bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal, milestones and indicators for the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (now published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01538-5)
Authors: Nicholson Emily
Published: December 2020

Despite significant conservation efforts, the loss of ecosystems continues globally, along with related loss of species and Nature’s contributions to people. A new ecosystem goal and milestone, supported by clear targets and indicators, is urgently needed for the Convention on Biological Diversity’s post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and beyond, to support efforts to abate climate change, and to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Here, we detail the scientific foundations for an ecosystem goal and milestones, founded on a theory of change, and review available indicators to measure progress. An ecosystem goal should include three core components: area, integrity, and risk of collapse. Targets, the actions necessary for the goals to be met, should address pathways to ecosystem loss and recovery, including retaining threatened ecosystems and intact areas, and restoring degraded ecosystems. Multiple indicators are needed to capture the different dimensions of ecosystem area, integrity and collapse risk across ecosystem types. Indicators should be selected for fitness-for-purpose and relevance to goal components, rather than constrained by currently available data. Science-based goals, supported by well-formulated action targets and fit-for purpose indicators, will provide the best foundation for future success in reversing biodiversity loss and sustaining human well-being.
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Materi Pokok Pemahaman Puasa Melalui Metode Jigsaw di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Kelas IV DDI Ainus Syamsi Kota Makassar
Authors: Murti
Published: December 2020

Kuliah Kerja Lapangan Plus (KKLP) merupakan suatu kegiatan perkuliahan yang bersifat intrakulikuler dalam bentuk pengabdian pada masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Oleh karena sifatnya intrakulikuler sehingga setiap mahasiswa yang akan menyelesaikan studi perguruan tinggi pada suatu Program Strata Satu (S1) harus mengikuti KKLP
Manusia Sebagai Individu Dan Mahkluk Sosial, Dinamika Dan Dilema Interaksi Sosial
Authors: Umanailo M Chairul Basrun
Published: December 2020

Hakikat manusia adalah sebagai hamba dankhalifah Allah di bumi yang terdiri dari tiga unsur, yaitu: jasmani (pisik, nafsu), akal (rasio), dan rohani (psikis, roh). Sebagai konsekuensi manusia sebagai hamba dan khalifah Allah di bumi, maka manusia merupakan: makhluk ciptaan Tuhan, makhluk yang terlahir dalam kondisi tidak berdaya (kertas bersih), membutuhkan bantuan dari orang lain, makhluk yang memiliki kemampuan berpikir, makhluk yang memiliki akal budi, makhluk yang selalu ingin tahu tentang segala sesuatu, makhluk yang mempunyai kemampuan berbahasa, makhluk yang mampu membuat perangkat peralatan, makhluk sosial yang mampu bekerja sama, makhluk yang mampu mengorganisasi diri untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya, makhluk yang hidup atas dasar prinsip-prinsip ekonomi, makhluk yang beragama, makhluk rasional yang bebas bertindak berdasarkan alasan moral, makhluk dengan kontrak sosial untuk menghargai dan menjaga hak orang lain.
What drives beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories? The role of psychotic-like experiences and confinement-related factors
Authors: Ferreira Simão Pedro Rodrigues , Campos Carlos , Marinho Beatriz Monteiro , Rocha Susana , Fonseca-Pedrero Eduardo , Rocha Nuno Barbosa
Published: December 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide threat to public health and the global economy. The climate of fear and uncertainty associated with the pandemic has fostered the emergence of a wide-range of COVID-19 conspiracy theories that has the potential do shape public opinion and hinder the effective dissemination of valid information. Beliefs in conspiracy theories has been associated with maladaptive personality traits such as schizotypy and paranoia, as well as other non-psychotic psychological characteristics (e.g., social isolation, stress). The current study aimed to examine the association between beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and psychotic-like experiences within the community, while also addressing the role of sociodemographic information, psychological outcomes (e.g., stress, affective states) and other pandemic-related factors (e.g., confinement conditions/behaviors). Our results suggest that psychotic-like experiences are associated with beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories, particularly perceptual abnormalities and persecutory ideation. Moreover, increased health-related concerns and reduced education levels also seem to be liability factors for these conspiracy beliefs. These results add important insights into how the adherence to illogical and erroneous disease-related arguments may be contingent to proneness to psychotic-like experiences. COVID-19 conspiracy theories are yet another major challenge that governments and policy makers must contemplate when defining strategic directions to manage the current and future pandemics.
The East Asian erotic picture dataset and gender differences in response to opposite-sex erotic stimuli in Chinese college students
Authors: Cui Qianqian , Zhang Ziyuan , Li Yansong
Published: December 2020

Understanding the processing of sexual stimuli has become a significant part of research on human sexuality. In addition to individual characteristics (gender and sexual orientation), empirical studies have shown that cultural factors play an important role in sexual stimuli processing. The attitudes toward sex have been reported to be more conservative in East Asian societies as compared to western countries, and significantly more sexual difficulties are observed among East Asian people. However, stimulus materials which potentially facilitate human sexuality research on native East Asian people are relatively not satisfactory. Erotic stimuli depicting East Asian figures are limited in the existing picture datasets. To address this issue, we present a collection of 237 erotic and 108 control pictures, accompanied by self-reported ratings of sexual arousal, pleasantness and sexual attractiveness for opposite-sex erotic stimuli by heterosexual males and females (n = 40, divided into two equal-sized subsamples). This collection is divided into six categories, depending on their content: non-erotic male (44), low-erotic male (65), high-erotic male (64), non-erotic female (64), low-erotic female (52) and high-erotic female (56). We showed gender differences in sexual arousal, pleasantness and sexual attractiveness ratings in response to opposite-sex erotic pictures. Males reported the highest levels of sexual arousal, pleasantness and sexual attractiveness for high-erotic female pictures, whereas females reported the highest levels of sexual arousal, pleasantness and sexual attractiveness for low-erotic male pictures. The erotic picture dataset may provide a useful resource of erotic stimuli that can be used as stimulus materials in experimental research on sexual function in East Asians.
MUNCULNYA CULTURE SHOCK PADA MAHASISWA BARU DALAM PERKULIAHAN DARING SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Chafsoh Arifah Munawaroh
Published: December 2020

Culture Shock adalah kondisi seseorang merasa takut dan khawatir yang berlebihan ketika berada di lingkungan baru yang tidak terbiasa oleh dirinya. Kehidupan perkuliahan baru secara daring selama pandemi covid-19 ini membuat tak sedikit mahasiswa baru merasa tertekan dan gelisah mengenai apa yang harus dilakukannya di lingkungan barunya ini. Perkuliahan secara daring membuat mahasiswa baru mengalami kesulitan dalam beradaptasi sehingga memicu stres dari culture shock yang ia alami selama perkuliahan daring. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan seberapa besar pengaruhnya perkuliahan daring selama pandemi covid-19 sehingga memunculkan gejala culture shock pada mahasiswa baru. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan kajian literatur dan metode introspeksi diri oleh penulis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan adanya permasalahan psikologis individu yaitu culture shock sebagai mahasiswa baru dalam menjalani perkuliahan daring.
Fluoroquinolones Resistance Among Bacterial Uropathogens In A Tertiary Care Hospital Of Western Nepal
Authors: Bhatta Dharm Raj , Shrestha Rajani , Hamal Deependra , HS Supram , Nayak Niranjan
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Urinary tract infections are one of the most common clinical illnesses in developing countries. Most of the infections are treated empirically due to unavailability of laboratory facilities. Fluoroquinolones are frequently used for empirical treatment of UTIs.

Objectives: This study was aimed to determine prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial uropathogens, especially to fluoroquinolones.

Methodology: This hospital based cross sectional study was carried out at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. A total of 2450 mid stream urine samples were included in this study.  Isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by standard microbiological techniques.

Results: Significant bacteriuria was detected in 258 (10.5%), insignificant bacteruria in 614 (25%), growth of multiple organisms in 238 (9.7%) while no growth was recorded in 1340 (54.7%) samples. E coli was the commonest isolate followed by Klebsiella species. Fluoroquinolones resistance among Gram negative isolates was high. Most of the Gram negative isolates were susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and imipenem.

Conclusion: High resistance to fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole and cephalosporins dictates these to be unsuitable for empirical treatment of UTIs. Amikacin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and imipenem were the most effective antibacterials.
Chronic subdural hematoma following ventriculoperitoneal shunt: A case report
Authors: Karki Mohan , Roka Yam Bahadur , Pandit Mukesh , Yadav Sachidanand
Published: December 2020

Chronic Subdural Hematoma (CSDH) is rare complication following ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt for hydrocephalus. A fourteen year/male presented with complain of gradually weakness of right sided limbs, severe headache, seizure and slurring of speech after two and half month of VP shunt placement for congenital hydrocephalus. CT scan head was done and it reported left CSDH with mass effect. Patient was managed with left parietal single burr-hole and CSDH evacuation.
Using ‘stories’ in Nepalese medical schools
Authors: Shankar Pathiyil Ravi
Published: December 2020

No abstracts available.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Various Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Mahaseth Surya Narayan , Chaurasia Lokeshwar , Jha Brajesh , Sanjana Raj Kumari
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of hospital acquired infections. Increased resistance in this organism continues to pose a significant threat to patient care because of limited therapeutic options. The main objective of this study was to find out the prevalence and current antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from various clinical samples at a tertiary care hospital.

Material and Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal on 453 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from various clinical samples. The colonies which were grown on culture media were identified by different standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method and the results were interpreted according to the CLSI guidelines. Quality control of the test was done by standards ATCC strain of P. aeruginosa 27853.

Results: This present study revealed the prevalence rate of P. aeruginosa was 11.29%. Piperacillintazobactam was the most sensitive chemotherapeutic agent with 94.26% susceptibility rate, followed by imipenem 89.40% and levofloxacin 88.08%. Amikacin showed better susceptibility rate 67.33% than that of gentamicin 48.78%; the susceptibility rate to cephalosporin and aztreonam was relative very low. Most of the P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from clinical samples like sputum 206, urine 81, respiratory secretion 76, and pus 35. Out of 453 clinical isolates, 167(36.86%) clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were found to be MDR.

Conclusion: Most of the P. aeruginosa strains were isolates from sputum, urine, respiratory secretions and pus samples and were found to be MDR. Piperacillin-tazobactam was the most sensitive chemotherapeutic agent followed by Imipenem, levofloxacin.
Przypisy tłumacza w słowackim przekładzie Doliny Issy Czesława Miłosza
Authors: Obertová Zuzana
Published: December 2020

Przypisy tłumacza zazwyczaj służą do wyjaśnienia czytelnikowi trudnych do przetłumaczenia elementów kultury wyjściowej. W słowackim przekładzie Doliny Issy Czesława Miłosza autor translacji — Miloš Ferko — zastosował 88 przypisów dolnych, które spełniają różne funkcje. Przypisy stanowią dla tłumacza przestrzeń np. do wyjaśniania kontekstu historycznego, elementów topograficznych, lecz także do podania własnej interpretacji oryginału lub do wskazania nawiązań intertekstualnych. Autorka artykułu analizuje przypisy tłumacza pod kątem ich wpływu na czytelnika oraz na odbiór całego przekładu w kulturze docelowej.
Virtuelles Treffen der IAML-Austria und der VÖB-Kommission für Musik
Authors: Friederici Carl-Ulrich
Published: December 2020

Die VÖB-Kommission für Musik veranstaltete am 22.10.2020 gemeinsam mit der IAML-Austria ein virtuelles Treffen via Zoom. Es nahmen insgesamt 24 Personen teil, bestehend aus Mitgliedern beider Gruppen und einigen Gästen. Es waren damit 16 Institutionen vertreten. Das Treffen fand als Ersatz für die ausgefallene Präsenzsitzung Anfang Mai an der Fachbereichsbibliothek Musikwissenschaft der Universität Wien statt. Soweit sinnvoll und möglich, wurden die Themen der entfallenen Sitzung wieder aufgegriffen. Die Inhalte umfassten schwerpunktmäßig unterschiedliche Facetten der Informationsvermittlung und Informationsaufbereitung. Im Folgenden ein Bericht über den Verlauf.
Potencjalny wpływ brexitu na ustrój terytorialny i integralność Zjednoczonego Królestwa Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej
Authors: Serzhanova Viktoria , Kimla Adrianna
Published: December 2020

Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union is undoubtedly an unprecedented event in the history of the EU. This process encounters many difficulties and reveals an increasing number of problems that contemporary Europe is facing and affects European integration. Even more complications in this area arise as a result of the deadlock in the internal dimension, and in the UK’s relations with the EU. It goes without saying, that this process will result in the need to create a completely new order in the UK’s relations with the EU and will have a huge impact on the global order. The whole process is multidimensional, hence the consequences of leaving the EU by the United Kingdom may have many effects for the UK not only in political and economic sense, but also in the field of its constitutional law and political system, including the area of the state’s territorial arrangement. The purpose of this study is to provide a legal analysis of Brexit’s potential consequences for the territorial system and threats to the territorial integrity of the United Kingdom itself, in particular for the status of its constituent parts and further relations between England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland. The risk of the split and disintegration of the United Kingdom as a result of Brexit cannot be overlooked.
Trzy „odczarowania” nowożytnej koncepcji prawa naturalnego
Authors: Wendland Michał
Published: December 2020

he article addresses, in the perspective of the history of modern philosophy, the issue of the transformation to which the concept of natural law was subject in the 17th and 18th centuries. The author shares the views of, among others, Habermas and Bobbio, according to which the modern concept of natural law has been made “more positive” or “disenchanted” (after Weber), and thus the traditionally understood law of nature was transformed into the concept of natural rights. The article distinguishes three forms of this process: the first one, i.e., the so-called bourgeois school of natural law (Grotius, Thomasius, Pufendorf); the second one, developed by representatives of the early (moderate) Enlightenment (Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu); the third one, the most radical one, represented by the thinkers the late Enlightenment, mainly French encyclopaedists and materialists (La Mettrie, Holbach, Condorcet, Paine). Their common feature was the gradual abandonment of the metaphysical or theological foundations of natural law in favour of a naturalised ethic.
Farewell to all
Authors: Lamp John
Published: December 2020

John Lamp bids farewell to AJIS on his retirement
The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape
Authors: Małecka-Drozd Natalia
Published: December 2020

The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.
A group of Early Roman lamps from Chhîm, Lebanon: preliminary research on shapes, fabric and provenance
Authors: Kajzer Małgorzata
Published: December 2020

The group of Early Roman oil lamps excavated during several research seasons in Chhîm constitute a significantly fragmented assemblage. Macroscopic analysis of fabrics, combined with typological study complemented by iconographic research where applicable, revealed similarities between studied objects and other lamp finds from the Levant. The characterised fabric shows the continuity of manufacture from the Hellenistic period and the connection with semi-fine ware. The collected data suggest the Phoenician coast as the potential place of manufacture.
Saqqara: research 2020
Authors: Kuraszkiewicz Kamil O. , Godziejewski Zbigniew , Kozieradzka-Ogunmakin Iwona
Published: December 2020

In the 2020 campaign, research started in 2018 at the eastern bank of the Dry Moat was continued, which resulted in the discovery of a rock-cut structure south of the Corridor 1. Also, the rock-cut chapel being part of a 6th Dynasty funerary complex situated south of the tomb of Merefnebef was explored. In both areas, burials of the Upper Necropolis were also found. An important part of the programme were conservation activities.
Tell el-Retaba (West): season 2019
Authors: Hudec Jozef , Dubcova Veronica , Hulkova Lucia , Wodzińska Anna
Published: December 2020

Area 4 north of the Migdol was the focus of the 2019 season excavations. An apparent well from Phase G3 was discovered with some pottery sherds inside dating from the end of the Middle Kingdom. In the early Eighteenth Dynasty it was turned into a cemetery; seven tombs discovered this season provided the first evidence of suprapositioning of grave structures in this part of the burial ground. The outskirts of the Phase G settlement and cemetery may have been reached in the excavation. Mud-brick structures from Phase F3 were used for domestic and crafting activities. A battery of ovens continued to be excavated. Parts of Phase F2 architecture were excavated beside the Migdol and below the platform of Wall 2. Artifacts and raw materials indicated long-distance contacts. Metal objects (rings, needles) and arrowheads were also discovered. Phase D4 was represented by the remains of a transport route/walkway. Two silos and a fireplace enclosed by a wall dated to phase C.
Understanding the role of metal within the Late Bronze Age community at Mycenae: challenges and potential approaches
Authors: Aulsebrook Stephanie Jane
Published: December 2020

Metal has been widely argued as playing a decisive role in the development of Mycenae, which became one of the foremost centers on the Late Bronze Age Greek mainland. Yet, little is understood as to how metals were integrated into the lives of the inhabitants. Most scholarship has concentrated on the relationship between the ruling class and metal artifacts, drawing much of the evidence from the Linear B archives and top-down models of trade, society and internal redistribution that are increasingly considered untenable within the study of other aspects of Mycenaean life. This paper presents a new project, which uses a practice-orientated approach based around object biographies to study the use of metal across the entire social spectrum of the Late Bronze Age community at Mycenae (approximately 1700–1050 BC). The benefits of such an approach are discussed through a case study that examines the unexpected absence of gold vessels from the Palatial period archaeological record from the perspective of social practice and demonstrates how the holistic use of evidence from multiple sources can help overcome the difficulties inherent in the study of the use of metal in past societies.
Metsamor: report after the 2019 season
Authors: Jakubiak Krzysztof
Published: December 2020

The 2019 season in Metsamor confirmed the functioning of the settlement in the Urartian period. House II, discovered during the fieldwork, is the first architectural structure built at the beginning of the Early Iron Age period which, after some possible rearrangements, retained control over the Aras valley during the Urartian kingdom. Pottery discovered there confirms that the already excavated part of the settlement was extensively used after the fall of Urartu. A pit grave dated to the 7th century BC yielded a late Urartian cylinder seal.
A bull’s-head rhyton from the Museum of Tarsus in Cilicia, southern Turkey
Authors: Lafli Ergün
Published: December 2020

In this brief paper a terracotta rhyton in the form of a bull’s head is presented which is exhibited in the museum of Tarsus and probably belongs to the first century B.C. The rhyton, a ceremonial vessel form from earlier periods, was mostly used as a votive vessel in the graves of the Hellenistic period. Archaeological context of this vessel in Tarsus, that has been acquired by the museum in 1973, is not known, but its status of preservation as well as the craftsmanship of its ornaments attracts a special attention.
Effect of hulling and water-heat treatment parameters of grain on yield and culinary quality of flattened grits of emmer wheat
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Liubych V. V. , Novikov V. V. , Leshchenko I. A.
Published: December 2020

The results of the effect of steaming and softening duration on the yield and culinary evaluation of flattered emmer wheat depending on the hulling index are presented. It was found that the yield of high-grade flattened grits depended most on the duration of hulling. The highest yield (91.7 %) of this flattened grits of high-grade emmer wheat grain was obtained from unhulled grain after 9 minutes of steaming and 3 minutes of moistening. The yield of this grits was lower by 1–2 % with a shorter duration of grain steaming (3 and 6 min). With an increase in the grain hulling index of 2–11.3 %, steaming role increased. Softening of steamed grain caused a decrease in the yield of flattened grits. Porridge made of emmer wheat grain was characterized by a high culinary evaluation. Grits obtained from unhulled grain had the lowest overall culinary evaluation of 6.7 points. An increase in the grain hulling index of 3.2–9.9 % increased the culinary evaluation to 7.0–8.1 points. Porridge with a hulling index of 11.6 % had the highest culinary evaluation of 8.7 points. There are high correlations between the overall culinary evaluation (r = 0,86±0,02), the yield of high-grade flattened grits (r = -0,87±0,01) and the duration of hulling. The culinary assessment of porridge is not affected by increasing the duration of steaming and moisturizing. Porridge obtained from cereals with a low peeling index (0–6.9 %) is characterized by a high overall culinary score, which is due to the peculiarities of the species of spelled wheat. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, it can be concluded that for the emmer wheat grain it is recommended to steam for 6–9 minutes with short softening (3 min) and hull for 80–120 s which is equal to the hulling index of 6.9–9.9 % and has a high culinary evaluation — 7.7–8.1 points.
Productivity and quality of soybean seeds with different fertilization on podzolized chernozem
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Hospodarenko H.M. , Prokopchuk I.V. , Leonova K. P. , Boyko V.P.
Published: December 2020

The productivity of agricultural crops is the most variable and integral indicator of their vital activity, which accumulates their genetic potential, soil fertility, weather conditions and components of agricultural technology. Soybean under optimal growing conditions (the reaction of the soil is close to neutral, sufficient phosphorus and potassium nutrition, the use of nitraginization) assimilates from the air about 70 % of the total nitrogen requirement. Therefore, it is believed that it is enough to apply only a starting dose of nitrogen fertilizers (20–40 kg/ha a. s.), to get a high yield with good indicators of grain quality. The results of studies of the influence of long-term (8 years) application of different doses and ratios of fertilizers in field crop rotation on podzolized chernozem in the conditions of the Right -Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the yield and quality of soybean seeds preceded by spring barley were presented. It was found that crop yields could be increased by 18–77 % owing to different doses, ratios and types of fertilizers. The highest indicators of seed yields for three years of the research (3,02 t/ha) were obtained under the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N110P60K80 per 1 ha of crop rotation area, including under soybean – N60P60K60. Exclusion of the nitrogen component from the complete fertilizer (N60P60K60) reduced its yield by 26 %, phosphorus – by 17, and potassium by 11 %. There was no significant decrease in soybean yield in the variant of the experiment with a decrease in the proportion of potassium in the composition of complete mineral fertilizer (N60P60K30) for three years of study. The largest mass of 1000 soybean seeds was formed at doses of N60К60 fertilizers, and their protein content — under the application of complete mineral fertilizer in doses of N60P60K60 and N60P60K30.
BINARY SOWINGS AS A BASIS FOR THE INTENSIFICATION OF FODDER PRODUCTION INDUSTRY
Authors: Demydas H. І. , Poltoretskyi S. P. , Burko L. М. , Veiler S. S.
Published: December 2020

In the article analytical literature review of Ukrainian and world best practices on common vetch growing in binary sowings was conducted. Scientific publications of domestic and foreign scientists on the significance of binary crops in fodder production, selection of crops for joint cultivation were analyzed. The generalization and systematization of the studied material was carried out. Purpose of the research was to conduct an analytical literature review of Ukrainian and world best practices on common vetch growing in binary crops. General scientific methods, in particular, the following: hypothesis, observation, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and generalization were used during the research. Own observations and literature sources from the chosen field of research were the uased in the material. Scientific publications of domestic and foreign scientists on the significancy of binary crops in fodder production, selection of crops for joint growing were analyzed to achieve this purpose. Generalization and systematization of the studied in tha research material was carried out. Conclusions. It was found that common vetch is mainly cultivated in mixtures with spring cereals. This crop can be grown for both spring and summer sowing in topping and post-harvest sowings with oats, barley, Sudan grass and other spring cereal crops; for hay and seeds — in arid conditions with a continental climate. However, seed yields in such regions are very low and vary considerably depending on the amount and distribution of spring rains. Providing of livestock production with high-quality fodders due to legume-and-cereal mixtures of annual crops makes it possible to expand the range of fodders in the diets of ruminants in the stall period.
Biochemical component of grain flour of different hybrids of maize and sorghum
Authors: Liubych V. V. , Voitovska V. I. , Tretiakova S. O. , Klymovych N. M.
Published: December 2020

Today, the search for gluten-free products is one of the promising directions of the food industry. For a good nutrition, people still need to eat gluten-free products, which are mostly provided by foreign manufacturers. Therefore, it is important to study the biochemical component of flour, which can be used to produce gluten-free products. The aim is to study the formation of the biochemical flour component of different maize and sorghum hybrids. Methods. Classical physicochemical, chemical and statistical methods are used in the work. Research results. The article presents the results of the study of the biochemical flour component of different maize and sorghum hybrids. The main component of maize and sorghum flour was starch. The content of which in maize flour varied from 70.3 to 70.5 % depending on the hybrid. The content of other components was low. Among from the saturated fatty acids in maize and sorghum flour, the main one is palmitic (C16:0) — 20–21 % depending on the hybrid. The content of other saturated fatty acids was 1–2 % of their total content. In the group of monounsaturated fatty acids the share of oleic (C18:1) one was the highest — 28–31 % depending on the hybrid culture. It should be noted that the share of transfats (isomers of fatty acids) was only 1% of the total fatty acids content. Sorghum flour contained 2.6–3.0 times more mangan, 1.8–2.0 times more magnesium and 1.4–1.5 times more sulphur compared to maize flour. However, the content of other chemical elements was much lower. Maize flour contained 6.1–6.3 times more copper, 2.5–2.8 times more calcium and iron, and 1.6–2.4 times more zinc compared to sorghum. Results. Maize flour contains 70.3–70.5 % of starch, 7.0–7.5 % of protein, 4.0–4.3 — dietary fibers, 1.5 — fat, 0.53–0.61 — ash and 1.3 % glucose. The starch content in sorghum flour is 62.7–63.7 %, protein content — 9.5–10.6, dietary fibers content — 4.9–6.5, fat content — 1.2–3.3, ash content — 0.43–0.47, glucose content — 0.3 %. The composition of fatty acids is mainly polyunsaturated oleic (C18:2) one, the share of which is 36–39 %. The content of fatty acids varies little depending on the hybrid of both crops. Sorghum flour contains more vitamin B3, maize — vitamin B4. However, the phylloquinone content is the highest in the flour of both crops.
INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS ON THE FORMATION OF PLANT STRUCTURE INDICATORS AND GRAIN YIELD OF SOYBEAN AND BEAN VARIETIES
Authors: Chynchyk О. S. , Olifirovych S. Y. , Olifirovych V. О. , Humeniuk І. І. , Kravchenko V.S.
Published: December 2020

The mass of grains from the plant is one of the main features that determines the final productivity of soybeans. In the control (without the use of biological products), the weight of grains from one soybean plant of the Suzirria variety was 10.2 g, of the Danaia variety — 9.8 g, and of the Estafeta variety — only 7.8 g. Seed inoculation with Rhizobophyte and complex use of biological products (Rhizobophyte + Phosphoenterin + Biopolycid) increased the individual productivity of soybean plants. In particular, in the variant with seed treatment with Rhizobophyte, Phosphoenterin and Biopolycid, the weight of grains from one soybean plant of the Estafeta variety increased to 8.2 g, of the Danaia variety to 10.3 g, and of the Suzirria variety to 11.2 g. The lowest number of beans per plant of Bukovynka beans was observed in areas without seed inoculation — 9.6 pcs. Nata beans were characterized by a larger number of beans (10.0 pieces) and grains (41.9 pieces) per plant. Seed inoculation increased the number of beans and seed weight on plants of the studied varieties. Thus, with the use of Rhizoactive on crops of Bukovynka beans, 10.1 beans and 42.3 grain pieces per plant were formed, Nata variety — 10.8 beans and 46.3 grain pieces on one plant. Among the studied varieties in the variant without the use of fertilizers, the higher grain yield was in the Nata bean variety — 2.38 t/ha. The productivity of beans was significantly affected by inoculation of seeds with Rhizobophyte: grain yield of Bukovynka variety increased by 0.09 t/ha or 4 %, Nata variety — by 0.17 t/ha or 7 %. Conclusions. Suzirria soybeans provided the best yield structure. In particular, in the variant with seed treatment with Rhizobophyte, Phosphoenterin and Biopolycid, the weight of grains from one soybean plant of the Suzirria variety was 11.2 g, Danaia variety — 10.3 g, and Estafeta variety — only 8.2 g. Bacterization of seed by biological products contributed to the increase in grain productivity of soybean plants by 3–17 %. Under the conditions of the research, the Nata bean variety was more productive, forming 10.2—10.4 g of grain per plant, which was 0.2—1.2 g more than the Bukovynka bean variety.
Resistive Interconnection Localization
Authors: Cole Edward I. , Tangyunyong Paiboon , Hawkins Charles F. , Bruce Michael R. , Bruce Victoria J. , Chong Wan-Loong , Ring Rosalinda M.
Published: December 2020

Resistive Interconnection Localization (RIL) is a new scanning laser microscope analysis technique that directly and rapidly localizes defective IC vias, contacts, and conductors from the front side and backside. RIL uses a scanned laser to produce localized thermal gradients in IC interconnections during functional testing. A change in the pass/fail state with localized heating of the IC identifies the failing site. The technique reduces the time to locate a resistive via from months to minutes. The sources of defective vias, the physics of RIL signal generation, and examples of RIL analysis are presented.
From Microns to Molecules – Can FA Remain Viable Through the Next Decade?
Authors: Vallett David P.
Published: December 2020

This paper examines the challenges facing IC failure analysis through the projected end of the CMOS roadmap and into the establishment of nextgeneration. nanoelectronic. devices. It will review technology forecasts and assess their effects on major FA categories. The growing importance of fault isolation is highlighted, especially for nanoelectronic ICs where deviations on the order of one atom or electron will find current instruments two orders of magnitude removed in capability. The potential impacts of self-assembled chips and fault-tolerant architectures are also discussed.
Soft Defect Localization (SDL) on ICs
Authors: Bruce Michael R. , Bruce Victoria J. , Eppes David H. , Wilcox Jacob , Cole Edward I. , Tangyunyong Paiboon , Hawkins Charles F.
Published: December 2020

We have developed a new scanning laser microscopy methodology, Soft Defect Localization (SDL), that directly locates soft defects from the front side and backside of an IC. The method combines localized laser heating with the pass/fail state of a device to successfully localize soft defects. Subtle, thermally sensitive soft defects can be localized by careful selection of the IC voltage, temperature, and operating frequency. Several examples are shown.
Evaluation of Package Defects by Thermal Imaging Techniques
Authors: Liu Yongmei , Dias Rajen
Published: December 2020

Study presented here has shown that Infrared thermography has the potential to be a nondestructive analysis tool for evaluating package sublayer defects. Thermal imaging is achieved by applying pulsed external heating to the package surface and monitoring the surface thermal response as a function of time with a high-speed IR camera. Since the thermal response of the surface is affected by the defects such as voids and delamination below the package surface, the technique can be used to assist package defects detection and analysis.
Backside Photoemission and Infrared Microthermography for Rapid Debug of Compound Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Mitra S. , Kiefer S. , Nair M. , Sanders P. , Steele J. , Sutton M. , Wilson S. , Henry H. , Hill D. , Sadaka M.
Published: December 2020

Visible to infra-red photon emissions can be readily observed in compound semiconductor devices through the semi-insullating substrate and are useful in fault identification when analyzing yield problems. The techniques described here have uncovered several yield-limiting mechanisms and have lead to rapid and effective corrective measures.
Thin-Die Flip Chip Physical-FA Process Flow
Authors: Komrowski Andrew J. , Somcio N. S. , Sullivan Daniel J. D. , Silvis Charles R. , Curiel Luis , Baca Jeff P. , Scott Steven , Sandoval Mary
Published: December 2020

The use of flip chip technology inside component packaging, so called flip chip in package (FCIP), is an increasingly common package type in the semiconductor industry because of high pin-counts, performance and reliability. Sample preparation methods and flows which enable physical failure analysis (PFA) of FCIP are thus in demand to characterize defects in die with these package types. As interconnect metallization schemes become more dense and complex, access to the backside silicon of a functional device also becomes important for fault isolation test purposes. To address these requirements, a detailed PFA flow is described which chronicles the sample preparation methods necessary to isolate a physical defect in the die of an organic-substrate FCIP.
Beam-Based Localization Techniques for 0.18um IC Failure Analysis After Reliability Test
Authors: Chiu Re-Long , Zhang Hui , Chung Wen-Szu , Cherng Mark , Liu Xu
Published: December 2020

Locating the defect site in current devices is complicated by their density and size. Voltage contrast (VC) imaging and backscattered electron (BSE) imaging are non-destructive beam-based location techniques. We can locate the defect to single poly line, contact and via by combining EMMI, LC, layout and bit map address information. Some reliability failure analysis cases are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the beam-based techniques. VC imaging and BSE imaging are used to locate the defect site precisely. The subsequent steps include deprocess and precision FIB cut for sample preparation. SEM or TEM is then used to identify failures caused by gate oxide pinhole, contact junction leakage, high butted contact resistance or tungsten residue.
Application of Various Fault Localization Techniques to Different Types of 6T-SRAM Column Failures
Authors: Lin Cheng-Piao , Ting Cheng-Chun , Tang Chin-Hsin , Wu Cheng-Hsu , Kuo Chih-Ming , Huang Yung-Sheng
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we demonstrate different techniques of fault isolation from front-side of 6T-SRAM column failures. We show how to choose proper and suitable methods to solve column failures with a variety of characteristics. The capabilities and physical mechanisms of OBIRCH, photoemission microscope and LCA are reviewed utilizing these SRAM column failures.
Failure Analysis of Polysilicon Micromirror Arrays
Authors: Walraven Jeremy A. , Cole Edward I. , Tanner Danelle M. , Mani Seethambal S. , Garcia Ernest J. , Polosky Marc A.
Published: December 2020

Surface micromachined micromirror technologies are being employed for various commercial and government applications. One application of micromirror technologies in the commercial sector can be found in Digital Light Projection (DLP™) systems used for theater and home entertainment centers. DLP™ systems developed by Texas Instruments uses DMD™ technology (Digital Mirror Device), an array of micromirrors, to project light onto a screen [1]. This technology is also used by Infocus™ projection systems and widescreen tabletop televisions [2]. Here, the micromirrors act as individual pixels, reflecting light onto the screen with high ¡§digital¡¨ resolution. The most recent application of surface micromachined micromirror technology is optical switching [3], which uses micromirrors to switch optical signals from fiber to fiber for lightwave telecommunications [4]. Companies such as Lucent have fabricated entire optical micromirror switching systems based on their Microstar™ technology [5]. For government applications, surface micromachined micromirror arrays have been developed for potential use in a spectrometer system planned for NASA's Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) [6]. Various processing technologies are used to fabricate surface micromachined micromirrors. The micromirror arrays developed by TI and Lucent [1,4] uses metal for their structural and reflective components. Micromirrors fabricated at Sandia National Laboratories use the SUMMiT™ (Sandia's Ultra-planar MEMS Multi-level Technology) process with metal deposited on the surface of mechanical polysilicon components to reflect light. Optical micromirror arrays designed and fabricated at Sandia for potential use in the NGST have undergone reliability testing and failure analysis. This paper will discuss the failure modes found in these micromirrors after reliability testing. Suggestions and corrective actions for improvements in device performance will also be discussed.
A Standardized Scientific Method Formulation for Failure Analysis Application
Authors: Ferrier S.
Published: December 2020

Methodology remains an underdeveloped segment of the semiconductor Failure Analysis discipline. This paper describes a general formulation of scientific method for semiconductor Failure Analysis. The formulation creates a rigorous, customized analysis flow that flags both poorly-understood cause-effect relationships and missing techniques. It eases the application of basic inferential logic to the resulting analysis process, helping reduce errors in the analysis thought process. Finally, the methodology provides a uniform nomenclature and representation of the analysis process that lets the analyst describe complex flows in a simple and informative way. This general material has been presented by SDG Analytic, Inc. (now Metatech Corporation) in a public training course called “Precision Failure Analysis Logic.”
Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis of Leakage Currents in CMOS Circuits
Authors: Polonsky Stas , Weger Alan , McManus Moyra
Published: December 2020

The light emission from ever increasing OFF-state leakage currents in advanced CMOS technologies can now be reliably measured using existing photon detectors. The measurements of such an emission provide valuable information about the operation of ICs. In this paper we suggest and experimentally confirm two new techniques based on such measurements - Transient Logic State Detection and Power Supply Noise Analysis.
Tin Whiskers on Discrete Components: The Problem
Authors: Siplon Jocelyn P. , Ewell Gary J. , Frasco Eric , Gibson Tom , Brusse Jay A.
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses the issues of tin whisker growth on discrete electronic components. It presents both a critical analysis of existing published documents on tin whisker nucleation and growth and a summary of very recent experiments that provide further understanding of the potential means of whisker formation mitigation. Many of the proposed techniques for reducing the likelihood of whisker formation are inadequate, including control of the immediate underplating material, use of conformal coating, regulating the thickness of the tin coating, use of matte tin electroplating, and annealing or fusing of the tin layer. They likely reduce the incidence of nucleation or growth but do not provide guaranteed protection from lack of whisker formation. The first report of tin whiskers on electronic components dates back to 1946 [16]. Since that time whisker-related problems have been reported consistently. Today the concern is for the of increased number of whisker-related problems due to circuit geometry reductions, lower application voltages and the probability of more suppliers (rapidly) introducing pure tin plated alternatives to comply with pending Pb-free legislation.
Failure Analysis of LCD Drivers: A Case Study
Authors: Telles A. C. C. , Felix L. R. , Comerlato M. H. , Mammana A. P. , Rozario D. S. , Eleutério Filho S.
Published: December 2020

A manufacturer of computer based products in Brazil has experienced a sudden increase of failures in the LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays) used in its products returned from field. The failures appear as dark columns. This paper describes the technique applied to find out the root cause of the failures. Conclusions pointed to a problem in the process for curing the adhesive conductive film (ACF), which provides connection of flip chip drivers to the LCD.
Plastic BGA Module FA Process Flow Development
Authors: Wang Zhaofeng , Wagner Lars , Cheah Chuan
Published: December 2020

A failure analysis process flow development for a board mount plastic BGA multichip module is described. Both front and backside approaches are investigated. Following the probing (at both front and backside), front side chemical de-cap procedure is also developed to expose the components without disturbance. The development of this failure analysis process flow has successfully isolated defective IC dice, identified a die attach interface corrosion mechanism, and assembly related die top mechanical defects. This process can be adopted to failure analysis for other plastic BGA modules.
Microprobing on Sub-Micron Features on ICs Using an AFM Based Technique
Authors: Goruganthu Rama R. , McBride Shawn , Santana Mike , Mahanpour Mehrdad
Published: December 2020

Traditional microprobing on conventional wirebonded packages is difficult on sub-micron feature sizes. The problem becomes even more complex with flip-chip packaged devices as access to circuitry is limited because of the substrate silicon. We describe here an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) based tool for microprobing that we term “nanoprobing” because of the feature sizes that can be probed with this tool. Three applications have been described here where voltage levels or waveforms are measured. These include probing on: A single metal-layer test chip that is wire-bonded to a 40-pin DIP package, a 3-layer CMOS circuit that is wire bonded to a 48 pin DIP package, and a 5-metal layer CMOS circuit that is flip chip packaged to a 321 pin PGA package.
Microstructure Studies of Under Bump Metallization Systems Using Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Tung Chih-Hang , Teo Poi-Siong , Lo Marvin C.Y. , Sheng George T.T.
Published: December 2020

In this study, the interface reactions between eutectic SnPb solder and two Ni-based UBM systems are reported, namely the sputtered Cu/Ni(V)/Al and the electroless Au/Ni(P) systems. Comparisons are made to the conventional Au/Al ball bonding system in terms of microstructure evolution, and metallurgical stability. TEM sample preparation is critical in this analysis. The capability of TEM in UBM microstructure studies is demonstrated.