bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pattern Classification by Adaptive Machines
Authors: Rosen Charles A.
Published: October 2006

Man's intelligent behavior is due in part to his ability to select, classify, and abstract significant information reaching him from his environment by way of his senses. This function, pattern recognition, has become a major focus of research by scientists working in the field of artificial intelligence.

At the lowest level, pattern recognition reduces to pattern classification, which consists of the separation, into desired classes, of groups of objects, sounds, odors, events, properties, and the like; the separations are based on sets of measurements made on the entities being classified. The pattern classifier is composed of a data filter and a categorizer. The data filter selects the distinguishing features and represents them as sets of real numbers; each set is termed a pattern. The categorizer assigns each pattern to one of several desired classes.

Patterns can be represented geometrically as points in an
n
-dimensional space; the
n
coordinates of each point are the numerical values of the features selected to represent the pattern. A pattern classification system separates an
n
-dimensional space into regions, each of which ideally contains points of only one class. One method to effect this separation is by means of "trainable" categorizers—major components of adaptive machines. They consist of networks whose internal parameters are varied according to a set of fixed rules during a training cycle. A statistically large sample of known patterns are presented, one at a time, to the networks; internal corrections are made each time a pattern is erroneously classified. Classification performance tends to improve as the set of known patterns is cycled repetitively through the machine. Finally, the adequacy of adaptation is tested by a separate set of similar patterns which have not been used in the training process.

A number of different machine organizations and training rules have been developed and are being applied successfully to numerous classification problems. More difficult recognition problems requiring the aid of logical tests and analysis, search and association, use the digital computer programmed to supplement the functions of the adaptive classifier.
Shock Effects in Certain Rock-Forming Minerals
Authors: Chao E. C. T.
Published: October 2006

Shock effects in quartz, plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, and some accessory minerals have been observed in rocks subjected to various degrees of metamorphism by meteoritic impact. The shock features described are unique; they are never observed in rocks from normal geologic environments. Such features are described:

1) Multiple sets of closely spaced planar microstructures occur in quartz, plagioclase, and other rock-forming minerals. Those characteristic of shock consist of alternating platelets, with a range of reduced mean index of refraction and birefringence; they consist of platelets that have been partially or completely transformed to an amorphous phase.

2) Quartz and plagioclase are selectively and completely transformed to silica glass and plagioclase glass in the solid state, whereas the associated mafic minerals remained crystalline. There is no reaction between adjacent minerals.

3) High-pressure polymorphs occur, such as coesite or stishovite. Coesite occurs exclusively within silica glass; it has not been observed as a reaction or breakdown product.

4) Nickel-iron spherules occur in the fused glass or impactites.

5) The occurrence of droplets of ilmenite, rutile, pseudobrookite, and baddaleyite in impactites indicates a temperature of formation exceeding 1500°C.

6) Dense glass occurs, similar in composition to bulk rock, in which iron oxide, such as fine particles of magnetite, is completely dissolved.

All these features are characteristic of a process involving the rapid rise and fall of extremely high pressures and temperatures. Minerals and mineral assemblages experiencing such high strain rates and sudden changes of pressures and temperatures react and change independently to the bulk chemical composition, under nonequilibrium conditions.

Many aspects of shock features require careful study. Kink bands in biotite and deformation lamellae in quartz occur in tectonically deformed rocks. These features should be studied with great care in order to determine whether reduction in mean index of refraction and total birefringence along the planar structures have resulted from vitrification or phase transition; their presence is additional evidence in favor of a shock mechanism.

Vitreous phases or glasses formed by shock also have many unique properties; they have not been studied by such methods as thermoluminescence, electron spin resonance, low-angle x-ray diffraction, or infrared spectroscopy. Shock-fused glass of high density needs to be studied in detail in carefully controlled laboratory conditions.

Experimental shock-wave studies of the equation-of-state of single minerals and mineral assemblages, under carefully controlled conditions, must precede estimates of peak pressures and peak and residual temperatures of shocked natural mineral assemblages. Detailed petrographic and mineralogic studies, however, have provided useful and definitive criteria for characterization of impact events. Such data should be of paramount importance in the study of samples brought back from Moon.
Foraminiferal Ooze: Solution at Depths
Authors: Berger Wolfgang H.
Published: October 2006

Samples of foraminiferal ooze were exposed to ocean water at various depths for 4 months, attached to the taut wire of a buoy in the central Pacific. Appreciable solution took place below 1000 meters and increased rapidly below 3000 meters and below 5000 meters. The fact that samples from different locations appear to dissolve at different rates suggests that the previous history of a sample determines its solubility. Solution is selective; it changes species composition, size distribution, content of damaged shells, and average particle weight of an assemblage.
Viral Hemorrhagic Encephalopathy of Rats
Authors: ElDadah Adnan H. , Nathanson Neal , Smith Kendall O. , Squire Robert A. , Santos George W. , Melby Edward C.
Published: October 2006

A virus has been isolated and serially passed in suckling rats; it causes an acute fatal paralysis associated with hemorrhage and necrosis in the brain and spinal cord. The agent is relatively resistant to heat and ether, is about 20 millimicrons in diameter, and is antigenically closely related to rat virus. Its isolation resulted from the study of occasional cases of paralysis in adult rats after administration of cyclophosphamide.
Perceived Number and Evoked Cortical Potentials
Authors: Harter M. Russell , White C. T.
Published: October 2006

Evoked cortical potentials and the number of flashes perceived were compared when subjects were presented with short trains of flashes under conditions where each presented flash could not be counted individually, but the train of flashes appeared to be flickering (1 to 14 flashes at 33.3 flashes per second). The rate at which each successive perceived flash was added appeared to correspond with the rate at which the successive components of the evoked response pattern were added. The temporal nature of this pattern was similar for both single flashes and trains of flashes. The results suggest that the onset of stimulation triggers a process which has a marked effect on both the cortical and perceptual response to subsequent stimulation.
Natural Free-Running Period in Vertebrate Animal Populations
Authors: Lowe Charles H. , Hinds David S. , Lardner Peter J. , Justice Keith E.
Published: October 2006

Regression analysis (analysis of covariance) is contrasted with the conventional "mean period length" for estimating the length of period of the spontaneous activity frequency (free-running period) in population samples of Gila monsters (
Heloderma suspectum
) and kangaroo rats (
Dipodomys merriami
) in the Sonoran Desert. The mean period length in each population does not differ significantly from 24:00 hours (
P
> .05) and it does not differ significantly (
P
> .05) between the species studied; the probability that the free-running period (in constant dark) in natural populations of Gila monsters and kangaroo rats is different from 24:00.0 is less than 1 in 1000 (
P
< .001). The so-called "mean period length" is of little or no use for precise determination of the period and phase relationships in circadian rhythms; moreover, it is entirely without value for statistical testing of differences either within or between populations.
Human Fibroblasts Infected with Rubella Virus Produce a Growth Inhibitor
Authors: Plotkin Stanley A. , Vaheri Antti
Published: October 2006

A protein that inhibited mitosis of normal human diploid cells was demonstrated in extracts of WI-38 cells that were infected with rubella virus and that had gone into mitotic arrest subsequent to infection. A possible mechanism for the pathogenesis of the rubella syndrome is suggested.
Ultraviolet Irradiation of DNA in vitro and in vivo Produces a Third Thymine-Derived Product
Authors: Varghese A. J. , Yi Wang Shih
Published: October 2006

A new thymine-derived product was separated from DNA irradiated with utlraviolet light in vitro and in vivo. This compound was mistaken to be thymine homodiner (T=T) by other workers because it is chromatographically indistinguishable from T=T in most eluents. It has absorbancy maximums at 312, 312, and 300 millimicrons in neutral,
p
H 2, and
p
H 11 aqueous solutions, respectively. When it is irradiated in aqueous solution with wavelengths of 360 and 313 millimicrons its spectrum reverts to one similar to that of thymine. Therefore, at least three thymine-derived products can be detected in ultraviolet irradiated DNA, namely the homodimer, a material with absorbancy maximum at 312 millimicrons, and a "minor" product suggested by others to be a dimer of cytosine and thymine. In cells, the latter two are formed in about equal amounts. While these three products were shown to exist in the acid hydrolyzates of ultraviolet irradiated DNA, a material with absorbancy maximum at about 310 millimicrons was demonstrated to form in ultraviolet irradiated DNA without further treatment. The magnitude of this spectral increase varied directly with the increase in the adenine-thymine contents in the DNA as shown by differential transmittance spectra of the irradiated
Micrococcus lysodeikticus
, calf thymus,
Bacillus cereus
, and
Hemophilus influenzae
DNA.
R Factors Mediate Resistance to Mercury, Nickel, and Cobalt
Authors: Smith David H.
Published: October 2006

Fifty-five clinical isolates and laboratory stocks of
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella
were studied for resistance to each of ten metals. Eleven clinical isolates carrying R factors were resistant to mercury, and, in each case, the resistance was mediated by a previously undefined R-factor gene. The gene was phenotypically expressed within 2 to 4 minutes after entry into sensitive bacteria, but the basis for the resistance remains undefined. Fourteen strains, 12 infected with R factors, were resistant to cobalt and nickel, but these resistances were mediated by R-factor genes in only two strains; separate R-factor genes mediated the resistances to nickel and cobalt. These and other results indicate that the genetic composition of R factors is greater than that originally defined.
Alpha-Hematite: Stable Remanence and Memory
Authors: Smith R. W. , Fuller M.
Published: October 2006

Experimental evidence suggests that the magnetization of α-Fe
2
O
3
consists of a soft spin-canted moment and a hard defect moment. The former is observed in the range -20° to 675°C; the latter is maintained across the transitions that bound the temperature range of the detectable spin-canted moment and is lost at the true Neel point of α-Fe
2
O
3
of 725°C. Both memory and the highest coercivity fraction of remanence in α-Fe
2
O
3
are due to the defect moment.
Glycogen Synthetase Activity in Liver: Regulation by the Autonomic Nerves
Authors: Shimazu Takashi
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve in intact or pancreatectomized rabbits resulted in a marked increase, within 5 minutes of the onset of stimulation, in the total activity of liver glycogen synthetase. The effect was completely counteracted by simultaneous stimulation of the splanchnic nerve, although stimulation of the splanchnic nerve alone had little effect on the enzyme. Injection of insulin caused an increase in both the total activity of glycogen synthetase and the activity that was independent of glucose-6-phosphate. The response of the enzyme to vagal stimulation was much faster than to administration of insulin.
Visual Discrimination of Temporal Order
Authors: Robinson Daniel N.
Published: October 2006

Past research addressed to the minimum temporal separation necessary for the judgment of visual stimulus order has failed to control peripheral adaptation and masking effects. The present study employed pairs of brief stimuli with each member presented to a separate eye; that is, dichoptic presentations. Under these conditions, minimum separations for the correct discrimination of order were found to be far less than those obtained in experiments in which both stimuli were presented to the same eye or to both eyes.
Guanine Nucleotide Associated with the Protein of the Outer Fibers of Flagella and Cilia
Authors: Stevens R. E. , Renaud F. L. , Gibbons I. R.
Published: October 2006

Flagella from sperm of the sea urchin
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
and cilia from
Tetrahymena pyriformis
contain guanine nucleotides bound to the outer-fiber fraction in the ratio of one mole of nucleotide per mole of protein subunit.
Amazon River: Environmental Factors That Control Its Dissolved and Suspended Load
Authors: Gibbs Ronald J.
Published: October 2006

Analytical results of sampling during both wet and dry seasons along the Amazon River, at its mouth, and from 16 tributaries reveal that the physical weathering dominant in the Andean mountainous environment controls both the overall composition of the suspended solids discharged by the Amazon and the amount of dissolved salts and suspended solids discharged.
Adenyl Cyclase Activity in Rat Pineal Gland: Effects of Chronic Denervation and Norepinephrine
Authors: Weiss Benjamin , Costa Erminio
Published: October 2006

Adenyl cyclase activity in the pineal gland of rats was determined by measuring the rate of formation of radioactive cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate from
14
C-labeled adenosine triphosphate. Norepinephrine added in vitro to pineal homogenates enhanced this activity, while denervation of the pineal gland by superior cervical ganglionectomy did not significantly reduce it. The enzyme in these denervated glands was more responsive to the stimulatory effects of norepinephrine.
Zeolitization of Tuffaceous Rocks of the Green River Formation, Wyoming
Authors: Goodwin Jonathan H. , Surdam Ronald C.
Published: October 2006

The alkali-rich zeolites mordenite and clinoptilolite have been discovered in tuffaceous rocks of the Green River Formation, Wyoming. This occurrence strongly supports the alteration of glass to alkali-rich zeolite to analcime as the paragenetic sequence of alteration of tuffaceous rocks deposited in ancient Lake Gosiute.
Infant Vocalizations and Their Relationship to Mature Intelligence
Authors: Cameron James , Livson Norman , Bayley Nancy
Published: October 2006

Correlations between infant development tests and later intelligence have been found previously to be very low. Through cluster analysis, six clusters of items were extracted from Bayley's California First Year Mental Scale. One item cluster composed principally of vocalizations did significantly correlate with girls' later intelligence, increasingly so with age, and more highly with verbal than performance scores.
Insulin Biosynthesis: Evidence for a Precursor
Authors: Steiner Donald F. , Cunningham Dennis , Spigelman Lilian , Aten Bradley
Published: October 2006

Human islet cell tumor tissue and isolated islets of Langerhans from rats incorporated radioactive amino acids in vitro into insulin and a larger acid-alcohol soluble protein which could be separated from insulin by gel filtration. The amino acids were incorporated into the larger protein earlier than into insulin; only after incubation of islets for approximately 30 minutes did radioactivity begin to appear in insulin. The transfer of about 70 percent of the radioactivity of the larger protein to insulin was demonstrated in the absence of new peptide bond synthesis (cycloheximide), or during incubation with unlabeled amino acid (chase). The results indicate that the larger protein is a precursor in the biosynthesis of insulin. The name "proinsulin" is suggested for this protein.
Animal Communication Signals
Authors: Marler Peter
Published: October 2006

Thus, each modality has its special advantages and disadvantages. Species that have the necessary sensory equipment tend to make use of all of the senses that can be used over distances for communication in different situations.
Sinkhole Formation by Groundwater Withdrawal: Far West Rand, South Africa
Authors: Foose Richard M.
Published: October 2006

Sinkholes up to 125 meters wide and 50 meters deep have developed catastrophically in thick unconsolidated debris above pinnacle-weathered dolomite after lowering of the groundwater surface by at least 160 meters. They are caused by shrinkage of desiccated debris, downward migration of debris into bedrock openings, and upward growth of multiple debris "caverns" by roof spalling.
Bromophenols from Red Algae
Authors: Craigie J. S. , Gruenig D. E.
Published: October 2006

3,5-Dibromo-
p
-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is reported as a natural constituent of
Odonthalia dentata
and
Rhodomela confervoides
. The amounts isolated, based on the fresh weight of the tissue, were 0.024 and 0.003 percent, respectively. A major phenolic compound in both algae was 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol.
Chlorination of Unsaturated Compounds in Nonpolar Media
Authors: Poutsma Marvin L.
Published: October 2006

Our work has shown that the apparently simple chlorination of unsaturated materials in nonpolar media is actually rather complex because of the occurrence of competitive reaction pathways, one polar and one radical. Means of recognizing, predicting, and separating the pathways have been developed, and general characteristics of each with respect to relative rates and product distributions have been elucidated. A most intriguing discovery is that of the spontaneous generation of radicals by interaction of certain unsaturates and chlorine; much more work is needed for clarifying the nature of this unexpected reaction.
Hydrous Sodium Silicates from Lake Magadi, Kenya: Precursors of Bedded Chert
Authors: Eugster Hans P.
Published: October 2006

Two new hydrous sodium silicates, NaSi
7
O
13
(OH)
3
⋅3H
2
O (magadiite) and NaSi
11
O
20.5
(OH)
4
⋅3H
2
O (kenyaite), were found in lake beds at Lake Magadi, Kenya. Both are well-crystallized layered silicates with large basal spacings. Concretions within the magadiite bed consist of kenyaite or quartz (chert) in the center, surrounded by kenyaite. In dilute acids magadiite and kenyaite are converted to 6SiO
2
⋅H
2
O (SH), the first known crystalline hydrate of silica. The magadiite bed probably represents a chemical precipitate from alkaline brines. Percolating waters convert magadiite to kenyaite and eventually to chert. Thus a mechanism has been outlined for the formation of bedded chert deposits through inorganic precipitation. Alternations between silica-rich and iron-rich bands of iron formations may be due to concentration cycles in alkaline lakes.
Increased Cystine in Leukocytes from Individuals Homozygous and Heterozygous for Cystinosis
Authors: Schneider Jerry A. , Bradley Kathryn , Seegmiller J. E.
Published: October 2006

In patients with cystinosis, the concentration of free cystine in leukocytes was 80 times greater than normal, and six times the normal content for their parents. This is the first demonstration of an abnormality in heterozygotes for this rare inherited disease of childhood. Three-quarters of the cystine was recovered in the granular fraction of cystinotic leukocytes.
Cognitive Capacity of Very Young Children
Authors: Mehler Jacques , Bever Thomas G.
Published: October 2006

Children between 2 years, 6 months old and 3 years, 2 months old correctly discriminate the relative number of objects in two rows; between 3 years, 2 months and 4 years, 6 months they indicate a longer row with fewer objects to have "more"; after 4 years, 6 months they again discriminate correctly. The discriminative ability of the younger children shows that the logical capacity for cognitive operations exists earlier than previously acknowledged.
Virus-Induced Peliosis Hepatis in Rats
Authors: Bergs Victor V. , Scotti Thomas M.
Published: October 2006

Inoculation of newborn Fischer, W/Fu, or Lewis rats with the 9H virus recently isolated from leukemic rat tissues resulted in the development of peliosis hepatis. The virus was recoverable from the peliotic livers. The cystic lesions were of the parenchymal peliosis type and appeared to be the result of focal hepatic necrosis followed by hemorrhage.
Basilar Membrane Vibration Examined with the Mössbauer Technique
Authors: Johnstone B. M. , Boyle A. J. F.
Published: October 2006

The tuning curve has been measured, in vivo, at a point approximately 1.5 millimeters from the stapes in the first turn of the guinea pig cochlea. Curves for constant stapes movement and constant sound pressure were obtained over the range 350 hertz to 30 kilohertz, with an amplitude peak at about 18 kilohertz.
Minimum Condition for Stereopsis and Anomalous Contour
Authors: Lawson R. B. , Mount D. C.
Published: October 2006

Horizontal borders were deleted progressively from square and circular dot patterns containing disparate forms. Stereoscopic depth and anomalous contour occur in the absence of horizontal borders and the form in depth does not always assume the shape of the dot patterns. The stereoscopic effects depend on a laterally disparate form in the stereogram.
Occurrence of Sialic Acids in
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Roth Jürgen , Kempf Andreas , Reuter Gerd , Schauer Roland , Gehring Walter J.
Published: October 2006

Sialylated oligosaccharides, which are cell type-specific and developmentally regulated, have been implicated in a variety of complex biological events. Their broad functional importance is reflected by their presence in a wide variety of phyla extending from
Echinodermata
through higher vertebrates. Here, sialic acids are detected throughout development in an insect,
Drosophila
. Homopolymers of α 2,8-linked sialic acid, polysialic acid, are developmentally regulated and only expressed during early
Drosophila
development.
Biologic Effects of Supernovae
Authors: Terry K. D. , Tucker W. H.
Published: October 2006

Estimates of the probability that nearby explosions of supernovae have occurred during the earth's history and the biologic effects of the radiation therefrom are presented. They suggest that cosmic radiation from supernovae could have caused the extinction of many exposed animals without the simultaneous extinction of plant life. This suggests that supernovae should be considered as one possible mechanism by which fauna become extinct.
Block Faulting on the Gorda Rise
Authors: Atwater Tanya M. , Mudie John D.
Published: October 2006

A study made of Gorda Rise near 41°15′N with a novel instrument shows that the rift-valley walls have a tilted steplike profile, often with perched, planar sediments. Topography indicates that the steps were formed by block faulting. Distribution of the steps and the character of their tops suggest that they originated in the central 2 or 3 kilometers of the valley floor and were subsequently moved outward, uplifted, and tilted along with their underlying blocks as the sea floor spread. Gorda Rise is considered a slowly spreading part of the oceanic-rise system. Studies of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge report features that may be similar uplifted blocks.
Brevicomin: Principal Sex Attractant in the Frass of the Female Western Pine Beetle
Authors: Silverstein Robert M. , Brownlee Robert G. , Bellas Thomas E. , Wood David L. , Browne Lloyd E.
Published: October 2006

The principal component of the sex attractant produced by the female western pine beetle (
Dendrotonus brevicomis
) is
exo
-7-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane; the trivial name
brevicomin
is suggested.
Cells Related to Fighting Behavior Recorded from Midbrain Central Gray Neuropil of Cat
Authors: Adams David B.
Published: October 2006

Cells were recorded in the midbrain central gray neuropil of the cat that responded with action potentials only during fighting behavior and not while the cat was resting or while control manipulations were performed. Some other cells in the same region responded maximally during fighting, and all cells responded to at least one manipulation. Brain stimulation at sites of cells related to fighting caused the animals to hiss.
Radiolarian Skeletons: Solution at Depths
Authors: Berger Wolfgang H.
Published: October 2006

Radiolarian skeletons were placed at several depths on the taut mooring wire of a buoy in the central Pacific for 4 months. Recent radiolarian sediment dissolved at appreciable rates at depths shallower than 2000 meters; solution was greatest near the surface and decreased with depth. This pattern correlates with bathymetric distributions of dissolved silicon and of temperature. Siliceous Radiolaria from planktonic samples appeared to dissolve about eight times faster than those from sediment. Tripyleans seemed to be less resistant than polycystins. Acantharia dissolved completely at all depths.
Determinants of Food Intake in Obesity
Authors: Nisbett Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Obese human subjects who were offered three sandwiches ate more than normal subjects. When only one sandwich was offered and additional sandwiches were available but out of sight, the obese subjects ate less than normal subjects. This result is discussed in terms of the types of cues that motivate eating for obese versus normal individuals.
Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions of the Carcinogen
N
-Hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide with Nucleic Acid
Authors: King C. M. , Phillips B.
Published: October 2006

A protein fraction obtained by gel filtration of a 105,000g supernatant of rat liver catalyzes three reactions of the hepatocarcinogen
N
-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide with nucleic acid. Cofactor requirements and isotopic studies suggest that the reactive intermediates involved may be
N
-2-fluorenylhydroxylamine, and phosphate and sulfate esters of
N
-hydroxy-2-fluorenylacetamide.
Instrumental Learning of Vasomotor Responses by Rats: Learning to Respond Differentially in the Two Ears
Authors: DiCara Leo V. , Miller Neal E.
Published: October 2006

Curarized and artificially respirated rats were rewarded by electrical stimulation of the brain for changes in the balance of vasomotor activity between the two ears. They learned vasomotor responses in one ear that were independent of those in the other ear, in either forepaw, or in the tail, or of changes in heart rate or temperature. In addition to implications for learning theory and psychosomatic medicine, these results indicate a greater specificity of action in the sympathetic nervous system than is usually attributed to it.
Teaching Effectiveness and Government Awards
Authors: Bresler Jack B.
Published: October 2006

Three bodies of available data at Tufts University were used in determining whether there are meaningful relationships between teaching effectiveness, publication, and the receipt of government support. A search of the literature showed that virtually all comments in the popular literature and most references in professional journals suggest that publication and receipt of support for research somehow detract from teaching performance in the classroom.

The empirical data of the Tufts study do not support these previous conclusions. The students rated as their best instructors those faculty members who had published articles and who had received or were receiving government support for research.
Androgen Control of Territorial Marking in the Mongolian Gerbil
Authors: Thiessen D. D. , Friend Harold C. , Lindzey Gardner
Published: October 2006

Gerbils mark objects with the secretion of a midventral sebaceous gland. Both the behavior and the gland integrity are under androgen control, as indicated by castration and replacement with testosterone propionate. The integrity of the gland seems less important for marking than an influence on the central nervous system, although the gland can be used as an external measure of androgen levels. It is possible that the secretion acts as a pheromone to signal territorial possession.
Barking, Dominance, and Territoriality in Male Sea Lions
Authors: Schusterman Ronald J. , Dawson Ronald G.
Published: October 2006

Experiments in which male sea lions (
Zalophus californianus
) were removed and reintroduced into a social group demonstrate that barking by larger males restricts movement and barking by other smaller males. Barking and aggression were primarily directed toward animals of most nearly equal size. Two 6-year-olds seeking to establish and maintain territorial status used aggressive tactics similar to those observed in breeding males in the field.
3-Acetylpyridine: Effects in vitro Related to Teratogenic Activity in Chicken Embryos
Authors: Caplan Arnold I. , Zwilling Edgar , Kaplan Nathan O.
Published: October 2006

Production of skeletal muscle hypoplasia by 3-acetylpyridine and its complete reversal by nicotinamide in developing chicken embryos have been confirmed. Cultures of developing embryonic chicken muscle show degenerative effects produced by 3-acetylpyridine; these effects are reversed by nicotinamide. Cartilage production in cultured chondrogenic cells is potentiated by 3-acetylpyridine; this potentiation is completely reversed by nicotinamide. It is suggested that nicotinamide- or pyridine-nucleotide-dependent reactions influence normal differentiation of limb mesoderm cells by inhibiting chondrogenic-cell and potentiating muscle-cell expression or proliferation.
Potassium Feldspar in Weekeroo Station, Kodaikanal, and Colomera Iron Meteorites
Authors: Bunch T. E. , Olsen Edward
Published: October 2006

Sodium plagioclase and small amounts of potassium feldspar are common constituents of silicate inclusions in the Weekeroo Station and Colomera iron meteorites; flamboyant x-ray antiperthite is unique to Kodaikanal silicate inclusions. Enrichment of potassium, sodium, silicon, and aluminum in these inclusions indicates a higher degree of chemical differentiation than in other meteorites.
Behavioral Effects in Monkeys of Racemates of Two Biologically Active Marijuana Constituents
Authors: Scheckel Carl L. , Boff Edward , Dahlen Philip , Smart Terrence
Published: October 2006

Both
dl
-Δ
8
- and
dl
-Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol produced marked alterations of behavior in rhesus and squirrel monkeys. Squirrel monkeys appeared to have visual hallucinations. Continuous avoidance behavior of squirrel monkeys was stimulated by both drugs, but high doses of
dl
-Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol also caused depression after the stimulant phase. Complex behavior involving memory and visual discrimination in rhesus monkeys was markedly disrupted by both drugs.
The Status and Problems of High-Energy Physics Today
Authors:   High Energy Physics Advisory Panel of the Atomic Energy Commission
Published: October 2006

In January 1967 the Atomic Energy Commission established a Panel on High Energy Physics, for the purpose of providing advice and guidance to the commission in this area of physical science research. The panel reports to the Division of Research of the Atomic Energy Commission. It was established to consider important matters relating to this area of research and advise the commission concerning the best course of action to be taken in the interest of a vigorous and productive national high-energy-physics program. The panel is composed of 11 physical scientists; at present the membership list is as follows: Rodney L. Cool, Brookhaven National Laboratory; Earle C. Fowler, Duke University; Leon Ledermann, Columbia University; Edward J. Lofgren, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory; George E. Pake, Washington University; W. K. H. Panofsky, Stanford University; Robert Sachs, Argonne National Laboratory; Keith R. Symon, University of Wisconsin; Robert L. Walker, California Institute of Technology; C. N. Yang, State University of New York, Stony Brook; V. F. Weisskopf (chairman), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. When the following report was written, R. R. Wilson, of Cornell University, was also a member. He resigned because of the pressures of his new duties as director of the 200-Bev National Accelerator Laboratory.

One of the first tasks which the panel has set itself is a review of the present status and problems of high-energy physics in the United States and, in particular, the impact of the recent budget restrictions on these activities. The panel has issued a status report on this subject, pointing out the difficulties arising from the large discrepancy between the long-range budget forecasts made in a policy statement of the AEC which was submitted to Congress by the President in 1965 and the financial support actually provided high-energy physics. The report analyzes the serious consequences for the future of this fundamental field in which the United States has invested much effort and money.

The report was submitted to the Atomic Energy Commission and was subsequently transmitted to the Joint Committee for Atomic Energy of the Congress. It is presented here with minor changes for a wider audience.
Cyanovinyl Phosphate: A Prebiological Phosphorylating Agent?
Authors: Ferris J. P.
Published: October 2006

Cyanovinyl phosphate may be prepared by the addition reaction of phosphate to cyanoacetylene. Kinetic studies have established that cyanovinyl phosphate undergoes a slow pseudo-first-order hydrolysis in aqueous solution. Cyanovinyl phosphate converts uridine to uridine monophosphate and phosphate to pyrophosphate.
Differentiated Rat Glial Cell Strain in Tissue Culture
Authors: Benda Philippe , Lightbody James , Sato Gordon , Levine Lawrence , Sweet William
Published: October 2006

Rat glial tumors, induced by injections of
N
-nitrosomethylurea, were plated and propagated in culture. Among a few cell strains obtained, one clone contains S-100 protein, which is unique to brain in vertebrates. Stationary-phase cultures contain approximately ten times more S-100 protein per cell than exponentially growing cells. When injected into newborn rats, cells producing S-100 grew as a glial tumor, which contained S-100 protein.
Template-Directed Synthesis with Adenosine-5′-phosphorimidazolide
Authors: Weimann B. J. , Lohrmann R. , Orgel L. E. , Schneider-Bernloehr H. , Sulston J. E.
Published: October 2006

Adenosine-5′-monophosphorimidazolide reacts efficiently with adenosine derivatives on a polyuridylic acid template, with the formation of internucleotide bonds.
Alarm Pheromone in the Earthworm
Lumbricus terrestris
Authors: Ressler Robert H. , Cialdini Robert B. , Ghoca Mitchell L. , Kleist Suzanne M.
Published: October 2006

Noxious stimulation of the earthworm
Lumbricus terrestris
elicits secretion of a mucus that is aversive to other members of the species, as well as to the stimulated animal when it is encountered later. This alarm pheromone is not readily soluble in water and retains its aversive properties for at least several months if not disturbed. Its influence may be responsible for some features of the data on instrumental learning in earthworms.
Potassium-Feldspar Phenocrysts in the Surface of Colomera, and Iron Meteorite
Authors: Wasserburg G. J. , Sanz H. G. , Bence A. E.
Published: October 2006

Silicate aggregates, including large single crystals of potassium feldspar as long as 11 centimeters and sodium feldspar, are embedded in the surface of the medium octahedrite Colomera. Silicate nodules in the interior appear to be much smaller (about 0.3 centimeter). Glass nodules are abundant both on the external surface and in the interior. These observations are evidence that some iron meteorites formed as segregations within a silicate matrix and did not originate in a metallic planetary core.
Discovery of Hydroxyl Radio Emission from Infrared Stars
Authors: Wilson William J. , Barrett Alan H.
Published: October 2006

Radio spectral line emission from hydroxyl radicals has been detected from four infrared stars. The emission from the infrared star NML Cygni at 1612 megahertz is the strongest radio emission line yet detected. Sixteen other stars with infrared excesses showed no detectable hydroxyl radio emission.
Transform Faulting and Growth of the Gulf of California Since the Late Pliocene
Authors: Moore David G. , Buffington Edwin C.
Published: October 2006

Seismic-reflection and magnetic profiles over more than 6000 kilometers suggest that spreading of the sea floor on the East Pacific Rise, at the mouth of the Gulf of California, began to broaden a proto-gulf about 4 million years ago. Movement occurred, on transform faults, offsetting the rise and other centers of crustal growth within the gulf, and translated the end of the peninsula about 200 kilometers to the northwest. Thick pelagic sediments on the east flank of the rise indicate that there was a lapse of spreading by crustal growth between 4 and 10 million years ago.
L-Lactic Acid: A Mosquito Attractant Isolated from Humans
Authors: Acree Fred , Turner R. B. , Gouck H. K. , Beroza Morton , Smith Nelson
Published: October 2006

L-Lactic acid was the major component in material isolated from humans that was active as an attractant for female yellow fever mosquitoes,
Aedes aegypti
(L.). The L(+)-isomer was several times as attractive as the D-isomer. Good correlation was found between the attractiveness of an individual to mosquitoes and the quantity of lactic acid present in an acetone washing of his hand.
Earliest Known Marsupials
Authors: Slaughter Bob H.
Published: October 2006

The infraclass Metatheria has not been reported from deposits predating the mid-Cretaceous. Fossil material just recovered from Albian deposits in northcentral Texas has definite characteristics of the family Didelphidae and is submitted as being from the oldest known marsupials. The same locality has also produced remains referable to Eutheria, demonstrating a somewhat earlier divergence of these two important groups than was known before.
Brain Serotonin Concentration: Elevation Following Intraperitoneal Administration of Melatonin
Authors: Anton-Tay Fernando , Chou Chuan , Anton Sylvia , Wurtman Richard J.
Published: October 2006

The intraperitoneal administration of melatonin to rats caused an increase in brain serotonin concentration, especially in the midbrain. This effect could be demonstrated within 20 minutes of melatonin administration and was not associated with changes in norepinephrine concentration.
Conformation of Blood-Group and Virus Receptor Glycoproteins from Red Cells and Secretions
Authors: Jirgensons Bruno , Springer Georg F.
Published: October 2006

Optical rotatory dispersion of human blood-group and virus receptor glycoproteins from erythrocytes and secretions was studied in the far-ultraviolet. Erythrocyte membrane blood-group glycoproteins, with potent virus receptor activities, contained significant alpha-helical and extended beta conformations, whereas the glycoproteins of secretions were largely disordered. These conclusions were supported by determination of the Moffitt constants (b
0
) and by measurements of circular dichroism.
Adrenaline: Mechanism of Action on the Pacemaker Potential in Cardiac Purkinje Fibers
Authors: Hauswirth O. , Noble D. , Tsien R. W.
Published: October 2006

The pacemaker potential in Purkinje fibers is generated by a slow fall in potassium current which allows the inward background currents to depolarize the membrane. Adrenaline shifts the relation between activation of the potassium current and membrane potential in a depolarizing direction. Consequently, during the pacemaker potential, the potassium current falls more rapidly to lower values and the inward currents then depolarize the membrane more quickly. The shift in the potassium activation curve produced by adrenaline is large compared to that produced by calcium ions. The molecular action of adrenaline may involve either a large change in the surface charge of the membrane or a change in the dependence of the potassium permeability on the local electric field.
Ethanol Oxidation by Hepatic Microsomes: Adaptive Increase after Ethanol Feeding
Authors: Lieber Charles S. , DeCarli Leonore M.
Published: October 2006

Hepatic microsomes contain an ethanol-oxidizing system distinct from alcohol dehydrogenase. In vitro, it has characteristics comparable to those of microsomal drug-detoxifying enzymes and, in vivo, it is capable of adaptation to the administration of ethanol. The existence of this microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system may explain ultrastructural, pharmacological, and biochemical effects of ethanol.
Tyrosine Aminotransferase: Enzyme Induction Independent of Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate
Authors: Granner D. , Chase L. R. , Aurbach G. D. , Tomkins G. M.
Published: October 2006

The importance of adenyl cyclase and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by adrenocorticosteroids has been tested in HTC cells derived from a rat hepatoma and grown in tissue culture. Adrenocorticosteroids cause a 10- to 15-fold increase in the rate of synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase in these cells. Under various experimental conditions, with or without glucocorticoids, neither adenyl cyclase nor cyclic adenosine monophosphate could be detected in HTC cells. In addition, neither the cyclic nucleotide nor N
6
, O
2
′-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate caused increased activity of the transaminase in HTC cells. We conclude that induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by glucocorticoids is not mediated by the adenyl cyclase-cyclic adenosine monophosphate system.
Basis for the Acquisition of Malignant Potential by Mouse Cells Cultivated in vitro
Authors: Aaronson Stuart A. , Todaro George J.
Published: October 2006

Balb/c mouse embryo lines maintained in culture for over 200 generations under conditions that minimize cell-cell contact do not become tumorigenic. Lines cultivated under conditions where there is extensive cell contact become tumor-producing within 30 generations. The tissue-culture property that correlates best with tumorigenicity is the loss of contact inhibition of cell division.
The Tragedy of the Commons
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: October 2006

The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.
Single Crystals of Transfer RNA: An X-Ray Diffraction Study
Authors: Kim Sung-Hou , Rich Alexander
Published: October 2006

Large single crystals of formylmethionyl transfer RNA have been prepared. An x-ray diffraction study shows that the material crystallizes in a hexagonal lattice with a equal to 170 angstroms, c equal to 234 angstroms. The diffraction pattern extends to spacings just under 20 angstroms at present. The crystals are heavily hydrated, containing 88 percent water.
Virus-Like Particles in the Spiral Ganglion of the Guinea Pig Cochlea
Authors: Craft Joseph L. , Hilding David A.
Published: October 2006

Double-walled spherical particles 100 millimicrons in diameter were accidentally discovered in the cytoplasm of spiral ganglion neurons of apparently healthy guinea pigs with normal startle responses. These particles in some ways resemble viruses of the herpes group and may represent a latent form of neuronal infection.
Is Orientation-Specific Color Adaptation in Human Vision Due to Edge Detectors, Afterimages, or "Dipoles"?
Authors: Harris Charles S. , Gibson Alan R.
Published: October 2006

After one looks alternately at red vertical and green horizontal stripes, vertical and horizontal white stripes appear greenish and pink, respectively. This color aftereffect might imply that contour-detecting cells participate in human vision, or might simply be due to afterimages. A procedure that precludes afterimages still yields aftereffects, but sensory units less complex than edge detectors could be responsible.
Distributed Neural Network Underlying Musical Sight-Reading and Keyboard Performance
Authors: Sergent Justine , Zuck Eric , Terriah Sean , MacDonald Brennan
Published: October 2006

Music, like other forms of expression, requires specific skills for its production, and the organization and representation of these skills in the human brain are not well understood. With the use of positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, the functional neuroanatomy of musical sight-reading and keyboard performance was studied in ten professional pianists. Reading musical notations and translating these notations into movement patterns on a keyboard resulted in activation of cortical areas distinct from, but adjacent to, those underlying similar verbal operations. These findings help explain why brain damage in musicians may or may not affect both verbal and musical functions depending on the size and location of the damaged area.
Social Status and Mating Activity in Elephant Seals
Authors: Le Boeuf Burney J. , Peterson Richard S.
Published: October 2006

Individually marked male elephant seals,
Mirounga angustirostris
, observed on an island off central California participate in a social hierarchy resembling the peck order of domestic chickens. Individuals achieve status by fighting and maintain it by stereotyped threat displays. The higher the status of a male, the more readily he approaches and copulates with females. Four percent of the males inseminated 85 percent of the females.
Structural Stability and Solvent Denaturation of Myoglobin
Authors: Herskovits Theodore T. , Jaillet Helene
Published: October 2006

As judged from the midpoints of the denaturation transition of 31 water-miscible alcohols, ureas, and amides, the effectiveness of these denaturing agents on sperm-whale myoglobin increases with increasing chain length and hydrocarbon content, as expected in view of the disorganization of the hydrophobic interior of this protein. Increase in the hydroxyl content, blocking of the functional amino groups of the ureas and amides by alkyl substitution, and branching of the hydrocarbon portion of the denaturants are of less importance in determining the effectiveness of the denaturants.
Mechanism and Prevention of Fixed High Vascular Resistance in Autografted and Allografted Lungs
Authors: Veith Frank J. , Richards Kenneth
Published: October 2006

The fixed vascular resistance observed in transplanted lungs and attributed to denervation can be avoided by angioplastic widening of the pulmonary artery anastomosis. With distensible arterial anastomoses, autografted and allografted lungs vasodilate normally with increased flow and can sustain dogs whose contralateral pulmonary artery is ligated immediately after lung transplantation.
Critical Point Drying for Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Ciliary Motion
Authors: Horridge G. A. , Tamm S. L.
Published: October 2006

Scanning electron microscopic study of the pattern of ciliary coordination and the form of ciliary beat is now possible. Rapid fixation stops the ciliary activity instantaneously, and critical point drying avoids distortion of the cilia by surface tension forces. Such studies have been made on the ciliate
Opalina
with this new technique.
Green Sea Turtles: A Discrete Simulation of Density-Dependent Population Regulation
Authors: Bustard H. Robert , Tognetti Keith P.
Published: October 2006

Field data on the nesting of the green sea turtle were used to construct a stochastic model. This model was simulated by use of a digital computer language simscript (Monte Carlo) to determine the relation between the percentage of nests destroyed and the size of the turtle population. Nest destruction is dependent on population density and provides a mechanism to regulate population size.