bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Os Vocábulos Toponímicos Básicos no "Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica" e Sua Relação Geográfica
Authors: Dick Maria Vicentina de Paula do Amaral
Published: June 2024

O Vocabulário da Língua Brasílica é o documento hábil para se estudar o tupi do século XVI. Muitos de seus termos geográficos foram empregados mais tarde, como topônimos, constituindo o que chamamos de vocábulos toponímicos básicos. O presente artigo objetiva o levantamento desses designativos e sua aplicação na toponímica atual.
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: A Subgroup Analysis of the CHANCE-2 Trial
Authors: Xie Xuewei , Jing Jing , Meng Xia , Johnston S. Claiborne , Bath Philip M. , Li Zixiao , Zhao Xingquan , Wang Yilong , Xu Qin , Wang Anxin , Jiang Yong , Li Hao , Wang Yongjun ,   for the CHANCE-2 Investigators
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND:

The atherosclerotic sources of embolism are a significant contributor to embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). However, there is limited evidence for the efficacy of intensive dual antiplatelet therapy for ESUS. We conducted an investigation to determine whether gene-directed dual antiplatelet therapy could reduce the risk of recurrent stroke in patients with ESUS.

METHODS:

CHANCE-2 (Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events-II) was an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that objectively compared ticagrelor plus aspirin and clopidogrel plus aspirin in patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack who carried
CYP2C19
loss-of-function alleles in China. All study participants were classified into ESUS and non-ESUS groups for the prespecified exploratory analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the interaction of the state of ESUS with the effects of dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor-aspirin versus clopidogrel-aspirin, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors.

RESULTS:

The subgroup analysis comprised 5796 participants (90.4% of the total 6412 participants) in the CHANCE-2 trial, with a median age of 64.9 years (range, 57.0–71.4 years), of whom 1964 (33.9%) were female. These participants underwent diffusion-weighted imaging as part of the study protocol. After systematic evaluation, 15.2% of patients (881/5796) were deemed to have ESUS. The incidence of stroke recurrence in patients with ESUS was found to be 5.6% in the ticagrelor-aspirin group and 9.2% in the clopidogrel-aspirin group (hazard ratio, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.33–0.99];
P
=0.04). In patients without ESUS, the respective incidence rates were 5.6% and 7.5% (hazard ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.58–0.90];
P
<0.01). The
P
value was 0.56 for the treatment × ESUS status interaction effect.

CONCLUSIONS:

In this prespecified exploratory analysis, ticagrelor with aspirin was superior to clopidogrel with aspirin for preventing stroke at 90 days in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack who carried
CYP2C19
loss-of-function alleles and were classified as ESUS.

REGISTRATION:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT04078737.
Nimodipine Protects Vascular and Cognitive Function in an Animal Model of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Yang Zhiyuan , Lange Frédéric , Xia Yiqing , Chertavian Casey , Cabolis Katerina , Sajic Marija , Werring David J. , Tachtsidis Ilias , Smith Kenneth J.
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND:

Cerebral small vessel disease is a common cause of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. There is an urgent need for preventative treatments for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, and reducing vascular dysfunction may provide a therapeutic route. Here, we investigate whether the chronic administration of nimodipine, a central nervous system-selective dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking agent, protects vascular, metabolic, and cognitive function in an animal model of cerebral small vessel disease, the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat.

METHODS:

Male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats were randomly allocated to receive either a placebo (n=24) or nimodipine (n=24) diet between 3 and 6 months of age. Animals were examined daily for any neurological deficits, and vascular function was assessed in terms of neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling at 3 and 6 months of age, and cerebrovascular reactivity at 6 months of age. Cognitive function was evaluated using the novel object recognition test at 6 months of age.

RESULTS:

Six untreated control animals were terminated prematurely due to strokes, including one due to seizure, but no treated animals experienced strokes and so had a higher survival (
P
=0.0088). Vascular function was significantly impaired with disease progression, but nimodipine treatment partially preserved neurovascular coupling and neurometabolic coupling, indicated by larger (
P
<0.001) and more prompt responses (
P
<0.01), and less habituation upon repeated stimulation (
P
<0.01). Also, animals treated with nimodipine showed greater cerebrovascular reactivity, indicated by larger dilation of arterioles (
P
=0.015) and an increase in blood flow velocity (
P
=0.001). This protection of vascular and metabolic function achieved by nimodipine treatment was associated with better cognitive function (
P
<0.001) in the treated animals.

CONCLUSIONS:

Chronic treatment with nimodipine protects from strokes, and vascular and cognitive deficits in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat. Nimodipine may provide an effective preventive treatment for stroke and cognitive decline in cerebral small vessel disease.
Future Changes in Day-to-Day Precipitation Variability in Europe
Authors: Lhotka Ondřej , Plavcová Eva , Beranová Romana
Published: June 2024

We analyzed regional patterns of day-to-day precipitation variability across Europe and assessed their future changes using Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) regional climate models. A discrete Markov chain process was employed to calculate transition probabilities from wet and dry states, and the precipitation variability was quantified using the proposed variability index (IVAR, the sum of wet-to-dry and dry-to-wet transitions divided by the total number of transitions). The IVAR is, in general, lowest in southern Europe and gradually increases northward in the observed data. Performance of the regional climate models is season dependent: They capture IVAR reasonably well in summer, but higher simulated variability was found for the winter season. The IVAR trends computed for the 2006–95 period suggest decreasing day-to-day precipitation variability over southern Europe, especially in summer under the high-concentration RCP8.5 pathway. By contrast, increased variability is projected in northern Europe. Between these two regions, future IVAR trends are less clear because they strongly depend on the selection of driving global model, hinting of an uncertain future hydroclimate in the central European region.

Significance Statement

In a warming world, water availability will play a key role in ecosystem productivity. Although future changes in rainfall amounts have been studied extensively, much less attention has been given to changes in their temporal distribution and variability. Because grouping wet or dry days into sequences vitally contributes to characterizing floods or droughts, we aimed to study future changes in these tendencies. We found that although future changes in wet or dry days grouping tendencies are mostly driven solely by change in their frequency, climate models do not agree on the change in the frequency of wet days over large parts of continental Europe. This leaves major uncertainties in a future European hydroclimate and implications for impact modeling.
Suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts among Australian adults: Findings from the 2020–2022 National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Arya Vikas , Burgess Philip , Diminic Sandra , Harris Meredith G , Slade Tim , Sunderland Matthew , Tapp Caley , Vescovi Joshua , Pirkis Jane
Published: June 2024

Objective:

This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts, examine services received for suicide attempts, and explore the relationship between suicide attempts and self-harm without suicidal intent.

Methods:

We used survey data from the 2020–2022 National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing, which involved a nationally representative sample of Australian adults aged 16–85 ( n = 15,893). Comparisons were made with the 2007 National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing ( n = 8841).

Results:

In 2020–2022, the proportions of adults who had experienced suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts during their lifetime were 16.6%, 7.5% and 4.9%, respectively. The proportions who had experienced these in the past 12 months were 3.3%, 1.1% and 0.3%. The odds of experiencing suicidal ideation and making a suicide plan were significantly higher in 2020–2022 than in 2007. Groups at heightened risk of suicidal ideation, suicide plans and/or suicide attempts in the previous 12 months were males, young people, people who were gay, lesbian, or bisexual or used some other term to describe their sexual identity, people outside the labour force, people from disadvantaged areas and people with mental disorders. Two-fifths of those who attempted suicide during the previous 12 months did not use health services following their attempt, and two-thirds also self-harmed without suicidal intent.

Conclusion:

The implications of these findings for the forthcoming National Suicide Prevention Strategy are discussed. Suicidal thoughts and behaviours confer risk for suicide and are significant problems in their own right. Their prevention requires a strong whole-of-government response.
Unfolding consumer purchase intentions toward genetically modified rice with nutritional benefits in Bangladesh
Authors: Ethen Dilshad Zahan , Alam Mohammad Jahangir , De Steur Hans
Published: June 2024

Notwithstanding ongoing efforts through supplementation and fortification programs, the burden of vitamin A deficiency remains high among poor and rural populations. To address this, a pro-vitamin A-enriched genetically modified (GM) rice variety, known as Golden Rice (GR), has been developed as a complementary, cost-effective micronutrient strategy. Despite its potential, the success of its future implementation will heavily rely on the acceptance and purchase intention of target populations. Therefore, this study investigated the determinants of GR purchase intention from a survey of 540 consumers from rural Bangladesh. On average, consumers exhibited a strong intention to purchase GR. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that sociodemographic factors (age), cognitive and behavioral factors (prior knowledge, perceived benefits about GR, attitudes toward GM crops, and dietary choices), and expectations of GR marketing (overall, price, distribution) positively influenced consumers’ purchase intention of GR. On the other hand, having more negative risk perceptions and higher income levels reduced consumers’ intentions. By using a between-subjects design based on five information treatments, the role of information is examined in two ways, i.e., information length and presentation format. Findings of a series of two-way ANOVAs revealed that exposure to more detailed information about GR significantly influenced consumers’ purchase intentions, especially when the level of expectations was low. Additionally, information presented through video or an information wheel proved more effective than text. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and health planners in devising communication strategies and decision-making regarding this valuable but controversial micronutrient strategy.
Infectious diseases and infection control prevention strategies in adult and pediatric population on ECMO
Authors: Vazquez-Colon Zasha , Marcus Joseph E. , Levy Emily , Shah Aditya , MacLaren Graeme , Peek Giles
Published: June 2024

As survival after ECMO improves and use of ECMO support increases in both pediatric and adult population, there is a need to focus on both the morbidities and complications associated with ECMO and how to manage and prevent them. Infectious complications during ECMO often have a significant clinical impact, resulting in increased morbidity or mortality irrespective of the underlying etiology necessitating cardiorespiratory support. In this review article, we discuss the prevention, management, challenges, and differences of infectious complications in adult and pediatric patients receiving ECMO support.
Emulator-Based Bayesian Calibration of the CISNET Colorectal Cancer Models
Authors: Pineda-Antunez Carlos , Seguin Claudia , van Duuren Luuk A. , Knudsen Amy B. , Davidi Barak , Nascimento de Lima Pedro , Rutter Carolyn , Kuntz Karen M. , Lansdorp-Vogelaar Iris , Collier Nicholson , Ozik Jonathan , Alarid-Escudero Fernando
Published: June 2024

Purpose

To calibrate Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET)’s SimCRC, MISCAN-Colon, and CRC-SPIN simulation models of the natural history colorectal cancer (CRC) with an emulator-based Bayesian algorithm and internally validate the model-predicted outcomes to calibration targets.

Methods

We used Latin hypercube sampling to sample up to 50,000 parameter sets for each CISNET-CRC model and generated the corresponding outputs. We trained multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks (ANNs) as emulators using the input and output samples for each CISNET-CRC model. We selected ANN structures with corresponding hyperparameters (i.e., number of hidden layers, nodes, activation functions, epochs, and optimizer) that minimize the predicted mean square error on the validation sample. We implemented the ANN emulators in a probabilistic programming language and calibrated the input parameters with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo–based algorithms to obtain the joint posterior distributions of the CISNET-CRC models’ parameters. We internally validated each calibrated emulator by comparing the model-predicted posterior outputs against the calibration targets.

Results

The optimal ANN for SimCRC had 4 hidden layers and 360 hidden nodes, MISCAN-Colon had 4 hidden layers and 114 hidden nodes, and CRC-SPIN had 1 hidden layer and 140 hidden nodes. The total time for training and calibrating the emulators was 7.3, 4.0, and 0.66 h for SimCRC, MISCAN-Colon, and CRC-SPIN, respectively. The mean of the model-predicted outputs fell within the 95% confidence intervals of the calibration targets in 98 of 110 for SimCRC, 65 of 93 for MISCAN, and 31 of 41 targets for CRC-SPIN.

Conclusions

Using ANN emulators is a practical solution to reduce the computational burden and complexity for Bayesian calibration of individual-level simulation models used for policy analysis, such as the CISNET CRC models. In this work, we present a step-by-step guide to constructing emulators for calibrating 3 realistic CRC individual-level models using a Bayesian approach.

Highlights

We use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to build emulators that surrogate complex individual-based models to reduce the computational burden in the Bayesian calibration process. ANNs showed good performance in emulating the CISNET-CRC microsimulation models, despite having many input parameters and outputs. Using ANN emulators is a practical solution to reduce the computational burden and complexity for Bayesian calibration of individual-level simulation models used for policy analysis. This work aims to support health decision scientists who want to quantify the uncertainty of calibrated parameters of computationally intensive simulation models under a Bayesian framework.
Hybrid permanent magnet synchronous generator as an efficient wind energy transducer for modern wind turbines
Authors: Elsonbaty Nadia A , Enany Mohamed A , Elymany Mahmoud M
Published: June 2024

This paper investigates a novel control strategy that enables hybrid excitation permanent magnet synchronous generator (HPMSG) to track the optimal extracted power of the modern wind turbine type (NASA-NSF). The proposed control mathematical model is based on two cases of variable speed—Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and variable speed—Constant Power Point Tracking (CPPT). The later one is specified for wind gust and higher than rated wind speed withstanding operation. The HPMSG generator quantitative performance characteristics are presented and validated through simulation for both steady and dynamics states. Simulation results prove the capability of the generator to operate correctly under load and speed variation over both MPPT and CPPT. The output voltage stays, in both cases, within the much lower limits that imposed by maximum values.
Safety Evaluation and Influential Factor Analysis of Urban Expressway Diversion Areas Based on Non-Stationary Conflict Extremes
Authors: Wen Jiaqiang , Lyu Nengchao , Liu Chunqing
Published: June 2024

To evaluate the safety conditions of expressway exit areas with different exit forms, a safety analysis method based on the conflict extreme model is proposed. Based on video data from four typical urban expressway diversion areas, longitudinal conflicts and lateral conflicts were identified using time to collision and cross time to collision methods, respectively, and traffic parameters such as traffic flow were extracted. A Bayesian hierarchical conflict extreme model for joint conflict types was constructed by integrating the peak over threshold and Bayesian hierarchical approach. The threshold for conflicts was determined using the mean residual life plot and the threshold stability plot. Subsequently, a logarithmic link function for the scale parameter was established by combining different covariates. Then, the model parameters were estimated using the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation method. Finally, based on the fitted distribution, a comprehensive safety evaluation and influential factor analysis were conducted for each diversion area. The results show that an increase in traffic flow and the ratio of large vehicles leads to a higher probability of traffic accidents. However, an increase in the average speed reduces the probability of traffic accidents. The construction form of the diversion area and the number of off-ramp lanes do not demonstrate an explicit relationship with the probability of traffic accidents. The research conclusion indicates that the Bayesian hierarchical extreme model can effectively utilize short-term observed conflicts for long-term crash estimation, and it has the potential to be applied in the field of safety evaluation.
Rate-dependent constitutive model and dynamic response of composite laminates for laser-induced delamination
Authors: Yan Li , Xu Peiwen , Wu Haonian , Tang Yuyuan , Xu Ming , He Weifeng , Nie Xiangfan
Published: June 2024

Laser Bond Inspection is a new technology to quantitatively evaluate the interfacial strength in composite materials. Constructing an effective constitutive model, especially considering strain rate effects, is a critical factor for this technology. In this work, a reliable rate-dependent constitutive model of composite laminates for laser-induced delamination is established. Based on an orthotropic constitutive relationship, we introduce dynamic increase factors in different directions to adjust constitutive parameters. The dynamic increase factors are obtained through an adaptive matching model based on deep transfer learning. Then we effectively determine material rate-dependent constitutive relationship and ultimately achieve numerical simulation of laser-shocked composite laminates. Combining empirical testing with numerical simulation results, we investigate the dynamic response law of composite laminates under different laser parameters. The findings indicate that the rate-dependent constitutive model, effectively describes the mechanical behavior and dynamic response characteristics of composite laminates under laser shock. The dynamic response characteristics are determined by laser energy, pulse width, and spot size. Both laser energy and spot size affect the range of delamination, and pulse width mainly affects the depth of delamination.
Beyond Formal Structures: Exploring Bottom-Up Governance Dynamics in the Assyrian Community’s COVID-19 Response in Germany
Authors: Barthoma Soner
Published: June 2024

This article examines pandemic governance towards migrant communities in Germany in the context of mobilisation and demobilisation of state–society relations during the COVID-19 crisis. By studying how informality is reproduced in social practices and community networks as a response to top-down governance practices in the case of Assyrians – a quintessential diaspora community that settled in Germany through various migratory waves starting from the 1960s – this article aims to explore the bottom-up dynamics of governance practices among migrant communities. The study identifies three key themes for studying bottom-up dynamics of governance: informality embedded in everyday practices in response to formal governance, particularly vaccine policies; the existence of alternative epistemologies based on mistrust towards authorities, manifested in dual narratives; and the articulation of migrant agency in navigating top-down structures. Adopting a grounded theory approach, the study utilises theoretical sampling. Data were collected from various sources, including reports, newspaper articles, official statements and press releases from migrant organisations, alongside interviews with key migrant stakeholders.
Phrenitis and the pathology of the mind in western medical thought (fifth century BCE to twentieth century cE)
Authors: Thumiger Chiara
Published: June 2024

Phrenitis is ubiquitous in ancient medicine and philosophy. Galen mentions the disease innumerable times, Patristic authors take it as a favourite allegory of human flaws, and no ancient doctor fails to diagnose it and attempt its cure. Yet the nature of this once famous disease has not been properly understood by scholars. My book provides the first full history of phrenitis. In doing so, it surveys ancient ideas about the interactions between body and soul, both in health and in disease. It also addresses ancient ideas about bodily health, mental soundness and moral ‘goodness’, and their heritage in contemporary psychiatry, offering a chance to reflect critically on contemporary ideas about what it means to be ‘insane’.
Sustained depression of B cell counts in lupus nephritis after treatment with rituximab and/or belimumab is associated with fewer disease flares
Authors: Zisa Diane , Zhang-Sun Jeffrey , Christos Paul J , Kirou Kyriakos A
Published: June 2024

Objective

To study the risk of lupus nephritis flare (LNF) or severe lupus flare (SLF) as a function of B cell count kinetics in lupus nephritis (LN) patients after they achieve at least a partial renal response (PRR) with induction treatment that includes rituximab (RTX) and/or belimumab (BLM).

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 19 patients with severe LN that received a B cell agent (BCA), RTX and/or BLM, as part of an initial treatment regimen for an LN flare and had subsequent CD19+ B cell measurements in peripheral blood. We then characterized the follow-up periods, after B cell depressions occurred and PRR were achieved, by the corresponding trajectories of B cell counts (BCC). Time periods with sustained low BCC were type 1 (T1) episodes, while those with repletion of BCC>100 cells/μL were called type 2 (T2) episodes. Time periods with rapid BCC repletion, defined as >50 cells/μL in ≤6 months, were called T2b episodes. Corresponding C3, C4, and anti-dsDNA levels were recorded for each episode. The time from PRR until an event, either a LNF or SLF, or to censoring, either at the end of the study period or the end of available patient follow-up, was assessed for each episode type. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare time to flare between T1 and T2 episodes.

Results

There were 26 episodes of B cell depression. Seventeen (65%) were T1 and 9 (35%) were T2. Compared to T1 episodes, T2 episodes were 9.0 times more likely to result in flare over the follow-up period (hazard ratio (HR) = 9.0, 95% CI for HR = 2.2-36.7); this risk was even larger for T2b vs T1 episodes. Median BCC was 14 cells/μL in T1 and 160 cells/μL in T2 episodes. Both C3 and C4 levels significantly increased over the duration of the episode in T1 episodes only.

Conclusion

Sustained low BCC was associated with prolonged serologic and clinical response, whereas repletion, and particularly rapid repletion, of B cells after treatment with BCA was associated with subsequent disease flare.
Canadian Gender-Based Violence Prevention Programs: Gaps and Opportunities
Authors: Chen Yimin , Mendes Kaitlynn , Gosse Chandell , Hodson Jaigris , Veletsianos George
Published: June 2024

Gender-based violence (GBV) prevention programs have long played an important part in both teaching the realities of GBV and training people in techniques to avert, mitigate, and respond to violence. This article examines the current state of GBV prevention training in Canada through an analysis of 81 GBV education programs provided by antiviolence organizations and universities. We identified notable gaps in topics relating to technology-facilitated violence and abuse in programs targeting men and in the provision of bystander intervention training. Each of these areas represents important, but as yet unrealized, opportunities in violence prevention.
Highly Involved Parenting of Adolescents With ADHD: Examination of the Psychometric Properties of a Measure of “Helicopter Parenting”
Authors: Botkin Tessa N. , Wiggs Kelsey , Kipp Heidi L. , Lindstrom Rachel A. , Joseph Heather M. , Kolko David J. , Pedersen Sarah L. , Molina Brooke S. G.
Published: June 2024

Objective:

The concept of the “helicopter parent” was popularized in the 2000s and 2010s by Western culture, and it has recently begun to be examined by researchers to describe parental over-involvement and intrusive behavior that impedes transition into adulthood. Research has yet to investigate the viability of this construct for adolescents when parenting is needed to facilitate the development of autonomy. The present study examined the psychometric structure of a modified “helicopter parenting” measure adapted for use in a sample with increased likelihood of highly involved parenting: adolescents with ADHD.

Methods:

Adolescents ( n = 333; age 13–18 years; 25% female) and their parents ( n = 341, 91% female) completed a survey for a study on provider training in stimulant diversion prevention in 2016 and 2017. We modified a previously validated measure of “helicopter parenting” for young adults. Other previously established parenting measures were included. We conducted principal component analysis for both informants’ reports of the modified measure. We examined associations between the components and informants’ demographic characteristics and parenting measures to begin to examine convergent and discriminant validity.

Results:

Two components were identified for adolescent and parent reports and labeled parental Intervention and Day-to-day Monitoring and Planning. These components were differentially associated with demographic characteristics and other measures of parenting. For example, across reporters, parents exhibited less Day-to-Day Monitoring and Planning for older adolescents. Racially/ethnically minoritized parents and male adolescents reported more Intervention parenting. Modest-sized statistically significant associations were found between these indicators of highly involved parenting and the other measures of parenting.

Conclusion:

Findings provide initial evidence of construct validity. Future work with more heterogeneous samples should examine if this measure captures adaptive parenting, or behaviors that interfere with developing independence, for adolescents with ADHD and neurotypically developing adolescents.
The mediated construction of “woke”: Emerging discourses and primary definers in the Flemish press
Authors: Dhoest Alexander , Paulussen Steve
Published: June 2024

From 2021, “woke” became an omnipresent term in Flemish public debate. In this paper, we explore how the mainstream press contributed to the emergence and construction of discourses on wokeness. First, we ask how the topic of “woke” reached the media agenda in Flanders. Second, we analyze the respective role of journalists and their sources in constructing discourses on “wokeness”, drawing on the notions of “primary” and “secondary definers” . We collected all newspaper articles mentioning “woke” in four newspapers for 6 months from 2021 to 2023. After a preliminary quantitative content analysis, we conducted a discourse analysis to identify the themes and terminology associated with woke as well as the key (journalistic and non-journalistic) actors talking about it. This allowed us to, first, reconstruct a timeline of the emerging discourses on woke; and second, to identify underlying discursive and journalistic patterns. The chronological analysis disclosed how a few “critical discourse moments” put woke on the media agenda. In each instance, an elite person created a stir, drawing attention to the (supposed) threat of “wokeness”. Woke was generally framed negatively as a “movement” threatening freedom of speech. Although journalists aimed to provide a balanced view and many op-eds offered counterarguments, the mainstream press did give a broad platform to actors deliberately instrumentalizing woke for (often political) purposes. By responding to anti-woke voices and not taking a side, most journalists did take over and reconfirm the framing of “woke” as a movement and threat proposed by elite primary definers.
Adult orthodontic patients: What is important to them?
Authors: Wall Aoibheann , Hillyard Neil , Ryan Fiona S , Cunningham Susan J
Published: June 2024

Objective:

To understand patients’ motivations for pursuing treatment, to appreciate what information patients seek and to explore potential factors affecting decision making in adults considering, undergoing or who have had orthodontic treatment in the private sector.

Design:

Cross-sectional questionnaire study.

Setting:

Online questionnaire.

Participants:

A total of 209 (83% women, 16% men, 1% preferred not to say) completed responses were received.

Methods:

Once piloted, the final survey was made available online to adults in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (RoI) who were either considering having orthodontic treatment, currently undergoing treatment or had recently completed treatment in the private sector.

Results:

The most commonly selected motivating factor was to ‘improve the appearance of my teeth’ (82%). The information sought related predominantly to treatment duration (64%), potential end results (56%), types of appliances that were available (55%) and cost (52%). The two most commonly reported social factors that had influenced participants to consider treatment were ‘seeing myself on social media’ (31%) and ‘it is more socially acceptable to have braces’ (31%).

Conclusion:

While this area remains relatively underexplored in the literature, it is crucial to develop a comprehensive understanding due to the increasing number of adults seeking orthodontic treatment. This study not only reinforces the existing knowledge regarding adults seeking orthodontic treatment, such as the predominant role of aesthetics as a motivating factor, but also introduces some novel insights. Specifically, we highlight the influence of social factors on decision-making processes and the importance of effectively communicating the duration of treatment to patients.
Comparison of the Ability of Gadobenate Dimeglumine and Gadolinium Ethoxybenzyl Dimeglumine to Display the major Features for Noninvasively Diagnosing Hepatocellular Carcinoma According to the LI-RADS 2018v
Authors: Yao Wei-Wei , Zhang Han-Wen , M Yu-Pei , Lee Jia-Min , Lee Rui-ting , Wang Yu-li , Liu Xiao-lei , Shen Xin-Ping , Huang Biao , Lin Fan
Published: June 2024

Objective

To compare the ability of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl dimeglumine (Gd-EOB-DTPA) and gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) to display the 3 major features recommended by the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS 2018v) for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective study, we included 98 HCC lesions that were scanned with either Gd-EOB-DTPA-MR or Gd-BOPTA-M.For each lesion, we collected multiple variables, including size and enhancement pattern in the arterial phase (AP), portal venous phase (PVP), transitional phase (TP), delayed phase (DP), and hepatobiliary phase (HBP). The lesion-to-liver contrast (LLC) was measured and calculated for each phase and then compared between the 2 contrast agents. A P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. The display efficiency of the LLC between Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA for HCC features was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Between Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA, significant differences were observed regarding the display efficiency for capsule enhancement and the LLC in the AP/PVP/DP ( P < .05), but there was no significant difference regarding the LLC in the TP/HBP. Both Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA had good display efficiency in each phase (AUCmin > 0.750). When conducting a total evaluation of the combined data across the 5 phases, the display efficiency was excellent (AUC > 0.950).

Conclusion

Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA are liver-specific contrast agents widely used in clinical practice. They have their own characteristics in displaying the 3 main signs of HCC. For accurate noninvasive diagnosis, the choice of agent should be made according to the specific situation.
Variability of Guidelines and Disclosures for AI-Generated Content in Top Surgical Journals
Authors: Torabi Sina J. , Warn Michael J. , Bitner Benjamin F. , Haidar Yarah M. , Tjoa Tjoson , Kuan Edward C.
Published: June 2024

Background: When properly utilized, artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) may improve virtually every aspect of research, from data gathering to synthesis. Nevertheless, when used inappropriately, the use of AIGC may lead to the dissemination of inaccurate information and introduce potential ethical concerns.

Research Design: Cross-sectional. Study Sample: 65 top surgical journals. Data Collection: Each journals submission guidelines and portal was queried for guidelines regarding AIGC use.

Results: We found that, in July 2023, 60% of the top 65 surgical journals had introduced guidelines for use, with more surgical journals (68%) introducing guidelines than surgical subspecialty journals (52.5%), including otolaryngology (40%). Furthermore, of the 39 with guidelines, only 69.2% gave specific use guidelines. No included journal, at the time of analysis, explicitly disallowed AIGC use.

Conclusions: Altogether, this data suggests that while many journals have quickly reacted to AIGC usage, the quality of such guidelines is still variable. This should be pre-emptively addressed within academia.
Is plasma atherogenic index or LDL/HDL ratio more predictive of peripheral arterial disease complexity?
Authors: Evsen Ali , Aktan Adem , Altunova Mehmet , Özbek Mehmet
Published: June 2024

Introduction

The most basic and well-known cause of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is atherosclerosis. One of the main factors causing atherosclerosis is dyslipidemia. We will evaluate whether specific ratios of dyslipidemia, such as the atherogenic plasma index (AIP) and LDL/HDL ratio, which have recently been used in practice, can help us to predict the complexity of PAD in the clinic.

Methods

A total of 305 patients with PAD admitted to our clinic were retrospectively included in this study. After evaluation according to angiography images using TASC-II classification, patients were divided into TASC A-B and TASC C-D. AIP was evaluated with the following formula: Log (TG/HDL). Cut-off values for AIP and LDL/HDL were determined on the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. Logistic regression analysis were conducted to predict peripheral arterial disease complexity.

Results

The mean ages of Group 1 ( n:180, 68.3% male) and Group 2 ( n:125, 77.6% male) patients were 64.10 ± 12.39 and 64.94 ± 11.12 years, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM, p < 0.016) and coronary artery disease (CAD, p < 0.001) was higher in group 2. Group 2 had higher TG ( p = 0.045), LDL-C ( p = 0.004), AIP ( p = 0.010), LDL/HDL ( p < 0.001), and lower HDL-C ( p = 0.015). In multivariate logistic regression analysis evaluating parameters in predicting PAD complexity, DM (OR: 1.66 Cl 95%: 1.01–2.73 p = 0.045), CAD (OR: 2.86 Cl 95%: 1.75–4.69 p < 0.001) and LDL/HDL (OR: 1.47 Cl 95%: 1.10–1.96 p = 0.008) were independent variables.

Conclusion

In our study, we compared LDL/HDL ratio and AIP in PAD for the first time in the literature and showed that LDL/HDL ratio is a more valuable ratio and an independent predictor of PAD complexity.
Gluten-free apps, disability, and travel: Developing a critical heuristic for the implementation of mobile apps
Authors: Grandinetti Justin
Published: June 2024

Mobile applications are often positioned as a technologically driven answer to navigating the world with disability; nevertheless, apps created for specialized communities designed to facilitate mobility can quickly meet friction that stymies movement through place. Accordingly, the effectiveness of mobile apps is determined by a complex sociotechnical puzzle that includes cultures, industry regulations, public knowledge and legislation, the unique histories of urban spaces, and infrastructural access. Drawing from short-term autoethnographic approaches designed to evaluate the utility of mobile applications, this article provides a critical assessment of using location-aware gluten-free apps to navigate traveling in an unfamiliar location, context, and culture with celiac disease. These experiences serve as the basis of a critical heuristic for assessing how the success or lack thereof of app functionality is predicated on the complex networked contexts in which they are embedded: cultural histories of place, the spatial layering of information, and infrastructures of monetization.
A Traumatic Relationship: The United States and Indonesia–Russian Relationship
Authors: Subagyo Agus , Sulaiman Yohanes , Alamari Muhammad Fauzan , Delanova Mariane
Published: June 2024

Indonesia’s insistence on refusing to directly condemn Russia’s unprovoked aggression in Ukraine raised a lot of eyebrows. Some scholars attributed this to the long history of Indonesia–Russia relationship, which is dated even before the formal establishment of Soviet–Indonesia relations, when the Soviet Union brought ‘the Indonesian Question’ before the Security Council in 1946 and helped Indonesia’s struggle for independence. That, however, is only part of the picture. In fact, it is more important to see how the history of the relationship between the United States and Indonesia influenced Indonesia’s strategic culture and creating a feeling of trauma, the inability to trust the United States that influences Indonesia’s foreign policy, especially in regards to how Indonesia perceives and reacts to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The invasion is seen less as a state’s infringement of another state’s sovereignty than a sibling spat that is widely exacerbated by meddling from other countries.
Intravenous tenecteplase for acute ischemic stroke between 4.5 and 6 h of onset (EXIT-BT2): Rationale and Design
Authors: Wang Yi-Han , Guo Zhen-Ni , Chen Ming-Rui , Yao Zhi-Guo , Nguyen Thanh N , Saver Jeffrey L , Yang Yi , Chen Hui-Sheng
Published: June 2024

Rationale:

To date, the benefit of intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients without advanced neuroimaging selection is confined to within 4.5 h of onset. Our phase II EXIT-BT (Extending the tIme window of Thrombolysis by ButylphThalide up to 6 h after onset) trial suggested the safety, feasibility, and potential benefit of intravenous tenecteplase (TNK) in AIS between 4.5 and 6 h of onset. The EXIT-BT2 trial is a pivotal study undertaken to confirm or refute this signal.

Aim:

To investigate the efficacy and safety of TNK for AIS between 4.5 and 6 h of onset with or without endovascular treatment.

Sample size estimates:

A maximum of 1440 patients are required to test the superiority hypothesis with 80% power according to a two-sided 0.05 level of significance, stratified by age, sex, history of diabetes, location of vessel occlusion, baseline National Institute of Health stroke scale score, stroke etiology, and plan for endovascular treatment.

Design:

EXIT-BT2 is a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded assessment of endpoint (PROBE), and multi-center study. Eligible AIS patients between 4.5 and 6 h of onset are randomly assigned 1:1 into a TNK group or control group. The TNK group will receive TNK (0.25 mg/kg, a single bolus over 5–10 s, maximum 25 mg). The control group will receive standard medical care in compliance with national guidelines for acute ischemic stroke. Both groups will receive standard stroke care from randomization to 90 days after stroke onset according to national guidelines.

Outcome:

The primary efficacy endpoint is excellent functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score 0–1 at 90 days after randomization, while the primary safety endpoint is symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, defined as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score increase ⩾4 caused by intracranial hemorrhage within 24 (−6/+12) h after randomization.

Conclusions:

The results of EXIT-BT2 may determine whether intravenous TNK has a favorable risk/benefit profile in AIS between 4.5 and 6 h of onset.
Effect of surface modification on the thermophysical properties of ethylene glycol dispersed with Al2O3 nanoparticles for solar thermal applications
Authors: Prasanna Ardhani Satya Bhanu , Ramji Koona
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on investigating the effects of surface modification on the stability and thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol dispersed with aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles. Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles were dispersed in ethylene glycol after surface modification with the surfactant Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) at concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 mass percent. The thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity at various concentrations were evaluated in the temperature range from 20°C to 170°C, in contrast to prior studies in which the properties were determined in the range from 20°C to 60°C. The stability of the suspension dispersed with CTAB proved to be excellent, and the nanofluids remained stable for one month due to its excellent electrostatic interaction with the surface of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles to ethylene glycol led to a significant improvement in thermal conductivity, which is between 15% and 25%. The influence of the surfactant is clear from the results, and it shows that CTAB is the most suitable surfactant for metal oxide nanoparticles. The experimental data are compared with the data available in the literature in the temperature range from 30°C to 60°C and are found to be in good agreement.
Shifts in structural connectome organization in the limbic and sensory systems of patients with episodic migraine
Authors: Noh Eunchan , Namgung Jong Young , Park Yeongjun , Jang Yurim , Lee Mi Ji , Park Bo-yong
Published: June 2024

Migraine is a complex neurological condition characterized by recurrent headaches, which is often accompanied by various neurological symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for investigating whole-brain connectivity patterns; however, systematic assessment of structural connectome organization has rarely been performed. In the present study, we aimed to examine the changes in structural connectivity in patients with episodic migraines using diffusion MRI. First, we computed structural connectivity using diffusion MRI tractography, after which we applied dimensionality reduction techniques to the structural connectivity and generated three low-dimensional eigenvectors. We subsequently calculated the manifold eccentricity, defined as the Euclidean distance between each data point and the center of the data in the manifold space. We then compared the manifold eccentricity between patients with migraines and healthy controls, revealing significant between-group differences in the orbitofrontal cortex, temporal pole, and sensory/motor regions. Between-group differences in subcortico-cortical connectivity further revealed significant changes in the amygdala, accumbens, and caudate nuclei. Finally, supervised machine learning effectively classified patients with migraines and healthy controls using cortical and subcortical structural connectivity features, highlighting the importance of the orbitofrontal and sensory cortices, in addition to the caudate, in distinguishing between the groups. Our findings confirmed that episodic migraine is related to the structural connectome changes in the limbic and sensory systems, suggesting its potential utility as a diagnostic marker for migraine.
Cytological structures and physiological and biochemical characteristics of covered oat (Avena sativa L.) and naked oat (Avena nuda L.) seeds during high-temperature artificial aging
Authors: Yao Ruirui , Liu Huan , Wang Jinglong , Shi Shangli , Zhao Guiqin , Zhou Xiangrui
Published: June 2024

Background

Seed aging, a natural and inevitable process occurring during storage. Oats, an annual herb belonging to the Gramineae family and pooideae. In addition to being a healthy food, oats serve as ecological pastures, combating soil salinization and desertification. They also play a role in promoting grassland agriculture and supplementing winter livestock feed. However, the high lipid and fat derivatives contents of oat seeds make them susceptible to deterioration, as fat derivatives are prone to rancidity, affecting oat seed production, storage, development, and germplasm resource utilization. Comparative studies on the effects of aging on physiology and cytological structure in covered and naked oat seeds are limited. Thus, our study aimed to determine the mechanism underlying seed deterioration in artificially aged ‘LongYan No. 3’ (A. sativa) and ‘BaiYan No. 2’ (A. nuda) seeds, providing a basis for the physiological evaluation of oat seed aging and serving as a reference for scientifically safe storage and efficient utilization of oats.

Results

In both oat varieties, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in seeds showed increasing and decreasing trends, respectively. Variance analysis revealed significant differences and interaction in all measured indicators of oat seeds between the two varieties at different aging times. ‘LongYan No. 3’ seeds, aged for 24–96 h, exhibited a germination rate of < 30%, Conductivity, malondialdehyde, soluble sugar, and soluble protein levels increased more significantly than the ‘BaiYan No. 2’. With prolonged aging leading to cell membrane degradation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, disrupted antioxidant enzyme system, evident embryo cell swelling, and disordered cell arrangement, blocking the nutrient supply route. Simultaneously, severely concentrated chromatin in the nucleus, damaged mitochondrial structure, and impaired energy metabolism were noted, resulting in the loss of ‘LongYan No. 3’ seed vitality and value. Conversely, ‘BaiYan No. 2’ seeds showed a germination rate of 73.33% after 96 h of aging, consistently higher antioxidant enzyme activity during aging, normal embryonic cell shape, and existence of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Conclusions

ROS accumulation and antioxidant enzyme system damage in aged oat seeds, nuclear chromatin condensation, mitochondrial structure damage, nucleic acid metabolism and respiration weakened, oat seed vigor decreased. ‘LongYan No. 3’ seeds were more severely damaged under artificial aging than ‘BaiYan No. 2’ seeds, highlighting their heightened susceptibility to aging effects.