bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Błogosławieni wychowawcy świętej Teresy z Lisieux
Authors: Sławiński Henryk
Published: September 2014

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, in the year 2001 the couple: Maria Corsini and Luigi Beltrame Quattrocchi have been beatified. Similar honor met in 2008 the parents of St. Thérèse of Lisieux – Louis Martin and Zelie Guerin. They can be entitled blessed parents and educators of a saint. Their daughter, St. Thérèse of Lisieux was beatified in 1923 and canonized in 1925. The process of education run by a married couple Martin, whose five children chose the religious life, deserves an attention. The article presents what was unique in the life of the spouses Martin and what was specific in their educational method. First of all however the short biographies of Louis Martin and Zelie Guerin have been presented followed by the detailed description of their educational method and its validity for the contemporary parents.
Ora sive labora?
Authors: Zyzak Wojciech
Published: September 2014

Reflecting upon the relationship between prayer and work the Author of the article refers to the well known Benedictine formula “ora et labora”. It is to emphasize that both, prayer and work should find a proper place in a Christian’s life. Since the accents can be optional, the Author claims that within the incarnational spirituality the lay Christians may identify themselves rather with the reverse order of this formula: “labora et ora”. However we should never separate these two options neither put them in the form: “ora sive labora”, which has been provocatively used in the title of this paper. The true masterpiece of the lays’ life is to perform duties of Martha in the spirit of Mary, which does not necessarily mean the focus on God during one’s work. It’s often even impossible. The work itself done professionally and with the proper intention can become a form of ontological worship, unless one would neglect the prayer itself. Nourished with prayer the theologal love makes all activities a form of adoration of God, transforming life into the constant prayer.
Zagadnienie nawrócenia i pokuty w dziełach Sulpicjusza Sewera
Authors: Pochwat Józef
Published: September 2014

In his writings, Sulpicius Severus (360–420) urged his readers to repentance, so they would not expose themselves to eternal damnation, and therefore not remain in a state of slavery in this life. When a lawyer from Bordeaux encourages penance, He pays special attention to the fact that sin calls for the right punishment. Despite this, Sulpicius is a man full of Christian optimism and he emphasizes mercy that God only offers to those people who admit their sins and undertake an appropriate penance.A striking feature of the Sulpicius message on conversion and penance is that a monk of Aquitaine continually shows the figure of St. Martin. Although he writes that the miracles of driving out demons are performed by the power of the cross of Christ, and that repentance is the work of Jesus’ grace and steadfast faith and trust in God’s help, it seems that for him the person of St. Martin is in the first place, not the Son of God Jesus Christ.
Życie i dzieło Marcina Lutra a spór wokół tez i narodzin Reformacji
Authors: Miedwid Wojciech
Published: September 2014

The article concerns the life and work of Martin Luther and takes on the dispute over the 95 theses and the birth of the sixteenth-century Reformation. From the beginning, it was wearing the stigma experiences of the Founder. The Reformer experienced a deep concern in the area of spiritual life and he solved his dilemmas based on biblical theology, which led him to formulation of the 95 theses. The Theses didn’t cause a break with the Church, because their content wasn’t in conflict with the contemporary doctrine of the Church, however, then were formulated to harshly and sometimes they were exaggerated. He wanted to discuss and define better the matter of indulgences. The purpose of this article is to show that the teaching of M. Luther and his struggle with visible religious abuses didn’t have to end in a split in the Church, because the reform movement was meant to be a renewal of Christianity.
Faith in the year of faith. Ratzinger’s proposal
Authors: Sarto Pablo Blanco
Published: September 2014

J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI as a pope and author of the idea promulgating the Year of Faith is presented in the paper with his concept of faith. The striking element of Ratzinger’s theology is a personal approach to faith. Faith as an encounter triggering conversion is a fully positive and existencial experience of God, who engages the whole person and personality (unitotality of faith), the reason and love. This attitude of faith builds human praxis and shapes interpersonal relations. Here comes the phenomenon of the Church, which the Pope treats as a source and place of faith, especially with reference to liturgy, owing to which the true relation with the Trune God is established and developed.
Katechizm biblijny Kościoła kartagińskiego
Authors: Kaczmarek Tomasz
Published: September 2014

The topic for discussion of this thesis is Ad Quirinum, the second tome of st. Cyprian’s work, the bishop of Carthagina (210–258) which can be thought of as a remarkable biblical catechism. This book, composed of thirty Christological thesis together with corresponding biblical citations, is dedicated to “the mystery of Christ” (sacramentum Christi) understood as concise presentation of salvation economy where Christ is its centre and the interpretative key for the Bible. This image is that interesting because it is the only pre- Nicean Christology compendium of this type, which directly introduces us to theological thought preceding a very difficult for Christianity trinitian controversy.The main focus is on the issues of presented by biblical testimonia, secondly on the biblical basis of Christological catechesis as to consider three aspects of sacramentum Christi, i.e. Christ’s work expressed in inluminator and salvator titles, the power of the sign of cross and ecclesiological titles: Christus sponsus conceived with ecclesia sponsa.
Logosowy charakter wiary według Josepha Ratzingera – Benedykta XVI
Authors: Góźdź Krzysztof
Published: September 2014

According to Ratzinger, faith is not a blind theory or an outdated concept. Neither is it an intricate philosophical system. Instead, he defines faith as “finding a way towards wisdom, rationality and factuality; [that is] a way towards perceiving reality in full.” This kind of faith becomes a gate to the communion with God, Lord of history and Lord of the universe. Thus, faith is a personal and not a material category. It belongs to the world of personal and not material relations. “Faith is a decision to be with Lord, and to live with Him.” Nevertheless, the decision cannot be a blind choice. It must rest on Logos, so that it truly is a fact-based reality. Claiming that, Ratzinger discloses his great philosophical mind. He skilfully avoids fideism, subjectivism or irrationalism in comprehending faith. He can see faith as the highest level of existence of the mind, reason, will, love and man self-fulfilment in the Holy Trinity.
Czy wiara decyduje o normach moralnych?
Authors: Orzeszyna Jan
Published: September 2014

Faith is a gift, because God takes the initiative to meet people. Any person accepting the gift of faith makes God the solid foundation of his life. The Christian faith can not exist “on its own”, since God’s revelation requires the authority of the Church, to not go wrong. Therefore, it is necessary to believe in the Church, where faith also grows and develops. Anyone who loses his connection to the Church, also loses faith. Moreover, the existence of the Church confirms the truth that faith determines moral principles. Accepting baptism signifies acceptance Christian morality and Christian teaching. The modern world wants to constrain Christian faith to the private sphere. The consequence of such an action is relativism of moral norms which subsequently lose their foundation which proceeds from the authority of the Church.
Oryginalne ujęcie kwestii wiary w encyklice papieża Franciszka Lumen fidei
Authors: Sławiński Henryk
Published: September 2014

The article takes into consideration the encyclical letter of pope Francis Lumen fidei. The author discusses the description of the “faith” as found in the given pastoral letter. The original is not so much the matter of faith as such, but the description of faith from the biblical, patristical and existential point of view. That is why the role of the story in both receiving and in the transmission of the faith has been underlined, as well as the meaning of faith for the building of fraternal community of people of good will. What is quite original is the very deep connection between faith and love as well as the approach to the faith from the multidimensional, integrated perspectives of hearing, seeing and touching. One can find also in the pastoral letter Lumen fidei the invitation to discover the sings of God in one’s daily life.
Wiara w życiu i postawie moralnej człowieka w świetle encykliki Lumen fidei papieża Franciszka
Authors: Kluz Marek
Published: September 2014

Faith is one of fundamental attitudes in man’s life. Thus, authentic faith cannot be separated in any way from man’s ethos understood as all his moral actions and attitudes. It cannot be isolated as well from an accepted hierarchy of moral values and one’s own vision as a man. Pope Francis’ encyclical Lumen fidei clearly speaks about the value of faith. For the pope faith is a personal meeting with God as Person. It gives the right meaning of human life and it determines a significant scale of values. On its deepest level, faith is an important element having an influence on the whole moral life. It transforms the hearts of men shaping the community of the Church and thus it becomes a school of true Christian moral life labelled with man’s attitudes and behaviour. Only such a faith, nurtured from childhood in the family can become the centre of man’s existence and can affect the life reaching a high moral level.
O możliwościach ekumenicznej współpracy katolików i luteranów nad kształtowaniem decyzji ustawodawcy polskiego w dziedzinie małżeństwa i rodziny
Authors: Kroczek Piotr
Published: September 2014

In present times, there are many threats to the marriage and the family. Among other things the risks come from provisions of law that is drafted without regard for Christian roots of the European civilization. In the face of the situation, the Christian Communities are called to start an ecumenical dialog and to undertake a practical action to promote their common Christian paradigm of the marriage and the family that would be a pattern for a state legislator. It is possible in Poland, because the teaching of the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland about the marriage and the family have in terms of content much in common. Additionally, there are many legal possibilities, like, e.g., legislative initiative, to undertake such a promotion of Christian paradigm.
Wkład Tomasza Cranmera w rozwój angielskiej reformacji
Authors: Medwid Wojciech
Published: September 2014

The article concerns the life and work of Tomas Cranmer and shows the process of maturing English Reformation and her complexity under royal leadership. Cranmer has contributed significantly to the reform of the English Church as a professor of the University of Cambridge and the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was very involved in matter the annulment of the marriage of Henry VIII. Over the years, he was climbing the ladder of increasing positions and dignity. He took an active role in discussions about theological differences between the conservatives and the reformers. He disciplined some reformers. He was the author of several books, which are aimed at improving reforms in the country. The largest participation of the Cranmer’s work in the English Reformation was the influence of the creation, edition and shape the Book of Common Prayer. As a part of his reform program he worked on the revision of canon law, a correction formula of the prayer book and formation of doctrine, which were ingrained in the Bible and the patristic thought. He argued about spiritual presence of Christ in the Eucharist. He cooperated with European and English reformers. He was charged with treason, found guilty and sentenced to death.
Łaska w ikonach
Authors: Wąchocka Monika
Published: September 2014

The article brings the reality of the grace of icons in two respects: the first relating to the recipient and the second relating to the icon writer. Grace is the transforming reality “in the image and likeness of God”. It is received through a recipient’s personal prayer and life experience. The gift of writing icons, their reading and reception in a cultural context is also a grace. Knowledge and application of adequate painting techniques is included in the canon. Its aim is creating an appropriate image which is a true “window to another world’, to a reality already divinized. Icons must therefore meet certain conditions in order to be adequately helpful in prayer. They must also bring truly its recipient closer to Divine Persons, biblical events or scenes from the lives of the saints. Over the centuries, from the very beginning of Christian sacred art, through the turbulent period of iconoclasm, up to the present day, icons have retained a fundamental importance in the eastern Church, becoming almost a sacrament. In the western Church they suffered profound transformation, taking the form of holy pictures. They are liberated from the canons and techniques, depending only on the artist’s skills and fashions of the time. They play an assistant role in the liturgy and a decorative one in the architecture of temples.
Pierwsze wyznanie Synostwa Bożego przez Jezusa (Łk 2, 41–52)
Authors: Witkowski Stanisław
Published: September 2014

Luke 2: 41–52, presents Jesus who is not only man, but also the Son of God, the one who has a special, unique relationship with his Father in heaven. Jesus is aware of this even as a παῖς, that is in his childhood. He knows that his priority mission which originates in God’s mandate, is his presence in the house of his Father that means fulfilling the task of teaching in the temple. This became clear during his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Without asking his parents’ permission, of his own will, he stays in the Holy City and anticipates his future mission. His obedience to the heavenly Father takes priority over his filial subordination to Joseph and Mary, who did not understand this mystery. It turns out that faith in the mystery of Jesus is not given to man once and for all. It develops through reflection on the identity of Jesus and ultimately leads to the primacy of the will of God over human will.
Konfrontacja ascetyki Hieronima ze Strydonu i Pelagiusza z Brytanii na podstawie wybranych dzieł
Authors: Mularczyk-Budzan Anita
Published: September 2014

Jerome’s meeting with Pelagius could be chance for them, but unfortunately – missed this chance. Saint Jerome shaped by idea of the West theology, but deeply fascinated by East. While Pelagius – too far in his vision of human nature optimistic had strayed into. He became disillusioned with this many people together and instead of typing the current orthodoxy, always will be associated with the heterodoxy. A way of looking at the world and the life environment have an impact on the asceticism Jerome and Pelagius. Jerome’s asceticism was based on the allegorical reading and meditation of the Holy Scriptures, while Pelagius represented the moralistic approach to Bible and Christian life. Jerome postulated the way of Christian pilgrimage to God, where faithful tackling weaknesses by the grace of God and ascetic practice. The good Christian by Jerome should imitate Christ, by honest work, prayer and ascetic practice, consequently – the choice of monastic life. Pelagius the purpose of life – proclaim the glory of God, understood as performing good deeds and practical morality. He wasn’t a Christian understanding of prayer, in exchange for that – he put great emphasis on the obligation to give away all the goods, as a fundamental human ethical excellence. Pelagius postulated already in earthly the community a believer with God, but conditioned by moral perfection.
Posoborowa instytucjonalna odnowa Kościoła krakowskiego według kardynała Karola Wojtyły
Authors: Dyduch Jan
Published: September 2014

Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, inspired by the Second Vatican Council, initiated a renewal of Krakow’s Church. The process was multidimensional and involved, among others, a reform of existing archdiocesan structures and a creation of new ones. The renewal was deeply rooted in the theology of the Second Vatican Council, especially in its teaching on the Church, presented by the Council as a community of the People of God, and the Mystical Body of Christ. To achieve accurate reception of the teaching of the Council, card. Wojtyła used the Archdiocesan Synod of Krakow and the Provincial Council.
Teksty modlitw eucharystycznych w świetle najnowszych zasad pisowni słownictwa religijnego
Authors: Machura Michał
Published: September 2014

The article discusses the texts of eucharistic prayers from the perspective of recent religious vocabulary spelling rules approved by the Polish Language Council in 2010 and published in 2011. The article presents the characteristics of the most common linguistic errors that appear in the titles and texts of prayers. Both of them concern misspellings and punctuation errors. The first group of aberrations concern too frequent use of the capital letter and the wrong spelling of periphrases. The Author admit that although the writers may use capital letter by emotional reasons, nevertheless, they should use this consciously and responsibly as to not to obliterate the differences of meaning between words.
Polityka jako wyraz służby człowiekowi i społeczeństwu
Authors: Dyduch Jan
Published: September 2014

The teaching of the Church presents a compact system of political activity, whose task is to care for the common good of individuals, families and associations. Political activity in the country should be based on ethical principles deriving from justice, love and religious liberty. The State and the Church, serving the same people, are obliged to cooperate. Such cooperation can be expressed in the agreement, called the concordat.
Problematyka polityczna w kazaniu
Authors: Sławiński Henryk
Published: September 2014

The article deals with political issues in preaching, especially when delivered independently of the liturgical context, as for instance, during the retreats or religious meetings with popular devotion.Liturgical preaching is mistagogical and its subject depends very much on liturgical readings. That is why the preacher is somehow limited in choosing a subject for homilies. In circumstances other than the liturgy, the preacher has much more freedom in choosing a subject. The question, then, is to what extent the preacher might engage with political issues. This depends on an understanding and definition of both preaching and politics. It is necessary then to be precise not only with the definition of the sermon, but also the definition of politics. The history of preaching is filled with sermons dealing with political issues. Some of them are presented in the article. Then a different kind of so-called “political sermons” are mentioned. Later in the article the author presents the initial conditions required for the preparation and delivery of political problems in preaching. The final part of the article points out the political context of preaching. The article finishes with some conclusions.
Epoka Soboru Watykańskiego II z perspektywy ks. Andrzeja Bardeckiego
Authors: Radomska Natalia
Published: September 2014

Vaticanum II was crucial event for Church and change its visage. In the present article are presented opinions upon these events and their participant of priest Andrzej Bardecki. Also historical context of Vaticanum II and its influence on the changes in Church was show.
Odnowa życia zakonnego w świetle Soboru Watykańskiego II i w nauczaniu magisterium Kościoła
Authors: Jamioł Piotr
Published: September 2014

Discussion Document on the Church’s renewal of religious life in the light of Vatican II and the teaching of the Magisterium of the Church.The article presents renewal of religious life in the light of the Vatican II and in the teaching of the Magisterium of the Church. An important consideration was paid to the decree on the adaptation and renewal of religious life Perfectae Caritatis, which deals directly with the religious life. Also, reference was made to the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium, with particular emphasis on the fifth and sixth chapter, and to the teaching of the post-conciliar Magisterium of the Church on religious life.Through their teaching the popes and Vatican congregations unfolded the message of the Vatican II and re-ignited enthusiasm in making reflection on the renewal of religious life, which is constantly in progress. Various efforts were made to present this issue from different perspective. There is no doubt that there are two important issues concerning the renewal of religious life that appear in almost every document. I mean a contemplative dimension of religious life that should be in the center of every monk and nun life, and a return to the spring, the charism of the founder and the institute, which will help to face the signs of time and undertake new challenges. These two realities seem to be simple and straightforward, but in fact they required from the religious institutes a great deal of openness and fair cooperation.The post-conciliar vision of theology of religious life is different from the one presented before the Council. Currently it is based on the newly developed Christology, pneumatology and especially the renewed post-conciliar ecclesiology. This is reflected in many documents, most important of them were presented in this text. As you might notice a contemporary theology of religious life revolves around the following themes: the religious life as a gift to the Church and the world, religious consecration, radicalism in the imitation of Christ, the charismatic dimension of religious life, the contemplative dimension of religious life, prophetic presence in the world, witness to communion with God and man. Careful study of the documents presented here will help the religious people to understand better and love even more the mystery of vocation, the mystery of religious life.
„Nowe” problemy wychowawcze w dobie „nowych” mediów
Authors: Olczyk Arkadiusz
Published: September 2014

The aim of the classical pedagogy used to be the moulding in a person the virtues and moral values useful in the honest life. Postmodernism led to many cultural changes as well as the whole concept of education. Postmodernist education gave priority to the promotion of freedom, the rejection of absolute and moral values. It should be up to a person to decide what is true and what is false, what is good and what is evil. This concept of education is quite dangerous for the development of “new media”. Nowadays, the main educator for a large number of children and teenagers became the Internet. Besides all the advantages, there are various traps which await them online. For more than half a milliard people in the world, out of that more than 8 million in Poland, the modern “god” is Facebook, founded by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004. Lot of children and young people spend hours in virtual network. They are everyday household members of Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, YouTube, Communicators and blogs as well as the slaves of computer games. The computer network addicts and leaves sometimes dramatic marks in their lives. For many of them the Internet became an addiction which already requires treatment and therapy. Lot of them live in a permanent daze what results in social isolation, loneliness, growing aggression and falling into pornography and satanism. The children and young people become unaware victims of the virtual-reality matrix. It is more and more difficult for them to find themselves in the real world. They need help and support. They need therefore, wise educators and appropriate upbringing which will help them to distinguish good from evil and choose the GOOD.
Dialog religijny w turystyce
Authors: Ostrowski Maciej
Published: September 2014

Tourism is a global fact. People are crossing geographical and cultural distances. Catholics regularly meet Christians from different denominations as well as members of other religions and worldviews. It is therefore necessary to prepare tourists for a dialogue with representatives of these other worldviews in order to help the tourists’ personal faith understanding and maybe even deepen it.The author introduces the fundamental principles, objectives, and conditions for a dialogue among tourists. He discusses also various types of religious dialogue: within the tourists’ own religious community, the ecumenical dialogue between members of different Christian denominations, philosophical dialogues with non-believers and finally dialogue between members of different religions.The author proceeds by describing specific situations related to tourism which gives an opportunity for different forms of dialogue. Sometimes, however, there are also some dangers which should be avoided by Catholics.
Cierpienie i radość w duchowości św. Urszuli Ledóchowskiej
Authors: Godawa Marcin
Published: September 2014

In St. Urszula Ledóchowska’s thought a question of joy and suffering belongs to the whole relationship between man and God. Following via affective meditation Christ’ life she shows that human and religious problems can be placed in a perspective of heavenly joyfulness to be transformed according to a plan of salvation and a mystery of the Cross. As a consequence the problem of suffering is revaluated in the spirit of supernatural love and next it determines a conception of penance and asceticism. Warned about danger of subjectivism man is called to unite his difficulties and tasks with Jesus to experience plenty of their theological values that is a place of God’s revelation, manifestation of love, a merit, a reward and gladness. The joy is characterized by permanence and independence from outer factors. This attitude of God’s child results in apostolate wherein serenity of soul together with a smile are effective means of Christian witness as well signs of the union with God. The conception of transformed joy and the apostolate of smile make a sanctifying way distinguished by both its depth and attractiveness.
Szkic do teologii ludzkiej płciowości
Authors: Kunka Sławomir
Published: September 2014

Masculinity and femininity are only different sides of the same human nature. Therefore, every woman and every man enjoy the same and equally nonvolatile and absolute dignity of the human person. Masculinity and femininity serve each other in achieving their common humanity. Equality and complementarity of men and women have their basis in their common human nature, which has its reference to the Creator. Differences between men and women are associated with their different forms of carrying out their vocations: through fatherhood or motherhood, and with their different experience of suffering reaction to stimuli or shame. Gender equality, having the same human nature, and the differences between the genders generate some “tension” that can only serves the human, family and humanity.
Nauka o szatanie i demonach w ujęciu Sulpicjusza Sewera
Authors: Pochwat Józef
Published: September 2014

This article presents the teaching of Sulpicius Severus († ca 360–420) on the spirits’ wickedness on the basis of his literary works. The author takes for granted the existence of angels – good, pure spirits, and demons – evil, unclean spirits. He points out that both the pagan temples and other objects of worship as well as the cult associated with them are a dangerous thing and clearly indicate the worship of Satan by pagans. Convinced of the real presence of Satan, he warns against the smartness and deviousness of the spirit of iniquity, and presents the examples of their real impact on people. Looking at his statements on the devil we should pay attention to the fact that Sulpicius Severus tells of the coming of the Antichrist, and he inextricably links this fact with the persecution of Christians.
Hezychia w ujęciu Jana Klimaka i jej odzwierciedlenie w wizerunkach postaci na ikonach Andrzeja Rublowa
Authors: Cyrek Olga
Published: September 2014

The article explains what is hezychia, about which he wrote John Climacus (d. 649), a monk and ascetic writer in Greek. Hezychia means peace and quiet spirit, which sought to gain the ancient anachorites. The article also discusses some of the icons Andrew Rublev (d. 1430), which presented the person expressing such peace of mind. Portrayed by the artist disciples of Jesus and the apostles have bright faces expressing spiritual and physical balance, and the joy of waiting for the judgment of God. Characters have small eyes and mouth, which means that mastered his senses. Their bodies are slimline and delicate, like it came from the spiritual realm. These are people who were divinized as a result of God’s power. However, the conception of Our Lady of Vladimir see that the Mother of God has opened to the grace of God. She has a very gentle face did not express violent emotions, but indicative of the state of contemplation.
Matka naszego Pana czy Królowa Męczenników
Authors: Życiński Wojciech
Published: September 2014

The Queenship of Mary must be inserted within the kingly status of the People of God. The insertion of Our Lady’s Queenship into the context of the kingly office of the People of God, while not detaching the person of Mary from the ecclesial community, help us to understand the meaning of Marian Queenship and its challenges for contemporary Christians. In her quality as excelling member of the Church, Mary the Queen proclaims the royal character of the other human beings, which is founded on union with Christ. She understood her life as a service, in which consists royalty according to the Gospel (Lk 22, 24–40). She did not construe her Divine Motherhood as expression of sovereignty but declared herself servant of the Lord worshiping the one God and completely given to service for His plan o salvation. Whereas worldly kingship is expressed by domination, imposition, and egoistic pursuits, the kingship of Christ is manifested in the rejection of violence and in love and service of the truth, unto the total giving of self. In this perspective Mary is one who has inherited the Kingdom of God, because she shares in the power communicated by the Spirit for delivering the world from its evils and for bringing people to Divine filiation and Christian maturity.
Święty Maksymilian Maria Kolbe – męczeństwo z miłości
Authors: Bar Wiesław
Published: September 2014

Post St. Maximilian Kolbe – the martyrdom of love, was developed in three parts. In the first part, on based of 26th texts from the Scriptures and the 33rd texts from the Conference, presents a concept of love by Father Maximilian as God’s gift to man, as revealed in Jesus crucified, who left himself in the Eucharist, that the man is strengthened in the love of neighbor, also enemies, even to give one’s life. The modest texts in the number about martyrdom, reveal just the habitual readiness of Knight of the Immaculate, as evidenced by the intention of the Mass of April 30, 1918, celebrated the day after his ordination: “pro gratia et martyrii apostolate, pro me et confratribus in Collegio”. The second part contained reflections on the death qualification of Fr Maximilian, paying attention to verify the legal and canonical elements of martyrdom. The third part shows the consequences – social and for jurisprudence of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints – to declar Fr Maximilian as martyr. Includes, among others, arguments of a group of senators, with which initiative was declared the Year 2011 as “Year of St. Maximilian Kolbe”.
Gréckokatolícki mučeníci z obdobia neslobody 1939–1989
Authors: Borza Peter
Published: September 2014

Pass of the twentieth century in Central Europe is marked by two totalitarian systems, which grossly restricted the freedom of people and stifled any opposition speeches. These included the free expression of religion at all levels of society. The presented study deals about the personalities of Greek Catholic Church in Central Europe, with emphasis on the territory of Czechoslovakia. These are individuals who had expressed opposition to the totalitarian regime. They also brought the greatest sacrifice of own life for bold attitude to cruel regime or were exposed to risk of death. Greek Catholic Church has declared blessed some of them after the process of investigation and thus forever entered them in the memory of the Greek Catholic Church. Among the presented figures are the bearers of the title Righteous Among the Nations, award-winning in Israel for unconditional aid to Jews during World War II, as they were risking the loss of his life and lives of family members for saving the racially and religiously persecuted. Given later, the contribution is divided into two parts, the first presents the blessed martyrs, that those who died as martyrs and the second part is devoted to individuals who risked their lives while were exposed to the death for rescuing Jews.
Męczeństwo – chrześcijańska wyłączność?
Authors: Kościelniak Krzysztof
Published: September 2014

The main aim of this article is to show the principal acts of martyrdom that have been found in nearly all the world major religious traditions. Martyrdom as a phenomenon peculiar to monotheistic religions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam) has also analogies in Far East belief systems (e.g. Buddhism, Shinto, Hinduism, Sikhism). The phenomenon of suicide martyrdom – not only specific to Islamic religion – forms of fundamental values of self-sacrifice as a supreme ideal – a God (gods) – given opportunity – for salvation of the soul, as much as for redemption of society and state. The text presents the ideals and religious ideologies and convictions which refer to martyrs who sacrifice their life for the sake of great value principle. Martyr, one who voluntarily suffers death rather than deny his religion by words or deeds; such action is afforded special, institutionalized recognition in most major religions of the world.
Świadek męczeństwa i jego rola w świetle jurysprudencji Kongregacji Spraw Kanonizacyjnych
Authors: Kijas Zdzisław J.
Published: September 2014

In the legal understanding, martyrdom requires external recognition as well as external evaluation. For this reason, the visual witness appears in the context of death (the witness of martyrdom). His job is to cognitively and consciously evaluate the fact of the physical loss of life. The reason to begin the process of canonization can only come about in close connection with the evaluation of internal state of love and faith of the martyred person; but not necessarily. Since death for the faith has the value of the Sacrament of Baptism, it may happen that an unbeliever or someone not practicing his faith, can give his life for the faith. Through this act, he absolves his unbelief or committed sins and can become blessed or a saint of the church. This is, however, a unique gift of God’s grace which is rather rare. Usually a zealous, faith-filled life, prepares the believer to follow the footprints of his Master and give his own life.The witness is the person who knows something important about the ongoing canonization case. He is a person who personally saw (de visu) or heard (ex auditu) something important in connection with the death of a particular person whose case is in process of establishing a potential martyrdom. When there is a lack of witness de visu there is a need to examine the witness ex auditu or else ex auditu a videntibus. These are the persons who do not know the development of these tragic events personally, but heard about them from the person (people) who directly participated in those events.
Męczeństwo formą samobójstwa?
Authors: Cholewa Marcin
Published: September 2014

The article focuses on key elements of martyrdom (conscious and voluntary acceptance of death, dying for the faith, virtues pertaining to God, bearing witness to truth and love, patient endurance until death, externalised defending the truth of faith, a persecutor as opposed to the martyr, no pursuit of martyrdom, the pursuit of martyrdom not for its glory) and altruistic suicide (conscious and voluntary acceptance of death, death for the sake of others, society, bearing witness to the values, God, honour, friendship, freedom, desire for death without reward, death as a personal act, not harming innocent people, exceptions are acts of terrorism and suicide acts during wars). It seems that martyrdom and altruistic suicide are, using the language of mathematics, two different sets having a common part. Because of that there arises a considerable difficulty while classifying borderline situations. An auxiliary, though an insufficient criterion for martyrdom, appears to be external efficacy. The other element is the acceptance of death in the case of martyrdom, rather than striving for it. The sense of faith of people gathering at the grave of a martyr may be an essential element.
Frontalne i całopostaciowe wizerunki Chrystusa na ikonach bizantyńskich i ruskich. Schemat ikonograficzny
Authors: Cyrek Olga
Published: September 2014

The article describes the icons, where Christ is presented in the whole form and in frontal pose. On icons: “The Transfiguration”, “Ascension”, “Descent in to the Abyss”, “Saviour in Majesty” comes in many forms. In the “Descent into hell” in addition to our first parents there are also angels, prophets, demons and Satan. Pantocrator is presented in the Majesty in the midst of the heavenly powers in a row and on the sides deesis accompanied by Mother of God and John the Baptist who intercede for the people.On these ideas Saviour stands or sits on the throne, which emphasizes His majesty. Christ did not kneeling or profile, or turns his back to the person standing before the image. It is important that the Byzantine-Ruthenian icons are common features such as static characters, serious and dignified face.
Geneza utworzenia Uniwersytetu Papieskiego Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Authors: Dyduch Jan
Published: September 2014

A weighty event in the history of the theological high school in Cracow was the foundation of the Pontifical University of John Paul II on 19 June 2009, on the Solemnity of the Lord Jesus’ Sacred Heart. It was the Pope Benedict XVI with the Congregation for Catholic Education to carry this out. This important event was preceded by labours aiming at the development of the Pontifical Academy of Theology and by several years’ efforts to transform it into the Pontifical University.
Komunia z Bogiem istotą chrześcijańskiego powołania
Authors: Gogola Jerzy Wiesław
Published: September 2014

Union with God constitutes the essence of the Christian calling for holiness. Only God is holy. If one wants to be holy, there is no other way from that to unite with God. Such wisdom flows from God’s Revelation and from the teaching of the Church and mystics, particularly those Carmelitan ones mentioned in the article. The dynamic of the communion with God has been considered here according to three stages of sanctification: the starting, final and intermediate. The process may begin owing to the free experience of God, who is initiating the way leading to Him. Typical examples of that are: St. Paul, St. Theresa of Avila, St. John of the Cross and St. Theresa from Lisieux. In the end of the process mystics enjoy anew a deep communion with God, but on the incomparably higher level than the initial one, which is most often represented through bridal symbolism. To achieve that stage requires the process described by mystics in terms of marital union with Christ. Such a vision of sanctification results in the adequate educational pedagogy. The Carmelitan doctors seem to direct efforts of the faithful towards personal union with God due to faith, hope and love.
Mała architektura sakralna w optyce prawa polskiego i kanonicznego
Authors: Kroczek Piotr
Published: September 2014

In recent years one can observe in Poland the increasing numbers of investments of the churchyard crosses, roadside shrines, memorials, or plaques, that is, the objects of so-called „small sacred architecture”.The article presents the current Polish and Church law that regulate the matter. Observance of the norms from both systems of laws is required to avoid serious legal consequences, which can overshadow the noble intensions of originators.At the end of the paper, there are given some practical remarks and specific solutions, which can be of help for the persons who are responsible for the sacred architecture in a diocese.
La visione paolina della spiritualità cristiana: quali prospettive per l’avvenire del cristianesimo?
Authors: Misztal Wojciech
Published: September 2014

Będąc próbą zwięzłej syntezy przebogatego materiału, artykuł stanowi zaproszenie do dalszych badań naukowych i ich zastosowania. Temat przedstawiono, odwołując się przede wszystkim do następujących punktów: duchowość Pawłowa i historia duchowości chrześcijańskiej; zasadnicze elementy duchowości chrześcijańskiej wg Corpus Paulinum; Bóg: misterium, o którym można, warto i trzeba myśleć i mówić; spotkanie chrześcijaństwa ze światem jako autoprezentacja i oferta udzielenia pomocy; koncepcja odnowienia i udzielenia pełni życia jako propozycja ukazania sensu istnienia we wzajemnym byciu dla siebie.
Pojęcie osoby – jedno czy wiele?
Authors: Zyzik Radosław
Published: September 2014

The paper posits the thesis that there is more than one concept of the person. Depending on the discipline where it appears, there are legal, neurobiological, philosophical and theological concepts of the person.The concept of the person can be analyzed from four different perspectives. The results suggests that each discipline has its own definition of the person with specific meaning and function.
John Henry Newman o filozofii i filozofach
Authors: Gałecki Sebastian
Published: September 2014

Philosophy of philosophy, also called metaphilosophy, is a very interesting field of human intellectual activity. It shows not only what philosophy and its goals are, but it teaches philosophers a lot about themselves. John Henry Newman (1801–1890) in his work described the nature and role of philosophy as „organized, and therefore living knowledge”. He attached great importance to tell his listeners and readers what should characterize true philosopher as well.It is worth to knowing, what the idea of philosophy and the philosopher described and promoted by Newman (who was called – with good reason – the „Plato of Oxford” and „English Socrates”) was, and how philosophy can be a way of maturing our humanity and be a method to transform the world. This article provides an introduction and outline of this issue.
Żona Lota jako symbol Innego. Poezja młodopolska zaklętych w słup soli
Authors: Kruszczyńska Paulina
Published: September 2014

The article is an attempt to characterize of the Lot’s Wife, as the symbol of femininities in the context of works of Jacques Lacan and writing this symbol down into the poetic space of the age of Modernism.
Z dziejów Bożej niemocy
Authors: Sajdek Zofia
Published: September 2014

In the beginning the article is an attempt to answer the question whether there are conclusive arguments for non-existence of the God’s omnipotence. Maybe it is impossible to conclude because that depends on interpretation; e.g. Auschwitz can mean Yahweh abandoned His people or – on the contrary – it was a divine miracle they survived. On the other hand some philosophers argue that the radical evil eliminates freedom of interpretation – e.g. raping children cannot be a creation of a loving and powerful Creator. The study of the opinion of Slovenian thinker Slavoj Žižek leads to a „compromising” conclusion: the history of God’s impotence and people’s silence prove that an imperfect Creator is one before whom man can either fall to his knees or dance.
Argumenty logiczne w średniowiecznej filozofii i teologii muzułmańskiej: Al-Ghazali, Awerroes, Ibn al-Munadżdżim
Authors: Kokoć Damian
Published: September 2014

Philosophical legacy of ancient Greeks greatly influenced the shaping of Medieval Islamic thought. Especially popular were writings of Aristotle, particularly his logical works. Muslims very quickly noticed that logic is a very practical tool, both in discussions with non-Muslims, as well as polemics within Islam itself. This article focuses on three thinkers:Al-Ghazali, Averroes and Ibn al-Munajjim.Al-Ghazali’s ideas exemplify how logic was used in theological disputes within Islam itself. Averroes , in turn, in one of his major works „The Decisive Treaty”, tries to refute accusation aimed at impiety of philosophers. Ibn Rushd shows that philosophy is not contrary to the principles of faith but just opposite. He states that The Quran encourages to learn and deepen the philosophy, because it is the best way to cognition of the truth and it based on syllogistic deduction. Concluding, the article presents how logic was used in disputes with non-Muslims by referring to Ibn al-Munajjim letter.
Czy Protagoras zachęca do mierzenia dobra i zła? Dwa argumenty przeciw
Authors: Sokołowski Kamil
Published: September 2014

In the Protagoras Socrates presents model of knowledge as the measuring art – metretike techne. It allows us to choose correctly between pleasure and pain, identified with good and evil. This paper contains two arguments against the thesis that measuring knowledge plays in the Protagoras role of a true ethical proposal. The first argument refers to sophists’ enthusiasm for measuring knowledge. The second one refers to the distinction between „measuring knowledge” and ethical knowledge in general, present in the dialogue.
Symbol w filozofii religii Paula Tillicha
Authors: Bogdalczyk Maciej
Published: September 2014

The concept of a symbol has its meaning not only in epistemology and psychology but also in philosophy of religion. The reconstructed concept of a religious symbol, based on Paul Tillich’s understanding and compared with present achievements in the field, is current and interesting motive to investigate the phenomenon of religion. Tillich’s existential interpretation of the ontology-based symbol, makes it more understandable and open for contemporary man and world questions concerning religion. The structure of religious symbol, its use and interpretation make man – religion communication more comprehensive and clear.
Powstanie religii w świetle antropologii i psychologii kognitywnej. Koncepcja Pascala Boyera
Authors: Jeliński Julian
Published: September 2014

The diversity of religious beliefs still surprises even scholars most familiarwith these phenomena. What is most surprising is the sheer numberof practices that reflect relations between deities and men – ranging from„devotion”, „cooperation”, to trying to „trick” deities. There have beenmany theories explaining the cause of these relations and the diversityof religious beliefs including the simplest, that these relations are true andreflect an ontological order.Leaving the question regarding the existence of supernatural beingsaside, we’re still left with a very interesting issue of human beliefs. Whydo we have such different beliefs? Why are we so attached to them? Do theyhave anything in common? What were the origins of religious beliefs? Did they changed through time?Pascal Boyer, French anthropologist studying the human mind and theprocess of learning among other issues tries to answer these, and otherquestions. He bases his answers on scientific researches of other scholars – anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, cognitive psychologists andlinguists. Boyer employs researches from such different scientific fieldsto find a new and very interesting way to try to reach the origins of religious beliefs, to reconstruct the process of forming beliefs concerning themetaphysical/non-physical world. He also tries to explain the nature of relations between men and deities. As a result of his efforts he created a theory explaining beliefs and religious behaviors that refers only to the mechanisms of human brain, and this theory is the subject of this article.