bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Сomputed tomography anatomy of the orbital apex
Authors: Yatsenko Oleg Yur’yevich
Published: September 2015

The apex of the bony orbit and its soft tissues are most difficult to investigate. Meanwhile just pathological processes in this area cause several serious conditions which could lead to blindness and in many cases to disability. Purpose: to study linear and volume indices of the bony orbital apex and its soft content in normal conditions. Material and methods: 210 patients (266 orbits) are examined. Both orbits were investigated in 56 patients (112 orbits) with no orbital pathology. In patients with unilateral orbital involvement, the normal orbit was investigated (154 orbits). Among examined patients, 86 were men and 124 women. Mean age was 41.2 ± 10.4 years. The CT scan according to the standard technique obtaining axial and frontal sections was carried out in all patients (section thickness was 1.0 mm; interval - 1.0 mm). Results and discussions: The average horizontal size of the external part of an orbit in men was 22.2 ± 0.41 mm (range 17-28 mm). The same size in women was 21.4 ± 0.23 mm (17-26 mm). The vertical size of the external part of the orbit in men is equal to 23.12 ± 0.38 mm, in average and at women - 23.4 ± 0.31 mm. Orbital apex length is 16-24 mm (average 20.1 ± 0.47 mm) in men, in women it is 15-23 mm (average 19,2 ± 0,35 mm). In the article, normal volume of the orbital apex, of the optic nerve, extraocular muscles and orbital fat are presented. Ratios of volume characteristics of studied structures of the orbital apex are displayed. Conclusions: Volume characteristics of the orbital apex and its soft content could be useful to understand the pathogenesis of pathological processes in this area. They could be also used to carry out the differential diagnosis between true and false proptosis, and for surgery planning.
Femtosecond laser effect on the self-sealing properties of the corneal incision of various lengths and profile (experimental trial)
Authors: Nizametdinova Yulduz Shavkatovna , Takhtaev Yury Viktorovich , Nikolaenko Vadim Petrovich
Published: September 2015

An experimental investigation was carried out to study self-sealing properties of corneal incisions of different profile and length carried out with femtosecond laser Victus (Technolas Perfect Vision/BauschLomb). Using femtosecond laser for this purpose allows creating corneal incisions of high precision and predictability. Reproducibility and standardization of the incision profile and length are an advantage of this technology. Obtained results showed that single-profile incisions are less stable and safe when compared to multi-profile ones. It was noted that incision length increase promotes its self-sealing properties.
Primary glaucoma etiology: current theories and researches
Authors: Petrov Sergey Yuryevich , Fokina Nnatal'ya Dmitrievna , Sherstneva Lyudmila Vladimirovna , Vostruhin Sergey Viktorovich , Safonova Dar'ya Maksimovna
Published: September 2015

The article presents a review of latest researches related to various aspects of primary glaucoma and optic neuropathy etiology. The effect of somatic factors on glaucoma progression is described. Arguments in favor of the interrelation of glaucoma and neurodegenerative processes are presented. The genetic basis for the development of glaucoma and a variety of its conjoined syndromes is considered. Immunological mechanisms that initiate the programmed cell death are analyzed. The processes that influence the increase of trabecular meshwork retention are also described as well as its role in the glaucoma pathogenesis.
Our experience of Restasis® use in patients with “dry eye” syndrome occurring against the context of graft versus host reaction after bone marrow allografting
Authors: Astakhov Sergey Yur'yevich , Tkachenko Natal'ya Viktorovna , Chistyakova Natalya Viktorovna
Published: September 2015

Restasis® is the only ophthalmic medication containing cyclosporine A that is registered in the Russian Federation. According to prescribing information, it is indicated in keratoconjunctivitis sicca with decreased tear secretion. However, there are several similar conditions, in particular ophthalmic forms of graft versus host reaction, in which its use may be appropriate and of high practical interest. We observed 20 patients with ophthalmic forms of graft versus host reaction after bone marrow allografting. All patients were treated by Restasis® b.i.d., there were no side-effects. In one month of treatment tear breakup time test results improved, as well as the corneal epithelium status.
Management and outcomes of significant non-culprit coronary artery lesions in STEMI: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Weitemeyer Robert Erich Michael , Murphy Shane Peter , Gillen Ruth , Ahern Catriona , Abusalma Yousif , Yagoub Hatim A , Yan Bryan P , Ajani Andrew E , Hannigan Ailish , Kiernan Tom J
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND
 In the setting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multi-vessel disease (MVD), guidelines recommend revascularization of the culprit lesion (CL) only, due to poor evidence supporting intervention in non-culprit lesions (non-CLs) during the same index procedure. Debate over management for significant non-CLs is of interest i.e. medical management vs. percutaneous revascularization. We describe a cohort of patients with STEMI and MVD and compare the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) by therapeutic strategies for non-CLs with regard to follow-up outcomes.

METHODS
 86 patients with STEMI and MVD were identified from a database of STEMI presentations to the University Hospital Limerick from Jan 2011 to April 2013. The occurrence of MACE was established by follow up with patients’ general practitioners.

RESULTS
 48% of presentations had MVD. Predominant management for non-CLs was medical therapy alone comprising 58% (n=50) of patients, while 23% (n=20) of patients underwent PCI for non-CL, and 19% (n=16) had CABG.

Median follow up was 1.8 years (range 9–36 months).  We found no significant difference in the occurrence of MACE  between medical management of non-CLs and PCI of non-CLs (OR 1.10 95%CI 0.34, 3.56; p= 0.88). CABG however does show a trend to be superior to both PCI (OR 3.10 95%CI 0.54, 17.88; p= 0.21) and medical management (OR 2.83 95%CI 0.65, 12.27; P= 0.17) in non-CLs.

CONCLUSIONS
 CABG appears superior to both PCI or medical management in preventing MACE over time, and PCI is not superior to medical management alone.
Modernizing the Economic Landscapes of the North
Authors: Forsell Håkan
Published: September 2015

The article deals with two lines of economic and cultural development of the Swedish Norrbotten as a region subjected to a special exploitation and internal colonial power relations in the decades around 1900. It is in the first place the industrial modernization of basic industries and a modern employment market, which spurred the rapid urbanization of a landscape that previously barely created any urban areas. And second the article deals with the enlargement and the boundaries of the state’s educational territory during the same time-period. The position of the Sámi population in the new educational system that evolved with society’s gradual democratization is discussed within the context of internal colonization. Government policies in different areas such as urban planning, infrastructure, education and schooling based themselves in the beginning of the twentieth century on discussions of the Sámi’s ‘qualified dissimilarity’, a concept which also was meant to ‘protect’ this group. This was a government-sanctioned differentiation and a cultural segregationist policy to ensure a non-mixing of different societal and economic interests. But even more so, the purpose was to place the Sámi economic activities within cultural parenthesis, isolate the traditional way of life, devalue it and make it immutable and static, severing it from industrial development and the promises and materialization of modernity and progress.
Recall, Recognise, Re-Invent: The Value of Facilitating Writing Transfer in the Writing Centre Setting
Authors:   Maynooth University-National University of Ireland Maynooth, Farrell Alison , Tighe-Mooney Sharon ,   Maynooth University-National University of Ireland Maynooth
Published: September 2015

The Writing Centre in Maynooth University, Ireland, is proud of its learner-centred approach (Biggs 1999, Lea et al. 2003). In the Centre we begin where students are, by asking them about their writing concerns. We also appreciate the need to recognise and build on their approaches to writing, their effective writing processes and their writing achievements. We see this under the broader heading of ‘writing transfer’. In this article, we outline our strategies to promote transfer and thinking about transfer with students before and after one-to-one appointments. In a small-scale research project we conducted, our research questions accentuated two potential principles of transfer, as noted in the Elon Statement on Writing Transfer, that ‘[s]uccessful writing transfer occurs when a writer can transform rhetorical knowledge and rhetorical awareness into performance … [when they] draw on previous knowledge and strategies … [and] … transform or repurpose that prior knowledge, if only slightly’, and that University programs can ‘teach for transfer’ (Perkins and Salomon 1988) through the use of enabling practices (Elon 2013: 4). Our work suggests that highlighting transfer in the writing centre context reinforces our learner-centred approach while also acknowledging the literacy archives with which our students present.
A study of heat transfer in power law nanofluid
Authors: Ellahi Rahmat , Hassan Mohsin , Zeeshan Ahmad
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of nanoparticles on mixed
convection flow of power law fluid. The shear thinning fluid is considered
as base fluid. The nanoparticles of copper for nanofluid are taken into
account. To analysis the flow and temperature behavior, various mass
concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol in water, different sizes and
concentrations of nanoparticles are used. The effects of nanoparticle
concentrations on shear stress, heat flux and thermal resistance are also
presented.
Has Concentration in the Top Accounting Journals Changed Over Time?
Authors: Oler Derek K. , Oler Mitchell J. , Skousen Christopher J. , Talakai Jayson
Published: September 2015

SYNOPSIS

Prior work has found high levels of concentration in top academic accounting journals relative to finance, management, and marketing. Moreover, concentration has been increasing in accounting while concentration in other disciplines has been decreasing or remaining about the same. We investigate whether recent efforts by the American Accounting Association, among others, have altered these trends. We examine concentration trends in top accounting journals from 1990 to 2014 and compare these trends with those in other major business school disciplines. Ratios of publications to faculty are lowest for accounting across all years, suggesting that accounting has relatively fewer “slots” available for top journal publications than other disciplines. In addition, our results suggest that concentration has decreased in accounting journals in recent years but that concentration has also decreased in other business disciplines. Thus, accounting has retained its position as a discipline where publications in top journals seem more difficult to attain relative to other business disciplines.
Observable and Unobservable Aspects of Traits in Self—Other Comparisons
Authors: Niewiarowski Jakub , Karylowski Jerzy J.
Published: September 2015

Previous research on absolute trait judgments regarding self and others showed that, compared to self-judgments, other-judgments involve greater focus on external, observable (as opposed to internal, unobservable) aspects of traits. The present research attempted to extend those findings to comparative judgments. In two experiments, Polish undergraduates ( N = 144) were asked to perform a series of comparative self–other judgments followed by a series of absolute judgments regarding either the self or another person. The absolute judgments employed the same traits as the comparative judgments but with the trait preceded by a qualifier: either “feels,” referring to covert, unobservable aspects of the trait, or “looks,” referring to overt, observable aspects. As expected, comparative judgments correlated higher with absolute feels judgments regarding the self and with absolute looks judgments regarding the other than with absolute looks judgments regarding the self and absolute feels judgments regarding the other. This occurred for self–other judgments involving acquaintances but not for self–other judgments involving close friends.
Effect of Number of Soil Strength Measurements on Reliability of Spread Footing Designs
Authors: Loehr J. Erik , Ding Dan , Likos William J.
Published: September 2015

One of the primary objectives of using load and resistance factor design (LRFD) is to produce designs that consistently reach some established target reliability. Achieving this objective is challenging in geotechnical applications because variability and uncertainty in design input parameters vary substantially from site to site and with different quantities of site characterization. Analyses were performed to simulate spread footing design by using different numbers of undrained shear strength measurements. Results revealed that the likelihood was high of over- or underestimating both the mean value of a design parameter and the uncertainty in the mean value when small numbers of measurements were considered. The analyses also revealed that LRFD methods that prescribed constant resistance factors frequently produced underreliable designs when small numbers of measurements were considered. The percentage of underreliable designs decreased when increasing numbers of measurements were used. However, this decreasing percentage of underreliable designs was accompanied by an increasing percentage of overreliable designs rather than an increasing percentage of designs that achieved the target probability of failure within practical limits. In contrast, LRFD methods prescribing resistance factors that depended on uncertainty in design parameters tended to produce a consistently low percentage of underreliable designs when more than five measurements were used. As greater numbers of measurements were considered, such methods produced increasing percentages of designs that practically achieved the target probability of failure and decreasing percentages of overreliable designs.
Modeling the Drying Shrinkage Cracking of Untreated Soils and Cementitiously Stabilized Soils
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Wen Haifang , Muhunthan Balasingam
Published: September 2015

Shrinkage cracking is a major concern that greatly limits the use of local soils and their cementitious stabilization in geosystems. Few studies have addressed the fundamental mechanisms of shrinkage and the related cracking in soils and cementitiously stabilized soils. This study characterizes two untreated soils and two soils treated with cement. On the basis of the matric suction and free-shrinkage measurements, a relationship was established between moisture loss and the drying shrinkage potential of untreated and cementitiously stabilized soils. Thus, on the basis of moisture loss, the shrinkage potential of the soils could be predicted. In addition, stress–strain relationships of soils that were affected by matric suction and cement hydration were developed on the basis of indirect tensile testing. Models were input into finite element analysis to characterize the moisture loss, drying shrinkage potential, shrinkage stress under given restraint condition, and shrinkage cracking of untreated and cementitiously stabilized soils. A drying shrinkage cracking test was designed to verify the models and procedure in terms of cracking time, tensile strength, and tensile load due to shrinkage. This study provides an approach to predicting the shrinkage cracking to properly design a pavement.
The intranasal endoscopic removal of schwannoma of the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae via the prelacrimal recess approach
Authors: Zhou Bing , Huang Qian , Shen Ping-Hung , Cui Shun-Jiu , Wang Cheng-Shuo , Li Yun-Chuan , Yu Zhen-Kun , Chen Xiao-Hong , Ye Ting
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

This study was undertaken to analyze the results of a novel surgical method—the endoscopic prelacrimal recess approach (PLRA)—in patients with tumors involving the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and infratemporal fossa (ITF). The surgical technique and indications for this approach are also discussed.

METHODS

The authors analyzed data from 7 cases involving patients who underwent resection of PPF and ITF tumors by means of the endoscopic PLRA from 2004 to 2013. Preoperative and postoperative imaging studies were available in all cases and were reviewed. The surgical specimens were all confirmed to be schwannomas.

RESULTS

All tumors were completely resected via endoscopic PLRA. There were no recurrences noted over a 28-month follow-up period. In 4 cases, the patients experienced postoperative facial numbness during the first two weeks after surgery, which gradually lessened thereafter. One patient continued to have mild facial numbness at most recent follow-up. The numbness had fully resolved in the other 3 cases.

CONCLUSIONS

The intranasal endoscopic removal of schwannoma from PPF and ITF via PLRA can spare the whole lateral nasal wall, resulting in a reduction in morbidity. This is a novel minimally invasive surgical method for PPF and ITF tumors.
Microvascular decompression for atypical hemifacial spasm: lessons learned from a retrospective study of 12 cases
Authors: Liu Jiang , Yuan Yue , Fang Ying , Zhang Li , Xu Xiao-Li , Liu Hong-Ju , Zhang Zhe , Yu Yan-Bing
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

Typical hemifacial spasm (HFS) commonly initiates from the orbicularis oculi muscle to the orbicularis oris muscle. Atypical HFS (AHFS) is different from typical HFS, in which the spasm of muscular orbicularis oris is the primary presenting symptom. The objective of this study was to analyze the sites of compression and the effectiveness of microvascular decompression (MVD) for AHFS.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical data for 12 consecutive patients who underwent MVD for AHFS between July 2008 and July 2013.

RESULTS

Postoperatively, complete remission of facial spasm was found in 10 of the 12 patients, which gradually disappeared after 2 months in 2 patients. No recurrence of spasm was observed during follow-up. Immediate postoperative facial paralysis accompanied by hearing loss occurred in 1 patient and temporary hearing loss with tinnitus in 2. All 3 patients with complications had gradual improvement during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors conclude that most cases of AHFS were caused by neurovascular compression on the posterior/rostral side of the facial nerve distal to the root entry zones. MVD is a safe treatment for AHFS, but the incidence of postoperative complications, such as facial paralysis and decrease in hearing, remains high.
Surgical assessment of the insula. Part 2: validation of the Berger-Sanai zone classification system for predicting extent of glioma resection
Authors: Hervey-Jumper Shawn L. , Li Jing , Osorio Joseph A. , Lau Darryl , Molinaro Annette M. , Benet Arnau , Berger Mitchel S.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

Though challenging, maximal safe resection of insular gliomas enhances overall and progression-free survival and deters malignant transformation. Previously published reports have shown that surgery can be performed with low morbidity. The authors previously described a Berger-Sanai zone classification system for insular gliomas. Using a subsequent dataset, they undertook this study to validate this zone classification system for predictability of extent of resection (EOR) in patients with insular gliomas.

METHODS

The study population included adults who had undergone resection of WHO Grade II, III, or IV insular gliomas. In accordance with our prior published report, tumor location was classified according to the Berger-Sanai quadrant-style classification system into Zones I through IV. Interobserver variability was analyzed using a cohort of newly diagnosed insular gliomas and independent classification scores given by 3 neurosurgeons at various career stages. Glioma volumes were analyzed using FLAIR and T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR images.

RESULTS

One hundred twenty-nine procedures involving 114 consecutive patients were identified. The study population from the authors’ previously published experience included 115 procedures involving 104 patients. Thus, the total experience included 244 procedures involving 218 patients with insular gliomas treated at the authors’ institution. The most common presenting symptoms were seizure (68.2%) and asymptomatic recurrence (17.8%). WHO Grade II glioma histology was the most common (54.3%), followed by Grades III (34.1%) and IV (11.6%). The median tumor volume was 48.5 cm3. The majority of insular gliomas were located in the anterior portion of the insula with 31.0% in Zone I, 10.9% in Zone IV, and 16.3% in Zones I+IV. The Berger-Sanai zone classification system was highly reliable, with a kappa coefficient of 0.857. The median EOR for all zones was 85%. Comparison of EOR between the current and prior series showed no change and Zone I gliomas continue to have the highest median EOR. Short- and long-term neurological complications remain low, and zone classification correlated with short-term complications, which were highest in Zone I and in Giant insular gliomas.

CONCLUSIONS

The previously proposed Berger-Sanai classification system is highly reliable and predictive of insular glioma EOR and morbidity.
Opioid overdose in a child: case report and discussion with emphasis on neurosurgical implications
Authors: Reisner Andrew , Hayes Laura L. , Holland Christopher M. , Wrubel David M. , Kebriaei Meysam A. , Geller Robert J. , Baum Griffin R. , Chern Joshua J.
Published: September 2015

In environments in which opioids are increasingly abused for recreation, children are becoming more at risk for both accidental and nonaccidental intoxication. In toxic doses, opioids can cause potentially lethal acute leukoencephalopathy, which has a predilection for the cerebellum in young children. The authors present the case of a 2-year-old girl who suffered an accidental opioid overdose, presenting with altered mental status requiring cardiorespiratory support. She required emergency posterior fossa decompression, partial cerebellectomy, and CSF drainage due to cerebellar edema compressing the fourth ventricle. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of surgical decompression used to treat cerebellar edema associated with opioid overdose in a child.
5-Day Bed Rest: Portal and Lower Limb Veins With and Without Artificial Gravity Countermeasures
Authors: Provost Romain M. , Zuj Kathryn A. , Arbeille Philippe
Published: September 2015

PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of short-term, head-down bed rest (HDBR), with and without artificial gravity countermeasures, on splanchnic and lower limb vein properties.METHODS: Data were collected from 12 men before and after 5 d
of continuous −6° HDBR without countermeasures (CON) and with two artificial gravity countermeasure protocols: 30-min continuous centrifugation (AG1), and 30-min intermittent centrifugation (AG2). Portal (PV), tibial (TibV), and gastrocnemius (GastV) veins were investigated by echography
supine and after 30 min of head-up tilt.RESULTS: After HDBR, there was no change in PV, TibV, or GastV cross-sectional area at rest in any of the three conditions. In response to tilt, GastV and TibV area increased (168 ± 141% and 192 ± 124%, respectively) with no
change in this response post-HDBR in any of the experimental conditions (P > 0.05). PV area decreased with tilt (−33 ± 13%) and was not different pre- to post-HDBR in the CON or AG1 conditions. However, there was a greater reduction in PV area in the AG2 group post-HDBR
(−32 ± 10% pre, −49 ± 9% post-HDBR, P = 0.003).CONCLUSIONS: Calf veins were not significantly affected by 5 d of HDBR and did not appear to be negatively impacted by the artificial gravity countermeasures over this time period. In addition, the intermittent
protocol resulted in better splanchnic vasoconstriction in response to head-up tilt, which may have contributed to a better maintenance of orthostatic tolerance post-HDBR.Provost RM, Zuj KA, Arbeille P. 5-day bed rest: portal and lower limb veins with and without artificial gravity
countermeasures. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(6):524–528.
Upper Body Aerobic Exercise as a Possible Predictor of Lower Body Performance
Authors: Ade Carl J. , Broxterman Ryan M. , Craig Jesse C. , Schlup Susanna J. , Wilcox Samuel L. , Barstow Thomas J.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise capacity provides information regarding cardiorespiratory health and physical capacity. However, in many populations the ability to measure whole-body or leg aerobic exercise capacity is limited due to physical disability or lack of appropriate equipment.
Clinically there is a need to evaluate aerobic capacity in individuals who cannot use their legs for locomotion. In astronauts the habitable space for exercise testing in the next generation of space exploration systems may be restricted and may not support the traditional lower body testing.
Therefore, the purpose was to determine if upper body physical performance could estimate lower body aerobic capacity.METHODS: Maximal O2 uptake (o2max), gas exchange threshold (GET), and the highest sustainable
rate of aerobic metabolism [arm cranking critical power (ACP) and lower body critical speed (LCS)] were determined in 55 conditioned men and women during arm-cranking and treadmill running.RESULTS: o2max
and GET (48.6 ± 7.6 and 29.0 ± 4.8 ml · kg−1 · min−1, respectively) were significantly lower during arm-cranking exercise compared to running (27.1 ± 7.6 and 13.5 ± 2.6 ml · kg−1 · min−1,
respectively). The o2 at ACP was significantly lower than the o2 at the LCS (18.4 ± 5.01 vs. 39.5 ± 8.1 ml · kg−1
· min−1, respectively). There was a significant correlation between arm-cranking and lower body o2max, GET, and the o2 at LCS and
ACP. Backward stepwise regression analyses revealed that arm-cranking physical fitness could explain 67%, 40%, and 49% of the variance in lower body o2max, GET, and LCS, respectively.DISCUSSION:
Results suggest arm-cranking exercise can be used to obtain an approximation of lower body aerobic capacity.Ade CJ, Broxterman RM, Craig JC, Schlup SJ, Wilcox SL, Barstow TJ. Upper body aerobic exercise as a possible predictor of lower body performance. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015;
86(7):599–605.
Flight Bags as a Cause of Back Injuries Among Commercial Pilots
Authors: Kanumuri Vamsi S. R. , Zautke John L. , Dorevitch Samuel
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND: Pilots of fixed wing commercial aircraft face numerous occupational hazards. Low back pain is among the most common and costly workplace injury, though relatively little is known about causes of back injuries among pilots. The awkward lifting and twisting maneuvers
in the flight deck to position flight bags has not been described as a cause of occupational back injury among pilots.METHODS: A case series of low back injuries among pilots was identified and described by a retrospective review of charts at an airport-based clinic. Circumstances
of occupational back injury, initial direct medical costs, treatment, and work status following evaluation were described.RESULTS: Over a 6-yr period, 37 occupational low back injuries among 35 pilots were evaluated and treated. Of these, 24 (65%) involved flight bags. Only 27%
of pilots with flight bag-associated injuries were returned to work after initial evaluation; medications with sedating properties were frequently required for treatment. Injuries due to slips, trips, and falls, typically in jet bridges or associated with hotel shuttles, were common among
pilots with back injuries not related to flight bags.CONCLUSIONS: The majority of occupational low back injuries seen among pilots in an airport based clinic were attributable to use of flight bags. Substituting electronic flight bags for traditional flight bags could contribute
to back injury prevention among pilots.Kanumuri VSR, Zautke JL, Dorevitch S. Flight bags as a cause of back injuries among commercial pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(6):563–566.
Statistical Evaluation of Causal Factors Associated with Astronaut Shoulder Injury in Space Suits
Authors: Anderson Allison P. , Newman Dava J. , Welsch Roy E.
Published: September 2015

INTRODUCTION: Shoulder injuries due to working inside the space suit are some of the most serious and debilitating injuries astronauts encounter. Space suit injuries occur primarily in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) underwater training facility due to accumulated musculoskeletal
stress. We quantitatively explored the underlying causal mechanisms of injury.METHODS: Logistic regression was used to identify relevant space suit components, training environment variables, and anthropometric dimensions related to an increased propensity for space-suited injury.
Two groups of subjects were analyzed: those whose reported shoulder incident is attributable to the NBL or working in the space suit, and those whose shoulder incidence began in active duty, meaning working in the suit could be a contributing factor.RESULTS: For both groups, percent
of training performed in the space suit planar hard upper torso (HUT) was the most important predictor variable for injury. Frequency of training and recovery between training were also significant metrics. The most relevant anthropometric dimensions were bideltoid breadth, expanded chest
depth, and shoulder circumference. Finally, record of previous injury was found to be a relevant predictor for subsequent injury. The first statistical model correctly identifies 39% of injured subjects, while the second model correctly identifies 68% of injured subjects.DISCUSSION:
A review of the literature suggests this is the first work to quantitatively evaluate the hypothesized causal mechanisms of all space-suited shoulder injuries. Although limited in predictive capability, each of the identified variables can be monitored and modified operationally to reduce
future impacts on an astronaut’s health.Anderson AP, Newman DJ, Welsch RE. Statistical evaluation of causal factors associated with astronaut shoulder injury in space suits. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(7):606–613.
Simulator Study of Helmet-Mounted Symbology System Concepts in Degraded Visual Environments
Authors: Cheung Bob , McKinley Richard A. , Steels Brad , Sceviour Robert , Cosman Vaughn , Holst Peter
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND: A sudden loss of external visual cues during critical phases of flight results in spatial disorientation. This is due to undetected horizontal and vertical drift when there is little tolerance for error and correction delay as the helicopter is close to the ground.
Three helmet-mounted symbology system concepts were investigated in the simulator as potential solutions for the legacy Griffon helicopters.METHOD: Thirteen Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Griffon pilots were exposed to the Helmet Display Tracking System for Degraded Visual Environments
(HDTS), the BrownOut Symbology System (BOSS), and the current RCAF AVS7 symbology system. For each symbology system, the pilot performed a two-stage departure and a single-stage approach. The presentation order of the symbology systems was randomized. Objective performance metrics included
aircraft speed, altitude, attitude, and distance from the landing point. Subjective measurements included situation awareness, mental effort, perceived performance, perceptual cue rating, and NASA Task Load Index. Repeated measures analysis of variance and subsequent planned comparison for
all the objective and subjective measurements were performed between the AVS7, HDTS, and BOSS.RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that HDTS and BOSS showed general improvement over AVS7 in two-stage departure. However, only HDTS performed significantly better in heading error than
AVS7. During the single-stage approach, BOSS performed worse than AVS7 in heading root mean square error, and only HDTS performed significantly better in distance to landing point and approach heading than the others.DISCUSSION: Both the HDTS and BOSS possess their own limitations;
however, HDTS is the pilots’ preferred flight display.Cheung B, McKinley RA, Steels B, Sceviour R, Cosman V, Holst P. Simulator study of helmet-mounted symbology system concepts in degraded visual environments. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(7):588–598.
British and Commonwealth legacies in the framing of the Malayan constitution, 1956–1957
Authors: Fernando Joseph M. , Ling Ho Hui
Published: September 2015

The drafting of a constitution is a complex consultative process. No country, including the United States and India, can claim that its constitution was entirely the original creation of its draftsmen. Framers of constitutions are inspired and influenced by a variety of sources from ancient and modern forms of government and laws. The 1957 Malayan federal constitution drafted by the Reid commission was no exception. While it is known that the drafting of the Malayan (now Malaysian) constitution was influenced by Commonwealth constitutions, the extent of this influence has remained unclear. This article reveals through a close scrutiny of the primary constitutional documents that the framing of the Malayan constitution was mainly influenced by three connected yet varied sources of constitutionalism. Their influences can be discerned at two inter-related levels. At the first level, it is clear that the underlying constitutional principles which formed the foundations of the Malayan constitution were largely based on English constitutionalism and principles of Common law. At the second and more visible level, this article reveals that the drafting of the Malayan constitution was largely influenced by two contemporary Commonwealth constitutions which served as the main reference templates for the framing of the articles.
Forestry in Reconstruction South Africa: Imperial Visions, Colonial Realities
Authors: Bennett Brett M. , Kruger Frederick J.
Published: September 2015

This articles analyses the establishment of state forestry programs in the Orange Free State and Transvaal following the end of the South African War/Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902). British imperial administrators, led by Alfred Milner, sought to reconstruct the economy of the Transvaal and Orange Free State by using personnel who had worked previously in India and Egypt rather than by drawing on local experts in the Cape Colony or Natal Colony. Colonial foresters from the Cape Colony used the opportunities provided by reconstruction to export Cape-centric ideas about forest management to the Transvaal and Orange Free State. Ultimately, Milner's desire to bring in a top-rate forester from India failed, although his program of reconstruction instead brought in foresters from the Cape Colony who helped to harmonise South African forestry practices before Union in 1910. The interpretation put forward in this article helps to explain how Cape foresters exported ideas about climatic comparison and afforestation from the Cape into the rest of South Africa.
Towards inhibitors of glycosyltransferases: A novel approach to the synthesis of 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-D-psicofuranose derivatives
Authors: Bella Maroš , Koóš Miroslav , Lin Chun-Hung
Published: September 2015

A novel synthetic strategy leading to 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-D-psicofuranose9is presented. The latter compound, after some manipulations, was transformed into fully protected 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-D-psicofuranose11as a potential substrate for the synthesis ofN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase inhibitors designed by computational methods. After the attempted thioglycosylation of11with EtSH in the presence of BF3·OEt2, 2-methyloxazoline derivatives13and14were isolated.
La révolte narcissique
Authors: Maïdi Houari
Published: September 2015

La haine est profondément de type narcissique. Elle traduit une défense archaïque, une protection extrême contre la menace d’effondrement psychique et narcissique. Elle peut être inoffensive, ou au contraire agressive et destructive, cherchant à abolir l’altérité. À l’adolescence, le mouvement affectif de haine semble nécessaire à l’endroit des objets parentaux et plus globalement vis-à-vis de l’environnement car l’adolescent a le sentiment d’être « mal regardé », passivé ou féminisé.
La haine dans la construction de la psyché
Authors: Sédat Jacques
Published: September 2015

Étape décisive dans la construction de l’enfant, la haine exprime une destructivité qui surmonte la résistance initiale à l’autonomie. Freud l’illustre par le Fort-Da où l’enfant exerce, puis dépasse sa pulsion d’emprise. Et D. W. Winnicott insiste sur le rôle crucial de la mère durant cette étape où la haine se retourne contre elle. Pour Freud comme pour D. W. Winnicott, la haine est à l’origine de la pensée : sans haine, pas de séparation ; et sans séparation, pas de construction du corps-psyché.
La haine chez un adolescent amputé de guerre
Authors: Maatouk Diana , Brunet Louis
Published: September 2015

Quatre entretiens cliniques semi-directifs ainsi qu’un test projectif ont été effectués auprès d’un jeune adolescent amputé de guerre. Cette recherche effectuée à partir de la psychanalyse, a permis de faire ressortir le vécu déshumanisant de ce jeune adolescent. Survivre par la haine constitue la meilleure solution qu’il ait pu trouver pour lutter contre le risque d’effondrement brutal de son équilibre intrapsychique qui demeure malgré tout d’une grande précarité.
La pentecôtisation du protestantisme à Kinshasa
Authors: Kalombo Kapuku Sébastien
Published: September 2015

À Kinshasa, les Églises protestantes, et même certaines franges du catholicisme, adoptent de plus en plus les caractéristiques pentecôtistes, tournées vers le miracle et l’efficacité visible du Saint-Esprit. L’objet de cet article est d’expliquer ce processus, appelé « pentecôtisation », en situant la progression du pentecôtisme congolais dans une histoire longue. Le pentecôtisme a connu en République démocratique du Congo un essor important depuis le début du xx e  siècle. Il se traduit aujourd’hui par une grande diversité de communautés chrétiennes. Parmi elles, la megachurch La Borne, fondée en 1985 par le pasteur Vernaud, mais aussi de nombreuses Églises de réveil nées dans les années 1980. Leur impact social oscille entre prise en charge de la misère sociale et dérives sectaires, sur fond d’une politisation croissante.
Innovation religieuse et esthétique prophétique au Congo
Authors: Coyault Bernard
Published: September 2015

Le développement des pentecôtismes africains transnationaux tend à occulter les dynamiques propres aux prophétismes d’institution africaine. Quelques mouvements émergents sur un marché religieux ultraconcurrentiel, dominé par les Églises de réveil, développent une offre religieuse alternative. L’association Louzolo-Amour, qui s’inscrit dans l’héritage des prophétismes de l’aire Kongo, se caractérise non seulement par sa capacité de répondre aux attentes des fidèles en termes de solutions (thérapeutiques ou de sens), mais aussi par son inventivité théologique et son esthétique rituelle. L’attractivité de ce mouvement dans le paysage contrasté des christianismes africains repose sur la proposition d’une aventure religieuse à vivre et d’un univers spirituel à incorporer.
Enfermés à bord des navires de la marine marchande
Authors: Clochard Olivier
Published: September 2015

Au cours des quatre dernières décennies (1970-2012), seules quelques études scientifiques se sont intéressées au confinement des « passagers clandestins » à bord des bateaux de la marine marchande (Walters, 2008 ; Burtin et Maquet, 2012). Parce que les migrants ne sont pas autorisés à être sur ces navires, ils sont généralement enfermés dans des cellules et leur prise en charge relève bien souvent d’acteurs privés (capitaine de navire, agents P & I, etc.) auxquels les autorités publiques délèguent la fonction de contrôle. Nos enquêtes, effectuées dans plusieurs ports français, révèlent que les bateaux de la marine marchande et les zones portuaires peuvent être considérés comme les lieux « invisibles » d’un dispositif plus vaste de l’enfermement des migrants.
L’église Notre-Dame-de-Froide-Rue (aujourd’hui Saint-Sauveur) à Caen
Authors: Faisant Étienne
Published: September 2015

Parmi les six anciennes églises paroissiales sises à l’intérieur de l’enceinte urbaine de Caen, Notre-Dame-de-Froide-Rue attire l’attention par son plan étrange, associant notamment deux vaisseaux de même hauteur mais de dates différentes. Ce caractère étonnant a suscité différentes hypothèses, mais aucune étude globale ne lui a jamais été consacrée. Cet article propose donc pour la première fois une analyse de toutes les campagnes de construction de l’église, fondée sur les sources disponibles et l’examen archéologique de l’édifice. Combinées, ces deux approchent permettent de renouveler entièrement notre vision du monument et d’établir une chronologie assez fine de sa construction.
De l’urgence sociale à l’utopie sanitaire
Authors: Larchet Nicolas
Published: September 2015

L’obésité est-elle une « maladie urbaine » ? Partant du constat que les quartiers populaires où se rencontrent les plus forts taux d’obésité des États-Unis présentent une offre limitée en produits frais, philanthropes, entrepreneurs et militants se sont récemment lancés à la conquête de ces « déserts alimentaires » pour y établir des supermarchés et autres marchés de producteurs sous le patronage de Michelle Obama. À partir d’une enquête sur les archives d’une institution locale spécialisée dans le traitement de ces questions d’approvisionnement, le Conseil de politique alimentaire, cet article interroge les conditions d’émergence d’une épidémiologie officielle de l’obésité comme problème d’accès aux « aliments sains ». Institué dans l’urgence à Knoxville en 1982 sous la forme d’une commission municipale pour faire face au désengagement de l’État et à une recrudescence de la faim au lendemain de l’arrivée au pouvoir des Républicains, le premier Conseil de politique alimentaire américain allait en quelques années réorienter sa mission vers la prévention de l’obésité, annonçant la réforme alimentaire contemporaine et occultant le diagnostic concurrent d’une « épidémie de faim », dont la prise en compte permet pourtant d’éclairer les problèmes d’obésité des plus pauvres.
Slaves and angels: the child as a developmental casualty in Haiti
Authors: Hoffman Diane M.
Published: September 2015

Cet article explore les représentations de l’enfant par la galaxie complexe de l’aide humanitaire, des organisations non gouvernementales et les organismes de bienfaisance avant et après le tremblement de terre en Haïti. À partir de l’analyse de données d’entretiens ethnographiques, de documents et de discours, il montre que les projets de développement ont dépeint les enfants haïtiens à tour de rôle comme « esclaves » et « anges orphelins » tout en niant la nature politique de ces représentations et les réalités de la vie de ces enfants. Le discours soutient l’idée que le développement de l’enfant est une des clés du développement national. Toutefois, les notions de risque et d’anomalie entourent également la culture de l’enfance en Haïti. Finalement, en nier leurs espoirs et leurs ambitions, le discours et la pratique travaillent ironiquement contre les enfants plutôt que pour eux.
« La rue ne peut pas avoir d’enfants ! »
Authors: Champy Muriel
Published: September 2015

Alors que les enfants de la rue suscitent depuis longtemps une littérature scientifique abondante et sont la cible de nombreux programmes de développement, le phénomène persiste et les projets de réinsertion parviennent difficilement à toucher leur public. Cet article propose de revenir sur ce sujet à partir d’une démarche ethnographique de longue haleine, menée en dehors des projets de développement, dans la capitale du Burkina Faso. À partir d’une réflexion sur les mouvements de catégorisations dont ils font l’objet, des appellations que les enfants se réapproprient et dont ils jouent, l’auteur expose le processus de marginalisation indirectement induit par ces dénominations. En s’appuyant sur les représentations locales de l’enfance et sur le discours des individus en question, l’article se propose enfin d’explorer une catégorisation alternative, en les appréhendant non plus comme des enfants de la rue, mais comme de jeunes migrants qui peinent à intégrer le marché de l’emploi.
De l’enfant-victime à l’enfant-acteur : le Samusocial Sénégal et la prise en charge de l’enfant en situation de rue à Dakar
Authors: Gilbert Véronique
Published: September 2015

À Dakar, l’ONG Samusocial Sénégal offre divers services médicaux et psychosociaux aux enfants en situation de rue, considérés par l’organisme comme des victimes – et non des délinquants – des déficiences de la structure sociale en mutation. Or plutôt que de dépouiller l’enfant de sa capacité d’action et de présenter une vision misérabiliste de l’enfance en difficulté, le terme victime rend compte, pour l’ONG, de l’ensemble des facteurs qui mènent l’enfant à la rue. Toutefois, cette victimisation est idéologique puisque, dans la pratique, chaque enfant accueilli au centre d’hébergement devient l’acteur principal de sa prise en charge et de sa sortie de rue.
Les actions de développement face au problème de l’enfant-vagabond (Cambodge)
Authors: Prigent Steven
Published: September 2015

Au milieu des années 1990, l’ONU et le gouvernement cambodgien ouvrent la voie à des projets de développement dont les valeurs relatives à l’enfant et à l’éducation reposent sur la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant et l’approche dite centrée sur l’enfant. En posant le problème vernaculaire de l’enfant-vagabond, cet article rend compte de la réalisation de ces actions de développement à l’échelle d’un village de riziculteurs et de son école. Comment les gens de Thnaot Chum, qui partagent une économie morale de contrôle des enfants-vagabonds, s’approprient-ils ces actions de développement promues à leur attention ?
L’atteinte du corps dans la suspension : analyse psychopathologique d’une « performance » artistique et sociale
Authors: Rochaix Delphine , Bonnet Agnès , Pedinielli Jean-Louis
Published: September 2015

Notre article a pour objet une réflexion psychopathologique sur l’acte de suspension, conduite à partir des questions que cette « performance » soulève. Dans un cadre général, la « performance » représente un acte artistique, inséré dans une sous-culture (ou culture underground ), où le corps est mis au devant de la scène. Nous abordons les atteintes physiques propres à la suspension en les interprétant au-delà de la dimension artistique, qui y est abusivement associée. Nous présentons une analyse psychopathologique de cette pratique, habituellement analysée à la lumière de la sociologie et de l’anthropologie, afin d’examiner les différentes caractéristiques dont elle relève. Nous nous intéressons au statut de l’acte, à l’atteinte physique et aux bénéfices qu’il peut procurer à l’auteur de la performance. Le but de notre étude est d’en proposer une lecture orientée par la psychopathologie clinique.
L’attribution d’autorité à la science
Authors: Israel-Jost Vincent
Published: September 2015

Cet article vise à réévaluer quelle peut être l’autorité de la science en société aujourd’hui. Partant de l’époque du positivisme, il retrace dans un premier temps l’évolution globale des positions académiques sur la science et son autorité pour identifier les principaux arguments qui, en philosophie, histoire et sociologie des sciences, ont contribué à affaiblir l’autorité de la science en société. Dans un second temps, il propose une approche inspirée de celle de Popper pour montrer que l’autorité de la science peut se bâtir graduellement, en partant du niveau observationnel pour se transmettre aux autres strates de la connaissance scientifique.