bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potassium-mediated bacterial chemotactic response
Authors: Zhang Chi , Zhang Rongjing , Yuan Junhua
Published: June 2024

Bacteria in biofilms secrete potassium ions to attract free swimming cells. However, the basis of chemotaxis to potassium remains poorly understood. Here, using a microfluidic device, we found that Escherichia coli can rapidly accumulate in regions of high potassium concentration on the order of millimoles. Using a bead assay, we measured the dynamic response of individual flagellar motors to stepwise changes in potassium concentration, finding that the response resulted from the chemotaxis signaling pathway. To characterize the chemotactic response to potassium, we measured the dose–response curve and adaptation kinetics via an Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay, finding that the chemotaxis pathway exhibited a sensitive response and fast adaptation to potassium. We further found that the two major chemoreceptors Tar and Tsr respond differently to potassium. Tar receptors exhibit a biphasic response, whereas Tsr receptors respond to potassium as an attractant. These different responses were consistent with the responses of the two receptors to intracellular pH changes. The sensitive response and fast adaptation allow bacteria to sense and localize small changes in potassium concentration. The differential responses of Tar and Tsr receptors to potassium suggest that cells at different growth stages respond differently to potassium and may have different requirements for potassium.
Syntaxin 17 recruitment to mature autophagosomes is temporally regulated by PI4P accumulation
Authors: Shinoda Saori , Sakai Yuji , Matsui Takahide , Uematsu Masaaki , Koyama-Honda Ikuko , Sakamaki Jun-ichi , Yamamoto Hayashi , Mizushima Noboru
Published: June 2024

During macroautophagy, cytoplasmic constituents are engulfed by autophagosomes. Lysosomes fuse with closed autophagosomes but not with unclosed intermediate structures. This is achieved in part by the late recruitment of the autophagosomal SNARE syntaxin 17 (STX17) to mature autophagosomes. However, how STX17 recognizes autophagosome maturation is not known. Here, we show that this temporally regulated recruitment of STX17 depends on the positively charged C-terminal region of STX17. Consistent with this finding, mature autophagosomes are more negatively charged compared with unclosed intermediate structures. This electrostatic maturation of autophagosomes is likely driven by the accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) in the autophagosomal membrane. Accordingly, dephosphorylation of autophagosomal PI4P prevents the association of STX17 to autophagosomes. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations support PI4P-dependent membrane insertion of the transmembrane helices of STX17. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which STX17 recruitment to mature autophagosomes is temporally regulated by a PI4P-driven change in the surface charge of autophagosomes.
The evolution of olfactory sensitivity, preferences, and behavioral responses in Mexican cavefish is influenced by fish personality
Authors: Blin Maryline , Valay Louis , Kuratko Manon , Pavie Marie , Rétaux Sylvie
Published: June 2024

Animals are adapted to their natural habitats and lifestyles. Their brains perceive the external world via their sensory systems, compute information together with that of internal states and autonomous activity, and generate appropriate behavioral outputs. However, how do these processes evolve across evolution? Here, focusing on the sense of olfaction, we have studied the evolution in olfactory sensitivity, preferences, and behavioral responses to six different food-related amino acid odors in the two eco-morphs of the fish Astyanax mexicanus. To this end, we have developed a high-throughput behavioral setup and pipeline of quantitative and qualitative behavior analysis, and we have tested 489 six-week-old Astyanax larvae. The blind, dark-adapted morphs of the species showed markedly distinct basal swimming patterns and behavioral responses to odors, higher olfactory sensitivity, and a strong preference for alanine, as compared to their river-dwelling eyed conspecifics. In addition, we discovered that fish have an individual ‘swimming personality’, and that this personality influences their capability to respond efficiently to odors and find the source. Importantly, the personality traits that favored significant responses to odors were different in surface fish and cavefish. Moreover, the responses displayed by second-generation cave × surface F2 hybrids suggested that olfactory-driven behavior and olfactory sensitivity is a quantitative genetic trait. Our findings show that olfactory processing has rapidly evolved in cavefish at several levels: detection threshold, odor preference, and foraging behavior strategy. Cavefish is therefore an outstanding model to understand the genetic, molecular, and neurophysiological basis of sensory specialization in response to environmental change.
Metastasis of colon cancer requires Dickkopf-2 to generate cancer cells with Paneth cell properties
Authors: Shin Jae Hun , Park Jooyoung , Lim Jaechul , Jeong Jaekwang , Dinesh Ravi K , Maher Stephen E , Kim Jeonghyun , Park Soyeon , Hong Jun Young , Wysolmerski John , Choi Jungmin , Bothwell Alfred LM
Published: June 2024

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Paneth cells provide stem cell niche factors in homeostatic conditions, but the underlying mechanisms of cancer stem cell niche development are unclear. Here, we report that Dickkopf-2 (DKK2) is essential for the generation of cancer cells with Paneth cell properties during colon cancer metastasis. Splenic injection of Dkk2 knockout (KO) cancer organoids into C57BL/6 mice resulted in a significant reduction of liver metastases. Transcriptome analysis showed reduction of Paneth cell markers such as lysozymes in KO organoids. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses of murine metastasized colon cancer cells and patient samples identified the presence of lysozyme positive cells with Paneth cell properties including enhanced glycolysis. Further analyses of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility suggested hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) as a downstream target of DKK2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing analysis revealed that HNF4A binds to the promoter region of Sox9, a well-known transcription factor for Paneth cell differentiation. In the liver metastatic foci, DKK2 knockout rescued HNF4A protein levels followed by reduction of lysozyme positive cancer cells. Taken together, DKK2-mediated reduction of HNF4A protein promotes the generation of lysozyme positive cancer cells with Paneth cell properties in the metastasized colon cancers.
Muscle-resident mesenchymal progenitors sense and repair peripheral nerve injury via the GDNF-BDNF axis
Authors: Yoo Kyusang , Jo Young-Woo , Yoo Takwon , Hann Sang-Hyeon , Park Inkuk , Kim Yea-Eun , Kim Ye Lynne , Rhee Joonwoo , Song In-Wook , Kim Ji-Hoon , Baek Daehyun , Kong Young-Yun
Published: June 2024

Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are muscle-resident mesenchymal progenitors that can contribute to muscle tissue homeostasis and regeneration, as well as postnatal maturation and lifelong maintenance of the neuromuscular system. Recently, traumatic injury to the peripheral nerve was shown to activate FAPs, suggesting that FAPs can respond to nerve injury. However, questions of how FAPs can sense the anatomically distant peripheral nerve injury and whether FAPs can directly contribute to nerve regeneration remained unanswered. Here, utilizing single-cell transcriptomics and mouse models, we discovered that a subset of FAPs expressing GDNF receptors Ret and Gfra1 can respond to peripheral nerve injury by sensing GDNF secreted by Schwann cells. Upon GDNF sensing, this subset becomes activated and expresses Bdnf. FAP-specific inactivation of Bdnf (Prrx1Cre; Bdnffl/fl) resulted in delayed nerve regeneration owing to defective remyelination, indicating that GDNF-sensing FAPs play an important role in the remyelination process during peripheral nerve regeneration. In aged mice, significantly reduced Bdnf expression in FAPs was observed upon nerve injury, suggesting the clinical relevance of FAP-derived BDNF in the age-related delays in nerve regeneration. Collectively, our study revealed the previously unidentified role of FAPs in peripheral nerve regeneration, and the molecular mechanism behind FAPs’ response to peripheral nerve injury.
Role of the transient receptor potential melastatin 4 in inhibition effect of arsenic trioxide on the tumor biological features of colorectal cancer cell
Authors: Gao Zhan , Lv Jing , Tong Ting-Ting , Zhang Kai , Han Yu-Xuan , Zhao Yu , Shen Mei-Mei , Liu Yang , Ban Tao , Sun Yu
Published: June 2024

Background

To investigate the effects of arsenic trioxide (ATO) on human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) growth and the role of transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channel in this process.

Methods

The viability of HCT116 cells was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Western blot analysis was employed to examine the protein expression of TRPM4. The apoptosis of HCT116 cells was determined using TUNEL and Flow cytometry. Cell migration was assessed through the cell scratch recovery assay and Transwell cell migration assay. Additionally, Transwell cell invasion assay was performed to determine the invasion ability of HCT116 cells.

Results

ATO suppressed the viability of HCT116 cells in a dose-dependent manner, accompanied by a decline in cell migration and invasion, and an increase in apoptosis. 9-phenanthroline (9-Ph), a specific inhibitor of TRPM4, abrogated the ATO-induced upregulation of TRPM4 expression. Additionally, blocking TRPM4 reversed the effects of ATO on HCT116 cells proliferation, including restoration of cell viability, migration and invasion, as well as the inhibition of apoptosis.

Conclusion

ATO inhibits CRC cell growth by inducing TRPM4 expression, our findings indicate that ATO is a promising therapeutic strategy and TRPM4 may be a novel target for the treatment of CRC.
Income Generation Opportunities through Secondary Agriculture towards Sustainability in Angul District of Odisha: A Case Study
Authors: Sahoo Gyanaranjan , Mishra Ipsita , Behera Monalisa , Mishra Debasis
Published: June 2024

Aims: The aim of the study was for attempting various Income Generation interventions to address poverty, unemployment and lack of economic opportunities which could increase participants’ ability towards secured livelihoods. Secondary agriculture is essentially a way of business development that aids in providing farming households in rural areas with income and employment.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Krishi Vigyan Kendra Angul, Odisha between 2016-17 to 2021-22.
Methodology: PRA survey of the village followed by group discussions and other approaches were conducted to identify the constraints and accordingly the process planning was performed for strengthening their livelihood. By the technological interventions from Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Angul the famers took trainings for grasping ideas & scientific knowledge about the enterprises. Periodically some critical inputs under various programme were also provided from the KVK.
Results: As a result, year after year the farmers practicing bee-keeping could able to earn in an average of Rs. 5,14,100/- from 180 bee boxes by selling pure honey & bee-colonies. Besides this, another group of farmers with improved colour poultry breeds under backyard condition with an average yield of 1.62 kg could earn an average net return of Rs. 14,742/-.
Conclusion: Given that the world's population is quickly growing, it is imperative for global agriculture to turn to secondary agriculture (honey bee and poultry farming) in order to provide opportunities not only for improving livelihood but also for nutritional security.
A Computational Modeling Study on the Biomolecular Interactions of the Phytoconstituents of Nigella sativa with Anti-Apoptotic Proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-x1
Authors: Oladapo Olajumoke B. , Jumah Toheeb A. , Egbe Justine U. , Uzoechina Jude O. , Fakayode Aderonke E. , Adeyemi Muhammad I. , Olaniyan Oluwaseyi P. , Solomon Chimunda A. , Oluwasegun Zion O. , Olatunde Damilola M. , Arunsi Uche O. , Olubode Samuel O. , Akinnusi Precious A. , Balogun Toheeb A , Akinde Sunday B.
Published: June 2024

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. The strictly controlled physiological process of apoptosis is required for immune system function, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and appropriate embryonic development. Anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 are potent new anticancer targets. The inhibitory effect of the apparently therapeutic plant Nigella sativa on these targets is investigated using a molecular modeling approach in this work. From the molecular docking, we predict that seven compounds; apigenin, chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, quercetin, quercitrin, kaempferol, and rutin may have greater inhibitory potential against the target protein. These compounds have higher docking scores thus indicating higher binding affinities when compared to co-crystallized compounds. The co-compounds were crystallized with the standards, which served as the baselines for comparison studies. This result shows that that Nigella sativa compounds may be a potential anticancer drug that targets the anti-apoptotic protein. Targeting anti-apoptotic proteins provides clinical studies with the opportunity to evaluate for possible anti-cancer potential in the plant via other experimental models like rats and cancer cell lines. Using phytomedicines can equally augment existing therapy to provide synergistic anti-cancer effect when combined with existing drugs thereby enhancing therapy efficacy and because medicinal plants has lots of phytoconstituents, its use in this research can provide benefits of targeting multiple anti-apoptotic proteins thereby enhancing therapeutic effect unlike some conventional drugs that are mostly single targeting.
The Role of Sensing Capability, Learning Capability and Coordinating Capability on Market Performance: Perspective of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
Authors: Trisnawati Ema , Afifah Nur , Mustaruddin  , Cahyani Rinta
Published: June 2024

Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of sensing capability, learning capability, and coordinating capability on the market performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). By examining these three critical capabilities, this research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how SMEs can leverage their internal resources and competencies to achieve superior market outcomes as a market performance in today's dynamic and competitive business environment.
Study Design:  This study employs a quantitative research approach using a cross-sectional survey design to gather data on SMEs' sensing, learning, and coordinating capabilities, as well as their market performance.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data were collected from 97 SME owners or managers who were selected based on the criteria of having been established for at least 3 years.
Methodology: Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire administered through an online survey platform. The collected data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The analysis was conducted using SmartPLS 4.0 software and involved two stages: (1) measurement model assessment and (2) structural model assessment.
Results: The analysis results confirm the convergent validity, internal consistency, composite reliability, and discriminant validity of the constructs: Sensing Capability (SC), Learning Capability (LC), Coordinating Capability (CC), and Market Performance (MP). Using SEM with SmartPLS V.4, the study found that sensing capability (β = 0.383, p < 0.05) and learning capability (β = 0.430, p < 0.05) significantly impact market performance, supporting hypotheses H1 and H2. However, H3 was not supported, as coordinating capability (β = 0.088, p > 0.05) did not show a significant relationship with market performance.
Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of sensing and learning capabilities for SMEs in Pontianak to enhance market performance. Coordinating capability may have an indirect effect. SME owners and managers should invest in these capabilities to adapt to market changes and maintain a competitive advantage. The findings contribute to the understanding of dynamic capabilities and provide practical insights for SMEs in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Travel Salesman Problem Using Dynamic Programming
Authors: Ugonna Anosike Joseph , Nkechi Amagoh Maureen , Cynthia Orumie Ukamaka
Published: June 2024

In the fields of operations research and computer science, the traveling salesman problem (also known as TSP) is a classic algorithmic issue. One method for solving TSP is dynamic programming, which identifies the optimal path at the lowest possible cost. It starts by determining the shortest path between two points, and then it expands to identify routes to other sites. In order to solve the Travel salesman Problem, Dynamic Programming was used in this study as a a solution technique. In addition to a real-world application from AM-EXPRESS NIGERIA LIMITED, illustrative examples of travel salesman difficulties were taken into consideration and handled utilizing the dynamic programming technique. The finding's outcome showed that the least amount of money needed to provide logistical services is ₦6500, and the shortest possible paths or routes were found.
Change Over and Switchback for Experimentation on Large Animals
Authors: Negrão Fagton de Mattos , Miranda Emerson Silva , Cabral Luciano da Silva , Mesquita Alan Andrade , Fonseca Amanda Rodrigues da , Marques Ellen Cristina Silva , Lucas Mateus Ferreira , Santos Luan Rafael Assunção dos , Pereira Tayane Barbosa
Published: June 2024

Among the most common designs, the very randomized design, in randomized blocks and in Latin squares, stands out, however, approaches to alternative designs are not as common in basic books that cover experimental statistics, especially in the approach that was given in this article. The study of Change Over and Switchback designs is a separate chapter within statistics. For experimentation on large animals, alternative tests are widely used, that is, obtaining a sequence of treatments that can make the final cost of this operation viable. There are two types of experimental tests: rotational (Changeover) and reversal (Switchback). The objective of this work was to present the Changeover and Switchback designs.
Chemical Evaluations of Boiled Hemidactylus frenatus and Scolopendridae cataracta Solutions and their Histopathological Effects on Livers and Kidneys of Rats
Authors: Esseh, J.N.  , Ujowundu, F.N.  , Ibegbulem, C.O.  , Okereke, D. C.
Published: June 2024

This study evaluated the chemical profiles of boiled Hemidacylus frenatus (wall gecko, WG) and Scolopendridae cataracta (centipede) solutions and their effects on the liver and kidneys of albino rats. The GC-MS analyses of the solutions revealed that notable among the compounds present in boiled whole wall gecko solution (BWWGS) were hexadecanoic acid, 11-octadecanoic acid and methyl stearate. Hexadecanoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-18-(trimethylsiloxy)-, methyl stearate, 6-Octadecenoic acid and n-hexadecanoic were relatively present at high levels in boiled degutted wall gecko solution (BDWGS) while 9-octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl stearate were also present in boiled centipede solution (BCS). Histological examinations of the kidneys and liver showed that the most notable effects of these solutions after 28-day exposure of the rats were haemorrhage in both organs, vacuolar degeneration in the kidneys and degeneration of the hepatocytes; in dose-dependent manners. The BWWGS and BCS induced hepatic and renal morphological changes in organs of the rats that were treated with them; indicating that the solutions contained toxic substances. The toxic effect was more pronounced with BWWGS relative to BDWGS; suggesting that the gut of WG might have contained agents responsible for the higher toxicity of its boiled solution. In conclusion, the boiled wall gecko and centipede solutions were toxic to the organs of the rats because of the toxic substances detected in them.
Optimizing Growth and Yield in Aerobic Rice through IoT-based Drip Irrigation and Fertigation
Authors: Akshay D. V. S. , Kumar R. M. , Sree S. Prathibha , Sreedevi B. , Babu M. B. B. Prasad , Sakhare A. S.
Published: June 2024

Aim: A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different IoT based drip irrigation and fertigation management practices on growth and yield of aerobic rice.
Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with 4 main plots (Horizontal) and 3 sub-plots (Vertical) that are allocated randomly and replicated thrice.
Place and Duration of Study: kharif and rabi seasons of 2022-23 & 2023-24 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad.
Methodology: The horizontal plot treatments were Nitrogen management practices (4) i.e., Control (N1), 100 % RDN (100% inorganic) (N2), 100 % RDN (50% inorganic & 50% organic) (N3) and 125 % RDN (100 % inorganic) (N4). Vertical plots treatments were Irrigation management practices (3) which include Saturation (I1), 10 % DASM (I2) and 20 % DASM (I3). Organic nutrient sources were given as soil application and the inorganic sources were applied through fertigation. Sensor based (IoT) irrigation scheduling was done.
Results: Nitrogen application of 125% RDN with 100% inorganic consistently resulted in higher growth parameters (plant height (110.4 cm and 93.9 cm), number of tillers m-2 (392.2 and 291.8) and plant dry weight (11814.8 kg ha-1 and 9557.0 kg ha-1) during kharif & rabi respectively) followed by 100% RDN (100% inorganic) and 100% RDN (50% inorganic & 50% organic) in pooled data. Saturation irrigation resulted in taller plants with greater growth parameters (plant height (109.8 cm and 91.0 cm), number of tillers m-2 (412.3 and 283.6) and plant dry weight (10916.0 kg ha-1 and 9463.4 kg ha-1) during kharif & rabi respectively) compared to deficit irrigation treatments. Treatment of 125% RDN with 100% inorganic resulted in the higher yield attributes (no. of panicles m-2 (154.3 and 141.1), no. of filled grains panicle-1 (142.3 and 124.0), panicle weight (3.1 g and 3.3 g) during kharif & rabi respectively) and yield (4790.2 kg ha-1 and 4583.8 kg ha-1) which was statistically similar with 100% RDN (100% inorganic) and 100% RDN (50% inorganic & 50% organic). Saturation expressed higher yield attributes (no. of panicles m-2 (149.5 and 139.2), no. of filled grains panicle-1 (135.0 and 121.6), panicle weight (3.0 g and 3.2 g) during kharif & rabi respectively) and yield (4554.0 kg ha-1 and 4425.5 kg ha-1) which was on par with 10% DASM. The interaction was found to be non-significant.
Conclusion: Nitrogen application of 125% RDN and 100% RDN through fertigation were found to have statistically similar growth, yield parameters and yield. IoT based irrigation at 10% DASM was found to be on par with saturation treatment among all the growth, yield parameters and yield of aerobic rice.
Integration of Machine Learning and Human Expertise for the Improvement of Cybersecurity: Applications and Challenges
Authors: Sarker Sree Pradip Kumer , Das Rajib , Hasan Rabiul
Published: June 2024

Cybersecurity has become an increasingly critical concern in today's digital age, with the growing sophistication of cyber threats posing significant challenges to organizations worldwide. In response to these challenges, a growing interest has been in leveraging machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance cybersecurity measures. However, while ML offers promising capabilities in detecting and mitigating cyber threats, its effectiveness can be limited when deployed in isolation. This paper explores the integration of ML algorithms with human expertise as a holistic approach to bolstering cybersecurity defenses. We discuss the applications of this integrated approach across various cybersecurity domains, highlighting its potential to improve threat detection, incident response, and vulnerability management. Additionally, we examine the challenges and considerations associated with integrating ML and human expertise, including data privacy concerns, model interpretability, and human-machine collaboration. The evaluation metrics for the Case Studies provide a detailed analysis of the effectiveness of integrating Machine Learning (ML) and Human Expertise in real-world scenarios, highlighting improvements in threat detection accuracy, incident response efficiency, and vulnerability management. The combined approach leads to more accurate and reliable threat detection, faster and more effective incident response, and enhanced operational efficiency and collaboration while maintaining high ethical and privacy standards. So, analyzing existing research and case studies, we provide insights into best practices for successfully implementing and optimizing the integration of ML and human expertise in cybersecurity operations.
Decentralized adaptive backstepping stabilization of interconnected systems with input time delays in dynamic interactions
Authors: Zhou Jing
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we provide a solution to the problem by considering input time delays in dynamic interactions. Each local controller, designed simply on the basis of the model of each subsystem by using filtered transformation and standard backstepping technique, only employs local information to generate control signals. The robustness of decentralized adaptive controllers is established. It is shown that the designed decentralized adaptive backstepping controllers can globally stabilize the overall interconnected system asymptotically. The L2 and L∞ norms of the system outputs are also established as functions of design parameters. This implies that the transient system performance can be adjusted by choosing suitable design parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid Foams – A New Approach for Multifunctional Applications
Authors: Reinfried Matthias , Stephani Günter , Luthardt Fabian , Adler Jörg , John Marianne , Krombholz Andreas
Published: October 2011

Hybrid foams consist of two different interpenetrating or particulate‐embedded foam‐material classes and, therefore, an enhanced multifunctionality of the material and of the final product can be expected. This paper illustrates the concept of hybrid foams with two selected examples. The cells of an open‐cell steel host‐foam are filled either with a polymer foam or a newly developed direct ceramic foam.

The results of compression tests and non‐destructive resonance‐frequency‐damping analyses are presented. An improvement in the deformation is observed for the metal‐polymer hybrid foam, while the deformation behavior changes from brittle to ductile for the metal‐ceramic hybrid foams. Additionally, the damping and Young's modulus of the metal foam are enhanced by the interpenetrating direct foamed ceramic.
Relative efficacy of steroid therapy in immune thrombocytopenia mediated by anti‐platelet GPIIbIIIa versus GPIbα antibodies
Authors: Zeng Qingshu , Zhu Lingyan , Tao Lili , Bao Jing , Yang Mingzhen , Simpson Elisa K. , Li Conglei , van der Wal Dianne E. , Chen Pingguo , Spring Christopher M. , Wang Mingli , Zhang Lingjie , Ruan Changgeng , Hou Ming , Xia Ruixiang , Ni Heyu
Published: October 2011

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is characterized by platelet clearance mediated primarily by autoantibodies against the platelet GPIIbIIIa and/or GPIbα. Steroid therapy is a first‐line treatment for ITP. However, some patients are refractory to this therapy and currently no method can predict which patients will respond. To evaluate whether steroids are equally efficacious in treating patients with ITP caused by anti‐GPIIbIIIa versus anti‐GPIbα antibodies, we performed a retrospective study on 176 newly diagnosed patients with acute ITP who had severe bleeding symptoms and were admitted as resident patients to the hospital. The patients were treated first with intravenous administration of high‐dose dexamethasone (DXM), followed by oral administration of prednisone. Response to therapy was observed in a majority of patients with antibodies specific for GPIIbIIIa (31/43) or without detectable antibodies against either GPIIbIIIa or GPIbα (36/45). In contrast, the steroid response was significantly lower in patients with anti‐GPIbα antibodies (9/34) or with antibodies against both GPIbα and GPIIbIIIa (16/54). The preliminary findings of this study suggest that in future prospective clinical trials including corticosteroids, the anti‐GPIbα, and ‐GPIIbIIIa status should be assessed in order to test its potential relevance in deciding future treatments. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Whole‐exome sequencing detects somatic mutations of IDH1 in metaphyseal chondromatosis with D‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria (MC‐HGA)
Authors: Vissers Lisenka E.L.M. , Fano Virginia , Martinelli Diego , Campos‐Xavier Belinda , Barbuti Domenico , Cho Tae‐Joon , Dursun Ahmet , Kim Ok Hwa , Lee Sun Hee , Timpani Giuseppina , Nishimura Gen , Unger Sheila , Sass Jörn Oliver , Veltman Joris A. , Brunner Han G. , Bonafé Luisa , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo , Superti‐Furga Andrea
Published: October 2011

We used exome sequencing of blood DNA in four unrelated patients to identify the genetic basis of metaphyseal chondromatosis with urinary excretion of D‐2‐hydroxy‐glutaric acid (MC‐HGA), a rare entity comprising severe chondrodysplasia, organic aciduria, and variable cerebral involvement. No evidence for recessive mutations was found; instead, two patients showed mutations in IDH1 predicting p.R132H and p.R132S as apparent somatic mosaicism. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of the mutation in blood DNA in one patient, and in blood and saliva (but not in fibroblast) DNA in the other patient. Mutations at codon 132 of IDH1 change the enzymatic specificity of the cytoplasmic isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme. They result in increased D‐2‐hydroxy‐glutarate production, α‐ketoglutarate depletion, activation of HIF‐1α (a key regulator of chondrocyte proliferation at the growth plate), and reduction of N‐acetyl‐aspartyl‐glutamate level in glial cells. Thus, somatic mutations in IDH1 may explain all features of MC‐HGA, including sporadic occurrence, metaphyseal disorganization, and chondromatosis, urinary excretion of D‐2‐hydroxy‐glutaric acid, and reduced cerebral myelinization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tribological behaviors of hybrid PTFE/nomex fabric/phenolic composite reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zhang Hui‐Juan , Zhang Zhao‐Zhu , Guo Fang
Published: October 2011

Modification of composites was a general method to improve their tribological behaviors. On the way to explore composites with enhanced tribological behaviors, we have successfully prepared hybrid PTFE/Nomex fabric/phenolic composite filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or MWCNTs modified by polystyrene (PS) with a grafting to method. The results of pin‐on‐disc type wear tests indicated tribological behaviors were improved both for hybrid PTFE/Nomex fabric/phenolic composite filled with MWCNTs and MWCNTs‐PS, especially for that of filled with MWCNTs‐PS. And the probable reason was also discussed based on the characterization results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis of enhanced urea–formaldehyde resin microcapsules doped with nanotitania
Authors: Niu Xiao‐Wei , Sun Yue‐Ming , Ding Shou‐Nian , Chen Chao‐Chao , Song Bo , Xu Hui‐Bo , Qi Zheng‐Jian , Qi Qi
Published: October 2011

Urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin microcapsules doped with TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by in situ polymerization, and the properties of the microcapsules, such as the surface morphologies, thermal properties, and chemical elemental composition, were measured by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer analysis. The effects of the presence of ammonium chloride and its concentration and the concentrations of UF resin prepolymer and TiO2 nanoparticles during the reaction and deposition of UF on the microcapsule surface on the properties of the microcapsules were investigated. Enhanced UF resin microcapsules with more stability and mechanical strength could be obtained under the optimal conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Simulation of a flexible polymer tethered to a flat adsorbing surface
Authors: Li Hong , Qian Chang‐Ji , Luo Meng‐Bo
Published: October 2011

A lattice self‐avoiding polymer chain with one end attached to an adsorbing flat surface is simulated using Monte Carlo method. The chain model has z = 26 bond vectors with bond length being 1,
$\sqrt 2$, and
$\sqrt 3$
on the simple cubic lattice. The dependence of the number of surface contacts M on temperature T in the unit E/kB with E the interacting energy and kB the Boltzmann constant and chain length N is investigated by a finite‐size scaling law M = Nϕ(a0 + a1(T − Tc)N1/δ + O((T − Tc)2N2/δ)) near the critical adsorption point Tc. It was estimated that Tc = 1.625 and the exponents ϕ = 0.52 and δ = 1.63. It was observed that both mean square end‐to‐end distance 〈R2〉 and mean square radius of gyration 〈R〉 reach minimum at Tc. And we discover that the asphericity parameter 〈A〉 is independent of chain length at Tc. A simple relationship is discovered between Tc and bond vector number nb for lattice chain models, and which can be extended to nonlattice chain models by introducing an attraction range fraction f. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Dramatic influence of curing temperature on micro–nano structure transform of HNBR filled with zinc dimethacrylate
Authors: Wei Zheng , Lu Yonglai , Yan Shouke , Meng Yang , Zhang Liqun
Published: October 2011

The influence of the curing temperature on micro‐nano structure transform of hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber (HNBR) reinforced by zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) through in situ polymerization was studied by means of Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that both the amount and diameter of the poly‐ZDMA aggregates increased and the graft ratio of poly‐ZDMA decreased with the increase of curing temperature. Meanwhile, with the increase of curing temperature, the maximum torque of the curing curve, the crosslinking density (especially for the ionic crosslinking density), and the mechanical properties of HNBR/ZDMA composite decreased significantly. We put forward a possible mechanism that can well explain the phenomenon observed in this work. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Fabrication of honeycomb polyvinyl butyral film under humidity provided by super saturated salt solutions
Authors: Zhang Ruimin , Wang Jinwei , Wang Minjia , He Yedong
Published: October 2011

We introduce a novel method for making breath figure arrays (BFAs) on polyvinyl butyral (PVB) films under humidity by putting the dip coated samples inside a chamber filled with supersaturated salt solutions. With the increase in humidity or retention time, multiple porous films with bigger pore sizes and wider size distributions are generally obtained, resulting from the coalescence of the following‐up water drops. The presence of nitrogen flow accelerates the evaporation of solvents and vapor, thus increases the elastic interaction among water droplets such that films with smaller pores can be obtained. Compared to PVB/ethyl acetate solution, it is easier to obtain a film with regular honeycomb pattern by using PVB/chloroform solution. Its lower boiling point makes it evaporate faster to increase temperature gradient between film surface and the atmosphere; while its higher density makes it provide stronger support to maintain the shape of water droplets. In this study, the solubility of polymer in solvents is initially proposed to explain the BFAs formation. Higher mobility of polymer chains in a good solvent increases chances of its polar groups to interact with water droplets, thus increases the possibility of regular arrangements of water droplets on the film. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Development and performance study of polypropylene/polyester bicomponent melt‐blowns for filtration
Authors: Liu Ya , Cheng Bowen , Wang Na , Kang Weimin , Zhang Weili , Xing Keqi , Yang Wenjuan
Published: October 2011

In this study, a new type of polypropylene (PP)/polyester (PET) bicomponent melt‐blown (bi‐MB) for filtration was developed through the melt‐blowing process with raw materials of melt‐blown (MB)‐grade PP and PET chips. The structure, porosity, and filtration performance of the bi‐MBs were tested through relevant instruments. The results show that the average fiber diameter in the bi‐MBs was 2–3.5 μm, the average pore size was 12.3–15.6 μm, and the porosity was 90–94%. The results also show that the filtration efficiency of the bi‐MBs was much higher than that of monocomponent PP MBs. It reached the highest value of 97.34% when the PP/PET ratio was 50/50 and could be used as high‐performance filter media. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Polyethylene composite fibers. I. Composite fibers of high‐density polyethylene
Authors: Rattanawijan Waraporn , Amornsakchai Taweechai
Published: October 2011

Polymer matrix composites are generally studied in the form of bulk solids, and very few works have examined composite fibers. The research described here extended such bulk studies to fibers. The question is whether or not what has been reported for bulk polymers will be the same in fibers. In this article are reported studies of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), whereas those of linear low‐density polyethylene are reported in part II of this article series. Two types of filler were used, that is, organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT), in which the nanosized filler particles had a high aspect ratio, and microsized calcium carbonate (CaCO3), with an aspect ratio nearer to unity. Composite fibers of both as‐spun and highly drawn forms were prepared, and their structures, morphology, and mechanical properties were studied. It was found that the microsized particles gave HDPE composite fibers with mechanical properties that were the same as those of the neat polymer. In the case of clay composite fibers, the clay interfered with the yield process, and the usual yield point could not be observed. The particle shape did not affect the mechanical properties. The fibers showed different deformation morphologies at low draw ratios. The CaCO3 composite fibers showed cavities, which were indicative of low interaction between the polymer and the filler. The OMMT composite fibers showed platelets aligned along the fibers and good polymer–filler interaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Development of polyaniline‐polydimethylsiloxane adduct nanoparticle dispersed butylated melamine formaldehyde cured soy alkyd
Authors: Ahmad Sharif , Riaz Ufana , Kashif Mohd , Khan Mohd Shoeb
Published: October 2011

Inherently conducting polymers (ICP) have attracted the attention of researchers because of their low cost and environmental stability. However, for commercial applications the poor processibility and solubility of ICPs have inhibited their widespread use. To avoid these disadvantages adducts, blends, and composites of conducting polymers have been developed. With a view to enhance the processibility of polyaniline (PANI), this work reports the synthesis of nano PANI polydihydroxydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) adduct and the formulation of its nanocomposite via the dispersion of this nano adduct in butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) cured soy alkyd (SA) in different weight loadings (0.25 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 1 wt %). The formation of PANI‐PDMS adduct and its dispersion in butylated melamine formaldehyde (BMF) cured soy alkyd (SA) was confirmed by FTIR, UV‐visible, 1H‐NMR whereas the morphological characterization was done using TEM and X‐ray diffraction analyses. The presence of PANI‐PDMS in SA‐BMF resin was found to significantly enhance the physicochemical, physicomechanical, and thermal properties which could be utilized in the development of corrosion protective paints and coatings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Novel aromatic and aromatic–aliphatic poly(thiourea‐amide)s for the extraction of toxic heavy metal ions
Authors: Kausar Ayesha , Zulfiqar Sonia , Ahmad Zahoor , Ishaq Muhammad , Ilyas Sarwar Muhammad
Published: October 2011

A series of novel aromatic and aromatic–aliphatic diamines [isophthaloyl bis(3‐(3‐aminophenyl)thiourea), terephthaloyl bis(3‐(3‐aminophenyl)thiourea), adipoyl bis(3‐(3‐aminophenyl)thiourea), sebacoyl bis(3‐(3‐aminophenyl)thiourea)] were synthesized starting from the dinitro compounds. Spectroscopic and elemental analyses were carried out for the structure elucidation of the monomers. Three series of poly(thiourea‐amide)s (PTAMs) bearing CS groups were prepared through the condensation of new diamines with the diacid chlorides such as isophthaloyl, terephthaloyl and adipoyl chloride. The ensuing PTAMs were characterized using FTIR, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR techniques. Physical properties of the polymers such as solution miscibility, crystallinity, solution viscosity, molecular weight, and thermal properties were measured. Consequently, good organosolubility of these polymers was experiential in amide solvents as DMAc, DMF, DMSO and NMP. Moreover, PTAMs exhibited ηinh in the range of 0.92–1.56 dL/g and GPC measurements revealed Mw around 607 × 102‐851 × 102. DSC served to envisage the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of poly(thiourea‐amide)s located between 232 and 258°C and the initial decomposition temperatures (T0) probed by thermogravimetry were in the range of 305–419°C. Structure‐property relationship of these polymers was also studied. Eventually, solid−liquid extraction tests of the selected poly(thiourea‐amide)s systems revealed excellent results because these polymers show nearly 100% elimination of lead and mercury cations from water media. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Herschel‐Bulkley rheological parameters of a novel environmentally friendly lightweight biopolymer drilling fluid from xanthan gum and starch
Authors: Khalil Munawar , Mohamed Jan Badrul
Published: October 2011

This article summarizes a concise investigation on the effect of concentration of the four main components of a novel lightweight drilling fluid, i.e., glass bubbles, xanthan gum, starch, and clay, to the Herschel‐Bulkley rheological model parameters. The three parameters of Herschel‐Bulkley model, i.e., yield stress, fluid consistency, and fluid index were calculated by fitting the experimental data of shear stress as a function of rate of shear to the model. Results indicate that the increment of the amount of four main components increase the yield stress of the final fluid as the flow resistance is increased. Furthermore, the result also showed that the calculated fluid consistency of the drilling fluid appears to be strongly dependent on the presence of glass bubbles, xanthan gum, and clay. However, the fluid consistency appears not to be affected by the presence of starch. It is also concluded that the presence of glass bubbles, xanthan gum, and clay in the fluid tends to determine the final fluid to behave as pseudoplastic. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Compatibilization of polyetherimide/liquid crystalline polymer blend using modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes and polyphosphazene as compatibilizers
Authors: Nayak Ganesh C. , Sahoo Sumanta , Das Sukanta , Karthikeyan G. , Das Chapal K. , Saxena A. K. , Ranjan A.
Published: October 2011

In this study, compatibilizing ability of silicone carbide modified multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and polyphosphazene for the incompatible polyetherimide/liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) blend was investigated in detail. From rheological study, it was evident that the viscosities of binary and ternary blends were lower than those of the neat polymers, which signifying the great ability of LCP as a processing aid. Field emission scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed that the addition of polyphosphazene and modified MWCNT, together, reduced the average domain size of LCP and improved the filler‐matrix adhesion. Measurement of surface energy from contact angle measurement also point towards the improved interfacial interaction, in presence of compatibilizers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Dielectric relaxation behavior of conducting carbon black reinforced ethylene acrylic elastomer vulcanizates
Authors: Sahoo B. P. , Naskar K. , Choudhary R. N. P. , Sabharwal S. , Tripathy D. K.
Published: October 2011

The dielectric relaxation characteristics of conductive carbon black (CCB) reinforced ethylene acrylic elastomer (AEM) vulcanizates have been studied as a function of frequency (101–106 Hz) at different filler loading over a wide range of temperatures (30–120°C). The effect of filler loadings on the dielectric permittivity (ε′), loss tangent (tan δ), complex impedance (Z*), and electrical conductivity (σac) were studied. The variation of ε′ with filler loading has been explained based on the interfacial polarization of the fillers within a heterogeneous system. The effect of filler loading on the imaginary (Z″) and real (Z′) part of Z* were distinctly visible, which may be due to the relaxation dynamics of polymer chains at the polymer–filler interface. The frequency dependency of σac has been investigated using percolation theory. The phenomenon of percolation in the composites has been discussed in terms of σac. The percolation threshold (ϕcrit) occurred in the range of 20–30 phr (parts per hundred) of filler loading. The effect of temperature on tan δ, ε′, σac, and Nyquist plots of CCB‐based AEM vulcanizates has been investigated. The CCB was uniformly dispersed within the AEM matrix as studied from the transmission electron microscope (TEM) photomicrographs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zum Hochtemperaturverhalten von Feinbeton und Textilgarnen
Authors: Kulas Christian , Hegger Josef , Raupach Michael , Antons Udo
Published: October 2011

Die Einhaltung von Brandschutzanforderungen ist ein wichtiger Aspekt für sichere Baukonstruktionen. Beim innovativen Werkstoff textilbewehrter Beton, der einen Verbundwerkstoff aus textiler Bewehrung und einer Feinbetonmatrix darstellt, ist das Brandverhalten bisher nur unzureichend erforscht worden. Insbesondere das Tragverhalten der einzelnen Komponenten unter hohen Temperaturen stellt noch eine Wissenslücke in der heutigen Forschung dar. Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit den experimentellen Untersuchungen an einer Feinbetonmatrix, die einen Größtkorndurchmesser von 0,6 mm aufweist, sowie an AR‐Glas‐ und Carbongarnen. Basierend auf instationären Versuchen werden das Spannungs‐ und Dehnungsverhalten unter hohen Temperaturen abgeleitet und Ansätze zur rechnerischen Beschreibung vorgeschlagen.

Experimental and theoretical investigations on the high‐temperature behavior of fine‐grained concrete and textile yarns

The design of structural members under fire attack is an important aspect for safe constructions. For the innovative material textile reinforced concrete (TRC), which is a composite material made of fine‐grained concrete and textile reinforcement, the fire behavior has not been investigated intensely yet. Especially the load‐bearing behavior of the single components under hightemperature marks a gap in the state‐of‐the‐art of science and technology today. This article deals with experimental investigations on a fine‐grained concrete matrix, which has a maximum grain size of only 0.6 mm, as well as yarns made of ARglass and carbon. On the basis of transient tests the stress and strain behavior under high temperatures is derived. Finally, a calculative approach for the high‐temperature behavior is suggested.