bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLA/Carbon Nanotubes Multifilament Yarns for Relative Humidity Textile Sensor
Authors: Devaux Eric , Aubry Carole , Campagne Christine , Rochery Maryline
Published: November 2018

Polylactide (PLA) was mixed with 4 wt.% of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to produce electrical conductive multifilament yarns by melt spinning process for humidity detection. Thanks to a variation of electrical conductivity, this flexible sensor could detect the moisture presence. The introduction of plasticizer was necessary to ensure higher fluidity and drawability of the blend during the spinning process. The plasticizer modifies the crystallinity and the mechanical properties of the yarns. The effectiveness of this sensor (PLA/4 wt.% CNTs fibres) sensitive to humidity, is optimal when the spinning conditions are adapted. In this way, the temperature and the rate of the drawing roll were reduced. The influence of these parameters on the crystallinity, the mechanical properties and the sensitivity of the yarns were studied. Once the appropriate spinning conditions found, one humidity sensitive yarn was processed and the repeatability and efficient reversibility of its sensitivity were highlighted.
Structure, Morphology and Thermal Stability of Porous Carbon Nanofibers Loaded with Cobalt Nanoparticles
Authors: Gao Dawei , Qiao Hui , Wang Qingqing , Cai Yibing , Wei Qufu
Published: November 2018

Porous carbon/cobalt (C/Co) composite nanofibers with diameters of 200–300 nm were prepared by electrospinning and subsequent carbonization processes. Two polymer solutions of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and Co (CH3COOH) 2 (Co (OAc) 2) were used as C/Co composite nanofiber precursors. The study revealed that C/Co composite nanofibers were successfully prepared and cobalt particles with diameters of 20–30 nm were uniformly scattered in the carbon nanofibers. It was also observed that clear fibrous morphology with grainlike particles and good structural integrity were still maintained after calcination. The TGA analysis indicated the improved thermal stability properties of the composite nanofibers. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis indicated that C/Co composites nanofibers with meso-pores possessed larger specific surface area than that of carbon nanofibers.
Development of a Parametric Design Method for Various Woven Fabric Structures
Authors: Kim Sungmin
Published: November 2018

An integrated woven fabric system has been developed. A series of parametric design rules have been defined by analyzing famous woven structures. An expandable script language and its compiler have been developed to generate scalable weave diagrams using those rules. A calculation algorithm has also been developed to generate draft and peg plans based on the weave diagrams. Finally, a two-dimensional realistic fabric image rendering function using the actual image of various yarns, a three-dimensional fabric modeling method based on B-Spline approximation, and a pseudo three-dimensional mapping method for simulated images of final products were all integrated into the system.
AC Conductivity Studies on PMMA-PANI (HCl) Nanocomposite Fibers Produced by Electrospinning
Authors: Babu Veluru Jagadeesh , Kumar V. S. Pavan , Subha G.J. , Kumari Vasantha , Natarajan T.S. , Nair Appukuttan Sreekumaran , Ramakrishna Seeram , Rahman B.S. Abdur
Published: November 2018

Electrospinning is one of the techniques to produce non-woven fiber mats using polymers. The diameters of the fiber produced by this technique are in the range of 10 ^m to 10 nm. Electrically conducting ultra fine fibers are useful in many applications in the fields of sensors, and nanoelectronics. However, it is very difficult to obtain fibers of conducting polymers like polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole through electrospinning. Hence they are invariably mixed with other insulating polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to obtain a conducting composite depending on the percolation of the conducting polymer. Here, we report the preparation of PANI-PMMA composite fibers by electrospinning. The scanning electron micrographs and the frequency dependent complex conductivity (σ*(ω)) of these polymer fibers are investigated at room temperature with different concentrations of PANI (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% w/w). It is observed that there is a significant enhancement in the ac conductivity of these fibers with the increase in the concentration of PANI.
Adsorption and Antibacterial Activity of Soluble and Precipitated Chitosan on Cellulose Viscose Fibers
Authors: Fras Lidija , Ristić Tijana , Tkavc Tina
Published: November 2018

The aim and novelty of this work was to compare the adsorption of totally-soluble chitosan (acidic solution) against the adsorption of precipitated chitosan, onto cellulose fibers. The influences of both these chitosan-adsorption procedures on a final amino group's content in functionalized cellulose fibers were studied, using potentiometric titration and the conventional spectrophotometric C.I. Acid Orange 7 method. Surface modification and adsorption of chitosan were, in addition, monitored by determining XPS spectra. The antimicrobial activities of both chitosan- functionalised cellulose fibers were examined, in regard to pathogen bacteria and fungus.
Bioactive Nano-Composite Multifilament Yarns
Authors: Yazdanshenas Mohammad Esmail , Damerchely Rogheih , Rashidi Abo Saied , Khajavi Ramin
Published: November 2018

Physical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of nylon 6 (polycaprolactam) doped with different amounts of silver nanoparticles were investigated in this study. Two series of filament yarns counts (20 and 70 Denier) were produced by melt spinning method with different amounts of silver nanoparticles contents (0, 0.5, 1 and 4 wt%). Elemental analysis of silver and titanium dioxide (present in polymer as delustering agent) was carried out by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods.

Tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize the yarns. Antimicrobial activities were quantitatively evaluated against Escherichia Coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus Aureus (gram-positive) bacteria. The doped nylon 6 fibers showed a well dispersed distribution of silver nanoparticles. Yarns with 0.5–1.0 wt% of silver nanoparticle content were found to have improved physical and mechanical properties, as well as, significant antimicrobial activity.
Sheet Resistance of Continuous Filament Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Godfrey Thomas , Maze Benoit , Senecal Kris , Yip Pearl
Published: November 2018

Two modeling techniques are introduced to predict the sheet resistance of electrically conductive continuous filament nonwoven fabric: a two-dimensional (2–D) discrete filament stochastic resistor network simulation, and a simple analysis using a laminate analogy. The effects of anisotropy and sample size are considered. Results are compared with experiments on a silver coated point bonded nylon nonwoven fabric. For this particular sample, experimental sheet resistance results are significantly under-predicted by the 2–D analytical and simulation approaches where perfect inter-filament bonding is assumed. The utility of the 2–D perfect bonding predictions as an ultimate lower bound on the sheet resistance that may be achieved by extremely well-bonded continuous filament networks is discussed. Simulations of 2–D filament webs with poor inter-filament bonding and moderate anisotropy are shown to agree well with the present experiments. Taken together, the present results suggest that modeling of the in-plane conduction behavior of a general continuous filament nonwoven fabric requires a 3–D structural approach to capture the effect of an appropriate number density of inter-filaments bonds.
Effect of Glass-Beads on Sound Insulation Properties of Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Tascan Mevlut , Gaffney Katharine Lyon
Published: November 2018

Nonwovens are very important sound absorption materials used by the automotive and building industries. One of the most important fabric parameters that affect the sound insulation and absorption properties is the surface area. Higher surface area is often achieved by using low-diameter fibers in the insulation material. This research was done to prove that neither the thickness nor the weight of the material is as important as the total surface area of the fabric. Glass beads with 0.1mm, 0.5mm and 2.5mm sizes, which do not contribute considerably to the total surface area of the fabric, were imbedded into cross-lapped and needlepunched nonwoven structures. These beads were added in weight percentages of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 200%. Sound insulation of glass bead imbedded nonwoven fabrics was tested using Clemson Boston Sound Insulation Tester. It was found that the micro-glass beads did not have a large impact on the sound insulation, as they do not contribute to the surface area of the nonwoven fabric. The samples with 0.1mm beads performed slightly better than samples with larger beads but not enough to make a significant difference. Since surface area is the major parameter that affects sound insulation, simply increasing the weight does not affect the sound insulation property of the material.
Automatic Segmentation of Fiber Cross Sections by Dual Thresholding
Authors: Wan Yan , Yao Li , Xu Bugao
Published: November 2018

In a microscopic image, fiber cross sections are often surrounded by borders distinctively darker than their bodies and the background. Fiber borders can be utilized to separate cross-sections properly so that accurate fiber shape and size information can be obtained. Hence, locating correct fiber borders is one of the most critical steps in cross-sectional analysis for fiber characterization and identification. This paper introduces a dual-thresholding algorithm that performs automatic fiber border segmentation from noisy cross-sectional images. The dual thresholds include a low threshold calculated based on the histogram of the difference from the average grayscale, and a high threshold computed by a bisection algorithm. With the low threshold, part of fiber border pixels, regarded as seeds, can be reliably located. The seeds can be further expanded by using the high threshold to form complete borders surrounding individual cross-sections. The experimental results show that the dual-thresholding algorithm can obtain cleaner and more fiber borders than other connectional thresholding algorithms, and improves the detection accuracy from 52.78% and 88.88%.
The Effect of the Sliver Fiber Configuration on the Cotton Inter-fiber Frictional Forces
Authors: Ahmad Sheraz , Sinoimeri Artan , Nowrouzieh Shahram
Published: November 2018

Fiber surface properties have a significant effect on yarn spinning. The frictional behavior of fibers greatly influences their processing, their performance and the performance of the final product. In order to investigate the effect of fiber surface properties and inter-fiber friction during spinning process, card slivers are taken and subjected to three drawing passages. Card and drawing frame slivers are then tested by the Static Friction Tester (SFT), which has been developed earlier. Fiber fineness, maturity and fiber length are measured by using different testing instruments. Hook content is calculated by utilizing fiber length data. The statistical analysis of results shows the same trend for the different cotton fibers tested.
Effect of Fluid Flow, Solution Chemistry and Surface Morphology of Fibrous Material on Colloid Filtration
Authors: Dagaonkar Manoj , Majumdar Udayan
Published: November 2018

The goal of this paper is to focus on the effect of fluid flow, solution chemistry and surface morphology of fibrous media (in terms of roughness and charge heterogeneity) on colloid removal. A theoretical framework on the role of flow velocity on particle deposition to cylindrical substrate is presented. Existing theories related to particle attachment onto cylindrical substrates and on the effect of surface morphology on better predictability of particle adhesion have been modified. At higher flow velocities, the theory predicted the detachment of larger sized particles from the collector surface owing to the increased lift forces. Experimental studies confirmed removal of 3 ^ particles at higher flow velocities. The effect of solution chemistry (in terms of concentration and ionic strength) on the particle adhesion has been studied. The ionic strength improved the attachment of the microspheres, despite the presence of high energy barriers as predicted by DLVO calculations. A new model incorporating the surface roughness and charge heterogeneity was developed that predicted a reduction in the energy barriers in otherwise unfavorable conditions of adhesion, and hence could explain the adhesion more accurately than DLVO alone.
Investigation of Crystalline and Tensile Properties of Carbon Nanotube-Filled Polyamide-12 Fibers Melt-Spun by Industry-Related Processes
Authors: Chatterjee Sanjukta , Reifler Felix A. , Chu Bryan T. , Hufenus Rudolf
Published: November 2018

This paper addresses the influence of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the structure and mechanical properties of high tensile strength thermoplastic polymer fibers. Polyamide (PA) fibers with different draw ratios, with and without CNTs as fillers, and having mechanical properties close to industrial standards were spun in a pilot melt spinning plant. The morphology of the fibers was investigated using optical microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 2-D wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out to get an estimate of the crystallinity. For a concise interpretation of the results of the tensile measurements performed on the fibers, a parameter was developed to account for the detrimental influence of polymer extrusion on their mechanical properties. The CNTs seemed to act as sites for the growth of un-oriented crystalline domains converted from oriented regions, without yielding a mechanical reinforcing effect.
Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Plain Knitted Fabrics Containing Conductive Yarns
Authors: Ceken Fatma , Pamuk Gulsah , Kayacan Ozan , Ozkurt Ahmet , Ugurlu Şebnem Seçkin
Published: November 2018

In this study, stainless steel conductive yarns with 500 tex fineness and 14 Ω/m linear resistances were inserted into the reverse side of the knitted fabrics made from acrylic yarns. Six types of knitted fabrics with conductive yarns were produced on an E=7 gauge electronic flat bed knitting machine. Then the electromagnetic shielding efficiency (EMSE) of the sample fabrics were measured in the frequency range of 750 MHz – 3000 MHz. The EMSE variations of the sample fabrics having conductive yarns with respect to fabric structure and polarization type (vertical and horizontal) were also investigated. It was observed that the same samples showed different behaviors and have dissimilar EMSE values in different polarization conditions. When compared to horizontal polarization measurements, the vertical measurement results gave better EMSE values.
Statistical Analysis of Surface Roughness Parameters for Weft Knitted Fabrics Measured by the Textile Surface Tester (TST)
Authors: Maâtoug Najeh , Sahnoun Mehdi , Sakli Faouzi
Published: November 2018

The present paper concerns the statistical analysis of the surface roughness evaluation of knitted fabrics by the Textile Surface Tester. The main objectives were, firstly, focused on investigating the effect of knitted fabrics structural factors and the test conditions on the surface absolute roughness, the total roughness and the standard deviation. Secondly, the relationship between sample characteristics (face, yarn count, loop length), the test conditions (the force and the slipping speed of the sensor feeler on the sample and signal sampling time), and the surface roughness parameters were analyzed and modeled through regression analysis. The combined effects of the input parameters and their two-way interactions on the test bench outputs were investigated using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The percent contribution ratio was used to show the influence of inputs and their interactions on surface roughness parameters.

The results show how much surface roughness is mainly influenced by the knits structural factors. Also, it is underlined that the applied force by the sensor feeler on the fabric has an important effect on outputs. Finally, the sensor slipping speed on the sample and the signal sampling time have no important effects on outputs. Models were developed using experimental results from a full factorial experimental design. The adjusted coefficients of determination R2adj were found to be greater than 80%.
Cationic Modification of Cotton Fabrics and Reactive Dyeing Characteristics
Authors: Ristic Nebojša , Ristic Ivanka
Published: November 2018

The effect of cationic modification of cotton fabrics, using commercial agent Sintegal V7conc, on reactive dyeing characteristics was studied in this work. The changes after cationization and their effects on practical application of reactive dyes were identified by various methods. Cationically modified fabrics have more positive zeta potential, compared to untreated fabrics, which has a favorable influence on reactive dyeing in the absence or presence of salt. Color intensities of reactive dyes reached their maximum on samples treated with the highest concentration of Sintegal V7conc solution and dyed in the presence of standard salt concentration. The results obtained indicate that color intensity increase is a combined contribution of both salt and cationic agent on adsorption and fixation of reactive dyes on cotton.
Effects of Heat Treatment on the Morphology and Performance of PSU Electrospun Nanofibrous Membrane
Authors: Zhang Lu , Liu Lei-gen , Pan Fang-liang , Wang Dan-fei , Pan Zhi-juan
Published: November 2018

With excellent permeability, large specific surface area, high porosity, and outstanding internal connectivity, polysulfone (PSU) electrospun membrane can be a good filter media. However, the asspun PSU electrospun membrane is poor in mechanical properties with bulky structure, and the binding force between fibers is low. In this paper, the effects of heating time, temperature, and heating method during heat treatment on the morphology, mechanical properties, and chemical stability of PSU electrospun membrane were studied and analyzed. The results show that the PSU membrane would achieve the best performance when treated at 190°C for three hours with tension heating. After tension heating, dimensional stability, appearance, integrity, and mechanical properties improved; chemical stability in the alcohol solution increased greatly, but the membrane shrunk quickly in the acetone solution.
Ultrasonic Washing Effect on Thermo Physiological Properties of Natural Based Fabrics
Authors: Muhammet Uzun
Published: November 2018

Ultrasonic technology is widely used to assist many industrial and domestic applications. However, the effect of ultrasonic washing on the thermo-physiological properties of natural based fabrics has not been studied yet. This study aims to examine the relationship between unwashed, ultrasonically washed, and conventionally washed fabrics in terms of their abrasion behavior, flexural rigidity, and comfort properties (thermo physiological). Five specimens of 100% natural based fabrics: linen, bamboo, organic cotton, cotton and wool, were washed using both ultrasonic and conventional methods under a 40°C degree washing temperature. All fabrics were washed ten times for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. No direct correlation between the unwashed and washed fabric abrasion and flexural rigidity properties was observed. Fabric thermal conductivities were changed after the washing processes and in most cases; the ultrasonically washed fabrics had higher conductivity values. It was also observed that lower washing times (15 and 30 min) using the ultrasonic method decreased the thermal resistance of the fabrics. Furthermore, it was also clear, according to the thermal absorptivity results, that the ultrasonic washing method benefited the natural fiber based fabrics. Conventionally washed fabrics were found to have superior water vapor permeability compared to ultrasonically washed fabrics. The ultrasonically washed fabrics have considerably higher heat loss values than the conventionally washed fabrics.
Photostability of HDPE Filaments Stabilized with UV Absorbers (UVA) and Light Stabilizers (HALS)
Authors: Singh Butola Bhupendra , Joshi Mangala
Published: November 2018

HDPE monofilaments were photostabilized with hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) and UV absorbers at varying stabilizer concentrations. The filaments were assessed for UV resistance by exposure to simulated outdoor weathering conditions in artificial weathering apparatus and testing the exposed samples at regular intervals for retained tensile properties. Films of HDPE of varying thickness and containing different concentrations of photostbilizers were also prepared. The UV protective ability of the films was assessed by measuring Ultra Violet Protection Factor (UPF). The results indicate that UV absorbers improve the stability of the filaments significantly. However, the best performance was displayed by filaments containing HALS.
Precise Measurement of Tension on Curvature Elastic Shells
Authors: Aghajani Marzie , Tehran Mohammad Amani , Jeddi Ali Asghar Asgharian
Published: November 2018

Many kinds of pressure garments are currently used for various applications, such as treating of hypertrophic scars, reversing the effect of shock on the body's blood distribution, improving energy saving for athletes and enhancing the aesthetic appearance of the wearer. In order to design the desired pressure garments, predicting the amount of pressure is mandatory. Although many researchers have used the Laplace law as the prediction equation, there has been some discrepancy between predicted and experimental measured pressures. In this study, we focused on one of the parameters which influence this discrepancy. To predict the pressure by this law, the induced tension in the material is measured by a tensile strength device, and then is inserted into the equation while the real tension is induced by extending on curvature shape. We measured the tension induced in the rubber band, which was extended on a cylindrical surface by using a new tensile test assembly. Subsequently, this tension was compared with the tension induced in the flat geometry which is commonly used. The results show that there is a significant difference between the tension in the curvature and flat geometry.
Manufacturing Technique of Heat-Insulating and Flame-Retardant Three-Dimensional Composite Base Fabrics
Authors: Lin Jia-Horng , Huang Chen-Hung , Lin Ching-Wen , Lou Ching Wen
Published: November 2018

In this research, we create a PET/TPU/PU composite base fabric from a PET nonwoven base fabric, a TPU honeycomb grid, and a PU foam plank. First, the PET base fabric is made from 7D three-dimensional-hollow-crimp fiber (7D PET) and low-melting-point (low-Tm) fibers with weight ratio and number of lamination layers as the parameters. The hardness and rebound resilience rate of the PET nonwoven base fabric are 71% and 63.5%, respectively. The PET nonwoven base fabric's optimum air permeability is 240 cm3/s/cm2. The maximum tensile strength of the PET nonwoven base fabric with 9 layers of lamination is 39.8 kg/cm2, and when the weight ratio is either 4:6 or 3:7, changes to 40 kg/cm2. The PET/TPU/PU composite base fabric has a LOI of 33 when the number of lamination layers is 10, or when the low-Tm fiber content is 50%; the composite base fabric's average optimum thermal conductivity is 0.914 W/mK.
The Comfort Properties of the Terry Towels Made of Cotton and Polypropylene Yarns
Authors: Durur Güngör , Öner Eren
Published: November 2018

Studies of woven fabric comfort properties have aroused the interest of researchers in recent years. Although studies on the structures of woven terry fabrics are rather limited, the study of the comfort properties these fabrics will reveal new approaches regarding the subject. The terry-structured fabrics, used in bathroom, pool, sea, sauna and Turkish bath, hold an important place in people's personal lives as end-products.

The methods of identifying and improving the comfort properties of the terry-woven fabric structure are discussed in this study. In the process of sample production, the towels were made on a loom and standard finishing techniques were applied.

Cotton and polypropylene yarns were used in this study, and the properties of woven towel fabrics with alternative weaving constructions were measured and analyzed.

The comfort parameters of the gray and finished fabrics such as air-permeability, velocity of water absorption, and vapor permeability were measured under standard laboratory conditions and the obtained data were evaluated statistically.

At the end of the experimental studies, the data from the terry fabrics which were made of different yarns and different structures were evaluated in order to identify the fabric and yarn parameters which will lead to the best comfort. The experimental results show that the use of the polypropylene fibers for the yarns in high-pile fabrics and the use of the cotton yarn in ground yarns have tend to provide the best comfort.
The Properties of Modified Polysulfonamide Fabrics with Lamellar Magnesium Hydroxide Crystals
Authors: Ma Hui , Zhang Linping , Xu Hong , Wang Dan , Zhang Xiaoyan , Zhong Yi , Cao Huantian , Mao Zhiping
Published: November 2018

Lamellar magnesium hydroxide crystals were prepared successfully on the surface of polysulfonamide fibers with carboxylic acid groups. The polysulfonamide fabrics with Mg(OH)2 crystals were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy, Inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometer X-ray diffraction, Vertical flammability test and Thermalgravimetric analysis. The vertical flammability test showed that the damaged length of original polysulfonamide fabrics was 34mm, while that of the polysulfonamide fabrics with Mg(OH)2 crystals (treated by 7.5% NaOH solutions) was 14mm. In addition, the Mg (OH)2 crystals played a critical role in the improvement of thermal stability and heat insulation of polysulfonamide fabrics.
Experimental Study and Mathematical Model to Follow the Drying Phenomenon of Knitted Textile Fabric
Authors: Hamdaoui Mohamed , Baffoun Ayda , Chaaben Khouloud Ben , Hamdaoui Fayçal
Published: November 2018

In this paper, the results of an experimental study on textile thermal drying after wet processing pre-treatments are presented. The mass variation of the studied samples as a function of drying time was determined using the gravimetric method at three different temperatures: 100°C, 110°C and 120°C. A polynomial model was found and established to follow the drying phenomenon of wet textile fabric.
Cellulase Pretreatment on Mercerized Cotton to Enhance X-Linking, Self-cleaning, and Antibacterial Properties Using Nano TiO2/CA/BTCA: Statistical Approaches
Authors: Nazari Ali , Montazer Majid , Nasirizadeh Navid , Namiranian Behnam
Published: November 2018

In this study, cellulase pre-treated mercerized cotton (EMC) fabrics were treated with citric acid (CA), butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) and nano TiO2 (NTO) to produce fabric with enhanced cross-linking, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties. However treatment of EMC fabrics with NTO/CA/BTCA has not been reported. The NTO particles were stabilized on the cotton surface using CA/BTCA cross-linking agents. In order to create optimum dry crease recovery angle (DCRA), self-cleaning based on (ΔE*) and bacteria reduction against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the appropriate models were obtained based on Design of Expert software. The roles of CA, BTCA and NTO concentrations in cross-linking, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties of the EMC fabric were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Overall, the cellulase pre-treatment of the mercerized cotton fabrics improved the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, and also enhanced DCRA and self-cleaning properties significantly as compared with control samples. Also, reflectance spectra analyses (200–400 nm) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to confirm the NTO particles on the EMC fabric surface.
Photochromic and Thermochromic Colorants in Textile Applications
Authors: Chowdhury M. A. , Joshi M. , Butola B. S.
Published: November 2018

Commercial photochromic and thermochromic colorants that change rapidly and reversibly from colorless to colored state when activated by stimuli like ultraviolet irradiation, temperature or pH are well established class of colorants for manufacturing of niche products. Use of photochromic and thermochromic systems in applications like medical thermography, plastic strip thermometers, photochromic lenses, food packaging and nondestructive testing of engineered articles and electronic circuitry is well documented. However, in the last few years, the research on application of these systems on textiles has picked up significantly which has the potential to unlock commercially significant nascent high-tech applications. This review paper presents a summary of the chemistry, mechanism, application on textiles and evaluation procedure of performance, other technical features, current and potential application areas as well as challenges encountered in wider acceptance of photochromic and thermochromic colorants on textiles.
A Review of Mine Rescue Ensembles for Underground Coal Mining in the United States
Authors: Kilinc F. Selcen , Monaghan William D. , Powell Jeffrey B.
Published: November 2018

The mining industry is among the top ten industries nationwide with high occupational injury and fatality rates, and mine rescue response may be considered one of the most hazardous activities in mining operations. In the aftermath of an underground mine fire, explosion or water inundation, specially equipped and trained teams have been sent underground to fight fires, rescue entrapped miners, test atmospheric conditions, investigate the causes of the disaster, or recover the dead. Special personal protective ensembles are used by the team members to improve the protection of rescuers against the hazards of mine rescue and recovery. Personal protective ensembles used by mine rescue teams consist of helmet, cap lamp, hood, gloves, protective clothing, boots, kneepads, facemask, breathing apparatus, belt, and suspenders.

While improved technology such as wireless warning and communication systems, lifeline pulleys, and lighted vests have been developed for mine rescuers over the last 100 years, recent research in this area of personal protective ensembles has been minimal due to the trending of reduced exposure of rescue workers. In recent years, the exposure of mine rescue teams to hazardous situations has been changing. However, it is vital that members of the teams have the capability and proper protection to immediately respond to a wide range of hazardous situations. Currently, there are no minimum requirements, best practice documents, or nationally recognized consensus standards for protective clothing used by mine rescue teams in the United States (U.S.). The following review provides a summary of potential issues that can be addressed by rescue teams and industry to improve potential exposures to rescue team members should a disaster situation occur. However, the continued trending in the mining industry toward non-exposure to potential hazards for rescue workers should continue to be the primary goal. To assist in continuing this trend, the mining industry and regulatory agencies have been more restrictive by requiring additional post disaster information regarding atmospheric conditions and other hazards before exposing rescue workers and others in the aftermath of a mine disaster. In light of some of the more recent mine rescuer fatalities such as the Crandall Canyon Mine and Jim Walters Resources in the past years, the direction of reducing exposure is preferred. This review provides a historical perspective on ensembles used during mine rescue operations and summarizes environmental hazards, critical elements of mine rescue ensembles, and key problems with these elements. This study also identifies domains for improved mine rescue ensembles. Furthermore, field observations from several coal mine rescue teams were added to provide the information on the currently used mine rescue ensembles in the U.S.
Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Quality of Hemp Fiber
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhang Hua , Zhang Jianchun
Published: November 2018

An orthogonal experimental design was employed to study the effects of the bath ratio, time, and alkali dosage of alkali treatment on the chemical composition, fineness, average length, and staple rate of hemp fiber. Through normalization and average weight distribution of multiple indices, the quality of hemp fiber was quantified. Results of range analysis showed that the optimum quality of hemp fiber can be achieved under the following conditions: alkali treatment bath ratio, 1:10; time, 5 h; alkali dosage, 10 g/L; and length of hemp fiber, 16 mm to 29 mm. The reliability and repeatability of the best experimental conditions were further confirmed.
Investigation of the Two-Bar Warp-Knitted Fabric Structure Effect on Luster Value
Authors: Ajeli Saeed , Ahmadvand Zoleykhah
Published: November 2018

Consumer points of view determine economical value of fabrics. Fabric luster plays a momentous role in attracting people's attention, especially for clothing and domestic purposes. Luster is defined by intensity of both specular and diffuse light reflection off of a surface. There are various methods for measuring surface luster. Gloss. Luster is described as the ratio of specular reflection in one angle to diffuse reflection in another angle.

Two-bar warp knitted polyester fabrics such as Tricot, Locknit, Satin, reverse Locknit and Sharkskin in three different densities were provided. A mini gloss apparatus was applied to measure fabric specular reflection in the angle of sixty degrees, before and after disperse dying with different colors of white, blue and yellow. Results suggest that luster is a function of knitted fabric type, color and density. Enhancement of technical back luster resulted from longer underlap of the front bar. However, it did not change the technical face luster significantly. Density increased in all knitted fabrics and caused the luster to decrease. Dark color fabrics showed lower luster compared to light ones.
Improving Dimensional Stability of Cotton Knits through Resin Finishing
Authors: Safdar Faiza , Hussain Tanveer , Nazir Ahsan , Iqbal Kashif
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three different types of resin finishes for improving the dimensional stability of 100% cotton honeycombed pique knitted fabrics. After application of each resin at five different concentrations, it was found that the fabric shrinkage could be effectively controlled by using a suitable type and concentration of the resin. However, the cellulose crosslinking by the resin resulted in some loss in the fabric bursting strength. In a second set of experiments, three different types of softeners were applied, at three different concentrations, in combination with the optimized type and concentration of the resin. It was found that the loss in fabric bursting strength due to cellulose crosslinking by the resin could be minimised with a suitable type and concentration of softener without any deterioration in the fabric pilling properties.
Poly (∊-caprolactone) Fiber: An Overview
Authors: Azimi Bahareh , Nourpanah Parviz , Rabiee Mohammad , Arbab Shahram
Published: November 2018

Poly (∊-caprolactone), (PCL) or simply polycaprolactone as it is usually referred to, is a synthetic biodegradable aliphatic polyester which has attracted considerable attention in recent years, notably in the biomedical areas of controlled-release drug delivery systems, absorbable surgical sutures, nerve guides, and three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds, for use in tissue engineering. Various polymeric devices like microspheres, microcapsules, nanoparticles, pellets, implants, and films have been fabricated using this polymer. It can be transformed by spinning into filaments for subsequent fabrication of desirable textile structures. Spinning may be accomplished by various approaches. The fibers may be fabricated into various forms and can be used for implants and other surgical applications such as sutures. Although numerous studies have investigated different properties and applications of PCL, there is no comprehensive study investigating different fabrication methods of PCL fibers and their biomedical applications. The present article presents a review on the production of PCL fiber via various methods, along with correlations between structure and properties of the fibers. The applications of these fibers in biomedical domains are also discussed.
Thermo-physiological Comfort Properties of Polyester and Polyester/Acrylic blended Synthetic Fabrics treated with Herbal Finishes
Authors: Govindachetty Gunasekaran , Sidhan Periyasamy , Venkatraman Koushik C.
Published: November 2018

Thermo-physiological comfort in clothing mainly lies in moisture management, which often refers to the transport of both moisture vapor and liquid away from the body. Moisture management of fabrics is chiefly influenced by the thermal properties of those fabrics. In spite of the convincing properties that synthetic fabrics have, they are not much preferred because of their hydrophobic nature which provides less comfort to the wearer compared to the natural fabrics like cotton, wool, and silk. Previous studies report that the herbal finishes, which are eco-friendly in nature, improve the anti-microbial and other medicinal properties but very little or no work has been carried out on the comfort aspect of these fabrics.

This work reports a study of the influence of two ecofriendly herbal finishes, Neem and Bermuda grass, on the thermo-physiological comfort properties of synthetic fabrics used in clothing. The herbal finishes were applied on to 100% Polyester and 50/50 Polyester/Acrylic blended fabrics. Prior to the application of finishes, the fabrics were given a pretreatment to achieve a better penetration and durability of the finishes. The finished fabrics were tested for the thermo-physiological comfort properties of Wicking, Water vapor permeability, and Thermal conductivity and the results were analyzed. It was revealed that both the Neem and Bermuda grass natural finishes considerably improved the moisture related properties and moderately reduced the thermal conductivity characteristics of the above synthetic fabrics. Durability to washing was also tested and discussed.
Effects of Imidization Temperature on the Structure and Properties of Electrospun Polyimide Nanofibers
Authors: Li Xuejia , Wang Xin , Wang Qingqing , Wei Qufu
Published: November 2018

A two-step process for preparing polyimide nanofiber was used in this work, and the nanofibers of precursor polyamic acid (PAA) were prepared by electrospinning. The polyimide nanofibers were obtained through thermal imidization at different thermal imidization temperatures. The influences of different imidization temperatures on morphology, chemical structure, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the polyimide nanofibers were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FT-IR), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Electromechanical Universal Testing Machine. The experimental results show that the imidization of PAA nanofibers was not complete under 290°C but complete under 350°C. With the rise of imidization temperature from 290 °C to 350°C, the polyimide nanofibers became thinner, and the thermal stability of polyimide nanofibers was also improved. The breaking strength and elongation at break of the nanofiber membranes increased at higher imidization temperature.
Study on Morphology and Size Distribution of Electrospun NiO-GDC Composite Nanofibers
Authors: Ghelich Raziyeh , Rad Mansoor Keyanpour , Youzbashi Amir Ali
Published: November 2018

Nickel oxide-gadolinium doped ceria (NiO– Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9) deserves special attention because of its high ionic conductivity. The nanocomposite fibers of this material are suitable as anode materials for low-temperature SOFCs. The composition and morphology of the nanofibers which prepared via electrospinning method were characterized by SEM, TEM and EDS. It was noticed that the fiber diameters gradually decreased from 190±77 nm to 75±27 nm by increasing the calcination temperature from 800 °C to 1000 °C. Further, the influence of the different parameters such as concentration of the polymeric pre-spinnable solution (CPS), concentration of the cationic solution (CCS), the applied voltage, tip-target distance, feed rate, diameter of the needle and the calcination temperature on the morphology of the fibers were investigated.
Morphology, Structure and Properties of Electrospun Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Polysulfonamide Composite Nanofibers
Authors: Xin Bin-Jie , Chen Wenjie
Published: November 2018

In this paper, the morphology, structure and properties of electrospun Polysulfonamide (PSA)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) fibers are investigated systematically. The experimental results indicate that the diameter of electrospun PSA fiber increased by the blending of MWCNTs while its crystallinity decreased. Both the conductivity and mechanical properties of PSA/MWCNT fibers were improved by the blending of MWCNTs at a concentration below 5% MWCNT. The thermal behavior of the electrospun fibers was influenced by the MWCNT concentrations through the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The new developed PSA/MWCNTs composite nanofiber has excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties compared with the usual PSA fibers.
Correlation Study of IR TNDT Analysis with Structural Failure Modes of Carbon-Fabric-Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: Arunachalam Vasanthanathan , Nagaraj P.
Published: November 2018

In the present work, a generic experimental investigation procedure was developed on mechanical characterization and testing of carbon fabric/epoxy material under uniaxial tensile loading condition. In this study, using IR Thermographic NDT, the defects are identified by measuring changes in temperature online during testing and by taking temperature contour images on the surface of the composite samples. The unidirectional elastic properties such as tensile modulus, in-plane shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and strength parameter like ultimate tensile strength, shear strength are reported. The estimated mechanical properties of carbon fabric/ epoxy composite were statistically analysed in this work using the Weibull distribution. In addition, emphasis on the microstructural investigation using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is given, in order to study the fracture mechanism of the carbon fabric/epoxy composite under uniaxial tensile loading. The failure surfaces of the tensile tested carbon fabric/epoxy specimens were examined by SEM and the detailed fracture process such as matrix cracking, fiber pull outs and delamination are observed and discussed.
Mechanical Behavior of Regular Twill Weave Structures; Part I: 3D Meso-Scale Geometrical Modelling
Authors: Avanaki Mostafa Jamshidi , Jeddi Ali Asghar Asgharian
Published: November 2018

The mechanical behavior of fabrics with different configurations has been investigated in many works by various approaches including the force equilibrium or energy methods. However, representing a suitable geometrical model for fabric structure is prerequisite to apply these approaches.

This paper introduces an analytic 3D meso-scale geometrical modelling of regular twill weaves, in terms of a few structural parameters in 2D biaxial orthogonal woven fabrics. The model is proposed for the fabrics in their fully relaxed state considering their inherent skewness. For this purpose, a three dimensional structure is used to show this phenomenon. In this model, the yarns cross-section is assumed to be circular and the yarns path is assumed to be straight line (saw-tooth) in the unit cell which leads to the results that are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. These assumptions will be helpful in finding a close form solution for the mechanical behavior of woven structures.

The proposed model has been verified by comparing its output with some experimental data for its areal mass and thickness in 2/2 twill fabric as a case study. By applying this model, the geometrical structural parameters such as skewness and weave angles as well as their total consumed yarns can be predicted theoretically. This model is a framework which will be used for estimating the initial deformation behavior of regular twill woven structures under uniaxial tensile loads in our forthcoming works.
Investigation of the Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Carded and Needle Bonded Nonwoven Fabrics Produced at Different Ratios with Conductive Steel Fibers
Authors: Özen Mustafa Sabri
Published: November 2018

The number of electrical and electronic devices in our daily life has increased. The devices produce electromagnetic waves which harm human and environments. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the reduction and control of electromagnetic waves.

The paper focuses on shielding of electromagnetic waves of nonwoven fabrics produced with needle punching technology from conductive stainless steel fibers. The needle punched nonwoven fabrics were produced with carding and needle punching technology by blending stainless steel fibers and normal staple polyester fibers at different ratios for electromagnetic shielding applications. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the nonwoven fabrics with conductive stainless steel fibers was tested. After blending of stainless steel fibers and normal polyester fibers, the webs were formed by a wool-type carding machine and the after web folding operation, the webs were bonded by needle punching at constant working parameters. During production, the needle punch densities per cm2 and needle penetration depth per mm were kept constant. Bulky needle punched nonwoven fabrics with low needling density were produced. The main objective of our research was to develop the nonwoven fabric for shielding against electromagnetic waves. In addition, the effect of the stainless steel fiber ratio used in the needle punched nonwoven fabrics on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness was investigated.

After production, the thicknesses of the needle punched nonwoven fabrics were tested. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, reflection and absorption values of the needle punched nonwoven fabric samples were measured at the frequency range of 15-3000MHz and presented in table and graphics. As the ratio of stainless steel fibers used in the nonwoven fabric increased, Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness values (EMSE) were increased in a linear manner and obtained results were discussed.

It was found that the electromagnetic waves were shielded about 90% at high frequencies, 85% at medium frequencies, and 80% at low frequencies by needle punched nonwoven fabric with 5% conductive stainless steel fiber.

The EMSE values such as 20dB, 25dB and 45dB were obtained at low frequency ranges (0–300MHz and 25dB, medium frequency ranges, 300-1200MHz and 45dB, and high frequency ranges, 1200-3000MHz) with the needle punched nonwoven fabric containing 25% conductive stainless steel fiber.