = 2 years, 8.56 months [2;8.56], range = 2;6–2;11) and 3-year-olds (mean age = 3;3.31, range = 3;0–3;5) novel parent nouns or verbs referring to unfamiliar instruments and their functions, and then tested their interpretation of both the parent word and its denominal verb or deverbal noun. Experiment 1 demonstrated that only the 3-year-olds understood the denominal verbs. Experiment 2 demonstrated that only 3-year-olds who learned the parent verbs were able to interpret the deverbal nouns correctly. These findings suggest that French-speaking children acquire class extension rules for denominal verbs and deverbal nouns by the age of 3 years and can demonstrate this knowledge as long as they are able to learn the parent words.
Given–new/new–given? Children's sensitivity to the ordering of information in complex sentences
Authors: JUNGE BIANCA , THEAKSTON ANNA L. , LIEVEN ELENA V. M.
Published: July 2013

English and many other languages allow flexible ordering of main and subordinate clauses in complex sentences. Processing, discourse-pragmatics, and semantics have an impact on the ordering of information. Three-year-olds, 5-year-olds, and adults heard complex sentences containing main and subordinate clauses with differing informational status. Using an act-out method, we analyzed participants’ sensitivity to the ordering of new/given information and its interaction with clause order. All age groups changed the order of information to given–new when exposed to a new–given structure, whereas only adults changed the clause order to subordinate–main when exposed to the reverse. We suggest that children are sensitive to information structure but not clause order in complex sentences. The results are discussed in the context of possible limited processing capacities or understanding of clause order function in complex sentences.
An Evolving Scientific Public Sphere: State Science Enlightenment, Communicative Discourse, and Public Culture from Imperial Russia to Khrushchev's Soviet Times
Authors: Andrews James T.
Published: July 2013

Argument

By the late nineteenth century, science pedagogues and academicians became involved in a vast movement to popularize science throughout the Russian empire. With the aftermath of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, many now found the new Marxist state a willing supporter of their goals of spreading science to an under-educated public. In the Stalin era, Soviet state officials believed that the spread of science and technology had to coalesce with the Communist Party's utilitarian goals and needs to revive the industrial sector of the economy. This resulted in a new Stalinist technologically oriented popularization campaign. In the Khrushchev era (1953–64), Soviet politicians became increasingly more aware of the competitive power of Soviet technology in the global arena and developed extensive campaigns to publicize Soviet feats for a broad domestic and foreign public audience. This was particularly true for topics such as the space program and big technologies such as nuclear power.
From Papers to Newspapers: Miguel Masriera (1901–1981) and the Role of Science Popularization under the Franco Regime
Authors: Nieto-Galan Agustí
Published: July 2013

Argument

This paper analyzes the political dimension of Miguel Masriera's (1901–1981) science popularization program. In the 1920s, Masriera worked at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich – with Hermann Staudinger, the luminary of polymer chemistry – to later become a lecturer of theoretical and physical chemistry at the University of Barcelona. After living in exile in Paris, at the end of the Civil War he returned to Spain but never recovered his position. Instead, Masriera became an active popular science writer and adapted to the severe constraints of General Franco's military dictatorship (1939–1975). Inspired by the astronomer Arthur Eddington's world view, Masriera wrote and translated popular science books, and published articles in daily newspapers and journals. By examining Masriera's popular works, in particular his program for spreading “atomic culture” in Spain during the Cold War, this paper aims to contribute to the assessment of the role of science popularization in the domestic legitimization of that dictatorial regime and also its use as a vehicle for international recognition abroad.
Counting Plane Graphs: Cross-Graph Charging Schemes
Authors: SHARIR MICHA , SHEFFER ADAM
Published: July 2013

We study cross-graph charging schemes for graphs drawn in the plane. These are charging schemes where charge is moved across vertices of different graphs. Such methods have recently been used to obtain various properties of triangulations that are embedded in a fixed set of points in the plane. We generalize this method to obtain results for various other types of graphs that are embedded in the plane. Specifically, we obtain a new bound ofO*(187.53N) (where theO*(⋅) notation hides polynomial factors) for the maximum number of crossing-free straight-edge graphs that can be embedded in any specific set ofNpoints in the plane (improving upon the previous best upper bound 207.85Nin Hoffmann, Schulz, Sharir, Sheffer, Tóth and Welzl [14]). We also derive upper bounds for numbers of several other types of plane graphs (such as connected and bi-connected plane graphs), and obtain various bounds on the expected vertex-degrees in graphs that are uniformly chosen from the set of all crossing-free straight-edge graphs that can be embedded in a specific point set.

We then apply the cross-graph charging-scheme method to graphs that allow certain types of crossings. Specifically, we consider graphs with no set ofkpairwise crossing edges (more commonly known ask-quasi-planar graphs). Fork=3 andk=4, we prove that, for any setSofNpoints in the plane, the number of graphs that have a straight-edgek-quasi-planar embedding overSis only exponential inN.
Predictors of Neurobehavioral Symptoms in a University Population: A Multivariate Approach Using a Postconcussive Symptom Questionnaire
Authors: Ettenhofer Mark L. , Reinhardt Lindsay E. , Barry David M.
Published: July 2013

Several factors have been linked to severity of postconcussive-type (neurobehavioral) symptoms. In this study, predictors of neurobehavioral symptoms were examined using multivariate methods to determine the relative importance of each. Data regarding demographics, symptoms, current alcohol use, history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), orthopedic injuries, and psychiatric/developmental diagnoses were collected via questionnaire from 3027 university students. The most prominent predictors of symptoms were gender, history of depression or anxiety, history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or learning disability diagnosis, and frequency of alcohol use. Prior mild TBI was significantly related to overall symptoms, but this effect was small in comparison to other predictors. These results provide further evidence that neurobehavioral symptoms are multi-determined phenomena, and highlight the importance of psychiatric comorbidity, demographic factors, and health behaviors to neurobehavioral symptom presentation after mild TBI. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–9)
OPTIMUM SAVINGS AND OPTIMAL GROWTH: THE CASS–MALINVAUD–KOOPMANS NEXUS
Authors: Spear Stephen E. , Young Warren
Published: July 2013

This paper surveys the contributions of David Cass, Tjalling Koopmans, and Edmond Malinvaud over the decades during which modern optimal growth theory was developed. By utilizing material ranging from dissertations, drafts, and working papers through conference presentations, discussions, and published papers, we show that both Malinvaud and Cass had significant impacts on the evolution of Koopman's thought, and the development of his part of what is known as “the Cass–Koopmans model.” Based on our findings, we conclude that the modern optimal growth model should include the contributions of Malinvaud, and be retitled “the Cass–Malinvaud–Koopmans” model accordingly.
GRP78-targeting subtilase cytotoxin sensitizes cancer cells to photodynamic therapy
Authors: Firczuk M , Gabrysiak M , Barankiewicz J , Domagala A , Nowis D , Kujawa M , Jankowska-Steifer E , Wachowska M , Glodkowska-Mrowka E , Korsak B , Winiarska M , Golab J
Published: July 2013

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperone and a major regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Accumulating evidence indicate that GRP78 is overexpressed in many cancer cell lines, and contributes to the invasion and metastasis in many human tumors. Besides, GRP78 upregulation is detected in response to different ER stress-inducing anticancer therapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). This study demonstrates that GRP78 mRNA and protein levels are elevated in response to PDT in various cancer cell lines. Stable overexpression of GRP78 confers resistance to PDT substantiating its cytoprotective role. Moreover, GRP78-targeting subtilase cytotoxin catalytic subunit fused with epidermal growth factor (EGF-SubA) sensitizes various cancer cells to Photofrin-mediated PDT. The combination treatment is cytotoxic to apoptosis-competent SW-900 lung cancer cells, as well as to Bax-deficient and apoptosis-resistant DU-145 prostate cancer cells. In these cells, PDT and EGF-SubA cytotoxin induce protein kinase R-like ER kinase and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 branches of UPR and also increase the level of C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) homologous protein, an ER stress-associated apoptosis-promoting transcription factor. Although some apoptotic events such as disruption of mitochondrial membrane and caspase activation are detected after PDT, there is no phosphatidylserine plasma membrane externalization or DNA fragmentation, suggesting that in DU-145 cells the late apoptotic events are missing. Moreover, in SW-900 cells, EGF-SubA cytotoxin potentiates PDT-mediated cell death but attenuates PDT-induced apoptosis. In addition, the cell death cannot be reversed by caspase inhibitor z-VAD, confirming that apoptosis is not a major cell death mode triggered by the combination therapy. Moreover, no typical features of necrotic or autophagic cell death are recognized. Instead, an extensive cellular vacuolation of ER origin is observed. Altogether, these findings indicate that PDT and GRP78-targeting cytotoxin treatment can efficiently kill cancer cells independent on their apoptotic competence and triggers an atypical, non-apoptotic cell death.