bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teachers’ and students’ perceptions on the role of translanguaging in a multilin-gual classroom
Authors: Doljančić Ajla
Published: February 2025

The use of mother tongue in teaching English is perceived as an important support tool that can help improve students’ literacy skills and engagement in the learning process. In a rich and culturally diverse setting, specific circumstances and students’ needs challenge the well-established practices in language pedagogy. Therefore, this qualitative study is aimed at inves-tigating teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the role of translanguaging in a multilingual classroom. A total of twenty participants took part in this research. A snowball sampling meth-od was used to select ten graduate and faculty-level students, along with ten teachers from primary and secondary schools in Sarajevo Canton. While some participants perceive the use of L1 as a distraction, others believe it promotes inclusion, positively affecting learning outcomes. However, overreliance on L1 can negatively impact the development of the target language. Despite this, the results show that the use of translanguaging may lead to effective communica-tion. The findings highlight the need for a balanced approach, considering the needs, interests, and beliefs of both students and teachers. These findings can help raise awareness and adapt the policies and teacher training programs to better serve the needs of multilingual teachers and learners. Keywords: translanguaging; code-switching; multilingual learners; cultural diversity; peda-gogy.
Verbal anglicisms with suffix endings -ova-, -a-, and -ira-in the Bosnian language – the frequency of use and the knowledge of their meaning
Authors: Delić Haris , Dedović-Atilla Elma , Džanković Asmir , Burcu Kapukaya Mihrimah
Published: February 2025

Languages do not operate in isolation; rather, they evolve in continuous contact with other languages. This contact and resultant lexical borrowing can lead to minor or substantial changes in the vocabulary of the recipient language. This quantitative study aims to analyze how bor-rowing from the English language affects the formation of new verbs in the Bosnian language (verbal Anglicisms) and which suffixes in the Bosnian language (between -ova-, -a-, -ira-) are most often used to form new verbs. Additionally, the aim is to explore the frequency of use and the level of knowledge of the meaning of verbal Anglicisms. The study was conducted on 345 participants, i.e. both male and female high school students from Bosnia Herzegovina. The results indicate that verbal Anglicisms with the suffix -a- are the most often used group of verbal Anglicisms and that this preference is a result of the nature and origin of those Angli-cisms (mostly IT-related) and is not related to the linguistic nature of the Bosnian language. Furthermore, it was shown that knowledge of the original form of verbal Anglicisms affects the level of their use, and that level of use of these Anglicisms is influenced by the EL GPA and medium of instruction of the respondents, while gender, grade level, and experience of travel-ing to English-speaking countries are not significant factors in the extent of usage of these An-glicisms. Further investigation is proposed to broaden the scope of the present research in different settings and among various study groups. Keywords: Anglicisms; borrowing; language; high school students; verb.
Pengaruh Konsentrasi A-B Mix dan Frekuensi Irigasi Tetes Hidroponik Duck Backet Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Melon (Cucumis Melo L.)
Authors: Imam Arrasyid  , Masluki Masluki , I Nyoman Arnama
Published: February 2025

Pengaruh Konsentrasi A-B Mix dan Irigasi Tetes Hidroponik Duck Backet Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Melon (Cucumis melo L.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi dan dosis yang efektif dalam pemberian nutrisi A-B Mix terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil produksi tanaman melon. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Lahan Percobaan II Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Cokraminoto Palopo, Jalan Lamaranginang, Kelurahan Batu Pasi, Kecamatan Wara Utara, Kota Palopo pada Bulan 05 April sampai 05 Juli 2024. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 6 perlakuan 4 ulangan sehingga terdapat 24 unit percobaan. Bedasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan diperoleh hasil tidak ada perlakuan yang menunjukkan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, umur berbunga, jumlah buah, berat buah dan diameter buah. Hal ini diduga karena kurangnya cahaya sinar matahari yang diterima oleh tanaman sehingga menyebabkan etiolasi pada tanaman. Hal Tersebut sangat berpengaruh pada proses fotosintetis pada tanaman sehingga belum mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman melon.
Pengaruh Motivasi dan Kemampuan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi pada Karyawan PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XIV Unit Kebun Luwu 1 Afdeling V)
Authors: Novia Elsitha Mowisu  , Syamsuddin Syamsuddin , Abdul Rais
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh motivasi dan kemampuan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XIV Unit Kebun Luwu 1 Afdeling V. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XIV Unit Kebun Luwu 1 Afdeling V yang berjumlah 60 orang dan ditarik sampel menggunakan rumus slovin sebanyak 36 karyawan menjadi responden dalam penelitian ini yang terdistribusikan pada setiap bagian kerja. Jenis penelitian menerapkan penelitian penjelasan (Explanatory Research) dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner yang pengukurannya menggunakan skala likert. Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini  adalah regresi linear berganda. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data uji t, maka disimpulkan bahwa; motivasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan nilai sig <0,001 < 0,05, dan kemampuan kerja tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan diperoleh nilai sig 0,758 > 0,05. Selanjutnya secara simultan variabel motivasi dan kemampuan kerja berpengaruh pada kinerja karyawan dengan hasil uji F nilai sig sebesar <0,001 < 0,05 dan memberikan konstribusi terhadap kinerja karyawan 0,525 atau sebesar 52,5% sisanya sebesar 47,5% yang dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain diluar penelitian ini.
Peran Penyuluh Pertanian terhadap Peningkatan Produksi Usahatani Kakao di Desa Salujambu Kecamatan Lamasi Kabupaten Luwu
Authors: Syamsuddin Syamsuddin
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana peran penyuluh pertanian terhadap peningkatan produksi usahatani kakao di Desa Salujambu Kecamatan Lamasi Kabupaten Luwu. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, ada  beberapa   teknik  pengumpulan  data   yang   digunakan   yaitu   melakukan observasi, wawancara, pengisian kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Total populasi pada penelitian ini berjumlah 19 orang diantaranya adalah petani kakao 17 orang dan penyuluh 2 orang. Oleh karena itu Teknik pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini adalah metode purposive sampling atau secara sengaja. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 17 petani kakao dan 1 Penyuluh Pertanian di Desa Salujambu dan 1
Kepala Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian (BPP) Kecamatan Lamasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data pengukuran Skala Likert. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan peran penyuluh pertanian terhadap peningkatan produksi usahatani kakao dimana berdasarkan peran penyuluh pertanian sebagai fasilitator dengan skor 371 dengan kategori baik, peran penyuluh pertanian sebagai inovator dengan skor 410 dengan kategori sangat baik, peran penyuluh pertanian sebagai motivator dengan skor 406 dengan kategori sangat baik, peran penyuluh pertanian sebagai dinamisator dengan  skor 356 dengan  kategori baik, peran  penyuluh pertanian sebagai edukator menunjukkan skor 422 dengan kategori sangat baik. Sehingga jumlah keseluruhan dari peran penyuluh pertanian sebagai fasilitator, inovator, motivator, dinamisator dan edukator yaitu 1.965 pada kisaran interval 1.615 –1.994 dengan kategori baik.
Pendampingan Digitalisasi Marketing Berbasis Website dan Aplikasi UMKM Klontong di Surabaya
Authors: Mochamad Mochklas  , Halimatus Sa’diyah  , Rudi Irmawanto  , Irwansyah  , Fasiatun
Published: February 2025

Community service at Klontong UMKM in Surabaya started activities with digital marketing outreach. Next, the Klontong shop will practice marketing strategies through optimizing digital marketing through the marketplace. The aim of this service focuses on assisting the digitalization of marketing based on websites and applications for Klontong UMKM in Surabaya. The expected benefits are that partners are able to adapt and master the applications implemented in service. There are several stages in the implementation method for this service, namely the preparation and socialization stage, training and implementation, and application of technology. Next, a mentoring and evaluation pattern is carried out with the desired service program. The result of dedication is to increase economic independence for Klontong UMKM with marketing techniques that are in line with technological developments. Digital marketing applications make it easier for UMKM grocery stores to reach customers more effectively and widely. The integration between the Warung Kelontong.id website and applications via e-commerce not only increases operational efficiency, but also helps UMKM in analyzing customer data.
Keyword: Digital Marketing, Grocery, UMKM, Social Media
Assessing Students’ Knowledge Hiding in Online Peer Assessment: Scale Development and Validation
Authors: LI Yue , ZHAO Liang , WANG Yanqing , NIU Nan
Published: February 2025

The learning performance of online peer assessment depends on the motivation and depth of students’ participation in knowledge exchange, and knowledge hiding undoubtedly affects the performance. However, most of the existing research on knowledge hiding focused on employees in business organizations, and the knowledge hiding scales are not suitable for students. To address the shortcomings of existing studies, this study developed and validated the knowledge hiding scale in online peer assessment based on the theory of planned behavior with questionnaires from 252 Chinese university students. Three factors were derived from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in the study: hiding cognition, hiding intention, and hiding behavior, and the scale showed good psychometric properties.
MYCOBACTERIUM FORTUITUM AS A TEST CULTURE FOR ACCELERATED DETERMINATION OF THE DISINFECTANTS EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST MYCOBACTERIA
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, G. A. Skorokhod , E. I. Gudkova ,   Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology, Epidemiology, Virology and Microbiology, Zh. F. Tsirkunova ,   Belarusian State Medical University, I. N. Slabko ,   Belarusian State Medical University, N. N. Berdnik ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: February 2025

In accordance with the regulatory documents governing the testing of anti-tuberculosis effect, tuberculocidal regimens for disinfectants should be developed only based on the re- ference strain M. terrae ATC C 15755 as a target, since non-pathogenic M. terrae has a higher resistance to disinfectants than pathogenic mycobacteria. However, the time frame for disinfectants effectiveness assessment on the M. terrae test culture is at least 3 weeks. The aim of the work: to select a test culture from among the reference strains of fast- growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria comparable in resistance to M. terrae ATCC 15755 for the purpose of disinfectants effectiveness testing acceleration. The comparative study of M. terrae ATCC 157, M. fortuitum ATCC 6841, M. smegmatis ATCC 19420 and M. phlei ATCC 1175 by a quantitative suspension method revealed similar minimal effective concentrations for all six studied disinfectants from different chemical groups in relation to M. terrae and M. fortuitum. This indicates the possibility of the M. fortuitum reference strain usage for accelerated (within 4–5 days) determination of the disinfectants effectiveness in relation to mycobacteria.
REAL POSSIBILITIES OF VAGINAL DELIVERY IN WOMEN WITH AN OPERATIONAL UTERUS
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, S. N. Tsareva , Ya. G. Trukhanovich ,   Belarusian State Medical University, A. P. Kambur ,   6th City Clinical Hospital, V. P. Tsarev ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: February 2025

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the frequency of delivery by cesarean section. The article reflects the results of vaginal delivery of 80 women with a scar after surgery on the uterus. The anamnesis, clinical data, features of the course and management of labor, the condition of newborns, the severity of blood loss during childbirth, and the course of the postpartum period were studied. The favorable outcome of childbirth in women with surgical trauma of the uterus, meeting the criteria allowing for vaginal delivery, was 72.4 %. Management of childbirth through the natural birth canal in women with surgical trauma of the uterus has a beneficial effect on reducing the frequency of complications both on the part of the mother and on the part of the newborn and contributes to the early restoration of maternal activity. Total blood loss and length of hospital stay after vaginal delivery were significantly less than after cesarean section. All mothers were discharged home in satisfactory condition. In the context of rapid development of medicine, it is important not only to carefully select patients who do not have absolute contraindications to vaginal delivery, but also to increase the number of such women using modern technologies.
CORTICAL FOCAL HEMOSIDEROSIS: DESCRIPTION OF TWO CLINICAL CASES
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, V. G. Zabrodzets , A. G. Baida ,   Belarusian State Medical University, I. P. Leonchyk ,   Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology
Published: February 2025

Cortical focal hemosiderosis (CFS) is the deposition of iron metabolites, especially hemosiderin, in the superficial layers of the brain and/or spinal cord. Clinical manifestations in this disease depend on the location of the lesion, however, the deposition of hemosiderin may occur unnoticed. Common symptoms include hearing loss, cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs, dementia, urinary incontinence, disorders of the cranial nerves, sensory deficits. Defects in the dura mater of the spinal cord, intracranial neoplasms, vascular abnormalities, related neurosurgical interventions, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) can lead to the development of CFS. There is also idiopathic superficial siderosis. While CFS is diagnosed, it is important to search for the causes of hemosiderosis to increase the quality of life and decrease mortality rates in the structure of patients. For example, CFS is one of the key criteria for the diagnosis of CAA. This type of angiopathy is closely associated with an increased risk of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages. The article presents data on the clinical picture, diagnostic features, as well as the results of our own observation of two clinical cases of CFS.
OW THE USSR ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES WAS CREATED. MESSAGE 1. THE ROLE OF THE A. M. GORKY ALL-UNION INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND THE USSR PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE OF HEALTH IN THE ORGANIZATION OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, I. N. Semenenya , V. A. Pereverzev ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: February 2025

In 1932, at a meeting with leading medical scientists of the USSR on the issue of creating the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (VIEM), which should be engaged in a comprehensive study of man and the implementation of the obtained results in practical health care for effective prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of patients, the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) Stalin I. V. raised the question of the possibility of creating the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences instead of VIEM. However, medical scientists considered that it was too early to create the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences at that time and that it was first necessary to learn how to work comprehensively within the framework of the multidisciplinary VIEM. Stalin's proposal was supported and, created in 1932 in Leningrad with a branch in Moscow, VIEM began to conduct extensive scientific research. In 1934, the main core of VIEM was relocated to Moscow, and the Leningrad part received the status of a branch. However, VIEM failed to establish close ties with practical healthcare, which led to the development of work on the creation of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences using, in particular, the VIEM database. This work was intensified during the Great Patriotic War. The issues of organizing the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences were considered at meetings of the Scientific Medical Council of the USSR People's Commissariat of Health (UMS). A special Commission was created for these purposes. The following took an active part in the work on organizing the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences: USSR People's Commissar of Health Miterev G. A., Deputy People's Commissar of Health of the USSR, who supervised science, professor-physiologist Parin V. V., Chairman of the UMS, Chief Surgeon of the Red Army, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, neurosurgeon Burdenko N. N., Director of VIEM, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, physiologist, neurologist and neurosurgeon Grashchenkov N. I. and others.
APPROACHES TO TESTING AND TREATMENT OF HCV INFECTION IN PRISON POPULATIONS
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, S. V. Getsadze , N. M. Zelenko ,   Department of Execution of Punishments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, S. P. Lukashik ,   Belarusian State Medical University, I. A. Karpov ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: February 2025

The article presents a review of the current approaches to testing and treatment of HCV infection in prison populations. It provides data from literature sources, including research and review articles, as well as clinical guidelines from the European (2020) and American (2023) Liver Disease Societies. Particular attention is paid to the treatment of HCV infection in patients in prison, as this contributes to the elimination of HCV infection in the community.
METHOD OF LAPAROSCOPIC-ASSISTED PUNCTURE TRANSCUTANEOUS LIGATURE HERNIOPLASTY FOR DIRECT INGUINAL HERNIAS IN CHILDREN
Authors:   Minsk Regional Children's Clinical Hospital, A. V. Nikulenkov , M. V. Rakevich ,   Minsk Regional Children's Clinical Hospital, R. V. Nasyr ,   Minsk Regional Children's Clinical Hospital, P. K. Razsamakina ,   Minsk Regional Children's Clinical Hospital, Yu. G. Degtyarev ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: February 2025

Pathology associated with impaired obliteration of the processus vaginalis in children is one of the most common conditions in childhood that requires surgical treatment, both planned and emergency. Currently, for indirect inguinal hernia, the use of ligature transcutaneous herniorrhaphy under laparoscopic visual control is becoming increasingly popular among pediatric surgeons. At the same time, a generally accepted surgical tactic when a direct inguinal hernia is detected in a child at the diagnostic stage of laparoscopic surgery has not yet been formed. Aim of this work was to develop a method of laparoscopic-assisted transcutaneous laparoscopic repair of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal in children with a direct inguinal hernia. In this case, the minimum set of surgical instruments used for laparoscopic herniorrhaphy for indirect inguinal hernia in children was used.
O- AND N-TYPING OF SHIGATOXIN-PRODUCING E. COLI IN CHILDREN WITH POST-DIARRHEAE HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME IN BELARUS
Authors:   Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, G. V. Semeiko , V. L. Kolodkina ,   Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, S. V. Baiko ,   Belarusian State Medical University, M. D. Charadnichenka ,   4rd City Children's Clinical Hospital, E. O. Samoilovich ,   Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health
Published: February 2025

A quantitative PCR study was conducted using TaqMan Array Card on stool samples from 97 children in the acute phase of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Diarrheagenic E. coli was detected in 45 children, in 88.9 % (40/45) of cases it was shigatoxin-producing (STEC). Shiga toxin type 2 was detected in 67.5 % (27/40) of STEC strains, and both Shiga toxins: types 1 and 2 were detected in 32.5 % (13/40). Serotyping of 40 STEC strains using PCR allowed to establish the O serogroup for 77.5 % (31/40) of them. The most frequently encountered serogroups were: O157 – in 32.5 % (13/40) of the samples, O111 – in 17.5 % (7/40) and O145 – in 12.5 % (5/40). Three more O-serogroups (O55, O104 and O26) accounted for 15.0 % of the samples. Typing of the H antigen performed for 7 STEC strains using fliC gene sequencing showed that the H4 antigen was the most common. Analysis of the relationships between STEC O-serogroups and the severity of the course and outcome of HUS in a small group of patients showed that the groups of patients with O157 (13 people) and non-O157 (27 people) STEC-HUS practically did not differ in clinical and laboratory parameters, severity of the course and complications.
Impact of the Late Miocene Cooling on the loss of coral reefs in the Central Indo-Pacific
Authors: Petrick Benjamin F. , Reuning Lars , Pfeiffer Miriam , Auer Gerald , Schwark Lorenz
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The Late Miocene Cooling (LMC) has been recognized as a global event in the climate record and posited as the start of modern ecosystems. Whereas climate shifts in modern tropical terrestrial ecosystems around 7.0–5.4 Ma are known, little is known about the impact of the LMC on coral reefs, where few good proxy records exist. During the Pliocene, a stratigraphic interval is present in the Central Indo-Pacific, where reefs that were present at the start of the Messinian disappeared by the Early Pliocene. This “Pliocene Reef Gap” has often been ascribed to non-climatic factors. However, a lack of proxy data prevents an understanding of climatic changes during this time. Here, we present a TEX86H-based sea surface temperature (SST) record for the Coral Sea, suggesting that the LMC is present across the Central Indo-Pacific. During the LMC, SST at ODP Site 811 declined by about 2 °C, while cooling lasted from 7.0 to 5.4 Ma. This cooling has also been seen in other parts of the Central Indo-Pacific. The LMC caused many changes in the Central Indo-Pacific, including a southwest shift in the monsoon belt, changes in terrestrial inputs, and changes in the strength of ocean currents. All of these factors can be stressors affecting coral reef growth. This suggests the overall impact of the LMC was to increase the stress on reef systems, which could have provided a driver for the collapse of individual reefs and therefore a potential cause for the Pliocene Reef Gap. The change in SST and other stressors associated with the cooling caused coral reef systems to collapse across the Central Indo-Pacific.
Direct radiative forcing of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosol and the influencing factors over China
Authors: Yang Shuangqin , Liu Yusi , Chen Li , Cao Nan , Wang Jing , Gao Shuang
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) are the dominant light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols (LACs) that contribute significantly to climate change through absorbing and scattering radiation. This study used the GEOS-Chem integrated with the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for GCMs to estimate LACs properties and direct radiative forcings (DRFs) in China. Primary BrC (Pri-BrC) and secondary BrC (Sec-BrC) were separated from the organic carbon and modeled as independent tracers. The Chinese anthropogenic emissions of LACs emissions and the refractive indexes were updated. Additionally, we investigated the impacts of LACs properties and atmospheric variables on LACs DRFs based on principal component analysis. The results showed that the atmospheric annual mean clear-sky net DRFs of BC, Pri-BrC, and Sec-BrC in China were 1.848 ± 1.098, 0.146 ± 0.079, and 0.022 ± 0.008 W m-2, respectively. The atmospheric shortwave DRFs of BC and Pri-BrC were proportional to their corresponding concentrations, aerosol optical depth (AOD), and absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD), and inversely proportional to single scattering albedo, surface albedo, and ozone concentration in most regions. The surface longwave DRFs for the LACs showed negative correlations with water vapor in most areas. The highest atmospheric warming effect of LACs was observed in Central China, followed by East China, owing to the high LACs concentrations, AOD, and AAOD and low surface albedo and ozone concentration. Based on the net DRFs, we found that BC exerts a warming effect at the top of the atmosphere, while Pri-BrC and Sec-BrC induce a cooling effect. Within the atmosphere, they all can contribute to atmospheric heating, whereas at the surface, they collectively lead to surface cooling. This study enhances our understanding of the climatic impacts of LACs.
The Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP v2.0) contribution to CMIP7
Authors: Gillett Nathan P. , Simpson Isla R. , Hegerl Gabi , Knutti Reto , Mitchell Dann , Ribes Aurélien , Shiogama Hideo , Stone Dáithí , Tebaldi Claudia , Wolski Piotr , Zhang Wenxia , Arora Vivek K.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The first version of the Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP v1.0) coordinated key simulations exploring the role of individual forcings in past, current and future climate as part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). The simulations have been used extensively in the literature for detection and attribution of long-term changes, constraining projections of climate change, extreme event attribution, and understanding drivers of past and future simulated climate changes. Attribution studies using DAMIP v1.0 simulations underpinned prominent assessments of human-induced warming in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report. Here we describe the set of DAMIP v2.0 simulations, proposed for the next phase of CMIP, CMIP7. Detection and attribution studies rely on preindustrial control simulations and historical simulations which will be part of the Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima (DECK) set of simulations for CMIP7. In addition, DAMIP v2.0 identifies three highest priority single forcing experiments for CMIP7 to be run as Fast Track simulations in support of the Seventh Assessment Report of the IPCC – namely simulations with natural forcings only, anthropogenic well-mixed greenhouse gases only, and anthropogenic aerosols only. Beyond this, the DAMIP v2.0 experimental design includes full column ozone-only simulations and land-use-only simulations, such that the set of individual forcings experiments, when considered together, represents the full set of historical forcings. While concentration driven simulations are prioritized for attribution of past changes, emissions-driven versions of the DAMIP experiments are also proposed to support understanding of the influence of carbon-cycle feedbacks on the simulated responses to individual forcings.
Observed relationship between drop size distribution and environmental properties in eastern Japan
Authors: Unuma Takashi
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The drop size distribution (DSD) is an important property for characterising precipitation processes that sometimes lead to more intense rainfall in different climate regions. Previous studies have shown that a stationary distribution with a breakup signature can be obtained not only with ground-based disdrometers but also with remote sensing instruments such as vertically pointing radars and/or wind profilers. However, these observations do not explain how the underlying microphysical processes within convective clouds that generate more rain occur and how the environmental conditions affect these processes. This study aims to investigate the environmental conditions for the development of convective clouds that induced more intense rainfall in eastern Japan. In situ observations and operational C-band polarimetric weather radar data are used to extract the convective clouds by applying a cell-tracking algorithm, and upper-air sounding data are used to diagnose their environmental conditions. The larger diameter of the DSD is likely to be associated with higher instability, whilst the higher number concentration is likely to be archived with the higher precipitable water under the weaker vertical shear condition. Convective clouds that generate more rain should have a similar three-dimensional structure within them when the DSD has a breakup signature at ground level under a humid environment. These characteristics can be diagnosed as the microphysical processes of converting from cloud drops to raindrops and/or coalescing cloud drops and raindrops.
An explainable deep learning model based on hydrological principles for flood simulation and forecasting
Authors: Xiang Xin , Guo Shenglian , Li Chenglong , Wang Yun
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Deep learning (DL) models always perform well in hydrological simulation but lack physical-based principles. To address this gap, we integrate the runoff generation and flow routing principals of Xinanjiang (XAJ) model into the architecture of recurrent neural network (RNN) units and establish a physical-based XAJRNN neural network layer. Subsequently, this layer is fused with LSTM layers to construct an explainable deep learning (EDL) model, which underwent testing at the Lushui River and Qingjiang River basins in China. Compared to benchmark models, the proposed EDL model performs very well, the average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE)values for these two basins are 0.98 and 0.94, respectively. The small flood peak relative errors (PRE) and peak timing difference (∆T) close to zero demonstrate that the EDL model can accuracy simulate flood events. Notably, the EDL model not only enhances simulation accuracy over ordinary DL models but also enhances interpretability by incorporating physical principles, thereby offering fresh insights for the fusion of DL and hydrological models for flood simulation and forecasting.
Short communication: Learning How Landscapes Evolve with Neural Operators
Authors: Roberts Gareth G.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. The use of Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) to learn how landscapes evolve is introduced. The approach makes use of recent developments in deep learning to learn the processes involved in evolving landscapes (e.g. erosion). An example is provided in which FNOs are developed using input-output pairs (elevations at different times) in synthetic landscapes generated using the stream power model (SPM). The SPM takes the form of a non-linear partial differential equation that advects slopes headwards. The results indicate that the learned operators can reliably and very rapidly predict subsequent landscape evolution at large scales. These results suggest that FNOs could be used to rapidly predict landscape evolution without recourse to the (slow) computation of flow routing and time stepping needed when generating numerical solutions to the SPM. More broadly they suggest that neural operators could be used to learn the processes that evolve actual and analogue landscapes.
Groundwater-CO2 Emissions Relationship in Dutch Peatlands Derived by Machine Learning Using Airborne and Ground-Based Eddy Covariance Data
Authors: van der Poel Laura M. , Bataille Laurent V. , Kruijt Bart , Franssen Wietse , Jans Wilma , Biermann Jan , Rietman Anne , Buzacott Alex J. V. , van der Velde Ype , Boelens Ruben , Hutjes Ronald W. A.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Peatlands worldwide have been transformed from carbon sinks to carbon sources due to years of intensive agriculture requiring low water tables. In the Netherlands, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from drained peatlands mount up to 5.6 Mton annually and, according the Dutch climate agreement, should be reduced by 1 Mton in 2030. It is generally accepted that mitigation measures should include raising the water level, and the exact influence of water table depth has been increasingly studied in recent years. Most studies do this by comparing annual Eddy Covariance (EC) site-specific CO2 budgets to mean annual effective water table depths (WTDe). However, here we apply a different approach: we integrate measurements from 16 EC towers with EC measurements from 141 flights by a low-flying research aircraft, in an interpretable machine learning framework. We make use of the different strengths of tower and airborne data, temporal continuity and spatial heterogeneity, respectively. We apply time frequency wavelet analysis and a footprint model to relate the measured fluxes to the underlying surface. Using spatio-temporal data, we train and optimize a boosted regression tree (BRT) machine learning algorithm and use Shapley values and various simulations to interpret the model’s outputs. We find that emissions increase with 4.6 tonnes CO2 ha-1 yr-1 (90 % CI: 4.0–5.4) for every 10 cm WTDe up to a WTDe of 0.8 meter. For more drained conditions, emissions decrease again, following an optimum-based curve. Furthermore, we find that this effect is stronger in winter than in summer and that it varies between sites. This study shows the added value of using ML with different types of instantaneous data, and holds potential for future applications.
Soils signal key mechanisms driving greater protection of organic carbon under aspen compared to spruce forests in a North American montane ecosystem
Authors: Wang Lena , Billings Sharon , Li Li , Hirmas Daniel , Johnson Keira , Kerins Devon , Pachon Julio , Beutler Curtis , Jarecke Karla , Varikuti Vaishnavi , Unruh Micah , Ajami Hoori , Barnard Holly , Flores Alejandro , Williams Kenneth , Sullivan Pamela
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is often retained more effectively in aspen-dominated forests compared to coniferous forests in North America, yet the reasons why are unclear. A potential driver could be differences in SOC protection mechanisms. Over decades to centuries, chemical (e.g., mineral association) and physical (e.g., aggregation) processes can work to preserve SOC stocks, which can vary across cover types. To investigate this hypothesis, we evaluate controls on SOC concentrations in the Coal Creek watershed (CO, USA), a montane ecosystem dominated by quaking aspen and Engelmann spruce and underlain by granite and sandstone. We examined a combination of biological, chemical, physical, and environmental conditions to evaluate potential abiotic and biotic mechanisms of SOC preservation at multiple depths. As expected, we observed greater SOC under aspen compared to spruce. Growing season soil moisture, temperature, and CO2 and O2 varied with slope position and aspect, and thus forest cover type. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was lower under aspen compared to spruce. Exo-enzyme data indicate that aspen soil microbes exhibited greater effort to seek organically-bound resources; consistent with this, soil organic N exhibited higher δ15N values, hinting at a greater degree of organic matter processing. Finally, aspen roots exhibited greater root abundance, and aspen mineral soils revealed smaller mean aggregate diameters compared to conifer sites. Our data suggest enhanced biotic activities in aspen-dominated forest soils that promote both chemical and physical protection of SOC in aspen- relative to spruce-dominated forests, and associated limitations on DOC export.
Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
Authors: Soares de Sousa António , Gomes Elsa Maria Carvalho , Bayés-García Laura , Di Mariano Alessandra , Garcia-Valles Maite
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Gemstones have significant economic, cultural, and artistic value. Advances in the treatment and production of synthetic gemstones create the need for more precise identification methods to distinguish natural stones from their synthetic and treated counterparts. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a non-destructive technique, is widely employed in advanced gemological analysis. In this study, 25 rubies and sapphires (natural, synthetic, and treated) from the Gemology School of the University of Barcelona were analysed using standard gemological instruments and FTIR spectroscopy. Distinct spectral fingerprints were identified for different categories and treatments. Untreated natural stones showed a band at 3230 cm−1 (with an additional peak at 3310 cm−1 in sapphires), whereas Verneuil specimens showed peaks at 3185, 2230, and 3310 cm−1 (with this last peak being more intense the one at 3310 cm−1 in sapphires), and flux specimens showed a 3310 cm−1 band. Regarding treated gemstones, diffusion-treated samples showed a faint band centred at 3310 cm−1; the glass-filled ones exhibited characteristic bands at 2250, 2600, and 3300 cm−1; and the treated Verneuil ruby showed a band centred at 3310 cm−1. These spectral fingerprints can be used to distinguish between natural, synthetic, and treated rubies and sapphires and contribute to existing databases, allowing for simpler and faster gemological analysis in future studies.
Reconstructed global monthly burned area maps from 1901 to 2020
Authors: Guo Zhixuan , Li Wei , Ciais Philippe , Sitch Stephen , van der Werf Guido R. , Bowring Simon P. K. , Bastos Ana , Mouillot Florent , He Jiaying , Sun Minxuan , Zhu Lei , Du Xiaomeng , Wang Nan , Huang Xiaomeng
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Fire is a key Earth System process, driving variability in the global carbon cycle through CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and subsequent CO2 uptake through vegetation recovery after fires. Global spatiotemporally consistent datasets on burned area are available since the beginning of the satellite era in the 1980s but are sparse prior to that date. In this study, we reconstructed global monthly burned area at a resolution of 0.5°×0.5° from 1901 to 2020 using machine learning models trained against satellite observed burned area between 2003 and 2020, with the goal of reconstructing long-term burned area information to constrain historical fire simulations. We first conducted a classification model to separate grid cells with extreme (burned area > the 90th percentile in a given region) and regular fires, and then trained separate regression models for grid cells with extreme or regular fires. Both the classification and regression models were trained against a satellite-based burned area product (FireCCI51) based on explanatory variables related to climate, vegetation, and human activities. The trained models can well reproduce the long-term spatial patterns (slopes = 0.70–1.28 and R2 = 0.75–0.98 spatially), inter-annual variability and seasonality of the satellite-based burned area observations. After applying the trained model to the historical period, the predicted annual global total burned area ranges from 3.46 to 4.58 million km2 yr-1 (M km2 yr-1) over 1901–2020 with regular and extreme fires accounting for 1.36–1.74 and 2.00–3.03 M km2 yr-1 respectively. Our models estimate a global decrease in burned area during 1901–1978 (slope = -0.009 M km2 yr-2), followed by an increase during 1978–2008 (slope = 0.020 M km2 yr-2) and then a stronger decline in 2008–2020 (slope = -0.049 M km2 yr-2). Africa was the continent with largest burned area globally during 1901–2020, and its trends also dominated the global trends. We validated our predictions against charcoal records, and our product exhibits a high overall accuracy in fire occurrence (>80 %) in boreal North America, southern Europe, South America, Africa and southeast Australia, but the overall accuracy is relatively lower in northern Europe and Asia (<50 %). In addition, we compared our burned area data with multiple independent regional burned area maps in Canada, USA, Brazil, Chile and Europe, and found general consistency in the spatial patterns (linear regression slopes ranging 0.84–1.38 spatially) and the inter-annual variability. The global monthly 0.5°×0.5° burned area fraction maps from 1901 to 2020 presented by this study can be freely downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14191467 (Guo and Li, 2024).
Design, evaluation, and future projections of the NARCliM2.0 CORDEX-CMIP6 Australasia regional climate ensemble
Authors: Di Virgilio Giovanni , Evans Jason P. , Ji Fei , Tam Eugene , Kala Jatin , Andrys Julia , Thomas Christopher , Choudhury Dipayan , Rocha Carlos , White Stephen , Li Yue , El Rafei Moutassem , Goyal Rishav , Riley Matthew L. , Lingala Jyothi
Published: February 2025

Abstract. NARCliM2.0 (New South Wales and Australian Regional Climate Modelling) comprises two Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate models (RCMs) which downscale five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) global climate models contributing to the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) over Australasia at 20 km resolution and southeast Australia at 4 km convection-permitting resolution. We first describe NARCliM2.0's design, including selecting two definitive RCMs via testing 78 RCMs using different parameterisations for the planetary boundary layer, microphysics, cumulus, radiation, and land surface model (LSM). We then assess NARCliM2.0's skill in simulating the historical climate versus CMIP3-forced NARCliM1.0 and CMIP5-forced NARCliM1.5 RCMs and compare differences in future climate projections. RCMs using the new Noah multi-parameterisation (Noah-MP) LSM in WRF with default settings confer substantial improvements in simulating temperature variables versus RCMs using Noah Unified. Noah-MP confers smaller improvements in simulating precipitation, except for large improvements over Australia's southeast coast. Activating Noah-MP's dynamic vegetation cover and/or runoff options primarily improves the simulation of minimum temperature. NARCliM2.0 confers large reductions in maximum temperature bias versus NARCliM1.0 and 1.5 (1.x), with small absolute biases of ∼ 0.5 K over many regions versus over ∼ 2 K for NARCliM1.x. NARCliM2.0 reduces wet biases versus NARCliM1.x by as much as 50 % but retains dry biases over Australia's north. NARCliM2.0 is biased warmer for minimum temperature versus NARCliM1.5, which is partly inherited from stronger warm biases in CMIP6 versus CMIP5 GCMs. Under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 3-7.0, NARCliM2.0 projects ∼ 3 K warming by 2060–2079 over inland regions versus ∼ 2.5 K over coastal regions. NARCliM2.0-SSP3-7.0 projects dry futures over most of Australia, except for wet futures over Australia's north and parts of western Australia, which are the largest in summer. NARCliM2.0-SSP1-2.6 projects dry changes over Australia with only few exceptions. NARCliM2.0 is a valuable resource for assessing climate change impacts on societies and natural systems and informing resilience planning by reducing model biases versus earlier NARCliM generations and providing more up-to-date future climate projections utilising CMIP6.
Examination of the Use of AI (Artificial Intelligence) Technology as Experienced by Scholarly Practitioners in an Educational Doctorate Program
Authors: Harris Michelle , Soriano Nicole E. , Ralston Nicole
Published: February 2025

This study examined the applications and perceptions of AI tools in doctoral studies, focusing on their efficacy in enhancing research effectiveness. A survey found that most participants used AI tools in their doctoral studies (63%), with the majority of those users reporting some positive impact from their usage. The most indicated uses of AI were proofreading, researching scholarly articles for literature reviews, and the organization and structure of research. Future research may include a larger sample size and examine instruments for alignment with the program practices and curriculum to best capture responses that indicate participants' program-specific use of AI tools. The study concluded that AI tools have not yet been integrated into research within doctoral studies, and 47% of participants did not find them conducive to effectively communicating research findings in their doctoral work.
Unlocking the Future
Authors: Black Ellana , Betts Kristen
Published: February 2025

This convergent mixed methods research study investigated how a small, non-representative sample of Educational Doctorate (EdD) faculty perceive and use generative AI and how they have leveraged the technology to support EdD students. A cross-sectional survey was used to gather data from 27 EdD faculty members to assess their generative AI perceptions and use as of April 2024. Findings revealed widespread generative AI use among participants, with 89% utilizing the technology for a variety of tasks related to supporting EdD students, including brainstorming, lesson planning, building students’ generative AI knowledge, and supporting dissertation research and writing. Generative AI use did not differ significantly based on demographic or background factors, but perceptions varied between users and nonusers, with users holding much more favorable attitudes about the technology. Both groups perceived it to pose a relatively low threat to their career, but nonusers perceived an even lower threat. This study illustrates diverse generative AI use among participants, underscores the need for ongoing exploration into how perceptions about generative AI shape faculty’s adoption and use of the technology, and calls for future research into generative AI integration and its impact on faculty and student learning and satisfaction.
GPT and Me, An Honest Reevaluation
Authors: Sanders Bryan P.
Published: February 2025

This essay explores the transformative concept of co-active emergence in education, where human and machine intelligence synergize to enhance learning experiences. It discusses the integration of AI in doctoral research, emphasizing collaborative efforts between humans and AI to push academic boundaries. It also addresses the challenges and ethical considerations of AI, advocating for a balanced approach that leverages AI's capabilities without compromising educational integrity, ultimately proposing a dynamic, interactive academic environment enriched by technology.
Mímesis y miniatura: la “metáfora viva” en las artes japonesas del “depaisaje”
Authors: Molina Barea María del Carmen
Published: February 2025

Este artículo analiza las claves del paisajismo japonés desde el concepto de “depaisaje”, el cual deriva de las prácticas de extrañamiento poético de raíz vanguardista que toman la metáfora como base de su funcionamiento. Desde este paradigma se abordan distintos dispositivos de la estética japonesa -como bonsáis, suiseki y jardines zen- para estudiar sus respectivos recursos de metaforización. Para ello se realiza una lectura comparativa de las distintas acepciones de la metáfora aristotélica. El artículo desemboca en afirmar que las técnicas del depaisajismo japonés superan la mímesis del referente y desarrollan una representación poiética, en línea de la “metáfora viva” acuñada por Paul Ricoeur.