bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and management of sand enteropathy in the horse
Authors: Niinistö K. , Sykes B. W.
Published: September 2021

Sand enteropathy is an important disease condition in the horse, particularly in geographically predisposed regions. The reasons why some horses eat sand, or why some horses accumulate sand when exposed and others do not are poorly understood. Weak evidence exists that deficiencies in iron or copper may play a role in geophagia, while factors such as the provision of supplemental feeding while at pasture, or the role of an individual animal within a herd hierarchy, may influence an individual animals’ disease risk. Diagnosis in the field is challenging. Current evidence does not support the use of the faecal glove sedimentation test for screening horses at risk of sand accumulation as it lacks both the sensitivity and specificity to accurately diagnose sand accumulation under field conditions. Instead, ultrasound is a useful screening test under field conditions, especially in ruling out sand accumulation. In contrast, ultrasound appears to be of limited value in the assessment of sand accumulations in acute disease and radiography remains the reference standard for diagnosis. Current evidence does not support the feeding of psyllium for the removal of sand accumulation. Instead, daily administration of psyllium and MgSO4, both at 1 g/kg bwt once a day via nasogastric tube, has been reported to be effective in removing the majority of sand accumulations over a 3–7 day period in a number of studies. Prevention remains challenging in horses at risk due to ongoing exposure to sandy pastures but, based on epidemiological evidence, small management changes may be beneficial in reducing disease risk.
Dispute Resolution Choices for Property Settlement in Australia: Client Views on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Dispute Resolution and Legal Pathways
Authors: Heard Genevieve , Bickerdike Andrew
Published: September 2021

Although many separating Australian couples make their own arrangements for property division, evidence suggests over 40% nominate either Family Dispute Resolution (FDR), lawyers or courts as their main pathway to settlement. Whereas it is compulsory to attempt FDR in parenting matters, this is not so for property matters. This paper examines client perspectives on property dispute resolution methods using interviews with 112 prospective FDR clients. Some proceeded to joint FDR and some did not, or proceeded for parenting matters only. Thematic analysis highlights the perceived benefits and disadvantages of FDR, compared to using lawyers or going to court, for property matters. We explore issues relating to the cost and character of each process, including implications for post‐separation relationships. Often the initial motivation for choosing FDR was that of avoiding the legal alternatives, which were considered costlier, stressful and/or more acrimonious. After the fact, FDR participants could also identify advantages of the mediation process itself. We conclude that affordability and conflict mitigation are important to clients when choosing and evaluating pathways to property settlement. Those opting to use lawyers instead often wanted more guidance with regard to outcomes, or considered legal pathways more authoritative.
Algorithmic literacy in medical students – results of a knowledge test conducted in Germany
Authors: Kampa Philipp , Balzer Felix
Published: September 2021

The impact of algorithms on everyday life is ever increasing. Medicine and public health are not excluded from this development – algorithms in medicine do not only challenge, change and inform research (methods) but also clinical situations. Given this development, questions arise concerning the competency level of prospective physicians, thus medical students, on algorithm related topics. This paper, based on a master's thesis in library and information science written at Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, gives an insight into this topic by presenting and analysing the results of a knowledge test conducted among medical students in Germany.
10,000 steps a day? Activity trackers, health information literacy and the potential role of Information Science & Health Libraries
Authors: Imeri Aylin
Published: September 2021

Acknowledging the new ways in which activity tracking technologies (ATTs) such as Apple Watch, Fitbit and Garmin are changing the ways in which we understand human‐information interactions, Aylin Imeri calls for information science and health libraries to extend their health information literacy remit to support ATT user information needs.
How many prison officers are ex‐military personnel? Estimating the proportion of armed forces leavers within the prison workforce of England and Wales
Authors: Moran Dominique , Turner Jennifer
Published: September 2021

The prior employment history of prison officers has been overlooked within academic literatures and, in contrast with the prior military service of Veterans in Custody, the significance of their military experience has been almost completely disregarded. Since military service is known to be predictive of subsequent professional performance, this oversight, due in part to the lack of data, is potentially very significant in understanding the contribution made by ex‐military personnel as prison staff. This article presents novel empirical evidence from an online survey of UK prison officers suggesting that at least a quarter have military experience – a proportion which has fallen over time but still far exceeds the proportion of Veterans in the prisoner population. Based on these novel data, the article suggests future avenues of research to address the many unanswered questions about whether and how military experience influences prison work.
The influence of individual personality traits and team characteristics on training transfer: A longitudinal study
Authors: Deckers Marius , Altmann Tobias , Roth Marcus
Published: September 2021

Previous research has established that the successful transfer of training content into daily work life depends both on the trainees’ individual characteristics and the characteristics of their work team. Specifically, multiple meta‐analyses and reviews have confirmed that individuals’ openness to experience, agreeableness, and neuroticism, as well as cohesion and transfer climate within the team, influence training transfer. The present study is the first to operationalise and measure both individual and team characteristics in the same sample with a longitudinal study design, enabling a comparison. Training transfer was operationalised as changes in psychological strain following an intervention. Using multilevel analysis techniques with a sample of 275 nurses, individual personality characteristics were not found to influence training transfer, but team cohesion and team members’ mean‐level conscientiousness did. However, these influences were not in the expected direction. This can be partially explained by the pattern of longitudinal development in the data, in which individuals with higher initial values on psychological strain experienced greater improvement; however, some aspects of the results remained unexplained. Generally, the results suggest that team characteristics are more important than individual characteristics for training transfer. Theoretical and practical implications for future studies are discussed.
Regulation of airway immunity by epithelial miRNAs
Authors: Johansson Kristina , Woodruff Prescott G. , Ansel Karl Mark
Published: September 2021

The airway epithelium is essential to protect the host from inhaled pathogens and particles. It maintains immune homeostasis and mediates tissue repair after injury. Inflammatory diseases of the airways are associated with failure of epithelial functions, including loss of barrier integrity that results in increased tissue permeability and immune activation; excessive mucus secretion and impaired mucociliary clearance that leads to airflow obstruction and microbial overgrowth; and dysregulation of cellular signals that promotes inflammation and alters tissue structure and airway reactivity. MicroRNAs play crucial roles in mounting appropriate cellular responses to environmental stimuli and preventing disease, using a common machinery and mechanism to regulate gene expression in epithelial cells, immune cells of hematopoietic origin, and other cellular components of the airways. Respiratory diseases are accompanied by dramatic changes in epithelial miRNA expression that drive persistent immune dysregulation. In this review, we discuss responses of the epithelium that promote airway immunopathology, with a focus on miRNAs that contribute to the breakdown of essential epithelial functions. We emphasize the emerging role of miRNAs in regulation of epithelial responses in respiratory health and their value as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Updated profiles of everyday executive function in youth with Down syndrome using the BRIEF‐2
Authors: Csumitta K. D. , Stephan C. M. , LaQuaglia R. I. , Miller E. , Lee N. R.
Published: September 2021

Background

Executive function difficulties in youth with Down syndrome (DS) are well recognised using informant‐report measures. However, the profile of relative challenges and strengths has not yet been evaluated using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF‐2), which includes a new internal factor structure.

Method

Using the BRIEF‐2, profiles of everyday parent‐reported executive function (EF) were evaluated in youth with DS (n = 34) and compared with age‐based and sex‐based norms. EF profiles were also compared across raters (parent vs. teacher, n = 20) and relative to mental age‐matched typically developing controls (ns = 19 in each group).

Results

Although within‐group differences were not revealed on indexes, significant differences were found among BRIEF‐2 scales. Across raters, teachers reported significantly more difficulties than parents. Compared with mental age‐matched typically developing controls, the DS group was rated more poorly on some but not all BRIEF‐2 scales.

Conclusions

At the scale, but not the index level, the BRIEF‐2 identifies a variegated EF profile in children with DS. For several of the scales, significant differences were noted relative to both chronological age expectations (using norms) and mental‐age expectations (using a developmentally matched comparison group). At the scale level, the BRIEF‐2 continues to be a sensitive tool for identifying executive function difficulties as well as profiles of relative strengths and weaknesses in children with DS.
Communicating about climate change – Who is listening, who isn't and why: Implications for medical professionals
Authors: Foong Lai Heng , Huntley Rebecca
Published: September 2021

Community concern about climate change in the community in general is strong and getting stronger but greater action on climate change is contingent upon whether the public sees strong links between climate effects and personal and community wellbeing in the present as well as the future. Medical and health‐care professions can be effective messengers about the impacts of climate given their trusted status and ability to draw connections between climate change and physical and mental health.
Sleep and perivascular spaces in the middle‐aged and elderly population
Authors: Lysen Thom S. , Yilmaz Pinar , Dubost Florian , Ikram M. Arfan , de Bruijne Marleen , Vernooij Meike W. , Luik Annemarie I.
Published: September 2021

Sleep has been hypothesised to facilitate waste clearance from the brain. We aimed to determine whether sleep is associated with perivascular spaces on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a potential marker of impaired brain waste clearance, in a population‐based cohort of middle‐aged and elderly people. In 559 participants (mean [SD] age 62 [6] years, 52% women) from the population‐based Rotterdam Study, we measured total sleep time, sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset and sleep efficiency with actigraphy and polysomnography. Perivascular space load was determined with brain MRI in four regions (centrum semiovale, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and midbrain) via a validated machine learning algorithm using T2‐weighted MR images. Associations between sleep characteristics and perivascular space load were analysed with zero‐inflated negative binomial regression models adjusted for various confounders. We found that higher actigraphy‐estimated sleep efficiency was associated with a higher perivascular space load in the centrum semiovale (odds ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.16, p = 0.0008). No other actigraphic or polysomnographic sleep characteristics were associated with perivascular space load in other brain regions. We conclude that, contrary to our hypothesis, associations of sleep with perivascular space load in this middle‐aged and elderly population remained limited to an association of a high actigraphy‐estimated sleep efficiency with a higher perivascular space load in the centrum semiovale.
Responses of aquaculture fish to climate change‐induced extreme temperatures: A review
Authors: Islam Md Jakiul , Kunzmann Andreas , Slater Matthew James
Published: September 2021

Climate change‐induced extreme temperature events are becoming more intense and frequent. For fish, temperature is the master abiotic factor that controls and limits fish development and physiology at all stages of aquaculture. Major physiological constraints at the individual level underpin changes in fish growth, hemato‐physiology, metabolism, immune and molecular stress responses to extreme temperature events. Extreme temperature impacts on fish vary among and within the diverse species depending on stress magnitude and associated factors. This review synthesizes the impacts of climate change‐induced extreme temperature events on neuroendocrine, oxidative, metabolic, osmotic, molecular, hemato‐biochemical, and immune responses in fish related to aquaculture. Besides, overall aspects of extreme temperature impacts on fish growth and reproduction are also discussed. Possible mitigation measures to maintain the fish's physiological fitness during extreme temperature events are also addressed. However, studies on the interactive effects of extreme temperature events with other associated environmental stressors are needed across a broader range of species to gain a better understanding of fish response and aquaculture performance during extreme temperature events. Moreover, for fish, studies on alternative species, development of stress‐tolerant strains, and the possibilities of nutritional mitigation measures as a potential option to combat extreme temperature stress are promising and should be pursued in future studies.
The role of public expenditure on secondary and higher education for achieving inclusive growth in India
Authors: Ojha Vijay P. , Ghosh Joydeep , Pradhan Basanta K.
Published: September 2021

We analyze the role of public expenditures on secondary and higher education for achieving inclusive growth, using a computable general equilibrium model of India. Our policy simulations show that increasing public education expenditure leads to higher growth and lower inequality. Expenditure on secondary education leads to better outcomes compared to equivalent expenditure on higher education. Exogenous technological progress enhances the positive effects of public education spending. The findings of the paper call for policy initiatives to boost spending on secondary education, as well as technological progress, for achieving inclusive growth in India.
Psychological symptoms in difficult‐to‐sedate critical care survivors
Authors: Castillejos Diana Gil , Rubio María Lourdes , Ferre Carmen , de los Ángeles de Gracia Mª , Bodí María , Sandiumenge Alberto
Published: September 2021

Background

Critical care survivors often experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, or post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Aims

To determine the prevalence and severity of psychological symptoms during the first 6 months after discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU) and to evaluate its association with patients who are difficult to sedate during admission.

Design

Descriptive, prospective analysis of psychological symptoms in survivors from medicosurgical ICU over a 2‐year period.

Methods

All ICU survivors who required mechanical ventilation (MV) for more than 24 hours were followed for 6 months after their ICU discharge. ICU outcome and complications as well as the presence of psychological symptoms, 1 to 3 to 6 months after discharge were prospectively evaluated through phone interviews comparing the incidence and intensity of patients who were difficult to sedate during their ICU stay with those who were not. Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed.

Results

Data were obtained for 195 patients, of whom 30% experienced difficult sedation (DS). Difficult‐to‐sedate patients were younger (P = .001), less critically ill (APACHE II scoreP = .002), and more likely to engage in harmful use of alcohol (P = .001) and psychoactive/psychotropic drug abuse. They also spent longer times on MV and in the ICU (P = .001). Anxiety incidence at 1 to 3 to 6 months post‐discharge was significantly higher in DS patients than in those who were not (87.7% vs 45.4%, 75.5% vs 29.0%, and 70.8% vs 23.7%;P < .01), respectively. Depression incidence was also significantly higher in the DS group (82.4% vs 43.1%, 66% vs 33.9%, and 60.4% vs 27.2%; [P = .001]) at 1 to 3 to 6 months, respectively. A higher percentage of patients in the DS group reported symptoms of PTSD at 1 month (28.1% vs 11.5%) (P = .007) when compared with non‐DS group.

Conclusions

Critical care survivors who are difficult to sedate during their ICU stay are more likely to present psychological sequelae. Early identification of at‐risk patients is necessary to implement appropriate preventive strategies.

Relevance to clinical practice

Patients who are difficult to sedate in the ICU may develop psychological disorders upon discharge, which may negatively affect their recovery. The prevention of DS and the early detection of psychological disorders are essential to minimize its subsequent impact.
Interaction between hunting strategy, habitat type and stratum drive intraguild predation and cannibalism
Authors: Michalko Radek , Birkhofer Klaus , Pekár Stano
Published: September 2021

Intraguild predation (IGP) is a common interaction between generalist predators when they competitively exploit similar resources and prey on each other. Theoretical models predict limitations for intraguild predator coexistence unless some mechanisms, such as the utilization of alternative prey (i.e. trophic niche partitioning) and cannibalism, increase the relative intraspecific clustering and interspecific segregation. As hunting strategies determine trophic niches of predators and their own vulnerability to predation, the hunting strategies may also determine the relative importance of cannibalism, predation, and exploitative competition and consequently the intensity of IGP. The importance of hunting strategies on the potential outcome of IGP and how habitat properties modify the interaction between hunting strategies remain poorly understood. Using published data on spider prey of spider predators, we first investigated how predation of a top‐predator on a mesopredator is determined by the functional distance between both predators to understand how predation and exploitation are distributed in spider communities. Subsequently, we investigated the predation among spiders with particular hunting strategies to understand which strategies interact most frequently. We also investigated whether the interaction between hunting strategies was influenced by habitat type (forest, open (semi)natural habitat, agroecosystem) or by habitat stratum (ground versus vegetation). The hunting strategies of top‐predators and mesopredators interacted to determine the relative capture proportions of conspecifics and hetero‐specifics. This interaction was further modified by habitat type and stratum. Two mechanisms can reinforce coexistence in highly diverse spider communities. First, top‐predators preyed most frequently on functionally distinct mesopredators, which indicates the overall intensity of IGP may be relaxed by a balanced distribution between exploitative competition and predation. Second, cannibalism was common for top‐predators with a hunting strategy of frequently preying on functionally similar mesopredators. Cannibalism may lead to self‐limitation of top‐predator populations and may thereby facilitate coexistence between two predator species.
The dual nature of metacommunity variability
Authors: Lamy Thomas , Wisnoski Nathan I. , Andrade Riley , Castorani Max C. N. , Compagnoni Aldo , Lany Nina , Marazzi Luca , Record Sydne , Swan Christopher M. , Tonkin Jonathan D. , Voelker Nicole , Wang Shaopeng , Zarnetske Phoebe L. , Sokol Eric R.
Published: September 2021

There is increasing interest in measuring ecological stability to understand how communities and ecosystems respond to broad‐scale global changes. One of the most common approaches is to quantify the variation through time in community or ecosystem aggregate attributes (e.g. total biomass), referred to as aggregate variability. It is now widely recognized that aggregate variability represents only one aspect of communities and ecosystems, and compositional variability, the changes in the relative frequency of species in an assemblage, is equally important. Recent contributions have also begun to explore ecological stability at regional spatial scales, where interconnected local communities form metacommunities, a key concept in managing complex landscapes. However, the conceptual frameworks and measures of ecological stability in space have only focused on aggregate variability, leaving a conceptual gap. Here, we address this gap with a novel framework for quantifying the aggregate and compositional variability of communities and ecosystems through space and time. We demonstrate that the compositional variability of a metacommunity depends on the degree of spatial synchrony in compositional trajectories among local communities. We then provide a conceptual framework in which compositional variability of 1) the metacommunity through time and 2) among local communities combine into four archetype scenarios: spatial stasis (low/low), spatial synchrony (high/low), spatial asynchrony (high/high) and spatial compensation (low/high). We illustrate this framework based on numerical examples and a case study of a macroalgal metacommunity in which low spatial synchrony reduced variability in aggregate biomass at the metacommunity scale, while masking high spatial synchrony in compositional trajectories among local communities. Finally, we discuss the role of dispersal, environmental heterogeneity, species interactions and suggest future avenues. We believe this framework will be helpful for considering both aspects of variability simultaneously, which is important to better understand ecological stability in natural and complex landscapes in response to environmental changes.
Dealing with ‘the spectre of "spurious" correlations': hazards in comparing ratios and other derived variables with a randomization test to determine if a biological interpretation is justified
Authors: Williams Matthew R. , Lamont Byron B. , He Tianhua
Published: September 2021

We note the continuing widespread use of regressions of mathematically dependent (derived or confounded) variables [e.g. comparisons of standardized ratios: X/Y versus Z/Y, or the part versus the whole: X versus (X + Y)] in all disciplines of biology and ecology. These may lead to ‘spurious' correlations as even random numbers would produce similarly statistically significant results. We developed a randomization test to determine the probability of obtaining the observed correlation coefficient by chance alone. Only if the regression remains statistically significant after the results of the randomization test are taken into account (random coefficient subtracted from the observed coefficient) is any sort of biological interpretation justified. We demonstrate that the often compared expressions, ln[(Y + X)/X] (e.g. relative growth rate) versus lnX (e.g. original mass), are negatively and significantly correlated whatever values of X and Y are used; thus, conclusions from such comparisons that seedlings from smaller seeds grow faster than from larger seeds are spurious. Derived variables are only likely to be meaningfully correlated if X and Y are correlated from the outset and the researcher can then decide if the ‘actual' derived relationship is worth reporting.
Mitigating Visible Light and Long Wavelength UVA1‐induced Effects with Topical Antioxidants
Authors: Lyons Alexis B. , Zubair Raheel , Kohli Indermeet , Nahhas Amanda F. , Braunberger Taylor L. , Mokhtari Mohsen , Ruvolo Eduardo , Lim Henry W. , Hamzavi Iltefat H.
Published: September 2021

The role of topical antioxidants (AOs) on visible light plus ultraviolet A1 (VL+UVA1)‐induced skin changes were evaluated. Twenty subjects with skin phototypes (SPTs) I‐VI had placebo and concentrations of an AO blend applied to their back (AO 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%). Treated and control sites were irradiated with VL+UVA1. Colorimetric and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) assessments were performed immediately, 24 h and 7 days after irradiation. Subjects with SPT I‐III had erythema that faded within 24 h, while SPT IV‐VI had persistent pigmentation. SPT I‐III demonstrated significantly less erythema at the 2% AO site while SPT IV‐VI demonstrated significantly less immediate pigmentation at 2% AO site and less pigmentation (approaching significance, P = 0.07) on day 7 compared with control. Immunohistochemistry from biopsies of 2% AO and placebo at 24 h did not demonstrate a significant change in COX‐2 or MART‐1 for any SPT. There was a decrease in cyclin D1 for SPT IV‐VI which was approaching significance (P = 0.06) but not for SPT I‐III. The results indicate that topical AO inhibits erythema in SPT I‐III and reduces pigmentation in SPT IV‐VI caused by VL+UVA1. AO may help prevent worsening of pigmentary disorders and should be incorporated into photoprotection.
Stochastic Sequential Allocations for Creative Crowdsourcing
Authors: Tian Xuhan , Shi Junmin (Jim) , Qi Xiangtong
Published: September 2021

Creative crowdsourcing is an innovative online business model in which a platform marshals independent professionals (e.g., designers) to conduct creative work projects. Typically, clients submit project requests stochastically to a platform which possesses a pool of registered designers. For each submitted project, designers decide whether to participate and attempt to submit a design, and the client either chooses a winner among all submissions, or rejects them all, based on subjective criteria. In general, platforms cannot control individual designers directly because of the nature of the freelance market, incurring possible mismatches between designers and arriving projects. To tackle the problem, we present a dynamic control policy applied to the maximum number of participants for each arrived project. Our study reveals that the optimal policy follows an inverted‐ U‐shaped function of the project value, highlighting the importance of applying a stronger restriction on the number of participants for some sufficiently high‐valued projects. In addition, the optimal policy we have developed allows the platform to gain higher rewards judiciously even when the market is more volatile. Furthermore, extensive numerical studies have been conducted to glean managerial insights. Specifically, the optimal policy becomes more beneficial even when more designers are available, which is counter‐intuitive to the common‐sense notion that control should be more valuable when designers are scarcer; and the optimal policy is further shown to be robust when the objective is changed from maximizing the total reward to maximizing the total number of successful projects.
Reckoning with Asian America and the New Culture War on Affirmative Action*
Authors: Lee Jennifer
Published: September 2021

The latest battle over affirmative action in university admissions may soon reach the U.S. Supreme Court, and a ruling in the plaintiff’s favor will end affirmative action in higher education across the nation. Asian Americans have taken center stage in this new culture war, fueled by the reigning narrative that they are victims of the policy who are unjustly penalized because of their race in spite of their competence. Opponents of affirmative action have effectively wielded competence—and more specificallyhyper‐competence—to mark moral deservingness as they push to retreat from race in the name of merit. The onset of Covid‐19, however, has laid bare this impossibility for Asian Americans as the surge of hate incidents has affected one in eight Asian American adults in 2020, underscoring that presumed competence is no shield from xenophobia, and moral deservingness is no protection from anti‐Asian hate. This project highlights how U.S. immigration law, science, and medicine do more than reflect social constructions of race, merit, and moral deservingness; they also produce and reproduce them. I close by arguing that reckoning with Asian America enables us to dismantle the tropes that propel the latest culture war on affirmative action, equips us to rewrite narratives about merit and moral deservingness, and invites us to re‐imagine the linked fate and linked futures of Asian Americans and other minoritized groups.
Revision, Reclassification, and Refrigerators1
Authors: McDonnell Terence E. , Stoltz Dustin S. , Taylor Marshall A.
Published: September 2021

Current debates about cultural change question how and how often change in personal culture happens. Is personal culture stable, or under constant revision through interaction with the environment? While recent empirical work finds attitudes are remarkably stable, this paper argues that typifications—how material tokens are classified as a particular mental type by individuals—are more open to transformation as a result of the fundamentally fuzzy nature of classifying. Specifically, this paper investigates the social conditions that lead people to reclassify. How do we move people to see the same thing differently over time? Paying attention to type–token dynamics provides mechanisms for why and under what circumstances personal culture may change. To assess reclassification, the paper analyzes an online survey experiment that asked people to classify refrigerators as owned by “Trump” or “Biden” voters. Those participants who received definitive feedback about the correct answer were more likely to reclassify than are those receiving normative feedback about how “most people” classified the images. Implications for cultural change and persuasion are discussed.
Laser ultrasonics in a multilayer structure: Plane wave synthesis and inverse problem for nondestructive evaluation of adhesive bondings
Authors: Hodé R. , Raetz S. , Chigarev N. , Blondeau J. , Cuvillier N. , Gusev V. , Ducousso M. , Tournat V.
Published: September 2021

A laser ultrasonic method is proposed for the nondestructive evaluation of bonded assemblies based on the analysis of elastic plane waves reflected from the bonding interface. Plane waves are numerically synthesized from experimentally detected cylindrical waves. Several angles of incidence with respect to the bonding interface are achieved by varying the delay in the synthesis step. An inverse problem using these plane waves is then solved to identify the normal and transverse interfacial stiffnesses that model the mechanical coupling between two bonded media. The semi-analytic model developed and detailed in Hodé et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 150, 2065 (2021)] is used to create the database that contains simulated laser-generated ultrasounds required to solve the inverse problem. The developed method is first validated with semi-analytic simulated input data where Gaussian noise has been added. Next, the method is applied using signals acquired on an aluminum alloy plate and on assemblies (with and without adhesion defects) made of two aluminum alloy plates bonded by an aeronautical structural epoxy adhesive film. Differences between the identified values of interfacial stiffnesses distinguish the three samples and obtain quantitative values to characterize the adhesive bonding.
Isometric Trunk Strength Assessment of Athletes: Effects of Sex, Sport, and Low Back Pain History
Authors: Spudić Darjan , Vodičar Janez , Vodičar Miha , Hadžić Vedran
Published: September 2021

Context: The importance of isometric trunk strength (ITS) among sport science professionals is higher than its actual reported effect size on either performance or low back pain (LBP) occurrence. Objective: To provide normative values of ITS and strength ratios, and to evaluate the effect of sex, sports discipline, and LBP status. Design: Crossover study. Setting: University research laboratory. Participants: Five hundred and sixty-seven elite athletes (186 females) with and without a history of LBP from different sports. Main Outcome Measure: Participants underwent ITS testing for trunk flexors, extensors, and lateral flexors. Normalized maximal strength (in newton meter per kilogram) and strength ratios were calculated. Differences between sex, LBP, and sport disciplines were assessed with 3-way analysis of variance (sex × LBP status × 7 sport categories) and partial eta-squared () effect size. The predictive validity of ITS for LBP was checked with receiver operating characteristics (area under the curve). Results: The authors found significant differences in extensor and flexor ITS in favor of male athletes (medium , P < .05), while sex differences in lateral flexion ITS had a low size effect (P < .05). A low size effect was also observed for the differences in strength ratios extensors/flexors (mean 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.45–1.50) and left flexors/right flexors (mean 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–1.01) among sexes. The sport discipline-related differences generally had a low size effect. No significant differences in ITS were found between LBP and LBP-free athletes. Only 50% to 58% of athletes (area under the curve, 0.501–0.582) were correctly classified as LBP or LBP-free using different ITS and strength ratio variables. Conclusions: ITS and strength ratios have low predictive validity for LBP history but may discriminate between sex and sport disciplines. Our data are a useful reference point for meaningful individual results interpretation when athletes are evaluated during training or rehabilitation.
Comparing Patient- and Clinician-Administered Near Point of Convergence After Concussion
Authors: Stephenson Katie , Womble Melissa N. , Eagle Shawn R. , Schatz Philip , Gervase Tatiana , Gustman Brett , Castor Eric , Kontos Anthony P. , Elbin R.J.
Published: September 2021

Objective:(1) To compare patient- and clinician-administered measurements of near point of convergence (NPC) distance including the percentage of patients exceeding clinical cutoffs among concussed adolescents and (2) to assess the reliability of patient- and clinician-measured NPC distances.Methods:A total of 762 patients (mean = 15.51, SD = 3.09 y) within 30 days of concussion participated. The NPC distance was measured consecutively with the patient and clinician controlling the fixation target. The differences between patient (PT) and clinician (CLIN) measurements and cases exceeding cutoffs (ie, ≥5 cm) were examined with a series ofttests and chi-square tests, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients and unbiased estimate of reliability were performed.Results:The NPC measurements were similar,t(761) = −.26,P= .79, between the PT (mean = 3.52, SD = 3.77 cm) and CLIN (mean = 3.54, SD = 3.97 cm) conditions. The number of measurements that exceeded cutoffs was similar among the PT (2.5%; 19/762) and CLIN conditions (3%; 23/762) (P = .10), and the number of measurements classified as abnormal/invalid was also similar among the PT (2.5%; 19/762) and CLIN conditions (3%; 23/762) (P = .10). There was excellent reliability between the methods (intraclass correlation coefficients = .85, unbiased estimate of reliability = .92).Conclusion:The findings support the application of this assessment in clinical settings where the clinician may not have direct contact with their patient and rely on the patient (eg, telehealth).
Reduced human activity during COVID-19 alters avian land use across North America
Authors: Schrimpf Michael B. , Des Brisay Paulson G. , Johnston Alison , Smith Adam C. , Sánchez-Jasso Jessica , Robinson Barry G. , Warrington Miyako H. , Mahony Nancy A. , Horn Andrew G. , Strimas-Mackey Matthew , Fahrig Lenore , Koper Nicola
Published: September 2021

Bird counts increased in locations with reduced human traffic resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Social media conversations reveal large psychological shifts caused by COVID-19’s onset across U.S. cities
Authors: Ashokkumar Ashwini , Pennebaker James W.
Published: September 2021

Analysis of Reddit conversations across 18 U.S. cities reveals large psychological shifts produced by the COVID-19 pandemic’s onset.
Direct detection of human adenovirus or SARS-CoV-2 with ability to inform infectivity using DNA aptamer-nanopore sensors
Authors: Peinetti Ana S. , Lake Ryan J. , Cong Wen , Cooper Laura , Wu Yuting , Ma Yuan , Pawel Gregory T. , Toimil-Molares María Eugenia , Trautmann Christina , Rong Lijun , Mariñas Benito , Azzaroni Omar , Lu Yi
Published: September 2021

Novel sensors can not only detect SARS-CoV-2 or other viruses in real-world samples but also determine if they are infectious.
Lineage-specific variation in the evolutionary stability of coral photosymbiosis
Authors: Gault Jordan A. , Bentlage Bastian , Huang Danwei , Kerr Alexander M.
Published: September 2021

The evolutionary stability of photosymbiosis differs among lineages of reef-building corals.
Drug repurposing: Misconceptions, challenges, and opportunities for academic researchers
Authors: Begley C. Glenn , Ashton Mark , Baell Jonathan , Bettess Michael , Brown Michael P. , Carter Brett , Charman William N. , Davis Christopher , Fisher Simon , Frazer Ian , Gautam Anand , Jennings Michael P. , Kearney Philip , Keeffe Eloise , Kelly Darren , Lopez Angel F. , McGuckin Michael , Parker Michael W. , Rayner Craig , Roberts Brett , Rush James S. , Sullivan Mark
Published: September 2021

The assumption that drug repurposing efficiently delivers new drugs ignores the realities of drug development required to achieve regulatory approval.
In vivo and neuropathology data support locus coeruleus integrity as indicator of Alzheimer’s disease pathology and cognitive decline
Authors: Jacobs Heidi I. L. , Becker John A. , Kwong Kenneth , Engels-Domínguez Nina , Prokopiou Prokopis C. , Papp Kathryn V. , Properzi Michael , Hampton Olivia L. , d’Oleire Uquillas Federico , Sanchez Justin S. , Rentz Dorene M. , El Fakhri Georges , Normandin Marc D. , Price Julie C. , Bennett David A. , Sperling Reisa A. , Johnson Keith A.
Published: September 2021

In vivo and autopsy evidence supports locus coeruleus MRI measures as proxy of initial TAU deposition and amyloid-related memory decline.
One-Year
In Situ
Incubation of Pyrite at the Deep Seafloor and Its Microbiological and Biogeochemical Characterizations
Authors: Mitsunobu S. , Ohashi Y. , Makita H. , Suzuki Y. , Nozaki T. , Ohigashi T. , Ina T. , Takaki Y.
Published: September 2021

Pyrite is one of the most common Fe-S minerals found in submarine hydrothermal environments. Previous studies demonstrated that the Fe-S mineral can be a suitable host for Fe(II)-oxidizing microbes in hydrothermal environments; however, the details of microbial Fe(II) oxidation processes with Fe-S mineral alteration are not well known.
Molecular Characteristics, Ecology, and Zoonotic Potential of Escherichia coli Strains That Cause Hemorrhagic Pneumonia in Animals
Authors: Moore Meghan E. G. , Paulin-Curlee Geisa , Johnston Brian D. , Clabots Connie , DebRoy Chitrita , Johnson Timothy J. , Weber Bonnie , Porter Stephen , Armién Aníbal G. , Johnson James R.
Published: September 2021

This study clarifies the clonal background and extensive virulence genotypes of the
E. coli
strains that cause hemorrhagic pneumonia in domestic animals (mainly dogs and cats), shows that such strains circulate among animals and humans, identifies a substantial intestinal colonization component to their lifestyle, and extends their known clinical manifestations to include bacteremia and urinary tract infection. The findings place these strains better into context vis-à-vis current understandings of
E. coli
phylogeny, ecology, and pathogenesis; identify questions for future research; and may prove relevant for surveillance and prevention efforts.
Genomic and Phenotypic Analysis of Heat and Sanitizer Resistance in Escherichia coli from Beef in Relation to the Locus of Heat Resistance
Authors: Yang Xianqin , Tran Frances , Zhang Peipei , Wang Hui
Published: September 2021

Resistant bacteria are serious food safety and public health concerns. Heat resistance conferred by the LHR varies largely among different strains.
The Utility of Rapid Group A Streptococcus Molecular Testing Compared with Throat Culture for the Diagnosis of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis in a High-Incidence Rheumatic Fever Population
Authors: Taylor Amanda , Morpeth Susan , Webb Rachel , Taylor Susan
Published: September 2021

Group A
streptococcus
(GAS) causes significant morbidity and mortality in New Zealand and is responsible for invasive disease and immune sequelae, including acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Early treatment of GAS pharyngitis reduces the risk of ARF.
Human Cytomegalovirus UL48 Deubiquitinase Primarily Targets Innermost Tegument Proteins pp150 and Itself To Regulate Their Stability and Protects Virions from Inclusion of Ubiquitin Conjugates
Authors: Kwon Ki Mun , Kim Young Eui , Lee Myoung Kyu , Chung Woo-Chang , Hyeon Seokhwan , Han Minji , Lee Dajeong , Gong Shuang , Ahn Jin-Hyun
Published: September 2021

Herpesviruses encode highly conserved tegument proteins that contain deubiquitinase (DUB) activity. Although the role of viral DUBs in the regulation of host innate immune responses has been established, their roles in the stability and function of viral proteins are not well understood.
Roles of Two Major Domains of the Porcine Deltacoronavirus S1 Subunit in Receptor Binding and Neutralization
Authors: Liu Yan , Wang Bin , Liang Qi-Zhang , Shi Fang-Shu , Ji Chun-Miao , Yang Xiao-Lian , Yang Yong-Le , Qin Pan , Chen Ruiai , Huang Yao-Wei
Published: September 2021

Coronaviruses exhibit a tendency for recombination and mutation, which enables them to quickly adapt to various novel hosts. Previously, orthologues of aminopeptidase N (APN) from mammalian and avian species were found to be associated with porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) cellular entry
in vitro
.
Semi-continuous Propagation of Influenza A Virus and Its Defective Interfering Particles: Analyzing the Dynamic Competition To Select Candidates for Antiviral Therapy
Authors: Pelz Lars , Rüdiger Daniel , Dogra Tanya , Alnaji Fadi G. , Genzel Yvonne , Brooke Christopher B. , Kupke Sascha Y. , Reichl Udo
Published: September 2021

Defective interfering particles (DIPs) emerge naturally during viral infection and typically show an internal deletion in the viral genome. Thus, DIPs are propagation-incompetent.
Direct Activation of Endothelial Cells by SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Is Blocked by Simvastatin
Authors: Qian Yisong , Lei Tianhua , Patel Parth S. , Lee Chi H. , Monaghan-Nichols Paula , Xin Hong-Bo , Qiu Jianming , Fu Mingui
Published: September 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is a worldwide challenge for health care systems. The leading cause of mortality in patients with COVID-19 is hypoxic respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Inhibition of Autophagy Suppresses SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Ameliorates Pneumonia in hACE2 Transgenic Mice and Xenografted Human Lung Tissues
Authors: Shang Chao , Zhuang Xinyu , Zhang He , Li Yiquan , Zhu Yilong , Lu Jing , Ge Chenchen , Cong Jianan , Li Tingyu , Li Nan , Tian Mingyao , Jin Ningyi , Li Xiao
Published: September 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic with limited therapeutics. Insights into the virus-host interactions contribute substantially. The novelty of this study is the use of a new animal model: mice xenografted with human lung tissues.
Microbiota-Macroalgal Relationships at a Hawaiian Intertidal Bench Are Influenced by Macroalgal Phyla and Associated Thallus Complexity
Authors: Kuba Gabrielle M. , Spalding Heather L. , Hill-Spanik Kristina M. , Fullerton Heather
Published: September 2021

Generally, most eukaryotic organisms form relationships with microbes that are important in mediating host organismal health. Macroalgae are a diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that serve as primary producers and foundational species in many ecosystems.
Identification of BvgA-Dependent and BvgA-Independent Small RNAs (sRNAs) in Bordetella pertussis Using the Prokaryotic sRNA Prediction Toolkit ANNOgesic
Authors: Moon Kyung , Sim Minji , Tai Chin-Hsien , Yoo Kyungyoon , Merzbacher Charlotte , Yu Sung-Huan , Kim David D. , Lee Jaehyun , Förstner Konrad U. , Chen Qing , Stibitz Scott , Knipling Leslie G. , Hinton Deborah M.
Published: September 2021

Noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs) are crucial for posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in all organisms and are known to be involved in the regulation of bacterial virulence. We have investigated the presence of sRNAs in the obligate human pathogen
B. pertussis
, using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and the recently developed prokaryotic sRNA search program ANNOgesic.
Epidemiology of Candidemia in Children over 7 Years in a Medical Center in Turkey
Authors: Yılmaz-Ciftdoğan Dilek , Kara-Aksay Ahu , Erbaş Gülcan , Sarkış Ümit Başak , Karadağ-Oncel Eda , Anıl Ayşe Berna , Baran Maşallah , Er Halil , Yılmaz Nisel
Published: September 2021

In our study, the changing epidemiology of
Candida
species in candidemia in children was evaluated. The dominance of
Candida parapsilosis
species in the changing epidemiology was remarkable. We found that fluconazole resistance was high in both parapsilosis and nonparapsilosis groups. Updating local epidemiologic data at certain intervals in candidemia cases is important in determining both the changing epidemiology and empirical antifungal agents.
The Human Innate Immune Protein Calprotectin Elicits a Multimetal Starvation Response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Nelson Cassandra E. , Huang Weiliang , Zygiel Emily M. , Nolan Elizabeth M. , Kane Maureen A. , Oglesby Amanda G.
Published: September 2021

Transition metal nutrients are critical for growth and infection by all pathogens, and the innate immune system withholds these metals from pathogens to limit their growth in a strategy termed “nutritional immunity.” While multimetal depletion by the host is appreciated, the majority of studies have focused on individual metals. Here, we use the innate immune protein calprotectin (CP), which complexes with several metals, including iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn), and the opportunistic pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
to investigate multimetal starvation.
Phenotypic Variants of Bacterial Colonies in Microbiological Diagnostics: How Often Are They Indicative of Differing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns?
Authors: Froböse Neele J. , Schuler Franziska , Mellmann Alexander , Hennies Marc T. , Idelevich Evgeny A. , Schaumburg Frieder
Published: September 2021

Phenotypic variants of bacteria are frequent in routine diagnostics and can display differing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. We found that the likelihood of different antimicrobial susceptibility is low among PV. To save laboratory resources, only one isolate per PV could be tested to guide the antimicrobial treatment of patients.