bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Great ratios and Common Cycles: Do They Exist for the UK?
Authors: Mills Terence C.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the dynamic interactions between postwar, quarterly UK consumption, investment and income within a VAR framework. Use is made of two developments which allow sets of restrictions to be tested and imposed, and which potentially make the VAR framework much more economically interpretable. One set is placed by neoclassical growth theory and involves the presence of common stochastic trends linking the secular movement of the series (i.e. the great ratios), while the other set is placed by notions of common, or more generally, codependent cycles which have their origin in ideas of comovements between growth rates. Evidence is found to support the existence of the great ratios for the UK, and evidence is also found of a codependent cycle of order one in the growth rates of consumption, investment and income, so that although the cycles are not exactly synchronized, the response of the three growth rates to a shock will be similar from two quarters after the shock has occurred. Moreover, it is lagged consumption shocks that are primarily driving the cycle.
Causal Links Between Financial Activity and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from a Cross–Country Analysis, 1970–1990
Authors: Graff Michael
Published: March 2003

To clarify the causal links between financial activity and economic growth, a series of path models is estimated. It is shown that during the 1970s and 1980s finance was predominantly a supply–leading determinant of economic growth. The data suggest, however, that there has been a structural change and that from about 1975–80, finance was far less beneficial – and possibly even detrimental – to growth.
Some Fiscal Implications of Monetary Policy
Authors: Dellas Harris , Salyer Kevin D.
Published: March 2003

We study the implications of alternative monetary targeting procedures for real interest rates and economic activity. We find that countercyclical monetary policy rules lead to higher real interest rates, higher average tax rates, lower output but lower variability of tax rates and consumption relative to procyclical rules. For a country with a high level of public debt (e.g. Italy), the adoption of a countercyclical procedure such as interest rate pegging may conceivably raise public debt servicing costs by more than half a percentage point of GNP. Our analysis suggests that the current debate on the targeting procedures of the European Central Bank ought to be broadened to include a discussion of the fiscal implications of monetary policy.
Child Labour
Authors: Sebastian Vicente
Published: March 2003

Objections to child labour range from its creating unfair trade advantage to its infringing children’s human rights. Analysis of the responsibilities of various parties implicated in the use of child labour can lead to identifying stages in a cumulative ethical approach which is not self‐defeating. The author is an economist who has recently completed his MBA at London Business School.
A Case in Point: Morality and Paternalism in the Asbestos Industry: A Functional Explanation
Authors: Tweedale Geoffrey , Warren Richard
Published: March 2003

“It is the creation of the paternalistic but secretive company which produces moral indifference towards its employees”. This Turner & Newall case‐study highlights the significance of how a corporate morality or a thought world can affect the ethical conduct of the individuals in the organization. Geoffrey Tweedale is Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for Business History, and Richard C. Warren is Principal Lecturer in the Department of Business Studies, at The Manchester Metropolitan University, Aytoun Building, Aytoun Street, Manchester. M1 3GH.

Acknowledgments. This study draws partly on a study funded by the Wellcome Trust. Also to be thanked are David Jeremy and Andrew Lock. Michael O’Connor of Chase Manhattan Bank kindly provided court transcripts and other records from the Bank’s collection of non‐confidential T&N materials.
On business ethics and moralism
Authors: Brinkmann Johannes
Published: March 2003

Business ethics as an academic field is, not least, about moral criticism and self‐criticism, of business and of business education. However, the business ethics discourse appears to shift between a critique of immorality (which deserves criticism) and a crude moralism. The article explores the concept of moralism with reference to the relevant literature and illustrates its various manifestations with reference to empirical studies. This is followed up by theses for further discussion and research.
Is business ethics philosophy or sophism?
Authors: Michaelson Christopher
Published: March 2003

The contrast between the philosopher and the sophist is subtle and significant. The significant difference is identified by Socrates when he claims, in the Apology 21d, to be the wisest man in Athens: “Neither of us has any knowledge to boast of, but he thinks that he knows something which he does not know, whereas I am quite conscious of my ignorance.” Nearly two and one half millennia later, business ethics has transported street corner conversation into the meeting room and board room, where ethical leadership is cultivated or stifled. Are these conversations about ethics philosophy, or are they sophism? In this paper, I will evaluate the philosophical soundness of business ethics as it is practiced in business situations. My objective will be to outline the unfulfilled value of philosophical wisdom to ensuring the value of business ethics, and business, to society at large.
Moral agency as victim of the vulnerability of autonomy
Authors: Lovell Alan
Published: March 2003

This paper draws upon a research study of accountants and HR specialists. The study eschewed hypothetical scenarios and focused upon those situations and scenarios that the interviewees defined as causing them ethical concerns. There are two distinct but related issues arising from the paper. The first is that the singular categorisations of moral reasoning attributed to individuals when faced with hypothetical scenarios by many who write on the issue of moral reasoning, did not correspond to the fluidity in moral choices faced by the interviewees as they experienced their unfolding moral dilemmas. The second issue relates to the unwillingness of the interviewees to give voice to their concerns, not only externally, but also within their employing organisations. The tensions within the two cases featured were held in check only by the diminution of the autonomy of the two principal actors. As a consequence, the exercise of moral agency was denied.
The social and ethical alchemy: an integrative approach to social and ethical accountability
Authors: De Colle Simone , Gonella Claudia
Published: March 2003

In recent years there has been an explosion of interest by companies in developing approaches to instill values in their decision‐making processes and to manage and report on their social performance. The emerging field of social and ethical accounting, auditing and reporting (SEAAR) is characterised by considerable differentiation not only in terminology, but also in methodology and focus. This article aims to analyse the key conceptual and methodological differences between internally focussed approaches to SEAAR, dealing with ethics (behavioural) issues, and externally focussed approaches to SEAAR, dealing with social (stakeholder) issues.

In their discussion of the benefits and potential pitfalls of exclusively internally or externally focussed approaches the authors suggest two organisational metaphors as heuristics – the Cultish and the Chameleon organisation. The authors then propose an integrative approach to SEAAR which will overcome this dissonance and initiate a mutually reinforcing process that, in the long‐term, can build both internal trust and cohesiveness and external credibility. The suggested approach is characterised as social and ethical alchemy since the aim is to achieve more than the sum of the two separate parts – a business ethics programme and a social reporting process – by creating leverage and synergy between the key components.
Eliciting information about the values of HRM practitioners using laddering interviews
Authors: Foote Dorothy , Lamb Kevin
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on the findings of the first stage of a research project that experiments with the use of laddering technique in an attempt to enhance understanding of the influence of values in the behaviour of HRM professionals. Laddering has been chosen because it allows flexible, systematic investigation of aspects of ethics and people management which have hitherto been difficult to clarify. It also provides the opportunity to undertake both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data obtained. The research design incorporates two phases – a questionnaire and a laddering interview; it involves a sample of respondents drawn from HRM practitioners participating in the CIPD Professional Qualification Scheme. In comparing the results obtained from each phase of the research, it is clear that the laddering interviews have enabled more detailed information to be elicited and more specific goals to be identified. The authors believe that laddering can provide valuable additional insight into ethical practice, behaviour and goals.
Can the Poor Have Stakes?
Authors: Le Grand Julian
Published: March 2003

Julian Le Grand summarises some questions which proponents of the stakeholding approach need to answer, with particular reference to poverty and inequality.
The Dynamics of Strategy
Authors: Warren Kim
Published: March 2003

In seeking to build and sustain competitive advantage, managers need to develop strategies which take account of likely future changes – and which will themselves change in line with circumstances. This article starts by outlining problems with a non‐dynamic approach to formulating strategy and then lays out the initial frameworks of a fact‐based method that can help managers understand and take control of the time‐path of their firm’s performance.
Marketing Metrics
Authors: Ambler Tim
Published: March 2003

A fundamental problem for measuring marketing performance is defining and identifying both the best metrics and best practice. This article, based on a three‐year research project among major companies, summarises both what firms do and what the research implied they should do. It proposes a common use of language as a prerequisite to defining metrics and introducing performance measurement systems. Boards should establish and regularly review both external and internal market metrics, including innovation health. The author also explains why he thinks market research responsibility, and reporting marketing performance to the board, should be turned over to the finance director or chief knowledge officer.
Secrets of Success from the Heathrow School of Management
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Stephen Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Managers: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change

Sam Deep and Lyle Sussman, Act on It! Solving 101 of the Toughest Management Challenges

Spencer Johnson, Who Moved My Cheese? An Amazing Way to Deal with Change in Your Work and in YourLife

Joel Brandon and Daniel Morris, Just Don't Do It! Challenging Assumptions in Business

Harold Geneen with Brent Bowers, Synergy and Other Lies: DownsizingBureaucracy and Corporate Culture Debunked
Building Yahoo!
Authors: Koogle Tim
Published: March 2003

Founded in 1994, Yahoo! is now one of the world's largest internet companies and one of the very few making profits. In this article, an edited transcript of a presentation in London late in 2000, Yahoo!'s Chairman and CEO outlines the company's evolution and strategy, and discusses what he sees as the key trends and issues today.
Can Global Business be a Force for Good?
Authors: Ellis Vernon
Published: March 2003

The more extreme defenders of business have one belief in common with the anti‐globalisation protesters: that the relationship between business and society is a zero‐sum game where one can gain only at the expense of the other. In this article, the author argues the opposite case. Recognising the validity of some of the protesters’ concerns, he summarises research and his own experience at the G8 Summit and elsewhere on how the forces which drive business globalisation can also help social progress.
Making the Most of B2C Wireless
Authors: Advani Rajiv , Choudhury Khaled
Published: March 2003

Companies in Europe and the US have made little effort to explore the potential of wireless devices (mobile phones and personal digital assistants) as a communication channel with consumers. This is mainly because of their uncertainty about the wireless “killer applications” and the timing and capability of next‐generation wireless technologies. This article argues that they are being too cautious and that the best way to approach the opportunities is not to find a single “killer application”. Rather, companies need to identify what the authors call a “killer experience”. This should be designed around customer needs (rather than an existing industry value chain), supported by a multichannel platform. It should make the most of wireless's unique time and location advantages and involve wireless‐specific features. Existing technologies are already sufficiently advanced to make this possible. The article is based on research earlier this year.
Does Relationship Marketing Age Well?
Authors: Hibbard Jonathan D. , Brunel Frédéric F. , Dant Rajiv P. , Iacobucci Dawn
Published: March 2003

Most managers agree that close co‐operative relationships between business partners yield benefits to all parties. However, some question whether these benefits continue as the relationship ages. This article reports on a study designed to answer this question. The study suggests that, however long the relationship, building trust, commitment and the other components of Relationship Marketing (RM) continue to have a positive effect on the performance of business partners. However, it also shows that, over time, the positive effect diminishes. The authors suggest that managers need to recognize this, and to identify the true costs of building relationships so as to judge whether the diminishing returns justify the effort. Ultimately, managers need to vary their handling of each relationship because standardized RM practices are unlikely to be effective.
Reflections of a Reluctant Capitalist
Authors: Dearlove Des
Published: March 2003

No other management theorist’s world view encompasses the irresistible rise of the flea, their symbiotic relationship with elephants and a written constitution for business. In addition, Charles Handy calls on the business world to rethink the money–obsessed mindset of executives and to look for a raison d’etre beyond simply increasing shareholder value. Interview by Des Dearlove.
Creating the Conditions for Cognitive Change: The Interaction between Task Structures and Specific Strategies
Authors: Thornton Stephanie
Published: March 2003

It is widely accepted that conceptual development must, to an extent, be constrained by the conceptual structures a child already possesses. Yet this conclusion raises a problem, for a given conceptual structure can only constrain the discovery of elements that are already implicit within itself. Thus it cannot constrain the discovery of structures that are qualitatively different from itself. And yet, qualitative change in conceptual structures does occur. It is proposed here that conceptual change is constrained not only by conceptual structures in the child but also by structures inherent in the tasks in which children deploy their skills. The dynamic interaction between the strategies children bring to the task and the detailed structure of the task in hand acts to redirect the child's attention to new aspects of a problem, opening up the possibility of new discoveries that were not prefigured in the child's original approach. This process is explored first in a microgenetic study of (N = 30) children aged 5 to 9 years completing a bridge building task, focusing particularly on a case study of the problem solving of a 5‐year‐old child; and also through examining predictions as to the incidence of within‐session change in problem solving in 5‐year‐olds playing the “Twenty Questions” game, using group data (N = 62).
Cognitive Complexity and Attentional Control in the Bilingual Mind
Authors: Bialystok Ellen
Published: March 2003

In the analysis and control framework, Bialystok identifies analysis (representation) and control (selective attention) as components of language processing and has shown that one of these, control, develops earlier in bilingual children than in comparable monolinguals. In the theory of cognitive complexity and control (CCC), Zelazo and Frye argue that preschool children lack the conscious representation and executive functioning needed to solve problems based on conflicting rules. The present study investigates whether the bilingual advantage in control can be found in a nonverbal task, the dimensional change card sort, used by Zelazo and Frye to assess CCC. This problem contains misleading information characteristic of high‐control tasks but minimal demands for analysis. Sixty preschool children, half of whom were bilingual, were divided into a group of younger (M = 4,2) and older (M = 5,5) children. All the children were given a test of English proficiency (PPVT‐R) and working memory (Visually‐Cued Recall Task) to assure comparability of the groups and then administered the dimensional change card sort task and the moving word task. The bilingual children were more advanced than the monolinguals in the solving of experimental problems requiring high levels of control. These results demonstrate the role of attentional control in both these tasks, extends our knowledge about the cognitive development of bilingual children, and provides a means of relating developmental proposals articulated in two different theoretical frameworks, namely, CCC and analysis‐control.
Attitudes toward Family Obligations among American Adolescents with Asian, Latin American, and European Backgrounds
Authors: Fuligni Andrew J. , Tseng Vivian , Lam May
Published: March 2003

This study was designed to examine the attitudes toward family obligations among over 800 American tenth (M age = 15.7 years) and twelfth (M age = 17.7 years) grade students from Filipino, Chinese, Mexican, Central and South American, and European backgrounds. Asian and Latin American adolescents possessed stronger values and greater expectations regarding their duty to assist, respect, and support their families than their peers with European backgrounds. These differences tended to be large and were consistent across the youths' generation, gender, family composition, and socioeconomic background. Whereas an emphasis on family obligations tended to be associated with more positive family and peer relationships and academic motivation, adolescents who indicated the strongest endorsement of their obligations tended to receive school grades just as low as or even lower than those with the weakest endorsement. There was no evidence, however, that the ethnic variations in attitudes produced meaningful group differences in the adolescents' development. These findings suggest that even within a society that emphasizes adolescent autonomy and independence, youths from families with collectivistic traditions retain their parents' familistic values and that these values do not have a negative impact upon their development.
Social Risks and Psychological Adjustment: A Comparison of African American and South African Children
Authors: Barbarin Oscar A.
Published: March 2003

In the United States, race is highly associated with social risk factors such as poverty and family structure that may account by themselves for developmental outcomes often attributed to race alone. This cross‐national study assesses the effects of social risks on adjustment of racially similar groups of 306 African American and 625 South African 6‐year‐olds. Poverty and gender were confirmed as risk factors but single female headship was not. Moreover, poverty and gender posed less risk for South African than for African American children. Poverty placed children at risk for immaturity, hyperactivity, and difficulty in peer relations. Boys were more likely to have behavior problems than were girls. African Americans exhibited higher rates of emotional symptoms but lower rates of bullying, destructiveness, and social rejection than did South Africans. African Americans, particularly the males, scored higher on the opposition and hyperactivity scales than did South Africans. Distinctive social contexts and cultural resources may account for differences in adjustment.
Close Interrelation of Motor Development and Cognitive Development and of the Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Diamond Adele
Published: March 2003

Motor development and cognitive development may be fundamentally interrelated. Contrary to popular notions that motor development begins and ends early, whereas cognitive development begins and ends later, both motor and cognitive development display equally protracted developmental timetables. When cognitive development is perturbed, as in a neurodevelopmental disorder, motor development is often adversely affected. While it has long been known that the striatum functions as part of a circuit with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, it is suggested here that the same is true for the cerebellum and that the cerebellum may be important for cognitive as well as motor functions. Like prefrontal cortex, the cerebellum reaches maturity late. Many cognitive tasks that require prefrontal cortex also require the cerebellum. To make these points, evidence is summarized of the close co‐activation of the neocerebellum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in functional neuroimaging, of similarities in the cognitive sequelae of damage to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the neocerebellum, of motor deficits in “cognitive” developmental disorders, and of abnormalities in the cerebellum and in prefrontal cortex in the same developmental disorders.
Functional Brain Development in Infants: Elements of an Interactive Specialization Framework
Authors: Johnson Mark H.
Published: March 2003

One future direction for cognitive development research involves a closer integration with our knowledge about the developing brain. I present a framework for analyzing and interpreting postnatal functional brain development in human infants. Three specific hypotheses contribute to this framework, within which a variety of phenomena associated with the neural basis of perception and cognition in normal and abnormal development can be characterized.
Grounding Development in Cognitive Processes
Authors: Samuelson Larissa , Smith Linda B.
Published: March 2003

Developmentalists have made remarkable progress over the last several decades in detailing what children know at various points in development. Less progress has been made, however, in detailing the processes through which knowledge is realized in real‐time tasks, or in detailing the processes of developmental change. We argue that the operating characteristics of perceiving and remembering provide a foundation for making progress on these issues in the next century. We include three examples applying these ideas to specific phenomena in early word learning. These examples illustrate how forming developmental hypotheses in terms of perceiving and remembering may bring new insights into specific phenomena as well as into how the ordinary operating characteristics of perceiving and remembering serve as bootstraps to more specialized and more abstract kinds of knowledge.
The Motor Core of Speech: A Comparison of Serial Organization Patterns in Infants and Languages
Authors: MacNeilage Peter F. , Davis Barbara L. , Kinney Ashlynn , Matyear Christine L.
Published: March 2003

Comparison of serial organization of infant babbling and early speech with that of 10 languages reveals four movement‐related design features reflecting a deep evolutionary heritage: (1) the cyclical consonant–vowel alternation underlying the syllable, a “Frame” for speech consisting of mandibular oscillation, possibly evolving from ingestive cyclicities (e.g., chewing) via visuofacial communicative cyclicities (e.g., lipsmacks); (2) three intracyclical consonant–vowel co‐occurrence preferences reflecting basic biomechanical constraints — coronal consonants–front vowels, dorsal consonants–back vowels, and labial consonants–central vowels; (3) a developmental progression from above‐chance to below‐chance levels of intercyclical consonant repetition; (4) an ease‐related labial consonant–vowel– coronal consonant sequence preference for word initiation. These design features presumably result from self‐organizational responses to selection pressures, primarily determined by motor factors. No explanation for these design features is available from Universal Grammar, and, except for feature 3, perceptual‐motor learning seems to have only a limited causal role in acquisition of any design feature.
The Future of Applied Child Development Research and Public Policy
Authors: McCall Robert B. , Groark Chrstina J.
Published: March 2003

After reviewing a brief general history of applied child development research, this paper suggests that in the future we should study questions that society needs to answer as well as questions that might contribute to theory, and that our research methods need to be adjusted to match these types of questions. Further, academics are urged to broaden their audience from a nearly exclusive focus on other academics to a focus on the three ps — practitioners, policymakers, and the public — and to recognize that scholarship is packaged differently for these audiences. Finally, it is suggested that applied child development research should market as well as sell, partner with nonacademic groups, disseminate results more vigorously, and focus efforts on local as well as national issues.
Depending on the Kindness of Strangers: Current National Data Initiatives and Developmental Research
Authors: Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne , Berlin Lisa J. , Leventhal Tama , Fuligni Allison Sidle
Published: March 2003

This article provides a brief review of current large‐scale, longitudinal data collection initiatives focusing on children. These studies will be available for secondary data analyses in the twenty‐first century. In addition to child outcome data, process‐oriented information is being collected on child–parent interactions, quality of child care, elementary school teacher reports and classroom observations, accessibility and use of health, educational and social services, parental mental health, family violence, fathering, parental residence patterns, income and income sources, child support, employment patterns, and community characteristics. Several of these studies are randomized trials of the efficacy of early childhood intervention services and housing mobility programs. The usefulness of these efforts for exploring policy‐relevant issues (child support enforcement, work requirements for welfare recipients, antipoverty strategies, housing subsidies and relocation, availability of child care, child‐care subsidies) are discussed.
Loneliness and Friendship in High‐Functioning Children with Autism
Authors: Bauminger Nirit , Kasari Connie
Published: March 2003

Loneliness and friendship were examined in 22 high‐functioning children with autism and 19 typically developing children equated with the autistic children for IQ, CA, gender, mother's education, and ethnicity. Children between the ages of 8 and 14 were asked to report on both their understanding and feelings of loneliness and the quality of their friendship. Compared to typically developing children, children with autism were both lonelier and had less complete understandings of loneliness. Although all children with autism reported having at least one friend, the quality of their friendships was poorer in terms of companionship, security, and help. Fewer associations were found between loneliness and friendship for the autistic than for the non‐autistic children, suggesting less understanding of the relation between loneliness and friendship. Implications of these results are discussed for conceptualizing the social deficits in autism.
Are There Implications for Prevention Research from Studies of Resilience?
Authors: Robinson JoAnn L.
Published: March 2003

In this commentary, the question is raised whether prevention research can benefit from resilience research in designing interventions. Although many areas in the investigative interests of prevention and resilience researchers overlap, Luthar, Cicchetti, and Becker may have set the bar too high for defining resilience in the context of varying levels of adversity.
Not Proved: Reply to Wynn
Authors: Wakeley Ann , Rivera Susan , Langer Jonas
Published: March 2003

Findings on whether young infants look longer at incorrect addition and subtraction have been inconsistent or, as in our study, negative. We hypothesize that imprecise ordinal calculating with very small numbers of objects develops in late infancy and precise calculating in early childhood.
Maternal Regulation of Sibling Interactions in the Preschool Years: Observational Study in Japanese Families
Authors: Kojima Yasuo
Published: March 2003

Characteristics of three maternal regulating behaviors — (1) reference to one sibling's actions or emotional states toward the other sibling, (2) encouragement of sibling interactions, (3) distraction of one sibling's attention away from the other sibling — and their associations with children's positive and negative behaviors toward their siblings were investigated through semistructured home observations for 40 sibling pairs (1 – 4 years, 2 – 8 years) and their mothers in Japanese families. Maternal regulating behaviors were observed more frequently when the younger sibling was still in an early developmental stage in the preschool years, although the findings were modest. The older sibling's negative behaviors toward the younger sibling positively correlated with maternal distraction toward the younger; alternatively, the younger sibling's negative behaviors do not correlate with maternal distraction but do correlate with maternal encouragement directed toward the older sibling. Reliable associations were found between maternal regulating behaviors and prosocial exchanges between siblings; maternal reference to the younger sibling's actions or emotional states directed toward the older sibling was associated with the older sibling's positive behavior toward the younger sibling. Maternal regulating behaviors during mother – sibling triadic interactions were associated with the quality of sibling relationships.
Child Development and Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Bjorklund David F. , Pellegrini Anthony D.
Published: March 2003

Evolutionary developmental psychology involves the expression of evolved, epigenetic programs, as described by the developmental systems approach, over the course of ontogeny. There have been different selection pressures on organisms at different times in ontogeny, and some characteristics of infants and children were selected in evolution to serve an adaptive function at that time in their life history rather than to prepare individuals for later adulthood. Examples of such adaptive functions of immaturity are provided from infancy, play, and cognitive development. Most evolved psychological mechanisms are proposed to be domain specific in nature and have been identified for various aspects of children's cognitive and social development, most notably for the acquisition of language and for theory of mind. Differences in the quality and quantity of parental investment affect children's development and influence their subsequent reproductive and childcare strategies. Some sex differences observed in childhood, particularly as expressed during play, are seen as antecedents and preparations for adult sex differences. Because evolved mechanisms were adaptive to ancestral environments, they are not always adaptive for contemporary people, and this mismatch of evolved mechanisms with modern environments is seen in children's maladjustment to some aspects of formal schooling. We argue that an evolutionary perspective can be valuable for developing a better understanding of human ontogeny in contemporary society and that a developmental perspective is important for a better understanding of evolutionary psychology.
The Future of Theory‐of‐Mind Research: Understanding Motivational States, the Role of Language, and Real‐World Consequences
Authors: Astington Janet Wilde
Published: March 2003

Suggestions are made for future investigation of theory‐of‐mind development. There needs to be (1) more focus on the development of understanding of desire and intention; (2) research on the role of language in theory‐of‐mind development that integrates representational‐development and social‐interaction views; and (3) investigation of the real‐world consequences of children's developing understanding of belief, desire, and intention.
Parental Coping with Children's Negative Emotions: Relations with Children's Emotional and Social Responding
Authors: Fabes Richard A. , Leonard Stacie A. , Kupanoff Kristina , Martin Carol Lynn
Published: March 2003

This study examined the relation between parents' reactions to children's negative emotions and social competence. Additionally, the role of parental emotional distress in children's emotional socialization was examined. The emotional reactions of 57 preschoolers (33 girls, 24 boys; M age = 59.2 months) were observed during their free‐play interactions. Parents (mostly mothers) completed questionnaires about their reactions to children's negative emotions. An index of children's social competence was obtained from teachers. Results indicated that the relation between harsh parental coping strategies and children's emotional responding was moderated by parental distress. In addition, the relation of the interaction of parental coping and distress to children's social competence was mediated by children's level of emotional intensity. It was concluded that distressed parents who use harsh coping strategies in response to children's negative emotions have children who express emotion in relatively intense ways. In turn, these children find it relatively difficult to behave in a socially competent manner.
Children and Mothers in War: An Outcome Study of a Psychosocial Intervention Program
Authors: Dybdahl Ragnhild
Published: March 2003

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects on children (age: M=5.5 years) in war‐torn Bosnia and Herzegovina of a psychosocial intervention program consisting of weekly group meetings for mothers for 5 months. An additional aim was to investigate the children's psychosocial functioning and the mental health of their mothers. Internally displaced mother – child dyads were randomly assigned to an intervention group receiving psychosocial support and basic medical care (n=42) or to a control group receiving medical care only (n=45). Participants took part in interviews and tests to provide information about war exposure, mental health, psychosocial functioning, intellectual abilities, and physical health. Results showed that although all participants were exposed to severe trauma, their manifestations of distress varied considerably. The intervention program had a positive effect on mothers' mental health, children's weight gain, and several measures of children's psychosocial functioning and mental health, whereas there was no difference between the two groups on other measures. The findings have implications for policy.
Children’s Understanding of Their Research Rights before and after Debriefing: Informed Assent, Confidentiality, and Stopping Participation
Authors: Hurley Jennifer C. , Underwood Marion K.
Published: March 2003

This study explored children’s understanding of their research rights in the context of an investigation of how children cope with peer provocation. Participants were 178 children (97 girls and 81 boys) who had finished the second, fourth, and sixth grades (average ages: 8, 10, and 12, respectively). After children agreed to take part in research on “how kids get along together,” as well as after debriefing, their perceptions of free assent, their understanding of what they would be doing and why, their belief in voluntary participation and freedom to withdraw, and their comprehension of confidentiality were assessed. The vast majority of participants gave assent freely and reported no undue pressure from their families or the experimenters to participate. Older children knew before participating in the research what their participation would involve, comprehended confidentiality, and understood the study’s purpose after their participation, but second graders were less likely to understand these issues than fourth and sixth graders were. Following debriefing, children’s understanding of their research rights was largely unchanged; most children still had difficulty describing the research goals.
The Contribution of Emotionality and Self‐Regulation to the Understanding of Children’s Response to Multiple Risk
Authors: Lengua Liliana J.
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the additive and interactive effects of multiple risk, emotionality, and self‐regulation in predicting children’s adjustment problems and positive adjustment using a community sample (N= 101) of children in third through fifth grades. Multiple measures of emotionality and self‐regulation were used, including observational measures and mother and child report on questionnaires. Results indicated that questionnaire measures of emotionality and self‐regulation predicted children’s positive and negative adjustment over and above the effects of multiple risk, as well as resilience and vulnerability. Negative emotionality predicted adjustment problems, positive emotionality predicted positive adjustment, and self‐regulation predicted both. In addition, observational measures of self‐regulation moderated the association between multiple risk and adjustment such that children low in self‐regulation were more vulnerable to multiple risk. The results suggest that emotionality and self‐regulation operate as additional risk and protective factors in multiple‐risk models.
Drawing Insight from Pictures: The Development of Concepts of False Drawing and False Belief in Children with Deafness, Normal Hearing, and Autism
Authors: Peterson Candida C.
Published: March 2003

Theory–of–mind concepts in children with deafness, autism, and normal development (N= 154) were examined in three experiments using a set of standard inferential false–belief tasks and matched sets of tasks involving false drawings. Results of all three experiments replicated previously published findings by showing that primary school children with deafness or autism, aged 6 to 13 years, scored significantly lower than normal–developing 4–year–old preschoolers on standard misleading–container and unseen–change tests of false–belief understanding. Furthermore, deaf and autistic children generally scored higher on drawing–based tests than on corresponding standard tests and, on the most challenging of the false–drawing tests in Experiment 2, they significantly outperformed the normal–developing preschoolers by clearly understanding their own false intentions and another person’s false beliefs about an actively misleading drawing. In Experiment 3, preschoolers outperformed older deaf and autistic children on standard tasks, but did less well on a task that required the drawing of a false belief. Methodological factors could not fully explain the findings, but early social and conversational experiences in the family were deemed likely contributors.
Computing Volumes of Solids Enclosed by Recursive Subdivision Surfaces
Authors: Peters Jörg , Nasri Ahmad
Published: March 2003

The volume of a solid enclosed by a recursive subdivision surface can be approximated based on the closed‐form representation of regular parts of the subdivision surface and a tight estimate of the local convex hull near extraordinary points. The approach presented is efficient, i.e. non‐exponential, and robust in that it yields rapidly contracting error bounding boxes. An extension to measuring higher‐order moments is sketched.
An Analysis of Quasi‐Monte Carlo Integration Applied to the Transillumination Radiosity Method
Authors: Szirmay‐Kalos László , Fóris Tibor , Neumann László , Csébfalvi Balázs
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an enhanced transillumination radiosity method that can provide accurate solutions at relatively low computational cost. The proposed algorithm breaks down the double integral of the gathered power to an area integral that is computed analytically and to a directional integral that is evaluated by quasi‐Monte Carlo techniques. Since the analytical integration results in a continuous function of finite variation, the quasi‐Monte Carlo integration that follows the analytical integration will be efficient and its error can be bounded by the Koksma‐Hlawka inequality. The paper also analyses the requirements of the convergence, presents theoretical error bounds and proposes error reduction techniques. The theoretical bounds are compared with simulation results.
A Million Polygons, a Million Pixels: Which is Heavier?
Authors: Sillion François X.
Published: March 2003

The impressive progress of rendering software and hardware over the last two decades often leads to the – too rapid – conclusion that high‐quality 3D imagery can now be incorporated in all sorts of applications. Interestingly, these advances allow more and more complex applications to be envisioned: however, an increase in processing power is not necessarily used to treat the same problem faster, but also creates a desire to attack larger problems. In many ways the models for visual simulation or engineering applications grow faster than the graphics systems! recent work on image‐based rendering and modeling shows a growing awareness that traditional 3D methods may not scale well for the current and coming complexity levels.

This talk will examine some of the challenges lying ahead for the development of future graphics applications. Specifically, when is it better to use pixels than polygons? when is a 3D model required? how can we mix and match competing approaches? can image‐based approaches help for different applications such as lighting simulations? some issues related to network applications will also be discussed.
The Convergence of Graphics and Imaging
Authors: Foley James D.
Published: March 2003

Over twenty years ago a SIGGRAPH panel session addressed the convergence of computer graphics and image processing. At that time the emphasis was on low‐level operations such as filtering to avoid anti‐aliasing, and related psycho‐physics issues. More recently, Graphics and Imaging are converging at a higher level as we move toward blending the synthetic world of computer‐generated images with the real world of computer‐captured images. In this talk we describe several research directions that relate to this convergence, and illustrate with specific examples of work at MERL – A Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratory. These research directions are: Analyzing images of the human face to determine identity and orientation and ultimately to reconstruct the shape of the face. Reconstruction of static and dynamic 3D geometries from 2D images separated in time or space: here the objective is to take multiple images of a real‐world scene and recreate the 3D geometry of the scene. If objects in the scene are moving, then the objective is extracting the dynamic geometry. Once the geometry has been reconstructed, editing and relighting of the scene becomes possible. Display of 3D scalar fields (also known as volume graphics) concerns 3D as opposed to 2D images, such as CT and MRI scans. These scans can be thought of as 3D images in that they are point samples of a 3D scalar field, just as a computer‐captured image is a point sample of a 2D sample field. The objective of volume graphics is to create and display the 3D geometries that underly 3D images. An inexpensive yet real‐time (30 fps for a 256 x 256 x 256 image) implementation of Pfister and Kaufman’s Cube‐4 rendering architecture will be described.
A Progressive Algorithm for Three Point Transport
Authors: Dumont Reynald , Bouatouch Kadi , Gosselin Philippe
Published: March 2003

When computing global illumination in environments made up of surfaces with general Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Functions, a three point formulation of the rendering equation can be used. Brute‐force algorithms can lead to a linear system of equations whose matrix is cubic, which is expensive in time and space. The hierarchical approach is more efficient. Aupperle et al. proposed a hierarchical three point algorithm to compute global illumination in the presence of glossy reflection. We present in this paper some improvements we brought to this method: shooting, “lazy” push‐pull, photometric subdivision criterion, etc. Then we will show how our new method takes into account non‐planar surfaces in the hierarchical resolution process.
Interactive Multiresolution Editing of Arbitrary Meshes
Authors: Lee Seungyong
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a novel approach to multiresolution editing of a triangular mesh. The basic idea is to embed an editing area of a mesh onto a 2D rectangle and interpolate the user‐specified editing information over the 2D rectangle. The result of the interpolation is mapped back to the editing area and then used to update the mesh. We adopt harmonic maps for the embedding and multilevel B‐splines for the interpolation. The proposed mesh editing technique can handle an arbitrary mesh without any preprocessing such as remeshing. It runs fast enough to support interactive editing and produces intuitive editing results.
Adaptive Acquisition of Lumigraphs from Synthetic Scenes
Authors: Schirmacher Hartmut , Heidrich Wolfgang , Seidel Hans‐Peter
Published: March 2003

Light fields and Lumigraphs are capable of rendering scenes of arbitrary geometrical or illumination complexity in real time. They are thus interesting ways of interacting with both recorded real‐world and high‐quality synthetic scenes.

Unfortunately, both light fields and Lumigraph rely on a dense sampling of the illumination to provide a good rendering quality. This induces high costs both in terms of storage requirements and computational resources for the image acquisition. Techniques for acquiring adaptive light field and Lumigraph representations are thus mandatory for practical applications.

In this paper we present a method for the adaptive acquisition of images for Lumigraphs from synthetic scenes. Using image warping to predict the potential improvement in image quality when adding a certain view, we decide which new views of the scene should be rendered and added to the light field. This a‐priori error estimator accounts for both visibility problems and illumination effects such as specular highlights.
Capturing and Re‐Using Rendition Styles for Non‐Photorealistic Rendering
Authors: Hamel J. , Strothotte T.
Published: March 2003

Rendering high‐quality non‐photorealistic images of a given geometric model is often associated with a considerable amount of effort on the part of a user to fine‐tune the rendition. In this paper we introduce a method and tools for re‐using the user's effort invested in one model for the rendering of other models.

Our method uses templates to describe rendition styles. The paper gives a number of examples of the successful transfer of styles from one model to another.