bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
standar pengelolaan MTS an-noor
Authors: kamila Hidayatul
Published: January 2020

Tulisan ini adalah mengenai laporan pelaksanaan wawancara pelaksanaan standar pengelolaan di salah satu sekolah yang saya ambil yakni di MTS an-noor. Kunjungan ini saya lakukan kepada bapa maman suparman S,Pd selaku kepala sekolah di sekolah tersebut.Ternyata dari hasil penelitian yang saya lakukan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa standar pengelolaan yang dilaksanakan di MTS an-noor ini berjalan dengan baik.Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui atau mendeskripsikan kenyataan dari kejadian yang di teliti sehingga memudahkan penulis untuk mendapatkan data yang objektif dalam rangka mengetahui dan memahami bagaimanakah pelaksanaan standar pengelolaan pendidikan yang ditinjau dari perencanaan program sekolah pada MTS an-noor. Teknik analisis data ini merupakan upaya menata secara sistematis hasil dari wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi untuk meningkatkan pemahaman peneliti terhadap kasus yang diteliti dan menyajikan sebagai temuan bagi orang lain.
Dampak dan Upaya Penggulangan Gangguan Pernapasan Akibat Paparan Debu di PT Bangun Makmur
Authors: Nikmah Indri Ainun
Published: January 2020

PT. Bangun Makmur is an industrial company that produces asphalt hotmix. The activities are the solving process of stones, and mixing asphalt and aggregate by using Asphal Mixing Plant (AMP) machine. Dust in the most produce in the process of stone breaking. The purpose of this research is to explain respiration disorders because of dust and afford to cure those disorders. The methods performed are qualitative descriptive with an informer as a worker. Results of this study of respiratory disorders that can occur due to exposure to dust over a long period of time so that it settles in the lungs and causes several diseases and efforts that can be performed is with the provision of counseling to workers about the dangers of dust exposure to allow workers to wear masks when they are in the working environment and to conduct regular employee health checks. Dust-induced illness in the workplace is Influenza and chemical Pneumonitis, which is inflammation of the lungs occurring due to inhaling gases and chemicals.
konsep adm pdd
Authors: Devi Saebrina
Published: January 2020

Administrasi pendidikan merupakan salah satu bagian dari dunia pendidikan khususnya di lingkungan sekolah. Administrasi pendidikan diperlukan dikarenakan administrasi pendidikan adalah proses memanfaatkan sumber daya pendidikan melalui kerjasama sejumlah orang dengan melaksanakan fungsi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi, untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan secara efektif dan efisien. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang bercorak library research. metode analisi yang dilalukan dengan pendekatan analisis kualitatif yaitu secara spesifik mencari korelasi, koherensi, dan revalensi, hingga memunculkan kesimpulan yang sesuai dengan tujuan yang diharapkan. dalam penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa guru dalam Administrasi pendidikan ikut mempengaruhi dalam terlaksananya proses belajar mengajar di sekolah.Guru dituntut untuk memiliki wawasan yang memadai terhadap konsep-konsep administrasi pendidikan di sekolah.
hubungan sekolah dengan masyarakat
Authors: aprilaukhti
Published: January 2020

school and community are two inseparable things, because school is a place that helps to educate people to be clear and character, and also the school will not develop if there is no community that supports and encourages the school.
Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis
Authors: Sala Giovanni , Gobet Fernand
Published: January 2020

Music training has repeatedly been claimed to positively impact children’s cognitive skills and academic achievement (literacy and mathematics). This claim relies on the assumption that engaging in intellectually demanding activities fosters particular domain-general cognitive skills, or even general intelligence. The present meta-analytic review (N = 6,984, k = 254, m = 54) shows that this belief is incorrect. Once the quality of study design is controlled for, the overall effect of music training programs is null (g ̅ ≈ 0) and highly consistent across studies (τ2 ≈ 0). Results of Bayesian analyses employing distributional assumptions (informative priors) derived from previous research in cognitive training corroborate these conclusions. Small statistically significant overall effects are obtained only in those studies implementing no random allocation of participants and employing non-active controls (g ̅ ≈ 0.200, p < .001). Interestingly, music training is ineffective regardless of the type of outcome measure (e.g., verbal, non-verbal, speed-related, etc.), participants’ age, and duration of training. Furthermore, we note that, beyond meta-analysis of experimental studies, a considerable amount of cross-sectional evidence indicates that engagement in music has no impact on people’s non-music cognitive skills or academic achievement. We conclude that researchers’ optimism about the benefits of music training is empirically unjustified and stems from misinterpretation of the empirical data and, possibly, confirmation bias.
Aerobic exercise enhances positive emotional reactivity in individuals with depressive symptoms: Evidence from neural responses to reward and emotional content
Authors: Brush Christopher John , Foti Dan , Bocchine Anthony J , Muniz Kristina M , Gooden Matthew J , Spaeth Andrea M , Miller Matthew W , Alderman Brandon
Published: January 2020

Reward sensitivity and emotional reactivity have been identified as two candidate mechanisms of anhedonia in depression. However, there is a paucity of research examining whether deficits in reward sensitivity and emotional reactivity can be modified through brief, behavioral interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on the reward positivity (RewP) and late positive potential (LPP) among individuals reporting variable symptoms of depression. Using a within-subjects design, 66 young adults completed a 30-min session of aerobic exercise and seated rest on separate days. Reward sensitivity and emotional reactivity were assessed following each session using the RewP and LPP event-related brain potentials. Results indicated that the LPP to positive stimuli was potentiated following exercise, while no effect on RewP was observed. Notably, individuals who experienced greater emotional reactivity to positive stimuli following exercise also exhibited increased sensitivity to rewards. Depressive symptom severity failed to moderate any effects, suggesting beneficial effects of acute exercise on positive emotional reactivity across depressive symptom profiles. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise increases emotional engagement to positive stimuli, which may have implications for protecting against the development of anhedonia and resolving the blunted emotional reactivity to positive content in depression.
A Community-Based “Street Team” Tobacco Cessation Intervention by and for Youth and Young Adults
Authors: Saw Anne , Steltenpohl Crystal Nicole
Published: January 2020

Most tobacco users initiate use as youth or young adults. To promote tobacco cessation for this group and encourage non-users’ engagement in tobacco control efforts, a community-based organization developed a “Street Team” brief outreach intervention that enlisted youth and young adults to encourage their peers to stop tobacco use through a brief intervention. Street Team members provided education, a Quit Kit, and referrals to cessation resources at a total of 27 community events over a four-year period. Tobacco users (n = 279) completed assessments of tobacco use, quit intention, and quit self-efficacy at baseline. Self-reports of cessation outcomes including past week abstinence were assessed 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-intervention. Perceptions of the intervention were gathered from Street Team members (n = 28) and intervention participants post-intervention. T-tests and χ2-tests were used to compare those who completed at least one follow-up assessment to those lost to follow-up. Time effects were analyzed using fixed effect models. Missing = using analyses indicate 16.1, 18.6, and 12.5% 7-day quit rate at 1-, 3-, and 6-months follow-up. Feedback from intervention participants indicate the intervention was acceptable and that discussions with Street Team members and provision of quit kits motivated tobacco users to consider quitting. All Street Team members responded positively to their participation in the intervention. This Street Team approach for youth and young adults is promising as an effective approach to the promotion of tobacco cessation among users and engagement and empowerment in tobacco control efforts among non-users.
Foraging Tempo: Human run patterns in multiple target search are constrained by the rate of successive responses.
Authors: Thornton Ian Michael , Nguyen Tram T. N. , Kristjansson Arni
Published: January 2020

Human foraging tasks are beginning to provide new insights into the roles of vision, attention and working memory during complex search, particularly with respect to individual differences. Here, we test the idea that “foraging tempo” -- the rate of successive target selections -- helps determine patterns of behaviour in these tasks. Previously, we established that the majority of target selections during unconstrained foraging happen at regular, rapid intervals, forming the “cruise phase” of a foraging trial. Furthermore, we noted that when the temporal interval between cruise phase responses was longer, the tendency to switch between target categories increased. To directly explore this relationship, we modified our standard iPad foraging task so that observers had to synchronize each response with an auditory metronome signal. Across trials, we increased the tempo and examined how this changed patterns of foraging when targets were defined either by a single feature or by a conjunction of features. The results were very clear. Increasing tempo systematically decreased the tendency for participants to switch between target categories. While this was true for both feature and conjunction trials, there was also evidence that time constraints and target complexity interacted. As in our previous work, we also observed clear individual differences in how participants responded to changes in task difficulty. Overall, our results show that foraging tempo does influence the way participants respond, and we suggest this parameter may prove be useful in further explorations of group and individual strategies during multiple target search.
Determining the Hosting Capacity of Solar Photovoltaic in a Radial Distribution Network Using an Analytical Approach
Authors: Dahal Suraj , Jha Ajay Kumar , Bhattarai Nawraj , Panjiyar Anil Kumar
Published: January 2020

Integrating high photovoltaic (PV) on distribution grid system has a positive impact by significantly reducing the losses and improving the voltage profile at the same time reducing the pollution of the environment However, integrating high proportions of PV in the distribution grid can bring the grid to its operational limits and result in power quality issues. The maximum PV capacity that can be integrated without incurring any grid impacts is referred to as the PV hosting capacity of the grid. This paper intends to evaluate the hosting capacity of solar PV in Dodhara-Chandani (DoC) distribution feeder as one of the feeder of Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS), considering grid parameters and operating condition in Nepal. Three main criteria were investigated for determining the hosting capacity of PV; reverse power flow, maximum voltage deviation of feeder and current carrying limit of conductor. The analysis has been performed by means of static load-flow simulation in Electrical Transient & Analysis Program (ETAP) and coding in MATLAB R2017a. The study shows that PV of rated capacity 687kWp can be installed at a point of interconnection (POI) whereas an optimal placement of solar PV is found to be at 18th node (in between starting and end of the feeder) considering minimum system losses. The minimum voltage profile at end of the feeder has improved by 8 % while the active power loss reduction of network has reduced by 83.6 % after the integration of solar PV. The results indicate voltage at different buses and the ampacity of most of the conductors have been improved after the integration of PV system into DoC feeder.
Participatory Action Research for Learning Chemistry: A Case of Public Schools in Nepal
Authors: Acharya Kamal Prasad
Published: January 2020

The  present  study  reconnoiters  the  application  of  participatory  action  research  (PAR)  in  improving  the  performance  of students  in chemistry  sections. A mixed method research is  employed  focusing PAR as qualitative and experimental as a quantitative with  equivalent  groups. Two  schools were  purposively  selected  (one  leader  and  one  leader)  in Chitwan  and Nawalparasi districts. All the students in the leader school are given intervention. Thirty students from the feeder school are in control group. Intervention was done by laboratory activities in chemistry teaching. PAR approach is used in the leader school during intervention. Pre-test and post-test were used to collect the data. Data are analyzed using inferential statistics: independent student t-test  and  analysis  of  covariance  (ANCOVA).  The result shows that  the  experimental  group outperformed to control group suggesting that PAR approach enhanced performance of lower and high achievers more than the lecture method of teaching.
Reliability Analysis of Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation on c- φ Soil
Authors: Acharya Mahesh , Acharya Indra Prasad
Published: January 2020

Bearing capacity of shallow foundation is a challenging problem for geotechnical engineers. The difficulty comes from multiple sources of uncertainty. Only the uncertainties in Soil properties; unit weight (γ), cohesion(c), and angle of friction (φ) are taken in this study. The Reliability Based Design method is used for the assessment of bearing capacity of shallow foundation by First-and second-order approximation using Taylor’s series expansion and Mathcad Computer program which provide systematic analysis of uncertainties and allow the designer how reliable are their designs. The Terzaghi Bearing capacity equation is used for the analysis along with the certain range of variability (CV %) associated with the variables. For the reliability analysis, to become more realistic two real cases of shallow foundation on c-φ soil has been taken as a sample case.
Energy Scenarios of Household Sector In Panauti Municipality For Sustainable Development and Energy Security
Authors: Dhaubanjar Pramila , Nakarmi Amrit Man , Bajracharya Sushil B.
Published: January 2020

This study aims to analyse energy scenarios of residential sector in Panauti Municipality for sustainable energy development and energy security. This study was done by conducting a questionnaire survey, and was supported by secondary data from various sources. Data analysis was carried out with the help of excel and LEAP software. From the results, total energy consumption of Panauti Municipality is 147 TJ in year 2016 with per capita is 4.72GJ and per capita emission 82kg. The main fuel for consumption in residential sector is firewood with share 44% then followed by LPG with 26% of total energy. Cooking is the most energy intensive end-use, accounting 60% of total energy consumption, followed by animal feed preparation 28%. It was seen that total electrification in all end-use can reduce energy demand by 57% and 35% respectively in AEL and SUD scenario and saved fuel import cost about NRs.235 million. in year 2050. Using nationally available electricity ensures energy security and has co-benefit of emission reduction.
Sustainable Energy Planning for Nepal in the Federal Structure
Authors: Bhusal Shailendra , Nakarmi Amrit Man
Published: January 2020

This paper examined the energy planning in each province, sustainable technology policy interventions in the energy demand and social cost benefit analysis in energy sector for Nepal in the federal structure over the period 2017-2050 using LEAP-IBC modeling framework. Four scenarios were developed, reference, Low economy, accelerated economy and sustainable scenario, former three are based on socioeconomic assumption and later is technology intervention case. In reference scenario, energy consumption will increase by 3 folds from 544 PJ to 1645 PJ during 2017-2050, whereas in sustainable scenario the value expected to increase to 866 PJ by 2050. In the base year 2017, emission is 69 million metrictons of Co2 equivalents whereas per capita emission is 2.36 metric tons. In the reference scenario the carbon emission increases to 178 million Metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2050 whereas per capita carbon emission increases to the 4.06metric ton in the year 2050. In sustainable scenario the carbon emission increases to 21.95 million Metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2030 whereas per capita carbon emission reduces to the 0.64 metric ton in the year 2030 due to the technological policy intervention. The calculated NPV shows that SED scenario is most economically viable with NPV value 7899 million NRS. In sustainable policy scenario efficient as well as new and improved technologies has been considered as a result of which substantial amount of reduction in energy intensities and per capita final energy consumption is achieved. In reference scenario per capita energy consumption 18GJ is increase to 40 GJ and in sustainable scenario is expected to 19GJ by 2050.
Earthquake-Induced Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Assessment of Gorkha District
Authors: Shahi Tapendra Kumar
Published: January 2020

Nepal is very seriously affected by landslides every year causing loss of life and property. Large scale earthquakes that occurred in different time periods such as on 15th January, 1934 or that on 25th April 2015 have proved Nepal as seismically vulnerable -place. Nepal has witnessed several landslides during and after the earthquake events making some areas of land quite vulnerable for settlement and other usages. Therefore in order to minimize the impacts of landslides caused due to earthquakes, highly susceptible locations should be identified and spatial planning is made accordingly. Considering topographic effects in amplification of earthquake ground motion, Uchida et al. (2004) have developed a topographical parameter based empirical description of landslide susceptibility during an earthquake. In this research, the method proposed by Uchida et al. (2004) is utilized in raster GIS and landslide susceptibility analysis is performed in the study area of SulikotGaupalika of Gorkha district, Nepal which was severely hit by several landslides due to “Gorkha Earthquake 2015". The landslide inventory map of SulikotGaupalika due to “Gorkha Earthquake 2015" is obtained and is correlated with landslide susceptibility values as obtained by using Uchida et al. (2004). The analysis shows that the method proposed by Uchida et al. (2004) is more than 68.9% accurate in delineating the probable locations of earthquake induced landslides. By calibrating landslide data and landslide susceptibility values in a small site (i.e. SulikotGaupalika) within the study area, a final landslide susceptibility map is prepared for the whole study area of Gorkha district. The resultant susceptibility map is very useful for planning settlements, development activities and reconstruction planning.
The Incidence of Surgical Site Infection in Acute Non Perforated Appendicitis
Authors: Bhattarai Suraj Raj , Tamrakar Kishor Kumar
Published: January 2020

Background: Appendectomy is the most commonly performed emergency  surgical procedure and has significant morbidity of surgical site infection (SSIs). Regarding this, there are conflicting reports and dilemma on use of optimal duration of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of SSIs after three doses of perioperative prophylactic antibiot­ics (single dose before surgery and two doses postoperatively) after ap­pendectomy in acute non- perforated appendicitis (NPA).

Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in the department of General surgery, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, from May 2018 to April 2019. All the cases received single dose of antibiotics (cef­triaxone and metronidazole) during the induction of anesthesia and two doses of the same antibiotics postoperatively within 24 hours. SSIs was assessed on 2nd and followed up till 7th postoperative day. The data col­lected was analyzed using SPSS version 16.

Results: In the study of 100 patients, who received perioperative three doses of antibiotics, the overall frequency of SSIs on 2nd and 3rd post-operative day were 2% (p=.840) and 6% (p=.539) respectively, which was statistically not significant. In follow up after 3rd postoperative day, there was no evidence of SSIs. Statistically there was no significant difference in the incidence and grade of SSIs between age group, sex and duration of operation.

Conclusions: A combined three doses of perioperative antibiotics was ad­equate for SSIs prevention in patients of any age group and sex with acute NPA after appendectomy in usual operative time.
Total Protein to Creatinine Ratio as an Alternative to Albumin to Creatinine Ratio To Predict Microalbuminuria In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Pokharel Kabita Khaniya , Pradhan Santosh , Shrestha Sweta
Published: January 2020

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus. Early detection of microalbumin in urine plays an im­portant role in preventing the progression to late stages of chronic kidney disease. For a country like Nepal, the cost of assessment of microalbumin in urine is unaffordable by many patients for regular monitoring. Total pro­tein to creatinine ratio (TPCR) might be a cheaper alternative for this. This study assessed the feasibility of using TPCR as an alternative method for predicting microalbuminuria in diabetic patients.

Methods: Type 2 Diabetic patients with age ranging 30-80 years were in­cluded in the study after ethical clearance. Urinary total protein was deter­mined by pyrogallol red method and urinary creatinine by Jaffe’s method. Urine for microalbumin was determined by nephelometry. Relationships between variables were examined by Pearson correlation or Spearman’s correlation analysis as appropriate. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to obtain the cutoff value of TPCR for detection of albuminuria

Results: The mean age of the study population was 55.9 ± 11.8 years. There was significant positive correlation between TPCR and urine albu­min (ρ = 0.56; p <0.01) and between TPCR and ACR (ρ = 0.47; p < 0.01). The regression equation for TPCR and ACR was, ACR = 0.82 TPCR = 70.5, r2 = 0.88. ROC curve analysis showed that the urine TPCR had a sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 58% respectively, for the detection of albuminuria with a cutoff value of 95 mg/g(AUC=0.74, p < 0.01).

Conclusions: TPCR might be the cheaper alternative for the prediction of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Association of Random Blood Sugar with Body Mass Index in Habitants of Suburban Kathmandu District
Authors: Singh Neeti , Sherpa Ang Tshering , Pandey Srijana , Pradhan Amita
Published: January 2020

Background: Diabetes mellitus is increasing in alarming number world­wide. The main predisposing factor being daily lifestyle which leads to obesity and other complications. Early diagnosis and life style modifica­tion among high risk group can decrease the burden of disease. This study was done to find out the random blood sugar level and assess the relationships between body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR) and random blood sugar among the study population.

Methods: A cross sectional study was done using retrospective data collected at the health camp conducted during month of October 2018. The study area was Nagarjun and Chandragiri municipalities of Kath­mandu district. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The chi square test was used to assess relation between BMI,WHR and Random blood sugar.

Results: The number of participants in this study was 274. Majority of the participants, (92.7%) had random blood sugar level 200mg/dl or less. Those having RBS of more than 200mg/dl were 7.3%. Among all participants, 16.06% were obese. Further the obese participants showed high waist hip ratio in 81.8% and 9.1% of them had moderate or low waist hip ratio. Further, 46 participants showed diabetic blood sugar level and were either overweight (39.13%) or obese (28.26%).

Conclusions: This study concluded that those who had diabetic blood sugar level or high waist hip ratio had increases BMI. So such screening and preventive programme should be further expanded and even at clinical level. Additionally, patients must be counseled the reason for measuring BMI and RBS and its application for their health promotion.
Clinical Presentations of Deviated Nasal Septum and Mladina’s Classification
Authors: Thakur Sanjeev Kumar , Yadav Baleshwar , Bedajit Raj Kumar , Anwar Afaque
Published: January 2020

Background: Nasal Septal deviation is a frequently found entity in ENT OPD. The objective of the study was to describe the clinical presentations of deviated nasal septum, classify them according to the Mladina’s system and find out the relation of trauma with the type of septal deviation.

Methods: One hundred fifty cases of septal deviation were classified ac­cording to Mladina’s classification, after thorough interview, nasal exami­nation and nasal endoscopy. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21, after tabulation. Chi-square test was applied as the test of significance.

Results: Out of 150 cases of septal deviation, Male 82 (54.6%) outnum­bered the female patients 68 (45.3%). Most of these patients were of sec­ond and third decade (20-40 years age group). The most common pre­senting complaint was that of nasal obstruction 121(80.6%), headache68 (45.3%) and nasal discharge52(34.6%). 78(52%) of patients revealed his­tory of trauma. Type II 32 (21.3%) and Type V 31 (20.6%) were the com­monest followed by Type III 24(16%).

Conclusions: Nasal septal deviation is a common presentation in ENT OPD. Mladina’s classification found Type II and Type V to be quite common. Na­sal obstruction, headache and rhinorrhea are frequent associated com­plaints. Nasal endoscopy is very important for the diagnosis, especially of posterior deflections.
Nurses’ Knowledge on Post Exposure Prophylaxis for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Sharma Kalpana , Adhikari Sabina
Published: January 2020

Background: Nurses are most vulnerable group for having Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection from blood and body fluids. These infections are prevent­able if the nurses have proper knowledge regarding Post Exposure Prophy­laxis (PEP) for hepatitis B virus infections and utilize the PEP services. This study aimed to find out the nurses’ knowledge on PEP for HBV infection.

Methods: A descriptive survey design was carried out among 116 random­ly selected nurses working in different wards of tertiary care hospital. Data was collected from July 8th 2018 to 21st July 2018 using pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the variables and chi-square test was applied to explore the association between variables.

Results: Results of the study revealed that only 22.4% nurses had good, 21.6% had average, and 56.0% had poor knowledge on PEP for HBV. Majority (68.1%) of the nurses knew about the testing of HBsAg serum antigen after exposure. However, few nurses had knowledge on risk per­centage of getting infection (29.3%), contact person for risk assessment (33.6%), constituents of PEP (29.9%), and PEP treatment for unvaccinat­ed/incompletely vaccinated nurse in case of positive (38.8%) and negative (34.5%) sources. Moreover, working unit (p=0.037) and working experi­ence (p=0.027) were the significant variables associated with the level of knowledge on PEP.

Conclusions: More than half of nurses’ have poor knowledge on PEP for hepatitis B virus. Hence, there is need of regular in-service education and training for nurses on PEP for HBV to enhance their knowledge and to pre­vent potential infections.
Adequacy of Three Dimensional Miniplate In Treatment Of Mandibular Fracture In Interforaminal Region
Authors: Singh Vivek , Giri Ritesh
Published: January 2020

Background: Mandible is one of the commonly fractured bone due to trauma, assault and falls. Treatment includes closed and open methods. Methods of open reduction and internal fixation have changed and di­versified enormously in the past few years. Champy’s miniplate fixation, dynamic compression plating has become a standard approach. More recently, three dimensional miniplates have been developed by Farmand which may be effectively used in mandibular fractures. The aim of this study was to check the adequacy of three dimensional miniplate in man­agement of mandibular fracture occurring in the interforaminal region.

Methods: A prospective clinical study was carried out in patients attend­ing Emergency Department and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital (NMCTH) suffer­ing from mandibular fractures in interforaminal region from May 2018 to January 2019.

Results: A total of 17 patients with 18 fracture in interforaminal region, all male were included in the study. The age ranged from 16 to 50 years with a mean of 29.17 ± 9.48. Road traffic accident was the leading cause of injury with 15 out of 17 patients (88.23%). There was no incidence of wound infection, wound dehiscence, malunion, nonunion, plate fracture within the follow up period of 3 months. One fracture was unstable on 1st postoperative day and also had mildly deranged occlusion which was man­aged with intermaxillary fixation for two weeks.

Conclusions: Three dimensional plates fulfills the treatment goals of ad­equate stabilization and fixation of mandibular interforaminal fractures.
Serum uric acid in patients with abnormal thyroid functions: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Bhattarai Kushal , Manandhar Nilu
Published: January 2020

Background: Hyperuricemia, a pathologic consequence of over-production or under-excretion of uric acid, is a common biochemical picture in thyroid dysfunctions. This study was designed to determine the serum uric acid levels and the prevalence rates of hyperuricemia in thyroid dysfunctions.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Chitwan in which Serum uric acid concentrations of male and female participants, 30 years or older with the diagnosis of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism were estimated. Hyperuricemia was defined as uric acid levels >6.8mg/dL (males) and >6.0 mg/dL (females). Descriptive statistics using frequency with percentage and inferential statistics using parametric and non-parametric tests were used.

Results: In the total 249 participants, the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 30.5% (32.9% in hyperthyroid and 26.1% in hypothyroid patients). Similarly, the mean serum uric acid levels in these patients was 5.46 ± 1.88mg/dL (5.60 ± 1.71 in hyperthyroid and 5.20 ± 2.13mg/dL in hypothyroid patients). Hyperuricemia was present in 32.6% of the female and 27.6% of the male patients. Likewise, the rate was 28.1% in 30–40 years old, 30.0% in 40–50 years old, 30.9% in 50–60 years old, and 32.8% in >=60 years old participants. There was no significant association between hyperuricemia and age or gender in overall participants and in participants of either of the two groups of thyroid dysfunctions (p>0.05).

Conclusions: The reported prevalence of hyperuricemia in thyroid dysfunctions justifies the need of further studies to understand the causal relationship between thyroid status and serum uric acid.
Anatomical variation of intrahepatic biliary duct in cadaveric liver
Authors: Khatiwada Sushma , Adhikari Budhi Nath , Shrestha Iju
Published: January 2020

Background: Hepatobiliary system has many variations. Use of cadavers, intraoperative data and various imaging modalities are the commonly employed techniques for determining the anatomy of intrahepatic bile ducts. The vivid picture of hepatobiliary system is a must for hepatobiliary surgery and identification of frequency distribution of typical and atypical pattern and different types of atypical pattern are vital. This study aimed to uncover its frequency distribution and also to recognize the variations therein.

Methods: An observational study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital from July 2013 to June 2014 by taking 50 complete human cadaveric livers without evidence of injuries or previous operations. Livers were dissected, duct traced, colored, photographed and the findings were entered in a proforma.

Results: Out of 50 dissected livers, 32 showed typical pattern (Type A, 64%) whereas 18 liver showed atypical pattern of confluence (36%). The type B pattern was seen in 6 (12%) and type C was seen in 8 of them (16%). Of these 8 cases, subtype C1 was observed in 6 livers (12%) and subtype C2 was found in 2 livers (4%). Type D was seen in 3 livers (6%). and all of them were of the subtype D1. There were no cases of subtype D2 and of type E. Type F was observed in a single case (2%).

Conclusions: An accurate knowledge of the anatomical variations of the intrahepatic biliary tree is important for a successful hepatobiliay surgery.
Radiographic study of mental foramen in Chitwan population
Authors: Thakur Smriti Narayan , Mishra Meena Kumari , Pandey Basuraj , Singh Harendra , Mishra Shrijana
Published: January 2020

Background: Knowledge about the type & position of mental foramen is very much important landmark for dentists to perform any surgical procedure in the vicinity of mental foramen. The pur­pose of this study was to determine the most frequently occurring type & position of the mental foramen in Chitwan population using digital Panoramic Radiograph.

Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 500 (250 Male& 250 Female) digital panoramic radiograph which were collected from the department of Oral Medicine & Radi­ology. The type & position of Mental Foramen was analysed with Dicom viewer. The data obtained was statistically analyzed by with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS Version 20.

Result: The most common type of mental foramen was Type 3 (diffuse with a distinct border of the foramen) & the test showed significant difference by gender. The most common position of mental foramen was position 4 (in line with second premolar) followed by position 3 (Between the first & second premolar) with no significant difference with gender with p-value <0.05.

Conclusions: This study shows that the most frequent appearance of mental foramen lies in the line of second premolar. So this finding is used as a guide line in Chitwan population to perform various type of dental surgical procedure safely in mental foramen region but the accurate radio­graphic identification of mental foramen is paramount.
Emergency Department length of stay and disposal of patients in Chitwan medical college, Nepal
Authors: Lamsal Daya Ram , Raut Krishna Bahadur , Adhikari Parash
Published: January 2020

Background: Measuring patients Length of Stay (LOS) in the emergency Department (ED) is one of the assessments of quality indicators in terms of clinical, managerial and public satisfaction pro­spective. Waiting time standard is defined and its impact is analyzed in many hospitals especially in developed countries. Policy of emergency operations to reduce length of stay helps to manage overcrowding, spares time to treat critical patient and minimize preventable death. The study was done to assess length of stay and disposal of patients visiting emergency department in Chitwan Medical College.

Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted from 01/10/2018 to 30/09/2019 at Chitwan Medical college, Nepal. Patients electronic records were retrieved from medical record section of all patients visiting to emergency department. Ethical approval was obtained from ethical review committee.

Results: Medial Length of Stay (LOS) was 3.84 hours (Interquartile range 0.4 hours to 84 hours) 54.54% discharged, 40.83% admitted from ED.

Conclusion: Median Length of Stay (LOS) in the Emergency Department (ED) was 3.84 hours which is satisfactory as compared to similar studies. Majority of patients discharged after treatment from ED.
An unusual case of buried broken exodontia instrument in inferior alveolar canal
Authors: Mishra Ravish , Yadav Deepak , Kandel Laxmi , Tripathi Shashank , Singh Sunil Kumar , Shubham Snigdha , Dutta Kishor
Published: January 2020

Exodontia is a routine procedure in dental practice. Despite of adequate effort to perform the pro­cedure with proper technique, some mishap may happen when defective or substandard instru­ments are used. This article reports a symptomatic case of lip paresthesia since 1 month who had undergone attempted surgical extraction of third molar in remote dental hospital. On examination there was presence of retained fractured third molar with exodontia instrument tip in inferior alveolar canal and is very uncommon surgical complications and not much reported in literatures. Patient was not aware of the condition till Orthopantomogram (OPG) was done which revealed presence of approximately 1.5 cm instrument tip in inferior alveolar canal. Third molar and in­strument tip were successfully retrieved from canal under local anesthesia. Rarely, instruments breakage may occur during surgical procedures. It is the duty of every operating dental surgeon to check surgical instruments for signs of breakage and be prepared to solve a possible emergency. Retained fragments should be carefully studied prior to attempt of removal.
Lymphoepithelial cyst of the parotid in HIV negative individual: a case report
Authors: Amatya Paras Raj , Limbu Tilak Raj , Baral Sovit Jung , Bastakoti Shankar
Published: January 2020

Benign Lymphoepithelial cyst (BLEC) of parotid gland are more common in HIV positive patients and is rare in HIV negative individuals. We present a 16-year-old HIV negative female who pre­sented with a painless, gradually increasing swelling in the left parotid region. Excisional biopsy was done and HPE showed benign lymphoepithelial cysts. The rarity of this lesion in a HIV negative patient is the main reason for reporting this case.
Cephalometric evaluation of Brahmins of Kathmandu, Nepal based on Jarabak’s analysis
Authors: Pokharel Mona , Shrestha Situ Lal
Published: January 2020

Background: The cephalometric norms derived from Caucasian population shows a great degree of variation when applied to different population.

Objectives: The present research was performed with the objective of determining cephalometric norms of Brahmins of Nepal based on Jarabak’s analysis, to evaluate the variability between male and female and to compare the cephalometric norms with Caucasians.

Methodology: Lateral cephalogram of 108 non-growing patients which consisted of 63 females and 45 males ofNepalese Brahmins who met our inclusion criteria were traced manually. Thirteen craniofacial parameters of Jarabak’s analysis were measured.

Results: The comparison between Brahmin populations of Nepal with the Caucasian population showed statistically significant difference in ten out of thirteen parameters. The comparison between Nepalese male Brahmins and female Brahmins showed that there were statistically significant differences in eleven out of thirteen parameters.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that there exists sexual and ethnic dimorphism in craniofacial features. The findings of the study highlight the fact that Brahmin population is significantly different from Caucasian population. Females presented with smaller craniofacial variable than male when gender comparison was performed among Nepalese Brahmins male and female. This research has helped to generate knowledge and understanding of craniofacial features of Nepalese Brahmins and derived norms for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
Stylistyka nagrobków cmentarza dla zwierząt „Psi Los”
Authors: Najdecka Anna
Published: January 2020

Zmiany w myśleniu o świecie manifestują się w zmianach dokonujących się w języku. Cmentarz dla zwierząt jest dobrym polem do obserwacji zmieniających się ludzko-zwierzęcych relacji. Bardzo różnorodne formy nagrobków i treść widniejących na nich inskrypcji, nieobwarowane formalnymi regulacjami czy jednolitą konwencją – choć niewątpliwie inspirowane wzorcem ludzkiego cmentarza – są świadectwem szczególnych więzi (przywiązania, przyjaźni, miłości), jakie łączyły zmarłe zwierzęta z ich opiekunami. Również świetnie dokumentują to, jak stopniowo zmienia się społeczny i kulturowy status zwierząt towarzyszących człowiekowi – jak przestają być one jedynie pozbawioną duszy żywą własnością, a stają się osobami, pełnoprawnymi członkami rodzin, zyskując prawo do szacunku, pamięci i godnego pochówku. Jednak zmiana ta jest procesem, który budzi opór, przejawiający się w próbach językowego rozdzielenia ludzkiej i zwierzęcej śmierci.
Zwierzęce cmentarze jako miejsca performansu kulturowego
Authors: Kwiecień Arkadiusz
Published: January 2020

Using the tools and definitions provided by performance studies (Richard Schechner, Jon McKenzie, Erika Fischer-Lichte, Małgorzata Sugiera, Dariusz Kosiński and others) as well as by newer post-human turn (Ewa Domańska) the author analyses the phenomenon of burying domestic animals on sites located on the outskirts of populated areas (resembling the old cholera graveyards). Animal burial sites are denied the term ‘cemetery’ by official legislation which reserves the notion only for human necropolises. Almost every suggestion of establishing an animal cemetery in Poland is met with highly emotional reactions and protests. Itself being acts of social performance, the protests evoke burial as a social performance art, where the community participates in an event based on a standard Christian funeral ceremony. The unstandardized character of the animal’s funeral challenges this view. In the act of animal burial an oppressive gaze of a society is juxtaposed with an intimate one. The confrontation becomes a chance for the society for a self-reflection and transformation. Hence one may prove that the animal burials have a significant performative power and can have social and cultural impact.
Mechanizmy śmierci od komórki do całego organizmu
Authors: Ciesielska Sylwia
Published: January 2020

In vitro studies are alternative for in vivo studies carried on living organisms. They involve cell populations for both normal and cancer cells. The processes inside cells might be base for defining whole body processes. Starting with fundamental unit of every living organism which is cell, we can distinguish two main types of cell death – apoptosis and necrosis. Human organism is built from 1013–1014 cells of 300 different cell types. During cell division new cells are created and their number is strictly controlled in programmed cell death – apoptosis. Mainly old or damaged cells commit suicide and are removed from organism. This is natural phenomenon and every change in mechanisms of proliferation or apoptosis cause changes and damage in whole organism. Homeostasis in organism depends on correct action of death and survival system. The patterns of equilibrium in nature relies on similar regulation profiles, in which it is similar to death of singular organisms in population or species. It implicates death as natural phenomenon maintaining balance in the world.
Żywe – nie żywe: mózgowe organoidy i doświadczenia na zwierzętach
Authors: Kozhevnikova Magdalena
Published: January 2020

W artykule na przykładzie stworzonego przez Kevina Warwicka robota z żywym mózgiem (Robot Gordon), rozpatruje się zjawisko tworzenia mózgowych organoid, których jednym z zastosowań może być zastąpienie zwierząt laboratoryjnych w eksperymentach neurologicznych. Pozostaje jednak pytanie, czy możliwe jest porównanie organoidów mózgowych i nie-mózgowych (organów na chipie). Według autora artykułu użycie izolowanego mózgu jest wątpliwe z etycznego punktu widzenia. Wraz z postępem technologii tworzone w laboratoriach mózgowe organoidy staną się bardziej skomplikowane, co może doprowadzić do sytuacji, w której stworzony zostanie świadomy podmiot, a jego cierpienie pozostanie niezauważone.
Zwierzęta wobec śmierci
Authors: Pasieka Paweł
Published: January 2020

Jeszcze do niedawna szacowna mądrość utrzymywała, iż przywilejem ludzi jest nie tylko poznawać rzeczywistość przy pomocy rozumu i mowy, lecz żyć ze świadomością własnej śmiertelności. Ranga, jaką nadawano śmierci oraz doświadczeniu umierania wynikała stąd, iż ludzka kultura jest nie tylko na wiele sposobów związana z tym tragicznym doświadczeniem, ale dla wielu wprost z niego wynika. Bez świadomości śmierci nie byłoby kultury i jej trwałych osiągnięć. Jej istnienie stanowi paradoksalny efekt trapiącej nas tanatofobii. Współcześnie istnieje coraz więcej dowodów na to, że zwierzęta również w jakiś sposób doświadczają śmierci. Zmiany w ich zachowaniu i nastroju mogą być motywowane różnymi czynnikami, lecz nie sposób zaprzeczyć, że śmierć innego osobnika nie wywiera na nich żadnego wpływu. Wiele wskazuje na to, że ma on trwały skutek, gdyż uczucia smutku, żalu, a nawet głębokiej depresji będące następstwem tego wydarzenia stanowią ważne czynniki utrwalające łączące je więzi emocjonalne i społeczne. Nawet jeśli ich requiem ma formę skowytu i jęku, to nie znaczy, że jest tylko nic nie znaczącą zmarszczką na oceanie ich bezrozumnego i niezakłóconego trwania.
Животные на заклании (по повести Ивана Шмелева Солнце мертвых)
Authors: Smirnova Alfia
Published: January 2020

Zwierzęta składane w ofierze(na podstawie noweli Iwana Szmielowa Słońce umarłych)
Artykuł zawiera analizę najtragiczniejszego dzieła Iwana Szmielowa – „epopei” Słońce umarłych, opisującego ostatnie chwile wojny domowej w Rosji. Tragizm opowieści, wybrzmiewający w tytule, narasta stopniowo i nasila się wraz z rozwojem akcji, realizując się w motywach przetrwania-umierania oraz zbliżającej się apokalipsy. W obrazie ginącego świata zwierzęta odgrywają wyjątkową rolę, są pierwszymi stworzeniami, które składane są w ofierze – niezależnie od tego, czy są to ptaki (paw, orły, jastrząb, gołębie itp.), czy zwierzęta domowe (koń, krowa, pies, kot). W zrozumieniu ich losów szczególną funkcję pełnią zoonimy, które pozwalają na personifikację każdego ze zwierząt i podkreślają wartość życia wszystkich stworzeń.
Aristeus and Thanatos. Samuel Beckett’s Insect Poetics Creepy
Authors: Kisiel Michał
Published: January 2020

In the broadest possible terms, this paper aims at exploring the relation between death and insects in Samuel Beckett with a special emphasis put on the fact that it is insects that form one of the most repetitive and complex animal figures in his oeuvre. Surprisingly, his otherwise desolate and bleak spaces – despite the inherent anthropocentric framework they are founded on – are inhabited by the plethora of nonhuman species. Insects are here no exception; Beckett’s writings are abundant in references to flies, bees, hornets, wasps, or ants. The paper begins with confronting Alain Badiou’s take on Beckett with Rosi Braidotti’s and Giorgio Agamben’s theories, including the anthropological machine. It is argued that, contrary to the human figures condemned to ceaseless agony and torment deprived of the ultimate horizon of death, insects belong entirely to the realm of death in Beckett; in other words, they struggle to breach through the wall of life. In order to prove that, I discuss the unclear ontological status of Worm in The Unnamable. Moreover, the paper reconstructs Moran’s relation to his bees, depicted in Molloy, including his insightful study of the waggle dance and the discovery of their cadavers. Finally, the paper focuses on the logic of a swarm, which Beckett seems to be fascinated with, and the metonymies of insect tropes and technology, whose Thanatic aspects disclose the unsettling connections between humans and nonhumans in Beckett’s works.