bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of an Algorithm for Measurement of Sedentary Behaviour in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Abdul Jabbar Khalid , Sarvestan Javad , Zia Ur Rehman Rana , Lord Sue , Kerse Ngaire , Teh Ruth , Del Din Silvia
Published: May 2023

Accurate measurement of sedentary behaviour in older adults is informative and relevant. Yet, activities such as sitting are not accurately distinguished from non-sedentary activities (e.g., upright activities), especially in real-world conditions. This study examines the accuracy of a novel algorithm to identify sitting, lying, and upright activities in community-dwelling older people in real-world conditions. Eighteen older adults wore a single triaxial accelerometer with an onboard triaxial gyroscope on their lower back and performed a range of scripted and non-scripted activities in their homes/retirement villages whilst being videoed. A novel algorithm was developed to identify sitting, lying, and upright activities. The algorithm’s sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for identifying scripted sitting activities ranged from 76.9% to 94.8%. For scripted lying activities: 70.4% to 95.7%. For scripted upright activities: 75.9% to 93.1%. For non-scripted sitting activities: 92.3% to 99.5%. No non-scripted lying activities were captured. For non-scripted upright activities: 94.3% to 99.5%. The algorithm could, at worst, overestimate or underestimate sedentary behaviour bouts by ±40 s, which is within a 5% error for sedentary behaviour bouts. These results indicate good to excellent agreement for the novel algorithm, providing a valid measure of sedentary behaviour in community-dwelling older adults.
A Spectral Encoding Simulator for Broadband Active Illumination and Reconstruction-Based Spectral Measurement
Authors: Jiang Peng , Wang Xiaoxu , Zhang Zihui , Gu Guochao , Li Jifeng , Wu Heng , He Limin , Lin Guanyu
Published: May 2023

Spectral reflectance or transmittance measurements provide intrinsic information on the material of an object and are widely used in remote sensing, agriculture, diagnostic medicine, etc. Most reconstruction-based spectral reflectance or transmittance measurement methods based on broadband active illumination use narrow-band LEDs or lamps combined with specific filters as spectral encoding light sources. These light sources cannot achieve the designed spectral encoding with a high resolution and accuracy due to their low degree of freedom for adjustment, leading to inaccurate spectral measurements. To address this issue, we designed a spectral encoding simulator for active illumination. The simulator is composed of a prismatic spectral imaging system and a digital micromirror device. The spectral wavelengths and intensity are adjusted by switching the micromirrors. We used it to simulate spectral encodings according to the spectral distribution on micromirrors and solved the DMD patterns corresponding to the spectral encodings with a convex optimization algorithm. To verify the applicability of the simulator for spectral measurements based on active illumination, we used it to numerically simulate existing spectral encodings. We also numerically simulated a high-resolution Gaussian random measurement encoding for compressed sensing and measured the spectral reflectance of one vegetation type and two minerals through numerical simulations. We reconstructed the spectral transmittance of a calibrated filter through an experiment. The results show that the simulator can measure the spectral reflectance or transmittance with a high resolution and accuracy.
Conceptual Framework for Hazards Management in the Surface Mining Industry—Application of Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Sherin Saira , Raza Salim , Ahmad Ishaq
Published: May 2023

This paper presents a conceptual framework with the application of the structural equation modeling (SEM) method for improving safety in the surface mining industry. The focus of the study is to address the essential components of occupational safety and assess them to develop significant linkages because they are often addressed individually. In this study, the risk (accident causation) factors were examined for continuous improvement based on the risk management process and the application of engineering, education, and enforcement. Data collected from mine employees were utilized to evaluate the framework using SEM. The final structure model showed good fit indices, including chi-square to a degree of freedom (x2/df) equal to 2.545, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0.034 with a probability of 1.0, and a valid framework path. All the factors had a significant positive effect on workplace conditions and workers’ commitment, except machinery, which had a positive non-significant effect on workplace conditions. The effects of the mediated factors of worker commitment and workplace conditions on the number of accidents were β = −0.76 and β = −0.145, respectively, and the effects on job satisfaction were β = 0.31 and β = 0.433. The research concluded that any risk factor reduction can improve safety in the mining industry; however, the correlation of all factors’ effects magnifies the influence of a single factor. Furthermore, the conceptual framework is recommended for identifying the factors that need modification in order to manage hazards and improve safety in the workplace.
Development of a Fast and Sensitive UPLC–MS/MS Analytical Methodology for Fenebrutinib Estimation in Human Liver Microsomes: In Vitro and In Silico Metabolic Stability Evaluation
Authors: Attwa Mohamed W. , Alsibaee Aishah M. , Aljohar Haya I. , Abdelhameed Ali S. , Kadi Adnan A.
Published: May 2023

Fenebrutinib (GDC-0853; FNB) is an oral small molecule that was developed by Roche Pharmaceuticals to slow multiple sclerosis progression. FNB is a reversible bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, which showed the maximum potency of BTK inhibitors in phase III clinical trials for multiple sclerosis. In the current study, a fast, specific, and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for FNB quantification in human liver microsomes (HLMs) was established with application to the evaluation of metabolic stability. The UPLC-MS/MS methodology was verified using the stated USFDA validation guidelines for bioanalytical methodologies that involve selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision, carryover and extraction recovery, stability, and matrix effect. The FNB calibration curve displayed a linearity in the range from 1 ng/mL to 3000 ng/mL (y = 1.731x + 2.013; R2: 0.9954; RSD < 4.37%) in the HLMs matrix. The limit of quantification was 0.88 ng/mL, which verified the UPLC-MS/MS analytical method sensitivity. The intraday and interday precision and accuracy results of the developed UPLC-MS/MS method were −3.99–14.0% and 0.52–3.83%, respectively. FNB and savolitinib (SVB) (internal standard) were chromatographically separated utilizing an isocratic mobile phase system with a ZORBAX Eclipse plus-C18 (50 mm, 2.1 mm, and 1.8 μm) column. The metabolic stability parameters for FNB, involving high intrinsic clearance (58.21 mL/min/kg) and a short in vitro half-life (13.93 min), revealed the high extraction ratio of FNB. Reviewing the literature revealed that the current UPLC-MS/MS method is the first analytical method for FNB quantification in the HLMs matrix with application to the assessment of FNB metabolic stability.
Young Refugees’ Integration Trajectories—The Critical Role of Local Resources in Germany
Authors: Aydar Zeynep , Plöger Jörg
Published: May 2023

Though it is a global phenomenon, migration results in a variety of local outcomes. Depending on migrants’ specific arrival contexts, countries of origin and migration motives, they are channelled into different categories. As a result, they encounter unequal access to different domains at the local level. This paper analyses how young migrants in vulnerable conditions are able to access and use local or localised resources and to what extend these resources enable them to overcome structural barriers over time. Our analysis builds on empirical findings from a case study in Dortmund, Germany, conducted through the EU-funded MIMY project. Drawing on narrative interviews with young refugees (aged 18–29), it highlights three specific cases where temporal and spatial factors shape individual integration pathways. The narratives highlight the barriers encountered by young refugees, most of which are related to migrant policy categories implemented at national or supra-national levels. In the arrival context, the young migrants are able—to varying degrees—to mobilise localised resources helping them overcome (at least partially) such mainly structural barriers. Focusing on the emergence and evolution of local integration landscapes thus reveals the importance of time and the difference time makes in terms of the availability of resources and legal frameworks.
Abandonment of Cropland and Seminatural Grassland in a Mountainous Traditional Agricultural Landscape in Japan
Authors: Imai Nobuo , Otokawa Hinata , Okamoto Atsumi , Yamazaki Kaito , Tamura Takuya , Sakagami Tsubasa , Ishizaka Shingo , Shimojima Hijiri
Published: May 2023

The abandonment of traditional agricultural land is a global phenomenon, especially in mountainous areas. Although there are many mountainous villages where traditional agriculture, based on wild-plant mulching systems, is still practiced in Japan, the extent of land use change in these areas has not been quantitatively assessed. Economic theory predicts the systematic allocation of land to its maximum net value in response to distance from residential centres or demand. We tested this theory to determine whether: (1) grassland and cropland abandonment occurs far from residential centres and (2) new grassland becomes established near residential centres because its products (i.e., wild plants) are essential to traditional agriculture. We interviewed farmers from the traditional mountain village of Kosuge, Japan, to examine land use change at a parcel scale over the period 1940–2019. Our predictions were confirmed in that cropland and grassland were abandoned, while regrowth forests and plantations became established thereafter in the more inaccessible areas, in terms of distance from the village centre and slope aspect. Furthermore, new grassland developed near the centre of the village, leading to the ‘advance’ of grassland into the residential centre. Our results indicate that spatiotemporal patterns of land use change in traditional agricultural landscapes can be predicted and used to inform policies designed to sustainably maintain these landscapes and their ecosystem function.
How Do Intellectual Property Rights Affect Green Technological Innovation? Empirical Evidence from China
Authors: Cao Yihao , Elahi Ehsan , Khalid Zainab , Li Ping , Sun Pengsheng
Published: May 2023

The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) on green technological innovation in China. The study utilizes a mixed-method approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods, to provide empirical evidence on the subject matter. According to the findings, IPR protection may have a favorable impact on the green technological innovation (GTI) of firms. According to mechanism testing, the channels by which IPR protection influences businesses’ GTI are research and development (R&D) input and foreign investment entry, whereas the human capital and finance capability of firms can favorably moderate the link between IPR protection and GTI. According to heterogeneity tests, private firms, exporting firms, and firms in industries with a high degree of monopoly are more notable for their promotional effect of IPR protection on the GTI of firms.
Immersive University Model: A Tool to Increase Higher Education Competitiveness
Authors: Artyukhov Artem , Volk Iurii , Dluhopolskyi Oleksandr , Mieszajkina Elena , Myśliwiecka Agata
Published: May 2023

The current paper substantiates the effectiveness of immersive learning applications for youth. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the “immersion” of students can be carried out not only through virtual and augmented reality but also in any constructed environment that provides any “immersion” in active and interactive teaching methods. A bibliometric analysis was conducted for the “immersive learning” search query to identify keywords and phrases’ main clusters and their relationships. Based on the bibliometric analysis, the concept of forming an immersive learning model based on a sequential transition between the “dimensions” was formed. The model is developed considering the degree of involvement in the learning scenarios. A multidimensional classification model for immersive learning tools is proposed. A university case of building an immersive learning environment as part of the “electronic university” information system is presented. A technological solution is proposed for evaluating the effectiveness of testing immersive learning tools.
Study on Anchoring Characteristics and Freeze–Thaw Degradation Law of the Cement-Based Early-Strength Anchor in Freeze–Thaw Regions
Authors: Yang Ming , Deng Shenggui , Dong Zizhang
Published: May 2023

This article focuses on the effect of freeze–thaw cycling on a cement-based early-strength anchor material, the compressive strength of which at 24 h is 14 times that of ordinary cement, and the compressive strength at 7 h is twice that of ordinary cement. The setting time required to achieve the expected strength is 1/7 of that of ordinary cement. Through indoor freeze–thaw cycling tests, the appearance changes, quality loss, strength loss, and microstructure changes in the early-strength anchor after 0, 5, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 100 cycles were studied, revealing the evolution of the mechanical properties and micromechanisms of the cement-based early-strength anchor material under freeze–thaw cycling conditions. The sample freeze–thaw failure criteria were determined, evaluation indicators reflecting the degree of damage were defined, and their relationships with the number of freeze–thaw cycles were fitted to assess the durability of the cement-based early-strength anchor material under freeze–thaw environments. This provides a theoretical reference for further improvements in material properties and adaption to different environments.
How Do Comprehensive Territorial Plans Frame Resilience? A Content Analysis of Plans by Major Cities in China
Authors: Shao Yiwen , Sun Yao , Zheng Zhiru
Published: May 2023

Planning is considered one of the most important policy instruments for building resilience in urban systems. As an emerging trend, cities in China are starting to incorporate urban resilience-related statements into the new versions of their all-in-one spatial plans, known commonly as territorial plans. This research used a content analysis approach to examine resilience visions and actions in up-to-date comprehensive territorial plans prepared by major Chinese cities. The study results show that while different cities understand the concept of urban resilience in different ways, most cities devise resilience actions that fit into four categories, in descending order as follows: infrastructure and facilities, safety and security, protection and mitigation, and governance and management. This paper further argues that territorial plans in China tend to view resilience more as a synonym for structural soundness and recovery efficiency than as a prospect of broader urban change leading to overall social and economic betterment. The research contributes to explaining ongoing international resilience planning practices and helping planners make more thoughtful plans.
Healthcare Waste and Sustainability: Implications for a Circular Economy
Authors: Mahjoob Abrar , Alfadhli Yousef , Omachonu Vincent
Published: May 2023

The field of healthcare waste systems is an emerging research field with new methodologies being developed to reinforce sustainability. Medical treatments are becoming more sophisticated and in demand due to increasing incidences of chronic disease. Healthcare is also becoming widely available worldwide. Healthcare waste disposal includes multiple disposal methods including incineration, landfilling, and chemical treatments. These rudimentary methods and their increased prevalence present their own problems that negatively impact both the environment and public health. As a result, there is a global call for healthcare waste systems to transition from a linear to a circular economy (CE). The CE philosophy is employed in other waste management industries. There are limited studies, however, that assess the challenges to CE implementation, particularly in the United States. This research presents the challenges to the implementation of a CE in healthcare waste management systems. The challenges were determined by an extensive literature review. Three experts from the industry verified and provided additional context to the challenges through meetings. The challenges were grouped into seven categories: supply chain management, regulations and policies, industry, organizations internal, technology and operational, economic, and funding, and social. A decision-making trial and evaluation (DEMATEL) was used to rank the challenges and illustrate interrelationships between the challenges. The most significant challenge was found to be a lack of governmental legislation on CE healthcare policies, followed by a lack of a realistic CE business model and lack of consumer interest in the environment. The research will provide context to further developments into adopting CE practices. The limitations and future scope of the research are presented.
Current and Future Distribution of Shihuahuaco (Dipteryx spp.) under Climate Change Scenarios in the Central-Eastern Amazon of Peru
Authors: Cárdenas Gloria P. , Bravo Nino , Barboza Elgar , Salazar Wilian , Ocaña Jimmy , Vázquez Miguel , Lobato Roiser , Injante Pedro , Arbizu Carlos I.
Published: May 2023

The consequences of climate change influence the distribution of species, which plays a key role in ecosystems. In this work, the modeling of the current and potential future distribution was carried out under different climate change scenarios of a tree species of high economic and commercial value, Dipteryx spp. This is a hardwood species that plays an important role in carbon sequestration, providing food and nesting for wildlife species, reaching more than 40 m in height with an average diameter of 70 to 150 cm. This species is currently threatened by overexploitation. Thirty-six bioclimatic, topographic and edaphic variables with ~1 km2 spatial resolution obtained from the WorldClim, SoilGrids and SRTM databases where used. Highly correlated variables were identified with the MaxEnt software for forecasting how the species distribution will be affected until the year 2100, according to the climate scenarios SPP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5, representing the periods 2021–2040, 2041–2060, 2061–2080 and 2081–2100, respectively. The AUC accuracy value of 0.88 to 0.89 was found for the distribution models and the highest contributing variables used were Bio 5, precipitation, Bio 2, and Bio 14. In the climate scenario SPP1-2.6 (Bio 5, precipitation and Bio 2) in 2061–2080, suitable and very suitable habitats represented 30.69% of the study area (2616 ha and 586.97 ha, respectively) and those increased by 1.75% under current climate conditions, and the suitable and unsuitable habitats represented 69.31% of the total area. The results of this research provide valuable information on the current and future distribution of the species and identify zones that can be used as the basis for the creation of conservation areas, formulation of restoration projects, reforestation and sustainable management to avoid the extinction of the species in the face of the effects of climate change.
A Sensorized Toy Car for Autism Screening Using Multi-Modal Features
Authors: Mehralizadeh Bijan , Baradaran Bahar , Nikkhoo Shahab , Soleiman Pegah , Moradi Hadi
Published: May 2023

Early screening, which can lead to early diagnosis and intervention for children with autism (ASD), can significantly improve their life quality. Consequently, the observational process of the ASD diagnosis and the lack of experts make the technology-based ASD screening methods more demanding. On the other hand, early ASD screening based on behavioral patterns is one of the most reliable methods that could be accomplished by analyzing children’s playing patterns. Thus, in this paper, we present an extension of our initial sensorized toy car functionalities by adding shaft encoders to detect attention to details and interest in rotating objects in children with ASD. Using the two modalities to detect different ASD symptoms improved our screening accuracy by more than 10%. Having such a sensorized toy car, which can be used at homes or clinics for screening ASD without high expertise, can improve the life of children with ASD and their families by providing an initial screening for further evaluation. This is essential for sustainable development, especially considering the increased rate of children with ASD around the world.
Almonds By-Product Microcrystalline Cellulose as Stucco for Wooden Artifacts
Authors: D’Agostino Giulia , Merra Rosalia , Sottile Francesco , Lazzara Giuseppe , Bruno Maurizio
Published: May 2023

Over the years in the field of conservation of cultural heritage, a wide use of traditional products for the plastic reintegration of wooden artifacts has been seen. However, they are usually not designed for this purpose. The present study also shows, in terms of material compatibility, the material most suited for wood restoration, cellulose pulp, from the perspective of a new green approach of reusing waste. Indeed, microcellulose was obtained by simple alkaline treatment from softwood almond shells. In particular, Prunus dulcis Miller (D.A.) Webb. was considered an agro-industrial waste largely available in southern Italy. To value the possibility of using this material in a circular economy framework, a microcellulosic material was used, by adding different binders, to manufacture several stuccos to utilize as wood consolidants. Successively, in order to obtain stuccos with biocidal properties against fungal colonization or insect infestation, to which wooden artifacts are often exposed, cellulose pulp was combined with the essential oil of Thymus capitaus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link., whose biological properties have been largely reported. The physical flexion properties of all new materials were tested.
The Green Lung: National Parks and Air Quality in Italian Municipalities
Authors: Becchetti Leonardo , Beccari Gabriele , Conzo Gianluigi , De Santis Davide , Conzo Pierluigi , Salustri Francesco
Published: May 2023

In Italy, 25 percent of the 7903 municipalities include protected areas, while 6.4 percent—which we define as park municipalities—are national parks. Using data from the Copernicus programme databases, we investigated the relationship between park municipalities and the air quality, and we found that the air pollution levels in these areas were much lower than in the rest of the municipalities for the period 2017–2020. The gross difference ranged from 25 to 30 percent lower levels of particulate matter (as measured in terms of both PM10 and PM2.5), and three times lower levels of nitrogen dioxide. In our multivariate econometric analysis, we found that part of this difference depends on the lower population density and manufacturing activity in municipalities with national parks. Furthermore, we showed that park municipalities: (i) had progressively reduced levels of particulate matter during the period 2017–2020, and (ii) had a “green lung” function, since in non-park municipalities’ air pollution levels increased with the distance from national parks. Based on empirical evidence on the impact of the main air pollutants on mortality documented in the literature, we calculated that living in park municipalities reduces mortality rates by around 10 percent.
Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Drought Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk in Three Different Climatic Zones in Algeria Using Two Commonly Used Meteorological Indices
Authors: Haied Nadjib , Foufou Atif , Khadri Samira , Boussaid Adel , Azlaoui Mohamed , Bougherira Nabil
Published: May 2023

Drought is considered a natural hazard and has become a recurrent phenomenon in Algeria since the 1970s. Algeria is characterized by three different climates, namely, sub-humid, semi-arid and arid climates. In this study, we aimed to spatiotemporally assess drought hazard, vulnerability and risk in the three climates of three sub-basins, namely, the Seybouse Maritime, Wadi Djelfa-Hadjia and Wadi M’Zi sub-basins. To this end, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the reconnaissance drought index (RDI) were used to evaluate drought physical characteristics on a 12-month timescale, based on precipitation and temperature monthly data covering the period of 1979–2019. High values of the coefficient of determination (R2) (0.76–0.99) confirmed by low values of the root-mean-square error (RMSE) (0.08–0.49) proved that the drought indices displayed a high correlation. Drought hazard and vulnerability were evaluated based on physical characteristics and socioeconomic aspects, respectively. The results led to the determination of a high correlation between the two indices used; the determination of the main drought events; and the mapping of the drought hazard, vulnerability and risk using a geographic information system (GIS). These findings suggest that the SPI provided the highest intensities, while the longest periods and the strongest magnitudes were given by the RDI. The spatiotemporal drought distributions varied with time from station to station and from sub-basin to sub-basin. Risk maps revealed that vulnerability based on socioeconomic factors controls drought risk.
The Fate of Heavy Metals and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal in Pyrolysis Coupling with Acid Washing Treatment for Sewage Sludge
Authors: Li Zhiwei , Yu Di , Liu Xuejiao , Wang Yin
Published: May 2023

Pyrolysis is an emerging and effective means for sludge disposal. Biochar derived from sludge has broad application prospects, however, is limited by heavy metals. In this study, the fate of heavy metals (HMs) in pyrolysis coupling with acid washing treatment for sewage sludge was comprehensively investigated for the first time. Most of the HMs redistributed in the pyrolyzed residues (biochar) after pyrolysis, and the enrichment order of the HMs was: Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr. Compared with various washing agents, phosphoric acid presented a superior washing effect on most heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Cr) in biochars derived at low pyrolysis temperature and Ni in biochars derived at high pyrolysis temperature. The optimal washing conditions for heavy metals (including Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni) removal by H3PO4 were obtained by batch washing experiments and the response surface methodology (RSM). The total maximum HM removal efficiency was 95.05% under the optimal washing specifications by H3PO4 (acid concentration of 2.47 mol/L, L/S of 9.85 mL/g, and a washing temperature of 71.18 °C). Kinetic results indicated that the washing process of heavy metals in sludge and biochars was controlled by a mixture of diffusion and surface chemical reactions. After phosphoric acid washing, the leaching concentrations of HMs in the solid residue were further reduced compared with that of biochar, which were below the USEPA limit value (5 mg/L). The solid residue after pyrolysis coupling with acid washing resulted in a low environmental risk for resource utilization (the values of the potential ecological risk index were lower than 20). This work provides an environmentally friendly alternative of pyrolysis coupling with acid washing treatment for sewage sludge from the viewpoint of the utilization of solid waste.
Regional Targeted Subcutaneous Injection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in Refractory Chronic Migraine: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Bono Francesco , Mazza Maria Rosaria , Magro Giuseppe , Spano Giorgio , Idone Giovanni , Laterza Vincenzo , Tedeschi Denise , Pucci Francesco , Gambardella Antonio , Sarica Alessia
Published: May 2023

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the efficacy of an individualized technique of subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) targeted (SjBoT) to the occipital or trigeminal skin area in non-responder patients with chronic migraine (CM). Patients who had not previously responded to at least two treatments of intramuscular injections of BoNT-A were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive two subcutaneous administrations of BoNT-A (up to 200 units) with the SjBoT injection paradigm or placebo. Following the skin area where the maximum pain began, treatment was given in the trigeminal or occipital region bilaterally. The primary endpoint changed in monthly headache days from baseline to the last 4 weeks. Among 139 randomized patients, 90 received BoNT-A and 49 received placebo, and 128 completed the double-blind phase. BoNT-A significantly reduced monthly headache days versus placebo (−13.2 versus −1.2; p < 0.0001) in the majority of patients who had cutaneous allodynia. Other secondary endpoints, including measures for disability (Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire from baseline 21.96 to 7.59 after treatment, p = 0.028), also differed. Thus, in non-responder patients with CM, BoNT-A significantly reduced migraine days when administered according to the “follow the origin of maximum pain” approach using SjBoT injection paradigm.
Advancement in Leishmaniasis Diagnosis and Therapeutics
Authors: Morgado Fernanda N. , Conceição-Silva Fátima , Pimentel Maria Inês F. , Porrozzi Renato
Published: May 2023

Leishmaniasis is a complex of clinical manifestations that affects thousands of people in the world each year according to WHO [...]
Testing the Informal Development Stages Framework Globally: Exploring Self-Build Densification and Growth in Informal Settlements
Authors: Samper Jota , Liao Weichun
Published: May 2023

This article challenges the narrow definition of informal settlements as solely lacking a formal framework, which overlooks the dynamic city-making and urban design processes within these areas. Communities’ self-building processes and areas’ constant growth are indeed informal settlements’ most salient morphological features. The study builds upon the informal development stages (IDS) framework and explores how it applies globally. The research follows a sample of fifty informal settlements with a high change coefficient from the Atlas of Informality (AoI) across five world regions to explore how change and urban densification across IDS can be mapped in such areas using human visual interpretation of Earth observation (EO). The research finds evidence of IDS framework fitment across regions, with critical morphological differences. Additionally, the study finds that settlements can pass through all IDS phases faster than anticipated. The study identifies IDS as a guiding principle for urban design, presenting opportunities for policy and action. The study suggests that integrating IDS with predictive morphological tools can create valuable data to refine identification models further. Finally, the article concludes that an IDS approach can anticipate development and integrate into an urban design evolutionary process that adapts to the deprived areas’ current and future needs.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Quanzhou Mulberry Virus from Mulberry (Morus alba)
Authors: Wei Jia , Chen Lei , Xu Zilong , Liu Peigang , Zhu Yan , Lin Tianbao , Yang Lu , Huang Yuan , Lv Zhiqiang
Published: May 2023

In this study, we discovered a new virus named Quanzhou mulberry virus (QMV), which was identified from the leaves of an ancient mulberry tree. This tree is over 1300 years old and is located at Fujian Kaiyuan Temple, a renowned cultural heritage site in China. We obtained the complete genome sequence of QMV using RNA sequencing followed by rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE). The QMV genome is 9256 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes five open reading frames (ORFs). Its virion was made of icosahedral particles. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that it belongs to the unclassified Riboviria. An infectious clone for QMV was generated and agroinfiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana and mulberry, resulting in no visible disease symptoms. However, systemic movement of the virus was only observed in mulberry seedlings, suggesting that it has a host-specific pattern of movement. Our findings provide a valuable reference for further studies on QMV and related viruses, contributing to the understanding of viral evolution and biodiversity in mulberry.
Booster Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine in Kidney Transplanted Patients Induces Wuhan-Hu-1 Specific Neutralizing Antibodies and T Cell Activation but Lower Response against Omicron Variant
Authors: Del Mastro Andrea , Picascia Stefania , D’Apice Luciana , Trovato Maria , Barba Pasquale , Di Biase Immacolata , Di Biase Sebastiano , Laccetti Marco , Belli Antonello , Amato Gerardino , Di Muro Potito , Credendino Olga , Picardi Alessandra , De Berardinis Piergiuseppe , Del Pozzo Giovanna , Gianfrani Carmen
Published: May 2023

Kidney transplanted recipients (KTR) are at high risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection due to immunosuppressive therapy. Although several studies reported antibody production in KTR after vaccination, data related to immunity to the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant are sparse. Herein, we analyzed anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response in seven KTR and eight healthy controls after the second and third dose of the mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). A significant increase in neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers were detected against pseudoviruses expressing the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike (S) protein after the third dose in both groups, although nAbs in KTR were lower than controls. nAbs against pseudoviruses expressing the Omicron S protein were low in both groups, with no increase after the 3rd dose in KTR. Reactivity of CD4+ T cells after boosting was observed when cells were challenged with Wuhan-Hu-1 S peptides, while Omicron S peptides were less effective in both groups. IFN-γ production was detected in KTR in response to ancestral S peptides, confirming antigen-specific T cell activation. Our study demonstrates that the 3rd mRNA dose induces T cell response against Wuhan-Hu-1 spike peptides in KTR, and an increment in the humoral immunity. Instead, humoral and cellular immunity to Omicron variant immunogenic peptides were low in both KTR and healthy vaccinated subjects.
The Omicron Sub-Variant BA.4 Displays a Remarkable Lack of Clinical Signs in a Golden Syrian Hamster Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Davies Elizabeth R. , Ryan Kathryn A. , Bewley Kevin R. , Coombes Naomi S. , Salguero Francisco J. , Carnell Oliver T. , Biddlecombe Sarah , Charlton Michael , Challis Amy , Cross Eleanor S. , Handley Alastair , Ngabo Didier , Weldon Thomas M. , Hall Yper , Funnell Simon G. P.
Published: May 2023

The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 virus variants remains a source of concern because it is accompanied by the potential for increased virulence as well as evasion of immunity. Here we show that, although having an almost identical spike gene sequence as another Omicron variant (BA.5.2.1), a BA.4 isolate lacked all the typical disease characteristics of other isolates seen in the Golden Syrian hamster model despite replicating almost as effectively. Animals infected with BA.4 had similar viral shedding profiles to those seen with BA.5.2.1 (up to day 6 post-infection), but they all failed to lose weight or present with any other significant clinical signs. We hypothesize that this lack of detectable signs of disease during infection with BA.4 was due to a small (nine nucleotide) deletion (∆686–694) in the viral genome (ORF1ab) responsible for the production of non-structural protein 1, which resulted in the loss of three amino acids (aa 141–143).
Evolution of Bipartite and Segmented Viruses from Monopartite Viruses
Authors: Park Hyunjin , Denha Saven , Higgs Paul G.
Published: May 2023

RNA viruses may be monopartite (all genes on one strand), multipartite (two or more strands packaged separately) or segmented (two or more strands packaged together). In this article, we consider competition between a complete monopartite virus, A, and two defective viruses, D and E, that have complementary genes. We use stochastic models that follow gene translation, RNA replication, virus assembly, and transmission between cells. D and E multiply faster than A when stored in the same host as A or when together in the same host, but they cannot multiply alone. D and E strands are packaged as separate particles unless a mechanism evolves that allows assembly of D + E segmented particles. We show that if defective viruses assemble rapidly into separate particles, the formation of segmented particles is selected against. In this case, D and E spread as parasites of A, and the bipartite D + E combination eliminates A if the transmissibility is high. Alternatively, if defective strands do not assemble rapidly into separate particles, then a mechanism for assembly of segmented particles is selected for. In this case, the segmented virus can eliminate A if transmissibility is high. Conditions of excess protein resources favor bipartite viruses, while conditions of excess RNA resources favor segmented viruses. We study the error threshold behavior that arises when deleterious mutations are introduced. Relative to bipartite and segmented viruses, deleterious mutations favor monopartite viruses. A monopartite virus can give rise to either a bipartite or a segmented virus, but it is unlikely that both will originate from the same virus.
Antiviral Response across Genotypes after Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with the Therapeutic Vaccine NASVAC or Pegylated Interferon
Authors: Al-Mahtab Mamun , Akbar Sheikh Mohammad Fazle , Yoshida Osamu , Aguilar Julio Cesar , Guillen Gerardo , Hiasa Yoichi
Published: May 2023

An open-level, randomized and treatment-controlled clinical trial has shown that a therapeutic vaccine containing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) (NASVAC) is endowed with antiviral and liver protecting capacity and is safer than pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The present study provides information about the role of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in this phase III clinical trial. From a total of 160 patients enrolled in this trial, the HBV genotypes of 133 patients were characterized, and NASVAC induced a stronger antiviral effect (HBV DNA reduction below 250 copies per mL) than Peg-IFN. The antiviral effects and alanine aminotransferase levels were not significantly different among different HBV genotypes in NASVAC-treated patients. However, a significantly higher proportion of genotype-D patients receiving NASVAC showed better therapeutic effects, compared to genotype-D patients receiving Peg-IFN, with a marked difference of 44%. In conclusion, NASVAC seems to be a better alternative to Peg-IFN, especially in patients with HBV genotype-D patients. This reflects the attractiveness of NASVAC in countries where genotype D is highly prevalent. The mechanisms underlying the effect of HBV genotype are being studied in a new clinical trial.
Potential Promises and Perils of Human Biological Treatments for Immunotherapy in Veterinary Oncology
Authors: Hambly Jeilene N. , Ruby Carl E. , Mourich Dan V. , Bracha Shay , Dolan Brian P.
Published: May 2023

The emergence of immunotherapy for the treatment of human cancers has heralded a new era in oncology, one that is making its way into the veterinary clinic. As the immune system of many animal species commonly seen by veterinarians is similar to humans, there is great hope for the translation of human therapies into veterinary oncology. The simplest approach for veterinarians would be to adopt existing reagents that have been developed for human medicine, due to the potential of reduced cost and the time it takes to develop a new drug. However, this strategy may not always prove to be effective and safe with regard to certain drug platforms. Here, we review current therapeutic strategies that could exploit human reagents in veterinary medicine and also those therapies which may prove detrimental when human-specific biological molecules are used in veterinary oncology. In keeping with a One Health framework, we also discuss the potential use of single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) derived from camelid species (also known as Nanobodies™) for therapies targeting multiple veterinary animal patients without the need for species-specific reformulation. Such reagents would not only benefit the health of our veterinary species but could also guide human medicine by studying the effects of outbred animals that develop spontaneous tumors, a more relevant model of human diseases compared to traditional laboratory rodent models.
Maximizing Water Use Efficiency in Rice Farming: A Comprehensive Review of Innovative Irrigation Management Technologies
Authors: Mallareddy Maduri , Thirumalaikumar Ramasamy , Balasubramanian Padmaanaban , Naseeruddin Ramapuram , Nithya Narayanaswamy , Mariadoss Arulanandam , Eazhilkrishna Narayanasamy , Choudhary Anil Kumar , Deiveegan Murugesan , Subramanian Elangovan , Padmaja Bhimireddy , Vijayakumar Shanmugam
Published: May 2023

Rice is a water-guzzling crop cultivated mostly through inefficient irrigation methods which leads to low water use efficiency and many environmental problems. Additionally, the export of virtual water through rice trading and the looming water crisis poses significant threats to the sustainability of rice production and food security. There are several alternative rice production methods to improve water use efficiency. These include aerobic rice, direct-seeded rice (DSR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD), saturated soil culture (SSC), drip-irrigated rice, a system of rice intensification (SRI), and smart irrigation with sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, drip-irrigated rice and IoT-based automated irrigation are not feasible for poor farmers due to the high production costs associated with specialized machinery and tools. Similarly, aerobic rice, drip-irrigated rice, and the SRI are labor-intensive, making them unsuitable for areas with a shortage of labor. On the other hand, DSR is suitable for labor-scarce areas, provided herbicides are used to control weeds. In this article, the suitability of different water-saving rice production methods is reviewed based on factors such as climate, soil type, labor, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions, and their prospects and challenges are evaluated. Additionally, the article examines how cultural practices, such as seed treatment, weed control, and nutrition management, contribute to enhancing water use efficiency in rice production.
Assessment of Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers by Integrating Statistical and Graphical Techniques: Quaternary Aquifer, West Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Hasan Samia S. , Salem Zenhom E. , Sefelnasr Ahmed
Published: May 2023

The Quaternary aquifer in the western Nile Delta is threatened by seawater intrusion. Few studies have integrated diverse techniques for the assessment of seawater intrusion in this aquifer. The present study aims to determine the geochemical processes and impact of seawater intrusion on this aquifer. To accomplish this investigation, the integration of hydrogeochemical, statistical, multivariate statistical, and graphical tools were implemented on 75 groundwater samples and 5 soil samples. The physicochemical variables were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), saturation index (SI), ionic ratios, ionic relationships, the seawater intrusion index (SWI) and the correlations among 16 hydrochemical parameters, to identify the influencing processes of groundwater quality in the study area. According to the statistical study, the groundwater is divided into four groups. Those are distributed, from north to south: Group1 (G1), Group2 (G2), Group4 (G4), and Group3 (G3). The samples of G1 and G2 are distinguished by Na–Cl chemical type. While G4 has two main ion associations, HCO3–Ca–Mg and Cl–SO4–Na, G3 is characterized by HCO3–Cl–SO4–Ca–Na type. The processes that affect the chemistry of the groundwater are the seawater intrusion, ion exchange, silicate and Ca-rich mineral weathering, and mineral deposition. G1 and G2 groups are primarily influenced by seawater incursion, evaporation, and the ion exchange mechanism. In addition, the weathering of silicate minerals has a substantial effect on G3 and G4 groups, resulting in the creation of carbonate minerals.
The Trickster: A Political Theology for Our Time
Authors: Eller Jack David
Published: May 2023

Political theology has traditionally been dominated by Christian concepts, specifically the concept of a law-giving and order-preserving god. Other political theologies are possible, however, and this essay considers one—the trickster—a culture hero and comic buffoon who delightedly and shamelessly violates and subverts order to inaugurate a new reality of his own making, if not of his own will. The first half of the essay introduces the trickster as a cross-cultural agent of creative destruction, a messenger and civilization-bringer, and a clever fool. The second half explores how the last two centuries of Western social and intellectual history have shifted the ground from under a god of order toward a spirit of flux, transience, paradox, and liminality. The essay concludes that the contemporary post-modern state of permanent liminality is better symbolized and grasped through the mythical lens of the trickster than the biblical god, including and especially contemporary global right-wing populism, whose leading figures reflect the wicked energy and appeal of the trickster impulse.
METODE BERMAIN SAMBIL BELAJAR PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPS DI SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 23 KABUPATEN ASAHAN
Authors: Munthe Herlin
Published: May 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa mata pelajaran IPS. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan minat belajar siswa dengan melihat nilai rata-rata siswa diatas KKM.
Pelatihan Penulisan Cerpen Remaja pada Siswa SMP Al-Hidayah Medan
Authors: Pardede Oktaviandi Bertua
Published: May 2023

Budaya literasi terhadap karya sastra pada saat sekarang ini perlu digalakan kembali. Mengingat beberapa program pemerintah yang menyisipkan beberapa pengajaran terkait literasi dikembangkan dan dilakukan di sekolah. Seperti beberapa gerakan literasi yang dicanangkan kemendikbud di sekolah untuk meningkatkan daya baca anak-anak khususnya di jenjang Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) dan Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA). Tetapi perlu diketahui juga bahwa budaya literasi itu tidak hanya berkutat pada membaca saja tetapi juga hadir pada bentuk kegiatan bahasa lain yakni menulis. Tidak dapat dipungkiri lagi bahwa seni menulis sangat penting. Tidak hanya untuk menuliskan gagasan kedalam sebuah tulisan tetapi juga dengan menulis, informasi yang ingin kita sampaikan dapat tersebar dengan baik apalagi di era serba digital ini sebuah tulisan sekarang akan sangat mudah diterbitkan bahkan di posting melalui akun-akun media sosial atau media digital lainnya. Agar anak-anak atau khususnya siswa-siswa dapat menulis dengan baik dan mengembangkan gagasannya, tim PKM dari Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia UNPRI mengadakan sebuah pengabdian kepada masyarakat untuk menumbuhkan budaya literasi di bidang menulis. Pelatihan yang diadakan oleh tim PKM ini adalah pelatihan menulis cerpen yang bertemakan remaja yang sangat dekat dengan anak-anak khususnya siswa Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Kegiatan yang berlangsung di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Al-Hidayah Medan ini diharapkan dapat membantu para siswa menjadi lebih inovatif dan dapat membantu mereka mengembangkan kemampuan menulisnya.