bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells protect the liver from immune damage and compromise virus control during acute experimental hepatitis B virus infection in mice
Authors: Stross Leonhard , Günther Johannes , Gasteiger Georg , Asen Theresa , Graf Stefanie , Aichler Michaela , Esposito Irene , Busch Dirk H. , Knolle Percy , Sparwasser Tim , Protzer Ulrike
Published: April 2012

The strength of antiviral T cell responses correlates with clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but the immunological mechanisms mitigating or suppressing HBV-specific T cells are still poorly understood. In this study, we examined the role of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in a mouse model of acute HBV infection. We initiated HBV infection via an adenoviral vector transferring a 1.3-fold overlength HBV genome (AdHBV) into transgenic DEREG mice, where Tregs can be transiently but selectively depleted by injection of diphtheria toxin. The effect of Treg depletion on the outcome of HBV infection was characterized by detailed virological, immunological, and histopathological analysis. Numbers of Tregs increase in the liver rapidly after initiation of HBV replication. Initial depletion of Tregs revealed their complex regulatory function during acute infection. Tregs mitigated immunomediated liver damage by down-regulating the antiviral activity of effector T cells by limiting cytokine production and cytotoxicity, but did not influence development of HBV-specific CD8 T cells or development of memory T cells. Furthermore, Tregs controlled the recruitment of innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells to the infected liver. As a consequence, Tregs significantly delayed clearance of HBV from blood and infected hepatocytes.

Conclusion:

Tregs limit immunomediated liver damage early after an acute infection of the liver, thereby contributing to conservation of tissue integrity and organ function at the cost of prolonging virus clearance.
Integrating Refined Kano Model, Quality Function Deployment, and Grey Relational Analysis to Improve Service Quality of Nursing Homes
Authors: Yeh Tsu‐Ming , Chen Shun‐Hsing
Published: April 2012

Because of the aging trend in Taiwan, long‐term care plays an important role in the medical system. Finding ways to ensure medical and service quality in long‐term care facilities requires immediate attention. This study discusses service quality in nursing homes and the factors that affect service quality in Taiwan in a way that benefits the management of these organizations. Using a refined Kano model analysis, 12 high value‐added qualities, 4 low value‐added qualities, 1 critical quality, 6 required qualities, 1 potential quality, and 2 care‐free qualities were found. Furthermore, using a combination of quality function deployment and Grey relational analysis (GRA), it was found that medical service standards of the nursing homes require improvement. Items such as “educational training,'' “professional capability,” “degree of understanding patients,” “communication skills,” and “crisis management ability” were provided by an equal‐weight GRA. The improvement sequence was “educational training,” “professional capability,” “communication skills,” “understanding of patients,” and “crisis management ability” in an equal‐weight quantified GRA. The research results can provide nursing homes with an improvement sequence for service design and operational management. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathophysiology, impact, and management of hyponatremia
Authors: Edmonds Zachary V.
Published: April 2012

Hyponatremia's effects can be insidious, particularly in patients with heart failure, cirrhosis, and pneumonia. Appreciating its prevalence in hospitalized patients, recognizing its symptoms, characterizing its etiology, and employing appropriate management promptly will help reduce morbidity and mortality among hyponatremic patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; 7:S1–S5. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Quantification of changes in detrusor function and pressure‐flow parameters after radical prostatectomy: Relation to postoperative continence status and the impact of intensity of pelvic floor muscle exercises
Authors: Dubbelman Yvette , Groen Jan , Wildhagen Mark , Rikken Berend , Bosch Ruud
Published: April 2012

Objectives

We aim to quantify changes in detrusor function and pressure‐flow parameters after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) and to determine the impact of the level of intensity of pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME) on these changes. We also tried to identify preoperative urodynamic factors, predictive of postoperative continence status.

Methods

Sixty‐six patients were included in the study. An urodynamic examination was performed before surgery and 26 weeks after catheter removal. All patients were instructed in PFME. However the intensity of PFME varied between instructions based on an information folder only (F‐PFME) and intensive guidance by a physiotherapist, in addition to the folder (PG‐PFME).

Results

In 66 men pre‐ as well as postoperative urodynamic studies were available for analysis. Overall, Qmax increased, pdet.Qmax and the urethral resistance factor URA decreased significantly after surgery. At baseline, detrusor overactivity (DOA) was found in 34% and 5.3% of the men who were still incontinent 6 months postoperatively and those who regained continence, respectively (P = 0.015). Postoperatively, Qmax was significantly higher (P = 0.04) and URA significantly lower (P = 0.047) in the physiotherapist‐guided group. No prognostic standard urodynamic factors for post‐RP incontinence (PRPI) were identified.

Conclusion

In univariate analysis, preoperative DOA is associated with a higher risk of remaining incontinent after surgery. However, in multivariate analysis, urodynamic parameters predictive of PRPI could not be identified. Therefore, standard preoperative filling cystometry and pressure‐flow studies seem to have no role as preoperative predictors of PRPI in patients with localized prostate cancer. More intensive PFME might have a lowering effect on bladder outflow resistance after RRP. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:637–641, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can preoperative urodynamic investigation be omitted in women with stress urinary incontinence? A non‐inferiority randomized controlled trial
Authors: van Leijsen S.A.L. , Kluivers K.B. , Mol B.W.J. , Broekhuis S.R. , Milani A.L. , Bongers M.Y. , Aalders C.I.M. , Dietz V. , Malmberg G.G. A. , Vierhout M.E. , Heesakkers J.P.F.A.
Published: April 2012

Aims

To assess in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) the value of urodynamics prior to treatment.

Methods

We performed a multicenter non‐inferiority randomized controlled trial. Women with SUI were randomly allocated to management based on a workup with or without urodynamics. The primary outcome was clinical reduction of complaints as measured with the Urogenital Distress Inventory urinary incontinence subscale (UDI‐UI) at 12 months after the onset of treatment. A mean difference in improvement of less than 8 was considered non‐inferior. The study was analyzed according to intention‐to‐treat.

Results

The trial was stopped prematurely because of slow recruitment. We randomly allocated 59 women to a strategy with (N = 31) or without (N = 28) urodynamics. The mean difference in improvement on the UDI‐UI was 14 in favor of the group without urodynamics (48 SD ± 22 vs. 34 SD ± 22, 95% CI: −28 to −0.26), confirming non‐inferiority. Addition of urodynamics did not result in a lower occurrence of de novo overactive bladder complaints compared to a workup without urodynamics (6/31 vs. 1/28; RR 5.4, 95% CI: 0.70–42). In the group allocated to urodynamics, initial surgical management was more often abandoned compared to the group not allocated to urodynamics (5/31 vs. 1/28; RR 4.5, 95% CI: 0.56–36).

Conclusions

In this relatively small study, the omission of urodynamics was not inferior to the use of urodynamics in the preoperative workup of women with SUI. Women with SUI undergoing urodynamics had the risk of a choice for more prudent treatment, which seemed to result in a delay until effective treatment. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:1118–1123, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of the active state of the nociceptin receptor reveal new insights intoagonist binding and activation
Authors: Daga Pankaj R. , Zaveri Nurulain T.
Published: April 2012

The opioid receptor‐like receptor, also known as the nociceptin receptor (NOP), is a class A G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) in the opioid receptor family. Although NOP shares a significant homology with the other opioid receptors, it does not bind known opioid ligands and has been shown to have a distinct mechanism of activation compared to the closely related opioid receptors mu, delta, and kappa. Previously reported homology models of the NOP receptor, based on the inactive‐state GPCR crystal structures, give limited information on the activation and selectivity features of this fourth member of the opioid receptor family. We report here the first active‐state homology model of the NOP receptor based on the opsin GPCR crystal structure. An inactive‐state homology model of NOP was also built using a multiple template approach. Molecular dynamics simulation of the active‐state NOP model and comparison to the inactive‐state model suggest that NOP activation involves movements of transmembrane (TM)3 and TM6 and several activation microswitches, consistent with GPCR activation. Docking of the selective nonpeptidic NOP agonist ligand Ro 64‐6198 into the active‐state model reveals active‐site residues in NOP that play a role in the high selectivity of this ligand for NOP over the other opioid receptors. Docking the shortest active fragment of endogenous agonist nociceptin/orphaninFQ (residues 1–13) shows that the NOP extracellular loop 2 (EL2) loop interacts with the positively charged residues (8–13) of N/OFQ. Both agonists show extensive polar interactions with residues at the extracellular end of the TM domain and EL2 loop, suggesting agonist‐induced reorganization of polar networks, during receptor activation. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiobjective process planning and scheduling using improved vector evaluated genetic algorithm with archive
Authors: Zhang Wenqiang , Fujimura Shigeru
Published: April 2012

Multiobjective process planning and scheduling (PPS) is a most important practical but very intractable combinatorial optimization problem in manufacturing systems. Many researchers have used multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (moEAs) to solve such problems; however, these approaches could not achieve satisfactory results in both efficacy (quality, i.e., convergence and distribution) and efficiency (speed). As classical moEAs, nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA‐II) and SPEA2 can get good efficacy but need much CPU time. Vector evaluated genetic algorithm (VEGA) also cannot be applied owing to its poor efficacy. This paper proposes an improved VEGA with archive (iVEGA‐A) to deal with multiobjective PPS problems, with consideration being given to the minimization of both makespan and machine workload variation. The proposed method tactfully combines the mechanism of VEGA with a preference for the edge region of the Pareto front and the characteristics of generalized Pareto‐based scale‐independent fitness function (gp‐siff) with the tendency to converge toward the central area of the Pareto front. These two mechanisms not only preserve the convergence rate but also guarantee better distribution performance. Moreover, some problem‐dependent crossover, mutation, and local search methods are used to improve the performance of the algorithm. Complete numerical comparisons show that the iVEGA‐A is obviously better than VEGA in efficacy, and the convergence performance is also better than NSGA‐II and SPEA2, while the distribution performance is comparable to and the efficiency is obviously better than theirs. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biplots: the joy of singular value decomposition
Authors: Greenacre Michael J.
Published: April 2012

The biplot is a generalization of a scatterplot for two variables to the case of many variables. Instead of having samples represented as points with respect to two perpendicular axes, as in a bivariate scatterplot, there are as many axes as variables pointing in different directions. Samples are then perpendicularly projected onto axes to obtain approximate values of the data. The word ‘approximate’ is important, because it is not possible to represent data on many variables exactly by this procedure, but the biplot arranges the axes to display the data as accurately as possible, usually by least‐squares fitting. The ‘bi’ in biplot refers to the rows and columns of a multivariate data matrix, where the rows are usually cases and the columns are variables. Biplots are almost always displayed in a two‐dimensional plot but can just as well be displayed in three‐dimensions, with more accurate data representation, using suitable graphical software, for example dynamic rotation or conditioned plots. The usual linear biplot, using least‐squares approximation, relies analytically on the singular value decomposition, which in turn can be thought of as a two‐sided regression problem. Biplot geometry underlies many classical multivariate procedures, such as principal component analysis, simple and multiple correspondence analysis, discriminant analysis, and other variants of dimension reduction methods such as log‐ratio analysis. WIREs Comput Stat 2012 doi: 10.1002/wics.1200

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Dimension Reduction

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data Analysis

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization
Open Abdomen Treatment with Dynamic Sutures and Topical Negative Pressure Resulting in a High Primary Fascia Closure Rate
Authors: Kafka‐Ritsch Reinhold , Zitt Matthias , Schorn Nina , Stroemmer Sebastian , Schneeberger Stefan , Pratschke Johann , Perathoner Alexander
Published: April 2012

Background

Open abdomen (OA) treatment with negative‐pressure therapy is a novel treatment option for a variety of abdominal conditions. We here present a cohort of 160 consecutive OA patients treated with negative pressure and a modified adaptation technique for dynamic retention sutures.

Methods

From May 2005 to October 2010, a total of 160 patients—58 women (36 %); median age 66 years (21–88 years); median Mannheim peritonitis index 25 (5–43) underwent emergent laparotomy for diverse abdominal conditions (abdominal sepsis 78 %, ischemia 16 %, other 6 %).

Results

Hospital mortality was 21 % (13 % died during OA treatment); delayed primary fascia closure was 76 % in the intent‐to‐treat population and 87 % in surviving patients. Six patients required reoperation for abdominal abscess and five patients for anastomotic leakage; enteric fistulas were observed in five (3 %) patients. In a multivariate analysis, factors correlating significantly with high fascia closure rate were limited surgery at the emergency operation and a Björk index of 1 or 2; factors correlating significantly with low fascia closure rate were male sex and generalized peritonitis.

Conclusions

With the aid of initially placed dynamic retention sutures, OA treatment with negative pressure results in high rates of delayed primary fascia closure. OA therapy with the technical modifications described is thus considered a suitable treatment option in various abdominal emergencies.
Superovulation, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro development (IVD) protocols for inbred BALB/cJ mice in comparison with outbred NMRI mice
Authors: Golkar‐Narenji Afsaneh , Gourabi Hamid , Eimani Hussein , Barekati Zeinab , Akhlaghi Aliasghar
Published: April 2012

Purpose

To study assisted reproductive technology (ART) protocols including superovulation, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro development (IVD) for BALB/cJ mice in comparison with a common ART protocol for NMRI mice.

Methods

Adult NMRI and BALB/cJ mice were superovulated using a 48 h G‐interval. In order to find a more suitable G‐interval for the BALB/cJ strain, G‐intervals including 44, 46 and 50 h were also examined. Superovulation rates were recorded in all groups. IVF rate of BALB/c oocytes in T6 and mHTF media were compared. IVD rates of BALB/cJ zygotes in mHTF, T6 and G1V5/G2V5 media were compared. In addition, IVF and IVD rates of BALB/cJ and NMRI oocytes were compared in T6 medium during IVF–IVD procedures.

Results

In BALB/cJ mice the highest superovulation rates were observed with 44–46 h G‐intervals. However, with a 48 h G‐interval, superovulation rates were significantly lower in BALB/cJ compared to NMRI mice (p < 0.05). mHTF medium significantly increased in vitro fertilization of BALB/cJ oocytes compared to T6 medium (p < 0.05). Fertilization rate of NMRI oocytes was significantly higher than BALB/cJ oocytes in T6 medium (p < 0.05). The BALB/cJ embryo IVD was significantly higher in G1/G2 medium compared to mHTF and T6 media (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Superovulation with 48 h G‐interval and using T6 during all in vitro procedures produces embryos more efficiently for NMRI mice than for BALB/cJ mice. For BALB/cJ mice, a protocol including superovulation with a 44–46 h G‐interval, using mHTF during IVF and G1V5/G2V5 medium during IVD, may improve in vitro embryo production.
Law and Justice in Post-Soviet Russia: Strategies of Constitutional Modernization
Authors: Medushevsky Andrei N.
Published: April 2012

The relationships between notions of law and justice – the central argument in political debates of transition periods. The law is defined in contemporary political science as a special form of social organization which represents itself as a value, norm and fact. The complex interpretation of law as a multidimensional phenomenon is possible only if these three competing parameters are taken into consideration. Another side of the problem is the definition of justice as an ideal, norm or historical tradition. Our purpose in this article is to reconstruct on the basis of cognitive and information theory approach some basic parameters of law and justice in the process of searching solutions for fundamental problems of transitional Post-Soviet period. Among them are: the conflict of law and justice in current Russian political reality; social equality and new property relations; national identity and system of government; the form of government and the type of political regime; legitimacy and legality of political transformation; effectiveness of law. The establishment of a new constitutional order is simultaneously the result and the main premise of this transformation. At the focus of our approach is the comparison between conservative, liberal and pragmatic strategies of legal and constitutional transformation.
Redesigning Care Delivery in British Columbia
Authors: Stevenson Lynn , Parent Karen , Purkis Mary Ellen
Published: April 2012

Phase 1 of this initiative was designed to examine the current state of practice in acute care and to provide administrators with research evidence for identifying areas for improvement. Data were collected through observational research using function analysis augmented by a staff survey and interviews. Data were collected from 17 acute care sites across Vancouver Island and the Mainland of British Columbia involving four health authorities.
Creating and Sustaining a Collaborative Model of Care
Authors: Fryers Marla , Young Linda , Rowland Paula
Published: April 2012

For the past 3 years, Toronto East General Hospital staff and leadership have been involved in the design, implementation, and evaluation of a transformational change to the model of patient care. The purpose of the new model is to enhance quality, safety, and patient satisfaction through a redefinition of our approach to the patient experience. The evaluation framework for the Coordinated Care Team (CCT) model of care addressed safety and quality outcomes, patient satisfaction, staff and physician satisfaction, and resource impact. Results of the evaluation suggest that the introduction of the CCT model using the patient care bundle can have a significant impact on the patient experience through enhanced access to bedside care as well as improved quality and safety outcomes. This article is a follow-up to the article on the development of the model published in Forum (Fall 2009). It extends upon the previous article through an overview of the model as it evolved, a discussion of the first-year evaluation for three pilot units, and lessons learned regarding the change process.
Sustainable scale‐up of active management of the third stage of labor for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Ecuador
Authors: Hermida Jorge , Salas Bernarda , Sloan Nancy L.
Published: April 2012

Objective

To analyze the Ecuadorian experience regarding the adoption, scale‐up, and institutionalization of active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage via continuous quality improvement (CQI) processes.

Methods

Average AMTSL implementation rates for women with vaginal deliveries were compared using unweighted provincial aggregate data from facilities participating in 3 phases of AMTSL programming. Months taken to implement AMTSL at 80% or more and 90% or more compliance were compared across phases.

Results

Rate of oxytocin administration during the first 3 months was 5.0% in phase 1, 9.8% in phase 2, and 72.2% in phase 3 (P ≤ 0.001 vs phases 1 and 2). The average number of months provinces took to increase oxytocin administration to 80% or more and 90% or in more women with vaginal deliveries was, respectively, 21.6 ± 18.7 and 30.6 ± 16.4 in phase 1, 23.5 ± 15.1 and 30.1 ± 14.9 in phase 2, and 4.7 ± 4.9 (P ≤ 0.01 vs phase 1; P ≤ 0.001 vs phase 2) and 4.0 ± 3.4 (P ≤ 0.001 vs phases 1 and 2) in phase 3. By December 2009, AMTSL implementation was sustained at 90% or more in all provinces.

Conclusion

CQI processes identified resistance and operational barriers, and developed mechanisms to overcome them.
A contingent theory of supplier management initiatives: Effects of competitive intensity and product life cycle
Authors: Mahapatra Santosh K. , Das Ajay , Narasimhan Ram
Published: April 2012

Direct investments in supplier development and close relationship building are the two major collaborative supplier management strategies for developing and accessing superior supplier capability. The impact of these two strategies, however, has not been uniform across firms, calling for a deeper examination of their relative effectiveness. Utilizing multiple theoretical frameworks, this study examines the relevance and effectiveness of the two collaborative strategies across the growth and maturity stages of the product life cycle (PLC). Specifically, the study analyzes the influence of competitive intensity as an antecedent to supplier development and relational initiatives, and the role of product life cycle as a moderator of the inter‐relationships among competitive intensity, supplier development, relational initiatives, and supplier capability. Based on primary survey data, and discussion with practicing managers, the study finds that the individual and integrative effectiveness of supplier development investments (SDI) and relational orientation (RO) can be influenced differently by competitive intensity and PLC stage. In particular, RO can have a foundational role in motivating SDI for superior supplier capability, as also in safeguarding against supplier opportunism in the standardized product market context of the maturity stage. The managerial and theoretical implications of varied emphasis on the two collaborative supplier management strategies across the PLC stages are discussed.
Psychometric Properties of the Parent-Rated SDQ in Preschoolers
Authors: Klein Annette M. , Otto Yvonne , Fuchs Sandra , Zenger Markus , von Klitzing Kai
Published: April 2012

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is an internationally recognized and widely used screening instrument consisting of 25 items that address positive and negative behavioral attributes of children and adolescents. This paper investigates some of the psychometric properties of the German parent-rated SDQ examining preschool-age children. The sample consisted of 1,738 children – 840 girls and 898 boys – between 3 and 5 years of age. Parents completed the SDQ and gave basic demographical information. All subscales were sufficiently homogeneous. Principal component analysis suggested both a five-factor solution (replicating the original five-factor structure) and a three-factor solution. Confirmatory factor analyses showed a better fit for the five-factor model than for the three-factor model. A comparison between the preschool sample and the German normative sample revealed differences in some subscales. Furthermore, there were gender differences in almost all subscales, with boys showing significantly higher problem scores than girls (except for emotional symptoms) and lower scores on the prosocial behavior scale. Parental education proved to be associated with SDQ scores. This study confirmed that the parent-rated SDQ is a reliable and useful instrument for preschoolers and is recommended for screening purposes.
Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Mayer-Salovey- Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test
Authors: Iliescu Dragos , Ilie Alexandra , Ispas Dan , Ion Andrei
Published: April 2012

Based on four samples and more than 2,000 participants, the authors examined the structural equivalence, discriminant validity as well as criterion and incremental validity of the Romanian version of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence. Results suggest that the Romanian version of the MSCEIT has a very good structural equivalence and good discriminant validity compared with measures of cognitive ability, personality (Big Five), and empathy. Also, the Romanian MSCEIT has incremental validity over personality when predicting job performance. Based on these results, the authors encourage usage of the MSCEIT as a sound measure of emotional intelligence.
Performance of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale in a Sample of Children and Adolescents from Poor Urban Communities in Cape Town
Authors: Boyes Mark E. , Cluver Lucie D.
Published: April 2012

The Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) is regularly used with South African children, although its performance in this context has yet to be empirically evaluated. This study assessed the basic psychometric properties of the RCMAS using data collected in a large study examining the mental health of children and adolescents living in poor urban communities around Cape Town. Reliability of the full-scale was good, and the predicted relationships between anxiety, depression, PTSD, delinquency, age, sex, and somaticism scores offered evidence of construct validity. However, the reliabilities for the physiological, worry/oversensitivity, and concentration subscales were low, and confirmatory factor analysis revealed the hypothesized three-factor model did not adequately fit the data. Exploratory analyses suggested a four-factor solution consisting of social evaluation, worry, affective responses, and physiological symptoms/sleep disturbance factors. Further confirmatory research examining this four-factor structure is needed. Given the continued use of the RCMAS in South Africa, these findings provide an important first step in establishing its reliability and validity for use with South African youth; however, scores obtained on the three subscales should be interpreted with caution and further detailed psychometric evaluation of the RCMAS in South African samples is clearly required.
Reciprocal Relationships Between Job Demands, Job Resources, and Recovery Opportunities
Authors: Rodriguez-Muñoz Alfredo , Sanz-Vergel Ana I. , Demerouti Evangelia , Bakker Arnold B.
Published: April 2012

The aim of this study was to explore longitudinal relationships between job demands, job resources, and recovery opportunities. On the basis of the Job Demands-Resources model and Conservation of Resources theory we hypothesized that we would find reciprocal relations between job demands, job resources, and recovery opportunities over time. The sample was composed of 502 employees from a chemical processing company in the Netherlands, and we used a time lag of 1 year. Results of structural equation modeling analyses supported our hypotheses. Specifically, it was found that Time 1 (T1) workload was negatively related and autonomy positively related to Time 2 (T2) recovery opportunities. Additionally, T1 recovery opportunities had a negative effect on T2 workload and positive effects on autonomy and feedback. Overall, the findings suggest the presence of a positive upward spiral between job demands, job resources, and recovery opportunities.
Never Use One When Two Will Do *The first two authors contributed equally to this paper.
Authors: Koch Anna , Strobel Anja , Miller Robert , Garten Annegret , Cimander Christin , Westhoff Karl
Published: April 2012

The multi-method and multi-perspective approach is recommended for job analyses to ensure the validity of the assessment process, but has not been sufficiently addressed in studies so far. Therefore, the effects of a combined approach concerning two time perspectives (present- vs. future-oriented) and two sources of information (incumbents vs. supervisors) were analyzed in four independent job analyses. Across all four samples both time perspectives as well as both sources of information made a substantial contribution to the behavior descriptions of the resulting requirement profiles, indicating that a more complete picture of the job requirements results from the use of a multi-perspective approach. Logistic regression revealed an incremental value of combining both sources of information, and both time perspectives, respectively. This underlines demands to combine different approaches (cf. Morgeson & Campion, 1997) and gives them an empirical basis.
Statistical modeling of in situ hiss amplitudes using ground measurements
Authors: Golden D. I. , Spasojevic M. , Li W. , Nishimura Y.
Published: April 2012

Plasmaspheric hiss is a naturally occurring extremely low frequency electromagnetic emission that is often observed within the Earth's plasmasphere. Plasmaspheric hiss plays a major role in the scattering and loss of electrons from the Earth's radiation belts, thereby contributing to the maintenance of the slot region between the inner and outer electron belt. Traditionally, in situ satellite observations have been the measurement modality of choice for studies of plasmaspheric hiss due to their ability to directly measure the hiss source region. However, satellite studies are relatively short‐lived and very few satellite receivers remain operational for an entire 11‐year solar cycle. Ground stations, in contrast, may collect multiple solar cycles' worth of data during their lifetime, yet they cannot directly measure the hiss source region. This study aims to determine the extent to which measurements of hiss at midlatitude ground stations may be used to predict the mean amplitude of in situ measurements of plasmaspheric hiss. We use coincident measurements between Palmer Station, Antarctica (L = 2.4, 50°S invariant latitude) and the THEMIS spacecraft from June 2008 through May 2010, during solar minimum. Using an autoregressive multiple regression model, we show that in the local time sector from 00 < MLT < 12, when the ionosphere above Palmer Station is in darkness and hiss is observed at Palmer, the amplitude of plasmaspheric hiss observed by the THEMIS spacecraft is 1.4 times higher than when hiss is not observed at Palmer. In the same local time sector when the ground station is in daylight and hiss is observed, the THEMIS observed amplitudes are not significantly different from those when hiss is not observed on the ground. A stronger relationship is found in the local time sector from 12 < MLT < 24 where, when Palmer is in daylight and hiss is observed, THEMIS plasmaspheric hiss amplitudes are 2 times higher compared to when hiss is not observed at Palmer. There are insufficient statistics for the 12 < MLT < 24 sector during nighttime conditions. These results suggest that hiss emissions observed at Palmer in the dusk sector are likely plasmaspheric hiss, while those observed in the dawn sector may in fact be an emission other than plasmaspheric hiss, such as either ELF hiss or dawn chorus which has originated at high L‐shells. Though these results suggest that ground measurements of plasmaspheric hiss are not likely to be a viable replacement for in situ measurements, we believe that the predictive ability of our 12 < MLT < 24 sector model may be improved by including measurements taken during geomagnetically disturbed intervals that are characteristic of solar maximum.
Variability of foF2 over Rome and Gibilmanna during three solar cycles (1976‐2000)
Authors: Pietrella M. , Pezzopane M. , Scotto C.
Published: April 2012

Hourly validated values of the F2‐layer critical frequency (foF2) recorded at Rome, Italy (geographic coordinates 41.8°N, 12.5°E; geomagnetic coordinates 42.0°N, 93.8°E), and Gibilmanna, Italy (geographic coordinates 37.6°N, 14.0°E; geomagnetic coordinates 38.1°N, 93.6°E), along with the hourly quiet time reference values of foF2 (foF2QTRV) were considered around periods of minimum and maximum solar activity over the years 1976–2000. The foF2 data set was specifically organized in order to obtain an overall trend both for low and high solar activity, and different dispersion indices were used. The results obtained show that (1) at Rome, the foF2 variability is always greater during periods of high solar activity (HSA) in the hourly ranges 00:00–02:00 UT and 20:00–23:00 UT during winter months, and in the hourly ranges 00:00–10:00 UT and 04:00–16:00 UT during equinoctial and summer months respectively; (2) on the whole, around midday, for low solar activity (LSA), the foF2 variability is smaller at the equinoxes than at the solstices; for HSA, it is greater at equinoxes than at solstices; (3) for LSA, at Gibilmanna the foF2 variability is in general larger than at Rome, especially in summer, and it is characterized by a number of relative minimums and maximums greater than those observed at Rome; (4) at Rome, for both LSA and HSA, the passage of solar terminator at sunset significantly affects ionospheric variability in January, April, August, and November, at Gibilmanna in August, September, and November; (5) several variability peaks before sunrise and after sunset are observed in both stations; (6) on a monthly basis, for both LSA and HSA, a semiannual variation of foF2 variability is observed at both Rome and Gibilmanna; and (7) evidence of ionospheric variability at the typical heights of the F region, connected to upward propagating gravity waves triggered by solar terminator, is observed at Rome during some days characterized by HSA in the equinoctial months.
Boundary layer models of hydrothermal circulation on Mars and its relationship to geomorphic features
Authors: Craft Kathleen L. , Lowell Robert P.
Published: April 2012

We apply steady state boundary layer theory to single phase, dike‐driven hydrothermal systems beneath the surface of Mars to provide estimates of the heat and liquid water outputs over a range of crustal permeabilities and dike dimensions. Model results yielded a heat output of ∼1.8 × 1019 J/yr and a volumetric fluid flow rate of ∼15 km3/yr for a 1000 km long, 1 km tall dike‐like intrusion injected into crust with a permeability of 10−11 m2. A similar, 10 km tall dike could generate a heat output of ∼5.6 × 1019 J/yr and ∼46 km3/yr of fluid flow. For dike half‐widths of 10 and 100 m, total volume production of fluid ranged between ∼45 and ∼13,800 km3 along one side of the dike over the respective 3 and 300 year half‐dike lifetimes. The calculated fluid flow rates are much less than those estimated for production of the outflow channel system, Athabasca Valles; yet, the total fluid volume produced is of the required magnitude. If fluid could be stored in a near surface reservoir until later episodic release(s), the water volume supplied by one side of a single, 100 m half‐width, 200 km long, and 10 km tall dike emplaced into a region with permeability equal to 10−11 m2 could form the outflow channel. Hydrothermally generated meltwater from an overlying, near surface ice layer was found to contribute significantly to the fluid flow volume for this system.
ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase/NF-κB signaling controls mammosphere formation in human breast cancer
Authors: Hinohara Kunihiko , Kobayashi Seiichiro , Kanauchi Hajime , Shimizu Seiichiro , Nishioka Kotoe , Tsuji Ei-ichi , Tada Kei-ichiro , Umezawa Kazuo , Mori Masaki , Ogawa Toshihisa , Inoue Jun-ichiro , Tojo Arinobu , Gotoh Noriko
Published: April 2012

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in humans. However, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis in breast tissues is limited. Here, we identified a molecular mechanism that controls the ability of breast cancer cells to form multicellular spheroids (mammospheres). We found that heregulin (HRG), a ligand for ErbB3, induced mammosphere formation of a breast cancer stem cell (BCSC)–enriched population as well as in breast cancer cell lines. HRG-induced mammosphere formation was reduced by treatment with inhibitors for phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or NF-κB and by expression of IκBα-Super Repressor (IκBαSR), a dominant-negative inhibitor for NF-κB. Moreover, the overexpression of IκBαSR in breast cancer cells inhibited tumorigenesis in NOD/SCID mice. Furthermore, we found that the expression of IL8, a regulator of self-renewal in BCSC-enriched populations, was induced by HRG through the activation of the PI3K/NF-κB pathway. These findings illustrate that HRG/ErbB3 signaling appears to maintain mammosphere formation through a PI3K/NF-κB pathway in human breast cancer.
Effects of Exhaustive Exercise on Lipid Peroxide and Hydroxy Lipids in Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata
Authors: Tanaka Ryusuke , Nakamura Takashi
Published: April 2012

Cultured yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata (also known as buri) are exposed to more stress and strenuous exercise than wild fish because of high-density breeding and declines in water quality from waste feed. The excessive exercise leads to the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that modify several critical cellular components. Thus, exercise could affect flesh quality. Yellowtail were restrained with a fishing line tied to the tail and pulled for 30–40 min until they were fully exhausted. As a result, after exercise lipid peroxide levels increased significantly, from 95 ± 25 (mean ± SD) to 170 ± 13 nmol/g of tissue in red muscle and from 130 ± 31 to 237 ± 29 nmol/g of tissue in the liver. These increases in lipid peroxide levels were mainly the result of peroxidation of phospholipids and not neutral lipids. In particular, the ratio of phospholipid peroxides to neutral lipids in the liver increased from 30.4 ± 11.4% to 55.4 ± 13.8%. However, no significant increase in hydroxy lipids was observed after exercise. These results suggest that yellowtail should be maintained at low densities, transferred quickly to marketing containers from the culture tank, and exsanguinated to prevent adverse effects on flesh quality.
Behind the Scenes
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter discusses Great Britain's first experience of World War 2 on September 3, 1939 with a broadcast and an air-raid warning. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain made the announcement that Britain was at war with Germany and was fighting against ‘evil things’. This chapter also discusses the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) meticulous preparations for the dispersal of its staff and the introduction of the single programme, which was necessary for defence reasons.
‘Twelve Weeks of War’
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter explains that Great Britain's sitzkrieg with Germany actually started on September 1, 1939, two days before Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's broadcast. It officially started when orders had been signalled to every transmitting station and studio of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) to change over to war conditions. During this time, freedom of choice disappeared for home listeners because BBC was only broadcasting one programme related to the war.
A Second Alternative Programme
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter focuses on the Haw-Haw radio programmes from Germany. This programmes were part of a pattern of German radio propaganda which had its origins in German policy and featured William Joyce. The opening words of Haw-Haw's programmes ‘Germany calling, Germany calling’ quickly became catchwords in Great Britain and Haw-Haw stole the headlines more than any British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) broadcasters. This chapter discusses the British background of Haw-Haw or Joyce.
Answering Back
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter focuses on the Great Britain's answer to the Haw-haw radio programmes, Germany's war propaganda. It argues that during this time the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was more active than the Ministry of Information in getting back at Germany and discusses the appointment of former BBC General-Director J.W.C. Reith as Minister of Information. It also describes Reith's meeting with current BBC Director-General Frederick Ogilvie and his proposals for wartime broadcasting.
Attack by Radio
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter highlights the role of radio broadcasting in the success of Germany's blitzkrieg attack in western Europe. Many analysts attributed the success of the blitzkrieg to the success of the German broadcasting machine and in particular to the skilful tactics employed in the defeat of France. This chapter explains the reasons behind the success of Germany's radio propaganda including the role of radio broadcaster Paul Ferdonnet, called ‘the traitor of Stuttgart’.
Counter-attack
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter examines the reorganization of British broadcasting in France during the summer and autumn of 1940. It suggests that this reorganization was part of a much bigger, though incomplete, reorganization of the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) overseas service. It argues that British broadcasting's offensive strategy of propaganda during Germany's attack on Great Britain played a major role in Germany's first military defeat.
The Battle of Britain
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter examines the events in the Battle of Britain to provide a better understanding of the domestic and international role of British broadcasting in 1940. It argues that the propaganda tactics of German broadcasters during this battle were far less effective that they had been during the blitzkrieg in Holland, Belgium, and France. It describes the programmes and broadcasting of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) during this time.
V for Victory
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter focuses on the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) war propaganda programme V for Victory. It explains that this campaign caught the imagination of the European audiences and worried the Germans. It highlights the role of the programme in making the people of occupied countries conscious of their national and international solidarity. It discusses many aspects of the V campaign which were not known to listeners during the war.
Propaganda and Intelligence
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter focuses on the reorganization of British propaganda and military intelligence in 1942 following the creation and growth of the Political Warfare Executive (PWE). It discusses the impact of the PWE on the European service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and highlights the problem in the operation of the PWE. It explains that there were differences within the PWE and the absence of Director-General Bruce Lockhart were often sharp divergences of viewpoint.
The World Map of Radio
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter discusses the expansion of the British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) European service into a world service in 1942. During this time the BBC had to deal with so many difficult wartime problems, both of intelligence and of propaganda, that its staff became too busy even to attend discussion on the international uses of radio. It explains that the British Home Office was also relying on BBC to coordinate monitoring of war-related developments around the world.
Reorganization
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter focuses on the reorganisation of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). It suggests that the goal of General Adviser on War-Time Organisation was not to break the organization, but to produce a tidy and acceptable pattern which would save the BBC from incessant intervention from the Treasury Department. It explains that the reorganisation was designed to establish financial control and to reform the highly centralised pre-administrative machine built up in peace-time.
D-Day and After
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: April 2012

This chapter focuses on British Broadcasting Corporation's (BBC) broadcasting during and after D-Day. It discusses the BBC's creation of War Reports, which was first introduced by John Snagge. This programme was essentially personal and informal, and was listened to by an audience of ten to fifteen million in Great Britain and thousands overseas. This chapter also explores the war of words between German and BBC broadcasters and highlights the Ministry of Information of announcement of the official start of VE Day on May 8, 1945.
Management of cardio-vascular abnormalities caused by autonomic dysfunction in spinal cord injury
Authors: Mathias C. J. , Frankel H. L. , Cole J. D.
Published: April 2012

The activity of the autonomie nervous system is dependent on a cranial parasympathetic outflow and on spinal pathways, which traverse the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar sections of the spinal cord, with the sympathetic outflow emerging from the thoracic and upper lumbar segments, and the parasympathetic outflow from the sacral segments. In patients with spinal cord lesions the major proportion of the autonomie outflow may therefore be disrupted, resulting in inactivity, or dissociation of actions from cerebral regulation. A greater degree of disordered cardio-vascular control often occurs in patients with cervical and high thoracic spinal cord lesions. Activity of the autonomie nervous system, however, is also dependent on the afferent nervous system, and the level and extent of lesion thus influences responses. This chapter concentrates on the management of cardiovascular abnormalities which result from autonomie dysfunction in patients with high spinal cord injury. The initial description involves patients with acute lesions, as their cardio-vascular problems are often different from those in the chronic stages.
Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and MRI
Authors: Jezzard Peter , Clare Stuart
Published: April 2012

Imaging using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was first demonstrated in the 1970s, and has since seen huge application in diagnostic radiology. It has been described using a number of formalisms and at a number of levels of complexity. This chapter traverses a path inbetween unnecessary rigorous complexity and over-simplifying inaccuracy of NMR imaging, and involves a discussion of most imaging experiments that can be understood using the principles of classical physics and quantum effects. It illustrates that NMR has a long history in helping to elucidate the chemical composition of samples via an analysis of their NMR spectra. The chapter emphasizes the concepts of spatial understanding and k- space, discusses Fourier imaging and studies nuclei namely hydrogen, phosphorus and carbon in the case of biomedical magnetic resonance spectroscopy.