bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fotografia e espaço público visual: a globalidade da soja e os protestos contra o confisco de Delfim Neto em Santa Rosa/RS (1980)
Authors: Schmitz Maira Eveline
Published: August 2021

O artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre os impactos da conjuntura internacional da agricultura sojicultura nos sentidos atribuídos ao espaço urbano de Santa Rosa, noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, no início da década de 1980, por ocasião do confisco da soja aplicado pelo ministro Delfim Neto. O período ficou marcado por uma crise financeira que afetou muitos dos agricultores da região, os quais reagiram de variados modos, dentre os quais destaca-se o uso de espaços urbanos para sua manifestação pública. A fim de entender como esta apropriação espacial ocorreu, elencaram-se como fonte algumas fotografias de manifestações e protestos realizados em Santa Rosa, publicados por dois periódicos dacidade, o jornal Noroeste e o jornal O Grande Santa Rosa. As noções de fotografia pública e espaço público visual são centrais na análise. A metodologia utilizada está relacionada ao campo da cultura visual e parte do proposto por Ana Maria Mauad para o estudo de acontecimentos. Defende-se uma espacialização da análise histórica, por ser o espaço composto pela produção material, significados e práticas que são formadas – e ao mesmo tempo formadoras – por relações de (re)produção social. Observou-se que, ao ocuparem os espaços urbanos de Santa Rosa, os agricultores demarcaram não somente a apropriação da sua territorialidade, mas do acesso às políticas econômicas mundiais por meio da reivindicação do direito à venda de sua produção. O acontecimento, assim, tornou-se o locusprivilegiado da análise, não por se contrapor à escala mundial, mas por evidenciar seus efeitos e a sua constituição a partir do vivido.
Tricontinentalism before the Cold War? Mexico City’s anti-imperialist internationalism
Authors: Lindner Thomas K.
Published: August 2021

This article examines how anti-imperialist thought in Mexico City inspired internationalism in the 1920s. It uses the concept of “tricontinentalism” to refer to the idea that Latin America, Africa, and Asia should stand in solidarity with each other and argues that tricontinentalist thinking originated not in the Cold War, but in the aftermath of the First World War. The Mexican and the Russian Revolution had demonstrated that radical social change was imaginable. Together with the First World War, which for many in the Americas signaled the demise of European global hegemony, these revolutions represented a new era of political possibilities as well as a tectonic shift in global politics. Consequently, many anti-imperialists in Mexico looked to “the East”, drawing inspiration from the anticolonial revolutions in Africa and Asia. The central question of this article is how anti-imperialist political activists, intellectuals, and artists engaged in tricontinental thinking by writing about China and Morocco. The examined transnational interactions constitute a radical version of an imagined internationalism in the 1920s.
Movimentos migratórios no cenário internacional: a pluralidade da política imigratória brasileira (1946-1954)
Authors: Santos Amanda Pereira dos
Published: August 2021

Este artigo examina alguns aspectos dos acordos firmados entre o governo brasileiro e dois organismos internacionais, que exerceram controle sobre os movimentos migratórios internacionais no pós- -Segunda Guerra Mundial: a Organização Internacional de Refugiados e o Comitê Intergovernamental para as Migrações Europeias. A constituição do regime internacional acerca dos refugiados procedeu dos interesses mútuos manifestados pelos Estados ocidentais, que visaram a cooperação internacional para dirigir os fluxos migratórios. Argumenta-se que as diretrizes da política externa brasileira seguiram alinhadas ao Bloco Ocidental na conjuntura da Guerra Fria, o que propiciou a recepção de refugiados que tinham fugido de países europeus durante e após o término da Segunda Guerra. A entrada dessas pessoas no país atendia à demanda por mão de obra nos setores da agricultura e da indústria, que se desenvolviam em larga escala. Em contrapartida, destaca-se que as normas de entrada dos refugiados e imigrantes no Brasil caracterizaram-se como seletivas e procuraram impedir a imigração de “elementos indesejáveis”, balizados em justificativas étnicas, econômicas, político-ideológicas e morais.
Thinking Black in the Blitz: Harold Moody, the League of Coloured Peoples and its shift of Pan-African ideas in Second World War London
Authors: Marty Simeon
Published: August 2021

London, as the capital of the British Empire, was the centre for imperial structures and networks in the middle of the 20th century. The city enabled and regulated the transport of people, ideas and wealth. Similarly, it offered space for the development of ideas and became a venue for the critique of colonialism. This article examines how the London-based Black pressure group League of Coloured Peoples shifted its political vision from moderate reforms for equal rights for all inhabitants of the British Empire towards Pan-African forms of independence beyond the concept of independent nation states for British Colonies in Africa and the West Indies during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath.
Para onde vai a História dos Conceitos? Das histórias nacionais às histórias entrelaçadas
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: August 2021

A última década testemunhou uma notável internacionalização na história conceitual. Pesquisas nunca cobriram tantas línguas e países, e muitos estudos comparativos de qualidade foram desenvolvidos. Este artigo reflete sobre a possibilidade de alçar a história conceitual para além da comparação. Assim como as nações, as linguagens não podem mais ser consideradas como entidades naturalmente dadas, mas precisam ser vistas como profundamente moldadas por trocas históricas. Isso leva a história conceitual a um diálogo com os estudos de tradução em uma tentativa comum de desvendar como equivalências entre línguas têm sido criadas pelos agentes históricos.
Uma introdução ao Empirismo Alternativo de David Hume
Authors: Gonçalves Daniel Soares Mano
Published: August 2021

Neste artigo, sustento que o conjunto da obra de David Hume pode ser compreendido como expressão de uma reelaboração singular e original, a seu tempo, da tradição empirista que encontrou em John Locke seu principal artífice. Procuro identificar as particularidades e analisar os desdobramentos dessa concepção alternativa do empirismo naqueles que considero os três aspectos fundamentais do pensamento humeano: o entendimento, as paixões e a moral. Pretendo, ainda, com esta investigação, salientar o papel do empirismo humeano como um dos eixos integradores de seu projeto de construir uma ciência da natureza humana, desde a etapa orientada à cognição individual (o entendimento) àquelas cujo enfoque recai sobre a sociabilidade (paixões e moral).
Psicologia e Afetividade em Espinosa: uma revisão crítica sobre o uso da teoria dos afetos
Authors: Imianowsky André Gustavo , Vitória Carla de Almeida
Published: August 2021

Este trabalho consiste numa investigação que visa analisar as relações existentes na Psicologia acerca da Afetividade a partir das contribuições de Espinosa. Partindo inicialmente de uma revisão bibliográfica em base de dados para conhecer qual a compreensão da Psicologia sobre os afetos, elencou-se três categorias de análise: a) distinção entre usos casuais e sistemáticos da obra de Espinosa; b) conceitos espinosanos que recebem maior atenção ou citação; c) áreas que buscam no autor uma contribuição às suas reflexões. Do total de artigos, 43,75% fizeram uso casual da referência pessoal ou teoria de Espinosa e 56,25% fizeram uso sistemático e destacaram a teoria por meio de elaboração reflexiva. Entre os artigos existe a prevalência dos conceitos afeto/afetividade/dimensão afetiva, conatus, encontro, paixão, afecções e imaginação. As áreas que buscam a contribuição do filósofo se destacam em: sócio-histórica; histórico-cultural; educacional; desenvolvimento; clínica; representações sociais; psicanálise na infância.
Economia criativa e desenvolvimento: uma análise do desenho da política pública de São José dos Campos (SP)
Authors: Aguiar Rafael Barbosa de , Lima Luciana Leite
Published: August 2021

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise do desenho da política pública de economia criativa no município de São José dos Campos (SP) à luz de uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento. O objetivo foi verificar se essas políticas endogeneizaram o conceito de economia criativa, promovendo a adaptação ao contexto local tendo em vista a melhoria das condições sociais. Esta é uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, na qual se adotou o estudo de caso e a pesquisa documental, tendo sido realizada uma análise de conteúdo a partir de dados secundários. Como resultado, constatamos que a perspectiva de desenvolvimento que prevalece no desenho da política é unidimensional, focada apenas na dimensão econômica, comprometendo a promoção de desenvolvimento de forma ampla, social. Além disso, se por um lado encontramos uma pluralidade de atores previstos nas políticas, por outro não identificamos as formas de manifestação dessa heterogeneidade nas decisões, ainda, a ausência de transparência reforça essa dinâmica.
Impact and Challenges of GST in India with Reference to Media & Entertainment Sector – An Insight
Authors:   Xavier Law School St. Xavier‟s University, Kolkata, India., Chakraborty Sudipta
Published: August 2021

The biggest tax reform since independence i.e., Goods and Services Tax (GST) has now become a part of Indian economy from 1st July, 2017. It is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufactures, sales and consumption of goods and services; thereby subsuming almost all other indirect taxes that were in existence throughout India before its implementation and also eliminating the cascading effects thereby. GST was introduced just after demonetisation in November, 2016 and has changed the whole scenario of indirect tax system in India. It aims at boosting overall growth of Indian economy by integrating all indirect taxes into one. The media and entertainment (M&E) industry in India is one of the fastest growing sectors and has outperformed expectations in recent years. With the expansion of the economy, the sector has accelerated its growth. The sector spreads into big and small screens, media, events, exhibitions, amusement facilities and gaming zones, with various combinations of offline and online delivery systems. With the advent of GST, things have become relatively simpler for the entertainment industry as it is subjected to only one tax and permissible local body taxes. One of the major changes has been the subsuming of Entertainment Tax under GST. Earlier, prior to implementation of GST, the rate of Entertainment Tax for the film industry varied from state to state, ranging from 15% to 110%. Introduction of GST has stabilised the rate variance and provided a uniform market across the nation. In this study, we have also made an attempt to study the pre and post GST effects on different activities of the media and entertainment industry like exhibition of movies, food and beverages sold at movie halls, services rendered by artists and other technician, sponsorship and brand promotion and advertisement. Thus, this paper is an endeavour to understand the impact of GST on media and entertainment sector and aims at pointing out the challenges of the same under the present structure and provide some way outs to it.
Abril
Authors: Editor El
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 630, 2001: 405-416.
Centroamérica
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: August 2021

El propósito de esta presentación es doble: por un lado, examinar, en el contexto de la crisis regional y de los factores que la desencadenaron, el desarrollo de las iniciativas de pacificación que se gestaron en Centroamérica, desde sus momentos iniciales hasta sus momentos de mayor desarrollo, cuando lograron imponerse como alternativa factible a las soluciones de tipo militar; por otro, reflexionar sobre las perspectivas económicas, sociales y políticas que se abren a la región (y a los países que la constituyen) una vcr desactivados los focos de conflictividad política y militar. Al hablar del proceso de paz en Centroamérica se impone una necesaria delimitación temporal: tal proceso se suscitó a lo largo de la década de los años ochenta y culminó a principios de la década siguiente, con la superación, a través de soluciones negociadas, de los conflictos político-militares que se desenGadenaron durante ese período en la región. Es decir, casi en forma paralela al estallido de agudos enfrentamientos político-militares, se comenzaron a gestar -no sin grandes dificultades y en un ambiente en el cual no dejaban de expresar una posición minoritaria- iniciativas políticas encaminadas a resolver los conflictos en marcha por vías distintas a la solución militar, esto es, a través de acuerdos negociados entre las partes en conflicto.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 630, 2001: 351-368.
Divergencias en torno al ALCA
Authors: UCA CIDAI
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 630, 2001: 395-399.
El terremoto que pasó y el invierno que viene
Authors: De Derechos Humanos de la UCA Instituto
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 630, 2001: 400-404.
Redefinición del rol de los gobiernos locales en la vivienda. Reto posterremoto
Authors: Salamanca Lidia
Published: August 2021

El problema de la vivienda en El Salvador no ha sido atendido de manera integral por ninguna instancia gubernamental, ni aun después de los terremotos. La magnitud de los hechos rebasó la capacidad del gobierno central, el cual tuvo que recurrir a las instancias gubernamentales locales y/o departamentales. Por primera vcr, los municipios pequeños y medianos tuvieron una participación activa en la problemática de la vivienda. Pese a estos esfuenos, la fuerte demanda que la población damnificada planteó a los gobiernos locales, la falca de dirección y de apoyo eficaz por parte del gobierno central y la policización de la situación provocaron que la crisis desbordara las capacidades locales. Esta realidad ha mostrado la importancia de que los gobiernos locales retomen su papel en la formulación de las políticas de vivienda, ya que, hasta ahora, no han tenido la capacidad ni el espacio para hacerlo.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 633-634, 2001: 621-631.
Los terremotos de enero y febrero de 2001 y el problema de la vivienda
Authors: González Luis Armando , Romano Luis Ernesto , Rivas Jaime , Reserve Roody , Durán Nadire , González Marjorie
Published: August 2021

En este artículo se hace un examen del impacto de los terremotos de enero y febrero pasados sobre el sector vivienda, con el propósito de evaluar la respuesta gubernamental ante la crisis habitacional, suscitada a consecuencia de ambos sismos. La tesis que se propone en el artículo es que el gobierno de Francisco Flores ha fallado en su respuesta a las necesidades habitacionales de las víctimas de los terremotos y que esos fallos son mucho más graves y cuestionables porque no sólo condenan a quienes perdieron su hogar a vivir en condiciones de mayor pobreza, sino que contribuyen a la persistencia de dinámicas de construcción de viviendas y de expansión urbana brutalmente desiguales, irracionales y depredadoras de los recursos naturales.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 633-634, 2001: 655-669.
La política económica de la década de los noventa
Authors: Magaña Álvaro
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles. 

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 633-634, 2001: 671-685.
Redes de poder en el municipio de Santa María Ostuma
Authors: Bran Sergio , González Luis Armando , Martel Roxana
Published: August 2021

Análisis de las redes de poder prevalecientes en el municipio de Santa María Ostuma (La Paz). El estudio es parte de una iniciativa más amplia, orientada a examinar las condiciones socio-económicas y culturales de este municipio muy golpeado por el terremoto del 13 de febrero de 2001. El estudio pretende determinar los "núcleos" en torno a los cuales gira el quehacer cotidiano de sus habitantes, a la vez que describe a los principales actores económicos, sociales, políticos y religiosos, a través de sus relaciones e interacciones. Una de sus principales conclusiones es que el montaje de unas redes sociales humanizadoras requiere de por lo menos cuatro fuentes vitales: valores, solidaridad compartida, reciprocidad y confianza.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 635, 2001: 801-813.
Alto al fanatismo
Authors: González Ovidio
Published: August 2021

No hay resúmenes disponibles.

ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 56, No. 635, 2001: 840-842.
Molecular analyses of pure cultures of filamentous bacteria isolated from activated sludge
Authors:   , Naidoo Dashika
Published: August 2021

The activated sludge process is the mostl used biological treatment process. Engineers and microbiologists are constantly seeking ways to improve process efficiency, which can be attributed to the increasing demand for fresh water supplies and proper environmental management. Since the inception of the activated sludge process, bulking and foaming have been major problems affecting its efficiency. Filamentous bacteria have been identified as the primary cause of bulking and foaming. Numerous attempts have been made to resolve this problem. Some of these attempts were effective as interim measures but failed as long term control strategies. The identification of filamentous bacteria and the study of their physiology have been hampered by the unreliability of conventional microbiological techniques. This is largely due to their morphological variations and inconsistent characteristics within different environments. To fully understand their role in promoting bulking and foaming, filamentous bacteria need to be characterized on a molecular level. The aim of this study was, therefore, to identify filamentous bacteria in pure culture with the purpose of validating these findings to the physiological traits of the pure cultures when they were isolated. Fourteen different filamentous cultures were used for this study. The cultures were identified using specific oligonucleotide probes via fluorescent in situ hybridisation and nucleotide sequencing. Prior to sequencing, an agarose gel and a denaturing gradient gel Electrophoresis profile were determined for each isolate. The various techniques were optimised specifically for the filamentous isolates. The isolates were identified as Gordonia amarae, Haliscomenobacter hydrossis, Acinetobacter sp./Type 1863, Type 021N, Thiothrix nivea, Sphaerotilus natans and Nocardioform organisms.
Molecular characterization of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic aspergillus isolates
Authors:   , Mngadi Phakamile Truth
Published: August 2021

For decades the genus Aspergillus (of fungi) has been classified based on morphological and growth criteria. Members of the Aspergillus section Flavi are economically valuable and methods of differentiating them are thus very important. Several molecular methods have been developed to distinguish these strains. Also, a number of biochemical and genetic studies have been used in order to provide a better means of classification (Lee et al., 2004). Aflatoxins, the most frequently studied mycotoxins, are produced by certain Aspergillus species/strains/isolates of fungi. The aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway studies have led to a number of discoveries. Several structural and regulatory genes (and their enzymes) involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins have been discovered and purified (Trail et al., 1995). Aflatoxin production and contamination of agricultural crops are major causes of economic losses in agriculture. Thus, better methods of characterization/differentiation are required for both aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic isolates. Molecular biology is one of the current tools used to differentiate between these isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis has been used successfully in the analysis of DNA relatedness of species of fungi, bacteria, plants and animals. Dendograms which evaluate/assess the likeness between different isolates has also been used (Martinez et al., 2001). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis has been applied to a number of studies to detect differences between fungi and to establish relationships between them. Therefore, the scope of this study was to investigate RAPD analysis (with dendograms) and detection of RFLPs by hybridization as molecular methods that can distinctly differentiate or characterize the aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus isolates.
Application of optimal control for power systems considering renewable energy technologies
Authors:   , Chetty Dhanpal
Published: August 2021

Over the last decade, power generation from renewable energy sources such as wind, hydro and solar energies have substantially increased globally and in South Africa. Of all the renewable energy sources, wind energy appears to be the most promising, considering design and costs. However, due to the intermittent nature of wind, the increased integration of wind energy into existing power systems raises several control challenges related to load frequency control (LFC) and tie-line power system stability. The stability of modern power systems, incorporating wind energy generations, will be significantly enhanced with the development of LFC strategies based on modern control theory, which is the focus of this research. This thesis presents the design, modelling and analysis, of two LFC control strategies for interconnected power systems, having wind power integrations. The first design is an optimal control strategy, based on error minimization through full state vector feedback, for a two-area interconnected power system consisting of hydro-thermal generations. The second design is a model predictive control (MPC) strategy, based output vector feedback of system state parameters, for a two-area interconnected power system consisting of thermal generations in each area. Both designs include the active power support from doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines (DFIG) in conjunction with the combined effort of a thyristor control phase shifter (TCPS) and super conducting magnetic energy storage unit (SMES). Both control strategies were simulated in MATLAB Simulink and positive results were obtained. The results show that the optimal control strategy is enhanced with power integrations using DFIG based wind turbines combined with the TCPS-SMES units and the MPC strategy is very robust and provides better dynamic performances even with parameter variations and generation rate restrictions.
Excess molar volumes, partial molar volumes and isentropic compressibilities of binary systems (ionic liquid + alkanol)
Authors:   , Sibiya Precious N.
Published: August 2021

The thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures involving ionic liquids (ILs) with alcohols were determined. ILs are an important class of solvents since they are being investigated as environmentally benign solvents, because of their negligible vapour pressure, and as potential replacement solvents for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) currently used in industries. Alcohols were chosen for this study because they have hydrogen bonding and their interaction with ILs will help in understanding the intermolecular interactions. Also, their thermodynamic properties are used for the development of specific chemical processes. The excess molar volumes of binary mixtures of {1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate + methanol or 1-propanol or 2-propanol}, {trioctylmethylammonium bis (trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl) imide + methanol or ethanol or 1-propanol}, {1-buty-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate + methanol or ethanol or 1-propanol} were calculated from experimental density values, at T = (298.15, 303.15 and 313.15) K. The Redlich-Kister smoothing polynomial was fitted to the excess molar volume data. The partial molar volumes of the binary mixtures {1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate + methanol or 1-propanol or 2-propanol}, {trioctylmethylammonium bis (trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl) imide + methanol or ethanol or 1-propanol}, {1-buty-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate + methanol or ethanol or 1-propanol} were calculated from the Redlich-Kister coefficients, at T = (298.15, 303.15 and 313.15) K. This information was used to better understand the intermolecular interactions with each solvent at infinite dilution. iii The isentropic compressibility of {trioctylmethylammonium bis (trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl) imide + methanol or ethanol or 1-propanol}, were calculated from the speed of sound data at T = 298.15 K.
NGHIÊN CỨU THÀNH PHẦN LOÀI VÀ PHÂN BỐ ĐỘNG VẬT ĐÁY VÙNG BIỂN VEN BỜ NAM ĐỊNH - THÁI BÌNH
Authors: Phạm Văn Thịnh , Nguyễn Thanh Bình , Vũ Hồng Hà
Published: August 2021

Thành phần động vật đáy ở vùng biển ven bờ Nam Định  - Thái Bình đã phát hiện 111 loài, thuộc 83 giống, 51 họ, 24 bộ, 6 lớp và 5 nhóm đại diện (Crustacea, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta và Arthropoda). Ba nhóm động vật đáy chủ yếu trong hệ sinh thái trong khu vực là Thân mềm Chân bụng có 38 loài, Hai mảnh vỏ có 36 loài, Giáp xác (Crustacea) có 34 loài. Hai nhóm có thành phần loài thấp (Polychaeta có 2 loài và Arthropoda có 1 loài). Từ kết quả cho thấy, vùng biển ven bờ Nam Định - Thái Bình có thành phần loài tương đối đa dạng, thành phần chủ yếu là Gastropoda, Bivalvia và Crustacea chiếm khoảng 97,3% tổng số loài.
The Terms Hazard, Risk and Danger as They Are Used in Engineering Design and the Courtroom
Authors: Muster Douglas F
Published: August 2021

Often, when we use terms in different situations we change their meanings, sometimes inadvertently, sometimes deliberately and, in most cases, without significant impact. However, the transfer of terms from the lay world, where their meanings are understood with benign ambiguity, to the more demanding worlds of engineering and the courts of law can lead to needless misunderstandings and failures in communication. This can be especially true in the contentious milieu of a trial setting where three distinct cultures converge
The Pitfalls of the Limited Investigation
Authors: Johnson John E.
Published: August 2021

Adequate case preparation by forensic engineers requires careful pre-planning and a constant re-evaluation as the work progresses. The forensic engineer must be provided with sufficient resource material or must be able to obtain whatever information is needed. Lack of adequate preparation can lead to disastrous results in settlement negotiations or in a court decision. The paper considers and examines various pitfalls that may occur if good forensic engineering practice is not followed. Finally, considerations are offered as how to better prepare for cases and how to avoid the pitfalls of inadequate preparation.
Forensic Engineering Review of Crush Coefficients
Authors: Hicks Joel T.
Published: August 2021

Basic mathematics for computing crush coefficients from test data is presented. This information is supplemented with computer code for CRASH and SMAC coefficients resulting form both rigid and movable barrier tests. Original CRASH3 crush data, supplemented by NHTSA test data through 1984, is tabulated and analyzed using a variety of logical and mathematical methods. The work is an extension of an analysis begun by Engineering Dynamics in 1987, where their filtered data has been grouped for observation. By understanding the data obtained in this earlier period of testing, the Forensic Engineer is better able to understand and use the information developed during almost ten years of subsequent testing.
Horizontal Curve Design - Centrifugal Force, Side Friction, and Other Myths
Authors: Tarris Joseph P.
Published: August 2021

Upon first accepting an appointment, the forensic engineer must make a preliminary and thorough determination, analyzing all the known and available facts pertaining to the dispute. Early decisions and the advice given to attorneys can have a vital effect on the direction of the litigation and influence the forensic engineers position in the litigation. The purpose of this early analysis and research is to formulate responsibility and fault. Whether the forensic engineer is engaged before or after filing of the lawsuit is irrelevant, as the same careful analysis of the facts and conditions apply
Investigating Large-Loss Accidents: The Mountain City, Tennessee LP-Gas Explosion
Authors: Dewitt William E.
Published: August 2021

On November 17, 1992, an LP-gas explosion occurred in Mountain City, Tennessee. The explosion destroyed two city blocks, and caused property damage throughout the city. The investigation of large-loss accidents may pose problems for the investigator not normally encountered in small-loss accidents. For example, large-loss accidents usually include a number of independent investigations conducted simultaneously and coincidentally. The presence of the news media offers yet another dimension. This paper discusses the investigation of large-loss accidents using the Mountain City incident as a case study. The paper concludes with recommendations for preventing similar accidents in the future.
An Engineering Review Of Nfpa Standard 921
Authors: DeWitt William E.
Published: August 2021

National Fire Protection Association (Nfpa) Guide 921 Was Published In 1992. Nfpa 921 Is Entitled; Guide For Fire And Explosion Investigations. This Paper Will Review Nfpa 921 And Analyze Its Significant Impact On The Field Of Forensic Engineering. Future Revisions And Planned Additions To The Document Which Affect Forensic Engineering Will Also Be Discussed.
Slips And Falls - Standards Technology And The ADA
Authors: Vidal Keith E.
Published: August 2021

With The Federal Implementation Of The Americans With Disabilities Act (Ada), We, As Forensic Engineers, Have Become Much More Important Players In The Judicial Setting When It Comes To The Increasing Number Of Slip/Fall Cases. This Paper Discusses The Latest Research That Safety-Oriented Groups Have Undertaken In Addressing The Issues Of This Complex Area Of Engineering And Law. A Compilation Of Standards Relating To Slip/Fall Issues Is Given. Tribometers, Past And Present, Are Discussed To The Give The Reader A Perspective On The Evolution Of Science And Technology In This Area. Finally, An Overview Of How The Americans With Disabilities Act Comes Into Play Is Presented.
G-Force Analysis For Low-Speed Rear-End Collisions
Authors: Baxter Gene K.
Published: August 2021

Low-Speed Rear-End Collisions Cause A Delta-Velocity (Delta-V) Of Less Than 5 Mph Or So, But Often Result In Litigation Because Of Claims For Whiplash Type Of Soft Tissue Injuries. Forensic Consulting Engineers Are Then Called To Estimate The Occupant G-Force But Find There Is Only Minor Or, Possibly, No Visible Damage To The Vehicles. Nevertheless, The Worst-Case Delta-V And G-Force Can Generally Be Estimated By Comparing The Impact Damage, Or Lack Of Impact Damage, With Published Low-Speed Crash Test Data Or, In Many Cases, By Engineering Analysis. This Paper Will Discuss A Variety Of Approaches To Analyze The G-Force And Will Identify Some Useful Data Sources To Support The Comparative Analyses.
Head Injury Prevention And Future Design Trends In The Automobile Industry
Authors: Jacobson Olof H. , Richard M. Ziernicki
Published: August 2021

The Most Common Type Of Injury Seen In Motor Vehicle Accidents Is Head Trauma. The Head Is The Most Frequently Injured Body Region For Vehicle Occupants Restrained By Three Point Seat Belts. Belted And Non-Belted Drivers And Front Seat Passengers Often Impact Windshields, Dashboards, Or Steering Columns With Their Face, Resulting In Approximately 45 Percent Of Facial Fractures And Facial Lacerations. The Importance Of Head Injury Is Due To The Impairments And Disabilities Associated With Cognitive And Functional Damage To The Brain, Paraplegia And Quadriplegia Resulting From Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury, And The Disfiguring Consequences Of Facial Damage. Over 200,000 Usa Hospital Admissions Occur Annually As A Result Of Traumatic Brain Injuries. Annually, There Are Over 34,000 Deaths And Over 27,000 Permanent Disabilities As A Result Of Motor-Vehicle Related Accidents.
Forensic Analysis Of A Grain Elevator Collapse
Authors: Reynolds Charles P.
Published: August 2021

The Paper Will Discuss The Analysis Of A Grain Elevator Collapse In Which The Causes For Failure Of The Structure Were Determined Based Upon Inspection Data, Manufacturers Drawings And Specifications, Photographs, Witness Statements, And A Video-Taped Record Made By An Eye-Witness To The Incident. The Paper Was Prompted By The Presentation By Mr. Lew Zickel At The Nafe January, 1996 Meeting. The Title Of His Paper Was: Effective Use Of Video Taping In Forensic Investigations. Many Of His Suggestions, Such As Use Of A Tripod, A Low-Lux Camera, And Adequate Lighting; Having Prepared Notes For Commentary; And If Possible, Use Of A Professional Videographer, Were Not An Option. Nevertheless, The Video Tape Yielded Results Which Helped To Establish The Cause Of The Grain Elevator Collapse, And To Confirm The Analytical Results Arrived At By The Forensic Engineer.
Dissolution Of Copper And Steel By Molten Aluminum
Authors: Fuchs Rodney G.
Published: August 2021

Fire Investigators Occasionally Find Metals Such As Steel And Copper Melted, Pitted, And Eaten Away In A Fire Scene Where Temperatures Have Obviously Not Reached The Melting Point Of These Metals. Molten Metal, Such As Aluminum, Can Actually Dissolve Steel And Copper At Temperatures Below Their Normal Melting Points. This Paper Discusses The Phenomenon Along With The Ramifications To The Investigator Of The Origin And Cause Of A Fire.
Defective Information May Make A Defective Product
Authors: Greene Leonard A.
Published: August 2021

The Role Of Product Warnings And Instructions Is Assuming An Ever Greater Prominence As A Legal Course Of Action. Tort Lawyers Have Expanded The Boundaries Of A Defective Product To Include Improper Warnings Or Inadequate Instructions On The Products Use. They Argue That Accidental Misuse Of A Product Is Foreseeable. This Argument Places The Responsibility On The Manufacturer To Make Sure The User Is Adequately Informed Of Product Hazards And Instructed On Proper Use. The Forensic Engineer Working In The Products Liability Field Now Must Also Understand The Purpose Of Good Warnings And Instructions. But What Constitutes A Good Warning Or A Bad Instruction? No Quantitative Analysis Exists For The Forensic Engineer To Rely On. This Article Will Address Some Generally Established Criteria That Can Be Used To Gauge Effectiveness In Todays Marketplace And Legal Environment. For This Purpose Warnings And Instructions Will Collectively Be Referred To As Product Information.
3-D Math Model For Vehicle Dynamics Simulations Including Effects Of Tires Suspensions And Terrain
Authors: Peterson Donn N.
Published: August 2021

A Young Man Who Was The Left Back Seat Passenger In A Sedan Traveling Southbound In A Series Of Downhill Curves Suffered Severe Head Injuries After The Driver Lost Control And Crossed The Centerline Into The Path Of An Oncoming Northbound Sedan. The Front Of The Northbound Sedan Collided With The Right Side Of The Southbound Sedan At An Oblique Angle. The Young Man Was Using His Available Seat Belt, Which Consisted Of A Lap Belt Only Without A Shoulder Belt... It Was Also Determined That This Particular Vehicle Had A Mounting Bracket For A Shoulder Belt Already Installed But Hidden Behind The Roof Liner. Naturally, The Attorney Representing The Young Man Raised The Question If A Shoulder Belt Had Been Available In This Particular Vehicle, Would The Young Mans Injuries Have Been Less Severe? Intuition Alone Would Not Be Sufficient To Answer This Question. Accurate Descriptions Of Vehicle Motions Would Be Needed, Particularly For The Southbound Sedan... Other Researchers Had Previously Developed Mathematical Models For Analyzing Vehicle Motions Using 2-D And Quasi 3-D Formulations. Published Reviews Of Those Models Indicated That They Would Probably Not Be Sufficient For This Case. A 3-D Mathematical Model Would Be Needed Which Includes Effects Of Tires, Suspensions, And Terrain. Such A Model Was Developed And Programmed For Computer Simulations Of Vehicle Dynamics And Motions. The Model Accommodates A Wide Range Of Initial Conditions And Is Described In This Paper.
A Patent Infringement Investigation At The International Trade Commission
Authors: Bell H. Clark
Published: August 2021

A Communications Satellite Manufacturer Requested That The International Trade Commission Grant It Relief From The Unlawful Importation And Sale Of Certain Microwave Equipment, Claiming Infringement Of Its Sights Under A Valid And Enforceable United States Patent. The Foreign Equipment Manufacturer Owned Another, Later Issued, Patent And Believed That Equipment In Accordance With That Patent Did Not Infringe The Earlier Patent. At Stake Was A Market Worth Many Millions Of Dollars Annually. The Two Inventors And Two Outside Experts Were All Used As Both Expert And Fact Witnesses In This Very Complicated Case, In Which The Issues Of Patent Validity And Infringement Were Disputed.
Time Exposure Based On Biological Monitoring
Authors: Peake Drew
Published: August 2021

There Are Two Biological Exposure Indices That Represent Exposure To Elevated Levels Of Mercury. One Is Based On Total Inorganic Mercury In Urine; The Second Is Based On Total Inorganic Mercury In Blood. Retention Of Mercury In These Fluids Is Different And Represents Exposures Over Different Relative Times. Mercury In Urine Represents Exposure Three To Six Months Prior To Testing, While The Blood Test Represents Exposure During The Days Prior To Testing. In The Absence Of Air Monitoring Data, Biological Monitoring Can Represent Exposures To Elevated Concentrations Of This Contaminant, And Aid In Identifying The Time Of Exposure. In This Case Study, There Were Two Successive Employers Of A Plant, Both Of Which Agreed The Worker Was Exposed To High Levels Of Mercury And Was Experiencing Adverse Health Effects From That Exposure. The First Owner Held Coverage With Two Insurers In Succession. The Second Employer Took The Position That The Worker Was Exposed While The Other Owned And Operated The Plant. Exposure During Each Period Of Responsibility Was Demonstrated.
Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Damage And Restitution In Low Velocity Impacts
Authors: Ogden Jerry S.
Published: August 2021

Analyzing Motor Vehicle Traffic Collisions Based Upon The Damages To The Involved Vehicles Has Become A Commonly Accepted, Accurate And Reliable Form Of Engineering Analysis. Until Recently, This Analysis Has Been Limited To Relatively High Speed Vehicle Collisions, Where The Effects Of Restitution And Tire Forces Can Easily Be Neglected Without Effecting The Accuracy Of The Analysis. This Paper Focuses On The Analysis Of Motor Vehicle Damages Resulting From Minor Damage, Low Speed Impacts, Where Restitution And Tire Forces May Often Make A Considerable Contribution To The Total Severity Levels Of Such An Accident Event. Like Many Other Fields Of Science And Engineering, There Still Remain A Small Number Of Analysts Whom Have Either Failed To Keep Up With Modern Advances In Damage Analysis, Do Not Know How To Perform A Proper Damage Based Analysis Or Simply Do Not Recognize Its Usefulness And Accuracy. The Focus Of This Paper Is To Develop Damage Based Analysis Methods Applicable To Low Velocity Impacts And Demonstrate Their Usefulness To The Forensic Engineer.
F.E. Investigations Of Residential & Small Commercial Building Fuel Gas Systems Involved In Fires & Explosions
Authors: Leane Joseph G.
Published: August 2021

After A Building Burns And/Or Explodes, A Fire Cause And Origin Investigation Is Often Requested To Investigate The Scene. During That Investigation, When The Suspicion Of The Involvement Of Fuel Gas Has Been Developed And The Area Of Origin Or Suspected Areas Of Origin Have Been Preliminarily Determined. A Forensic Engineer Is Frequently Called Upon. That Engineer Is Assigned The Task Of Inspecting The Building Fuel Gas System To Determine Any Causative Relationship Between That System And The Fire And/Or Explosion. The Responsibilities Of The Forensic Engineer Are To Work In Cooperation With The Fire Cause And Origin Investigator And To Limit Their Scope Of Work To The Areas Where They Possess The Required Expertise. The Responsibilities Of The Forensic Engineer Do Not Normally Include Performing A Fire Cause And Origin Investigation. The Purpose Of This Paper Is To Provide General Guidelines To The Forensic Engineer Who Is Requested To Inspect A Fire Scene Where A Residential And Small Commercial Building Fuel Gas System Is Suspected Of Being Involved In The Cause Of A Fire Or Explosion, Or Involved In The Spread Of A Fire. It Should Be Noted That Specific Conditions Might Exist At A Particular Fire Scene That Might Require The Engineer To Deviate From The Guidelines Described In This Paper. The Reason(S) For Justifying Any Deviation From Generally Accepted Guidelines Should Be Documented.
Multi Party Joint Forensic Engineering Investigations In Litigation And Mediation/Arbitration Joint Field Survey Process
Authors: Van Hemmen Hendrik F.
Published: August 2021

In Order To Reduce The Amount Of Disagreements At The Resolution Stage Of The Damage To An Absolute Minimum, The Marine Industry, Over A Period Of Many Years Has Established A Procedure That Addresses The Investigation Into Cause. And Efforts At Repairing Damage, While Also Streamlining The Eventual Question As To Who Is Ultimately Going To Pay For The Damages. This Procedure Is Called The Joint Field Survey. The Intent Of The Joint Field Survey Is To Produce A Written Field Survey Report. In The Marine Industry, Properly Performed Field Surveys And Properly Prepared Field Survey Reports Have Greatly Reduced The Extent Of Later Dispute Resolution, And Have Greatly Reduced The Costs To The Responsible Party. This Paper Will Discuss The Joint Field Survey Process And Will Make Suggestions As To How It Can Be Applied In The Non-Marine Field.
Construction For Hurricane Conditions
Authors: Yaxley Wilbur T.
Published: August 2021

Hurricanes Have Ravaged The Southeastern United States For Hundreds Of Years. Large Powerful Hurricanes Have Seemingly Blown Apart Even The Best Structures. In Recent Decades Named Storms Like Donna, Camille, Hugo And Andrew Have Left Vibrant Memories With Persons That Have Lived Through Them, As Well As Those That Have Only Heard And Seen Images On The News Coverage. Construction Codes And Restrictions Have Tried To Keep Pace With The Damage Generated By Even A Moderate Hurricanes Fury. Why Has So Much More Damage Been Caused In Recent Years By These Storm Forces? Are The Hurricanes Getting More Powerful, Or Has The Construction Became Substandard? What Should Be Done To Avoid The Widespread Destruction Experienced During Andrew? The Answer Is Not Simple Because The Problems Are Intertwined With Many Competing Entities. We Will Explore Those Basic Questions
Bus Wheel Injuries And A Remedial Method For Prevention Of These Accidents
Authors: Green James M.
Published: August 2021

The Accident Statistics For Injuries Caused By Pedestrians Or Cyclists Being Injured, Or Killed, By U.S. Transit Buses Have Typically Been Categorized Simply As Either Fatalities Or Serious Injuries. Although Anecdotal Information From Police Accident Investigators And Forensic Engineers Have Indicated That Certain Types Of Accidents With Transit Buses Are More Prevalent Than Other Types, Definitive Data Has Been Lacking. Recent Risk Management Efforts At Various Transit Authorities2 Have Revealed A Prevalent Type Of Accident From Transit Vehicles Interacting With Either Cyclists Or Pedestrians. The Predominant Accident Type Seems To Be Pedestrians Or Cyclists Being Pulled Into The Bus-Wheel, As Opposed To Individuals Being Struck By The Vehicle Body3. Further Questioning Of Transit Personnel Indicates That, In Most Cases, The Accidents Occur From The Rotating Bus Transit Wheel On The Bus As It Passes The Individual As Opposed To The Cyclist Or Pedestrian Running Into The Stationary Transit Vehicle Or Tire. Surprisingly, The Type Of Accident Where The Bus Strikes The Cyclist Or Pedestrian In An Area Other Than On The Rotating Wheel Is Almost Negligible. The Analysis In This Paper Is Focusing On Transit Authority Buses Since Risk Assessment Managers Have Identified High Incidents Of Injury At The Site Of The Rotating Wheel For These Vehicles.
Forensic Engineering Application Of Fire Science Metallurgy
Authors: Brynildson John E.
Published: August 2021

On A Hot July Night In Rural Mt. Airy, Md., Three Adults And One Child Were Asleep On The Upper Floor Of Their Early 1900S Farm Home. Shortly After Midnight, There Was A Thunderous Rumble Followed By A Loud Crack, Which Awakened Them All. They Rushed From Their Rooms, Only To Find The Smoke Alarm Blaring And A Fire Downstairs. Everyone Ran Outside, But Then One Man, Who Thought His Wife Was Trapped Indoors, Bolted Back In The House. His Wife Had Already Made It Out; He, However, Did Not. Fourteen Months Later, Conjecturing The Fire Was Caused By A Malfunction Of A Propane-Fueled Stove, The Familys Attorney Filed A $650 Million Lawsuit Against A Propane Company And Its Parent Company, Later Naming Additional Third-Party Defendants. The Author Was Brought In On Behalf Of The Defense To Determine The Fires Cause.
Forensic Engineering Overview - Threaded Fastener Joint Reliability And Failure
Authors: Josephs Harold
Published: August 2021

An Overview Of The Guidelines And Criteria For The Design And Manufacture Of Reliable And Safe Threaded Joints Is Presented. The Variables In Threaded Fastener Joint Design And The Causes For Potential Failure Are Discussed. Each Year The Fastener Industry Supplies Enough Fasteners To Assemble More Than Fifteen Million Motor Vehicles; Fifteen Million Refrigerators, Washers And Air Conditioners, As Well As The Nearly Five Million Lawnmowers Produced In The United States. Additionally, Aircraft, Engines, Turbines, Buildings And Bridges Are Assembled With Mechanical Fasteners. Products Requiring Threaded Fasteners Include Almost Every Item Manufactured And Assembled. Although Fastener Applications Vary, The Same Criteria And Guidelines For Properly Securing A Reliable And Safe Threaded Joint Apply Across The Entire Product Spectrum. Occasionally These Guidelines Are Overlooked Or Violated, Resulting First In Joint And Then Product Failure. This Paper Addresses Threaded Fastener Joint Failures.
Forensic Investigations In Alaska
Authors: Borjelson Bryan F.
Published: August 2021

Forensic Engineering In Alaska Involves The Same Type Cases As It Does Outside - Personal Injury, Auto And Industrial Accidents, Fires, Soil And Foundation Failures, Faulty Construction, Construction Claims, Errors And Omissions, Etc. We Do Have Elements Which Add To The Complexity Of These Typical Cases. They Are: Engineering In The Arctic, And Dealing With Permafrost. These Are So Critical And Unique To Alaska, That One Of The Requirements For Registration In The State As An Engineer Or Architect Is An Understanding, Satisfactory To The Registration Board, Of These Elements. This Requirement Must Be Met By Writing A Comprehensive Treatise On Construction Under Arctic And Subarctic Conditions, Or Successful Completion Of A One Semester, Graduate-Level, Course In Arctic Engineering At The University Of Alaska, Or Of A Seminar On Arctic Engineering Approved By The Board. No Seminars Have Been Approved, To My Knowledge. I Thought That It Would Be Of Interest If I Related One Of My Cases Which Involved The Arctic Environment. It Is Not An In-Depth Study Of Arctic Conditions But A Part Of The Problem As It Arose.