bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Male genital lichen sclerosus, microincontinence and occlusion: mapping the disease across the prepuce
Authors: Kravvas Georgios , Muneer Asif , Watchorn Richard E. , Castiglione Fabio , Haider Aiman , Freeman Alex , Hadway Paul , Alnajjar Hussain , Lynch Magnus , Bunker Christopher B.
Published: February 2022

Background

Male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc) can lead to significant sexual dysfunction and urological morbidity, and is also a risk factor for premalignant disease (penile intraepithelial neoplasia and penile cancer), particularly squamous cell carcinoma. Although the precise aetiopathogenesis of MGLSc remains controversial, accumulated evidence indicates that it is related to chronic, intermittent, occluded exposure to urine.

Aim

To perform spatial mapping of MGLSc across the human prepuce and assess how this supports the urinary occlusion hypothesis.

Methods

Preputial samples were collected from 10 patients with clinically diagnosed MGLSc undergoing circumcision. The samples were then divided into a grid pattern and 10 punch biopsies were obtained from each section to determine the extent and distribution of the disease process across each prepuce.

Results

All 10 patients reported having urinary microincontinence, and all were histologically confirmed as having MGLSc. The most proximal aspect of the prepuce was found to be universally affected by MGLSc in all patients, whereas the most distal part was overwhelmingly shown to be the least affected area. Of the 63 MGLSc-affected regions, 62 were in direct physical contiguity with one another. The histological extent of the disease was not found to be congruent with either the severity of the symptoms reported by the patients or the clinical examination.

Conclusion

In uncircumcised men with urinary microincontinence, after the prepuce has been replaced post micturition, small amounts of urine can pool between the juxtaposed epithelial surfaces. The proximal aspect of the prepuce is subjected to the maximum amount of occlusion and maximal contact with accumulated urine, whereas the distal prepuce is subjected to the least. Our findings suggest that accentuated contact between urine and susceptible penile epithelium due to occlusion can lead to MGLSc. Furthermore, contiguity data suggest that once established, it is possible that MGLSc advances across tissues by physical contact. This is the first study examining the changes in the preputial landscape in patients with LSc and contributes to our understanding of disease aetiology and progression.
Exome sequencing reveals the first intragenic deletion in ABCA5 underlying autosomal recessive hypertrichosis
Authors: Raza Rubab , Ullah Asmat , Haider Nighat , Krishin Jai , Shah Muqadar , Khan Fati Ullah , Abdullah  , Hansen Torben , Raza Syed Irfan , Ahmad Wasim , Basit Sulman
Published: February 2022

Background

Hereditary hypertrichosis (HH) is characterized by excessive hair growth on various body areas, which is independent of the individual's age. This rare hair disorder has been classified by its origin (genetic or acquired), age of onset, breadth of hair distribution (universal or localized) and the affected body areas. HH is often linked to several additional congenital abnormalities involving teeth, heart and bones. Human HH is associated with heterozygous genomic duplications and deletions in the chromosomal region 17q24.2–q24.3, containing genes such as ABCA5, ABCA6, ABCA10 and MAP2K6. Recently, a homozygous splice-site variant in ABCA5 has been reported to cause autosomal recessive congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis (CGHT; OMIM 135400).

Aim

To investigate the clinical and genetic basis of autosomal recessive hypertrichosis in a large consanguineous Pakistani family.

Methods

In the present study, we characterized a family of Pakistani origin segregating CGHT in an autosomal recessive pattern, using whole exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing

Results

We identified a novel 2-bp intragenic deletion [NM_172232.4(ABCA5);c.977_978delAT] causing a frameshift variant (p.His326ArgfsTer5) in ABCA5.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first intragenic deletion in ABCA5 underlying CGHT. The findings further validate the involvement of ABCA5 in hair development. The study will facilitate genetic counselling of families carrying CGHT-related features in Pakistani and other populations.
Effect of estradiol on cognition in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: A randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Russell Nicholas , Allebone James , Dandash Orwa , Hoermann Rudolf , Cheung Ada S. , Zajac Jeffrey D. , Handelsman David J. , Kanaan Richard A. , Grossmann Mathis
Published: February 2022

Objective

Roles for estradiol in modulating cognition in men remain uncertain. We assessed the isolated effects of estradiol on cognition in men in the absence of testosterone.

Design

Randomized trial of transdermal estradiol 0.9 mg daily, or matched placebo, for 6 months, hypothesizing that estradiol would improve verbal learning, verbal memory, and spatial problem solving over time.

Patients

Men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer.

Measurements

Cognition was assessed by a tablet‐based cognitive battery (Cogstate) at baseline, Month 1, Month 3, and Month 6. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results

Seventy‐eight participants were randomized. Baseline mean scores were 21.0 (standard deviation [SD] 4.1) for the International Shopping List test (ISL), assessing verbal learning and memory (higher scores better), and 60.4 (SD 19.5) for the Groton Maze Learning test (GML), assessing spatial problem solving (lower scores better). There was no significant difference in performance over time for the estradiol group versus the placebo group for the ISL, mean adjusted difference (MAD) 0.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] −1.2 to 2.5), p = .36, or the GML, MAD −3.2 (95% CI −12.0 to 5.6), p = 0.53. There was no significant difference between groups over time in performance in any other cognitive domain, or on depression or anxiety scores.

Conclusions

We found no major effects of estradiol on cognition in men with castrate testosterone concentrations. Although the cognitive effects of ADT are debated, this study suggests that any such effects are unlikely to be prevented by the administration of estradiol.
Alcohol and tobacco use in Portuguese adolescents: The relationship with social factors, future expectations, physical and psychological symptoms
Authors: Cerqueira Ana , Gaspar Tania , Botelho Guedes Fábio , Godeau Emmanuelle , Gaspar de Matos Margarida
Published: February 2022

The influence that social factors (relationship with teachers, peers and family support), future expectations, physical and psychological symptoms exert on the adolescents’ tobacco and alcohol consumption is analyzed, and the differences between users and non‐users are analyzed as well. This work is part of the HBSC study. The results show that substance use is associated with more physical and psychological symptoms, worse relationship with teachers and peers, less family support, and lower future expectations. It is important to intervene towards the construction of more positive future expectations and relationships and the promotion of physical and psychological well‐being, as protective factors against substance use.
A timeline of oligodendrocyte death and proliferation following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Peng Kang , Koduri Sravanthi , Ye Fenghui , Yang Jinting , Keep Richard F. , Xi Guohua , Hua Ya
Published: February 2022

Aims

White matter (WM) injury is a critical factor associated with worse outcomes following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the detailed pathological changes are not completely understood. This study investigates temporal changes in the corpus callosum (CC), including WM edema and oligodendrocyte death after SAH, and the role of lipocalin‐2 (LCN2) in those changes.

Methods

Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in adult wild‐type or LCN2 knockout mice via endovascular perforation. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed 4 hours, 1 day, and 8 days after SAH, and T2 hyperintensity changes within the CC were quantified to represent WM edema. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate oligodendrocyte death and proliferation.

Results

Subarachnoid hemorrhage induced significant CC T2 hyperintensity at 4 hours and 1 day that diminished significantly by 8 days post‐procedure. Comparing changes between the 4 hours and 1 day, each individual mouse had an increase in CC T2 hyperintensity volume. Oligodendrocyte death was observed at 4 hours, 1 day, and 8 days after SAH induction, and there was progressive loss of mature oligodendrocytes, while immature oligodendrocytes/oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) proliferated back to baseline by Day 8 after SAH. Moreover, LCN2 knockout attenuated WM edema and oligodendrocyte death at 24 hours after SAH.

Conclusions

Subarachnoid hemorrhage leads to T2 hyperintensity change within the CC, which indicates WM edema. Oligodendrocyte death was observed in the CC within 1 day of SAH, with a partial recovery by Day 8. SAH‐induced WM injury was alleviated in an LCN2 knockout mouse model.
Infants’ object interactions are long and complex during everyday joint engagement
Authors: Schatz Jacob L. , Suarez‐Rivera Catalina , Kaplan Brianna E. , Tamis‐LeMonda Catherine S.
Published: February 2022

As infants interact with the object world, they generate rich information about object properties and functions. Much of infant learning unfolds in the presence of caregivers, who talk about and act on the objects of infant play. Does mother joint engagement correspond to real‐time changes in the complexity and duration of infant object interactions? We observed 38 mothers and their first‐born infants (cross‐sectional, 13, 18, and 23 months) during 2 h of everyday activity as infants freely navigated their home environments. Behavioral coding explored thousands of infant object interactions within and outside mother joint engagement. Object interactions involving exclusively simple play were shorter than complex play bouts. Critically, mothers’ multimodal input (i.e., touching/gesturing toward and talking about the focal object) corresponded with more complex and longer play bouts than when mothers provided no input. Bouts involving complex play and multimodal input lasted 7.5 times longer than simple play bouts absent mother input. Moreover, “action‐orienting talk” (e.g., “Twist it”, “Feed dolly”), rather than talk per se, corresponded with longer bout duration and complexity. Notably, the association between joint engagement and play duration was not a function of mothers having more time to join. Analyses that eliminated short infant bouts and considered the timing of mothers’ behaviors confirmed that mother input “extended” the duration of play bouts. As infants actively explore their environments, their object interactions change moment to moment in the presence of mothers’ multimodal engagement.
Challenges and practices arising during public health emergencies: A qualitative survey on ethics committees
Authors: Ekmekci Perihan Elif , Güner Müberra Devrim , Buruk Banu , Güneş Begüm , Arda Berna , Görkey Şefik
Published: February 2022

The particular dynamics of public health emergencies urge scientists and Ethics Committee (EC) members to change and adapt their operating procedures to function effectively. Despite having previous pandemic experiences, ethics committees were unprepared to adapt to COVID‐19 pandemic challenges. This survey aims to learn and thoroughly discuss the most salient issues for ECs during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The results indicate that the main problems faced by ECs were lack of/insufficient regulations, lack of data/experience/knowledge, sloppy review, poor research design, and poor adaptation to quarantine measures. Coping with factors that threaten the autonomy and independence of ECs, the ethical dilemma regarding maximizing common good versus protecting the rights and well‐being of study participants, comprehending the change in the context of vulnerable populations, and redefining the role of ECs to strengthen trust in science and vaccine confidence were outstanding issues.
Nest refuse extract deters ant herbivory
Authors: Sousa‐Souto Leandro , Ambrogi Bianca Giuliano , Santos Rafaella Santana
Published: February 2022

Leaf‐cutting ants (LCA) try to reduce the risk of contamination in their colonies by avoiding contact with their nest refuse (NR), as it can harbor substances harmful to them and their symbiotic fungi. Here, we tested whether an aqueous extract with 10% (vol/vol) of NR of the leaf‐cutting ant Atta opaciceps Borgmeier (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Attini) causes a deterrent effect. We placed leaves of Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis L. (Malvaceae) sprayed with NR extract or distilled water (control) in the foraging areas of 12 colonies – eight colonies of A. opaciceps and four of Atta sexdens (L.) – for 60 min, on three consecutive days. The fresh weight of remaining leaf fragments between treatments was compared using linear‐mixed effect models. Leaf consumption was significantly lower in the presence of NR extract for 48 h, indicating that the NR odor impregnated in the leaves may have been the responsible factor for the deterrence. Further studies are needed to establish a deterrent extract with a broad spectrum and lasting effect on plants, and to better understand the mechanisms involved in deterrence.
Oviposition site selection in the crepuscular moth, Grapholita molesta: does light matter?
Authors: Yang Xiaofan , Lu Ziyun , Ran Hongfan , Ma Aihong , Liu Wenxu , Li Jiancheng , Wei Guoshu
Published: February 2022

Some insects that particularly prefer sunny or shaded sites use light intensity to locate suitable oviposition sites during the day. However, it is not known whether crepuscular species can be guided by light for oviposition under dim or variable light conditions. We used the crepuscular moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major pest of stone and pome fruits worldwide, to investigate oviposition response to light at various intensities (1000, 100, 10, and 1 mW m−2). Light intensity in sunny sites in a peach tree canopy is about 10× higher than in shaded sites. In both light vs. dark and brighter light vs. darker light choices, G. molesta females can discriminate differences in light intensity, exhibiting a strong preference for brighter light, independent of light intensity. Moreover, the light‐dependent oviposition responses did not change when exposed to odor stimuli. Our findings show that this crepuscular moth G. molesta can use light intensity to direct oviposition toward relatively sunny sites under dim light conditions. This study highlights the importance of vision for crepuscular species in oviposition site selection.
Exploring the power of moth samples to reveal community patterns along shallow ecological gradients
Authors: Uhl Britta , Wölfling Mirko , Fiedler Konrad
Published: February 2022

Analysing the effects of environmental variation on species assemblages is a key topic in community ecology. However, the outcome may strongly depend on the focal species group. Moths have often been used as the target in ecological studies due to their fast response to environmental change. Yet, some moth subgroups might be more sensitive than others to reflect environmental differences, depending on their functional and physiological characteristics.

We investigated which moth subsets are especially suitable to mirror responses to subtle variation in vegetation. We analysed the susceptibility of different subsets to local weather conditions and inter‐annual fluctuations. Finally, we checked for the importance of including abundance information. We analysed moth communities (392 species, 23.870 individuals) at 60 sites within two Mediterranean forest reserves and investigated relationships between community composition and environment of (1) all moths (with and without taking abundances into account), and of subsets comprising only (2) small‐sized species, (3) host‐plant specialists, (4) moss, lichen and detritus feeding species, (5) ‘microlepidoptera’, (6) ‘macro‐moths’ and (7) random subsets of 50, 100 and 200 species.

Incidence data performed similarly to abundance data in matrix regression models. Host plant specialists responded especially sensitive to small‐scaled variation in vegetation composition. Macro‐moth samples in contrast were highly prone to local weather conditions and to inter‐annual abundance fluctuations. Accordingly, a focus on host‐specialists and micro‐moths is the best way to analyse relationships between shallow environmental gradients and insect communities.
Temperament and character dimensions as psychological markers of mood disorders in Polish adolescents and young adults—A prospective study
Authors: Rajewska‐Rager Aleksandra , Staniek Maria , Kucharska‐Kowalczyk Kamila , Kapelski Pawel , Lepczynska Natalia , Dmitrzak‐Weglarz Monika , Pawlak Joanna , Skibinska Maria
Published: February 2022

Background

An increasing incidence of mood disorders in adolescents and young adults is being observed. The assessment of personality traits seems to be an interesting tool in identifying early markers of major depression (MD) or bipolar disorder (BD) as well as predictors of the course of the disease. The aim of this study was to compare the personality profiles in young patients with MD and BD in acute and remitted mood states.

Methods

Seventy‐nine adolescents and young adults with mood disorder diagnoses (MD or BD) were included in the study. The participants were assessed based on structured diagnostic interviews and completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). The clinical evaluation was conducted during the acute episodes and after reaching the stabilized mood in the course of follow‐up visits in a 2‐year study observation.

Results

At baseline, MD patients had higher scores on the harm avoidance (HA) with more pronounced anticipatory worry and fatigability subscale than BD patients. Conversely, BD patients reached higher scores in the total self‐directedness (SD) character dimension and its sub‐dimensions. MD patients with acute depressive symptoms had higher scores in the HA dimension and its subscale: anticipatory worry, shyness, and fatigability compared with their euthymic states. No significant differences in TCI dimensions between baseline and euthymia in the BD subgroup were found, and no differences between euthymic MD and BD patients.

Conclusions

Higher ST and SD sub‐dimensions may constitute a personality profile specific to BD, while high HA seems to be related to major depression in both acute and remitted states in young patients.
BLSNet: Skin lesion detection and classification using broad learning system with incremental learning algorithm
Authors: Gottumukkala V. S. S. P. Raju , Kumaran N. , Sekhar V. Chandra
Published: February 2022

Background

Skin lesion detection and classification (SLDC) is extremely important in the diagnosis of skin cancer and detection of melanoma cancer. As a result, the use of image processing equipment integrated with artificial intelligence can assist dermatologists in their decision‐making and examination. In addition, all deep learning (DL) structures consumes more time due to the large number of associated factors in filters and layers. Furthermore, if the architecture is insufficient to prototype the classification system, it must go through a lengthy retraining procedure.

Material and method

Therefore, this article proposes a broad learning system (BLS) using incremental learning algorithm for the classification of non‐melanoma and melanoma skin lesions from dermoscopic images. Here after the proposed model is termed as BLSNet.

Results

Experiments on ISIC 2019 and PH2 dataset indicate that proposed SLDC using BLSNet out‐perform the existing DL‐based SLDC models with an accuracy of 99.09% and F1‐score of 98.73%. Further, the overall execution time of proposed BLSNet is 0.93 s, which is superior as compared to the conventional approaches.

Conclusion

Thus, the performance trade‐off between classification accuracy and execution time is achieved using proposed BLSNet model.
Anal cytological abnormalities and human papillomavirus infection in women living with HIV: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gupta Ruchika , Kaur Avineet , Sandeep  , Singh Sompal , Gupta Sanjay
Published: February 2022

Objective

To provide a summary estimate of the prevalence of anal cytological abnormalities and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as well as their covariates in women living with HIV (WLHIV).

Methods

Four databases – PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and Web of Science – were searched up to 31 May 2021 for studies reporting on the prevalence and/or covariates of abnormal anal cytology and/or anal HPV infection in WLHIV. The data were extracted independently by two authors using standardized extraction forms. Random effect models were used to estimate the summary effect sizes.

Results

A total of 29 studies were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of anal cytological abnormalities in WLHIV was 28.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 22.8–35.5]. High‐grade cytological lesions were seen in 12.1% (95% CI: 8.5–17.2) of the abnormal smears. HPV infection (any type) in the anal samples was detected in 60.7% (95% CI: 54.1–68.0) of the samples while high‐risk HPV was found in 44.0% (95% CI: 37.6–51.5). A positive association was seen between anal cytological abnormality and factors such as receptive anal intercourse [meta‐risk ratio (meta‐RR) = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.3–1.8], having multiple sexual partners (1.6, 95% CI: 1.0–2.5), CD4 count < 200 cells/µL (4.6, 95% CI: 3.0–6.9), anal HPV (4.6, 95% CI: 2.4–8.8), abnormal cervical cytology (2.3, 95% CI: 2.0–2.8), and cervical HPV (meta‐RR 4.6, 95% CI: 2.2–9.8). Anal HPV infection was significantly associated with cervical HPV positivity (2.5, 95% CI: 1.2–5.3).

Conclusions

Our results highlight the high prevalence of abnormal anal cytology and HPV infection in WLHIV. The positive association of anal cytological abnormality with parameters such as abnormal cervical cytology, cervical HPV infection and low CD4 count suggests that anal sex history and examination may be considered in WLHIV undergoing screening for sexually transmitted infection and possessing any of these risk factors.
Basic slag corrosion of alumina–magnesia–carbon refractory bricks containing Al and Si antioxidants
Authors: Calvo Walter Andrés , Dignani María Luján , Galliano Pablo Germán , Brandaleze Elena , Martínez Analía G. Tomba
Published: February 2022

The slag‐corrosion behavior of two alumina–magnesia–carbon refractories (AMC) with different antioxidants (Si and Al) has been comparatively studied by means of thermodynamic simulation and laboratory tests. A cup test (static) at 1723 K and 1873 K and dipping test (dynamic) at 1873 K were carried out using a steelmaking ladle slag. An iterative method that considers the change of the liquid's composition while it penetrates the refractory was employed for the thermodynamic calculation. The simulation as well as the static tests showed similar performance between both refractories (5% of wear at 1723 K and 6% at 1873 K). In spite of the type of antioxidant, the material with smaller particles of magnesia exhibited better performance in the dynamic test, with 55% less wear than the other AMC brick. This behavior was attributed to the faster MgAl2O4 spinel formation, which increased the material's cohesion, especially the matrix, during the heating stage. The Si antioxidant improved oxidation resistance, although it did not have a positive effect on the corrosion resistance of the material in any of the performed tests.
The national burden of influenza‐like illness and severe respiratory illness overall and associated with nine respiratory viruses in South Africa, 2013–2015
Authors: Tempia Stefano , Moyes Jocelyn , Cohen Adam L. , Walaza Sibongile , McMorrow Meredith L. , Treurnicht Florette K. , Hellferscee Orienka , Wolter Nicole , von Gottberg Anne , Dawood Halima , Variava Ebrahim , Cohen Cheryl
Published: February 2022

Background

Estimates of the disease burden associated with different respiratory viruses are severely limited in low‐ and middle‐income countries, especially in Africa.

Methods

We estimated age‐specific numbers and rates of medically and non‐medically attended influenza‐like illness (ILI) and severe respiratory illness (SRI) that were associated with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus and parainfluenza virus types 1–3 after adjusting for the attributable fraction (AF) of virus detection to illness in South Africa during 2013–2015. The base rates were estimated from five surveillance sites and extrapolated nationally.

Results

The mean annual rates per 100,000 population were 51,383 and 4196 for ILI and SRI, respectively. Of these, 26% (for ILI) and 46% (for SRI) were medically attended. Among outpatients with ILI, rhinovirus had the highest AF‐adjusted rate (7221), followed by influenza (6443) and adenovirus (1364); whereas, among inpatients with SRI, rhinovirus had the highest AF‐adjusted rate (400), followed by RSV (247) and influenza (130). Rhinovirus (9424) and RSV (2026) had the highest AF‐adjusted rates among children aged <5 years with ILI or SRI, respectively, whereas rhinovirus (757) and influenza (306) had the highest AF‐adjusted rates among individuals aged ≥65 years with ILI or SRI, respectively.

Conclusions

There was a substantial burden of ILI and SRI in South Africa during 2013–2015. Rhinovirus and influenza had a prominent disease burden among patients with ILI. RSV and influenza were the most prominent causes of SRI in children and the elderly, respectively.
Respiratory syncytial virus‐associated acute respiratory illness in adult non‐immunocompromised patients: Outcomes, determinants of outcomes, and the effect of oral ribavirin treatment
Authors: Wongsurakiat Phunsup , Sunhapanit Siwadol , Muangman Nisa
Published: February 2022

Background

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an increasingly common cause of respiratory illness in adult non‐immunocompromised patients. Oral ribavirin was reported to improve outcomes of RSV infection in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to determine the outcomes of non‐immunocompromised patients hospitalized with RSV‐associated acute respiratory illnesses (RSV‐ARI), the factors independently associated with the outcomes and the effect of oral ribavirin treatment.

Methods

This retrospective, observational cohort study included 175 adults admitted to the hospital with virologically confirmed RSV‐ARI during 2014–2019. Severe ARI was identified using Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society (IDSA/ATS) criteria for severe community‐acquired pneumonia. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality within 30 days after enrollment. A multivariable Cox model was performed to identify significant predictors of mortality.

Results

Mean age was 76 ± 12.7 years. Seventy‐eight (44.6%) patients met the diagnostic criteria for severe ARI. Thirty‐six (20.6%) patients required invasive mechanical ventilation, and 11 (6.3%) required vasopressor. Ninety‐nine (56.6%) patients received oral ribavirin treatment, and 52 (29.7%) received systemic corticosteroids. Forty‐one (23.4%) patients had evidence of bacterial infection. Overall mortality was 7.4%. Mortality among patients with non‐severe ARI and severe ARI was 1.04% and 15.4%, respectively. Estimated glomerular filtration rate <50 ml/min/1.73 m2, severe ARI, systemic corticosteroids, and bacterial infection were independently associated with higher risk of mortality. Treatment with oral ribavirin was the only factor associated with reduced mortality (adjusted HR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04–0.9, P = 0.03).

Conclusion

RSV‐ARI may result in significant mortality and health care utilization. Treatment with oral ribavirin may improve survival in these patients.
The prevalence of mental health conditions in healthcare workers during and after a pandemic: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hill James Edward , Harris Catherine , Danielle L. Christian , Boland Paul , Doherty Alison J. , Benedetto Valerio , Gita Bhutani E. , Clegg Andrew J.
Published: February 2022

Aims

This review aims to explore the prevalence and incidence rates of mental health conditions in healthcare workers during and after a pandemic outbreak and which factors influence rates.

Background

Pandemics place considerable burden on care services, impacting on workers' health and their ability to deliver services. We systematically reviewed the prevalence and incidence of mental health conditions in care workers during pandemics.

Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Data sources

Searches of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and PsychINFO for cohort, cross‐sectional and case–control studies were undertaken on the 31 March 2020 (from inception to 31 March 2020).

Review methods

Only prevalence or incidence rates for mental health conditions from validated tools were included. Study selection, data extraction and quality assessment were carried out by two reviewers. Meta‐analyses and subgroup analyses were produced for pandemic period (pre‐ and post), age, country income, country, clinical setting for major depression disorder (MDD), anxiety disorder and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Results

No studies of incidence were found. Prevalence estimates showed that the most common mental health condition was PTSD (21.7%) followed by anxiety disorder (16.1%), MDD (13.4%) and acute stress disorder (7.4%) (low risk of bias). For symptoms of these conditions there was substantial variation in the prevalence estimates for depression (95% confidence interval [CI]:31.8%; 60.5%), anxiety (95% CI:34.2%; 57.7%) and PTSD symptoms (95% CI,21.4%; 65.4%) (moderate risk of bias). Age, level of exposure and type of care professional were identified as important moderating factors.

Conclusion

Mental disorders affect healthcare workers during and after infectious disease pandemics, with higher proportions experiencing symptoms.

Impact

This review provides prevalence estimates of mental health conditions during and after a pandemic which could be used to inform service staffing impact and formulation of preventative strategies, by identifying clinical populations who may be at high risk of developing mental health symptoms and conditions.
Recent advances of transcriptomics and proteomics in triple‐negative breast cancer prognosis assessment
Authors: Li Yuan , Kong Xiangyi , Wang Zhongzhao , Xuan Lixue
Published: February 2022

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC), a heterogeneous tumour that lacks the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), is often characterized by aggressiveness and tends to recur or metastasize. TNBC lacks therapeutic targets compared with other subtypes and is not sensitive to endocrine therapy or targeted therapy except chemotherapy. Therefore, identifying the prognostic characteristics and valid therapeutic targets of TNBC could facilitate early personalized treatment. Due to the rapid development of various technologies, researchers are increasingly focusing on integrating ‘big data’ and biological systems, which is referred to as ‘omics’, as a means of resolving it. Transcriptomics and proteomics analyses play an essential role in exploring prospective biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for triple‐negative breast cancers, which provides a powerful engine for TNBC’s therapeutic discovery when combined with complementary information. Here, we review the recent progress of TNBC research in transcriptomics and proteomics to identify possible therapeutic goals and improve the survival of patients with triple‐negative breast cancer. Also, researchers may benefit from this article to catalyse further analysis and investigation to decipher the global picture of TNBC cancer.
Rapid detection of florfenicol antibiotic residues in chicken meat using surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Behvarmanesh Mehran , Malekfar Rasoul , Asadi Gholamhassan , Etezad Seyed Masoud
Published: February 2022

In this study, the surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method was applied to determine florfenicol residues (FF) in chicken meat. Gold nanoparticles were stabilized on the glass slides cost‐effectively by “1‐dodecanethiol.” Three factors, including “solvent types,” “spectroscopy times,” and “ ratio of gold nanoparticles and samples” were examined to optimize the spectrum acquisition. The theoretical Raman spectrum of FF was calculated to compare the experimental spectrum (Asymp. Sig. = 0.0655). FF fingerprint was determined in solid and water‐soluble states, and the index peak assignment was performed. In the quantitative measurements of FF, a value of LOD = 0.25 μg/L was obtained, and its linear regression equation was calculated. In the field activities, FF was added to chickens drinking water (including five dosages in three replications), and FF residues were determined by the SERS and LC/MS/MS methods. The results showed no statistically meaningful differences (Asymp. Sig. = 0.714, p < .01).
Reply to: Comment on: Using smartphone technology to improve prospective memory functioning
Authors: Benge Jared F. , Scullin Michael K.
Published: February 2022

This letter comments on the letter by Liang Xu.
Oxytocin as a potential pharmacological tool to combat obesity
Authors: Olszewski Pawel K. , Noble Emily E. , Paiva Luis , Ueta Yoichi , Blevins James E.
Published: February 2022

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has emerged as an important anorexigen in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. It has been shown that the release of OT and activation of hypothalamic OT neurons coincide with food ingestion. Its effects on feeding have largely been attributed to limiting meal size through interactions in key regulatory brain regions governing the homeostatic control of food intake such as the hypothalamus and hindbrain in addition to key feeding reward areas such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Furthermore, the magnitude of an anorexigenic response to OT and feeding‐related activation of the brain OT circuit are modified by the composition and flavor of a diet, as well as by a social context in which a meal is consumed. OT is particularly effective in reducing consumption of carbohydrates and sweet tastants. Pharmacologic, genetic, and pair‐feeding studies indicate that OT‐elicited weight loss cannot be fully explained by reductions of food intake and that the overall impact of OT on energy balance is also partly a result of OT‐elicited changes in lipolysis, energy expenditure, and glucose regulation. Peripheral administration of OT mimics many of its effects when it is given into the central nervous system, raising the questions of whether and to what extent circulating OT acts through peripheral OT receptors to regulate energy balance. Although OT has been found to elicit weight loss in female mice, recent studies have indicated that sex and estrous cycle may impact oxytocinergic modulation of food intake. Despite the overall promising basic research data, attempts to use OT in the clinical setting to combat obesity and overeating have generated somewhat mixed results. The focus of this mini‐review is to briefly summarize the role of OT in feeding and metabolism, address gaps and inconsistencies in our knowledge, and discuss some of the limitations to the potential use of chronic OT that should help guide future research on OT as a tailor‐made anti‐obesity therapeutic.
The correlation of systemic immune‐inflammation index, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, derived neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio with disease severity in recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Tanacan Efsun , Dinçer Rota Didem , Oktem Rumeysa , Erdogan Fatma Gulru
Published: February 2022

Background/Aim

To evaluate the correlation of systemic immune inflammation index (SII), neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) with disease severity in recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS).

Methods

The present retrospective cohort study was performed on patients with RAS. Patients were divided into three groups: 1) Major (n = 75), 2) Minor (n = 123), and 3) Herpetiform aphthae (n = 17). The study groups were compared in terms of demographic features, acute phase proteins, and complete blood cell count parameters. Moreover, correlation analyses were performed for the correlation of ulcer severity score (USS) with C‐reactive protein (CRP), SII, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin, dNLR, NLR, and PLR.

Results

Significantly higher values were observed for USS, neutrophil count, ferritin, SII, NLR, and dNLR (p < 0.05 for all) in the major and herpetiform aphthae groups compared to the minor aphthae group. Positive, strong, significant correlations were observed between USS, SII, and NLR (r = 0.80 for SII, r = 0.74 for NLR and p < 0.001 for both). Positive, moderate, significant correlations were observed between USS, PLR, ESR, and CRP (r = 0.54 for PLR, r = 0.39 for ESR, r = 0.36 for CRP, and p < 0.001 for all). Positive, weak, significant correlations were observed between USS, dNLR, and ferritin (r = 0.13 and p = 0.05 for ferritin, r = 0.27 and p < 0.001 for dNLR).

Conclusion

Higher values of SII, NLR, dNLR, and PLR were associated with disease severity in patients with RAS.
Evaluation of five collagenase clostridium histolyticum‐aaes injection techniques for the treatment of cellulite on the buttock or thigh
Authors: Kaufman‐Janette Joely , Katz Bruce E. , Vijayan Saji , Xiang Qinfang , Kaminer Michael S.
Published: February 2022

Background

Given differences in buttock versus thigh cellulite, collagenase clostridium histolyticum‐aaes (CCH‐aaes) injection technique may impact treatment effects at these sites.

Aim

To evaluate efficacy and safety of 5 CCH‐aaes injection techniques.

Methods

A phase 2A, open‐label trial enrolled women with mild‐to‐severe cellulite (Clinician Reported Photonumeric Cellulite Severity Scale) on both buttocks or thighs. CCH‐aaes 0.84 mg was administered as 12 injections in each of two buttock or two thigh treatment areas (total dose, 1.68 mg) during three treatment sessions (Days 1, 22, 43). On Day 1, women were sequentially assigned to: Technique A = shallow injection/3 aliquots; Technique B = shallow injection/1 aliquot; Technique C = deep injection/1 aliquot; Technique D = deep and shallow injections/5 aliquots; or Technique E = shallow injection/4 aliquots. Change from baseline in Hexsel Cellulite Severity Scale (CSS) depression depth (range, 0 [no depressions] to 3 [deep depressions]) was assessed at Day 71. Safety was evaluated via adverse events.

Results

Sixty‐three women with buttock (n = 31) or thigh (n = 32) cellulite received ≥1 CCH‐aaes dose. For buttock cellulite, CCH‐aaes injection Technique A resulted in the greatest baseline‐adjusted improvement in CSS score on Day 71 (least‐squares mean, 1.17‐point improvement). For thigh cellulite, CSS score improvement was greatest with Technique D (least‐squares mean, 1.40‐point improvement). CCH injection Techniques A, D, and E were associated with more favorable safety profiles than Techniques B and C.

Conclusion

Different CCH‐aaes injection techniques are required with buttock (Technique A) versus thigh (Technique D) cellulite to optimize treatment outcomes.
Volatility Expectations and Returns
Authors: LOCHSTOER LARS A. , MUIR TYLER
Published: February 2022

We provide evidence that agents have slow‐moving beliefs about stock market volatility that lead to initial underreaction to volatility shocks followed by delayed overreaction. These dynamics are mirrored in the VIX and variance risk premiums, which reflect investor expectations about volatility, and are also supported in both surveys and firm‐level option prices. We embed these expectations into an asset pricing model and find that the model can account for a number of stylized facts about market returns and return volatility that are difficult to reconcile, including a weak or even negative risk‐return trade‐off.
Effect of Denture Hygiene Protocols on Patient Satisfaction, Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life, and Salivary Parameters: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Barbosa Ribeiro Adriana , Borba Araújo Camila , Vieira Fortes Caroline , Lucarini Bueno Frank , de Cássia Oliveira Viviane , Macedo Ana Paula , de Freitas Oliveira Paranhos Helena , Watanabe Evandro , De Wever Bart , Helena Silva‐Lovato Cláudia
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This randomized controlled trial compared four denture hygiene protocols in terms of patient satisfaction, oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), and salivary parameters in complete denture wearers with denture stomatitis.

Material and methods

For this randomized, double‐blind, controlled clinical trial, 108 participants were assigned to soak their dentures in one of the following solutions: (1) 0.25% sodium hypochlorite (positive control), (2) 0.15% Triclosan, (3) denture disinfecting tablets, or (4) denture disinfecting tablets plus palatine mucosa brushing solution. The outcomes of patient satisfaction, OHRQoL, and salivary parameters (salivary flow rate and pH) were measured at baseline and after 10 days. The Kruskal‐Wallis and Dunn tests (between groups), and Wilcoxon test (between times) were used to compare the results. (α = 0.05).

Results

After the hygiene protocols, and when compared with baseline, the overall patient satisfaction, maxillary denture satisfaction, maxillary denture comfort, and maxillary denture retention were ameliorated. A significant improvement was noted in OHRQoL in 3 of 4 domains evaluated (orofacial pain and discomfort, masticatory discomfort and disability, and psychological disability and discomfort). The salivary flow rate (unstimulated and stimulated) and salivary pH were not significantly affected at the times evaluated.

Conclusions

Complete denture wearers may feel more satisfied with their complete dentures when treated for denture stomatitis. The tested treatments lead to similar improvement in terms of patient satisfaction and OHRQoL.
Comparison of Crestal Bone Loss and Osteocalcin Release Kinetics in Immediately and Delayed Loaded Implants: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Keshari Rishabh , Chand Pooran , Singh Balendra P. , Jurel Sunit K. , Singh Ranjana , Singh Punit Kumar , Solanki Neeti
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To compare concentration and release kinetics of osteocalcin and crestal bone loss under immediate and delayed loading conditions during osseointegration.

Materials and methods

Forty‐one patients who were indicated for rehabilitation with dental implants randomly received either implant with placement of permanent prosthesis after 3 months (delayed loading) or implant with placement of permanent prosthesis within 7 days (immediate loading). Radiographic assessment of crestal bone loss at the mesial and distal surface was done at 3, 6, and 12 months after implant placement. Peri‐implant sulcular fluid was collected immediately from the buccal surface at two sites after implant insertion and also, at 7, 15, 30, and 90 days after surgery. The level of osteocalcin was evaluated using ELISA and data were compared using two sample t‐test. Differences between two groups were analyzed by unpaired Student's t test. Intragroup comparison was done by repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

Mean crestal bone loss was lower in the immediate loading group compared to the delayed loading group at 3, 6, and 12 months (p < 0.001). Intragroup comparison revealed a statistically significant increase in osteocalcin levels in both group I (delayed loading) (F = 26712.2) and group II (immediate loading) (F = 10497.2) at the predetermined time intervals.

Conclusions

Less crestal bone loss and early release of osteocalcin was found in the immediately loaded group than in the delayed loaded group. The study substantiates that immediately loaded implants show less crestal bone as well as early release of osteocalcin facilitating upregulation of bone metabolism, improving long term health of bone and prognosis of implants. Immediately loaded implants can be a better treatment protocol provided there is adequate bone and primary stability.
Treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in a Miniature Horse using chemical ablation of abnormal parathyroid tissue localized by 3‐phase computed tomography
Authors: Colmer Sarah F. , Wulster Kathryn , Johnson Amy L. , Levine David G. , Underwood Claire , Watkins Trevor W. , Van Eps Andrew W.
Published: February 2022

A 15‐year‐old Miniature Horse mare with persistently increased plasma calcium (total and ionized) and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations was presented for suspected primary hyperparathyroidism. Ultrasonography of the thyroid region identified an enlarged heterogeneous mass axial to the right thyroid lobe suggestive of an enlarged parathyroid gland, which was further confirmed using sestamibi nuclear scintigraphy and 3‐phase computed tomography. Percutaneous ultrasound‐guided ethanol ablation of the mass, a method not previously described in the horse, was performed under general anesthesia resulting in rapid normalization of plasma ionized calcium and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations. Ablation of abnormal parathyroid gland tissue may be a suitable alternative to surgical resection in certain cases of primary hyperparathyroidism in the horse.
Telomere length is highly repeatable and shorter in individuals with more elaborate sexual ornamentation in a short‐lived passerine
Authors: Kauzálová Tereza , Tomášek Oldřich , Mulder Ellis , Verhulst Simon , Albrecht Tomáš
Published: February 2022

Quantifying an individual's state as a fitness proxy has proven challenging, but accumulating evidence suggests that telomere length and attrition may indicate individual somatic state and success at self‐maintenance, respectively. Sexual ornamentation is also thought to signal phenotypic quality, but links between telomeres and sexual ornamentation have been little explored. To address this issue, we examined whether telomere length and dynamics are predicted by the expression of a sexually selected ornament, the length of the outermost tail feathers (streamers), using longitudinal data from a population of European barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). In 139 adult individuals, each measured twice, we further assessed associations of telomere length with age, sex, breeding status and survival. Telomere length showed high individual repeatability (R = .97) across years while shortening with age in both sexes. Telomere length and dynamics were not significantly associated with survival to the next year, remaining lifespan or reproduction status (comparing breeding and nonbreeding yearlings). Tail streamer length, a sexually selected trait in barn swallows, was negatively associated with telomere length, independent of sex. Thus, telomere length may reflect the costs of carrying an elaborated sexual ornament, although ornament size did not significantly predict telomere shortening. In conclusion, telomere length in adult barn swallows is a highly consistent trait that shows a negative relationship with sexual ornamentation, suggesting a trade‐off between sexual ornamentation and telomere length.