bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE FILMES FINOS A BASE DE ESTANHO DOPADOS COM NIÓBIO PARA CÉLULAS SOLARES
Authors: Dias Bianca Vanjura , Viomas Aline , Maia Guilherme Arielo Rodrigues , Detlinger Paloma , Scremin Fernando Reinoldo , Antunes Augusto Celso , Rodrigues Paulo Rogério Pinto
Published: December 2014

As células fotovoltaicas constituídas de filmes finos de óxidos metálicos são promissoras para a conversão de energia solar em energia elétrica devido ao custo reduzido e as vantagens ambientais.  O objetivo deste trabalho é a produção de filmes finos a base de estanho pelo método Pechini visando à aplicação em células solares. Os filmes obtidos foram caracterizados por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), Difração de Raios X (DRX) e Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica (EIE). Os resultados de MEV e EDS indicaram que resinas com viscosidade alta geram filmes pouco homogêneos. Os diagramas de impedância indicaram que o filme sobre o substrato de ITO aumenta a resistência do sistema.
DOSES DE POTÁSSIO NA PRODUÇÃO E QUALIDADE DO ÁLCOOL DE BATATA DOCE
Authors: Neumann Édina Regina , Pereira Carla Rubiane , Resende Juliano Tadeu Vilela de , Gomes Anni Cristini Silvestri , Stoski Sofia
Published: December 2014

A utilização de energias renováveis destaca-se principalmente devido à questão ambiental. Nesse contexto a batata-doce se sobressai pela facilidade de cultivo, porém uma adubação equilibrada pode interferir na composição química, e na qualidade do etanol produzido a partir da batata doce. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do etanol proveniente de batata-doce em função da adubação potássica. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi DIC em esquema fatorial (5x4), 5 doses de potássio (0%, 50%, 100%, 150% e 200%) e 4 tempos de fermentação (24h, 48h, 72h e 96h). A análise de variância foi significativa para tempo de fermentação e para a interação entre tempo e dose. Isso se deve principalmente ao incremento da quantidade de amido na matéria seca da batata-doce em função da adubação potássica. Conclui-se que o potássio influenciou positivamente na cultura da batata-doce propiciando um acréscimo linear no teor alcoólico (°GL) em todos os tempos de fermentação.
EXTRAÇÃO MISTA E TRANSESTERIFICAÇÃO METÍLICA DE ÓLEO de Syagrus romanzoffiana
Authors: Dobrzanski Josélia , Adamczevski Alan Gabriel , Antunes Sandra Regina , Sabino Eriel Biagini , Arrua Maria Elena Payret , Antunes Augusto Celso , Neto Pedro Henrique Weirich
Published: December 2014

O Brasil dispõe de uma grande variedade de espécies vegetais que se podem extrair óleos para produção de biodiesel. A espécie Syagrus romanzoffiana se apresenta como uma matéria prima promissora e alternativa na produção de biocombustíveis.  Esta é uma palmeira presente em diversas regiões do Brasil, da família Arecaceae, comumente conhecida como jerivá e produz frutos o ano todo, com alto teor de óleo. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o sistema misto de extração (mecânica e solvente) do óleo de S. romanzoffiana, verificar as propriedades físico-químicas e utilizá-lo na produção de biodiesel. Após a extração, o óleo foi avaliado em relação ao rendimento e caracterizado pelos ensaios de massa específica, viscosidade, estabilidade oxidativa e RMN de 1H. O rendimento obtido por extração mista foi de 57% m/m. Pela análise do produto da transesterificação por RMN de 1H verificou-se uma elevada taxa de conversão dos ésteres.
SÍNTESE, CARACTERIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DE CATALISADORES SnO2/SiO2 NA TRANSESTERIFICAÇÃO DE ÓLEOS VEGETAIS
Authors: Zarzzeka Caroline , Alves Helton José , Arroyo Pedro Augusto
Published: December 2014

A aplicação de catalisadores heterogêneos na transesterificação de óleos visando a produção de biodiesel é comprovadamente mais vantajosa ambientalmente quando comparada a transesterificação alcalina. Devido a incompatibilidade dos óleos ácidos com catalisadores alcalinos, tem-se então aplicado metais de transição suportados, dentre estes o estanho, o qual se apresenta promissor na transesterificação. A aplicação do método sol-gel na produção de catalisadores heterogêneos demonstra comprovadas vantagens frente a demais processos. Sintetizou-se catalisadores SnO2/SiO2, pelo método sol-gel, que foram calcinados em diferentes temperaturas. Posteriormente caracterizados estruturalmente por DRX, BET, DTA e TPD-NH3 e aplicados na metanólise dos óleos de soja, linhaça e pinhão manso. Com a elevação da temperatura de calcinação aumenta-se a área específica, volume e diâmetro de poros e a cristalinidade. Estes demonstraram elevada força ácida e alta estabilidade frente à lixiviação.
EFEITO DA UTRA-ESTABILIZAÇÃO DA ZEOLITA Y NO HIDRO-CRAQUEAMENTO DE ÓLEO DE SOJA BRUTO
Authors: Zandonai Cassio Henrique , Cordeiro Patrícia Hissae Yassue , Pergher Sibele Berenice Castellã , Machado Nadia Regina Camargo Fernandes
Published: December 2014

Como alternativa ao consumo de combustíveis fósseis, há a possibilidade de se produzir combustíveis renováveis a partir de biomassa, como do óleo de soja. Pelo processo de hidrocraqueamento catalítico se obtém combustíveis e insumos petroquímicos a partir de triglicerídeos. Neste trabalho foram utilizados os catalisadores NaY e USY, com diferentes quantidades de Si e Al em suas estruturas e diferentes cátions de compensação, o que levou uma diferença da acidez dos seus sítios ativos, observadas por ressonância magnética nuclear de 29Si e dessorção à temperatura programada (DTP), respectivamente. A reação de hidrocraqueamento foi realizado em reator de leito fixo e o produto foi analisado após trinta minutos de reação por cromatografia a gás com espectrometria de massas. Obteve-se elevada seletividade a hidrocarbonetos, principalmente gasosos, e uma grande diferença entre os produtos líquidos dos dois catalisadores utilizados. Foi observada uma pequena quantidade de ácidos orgânicos no produto final.
New Perspectives on Emotional Contagion: A Review of Classic and Recent Research on Facial Mimicry and Contagion
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Bensman Lisamarie , Thornton Paul D. , Rapson Richard L.
Published: December 2014

Recently, scholars from a wide variety of disciplines, using a variety of scientific techniques, have begun to study the influence of attention, facial mimicry, and social context on emotional contagion. In this paper we will review the classic evidence documenting the role of attention, facial mimicry, and feedback in sparking primitive emotional contagion. Then we will discuss the new evidence which scholars have amassed to help us better understand the role of facial mimicry in fostering contagion and the ability to “read” others’ thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Finally, we will briefly speculate as to where future research might be headed.
Negative Changes in a Couple’s Relationship After a Child’s Death
Authors: Salakari Anneli , Kaunonen Marja , Aho Anna Liisa
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to describe negative changes in parents’ relationships following the death of their child. A request to join the study was presented to members of grief associations through email and websites. Additionally, data were gathered through closed internet-groups where parents who had experienced the death of their child were logged in (e.g. in Facebook). The study participants were mothers (n = 321) and fathers (n = 36) whose child had died. The data were analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis. As negative changes in their relationship following the death of their child, parents reported the following: problems caused by failing mental health, problems due to changes in identity, increased difficulty of emotional communication, and decreased sexual intimacy. In addition, decreased sense of togetherness, behaviour that damages the relationship, everyday life straining the relationship, and emotions straining the relationship. It is concluded that a child’s death brings many kinds of negative changes to the parents’ relationship. The changes manifest as problems in the parents’ interaction, their behaviour, and their emotional life. The results can be utilized in supporting the relationships of grieving parents, developing different kinds of support interventions, and in nursing education.
Change in Physical Attraction in Early Romantic Relationships
Authors: Karandashev Victor , Fata Brittany
Published: December 2014

The goal of our research was to study the changes in physical attraction during the early stages of romantic relationships. The longitudinal study explored the personality characteristics of a partner and relationship events affecting physical attraction of early (within the first year) romantic relationships. Participants completed an eight-week longitudinal rating of their attraction toward their romantic partner. Factor analysis revealed behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and physiological dimensions. The behavioral and emotional dimensions play the largest role in attraction among both genders, with cognitive dimension also affecting attraction in women. Personality characteristics of one’s partner are significant predictors of physical attraction for both men and women. However, events occurring in the relationship seem to be only reliable predictors for a women’s attraction.
Socio-Demographic Predictors of Loneliness Across the Adult Life Span in Portugal
Authors: Neto Félix
Published: December 2014

Loneliness, a complex phenomenon, is experienced differently by people under diverse conditions. The factors influencing loneliness are numerous and may vary between cultures. The purpose of this study was to show socio-demographic factors contributing to loneliness in Portugal. The sample consisted of 3,144 participants with a mean age of 46.90 (SD = 22.56) and a range between 15 and 92 years. Loneliness was evaluated with the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980). Age and marital status were significant predictors of loneliness. Loneliness increased with age, and divorced or windowed participants reported higher loneliness than single or married people. As expected, gender did not significantly contribute to loneliness. This work identified vulnerable people who are experiencing a perceived dissatisfaction with their social interactions that needs special attention. These vulnerable groups include the old, divorced and widowed. In particular, policy makers and other experts who work with old persons should promote interventions according to their needs.
Mechanical design principles of a mitotic spindle
Authors: Ward Jonathan J , Roque Hélio , Antony Claude , Nédélec François
Published: December 2014

An organised spindle is crucial to the fidelity of chromosome segregation, but the relationship between spindle structure and function is not well understood in any cell type. The anaphase B spindle in fission yeast has a slender morphology and must elongate against compressive forces. This ‘pushing’ mode of chromosome transport renders the spindle susceptible to breakage, as observed in cells with a variety of defects. Here we perform electron tomographic analyses of the spindle, which suggest that it organises a limited supply of structural components to increase its compressive strength. Structural integrity is maintained throughout the spindle's fourfold elongation by organising microtubules into a rigid transverse array, preserving correct microtubule number and dynamically rescaling microtubule length.
Can formative quizzes predict or improve summative exam performance?*
Authors: Zhang Niu , Henderson Charles N.R.
Published: December 2014

Objective

Despite wide use, the value of formative exams remains unclear. We evaluated the possible benefits of formative assessments in a physical examination course at our chiropractic college.

Methods

Three hypotheses were examined: (1) Receiving formative quizzes (FQs) will increase summative exam (SX) scores, (2) writing FQ questions will further increase SE scores, and (3) FQs can predict SX scores. Hypotheses were tested across three separate iterations of the class.

Results

The SX scores for the control group (Class 3) were significantly less than those of Classes 1 and 2, but writing quiz questions and taking FQs (Class 1) did not produce significantly higher SX scores than only taking FQs (Class 2). The FQ scores were significant predictors of SX scores, accounting for 52% of the SX score. Sex, age, academic degrees, and ethnicity were not significant copredictors.

Conclusion

Our results support the assertion that FQs can improve written SX performance, but students producing quiz questions didn't further increase SX scores. We concluded that nonthreatening FQs may be used to enhance student learning and suggest that they also may serve to identify students who, without additional remediation, will perform poorly on subsequent summative written exams.
Plant invasion impacts on the gross and net primary production of the salt marsh on eastern coast of China: Insights from leaf to ecosystem
Authors: Ge Zhen‐Ming , Guo Hai‐Qiang , Zhao Bin , Zhang Li‐Quan
Published: December 2014

The exotic Spartina alterniflora from North America has been rapidly invading the entire Chinese coast, while the impacts of plant invasion on the gross (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) of the coastal salt marshes were less known. In this study, we investigated the photosynthetic performance, leaf characteristics, and primary production of the exotic C4 grass and the dominant native C3 grass (Phragmites australis) in two marsh mixtures (equipped with eddy covariance systems) in the Yangtze Estuary. The light‐saturated photosynthetic rate and annual peak leaf area index (LAI) of S. alterniflora was higher than that of P. australis throughout the growing season. The leaf nitrogen content of P. australis declined sharper during the latter growing season than that of S. alterniflora. The leaf‐to‐canopy production model with species‐specific (C3 and C4 types) parameterizations could reasonably simulate the daily trends and annual GPP amount against the 3 year flux measurements from 2005 to 2007, and the modeled NPP agreed with biomass measurements from the two species during 2012. The percentage contributions of GPP between S. alterniflora and P. australis were on average 5.82:1 and 2.91:1 in the two mixtures, respectively. The annual NPP amounts from S. alterniflora were higher by approximately 1.6 times than that from P. australis. Our results suggested that higher photosynthesis efficiency, higher LAI, and longer growing season resulted in greater GPP and NPP in the exotic species relative to the native species. The rapid expansion rate of S. alterniflora further made it the leading contributor of primary production in the salt marsh.
Tracking gravity waves in moist baroclinic jet‐front systems
Authors: Wei Junhong , Zhang Fuqing
Published: December 2014

A series of four‐dimensional ray‐tracing experiments are performed to investigate the propagating wave characteristics, source mechanisms, and wave number vector refraction budget of six groups of lower‐stratospheric gravity waves in the moist baroclinic jet‐front systems with varying degree of convective instability. On one hand, the resemblance of ray trajectories and propagating characteristics between gravity waves in the dry experiment versus those in the experiment with weak diabatic heating demonstrates the limited role of moist convection in modifying those wave modes that are dominated by dry dynamics, including both the short‐scale northward‐propagating mode and the intermediate‐scale northward‐propagating mode in the jet exit region (likely induced by upper‐level jet imbalance and/or tropospheric frontogenesis), the intermediate‐scale eastward‐propagating mode from the jet exit region in the ridge down to the jet entrance region in the trough (likely induced by upper‐level jet imbalance), and the short‐scale southward‐propagating mode located far to the south of the jet right above the surface cold front (likely induced by tropospheric frontogenesis). On the other hand, comparisons of the gravity waves in the two aforementioned experiments through the ray tracing analysis further demonstrate that moist convection may force new wave modes, modify existing dry wave modes through latent heat release, or modify the new/existing waves through modification of large‐scale flow. Convectively generated gravity waves could propagate both upstream and downstream of the latent heating. Lastly, it is indicated in the budget analysis of wave number vector refraction equations that the wind effect on changing the characteristics of propagating gravity waves generally dominates over the thermodynamics effect, and that the thermodynamics effect may counteract, enhance, or even take over the effect of background wind for those wave packets crossing the tropopause or frontal systems.
Reversibly Compressible, Highly Elastic, and Durable Graphene Aerogels for Energy Storage Devices under Limiting Conditions
Authors: Hong Jin‐Yong , Bak Bo Mee , Wie Jeong Jae , Kong Jing , Park Ho Seok
Published: December 2014

High porosity combined with mechanical durability in conductive materials is in high demand for special applications in energy storage under limiting conditions, and it is fundamentally important for establishing a relationship between the structure/chemistry of these materials and their properties. Herein, polymer‐assisted self‐assembly and cross‐linking are combined for reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐based aerogels with reversible compressibility, high elasticity, and extreme durability. The strong interplay of cross‐linked rGO (x‐rGO) aerogels results in high porosity and low density due to the re‐stacking inhibition and steric hinderance of the polymer chains, yet it makes mechanical durability and structural bicontinuity possible even under compressive strains because of the coupling of directional x‐rGO networks with polymer viscoelasticity. The x‐rGO aerogels retain >140% and >1400% increases in the gravimetric and volumetric capacitances, respectively, at 90% compressive strain, showing reversible change and stability of the volumetric capacitance under both static and dynamic compressions; this makes them applicable to energy storage devices whose volume and mass must be limited.
Time‐domain microfluidic fluorescence lifetime flow cytometry for high‐throughput Förster resonance energy transfer screening
Authors: Nedbal Jakub , Visitkul Viput , Ortiz‐Zapater Elena , Weitsman Gregory , Chana Prabhjoat , Matthews Daniel R. , Ng Tony , Ameer‐Beg Simon M.
Published: December 2014

Sensing ion or ligand concentrations, physico‐chemical conditions, and molecular dimerization or conformation change is possible by assays involving fluorescent lifetime imaging. The inherent low throughput of imaging impedes rigorous statistical data analysis on large cell numbers. We address this limitation by developing a fluorescence lifetime‐measuring flow cytometer for fast fluorescence lifetime quantification in living or fixed cell populations. The instrument combines a time‐correlated single photon counting epifluorescent microscope with microfluidics cell‐handling system. The associated computer software performs burst integrated fluorescence lifetime analysis to assign fluorescence lifetime, intensity, and burst duration to each passing cell. The maximum safe throughput of the instrument reaches 3,000 particles per minute. Living cells expressing spectroscopic rulers of varying peptide lengths were distinguishable by Förster resonant energy transfer measured by donor fluorescence lifetime. An epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐stimulation assay demonstrated the technique's capacity to selectively quantify EGF receptor phosphorylation in cells, which was impossible by measuring sensitized emission on a standard flow cytometer. Dual‐color fluorescence lifetime detection and cell‐specific chemical environment sensing were exemplified using di‐4‐ANEPPDHQ, a lipophilic environmentally sensitive dye that exhibits changes in its fluorescence lifetime as a function of membrane lipid order. To our knowledge, this instrument opens new applications in flow cytometry which were unavailable due to technological limitations of previously reported fluorescent lifetime flow cytometers. The presented technique is sensitive to lifetimes of most popular fluorophores in the 0.5–5 ns range including fluorescent proteins and is capable of detecting multi‐exponential fluorescence lifetime decays. This instrument vastly enhances the throughput of experiments involving fluorescence lifetime measurements, thereby providing statistically significant quantitative data for analysis of large cell populations. © 2014 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
Sophorolipids: Expanding structural diversity by ring‐opening cross‐metathesis
Authors: Peng Yifeng , Totsingan Filbert , Meier Michael A. R. , Steinmann Mark , Wurm Frederik , Koh Amanda , Gross Richard A.
Published: December 2014

Lactonic sophorolipids (LSL) are glycolipid biosurfactants produced in large quantity by yeast fermentation. Chemical or enzymatic modification of naturally produced sophorolipids is an effective route to improve their functional properties. For the first time, ring‐opening cross metathesis (RO/CM) was used to convert natural LSL to a unique family of modified sophorolipids. Reaction conditions for RO/CM of LSL with n‐alkyl acrylates, trans‐3‐hexene, 1‐hexene and ethylene were investigated. For the RO/CM of n‐alkyl acrylates with LSL, %‐conversions greater than 95% within 1 h resulted from conducting reactions in THF at 60°C using 5 mol% of Grubbs second generation ruthenium based catalyst (M2). The RO/CM reaction of LSL with ethylene performed at 3 bar under an ethylene atmosphere using Grubbs first generation (G1) (10 mol%) as the catalyst in dichloromethane (room temperature, 5 h) gave complete conversion of LSL to the corresponding ring‐opened product. Ethanolysis of LSL RO/CM products generated a series of medium chain (C10‐C14) SL‐surfactants and fatty acid co‐products. Values of surface tension reduction at the air‐water interface versus Log (C) for modified SLs were measured by the Wilhelmy plate method. Minimum surface tension values varied as a function of the hydrophobic character of modified SLs. The modified SL from RO/CM with 1‐hexene (SL‐14) gave the largest surface tension reduction and lowest CMC (to 34 mN/m and 0.15 mM, respectively) and showed a similar surface tension reduction behavior as n‐dodecyl‐β‐D‐maltoside (Mal‐C12). Increasing the number of carbons in the hydrophobic segment for the homologous series of n‐alkyl sophorosides results in an almost linear decrease in log(CMC), with B = 0.18 ± 0.03. This number is smaller than that of other related surfactants such as alkyl‐β‐D‐glycosides and alkyl‐β‐D‐maltosides.

Practical applications: Modified sophorolipids can be used in a wide variety of applications such as stabilization of oil‐in‐water dispersions, antimicrobials and various cleaning operations.

Ring‐opening cross‐metathesis was used to expand structural diversity of natural sophorolipid surfactants.
Assessment of interactive effects of elevated salinity and three pesticides on life history and behavior of southern toad (Anaxyrus terrestris) tadpoles
Authors: Wood Liza , Welch Allison M.
Published: December 2014

Because habitats are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, assessing the interactive effects of stressors is crucial for understanding how populations respond to human-altered habitats. Salinization of freshwater habitats is increasing and has the potential to interact with other stressors. Chemical pollutants also contribute to habitat degradation in freshwater environments, and both salinity and various pesticides can harm amphibians. The present study used a factorial experiment to investigate the effect of elevated salinity alone and in combination with each of 3 pesticides—atrazine, carbaryl, and glyphosate—on life history and behavior of southern toad larvae (Anaxyrus terrestris). Tadpoles were negatively affected by elevated salinity and by exposure to the insecticide carbaryl, with the most deleterious outcomes associated with both stressors combined. Carbaryl exposure led to reduced survival as well as sublethal effects on growth, activity and feeding behavior, escape response swimming, and time to metamorphosis. Tadpoles reared at elevated salinity were also smaller and less active, and ultimately metamorphosed later and at smaller size. Together, carbaryl and elevated salinity had a synergistic effect, resulting in particularly poor growth, depressed activity and feeding, and sluggish escape swimming among tadpoles exposed to both stressors simultaneously. These results suggest that both elevated salinity and carbaryl represent threats for amphibian populations and that pesticide exposure in salinized habitats may pose a particularly high risk. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:667–676. © 2014 SETAC
Coupling enrichment methods with proteomics for understanding and treating disease
Authors: Kumar Amit , Baycin‐Hizal Deniz , Shiloach Joseph , Bowen Michael A. , Betenbaugh Michael J.
Published: December 2014

Owing to recent advances in proteomics analytical methods and bioinformatics capabilities there is a growing trend toward using these capabilities for the development of drugs to treat human disease, including target and drug evaluation, understanding mechanisms of drug action, and biomarker discovery. Currently, the genetic sequences of many major organisms are available, which have helped greatly in characterizing proteomes in model animal systems and humans. Through proteomics, global profiles of different disease states can be characterized (e.g. changes in types and relative levels as well as changes in PTMs such as glycosylation or phosphorylation). Although intracellular proteomics can provide a broad overview of physiology of cells and tissues, it has been difficult to quantify the low abundance proteins which can be important for understanding the diseased states and treatment progression. For this reason, there is increasing interest in coupling comparative proteomics methods with subcellular fractionation and enrichment techniques for membranes, nucleus, phosphoproteome, glycoproteome as well as low abundance serum proteins. In this review, we will provide examples of where the utilization of different proteomics‐coupled enrichment techniques has aided target and biomarker discovery, understanding the drug targeting mechanism, and mAb discovery. Taken together, these improvements will help to provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of various diseases including cancer, autoimmunity, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and neurological conditions, and in the design and development of better medicines for treating these afflictions.
Proteomics in the investigation of HIV‐1 interactions with host proteins
Authors: Li Ming
Published: December 2014

Productive HIV‐1 infection depends on host machinery, including a broad array of cellular proteins. Proteomics has played a significant role in the discovery of HIV‐1 host proteins. In this review, after a brief survey of the HIV‐1 host proteins that were discovered by proteomic analyses, I focus on analyzing the interactions between the virion and host proteins, as well as the technologies and strategies used in those proteomic studies. With the help of proteomics, the identification and characterization of HIV‐1 host proteins can be translated into novel antiretroviral therapeutics.
Biomarkers for cardiovascular risk assessment in autoimmune diseases
Authors: Teixeira Priscila Camillo , Ferber Philippe , Vuilleumier Nicolas , Cutler Paul
Published: December 2014

Autoimmune diseases, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis, are characterized by a high prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), which constitutes the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among such patients. Although such effects are partly explained by a higher prevalence of traditional CV risk factors, many studies indicate that such factors do not fully explain the enhanced CV risk in these patients. In addition, risk stratification algorithms based upon traditional CV risk factors are not as predictive in autoimmune diseases as in the general population. For these reasons, the timely and accurate assessment of CV risk in these high‐risk populations still remains an unmet clinical need. An enhanced contribution of different inflammatory components of the immune response, as well as autoimmune elements (e.g. autoantibodies, autoantigens, and cellular response), has been proposed to underlie the incremental CV risk observed in these populations. Recent advances in proteomic tools have contributed to the discovery of proteins involved in CVDs, including some that may be suitable to be used as biological markers. In this review we summarize the main markers in the field of CVDs associated with autoimmunity, as well as the recent advances in proteomic technology and their application for biomarker discovery in autoimmune disease.
p53 Loss Increases the Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: He Yunlong , de Castro Luis F. , Shin Min Hwa , Dubois Wendy , Yang Howard H. , Jiang Shunlin , Mishra Pravin J. , Ren Ling , Gou Hongfeng , Lal Ashish , Khanna Chand , Merlino Glenn , Lee Maxwell , Robey Pamela G. , Huang Jing
Published: December 2014

The tumor suppressor, p53, plays a critical role in suppressing osteosarcoma. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) have been suggested to give rise to osteosarcomas. However, the role of p53 in BMSCs has not been extensively explored. Here, we report that p53 regulates the lineage choice of mouse BMSCs (mBMSCs). Compared to mBMSCs with wild-type p53, mBMSCs deficient in p53 have enhanced osteogenic differentiation, but with similar adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. The role of p53 in inhibiting osteogenic lineage differentiation is mainly through the action of Runx2, a master transcription factor required for the osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs. We find that p53 indirectly represses the expression of Runx2 by activating the microRNA-34 family, which suppresses the translation of Runx2. Since osteosarcoma may derive from BMSCs, we examined whether p53 has a role in the osteogenic differentiation of osteosarcoma cells and found that osteosarcoma cells with p53 deletion have higher levels of Runx2 and faster osteogenic differentiation than those with wild-type p53. A systems biology approach reveals that p53-deficient mBMSCs are more closely related to human osteosarcoma while mBMSCs with wild-type p53 are similar to normal human BMSCs. In summary, our results indicate that p53 activity can influence cell fate specification of mBMSCs, and provide molecular and cellular insights into the observation that p53 loss is associated with increased osteosarcoma incidence. Stem Cells  2015;33:1304–1319
A Structured Approach for Rapidly Mapping Multilevel System Measures via Simulation Metamodeling
Authors: Rosen Scott L. , Saunders Christopher P. , Guharay Samar K
Published: December 2014

With increasing complexity of real‐world systems, especially for continuously evolving scenarios, systems analysts encounter a major challenge with the modeling techniques that capture detailed system characteristics defining input–output relationships. The models become very complex and require long time of execution. In this situation, techniques to construct approximations of the simulation model by metamodeling alleviate long run times and the need for large computational resources; it also provides a means to aggregate a simulation's multiple outputs of interest and derives a single decision‐making metric. The method described here leverages simulation metamodeling to map the three basic SE metrics, namely, measures of performance to measures of effectiveness to a single figure of merit. This enables using metamodels to map multilevel system measures supports rapid decision making. The results from a case study demonstrate the merit of the method. Several metamodeling techniques are compared and bootstrap error analysis and predicted residual sums of squares statistic are discussed to evaluate the standard error and error due to bias.
Hints on Self-Help
Authors: Boucherett Jessie
Published: December 2014

A determined campaigner for women's rights, Jessie Boucherett (1825–1905) helped to draft Britain's first female suffrage petition in 1866 and founded the Englishwoman's Review in the same year. Originally published in 1863 and reissued here in its 1866 printing, the present work is her call to arms for young women of all classes to pursue their independence through education and employment. Emphasising the risk of trusting in men to provide for women, she urges her readers to support themselves, first through education and then through remunerative work. She includes examples of the various trades open to women and examines the cases of women who have not only succeeded but excelled in their occupations. The appendices give details of institutions where women could receive training. Reflecting and refining the Victorian concern with self-improvement, this work remains relevant to social historians and readers interested in the women's movement.
A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India
Authors: Watt George
Published: December 2014

A Scottish doctor and botanist, George Watt (1851–1930) had studied the flora of India for more than a decade before he took on the task of compiling this monumental work. Assisted by numerous contributors, he set about organising vast amounts of information on India's commercial plants and produce, including scientific and vernacular names, properties, domestic and medical uses, trade statistics, and published sources. Watt hoped that the dictionary, 'though not a strictly scientific publication', would be found 'sufficiently accurate in its scientific details for all practical and commercial purposes'. First published in six volumes between 1889 and 1893, with an index volume completed in 1896, the whole work is now reissued in nine separate parts. Volume 5 (1891) contains entries from Linum (the flax genus) to oyster (the subcontinent's best oyster beds were to be found 'on the coast near Karachi, Bombay and Madras').
Personal Narrative of the Origin and Progress of the Caoutchouc or India-Rubber Manufacture in England
Authors: Hancock Thomas
Published: December 2014

Over the course of three decades, the English businessman and inventor Thomas Hancock (1786–1865) took out sixteen patents relating to the potential applications of natural rubber. Hancock's fascination with this material, the properties of which had not been fully appreciated in England, drove him to experiment extensively with manufacturing methods. This led to the development of the mechanical process of 'mastication' and the chemical process of vulcanization, the end product of which was used by Macintosh to create waterproof garments. This illustrated account of Hancock's discoveries and methods was first published in 1857. It covers the origin of his interest in natural rubber and his subsequent experiments and patents. Also included are details about the plants from which natural rubber is extracted. The result is an informed chronicle of the commercial exploitation of a versatile and lucrative resource.
On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man
Authors: Kidd John
Published: December 2014

Having studied medicine at Guy's Hospital, London, John Kidd (1775–1851) established himself as a physician and educator at Oxford, where he lectured widely on chemistry, anatomy, mineralogy and geology. Regius professor of medicine and a fellow of the Royal Society from 1822, he rooted his scientific understanding and teaching in natural theology. Published in 1833 as the second Bridgewater Treatise, the present work attempted to bring science and religion into harmony, drawing on such disciplines as anthropology and comparative anatomy. Seeking to demonstrate the superiority of humans in the natural world, Kidd argues that animals, minerals and plants had been adapted by God to serve mankind. Founded upon a belief in the antediluvian world and the revealed existence of God in nature, the work exemplifies the influence of natural theology within the scientific establishment before the era of Darwin.
A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials
Authors: Todhunter Isaac
Published: December 2014

A distinguished mathematician and notable university teacher, Isaac Todhunter (1820–84) became known for the successful textbooks he produced as well as for a work ethic that was extraordinary, even by Victorian standards. A scholar who read all the major European languages, Todhunter was an open-minded man who admired George Boole and helped introduce the moral science examination at Cambridge. His many gifts enabled him to produce the histories of mathematical subjects which form his lasting memorial. First published between 1886 and 1893, the present work was the last of these. Edited and completed after Todhunter's death by Karl Pearson (1857–1936), another extraordinary man who pioneered modern statistics, these volumes trace the mathematical understanding of elasticity from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. Volume 2 (1893) was split into two parts. Part 1 includes the work of Saint-Venant from 1850 to 1886.
The History of Greenland
Authors: Crantz David
Published: December 2014

In 1759, David Crantz (or Cranz) was sent to Greenland for a year by the Moravian Church. Writing in German, Crantz (1723–77) published in 1765 his detailed observations on the country, its people and their way of life, including a history of the Moravian mission there. This English translation appeared in two volumes in 1820, prepared by staff at the Fulneck School in West Yorkshire, where a Moravian community existed. The text is illustrated with several engravings that depict landscapes as well as kayaks, weapons and tools used by the Greenlanders, providing a valuable visual record of eighteenth-century life among the native population. Volume 1 is primarily concerned with the geography of Greenland, the local weather patterns, and flora and fauna, as well as the attitudes, traditions, social habits and hierarchies of the people of Greenland.
The History of Greenland
Authors: Crantz David
Published: December 2014

In 1759, David Crantz (or Cranz) was sent to Greenland for a year by the Moravian Church. Writing in German, Crantz (1723–77) published in 1765 his detailed observations on the country, its people and their way of life, including a history of the Moravian mission there. This English translation appeared in two volumes in 1820, prepared by staff at the Fulneck School in West Yorkshire, where a Moravian community existed. The text is illustrated with several engravings that depict landscapes as well as kayaks, weapons and tools used by the Greenlanders, providing a valuable visual record of eighteenth-century life among the native population. Volume 2 contains an account of Moravian missionary activity in Greenland since 1733, tracing how the Moravians managed to brave the conditions while spreading the Gospel among the people. An appendix looks at the Moravian settlement established on the coast of Labrador.
The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: December 2014

Published in 1842, this important monograph by Charles Darwin (1809–82) formed the first part of a trilogy of geological studies based on observations made during the celebrated second voyage of the Beagle. Influenced by Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, Darwin drew in particular on data from the survey of the Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean to support his theory that subsidence of the ocean floor can account for the formation of coral atolls. He first presented his findings in a paper for the Geological Society of London in 1837, but a heavy workload and illness delayed the appearance of this elegantly argued and illustrated study. For this and his work on barnacles, Darwin would receive the Royal Society's royal medal in 1853. The other studies in the trilogy, Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands (1844) and Geological Observations on South America (1846), are also reissued in this series.
Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis
Authors: Denifle Heinrich , Chatelaine Emile
Published: December 2014

An Austrian Dominican priest, Heinrich Denifle (1844–1905) carried out painstaking research in the archives of the Vatican and in libraries throughout Europe, resulting in several major publications on medieval history and theology. In 1887 he was appointed to edit the medieval records of the University of Paris, with the assistance of the palaeographer Emile Chatelaine (1851–1933). Paris was the centre of theological learning in Europe in the Middle Ages, and the records here contain important information regarding the university's organisation, teachers, students, relations with popes and kings, religious orders, and intellectual controversies. The four volumes published between 1889 and 1897 contain the texts of some 2,700 records, with references to many more in the notes. Volume 4 (1897) contains almost a thousand records from the period 1394–1452, a difficult time for the university owing to the Western Schism and the Hundred Years War.
On the Polar Star in the Arctic Sea
Authors: di Savoia Luigi Amedeo
Published: December 2014

Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, a grandson of King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy, was well known as a mountaineer and traveller when, in 1899, he organised an expedition to the Arctic, obtaining a steam whaling ship in Oslo which he renamed the Stella Polare. His ambition was to reach the highest possible latitude (and possibly the North Pole itself) by careful logistical arrangements, wintering on the ice in Franz Josef Land and using dog-sledges to travel further north. He also intended a scientific survey of the area in which the team passed the winter. His account of the expedition was published in Italian in 1902 and this two-volume English translation by William Le Queux (better known as the author of sensationalist spy and crime novels) appeared in 1903. Volume 1 recounts the genesis and progress of the expedition, including the crew's efforts to free the ice-bound ship using explosives.
Passages of a Working Life during Half a Century
Authors: Knight Charles
Published: December 2014

Charles Knight (1791–1873), the son of a Windsor bookseller, was apprenticed to his father at fourteen. He read widely and systematically, and began to buy, collect and sell rare books. He also worked as a journalist, and, on moving to London, set up as a publisher, then took to freelance writing, and acted as manager of the publications of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. In 1832, he launched the Penny Magazine, offering the working classes useful information, within a moral context of thrift and self-discipline. Knight continued to write - on Shakespeare, on Caxton, on English history - while at the same time being at the centre of the British publishing industry. His 1864–5 three-volume autobiography (reissued here in its posthumous 1873 edition) provides insights into the economics as well as the personalities of the mid-Victorian publishing world. Volume 2 covers the 1820s to the late 1840s.
The Last Days of Lord Byron
Authors: Parry William
Published: December 2014

Of the many accounts of Lord Byron's mission to Greece and his death at Missolonghi in 1824, very few were by eyewitnesses. In this 1825 book, William Parry (1773–1859) describes in detail Byron's last days, and records the poet's wishes and intentions with regard to the Greek independence movement. Parry was working in the naval dockyard at Greenwich when he was recruited by the London Greek Committee to organise an artillery brigade to join Byron in Greece. The original plan was scaled down, but in February 1824 Parry and some companions arrived in Missolonghi. Byron took to him, and Parry, effectively his right-hand man, was with him when he died. His book is in part a score-settling activity against the opposing factions of the Committee both in Greece and England, but it is also an important and detailed account of the death, and of the creation of a myth.
Travels along the Mediterranean and Parts Adjacent
Authors: Richardson Robert
Published: December 2014

After qualifying as a physician, Robert Richardson (1779–1847) joined the household of the earl of Belmore, and accompanied him and his family on a tour of the eastern Mediterranean in his yacht the Osprey, converted from a captured American schooner. Richardson dedicated this two-volume work to his patron in 1822. Having spent several months in Naples, the party travelled through the Greek islands to Constantinople, arriving in Alexandria in September 1817. Volume 1 recounts their journey up the Nile, exploring both the antiquities of Egypt and the modern cities, especially Cairo, where Richardson made the acquaintance of Burckhardt (whose death he witnessed), Belzoni, Henry Salt and other early explorers of Egypt's past. Having reached the Nile's second cataract, they returned to Thebes, where they were greeted with news of Princess Charlotte's death. Richardson's account is full of detail, both of the archaeological remains and of everyday life in modern Egypt.
Eustathii metropolitae Thessalonicensis opuscula
Authors: Eustanthius
Published: December 2014

A German classical scholar, philologist and pioneer of Byzantine studies, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel (1787–1860) had already published two volumes of his own commentaries on the Greek poet Pindar when, in 1832, he prepared this edition of the minor works of the twelfth-century Greek scholar Eustathius (c.1115–c.1194), metropolitan of Thessalonica, whose valuable commentaries on Homer, as edited by Johann Stallbaum, are also reissued in this series. Tafel's edition gives various works from a Basel codex, principally orations, as well as a preface to Eustathius' lost commentary on Pindar and some of his observations on religious and monastic practices. The Paris codex contains numerous letters from Eustathius to a variety of recipients, including the Emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople. Furthermore, this collection contains fourteenth- and fifteenth-century pieces relating to Trebizond by Michael Panaretos and John Eugenikos respectively. Following a Latin introduction, all texts are in Greek.
A Grammar of the Sungskrit Language
Authors: Carey William
Published: December 2014

The Indo-Aryan language of Sanskrit is the primary language of Hinduism and also a scholarly language of Buddhism. Dating back to the second millennium BCE, it is considered to be the parent of most modern languages of India, and remains central to work in Indo-European studies, philology and linguistics today. First published in 1806, this is a comprehensive grammar of Sanskrit, compiled by the Baptist missionary William Carey (1761–1834) during his time in India. Its purpose was to make the language accessible to European learners, presenting its complex systems of verb conjugation, compound words and affixation in a straightforward way. Reissued here in a two-volume set, Volume 1 contains Books 1–3 of the work, covering characters, pronouns and verbs, and clearly laying out the rules of their formation by way of numerous illustrative examples. Carey's reference works on Marathi and Bengali are also reissued in this series.