bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Cilostazol for Secondary Stroke Prevention: An Old Dog with New Tricks?
Authors: Ansara Alexander J , Shiltz Dane L , Slavens Jennifer B
Published: February 2012

Objective:

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of cilostazol for secondary prevention of non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke.

Data Sources:

PubMed and MEDLINE searches were performed (January 1970-September 2011) using the key words cilostazol, antiplatelet, aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, secondary stroke prevention, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, intracranial, cerebrovascular accident, and transient ischemic attack. Additionally, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Articles published in English and relevant primary literature evaluating the efficacy and safety of cilostazol in the secondary prevention of atherosclerotic ischemic stroke were included.

Data Synthesis:

Antiplatelet therapy plays a vital role in the multifaceted approach to secondary stroke prevention. Current American Heart Association/American Stroke Association clinical guidelines for secondary stroke prevention support the use of aspirin, Clopidogrel, and combination aspirin/extended-release dipyridamole. The antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and vasoditatory effects of cilostazol make it a potential alternative agent for atherosclerotic stroke prevention. Recent literature has demonstrated superior efficacy of cilostazol 100 mg twice daily for secondary stroke prevention compared to placebo and aspirin. Three clinical trials were reviewed (1 placebo-controlled, 2 aspirin-controlled), all of which were conducted in Japan or China. Cilostazol reduced the primary outcome of recurrence of stroke, with significantly fewer major bleeding events when compared to aspirin.

Conclusions:

Available literature suggests that cilostazol may be safer and more effective than aspirin in the secondary prevention of stroke in Asian patients. Further large-scale studies in more heterogeneous study populations are warranted to determine whether cilostazol is a viable therapeutic option for patients with a history of non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke.
Average twin prime conjecture for elliptic curves
Authors: Balog Antal , Cojocaru Alina-Carmen , David Chantal
Published: February 2012

Let $E$ be an elliptic curve over ${\Bbb Q}$. In 1988, N. Koblitz
conjectured a precise asymptotic for the number of primes $p$ up to $x$ such
that the order of the group of points of $E$ over ${\Bbb F}_p$ is prime. This
is an analogue of the Hardy--Littlewood twin prime conjecture in the case of
elliptic curves

Koblitz's conjecture is still widely open. In this paper we prove that
Koblitz's conjecture is true on average over a two-parameter family of
elliptic curves. One of the key ingredients in the proof is a short average
distribution result of primes in the style of Barban-Davenport-Halberstam,
where the average is taken over prime differences and over arithmetic
progressions.
A generalization of Greenberg's L -invariant
Authors: Benois Denis
Published: February 2012

Using the theory of $(\phi,\Gamma)$-modules we generalize Greenberg's
construction of the $\cal{L}$-invariant to $p$-adic representations which
are semistable at $p$.\ This allows us to formulate a quite general
conjecture about the behavior of $p$-adic $L$-functions at trivial zeros.
Protest or Riot?: Interpreting Collective Action in Contemporary France
Authors: Murphy John P.
Published: February 2012

Although both events were fundamentally acts of contestation led by different segments of France’s youth, the fall 2005 riots and the spring 2006 CPE protests received very different treatment in French public opinion. Whereas the riots were overwhelmingly condemned, the protests were not only tolerated but also often celebrated. By examining dominant interpretations of these events circulated in the news media alongside those of young people collected during a year of fieldwork in the public housing projects of a medium-sized French city, this paper shines light on fundamental French values and beliefs about how society ought to work while also contributing to ongoing debates about the cultural identity of such youth. More generally, it demonstrates the usefulness of comparison in the analysis of acts of political dissent.
Informal Economies and Urban Governance in Nigeria: Popular Empowerment or Political Exclusion?
Authors: Meagher Kate
Published: February 2012

This article examines how popular organizational strategies and coping mechanisms affect broader trajectories of urban governance in contemporary Africa. Does the proliferation of informal livelihood networks and associations foster economic empowerment and popular political participation, or do these informal processes breed poverty and organizational chaos? This article explores the link between popular organizational strategies and structural outcomes, focusing on how institutional process and power relations shape the access of the poor to resources and decision-making structures in decentralizing urban environments. Case studies from Nigeria trace how liberalization has fragmented informal organizational strategies into networks of accumulation and survival that tend to marginalize the interests of the poor within informal enterprise associations. Distinctive political strategies of informal enterprise associations are analyzed to show why dynamic informal organization is unable to break through the barriers of social and legal marginalization that trap the urban poor in cliental forms of political incorporation. This suggests that “social capital” within the informal economy may fail to improve popular political representation and governance outcomes even in contexts of decentralization.
Update on the Women's Movement in Botswana: Have Women Stopped Talking?
Authors: Bauer Gretchen
Published: February 2012

Across Africa in the early twenty-first century, autonomous women's movements have transformed the political landscape. With their support, African women are lobbying for constitutional reforms, entering political office in unprecedented numbers, and initiating legislation to expand women's rights. African women's movements have been emboldened by changes in international and regional norms concerning women's rights and representation, a new availability of resources to enhance women's status, and in many places, an end to conflict. In Botswana, the 1980s and 1990s were a period of heightened women's mobilization. Led by the women's organization Emang Basadi, the women's movement accomplished many significant victories, including winning a landmark citizenship case, prompting a comprehensive review of laws to identify instances of gender discrimination, issuing the first women's manifesto in Africa, and organizing workshops for political parties and women candidates. Some scholars have suggested that Emang Basadi's work was responsible not just for increasing women's representation in parliament, but also for broadening democracy in Botswana. Since 2010, however, a once vibrant women's movement has gone quiet. This article seeks to understand this development and to explore how the movement might be revitalized. The article concludes by drawing comparisons with other women's movements in the region and suggesting that the women's movement in Botswana, like others in the region, may be, in the words of one scholar, “in abeyance.”
Translating Western Modernity: The First Chinese Hospital in America
Authors: Risse Guenter B.
Published: February 2012

Since hospitals are often at the center of health care services, their foundation and evolution provides valuable insights into local political, economic, and cultural contexts. Based on Western and Chinese sources, this essay employs a transnational approach to explain the establishment of the Tung Wah or Oriental Dispensary in San Francisco. This article describes the institution's aims, financing, and combined operation of Western and Chinese medical staffs in an environment of racial discrimination and political power struggles, as well as deep social and cultural divisions during the early twentieth-century plague epidemic.
Educational graphic novels: Korean children’s favorite now
Authors: Lim Yeo-Joo
Published: February 2012

Yeo-Joo Lim introduces us to Korea’s Educational Graphic Novels (EGN) a format that seeks to be both educational and entertaining. We learn about its popularity, its characteristics, and its history as a type of graphic novel from a Korean perspective.
“It’s Just Not Turning Up”: Cinematic Vision and Environmental Justice in Todd Haynes’s Safe
Authors: Seymour Nicole
Published: February 2012

This essay argues that Todd Haynes’s queer visual techniques have a unique political purchase in Safe: they draw attention to the film’s literally and figuratively marginal figures, and to the environmental health risks they face. The film thus represents, without reproducing, the ways that the working poor are rendered invisible.
On Disproportionate Force and Fighting in Vain
Authors: Øverland Gerhard
Published: February 2012

Two conditions guiding permissible use of force in self-defence are proportionality and success. According to the proportionality condition the means used to prevent an attack can be permissible only if they are proportional to the interest at stake. According to the success condition, otherwise impermissible acts can be justified under the right to self-defence only if they are likely to succeed in preventing the perceived threat. These requirements should not always be interpreted narrowly. Sometimes people are permitted to kill culpable aggressors in order to avoid a non-lethal harm. Sometimes people are permitted to take up arms to defend themselves against culpable aggressors they have little or no hope of defeating.
Imaginability, Possibility, and the Puzzle of Imaginative Resistance
Authors: Levin Janet
Published: February 2012

Introduction

It is standard practice in philosophical inquiry to test a general thesis (of the form ‘F iff G’ or ‘F only if G’) by attempting to construct a counterexample to it. If we canimagineorconceive ofan F that isn't a G, then we have evidence that therecould bean F that isn't a G — and thus evidence against the thesis in question; if not, then the thesis is (at least temporarily) secure. Or so it is standardly claimed.

But there is increasing skepticism about how seriously to take what we can imagine or conceive as evidence for (or against)a prioriphilosophical theses, given the many historical examples of now-questionable theses that once seemed impossible to doubt — and also the recent experimental research suggesting that our verdicts on Gettier cases, trolley cases, and the scenarios depicted in other familiar thought-experiments may be affected by cultural, situational, and other adventitious factors.
The Islands Have Memory: Reflections on Two Collaborative Projects in Contemporary Oceania
Authors: Pigliasco Guido Carlo , Lipp Thorolf
Published: February 2012

More than two decades ago, Marshall Sahlins reminded us that Oceania’s Islands have a history. They also have a memory. Anthropologists and other social researchers often deal with the problem how to actively turn orally transmitted memories into written or audiovisual representations. But in fact, researchers are much more involved than that: they become part of the Islands’ cultural memory due to their actions—what they do and do not do. European anthropologists Guido Carlo Pigliasco and Thorolf Lipp re-propose a series of reflections on opportunities and challenges of “doing culture” in collaboration with indigenous counterparts.
Cultural Transferability of Socially Responsible Leadership: Findings From the United States and Mexico
Authors: Dugan John P. , Rossetti Morosini Ana M. , Beazley Michael R.
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine similarities and differences in students' capacities for socially responsible leadership as well as significant predictors of its development at a higher education institution in Mexico as compared with US schools. Results revealed that Mexican students both entered and left college with significantly higher capacities than their US peers. The collegiate environment contributed significantly to explaining student capacity in both cultural contexts, and leadership efficacy explained a greater amount of the variance in scores among students at the Mexican institution than those at US institutions.
Parental Interaction with College Students: The Moderating Effect of Parental Contact on the Influence of Perceived Peer Norms on Drinking During the Transition to College
Authors: LaBrie Joseph W. , Cail Jessica
Published: February 2012

The first year of college is an important and risky time when future heavy drinking patterns may be set. Whether due to freedom from parental control, increased access to alcohol, or an increase in the salience of peer groups, a number of studies have shown that students increase their alcohol consumption in their first year of college. Although peer norms have been found to be a particularly strong correlate of alcohol consumption by college students, research suggests that parents also have an impact on the behaviors of their children in college. This study investigated the relationship between nonspecific parental contact and college student drinking during the transition to college, whether the gender of parent or child affected this relationship, and whether parental contact may have a moderating effect on the influence of peers on individual drinking. More frequent mother–daughter contact was associated with reduced drinking, and maternal contact appeared to moderate the influence of peer norms. Father–daughter contact was not associated with drinking, nor was contact with either parent for males. That mere frequency of nonspecific mother–daughter contact could moderate the well-established and powerful relationship between peer norms and drinking suggests a potential low-cost intervention for highrisk female first year students that would require no specialized training on the part of parents or administration.
Counterspaces and Connections in College Transitions: First-Generation Latino Students' Perspectives on Chicano Studies
Authors: Nuñez Anne-Marie
Published: February 2012

This study explored how first-generation Latino sophomores in a public research university describe the influence of Chicano Studies classes on their college transition experiences. Students reported that taking Chicano Studies offered them opportunities to handle feelings of isolation, build awareness of community heritage, develop more meaningful student-faculty relationships, and understand perspectives of people from different backgrounds. These processes enhanced their capacity to manage key developmental issues during their college transitions, including handling racism and forming a sense of community on campus. This study offers insights about how practitioners, researchers, and policymakers can address these students' experiences with campus diversity.
Characteristics of Internet Gamblers Among a Sample of Students at a Large, Public University in Southwestern United States
Authors: Shead N. Will , Derevensky Jeffrey L. , Fong Timothy W. , Gupta Rina
Published: February 2012

There is a current lack of descriptive information on college students who gamble on the Internet. With the increasing popularity of Internet gambling, this study aimed to better understand the profile of Internet gamblers among a sample of college students. Of 909 students at the University of California-Los Angeles who completed an online survey, 8.1% reported gambling for money on the Internet at least once in their lifetime and 5.7% reported Internet gambling within the past year. Approximately one third of Internet gamblers were identified as either at-risk or probable pathological gamblers. Males were much more likely to gamble on the Internet compared to females. Those who gambled on the Internet gambled more frequently and were more likely to report indicators of potentially harmful lifestyles (e.g., drinking alcohol, smoking, using marijuana, using illicit drugs, and unhealthy body mass indices) compared to non-Internet gamblers and nongamblers. Poker, the predominant gambling activity, is discussed in terms of its role as the driving force behind Internet wagering among college students.
What Was the Third World Revolution?
Authors: Geertz Clifford
Published: February 2012

Between 1945 and 1965, about fifty-four, depending on how you count, new, independent states, with borders, capitals, armies, leaders, policies, and names appeared in the world. Between 1965 and the end of the century, depending again a bit on how, and whom, you count, fifty-seven more appeared. All the major colonial empires-British; Dutch; French; Spanish; Portuguese; American; German; Australian; and, via the Pacific war, the Japanese; via the collapse of communism, the Russian-dissolved, most relatively peacefully, a few-India, Algeria, the Belgian Congo, the East Indies, Kenya, Indo-China-amid spastic outbursts of generalized violence. An international system, with sixty or so officially recognized players (forty-two countries were members of the League of Nations at its start; another sixteen joined later, and one has to add the United States and a couple of other recalcitrants) was succeeded by one with, by the most recent UN membership count, a hundred and ninety-one. The world resegmented, refounded, and reformatted in the space of a few decades. It was, clearly, some sort of revolution. But what sort-what it was that was turned around, and in which directions-was, and still is, imperfectly understood.
All God's Children Got Values
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: February 2012

The experts have apparently agreed that it wasn't values that lost us the last election. It was passion, and above all, it was the passion of fear. But maybe frightened people look for strong leaders, whose strength is revealed in their firm commitment to a set of values. Fear politics and value politics may turn out to be closely related. So what is wrong with the liberal-left? Do we really look weak, uncommitted, value-free-tacking to the wind, whichever way it blows? And is this just a matter of appearance, a failure of public relations; so that what we need is a little rhetorical uplift, cosmetic surgery, some improvement in our posture? Stand straighter! Talk tough!
Is The Wire Too Cynical?
Authors: Atlas John , Dreier Peter
Published: February 2012

The wire, the television drama about Baltimore that ended its fifth and final season this spring, was a huge hit with critics who applauded its gritty depiction of urban life. From the New York Times to the Wall Street Journal, from the liberal American Prospect to the libertarian Reason magazine, plaudits were unanimous for the HBO show, whose large, primarily African American, ensemble cast portrayed cops, teachers, reporters, drug dealers, dockworkers, politicians, and other characters in the real dramas of a major American city.
Health Care in Taiwan: Why Can't the United States Learn Some Lessons?
Authors: Williams Ian
Published: February 2012

Some years ago in New York I went to hear the Taiwanese health minister describe the country's new National Health Service. He had just been to visit George W. Bush's first secretary of health, Tommy Thompson. I could not resist and asked, "While you were in Washington, did you explain to the Republican secretary of health that you've introduced a socialized health system?" He looked me squarely in the eyes and said, "You know, it completely slipped my mind!" And well it might. We have heard much tendentious information about the alleged success of Chile's privatization of social security, but little of the unchallenged efficacy of Taiwan's health service.
Beyond Choice: A New Framework for Abortion?
Authors: Borovoy Amy
Published: February 2012

Every year I teach a class called "Mind, Body, and Bioethics in Japan" to a group of Princeton undergraduates made up of students drawn to ethical dilemmas—aspiring doctors, scientists, and lawyers. The class departs from typical approaches to bioethics. Instead of attempting to arrive logically at the "right" or "best" answer to the human dilemmas posed by modern medicine, we take an anthropological approach, asking how the dilemmas themselves are shaped by and understood through the context of culture.
Antislavery in Print: The Germantown Protest, the "Exhortation," and the Seventeenth-Century Quaker Debate on Slavery
Authors: Gerbner Katharine
Published: February 2012

"Antislavery in Print" reexamines the first two North American antislavery petitions in terms of colonial print culture and Quaker politics. It also argues that there is an authorial link between these two important texts. The first antislavery protest was composed in 1688 by German-Dutch immigrants in Germantown, Pennsylvania, and was circulated in manuscript form within the Quaker community. The second document, the Exhortation and Caution to Friends concerning Buying or Keeping of Negroes , was published by William Bradford in 1693 and has been widely attributed to George Keith, a schismatic Quaker who was expelled from the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in 1692.

This essay argues that the Exhortation should not be ascribed solely to Keith. It was a communal effort that should be attributed to the Christian Quakers, the splinter group founded by Keith. The Christian Quakers were nonelite English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, German, and Dutch Quakers, a number of whom were directly involved in the creation of the Germantown Protest. Keith himself never expressed radical antislavery sentiments, either before or after the publication of the Exhortation , but he did play an important role in arranging for its publication. Once printed, however, the Exhortation lost credibility within the orthodox Philadelphia Quaker community because it became part of a polemical print war that George Keith was waging against the orthodox Quakers.
Provincial Nationalism: Civic Rivalry in Postrevolutionary American Magazines
Authors: Haberman Robb K.
Published: February 2012

This essay uses magazines as an entry point for analyzing the relationship between print and nation formation in the postrevolutionary era. Produced mainly in the country’s leading urban centers, magazines cultivated an outlook I call “provincial nationalism”; that is to say, magazine literati invoked nationalist rhetoric to publicize the virtuous character and intellectual prowess of their respective communities. Focusing on New York’s American Magazine, Philadelphia’s American Museum, and the Boston Magazine, this essay shows how local cultures of information and exchange stymied attempts at creating a viable national magazine. Collectively, these three titles thus demonstrate that networks, community affiliations, and civic rivalry defined the cultural work of magazines in late eighteenth-century America.
Margaret Bayard Smith’s 1809 Journey to Monticello and Montpelier: The Politics of Performance in the Early Republic
Authors: Allgor Catherine
Published: February 2012

Historians have long valued Margaret Bayard Smith’s famed 1809 account of her trip to Monticello and Montpelier for its descriptions of the houses and of Thomas Jefferson and James and Dolley Madison. This essay argues that the descriptions function as what Cynthia A. Kierner calls “a domestic performance”—a performance by a woman or women that showcases private virtues for public uses. Such an analytic lens reveals the less-than-obvious political meanings of the travel account. In each setting, Margaret also encountered domestic performances to match her own. Understanding Margaret’s narrative as a domestic performance also highlights the use of a particularly feminine vernacular of domesticity and emotion, the development of which most historians place later in the century. Long before the advent of the “Cult of True Womanhood,” she and other Washington women used this vernacular for political reasons. With this language of domesticity, Margaret provided an evaluation of Jefferson’s political legacy that was a message of reassurance to an uncertain citizenry. Her subsequent portrait of Dolley Madison at home at Montpelier signaled that though a new family was ascending to power, the “house” of the government was safe.
Ethical Culture of SMEs and Perceived Contract Enforcement in Ugandan Buyer-Supplier Contractual Arrangements
Authors: Ntay Joseph M. , Eyaa Sarah , Kalubanga Matthew
Published: February 2012

The study examined the relationship between ethical culture, organizational memory, bargaining power of buyers/suppliers, subjective norms, attitudes and contract enforcement in the developing world context of Uganda. Using a proportional stratified random sampling approach, a sample of 1500 employees was drawn from SMEs in Uganda. Five-hundred and ninety-four (594) fully-filled questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 39.6 per cent. Ethical culture, organizational memory, bargaining power of buyers/suppliers, subjective norms and attitudes were found to significantly predict 51.2 per cent of the variance in contract enforcement behaviours in Ugandan SMEs. This finding has both policy and managerial implications which we present in the paper.
Female Quixotism and the Novel: Character and Plausibility, Honesty and Fidelity
Authors: Alliston April
Published: February 2012

Verisimilitude (probability, plausibility) began to be cited in the late seventeenth to early eighteenth centuries as the feature that distinguished the novel from the other narrative genres of romance and history. Observing that verisimilitude was borrowed from neoclassical dramatic theory, and defined in terms of (gendered) character typologies, I argue that the decorum of dramatic verisimilitude was specially implicated in the decorum of female honor. I explore the much-discussed shift in the European discourse around gender and sex during the same period, and the connection others have established between that and the emergence of the modern novel, as a shift from "honesty" to "fidelity." Specifically, I examine this shift in the context of verisimilitude and the fictional representation of gendered and interiorized character in the European novel. With reference to Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey, Samuel Richardson's Clarissa, David Hume's History of England, and Mme de Lafayette's La Princesse de Clèves, I suggest that the aesthetic paradox of the quixotic figure in the early novel, and "female quixotism" in particular, performed, rather than directly representing or reflecting, this shift in the decorum of femininity from honesty to fidelity. In the process quixotism helped produce the effect of psychological interiority so often associated with the novel, by performing a gesture of internalizing moral norms that had traditionally been imposed from without..
The Creativity of War Planners: Armed Forces Professionals and the Pre-1914 British Invasion-Scare Genre
Authors: Matin A. Michael
Published: February 2012

This essay elucidates fundamental aspects of pre-1914 British invasion narratives. Under investigation are examples of the genre written by armed forces professionals who endeavored to stimulate support for increased military and/or naval expenditures as well as to make their cases for specific approaches to warfare. The essay has several aims: to sketch the debates in which such fictional texts were designed to intervene; to identify the salient characteristics of this literary form (ten motifs are distilled from more than one hundred texts); and to assess how the prognostications of these narratives compare with the battlefield reality of World War One.
The Construction and Mediation of Sexuality and Gender Relations: Experiences of Girls and Boys in Secondary Schools in Uganda
Authors: Muhanguzi Florence Kyoheirwe , Bennett Jane , Muhanguzi Hosea R. D.
Published: February 2012

This article draws on qualitative data from observations, interviews, and focus-group discussions at seven secondary schools in the Wakiso district of the central region of Uganda. It shows that constructions of gender within the school environment include both overt and covert discourses on the interaction of sexual and gendered identities and behaviors that create a climate in which students are constructed simultaneously as “learners free of gendered and sexual identities” and as “girls/boys” deeply embedded within heterosexual trajectories. The study reveals a hierarchically ordered range of masculinities and femininities that constitute the students’ informal world (that is, an unregulated space for students’ natural, relaxed, casual, and informal gatherings) with activities organized around gendered notions of sexuality. Within this world, sexuality becomes a domain of control causing complex tensions and contradictions that are often reflected in the ubiquitous “sexualization” and “desexualization” of school events. Students interact through gendered sexual expectations and power imbalances, negotiating the lack of female sexual autonomy, compulsory heterosexuality, and the norms that locate girls as objects of male sexual desires. The article concludes that complex gendered sexual experiences position boys and girls differently, often causing gender inequalities reflected in girls’ limited participation in schooling.
Demography of Immigrant Youth: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Passel Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2012

Jeffrey Passel surveys demographic trends and projections in the U.S. youth population, with an emphasis on trends among immigrant youth. He traces shifts in the youth population over the past hundred years, examines population projections through 2050, and offers some observations about the likely impact of the immigrant youth population on American society. Passel provides data on the legal status of immigrant youth and their families and on their geographic distribution and concentration across the United States. He emphasizes two demographic shifts. First, immigrant youth—defined as those children under age eighteen who are either foreign-born or U.S.-born to immigrant parents—now account for one-fourth of the nation's 75 million children. By 2050 they are projected to make up one-third of more than 100 million U.S. children. Second, the wave of immigration under way since the mid-1960s has made children the most racially and ethnically diverse age group in the United States. In 1960 Hispanic, Asian, and mixed-race youth made up about 6 percent of all U.S. children; today that share is almost 30 percent. During that same period the share of non-Hispanic white children steadily dropped from about 81 percent to 56 percent, while the share of black children climbed very slightly to 14 percent. By 2050 the share of non-Hispanic white children is projected to drop to 40 percent, while that of Hispanic children will increase to about one-third.
This changing demographic structure in U.S. youth is likely to present policy makers with several challenges in coming decades, including higher rates of poverty among youth, particularly among foreign-born children and children of undocumented parents; high concentrations of immigrants in a handful of states; and a lack of political voice. A related challenge may be intergenerational competition between youth and the elderly for governmental support such as education funding, Social Security, and government health benefits. In conclusion, Passel notes that today's immigrants and their children will shape many aspects of American society and will provide virtually all the growth in the U.S. labor force over the next forty years. Their integration into American society and their accumulation of human capital thus require continued attention from researchers and policy makers.
The Role of the Government in Work-Family Conflict
Authors: Boushey Heather
Published: February 2012

The foundations of the major federal policies that govern today’s workplace were put in place during the 1930s, when most families had a stay-at-home caregiver who could tend to the needs of children, the aged, and the sick. Seven decades later, many of the nation’s workplace policies are in need of major updates to reflect the realities of the modern workforce. American workers, for example, typically have little or no control over their work hours and schedules; few have a right to job-protected access to paid leave to care for a family member.

Heather Boushey examines three types of work-family policies that affect work-family conflict and that are in serious need of repair—those that govern hours worked and workplace equity, those that affect the ability of workers to take time off from work because their families need care, and those that govern the outsourcing of family care when necessary. In each case Boushey surveys new programs currently on the policy agenda, assesses their effectiveness, and considers the extent to which they can be used as models for a broader federal program.

Boushey looks, for example, at a variety of pilot and experimental programs that have been implemented both by private employers and by federal, state, and local governments to provide workers with flexible working hours. Careful evaluations of these programs show that several can increase scheduling flexibility without adversely affecting employers.

Although few Americans have access to paid family and medical leave to attend to family needs, most believe that businesses should be required to provide paid leave to all workers. Boushey notes that several states are moving in that direction. Again, careful evaluations show that these experimental programs are successful for both employers and employees.

National programs to address child and elder care do not yet exist. The most comprehensive solution on the horizon is the universal prekindergarten programs offered by a few states, most often free of charge, for children aged three and four.
Imperative and Second Person Indicative Forms in Biblical Hebrew Prose
Authors: Shulman Ahouva
Published: February 2012

This study describes the difference in semantic and pragmatic functions between commands expressed by imperatives and commands expressed by the second person indicative forms ( waw -consecutive perfect or the imperfect). The description is based on the examination and analysis of the contexts in which these forms occur, while applying and relying on modern linguistics theories in pragmatics and discourse analysis. The corpus for this study is the prose portions in the Pentateuch and Former Prophets. The study shows that although the two verb forms may be used to issue commands, they carry different implications. Imperative forms are used to present urgent, personal and more subjective commands. Therefore, they typically occur in interpersonal discourse. Indicative forms are used to present commands that the speaker perceives as not urgent, neither personal nor emotional. They convey the speaker's certain or confident knowledge that his command will be carried out. Therefore, they typically occur in contexts where a superior speaker presents instructions, laws and commandments.
Another View on Rabbi Abraham Ibn-Ezra's Contribution to Medieval Hebrew Grammar
Authors: Charlap Luba
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the contribution of Abraham Ibn-Ezra to the study of Hebrew Grammar in the medieval period. While a broad consensus maintains that Ibn-Ezra disseminated the legacy of Jewish grammatical knowledge in Andalusia into Christian Europe, there is little agreement about his original contribution to the insights of his predecessors. This article describes the setting of Ibn-Ezra's work and, through a series of focused case studies, examines how he used the body of knowledge available to him in working out original solutions to vexing grammatical questions.
Race-ing Hemingway: Revisions of Masculinity and/as Whiteness in Ernest Hemingway’s Green Hills of Africa and Under Kilimanjaro
Authors: Armengol-Carrera Josep M.
Published: February 2012

This article explores the interplay between gender and race in two of Hemingway’s autobiographical works on Africa: Green Hills of Africa (1935) and Under Kilimanjaro (2005). Unlike most existing scholarship, which has focused on his fictional representations of sexual and racial difference, the article concentrates on Hemingway’s own gendered and racialized views as the white male author-persona of these autobiographical texts. Linking masculinity and whiteness, the paper shows how Hemingway’s masculinist pose, which hardened through the 1930s, may be connected to his racist attitudes in Green Hills of Africa . Similarly, his more “relaxed” masculinity of the 1950s will be related to his changed racial views in Under Kilimanjaro , wherein he adopts surprisingly progressive views on both women and blacks.
Ernest Hemingway: In the Ring and Out
Authors: Mitchell J. Lawrence
Published: February 2012

This essay offers an in-depth biographical and historical review of Hemingway’s lifelong engagement with boxing, scrutinizing in some detail a selection of anecdotes concerning Hemingway’s linked passions for fighting and writing. As Hemingway soon realized, Paris was a far better place to indulge his penchant for pugilism than Chicago, where professional boxing remained illegal except in private clubs. By perusing the sports pages and attending fights at such colorful venues as the Stade Anastasie, Hemingway worked hard to make himself a boxing authority as well as a writer.
Hume on Pride-in-Virtue: A Reliable Motive?
Authors: Besser-Jones Lorraine
Published: February 2012

Many commentators have argued that on Hume’s account, pride turns out to be something that is unstable, context-dependent, and highly contingent. On their readings, whether or not an agent develops pride depends heavily on factors beyond her control, such as whether or not her house, which is beautiful, is also the most beautiful in her neighborhood and whether or not her neighbors will admire the beauty of her house rather than become envious of it. These aspects of Hume’s theory of pride, the peculiarity requirement and the social dependency of pride, stand in tension with Hume’s claims that virtue reliably produces pride-in-virtue and that pride-in-virtue serves as a powerful motive to virtue. If pride depends on the affirmation of others and arises only from qualities that are peculiar to their possessor, will the virtuous person reliably develop pride-in-virtue? And if not, can pride-in-virtue serve the motivational role Hume attributes to it? This paper tackles these problems by showing how the virtuous develop pride-in-virtue and how the desire for pride-in-virtue can serve as a powerful and admirable motive to virtue.
Human Rights in Contemporary Political Sociology: The Primacy of Social Subjects
Authors: Estévez Ariadna
Published: February 2012

A temporal overlap involving the constructivist turn in sociology and national and transnational human rights struggles has transformed human rights into an important research topic within political sociology. This article establishes the principal sociopolitical research questions in the field of human rights and conducts a review of academic literature on the subject, establishing three main fields of human rights research within the sub-discipline: human rights as the articulating axis for collective action; subject participation in the construction of discourse and the effects of domination and emancipation on this construction; and transformations to the category of citizenship resulting from the challenges posed by global migration.
High School Best Practices: Results from Cross-Case Comparisons
Authors: Wilcox Kristen Campbell , Angelis Janet Ives
Published: February 2012

Identifying what commonalities exist in high schools where students consistently outperform other demographically similar students is of particular interest to administrators and practitioners looking to increase graduation rates among all students. Schools that particularly improve the performance of students with special needs and those from diverse backgrounds have become a top priority in recent years. For this study, a set of schools whose students consistently performed better than a demographically similar set of schools was identified and compared. The study employed a multiple case study methodology, with interview and document collection in each of the fifteen schools. Findings suggest that four interrelated practices distinguish higher-performing schools from their average performing counterparts. These practices are a well-defined and enacted focus on rigor, capacities to innovate, open and transparent communication within the school and with the broader community, and the willingness and capability to use a variety of evidence to make strategic decisions.
The Democratic Party of Japan's New (but Failing) Grand Security Strategy: From "Reluctant Realism" to "Resentful Realism"?
Authors: Hughes Christopher W.
Published: February 2012

This essay challenges the dominant negative critiques of the foreign policy of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). The DPJ possesses a coherent grand strategy vision, capable of securing Japan's national interests in an age of multipolarity and centered on a less dependent and more proactive role in the U.S.-Japan alliance, strengthened Sino-Japanese ties, and enhanced East Asian regionalism. However, the DPJ has failed to implement its policy due to domestic and international structural pressures. Consequently, the DPJ is defaulting back into a strategy in the style of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Japanese and U.S. policymakers should recognize the risks of a strategy characterized not by "reluctant realism" but by more destabilizing "resentful realism."
Poverty, Inequality, and Democracy: Dealing with Inequality
Authors: Fukuyama Francis
Published: February 2012

Abstract: This article explores the relationship between liberal democracy and socioeconomic equality, both on a theoretical and a practical level. It recounts both liberal and non-liberal arguments why democracies should or should not worry about de facto inequality, and then goes through a series of consequentialist arguments about why, alternatively, democracies should either worry about high persistent levels of inequality, or conversely, why attempts to remedy inequality through social policy is likely to have deleterious political or economic effects.
Peru’s 2011 Elections: A Surprising Left Turn
Authors: Levitsky Steven
Published: February 2012

Abstract:
The election of left-leaning ex-military officer Ollanta Humala in Peru’s 2011 election surprised observers. Peru’s economy had boomed under market-oriented governments in the 2000s. Three factors explain Peru’s left turn. First, in the politically fragmented and volatile environment created by party collapse, three establishment candidates split the moderate vote, allowing Humala and another extra-establishment candidate, Keiko Fujimori, to make the runoff. Second, economic boom notwithstanding, public dissatisfaction and distrust in political institutions remained high, largely due to state weakness. Finally, Humala’s moderate turn helped him win over key middle class voters, while Fujimori failed to distance herself from her father’s authoritarian government. Whereas conservatives fear a Venezuela-like scenario and progressives hope for a Brazil-like scenario, the most likely scenario is a moderate but mediocre government. Humala may attempt to replicate Lula, but with no real party, a weak state, and little experience, he is unlikely to match his success.
Singapore: Authoritarian but Newly Competitive
Authors: Ortmann Stephan
Published: February 2012

The 2011 parliamentary election clearly demonstrated that Singapore has transformed into a competitive authoritarian regime. Not only did the ruling People’s Action Party’s share of the popular vote decline and the opposition win the most seats ever, there was meaningful contestation for ruling power for the first time. As a result of the government's liberalization of the Internet, opposition parties were able to grow in strength by attracting more qualified candidates and an unprecedented number of volunteers. Besides signifying political change in Singapore, the election also worried Chinese leaders, who are trying to copy Singapore's authoritarian state-capitalism.
"Abortion Will Deprive You of Happiness!": Soviet Reproductive Politics in the Post-Stalin Era
Authors: Randall Amy E.
Published: February 2012

This article examines Soviet reproductive politics after the Communist regime legalized abortion in 1955. The regime's new abortion policy did not result in an end to the condemnation of abortion in official discourse. The government instead launched an extensive campaign against abortion. Why did authorities bother legalizing the procedure if they still disapproved of it so strongly? Using archival sources, public health materials, and medical as well as popular journals to investigate the antiabortion campaign, this article argues that the Soviet government sought to regulate gender and sexuality through medical intervention and health "education" rather than prohibition and force in the post-Stalin era. It also explores how the antiabortion public health campaign produced "knowledge" not only about the procedure and its effects, but also about gender and sexuality, subjecting both women and men to new pressures and regulatory norms.
The Linguistic Significance of the Le'azim in Joseph Kara's Job Commentary
Authors: Fudeman Kirsten A.
Published: February 2012

In contrast to the Old French glosses in the commentaries of Rashi, those found in the work of his colleague, Joseph Kara, are relatively unknown among Romance philologists. In the first part of this study, I examine significant phonological and morphological traits of Kara's Job glosses, highlighting their significance for the study of late 11th century and early 12th century French. The results are then applied to the vocabulary of the glosses. It is shown that Kara's Job commentary contains several vocabulary items that are otherwise unattested in the French of his period, or attested only among those of Rashi. Given the glosses' phonological and morphological archaism, these words cannot be seen as additions by later scribes. Their significance in the context of Old French and the debate over whether a medieval Judeo-French dialect ever existed is explored.
Cultural Translation and the Transnational Circulation of Books
Authors: Gamsa Mark
Published: February 2012

Like other commodities, books have both a material and a sociosymbolic life, whose inherent integration has been too often ignored. Comparative literature and transla­tion studies do not grant sufficient importance to the physical life of the book. Analyses of translation often fail to acknowledge that the (historical) journey by which the book traveled forms an important part of the mental worlds and symbolic mutations that it provokes and undergoes once transported. Scholars of book history, paying much attention to the materiality of the book, usually track a book's existence only within its original language environment. While cultural anthropology and geography offer the best models for bringing a fuller and richer history of the book into world-historical focus, scholars of consumption and material culture have yet to add books to their lists of circulating commodities. By looking at books as both cultural products and physical objects, this article proposes new perspectives for a study of translation as part of world history. Two case studies from the transmission of Russian books to China, a German-language collection of stories by the Russian writer Mikhail Artsybashev and a Modern Library anthology of Russian short stories in English, are offered as illustrations of the ways in which transnational translation practices mediate between the book as object, as cultural-symbolic artifact in motion, and as text.