bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food Marketing in an Obesogenic Environment: a Narrative Overview of the Potential of Healthy Food Promotion to Children and Adults
Authors: Folkvord Frans , Hermans Roel C. J.
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

There is abundant evidence that food marketing influences children’s and adults’ food preferences and consumption. As such, exposure to unhealthy food marketing is a widely acknowledged risk factor contributing to the development of overweight and obesity. Less is known about the effects of healthy food promotion on people’s dietary behavior. This narrative review describes research from the past 5 years focused on the effects of healthy food marketing on children’s and adults’ food preferences and dietary intake. Our aim is to gain insight into the potential effects and mechanistic underpinnings of healthy food promotion, thereby building on existing knowledge on underlying mechanisms of the effectiveness of unhealthy food marketing.

Recent Findings

Only a small number of studies directly examined the effects of healthy food promotion on children’s and adults’ dietary behavior. Most studies targeted children’s fruit and/or vegetable intake and used a variety of marketing techniques, ranging from television adverts to social media influencer marketing. Six out of ten studies found a positive effect of healthy food promotion, indicating that healthy food marketing has the potential to influence dietary behavior.

Food marketing is highly effective in stimulating and reinforcing food consumption, in particular for energy-dense foods. Further investigation and experimentation into the efficiency and effectiveness of healthy food promotion are needed to determine how marketing techniques could be used to improve dietary behavior. The healthy food promotion model provides a framework for future research in this area.
Sperm cryopreservation during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Authors: Paoli D. , Pallotti F. , Nigro G. , Aureli A. , Perlorca A. , Mazzuti L. , Di Carlo D. , Turriziani O. , Lenzi A. , Lombardo F.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Sperm cryopreservation is fundamental in the management of patients undergoing gonadotoxic treatments. Concerns have risen in relation to SARS-CoV-2 and its potential for testicular involvement, since SARS-CoV-2-positive cryopreserved samples may have unknown effects on fertilization and embryo safety. This study therefore aimed to analyze the safety of sperm cryopreservation for cancer patients after the onset of the pandemic in Italy, through assessment of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and viral RNA testing of semen samples.

Methods

We recruited 10 cancer patients (mean age 30.5 ± 9.6 years) referred to our Sperm Bank during the Italian lockdown (from March 11th to May 4th 2020) who had not undergone a nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 testing. Patients were administered a questionnaire on their exposure to COVID-19, and semen samples were taken. Before cryopreservation, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was extracted from a 150 µl aliquot of seminal fluid in toto using QIAamp viral RNA kit (Qiagen) and amplified by a real time RT PCR system (RealStar SARS-CoV2 RT PCR, Altona Diagnostics) targeting the E and S genes.

Results

The questionnaire and medical interview revealed that all patients were asymptomatic and had had no previous contact with COVID-19 infected patients. All semen samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.

Conclusion

This preliminary assessment suggests that a thorough evaluation (especially in the setting of a multidisciplinary team) and molecular confirmation of the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in seminal fluid from asymptomatic cancer patients may assist in ensuring the safety of sperm cryopreservation.
Endocrinopatie e anemie / anemie ed endocrinopatie: una si(pali)ndrome spesso misconosciuta
Authors: Piticchio Tommaso , Frasca Francesco
Published: October 2020

Sommario

È comune osservazione nella pratica clinica che, spesso, i deficit endocrini si accompagnano ad anemie di vario grado. È anche noto che alcune specifiche anemie quali la talassemia possono essere associate a deficit endocrini di diversa gravità ed espressione. La gran parte degli ormoni, con vari meccanismi, può regolare la produzione di eritrociti nel midollo osseo. Quest’azione ormonale può essere diretta sui precursori della linea eritrocitaria o indiretta sulla produzione di eritropoietina a livello renale. Inoltre, quest’effetto può esplicarsi favorendo l’azione dell’eritropoietina sui precursori eritroidi stessi. In questa rassegna saranno presi in esame i diversi aspetti, onde includere l’anemia come parte integrante della pratica clinica endocrinologica sia dal punto di vista diagnostico che terapeutico.
The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs
Authors: Johansson Örjan , Ausilio Giorgia , Low Matthew , Lkhagvajav Purevjav , Weckworth Byron , Sharma Koustubh
Published: October 2020

Significant knowledge gaps persist on snow leopard demography and reproductive behavior. From a GPS-collared population in Mongolia, we estimated the timing of mating, parturition and independence. Based on three mother–cub pairs, we describe the separation phase of the cub from its mother as it gains independence. Snow leopards mated from January–March and gave birth from April–June. Cubs remained with their mother until their second winter (20–22 months of age) when cubs started showing movements away from their mother for days at a time. This initiation of independence appeared to coincide with their mother mating with the territorial male. Two female cubs remained in their mothers’ territory for several months after initial separation, whereas the male cub quickly dispersed. By comparing the relationship between body size and age of independence across 11 solitary, medium-to-large felid species, it was clear that snow leopards have a delayed timing of separation compared to other species. We suggest this may be related to their mating behavior and the difficulty of the habitat and prey capture for juvenile snow leopards. Our results, while limited, provide empirical estimates for understanding snow leopard ecology and for parameterizing population models.
On Philosophy and Philosophers
Authors: Rorty Richard
Published: October 2020

On Philosophy and Philosophers is a volume of unpublished philosophical papers by Richard Rorty, a central figure in late-twentieth-century intellectual debates and a primary force behind the resurgence of American pragmatism. The first collection of new work to appear since his death in 2007, these previously unseen papers advance novel views on metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, philosophical semantics and the social role of philosophy, critically engaging canonical and contemporary figures from Plato and Kant to Kripke and Brandom. This book's diverse offerings, which include technical essays written for specialists and popular lectures, refine our understanding of Rorty's perspective and demonstrate the ongoing relevance of the iconoclastic American philosopher's ground-breaking thought. An introduction by the editors highlights the papers' original insights and contributions to contemporary debates.
Motivating Self and Others
Authors: Ford Martin E. , Smith Peyton R.
Published: October 2020

This book describes the essential nature of human motivation by integrating the best ideas and evidence from motivational and evolutionary science. In doing so, the authors explain how the cultivation of goal-life alignment and 'thriving with social purpose' motivational patterns can inspire optimal functioning and enhance life meaning. Readers are provided with a comprehensive framework for guiding research and intervention efforts along with motivational principles designed to summarize the major themes in effective efforts to motivate yourself and those you wish to help or encourage. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of life meaning in empowering our motivational systems and protecting us from downward spirals of disappointment and suffering. Compelling evidence is provided to support the view that social purpose is as fundamental as self-interest in human motivational systems. The authors also focus on the catalytic role of social purpose in enabling humans to soar above all other species.
Doing Linguistics with a Corpus
Authors: Egbert Jesse , Larsson Tove , Biber Douglas
Published: October 2020

Paradoxically, doing corpus linguistics is both easier and harder than it has ever been before. On the one hand, it is easier because we have access to more existing corpora, more corpus analysis software tools, and more statistical methods than ever before. On the other hand, reliance on these existing corpora and corpus linguistic methods can potentially create layers of distance between the researcher and the language in a corpus, making it a challenge to do linguistics with a corpus. The goal of this Element is to explore ways for us to improve how we approach linguistic research questions with quantitative corpus data. We introduce and illustrate the major steps in the research process, including how to: select and evaluate corpora, establish linguistically-motivated research questions, observational units and variables, select linguistically interpretable variables, understand and evaluate existing corpus software tools, adopt minimally sufficient statistical methods, and qualitatively interpret quantitative findings.
Implementing Participatory Site Stewardship through Citizen Science and Mobile Apps
Authors: Lercari Nicola , Jaffke Denise
Published: October 2020

Historic archaeological resources in the American West are increasingly at risk of loss because of prolonged droughts, wildfires, earthquakes, general deterioration, and the negative impact of increasing visitation. Casual visitors regularly remove objects from their original contexts in the landscape, either taking them home as souvenirs or bringing them to local staff because they are concerned about the items disappearing. As a result, many sites of cultural significance are losing the ability to convey the information required for scholarly interpretation and for drafting community and life histories of their past residents. We argue that citizen science and mobile apps specifically designed for site stewardship are viable tools for alleviating negative human impacts on cultural landscapes and enhancing our capacity to record and monitor sites of cultural heritage. We contend that our approach uses an innovative interface, the Citizen Preservationist app, an open-source hybrid mobile/desktop software we developed to foster both current use and protection of archaeological sites and historic parks. We demonstrated the viability of our app by conducting a user study at Bodie, California (ca. 1859–1942), that assessed how this software promotes a sense of stewardship and appreciation for the archaeological heritage of this beloved California State Historic Park.
A Brief History of Cannabis and the Drug Conventions
Authors: Collins John
Published: October 2020

“Drugs” have been regulated at the international level since 1912, while cannabis has been specifically regulated since 1925. Contemporary local, national, and international cannabis regulations are now diverging, with some jurisdictions legalising its recreational production, sale and consumption. This essay explores the legal and historical complexity and contingencies around the development of international cannabis regulations and prohibitions. It highlights that the global drug control system was not solely focused on prohibition and instead was a complex mix of regulations underpinned by frequently ill-defined and unclear prohibitions. It argues that the international drug control system should not serve as a bar to national-level reforms and that the two can continue to coexist. The essay favors a flexible, functional and pragmatic interpretation and implementation of the system as the most likely and indeed preferred outcome of international cannabis policy reforms.
Psychosocial Safety Climate of Employees During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Policy Analysis
Authors: Seddighi Hamed , Dollard Maureen F. , Salmani Ibrahim
Published: October 2020

Objective:

Iran is among the top 15 countries in the world in terms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection rates. The numbers of infections and deaths are still increasing in September 2020. This study aims to investigate the impact of the policies on terminating the quarantine period on the perception of psychosocial safety by employees and workers in Iran.

Methods:

In this study, policy announcements and regulations, media reports, and the results were collected from 2 previously published population surveys that collected employees’ views of the government approach to quarantine. The information thus collected was then analyzed using the “What is the Problem Represented (WPR)” approach for data analysis introduced by Carol Bacchi, and focuses on the question, “What effects are produced by the representation of the problem?”

Results:

The Iranian Government decided to quarantine people and close most sectors during the New Year holidays in Iran in March 2020. The duration of quarantine was only 2 weeks, and the government then ordered government organizations and industrial companies to reopen. The advantage of a short quarantine period is assumed to be the reinstatement of productivity while the disadvantage is the likely risk of further transmission of the virus.

Conclusion:

The government approach to and communication about the quarantine period has neglected to consider the psychosocial safety climate of employees, who have to go to their workplaces using buses, subways, or other vehicles, and who are under pressure mentally because of fear of infection, dismissal for non-attendance, and the consequent economic problems. The government approach necessarily impacts on the perceived psychosocial safety climate of employees, and hence influences the causes of work stress. If the psychosocial safety climate is not considered and improved, it may reduce the quality of services and products, and increase accidents.
Use of simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of barrier precautions to prevent patient-to-patient transfer of healthcare-associated pathogens
Authors: Alhmidi Heba , Li Daniel F. , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Haq Muhammed F. , Pinto-Herrera Natalia C. , Wilson Brigid M. , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: October 2020

Background:

There is controversy regarding whether the addition of cover gowns offers a substantial benefit over gloves alone in reducing personnel contamination and preventing pathogen transmission.

Design:

Simulated patient care interactions.

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of different types of barrier precautions and to identify routes of transmission.

Methods:

In randomly ordered sequence, 30 personnel each performed 3 standardized examinations of mannequins contaminated with pathogen surrogate markers (cauliflower mosaic virus DNA, bacteriophage MS2, nontoxigenic Clostridioides difficile spores, and fluorescent tracer) while wearing no barriers, gloves, or gloves plus gowns followed by examination of a noncontaminated mannequin. We compared the frequency and routes of transfer of the surrogate markers to the second mannequin or the environment.

Results:

For a composite of all surrogate markers, transfer by hands occurred at significantly lower rates in the gloves-alone group (OR, 0.02; P < .001) and the gloves-plus-gown group (OR, 0.06; P = .002). Transfer by stethoscope diaphragms was common in all groups and was reduced by wiping the stethoscope between simulations (OR, 0.06; P < .001). Compared to the no-barriers group, wearing a cover gown and gloves resulted in reduced contamination of clothing (OR, 0.15; P < .001), but wearing gloves alone did not.

Conclusions:

Wearing gloves alone or gloves plus gowns reduces hand transfer of pathogens but may not address transfer by devices such as stethoscopes. Cover gowns reduce the risk of contaminating the clothing of personnel.
Grammar is background in sentence processing
Authors: CHRISTENSEN MARIE HERGET , KRISTENSEN LINE BURHOLT , VINTHER NICOLINE MUNCK , BOYE KASPER
Published: October 2020

abstract

Boye and Harder (2012) claim that the grammatical–lexical distinction has to do with discourse prominence: lexical elements can convey discursively primary (or foreground) information, whereas grammatical elements cannot (outside corrective contexts). This paper reports two experiments that test this claim. Experiment 1 was a letter detection study, in which readers were instructed to mark specific letters in the text. Experiment 2 was a text-change study, in which participants were asked to register omitted words. Experiment 2 showed a main effect of word category: readers attend more to words in lexical elements (e.g., full verbs) than to those in grammatical elements (e.g., auxiliaries). Experiment 1 showed an interaction: attention to letters in focused constituents increased more for grammatical words than for lexical words. The results suggest that the lexical–grammatical contrast does indeed guide readers’ attention to words.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE TIANSHANBEILU CEMETERY IN XINJIANG, NORTHWESTERN CHINA
Authors: Tong Jianyi , Ma Jian , Li Wenying , Chang Xi’en , Yu Jianjun , Wang Jianxin , Ma Yingxia , Tian Yiliang , Reheman Kuerban , Simayi Mulati , Ruiliang Liu
Published: October 2020

Eurasian steppes experienced frequent cultural transfers, human migration, and diffusion of techniques during the Bronze Age. The Hami Oasis is one of the most dynamic areas and has attracted multiple cultural flows. It is an important area that connects various routes of the Tianshan Corridor with the Hexi Corridor in western China. The Tianshanbeilu cemetery is the largest Bronze Age cemetery in Hami. Thirty-seven new radiocarbon dates allowed us to establish a new and more accurate chronology for Tianshanbeilu. Our results showed that the Tianshanbeilu cemetery was used from approximately 2022–1802 cal BC and remained in use from 1093–707 cal BC. This indicates that Tianshanbeilu is the earliest and longest-used known cemetery in eastern Xinjiang. By incorporating the typology of artifacts and stratigraphic relationships, the development of the Tianshanbeilu cemetery was divided into four phases. The first phase was from 2011–1672 cal BC, the second phase was from 1660–1408 cal BC, the third phase was from 1385–1256 cal BC, and the fourth phase was from 1214–1029 cal BC.
The Partisan Impact on Local Government Dissemination of COVID-19 Information: Assessing US County Government Websites
Authors: Hansen Michael A. , Johansson Isabelle , Sadowski Kalie , Blaszcynski Joseph , Meyer Sarah
Published: October 2020

This study explores the relationship between local government dissemination of COVID-19 information and partisanship. The unit of analysis is all official county government websites in the United States. In particular, we investigate if there is a correlation between the overall partisanship of a county and whether a county government's website (1) mentions COVID-19 and (2) provides safety instructions concerning COVID-19. We hypothesize that mass partisanship will impact the probability that a county government's website provides information related to the coronavirus. We find that a larger share of Democratic voters in a county is associated with an increase in the probability that a county government's website mentions COVID-19 and provides safety instructions for its residents. The results hold even after controlling for population density, internet subscriptions and COVID-19 cases and deaths. The finding indicates that citizens’ access to information, even on matters of public health, are partially a consequence of partisanship.
Utilizing bycatch camera-trap data for broad-scale occupancy and conservation: a case study of the brown hyaenaParahyaena brunnea
Authors: Williams Kathryn S. , Pitman Ross T. , Mann Gareth K. H. , Whittington-Jones Gareth , Comley Jessica , Williams Samual T. , Hill Russell A. , Balme Guy A. , Parker Daniel M.
Published: October 2020

With human influences driving populations of apex predators into decline, more information is required on how factors affect species at national and global scales. However, camera-trap studies are seldom executed at a broad spatial scale. We demonstrate how uniting fine-scale studies and utilizing camera-trap data of non-target species is an effective approach for broadscale assessments through a case study of the brown hyaenaParahyaena brunnea. We collated camera-trap data from 25 protected and unprotected sites across South Africa into the largest detection/non-detection dataset collected on the brown hyaena, and investigated the influence of biological and anthropogenic factors on brown hyaena occupancy. Spatial autocorrelation had a significant effect on the data, and was corrected using a Bayesian Gibbs sampler. We show that brown hyaena occupancy is driven by specific co-occurring apex predator species and human disturbance. The relative abundance of spotted hyaenasCrocuta crocutaand people on foot had a negative effect on brown hyaena occupancy, whereas the relative abundance of leopardsPanthera pardusand vehicles had a positive influence. We estimated that brown hyaenas occur across 66% of the surveyed camera-trap station sites. Occupancy varied geographically, with lower estimates in eastern and southern South Africa. Our findings suggest that brown hyaena conservation is dependent upon a multi-species approach focussed on implementing conservation policies that better facilitate coexistence between people and hyaenas. We also validate the conservation value of pooling fine-scale datasets and utilizing bycatch data to examine species trends at broad spatial scales.
On English modals, modal meaning and argument structure
Authors: Torres–Martínez Sergio
Published: October 2020

In an interesting paper, Fong (2020) raises objections to my approach to English modals (and modality in general) which he views as too general and not fully compliant with the postulates of Construction Grammar. In this response paper, I intend to explain in some depth the benefits of my approach, as well as the reasons why Construction Grammar, in particular Cognitive Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 1995, 2006, 2019), needs to be interrogated and adapted as a conceptual framework to explain language learning and processing.
Phospholipid biomarkers in Mars-analogous soils of the Atacama Desert
Authors: Shen Jianxun
Published: October 2020

In Mars-analogous hyperarid soils of the Atacama Desert, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) as the main component of biomembrane play a role in reliably determining viable microbes. PLFA analyses illustrated a rise of the microbial abundance (from 5.0 × 106 to 4.2 × 107 cells g−1) and biodiversity (from 7 to 15 different individual PLFAs) from the north hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert to the southern arid region. Abundant cyclopropyl PLFAs (47.2 ± 4.6%) suggested the resistance to oligotrophic and hypersaline environments by Atacama microbial communities. The southernmost arid site had the highest proportion (8.7%) of eukaryotic and fungal lipid biomarkers. Different precipitations (ranging from 0.7 to 2 mm year−1) in the hyperarid core exerted different effects on microbial biomass, PLFA diversity, bacteria and microeukaryotes. By principal component analysis (cumulative 74.6% of variance), the dominance of PLFA hydroxylation was associated with the microbial viability; bacteria rich in C16:0, C18:0 and C16:1ω9 favoured higher soil conductivity and nitrate; and other PLFAs contributed more to the organic content. Additionally by comparing the ratios of PLFAs to well-preserved organics (e.g., mineral-bound organic carbon and microbial phosphorus), I found that the degradation of PLFAs decreased to a minimum when the mean annual precipitation is lower than 2 mm. These findings may further specify identifiable biomarkers on Mars, if potentially extant Martian microbes possess comparable phospholipid membrane structure.
Quenched Nitrogen-included Carbonaceous Composite (QNCC): A powerful candidate of the carriers of the UIR bands in classical novae
Authors: Endo Izumi , Sakon Itsuki , Onaka Takashi , Helton Andrew L. , Lau Ryan M. , Kimura Seiji , Wada Setsuko , Ogawa Nanako , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Kebukawa Yoko
Published: October 2020

We have succeeded in synthesizing organics, ‘Quenched Nitrogen-included Carbonaceous Composite (QNCC)’, via plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, whose infrared spectral properties reproduce the characteristics of the unidentified infrared (UIR) bands observed around classical novae. Past studies have shown that the UIR bands observed around novae appear somewhat differently from those observed in other astrophysical environment and are predominantly characterized by the presence of a broad 8μm feature. The remarkable similarity between the infrared properties of QNCC and the UIR bands in novae indicates that QNCC should be considered as a strong candidate of the carriers of the UIR bands in novae. Finally, we have started a space exposure experiment of QNCC aiming to explore the evolutional link between the QNCC and the insoluble organic molecule (IOM) in carbonaceous condrite and, thus, to infer the origins of organics in our solar system.
Laboratory evidence for the formation of hydrogenated fullerene molecules
Authors: Thrower J. D. , Pantazidis G. , Scheffler M. , Simonsen F. D. S. , Jensen P. A. , Hornekær L.
Published: October 2020

Experimental evidence for the formation of hydrogenated fullerene molecules is presented. Films of C60 were grown on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (substrate) and exposed to a beam of deuterium atoms. Thermal desorption combined with mass spectrometry was used to determine the deuterated fullerene products formed, revealing a maximum degree of deuteration corresponding to C60D36. Release of D2 from the deuterated C60 film occurs at a much higher temperature than for D-saturated graphite.
Dust evolution: Going beyond the empirical
Authors: Ysard Nathalie
Published: October 2020

A key element when modeling dust in any astrophysical environment is a self-consistent treatment of the evolution of the dust material properties (size distribution, chemical composition and structure) as they react to and adjust to the local radiation field intensity and hardness and to the gas density and dynamics. The best way to achieve this goal is to anchore as many model parameters as possible to laboratory data. In this paper, I present two examples to illustrate how outstanding questions in dust modeling have been/are being moved forward by recent advances in laboratory astrophysics and what laboratory data are still needed to further advance dust evolution models.
Gas-dust chemistry of volatiles in the star and planetary system formation
Authors: Aikawa Yuri , Furuya Kenji
Published: October 2020

The focus of this work is on two topics: (i) formation of complex organic molecules (COMs) and (ii) isotope fractionation. Various COMs, which are C, H-containing molecules consisting of 6 atoms and more, have been detected in the central warm region of protostellar cores. Most of this review is about gas-grain chemical models, which have been constructed to evaluate the mechanisms and efficiency of the COM formation. The relevant physical and chemical processes are investigated in laboratory experiments, as reported in other articles in this volume.

The isotope fractionation of volatile elements is observed in both the interstellar medium (ISM) and Solar system material. While exothermic exchange reactions enrich molecules with heavier isotopes such as Deuterium, the isotope selective photodissociation can be coupled with ice formation to enrich the ice mantle with rare isotopes. The efficiency of this fractionation depends on the photodesorption yields, which has been studied in laboratory experiments.
C6H6 condensation on Titan’s stratospheric aerosols: An integrated laboratory, modeling and experimental approach
Authors: Dubois David , Sciamma-O’Brien Ella , Iraci Laura T. , Barth Erika , Salama Farid , Vinatier Sandrine
Published: October 2020

Saturn’s moon Titan was explored by the Cassini mission for nearly 13 years. Important discoveries made during the Cassini mission include the observations of stratospheric clouds in Titan’s cold polar regions in which spectral features or organic molecules were detected in the infrared (<100 μm). In particular, benzene (C6H6) ice spectral signatures were recently detected at unexpectedly high altitudes over the South Pole. The combined experimental, modeling and observational effort presented here has been devised and executed in order to interpret these high altitude benzene observations. Our multi-disciplinary approach aims to understand and characterize the microphysics of benzene clouds in Titan’s South Pole.
Integrating CBT and CFT within a case formulation approach to reduce depression and anxiety in an older adult with a complex mental and physical health history: a single case study
Authors: Birdsey Nicola
Published: October 2020

Depression and anxiety are major contributors to growing healthcare costs in the UK, particularly with an increasingly ageing population. However, identification of mental health needs in older adults has been overshadowed by a tendency to focus on physical health issues, despite the established co-morbidity of depression, anxiety and physical health conditions. When older adults seek psychological support, treatment options may vary and may be time limited, either because of protocol guidance or due to the resource constraints of psychology services. Time-limited treatment, common in many adult services, may not best meet the needs of older adults, whose physical, cognitive and emotional needs alter with age. It is, therefore, important to identify treatments that best meet the needs of older adults who seek psychological support, but who may arrive with complex mental and physical health histories. This paper aims to explore how a case formulation-driven approach that draws on the theoretical underpinnings of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and compassion-focused therapy (CFT) can be used to reduce anxiety and depression in an older adult with a complex multi-morbid mental and physical health history. This study employs a single-case (A–B) experimental design [assessment (A), CBT and CFT intervention (B)] over 28 sessions. Results suggest the greatest reductions in depression and anxiety (as measured using PHQ-9 and GAD-7) occurred during the CFT phase of the intervention, although scores failed to drop below subclinical levels in any phase of the intervention. This case highlights the value of incorporating CFT with CBT in case formulation-driven interventions.

Key learning aims

(1)

To consider the value of using case formulation approaches in older adult populations.

(2)

To demonstrate flexibility in balancing evidence-based interventions with service user needs by incorporating CBT and CFT to treat anxiety and depression in an older adult.

(3)

To present a clinical case to identify how assessment, formulation and treatment of anxiety and depression are adapted to best meet the needs of older adults with complex co-morbid mental and physical health conditions.

(4)

To appreciate the impact of contextual factors, such as austerity measures, on therapeutic work with individuals with long-standing mental and physical health difficulties.
The Effect of Geostrategic Competition on Public Attitudes to Aid
Authors: Wood Terence , Hoy Chris , Pryke Jonathan
Published: October 2020

China’s rise is ushering in a new era of geostrategic contestation involving foreign aid. In many traditional OECD donors, aid policy is changing as a result. We report on a survey experiment studying the impacts of rising Chinese aid on public opinion in traditional donors. We randomly treated people with vignettes emphasising China’s rise as an aid donor in the Pacific, a region of substantial geostrategic competition. We used a large, nationally-representative sample of Australians (Australia is the largest donor to the Pacific). As expected, treating participants reduced hostility to aid and increased support for more aid focused on the Pacific. Counter to expectations, however, treatment reduced support for using aid to advance Australian interests. These findings were largely replicated in a separate experiment in New Zealand. Knowledge of Chinese competition changes support for aid, but it does not increase support for using aid as a tool of geostrategy.
Factor Mixture Analysis of the Dark Triad and Dark Tetrad
Authors: Dinić Bojana M. , Sadiković Selka , Wertag Anja
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The aim of this research was to examine the structure of the Dark Triad and Tetrad traits by answering the question whether a person-centered or a variable-centered approach is more suitable for their description, or its combination. Moreover, we examined whether the inclusion of sadism into the dark traits constellation would change the results. On a sample of 404 participants, both short and full-length measures of the Dark Triad were used, while sadism was assessed via Short Sadistic Impulse Scale. The results of the factor mixture analysis showed that the variable-centered approach is better at describing the Dark Triad, but the inclusion of sadism resulted in qualitatively different latent profiles, suggesting that the person-centered approach could serve in describing the Dark Tetrad. Inclusion of sadism led to the isolation of higher Dark Tetrad-sadism profile in both short and full-length measures and this profile showed the higher risk behaviors and interpersonal problems. Other isolated profiles could be interpreted as lower and higher Dark Tetrad profiles, with some specificities. Results showed that inclusion of sadism contributed to the isolation of profile more prone to sadism, but also to isolation of other profiles, suggesting that it could change the relations among dark traits.
Static Source Properties of Slow and Fast Earthquakes
Authors: Nanjundiah Priyamvada , Barbot Sylvain , Wei Shengji
Published: October 2020

The source characteristics of slow and fast earthquakes provide a window into the mechanical properties of faults. In particular, the average stress drop controls the evolution of friction, fault slip, and event magnitude. However, this important source property is typically inferred from the analysis of seismic waves and is subject to many epistemic uncertainties. Here, we investigate the source properties of 53 earthquakes and 17 slow‐slip events on thrust and strike‐slip faults in various tectonic settings using slip distributions constrained by geodesy in combination with other data. We determine the width, potency, and potency density of slow and fast earthquake sources based on static slip distributions. The potency density, defined conceptually as the ratio of average slip to rupture radius, is a measure of anelastic deformation with limited bias from rigidity differences across depths and tectonic settings. Strike‐slip earthquakes have the highest potency density, varying from 20 to 500 microstrain. The potency density is on average lower on continental thrust faults and megathrusts, from 10 to 200 microstrain, with an algebraic decrease with centroid depth, indicative of systematic changes in dominant rupture processes with depth. Slow slip events represent an end‐member style of rupture with low potency density and large rupture width. Significant variability in potency density of slow‐slip events affects their moment‐duration scaling. The variations of source properties across tectonic settings, depth, and rupture styles can be used to better constrain numerical simulations of seismicity and to assess the source characteristics of future earthquakes and slow slip events.
Rethinking Reef Island Stability in Relation to Anthropogenic Sea Level Rise
Authors: Kane Haunani H. , Fletcher Charles H.
Published: October 2020

Unprecedented rates of anthropogenic sea level rise (ASLR) and attendant wave‐driven flooding and salinization threaten the stability (and habitability) of atoll islands. Thus, there is doubt regarding the continued existence of sovereign atoll nations and unique, place‐based indigenous atoll cultures. Evidence that some atoll islands may have originally formed in the latter stages of post‐glacial sea level rise (SLR) has been interpreted to mean they will persist under accelerating ASLR. These forecasts are at odds with interpretations that atoll islands will succumb to rising seas. To shed light on conflicting models of island stability, we develop a multitemporal island vulnerability assessment (MIVA) to anticipate island instability and apply it in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) where there is a history of previous research. Using evidence from geological and historical records of island response to changing late Holocene sea level and modern tide, wave, and groundwater observations, we identify thresholds where islands pass from stable to unstable phases due to projected local, relative ASLR. Under the most likely scenario (intermediate‐high) where ASLR reaches 1.91 m by 2100, island stability deteriorates by midcentury as historical rates of SLR at RMI increase threefold, and temporary flood events deteriorate potable groundwater and agroforests. In the second half of the century, as ASLR exceeds geological sea level thresholds, permanent island instability will be inevitable with no action. We conclude that these islands are already trending into declining stability due to ASLR as documented by published observations of extreme tides, wave inundation, salinization, and sediment mobilization.
Caption This! Best Practices for Live Captioning Presentations
Authors: Cooke Michele , Child Celia , Sibert Elizabeth , von Hagke Christoph , Zihms S.
Published: October 2020

We demonstrate the effectiveness of straightforward strategies using widely available auto-captioning tools to greatly improve accessibility of jargon-rich content.
A Case Study on the Origin of Near‐Earth Plasma
Authors: Glocer A. , Welling D. , Chappell C. R. , Toth G. , Fok M.‐C. , Komar C. , Kang S.‐B. , Buzulukova N. , Ferradas C. , Bingham S. , Mouikis C.
Published: October 2020

This study presents simulations of the coupled space environment during a geomagnetic storm that separates the different sources of near‐Earth plasma. These simulations include separate fluids for solar wind and ionospheric protons, ionospheric oxygen, and the plasmasphere. Additionally, they include the effects of both a hot ring current population and a cold plasmaspheric population simultaneously for a geomagnetic storm. The modeled ring current population represents the solution of bounce‐averaged kinetic solution; the core plasmaspheric model assumes a fixed temperature of 1 eV and constant pressure along the field line. We find that during the storm, ionospheric protons can be a major contributor to the plasmasheet and ring current and that ionospheric plasma can largely displace solar wind protons in much of the magnetosphere under certain conditions. Indeed, the ionospheric source of plasma cannot be ignored. Significant hemispheric asymmetry is found between the outflow calculated in the summer and winter hemispheres, consistent with past observations. That asymmetric outflow is found to lead to asymmetric filling of the lobes, with the northern (summer) lobe receiving more outflow that has a higher proportion of O+ and the southern (winter) lobe receiving less outflow with a higher proportion of H+. We moreover find that the inclusion of the plasmasphere can have a system‐wide impact. Specifically, when the plasmasphere drainage plume reaches the magnetopause, it can reduce the reconnection rate, suppress ionospheric outflow and change its composition, change the composition in the magnetosphere, and reduce the ring current intensity.
Lagrangian Statistics for Dispersion in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence
Authors: Pratt J. , Busse A. , Müller W.‐C.
Published: October 2020

Measurements in the heliosphere and high‐resolution fluid simulations give clear indications for the anisotropy of plasma turbulence in the presence of magnetic fields. How this anisotropy affects transport processes like diffusion and dispersion remains an open question. The first efforts to characterize Lagrangian single‐particle diffusion and two‐particle dispersion in incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence were performed a decade ago. We revisit those pioneering results through updated simulations performed at higher Reynolds number. We present new investigations that use the dispersion of many Lagrangian tracer particles to examine the extremes of dispersion and the anisotropy in direct numerical simulations. We then point out directions in which Lagrangian statistics need to be developed to address the fundamental problem of anisotropic MHD turbulence and transport in solar and stellar winds.
Modulation of Whistler Waves by Ultra‐Low‐Frequency Perturbations: The Importance of Magnetopause Location
Authors: Zhang X.‐J. , Angelopoulos V. , Artemyev A. V. , Hartinger M. D. , Bortnik J.
Published: October 2020

Ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF, 0.001–1 Hz) perturbations are important aspect of the dynamics in the inner magnetosphere: They are responsible for radial transport (diffusion) of high‐energy electrons and for energizing the ionosphere with field‐aligned currents. This study is devoted to properties of ULF perturbations generated at the magnetopause, their propagation into the inner magnetosphere, and their modulation of whistler‐mode very‐low‐frequency (VLF) waves. Taking advantage of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission configuration in 2019, we investigate ULF perturbations simultaneously captured by three spacecraft at different distances from the magnetopause. Combining ground‐based and THEMIS measurements of ULF perturbations to separate temporal and spatial variations of their properties, we show that their intensity decays exponentially with distance from the magnetopause as close as the geostationary orbit. Near the magnetopause ULF perturbations can modulate whistler‐mode (VLF) waves effectively: Close to the magnetopause, VLF wave bursts have the same periodicity as the ULF perturbations. Our results demonstrate that almost the entire outer magnetosphere (from the geostationary orbit to L ∼ 12), including the outer radiation belts, is significantly influenced by ULF perturbations excited by magnetopause dynamic responses to the solar wind.
Stress‐Dependent Magnitudes of Induced Earthquakes in the Groningen Gas Field
Authors: Bourne S. J. , Oates S. J.
Published: October 2020

Geological faults may produce earthquakes under induced stresses associated with hydrocarbon extraction, geothermal extraction, or CO2storage. The associated risks depend on the frequency and magnitude of these earthquakes. Within seismic risk analysis, the exceedance probability of seismic moments,, is treated as a pure power law distribution,, where the power law exponent,β, may vary in time or space or with stress. Insights from statistical mechanics theories of brittle failure, statistical seismology, and acoustic emissions experiments all indicate this pure power law may contain an exponential taper,, where the taper strength,ζ, decreases with increasing stress. The role of this taper is to significantly reduce the probability of earthquakes larger thanζ −1relative to the pure power law. We review the existing theoretical and observational evidence for a stress‐dependent exponential taper to motivate a range of magnitude models suitable for induced seismicity risk analysis. These include stress‐invariant models with and without a taper, stress‐dependentβmodels without a taper, and stress‐dependentζmodels. For each of these models, we evaluated their forecast performance within the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands using a combination of Bayesian inference, and simulations. Our results show that the stress‐dependentζmodel with constantβlikely offers (75–85%) higher performance forecasts than the stress‐dependentβmodels with. This model also lowers the magnitudes with a 10% and 1% chance of exceedance over the next 5 years of gas production from 4.3 to 3.7 and from 5.5 to 4.3, respectively.
The Assessment of Organic Matter Young's Modulus Distribution With Depositional Environment and Maturity
Authors: Fender T. D. , Van Der Land C. , Rouainia M. , Graham S. P. , Jones D. M. , Vane C. H. , Wagner T.
Published: October 2020

Quantification of risk to seal integrity in CCS, or gas extraction from hydraulic fracturing, is directly affected by the accessibility of organic pores within organic rich mudrocks. Knowledge of the host organic matter's mechanical properties, which are influenced by depositional environment and thermal maturity, are required to reduce operational risk. In this study we address the effect of both depositional environment and maturity on organic matter Young's modulus by means of Atomic Force Microscopy Quantitative ImagingTM, which is a nondestructive technique capable of nanomechanical measurements. Shales from varying marine depositional environments covering kerogen Types II (Barnett), IIS (Tarfaya), and II/III (Eagle Ford/ Bowland) are analyzed to capture variance in organic matter. The findings show organic matter has a Young's modulus ranging between 0.1 and 24 GPa. These marine shales have a bimodal distribution of Young's modulus to some degree, with peaks at between 3–10 and 19–24 GPa. These shales exhibit a trend with maturity, whereby Young's modulus values of <10 GPa are dominant in immature Tarfaya shale, becoming similar to the proportion of values above 15 GPa within the oil window, before the stiffer values dominate into the gas window. These peaks most likely represent soft heterogeneous aliphatic rich kerogen and stiff ordered aromatic rich kerogen, evidenced by the increase in the stiffer component with maturity and correlated with 13C NMR spectrocopy. These findings enable increased realism in microscale geomechanical fracture tip propagation models and may allow direct comparison between Young's modulus and Rock‐Eval parameters.
Interactions Between Mesoscale Eddies and Synoptic Oscillations in the Bay of Bengal During the Strong Monsoon of 2019
Authors: Greaser Samantha R. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Trott Corinne B. , Roman‐Stork Heather L.
Published: October 2020

The 2019 southwest monsoon season is the first strong monsoon in the last 25 years and occurred concurrently with a strong positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD). Given these unique circumstances, we examine the mesoscale eddy field in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during 2019 and the interactions between these eddies and 3–7‐day synoptic oscillations and tropical systems, which contribute to monsoon rainfall and modulate the active (wet) and break (dry) phases of the Indian monsoon. We find that there is a drastic difference in eddy characteristics between the western (80–90°E) and eastern (90–100°E) BoB, where eddies in the eastern BoB are dominated by coastal Kelvin wave (CKW) dynamics and topographical influences, and the eddies in the western BoB are more heavily modulated by East India Coastal Current dynamics. We further find that the pIOD increased the overall sea level in the BoB and modified CKW propagation in the BoB such that all eddy types had more positive sea level anomalies. We find that cyclonic eddies vary coherently with both upper ocean heat content and 3–7‐day bandpass filtered precipitation and that both the number of cyclonic eddies and eddy amplitude increase in coherence with precipitation and ocean heat content following the passage of a tropical system. These results suggest a strong relationship between cyclonic eddies and 3–7‐day atmospheric variability.