bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The participation of P‐ and E‐selectins on biomaterial‐mediated tissue responses
Authors: Tang Liping , Jiang Weiwu , Welty Stephen E.
Published: October 2002

Biomaterial‐mediated inflammatory responses often compromise the functions of implantable devices. The mechanism(s) involved in the inflammatory responses, which can be arbitrarily divided into phagocyte transmigration, chemotaxis, and adhesion to implant surfaces, are not totally understood. Because adhesion molecules have been shown to involved in phagocyte transmigration, this study was designed to investigate the participation of endothelial adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of biomaterial‐mediated inflammatory responses and fibrotic tissue formation. Using transgenic adhesion molecule knockout mice, we found that (1) deficiency of P‐selectin reduced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) but not macrophages/monocytes (MΦ) transmigration and adhesion. (2) Furthermore, absence of both P‐ and E‐selectin (P/E‐deficient) dramatically diminished both PMN and MΦ recruitment to the peritoneal cavity and accumulation on implanted biomaterials. (3) Finally, the impairment of inflammatory responses in P/E‐deficient mice significantly reduced the extent of subsequent biomaterial‐mediated fibrotic responses. We conclude that P‐ and E‐selectins are important for both biomaterial‐mediated inflammatory and fibrotic reactions. Our results also indicate that the reduction of phagocyte accumulation might be responsible to the decrease of fibrotic tissue formation surrounding material implants. Better understanding of such sequence of events may help the rational design of biomaterials with desired tissue reactivity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 471–477, 2002
Efferent controls in crustacean mechanoreceptors
Authors: Cattaert Daniel , Le Bon Morgane , Le Ray Didier
Published: October 2002

Since the 1960s it has been known that central neural networks can elaborate motor patterns in the absence of any sensory feedback. However, sensory and neuromodulatory inputs allow the animal to adapt the motor command to the actual mechanical configuration or changing needs. Many studies in invertebrates, particularly in crustacea, have described several mechanisms of sensory‐motor integration and have shown that part of this integration was supported by the efferent control of the mechanosensory neurons themselves. In this article, we review the findings that support such an efferent control of mechanosensory neurons in crustacea. Various types of crustacean proprioceptors feeding information about joint movements and strains to central neural networks are considered, together with evidence of efferent controls exerted on their sensory neurons. These efferent controls comprise (1) the neurohormonal modulation of the coding properties of sensory neurons by bioamines and peptides; (2) the presynaptic inhibition of sensory neurons by GABA, glutamate and histamine; and (3) the long‐term potentiation of sensory‐motor synapses by glutamate. Several of these mechanisms can coexist on the same sensory neuron, and the functional significance of such multiple modulations is discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:312–324, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flame soot generated under controlled combustion conditions: Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on hexane soot
Authors: Salgado M. S. , Rossi M. J.
Published: October 2002

We used a Combustion Aerosol Standard burner unit that affords controlled and adjustable flame conditions, and adapted it for use with liquid fuel. We prepared samples of hexane soot under different well‐defined combustion conditions, and probed the chemical properties of hexane soot by using its heterogeneous interaction with NO2 in a Knudsen flow reactor. Soot generated under conditions of fuel to oxygen ratio near stoichiometry (λ = 0.82) produced HONO as the main product. Yields of HONO decreased for soot generated under lean conditions (λ = 0.16). Finally, NO was the principal product of the reaction for soot generated under extremely lean conditions (λ = 0.09) corresponding to the lower flammability limit. We may conclude that the combustion conditions determined surface properties gauged by the heterogeneous NO2–soot interaction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 620–631, 2002
Toxicogenomic effects of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol on mouse testicular gene expression in the long term: A study using cDNA microarray analysis
Authors: Adachi Tetsuya , Komiyama Masatoshi , Ono Yushin , Koh Kyu‐Bom , Sakurai Kenichi , Shibayama Takako , Kato Masaki , Yoshikawa Tsutomu , Seki Naohiko , Iguchi Taisen , Mori Chisato
Published: October 2002

We examined the effect of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on mouse testicular gene expression, using in‐house mouse fetus (day 14.5) cDNA microarrays. Newborn male ICR mice were exposed to DES (50 μg/mouse/day) from neonatal day 1 to 5. Differential expression was detected in 14 genes in 4‐week‐old (day 28) mouse testes by cDNA microarray analysis; 11 genes (AI035263,AU080565,AU080361,AU080678,AI131681,AU080631,AA986882,AI037066,AA986537,AI156816, andAI596237) were up‐regulated and three genes (AI131656,AI118968, andAI117606) were down‐regulated in DES‐treated mouse testes. Higher expression levels of the former eight genes, out of the up‐regulated genes picked‐up by the microarray, were also confirmed by reverse transcription and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time RT‐PCR) analysis. However, the differential expression of other genes could not be confirmed. Real‐time RT‐PCR analysis also revealed that expression levels of the eight genes were still higher in DES‐treated testes at 8 and 12 weeks of age. Our results suggest that cDNA microarray analysis is a useful method by which a large number of gene expressions are simultaneously detected and changes in gene expression are screened. In addition, our results suggest that these genes, whose expressions are changed in the testes of adult mice by fetal or neonatal exposure to exogenous chemicals, might be candidates for predictive biological markers. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 63: 17–23, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tension‐free vaginal tape for stress urinary incontinence: Is there a learning curve?
Authors: Groutz Asnat , Gordon David , Wolman Igal , Jaffa Ariel J. , David Menachem P. , Lessing Joseph B.
Published: October 2002

Aim

To assess the learning curve characteristics of the first 30 tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) procedures carried out in our medical center and to evaluate its safety and short‐term effectiveness.

Methods

A total of 30 incontinent women with urodynamically proven SUI were enrolled. None had undergone any previous anti‐incontinence procedure. All were operated on by one surgeon, in accordance with the technique described by Ulmsten et al. in 1996. Mean follow‐up was 11.4± 3.6 months (range, 5–17 months).

Results

Five (17%) bladder perforations occurred at the beginning of the study, due to inadvertent insertion of the applicator. All perforations were identified by intraoperative cystoscopy. Five other patients (17%) had increased intraoperative bleeding (>200 mL) necessitating vaginal tamponade. Blood transfusions were not required. Eight (27%) patients had immediate postoperative voiding difficulties, necessitating catheterization for 2–10 days, but none needed long‐term catheterization. There was no local infection or rejection of the Prolene tape was found. All patients were subjectively cured of their stress incontinence; however, urodynamic evaluation revealed “asymptomatic genuine stress incontinence” in one patient. Sixteen of 21 patients (80%) with preoperative urge syndrome, had persistent postoperative symptoms. No patient developed de novo urge incontinence.

Conclusion

The TVT operation is a new, minimally invasive surgical procedure with excellent short‐ and medium‐term cure rates. However, there is a definite learning curve, and we believe that the operation should only be performed by experienced surgeons. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:470–472, 2002. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New synthetic route for photosensitive poly(benzoxazole)
Authors: Ebara Kazuya , Shibasaki Yuji , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: October 2002

A new positive working photosensitive poly(benzoxazole) (PBO) precursor based on poly(o‐hydroxyazomethine) (3) and 1‐{1,1‐bis[4‐(2‐diazo‐1‐(2H)naphthalenone‐5‐sulfonyloxy)phenyl]ethyl}‐4‐{1‐[4‐(2‐diazo‐1(2H)naphthalenone‐5‐sulfonyloxy)phenyl]methylethyl}benzene (S‐DNQ) as a photosensitive compound was developed. 3 was prepared by the condensation of 2,2‐bis(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane with isophthalaldehyde in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone/toluene under azeotropic conditions. The photosensitive PBO precursor containing 30 wt % S‐DNQ showed a sensitivity of 120 mJ cm−2 and a contrast of 2.2 when it was exposed to 436‐nm light and developed with a 2.38 wt % aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution at room temperature. A fine positive image featuring 10‐μm line and space patterns was observed on the film of the photoresist exposed to 200 mJ cm−2 ultraviolet light at 436 nm by the contact mode. The positive image was successfully converted into the PBO pattern by a thermal treatment. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3399–3405, 2002
Atom transfer radical copolymerization of n‐hexylmaleimide and styrene in an ionic liquid
Authors: Zhao You‐Liang , Zhang Jian‐Min , Jiang Jing , Chen Chuan‐Fu , Xi Fu
Published: October 2002

Dendritic polyarylether 2‐bromoisobutyrates of different generations (Gn‐Br, n = 1–3) as macroinitiators for the atom transfer radical copolymerization of N‐hexylmaleimide and styrene in an ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, were investigated. The copolymerization carried out in the ionic liquid with CuBr/pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as a catalyst at room temperature afforded polymers with well‐defined molecular weights and low polydispersities (1.18 < Mw/Mn < 1.36, where Mw is the weight‐average molecular weight and Mn is the number‐average molecular weight), and the resultant copolymers possessed an alternating structure over a wide range of monomer feeds (f1 = 0.3–0.8). Meanwhile, the copolymerization was also conducted in anisole at 110 °C under similar conditions so that the effect of the reaction media on the polymerization could be evaluated. The monomer reactivity ratios showed that the tendency to form alternating copolymers for the two monomers was stronger in ionic liquids than in anisole. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3360–3366, 2002
Psychosocial intervention for lesbians with primary breast cancer
Authors: Fobair Pat , Koopman Cheryl , DiMiceli Sue , O'Hanlan Katherine , Butler Lisa D. , Classen Catherine , Drooker Nancy , Rachel Davids H. , Loulan Joann , Wallsten Darah , Spiegel David
Published: October 2002

This study examined the effects of a Supportive–Expressive group therapy intervention offered to lesbians with early stage breast cancer. Twenty lesbians diagnosed with breast cancer in the previous 12‐months were recruited and assessed at baseline, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after the group intervention. During the 12‐week intervention, group members focused on the problems of a new diagnosis, coping with the illness and treatment, mood changes, coping responses and self‐efficacy, improving relationships with family, friends and physicians, the impact of the illness on life, pain and sleep, and changes in body image and sexuality. A within‐subject slopes analysis was conducted on data collected for each woman over the first year. As predicted, women reported reduced emotional distress, intrusiveness, and avoidance, and improved coping. There were significant changes in their social support, but in the unexpected direction. Instrumental support and informational support declined. However, conflict in family relations also declined, while trends were found towards more cohesiveness and expressiveness. Participants reported less pain and better sleep. There were no changes in body image, sexuality, or attitudes toward health‐care providers. These results suggest that Supportive/Expressive group intervention appears to be helpful for lesbians with breast cancer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting the field performance of an attracticide against the codling moth Cydia pomonella
Authors: Lösel Peter M , Potting Roel P J , Ebbinghaus Dirk , Scherkenbeck Jürgen
Published: October 2002

Factors affecting the efficacy of an attracticide strategy for the control of the codling moth Cydia pomonella L (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were investigated using laboratory and field experiments. The sex‐pheromone‐based insect‐control strategy utilises 100‐µl droplets of a sticky, paste‐like formulation containing 1 mg g−1 (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (codlemone) as an attractant for male moths and 40 mg g−1 cyfluthrin, a contact insecticide, applied to branches in the upper parts of the tree crown. The longevity of the treatment under field conditions was assessed in the laboratory by biological testing of variously aged samples of the attracticide formulation which had been applied to the bark of apple trees growing in commercial orchards. Electroantennogram responses of male moth antennae were used to compare codlemone release from the attracticide after different lengths of environmental exposure. Changes in insecticidal efficacy of the same samples were assessed with reference to the speed of knockdown (KT50) and the mortalities after 48 h among populations of male moths confined in cages containing samples of fresh and field‐aged formulations. Gradual declines in both the amount of pheromone released and insecticidal activity were observed over the 10‐week period of the experiments. Various factors associated with the behaviour of codling moths in the field which might influence the attracticide strategy were also investigated. Although the vertical position of attracticide sources within apple trees had a strong influence on their attractiveness, their horizontal position had none. Results of field trials showed that efficacy of the attracticide depends on the population density of the pest. Under the conditions of the current study a density of three or more sources per tree (= 4500 sources per ha) was required to attain satisfactory levels of codling moth control.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Trypsin‐catalysed synthesis of oligopeptide amides: comparison of catalytic efficiency among trypsins of different origin (bovine, streptomyces griseus and chum salmon)
Authors: Sekizaki Haruo , Itoh Kunihiko , Toyota Eiko , Tanizawa Kazutaka
Published: October 2002

A procedure has been developed for the synthesis of oligopeptide amide using inverse substrates as acyl donors with amino acid amide instead of p‐nitroanilide as acyl acceptor and trypsins of different origin (bovine, Streptomyces griseus and chum salmon trypsins) as the catalyst. The effectiveness of this procedure was demonstrated by the synthesis of a pentapeptide, Boc‐[Leu5]‐enkephalin amide, as a model compound. The method was the first enzymatic method shown to be successful at each successive coupling step for the synthesis of the oligopeptide. Bovine and chum salmon trypsins were superior to Streptomyces griseus trypsin as the catalyst. Copyright © 2002 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid‐phase peptide synthesis on polyethylene glycol (PEG) supports using strategies based on the 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl amino protecting group: application of PEGylated peptides in biochemical assays
Authors: Fischer Peter M. , Zheleva Daniella I.
Published: October 2002

Stepwise synthetic assembly of polypeptide chains reversibly linked to polyethylene glycol represents a hybrid between traditional solution and solid‐phase chemistries and combines the inherent advantages of both approaches. The technical simplicity and scalability of the liquid‐phase peptide synthesis method renders it particularly attractive for multiple parallel syntheses, combinatorial approaches and the large‐scale preparation of peptides. The versatile protection strategy based on the Nα‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl group commonly used in solid‐phase peptide synthesis was adapted to the liquid‐phase approach. Fluoride ions were used rather than the conventional organic base piperidine for the repetitive amino‐deprotection step. Using a range of acid‐ and base‐labile linkers between the polymer and the peptide, it was shown that free and fully side‐chain protected peptides can be obtained using our version of the liquid‐phase peptide synthesis method. Protocols for simultaneous multiple syntheses requiring a minimum of equipment are presented and the use of polyethylene glycol‐bound peptides in biochemical binding and functional assay systems is demonstrated. Copyright © 2002 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to reveal the substrate specificity of the peptidyl‐cysteine decarboxylase EpiD
Authors: Schmid Dietmar G. , Majer Florian , Kupke Thomas , Jung Günther
Published: October 2002

The microbial flavoenzyme EpiD catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of peptidyl‐cysteines to peptidyl‐aminoenethiols. These unusual C‐terminally modified peptides are intermediates in the biosynthesis of the tetracyclic peptide antibiotic epidermin, which belongs to the lantibiotics family. The peptide SFNSYCC represents the C‐terminal partial sequence of the natural precursor peptide EpiA. EpiA is posttranslationally modified to form finally the lantibiotic epidermin. The substrate specificity of EpiD was investigated using high‐resolution mass spectrometry and the heptapeptide library SFNSXCC. The enzymatic conversion of particular peptides can be observed by a mass loss of m/z 46. In contrast to the previously used triple quadrupole instrument, electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI‐FTICR‐MS) was able to resolve and detect all precursor and converted peptides with identical nominal masses in a single measurement, avoiding the necessity to investigate single peptides. Furthermore, a new substrate SFNSCCC of the enzyme EpiD was detected within the reaction mixture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ligament creep recruits fibres at low stresses and can lead to modulus‐reducing fibre damage at higher creep stresses: a study in rabbit medial collateral ligament model
Authors: Thornton G. M. , Shrive N. G. , Frank C. B.
Published: October 2002

Ligaments are subjected to a range of loads during different activities in vivo, suggesting that they must resist creep at various stresses. Cyclic and static creep tests of rabbit medial collateral ligament were used as a model to examine creep over a range of stresses in the toe‐ and linear‐regions of the stress–strain curve: 4.1 MPa (n =7), 7.1 MPa (n = 6), 14 MPa (n = 9) and 28 MPa (n = 6). We quantified ligament creep behaviour to determine if, at low stresses, modulus would increase in a cyclic creep test and collagen fibres would be recruited in a static creep test. At higher creep stresses, a decrease in measured modulus was expected to be a potential marker of damage. The increase in modulus during cyclic creep and the increase in strain during static creep were similar between the three toe‐region stresses (4.1, 7.1, 14 MPa). However, at the linear‐region stress (28 MPa), both these parameters increased significantly compared to the increases at the three toe‐region stresses. A concurrent crimp analysis revealed that collagen fibres were recruited during creep, evidenced by decreased area of crimped fibres at the end of the static creep test. Interestingly, a predominance of straightened fibres was observed at the end of the 28 MPa creep test, suggesting a limited potential for fibre recruitment at higher, linear‐region stresses. An additional 28 MPa (n = 6) group had mechanically detectable discontinuities in their stress–strain curves during creep that were related to reductions in modulus and suggested fibre damage. These data support the concept that collagen fibre recruitment is a mechanism by which ligaments resist creep at low stresses. At a higher creep stress, which was still only about a third of the failure capacity, damage to some ligaments occurred and was marked by a sudden reduction in modulus. In the cyclic tests, with continued cycling, the modulus increased back to original values obtained before the discontinuity suggesting that other fibres were being recruited to bear load. These results have important implications for our understanding of how fibre recruitment and stress redistribution act in normal ligament to minimize creep and restore modulus after fibre damage.

© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Successful apprenticeship‐ to‐work transitions
Authors: Büchel Felix
Published: October 2002

The quality of labor‐market entry achieved by newly qualified apprentices in West Germany from 1948 to 1992 is analyzed. A bivariate probit model, using data from the BIBB/IAB employment survey, is applied to estimate simultaneously the quality of the school‐to‐apprenticeship transition and that of the apprenticeship‐to‐work transition. This shows that school leavers with lower levels of general education are selected into apprenticeships with less favorable employment prospects in all analyzed time periods. However, when controlling for this selection effect, it is only in the most recent period that lower academic achievers are further penalized for the shortcomings in their general education at the apprenticeship‐to‐work transition. Furthermore, the crowding‐out of trainees with lower levels of general education can be observed in both the less demanding and the more challenging occupational fields.
Operations strategy: genealogy, classification and anatomy
Authors: Lowson Robert H.
Published: October 2002

This paper seeks to offer some unity in a new and evolving discipline. The aim is to provide clear and unambiguous foundations to aid development of operations strategy as a field of study. Using empirical evidence and theoretical reasoning, it seeks to clarify the nature of operations strategy: its lineage, composition and purpose. In so doing, it is able to asseverate that such strategies develop and evolve through both market and resource influences – they shape both the composition and architecture of such strategies. In so doing, it is possible to demonstrate that these strategies can be customised to the exigencies of the situation.
The new immersion tin generation in practical operation – a surface finish process including the world's first organic metal
Authors: Schröder Sabine
Published: October 2002

This paper describes the properties of a new generation of immersion tin as a solderable surface finish for printed circuit boards. The new process combines the unique technology of Organic Metals with the well introduced technology of immersion tin. A comparison with other solderable surface finishes will show the advantages and superior performance for PCB manufacturer, assemblers and OEMs.
BIANCHI TYPE I UNIVERSES WITH DILATON AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: HARKO T. , MAK M. K.
Published: October 2002

We consider the dynamics of a Bianchi type I spacetime in the presence of dilaton and magnetic fields. The general solution of the Einstein–Maxwell dilaton field equations can be obtained in an exact parametric form. Depending on the numerical values of the parameters of the model there are three distinct classes of solutions. The time evolution of the mean anisotropy, shear and deceleration parameters is considered in detail and it is shown that a magnetic-dilaton anisotropic Bianchi type I geometry does not isotropize, the initial anisotropy being present in the universe for all times.
CAUSAL BULK VISCOUS DISSIPATIVE ISOTROPIC COSMOLOGIES WITH VARIABLE GRAVITATIONAL AND COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANTS
Authors: MAK M. K. , HARKO T. , BELINCHÓN J. A.
Published: October 2002

We consider the evolution of a flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker Universe, filled with a causal bulk viscous cosmological fluid, in the presence of variable gravitational and cosmological constants. The basic equation for the Hubble parameter, generalizing the evolution equation in the case of constant gravitational coupling and cosmological term is derived, under the supplementary assumption that the total energy of the Universe is conserved. By assuming that the cosmological constant is proportional to the square of the Hubble parameter and a power law dependence of the bulk viscosity coefficient, temperature and relaxation time on the energy density of the cosmological fluid, two classes of exact solutions of the field equations are obtained. In the first class of solutions the Universe ends in an inflationary era, while in the second class of solutions the expan-sion of the Universe is noninflationary for all times. In both models the cosmological "constant" is a decreasing function of time, while the gravitational "constant" increases in the early period of evolution of the Universe and tends in the large time limit to a constant value.
THE GRACEFUL EXIT FROM THE ANOMALY-INDUCED INFLATION: SUPERSYMMETRY AS A KEY
Authors: SHAPIRO I. L.
Published: October 2002

The stable version of the anomaly-induced inflation does not need a fine tuning to induce sufficient expansion of the Universe. The non-stable version (Starobinsky model) provides the graceful exit to the FRW phase. Here, we indicate the possibility of the inflation which is stable at the beginning and unstable at the end. The effect is due to the soft supersymmetry breaking and the decoupling of the massive sparticles at low energy.
N,N′-Dicyano-p-acepleiadylenequinonediimine and Its 1,2-Dibromo Derivative: New DCNQI Type Acceptors and Their Conducting Complexes
Authors: Sato Ohki , Okada Yuji , Shirahata Takashi , Takahashi Kazuko , Tsunetsugu Josuke
Published: October 2002

N,N′-Dicyano-p-acepleiadylenequinonediimine (DCNAPQ-DI) and its 1,2-dibromo derivative (Br2-DCNAPQDI), a new family of acepleiadylene-based DCNQI type electron acceptors have been synthesized. Br2-DCNAPQDI exhibiting the first half-wave reduction potential of −0.03 V vs SCE afforded a fairly high conducting Cu salt.
Synthesis of High Si-containing SAPO-11 by Post-Si Method
Authors: Wang Li-Jun , Guo Chang-Wen , Huang Xi-Dan , Li Quan-Zhi
Published: October 2002

High Si-containing SAPO-11 molecular sieve with enhanced SAPO domain has been successfully synthesized with diethylamine template by modified hydrothermal method. The sample was characterized with XRD, EDX, N2 adsorption, SEM, 29Si MAS NMR, NH3-TPD. Bifunctional hydroconversion of n-dodecane on Pd/SAPO-11 catalyst showed high hydroisomer conversion and selectivity compared with the results of catalyst prepared by the normal method. The enhanced SAPO domain improves the catalytic results.
Incomplete and complete manganese cubes
Authors: Nihei Masayuki , Hoshino Norihisa , Ito Tasuku , Oshio Hiroki
Published: October 2002

Reactions of MnCl2·4H2O with 2-(5-bromo salicylideneamino)-1-propanol (H2(5-Br-sap)) under aerobic conditions and with 2-salicylideneamino-1-propanol (H2(sap)) under strict anaerobiosis yielded tri and tetranuclear manganese complexesof [MnIII3(μ3-O)(5-Br-sap)3(H2O)3]Cl·5.5H2O (1) and [MnII4(sap)4(MeOH)4]·2H2O (2), respectively; the magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed intramolecular antiferromagnetic interactions being operative in both compounds, of which exchange coupling constant for 2 was estimated to be −1.6 cm−1 (H=−2JΣSi·Sj).
Thermally Induced Topochemical Polymerization of 1,3-Diene Monomers
Authors: Nagahama Sadamu , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: October 2002

The topochemical polymerization of the 1,3-diene compounds such as the ammonium and ester derivatives of the muconic and sorbic acids is induced by heating without any irradiation in the crystalline state.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of InP Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Authors: Wei Shuo , Lu Jun , Zeng Liling , Yu Weichao , Qian Yitai
Published: October 2002

Pure InP nanocrystals were synthesized in aqueous ammonia (potassium stearate, 0.01 mol·L−1) at 170 °C for 12 h. The X-ray diffraction pattern was of the cubic phase with lattice constant a=5.8523±5×10−4 Å. The secondary particles with 180 nm consisting of fine InP NCs with 15 nm in size were found from the transmission electron microscope images. The optimal reaction conditions were searched, and a possible reaction mechanism was discussed.
Fabrication of Discrete Materials by Interface-Selective Sol-Gel Polymerization
Authors: Kim Youngbaek , Jung Eunsun , Yim Mison
Published: October 2002

Self-hydrolyzing inorganic precursors underwent interface selective sol-gel polymerization at different interfaces between water and templates. This interface sol-gel polymerization was applied to fabricating discrete materials by encapsulating various materials with silica, titania, iron oxide and alumina.
A Convenient Method for Carbon Extension of Acetals and Aldehydes by the Use of Ketenedithioacetal and Nucleophiles
Authors: Ichikawa Junji , Saitoh Terunobu , Tada Tomoyuki , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: October 2002

A convenient method for carbon extension of acetals and aldehydes has been established consisting of combining a ketenedithioacetal 1 and nucleophiles such as alkyl- and alkynylmetal, metal enolate, and hydride. Acetals and aldehydes react with 1 in the presence of TMSOTf, and the successive addition of nucleophiles affords the corresponding β-alkoxy and β-siloxy dithioacetals in good yields.
Kinetic energy corrections for slip‐stick behavior in brittle adhesives
Authors: Macon David J. , Anderson Gregory L.
Published: October 2002

Fracture mechanics is the study of the failure of a body that contains a flaw. In the energy balance approach to fracture mechanics, contributions from the external work and elastic strain energy are accounted for, but rarely are corrections for the kinetic energy given. Under slip‐stick conditions, part of the external work is expended as kinetic energy. The magnitude of this kinetic energy depends upon the shape of the crack. A specimen with a blunt crack will fail at a high load, and the crack will catastrophically travel through the material until the kinetic energy is dissipated. Material with a sharp crack will fail at a lower load but will still be catastrophic in nature. In this work kinetic term is incorporated into the energy balance approach. This term accounts for the velocity of the moving crack and how far the crack travels before arresting. This correction makes the shape of the initiation crack irrelevant. When applied to data generated by tapered double cantilever beam specimens under slip‐stick conditions, the scatter in the measured critical strain energy release rate is significantly reduced. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1821–1828, 2002
Mundane knowledge management and microlevel organizational learning: An ethological approach
Authors: Davenport Elisabeth
Published: October 2002

Knowledge management is discussed in the context of “articulation” work, that is routine interactions in groups of local practice. In such situations, knowledge is largely acquired and maintained by learning from the appropriate behavior of others by means of “organizational ethology.” This phenomenon is described as “mundane knowledge management.” The concepts of mundane knowledge management and organizational ethnology are explored in a case study of a project to promote virtual enterprise formation. Evaluation of the project prototype, a platform for online cooperative work, suggests that unless design provides adequate social and technical cues for the work to hand, the mundane knowledge that sustains cooperative work may be compromised by ethological breakdown.
The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate after single and multiple doses to beagle dogs
Authors: Adebowale Abi , Du Jianpin , Liang Zhonming , Leslie James L. , Eddington Natalie D.
Published: October 2002

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a glucosamine (GL) and the disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS) after single and multiple‐dosing of a GL/CS combination (CosaminR*, CosequinR*).Methods—Male beagle dogs (n= 8, 12 kg) received the following treatments: (1) IV GL (500 mg)/CS (400 mg), (2) p.o. GL (1500 mg)/CS (1200 mg), (3) p.o. GL (2000 mg)/CS (1600 mg), (4) p.o. GL (1500 mg)/CS (1200 mg) QD for days 1–7 and p.o. GL (3000 mg)/CS (2400 mg) from days 8 to 14. Blood samples were collected over 24 h and glucosamine and the disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate were determined. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on glucosamine and total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides and parameters were compared across treatments using ANOVA with post hoc analysis.Result—After the IV administration, glucosamine declined rapidly in a bi‐exponential fashion with a mean ( ± S.D.) eliminationt1/2of 0.52 (0.25) h. GL absorption was relatively fast (Cmax= 8.95 μg/ml, andTmax1.5 h after 1500 mg dose) and the mean bioavailability of glucosamine after single dosing was approximately 12%. The extent of absorption of chondroitin sulfate as indicated by the meanCmax(21.5 μg/ml) and mean AUC (187 μg/ml h) of total disaccharides after dosing (1600 mg) provides evidence that chondroitin sulfate is absorbed orally. The bioavailability of CS ranged from 4.8 to 5.0% after single dosing and 200–278% upon multiple dosing.Conclusion—The results of this study show that both glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (measured as total disaccharides) are bioavailable after oral dosing. In addition, the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate used in this study displays significant accumulation upon multiple dosing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of particle–particle shearing on the bioleaching of sulfide minerals
Authors: Chong N. , Karamanev D. G. , Margaritis A.
Published: October 2002

The biological leaching of sulfide minerals, used for the production of gold, copper, zinc, cobalt, and other metals, is very often carried out in slurry bioreactors, where the shearing between sulfide particles is intensive. In order to be able to improve the efficiency of the bioleaching, it is of significant importance to know the effect of particle shearing on the rate of leaching. The recently proposed concept of ore immobilization allowed us to study the effect of particle shearing on the rate of sulfide (pyrite) leaching by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Using this concept, we designed two very similar bioreactors, the main difference between which was the presence and absence of particle–particle shearing. It was shown that when the oxygen mass transfer was not the rate‐limiting step, the rate of bioleaching in the frictionless bioreactor was 2.5 times higher than that in a bioreactor with particle friction (shearing). The concentration of free suspended cells in the frictionless bioreactor was by orders of magnitude lower than that in the frictional bioreactor, which showed that particle friction strongly reduces the microbial attachment to sulfide surface, which, in turn, reduces the rate of bioleaching. Surprisingly, it was found that formation of a layer of insoluble iron salts on the surface of sulfide particles is much slower under shearless conditions than in the presence of particle–particle shearing. This was explained by the effect of particle friction on liquid–solid mass transfer rate. The results of this study show that reduction of the particle friction during bioleaching of sulfide minerals can bring important advantages not only by increasing significantly the bioleaching rate, but also by increasing the rate of gas–liquid oxygen mass transfer, reducing the formation of iron precipitates and reducing the energy consumption. One of the efficient methods for reduction of particle friction is ore immobilization in a porous matrix. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 349–357, 2002.
A Phase II trial of topotecan and gemcitabine in patients with previously treated, advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Rinaldi David A. , Lormand Nancy A. , Brierre Joseph E. , Cole James L. , Barnes Brian C. , Mills Glen , Yadlapati Siva , Felicia Fontenot M. , Buller Eric J. , Rainey John M.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Multiple trials have been performed to evaluate second‐line clinical chemotherapy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, no single agent or combination has demonstrated superior activity.

METHODS

Patients with advanced NSCLC who had aready received one chemotherapeutic regimen were treated with topotecan (0.75 mg/m2 over 30 minutes, Days 1–5) and gemcitabine (400 mg/m2 over 30 minutes, Days 1 and 5) every 21 days.

RESULTS

Of 35 patients who were treated, 4 (11%) achieved a partial responses and 8 (23%) hadstable disease for at least four courses of treatment. The response rate for patients with refractory disease (progressing during frontline chemotherapy) was 18% (3 of 17) with 18% having stable disease for at least four courses of treatment. The median survival of the entire group was 7 months (range, 1.5–44 months) and 20% (7 of 35) of patients were alive 1 year from the initiation of topotecan and gemcitabine treatment. Patients with refractory disease had a median survival of 4½ months, with 6‐month and 1‐year survival rates of 47% and 18%, respectively. During Course 1, five patients (14%) developed Grade IV neutropenia and three patients (9%) developed Grade IV thrombocytopenia. Nonhematologic toxicity was relatively mild, with one patient developing Grade III side effects (fatigue) and eight patients (23%) developing Grade II nonhematologic side effects.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of topotecan and gemcitabine demonstrated antitumor activity with a modest side effect profile in patients with advanced, previously treated NSCLC. Cancer 2002;95:1274–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10806
The long‐term clinical course of patients with cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Gamel John W. , George Stephen L. , Edwards Michael J. , Seigler Hilliard F.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The clinical course of cutaneous melanoma is associated with pathologic and clinical factors, such as thickness, ulceration, and location of tumor and gender of the patient. The authors used a parametric survival model that incorporated acuredfraction of patients to translate these factors into specific estimates of long‐term outcome.

METHODS

A cohort study was conducted of 5837 patients who were treated for localized cutaneous melanoma between 1978 and 1990 at the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center. Of these, 495 patients were excluded because the survival status or one or more of the prognostic factors was unknown. Maximum follow‐up was 22 years. The primary outcome measures examined were cured fraction (probability of cure), median tumor specific survival (i.e., median time to death from tumor), and the probability of tumor‐related survival at fixed intervals after treatment.

RESULTS

For an example of a class of patients with a relatively good prognosis, consider women with nonulcerated lesions measuring 0.5 mm thick on an extremity. The probability of cure (± standard error) for these patients was estimated at 80.8% ± 2.0%, and the median tumor specific survival was 10.0 years ± 0.8 years. This suggests that, in these patients, half of the deaths from melanoma will occur more than 10 years after treatment, barring death from other causes. Conversely, men with ulcerated lesions measuring 8.00 mm thick on the trunk have a relatively poor prognosis. The probability of cure for these patients was 16.8% ± 2.4%, and the median tumor specific survival was 2.7 years ± 0.2 years. Despite this poor initial prognosis, the conditional probability of cure increased to 90%; after 15 years of recurrence free survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Parametric statistical analysis provides quantitative measures of long‐term survival. These measures show that late recurrence—longer than a decade after treatment—is to be expected in a significant portion of patients, although the probability of cure increases with progressively longer recurrence free survival. Cancer 2002;95:1286–93. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10813
The effect of retinoids on premalignant oral lesions
Authors: Gorsky Meir , Epstein Joel B.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Retinoids have been studied as chemopreventive treatment for patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma. Vitamin A modulates growth and differentiation of cells, and its deficiency enhances susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The chemopreventive mechanism of action of vitamin A is discussed, and a review of clinical results and side effects of the systemic use of vitamin A is included. The objective of the current report was to review the possible role of topical vitamin A and vitamin A derivatives in the management of patients with oral lesions with a risk of transformation to carcinoma.

METHODS:

A Medline search was conducted and references identified within the identified papers were also reviewed.

RESULTS

Only four studies using topical vitamin A for patients with oral leukoplakia have been reported. A complete response was achieved in 10–27% of patients, and a partial response was achieved in 54–90% of patients; however, recurrence of leukoplakia was reported after withdrawing the medication in approximately 50% of patients. The side effects of the topical use were minimal.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the direct application of higher concentrations of retinoic acid results in suppression of oral leukoplakias only, its use in the treatment of patients with recurrent and persistent lesions may be justified for controlling lesions that otherwise may progress. Further controlled clinical studies are needed. Cancer 2002;95:1258–64. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10874
A generalized fault diagnosis method in dynamic analogue circuits
Authors: Liu D. , Starzyk J. A.
Published: October 2002

Fault diagnosis of analogue circuits is essential for analogue and mixed‐signal systems testing and maintenance. A new method is proposed in this paper for multiple fault diagnosis of linear analogue circuits in frequency domain. The Woodbury formula is applied to the modified nodal equation to construct the fault diagnosis equation, which relates the limited measured circuit responses with the multiple faults inside the circuit in a linear way. A recently developed ambiguity group locating technique is modified here to identify the faulty parameters directly. Computation cost is reduced compared to combinatorial search in traditional fault verification methods. Only one node is needed for voltage measurement, but multiple excitations on accessible nodes are required for fault identification. Parameter evaluation can provide the exact solution to the deviated values of faulty parameters. The faulty parameter deviations can have any finite values. Example circuits are provided to illustrate the proposed method. Two other methods for multiple analogue fault diagnosis sharing the same mechanism as the method proposed in this paper are also briefly described. The proposed method is extremely effective for the circuit with very limited accessible nodes and is also computationally efficient. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovery from control plane failures in GMPLS‐controlled optical networks
Authors: Wu Jing , Montuno Delfin Y. , Mouftah Hussein T. , Wang Guoqiang , Dasylva Abel C.
Published: October 2002

The health status of the control plane and the data plane of a GMPLS‐controlled optical network is independent in the physically separated control network implementation. In most control plane designs, besides the topology information, the entities of the routing protocol only record the number of available wavelengths on each link. However, the status of each wavelength is maintained by the entities of the signalling protocol. Without recovery ability of the signalling protocol CR‐LDP, a failure in the control plane will result in the permanent loss of the status information of wavelengths. A mechanism to recover the status information of the wavelengths is proposed. A downstream node maintains a label information database (LID) about assignable (free) labels in each incoming link. A copy of LID is redundantly stored in the upstream node as a label information mirror (LIM). A systematic procedure is proposed to synchronize the contents of a LIM and the corresponding LID. The initialization of a new LDP session with the enhanced recovery mechanism will guarantee the revival of the status information of wavelengths. It can recover multiple control channel failures, but it only applies to single node failure among any pair of adjacent nodes. © Crown copyright 2002. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation across an intergovernmental context: Issues raised through different perspectives on Even Start
Authors: Boser Susan
Published: October 2002

Although the authorizing environment may dictate the nature and use of evaluations, state and locally conducted evaluation provides a distinct lens for understanding the conditions affecting program implementation and the outcomes of programs under study. The learning that transpires at the state and local government levels through evaluation can motivate stakeholders to use evaluation to influence the policy agenda.
Association mapping, using a mixture model for complex traits
Authors: Zhu Xiaofeng , Zhang ShuangLin , Zhao Hongyu , Cooper Richard S.
Published: October 2002

Association mapping for complex diseases using unrelated individuals can be more powerful than family‐based analysis in many settings. In addition, this approach has major practical advantages, including greater efficiency in sample recruitment. Association mapping may lead to false‐positive findings, however, if population stratification is not properly considered. In this paper, we propose a method that makes it possible to infer the number of subpopulations by a mixture model, using a set of independent genetic markers and then testing the association between a genetic marker and a trait. The proposed method can be effectively applied in the analysis of both qualitative and quantitative traits. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the method is valid in the presence of a population structure. Genet. Epidemiol. 23:181–196, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.