bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of social sector expenditure in India: a case of health and education in selected Indian states
Authors: Purohit Brijesh C.
Published: July 2014

Social sector expenditure in India captures a number of important aspects including health, nutrition, education, water supply, sanitation, housing and welfare, among others. Over a period of time, besides budgetary outlay on this sector, private sector has also played a considerable role. Thus, efficiency of expenditure in this sector by state government has to be reckoned both in terms of relative levels of various aspects across the states and in terms of comparable benchmarks for different aspects of the sector. This paper attempts an analysis of social sector efficiency focusing on two major aspects: health and education. Unlike other studies on the Indian context, this analysis focusing on major states in India uses both non-parametric and parametric approaches. Although both approaches provide benchmarks to judge relative efficiency across states, the former provides a yardstick more at an aggregative level without parametric restrictions, whereas the latter is used for major focus on health care aspects. Results of free disposal hull analysis are suggestive of a considerably more scope for improvement in efficiency of public expenditure in health relative to education. Our results of stochastic frontier analysis indicate considerable state level disparities which could be reduced through a mix of strategies involving reallocation of factors (namely, manpower and supply of consumables) within the sector, mobilizing additional resources possibly through enhanced budgetary emphasis, or encouraging more private sector participation. Based on our results, this may enhance efficiency by nearly 20% in health care sector and increase availability and equity across low performing and poorer states like Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
Possible effects of hot yoga
Authors: Doddoli Suchitra , Shete Sanjay U. , Patil Swapnil , Doddoli Gururaj
Published: July 2014

Over the years, Yoga has not only contributed to holistic health and well-being but has also spread worldwide as an academic discipline. At the same time, there has been regular experimentation and adaptation in the field of yoga by people from various parts of the world since the time it gained wide popularity, some of them being quite scientific in their orientation. Among them, hot yoga is a new trend in Hatha yoga practice, which involves exposure to ambient temperature to promote the health benefits through acclimatization. However, to date, influence of hot yoga on various health-related parameters and its effect on thermoregulatory mechanism are still under controversy. This study attempted to explore the possible ill effects of hyperthermia-induced physical activity on various regulatory mechanisms of health, which may be directed toward impaired body homeostasis. This study suggests that hot yoga cannot regulate comprehensive health at cellular level and may deviate from the traditional concept of yoga.
Diverse dimensions of Yoga
Authors: Bhavanani Ananda Balayogi
Published: July 2014

Yoga is a word very commonly used in the world today and carries various connotations depending on its usage. It has been defined in various manners as an art and science, as well as the process of conscious evolution. All human beings can gain a lot from the bountiful dimensions of Yoga, which enables them to manifest their inherent divinity, the universal potentiality that lies dormant unless channelized. "All souls are potentially divine," said Swami Vivekananda and, indeed, they are. This article aims to elucidate the diverse dimensions of Yoga that include the dimensions related to Indian culture as well as those associated with health, therapy, society, education, and research. Various physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual benefits attainable through Yoga are explained in detail, highlighting the multiple sub-dimensions of these major fields. Yoga, which emphasizes the universal, is a perfect foil to those human activities which glorify the personal. In short, it may be safely said that the practice of Yoga as a unified whole helps the individual shift from an "I"-centric approach to a "we"- centric approach. The beauty of Yoga is that these abstract principles become concrete by the daily practice of the techniques available in the integrated system. Once the "seed of Yoga" finds fertile soil, these concepts grow naturally, slowly but surely taking root in all aspects of life.
Does Increased Knowledge of Risk and Complication of Smoking on Diabetes Affect Quit Rate? Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Kerala, India
Authors: Mini G.K. , Nichter Mark , Thankappan K.R.
Published: July 2014

Background

Data on quit rates among diabetes patients are limited.

Purpose

To find whether positive change in knowledge on smoking-related complications is associated with increased quit rates among diabetes patients.

Methods

We randomized 224 male diabetes patients into intervention groups 1 and 2. Both groups received a standard diabetic-specific smoking cessation message from a doctor. Intervention group 2 additionally received counseling. We compared the positive change in knowledge and the quit rates between the two groups at 6 months.

Results

Positive change in knowledge in group 2 was two times higher than that in group 1. The odds of quitting among patients who reported a positive change in knowledge was 2.65 times higher compared to those who reported no positive change in knowledge.

Conclusions

Increasing the knowledge of persons with diabetes about the risks of developing severe complications if they continue smoking leads to significantly higher quit rates.
Effect ofPropionibacterium freudenreichiion ruminal fermentation patterns, methane production and lipid biohydrogenation of beef finishing diets containing flaxseed oil in a rumen simulation technique
Authors: Meale S. J. , Ding S. , He M. L. , Dugan M. E. R. , Ribeiro G. O. , Alazzeh A. Y. , Holo H. , Harstad O. M. , McAllister T. A. , Chaves A. V.
Published: July 2014

Meale, S. J., Ding, S., He, M. L., Dugan, M. E. R., Ribeiro Jr. G. O., Alazzeh, A. Y., Holo, H., Harstad, O. M., McAllister, T. A. and Chaves, A. V. 2014. Effect of Propionibacterium freudenreichii on ruminal fermentation patterns, methane production and lipid biohydrogenation of beef finishing diets containing flaxseed oil in a rumen simulation technique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 685–695. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of Propionibacterium freudenreichii (strain T54; PB) and flaxseed oil (FO) in a total mixed ration on ruminal fermentation, CH4production and fatty acid biohydrogenation in two artificial rumens (RUSITEC). The experiment consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 12 d of sample collection with four replicate fermenters per treatment. Treatments were: (1) CON; (2) PB; (3) FO (60 g kg−1DM with autoclaved PB); (4) FOPB (60 g kg−1DM with PB). Disappearance of DM (g kg−1DM) and gas production (mL g−1DM) were not affected by treatment (P>0.05). Inclusion of FOPB increased (P=0.01) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production (mmol d−1), compared with CON and PB. The acetate:propionate ratio was reduced (P<0.001) in all treatments, compared with CON. Methane production (mL g−1DM or mL g−1DMD) was lowest (P<0.001) with PB (27.1%); however, FO (14.3%) and FOPB (19.3%) also reduced CH4compared with CON. Fatty acid profiles for PB were similar (P>0.05) to CON for most fatty acids. Concentrations of 18:3n-3 were greater (P<0.001) in FO and FOPB in both digesta and effluent, compared with CON. Propionibacterium freudenreichii had very little effect on ruminal biohydrogenation, but reduced CH4production under the current conditions as a result of increasing propionate production.
Short Communication: Variation in response to processing, in vitro gas production and fermentation of western Canadian feed barley
Authors: Yang W. Z. , Oba M. , Swift M. L. , McAllister T. A.
Published: July 2014

Yang, W. Z., Oba, M., Swift, M. L. and McAllister, T. A. 2014. Short Communication: Variation in response to processing, in vitro gas production and fermentation of western Canadian feed barley. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 725–729. Sixty feed barley samples were collected from various locations in western Canada. Samples were either ground (1 mm) or dry-rolled to a processing index of 80%, and fermentability was assessed by measuring gas production (GP) and dry matter disappearances (DMD) at 0, 4, 8, 14 and 24 h of incubation using a batch culture technique. Physical and chemical composition, and GP and DMD varied substantially among samples. There were significant correlations among test weight and nutrient content of barley with GP and DMD of ground barley. The results indicate that the impact of nutrient content on in vitro DMD is more easily detected with ground than rolled barley.
Screening of different nitrogen rates and intra-row spacing effects on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under microclimate conditions, Iğdır Plain, Turkey
Authors: Eryiğit T. , Akiş R. , Kaya A. R.
Published: July 2014

Eryiğit, T., Akiş, R. and Kaya, A. R. 2015. Screening of different nitrogen rates and intra-row spacing effects on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under microclimate conditions, Iğdır Plain, Turkey. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 141–147. The yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is affected by many factors, among which nitrogen fertilization and plant density are significant. This study was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design arrangement with four replications, during the successive seasons 2011 and 2012, to determine the effects of nitrogen application rate and intra-row spacing on the growth, yield and yield components of safflower under the ecological conditions of the Iğdır Plain, Turkey. The main plots were three intra-row spacing (IRS1, IRS2 and IRS3) and subplots were four nitrogen rates (N1, N2, N3 and N4). Intra-row spacing had significant effects on all parameters except plant height and seed oil content. There were significant effects of fertilizer rate on all parameters except seed oil content. The interaction of nitrogen rate and years had significant effects on seed yield. Correlations showed significant negative results between 1000-seed weight and seed oil content (−0.217). However, there was a high seed yield in 2011 compared with 2012. Among intra-rows, IRS2 and IRS3 gave greater yield compared with IRS1, while N3 gave a higher yield than other N rates (0, 100, 150, 200 kg ha−1) in both years of the study, especially 2011.
CO454 corn inbred line
Authors: Reid L. M. , Voloaca C. , Wu J. , Woldemariam T. , Jindal K. , Zhu X.
Published: July 2014

Reid, L. M., Voloaca, C., Wu, J., Woldemariam, T., Jindal, K. and Zhu, X. 2014. CO454 corn inbred line. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1529–1533. CO454 is a short-season corn (Zea mays L.) inbred line with excellent combining ability as well as moderate resistance to common smut and rust. Excellent hybrid yields and performance data were achieved when CO454 was combined with stiff stalk inbreds such as TR3030 and MBS1130 as well as with the Iodent inbred MBS8148.
Aproximación a una taxonomía de la visualización de datos
Authors: Valero Sancho José Luis , Català Domínguez Jordi , Marín Ochoa Beatriz Elena
Published: July 2014

Introducción. Con los nuevos documentos visuales existe una cierta tendencia a utilizar los conjuntos ingentes de datos con los que construir documentos útiles en diversos sentidos. Para ello se elaboran de forma gráfica presentaciones basadas en sus fuentes y así se pretende resaltar contenidos lo más cercanos, significativos y didácticos para que los intérpretes los puedan comprender. Metodología. Este documento pretende poner un cierto orden a la polisemia o sinonimia de términos que se suelen emplear en el ámbito de las rutinas de producción y al mismo tiempo elaborar un cierto análisis prototípico de los diversos documentos presentados en las llamadas visualizaciones de datos. Resultados y conclusiones. La clasificación taxonómica evidencia que hay una contribución a los estudios de comunicación visual y un cierto interés por este tipo de presentaciones de fácil interpretación, rápida producción y bajo coste cuando la programación tecnológica se reutiliza para otro tipo de contenido.
Variability of NOx in the polar middle atmosphere from October 2003 to March 2004: vertical transport vs. local production by energetic particles
Authors: Sinnhuber M. , Funke B. , von Clarmann T. , Lopez-Puertas M. , Stiller G. P. , Seppälä A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We use NO, NO2 and CO from MIPAS/ENVISAT to investigate the impact of energetic particle precipitation onto the NOx budget from the stratosphere to the lower mesosphere in the period from October 2003 to March 2004, a time of high solar and geomagnetic activity. We find that in the winter hemisphere the indirect effect of auroral electron precipitation due to downwelling of upper mesospheric/lower thermospheric air into the stratosphere prevails. Its effect exceeds even the direct impact of the very large solar proton event in October/November 2003 by nearly 1 order of magnitude. Correlations of NOx and CO show that the unprecedented high NOx values observed in the Northern Hemisphere lower mesosphere and upper stratosphere in late January and early February are fully consistent with transport from the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere and subsequent mixing at lower altitudes. In the polar summer Southern Hemisphere, we observed an enhanced variability of NO and NO2 on days with enhanced geomagnetic activity, but this seems to indicate enhanced instrument noise rather than a direct increase due to electron precipitation. A direct effect of electron precipitation onto NOx can not be ruled out, but, if any, it is lower than 3 ppbv in the altitude range 40–56 km and lower than 6 ppbv in the altitude range 56–64 km. An additional significant source of NOx due to local production by precipitating electrons below 70 km exceeding several parts per billion as discussed in previous publications appears unlikely.
Carbonaceous aerosols recorded in a Southeastern Tibetan glacier: variations, sources and radiative forcing
Authors: Wang M. , Xu B. , Cao J. , Tie X. , Wang H. , Zhang R. , Qian Y. , Rasch P. J. , Zhao S. , Wu G. , Zhao H. , Joswiak D. R. , Li J. , Xie Y.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. High temporal resolution measurements of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) covering the time period of 1956–2006 in an ice core over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau show a distinct seasonal dependence of OC / BC ratio with higher values in the non-monsoon season than during the summer monsoon. We use a global aerosol-climate model, in which BC emitted from different source regions can be explicitly tracked, to quantify BC source-receptor relationships between four Asian source regions and the southeastern Tibetan Plateau as a receptor. The model results show that South Asia is a primary contributor during the non-monsoon season (October to May) (81%) and on an annual basis (74%), followed by East Asia (14% and 21%, respectively). The ice-core record also indicates stable and relatively low BC and OC deposition fluxes from late 1950s to 1980, followed by an overall increase to recent years. This trend is consistent with the BC and OC emission inventories and the fuel consumption of South Asia as the primary contributor. Moreover, the increasing trend of OC / BC ratio since the early 1990s indicates a growing contribution of coal combustion and biomass burning to the emissions. The estimated radiative forcing induced by BC and OC impurities in snow has increased since 1980, suggesting an increasing influence of carbonaceous aerosols on the Tibetan glacier melting and the availability of water resources in the surrounding regions. Our study indicates that more attention to OC is merited because of its non-negligible light absorption and the recent rapid increases evident in the ice core record.
Variations in optical properties of aerosols on monsoon seasonal change and estimation of aerosol optical depth using ground-based meteorological and air quality data
Authors: Tan F. , Lim H. S. , Abdullah K. , Yoon T. L. , Holben B.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. In this study, the optical properties of aerosols in Penang, Malaysia were analyzed for four monsoonal seasons (northeast monsoon, pre-monsoon, southwest monsoon, and post-monsoon) based on data from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) from February 2012 to November 2013. The aerosol distribution patterns in Penang for each monsoonal period were quantitatively identified according to the scattering plots of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) against the Angstrom exponent. A modified algorithm based on the prototype model of Tan et al. (2014a) was proposed to predict the AOD data. Ground-based measurements (i.e., visibility and air pollutant index) were used in the model as predictor data to retrieve the missing AOD data from AERONET because of frequent cloud formation in the equatorial region. The model coefficients were determined through multiple regression analysis using selected data set from in situ data. The predicted AOD of the model was generated based on the coefficients and compared against the measured data through standard statistical tests. The predicted AOD in the proposed model yielded a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.68. The corresponding percent mean relative error was less than 0.33% compared with the real data. The results revealed that the proposed model efficiently predicted the AOD data. Validation tests were performed on the model against selected LIDAR data and yielded good correspondence. The predicted AOD can beneficially monitor short- and long-term AOD and provide supplementary information in atmospheric corrections.
Impact of satellite viewing-swath width on global and regional aerosol optical thickness statistics and trends
Authors: Colarco P. R. , Kahn R. A. , Remer L. A. , Levy R. C.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We use the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite aerosol optical thickness (AOT) product to assess the impact of reduced swath width on global and regional AOT statistics and trends. Along-track and across-track sampling strategies are employed, in which the full MODIS data set is sub-sampled with various narrow-swath (~ 400–800 km) and single pixel width (~ 10 km) configurations. Although view-angle artifacts in the MODIS AOT retrieval confound direct comparisons between averages derived from different sub-samples, careful analysis shows that with many portions of the Earth essentially unobserved, spatial sampling introduces uncertainty in the derived seasonal–regional mean AOT. These AOT spatial sampling artifacts comprise up to 60% of the full-swath AOT value under moderate aerosol loading, and can be as large as 0.1 in some regions under high aerosol loading. Compared to full-swath observations, narrower swath and single pixel width sampling exhibits a reduced ability to detect AOT trends with statistical significance. On the other hand, estimates of the global, annual mean AOT do not vary significantly from the full-swath values as spatial sampling is reduced. Aggregation of the MODIS data at coarse grid scales (10°) shows consistency in the aerosol trends across sampling strategies, with increased statistical confidence, but quantitative errors in the derived trends are found even for the full-swath data when compared to high spatial resolution (0.5°) aggregations. Using results of a model-derived aerosol reanalysis, we find consistency in our conclusions about a seasonal–regional spatial sampling artifact in AOT. Furthermore, the model shows that reduced spatial sampling can amount to uncertainty in computed shortwave top-of-atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing of 2–3 W m−2. These artifacts are lower bounds, as possibly other unconsidered sampling strategies would perform less well. These results suggest that future aerosol satellite missions having significantly less than full-swath viewing are unlikely to sample the true AOT distribution well enough to obtain the statistics needed to reduce uncertainty in aerosol direct forcing of climate.
MISR Research Aerosol Algorithm: refinements for dark water retrievals
Authors: Limbacher J. A. , Kahn R. A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We explore systematically the cumulative effect of many assumptions made in the MISR Research Aerosol retrieval algorithm, with the aim of quantifying the main sources of bias and uncertainty over ocean, and correcting them to the extent possible. 1132 coincident, surface-based sun photometer spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements are used for validation. Based on comparisons between these data and our baseline case (similar to the MISR Standard algorithm, but without the "modified linear mixing" approximation), for mid-visible AOD < 0.10, a high bias of 0.024 (0.032 for blue) is reduced by about half in the blue and green bands when (1) ocean surface under-light is included and the whitecap reflectance is increased for the red band, (2) physically based adjustments in particle microphysical properties and mixtures are made, (3) an adaptive pixel selection method is used, (4) spectral uncertainty is estimated from vicarious calibration, and (5) minor radiometric calibration changes are made for the red and NIR wavelengths. Applying (6) more stringent cloud screening (setting the maximum non-clear fraction to 0.50) brings all median spectral biases below 0.01. Large surface-modeling uncertainties preclude the use of both the blue and green MISR bands for over-ocean aerosol retrievals, even at mid-visible AOD higher than 0.2. When all adjustments are included (except more stringent cloud screening) and a modified acceptance criterion is used, the RMSE decreases for all wavelengths by 10–26% for the Research Algorithm itself, and 12–35% compared to the Version 22 MISR Standard Algorithm (SA). At mid-visible wavelengths, 86% of AOD data falls within 0.05 or 20% of validation values; 61% of blue band AOD data, and > 68% of green, red, and NIR values fall within 0.03 or 10%. For Ångström exponent (ANG): 68% of 1117 validation cases for AOD > 0.01 fall within 0.275 of the sun photometer values, compared to 49% for the SA. ANG RMSE decreases by 16% compared to the SA, and the median absolute error drops by 36%.
Technical Note: Large overestimation of pCO2 calculated from pH and alkalinity in acidic, organic-rich freshwaters
Authors: Abril G. , Bouillon S. , Darchambeau F. , Teodoru C. R. , Marwick T. R. , Tamooh F. , Omengo F. O. , Geeraert N. , Deirmendjian L. , Polsenaere P. , Borges A. V.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Inland waters have been recognized as a~significant source of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere at the global scale. Fluxes of CO2 between aquatic systems and the atmosphere are calculated from the gas transfer velocity and the water-air gradient of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Nowadays, direct measurements of water pCO2 remain scarce in freshwaters and most published pCO2 data are calculated from temperature, pH and total alkalinity (TA). Here, we compare calculated (pH and TA) and measured (Equilibrator and headspace) water pCO2 in a large array of temperate and tropical freshwaters. The 761 data points cover a wide range of values for TA (0 to 14.2 mmol L−1), pH (3.94 to 9.17), measured pCO2 (36 to 23 000 ppmv), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (29 to 3970 μmol L−1). Calculated pCO2 were > 10% higher than measured pCO2 in 60% of the samples (with a median overestimation of calculated pCO2 compared to measured pCO2 of 2560 ppmv) and were > 100% higher in the 25% most organic-rich and acidic samples (with a median overestimation of 9080 ppmv). We suggest these large overestimations of calculated pCO2 with respect to measured pCO2 are due to the combination of two cumulative effects: (1) a more significant contribution of organic acids anions to TA in waters with low carbonate alkalinity and high DOC concentrations; (2) a lower buffering capacity of the carbonate system at low pH, that increases the sensitivity of calculated pCO2 to TA in acidic and organic-rich waters. We recommend that regional studies on pCO2 should not be based on pH and TA data only, and that direct measurements of pCO2 should become the primary method in inland waters in general, and in particular in acidic, poorly buffered, freshwaters.
How to identify groundwater-caused thermal anomalies in lakes based on multi-temporal satellite data in semi-arid regions
Authors: Mallast U. , Gloaguen R. , Friesen J. , Rödiger T. , Geyer S. , Merz R. , Siebert C.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The deduction by conventional means of qualitative and quantitative information about groundwater discharge into lakes is complicated. Nevertheless, at least for semi-arid regions with limited surface water availability, this information is crucial to ensure future water availability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Overcoming this lack of discharge information, we present a satellite-based multi-temporal sea-surface-temperature (SST) approach. It exploits the occurrence of thermal anomalies to outline groundwater discharge locations using the example of the Dead Sea. Based on a set of 19 Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images 6.2 (high gain), recorded between 2000 and 2002, we developed a novel approach which includes (i) an objective exclusion of surface-runoff-influenced data which would otherwise lead to erroneous results and (ii) a temporal SST variability analysis based on six statistical measures amplifying thermal anomalies caused by groundwater. After excluding data influenced by surface runoff, we concluded that spatial anomaly patterns of the standard deviation and range of the SST data series spatially fit best to in situ observed discharge locations and, hence, are most suitable for detecting groundwater discharge sites.
Climate change impacts on runoff in West Africa: a review
Authors: Roudier P. , Ducharne A. , Feyen L.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. This review summarizes the impacts of climate change on runoff in West Africa, assesses the uncertainty in the projections and describes future research needs for the region. To do so, we constitute a meta-database made of 19 studies and 301 future runoff change values. The future tendency in streamflow developments is overall very uncertain (median of the 301 points is 0% and mean +5.2%), except for (i) the Gambia River, which exhibits a significant negative change (median = −4.5%), and (ii) the Sassandra and the Niger rivers, where the change is positive (+14.4% and +6.1%). A correlation analysis revealed that runoff changes are tightly linked to changes in rainfall (R = 0.49), and to a smaller extent also to changes in potential evapotranspiration. Other parameters than climate – such as the carbon effect on plant water efficiency, land use dynamics or water withdrawals – could also significantly impact on runoff, but they generally do not offset the effects of climate change. In view of the potential changes, the large uncertainty therein and the high vulnerability of the region to such changes, there is an urgent need for integrated studies that quantify the potential effects of these processes on water resources in West Africa and for more accuracy in climate models rainfall projections. We especially underline the lack of information concerning projections of future floods and droughts, and of interannual fluctuations in streamflow.
Constraining the recent mass balance of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, West Antarctica, with airborne observations of snow accumulation
Authors: Medley B. , Joughin I. , Smith B. E. , Das S. B. , Steig E. J. , Conway H. , Gogineni S. , Lewis C. , Criscitiello A. S. , McConnell J. R. , van den Broeke M. R. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , Bromwich D. H. , Nicolas J. P. , Leuschen C.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. In Antarctica, uncertainties in mass input and output translate directly into uncertainty in glacier mass balance and thus in sea level impact. While remotely sensed observations of ice velocity and thickness over the major outlet glaciers have improved our understanding of ice loss to the ocean, snow accumulation over the vast Antarctic interior remains largely unmeasured. Here, we show that an airborne radar system, combined with ice-core glaciochemical analysis, provide the means necessary to measure the accumulation rate at the catchment-scale along the Amundsen Sea coast of West Antarctica. We used along-track radar-derived accumulation to generate a 1985–2009 average accumulation grid that resolves moderate- to large-scale features (>25 km) over the Pine Island–Thwaites glacier drainage system. Comparisons with estimates from atmospheric models and gridded climatologies generally show our results as having less accumulation in the lower-elevation coastal zone but greater accumulation in the interior. Ice discharge, measured over discrete time intervals between 1994 and 2012, combined with our catchment-wide accumulation rates provide an 18-year mass balance history for the sector. While Thwaites Glacier lost the most ice in the mid-1990s, Pine Island Glacier's losses increased substantially by 2006, overtaking Thwaites as the largest regional contributor to sea-level rise. The trend of increasing discharge for both glaciers, however, appears to have leveled off since 2008.
How Entrepreneurial Leadership Can Engage University Staff in the Development of an Entrepreneurial Culture
Authors: Coyle Paul
Published: July 2014

Using a case study, the process by which a university in the UK sought to implement its strategic objective to become an entrepreneurial university, by defining a set of desirable entrepreneurial attributes for all staff, is examined. It is concluded that the role of leaders, in connecting the desirable entrepreneurial attributes to the day-to-day-work of staff, is vital if an entrepreneurial culture is to be established throughout a university. Key aspects of entrepreneurial leadership that can support university–industry interaction are recommended.
Relecturas de género a teorías clásicas sobre la ciencia, el poder y la política
Authors: Centeno Orozco Rebeca Dolores
Published: July 2014

El artículo presenta una revisión de teorías clásicas sobre epistemología, política y economía, que fueron producidas cuatro siglos antes de Cristo y en el período de la Ilustración, y que han sido utilizadas para justificar la desigualdad que experimentan las mujeres en estos campos. El paradigma de género, como teoría crítica, identifica y denuncia el sesgo androcéntrico de las ciencias para explicar cómo se reproducen las desigualdades de género en las estructuras sociales, a fin de contribuir a que a todos los seres humanos se les garantice la igualdad efectiva.
Revoluciones tan inevitables como imposibles: comentario al libro Revoluciones sin cambios revolucionarios: Ensayos sobre la crisis en Centroamérica, de Edelberto Torres-Rivas
Authors: Rocha José Luis
Published: July 2014

“Revoluciones sin cambios revolucionarios” es un libro que condensa muchos años de reflexión sobre las formaciones sociales centroamericanas, los procesos de modernización, los movimientos insurreccionales con aspiraciones revolucionarias y la cosecha de no menos de tres décadas de intentar cambios de las estructuras sociales a punta de metralla. Su recorrido abarca desde las raíces coloniales del poder oligárquico hasta las frágiles democracias de la posguerra, pero se concentra con mayor detalle en las décadas de los 50 a los 80. El curso del análisis es salpicado aquí y allá con extensos excursus que muestran las tomas de posición del autor y horadan en los grandes dilemas de las luchas revolucionarias y la reflexión que las acompaña, estimula o interpela: ¿era imprescindible una revolución democrático burguesa como antesala de la revolución socialista?, ¿la insurrección fue una consecuencia o una causa agudizante de la represión militar?, ¿se traslaparon o se estorbaron la revolución social en busca de igualdad y la revolución política en busca de democracia?, ¿predominaron las contradicciones nacionalistas o las clasistas?, ¿el Estado es caracterizable como débil en términos absolutos o también en términos relativos?, ¿qué produjo más violencia y entorpeció más la revolución: el terror estatal o el terror rojo?, ¿era posible lograr el cambio sin recurrir a las armas?, ¿la guerra era la estrategia adecuada y fue emprendida en el momento idóneo?
Cuba: a crise dos noventa e a transição para um novo modelo de agricultura
Authors: Guevara María Arias
Published: July 2014

Este trabalho apresenta um balanço da experiência cubana na sua transição para um novo modelotecnológico-organizativo de base agroecológica a partir da crise que o país teve de enfrentar nos anosnoventa do século passado quando mudou o contexto em que se inseriam suas relações internacionais ese produz um esgotamento da agricultura de tipo empresarial-estatal implementada no país após as leisda Reforma Agrária. A sustentabilidade é concebida a partir de uma visão mais ampla, incluindo fatoreseconômicos, sociais e não somente agroecológicos. O trabalho conclui que se está realizando uma transiçãopara um novo modelo e que não está finalizada a estratégia iniciada. É objetivo se avaliar a buscade alternativas agroecológicas para encarar a crise do modelo tecnológico, na mesma medida em quese exige dos atores sociais novas maneiras de vivenciar e participar como agentes do desenvolvimento e de conceber os espaços rurais.
Gestão do ambiente e metamorfoses do Estado: a experiência francesa
Authors: Clayes-Mekdade Cécilia , Allard Paul
Published: July 2014

Este artigo examina a evolução do papel do Estado na gestão do ambiente. A experiência francesa,caracterizada por um Estado altamente centralizado, propõe aos pesquisadores uma situação onde qualquerpermanência, assim como qualquer mudança, tende a ser extrema. Assim, ela serve como um pontode partida para nossa análise das mudanças no papel do Estado na gestão da natureza, que era anteriormenteconsiderada como um recurso a ser explorado, e agora é redefinida como um ambiente a serprotegido. Em particular, análise diacrônica nos permite apreender a dinâmica dessas mudanças sociais.Com base numa troca interdisciplinar entre um historiador e uma socióloga, este artigo sugere quedeveríamos qualificar teorias de desaparecimento do Estado nos armando dos meios para diferenciar, nagestão do ambiente, o que é novo e o que não é, através do destaque da capacidade para a “integração dacrítica” (integration of criticism, BOLTANSKY; CHIAPELLO, 1999) pelas instituições. O ambiente éum instrumento de hibridização que questiona velhas dicotomias: entre natureza e cultura, entre local enacional, entre o particular e o geral, entre conhecimento vernáculo e conhecimento científico. Estequestionamento tende a privar a ciência e a política dos seus respectivos monopólios como representantesda natureza e da sociedade1. Contra este pano de fundo, o Estado central se torna um gestor dadiversidade sócio-natural, o Estado tecnocrático dá uma voz ao saber-fazer local, e o Estado concedeuma certa pluralidade ao interesse público geral, do qual ele já não tem mais um monopólio tão completo.O Estado já não é mais bem o que ele era, no seu papel e no seu funcionamento, mas o Estadoperdura. Assim, a sociedade está mudando, mas as categorias do século XX ainda não estão totalmenteobsoletas.
Autoridade ambiental: transformações e relocações na modernidade global
Authors: Mol Arthur P.J.
Published: July 2014

Como um bem público, o meio ambiente tem sido tradicionalmente controlado pelo poder público.Contudo, com a globalização, a autoridade convencional do Estado em lidar com as questões ambientaisé transformada, transferida e desterritorializada. Novas autoridades ambientais não estatais emergem.Este artigo conceitua as mudanças e relocações nas estruturas do poder ligado às questões ambientais,ilustrando com exemplos dos campos da certificação e rotulagem e parcerias ambientais. Enquantoocorre essa relocação, novas estruturas de poder ambiental se formam da mescla de autoridades estataise não estatais. Por último, é feita uma avaliação desses desenvolvimentos, ponderando sobre a críticaconvencional que faz emergir os limitados potenciais democráticos e ambientais dessas novas autoridades não estatais.
O boom ambiental na imprensa: uma análise das notícias sobre desmatamentos e queimadas na Amazônia da década de 70 aos anos 2000
Authors: Costa Luciana Miranda
Published: July 2014

Este artigo apresenta as conclusões de uma pesquisa (PARD/UFPA/CNPq, 2006) que analisou o significativopapel da mídia no “boom” ambiental que vem se registrando nas últimas décadas, com ênfase para osdesmatamentos e queimadas na Amazônia. O leitor encontrará neste texto os elementos que apontam amídia impressa como agente multiplicador das informações presentes na contemporaneidade, o papeldo Estado e das políticas públicas na raiz dos problemas ambientais na Amazônia, as causas e efeitosdos desmatamentos e queimadas e os principais agentes sociais envolvidos. Além disso, há uma abordagemespecífica sobre o discurso jornalístico para cada década, ressaltando temas como: a colonizaçãoe o desmatamento (década de 70), o receio sobre a “internacionalização da Amazônia” e o corte emfinanciamentos internacionais para grandes projetos (década de 80), o destaque midiático com a Rio 92(década de 90) e o “olhar verde” da imprensa neste novo século. A base teórica de análise está centradaem autores e conceitos da Sociologia e da Semiologia dos Discursos Sociais. O objetivo principal dapesquisa foi verificar como se estruturou o discurso da mídia impressa sobre as questões ambientais apartir de suas fontes de informação. O que se constatou foi que as matérias jornalísticas, dominantementedescritivas e factuais, privilegiaram como suas “fontes” principais os órgãos governamentais. Já a partirdo final da década de 80, passaram também a se constituir como fontes instituições de pesquisa e ONGs.Os pequenos agricultores, fazendeiros, índios, madeireiros e seus respectivos órgãos de representaçãoapareceram de “forma secundária” nas matérias durante todo o período, ora como “vilões” ora como“vítimas” do acentuado processo de desmatamento e queimadas na Amazônia.
Construindo competitividade a partir da Certificação Florestal: um estudo na Ervateira Putinguense, RS
Authors: Hoff Debora Nayar , Blume Roni , Pedrozo Eugenio Avila
Published: July 2014

O presente artigo busca verificar se a certificação florestal pode fazer com que competitividade epreservação ambiental convirjam para gerar vantagem competitiva para os adotantes, com base em estudode caso na única propriedade no Brasil a possuir certificação de erva-mate via FSC. A partir disso,é possível constatar que a certificação permite incremento de preço no produto final, conforme mercado,acesso a nichos de mercado (produtos ecológicos e orgânicos) e a novo mercado (indústria cosmética),com abertura de mercado potencial (indústria farmacêutica).
Respostas públicas, sucesso e fracasso no gerenciamento de riscos
Authors: Steffen Monica
Published: July 2014

Nos anos 80. um acidcntc médico produziu cscândalos politicos cm vários paíscs industrializados. Em outros. no cntanto, o mesmo problema passou quase despercebido. Acontaminação massiva de hemolTlicos e de destinatários de transfusão de sangue pelo virus IIlV fornece um exemplo interessante da gestão dos riscos numa escala internacional, comum rol extremamente largo de reações públicas e de politicas face aos riscos de saúde pública. Por que as respostas públicas ao risco são diferentes? Em primeiro lugar. o potencial de mobilização pública é particularmente importante nos domínios carregados de fortes valoressimbólicos, como a medicina. o sangue e outros fluídos essenciais. Em segundo lugar, as dificuldades natomada de decisão e no estabelecimento de estratégias de redução de riscos podem ser ligadas a fatores institucionais que podem atrasar o processo. Finalmente. a avaliação do sucesso e do fracasso na gestão dos riscos deve ser distinta segundo o nível técnico e o nível político da resolução dos problemas. Os argumentos desenvolvidos aqui resultam em grande parte de uma comparação internacional das politicasque concernem ao risco HIV no setor da transfusão sangüínea. A primeira parte do artigo apresenta asabordagens e os conceitos das ciências sociais que permitem compreender as variações das respostas públicas ülce ao alerta sobre o risco. A segunda parte concentra-se nos elementos particulares do exemplo da transfusão sangüínea e mostra seu signilicado geral para a gestão dos riscos.
O princípio de precaução ou os limites de um princípio político
Authors: Charbonneau Simon
Published: July 2014

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Transferência de dispositivos de reconhecimento da agricultura orgânica e apropriação local: uma análise sobre a Rede Ecovida
Authors: Byé Pascal , Schmidt Vanice D. B. , Schmidt Wilson
Published: July 2014

Tem-se constatado um processo recente de transferência, da União Européia ou dos Estados Unidos para o Brasil, de dispositivos de reconhecimento da agricultura orgânica - e dos sistemas de normatização e certificação que os acompanham. Pesquisas de campo foram realizadas, em Santa Catarina, para avaliar a adaptação e a apropriação local desses sistemas. Este artigo apresenta e analisa os resultados obtidos junto a uma das três redes pesquisadas, a Rede Ecovida de Agroecologia. A Ecovida se organiza paraescapar, o mais possível, das restrições colocadas por um tipo de reconhecimento que considera "oficial", da "indústria da certificação" e das restriçoes redutoras demais, dando prioridade à venda direta para consumidores "conscientes". Essa prática militante constitui a forma mais ambiciosa de controle social da certificação. Os seus procedimentos se inscrevem no tempo longo de comunidades marcadas pelopatrimônio sociocultural da agricultura familiar e no universo relativamente estreito dos mercados de proximidade. Eles se confrontam, no entanto, com outras opções que remetem a universos mercantis mais amplos que têm tempos bastante curtos, ao traduzirem a reatividade dos operadores comerciais à transformação rápida dos modelos de consumo urbano. Indica-se, ao final, que a durabilidade, a estabilidade e a flexibilidade de cada um desses conjuntos dependeriam, em grande parte, da dinâmica que se impoe nos seus universos temporais e espaciais respectivos.
A agricultura ecológica na Alemanha
Authors: Schmidt Götz
Published: July 2014

A crise ambiental da agriculturamoderna, conseqüência do uso de insumos químicos, começa a dar origem a modelos alternativos de produção como a agricultura ecológica, que vem sendo estimulada e fomentada pela política do governo alemão. Este trabalho trata da agricultura ecológica dos pioneiros, sua evoluçao e fomento, o desenvolvimento na Alemanha em direção a um modelo de produção baseado em princípiosecológicos que se expande e já conquista parte significativa do mercado dos produtos alimentícios comercializados na sociedade alemã.
BUILDING AN ONLINE COMMUNITY: INGROUP FACE AND RELATIONAL WORK IN ONLINE DISCUSSIONS
Authors: Hopkinson Christopher
Published: July 2014

Based on a corpus of internet discussions on medical topics, this study examines the social dimension of the genre, focusing particularly on the strategies through which a distinct ingroup community is created and maintained. Drawing on concepts of face and relational work, the analysis shows how participants typically position themselves as holders of shared ingroup values, altercast their opponents as members of an outgroup, and enact recurring patterns of interaction indicating the existence of a distinct and coherent community of practice. The study then examines the main relational work strategies through which ingroup members establish, maintain and strengthen social bonds within the online community.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SILENT PAUSES AND RATE OF ARTICULATION IN THE DISCOURSE OF SITCOM
Authors: Bílá Magdaléna
Published: July 2014

The objective of the present paper is to provide the results of follow-up research into conversations in an episode of the sitcom Friends. The study is based on two selected phonetic features: ungrammatical silent pauses and rate of articulation, in order to substantiate whether these features contribute to the spokenness of the fi lm dialogue in the focal sitcom and to explore in what manner these features are produced in the original version and the dubbed version (Slovak).
Roads to Recursion. Some historiographical remarks on a core category of Media Art
Authors: Kacunko Slavko
Published: July 2014

In this paper, the general arena between analogue and digital media art is explored with special respect to the concept of the ‘newness’ of media. The first part confirms the Closed Circuit as an ‘open system’ related to its right to an evolution towards increasing complexity without the reciprocal playing-off of self-referential ‘life’ against ‘hetero-referential’ technique. The second part refers to the continuity of research undertaken in media, art and art-history and discussion in related fields while the concepts of ‘new’ media have repeatedly admitted the Closed Circuit as a core category in ‘New’ Media Art. The third part introduces one content-related categorization of Closed Circuit video installations which has been regarded as representative for the general ‘fields of inquiry’ of both analogue and digital media art.
El vídeo musical interactivo, nuevas prácticas de representación músico-visual en la Red
Authors: Palomar Ricardo Roncero , Sánchez Raquel Sardá
Published: July 2014

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar las diferentes posibilidades de manipulación por parte del usuario que presenta el vídeo musical interactivo, como nuevo formato surgido al amparo de Internet como vehículo de distribución de productos audiovisuales y entorno capaz de albergar prácticas artísticas. Para ello se parte del vídeo musical lineal como soporte artístico y su posible adaptación al nuevo medio interactivo. La intención es justificar una unión de décadas entre arte y cultura popular que podría tener continuidad en el nuevo formato que utiliza como base las nuevas tecnologías en materia de comunicación. Por último se hace un estudio de cincuenta piezas representativas del vídeo musical interactivo que nos ayude a encontrar patrones comunes a nivel de interacción y posibilidades plásticas vinculando imagen y sonido.
On New Media Art, Its Development and Achievement in China
Authors: Guangyu Liu
Published: July 2014

This essay is aimed to introduce the development status of the new media art in China; the author gave its definition based on his own understanding and observation, which included various forms. Moreover, the developing environment of the new media art in the world is presented systematically in the essay. The author combed the art history and technology history which are closely connected with the birth of the new media art. China has achieved many accomplishments in new media art forms, such as the successful hosting of 2008 World Olympic Games and 2010 World expo. In the opening ceremony of 2008 World Olympic Games, interactive art, installation art and virtual space are in perfect use. Especially, “scroll” has combined all the above technological methods into display, which brought about stunning sensory impact to the audiences. After two years, Shanghai was the focus of the world, 242 countries and international organizations that have attended 2010 Shanghai World expo. The new media art forms are bloomed and flourished, China pavilion’s Qingming Riverside was endowed with new vitality via these new art media forms.