bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vascular Endothelial Adrenomedullin-RAMP2 System Is Essential for Vascular Integrity and Organ Homeostasis
Authors: Koyama Teruhide , Ochoa-Callejero Laura , Sakurai Takayuki , Kamiyoshi Akiko , Ichikawa-Shindo Yuka , Iinuma Nobuyoshi , Arai Takuma , Yoshizawa Takahiro , Iesato Yasuhiro , Lei Yang , Uetake Ryuichi , Okimura Ayano , Yamauchi Akihiro , Tanaka Megumu , Igarashi Kyoko , Toriyama Yuichi , Kawate Hisaka , Adams Ralf H. , Kawakami Hayato , Mochizuki Naoki , Martínez Alfredo , Shindo Takayuki
Published: January 2013

Background—

Revealing the mechanisms underlying the functional integrity of the vascular system could make available novel therapeutic approaches. We previously showed that knocking out the widely expressed peptide adrenomedullin (AM) or receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2), an AM-receptor accessory protein, causes vascular abnormalities and is embryonically lethal. Our aim was to investigate the function of the vascular AM-RAMP2 system directly.

Methods and Results—

We generated endothelial cell–specific RAMP2 and AM knockout mice (E-RAMP2
−/−
and E-AM
−/−
). Most E-RAMP2
−/−
mice died perinatally. In surviving adults, vasculitis occurred spontaneously. With aging, E-RAMP2
−/−
mice showed severe organ fibrosis with marked oxidative stress and accelerated vascular senescence. Later, liver cirrhosis, cardiac fibrosis, and hydronephrosis developed. We next used a line of drug-inducible E-RAMP2
−/−
mice (DI-E-RAMP2
−/−
) to induce RAMP2 deletion in adults, which enabled us to analyze the initial causes of the aforementioned vascular and organ damage. Early after the induction, pronounced edema with enhanced vascular leakage occurred. In vitro analysis revealed the vascular leakage to be caused by actin disarrangement and detachment of endothelial cells. We found that the AM-RAMP2 system regulates the Rac1-GTP/RhoA-GTP ratio and cortical actin formation and that a defect in this system causes the disruption of actin formation, leading to vascular and organ damage at the chronic stage after the gene deletion.

Conclusions—

Our findings show that the AM-RAMP2 system is a key determinant of vascular integrity and homeostasis from prenatal stages through adulthood. Furthermore, our models demonstrate how endothelial cells regulate vascular integrity and how their dysregulation leads to organ damage.
Variation Exists in Rates of Admission to Intensive Care Units for Heart Failure Patients Across Hospitals in the United States
Authors: Safavi Kyan C. , Dharmarajan Kumar , Kim Nancy , Strait Kelly M. , Li Shu-Xia , Chen Serene I. , Lagu Tara , Krumholz Harlan M.
Published: January 2013

Background—

Despite increasing attention on reducing relatively costly hospital practices while maintaining the quality of care, few studies have examined how hospitals use the intensive care unit (ICU), a high-cost setting, for patients admitted with heart failure (HF). We characterized hospital patterns of ICU admission for patients with HF and determined their association with the use of ICU-level therapies and patient outcomes.

Methods and Results—

We identified 166 224 HF discharges from 341 hospitals in the 2009–2010 Premier Perspective database. We excluded hospitals with <25 HF admissions, patients <18 years old, and transfers. We defined ICU as including medical ICU, coronary ICU, and surgical ICU. We calculated the percent of patients admitted directly to an ICU. We compared hospitals in the top quartile (high ICU admission) with the remaining quartiles. The median percentage of ICU admission was 10% (interquartile range, 6%–16%; range, 0%–88%). In top-quartile hospitals, treatments requiring an ICU were used less often; the percentage of ICU days receiving mechanical ventilation was 6% for the top quartile versus 15% for the others; noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, 8% versus 19%; vasopressors and/or inotropes, 9% versus 16%; vasodilators, 6% versus 12%; and any of these interventions, 26% versus 51%. Overall HF in-hospital risk-standardized mortality was similar (3.4% versus 3.5%;
P
=0.2).

Conclusions—

ICU admission rates for HF varied markedly across hospitals and lacked association with in-hospital risk-standardized mortality. Greater ICU use correlated with fewer patients receiving ICU interventions. Judicious ICU use could reduce resource consumption without diminishing patient outcomes.
Special Problems for the Elderly Psychoanalyst in the Psychoanalytic Process
Authors: Chessick Richard D.
Published: January 2013

The psychoanalytic process takes on a special ambience when the analyst is clearly elderly. The effects of this ambience on the the aging analyst’s patients are discussed, and the sparse literature on the subject is reviewed. Clinical vignettes illustrate a number of these effects on the analytic process. Dealing with these special problems requires not only the analyst’s awareness of their existence but a continual monitoring of the transference-countertransference in order to avoid a silent collusion of patient and analyst to pretend these problems do not exist. The dangerous consequences of being unaware of the situation, for both patient and analyst, are discussed. If the influence of the patient’s perception of the analyst’s aging is ignored, it may lead to destruction of the treatment either through massive acting out or by a hopeless stalemate with or without the development of an endless psychoanalysis.
Ideas, identities and internalization: Explaining securitizing moves
Authors: Sjöstedt Roxanna
Published: January 2013

Why do some events take precedence over others in terms of being viewed as security issues? This article argues that in order to answer this question it is necessary to move beyond the assumption that threat images are self-evident. Rather, a distinction should be made between the contextual conditions that may lay the foundation for a threat image and the subjective problem formulation by actors. In addition, in order to analyze how, why, and when an actor constructs a threat image and initiates a so-called securitization process, a broad conceptual and analytical framework should be employed. This article suggests a framework that incorporates ideas and identity at the international and domestic levels, and the internalization processes of the central decision-making unit performing the securitization. The article argues that while the diffusion of ideas by entrepreneurs forms an important basis for the threat constructions of national decision-makers, it is necessary to take the role of national and domestic identities into account in order to explain why some idea diffusion processes succeed while other do not. Identity serves as a catalyst or gate-keeper of idea diffusion. The internalization of the decision-making unit, finally, is a central mechanism that highlights the process between the explanatory factors and the outcome (securitization). By including these three concepts into the analysis, this article takes a holistic approach that can be employed to analyze different kinds of actor-based and non-actor-based threat images.
Hazard rate determinants of efficient and successful crisis management: An event history analysis of foreign policy crises, 1918-2007
Authors: He Kai
Published: January 2013

How and why do some foreign policy crises end successfully and efficiently, but others do not? Do democracies deal better than non-democracies with foreign policy crises? Focusing on both the outcome and the duration of foreign policy crises, this article employs event history (survival) analysis to model and test three models of foreign policy crisis derived from realist, liberal, and constructivist theories and the level-of-analysis framework. The dataset in this article is drawn from the International Crisis Behavior Project, 1918–2007. The analysis indicates that democracies are more likely to solve a foreign policy crisis successfully and efficiently than non-democracies. While the involvement of international organization during a crisis has a negative effect on a state’s goal of ‘winning’ a crisis more quickly, the increasing power of a rival also hinders and prolongs the achievement of success in a crisis. Finally, the more violence a state uses during a crisis, the more difficult it is for this state to solve the crisis in a timely manner.
A critical review of the effectiveness of ‘teach-back’ technique in teaching COPD patients self-management using respiratory inhalers
Authors: Dantic Dennis Emralino
Published: January 2013

Objective:

To examine and discuss the evidence base behind the effectiveness of the ‘teach-back’ technique as an educational intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient self-management using respiratory inhalers.

Design:

A systematic literature review

Method:

A search was conducted through Medline, CINAHL Embase, Cochrane Library Databases and reference lists to obtain publications reporting on the ‘teach-back’ technique as an educational intervention for teaching COPD patients to use a respiratory inhaler.

Results:

There were nine studies selected that met the criteria for inclusion in this review. The articles provided strong and valid evidence in the conversion of incorrect to correct inhaler use after using the ‘teach-back’ technique among COPD patients. Most of the studies showed a statistically significant increase in the proportion of correct inhaler use.

Conclusion:

The result of this review has research and routine clinical practice implications. Further research examining the long-term benefits of the ‘teach-back’ technique and correct use of inhalers is recommended. In clinical practice, it provides an alternative and effective patient education strategy for COPD patient self-management using respiratory inhalers.
Nutrition beliefs of disadvantaged parents of overweight children
Authors: Pescud Melanie , Pettigrew Simone , Henley Nadine
Published: January 2013

Objective:

To explore low socioeconomic parents’ beliefs in relation to children’s nutrition.

Design:

A qualitative, longitudinal study over 12 months involving 37 low socioeconomic parents.

Setting:

Perth, Western Australia.

Method:

Parents’ nutrition-related beliefs were explored via interviews, focus groups and self-introspections. All parents participating in the study had at least one overweight or obese child aged five to nine years.

Results:

Seven beliefs that are inconsistent with the recommendations in the nutrition literature were common among the study participants: (1) treats are appropriate for daily consumption; (2) food rewards are appropriate for encouraging good behaviour; (3) overweight children will outgrow their weight problems; (4) it is appropriate for children to regularly eat in front of the television; (5) if children do not get the food they want they will refuse to eat so it is appropriate to give them any food they will eat; (6) it can be difficult to get children to eat breakfast so it is appropriate to give them any food they will eat; and (7) serving cordial is an appropriate way to encourage children to drink more fluids.

Conclusion:

The suboptimal beliefs that were identified among these low SES parents are likely to be contributing to their children’s overweight status and thus are in need of attention in child obesity interventions in general and parent education programmes in particular.
Promoting physical activity through student life and academics
Authors: McDaniel Tyler , Melton Bridget F , Langdon Jody
Published: January 2013

Objective:

A physical activity passport (PAP) was developed to increase student’s physical activity through the collaboration of student life and academics. The purpose was to measure the effectiveness of the PAP.

Design:

The research design used was a quantitative, descriptive, quasi-experimental design with experimental and control groups.

Setting:

This study investigated a mid-sized southeastern university in the USA.

Method:

Two hundred and seventy-eight undergraduates (159 females, 116 males) sampled from 12 physical activity courses participated (109 freshmen, 71 sophomores, 53 juniors and 42 seniors). There were 144 in the PAP group and 134 in the non-PAP group. Participants filled out the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) as well as a demographic questionnaire.

Results:

The results showed that those who participated in the PAP attended more than four times as many group fitness classes than did those who did not participate in the PAP. Furthermore, distinctive differences were found among students that might aid in future programming.

Conclusion:

Although results refuted the hypotheses, there were several future implications that could be drawn, most significantly the connection to future research involving self-determination theory.
Aspirin risks in perspective: A comparison against marathon running
Authors: Morgan Gareth
Published: January 2013

Aspirin has public health potential to reduce the risk of ischaemic vascular events and sporadic cancer. One objection to the wider use of aspirin for primary prevention, however, is the undesirable effects of the medicine, which include increasing risk of bleeding and haemorrhagic stroke. Marathons also carry risks of serious events such as cardiac arrests and sudden death. Based on epidemiological estimates, a person running a marathon might be 20 to 100 times more likely to end up in hospital than a person who is taking an aspirin tablet. Yet the cumulative risk of daily aspirin use for primary prophylaxis may be important. One option open to middle-aged individuals who want to take aspirin is to start with an infrequent regime, such as once per week, in order to then build to daily use. It is important to get all concerns into perspective and comparisons can offer a challenge to any excessive risk aversion regarding the public health potential of aspirin.
Transfer of teaching styles: Teaching social work in Iraqi Kurdistan as a Swede
Authors: Liedgren Pernilla
Published: January 2013

From time to time universities in the Global North teach social work in the Global South. This article describes and discusses pedagogical aspects of such projects, focusing on teaching styles and strategies developed. Nine interviews with Swedish teachers with experience of teaching in Iraqi Kurdistan were conducted. The teachers had different methods of mastering the teaching situations and three major styles were identified, referred to in this article as guide, therapeutic and Socratic.
Developing a culturally relevant adoption model in South Africa: The way forward
Authors: Gerrand Priscilla A. , Nathane-Taulela Motlalepule
Published: January 2013

Despite the efforts made in South Africa to develop an adoption model relevant to local conditions, national adoption rates are low. In order to ensure that children eligible for adoption are not unnecessarily uprooted from their ethnic, religious and cultural origins, efforts made to indigenize the adoption model require further attention. Adoption policy and practice has to be culturally sensitive, that is, based on patterns and processes of family formation of the majority population group, namely black African citizens, to be successful.
Workfare versus reconceptualizing work: Rethinking social security reform for lone mothers in Hong Kong
Authors: Leung Lai-ching , Chan Kam-wah
Published: January 2013

Workfare has become a dominant social welfare approach in dealing with unemployment in various cities around the world. Recent social security reforms for lone mothers on benefits in Hong Kong are examples of the application of workfare in practice. This article argues that workfare strategy based on an outdated industrial-productivist conception of work contributes to the marginalization and undervaluation of work performed by disadvantaged groups. A reconceptualization of work will help to open up new alternatives in social work practice.
Applying the Epstein Model to Investigate Parent Involvement in Public Primary Schools in Kenya
Authors: Kimu AM , Steyn GM
Published: January 2013

Parent involvement in Kenya has mainly been limited to making financial contributions and serving on mandated school-parent bodies. Given the dire need to improve the quality of education, it is important to understand the role of parents in the provision of education. A qualitative research design explored the implementation of this model in primary schools in the Embu West District in Kenya. The findings revealed that limited parent involvement was a result of free primary education (FPE); the lack of a policy on parent involvement; the illiteracy of parents; parents’ work commitments; lack of confidence in some parents; time constraints; the gendered nature of parent involvement; and the lack of parenting skills.
Functional Connectivity of Human Chewing
Authors: Quintero A. , Ichesco E. , Schutt R. , Myers C. , Peltier S. , Gerstner G.E.
Published: January 2013

Mastication is one of the most important orofacial functions. The neurobiological mechanisms of masticatory control have been investigated in animal models, but less so in humans. This project used functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) to assess the positive temporal correlations among activated brain areas during a gum-chewing task. Twenty-nine healthy young-adults underwent an fcMRI scanning protocol while they chewed gum. Seed-based fcMRI analyses were performed with the motor cortex and cerebellum as regions of interest. Both left and right motor cortices were reciprocally functionally connected and functionally connected with the post-central gyrus, cerebellum, cingulate cortex, and precuneus. The cerebellar seeds showed functional connections with the contralateral cerebellar hemispheres, bilateral sensorimotor cortices, left superior temporal gyrus, and left cingulate cortex. These results are the first to identify functional central networks engaged during mastication.
Periodontal Pathogen Accelerates Lipid Peroxidation and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Jia R. , Kurita-Ochiai T. , Oguchi S. , Yamamoto M.
Published: January 2013

Recent studies have shown an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. We previously reported that intravenous challenge with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ( Aa) accelerated atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient spontaneously hyperlipidemic (Apoeshl) mice. In this study, we investigated whether live cells were required for atherosclerosis induction or whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone was sufficient to increase atherosclerotic damage. Mice were injected intravenously with live Aa HK1651, heat-killed (H.K.) Aa, or Aa LPS 3 times a week for 3 weeks and were sacrificed at 15 weeks of age. The areas of the aortic sinus that were covered with atherosclerotic plaques were significantly larger in mice treated with live Aa, H.K. Aa, or Aa LPS compared with vehicle-challenged mice. The order of the extent of atherosclerosis was live Aa > H.K. Aa > Aa LPS > sham. Toll and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor mRNA expression significantly increased in the live Aa, H.K. Aa, and Aa LPS treatment groups. Aa challenge markedly promoted the oxidation of LDL through oxidative stress involving NADPH oxidase- and myeloperoxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. These results suggested that Aa promoted innate immune signaling and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and may facilitate atheroma development.
Novel KLK4 and MMP20 Mutations Discovered by Whole-exome Sequencing
Authors: Wang S.-K. , Hu Y. , Simmer J.P. , Seymen F. , Estrella N.M.R.P. , Pal S. , Reid B.M. , Yildirim M. , Bayram M. , Bartlett J.D. , Hu J.C.-C.
Published: January 2013

Non-syndromic amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a collection of isolated inherited enamel malformations that follow X-linked, autosomal-dominant, or autosomal-recessive patterns of inheritance. The AI phenotype is also found in syndromes. We hypothesized that whole-exome sequencing of AI probands showing simplex or recessive patterns of inheritance would identify causative mutations among the known candidate genes for AI. DNA samples obtained from 12 unrelated probands with AI were analyzed. Disease-causing mutations were identified in three of the probands: a novel single-nucleotide deletion in both KLK4 alleles (g.6930delG; c.245delG; p.Gly82Alafs*87) that shifted the reading frame, a novel missense transition mutation in both MMP20 alleles (g.15390A>G; c.611A>G; p.His204Arg) that substituted arginine for an invariant histidine known to coordinate a structural zinc ion, and a previously described nonsense transition mutation in a single allele of FAM83H (c.1379G>A; g.5663G>A; p.W460*). Erupted molars and cross-sections from unerupted parts of the mandibular incisors of Mmp20 null mice were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Their enamel malformations closely correlated with the enamel defects displayed by the proband with the MMP20 mutation. We conclude that whole-exome sequencing is an effective means of identifying disease-causing mutations in kindreds with AI, and this technique should prove clinically useful for this purpose.
Land Use Regulations, Compliance and Land Markets in Argentina
Authors: Monkkonen Paavo , Ronconi Lucas
Published: January 2013

Empirical evidence on the impact of stringent land use regulations on the price of land and housing in urban areas is growing, yet most research has been carried out in countries where ordinances are enforced. If enforcement is lax, the ultimate impact of strict rules on land and housing prices is unclear. Lower levels of compliance with rules can result in negative externalities and thereby exert downward pressure on the price of formal land. This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between land use regulations, compliance and land prices in the three major metropolitan areas of Argentina, the country with the most stringent land use and urban development regulations in Latin America, using an original dataset gathered from parcel- and municipal-level surveys. Results show that municipalities with higher levels of regulation have lower rates of compliance with property laws, and lots selling legally in these municipalities have lower land prices.
Class Categories and Marriage Patterns in Rural China in the Mao Era
Authors: Zhang Weiguo
Published: January 2013

This article investigates how political categories of class influenced mate selection and marriage practices in rural China in the Mao era. Based on qualitative and quantitative data collected in thirty villages in three counties in Hebei in summer 2005, it examines class endogamy/heterogamy; class, patriarchy, and gender; and class differentials in marriage practices. The main findings include the following: (a) Though marriages were formed predominantly within the same class category, cross-class marriages did occur, but marriages between opposite class categories were less likely during the Cultural Revolution than during the pre– and post–Cultural Revolution periods. (b) Women did not invariably marry up or within the class categories under the context of the class hierarchy and patrilineal inheritance of class labels. Women were likely to marry down the political ladder when they gained economically from marriage, or when they achieved some freedom and independence within the family sphere by not living with in-laws upon marriage. (c) Sons, not daughters, of landlords or rich peasants, if they got married, did so at an older age, with larger spousal age gaps; middle and upper middle peasants could better finance their children’s marriages in terms of bride prices and dowries; and the children of landlords and rich peasants did not tend to marry someone from a long distance away.
“The Beginning of a World Empire”? Contesting the Discourse of Chinese Copper Mining in Zambia
Authors: Hairong Yan , Sautman Barry
Published: January 2013

A discourse fostered by Western politicians and media of Chinese copper mining in Zambia has been central to global discussions of China-in-Africa since the mid-2000s. Based in the West’s putative strategic rivalry with China, the discourse also invokes racial stereotypes about Chinese cruelty and disregard for human life. Focusing on Human Rights Watch’s 2011 attempt to prove China’s firms to be Zambian copper mining’s “worst employers,” we show that the discourse is highly inaccurate: methodological mistakes compound elementary empirical errors, even as the politics of the discourse serve up a synecdoche for the global rise of a monolithic China.
Organizational Decline and Turnaround
Authors: Trahms Cheryl A. , Ndofor Hermann Achidi , Sirmon David G.
Published: January 2013

In the 20 years since the last review on organizational decline and turnaround, the scope of turnaround research has expanded dramatically; however, research on this phenomenon remains empirically and theoretically fragmented. Recent research has incorporated managerial cognition, strategic leadership, and stakeholder management and has identified simultaneous and complex resource-based actions beyond the two-stage model developed in the last review by Pearce and Robbins two decades ago. Thus, herein we build from Pearce and Robbins’ review by cataloguing the past 20 years of empirical evidence related to turnaround, developing a descriptive model of organizational decline and turnaround, and concluding with a theory-based research agenda for organizational decline and turnaround. In doing so, this article summarizes what we know about organizational decline and turnaround, and proposes what we need to study, while providing a theoretical road map to guide this future research.
“What’s Wrong With That?” Legitimating and Contesting Gender Inequality
Authors: Hastie Brianne , Cosh Suzanne
Published: January 2013

While there are generally strong cultural norms against discrimination based on individual characteristics, there is a dearth of research on exactly how people understand a particular act to be an instance of (non)discrimination. This research examines 285 online posts discussing differential pricing of health insurance by gender to see how this is constructed, and disputed, as an instance of discrimination. Arguments legitimating differential pricing are based on statistical rhetoric and the invocation of a norm of differential pricing across insurance contexts. These arguments are contested by undermining the constructions of “risk” that statistics are based on, and disputing equivalence of insurance contexts. These findings suggest that straightforward claims about what is and what is not discrimination are difficult to make in practice. Highlighting the various ways that gender differentiated treatment can be legitimated and contested provides insight into the ways in which inequality is maintained and resisted within everyday situations.
Fatal Wedelia glauca Intoxication in Calves Following Natural Exposure
Authors: Giannitti F. , Margineda C. A. , Cid M. S. , Montobbio C. , Soteras C. I. , Caffarena R. D. , Diab S. S.
Published: January 2013

A group of 342 beef calves, corralled in the Patagonia region of Argentina, were fed alfalfa hay that had been inadvertently contaminated with Wedelia glauca. A total of 147 (43%) calves died within 4 days. Pathologic findings in 2 calves were diffuse centrilobular hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage with edema in the gallbladder, common bile duct, and choledochoduodenal junction. Epidermal fragments of W. glauca were identified in rumen contents by microscopy. Intact W. glauca plants and leaf fragments were found in the hay. Patches of defoliated W. glauca were also identified in the alfalfa pasture from which the hay had been baled.
Spontaneous Histologic Lesions of the Adult Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
Authors: Delaney M. A. , Nagy L. , Kinsel M. J. , Treuting P. M.
Published: January 2013

Naked mole rats (NMRs; Heterocephalus glaber) are highly adapted, subterranean, eusocial rodents from semiarid regions of the eastern horn of Africa and the longest-living rodent known with a maximum life span of up to 30 years. They are a unique model for aging research due to their physiology, extreme longevity, and, when compared to mice and rats, resistance to cancer. Published surveys of disease in NMRs are sparse. Captive colonies in zoological collections provide an opportunity to monitor spontaneous disease over time in a seminatural environment. This retrospective study describes common lesions of a zoo population over a 15-year period during which 138 adult NMRs were submitted for gross and histologic evaluation. Of these, 61 (44.2%) were male, 77 (55.8%) female, 45 (32.6%) died, and 93 (67.4%) were euthanized. The most frequent cause of death or reason for euthanasia was conspecific trauma (bite wounds) and secondary complications. Some common histologic lesions and their prevalence were renal tubular mineralization (82.6%), hepatic hemosiderosis (64.5%), bite wounds (63.8%), chronic progressive nephropathy (52.9%), and calcinosis cutis (10.1%). In sum, 104 (75.4%) NMRs had more than one of the most prevalent histologic lesions. No malignant neoplasms were noted; however, there was a case of renal tubular adenomatous hyperplasia with nuclear atypia and compression that in rats is considered a preneoplastic lesion. This retrospective study confirms the NMR’s relative resistance to cancer in spite of development of other degenerative diseases and highlights the utility of zoological databases for baseline pathological data on nontraditional animal models.
Rehabilitating Criminal Selves
Authors: Wyse Jessica J. B.
Published: January 2013

As the community corrections system has moved away from a focus on rehabilitation, it has been suggested that criminal offenders are no longer understood psychologically, but rather as rational actors for whom criminality is a choice. Rehabilitative efforts thus aim to guide these choices. Utilizing mixed methodology that draws on observational, interview, and case note data collected within the probation/parole system of a western U.S. state, I suggest that both officers’ conceptualizations of the criminal self and the rehabilitative strategies they use are gendered. I find that officers view the male criminal self as flawed or underdeveloped and the female as permeable and amorphous, that is, lacking firm boundaries. In response to these constructions, officers aim to rehabilitate men largely by encouraging economic roles and responsibilities, while for women, rehabilitation aims to solidify boundaries: discouraging relationship formation and containing emotions. The differences identified point to ways in which gendered concepts of the criminal self contribute to gender disparities in contemporary supervision.
Is Nepotism Good or Bad? Types of Nepotism and Implications for Knowledge Management
Authors: Jaskiewicz Peter , Uhlenbruck Klaus , Balkin David B. , Reay Trish
Published: January 2013

In contrast to the literature that portrays nepotism as generally problematic, we develop a conceptual model to explain why some family firms benefit from nepotism while others do not. We distinguish two types of nepotism based on how nepots are chosen. We elaborate the differences between entitlement nepotism and reciprocal nepotism. We propose that reciprocal (vs. entitlement) nepotism is associated with three family conditions that indicate generalized (vs. restricted) social exchange relationships between family members. We also suggest that generalized social exchanges are valuable to firms because they facilitate tacit knowledge management that can lead to competitive advantage.
Managing Branding and Legitimacy
Authors: Liu Gordon , Eng Teck-Yong , Sekhon Yasmin Kaur
Published: January 2013

Nonprofit organizations operate charity retail shops to raise the necessary funds to enable them to carry out their primary charitable purpose. This research conducts six case studies in the charity retail sector to develop the charity retail branding strategy decision pathway to link (a) “why” nonprofit senior managers choose different types of charity retail branding strategy and (b) “how” they conduct legitimation strategies accordingly to attain brand legitimacy. In the course of developing our argument, this research extends the theory of brand architecture and brand legitimacy by articulating their application in third sector retailing practice. These findings will also be useful for senior managers when making branding decisions and designing legitimation strategies to attain brand legitimacy.
Helicopter fuselage aerodynamic data fitting using multivariate smoothing thin plate splines
Authors: Venturelli Giovanni , Ponza Rita , Benini Ernesto
Published: January 2013

Smoothing thin plate splines, a nonparametric statistical technique for multivariate data fitting, were investigated to predict the aerodynamic performance (output variables) of a generic 3D helicopter fuselage as functions of the pitch angle and of some geometric parameters describing their shape (input variables). In order for the smoothing thin plate splines to be properly applied, a database needed to be constructed containing pairs of input–output variables. To this purpose, a sample helicopter fuselage was chosen and 14 variants were generated modifying the geometric parameters; then, the pertinent lift, drag and pitching moment coefficients were obtained via computational fluid dynamics. The smoothing thin plate splines model was built excluding from the database one fuselage at a time and was then used to determine the aerodynamic performance of the left out configuration: finally, the obtained results were compared with those coming from direct computational fluid dynamics simulations over the same fuselage. The prediction capability of the smoothing thin plate splines models has been confirmed for all the analyzed fuselage geometries.
Low observability trajectory planning for stealth aircraft to evade radars tracking
Authors: Liu Hongfu , Chen Jing , Shen Lincheng , Chen Shaofei
Published: January 2013

The stealth aircraft, studied in this article, plans a low observability trajectory to evade radars tracking, considering probability of detection and system constraints. An elaborate framework of planning low observability trajectory, which integrated the models of the stealth aircraft and radars, the theory of multi-phase optimal control and the algorithms of adaptive pseudospectral method, is presented in this article. The constraints and temporal features of low observability trajectory are modeled. The optimal objectives of the flight time, the total fuel consumption, and stealth are defined and synthesized. The trajectory planning problem then was formulated as a multi-objective multi-phase optimal control problem, which can availably grasp the radar tracking features to ensure safety in the whole flight process. A hybrid heuristic adaptive pseudospectral method is developed to solve the trajectory planning problem. The novel algorithm integrates prior knowledge, error estimate and solution regularity for adaptive strategy, which improves computational efficiency and convergence speed. The results of experiments show that the proposed method is feasible and the radar tracking features are effectively utilized to optimize the comprehensive efficiency of penetration.
Design and fabrication of a sleep apnea device using computer-aided design/additive manufacture technologies
Authors: Al Mortadi Noor , Eggbeer Dominic , Lewis Jeffrey , Williams Robert J
Published: January 2013

The aim of this study was to analyze the latest innovations in additive manufacture techniques and uniquely apply them to dentistry, to build a sleep apnea device requiring rotating hinges. Laser scanning was used to capture the three-dimensional topography of an upper and lower dental cast. The data sets were imported into an appropriate computer-aided design software environment, which was used to design a sleep apnea device. This design was then exported as a stereolithography file and transferred for three-dimensional printing by an additive manufacture machine. The results not only revealed that the novel computer-based technique presented provides new design opportunities but also highlighted limitations that must be addressed before the techniques can become clinically viable.
One Way and the Other
Authors: Schneider Iris K. , Eerland Anita , van Harreveld Frenk , Rotteveel Mark , van der Pligt Joop , van der Stoep Nathan , Zwaan Rolf A.
Published: January 2013

Prior research exploring the relationship between evaluations and body movements has focused on one-sided evaluations. However, people regularly encounter objects or situations about which they simultaneously hold both positive and negative views, which results in the experience of ambivalence. Such experiences are often described in physical terms: For example, people say they are “wavering” between two sides of an issue or are “torn.” Building on this observation, we designed two studies to explore the relationship between the experience of ambivalence and side-to-side movement, or wavering. In Study 1, we used a Wii Balance Board to measure movement and found that people who are experiencing ambivalence move from side to side more than people who are not experiencing ambivalence. In Study 2, we induced body movement to explore the reverse relationship and found that when people are made to move from side to side, their experiences of ambivalence are enhanced.
The Effect of Parasocial Interaction on Intention to Register as Organ Donors Through Entertainment-Education Programs in Korea
Authors: Jeong Hyeonju , Park Hyun Soon
Published: January 2013

This study is based on the theory of reasoned action and self-efficacy, and it examines the mediating role of attitude, subjective norm, and self-efficacy between parasocial interaction and the intention to donate organs. Judgment sampling was used and 329 respondents were participated in the survey. Participants consisted of 102 males (30.9%) and 227 females (69.1%), and their ages ranged from 13 to 77 years. The Cronbach’s α for each scale was .81 for parasocial interaction scale ( M = 3.01, SD = 0.55), .89 for attitude scale ( M = 4.28, SD = 0.55), .89 for subjective norm ( M = 4.28, SD = 0.55), and .76 for self-efficacy ( M = 3.31, SD = 0.89). The level of parasocial interaction was found to be significantly associated with attitude and subjective norms that predicted intention to register as organ donors. Although the mediating effect of self-efficacy between parasocial interaction and intention has been proven, self-efficacy showed a conflicting result in the process of model testing in that the level of parasocial interaction affected the degree of subjective norms, which in turn influenced intention by enhancing self-efficacy. The results indicate that parasocial interaction has an indirect effect on intention to register as organ donors through attitude and subjective norms. It is expected that this finding contributes to developing a number of strategies to encourage people’s intention to register as organ donors.
The Quality of Life and Mortality Risk of Elderly People in Rural China
Authors: Liu Huijun , Xiao Qunying , Cai Yanzhi , Li Shuzhuo
Published: January 2013

The number of elderly in China’s population is projected to grow well beyond the capacity of the nation’s social security system. Meanwhile, family care is being challenged by a decline in fertility and an increase in migration from rural to urban areas. This article examines the short-term, mid-term, and long-term effects of family support on elderly well-being in rural China, using 4-wave panel data on 1456 persons aged 60 and older in the Chaohu region of China. Findings showed that compared with living alone, being coresident with others lowered the mortality risk of several chronic diseases, but being coresident with adult children increased the mortality risk of cardiovascular diseases, though it was associated with a higher quality of life in the short and middle terms. Children’s educational attainment and financial support increased the quality of life except for an increased risk of new incidence of cardiovascular disease in the middle term.
Realizing Internationalization at Home in Korean Higher Education
Authors: Jon Jae-Eun
Published: January 2013

Increased international student mobility worldwide necessitates studying its impact on students, particularly for domestic students who have been neglected in research but who are greater in number than mobile students. It is also important that higher education institutions facilitate domestic students’ relationships with international students and promote their international education. Using mixed methods, this study examined the effect of institutional intervention to promote domestic students’ interaction with international students and its impact on intercultural competence in Korean higher education. The results of a path analysis showed that campus programs involving Korean and international students had a positive and direct effect on Korean students’ interaction with international students, and a positive and indirect effect on their intercultural competence. Interview findings also revealed that Korean students’ interactions with international students enabled their meaningful intercultural experience and influenced their future educational and career decisions. Implications of this study for higher education internationalization efforts, the contact hypothesis, and the larger host society are discussed.
The Rhetoric of Study Abroad
Authors: Bishop Sarah C.
Published: January 2013

This analysis examines the preparatory and reflective online rhetoric available to potential and past academic travelers at the university level. Utilizing Martin Heidegger’s (1977) notion of the ways in which technological processes “enframe” human experiences, the article scrutinizes the visual and verbal rhetoric found on the websites of the three U.S. universities that sent the most students abroad during the 2009-2010 school year. The analysis provides a critical look at the websites’ (over)emphasis on “firsthand” cultural immersion, promises for transformative experiences, tendencies for suggesting cultural homogeny, and dichotomies in depictions of skin color. Moreover, the analysis observes the ways in which program administrators perpetuate a specific experience by encouraging study abroad alumni to provide particular types of testimonials to be uploaded to the website (a practice often complicated by prize offers). Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Student Evaluation of University Image Attractiveness and Its Impact on Student Attachment to International Branch Campuses
Authors: Wilkins Stephen , Huisman Jeroen
Published: January 2013

In many countries and regions around the world international students now weigh up the potential advantages and disadvantages of undertaking their higher education at an international branch campus rather than at a home campus located in a traditional destination such as the United States or United Kingdom. The aim of the research is to identify the criteria used by prospective students to evaluate the images they hold of international branch campuses and to investigate the impact of these assessments on students’ attachment to institutions. The study involved 407 students studying at nine international schools in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It was found that information and opinions gained through personal relationships and the media explained over half of the variability in the attachment/membership intentions of prospective students. It was also discovered that students evaluate international branch campuses using information related to both the local branch and the home campus. The implications of the findings for international branch campuses are discussed.
Prevalence of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Their Influence on Nutritional State and Performance Status in Patients With Different Primary Tumors Receiving Palliative Care
Authors: Bovio Giacomo , Fonte Maria Luisa , Baiardi Paola
Published: January 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms, nutritional balance, and performance status in patients receiving palliative care for advanced cancers originating in different sites. We studied a total of 105 patients. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status score (ECOG-PS), dietary intakes, anthropometric measures, and some serum proteins were determined. Unintentional weight loss, alterations in anthropometric measures, and highest number of symptoms were greater in patients with lung and stomach cancer. No differences were found in ECOG-PS according to cancer site. Patients with gastric or lung cancer have most evidence of protein-calorie malnutrition and a higher prevalence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. The performance status is not affected by tumor site. Early nutritional support should be planned for all patients with cancer, especially for patients with gastric or lung cancer.
Learning-Related Behaviors
Authors: Weiss Stacy L.
Published: January 2013

Supplemental small group reading instruction is frequently provided in the general education setting to struggling students at elementary schools that use response to intervention frameworks. Although building reading proficiency is the main focus of the intervention, students’ learning-related behaviors should also be addressed to improve their engagement and participation. These learning-related behaviors include staying on-task, following directions, persisting when an activity becomes difficult, and working independently. This article describes five evidence-based strategies that can be used with students who participate in small groups for reading instruction and also struggle with learning-related behaviors. The five strategies include (a) teaching small group rules explicitly, (b) providing multiple opportunities to respond through choral responding and response cards, (c) using high-probability requests, (d) training students to self-monitor attention, and (e) praising appropriate behaviors. Specific examples for implementation and suggestions for evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions are provided.
Recent Legal Developments of Interest to Special Educators
Authors: Zirkel Perry A.
Published: January 2013

An overview is provided of five recent legal developments that merit special attention of special educators: (a) the amended Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) regulations concerning parental consent, including subsequent agency interpretations concerning their practical application; (b) the IDEIA provisions and resulting state laws and implementation issues for response to intervention; (c) the IDEIA provision for basing the individualized education program statement of special education on peer-reviewed research to the extent practicable and subsequent case law applying this provision; (d) the case law on behalf of students with autism spectrum disorder, including the issues of eligibility and free appropriate public education or least restrictive environment; and (e) the IDEIA revisions concerning discipline, with special attention to suspensions/expulsions, disproportionality, and the corresponding Section 504 requirements.
Learning in Crisis
Authors: Antonacopoulou Elena P. , Sheaffer Zachary
Published: January 2013

This article introduces the concept of learning in crisis (LiC) as a new mode of learning especially in turbulent times. Drawing on a theoretical integration of the organizational learning and crisis management literatures, LiC challenges the basic assumptions that inform hitherto analyses of learning in relation to crisis-beset organizations. LiC promotes the importance of practising and provides a basis for rethinking the way learning is associated with organizational failure and crisis thus, revealing a range of additional questions that could inform both scholarship and business practice in crisis management and organizational learning.