bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Change and the Ageing Population: Enforcing the Rights to Life and Health Under Human Rights, Health and Climate Change Regimes
Authors: Alabi Saheed A.
Published: February 2013

This article explores potential methods of protecting the ageing population from the consequences of climate change. It discusses the enforcement of the "right to life" (the right to live a life free from environmental degradation) and/or health relating to the environment in protection of the ageing population. Many countries have codified the right to life and/or health in their constitutions. In order to enjoy this right, it is essential that a clean and healthy environment be secured.Thus, this article assesses the consideration of climate change by international human rights and health regimes. It also examines whether climate obligations such as emissions reduction, climate impact assessment, mitigation and adaptation can be enforced through these regimes. The article suggests that expanding the purview of new international climate policies that address the public health of the ageing population will fill the absence of health policies under the climate regime. Finally, after proposing that climate litigation through human rights enforcement may reshape global responses to adverse effects of climate change on the ageing population, the article suggests additional ways to achieve such feats.
Paul-André Leclerc, le clerc et son double
Authors: Dubé Philippe
Published: February 2013

L’abbé Paul-André Leclerc en tant que sujet offre un portrait singulier et, même si certains traits sont saillants, il fallait éviter la caricature. Il fut un véritable militant du patrimoine agricole et rural et un fervent croyant des vertus du passé. Par cet exercice, nous rendons compte d’une vie consacrée à l’oeuvre patrimoniale et muséale d’une époque et d’un lieu qui n’a pas besoin de présentation, le Kamouraska. En effet, c’est à La Pocatière, sur le seuil de la porte du Bas-Saint-Laurent, que l’abbé Leclerc a cherché à témoigner à travers le Musée François-Pilote, qu’il a fondé en 1974, d’un temps maintenant révolu. Seule la mémoire de cette période a pu être restituée par le regard, parfois nostalgique, du clerc historien, mais combien bienveillant. Il a été l’artisan d’une muséologie en direct, là où le contact avec le passé est immédiat, mais non sans médiation, on en jugera.
Delivery of Environmental Services of Sorsogon City LGU: Basis for an Extension Program
Authors: Ocbian Magdalena M. , Bravo Anthony M.
Published: February 2013

Environmental services are integral to basic Social Sciences. This is a descriptive developmental research aimed to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of LGU Sorsogon City in the delivery of environmental services as a basis in designing a collaborative extension program. The respondents were 206 local officials and 394 residents/constituents of selected communities of Sorsogon City. A validated researcher-made questionnaire was the instrument used in data gathering. Frequency count, percentage and weighted means were used to analyze the data. Results revealed that solid waste collection was the top environmental program being delivered by LGU Sorsogon City as perceived by the two groups of respondents, followed by solid waste generation, tree planting and water shed reserve maintenance. Other environment services which received high frequencies were solid waste transfer and transport, sea and river guard, water pollution control and forest guard and illegal logging control. The delivery of services and facilities was rated as moderately efficient and effective by both the constituents and local officials of Sorsogon City. From this result, a collaborative extension program was designed to mitigate climate change in Sorsogon City.   Keywords - Environment, services, Sorsogon City, extension program, climate change, Sorsogon City, Philippines
Fibromyalgia Prevalence, Somatic Symptom Reporting, and the Dimensionality of Polysymptomatic Distress: Results From a Survey of the General Population
Authors: Wolfe Frederick , Brähler Elmar , Hinz Andreas , Häuser Winfried
Published: February 2013

Objective

To evaluate fibromyalgia in the general population with emphasis on prevalence, dimensionality, and somatic symptom severity.

Methods

We studied 2,445 subjects randomly selected from the German general population in 2012 using the American College of Rheumatology 2010 preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia, as modified for survey research, and the polysymptomatic distress scale (PSD). Anxiety, depression, and somatic symptom severity were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) series, and measures of symptoms and quality of life were assessed with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer questionnaire.

Results

The prevalence of fibromyalgia was 2.1% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.6, 2.7), with 2.4% (95% CI 1.5, 3.2) in women and 1.8% (95% CI 1.1, 2.6) in men, but the difference was not statistically significant. Prevalence rose with age. Fibromyalgia subjects had markedly abnormal scores for all covariates. We found smooth, nondisordered relationships between PSD and all predictors, providing additional evidence against the hypothesis that fibromyalgia is a discrete disorder and in support of a dimensional or spectrum disorder. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.790) between the PSD and the PHQ somatic symptom severity scale; 38.5% of persons with fibromyalgia satisfied the proposed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria for a physical symptom disorder.

Conclusion

The modified 2010 diagnostic criteria do not result in high levels of fibromyalgia. PSD and fibromyalgia are strongly related to somatic symptom severity. There is evidence in support of fibromyalgia as a dimensional or continuum disorder. This has important ramifications for neurobiologic and epidemiology research, and for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and ascertainment of disability.
A One‐Step and Binder‐Free Method to Fabricate Hierarchical Nickel‐Based Supercapacitor Electrodes with Excellent Performance
Authors: Zhang Guoge , Li Wenfang , Xie Keyu , Yu Fei , Huang Haitao
Published: February 2013

Research is currently being carried out in the search for alternative electrode materials to replace the expensive and toxic RuO2‐based electrode. As a typical example, nickel oxide or hydroxide has been widely studied but the results are far from satisfactory. Here, using a facile one‐step anodization method, a hierarchical nickel compound (HNC) film with an interconnecting 3D nanoflake structure is obtained, providing large electrochemically active surface area and interconnecting nanoscale pore channels for ion transport. The HNC electrode demonstrates significantly improved capacitance, 70 times higher than the reported NiO‐TiO2 nanotube array electrode with similar thickness. The charge/discharge kinetics are also superior, showing only a 24% capacitance reduction when the scan rate is increased by 50 times, as compared with the typical 70% capacitance reduction for pseudocapacitor electrodes under the same conditions. HNC exhibits an extraordinary excellent cycle life; capacitance increases to 115% after 4500 test cycles. Furthermore, because HNC is in intimate contact with the current collector, it is not necessary to use conducting agents or binders, which reduces the electrode weight and facilitates the electrode preparation process. The method is low cost, facile, scalable, additive free, and is promising for fabricating supercapacitor electrode with excellent performance.
On‐Substrate Preparation of an Electroactive Conjugated Polyazomethine from Solution‐Processable Monomers and its Application in Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Sicard Lambert , Navarathne Daminda , Skalski Thomas , Skene W. G.
Published: February 2013

An electroactive polyazomethine is prepared from a solution processable 2,5‐diaminothiophene derivative and 4,4′‐triphenylamine dialdehyde by spray‐coating the monomers on substrates, including indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass and native glass slides. The conjugated polymer was rapidly formed in situ by heating the substrates at 120 °C for 30 min in an acid saturated atmosphere. The resulting immobilized polymer is easily purified by rinsing the substrate with dichloromethane. The on‐substrate polymerization is tolerant towards large stoichiometry imbalances of the comonomers, unlike solution step‐growth polymerization. The resulting polyazomethine is electroactive and it can be switched reversibly between its neutral and oxidized states both electrochemically and chemically without degradation. A transmissive electrochromic device is fabricated from the immobilized polyazomethine on an ITO electrode. The resulting device is successfully cycled between its oxidized (dark blue) and neutral (cyan/light green) states with applied biases of +3.2 and ‐1.5 V under ambient conditions without significant color fatigue or polymer degradation. The coloration efficiency of the oxidized state at 690 nm is 102 cm2 C−1.
Na4‐αM2+α/2(P2O7)2 (2/3 ≤ α ≤ 7/8, M = Fe, Fe0.5Mn0.5, Mn): A Promising Sodium Ion Cathode for Na‐ion Batteries
Authors: Ha Kwang‐Ho , Woo Seung Hee , Mok Duckgyun , Choi Nam‐Soon , Park Yuwon , Oh Seung M. , Kim Youngshol , Kim Jeongsoo , Lee Junesoo , Nazar Linda F. , Lee Kyu Tae
Published: February 2013

A new polyanion‐based compound, Na3.12M2.44(P2O7)2 (M = Fe, Fe0.5Mn0.5, Mn) is synthesized and examined as a cathode for Na ion batteries. Off‐stoichiometric synthesis induces the formation of a Na‐rich phase, Na3.32Fe2.34(P2O7)2 ‐ a member of the solid solution series Na4‐αFe2+α/2(P2O7)2 (2/3 ≤ α ≤ 7/8) ‐ which delivers a reversible capacity of about 85 mA h g−1 at ca. 3 V vs. Na/Na+ and exhibits very stable cycle performance. Above all, it shows fast kinetics for Na ions, delivering an almost constant 72% reversible capacity at rates between C/10 and 10C without the necessity for nanosizing or carbon coating. We attribute this to the spacious channel size along the a‐axis, along with a single phase transformation upon de/sodiation.
CDC7 inhibition blocks pathological TDP‐43 phosphorylation and neurodegeneration
Authors: Liachko Nicole F. , McMillan Pamela J. , Guthrie Chris R. , Bird Thomas D. , Leverenz James B. , Kraemer Brian C.
Published: February 2013

Objective

Kinase hyperactivity occurs in both neurodegenerative disease and cancer. Lesions containing hyperphosphorylated aggregated TDP‐43 characterize amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP‐43 inclusions. Dual phosphorylation of TDP‐43 at serines 409/410 (S409/410) drives neurotoxicity in disease models; therefore, TDP‐43–specific kinases are candidate targets for intervention.

Methods

To find therapeutic targets for the prevention of TDP‐43 phosphorylation, we assembled and screened a comprehensive RNA interference library targeting kinases in TDP‐43 transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans.

Results

We show CDC7 robustly phosphorylates TDP‐43 at pathological residues S409/410 in C. elegans, in vitro, and in human cell culture. In frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)‐TDP cases, CDC7 immunostaining overlaps with the phospho–TDP‐43 pathology found in frontal cortex. Furthermore, PHA767491, a small molecule inhibitor of CDC7, reduces TDP‐43 phosphorylation and prevents TDP‐43–dependent neurodegeneration in TDP‐43–transgenic animals.

Interpretation

Taken together, these data support CDC7 as a novel therapeutic target for TDP‐43 proteinopathies, including FTLD‐TDP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2013;74:39–52
125 Jahre Chemie im Spiegel der “Angewandten”
Authors: Diederich François
Published: February 2013

In dieser Übersicht wird die Entwicklung der Angewandten Chemie seit ihrer Gründung im Jahr 1887 untersucht und analysiert, wie ihr Inhalt die Veränderungen in der chemischern Forschung über die 125 Jahre widerspiegelt. Ursprünglich als Zeitschrift für angewandte – technische und analytische – Chemie gegründet, enthielt sie auch schon in ihren ersten 50 Jahren zahlreiche Übersichten und Referate, an denen die Meilensteine der breiteren chemischen Forschung schön verfolgt werden können. Mit der Gründung der International Edition 1962 wurde der Autorenkreis, der bis dahin vor allem aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum kam, zunehmend internationaler, und die Zeitschrift erlebte einen bewundernswerten Aufschwung, wobei sie heute mit ihrem attraktiven Layout, ihrem gelungenen Mix an publizierten Arbeiten und ihrem hohen Impact‐Faktor die weltweite chemische Forschung mit ihren Errungenschaften und ihren künftigen Herausforderungen in voller Breite abdeckt.
Target Identification for Small Bioactive Molecules: Finding the Needle in the Haystack
Authors: Ziegler Slava , Pries Verena , Hedberg Christian , Waldmann Herbert
Published: February 2013

Identification and confirmation of bioactive small‐molecule targets is a crucial, often decisive step both in academic and pharmaceutical research. Through the development and availability of several new experimental techniques, target identification is, in principle, feasible, and the number of successful examples steadily grows. However, a generic methodology that can successfully be applied in the majority of the cases has not yet been established. Herein we summarize current methods for target identification of small molecules, primarily for a chemistry audience but also the biological community, for example, the chemist or biologist attempting to identify the target of a given bioactive compound. We describe the most frequently employed experimental approaches for target identification and provide several representative examples illustrating the state‐of‐the‐art. Among the techniques currently available, protein affinity isolation using suitable small‐molecule probes (pulldown) and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated proteins appears to be most powerful and most frequently applied. To provide guidance for rapid entry into the field and based on our own experience we propose a typical workflow for target identification, which centers on the application of chemical proteomics as the key step to generate hypotheses for potential target proteins.
Double monitoring of common and specific features for multimode process
Authors: Tong Chudong , Yan Xuefeng
Published: February 2013

A novel monitoring framework for multimode processes is proposed in this article. Generally, although the different modes have different process characteristics, they still share some common features, and the specific information is the unique characteristic that is not shared by all modes. On the basis of principal component analysis (PCA), a new statistical method, termed as local principal component analysis (LPCA), is developed for modeling multimode process data. LPCA is a modified version of PCA with the idea of maximizing local data variance, which aims to discover some directions that data, from all modes, share comparatively similar variance structure. In this low‐dimensional representation, the common features are captured and the residual corresponding to each mode can be treated as specific features. With the obtained LPCA model, both the common and specific features are utilized for monitoring. Moreover, a Bayesian inference strategy is further adopted to derive global indices of specific features for fault detection. Its feasibility and validity of the proposed method are illustrated through a simple multivariate linear system and the Tennessee Eastman challenge problem. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of eggshell derived catalyst for transesterification of used cooking oil for biodiesel production
Authors: Navajas A. , Issariyakul T. , Arzamendi G. , Gandía L.M. , Dalai A.K.
Published: February 2013

The major drawback that prevents commercialization of biodiesel is the high cost of vegetable oil feedstock. In this work, used cooking oil, which is much less expensive than fresh vegetable oil, is used as an alternative raw material. Prior to transesterification reaction, esterification was conducted and catalyzed homogeneously to eliminate free fatty acid. Heterogeneous catalyst derived from cheap and easily obtained egg‐shell (industrial waste) was used for transesterification reaction. A 100% ester yield was obtained at the optimized reaction conditions, which is 5 h of reaction duration, 24:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 4 wt% catalyst loading. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple comparisons in complex clinical trial designs
Authors: Hung H. M. James , Wang Sue‐Jane
Published: February 2013

Multiple comparisons have drawn a great deal of attention in evaluation of statistical evidence in clinical trials for regulatory applications. As the clinical trial methodology is increasingly more complex to properly take into consideration many practical factors, the multiple testing paradigm widely employed for regulatory applications may not suffice to interpret the results of an individual trial and of multiple trials. In a large outcome trial, an increasing need of studying more than one dose complicates a proper application of multiple comparison procedures. Additional challenges surface when a special endpoint, such as mortality, may need to be tested with multiple clinical trials combined, especially under group sequential designs. Another interesting question is how to study mortality or morbidity endpoints together with symptomatic endpoints in an efficient way, where the former type of endpoints are often studied in only one single trial but the latter type of endpoints are usually studied in at least two independent trials. This article is devoted to discussion of insufficiency of such a widely used paradigm applying only per‐trial based multiple comparison procedures and to expand the utility of the procedures to such complex trial designs. A number of viable expanded strategies are stipulated.
Curcumin and neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Monroy Adriana , Lithgow Gordon J. , Alavez Silvestre
Published: February 2013

Over the last 10 years curcumin has been reported to be effective against a wide variety of diseases and is characterized as having anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, thrombosuppressive, cardioprotective, antiarthritic, and anti‐infectious properties. Recent studies performed in both vertebrate and invertebrate models have been conducted to determine whether curcumin was also neuroprotective. The efficacy of curcumin in several preclinical trials for neurodegenerative diseases has created considerable excitement mainly because of its lack of toxicity and low cost. This suggests that curcumin could be a worthy candidate for nutraceutical intervention. As aging is a common risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, it is possible that some compounds that target aging mechanisms could also prevent these kinds of diseases. One potential mechanism to explain several of the general health benefits associated with curcumin is that it may prevent aging‐associated changes in cellular proteins that lead to protein insolubility and aggregation. This loss in protein homeostasis is associated with several age‐related diseases. Recently, curcumin has been found to help maintain protein homeostasis and extend lifespan in the model invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we review the evidence from several animal models that curcumin improves healthspan by preventing or delaying the onset of various neurodegenerative diseases. © 2013 BioFactors, 39(1):122–132, 2013
Stimuli‐Responsive magnetic nanoparticles for monoclonal antibody purification
Authors: Borlido Luís , Moura Leila , Azevedo Ana M. , Roque Ana C. A. , Aires‐Barros Maria R. , Farinha José Paulo S.
Published: February 2013

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutic proteins. One of the challenges facing large‐scale production of monoclonal antibodies is the capacity bottleneck in downstream processing, which can be circumvented by using magnetic stimuli‐responsive polymer nanoparticles. In this work, stimuli‐responsive magnetic particles composed of a magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) core with a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) (P(NIPAM‐co‐AA)) shell cross‐linked with N, N'‐methylenebisacrylamide were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The particles were shown to have an average hydrodynamic diameter of 317 nm at 18°C, which decreased to 277 nm at 41°C due to the collapse of the thermo‐responsive shell. The particles were superparamagnetic in behavior and exhibited a saturation magnetization of 12.6 emu/g. Subsequently, we evaluated the potential of these negatively charged stimuli‐responsive magnetic particles in the purification of a monoclonal antibody from a diafiltered CHO cell culture supernatant by cation exchange. The adsorption of antibodies onto P(NIPAM‐co‐AA)‐coated nanoparticles was highly selective and allowed for the recovery of approximately 94% of the mAb. Different elution strategies were employed providing highly pure mAb fractions with host cell protein (HCP) removal greater than 98%. By exploring the stimuli‐responsive properties of the particles, shorter magnetic separation times were possible without significant differences in product yield and purity.
Seasonal Variation on the Contents of Coumarin and Kaurane‐Type Diterpenes in Mikania laevigata and M. glomerata Leaves under Different Shade Levels
Authors: Bertolucci Suzan Kelly V. , Pereira Ana Bárbara D. , Pinto José Eduardo B. P. , Oliveira Alaíde B. , Braga Fernão C.
Published: February 2013

Coumarin (1) and kaurane‐type diterpenes are considered the bioactive constituents of Mikania glomerata and M. laevigata, used in Brazil to treat respiratory affective disorders. The seasonal variation of 1, ortho‐coumaric acid (2), benzoylgrandifloric acid (3), cinnamoylgrandifloric acid (4), and kaurenoic acid (5) in leaves of both species, cultivated in full sunlight and under shade levels of 40 and 80%, was quantified by HPLC. Compound 2 was detected solely in M. laevigata in concentrations below the limit of quantification. Coumarin was not found in M. glomerata, whereas its concentration reached 0.94±0.24% (w/w) in M. laevigata farmed in summer under 80% shading. Both Mikania species produced higher amounts of kaurane diterpenes when cultivated in plenty of sunlight. Hence, maximum contents of 1 are reached in M. laevigata cultivated under high shading, but with reduced concentrations of 3–5. Conversely, M. glomerata should be cultivated under full sunlight and harvested in winter for highest concentrations of kaurane‐type diterpenes.
Cytotoxic and Apoptosis‐Inducing Activities of Steviol and Isosteviol Derivatives against Human Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Ukiya Motohiko , Sawada Shingo , Kikuchi Takashi , Kushi Yasunori , Fukatsu Makoto , Akihisa Toshihiro
Published: February 2013

Seventeen steviol derivatives, i.e., 2–18, and 19 isosteviol derivatives, i.e., 19–37, were prepared from a diterpenoid glycoside, stevioside (1). Upon evaluation of the cytotoxic activities of these compounds against leukemia (HL60), lung (A549), stomach (AZ521), and breast (SK‐BR‐3) cancer cell lines, nine steviol derivatives, i.e., 5–9 and 11–14, and five isosteviol derivatives, i.e., 28–32, exhibited activities with single‐digit micromolar IC50 values against one or more cell lines. All of these active compounds possess C(19)‐O‐acyl group, and among which, ent‐kaur‐16‐ene‐13,19‐diol 19‐O‐4′,4′,4′‐trifluorocrotonate (14) exhibited potent cytotoxicities against four cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 1.2–4.1 μM. Compound 14 induced typical apoptotic cell death in HL60 cells upon evaluation of the apoptosis‐inducing activity by flow‐cytometric analysis. These results suggested that acylation of the 19‐OH group of kaurane‐ and beyerane‐type diterpenoids might be useful for enhancement of their cytotoxicities with apoptosis‐inducing activity.
Structural Insights into the Recovery of Aldolase Activity in N‐Acetylneuraminic Acid Lyase by Replacement of the Catalytically Active Lysine with γ‐Thialysine by Using a Chemical Mutagenesis Strategy
Authors: Timms Nicole , Windle Claire L. , Polyakova Anna , Ault James R. , Trinh Chi H. , Pearson Arwen R. , Nelson Adam , Berry Alan
Published: February 2013

Chemical modification has been used to introduce the unnatural amino acid γ‐thialysine in place of the catalytically important Lys165 in the enzyme N‐acetylneuraminic acid lyase (NAL). The Staphylococcus aureus nanA gene, encoding NAL, was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The protein, purified in high yield, has all the properties expected of a class I NAL. The S. aureus NAL which contains no natural cysteine residues was subjected to site‐directed mutagenesis to introduce a cysteine in place of Lys165 in the enzyme active site. Subsequently chemical mutagenesis completely converted the cysteine into γ‐thialysine through dehydroalanine (Dha) as demonstrated by ESI‐MS. Initial kinetic characterisation showed that the protein containing γ‐thialysine regained 17 % of the wild‐type activity. To understand the reason for this lower activity, we solved X‐ray crystal structures of the wild‐type S. aureus NAL, both in the absence of, and in complex with, pyruvate. We also report the structures of the K165C variant, and the K165‐γ‐thialysine enzyme in the presence, or absence, of pyruvate. These structures reveal that γ‐thialysine in NAL is an excellent structural mimic of lysine. Measurement of the pH‐activity profile of the thialysine modified enzyme revealed that its pH optimum is shifted from 7.4 to 6.8. At its optimum pH, the thialysine‐containing enzyme showed almost 30 % of the activity of the wild‐type enzyme at its pH optimum. The lowered activity and altered pH profile of the unnatural amino acid‐containing enzyme can be rationalised by imbalances of the ionisation states of residues within the active site when the pKa of the residue at position 165 is perturbed by replacement with γ‐thialysine. The results reveal the utility of chemical mutagenesis for the modification of enzyme active sites and the exquisite sensitivity of catalysis to the local structural and electrostatic environment in NAL.
Long‐term clinical outcomes with the use of a modified provisional Jailed‐Balloon stenting technique for the treatment of nonleft main coronary bifurcation lesions
Authors: Depta Jeremiah P. , Patel Yogesh , Patel Jayendrakumar S. , Novak Eric , Yeung Michael , Zajarias Alan , Kurz Howard I. , Lasala John M. , Bach Richard G. , Singh Jasvindar
Published: February 2013

Objectives

To assess the long‐term clinical outcomes associated with treatment of nonleft main coronary bifurcation lesions using a modified provisional jailed‐balloon technique (JBT).

Background

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of bifurcation lesions is associated with a higher risk of adverse events, including the risk of side branch (SB) loss during main branch (MB) stenting.

Methods

From 4/2003 to 8/2010, 406 patients with 424 nonleft main coronary bifurcation lesions underwent PCI with (n = 95) and without (n = 311) the use of JBT. Rates of SB loss and long term clinical outcomes [death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR)] were compared between patients undergoing PCI with and without JBT using univariate and propensity score adjusted and matched analyses.

Results

The majority of patients presented with acute coronary syndrome (63%) and 90% of lesions were Medina class 1,1,1. Patients were followed for a mean of 2.7 ± 2.1 years. After propensity score matching (n = 81 in each group), JBT was associated with a significantly lower composite rate of death, MI, or TLR (HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.06–0.76; P = 0.02) and TLR (HR 0.20, 95% 0.04–0.92; P = 0.04) compared with no JBT. Permanent SB loss was significantly lower in the JBT group compared with no JBT group (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.10–0.49; P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

The use of JBT for the treatment of nonleft main coronary bifurcation lesions was associated with significantly lower rates of SB loss and major adverse cardiac events at late follow‐up. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Bismuth‐Impregnated Mesoporous Silica to the Photochemical Oxidation of Methylene Blue: An Example of Nanoparticle Autocatalysis
Authors: Ward Antony J. , Weber Cameron C. , Masters Anthony F. , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: February 2013

A range of Bi‐TUD‐1 silicas were used in conjunction with H2O2 to mediate the photochemical oxidation of methylene blue (MB). The rate of MB degradation increased sequentially with decreasing metal loading, and it was determined experimentally that singlet oxygen was responsible for the oxidation process observed. Kinetic studies of the system revealed that putative reactive BiV‐containing surface sites are generated autocatalytically by irradiation of the Bi‐TUD‐1 in the presence of peroxide. The formation of these active sites is favored by lower Bi concentrations resulting in the formation of smaller Bi species in the silica framework. Total organic carbon analysis of the reaction mixtures showed that MB was being converted to CO2 after the decolorization process had occurred.
Bingel–Hirsch Addition on Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Control
Authors: Alegret Núria , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Poblet Josep M.
Published: February 2013

An extensive theoretical study of the Bingel–Hirsch addition of bromomalonate on scandium nitride endohedral fullerenes has been carried out. The prototypical and highly symmetrical Sc3N@Ih‐C80, with a structure that satisfies the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), and the non‐IPR Sc3N@D3(6140)‐C68 fullerene show analogous reaction paths despite the distinct topology of the carbon networks and different rotation freedom of the internal nitride cluster. For the two metallofullerenes, our results predict that the reaction takes place under kinetic control yielding open‐cage fulleroids on [6,6] bonds, which is in good agreement with experimental data. The theoretical studies also show that predicting the reactivity of endohedral metallofullerenes is not straightforward and often an accurate analysis of the potential energy surface is required.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)‐Diversonol
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Jackenkroll Stefan , Raith Christian , Spiegl Dirk A. , Reiner Johannes R. , Ochoa Campos Maria Claudia
Published: February 2013

For the synthesis of (−)‐diversonol (ent‐1), an enantioselective domino‐Wacker/carbonylation/methoxylation reaction and an enantioselective Wacker oxidation were used to give the chroman in high yield and 96 % and 93 % ee, respectively. Dihydroxylation at the vinyl moiety using the Sharpless procedure and a Wittig–Horner reaction followed by hydrogenation, benzylic oxidation, and an intramolecular acylation provided the tetrahydroxanthenone, from which ent‐1 is accessible in a few steps. Furthermore, the synthesis of the diastereomeric diversonol rac‐1,9 a‐epi‐diversonol (rac‐41) is also described.
The 2‐Cyano‐2,2‐dimethylethanimine‐N‐oxymethyl Group for the 2′‐Hydroxyl Protection of Ribonucleosides in the Solid‐Phase Synthesis of RNA Sequences
Authors: Cieślak Jacek , Ausín Cristina , Grajkowski Andrzej , Beaucage Serge L.
Published: February 2013

The reaction of 2‐cyano‐2‐methyl propanal with 2′‐O‐aminooxymethylribonucleosides leads to stable and yet reversible 2′‐O‐(2‐cyano‐2,2‐dimethylethanimine‐N‐oxymethyl)ribonucleosides. Following N‐protection of the nucleobases, 5′‐dimethoxytritylation and 3′‐phosphitylation, the resulting 2′‐protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidite monomers are employed in the solid‐phase synthesis of three chimeric RNA sequences, each differing in their ratios of purine/pyrimidine. When the activation of phosphoramidite monomers is performed in the presence of 5‐benzylthio‐1H‐tetrazole, coupling efficiencies averaging 99 % are obtained within 180 s. Upon completion of the RNA‐chain assemblies, removal of the nucleobase and phosphate protecting groups and release of the sequences from the solid support are carried out under standard basic conditions, whereas the cleavage of 2′‐O‐(2‐cyano‐2,2‐dimethylethanimine‐N‐oxymethyl) protective groups is effected (without releasing RNA alkylating side‐products) by treatment with tetra‐n‐butylammonium fluoride (0.5 m) in dry DMSO over a period of 24–48 h at 55 °C. Characterization of the fully deprotected RNA sequences by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), enzymatic hydrolysis, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry confirmed the identity and quality of these sequences. Thus, the use of 2′‐O‐aminooxymethylribonucleosides in the design of new 2′‐hydroxyl protecting groups is a powerful approach to the development of a straightforward, efficient, and cost‐effective method for the chemical synthesis of high‐quality RNA sequences in the framework of RNA interference applications.
A Simple Link between Hydrocarbon and Borohydride Chemistries
Authors: Poater Jordi , Solà Miquel , Viñas Clara , Teixidor Francesc
Published: February 2013

A clear link between the hydrocarbon and borohydride chemistries is established by showing that hydrocarbons and borohydrides have a common root regulated by the number of valence electrons in a confined space. Application of the proposed method to archetypal hydrocarbons leads to well‐known borohydrides but, more importantly, it allows the design of new and interesting boron‐containing molecules that can be a source of inspiration for synthetic chemists.
Heterogeneous Nucleophilic Transformation of Metolachlor by Bisulfide on Alumina Surface
Authors: Wei Lan , Li Fangbai , Liu Chengshuai , Liu Chuanping , Chen Manjia , Lan Qing
Published: February 2013

The present research elucidates the accelerating effect of alumina minerals on metolachlor transformation using sulfur nucleophiles and also determines the metolachlor transformation mechanisms in the heterogeneous reaction systems. Metolachlor transformation was first systematically investigated under different conditions. Then, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were used to characterize the changes in the surface bonds of the aluminas. The transformation products were qualitatively identified using LC/MS. The results showed that bisulfide can produce efficient metolachlor transformation rates, and the presence of the aluminas can further accelerate the transformation by achieving complete transformation in <21 days. In addition, a higher pH and higher bisulfide concentration are more favorable for metolachlor transformation. When normalized to the surface area, the metolachlor transformation rates were found to follow the order of α‐Al2O3>γ‐AlOOH>γ‐Al2O3 in the presence of different aluminas. FTIR results indicated that the enhancement of metolachlor transformation rates by bisulfide with aluminas can be attributed to the surface active nucleophiles on alumina surfaces formed through AlS and AlO bonds. The substitution of chlorine on the metolachlor followed the SN2 mechanism by bisulfide with accelerated rate through mediating the heterogeneous reactions with aluminas.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Turkish River and Drinking Water Samples by Different PCR and LAMP Methods
Authors: Koloren Zeynep , Demirel Elif
Published: February 2013

In this study, we investigated the occurence of Toxoplasma gondii and checked the sequencing in 56 samples collected from in the Ordu province, Middle Black Sea, Turkey. The samples were collected from drinking and river water and DNA was extracted from all samples. After DNA isolation, the 18S rRNA target gene and B1 gene of T. gondii were amplified by conventional PCR, nested PCR, and loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, respectively. Twenty out of 56 samples (35.7%) were Toxoplasma positive by LAMP. The conventional PCR and nested PCR confirmed that 12 and 16 out of 56 samples (21.42 and 28.57%) were positive for Toxoplasma, respectively. All drinking water samples were negative by all three methods. Thirteen Toxoplasma nested PCR products were successfully sequenced. This study achieved detection and sequencing of Toxoplasma from water supplies in the Middle Black sea area in Turkey.
Modulation of c‐Met signaling and cellular sensitivity to radiation
Authors: Bhardwaj Vikas , Cascone Tina , Cortez Maria Angelica , Amini Arya , Evans Jaden , Komaki Ritsuko U. , Heymach John V. , Welsh James W.
Published: February 2013

The c‐Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor and its family members are known to promote cancer cell migration and invasion. Signaling within and beyond this pathway contributes to the systemic spread of metastases through induction of the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, a process also implicated in mediating resistance to current anticancer therapies, including radiation. Induction of c‐Met has also been observed after irradiation, suggesting that c‐Met participates in radiation‐induced disease progression through the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. Therefore, c‐Met inhibition is an attractive target for potentially mitigating radiation resistance. This article summarizes key findings regarding crosstalk between radiotherapy and c‐Met and discusses studies performed to date in which c‐Met inhibition was used as a strategy to increase cellular radiosensitivity. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
A QoS‐aware service discovery method for elastic cloud computing in an unstructured peer‐to‐peer network
Authors: Lin Wenmin , Dou Wanchun , Xu Zhanyang , Chen Jinjun
Published: February 2013

Traditionally, service discovery is often promoted by the centralized approach that typically suffers from single point of failure, poor reliability, poor scalability, to name a few. In view of this challenge, a QoS‐aware service discovery method is investigated for elastic cloud computing in an unstructured peer‐to‐peer network in this paper. Concretely speaking, the method is deployed by two phases, that is, service registering phase and service discovery phase. More specifically, for a peer node engaged in the unstructured peer‐to‐peer network, it firstly registers its functional and nonfunctional information to its neighbors in a flooding way. With the multiple registered information, the QoS‐aware service discovery is promoted in a probabilistic flooding way according to the network traffic. At last, extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the feasibility of our method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Selective Hydrogenation of Phenol and Derivatives over Polyaniline‐Functionalized Carbon‐Nanotube‐Supported Palladium
Authors: Chen Jinzhu , Zhang Wei , Chen Limin , Ma Longlong , Gao Hui , Wang Tiejun
Published: February 2013

Invited for this month′s cover are the groups of Prof. Jinzhu Chen and Prof. Longlong Ma from the Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The image shows a bifunctional stabilizing mechanism of the composite support PANI/CNT on palladium nanoparticles in the catalyst Pd–PANI/CNT, and how the PANI/CNT can play a role in controlling the conversion and selectivity in the direct hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone.
Fabrication and photocatalytic property of ZnO/SrTiO3 core/shell nanorod arrays
Authors: Tu Y. F. , Fu Q. M. , Niu X. J. , Sang J. P. , Tan Z. J. , Zheng G. , Zou X. W.
Published: February 2013

ZnO/SrTiO3 core/shell nanorod arrays were fabricated by a facile two‐step method. ZnO nanorod arrays were first hydrothermally grown on Si substrate. Then, using liquid phase deposition method, SrTiO3 were deposited onto the ZnO nanorods to form core/shell nanorod structures. The morphologies and structures of the products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The photocatalytic behavior of the nanorod arrays was also examined through the photodegradation of methylene blue solution under UV irradiation. It was found that the core/shell nanorod arrays with deposition time of 10 min showed higher photocatalytic activity than bare ZnO nanorod arrays. This enhancement was attributed to the efficient charge separation at the ZnO/SrTiO3 interface.
Low Temperature Hetero‐Epitaxial Growth of 3C‐SiC Films on Si Utilizing Microwave Plasma CVD
Authors: Zhuang Hao , Zhang Lei , Staedler Thorsten , Jiang Xin
Published: February 2013

Microwave plasma (MW)CVD is used for the first time in the low‐temperature, hetero‐epitaxial growth of 3C‐SiC films on Si using a gas mixture of tetramethylsilane (TMS) and hydrogen. Good epitaxial matching between the 3C‐SiC film and Si substrate is obtained in the epitaxially grown 3C‐SiC films. Further investigation reveals that microwave powder density and substrate temperature play an important role in the determination of the orientation, SiC/Si interface structure, and morphology of 3C‐SiC films. The presented results show MWCVD might be a potent approach in the future in obtaining large‐scale, high‐quality, single‐crystalline 3C‐SiC films.
CNP/cGMP signaling regulates axon branching and growth by modulating microtubule polymerization
Authors: Xia Caihong , Nguyen Minh , Garrison Amy K. , Zhao Zhen , Wang Zheng , Sutherland Calum , Ma Le
Published: February 2013

The peptide hormone CNP has recently been found to positively regulate axon branching and growth via activation of cGMP signaling in embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, but the cellular mechanisms mediating the regulation of these developmental processes have not been established. In this study, we provide evidence linking CNP/cGMP signaling to microtubule dynamics via the microtubule regulator CRMP2. First, phosphorylation of CRMP2 can be suppressed by cGMP activation in embryonic DRG neurons, and non‐phosphorylated CRMP2 promotes axon branching and growth. In addition, real time analysis of growing microtubule ends indicates a similar correlation of CRMP2 phosphorylation and its activity in promoting microtubule polymerization rates and durations in both COS cells and DRG neuron growth cones. Moreover, direct activation of cGMP signaling leads to increased assembly of dynamic microtubules in DRG growth cones. Finally, low doses of a microtubule depolymerization drug nocodazole block CNP/cGMP‐dependent axon branching and growth. Taken together, our results support a critical role of microtubule dynamics in mediating CNP/cGMP regulation of axonal development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 673–687, 2013
IgE knock‐in mice suggest a role for high levels of IgE in basophil‐mediated active systemic anaphylaxis
Authors: Lübben Wolger , Turqueti‐Neves Adriana , Okhrimenko Anna , Stöberl Christian , Schmidt Volker , Pfeffer Klaus , Dehnert Sonja , Wünsche Sarah , Storsberg Silke , Paul Stefanie , Bauer Stefan , Riethmüller Gert , Voehringer David , Yu Philipp
Published: February 2013

Immunglobulin E (IgE) production is tightly regulated at the cellular and genetic levels and is believed to be central to allergy development. At least two cellular pathways exist that lead to systemic anaphylaxis reactions in vivo: IgE‐sensitized mast cells and IgG1‐sensitized basophils. Passive anaphylaxis, by application of allergen and allergen‐specific antibodies in mice, indicates a differential contribution of immunoglobulin isotypes to anaphylaxis. However, analysis of a dynamic immunization‐mediated antibody response in anaphylaxis is difficult. Here, we generated IgE knock‐in mice (IgEki), which express the IgE heavy chain instead of IgG1, in order to analyze the contribution of IgG1 and IgE to active anaphylaxis in vivo. IgEki mice display increased IgE production both in vitro and in vivo. The sensitization of IgEki mice by immunization followed by antigen challenge leads to increased anaphylaxis. Homozygous IgEki mice, which lack IgG1 due to the knock‐in strategy, are most susceptible to active systemic anaphylaxis. The depletion of basophils demonstrates their importance in IgE‐mediated anaphylaxis. Therefore, we propose that an enhanced, antigen‐specific, polyclonal IgE response, as is the case in allergic patients, is probably the most efficient way to sensitize basophils to contribute to systemic anaphylaxis in vivo.
Tetraspanin CD37 contributes to the initiation of cellular immunity by promoting dendritic cell migration
Authors: Gartlan Kate H. , Wee Janet L. , Demaria Maria C. , Nastovska Roza , Chang Tsz Man , Jones Eleanor L. , Apostolopoulos Vasso , Pietersz Geoffrey A. , Hickey Michael J. , van Spriel Annemiek B. , Wright Mark D.
Published: February 2013

Previous studies on the role of the tetraspanin CD37 in cellular immunity appear contradictory. In vitro approaches indicate a negative regulatory role, whereas in vivo studies suggest that CD37 is necessary for optimal cellular responses. To resolve this discrepancy, we studied the adaptive cellular immune responses of CD37−/− mice to intradermal challenge with either tumors or model antigens and found that CD37 is essential for optimal cell‐mediated immunity. We provide evidence that an increased susceptibility to tumors observed in CD37−/− mice coincides with a striking failure to induce antigen‐specific IFN‐γ‐secreting T cells. We also show that CD37 ablation impairs several aspects of DC function including: in vivo migration from skin to draining lymph nodes; chemo‐tactic migration; integrin‐mediated adhesion under flow; the ability to spread and form actin protrusions and in vivo priming of adoptively transferred naïve T cells. In addition, multiphoton microscopy‐based assessment of dermal DC migration demonstrated a reduced rate of migration and increased randomness of DC migration in CD37−/− mice. Together, these studies are consistent with a model in which the cellular defect that underlies poor cellular immune induction in CD37−/− mice is impaired DC migration.
Pathogenic T cells persist after reversal of autoimmune disease by immunosuppression with regulatory T cells
Authors: Tu Eric , Bourges Dorothée , Gleeson Paul A. , Ang Desmond K. Y. , van Driel Ian R.
Published: February 2013

Autoimmune disease can be prevented with immunosuppressive agents; however, the effectiveness of these treatments in advanced stage of disease and the fate of pathogenic T cells following such treatments are not clear. In this study we demonstrate that a single dose of in vitro‐induced Treg cells (iTreg cells) resulted in the functional repair and restitution of stomach tissue that had been severely damaged in advanced autoimmune gastritis. iTreg cells caused depletion or inactivation of autoreactive naïve T cells that were antigen inexperienced, however, autoreactive effector/memory T cells persisted in treated mice, resulting in residual cellular infiltrates within the repaired stomach tissue. The persisting autoreactive T cells were able to rapidly cause autoimmune disease if iTreg cells were removed. Similar data were obtained from mice treated continuously with corticosteroid, in that there was substantial restitution of the gastric mucosa; however, effector T cells persisted and rapidly caused pathology following drug removal. Therefore, iTreg cells or corticosteroid can suppress pathogenic autoreactive cells in advanced autoimmune disease, reversing tissue damage and improving tissue function. However, the persistence of pathogenic T cells represents a disease risk.