bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The response of Simulium (Eusimulium) euryadminiculum Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae) to some olfactory and visual stimuli
Authors: Bennett Gordon F. , Fallis A. Murray , Campbell A. Gillian
Published: August 2008

The response of Simulium euryadminiculum Davies towards silhouettes of different shapes and colors was observed, using an ether extract of the uropygial gland of the common loon to concentrate the flies in the experimental locality and "Tanglefoot" to trap the flies on the silhouettes. These simuliids were attracted primarily to the head–neck portion of duck decoys, most flies landing on the leeward side. The simuliids were attracted to the terminal (and most prominent) portions of artificial head–neck or cylindrical silhouettes; the distribution was not markedly influenced by the color of the silhouette. The number of flies attracted to three-dimensional targets was markedly influenced by color, black being the most attractive and white relatively unattractive. This selection of black by the fly may reflect its adaptation to the color of its natural host, the loon. Response of the flies to a two-dimensional (plane surface) target was essentially similar except that white was the most attractive color and black was relatively unattractive. Possibly this selection of white is associated with a resting response.
Histophysiology and innervation of the pituitary gland of the goldfish, Carassius auratus L.: a light and electron microscope investigation
Authors: Leatherland John F.
Published: August 2008

Six secretory cell types (prolactin-, ACTH-, somatotropin- (STH-), TSH-, and two presumptive gonadotropin- (GTH-) secreting cells) were identified in light or electron microscope preparations of goldfish pars distalis. A further two cell types of unknown function were demonstrated in the pars intermedia. Cellular identification was based on the position of cells within the adenohypophysis and on the staining properties or morphological characteristics of the cytoplasmic granules.The prolactin-, ACTH-, and STH-secreting cells and the pars intermedia cells appeared to release granules into the basement membrane whereas granule release from TSH- and GTH-secreting cells was not found.Many of the adenohypophysial cell types were innervated directly or across a basement membrane by B-type neurohypophysial fibers. A-type neurosecretory fibers were associated with blood vessels and pituicytes within the neurohypophysis. The possible role(s) of the two types of pituicytes is discussed.
Displacement distance and quality of orientation in a homing experiment with deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)
Authors: Bovet Jacques
Published: August 2008

Eighty-two deer mice were released at distances between 175 and 950 m from their home sites. The frequency of returns to the home site was higher among mice displaced over shorter distances than it was among mice displaced over longer distances. However, there is no evidence that the quality of orientation of the mice near the place of release or their rate of settlement in the release site area was dependent on the displacement distance.
Morphology of the three anterior pairs of spiracles of Belostoma and Ranatra (aquatic Heteroptera: Belostomatidae, Nepidae)
Authors: Parsons Margaret C.
Published: August 2008

When totally submerged beneath the surface of the water, Belostoma and Ranatra respire by means of air stores which adhere to their bodies and which communicate with the spiracles. The mesothoracic spiracle lies between the prothorax and mesothorax; the metathoracic and first abdominal spiracles lie posteriorly in the mesothorax and metathorax, respectively. All three spiracles possess a cuticular sieve-plate with a network of trabeculae. The mesothoracic and metathoracic sieve-plates have an inner membrane which appears to limit their permeability, especially in Ranatra. The first abdominal sieve-plate, in contrast, lacks the inner membrane and is penetrated by large lacunae in both genera; this spiracle is probably capable of exhaling and inhaling large amounts of air. The mesothoracic and metathoracic spiracles appear to be of less respiratory importance. The amount of air which can pass through their sieve-plates and (or) open ecdysial scars is limited in Belostoma and may well be negligible in Ranatra.
Food habits of bats from Indiana
Authors: Whitaker Jr. John O.
Published: August 2008

The stomachs of 3 Myotis keenii (Merriam), 16 M. lucifugus (Le Conte), 4 M. sodalis (Miller and Allen), 2 Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte), 23 Pipistrellus subflavus (Cuvier), 184 Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois), 128 Lasiurus borealis (Müller), 3 L. cinereus (Beauvois), and 2 Nycticeius humeralis Rafinesque were examined. The four most common bats of Indiana used as their most common foods, different major groups of insects, beetles in the case of Eptesicus, moths in Lasiurus borealis and Myotis lucifugus and leaf hoppers in Pipistrellus. Eptesicus fuscus did not appear to feed in winter. Weaning in that species appeared to occur about July 1.
Dracunculus insignis (Leidy, 1858) and larval Eustrongylides sp. in a muskrat from Ontario, Canada
Authors: Gibson G. G. , McKiel D. A.
Published: August 2008

A muskrat, Ondatra zibethica, from northcentral Ontario harbored Dracunculus insignis (Leidy, 1858) Chandler, 1942 subcutaneously. This is the fifth report of Dracunculus sp. in muskrat and the first record of D. insignis males in this host; they are described briefly. The occurrence of Eustrongylides sp. larvae intramuscularly in this muskrat is the first reported natural infection of a mammal by nematodes of this genus.
Developmental stages of Haemogregarina delagei Laveran and Mesnil in an elasmobranch, Raja radiata Donovan
Authors: Khan R. A.
Published: August 2008

Development of the erythrocytic stages of Haemogregarina delagei Laveran and Mesnil was followed in blood smears prepared from four thorny skates, Raja radiata, held at 7 °C. Slender trophozoites located at the poles of erythrocytes developed into schizonts. Asexual division terminated with the production of 6–10 merozoites (av. 8). Thicker trophozoites, appearing later and lying lateral to the nuclei of parasitized erythrocytes developed into gametocytes. Higher incidences of H. delagei were recorded in thorny skates collected at 7° and 14 °C than at 0 °C.
Morphology of a unique sensillum placodeum on the antennae of Coeloides brunneri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Richerson J. V. , Borden J. H. , Hollingdale J.
Published: August 2008

A previously undescribed and unique placoid sensillum was discovered on the antennae of Coeloides brunneri. This elongate, dome-shaped plate organ was examined by light microscopy, and transmission and stereoscan electron microscopy. It differs from other plate organs in that it has two cuticular lamellae suspended internally from the dome of the sensillum. These lamellae separate the internal structure of the plate organ into three channels running the full length of the sensillum. Dendritic branches which enter the plate organ through an aperture in the center of the sensillum's cuticular floor fill the upper two-thirds of the median channel. A tormogen cell fills the two lateral channels and the basal third of the median channel. The linear structure and placement of these plate organs suggest that they are highly directional wave guides capable of perceiving infrared radiation in a manner that would enable C. brunneri to locate its host with a very high degree of accuracy.
Locomotory patterns and external morphology of the river otter, sea otter, and harp seal (Mammalia)
Authors: Tarasoff F. J. , Bisaillon André , Piérard Jean , Whitt Arville P.
Published: August 2008

Terrestrial and aquatic locomotion of the river otter (Lutra canadensis), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), and the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) are successively described and analyzed in relation with the external characteristics of these species. Terrestrial locomotion, typical of land carnivores in Lutra and Enhydra, is different and extremely awkward in Pagophilus. In the water, only Lutra has to actively maintain itself at the surface; the other two species have been observed at the surface for long periods with no movements. There is an increased tendency from Lutra to Enhydra to Pagophilus toward enlarged highly specialized feet, approximating a perfect lunate border. Tail surface area decreases in the above order. The length and density of foot hairs decrease if compared with midback and tarsal regions and also from Enhydra to Lutra to Pagophilus.
The influence of host stage and sex upon the size and composition of the population of two species of thelastomatids parasitic in the hindgut of Periplaneta americana
Authors: Hominick W. M. , Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The numbers of adult females of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi and Leidynema appendiculata in adult and immature Periplaneta americana of both sexes were analyzed. The numbers of H. diesingi increased progressively from the early seventh instar to a maximum in the ninth instar, then decreased in adults of both sexes. Leidynema appendiculata was uncommon in all nymphs, but its numbers increased in adults of both sexes. Dissection of 7-day-old adult females showed that these results are due to the inability of most L. appendiculata juveniles to survive the molting of the host. Many juveniles and adults of H. diesingi survived the molt. The frequency distributions of the number of adult female nematodes in ninth-instar and adult cockroaches of both sexes suggested that the establishment of H. diesingi is not a random process. In contrast, the distributions of L. appendiculata fit a random distribution in male adults and female ninth instars, but depart from such a distribution in adult females and male ninths. Some of the data suggested that competition between the two species of nematodes occurred in the hindgut of the adult. Furthermore, male and female cockroaches differed in their suitability as hosts for the thelastomatids. The possible influences of nutrition and hormones of the host on parasite burden are discussed.
A years' study of the drifting organisms in a brown-water stream of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Clifford Hugh F.
Published: August 2008

Ten 24-h drift samples were taken from a brown-water stream of Alberta, Canada over a 1-year period with drift nets having a mesh size of 320 μ. Cladocerans, cyclopoids, and ostracods, collectively called entomostracans, made up a large part of the drift by numbers and contributed substantially to the total biomass of the drift. Drift densities of entomostracans tended to increase as the ice-free season progressed, but drift densities of immature insects remained relatively constant throughout the ice-free season. Total daily drift of both the entomostracans and non-entomostracan fractions tended to decrease as the ice-free season progressed, being dependent on water volume. Drift densities, total daily drift, and number of taxa in the drift were very low in winter. Most of the species exhibited nighttime behavioral drift. At the sampling site, the entomostracans and immature aquatic insects were found to be essentially evenly distributed throughout the water column. For part of the study period, drift densities of taxa caught in the 320-μ net were compared with drift densities of the same taxa caught in a 720-μ net. The 720-μ net caught a much smaller fraction of the aquatic insects than did the 320-μ net, and almost all the entomostracans passed through the 720-μ net, When compared with other regional drift studies, the large fraction of entomostracans in the brown-water stream seems to be a unique feature; there is evidence that most of the drifting entomostracans originate in the marshy area drained by the main stream.
Defensive secretion: biosynthesis of hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde from phenylalanine by a millipede
Authors: Towers G. H. N. , Duffey S. S. , Siegel S. M.
Published: August 2008

The polydesmid millipede, Oxidus gracilis, is able to convert dietary phenylalanine into benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, components of its defensive secretion. This was shown in tracer experiments employing specifically labeled 14C-phenylalanine. It is presumed that mandelonitrile is a precursor of HCN and benzaldehyde as has been demonstrated in plants.
On a trypanosome from the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.
Authors: Khan R. A.
Published: August 2008

Trypanosomes were found in 145 (24%) of 610 Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., following examination of centrifuged blood samples. The smallest infected fish measured 26 cm. Generally, parasitemias were higher in cod 26–35 cm long than in larger fish, but were more prevalent among fish 56–70 cm. The parasite could not be transmitted experimentally to Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus, M. scorpius, Tautogolabrus adspersus, or Limanda ferruginea, but uninfected cod were susceptible. The trypanosome appears distinct from Trypanosoma coelorhynchi Laird, 1951 from gadiform fishes in New Zealand waters. It is tentatively identified as T. murmanensis Nikitin, 1927 reported from the same host, G. morhua, captured at Murmansk, U.S.S.R.
Territoriality and courtship in the Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi)
Authors: Hagen D. W. , Moodie G. E. E. , Moodie P. F.
Published: August 2008

Male Novumbra hubbsi are highly aggressive during reproduction when they hold very large territories over long periods of time. A description of aggressive displays, territoriality, and courtship is given from a sample of 29 males in the laboratory and 26 in the field, and the striking convergence in black colors of breeding male sticklebacks and Novumbra where they coexist is considered.
Coleopterous predators of the Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Tostowaryk Walter
Published: August 2008

Thirty-four species of elaterids were collected in jack-pine stands. Eighty-six percent of the elaterid larvae (wireworms) collected from soil samples belonged to the genus Ctenicera which were effective predators of the Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton. The peak activity of wireworms occurred in late May and June which coincided with a high abundance of sound sawfly cocoons in the soil. Wireworms destroyed a constant proportion of cocoons with increasing cocoon densities indicating a density-independent response. Populations of wireworms also appeared independent of sawfly cocoon populations. It may be concluded that wireworms played only a minor role in the life system of N. swainei.Five of the 15 species of adult carabids, captured in jack-pine stands, were found to prey upon sawfly cocoons. These were Pterostichus punctatissimus Rand, P. adstrictus Esch., P. coracinus Newn., P. pensylvanicus Lec., and Sphaeroderus lecontei Dej. The peak activity of adult carabids coincided with peak abundance of sawfly cocoons in the soil. Adult carabids destroyed an increasing proportion of cocoons at higher cocoon densities indicating that they may be playing an important role in the life system of N. swainei.
Diel activity periodicities in meadow arthropods
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H. , Semple R. B.
Published: August 2008

The Williams pitfall trap was used near Belleville, Ontario, to separate catches of 30 taxa of meadow arthropods into six periods daily for 199 days. Most taxa were diurnal, only six being definitely nocturnal. This produced an overall lack of symmetry in the activity of the arthropod community. Activity peaks for predatory taxa and for those of their prey coincided reasonably well, while the peaks for related predators were separate either within the diel or seasonally.
Some aspects of the life cycle of Parathemisto abyssorum (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Hoffer Susan A.
Published: August 2008

Parathemisto abyssorum (Boeck) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence undergoes a 1-year life cycle in which a large proportion of the adult population apparently dies after the liberation of the young from the brood pouch. Although young are released throughout both the spring and the summer, by far the largest numbers are released during late April and early May.
Infection of American smelt in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie with the microsporidian parasite Glugea hertwigi (Weissenberg)
Authors: Chen M. , Power G.
Published: August 2008

In samples taken monthly throughout the year the percentage of American smelt in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie containing cysts of Glugea hertwigi was 5.2% and 62.7% respectively. Sexual differences in incidence were observed, the significance of which was uncertain as results from the two lakes were contradictory.In male fish infection was almost entirely restricted to the digestive tract with few cysts in the liver, skin, and testes. In female fish the digestive tract and ovaries were similarly infected.Seasonal fluctuations in Glugea infection were obvious and seemed correlated with the gonadal cycle. In both sexes the highest parasite load corresponded with the onset of maturation.A striking difference in fecundity between the two smelt populations was attributed to the Glugea infection. In females parasite cysts replaced ovarian tissue, causing a reduction in the number of maturing eggs.
Hydrostatic pressures and movements of the lamprey, Petromyzon, during suction, olfaction, and gill ventilation
Authors: Gradwell Norman
Published: August 2008

Sucker pressures are negative relative to ambient pressure, except for the sucker's anterior periphery, where positive pressures prevail. Pressures associated with small rhythmic as well as large sporadic branchial movements are transmitted to the sucker and naris. However, sucker pressures (as great as −90 to 110 cm H2O) associated with tongue movements are not transmitted to the naris or gill pouches. Manual abduction of the sucker caused suction to exceed −120 cm H2O before disengagement. The complex sucker pressure waveform suggests that it is generated by branchial movements combined with some other factors, as yet unknown. During quiet breathing there is no apparent intermixing of water between different gill pouches via their internal confluence with the water tube.
Cytochemical analysis of nuclear histones in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) spermatozoa
Authors: Verma L. R.
Published: August 2008

Analysis of nucleohistones by cytochemical methods indicated that honeybee sperm cells contain histones similar to the somatic cells and do not show any transitions to protamines.
Dental anomalies in coyotes from central Alberta
Authors: Nellis Carl H.
Published: August 2008

The author found 95 dental anomalies in 68 of 489 skulls of coyotes (Canis latrans) from central Alberta. Fifty-one teeth were missing from 35 skulls; 13 skulls had 16 extra teeth; 9 skulls had malformed teeth; and 19 skulls had miscellaneous anomalies. Most anomalies occurred at the ends of the cheek-tooth row. Neither sex nor age ratios of coyotes with dental anomalies were different from those of coyotes with typical dentition.
Behaviors of the leech, Placobdella, and transducer recordings of suctorial pressures
Authors: Gradwell Norman
Published: August 2008

The leech habitually clings by hydrostatic suction (usually −2 to −5 cm H2O) generated between the posterior attachment organ and the substratum; there is also evidence that this organ secretes an adhesive. Spontaneous posterior attachment organ pressures associated with rhythmic body undulations and abduction–adduction movements were usually within this range. Subambient pressures (usually −2 to −4 cm H2O) were also recorded between the anterior attachment organ and the substratum. By manual abduction, the maximal pressures generated between the substratum and the posterior attachment organ were −90 ± 7 cm H2O. Similarly,−5 + 1 cm H2O was recorded from the anterior attachment organ.The frequency and amplitude of body undulations and of abduction–adduction movements increased in response to rising ambient temperature. During exploratory movements of the anterior attachment organ, the suction of the posterior attachment organ increased with trunk elongation and decreased with trunk shortening. Defensive posture, righting movements, and crawling are also discussed.
Waterfowl mortality caused by Cyathocotyle bushiensis Khan, 1962 (Trematoda: Cyathocotylidae), St. Lawrence River, Quebec
Authors: Gibson G. G. , Broughton E. , Choquette L. P. E.
Published: August 2008

In St. Lawrence River marshes, fatal sporadic and epizootic typhlitis in breeding populations of black ducks, Anas rubripes; blue-winged teal, A. discors; and migrant green-winged teal, A. carolinensis, is attributed to Cyathocotyle bushiensis Khan, 1962. This is the first report of C. bushiensis in natural definitive hosts, and the first record of the genus Cyathocotyle in North America. Pathogenicity of C. bushiensis was confirmed experimentally by using metacercariae from the most abundant local gastropod, Bythinia tentaculata, to produce cyathocotyliasis in Pekin ducklings.
The occurrence and morphology of Caudospora spp. (Protozoa: Microsporida) in Newfoundland and Labrador blackfly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Frost Stanley , Nolan Richard A.
Published: August 2008

Caudospora simulii is widespread in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador and occurs in two species of Prosimulium. Caudospora brevicauda is recorded from the Island of Newfoundland and from Canada for the first time. The occurrence of a new spore form from Cnephia mutata is recorded from Labrador. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were carried out with all three spore forms. The usefulness of SEM observations as a supplement to light microscope studies with microsporida is discussed.
Observations on the pupal and adult stages of Cuterebra emasculator Fitch (Diptera: Cuterebridae)
Authors: Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

Metamorphosis of Cuterebra emasculator was enhanced by subjecting puparia to temperatures of 43 ± 3 °F for 120 days. Under laboratory conditions, complete metamorphosis required 219 ± 5 days; under field conditions, required 330(303–340) days. Larvae and puparia producing male flies were 20–30% lighter in weight than those producing females. Male flies lived for 6–7 days in the laboratory and up to 22 (mean of 14) days if injected with a nutrient medium. Females lived for 7–8 days in the laboratory and about 14 days in the field; fully formed eggs were present in the ovarioles on the sixth day after emergence from the puparium in the laboratory. Attempts to induce mating and oviposition in both the laboratory and the field were unsuccessful. Female flies did not appear to be attracted by the presence of the host or host excretory/fecal products.
The Cladocera of Ontario with remarks on some species and distribution
Authors: Brandlova J. , Brandl Z. , Fernando C. H.
Published: August 2008

The Cladocera of Ontario were studied from material collected over a wide geographical area. In all 244 lakes and 33 ponds were sampled, some of them more than once.A method for making stained permanent preparations of Cladocera used in our study is described.The genus Daphnia is richly represented. Based on a study of this material we have raised Daphnia pulicaria Forbes from synonymy in the North American fauna. The common limnetic species have been demarcated more satisfactorily. A hitherto undescribed Daphnia species was recorded. Some systematic notes are also included on species of the genera Diaphanosoma, Ceriodaphnia, Eubosmina, and Bosmina.Seventy species of Cladocera were recorded in the present study. This brings the species recorded from Ontario to 78 species; 26 species are recorded from Ontario for the first time. While the limnetic species presently known probably represent a complete list many littoral forms have certainly not been recorded so far.The distribution of the various species in the different parts of Ontario is given. The relative frequency and dominance of species is discussed.
Upper lethal temperatures of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), in relation to thermal and osmotic acclimation, ambient salinity, and size
Authors: Jordan C. M. , Garside E. T.
Published: August 2008

Samples of threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), collected in seawater at Halifax, Nova Scotia, were acclimated to six combinations of conditions at 10 and 20C and in 0, 12, and 30‰ salinity (S). Bioassays of 10 000 min were performed at various constant temperatures from 20 to 30C in the diallel combinations of acclimation and salinities of 0, 12, and 30‰. Highest upper lethal temperatures, corresponding to combinations of acclimation, occurred in isosmotic test salinity of 12‰. Upper lethal temperatures ranged in all tests from 28.76 to 21.63C. A 10-degree increase in thermal acclimation resulted in increases in upper lethal temperature ranging from −0.27 to 0.77 degrees in tests conducted at 12‰ S and increases ranging variously from 1.45 to 3.56 degrees in tests conducted at 0 and 30‰ S. Upper lethal temperatures were shifted significantly by the ambient salinity but not by salinity of acclimation. Within the range of total lengths, 30–80 mm, there were no significant differences in mean lengths of dead and surviving fish in relation to acclimation temperatures and test salinities. There was no rank-correlation between order of death and total length in 15 of 18 test combinations.
Distribution of aquatic gastropods across an interface between the Canadian Shield and limestone formations
Authors: McKillop W. B. , Harrison A. D.
Published: August 2008

This quantitative study gives a convincing demonstration in situ of the direct relationship which exists between the distribution and density of aquatic gastropods and the calcium concentration of their natural waters. The area chosen, in the Gravenhurst–Barrie district of southern Ontario, north of Lake Simcoe, provided a well-demarcated natural gradient across the interface between limestone formations and the calcium-poor rocks of the Pre-Cambrian Shield. Monthly quantitative samples over a 14-month period at 25 stations showed that most pulmonates, notably Physa gyrina and Helisoma anceps, had high densities in hard and medium water, whereas the prosobranchs Amnicola limosa and Campeloma decisum showed a reverse pattern, with highest densities in soft and medium water and very low densities in hard. Most pulmonates showed a slower individual growth rate in soft water and a lower proportion of large individuals.
A light and electron microscopic examination of muscles in the walking legs of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus (L.)
Authors: Fourtner C. R. , Sherman R. G.
Published: August 2008

An examination was made of the gross morphology and ultrastructure of skeletal muscles in the legs of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus (L.). The origins, insertions, actions, and innervation of each head of the seven distal leg muscles are described. A detailed description of the transverse tubular system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is also given. Of special interest is the possibility that the muscle fibers may be split into "units" of different diameters.The sarcomere length of fibers in the seven muscles was determined to see if both long and short sarcomere length fibers are present. The distribution of fiber sarcomere lengths in each muscle is unimodal, and mean values for each of the different muscles range from 7.6 to 8.5 μ. The ultrastructural features of fibers in each muscle also are similar. Therefore, it appears that horseshoe crab leg skeletal muscles are composed structurally of a fairly uniform population of fibers and that fast and slow categories of fibers, at least as defined for other arthropods, are not present in the horseshoe crab muscles studied here.
Cruznema brevicaudatum n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) and Indiana coimbatoriensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pulchrocephalidae) from the mole-cricket, Gryllotalpa africana Beauvois, from India
Authors: Latheef M. A. , Seshadri A. R.
Published: August 2008

Cruznema brevicaudatum is described as a new species because its lips are not distinctly set off, and it has nine pairs of tubular and one pair of pyriform bursal ribs. Two diverticula of unknown function occur at the junction of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle. This is the first record of a Cruznema as an insect associate. Indiana coimbatoriensis is recognized as a new species on the basis of size and arrangement of spines on the body and lateral field. Only females were found.
Fine structure of the cuticle, epidermis, and fat body of larval Elateridae (Coleoptera) and changes associated with molting
Authors: Zacharuk R. Y.
Published: August 2008

The intermolt cuticle of three species of soil-inhabiting wireworms consists of four layers: non-oriented lipid over an oriented lipid monolayer, outer epicuticle. membrane epicuticle, and an inner dense epicuticle. Sclerites lack the surface lipid layers, but have a thinly laminated transformation zone underlying the epicuticle. There are three layers of exocuticle in sclerites, but only the central one of these is continuous through adjacent membranes. The cuticular pore canal system has medial axial filaments and peripheral fibrils, which seem to serve as wicks in transporting, primarily, lipids to the surface of membranes, and sclerotins, cuticulin, and lipids into the upper layers of cuticle in sclerites. In exuvial histolysis there is an initial degradation of subcuticle by enzymes from the epidermis before the new epicuticle is formed, and a subsequent histolysis of procuticular lamellae by enzymes from ecdysial droplets released primarily by ecdysohemocytes in the exuvial space after the new epicuticle is formed. The ecdysial membrane originates by delamination of the procuticular lamellae of the exuvium, and seems to consist primarily of enzyme-resistant components that accumulate from successive lamellae, particularly of sclerites, for discard with the exuvium at ecdysis. The dynamics of the epidermal and fat cells during formation of cuticle and muscle attachments are described and discussed.
A study of distress calls of song, swamp, and white-throated sparrows (Aves: Fringillidae). I. Intraspecific responses and functions
Authors: Stefanski Raymond A. , Falls J. Bruce
Published: August 2008

Distress calls, recorded from birds captured in mist nets, were played to territorial pairs in successive stages of the breeding cycle. Responses included approach, movement about the speaker, alarm calls, and displays. Latent time to response, closeness of approach, and numbers of movements and calls were measured.Males of all three species responded strongly in the nest building and egg-laying stage and weakly in the incubation and early nestling stage, when behavior is generally cryptic. A major peak of response, characterized by close approach and distraction displays, occurred in the late nestling and fledgling stage, when young are capable of emitting distress calls. Responses declined as juveniles became independent.Responses of females were generally weaker and more variable but the major peak was still evident.When a red squirrel or blue jay was exposed during playback to white-throated sparrows in the late nestling and fledgling stage, diving attacks and distraction displays were directed toward the "predator."Distress calls, normally given by a bird seized by a predator, may startle the predator and elicit harassment and distraction behavior from other birds. A responding individual learns the characteristics and location of the predator and may facilitate the escape of its mate or young.
A study of distress calls of song, swamp, and white-throated sparrows (Aves: Fringillidae). II. Interspecific responses and properties used in recognition
Authors: Stefanski Raymond A. , Falls J. Bruce
Published: August 2008

Recorded distress calls of each species were played to territorial males of the other two, in successive stages of the breeding cycle. Responses were like those given to intraspecific calls and showed a similar peak of intensity in the late nestling and fledgling stage.Song and swamp sparrows (Melospiza spp.) responded strongly to each other's calls, which are alike in length, carrier frequency, and frequency range and overlap broadly in rate of frequency modulation. However, responses were generally weak between Melospiza spp. and the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia), whose calls differ in these properties.Song and swamp sparrows responded strongly to artificial sounds that simulated their natural distress calls, but white-throated sparrows responded weakly to sounds that resembled their natural calls in some but not all properties.Song sparrows were exposed to artificial sounds that were varied in length, carrier frequency, and frequency modulation rate. With respect to each property, they responded strongly if the value fell within the range found in natural calls, but weakly if it fell outside this range. Evidently, all three properties are used in call recognition.We conclude that interspecific responses among these sympatric species resulted from similarities in their distress calls. Possible advantages of this behavior are discussed.
Achondroplasia in the embryonic chick: its potentiation by cortisone acetate and alleviation by vitamin C
Authors: Hall Brian K.
Published: August 2008

Thallium sulfate induced achondroplasia has been studied in the embryonic chick by culturing the tibiae from normal embryos in embryo extract from thallium sulfate treated embryos; by injecting normal embryos with homogenates of thallium sulfate treated embryos; and by the coinjection of thallium sulfate and cortisone acetate or vitamin C, and analysis of the tibiae for growth, histology, histochemistry (collagen, acid mucopolysaccharide, glycogen, calcium, alkaline phosphatase), hexosamine, and hydroxyproline activity.Tibiae from untreated embryos organ cultured in embryo extract from thallium sulfate treated embryos, and tibiae of host embryos injected with homogenates from thallium sulfate treated embryos, exhibited normal growth, histology, histochemistry, hydroxyproline, and hexosamine activity. Thus the achondroplasia observed in thallium sulfate treated embryos does not result from the production of an inhibitor to normal chondrocyte growth and function which is transmissible in saline extracts. This is in contrast to some genetic achondroplasias.Coinjection of thallium and vitamin C or of thallium and cortisone acetate (agents increasing or decreasing collagen and hexosamme-containing acid mucopolysaccharide synthesis respectively) resulted in potentiation of the syndrome in the presence of cortisone acetate, and alleviation of the syndrome in the presence of vitamin C. Vitamin C prevented the production of the defective cartilage matrix characteristic of the long bones of embryos treated with thallium sulfate alone.It was concluded that abnormalities in acid mucopolysaccharide and collagen release from chondrocytes and deposition in the cartilaginous matrix were possible causes of the chondrocyte necrosis, achondroplasia, and micromelia characteristic of the achondroplastic syndrome.
Fine structure of normal and regenerated shell of Helisoma duryi duryi
Authors: Wong Veronica , Saleuddin A. S. M.
Published: August 2008

The fine structure of the normal and the regenerated shell of Helisoma duryi duryi has been studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Normal shell consists of two calcareous layers: outer prismatic and inner cross lamellar. A typical myostracal layer which shows prismatic structure is also present only at or near muscle insertions. Regenerated shell has also two calcareous layers and the myostracal layer did not appear until at or after 7 days of regeneration. Interrelationships between organic and inorganic components in both normal and regenerated shell have been dealt with by studying calcified and decalcified sections. A study of the topography of inner and outer surfaces of the normal shell shows that each surface has its characteristic surface pattern. Regenerated shell (14 days old) has the same inner and outer surface patterns. X-Ray and electron diffraction studies reveal that crystal type in both normal and regenerated shell is aragonite.
The azygos veins of the Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli (Lesson)
Authors: Watson A. G. , Dowd David A.
Published: August 2008

The azygos venous system of one Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) has been described. Both left and right azygos trunks were present with segmental anastomoses between them. The right azygos trunk was the larger and opened into the anterior vena cava; the left azygos trunk terminated in the left costocervical vein. At each segmental level the azygos trunks communicated with collecting sinuses into which drained blood from intercostal spaces and the extradural intravertebral vein. These collecting sinuses were themselves connected to each other by longitudinal anastomoses. The relationship of this system to blood flow during diving is briefly discussed.
Variations mensuelles de Glugea hertwigi (Sporozoa: Microsporida) chez différents tissus et organes de l'éperlan adulte dulcicole et conséquences de cette infection sur une mortalité massive annuelle de ce poisson
Authors: Delisle Claude E.
Published: August 2008

From September 1964 to September 1965, twelve hundred autopsies were performed at a rate of one hundred per month on the adult stunted population of freshwater smelts Osmerus eperlanus mordax of Heney Lake, Gatineau County, Québec. It is shown that the digestive tract is really the primary site of infection by Glugea hertwigi.Levels of infection are given separately for the anterior, mid, and posterior part of the intestine, for the pyloric ceca, the esophagus, the stomach layers, the anal region, the liver, the male and female gonads, the peritoneum, the air bladder, the adipose tissue, the heart, and kidneys. Glugea cysts in the head, trunk and fin regions were also counted.An increase from 53% to 76% in the general rate of infection happened during the spring (May and June). Since 1960, a mass mortality occurred every spring, in mid-May, and killed around 10 million smelts each year.It is proposed that all organs are susceptible to invasion by Glugea spores and that spring and summer warm water temperature had a positive effect on schizogony and sporogony of Glugea leading to a general infection of the host. It is believed that physiological exhaustion of the adult smelts during spawning time, together with Glugea, is responsible for the massive spring kill.
The stomach of the harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena (L.)
Authors: Smith G. J. D.
Published: August 2008

The morphological and cytological characteristics of the stomach of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena (L.)) are described from dissections and histological preparations. The stomach consists of the following three compartments: forestomach, with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and well-developed muscularis externa; main stomach, with rugose mucosa containing mucous, parietal, and zymogenic cells; and pyloric stomach, with typical pyloric glands. The opening from the fore-stomach to the main stomach is located near the esophageal opening. A sphincter is not present, but the opening is surrounded by several epithelial folds. The main stomach is joined to the pyloric stomach by a narrow connecting channel possessing pyloric glands. The gross and microscopic characteristics of the compartments are interpreted in relation to function.
Susceptibility of the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor (L.)) to photodynamic injury by methylene blue
Authors: Graham Kenneth , Wrangler Evelynne , Aasen Lloyd H.
Published: August 2008

Photodynamic injury to protoplasm by photoirradiation in the presence of photically excitable chemicals is perceived as a potentially important phenomenon for entomology and for the ecological–evolutionary implications in host plant – herbivore interrelations.Almost full-grown, larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (L.) gave promise as suitable laboratory subjects for studies on photodynamic action. Total mortality resulted from appropriate photoirradiation of methylene blue (MB) injected larvae. A completely fatal dosage of dye consisted of 0.5 μl of 2.5% aqueous MB, injected into larvae weighing 90 to 150 mg, thereby yielding an MB-in-blood concentration of 5 parts/1000. Completely fatal photoirradiation consisted of 90-min exposure to a partially heat-filtered radiation from a 250-W clear reflector infrared lamp with filament 80 cm from the target insect. The resultant mean energy flux was 4.2 μW/cm2 for all points across the action spectrum for MB (500 to 700 nm). This radiant flux was equivalent to about 1/20 of the value for the corresponding spectral band received from the noonday sun in midsummer at latitude 49° N. In future, a tuned source of photoirradiation would be desirable to avoid the complicating heat effect of conventional sources of the unwanted secondary spectrum from a monochromator.
Entomological, ecological, and evolutionary implications of photodynamic action
Authors: Graham Kenneth
Published: August 2008

The entomological, ecological, and evolutionary implications of photodynamic action, heretofore neglected, merit investigation for both scientific and practical purposes. All of the necessary ingredients and conditions are commonplace for the operation of photodynamic action on insects, as well as on other organisms. As an influence affecting individuals, it must affect populations. Acting differentially among the genetically heterogeneous members of populations it must also operate as a genetic selection pressure. Inasmuch as photosensitizing substances are to be found among insecticidal compounds, as well as among natural pigments in food substances of insects, population and evolutionary effects must be expected. Photosensitizing pigments might well be a factor of host resistance against consuming organisms, and thereby constitute a counterselection pressure against them. A continuing reciprocal counterevolutionary process may then continue. The consumer which can overcome or bypass the influence has a further advantage of being freed from competitors by the factors in the host.
The importance of the gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) and the polychaete Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) as coral reef predators
Authors: Ott Bruce , Lewis John B.
Published: August 2008

The importance of the stenoglossan prosobranch gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) and the amphinomid errant polychaete Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) as coral predators in Barbados, West Indies, was investigated. Coralliophila normally feeds upon the coral Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), can consume up to 9 cm2 of tissue in 24 h, and has a mean density of 13 individuals per square meter of living coral in shallow water. Hermodice normally feeds upon the zooanthid Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis and Solander) and the corals Porites porites (Pallas) and Porites astreoides Lamarck. The mean density of Hermodice was less than one individual per square meter of surface of living prey and large worms could consume up to 3 cm2 of living coral tissue in a 3-h feeding period. Because of the low densities of the predators the preference of Hermodice for the zooanthid Palythoa and the fact that Coralliophila feeds only rarely, they did not cause extensive damage to reef corals.
Determination of the extracellular fluid volume of a euryhaline flounder by kinetic and net retention methods using tritium-labeled inulin
Authors: Hickman Jr. Cleveland P.
Published: August 2008

The extracellular space of 10 euryhaline southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, was determined with methoxy-H3 inulin. After a single intravenous injection, plasma inulin activity declined in a time-dependent, biphasic manner which could be resolved into two separate rate functions. An initial rapid phase of inulin distribution having an average half-value time of 1.87 h was followed by a slow exponential decline having a half-value time averaging 43.3 h in freshwater-adapted flounder and 119.3 h in marine flounder. The kinetic and net retention space estimates were in close agreement, averaging 15.2% of body weight for freshwater flounder and 16.85% for marine flounder. These figures are consistent with sucrose space estimates of 14.0% for freshwater teleosts and 15.4% for marine teleosts, reported by Thorson (1961). The methoxy-H3 inulin preparation used was shown to be highly stable and to remain unbound in the circulation. However, it penetrated gradually into a non-exchangeable space in kidney tissue. This undesirable characteristic does not appear to contribute significant error to the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) estimate.
Induction of ovulation in goldfish by clomiphene citrate
Authors: Pandey S. , Hoar W. S.
Published: August 2008

Clomiphene citrate induced ovulation in gravid goldfish. The stripped eggs were viable and on fertilization developed into normal fry.
Physiology of thermoregulation in the pika, Ochotona princeps
Authors: MacArthur Robert A. , Wang Lawrence C. H.
Published: August 2008

The mean body temperature of pika measured by radiotelemetry under field and laboratory conditions was 40.1 °C (range = 37.9–42.7) over an ambient temperature range of −9.3 to 24 °C. The maximum daily fluctuation in any one individual was less than 2.6 °C and no seasonal difference in the level of body temperature maintained was observed. Hyperthermia and death occurred after a 2-h exposure to ambient temperatures higher than 28 °C, inclusive.The basal metabolic rate was 1.53 cc O2/g h and the thermal conductance was between 0.096 and 0.050 cc O2/gh °C, 143% and 101–53%, respectively, of their predicted weight-specific values. The relatively high body temperature of pika is attributed to its high basal metabolic rate and good insulation. The low thermal conductance, which indicates a reduction of energy consumption at ambient temperatures below the lower critical temperature (21 °C), favors the overwinter survival of this species when only limited food storage is available.
Energy dynamics of Encoptolophus sordidus costalis (Scudder) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in a grassland ecosystem
Authors: Bailey C. G. , Riegert P. W.
Published: August 2008

The bioenergetics of annual populations of the dusky grasshopper, Encoptolophus sordidus costalis, on a natural grassland site were examined. Peak dry weight biomass of these insects reached 1.7 kg/ha (1.85 lb/at). Oxygen consumption ranged from 2.76 μl/h for first instar nymphs to 82 μl/h for adults, values that equated with an average consumption of 341 ml oxygen/m2 during the growing season. Energy values (cal/mg) of insect body tissue averaged 5.24 while those for exuviae, faeces, and plant material were 5.38, 4.08, and 4.39, respectively. The grasshoppers ingested 2% of the green shoot primary production, which, at the latitude of the Matador experimental site, was equal to 792 kcal/m2 in 1968–69. An additional 8% was cut and dropped so that a total of 10% of the green vegetation was removed by this insect species. Twenty-five percent of the ingested food was metabolized; the rest was voided as faeces. Respiration accounted for 51% of the metabolized energy. Exuviae made up 6 to 11% of secondary production. Ninety-seven percent of the potential energy of the green vegetation removed by the grasshoppers was returned to the "decomposer compartment" of the ecosystem, with only 3% removed or lost from the system.
Paratylenchus tateae n. sp. (Paratylenchinae, Nematoda)
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu , Townshend J. L.
Published: August 2008

Paratylenchus tateae n. sp. was found in soil samples collected from around corn, alfalfa, and clover in Ontario. The spear is 15 to 16.8 μ long, the head offset and truncate. The lateral lips are larger than the subdorsal and subventral lips. The tail terminus is pointed to conically round.