bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atomically Thin B doped g-C3N4 Nanosheets: High-Temperature Ferromagnetism and calculated Half-Metallicity
Authors: Gao Daqiang , Liu Yonggang , Liu Peitao , Si Mingsu , Xue Desheng
Published: October 2016

Since the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C4N3), which can be seen as C-doped graphitic-C3N4 (g-C3N4), was reported to display ferromagnetic ground state and intrinsic half-metallicity (Du et al., PRL,108,197207,2012), it has attracted numerous research interest to tune the electronic structure and magnetic properties of g-C3N4 due to their potential applications in spintronic devices. In this paper, we reported the experimentally achieving of high temperature ferromagnetism in metal-free ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets by introducing of B atoms. Further, first-principles calculation results revealed that the current flow in such a system was fully spin-polarized and the magnetic moment was mainly attributed to the p orbital of N atoms in B doped g-C3N4 monolayer, giving the theoretic evidence of the ferromagnetism and half-metallicity. Our finding provided a new perspective for B doped g-C3N4 spintronic devices in future.
Thermal treatment of hair for the synthesis of sustainable carbon quantum dots and the applications for sensing Hg2+
Authors: Guo Yongming , Zhang Lianfeng , Cao Fengpu , Leng Yumin
Published: October 2016

A facile, simple and low-cost approach for synthesizing highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from thermal treatment of sustainable hair has been developed. The resultant CQDs exhibited strong blue emission with a quantum yield of 10.75%, excellent photostability and high stability in high salt conditions. As the fluorescence of CQDs can be efficiently quenched by Hg2+, the CQDs can be constructed as a nanosensor for Hg2+ with good sensitivity and selectivity. And as low as 10 nM Hg2+ can be successfully detected.
Exploiting the neoantigen landscape for immunotherapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Bailey Peter , Chang David K. , Forget Marie-Andrée , Lucas Francis A. San , Alvarez Hector A. , Haymaker Cara , Chattopadhyay Chandrani , Kim Sun-Hee , Ekmekcioglu Suhendan , Grimm Elizabeth A. , Biankin Andrew V. , Hwu Patrick , Maitra Anirban , Roszik Jason
Published: October 2016

Immunotherapy approaches for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have met with limited success. It has been postulated that a low mutation load may lead to a paucity of T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, it is also possible that while neoantigens are present, an effective immune response cannot be generated due to an immune suppressive TME. To discern whether targetable neoantigens exist in PDAC, we performed a comprehensive study using genomic profiles of 221 PDAC cases extracted from public databases. Our findings reveal that: (a) nearly all PDAC samples harbor potentially targetable neoantigens; (b) T cells are present but generally show a reduced activation signature; and (c) markers of efficient antigen presentation are associated with a reduced signature of markers characterizing cytotoxic T cells. These findings suggest that despite the presence of tumor specific neoepitopes, T cell activation is actively suppressed in PDAC. Further, we identify iNOS as a potential mediator of immune suppression that might be actionable using pharmacological avenues.
Tuning the structure of 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxamide self-assemblies through stereochemistry
Authors: Caumes Xavier , Baldi Arianna , Gontard Geoffrey , Brocorens Patrick , Lazzaroni Roberto , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Troufflard Claire , Raynal Matthieu , Bouteiller Laurent
Published: October 2016

A heterochiral BTA monomer forms long rods in cyclohexane whilst its homochiral analogue assembles into dimers.
The effect of surface capping on the diffusion of adatoms in the synthesis of Pd@Au core–shell nanocrystals
Authors: Liu Maochang , Gilroy Kyle D. , Peng Hsin-Chieh , Chi Miaofang , Guo Liejin , Xia Younan
Published: October 2016

We offer new insights into the roles played by surface capping in controlling the pattern of growth involving Pd cubic seeds and a HAuCl4 precursor.
Selectivity-switchable oxidation of tetraarylethylenes to fused polycyclic compounds
Authors: Zhou Yuefeng , Ma Jun , Chen Kai , Jiang Huanfeng , Zhu Shifa
Published: October 2016

Selectivity-switchable oxidation of furan-containing tetraarylethylenes is reported.
Octahedral Werner complexes with substituted ethylenediamine ligands: a stereochemical primer for a historic series of compounds now emerging as a modern family of catalysts
Authors: Ehnbom Andreas , Ghosh Subrata K. , Lewis Kyle G. , Gladysz John A.
Published: October 2016

The title compounds exhibit metal centered chirality (Λ/Δ), chelate conformers (λ/δ), configurational diastereomers (R/S) due to carbon stereocenters, geometric isomers (fac/mer), and C–C bond/C3axis alignment modes (lel/ob).
Metal–support interaction on cobalt based FT catalysts – a DFT study of model inverse catalysts
Authors: van Heerden Tracey , van Steen Eric
Published: October 2016

It is challenging to isolate the effect of metal–support interactions on catalyst reaction performance. In order to overcome this problem, inverse catalysts can be prepared in the laboratory and characterized and tested at relevant conditions. Inverse catalysts are catalysts where the precursor to the catalytically active phase is bonded to a support-like ligand. We can then view the metal–support interaction as a ligand interaction with the support acting as a supra-molecular ligand. Importantly, laboratory studies have shown that these ligands are still present after reduction of the catalyst. By varying the quantity of these ligands present on the surface, insight into the positive effect SMSI have during a reaction is gained. Here, we present a theoretical study of mono-dentate alumina support based ligands, adsorbed on cobalt surfaces. We find that the presence of the ligand may significantly affect the morphology of a cobalt crystallite. With Fischer–Tropsch synthesis in mind, the CO dissociation is used as a probe reaction, with the ligand assisting the dissociation, making it feasible to dissociate CO on the dense fcc Co(111) surface. The nature of the interaction between the ligand and the probe molecule is characterized, showing that the support-like ligands’ metal centre is directly interacting with the probe molecule.
U–Pb age determination for zircons using laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry equipped with six multiple-ion counting detectors
Authors: Hattori Kentaro , Sakata Shuhei , Tanaka Michitaka , Orihashi Yuji , Hirata Takafumi
Published: October 2016

Precise zircon U–Pb age determinations have been made on Plešovice zircon using laser ablation-multiple ion counting-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-MIC-ICP-MS).
Benzylation of heterocyclic N-oxides via direct oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling with toluene derivatives
Authors: Wan L. , Qiao K. , Sun X. N. , Di Z. C. , Fang Z. , Li Z. J. , Guo K.
Published: October 2016

A novel cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of heterocyclic N-oxides with toluene derivatives has been disclosed.
Synthesis of novel TiO2/BiOCl@HHSS composites and its photocatalytic activity enhancement under simulated sunlight
Authors: Yang Wanliang , Xiao Xu , Lu Ruixue , Xie Hanwen , Xu Meisong , Liu Mao , Sun Qi , Tian Mengkui
Published: October 2016

A novel TiO2/BiOCl@HHSS photocatalyst has been successfully prepared by a facile one-pot method. Due to with special hollow structure, high surface area, and heterostructure, which ultimately makes the TiO2/BiOCl@HHSS has high photocatalytic activity under simulated sunlight.
A three-dimensional vertically aligned carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite as a supercapacitor electrode
Authors: Jiao Shasha , Li Tiehu , Zhang Yonggang , Xiong Chuanyin , Zhao Tingkai , Khan Muhammad
Published: October 2016

Highly vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays grown on the surface of pure titanium plates by chemical vapor deposition serve as substrates for electrodepositing polyaniline to fabricate three-dimensional carbon nanotube/polyaniline composites.
Synthesis, adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of ureido-functionalized Pb(ii) surface imprinted polymers for selective removal of Pb(ii) in wastewater
Authors: Zhu Fang , Lu Yanhong , Li Luwei
Published: October 2016

A surface ion imprinting technique was utilized to synthesize a novel ureido-functionalized Pb(ii)-imprinted polymer where the Pb(ii) ion, γ-ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane, AIBN and EGDMA were used as the template ion, functional monomer, initiator and cross-linking agent. ​
Preliminary characterization and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide fractions from litchi pulp
Authors: Huang Fei , Zhang Ruifen , Tang Xiaojun , Hu Ting , Xiao Juan , Liu Lei , Dong Lihong , Wei Zhencheng , Wang Guangjin , Zhang Mingwei
Published: October 2016

Two polysaccharide fractions extracted from litchi pulp have immunostimulatory activity.
Vanadium-oxo immobilized onto Schiff base modified graphene oxide for efficient catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural into maleic anhydride
Authors: Lv Guangqiang , Chen Chunyan , Lu Boqiong , Li Jinlong , Yang Yongxing , Chen Chengmeng , Deng Tiansheng , Zhu Yulei , Hou Xianglin
Published: October 2016

Vanadium-oxo was immobilized on a Schiff base modified GO supportviacovalent bonding and the developed VO–NH2-GO was shown to be an efficient catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural into maleic anhydride.
Hyaluronic acid functionalized nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots for targeted specific bioimaging
Authors: Zhang M. , Fang Z. , Zhao X. , Niu Y. , Lou J. , Zhao L. , Wu Y. , Zou S. , Du F. , Shao Q.
Published: October 2016

Schematic illustration of the preparation of HA-CQDs (A) and the following bioimaging application (B).
NMR, CD and UV spectroscopic studies reveal uncommon binding modes of dapoxetine to native cyclodextrins
Authors: Darcsi András , Szakács Zoltán , Zsila Ferenc , Tóth Gergő , Rácz Ákos , Béni Szabolcs
Published: October 2016

Complex formation between the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug (S)-dapoxetine (Dpx) and β-, γ-, and methylated γ-cyclodextrins (CyDs) was studied by complementary experimental techniques.
A general strategy to incorporate a wide range of metallic salts into ring-like organized nanostructures via polymer self-assembly
Authors: Khanafer M. , Issa A. , Akil S. , Hamieh T. , Adam P. M. , Jradi S.
Published: October 2016

We present a general strategy for incorporating metallic precursors into ring-like nanostructures. The method is promising for the fabrication of multifunctional materials.
Development and Technical Validation of the Mobile Based Assistive Listening System: A Smartphone-Based Remote Microphone
Authors: Lopez Esteban Alejandro , Costa Orozimbo Alves , Ferrari Deborah Viviane
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this research note is to describe the development and technical validation of the Mobile Based Assistive Listening System (MoBALS), a free-of-charge smartphone-based remote microphone application.

Method

MoBALS Version 1.0 was developed for Android (Version 2.1 or higher) and was coded with Java using Eclipse Indigo with the Android Software Development Kit. A Wi-Fi router with background traffic and 2 affordable smartphones were used for debugging and technical validation comprising, among other things, multicasting capability, data packet loss, and battery consumption.

Results

MoBALS requires at least 2 smartphones connected to the same Wi-Fi router for signal transmission and reception. Subscriber identity module cards or Internet connections are not needed. MoBALS can be used alone or connected to a hearing aid or cochlear implant via direct audio input. Maximum data packet loss was 99.28%, and minimum battery life was 5 hr. Other relevant design specifications and their implementation are described.

Conclusions

MoBALS performed as a remote microphone with enhanced accessibility features and avoids overhead expenses by using already-available and affordable technology. The further development and technical revalidation of MoBALS will be followed by clinical evaluation with persons with hearing impairment.
Internet and Audiology: A Review of the Second International Meeting
Authors: Laplante-Lévesque Ariane , Lunner Thomas , Andersson Gerhard , Preminger Jill E.
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This article describes the Second International Meeting on Internet and Audiology, which took place at the Eriksholm Research Centre, Oticon A/S, Denmark September 24 to 25, 2015, and introduces the research forum arising from the meeting.

Method

The potential gains of the Internet within audiology are framed within the central role of quality connections among people, ideas, and objects. First, the meeting is summarized. Second, the 11 articles arising from the meeting and collected in this research forum are grouped into 2 themes: design and evaluation. Last, the benefits of interoperability and standardization are discussed.

Conclusion

We look forward to the day when the Internet is an integral part of audiology, and we invite readers to attend future editions of the International Meeting on Internet and Audiology.
Speed sensorless model predictive current control with ability to start a free running induction motor
Authors: Yang Haitao , Zhang Yongchang , Walker Paul D. , Liang Jiejunyi , Zhang Nong , Xia Bo
Published: October 2016

In this study, a speed‐sensorless finite control set‐model predictive current control method is proposed based on an adaptive full order observer. The control system features simplicity and low cost because of no requirement for speed measurement, modulator and tuning of weighting factors. In most sensorless based schemes, the motor is assumed to be started from standstill. There is limited research considering starting a free running motor with unknown rotational direction and speed. To start a free‐running induction motor (IM), the feedback gain matrix is designed to guarantee the convergence of estimated speed to actual speed even with incorrect initial value. To improve the efficiency, amplitude of flux is adjusted along with load condition. The presented results show that the proposed method is able to smoothly start an IM with unknown initial speed and work well over a wide speed range. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by both simulation and experimental tests on a two‐level inverter fed IM drive platform.
Kommentar der Schriftleitung
Authors: Guntinas-Lichius O.
Published: October 2016

Liebe Leserinnen und Leser

Video-Editorial

www.thieme.de/lro
Operative Therapie bei Erkrankungen der großen Kopfspeicheldrüsen
Authors: Möller K. , Kohles N. , Eßer D.
Published: October 2016

Operative Eingriffe an den großen Kopfspeicheldrüsen sind häufige Eingriffe in der Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde. Bei benignen oder malignen Speicheldrüsentumoren stellt die Operation die Therapie der Wahl dar. Dennoch existieren bisher keine medizinischen Leitlinien bezüglich der Diagnostik und Therapie von benignen und malignen Speicheldrüsentumoren. Seit der Einführung der Sialendoskopie stehen bei der obstruktiven Sialadenitis neue diagnostische und therapeutische Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Der vorliegende Fortbildungs-Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht über die anatomischen Grundlagen, diagnostischen Möglichkeiten sowie die wichtigsten operativen Verfahren an den großen Kopfspeicheldrüsen für den angehenden HNO-Facharzt.
On the normalization of transport from ITG Modes
Authors: Weiland J. , Zagorodny A.
Published: October 2016

We have analyzed the interplay of ITG turbulence and zonal flows as derived by the reductive perturbation method. Not surprisingly, the overall transport level depends strongly on the physics description of ITG modes. In particular, the fluid resonance turns out to play a dominant role for the excitation of zonal flows. This is the mechanism recently found to lead to the L-H transition and to the nonlinear Dimits upshift in transport code simulations. It is important that we have here taken the nonlinear temperature dynamics from the Reynolds stress as the convected diamagnetic flow. This has turned out to be the most relevant effect as found in transport simulations of the L-H transition, internal transport barriers, and Dimits shift.
GTR1 is a jasmonic acid and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine transporter inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ishimaru Yasuhiro , Oikawa Takaya , Suzuki Takeshi , Takeishi Syohei , Matsuura Hideyuki , Takahashi Kosaku , Hamamoto Shin , Uozumi Nobuyuki , Shimizu Takafumi , Seo Mitsunori , Ohta Hiroyuki , Ueda Minoru
Published: October 2016

Jasmonates are major plant hormones involved in wounding responses. Systemic wounding responses are induced by an electrical signal derived from damaged leaves. After the signaling, jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) are translocated from wounded to undamaged leaves, but the molecular mechanism of the transport remains unclear. Here, we found that a JA-Ile transporter, GTR1, contributed to these translocations in Arabidopsis thaliana. GTR1 was expressed in and surrounding the leaf veins both of wounded and undamaged leaves. Less accumulations and translocation of JA and JA-Ile were observed in undamaged leaves of gtr1 at 30 min after wounding. Expressions of some genes related to wound responses were induced systemically in undamaged leaves of gtr1. These results suggested that GTR1 would be involved in the translocation of JA and JA-Ile in plant and may be contributed to correct positioning of JA and JA-Ile to attenuate an excessive wound response in undamaged leaves.
Introduction
Authors: Grumett David
Published: October 2016

Eucharistic theology and participation are intimately linked, not least because the host is flesh and not simply body. Nevertheless, the principle that the Eucharist makes the Church needs to be extended so that the Eucharist is also seen as making and preserving the material world out of which its elements come. From Christ’s being present in the Eucharist, it does not follow that Christ is not present in heaven or elsewhere in the world. Neither is this eucharistic presence objectified; rather, it is freely bestowed. Philosophical categories, particularly from Aristotle, enable a positive appraisal of matter within an ordered hierarchy of formed being.
Elements
Authors: Grumett David
Published: October 2016

The Eucharist employs material elements that were significant in the classical world, in which divine action was implicated in the production of bread and wine. The elements have also had special meaning in non-Christian cultures. This relates the Eucharist to the doctrine of creation, especially in the theology of recapitulation of Irenaeus, which was developed by Lancelot Andrewes. In the Mediterranean world, the classic ingredients of bread are grain, salt, olive oil, water, and leaven. Each of these has christological and theological significance, with manufacturing processes sometimes being liturgically regulated. Particular ingredients, especially leaven, have at times been controversial, having theological symbolism attached to them. The wine, although a simple product made from grapes, has also been theologically interpreted, with different understandings of whether or how water should be added.
Epilogue
Authors: Grumett David
Published: October 2016

The Mass has a cultural significance that extends beyond the boundaries of the Roman Catholic Church. The same may be said of the Eucharist generally, which is the result of material elements, human ingenuity and skill, liturgical action, prayer, and the transformative power of Christ in the Spirit. Although the theory of signification advanced by thinkers like Louis-Marie Chauvet has been fashionable, eucharistic theology must not lose sight of the material context in which the elements, their recipients, and Christ are all situated. Neither does a radical dualism, such as that of Huldrych Zwingli, satisfy the material context given by both theological doctrine and human experience.
Power Lies at the Heart of Change
Authors: Green Duncan
Published: October 2016

This chapter analyses the forms of power at play in efforts to achieve change. Empowerment, the driving force behind Amartya Sen’s definition of development, is one of the most ubiquitous buzzwords in the lexicon of development activists. Many, however, shy away from the word from which the term derives: power. Thus the chapter discusses three forms of power: ‘visible’, ‘hidden’, and ‘invisible’; and how these play out in dynamics of change. In addition, the chapter looks at another power analysis scheme—the ‘four powers’ model, which suggests a more comprehensive approach to promoting change than simply addressing visible power and decrying hidden and invisible power. Finally, the chapter looks into the reasons as to why change does not happen, by examining three underlying components for resistance: institutions, ideas, and interests.
How States Evolve
Authors: Green Duncan
Published: October 2016

This chapter explores the dynamics of change in states. States exemplify the challenges of complexity. The interactions, alliances, and disputes between politicians and civil servants; between one ministry and another; or between different tiers of government; and how each of them in turn respond to citizen demand and other external pressures, provide the political landscape upon which decisions are made. The chapter argues that understanding states as systems, rather than monoliths, should help avoid the cruder characterizations of states as ‘successes’ or ‘failures’. Thus, learning to ‘dance with the system’—understanding how the state in question evolved, how its decisions are made, how formal and informal power is distributed within it, and how that distribution shifts over time—are essential tasks for any activist intent on making change happen.
The Machinery of Law
Authors: Green Duncan
Published: October 2016

This chapter argues that the state sees the world, learns, and evolves at least partly through the machinery of law. Beyond the set of rules enforced by litigation, the police, and the courts, the rule of law includes legal procedures that prescribe how state officials do their work and how laws are implemented. The law also has a broader role: it encapsulates what we expect of our society and at the same time contributes to delivering on that expectation. To that end, the chapter examines two forms of law and how they might be used to implement change. ‘Customary laws’ are a community-level justice system not codified by the state, deriving their legitimacy from local mores, values, and traditions. The chapter also looks at how power is wielded in international law and how activists can use it in more progressive ways.
Citizen Activism and Civil Society
Authors: Green Duncan
Published: October 2016

This chapter contains a more in-depth discussion of who citizen activists are, how they pursue change, and what outsiders can do to help. Citizen activism is considered as any individual action with social consequences, and much of it involves collective activity. This type of activity has grown exponentially across the developing world, and is driven by several factors: rapid increases in literacy and access to education (particularly for women), a greater openness to political activity, and the spread of new norms regarding rights and justice. Urbanization too has played a role, for cities are vividly political places, dense with social movements demanding housing, schools, clinics, or decent water and sanitation. Technology is also a factor, most recently through the spread of social media and mobile telephones, which greatly expand the possibilities of networking among large groups.
RAF Wife
Authors: Hinton James
Published: October 2016

Life story of a woman who, escaping an unhappy and philistine childhood home, married a fighter pilot in 1943 and spent the next thirty years as a bored and frustrated peripatetic service wife. Her life changed in the late 1960s when, at last settled in one place, she discovered ‘culture’ and, overnight, transformed herself ‘from Tory lady to Socialist firebrand’, a transformation further stimulated by her son, who came home from university bubbling with libertarian, revolutionary ideas. Moving to South Wales, when her (surprisingly forgiving) husband retired, she was active in the Labour Party, in the peace movement (Greenham Common), and helped to run a women’s refuge. An exemplar of the late-twentieth-century invention of the ‘third age’.
Lorry Driver
Authors: Hinton James
Published: October 2016

Life story of a man who had turned down a prized grammar school place in 1945 in favour of a technical education that would enable him to follow his father’s profession as a lorry driver. ‘Working-class from the bottom of my safety boots’, a lay official in his union, and a Labour Party activist, he lost faith during the 1980s in the capacity of the labour movement to remake British society, eventually voting for the UK Independence Party while still thinking of himself as a left-wing socialist. His writing illuminates the culture of road haulage and the values of an autodidactic intellectual in a happy, traditionally role-segregated marriage. After his wife died he used the services of sex workers, but, true to his trade-union principles, helped to organize them in a sex workers’ union.
Banker
Authors: Hinton James
Published: October 2016

Life story of a City banker who had started life as an unpaid solicitor’s clerk. A flair for extra-curriculum speculations secured him a job in a merchant bank, where native wit, organizational skill, and determination catapulted him rapidly to the top. As well as writing autobiographically for Mass Observation he had kept a daily diary throughout his career, and the combination of the two sources gives an unusually rich picture of the ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ of the old City of London during the twenty years before Mrs Thatcher’s ‘Big Bang’. A man of extraordinary energy and self-discipline he lived life to the full, pushing himself to the limit in outdoor sports, much sought-after as an after-dinner speaker, and vigorously pursuing a succession of adulterous affairs, mostly light-hearted, but on one occasion presenting him with an agonizing choice between the logic of the permissive society and older ideas of conjugal duty.
Intonation and Meaning
Authors: Büring Daniel
Published: October 2016

Speakers can modulate the meaning and effects of their utterances by changing the location of stress or of pauses, and by choosing the melody of their sentences—jointly referred to as Information Structure. Although these factors often do not change the literal meaning of what is said, tools and models to describe these more elusive aspects of linguistic meaning have, in recent years, been developed in formal semantics and pragmatics. This volume provides a guide to what we know about the interplay between prosody—stress, phrasing, and melody—and interpretation—felicity in discourse, inferences, and emphasis. It presents the main phenomena involved, and introduces the details of current formal analyses of prosodic structure, relevant aspects of discourse structure, intonational meaning, and, most importantly, the relations between them. Büring explains and compares the most influential theories in these areas, and outlines the questions that remain open for future research.
More on focus/givenness realization
Authors: Büring Daniel
Published: October 2016

Italian and Hungarian highlight aspects of focus realization which are easily overlooked when concentrating on Germanic-type languages. Italian in particular suggests that focussing and givenness deaccenting are not two sides of the same coin, since Italian clearly displays the former but not the latter. Also, contrastive focus, can be argued to be grammatically distinct from elaboration (or ‘new information’) focus, as Italian realizes them in different syntactic positions. The unification achieved in the approaches discussed earlier may be ‘too successful’. Additionally, the distinction between different types of foci proposed independently for Hungarian is not the same as that suggested by Italian. In the second part of the chapter approaches based on Nuclear Stress Rules are argued to be subsumed by the realization rules in the previous chapters, or to be inadequate where they differ from them. Their effect should be reduced to the very local phenomenon of integration plus the stress-to-accent rule.
French in Ontario
Authors: Tennant Jeff , Poiré François
Published: October 2016

While French is a minority language in the Canadian province of Ontario, it has majority status in a small number of localities, including the northeastern town of Hearst. Using an excerpt from the PFC Hearst corpus, featuring a female speaker in her twenties in informal conversation with a friend describing her leisure activities, this chapter describes and illustrates the characteristics of Laurentian French. Language elements presented include lexicon (regional words and English borrowings), morpho-syntax (e.g. auxiliary verbs avoir and être, ne deletion), discourse markers (e.g. pis, là, fait que, ben), vowels (including processes such as high vowel laxing and variable realization of schwa), and consonants (including affrication to /t/ and /d/, and liaison realization). It is shown that, in this majority setting in Ontario, spoken French differs little from that of the neighbouring province of Quebec where French is the dominant language.
Variation in a rural village in southern France
Authors: Durand Jacques , Tarrier Jean-Michel
Published: October 2016

This chapter offers an introduction to the study of phonological variation on the basis of a PFC survey of a small southern French village (Douzens, in Languedoc-Roussillon). The authors provide a database of ten speakers recorded using the PFC methodology, and show how it can be explored on the basis of the transcriptions and codings available in the PFC database. A number of areas are studied in detail: the simplification of consonant clusters, schwa deletion, and liaison. For each of these areas, variation is shown to be linked to parameters such as age, sex, occupation, and level of educational. The reader is systematically encouraged to double-check the investigation presented here against the Praat files and tools provided on the companion website to this book.
Variation among non-native speakers
Authors: Detey Sylvain , Racine Isabelle , Kawaguchi Yuji , Zay Françoise
Published: October 2016

This chapter introduces one of the latest offshoots of PFC, the InterPhonology of Contemporary French project (IPFC), which aims at describing the pronunciation of French by so-called ‘non-native’ speakers across the world, for research and educational purposes. After describing the motivation of the project, stressing the need for corpus-based analyses, rather than impressionistic classroom observations, it explains the methodological options which have been taken in the project in terms of tasks and annotations, especially the coding system used to assess the productions. This methodology is illustrated with some results concerning the production of nasal vowels and liaisons by Japanese and Spanish learners of French, highlighting the variability which can characterize the data and emphasizing the need to include these non-native varieties in the description of the varieties of French as an international language.
Use of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Electronic Health Record Data, and Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Determine the Therapeutic Index of Phenytoin and Lamotrigine
Authors: Ku Lawrence C. , Wu Huali , Greenberg Rachel G. , Hill Kevin D. , Gonzalez Daniel , Hornik Christoph P. , Berezny Alysha , Guptill Jeffrey T. , Jiang Wenlei , Zheng Nan , Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael , Melloni Chiara
Published: October 2016

Background:

Defining a drug's therapeutic index (TI) is important for patient safety and regulating the development of generic drugs. For many drugs, the TI is unknown. A systematic approach was developed to characterize the TI of a drug using therapeutic drug monitoring and electronic health record (EHR) data with pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling. This approach was first tested on phenytoin, which has a known TI, and then applied to lamotrigine, which lacks a defined TI.

Methods:

Retrospective EHR data from patients in a tertiary hospital were used to develop phenytoin and lamotrigine population PK models and to identify adverse events (anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia) and efficacy outcomes (seizure-free). Phenytoin and lamotrigine concentrations were simulated for each day with an adverse event or seizure. Relationships between simulated concentrations and adverse events and efficacy outcomes were used to calculate the TI for phenytoin and lamotrigine.

Results:

For phenytoin, 93 patients with 270 total and 174 free concentrations were identified. Ade novo1-compartment PK model with Michaelis-Menten kinetics described the data well. Simulated average total and free concentrations of 10–15 and 1.0–1.5 mcg/mL were associated with both adverse events and efficacy in 50% of patients, resulting in a TI of 0.7–1.5. For lamotrigine, 45 patients with 53 concentrations were identified. A published 1-compartment model was adapted to characterize the PK data. No relationships between simulated lamotrigine concentrations and safety or efficacy endpoints were seen; therefore, the TI could not be calculated.

Conclusions:

This approach correctly determined the TI of phenytoin but was unable to determine the TI of lamotrigine due to a limited sample size. The use of therapeutic drug monitoring and EHR data to aid in narrow TI drug classification is promising, but it requires an adequate sample size and accurate characterization of concentration–response relationships.
Childhood Psychological Distress as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Early-Life Social Disadvantage and Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: Evidence From the 1958 British Birth Cohort
Authors: Winning Ashley , Glymour M. Maria , McCormick Marie C. , Gilsanz Paola , Kubzansky Laura D.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Prior research on the relationship between early adversity and adult chronic disease has often relied on retrospective reports of a limited range of exposures and has not considered childhood psychological distress as a mediator. We investigate whether distress in childhood is one pathway by which early social disadvantage leads to greater cardiometabolic risk in middle adulthood.

Methods

Data are from the 1958 British Birth Cohort study (sample n = 6027). We created an early social disadvantage index based on 16 exposures related to family and socioeconomic hardship from birth to age 7. Childhood psychological distress was ascertained from internalizing and externalizing symptoms at ages 7, 11, and 16 years. Cardiometabolic risk was assessed with a Z-standardized score derived from 9 immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic biomarkers measured at age 45. We used linear regression models and formal tests of mediation to assess relationships between disadvantage, distress, and subsequent cardiometabolic risk.

Results

Higher social disadvantage predicted increased adult cardiometabolic risk (β = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.03–0.07). Mediation analyses revealed a significant direct (path c′; β = 0.03; 95% CI = 0.01–0.05) and indirect (path ab; β = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.01–0.02) effect of social disadvantage on cardiometabolic risk, adjusting for potential confounders. Child psychological distress accounted for 37% (95% CI = 34–46%) of the observed association.

Conclusions

Results suggest childhood distress may be one factor on the pathway linking early disadvantage to higher risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. Such results may point to the importance of blocking the translation of psychosocial to biological risk during a potentially sensitive developmental window.
Preparing Residents Effectively in Emergency Skills Training With a Serious Game
Authors: Dankbaar Mary E.W. , Roozeboom Maartje Bakhuys , Oprins Esther A.P. B. , Rutten Frans , van Merrienboer Jeroen J.G. , van Saase Jan L.C.M. , Schuit Stephanie C.E.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Training emergency care skills is critical for patient safety but cost intensive. Serious games have been proposed as an engaging self-directed learning tool for complex skills. The objective of this study was to compare the cognitive skills and motivation of medical residents who only used a course manual as preparation for classroom training on emergency care with residents who used an additional serious game.

Methods

This was a quasi-experimental study with residents preparing for a rotation in the emergency department. The “reading” group received a course manual before classroom training; the “reading and game” group received this manual plus the game as preparation for the same training. Emergency skills were assessed before training (with residents who agreed to participate in an extra pretraining assessment), using validated competency scales and a global performance scale. We also measured motivation.

Results

All groups had comparable important characteristics (eg, experience with acute care). Before training, the reading and game group felt motivated to play the game and spent more self-study time (+2.5 hours) than the reading group. Game-playing residents showed higher scores on objectively measured and self-assessed clinical competencies but equal scores on the global performance scale and were equally motivated for training, compared with the reading group. After the 2-week training, no differences between groups existed.

Conclusions

After preparing training with an additional serious game, residents showed improved clinical competencies, compared with residents who only studied course material. After a 2-week training, this advantage disappeared. Future research should study the retention of game effects in blended designs.
Family Over Rules? An Ethical Analysis of Allowing Families to Overrule Donation Intentions
Authors: Shaw David , Georgieva Denie , Haase Bernadette , Gardiner Dale , Lewis Penney , Jansen Nichon , Wind Tineke , Samuel Undine , McDonald Maryon , Ploeg Rutger
Published: October 2016

Millions of people want to donate their organs after they die for transplantation, and many of them have registered their wish to do so or told their family and friends about their decision. For most of them, however, this wish is unlikely to be fulfilled, as only a small number of deaths (1% in the United Kingdom) occur in circumstances where the opportunity to donate organs is possible. Even for those who do die in the “right” way and have recorded their wishes or live in a jurisdiction with a “presumed consent” system, donation often does not go ahead because of another issue: their families refuse to allow donation to proceed. In some jurisdictions, the rate of “family overrule” is over 10%. In this article, we provide a systematic ethical analysis of the family overrule of donation of solid organs by deceased patients, and examine arguments both in favor of and against allowing relatives to “veto” the potential donor's intentions. First, we provide a brief review of the different consent systems in various European countries, and the ramifications for family overrule. Next, we describe and discuss the arguments in favor of permitting donation intentions to be overruled, and then the arguments against doing so. The “pro” arguments are: overrule minimises family distress and staff stress; families need to cooperate for donation to take place; families might have evidence regarding refusal; and failure to permit overrules could weaken trust in the donation system. The “con” arguments are: overrule violates the patient's wishes; the family is too distressed and will regret the decision; overruling harms other patients; and regulations prohibit overrule. We conclude with a general discussion and recommendations for dealing with families who wish to overrule donation. Overall, overrule should only rarely be permitted.
Dynamic proteomics of HSV1 infection reveals molecular events that govern non-stochastic infection outcomes
Authors: Drayman Nir , Karin Omer , Mayo Avi , Danon Tamar , Shapira Lev , Kobiler Oren , Alon Uri
Published: October 2016

Viral infection is usually studied at the level of cell populations, averaging over hundreds of thousands of individual cells. Moreover, measurements are typically done by analyzing a few time points along the infection process. While informative, such measurements are limited in addressing how cell variability affects infection outcome. Here we employ dynamic proteomics to study virus-host interactions, using the human pathogen Herpes Simplex virus 1 as a model. We tracked >50,000 individual cells as they respond to HSV1 infection, allowing us to model infection kinetics and link infection outcome (productive or not) with the cell state at the time of initial infection. We find that single cells differ in their preexisting susceptibility to HSV1, and that this is partially mediated by their cell-cycle position. We also identify specific changes in protein levels and localization in infected cells, attesting to the power of the dynamic proteomics approach for studying virus-host interactions.
Contamination as a major factor in poor Illumina assembly of microbial isolate genomes
Authors: Jeong Haeyoung , Pan Jae-Goo , Park Seung-Hwan
Published: October 2016

The nonhybrid hierarchical assembly of PacBio long reads is becoming the most preferred method for obtaining genomes for microbial isolates. On the other hand, among massive numbers of Illumina sequencing reads produced, there is a slim chance of re-evaluating failed microbial genome assembly (high contig number, large total contig size, and/or the presence of low-depth contigs). We generated Illumina-type test datasets with various levels of sequencing error, pretreatment (trimming and error correction), repetitive sequences, contamination, and ploidy from both simulated and real sequencing data and applied k-mer abundance analysis to quickly detect possible diagnostic signatures of poor assemblies. Contamination was the only factor leading to poor assemblies for the test dataset derived from haploid microbial genomes, resulting in an extraordinary peak within low-frequency k-mer range. When thirteen Illumina sequencing reads of microbes belonging to generaBacillusorPaenibacillusfrom a single multiplexed run were subjected to a k-mer abundance analysis, all three samples leading to poor assemblies showed peculiar patterns of contamination. Read depth distribution along the contig length indicated that all problematic assemblies suffered from too many contigs with low average read coverage, where 1% to 15% of total reads were mapped to low-coverage contigs. We found that subsampling or filtering out reads having rare k-mers could efficiently remove low-level contaminants and greatly improve thede novoassemblies. An analysis of 16S rRNA genes recruited from reads or contigs and the application of read classification tools originally designed for metagenome analyses can help identify the source of a contamination. The unexpected presence of proteobacterial reads across multiple samples, which had no relevance to our lab environment, implies that such prevalent contamination might have occurred after the DNA preparation step, probably at the place where sequencing service was provided.
Natural selection and maladaptive plasticity in the red-shouldered soapberry bug
Authors: Cenzer M L
Published: October 2016

Natural selection and phenotypic plasticity can both produce locally differentiated phenotypes, but novel environments or gene combinations can produce plasticity that works in opposition to adaptive change. The red-shouldered soapberry bug (Jadera haematoloma) was locally adapted to feed on the seeds of an introduced and a native host plant in Florida in the 1980s. By 2014, local differentiation was lost and replaced by phenotypically similar populations all adapted to the introduced host, likely as a result of gene flow. Here, I quantify the effects of these two host plants on individual performance, natural selection, and phenotypic plasticity. I find that the seed coat and seedpod of the native host have strong negative effects on juvenile survival and adult reproduction compared to the introduced host. I find support for the hypothesis that the seedpod is driving diversifying natural selection on beak length, which was previously locally adapted between hosts. I also find maladaptive plasticity induced by host plant: bugs develop beak lengths that are mismatched with the seedpod size of the host they are reared on. This plasticity may be the result of gene flow; hybrids in the 1990s showed the same pattern of maladaptive plasticity, and plasticity is stronger in the present in areas with high gene flow. Although ongoing natural selection has produced locally adapted genotypes in soapberry bugs, maladaptive plasticity has masked the phenotypic difference between populations in the field.
From Marshall’s Triad to Porter’s Diamond: added value?
Authors: Brosnan Stephen , Doyle Eleanor , O’Connor Sean
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to offer clarity on a central concept introduced in Porter’s The Competitive Advantage of Nations, i.e. the cluster. The authors situate the concept introduced by Porter (1990) relative to two of its antecedents, the industrial district and industrial complex. Placing the cluster in a historical context permits consideration of the extent to which it, as a concept for analysis, may be differentiated from other geography-based approaches to economic phenomena. In this way, this paper examines the added value of the cluster concept derived from economic factors.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides a detailed literature review tracing the evolution of theories of location and agglomeration into which Porter’s cluster fits. The evolution of Porter’s own conceptualisation of the cluster and how this relates to theoretical clarity surrounding the concept is explored. Comparative analysis of theories of location, agglomeration and clustering is provided to identify similarities and differences across the approaches and identify the added value of the cluster concept in relation to other approaches.

Findings

Clustering represents a process associated with spatial organisational form which may offer advantages in efficiency, effectiveness and flexibility. Cluster benefits can be appreciated through the lens of Young’s (1928) identified sources of increasing returns. A key aspect in clustering is revealed in terms of its role in enabling four sources of increasing returns. The authors outline how these sources of increasing returns are related to “soft” processes of networking, interaction and individual and collective learning. Porter’s Diamond is a self-reinforcing system which can permit increasing returns and reinforce such tendencies of economic activity within agglomerations.

Originality/value

Added value from Porter’s cluster concept is identified in the context of both its locational anchoring and in terms of its potential for understanding the role of exploitation of increasing returns for development. This points to the importance of focusing on clustering as a process rather than on cluster within typologies of organisational form. This implies that the nature of relationships (and how they change) within and across markets, institutions and actors lies at the heart of clustering because of their roles in knowledge-generation, including innovation, knowledge sharing and upgrading.