bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Housing for Disabled Persons: To What Extent Will Today's Homes Accommodate Persons with Physical Limitations?
Authors: McFadden Joan R. , Brandt Jeanette A. , Tripple Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the incidence of disability within the non‐institutionalized U.S. resident population, with estimates of gender differences and severe limitations. Estimates of the desire for functional independence among the elderly are presented, and theoretical frameworks related to choice, consumer efficiency, consumer decisions, and housing norms are reviewed. Accommodation of a wheelchair was chosen as the measure to be studied because it is the means of mobility for those with the most severe mobility limitations. Three states, Oregon, Nevada, and Utah collected data on wheelchair accommodation of existing housing, resulting in a sample of 1,549 homeowners. Only 1% of the respondents indicated that their homes would accommodate a wheelchair at the present. However, 77% indicated that their homes could be modified to accommodate a wheelchair, and 22% responded that costs for modifications to their present homes would be prohibitive. Home economics educators have an obligation to educate the public to the needs for accessible and/or adaptable housing and unite architects, designers, home builders, and realtors in an effort to increase the proportion of wheelchair‐accessible housing, to accommodate all types of mobility impairment regardless of age.
Demand for Apparel Imports in the United States
Authors: Chadwick Sandra , Dardis Rachel
Published: March 2007

A single‐equation import demand model was developed to estimate U.S. demand for apparel imports from developed and developing countries. Separate analyses were done for each region usingannualdatafrom 1974 to 1988. The independent variables were U.S. apparel expenditures, prices of apparel imports relative to domestic prices, and trend. They had a significant impact on apparel imports in most instances. The own‐price elasticities of demandfor imports varied by import source. They rangedfrom −0.61 to −0.81for the developing countries andfrom −2.35 to −2.57for the developed countries. In contrast, expenditure elasticities were greater than unity for both regions. The sign of the coefficient of the trend variable was positive for developed countries, whereas it was negative for developing countries, which is consistent with the implementation of the Multifiber Arrangement.
Welfare Use: Implications for Teen Mothers' Education
Authors: Hong Gong‐Soog , Wellen Pat D.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the role of welfare benefits in retaining teenage mothers in educational programs. Using data from the 1985 Survey of Income Program Participation, 212 mothers, aged 15 through 21 years, who have one or more children were studied. The findings show that receiving AFDC and WIC benefits, living with parents, and public expenditure on education per pupil in the state positively influence teen mothers' education. Receiving food stamps is negatively associated with the educational attainment of teenage mothers.
Farm Wives' Business and Household Decision Involvement in Times of Economic Stress
Authors: Danes Sharon M. , Rettig Kathryn D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to examine the involvement of 263 farm wives in decision‐making discussions about periodic and continuous business decisions and household decisions during times of economic stress. The operating hypothesis that the perceptions of the decision maker would contribute to the explanation of variance in decision discussion involvement over and above the variance explained by the contextual factors was supported in three two‐step regression analyses. The satisfaction about the way money concerns are discussed was positively related to involvement in decision discussions for all three decision content areas. Perceptions concerning the tendency to set new goals increased the involvement in periodic and continuous farm decisions. Perceptions about the amount of respect received increased involvement in periodic farm and household decision discussions, and perceived income adequacy negatively influenced involvement in continuous farm decision discussions. The number of years farming influenced household decision discussions and off‐farm work influenced involvement in continuous farm decision discussions.
The Economic Contribution of Travel to State Economies
Authors: Mak James
Published: March 2007

Total multipliers from the Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS II), developed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, are applied to U. S. Travel Data Center estimated state travel expeditures for 1983 to determine the total impact of travel expendi tures on gross business sales, earnings, and employment in the 50 states and District of Columbia. The method described allows individual states to determine the total economic contribution of travel to the state's economy without the need to develop an input- output model.
Articles On International Themes In The Journal Of Travel Research
Authors: Burnett G.W. , Ysal Muzaffer U. , Jamrozy Ute
Published: March 2007

The Journal of Travel Research is one of the outstanding journals in the area of travel and tourism studies. Its national and international accomplishments have been consid erable since the early 1970s. This study examines articles on international themes from 1973 through 1989 published in the Journal of Travel Research. The study examined whether international coverage has increased in the journal and how these articles were distributed in their discussion of the world's regions and nations, and where the authors of the articles resided at the time the articles were produced.
'Save there, eat here': Migrants, households and community identity among Pakhtuns in northern Pakistan
Authors: Watkins Francis
Published: March 2007

The phrase alta gatee, dalta ookhree (save there, eat here) neatly sums up the way in which Pakhtun migrants understand their own and their families' condition. The aim of this article is to understand some aspects of the culture of labour migration from the Pakhtun village of Kohery to the Gulf states. The analysis presented here draws on fieldwork carried in the village of Kohery in Dir district during 1990-93 and in the United Arab Emirates, based on time spent there in 1988 and 1989. The article examines two interrelated themes: the way in which male migrants saved money, and the ways in which these savings were consumed. The analysis is set against two bodies of ethno graphic literature: the ethnographic work on Pakhtuns in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and the anthropology of migration and more particularly the slowly growing ethno graphic materials on migration from Asia to the Gulf states.
Introducing Semantic Cohesion Analysis
Authors: Friedlander Myrna L. , Thibodeau John R. , Nichols Michael P. , Tucker Cheryl , Snyder Jilisa
Published: March 2007

This article introduces semantic cohesion-a nonreactive, atheoretical indicator of conversational involvement-to the study of group process. Conversational involvement is assumed to be necessary and common to all types of groups, but groups achieving more cohesive involvement are expected to be relatively more effective. Cohesive talk was observed over time and across four psychotherapy groups led by self-disclosing or nondisclosing therapists; clients'perceptions of the process and outcome were assessed on multiple indicators. Despite individual therapist differences, the nondisclosing groups showed significantly more cohesive interactions throughout (and especially in the early phase) therapy. No differences were observed in clients'perceptions of therapists or their attraction to the group. On all indicators clients showed appreciable gains, but the nondisclosinggroups were relatively more successful. Differences in how self-disclosing and nondisclosing leaders elicit group involvement are discussed and the utility of semantic cohesion analysis in future work on group process is considered.
Group Processes and Performance in A Complex Business Simulation
Authors: Miesing Paul , Preble John
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the effects of different groupprocesses on team performance, using a simulation as experimental laboratory. In contrast to prior research that attempted to validate terminal results of gaming experiences, this study is concerned with appraising what transpires throughout the course ofplay. Only such aformative evaluation can test whether or not appropriate behaviors are rewarded and reinforced and lead to successful group performance. A taxonomy of six different decision-making and leadership styles is developed through the use of multiple research methods. Cohesion was found to be a significant factor in explaining high performance. It is proposed that high-performance teams develop as a highly cohesive group with high-performance norms.
Police Professionalization and Police Unions
Authors: Feuille Peter , Juris Hervey A.
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the validity of applying the traditional model of the professions to the police, analyze the role of police unions in the police professionallzation process, and reach four conclusions (I) the police are not a profession in the traditional sense; (2) the traditional professional model is inappropriate for the police; (3) the impact of police unions upon the police quest for professional status has been negative; and (4) police unions will play an important role in future occupational developments.
The Strongmen are Shaking
Authors: Jamail Milton H.
Published: March 2007

A review of: Jan Karmali, Hugh O'Shaughnessy and Andrew Pollak, Nicaragua Dictatorship and Revolution, London: Latin America Bureau, 1979. Pp. 50. $1.50.

Latin America Bureau, Violence and Fraud in El Salvador: A Report on Current Political Events in El Salvador, London: Latin America Bureau, 1977. Pp. 37, $3.

Roger Plant, Guatemala Unnatural Disaster, London: Latin America Bureau, 1978. Pp. 121. $3.

J. Ann Zammit, The Belize Issue, London: Latin America Bureau, 1979. Pp. 77. $3.
Expanded Flexible Closed Cell Elastomeric Materials
Authors: Strecker L.A. , Wells V.W.
Published: March 2007

Expanded flexible closed cell rubber produced by a free blown process began to be widely used about fifteen years ago as pipe and duct work insulation. This closed cell crosslinked rubber foam has a somewhat unique combination of properties that include ex cellent flex life, good weathering and chemical resistance and low permeability to moisture. This resilient foam rubber is useful in a range of applications including gasketing and cushioning. Certain formulation and processing techniques are peculiar to free blown expanded rubber. This article considers industry specifications and performance parameters for this class of materials. Properties pertinent to insulation application are discussed with emphasis on MVT and K factors.
Mechanisms of Reinforcement of Elastomers by Polymeric Fillers
Authors: Morton Maurice
Published: March 2007

Two systems have recently been studied involving elastomeric networks reinforced by finely-divided glassy polymeric fillers. One of these was prepared by blending latices of polystyrene, or other glassy polymers, with SBR, and vulcanizing the resulting elastomer. It was found that the tensile strength of the SBR increased with higher filler content, lower particle size and increase in rigidity of the filler, and was virtually unaffected by filler-elastomer bonds. The other system studied consisted of the "thermoplastic elas tomers" prepared from styrene-diene-styrene triblock polymers. Here the polystyrene forms small "domains" (∼200A) which act both as network junctions and reinforcing filler. These glassy par ticles yield at high stresses, thus relieving high stress concentra tions and resulting in high tensile strength but large inelastic de formations.
A Study of Strain Hardening in Polysulfide Sealants
Authors: Stargel Scott
Published: March 2007

Four typical polysulfide building sealants were investigated for possible strain hardening during a simulated ten (10) year service life Hardening of the specimens was checked by Durometer and by Modulus, creep, stress relaxation and cyclic load curves. No appreciable hardening was found as a result of 3,000 load cycles. The effects of aging and weathering were not included in the study.
Castable Thermoplastic Urethane Elastomers I. Formulation and Applications as Removable Encapsulants
Authors: Wischmann K.B. , Lagasse R.R.
Published: March 2007

Castable thermoplastic polyurethane formulations with im proved upper and lower temperature capability have been developed for use as removable electronics packaging matenals. Two formulations have been developed employing a two step prepolymer processing technique. One consists of 58/42 ratio of polyether to polyester diols reacted with bitolylene diisocyanate to form a prepolymer; this step is followed by reaction with 1,4 butanediol. The second contained a 64/36 ratio of poly ether to polyester diol reacted in the same manner as above. The first formulation exhibited a tensile strength of 13.1 MPa, an elongation of 500%, and a modulus of 145 MPa; the second gave a tensile strength of 7.58 MPa, elongation 275%, and modulus of 124 MPa. These property differences resulted from differences in microphase structure between hard and soft segments in these linear polyurethanes. Both formulations were essentially free of creep over an 80 hour period at 70°C. These casting resins can be processed with a filler (e.g., Al2O3) which reduces the coeffi cient of thermal expansion from ∼ 160 × 10-6 to ∼ 100 × 10 -6 /°C. The formulations are soluble in polar organic solvents such as dimethyl formamide and tetrahydrofuran. Functional electronic components have been successfully potted and depotted using these solvent-removable formulations.
Smoke From Plastics and Elastomers
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Cumming Heather J. , Murphy Regina M.
Published: March 2007

Various plastics and elastomers were evaluated for smoke density, using the gravimetric method of the Arapahoe smoke chamber and the optical methods of the Rohm and Haas XP-2 and the NBS-Aminco smoke chambers. Some materials tend to produce dense smoke under any test conditions, while others produce relatively little smoke under any test conditions. The smoke from some materials is strongly affected by the test conditions used.
Analymers: Unique Urethane Polymers
Authors: Turner R.B. , Morgan R.E. , Waibel J.H.
Published: March 2007

A series of urethane polymers with a uniquely con trolled morphology and high physical properties are being devel oped. These polymers contain an elastomer continuous and a rigid discontinuous phase chemically bound together by an inter facial bonding area. These polymers exhibit high physical proper ties, excellent properties over the use temperature range and are easily processed on the present Reaction Injection Molding (R IM) equipment.
Carbon Monoxide Production From Plastics At Various Temperatures
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Carbon monoxide production at various tempera tures was determined for selected plastics. The yield of carbon monoxide based on initial weight generally increased with increas ing temperature. The yield of carbon monoxide based on weight loss, however, did not always increase with increasing tempera ture. Polyoxymethylene exhibited the highest yield of carbon monoxide.
Toxicity of Gases From Polymer Blends and Mixtures
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The toxicity of gases evolved from blends and mix tures of polymers generally appears to be a function of the toxici ties of the gases from the individual polymers and proportional to their relative proportions in the blend or mixture.
Rim Urethane Elastomers the Non-Automotive Side
Authors: Lewis George D.
Published: March 2007

The market for non-automotive RIM is very diverse, including such applications as lawn and garden equipment, snowmobiles, and evaporative coolers. Among all molding processes, only injections molding allows as much design freedom as RIM. However, injection molding is usually not an economically viable alternative for the production of parts as large as most RIM moldings. RIM is also a process of large volume production. Output from a single clamp, operating on a three minute total cycle, will be over 40,000 parts/year, single shift.
Low Density Urethane Foam for Automotive Seating Using Low Functionality MDI and Polyol
Authors: Carey D.G. , Turner R.B.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes work which defines the current capabilities of a low functionality MDI/polyol foam technology for low density automotive seating using commercially available products. This low functionality MDI/polyol technology, developed by The Dow Chemical Company, has the capability of producing lower density foam with better physical properties com pared to a typical triol based formulation foamed with a high functionality (2.7-3.0) polymeric MDI.
Water Composites: Relation Between Percent Water and Emulsifier Concentration to Produce Stable Emulsions
Authors: Doss N.L.
Published: March 2007

Poly (oxy-diethylene-maleate) was prepared and used with styrene monomer to form stable w/o prepolymers. The emulsion stability of the water-extended polyester, using different water percentages with different emulsifiers, was determined. The most stable emulsions were cured using ben zoyl peroxide as the initiator to produce water composites. The water content and the compressive strength of the cured composities were also studied.
Understanding the Dynamic Properties of Polyurethane Cast Elastomers
Authors: Clift S.M.
Published: March 2007

Knowledge of the dynamic and high temperature properties of polyurethane elastomers is critical to their use in high dynamic stress applica tions that include automotive belting, roller covers, tires and wheels. The devel opment of elastomeric systems for such demanding applications requires a means of characterizing these systems in terms of mechanical properties and high-temperature performance using limited quantities of material. Dynamic Mechanical Spectroscopy (DMS) is a powerful and versatile technique which is capable of providing this information with quick turn-around times and small sample size requirements. While highly theoretical and often complex explana tions of dynamic mechanical measurements exist in abundance, little pub lished information can be found that is directed towards polyurethane cast systems and expressed in easy to understand terms. This paper attempts to fill this void by offering a qualitative explanation of basic DMS theoretical princi ples and providing practical guidelines for interpreting DMS data for a series of cast polyurethane elastomers.

To assist the system formulator in the selection of diisocyanate structure, polyol backbone and molecular weight, curative and stoichiometry, the effects of each of these parameters on dynamic properties are demonstrated. DMS test results are correlated to those results generated by other dynamic test meth ods, and examples of how DMS has been used to accurately predict performance in real-life applications are discussed.
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding by Conductive Nitrile Rubber Composites Containing Carbon Fillers
Authors: Pramanik P.K. , Khastgir D. , Saha T.N.
Published: March 2007

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding characteristics of nitrile rubber composites filled with short-carbon fibre (SCF), conductive car bon black (Conductex™ 900), and filler blend (SCF + Conductex™ 900) have been studied. The measurements of shielding effectiveness (SE) were carried out in two different frequency ranges-200-1000 MHz and 8-12 GHz (X-band range). It has been observed that the SE of the composites is frequency depen dent, especially at the higher frequency range, and it increases with increasing frequency. The increase of filler loading also enhances the SE of the composites. The SCF-filled composites register higher SE compared to that of filler blend or purely carbon black-filled composites. The correlation between SE and bulk conductivity of various composites is also discussed. The results indicate that the composites having higher fibre loading (loading > 30 phr) can be used for the purpose of EMI shielding, as well as for some microwave applications.
Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber as a Reactive Compatibilizer for Blends of Chlorinated Natural Rubber and Epoxidized Natural Rubber
Authors: Ramesh P. , De S.K.
Published: March 2007

Chlorinated natural rubber (CIR)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were prepared in a Brabender plasticorder. The blends were found to be self-crosslinkable during high temperature molding, without the aid of any ex traneous crosslinking agent. Such blends are partially miscible as studied by dynamic mechanical analyses. Carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) was found to act as a reactive compatibilizer for this blend. The quantity of XNBR re quired to make the ternary blend miscible varies with ClR/ENR blend ratio.
An Equation for Conversion and Cure Curves of Nitrile Rubbers
Authors: Starmer Philip H.
Published: March 2007

The first order equation: -d( A) /dt = k(A) becomes, on integra tion, A = A0( 1 - exp(- k( t - t0))). This second equation (with A0 = 100) does not give a good correlation with the data for free radical emulsion poly merization of acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers, particularly at low conver sion. It is found that modifying the above equation by introducing a square term gives a better fit for the data. The new equation is of the form: A = A0(1 - exp(- k( t - t0) 2)), which-on differentiation-becomes the time- modified first order equation: - d( A)/ dt = 2 kt( A). The inflexion point of this S-shaped curve is found to occur at the point at which A = 39.3% of A0. At con versions less than 10% the conversion is closely proportional to the square of time in agreement with the observations of Gardon. Not only does the S-shaped curve fit the data for emulsion polymerization but also it appears to have much wider applications. One of these applications is the oscillating disc rheometer curves of peroxide cured nitrile rubbers. Subtracting the curve for a compound without curative from one with a curative gives the same type of S-shaped curve observed with emulsion polymerization. The effects of different levels of curative and carbon black are examined.
Is the MMPI an Appropriate Assessment Device for Blacks?
Authors: Gynther Malcolm D.
Published: March 2007

This article asked whether the MMPI, the inventory most frequently used to assess psychopathology and per sonality, should continue to be employed to evaluate Blacks, given the fact that it was normed exclusively on Whites. Blacks, especially normal individuals, typically obtain significantly higher scores than Whites on scales measuring nonconformity, alienation, and impulsivity. Blacks also differ from Whites in their responses to a large portion of the 550 items. Clinicians and automated sys tems often interpret these differences as indicating that Blacks are more maladjusted than Whites, but there is no empirical evidence to support this conclusion. Misin terpretations could be reduced by developing special norms, adjusting scores by means of Race-Sensitive scale values or by deriving behavioral correlates for Blacks' MMPI profiles. Ideally, inventories that measure adjust ment, but also have additional dimensions more relevant to job and school performance, should be developed to help in the assessment of Blacks and other large minority groups.
Client Attitude and Organizational Process
Authors: MILLER GALE
Published: March 2007

The article treats attitude as a folk concept used by staff members in a Work Incentive Program (WIN) to account for and predict the behavior of their clients. Because the staff are unable to observe whether their clients are actually looking for jobs, they use client attitude (as reflected in their demeanor in the office) as an indicator of the clients' probable behavior outside the office. Based on their assessments of client attitude, the staff make and justify decisions having important consequences for their clients' lives. Most of the staff's concern is with detecting and responding to clients with “bad” attitudes who, based either on human weakness or self-interested calculation, are treated as unlikely to fulfill their WIN assignments, particularly looking for jobs. The tests may be used to confirm the staff's initial assessments of client attitude or to develop new ones as well as to identify “appropriate” programs to assign clients. The article concludes by considering the organizational factors associated with the WIN staff's concern for client attitude.
Occupational Aesthetics
Authors: FINE GARY ALAN
Published: March 2007

Despite considerable research on occupational socialization, little attention has been paid to aesthetic standards associated with occupations. To the extent that aesthetics has been considered by sociologists, it has been within the world of fine art. Yet practitioners of many occupations use aesthetic criteria in judging the work of their colleagues. I examine how students (trainees) become socialized to the standards of cooking in trade schools. Although these cooking students are being trained for entry-level positions in “industry” (and not explicitly as artists), they are still expected to follow the aesthetic conventions of their occupation. Data on aesthetic socialization in trade schools and the limits of that socialization are based upon a two-year participant observation study of two trade school Hotel and Restaurant Training programs.
The Presentation of Everyday Life
Authors: STODDART KENNETH
Published: March 2007

Extending a recent emerging interest in ethnographies as written texts, this article explores some practices employed by classical sociological ethnographers to establish the adequacy of their written descriptive accounts. These practices rely on a number of different strategies for telling how the ethnographer has adequately addressed a set of recurrent problems, including (1) the problem of presence (the ways in which an ethnographer's presence in a domain of investigation is potentially tainting of its natural state); (2) the problem of ethnocentricism (imposing a perspective on a domain rather than surfacing the perspective native to it); (3) the problem of methodogenesis (using techniques of data gathering that may create that data); and (4) the problem of informants (establishing that one's native sources of data are “well informed” and knowledgeable about the local culture).
The Debate on the Resurrection of the Dead: an Incident From the Ministry of the Historical Jesus?
Authors: Meier John P.
Published: March 2007

Despite initial appearances, Jesus' debate with the Sadducees over the resurrection of the dead does have good reason for being considered authentic. The pericope is clearly not a pure creation by Mark. Indeed, the criteria of discontinuity and coher ence argue for a basic historicity. The pericope is discontinuous (1) with the ten dency of the synoptic tradition to multiply dispute stories involving Pharisees, not Sadducees; (2) with the topics usually handled in dispute stories; (3) with the way Christians trcated and grounded the general resurrection; (4) with the texts used by Jews to ground the resurrection. While the general resurrection was not a direct topic of Jesus' preaching, it does cohere with and is implied hy some of his escha tological pronouncements: e.g. Mt. 8.11 par.; Lk. 14.14; Mt. 11.21-24 par.; Mt. 12 41-42 par.; Mk 9.43-47 par.; Mk 14.25.
Paul and Apollos—Colleagues or Rivals?
Authors: Ker Donald P.
Published: March 2007

It is clear from 1 Corinthians that at least some within the Corinthian church had a very high estimate of Apollos as a leader among them. In writing to them, Paul is critical of their attitude. Paul's letter has often been understood as nothing more than an appeal for unity within the church, which goes beyond the personality of any leader.

This article starts from the premise that in 1 Corinthians, as in 2 Corinthians, Paul is concerned that his own authority in the church is under question. It examines his references to Apollos and suggests that he wishes the Corinthians to adopt a more critical appraisal of Apollos, particularly when they compare Apollos's contribution to that of Paul himself.
Streams of Tradition Emerging From Isaiaii 40:1-5 and Their Adaptation in the New Testament
Authors: Snodgrass Klyne R.
Published: March 2007

Isaiah 40:1-5 quickly became for Judaism a classic expres sion of God's comfort and salvation. The use that the New Testament makes of this passage in describing the Christ event cannot be adequately appreciated without an awareness of its use by various witnesses from Judaism. This text is important for all the evangelists and especially for Mark and Luke. The wording of Isaiah 40:3-5 has helped to pro vide the material for the formation of several Lukan texts.
The Burden of Proof
Authors: Goetz Stewart C. , Blomberg Craig L.
Published: March 2007

Three main positions on the burden of proof compete for acceptance in current gospel research. The reasons generally given for assuming the burden of proof to be on the person affirming authenticity for any gospel portion cannot withstand close scrutiny. A Kantian argument, as well as analogy from secular historiography, suggest that the burden of proof is rather on the one who would deny authenticity. A mediating position which sees this debate as not profitable is well- intended but unhelpful. The criteria for authenticity and inauthenticity that one uses in detailed tradition-critical exegesis vary in important ways depending on the stance adopted on the burden of proof issue.
Moses Typology and the Sectarian Nature of Early Christian Anti-Judaism: a Study in Acts 7
Authors: Donaldson T.L.
Published: March 2007

A study of the polemic of Acts 7, particularly with respect to the appeal made by Stephen to the example of Moses, leads to the conclusion that in its earliest stages the anti-Judaism of the New Testament was an expression not of anti-Semitism but of the sectarian remnant-mentality which was a common feature among the diverse movements of Second Temple Judaism.
Church and Mission in Paul
Authors: Bowers Paul
Published: March 2007

Did Paul expect the churches founded through his mission to assume responsibility for similar missionary outreach? A careful review of the relevant data yields no clear support for the impression that Paul intended his churches to become independent instruments of an active mission such as he himself was engaged in. The most the evidence indicates is that these churches were to facilitate accessions to their community by an attractive behaviour and by a responsiveness to inquiries. But an energetic, aggressive, mobile missionary outreach of the sort prosecuted by Paul himself is not described, expected, or enjoined for his churches. Apparently Paul perceived the missionary role in terms of believing individuals rather than believing communities. These findings suggest some careful rethinking of common assumptions regarding church and mission in Paul and a more sophisticated precision in the paradigms by which the Pauline mission is interpreted.
Functional Redundancy in the Acts of the Apostles: a Case Study
Authors: Witherup Ronald D.
Published: March 2007

The threefold story of Paul's conversion/call in Acts 9, 22 and 26 constitutes a most obvious example of repetition in the NT. Earlier studies have explored these passages to reconcile differences in the accounts, to identify different sources, or to compare them with Paul's own letters. The thesis of this article is that the repetitions found in these three passages are part of a narrative strategy which can be termed 'functional redundancy'. Using the techniques of redundancy found in the OT (as described by Meir Sternberg in The Poetics of Biblical Narrative), the article applies to Acts 9, 22 and 26 the five forms of repetition and variation which function in narrative redundancy: expansion, truncation, change of order, grammatical transformation and substitution. The analysis then demonstrates how seemingly insignificant differences in the three accounts are actually essential to their meaning. With each passage, the immediacy of the christophany increases as the role of Ananias and Paul's com panions decreases, contributing to the portrait of Paul in Acts as an eloquent witness to the faith.
Election and Ethnicity: Paul's View of Israel in Romans 9.1-13
Authors: Cranford Michael
Published: March 2007

This article contests the growing scholarly consensus that Paul in no way limits Israel's election as an ethnic group by a detailed examination of Rom. 9.1-13. Paul's apparent association of covenant privileges with ethnic Israel as a whole in 9.1-5 is qualified by 9.6, where Paul explains the basis for this association. Covenant privileges continue to be associated with the nation by virtue of a faithful remnant within Israel, and therefore not on the basis of purely ethnic criteria. The boundary marking out the people of God and the boundary marking out the people of Israel are not coterminous, as a Jew of Paul's time might suppose. The distinction between sociological and soteriological boundaries allows for the possibility of Gentiles being included in the people of God without first becoming Jews. The fact that covenant privileges continue to be associated with ethnic Israel through a faithful subset guarantees that God's promises to the nation have not failed.
Jesus' Journey to Jerusalem (Luke 9.51-19.46): a Conflict with Israel
Authors: Matera Frank J.
Published: March 2007

After reviewing the problems presented by Luke's journey narrative (9.51-19.46), this essay proposes to view the Lukan journey from a literary-critical perspective. It proposes that the Lukan narrator often employs changes of time and place to intro duce discourses by Jesus to the disciples, the crowd and the religious leaders. An examination of these discourses, which make up the bulk of the journey narrative, discloses the conflicting points of view espoused by Jesus on the one hand, and the crowd and its religious leaders on the other hand. Jesus' conflict with Israel, as he journeys to Jerusalem, helps to explain his rejection at Jerusalem.
Luke-Acts and the Verbs of Dionysius of Halicarnassus
Authors: Mealand David L.
Published: March 2007

Differences between Hellenistic and Attic Greek are most obvious in the verb forms. A series of such forms in Luke-Acts are selected for comparison. The comparison is made primarily with the slightly earlier historical writer Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He is chosen both as historian and as a clear example of the earlier milder revival of Attic forms. Of twenty Hellenistic verb forms examined, most are either found at least occasionally in Dionysius or Plutarch, or have precedent in writers such as Herodotus, Sophocles or Diodorus. Of the remainder, four forms are otherwise found mainly in the LXX and papyri, one form only in the papyri. The style of Luke- Acts is varied, and some popular and biblical usages are retained. The test of Luke's style was a severe one. A few forms are found mainly in the LXX or the papyri, but most of the examples fall somewhere between the usage of the better Hellenistic writers and Dionysius.
Keeping His Appointment
Authors: Schenck Kenneth
Published: March 2007

A close examination of Hebrews presents several points at which its Christology appears to conflict with itself. The epistle gives evidence both for Christ's Sonship emerging at the time of his exaltation (1.5) and for Jesus being Son in his earthly existence (5.8). Similarly, Hebrews both affirms that Christ 'founded' the heavens and earth (1.10-12) and that God in distinction from Jesus was the one through whom they came to be (2.10). The article seeks to reconcile both areas of difficulty by reference to the eternal purpose and logos of God which stands behind the epistle's Christology. Christ was always destined to be Son and is thus appropriately so called at all points of his existence, even as a kind of 'heir apparent' in his earthly life. Similarly, the complete continuity between God's wisdom for creation and Christ's obedient will makes possible the identification of the two, as Hebrews' allusion to wisdom in 1.3 and its use of 'word' motifs (e.g. 4.12-13) support.
Narrative/Literary Approaches To Matthean Theology: the 'Reign of the Heavens' as an Example (Mt. 4.17-5.12)
Authors: Carter Warren
Published: March 2007

This paper identifies different ways in which narrative or literary approaches might conceive of doing Matthean theology: attention to 'traditional' textual features (plot, character, setting and point/s of view), to the experience, location and agenda of reading and readers, and its praxis consequences. A discussion of the symbol 'the reign of the heavens' (ή βασιλεία των oὐρανων) in Mt. 4.17-5.12 illustrates some of these possibilities with particular attention to imperial and socio-economic realities.
Whose Flesh? What Temptation? (Galatians 4.13-14)
Authors: Martin Troy W.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the phrases 'weakness of the flesh' and 'temptation in my flesh' in Gal. 4.13-14. After evaluating the prevailing illness and persecution inter pretations, this article concludes that these phrases refer neither to illness nor to persecution. Instead, 'weakness of the flesh' refers to the Galatians' pre-gospel con dition. This condition and not illness or persecution caused Paul to evangelize them. When he came to them with his gospel, Paul's circumcised flesh provided a tempta tion for them to reject and despise him, as well as his message about Jesus Christ. However, they ignored his circumcision and received the gospel Paul announced. Paul summons them to return to their original attitude toward circumcision since circumcision is of no consequence for the gospel. If they ignore circumcision, there is no reason the Galatians should continue in their apostasy to paganism but should rather return to their original commitment to Paul and his gospel.
Comprehension of 'because' and 'so': the role of prior event representation
Authors: Johnston Judith R. , Welsh Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the role of content familiarity in the comprehension of relational terms. Children aged 3;3 to 5;8 listened to stories and were asked to complete statements containing 'because' or 'so'. Half the stories concerned event sequences that were familiar to the children, and half were accompanied by pictures. When the story content was familiar, half the 3-year-olds and all of the remaining children demonstrated an understanding of at least one term. Half of the 4- and 5-year- olds succeeded with both. Pictures had little effect. These findings suggest that young children know the meaning of 'because' and 'so', and that later development involves changes in general language competencies such as the ability to create novel event representations from language input.
The role of pragmatics in the development of Russian aspect
Authors: Vinnitskaya Inna , Wexler Ken
Published: March 2007

We report three experiments on the development of Russian aspect in children from 3;0 to 6;5 (and some data on 14-year-olds) which show that Russian children have a good deal of knowledge of aspect, but that they often use imperfectives where adults use perfectives. Experiment I, a narrative task, and Experiment II, a comprehension task, show that children understand the syntactic and semantic aspects of perfectivity and imperfectivity. In an elicitation task (Experiment III), the children (to 6;5) over-use imperfectives to a great extent. We discuss a well-known phenomenon in Russian in which imperfectives are used although the action has been completed, and conclude that this usage depends on the speaker's treatment of the statement as old in formation. We suggest that children's over-use of the imperfective is due to their mistaken treatment of statements as old information, and relate this error to well-known developments in the use of determiners and in binding theory. The use of pronominal and null subjects in the narrative task supports our interpretation.
Input frequency and children's first words
Authors: Hart Betty
Published: March 2007

In once-monthly, hour-long recordings of uncontructured interactions at home between parents and 45 children averaging 11-17 months old, the first productive words recorded for each child were examined for the frequency each word had been recorded in parent use. The first words the children produced tended to be ones their parents frequently addressed to the children, but evidence for a relationship with word frequency in input decreased as the children produced increasing numbers of words. The children seemed to progress rapidly from rote learning to learning words on a more principled basis.
A parent report instrument for early language assessment
Authors: Camaioni Luigia , Castelli Maria Cristina , Longobardi Emiddia , Volterra Virginia
Published: March 2007

A structured questionnaire for evaluating the level of communicative and linguistic development at 12, 16 and 20 months of age respectively was administered to the parents of 23 children for three different assessments. For a subsample of 14 subjects the questionnaire was filled in by the parents and by a trained observer in a two-hour observational session at home. The aim of the study was two-fold: (a) to verify the validity of the instrument and specifically its predictive validity; (b) to verify the reliability of the information given by parents through a direct comparison between the data in the questionnaire filled in by the parents and the data in the same questionnaire filled in by the observer. Results show that, on the basis of measures reported at 12 months, the instrument can predict linguistic development at 20 months as evaluated by means of a Vocabulary Checklist. Furthermore, the pattern of communicative and linguistic development reported by parents is consistent with that reported by the observer. Finally, the sample's lexical development exhibits a wide range of individual variation, with lexicons consisting of about 8 to 628 different words at 20 months of age.
Stuttering out of bilingualism
Authors: Karniol Rachel
Published: March 2007

This paper documents the development of a bilingual child both before and after he started stuttering severely in both languages at 25 months, at the point of transition to grammatical sentence construction. The child's bilingual language awareness and the characteristics of L1 and L2 prior to and at the time of onset of stuttering are discussed. After stuttering became severe, the parents allowed the child to drop the non-dominant language and the child became a non-stuttering monolingual speaker in L1. Several linguistic coping strategies were noted at this time. When use of L2 without a stutter re-emerged at 39 months, reliance on L1 was evident as well as several linguistic coping strategies. The paper suggests that stuttering is a function of syntactic overload and reviews models of stuttering to outline the implications of this case study and research on stuttering for the relationship between bilingualism and stuttering.
Infant timing of vocalizations in two mother-infant games: a longitudinal study
Authors: Rome-Flanders Tibie , Ricard Marcelle
Published: March 2007

According to Bruner and his co-workers, one index of the infant's growing ability to master the rules and structure of social games would be a more and more efficient co-ordination of vocal utterances with motor behaviours. From being emitted indiscriminately through out the game, the infant's vocalizations would gradually tend to be circumscribed to specific juncture points, namely, during the carrying out the game's actions. The aim of this study was to examine this hypothesis with a larger sample of 25 infants, who were followed longitudinally from the age of 6 to 24 months. In each of the 6 sessions, mothers and infants played two popular games, peek-a-boo and ball, for 3 minutes each. Analysis of the infants' vocalizations and game-relevant gestures revealed a distinct age-related pattern by which these two behaviours tended to occur more and more simultaneously. This development is shown to be a valid phenomenon in its own right, independent of the changes in vocalizations and gestures over time.
Child-directed talk in families with incidence of dyslexia
Authors: Scarborough Hollis S. , Fichtelberg Alana
Published: March 2007

Maternal language during mother-child play sessions was examined in several samples (Ns = 12 to 20) that differed with respect to the young preschoolers' chronological ages, language proficiency, subsequent reading achievement, and familial incidence of reading disability. For most of the structural and functional aspects of mothers' utterances that were compared, differences among the mothers were unrelated to differences among their children. The results indicated, however, that young children from families with dyslexic members, and children with less advanced language abilities, were exposed to higher frequencies of several kinds of poor models of English sentence structures. The etiological implications of these input differences and similarities are discussed.
How many ways can the point be made? Evidence from children with and without autism
Authors: Goodhart Frances , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have found a dissociation between two forms of pointing gesture in autism: protoimperative pointing is present, while protodeclarative pointing is absent or impoverished. The latter appears to be part of a joint-attention deficit. In the present study, we searched for a third form, referential pointing, in autism. We predicted that since referential pointing can occur for non-social reasons, and without joint-attention, it might be intact in autism. This prediction was borne out. This new dissociation, intact referential pointing with impaired protodeclarative pointing, suggests that our assessment of this important gesture is becoming more refined, and may hold potential for early diagnosis.
'Sneak-shoes', 'sworders' and 'nose-beards': a case study of lexical innovation
Authors: Becker Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Children often invent new words to express meanings for which they have learned no words or cannot recall conventional words. They do not do so randomly, but appear to utilize their knowledge of word-formation devices. The present study investigated the development of spontaneous lexical innovations during the preschool years. Instances of lexical innovations were identified in transcripts of 210 naturalistic conversations between an American English-speaking boy (2;4 through 5;0) and his parents. The boy's innovations generally support and extend Clark's findings regarding categories of innovations and provide some support for her developmental predictions based on the principle of simplicity. Many usages seem to be based on common, productive word-formation devices in English, particularly compounding, whereas others appear to be based on novel rules and language play. Various influences on the development of lexical innovation are discussed.
Generalizability of spontaneous speech data: the effect of occasion and place on the speech production of children
Authors: Bacchini Sylvia , Kuiken Folkert , Schoonen Rob
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the effect of occasion and place on the generalizability of spontaneous speech data. Language samples were obtained from four normally developing children aged 3;8 and 3;9 from Dutch-speaking professional homes. Four samples of 100 utterances were gathered from each child, two samples at home and two in a clinical setting. All samples were recorded under unstructured conversational conditions. The time gap between first and last date of recording was no longer than 21 days. GRAMAT, a morphosyntactic model based on LARSP, was used for analysis at three levels: clause, phrase and morphological level. The data obtained were statistically analysed using loglinear model fitting. The results revealed a lack of generalizability at all three levels of morphosyntactic analysis. Some consequences of this outcome are discuased.