bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computerisation ‐ preparing to go live
Authors: Barrow Martin
Published: October 2010

IN an earlier article Martin Barrow discussed the preliminary stages of practice computerisation, from making the commitment to the change through to choosing the right system and supplier (In Practice, September 1995, pp 384– 388). In this article he takes things a stage further. The configuration and installation of the computer system are dealt with, as are the procedures necessary to convert an assortment of equipment and software into an efficient management system of real benefit to the practice.
Practical approach to diarrhoea in the cat
Authors: Papasouliotis Kostas , Gruffydd‐Jones Tim
Published: October 2010

DIARRHOEA is defined as the passage of soft, semi‐formed or liquid faeces at an increased frequency and may occur as a consequence of several pathogenic mechanisms; specifically, osmotic retention of water within the intestinal lumen, hypersecretion of ions and accompanying water into the lumen, exudation of blood serum proteins and tissue fluid, or disordered intestinal motility. This article outlines the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to acute diarrhoea in the cat and then goes on to discuss, in greater depth, the most common intestinal diseases in the differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhoea in cats.
Oedema in cattle ‐ causes and clinical implications
Authors: Michell Bob
Published: October 2010

OEDEMA denotes expansion of the interstitial fluid to produce either subcutaneous swelling or accumulations of fluid in the lungs, thoracic cavity, abdomen (ascites), and so on. General tissue oedema is unsightly and uncomfortable, but seldom life‐threatening. Other forms of oedema are of greater clinical significance. If extensive, gut oedema causes severe disturbances, and pulmonary and laryngeal oedema are potentially lethal; so, eventually, is ascites or hydrothorax because of the interference with respiratory movements.
Measuring up in the public eye
Authors: Bower John
Published: October 2010

IN 1992 the Society of Practising Veterinary Surgeons (SPVS) set up a joint working party with the BVA, BSAVA, BEVA and BCVA to examine the relationship between the veterinary profession and the animalowning public. This working party was not established in response to any particular request or incident, but as a genuine wish to discover the situation by the then SPVS president, Des Thompson, and his council. Most arms of the profession were involved to ensure the widest possible range of views and experience. This article summarises the report of the working party.
Arthrodesis in the dog
Authors: Dyce Jonathan
Published: October 2010

ARTHRODESIS is the irreversible osseous fusion of a joint undertaken as a salvage procedure to restore acceptable limb function. The aims of this article are to review the principles of arthrodesis, identify potential complications and assist the surgeon to advise on appropriate arthrodesis.
The cost of handling money
Authors: Matthews Keith
Published: October 2010

In a previous article ([i]In Practice[/i], March 1996, p 135) Keith Matthews discussed the information that should be presented to a bank when requesting financial backing. This article outlines some of the options available for reducing the charges made by banks simply for handling a practice's money. It also looks at the need for adequate security ‐ both for premises and personnel ‐ when handling sums of money.
Establishing your status as self‐employed
Authors: Thorpe Derek
Published: October 2010

A SELF‐EMPLOYED person provides a contract for services in contrast to an employed person who provides a contract of services (which would be under the control and direction of an employer). This distinction is one which is often confused but it is essential that it is understood because classifying somebody incorrectly could prove very costly for an employer.
It shouldn't happen to a vet…
Authors: Tindall John
Published: October 2010

ANY allegation of veterinary negligence can cause irritation and stress to the practitioner directly involved and can also affect people involved only indirectly, especially if the allegation is unjustified. The practitioner, his or her colleagues, support staff within the practice and family may all be affected even when the outcome of a case was successful and a professional reputation was cleared. The case described here demonstrates the kinds of problem that can arise.
lonophores
Authors: McKellar Quintin , Lawrence Keith
Published: October 2010

THE ionophores are a group of antibiotics produced by the fermentation of fungal [i]Streptomyces[/i] species which have activity against some Gram‐positive bacteria, coccidia, [i]Neospora[/i] and [i]Toxoplasma[/i]. The ionophores have a narrow therapeutic index in some species and are incompatible with drugs which interfere with hepatic metabolism. Toxicity is only seen when they are administered at the wrong dose, to the wrong species or together with those products with known interactions. The ionophores are used as growth promoters in cattle and pigs and as coccidiostats in poultry and ruminants. They include maduramicin, monensin, lasalocid, narasin, salinomycin and semduramicin.
What's in an ad?
Authors: West Jayne
Published: October 2010

THE recruitment of new members of staff is one aspect of management which many businesses fail to resource sufficiently. In the case of veterinary practice, the current climate has resulted in a number of practices competing for what is a relatively small manpower pool. Therefore the approach to recruitment is of the utmost importance. So, how can practices present themselves and their vacancy in a way which encourages potential applicants to apply?
Evaluation of cardiac murmurs in horses 2. Echocardiography
Authors: Blissitt Karen , Patteson Mark
Published: October 2010

THIS is the second of two articles describing the evaluation of cardiac murmurs. Part 1, published in the September issue, concentrated on identifying the source of a murmur and assessing its effects by clinical examination. Here, the value of echocardiography for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes is discussed.
Is no news, good news?
Authors: Viner Bradley
Published: October 2010

COMMUNICATIONS has been one of the major growth industries of recent years, and this trend seems set to continue. The media explosion has had both good and bad effects. However, the media have become much more accessible to the public which has developed an almost insatiable appetite for stories. The companion animal branch of the profession has thrived in recent years because of the importance of the bond between humans and animals, and it is this same bond that makes items involving pet animals so popular. In this article, Bradley Viner gives some advice on how to handle the different arms of the media to maximum effect.
An approach to hindlimb lameness 2. Gait assessment, flexion tests and what to do next
Authors: Dyson Sue
Published: October 2010

THE evaluation of a horse moving is vitally important to determine whether or not it is lame, which is the lame limb or limbs, the degree of lameness and its variability with exercise, and whether or not there is a neurological gait deficit. The observer must be aware that information from the owner about which is the lame limb can be misleading!
Endoscopy in parrots
Authors: Harcourt‐Brown Nigel
Published: October 2010

IN the past 15 years there has been a tremendous increase in the use of endoscopy in dogs, cats and horses. In avian veterinary practice, endoscopy is also very useful and sometimes it is essential for arriving at the correct diagnosis. This article aims to present a practitioner's guide to endoscopy in parrots. The commonest reason for endoscopic examination in these birds is gender determination. Internal laparoscopy also provides a useful and minimally invasive diagnostic tool for the investigation of many avian medical conditions. A range of common pathological conditions is illustrated here and contrasted with the normal endoscopic appearance. It is not intended that these pictures should provide a complete range of differential diagnoses but, rather, a starting point for the novice avian endoscopist.
National Pet Week and veterinary practice ‐ the mutual benefits
Authors: Bower John , Slater Neil
Published: October 2010

NATIONAL Pet Week ‐ now in its ninth year ‐ is an opportunity both to educate your clients and to market your practice. However, few practices use this opportunity to the full. Here, John Bower and Neil Slater explore the work involved in making National Pet Week a success and ask whether it is all worth it.
It shouldn't happen to a vet. . .
Authors: Tindall John
Published: October 2010

'IT'S just a normal, routine procedure.' How often have we used that phrase in addressing our clients ‐ and what is the purpose behind it? Is it to allay any fears they may have of what lies in store for their pet, or is it to demonstrate to the client that we are truly expert and that therefore 'nothing can go wrong'? In either case, the Veterinary Defence Society would caution the wisdom of such reasoning.
Update on sheep scab
Authors: Lewis Chris
Published: October 2010

SHEEP scab, probably the most infectious condition of sheep in Britain today, has become widespread in the UK since it was deregulated in July 1992. While traditionally a disease of autumn and winter, outbreaks are now recorded in most months of the year (the author encountered the worst case he has ever seen in the hottest week of August 1995). There is a great need for education and advice if the sheep industry is to rid itself of the scourge of sheep scab and, here, the veterinary profession has an important role to play.
CPD ‐ a cost:benefit analysis
Authors: Goddard Philip
Published: October 2010

Few practices make 'continuing professional development' compulsory either for recent graduates or old hands. However, the latest RCVS Guide to Professional Conduct states: 'It is important for veterinarians to keep up to date with general developments in veterinary science, especially in the sectors in which they are practising. To that end they are strongly advised to participate in formal programmes of CPD throughout their careers.' In this article Philip Goddard considers some of the benefits of CPD to individuals, practices and clients, as well as some possible drawbacks.
Dental care in horses
Authors: Tremaine Henry
Published: October 2010

THE practical difficulties associated with examining the equine oral cavity, combined with inadequate training, have resulted in an often less than thorough appraisal of a horse's dentition, especially of the caudal cheek teeth, and an unenthusiastic attitude to equine dentistry among some quarters of the veterinary profession. In some cases, the demand for a technically competent tooth rasping service has been met by lay technicians who are permitted by the Veterinary Surgeons Act (1966) to rasp teeth, although no recognised training programme in this field currently exists in the UK. This article aims to assist veterinary practitioners in offering comprehensive dental care to their equine patients.
Treatment of toe granuloma in sheep
Authors: Winter Agnes
Published: October 2010

A METHOD of treating toe granuloma ‐ a problem caused all too often by unskilled foot trimming ‐ is described here which will allow an affected foot to return to near normality. The temptation simply to cut off a granuloma should be resisted as this will result in profuse bleeding and recurrence of the condition.
Small animal practice ‐ where next?
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

THE small animal sector is by far the largest in the UK veterinary practice scene, accounting for some 70 per cent of all fees earned. The trend towards practices dealing entirely with small animal work is now well established and the size of these dedicated practices has steadily increased. Now, with the perceived threat of competition from pet superstores and the like, it is time for small animal practices to reconsider their position and, as some have already done, to face up to the competition.
Tracheobronchial washing in the dog and cat
Authors: Sparkes Andrew , Wotton Paul , Brown Peter
Published: October 2010

THE collection of tracheobronchial washings is indicated in the diagnostic investigation of airway disease of undetermined aetiology. The material obtained from the washings is representative of changes occurring in the major airways (trachea and bronchi) and can be submitted for both cytological examination and bacteriological culture.
Fertility problems in stallions
Authors: Watson Elaine
Published: October 2010

ROUTINE examination of stallions, particularly non‐thoroughbreds, by veterinary surgeons before the start of the breeding season or prior to purchase is far less common in the UK than in the USA. Unless a visible genital or behavioural abnormality is detected by the owner, very often the first sign of a problem is failure of the stallion to achieve satisfactory pregnancy rates. In many of these subfertile stallions, no abnormalities will be identified until the semen is analysed. For the purposes of this article, the causes of fertility problems are divided into five categories: behavioural abnormalities, ejaculatory dysfunction, poor semen quality, infection and mare management.
Appraisals ‐ an effective way to develop your staff
Authors: Derby Steve
Published: October 2010

THE staff of a veterinary practice are its most valuable resource: their performance can make or mar its best endeavours. A staff appraisal system provides a chance for an employer and an employee to discuss the latter's performance over the previous year and to set goals for the future. Making the time to set up an effective appraisal system is, says Steve Derby, time well spent. This article aims to provide a framework to encourage practices to look at staff appraisal; future articles will present a practical approach to preparing for and conducting an appraisal interview.
Helping those you manage to give of their best
Authors: Dale Charlotte
Published: October 2010

THE enterprise culture of the 1980s has seen a transformation of British industry, both in this country and abroad. However, with the expansion of 'down‐sizing', 'right‐sizing', 'up‐sizing', 'just in time management' and the explosion of high technology, the cost to individuals and businesses has been substantial. Here, Charlotte Dale continues her series on the control of stress, by looking at how those in management positions can make sure that they get the best from their staff, with minimal stress all round.
Conducting a face‐to‐face appraisal
Authors: Clarke Carole
Published: October 2010

IN an article in the last issue, Carole Clarke set the scene for staff appraisal, indicating its value in veterinary practice and suggesting how to prepare for the interview. This article discusses the technique for the face‐to‐face appraisal, highlighting some of the pitfalls to beware of.
Opening up the communication channels
Authors: Beddall Steve
Published: October 2010

IF a veterinary practice stops communicating, it will eventually grind to a halt. Communication is the lubricant that keeps an organisation running smoothly. It is also the glue that keeps the individuals together as a team. Here, Steve Beddall looks at ways of improving communication within the practice.
Bereavement support: helping others cope with loss
Authors: Thomas Janet
Published: October 2010

A PET loss bereavement group is a valuable service which can be offered by a veterinary practice. Veterinary surgeons, however, receive little training in ‘people care’ and may feel unsure about establishing such a group. In this article, Janet Thomas describes the benefits, and limitations, of a bereavement support group.
Are your staff and premises properly protected?
Authors: Thursby‐Pelham Charles
Published: October 2010

PRACTICE premises and the people who work in them are at risk of theft and personal attack. However, there are many precautions which can be taken to prevent such incidents or to limit the damage should they occur. In this article, Charles Thursby‐Pelham outlines some of the ways to protect a practice and its staff.
Partners at war: when a disagreement becomes a full‐scale dispute
Authors: Openshaw Nick
Published: October 2010

DISPUTES within partnerships can sometimes result in bitter conflicts, with serious consequences for all involved. In this article, Nick Openshaw examines various ways of preventing conflicts arising in the first place and, where these fail, the options for resolving them.
Mechanisms of immune‐mediated disease in small animals
Authors: Day Michael
Published: October 2010

A DISEASE may be considered to be immune‐mediated when the pathology and clinical signs that characterise it arise following primary dysfunction of the immune system and no underlying disease is diagnosed. This article reviews the current knowledge of the mechanisms which underlie primary immune‐mediated disease in small animals. An understanding of these mechanisms is important in formulating a prognosis for such disorders and in selecting appropriate immunomodulatory drugs for their treatment. The therapy of immune‐mediated disease will be discussed further in an article in the next issue.
Feline hypokalaemia
Authors: Hodson Séverine
Published: October 2010

A DISTURBANCE in potassium balance is one of the most frequently identified electrolyte abnormalities in small animal practice. This article provides an overview of feline hypokalaemia, focusing on the causes, clinical signs and approach to treatment.
Therapy of immune‐mediated disease in small animals
Authors: Dunn John
Published: October 2010

THIS article describes the basic principles of immunosuppressive therapy, emphasising areas where recent advances have been made. The current knowledge of the mechanisms which underlie primary immunemediated disease in small animals was reviewed in the last issue.
The Consumer Credit Act?
Authors: Morrison Karen
Published: October 2010

THE BVA Legal Helpline is regularly asked for advice by practices seeking to improve their billing procedure and debt recovery system. In this article, Karen Morrison answers some of the more common questions that arise about offering credit to clients and, in particular, whether or not a credit licence is required.
Treatment of sick and injured marine mammals
Authors: Barnett James
Published: October 2010

THIS, the first in an occasional series of articles on the treatment and rehabilitation of sick and injured wild animals, focuses on marine mammal species ‐ namely, pinnipeds and cetaceans which veterinary practitioners in coastal areas might on occasion be called to attend. Some of the legal and ethical issues which surround wildlife treatment are discussed in an accompanying article on page 214.
The Budget ‐ implications for veterinary practice
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

THE Chancellor's budget, presented on March 17, was unusually complicated at first glance and, as a number of commentators pointed out over the subsequent days, 'the devil is in the detail'. Although not all the detail is available, the aim of this article is to bring the subjects affecting practice to the notice of readers and encourage them to investigate in depth before taking any major business decisions.
Rent reviews ‐ ensuring a fair deal
Authors: Arthur Nick
Published: October 2010

LEASING premises in which to establish a veterinary practice or branch avoids some of the expense of buying outright or of going down the purpose‐built route. However, leasing involves paying rent and dealing with rent reviews. Here, Nick Arthur explains what is involved in the rent review process and how a revised level of rent is calculated.
Developmnents in the veterinary care of rabbits and rodents
Authors: Flecknell Paul
Published: October 2010

THE popularity of small mammals as pets, rabbits in particular, has increased in recent years. In the past, clinical management of these species was hampered by a lack of readily accessible information, but this is now changing with the publication of a range of useful texts. This article highlights some of the developments in the veterinary care of rabbits and rodents, with particular emphasis on the use of anaesthetics, antibiotics and other therapeutic agents. It is important to note that many of the products discussed do not have a product licence for the species concerned, and veterinary surgeons must use their clinical judgement when using these agents.
Unusual endocrine disorders in the cat
Authors: Mooney Carmel
Published: October 2010

HYPERTHYROIDISM and diabetes mellitus are well known endocrine disorders of the cat. Recognition and understanding of these two diseases has increased dramatically over the past 10 or 15 years and this has awakened interest in the field of feline endocrinology; a field which, traditionally, has been poorly studied compared to the same subject in the dog. Almost all endocrine disorders diagnosed in the dog have now been recognised in the cat. This article focuses on four emerging feline endocrine disorders: acromegaly, hyperadrenocorticism, hypoadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism.
Collection and preparation of smears for cytological examination
Authors: Villiers Elizabeth , Dunn John
Published: October 2010

CYTOLOGY is a very useful tool for the practising veterinary surgeon. Samples can be collected and examined quickly and easily, with no requirement for lengthy processing. Thus, results can be obtained in minutes and, in the light of the cytological findings, an appropriate treatment plan formulated. This article describes some simple sampling techniques for evaluation of superficial masses, lymph nodes and internal organs. The general principles of cytological interpretation, and the collection and handling of pleural and peritoneal effusions in the dog and cat, will be discussed in future issues.
Treatment of palmar foot pain in the equine forelimb
Authors: Gough Martin
Published: October 2010

THE main causes of chronic palmar foot pain that may be differentiated are foot imbalance, navicular disease and distal interphalangeal joint disease. This article discusses the treatment and management of these problems and, where possible, indicates the likely outcome. An approach to the investigation and diagnosis of horses with palmar foot pain was described in the last issue (pages 358‐366).
Pigs and zoonoses
Authors: Alexander Tom
Published: October 2010

IF all the organisms that could infect pigs, and that in theory might also infect people, were listed without explanation, the list would be long and imposing, but misleading. From the viewpoint of the British pig industry, once the exotic, relatively unimportant and rare zoonoses are removed, the list that remains is less daunting, especially when compared with the threat of zoonoses from other foodproducing animals. However, it is important for the industry not to be too complacent regarding the zoonotic risks, particularly in the light of the increasing numbers of the general public who are immunocompromised. There is also the possibility that the imminent application of porcine xenotransplantation may further increase the risks. A re‐examination of the zoonotic potential of pigs is therefore timely.
Vets on the Net.
Authors: Gerrard Bill
Published: October 2010

THE Internet is a multimedia communications network which spans 100 nations across the globe and incorporates 61,000 individual computer networks. Currently undergoing explosive growth, the Internet is expected to reach an audience of 100 million by the end of this year. Clearly, given the level of usage, the possibilities for commerce are vast and the veterinary profession, as a collection of small businesses, stands to gain from what the Internet has to offer. In a series of three articles, Dr Bill Gerrard looks at how veterinary practitioners have adapted to using the Internet in their everyday working lives and reviews the tools and services that it offers. Here, by way of introduction, he traces the remarkable history and development of the Net.
Are you making the best use of your assets?
Authors: Gripper Peter
Published: October 2010

MANAGING your assets to best effect can sometimes just involve reviewing what you have and what you do with it. It is often surprising how many benefits can be gained with a few simple alterations and changes to existing work practices. Here, Peter Gripper outlines areas to consider.
Extramural studies ‐ the practitioner's role
Authors: Taylor Ian , Barnes Jill
Published: October 2010

AN extensive study of extramural studies (EMS) in the UK has recently been completed. The so‐called SILVER project (Supporting Independent Learning in Veterinary Extramural Rotations) was funded over three years by the RCVS, through the Charter Education Trust, and was carried out by the Liverpool Evaluation and Assessment Unit. This article outlines a number of important aspects which were identified in the study regarding the crucial role played by veterinary practitioners in providing EMS.
Women in the profession 2. Effects on practice structure and organisation
Authors: Shield Christine
Published: October 2010

IN the first article in this series (In Practice, July/August 1999, pp 386‐389), Christine Shield quantified the dramatic increase in the numbers of women in the veterinary profession in recent years and suggested that one factor in the current manpower shortage is that more women wish to work part time and take career breaks for child‐rearing in comparison with their male colleagues. In this article she considers the effects that the increasing number of women in the profession are having on practice structure and organisation in the UK. A summary of the implications for the profession as a whole is given in the box on page 618.
Management of respiratory disease in psittacine birds
Authors: Lawton Martin
Published: October 2010

RESPIRATORY disease, the most common presenting clinical condition in parrots (Psittaciformes), has a variety of possible causes including infectious, non‐infectious, systemic, metabolic and nutritional problems, all of which may be exacerbated by incorrect environmental temperature and humidity. Due to the unique and complex respiratory system of birds, avian respiratory diseases are often more serious than those affecting mammals; the high basic metabolic rate of birds and their increased requirement for oxygen, especially when flying, mean that any interference with normal respiratory processes will result in debilitation and may even be fatal. Essential to the investigation of respiratory conditions is a basic understanding of avian anatomy. As discussed in this article, anatomical features have an important bearing on the clinical examination, as well as on the pathogenesis and treatment of repiratory disease in these patients.
Veterinary care of the hedgehog
Authors: Robinson Ian , Routh Andrew
Published: October 2010

THE European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is probably the most frequently treated wild mammal in Britain. Its small size, relative tolerance of human interference and non‐aggressive nature make it an ideal species for rehabilitators. The wide range of clinical problems encountered also make it a fascinating subject for the veterinarian.
The Budget ‐ implications for veterinary practice
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

THE Chancellor's budget, presented on March 9, followed the trend which has recently been developing in that announcements were made of changes which only take effect some time in the future. Instead of the immediate changes of the past, such as ‘tax on spirits increased as from 6 pm today’, we have ‘employer's national insurance contributions will decrease to 11.7 per cent as from April 2001’. Nevertheless, practitioners would do well to study the detail and plan for the changes.
Feline infectious upper respiratory tract disease ‐ an update
Authors: Dawson Susan , Willoughby Kim
Published: October 2010

DESPITE the widespread availability of 'cat flu' vaccines, feline upper respiratory tract disease remains a problem, especially in multicat environments. Although rarely fatal, infectious respiratory disease can leave cats with chronic signs. Cats can remain infectious to other cats for much longer than the period of acute infection ‐ in some cases, for life. This, coupled with the inability of the current virus vaccines to protect against infection (as opposed to disease), poses problems for disease control.
Infectious abortion in sheep
Authors: Buxton David , Henderson David
Published: October 2010

WHILE many organisms can cause sporadic, fatal infections of the ovine fetus, a smaller number have a particular ability to colonise the conceptus and cause characteristic syndromes of abortion. The aim of this article is to provide an update on infectious causes of abortion, focusing primarily on those that commonly occur in the UK. Of the protozoa, Toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of abortion in many sheep‐producing countries, including the UK, while Sarcocystis species and Neospora caninum also have the potential to cause fetal loss. Of the bacteria, Chlamydia psittaci is the major pathogen of pregnancy in the UK, as in parts of continental Europe; Campylobacter fetus fetus, Salmonella species, Listeria monocytogenes and Brucella melitensis can also cause severe losses, although the last does not occur in the UK. The rickettsia Coxiella burnetii probably infects the ovine placenta more often than is recognised, though fetal death is relatively uncommon, while abortion due to tickborne fever is secondary to the febrile response. The most important viral infection in the UK is border disease; Wesselsbron disease, bluetongue and Akabane virus disease occur outside the UK. All may attack the ovine fetus, damaging the developing central nervous system and sometimes also other systems such as the skeleton.
Assessing and minimising the distress caused by painful husbandry procedures in ruminants
Authors: Mellor David , Stafford Kevin
Published: October 2010

IT is imperative that the pain and distress caused by essential husbandry procedures, such as tail docking and dehorning, are minimised. It is therefore necessary to monitor current findings about the physiological basis of the distress caused by painful husbandry practices, so that efforts can be made to minimise that distress. Since two or more methods (eg, cautery or cryocautery) can usually be used to achieve one husbandry purpose (eg, branding), this raises the question of which method causes the least pain‐induced distress. As knowledge grows, judgements about the acceptability of different husbandry procedures may require revision.
Leveraging: what is it and how is it done?
Authors: Girotti Ray
Published: October 2010

LEVERAGING is a relatively new concept in UK veterinary practice, although leveraging support staff is a management tool which has been used for a number of years by veterinary practices in the USA. It has also been used in the UK in a variety of different guises outside veterinary practice. One of the dictionary definitions of leveraging is Oa means of accomplishing a purpose' which, as Ray Girotti explains in this article, could be more efficient working practices or increased profitability. Leveraging also offers veterinary practices a new way of thinking about their staff.
Feline anaemia 2. Differential diagnosis
Authors: Ramsey Ian , Gould Sara
Published: October 2010

IN this, the second of two articles, the underlying causes of feline anaemia are discussed. The first article, published in the September issue of In Practice (pp 411‐415), described the presentation and outlined general principles in the investigation of feline anaemia. Readers are advised to refer to the previous article before consulting this article.
Assessment of optimal mating time in the bitch
Authors: Hewitt Denise , England Gary
Published: October 2010

THE bitch is described as being monoestrus, which means that a long period of anoestrus occurs between successive periods of oestrus, whether she becomes pregnant or not. Correct monitoring and timing of the cycle is, therefore, essential if a fertile mating is to be achieved, since the next opportunity will not occur for some time. An important consideration when attempting to achieve a successful mating is the variation which occurs both between bitches and between cycles in the same bitch in the timing of ovulation in relation to the onset of proestrus. Despite this, many breeders continue to time matings using a standard number of days from the start of vulval bleeding (onset of proestrus). Bitches are, therefore, often mated at an unsuitable time, resulting in an apparent, and usually avoidable, infertility. Correct timing relies on the detection of physiological changes that occur between the onset of proestrus and oestrus. As discussed in this article, there are several different techniques which may be employed to assess the optimal time for mating, including measurement of plasma hormone concentrations, examination of exfoliated vaginal cells, and vaginal endoscopy.
Vaccination of sheep ‐ an update
Authors: Lewis Chris
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY Investigation Disease Analysis (VIDA) statistics reveal that, over the past 10 years or so, the most commonly diagnosed causes of death in sheep, in descending order, have been enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE), toxoplasmosis, pasteurellosis (Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi) and the clostridial diseases, predominantly pulpy kidney disease (Clostridium perfringens type D) and lamb dysentery (Cperfringens type B). All of these diseases can be controlled or prevented by vaccination.
Protozoal disease in cattle and sheep
Authors: Taylor Mike
Published: October 2010

PROTOZOA are ubiquitous single‐celled organisms, of which over 65,000 species have been described. Many occur as either free‐living forms or harmless commensals, but their numbers include some of the most globally important parasitic diseases of man and animals. Ruminants carry large numbers of protozoa in their stomachs and intestines, the vast majority of which are entirely harmless. Some species of protozoa, however, are significant as causes of disease in domesticated cattle and sheep, or because of their potential for zoonotic transmission. The parasites discussed in this article include Eimeria species, which cause coccidiosis in young ruminants; Cryptosporidum parvum, the cause of cryptosporidiosis in a wide range of mammals including ruminants and man; and Toxoplasma gondii, the causal agent of toxoplasmosis which produces abortion and fetal abnormalities in sheep and man. Reference is also made to a number of other protozoa found in cattle and sheep that either occasionally cause disease, assume importance as zoonoses, or are newly emerging infections.
Canine dilated cardiomyopathy 2. Pathophysiology and treatment
Authors: McEwan Joanna Dukes
Published: October 2010

A GOOD understanding of the underlying pathophysiology is required to enable a sensible approach to the treatment and management of canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This article describes the mechanisms involved in congestive heart failure associated with DCM, and outlines the options available for treatment and management. An article in the previous issue discussed some of the breed‐specific manifestations of canine DCM and the approach to diagnosis (In Practice, October 2000, pp 520‐530).
The VN S/NVQ Scheme in practice
Authors: Bower Caroline , Simmonds Melanie
Published: October 2010

WHEN the system for training student nurses changed to the Scottish/National Vocational Qualification (S/NVQ) Scheme last year, many practices were prompted to look closely at the training they offered. In this article, Caroline Bower and Melanie Simmonds describe their experiences of implementing the new scheme.
Coping with conflict in the practice 2. Strategies for success
Authors: Dale Charlotte
Published: October 2010

CONFLICT is a normal part of life. It can't be avoided, so learning how to resolve a situation and bring it to a conclusion is a valuable survival skill. In the second article of her series on coping with conflict, Charlotte Dale looks at techniques for 'calming the hissing and spitting'.
Current perspectives on rabies 1. The biology of rabies and rabies‐related viruses
Authors: Bowen‐Davies Jenny , Lowings Paul
Published: October 2010

RABIES is an almost invariably fatal zoonosis which is endemic in wildlife and/or domestic animals in most parts of the world. Safe and effective pre‐exposure vaccination is available for man, all domestic and many wildlife species. Post‐exposure treatment in man is also effective but must be undertaken as soon as possible after infection. The aim of this article is to provide veterinarians unfamiliar with the disease with an understanding of the biology of rabies. A second article, to be published in the next issue, will describe the clinical disease and its control.
Bovine virus diarrhoea virus ‐ strategic decisions for diagnosis and control
Authors: Brownlie Joe , Thompson Ian , Curwen Andrew
Published: October 2010

IN the 15 years since the last In Practice article on bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) (Brownlie 1985), there has been an explosion in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral replication and mutation, especially those related to biotypic variation. Hand in hand has come a greater understanding of the importance of BVDV as a primary pathogen of cattle, particularly as a cause of reproductive loss. A BVDV vaccine is now available in the UK, giving better prospects for protection against infection. However, for the veterinary clinician, the strategic decisions regarding diagnosis, control and vaccination continue to pose difficult dilemmas and it is on these issues that this article focuses.
Feline immnunodeficiency virus: an update
Authors: Caney Sarah
Published: October 2010

THIS, the first of two update articles on feline infectious diseases, discusses the diagnostic challenges posed by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and the management approaches to the FIV‐positive cat. A second article, to be published at a later date, will focus on feline leukaemia virus.
Getting the best from the experts
Authors: Buckley David
Published: October 2010

VETS often find themselves in the position of the 'expert' in various contexts such as during a meeting with the local nutritionist or the management team of, say, a farm or a stud. Equally, they also recognise that there are instances when other vets can provide a higher level of clinical expertise ‐ hence the system of referrals within the profession. Quite often, however, they are reticent about asking for advice in areas which could improve their own practice or its management. In this article, David Buckley aims to break down the barriers to asking for help from outside experts, give some pointers as to where to go for help and look at what work needs to be done before spending any hard‐earned money.
Investigation of skin disease and urticaria in the horse
Authors: Paterson Sue
Published: October 2010

THE veterinary surgeon is commonly presented with horses with skin disease, the management of which requires a thorough clinical examination and diagnostic work‐up. This article outlines the general approach to the investigation of such cases and describes the tests which might aid diagnosis. It also discusses the diagnostic approach to a specific dermatological entity, urticaria.
Maternity, parental and family leave
Authors: Brown Wendy
Published: October 2010

THE Maternity and Parental Leave Regulations came into effect in December 1999. The new legislation has simplified the law in the case of maternity leave while at the same time strengthening the rights of pregnant women and employees with family responsibilities. Wendy Brown summarises the changes.
E‐commerce: considering the pros and cons
Authors: Shield Christine
Published: October 2010

EVERY practice in the country is currently being bombarded with mailshots and press advertisements offering ways to provide clients with e‐commerce facilities at minimal cost, earning commission on sales. It is easy to become confused by the plethora of opportunities available and this article attempts to put the options into some sort of perspective and to examine the different ways in which a practice which has decided to embark on e‐commerce can do so.
PMWS and PDNS ‐ two recently recognised diseases of pigs in the UK
Authors: Done Stan , Gresham Andrew , Potter Richard , Chennells David
Published: October 2010

THE clinicopathological manifestations of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and, in particular, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), have caused considerable concern owing to their similarities to those of classical swine fever (CSF) and African swine fever (ASF). This has led to a dramatic increase in the number of notifiable disease investigations, triggered mainly by outbreaks of PDNS. The significance of these similarities was apparent when cases of CSF were confirmed in East Anglia in August 2000 ‐ the first to occur in Great Britain since 1986. However, even before this outbreak occurred, it was clear, once CSF and ASF had been ruled out, that a new disease to the UK, namely PMWS, was affecting pig herds in the south and east of England and that PDNS was being seen as a common sequela to this syndrome. This article describes the clinical signs associated with PMWS and PDNS. In addition, it discusses the epidemiological findings to date and provides some guidelines on control.
Bronchoalveolar lavage in the investigation of bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Caldow George
Published: October 2010

WHILE the prospect of introducing a nasal tube into the airways of a conscious animal and then passing a small volume of saline into the lung may appear daunting, the procedure is safe and well tolerated in all but the most dyspnoeic patient. This article describes the technique of bronchoalveolar lavage and discusses the benefits it offers over more conventional sampling methods in the diagnosis of respiratory disease in cattle.
Environmental enrichmment for pet parrots
Authors: Evans Mark
Published: October 2010

THE majority of parrots purchased as pets are first generation offspring bred in captivity or imported wild‐caught specimens and are often bought on impulse. As these birds are non‐domesticated animals, owners need to have some understanding of the natural history of the particular species of parrot they are buying as well as its social patterns. This is vital if they are to create a suitable environment which will enable the parrot to be successfully integrated into its human family. The aim of environmental enrichment is to allow a pet parrot to fulfil its potential in all areas of growth and development without becoming dominant within a household. Too often, 'problem' parrots are passed from one owner to another, with few realising that the problem is with them and not the parrot! This article discusses the basic social and environmental requirements of a pet parrot and outlines how these might be met.
Private referral practice: a view from the inside
Authors: Renwick Peter
Published: October 2010

THE demand from both veterinarians and clients for higher levels of clinical specialism, coupled with increasing pressure on the veterinary schools' referral time, has led to a burgeoning network of private referral practices. This type of practice brings its own set of rewards and challenges, as Peter Renwick describes.
Surgical management of perineal disease in the dog
Authors: Bray Jonathan
Published: October 2010

THE perineum is the part of the body wall that covers the pelvic outlet and surrounds the anal and urogenital canals. Surgical techniques to correct conditions in this area are usually straightforward, and postoperative complications should be infrequent if the procedure is performed by an experienced surgeon. However, due the close proximity of the surgical site to the anus, and the potential for encroachment on vessels and nerves supplying urogenital and anal tissues, severe problems can arise if inadequate preparation is taken. This article outlines some of the more common diseases of the perineum, and discusses the current techniques recommended for their treatment.
Mastitis in ewes
Authors: Winter Agnes
Published: October 2010

MOST sheep flocks in the UK experience cases of mastitis, but the annual incidence is very variable ranging from 1 to 15 per cent. On average, lowland lamb‐rearing flocks experience four to five cases of mastitis per 100 ewes, with hill flocks usually having a lower incidence. This article discusses the management of both acute and chronic ovine mastitis and highlights the importance of prevention in controlling the disease.
Vets in trouble
Authors: Willis James
Published: October 2010

A VETERINARY surgeon with a drink or drugs problem working in practice is an obvious threat to the well‐being of the patients, the practice and him or herself. However, recognising the signs of such a problem can be difficult. In this article, James Willis, himself a recovering alcoholic, describes through his own experiences, how such a situation might arise, possible addictive behaviour that may help to identify the problem, and how to go about getting help, either for yourself or for a colleague you are concerned about.
The transition to hospital status: a worthwhile achievement?
Authors: Smith Martin
Published: October 2010

WITH the large amount of media attention that has been directed at the veterinary profession in recent years, the workings of veterinary practices have become familiar to the general public. The majority of publicity remains benign; however, variability of standards between practices has been brought into view and even selfregulation has been called into question. Under these circumstances, independent accreditation of standards provides an attractive means of promoting the qualities of a practice to potential clients. Veterinary hospital accreditation is one possible route. Here, Martin Smith describes his practice's transition to veterinary hospital, and assesses the pros and cons.
Selenium toxicity
Authors: Aitken Peter
Published: October 2010

ALTHOUGH selenium toxicosis (selenosis) is a rare form of poisoning, it has been reported worldwide in cattle, sheep, pigs and horses since the 1930s. The condition is caused by the ingestion of accumulator plants or by accidental oversupplementation or parenteral administration. This article reviews the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of this condition in the different species affected.
Undertaking market research in small animal practice
Authors: MacLeod Julie
Published: October 2010

ARE your clients satisfied with the level of service they receive from your practice? How would they respond if the practice were to introduce a new service? What would happen if the practice moved to new premises? Market research can provide valuable information on which a practice can base decisions about its future development. In this article, Julie MacLeod describes the types of research that can be undertaken, and outlines how a practice might go about surveying the opinion of its clients.
Recent developments in the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism
Authors: Dixon Richard
Published: October 2010

HYPOTHYROIDISM is a relatively common endocrine disorder of dogs, with a reported prevalence of between 0.2 and 0.64 per cent compared with estimates of 0.0005 to 1.5 per cent for canine diabetes mellitus. However, accurate confirmation of the diagnosis of this disease is difficult as the clinical signs vary in terms of severity, type and number and often mimic other common conditions. In addition, numerous diagnostic tests are available with a wide range of recommendations for their use and interpretation. This article summarises the current understanding of canine hypothyroidism and outlines a practical clinical approach to its diagnosis.
Disciplinary and dismissal procedures: a guide to the essentials
Authors: Lloyd Reg
Published: October 2010

IT is to be hoped that, in a veterinary practice, recourse to disciplinary action will rarely be necessary. However, occasions will inevitably arise when disciplinary rules are breached or events occur when an employer will have to take disciplinary or dismissal action against an employee. In this article, Reg Lloyd gives guidance on the procedure that must be followed in such circumstances.