bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Street Trees on Temperature Reduction in a Nature-Based Climate Adaptation Program in George Town, Malaysia
Authors: Castelo Sofia , Bussolotti Victor Moura , Pellegrini Izabela , Ferreira Filipa , Ismail Nor Atiah , Poggi Francesca , Amado Miguel
Published: October 2024

Nature-based solutions have been promoted as an effective strategy to address climate impacts, including urban temperature reduction. In this paper, we analyze the impacts of the introduction of street trees on temperature (Universal Thermal Climate Index, UTCI) for three different dates, 2000, 2023, and 2050. A 3D model was developed in Rhinoceros software for a part of George Town, on Penang Island. Four different sections of streets were simulated after integration of the model with the Grasshopper plug-in, where a parametric system was built for temperature measurements based on simulations in the Ladybug and Honeybee plug-ins. The tree species used were selected from a pool of tree species commonly planted in urban settings in Malaysia that have low and medium sensitivity to climate impacts. The results show a maximum reduction of 7 °C between 2000 and 2050, achieved on a street with an NW–SE orientation that was planted with three rows of trees. The minimum UTCI reduction achieved was 3 °C, between 2023 and 2050, in a street with NW–SE orientation that was planted with one tree row. The two streets with a SW–NE orientation showed a 5 °C temperature reduction between 2023 and 2050. Both streets have only one row of trees but different species and sizes, with the bigger trees reducing the temperature in a slightly larger area. The results show the importance of introducing and safeguarding street trees to reduce urban temperatures in the country, potentially keeping temperatures below life-threatening levels, thereby safeguarding urban health, while also reducing costs of energy consumption. Solar orientation, the number of tree rows, and their distribution impact the outcomes. The findings provide useful guidance for climate-conscious urban planning practices in Malaysia.
The Use of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Operation Principles to Support the Continuous Development of Machine Learning-Based Solutions in Fault Detection and Identification
Authors: Tran Tuan-Anh , Ruppert Tamás , Abonyi János
Published: October 2024

Machine learning (ML) revolutionized traditional machine fault detection and identification (FDI), as complex-structured models with well-designed unsupervised learning strategies can detect abnormal patterns from abundant data, which significantly reduces the total cost of ownership. However, their opaqueness raised human concern and intrigued the eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI) concept. Furthermore, the development of ML-based FDI models can be improved fundamentally with machine learning operations (MLOps) guidelines, enhancing reproducibility and operational quality. This study proposes a framework for the continuous development of ML-based FDI solutions, which contains a general structure to simultaneously visualize and check the performance of the ML model while directing the resource-efficient development process. A use case is conducted on sensor data of a hydraulic system with a simple long short-term memory (LSTM) network. Proposed XAI principles and tools supported the model engineering and monitoring, while additional system optimization can be made regarding input data preparation, feature selection, and model usage. Suggested MLOps principles help developers create a minimum viable solution and involve it in a continuous improvement loop. The promising result motivates further adoption of XAI and MLOps while endorsing the generalization of modern ML-based FDI applications with the HITL concept.
Scalp Microbiome and Dandruff—Exploring Novel Biobased Esters
Authors: Mayser Peter , Genrich Florian , Meunier Laura , Nordzieke Steffen
Published: October 2024

Recent data suggest that dandruff might be associated with dysbiosis of the scalp microbiome. This mini review summarizes the microbiome changes seen with the dandruff condition, as well as different solutions for dandruff control and their effects on the scalp microbiome in relation to in vivo efficacy. Since zinc pyrithione has been banned from cosmetics in the EU, the medium-chain fatty acid ester propanediol caprylate is a new option, in addition to the remaining conventional ingredients: piroctone olamine, climbazole, and salicylic acid. The ester is rapidly cleaved by Malassezia hydrolases in the external milieu, thereby releasing active caprylic acid. In addition to its auto-regulatory effects on Malassezia, propanediol caprylate is also able to influence the bacterial microbiota towards a healthier scalp microbiome. In vivo data have shown an efficacy comparable to climbazole and piroctone olamine. In vivo additive and synergistic effects in different combinations allow reductions in the concentration of conventional agents. Surprisingly, a new effect of a lasting healthier scalp has been identified in connection with ester use, in contrast to the usual return of dandruff experienced upon the discontinuation of anti-dandruff shampoo with conventional actives. We also report on new data from an unpublished comparative study on two propanediol monoesters confirming the long-lasting effect.
Structural Analysis of Coordination Cage/Guest Complexes Prepared with the ‘Crystalline Sponge’ Methodology
Authors: Taylor Christopher G. P. , Williams James R. , Argent Stephen P. , Ward Michael D.
Published: October 2024

The crystalline sponge method has proven invaluable in the preparation and analysis of supramolecular host/guest complexes if the host can be obtained in a suitable crystalline form, allowing the analysis of guest binding modes inside host cavities which can inform other studies into processes such as catalysis. Here, we report the structures of a set of ten host/guest complexes using an octanuclear coordination cage host with a range of small-molecule neutral organic guests including four aromatic aldehydes and ketones, three cyclic lactams, and three epoxides. In all cases, the cavity-bound guests are anchored by a collection of CH•••O hydrogen-bonding interactions between an O atom on the guest and a convergent set of CH protons at a pocket on the cage interior surface. Depending on guest size and the presence of solvent molecules as additional guests, there may be one or two cavity-bound guests, with small aromatic guests forming π-stacked pairs. Some guests (the lactams) participate in additional NH•••F H-bonding interactions with surface-bound fluoroborate anions, which indicate the type of anion/guest interactions thought to be responsible for solution-phase catalytic reactions of bound guests.
A Real-World Longitudinal Study in Non-Functioning Pituitary Incidentalomas: A PRECES Micro-Adenomas Sub-Analysis
Authors: Costachescu Mihai , Nistor Claudiu , Valea Ana , Sima Oana-Claudia , Ciuche Adrian , Stanciu Mihaela , Carsote Mara , Ciobica Mihai-Lucian
Published: October 2024

Background. Incidentalomas have an increasing incidence all over the world due to a larger access to imaging assessments, and endocrine incidentalomas make no exception in this matter, including pituitary incidentalomas (PIs). Objective. Our objective was to analyse the dynamic changes amid a second computed tomography (CT) scan after adult patients were initially confirmed with a PI (non-functioning micro-adenoma). Methods. This was a multi-centric, longitudinal, retrospective study in adults (aged between 20 and 70 y) amid real-world data collection. We excluded patients who experienced baseline pituitary hormonal excess or deficiency or those with tumours larger than 1 cm. Results. A total of 117 adults were included (94.02% females) with a mean age of 43.86 ± 11.99 years, followed between 6 and 156 months with a median (M) of 40 months (Q1 Q3: 13.50, 72.00). At the time of PI diagnosis, the transverse diameter had a mean value of 0.53 ± 0.16 cm, the longitudinal mean diameter was 0.41 ± 0.13 cm, and the largest diameter was 0.55 ± 0.16 cm. No PI became functioning during follow-up, neither associated hypopituitarism nor increased >1 cm diameter. A total of 46/117 (39.32%) patients had a larger diameter during follow-up (increase group = IG) versus a non-increase group (non-IG; N = 71, 60.68%) that included the subjects with stationary or decreased diameters. IG had lower initial transverse, longitudinal, and largest diameter versus non-IG: 0.45 ± 0.12 versus 0.57 ± 0.17 (p < 0.0001), 0.36 ± 0.11 versus 0.43 ± 0.13 (p = 0.004), respectively, 0.46 ± 0.12 versus 0.6 ± 0.16 (p < 0.0001). IG versus non-IG had a larger period of surveillance: M (Q1, Q3) of 48 (24, 84) versus 32.5 (12, 72) months (p = 0.045) and showed similar age, pituitary hormone profile, and tumour lateralisation at baseline and displayed a median diameter change of +0.14 cm versus −0.03 cm (p < 0.0001). To conclude, a rather high percent of patients might experience PI diameter increase during a longer period of follow-up, including those with a smaller initial size, while the age at diagnosis does not predict the tumour growth. This might help practitioners with further long-term surveillance protocols.
Exploring Floristic Diversity, Propagation Patterns, and Plant Functions in Domestic Gardens across Urban Planning Gradient in Lubumbashi, DR Congo
Authors: Useni Sikuzani Yannick , Kisangani Kalonda Bernard , Mpanda Mukenza Médard , Yona Mleci Jonas , Mpibwe Kalenga Alex , Malaisse François , Bogaert Jan
Published: October 2024

Urbanization degrades natural habitats and creates new urban ecosystems like domestic gardens. The plant composition of these gardens varies with socio-economic factors and urban planning levels. However, the diversity and impact of introduced species are often poorly assessed, causing potential ecological imbalances (disruptions in the natural functioning and stability of ecosystems), particularly in Lubumbashi (DR Congo). The objective was to analyze the spatial structure, plant diversity, propagation strategies, and ecological functions of domestic gardens. Three distinct neighborhoods were selected: a planned, unplanned, and residential neighborhood. Twenty avenues (with five plots per avenue) were chosen to represent the diversity within each neighborhood, and stratified random sampling of plots was conducted to analyze gardening practices. Gardens were classified into types, and their vegetation was evaluated based on species origin and ecological impact. The analysis of domestic gardens in Lubumbashi reveals significant variations across different neighborhood types. Residential neighborhoods exhibit larger average garden sizes (315.1 m2), higher species richness (22 species), and larger plot sizes (1032 m2) compared to unplanned and planned neighborhoods, where garden areas and species richness are notably lower. Rectangular gardens dominate in unplanned areas, while planned neighborhoods feature more intentional landscaping elements, such as flowerbeds and hedges. The use of gardens for food production is prominent in planned areas (40.7%), whereas residential neighborhoods prioritize ornamentation (51.4%). The study identified 232 taxa across 68 families, with a predominance of exotic species (80%) in all neighborhoods, particularly in unplanned areas (82.25%). The data revealed that Mangifera indica and Persea americana are abundant in all neighborhoods, illustrating their adaptability to different urban contexts. Herbaceous species are most common, followed by woody plants, with vines being sparse. Species dispersal is primarily driven by human activities (anthropochory), accounting for over 85% in all neighborhoods. These findings highlight the strong human influence on the composition and structure of domestic gardens in Lubumbashi, emphasizing the dominance of exotic species and the importance of anthropogenic factors in shaping urban green spaces. Urban policies should incorporate strategies to minimize the negative impacts of exotic species on native flora.
Effects of Corruption and Informality on Economic Growth through Productivity
Authors: Bermúdez Pedro , Verástegui Luis , Nolazco José Luis , Urbina Dante A.
Published: October 2024

Corruption and informality are issues which have attracted a great amount of empirical research, since they are variables that can affect economic development in various and complex ways, with direct and indirect effects on economic growth. In this context, the objective of this investigation is to assess the impacts of corruption and informality on economic growth and productivity in countries from Latin America and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). To achieve this, a 3SLS-GMM estimation is proposed to manage the endogeneity of the variables in the system of equations. Subsequently, a simulation analysis is conducted to quantify the impacts of increases in corruption and informality on growth and productivity, as well as the influence of human capital in counteracting these impacts. The main findings of the research are as follows: (i) corruption decreases economic growth and productivity in both groups of countries; (ii) informality negatively affects economic growth and productivity; (iii) increases in corruption and informality reduce economic growth and productivity; and (iv) human capital has a positive impact on economic growth and reduces the negative impacts of corruption and informality.
An Example of the Views of Educators on Incorporating the Sustainable Development Goals into Engineering and Environmental School Engagement Activities Using Minecraft
Authors: Hobbs Laura , Behenna Sarah
Published: October 2024

The United Nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 as a call to “end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity”. The UK-based Science Hunters programme uses Minecraft to engage children with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Maths. Its Engineering for Sustainable Societies project engaged children from under-represented backgrounds with engineering and the Sustainable Development Goals. We conducted mixed-methods interviews with eleven teachers, with objectives of exploring their needs and views with regard to this opportunity to use Minecraft and engineering to engage their students with the Sustainable Development Goals. Inductive thematic analysis of the qualitative data indicated that teachers were interested in the appeal and creativity of Minecraft, opportunities to creatively learn about and explore engineering at various ages, and real-world relevancy. Access barriers and the unlimited nature of the game were concerns. They felt that students would gain greater understanding of sustainability and what they can do, and deep exploration of the topic at their own level. Overall, it was felt that engineering and the Sustainable Development Goals, explored in Minecraft, could give children the opportunity to think about the future of the world they live in.
Symbolic Representation of Young Children in Science: Insights into Preschoolers’ Drawings of Change of State of Matter
Authors: Kampeza Maria , Delserieys Pedregosa Alice
Published: October 2024

Research in early childhood education acknowledges the multimodal nature of learning, and the need to equip young learners with the abilities to encounter future communication and learning challenges is imperative. Drawing can play a crucial role in children’s learning in general and contribute to science learning in particular. In this paper, we study the drawings that young children (aged 4–6) produce during a teaching intervention about the change of state of matter. The research adopts a sociocultural perspective, considering drawing as a mediating tool to support children’s meaning-making and learning process. The objective is to understand better the type of drawing situations that can be proposed to young children in science and the scaffold these drawing tasks might provide to support meaning-making in science. Results show that children use iconic as well as symbolic modes of representation depending on the situation and that the resources available can have an impact on how children use different symbols.
Learn Then Adapt: A Novel Test-Time Adaptation Method for Cross-Domain Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings
Authors: Li Wei , Chen Yan , Li Jiazhu , Wen Jiajin , Chen Jian
Published: October 2024

Cross-domain fault diagnosis enhances the generalization capability of diagnostic models across different operating conditions and machines. Current studies tackle the domain shift problem by adapting the model during training with data from the target domain or multiple source domains. However, a more realistic and less explored scenario is automatically adapting a trained (developed) model at test time (deployment period) using limited normal-condition data. To bridge this research gap, we propose a novel test-time adaptation framework to rapidly and effectively adapt the trained model, which only requires mini-batch test data (normal condition). Specifically, we first transform input signals to informative signal embedding and mitigate its noise with a reconstruction loss. Then, we decompose the signal embedding to the domain-related healthy component and the domain-invariant faulty component to better leverage the normal-condition data. Finally, we adapt the model by re-identifying the normal signals of the target domain during the test stage. Extensive experiments verify the effectiveness of our method, demonstrating performance improvements across public and private datasets.
Optimization of Combined Hydrothermal and Mechanical Refining Pretreatment of Forest Residue Biomass for Maximum Sugar Release during Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Authors: Hossain Md Shahadat , Therasme Obste , Volk Timothy A. , Kumar Vinod , Kumar Deepak
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemical-free two-stage hydrothermal and mechanical refining pretreatment on improving the sugar yields during enzymatic hydrolysis of forest residue biomass (FRB) and optimize the pretreatment conditions. Hot-water pretreatment experiments were performed using a central composite design for three variables: temperature (160–200 °C), time (10–20 min), and solid loading (10–20%). Hydrothermally pretreated biomass was subsequently pretreated using three cycles of disk refining. The combined pretreatment was found to be highly effective in enhancing sugar yields during enzymatic hydrolysis, with almost 99% cellulose conversion for biomass pretreated at 213.64 °C, 15 min, and 15% solid loading. However, the xylose concentrations in the hydrolysate were found to be low under these conditions due to sugar degradation. Thus, less severe optimum pretreatment conditions (194.78 °C, 12.90 min, and 13.42% solid loading) were predicted using a second-order polynomial model. The response surface model optimized the hydrothermal pretreatment of FRB and predicted the glucan, xylan, and overall conversions of 94.57%, 79.78%, and 87.84%, respectively, after the enzymatic hydrolysis. The model-predicted biomass conversion values were validated by the experimental results.
Mechanism and Data-Driven Fusion SOC Estimation
Authors: Tian Aijun , Xue Weidong , Zhou Chen , Zhang Yongquan , Dong Haiying
Published: October 2024

An accurate assessment of the state of charge (SOC) of electric vehicle batteries is critical for implementing frequency regulation and peak shaving. This study proposes mechanism- and data-driven SOC fusion calculation methods. First, a second-order Thevenin battery model is developed to obtain the physical parameters of the battery. Second, data from the Thevenin battery model and data from four standard cycling conditions in the electric vehicle industry are added to the dataset of the feed-forward neural network data-driven model to construct the test and training sets of the data-driven model. Finally, the error of the mechanism and data-driven fusion modeling method is quantitatively analyzed by comparing the estimation error of the method for the battery SOC at different temperatures with the accuracy of the data-driven SOC estimation method. The simulation results show that the root mean square error, the mean age absolute error, and the maximum error of mechanism and data-driven method for the estimation error of battery SOC are lower than those of the data-driven method by 0.9%, 0.65%, and 1.3%, respectively. The results show that the mechanism and data-driven fusion SOC estimation method has better generalization performance and higher SOC estimation accuracy.
Remaining Useful Life Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Small Sample Models
Authors: Liu Lu , Sun Wei , Yue Chuanxu , Zhu Yunhai , Xia Weihuan
Published: October 2024

Accurate prediction of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is essential for enhancing energy management and extending the lifespan of batteries across various industries. However, the raw capacity data of these batteries is often noisy and exhibits complex nonlinear degradation patterns, especially due to capacity regeneration phenomena during operation, making precise RUL prediction a significant challenge. Although various deep learning-based methods have been proposed, their performance relies heavily on the availability of large datasets, and satisfactory prediction accuracy is often achievable only with extensive training samples. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel method that integrates sequence decomposition algorithms with an optimized neural network. Specifically, the Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) algorithm is employed to decompose the raw capacity data, effectively mitigating the noise from capacity regeneration. Subsequently, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to fine-tune the hyperparameters of the Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) model. The final BiGRU-based prediction model was extensively tested on eight lithium-ion battery datasets from NASA and CALCE, demonstrating robust generalization capability, even with limited data. The experimental results indicate that the CEEMDAN-PSO-BiGRU model can reliably and accurately predict the RUL and capacity of lithium-ion batteries, providing a promising and reliable method for RUL prediction in practical applications.
A Sustainable Agri-Photovoltaic Greenhouse for Lettuce Production in Qatar
Authors: Hasan Yusra , Lubitz William David
Published: October 2024

Qatar identified that food supply security, including self-sufficiency in vegetable production and increasing sustainable renewable energy generation, is important for increasing economic and environmental resiliency. Very favorable solar energy resources in Qatar suggest opportunities to simultaneously meet this goal by integrating solar energy generation and food production. This study examines the feasibility of developing a sustainable agri-photovoltaic (APV) greenhouse design. A comprehensive greenhouse with solar energy generation included is developed for year-round operation in Lusail, Qatar. The performance of the system is predicted by integrating meteorological data and MATLAB simulations of system components. Important design considerations included optimizing solar energy generation by fixed solar photovoltaic panels placed on the maximum available surface area of the greenhouse canopy, while balancing crop insolation and energy needs for greenhouse HVAC systems. Electrical energy is also stored in an industrial battery. Results suggest the APV greenhouse is technically and economically viable and that it could provide benefits, including enhancing food security, promoting renewable energy, and contributing to sustainable food and energy production in Qatar.
Fabric Retrofit of a Hard-to-Treat, Pre-1919 House in Preparation for Heat Pump Use
Authors: Ogunrin Oluwatobiloba Stephanie , Vorushylo Inna , Wilson Christopher , Hewitt Neil
Published: October 2024

The uptake of low-carbon domestic heating systems is a significant strategy towards global targets of reducing greenhouse emissions and mitigating climate change. Pre-1900 hard-to-treat houses will still be existing in the next 25 years, and they have the greatest potential for improved energy-efficiency. This study investigates the potential of fabric retrofit to prepare an older, hard-to-treat house type for heat pump use. The house type was modelled in DesignBuilder and validated using the Ulster University test house. The wall, loft and floor insulation, as well as glazing upgrades can yield up to 50% reduction in heating demand for a hard-to-treat house type, thereby preparing it for heat pump installation. Additionally, upgrading insulation and glazing in line with the current building standards was cost-effective, with a net present value of approximately GBP 12,000.
An Overview of Different Water Electrolyzer Types for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Şahin Mustafa Ergin
Published: October 2024

While fossil fuels continue to be used and to increase air pollution across the world, hydrogen gas has been proposed as an alternative energy source and a carrier for the future by scientists. Water electrolysis is a renewable and sustainable chemical energy production method among other hydrogen production methods. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis is a popular and expensive method that meets the high energy requirements of most industrial electrolyzers. Scientists are investigating how to reduce the price of water electrolytes with different methods and materials. The electrolysis structure, equations and thermodynamics are first explored in this paper. Water electrolysis systems are mainly classified as high- and low-temperature electrolysis systems. Alkaline, PEM-type and solid oxide electrolyzers are well known today. These electrolyzer materials for electrode types, electrolyte solutions and membrane systems are investigated in this research. This research aims to shed light on the water electrolysis process and materials developments.
Comparison of Several Energy-Efficient Control Laws Using Energetic Macroscopic Representation for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Bourgeot Jean-Matthieu , Leclerre Romain , Delaleau Emmanuel
Published: October 2024

Energy transition and decarbonization present significant challenges to transportation. Electric machines, such as motors and generators, are increasingly replacing internal combustion engines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on enhancing the energy efficiency of electric machines used in vehicles, which are predominantly powered by batteries with limited energy capacity. By investigating various control strategies, the aim is to minimize energy losses and improve overall vehicle performance. This research examines two types of electric motors: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) and Induction Motor (IM). Real-time loss measurements were conducted during simulated driving cycles, including acceleration, constant speed, and braking phases, to mimic typical driving behavior. The simulation utilized characteristics from commercial vehicles, specifically the Renault Zoé and Bombardier eCommander, to assess the controls under different configurations. This study employed the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) formalism to standardize the analysis across different motors and controls. The results demonstrate significant loss reductions. The controls investigated in this study effectively reduce energy losses in electric motors, supporting their applicability in the automotive industry.
Effect of Bamboo Nodes on the Mechanical Properties of Phyllostachys iridescens
Authors: Wang Xuehua , Yu Siyuan , Deng Shuotong , Xu Ru , Chen Qi , Xu Pingping
Published: October 2024

Bamboo is a significant natural resource, recognized for its rapid growth, lightweight composition, high strength, and excellent mechanical properties, making it increasingly valuable in the furniture and construction industries. A critical structural aspect of bamboo is its nodes, yet there has been limited research on their impact on bamboo’s mechanical properties. This study investigates the mechanical properties of round bamboo tubes in three different states: internodes (S1), nodes with diaphragm removed (S2), and nodes with diaphragm (S3). The results show that the mechanical properties of S1 are a compressive strength (CS) of 29.72 MPa, a shear strength parallel to grain (SSp) of 11.82 MPa, a radial stiffness (Sr) of 155.59 MPa, an impact toughness (IT) of 20.74 kJ/m2, a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 16.45 MPa, a modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 408.53 MPa, a tensile modulus of rupture parallel to grain (MORT) of 189.62 MPa, and a tensile modulus of elasticity parallel to grain (MOET) of 431.05 MPa. Compared with S1, these above parameters change by CS +11%, SSp 6%, Sr +100%, IT −29%, MOR +5%, MOE +63%, MORT −29%, and MOET −58% in S2 and CS +10%, SSp 28%, Sr +250%, IT −31%, MOR +28%, MOE +92%, MORT −25%, and MOET −42% in S3. It demonstrates that the bamboo diaphragm and nodes significantly influence the mechanical properties of bamboo; they have a significant positive effect on the bending properties across the transverse grain, radial ring stiffness, and shear properties along the grain, but negatively impact the tensile properties along the grain.
Investigating Intumescent Flame-Retardant Additives in Polyurethane Foam to Improve the Flame Resistance and Sustainability of Aircraft Cabin Materials
Authors: Loewenthal Oliver , Doley Preety , Wang Cheng , Yeoh Guan Heng , Kabir Imrana I.
Published: October 2024

Polyurethane (PU) foam has a high flammability and is widely used in aircraft interiors, presenting a significant danger to occupants. This study analysed three composite intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) coatings for flexible PU foam; expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and alginate (AG). The coatings were prepared in concentrations of 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 50 wt% with an acrylic binder. The coated samples were characterised using cone calorimetry, SEM, and mechanical testing. The findings showed peak heat release rate, total heat release, and carbon dioxide production from the 10 wt% triple-layer coating (EG:APP:AG) was 52%, 32%, and 58% less than the PU control. The char of the 10 wt% triple-layer sample effectively suppressed smoke release and inhibited the transfer of fuel and gas volatiles. Mechanical testing demonstrated a 3.4 times increase in tensile strength and a 15.4 times increase in compressive strength (50% compression) compared to the control PU with the 10 wt% triple-layer coating. A fire dynamics simulator model was developed that demonstrated large-scale flammability modelling for commercial aircraft. Future work can explore the integration of IFR coatings into computational analysis. These new bio-based coatings produced promising results for aircraft fire safety and flammability performance for PU polymers.
Flour Treatments Affect Gluten Protein Extractability, Secondary Structure, and Antibody Reactivity
Authors: Mattioni Bruna , Tilley Michael , Scheuer Patricia Matos , Paulino Niraldo , Yucel Umut , Wang Donghai , de Francisco Alicia
Published: October 2024

Commercial Brazilian wheat flour was subjected to extrusion, oven, and microwave treatments. The solubility, monomeric and polymeric proteins, and the glutenin and gliadin profiles of the gluten were analyzed. In addition, in vitro digestibility and response against potential celiac disease immune-stimulatory epitopes were investigated. All treatments resulted in low solubility of the polymeric and monomeric proteins. The amounts of insoluble proteins increased from 5.6% in control flour to approximately 10% for all (treatments), whereas soluble proteins decreased from 6.5% to less than 0.5% post treatment. In addition, the treatments affected glutenin and gliadin profiles. The amount of α/β-gliadin extracted decreased after all treatments, while that of γ-gliadin was unaffected. Finally, the potential celiac disease immune stimulatory epitopes decreased in oven and microwave treatment using the G12 ELISA, but no change was observed using the R5 antibody. However, the alteration of the gluten structure and complexity was not sufficient to render a product safe for consumption for individuals with celiac disease; the number of potential celiac disease immune-stimulatory epitopes remained high.
Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Stems of Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora)
Authors: Han Yijuan , Chen Huiquan , Lai Meiling , Lin Zhongyuan , Huang Yongji , Tang Weiqi , Zhu Yanbing , Zhang Yange , Wang Zonghua , Ni Hui , Chen Xiaofeng , Chen Songbiao
Published: October 2024

Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is a native salt marsh plant along the Atlantic coast but has become an invasive species in coastal regions in China, as well as other areas. Utilizing it for resources has become a control measure in reducing the spread of S. alterniflora. This study assesses the nutritional and phytochemical properties of the edible stems of S. alterniflora collected from three locations in Fujian province, China. The tender stems of S. alterniflora exhibit a rich nutritional profile, with high levels of protein, carbohydrates, and fats, and significant amounts of essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, indicating their potential as a nutritious addition to the diet or forage. In addition, the levels of potential contaminants, including nitrate, nitrite, cadmium, lead, and chromium, are below the established safe thresholds for consumption. Our results provide valuable information for the sustainable utilization of S. alterniflora resources and will contribute to the integrated control of S. alterniflora.
Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Injectable Nanocomposite Hydrogels by Adding Boronic Acid/Boronate Ester Dynamic Bonds at the Nanoparticle–Polymer Interface
Authors: Sánchez Jesús , Ulloa Jose , Oyarzún Yessenia , Ceballos Matías , Ruiz Carla , Boury Bruno , Urbano Bruno F.
Published: October 2024

Incorporating nanoparticles into injectable hydrogels is a well-known technique for improving the mechanical properties of these materials. However, significant differences in the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix and the nanoparticles can result in localized stress concentrations at the polymer–nanoparticle interface. This situation can lead to problems such as particle–matrix debonding, void formation, and material failure. This work introduces boronic acid/boronate ester dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) as energy dissipation sites to mitigate stress concentrations at the polymer–nanoparticle interface. Once boronic acid groups were immobilized on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2-BA) and incorporated into an alginate matrix, the nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited enhanced viscoelastic properties. Compared to unmodified SiO2 nanoparticles, introducing SiO2 nanoparticles with boronic acid on their surface improved the structural integrity and stability of the hydrogel. In addition, nanoparticle-reinforced hydrogels showed increased stiffness and deformation resistance compared to controls. These properties were dependent on nanoparticle concentration. Injectability tests showed shear-thinning behavior for the modified hydrogels with injection force within clinically acceptable ranges and superior recovery.
Expression of HMGB1, TGF-β1, BIRC3, ADAM17, CDKN1A, and FTO in Relation to Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients Six Months after the First Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study
Authors: Kuveljic Jovana , Djordjevic Ana , Zivotic Ivan , Dekleva Milica , Kolakovic Ana , Zivkovic Maja , Stankovic Aleksandra , Djuric Tamara
Published: October 2024

Background: After myocardial infarction (MI), adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling may occur. This is followed by LV hypertrophy and eventually heart failure. The remodeling process is complex and goes through multiple phases. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of HMGB1, TGF-β1, BIRC3, ADAM17, CDKN1A, and FTO, each involved in a specific step of LV remodeling, in association with the change in the echocardiographic parameters of LV structure and function used to assess the LV remodeling process in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients six months after the first MI. The expression of selected genes was also determined in PBMCs of controls. Methods: The study group consisted of 99 MI patients, who were prospectively followed-up for 6 months, and 25 controls. Cardiac parameters, measured via conventional 2D echocardiography, were evaluated at two time points: 3–5 days and 6 months after MI. The mRNA expression six-months-post-MI was detected using TaqMan® technology (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Results:HMGB1 mRNA was significantly higher in patients with adverse LV remodeling six-months-post-MI than in patients without adverse LV remodeling (p = 0.04). HMGB1 mRNA was significantly upregulated in patients with dilated LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (p = 0.03); dilated LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) (p = 0.03); severely dilated LV end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) (p = 0.006); impaired LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.01); and LV enlargement (p = 0.03). It was also significantly upregulated in PBMCs from patients compared to controls (p = 0.005). TGF-β1 and BIRC3 mRNA were significantly lower in patients compared to controls (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: Our results suggest that HMGB1 is involved in adverse LV remodeling six-months-post-MI, even on the mRNA level. Further research and validation are needed.
GIS-Based Risk Assessment of Building Vulnerability in Flood Zones of Naic, Cavite, Philippines Using AHP and TOPSIS
Authors: Singh Shashi Rani , Harirchian Ehsan , Monjardin Cris Edward F. , Lahmer Tom
Published: October 2024

Floods pose significant challenges globally, particularly in coastal regions like the Philippines, which are vulnerable to typhoons and subsequent inundations. This study focuses on Naic city in Cavite, Philippines, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to develop flood risk maps employing two Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods including Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). These maps integrate hazard, vulnerability, and exposure assessments to identify structures most vulnerable to flooding. Weight assignments in the study are derived from a literature review and expert opinions, reflecting the Philippines’ flood-prone geography and historical data. Structural attributes, categorized on a low to very high scale, were assessed based on field survey data from 555 buildings. AHP categorized 91.3% of buildings as moderate to very high risk, whereas TOPSIS placed 68% in this category, underscoring methodological disparities in data handling and assumptions. This research enhances understanding of flood threats and offers a decision-making framework for resilient flood risk management strategies. Identifying vulnerable buildings aims to support informed urban planning and disaster preparedness in flood-prone areas, thereby mitigating potential property, infrastructure, and livelihood damage.
The Female Body and the Environment: A Transnational Study of Mo Yan’s Feng ru Fei tun, Murakami Haruki’s Nejimaki-dori Kuronikuru, and Gabriel García Márquez’s El amor en los tiempos del cólera
Authors: Wu Yueying
Published: October 2024

The female body is often depicted in parallel with the environment in many literary works. This article examines how the female body can prompt a rethinking of the environment by analyzing three literary works, Mo Yan’s Feng ru Fei tun, published in 1996 Murakami Haruki’s Nejimaki-dori Kuronikuru, published in 1994-1995, and Gabriel García Márquez’s El amor en los tiempos del cólera, published in 1985, which root in Chinese, Japanese, and Latin American cultures, respectively. This paper argues that, on the one hand, the female body parallels the environment by displaying non-human characteristics and relating to natural elements in these three works; on the other hand, it deconstructs the boundary between the environment and humans by playing a crucial role in constructing human identity. This paper draws on theories of posthumanism, material feminism, and ecofeminism to explore the depiction of the female body and its role in rethinking the environment. The cultural hybridity of local and non-local worldviews—a key reason for situating this study within a transnational comparative framework—serves as a crucial element in demonstrating how the female body bridges the environment and human identity across all three works. This analysis aims to deconstruct the anthropocentric perspective on the environment, thereby rethinking the role of the female body in this context.
Enhancing EHR Interoperability and Security through Distributed Ledger Technology: A Review
Authors: Carlos Ferreira João , Elvas Luís B. , Correia Ricardo , Mascarenhas Miguel
Published: October 2024

The management and exchange of electronic health records (EHRs) remain critical challenges in healthcare, with fragmented systems, varied standards, and security concerns hindering seamless interoperability. These challenges compromise patient care and operational efficiency. This paper proposes a novel solution to address these issues by leveraging distributed ledger technology (DLT), including blockchain, to enhance data security, integrity, and transparency in healthcare systems. The decentralized and immutable nature of DLT enables more efficient and secure information exchange across platforms, improving decision-making and coordination of care. This paper outlines a strategic implementation approach, detailing timelines, resource requirements, and stakeholder involvement while addressing crucial privacy and security concerns like encryption and access control. In addition, it explores standards and protocols necessary for achieving interoperability, offering case studies that demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness. This work contributes by introducing a DLT-based solution to the persistent issue of EHR interoperability, providing a novel pathway to secure and efficient health data exchanges. It also identifies the standards and protocols essential for integrating DLT with existing health information systems, thereby facilitating a smoother transition toward enhanced interoperability.
Exploring Dietary Salt Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices among People of African Descent in the United Kingdom: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Usman Jesse Enebi , Morley Alexandra , Childs Charmaine , Rogerson David , Klonizakis Markos
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: People of African Descent (PoAD) in the United Kingdom (UK) are at an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD), partly due to dietary habits such as high salt intake. This study sought to understand the dietary salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and practises (KAP) of PoAD in the UK, to inform the development of culturally tailored interventions to reduce dietary salt intake in this population. Methods: We collected data on KAP from 21 PoAD across various regions in the UK through online semi-structured interviews and analysed them using reflexive thematic analysis (TA). Results: The age of the participants ranged from 20 to 70 years (43 ± 11). Six overarching themes were identified: (i) the multifaceted roles of salt in culinary practises, (ii) the increased awareness of health risks associated with high salt intake, (iii) the existence of knowledge gaps regarding recommended daily salt intake, (iv) the cultural influences on salt consumption levels, (v) the lack of engagement with food labels, and (vi) a limited awareness of salt reduction initiatives. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the significance of salt in the culture and culinary practises of PoAD. Despite general awareness of the health risks of excessive salt consumption, there was a notable deficiency in knowledge about the recommended salt intake levels as well as minimal engagement with nutritional labelling. These findings underline a need for culturally sensitive health interventions that integrate culinary practises, beliefs, and preferences of PoAD, aiming to effectively reduce salt intake and mitigate associated health risks.
Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Underutilized Edible Tree Species of the Philippines
Authors: Rondevaldova Johana , Tauchen Jan , Mascellani Anna , Tulkova Jana , Magdalita Pablito M. , Tulin Edgardo E. , Kokoska Ladislav
Published: October 2024

Recently, neglected and underutilized species (NUS) have deservedly come to the forefront of scientific interest because they can contribute to the human nutrition, due to the content of bioactive substances such as antioxidants. Despite the great diversity and rich tradition in the use of Philippine NUS, the nutritional properties of many edible plants remain unexplored. The main objective of this study was to evaluate various parts of eleven NUS fruits and vegetables traditionally consumed in the Philippines, namely Allaeanthus luzonicus, Canarium ovatum, Dillenia philippinensis, Ficus pseudopalma, Flacourtia indica, Flacourtia inermis, Garcinia intermedia, Heliotropium arboreum, Posoqueria latifolia, Stelechocarpus burahol, and Sterculia quadrifida for their total phenolic content (TPC) and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and ORAC assays). Inflorescence of A. luzonicus (DPPH IC50 = 91.0 μg/mL, ORAC IC50 = 37.9 μg/mL) and fruit of S. burahol (DPPH IC50 = 253.7 μg/mL, ORAC IC50 = 32.2 μg/mL) showed the strongest antioxidant activity in both assays. These two species also had the highest TPC (202.1 and 133.0 µg GAE/mg extract, respectively). For all samples tested, a strong correlation was found between TPC and antioxidant activity. Based on our results, A. luzonicus and S. burahol have promising potential as novel antioxidant rich food.
Effects of Steel Slag Used as Substrate on the Growth of Hydrangea macrophylla Cuttings
Authors: Mao Jundan , Chen Huijie , Zhou Huimin , Qi Xiangyu , Chen Shuangshuang , Feng Jing , Jin Yuyan , Li Chang , Deng Yanming , Zhang Hao
Published: October 2024

Steel slag is an industrial solid waste produced during the steelmaking process. To explore the application of steel slag in the agricultural field, the present experiment was carried out to study the effect of substrates with different contents of steel slag on the growth of Hydrangea macrophylla cuttings. The conventional substrate (perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:1:1) was used as the control (CK), and the treatments were designed as T1 (steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:3:3:3, v/v/v/v), T2 (steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:2:2:2, v/v/v/v), T3 (steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:1:1:1, v/v/v/v), and T4 (steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:0:0:0, v/v/v/v). The results showed that the addition of steel slag significantly increased the substrate’s bulk density, EC, and pH and improved its water retention capacity to a certain extent. There were significant differences among different treatments in morphological indicators, root growth and development, and physiological and biochemical characteristics of cutting seedlings. All traits, including plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, root length, root surface area, root volume, the number of root tips, root activity, and soluble protein content of seedlings grown in T3 were significantly higher than those in other substrates. The results indicated that the appropriate addition of steel slag is helpful to hydrangea cuttings’ growth, and the optimal mixing ratio is steel slag: perlite: vermiculite: peat = 1:1:1:1 (v/v/v/v). This is a significant innovation in applying steel slag in agricultural production.