bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KESALAHAN EJAAN DALAM KARANGAN TEKS EKSPOSISI KELAS X SMA SULTAN AGUNG 3 SEMARANG
Authors: Rohmah Siti Sururiyatur , Arsanti Meilan , Wardani Oktarina Puspita
Published: October 2021

Dalam pembelejaran keterampilan menulis harus diimbangi dengan penguasaan ejaan. Penguasaan dan analisis kesalahan ejaan dalam sebuah penulisan kata, klausa, kalimat, dan paragraf merupakan elemen penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam penulisan karangan terutama pada karangan teks eksposisi. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan rancangan deskriptif kualitatif untuk menggambarkan bentuk kesalahan dan daerah kesalahan ejaan yang dianlisis pada bidang pemakaian huruf, penulisan kata, tanda baca dan pedoman pemenggalan kata. Selanjutnya kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut diklasifikasikan menurut daerah kesalahannya yang meliputi fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, dan semantik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada peserta didik kelas X IPA 2 dan kelas X IPS 2 SMA Sultan Agung 3 Semarang. Peneliti menggunakan metode simak dan catat dalam menentukan analisis teks peserta didik. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui terdapat 97 kesalahan data dari 48 karangan teks eksposisi kelas X IPA 2 dan X IPS 2 SMA Sultan Agung 3 Semarang. Kesalahan paling banyak pada penggunaan ejaan yang didominasi oleh pemakaian huruf kapital yang berjumlah 38, 26 kesalahan penulisan kata, 24 kesalahan tanda baca, dan 9 kesalahan pemenggalan kata. Kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut kemudian dikalasifikasikan menurut daerah kesalahannya yaitu fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, dan semantik. Untuk mempermudah dalam menganalisis data peneliti memberikan tabel kartu data untuk memberikan gambaran data-data yang telah dianalisis. Kesalahan-kesalahan yang ditemukan cenderung diulang-ulang bahkan pengulanganya lebih dari dua kali dalam satu paragraf. Terbukti dari 48 karangan peserta didik yang telah dianalisis rata-rata setiap karangan dari peserta didik ditemukan dua kasus kesalahan ejaan, seperti kesalahan pemakaian huruf kapital dan dan penulisan kata. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa keterampilan menulis peserta didik belum diimbangi dengan penguasaan ejaan. Melihat hal tersebut hendaknya pendidik memberikan pembelajaran mengenai Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia (EBI) secara lebih baik lagi pada peserta didik.
FORMS OF ORE COMPONENT OCCURRENCE AND CONDITIONS OF THEIR TRANSPORT INTO BROWN COALS WITHIN THE ZONES OF CONTRAST JUNCTION BETWEEN SEDIMENTARY BASINS AND OROGENS USING THE ZEYA-BUREYA BASIN AND TURAN MASSIF AS AN EXAMPLE (FAR EAST, RUSSIA)
Authors:   Institute of Geology and Nature Management of Far Eastern Branch of RAS, Sorokin A.P. , Belozerov N.I. ,   Institute of Geology and Nature Management of Far Eastern Branch of RAS, Popov A.A. ,   Institute of Geology and Nature Management of Far Eastern Branch of RAS
Published: October 2021

The conditions for the formation of Paleogene-Neogene metalliferous coals in a setting of tectonic movement intensification in the zone of junction between the Turan massif and Zeya-Bureya basin have been studied. The massif with the Selemdzha-Tomsk and Arkhara grabens separated by the Bureya horst and bounded by the systems of northeastern strike-slip faults was found to have a keyboard structure. The research showed that the most favorable conditions for the ore microcomponent accumulation in coals through the erosion of the Late Cretaceous ore-bearing chemical residue were within the submerged blocks of the massif. The paleodrainage system carrying microcomponents drained the grabens and the associated sedimentary sub-basins of the Zeya-Bureya basin eastern margin. Ore components were transported mainly in solution and as solid clasts to the areas of coal accumulation as evidenced by the resemblance of the elementary composition of coals in the Zeya-Bureya basin and geochemical anomalies of the Turan massif.
APATITE-ALBITE METASOMATITES (ACEITES) OF THE EASTERN ALDAN-STANOVOY SHIELD
Authors:   Kosygin Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kirillov V.E.
Published: October 2021

The paper summarizes the findings of research on Riphean ore-bearing apatite-albite metasomatites (aceites) identified in metamorphic, volcanic and intrusive rocks in the eastern Aldan-Stanovoy shield. The characteristic features of lithological and structural control of aceites, their mineral and petrochemical composition, geochemical associations, ontogeny, metasomatic zoning, and geochemical specialization are outlined. Aceites in metamorphic rocks are assigned to the albite-chlorite-apatite facies and in igneous rocks to the albite-apatite facies. Apatite-albite metasomatites host mineralization of two types: uranium (in aceites after metamorphic rocks) and uranium – rare earth element – rare metal (in aceites after volcanic and intrusive rocks).
Intervenção federal no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Ramos Miguel
Published: October 2021

A presente pesquisa reflete sobre a Intervenção federal na segurança pública do Rio de Janeiro, ocorridaem 2018. Foram levantados tanto dados governamentais bem como visões de autoridades diretamente ligadas ao assunto, como a do então comandante do Exército. Buscou-se entender a função do Exército na sociedade e qual a intenção do Estado ao empregar as Forças Armadas no Rio de Janeiro. Como conclusão foi identificado um foco, por parte do Gabinete de Intervenção, na reestruturação da polícia do Estado. Contudo, foi compreendido que não houve um redirecionamento na política de segurança pública, reconduzindo-a a erros históricos de priorização de operações militares no combate ao crime e não a ações direcionadas aos campos que dão origem ao problema.
Potencialidades do policiamento comunitário na redução do uso da força pelas policias militares
Authors: Fernandes Alan
Published: October 2021

Este trabalho discute a correlação entre o policiamento comunitário e o uso da força pelas polícias militares no Brasil. Estratégias policiais voltadas à aproximação comunitária têm sido uma fórmula acionada em todo o mundo, desde as décadas de 70, e no Brasil, desde o início dos anos 80. Tais políticas foram motivadas por uma promessa de ganhos quanto à prevenção ao crime, aumento da confiança no trabalho policial, responsividade dos gestores policiais em relação à sociedade, transparência e mudança de modelos repressivos de enfrentamento ao crime para formas mais preventivas e construídas coletivamente. Tem, portanto, ao menos como pressuposto, que seu aprofundamento promoveria menores níveis de emprego da força pelos órgãos policiais. Contudo, a se julgar pelos mais de 20 anos das iniciais experiências no Brasil e pela permanência de altos níveis de letalidade policial, vislumbra-se determinados limites dessa política pública. Com base nos registros das ocorrências atendidas pela Polícia Militar do estado de São Paulo, a pesquisa recorreu a modelos quantitativos para analisar se, no período de maior impacto da implantação do policiamento comunitário naquele estado (2004), eventuais reduções do uso da força se fizeram presentes nas unidades policiais (Companhias de Policiamento) abrangidas pelo projeto de implantação do modelo japonês Koban. Os resultados apontam que o policiamento comunitário pode impactar as práticas violentas da polícia militar a depender de outras variáveis implícitas a essa política pública, que, por vezes, são negligenciadas em prol do formalismo e da manutenção de lógicas institucionais.
Intercultural Communication in the Perspective of Gender
Authors: Aridah Aridah
Published: October 2021

Intercultural communication is usually viewed as the communication which takes place between two or more people from different cultural backgrounds. These different cultural backgrounds are commonly understood as different languages and nationalities. However, intercultural communication is not limited to these backgrounds. It can also be viewed as communication across gender. This article aims to provide a conceptual study which reviews some ideas regarding intercultural communication in the view of gender. It discusses the ideas proposed by some scholars in communications concerning how men and women communicate differently because they are considered members of different cultures, that is, the culture of men and the culture of women. The discussion focuses on the differences between men and women in terms of communication styles, communication attitudes, and linguistic strategies. Some potential misunderstandings which occur between men and women are also presented as a result of those differences.
Design of experiment analysis of elevated temperature wear of Mg-WC nano-composites
Authors:   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, Banerjee Sudip , Sutradhar Goutam ,   National Institute of Technology, Manipur, India, Sahoo Prasanta ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
Published: October 2021

Current study explores the effect of selected process parameters i.e. wt.% of reinforcement (A), elevated temperature (B) and load (C) on wear characteristics of Mg-WC nanocomposites using Taguchi robust design concept. Ultrasonic treated stir casting is employed to synthesize nanocomposites. Three levels for every factor are taken into consideration and accordingly L27 orthogonal array (OA) is used for minimization of wear rate. Main effect plot is generated to investigate the important parameters and optimality is also predicted from the main effect plot. Optimal condition for minimum wear rate is 2wt.% of WC, 100°C temperature and 20N load (A3B1C1). Interaction plots are generated to scrutinize the interaction outcome between selected parameters. ANOVA study is executed to evaluate significant parameters and their effective handout on output. Current investigation reveals, Wt.% of WC is the most significant factor while temperature and load are moderately significant. Among the interacting parameters, interaction between wt.% of WC & temperature (A×B) has moderate significance. Wt.% of WC (A) has 43.135% contribution while temperature (B), load (C) and interaction between wt.% of WC & temperature (A×B) have 26.623%, 19.037% and 5.639% contribution respectively. Residual plots for wear rate are discussed and confirmation test finally helps to validate present experimental model. S/N ratio is improved by 4.411 dB (48.60%) than the initial condition.
تأثير جائحة كورونا على السلوكيات الاجتماعية والانفعالية والصحية والتكنولوجية والاقتصادية لدى طلبة الجامعات في محافظات الضفة الغربية
Authors: تمارا عيسى مصلح الباحثة
Published: October 2021

هدفت الدراسة الى الكشف عن مدى تأثير جائحة كورونا على سلوكيات طلبة الجامعات الاجتماعية والانفعالية والصحية والتكنولوجية والاقتصادية في محافظات الضفة الغربية، والكشف عن طبيعة الفروق في تاثير جائحة كورونا على سلوكيات طلبة الجامعات الفلسطينية التي تعزى لمتغيرات الجنس، مكان السكن، المستوى التعليمي، المعدل الأكاديمي، الدخل الشهري للأسرة. تكونت عينة الدراسة من (1,451) طالباً وطالبة من طلبة جامعة بيت لحم وجامعة الاستقلال وجامعة النجاح الوطنية تم اختيارهم بطريقة عشوائية. واستخدمت الدراسة مقياس تأثير جائحة كورونا على السلوكيات الاجتماعية والانفعالية والصحية والتكنولوجية والاقتصادية. وتوصلت نتائج الدراسة الى أن تأثير جائحة كورونا على السلوكيات المختلفة لطلبة الجامعات كان مرتفعاً، وكان ترتيب تأثيرها على السلوكيات على النحو التالي: السلوكيات الاجتماعية والانفعالية (25.9%)، السلوكيات الصحية (%25.8)، السلوكيات الاقتصادية (24.5%)، والسلوكيات التكنولوجية (23.6%). كما توصلت النتائج إلى عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (0.05) في تأثير جائحة كورونا على سلوكيات طلبة الجامعات الفلسطينية تغزى لمتغيرات الجنس، مكان السكن، المستوى التعليمي، المعدل الأكاديمي، الدخل الشهري للأسرة، وتوقع (58%) من المفحوصين من طلبة الجامعات بأن السلوكيات ستنتهي بانتهاء كورونا.
رمزية الألوان ومفهوم الهوية الوطنية في قصائد رومانسية الغجر للشاعر الاسباني فيديريكو غارثيا لوركا
Authors: قاسم محمد هلال سليم ا. م. د.
Published: October 2021

ناقشنا في هذا البحث العديد من المعاني الخفية وراء الألوان التي استخدمها لوركا في القصائد الغجرية ، ذلك من خلال تسليط الضوء على رمزية ودلالات تلك المرادفات والكلمات التي تعكس بشكل عام خصائص الهوية الوطنية الإسبانية ، والأندلسية بشكل خاص، حيث مثلت تلك القصائد المرآة التي تعكس ملامح الموروث الثقافي الشعبي المتجذر في الذاكرة الجمعية للمجتمع الاندلسي ، كونها جسدت نوعا من المحاكاة  لتاريخ وجغرافية ذلك الاقليم ولا سيما موروثه ومفاهيمه الدينية المتمثلة في الكنيسة الكاثوليكية  وتفسيرها للكتاب المقدس.
المرجعية الدينية للأشكال المنفذة على الخزف الإسلامي المملوكي (دراسة في الدلالات الرمزية)
Authors: وعــــد محمد حسوني العبيدي م. د.
Published: October 2021

ضم البحث الحالي الموسوم (المرجعية الدينية للأشكال المنفذة على الخزف المملوكي, دراسة في الدلالات الرمزية) أربعة فصول، خصص الفصل الأول منها لبيان مشكلة البحث والتي تم عرضها وتلخيصها في إمكانية الإجابة على السؤال الاتي:

هل هنالك دلالات رمزية في الاشكال المنفذة على الخزف المملوكي؟

كما تضمن الفصل الأول الإشارة إلى أهمية البحث والحاجه إليه وكما يلي:

تكوين قاعدة معرفية عن الدلالات الرمزية المنفذة على الخزف المملوكي.

تفيد هذه الدراسة طلبة الفنون والباحثين والمتذوقين للفن والنقاد.

وتضمن هذا الفصل أيضاً أهداف البحث بتعرف:

مرجعيات الاشكال الرمزية المنفذة على الخزف المملوكي.

الدلالات الرمزية للأعمال المنفذة على الخزف المملوكي.

كما تضمن على حدود البحث بدراسة الاعمال الخزفية الاسلامية المملوكية (صحون ومزهريات وبلاطات) والتي ظهرت في مصر وسوريا في ذلك العصر ضمن الفترة الزمنية (13 - 14 ق.م).

    أما الفصل الثاني فقد خصص للإطار النظري والدراسات السابقة ، حيث تضمن الإطار النظري مبحثين، عني أولها بتقصي مفهوم الرمز من الناحية التاريخية ، في حين اختص المبحث الثاني بالدلالة والرمز للاشكال المنفذة على التصميم الزخرفي الاسلامي , أما الفصل الثالث فقد تضمن إجراءات البحث الذي تم خلالها تحديد مجتمع البحث البالغ عدده (72) عملاً خزفياً , وعينة البحث وطريقة اختيارها مع أداة تحليل عينة البحث وتحديد منهج البحث ( أسلوب تحليل المحتوى ) ومن ثم تحليل عينة البحث المتكونة من (4) نماذج خزفية ، في حين خصص الفصل الرابع لاستعراض النتائج والاستنتاجات والتوصيات ، ومن أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها هذه الدراسة:

أعتماد الخزاف المسلم على المواضيع التزينية والزخرفية التي عبرت عن البيئة الطبيعية والاجتماعية والحضارية والثقافية والنفسية دلالات واضحة من خلال ارتباط الفنان بالواقع والتماهي معه وهذا ما انعكس في جميع نماذج العينة .

جمع الفنان المملوكي بين الوحدات الزخرفية المتنوعة ( هندسية , نباتية , حيوانية , آدمية ) كدلالات عبرت عن طبيعة البيئة بكل معطياتها وهي اشارات استيعابية لبيئته وتجلى ذلك في جميع نماذج العينة .

واهم الاستنتاجات :

اهتم الخزاف المسلم بنقل مفردات الواقع البيئي الى سطوحه الخزفية ، إنطلاقاً من حالة التأثر الواضح بالمواقف الحياتية، وقد عبر عن تلك المفردات جمالياً وبما يتناسب مع أختيارات الموضوع والفكرة .

ان الوحدات الزخرفية النباتية والحيوانية لها ارتباط بالعقيدة الاسلامية وهي ذات دلالات ورمز وقيم جمالية تحاكي ذائقة المسلمين ، ولذلك ركز عليها الخزاف المسلم تركيزاً واضحاً.

وأعقبها التوصيات والمقترحات فقائمة المصادر والمراجع ومن ثم الملاحق وملخص البحث والعنوان باللغة الانكليزية.
التوظيف السياسي للمرأة في الأساطير والملاحم اليونانية القديمة
Authors: عامر ناجي حسين م.
Published: October 2021

بحث "التوظيف السياسي للمرأة في الأساطير والملاحم اليونانية القديمة" يسلط الضوء على دور المرأة السياسي من خلال توظيفها لتكون لاعباً سياسياً تارةً بصورة إيجابية كما في قصة ملك مدينة اثينا اوديسيوس بزوجته بنلوب , والملك اجاممنون ملك ميسينيا وطبيعة علاقته بزوجته كليتمنسترا إذ حملت تلك العلاقة الملحمية تصويراً للدور الكبير الذي يقع على عاتق المرأة في الجانب السياسي وصيرورتها لاعباً إيجابياً كما صورته علاقة أوديسيوس ببنلوب وسلبياً تارة أخرى كما في علاقة أجاممنون بزوجته كليتمنسترا , وانطلاقاً من هذا المفهوم تم للبحث مناقشة دور المرأة والآلية التي تم بها توظيف هذا العنصر الحيوي سياسياً من خلال الأساطير والملاحم اليونانية القديمة , وقد أستند البحث إلى جملة من المصادر باللغتين العربية والانكليزية منها ملحمتا الإلياذة والأوديسة , وملحمتا أنساب الآلهة والأعمال والأيام لهزيود , وكتابي بيار غريمال الميثولوجيا اليونانية , وفينلي عالم أوديسوس ونيهاردت الآلهة والأبطال في اليونان القديمة , والملحمة الإغريقية القديمة فيما يخص المؤلفات المترجمة , أما التي باللغة الانكليزية فكان منها  (Peter Parley , Tales About the Mythology of Greece and Rome) , (Robert Graves , The Greek Myths).
كثــــــــــافة اللحظــــة الشعوريـــــــــة في قصيدة (لمــــا اناخوا) للشاعر ماني الموسوس ت (245 هـ) قراءة سيميائية
Authors: احمد علي حسين جفال م. د.
Published: October 2021

تقوم هذه الدراسة على قراءة نص شعري يمتد في ستة ابيات شعرية , عبر استنطاق اللحظة الشعورية الكامنة في ثنايا الابيات، إذ تمثل اللحظة الشعورية تجربة شعرية عاطفية صادقة، ومشاعر إنسانية متدفقة مع جاذبية العبارة، وانسجام المعنى بين دال يبوح بمدلول، واخر ينفتح على دوال ثوانٍ، عبر تقنيات اسلوبية تتشكل من خلالها التراكيب النحوية، وتستكشف البنية الدلالية، ويمتزج الصوت بالمعنى، في اثراء جمالية النص الشعري، مع قدرة فائقة على تشاكل المعاني، وتوظيف سردي وتصعيد درامي في بناء لغوي متناسق، ونظام علاماتي , يؤسس لحضور جمالي مع زحم وتكثيف الايحاءات والدلالات والصور بلغة شعرية موحية، ومثلت القراءة السيمائية أداة الكشف، وفك شفرات النص عبر اجراء سيميائي , يتتبع فاعلية العلاقة اللغوية ودلالاتها النصية وتشاكلها الجمالي.

وقال من البسيط:

لما أناخوا، قبيل الصبحِ، عيسهم

                                وثوروها فثارتْ بالهوى الإبِلُ

وأبرزتْ من خلال السّجف ناظرهَا

                                ترنو إليّ ودمعُ العينِ يِنهمــــــــــلُ

وودَّعت ببنانٍ خلتُهُ عَنَماً

                                فقلتُ: لا حَمَلتَ رجلاكَ يا جَملُ

وَيلي مِن البَينِ ماذا حل بي وبها

                                 من نازح الوجدِ حلَّ البين فارتحلوا

ياحادي العيسٍ عرِجْ كي اودعهم

                              ياحادي العيسِ في ترحالكَ الاجلُ

اني على العهدِ لم انقضْ مودتهم

                               ياليتَ شعري بطولِ العهدِ مافعلوا؟
Summaries of harms in systematic reviews are unreliable (Part 2 of 2): Given the same data sources, systematic reviews of gabapentin have different results for harms
Authors: Qureshi Riaz , Mayo-Wilson Evan , Rittiphairoj Thanitsara , McAdams-DeMarco Mara , Guallar Eliseo , Li Tianjing
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveIn this methodologic study (Part 2 of 2), we examined the overlap in sources of evidence and the corresponding results for harms in systematic reviews for gabapentin. Study Design & SettingWe extracted all citations referenced as sources of evidence for harms of gabapentin from 70 systematic reviews, as well as the harms assessed and numerical results. We assessed consistency of harms between pairs of reviews with a high degree of overlap in sources of evidence (>50%) as determined by corrected covered area (CCA). Whereas our focus in this paper is on the results for harms across reviews, Paper 1 examines the methods used to assess harms.ResultsWe found 514 reports cited across 70 included reviews. Most reports (244/514, 48%) were not cited in more than one review. Among 18 pairs of reviews, we found reviews had differences in which harms were assessed and their choice to meta-analyze estimates or present qualitative summaries. When a specific harm was meta-analyzed in a pair of reviews, we found similar effect estimates. ConclusionDifferences in harms results across reviews can occur because the choice of harms is driven by reviewer preferences, rather than standardized approaches to selecting harms for assessment. A paradigm shift is needed in the current approach to synthesizing harms.
konsep keberagamaan aliran kepercayaan sapta dharma dalam menghadapi perubahan sosial
Authors: dharul anugerah
Published: October 2021

Indonesia merupakan negara kaya akan keragaman. Salah satunya adalah keberagaman budaya spiritual. Wilayah pulau jawa diketahui merupakan tempat dengan jumlah organisasi penghayat terbanyak.Termasuk juga Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta merupakan wilayah yang kompleksitas pemeluk agama dan kepercayaan ini juga begitu banyak penulis lihat. Salah satu di antaranya adalah Aliran Kepercayaan Sapta Darma. Tetapi pengikut Aliran-aliran kepercayaan Sapta Darma ini seringkali mengalami ekslusi dan resistensi oleh negara dan masyarakat. Esklusi dilakukan oleh negara melalui kebijakan-kebijakan yang diskriminatif sedangkan resistensi dari masyarakat dilakukan dengan stereotyping dan labeling. Hal ini lahir karena pendefinisan agama itu sendiri mengikuti agama dominan. Sehingga pada akhirnya bisa dikata aliran kepercayaan ini masih melihat dan merasakan bahwa pluralitas hanya bagi mereka yang berkeyakinan terhadap agama-agama besar. Sinkretisme, akhirnya tak dapat dihindari, bahkan masih tetap berjalan sampai saat ini. Yang lebih memprihatinkan lagi, ada sebagian mereka yang dengan sengaja memprakarsai dan menghidupkan kembali tradisi sinkretis itu, dengan dalih menggali potensi tradisi dan budaya bumi pertiwi untuk meningkatkan nilai wisata religi, meskipun sesungguhnya nilai komersialnya jauh lebih tingi. Tulisan ini ingin menjelaskan terkait dengan bagaimana sikap dari para pengikut aliran kepercayaan dalam hal ini pengikut Sapta Darma dalam merespon ekslusi dan resistensi tersebut.
Individual Assignment 1_ E business strategy and implemetation_Muhammad Fadhlan Kabir_2301925873
Authors: Kabir Muhammad Fadhlan
Published: October 2021

Perkembangan teknologi mengakibatkan persaingan di bidang bisnis tidak dapat dihindari, sehingga perusahaan perlu mengetahui langkah-langkah yang tepat agar tetap bertahan dan mampu bersaing dengan perusahaan lain yang sejenis.Penerapan teknologi diharapkan dapat mempermudah, mempercepat proses transaksi, menghemat biaya, waktu, tenaga dan dapat menjangkau pasar yang lebih luas.
Perbandingan Pola Pembinaan Prestasi Cabang Olahraga Bola Voli antara Kontingen Kabupaten Cianjur Dengan Kota Sukabumi
Authors: Rahadian Adi
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) untuk mengetahui pola pembinaan prestasi cabang olaharaga bola voli di Kabupaten Cianjur, (2) Untuk mengetahui pola pembinaan prestasi cabang olahraga bola voli Kota Sukabumi, (3) untuk mengetahui perbandingan pola pembinaan prestasi cabang olahraga bola voli antara Kabupaten Cianjur dengan Kota Sukabumi. Metode penelitian yang di gunakan adalah penelitian evaluasi yang menggunakan metode campuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Sasaran dalam peneltian ini adalah 30 atlet, 3 orang pelatih, 2 orang pengurus, dan 1 manager kontingen bola voli Kabupaten Cianjur dan Kontingen bola voli Kota Sukabumi melalui wawancara, angket, dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis data deskrptif sedangkan perhitungan dalam angket menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kualitas pola pembinaan kontingen bola voli Kabupaten Cianjur kurang baik dibandingkan kota Sukabumi bisa dilihat dari pola pembinaan, sarana prasarana dan prestasi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat perbandingan yang signifikan pada kualitas pola pembinaan, sarana prasarana dan prestasi antara kontingen Kabupaten Cianjur dengan Kota Sukabumi.
Bagus Anggoro (2301938472) - Paper E-service quality and corporate image on customer perception
Authors: Anggoro Bagus
Published: October 2021

Kualitas pelayanan baik akan mempengaruhi persepsi pelanggan, lalau persepsi pelanggan akan mempengaruhi citra perusahaan. Maka dari itu perusahaan atau organisasi haru memerhatikan dengan teliti dari segala aspek dan aktifitas yang mereka lakukan, dalam hal ini kualitas pelayanan. Dengan kualitas pelayanan yang baik, pelanggan akan memberikan penilaian yang baik terhadap perusahaan atau organisasi tersebut. Lalu, persepsi pelanggan akan dengan sendirinya memberikan citra perusahaan.
Pandemi Covid-19 Sebagai Konsekuensi Masyarakat Risiko
Authors: Kurniawan Fuat Edi
Published: October 2021

Salah satu konsekuensi terpenting dari wabah Coronavirus ini adalah terciptanya kecemasan sosial di tengah masyarakat. Hal ini telah menimbulkan keprihatinan serius bagi masyarakat secara luas, bahkan wilayah yang minim kasus terkonfirmasi sekalipun. Rasa cemas dari seluruh kalangan usia, menandai bagaimana masyarakat kita rentan dalam menghadapi risiko. Pandemi ini memang tidak membuat semua orang sama. Tentu saja, dengan COVID-19 kita melihat perbedaan dalam risiko kerentanan berdasarkan usia, kelas ekonomi, pekerjaan, dan sebagainya. Kelompok-kelompok tertentu menjadi lebih terpinggirkan dalam hal mengakses sumber daya seperti pengujian dan perawatan medis. Secara khusus, pandemi ini juga telah menyoroti kerentanan orang-orang dalam berbagai jenis pekerjaan. Banyak dari masyarakat kita yang terdampak pandemi ini termasuk dalam golongan berpenghasilan rendah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa betapa eratnya hubungan pekerjaan dengan kerentanan dalam menghadapi risiko pandemi ini. Apa yang terjadi ketika pekerjaan itu hilang, dan berapa banyak orang saat ini mengalami precarious work situations atau situasi kerja yang berbahaya dan rapuh, seharusnya menjadi perhatian penting. Dari dampak ini, secara logis memunculkan masyarakat miskin baru di tengah pandemi Covid-19.
Elegancy: An open-source and intuitive cloud-based electronic laboratory notebook
Authors: Wei-Hsuan Chuang , Chih-Wei Huang , Shu-Hwa Chen , Chung-Yen Lin
Published: October 2021

We introduce an electronic laboratory notebook, Elegancy, a cloud-based and standalone web service distributed as a Docker image. Elegancy allows researchers to digitize and safeguard their documentations in laboratories. It helps the scholarly community in gathering evidence, sharing information, reorganizing knowledge, and creating laboratory works with greater ease and security.
e strategy session 1
Authors: lam christopher
Published: October 2021

Kita ini hidup di zaman dimana seluruh dunia sekarang ini sudah dikuasai oleh digital dan juga internet karena semua hal juga sudah dibuat sangat mudah dan simple dengan menggunakan teknologi sekarang ini, seperti misalnya untuk mengirim atau mentransfer uang kita harus pergi ke bank untuk mentransfer ke orang lain atau juga menyetor uang, sekarang ini jika kita ingin menyetor uang kita bisa menggunakan mobile banking atau juga internet banking yang bisa diakses dimana saja hanya dengan menggunakan smartphone kita dan untuk melakukan transfer pun juga caranya sudah dibuat sangat simple. Jadi dengan penjelasan ini e commerce merupakan seluruh aplikasi, device, dll yang bisa digunakan untuk menghubungi suatu perusahaan ataupun orang lain untuk melakukan transfer, pertukaran informasi bisnis, dll. disini saya menjelaskan tentang hubungan e service quality dan corporate image terhadap customer perception
The SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in High Income Countries Such as Canada: A Better Way Forward Without Lockdowns
Authors: Joffe Ari R , Redman David
Published: October 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused tragic morbidity and mortality. In attempt to reduce this morbidity and mortality, most countries implemented population-wide lockdowns. Here we show that the lockdowns were based on several flawed assumptions, including “no one is protected until everyone is protected,” “lockdowns are highly effective to reduce transmission,” “lockdowns have a favorable cost-benefit balance,” and “lockdowns are the only effective option.” Focusing on the latter, we discuss that Emergency Management principles provide a better way forward to manage the public emergency of the pandemic. Specifically, there are three priorities including the following: first, protect those most at risk by separating them from the threat (mitigation); second, ensure critical infrastructure is ready for people who get sick (preparation and response); and third, shift the response from fear to confidence (recovery). We argue that, based on Emergency Management principles, the age-dependent risk from SARS-CoV-2, the minimal (at best) efficacy of lockdowns, and the terrible cost-benefit trade-offs of lockdowns, we need to reset the pandemic response. We can manage risk and save more lives from both COVID-19 and lockdowns, thus achieving far better outcomes in both the short- and long-term.
Who is it okay to punch?
Authors: Gonzalez Frank , McCoy Alexandra
Published: October 2021

A popular contemporary meme involves the social acceptability of “punching Nazis.” This phenomenon raises the question: what characteristics make a group or member of a group more or less “punch-able”? More broadly, what group attributes yield support for physical violence against them? In this study, we build on the extant psychology literature on intergroup processes to look at what leads individuals to find physical violence against a group acceptable, and if the factors that lead to such acceptance differ from those that lead to sheer affective intolerance. We use two experimental tasks to test expectations built on prominent theories. In a “real-world rating task,” participants evaluated a series of real-world groups and individuals with varying characteristics such as race, ideology, intelligence, warmth, and tendency toward violence. Also, in a conjoint experiment, participants chose between two groups in terms of which they would support being punched, as various attributes were manipulated such as race, expressed ideological values, partisanship, income, tendency toward violence, and being described as disgusting or threatening. We find consistent support for effects of political alignment (particularly, expressed ideological values related to dominance) and perceived tendency toward violence, as well as mixed findings for race and several other factors. These findings synthesize theories on intergroup conflict with contemporary findings on affective polarization.
The effects of multiple linguistic variables on picture naming in American Sign Language
Authors: Sevcikova Sehyr Zed , Emmorey Karen
Published: October 2021

Picture naming tasks provide critical data for theories of lexical representation and retrieval and have been performed successfully in sign languages. However, the specific influences of lexical or phonological factors and stimulus properties on sign retrieval are poorly understood. To examine lexical retrieval in American Sign Language (ASL), we conducted a timed picture naming study using 524 pictures (272 objects and 251 actions). We also compared ASL naming with previous data for spoken English for a subset of 425 pictures. Deaf ASL signers named object pictures faster and more consistently than action pictures, as previously reported for English speakers. Lexical frequency, iconicity, better name agreement, and lower phonological complexity each facilitated naming RTs. RTs were also faster for pictures named with shorter signs (measured by average response duration). Target name agreement was higher for pictures with more iconic and shorter ASL names. The visual complexity of pictures slowed RTs and decreased target name agreement. RTs and target name agreement were correlated for ASL and English, but agreement was lower for ASL, possibly due to the English bias of the pictures. RTs were faster for ASL, which we attributed to a smaller lexicon. Overall, the results suggest that models of lexical retrieval developed for spoken languages can be adopted for signed languages, with the exception that iconicity should be included as a factor. The open-source picture naming dataset for ASL serves as an important, first-of-its-kind resource for researchers, educators, or clinicians for a variety of research, instructional, or assessment purposes.
Pemanfaatan ART Theraphy Dalam Konseling
Authors: Megarina Yulietha
Published: October 2021

Menggambar merupakan suatu kegiatan yang pernah dilakukan oleh kalangan anak-anak, remaja, orang dewasa sampai lansia juga bisa dilakukan untuk melatih skill/ menumbuhkan diri menjadi lebih kreatif , pada umumnya gambar juga diterapkan dalam sekolah sebagai mata pelajaran wajib yaitu Seni Budaya (Rupa). Dalam Konseling kegiatan menggambar juga digunakan, kegiatan tersebut yaitu Visual ART Therapy. Pengertian Art Therapy menurut The American Art Therapy Association, Malchiodi: 2003, (dalam Sholilah Isna Ni’matus 2017) yaitu sebuah proses penyembuhan yang dilakukan dengan membuat sebuah karya seni yang kreatif. Dalam mengatasi gangguan emosi, menyelesaikan konflik, menambah wawasan, mengurangi perilaku bermasalah, serta meningkatkan kebahagiaan hidup serta meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan merupakan fungsi dari art therapy. Terdapat tiga populasi yang bisa menggunakan art therapy salah satunya anak-anak, dengan melakukan pendekatan yaitu memberikan instrumen psikologis standar (misalnya, tes Draw-A-Person dan House-Tree-Person),
Histological study and thin layer chromatographic profile of stem-bark and leaf of Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch
Authors:   R & D Center, Cholayil Private Limited, Ambattur, Chennai - 600 098, Tamil Nadu, India, Priyadharishini M , Babu K ,   R & D Center, Cholayil Private Limited, Ambattur, Chennai - 600 098, Tamil Nadu, India, Austin Anoop ,   R & D Center, Cholayil Private Limited, Ambattur, Chennai - 600 098, Tamil Nadu, India
Published: October 2021

Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch., a multifaceted drug, extensively used in Ayurveda, Siddha and other various systems of medicine. Leaves and bark are the officinal parts of the plant and used for various ailments. In the present investigation, histological and thin layer chromatographic identification of stem-bark and leaf has been studied in detail and provided diagnostic key to identify the original drug from the adulterant(s).
Morphological characteristics of flowers and pollen, Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation and Thin layer chromatography of ethanol extracts of five species of genus Balanophora J.R. & G. Forst collected in Viet Nam
Authors:   Department of Pharmacognosy, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong street, Hoan Kiem Distr., Hanoi, Viet Nam, Tung Nguyen Thanh , Anh Nong Phuong ,   Department of Pharmacognosy, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong street, Hoan Kiem Distr., Hanoi, Viet Nam, Trang Ho Thu ,   Department of Pharmacognosy, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong street, Hoan Kiem Distr., Hanoi, Viet Nam, Quan Nguyen Van ,   Department of Pharmacognosy, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong street, Hoan Kiem Distr., Hanoi, Viet Nam, Van Le Ngoc ,   Department of Pharmacognosy, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong street, Hoan Kiem Distr., Hanoi, Viet Nam, Thao Bui Thi ,   Department of Pharmacognosy, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong street, Hoan Kiem Distr., Hanoi, Viet Nam, Than Nguyen Viet ,   Department of Pharmacognosy, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong street, Hoan Kiem Distr., Hanoi, Viet Nam, Hung Nguyen Quang ,   Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Viet Nam.
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study is to determine the morphological characteristics of flowers and pollen, preliminary phytochemical evaluation and thin layer chromatography of five species of genus Balanophora J.R. & G. Forst collected in Viet Nam: Balanophora fungosa J.R. & G. Forst ssp. indica (Arn.) Hansen var. indica, Balanophora fungosa J.R. & G. Forst ssp. indica (Arn.) Hansen var. globosa (Jungh.) Hansen, Balanophora latisepala (Tiegh) Lecome, Balanophora laxiflora Hemsl, Balanophora subcupularis P.C. Tam. The morphological characteristics of male flowers, female flowers and spadicles, pollen grain of five species were described. Results of preliminary phytochemical evaluation of ethanol extracts of five species showed that all of five species have tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, sterols. Thin layer chromatography of ethanol extracts of five species were developed and base on TLC chromatogram, it is easy to differentiate these species.
Efficacy of Qurs Kushtae Faulad and Jawarishe Amla in Iron Deficiency Anemia among Women of Reproductive age
Authors:   PG Scholar, Nagesh CS , Begum Wajeeha ,   Reader, Firdose Kouser Fathima ,   Lecturer; Department of Ilmul Qabalat wa Amraze Niswan (OBG), National Institute of Uanani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Published: October 2021

Back ground and objective: Anemia is the most widespread nutrient deficiency in the world, most often associated with iron deficiency. The functional consequences of anemia include an increased risk of maternal and perinatal mortality; poor pregnancy outcomes viz. low birth weight and preterm birth. Anemia is a major public health concern globally, especially among women and children. Anemia affects 24.8% of the population, the highest prevalence is among preschool-aged children (47.4%), followed by pregnant women (41.8%) and women of reproductive age. Methods: This randomized, single blind, standard controlled study compared efficacy of qurs kushtae Faulad and jawarishe Amla against cap Fefol on diagnosed subjects of iron deficiency anemia. Test group (n=20) received jawarishe Amla 7g with water and qurs kushtae Faulad (Hamdard) 2 twice a day for 2 months after meals. Whereas control group received cap Fefol 1 bid after meals for 2 months. The primary outcome measure was improvement in Hb% and PCV. Results: Iron deficiency anemia is significantly improved (P <0.001**) after intervention in two groups. There is significant improvement in Hb% with the mean±SD before treatment is 9.68±1.16 and after treatment 11.24±1.51 with p value is <0.001**. The mean±SD of PCV before treatment is 30.36±2.75 and after treatment is 33.92±4.76 with p value of 0.002**, which is more significant clinically and statistically. Interpretation & Conclusion: Test drug provide statistically significant improvement in iron deficiency anemia. It can serve an alternative treatment for Iron deficiency anemia. Further research is certified on large sample size.
Physico-chemical and Proximate Analysis of Poly Herbal Formula- Palakalyana Ghrita
Authors:   Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, Perera Kariyakeranage Chandi , Arawwawala Menuka ,   Industrial Technology Institute, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka, Wijeratne Sumeda ,   Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, Mathew Deepal ,   Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
Published: October 2021

Background: Standardization is necessary in order to assess the quality of herbal formulations. Palakalyana Ghrita (PKG) is an herbal formula used in Ayurveda medical system to enhance fertility and immunity in both genders which consists nineteen medicinal plants with cow’s ghee and milk. As per available literature PKG formula has not been standardized although it is a commonly used drug by traditional practitioners. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the physio-chemical properties, nutrition composition and possible toxic elements and microorganisms of PKG formula. Methodology: Physico-chemical properties tested include refractive index, total ash content, acid in soluble ash content, water soluble ash content, moisture content, acid value, peroxide value, saponification value. Carbohydrate, protein, fatty acid, vitamin and mineral composition were assessed as nutritional parameters of PKG. Heavy metals and microorganisms were tested using standard protocols. Results: Unsaturated fatty acids namely Palmitoleic acid (0.26%), Oleic acid (40.36%) and Linoleic acid (9.19%) and saturated fatty acids; Capric acid (0.63%), Myristic acid (1.68%) Pentadecyclic acid (0.23%) Palmitic acid (42.25%) Margaric acid ((0.26%) and Stearic acid (4.85%) were present in the PKG formulation. The percentages of carbohydrate, protein and fat content of PKG were 0.04±0.0, 98.8±0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.0 respectively. Heavy metals and microbes were not detected. Conclusion: Results obtained could be utilized as references standard for quality assurance of PKG.
An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by Kumal and Gandarva Community of Pokhara Metropolis, Kaski, Nepal
Authors: Bastakoti Narayan Datta
Published: October 2021

The study of indigenous knowledge about the use of medicinal plants among Kumal and Gandharva ethnic groups residing in Pokhara Metropolis, was carried out from January to April 2019. A semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted with 77 respondents of 40 and above age group (44 Kumal and 33 Gandharva). Altogether 80 plant species of medicinal value belonging to 75 genera under 48 families including 5 species of Pteridophytes have been recorded from the study area. The family Asteraceae and Fabaceae were found with higher number of species, 7 of each. A total of 45 plants species were found used by both ethnic groups in their medical purpose; 65 species were used by Kumal, while 60 species were used by Gandharva. These plant species have been used for the treatment of a total of 39 different human ailments, grouped under 10 major diseases.
Nominacje senatorskie na sejmach Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1661–1679
Authors: Wierzbicki Leszek
Published: October 2021

In the 1660s and 1670s, the Senate of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth consisted of between 146 and 150 members. Appointments to senatorial offices could only be made by the King, and some of them took place during Sejm sessions. There were three types of nominations for senatorial offices. The first concerned those who entered the Senate. The second referred to those who sat in the Senate and who advanced in the senatorial hierarchy. The third referred to senators who were additionally granted a second senatorial office. During the 1661–1679 Sejm sessions discussed here, senatorial appointments were usually announced right at the beginning of the session, just after the King’s proposal or the senators’ votes, but many times such decisions were also taken at the end of the Sejm. Most senatorial appointments were made at the coronation Sejm, which inaugurated the proper reign of the King-elect (the Sejms of 1669 and 1676). At the Sejm sessions discussed here, which were held in the 1660s and 1670s, 113 people were nominated for senatorial offices.
Reforma prawa fundacyjnego w poglądach Henryka Ciocha
Authors: Dębińska-Domagała Katarzyna
Published: October 2021

Among the rich and diverse scientific activities conducted by Henryk Cioch, foundation law occupies a special place. This subject matter became the focus of the Professor’s interest since the Law on Foundations came into force. A characteristic feature of his work was a critical and innovative approach to statutory provisions regulating the functioning of the foundation. The whole scientific output of Henryk Cioch allows us to conclude that he postulated the need for a reform of foundation law. The purpose of this article is to analyse the views expressed by Henryk Cioch on the necessity to make the necessary amendments to the existing text of the Law on Foundations. It is, first of all, an indication of those de lege ferenda postulates put forward by the Professor, which have been included either in the hitherto amendments to the Law on Foundations or reflected in the case-law. The analysis contained in this article will focus on the key problems of foundation law, which according to Henryk Cioch were: the concept and types of foundations, the establishment of foundations, the system of foundations and supervision over their activities, transformation and abolition of foundations.
Geological Mapping of Gunungbatu and Surrounding Areas, Bodeh District, Pemalang Regency, Central Java
Authors: Widiatmoko Fajar Rizki , Aziz Mochammad , Firmansyah Irwan
Published: October 2021

Mapping is the activity of collecting data from an area to be mapped, in the context of geology mapping means collecting data that includes descriptions of rocks, rock structures, rock positions, structure measurements (plunge/trend, pitch, microfold), rock thickness measurements, rock sampling and sketches. landscape, covering an area to be mapped. Research in the area of Gunungbatu and its surroundings, Bodeh District, Pemalang Regency, Central Java Province with the aim of knowing and knowing that it is in the research area by reconstructing the history of formation or geomorphological history, merely tectonic history in space and time, reconstructing geological history based on micropaleontological analysis. Based on the analysis carried out, it was found that the geomorphological units of the study area were divided into 5, namely the Gunungbatu Syncline Hills Unit, the Kali Bodas Anticline Valley Unit, the Girimulya Syncline Hills Unit, the Cenggiri Homocline Hills Unit and the Kebubung Homocline Valley Unit. The geology of the study area consists of two unofficial rock units in order from oldest to youngest, namely the claystone-sandstone unit and the sandstone-claystone unit. The geological structures of the pinpoint folds and faults are Mount Ketos Syncline, Kali Bodas Anticline, Gapura Syncline, Pertapan Igir Syncline, Cenggiri River Rising Fault, Kebubung Dextral Fault, and Girimulya Dextral Fault. The geological history of the research area begins with the book Unit of Claystone in the Middle Miocene Environment in Upper Bathyal. Furthermore, after the claystone-sandstone units were deposited, during the Middle Miocene – Late Miocene in the Deep Neritic Environment, the sandstone-claystone units were deposited with a turbidite mechanism. As well as the geological resource potential of the research area in the form of river utilization in the form of chunks of igneous rock, river sand deposits and gold seepage. Meanwhile, the potential for geological disasters in the form of landslides.
Analysis of The Rock Fracture on Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test
Authors: Dinoy Edward , Tampaty Yohanes Gilbert , Mabuat Imelda Srilestari , Dwene Joseph Alexon Sutiray
Published: October 2021

The compressive strength test is one of the technical properties or compressive strength tests that are commonly used in rock mechanics to determine the collapse point or the elasticity of rock against maximum pressure. The rock collapse point is a measure of the strength of the rock itself when the rock is no longer able to maintain its elastic properties. The purpose of this test is to find out how long the rock maintains its strength or elasticity properties when pressure is applied, and to find out the difference between the strength of compact rock and rock that has fractures when pressure is applied. Rocks that have fractures will break more easily or quickly when pressure is applied compared to compact rocks. This analysis is carried out by comparing the rock strength of each sample, both those that have fractures and compact rocks. To find out these differences, laboratory testing was carried out. The test results show the value (compressive strength test 57.76 MPa), (elastic modulus 5250.000MPa), (Poisson ratio 0.05) and the average value of rock mechanical properties test (axial 0.91), (lateral-0.279), and (volumetric 0.252) . Based on the test results above, it shows that rocks that have fractures will break more easily when pressure is applied, compared to compact rocks that have a long time in the uniaxial compressive strength test.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTIC OF MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DESTRUCTION OF HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE SEDIMENTS (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Authors:   V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Eskova A.I. , Ponomareva A.L. ,   V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Legkodimov A.A. ,   V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Shakirov R.B. ,   V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Obzhirov A.I. ,   V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2021

The review is devoted to the biodiversity of microorganisms capable of degrading oil hydrocarbons in sea deep sediments and their relationship with the accompanying microbiota, which includes sulfate-reducing and denitrifying prokaryotes. Particular attention is paid to the biodiversity of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, in particular thermo- and hyperthermophilic bacteria, in the areas of oil fields. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms are widespread in them. Some of them are capable not only of sulfate reduction, but also of hydrocarbon oxidation. Such microorganisms were generally classified in the Deltaproteobacterium class. The relationship between the number of oil-oxidizing and denitrifying microorganisms is most often presented in areas with a high anthropogenic load and in the coastal zone. Possible mechanisms of anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons and the coexistence of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in a single community are briefly considered.