bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematics is (mostly) Analytic
Authors: Lavers Gregory
Published: January 2025

This Element outlines and defends an account of analyticity according to which mathematics is, for the most part, analytic. The author begins by looking at Quine's arguments against the concepts of analyticity. He shows how Quine's position on analyticity is related to his view on explication and shows how this suggests a way of defining analyticity that would meet Quine's own standards for explication. The author then looks at Boghossian and his distinction between epistemic and metaphysical accounts of analyticity. Here he argues that there is a straightforward way of eliminating the confusion Boghossian sees with what he calls metaphysical accounts. The author demonstrates that the epistemic dimension of his epistemic account is almost entirely superfluous. The author then discusses how analyticity is related to truth, necessity, and questions of ontology. Finally, he discusses the vagueness of analyticity and also the relation of analyticity to the axiomatic method in mathematics.
The Eternal Wanderer
Authors: Going Mary
Published: January 2025

The Eternal Wanderer: Christian Negotiations in the Gothic Mode provides new ways of reading the Gothicisation of the Wandering Jew. It argues that early Gothic writing conjured iterations of this figure that reimagine and revise him, adding Gothic layers to a popular Christian myth that refuses to die. Drawing on the work of Carol Margaret Davison, Lisa Lampert-Weissig and Galit Hasan-Roken and Alan Dundes, whose studies trace the myth's development across history, folklore and literature, this Element studies the figure as an antisemitic, palimpsestic Derridean spectre and establishes early Gothic writing as a significant development in his continued spectral existence. By reading the production of the Wandering Jew in conversation with his historical and theological contexts, and employing theoretical traditions of spectralisation according to Jacques Derrida and Steven F. Kruger, this Element provides a dedicated account of Gothic iterations of this figure and examines its alchemical, Faustian and theological figurations.
Learner Language, Discourse and Interaction
Authors: McEnery Tony , Clarke Isobelle , Brookes Gavin
Published: January 2025

How do language learners interact with those who already speak the language they are learning? It is more than just a question of learning vocabulary and grammars – learners also need to learn how to put together conversations in their new language and to vary the way they interact across different contexts. This book shows, using millions of words of data, how this happens. It is the first large scale, corpus-based exploration of the discourse macro-structures in conversational interaction between L1 and L2 speakers, and explores three corpora to show, in spoken interaction with L1 speakers across a range of tasks, the dynamics of discourse construction. Considering factors including cultural background, task and proficiency, it characterises the repertoire of discourse functions used in these interactions and shows how they vary according to a range of variables. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Who Owns Literature?
Authors: Tylus Jane
Published: January 2025

Interest in material culture has produced a rigorous body of scholarship that considers the dynamics of licensing, permissions, and patronage - an ongoing history of the estrangement of works from their authors. Additionally, translation studies is enabling new ways to think about the emergence of European vernaculars and the reappropriation of classical and early Christian texts. This Element emerges from these intersecting stories. How did early modern authors say goodbye to their works; how do translators and editors articulate their duty to the dead or those incapable of caring for their work; what happens once censorship is invoked in the name of other forms of protection? The notion of the work as orphan, sent out and unable to return to its author, will take us from Horace to Dante, Montaigne, Anne Bradstreet, and others as we reflect on the relevance of the vocabularies of loss, charity, and licence for literature.
Visualizing Christ's Miracles in Late Byzantium
Authors: Rossi Maria Alessia
Published: January 2025

This book investigates the political and spiritual agenda behind monumental paintings of Christ's miracles in late Byzantine churches in Constantinople, Mystras, Thessaloniki, Mount Athos, Ohrid, and Kastoria. It is the first exhaustive examination of Christ's miracles in monumental decoration, offering a comparative and detailed analysis of their selection, grouping, and layout and redefining the significance of this diverse and unique iconography in the early Palaiologan period. Maria Alessia Rossi argues that these painted cycles were carefully and inventively crafted by the cultural milieu, secular and religious, surrounding Emperor Andronikos II (r. 1282–1328) at a time of ferment in the early Palaiologan era. Furthermore, by adopting an interdisciplinary approach, she demonstrates that the novel flowering of Christ's miracles in art was not an isolated phenomenon, but rather emerged as part of a larger surge in literary commissions, and reveals how miracles became a tool to rewrite history and promote Orthodoxy.
Fundamentals of Turbulent Flows
Authors: Moin Parviz , Chan W. H. Ronald
Published: January 2025

This succinct introduction to the fundamental physical principles of turbulence provides a modern perspective through statistical theory, experiments, and high-fidelity numerical simulations. It describes classical concepts of turbulence and offers new computational perspectives on their interpretation based on numerical simulation databases, introducing students to phenomena at a wide range of scales. Unique, practical, multi-part physics-based exercises use realistic data of canonical turbulent flows developed by the Stanford Center for Turbulence Research to equip students with hands-on experience with practical and predictive analysis tools. Over 20 case studies spanning real-world settings such as wind farms and airplanes, color illustrations, and color-coded pedagogy support student learning. Accompanied by downloadable datasets, and solutions for instructors, this is the ideal introduction for students in aerospace, civil, environmental, and mechanical engineering and the physical sciences studying a graduate-level one-semester course on turbulence, advanced fluid mechanics, and turbulence simulation.
Trilogues
Authors: Rugge Giacomo
Published: January 2025

The events of the last ten years have shaken the “permissive consensus” that kept the European integration process going for many years. 'Output democracy', as based on decisions presumably meeting the needs of the citizens, is no longer enough to obtain public support. Never before has a process-oriented approach to European democracy been more urgent. This book aims to address this urgency, by providing an account of the European legislative process that is less conventional and does justice to the democratic potential inherent in trilogues. In particular, this book provides: a comprehensive reconstruction of the workings of trilogues, relying on internal documents collected through a series of access to documents requests; gives meaning to the legal notion of informality, understood as one of the most defining, although elusive, features of trilogues; squares the practice of trilogues with the European democratic order of the Treaties, showing that such a practice is compatible with a model of 'negotiation democracy'.
Modernism, Aesthetics and Anthropology
Authors: Hoffmann John
Published: January 2025

John Hoffmann argues that a combination of aesthetics and anthropology allowed modernist writers to challenge social hierarchies they associated with the nineteenth century. He shows how Enlightenment philosophers synthesized the two discourses and how modernists working in the early twentieth century then took up this synthesis to dispute categories of social difference that had been naturalized, and thus legitimized, by pre-evolutionary and Darwinian anthropological theories. The book brings a range of new insights to major topics in modernist studies, revealing neglected continental sources for Irish anti-colonialism, the aesthetic contours of Zionism in the era of Mandatory Palestine, and the influence of German idealism on critiques of racism following World War I. Working over a long historical durée, Hoffmann surveys the ways aesthetics has been used, and misused, to construct and contest social hierarchies grounded in anthropological distinctions.
The Global Legend of Prester John
Authors: Taylor Christopher E.
Published: January 2025

The Global Legend of Prester John delves into the enduring fascination with Prester John, an unreachable, collectively-imagined Christian priest-king who figured prominently in Europe's entrance into an interconnected global world. This Element draws on “The International Prester John Project,” an archive of Prester John narratives, from papal epistles to missionary diaries to Marvel comics, all of which respond to the Christian heterotopia promised in the twelfth-century Letter of Prester John. During the medieval and early modern periods, the desire to legitimize the letter's contents influenced military tactics and papal policy while serving as a cultural touchstone for medieval maps, travel narratives, and romance tales. By providing an overview of distinct narrative paths the legend took along with an analysis of the themes of malleability and elasticity within and across these paths, this Element addresses how belief in Prester John persisted for six centuries despite a lack of evidence.
Robert Wedderburn, Abolition, and the Commons
Authors: Castellano Katey
Published: January 2025

Building on scholarship in Romanticism, Black studies, and environmental humanities, this book follows the political thought of Robert Wedderburn, a Black Romantic-era writer. Wedderburn was deeply influenced by his enslaved mother and grandmother, who raised him in Jamaica. After migrating to London, he became a key figure in ultraradical circles and was prosecuted by the British government for blasphemous libel. Wedderburn's vision for abolition from below sought to forge a transatlantic alliance between English agrarian radicals and enslaved people in the Caribbean. Instead of emancipation administered by British colonial and commercial interests, Wedderburn championed the ecological projects of enslaved and Maroon communities in the Caribbean as models for liberation. His stories of Black, place-based opposition to slavery provide an innovative lens for rereading significant aspects of the Romantic period, including the abolition of slavery, landscape aesthetics, and nineteenth-century radical politics.
The Last Caravan
Authors: Pétriat Philippe
Published: January 2025

What can travelling camels tell us about the history of the interior of the Middle East? In this innovative book Philippe Pétriat demonstrates how caravans - groups of travellers, often on trade expeditions, journeying together for mutual protection in hostile regions - are essential to understanding the history of the inside territories of the Ottoman Empire with its neighbours. From the first use of camels in transport, through to the decline of the caravan from the 1930s onwards, Pétriat reconstructs the land routes of these travellers through vast steppes and deserts in captivating detail. Moving discussions of the political economy of the Ottoman and post-Ottoman Middle East beyond analysis of the coastal regions and maritime exchanges with Western countries, The Last Caravan instead reveals the pivotal importance of the Ottoman and Arab merchants in the suburbs of the cities and the rural markets and the travelling nomads and the animals that supported them.
Civic Death in Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Sertdemir Seçkin
Published: January 2025

What does it mean for a government to declare its citizens 'dead' while they still live? Following the failed 2016 coup, the Turkish AKP government implemented sweeping powers against some 152,000 of its citizens. These Kanun hükmünde kararnameli ('emergency decreed') were dismissed from their positions and banned for life from public service. With their citizenship rights revoked, Seçkin Sertdemir argues these individuals were rendered into a state of 'civic death'. This study considers how these authoritarian securitisation methods took shape, shedding light on the lived experiences of targeted people. Bringing together approaches from political philosophy, social anthropology, and sociology, Sertdemir outlines the approaches and justifications used by the Turkish government to dismiss opponents, increase surveillance, and brand citizens as 'terrorists'. At the same time, extensive archival research and in-depth interviews bring focus to the impact of these measures on the lives of women, and the disabled and LGBTQ+ communities.
Human Salvation in Early Christianity
Authors: Scully Ellen
Published: January 2025

Human salvation has been at the heart of Christian theological debate ever since the earliest centuries of Christianity. In this period, some Christians argued that because all of humanity falls in Adam, the incarnation of Christ, who is the second Adam, must also have a universal effect. Ellen Scully here presents the first historical study of Early Christian theology regarding physicalist soteriology, a logic by which Christ's incarnation has universal effects independent of individual belief or consent. Analyzing the writings of Athanasius, Hilary of Poitiers, Marius Victorinus, Gregory of Nyssa, Cyril of Alexandria, and Maximus the Confessor, she offers an overview of the historical rise and fall of the theological logic of physicalist soteriology. Scully also provides an analysis of how Early Christian theological debates concerning ascetism and ensoulment models have caused Christian narratives of salvation history to become individualistic, and suggests how a contemporary study of physicalist soteriology can help reverse this trend.
Outsight
Authors: Vallée-Tourangeau Frédéric
Published: January 2025

The way we understand creativity in psychology is built on a fundamental asymmetry between people and objects: people have thoughts, intentions, and the ability to act, while objects lack these qualities. However, despite this distinction, objects that are created communicate with their creator. During the process of creation, objects being formed by the creator take on certain characteristics and behave in certain ways, resulting in a kind of conversation between the person working on solving a problem and the results physically produced. In essence, while the traditional view focuses on the person's thoughts and intentions as the driving force of creativity, the dialogue between the creative individual and the evolving product of their work is overlooked. This Element proposes a methodology and theoretical vocabulary that restore the role of objects in the dynamic unfolding of creative problem solving. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Economies of the Inca World
Authors: Covey R. Alan , Dalton Jordan A.
Published: January 2025

The Inca Empire (c. 1400–1532) was the largest Indigenous state to develop in the Americas, spanning the extraordinarily rich landscapes of the central Andes. Scholarly approaches to Inca-era economies initially drew on Spanish colonial documents that emphasized royal resource monopolies, labor tribute, and kin-based land tenure. Anthropologists in recent decades have emphasized local economic self-sufficiency and the role of reciprocity in Inca economics. This Element adds to the existing literature by reviewing recent archaeological research in the Inca capital region and different provinces. The material evidence and documents indicate considerable variation in the development and implementation of Inca political economy, reflecting an array of local economic practices that were tailored to different Andean environments. Although Inca economic development downplayed interregional trade, emerging evidence indicates the existence of more specialized trading practices in Inca peripheral regions, some of which persisted under imperial rule.
Court-Ordered Community Service
Authors: Nesbit Rebecca , Young Choi Su , Clay-Warner Jody
Published: January 2025

Community service is a common court-ordered sanction in many countries. Individuals sentenced to community service must work a specified number of uncompensated hours at an approved community agency, typically as a condition of probation. A core expectation of court-ordered community service is that the community agencies benefit from this labor. However, very little research examines the organizational and interpersonal dynamics involved when community organizations work with court-ordered community service workers. What are local public and nonprofit organizations' experiences with court-ordered community service workers? How do the workers, themselves, experience court-ordered community service within community agencies? We address these questions through interviews with 31 volunteer managers and 34 court-ordered community service workers in two court jurisdictions in Northeast Georgia. We frame our findings within the volunteer management literature and suggest practices that could improve experiences for both the court-ordered community service worker and the community organization.
Russian Imperialism and the Medieval Past
Authors: Foletti Ivan
Published: January 2025

Vladimir Putin justifies his imperialist policy by use of the past. For him, Russia has always been an Empire and must remain so. The story of Russian imperialism has deep historical roots, and this book shows how Byzantium, the most powerful medieval and Christian empire, is repeatedly presented in Russian history as the source of the empire's imperial legitimacy.

The author reflects on the role of art and the humanities (especially history and art history) within the power ambitions of regimes and political parties over the last two centuries as tools for the repeated reinvention of an empire's identity; an identity built on a multitude of invented pasts. Within this self-referential narrative, Byzantium becomes the ultimate authority justifying the aggression of the Russian state, and Orthodox belief becomes the bridge linking the medieval past with the present. One of the paradoxes of this narrative is the use of the same past by regimes as different as those of the last Romanovs, Stalin, and Putin, leading to a fundamental question: does this propaganda image really underlie the core identity of Russia?
Distributed energy balance, mass balance and climate sensitivity of upper Chandra Basin glaciers, western Himalaya
Authors: Oulkar Sunil N. , Sharma Parmanand , Pratap Bhanu , Thamban Meloth , Laha Sourav , Patel Lavkush Kumar , Singh Ajit T.
Published: January 2025

Glacier and snow melt are the primary sources of water for streams, and rivers in upper Indus region of the western Himalaya. However, the magnitude of runoff from this glacierized basin is expected to vary with the available energy in the catchment. Here, we used a physically based energy balance model to estimate the surface energy and surface mass balance (SMB) of the upper Chandra Basin glaciers for 7 hydrological years from 2015 to 2022. A strong seasonality is observed, with net radiation being the dominant energy flux in the summer, while latent and sensible heat flux dominated in the winter. The estimated mean annual SMB of the upper Chandra Basin glaciers is −0.51 ± 0.28 m w.e. a−1, with a cumulative SMB of −3.54 m w.e during 7 years from 2015 to 2022. We find that the geographical factors like aspect, slope, size and elevation of the glacier contribute towards the spatial variability of SMB within the study region. The findings reveal that a 42% increase in precipitation is necessary to counteract the additional mass loss resulting from a 1°C increase in air temperature for the upper Chandra Basin glaciers.
Building a diverse national research advisory board
Authors: Valensky Gayle , Pawelek Jeff B. , Serpico Lauren , Rodriguez David , Pieters Maribel , Perez Yulissa , Vogel Julia Moore
Published: January 2025

In healthcare and medical research, advisory boards are now commonplace, but most boards consist of a relatively homogenous, geographically collocated group, often demonstrating demographic imbalance. It is crucial to include individuals from diverse backgrounds on community advisory boards for healthcare and medical research to address ongoing health disparities and ensure studies are more culturally competent so that we can achieve more inclusive representation. We conducted purposeful recruitment to attract a demographically diverse group of community members across the United States (U.S.) to partner with the All of Us Research Program to inform our strategies including program recruitment, engagement, retention, and incentives. Recruitment of a diverse group of advisors and purposeful community building has created a psychologically safe environment where members openly share their opinions, thoughts, and perspectives to shape various aspects of this ambitious, nationwide research program.
Airbnb, the city, and the drive for European integration
Authors: Kramer Dion
Published: January 2025

European cities struggle to regulate platform-mediated short-term rental services in response to local concerns over uncontrolled tourism and affordable housing. In their efforts to tame online platforms and local hosts, cities have consistently pointed to EU law as an obstacle to effective regulation and enforcement and called for solutions at EU level. To date, research has paid limited attention to the precise role of EU law in the regulatory responses to the growth of short-term renting. This article therefore offers an explanation of how EU internal market law structures the multi-level dynamics behind short-rental regulation. Methodologically, the article relies on a contextual analysis of the EU’s legal framework for (electronic) services and an in-depth, longitudinal case study of the City of Amsterdam’s efforts to regulate its Airbnb-driven short-term rental market (2013–2023). Comprehensive empirical evidence indicates that European e-commerce law can deter governments from enforcing platform cooperation in the upstream market and, instead, prompt them to shift the burden of regulation and compliance to the ‘actual’ service providers (the hosts) in the downstream market. These upstream/downstream dynamics also help to explain the successful adoption and normative content of the recent Short-Term Rental Regulation. With its focus on the power struggle between cities and platform actors in the EU internal market, the article also offers a unique, empirically grounded account of how EU law structures urban conflicts over housing and tourism in the context of platformisation and how platformisation might affect the dynamics of European market integration more generally.
Internet chat based intervention as a mode for therapy and counselling
Authors: Gopinath Jini K , Rodrigues Marsha , Manuja Puneet
Published: January 2025

Increasing mental health issues in India demands for a strong intervention to curb the rise. According to the World Health Organization, roughly around 21 Indians out of 100,000 die by suicide every year. The burden on mental health domain increases due to the existing system as most of the existing services follow a traditional approach and are most sought after but lack reachability and ease of access. This study recognises the need for programmes that help in reachability and ease of access while simultaneously maintaining anonymity, therefore, analyses the impact of chat-based therapy provided online through the platform. The paper analyses the difference in subjective unit of well-being (SUW) pre and post chat-based sessions among 2624 college students and 805 corporate employees. The Wilcoxon signed rank test between pre and post intervention indicates significant results with the p < 0.001 (Z = −44.100a) suggesting and increase in SUW scores post intervention. Further, the Kruskal–Wallis test revealed that the gender of the clients has an association with the SUW scores (p < 0.05). It was also found that the duration of the sessions had a positive relation with the impact scores (p < 0.001).
Incidence of surgical infection in cefazolin 3 g versus 2 g for colorectal surgery in obese patients
Authors: Collins Curtis D. , Hartsfield Eric , Cleary Robert K. , Kenney Rachel M. , Veve Michael P. , Brockhaus Kara K.
Published: January 2025

Objective:

To compare the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) between cefazolin 3 g and 2 g surgical prophylaxis in patients weighing ≥120 kg that undergo elective colorectal surgery.

Methods:

A multicenter, retrospective cohort study was performed utilizing a validated database of elective colorectal surgeries in Michigan acute care hospitals. Adults weighing ≥120 kg who received cefazolin and metronidazole for surgical prophylaxis between 7/2012 and 6/2021 were included. The primary outcome was SSI, which was defined as an infection diagnosed within 30 days following the principal operative procedure. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with SSI; the exposure of interest was cefazolin 3 g surgical prophylaxis.

Results:

A total of 581 patients were included; of these, 367 (63.1%) received cefazolin 3 g, while 214 (36.8%) received 2 g. Patients who received cefazolin 3 g had less optimal antibiotic timing (324 [88.3%] vs 200 [93.5%]; P = .043) and a higher receipt of at least 1 of the prophylaxis antibiotics after incision (22 [6%] vs 5 [2.3%]; P = .043). There was no SSI difference between cefazolin 3 g and 2 g cohorts (23 [6.3%] vs 16 [7.5%], P = .574). When accounting for age, smoking status, and surgical duration, cefazolin 3 g was not associated with a reduction in SSI (adjOR, .64; 95%CI, .32–1.29).

Conclusions:

Surgical prophylaxis with cefazolin 3 g, in combination with metronidazole, was not associated with decreased SSI compared to 2 g dosing in obese patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery.
Unzipping of knotted DNA via nanopore translocation
Authors: Suma Antonio , Micheletti Cristian
Published: January 2025

DNA unzipping by nanopore translocation has implications in diverse contexts, from polymer physics to single-molecule manipulation to DNA–enzyme interactions in biological systems. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations and a coarse-grained model of DNA to address the nanopore unzipping of DNA filaments that are knotted. This previously unaddressed problem is motivated by the fact that DNA knots inevitably occur in isolated equilibrated filaments and in vivo. We study how different types of tight knots in the DNA segment just outside the pore impact unzipping at different driving forces. We establish three main results. First, knots do not significantly affect the unzipping process at low forces. However, knotted DNAs unzip more slowly and heterogeneously than unknotted ones at high forces. Finally, we observe that the microscopic origin of the hindrance typically involves two concurrent causes: the topological friction of the DNA chain sliding along its knotted contour and the additional friction originating from the entanglement with the newly unzipped DNA. The results reveal a previously unsuspected complexity of the interplay of DNA topology and unzipping, which should be relevant for interpreting nanopore-based single-molecule unzipping experiments and improving the modeling of DNA transactions in vivo.
Restoration of legacy contaminated sites in Antarctica: Lessons from Vanda Station, McMurdo Dry Valleys
Authors: Hawes I. , Howard-Williams C. , Webster-Brown J. , Poirot C.
Published: January 2025

The Antarctic Treaty System has put in place international agreements to provide comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment. Despite this high degree of protection, human presence on the continent has resulted in environmental contamination, particularly at locations established prior to the development of the more stringent codes of conduct in recent decades. Rehabilitation of legacy contaminated sites is a priority for environmental management, and a framework for such efforts has been established. In this contribution, we re-evaluate the rehabilitation of the site of the former Vanda Station, a New Zealand outpost occupied from 1969 to 1991. We describe the design and implementation of the restoration, which included the removal of many tonnes of contaminated soils and groundwater, along with the post-action monitoring of the site. Our goal is to determine where challenges to the use of recent guidelines would have arisen. We found that while guidelines on clean-up of contaminated sites in Antarctica are valuable, challenges to implementation remain. These largely reflect a lack of understanding of the consequences of contamination on Antarctic ecosystems and the trajectory of natural rehabilitation. We present recommendations on how to address some of these challenges.
A case of myocardial infarction in a teenager with new diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Authors: LaSalle Elizabeth E. , Cotter Allison , Do Thomas B.
Published: January 2025

A 16-year-old male with newly diagnosed granulomatosis with polyangiitis presented to the emergency room with chest pain. He was found to have a myocardial infarction involving the right coronary artery and the left circumflex artery. He underwent mechanical thrombectomy and stent placement without significant sequelae. This is a rare complication associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Triheptanoin use for severe neonatal cardiomyopathy secondary to mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency: a first report
Authors: Coppola John-Anthony , Boothe Megan , McGuinness Anna , Yau Yuen Lo , Blanchette Haley , Brock Michael A. , Bleiweis Mark S. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Peek Giles J. , Gupta Dipankar
Published: January 2025

Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency is a long-chain fatty acid disorder that may include manifestations of severe cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias. The pathophysiology for the severe presentation is unclear but is an indicator for worse outcomes. Triheptanoin, a synthetic medium chain triglyceride, has been reported to reverse cardiomyopathy in some individuals, but there is limited literature in severe cases. We describe a neonatal onset of severe disease whose clinical course was not improved despite mechanical support and triheptanoin.
Healthy eating interventions conducted in small, local restaurants and hot food takeaways: a systematic review
Authors: Jostock Cinja , Forde Hannah , Roberts Nia , Jebb Susan A , Pechey Rachel , Bandy Lauren
Published: January 2025

Objective:

This systematic review investigates the characteristics, effectiveness and acceptability of interventions to encourage healthier eating in small, independent restaurants and takeaways.

Design:

We searched five databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index) in June 2022. Eligible studies had to measure changes in sales, availability, nutritional quality, portion sizes or dietary intake of interventions targeting customer behaviour or restaurant environments. We evaluated study quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results are synthesised narratively, and interventions’ impact on personal autonomy is assessed using the Nuffield intervention ladder.

Setting:

Small, independent or local restaurants or hot food takeaway outlets, with no restrictions by year or country.

Participants:

Anyone selling or purchasing food in intervention settings (e.g. restaurant staff/owners, customers).

Results:

We screened 4624 records and included 12 studies describing 13 interventions in 351 businesses. Most studies were of poor quality. Customer-level intervention components mostly operated on the lower rungs of the Nuffield ladder, and most had limited positive effects on increasing demand, measured as sales or orders of healthy options. Whilst rare, most interventions measuring business outcomes operated on higher ladder rungs and showed small positive results. There was insufficient evidence to investigate differences in impact by intervention intrusiveness. Acceptability was greater for interventions that were low-effort, inexpensive and perceived as not negatively impacting on customer satisfaction.

Conclusions:

Despite some evidence of small positive effects of healthy eating interventions on healthier purchases or restaurant/hot food takeaway practices, a weak evidence base hinders robust inference.
The Role of Orogenic Collapse on Tectonic Inheritance of Passive Continental Margins
Authors: Pollock Jeffrey
Published: January 2025

The break‐up and drift of continents is governed by the reactivation of structures in the lithosphere that occur in preference to formation of new structures during rifting. Numerical analyses indicate that mantle heterogeneities should be a first‐order control on tectonic inheritance; however, the importance of mantle relative to crustal structures has not been tested by observation in the geological record. Seismic anisotropy analysis using shear wave splitting of seismic waves are a useful tool to constrain past episodes of lithospheric deformation in the upper mantle. Analysis of published SKS directions colinear to orogenic trends, geometry of intracratonic faults and rift basins, and prolongation of basement structures into oceanic lithosphere all suggest a role of the mantle in controlling tectonic inheritance and crustal orogenesis. The geometry of the continental margin and temporal constraints point to a process involving lithosphere‐scale structures mimicked in the oceanic lithosphere due to orogenic collapse. The occurrence of fracture zones of the Labrador Sea that correspond with major structures in the Grenville, Appalachian, and older orogens suggest that deformation of the lithosphere and propagation of oceanic transforms are influenced by rheology in the upper mantle that formed during previous episodes of continental collision. If inheritance occurs at a lithospheric scale and is rooted in the mantle, it implies that orogenic collapse is an important mechanism for ocean opening along rifted continental margins. The geometry and morphology of the modern Atlantic Ocean may have been predetermined by Archean plate tectonic processes.
Observations of the Electromagnetic Electron Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability and Its Impact on the Dynamics Inside a Flux Rope
Authors: Jiang K. , Huang S. Y. , Lu Q. M. , Yuan Z. G. , Xiong Q. Y.
Published: January 2025

The electromagnetic electron Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (EM EKHI) and its impact on the dynamics inside a flux rope (FR) is investigated through observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The convection term dominated electric field drives E × B drift in the FR, which supports a strong electron shear flow. The electron shear flow is unstable to the EM EKHI, which results in an electron velocity vortex and many current filaments in the FR. In one of the current filaments, ion and electron demagnetization and strong energy conversion are observed. The continuous radial nulls and obvious reconstructed X‐line topology indicate that magnetic reconnection may occur in this current filament.
Field‐Aligned Currents Induced by Magnetopause Motions Under Pressure Perturbations
Authors: Wang Boyi , Xu Xinyu , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Wu Yen‐Jung , Xu Zhonghua , Kajdic Primož , Han De‐Sheng , Wang Yi , Feng Xueshang
Published: January 2025

In this work, we identified 65 auroral arcs that stretched out from the equatorward boundary of auroral oval with azimuthal extensions, and investigated their upstream triggering, by utilizing conjunctions between the THEMIS probes and the all‐sky imagers at AGO P1 and South Pole stations. The results show that the magnetopause motions induced by pressure enhancements associated with IMF discontinuities or foreshock cavities likely generate upward FACs in the closed field lines near the magnetopause. The inward and azimuthal motions of magnetopause caused equatorward‐moving auroral arcs, which extended westward or eastward, centered in the prenoon (12–13 MLT) or postnoon (9–10 MLT) sectors, respectively. The dawn‐dusk asymmetry in this distribution may be due to the contribution from foreshock activities. Furthermore, stronger compression can push the magnetopause further inward, causing FACs and the corresponding discrete auroras to be distributed over a wider region extending further in both latitude and local time.
Assessing the Impact of Cumulus Convection and Turbulence Parameterizations on Typhoon Precipitation Forecast
Authors: Wang Yueya , Li Haobo , Shi Xiaoming , Fung Jimmy C. H.
Published: January 2025

Improving typhoon precipitation forecast with convection‐permitting models remains challenging. This study investigates the influence of cumulus parameterizations and turbulence models, including the Reconstruction and Nonlinear Anisotropy (RNA) turbulence scheme, on precipitation prediction in multiple typhoon cases. Incorporating the cumulus and RNA schemes increases domain‐averaged precipitation, improves recall scores, and lowers relative error across various precipitation thresholds, which is substantial in three out of four studied typhoon cases. Applying appropriate cumulus parameterization schemes alone also contributes to enhancing heavy precipitation forecasts. In Typhoon Hato, the RNA and Grell‐3 schemes demonstrated a doubled recall rate for extreme rainfall compared to simulations without any cumulus scheme. The improved forecasting ability is attributed to the RNA's capacity to model dissipation and backscatter. The RNA scheme can dynamically reinforce typhoon circulation with upgradient momentum transport in the lower troposphere and enhance the buoyancy by favorable heat flux distribution, which is conducive to developing heavy precipitation.
Reply to Comment by A. G. Davies on “Io Hot Spot Distribution Detected by Juno/JIRAM”
Authors: Zambon F. , Mura A. , Tosi F.
Published: January 2025

Zambon et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl100597) presented a catalog of Io hot spots based on JIRAM M‐band images acquired in Juno orbits 10 to 33. They identified 242 hot spots, including 23 not previously reported in other catalogs, observing a higher hot spot number density in the northern polar region. Davies (2024) disputes location and counting of part of these hot spots, attributing the differences between the Zambon et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl100597) results and those obtained by Davies et al. (2024, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550‐023‐02123‐5) to a misregistration of the JIRAM images. Here we reply to Davies (2024) showing that discrepancies in the results are due to the different methodologies, assumptions, and goals considered in the two works.
Vertical Mixing, Light Penetration and Phosphorus Cycling Regulate Seasonal Algae Blooms in an Ice‐Covered Dimictic Lake
Authors: Ghane Alireza , Boegman Leon
Published: January 2025

Many temperate lakes accumulate sediment derived orthophosphate (PO4) in their hypolimnion during late‐summer deep‐water hypoxia. In dimictic lakes, fall turnover will mix the PO4 through the water column. However, the fate and transport of this primary production limiting nutrient, during winter, is unknown. Does it remain available for the spring bloom, and why does it not trigger a fall bloom in many dimictic lakes? We conducted field observations and supplemented these with three‐dimensional physical biogeochemical numerical simulations to gain a deeper understanding of PO4 transport and cycling within a small dimictic lake from 2011 to 2020. Our focus was particularly on the often‐ice‐covered winter season. We found, the sediment derived PO4 to be only a small portion (∼1%) of the total PO4 load, with most of the load from mineralization (49% ice free, 29% ice covered) and tributary inflows (22%). The accumulated hypolimnetic PO4 increased the water column concentration during fall turnover, but a fall bloom was not initiated, because the associated mixing transported phytoplankton beneath the photic zone. This PO4 remained available in the water column during winter and was combined with under‐ice mineralized PO4 to initiate the spring bloom, in a thin stable layer beneath the ice, as solar radiation increased seasonally during spring.
Associations between per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and county-level cancer incidence between 2016 and 2021 and incident cancer burden attributable to PFAS in drinking water in the United States
Authors: Li Shiwen , Oliva Paulina , Zhang Lu , Goodrich Jesse A. , McConnell Rob , Conti David V. , Chatzi Lida , Aung Max
Published: January 2025

Background

Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been linked with various cancers. Assessment of PFAS in drinking water and cancers can help inform biomonitoring and prevention efforts.

Objective

To screen for incident cancer (2016–2021) and assess associations with PFAS contamination in drinking water in the US.

Methods

We obtained county-level age-adjusted cancer incidence (2016–2021) from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Data on PFAS levels in public drinking water systems were obtained from the Third (UCMR3; 2013–2015) and Fifth (UCMR5; 2023–2024) Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. UCMR3 measured PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFHpA, and PFBS. UCMR5 expanded measurements to include PFBA, PFHxA, PFPeA, and PFPeS. We created indicators of PFAS detection and, for UCMR5, concentrations above Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). MCLs for PFOA and PFOS are 4 ng/L, and for PFNA and PFHxS are 10 ng/L. We used Poisson regression models to assess associations between PFAS detection or MCL violation and cancer incidence, adjusting for potential confounders. We estimated the number of attributable cancer cases.

Results

PFAS in drinking water was associated with increased cancer incidence in the digestive, endocrine, oral cavity/pharynx, and respiratory systems. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) ranged from 1.02 to 1.33. The strongest association was observed between PFBS and oral cavity/pharynx cancers (IRR: 1.33 [1.04, 1.71]). Among males, PFAS was associated with cancers in the urinary, brain, leukemia, and soft tissues. Among females, PFAS was associated with cancers in the thyroid, oral cavity/pharynx, and soft tissue. PFAS in drinking water is estimated to contribute to 4626 [95% CI: 1,377, 8046] incident cancer cases per year based on UCMR3 data and 6864 [95% CI: 991, 12,804] based on UCMR5.

Impact statement

The ecological study examined the associations between PFAS in drinking water measured in two waves (2013–2015 and 2023–2024) and cancer incidence between 2016 and 2021. We found that PFAS in drinking water was associated with cancers in the organ system including the oral cavity/pharynx, lung, digestive system, brain, urinary system, soft tissue, and thyroid. Some cancers have not been widely studied for their associations with PFAS. We also observed sex differences in the associations between PFAS and cancer risks. This is the first ecological study that examined PFAS exposure in drinking water and various cancer risks.
Psychological outcomes of extended reality interventions in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Williamson Samuel David , Aaby Anders Orup , Ravn Sophie Lykkegaard
Published: January 2025

Study design

Systematic scoping review.

Objectives

Extended reality (XR) is becoming a recognisable tool for assisting in spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation. While the success of XR mediated interventions is often evaluated based on improvements in physical and functional performance, the present systematic scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize evidence on reported psychological outcomes of XR interventions in SCI rehabilitation. In doing so, we aimed to contribute towards an adaptation of XR that is meaningful for individuals living with SCI.

Methods

Seven bibliometric databases were systematically searched. Included studies needed to be peer-reviewed, test structured and targeted XR interventions in an adult (≥ 16 years) SCI population, and assess any psychological construct. Individual double-screening against a pre-defined eligibility criteria was performed. Data from the included studies were extracted, tabulated, and analysed.

Results

A total of 964 unique studies were initially identified. 13 studies were included in the analysis. The psychological outcomes most frequently quantified were depression, self-esteem, and anxiety. Among other things, qualitative evidence suggests VR-based interventions provided enjoyment, relaxation, and a source of positive distraction.

Conclusion

Immersive XR interventions in SCI rehabilitation have been positively evaluated, both qualitatively and quantitatively, based on the psychological outcomes of participants. While further research is needed, we find immersive XR to be an emerging treatment option with promise for maintaining and improving psychological health during SCI rehabilitation.
Alkaline phosphatase decline and pain response as predictors of overall survival benefit in patients treated with radium-223: a post hoc analysis of the REASSURE study
Authors: O’Sullivan Joe M. , Heinrich Daniel , Castro Elena , George Saby , Dizdarevic Sabina , Baldari Sergio , Essler Markus , Jong Igle Jan de , Lastoria Secondo , Hammerer Peter G. , Tombal Bertrand , James Nicholas D. , Meltzer Jeff , Sandström Per , Sartor Oliver
Published: January 2025

Background

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) declines and pain responses can occur during radium-223 (223Ra) treatment, but their association with treatment outcomes is unclear.

Methods

For patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with 223Ra in the REASSURE study, we investigated whether ALP decline (Week 12) and/or pain response (during treatment) are associated with improved overall survival (OS). The Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) was used to assess pain at baseline and pain response (in patients with baseline BPI-SF score ≥2).

Results

Of 785 patients with baseline and Week 12 ALP measurements, 779 were eligible for the OS analyses. Overall, 80% of patients had an ALP decline. Median OS was longer in patients with than without an ALP decline (18.1 versus 14.2 months; HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.60–0.92). In patients with an ALP decline, there was no clear OS difference between those with versus without a pain response. For patients without ALP decline, median OS was longer in those with versus without a pain response (16.2 versus 10.9 months; HR 0.50; 95% CI 0.32–0.77).

Conclusions

Decreases in ALP and/or pain during 223Ra treatment are associated with improved OS. This may help support clinical decisions.

Clinical trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02141438.