bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making Sense Of The “Product Attributes” Trends: A Review Of Consumers Drink Choice Behavior And Industry Implications
Authors: Efawati Yen , Nanang Juhandi Hermawan
Published: December 2023

This study aims to analyze the product attributes that influence consumer purchasing decisions. Study phenomena are limited to attributes of healthy drink products. The approach uses the quantitative in a total of 84 respondents from STIE Al-Anwar students in the 2011-2012 school year who consume Mizone products. Sampling using with simple random sampling method and regression analysis approach was applied to test the research model. The results of the analysis show that brand and quality have a significant influence on consumers’ purchasing decisions, while labels and packaging do not have a significant effect. However, simultaneously, brands, labels, quality, and packaging influences on purchasing decisions that are equal to 84.9%. The rest is influenced by other variables outside the product attributes variable. This research highlights the product attributes which are the most important elements in the marketing process because they can add value to consumers. This shows that product attributes need to be paid attention to and improved to be competitive with similar products.
نظرية المحاصصة السياسية وفقاً لدستور العراق لعام 2005
Authors: أ.م .د آيات سلمان شهيب
Published: December 2023

لم تنجح النخب العراقية في تسوية الإشكالات الأساسية للنظام السياسي الذي جاء بعد عام 2003 ومن بعد إقرار الدستور  الدائم عام 2005 ،  وقد استمرت هذه الإشكالات في التكرار عن طريق ممارسات مختلفة، من خلال ما يمكن تسميته بسياسة تدوير الأزمات ، و إن الشراكة السياسية تكونت من أربعة أركان أساسية: وهي الائتلافات الواسعة على مستوى الرئاسات الثلاث،  والحكومة التنفيذية والنسبية أي المحاصصة  في توزيع المناصب والثروات، بالإضافة إلى الفدرالية في تقاسم السلطة والصلاحيات بين الحكومة الاتحادية والاقليم، والركن الرابع يتمثل بالمعارضة أو الفيتو لشراكة السياسية الذي يتحقق في كل مستوى من مستويات الشراكة وبأشكاله المختلفة .

       من المعروف إن السلطة التشريعية تُعد من أهم سلطات الدولة في الوقت الحالي فهي السلطة التي تشرع القوانين ووضع القواعد الملزمة للأفراد،  ويلاحظ أن تشكيل مجلس النواب قائم على المحاصصة، إذ يشرك في العملية السياسية قوى لم تشارك أصلاً في العملية السياسية، وانما يتم اشراكهم عن طريق الضغط والدعم الخارجي ومن خلال استقراء نصوص القانون ومقارنتها بالواقع السياسي، و نجد أن مبدأ المحاصصة طاغٍ بشكل كبير، بدءاً من ترشيح رئيس الجمهورية ورئيس الوزراء الى تشكيل الوزارة وعمل المؤسسات التنفيذية كافة , فبالنسبة الى اختيار رئيس الجمهورية ونائبيه نص المشرع على أن ينظم طريق اختيارهما بقانون خاص فحتى في وجود قانون خاص لاختيار رئيس الجمهورية إلا ان الواقع العملي يختلف تماماً.
نحو إقرار دستوري للحق في المعارضة البرلمانية
Authors: البياتي ا.م.د. وائل منذر
Published: December 2023

ارتكز دستور عام 2005 على فكرة الديمقراطية عند التعريف بجمهورية العراق في المادة (1) منه، ويعمد الاقرار الى أن ممارسة السلطة لا تتم إلا من خلال المؤسسات الدستورية المنبثقة عن بنوده، وإن تداولها مرتبط بالوسائل الديمقراطية المكرّسة فيه، كردة فعل لويلات الدكتاتورية والاستبداد، من هنا كان لزاماً لاستكمال هذا الشكل أن يكون هناك تنظيم واضح للحق في وجود معارضة سياسية برلمانية ، فإذا كان الحق في حرية التعبير والاعتراف بالاختلاف مصدراً لا يمكن التشكيك في إمكانية الاستناد اليه في اقرار وجود دستوري لفكرة المعارضة، أضحى الاعتراف الدستوري ضرورةً للخروج من فكرة وجود كل القوى السياسية في السلطة، ذلك لما توفره وجود معارضة قانونية من قوة في أداء الحكومات ، وتفعيل لعمل السلطة التشريعية، وعدم الذهاب بها مذاهب عبثية، فالاعتراف الدستوري بالاختلاف والتنافس من خلال بنود قانونية واضحة المعالم تُعطي للمعارضة داخل البرلمان، حقوقاً لا يمكن الانتقاص منها وواجبات يمكن التعويل عليها في تنشيط العمل التشريعي والرقابي لأعضائه بما ينعكس إيجابياً على أداء السلطة التنفيذية وصولاً الى تحقيق ديناميكية للعمل داخل المؤسسات الدستورية، من هنا كان لزاماً القول ، وجوب التفكير بإيراد نصوص واضحة تعترف بالحق في المعارضة البرلمانية وفقاً لأطر قانونية واضحة.
    ولبحث هذا الموضوع سنطرح السؤال البحثي الآتي :- " ما مدى امكانية ايراد حقوق قانونية للمعارضة البرلمانية في ثنايا الدستور " .
ونشتق من هذا السؤال الأسئلة الآتية :-

هل يكفي الاعتراف بحرية التعبير كأساس للحق في المعارضة البرلمانية ؟.
ما مظاهر عدم الاعتراف الصريح بالحق في المعارضة على بنية النظام السياسي ؟.
هل هناك حد أعلى أو أدنى لحقوق المعارضة البرلمانية ؟.

   وفي ضوء ما سبق سوف يتم تناول الموضوع في مبحثين الأول الاعتراف الدستوري بالحق في المعارضة ضرورة أم ترف، أما المبحث الثاني فيخصص للحقوق القانونية للمعارضة البرلمانية، ثم نختم البحث بخاتمة تتضمن مجمل الاستنتاجات والتوصيات .
انحرافُ النظامِ البرلمانيّ فِي الدستُورِ العراقيّ النَافِذ
Authors: الصافي أ. م. د. إيمان قاسم هاني
Published: December 2023

تضمن هذا الدستور العراقي النافذ لعام 2005 تحديد صلاحيات السلطة التنفيذية ممثلة برئيس الجمهورية ومجلس الوزراء ، وصلاحيات السلطة التشريعية ، وأشكال التعاون والرقابة بين هاتين السلطتين ، وعلى الرغم من تحوّل العراق عن النظام الرئاسي إلى النظام الجمهوري البرلماني بهدف تعميق النهج الديمقراطي والشفافية في الحكم ومؤسسات الدولة ، وإشاعة الروح الديمقراطية في أوساط الشارع ومؤسسات المجتمع المدني ، إلّا أنَّه وعلى الرغم مرور ما يزيد على العقد من الزمن على إقرار دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005 ، مازال يعاني من عدم الاستقرار السياسيّ والمجتمعي والمؤسساتي، الذي انعكس بدوره على أسس النظام البرلماني الذي تبناه وقواعده ، ومن هنا تأتي أهمية البحث الذي نحن بصدده وضرورة الغوص في محتواه .
جدلية النظام الفيدرالي في العراق، توازن ام تنافس
Authors: كشكول ا.م.د. يمامة محمد حسن
Published: December 2023

من المعروف أن الدستور هو القانون الأسمى للدولة الذي يقوم على تحديد القواعد الأساسية لشكل الدولة، ونظام حكمها، وشكل حكومتها، وتنظيم سلطاتها العامة . فمن الناحية السياسية، يقوم على تحديد طبيعة نظام الحكم إن كان ملكياً أم جمهورياً ، كما انه يقوم على تناول السلطات الثلاث من حيث اختصاصها، وتشكيلاتها، وطبيعة علاقتها مع بعضها ، ويقوم برسم هيكلية الدولة ، وفلسفة الحكم المحلي. ومن جانب آخر ينص الدستور على حريات وحقوق الأفراد الدينية، والسياسية، والمدنية، والفكرية.
وقد اعتمد دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005، على عددٍ من المبادئ التي تحكم الدولة وشكلها ، منها مبدأ النظام الفيدرالي ، أو كما جاء في المادة الأولى من الدستور بالنظام الاتحادي [i]، إن الأخذ بالنظام الفيدرالي هو أمر مطلوب لخلق التوازن والتعايش بين مكونات الشعب المختلفة ، وقد يكون الحل الأمثل للعراق في المرحلة التي تلت ما بعد تغيير النظام السياسي في 9/4/2003.
إلا أن الجدلية والاشكالية ظهرت في النصوص الدستورية التي تناولت تنظيم الفيدرالية في العراق ، إذ جاءت بأحكام مخالفة لمبادئ هذا النظام المتعارفة في العالم، فقد وضع الدستور أحكاماً لا تتناغم مع المبادئ الثابتة في الدساتير الفيدرالية المقارنة.
فالمساواة بين المحافظات غير المنتظمة في اقليم والاقاليم من حيث علاقتهم مع السلطة المركزية ، وتنظيم العلاقة بين السلطة المركزية وسلطات الاقاليم ، وأسبقية قانون الاقليم في التطبيق في حال التعارض ، والمعالجة الدستورية لتوزيع الاختصاصات بين المركز والاقليم ، هي صور من انحراف التطبيق للنظام الفيدرالي في العراق الذي خلق سلسلة من الأزمات ، التجاذب والتنافر، المد والجذب بين السلطة المركزية وسلطة اقليم كوردستان لا تنتهي عادةً  إلا بحلول سياسية اتفاقية.
ولبحث موضوع العلاقة بين السلطة المركزية وسلطة الاقليم في ظل النظام الفيدرالي في دستور 2005، سنطرح السؤال البحثي الآتي :
ما أثر التنظيم الدستوري للنظام الفيدرالي في دستور العراق على العلاقة بين سلطة المركز وسلطة الاقليم 
ومن هذا السؤال البحثي نشتق الأسئلة البحثية الآتية:

ما أسباب اعتماد النظام الفيدرالي في دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005.
ما مظاهر انحراف النظام الفيدرالي في نصوص دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005.
كيف أثر انحراف النظام الفيدرالي على العلاقة بين سلطة المركز وسلطة الاقليم.
ما المعالجات المتصورة للنظام الفيدرالي في العراق لوضعه في الاطار الدستوري الصحيح.

 وفي ضوء ما تقدم، سنقسم بحثنا على مباحث ثلاثة، نتناول في الأول ضرورة النظام الفيدرالي في العراق، ونخصص الثاني لبحث انحراف التنظيم الدستوري للنظام الفيدرالي وأثره على العلاقة بين المركز والاقليم ، أما المبحث الثالث والأخير فنخصصه للمعالجات المتصورة لانحراف النظام الفيدرالي .
الفيدراليّةُ في الدستُورِ العراقيّ (العلاقةُ بينَ الحكوُمةِ الاتحاديّةِ والإقليم والمحافظاتِ)
Authors: أ. د. اسراء علاء الدين نوري  , م. سه روه ر جمال حيدر
Published: December 2023

إنَّ أحد أهم القضايا المطروحة في أجندة الدستور العراقي هو مسألة (الفيدرالية)، ففي الحقيقة يرجع أصل فكرة المشروع الفيدرالي في العراق، إلى تبني برلمان إقليم كردستان لمشروع (الفيدرالية في العراق) لعام 1992، إذ ترددت الفيدرالية، كمطلب في الخطاب السياسيّ لحركة المعارضة العراقية بأطرافها المتعددة في اجتماعاتها المتوالية، ومنها اجتماع لندن من 14 - 20 كانون الأول 2002، الذي عقد تحت شعار (من أجل بناء عراق جديد) أيّ: على أساس التعددية والديمقراطية والفيدرالية وحقوق الإنسان.
فضلاً عمّا جاء في قرار مجلس الأمن المرقم (1546) بشــأن النص على  الفيدرالية، مع التزام قانون إدارة الدولة للمرحلة الانتقالية بإنشاء نظام فيدرالي في العراق، وتوج هذا التوجه بالدستور العراقي المؤقت لعام 2004، والدستور العراقي الدائم لعام 2005، وحيث بدأ التطبيق العملي للفيدرالية وبصياغات متعددة وفي أكثر من فصل ومادة دستورية، إذ نـصّ قانون إدارة الدولة العراقية للمرحلة الانتقالية الذي صدر في نيسان 2004 في المادة الرابعة منه على أنَّ (نظام الحكم في العراق جمهوري اتحادي فيدرالي، يجري فيه تقاسم السلطات بالاشتراك بين الحكومة المركزية وحكومة إقليم كردستان والمحافظات والبلديات، ويقوم النظام الفيدرالي الحكومي على أساس مبادئ الجغرافية والحكم الصالح والفصل بين السلطات , وليس على أساس العرق والقومية والمذهب)([i]).
فالعراق كسواه من البلدان يحمل خصوصية وطنية يتفاعل معها تعدد اللهجات , واللغات , والعقائد , والقيم والأعراق , والتقاليد ضمن وطن واحد، وهذه الخصوصية تحتاج إلى تجربة ديمقراطية تؤسس لدولة الإنسان والقانون دولة المساواة والتكافؤ والمواطنة الصالحة، ومن ثمّ الحكم الصالح، هذه التجربة تؤتى نتائجها في ظل إعطاء تمثيل شعبي لمختلف هذه الفئات والأعراق يضمن حقوقهم ضمن دستور موحد ويتمثل ذلك بتحقيق مبدأ اللامركزية السياسيّة التي هي السمة المميزة لمبدأ الفيدرالية التي تتمتع بنوع من المرونة ضمن مفهوم الاتحاد.
مدى فاعلية المحكمة الاتحادية العليا في تعديل دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005
Authors: أ.م.د. مصدق عادل
Published: December 2023

يعالج هذا البحث الأدوار الدستورية الممنوحة للمحكمة الاتحادية العُليا في تعديل نصوص الدستور، سواء أكان ذلك بالنسبة الى التعديلات الدستورية الاستثنائية المنصوص عليها في المادة (142) من دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005، أم التعديلات الدستورية العادية المنصوص عليها في المادة (126) من الدستور، وذلك من أجل الوصول الى استعراض مدى إسهام المحكمة الاتحادية العليا في تعديل الدستور، سواء أكان ذلك باستخدام الوسائل الدستورية الصريحة من خلال تفسير نصوص الدستور، أو باستخدام الوسائل العالمية التي سارت عليها بعض الدساتير بشأن الرقابة على التعديلات الدستورية التي لا تنسجم مع روح الدستور وأحكامه، مع الاستعانة بالسوابق القضائية للمحكمة في إظهار هذا الدور.
The Interface Between Nature and Nurture in Shaping Human Personality
Authors: Xiao Yuxuan , Tao Shuya , Wei Chenxu , Cheng Yixuan
Published: December 2023

This study looks at different aspects that shape a person's personality. We are primarily concerned with the socioeconomic status and culture of the family. Our study strategy is to integrate questionnaire answers with the Myer-Briggs 16 personality test. Based on their jobs and socioeconomic background, we divided the 122 respondents into five groups. Our conclusion is that both nature and nurture have an impact on personality. The socioeconomic position of a family is closely related to extraversion and introversion. This study provided insight on the significance of findings for domains such as psychology, education, and policy-making, creating a more comprehensive understanding of the elements that contribute to human personality formation.
The Museum: From Digital To Metaverse
Authors: Xia Mingwei , Wang Yixuan , Huang Jiamin , Li Juan , Fu Junyi
Published: December 2023

The use of digital technology has greatly facilitated the interaction between viewers and museum collections. Although the idea of digital museums has received considerable focus in the last decade, the lack of interactivity remains a challenge for digital museums. In this paper, we discuss the combination of the metaverse and traditional museums. The study finds that the integration of the metaverse and museums allows museums to create deeper engagement and achieve higher levels of interactivity.
Image Reconstruction by VAE
Authors: Xu Yingche , Deng Xinjian , Wu Yakun , Zhai Penglin , Xu Xinpeng
Published: December 2023

Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) have become a recognized tool for learning data distributions in various applications. Building on previous research, this paper investigates image reconstruction by incorporating Planar Flows into VAEs. As a form of Normalizing Flows, Planar Flows potentially aid VAEs in modeling more intricate distributions, which may enhance the quality of reconstructed images. Our study employs a well-established architecture that integrates Planar Flows with VAEs. Experiments on MNIST are provided to compare our replication efforts with traditional VAEs. The results suggest that utilizing Planar Flows can offer certain improvements in image reconstruction. This work further solidifies the understanding of the combined use of VAEs and Planar Flows in image reconstruction tasks.
Where Should I Park?
Authors: Li Wenxuan , Zhou Shipei , Tang Yujing , Zhang Xiang , Ma Jingchun , Xu Jianghui
Published: December 2023

In the face of escalating urbanization and its associated parking challenges, this paper proposes an innovative approach to enhance parking lot management and optimize space utilization, thereby mitigating urban parking difficulties. We initially experimented with the Yolo-Fastest V2 algorithm for real-time parking space detection. However, we observed that Yolo-Fastest V2 had shortcomings, particularly in terms of incomplete detection accuracy. This led us to develop a more robust approach using a modified ResNet model with transfer learning. This approach, diverging from traditional sensor based methods, offers improved accuracy and cost-efficiency with less data need. Our comparative analysis between ResNet and YOLOv8 demonstrates the former’s superior adaptability and performance in urban settings. This development significantly contributes to the smart city framework, improving parking efficiency and potentially easing traffic congestion.
Potential of the Crypto Market in China
Authors: Cheung Arts , Liu Shengyou , Sang Tianyi , Gu Junwei , Ma Jingmei , Jiang Yuxin
Published: December 2023

This paper provides an overview of cryptocurrencies, their current status in China and Hong Kong, a prediction of their impact on Chinese enterprises and financial markets, and describes the impact of government policies. It also discusses suggestions for changing the regulatory paradigm of digital cryptocurrencies in China. The study aims to explore the best policy direction for the development of the cryptocurrency market in mainland China. Key points include the strict stance of the Chinese government towards cryptocurrencies, the growing interest in cryptocurrencies in Hong Kong, and the impact of government policies on the cryptocurrency market in both regions. It also highlights the need for China to adjust its policies to benefit from the development of digital technology. Additionally, it suggests policy recommendations for the future development of the cryptocurrency market in mainland China, such as prudent supervision, technology-driven supervision, and strengthening the security requirements of digital cryptocurrency service providers.
Plantas medicinales usadas comúnmente en México: lo bueno y lo malo
Authors: Ordaz-Hernández A. , Herrera-Martínez M. , Loeza-Corte J.M. , Correa Solis Emmanuel , Sánchez-Acevedo M.A. , Pérez-Aguirre T.
Published: December 2023

Es un hecho que muchas personas ignoran que están consumiendo plantas medicinales en su vida cotidiana, sin embargo, otras personas están conscientes de las propiedades curativas de las plantas medicinales, y deciden consumirlas para cuidar su salud, ya que piensan que los productos naturales son más seguros que los medicamentos. En ambos casos, las personas deben saber que las plantas medicinales pueden ser tóxicas, aunque sean productos naturales, y que el consumo de algunas plantas medicinales llega a potenciar los efectos secundarios y la actividad de ciertos medicamentos.
Responsabilidad social de empresarios mexicanos ante la pobreza laboral post covid
Authors: López Cerón C. , Beltrán Castillo L. , Oviedo Flores G.
Published: December 2023

El siguiente trabajo presenta un panorama general del impacto económico que la pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido en México resaltando el incremento en la pobreza generada en los diferentes sectores y las estrategias para contrarrestar las mismas como respuesta del sector empresarial mexicano. Se resalta el impacto que el COVID-19 ha generado en la economía de México, destacando a través de una revisión histórica documental y descriptiva apoyada en índices de crecimiento económico y generación de pobreza, presentando los principales indicadores que han incrementado la pobreza entre los que se incluyen; recesión económica, contracción significativa del producto interno bruto (PIB) durante 2020, pérdida de empleos e ingresos, presión sobre el sistema de salud, caída en el comercio internacional, estímulo fiscal y programas de apoyo del gobierno mexicano, la aceleración de la digitalización y el comercio en línea. La incertidumbre generada por el COVID-19 afectó al mundo, gobiernos, empresas, comunidades e individuos, y se retomó un concepto para navegar a través de la pandemia y sus consecuencias económicas. En México la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE), se presenta con acciones prioritarias para reconfigurar la economía. La sociedad ya no es la misma y exige a las empresas un mayor compromiso social, exigiendo también al empresariado construir una ventaja competitiva sustentable.
How do Women Prepare for Pregnancy? Counceling and Giving Folic Acid in Woman of Reproductive Age
Authors: Dahlan Febry Mutiariami , Aulya Yenny , Safaringga Miranie
Published: December 2023

Background: A healthy pregnancy requires physical and mental preparation from everymother. Healthy pregnancy planning should be done before pregnancy. A well-plannedpregnancy process will have a positive impact on the condition of the fetus and thephysical and psychological adaptation of the mother for the better. Folic acid is anessential nutrient required for DNA replication directed at cell proliferation. Folic acid isactivated by the MTHFR gene through an enzymatic reaction. Folic acid can be found infoods as well as in supplements. The demand for folate increases during pregnancybecause it is necessary for the growth and development of the fetus.. Pregnant womenneed extra folic acid about 0.4 mg per day in normal cases and high-risk (previouslyaffected) pregnancies this dose is recommended for 1-3 months before conception. Objective: The purpose of this service is to anticipate high-risk pregnancies by preparingwomen of reproductive age by providing counseling on healthy pregnancy preparationand giving folic acid tablets. Method: The activity was held on April 18, 2013 at BPM I, Pondok Jaya Sub District,Cipayung District, Depok City. Result: The implementation from the midwife went smoothly and received enthusiasmfrom the activity participants.Conclusion: It is hoped that women of healthy reproductive age can get more knowledgerelated to preparing for a healthy pregnancy so that later they will be ready for theirpregnancy and babies born healthy.
Community Services at SMP Bina Siswa Kotabaru Sub-district West Bekasi District in 2023
Authors: Sasabone Restichia , Siauta Jenny Anna , Adinda Paula Natasa Sindy , Sagala Kristina , Venancyana Maria Chandra , Purba Rohani , Bonita Bonita , Anggraeni Devita
Published: December 2023

Background: Health problems receive serious attention from various elements ofsociety. One way to solve health problems in the community is to carry out communityservice. Community service is an activity that aims to assist the community in severalactivities to overcome the problems they face by actively participating in the healthdevelopment process and increasing community empowerment without expecting anyform of reward.
Objective: Carry out community service activities by carrying out activities rangingfrom collecting secondary data to conducting interventions and evaluating fieldactivities.
Method: The practice of community midwifery carried out by Nasional UniversityMidwife Professional Education Students Batch 5 Group 3 with the practice area at theYusma Medika Clinic which was carried out at the Bina Siswa Utama Middle School,Kotabaru Subdistrict, West Bekasi District, Bekasi City, has been carried out in thefollowing stages: Orientation, Taking Secondary Data, Focus Group Discussion (FGD),Preparation of Planning Of Action (POA), Intervention activities in the form ofcounseling about "Ceria Manise" (Preventing Anemia of Adolescents with NutritiousFood and Fe Supplementation) and giving herbal drink "Ceria Flowers" (Dragon Fruitand Honey Prevents Adolescents from Anemia), and ends with Evaluation and Closing.
Result: Community service activities in the form of counseling "Ceria Manise"(Prevent Anemia of Adolescents with Nutritious Food and Fe Supplementation) andprovision of the herbal drink "Ceria Flowers" (Dragon Fruit and Honey Prevent Anemiain Adolescents) are expected to allow adolescents to understand more about anemia andcan take proper prevention, one of which is by consuming dragon fruit and honey herbaldrinks.
Conclusion: Community service activities in the form of counseling to adolescent girlsabout 'CERIA MANISE' where health information is given on how to prevent anemiawith nutritious food and Fe supplementation
DRUG NEURO INFLUENCES IN ONCOHEMATOLOGY
Authors: Shatokhin Yu.V. , Snezhko I.V., , Ryabikina E.V. , Degtereva E.V.
Published: December 2023

Modern drugs and schemes based on them, used in oncohematology, cause a high risk of developing many variants of neurological complications, including cytostatic-induced neurotoxicity of various origins, one of the severe complications of chemoradiotherapy. These side effects occur not only immediately after the administration of chemotherapy drugs, but also delayed, and therefore concern not only hematologists, oncologists, but also neurologists, therapists, general practitioners who carry out subsequent outpatient monitoring of patients. Reducing the clinical manifestations of these complications leads not only to an improvement in the quality of life of patients, but also to an increase in their survival. Knowledge of algorithms for early diagnosis of damage to the peripheral and central nervous system and the possibilities of using drug therapy to minimize their manifestations are necessary in the work of internists.
REGIONAL FEATURES OF THE MORBIDITY RATE OF CEREBRAL PALSY DEPENDING ON AGE AND GENDER
Authors: Hajiyeva I.E. , Mammadbayli A.K.
Published: December 2023

The aim of the study: to assess age-gender characteristics of morbidity rate of cerebral palsy among children in regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Materials and methods. Materials of Cerebral Palsy Register created by us. The prevalence (per 100 children) of pathology at different ages (up to 5 years, 5 years and older) among girls and boys in all regions and cities of Azerbaijan was determined. Statistical processing was conducted by the method of qualitative signs. Results. The prevalence of cerebral palsy was 0.27±0.005% among boys, 0.17±0.004 among girls (р<0.001). The index was higher among children aged 0-5 years (0.68±0.01%) than among children aged 5-18 years (0.06±0.001%). These indicators were different in cities and regions of the republic. Conclusions. A relatively high morbidity rate of cerebral palsy is typical for the cities Baku, Sumgayit, Mingachevir and Shirvan, also for regions Absheron, Barda, etc. Cerebral palsy is seen among boys 1.5 times more often. This feature is more pronounced especially in separate districts (1.7 times).
CLINICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC CHANGES IN EPILEPTIC PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 INFECTION
Authors: Isayev J.P. , Mammadova H.H. , Taghıyeva N.J.
Published: December 2023

The article provides information about clinical and mental changes in epileptic patients who have experienced COVID-19 infection. The frequency of these symptoms, their clinical characteristics and the dependence of their manifestation on the infection of COVID-19 were investigated. Various scales or questionnaires were used in the research. Observations have shown that epileptic seizures on the NHS-3 scale occur more frequently and tend to increase in severity in epileptic patients who have had an infection with COVID-19. When assessing the mental sphere of their patients (with the MMSE and HADS scales), it was found that cases of mental spectrum disorders prevail in epileptic patients who have experienced COVID-19. The presence of mild depression (BDI scale) and severe asthenia (MFI scale) were also more marked in this group. Analysis of the results showed that epileptic patients who had experienced a COVID-19 infection were more likely to have impaired cognitive function. Sleep disturbances were assessed using the MOS-SS scale, and it was found that epileptic patients with coronovirus infection were more likely to have moderate sleep disturbances than those without COVID-19. During the correlation analysis, it was determined that there is a direct positive relationship between the severity and frequency of epileptic seizures with the infection of COVID-19. All this shows the negative effect of the infection of COVID-19 on the course of epilepsy.
EVALUATION OF OPTIC NERVE CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Aliyeva G.A.
Published: December 2023

Introduction. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the nervous system, characterized by damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. 60% of patients suffering from MS have visual impairments. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination helps to analyse neurodegeneration in patients with multiple sclerosis. Thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) is observed in these patients, which is greater than the thinning observed in normal age-related thinning. Material and methods. During the study, 20 patients were examined. Of these 7 patients (35%) had Optic Neuritis/Multiple Sclerosis, 2 patients (10%) NMO, 1 patient (5%) Straastma Syndrome, 6 patients (30%) Ischemic Optic Neuropathy, 4 patients (20%) had partial atrophy of the optic nerve due to pituitary adenomas and empty sella. The mean age of the patients was 17-40 years. 16 patients (80%) were female; four patients (20%) were male. Initially, routine eye examinations were performed on the patients, followed by OCT examination for the evaluation of pathology. Results. In patients with Optic Neuritis (Multiple Sclerosis) and NMO, partial atrophy of the ganglion cells, changes in RNFL, and a sharp decrease in ganglion cell count were observed during repeat OCT examinations. Complete atrophy of the ganglion cells in the left eye was observed in one patient suffering from NMO. Symmetrical changes in RNFL, and a sharp decrease in ganglion cell count were observed. Conclusion. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive examination method that plays an important role in the evaluation of neuro-ophthalmological diseases. This examination method helps us to characterize the optic nerve, peripapillary area, as well as to evaluate the quality and quantitative aspects of optic nerve diseases. For this reason, we prefer OCT examination in many neuro- ophthalmological diseases, especially in demyelinating, ischemic, inflammatory diseases, and neuropathies.
A CASE OF RELAPSING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS MANAGEMENT WITH DISEASE MODIFYING THERAPY
Authors: Pashabeyli N.B. , Tagıyeva M.R.
Published: December 2023

Introduction. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system lesions that can lead to severe physical or cognitive disability as well as neurological defects. The pathologic hallmark of MS is focal demyelination within the brain and spinal cord. Currently, there is no definite cure for MS, immunomodulating and antiinflammatory agents can diminish its progression and decrease some of the pathological symptoms. Case report. We report a case of 18 years female patient. The patient had first approached to neurology hospital on May 2019 after upper respiratory tract infection with neurology symptoms, such as numbness on the right side and problems with balance as well as coordination. On neurological examination, she had involuntary laughing attacks. Muscle power: lower extremities proximal part – 5/5, distal part – 3/5, upper extremities 4/5. Reflexes are increased in all extremities, D=S. Babinski sign was positive bilaterally. There are bilateral dysmetria and adiadochokinesia. Gait is ataxic. Brain MRI: multiple white matter demyelinating lesions in the mesencephalon, pons and bulbus with contrast enhancement. Spine MRI: multiple white matter demyelinating lesions within C2-C4, C7-T4 , T5-T7 level, without contrast enhancement. She started on treatment methylprednisolone pulse therapy afterwards continued with oral steroid. After she had clinical and radiological improvement. 3 month later, she admitted to hospital with progressive walking disturbance and imbalance. She did MRI again and 6 months after and it revealed new contrast enhanced plaques in brain and spine. The progressive white matter lesions and clinical symptoms were judged as the MS relapse, the patient was given methylprednisolone for five consecutive days. Fingolimod was started at this time because the patient had no neurological improvement. She lost ability to walk without support. She has been taking Fingolimod for 1 year. (Lymphocyte count 0.59). In response to this therapy, her walking ability slightly improved and there were no new neurological symptoms. Since clinically and radiologically positive dynamics is observed in the patient, the treatment is continued with Fingolimod and patient is being monitored.
Immunohistochemical Study of C-cells morphology, distribution and localization in the thyroid gland: A pilot study in cadaveric tissue
Authors: Potaliya Pushpa
Published: December 2023

Objective: Exact identification of C-cells in thyroid with defined morphological features, number of cells present in whole population, ratio of parafollicular to follicular cells and localization is a challenge with conventional analysis. A specific and sensitive calcitonin immunohistochemistry is necessary for the demonstration. Method: Tissue obtained from 30 cadaveric specimens at AIIMS Jodhpur were processed, sectioned and stained for immunohistochemical analysis using calcitonin. The results obtained were also compared with H&E staining for same section. Results: C-cells were found distributed in both lateral lobes, concentrated around a vertical axis in cranio-caudal direction. It was a randomized distribution with hardly any symmetry. A complete homogeneous distribution of C-cells all over the thyroid was never demonstrated. C-cells were usually concentrated in the middle thirds of the thyroid, and more in the right lobe. Upper third predominantly had more C-cells as compared to lower third of the gland. Incidentally, no C-cells were found in the isthmus in any thyroid at all. When observed for the localization, most of the C-cells were in the interfollicular position. Conclusion: The present study findings corroborate the use of IHC for C-cell analysis in thyroid gland. Calcitonin proved to be an important diagnostic marker in C-cell identification. Quantification was done reliably, proving calcitonin used in the procedure justified due to its high specificity and affinity.
A Paracolic location of the Appendix Vermiformis with lymphoid Hypoplasia
Authors: May Christian Albrecht
Published: December 2023

The present case report from the dissection room shows a rare and unique paracolic position of the vermiform appendix reaching almost up to the liver in a white European man. The appearance of the gut associated lymphoepithelial tissue was hypoplastic.
Why Chronic Renal Failure Affects Males More often than Females? Review and Author’s Perspective
Authors: Hegazy Abdelmonem Awad Mustafa
Published: December 2023

Renal failure is an increasing problem representing a great health challenge. It affects males more than females and blacks more than whites. Despite the anatomical gender differences in urethra might match with occurrence of urinary infection in women more than in men, it has been stated that the reverse is the true. Renal infection and even failure are more encountered in men. The reason for such gender discrepancies regarding renal failure is not yet clearly understood. In this short article, we aimed to suggest a probable answer for the following confusing question: Why does chronic renal failure affect males more often than females?
Accessory Lateral Head of the Right Gastrocnemius Muscle in a 65 year-old White Male Donor
Authors: Maynes Elizabeth , Meshida Keiko , Leighton Maria Ximena , Wind Gary , Granite Guinevere
Published: December 2023

The three muscles that form the calf muscle or triceps surae include the soleus muscle, the gastrocnemius muscle, and the plantaris muscle. Generally, the gastrocnemius muscle consists of a larger medial head and relatively smaller lateral head. It is responsible for plantar flexion of the foot. The lateral head arises from the posterior lateral femoral condyle and the larger medial head originates from the posterior medial femoral condyle. The medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle along with the soleus muscle combine to form the Achilles tendon, which inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus. Since the gastrocnemius muscle crosses three joints including the knee and subtalar joints, it can be vulnerable to injury, especially in mature athletes who experience sudden and swift changes in direction associated with muscular overstretching. Other causes of gastrocnemius muscle injury include maximal knee extension and full ankle dorsiflexion. Since the muscle is already prone to injury, anatomical variations of the gastrocnemius muscles may be symptomatic. With muscle variations, there are potential implications and effects on the other structures within the popliteal fossa. Many different anatomical variations have been identified during routine dissections and reported in the literature. Understanding details of these variations is important for diagnostic, surgical and clinical practice and patient management. Here we report on a 65-year-old White Male cadaveric donor with an accessory lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle found incidentally during a routine dissection.
Persistent Sciatic Artery: A Cadaveric Case Study
Authors: Ochieng John Juma
Published: December 2023

Objective The persistent sciatic artery associated with birth is a rare anomaly with a high rate of abnormal dilatation, blockage and stenosis prompting in extreme thrombosis, caudal embolisation, or aneurysm rupture. This is a case report on cadaveric specimen (50-year-old) African female cadaver in the Human Anatomy Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomy, Uzima University. Methods: During routine cadaveric dissections by first year medical students a peculiar structure was noted behind the right thigh after exposure of gluteal muscles. Results: The structure, identified as persistent sciatic artery, entered the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen and lied superficial to the sciatic nerve. The vessel was large and it passed out of the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen below the pirifomis and descended posterior to the sciatic nerve. Muscular and articular branches branched off from artery through its course. The artery descended behind the thigh and was traversed obliquely by the long head of the biceps femoris muscle posteriorly. The sciatic artery continued as the popliteal artery that lied alongside popliteal vein, which was retraced back from the infrapiriform fossa. The femoral arteries were hypoplastic and had no obvious connections with the sciatic artery. Conclusion: It is a vital practice to recognize the position and tendency of sciatic artery to develop aneurysms and subsequent deep vein thrombosis that may be life threatening. Furthermore, understanding of this principle changes the approach to surgical interventions that are required during the process of bypass grafting.
Talus Bone: Unique Anatomy
Authors: Hegazy Abdelmonem Awad Mustafa , Hegazy Mohammad Abdelmonem
Published: December 2023

The talus, also called astragalus bone, is a small, irregular bone that sits on top of the other bones of the foot. It is the only link between the leg bones and the bones of the foot. Despite its small size, it is made up of dense and strong bones. It transfers the weight of the human body through the tibia to the foot. Reviewing and re-reading the anatomy of talus is absolutely essential for physicians and orthopedic surgeons for proper diagnosis and management of any disorder. This is because it enters into many joints that can affect human movements in walking, running and even correct standing.
Area of Nasal Triangle in an Adult Human Dry Skull: An Anatomical Study
Authors: Khan Gulam , Shrestha Amit
Published: December 2023

Background: The nose is a piriform aperture on the face having roots and a tip or base. Root is continuous above with the forehead. It is one of the most prominent parts of the face which comprises of bony and cartilaginous portions. The bony part is formed by nasal bone, frontal bone and maxilla. The cartilaginous part is mainly formed by septal, major alar, lateral cartilage, and a few minor cartilages. Present study was carried out with objectives of determining important measurements like distance between right and left infraorbital foramina to nasion, distance between right and left infraorbital foramina and nasal height. Then findings are used to determine nasal index. Methods: All twenty-five dry adult human skulls are collected from Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Science, and Chitwan Medical College for study. Gender and ethnicity of scapula were undefined. The ethical clearance was taken from IRC-CMC (Ref: CMC-IRC/079/080-050). All damaged skull and small skull of pediatric age group are excluded. Nasal index was calculated by using formula nasal index = nasal width / nasal height X 100. Photographs were taken. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20 version software and analyzed as frequency and distribution. Total twenty-five of skulls were measured. Results: Among the twenty-four human dry skulls, with one damaged skull is excluded, study showed that right sided mean distance between nasion and right sided infraorbital foramen and left sided mean distance between nasion and left sided infraorbital foramen are 40.57±3.71 mm and 39.53±4.77 mm respectively. The mean distance between right and left infraorbital foramen, mean nasal height and mean nasal index are 46.80±8.52 mm,16.98±3.008 mm and 47.74±10.90 respectively mm i.e., Hyper Leptorrhine (≤54.9). Conclusion: The data obtained from the present study will be useful when repairing the nose, for facial reconstructive surgeries and also in forensic investigation.
Anatomical Variations of Human Pulmonary Fissures: A Cadaveric Study Conducted in Western Kenya
Authors: Ochieng Juma John
Published: December 2023

Aim and Objective: This cadaveric study was done to describe the variations in the pattern of pulmonary fissures in Western Kenyan population. Data were sourced from 68 lungs fixed in formalin in gross anatomy laboratory of the Department of Human Anatomy, Uzima University. The fissures were studied and the results compared with the previous studies. Results: In this study 83.82% of lungs had a classical appearance a “textbook” lung: three major fissures that were complete without any accessory fissure. Out of the 31 right lungs examined, the horizontal fissure was absent in 0% lungs, incomplete in 6 lungs (16.13%), and complete in 25 lungs (80.64%). Out of the 37 left lungs, the oblique fissure was incomplete in 4 lungs (10.70%) and complete in 29 lungs (86.30%). The fissure was absent in one of the lungs (2.70%). Four right lung accessory fissures were observed (12.90%). Six left lungs (16.67%) had accessory fissures. Conclusion: Incidence of complete of oblique fissure was greater in our present work when compared our results with other authors. The incomplete oblique fissure and incomplete horizontal fissure in our study varied compared with other studies. Our study recorded a prevalence of absent oblique fissure in the left lung that was greater in relation to absent horizontal fissure. The superior accessory fissure was higher in our study compared to other studies as well as compared the inferior accessory fissure in our study. The left minor fissure was the most frequently appearing accessory fissure in our study. Anatomists should note that lung fissure anatomy is more variable than orthodoxly presented. Clinicians must be warranted towards the depth and occurrence of these variations. Considering these variants we recommend more explorative research should be done on this topic to cast more light on this.
Atypical Origin of the Saphenous Nerve and a Variation of the Right Iliacus Muscle: A Case Report
Authors: Bayron-Ho Dhalma I. , Tavarez Wilson Veras , Valentin-Carro Natalia
Published: December 2023

During a routine cadaveric dissection of the posterior abdominal wall, variations of the bilateral lumbar plexus and a variant saphenous nerve originating in the lower abdomen were noted and documented. The description of a saphenous nerve originating at the level of the lumbar plexus is, to the best of our knowledge, the first of its kind. Further study revealed more variations at the root of the lumbar plexus and bilateral branching patterns. A variant iliacus muscle entrapping the superior portion of the femoral nerve was also observed on the right side within the abdominal cavity. These variations are discussed in the context of risk of clinical intervention in this anatomical region.
Especies de primates presentes en Guatemale y la situacion de sus poblaciones silvestres
Authors: Gill Johanna Motta
Published: December 2023

En Guatemala habitan tres especies de primates de la Familia Cebidae: Alouatta palliata, Alouatra pigra y Ateles geoffroyi con tres subespecies A.g.pan, A.g.yucatanensis, y A.g.vellerosus.
A revision of the 1990 IUCN list of threatened animals
Authors: Mittermeier Russell A. , Stuart Simon N. , Groombridge Brian
Published: December 2023

No abstract
A proposal for the conservation of the muriqui in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Mendes Sérgio L. , Chiarello Adriano G.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Conservation of the muriqui in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Strier Karen B.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Primate TAG of the Australasian species management plan
Authors: Embury Amanda S.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
An update on the black-headed marmoset, Callithrix nigriceps Ferrari and Lopes 1992
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
More untufted capuchins in southeastern Amazonia?
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Junior Arlindo P. de Souza
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Translocacion y seguimiento de un grupo de monos Alouatta palliata liberado en una isla (1988-1994)
Authors: Rodríguez-Luna Ernesto , Cortés-Ortiz Liliana
Published: December 2023

No abstract
An update on the long-term field research on red howler monkeys, Alouatta seniculus, at Hato Masaguaral, Venezuela
Authors: Agoramoorthy G.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Conservation and population status of the brown howling monkey (Alouatta fusca clamitans) in Argentina
Authors: Di Bitetti Mario S. , Placci Guillermo , Brown Alejandro D. , Rode Daniela L.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Injury and disease of the mantled howler monkey in fragmented habitats
Authors: Jones Clara B.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Capture and radio-telemetry of masked titi monkeys, Callicebus personatus melanochir
Authors: Müller Klaus-Heinrich , Schildger Bernd J.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Editorial
Authors: Rylands Anthony B. , Luna Ernesto Rodriguez
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Conservation units and the protection of Atlantic Forest lion tamarins
Authors: Rylands Anthony B. , Neto Paulo Nogueira
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Population structure and territory size in golden-headed lion tamarins, Leontopithecus chrysomelas
Authors: Dietz James M. , De Sousa Saturnino Neto F. , Da Silva José Renato O.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Progress report on the captive population of golden-headed lion tamarins, Leontopithecus chrysomelas - May 1994
Authors: De Bois Helga
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Behavior of the black lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, in different forest levels in the Caetetus Ecological Station, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Passos Fernando de Camargo
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Red howling monkey (Alouatta seniculus) reintroduction in a gallery forest of Hato Flores Moradas, Venezuela
Authors: Agoramoorthy Govindasamy
Published: December 2023

No abstract
The potential for metacommunity effects upon howler monkeys
Authors: Jones Clara B.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Updating the known distribution of the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) in the state of Acre, Brazil
Authors: Bicca-Marques Júlio César , Calegaro-Marques Cláudia
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Priority areas for conservation in the Atlantic forest of north-east Brazil
Authors: Da Fonseca Gustavo A. B. , Cavalcanti Roberto , Santos Ilmar B. , Braga Ricardo
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Mimicry in primates: implications for heterogeneous conditions
Authors: Jones Clara B.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Primates and conservation in the Guajará-Mirim State Park, Rondônia, Brazil
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Lopes M. Aparecida , Neto Ernesto H. Cruz , Silveira M. Aurea E. S. , Ramos Eleildon M. , Ramos Paulo C. M. , Tourinho Daniella M. , Magalhães Nilo F. A.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Behavioral ecology study of red uakari, Cacajao calvus ucayalii, in northeastern Peru
Authors: Leonard Suzi , Bennett Cynthia
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Black lion tamarins in the Central Park Wildlife Center, New York
Authors: Levine Alison
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Cytogenetics, chromosomal evolution, radiation and speciation in spider monkeys
Authors: Medeiros Manuel Alfredo A.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
A species list for the New World primates (platyrrhini): distribution by country, endemism, and conservation status according to the Mace-Land system
Authors: Rylands Anthony B. , Mittermeier Russell A. , Rodríguez Luna Ernesto
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Morphological relationships between the Ka’apor capuchin (Cebus kaapori Queiroz, 1992) and other male Cebus crania: a preliminary report
Authors: Masterson Thomas J.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Primates from the vicinity of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Pereira Ronaldo F. , Gonçalves Adriana M. , Melo Fabiano R. de , Feio Renato N.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
The rep-handed howling monkey in the state of Pernambuco, north-east Brazil
Authors: Almeida Roberval T. , Pimentel Domingos S. , Silva Edmilson M. S.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Aggression between Alouatta caraya males in forest patches in northern Argentina
Authors: Kowalewski Martín , Bravo Susana P. , Zunino Gabriel E.
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Preliminary field study of the red-handed tamarin, Saguinus midas, in French Guiana
Authors: Kessler Philip
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Census of Alouatta fusca and habitat quality in two areas of Atlantic forest in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Hirsch André
Published: December 2023

No abstract
El trafico de monos araña en Mexico: el estudio de un caso
Authors: Rodríguez-Luna Ernesto , Ortiz Liliana Cortés , Espinosa Domingo Canales
Published: December 2023

No abstract
The muriqui in the Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais
Authors: Fontes Marco Aurélio L. , Filho Ary T. Oliveira , Galetti Mauro
Published: December 2023

No abstract
The German Primate Center, Göttingen
Authors: Lankeit Michael
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Taxonomic notes on Ateles geoffroyi
Authors: Silva-López Gilberto , Motta-Gill Johanna , Hernández Alonso I. Sánchez
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Updating the two pleistocene primates from Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Cartelle Castor , Hartwig Walter Carl
Published: December 2023

No abstract
Predator (Mustela nivalis) responses in captive-bred Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Chamove Arnold S.
Published: December 2023

No abstract