bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les Catalans partagés entre le Roi et la Terre. Orthodoxie et hétérodoxie politiques autour de la révolte de 1640
Authors: Ledroit Mathias
Published: September 2012

Avant que ne commence l’affrontement militaire entre les troupes de Philippe IV et celles des révoltés catalans en décembre 1640, se déclare une « guerre des papiers » entre les benafectes et les malafectes. Son premier coup de plume est donné par la Proclamación Católica qui se veut avant tout une justification de l’entrée en résistance des institutions politiques catalanes contre le gouvernement central de Madrid. S’ensuit un échange d’opuscules et de folletos qui met en évidence la séparation qui s’opère au sein de la société catalane. L’article se propose d’étudier le contenu de ces manifestes afin de mettre en lumière les principales divergences entre ces deux clans et la façon dont les idéologues de la révolte ont posé les premiers jalons de l’orthodoxie politique qui triomphe en 1641 lorsque la classe dirigeante catalane décide de placer la Principauté sous la protection de la monarchie française. Cependant, cette position se fragilise en 1643, suite à l’éviction du pouvoir du Comte d’Olivarès. Apparaissent alors des textes écrits par les exilés « philippistes » qui exhortent les Catalans à retourner dans le giron de l’Espagne et remettent en cause la doctrine des révoltés.
De la “Communauté” aux “populations traditionnelles”
Authors: Araújo Roberto
Published: September 2012

Au Brésil, le terme « communauté » a initialement été utilisé par la sociologie pour décrire une forme singulière d’organisation sociale, issue d’élaborations culturelles successives de l’héritage colonial. Investi par les théologiens de la Libération, il est ensuite politisé à l’extrême en se transformant en Communauté Ecclésiale de Base (CEB), à la fois groupe local et groupe de mobilisation politique. Dans une première partie, l’article entend montrer à quel point la « communauté » semble être redevable, au Brésil, d’une perception dichotomique du processus d’expansion territoriale. Dans un second moment, il souligne que le champ sémantique qui s’est ainsi constitué a offert un terrain fertile à l’éclosion – dès les années 1990 – de la notion de « population traditionnelle » comme pivot des politiques modernes d’aménagement territorial et de distribution foncière.
Las márgenes de los pueblos de indios. Agregados, arrendatarios y soldados en el Tucumán colonial. Siglos XVIII y XIX.
Authors: Farberman Judith
Published: September 2012

Desde mediados del siglo XVIII, la documentación sobre los pueblos de indios del Tucumán incluye escuetas referencias sobre “agregados” y “soldados”, la móvil población que va creciendo en sus márgenes y que podía incluso superar en número a las familias tributarias. Normalmente, los agregados se vinculaban a los pueblos pagando un arriendo al cacique. Por ello, pudieron contribuir a la perduración de algunas reducciones y a la consolidación de su sistema de autoridades. Sin embargo, el mismo fenómeno  puede leerse en términos menos optimistas ya que, con cierta frecuencia, estos agregados devienen “intrusos” en los pueblos.Además de su status jurídico diferente, agregados y soldados solían ser percibidos como otros socioétnicos. Españoles pobres, mestizos e indios libres conformaban el componente más sustancial de esta población marginal, activo vector de mestizaje en los pueblos.  De esta suerte, la condición de los agregados/ soldados estaba signada por la ambigüedad: por un lado, sus derechos (en particular sus derechos a la tierra) eran más vulnerables que los de los indios “legítimos”, a cuyas autoridades estaban, además, sujetos mientras que, por otro lado, exhibían su superior calidad étnica y social.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Negative Aggressive Natural Killer-Cell Leukaemia with High P-Glycoprotein Activity and Phosphorylated Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinases 1 and 2
Authors: Perkovic Sanja , Basic-Kinda Sandra , Gasparovic Vladimir , Krznaric Zeljko , Babel Jaksa , Ilic Ivana , Aurer Igor , Batinic Drago
Published: September 2012

Aggressive natural killer-cell leukaemia (ANKL) is a rare type of disease with fulminant course and poor outcome. The disease is more prevalent among Asians than in other ethnic groups and shows strong association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression associated with multidrug resistance. Here we present a case of a 47 year old Caucasian female with a prior medical history of azathioprine treated ulcerative colitis who developed EBV-negative form of ANKL. The patient presented with hepatosplenomegaly, fever and nausea with peripheral blood and bone marrow infiltration with up to 70% of atypical lymphoid cells positive for cCD3, CD2, CD7, CD56, CD38, CD45, TIA1 and granzyme B, and negative for sCD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD34 and CD123 indicative of ANKL. Neoplastic CD56+ NK-cells showed high level of P-glycoprotein expression and activity, but also strong expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) MAP kinase. The patient was treated with an intensive polychemotherapy regimen designed for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, but one month after admission developed sepsis, coma and died of cardiorespiratory arrest. We present additional evidence that, except for the immunophenotype, leukaemic NK-cells resemble normal NK-cells in terms of P-gp functional capacity and expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 signalling molecule. In that sense drugs that block P-glycoprotein activity and activated signalling pathways might represent new means for targeted therapy.
Recurrent syncope in a hypertensive subject with vascular cognitive impairment and permanent pacemaker
Authors: Mazza Alberto , Ravenni Roberta , Montemurro Domenico , Pastore Gianni , Schiavon Laura , Rubello Domenico
Published: September 2012

Syncope following permanent pacemaker (PM) implantation is a nightmare for electrophysiologists. We describe a case of daily recurrent syncope in an 84-year-old man having a dual-chamber pacemaker implanted for complete atrio-ventricular block occurred 4 years before the admission to our department. He had a history of arterial hypertension, parossistic atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stage-III chronic renal failure, mild vascular cognitive impairment and glaucoma. The initial work-up including electrocardiogram (ECG), repeated PM inter- rogations, Holter electrocardiogram, blood pressure measurement in orthostatic position, complete blood count, serum glycaemia, electrolytes and thyroid function tests showed normal findings. Syncope occurred in lying position and during 90° left clockwise neck rotation and was associated to pallor, sweating, tonic-clonic seizures and transient self-limited loss of consciousness lasting a few seconds. Electroencephalogram was normal. During continuous ECG monitoring, the right rotation of the head determined a ventricular asystolic pause lasting 9 seconds associated with loss of consciousness. Restoration of sinus rhythm was observed after bringing back the head in axis. The PM interrogation, performed during pacing failure, recorded low impedance of bipolar ventricular lead, suggesting a damage in lead insulation. It is likely that lead movements during clockwise neck rotation produced an intermittent short circuit that prevented sufficient energy delivery to the myocardium with a consequence of sudden loss of capture.
Extra-Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Omentum: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Fagkrezos Dimitris , Touloumis Zisis , Giannila Maria , Penlidis Charalampos , Papaparaskeva Kleo , Triantopoulou Charikleia
Published: September 2012

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are uncommon mesenchymal spindle-cell or epithelioid neoplasms, located mainly with higher frequency in the stomach and small bowel. GISTs represent the majority of primary non-epithelial neoplasms of the digestive tract, most frequently expressing the KIT protein a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for stem cell factor. Extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumors tend to present In fewer than 5% of cases; they originate primarily from the mesentery, omentum or peritoneum. Furthermore, these extra-gastrointestinal tumors (EGIST) tend to be more common in patients over the age of 50 years. EGISTs are neoplasms with overlapping immunohistological features, occurring in the abdomen outside the gastrointestinal tract with no connection to the gastric or intestinal wall. We describe here a rare case of EGIST of the lesser omentum and report the clinical, macroscopic, immunohistological and radiological features of an EGIST arising in the lesser omentum of a 63-year old man. Clinical course and the prognostic factors of such lesions will also be discussed. EGISTs in the lesser omentum can grow slowly and remain silent despite a large tumor size. In most cases, a pre-operative diagnosis is not possible, and the patient undergoes a surgical operation for the generic diagnosis of abdominal mass. During the intervention it is important to achieve a complete removal of the mass and to examine every possible adhesion to the gastrointestinal wall.
PRODUCCIÓN, PÉRDIDA DE PESO Y TASAS DE DESCOMPOSICIÓN DE HOJARASCA EN CAFETALES TRADICIONAL Y RÚSTICO, Y SELVA MEDIANA, EN VERACRUZ, MÉXICO
Authors: Villavicencio-Enríquez Luis
Published: September 2012

Se realizó un estudio para analizar la producción, pérdida de masa y tasa de descomposición de hojarasca en parcelas agroforestales con Sistema Tradicional de Café (STC), Sistemas Rústico de Café (SRC) y Selva mediana subperennifolia (Smsp), en San Miguel, Veracruz, México. En cada sistema se establecieron tres cuadrantes al azar (1000 m2). La colecta de hojarasca producida por el dosel se realizó cada 15 días, durante un año calendario. La descomposición de la hojarasca se evaluó en bolsas de polietileno que contenían10 g (peso seco) de las especies dominantes y una mezcla representativa por sistema. Las bolsas se colectaron en siete fechas durante 352 días. La tasa de descomposición (k) fue alta para Piper hispidum y para la hojarasca en SRC, en todas las fechas de muestreo, indicando un posible efecto del microclima o de la calidad de hojarasca. Las k menores se obtuvieron en Robinsonella mirandae/Coffea arabica y Mastichodendron capirii, en STC y Smsp. El resto de hojarascas mostraron tasas medianas de descomposición; R. mirandae no mostró diferencias entre sistemas. El estudio demostró la importancia de la producción y calidad de hojarasca, así como de los factores medioambientales, en la descomposición, en los sistemas de estudio.
Eysenck’s Two Big Personality Factors and Their Relationship to Depression in Patients with Chronic Idiopathic Pain Disorder: A Clinimetric Validation Analysis
Authors: Bech Per , Lunde Marianne , Møller Stine Bjerrum
Published: September 2012

Aim. The clinimetric aspects of Eysenck’s two big personality factors (neuroticism and extraversion) were originally identified by principal component analysis but have been insufficiently analysed with item response theory models. Their relationship to states of melancholia and anxiety was subsequently analysed. Method. Patients with chronic idiopathic pain disorder were included in the study. The nonparametric item response model (Mokken) was compared to the coefficient alpha to validate the anxiety and depression subscales within the neuroticism scale and the extraversion and introversion subscales within the extraversion scale. When measuring states of depression and anxiety, the Melancholia Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale were used. Results. We identified acceptable subscales of anxiety and depression in the Eysenck factor of neuroticism and extraversion versus introversion subscales within the Eysenck factor of extraversion. Focusing on the item of “Does your mood often go up and down?” we showed a statistically significant association with melancholia and anxiety for patients with a positive score on this item. Conclusion. Within the Eysenck factor of neuroticism it is important to differentiate between the anxiety and depression subscales. The clinimetric analysis of the Eysenck factor of extraversion identified valid subscales.
Plastic Deformation in Profile-Coated Elliptical KB Mirrors
Authors: Liu Chian , Conley R. , Qian J. , Kewish C. M. , Liu W. , Assoufid L. , Macrander A. T. , Ice G. E. , Tischler J. Z.
Published: September 2012

Profile coating has been successfully applied to produce elliptical Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors using both cylindrical and flat Si substrates. Previously, focusing widths of 70 nm with 15-keV monochromatic and 80 nm with white beam were achieved using a flat Si substrate. Now, precision elliptical KB mirrors with sub-nm figure errors are produced with both Au and Pt coatings on flat substrates. Recent studies of bare Si-, Au-, and Pt-coated KB mirrors under prolonged synchrotron X-ray radiation and low-temperature vacuum annealing will be discussed in terms of film stress relaxation and Si plastic deformation.
A Systolic Array-Based FPGA Parallel Architecture for the BLAST Algorithm
Authors: Guo Xinyu , Wang Hong , Devabhaktuni Vijay
Published: September 2012

A design of systolic array-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) parallel architecture for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) Algorithm is proposed. BLAST is a heuristic biological sequence alignment algorithm which has been used by bioinformatics experts. In contrast to other designs that detect at most one hit in one-clock-cycle, our design applies a Multiple Hits Detection Module which is a pipelining systolic array to search multiple hits in a single-clock-cycle. Further, we designed a Hits Combination Block which combines overlapping hits from systolic array into one hit. These implementations completed the first and second step of BLAST architecture and achieved significant speedup comparing with previously published architectures.
Response Surface Optimization of Sustained Release Metformin-Hydrochloride Matrix Tablets: Influence of Some Hydrophillic Polymers on the Release
Authors: Roy Amitava , Roy Kalpana , Roy Sarbani , Deb Jyotirmoy , Ghosh Amitava , Ali Kazi Asraf
Published: September 2012

The aim of the present work was designed to develop a model-sustained release matrix tablet formulation for Metformin hydrochloride using wet granulation technique. In the present study the formulation design was employed to statistically optimize different parameters of Metformin hydrochloride tablets at different drug-to-polymer ratios employing polymers Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose of two grades K4M and K100M as two independent variables whereas the dependent variables studied were X60, X120, T50, T90, n, and b values obtained from dissolution kinetics data. The in vitro drug release studies were carried out at simulated intestinal fluids, and the release showed a non-Fickian anomalous transport mechanism. The drug release was found to reveal zero order kinetics. The granules and the tablets were tested for their normal physical, morphological, and analytical parameters and were found to be within the satisfactory levels. There were no significant drug-polymer interactions as revealed by infrared spectra. It has been found out that on an optimum increased Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M concentration and decreased Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M concentration the formulations were elegant in terms of their release profiles and were found to be statistically significant and generable.
A Comparative Study of Relationship between Micronutrients and Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Akhlaghi Farideh , Bagheri Seyyed Majid , Rajabi Omid
Published: September 2012

In this paper, we studied the relation between the micronutrient and gestational diabetes. Therefore, we measured micronutrient concentration including Ni, Al, Cr, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Se in serum of women with gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of gestational age (study group) who had inclusion criteria and comparison with micronutrient levels in normal pregnant women with same gestational age (control group). Results showed that there was no significant difference between the serum micronutrient level (Ni, Al, Cr, Mg, Zn, Cu, Se) in study and control groups except serum level of iron which in serum of gestational diabetic women was lower than normal pregnant women and difference was significant.
Radiation Dose Reduction during Radial Cardiac Catheterization: Evaluation of a Dedicated Radial Angiography Absorption Shielding Drape
Authors: Ertel Andrew , Nadelson Jeffrey , Shroff Adhir R. , Sweis Ranya , Ferrera Dean , Vidovich Mladen I.
Published: September 2012

Objectives. Radiation scatter protection shield drapes have been designed with the goal of decreasing radiation dose to the operators during transfemoral catheterization. We sought to investigate the impact on operator radiation exposure of various shielding drapes specifically designed for the radial approach. Background. Radial access for cardiac catheterization has increased due to improved patient comfort and decreased bleeding complications. There are concerns for increased radiation exposure to patients and operators. Methods. Radiation doses to a simulated operator were measured with a RadCal Dosimeter in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. The mock patient was a 97.5 kg fission product phantom. Three lead-free drape designs were studied. The drapes were placed just proximal to the right wrist and extended medially to phantom’s trunk. Simulated diagnostic coronary angiography included 6 minutes of fluoroscopy time and 32 seconds of cineangiography time at 4 standard angulated views (8 s each), both 15 frames/s. ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used for statistical analysis. Results. All drape designs led to substantial reductions in operator radiation exposure compared to control (P<0.0001). The greatest decrease in radiation exposure (72%) was with the L-shaped design. Conclusions. Dedicated radial shielding drapes decrease radiation exposure to the operator by up to 72% during simulated cardiac catheterization.
Rietveld Structure Refinement and Cation Distribution of Substituted Nanocrystalline Ni-Zn Ferrites
Authors: Birajdar A. A. , Shirsath Sagar E. , Kadam R. H. , Patange S. M. , Mane D. R. , Shitre A. R.
Published: September 2012

Ferrite nanoparticles of were prepared by a sol-gel autocombustion method. The prepared samples were shown to have a cubic spinel structure by applying the full pattern fitting of the Rietveld method. The unit cell dimension, discrepancy factor, and interatomic distance have been determined. As the Cr3+ content x increases, the unit cell dimensions and crystallite size are decreased. The IR spectra show two absorption bands in the wave number range of 400 to 600 cm−1.
Construire des sociétés artificielles pour comprendre les phénomènes sociaux réels
Authors: Amblard Frédéric
Published: September 2012

Nous présentons ici rapidement l’approche de modélisation et de simulation multi-agent, ses principales caractéristiques ainsi que son intérêt pour les sciences sociales. En particulier, nous insistons sur la proximité de cette formalisation avec des cadres de pensées classiques en sciences sociales comme l’individualisme méthodologique et nous proposons un usage possible de cette approche comme outil permettant de formaliser et d’interroger les représentations des systèmes sociaux par le scientifique en sciences sociales.
Pourquoi un cadre ontologique pour la modélisation multi-agents en sciences humaines et sociales?
Authors: Phan1 Denis
Published: September 2012

En philosophie, l’ontologie est « la science de ce qui est, des types et structures des objets, propriétés, évènements, processus et relations »; En informatique et management des connaissances, une « ontologie » est la spécification de la conceptualisation d’un domaine de connaissance. Pour la simulation multi-agents, le domaine concerne les modèles et non les « données ». Pour répondre à la question « Pourquoi un cadre ontologique pour la modélisation multi-agents en sciences humaines et sociales? », cet article aborde d’abord trois dimensions: (1) ingénierie des modèles (2) aspects thématiques (disciplinaires) et épistémologiques (3) comparaison et évaluation de modèle (test ontologique). À la différence de nombreuses ontologies, cet article ne propose pas une unique représentation d’un domaine de connaissance, mais le maintien d’une possible pluralité, basée sur le concept de « cadre de connaissance », conçu pour permettre d’intégrer une pluralité de « point de vue » dans un cadre général qui nous permet de comparer et/ou combiner différents points de vue qui coexistent en sciences sociales. La dernière partie présente ainsi quelques exemples de points de vue ontologiques qui peuvent être dérivés à partir du modèle de ségrégation résidentielle introduit par Schelling.
Modèles formels pour la reproduction des simulations à base d’agents
Authors: Sibertin-Blanc1 Christophe
Published: September 2012

Du fait de la dimension expérimentale des résultats obtenus par simulation informatique, la validation de ces résultats nécessite qu’ils puissent être reproduits. Cela suppose que le dispositif concret à partir desquels ils sont obtenus, à savoir le logiciel dont les exécutions fournissent les sorties qui sont observées, puisse donner lieu à de nouvelles implantations. Bien qu’elle soit indispensable à maints égards, il s’avère que cette “réplication” des modèles de simulation est le plus souvent problématique; cet article propose de présenter ces modèles sous la forme de systèmes afin d’en faciliter de nouvelles implantations.
Ségrégation et cognition spatiale
Authors: Décamps Aurélien , Gaussier Nathalie , Laroque Philippe , Gaussier Philippe
Published: September 2012

En prenant appui sur les modèles traditionnels de la ségrégation et sur l’analyse des déterminants de la ségrégation spatiale, cet article éclaire le rôle de la cognition spatiale dans l’émergence de configurations ségrégées. À partir d’une simulation multi-agents (SMA) fonctionnant sur la base d’agents cognitifs, c’est-à-dire capables de se construire, en fonction de leur rayon de vision, une carte cognitive de leur environnement, des séquences de découverte et d’apprentissage des lieux et des liens entre eux, les agents développent des comportements spatiaux qui conduisent à des situations identifiées dans la littérature comme des situations de ségrégation subie ou choisie. Une discussion sur le calibrage et l’identification de ces formes ségrégées souligne l’importance de l’espace dans l’étude des dynamiques individuelles et collectives.
L’historien et ses modèles
Authors: Stein Christian
Published: September 2012

Parler des modèles en histoire est une affaire délicate, car le mot recouvre des pratiques historiennes différentes depuis son apparition dans la discipline, après la dernière guerre mondiale. Pour une minorité d’historiens surtout spécialisés en histoire économique, il correspond à une vision nouvelle de la discipline qui tenterait d’intégrer certaines démarches mathématiques, en particulier aujourd’hui la théorie des jeux. Pour d’autres, en revanche, parler de modèles relèverait surtout d’une évolution du vocabulaire, sans impliquer de véritable mutation disciplinaire. Les historiens construisent et utilisent surtout des modèles explicatifs, voire palliatifs quand ils ont de trop grandes difficultés avec leurs sources, afin de présenter leurs travaux et de permettre des comparaisons. Il en découle un certain nombre de situations dans lesquelles les historiens ont du mal à garder le contrôle des modèles qu’ils utilisent, ce qui affaiblit leurs résultats : ils sont parfois prisonniers de leurs modèles, dont le rapport à la réalité est parfois problématique, confondent parfois comparatisme et transposition des modèles, voire se font piéger par des modèles discrets, qu’ils utilisent sans s’en rendre vraiment compte.
De la prévision en économie politique
Authors: Paulré Bernard
Published: September 2012

Pour avoir mal ou pas du tout prévu la crise de 2007, les économistes se trouvent aujourd’hui en position d’accusés. Il est donc urgent et nécessaire d’examiner lucidement la façon de concevoir la prévision économique.

Nous identifions ce que doivent être, selon nous, les principes épistémologiques d’une pratique prévisionnelle consciente de ses propres limites et ouverte sur le monde et sur les autres disciplines, à partir de l’instruction de trois questions : (i) quels sont la nature et le statut des énoncés « prévisionnels »?, (ii) quelle est la validité des énoncés sur le futur? et (iii) quelles sont les relations entre science et prévision?

Nous insistons, dans cet examen, sur le caractère conjecturel des énoncés prévisionnels. Nous concluons en plaidant pour une conception sémiologique de la prévision économique et sur la pertinence du paradigme de l’indice.
Prédiction et prévision en histoire économique : les succès suisses et scandinaves étaient-ils prévisibles?
Authors: Olivier Jean-Marc
Published: September 2012

L’historien de l’économie dispose de multiples outils pour analyser les réussites économiques. Il parvient le plus souvent à les rendre logiques et évidentes, mais en ayant la chance de travailler sur des évènements passés qui ne peuvent pas contredire son raisonnement. Toutefois, l’analyse des plus beaux succès – suisses et scandinaves – nuance les modèles les plus couramment admis : comme l’exploitation de ressources naturelles abondantes, la révolution industrielle libérale à l’anglaise ou le triomphe de la grande usine. En effet, les développements suisse, suédois et norvégien offrent de belles pistes de réflexion car ils reposent davantage sur les PME, sur des politiques volontaristes et sur une maîtrise ancienne des statistiques.
L’économiste dans la Cité: ingénierie et expertise
Authors: Armatte Michel
Published: September 2012

À la vision mythique et autiste d’une science économique pure réduite à sa version académique, et déconnectée des réalités, nous opposons une autre vision de l’économie comme ingénierie, agissant sur cette réalité et la transformant à son image. Pour en rendre compte nous développons des exemples empruntés à la finance, à l’économétrie, ou à la prospective climatique, et nous mobilisons des notions propres à l’histoire et la sociologie des sciences, et plus précisément à la tradition des sciences studies comme celles de performativité (Callon) et de régimes de savoirs et d’expertise (Pestre), ce qui nous permet de décrire différentes formes d’intervention de l’économiste dans la cité.
Les théories économiques de la décision à l’épreuve de la quantification – Quand symboliser n’est pas forcément quantifier!
Authors: Alcaras Jean-Robert
Published: September 2012

Les théories économiques de la décision accordent généralement une place centrale aux données quantitatives sans réellement questionner les processus de quantification dont elles résultent. Mais les travaux de Herbert Alexander Simon montrent que la décision est un processus socio-économique et cognitif de construction et de manipulation de symboles. On comprend alors que ces processus puissent inclure tous les types de modélisation s’exerçant par des symboles computables et donc interprétables – que ces symboles soient numériques ou tout autres. Observation qui conduit alors à s’interroger sur les processus qui les produisent et les transforment.
Entre mesure, science et politique : construction et analyse d’un réseau international de copublications dans le domaine de l’éducation
Authors: Dalud-Vincent Monique , Normand Romuald
Published: September 2012

Notre étude vise à repérer certains réseaux d’experts et de chercheurs, à l’oeuvre à l’échelle internationale, qui produisent de nouveaux référentiels et de nouveaux instruments de mesure pour améliorer l’efficacité et la qualité de l’éducation. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la méthodologie de l’analyse des réseaux (dont l’outil Pajek) afin d’objectiver et d’étudier les liens de co-publications. La définition de ces liens repose sur un travail préalable de constitution d’une base de références bibliographiques contenant 5 300 références écrites par environ 3 500 auteurs. On met alors en évidence des communautés épistémiques clairement identifiées et rattachées à un paradigme: des chercheurs de laschool effectiveness, des économistes du capital humain, des psychométriciens spécialistes des comparaisons internationales de résultats.
Analyse de réseaux de pouvoir au sein d’une organisation sociale
Authors: Chapron Paul
Published: September 2012

La sociologie de l’action organisée s’attache à révéler le fonctionnement réel des organisations au-delà des règles formelles qui les codifient. Suivant une formalisation de cette théorie qui permet de modéliser la structure d’une organisation par un ensemble d’objets mathématiques, nous pouvons représenter la structure des relations d’interdépendance entre les acteurs d’une organisation. Des réseaux représentant les relations de pouvoirs entretenues par ces acteurs peuvent être extraits de ces modèles d’organisation. L’analyse structurale des réseaux sociaux a développé de nombreux outils pour révéler et étudier la structure et le comportement des réseaux sociaux, en mettant l’accent notamment sur la notion de pouvoir et d’avantage structurel. Nous voyons dans cet article comment quelques-unes des techniques de l’analyse structurale peuvent être appliquées dans les réseaux de pouvoir extraits de modèles d’organisations, et enrichir ainsi la compréhension des relations de pouvoir.
Le développement rural : une approche interdisciplinaire. Application à une région du sud-est tunisien
Authors: Ines Labiadh
Published: September 2012

L’objectif de ce texte consiste à montrer qu’il existe des savoirs ou des disciplines proprement interdisciplinaires et ce en partant de l’affirmation de l’utilité de l’interdisciplinarité dans le traitement des problématiques complexes auxquels sont confrontés les chercheurs de nos jours. Dans le sud-est de la Tunisie, objet de l’étude, les résultats préliminaires de recherches permettent d’affirmer que le développement rural, en tant qu’approche de mise en valeur d’un territoire en difficulté, est un processus naturellement interdisciplinaire.
Employability of Teacher Education Graduates of an Asian Public University
Authors: Boholano Helen Bihag
Published: September 2012

The employability of graduates from an institution is very important to note. It is through education and proper training that one may get a decent job after graduation. This study intends to show the employability of teacher education graduates in an Asian public university. The methodological approach was both quantitative and qualitative. Interviews were semi-structured and used a standard set of questions; however graduates were encouraged and motivated to share stories and explain how and why they had arrived at their conclusions and to describe any relevant experiences in the workplace. The findings reveal that the graduates who specialized in English, Mathematics and Sciences are academically talented and motivated group with considerable aspirations to be the teaching model. The study also highlights that Science majors are the most employable graduates while Mathematics majors able to handle other learning areas such as Computer Education and Economics. Many Mathematics major graduates can diversify further through postgraduate studies, either into research or advanced courses in Mathematics in order to be promoted an also for professional and academic growth. It is therefore concluded that there are three top priorities in the workplace for graduates, these includes: challenging/interesting work, a high salary and professional growth.
Boat traffic in Lampedusa waters (Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea) and its relation to the coastal distribution of common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: La Manna G , Cló S , Papale E , Sará G
Published: September 2012

The volume of boat traffic and its potential connection to the coastal distribution of the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was evaluated off Lampedusa Island (Strait of Sicily). From July to September 2006 daily surveys were carried out at eight sites along the coast, three times a day, to assess the number, type, and size of boats moving, fishing, or stationed in Lampedusa waters. The study area was divided into four geographic areas: northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast. Data were analyzed to determine the difference in the number of boats among the areas, sampling months, and times of day. The presence of dolphins was monitored by standardized land-based observations. Dolphins (n = 139) from 38 sightings were observed throughout the study period (90 days). In order to compare the presence of dolphins among areas, a relative abundance index was used: A-EH (number of sighted specimens per effort hour). Common bottlenose dolphins appeared to be broadly distributed around Lampedusa, although this study highlighted a possible overlap between their habitat, boat traffic, and fishery, especially in the southwest.
Clearance rate of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. II. Response to uncorrelated seston variables (quantity, quality, and chlorophyll content)
Authors: Filgueira R , Fernández-Reiriz MJ , Labarta U
Published: September 2012

Clearance rate (CR) response of Mytilus galloprovincialis was determined over 32 experiments in which the trophic conditions of its natural habitat, the Galician rías (Spain), were reproduced. Experimental diets were prepared by mixing pulverized sediment, Tahitian Isochrysis aff. galbana, and pulverized Spartina sp., avoiding multicollinearity among the seston variables used to characterize the diets: total particulate matter (TPM), quality (f = particulate organic matter (POM)/TPM), and chlorophyll content. This approach allowed us to identify the seston variables that have the most important effect on CR, as well as develop a mathematical model of CR response to the environmental trophic characteristics, without worrying about the statistical problems associated with multicollinearity among explanatory variables. Each of the three seston variables had a significant effect on CR response. Maximum CR was observed at a seston concentration of 1.2 mg L–1. The CR was inversely correlated with the fraction of low digestible organic matter (fdet = POMSpartina sp./TPM), and was relatively consistent when poorly digestible diets (fdet > 0.4) were excluded from the analyses. This relative stability suggested that CR was regulated by a physiological feedback such as the fraction of poorly digestible organic matter.
Assessment of P‐Glycoprotein Substrate and Inhibition Potential of Test Compounds in MDR1‐Transfected MDCK Cells
Authors: C. L. Lam Kevin , Rajaraman Ganesh
Published: September 2012

P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is the most widely studied drug transporter due to its potential role in drug disposition and efficacy, and drug‐drug interactions (DDI). It is abundantly expressed in both the intestinal wall and blood‐brain barrier where it serves as a drug permeability barrier while simultaneously facilitating drug elimination in the liver and kidney. It is also abundantly expressed in tumors where it can facilitate the elimination of chemotherapeutics, a phenomenon known as multidrug resistance (MDR). Clinically relevant DDIs involving P‐gp are well documented; for example, the P‐gp substrate, digoxin, exhibits toxicity when co‐administered with a Pgp‐inhibitor. This makes it essential to screen new chemical entities early in development for their potential to be a substrate and/or inhibitor of P‐gp. Detailed in this unit is an in vitro protocol for assessing the P‐gp substrate and inhibition potential of test compounds using the MDCK MDR1 and MDCK WT cell lines. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 58:7.13.1‐7.13.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessment of the Time‐Dependent Inhibition (TDI) Potential of Test Compounds with Human Liver Microsomes by IC50 Shift Method Using a Nondilution Approach
Authors: de Ron Lian , Rajaraman Ganesh
Published: September 2012

Time‐dependent inhibition (TDI) of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes is increasingly implicated in the majority of clinically relevant drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). A time‐dependent inhibitor or its reactive metabolite irreversibly inactivates CYP enzymes, thereby inhibiting the metabolism of other drugs. As the majority of marketed drugs are metabolized by CYP enzymes, their inhibition has important clinical consequences, such as in decreasing the metabolic clearance of a co‐administered drug (victim drug). This could be life threatening, as such an effect narrows the therapeutic index for drugs such as warfarin and other potentially toxic agents. Therefore, it is essential to examine new chemical entities for their potential to cause TDI to minimize adverse drug reactions during human studies and use. This unit presents an in vitro procedure utilizing a nondilution method in human liver microsomes for determining the TDI potential of test compounds. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 58:7.14.1‐7.14.13. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparative ncRNA Gene and Structure Prediction Using Foldalign and FoldalignM
Authors: Havgaard Jakob , Kaur Simranjeet , Gorodkin Jan
Published: September 2012

This unit describes how to use Foldalign and FoldalignM to make structural alignments of non‐protein‐coding‐RNA (ncRNA). These tools can be used to find new ncRNAs, to find the structure of novel ncRNAs, and to improve alignments for known ncRNAs. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 39:12.11.1‐12.11.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genotyping in the Cloud with Crossbow
Authors: Gurtowski James , Schatz Michael C. , Langmead Ben
Published: September 2012

Crossbow is a scalable, portable, and automatic cloud computing tool for identifying SNPs from high‐coverage, short‐read resequencing data. It is built on Apache Hadoop, an implementation of the MapReduce software framework. Hadoop allows Crossbow to distribute read alignment and SNP calling subtasks over a cluster of commodity computers. Two robust tools, Bowtie and SOAPsnp, implement the fundamental alignment and variant calling operations respectively, and have demonstrated capabilities within Crossbow of analyzing approximately one billion short reads per hour on a commodity Hadoop cluster with 320 cores. Through protocol examples, this unit will demonstrate the use of Crossbow for identifying variations in three different operating modes: on a Hadoop cluster, on a single computer, and on the Amazon Elastic MapReduce cloud computing service. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 39:15.3.1‐15.3.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional Assays on High‐Content Protein Microarrays
Authors: Meng Lihao
Published: September 2012

High‐content functional protein microarrays, such as ProtoArray Human Protein Array from Life Technologies, contain thousands of proteins or protein fragments of biological significance. Based on this platform, numerous assays have been developed to investigate protein‐protein interactions, protein‐DNA interactions, protein‐phospholipid interactions, small‐molecule targets, substrates of protein kinases, substrates of ubiquitin E3 ligases, and substrates of methyltransferase. This article provides a detailed illustration of the general procedure for setting up functional assays for high‐throughput screening and also provides guidelines for data analysis. The protocols include the use of fluorescently labeled and radioactive probes for detection. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 4:211‐231 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Superparamagnetic Nanostructures for Off‐Resonance Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Choo Eugene Shi Guang , Peng Erwin , Rajendran Reshmi , Chandrasekharan Prashant , Yang Chang‐Tong , Ding Jun , Chuang Kai‐Hsiang , Xue Junmin
Published: September 2012

This study proposes a new method to generate positive contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using superparamagnetic contrast agents. Superparamagnetic nanostructures consisting of octahedron manganese ferrite nanoparticles embedded in spherical nanogels are fabricated using a bottom‐up approach. The composite nanoparticles are strongly magnetized in an external magnetic field and produce a unique NMR frequency shift in water protons, which can be demonstrated in MR spectroscopy and imaging to be different from the bulk pool. Moreover, the particles exhibit excellent colloidal stability in aqueous media and good cell biocompatibility. Hence, these particles are potentially useful as biomarkers by taking advantage of the positive contrast effects produced in MRI.
Synthesis of Two Novel Regioregular Conjugated Polythiophenes as Potential Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Wang Lin , Zhai Yunke , Wang Xiangyong , Feng Qilong , Pei Meishan , Zhang Guangyou
Published: September 2012

Two novel soluble conjugated polythiophenes, poly[3‐(N‐hexyl‐4‐piperidinemethylene)‐thiophene] and poly[3‐(N‐caproyl‐4‐piperidinemethylene)‐thiophene] have been synthesized successfully. Structures of the monomers and the corresponding soluble polymers were elucidated by 1H NMR, MS, and IR. In addition, the polymers were also characterized by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. Photoluminescence spectra and UV–vis spectra of the two polythiophenes in both solution and solid state were also investigated, and all peaks were bathochromically shifted when they were measured in the solid state. The results of optical and electrochemical measurements indicated that the carbonyl group on the side chain has influence on the electrochemical properties of the conjugated polythiophenes. The electrochemical measurements indicated that the two conjugated polythiophenes may be a promising candidate for the application in polymer photovoltaic cells and field–effect transistors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E612–E623, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21305
Effect of Layered Double Hydroxides on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Fire Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Nanocomposites
Authors: Nogueira Telma , Botan Rodrigo , Macedo Neto José Costa , Wypych Fernando , Lona Liliane
Published: September 2012

The effects of preselected six different layered double hydroxides (LDHs) (Zn/Al 4:1 DDS, Mg/Al 2:1 DDS, Zn/Al 2:1 stearate, Mg/Fe 4:1 stearate, Zn/Al 2:1 laurate, and Mg/Fe 4:1 laurate) on the mechanical, thermal, and fire properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites, synthesized by intercalative in situ bulk polymerization, were evaluated. PMMA nanocomposites containing three different LDH concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt%) were produced, and it was observed that all the nanocomposites with lower LDH concentration (1 wt%) showed a higher elastic modulus than PMMA. However, as the LDH concentration increased, the elastic modulus decreased for all the nanocomposites. It was shown that PMMA/(Zn/Al 2:1 stearate) containing 5 wt% of LDH in its composition exhibited a decomposition temperature about 97°C higher than pure PMMA. According to this study, it was found that it is possible to enhance some mechanical and thermal properties of PMMA using very low LDH concentrations (mass fraction of LDH equal to 1%). LDHs are inexpensive materials based on abundant metals with a simple synthesis method that has a low environmental impact. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E660–E674, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21309
In situ WAXS/SAXS structural evolution study during uniaxial stretching of poly(ethylene therephthalate) nanocomposites in solid state: Poly(ethylene therephthalate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Todorov Lyudmil V. , Martins Carla I. , Viana Júlio C.
Published: September 2012

This work investigates the solid state uniaxial stretching of neat polyethylene therephthalate, PET, and its montmorillonite, MMT, nanocomposites (0.3 wt % of MMT particles with different initial agglomerate sizes) showing intercalated and tactoid morphologies, followed by in situ WAXS and SAXS experiments under an X‐ray synchrotron source. The distinct nanocomposite morphologies were assessed by WAXS and transmission electron microscopy. The in situ WAXS experiments during stretching evaluated the evolution of phase's mass fractions and the average level of molecular orientation upon uniaxial deformation, and the in situ SAXS experiments assessed the evolution of craze‐like structures and void sizes. Multiscale structure evolution models are proposed and compared for neat PET and its nanocomposites. Main global mechanisms are identical although with distinct evolutions of phase mass fractions. Also craze‐like/voids structures evolve with distinct sizes. Intercalated MMT morphology induces an earlier formation of periodical mesophase, a retarded widening of craze‐like structures and the smallest void sizes.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Population abundance and habitat utilization of bottlenose dolphins in the Mississippi Sound
Authors: Miller Lance J. , Mackey Angela D. , Solangi Moby , Kuczaj Stan A.
Published: September 2012

Distance sampling principles were utilized to examine population density and abundance for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Mississippi Sound. Information was collected during summer and winter to allow for examination of habitat utilization and abundance during two different seasons.

Within the study area of the Mississippi Sound there are approximately 2225 bottlenose dolphins. The population was larger during the summer than during the winter months.

Dolphins utilized coastal areas more during the summer, potentially as nursery grounds, as evidenced by larger numbers of calves and percentage of groups containing calves during this time. Bottlenose dolphin densities were lower in this area during the winter suggesting migration to deeper waters potentially in search of prey.

As the Mississippi Sound is regularly utilized for a variety of human activities, the monitoring of dolphin populations in this area is critical to determine increasing or decreasing trends in population abundance due to potential anthropogenic factors that may affect animal populations.

Similar studies around the world could provide evidence for areas that could be protected to ensure survival of species such as dolphins and other marine mammals. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.