bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of smear layer removal on marginal contraction gaps
Authors: SOH G. , SIDHU S.K.
Published: June 2007

The presence of the smear layer prevents direct contact between dentine and a dentine adhesive. The use of agents to remove the smear layer theoretically should improve the bonding of composite resins to dentine. This study examined the effect of smear layer removal on the effectiveness of a dentine bonding agent in reducing marginal contraction gaps. The agent used for smear layer removal in this study was ethylenediamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA). Eighty cavities measuring 2mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in depth were prepared in dentine and randomly assigned to two equal groups. The control group was restored with Prisma Universal Bond 2 Adhesive and Prisma Fil Resin. The experimental group was similarly restored after pretreatment of dentine with 0.5% EDTA for 60s. All specimens were thermocycled and the marginal contraction gaps were assessed using a Nikon Measurescope. The mean contraction gap was expressed as a percentage of the cavity diameter. Results showed that the experimental group registered smaller contraction gaps (mean: 0.021%) than the control group (mean: 0.027%). No penetration of material into dentine was observed. Pretreatment with EDTA did not significantly improve the effectiveness of the dentine bonding agent used in terms of reduction of marginal contraction gaps.
Clinical and radiographic diagnosis of occlusal caries. a study in vitro
Authors: RICKETTS D.N.J. , KIDD E.A.M. , SMITH B.G.N. , WILSON R.F.
Published: June 2007

summary
Various methods of diagnosing occlusal caries have been described, but only visual, clinical examination and radiographic examination are commonly used in dental practice. This laboratory study investigated the ability of 12 examiners to detect the presence or absence of occlusal caries in 48 extracted molar teeth using these two techniques. The presence or absence of caries was subsequently verified by sectioning the teeth. Diagnosis from visual examination was poor, only 48.7% of lesions in dentine being detected. Radiographic diagnosis was better with 62.2% of dentine lesions being found. However, this increase in sensitivity of the diagnosis was accompanied by a decrease in specificity with the number of false positive diagnoses increasing when the radiograph was used. Therefore, although the bite‐wing radiograph may be regarded as a safety net for the diagnosis of occlusal caries, it must be interpreted with caution bearing in mind the possibility of false positive diagnoses.
Disturbed lower denture stability due to lipoma in the floor of the mouth
Authors: ANAVI Y. , GROSS M. , CALDERON S.
Published: June 2007

summary
An unusual case of lipoma arising in the floor of the mouth of a 70‐year‐old man is presented. The unusual appearance suggests that the tumour be included as a rare possibility in the differential diagnosis of swellings in the floor of the mouth that can also adversely affect lower denture stability.
A laboratory model for dental radiographic studies
Authors: JENKINS S.M. , DUMMER P.M.H.
Published: June 2007

summary
Though a number of laboratory models have been developed to study the effects of X‐ray geometry on the appearance and relative positions of anatomical landmarks, such as the amelocemental junction and alveolar crest, many have failed to take into account the three‐dimensional nature of the alveolus and its spatial relationships with the teeth. As a result, the findings of many ex vivo investigations must be questioned. The aim of this investigation was to develop and refine a new laboratory method for experimental dental radiography utilizing a series of anatomical radio‐opaque acrylic models containing extracted teeth. The method allows adjustment of the beam‐object relationship through the use of precision‐made wedges, which are able to tilt the models through a series of angles thus simulating in vivo changes in both vertical and horizontal X‐ray beam angulation. The technique is capable of being used in studies involving assessment of alveolar bone height or the depth of carious lesions. The precision of the method was tested by radiographing in nine different positions a test device consisting of four small cylindrical amalgam fillings embedded in a perspex sheet. Following removal and replacement, exposures of the test device were repeated for each position. Five linear distances between pairs of fillings were selected and measured on each radiograph to give a total of 45 measurements per set of films. There was exact agreement in 39 of the measurements recorded and a discrepancy of ±0.1 mm in the remaining six. The estimated standard deviation for variation on repeat radiography was 0.258 and the 95% confidence interval 0.214 to 0.325. The precision of the apparatus was thus found to be adequate for the measurement of differences in small distances.
Variation of skin surface temperature over the masseter muscles in patients with myofascial pain following occlusal splint treatment
Authors: NEMCOVSKY C.E. , BENVENISTI A. , GAZIT E.
Published: June 2007

summary
The skin surface temperature (SST) over the masseter muscles was measured in 19 patients suffering from myofascial pain (MP) and 20 controls who had no history of any craniomandibular disorder. Seven measurements with intervals of 2 weeks were carried out. MP patients received an occlusal stabilization appliance during their second visit as their only treatment. Clinical symptoms, including muscle sensitivity to palpation, jaw movement and general feeling were evaluated at each visit and compared to baseline. The results indicated that SST in the control group remained almost unchanged throughout the study. In the MP group, the mean temperature decreased during the study after initial treatment. Accordingly, there was a probability of 88.5% that the occlusal appliance treatment in the MP group would cause a decrease of SST over the masseter muscle. A significant relationship between clinical improvement and a decrease of SST was found in the MP group. Temperature recordings with certain limitations could be an objective assessory tool in diagnosis and follow‐up of patients with myofascial pain.
Changes in the position of the mental foramen as a result of alveolar atrophy
Authors: SOIKKONEN K. , WOLF J. , AINAMO A. , QIUFEI XIE
Published: June 2007

summary
The location of the mental foramen has often been claimed to be unaffected by alveolar atrophy. In the present study, the distances of the mental foramen and the mandibular canal from the lower cortex of the mandible were compared in a radiographed series of 40 edentulous elderly women with advanced alveolar atrophy and 40 elderly women who had 10 or more lower teeth left. The mental foramen was situated on average 3.8 mm lower in dentulous jaws than in dentulous jaws (P<0.0001). The mandibular canal was also situated lower in edentulous jaws, but the difference was not statistically significant. The results confirm the finding that the mental foramen seems to descend as a result of alveolar atrophy.
Hardness and fracture toughness of four commercial visible light‐cured composite resin veneering materials
Authors: YAMAGA T. , SATO Y. , AKAGAWA Y. , TAIRA M. , WAKASA K. , YAMAKI M.
Published: June 2007

summary
Four commercial visible light (VL)‐cured composite resin veneering materials with a dentine shade were examined for their Knoop hardness and fracture toughness. Composite specimens were classified into three groups. The first group was cured by VL only, the second group was cured by VL and postcured by VL and the third group was cured by VL and post‐cured by heat. It became evident that one composite containing four‐functional urethane monomer had both hardness and fracture toughness greater than those of the other three composites containing two‐functional urethane monomer. The filler content (vol%) in the composite tended to be linearly proportional to both hardness and fracture toughness. Post‐curing by VL and heat were proven to effectively increase both hardness and fracture toughness of once light‐cured composites. These results suggest that the clinical performance (e.g. wear resistance and colour stability) of VL‐cured composite resin veneering materials might be improved with the aid of post‐curing.
Experimental occlusal interferences. Part V. Mandibular rotations versus hemimandibular translations
Authors: CHRISTENSEN L.V. , RASSOULI N.M.
Published: June 2007

summary
Frontal plane mandibular rotations and corresponding hemimandibular translations were studied in vitro by using direct observations of a human cadaver mandible and in vivo by using the indirect observations of rotational electrognathography. A comparison between the two methods showed that rotational electrognathography erred in measuring the clinically relevant hemimandibular translations resulting from mandibular rotations having a unilateral molar point (simulated occlusal interference) as the pivot of frontal plane torque. In vitro frontal plane rotations about a unilateral mandibular molar tooth (simulated occlusal interference) suggested that the resulting hemimandibular upward translations of the lateral portion of the mandibular condyle, contralateral to the molar tooth, would cause considerable compressive loading of the temporomandibular joint disc.
Stress in bone adjacent to dental implants
Authors: MURPHY W.M. , WILLIAMS K.R. , GREGORY M.C.
Published: June 2007

summary
Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to assess patterns of stress in bone adjacent to an implant after application of loads through an attached distal extension cantilever. Under all loading conditions, the highest stresses occurred at the distal cervical bone margin adjacent to the cantilever. In clinical studies, this is not consistently the site of the greatest bone changes seen radiographically. This suggests that extrapolation of FEA studies to clinical implantology should be approached with caution until further data become available on both mechanical properties of bone and patterns of bone remodelling induced by defined functional stresses in mandible and maxillae.
Depth of cure of radiation ‐ activated composite restoratives‐ Influence of shade and opacity
Authors: SHORTALL A.C. , WILSON H.J. , HARRINGTON E.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
Inadequate depth of cure may reduce the longevity of visible light‐activated composite restorations. Radiation‐activated composites, originally marketed for the restoration of anterior teeth, have been developed and refined for restoring occlusal and proximal cavities in posterior teeth. Clinical factors such as the accessibility of the light source, the direction of the light, intervening tooth tissue and cavity depth may limit depth of cure. Unfortunately, a hard top surface is no indication of adequate polymerization at the base of the cavity. The current investigation used a penetrometer to evaluate the depth of cure of a range of recently introduced‘universal’composite materials and assess the influence of shade and opacity on depth of cure. Depth of cure of the enamel opacity is always greater than that of the same shade of dentine for each manufacturer's product range.
Thermal behavior of casting investment during setting
Authors: WAKASA K. , YAMAKI M.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
The aim of this study was to examine the thermal reactions of silica‐sol liquids for mixing investment powders using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and also the setting behaviour of the mixed powders using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The silica‐sol liquids showed the appearance of vapourization (around 100°C as a peak temperature) and combustion (200–300°C) in DTA measurement. Mixed silica‐sol investment exhibited the setting behaviour with an exotherm in the DSC measurement representing that greater peak time, setting time and heat in mixed investment than with gypsum‐bonded investment.
Comparison of methods for measuring surface roughness of ceramic
Authors: WHITEHEAD S.A. , SHEARER A.C. , WATTS D.C. , WILSON N.H.F.
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY
The aim of this investigation was to compare two methods of assessing the surface texture of finished dental ceramic; a laser reflectivity method (LSR) and a contact stylus tracing method. Identical ceramic blocks (Dicor MGC) were finished using a variety of techniques and devices, and the surface texture characterized by LSR and contact stylus tracing to enable comparisons to be made between the two methods. The results indicate that there is little correlation between the two measuring methods. Therefore, laser reflectivity should not be exclusively used to measure the surface texture of contoured and finished ceramic materials. The development of sophisticated surface characterization parameters suggest that the surface characteristics of dental restorations and other related surfaces should be described using more than one surface measurement parameter. Surface parameters should be chosen which can both quantify surface roughness and provide information on the shape of the surfaceunder investigation.
Occlusal interferences in retruded contact position and temporomandibular joint sounds
Authors: WESTLING L.
Published: June 2007

summary
In 193 non‐patient adolescents, unilateral contacts in retruded contact position (RCP) were seen more often in girls than in boys (P < 0.001) and were more frequent in subjects with than without general joint instability (P < 0.05). A negative correlation (r=−0.70***) was found between the side of the temporomandibular joint sound and the side of unilateral contact in RCP. Boys with unilateral contacts in RCP had more non‐reciprocal clicking than girls. No signs were found indicating that a unilateral contact in RCP is an aetiological factor for development of temporomandibular disorders. Unilateral contacts in RCP may in adolescents be considered a predictive factor for temporomandibular joint disturbance. Contradictory causes may determine the sagittal distance between RCP and ICP.
Ultrasound imaging of the masseter muscle in myotonic dystrophy patients
Authors: KILIARIDIS S. , ENGVALL M. , TZAKIS M. G.
Published: June 2007

summary
Ultrasound technique was applied to measure the thickness and examine the internal structure of the masseter muscle in a group of 16 adult patients (nine women and seven men) with myotonic dystrophy (MyD) and 16 healthy individuals matched in age, sex and number of occluding teeth. The masseter thickness was measured bilaterally under both relaxed conditions and during maximal clenching. The error of measurement was found to be small, not exceeding 0.45 mm. The imaging characteristics of the masseter in most of the MyD patients was an obvious atrophy of the muscle with increased echointensity of the intramuscular tissue and loss of the internal structure concerning tendons and fasciae. The mean masseter thickness (±SD) in the MyD group was 10.4 (±2.2) mm under relaxed conditions and 11.1 (±2.4) mm during maximal clenching, compared with 13.3 (±2.2) mm and 14.1 (±2.4) mm, respectively, in the healthy group (P < 0.001). In conclusion, our results indicate that, in most of the myotonic dystrophy patients, the masseter muscle is atrophic with obvious signs of degeneration. Ultrasound is a useful method for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the condition of the masseter muscle.
Anatomy of the moose craniomandibular joint (Alces alces, Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: STRÖM D. , CLEMENSSON E. , HOLM S.
Published: June 2007

summary
The craniomandibular joints (CMJ) were investigated in 10 Swedish mooses (eight cows: five 1‐year‐old, two two‐year‐old, and one 7‐year‐old) together with one bull moose (2 years) and a yearling. The CMJs, situated at a high distance from the occlusal plane of the tooth rows, comprised a temporal component, a disc and a condyle. The temporal component lacked a mandibular fossa as well as articular eminence. The joint surface was oval, almost flat and convex. The condyle had about two‐thirds of its length medio‐laterally, cylindrical in shape and from a posterior view medially inclined. The articulating surface was divided into a horizontal part located on the superio‐anterior condyle, and a vertical part medially situated. The disc was oval in shape and revealed two synovial chambers totally surrounded by a soft tissue lining.
Bite force and temporomandibular disorder in juvenile chronic arthritis
Authors: WENNEBERG B. , KJELLBERG H. , KILIARIDIS S.
Published: June 2007

summary
The aim of this study was to investigate the functional condition of the stomatognathic system in children suffering from juvenile chronic arthritis, with respect to bite force and temporomandibular disorder in relation to radiographic abnormalities of the mandibular condyle, occlusal factors and systemic disease parameters. Thirty‐five children with juvenile chronic arthritis were compared to 89 healthy children with an Angle Class I occlusion and 62 children with an Angle Class II malocclusion. Subjective symptoms and clinical signs of temporomandibular disorder and radiographic mandibular condylar changes were more common in children with juvenile chronic arthritis than in the two comparison groups. Maximal molar and incisal bite forces and maximal molar bite force endurance times were also significantly reduced in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. It is concluded that the differences between the groups are caused mainly by the systemic inflammatory disease itself, but a functional influence of weakened masticatory muscles cannot be excluded.
The effect of glaze on restorative glass‐ionomer cements: evaluation of environmental durability in lactic acid solution
Authors: HOTTA M. , HIRUKAWA H. , AONO M.
Published: June 2007

summary
The surface texture changes of three kinds of glass‐ionomer cements were compared with glazed and polished cement surfaces after thermal cycling in a storage media [lactic acid solution (pH 4.0)]. The changes were measured with regard to the surface roughness, colour‐change, gloss, hardness, toothbrush wear, and SEM (scanning electron microscope) observation in the laboratory. The glazed cement surface was not affected after thermal cycling in the lactic acid solution.
Asymmetry of masticatory muscle activity during intercuspal maximal clenching in healthy subjects and subjects with stomatognathic dysfunction syndrome
Authors: ABEKURA H. , KOTANI H. , TOKUYAMA H. , HAMADA T.
Published: June 2007

summary
The present study investigated the asymmetry of masticatory muscle activity during maximal intercuspal clenching in healthy subjects and subjects with stomatognathic dysfunction syndrome. Stomatognathic dysfunction syndrome, unilateral mastication and the asymmetry of masticatory muscle activity appear to be related to each other. The asymmetry of masseter muscle activity was greater as stomatognathic dysfunction became increasingly severe. Because fatigue and pain are produced more quickly by unilateral clenching than bilateral clenching, clenching under conditions of left and right muscular imbalance can further aggravate stomatognathic dysfunction. It is suggested the asymmetry of masseter muscle activity during maximal clenching correlates with the onset of the stomagnathic dysfunction syndrome. Stomatognathic dysfunction syndrome is closely related to the asymmetry of masseter muscle activity and only slightly related to the asymmetry of temporal muscle activity. The asymmetry of anterior temporal muscle activity appears to have little clinical significance.
Stress analysis of four‐unit fixed bridges on abutment teeth with reduced periodontal support
Authors: LEE H.E. , WANG C.H. , CHANG G.L. , CHEN T.Y.
Published: June 2007

summary
The variable properties of photoelastic models and the difficulty of fabrication of the model limit experimental designs. The ‘material fringe value’ is introduced into the definition of the ‘stress concentration index’ by multiplying the fringe orders. Three levels of periodontal support in three photoelastic models (nine cases) were com‐pared quantitatively by determining the stress concentration induced in periodontium by point loading vertically on a span of the fixed partial denture of four units length. The results indicate that comparison among photoelastic models is possible and useful. The stress concentration effects produced by the second molar were more prominent and determinant than that by the first premolar in the periodontium of the abutments.
The effect of the slope inclination of buccal polished surface of mandibular denture base on food retention
Authors: MINAGI S. , OHTSUKI H. , SATO T. , MORI S. , NISHIGAWA G.
Published: June 2007

summary
The accumulation of food debris in the buccal vestibule can inhibit normal mastication and appears to be a factor that can cause patient discomfort. This study focused on the effect of the slope inclination of the buccal polished surface of the mandibular denture base on the ability to expel test‐food particles from the buccal vestibule. It was revealed that an inclination of the slope steeper than 80° markedly inhibits the normal ability to expel foods from the vestibule. It was revealed that the most appropriate inclination of the buccal slope is approximately 60° or 70°. These results could be utilized for constructing a denture prosthesis.
Dental impacts on daily life and stisfaction with teeth in relation to dental status in adults
Authors: ROSENOER L. M. , SHEIHAM A.
Published: June 2007

summary
The aim of this study was to investigate whether older people having missing posterior teeth had few impacts and considered their teeth and mouth acceptable. The main objective was to assess the relationship between satisfaction with teeth and mouth, and the number, position and condition of the natural teeth. The sample was an employed unrepresentative population most of whom were in daily contact with the public. There was a very poor association between reported satisfaction with teeth and the number of standing teeth. There was little difference in satisfaction with dental and mouth status and the number of functional posterior occluding pairs (POPs). Satisfaction with the number and position of the functional POPs was not statistically significantly different in those with more or less than four POPs. However, there was slightly more satisfaction with teeth in the group with more than four POPs. Overall, those with more molar and premolar pairs were most satisfied with their teeth.
Experimental occlusal interferences. Part I. A review
Authors: CHRISTENSEN L.V. , RASSOULI N.M.
Published: June 2007

summary
This review shows that experimental occlusal interferences (prematurities) may cause changes in the myoelectric contraction patterns of the human jaw muscles, and changes in the translatory motion patterns of the human mandible. However, it has not been unequivocally established that the observed changes have specific long‐term detrimental effects. On the other hand, it is apparent that experimental occlusal interferences are associated with short‐term clinical symptoms and signs, such as jaw muscle fatigue and pains, headaches, pains and clickings in the temporomandibular joints. This review suggests that new paradigms involving experimental occlusal interferences should be introduced.
Hydrolytic stability of silanated zirconia‐silica‐urethane dimethacrylate composites
Authors: MOHSEN N.M. , CRAIG R.G.
Published: June 2007

Summary
The effect of the method of silanation of zirconia‐silica by 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy‐silane (MAPM) and 3‐acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (APM) on the diametral tensile and transverse strength of composites made from these silanated fillers and a urethane dimethacrylate was determined after 0– 108 h of boiling in water. The water sorption of these composites was also measured at times up to 108 h. Silanation with either silane significantly increased the tensile and transverse strengths and decreased water sorption relative to comparable unsilanated controls. Silanation with MAPM from ethanol solution at three times the minimum uniform coverage gave the best overall results, and the tensile strength tests appeared to be most predictive of effectiveness of the silane treatments.
Tobacco smoke enhances allergic bronchial sensitization in the guinea pig
Authors: Riedel F. , Nüßlein T. , Rüschoff J. , Rieger C. H. L.
Published: June 2007

Passive smoking has been shown to cause increased incidence of lower respiratory tract infection and wheezing in young children and an inceased risk of childhood asthma. To evaluate possible influence of tobacco smoke on allergic bronchial sensitization we exposed guinea pigs to tobacco smoke in 3 concentrations of clean air (control group) for 8 h on 5 consecutive days (median plasma cotinine 5. 0—25. 4—87, 2 ng/l). The animals were sensitized by repeated inhalation with ovalbumin. Histologic examination at the end of exposure revealed reactive epithelial hyperplasia and regenerative changes as well as inflammatory reaction mainly in the lung periphery, and histamine provocation showed increased bronchial reactivity at the end of tobacco smoke exposure. Sensitization was measured by specific bronchial provocation testing using body plethysmographic measurement of compressed air (CA) and specific anti‐ovalbumin‐antibodies of the IgG1‐subclass in the serum, measured by direct ELISA in ELISA units (EU). The group with the highest tobacco smoke exposure differed significantly in bronchial reactivity on specific bronchial provocation tests (p < 0.005) compared with the control groups and showed elevated unspecific IgG1‐antibody levels indicating enhanced sensitization. We conclude that intensive exposure to tobacco smoke over a short period of 5 d can enhance inhalational allergic sensitization in the guinea pig and might explain the increased incidence of respiratory allergies in child passive smokers.
IgG subclass deficiency in children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Radford D. J. , Thong Y. H. , Beard L. J. , Ferrante A.
Published: June 2007

This study of 66 children with congenital heart disease found 26 (39%) with IgG subclass deficiency, the majority being of the IgG4 isotype. Conventional immunoiogical assessment (IgG, IgA, IgM, T cell) revealed 21 (32%) with immunodeficiency, while inclusion of IgG subclass assessment revealed a total of 35 (53%) of the 66 children had immuno‐deficiency. Children with conotruncal lesions appeared to be predisposed to immunodeficiency affecting T cells and IgG subclasses (especially IgG4) while those with shunt and stenotic lesions had a broad spectrum of immunoglobulin deficiencies. There was significant correlation between immunodeficiency and proneness to infection in these children (p < 0.01). These results suggest that immunodeficiency is a frequent occurrence in children with congenital heart disease, and that IgG subclass measurements should be added to the diagnostic work‐up.
Nasal metachromatic cells in infants in relation to allergic disease and family history of atopy
Authors: Borres M. P. , Irander K. , Björkstén B.
Published: June 2007

The appearance of metachromatic cells in nasal scrapings was studied prospectively in 67 children from birth to 18 months of age. The findings were related to family history of atopy and development of allergic disease in the infants. Allergic disease was diagnosed during the 18‐month follow‐up period in 54% of the infants with heredity for atopic disease. The corresponding figure for children with no heredity was 11%. Using a gentle scraping‐cytocentrifugation method for collection of mucosal specimens, metachromatic cells were identified in the nasal scrapings in 20 of 30 children who developed definite allergic disease (67%) and in 6 of 9 with probable allergy. The cells appeared before or at the time of diagnosis in 19 of the infants with definite allergic disease. Metachromatic cells were also found in 7 of 25 healthy children who did not develop allergic disease during the follow‐up period. Six of them had definite and one possible heredity for allergic disease. No metachromatic cells were found in any of the 8 infants who lacked heredity for atopy and did not develop atopic disease. In conclusion, the appearance of metachromatic cells in the nasal mucosa during the first 18 months of life of infants was associated with atopic propensity, as defined by development of atopic disease and/or a strong family history of allergy.
Chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Seger R. A. , Berthet F. , Hossie J. P.
Published: June 2007

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a syndrome, the unifying characteristics of which arc a predisposition to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections, an impaired ability of phagocytes to kill microorganisms and the failure of these cells to produce microbicidal oxygen metabolites. Four genetically different molecular defects have been found to underlie the x‐linked and autosomal recessive forms of CGD. Since the relevant normal genes are cloned, molecular analysis of the genetic lesions in CGD is rapidly progressing. Diagnosis of carriers is possible in most instances and prenatal diagnosis by trophoblast biopsy or at least cordoccntcsis is now feasible. Until recently, therapy has been limited to aggressive antimicrobial prophylaxis and in very selected cases bone marrow transplantation. A new development is the introduction of recombinant human interferon‐λ as infection prophylaxis. Finally, our current knowledge of the genetic defects in CGD may allow the development of somatic gene therapy directed at monocytes, or more permanently at bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells, and promises definitive cure of this still life‐threatening disease.
IgE, IL4, and soluble FcɛRII in the serum of atopic and nonatopic children
Authors: Kim Kwang‐Myong , Mayumi Mitsufumi , Mikawa Haruki
Published: June 2007

We correlated serum IgE, interleukin 4 (IL4) and soluble low affinity Fc receptor for IgE (sFcɛRII) in atopic and nonatopic children. Serum sFcɛRII was significantly higher in atopic than in nonatopic children (0‐2 yr). Serum sFcɛRII correlated closely with serum IgE in infants, but not in older children. To study further the characteristics of IgE synthesis in infants, we measured the serum level of IL4, which has been demonstrated to enhance the production of both IgE and sFcɛRIIin vitro. Serum IL4 was significantly higher in atopic than in nonatopic infants, but there was no significant difference between atopic and nonatopic older children. These results suggest that IL4 plays an important role in the regulation of IgE synthesis in infants and that IgE synthesis in older children might be modulated by other factors.
Food‐additive intolerance and its correlation with atopy in children with recurrent or intermittent urticaria‐angioedema
Authors: Martino M. de , Peruzzi M. , Galli L. , Lega L. , Zammarchi E. , Vierucci A.
Published: June 2007

A total of 120 placebo‐negative children with intermittent or recurrent urticaria‐angiodema (U‐A) were orally challenged with 7 food‐additives (F‐A): tartrazine (E102), sunset yellow (E110), erythrosine (E127), annatto (E160b), sodium benzoate (E211), acetyl‐salicylic acid (ASA) and aspartame. The results of the challenges were correlated with familial and personal history of atopic diseases, the presence of inhalantand food‐specific IgE (evaluated by skin testing and RAST), total IgE levels, values of circulating eosinophils, physical urticaria, C3, C4 and Cl‐inhibitor levels, the presence of circulating immune complexes, and of Candida albicans, parasite, hepatitis B virus and Epstein‐Barr virus infection. Fifty‐six (46. 4%) children had one or more positive challenge (s). Among them the following frequencies of positive challenges were recorded: E110 = 64. 2%, E160b = 60. 7%, E211: 57. 1%; E102 = 50.0%, aspartame = 48. 2%, E127 = 35. 7%, ASA = 12. 5%. Positive challenges correlated with none of the variables considered. In particular, positive challenges were clearly unrelated to an atopic condition. It is suggested that: a) F‐A intolerance is frequent in children with recurrent or intermittent U‐A; b) aspartame may be a causative agent of U‐A in childhood; c) F‐A intolerance is unrelated to other causes of U‐A in children.
Levocabastine compared with sodium cromoglygate eyedrops in children with both birch and grass pollen allergy
Authors: Njaa F. , Baekken T. , Bjaamer D. , Holme J. I. , Korsrud F. , Woxen O. , Olsen A. K.
Published: June 2007

Fifty–five children 6–16 years old with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis due to both birch and grass pollinosis were randomized into 2 parallel groups, treated in double–blind fashion with either levocabastinc (LEV) eye–drops twice daily plus placebo eyedrops twice daily or sodium cromoglycate (SCG) eyedrops 4 times daily for 3 months. Spersallerg® (antazolini chloride + tetryzolini chloride) eyedrops were allowed as rescue medicine. All children received basic treatment with an antihistamine (terfenadine) during the complete trial period, and a local nasal corticosteroid if needed. Eye symptoms were recorded daily by the patients and at 4 visits by the investigator, at start and after 4, 10 and 13 weeks. Pollen counts were performed and a blood sample was collected at start and end of the treatment. The global evaluation of treatment was similar for the 2 groups, and there was no significant difference in any effect parameter except for the symptom, itchy eyes, which had lower score in the SCG group as evaluated by the investigator after 4 weeks. On days with low pollen counts the patients in the SCG group had fewer days with moderate or severe eye symptoms. It is concluded that even though LEV and SCG eyedrops were given in addition to systemic treatment with an antihistamine, no consistently significant differences in clinical effect were found between the 2 treatment groups, but the SCG group experienced slightly less eye symptoms throughout the trial. LEV eye–drops appear safe in long–term treatment in children, and no signs of tachyphylaxis were recorded.
Age‐dependent normal values of urinary histamine‐ and 1‐methylhistamine in children
Authors: Schutze S. , Niggemann B. , Savaser A. N. , Wahn U.
Published: June 2007

In order to establish normal values for urinary histamine and 1‐methyI‐histaniine exeretion in ehildhood, we investigated 57 healthy nonatopic ehiidren aged 2‐16 years. Morning urine samples of HI and MH were determined by two different radioimmunoassays. Mean histamine excre‐tion for all age groups was 24, 7 mieromol/mol ereatinine and 177 miero‐mol/mol creatinine for 1‐methylhistamine. Comparing three different age groups (1‐4 years, 5‐9 years and 10‐16 years) we found an age‐de‐pendent deerease for both mediators. Our findings may be useful for further clinical trials, e. g. for monitoring allergie reaetions.
Food‐induced fatal anaphylaxis in adults: respiratory death
Authors: Yunginger J. W.
Published: June 2007

Fatal food‐induced anaphylaxis is rarely reported, and its incidence is unknown. We have identified six adults who experienced fatal postprandial anaphylaxis. Four were highly atopic, and all had experienced prior non‐fatal reactions to peanut, pecan, codfish, or shellfish. In five of six cases, the fatal reaction occurred after dining away from home. All victims had elevated serum IgE antibodies to the incriminated food, and in four cases the mast cell tryptase levels were also elevated. IgE‐antibody containing sera from victims could be used in inhibition immunoassays to test for hidden food allergens in uneaten portions of foods consumed just prior to death. Most fatal anaphylactic reactions to foods are preventable. Sensitized persons may be lulled into false security by the reversibility of previous reactions; may not appreciate possible inadvertent contamination of non‐allergenic foods by allergenic foods; may not appreciate the gravity of symptoms if intoxicated; and may attempt to deny symptoms or treat themselves inappropriately with antihistamines rather than with epinephrine. Patient education efforts should be directed to these areas.
Pulmonary reactions to sulfites in foods
Authors: Simon R. A.
Published: June 2007

Sulfites or sulfiting agents include sulfur dioxide (SO2) and a number of inorganic salts (including sodium and potassium metabisulfite, Na2S2O5, K2S2O5), sodium and potassium bisulfite (NaHSO3, KHSO3) and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), which liberate sulfur dioxide under the conditions of use. Isolated reports of sulfite sensitivity appeared in the medical literature during the mid to late 1970s, but it was not until 1981 with the report of Stevenson & Simon (6) that the problem began to become widely recognized. Since that report, a number of investigators worldwide have demonstrated that approximately 5% of asthmatics react to sulfites placed in acidic solutions at levels comparable to that previously found in food, utilizing double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies. Sulfite addition to foods served a number of purposes, including inhibition of enzymatic browning, the inhibition of non‐enzymatic browning, antimicrobial actions, dough conditioning effects, antioxidant purposes, bleaching applications, and others. Foods that contained significant amounts of sulfite included fresh fruits and vegetables (salads), guacamole, shrimp, potatoes, dehydrated vegetables, dried fruits, wine, citrus drinks, juices, vinegar, and pickled foods. In 1985 the Food and Drug Administration required the declaration of sulfites on the labels of foods with sulfite residues exceeding 10 ppm SO2, and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms followed suit with wines. In 1986 the FDA banned the use of sulfites from fresh fruits and vegetables other than potatoes. This ban particularly affected the once common practice of sulfiting the fresh fruits and vegetables in salad bars. Most recently the FDA has banned sulfites from fresh, pre‐peeled potatoes. These actions have helped protect sulfite‐sensitive individuals from the hazards associated with sulfited foods. However, since sulfites are still used in many foods (and drugs), sensitive individuals must be cautious to avoid inadvertent exposure. There are a number of proposed mechanisms for pulmonary reactions to sulfites. Clearly, the overwhelming majority of asthmatic reactions result from the inhalation of sulfur dioxide liberated under conditions of use. Asthmatic airways are particularly sensitive to the effects of sulfur dioxide, probably by stimulation of irritant/cholinergic receptors. Other possible mechanisms, particularly associated with ingestion of foods containing sulfites in bound form, are sulfite oxidase deficiency and also implicated in anaphylactic reactions, IgE‐mediated mechanisms. Reactions provoked as a result of these latter two mechanisms represent a very small percentage of adverse reactions to sulfites.
Increase in platelet count following short course therapy with recombinant alpha‐2b‐interferon in immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood
Authors: Behrenbeck U. , Riedel F. , Rieger C. H. L.
Published: June 2007

Two boys, aged three and seven years with immune thrombocytopenic purpura continued to show platelet counts below 20, 000/mm3 inspite of treatment with high dose gammaglobulin and steroids. Alpha‐2b‐in‐terferon injections were followed by normalisation of platelet counts in both patients. No side effects were seen. Alpha‐interferon may be a safe and effective treatment for childhood‐ITP.
Serum immunoglobulin G subclasses and serum immunoglobulin A in acute bronchiolitis in infants
Authors: Carlsen K. ‐H. , Mellbye O. J. , Fuglerud P. , Johansen B. , Solheim A. B. , Belsnes D. , Danielsen A. , Henrichson L.
Published: June 2007

Serum IgG subclasses and Serum IgA were studied in 43 infants with acute bronchiolitis and 20 healthy infants. IgG subclasses were determined by a capture ELISA and IgA was quantified by turbidimetry. IgG1 concentrations were significantly lower in infants with bronchiolitis than in normal infants. The other IgG subclasses and IgA did not differ between the groups. The subgroups of infants with bronchiolitis who had previously suffered from otitis media or bronchitis, had significantly lower IgG2 than the other infants with bronchiolitis. The same was found for infants with bronchiolitis who had suffered from three or more lower respiratory tract infections. In infants who had suffered from upper or lower respiratory infections before the acute bronchiolitis, IgA was significantly higher than in infants without previous respiratory infections. Ten infants with bronchiolitis (23%) had IgGl deficiency, that is values below the lower reference limit calculated in a population of healthy Norwegian infants. No healthy infants had any IgGl deficiency. No infant with bronchiolitis had IgG2 or IgG3 deficiency. The low IgGl values found in infants with acute bronchiolitis, may be one cause for infants to be more susceptible to RS virus infections.
Prediction of allergy from family history and cord blood IgE levels
Authors: Hansen L. G. , Halken S. , Høst A. , Møller K. , Østerballe O.
Published: June 2007

Screening of total IgE in 1189 cord blood samples was conducted by Phadebas IgE PRIST in a one‐year birth cohort 1983‐1984 in Viborg. Denmark. 113 children with cord blood IgE levels ≥ 0.5 kU/l and 138 children chosen at random among those with cord blood IgE levels < 0. 5 kU/l were seen at a follow‐up at 5 years of age. Based upon history and physical examination a diagnosis of definite atopy or no atopy was established. Allergy (IgE mediated) was defined as atopic disease combined with increased total IgE levels at 5 years of age. The cumulative prevalence of atopic disease was not influenced by cord blood IgE levels or atopic predisposition. Cord blood IgE levels had a low sensitivity as a predictor of atopic disease. A statistically significant correlation between serum levels of IgE at birth and at 5 years was however found (p < 0.001), and a significantly greater number of children with elevated cord blood IgE levels developed allergic disease before 5 years of age (p < 0.01). A cut‐off limit of 0. 3 kU/l was superior to the originally suggested limit of 0. 5 kU/l. A total IgE level > 63 kU/l (geometric mean + 1 SD) at the age of 5 years can be regarded as being an elevated level. A cord blood IgE level ≥ 0.3 kU/l in combination with atopic predisposition was predictive of allergic disease, especially allergic bronchial asthma. With regard to allergic disease, the positive predictive value was 26%, the sensitivity 33% and the rate ratio for development of allergic disease 4. In the case of the most serious atopic disease, allergic bronchial asthma, the positive predictive value was 20%, the sensitivity 87% and the rate ratio 68.
Budesonide: safety and efficacy aspects of its long‐term use in children
Authors: Ribeiro L B.
Published: June 2007

Fifty‐two asthmatic children aged 4 to 13 years (mean 9. 6) were enrolled in this open 12‐month study of budesonide, 200 meg bid, administered by tube‐spacer inhaler (INHALETE® ASTRA DRACO). The aim of the study was to assess long‐term safety, as well as efficacy, of budesonide in children whose asthma was not adequately controlled by their current therapy. Children attended the clinic every three months for assessment of lung function and height. In addition, an adrenal function test and routine clinical chemistry and haematology were performed. Parents completed diary cards once each week, recording the child's PEF, asthma symptoms, β2‐agonist consumption and other medication (no prophylactic drugs or other inhaled steroids were allowed and oral steroids were used for emergency treatment only). There were significant increases in all clinic lung function tests (baseline to last visit) and in diary card PEF (first 3 months vs last 3 months). These were accompanied by decreases in asthma symptoms and use of β2‐agonists or other medication. There was no indication that growth was affected by study treatment and basal adrenal function (basal cortisol) did not change significantly throughout the study. The adrenal response to Synacthen had actually increased significantly by the end of the study. No serious adverse events were associated with budesonide treatment. In conclusion, regular budesonide therapy was associated with a significant improvement in lung function and symptoms over one year. Budesonide was well‐tolerated by the children and appeared to have no adverse influence on either growth or adrenal function.
Effect of disodiumcromoglycate on intestinal permeability changes and clinical response during cow's milk challenge
Authors: Van Elburg R. M. , Heymans H. S. A. , De Monchy J. G. R.
Published: June 2007

Oral disodiumcromoglycate (DSCG) has been used for many years in the prevention of food allergic reactions. The reported effectiveness varies widely and little is known about the mode of action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of DSCG pretreatment (2 x 100 mg) on intestinal permeability (IP), as measured with a sugar absorption test (SAT), in relation to the clinical response during food challenge in 30 children suspected of cow's milk allergy. In the SAT the urinary Lactu‐lose/Mannitol (L/M) ratio was measured after oral administration of these compounds. DSCG pretreatment did not alter the number of clinically positive challenges. Children with clinically positive challenges showed a significant increase in the L/M ratio with placebo pretreatment as compared to children with clinically negative challenges (p = 0.0008). This difference was reduced to nonsignificant levels after DSCG pretreatment (p = 0.07). We conclude that DSCG in this dosage probably reduces the local intestinal response but does not prevent the extra‐intestinal reactions.
Nasal powder administration of bud for seasonal rhinitis in children and adolescents
Authors: Agertoft L. , Wolthers O. D. , Fuglsang G. , Pedersen S.
Published: June 2007

The effect of intranasal budesonide delivered from a new dry powder inhaler (Rhinocort Turbuhaler) was evaluated in a randomized, double blind, group parallel study of 83 children aged 4‐16 years with seasonal allergic rhinitis. The doses 100 and 200 μg taken once daily in each nostril were compared with placebo. A one week run‐in period was followed by a 4 weeks treatment period. Diary recordings of nasal symptoms, p. r. n. use of terfenadine tablets were made at home and rhinoscopy performed at hospital before and at the end of each treatment period. Total or substantial control of symptoms was achieved in 41% of the children in the 400 μg group (p < 0.05 compared with placebo), in 33% in the 200 μg group (p = 0.07 compared with placebo) and in 14% in the placebo group. The 400 μg but not the 200 μg group was statistically significantly better than placebo for most of the clinical effect parameters studied. The treatment was well tolerated and a battery of laboratory tests including cortisol excretion in the urine was not influenced by the various treatments. These results indicate that 400 μg budesonide given once daily from a Rhinocort Turbuhaler is clinically effective and safe in children with rhinitis. Further studies are needed to evaluate if this inhaler is preferable to other inhalers currently used for the treatment of rhinitis.