bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Annual variation and synodic modulation of the sporadic meteoroid flux to the Moon
Authors: Szalay Jamey R. , Horányi Mihály
Published: December 2015

The Lunar Dust Experiment on board NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer discovered a permanently present, asymmetric dust cloud engulfing the Moon, sustained by meteoroid bombardment. It is most dense at 5–8 lunar local time, with a peak density canted sunward. Here we present analysis on the variation of the cloud density during January to April 2014. We find the lunar dust cloud in the Moon's equatorial plane to be dominantly produced by impacts from three known sporadic meteoroid sources: apex, helion, and antihelion, listed in order of their contribution to ejecta production. The cloud density is also modulated by the Moon's orbital motion about the Earth, peaking during its waning gibbous phase. These results are complementary to ground‐based measurements and indicate the Moon can be used as a very sensitive large area dust detector to characterize the meteoroid environment at 1 AU.
Interannual variability in the South‐East Atlantic Ocean, focusing on the Benguela Upwelling System: Remote versus local forcing
Authors: Bachèlery Marie‐Lou , Illig Serena , Dadou Isabelle
Published: December 2015

We investigate the respective roles of equatorial remote (Equatorial Kelvin Waves) and local atmospheric (wind, heat fluxes) forcing on coastal variability in the South‐East Atlantic Ocean extending up to the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) over the 2000–2008 period. We carried out a set of six numerical experiments based on a regional ocean model, that differ only by the prescribed forcing (climatological or total) at surface and lateral boundaries. Results show that at subseasonal timescales (<100 days), the coastal oceanic variability (currents, thermocline, and sea level) is mainly driven by local forcing, while at interannual timescales it is dominated by remote equatorial forcing. At interannual timescales (13–20 months), remotely forced Coastal‐Trapped Waves (CTW) propagate poleward along the African southwest coast up to the northern part of the BUS at 24°S, with phase speeds ranging from 0.8 to 1.1 m.s−1. We show that two triggering mechanisms limit the southward propagation of CTW: interannual variability of the equatorward Benguela Current prescribed at the model's southern boundary (30°S) and variability of local atmospheric forcing that modulates the magnitude of observed coastal interannual events. When local wind stress forcing is in (out) of phase, the magnitude of the interannual event increases (decreases). Finally, dynamical processes associated with CTW propagations are further investigated using heat budget for two intense interannual events in 2001 and 2003. Results show that significant temperature anomalies (±2°C), that are mostly found in the subsurface, are primarily driven by alongshore and vertical advection processes.
Temporal and spatial variability of daytime land surface temperature in Houston: Comparing DISCOVER‐AQ aircraft observations with the WRF model and satellites
Authors: Huang Min , Lee Pius , McNider Richard , Crawford James , Buzay Eric , Barrick John , Liu Yuling , Krishnan Praveena
Published: December 2015

Based on a semiempirical diurnal temperature cycle model and aircraft observations taken at different times of the day, daytime land surface temperature (LST) is derived at six locations in the Greater Houston area on the least cloudy day during NASA's DISCOVER‐AQ (Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality) field campaign in September 2013. The aircraft‐derived daytime LSTs show ranges (max‐min) of 11–25°K varying by location, with the daily maxima occurring near 1300–1400 local time. Two Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations that were configured differently are compared with these aircraft‐derived LST, indicating location‐ and time‐dependent performance. The NOAA GOES geostationary satellite observed similar LST spatial patterns in Houston to those in finer resolution from two polar‐orbiting satellite instruments (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite), and it provided useful information of the LST temporal variability missing from the polar‐orbiting satellite products. However, spatial‐ and time‐varying discrepancies are found among LSTs from these various platforms, which are worth further evaluation in order to benefit model evaluation and improvement. The aircraft and satellite LSTs are overall anticorrelated with satellite vegetation indexes. This emphasizes the importance of vegetation cover in urban planning due to its cooling effect and further impact on biogenic emissions and regional air quality. The approaches shown in this study are also suitable for applications under cloudless conditions at other locations and times, such as during the remaining DISCOVER‐AQ deployments conducted in three other populated regions with diverse land uses.
Robust Offline Single‐Machine Scheduling Problems
Authors: Tadayon Bita , Smith J. Cole
Published: December 2015

Over the last few decades, a host of researchers have incorporated data uncertainty into scheduling optimization problems. The perspectives that these models take can vary widely and may include the optimization of worst‐case costs, expected costs, probability of meeting deadlines, and so on. The mathematical programming subfield of robust optimization has also undergone significant development in the past 15 years. This article analyzes research conducted at the intersection of robust optimization and scheduling theory. We discuss four uncertainty sets used to represent unknown data and three robustness measures that have been applied in robust scheduling literature. We then classify results obtained for specific robust single‐machine scheduling problems under each combination of uncertainty set and robustness measure and introduce open problems in this area.
Automatic tuning of robust constrained cross‐direction controllers
Authors: Ammar Mohammed E. , Dumont Guy A.
Published: December 2015

The paper machine cross‐directional (CD) process is a large‐scale spatially distributed system. It is known to be severely ill‐conditioned as the gain rolls down to zero for some of the process directions. Model uncertainties in the process are inevitable resulting in a challenging robust control design problem. CD actuators are subject to min–max constraints while slice lip actuators are subject to additional bending moment limits. Because of the large number of input constraints, the industrial practice is to tune the CD controller assuming inactive constraints. The robustness of CD feedback loops to model uncertainties under constrained internal model control satisfies an integral quadratic inequality. This work develops an automatic tuning algorithm that guarantees robust stability and performance of the constrained CD feedback loop. Spatial response models are identified in a prediction error frame delivering bounds on the CD process pseudo‐singular values. The CD controller is synthesized online through a linear matrix inequalities feasibility problem taking into consideration the modal space uncertainty rising from the uncertainties in the estimated parameters and the expected variations in the dynamic response. The developed tuning technique is suitable for paper machines producing different grades of paper as the CD process spatial and dynamic responses change for each grade. The performance of the tuned constrained internal model control controller is validated through comparing it to an industrial CD controller that has been implemented in paper mills as part of a commercial product. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aktivitätssteigerung von Sauerstoffreduktionskatalysatoren durch Unterdrückung der Katalysatorvergiftung mittels hydrophober ionischer Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Zhang Gui‐Rong , Munoz Macarena , Etzold Bastian J. M.
Published: December 2015

Die Entwicklung kostengünstiger Elektrokatalysatoren für die Sauerstoffreduktion (Oxygen Reduction Reaction, ORR) ist eine Voraussetzung für eine weitläufige Marktdurchdringung der Niedertemperatur‐Brennstoffzelle. Große Hindernisse sind dabei die Vergiftung von Oberflächenplätzen durch unreaktive sauerstoffhaltige Spezies und die langsame Kinetik der ORR auf Pt‐Katalysatoren. Wir berichten von einem einfachen Ansatz zur Beschleunigung der ORR mithilfe einer hydrophoben ionischen Flüssigkeit (Ionic Liquid, IL), welche die Platinvergiftung durch Sauerstoffspezies unterdrückt, was in einer höheren Aktivität des IL‐modifizierten Pt resultiert. Die massenbezogene Aktivität des Katalysators wird um den Faktor 3 auf 1.01 A mg−1Pt bei 0.9 V erhöht, was einem neuen Rekord für reine Pt‐Katalysatoren entspricht. Die gesteigerte Leistungsfähigkeit des IL‐modifizierten Katalysators war über 30 000 Zyklen stabil. Dies kann die Grundlage für die Entwicklung neuer Hochleistungs‐Elektrokatalysatoren für Brennstoffzellen bilden.
Engineering Polymer Hydrogel Nanoparticles for Lymph Node‐Targeted Delivery
Authors: De Koker Stefaan , Cui Jiwei , Vanparijs Nane , Albertazzi Lorenzo , Grooten Johan , Caruso Frank , De Geest Bruno G.
Published: December 2015

The induction of antigen‐specific adaptive immunity exclusively occurs in lymphoid organs. As a consequence, the efficacy by which vaccines reach these tissues strongly affects the efficacy of the vaccine. Here, we report the design of polymer hydrogel nanoparticles that efficiently target multiple immune cell subsets in the draining lymph nodes. Nanoparticles are fabricated by infiltrating mesoporous silica particles (ca. 200 nm) with poly(methacrylic acid) followed by disulfide‐based crosslinking and template removal. PEGylation of these nanoparticles does not affect their cellular association in vitro, but dramatically improves their lymphatic drainage in vivo. The functional relevance of these observations is further illustrated by the increased priming of antigen‐specific T cells. Our findings highlight the potential of engineered hydrogel nanoparticles for the lymphatic delivery of antigens and immune‐modulating compounds.
LDPE composite films incorporating ceramic powder emitting far‐infrared radiation for advanced food‐packaging applications
Authors: Ketsuk Phuntheera , Lim Mijin , Baek Seung Hye , Jung Jeyoung , Kim Dowan , Malegowd Raghavendra Gownolla , Seo Jongchul , Khan Sher Bahadar
Published: December 2015

A ceramic powder that emits far‐infrared radiation (FIR) was incorporated into low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) via melt‐compounding and subsequent melt‐extrusion processes. To investigate the feasibility of as‐prepared LDPE/FIR composite films for use in packaging applications, the composite films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, FIR emissivity and emissive power, antimicrobial activity assays, and storage tests. The physical properties and antimicrobial activities of the composite films were found to strongly correlate with the changes in the chemical and morphological structures that originate from different contents of FIR ceramic powder. A higher content of FIR ceramic powder in the LDPE/FIR composite film provided increased FIR emissivity and emission power of the composite and resulted in good antimicrobial activity. Storage tests also showed that incorporation of FIR ceramic powder into LDPE film was an effective method for maintaining the freshness of lettuce. Furthermore, the incorporation of FIR ceramic powder into LDPE films induced higher thermal stability and crystallinity and enhanced their barrier properties, which suggest these LDPE/FIR composite films are potential candidates for advanced packaging materials for the food and medical industries. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43102.
Enhanced dielectric and electrorheological properties of needle‐like TiO2/polyrhodanine core/shell hybrid nanostructure
Authors: Ozkan Seyma , Unal Halil Ibrahim
Published: December 2015

In this study, antisedimentation, dielectric, electrorheological (ER) and creep–recovery properties of needle‐like TiO2/polyrhodanine (PRh) nanocomposite were investigated. Antisedimentation ratio of needle‐like TiO2/PRh was determined to be 45% after 30 days in silicone oil (SO). Polarizability and relaxation time of needle‐like TiO2/PRh/SO system were determined to be 0.18 and 2.9 × 10−5 s, respectively by the dielectric spectroscopy which was further used to evaluate the ER performance of the dispersion, and the data obtained were in good agreement with the overall ER results. ER properties of needle‐like TiO2/PRh/SO system were determined by taking the effects of shear rate, shear stress, electric field strength, and temperature into account using a torque electrorheometer. Non‐Newtonian shear thinning behaviors were observed for the samples. Vibration damping capabilities of the dispersions were investigated by measuring their elastic and viscous moduli as functions of frequency, time, and electric field strengths. Enhanced and reversible viscoelastic deformations were recorded for needle‐like TiO2/SO system from creep–recovery tests with 88% recovery under E = 3.5 kV mm−1 condition; thus, the system was classified as a smart one and suitable for potential vibration damping applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43240.
Extruded foams prepared from high amylose starch with sodium stearate to form amylose inclusion complexes*
Authors: Finkenstadt Victoria L. , Felker Frederick C. , Fanta George F. , Kenar James A. , Selling Gordon W. , Hornback Kathy J. , Fisk Donald L.
Published: December 2015

Extruded starch foams were prepared from high amylose corn starch with and without sodium stearate and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) to determine how the formation of amylose–sodium stearate inclusion complexes and PVOH addition would affect foam properties. X‐ray diffraction and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that amylose–sodium stearate inclusion complexes were formed by low temperature extrusion and did not dissociate during foam formation by a second extrusion at higher temperatures. In the absence of PVOH, water absorption, and foam shrinkage at 95% RH were decreased because of the hydrophobicity of the complex. PVOH addition increased both the expansion ratio and the shrinkage of the foam, although shrinkage at 95% RH was still less than that observed with uncomplexed amylose. The structural integrity and some tensile properties of stearate‐containing foams were improved by PVOH addition. These results provide the manufacturer of biodegradable starch foams with an inexpensive method for tailoring foam properties for specific end‐use applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43251.
Voltage‐induced wrinkling behavior of dielectric elastomer
Authors: Liu Xuejing , Li Bo , Chen Hualing , Jia Shuhai , Zhou Jinxiong
Published: December 2015

Wrinkles, with regular periodic patterns in soft dielectric membrane, are interesting, since they are induced electrically by applying a voltage. An experimental investigation is presented to study the wrinkling behavior of dielectric elastomer. Steady wrinkles, without the accompany of electrical breakdown were attained. According to the relationship between wrinkling and breakdown, the electromechanical behaviors of DE membrane can be divided into the following types: Type A: breakdown directly without wrinkles; Type B: wrinkle and immediate breakdown; Type C: form steady wrinkles within a voltage span. Three different electromechanical behaviors of DE membrane are classified in a phase chart. A theoretical analysis is presented and discussed, involving the effect of prestretch and configurations to predict the relationship between mechanical wrinkling and electrical breakdown. Wrinkles at on‐demand location can be triggered. The results agree with the experiments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43258.
Modification of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotube by grafting with poly(methyl methacrylate) using benzoyl peroxide initiator
Authors: Ali Umar , Bt. Abd Karim Khairil J. , Buang Nor A.
Published: December 2015

Multiwalled carbon nanotube was successfully grafted with poly(methyl methacrylate) by free radical mechanism using benzoyl peroxide initiator. The reaction was carried out in situ, where the initiator and methyl methacrylate monomer generated the polymer‐free radical that was subsequently grafted to the surface of the pristine multiwalled carbon nanotube. The multiwalled carbon nanotube grafted poly(methyl methacrylate) (MWCNT‐g‐PMMA) were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, 13 C‐solid NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scan electron microscopy. From the result of the characterizations, the grafting of poly(methyl methacrylate) on to multiwalled carbon nanotube was confirmed, and a percentage grafting of 41.51% weight was achieved under optimized conditions with respect to the temperature and the amount of the initiator. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43270.
Coordination Polymers of Palladium Bridged by Carboxylate and Dimethylaminoalkylselenolate Ligands
Authors: Paluru Dilip K. , Dey Sandip , Wadawale Amey P. , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Grupp Anita , Kaim Wolfgang , Jain Vimal K.
Published: December 2015

Coordination polymers of palladium stabilized by dimethylaminoalkylselenolate and carboxylate ligands are reported. The reaction of [PdCl(SeCH2CH2NMe2)]3 with AgOTf followed by treatment with sodium acetate afforded [Pd0PdII4(SeCH2CH2NMe2)3(OAc)3](OTf)2 (1) in which one of the Pd atoms is in the zero oxidation state. In the absence of NaOAc, a tetranuclear complex, [PdII4(SeCH2CH2NMe2)4(OTf)](OTf)3 (2), is isolated from the same reaction. Subsequent treatment with NaO2CR afforded [Pd4(SeCH2CH2NMe2)4(O2CR)4] (R=tBu (3) and Ph (4)). The reaction of [PdCl(SeCH2CH2CH2NMe2)]2 with AgOTf and NaOAc yielded an ionic binuclear complex, [PdII2(SeCH2CH2CH2NMe2)2(OAc)](OTf) (5). These complexes have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, crystal structures, and in some cases by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and mass spectrometry. Complexes 1 and 5 are associated through secondary interactions and coordinate bonds, respectively, to generate polymeric structures in the solid state.
Shared decision-making for the elderly patient with a surgical condition
Authors: Dunn G P
Published: December 2015

Straight talking
Synthesis and Catalytic Study of Ruthenium Carbene Catalyst Containing a Zn‐Porphyrin Ligand
Authors: Xu Ying , Zhang Huizhu , Wang Xinyuan , Liu Guiyan
Published: December 2015

A ruthenium carbene complex containing a Zn‐porphyrin ligand has been developed. The complex was characterized by 1H NMR, IR, HRMS and elemental analysis. The catalytic activity of the ruthenium carbene complex for olefin metathesis reactions was also investigated. The complex exhibited excellent performance for both ring‐closing and cross metathesis reactions at 35°C.
Synthesis of Osthole Derivatives with Grignard Reagents and Their Larvicidal Activities on Mosquitoes
Authors: Liu Ming , Liu Yang , Hua Xuewen , Wu Changchun , Zhou Sha , Wang Baolei , Li Zhengming
Published: December 2015

The structure of osthole has been modified to improve its larvicidal activity against mosquitoes. A new efficient synthesis of osthole derivatives with Grignard reagents has been developed, which employs CuI and LiCl as promoters and covers a broad range of substrates to afford the corresponding products in mild to good yields (up to 83%). Bio‐activity evaluation showed that several products exhibited better activities than osthole.
Immunocytochemical heterogeneity of somatostatin‐expressing GABAergic interneurons in layers II and III of the mouse cingulate cortex: A combined immunofluorescence/design‐based stereologic study
Authors: Riedemann Therese , Schmitz Christoph , Sutor Bernd
Published: December 2015

Many neurological diseases including major depression and schizophrenia manifest as dysfunction of the GABAergic system within the cingulate cortex. However, relatively little is known about the properties of GABAergic interneurons in the cingulate cortex. Therefore, we investigated the neurochemical properties of GABAergic interneurons in the cingulate cortex of FVB‐Tg(GadGFP)45704Swn/J mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a subset of GABAergic interneurons (GFP‐expressing inhibitory interneurons [GINs]) by means of immunocytochemical and design‐based stereologic techniques. We found that GINs represent around 12% of all GABAergic interneurons in the cingulate cortex. In contrast to other neocortical areas, GINs were only found in cortical layers II and III. More than 98% of GINs coexpressed the neuropeptide somatostatin (SOM), but only 50% of all SOM + neurons were GINs. By analyzing the expression of calretinin (CR), calbindin (CB), parvalbumin, and various neuropeptides, we identified several distinct GIN subgroups. In particular, we observed coexpression of SOM with CR and CB. In addition, we found neuropeptide Y expression almost exclusively in those GINs that coexpressed SOM and CR. Thus, with respect to the expression of calcium‐binding proteins and neuropeptides, GINs are surprisingly heterogeneous in the mouse cingulate cortex, and the minority of GINs express only one marker protein or peptide. Furthermore, our observation of overlap between the SOM + and CR + interneuron population was in contrast to earlier findings of non‐overlapping SOM + and CR + interneuron populations in the human cortex. This might indicate that findings in mouse models of neuropsychiatric diseases may not be directly transferred to human patients. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2281–2299, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Training
Authors: Hellsten Ylva , Nyberg Michael
Published: December 2015

Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accommodate the higher aerobic demands and perfusion levels, arteries, arterioles, and capillaries adapt in structure and number. The diameters of the larger conduit and resistance arteries are increased minimizing resistance to flow as the cardiac output is distributed in the body and the wall thickness of the conduit and resistance arteries is reduced, a factor contributing to increased arterial compliance. Endurance training may also induce alterations in the vasodilator capacity, although such adaptations are more pronounced in individuals with reduced vascular function. The microvascular net increases in size within the muscle allowing for an improved capacity for oxygen extraction by the muscle through a greater area for diffusion, a shorter diffusion distance, and a longer mean transit time for the erythrocyte to pass through the smallest blood vessels. The present article addresses the effect of endurance training on systemic and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations with a focus on humans, but also covers animal data. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:1‐32, 2016.
Salt, Angiotensin II, Superoxide, and Endothelial Function
Authors: Boegehold Matthew A. , Drenjancevic Ines , Lombard Julian H.
Published: December 2015

Proper function of the vascular endothelium is essential for cardiovascular health, in large part due to its antiproliferative, antihypertrophic, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Crucial to the protective role of the endothelium is the production and liberation of nitric oxide (NO), which not only acts as a potent vasodilator, but also reduces levels of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion (O2•−). Superoxide anion is highly injurious to the vasculature because it not only scavenges NO molecules, but has other damaging effects, including direct oxidative disruption of normal signaling mechanisms in the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. The renin‐angiotensin system plays a crucial role in the maintenance of normal blood pressure. This function is mediated via the peptide hormone angiotensin II (ANG II), which maintains normal blood volume by regulating Na+excretion. However, elevation of ANG II above normal levels increases O2•−production, promotes oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, and plays a major role in multiple disease conditions. Elevated dietary salt intake also leads to oxidant stress and endothelial dysfunction, but these occur in the face of salt‐induced ANG II suppression and reduced levels of circulating ANG II. While the effects of abnormally high levels of ANG II have been extensively studied, far less is known regarding the mechanisms of oxidant stress and endothelial dysfunction occurring in response to chronic exposure to abnormally low levels of ANG II. The current article focuses on the mechanisms and consequences of this less well understood relationship among salt, superoxide, and endothelial function. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:215‐254, 2016.
Cytochrome P450 and Lipoxygenase Metabolites on Renal Function
Authors: Imig John D. , Khan Md. Abdul Hye
Published: December 2015

Arachidonic acid metabolites have a myriad of biological actions including effects on the kidney to alter renal hemodynamics and tubular transport processes. Cyclooxygenase metabolites are products of an arachidonic acid enzymatic pathway that has been extensively studied in regards to renal function. Two lesser‐known enzymatic pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism are the lipoxygenase (LO) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways. The importance of LO and CYP metabolites to renal hemodynamics and tubular transport processes is now being recognized. LO and CYP metabolites have actions to alter renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Proximal and distal tubular sodium transport and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis are also significantly influenced by renal CYP and LO levels. Metabolites of the LO and CYP pathways also have renal actions that influence renal inflammation, proliferation, and apoptotic processes at vascular and epithelial cells. These renal LO and CYP pathway actions occur through generation of specific metabolites and cell‐signaling mechanisms. Even though the renal physiological importance and actions for LO and CYP metabolites are readily apparent, major gaps remain in our understanding of these lipid mediators to renal function. Future studies will be needed to fill these major gaps regarding LO and CYP metabolites on renal function. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:423‐441, 2016.
Thyroid Hormone, Hormone Analogs, and Angiogenesis
Authors: Davis Paul J. , Sudha Thangirala , Lin Hung‐Yun , Mousa Shaker A.
Published: December 2015

Modulation by thyroid hormone and hormone analogs of angiogenesis in the heart after experimental infarction, and in other organs, has been appreciated for decades. Description of a plasma membrane receptor for thyroid hormone on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3 on endothelial cells has revealed the complexity of the nongenomic regulation of angiogenesis by the hormone. From αvβ3, the hormone directs transcription of specific vascular growth factor genes, regulates growth factor receptor/growth factor interactions and stimulates endothelial cell migration to a vitronectin cue; these actions are implicated experimentally in tumor‐relevant angiogenesis and angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension. Derived from L‐thyroxine (T4), tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) can be covalently bound to a polymer and as Nanotetrac acts exclusively at the hormone receptor on αvβ3 to block actions of T4and 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine (T3) on angiogenesis. Other antiangiogenic actions of Nanotetrac include disruption of crosstalk between integrin αvβ3 and adjacent cell surface vascular growth factor receptors, resulting in disordered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; FGF2) actions at their respective plasma membrane receptors. From αvβ3, Nanotetrac also downregulates expression ofVEGFAand epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genes, upregulates transcription of the angiogenesis suppressor gene, thrombospondin 1 (THBS1; TSP1) and decreases cellular abundance of Ang‐2 protein and matrix metalloproteinase‐9. Existence of this receptor provides new insights into the multiple mechanisms by which thyroid hormone and hormone analogs may regulate angiogenesis at the molecular level. The receptor also offers pharmacological opportunities for interruption of pathological angiogenesis via integrin αvβ3. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:353‐362, 2016.
Potential therapeutic targets in plasma cell disorders: A flow cytometry study
Authors: Lisenko Katharina , Schönland Stefan , Hegenbart Ute , Wallenwein Katrin , Braun Ute , Mai Elias K. , Hillengass Jens , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Jauch Anna , Ho Anthony D. , Raab Marc , Hundemer Michael
Published: December 2015

The discovery of new targets for tailored therapy is a major improvement in oncology, and tools for the rapid and reliable detection of these targets are essential. Clinical trials demonstrated the benefit of recently developed antibodies against antigens on malignant B‐cells. The aim of this study was to assess patients with plasma cell (PC) disorders for expression of antigens on malignant PCs that have exhibited promise in targeted cancer therapy.

We retrospectively analyzed the expression of CD20, CD22, CD27, CD30, CD38, CD52, CD81, CD138, and SLAMF7 on PCs by flow cytometry in 103 patients with PC disorders. Furthermore, we studied cytogenetic data to correlate immunophenotyping and genetic parameters.

The expression frequency of CD22, CD30, and CD52 was similar to other studies (12–35%, 0–19%, and 0–8%, respectively). Unexpectedly, we observed a high CD20 expression frequency in 37% of all AL‐amyloidosis cases. The presence of t(11;14) correlated positively with CD20 expression on PCs in AL‐amyloidosis (p = 0.018). Furthermore, the expression level of SLAMF7 was decreased in advanced PC disorders (p = 0.025) and a diminished expression of SLAMF7 is associated with low expression of CD27 and CD81 on malignant PCs in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

This study provides a contribution to targeted therapy options in PC disorders. Particularly, the results put an emphasis on CD20 as therapeutic target in AL‐amyloidosis. Regarding the therapeutic options of the SLAMF7 antibody elotuzumab, these data advise that analysis of SLAMF7 expression before application of elotuzumab might help to estimate the efficacy of elotuzumab in clinical trials. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
γH2AX expression in cytological specimens as a biomarker of response to radiotherapy in solid malignancies
Authors: Shah Ketan , Boghozian Ramon A. , Kartsonaki Christiana , Shah Ketan A. , Vallis Katherine A.
Published: December 2015

Many anticancer treatments, including radiotherapy, act by damaging DNA and hindering cell function and proliferation. H2AX is a histone protein directly associated with DNA that is phosphorylated to produce γH2AX that accumulates in foci in an early response to DNA double‐strand breaks, the most deleterious lesion caused by anticancer therapy. This study reports a γH2AX detection assay that has the potential to be used as a biomarker of response to guide cancer treatment. γH2AX immunostaining was applied to tumour cell specimens obtained using fine needle aspiration (FNA). Liquid‐based cytology and direct smear cytology methods were evaluated and immunostaining protocols established using FNA samples from five cancer patients. The assay was then applied to three patients before and after radiotherapy. Results demonstrate induction of γH2AX foci following treatment, persisting for as long as one week after therapy. Immunostaining for γH2AX has been successfully applied to FNA samples, providing an opportunity to evaluate γH2AX as a treatment response marker in cancer. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:141–146. © 2015 The Authors Diagnostic Cytopathology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intra‐abdominal fluid aspirate from a dog
Authors: Crippa Valentina , Ghisleni Gabriele , Avallone Giancarlo , Caniatti Mario
Published: December 2015

A 12‐year‐old, neutered female, Siberian husky, was presented with a 6‐months history of progressive abdominal distension, anorexia, and weight loss. The dog appeared normal on physical examination except for marked abdominal distension. A fluid wave was balloted strongly suggesting an abdominal effusion. Ultrasound examination confirmed this clinical finding. Results of the CBC included mild nonregenerative anemia, with an RBC count of 4.9 × 106/µL (reference interval 5.5–8.5 × 106/µL), hemoglobin concentration of 12 g/dL (reference interval 12–18 g/dL), HCT of 36% (reference interval 37–55%), and reticulocytes <60,000/µL. No abnormalities in serum chemistry were detected. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:119–120. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Academic deference gives way to ADA's reasonable modifications policy
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: December 2015

Colleges and universities are entitled to deference with respect to academic decisions, but they must also make reasonable modifications to policies, practices and procedures under the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. What happens when these bedrock principles collide? A federal appeals court reinstated federal claims brought by Maxiam Dean, who alleged that a medical school did not accommodate his mental health condition after the school dismissed him for failing to sit and pass his third attempt at Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination by the deadline set by the school, “declining to extend the deference we ordinarily accord to the professional, academic judgments of educational institutions.” See Dean v. University of Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, et al., Docket No. 14‐1546‐cv (2d Cir. Oct. 6, 2015).
Review how UC officials responded to a DOJ investigation
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: December 2015

Disability services officials at the University of Colorado knew they had work to do to meet the needs of blind and low‐vision students. But an absence of policy or standards, personality conflicts, a reorganization, technology schisms, and the lack of a high‐ranking champion made addressing accessibility problems difficult.
Online resource provides training tools for implementing universal design
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: December 2015

Accommodations help students take advantage of educational opportunities. But making your institution accessible without accommodations means a friendlier environment for students with disabilities.
Quantifying interspecific variation in dispersal ability of noctuid moths using an advanced tethered flight technique
Authors: Jones Hayley B. C. , Lim Ka S. , Bell James R. , Hill Jane K. , Chapman Jason W.
Published: December 2015

Dispersal plays a crucial role in many aspects of species' life histories, yet is often difficult to measure directly. This is particularly true for many insects, especially nocturnal species (e.g. moths) that cannot be easily observed under natural field conditions. Consequently, over the past five decades, laboratory tethered flight techniques have been developed as a means of measuring insect flight duration and speed. However, these previous designs have tended to focus on single species (typically migrant pests), and here we describe an improved apparatus that allows the study of flight ability in a wide range of insect body sizes and types. Obtaining dispersal information from a range of species is crucial for understanding insect population dynamics and range shifts. Our new laboratory tethered flight apparatus automatically records flight duration, speed, and distance of individual insects. The rotational tethered flight mill has very low friction and the arm to which flying insects are attached is extremely lightweight while remaining rigid and strong, permitting both small and large insects to be studied. The apparatus is compact and thus allows many individuals to be studied simultaneously under controlled laboratory conditions. We demonstrate the performance of the apparatus by using the mills to assess the flight capability of 24 species of British noctuid moths, ranging in size from 12–27 mm forewing length (~40–660 mg body mass). We validate the new technique by comparing our tethered flight data with existing information on dispersal ability of noctuids from the published literature and expert opinion. Values for tethered flight variables were in agreement with existing knowledge of dispersal ability in these species, supporting the use of this method to quantify dispersal in insects. Importantly, this new technology opens up the potential to investigate genetic and environmental factors affecting insect dispersal among a wide range of species.
Iron(III) Contrast Agent Candidates for MRI: a Survey of the Structure–Effect Relationship in the Last 15 ­Years of Studies
Authors: Kuźnik Nikodem , Wyskocka Marzena
Published: December 2015

Iron(III) complexes are under investigation as MRI contrast agents, and new challenges have delineated the way they are being developed. This review article describes the enhanced features that have been develolped in the last 15 years of research. The consequences of relaxation theory impose kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural requirements on the potential contrast agent. Iron, as an endogenous metal, might fulfil these expectations, so its specificity is discussed here. The progress that has been made in achieving higher efficiency in accelerating proton relaxation with in vivo effects is also described. The structural relationships of iron(III) complexes as the key features of contrast agent candidates are particularly emphasized. Because iron is a redox‐active metal, its inertness must be ensured by the ligand. This problem, together with thermodynamic stability and the resulting toxicity, is discussed.
Sensory, Microbiological and Chemical Changes in Vacuum‐Packaged Blue Spotted Emperor (Lethrinus sp), Saddletail Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus), Crimson Snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus), Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets Stored at 4°C
Authors: Fuentes‐Amaya Luisa Fernanda , Munyard Steve , Fernandez‐Piquer Judith , Howieson Janet
Published: December 2015

Quality assessment of finfish fillets during storage is important to be able to predict the shelf life of the fresh product during distribution. Microbial, chemical (pH, TMA, and TVB‐N), and sensory (Quality index assessment QIA, Torry scheme) changes in vacuum‐packaged blue‐spotted emperor (Lethrinus sp), saddletail (Lutjanus malabaricus), crimson snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus), barramundi (Lates calcarifer), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets stored at 4°C were evaluated for 5 days. Microbiological study included evaluation of TVC (total viable counts), total psychrotrophic organisms, and H2S‐producing bacteria. Numbers increased during storage time and reached an average of 8.5, 8.5, and 9.2 log10 cfu/g, respectively, for the five different fish species. These levels were above accepted microbiological limits for fish fillets. Although the sensory analyses showed a decrease in quality, none of the finfish fillets were considered unacceptable at the end of the storage trial. Chemically, there was a slight pH increase, but trimethylamine (TMA) levels remained low. However, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) levels increased over time, reaching levels above 35 mg/100 g for blue spotted emperor, saddletail snapper, and crimson snapper by the end of the storage period. Results show that the deterioration of finfish fillet quality is a complex event of biochemical, sensory, and microbial factors, and multiple analyses may be required to define acceptability.
Experimental Evaluation of Effective Parameters for the Synthesis of Polysulfone‐Based Anion Exchange Membrane
Authors: Iravaninia M. , Rowshanzamir S.
Published: December 2015

Experimental evaluation using screening design is employed to determine the significant parameters in preparation of anion exchange membranes applicable in solid alkaline fuel cell. Anion exchange membranes are prepared based on quaternized polysulfone using trimethylamine and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐1,6‐hexanediamine as amination agents. Plackett Burman and Fractional Factorial designs are used to model variable factors and responses. Chloromethylation time and temperature, amination time and temperature and molar ratio of amines to chloromethylated sites on the polymer chain are studied as the model variables. Moreover, ex situ ionic conductivity (at 25 and 60 °C) and swelling ratio (at 25 °C) of the prepared anion exchange membranes are considered as the responses. Finally, based on analysis of variance using statistical software, the chloromethylation time, the amination temperature and the molar ratio of amines are defined as the dominant parameters which significantly affect the performance of the anion exchange membranes.
Cell‐free Epstein–Barr virus‐DNA in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Plasma versus urine
Authors: Sengar Manju , Chorghe Siddhesh , Jadhav Kamini , Singh Shikha , Laskar Sarbani Ghosh , Pai Prathamesh , Aggarwal Jai Prakash , D'Cruz Anil , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Deshpande Mandar , Chaukar Devendra , Budrukkar Ashwini , Gupta Tejpal , Murthy Vedang , Kane Shubhada , Thakur Meenakshi , Rangarajan Venkatesh , Kannan Sadhana , Shet Tanuja , Kode Jyoti
Published: December 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to explore urinary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐DNA as a potential biomarker in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

EBV‐DNA copies were estimated in plasma/urine of patients with NPC (n = 76) by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at baseline, during therapy, and at follow‐up. Their correlation with EBV‐RNA expression in tissues (n = 53) was used to assess sensitivity and specificity of plasma/urine EBV‐DNA. Correlation of urine and plasma EBV‐DNA with each other and with radiological response was evaluated.

Results

This study demonstrated that urine EBV‐DNA has high sensitivity (96%) at diagnosis and it correlates well with plasma EBV‐DNA at baseline and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The EBV‐DNA copies reduced significantly with therapy (plasma: p < .001; urine: p = .011). Patients with low EBV‐DNA copies demonstrated improved survival (plasma: p = .023; urine: p = .083).

Conclusion

Plasma EBV‐DNA is a good prognostic marker, whereas further study on a larger cohort may help in developing urine EBV‐DNA as a surrogate prognostic marker for patients with NPC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1666–E1673, 2016
Efficacy of an Enrichment Media for Increasing Threshold for Carbapenem‐Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Screening
Authors: Peretz Avi , Pastukh Nina , Isakovich Natlya , Koifman Anna , Brodsky Diana , Mizrahi Hila , Aharon Ilana , Labay Kozitta
Published: December 2015

Background

Identification of carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is complex and a major laboratory challenge; clinical cultures may diagnose only some of the CRE carriers among patients, thus it is crucial to perform asymptomatic carriage screening.

Materials and methods

 We compare the efficacy of a rectal sample culture prior to enrichment with BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) Broth and following 18–24 h. All rectal samples were applied on CHROMagar KPC selective growth media and then seeded on MacConkey agar selective growth media with an applied disk of Imipenem antibiotic on top of the media, then inserted into enrichment BHI Broth. After 18–24 h incubation with enrichment media, all samples were applied again on this media.

Results

From the 2,245 rectal samples, CRE colonies were found in 96 (4.3%). Following enrichment with BHI Broth, CRE colonies were found in 111 (4.9%) CHROMagar KPC plates and 106 (4.7%) MacConkey agar.

Conclusion

We were able to demonstrate that the number of CRE‐positive results increased due to use of additional enrichment with BHI Broth. Therefore, we recommend applying this method of addition of liquid enrichment media as part of a culture protocol routine for CRE screening.
Fear Becomes the Unintended Consequence of Creativity/Innovation
Authors: Campbell Kenneth D.
Published: December 2015

Creativity and innovation are essential elements for growth in organizations to achieve a competitive advantage. Transformational leaders often exhibit traits reflective of being creative and innovative, thus creating a cultural climate that fosters, embraces, and produces effective change. That productive organizational atmosphere can become toxic and initiate unintended behavioral consequences. People are psychologically and physiologically attracted to stability. The continual burden to develop effective creativity and innovation outcomes creates organizational and individual stress. Stress, which unconsciously produces fear, develops from the initial pressure to create ideas and subsequent effective innovations. Next, anxiety is heightened relative to performance expectations. Finally, a successful innovation becomes an expectancy barometer, adding supplemental stress and anxiety about future ideas and initiatives. The unintended consequence of fear can manifest into resistance and an unconscious inhibitor in producing creativity and innovation.
Creative Leaders Define Themselves in the Micromoments of Leadership
Authors: Beghetto Ronald A.
Published: December 2015

People tend to associate creative leaders with monumental accomplishments. In the current provocation, it is asserted that creative leaders define themselves in the micromoments of everyday leadership. Also highlighted are three corollaries derived from the assertion that offer a new way of thinking about creative leadership.
Innovative Leadership as Enabling Function Within Organizations: A Complex Adaptive System Approach
Authors: Elkington Rob , Booysen Lize
Published: December 2015

Innovation is vital for organizational thriving in the complex reality of the 21st century. Leadership that flourished in stable environments may need to adapt to support thriving in a new globalized era. What does this type of leadership look like, and how does it function? The current article suggests that such an adaptation may be best expressed through leadership “as enabling function” within the organization as a complex adaptive system.
How Can a Phenomenological Approach Innovate Leadership in a High‐Tech World?
Authors: Muoneme Maduabuchi Leo
Published: December 2015

The author opines that the litmus test for good or defective leadership can be obtained from the philosophical lens with which a leader approaches the world. A leader who is not rooted in nature will practices a calculative type of thinking and leadership. Because the origin of such leadership is based on illusion, the destiny of such leadership is also projected towards an illusionary vista. Phenomenological logic influences our relationship to space, time, values, and perceptions. Humans are not the central lens epistemology that allows leaders to listen to the protesting environment that they are immersed in. This kind of deep ethics is possible only in the realm of Heidegger's meditative thinking, and it leads to longsighted and deeper answers for a sustainable world. Because humans have tried to make technology absolute, humans now live on products of technology instead of living in our natural habitat. Deep listening to the song of creation will make human beings more compassionate to the natural order and the foresight to fashion a symmetrical relationship with flora and fauna.