bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Heart Rate Response During Upper Extremity Repetitive Task Practice in Chronic Stroke
Authors: Davidson Sara , Bischof-Bockbrader Andrea , Zimmerman Eric , Rosenfeldt Anson B. , Alberts Jay L. , Linder Susan M.
Published: March 2024

Importance: Although the cardiopulmonary benefits of aerobic exercise poststroke are well-established, typical stroke rehabilitation does not elicit an aerobic response.

Objective: To characterize heart rate response during upper extremity repetitive task practice (RTP) and determine factors that predict a higher aerobic intensity during RTP.

Design: Secondary analysis of a subset of data from a randomized clinical trial.

Setting: Research laboratory in a large academic medical center.

Participants: Patients with chronic stroke (N = 19).

Intervention: Participants received 90 min of RTP for 24 sessions across 8 wk.

Outcomes and Measures: Aerobic intensity as measured by heart rate reserve (HRR) during RTP.

Results: A total of 2,968 tasks were included in the analysis. Of the tasks performed, approximately 79.5% elicited a very light aerobic response (<30% HRR), 10.2% elicited a light aerobic response (30%–39% HRR), and 10.3% elicited a moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic response (≥40% HRR). Of the tasks that elicited a moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic response, 54.1% were performed in standing, 79.7% were gross motor in nature, and 27.9% had targets at or above shoulder height. Standing position, targets at or above shoulder height, and gross motor tasks predicted higher HRR (all ps < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance: To maximize aerobic intensity during poststroke RTP, therapists should include gross motor tasks trained in standing with targets at or above shoulder height.

Plain-Language Summary: The study characterizes heart rate response in stroke rehabilitation and identifies factors that predict a higher aerobic intensity during upper extremity repetitive task practice. Certain task characteristics were more likely to produce an aerobic response, including gross motor, targets at or above the shoulder, and a standing position. Occupational therapists should include gross motor tasks trained in standing with targets at or above shoulder height to maximize aerobic intensity during poststroke repetitive task practice. Monitoring heart rate may improve awareness of aerobic response to training.
Movie Circuits
Authors: Menotti Gabriel
Published: March 2024

Movie Circuits: Curatorial Approaches to Cinema Technology attempts to grasp media in the making. It delves into the underbelly of cinema in order to explore how images circulate and apparatus crystallize across different material formations. The indisciplinary experience of curators and projectionists provides a means to suspend traditional film studies and engage with the medium as it happens, as a continuing, self-differing mess. From contemporary art exhibitions to pirate screenings, research and practice come together in a vibrant form of media scholarship, built from the angle of cinema’s functionaries ― a call to reinvent the medium from within.
The Intoxication of Destruction in Theory, Culture and Media
Authors: Stapleton Erin K.
Published: March 2024

This book examines the desire for, and intoxication with destruction as it appears in cultural objects and representation, arguing that all cultural and aesthetic value is fundamentally predicated on its own fragility, as well as the living transience of those who make and encounter it. Beginning with a philosophy of expenditure after Georges Bataille, each chapter maps different operations of destruction in media and culture. These operations are expressed and located in representations of human extinction and explosive architecture, in execution and in eroticism, and in media and digital archives, which constitute a further destabilization of the notion of destruction in the dynamic between aspirational immortality and material volatility embedded in the archival systems of digital cultures.
Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Etil Asetat Rimpang Lempuyang Wangi (Zingiber Zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm.) Terhadap Propionibacterium Acnes Dan Escherichia Coli
Authors: Haris Munandar Nasution, Yayuk Putri Rahayu, Rafita Yuniarti Ayu Fadillah Rizki,
Published: March 2024

Lempuyang wangi (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm.) merupakan tanaman obat yang sering digunakan oleh masyarakat di Jawa dan Sumatera. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri fraksi etil asetat rimpang lempuyang wangi terhadap Propionibacterium acnes dan Escherichia coli. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental, dimana variabel bebasnya adalah rimpang, simplisia, ekstrak etanol dan fraksi etil asetat rimpang lempuyang wangi dengan variasi konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 30%, kontrol (+) Kloramfenikol dan kontrol (-) DMSO. Sedangkan untuk variabel terikatnya adalah karakteristik simplisia, golongan senyawa metabolit sekunder pada simplisia dan aktivitas antibakteri fraksi etil asetat rimpang lempuyang wangi. Parameter dalam penelitian ini adalah pemeriksaan karakteristik, skrining fitokimia dan diameter zona hambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Hasil pemeriksaan makroskopik, bentuk rimpang mirip dengan rimpang jahe, namun mempunyai lebih banyak akar dan wangi aroma rimpangnya yang khas dan rasa pahit. Hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopik, butir pati tunggal, sel sekresi berwarna kuning kecoklatan, sel parenkim, jaringan gabus, pembuluh kayu serta serabut. Hasil karakteristik simplisia diperoleh kadar air 4%, kadar sari larut dalam air 7,3%, kadar sari larut dalam etanol 5,1%, kadar abu total 3,8% dan kadar abu tidak larut asam 1,83%. Skrining fitokimia simplisia menunjukkan adanya kandungan alkaloid, flavonoid, glikosida dan saponin. Hasil pengukuran zona hambat pada bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Escherichia coli untuk konsentrasi 10%: 11,7 mm dan 12,1 mm, pada konsentrasi 20%: 14,2 mm dan 14,6 mm dan pada konsentrasi 30%: 16,5 mm dan 16,9 mm. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat rimpang lempuyang wangi memberikan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes dan Escherichia coli.
Demographics, Daily Sleep Hours, Body Mass Index, and Comorbidities in Overweight People
Authors: Amjad Ayesha , Ayaz Saeed Bin , Rahman Fawad , Jamal Ahmad , Tassadaq Naureen , Iqbal Sonia
Published: March 2024

Objective: To explore the association of knee pain intensity with demographics, body mass index, daily sleep hours and comorbidities in overweight people.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Different Clinics of Wazirabad City, Pakistan, from Oct 2020 to May 2021.
Methodology: People with knee pain for >1 month and a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 were included and questioned regarding variables of interest. The pain was graded according to the Numerical Rating Scale.
Results: Of 335 individuals (mean age: 31±7 years), 189(56.4%) were males, and 199(59.4%) were married. The mean systolicand diastolic blood pressures were 124.4±7.9 mmHg and 85.3±7.2 mmHg, respectively. The mean sleep hours were 7±0.8 hours,while the mean body mass index was 30.1±2 kg/m2. The mean pain score was 2.8±1. Pain intensity had a significant positive correlation with age (p<0.001), body mass index (p=0.041), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p<0.001 each). Similarly, pain intensity was significantly higher in people who were married (p<0.001) or had diabetes mellitus or hypertension (p<0.001 each).
Conclusion: Knee pain intensity increases with age, body mass index, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and it decreases with increasing sleep hours.
TRAINING HIGHLY QUALIFIED HUMAN RESOURCES - EXPERIENCES FOR VIETNAM AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors:   UNDP Viet Nam, Pincus Jonathan
Published: March 2024

Risk of middle-income trap: increasing competition from low-wage countries and from countries with greater technological capabilities. Successful countries have undertaken a “Big Push” in science and technology, including public investment in higher education. Human resource outcomes are integrated within national Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policies. East Asian countries have invested heavily in STI, including basic and applied research and STEM training.
TRAINING HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES - A STRATEGIC FOCUS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Department of Political Theory, Central Propaganda Committee, Doan Van Bau
Published: March 2024

"It can be said that the Communist Party of Vietnam always identifies people as the central position. Therefore, consistent in its views, in the documents and resolutions of the 13th Congress, it has been determined: First, identify the three breakthrough stages of the strategy. Developing high-quality human resources is one of the important strategic breakthroughs to ensure the construction of Vietnam by 2045 into a developed country with high income following a Socialism orientation. This is one of the very important and urgent decisions. The Social Party determines to train high-quality human resources to meet the increasing need for integration in the context of the fourth industrial revolution taking place very quickly. This is a very important breakthrough; therefore, at the recent 8th Central Conference of the Communist Party of Vietnam, we focused on discussing a very important resolution signed in November 2023. That is Resolution No. 45, related to continuing to build and promote the role of the intellectual class to meet the requirements of rapid and sustainable national development. Today, I am very grateful to come to the conference. I highly appreciate the Organizing Committee for inviting international and Vietnamese scientists, managers, and experts. During the conference, we hope to listen to the experiences, lessons, and initiatives of scientists and international organizations for us to continue researching and synthesizing. On that basis, we will advise the Party to continue making policies and recommendations, as well as direct the State to promulgate laws to achieve the goals set out in Resolution No. 45. The goal is to have high-quality human resources to develop the country until 2045. With such expectations, we wish our conference great success, we wish opinions and experiences enriching theories and practices in the process of developing high-quality human resources in Vietnam."
Perfil de cuidadores de idosos atendidos em ambulatório de Geriatria e Neurogeriatria
Authors: Fornazari Bruna Aparecida , Facundim Ana Luísa Santos , Dos Santos Ana Vitória , De Oliveira Julia Verissimo , Fávero Lara Gomes , Pradela Maria Virginia Rodrigues Ferreira Júlio , Puglisi Thamyris Roberta Cassemiro
Published: March 2024

Due to population aging, the prevalence of chronic-degenerative diseases has grown significantly, a factor that implies constant care and a compromise in the quality of life of informal caregivers. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study aimed at characterizing the profile of informal caregivers of elderly individuals attended to in the Geriatrics and Neurogeriatrics outpatient clinic
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Reliability-Centered Maintenance Programs in Food and Beverage Manufacturing Facilities; A Review.
Authors: Uzoigwe Daniel Oluwasegun
Published: March 2024

While reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) boasts widespread success across industries, its efficacy within the complex environment of food and beverage manufacturing remains unclear. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the implementation and outcomes of an RCM program at a representative facility. Leveraging quantitative data, the research demonstrates the program’s transformative impact, including significant reductions in downtime, improved asset reliability, and substantial cost savings. Beyond these metrics, the study delves into the practical challenges encountered during RCM adoption and offers actionable solutions for potential implementers. This research extends beyond its case study, aiming to serve as a catalyst for broader industry adoption. By highlighting the tangible benefits and practical considerations of RCM in a food and beverage context, the study empowers manufacturers to unlock its potential, paving the way for enhanced food safety, optimized production flows, and a more resilient and competitive sector.
Precision Medicine in Cancer Biology: Using Genetic and Molecular Profiling to Personalize Treatment
Authors: Mishra N T Pramathesh , Nirmal Ashish Kumar , Mishra Omkar Abadhesh
Published: March 2024

Precision medicine is an emerging field that aims to provide personalized treatment for cancer patients by utilizing genetic and molecular profiling. By analyzing a patient’s cancer’s genetic and molecular characteristics, doctors can design tailored treatment plans targeting specific mutations or signalling pathways driving tumor growth. This approach can potentially improve patient outcomes by increasing the effectiveness of treatments and reducing the risk of side effects. However, many challenges are associated with implementing precision medicine, including the need for advanced technologies and the high cost of testing and treatment. Despite these obstacles, the promise of precision medicine is driving significant investment and research efforts in the field, and it has the potential to transform the way we treat cancer.
Neuroforaminal Stenosis in the Lumbosacral Spine: A Scoping Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Imaging, and Treatment
Authors: Cavazos Daniel R. , Higginbotham Devan O. , Nham Fong , Court Tannor , McCarty Scott , Sethi Anil , Vaidya Rahul
Published: March 2024

OBJECTIVE

To conduct the first scoping review of lumbosacral neuroforaminal stenosis with respect to the pathophysiology, symptomatic manifestations, diagnostic imaging, and treatment options.

METHODS

A scoping literature review was conducted in accordance with the recommendations set forth by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), with English language restrictions stipulated to include articles pertaining to lumbosacral neuroforaminal stenosis. Databases maintained by PubMed, National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), and Google Scholar were queried from their inception date through December 2022.

SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE

A total of 276 articles were reviewed and 29 articles were included within the study. Within these articles, the anatomic origins of neuroforaminal stenosis were reviewed in detail and the resulting clinical manifestations were discussed. Recent studies evaluating the efficacy of existing diagnostic imaging modalities were summarized, along with potential future methods to improve sensitivity for detecting this entity and measuring foraminal stenosis via novel imaging techniques. Based on the literature, the conservative management and surgical treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis were discussed.

CONCLUSIONS

Lumbar neuroforaminal stenosis represents a significant source of radicular pain that is often compounded by delayed diagnosis and incomplete treatment. This article represents the first scoping review of lumbosacral neuroforaminal stenosis with focus on diagnosis, management, and treatment for associated radicular pain. The goal is to reduce the incidence of untreated or unrecognized neuroforaminal stenosis in the setting of a complex decompression and fusion, as well as to promote minimally invasive surgery to address radicular pain from neuroforaminal stenosis. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging and surgical techniques have the potential to improve the timeliness and durability of patients’ treatment options. Future directions for the diagnostic imaging of foraminal stenosis include efforts aimed at developing the nascent field of computerized mapping to reliably quantify stenosis and its impact on the exiting nerve root and associated dorsal root ganglia.
Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at a Community Hospital in Flint, Michigan, in Early 2020: Characteristics and Mortality
Authors: Kalantary, Atefeh , Santiago-Rivera Olga J. , Dutta Arunima , Davies Chace , Malik Bilal , Sud Parul , Al-Sanouri Ibrahim
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION

Despite the many studies conducted on the factors affecting mortality in patients with COVID-19, there is ongoing debate about the role of race as a risk factor. Several studies have reported a geographic and racial disparity in COVID-19 cases in Michigan. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of the 2020 first cohort of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) COVID-19 patients admitted to a community teaching hospital in Flint, Michigan, and to determine the factors associated with ICU mortality, including race.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included adult patients (≥ 18 years) with severe COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the ICU between March and May 2020. Potential risk factors associated with ICU mortality included demographic characteristics, comorbidities, treatments, and complications.

RESULTS

The study sample consisted of N = 48 patients, aged 24–85 years, (mean 59.7; SD = 12.8); 56.2% (n=27) were male and 51.1% (n=24) were Black adults. The mortality rate was 51.1%. Age (aOR 1.1, 95% CI [1.01, 1.20]; p =0.03), type 2 diabetes (aOR 5.7, 95% CI [1.2, 29.1]; p =0.03), and essential hypertension (aOR 6.2, 95% CI [1.1, 34.5]; p =0.04) were all found to have statistically significant independent associations with increased risk of ICU mortality in this study sample. On the other hand, race was not found to be associated with ICU mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support the literature regarding the association of comorbid conditions, including type 2 diabetes and hypertension, with poorer outcomes in ICU hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. This study provides insight into mortality of an ICU patient cohort earlier on during the COVID-19 pandemic in Flint, Michigan.
Assessment of the contribution of IRS for the characterisation of ozone over Europe
Authors: Vittorioso Francesca , Guidard Vincent , Fourrié Nadia
Published: March 2024

Abstract. In the coming years, EUMETSAT’s Meteosat Third Generation – S (MTG-S) satellites will be launched with an instrument of valuable features on board. The MTG – Infrared Sounder (IRS) will represent a major innovation for the monitoring of the chemical state of the atmosphere, since, at present, observations of these parameters mainly come from in situ measurements (geographically uneven) and from instruments on board of polar-orbiting satellites (highly dependent on the scanning line of the satellite itself, which is limited, over a specific geographical area, to very few times per day). MTG-IRS will present many potentialities in the area of detecting different atmospheric species and will have the advantage of being based on a geostationary platform and to acquire data with a high temporal frequency (every 30 minutes over Europe), which makes easier to track the transport of the species of interest. The present work aims to evaluate the potential impact, over a regional domain over Europe, of the assimilation of IRS radiances within a chemical transport model (CTM) Modèle de Chimie Atmosphérique de Grande Echelle (MOCAGE), operational in Météo-France. Since IRS is not yet in orbit, observations have been simulated using the Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) approach. Of the species to which IRS will be sensitive, the one treated along this study was the ozone. The results obtained indicate that the assimilation of synthetic radiances of IRS always has a positive impact on the ozone analysis from the model MOCAGE. The relative average difference compared to the NR in the ozone total columns improves from -30 % (no assimilation) to almost zero when IRS observations are available over the domain. When considering tropospheric columns the improvement is also significant, from 15–20 % (no assimilation) down to 3 %.
Impact of Cropping Systems on Macronutrient Distribution and Microbial Biomass in Drought Affected Soils
Authors: Jayasudha M. Naga , Reddy M. Kiranmai , Bargali Surendra Singh
Published: March 2024

Abstract. The interplay between soil nutrients, water activity, and microbial biomass is pivotal for plant growth as well as for soil health. While surface microflora typically promotes mineralization and nutrient deposits, the impact of drought on soil microbial biomass and nutrient utilization remains underexplored. In this study, we assessed various land types—open lands (OL), annual crops with single species (ACS), perennial crops with multiple species (PCM), less water available lands (LWA), and soil near ponds (CP)—to elucidate the distribution of macronutrients and microbial biomass. Soil samples were collected from different land types, air-dried, and subjected to physical, chemical, and biological analyses. Standardized protocols, including gravimetric and titration analyses, were employed for physical and chemical assessments, while microbial biomass was evaluated using fumigation. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Pearson Coefficient, were employed to discern patterns across seasons, soil depths, and microbial biomass. Microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) ranged from 134.2±1.2 μg/g to 286.6±1.33 μg/g, while nitrogen (Nmic) and phosphorus (Pmic) varied from 11.3±1.3 μg/g to 69.5±0.98 μg/g and 07.6±1.5 μg/g to 77.5±0.6 μg/g, respectively, across all seasons. Carbon stock in the upper soil surface positively influenced nitrogen and phosphorus retention. Notably, PCM exhibited superior Cmic, Nmic, Pmic, and water-holding capacity compared to OL, LWA, and ACS. Our findings underscore the significance of multiple cropping systems, particularly PCM, in enhancing microbial biomass and nutrient levels in drought-affected regions. The observed improvements in soil moisture, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium levels suggest that diverse cropping systems can effectively enrich soil nutrients and biomass content in drought stress. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential of perennial crops with multiple species in mitigating the impact of drought on soil microbial biomass and macronutrient distribution. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable agricultural practices in drought-prone regions and emphasize the importance of implementing diverse cropping systems to enhance soil health and resilience.
Verifying national inventory-based combustion emissions of CO2 across the UK and mainland Europe using satellite observations of atmospheric CO and CO2
Authors: Scarpelli Tia , Palmer Paul , Lunt Mark , Super Ingrid , Droste Arjan
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Under the Paris Agreement, countries report their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in national inventories, used to track progress towards mitigation goals, but they must be independently verified. Atmospheric observations of CO2, interpreted using inverse methods, can potentially provide that verification. Conventional CO2 inverse methods infer natural CO2 fluxes by subtracting a priori estimates of fuel combustion from the a posteriori net CO2 fluxes, assuming that a priori knowledge for combustion emissions is better than for natural fluxes. We describe an inverse method that uses measurements of CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO), a trace gas that is co-emitted with CO2 during combustion, to report self-consistent combustion emissions and natural fluxes of CO2. We use an ensemble Kalman filter and the GEOS-Chem atmospheric transport model to explore how satellite observations of CO and CO2 collected by TROPOMI and OCO-2, respectively, can improve understanding of combustion emissions and natural CO2 fluxes across the UK and mainland Europe, 2018–2021. We assess the value of using satellite observations of CO2, with and without CO, above what is already available from the in situ network. Using CO2 satellite observations lead to small corrections to a priori emissions that are inconsistent with in situ observations, due partly to the insensitivity of the atmospheric CO2 column to CO2 emission changes. When we introduce satellite CO observations, we find better agreement with our in situ inversion and a better model fit to atmospheric CO2 observations. Our regional mean a posteriori combustion CO2 emission ranges 4.6–5.0 Gt a-1 (1.5–2.4 % relative standard deviation), with all inversions reporting an overestimate for Germany’s wintertime emissions. Our national a posteriori CO2 combustion emissions are highly dependent on the assumed relationship between CO2 and CO uncertainties, as expected. Generally, we find better results when we use grid-scale based a priori CO2:CO uncertainty estimates rather than a fixed relationship between the two species.
Exploring the opportunities and challenges of using large language models to represent institutional agency in land system modelling
Authors: Zeng Yongchao , Brown Calum , Raymond Joanna , Byari Mohamed , Hotz Ronja , Rounsevell Mark
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Public policy institutions play crucial roles in the land system, but modelling their policy-making processes is challenging. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a novel approach to simulating many different types of human decision-making, including policy choices. This paper aims to investigate the opportunities and challenges that LLMs bring to land system modelling by integrating LLM-powered institutional agents within an agent-based, land use model. Four types of LLM agents are examined, all of which, in the examples presented here, use taxes to steer meat production toward a target level. The LLM agents provide reasoning and policy action output. The agents’ performance is benchmarked against two baseline scenarios: one without policy interventions and another implementing optimal policy actions determined through a genetic algorithm. The findings show that while LLM agents perform better than the non-intervention scenario, they fall short of the performance achieved by optimal policy actions. However, LLM agents demonstrate behaviour and decision-making, marked by policy consistency and transparent reasoning. This includes generating strategies such as incrementalism, delayed policy action, proactive policy adjustments, and balancing multiple stakeholder interests. Agents equipped with experiential learning capabilities excel in achieving policy objectives through progressive policy actions. The order in which reasoning and proposed policy actions are output has a notable effect on the agents’ performance, suggesting that enforced reasoning guides as well as explains LLM decisions. The approach presented here points to promising opportunities and significant challenges. The opportunities include, exploring naturalistic institutional decision-making, handling massive institutional documents, and human-AI cooperation. Challenges mainly lie in the scalability, interpretability, and reliability of LLMs.
On the atmospheric budget of ethylene dichloride and its impact on stratospheric chlorine and ozone (2002–2020)
Authors: Hossaini Ryan , Sherry David , Wang Zihao , Chipperfield Martyn , Feng Wuhu , Oram David , Adcock Karina , Montzka Stephen , Simpson Isobel , Mazzeo Andrea , Leeson Amber , Atlas Elliot , Chou Charles C.-K.
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Ethylene dichloride (EDC), or 1-2-dichloroethane, is an industrial very short-lived substance (VSLS) whose major use is as a feedstock in the production chain of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Like other chlorinated VSLS, transport of EDC (or its atmospheric oxidation products) to the stratosphere could contribute to ozone depletion there. However, despite annual production volumes greatly exceeding those of more prominent VSLS (e.g. dichloromethane), global EDC observations are sparse, thus the magnitude and distribution of EDC emissions and trends in its atmospheric abundance are poorly known. In this study we performed an exploratory analysis of the global EDC budget between 2002 and 2020. Combining bottom-up data on annual production and assumptions around fugitive losses during production and feedstock use, we assessed the EDC source strength required to reproduce atmospheric EDC observations. We show that the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model (CTM) reproduces EDC measurements from various aircraft missions well, including HIPPO (2009–2011), ATom (2016–2018) and KORUS-AQ (2016), along with surface measurements from South East Asia, when assuming a regionally varying production emission factor in the range 0.5–1.5 %. Our findings imply substantial fugitive losses of EDC and/or substantial emissive applications (e.g. solvent use) that are poorly reported. We estimate EDC’s global source increased by ~45 % between 2002 (349±61 Gg/yr) and 2020 (505±90 Gg/yr) with its contribution to stratospheric chlorine increasing from 8.2 (±1.5) ppt Cl to ~12.9 (±2.4) ppt Cl over this period. EDC’s relatively short overall tropospheric lifetime (~83 days) limits, though does not preclude, its transport to the stratosphere and we show that its impact on ozone is small at present. Annually averaged, EDC is estimated to have decreased ozone in the lower stratosphere by up to several ppb (<1 %) in 2020, though a larger effect in the springtime Southern Hemisphere polar lower stratosphere is apparent (decreases of up to ~1.3 %). Given strong potential for growth in EDC production tied to demand for PVC, ongoing measurements would be of benefit to monitor potential future increases in its atmospheric abundance and its contribution to ozone depletion.
SHORT-TERM STREAMFLOW FORECASTING FOR RUSSIAN RIVERS USING THE HBV-96 HYDROLOGICAL MODEL AND COSMO-RU NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION SYSTEM
Authors:   Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, SIMONOV YU.A. , BORSCH S.V. ,   Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, SEMENOVA N.K. ,   Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, KHRISTOFOROV A.V. ,   Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation
Published: March 2024

A method for short-range forecasting of average daily streamflow is proposed. The method uses the HBV-96 conceptual model of river runoff formation and the COSMO-Ru operational numerical weather prediction system. The method has been implemented for 546 river basins located throughout Russia. An archive of the required hydrometeorological information for the period from 2010 to 2019 has been formed. The method has been developed using the data for the first seven years and verified on independent material with the ones for the last three years. The verification results have shown that the method allows obtaining satisfactory forecasts for a quite large number of river basins. The results make it possible to use the proposed method within the framework of an automated system for preparing and issuing short-range forecasts for the Russian river streamflow.
Problems and Prospects for the Development of the Employment Sphere Along the “Center-Periphery” Axis in the Model Region of Russia
Authors:   Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Popov Andrei
Published: March 2024

В условиях обострения внутренних и внешних вызовов всё большее значение для России приобретают вопросы сохранения трудового потенциала локальных территорий, находящихся вдали от мест притяжения ресурсов. Не случайно одной из характерных проблем современности является сжатие освоенного пространства и поляризация системы расселения. Цель данной статьи заключается в анализе особенностей и перспектив развития сферы занятости в модельном регионе России по оси «центр-периферия». В силу ограниченности муниципальной статистики мы обратились к результатам экспертного опроса специалистов отделений занятости населения Вологодской области, проведённого в апреле 2023 года. Предваряя анализ, все районы и округа были разделены на три группы: агломерационная зона, городская периферия и сельская периферия. Это позволило выявить взаимосвязь между социально- экономическим развитием территорий и их близостью к центрам деловой активности. Так, согласно мнению экспертов, периферия отличается не только скромными возможностями для реализации трудовых и жизненных планов, но и в целом неблагоприятными условиями для развития сферы занятости. При этом, несмотря на лучшее положение, будущее агломерационной зоны также видится преимущественно сквозь призму негативных сценариев. Важная роль в решении существующих проблем отводится отделениям занятости населения, которые предоставляют широкий перечень услуг для граждан и работодателей. И если первые отказываются обращаться за помощью в поиске работе из-за отсутствия желаемых вакансий и их невысокого качества, то взаимодействию со вторыми препятствует их собственная незаинтересованность. Перспективы развития сферы занятости на периферии связаны, прежде всего, с созданием новых рабочих мест, расширением мер социальной поддержки по закреплению кадров, реализацией промышленных, инфраструктурных и социально-значимых проектов. В свою очередь повышение эффективности деятельности отделений занятости населения можно достичь путем улучшения условий труда, сокращения бюрократической нагрузки и административных операций.
Approaches to Assessing the Contribution of Migrant Workers to the Economy of the Host Country
Authors:   Institute for Demographic Research of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vorob'eva Ol'ga , Rubina Anastasiya ,   Institute for Demographic Research of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2024

Статья посвящена разработке методики оценки социально-экономического потенциала человеческого капитала диаспоры трудовых мигрантов и экономического вклада трудовой миграции в принимающей стране, которая была разработана в рамках гранта РФФИ № 20-511-05007 «Социально-экономический потенциал армянской диаспоры в контексте интеграционных процессов в ЕАЭС» на примере армянской диаспоры в России. Проведён обзор подходов к изучению миграционных процессов в рамках теории человеческого капитала, а также имеющихся методик оценки экономического вклада трудовых мигрантов в экономику принимающих их стран. Даны понятия человеческого капитала диаспоры и социально-экономического потенциала. Методические подходы оценки социально-экономического потенциала человеческого капитала мигрантов в принимающей стране включают две группы компонентов: количественные оценки, состоящие из статистических показателей, включающих социально-экономические характеристики мигрантов, а также качественные, отображающие их ценностно-мотивационные установки. Описаны способы получения информации о данных характеристиках, а также их особенности. Определены методологические подходы к оценке вклада трудовых мигрантов в социально-экономическое развитие региона. Разработана методика оценки экономического вклада трудовой миграции в принимающей стране, включающая измерение вклада мигрантов в производство валового внутреннего продукта, производства товаров и услуг в принимающей стране, поступлений в федеральный и региональные бюджеты в виде оплаты налогов и сборов, расширения ёмкости потребительского рынка на величину средств, затрачиваемых трудовыми мигрантами в стране пребывания, общей оценки напряжённости на рынке труда, оценки структуры занятости и безработицы трудовых мигрантов, оценки их влияния на уровень оплаты труда местного населения, а также оценки влияния международной миграции на масштаб привлечения международных трудовых мигрантов.
INVESTMENT PROTECTION AND PROMOTION AGREEMENT AS A TOOL TO SUPPORT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS
Authors:   Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sokolov A.B.
Published: March 2024

Increasing sanctions pressure on Russia and the need to implement the Presidential Decree оn the National Development Goals of the Russian Federation through 2030 (July 21, 2020, No 474) determines the urgency of the search for effective tools encouraging real growth of fixed investment up to at least 25% GDP. One such instrument could be the Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement (IPPA) allowing private business to stabilize the business environment, which is especially important under conditions of growing uncertainty, when predictability becomes the rarest and most demanded resource. The purpose of the study is to analyze a tool designed to stimulate the implementation of investment projects on the territory of Russia – IPPA. The methodology of the study includes comparative, systematic and informative analysis. The main finding is that, despite some limitations, IPPA is a potentially effective tool to support the implementation of private investment projects under conditions of import substitution, helping to restart the investment cycle and attract «long-term» money to the real sector of the national economy
FEDERAL REFORM: IS A NEW STAGE POSSIBLE?
Authors:   Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Buchwald E.M.
Published: March 2024

Federal relations represent one of the key features of the institutional structure of the state in modern Russia, the most significant "frame" of its economic space and the basis for the hierarchy of public power in the country. It is no coincidence that all transformations in the sphere of federal relations directly affect all aspects of economic, social and other processes in the country. At the same time, as the experience of recent decades shows, this impact can be both positive and negative. Here everything depends on the "quality" of the reforms, namely on their socio-political and economic validity, clear goal-setting, objective monitoring and evaluation of the final results. Unfortunately, in many respects Russian institutional reforms lack these qualitative attributes. Most often, these reforms appear insufficiently motivated, devoid of clear goal-setting and a detailed assessment of the results actually achieved; they fail to get completed as their goals are attained, and simply come to nothing in the end. This suggests that we should not only reevaluate what has already been done to reform federative relations but also consider possible further steps in this direction, including necessary and possible changes and their potential impact on the spatial structure of Russia and its economy.
NEW CHALLENGES TO RUSSIA’S ECONOMIC SECURITY (BASED ON PROCEEDINGS OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “VII SENCHAGOV READINGS. RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC SECURITY: RESPONSE TO NEW CHALLENGES“)
Authors:   Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Karavaeva I.V. , Lev M.Yu. ,   Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2024

The authors review the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference «VII Senchagov Readings» hosted by the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow on March 23–24, 2023, having provided links to the previously published works of the speakers related to the topics of their plenary reports. Based on these reports addressing the most topical controversial issues of Russia’s economic security under the increasing sanctions pressure, the authors describe the main areas the conference participants focused on, namely the federal, regional and municipal aspects of the said issues. They present their own theoretical assessments of new threats and challenges to the economic security of Russia caused by the crisis of 2019–2023 and outline the changes in global socio-economic trends, including the crucial areas for the development of the social component of economic security in the spheres of industrial policy, social security, transformation of the labor market, as well as creation of a new logistics network for modern Russia.
DEVELOPING THE THEORY OF ECONOMIC SECURITY RISKS AND THRESHOLDS
Authors:   Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, Mityakov S.N. , Mityakov E.S. ,   MIREA - Russian Technological University
Published: March 2024

The work’s purpose is to develop the theory of economic security risks and threshold values, considering these economic categories in interrelation. The authors examine key approaches to risk assessment and economic security threshold values formation and demonstrate relationship between classification characteristics of the two economic categories. Three main models of threshold values are considered. In a model containing two risk zones, threshold values serve as some reference points separating acceptable values of economic security indicators from unacceptable ones. The “traffic light” model is a more preferable one. It contains critical and target threshold levels and three risk zones. The third model, containing seven risk zones, corresponds to six conditional threshold levels, which leads to a more accurate assessment of the state of economic security of the objects under study compared to other models, and can be effectively used, for example, for classification purposes. The authors note that for monitoring threats to economic security, it is important not only to position the value of the economic security indicator in the corresponding risk zone, but also to analyze its changes over time, which makes it possible to compensate for system errors in determining the threshold values by studying the self-development of the system. They give examples of the use of volatility analysis and elasticity theory in the tasks of risk assessment, opening up new opportunities for economic security monitoring.
IRANIAN SANCTIONS EXPERIENCE: MACROECONOMIC OUTCOMES AND LESSONS FOR RUSSIA
Authors:   Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Smorodinskaya N.V. , Katukov D.D. ,   Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: March 2024

The paper examines the impact of the sanctions crisis on oil-exporting economies, using the case of Iran in 2011-2022. It describes effects of the two rounds of collective sanctions — before the conclusion and after the termination of the nuclear deal, as well as in the interim period of lifting the oil embargo. The authors typologize priorities of the Iranian doctrine of “resistance economy” and review its macroeconomic outcomes. They show that despite the successful evasion of sanctions, the development of ties with alternative partners and some advances in diversification, the Iranian economy continues to lose budget revenues and remains unstable, experiencing periodic recessions, devaluations and high inflation. Within the Iranian context, the authors highlight the problem of unbalanced growth under the sanctions stress, as well as vulnerabilities in the growth-supporting strategy based on fiscal stimulus — the issues that hold relevance for Russia.
Revolutionizing meat processing: a nexus of technological advancements, sustainability, and cultured meat evolution
Authors: Suychinov Anuarbek , Akimova Dinara , Kakimov Aitbek , Zharykbasov Yerlan , Baikadamova Assemgul , Okuskhanova Eleonora , Bakiyeva Anara , Ibragimov Nadir
Published: March 2024

This thorough analysis traverses the ever-changing terrain of meat processing, revealing a story intertwined with technological innovations, environmentally friendly methods, and the revolutionary rise of cultured meat production. The amalgamation of sustainable polymers, sophisticated composite coatings, and potent antioxidant agents strikingly demonstrates the sector's dedication to novelty and ecological accountability. Diagrammatic depictions outline tactical approaches to lowering carbon emissions, highlighting the circular economy in terms of material recycling and the creative recycling of agricultural and food waste into environmentally acceptable packaging. Modern meat processing techniques, automation, and smart technology are all explored, emphasising waste minimization, energy efficiency, and sustainable practices.In terms of the future, the assessment offers a peek at how biotechnological developments and uses of nanotechnology will combine to transform how meat is produced. The integration of precision biotechnology, ethical concerns, and sustainability ushers a new era of responsible and creative food production, positioning the meat processing sector as a pathfinder in addressing consumer needs
PELAKSANAAN PASAL 155 KOMPILASI HUKUM ISLAM TENTANG KETENTUAN IDDAH BAGI JANDA PUTUS PERKAWINAN KARENA KHULU’ DI KANTOR URUSAN AGAMA KECAMATAN SIMO KABUPATEN BOYOLALI
Authors: Zahroh Siti , Syamsuddin Syamsuddin , Baehaqi Baehaqi
Published: March 2024

This research is a qualitative research with a descriptive narrative literature approach that takes literature as its source and interviews. The data collection technique in this study is considering that this research uses library research. To analyze the data the writer will do a qualitative analysis. This form of analysis is carried out with explanations, not in the form of statistical figures or other figures. The method used in analyzing this data uses the deductive method, namely "a study in which people depart from general knowledge, with the starting point of that general knowledge, we want to assess a specific incident. The results of this study are the implementation of the iddah period in article 155 KHI at the Regional Office of Religious Affairs in Simo District, Boyolali Regency, starting with the issuance of the decision of the Religious Court and the length of the iddah from 3 sacred times to 7 sacred times and Iddah provisions for widows who break up due to khulu' in article 155 KHI in the Maqasid sharia perspective according to Article 155 of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) is the iddah period for widows who break up because khulu', fasakh and li'an apply iddah talak. From the above article it can be understood that there is clearly no difference between the iddah of a woman imposed by the khulu' and the iddah of a woman who was divorced by her husband, namely three times quru' or three times purification. KHI equates iddah khulu' with iddah divorce. From this term, khulu' is equated with divorce as well as the legal consequences that arise, including in this case regarding reducing the number of divorces and in terms of iddah provisions.
KELALAIAN PPAT ATAS PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM ANAK TIRI PEMBELI TERHADAP TUNA AKSARA
Authors: Leonard Tommy , Benny Benny
Published: March 2024

The deed made by PPAT is an authentic official document so that PPAT in making deeds must be in accordance with the procedures of the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia concerning Regulations on the Position of Land Deed Making Officers. However in making PPAT deeds, it is often found that the lack of professionalism of PPAT in carrying out legal actions results in the deeds made by PPAT experiencing losses to the parties in the future. This research was conducted so that PPAT is able and able to carry out their duties well in serving the unemployed community who want to do legal actions. This research uses normative juridical case study research with the approach of laws and regulations and government regulations. It is still found in case study number : 186/Pdt.G/2020/PN.Dpk. that PPAT was negligent in carrying out its duties in making Deed of Sale and Purchase No.168/2015 for the illiterate. therefore, PPAT does not carry out its proper obligations and is contrary to Article 22 of Government Regulation No.37 of 1998. Based on the results of the determination, the Deed of Sale and Purchase No.121./2016 is invalid and null and void.