bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nationalism and the Ottoman-Arab Dynamic: From Cultural Renaissance to Political Revolt
Authors: Nasir Hassan Wani
Published: October 2024

This paper delves into the intricate relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its Arab Muslim subjects amidst the backdrop of rising nationalist sentiments during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It traces the historical evolution of Arab nationalism, examining its cultural origins and political dimensions, while also dissecting the Ottoman administration's response to nationalist aspirations. Through an analysis of historical documents, scholarly works, and contemporary accounts, the study illuminates how nationalist movements reshaped the political, social, and cultural dynamics within the empire, leading to increased tensions between the central government and Arab nationalists. The paper highlights key events such as the Tanzimat reforms and the Young Turk Revolution, which exacerbated these tensions, culminating in the Arab Revolt of 1916 supported by the British. It also explores the impact of World War I on Ottoman-Arab relations and the subsequent dissolution of the empire, as reflected in treaties like the Treaty of Sèvres and the Treaty of Lausanne, which paved the way for the establishment of modern Arab states under European mandates. Through a comprehensive examination of historical sources and scholarly literature, the paper elucidates the multifaceted nature of nationalism's influence on the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Arab Muslim subjects, underscoring its profound and enduring significance in shaping the modern Middle East.
PRESENTACIÓN DE UN MODELO INTEGRADO PARA ATENCIÓN DEL ACCIDENTE CEREBROVASCULAR ISQUÉMICO AGUDO EN LA CIUDAD DE MAR DEL PLATA
Authors: Torre Mariana
Published: October 2024

El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) o stroke, ictus o ataque cerebral es un problema de salud a nivel global: es la tercera causa de muerte y la primera de discapacidad en la población adulta. El hospital Dr. Bernardo Houssay de Mar del Plata se especializa en la atención del adulto mayor y pertenece al Instituto Nacional de Servicios Sociales para Jubilados y Pensionados (PAMI), que recibe derivaciones de mediana/alta complejidad de toda la región e instituciones de su sistemade referencia y contrarreferencia, una población estimada en alrededor de 300.000 afiliados y afiliadas. En vista del impacto de la enfermedad en nuestra población, iniciamos un ambicioso proyecto de capacitación en toda la cadena de supervivencia en nuestra ciudad con el objetivo de construir un modelo integrado y articulado entre distintas instituciones y entre los diferentes niveles de intervención para la atención oportuna y segura del ACV que involucró a todos los actores intervinientes, independientemente de la institución que reciba a los pacientes. Luego de múltiples intervenciones educativas y de sucesivos ajustes en los protocolos adecuándolos a las barreras identificadas, incluido un simulacro ciego en tiempo real, hemos logrado mejorar los tiempos de intervención: llamado y despacho del sistema de prehospitalaria, llamado de prenotificación y tiempo puerta-aguja. Nuestro próximo desafío es ampliar nuestra red de atención al ACV en las localidades vecinas a través del desarrollo de un dispositivo de telestroke
CORRELACIÓN ENTRE INGESTA DE SODIO Y PROTEINURIA EN PACIENTES RENALES CRÓNICOS
Authors: Zurita Parodi Francesco
Published: October 2024

Introducción. La ingesta elevada de sodio produce un aumento de la presión arterial (PA) y de la presión intraglomerular. Objetivos. Determinar si hay correlación entre la ingesta elevada de sodio y proteinuria. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal y analítico. Seleccionamos 104 pacientes que acudieron a consultorios de nefrología en el Hospital Durand entre enero y junio de 2022 con un filtrado glomerular <60 ml/min/1,73 m2, y se midió el sodio urinario y la proteinuria en orina de 24 horas. Resultados. El promedio de ingesta de sal fue de 8,1 gramos/día. La mediana de proteinuria fue de 170 mg/día. Conclusiones. Los pacientes con más ingesta de sal tuvieron mayor nivel de proteinuria (518 mg/día) en comparación con los de menor ingesta (239 mg/día), pero esa diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,08) probablemente por el reducido tamaño muestral. Al evaluar la correlación entre la ingesta de sodio y proteinuria, se observa asociación positiva con significancia estadística (p = 0,012).
ENFERMEDAD DE BARLOW EN UNA PACIENTE ASINTOMÁTICA
Authors: Theran León Juan Sebastian
Published: October 2024

Se presenta el caso de una paciente adolescente asintomática que consulta para revisión médica e incidentalmente se le encuentra un soplo sistólico en el foco mitral. Posteriormente, se envían estudios, con electrocardiograma que revela bloqueo bifascicular y ecocardiograma con insuficiencia y prolapso de la válvula mitral, por lo que se diagnostica síndrome de Barlow.
INSUFICIENCIA PANCREÁTICA EXOCRINA SECUNDARIA A INHIBIDORES DE CHECKPOINT. A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO
Authors: Comesaña María Gabriela
Published: October 2024

La inmunoterapia moderna ha sido un aluvión de esperanza tanto para los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer como para los oncólogos, pero esto ha obligado a los profesionales de la salud, dentro de sus distintas disciplinas, a interiorizarse y educarse respecto de los nuevos desafíos diagnósticos de eventos adversos inmunorrelacionados (EAir), difíciles de abordar y más aún de tratar en forma directamente proporcional a su frecuencia de aparición. Si bien la toxicidad gastrointestinal por inhibidores de checkpoint inmunológicos (ICI) es bien conocida, su protagonismo es a expensas de la enterocolitis y hepatitis, entre otros, dejando relegados a menos del 1% los casos como la pancreatitis, donde las alteraciones morfológicas e histopatológicas, tanto de los conductos como del parénquima pancreático, pueden comprometer la función endocrina y/o exocrina. Esta última, escasamente reportada en la literatura, tiene un abordaje diagnóstico complejo y dificultoso con un cuadro signo sintomático florido e invalidante, lo cual motiva la presente revisión bibliográfica. Se comenta a continuación el caso de una paciente femenina con diagnóstico de melanoma metastásico en tratamiento con nivolumab con desarrollo de insuficiencia pancreática exocrina (IPE) a siete meses de suspendida la inmunoterapia
SÍNDROME DE DRESS INDUCIDO POR CARBAMAZEPINA
Authors: Berdugo Jerson
Published: October 2024

El síndrome DRESS (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) se define como una reacción de sensibilidad a fármacos, caracterizada por fiebre, rash cutáneo, compromiso sistémico y alteraciones hematológicas. La fisiopatología no está clara, la causa desencadenante son los fármacos como antibióticos, antiinflamatorios no esteroides y anticonvulsivantes, entre otros. La suspensión del fármaco sospechoso asociado a un inicio de corticoterapia sistémica es el tratamiento de primeralínea.
Antidiarheal Activity of Methanol Seed Extract of Cola Acuminata Schott & Endl (Malvaceae) In Mice
Authors: Inuwa Abdulhamid Musa , Aliyu Ibrahim Mu’azzamu , Muhammad Maryam Bala , Ibrahim Zakiyyah Yakubu Yahaya
Published: October 2024

Cola acuminata nut extract has been shown to relax smooth muscles of the intestine in vitro, and this has made the plant popular as a potential antidiarrheal agent. This study aimed at evaluating the antidiarrheal activity of methanolic seed extract of Cola acuminata in mice. The extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The acute toxicity (LD50) study was conducted according to Lorke's method. The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea and charcoal meal method in mice. Groups of mice were orally administered water (10 ml/kg), charcoal, Cola acuminata nut extract (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg), loperamide 2mg/kg, and atropine 1 mg/kg before castor oil. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, triterpenes, and saponins. The oral LD50 of the extract was estimated to be 2154 mg/kg. The extract produced a significant p < 0.05 increase in time of onset of diarrhea compared to the distilled water group. The extract produced dose dependent inhibition of the number of wet faeces. Extract at 600 mg/kg had more protection against diarrhea than the Loperamide. The extract did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the intestinal movement of charcoal meal.
Evaluation of Albumin Denaturation, and Phospholipase A2 (Pla2) Inhibition, and Phytochemical Composition of Methanol Leaf Extract of Psychotria Vogeliana, Benth (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Chukwuma Michael Onyegbulam , Onoabedju Ufuoma Shalom , Mba Theodora Chidinma , Munachi Chilaka Samuel , Ezema Benjamin , Ufomba Constance
Published: October 2024

Inflammation is a protective response elicited by physical, chemical, biochemical, and/or microbial assault on the body, which serves to prevent progression/escalation of injury. If the response is sufficient the body continues to operate normally, if the reaction is excessive a disease condition (inflammation) occurs which predisposes to various health disorders. Current treatment of inflammation includes immunosuppressant, steroidal, and nonsteroidal agents. Most of these are known to have sometimes serious side/adverse effects. Natural compounds from plants known to have pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and are being used as alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol leaf extract of Psychotria vogeliana. Acute toxicity study was conducted following the OECD guidelines 423 Annex 2C. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibition assay. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using spectrophotometric methods, and GC-FID. The LD50 of the extract is more than 5000 mg/kg. The extract contained bioactive compounds such as catechin, epicateechin, resvesterol, rutin, narigenin, kaempferol, flavonones, tannins, steroids and anthocynins. Anti-inflammatory evaluation showed activity comparable to that of diclofenac. Possible mechanism of action was identified as Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibition. The use of Psychotria vogeliana in traditional medicine for the management and treatment of inflammatory disorders is therefore justified.
The Inhibitory Potentials of the Root Extract and Fractions of Brenania brieyi (De Wild) (Rubiaceae) on Lactate Dehydrogenase, Phospholipase A2, and α- Amylase in Plasmodium falciparum - Infected Persons
Authors: Ezeala Ifeyinwa Chioma , Omeje Kingsley Ozioma , Ezeala Onyinye , Uzor Philip Felix , Dim Obinna William-Fredrick , Anumudu Adaeze Racheal , Nwodo Ngozi Justina
Published: October 2024

Medicinal plants have been used as an alternative in malaria chemotherapy. This study aimed to determine the in vitro inhibitory potentials of the extract and fractions of Brenania brieyi on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LdH), Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and α-Amylase enzyme extracted from Plasmodium falciparum. Cold maceration and Liquid-Liquid partitioning were used to obtain the extract and fractions respectively, using different solvent of varying polarity. Phytochemical analysis was done using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization detector (GCFID) method to identify and quantify different phytoconstituents. In vitro enzyme assay (α-Amylase, LdH and PLA2) were performed using standard procedure. The extract contained Alkaloids such as Spartein (5.05 µg/ml), Dihydrocytisine (23.12 µg/ml), Aphyllidine (5.25 µg/ml), Ribalinidine (2.65 µg/ml), Epihedrine (1.91 µg/ml), Saponins such as sapogenin (5.70 µg/ml), Tannins (16.25 µg/ml), Flavonoids such as Kaempferol (4.59 µg/ml), Catechin (5.50 µg/ml), Proanthocyanidin (9.81 µg/ml), Anthocyanin (3.22 µg/ml), Narigenin (3.62 µg/ml), Flavonones (8.73 µg/ml), Steroids (8.58 µg/ml), Polyphenols such as Reservatrol (20.68 µg/ml) and Glycosides such as cardiac glycoside (4.42 µg/ml), Cyanogenic glycosides (17.72 µg/ml) while Terpenoids are absent. The percentage inhibition of the enzyme (PLA2, LdH and α-amylase) at 100 mg/ml of extract showed the highest inhibition (37 %, 0 % and 38.33 %) when compared to controls, while ethyl acetate fraction has the highest inhibition (98 %, 34 % and 92 %) at P ˂ 0.05 at 100 mg/kg respectively. This study justifies the use of ethnomedicinal remedies (B. brieyi) in treating malaria in infected individuals. The study also suggests that the extract and fractions may act through the inhibition of plasmodial enzymes in infected persons.
Effect of Physical Activity on Students’ Social Skills :Research Factor Analysis at South Tangerang Elementary Schools
Authors: Misriandi  , Susanto Ahmad
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the impact of physical activity on the social skills of elementary school students in South Tangerang. Utilizing a factor analysis approach, the research examines various dimensions of physical activity—including frequency, duration, and type—and their correlations with key social competencies such as communication, teamwork, empathy, and conflict resolution. A sample of 164 students from ten elementary schools in South Tangerang was selected through stratified random sampling to ensure representativeness. Data were collected using validated questionnaires and observational assessments conducted over six months. Statistical analysis revealed that regular participation in structured physical activities significantly enhances students' social skills, with team-based sports showing the most substantial positive effects. Additionally, the study identified specific factors within physical activity programs that contribute to developing social competencies, including cooperative gameplay, leadership opportunities, and inclusive participation strategies. These findings suggest that integrating comprehensive physical activity programs into the elementary school curriculum can foster essential social skills, thereby contributing to students' overall personal and academic development. The study recommends that educators and policymakers prioritize implementing and supporting diverse physical activity initiatives to promote a holistic educational environment. Future research should explore the long-term effects of sustained physical activity on social skills and investigate the potential moderating variables such as socioeconomic status and cultural background.
Foundations and Examples of Leniency Institutions in the Islamic Penal Code
Authors: Najafpour Saleh , Tadayyon Abbas , Saed Mohammad Jafar
Published: October 2024

The implementation of leniency institutions is one of the modern achievements of criminal sciences in response to criminal phenomena, and its effective application requires the establishment of legal frameworks and the shaping of an optimal model for these institutions. This study, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of identifying legal scholars' perspectives on criminal policy in utilizing leniency institutions, also addresses the main question: What is the status of leniency institutions in the criminal policies of Iran and France? The results revealed that the status of leniency institutions has been established in both Iran and France; however, in France, the issue progresses with the priority of reducing imprisonment and revolves around dialogue between the victim and the offender. In contrast, in Iran, it predominantly focuses on the suspension of prosecution and the halting of investigations, which in some cases also leads to the elimination of prison-related measures. Additionally, one of the operational challenges of leniency institutions is that the legislator, without considering the existing resources in society for implementing the laws, enacts laws, regulations, and guidelines. This is while there must first be the means for enforcement, and only then should laws and regulations be enacted in accordance with the available resources. Therefore, in areas such as preserving human dignity for individuals unaware of the law and enacting laws to guide offenders away from passivity and towards reducing imprisonment, measures can be proposed to overcome challenges in this field.
Conflict of Interest Between Managers and Partners in Cooperative Companies and Solutions
Authors: Babaei Hossein , Hadi Saei Seyed Mohammad , Ramazani Akardi Habib
Published: October 2024

The conflict of interest between managers and partners in cooperative companies is an important issue that requires discussion and examination. Accordingly, the aim of the present article is to explore this issue and provide solutions in this regard. The current article is descriptive-analytical. The materials and data are qualitative, and note-taking has been used for data and content collection. The most significant conflicts of interest between managers and partners in cooperative companies include transactions between managers and the company, receiving loans from the company, competition with the company, accepting gifts and privileges, appointing individuals based on personal and familial relationships, serving on the board of competing companies, and personal use of the company's assets. The primary solutions to these conflicts include granting partners the authority to dismiss managers, prohibiting transactions between managers and the company, preventing managers from engaging in insider trading, prohibiting the granting of loans to managers, creating positive incentives for managers, imposing negative incentives, limiting the duration of managerial positions, restricting managers' participation in meetings and decision-making processes, limiting managerial roles, requiring managers to disclose personal interests in decisions, and banning the acceptance of gifts and privileges. The current laws have not adequately addressed the conflict of interest between managers and partners in cooperative companies. Considering the increasing development of cooperative companies and their significant economic impact, the enactment of relevant laws is essential.
Study and Analysis of "Hejab-e Erth" in Iranian Law and Imami Jurisprudence
Authors: Taei Fariba , Asadiaghbolaghi Majid , Naghdi Dourabati Maryam Naghdi Dourabati
Published: October 2024

All assets and liabilities of a person are transferred to their relatives after their death, and in a way, ownership and debts are legally passed on to their kin. In Iranian law, which is derived from Imami jurisprudence, inheritance is divided into three categories. If individuals from the first category exist, the deceased’s assets are transferred to them; otherwise, they pass to the second category, and in the absence of the second category, they are transferred to the third category. In this context, "Hejab" means coverage, concealment, or hiding. "Hejab-e Erth" refers to a barrier that causes others to be either wholly or partially deprived of inheritance. However, "Hejab-e Erth" differs from other obstacles to inheritance and can be divided into various types. This research seeks to define "Hejab-e Erth," its types, and its conditions. Using a library-based method, we gathered and organized data, then created a checklist of these data, which we analyzed to compile this research.
Iran's Criminal Policy on Economic Crimes
Authors: Roshandel Shahram , Esmaeili Mehdi , Hajitabar Firouzjaei Hasan
Published: October 2024

This article examines Iran's criminal policy regarding economic crimes. The present research was conducted using a descriptive and analytical method. The expansion of economic crimes has hindered the government’s achievement of national objectives in the domain of economic security. Iran’s economic environment, due to numerous vulnerabilities, creates a more conducive ground for committing economic crimes compared to advanced economic systems. However, Iran’s criminal policy, especially its penal policy, lacks specific measures to address this category of crimes. Due to the absence of a structured penal policy, the generalization of economic crime instances, insufficient coverage of economic crimes, and the lack of specific criteria to distinguish these crimes from other offenses, this concept benefits actual economic criminals more than it does the legal system and society’s citizens. Findings indicate that Iran's criminal policy regarding economic crimes faces numerous challenges. Among the most fundamental challenges and ambiguities are the lack of a comprehensive and precise definition of the concept and purpose of economic crimes, the breadth of cases due to leniency in judicial approaches, the flawed adoption of penal policies and the degree of their appropriateness and effectiveness, the absence of a clear definition of economic crimes, multiple legislative bodies in the field of economic crimes, pluralism in judicial criminal policy, populist penal approaches in dealing with economic crimes, the absence of a cohesive and unified criminal policy, and the security-oriented nature of criminal policy in economic crimes. These are among the current challenges and issues in Iran's criminal policy regarding economic crimes.
The Effects of Mutatis in Contracts and Unilateral Legal Acts and the Evidence for the Validity or Invalidity of a Mutatis Sale
Authors: Zolfaghari Maryam , Borna Ali Mohammad , Salimi Mahnaz
Published: October 2024

The Mutatis transaction is one of the important and essential jurisprudential issues that is common among people and remains a subject of concern in human society. Familiarity with it and adherence to its jurisprudential rules is a step towards improving the economic structure of society. A sale may be carried out by employing the sale formula and verbalizing the offer and acceptance, where the seller declares the offer with the phrase "I sold" (ba'tu), and the buyer declares their acceptance using the phrase "I accept" (qabiltu) or similar expressions. However, it is also possible for both parties, despite being able to use the aforementioned formula, to engage in the exchange of goods without verbally articulating the terms. This latter form is called Mutatis, and in this sale, as in a verbal sale, "the transfer of ownership of the object in exchange for a known consideration takes place." As a result, the above definition encompasses both verbal and Mutatis sales. Martyr Thani (Shahid Thani) states in Masaalik that any transaction that does not have a specific formula, whether the mutual consent is derived from an action or verbal expression, will be considered a verbal contract. The opinion rejecting the validity of this type of sale had many proponents among early Imami jurists, but over time, this view has diminished to the point where today, it is difficult to find its supporters. Those advocating for the validity and conclusion of a Mutatis sale base their argument on sources such as the Qur'an, Sunnah, consensus (ijma), and the rule of lifting hardship (qa‘idah rafa‘ al-haraj). Today, few jurists reject the validity of Mutatis in exchange contracts. Legally, there is no difference in the manner of declaring intent, whether by words or non-verbal expressions of offer and acceptance. In contrast to the discussion of Mutatis in exchange contracts, this topic remains contentious in marriage contracts. Martyr Thani, along with most jurists, does not consider Mutatis to be valid in marriage contracts, and there is consensus on this matter. The Civil Code, influenced by the prevailing juristic opinion, also requires verbal offer and acceptance in marriage contracts.
Individual-organizational construction of research from the opinions of faculty members
Authors: Danivi Fariba , Makkizadeh Fatemeh , Afrasiabi Hossein , Asadnia Abolfazl , Falakodin Zahra
Published: October 2024

Factors affecting the educational and research activities of university faculty members is a particularly interesting and controversial topic that has led to numerous researches. The present study was also conducted in order to analyze the opinion of faculty members about research activities in Mohaghegh Ardabili University. In order to collect the findings using interviews, the opinions of experienced and leading research faculty members were analyzed. the participants were 15 faculty members of different fields in three groups of basic sciences, humanities and technical engineering of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Therefore, in this research, it was tried to select the studied sample from among the policy makers of the relevant fields of the scientific system, faculty members with group management experience, experts and specialists in the research subject, faculty members' research performance evaluation units, faculty members with management experience at the college and university level. , because these people, as cases rich in information and experiences, provide the best background for in-depth studies. The use of a specific method of data analysis in this approach led to the construction of a basic theme called "individual-social structure of research" based on which the proposed model is designed to describe the factors affecting the research activities of faculty members. The formation of research activities was investigated and analyzed under the influence of five general factors of personal and professional skills, academic conditions, facilitating strategies, organization-oriented structures and extra-organizational structures. Each of these factors as the main theme also included sub-themes. By reviewing the themes, among the main themes obtained, "individual-organizational construction of research" was identified as the central idea and related to other themes. Although individual factors are at the disposal of researchers and they are trying to increase their personal and professional characteristics such as learning skills, performing job duties and increasing scientific literacy in order to conduct research, but until the organizational factors that are in It is not within their scope to facilitate research, one cannot expect scientific and research growth and development.
The framing of information nudge and students effort: A behavioral economics approach
Authors: Asgari Heshmatullah , Pourali Mardan Mohaddeseh
Published: October 2024

One of the important fields for achieving the goals of the higher education system is to use new methods to influence students' motivation. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate the impact of the framing of information nudge on students' efforts using the behavioral economics approach, taking into account the theories of social psychology. To investigate this goal, a 2*2*2 factorial model including; two levels of framing effect (positive or negative), two levels of regulatory focus (promotion or prevention) and two levels of test difficulty (difficult or easy) were considered. The independent variables of this study are the negative frame, the promotion focus and the difficulty of the test and the dependent variable is the anticipated effort in a hypothetical exam. The random sampling of this research included 400 students of Ilam and Allameh Tabatabai University. The results of the estimation of the ordinary least squares model showed that the promotion focus frame increases students' effort compared to the prevention focus frame. The negative frame increases student effort relative to the positive frame, but without controlling for regulatory focus, it has no independent effect on student effort. The results of the estimation of interaction variables also showed that the variable of negative frame * promotion focus has a negative and significant coefficient. This result shows that the joint condition of negative frame and promotion focus increases students' effort less than negative frame and prevention focus. In other words, the negative frame increases students' effort both in the promotion focus and in the prevention focus, but the effect of the negative frame is greater in the prevention focus. It also confirms that students experience regulatory fit under the common conditions of prevention focus and negative frame, but regulatory fit is not confirmed under the common conditions of promotion focus and positive frame. In order to strengthen students' motivation and performance, policy makers and planners in higher education can use behavioral economics tools such as framing of information nudge appropriate to subjects such as exam preparation, education plan, choosing a field at higher levels of education, etc.
The Transformation of Islamic Historiography in the Era of the Caliphate
Authors: Emamzadeh Ghasemi Mohammad , Salim Mohammadnabi , Esmaieli Mahbube
Published: October 2024

In the first two centuries of Islam, there was no singular and uniform historiographical tradition, and multiple schools emerged in the regions of Medina, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Iran. Gradually, the tension between the perspectives of court historians and other chroniclers, the vastness of Islamic culture, and the relative freedom of historians in employing the method of observation or narration led to the creation of works with different approaches. Nevertheless, Islamic historiography in the third and fourth centuries A.H. shifted towards a narrative-oriented discourse and made less use of analytical and critical perspectives. This article aims, using a comparative-critical method, to provide a brief analysis of the historiographical trends from the first to the fourth centuries A.H. and to compare the historiographical methods and perspectives of the Umayyads and Abbasids. According to the research findings, the Umayyads and Abbasids used history and historians as tools to legitimize their rule and, knowingly or unknowingly, contributed to the spread of certain historiographical distortions and deviations. Eventually, with the beginning of the translation movement and the cultural expansion and assimilation, conditions were created for the flourishing of historiography by historians from the subordinate regions, and the historical perspective of Muslim historians became more global and analytical. This culminated in a new generation of professional historians succeeding in producing distinguished works.
The Charaweemak Hazara in Power Dynamics from the Era of Darvish Ali Khan to the Constitutional Period
Authors: Kheirolahi Mahmood , Sarafrazi Abbas , Motavali Haghighi Yousef
Published: October 2024

The Hazara tribe of Badghis is one of the important sub-branches of the large Charaweemak tribe of Khorasan, which played a significant role in the regional power dynamics over a vast area in Greater Khorasan and along the borders of Central Asia. This research examines the role of Hazara leaders from the rise of Nader Shah to the events that followed his death. It explores the presence of Darvish Ali Khan Hazara in power dynamics in the western part of present-day Afghanistan and the Herat region, the presence of Bonyad Khan Hazara in power dynamics and his confrontation with Shoja-ol-Saltaneh, as well as his alliance with Fateh Khan Afghan. Additionally, the role of Shir Mohammad Khan Nezam-od-Dowleh in the political issues of the time, which led to tensions between him and Asaf-od-Dowleh Qajar, is examined. The activities of the successors of Karimdad Khan and their relations with the Alikozai ruler of Herat, confrontations with the Turkmens, the rivalry between the Qarai and the Hazara, the presence of Hazara forces in the conflicts in northern Khorasan alongside the central government, and their participation with the Constitutionalists of Khorasan and the Provincial Council of Khorasan are also analyzed. The findings revealed that the Charaweemak Hazara tribe, Badghis branch, played a significant role in local and regional power dynamics from the time of Nader Shah’s reign, throughout the Qajar dynasty, and up to the Constitutional Revolution, alongside other local tribes of Western Khorasan, Northwestern Afghanistan, and the Central Asian Khanates in the region's power equations.
The Relationship Between Public Policy in the Domain of Public Economic Law Policy
Authors: Ettehad Nezhad Tayyebeh , Rahimi Rohollah , Baseri Babak , Zarabi Hamid
Published: October 2024

The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between public policy in the domain of public economic law policy. The primary policymakers in the field of public economics, in light of ethical schools of thought, aim to distinguish between the current state and desired goals. They strive to bridge the gap between what is and what should be by utilizing various tools. On the other hand, the successful implementation of these processes depends on the continuous evaluation of all components of these two main and significant factors, which is typically carried out based on various elements such as the governing principles of public law and economic policy. Muslim jurists generally extract these principles by referring to numerous Quranic verses and Hadiths or by utilizing different jurisprudential approaches. In addition to these legal discussions, various economic schools have also structured their systems of policy evaluation using their own targeted and diverse criteria regarding moral valuation. The findings indicate that choosing any of the approaches—deontology, virtue ethics, or ethical economics—has specific implications for evaluating the policies of different legal and economic schools. Muslim economists, as well, have proposed other methods, aside from normative ethical theories, to derive the governing principles of Islamic economic policies. They have adopted frameworks of Islamic economic value systems based on referencing Quranic verses, Hadiths, or employing jurisprudential approaches to extract these principles.
Women's Political Participation in Mazandaran Province and the Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting It
Authors: Soltani Zeynab , Heydarabadi Abolghasem , Pahlavan Manouchehr , Hashemnejad Abrasi Fatemeh
Published: October 2024

The aim of this study is to examine and investigate the socio-cultural factors influencing women's political participation in Mazandaran. The theoretical framework is based on the perspectives of Robert Putnam, Habermas, Lerner, Milbrath, and Lipset. The research method is a survey, and the unit of analysis is women over 18 years of age. The sampling method is multi-stage cluster sampling, and the sample size, according to Cochran's formula, is 384 individuals. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis methods include Pearson correlation coefficient, path analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software. Face validity was used to assess validity, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the dependent variable of political participation was 0.885, indicating the reliability of the variables. The findings showed that the average political participation in both the objective and subjective dimensions of political participation was moderate. About 8.9% reported very low levels of political participation. Approximately 17.7% indicated low participation, about 33.8% reported moderate participation, about 21.4% reported high participation, and about 14.6% reported very high political participation. There is a positive and direct relationship between the variables of social capital, political socialization, the extent of media use, cultural capital, religiosity, and the level of social security with the level of political participation in both objective and subjective dimensions. Regression analysis shows that 41.2% of the variance in women's political participation is related to the independent variables. The highest explanation of variance and changes in women's political participation belong to the variables of political socialization and social capital, respectively. In conclusion, strengthening and enhancing social and cultural capital, the feeling of security, socialization, political socialization, and religious beliefs can play a significant role in shaping women's attitudes towards political participation in both the subjective and objective dimensions of political participation, encouraging women residing in the cities of Mazandaran province to increase their political participation in various social arenas.
A Study on Understanding the Phenomenon of Child Marriage Among Beneficiaries of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Lorestan
Authors: Tajbakhsh Gholamreza , Nadri Behnaz
Published: October 2024

Early marriage or child marriage has become one of the complex and significant issues in contemporary societies, with widespread effects on individuals and communities. The present study aims to investigate the lived experiences of women in child marriages in the cities of Kuhdasht and Aligudarz in Lorestan. This research is qualitative in nature, utilizing the phenomenological technique. Through purposive sampling, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 women who were child brides in the cities of Kuhdasht and Aligudarz. The analysis of the interviews revealed that respondents defined child marriage based on legal definitions of minimum age, life skills, and sexual and cognitive maturity. Most child brides did not have a choice in selecting this form of marriage, and factors such as economic poverty, cultural pressure, social acceptance, personality traits, and family character were identified as the main causes of child marriage. In their mental meaning systems, child brides perceive this type of marriage as having an exhausting, undesirable, and relative (both positive and negative depending on its effects and causes) nature. Examining the phenomenon of child marriage and early marriage requires a comprehensive focus on a set of underlying factors, consequences, and effects to obtain a more complete picture of this phenomenon and to minimize its harm.
Ethics-Oriented and Anti-Ethical Political Conduct of Rulers in the Political Society of Iran Based on Karen Horney's Theory: A Review of Historical Books
Authors: Safdel Tehrani Mohammad Javad , Amini Ali Akbar , Rahbar Ahoura
Published: October 2024

The aim of the present research was to examine the ethics-oriented and anti-ethical political conduct of rulers in the political society of Iran based on Karen Horney's theory, with a review of historical books. Due to the nature of the research, we have employed a descriptive-analytical method based on documents and evidence. Ethics, by fostering a sublime and valuable spirit in the political sphere, prevents the emergence of social challenges, conflicts, and disputes, and by disseminating human values among the members of society, increases social cohesion and solidarity. In this regard, whether we consider politics as a profession or as a field that affects and is affected by all people according to their responsibilities and multiple roles in life, it is necessary to introduce specific ethical codes for this field. Regarding political ethics, no code or indicator has been introduced so far by scientific or political institutions. The book Kalila and Dimna, as a historical work, is a multi-layered and hybrid piece in which glimpses of three civilizations—India, Iran, and Islam (even a faint touch of Greek civilization)—can be observed. Centuries after the writing and translation of this book in the West, Machiavelli's The Prince was written with the same theme. The main question is: What perspectives do Kalila and Dimna and The Prince, as two historical-literary works, have on political ethics in society, and what are the similarities and differences between the two books? The method used to analyze and explain the subject is Karen Horney's psychological approach, which dissects four personality types: compliant, aggressive, detached, and idealized self. The conclusion drawn from this study is that in both books, political ethics is the central issue. However, in Kalila and Dimna, anti-ethical behavior is despicable and condemned, and anti-ethical figures like "Dimna" meet a bitter end, while in The Prince, the anti-ethical ruler faces no punishment for his conduct.
Confrontation and Cooperation between the Clergy and Constitutional Intellectuals
Authors: Alipoor Jenagard Behzad
Published: October 2024

The ideas of the clergy and intellectuals, as well as the nature of their confrontation and cooperation during the Constitutional Revolution, have been examined. Given that numerous articles have been written on the Constitutional Revolution and its various aspects, the present article seeks to analyze the confrontation and cooperation between the clergy and the constitutional intellectuals from a different perspective. By presenting the views of some Shiite authorities and leading scholars of that period, alongside the perspectives of European-educated intellectuals, this descriptive-analytical study aims to answer the question: why was there initial cooperation between the clergy and intellectuals in the struggle against despotism at the beginning of the Constitutional movement, but after a while, especially after the victory of the constitutionalists, did cooperation give way to confrontation and conflict between them, ultimately leading to its failure? The hypothesis is that both groups, the clergy and the intellectuals, set aside many of their ideological differences during the physical and field struggle against despotism, due to their shared goal of rejecting the status quo. This shared goal was the primary reason for their initial success. However, various factors, such as the silent interference of foreign powers acting in their own interests, and the incompatibility and conflict among the factions leading the Constitutional Revolution—each of which pursued its own specific objectives after the victory—led to the movement's disintegration and ultimately to the rise of another authoritarian figure, Reza Khan.
A Sociological Analysis of the Role of Good Governance in Social Cohesion (Case Study: Citizens of Garmsar City)
Authors: Amiri Ahmad , Pirahari Nayer , Sedaghati Fard Mojtaba
Published: October 2024

At present, given that Iran is in a transitional period from a traditional society to a modern one, the issues arising from a lack of cohesion and the limited participation of various social groups in social and political arenas are becoming increasingly evident across different fields. Governance, by either disrupting or fostering social relations and interactions between individuals and society, can either promote or diminish civil life. The aim of the present study is a sociological analysis of the role of good governance in social cohesion. The research method of this dissertation is quantitative, utilizing a survey. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of the citizens of Garmsar city. Using a cluster sampling method followed by quota sampling, 384 individuals were selected as the statistical sample. The data were analyzed based on descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS22 software and structural equation modeling software Lisrel. The data analysis indicates that there is a significant relationship between good governance and commitment, belonging, order, and belief. Additionally, using structural equation modeling, the factors of the right to voice (0.30), political stability (0.20), effectiveness (0.16), regulatory quality (0.20), rule of law (0.31), and control of corruption (0.31) altogether explain the relationship between good governance and social cohesion (0.65).
Explanation and Analysis of the Function of Religious Rites and Rituals in the Lives of Shia Iranians During the Qajar Period
Authors: Khodaie Masoumeh , Torabi Farsani Soheila , Boushasb Gousheh Feizollah
Published: October 2024

This study aims to explain and analyze the function of religious rites and rituals in the lives of Shia Iranians during the Qajar period. The research is considered a historical study and has been written using a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources. The information related to the study was collected through note-taking. In this research, the religious customs and rituals of the people during the Qajar period are discussed in various aspects, including birth, marriage, divorce, death, clothing, and the religious holidays of Nowruz, Ghadir, Qorban, Ramadan, and Muharram. The results of the study indicate that, similar to the Safavid era, religious rites and rituals were practiced during the Qajar period, and Qajar kings were also committed to performing customs at both the popular and aristocratic levels. During this period, with the beginning of Iran's contact with the West and Naser al-Din Shah Qajar’s first trip to Europe, Western culture and modernity entered the country significantly, and the methods of celebrating religious ceremonies and mourning during the months of Muharram and Ramadan underwent changes. Some religious customs, such as Chavosh Khani and Taziyeh, reached their peak during this period, while others, such as Bast Neshini, were temporarily discontinued and then limited to specific locations after the death of Amir Kabir.
Methodological analysis of virtual space and its effects on the identity and political authority of a person
Authors: Mehr Azin Mehdi , Moeinipoor Masood
Published: October 2024

This article examines the analysis of identification methods and the effects of virtual space on a person's identity and political authority. This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative, and data collection has been used in collecting materials and data. In today's world, virtual space plays an important role in political interactions and communications, and its effect on a person's identity and political authority can be seen. Virtual space allows people to access more political information and resources, which can be effective in strengthening their public knowledge and political knowledge. Also, the possibility of publishing one's opinions and views about political issues in cyberspace helps to strengthen one's political identity and increase one's political authority. People can participate in online communities and communicate with people with similar opinions, which can also be effective in strengthening their political identity and increasing their political authority. Also, cyberspace allows people to influence public opinion about political issues, which can be effective in increasing political authority and influencing political decisions. Therefore, cyberspace can be used as a powerful tool to strengthen one's identity and increase one's political authority. But the important thing to consider is the responsible use of this space and compliance with its rules and principles.
The Role of the Second Pahlavi Government in the Establishment and Promotion of the Tourism Industry in the Persian Gulf
Authors: Zandiyeh Hasan , Azizi Khalkhali Maede
Published: October 2024

The tourism industry, in its modern form, emerged in Iran for the first time during the Pahlavi era. Initially, in 1935, an office titled "Office for Foreign Travelers and Publicity" was established, and its activities were limited to publishing tourism brochures and guidebooks. The growth and development of this industry were realized through the establishment of the "Tourism Attraction Organization" in 1966 and the formation of the "Ministry of Information and Tourism" in 1974. One of the destinations that has always been attractive and of interest to tourists is the southern ports and islands of Iran. These places, with their various historical, environmental, and cultural attractions, have always drawn tourists to them. Among these regions, Kish Island, with features such as favorable weather, beautiful nature, historical sites, and rare plant and animal species, became one of the islands receiving special attention for tourism development in southern Iran during the Second Pahlavi period. In the present research, based on sources such as memoirs of Pahlavi officials and available documents, and using a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to answer the question of how the tourism industry grew and developed in the Iranian ports and islands of the Persian Gulf during the Second Pahlavi era, particularly Kish Island, which became an international tourist island during this period.