bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Brick Dust and Ashes”: Liberation and Reconstruction
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

As the Red Army fought its way back west, it discovered a devastated land: thousands of villages burnt to the ground; Jewish civilians, along with those accused of partisan activity or Soviet sympathies, lying dead; and millions of young people sent to Germany as slave labor. Party activists were faced with reintegrating survivors and rebuilding the economy. In western Ukraine, Belorussia, and the Baltic states, nationalist guerrillas continued to fight against Soviet power. NKVD officials carried out “filtration” to identify active collaborators, and the Party and unions reviewed all members who sought reinstatement. The newly freed inhabitants were incorporated into the ration system and subject to mobilization for labor and the army. Many resisted mobilization, especially for work on distant sites, and rebuilding was complicated by nationwide shortages. The German High Command finally surrendered on May 8, 1945. People streamed into the streets to celebrate, dance, embrace, and toast the victory. Although reconstruction would continue for years, the war at last was over.
The Spiritual Aftermath
Authors: Shadle Douglas W.
Published: April 2021

After Dvořák’s eventual departure from the National Conservatory in 1895, the New World Symphony continued to be a flash point in discussions about the relationships between African American and European American music and musicians, particularly the repertoire known as “Negro spirituals.” White American-born composers, such as Henry F. Gilbert and John Powell, continued to complain about lack of representation on concert programs while failing to support their Black counterparts, who leveraged relationships with figures inside and outside the musical world to create new social networks for finding professional success. In the early 1930s, William Dawson and Florence Price became the first Black composers to premiere symphonies drawing musical inspiration from early African American vernacular song and dance.
The Democratic Sublime
Authors: Frank Jason
Published: April 2021

The transition from royal to popular sovereignty during the age of democratic revolutions—from 1776 to 1848—entailed not only the reorganization of institutions of governance and norms of political legitimacy, but also a dramatic transformation in the iconography and symbolism of political power. The representational difficulties posed by the replacement of the personal and external rule of the king, whose body was the tangible locus of authority, with the impersonal and immanent self-rule of the people, whose power could not be incontestably embodied, went beyond questions of institutionalization and law into the aesthetic realm of visualization, composition, and form. How to make the people’s sovereign will tangible to popular judgment was—and is—a crucial problem of democratic political aesthetics. This book explores how the revolutionary proliferation of popular assemblies—crowds, demonstrations, gatherings of the “people out of doors”—mediated and gave tangibility to the people manifesting itself as a collective actor capable of enacting dramatic political reforms and change. During the age of democratic revolutions, popular assemblies became privileged sites of democratic representation because they at once claim to represent the people while also signaling the material plenitude beyond any representational claim. They retain this power in part because popular assemblies make manifest that which escapes representational capture; they rend a tear in the established representational space of appearance and draw their power from tarrying with the ineffability and resistant materiality of the people’s will. During the age of democratic revolutions, popular assemblies became the locus of the democratic sublime.
Amplified Piano
Authors: Nakai You
Published: April 2021

The introduction of electronic amplification to the piano, which began as an innocent bluff by a teenage composer living in the Arctic Circle, had a devastating consequence for Tudor’s virtuosity on the keyboard instrument: it dissolved his control of escapement mechanism, opening up instead the world of feedback where a sound once activated could potentially never end. A detailed examination of Tudor’s idiosyncratic realization of John Cage’s Variations II in 1962 shows what previous scholars, as well as the composer himself, have failed to see: the specific nature of the amplified piano that was altogether a different instrument from the piano. What the new instrument presented was not simply more complexity and indeterminacy but a specific kind of complexity and indeterminacy which is reflected in how Tudor actually performed the music.
Leaping
Authors: Purves Alex C.
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers the last gesture that Odysseus performs in the Odyssey: a single leap ten lines before the poem’s end. It understands that leap within the context of formulaic epic action, whose gestures function as a series of habituated impulses that almost automatically drive the actions of their characters forward. In the case of Odysseus, however, his final leap expresses an instance of “rebellious repetition,” in which the kinaesthetic reflex of his body runs counter to the demands of the narrative. The chapter traces Odysseus’ leap through two passages in the Iliad (Achilles’ partial drawing of his sword in Book 1 and Hector’s last leap in Book 22) and one in the Aeneid (the death of Turnus). It argues that each of these gestures shows the epic body caught in a moment of conflict between its own epic impulses and the demands of narrative form.
Marginal Marine Crustacean Fisheries
Authors: López Boris A.
Published: April 2021

A review of small-scale fisheries of marine crustacean is here presented, indicating the main biological traits of the target species, levels and methods of capture, prices and markets, as well as fishing regulations. Edible barnacles are exploited in Spain, Japan, and Chile with low levels of capture (<500 t per year) and can be sold at high prices in the Iberian market. Stomatopods (mantis shrimps) are captured in the vicinity of the river mouths through trawl fisheries in Mediterranean Sea and in the western Indo-Pacific. Their landings fluctuate between 4,000 and 7,000 t per year, with levels of overexploitation reported for some Asian fisheries. A recent harvesting of sandhoppers (amphipods) has been reported from sandy beaches of Chile for aquarium food, with annual yields of 10–15 t dry mass. Other amphipod species (lysianassoids) are exploited in Canada mainly for fish food. These fisheries are characterized by a lack of biological and fishing parameters, management measurements, and regulations of the exploitation of their natural populations. However, in the cases of the European fisheries (stalked barnacles and stomatopods), some regulations have been implemented, such as closing periods, extraction quotas, and minimum legal sizes. Ecological studies are necessary to evaluate the possible impacts on biological interactions and food webs on the populations of the commercial extraction in these fisheries.
Freshwater Caridean Culture
Authors: Valenti Wagner C. , Flickinger Dallas L.
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on advances in the farm production of the freshwater prawns (FWPs) Macrobrachium spp., primarily on M. rosenbergii. Farming FWPs is generally divided into four phases: reproduction, hatchery, nursery, and grow-out. The broodstock is held in earthen ponds or indoor tanks filled with freshwater. The hatchery is usually performed in intensive systems, using indoor tanks and brackish water, whereas the nursery phase uses freshwater in indoor tanks or in earthen ponds. The grow-out is generally performed in semi-intensive systems, using freshwater earthen ponds in monoculture, but integrated systems with fish, crabs, or rice are also very common. The production strategy is site specific and should be set up according to the species raised, climate characteristics, and the desired market size of the prawn. Productivity generally ranges from 1,000 to 4,500 kg/ha/yr, but may surpass 11,000 kg/ha/yr in tropical areas. Production is concentrated in Asia, mainly in China. Most production is traded in local markets, and FWPs are usually sold alive, but some countries, such as Bangladesh, India, and Thailand, export frozen prawns to Europe and the USA. Substantial scientific literature and more than 100 patents support the technology for farming FWPs. However, genetics, nutrition, and interaction with other species in integrated culture are still issues. The culture of FWPs has been described in detail in a number of international review papers, books and book chapters, and practical manuals. This chapter summarizes and updates the information found in those publications.
Planktonic Crustacean Culture—Live Planktonic Crustaceans as Live Feed for Finfish and Shrimps in Aquaculture
Authors: Meyer Jepsen Per , Syberg Kristian , Drillet Guillaume , Hansen Benni Winding
Published: April 2021

The cultivation of planktonic crustaceans as live feed is of paramount importance for the aquaculture and aquarium industries. The use of live cladocerans as feed for freshwater fish is limited to the aquarium industry, whereas Artemia and copepods are used to feed edible marine fish larvae with small mouth gape. Live feed production is expensive and time consuming; therefore, it is only used for fish that cannot be fed an inert diet directly, and only until they are ready for weaning to an inert diet. High-quality planktonic crustacean cultures are furthermore used to conduct environmental risk assessments for hazardous chemicals. Cladocerans are widely used for ecotoxicology testing, but Artemia and copepods are emerging as new model species. The present chapter reviews the culturing procedures of these important planktonic crustaceans: Artemia, cladocerans, and copepods. It discusses their use as live feed and as test organisms for environmental risk assessments. The culturing procedures are categorized into three complexity levels: Extensive, semi-extensive, and intensive. In general, the pros for Artemia and cladocerans are that they are easier to culture than copepods. Copepods are often more difficult in term of culture requirements and feeding. Nevertheless, copepods have the advantage of being in either freshwater or saline water, whereas cladocerans are limited to freshwater and Artemia to seawater. Artemia cysts and copepod eggs have a well-defined protocol for storage and distribution to aquaculture end users. Cladocerans, however, have the potential for the ephippia stage, although this is not well developed. For toxicological testing, three species are used: Artemia franciscana, Daphnia magna, and Acartia tonsa, with Artemia and A. tonsa in seawater testing, D. magna in freshwater testing. The chapter concludes with a comparative analysis of these organisms from use and culturing capability and demonstrates that there are strong similarities and challenges across these taxa.
Parasitic Crustaceans
Authors: Nowak Barbara F. , Martin Melissa B. , Boltaña Sebastián
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides a brief overview of crustacean parasites that infect commercially important fish and shellfish. Crustaceans are a diverse group of arthropods, with over 60,000 species that are significant to the aquaculture and fisheries sector, including parasitic species affecting other crustaceans, mollusks, and fishes. This chapter focuses on parasitic caligid copepods (sea lice), cymothoid isopods, and pea crabs of high economic impacts on commercially important aquatic species. The biology of the parasites, their effects on their hosts, the epidemiology of the infections, and economic impacts of these groups are described. Chemical treatments and husbandry modifications as management options for a range of crustacean parasites are presented, which includes the use of cleaner fish to remove parasites, specially designed cages to reduce infestation of parasites, or moving farms to deeper waters. The utilization of crustacean parasites as marine pest controls is further discussed, with emphasis on either its potential benefits or the negative effects on native crab populations. Despite the continuous adverse impacts parasitic crustaceans have on aquaculture, the progressive understanding of their biology and ecology may eventually lead to mitigation, if not complete eradication, of the parasites.
Dynamic Efficiency and Productivity Measurement
Authors: Silva Elvira , E. Stefanou Spiro , Oude Lansink Alfons
Published: April 2021

The book takes on a systematic treatment of dynamic decision making and performance measurement. The analytical foundations of the dynamic production technology are introduced and developed in detail for several primal representations of the technology with an emphasis on dynamic directional distance functions. Dynamic cost minimization and dynamic profit maximization are developed for primal and dual representations of the dynamic technology. A dynamic production environment can be characterized as one where current production decisions impact future production possibilities. Consequently, the dynamic perspective of production relationships necessarily involves the close interplay between stock and flow elements in the transformation process and how current decisions impact the changes in future stocks. Stock elements in the production transformation process can involve physical elements that can be effectively employed in the transformation process, which can include the stock of technical knowledge and expertise available to the decision maker during the decision period. The dynamic generalization of concepts measuring the production structure (e.g., economies of scale, economies of scope, capacity utilization) and performance (e.g., allocative, scale and technical inefficiency, productivity) are developed from primal and dual perspectives. As an important source of productivity growth, production efficiency analysis is the subject of countless studies. Yet, theoretical and empirical studies focusing on production efficiency have ignored typically the time interdependence of production decisions and the adjustment paths of the firm over time. The empirical implementation of these production and performance measures is developed at length for both nonparametric and econometric approaches.
Commentary
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

I would like to address why I named this type of question “candidate answer queries” instead of calling them polar questions or yes-no questions. The term “polar questions” originated in linguistics, and the questions were so named because they were thought to invite two possible responses: yes (affirmative) or no (negative), hence the poles. Similarly, the name “yes-no questions” directs our attention to the conditionally relevant next responses of confirming or disconfirming....
Commentary
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

Accusations range from being quite direct to being quite indirect. I can distinguish some ways of directly or indirectly accusing a co-participant by the presence or absence of three components: an improper action, a problematic event, and a responsible person. The following list briefly describes four constructions of accusations, from direct to indirect. The fourth construction fits the strategy described in my paper....
Inferring the Purpose of a Prior Query and Responding Accordingly
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

The paper analyzes how recipients infer the purpose of a prior query. While such inferences are not directly observable, analyzing responses to queries sheds light on ways in which recipients likely understood them. The paper identifies three types of sequences in which recipients respond to the inferred purpose of the prior query. The sequence types are seeking an explanation, leading up to another action, and glossing the specific matter of interest. To infer a purpose of a query, recipients draw on the form of the query, the immediately prior interaction, and assumedly shared knowledge about the current situation. It concludes with a discussion of the relationship between inferring the purpose of a prior query and participants’ pervasively addressing the question “why that now.”
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

The analyses in this collection of papers show some of the complexities associated with asking and telling activities. The complexities are discussed in four domains: : the relationships between epistemics and asking and telling; the moral status of the referents of inquiries and reports; inferences necessitated in asking and telling; and the positions within action sequences and activities of asking and telling actions. A final word is offered on the centrality of participants’ sense-making and reasoning in conversation analytic research.
Background and Rock Aesthetics
Authors: Church Joseph
Published: April 2021

Chapter 1 gives historical and aesthetic context to the topic at hand. It begins with a brief description of the long-standing relationship between popular song and theatre song, and places both popular music and musical theatre in the realm of folk art. There is a brief review of the history of modern popular song and of musical theatre, and specification of the changes that the advent of rock music heralded in both industries. Next is a brief survey of rock music in the theatre, and the sometimes uncomfortable relationship between rock music and theatrical content and performance. Last is a discussion of rock aesthetics, which helps the reader understand the artistic basis of rock music and begin to apply this understanding to performance.
Genetic Data, Genome Understanding, and Socially Relevant Information
Authors: Hallinan Dara
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the range of types of data which might be subject to genetic analysis to produce socially relevant information. These genetic data include raw genomic data as well as other types of data, such as phenotype data and inheritance data. Genetic analysis of these types of data is currently capable of producing a wide range of socially relevant information, including information concerning identity, genetic relationships, phenotype, health, and social and behavioural traits. It is not the case, however, that each type of genetic data can be subject to only one type of genetic analysis to produce only one type of socially relevant information. Rather, each type of genetic data, particularly genomic data, can be subject to multiple types of genetic analysis. Nor is it necessarily the case that genetic analyses produce socially relevant information which is completely accurate. Rather, the degree of accuracy of information will usually depend on multiple factors. The chapter then looks at the range of parties about whom socially significant information may be produced.
Adversarially Driven Toxicities
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin
Published: April 2021

Most digital health tools are based upon connectivity to the Internet; consequently they carry the concurrent risk of the many types of crime and abuse that are pervasive in cyber space. Specifically, digital health tools and solutions must be studied and protected against cybercrime, privacy loss, medical misinformation, charlatanism, and even the physical security of users. What all of these risks have in common, and what is likely most foreign to medicine, is the concept of an active adversarial intent on theft, reputational damage, or even physical harm. The fact that these threats are so foreign to medicine has made medicine extremely slow to respond. Even today, these threats seem foreign and distant to much of medicine, but that needs to change.
Modeling Cyber Threats as Medical Adverse Events
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin
Published: April 2021

This chapter reviews best practice approaches to performing cybersecurity risk management. It introduces the cybersecurity risk equation and explains how to apply cybersecurity controls to mitigate cybersecurity risks. The chapter also provides an overview of approaches to identify cybersecurity threats and known categories of cybersecurity threats to digital health.
Wearables
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin
Published: April 2021

Health wearables are one of the more established elements of the digital health revolution. GPS-enabled watches have been successful training aids for amateur and professional athletes for well over a decade. The ability to miniaturize complex biosensors to enable remote vital signs monitoring, disease progression and treatment effect measurement are all very real opportunities worthy of the hype. Early versions of these tools, however, were not Internet-connected and were not capable of being tethered to a cellular and or Internet-enabled mobile phone. In order for these devices to reach their potential for patients, understanding their risks within the context of the entire connected ecosystem must occur.
Law, Literature, and War
Authors: Breyer Justice Stephen G. , Wood Judge Diane P. , Woodruff Paul , Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: April 2021

The volume opens with the plenary panel from the original conference on War in Law and Literature in February 2018, at which Justice Stephen Breyer, Chief Judge Diane Wood, and scholar Paul Woodruff discussed the volume’s themes. The panel was preceded by a production of Euripides’s The Trojan Women (415 BCE) in modern translation, acted by a group of law-school faculty and students, and the three panelists often refer to the production they have just seen. Why The Trojan Women? The editors wanted to begin the conference with a vivid and emotionally rich example of the literature of war. Although Euripides’s play is obviously not about an American war, it was chosen for its universally resonant depiction of war’s devastation, and its effect on both combatants and the women and children they leave behind.
Law and War in the New World
Authors: Baird Douglas G.
Published: April 2021

James Fenimore Cooper’s first novels form an overarching narrative that attempts to capture the American experience. In The Last of the Mohicans, modeled on the captivity narrative, the civilized European world, bound by formal legal rules, overtakes a wilderness—but not completely, and not always for the better. In The Spy, the protagonist is both a social outcast and a true hero of the American Revolution. In The Pioneers, the central character cannot reconcile himself with the new society taking shape in the United States. Each novel culminates in a trial that turns on the law of war. The novels use the tension between the law of war and the inner moral compass of the hero to understand the fate of the young republic and whether it, too, is destined to suffer the fate of past civilizations, each of which was born, rose, and then fell.
Undivided Loyalty
Authors: LaCroix Alison L. , Birdthistle William A.
Published: April 2021

Alison LaCroix and William Birdthistle examine two works: Sebastian Barry’s A Long Long Way (2005) and Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient (1992), which was made into a film, directed by Anthony Minghella, in 1996. Both novels challenge traditional notions of loyalty in wartime. Although they focus on different wars—Barry on World War I, Ondaatje on World War II—the novels raise a pair of related, crucial questions: Loyalty to what and to whom? The books interrogate the meaning of national sovereignty in an age of empire or imperial decline, as their characters confront law in personal ways. Barry’s novel holds out a slim hope that the birth of the Irish Republic might make comprehensible, even if not justify, the bloodbaths of the Western Front. Ondaatje, however, challenges the primacy of nations, suggesting instead that personal loyalties or regional ties provide the only meaningful connections for individuals uprooted by modern global warfare. Both novels thus force their characters to negotiate an overlapping series of boundaries: local and national political lines, as well as ethnic, familial, and emotional borders.
Law and Legitimacy in A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Weinrib Laura
Published: April 2021

Laura Weinrib reads Ernest Hemingway’s celebrated 1929 novel as an indictment of war’s moral and legal logic. While commentary on A Farewell to Arms has typically emphasized the transgressive nature of Henry and Barkley’s love affair, Weinrib argues that the novel’s unmarried protagonists may in fact have entered into a common law marriage, and, at minimum, both their relationship and their unborn child are capable of retroactive legitimation. The sentimentality and comparative conventionality of the love story, according to Weinrib, accentuate the brutality of wartime conduct, which Hemingway regarded as irredeemably criminal. By the same token, the navigability and relative predictability of the civilian legal system stand in stark contrast to the arbitrariness of the wartime legal order.
Measuring and Using Happiness to Support Public Policies
Authors: Helliwell John F.
Published: April 2021

This chapter summarizes the philosophical and empirical grounds for giving a primary role to the evaluations that people make of the quality of their lives. These evaluations permit comparisons among communities, regions, nations, and population subgroups; enable the estimation of the relative importance of various sources of happiness; and provide a well-being lens to aid the choice of public policies to support well-being. Available results expose the primacy of social determinants of happiness and especially the power of generosity and other positive social connections to improve the levels, distribution, and sustainability of well-being.
The Amygdala Hijack
Authors: Fitzduff Mari
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces the reader to the proven tenuous nature of reason when pitted against emotions. Contrary to what most of us believe, our human capacity for rational judgment is much (much!) shallower than we think, particularly in situations of conflict. The chapter will explain why social tensions can arise so easily and why murders, genocides, and mass killings can evolve so quickly in almost any situation. It looks at the tension between the parts of our brains that deal with our memories, pleasures, and fears and those that serve us through the use of analytic and logical reasoning. It also looks at how the balance between these varying parts of our brains can be different in different people and groups and how these differences can affect people’s perspective on contentious issues such as immigration, military spending, and patriotism.
Towards a “Judicial Knowledge-Sharing Dialogue”—A Methodological Pilot Project to Interpret and Disseminate Global Law
Authors: Capaldo Giuliana Ziccardi
Published: April 2021

Judicial dialogue has to be improved because of the continuous globalization and because constitutional principles formulated on the global level are often unknown to national judges. The author presents an alternative proposal to the traditional model(s) of dialogue between courts that she calls “judicial knowledge-sharing dialogue.” The chapter explains how, in order to better understand the complex nature of the global law system and disseminate information and content, international courts should attain a genuine dialogue with domestic courts as a way to interpret and share knowledge of global principles. This chapter launches a pilot project for a judicial knowledge-sharing process inspired by basic principles and concepts of knowledge management, based on a combination of three crucial activities: interpreted information—knowledge dissemination—effective action. It argues that a sharing knowledge through dialogue is a better tool for courts working together to develop a truly universal constitutional structure of the global community, for the purpose of strengthening the protection of fundamental rights and commons.
The Global Environment Outlook and Its Implications for International Law
Authors: Gupta Joyeeta , Ceylan Üsame
Published: April 2021

The growing body of international environmental law has not been successful in addressing the ecological challenges affecting our planet according to the Global Environment Outlook-6. We are not making enough progress to address environmental problems in such a manner that we can achieve the sustainable development goals by 2030 or achieve some degree of sustainable development by 2050. This chapter reviews the latest science on environmental issues and draws five lessons: First, incremental hard law is unable to pre-empt tomorrow’s problems, let alone address yesterday’s challenges. Second, international environmental law needs to make a quantum jump in terms of understanding of the issues and identification of appropriate tools—and this requires the legal community to engage more proactively with scholars from other disciplines. Third, international environmental law must address the drivers of environmental destruction. Fourth, it needs to engage more proactively with the growing pollution caused by the rich and the growing vulnerability of the poor to the impacts. Finally, principles of environmental justice may need to be incorporated in a possible Global Constitution if we are to live peacefully within a world of resource limits.
The Role of ICJ Procedure in the Emergence and Evolution of Erga Omnes Obligations
Authors: Pratap Ravindra
Published: April 2021

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) procedure has been, within and across contentious cases and advisory opinions, both a catalyst for, and a constraint on, the emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations. Clarification, interpretation, and affirmation of the law have most frequently worked as catalysts for the emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations. Judicial propriety and/or judicial discretion have most frequently tended to constrain the emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations. Judicial propriety and/or judicial discretion, evidence, consent, and standing before the Court have been other catalysts. Formalism, jurisdiction, fact-finding, and interpretation have been other constraints on the emergence and evolution of erga omnes obligations.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Authors: Poisot Eduardo Ferrer Mac-Gregor
Published: April 2021

During 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued twenty-one judgements in contentious cases, seven interpretations of previous judgements, nineteen orders on provisional measures, and one advisory opinion. The Court developed case law on several topics such as forced disappearance, crimes against humanity, violence against women, political rights, the right to work, and the right to health and, for the first time, established a state’s responsibility for violation of the principle of progressivity. We should also emphasize the new inter-American standards in relation to the mechanism of asylum and its recognition as a human right, to pardons, and to the obligation of enhanced due diligence and special protection in investigations and criminal proceedings based on sexual violence against children and adolescents, as well as state responsibility for acts of sexual torture by a non-state agent.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Authors: Knoops Geert-Jan Alexander
Published: April 2021

The International Criminal Court has experienced a revival in 2018 in terms of activity and new cases and new stages of proceedings brought either before the Pre-Trial, Trial, or Appeals Chamber. These include the two cases in the Central African Republic; a new case before the Appeals Chamber in relation to the United Nations Security Council referral of Jordan for non-cooperation; the Prosecutor has requested an exceptional ruling on an issue concerning jurisdiction of the crime of deportation; a defendant was acquitted by the Appeals Chamber, overturning an earlier conviction by the Trial Chamber. Finally, in the year 2018 unprecedented attacks were made against the Court by government officials of both the United States of America and the Philippines, while the issue of the removal immunities in the Al-Bashir case remains controversial.
Neither Sin nor Paradox
Authors: LiVecche Marc
Published: April 2021

Chapter 3 demonstrates how the just war tradition can help warfighters navigate the moral complexities of combat without compromising deeply held normative commitments. Drawing on the classical imagination of C. S. Lewis, it drafts a portrait of the just warrior as a marbling of the characteristics of Venus and Mars—the personifications of love and war. Such a union of dispositions demonstrates the possibility of attending to both the necessity of war and the requirements of love without contradiction. The just war tradition is shown to be committed to both moral realism—the view that what is good in the world is determined by a moral order grounded in objective reality—and to a moral vision that is essentially eudaemonist, or deeply concerned with the promotion of human flourishing, including enemy flourishing. This leads to a theological examination of enemy love and to a distinction between moral and nonmoral evil.
Reengaging Sound Praxis in the Real World
Authors: Araújo Samuel
Published: April 2021

This chapter questions the politico-epistemological potentials of and challenges notions of dialogue and collaboration in current scholarship on sound praxis. It addresses variable meanings of both dialogue and collaboration as general signifiers central both to social processes and the ethnographic experience. What motivates dialogue and collaboration, and how do variable motivations play (or not) in contexts of struggle for political recognition and valuing of forms of knowledge and practices under pressure from exploitation, inequality, and criminalization of the oppressed? The argument proceeds through three basic steps: (a) a synthetic examination of recent reviews of collaborative/dialogic/advocacy/applied/engaged work in both soundscape and music scholarship vis-à-vis the increasing and generalized self-awareness of local-global political struggles and tensions; (b) highlighting the role often ascribed to the so-called arts in mediating the negotiation of human coexistence in conflictive and post-conflict contexts; and (c) opening a debate on political-epistemological alternatives to research on sound praxis drawing on the theorists Paulo Freire, Orlando Fals Borda, and Luis Guillermo Vasco Uribe.
The Modernity of the Songlines
Authors: Roberts Rhoda
Published: April 2021

Aboriginal Australia is facing a time like no other. This chapter reflects on our ever-adapting culture, as we are lamenting the passing of our cultural custodians, each of whom is a library of profound knowledge. It articulates how a global groundswell of creative work, controlled and created from an Aboriginal and/or first peoples perspective, works to retain language and revitalize ritual forms. Our creative practices have enabled Indigenous arts industry workers across all genres a relevant voice, better employment prospects, community outcomes, and, most important, the control of how we are perceived. Viewers of museum exhibitions now have more awareness of the sophisticated and complex societal structures we have developed and lived for thousands of years. But what of the continuing cultural obligations and clan/nation responsibility, the cultural inheritance of the oldest living race? While the author believes it is vital for the next generations of first peoples to build bridges, develop indigenous capacity, generate employment, and ensure the health and well-being of their communities, she asks how we are ensuring our youth are experiencing the old ways of traditional, intergenerational knowledge transmission, and how relevant we consider it in the twenty-first century.
DancingDomba
Authors: Emberly Andrea , Davhula Mudzunga Junniah
Published: April 2021

The domba school of girls’ initiation is recognizable to many ethnomusicologists from John Blacking’s historic work in Venda communities in South Africa in the 1950s. Blacking’s study illuminated the central role of music in children’s lives in Venda communities. However, at present, domba and the unique songs and stories of Venda childhood are highly endangered, with significant ramifications for contemporary children’s education, cultural practices, and well-being in Venda communities. This chapter explores collaborative research that aims to draw together ethnomusicological methodologies such as audio and video documentation with community-driven efforts to embed the teaching and learning from domba into the school curriculum. Because children have historically been viewed as research objects, rather than participants, this collaborative effort highlights the significance of including children and young people in the research process. By connecting music to a broader cultural context, our research explores the emotional, physical, and socio-cultural transition from childhood to adulthood that is embodied musically in initiation schools and through the transmission of traditional Venda children’s musical arts practices (song, dance, instrumental performance). Our research aims to contribute to knowledge about critical issues, including the connection of well-being to arts education and the sustainability of intangible cultural heritage through unique and collaborative methodologies that prioritize the engagement of children and young people.
Athenian political rhetoric
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines how later authors rationalized contemporary realities by projecting them onto late classical Greece, including reshaping the images of famous Athenian leaders: a politically and personally corrupt Demades accentuated Demosthenes’s patriotism and Phocion’s morality. Despite their artificial nature, such views survived into modern works that juxtapose Demades’s cynical opportunism with Demosthenes’s righteous energy and Phocion’s noble simplicity. These and other characters were developed in multiple ways: supplying content substance for rhetorical exercises and literary works; accentuating the desired personal and professional virtues of pepaideumenoi; and creating images of Demades and his contemporaries, which provided material to generations of students. The retrospective projection of later realities explains the topos of Demades’s tyranny at Athens, which has been the subject of numerous modern interpretations. As an uneducated parvenu, Demades could have held on to power only by flattery and force, relying on support from tyrannical Macedonian leaders.
Epilogue
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

The epilogue sums up the steps and ways in which Demades’s traditional image emerged and developed as a rhetorical construct reflecting the educational needs, social norms, and political realities of later centuries. His lack of rhetorical schooling—and method—meant that Demades’s oratory was successful only because of his flattery and subservience. All of this was entirely logical to the pepaideumenoi, who saw one’s oratorical style as corresponding to his moral character: Demades’s oratory, manners, politics, and looks were all thoroughly corrupt. This Demades was juxtaposed with Demosthenes and Phocion, whose images also underwent a rhetorical reinterpretation; each of them furnished students over many centuries with positive and negative examples, molding later perceptions of the past. The rhetorical Demades illustrates the limits of our vision of classical Greece, which we mostly know from much later literary texts that projected the values and interests of subsequent generations.
Friedrich Richard Ulbricht’s Kugelphotometer
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

With the rapid development of many new and varied sources of light in the 19th century—Argand lamps of different designs and which burned various fuels, Carcel lamps, stearin candles, paraffin candles, and spermaceti candles, electric arc lamps, Drummond lamps, incandescent lamps with various filaments, Nernst glowbars, and many others —some method was needed to compare their output. But with the sources varying in spectral content and the angular distribution of the light, how could a meaningful comparison be made? After various fruitless attempts were made to concentrate the light onto a uniform region a surprisingly simple solution was proposed.
Lacemaker’s Lamps
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

In the years before the 19th century, the options for indoor lighting were limited and sometimes expensive. Yet artisans such as lacemakers, cobblers, and jewelers needed good lighting for their precise and delicate work. But not being very well paid, they needed a solution that would allow as many of them as possible to share the expense of lighting for work. How did they manage after the sun went down, especially in northern countries with long periods of winter darkness? Can the solutions they came up with be applied to present-day problems?
Not Worth the Candle
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

In order to compare the output from the different light sources that became available in the nineteenth century, the measurement of light was codified., One of the reference standards that was selected was the light from a spermaceti candle of a specified composition and size, made in a specified fasion and burning at a precise rate. But the spermaceti used to fabricate the candle is the natural product of non-domesticated animals living in the wild. It therefore ought to be expected to have great variation in its own composition. How did the governing bodies settle on a spermaceti candle, and why did they continue to use it?
Mistbow versus Glory
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

Mistbows and glories are both atmospheric optical effects formed by light scattered by extremely small water droplets, having diameters comparable to the wavelength of light. Yet these two phenomena affect light in very different ways. In the case of mistbows the diffractive spreading of light caused by its passage through the very small droplets (which act somewhat like tiny apertures) causes the light to diffract in a wide angle that compensates for the prismatic separation of color. The different bands of colors overlap, and as a result the “rainbow” arcs are colorless. Glories are also Effects where light passes through tiny droplets and is reflected and refracted, thus separating the colors. The droplets, again, should act as tiny apertures, causing the different color bands to spead out and overlap. Yet glories are brightly colored. You can sometimes see both effects at the same time, in the same cloud. Why are the two phenomena so different?
The Endless Corridor
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

How old is the image of a mirror reflected in a mirror reflected in a mirror, etcetera? Is it of relatively recent vintage, or is it an ancient idea? What name can we even apply to it? Does the idea have any practical uses, or is it only a curiosity? Certainly it shows up in such devices as Fabry-Perot interferometers, plano-plano laser resonators, and interference filters. We can trace references of it back through time, and show where it might have been known, if not recorded. It can confidently be traced back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, but evidence from the plays suggest that the image may have been known to Shakespeare.
Turnus and the End of the Epicurean World
Authors: Gorey Matthew M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines the role of atomic imagery in the final book of the Aeneid, particularly with respect to Turnus’ killing of the Trojan warrior Eumedes and his final defeat by Aeneas. It argues that a web of allusions to Lucretian atomism in each of those scenes connects Turnus’ opposition to Trojan colonization with the non-teleological worldview of atomism. Thus, Turnus’ defeat marks not just the rejection of Italian political power, but also of the Epicurean cosmology with which Turnus is allusively associated. However, a number of details linking Aeneas’ killing of Turnus to Turnus’ killing of Eumedes subtly undermine this victory for Rome’s imperial teleology, suggesting that the two heroes act in fundamentally similar ways, angrily inflicting violence upon their enemies to achieve a desired political outcome.
Fighting for Balance
Authors: Haines Avril
Published: April 2021

While the Pentagon Papers framework was a creative way to promote a balance between free speech principles and national security interests in 1971, and the objectives and interests weighed in the case remain basically the right ones, this essay argues that we must now rethink the framework to better promote that balance. Checks on the executive branch have weakened since 1971, so the framework needs to be adjusted to better promote transparency. Technological developments have rendered the framework less effective because we cannot rely on the press to be a separate actor capable of making a considered judgment regarding what is newsworthy. And the government overclassifies information, a problem that highlights the issues with relying on the existing system. The essay proposes mechanisms to restore and achieve the proper balance such as reforms in the classification system and the creation of a commission to address the issues.
The Growth of Press Freedoms in the United States since 9/11
Authors: Goldsmith Jack
Published: April 2021

The number, frequency, and seriousness of leaks of classified information have grown sharply in the last two decades. The government has reacted to these leaks with several initiatives to stop or deter them. Journalists and their allies, in turn, have complained that these initiatives have narrowed press freedoms and damaged the First Amendment. This essay argues that the journalists are wrong. The last two decades have witnessed an unprecedented growth in press freedoms in the national security context and greater protection for journalists in their reporting of national security secrets. The recent indictment of Julian Assange is no violation of this norm and in many ways confirms it.
A Thousand Years into One
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin
Published: April 2021

Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech is often seen as the founding story of atomic energy’s peaceful side. In fact, it was not such a dramatic break from the past. The Democrats had begun to use the atom in this way, first with radioisotopes and then with other intriguing ideas, such as irradiating seeds in the hope of generating wondrous mutations. The Democrats hatched the germ of the idea of “Atoms for Peace,” calling for a global atomic Marshall Plan, shortly after President Truman announced in 1949 his decision to pursue development of the hydrogen bomb. The idea of the peaceful atom was deployed rhetorically to mitigate the political consequences of significant escalations in weapons development. Eisenhower’s pledge delivered not a new program but American political consensus about how the atom should be discussed as a matter of state.
Turf Wars and Green Revolutions
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin
Published: April 2021

Behind the fiction of the IAEA’s non-political status was a tremendous amount of political maneuvering. The agency embarked on numerous programs in the developing world, backed by substantial financial commitments from the United States and other governments with robust weapons programs. The agency’s apparent status as a non-political technical agency obscured its role in propaganda, while its wide membership provided an illusion of global norms and consensus. The agency provided an authoritative international voice for a cornucopian vision of the atom that exaggerated the problem-solving aspects of atomic energy and constantly tried to identify success stories in health, agriculture, and other domains. In the early 1960s, the IAEA engaged in a turf war against two of these agencies, the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization, and tried to claim a role in the so-called Green Revolution.