bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cone beam computed tomography in assessment on pharynx effects of orthopedic-surgical treatment - a review of the literature
Authors: Guimarães Thais Moura , Bariani Rita Catia , Iafigliola Sergio Giamas , Guimarães Clara Moura , Chaves Junior Cauby Maia , Ferraz Otávio , Cappellette Junior Mario , Abraão-Cunha Thays Crosara , Dal-Fabbro Cibele , Rossi Rowdley , Bittencourt Lia , Fujita Reginaldo Raimundo , Tufik Sergio , Moreira Gustavo
Published: February 2020

The cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image provides clear differentiation of soft tissues from empty spaces. This paper presents a literature review to evaluate the effects of orthopedic and surgical treatment on the pharyngeal dimension by CBCT. It was concluded that treatments involving dentofacial orthopedics and orthognathic surgery have been related with an increase in the upper airway volume. Standardized capturing of tomographic images and more controlled and randomized studies are necessary.
Absence of a synergic nigral proapoptotic effect triggered by REM sleep deprivation in the rotenone model of Parkinson´s disease
Authors: Kmita Luana C , Ilkiw Jessica L , Rodrigues Lais S , Targa Adriano DS , Noseda Ana Carolina D , dos-Santos Patrícia , Fagotti Juliane , Trindade Edvaldo S. , Lima Marcelo MS
Published: February 2020

Excitotoxicity has been related to play a crucial role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) represents one of the major sources of glutamatergic afferences to nigrostriatal pathway and putative reciprocal connectivity between these structures may exert a potential influence on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep control. Also, PPT could be overactive in PD, it seems that dopaminergic neurons are under abnormally high levels of glutamate and consequently might be more vulnerable to neurodegeneration. We decided to investigate the neuroprotective effect of riluzole administration, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, in rats submitted simultaneously to nigrostrial rotenone and 24h of REM sleep deprivation (REMSD). Our findings showed that blocking NMDA glutamatergic receptors in the SNpc, after REMSD challenge, protected the dopaminergic neurons from rotenone lesion. Concerning rotenone-induced hypolocomotion, riluzole reversed this impairment in the control groups. Also, REMSD prevented the occurrence of rotenone-induced motor impairment as a result of dopaminergic supersensitivity. In addition, higher Fluoro Jade C (FJC) staining within the SNpc was associated with decreased cognitive performance observed in rotenone groups. Such effect was counteracted by riluzole suggesting the occurrence of an antiapoptotic effect. Moreover, riluzole did not rescue cognitive impairment impinged by rotenone, REMSD or their combination. These data indicated that reductions of excitotoxicity, by riluzole, partially protected dopamine neurons from neuronal death and appeared to be effective in relieve specific rotenone-induce motor disabilities.
La invención lingüística en la literatura y el cine en los siglos XX y XXI
Authors: Gándara Fernández Leticia
Published: February 2020

Con este trabajo pretendemos destacar la importancia que tiene la incorporación de lenguas artificiales, creadas con fines artísticos, a los argumentos de ficción de obras literarias y audiovisuales. En segundo lugar, trazamos un recorrido por algunos de los diseños lingüísticos más relevantes, tales como el klingon, el na’vi o las lenguas de Juego de Tronos, el dothraki y el valyrio. Finalmente, establecemos una distinción de aquellos proyectos que, si bien no pueden considerarse lenguas propiamente dichas, cobran vital importancia en las novelas o películas en las que se incluyen.

With this work we intend to highlight the importance of the inclusion of artificial languages, created for artistic purposes, in the fictional arguments of literary and audiovisual works. Secondly, we trace a tour through some of the most relevant linguistic designs, such as the Klingon, the Na'vi or the languages of Game of Thrones, the Dothraki and the Valyrian. Finally, we establish a distinction of those projects that, although they can not be considered as proper languages, acquire vital importance in the novels or films in which they appear.
Variación intradialectal del español: ideologías lingüísticas en la juventud de Fuenlabrada
Authors: Pinto Pajares Daniel
Published: February 2020

Las ideologías panhispánicas fomentadas por las instituciones académicas construyen el marco de un español general cohesionado y homogéneo que garantiza el entendimiento entre diferentes comunidades lingüísticas, frente a las múltiples realizaciones cotidianas que, por su carácter espontáneo y alejado de la normativa estándar, se presentan como versiones deturpadas. Mediante cuestionarios anónimos, hemos realizado una investigación cuantitativa que toma como objeto de estudio el alumnado de Bachillerato de Fuenlabrada. Estudiamos las ideologías lingüísticas que presenta una muestra representativa en torno a la variación intradialectal del español. El español estándar es contrapuesto a las variedades de España e Hispanoamérica y las ideologías lingüísticas detectadas engloban prejuicios respecto a ciertas variedades y a sus hablantes.

Panhispanic ideologies promoted by academic institutions present a framework of a cohesive and homogeneous general Spanish language that guarantees understanding between different linguistic communities. This stands in opposition to the multiple daily realizations whose spontaneity and non-normative nature is presented as deviant. By means of anonymous questionnaires, we have carried out a quantitative research with Baccalaureate students from Fuenlabrada as objects of study. We analysed the linguistic ideologies presented in a representative sample regarding the intradialectal variation of the Spanish language. Standard Spanish is contradictory to the varieties of Spanish in Spain and Spanish America and the detected linguistic ideologies include prejudices with respect to certain varieties and their speakers.
En torno a los valores pragmáticos de la evidencialidad: una nueva aproximación a las relaciones entre evidencialidad e ironía en español
Authors: Rodríguez Ramalle Teresa María
Published: February 2020

En este artículo me propongo contrastar el comportamiento de dos tipos de elementos vinculados con la expresión de la evidencialidad en español, al parecer y por lo visto, y las  locuciones consecutivas ilativas así que, conque, de manera/modo que. Mi objetivo es demostrar que la ironía, como interpretación que se documenta en los evidenciales morfológicos, también se puede atestiguar en español, si bien de manera distinta según el modo en que se expresa la fuente de la información: en el caso de al parecer y por lo visto como marcas de ironía, según ya apunta Santamaría (2009); en cuanto a las locuciones consecutivas ilativas, como indicadores. Demostraré que la manera de explicar la evidencialidad a partir de la relación entre situaciones discursivas, de acuerdo con el modelo formal que desarrolla Speas (2010), ayuda también a comprender el comportamiento como indicadores de ironía de las locuciones consecutivas ilativas en contextos concretos.

In this article I will contrast the behavior of two types of discursive particles linked to the expression of the evidentiality in Spanish, al parecer, por lo visto, and illative conjunctions: así que, conque, de manera/modo que. My goal is to show that irony can also be documented in these two types of evidential structures in Spanish, but in a very different way: in the first case as ironic markers, as it was pointed out by Santamaría (2009), in the second, as indicators of irony. According to Speas (2010), I will demonstrate that the way to explain the evidentiality from the relationship among discursive situations also helps us to understand the behavior as indicators of the illative conjunctions.
Subsectividad (cuantitativa y cualitativa): una cuestión de semántica léxica
Authors: Ynduráin Pardo de Santayana Carlos
Published: February 2020

Resumen: Resulta frecuente encontrar aproximaciones a los adjetivos que consideran intersectivos casos como bueno o hábil cuando estos se emplean con su significado más general; es decir, cuando este no viene restringido por el sustantivo con el que se relacionan. En She is a beautiful dancer se entiende que beautiful es intersectivo si se asume que ella (she), además de ser bailarina, es también beautiful como persona. Mientras, si se interpreta que beautiful restringe a dancer, y que ella es beautiful en su faceta de bailarina, se considera que el adjetivo actúa de forma subsectiva. En este trabajo presentaremos la distinción subsectividad/intersectividad como una cuestión de semántica léxica sin relación con las estructuras gramaticales de las que formen parte los adjetivos.
The essence of marine and coastal space – an interdisciplinary perspective
Authors: Jerzak Katarzyna , Shrayer Maxim D. , Krośnicka Karolina A. , Lorens Piotr , Zaucha Jacek , Pardus Joanna
Published: February 2020

Sea space has been undergoing a profound transformation. Although it retains its inspirational function in arts, literature and philosophy, it has been gaining new anthropogenic dimensions in economics and urban planning as a source of satisfying human needs i.e. the provision of harmony, beauty, off-shore energy, and biotech substances. Therefore, in this paper marine space is analyzed from a multidimensional perspective of urban planning, economics, and literature. Maritime space has been a subject of literature from its inception. Without attempting to give an overview of the vast topic, the paper discusses the pronounced presence of sea space in the earliest Western literary sources, such as the Bible and Anglo-Saxon poetry. As a striking case study, Herman Melville’s 1851 novel Moby-Dick is analyzed with its complex, dynamic notion of maritime space. Aditionally, the importance of the shore as locus amoenus in a short story by the contemporary writer Maxim D. Shrayer is examined. This notion of locus amoenus is also present in the research related to urban planning. Maritime space attracts people to locate nearby. Development is created as a response to these demands. Both urban planning and economics underline, however, a need of sustainable development of this space. This is crucial in order to secure its positive influence on human well-being in the long run. The three disciplines also point out that maritime space remains in the process of continuous creation and re-development in course of adding new functional and axiological ties between humans and the seas and oceans. Thus, nowadays maritime space covers both sea and terrestrial gateways servicing the sea and the key constituting factor is provided by human beings (homo maritimus) through their economic, social or emotional bond to the sea.
Comparison of different mathematical models for prediction of self-excited vibrations occurance in milling process
Authors: Kosarac Aleksandar , Mladjenovic Cvijetin , Zeljkovic Milan , Sikuljak Lana
Published: February 2020

In modern production, despite the existence of other production methods, metal cutting still plays an important role. The performance of machine tools has a decisive role in terms of productivity and quality of production increase. Undoubtedly, productivity and quality of production are two mail requirements which are key elements to stay on top in a competitive market. One of the most influencing factor that affect the machine tools are vibrations. The most unwanted vibrations that can appear during metal cutting process are self-excited vibrations, which are one of the three kinds of mechanical vibration, free vibration, forced vibration, and self-excited vibration. When it comes to improving the performance of machine tools, the analysis of the appearance of self-excited vibrations and their isolation occupy a significant place. The aim of this paper derives from trends and limitations exists in metal production. The way to isolate the self-excited vibrations is to predict their occurrence by defining the stability lobe diagram. The paper presents two popular analytical methods for identifying stability lobe diagrams in milling, which shows the boundary between stable and unstable zone of machining operations, depending on the number of revolutions of the spindle and cutting depth. First considered method is Fourier series approach and second one id average tooth angle approach. Lather, both stability lobe diagrams were compared with results obtained experimentally.
Approach in the development of lightweight microservice architecture for small data center monitoring system
Authors: Malić Milan , Dobrilović Dalibor , Malić Dušan , Stojanov Željko
Published: February 2020

In the past decade there is a significant trend of implementing IoT technologies and standards in different industries. This trend brings cost reductions to the companies and other benefits as well. One of the main benefits is real-time and uniform data collection. The data are transferred using diverse communication protocols, from the sensor nodes to the centralized application. So far, current approaches in developing applications are not proved itself to be efficient enough in scenarios when a significant amount of data needs to be stored and analyzed. The focus of this paper is on development of software architecture suitable for usage in Internet of Things (IoT) systems where the larger amount of data can be processed in real-time. The software architecture is developed in order to support the sensor network for monitoring the small data center and it is based on microservices. Besides the system and its architecture, this paper presents the method of analysis of system performances in real-time environment. The proposal for lightweight microservice architecture, presented in this paper, is developed with .NET Core and RabbitMQ, with the utilization of MongoDB and SQLite databases systems for storing data collected with IoT devices. In this paper, the system evaluation and research results in different stress scenarios are also presented. Because of its complexity, only the most significant segments of architecture will be presented in this paper. The proposed solution showed that proposed lightweight architecture based on microservices could deal with the larger amount of sensor data in the case of using MongoDB. On the other hand, the usage of SQLite database is not recommended due to the lower performances and test results.
Influence of different factors on the RAID 0 paired magnetic disk arrays
Authors: Davidović Nikola , Obradović Slobodan , Đorđević Borislav , Timčenko Valentina , Škorić Bojan
Published: February 2020

The rapid technological progress has led to a growing need for more data storage space. The appearance of big data requires larger storage space, faster access and exchange of data as well as data security. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) technology is one of the most cost-effective ways to satisfy needs for larger storage space, data access and protection. However, the connection of multiple secondary memory devices in RAID 0 aims to improve the secondary memory system in a way to provide greater storage capacity, increase both read data speed and write data speed but it is not fault-tolerant or error-free. This paper provides an analysis of the system for storing the data on the paired arrays of magnetic disks in a RAID 0 formation, with different number of queue entries for overlapped I/O, where queue depth parameter has the value of 1 and 4. The paper presents a range of test results and analysis for RAID 0 series for defined workload characteristics. The tests were carried on in Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard operating system, using 2, 3, 4 and 6 paired magnetic disks and controlled by Dell PERC 6/i hardware RAID controller. For the needs of obtaining the measurement results, ATTO Disk Benchmark has been used. The obtained results have been analyzed and compared to the expected behavior.
How the brain represents mass
Authors: Fairchild Grant , Snow Jacqueline C
Published: February 2020

New fMRI experiments and machine learning are helping to identify how the mass of objects is processed in the brain.
Let Me Save You Some Time... On Valuing Travelers’ Time in Urban Transportation
Authors: Nordström Maria , Hansson Sven Ove , Hugosson Muriel Beser ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2020

Systems of urban transportation are largely shaped through planning practices. In transport economics, the benefits of infrastructure investments consist mainly of travel time savings calculated using monetary values of time. The economic interpretation of the value of travel time has significantly shaped our urban environment and transportation schemes. However, there is often an underlying assumption of transferability between time and money, which arguably does not sufficiently take into account the specific features of time. In this paper, we analyze the various properties of time as an economic resource using findings in behavioral economics and psychology. Due to limitations in the standard model, it is proposed that an alternative model value should be investigated in which time rather than money is the primary carrier of and the basic features of such a model are outlined. An improved understanding the nature of time as a source of utility puts us in a better position to determine what aspects of time matter. Additionally, the analysis can be applied to further develop modeling where value of time plays a significant role; such as new models for the planning of urban transport.
Co-Exposure to Lead and Mercury among Artisanal Gold Miners
Authors: Rabiu S. , Abubakar M. G. , Sahabi D. M. , Makusidi M. A. , Dandare A.
Published: February 2020

Background: Illegal mining pitch and metal ores processing sites are frequently seen in many parts of Nigerian communities. Gold ore processing is widespread in communities of Zamfara State. These activities produce significant amount of dust that pollute the environment.

Aim: The study was conducted to determine the extent of exposure to lead and mercury in artisanal gold miners in Bagega and Kawaye districts and Yargalma village of Anka and Bukkuyum Local Government Areas respectively.

Methods:  Seventy gold ore miners were recruited from twelve different mining or processing sites of the affected villages. Serum lead determination was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS Perkin Elmer, 6300 model USA) and mercury was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (Spectra-10 varian).

Results: The blood lead and mercury levels of the exposed individuals ranged between 15 – 561.2 µg/dl and 0.21 – 196 µg/dl respectively. Majority (75.7%) had blood lead levels beyond 45 µg/dl with average mean of 368.62±15.20 and mean blood mercury levels of 168.86±8.92 µg/dl. The blood lead and mercury levels were significantly (p<0.05) high in 16-30 age bracket compared to 0-15 and 31-45 age groups. Similarly, Individuals from Bagega village had significantly (p<0.05) high blood lead and mercury levels compared to Kawaye and Yargalma villages. The high blood lead and mercury levels recorded in this study are far above OSHA permissible limit (40 µ/dl) and are therefore a call for concern.

Conclusion: The results indicate the co-exposure to lead and mercury in the artisanal gold miners. The individuals in age bracket 16-30 years are at high risk of synergistic adverse health effects of lead and mercury toxicities. The exposed individuals require urgent medical attention for proper intervention and possible total withdrawal from the work.
Evaluation of Phytochemical Content, Antibacterial Properties and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Andrographis echioidies (L) Nees
Authors: Roy Debasish Singha , Maity Subhasish , Maity Writtik , De Somnath , Das Dulal Chandra
Published: February 2020

Background: There is much investigation with the Andrographis paniculata which is a very well-known medicinal plant, people were using this plant from ancient years, but this another species Andrographis echioides was not explored too much for many years. In this study we tried to find out the important phyto constitiuents, antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity of this plant.

Aim: The main aim of the present study, was to screen phytochemical derivatives from an Indian medicinal plant Andrographis echioides (L) Nees and to evaluate the antibacterial potential, and anti-inflammatory activity also.

Study Design: Various tests or experiment was done in this study according to the review of the literature with little modification, a preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out in the plant extracts using qualitative methods. The whole plant of Anrographis echioides was subjected to soxhlet extraction using organic solvent of methanol, acetone, and petroleum ether. The antibacterial activity of acetone, methanol and petroleum ether whole plant extracts of Andrographis echioides was carried out using agar well diffusion method, anti-inflammatory activity was checked using fresh egg albumin method, and a statistical analysis was done using SPSS to prove that there is a strong correlation between the activity of our plant sample and a standard commercial drug (NASID).

Place and Duration of the Study: The whole study was done in Panskura Banamali College, Vidyasagar University, Department of Biotechnology sponsored by BOOST, Louis Pasteur laboratory, West Bengal, India. The study was done between 17th August 2018 - 30th February 2019. 

Results: All these tests were done triplicate and the mean value was taken. The phytochemical analysis reveals that the plant has some important phytoconstituents such as Tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides and terpenoids. The Acetone and Methanol extracts are showed the best zone of inhibition against the severe pathogens such as S. aureus (A.E-33 mm, M.E-28 mm), S. typhi (A.E- 26.67 mm, M.E-28.33 mm). The methanolic extract of Andrographis echioides showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity comparing to the NASID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Diclofenac sodium, it showed almost same activity.

Conclusion: Experimental findings reveal Andrographis echioides is the best herbal to control specially S. typhi, E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae. The phytochemical constituents which are responsible for many pharmacological activities, may be useful for the evolution of pharmaceutical and for the therapy of ailments, and also can used as a an potent anti-inflammatory natural remedy without any side effect.
Warpage Mitigation through Diebond Process Improvement with Enhanced Leadframe Configuration
Authors: Graycochea Jr. Edwin M. , Gomez Frederick Ray I. , Rodriguez Rennier S.
Published: February 2020

This paper presents an improvement in the design of quad flat no-leads (QFN) leadframe material to reduce the amount of unit rejection due to excessive leadframe warpage observed after die attach curing (DAC) process. The enhanced leadframe design includes modification through increasing the number of unit panels from 2 maps structure into 4-panel configuration to integrate mechanical relief for coefficient thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between different material composition present inside the device. The implementation of this design in the assembly of QFN successfully reduced the amount of leadframe warpage into manufacturable level with positive impact in production output and assembly yield.
The associations between anxiety/depression and plasma chromogranin A among healthy workers: Results from EHOP study
Authors: Li Ying , Song Yao , Dang Weimin , Guo Lijun , Xu Weixian
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Chromogranin A (CgA) is regarded as an indicator of sympathetic tone and adrenomedullary system activity. Catestatin is one of CgA-derived fragments through proteolytic processing. Many studies have confirmed the correlation between anxiety/depression and the salivary CgA level. The study was to investigate the associations between anxiety/depression and plasma CgA/catestatin levels in healthy workers without cardiovascular disease.

Methods

The study included 263 healthy workers (175 men and 88 women). The symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Plasma CgA and catestatin levels were measured by ELISA kits.

Results

In bivariate correlation analysis, anxiety and depression were positively associated with plasma CgA level, respectively (r = 0.298, P < .001; r = 0.304, P < .001), but not significantly associated with plasma catestatin level.

The anxiety group had significantly higher plasma CgA level than that in the no-anxiety group (median 158.60 vs 70.90, P < .001). The similar results were found for depression scales. The depression group had significantly higher plasma CgA level (median 145.60 vs 82.40, P < .001).

In the multiple linear regression model, after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI, anxiety was positively correlated with plasma CgA level (β = 0.359, P < .001), while anxiety was negatively correlated with plasma catestatin level (β = −0.128, P = .044), depression was also positively correlated with plasma CgA level (β = 0.343, P < .001).

Conclusions

Plasma CgA was associated with anxiety and depression in healthy workers. It can be considered as the blood indicator for the evaluation of anxiety and depression.
White matter hyperintensities and risk of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Chung Seok Jong , Yoo Han Soo , Lee Yang Hyun , Jung Jin Ho , Baik KyoungWon , Ye Byoung Seok , Sohn Young H. , Lee Phil Hyu
Published: February 2020

Objective

To investigate whether the burden of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) is associated with the risk of developing levodopa‐induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Methods

According to the Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea WMH visual rating scale, 336 patients with drug‐naïve early stage PD (follow‐up >3 years) were divided into two groups of PD with minimal WMHs (PD‐WMH–; n = 227) and moderate‐to‐severe WMHs (PD‐WMH+; n = 109). The Cox regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio for the development of LID in the PD‐WMH + group compared with the PD‐WMH– group, while adjusting for age at PD onset, sex, striatal dopamine depletion, and PD medication dose. Additionally, we assessed the effects of WMH burden rated by the Scheltens scale and regional WMH distribution on the development of LID.

Results

Patients in the PD‐WMH + group were older and had more severe parkinsonian motor signs despite comparable striatal dopamine transporter availability than those in the PD‐WMH– group. Patients in the PD‐WMH + group had a higher risk of developing LID (hazard ratio, 2.66; P < 0.001) than those in the PD‐WMH– group after adjustment for other confounding factors. A greater WMH burden was associated with earlier occurrence of LID (hazard ratio, 1.04; P = 0.001), although the effects of WMHs on LID development did not exhibit region‐specific patterns.

Interpretation

The present study demonstrates that the burden of WMHs is associated with occurrence of LID in patients with PD, suggesting comorbid WMHs as a risk factor for LID.
Bacterial Magnetosomes as Novel Platform for the Presentation of Immunostimulatory, Membrane‐Bound Ligands in Cellular Biotechnology
Authors: Mickoleit Frank , Jérôme Valérie , Freitag Ruth , Schüler Dirk
Published: February 2020

Cell–cell interactions involving specific membrane proteins are critical triggers in cellular development. Ex vivo strategies to mimic these effects currently use soluble proteins or (recombinant) presenter cells, albeit with mixed results. A promising alternative are bacterial magnetosomes, which can be selectively transformed into cell‐free membrane–protein presenters by genetic engineering. In this study, the human CD40 Ligand (CD40L), a key ligand for B cell activation, is expressed on the particle surface. Functionality is demonstrated on sensor cells expressing the human CD40 receptor. Binding of CD40L magnetosomes to these cells triggers a signaling cascade leading to the secretion of embryonic alkaline phosphatase. Concomitantly, the CD40–CD40L interaction is strong enough to allow cell recovery by magnetic sorting. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of magnetosomes as promising cell‐free tools for cellular biotechnology, based on the display of membrane‐bound target molecules, thereby creating a biomimetic interaction.
Metastable Zirconium Phosphate under Nanoconfinement with Superior Adsorption Capability for Water Treatment
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Shen Jialin , Pan Siyuan , Qian Jieshu , Pan Bingcai
Published: February 2020

In confined space with length scale of several nanometers, the phase behavior of matter, e.g., nucleation and crystallization, is completely different from its analogue in bulk. However, in environmental applications, the relationship between the nanoconfined crystallization behavior of inorganic crystals and their properties for pollutant removal is rarely elucidated. Herein, an unusual formation of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) crystals as a mixture of both thermodynamically stable α‐ and metastable γ‐phases inside the nanoconfinement of 7.9 nm pores of mesoporous polystyrene (MPS) is reported. This consequently changes the interaction between ZrP and toxic metal cations from nonspecific electrostatic attraction of normal α‐ZrP to highly specific inner‐sphere coordination of nanoconfined γ‐ZrP, which exhibits remarkable reactivity as well as reusability for the removal of toxic metals. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the use of nanoconfinement for the regulation of material properties.
MXene Composite and Coaxial Fibers with High Stretchability and Conductivity for Wearable Strain Sensing Textiles
Authors: Seyedin Shayan , Uzun Simge , Levitt Ariana , Anasori Babak , Dion Genevieve , Gogotsi Yury , Razal Joselito M.
Published: February 2020

The integration of nanomaterials with high conductivity into stretchable polymer fibers can achieve novel functionalities such as sensing physical deformations. With a metallic conductivity that exceeds other solution‐processed nanomaterials, 2D titanium carbide MXene is an attractive material to produce conducting and stretchable fibers. Here, a scalable wet‐spinning technique is used to produce Ti3C2Tx MXene/polyurethane (PU) composite fibers that show both conductivity and high stretchability. The conductivity at a very low percolation threshold of ≈1 wt% is demonstrated, which is lower than the previously reported values for MXene‐based polymer composites. When used as a strain sensor, the MXene/PU composite fibers show a high gauge factor of ≈12900 (≈238 at 50% strain) and a large sensing strain of ≈152%. The cyclic strain sensing performance is further improved by producing fibers with MXene/PU sheath and pure PU core using a coaxial wet‐spinning process. Using a commercial‐scale knitting machine, MXene/PU fibers are knitted into a one‐piece elbow sleeve, which can track various movements of the wearer's elbow. This study establishes fundamental insights into the behavior of MXene in elastomeric composites and presents strategies to achieve MXene‐based fibers and textiles with strain sensing properties suitable for applications in health, sports, and entertainment.
Recent Progress in Transparent Conductors Based on Nanomaterials: Advancements and Challenges
Authors: McLellan Kyra , Yoon Yeosang , Leung Siu N. , Ko Seung Hwan
Published: February 2020

Transparent conductors are essential to the fabrication of transparent electronics such as touch panels and displays, making them crucial elements in the current electronics industry. With the rapid surge of interest in stretchable electronics, transparent conductors now are also required to be stretchable. Therefore, new approaches to developing transparent and stretchable conductors (TSCs) are needed to replace conventional rigid transparent conductors. Constructing nanocomposites of various nanomaterials and substrates is one of the most promising approaches to developing TSCs due to the nanomaterials' geometrical, mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. Herein, the progress of carbon‐ and metal‐based nanomaterials and conductive polymers composites are investigated and categorization of TSCs based on types of nanomaterials and fabrication techniques are discussed. Lastly, a review of the demonstrated state‐of‐the‐art applications of TSCs and a perspective about the future of TSCs based on nanomaterials are provided.
Direct Conversion of Human Dermal Fibroblasts into Cardiomyocyte‐Like Cells Using CiCMC Nanogels Coupled with Cardiac Transcription Factors and a Nucleoside Drug
Authors: Kim Hye Jin , Oh Hyun Jyung , Park Ji Sun , Lee Jung Sun , Kim Jae‐Hwan , Park Keun‐Hong
Published: February 2020

Using direct conversion technology, normal adult somatic cells can be routinely switched from their original cell type into specific differentiated cell types by inducing the expression of differentiation‐related transcription factors. In this study, normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) are directly converted into cardiomyocyte‐like cells by drug and gene delivery using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) nanoparticles (CiCMC‐NPs). CMC‐based multifunctional nanogels containing specific cardiomyocyte‐related genes are designed and fabricated, including GATA4, MEF2C, and TBX5 (GMT). However, GMT alone is insufficient, at least in vitro, in human fibroblasts. Hence, to inhibit proliferation and to induce differentiation, 5‐azacytidine (5‐AZA) is conjugated to the hydroxyl group of CMC in CiCMC‐NPs containing GMT; in addition, the CMC is coated with polyethylenimine. It is confirmed that the CiCMC‐NPs have nanogel properties, and that they exhibit the characteristic effects of 5‐AZA and GMT. When CiCMC‐NPs‐containing 5‐AZA and GMT are introduced into NHDFs, cardiomyocyte differentiation is initiated. In the reprogrammed cells, the mature cardiac‐specific markers cardiac troponin I and α‐actinin are expressed at twofold to threefold higher levels than in NHDFs. Engineered cells transplanted into live hearts exhibit active pumping ability within 1 day. Histology and immunohistology of heart tissue confirm the presence of transplanted engineered NHDF cells at injection sites.
Exogenous jasmonic acid and humic acid increased salinity tolerance of sorghum
Authors: Ali Adam Yousif Adam , Ibrahim Muhi Eldeen Hussien , Zhou Guisheng , Nimir Nimir Eltyb Ahmed , Jiao Xiurong , Zhu Guanglong , Elsiddig Aboagla Mohammed Ibrahim , Suliman Mohamed Suliman Eltyed , Elradi Safiya Babiker Mustafa , Yue Wang
Published: February 2020

Salinity limits germination and plant growth and development in 45 million ha worldwide. Techniques to overcome this problem are needed. This project investigated the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) (0, 5, and 10 mM JA) and humic acid (HA) (0, 3, and 6 g HA kg−1 soil) on growth and physiological parameters of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) under different NaCl salinity levels (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl, with an equivalent electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.12 dSm−1 as control treatment, 3.22, and 5.78 dSm−1, respectively). NaCl salinity reduced emergence percentage, emergence rate, salt tolerance index and seedling vigor index, all seedling growth parameters, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content. Proline content and soluble protein content were increased with salinity. At the 200 mM salinity level, seeds treated with 10 mM JA had a positive effect on emergence percentage, emergence rate, shoot length, total fresh weight, salt tolerance index, seedling vigor index, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content. At 200 mM NaCl salinity level, seeds treated with 6 g HA kg−1 soil had increased root length, total dry weight, salt tolerance index, seedling vigor index, shoot length, protein content, APX, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll in seedlings. The application of 5 mM JA combined with 6 g HA kg−1 soil was most effective in minimizing salinity stress. Our study suggested that the appropriate combined application of HA and JA could efficiently protect early seedlings from salt stress damage and alleviate abiotic stress.
Influence of sex and resistance training status on orofacial muscle strength and morphology in healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 40: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Abe Takashi , Wong Vickie , Spitz Robert W. , Viana Ricardo B. , Bell Zachary W. , Yamada Yujiro , Chatakondi Raksha N. , Loenneke Jeremy P.
Published: February 2020

Objective

To compare the orofacial muscle strength and facial muscle thickness between resistance‐trained and non‐resistance trained men and women.

Methods

Resistance‐trained (25 men and 22 women) and non‐resistance trained (21 men and 30 women) adults (18‐40 years) had standard measurements of orofacial muscle strength (ie, anterior tongue elevation, cheek compression, and lip compression) and ultrasound measurements of facial muscle thickness. Body composition (percent fat, etc.) was estimated using ultrasound prediction Equations. A Bayesian analysis of variance (ANOVA) with between subject factors of training status (yes/no) and sex (man/woman) were used to determine differences in muscle size and strength.

Results

Body mass, height, and percent fat were similar between resistance‐trained and non‐resistance trained individuals, while appendicular lean mass was higher in resistance‐trained. There were no differences in orofacial muscle strength between resistance‐trained and non‐resistance trained. However, men had greater strength in every task except for anterior tongue strength which was similar between sexes (men: 66 vs women: 64 kPa). Handgrip strength was greater in men and in those who were resistance‐trained. The frontalis muscle was greater in women than in men and in those who were non‐resistance‐trained than those resistance‐trained. None of the other muscles differed by training status, however, all were greater in men.

Conclusion

Results from our cross‐sectional study would suggest that exercise‐stimulation to the facial muscles during resistance training of the limbs and trunk did not reach a level where orofacial muscle strength could be changed. Sex differences in facial muscle thickness are very unique, although the reasons are unclear.
De novo heterozygous missense and loss‐of‐function variants in CDC42BPB are associated with a neurodevelopmental phenotype
Authors: Chilton Ilana , Okur Volkan , Vitiello Giuseppina , Selicorni Angelo , Mariani Milena , Goldenberg Alice , Husson Thomas , Campion Dominique , Lichtenbelt Klaske D. , van Gassen Koen , Steinraths Michelle , Rice Jennifer , Roeder Elizabeth R. , Littlejohn Rebecca O. , Srour Myriam , Sebire Guillaume , Accogli Andrea , Héron Delphine , Heide Solveig , Nava Caroline , Depienne Christel , Larson Austin , Niyazov Dmitriy , Azage Meron , Hoganson George , Burton Jennifer , Rush Eric T. , Jenkins Janda L. , Saunders Carol J. , Thiffault Isabelle , Alaimo Joseph T. , Fleischer Julie , Groepper Daniel , Gripp Karen W. , Chung Wendy K.
Published: February 2020

CDC42BPB encodes MRCKβ (myotonic dystrophy‐related Cdc42‐binding kinase beta), a serine/threonine protein kinase, and a downstream effector of CDC42, which has recently been associated with Takenouchi‐Kosaki syndrome, an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder. We identified 12 heterozygous predicted deleterious variants in CDC42BPB (9 missense, 2 frameshift, and 1 nonsense) in 14 unrelated individuals (confirmed de novo in 11/14) with neurodevelopmental disorders including developmental delay/intellectual disability, autism, hypotonia, and structural brain abnormalities including cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and agenesis/hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. The frameshift and nonsense variants in CDC42BPB are expected to be gene‐disrupting and lead to haploinsufficiency via nonsense‐mediated decay. All missense variants are located in highly conserved and functionally important protein domains/regions: 3 are found in the protein kinase domain, 2 are in the citron homology domain, and 4 in a 20‐amino acid sequence between 2 coiled‐coil regions, 2 of which are recurrent. Future studies will help to delineate the natural history and to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms of the missense variants leading to the neurodevelopmental and behavioral phenotypes.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Benzylic Bromides with Arylboronic Acids: Synthesis of Diarylalkanes and Preliminary Antifungal Evaluation Against Magnaporthe Grisea
Authors: Zhu Zhu , Liu Jinggong , Dong Shoucheng , Chen Bolai , Wang Zhenghui , Tang Ri‐yuan , Li Zhaodong
Published: February 2020

Reported herein is the practical synthesis of 1,1‐diarylalkanes motifs via copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of benzylic bromides with arylboronic acids under mild conditions. The protocols show broad scope and good functional group tolerance, and are also applicable to complex natural products. Mechanistic study indicates a radical mechanism. Moreover, preliminary antibacterial evaluation against Magnaporthe grisea is also described for the first time.
Predictive modelling of mesophotic habitats in the north‐western Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Sterne Travis Keenan , Retchless David , Allee Rebecca , Highfield Wesley
Published: February 2020

Effective management of marine resources requires an understanding of the spatial distribution of biologically important communities.

The north‐western Gulf of Mexico contains diverse marine ecosystems at a large range of depths and geographic settings. To better understand the distribution of these marine habitats across large geographic areas under consideration for marine sanctuary status, presence‐only predictive modelling was used.

Results confirmed that local geographic characteristics can accurately predict the probability of occurrence for marine habitat types, and include a novel technique for assigning a single, most likely habitat in areas where multiple habitats are predicted.

The highest resolution bathymetric data (10 m) available for the region was used to develop raster layers that represent characteristics that have been shown to influence species occurrence in other settings.

A georeferenced historical photo record collected via remotely operated vehicle was classified according to six commonly found mesophotic habitats across the 18 reefs and banks under consideration for Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary boundary expansion.

Using maximum entropy modelling, the influence of local geographic characteristics on the presence of these habitats was measured and a spatial probability distribution was developed for each habitat type across the study area.
Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhi Jiahuan , Zhou Qian , Shi Huifang , An Zhongfu , Huang Wei
Published: February 2020

Organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have drawn increasing attention due to their unique features, especially the long emission lifetime for applications in biomedicine. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent developments of organic RTP materials applied in the biomedicine field. First, we introduce the basic mechanism of phosphorescence and subsequently we present various strategies of modulating the lifetime and efficiency of room temperature organic phosphorescence. Next, we summarize the progress of organic RTP materials in biological applications, including bioimaging, anti‐cancer and antibacterial therapies. Finally, we provide an outlook with regard to the challenges and future perspectives in the field.
A Remote ‘Imidazole’‐Based Ruthenium(II) Para‐Cymene Pre‐catalyst for the Selective Oxidation Reaction of Alkyl Arenes and Alcohols
Authors: Dutta Manali , Bania Kusum K. , Pratihar Sanjay
Published: February 2020

Herein we disclosed the use of a remote ‘imidazole’‐based precatalyst [(para‐cymene)RuII(L)Cl]+, C‐1 where L=2‐(4‐substituted‐phenyl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10] phenanthroline) for the selective oxidation of a variety of alkyl arenes/heteroarenes and alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes or ketones in presence of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). The remote ‘imidazole’ moiety present in the complex facilitates the activation of oxidant and subsequent generation of active species via the release of para‐cymene from C‐1, which in‐turn was less effective without the ‘imidazole’ moiety. The mechanistic features of C‐1 promoted oxidation of alkyl arenes were also assessed from spectroscopic, kinetic, and few control experiments. The substrate scope for C‐1 promoted oxidation reaction was assessed based on the selective oxidation of 27‐different alkyl arenes/heteroarenes and 25 different alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes/ketones in moderate to good yields.
Exosomal Sonic Hedgehog derived from cancer‐associated fibroblasts promotes proliferation and migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhao Guiping , Li Hengcun , Guo Qingdong , Zhou Anni , Wang Xingyu , Li Peng , Zhang Shutian
Published: February 2020

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common and aggressive malignancies in China. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can actively communicate with and stimulate tumor cells, thereby contributing to the development and progression of tumors. Yet, whether CAFs‐derived exosomes have a role in the progression of ESCC is largely unknown. Here, we find that Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) is highly expressed in CAFs lysis solution, conditioned medium of cultured CAFs (CAF‐CM) and CAFs‐derived exosomes, and esophageal cancer cell lines educated by CAF‐CM and CAFs‐derived exosomes can improve their growth and migration abilities in vitro and in vivo. Besides, those effects can be partly neutralized by cyclopamine, inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Thus, our research elucidates the crucial role of CAFs‐derived exosomes in the growth and progression of ESCC, and may open up new avenues in the treatment of ESCC.
Analytical Applications of Electrochemically Pretreated Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Lourencao Bruna C. , Brocenschi Ricardo F. , Medeiros Roberta A. , Fatibello‐Filho Orlando , Rocha‐Filho Romeu C.
Published: February 2020

The several outstanding properties of boron‐doped diamond electrodes (BDDEs) have allowed their application for various purposes, among them electrochemical sensing. However, the electrochemical response of many redox species on BDDEs can be strongly dependent on whether their surfaces are predominantly hydrogen‐ (HT) or oxygen‐terminated (OT). Fortuitously, electrochemical pretreatments themselves can be used to enrichin situthe BDEE surface in one or the other type of termination. The surface of a cathodically pretreated BBDE (CPT‐BDDE) becomes enriched in HTs, whereas that of an anodically pretreated BDDE (APT‐BDEE) becomes enriched in OTs. Thus, when suitable, the electrochemical activity of a BDDE for a given analyte may be tuned by electrochemical pretreatments, yielding enhanced sensing properties. The main purpose of this review is the compilation and discussion of papers published after 2009 reporting on electroanalytical applications based on a CPT‐BDDE or an APT‐BDDE. Procedures to perform proper electrochemical pretreatments are also discussed.