bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pennsylvanian Rocks and Fusulinids of East Utah and Northwest Colorado Correlated with Kansas Section
Authors: Thompson M.L
Published: January 2025

Stratigraphic sections of Pennsylvanian rocks in the eastern Uinta Mountains of Utah and Colorado and of the lowermost Pennsylvanian in the eastern White River uplift area of northwestern Colorado are illustrated and discussed. Parts of the fusulinid faunas from these sections are described and illustrated. Largely on the basis of them, correlations are made with the stratigraphic section of the midcontinent region.
The Belden shale of the White River uplift is described as the Belden formation and limestones and shales of the Uinta Mountains, formerly referred to the upper part of the Brazer formation, are referred to it. The Pennsylvanian rocks in the eastern Uinta Mountains are divided, in ascending order, into the Belden formation, Hell's Canyon formation, Youghall formation, and Weber sandstone.
Four species of Millerella are described and illustrated from the Belden formation and several others are identified. As this fauna is composed entirely of Millerella, the Belden formation is referred to the Zone of Millerella and is correlated with the type section of the Morrowan of Arkansas and the Kearny formation of Kansas.
Species from the Hell's Canyon formation belonging to Millerella, Pseudostaffella, Eoschubertella, and Fusulinella are identified, 5 of them being described and illustrated. The Hell's Canyon formation is referred to the uppermost part of the Zone of Fusulinella. The Youghall formation contains an abundant fauna of Wedekindellina and Fusulina, 10 forms of which are described and illustrated. The Youghall formation is referred to the Zone of Fusulina and is correlated with the Cherokee of Kansas and Iowa.
No fossils were found in the Weber sandstone. Its age was not determined.
The Cheyenne Sandstone and Adjacent Formations of a Part of Russell County, Kansas
Authors: Swineford Ada
Published: January 2025

The area described is part of an oil-field region in southwestern Russell County, in the Plains Border section of the Great Plains physiographic province.
The rocks encountered in test holes in this area are of Permian, Cretaceous, Tertiary (?), and Pleistocene age. They include the Cedar Hills sandstone (?) and Salt Plain formation (?) of Permian age; the Cheyenne sandstone, Kiowa shale, Dakota formation, Graneros shale, Greenhorn limestone, and Carlile shale of Cretaceous age; upland sand, silt, and gravel of Tertiary (?) age; and Pleistocene terrace deposits of sand, gravel, and silt. The Dakota formation and younger deposits listed are exposed in this area.
Petrographic methods of distinguishing between the various formations are discussed. It is concluded that the Cheyenne sandstone consists of two types of sand and that its eastern boundary is not in the area studied.
The waters sampled from test holes in the area generally are not potable, and the water in the deeper formations is highly mineralized. Some of the water in the Dakota formation is believed to have come from older Cretaceous and Permian rocks.
Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Belvidere Area, Kiowa County, Kansas
Authors: Latta Bruce F.
Published: January 2025

The Belvidere area comprises about 100 square miles in southeastern Kiowa County, Kansas, located at the eastern edge of the High Plains. This is the type area for the Comanchean series of Early Cretaceous age as developed in Kansas and includes the type localities for 17 group, formation, and member names. Only two of these names--Cheyenne sandstone and Kiowa shale--have come into general use, however. The development of present classification of the Cretaceous rocks in southern Kansas is reviewed and a detailed description of the Cretaceous formations exposed in the Belvidere area is given.
Sandstone, sandy shale, and conglomerate belonging to the Cheyenne sandstone are the oldest Cretaceous rocks known in Kansas. They are of continental origin and were deposited on the eroded surface of various Permian rocks. The thickness of the Cheyenne sandstone in the Belvidere area ranges from 32 to 94 feet. Conformably overlying the Cheyenne is the Kiowa shale, which comprises nearly 300 feet of marine shale, thin sandstone, and fossiliferous limestone. Beds of iron-cemented sandstone, light-colored clay, and shale containing fossil plants that overlie the Kiowa shale in the upper part of the Medicine Lodge Valley are assigned to the Dakota (?) formation.
The contact between Kiowa and Dakota (?) beds, which is presumed to divide the Comanchean from the succeeding Gulfian series, is difficult to determine in most places for the two formations are conformable and gradational. In places the contact is represented by a transition zone in which rocks having predominantly marine characteristics are interbedded with rocks having predominantly continental characteristics. The line between the two formations in Kansas is arbitrarily placed at the top of the highest bed of marine origin.
Cemented Sandstones of the Dakota and Kiowa Formations in Kansas
Authors: Swineford Ada
Published: January 2025

Cemented sandstones in the Kiowa and Dakota formations in central Kansas have been quarried in considerable quantities for use of concrete aggregate, riprap, road metal, and building stone. This report presents the results of a study of calcite-, dolomitic calcite- and silica-cemented sandstones in Clay, Dickinson, Ellsworth, Kearny, Lincoln, McPherson, Ottawa, Rice, and Saline counties, Kansas. These rocks are generally more durable than the other rocks of the region and, together with the more abundant iron oxide cemented sandstones, serve as cap rock of hills and form ledges along valley sides. At several places clusters of large carbonate-cemented concretions have been exposed at the surface by erosion. giving rise to spectacular features, such as "Rock City" near Minneapolis.
Thin sections of samples of indurated sandstones from 31 localities were studied; the results of physical tests and chemical analyses were furnished by the Corps of Engineers, War Department; and both chemical and mechanical analyses of the sand freed of cement were made in the laboratories of the State Geological Survey. The three major types of cement, their sequence and time of introduction, and minor constituents including barite, pyrite, and asphaltic material, are described. An analysis of the petrographic, chemical, and physical test data indicates that the carbonate-cemented sandstones described are good quality rocks, superior to other north-central Kansas rocks, for use as concrete aggregate, riprap, and some other purposes.
The Occurrence of Corals in Late Paleozoic Rocks of Kansas
Authors: Moore Raymond C.
Published: January 2025

This report summarizes information on late Paleozoic corals in Kansas that has become available during somewhat detailed studies of these fossils. Although the systematic investigations are incomplete as yet, preliminary data on the more abundant types of corals in Kansas may be of immediate use in studies of the rock formations in the State and to students of paleontology. The morphology of the corals is considered briefly and major structural characters are illustrated. The genera of corals known to occur in the State are illustrated and characterized, and a key is given for ease in identification of the several distinctive genera.
The stratigraphic occurrence of the corals in Kansas as determined by careful study of the collections made by the Geological Survey is recorded, and mention is made of corals that seem especially useful in the determination and tracing of stratigraphic horizons.
Chemical and Petrographic Studies of the Fort Hays Chalk in Kansas
Authors: Runnels Russell T. , Dubins Ira M.
Published: January 2025

The chemical composition, petrographic character, and commercial usefulness of the Fort Hays chalk of Kansas are described in this report. The Fort Hays is the lower member of the Niobrara formation of Cretaceous age and crops out extensively in the north-central and central western part of the State. Samples were collected from Jewell, Smith, Osborne, Rooks, Ellis, Trego, Ness, Lane, Finney, and Hamilton counties. Results of chemical and petrographic analyses show that the Fort Hays chalk is composed of fine-grained calcium carbonate except for scattered megafossils and limonite concretions. The average calcium carbonate content (excluding basal samples) is 94.2 percent, ranging from 98.2 percent to 88.7 percent. The grain size and, the average calcium carbonate content did not vary significantly over the area studied. The chemical and petrographic properties compare favorably with whiting specifications for the paint, putty, rubber, and chemical industries.
Divisions of the Pennsylvanian System in Kansas
Authors: Moore Raymond C.
Published: January 2025

This report summarizes studies in the northern midcontinent region bearing on classification of rocks belonging to the Pennsylvanian System in Kansas. It does not review historical features in the development of classification, treated in 1936 (Kansas Geological Survey Bulletin 22), but takes account of work done since that date. In particular, it gives explanation of time-stratigraphic divisions of the Pennsylvanian rocks and embodies changes in the definition and naming of groups and subgroups which were adopted by agreement of the State geological surveys of Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma at a conference held in May 1947. Except for definition of member subdivisions of formations belonging to the Marmaton group and a few revisions of formation and member names in the Shawnee and Wabaunsee groups, no changes in designation of lithologic units of the Kansas Pennsylvanian succession have been made during the last dozen years.
The Pennsylvanian rocks (including subsurface deposits which are not exposed in Kansas) are divided into five series (in upward order): Morrowan, Atokan, Desmoinesian, Missourian, and Virgilian. The boundaries between these divisions are drawn at disconformities which are judged to denote important interruptions in sedimentation. Each of the designated series is characterized by paleontological distinctions, also. Deposits of Morrowan age (Kearny formation) and Atokan age (unnamed) are recognized in the subsurface of western Kansas but do not crop out. The Desmoinesian Series is well exposed in southeastern Kansas and widely distributed beneath the surface in the State. It comprises rocks of the Cherokee group, below, and Marmaton group, above. Paleontologically, the Desmoinesian rocks belong to the Zone of Fusulina. The Missourian Series contains important limestone formations and is divided, in upward order, into the Pleasanton, Kansas City, Lansing, and Pedee groups. It comprises the lower half of the Zone of Triticites. Rocks of Virgilian age are widely and excellently exposed in eastern Kansas. This uppermost main division of the Pennsylvanian rocks contains the Douglas, Shawnee, and Wabaunsee groups and comprises the upper part of the Zone of Triticites.
The interstate agreement on classification of Pennsylvanian rocks agreed to the name Pleasanton group for clastic deposits (formerly called Bourbon group by the Kansas Geological Survey). In the lower part of the Missourian Series, the conference adopted definition of the Kansas City group as extending from the top of Pleasanton beds to the base of the Plattsburg limestone. The rocks of this group were divided into three subgroups: Bronson (base of Hertha limestone to top of Winterset limestone), Linn (base of Cherryvale shale to top of Iola limestone), and Zarah (base of Lane shale to top of Bonner Springs shale). in the Wabaunsee group, the conference recognized differentiation of subgroups, in upward order: Sacfox, Nemaha, and Richardson.
The Kansas Rock Column
Authors: Moore Raymond C. , Frye John C. , Jewett John M. , Lee Wallace , O'Connor Howard G.
Published: January 2025

This paper summarizes knowledge of the sequence of rock strata in Kansas. A generalized composite section of rocks occurring above the Pre-Cambrian basement rocks is presented with classification and nomenclature used by the Kansas Geological Survey. This is accompanied by graphically represented selected measured sections and well logs for most parts of the rock column and summaries of areal distribution of major rock units.
Coal Resources of the Permian System in Kansas
Authors: Schoewe Walter H.
Published: January 2025

Between 1922 and 1934 approximately 10,000 tons of coal of Permian age was mined several miles north of Harveyville in southeastern Wabaunsee County. This report describes the location of the mines, the stratigraphic position, thickness, and physical character of the coal, the history of mining in the district, and the calculation of the coal reserves. In addition, a second Permian coal is located in Geary County. The coal is described and a detailed stratigraphic section measured at the mine locality is presented. Reference is made to all stratigraphic positions where coal is known to occur in Permian rocks in Kansas.
Oil Shale in Kansas
Authors: Runnels Russell T. , Kulstad R.O , McDuffee Clinton , Schleicher J. A.
Published: January 2025

Shale oil can be produced from a number of black shale deposits in Kansas. This report presents the results of testing of samples of some of these black shales from 37 locations. Kansas oil shales are in general black platy to fissile shales composed of fine silt and clay-sized minerals. They contain a relatively large percentage of black to light-brown bituminous matter. When viewed in thin section normal to the bedding plane the organic matter appears as thin laminations, but when viewed from a section cut parallel to the bedding planes it appears as blotches. Obtainable yields of shale oil range from a slight trace to a maximum of 22.8 gallons per ton, and the average yield from favorable localities is from 6 to 12 gallons per ton. Most of the shales tested yield a large volume of gas concurrent with the oil. The average yield is about 1,230 cubic feet per ton of gas that shows from 30 to 45 percent hydrogen and a very high B.t.u. content. The average specific gravity of the shale oil ranges from 0.53 to 0.73 with the majority of the samples from 0.61 to 0.63. Determination of the gross heating value of the shale as a bulk fuel showed that much of the material contains from 1,000 to more than 3,000 B.t.u. per pound.
Minor Elements in Kansas Salt
Authors: Runnels Russell T. , Reed Albert C. , Schleicher J. A.
Published: January 2025

Mine run salt from three underground workings, raw brine, and some prepared salt products were examined spectrochemically for elements occurring in trace amounts. One mineral was isolated and determined to be a potassium-bearing mineral, tentatively identified as polyhalite (K2SO4·MgSO4·2CaSO4·2H2O). This mineral has not been reported previously from samples of commercially mined Kansas salt. One other mineral was isolated and identified as celestite (SrSO4). This mineral occurs with anhydrite in the ratio of 1:0.129 (CaSO4 x 0.129=SrSO4). The red color sometimes found in commercially mined rock salt usually accompanies the celestite but has not been directly associated with the celestite. This red material has been shown not to be Fe2O3, as might be suggested by the color.
Paleoecology and Biostratigraphy of the Red Eagle Cyclothem (Lower Permian) in Kansas
Authors: McCrone Alistair W.
Published: January 2025

The Red Eagle cyclothem, a Lower Permian (Wolfcamplan) marine sedimentary rock succession, includes, in ascending order, rocks of the Johnson Shale, Red Eagle Limestone, and Roca Shale. Despite facies changes, these and the component stratigraphic units can be traced along their outcrop belt southward from Lincoln, Nebraska, across Kansas to Burbank, Oklahoma.
Detailed stratigraphy,, sedimentary petrography, and paleontology of the Red Eagle cyclothem provide the bases for interpretations of its depositional environments and its plant and animal megafossils and microfossils. Postulates concerning the approximate physical and chemical characteristics of the Red Eagle cyclothem marine environments are advanced. The assembled evidence suggests that the depositional environments of the various faunal-lithologic phases of this and other Lower Permian cyclothems were most directly controlled by marine water depths which ranged from 0 to scarcely more than 60 feet. Other combined factors sometimes were more important than or modified the depth effects.
The Red Eagle cyclothem sediments accumulated in a broad, shallow epicontinental sea, the floor of which was flattest during accumulation of the oldest part of the Red Eagle Limestone. Slight changes of water depth caused widespread changes in depositional conditions.
The accumulation of red mud in very shallow water began the Red Eagle cyclothemic succession in the middle part of Johnson time and concluded it near the middle of Roca time. Muddy depositional conditions which produced the Johnson Shale were similar to those which later produced the Roca Shale. Limestones of the Red Eagle Formation, and their shaly equivalents, accumulated In slightly deeper waters.
Faint upwarps of the earth's crust in the Nemaha Arch and contiguous areas of east-central Kansas seem to have influenced water circulation and thereby exercised minor control over the accumulation of sediments in the Red Eagle Limestone.
Fossil spores found in the Red Eagle cyclothem seem similar to somewhat younger Permian floral assemblages from other parts of the world.
Ten fundamental faunal-lithologic facies types are recognized in the Red Eagle cyclothem. Most of these facies are also represented in other Kansas cyclothems.
Internal Structures of "Homogeneous" Sandstones
Authors: Hamblin Kenneth W.
Published: January 2025

The internal structure of 316 samples of seemingly homogeneous sandstones collected from 61 formations was analyzed by x-ray radiography. These analyses show that in 97 percent of the samples the individual grains are not packed together in a random fashion, but are arranged into distinctive structural units. The basic structural framework of the "homogeneous" sand stones studied consists of various types of cross-strata and rhythmic laminations. These structures may occur singly or in various combinations throughout a given bed and may be modified to some degree by burrowing organisms, secondary mineral growth, or penecontemporaneous deformation. Micro-cross-lamination is the most common structure and indicates that many seemingly homogeneous sandstones accumulated by deposition on the lee slope of various types of ripple marks. Large scale cross-strata are also abundant but details of their size and shape could not be determined by radiography. Apparently the various types of cross-strata found in deposits where sedimentary structures are well expressed also occur in seemingly homogeneous beds. Varve-like laminations were found in many samples but are not considered to be the product of repetitive sedimentation involving a definite cycle of time. Small, irregular lenses are typical of "structureless" mudstones and blocky shales.
It is concluded that most seemingly homogeneous sandstones do not represent a special sedimentary environment nor do they result from special rates of sedimntation. They develop by vertical and lateral accretion in much the same manner as sediments in which stratification is well expressed. The visual expression of stratification in elastic rocks is to a large degree fortuitous and may be controlled by many unrelated factors, such as nature of the source material, weathering, and diagenesis. Thus, there exists a complete gradation from deposits in which structural detail is well expressed to those n which structure appears to be completely lacking.
One of the most significant aspects of stratification is the size, shape, and orientation of the smallest layer within the rock. Such a layer is referred to as a "unit stratum" and is important in that it represents a depositional interface and reflects the processes operating within the environment during the time of deposition. Thickness of bedding has little genetic significance except as an indication of the amount of continuous deposition under a given set of conditions.
Ice-Push Deformation in Northeastern Kansas
Authors: Dellwig Louis F. , Baldwin Dwight A.
Published: January 2025

Evidence of superficial deformation of both lithified and nonlithified sediments ascribed to ice push is found in northeastern Kansas. Folds, fractures, and faults at right angles to the direction of ice movement are features common in this area and are dependent on the competency of the units involved in the deformation, which in some cases was controlled by freezing rather than lithologic composition.
These structures indicate two distinct advances of ice, one from the northeast and one from the northwest. The advance to the southeast is of Kansan age. This would imply a Nebraskan age for the southwesterly advance and consequently for the Kansas Till reference section located southwest of Atchison.
Rb-Sr Geochronologic Investigation of Basic and Ultrabasic Xenoliths from the Stockdale Kimberlite, Riley County, Kansas
Authors: Brookins Douglas G. , Woods Michael J
Published: January 2025

The diorite age represents the time of formation of igneous material at about 1,600 m.y. ago because (1) the initial Sr (87/86) ratio is extremely low and (2) the constituent minerals have not been recrystallized. The other ages represent post-formational events. One hypersthene gabbro (1139h) has not been closed to its environment (evidenced by secondary K-feldspar) and the age is spurious; the other hypersthene gabbro shows evidence of a thermal event at about 700 m.y. ago. The garnet granulite (1141a) of cognate origin shows evidence of a thermal event at about 240 m.y. ago; and, although an age cannot be calculated due to lack of data, the eclogite (1128g) has been derived from a deep-seated (cognate origin) source as indicated by the low Sr (87/86) ratio. These scattered but internally consistent ages argue for several periods of thermal activity (metamorphism) prior to entrapment in their host kimberlite (the kimberlite itself is thought to have crystallized about 750 m.y. ago in the upper mantle and to have been emplaced about 100 m.y. ago). This further suggests that entrapment occurred under near adiabatic conditions (hot kimberlite mass) or that ascent of the kimberlite as extremely rapid and relatively cool. The data also indicate the extreme complexity of the lower crust and upper mantle in the Midcontinent and the need for many more geochronologic and other investigations of these xenoliths.
Stratigraphy and Host-Rock Lithology
Authors: Berendsen P. , Lambert M.W.
Published: January 2025

Examination of core extracted from 16 drill holes in Sedgwick, Sumner, and Harper counties, together with a review of the literature, indicates that copper mineralization of the stratiform type occurs all through the non-oxidized parts of the upper part of the Wellington Formation and the Ninnescah Shale. The mineralized units commonly are five to 10 cm thick and consist of organic-rich shales and carbonate beds. Primary dispersed copper was adsorbed on clays in the original sediment. At some time after the rocks were deposited, oxygenated surface waters remobilized the copper and also dissolved chlorides and sulfates contained within the sediments. Oxidation of the sediments is thus viewed as a secondary process with copper being redeposited and concentrated near the oxidation-reduction interface downdip from the surface.
Optimization and Quality Properties of Fried Snack from a Blend of Wheat, High-Quality Cassava Flours, and Defatted Cashew Nut Meal Extrudate
Authors: Jackson Vala , Ogori Akama Friday , Dingari Jackson
Published: January 2025

Simple Centroid Mixture Design (SCMD) was used to formulate fourteen experimental runs and optimize some quality attributes of fried snacks. The independent variables were wheat flour (WF: 70-100%), high-quality cassava flour (HQCF: 0-30%), and defatted cashew nut flour (DCNF: 0-30%). The blends were extruded and fried. The texture and color properties, oil absorption, bulk density, and sensory properties of the extruded fried snacks were optimized using SCMD. The sample with the most desirable index was selected through numeric optimization, and its sensory attributes were compared with those of extruded snacks made from WF. The optimum ingredient combination for the fried snack, which exhibited lower oil uptake, maximum bulk density, and desirable texture, was 76% WF, 1.55% HQCF, and 22.22% DCNF. The optimized sample had higher sensory desirability than the control (wheat flour), except for hardness and crispiness. In conclusion, HQCF and cashew nut meal can be used to produce high-quality extruded fried snacks.
Psychological Experience and Nighttime Sleep Quality of 7th-year Medical Students during Clinical Rotations in Senegal
Authors: El Hadji Makhtar BA , Kone Pelbel Massara , Bernard Charlotte , BA Fatoumata , Tine Jean Augustin Diégane , Seck Sokhna , Camara Momar , Diedhiou Bocar Baila , Fall Khadim , Diop Marieme Soda , Sow Adjaratou Dieynabou , Basse Anna Mbodj , Ndiaye Moustapha , Sylla Aïda
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Medical studies are unique in that they are both theoretical and practical. The main objective was to evaluate the psychological experience and quality of night-time sleep of medical science students during their clinical placements.
Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytic study of 7th-year medical students at El Hadj Ibrahima Niasse University. It took place from November 11, 2023, to March 21, 2024. Data were collected using a questionnaire based on Google Forms.
Results: A total of 108 students were enrolled. Females predominated, with a sex ratio of 0.33. Ninety-one percent were aged between 25 and 30. Empathy was the predominant feeling during the last clinical placement for 47% of the students. The nature of the emotions felt during their placement was related to the nature of the service. Seventy-six percent slept less than 7 hours during their last clinical placement. The quality of this sleep was judged unsatisfactory by 36% of students. Eighty-three percent did not feel their work was sufficiently recognized during their clinical placements. Sixty-seven percent felt exploited.
Conclusion: Clinical placements have a negative impact on sleep duration and quality. The many organizational and logistical constraints associated with our care structures, and the high expectations placed on our trainees, call for structured psychosocial support.
Breve historia de las lágrimas y el llanto
Authors:   Universidad del Rosario, Palacios-Espinosa Ximena , Sánchez-Martínez María Catalina ,   Universidad del Rosario, Palacios-Sánchez Leonardo ,   Universidad del Rosario, Zuluaga-González Juan Camilo ,   Universidad del Rosario
Published: January 2025

Las lágrimas y el llanto son fenómenos biológicos enmarcados en diferentes contextos sociales, culturales y de conocimiento a lo largo de los años. Este artículo es una revisión sobre la construcción de las concepciones alrededor de las lágrimas y el llanto. Se exploran las formulaciones en el tema desde las civilizaciones más antiguas, pasando por la discusión alrededor del origen de las lágrimas (corazón vs. cerebro), así como los hallazgos con la introducción de la disección anatómica y la experimentación fisiológica.

Finalmente, se exponen las posturas evolucionistas y psicológicas del llanto para estudiar su funcionalidad en la supervivencia y su papel en las relaciones sociales. El objetivo de este es presentar, en forma sucinta, los aspectos históricos de las lágrimas y el llanto.
Intergenerational Evolution of Gender Bias in Spain: Analysis of Values Surveys
Authors: Antolínez-Merchán Pilar , Rivero Recuenco Ángel , Cabrera-Rodríguez Elvira Carmen
Published: January 2025

This article uses data from the World Values Survey (WVS) and the European Values Study (EVS) for Spain, covering the years between 2005 and 2022 (waves 5, 6, and 7) to analyse the evolution of gender bias in different dimensions: politics, education, economics, and family. The results indicate a positive trend towards the reduction of gender bias, especially in areas of political leadership and education. However, certain biases remain, particularly among older generations. The analysis reveals that variables such as sex, education level, religion, political orientation, and materialistic values have a statistically significant influence on gender bias. Young people demonstrate a higher acceptance of gender equality compared to older adults. However, the younger generations are exposed to ideological and moral influences that cause changes in their perception of politics and democracy. One‐fifth of the sample surveyed did not consider gender equality relevant as a constitutive element of democratic regimes, which seems to indicate a relative fading of the political and moral significance of gender equality as an issue for a significant proportion of young Spaniards. Religion is the only variable linked with a higher probability of maintaining gender biases, and even accentuating them among young people, which would be indicative of a correlation between religion and the adoption of ideologically conservative positions, in line with the socio‐political dynamics of polarisation and the growing influence of neo‐conservative movements in Spanish society.
LEGITIMACY OF STATE POWER IN MODERN UKRAINE
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Karaschuk Andrii , Karaschuk Mykola ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: January 2025

The article is devoted to identifying the reasons for the actualization of the discourse of the legitimacy of state power in modern Ukraine. The relationship between political elites and society is revealed. The work highlights how theoretical approaches help to better analyze the processes of legitimacy formation in modern Ukraine, in particular, through the mechanisms of transparent governance, legal framework and social integration. The study of the phenomenon of legitimacy demonstrates that in order to maintain the stability of political elites, it is necessary to support social and political expectations that evolve under the influence of national ideas, democratic processes, and external factors. Thus, the article discusses how theoretical aspects of legitimacy are implemented in practice and affect the support of state power in Ukraine.
The work highlights such aspects of the formation of the legitimacy of state power as socio-economic, legal, political factors, the role of cultural values. The article examines the issue of the stability of the political regime and ensuring the support of citizens through the mechanisms of transparent management and compliance with legal norms. It is also shown how economic indicators and the level of public support affect the legitimate government, especially during a crisis.
The example of Ukraine shows how the legitimacy of state power depends partly on the compliance of government actions expected by citizens, as well as on the extent to which the political elite is able to reflect national interests and protect the country’s sovereignty. Revolutions and elections in Ukraine proved that legitimacy is not static, but is constantly under the influence of changes in public attitudes and political activity of citizens, and that is why legitimacy must be constantly maintained. The article shows that external threats are the factor that strengthens the role of the government as a guarantor of security, which added new aspects to the process of its legitimation.
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LOGIC IN THE SPOD АND VUCA WORLDS
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Kolotilova Nataliia
Published: January 2025

The article deals with the formation and development of classical, nonclassical, informal logic and argumentation theory in the context of concepts SPOD and VUCA world. It has been established that modern formal logic (classical and non-classical) can act as a model of both SPOD world and VUCA world. It has been found that the means of classical logic, primarily the fundamental principle of twovalued, allow us to describe the SPOD world with its steady, predictable, ordinary and definite. It has been revealed that the theories of non-classical logic, in particular many-valued and modal, already provide opportunities to describe the VUCA world with its variability, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity. It has been determined that the progress of informal logic and argumentation theory in the second half of the 20th century witness the transition from SPOD to the VUCA world, although at that time these acronyms had not yet been introduced.
The article demonstrates that the development of new approaches within the limits of logical knowledge in this period was due to two interconnected factors: requests from the educational environment for new courses that would provide tools for analyzing arguments from various areas, and increased attention to leadership in new conditions, because managers must possess critical thinking skills that allow to minimize risks in situations of the VUCA world. It has been established that the technique of critical questions is a significant achievement of informal logic and, more broadly, modern argumentation theory, which allows not only to evaluate the arguments of arguers, but also to check one’s own for possible charges on their part.
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN UKRAINE: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
Authors:   V. M. Koretsky Institute of State and Law of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine, Tarasyuk Volodymyr
Published: January 2025

The article examines current issues and prospects of legal regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in Ukraine. The author analyses the key areas of AI implementation, including education, countering disinformation, legal practice, lawmaking and the electoral process. It is noted that legal regulation in this area should focus on defining the criteria for authorship in the use of AI; developing mechanisms for detecting and counteracting AI-generated fake news; establishing liability for the dissemination of disinformation using AI; regulating the use of AI for automatic fact-checking; and creating legal mechanisms for rapid response to the dissemination of disinformation.
The author identifies and analyses the main aspects of AI use that require legal regulation, in particular: liability for dissemination of AI-generated false information, mechanisms for rapid response to violations of human rights in the digital environment; peculiarities of proof in cases of protection of honour, dignity and business reputation when using AI technologies; regulation of AI use for monitoring reputation on the Internet; rules for using AI systems for analysis and assessment of reputational risks.
The article examines foreign experience of legal regulation of AI, namely, in the European Union, OECD, USA, Japan and China. The current state of Ukrainian legislation in the field of AI is considered and a comparative analysis with international experience of AI regulation is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the ethical aspects of AI use and their reflection in the legal field. On the basis of the study, the author formulates proposals for improving Ukraine’s regulatory framework in the field of AI. It is proposed to improve Ukrainian legislation with regard to the use of AI, in particular, the Laws of Ukraine «On Personal Data Protection», «On Education» and «On Higher Education», «On Information», and the Electoral Code, etc.
COMPUTATIONAL EQUIVALENCE OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL QUOTA TSP VARIANT AND (MIN, +) CONVOLUTION
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Skybytskyi N. M. , Denysov K. I. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: January 2025

The paper considers a variant of the one-dimensional quota traveling salesman problem and its connection to the (min, +) convolution problem. We propose fine-grained reductions between these problems, resulting in a conditional lower bound on the computational complexity of the quota traveling salesman problem variant. We highlight the role of convexity in both problems and its connection to the proposed reductions.
Evolution of natural language processing methods
Authors: Besedina A. Yu.
Published: January 2025

Natural language processing (NLP) has undergone significant changes in its methods, reflecting advances in computing technology and cognitive research. This article reviews the key stages of the evolution of natural language processing methods. The article touches on the topic of the first NLP systems developed, provides justification for the reasons for the complexity of some processed texts and the possible depth of analysis. In addition, it describes not only NLP methods before and after the GPT revolution, but also current trends and prospects in the field of natural language processing. The article allows us to trace how the idea of natural language text has changed during the development of computer analysis methods, as well as to understand what text is in the mirror of natural language processing, what is really the subject of natural language processing research and what cannot be seen through the eyes of a simple researcher who does not use NLP methods.
What We Should Get from the Partition of Czechoslovakia (Co powinniśmy dostać z parcelacji Czech ), or “Głos Lubelski” about the International Situation in Central Europe after the Munich Conference
Authors: Woźniak Marek
Published: January 2025

In October 1938, when Europe was enveloped in political tensions, “Głos Lubelski” played the role of witness to the turbulent times. The newspaper not only reported on the ongoing events but also actively shaped public opinion, particularly in the context of the situation in Czechoslovakia. It warned against German territorial ambitions and called for retaining the balance of power in Central Europe. “Głos Lubelski” critically analyzed the policy of appeasement, treating the concessions to Germany as a potential threat to the region. The paper scrupulously followed international diplomatic maneuvers, especially the Munich Conference, and pointed out the necessity for Poland’s active foreign policy in the face of changing alliances. The editors presented Poland as an important participant in the policy of the region, striving to maintain independence and safeguard its national interests. “Głos Lubelski” predicted long-lasting effects of the Czech crisis, stressing that Central Europe was on the brink of vital changes. In the face of social uncertainty, the paper sketched the picture of Europe, whose fate is closely connected with the events in Czechoslovakia, and this crisis was becoming a tinderbox of growing political and diplomatic tensions. Finally, “Głos Lubelski” not only provided its readers with information but also with a political vision by presenting the then international situation as a catalyst for changes that shaped the future of Europe.
Lightning War and Lightning Chaos... The Polish Campaign of 1939 in the Collaborationist (“Reptile”) Press (In the Context of Psychological and Information Warfare)
Authors: Napora Monika
Published: January 2025

The paper discusses the ways of presenting the course of the 1939 Polish Campaign in the collaborationist press (so-called ‘reptile’) of the General-Gouvernement. The course of the defensive war was one of the first subjects used by German propagandists to manipulate public opinions and create public sentiments before, during and after the end of Poland’s defensive war in 1939. The narrative produced by the collaborationist press, concerning the causes of the war and defeat of the Polish army, became a significant element of the psychological and information warfare waged by the Third Reich.
The Picture of German-Polish Relations in 1938–1939 in German Historiography. Status and Prospects for Research
Authors: Lesiakowska Renata Agnieszka
Published: January 2025

The article is devoted to the German historiography concerning German-Polish relations in 1938–1939. It is written from the perspective of a Polish historian who wonders why the events of the last year of peace are not only perceived differently in Polish and German historiographies, but also why historical issues so important in one society are of minor importance the the neighboring one. The text presents the development of German literature on this subject from the times of the Third Reich, through the years of division of Germany into two hostile states and the period of German unification until the recent decades. Mutual relations between the two neighboring societies during the interwar period and World War II are one of the most emotive topics in Polish historiography, and the legacy of National Socialism – in German historiography. This makes the issue discussed even more interesting.
Модель оптимизации прибыли авиакомпании
Authors: Забулонов А.С. , Вечерская С.Е. , Макаренко М.И.
Published: January 2025

В статье предложена математическая модель и масштабируемое решение задачи оптимизации управления прибылью авиакомпании. Модель учитывает все критические параметры оптимизации, обеспечивающие корректность решения, и имеет упрощения, введенные с целью повышения эффективности решения задачи без потери точности. Разработан соответствующий программный код на языке Python.

The article proposes a mathematical model and a scalable solution to the problem of optimizing airline profit management. The model considers all critical optimization parameters to ensure the correctness of the solution and introduces simplifications aimed at improving efficiency without sacrificing accuracy. The corresponding program code was developed in Python.
Оптимизация принятия решений при управлении в организационных системах с неоднородной структурой пространственных элементов
Authors: Линкина А.В. , Львович Я.Е. , Рындин Н.А.
Published: January 2025

В статье рассматриваются модели и процедуры оптимизации принятия решений при управлении в организационных системах с неоднородной структурой пространственных компонентов. Показано, что неоднородность структуры определяется разнообразием типов, категорий и состояний пространственных элементов, в рамках которых объектами организационной системы реализуются деятельностные процессы. Предложена последовательность процедур экспертного оценивания, обеспечивающих оптимизацию принятия управленческих решений по распределению планового объема ресурсного обеспечения между объектами на реализацию деятельностных процессов в соответствии с заданными требованиями к показателям эффективности и плановым объемом результатов деятельности. Выбор окончательного варианта управленческого решения на множестве альтернативных осуществляется экспертами путем голосования с использованием правила большинства. Оптимизационное моделирование является основой принятия решений при распределении ресурсного обеспечения на трансформацию пространственных элементов для повышения эффективности деятельностных процессов и выбора подмножеств видов деятельности на заданные временные периоды. Формализация экстремальных и граничных требований при решении задач управления позволяет сформировать модели многоальтернативной оптимизации. Проведена проблемная ориентация алгоритмических процедур рандомизированного итерационного поиска с учетом особенностей организационной системы с неоднородной структурой пространственных элементов.

The article discusses models and procedures for optimizing decision-making in management in organizational systems with a heterogeneous structure of spatial components. It is shown that the heterogeneity of the structure is determined by the variety of types, categories and states of spatial elements within which the objects of the organizational system implement activity processes. A sequence of expert assessment procedures is proposed to optimize management decision-making on the distribution of the planned amount of resource provision between objects for the implementation of activity processes in accordance with the specified requirements for performance indicators and the planned volume of performance results. The selection of the final version of the management decision on a variety of alternatives is carried out by experts by voting using the majority rule. Optimization modeling is the basis for decision-making when allocating of resources for the transformation of spatial elements to increase the efficiency of activity processes and the selection of subsets of activities for specified time periods. The formalization of extreme and boundary requirements in solving control problems makes it possible to form models of multi-alternative optimization. The problem orientation of algorithmic procedures of randomized iterative search is carried out, taking into account the features of an organizational system with a heterogeneous structure of spatial elements.
‘Newton was heel exact wetenschappelijk – ook in zijn chemische werk’. Nederlandse wetenschapsgeschiedenis in niet-wetenschapshistorische tijdschriften, 1977-2017
Authors: Beckers Danny , Beckers Anne
Published: January 2025

Both historians of science and scientists write papers that are published under a "historical" denominator in non-specialist journals, such as the journals for professional scientists and teachers. This paper focuses on the various motives for these publications, thereby illustrating both the enormous enthusiasm for our work outside of circles for professional historians, as what is conceived as crucial in our work to people outside of our field.
Accumulation of heavy metals in food products from territories adjacent to the Alaverdi copper‐chemical combine, Armenia
Authors: Mirumyan L. S. , Hovhannisyan V. S. , Harutyunyan R. G. , Vardanyan M. V. , Gasparyan A. S. , Avanesyan L. G. , Shogheryan S. A. , Magomedova M. Z. , Magomedova P. D. , Rustamova J. A. , Magomedova A. Sh. , Harutyunova L. D.
Published: January 2025

Aim. Determination of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb) concentration in plantand animal‐based food products (FP) in locations adjacent to the Alaverdi Copper Chemical Combine (CCC).Analysis has been undertaken of local FP of plant and animal origin (eggs, milk, quince, Jerusalem artichoke, red apple, medlar, persimmon and potato) collected within 5,000–8,000 m from the Alaverdi CCC (villages of Sanahin, Odzun and Akhtala). Concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS extraction & ISO‐8288).Analyses revealed that Pb levels comply with permissible standards, whereas Cu and Zn concentrations exceed allowable limits.The combine’s negative impact on the environment persists even at distance of 8,000 m.Contamination of FP with heavy metals may lead to adverse ecological and biological consequences.The findings indicate that FP of plant and animal origin in the vicinity of the Alaverdi CCC are contaminated with heavy metals (Zn, Cu). Average Cu and Zn concentrations in some products exceed the maximum levels set by international standards. The elevated levels of copper and zinc at distances of 5,000–8,000 m from Alaverdi CCC present a health risk to the population with potential adverse effects from FP consumption. These results can be used for ecological monitoring in other mining and metallurgical regions.