bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection and phase I metabolism of the 7‐azaindole‐derived synthetic cannabinoid 5F‐AB‐P7AICA including a preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluation
Authors: Giorgetti Arianna , Mogler Lukas , Haschimi Belal , Halter Sebastian , Franz Florian , Westphal Folker , Fischmann Svenja , Riedel Jan , Pütz Michael , Auwärter Volker
Published: September 2019

In June 2018, a 'research chemica'l labeled 'AB‐FUB7AICA' was purchased online and analytically identified as 5F‐AB‐P7AICA, the 7‐azaindole analog of 5F‐AB‐PINACA. Here we present data on structural characterization, suitable urinary consumption markers, and preliminary pharmacokinetic data. Structure characterization was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Phase I metabolites were generated by applying a pooled human liver microsome assay (pHLM) to confirm the analysis results of authentic urine samples collected after oral self‐administration of 2.5 mg 5F‐AB‐P7AICA. Analyses of pHLM and urine samples were performed by liquid chromatography−time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). An LC–MS/MS method for the quantification of 5F‐AB‐P7AICA in serum was validated. Ten phase I metabolites were detected in human urine samples and confirmed in vitro. The main metabolites were formed by hydroxylation, amide hydrolysis, and hydrolytic defluorination, though – in contrast with most other synthetic cannabinoids – the parent compound showed the highest signals in most urine samples. The compound detection window was more than 45 hours in serum. The concentration‐time profile was best explained by a two‐phase pharmacokinetic model. 5F‐AB‐P7AICA was detected in urine samples until 65 hours post ingestion. Monitoring of metabolite M07, hydroxylated at the alkyl chain, next to parent 5F‐AB‐P7AICA, is recommended to confirm the uptake of 5F‐AB‐P7AICA in urinalysis. It seems plausible that the shift of the nitrogen atom from position 2 to 7 (e.g. 5F‐AB‐PINACA to 5F‐AB‐P7AICA) leads to a lower metabolic reactivity, which might be of general interest in medicinal chemistry.
The active spread of adaptive variation for reef resilience
Authors: Quigley Kate M. , Bay Line K. , van Oppen Madeleine J. H.
Published: September 2019

The speed at which species adapt depends partly on the rates of beneficial adaptation generation and how quickly they spread within and among populations. Natural rates of adaptation of corals may not be able to keep pace with climate warming. Several interventions have been proposed to fast‐track thermal adaptation, including the intentional translocation of warm‐adapted adults or their offspring (assisted gene flow, AGF) and the ex situ crossing of warm‐adapted corals with conspecifics from cooler reefs (hybridization or selective breeding) and field deployment of those offspring. The introgression of temperature tolerance loci into the genomic background of cooler‐environment corals aims to facilitate adaptation to warming while maintaining fitness under local conditions. Here we use research on selective sweeps and connectivity to understand the spread of adaptive variants as it applies to AGF on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), focusing on the genusAcropora. Using larval biophysical dispersal modeling, we estimate levels of natural connectivity in warm‐adapted northern corals. We then model the spread of adaptive variants from single and multiple reefs and assess if the natural and assisted spread of adaptive variants will occur fast enough to prepare receiving central and southern populations given current rates of warming. We also estimate fixation rates and spatial extent of fixation under multiple release scenarios to inform intervention design. Our results suggest that thermal tolerance is unlikely to spread beyond northern reefs to the central and southern GBR without intervention, and if it does, 30+ generations are needed for adaptive gene variants to reach fixation even under multiple release scenarios. We argue that if translocation, breeding, and reseeding risks are managed, AGF using multiple release reefs can be beneficial for the restoration of coral populations. These interventions should be considered in addition to conventional management and accompanied by strong mitigation of CO2emissions.
Controlling Photooxygenation with a Bifunctional Quinine‐BODIPY Catalyst: towards Asymmetric Hydroxylation of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Fischer Jérôme , Mele Lucas , Serier‐Brault Hélène , Nun Pierrick , Coeffard Vincent
Published: September 2019

We report herein a new catalytic strategy towards asymmetric photooxygenation of β‐dicarbonyl compounds. Our method is based on the synthesis of a bifunctional photosensitizer composed of a quinine organocatalyst grafted to an iodo‐BODIPY framework capable of generating singlet oxygen. The quinine moiety serves both to interact with the substrate for promoting photooxygenation and to deactivate singlet oxygen in the absence of substrate. The bifunctional photosensitizer prepared was subsequently applied in the asymmetric oxygenation of a series of β‐dicarbonyl compounds under green light irradiation. Control experiments and kinetic analyses were carried out to shed the light on the mechanism.
A Fe3O4@SiO2/Schiff Base/Pd Complex as an Efficient Heterogeneous and Recyclable Nanocatalyst for One‐Pot Domino Synthesis of Carbamates and Unsymmetrical Ureas
Authors: Inaloo Iman Dindarloo , Majnooni Sahar
Published: September 2019

A palladium‐catalyzed domino method for the direct synthesis of carbamates and ureas has been developed by using readily available and economical starting materials (aryl halide, carbon monoxide, sodium azide, amines and alcohols) in a one‐pot approach. The domino process underwent carbonylation, Curtius rearrangement, and nucleophilic addition. This protocol provides a step‐economical and highly efficient reaction to access the wide range of valuable carbamates, symmetrical and unsymmetrical ureas with high yields under remarkable mild reaction conditions that are important factors in pharmaceutical science, biochemistry and agricultural industries. Furthermore, the magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2/Pd(II)) can be conveniently and swiftly recycled using external magnet and reused at least for seven times without noticeable loss of its catalytic activity.
Insolvency proceedings from a sustainability perspective
Authors: Linna Tuula
Published: September 2019

Sustainability is a wide concept including environmental, economic, social/culture, and political dimensions. Currently, sustainability research is a rich scientific discipline producing a significant number of research papers. However, sustainability in the context of insolvency proceedings has attracted little research compared with, for example, how much attention corporate social responsibility has received in company law research. This article studies sustainability in the context of liquidation and restructuring proceedings and the preservation of different kinds of resources (natural, manufactured, human, and social capital) in insolvency procedures. The purpose of insolvency proceedings may prevent the full implementation of sustainability. In bankruptcy, the administrator must maximise the selling price for creditor satisfaction, and there are few possibilities to promote sustainability. When facing an acute environmental hazard, in the name of public interest, a bankruptcy estate with assets usually has to act unless the law stipulates that society is responsible for taking care of the problem. In restructuring proceedings, the main purpose is to continue the debtor's business. It depends on the markets how sustainable the debtor company must be to achieve profitability. If becoming a profitable company in a “green” or otherwise sustainable market requires costly efforts, creditors' interests may require the sale of the assets. The author views through sustainability lenses EU Restructuring and insolvency Directive (2019) and finds there is not much of a sustainability approach included.
Explaining repo specialness
Authors: Dufour Alfonso , Marra Miriam , Sangiorgi Ivan , Skinner Frank S.
Published: September 2019

We study the dynamics of specialness for 1‐day repo contracts on Italian government bonds over a 10‐year sample period. As predicted by Duffie's (1996) model, our results show that collateral supply is a significant factor for specialness. However, we enrich that finding by also showing a clear impact from repo liquidity, collateral riskiness, information uncertainty, and short‐selling proxies, revealing the importance of speculative bond demand for specialness. During crisis periods, bond fire sales and European Central Bank interventions also have a large impact on repo specialness. We identify recurrent patterns for specialness around bond auctions. Specialness increases steadily from the auction announcement date until a few days before the auction settlement date, which is consistent with overbidding behaviour and a short selling of treasuries (via reverse repos) from primary dealers ahead of auctions.
Computed tomography detected pyelovenous backflow associated with complete ureteral obstruction
Authors: Sano Takeshi , Ichiba Noriatsu , Masui Kimihiko , Haitani Takao , Takimoto Keita , Kajita Yoichiro , Shichiri Yasumasa
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Pyelovenous backflow is a rare condition resulting from an increase in pressure in the renal pelvis due to urinary obstruction.

Case presentation

A 49‐year‐old woman developed high‐grade fever and right‐sided hydronephrosis after undergoing hysterectomy. Although the hydronephrosis was mild, retrograde pyelography revealed complete obstruction of the right ureter. Excretory phase scans of contrast‐enhanced computed tomography showed pyelovenous backflow, which presumably decompressed the hydronephrosis. The pyelovenous backflow immediately disappeared after ureteroneocystostomy.

Conclusion

We were presented with a patient showing pyelovenous backflow detected by contrast‐enhanced computed tomography, which completely disappeared after ureteral obstruction release.
Antenatal caregiving representations and perinatal behavior in mothers with severe lifetime psychopathology
Authors: Røhder Katrine , MacBeth Angus , Agnete Davidsen Kirstine , Gumley Andrew , Brennan Jessica , George Carol , Harder Susanne
Published: September 2019

Psychopathology poses a risk for optimal parenting. The current study explored antenatal caregiving representations as markers for later risk of nonoptimal maternal behavior among mothers with severe mental illness. Sixty‐five mothers diagnosed with psychosis, bipolar disorder, depression (psychopathology group), and nonclinical controls participated in a longitudinal study from pregnancy to 16 weeks after birth. Mental health diagnoses and caregiving representations were assessed during pregnancy. Maternal behavior was assessed during the 5‐min recovery phase of the still‐face paradigm at 16 weeks. Mothers with psychopathology reported significantly higher levels of “heightened” caregiving representations (i.e., separation anxiety from the child) than did controls. The only significant diagnostic group difference in perinatal maternal behavior was that mothers diagnosed with depression exhibited more overriding‐intrusive behavior than did nonclinical control mothers. Regression modeling results showed that antenatal caregiving representations of “role reversal” predicted significantly lower levels of sensitivity and higher levels of overriding‐intrusive behavior independent of the effect of psychopathology. The findings can be interpreted in the context of representational transformation to motherhood during pregnancy. The results provide preliminary evidence for the potential of a new questionnaire measure of caregiving representations as a screening instrument for antenatal representational risk.
Examining the community consequences of arrests for low‐level criminal activity
Authors: Schuck Amie M.
Published: September 2019

This study was designed to examine the effects of arrests for low‐level criminal activity on key features of police–community relations and the capacity of the neighborhood to regulate behavior of residents. Multilevel mixed‐effects modeling was used with residents (N = 826) living in police beats (N = 51) in Chicago to test the hypotheses that higher arrest rates were associated with less police legitimacy, less willingness to work with the police and less neighborhood informal social control. The results indicated that more aggressive enforcement was associated with less capacity for informal social control. The findings also suggested that higher arrest rates were directly related to more legitimacy and indirectly related to less legitimacy through residents’ negative experiences with police. For residents affected by crime and disorder but not burdened by aggressive enforcement, the use of arrests to reduce incivilities may be viewed positively and related to stronger beliefs about legitimacy. In contrast, trust and confidence in police may be reduced for those residents who experience the costs associated with low‐level arrests. Regardless of the short‐term effects, if aggressive low‐level policing undermines the effectiveness of social control systems in the neighborhood, communities will be less safe in the long term.
Content validation of a quantitative stakeholder engagement measure
Authors: Goodman Melody S. , Ackermann Nicole , Bowen Deborah J. , Thompson Vetta
Published: September 2019

Aim

Using a stakeholder‐engaged approach, this study conducted content validation and item reduction of a quantitative measure of research engagement.

Methods

A five‐round modified Delphi process was used to reach consensus on items. Rounds 1–3 and 5 were conducted using web‐based surveys. Round 4 consisted of a 2‐day, in‐person meeting. Delphi panelists received individualized reports outlining individual and aggregate group responses after rounds 1–3.

Results

Over the five‐round process, items were added, dropped, modified, and moved from one engagement principle to another. The number of items was reduced from 48 to 32, with three to five items corresponding to eight engagement principles.

Conclusions

Research that develops standardized, reliable, and accurate measures to assess stakeholder engagement is essential to understanding the impact of engagement on scientific discovery and the scientific process. Valid quantitative measures to assess stakeholder engagement in research are necessary to assess associations between engagement and research outcomes.
Frontline Science: A flexible kink in the transmembrane domain impairs β2 integrin extension and cell arrest from rolling
Authors: Sun Hao , Fan Zhichao , Gingras Alexandre R. , Lopez-Ramirez Miguel A. , Ginsberg Mark H. , Ley Klaus
Published: September 2019

β2 integrins are the main adhesion molecules in neutrophils and other leukocytes and are rapidly activated by inside-out signaling, which results in conformational changes that are transmitted through the transmembrane domain (TMD). Here, we investigated the biologic effect of introducing a proline mutation in the β2 integrin TMD to create a flexible kink that uncouples the topology of the inner half of the TMD from the outer half and impairs integrin activation. The β2 integrin alpha chains, αL, αM, αX, and αD, all contain an inserted (I) domain with homology to von Willebrand factor A domain. β2 activation was monitored in a homogenous binding assay of 2 reporter monoclonal antibodies: KIM127 reporting extension (E+) and mAb24 reporting the high-affinity (H+) conformation of the β2 I-like domain. The proline mutation partially diminished chemokine-induced extension, but not the high-affinity conformation. The proline mutation in the TMD of β2 completely inhibited arrest of rolling HL-60 cells in response to the chemokine IL-8. TMD mutant HL-60 cells rolling on P-selectin and ICAM-1 were unable to reduce their rolling velocity in response to IL-8. Quantitative dynamic footprinting live-cell imaging showed that blocking TMD topology transmission impaired the chemokine-induced activation of β2, limiting the appearance of extended high-affinity (E+H+) β2. This also resulted in a defect in early spreading (3 min after arrest), which could be overcome by forced integrin activation using Mn2+. We conclude that the TMD proline mutation severely impairs β2 integrin extension, cell arrest, and early spreading.
Clinical and Th1/Th2 immune response features of hospitalized children with human rhinovirus infection
Authors: Yuan Xin‐hui , Li Yu‐mei , Shen Yi‐yi , Yang Jin , Jin Yu
Published: September 2019

This study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics and T‐helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 profile of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection in children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia, compared with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In September 2013 to August 2014, 335 nasopharyngeal aspirates from children below 14 with bronchiolitis and pneumonia were screened for HRV and 13 other respiratory viruses by PCR or reverse transcription PCR. Interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were detected by multiplex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. HRVs were found in 66 cases (19.7%), including 35 bronchiolitis and 31 pneumonia cases. Compared with the RSV alone group, children with pneumonia had more frequent wheezing episodes in HRV (Pa = .001) and HRV + non‐RSV (Pb = .002) groups, and fever in the HRV (Pf = .004) and HRV + RSV (Pg = .005) groups. Among patients with bronchiolitis, cases with HRV alone were more likely to present in winter than those with RSV alone (Pi = .010) and HRV + non‐RSV (Pj = .014), and less numerous in summer compared with HRV + non‐RSV (Ph = .005). Children with HRV alone were more susceptible to have a history of eczema than RSV alone among bronchiolitis (Pc < .001) and pneumonia (Pe = .033) cases. HRV bronchiolitis cases had increased IL‐4/IFN‐γ and decreased TNF‐α/IL‐10 ratios, compared with HRV pneumonia counterparts. HRV is a major non‐RSV pathogen causing hospitalization in children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia and induces an imbalanced Th1/Th2 response in bronchiolitis. Compared with RSV infection, HRV bronchiolitis and pneumonia differ significantly regarding wheezing episodes, susceptibility to eczema, fever occurrence, and seasonal prevalence.
Temperature dependence of the double‐resonance Raman bands in monolayer MoS2
Authors: Gontijo Rafael N. , Gadelha Andreij , Silveira Orlando J. , Carvalho Bruno R. , Nunes Ricardo W. , Campos Leonardo C. , Pimenta Marcos A. , Righi Ariete , Fantini Cristiano
Published: September 2019

This work reports a detailed study of the double‐resonance (DR) Raman bands of single‐layer MoS2 as a function of temperature, using many different laser energies in the region of the excitonic transitions and at different temperatures between 80 and 300 K. Our measurements show that the DR bands are strongly affected by temperature and the results are explained in terms of the temperature dependence of both the phonon wavenumber and the excitonic energy. In order to distinguish these two effects, the excitonic transitions were directly measured by photoluminescence as a function of temperature. It was observed from the multiple‐excitation results that the dispersion of the DR bands measured with different laser lines depends on temperature. The resonance condition was evidenced by considering the difference between energies of the laser excitation and the excitonic transition, at a given temperature. Our findings for the temperature dependence of the DR process in single‐layer MoS2 can be extended to other classes of transition metal dichalcogenide materials.
The dark side of the force: Multiplicity issues in network meta‐analysis and how to address them
Authors: Efthimiou Orestis , White Ian R.
Published: September 2019

Standard models for network meta‐analysis simultaneously estimate multiple relative treatment effects. In practice, after estimation, these multiple estimates usually pass through a formal or informal selection procedure, eg, when researchers draw conclusions about the effects of the best performing treatment in the network. In this paper, we present theoretical arguments as well as results from simulations to illustrate how such practices might lead to exaggerated and overconfident statements regarding relative treatment effects. We discuss how the issue can be addressed via multilevel Bayesian modelling, where treatment effects are modelled exchangeably, and hence estimates are shrunk away from large values. We present a set of alternative models for network meta‐analysis, and we show in simulations that in several scenarios, such models perform better than the usual network meta‐analysis model.
The knowledge and process continuum
Authors: Szelągowski Marek , Berniak‐Woźny Justyna
Published: September 2019

The aim of the paper is to propose the concept of the Knowledge and Process Continuum, which corresponds to the changing role of Business Process Management (BPM) in Knowledge Intensive Organizations in the Knowledge Economy. The paper is conceptual in nature and is grounded in the theories of Knowledge Management (KM) and BPM. The systematic literature review method was used in order to employ a manual search of peer‐reviewed papers available in the Springer and ProQuest databases. Seventeen articles were chosen for in‐depth analysis, which shows the research gap with respect to the integrated application of KM and BPM. The article is an inspiring contribution to the theoretical reflection on the current state and further evolution of BPM in the Knowledge Economy and its inseparable connection with KM. The proposed conceptual framework may facilitate the management of Knowledge Intensive Organizations to effectively capitalize on the relationship between knowledge and business processes of different nature.
Corrosion behavior of mechanically alloyed A6005 aluminum alloy composite reinforced with TiB2 nanoparticles
Authors: Abu‐Warda N. , López M. D. , Escalera‐Rodríguez M. D. , Otero E. , Utrilla M. V.
Published: September 2019

Corrosion susceptibility of the A6005 alloy reinforced with n‐TiB2 was studied through electrochemical tests. The mechanical alloying (MA) technique was used as the processing route and a posterior hot extrusion was employed to consolidate the powders. Bulk samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and microhardness tests. The combination of both MA processing and 5 wt% n‐TiB2 addition in the aluminum matrix produced 61% increase of microhardness. Electrochemical tests were performed in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution to assess the effect of MA processing and TiB2 presence on corrosion behavior. The corrosion resistance of the samples processed by MA increased slightly compared with the base A6005 alloy. The amorphous Al2O3 phase formed during MA processing was the cause of this increase, providing continuity to the passive layer. Furthermore, the addition of TiB2 on the sample processed by MA did not significantly affect corrosion resistance. Polarization tests confirmed that the reinforced sample had similar icorr to that of the unreinforced alloy, and cyclic polarization tests revealed that pit nucleation sites were localized in the interface between Al2O3 and the aluminum matrix.
Bisphosphonic Acid‐Functionalized Water‐Soluble Photoinitiators
Authors: Eren Tugce Nur , Lalevée Jacques , Avci Duygu
Published: September 2019

The first bisphosphonic acid‐functionalized benzophenone (BP) and thioxanthone (TX) photoinitiators (PIs), BPBP and TXBP, are synthesized as a new class of water‐soluble PIs for free radical polymerization. BPBP shows excellent solubility (28 g L−1) in water at ambient temperature, compared to TXBP (0.05 g L−1) and also the commercial PI Irgacure 2959 (5 g L−1). BPBP and TXBP show UV–vis absorption at ≈260 (ε = 12912) and 405 (ε = 3314) nm in water. Photopolymerization results demonstrate that they can successfully initiate the photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (Mn= 250 D) in the presence of bis‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐iodonium hexafluorophosphate (Iod). The photochemical mechanisms are investigated by electron‐spin resonance‐spin trapping, fluorescence, and steady‐state photolysis techniques.
A hybrid descent method for solving a convex constrained optimization problem with applications
Authors: Liu Liya , Qin Xiaolong , Yao Jen‐Chih
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a hybrid descent algorithm for finding a common point in fixed‐point sets of quasi‐nonexpansive mappings and solution sets of variational inequality problems. In the framework of Hilbert spaces, the strong convergence of the hybrid descent algorithm is established. Numerical experiments for the bandwidth allocation, which demonstrate the effectiveness, performance, and convergence of the proposed algorithm, are provided.
Development and calibration of the student opportunities for deeper learning instrument
Authors: Dumas Denis , Dong Yixiao
Published: September 2019

This article describes the development and calibration of the student opportunities for deeper learning instrument (SODLI). The SODLI is designed to measure the amount of learning opportunities intended to support higher‐order thinking that students are exposed to through student self‐report, and is expected to be widely useful in psychological research in schools. Here, the psychometric functioning of the SODLI is investigated in a relatively large sample of U.S. high‐school students (N = 963). Using multidimensional item‐response theory methods, a nine‐factor correlated model is determined to fit the data best, and to produce reliable estimates of SODLI dimensions. The SODLI is also shown to exhibit scalar‐invariant measurement properties across sex, race/ethnicity, and language‐background groups, although latent mean differences on some of the SODLI dimensions across those groups were identified.
Ettore Majoranas Spiegelwelt
Authors: Pfaff Wolfgang , Wimmer Michael
Published: September 2019

Majorana‐Fermionen sind zugleich ihr eigenes Antiteilchen, folglich dürfen sie keine elektrische Ladung besitzen. Ob es sie in der Natur gibt, ist offen. Theoretisch sind sie aber als Quasiteilchen in Festkörpern erzeugbar. Topologische Supraleiter könnten ein dafür geeignetes System sein. Experimentell sind sie durch eine Art Feldeffekt‐Transistor‐Anordnung herstellbar. Dessen Kanal besteht aus einem Halbleiter‐Nanodraht, der teilweise mit einem Supraleiter beschichtet sein muss. An der Grenzfläche entsteht ein topologischer Supraleiter, in dem Majorana‐Zustände theoretisch realisierbar sind. Experimentell gibt es inzwischen starke Indizien dafür, doch eindeutig nachgewiesen ist ihre Existenz noch nicht. Diese Majorana‐Zustände sind nicht allein für die Grundlagenforschung interessant. Sie versprechen auch räumlich verteilte und damit gegen lokale Störungen besonders stabile Quantenbits für Quantencomputer. Deshalb ist die Quanten‐Informationstechnologie stark an den Majorana‐Zuständen interessiert.
Wie man ein Magnetfeld an ein einzelnes Atom anlegt
Authors: Willke Philip , Heinrich Andreas , Lutz Christopher
Published: September 2019

Mit der fortschreitenden Miniaturisierung von magnetischen Speichern wird es nötig, die hierfür geltenden physikalischen Grenzen zu erkunden. Unsere Gruppen bei IBM Research in San José, USA, und am Zentrum für Quantum Nanoscience in Seoul, Korea, nutzen die Magnetfelder von einzelnen Atomen, um Prozesse auf der atomaren Skala zu steuern. Hiermit können lokal effektive Magnetfelder erreicht werden, so stark wie in einem Magnetresonanz‐Tomographen.
Der pulsierende Wasserstrahl
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim
Published: September 2019

Ein horizontal aus einer Öffnung austretender, flacher Flüssigkeitsstrahl nimmt eine Zylinderform an. Aus Trägheit schießt er dann aber über das Ziel hinaus.
Elektrostatische Potentiale und Felder im GeoGebra 3D Grafikrechner
Authors: Teichrew Albert , Erb Roger , Wilhelm Thomas , Kuhn Jochen
Published: September 2019

Die mathematische Darstellung einer räumlichen Verteilung physikalischer Größen ist für viele Anwendungen unerlässlich. Mithilfe der App GeoGebra 3D Grafikrechner lassen sich Visualisierungen dieser abstrakten Strukturen modellieren und in Augmented Reality betrachten.
DCLAK11 treatment induces apoptosis in non‐small cell lung cancer cells by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway
Authors: Guo Xiaobin , Liu Hongchun , Ding Jian
Published: September 2019

Objective

DCLAK11 is a novel small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with remarkable effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis in non‐small cell lung cancer cells. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the molecular mechanisms of action of this compound. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effect that DCLAK11 exerts through inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Methods

Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay, and apoptosis was measured by an Annexin V‐PI assay. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential was examined using JC‐1 dye. Alterations in expression of the Bcl‐2 family proteins Bcl‐xL, Bax, Bid, Bim, Bad, and cleaved Caspase‐9 were detected by western blotting.

Results

DCLAK11 inhibited the proliferation of non‐small cell lung cancer cells HCC827 (IC50 = 10 nmol/L) and HCC4006 (IC50 = 20 nmol/L) in a dose‐dependent manner. The Annexin V‐PI assay results showed that DCLAK11 also significantly promoted apoptosis in both HCC827 and HCC4006 cells in a dose‐dependent manner (F = 29.990, P < 0.00; F = 46.439, P < 0.001, respectively). The JC‐1 assay results showed that the proportion of depolarized cells significantly increased with increasing concentrations of DCLAK11 when compared with that in the control HCC827 and HCC4006 cells (F = 63.910, P < 0.001; F = 11.831, P = 0.001, respectively). Western blot results showed that DCLAK11 caused a decrease in the expression level of Bcl‐xL and an increase in the expression of Bid, Bim, Bad, Bax, and cleaved caspase‐9 in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the proportion of Bcl‐xL/Bax decreased with increasing concentrations of DCLAK11 in HCC827 and HCC4006 cells.

Conclusion

We confirmed that DCLAK11 exerts an antitumor effect by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
Overexpression of certain transient receptor potential and Orai channels in prostate cancer is associated with decreased risk of systemic recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Perrouin‐Verbe M. A. , Schoentgen N. , Talagas M. , Garlantezec R. , Uguen A. , Doucet L. , Rosec S. , Marcorelles P. , Potier‐Cartereau M. , Vandier C. , Ferec C. , Fromont G. , Fournier G. , Valeri A. , Mignen O.
Published: September 2019

Background:Several studies had suggested the potential role of calcium signaling in prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis and agressiveness. We aimed to investigate selected proteins contributing to calcium (Ca2+) signaling, (Orai, stromal interaction molecule (STIM), and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels) and involved in cancer hallmarks, as independent predictors of systemic recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Methods:A case‐control study including 112 patients with clinically localized PCa treated by RP between 2002 and 2009 and with at least 6‐years’ follow‐up. Patients were divided into two groups according to the absence or presence of systemic recurrence. Expression levels of 10 proteins involved in Ca2+signaling (TRPC1, TRPC4, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPM8, STIM1, STIM2, Orai1, Orai2, and Orai3), were assessed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays (TMAs) constructed from paraffin‐embedded PCa specimens. The level of expression of the various transcripts in PCa was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. RNA samples for qPCR were obtained from fresh frozen tissue samples of PCa after laser capture microdissection on RP specimens. Relative gene expression was analyzed using themethod.

Results:Multivariate analysis showed that increased expression of TRPC1, TRPC4, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPM8, and Orai2 was significantly associated with a lower risk of systemic recurrence after RP, independently of the prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, percentage of positive biopsies, and surgical margin (SM) status (P = .007,P = .01,P < .001,P = .0065,P = .007, andP = .01, respectively). For TRPC4, TRPV5, and TRPV6, this association was also independent of Gleason score and pT stage. Moreover, overexpression of TRPV6 and Orai2 was significantly associated with longer time to recurrence after RP (P = .048 and .023, respectively). Overexpression of TRPC4, TRPV5, TRPV6, and Orai2 transcripts was observed in group R− (3.71‐, 5.7‐, 1.14‐, and 2.65‐fold increase, respectively).

Conclusions:This is the first study to suggest the independent prognostic value of certain proteins involved in Ca2+influx in systemic recurrence after RP: overexpression of TRPC1, TRPC4, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPM8, and Orai2 is associated with a lower risk of systemic recurrence. TRPC4, TRPV5, and TRPV6 appear to be particularly interesting, as they are independent of the five commonly used predictive factors, that is, PSA, percentage of positive biopsies, SM status, Gleason score, and pT stage.
Dual‐Channel Solar‐Blind UV Photodetector Based on β‐Ga2O3
Authors: Luchechko Andriy , Vasyltsiv Vyacheslav , Kostyk Lyudmyla , Pavlyk Bohdan
Published: September 2019

The photoconductivity (PC) of β‐Ga2O3 single crystals is investigated. A complex PC band is detected in the UV region of 230–270 nm. The PC spectra recorded in polarized light are different for the E∥b and E⊥b orientations of the electric vector of light wave E with respect to the b axis of the β‐Ga2O3 crystal. Anisotropy of PC is utilized to create a dual‐channel UV photodetector with maximum channel sensitivity centered at 245 and 262 nm, for the E∥b and E⊥b orientations, respectively. The sensitivity and some other parameters of the UV photodetector are estimated.
A class of robust consensus algorithms with predefined‐time convergence under switching topologies
Authors: Aldana‐López Rodrigo , Gómez‐Gutiérrez David , Defoort Michael , Sánchez‐Torres Juan Diego , Muñoz‐Vázquez Aldo Jonathan
Published: September 2019

This paper addresses the robust consensus problem under switching topologies. Contrary to existing methods, the proposed approach provides decentralized protocols that achieve consensus for networked multiagent systems in a predefined time. Namely, the protocol design provides a tuning parameter that allows setting the convergence time of the agents to a consensus state. An appropriate Lyapunov analysis exposes the capability of the current proposal to achieve predefined‐time consensus over switching topologies despite the presence of bounded perturbations. Finally, this paper presents a comparison showing that the suggested approach subsumes existing fixed‐time consensus algorithms, which allows to provide extra degrees of freedom to obtain predefined‐time consensus protocols with improved convergence characteristics, for instance, to reduce the slack between the true convergence time and the predefined upper bound. Numerical results are given to illustrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.
Contributions of Executive Function and Cognitive Intrinsic Motivation to University Students’ Reading Comprehension
Authors: Cartwright Kelly B. , Lee Sherman A. , Taboada Barber Ana , DeWyngaert Laura U. , Lane Amanda B. , Singleton Terrain
Published: September 2019

Reading comprehension is an incredibly complex, purposeful activity that involves simultaneous orchestration and integration of multiple processes. However, dominant perspectives suggest that two clusters of skills, word reading and language comprehension, account for successful reading. Such two‐factor models are problematic because they do not easily account for complexities in reading comprehension processes or for contributions to reading comprehension of other individual difference variables related to the purposeful nature of reading, such as executive functions (EFs) and intrinsic motivation. Further, simple models may lead to oversimplification of research questions, curricula, and instructional practices, causing researchers and educators to miss important contributors to reading comprehension necessary for students to develop into skilled readers. In this study, the authors assessed the unique contributions of EFs, both domain‐general and reading‐specific, and cognitive intrinsic motivation (i.e., the desire to engage in effortful cognitive activities) to reading comprehension in 122 university students beyond language comprehension and word‐reading skills. Findings confirm unique contributions of cognitive intrinsic motivation and reading‐specific EF to students’ reading comprehension beyond established predictors and domain‐general EFs. Findings also suggest complexities, such as impacts of language comprehension on word reading, as well as impacts of cognitive intrinsic motivation on both language and reading comprehension, that should be considered in theory and practice. Finally, because reading‐specific EF contributed to reading comprehension directly and indirectly beyond controls, these findings underscore the importance of applying knowledge of EF to specific reading processes to better support students who struggle to understand text.
Improving in situ liquid SEM imaging of particles
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Ying , Arey Bruce , Chatterjee Sayandev , Chun Jaehun
Published: September 2019

This work presents in situ imaging of synthesized boehmite (γ‐AlOOH) particles ranging from 20 to 100 nm, suspended in liquid, in a vacuum compatible microfluidic sample holder using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) under the high vacuum mode and highlights the advantage of in situ liquid imaging of colloids. Nanometer‐sized boehmite particles in high‐level radioactive wastes at the Hanford site are known to be difficult to dissolve and cause rheological problems for processing in the nuclear waste treatment plant. Therefore, it is important to characterize boehmite particles and understand how they form aggregates in the liquid state. Several technical advancements are made to optimize in situ liquid SEM chemical imaging resulting in the improved ability to obtain secondary electron (SE), backscattered electron (BSE) images, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra. Moreover, our results show mixed particles could be studied and identified based on the particle shape and elemental composition using in situ SEM imaging and EDX. Thus, we provide a new and improved approach to observe the evolution of particle dispersion and stability in liquid under conditions similar to those in the waste tank.
How many times should a cluster randomized crossover trial cross over?
Authors: Grantham Kelsey L. , Kasza Jessica , Heritier Stephane , Hemming Karla , Litton Edward , Forbes Andrew B.
Published: September 2019

Trial planning requires making efficient yet practical design choices. In a cluster randomized crossover trial, clusters of subjects cross back and forth between implementing the control and intervention conditions over the course of the trial, with each crossover marking the start of a new period. If it is possible to set up such a trial with more crossovers, a pertinent question is whether there are efficiency gains from clusters crossing over more frequently, and if these gains are substantial enough to justify the added complexity and cost of implementing more crossovers. We seek to determine the optimal number of crossovers for a fixed trial duration, and then identify other highly efficient designs by allowing the total number of clusters to vary and imposing thresholds on maximum cost and minimum statistical power. Our results pertain to trials with continuous recruitment and a continuous primary outcome, with the treatment effect estimated using a linear mixed model. To account for the similarity between subjects' outcomes within a cluster, we assume a correlation structure in which the correlation decays gradually in a continuous manner as the time between subjects' measurements increases. The optimal design is characterized by crossovers between the control and intervention conditions with each successive subject. However, this design is neither practical nor cost‐efficient to implement, nor is it necessary: the gains in efficiency increase sharply in moving from a two‐period to a four‐period trial design, but approach an asymptote for the scenarios considered as the number of crossovers continues to increase.
A Regioselective Synthesis of Carbazole‐Appended Dispiropyrrolothiazoles/Pyrrolidines: Synthesis, Computational Studies and In Vitro Anticancer Activity
Authors: Arya Kripalaya Ratheesh , Sparkes Hazel A. , Pandiyan Baskaran Vijaya , Rajendra Prasad Karnam Jayarampillai
Published: September 2019

Anti‐oncological active carbazole appended dispiroindenoquinoxalinepyrrolothiazoles and dispiroacenaphthylenepyrrolidines were synthesized regioselectively via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylide to exocyclic linkage of dipolarophile. The synthesized spiranic compounds are fully characterized by means of spectral, X‐ray crystallography and elemental analysis. Computational details of theoretical calculations have been discussed for compound 4 g (p‐Cl‐phenyl substituted pyrrolothiazole‐carbazole system) using DFT (Density Functional Theory) approach at the M06‐2X/LANL2DZ level of theory. The cytotoxic effects of the dispiro compounds were examined on cancerous cell lines such as lung cancer (A549) and breast cancer (MCF‐7) cell lines. Compound 4 g was found to be the most promising derivative against A549 (20±1.0 μg/ml) and MCF‐7 (21±1.5 μg/ml) cells. Furthermore, the morphological changes and apoptotic induction of the promising candidates have been studied by AO/EB (Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide) and DAPI (4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole) staining methods.
Synergistic Flame‐Retardant Effect of an Aryl Boronic Acid Compound and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Epoxy Resins
Authors: Chen Shanshan , Ai Lianghui , Zeng Jinming , Liu Ping
Published: September 2019

To develop new organic/inorganic synergistic flame retardants, organic compound containing boron and nitrogen, 2,4,6‐tris‐(4‐boronphenoxy)‐(1,3,5)‐triazine (TNB) was synthesized. The flame retardant properties of epoxy resins (EP) containing TNB and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were investigated. When 5% of TNB/APP (w/w was 1:2) was added to EP, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of EP containing TNB/APP was 29.5%, and UL 94 V‐0 rating was achieved. Its peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased. In addition, the mechanical properties of EP containing TNB/APP were not affected significantly. Using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM‐EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Pyrolysis‐gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PY‐GC‐MS), the flame‐retardant mechanism was investigated. It was indicated that TNB/APP had good synergistic flame‐retardant effects, which was effect in the gas and condensed phases simultaneously.
Research on privacy enhancement scheme of blockchain transactions
Authors: Feng Tao , Chen Xuan , Liu Chunyan , Feng Xiaoqin
Published: September 2019

Blockchain is the supporting technology for cryptocurrencies, which can be used to record transaction information among users. However, the information on blockchain can be accessed and verified by any user. To some extent, it is effortless to acquire users' identities, transaction privacy information by means of transaction tracing technology and data analysis technology. In order to tackle the above problems, we proposed a transaction privacy enhancement scheme based on the computational Diffie‐Hellman problem with provable security. By leveraging a group signature scheme, the mixing peer can mix the transactions so that the transaction sender can be hidden into a mixing group. In addition, our solution improves the efficiency by utilizing a signature aggregation scheme and reducing the overhead of the signature verification. The security analysis shows that the proposed scheme is superior in privacy and the efficiency of signature verification.
Epistemic Subjectivism in the Theory of Character
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2019

Several contributors to the burgeoning literature on individual character traits have recently given their attention to a contrast between so-called objective and subjective accounts of salient features of these traits. In this paper, I tease apart two different kinds of subjectivism which have not clearly been distinguished from one another thus far in the literature: doxastic subjectivism and epistemic subjectivism. I then argue that epistemic subjectivism marks an attractivemiddle position between objectivism and doxastic subjectivism, as it is less vulnerable to some of the most significant objections facing each of these alternative approaches. On this basis, I recommend that virtue theorists consider adopting epistemically subjective accounts of the features of character traits they theorize about.
Making energy system models useful: Good practice in the modelling of multiple vectors
Authors: Hawker Graeme S. , Bell Keith R. W.
Published: September 2019

Energy system models which cover multiple vectors have become increasingly used to provide an evidence base for policy and commercial decisions in real‐world energy systems undergoing change. In particular, such models are often used to derive “optimal” pathways to decarbonization considering the planning or operation of systems with multiple technology options. This paper explores how the concept of “usefulness”—the applicability and relevance of modelling outcomes—may be used to establish criteria for modelling design and practice at the outset, and looks at the difficulties that may be faced in achieving this. The application should inform the choice of modelling framework and the manner in which tractability should be addressed and results meaningfully presented. A process of continuous engagement is proposed which guides modelling work towards “useful” outcomes, as well as mitigating the danger of results being more reflective of design choices than the properties of the real‐world systems being modeled. Because of the difficulties in maintaining and auditing complex datasets spanning expertise from multiple sectors, there is a clear role for independent data curators to facilitate rigor in model parameterization and to allow consistency between modelling efforts. Specialists from the different disciplines represented should be engaged to ensure that data have been interpreted and applied correctly. All modelling choices should be clearly documented along with advice on their possible implications in respect of use of the results.

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Energy Systems Analysis > Systems and Infrastructure