bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis, total synthesis, structural modifications, bioactivity, and mechanism of action of the quinone‐methide triterpenoid celastrol
Authors: Lu Yun , Liu Yuan , Zhou Jiawei , Li Dan , Gao Wei
Published: November 2020

Celastrol, a quinone‐methide triterpenoid, was extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. in 1936 for the first time. Almost 70 years later, it is considered one of the molecules most likely to be developed into modern drugs, as it exhibits notable bioactivity, including anticancer and anti‐inflammatory activity, and exerts antiobesity effects. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying its bioactivity are being widely studied, which offers new avenues for its development as a pharmaceutical reagent. Owing to its potential therapeutic effects and unique chemical structure, celastrol has attracted considerable interest in the fields of organic, biosynthesis, and medicinal chemistry. As several steps in the biosynthesis of celastrol have been revealed, the mechanisms of key enzymes catalyzing the formation and postmodifications of the celastrol scaffold have been gradually elucidated, which lays a good foundation for the future heterogeneous biosynthesis of celastrol. Chemical synthesis is also an effective approach to obtain celastrol. The total synthesis of celastrol was realized for the first time in 2015, which established a new strategy to obtain celastroid natural products. However, owing to the toxic effects and suboptimal pharmacological properties of celastrol, its clinical applications remain limited. To search for drug‐like derivatives, several structurally modified compounds were synthesized and tested. This review focuses primarily on the latest research progress in the biosynthesis, total synthesis, structural modifications, bioactivity, and mechanism of action of celastrol. We anticipate that this paper will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of this promising compound and provide constructive references for future research in this field.
Extremal values of vertex‐degree‐based topological indices of coronoid systems
Authors: Cruz Roberto , Santamaría‐Galvis Andrés David , Rada Juan
Published: November 2020

A vertex‐degree‐based (VDB for short) topological index φ induced by the numbers {φi,j}, is defined for a graph G with n vertices as
urn:x-wiley:00207608:media:qua26536:qua26536-math-0001
where mi,j is the number of edges in G joining vertices of degree i and j. Our main concern is to study VDB topological indices over important classes of coronoid systems. Recall that a coronoid system is a natural representation of a coronoid hydrocarbon and can be defined as a benzenoid‐like system with a hole. In this paper we determine the extremal values of a VDB topological index φ over the set of primitive coronoid systems, the set of catacondensed coronoid systems, and the set of circumscribed coronoid systems.
Soil quality indices as affected by long‐term burning, irrigation, tillage, and fertility management
Authors: Amorim Helen C. S. , Ashworth Amanda J. , Brye Kristofor R. , Wienhold Brian J. , Savin Mary C. , Owens Phillip R. , Silva Sergio H. G.
Published: November 2020

Understanding the impacts of long‐term agricultural practices on soil quality (SQ) is key for sustaining agroecosystem productivity. This study investigated conventional and no‐tillage (NT), residue burning and no burning, residue level (high and low), and irrigation (irrigated and dryland) effects on soil properties, SQ, and crop yields following 16 yr of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] double‐crop system via the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). A field experiment was conducted in the Lower Mississippi River Delta region on a silt‐loam soil. Bulk density, soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil P and K from the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil depth were used as SQ indicators investigated individually and as an overall soil quality index (SQI). Following 16 yr, residue burning reduced SOC (1.1%) compared with no burning (1.24%). Irrigation resulted in greater soil TN than dryland management systems (p < 0.05). Reduced soil pH and extractable soil P and K occurred under NT, high residue, and irrigated treatments. Irrigation increased soybean yields, regardless of the tillage system. Burned, NT–high residue management increased wheat yields (3.45 Mg ha−1). Irrigation reduced SQ because of low EC and K scores. High residue reduced SQ compared with the low residue treatment within NT systems, owing to low pH scores. The SMAF indices identified the impacts of irrigation, NT, and optimal N fertilization on SQ. Monitoring of soil pH, P, and K may be needed to maintain SQ in long‐term wheat–soybean systems.
Elasticity as a measure for online determination of remission points in ongoing epidemics
Authors: Veres‐Ferrer Ernesto J. , Pavía Jose M.
Published: November 2020

The correct identification of change‐points during ongoing outbreak investigations of infectious diseases is a matter of paramount importance in epidemiology, with major implications for the management of health care resources, public health and, as the COVID‐19 pandemic has shown, social live. Onsets, peaks, and inflexion points are some of them. An onset is the moment when the epidemic starts. A "peak" indicates a moment at which the incorporated values, both before and after, are lower: a maximum. The inflexion points identify moments in which the rate of growth of the incorporation of new cases changes intensity. In this study, after interpreting the concept of elasticity of a random variable in an innovative way, we propose using it as a new simpler tool for anticipating epidemic remission change‐points. In particular, we propose that the "remission point of change" will occur just at the instant when the speed in the accumulation of new cases is lower than the average speed of accumulation of cases up to that moment. This gives stability and robustness to the estimation in the event of possible remission variations. This descriptive measure, which is very easy to calculate and interpret, is revealed as informative and adequate, has the advantage of being distribution‐free and can be estimated in real time, while the data is being collected. We use the 2014‐2016 Western Africa Ebola virus epidemic to demonstrate this new approach. A couple of examples analyzing COVID‐19 data are also included.
2D Materials as Electron Transport Layer for Low‐Temperature Solution‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Shao Hui , Ladi Najib Haji , Pan Han , Zhang Xiao Li , Shen Yan , Wang Mingkui
Published: November 2020

Low‐temperature solution‐processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have emerged as a low‐cost and high‐efficiency thin‐film photovoltaic technology. The reported power conversion efficiency (PCE) of laboratory produced PSCs with an active area of less than 0.1 cm2 has already exceeded 25%, which, however, decreases significantly to about 16% for a large device area of about 100 cm2. Therefore, the scalability has become one of the most significant limits on successful commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. This includes realizing a homogenous and compact electron transport layer (ETL), facing with issues of defects, energy level mismatch, and high‐temperature annealing requirements. Therefore, an exploration of effective and low‐cost charge transport materials is crucial for scalable fabrication of highly efficient perovskite devices. The 2D materials have drawn wide attention in the PSC community with tunable bandgap and high carrier mobility. So far, the search for a wide range of novel 2D materials for use in PSCs has documented considerable progress; however, a lot remains to be done in this field. This review summarizes recent advancements in the application of emerging 2D materials as effective ETL, thus providing direction for future development toward efficient and large‐scale perovskite devices.
Flux‐Assisted Synthesis of Prism‐like Octahedral Ta3N5 Single‐Crystals with Controllable Facets for Promoted Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Cui Junyan , Liu Taifeng , Dong Beibei , Qi Yu , Yuan Huiyu , Gao Jinxing , Yang Daoyuan , Zhang Fuxiang
Published: November 2020

Crystal facet engineering has emerged as one of the most important strategies for designing highly efficient photocatalysts with improved charge separation efficiency. Tantalum nitride (Ta3N5) is one of the most popular visible‐light‐responsive photocatalysts, but the controllable synthesis of well‐shaped Ta3N5 single‐crystals with clear facets is still challenging due to the harsh synthesis conditions. Herein, the first demonstration is given that prism‐like octahedral Ta3N5 single crystals with preferential exposure of {001}, {010}, and {102} facets can be synthesized via the mixed KCl–LiCl flux. Meanwhile, the effects of flux type (KCl, LiCl, and KCl–LiCl), flux ratio, nitridation time, etc. on the phase composition, crystallinity, and morphology of Ta3N5 are studied. Detailed structural characterizations verify its high crystallinity and relatively low defect density. Furthermore, growth of the Ta3N5 single crystal with controllable facets is demonstrated to follow a bottom‐up growth mechanism involving dissolution, recrystallization, and precipitation processes. As a probe test, the as‐obtained Ta3N5 single crystals exhibit about five times the promoted photocatalytic H2 evolution rate with respect to the conventional Ta3N5 nanoparticles, demonstrating the advantages of the specific facet‐defined structure. This finding offers a new avenue to prepare (oxy)nitrides with facets exposed for promising solar energy conversion.
Deutsche Universitäten machen Ergebnisse klinischer Arzneimittelstudien unzureichend öffentlich – Das sollte sich ändern
Authors: Grabitz Peter , Brückner Till , Strech Daniel
Published: November 2020

Ergebnisse klinischer Arzneimittelstudien müssen nach Abschluss zeitnah und nichtselektiv veröffentlicht werden. Die Ergebnispublikation ist als zentrale ethische Regel in der Deklaration von Helsinki des Weltärztebundes festgehalten. Deutsche Universitätskliniken sind vermehrt in die Kritik geraten, diesen Anforderungen nicht ausreichend nachzukommen.

In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene Publikationsformen von klinischen Arzneimittelstudien (Fachartikel und Kurzberichte) diskutiert und der Status quo der Ergebnispublikation deutscher Universitätskliniken analysiert. Dazu wurden 3 Register und Datenbanken für klinische Studien auf Veröffentlichung von Kurzberichten geprüft: das European Union Clinical Trials Register (EUCTR), das US-amerikanische Register ClinicalTrials.gov und das rein deutschsprachige Portal PharmNet.Bund. Positionen unterschiedlicher Interessengruppen werden zusammengetragen und mögliche Schritte zur Verbesserung vorgeschlagen.

Derzeit erfüllen deutsche Universitätskliniken ihre regulatorischen und ethischen Verpflichtungen im Hinblick auf die Ergebnisveröffentlichung klinischer Arzneimittelstudien nur unzureichend. Zwei Jahre nach Studienende hatten 2 Drittel der Studien, die 2010–2014 abgeschlossen wurden und auf ClinicalTrials.gov verzeichnet sind, noch keine Ergebnisse als Fachartikel veröffentlicht, im Register selbst waren nur für 4,7 % als Kurzberichte hinterlegt. Im EUCTR liegt die Publikationsrate von Kurzberichten bei weniger als 7 %. Die Untersuchung der Datenbank PharmNet.Bund zeigte Ergebnisberichte für weniger als 15 % der dortigen Einträge.

Um das Abschneiden der deutschen Universitätskliniken im Bereich Ergebnispublikation von klinischen Arzneimittelstudien zu verbessern, braucht es politischen Willen und Engagement der Kliniken selbst. Die Veröffentlichung der Ergebnisse aller klinischen Studien ist mit geringen Kosten verbunden. Die Vorteile für öffentliche Gesundheit und Wissenschaft überwiegen bei Weitem den jetzt notwendigen Mehraufwand.
Being Poor and Feeling Rich or Vice Versa? The Determinants of Unequal Income Positions in Old Age Across Europe
Authors: Isengard Bettina , König Ronny
Published: November 2020

Individual prosperity and welfare can be measured using both objective and subjective criteria. Although theory and previous research suggest that these two methods can produce corresponding results, the measurements can also be inconsistent. Against this background, the current paper investigates the relationship between the objective income position of older Europeans (aged 50 + years) and their perception of their financial situation, using the seventh wave of the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) conducted in 2017. The main research questions include (1)how is objective income distributed in old age across Europe?, (2)how do elderly Europeans evaluate their income situation subjectively?, (3)is there a discrepancy between the objective prosperity position and their subjective perception observable?, (4)are there country-specific differences that are observable?, and (5)how can such discrepancies be explained?

The results show that objective income positions can be congruent with subjective self-perceptions, both good (well-being) and bad (deprivation), of one’s income situation. However, this is not always the case, and country-specific variations do exist. In analyzing the causes of the 2 forms of nonconformance—namely, adaptation (satisfaction paradox) and dissonance (dissatisfaction dilemma)—this paper concludes that sociodemographic and socioeconomic determinants alone cannot account for discrepancies. The consideration of certain social-psychological influences or personality traits and especially social comparison processes (namely, with one’s past) is essential in explaining both the satisfaction paradox and the dissatisfaction dilemma.
Kinetic Modelling and Test–Retest Reproducibility for the Dopamine D1R Radioligand [11C]SCH23390 in Healthy and Diseased Mice
Authors: Bertoglio Daniele , Verhaeghe Jeroen , Miranda Alan , Wyffels Leonie , Stroobants Sigrid , Dominguez Celia , Munoz-Sanjuan Ignacio , Skinbjerg Mette , Liu Longbin , Staelens Steven
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Our aim in this study was to compare different non-invasive pharmacokinetic models and assess test–retest reproducibility of the radioligand [11C]SCH23390 for the quantification of dopamine D1-like receptor (D1R) in both wild-type (WT) mice and heterozygous (HET) Q175DN mice as Huntington’s disease (HD) model.

Procedures

Adult WT (n = 9) and HET (n = 14) mice underwent a 90-min [11C]SCH23390 positron emission tomography (PET) scan followed by computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the pharmacokinetic modelling in healthy and diseased conditions. Additionally, 5 WT mice and 7 HET animals received a second [11C]SCH23390 PET scan for test–retest reproducibility. Parallel assessment of the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM), the multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM) and the Logan reference tissue model (Logan Ref) using the striatum as a receptor-rich region and the cerebellum as a receptor-free (reference) region was performed to define the most suitable method for regional- and voxel-based quantification of the binding potential (BPND). Finally, standardised uptake value ratio (SUVR-1) was assessed as a potential simplified measurement.

Results

For all models, we measured a significant decline in dopamine D1R density (e.g. SRTM = − 38.5 ± 5.0 %, p < 0.0001) in HET mice compared to WT littermates. Shortening the 90-min scan duration resulted in large underestimation of striatal BPND in both WT mice (SRTM 60 min: − 17.7 ± 2.8 %, p = 0.0078) and diseased HET (SRTM 60 min: − 13.1 ± 4.1 %, p = 0.0001). Striatal BPND measurements were very reproducible with an average test–retest variability below 5 % when using both MRTM and SRTM. Parametric BPND maps generated with SRTM were highly reliable, showing nearly perfect agreement to the regional analysis (r2 = 0.99, p < 0.0001). Finally, SRTM provided the most accurate estimate for relative tracer delivery R1 with both regional- and voxel-based analyses. SUVR-1 at different time intervals were not sufficiently reliable when compared to BPND (r2 < 0.66).

Conclusions

Ninety-minute acquisition and the use of SRTM for pharmacokinetic modelling is recommended. [11C]SCH23390 PET imaging demonstrates optimal characteristics for the study of dopamine D1R density in models of psychiatric and neurological disorders as exemplified in the Q175DN mouse model of HD.
Comparison of clinical characteristics of patients with pandemic SARS-CoV-2-related and community-acquired pneumonias in Hungary – a pilot historical case-control study
Authors: Horváth Viktor J. , Hajdú Noémi , Vági Orsolya , Schnábel Karolina , Szelke Emese , Körei Anna E. , Békeffy Magdolna , Svébis Márk M. , Domján Beatrix A. , Berényi Tamás , Takács István , Ungvári Zoltán , Kun Attila , Tabák Ádám G.
Published: November 2020

The distinction between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–related and community-acquired pneumonias poses significant difficulties, as both frequently involve the elderly. This study aimed to predict the risk of SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia based on clinical characteristics at hospital presentation. Case-control study of all patients admitted for pneumonia at Semmelweis University Emergency Department. Cases (n = 30) were patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia (based on polymerase chain reaction test) between 26 March 2020 and 30 April 2020; controls (n = 82) were historical pneumonia cases between 1 January 2019 and 30 April 2019. Logistic models were built with SARS-CoV-2 infection as outcome using clinical characteristics at presentation. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia were younger (mean difference, 95% CI: 9.3, 3.2–15.5 years) and had a higher lymphocyte count, lower C-reactive protein, presented more frequently with bilateral infiltrate, less frequently with abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and nausea in age- and sex-adjusted models. A logistic model using age, sex, abdominal pain, C-reactive protein, and the presence of bilateral infiltrate as predictors had an excellent discrimination (AUC 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81–0.96) and calibration (p = 0.27–Hosmer-Lemeshow test). The clinical use of our screening prediction model could improve the discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 related from other community-acquired pneumonias and thus help patient triage based on commonly used diagnostic approaches. However, external validation in independent datasets is required before its clinical use.
Index of Atmospheric Purity reflects the ecological conditions better than the environmental pollution in the Carpathian forests
Authors: Tanona Magdalena , Czarnota Paweł
Published: November 2020

The Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAP) is a popular tool used for the assessment of air quality in polluted urban areas, on the basis of phytosociological data of epiphytic lichen communities. We hypothesized that this indicator could also be used in less polluted forest areas to determine the quality of ecological conditions for lichens. The aim of the present study was to verify the use of IAP method in the assessment of environmental pollution, and alternatively for the assessment of general ecological conditions in protected mountain forests of Gorce National Park (Polish Western Carpathians) based on the epiphytic lichen biota associated with Picea abies. The spatial distribution of IAP values on monitored sites in GNP was compared with: 1) spatial distribution of accumulated sulfur, nitrogen, selected heavy metals, and total heavy metals in Hypogymnia physodes thalli in 1993 and 2018 (30 sites), 2) mean ecological indicator values characterizing species requirements for light (L), substrate reaction (R) and nutrients (N), in 1993, 2013 and 2018 (33 sites). Generalized linear model and redundancy analysis were performed for disclosing most influencing factors affecting lichen communities. The study revealed a few negligible relationships between IAP values and accumulation of such elements as Ni, Mn, Cd, and Cr in both monitoring periods. Simultaneously, IAP can be useful for the identification of forest areas with a high degree of naturalness.
Lebertransplantation in der Schweiz 2020
Authors: Staufer Katharina , Galante Antonio , De Gottardi Andrea
Published: November 2020

Die Lebertransplantation ist in den letzten beinahe 40 Jahren zu einer etablierten Therapie der fortgeschrittenen Leberzirrhose, des akuten Leberversagens sowie gewisser auf die Leber beschränkter Tumorerkrankungen geworden und stellt somit für viele unserer Patientinnen und Patienten eine lebensrettende Behandlungsmöglichkeit dar. Leider jedoch ist der Zugang zu einer Lebertransplantation dadurch limitiert, dass nicht für alle Patientinnen und Patienten ausreichend Spenderorgane zur Verfügung stehen. Der folgende Artikel fasst die wichtigsten Punkte zur Indikation, Abklärung vor Transplantation sowie zum Management nach der Transplantation zusammen.
An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Lemos Noah
Published: November 2020

Now revised and containing three new chapters, this book provides a clear and accessible introduction to epistemology, or the theory of knowledge. It discusses some of the main theories of justification, including foundationalism, coherentism, reliabilism, and virtue epistemology. Other topics include the Gettier problem, internalism and externalism, skepticism, the problem of epistemic circularity, a priori knowledge, naturalized epistemology, and the epistemic significance of testimony and disagreement. Intended primarily for students taking their first classes in epistemology, this lucid and well-written text will provide an excellent introduction to anyone interested in knowing more about this important area of philosophy.
Story First, Technology Second
Authors: Rogers Kathryn E.
Published: November 2020

OVERVIEW

Combining the strengths of “traditional” documentary filmmaking (as “creative treatments of actualité”) with the immersive power of interactive digital technologies (from 360° video to VR to data mining to algorithms), i-Docs can transform audiences into participants, co-creators, and collaborators in nonfiction storytelling, allowing them to not only explore and experience a story on their own terms but to remix, share, and contribute their own content to a collective story. i-Docs are cross- and multiplatform, screening across cinema, computers, smartphones, and gallery installations. Showcased at leading film festivals, increasingly adopted by broadcasters—including PBS, Al Jazeera, and BBC—and critically acclaimed from the Webbys and the Pulitzers to Cannes, the i-Doc sector is set to boom. After a close reading of two i-Docs,Hunt for the Inca Ruins(2017) andSaydnaya(2016), I consider the potential of i-Docs to resolve archaeologists’ concerns about misrepresentation, accuracy, information quality, (co)authorship, and crediting original research in documentary storytelling. I also examine the sector's shortcomings of unstable production pathways, funding sources, technologies, and difficulties assessing impact. I propose that archaeologists should engage proactively with the i-Doc sector if we wish to avoid the pitfalls previously encountered in film and factual TV and make the most of this new format.
Touching the Past to Remember the Past
Authors: Dudley Meghan J. , Domeischel Jenna
Published: November 2020

Although we, as archaeologists, recognize the value in teaching nonprofessionals about our discipline and the knowledge it generates about the human condition, there are few of these specialists compared to the number of archaeologists practicing today. In this introductory article to the special section titled “Touching the Past to Learn the Past,” we suggest that, because of our unique training as anthropologists and archaeologists, each of us has the potential to contribute to public archaeology education. By remembering our archaeological theory, such as social memory, we can use the artifacts we engage with on a daily basis to bridge the disconnect between what the public hopes to gain from our interactions and what we want to teach them. In this article, we outline our perspective and present an overview of the other three articles in this section that apply this approach in their educational endeavors.
What do young people worry about? A systematic review of worry theme measures of teen and preteen individuals
Authors: Owczarek Marcin , McAnee Grainne , McAteer Donal , Shevlin Mark
Published: November 2020

Excessive worry can negatively influence one’s developmental trajectories. In the past 70 years, there have been studies aimed towards documenting and analysing concerns or ‘worries’ of teen and preteen individuals. There have been many quantitative and qualitative approaches established, suggesting different themes of contextual adolescent worry. With the hopes of future clinical utility, it is important to parse through these studies and gather what is currently known about what teens and preteens worry about and what is the state of methods used to gather that knowledge. Studies were searched for using Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases and selected on systematic criteria. Data regarding the country in which the study took place, participants, methods of collection, worry themes and conclusions and limitations were extracted. Data were synthesised in a narrative fashion. It was concluded that currently available methods of measuring themes of adolescent worry face certain problems. Themes of worry differ substantially between the studies, with the exception of school performance seeing stable high endorsement across cultures and ages. Issues with ordering worry themes and implications for future understanding of adolescent and preadolescent worry are discussed.
Antibiotic use during end-of-life care: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Authors: Marra Alexandre R. , Puig-Asensio Mireia , Balkenende Erin , Livorsi Daniel J. , Goto Michihiko , Perencevich Eli N.
Published: November 2020

Background:

We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis measuring the burden of antibiotic use during end-of-life (EOL) care.

Methods:

We searched PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO platform), and Embase (Elsevier platform), through July 2019 for studies with the following inclusion criteria in the initial analysis: antibiotic use in the EOL care patients (advanced dementia, cancer, organ failure, frailty or multi-morbidity). If the number of patients in palliative care consultation (PCC) was available, antibiotic use data were pooled to compare the proportion of patients who received antibiotics under PCC compared to those not receiving PCC. Random-effect models were used to obtain pooled mean differences, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 value.

Results:

Overall, 72 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review: 22 EOL studies included only patients with cancer; 17 studies included only patients with advanced dementia; and 33 studies included “mixed populations” of EOL patients. Although few studies reported antibiotic using standard metrics (eg, days of therapy), 48 of 72 studies (66.7%) reported antibiotic use in >50% of all patients. When the 3 studies that evaluated antibiotic use in PCC were pooled together, patients under PCC was more likely to receive antibiotics compared to patients not under PCC (pooled odds ratio, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.02–2.93).

Conclusions:

Future studies are needed to evaluate the benefits and harms of using antibiotics for patients during EOL care in diverse patient populations.
YouScience: mitigating the skills gap by addressing the gender imbalance in high-demand careers
Authors: McCloy Rodney A. , Rottinghaus Patrick J. , Park Chan Jeong , Feller Rich , Bloom Todd
Published: November 2020

The U.S. labor market continues to grapple with a “skills gap” (Marshall & Craig, 2019): a disconnect between the skills employers need and the number of job-seekers with those skills. Compounded by historically low unemployment rates, this gap is leaving employers with unfilled jobs and narrow talent pipelines. Concurrently, there are lingering concerns regarding underrepresentation of women and minorities in certain sectors of the labor market—particularly occupations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This article examines how the traditional interest-only career guidance tools used in education significantly influence the gender-based skills gaps that persist in high-demand careers and introduces YouScience, a company that is helping ameliorate the skills gap by combining measures of aptitudes and interests in a new career discovery platform. We close by presenting action steps for students, parents, educators, and counselors, as well as positing possible effects of COVID-19 on career exploration and counseling.
An appreciative inquiry to identify the continuing education needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health practitioners in regional Queensland
Authors: Martyn Julie-Anne , Woolcock Ann
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health practitioners (Practitioners) have a broad scope of practice and play a pivotal role in addressing health disparities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Practitioners are required to maintain knowledge and skill levels to provide ongoing quality care. However, continuing education (CE) opportunities for Practitioners in regional areas are limited and little is known about the types of CE best suited to Practitioners. This study aimed to identify the CE needs of Practitioners working in a South-East Queensland region in Australia. Participatory action research and appreciative inquiry were combined in this multi-staged study. A local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander advisory group provided cultural guidance for the study design and implementation. Supervisors and Practitioners from two Aboriginal Medical Services consented to participate. In stage one of this study, the supervisors were interviewed and the Practitioners contributed to focus groups. The Practitioners prioritised their CE needs in the second study stage using a questionnaire. The participants identified Practitioner CE needs and group 2 listed their career aspirations and the best practitioners were described as ‘Deadly’. The Deadly practitioner had diverse practice knowledge, skills and attributes. The Practitioners had career aspirations beyond their role and a desire to learn. However, their career advancement was stifled by a lack of CE opportunities. CE in regional areas is limited. Practitioners are disadvantaged by exclusion. Enhancing CE opportunities for Practitioners will positively impact the health of regional Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities by building social capital. Therefore, future research on Practitioner roles and CE is needed.
On the adjoint representation of a hopf algebra
Authors: Kolb Stefan , Lorenz Martin , Nguyen Bach , Yammine Ramy
Published: November 2020

We consider the adjoint representation of a Hopf algebra $H$ focusing on the locally finite part, $H_{{\textrm ad\,fin}}$, defined as the sum of all finite-dimensional subrepresentations. For virtually cocommutative $H$ (i.e., $H$ is finitely generated as module over a cocommutative Hopf subalgebra), we show that $H_{{\textrm ad\,fin}}$ is a Hopf subalgebra of $H$. This is a consequence of the fact, proved here, that locally finite parts yield a tensor functor on the module category of any virtually pointed Hopf algebra. For general Hopf algebras, $H_{{\textrm ad\,fin}}$ is shown to be a left coideal subalgebra. We also prove a version of Dietzmann's Lemma from group theory for Hopf algebras.
Nitrogen use efficiency, reticulo-ruminal pH and behaviour of lactating cows grazing either in a full-time system or in a part-time system with indoor feeding of fresh herbage and concentrate
Authors: Akert F. S. , Kreuzer M. , Hofstetter P. , Berard J. , Reidy B.
Published: November 2020

Increasing herd size and fragmented or non-uniform land challenge pasture-based milk production systems. Therefore, part-time grazing combined with indoor feeding of fresh herbage (‘cut-and-carry’) allows to maintain the advantages of fresh-herbage-based diets. However, consequences for environmental nitrogen losses, animal behaviour and ruminal metabolism are decisive for its implementation. Animal performance, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), reticulo-ruminal pH and feeding/locomotive behaviour were compared in six cows subjected either to full-time grazing (system F) or to part-time grazing system with indoor feeding of fresh herbage and concentrate (system P). Biweekly samplings were performed on six lactating cows per treatment in spring, summer and autumn. Nitrogen (N) balance was calculated from estimated N intake and N output via faeces, urine and milk. Reticulo-ruminal pH was recorded using a wireless data recorder. Eating and locomotive behaviour were measured with noseband sensors and pedometers. In spring, but not later, herbage intake per unit of body weight was higher for system F compared to system P cows. Eating time was shorter by 15% in P compared to F cows. Across systems, NUE declined from spring to summer/autumn from about 300 to 200 g milk protein N/kg N intake. Reticulo-ruminal pH was more variable under part-time grazing conditions, with a pronounced decrease subsequent to offering the herbage indoors. The part-time grazing system resulted in similar or higher NUE than full-time grazing. Additional studies with larger numbers of experimental units are required to be able to develop comprehensive recommendations for the improvement of the two grazing systems.
Yielding stability of early maturing potato varieties: Bayesian analysis
Authors: Przystalski M. , Lenartowicz T.
Published: November 2020

Field trials conducted in multiple years across several locations play an essential role in plant breeding and variety testing. Usually, the analysis of the series of field trials is performed using a two-stage approach, where each combination of year and site is treated as environment. In variety testing based on the results from the analysis, the best varieties are recommended for cultivation. Under a Bayesian approach, the variety recommendation process can be treated as a formal decision theoretic problem. In the present study, we describe Bayesian counterparts of two stability measures and compare the varieties in terms of the posterior expected utility. Using the described methodology, we identify the most stable and highest tuber yielding varieties in the Polish potato series of field trials conducted from 2016 to 2018. It is shown that variety Arielle was the highest yielding, the third most stable variety and was the second best variety in terms of the posterior expected utility. In the present work, application of the Bayesian approach allowed us to incorporate the prior knowledge about the tested varieties and offered a possibility of treating the variety recommendation process as a formal decision process.
Psoroma capenseandP. esterhuyseniae(Pannariaceae), two new alpine species from South Africa
Authors: Elvebakk Arve , Hong Soon Gyu , Park Chae Haeng , Rämä Teppo
Published: November 2020

The new speciesPsoroma capenseandP. esterhuyseniaeare described from four alpine localities in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and are the only knownPsoromaspecies from Africa. The specimens were all collected from moist sites near watercourses, on cool and mostly south-facing cliffs.Psoroma capenseresemblesP. tenuein gross morphology but differs in the ascending thallus squamules, lack of secondary compounds and short-ellipsoid to ovoid ascospores. However, a phylogenetic analysis involving the markers ITS, nucLSU, mtSSU andMcm7, comparing the only recent collection ofP. capensewith previously published sequences, shows that it belongs to theP. hypnorumlineage, with no known, closely related species.Psoroma esterhuyseniaeresemblesP. hypnorumbut has subglobose to short-ellipsoid ascospores without apical perispore extensions. The two species are thought to have evolved from one or two long-distance dispersal events during the Pleistocene.
MATERIAL TURNS IN BRITISH HISTORY: III. COLLECTING: COLONIAL BOMBAY, BASRA, BAGHDAD AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT MUSEUM
Authors: Finn Margot C.
Published: November 2020

This lecture explores the history of Enlightenment-era collecting of antiquities to probe the claims to universality of Western museums. Focusing on the British Museum's Enlightenment Gallery, it underscores the imperial and familial contexts of British collecting cultures. Questioning received narratives of collecting which highlight the role played by individual elite British men, it suggests that women, servants and non-European elites played instrumental parts in knowledge production and the acquisition of antiquities. The private correspondence of the East India Company civil servant Claudius Rich – the East India Company's Resident or diplomatic representative at Baghdad 1801–1821 – and his wife Mary (née Mackintosh) Rich illuminates social histories of knowledge and material culture that challenge interpretations of the British Museum's Enlightenment Gallery which privilege trade and discovery over empire.
How Chinese Newlyweds’ Experiences as Singletons or Siblings Affect Their Fertility Desires
Authors: Zhang Cong , Yang Aaron Z. , Kim Sung won , Fong Vanessa L.
Published: November 2020

Did growing up as singletons (only-children) convince young adults born under China's one-child policy of the superiority of singleton status and therefore the desirability of not having more than one child? This article draws on interviews with 52 childless newlyweds in Dalian, China, to help answer this question. We found that far from convincing them of the superiority of singleton status, the feelings of loneliness experienced by singletons in childhood and adulthood have convinced most of them that it is better to have a sibling than to be a singleton and thus it is better to have two children instead of one. Moreover, interviewees who did have siblings tended to corroborate singletons’ beliefs about how valuable a sibling can be in both childhood and adulthood.
Light affects the germination and normal seedling development of Neotropical savanna grasses
Authors: Pereira Claudiana M. , Figueirôa Rebeca N.A. , Fontenele Hudson G.V. , Miranda Heloisa S.
Published: November 2020

The Cerrado is a Neotropical savanna where grasses are a major biomass component in the open vegetation physiognomies. Invasive grasses are widely used as pastures in the Cerrado, and their presence may displace native species. The persistence of native grasses relies also on reproduction via seeds, which is often dependent on seeds found buried in the soil seed bank. The literature about the effects of light availability on the germination of Neotropical savanna grasses is scarce, and germination may lead to abnormal seedlings that develop only the root or the shoot. Germination trials that overlook this fact may overestimate the potential for seedling recruitment. Therefore, we tested the effects of light availability on the germination of nine native and two invasive grasses, addressing the production of normal seedlings. Seeds were germinated in the complete absence or the presence of light (12 h photoperiod under white light) for 30 days. Germination was defined as the sum of normal and abnormal seedlings. Eight species were light-dependent, decreasing the production of normal seedlings in the dark. Two native and one invasive species were non-responsive to the dark treatment, showing no change in germination or production of normal seedlings. Our results suggest that seeds buried in the soil seed bank are likely to show reduced germination and develop abnormal seedlings, reinforcing a bottleneck for the recruitment of native grasses. For invasive species, however, the potential of seedling recruitment was minimally reduced by light, suggesting a competitive advantage for the recruitment of these species.
Initial experience with a novel ePTFE-covered balloon expandable stent in patients with near-atretic or severe aortic coarctation and small femoral arterial access
Authors: Al Balushi Asim , Pascall Emma , Jones Matthew I. , Qureshi Shakeel , Butera Gianfranco
Published: November 2020

Objectives:

We report our experience of using the Bentley BeGraft Aortic stent in patients with severe or near-atretic aortic coarctation and small femoral arterial access.

Background:

Use of covered stent is recommended in some settings such as aortic coarctation with associated aneurysm, Turner syndrome, and coarctation with aortic atresia. However, currently available covered stents need larger sheaths that may limit their use in children and patients with smaller arterial access. Newer stents may overcome this limitation.

Methods:

Single-centre retrospective study of patients with severe or near-atretic aortic coarctation and small femoral arterial access.

Results:

Between July and October, 2019, five patients (median age 15 years) with near-atretic or severe coarctation were treated with a Bentley BeGraft Aortic stent. Long sheaths between 9 and 11 Fr were used to implant stents, which were dilated up to 12–16 mm. None of the patients had residual coarctation (gradient >20 mm of mercury) after stenting. None of the patients developed acute vascular injuries or local access related complications at the end of the procedure or during follow-up (range 6–10 months).

Conclusions:

Bentley BeGraft aortic stents are important to consider in patients with severe coarctation and provided acute procedural success in patients with small femoral arterial access and widen the applicability in this patient population.
COVID-19 and congenital heart disease: an insight of pathophysiology and associated risks
Authors: Haiduc Ana Alina , Ogunjimi Michael , Shammus Rohma , Mahmood Saira , Kutty Ramesh , Lotto Attilio , Guerrero Rafael , Harky Amer , Dhannapuneni Ram
Published: November 2020

Objective:

We aimed to examine the literature to determine if both paediatric and adult patients diagnosed with congenital heart disease (CHD) are at a higher risk of poor outcomes if they have the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), compared to those without CHD.

Methods:

A systematic review was executed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. To identify articles related to COVID-19 and CHD, an extensive literature search was performed on EMBASE, Medline, Scopus, and Global Health databases using keywords and MeSH terms.

Results:

A total of 12 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included for analysis in this systematic review. Two themes were identified for data extraction: evidence supporting higher risks in CHD patients and evidence against higher risks in CHD patients. After combining the data, there were 99 patients with CHDs out of which 12 required admissions to ICU.

Conclusion:

This systematic review suggests that CHD may increase the risk of poor outcomes for those with COVID-19, but also highlights the necessity for more research with larger sample sizes in order to make a more justified conclusion, as the majority of papers that were analysed were case series and case reports. Future research should aim to quantify the risks if possible whilst accounting for various confounding factors such as age and treatment history.
A New Mass Flux Correction Procedure for Vertically Integrated Energy Transport by Constraining Mass, Energy, and Water Budgets
Authors: Bangalath H. K. , Pauluis O. M.
Published: November 2020

Reconstruction of the atmospheric circulation from the numerical output of general circulation model (GCM) and reanalysis products often suffers from spurious values resulting in imbalances in the mass, energy, and water transport. A correction hence is needed prior to the analysis of energy transport. Most of the previous correction methods only employ a mass budget adjustment since it is the primary source of error. The present study proposes a new method of mass flux correction by constraining the mass, energy, and water budgets that can be applied to meridional energy transport and overturning circulation. The new method seeks a vertical dependent solution, unlike the conventional barotropic correction procedures. The procedure has been tested for one aquaplanet GCM and a reanalysis product. The method successfully corrects the spurious imbalances in the mean meridional energy transport and circulation.
Statistical Structure of Nighttime O2 Aurora From SABER and Its Dependence on Geomagnetic and Solar Activities in Winter
Authors: Gao Hong , Xu Jiyao , Chen Guang‐Ming , Zhu Yajun , Liu Weijun , Wang Chi
Published: November 2020

O2 aurora is one kind of important molecular aurorae that is not fully understood yet. It is hard to be investigated due to the contamination by nightglow. In this work, we studied O2 aurora based on the observations of O2 emission at 1.27 μm from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument during the nighttime over 18 years. The horizontal structure of O2 auroral zone is given for the first time, and the vertical profile of O2 auroral volume emission rate is obtained after removing O2 nightglow contamination. The O2 auroral intensity and the peak height and peak volume emission rate of the vertical profile averaged over the O2 auroral zone are studied in detail. For Kp Levels 1–5, the O2 auroral peak height varies between 104 and 112 km and is negatively correlated with the auroral intensity and peak volume emission rate. The O2 auroral intensity varies between 0.14 and 5.97 kR, and the peak volume emission rate varies between 0.97 × 102 and 41.01 × 102 photons cm−3 s−1. Furthermore, the dependences of the O2 aurora on geomagnetic and solar activities are analyzed. The O2 auroral intensity and peak volume emission rate exponentially increases with increasing Kp index, whereas the peak height decreases with increasing Kp index. The O2 auroral intensity and peak volume emission rate under solar minimum condition are larger than those under solar maximum condition. The peak height under solar minimum condition is lower than that under solar maximum condition.
Distribution of Eruptive Centers on Top of Large Shield Volcanoes in the Inner Solar System: General Classification and Glimpses of Their Subvolcanic Structure
Authors: Jacobo‐Bojórquez Rocío , Cañón‐Tapia Edgardo
Published: November 2020

Processes that occur beneath a planetary surface control the spatial distribution of volcanic features in a volcanic zone. Volcanic vents frequently form clusters and alignments controlled by the lithospheric structure and the stress field. Previous works have determined the influence of stress at different scales in a volcanic area. In this work, we analyze the distribution of volcanic vents on top of shield volcanoes on four different bodies of the Solar System: Pinacate (Earth), Mauna Kea (Earth), Marius Hills (Moon), Mons Rümker (Moon), Olympus Mons (Mars), Kunapipi Mons (Venus), and Var Mons (Venus), to identify characteristics of the volcanic systems and compare their spatial distribution patterns in order to determinate similarities and differences. The Gaussian kernel is the base of the analysis; this method is an exploration tool that generates a sequence of probability density functions (PDFs). Thus, we have constrained the predominant orientations of dikes and the shape, orientation, and location at depth of the magmatic source. Based on our results, we extend the classification of shield volcanoes divided into two main groups: (a) those that grow only under the influence of magmatic stress fields (Marius Hills, Olympus Mons, and Mons Rümker) and (b) those that grow under the influence of external stress fields (Pinacate), to other bodies of the Solar System. Some shield volcanoes present characteristics from both groups (Mauna Kea, Kunapipi Mons, and Var Mons).