bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extended spin-boson model for nonadiabatic hydrogen tunneling in the condensed phase
Authors: Ohta Yasuhito , Soudackov Alexander V. , Hammes-Schiffer Sharon
Published: October 2006

A nonadiabatic rate expression for hydrogen tunneling reactions in the condensed phase is derived for a model system described by a modified spin-boson Hamiltonian with a tunneling matrix element exponentially dependent on the hydrogen donor-acceptor distance. In this model, the two-level system representing the localized hydrogen vibrational states is linearly coupled to the donor-acceptor vibrational mode and the harmonic bath. The Hamiltonian also includes bilinear coupling between the donor-acceptor mode and the bath oscillators. This coupling provides a mechanism for energy exchange between the two-level system and the bath through the donor-acceptor mode, thereby facilitating convergence of the time integral of the probability flux correlation function for the case of weak coupling between the two-level system and the bath. The dependence of the rate constant on the model parameters and the temperature is analyzed in various regimes. Anomalous behavior of the rate constant is observed in the weak solvation regime for model systems that lack an effective mechanism for energy exchange between the two-level system and the bath. This theoretical formulation is applicable to a wide range of chemical and biological processes, including neutral hydrogen transfer reactions with small solvent reorganization energies.
Intrinsic ultraviolet light-emission from Si nanocrystals prepared by reactive sputtering
Authors: Du X. W. , Liu L. Y. , Yao P. , Cui L.
Published: October 2006

Thin films with ultrafine Si nanocrystals and ultraviolet (UV) light emission were prepared by using reactive sputtering of SiO2 and Al targets. The reaction of Al and SiO2 leads to the formation of ultrafine Si nanocrystals with compact Al2O3 shell. Al2O3 shell retards the growth of Si nanocrystals and provides ideal passivation on Si nanocrystals. Intrinsic UV photoluminescence is ascribed to the quantum-confinement effect of Si nanocrystals.
X-ray emission scaling law from a plasma focus with different anode tip materials (Cu, Mo, and W)
Authors: Sharif M. , Ahmad S. , Zakaullah M. , Hussain S. , Waheed A.
Published: October 2006

X-ray emission from a 2.3–5.3kJ Mather-type plasma focus [Phys. Fluids 7, 5 (1964)] employing copper, molybdenum, and tungsten anode tip is studied. Argon is used as a working gas. Characteristic CuKα and Mo K-series emission and their ratio to the continuous x-rays are determined. From the variation of the x-ray yield data with filling pressure at different charging voltages, scaling laws are obtained. X-ray pinhole images demonstrate that a significant amount of x-ray emission is from the anode tip. The comparison of the ratio of characteristic to continuum radiation for copper anode with typical x-ray tube data reveals that the contribution of very high energy electron beam from the focus region for x-ray generation through thick target bremsstrahlung mechanism is not significant. Rather, electrons with energy of the order of, or even less than, the charging voltage are responsible for bulk of the x-ray emission.
Absolute cross section for trapping low-energy electrons (–18eV) in molecular films of n-hexane
Authors: Michaud M. , Hébert E. M. , Cloutier P. , Sanche L.
Published: October 2006

We propose an apparatus and method, based on the absorption of photon of energy ranging between 1.5 and 3.54eV, to measure the absolute cross section for trapping low-energy electrons in a molecular film deposited on a metal substrate. A simple model is described to analyze electron trapping in the film and charge release from the same film by photon excitation. Measurements of the trapping of electrons in multilayer films of n-hexane are presented for different film thicknesses, electron exposures and incident energies, and probing photon fluxes and energies. The electron trapping cross section in a five-layer film of n-hexane is characterized by a large maximum reaching a value of (4.7±0.4)×10−17cm2 at 10eV and having a 2.3eV full width at half maximum. This feature is ascribed to the formation of one or several core-excited resonances lying between 7 and 14eV and leading, via dissociative electron attachment, to the formation of stable H− fragments, which stabilize within the first outerlayer of the film.
Notes on Basisperma lanceolata C.T. White (Myrtaceae).
Authors: Foreman DB
Published: October 2006

A full flower description of Basisperma lanceolata is given for the first time; notes
are given on germination and seedling growth and on the possible relationships of the
genus to other myrtaceous genera.
A revision of the genus Agathis (Araucariaceae) in Australia.
Authors: Hyland BPM
Published: October 2006

The status of the Australian species of Agathis Salisb. is reviewed.
Although only three species are involved, there has been a considerable amount of
nomenclatural confusion. One new species is described from north Queensland, A.
atropurpurea Hyland. A. palmerstonii F. Muell. is a synonym of A. robusta (C. Moore
ex F. Muell.) F.M. Bail.
The genus Pimelea (Thymelaeaceae) in Eastern Mainland Australia
Authors: Threlfall S
Published: October 2006

37 species of Pimelea are described. This represents the
total occurrence in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. 17 new
combinations are made and the following are described as new: P. venosa Threlfall, P.
neo-anglica Threlfall, P. ligustrina Labill. ssp. ciliata Threlfall, P. linifolia Sm. ssp. caesia
Threlfall, P. octophylla R.Br. ssp. ciliolaris Threlfall, P. octophylla R.Br. ssp. subvillifera
Threlfall, P. latifolia R.Br. ssp. elliptifolia Threlfall, and the following new varieties of
P. curviflora R.Br. ssp. gracilis (R.Br.) Threlfall, stat. nov.?var. divergent Threlfall, var.
subglabrata Threlfall, and var. acuta Threlfall. Subsection Choristachys (Endl.) Meissn.
of Section Calyptrostegia (Meyer) Benth. has been raised to sectional status.
Distributional maps and keys to species and infraspecific taxa are provided.
Illustrations are provided for some key characters.
A revision of the Viscaceae of Australia.
Authors: Barlow BA
Published: October 2006

The Australian Viscaceae comprise 3 genera, Viscum, Notothixos and Korthalsella, and 14
species. A further 2 species of Korthalsella are endemic to Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands
respectively. None of the genera and only 7 of the species are endemic to Australia.
Three species are described as new, viz. Korthalsella emersa, K. grayi and K. leucothrix.
One subspecies is described as new, viz. K. rubra subsp. geijericola. There are 2 new
combinations, viz. K. japonica subsp. brassiana (K. brassiana Blakely) and Viscum whitei
subsp. flexicaule (V. flexicaule Barlow). The biogeographic history of the family in the
Australian region is briefly discussed.
A revision of the Coprosma pumila (Rubiaceae) complex in Australia, New Zealand and the Subantarctic Islands.
Authors: Orchard.A.E
Published: October 2006

The widespread
complex of mat-forming Coprosma species, hitherto known as 'Coprosma pumila', plus
some close allies (C. petriei, C. atropurpurea, C. nivalis) have been reexamined. C. pumila
s. str. is shown to be restricted to the northern central plateau and Ben Lomond areas of
Tasmania. The name C. perpusilla Col. is resurrected for the orange-fruited plants of
Australia and New Zealand formerly included in C. pumila. A new subspecies,
C. perpusilla ssp. subantarctica, is erected for the plants on Macquarie, Auckland, Camp-
bell and Antipodes Islands. A new species, C. niphophila, is recognised for the Mt
Kosciusko region and the South Island of New Zealand. The six species and two
subspecies of the complex are keyed, fully described and illustrated, and their interrelation-
ships, particularly their trans-Tasman vicariance, are discussed.
Contributions to a revisin of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae): 1-3
Authors: Barlow BA
Published: October 2006

Melaleuca acacioides F. Muell., formerly regarded as a single species,
is considered to consist of three taxa, M. citrolens sp. nov., M. acacioides subsp.
acacioides and M. acacioides subsp. alsophila, the last based on M. alsophila Benth. 2:
Melaleuca irbyana R. Baker and M. pallescens Byrnes are treated as subspecies of
M. tamariscina Hooker and new combinations M. tamariscina subsp. irbyana and
M. tamariscina subsp. pallescens are made. 3: Two subspecies of M. minutifolia F. Muell.
are recognised, M. minutifolia subsp. minutifolia and subsp. monantha, which is described
as new.
Eucalyptus fusiformis (Myrtaceae), a new species of Ironbark (in the Informal E. series Paniculatae Pryor et Johnson) from North-eastern NSW.
Authors: Boland DJ , Kleinig DA , Brophy JJ
Published: October 2006

A new species, Eucalyptus
fusiformis Boland et Kleinig, from the north coast of New South Wales is described. Its
taxonomic position is in E. subgenus Symphyomyrtus series Paniculatae following the
informal classification of eucalypts proposed by Pryor and Johnson (1971). E. fusiformis
is characterised by its flowers, fruits and adult leaves. In the bud the staminal filaments
are fully inflected while the androecium has outer staminodes and the anthers are cuboid
and adnate. The fruits are narrow, often truncate fusiform, tapering into long slender
pedicels. The adult leaves are dull grey, concolorous and hypoamphistomatic. The species
resembles the more numerous and often co-occurring ironbark E. siderophloia which has
similar adult and seedling leaves. The volatile oils of both species are very similar. The
ecology, distribution, taxonomic affinities and conservation status are discussed.
Identification of Sin1 as an essential TORC2 component required for complex formation and kinase activity
Authors: Yang Qian , Inoki Ken , Ikenoue Tsuneo , Guan Kun-Liang
Published: October 2006

Target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionally conserved protein kinase in eukaryotes and a central cell growth controller. TOR exists in two distinct complexes, termed TORC1 and TORC2. Mammalian TORC2 has recently been shown to possess kinase activity toward the C-terminal hydrophobic site of Akt/PKB. Here, we report that Sin1 is an essential component of TORC2 but not of TORC1, and functions similarly to Rictor, the defining member of TORC2, in complex formation and kinase activity. Knockdown of Sin1decreases Akt phosphorylation in both Drosophila and mammalian cells and diminishes Akt function in vivo. It also disrupts the interaction between Rictor and mTOR. Furthermore, Sin1 is required for TORC2 kinase activity in vitro. Disruption of the Rictor gene in mice results in embryonic lethality and ablates Akt phosphorylation. These data demonstrate that Sin1 together with Rictor are key components of mTORC2 and play an essential role in Akt phosphorylation and signaling.
Hedgehog-regulated localization of Vax2 controls eye development
Authors: Kim Jin Woo , Lemke Greg
Published: October 2006

Cell fates in the optic neuroepithelium are determined by the combinational action of homeotic transcription factors. One of these is Vax2, a homeodomain protein that ventralizes the vertebrate eye field by repressing transcription of the Pax6 gene. We find that Vax2 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm as a function of time in eye development, and that this dynamic shuttling is an essential feature of retinal differentiation. We show that subcellular localization of Vax2 is controlled by phosphorylation of a single serine residue, S170, downstream from its homeodomain, and that this modification results in the exclusion of Vax2 from the nucleus. Phosphorylation of S170 is most probably mediated by protein kinase A and is antagonized by the ventralizing morphogen Sonic hedgehog. Expression of a nonphosphorylatable, constitutively nuclear Vax2 protein in the chick optic vesicle results in constitutive repression of Pax6, and leads to the formation of an eyeless embryo. These results indicate that regulated changes in Vax2 localization modify the developmental competence of the optic neuroepithelium over time and thereby provide a mechanism for the sequential staging of eye development.
Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis within infundibular cysts
Authors: Steele Chynna L. , Shea Christopher R. , Petronic‐Rosic Vesna
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EH) is a well‐described histopathologic pattern characteristic of bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, an autosomal dominant genodermatosis. It is also noted in cutaneous disorders where mosaicism leads to containment of the clinical and histopathologic changes. EH has been observed as an incidental finding in tissue adjacent to and within lesions such as nevi, scars, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and seborrheic keratoses. We present two cases of EH within infundibular type follicular cysts, a rare finding only once otherwise reported in 1978.
Characterization of a second proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA2) from Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ruike Tatsushi , Takeuchi Ryo , Takata Kei‐ichi , Oshige Masahiko , Kasai Nobuyuki , Shimanouchi Kaori , Kanai Yoshihiro , Nakamura Ryoichi , Sugawara Fumio , Sakaguchi Kengo
Published: October 2006

The eukaryotic DNA polymerase processivity factor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, is an essential component in the DNA replication and repair machinery. In Drosophila melanogaster, we cloned a second PCNA cDNA that differs from that encoded by the gene mus209 (for convenience called DmPCNA1 in this article). The second PCNA cDNA (DmPCNA2) encoded a 255 amino acid protein with 51.7% identity to DmPCNA1, and was ubiquitously expressed during Drosophila development. DmPCNA2 was localized in nuclei as a homotrimeric complex and associated with Drosophila DNA polymerase δ and εin vivo. Treatment of cells with methyl methanesulfonate or hydrogen peroxide increased the amount of both DmPCNA2 and DmPCNA1 associating with chromatin, whereas exposure to UV light increased the level of association of only DmPCNA1. Our observations suggest that DmPCNA2 may function as an independent sliding clamp of DmPCNA1 when DNA repair occurs.
GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE DUE TO DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY IN THE BRANEWORLD SCENARIO
Authors: NATH SOMA , CHAKRABORTY SUBENOY , DEBNATH UJJAL
Published: October 2006

Gravitational collapse of FRW braneworld embedded in a conformally flat bulk is considered for matter cloud consisting of dark matter and dark energy with equation of state p = ∊ρ (∊ < -1/3). The effect of dark matter and dark energy is being considered first separately and then a combination of them with and without interaction. In some cases the collapse leads to black hole, in some other cases naked singularity appears.
AN ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR THE TRANSITION FROM DECELERATED TO ACCELERATED COSMIC EXPANSION
Authors: DE LEON J. PONCE
Published: October 2006

We consider the scenario where our observable universe is devised as a dynamical four-dimensional hypersurface embedded in a five-dimensional bulk space–time, with a large extra dimension, which is the generalization of the flat FRW cosmological metric to five dimensions. This scenario generates a simple analytical model where different stages of the evolution of the universe are approximated by distinct parametrizations of the same space–time. In this model the evolution from decelerated to accelerated expansion can be interpreted as a "first-order" phase transition between two successive stages. The dominant energy condition allows different parts of the universe to evolve, from deceleration to acceleration, at different redshifts within a narrow era. This picture corresponds to the creation of bubbles of new phase, in the middle of the old one, typical of first-order phase transitions. Taking Ωm = 0.3 today, we find that the cross-over from deceleration to acceleration occurs at z ~ 1 - 1.5, regardless of the equation of state in the very early universe. In the case of primordial radiation, the model predicts that the deceleration parameter "jumps" from q ~ +1.5 to q ~ -0.4 at z ~ 1.17. At the present time q = -0.55 and the equation of state of the universe is w = p/ρ ~ -0.7, in agreement with observations and some theoretical predictions.
PHANTOM UNIVERSE FROM CPT SYMMETRIC QFT
Authors: ANDRIANOV ALEXANDER A. , CANNATA FRANCESCO , KAMENSHCHIK ALEXANDER Y.
Published: October 2006

We develop a generalization of semiclassical field theory for the case of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians with CPT symmetry and construct a classical cosmological, scalar-field based model describing a smooth transition from ordinary dark energy to the phantom one. Our model arises from a Lagrangian with a complex potential leading to a non-trivial vacuum with real vacuum energy. Equivalence with models involving two scalar fields one of which is phantom-like is discussed.
LOW TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF Fe-DOPED ZnO NANOROD BUNDLES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: ZHAO ZHIGANG , GENG FENGXIA , CONG HONGTAO , BAI JINBO , CHENG HUI-MING
Published: October 2006

Pure and Fe -doped ZnO nanorod bundles were synthesized in aqueous solution at low temperature, in which inexpensive reagents such as Zn ( NO 3)2, NaOH and Fe ( NO 3)3 were used as precursors. The composition of the final product can be roughly tuned by the precursor ratio used. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirms the successful incorporation of Fe element into ZnO nanorods, and X-ray diffraction reveals that ZnO nanorod bundles have a pure hexagonal wurtzite-phase structure. UV–vis spectroscopy show that the spectrum shifts to longer wavelength with increasing iron doping.
The eggshell is required for meiotic fidelity, polar-body extrusion and polarization of the C. elegansembryo
Authors: Johnston Wendy L , Krizus Aldis , Dennis James W
Published: October 2006

Background

Fertilization restores the diploid state and begins the process by which the single-cell oocyte is converted into a polarized, multicellular organism. In the nematode,Caenorhabditis elegans, two of the earliest events following fertilization are secretion of the chitinous eggshell and completion of meiosis, and in this report we demonstrate that the eggshell is essential for multiple developmental events at the one-cell stage.

Results

We show that the GLD (Germline differentiation abnormal)-1-regulated hexosamine pathway enzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA)-2, is required for synthesis of uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the substrate for eggshell chitin synthesis by chitin synthase-1 (CHS-1). Furthermore, whilechs-1(RNAi)or combined RNAi with the chitin-binding proteins, CEJ-1 and B0280.5, does not interfere with normal meiotic timing, lagging chromosomes are observed at meiosis, and polar-body extrusion fails. We also demonstrate that chitin, and either CEJ-1 or B0280.5, are essential for the osmotic/permeability barrier and for movement of the sperm pronucleus/centrosome complex to the cortex, which is associated with the initiation of polarization.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the eggshell is required in single-cellC. elegansdevelopment, playing an essential role in multiple actin-dependent early events. Furthermore, the earliest meiotic roles precede osmotic barrier formation, indicating that the role of the eggshell is not limited to generation of the osmotic barrier.
Adhesives in larynx repair
Authors: Lyons Michael B. , Lyons George D. , Webster Douglas , Wheeler Valerie R.
Published: October 2006

Guinea pig laryngeal fractures were used as a model to compare the ease of application and effectiveness of the fibrinogen‐adhesive system with the case of application and effectiveness of cyanoacrylate glue and control fractures stinted with contralateral gelatin film. Seven fibrin adhesive‐treated and two cyanoacrylate glue‐treated guinea pigs were perfused after 60 and 35 days, respectively. The larynges were serial sectioned, and the wound sites were compared. The fibrinogen adhesive system was easier to dispense than cyanoacrylate glue, did not require a completely dry surface, and stabilized within 3 minutes. Cartilage segment alignment with focal, complete fracture healing and symmetrical chondrocyte proliferation were seen in fibrogen adhesive‐stinted larynges. In the cyanoacrylate glue‐treated larynges, there was no alignment and minimal, asymmetrical chondrocyte proliferation. Gelatin film‐stinted controls exhibited similar features. Thus, fibrogen adhesive was easier to apply and more effectively bound laryngeal fractures than cyanoacrylate glue or gelatin film.
Temporal bone histopathology in chronically infected ears with intact and perforated tympanic membranes
Authors: Da Costa Sady S. , Paparella Michael M. , Schachern Patricia A. , Yoon Tae H. , Kimberley Barry P.
Published: October 2006

Chronic suppurative otitis media has been clinically defined as a chronic discharge from the middle ear in the presence of a perforation of the tympanic membrane. However, irreversible tissue pathology in the middle ear or mastoid can occur behind an intact tympanic membrane. One hundred forty‐four human temporal bones with chronic otitis media were divided into two groups: those with perforated (28) and those with nonperforated (116) tympanic membranes. The histopathological findings of their middle ears were compared.

Granulation tissue in various degrees was the most prominent pathological feature. It was observed in 96% of temporal bones with perforation of the tympanic membrane, and in 97% of those without perforation. Also found were ossicular bony changes (96% with perforation; 90.5% without), middle ear effusion (93% with perforation; 89% without), cholesterol granuloma (21% with perforation; 12% without), cholesteatoma (36% with perforation; 4% without), and tympanosclerosis (43% with perforation; 20% without).

This study shows that the histopathological changes of the middle ear are similar in temporal bones with and without perforation of the tympanic membrane. The clinician should, therefore, be aware that an intact tympanic membrane does not necessarily preclude the presence of gross pathological changes of the middle ear cleft.
Dynamic least-cost optimisation of wastewater system remedial works requirements
Authors: Vojinovic Z. , Solomatine D. , Price R.K.
Published: October 2006

In recent years, there has been increasing concern for wastewater system failure and identification of optimal set of remedial works requirements. So far, several methodologies have been developed and applied in asset management activities by various water companies worldwide, but often with limited success. In order to fill the gap, there are several research projects that have been undertaken in exploring various algorithms to optimise remedial works requirements, but mostly for drinking water supply systems, and very limited work has been carried out for the wastewater assets. Some of the major deficiencies of commonly used methods can be found in either one or more of the following aspects: inadequate representation of systems complexity, incorporation of a dynamic model into the decision-making loop, the choice of an appropriate optimisation technique and experience in applying that technique. This paper is oriented towards resolving these issues and discusses a new approach for the optimisation of wastewater systems remedial works requirements. It is proposed that the optimal problem search is performed by a global optimisation tool (with various random search algorithms) and the system performance is simulated by the hydrodynamic pipe network model. The work on assembling all required elements and the development of an appropriate interface protocols between the two tools, aimed to decode the potential remedial solutions into the pipe network model and to calculate the corresponding scenario costs, is currently underway.
Transfer of hydrophobic contaminants in urban runoff particles to benthic organisms estimated by an in vitro bioaccessibility test
Authors: Nakajima F. , Saito K. , Isozaki Y. , Furumai H. , Christensen A.M. , Baun A. , Ledin A. , Mikkelsen P.S.
Published: October 2006

An in vitro bioaccessibility test was applied for assessing the transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in road dust, into benthic organisms living in a receiving water body. The road dust is supposed to be urban runoff particles under wet weather conditions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution was used as a hypothetical gut fluid. Pyrene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene were the main PAH species in the SDS extractable fraction of road dust, as well as the whole extract. Benzo(ghi)perylene showed relatively low concentrations in the SDS extract in spite of a high concentration in the original dust. The PAH composition in benthic organisms (polychaetes) did not correspond with that of the surrounding sediment and the PAHs detected were also detected in high concentrations in the SDS extract of road dust. When testing the toxicity of the extracted contaminants by a standardised algal toxicity test, SDS extracts of a detention pond sediment showed higher toxicity than the pore water of the corresponding sediment. Sediment suspension showed a comparative toxicity with 0.1% SDS extract. From the results, the in vitro bioaccessibility test seems more suitable to evaluate the exposed contaminants than the traditional organic solvent extraction method and the SDS extracted fraction is applicable to toxicity tests reflecting the digestive process.
Triple-bottom-line assessment of urban stormwater projects
Authors: Taylor A.C. , Fletcher T.D.
Published: October 2006

New guidelines have been developed and trialled in Australia to assist urban stormwater managers to assess options for projects that aim to improve urban waterway health. These guidelines help users to examine the financial, ecological and social dimensions of projects (i.e. the so-called “triple-bottom-line”). Features of the assessment process described in the guidelines include use of multi criteria analysis, input from technical experts as well as non-technical stakeholders, and provision of three alternative levels of assessment to suit stormwater managers with differing needs and resources. This paper firstly provides a background to the new guidelines and triple-bottom-line assessment. The assessment methodology promoted in the new guidelines is then briefly summarised. This methodology is compared and contrasted with European guidelines from the “SWARD” project that have been primarily developed for assessing the relative sustainability of options involving urban water supply and sewerage assets. Finally, the paper discusses how assessment methodologies that evaluate the financial, ecological and social dimensions of projects can, under some circumstances, be used to evaluate the relative progress of options for urban water management on a journey towards the widely pursued, but vaguely defined goal of “sustainable development”.
Comparison between two methodologies for urban drainage decision aid
Authors: Moura P.M. , Baptista M.B. , Barraud S.
Published: October 2006

The objective of the present work is to compare two methodologies based on multicriteria analysis for the evaluation of stormwater systems. The first methodology was developed in Brazil and is based on performance-cost analysis, the second one is ELECTRE III. Both methodologies were applied to a case study. Sensitivity and robustness analyses were then carried out. These analyses demonstrate that both methodologies have equivalent results, and present low sensitivity and high robustness. These results prove that the Brazilian methodology is consistent and can be used safely in order to select a good solution or a small set of good solutions that could be compared with more detailed methods afterwards.
Evaluation of potential gene–gene interactions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Han Chinese population
Authors: Qian Qiujin , Wang Yufeng , Li Jun , Yang Li , Wang Bing , Zhou Rulun , Glatt Stephen J. , Faraone Stephen V.
Published: October 2006

Several lines of evidence suggest that attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a polygenic disorder produced by the interaction of several genes with minor effects. To explore potential gene–gene interactions among candidate genes for ADHD, we studied the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4), dopamine transporter (DAT1), and catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) genes in the Han Chinese population. A sample of 340 children with ADHD was diagnosed according to the DSM‐IV criteria. We also recruited 226 unrelated controls. Identified polymorphisms included a 48‐base‐pair‐repeat in Exon 3 of DRD4, a 40‐base‐pair‐repeat in the 3′ untranslated region of DAT1, a restriction‐fragment‐length polymorphism at codon 158 of COMT, and a −241A > G transition in the promoter of DRD2. Associations of polymorphisms with ADHD and its subtypes were examined by comparing allele frequencies between probands and controls. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the potential gene–gene interactions. Binary logistic regression analysis with the sample of refined phenotypes showed that male gender and long‐repeat genotypes of DRD4 and DAT1 were independent risk factors for ADHD. We found no evidence for gene–gene interactions among the candidate genes studied. The present study suggests that dopamine candidate genes are associated with increased vulnerability to ADHD in the Han Chinese population. Copyright © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nachweis und Gehaltsbestimmung von Gyromitrin in frischen Lorcheln 19. Mitt. über Pilzinhaltsstoffe
Authors: List P. H. , Luft P.
Published: October 2006

In frischen Frühjahrslorcheln konnte Gyromitrin als genuiner Inhaltsstoff nachgewiesen werden. Die quantitative Bestimmung ergab 1200 bis 1600 mg Gyromitrin pro kg Frischpilz.
NMR‐Spektroskopische Untersuchungen über die Ringinversion von 1,3‐Dihydro‐5‐phenyl‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐onderivaten
Authors: Sadée W.
Published: October 2006

Die NMR‐Spektren einiger Benzodiazepinderivate wurden aufgenommen und die Konformationen dieser Stoffklasse diskutiert. Es wurden verschiedene Substituenten in das Ringgerüst eingeführt und der Einfluß auf die Geschwindigkeit der Ringinversion untersucht.
Dihydroisochinolin‐Umlagerung 8. Mitt.: Zum Mechanismus der Umlagerung tertiärer 1,2‐Dihydroisochinoline
Authors: Knabe J. , Powilleit H.
Published: October 2006

Bei der Umlagerung des optisch aktiven Dihydroisochinolins IX mit dem Chiralitätszentrum im C‐1‐Substituenten entsteht racem. X.
Zusammensetzung des ätherischen Öls von Melissa officinalis L. und sekundäre Veränderungen der Ölkomposition
Authors: Hefendehl F. W.
Published: October 2006

Die qualitative und quantitative Zusammensetzung des genuinen ätherischen Öls von Melissa officinalis L. wurde chromatographisch bestimmt; die durch Umlagerung von Citronellal entstandenen Artefakte wurden identifiziert. Die Beobachtung des Öls während der Ontogenese zeigt starke Verschiebungen in der quantitativen Zusammensetzung, wobei Substanzen mit geringerem Hydrierungsgrad in jüngeren Pflanzenteilen vorherrschen.
Apigenin‐5‐methyläther, ein neues Flavon aus Thevetia peruviana
Authors: Voigtländer H.‐W. , Balsam G.
Published: October 2006

Aus Samen von Thevetia peruviana wurde ein Flavon isoliert, bei dem es sich um den bisher nicht bekannten Apigenin‐5‐methyläther handelt. Dieses „Thevetiaflavon”︁ ist in der Droge nicht mit Zuckern verknüpft, sondern liegt frei vor.
Synthese und lokalanästhetische Wirkung von N‐Piperidino‐methyl‐4‐alkoxybenzamiden
Authors: Schönenberger H. , Bindl L. , Petter A. , Zwez W.
Published: October 2006

N‐Piperidinomethyl‐4‐alkoxybenzamide führen zu einer Hemmung der Reizleitung im Ventrikelstreifen des Froschherzens. Das Wirkungsoptimum liegt bei N‐Piperidinomethyl‐4‐butoxybenzamid. Im Vergleich zu Falicain® ist die Wirkung der entsprechenden N‐analogen Verbindung, N‐Piperidinomethyl‐4‐propoxybenzamid, verringert. Die verschiedenen Wirkungsstärken werden auf Unterschiede in den physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften und im räumlichen Bau der Isostere zurückgeführt.
Desthio‐6‐aminopenicillansäure und 2‐Keto‐3‐isopropylpiperazincarbonsäure‐(6). Kondensierte Azetidinone‐(2). 6. Mitt
Authors: Moll F. , Hannig M.
Published: October 2006

Die Hydrogenolyse der 6‐Aminopenicillansäure mit Raney‐Nickel führt zu zwei isomeren Verbindungen, der Desthio‐6‐aminopenicillansäure (2) und der 2‐Keto‐3‐isopropylpiperazincarbonsäure‐(6) (3). Durch spektroskopische Untersuchungen und chemische Umsetzungen konnte der Reaktionsverlauf geklärt werden.
Rheologische Eigenschaften und Zusammensetzung des Vaselins
Authors: Gstierner F. , Meisenberg R.
Published: October 2006

Zur Aufklärung stark differierender rheologischer Eigenschaften des Vaselins wurden 12 Handelsvaselinen in n‐ und iso‐Paraffine fraktioniert, die iso‐Paraffine durch Molekulardestillation in 7 Fraktionen aufgeteilt, die jeweils einer Strukturgruppenanalyse unterworfen wurden. Dies führte zu dem Ergebnis, daß die Gerüstfestigkeit des Vaselins erhöht und damit gleichzeitig die Ölabscheidung erniedrigt wird durch ein Ansteigen des Gehaltes an iso‐Paraffinen, durch Ansteigen des Quotienten: iso‐Paraffine/n‐Paraffine, durch eine hohe Ölviskosität und durch mäßigen Ölgehalt. Die Zügigkeit wird durch höhermolekulare iso‐Paraffine günstig beeinflußt.
Synthese von Glycyrrhizinsäure‐ und Glycyrrhetinsäurederivaten
Authors: Brieskorn C. H. , Sax H.
Published: October 2006

Die Synthese einiger Derivate von Glycyrrhizin‐ und Glycyrrhetinsäure wird beschrieben.
Substituenteneffekte bei Phenothiazin‐Radikalen. I. Methode zur hochauflösenden EPR‐Spektroskopie von Phenothiazin‐Radikalen
Authors: Fenner H.
Published: October 2006

Mit Dibenzoylperoxid lassen sich aus verschiedenen N‐10 substituierten Phenothiazin‐Basen Radikalkationen darstellen und durch hochauflösende EPR‐Spektroskopie charakterisieren. Die Radikalbildung erfolgt thermisch oder photolytisch nach einem eindeutigen Oxidationsmechanismus. N‐10‐unsubstituierte Phenothiazin‐Basen lassen sich durch H‐Abstraktion mit Diacetyl thermisch oder photolytisch in neutrale Radikale überführen und EPR‐spektroskopisch untersuchen.
Synthese eines Biscumarinyläthan‐Derivates aus 2,4,3′,5′‐Tetrahydroxy‐diphenyläthan. 1. Mitt. über Biscumarinyläthane und Biscumarinyläthene
Authors: Eiden F. , Meins P.
Published: October 2006

2,4,3′,5′‐Tetrahydroxy‐diphenyläthan (2a) läßt sich mit Acetessigester/Schwefelsäure in ein Biscumarinyläthan‐Derivat umwandeln, das seiner chemischen Eigenschaften und Spektren wegen als 1‐[4‐Methyl‐7‐hydroxy‐cumarinyl‐(6)]‐2‐4‐methyl‐5‐hydroxy‐cumarinyl‐(7)‐äthan (1a) zu formulieren ist. Versuche, aus 2,4,3′,5′‐Tetrahydroxystilben (1a) oder über das 1,2‐Dibrom‐1‐[2,4‐diacetoxyphenyl]‐2‐[3,5‐diacetoxyphenyl]‐äthan (11) das Biscumarinyläthen‐Derivat 3 darzustellen, mißlangen.
Alkaloide aus Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. 3. Mitt.: 14‐Hydroxy‐2,3,6‐trimethoxy‐9,11,12,13, 13a,14‐hexahydro‐dibenzo[f,h]‐pyrrolo[1,2‐b]‐isochinolin
Authors: Wiegrebe W. , Budzikiewicz H. , Faber L.
Published: October 2006

In Cynanchum vincetoxicum wurde 14‐Hydroxy‐2,3,6‐trimethoxy‐9,11,12,13,13a,14‐hexahydro‐dibenzo[f,h]‐pyrrolo[1,2‐b]‐isochinolin nachgewiesen und als O‐Acetat isoliert.
Tetrahydroindol‐4‐one aus Enaminen cyclischer β‐Dicarbonylverbindungen
Authors: Roth H. J. , Hagen H.‐E.
Published: October 2006

Enamine cyclischer β‐Dicarbonylverbindungen kondensieren mit α‐Ketolen zu 2,3‐disubstituierten 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydro‐indol‐4‐onen.
Kondensierte Indole aus 2‐Chlorindolaldehyd‐(3)
Authors: Schulte K. E. , Reisch J. , Stoess U.
Published: October 2006

Aus 2‐Oxindolen lassen sich mit dem Vilsmeier‐Reagens 2‐Chlorindol‐3‐aldehyde darstellen, während 2– bzw. 3‐Pyrrolone zu 2– bzw. 3‐Hydroxypyrrolaldehyden führen. Unter gleichen Bedingungen reagieren Succinimid, N‐Phenylsuccinimid und 1‐Phenyl‐2,3,‐dimethylpyrrolon‐(5) nicht. Aus 2‐Chlorindolaldehyd‐(3) sind durch Umsetzung mit bifunktionellen Verbindungen kondensierte Indolderivate zugänglich.
Notiz über die Reaktion von Bis(p‐nitrophenyl)‐keten mit 4‐Pyron‐ und 4‐Pyridon‐Derivaten. 36. Mitt. über Untersuchungen an 4‐Pyronen1)
Authors: Eiden F. , Peglow M.
Published: October 2006

Aus Chelidonsäure‐bzw. N‐Phenyl‐chelidamsäure‐diäthylester lassen sich durch Reaktion mit Bis(p‐nitrophenyl)‐essigsäurechlorid und tertiärem Amin in schlechter Ausbeute die Bis(p‐nitrophenyl)‐methylen‐4H‐pyran‐ bzw. ‐1,4‐dihydropyridin‐Derivate 2 bzw. 3 darstellen.
2‐Nitro‐3‐hydroxy‐chromon. 38. Mitt. über Untersuchungen an 4‐Pyronen
Authors: Eiden F. , Dölcher D.
Published: October 2006

Aus 3‐Hydroxy‐chromon (1a) wurde mit Salpetersäure 2‐Nitro‐3‐hydroxy‐chromon (3a) hergestellt. 3a reagiert mit Acetylhalogeniden zu 2‐Chlor‐ bzw. 2‐Brom‐3‐acetoxy‐chromonen (4b bzw. c).
Notiz über die UGI‐Reaktion mit Diaziridinen
Authors: Zinner G. , Bock W.
Published: October 2006

Wie in der Formelübersicht gezeigt, führt die UGI‐Reaktion mit 3.3‐Pentamethylendiaziridin und seinem 1‐Methyl‐Derivat, Formaldehyd, Cyclohexylisocyanid, sowie Wasser bzw. Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure als Nucleophil zu verschiedenartigen Produkten.
Reduktion von 1‐Piperidinomethyl‐isatin durch Hydride
Authors: Roth H. J. , Lausen H. H.
Published: October 2006

Durch Einwirkung von LiA1H4 auf 1‐Piperidinomethyl‐isatin (I) entsteht 1‐Piperidinomethyl‐ 2,3‐dihydroxyindolin (II); mit NaBH4 wird I reduktiv zu 1‐Piperidinomethyl‐2, 3‐dioxindol‐3‐yl‐2′‐oxindol‐3′‐yl‐äther (III) „dimerisiert”︁ und unter Umlagerung des Aminomethylrestes zu 3‐Piperidinomethyl‐dioxindol (IV) reduziert.
Coulometrische Bestimmung von Sulfonamiden und Lokalanaesthetica im Submikrobereich
Authors: Ebel S. , Kalb S.
Published: October 2006

Es wird die Bestimmung von Sulfonamiden und Lokalanaesthetica im Submikrobereich (60 – 300μ) mit elektrolytisch erzeugtem Brom beschrieben. Das überschüssige Brom wird mit coulometrisch erzeugten Kupfer(I)‐Ionen und potentiometrischer Endpunktsbestimmung zurücktitriert.
Der Nachweis von 5‐Hydroxy‐chromon‐7‐rutinosid in Mentha longifolia Hudson
Authors: Bourwieg D. , Janistyn B. , Stocker M. , Pohl R.
Published: October 2006

Ein aus Mentha longifolia isoliertes Glykosid wurde als 5‐Hydroxy‐chromon‐7‐β‐O‐(6‐rhamnopyranosyl)‐D‐glucopyranosid identifiziert.
N‐Substituierte Imidazole aus Aldehyden, 1,2‐Diketonen, primären Aminen und flüssigem Ammoniak. 4. Mitt. über Imidazolsynthesen mit flüssigem Ammoniak
Authors: Stoeck V. , Schunack W.
Published: October 2006

N‐substituierte Imidazole 5 können aus Aldehyden 1, 1,2‐Diketonen 2 und primären Aminen 3 in flüssigem Ammoniak 4 dargestellt werden.
Untersuchungen an 1,3‐Thiazinen, VIII. Konkurrierende Bildung von Tetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐2‐thionen und 2‐Imino‐1,3‐dithianen
Authors: Hanefeld Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Bei der Umsetzung der Dithiocarbamate 1 mit 1,3‐Dibrompropan in Gegenwart einer Base wurden die Verbindungen 3 und 4 erhalten und durch spektroskopische und chemische Methoden charakterisiert. Einige Verbindungen sind wirksam gegen Candida albicans.
Synthesis of Substituted Benzamides, Benzimidazoles and Benzoxazines as Potential Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Charles Elizabeth S. , Rao Kambhampati V. B. , Sharma Satyavan , Iyer Raman N.
Published: October 2006

A number of substituted benzamides 5–21, 2,5(6)‐disubstituted benzimidazoles 12–24, 6‐chloro‐3‐(2‐nitro‐5R‐phenyl)‐2,3‐benzoxazines 15–28 and 3,8‐dichloro‐6‐oxobenzimidazo[3,2‐α] [1,3]benzoxazine (19) have been synthesized. Their anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities are reported.
Intramolekulare Umsetzung von Iminiumverbindungen mit Carbonsäuren
Authors: Möhrle Hans , Busch Manfred
Published: October 2006

In 2‐Stellung mit cyclischen Aminen substituierte 5‐Nitrobenzoesäuren wurden mit Quecksilber(II)‐EDTA dehydriert. Während das Piperidin‐ und Perhydroazepin‐Derivat unter normalen Bedingungen jeweils das tricyclische Oxazinon bei nur geringer Decarboxylierungsrate lieferte, konnte das Pyrrolidin‐Derivat lediglich in unüblichen Lösungsmitteln umgesetzt werden, wobei hauptsächlich Verlust der Carboxylfunktion und nur in geringem Ausmaß Dehydrierung eintrat. Im Hinblick auf die Ursachen wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen durchgeführt.
Synthesis and CNS Activity ofN,N‐Disubstituted 1‐(Aminomethyl)‐5‐alkyl‐3‐(aryloxyacetylhydrazono)indolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Agarwal Rajesh , Misra Shobha , Satsangi Rajiv K. , Tiwari Shiva S.
Published: October 2006

Isatin and 5‐methylisatin were condensed with various aryloxyacetylhydrazides to furnish the 3‐(aryloxyacetylhydrazono)‐5‐alkylindolin‐2‐ones1–4. When1–4were subjected toMannichreaction, theN,N‐disubstituted 1‐(aminomethyl)‐5‐alkyl‐3‐(aryloxyacetylhydrazono)indolin‐2‐ones5–8were obtained. The compounds were CNS active and relatively non‐toxic (albino mice).
Neue Wege zu Sulfoniumyliden des Cyclopentadiens
Authors: Hartke Klaus , Zerbe Horst‐Georg
Published: October 2006

Die S‐Alkylierung von cis‐ oder trans‐3,5‐Bis(alkylthio)cyclopentenen 4 oder 6 führt zu den Bis‐sulfonium‐salzen 5 oder 7, die von Alkalilauge zu den Dialkylsulfonium‐cyclopentadieniden 1 zersetzt werden. Thallium‐cyclopentadienid (10) bildet mit Sulfensäurechloriden die instabilen S‐Alkyl‐ oder S‐Aryl‐cyclopentadiene 12, die mit Thallium‐ethanolat in die Thallium‐alkylthio‐ oder ‐arylthio‐cyclopentadienide 13 übergehen. Letztere lassen sich am Schwefel zu den Dialkylsulfonium‐cyclopentadieniden 1 oder den Alkylarylsulfonium‐cyclopentadieniden 14 alkylieren.
Biotransformation von 1H‐Benzotriazol und N‐1‐Alkylbenzotriazolen in vitro
Authors: Hoffmann Hermann , Pooth Rainer
Published: October 2006

1H‐Benzotriazol (1) wird durch Rattenlebermikrosomen zu 4‐ und 5‐Hydroxybenzotriazol (1a, 1b) oxidiert. N‐Alkylbenzotriazole 2–5 werden entalkyliert und am C‐Atom (ω‐1) hydroxyliert zu 4,5. Eine Bildung phenolischer Metabolite erfolgt nur in geringem Ausmaß.
Homobenzoisochinuclidine, 2. Mitt
Authors: Schneider Woldemar , Quast Ulrich
Published: October 2006

Die Diazomethanaddition an das Benzoisochinuclidiniminiumperchlorat 12 führt zum Aziridiniumsalz 13, das sowohl bei Methanolyse als auch bei Hydrolyse hohe Anteile an ringerweiterten Produkten des Homobenzoisochinuclidin‐Systems ergibt. Das im Gegensatz zu 12 am Brückenkopf phenylsubstituierte Iminiumperchlorat 2 liefert mit Diazomethan ein Produktgemisch, das neben dem methanolysebeständigen Aziridiniumsalz 3 und dem Iminiumsalz 4 auch das Homobenzoisochinuclidin‐enammoniumsalz 5 enthält.
Synthese von 3‐methylendisubstituierten 2‐Oxo‐tetrahydrofuranen und ihre Umlagerung zu den 5,6‐Dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐onen
Authors: Falsone Gioacchino , Spur Bernd
Published: October 2006

Es wird die Synthese der 3‐methylendisubstituierten 2‐Oxo‐tetrahydrofurane 5a–g und 6–8 aus den α‐Ketolactonen 1a,b und den Knoevenagel‐Komponenten 2a–f sowie 3 und 4 beschrieben. Als Katalysatoren benutzt man TiCl4/Pyridin, Piperidinacetat/β‐Alanin und β‐Alanin. Ringöffnung und Verseifung von 5a–d, 5f und 6 lieferten die 5,6‐Dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one 9a–f.
Darstellung und Reaktionen von Formyl‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐Derivaten
Authors: Eiden Fritz , Gerstlauer Carmen
Published: October 2006

Die Tetrahydrocannabinol‐Derivate 3a, 3b und 17 reagieren mit Vilsmeier‐Reagens zu den Aldehyden 4a, 4d, 5a, 5b, 18 und 19. Diese kondensieren mit CH‐aciden Verbindungen zu den Pyrano‐THC‐Derivaten 6a, 6b, 6d, 6e, 8, 10 und 20.
H2‐Antihistaminika, 9. Mitt. Keten‐N,N‐acetale mit H2‐antihistaminischer Wirkung
Authors: Barzen Rainer , Schunack Walter
Published: October 2006

Es wurden die Keten‐N,N‐acetale (Ketenaminale) 4a‐e dargestellt und auf ihre H2‐antihistaminische Wirksamkeit untersucht.
Synthesen und physikalische Eigenschaften neuer Azapseudophenalenone — 1,2‐Dimethyl‐6H‐pyrrolo[3.2.1‐ij]chinolin‐6‐one
Authors: Neidlein Richard , Rietdorf Ulrich
Published: October 2006

Es wird über die Darstellung und einige physikalische Eigenschaften neuer Azapseudophenalenone der 1.2‐Dimethyl‐6H‐pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]chinolin‐6‐one 5a‐5f berichtet.
Zur reduzierenden Spaltung von Chinazolin‐2,4‐dionen On the Reductive Cleavage of Quinazoline‐2,4‐diones
Authors: Lehmann Jochen , Kraft Georgia
Published: October 2006

Der Versuch, Azaanaloge des Nomifensin‐Ringgerüstes durch LiAlH4‐Reduktion von 2a,b herzustellen, führt nicht zu den gewünschten hydrierten Chinazolinen 1a,b. Es erfolgt vielmehr Ringspaltung, die jedoch nicht in einer Hydrolyse der resultierenden instabilen Aminalstruktur besteht, sondern selektiv hydrogenolytischer Natur ist und zu 3a,b führt.
Chiroptische Untersuchungen an optisch aktiven Barbituraten, Hydantoinen und Pyrazolidindionen
Authors: Knabe Joachim , Wunn Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Die peralkylierte BarbitursäureR(‐)1und die 1‐MethylbarbitursäureS(+)2besitzen identische Cotton‐Effekte, jedoch kehrt sich das Vorzeichen der langwelligen Bande von (‐)1gegenüber (+)2um. Die ORD‐ und CD‐Spektren derS‐Hydantoine (+)3, (+)5und (‐)8zeigen zwei Cotton‐Effekte gleichen Vorzeichens. Die Umkehrung des Vorzeichens, die zwischen Verbindungen mit gesättigtem und 1′,2′‐ungesättigtem C‐5‐Substituenten auftritt, wird auf eine homokonjugative Wechselwirkung zwischen der C‐4‐Carbonylgruppe und dem π‐System des Substituenten zurückgeführt. Die ORD‐und CD‐Spektren derS‐1‐Phenylpyrazolidindione (+)9a‐esind durch drei Cotton‐Effekte gekennzeichnet, die denen der 1‐Methylbarbiturate entsprechen. Aus dieser Analogie kann geschlossen werden, daß die chiroptischen Eigenschaften der beiden Substanzklassen durch die dem Chiralitätszentrum benachbarten Lactamchromophore bestimmt werden.
Gerinnungsphysiologische Aktivität von 3‐Arylalkyl‐5‐phenyl‐tetronsäuren
Authors: Rehse Klaus , Emisch Ursula
Published: October 2006

Durch Strukturoptimierung gelangt man zur Tetronsäure 7, die nach einmaliger oraler Verabreichung an Ratten in einer Dosis von 40 mg/kg die Gerinnungsfähigkeit des Blutes (Quick‐Zeit) auf weniger als 25% der Norm herabsetzt. Fünf Tetronsäuren zeigen auch direkte antikoagulante Effekte und verdoppeln in vitro in einer Konzentration von 7 mM die Thromboplastinzeit. Zwei Tetronsäuren waren in der Lage, bereits gebildete Plasmagerinnsel(“hanging clot”) innerhalb von 24 h völlig aufzulösen.
Über Inhaltsstoffe von Euphorbiaceae, 7. Mitt. 20‐Desoxyingenolmonoester und Ingenoldiester aus Euphorbia biglandulosa Desf
Authors: Falsone Gioacchino , Crea Attilio E. G. , Noack Eike A.
Published: October 2006

Aus der lipophilen Phase des Milchsaftes von Euphorbia biglandulosa Desf. wurden 3‐O‐(2E,4Z)‐2,4,6‐Decatrienoyl‐20‐desoxyingenol(1), 5‐O‐(2E,4Z)‐2,4,6‐Decatrienoyl‐20‐desoxyingenol(2), 20‐O‐Acetyl‐3‐O‐(Z,E)‐2,4‐decadienoylingenol(3)und 20‐O‐Acetyl‐3‐O‐(2E,4Z)‐2,4,6‐decatrienoylingenol(4)isoliert. Die Strukturen dieser Verbindungen wurden durch IR‐,1H‐NMR‐ und Massenspektroskopie belegt. Die Substanzen1–4wirken als Fischgifte; die Substanzen3und4sind darüber hinaus hautätzend und hemmen die oxidative Phosphorylierung isolierter Herzmitochondrien.
Antineoplastika, 14. Mitt.1) Cyclohexylderivate der 5‐aminomethinylierten Barbitursäure
Authors: Kreutzberger Alfred , Kreutzberger Elfriede
Published: October 2006

Aus der mit s‐Triazin (1) durchführbaren Aminomethinylierung der 1‐Cyclohexyl‐ (2a) und 1,3‐Dicyclohexylbarbitursäure (2b) gehen die korrespondierenden Cyclohexylderivate der 5‐aminomethinylierten Barbitursäure 4a und 4b hervor. Insbesondere 4b vermag antineoplastische Effekte auszulösen.
Reaktionen von N‐Alkoxycycliminiumsalzen, 12. Mitt.1) Reaktionen von 2‐Chlor‐N‐methoxy‐5‐nitropyridinium‐(‐perchlorat) mit aliphatischen und aromatischen Aminen
Authors: Schnekenburger Jörg , Riedel Heinz
Published: October 2006

Umsetzungen von 2‐Chlor‐N‐methoxy‐5‐nitropyridiniumperchlorat (1c) mit primären und sekundären Aminen zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Reaktionsweges von der Basizität der eingesetzten Reagenzien. So sind Reaktionen mit aliphatischen Aminen analog 1a1) in der Regel gekennzeichnet durch Angriff an C‐6 des Pyridinrings und anschließende Ringöffnung zu 1‐Methoxyimino‐2,4‐pentadienderivaten, während Reaktionen mit schwach basischen Aminen, wie z.B. Anilinderivaten, durch Angriff an der 2‐Position zu 2‐substituierten Pyridinderivaten führen.