bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fate of the Antinutritive Proteins of Soyabean in the Ovine Gut
Authors: BAINTNER K. , FARNINGHAM D.A.H. , BRUCE L.A. , MACRAE J.C. , PUSZTAI A.
Published: May 2010

Defatted raw soyabean flour was administered intraruminally at a level of 10 g/kg body weight to a sheep fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas. Soyabean lectin and trypsin inhibitor appeared in the duodenum within one hour, both reached the terminal ileum and disappeared within 24 hours. The passage of the lectin along the gut progressively lagged behind that of the inhibitor, which indicates that the lectin binds to the intestinal surface. The effect of the inhibitors was neutralized by a marked pancreatic hypersecretion. Contrary to earlier assumptions, the antinutritional proteins were not effectively degraded in the forestomachs.
Perianal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Goats
Authors: YERUHAM I. , NYSKA A. , ORGAD U. , WANER T.
Published: May 2010

Two cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising from the perianal skin of aged female Sannen crossbred goats are described. The occurrence of a tumour in this specific location is very rare, and the presence of the identical tumour in two animals of the same herd is unusual.
Supplements of Cod Liver Oil to Lactating Sows. Influence on Milk Fatty Acid Composition and Growth Performance of Piglets
Authors: TAUGBØL O. , FRAMSTAD T. , SAAREM K.
Published: May 2010

Twelve sows received a supplement of 50 ml cod liver oil, without vitamin A and D, daily from day 107 of gestation until weaning. Eight sows served as control. A milk sample was obtained from each sow at parturition and on day 14 of lactation. The piglets were weighed at birth, on days 7, 14 and on the day of weaning. Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n‐3) (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n‐3) (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid; (22:5, n‐3) (DPA) were found in milk fat from all sows. At parturition the contents of EPA, DPA and DHA were significantly higher in the group given cod liver oil supplement. After 2 weeks of lactation only EPA and DHA were elevated compared with the non‐supplemented group. No effect on weight gain or on the overall morbidity of the piglets was found. The animal health in this farm was very good, and the growth rate faster than the average for Norwegian pigs.
Physical Performance of Veal Calves during Chronic Iron Deficiency Anaemia and after Acute Iron Overload1
Authors: LINDT F. , BLUM J.W.
Published: May 2010

Treadmill experiments were performed with calves fed milkreplacer (MR) containing 8, 18, 52, or 86 mg of iron (Fe)/kg during the fattening period. Calves walked at 1 m/s for 10 min and then recovered for 15 min. Calves fed 8 and 18 mg of Fe/kg of MR developed severe hypoferraemia and anaemia whereas plasma (PFe) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, erythrocyte number (EC) and packed cell volume (PCV) in calves fed 52 and 86 mg of Fe/kg of MR were normal. PFe did not change, whereas Hb, EC, PCV, and blood lactate, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), respiratory minute volume (VE), fractional oxygen extraction rate (FO2) and O2consumption (VO2) rapidly increased during walking, and then decreased during recovery. Hb, EC, PCV, partial O2pressure of blood, FO2, and VO2were lower, whereas HR, RR, respiratory exchange rate (RER) and blood lactate were higher in calves fed lowest as compared with those fed highest amounts of Fe, while these traits usually were intermediate in other groups. Calves fed 8 mg of Fe/kg of MR were in addition iv injected with FeOH for 3 d before walking. PFe, but not Hb, EC, and PCV, was drastically rised by FeOH. During walking, merely VO2was improved, but only slightly. In conclusion, adjustments in calves with severe Fe deficiency anaemia were markedly impaired, and barely improved by acute elevation of PFe.
Treadmill Exercise of Calves with Different Iron Supply, Husbandry, and Work Load
Authors: PIGUET M. , BRUCKMAIER R.M. , BLUM J.W.
Published: May 2010

Experiments were designed to study physiological responses of male veal calves to treadmill exercise, dependent on iron intake (20, 35, and 50 mg of iron/kg of milk powder, respectively). Calves were fattened from 75 to 180 kg BW and were either restrained or could freely move on straw litter. The ADG and feed utilization as well as haemoglobin and the plasma iron concentration were positively influenced by iron intake (P ≤ 0.05). At the end of the fattening period, calves walked on a treadmill at 0.8, 1.1, or 1.3 m/s for 15 min. Resting values of all cardiorespiratory parameters were similar in all groups. During exercise, heart rate, respiratory rate, respiratory minute volume, and oxygen consumption increased and after 3 min reached steady‐state values, which depended on work load. The except was respiratory rate (which reached a maximum already at the lowest speed) and oxygen extraction rate (which remained at basal level during exercise, but in part decreased after walking). In calves fed the least amount of iron, hence with the lowest haemoglobin concentrations, oxygen consumption was lower than in other groups. In addition, cortisol concentrations increased most markedly during exercise in calves fed the least amount of iron.
Effects of Concurrent Oral Administration of Toxic Levels of Monensin and Lead on Concentration of Different Elements in the Liver of Broiler Chicks
Authors: KHAN M. Z. , SZAREK J. , MARKIEWICZ K. , MARKIEWICZ E.
Published: May 2010

Monensin and lead, separately or concurrently, were orally administered to broiler chicks at different toxic levels. Monensin slightly increased the selenium and profoundly increased the lead and iron levels of liver. Lead also increased the level of iron in liver. Levels of lead and iron in liver tissue further increased when monensin and lead were administered concurrently. An increased mortality was recorded due to concurrent administration of monensin and lead during acute toxicosis but during subacute toxicosis body weights were higher in birds administered monensin and lead concurrently than those given these substances separately.
Mitogenic Effect of Lymph, Amniotic and Allantoic Fluid in Bovine Fetal Myoblasts
Authors: ORZECHOWSKI A. , BLACHOWSKI S. , MOTYL T. , INTEREWICZ BOŻENA
Published: May 2010

Amniotic and allantoic fluids, as well as afferent lymph (tissue fluid), stimulated DNA synthesis in bovine fetal myoblasts (BFM) at low concentrations (5%). Higher doses abolished the mitostimulatory effect of these fluids and led toward inhibition of [3H]mTdR incorporation into DNA. These effects were much more evident (particularly in the case of amniotic fluid) when fluids were lyophylized prior to the experiment. BFM protein synthesis was accelerated by lymph in a dose dependent manner.
Effect of a Booster Vaccination against Influenza and Equine Herpes Virus on Cardio‐Respiratory Adjustments to Strenuous Exercise and Training in Thoroughbred Horses
Authors: ART TATIANA , LEKEUX P.
Published: May 2010

This study was conducted in order to assess whether exercise‐ and training‐induced cardiorespiratory adjustments are modified during the 10‐day period which follows a booster vaccination with an oily adjuvanted inactivated vaccine against influenza and equine herpesvirus‐1 (Equiffa®).

Nine healthy vaccinated thoroughbred horses were used. Six were revaccinated and three were kept as control. All the horses completed a standardised exercise test (SET) that was repeated 4 times, i.e. 10 (SET1) and 2 (SET2) days before revaccination, and 2 (SET3) and 10 (SET4) days after re‐vaccination. During the whole experimental period the horses were trained 6 days per week according to an interval training schedule.

Respiratory airflow, tidal volume, respiratory rate and expired minute volume (V̇E) were measured using a face mask and 2 ultra‐sonic pneumotachographs. The oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2) were obtained on a breath‐by‐breath basis, using a mass spectrometer. Heart rate (HR) was continuously measured with a polar horse tester. Venous blood was sampled before and after die test and analysed for biochemical determinations. Blood was also sampled before and 21 days after the booster vaccination for circulating antibody titration.

The peak V̇O2, V̇CO2, ventilatory equivalent (V̇E/V̇O2) and oxygen pulse (V̇O2/HR) were significantly improved by the 3‐week training period. The other cardio‐respiratory parameters as well as most of the blood parameters remained unchanged throughout the 4 SETs. The revaccination did not impair any of the parameters measured before, during, or after the SETs.

All revaccinated horses showed a rise in antibodies against influenza virus type A1 and A2 and EVH‐1 compared to the control horses.

It was concluded that, in our horses, revaccination with an oily adjuvanted inactived vaccine against influenza and EVH‐1 did not impair their cardiorespiratory and metabolic adjustments to strenuous exercise and intense training, and that the seroconversion due to revaccination was unaffected by the intense daily exercise experienced by the animals in the post‐vaccination period.
Effect of Various Neurotransmitters and Electrical Field Stimulation on Smooth Muscle Preparations from the Esophagus of Horses
Authors: DENAC M. , BEBIÉ P. , SCHARRER E.
Published: May 2010

The effects of various neurotransmitters and electrical field stimulation on muscle strips from the distal equine esophagus were studied. Acetylcholine (ACH) caused concentration dependent (1.1–55 · 10−6mol/l) contractions of the longitudinal and circular muscle strips from the distal esophagus as well as from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Atropine (10−5mol/l) blocked these contractions. Noradrenaline (NA) induced concentration related (1.1–55 · 10−6mol/l) contractions of the muscle strips from the LES. This excitatory effect of noradrenaline was antagonized by the α1‐receptor antagonist prazosin. Tetrodotoxin (5 · 10−6mol/l) did not affect the contractile response of the muscle strips to noradrenaline (55 · 10−6mol/l). Noradrenaline (1.1–55 · 10−6mol/l) had no excitatory effect on the circular and the longitudinal muscle strips from the esophagus. Furthermore, noradrenaline induced a concentration dependent (1.1–55 · 10−6mol/l) relaxation of the longitudinal muscle strips from the esophagus. The relaxing effect of NA was antagonized by the β‐receptor antagonist propranolol (10−5mol/l). Histamine (10−7‐10−6mol/l) elicited a contraction in 4 out of 18 muscle preparations from the LES. The histamine induced contractions were partly antagonized by the H1‐receptor antagonist clemastine (10−4mol/l) and fully abolished by the H2‐receptor antagonist clemastine (10−4mol/l). Electrical field stimulation (EFS, 5 Hz, 2 ms; 500 mA; 10 Hz, 2 ms; 500 mA) produced tetrodotoxin sensitive contractions in all three types of muscle strips. Atropine (10−5mol/l) fully suppressed these contractions in most preparations. Prazosin (10−4mol/l) had no effect on the contractions produced by EFS. Substance P (1–5.5 · 10−6mol/l) serotonin (10−6‐10−4mol/l) cholecystokinin (10−5‐106mol/l), and VIP (10−8‐5 · 10−7mol/l) did not produce any effect on all three types of muscle strips. These results suggest that aceylcholine is the most important excitatory transmitter in the distal equine esophagus.
An Outbreak of Enterotoxaemia in Suckling Camels
Authors: SANOUSI S. M. EL , GAMEEL A.A.
Published: May 2010

An outbreak of enterotoxaemia was observed for the first time in suckling camels in Saudi Arabia. The animals were weak, diarrhoeic and succumbed quickly to exertion. The main pathological findings were those of acute catarrhal enteritis and acute myocardial degeneration.Clostridium perfringenswas isolated from the enteric lesions;Aeromonas hydrophilawas also identified. The properties of both isolates were studied.
Evaluation of an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Free Thyroxine in Canine Plasma Samples Assisted by Data on Biological Variation
Authors: JENSEN A. L. , HØIER R. , PEDERSEN H.D.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a commercially avaliable enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of the free thyroxine (FT4) concentration in canine plasma samples. The test kit Enzymun‐Test®(Boehringer Mannheim) determination of FT4 concentrations in human serum and plasma was used in connection with the analyzer Enzymun‐Test®(Boehringer Mannheim) System ES‐33 by following the assay protocol suggested by the manufacturer. To assist in the evaluation of the ELISA method, goals for the precision of the assay were established from the inter‐ and intraindividual coefficients of variation estimated from determination of the plasma FT4 concentration in blood samples collected weekly from 8 healthy dogs for a period of 4 weeks. The intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation ranged from 6% to 13%, the proposed goals for the precision ranging between 10% and 15%. The detection limit of the assay was 2 pmol/l which is well below the FT4 concentration commonly observed in plasma from dogs, and the FT4 concentrations determined in plasma from healthy dogs were comparable to those reported in the literature. Hence, the ELISA method evaluated in this study offers a precise and accurate measurement of the FT4 concentration in canine plasma samples, the inter‐ and intraassay precision comparing favorably to the proposed specffications for assay precision using estimates of the inter‐and intraindividual coefficients of variation.
The Influence of Storage Time on the Nucleotide Concentration of Canine Platelets
Authors: GÄBLER JUTTA , NOLTE I. , SCHEINER‐BOBIS K. , EIGENBRODT E.
Published: May 2010

Nucleotide concentrations of canine platelets during storage for 50 days were determined to find out the variation in the concentration of various nucleotides in canine platelets during storage at + 4 °C for 50 days.

Platelets of 3 dogs were stored in whole blood in PVC bags containing CPDA‐1 stabilizer. The bags were kept at 4 °C for 50 days. Changes in the energy metabolism of the platelets during storage were determined by successive measurements of the following nucleotides: adenosine‐diphosphate (ADP), adenosine‐tri‐phosphate (ATP) and guanosine‐tri‐phosphate (GTP). In preparation for the measurement of their nucleotide content, the platelets were isolated from the blood at regular intervals and their membranes destroyed by deep freezing, thawing, double sonification in ice and protein precipitation with perchloric acid.

The concentration of nucleotides within the platelets was determined by “High Pressure Liquid Chromatography” (HPLC). ADP, ATP and GTP were identified in the peak areas of the HPLC using 3 different techniques: comparison of retention time of standard nucleotide solutions as control samples, enzyme tests and thin layer chromatography. Adenosine‐mono‐phosphate (AMP), adenosine, hypoxanthine and inosine mono 5‘‐phosphate (IMP) were not found in dog platelets.

Platelet ATP concentration decreased significantly during 50 days of storage (p < 0.001), and was reduced to 24% of the concentration measured after 1 hour of storage on day 50. ADP concentration also dropped significantly during 50 days of storage (p < 0.001). On day 50 the average ADP concentration was reduced to about 34% of the concentration measured after 1 hour of storage. The greatest reduction was observed in GTP concentration (p < 0.001): after 50 days the GTP concentration was only 5% of the concentration measured after 1 hour of storage.

In freshly drawn blood samples, the average ATP/ADP‐ratio was 1.7 and the average ATP/GTP‐ratio was 5.5. In all 3 dogs the ATP/ADP‐ratios reached their lowest values between the 36th and 43rd day of storage, at which time the ratios were clearly below 1. After this time the ATP/ADP‐ratios increased and were bigger than 1 after 50 days (an average of 75% of the values measured after 1 hour of storage). During storage the GTP concentration decreased much faster than the ATP concentration. On day 50 the ATP/GTP‐ratio was 33.3.

Our results indicate in concordance with the literature, that below a certain energy level, the platelets lose their functions and concentrate on surviving by saving energy for their metabolism.
The Relationship between Cycle Stage and Results of Uterine Culture in the Mare
Authors: WAELCHLI R. O. , KÄNZIG M. , GYGAX A. , CORBOZ L. , RÜSCH P.
Published: May 2010

A total of 368 uterine swabs were taken from mares in heat (n = 202) and from mares that were not in heat (n = 166). From 72 of the mares, two swabs were taken; one during either seasonal anoestrus or dioestrus, and one during oestrus. Swabs were taken during anoestrus/dioestrus in 94 other mares and during oestrus in the remaining 130 mares. Bacteriological cultures were done aerobically and classified as negative, insignificant or significant. There was a trend for more positive cytological specimens during oestrus than during anoestrus/dioestrus. The proportions of significant cultures were 12 of 202 (5.9%) in oestrous mares and 14 of 166 (8.4%) in anoestrous/dioestrous mares. Generally more insignificant than negative cultures were obtained during oestrus compared to anoestrus/dioestrus. Seven of 27 cultures that were classified as significant were associated with positive cytological specimens, and only 2 of 16 specimens that yielded pure cultures ofE. colicontained neutrophils. Although the culture results did not differ significantly between the cycle stages, oestrus should be the preferred time for uterine examination.
Trisomy 22 in a calf
Authors: AGERHOLM J. S. , CHRISTENSEN K.
Published: May 2010

A case of trisomy 22 in a newborn calf is described. Previously, this anomaly has only been identified in one calf. The calf had several defects including brachygnathia superior, malformation of septum nasi and conchae, and an interventricular septal defect. Chromosome analysis was performed on cultured blood lymphocytes, and in all counted metaphases 61 chromosomes were present. The extra chromosome was identified as a chromosome 22 by R‐banding.
Biopotency of Vitamin E in Lucerne Meal for Chickens
Authors: HASSAN S. , HAKKARAINEN J. , BENGTSSON G. , JÖNSSON L.
Published: May 2010

In order to estimate the biopotency of vitamin E in lucerne/alfalfa meal in comparison to that of dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate (dl‐α‐Ta; all‐rac‐α‐Ta) a study was conducted with newly hatched White Leghorn male chicks. An increase in the vitamin E level in the liver and plasma, and the prevention of nutritional encephalomalacia (NE) were used as criteria for biopotency.

After a vitamin E depletion period of one week posthatching, the chicks continued on a semipurified, vitamin E free basal diet without vitamin E supplementation, or were repleted with graded levels of that vitamin for six weeks, provided as extracted lucerne oil or as dl‐α‐Ta. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was used for the analysis of the vitamin E homologues. The diagnosis of NE was based on clinical and histopathological observations.

A significant increase (P < 0.05) in vitamin E content in the liver and plasma was observed in response to dietary supplementation with both vitamin E sources. The linear increase both in the liver and plasma storage assays was associated with a reduced incidence of NE. The disease was totally prevented by a dietary supplement of 7.50 and 5.40 mg vitamin E/Kg feed provided as dl‐α‐Ta or lucerne oil, respectively. The natural biopotency of the vitamin E in lucerne meal compared with that of dl‐α‐Ta in the liver and plasma storage assays and in the prevention of NE was 123, 105 and 99%, respectively, as calculated by the slope ratio technique.
Characterization of Biliary Proteins and Composition of Bile from Sheep and Goats
Authors: KAUR B. , AHUJA S. P.
Published: May 2010

Higher lipid content in gall bladder bile of sheep and goats as compared with monogastric species was due to higher proportion of glycerides. The volume of bile per gall bladder was higher in sheep than in goats. Bile from sheep and goats has a higher content of proteins and lower contents of dry matter, cholesterol and phospholipids compared with monogastric species. Biliary proteins partially purified by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method were characterized and quantified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and immunodiffusion. FPLC and PAGE profiles indicate that biliary proteins of sheep and goats are mainly of low mol. wt. of upto 65 KDa. Proportions of immunoglobulin (Ig) like molecules in biliary proteins precipitated by ammonium sulfate of different degrees of saturation, were 10.4 to 26.7 and 21.9 to 30.7 per cent of total proteins in bile of goats and sheep. IgG and IgA like molecules were the predominant Ig and lacked carbohydrates. On immunodiffusion such Ig like molecules did not show cross reactivity with humoral Ig. It was concluded that sheep and goats appear to secrete Ig into bile after deglycosylation and partial degradation. The proteins of smaller molecular weight may be secretory fragments or degradation products of Ig.
Ionized Calcium in Calf Serum: Relation to Total Serum Calcium, Albumin, Total Protein and pH
Authors: AGNES F. , SARTORELLI P. , BISSO M. C. , DOMINONI S.
Published: May 2010

Serum ionized calcium, total calcium, albumin, total protein and pH were determined in 340 female Italian Friesian calves, aged from 1 day to 6 months. Analyses of data from calves divided into 7 age groups showed only occasional correlations between Ca++and the other parameters. For pooled values for the calves aged 1–6 months, there were significant positive correlations between ionized and total calcium and between total calcium and albumin, and a negative correlation between ionized calcium and serum pH. However, the correlation coefficients were too low to be usable for prediction of the levels of ionized calcium from the levels of total calcium or from the other parameters. When it is essential to evaluate the calcium status of a calf, direct measurement of ionized calcium must be done.
A Caesarean Section Model to Characterize Coagulation in the Fetal and Uterine Circulation During Late Gestation in Dairy Cattle
Authors: HEUWIESER W. , GRUNERT E.
Published: May 2010

A study was conducted to measure a coagulation profile including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen concentration (FIB), and plasminogen activity (PLA) in the jugular vein, umbilical vein and artery and uterine vein of 18 Holstein Friesian cows during late gestation. A caesarean section was performed on all cows before term in order to obtain blood samples from the different sources and to deliver the calves. Blood plasma obtained from the umbilical vein and artery had a longer prothrombin time but shorter activated partial thromboplastin time and lower concentrations of fibrinogen and plasminogen than peripheral blood plasma. Thrombin time was similar throughout all blood vessels. No significant differences existed between the two samples drawn from the jugular vein before and during surgery. Highest coefficients of correlation were found between blood samples drawn simultaneously from the jugular and uterine vein (R2= 41 to 96%).
Applicability of the Critical Difference
Authors: JENSEN A. L. , PEDERSEN H. D. , KOCH J. , AAES H. , FLAGSTAD A.
Published: May 2010

The present study is concerned with the critical difference, which may help to judge whether or not the difference between two consecutive measurements with a certain probability (i.e. 95 percent) may be ascribed to natural variation. Knowledge of the applicability of the critical difference in veterinary medicine is sparse and therefore, to justify future use of the critical difference, it is important to know whether or not the critical difference performs as expected. The hypothesis to be tested in this study was that at least 95 percent of the differences between consecutive measurements, that have been obtained in animals where the component measured is known to be unchanged, should be within the critical difference. From previous studies it was known that a low‐sodium diet had no influence on the plasma potassium concentration. The critical difference of the plasma potassium concentration in dogs was calculated as 0.5 mmol/l. using weekly measurements of this plasma component in a group of twenty healthy dogs. To test the hypothesis, this value was compared to the differences between consecutive weekly measurements of this plasma component in another group of eight dogs fed a low‐sodium diet for five weeks.

In agreement with previous studies, the plasma potassium concentration in the eight dogs did not change significantly during the feeding experiment. Of the fourty differences between consecutive weekly measurements, thirty‐six were within the critical difference. This number was not different from the number expected from the hypothesis and thus, the critical difference performed as expected. Furthermore, the present study also indicated that a critical difference calculated from one group of dogs can be used to evaluate differences between consecutive measurements in another group of dogs under other dietary and management conditions.
Nephrolithiasis in Iranian Sheep
Authors: ORYAN A. , RAZAVI M.
Published: May 2010

Out of 500 Iranian sheep examined, six revealed the presence of lithiasis in their kidneys. Nephroliths in three animals were composed of ammonium magnesium phosphates and in the others of calcium carbonates and calcium phosphates. Interestingly sodium and ammonium urate crystals were present in the kidneys of three animals.
Swine Erythrocyte Fractionation in Percoll Density Gradients
Authors: ASANO R. , MURASUGI E. , HOKARI S.
Published: May 2010

A method for the fractionation of swine erythrocytes according to age using Percoll is described. Centrifugation of erythrocytes on discontinuous Percoll gradients yielded four fractions of erythrocytes. To ascertain that each fraction of erythrocytes represented a different age group, the activities of hexokinase (Hx), aldolase, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD), pyruvate kinase (PK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) were determined. These enzyme activities decreased successively from the top to the bottom fractions of the centrifuged column. Young erythrocytes obtained from the upper fractions of the centrifuged column exhibited a higher activity of each enzyme than that found in the heavier and older erythrocytes at the bottom fraction. This method is proposed as the most appropriate for use as an aid in distinguishing the presence of a young erythrocyte population.
An Outbreak of Abscess Disease in Goats in Saudi Arabia
Authors: ALHENDI A. B. , EL‐SANHOUSI S. M. , AL‐GHASNAWI Y. A. , MADAWI M.
Published: May 2010

Sixty‐one out of 165 goats showed abscesses in various body lymph nodes, mainly in the head, neck and shoulder region. The specimens cultured revealed the growth of Staphylococcus aureus subspecies anaerobius. Accordingly an abscess disease “Morel's disease” was diagnosed in affected goats.
Identification of Canine Glial Cells by Nonradioactive in Situ Hybridization
Authors: GRABER H. U. , ZURBRIGGEN A. , VANDEVELDE M.
Published: May 2010

Studies on the development of the canine central nervous system and on demyelinating diseases demand unequivocal identification of the glial cells. For that reason, nonradioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed in primary dog brain cell cultures (DBCC) and in brain sections of neonatal dogs. Specific RNA probes were used to detect messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin basic protein (MBP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). PLP and MBP are markers for oligodendrocytes, GFAP for astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes positive for PLP and MBP mRNA were found in both DBCC and brain sections of neonatal dogs. Astrocytes expressing GFAP specific mRNA were detected in DBCC and in brain sections. These cells were evenly distributed in the white matter with additional accumulation in the membrana limitans gliae superficialis, around the ventricles and blood vessels.

ISH clearly improves the study of oligodendrocytes in brain sections as, in contrast to the immunohistochemical methods, this technique allows to identify individual cells.
Phycomycosis of the Abomasum in Camelus Dromedarius
Authors: SATIR A. A. , BAKR M. I. ABU , ABALKHAIL A. , GHAFFAR A. E. ABDEL , BABIKER A. E.
Published: May 2010

Two cases of phycomycosis of the abomasum in dromedary camels arc described. In one of the cases there is evidence of spread to the liver. The pathology and pathogensis of the disease are discussed. We believe this is the first report of phycomycosis in Camelidae.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Pathogenese der Pansenacidose beim Schaf
Authors: GANTER M. , BICKHARDT K. , WINICKER MECHTHILD , SCHWERT BARBARA
Published: May 2010

Experimental Investigations about the Pathogenesis of Rumen Acidosis in Sheep

Rumen acidosis was provoked in 13 cross‐bred sheep by feeding oat (32 g/kg body weight) or wheat of different grinding levels (26 g/kg). Development of the diet‐related disease was studied in 8 fistulated sheep fitted with a permanent rumen canula and with implanted jugular vein catheter by analysing blood and rumen fluid sampled up to 48 hours after feed intake. Ingesta of the different segments of the digestive tract were collected from 5 sheeps, necropsied 8 and 12 hours after feeding respectively. Concentrations of glucose, L‐ and D‐lactate were measured in blood and digesta by enzymatical methods. Concentrations of amylopolyglucanes and pH values were analysed in the digesta. Whereas the plasma concentration of glucose and L‐lactate rose with a maximum at 8 to 12 hours after feeding, that of D‐lactate was maximally increased after 24 hours. High concentrations of amylopolyglucanes, glucose, L‐ and D‐Lactate were found in the whole digestive tract 8 and 12 hours after feed intake. It is concluded from the results obtained that sheep show characteristics of monogastric intestinal digestion with the release of considerable amounts of glucose and of both lactate isomers after feeding fine distributed starch.

Bei 13 Krezungsschafen wurde eine Pansenacidose durch Verfütterung von 32 g/kg KM Hafer‐ oder 26 g/kg Weizenschrot unterschiedlichen Vermahlungsgrades experimentell erzeugt. Der Krankheitsverlauf wurde an 8 Tieren, die mit Pansenfisteln und Jugularvenenkathetern versehen waren, bis zu 48 Stunden nach Futteraufnahme anhand von Meßwerten im Blutplasma und in der Pansenflüssigkeit verfolgt. 5 Schafe wurden 8 bis 12 Stunden nach Fütterung getötet, von ihnen wurden Ingestaproben aus verschiedenen Darmsegmenten entnommen.

Für die Bestimmung der Konzentrationen von Glucose, L‐ und D‐Lactat im Plasma und in den Ingestaproben dienten enzymatische Standardmethoden. In den Ingesta wurden außerdem die Konzentrationen löslicher und partikulärer Amylopolyglucane sowie der pH bestimmt.

Die Plasmakonzentrationen von Glucose und L‐Lactat stiegen mit Maximalwerten zwischen 8 und 12 Stunden nach der Fütterung an. D‐Lactat erreichte im Plasma Maximalwerte erst nach 24 Stunden.

Im gesamten Verdauungstrakt wurden 8 und 12 Stunden nach Futteraufnahme hohe Konzentrationen an Amylopolyglucanen, Glucose, L‐ und D‐Lactat gefunden. Aus den Befunden wird der Schluß gezogen, daß Schafe nach Überfütterung mit Getreideschroten die Charakteristika monogastrischer intestinaler Verdauung mit erheblicher Freisetzung von Glucose und Lactat zeigen.
Statistical Evidence that Endogenous Reverse Triiodothyronine (rT3) May Affect Oxygen Consumption in Food Deprived Chickens
Authors: BOBEK S. , SECHMAN A. , ABDEL‐FATTAH K. I. , PIETRAS M. , NIEZGODA J.
Published: May 2010

Exogenous rT3 decreases O2 consumption in mammals and birds. Until now a correlation coefficient and a regression equation have not been presented. Statistical evaluation seems to be requisite for verifying the answer to the question of whether endogenous rT3 may be able to reduce O2 consumption in birds where the normal level of plasma rT3 is 10 times less than the corresponding level of T3. Food deprived chickens (for 48 h) were used in this study because fasting enhances plasma rT3.

The results revealed a reciprocal relation of T3 and rT3 in the circulation. Reverse T3 began to increase when T3 decreased to a plateau at 53.9% of initial level. As expected a reciprocal relationship was obtained (r = −0.749; n = 36) between plasma rT3 and O2 consumption. The regression line was calculated according to the equation: Ŷ = −0.388X + 0.856. This relation differs from the linear relationship between T3 and O2 consumption (r = 0.796; Ŷ = 0.107X + 0.449). The regression line lies in the range of 0.122–0.778 nmol rT3/l, which is found in some physiological conditions in birds where elevated plasma rT3 occurs. This suggests that endogenous rT3 may participate in modifying O2 consumption in birds. Using the rT3: T3 ratio the correlation coefficient was somewhat higher (r = −0.831; Ŷ = −0.673X + 0.831) suggesting common involvement of both triiodothyronines in the reduction of O2 consumption during food deprivation. The drop in O2 consumption after 48 h of food deprivation was 28.4%; decreased T3 and increased rT3 may participate in 15.4% and 13.0% of this fall, respectively. The hypometabolic effectiveness of rT3 seems to be greater than the hypermetabolic effectiveness of T3, since a smaller increase of plasma rT3 was needed to reduce O2 consumption compared to the amount of T3 necessary to enhance it.
Effect of Verapamil and Sodium Nitroprusside on the Potassium Contracture of Smooth Muscle Strips from the Reticular Groove of Adult Cattle
Authors: ANDRÉS M. D. SAN , LÓPEZ C. , ENCINAS T. , GONZÁLEZ F. , ANDRÉS M. I. SAN , RODRÍGUEZ C.
Published: May 2010

The effects of verapamil and sodium nitroprusside on smooth muscle strips from the floor of the reticular groove of adult cattle were studied. The mechanical activity of the muscle strips was recorded isometrically. Depolarization was induced with cumulative KCl concentrations (8.8–42.4 mmol/l) in Tyrode solution. This response was extracellular Ca2+dependent. Verapamil and sodium nitroprusside caused a concentration dependent reduction of the KCl‐induced contraction of the reticular groove muscle preparations; their IC50were 3.9 × 10−6mol/l and 1.4 × 10−4mol/l, respectively. Pre‐incubation with both antagonists (30 min) before KCl addition showed that sodium nitroprusside (10−6mol/l) did not affect, but verapamil (10−6mol/l) inhibited the KCl response of the muscle preparations. CaCl2caused a concentration dependent (0.25–7 mmol/l) contraction of the KCl‐depolarized muscle strips. Pre‐incubation with verapamil (10−6mol/l) and sodium nitroprusside (10−6mol/l) before CaCl2addition inhibited the response for about 80% and 20% respectively.

These results indicate that action of verapamil may be related to voltage‐dependent channel blockade. However, the nitroprusside action could not be completely attributed to these channels.
A New Quick‐Test for Semiquantitative Determination of Beta‐Hydroxybutyric Acid in Bovine Milk
Authors: DIRKSEN G. , BREITNER W.
Published: May 2010

A new teststrip for semiquantitative determination of beta‐hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) in bovine milk has been tested in experimental investigations in three lactating cows. After intraruminal administration of butyric acid, the following parameters were determined during 7 hours: milk concentrations of BHB (quantitatively and semiquantitatively) and acetone (quantitatively), BHB concentration in blood and urine (quantitatively), acetone + acetic acid concentration in urine (semiquantitatively). The new quick‐test proved to be highly sensitive and even subclinical or physiological levels of BHB in milk could be determined. It seems to be suitable not only for the diagnosis of clinically manifest ketosis in dairy cows, but also for the control of the energy metabolism on a herd basis and as an indicator of ketogenic feedstuffs in the ration.
Immunohistochemical Distribution of Vimentin, Desmin, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Neurofilament Proteins in Feline Tissues
Authors: de las Mulas J. Martín , Monteros A. Espinosa de los , Carrasco L. , Sierra M. A. , Vos J. H.
Published: May 2010

The immunohistochemical distribution pattern of vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilaments intermediate filament proteins has been analyzed in a wide range of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against non‐feline antigens. The vimentin antibody reacted with mesenchymal cells, the desmin antibody with striated and smooth muscle fibres, the glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody with glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous system, and the neurofilament proteins antibody with neuronal cell bodies and processes. In addition, some epithelial cells were vimentin positive, perisinusoidal liver cells were desmin positive, and basal/myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, and luteinic cells were glial fibrillary acidic protein positive. These staining patterns of feline tissues are basically similar with respect to that of corresponding tissues in other mammalian species for each of the four intermediate filament proteins studied, but some differences have been also noticed. This study confirms the broad interspecies cross‐reactivity of intermediate filament proteins antisera and demonstrates their capability to differentiate particular types of feline cells and tissues.
Plasma Cortisol Response in Dairy Cows to Vaginoscopy, Genital Palpation per Rectum and Artificial Insemination
Authors: Nakao T. , Sato T. , Moriyoshi M. , Kawata K.
Published: May 2010

Response of plasma cortisol concentrations after vaginoscopic examination, palpation of the genital organs per rectum and artificial insemination were investigated in six Holstein‐Friesian cows weighing between 510 to 620 kg. Blood samples were collected by indwelling jugular catheter. The experiment was begun at 09:00 hours on the day when cows came into estrus. Blood samples were collected from 30 minutes before to 60 minutes after each treatment at intervals of 5 to 10 minutes. Cows were initially bloodsampled for 90 minutes at the same intervals without giving any treatment and then were subjected to vaginoscopy for 1.5 minutes, palpation of the uterus and ovaries per rectum for 4 minutes and artificial insemination by the recto‐vaginal method for 5 minutes. No significant increase in plasma cortisol was shown in cows in estrus following vaginoscopy. Palpation per rectum as well as artificial insemination caused a significant increase in plasma cortisol (P < 0.01) 5 to 10 minutes after the initiation of treatments in cows in estrus. There was a tendency for cows in the luteal phase to show higher plasma cortisol levels after the vaginoscopy than cows in estrus. Adrenal response to palpation per rectum in cows in the luteal phase was similar to that in cows in estrus. Thus, in cows in estrus, palpation per rectum as well as artificial insemination may be potential stressors for cows, causing an increase in plasma cortisol levels. However, the pathophysiological importance of the rise in plasma cortisol levels is not known.
Membrane Damage during Dilution, Cooling and Freezing‐Thawing of Boar Spermatozoa Packaged in Plastic Bags
Authors: Ortman K. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H.
Published: May 2010

The objective of the present investigation was to determine the degree of membrane damage in boar spermatozoa during the course of a cryopreservation procedure, including thawing. Ejaculates from four fertile Swedish Yorkshire boars were frozen under controlled conditions in Teflon®‐plastic bags (2.5 ml) using 3% glycerol as cryoprotectant. Membrane integrity was monitored using supravital flourescent dyes and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that cooling to +5° C significantly affected the permeability of the plasmalemma. Supercooling (‐6° C) during the freezing program did not further deteriorate the integrity of the spermatozoal membrane. The thawing procedure however, dramatically increased the frequency of spermatozoa with damaged plasma membranes. Thus particular attention must be paid on designing a better thawing procedure when dealing with boar semen frozen in plastic bags.
Third Component of Complement Serum Levels in Dogs with Leishmaniasis
Authors: Lucena R. , Molleda J. M. , Ginel P. J. , Novales M. , Martín E. , López R.
Published: May 2010

Radial immunodiffusion was used to determine the concentration of the third component of complement (C3) in the serum of 51 adult dogs with leishmaniasis and, for comparative purposes, in a control group of 30 healthy dogs. Animals in both groups were of different age, sex and breed. The mean concentration in healthy dogs was 93.3 ± 6.6 (mean ± SD), and in sick dogs 131.4 ± 7.1, both expressed as a percentage of a reference standard.

Statistically significant differences (P < 0.0004) were found between serum C3 concentrations in leishmania‐infected and control groups, but no significant difference was recorded between males and females in either group.
Colic Motor Complex of the Cecum and Proximal Loop of the Ascending Colon Observed in an Experimental Cow with Large Intestinal Obstruction*
Authors: Steiner A. , Roussel A. J. , Ellis W. C.
Published: May 2010

Myoelectric activity of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon (PLAC) and the effect of xylazine on motility of this intestinal segment in an experimental cow with large intestinal obstruction are described and compared with the normal motility pattern. During obstruction, three major observations were made in the prestenotic area, (i) Mean spike duration, overall duration of spiking activity (expressed as percentage of total recording time), number of spikes propagated from the cecum towards the obstruction site, and velocity of propagated spikes were substantially increased, (ii) The spike frequency was in the physiologic range, (iii) A single injection of xylazine, administered intravenously at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg markedly reduced the mean spike duration, the overall spiking activity, and the number of propagated spike sequences, and abolished signs of abdominal discomfort. Our data indicate that obstruction of the bovine colon causes a similar pattern of prestenotic hypermotility (colic motor complex) as described for the small intestine of the horse. Xylazine may be a suitable drug to disrupt prestenotic hypermotility and alleviate abdominal discomfort during proximal colonic obstruction in cattle.
Protective Effect of Antioxidants against Free Radical‐Mediated Lipid Peroxidation Induced by DON or T‐2 Toxin
Authors: Rizzo A. F. , Atroshi F. , Ahotupa M. , Sankari S. , Elovaara E.
Published: May 2010

An experiment was conducted on rats to investigate the capacity of antioxidants to protect against acute toxicity caused by DON or T‐2 toxin. Male rats were fed two different feeds. One group received a feed deficient in vitamins C and E and selenium, whereas the other group was fed with a feed enriched in antioxidants. After two weeks, selected groups of rats were administered orally a single dose of DON or T‐2 toxin. After the treatment with mycotoxins, all rats were decapitated. The livers were analyzed for TBARS values, hepatic GSH content and for the activities of CyP‐450, CAT, SOD and GSH‐TR. Increases in lipid peroxides of 21% and 268% were observed in those rats which did not receive the supplement of antioxidants and which were administered DON or T‐2 toxin, respectively. There was no significant increase in the TBARS values in the groups receiving DON with selenium and vitamins, but increases of 57% and 79% were recorded in the groups administered T‐2 toxin and antioxidants. Furthermore, in the groups fed the deficient feed and administered DON or T‐2 toxin, the lipid peroxidation increased by 33 % and 307 %, respectively. No mortality, and a lower number of intoxicated animals were observed in rats fed a diet supplemented with antioxidants. Significant decreases of GSH, CAT, SOD, CyP‐450 and GSH‐TR were recorded in treated rats receiving the deficient feed. The results of this study demonstrate that trichothecenes stimulate lipid peroxidation with consequent decrease of GSH content, but that the dietary use of selenium, α‐tocopherol and ascorbic acid provides protection against acute toxicosis caused by DON or T‐2 toxin.
Glomerular Lesions in Fibrotic Kidneys of Norwegian Slaughter Pigs. Light Microscopic and Immunohistochemical Studies
Authors: Jansen J. H. , Nordstoga K.
Published: May 2010

An abattoir survey of renal lesions in Norwegian slaughter pigs demonstrated the presence of a macroscopic evident nephropathy characterised by pale, slightly enlarged and fibrotic kidneys in 143 out of 668 (21.4%) examined carcasses. At light microscopy fibrotic kidneys revealed glomerular lesions characterised by a diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulopathy. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated mesangial and paramesangial immune complex deposition containing IgM and C3, and to a lesser degree IgA and IgG in the glomeruli of fibrotic kidneys. Our observation of glomerular lesions caused by immune complex depositions in fibrotic pig kidneys are compared with mesangial nephropathies in man.
Relationship between Milk Acetone and Milk Yield in Individual Cows
Authors: Miettinen P. V. A.
Published: May 2010

Correlations between acetone in milk and milk production during the first nine weeks postpartum were calculated in ten individual cows and for a whole herd. The decrease in milk production due to ke***tonaemia was evaluated using a mathematical model of the KaleidaGraph™ intergrate area program. For determination of milk components, a milk sample was obtained twice a week from one to nine weeks postpartum.

Milk yield was negatively correlated with acetone concentration in milk. In non‐clinical ketotic cows the calculated loss of milk yield due to elevation of milk acetone was 2–9% and in clinical ketotic cow it was as high as 26%.

The correlation between milk components and acetone level varied at different stages of ketosis. Thus the stage of lactation and of ketosis should be taken into consideration when the correlation between milk parameters and milk production is evaluated.

Prior to clinical ketosis, milk acetone was negatively correlated with milk yield, percentage of protein and percentage of lactose, whereas it was positively correlated with percentage of fat and urea concentration. In addition, high levels of acetone tended to be associated with high cell count.

It is concluded that 1) ketotic cows do not achieve the maximum potential milk yield and 2) high levels of milk acetone are harmful to the udder. For high milk production, the concentration of acetone in milk should not exceed 0.05 mmol/l at any stage of lactation.
Short Term Effects of Acute Inhibition of the Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme on the Renin‐Angiotensin System and Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Healthy Dogs fed a Low‐Sodium Diet Versus a Normal‐Sodium Diet
Authors: Koch J. , Pedersen H. D. , Jensen A. L. , Flagstad A. , Poulsen K. , Bie P.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of the present study was to quantify some of the short term responses of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) to a recommended dosage of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in clinically healthy dogs fed a normal‐sodium and a low‐sodium diet.

A single dose of enalapril (0.5 mg/kg PO) was given to eight clinically healthy male Beagle dogs after a period where the dogs were fed a normal‐sodium diet and low‐sodium diet, respectively. Serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme activity (ACE), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration were measured during the following twenty‐four hour period.

The data indicate that enalapril induced a potent blockade of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) for at least twenty‐four hour. Specifically, enalapril during low‐sodium diet elicited an exaggerated increase in PRA and a diminished decrease in ACE and ANP when compared to the results of the drug during normal‐sodium diet. Long term controlled studies of enalapril in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) are warranted in order to determine the duration of action and optimal dose of enalapril.