bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Hoary Alyssum (Berteroa incana) on Quality of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Forage and Its Utilization by Goats
Authors: Leroux Gilles D. , Harvey R. Gordon , Jorgensen Neal A. , Collins Michael
Published: May 2019

The chemical composition and the utilization by domestic goats (Capra hircusL. ‘Saanen’) of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) hay and silage that contained or did not contain hoary alyssum [Berteroa incana(L.) DC. ♯ BEFIN] was studied. Alfalfa was higher in quality than hoary alyssum; crude protein (CP) was 38% higher, and the neutral- and acid-detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) were 18 and 29% lower, respectively. Less CP and more ADF were found in weedy hay than in other forages. Animal utilization, as measured by the dry-matter intake, digestible dry-matter intake, relative intake, and nutritive value index were greater for weed-free than for weedy forages. Hoary alyssum was more deleterious in chopped silage than in long hay, because of selective refusal of the weed by goats that were fed hay. The presence of hoary alyssum in alfalfa decreased its utilization by ruminants.
Behavior of14C-Haloxyfop-Methyl in Intact Plants and Cell Cultures
Authors: Buhler Douglas D. , Swisher Beth A. , Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

Behavior of14C-haloxyfop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-[(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoate} was examined in intact plants of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Mead’], shattercane [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ♯ SORVU], and yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv. ♯ SETLU] and in cell cultures of soybean and yellow foxtail. Foliar absorption of14C-haloxyfo-methyl by intact plants was almost complete within 48 h. Significant translocation occurred within 48 h of treatment, with soybean and shattercane plants translocating more14C than yellow foxtail. Metabolism of14C-haloxyfop-methyl in intact plants was similar among species. Haloxyfop-methyl was rapidly hydrolyzed to haloxyfop in treated leaves and then translocated to metabolically active areas within the plants. Significant quantities of polar products were also isolated. Soybean cells in suspension culture contained higher levels of14C than did yellow foxtail cells. Most of the14C in soybean cells was haloxyfop-methyl, while yellow foxtail contained mostly haloxyfop.
Weed Control in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Grown for Seed
Authors: Waddington John
Published: May 2019

Applications of 1.6 kg ai/ha of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] to established alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Rambler’) at the start of each growing season for 4 yr increased seed yield by 68% and controlled established dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWeber. in Wiggers ♯ TAROF) and smooth brome (Bromus inermisLeyss. ♯ BROIN). A lesser amount of metribuzin was not sufficient for smooth brome control, and a greater amount damaged the alfalfa. Hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] applied at 1.0 kg ai/ha also controlled dandelion and smooth brome and produced increases in alfalfa seed yield. Mixtures of terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) with reduced rates of metribuzin or hexazinone controlled dandelion well, but gave only fair control of smooth brome. Alfalfa seed yield was negatively correlated with the smooth brome population.
A Flexible Ropewick Applicator for Use on Uneven Terrain
Authors: Moomaw Russell S. , Martin Alex R.
Published: May 2019

A 4.6-m-long, segmented, flexible-pipe ropewick applicator was constructed to apply picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) to leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. ♯ EPHES) and other weed species. Gauge wheels on each ropewick applicator segment permit height adjustments, and a loose, independent, vertical flexing action permits the segments to effectively traverse depressed or raised areas. The applicator was designed for use in pastures with rough, uneven terrain where it is difficult to uniformly wipe herbicide solution on plants with a rigid-pipe ropewick. The applicator was found to be durable and effective in applying picloram to leafy spurge.
Differential Response of Six Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Cultivars to Metribuzin
Authors: Harrison Howard F. , Jones Alfred , Dukes Philip D.
Published: May 2019

The sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.] cultivars ‘Jewel’, ‘Centennial’, ‘Caromex’, and breeding lines ‘W-70’, ‘W-152’, and ‘Tinian’ (PI 153655) were evaluated for metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as–triazin5(4H)-one] tolerance in greenhouse and field studies. Tinian was the most tolerant line. Its yields were not reduced by 2.2 kg/ha metribuzin in the field. Jewel, Centennial and W-152 were intermediate in response to metribuzin, and W-70 and Caromex were most susceptible. Regression analyses indicated a high correlation between the response of sweet potato cultivars to 0.5 ppm metribuzin incorporated in a potting mix in the greenhouse and their response to 1.1 kg/ha metribuzin applied after transplanting in the field.
Early Growth Effects of Flurazole as a Safener against Acetochlor in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Jackson Lucinda A. , Kapusta George , Yopp John H.
Published: May 2019

Flurazole [phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate] and acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] were examined in the laboratory and greenhouse for effects on grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘G-522 DR’]. Flurazole did not protect against acetochlor-induced inhibition of primary root growth when sorghum was grown in distilled water, but some safening occurred after 8 days when nutrients were available. Flurazole did not protect primary roots completely. In the presence of nutrients, however, flurazole stimulated growth of the mesocotyl roots and protected the second adventitious root system.
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seed Protein Response to Glyphosate
Authors: Cerdeira Antonio L. , Cole A. Wayne , Luthe Dawn S.
Published: May 2019

Electrophoretic analysis of storage protein accumulation in developing cowpea [Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp. ‘Mississippi Purple’] seed indicated that a large increase in protein content per seed occurred between 10 and 11 days after flowering (DAF). Polypeptides with molecular weights of 54, 49, and 41 kilodaltons (kD) accumulated first, and one with a molecular weight of 59 kD appeared 2 days later at 13 DAF. Treatment of plants with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] when pods were 7 and 10 DAF prevented accumulation of the major storage protein polypeptides. The accumulation of these polypeptides was not inhibited as much when pods were 11, 12, or 13 DAF at the time of treatment with glyphosate. Pod length and seed fresh weight were inhibited by glyphosate treatment of plants bearing pods 7, 10, 11, and 12 DAF. Pod width, seed dry weight, and seed length were inhibited by glyphosate when plants bearing pods 7, 10, and 11 DAF were treated.
Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Interference in Newly Planted Peach (Prunus persica) Trees
Authors: Weller Stephen C. , Skroch Walter A. , Monaco Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments conducted over a 2-yr period demonstrated that common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. # CYNDA] inhibited growth of newly planted peach (Prunus persica L. ‘Norman’) trees. Common bermudagrass densities of 100, 75, 50, and 25% ground cover reduced tree fresh weight by 86, 64, 43, and 19%, respectively, the first year (1978) and 87, 62, 44, and 28%, respectively, the second year (1979) after planting. Tree trunk diameter relative growth rate (RGR) was reduced by 75 and 100% common bermudagrass ground cover densities at all measurement dates only in 1978. Tree leaf N and K were reduced in both years by common bermudagrass; however, only at the 100% common bermudagrass density in 1978 was N at a deficient level. Leaf chlorophyll was reduced in trees grown in all densities of common bermudagrass only in 1978. Reduced tree growth cannot be explained entirely by competition for essential nutrients; thus an allelopathic effect of the bermudagrass on young peach roots is suspected.
Growth Responses of Musk and Plumeless Thistles (Carduus nutansandC. acanthoides) to Damage byTrichosirocalus horridus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Cartwright Bob , Kok Loke T.
Published: May 2019

Plant response studies were conducted from 1980 to 1982 under pasture and field plot conditions to determine the sublethal effects of the thistle rosette weevil [Trichosirocalus (Ceuthorynchidius) horridus(Panzer)] onCarduusthistles. Response to weevil damage was dependent upon thistle size and growing conditions. Damage byT. horridusdestroyed apical dominance, which altered the thistle growth pattern. Infested plants consistently produced more stems and a larger crown than uninfested thistles. Large thistles were stimulated by weevil damage, producing heavier stems and more heads. Small infested thistles developed more quickly than small uninfested thistles. Small and medium infested thistles were shorter and produced fewer seeds and heads than uninfested thistles. The extent of thistle reduction by this weevil will ultimately be determined by the conditions under which thistles grow.
The Dispersion of Backpack-Applied Ethylene in Soil
Authors: Bebawi Faiz F. , Eplee Robert E. , Norris Rebecca S.
Published: May 2019

The dispersion of ethylene in the soil after application from a backpack ethylene applicator (BPEA) was determined using a bioassay of witchweed [Striga asiatica(L.) Kuntze # STRLU] seed germination. Witchweed seed were buried in packets in ridged seedbeds under field conditions. Ethylene dispersion was better when injected into the furrow than into the ridge top. Injections 30 cm deep were more effective in causing seed germination than injections 15 cm deep. Seed germination induced by ethylene injection into the furrow 30 cm deep was 13% more than that obtained from the ridge top injection 15 cm deep. Seed germination as high as 90% was obtained at soil depths to 75 cm at a horizontal distance of 100 cm from the point of ethylene injection. Ethylene diffused up to 300 cm horizontally and to 75 cm vertically to cause at least 45% seed germination in a field of Lakeland soil (Typic Quartzisamment). The BPEA was found to be an effective application tool in witchweed control operations.
LE FORME DI CONSULTAZIONE POPOLARE NELLE DEMOCRAZIE: UNA TIPOLOGIA
Authors: Uleri PierVincenzo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Affrontando il tema delle consultazioni popolari dirette si pongono due problemi principali: perché tale tipo di processo elettorale è più usato in certi casi che non in altri e quali sono le conseguenze del ricorso ad esso sul sistema politico nel complesso. Rispetto al primo problema molti anni addietro, nel 1912, William E. Rappard sottolineava l'incoerenza degli avversari delle consultazioni popolari. Costoro, pur consentendo che le masse scelgano liberamente i loro rappresentanti, «fanno affidamento, per la loro sicurezza, sulle discrepanze che possono sorgere tra gli atti della maggioranza degli eletti e i desideri della maggioranza degli elettori». Rappard formulava, quindi, una previsione «In teoria … l'ulteriore estensione del controllo popolare mediante la legislazione diretta sembra inevitabile in tutti i paesi dove il suffragio universale prevale». È facile intuire che la previsione si basasse sulla conoscenza e l'analisi delle esperienze svizzera e statunitense. In altri Paesi, in quegli anni, si discuteva sulla opportunità di adottare forme di consultazione popolare come in effetti accadde con alcune costituzioni elaborate subito dopo la prima guerra mondiale, in primo luogo con la costituzione di Weimar.
OLSON E LA “ LEGGE FERREA ” DELLA PARTECIPAZIONE
Authors: Mattei Franco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nella vastissima letteratura esistente sulla partecipazione politica, un tema ricorrente degli ultimi trent'anni (cioè, almeno dalla seconda edizione diCapitalism, Socialism and Democracydi J. Schumpeter nel 1954) è costituito dal dibattito tra teorici « élitisti » e « partecipazionisti » attorno ai livelli possibili e desiderabili di coinvolgimento politico di massa ai fini di un corretto funzionamento dei regimi democratici. Tra le diverse questioni oggetto di confronto e — a volte — di polemica — c'è stata e c'è tutt'ora quella riguardante gli obiettivi del cittadino nei quali rintracciare i motivi ed il senso della partecipazione politica. Le note che seguono sono dedicate ad un'analisi di questo tema basata sul paradigma interpretativo di Olson. Nel suo famoso libro Olson elabora e propone una teoriageneraledi comportamento razionale per l'affermazione di “ obiettivi comuni ” ed il conseguimento di beni pubblici in cui vengono individuate le ragioni sia della partecipazione che dell'astensione politica. Infatti, le definizioni oggi piò in uso di ‘partecipazione’ rimandano alle attività volontarie di privati cittadini rivolte ad influenzare, piò o meno direttamente, le decisioni politiche, ma soprattutto, in ultima analisi, le decisioni ‘governative’ ed i loro ‘esiti’. Ambedue coincidono con gli « obiettivi comuni » di Olson, la cui realizzazione richiede politiche governative e realizzazioni legislative.
LE CRISI POLITICHE NELL'EUROPA ORIENTALE
Authors: di Cortona Pietro Grilli
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Degli otto regimi comunisti nati in Europa centro-orientale alla fine degli anni quaranta nessuno ha ancora abbandonato il campo marxista-leninista. L'unica reale trasformazione finora intervenuta è stata quella che ha segnato la fine dello stalinismo. Due di essi tuttavia (la Iugoslavia nel 1948 e l'Albania negli anni sessanta), usufruendo di alcuni vantaggi politico-strategici, hanno abbandonato l'area di influenza sovietica e acquisito una generale autonomia nelle politiche interna ed estera. Dei restanti sei regimi, tre subiscono l'impatto di crisi originate da fattori endogeni; negli altri si evidenziano al massimo sintomi di malessere interno (come la rivolta di Berlino Est nel 1953) o di crisi nei rapporti con l'URSS (le tentazioni autonomistiche della Romania).
The zooplankton of the Forth, Scotland
Authors: Taylor C. J. L.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

A description of the community structure of the Forth estuary's zooplankton was obtained by sampling monthly at nine stations ranging from fresh water to fully marine conditions for an eighteen-month period. The variation in species abundance and distribution is related to environmental variables. The apparent spatial and temporal successions of members of the Acartia species complex are described, as are the episodes of predation spreading from the firth and the domination of the upper estuary by Eurytemora. It is observed that the estuary of the Forth is rare among British estuaries in its ability to support a truly pelagic self-maintaining assemblage of species.
Scotland's Energy Future—Opening Address
Authors: McCrone R. G. L.
Published: May 2019

It is a great pleasure, and an honour, to be given the opportunity to open this Symposium. That the subject is of major and widespread interest can be shown by the impressive list of speakers who have agreed to address us in the next two days and also by the encouraging response we have had from those wishing to attend. There can, indeed, be few subjects of greater importance to our future prosperity than energy supplies. After the upheavals of the last thirteen years, in which the international oil price rose so dramatically in two major surges from 3 dollars a barrel in 1973 to a peak of over 40 dollars in 1980 and has now, since last November, fallen from 30 to 15 dollars, this point needs little emphasis. The intolerably high levels of unemployment which still plague the industrial world are at least in part a consequence of the economic dislocation which these price changes brought about; so too is the problem of excessive debt in many of the less developed countries with its serious threat to the world financial system.
Energy availability
Authors: Hug Michel
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The present buyer's market in energy is likely to continue for several years, but in the longer run the disparity in resources and consumption rates among the principal fuels will result in renewed shortage and price rises for oil and natural gas. In the longer term the major energy importers must rely on the broad international market in coal and uranium. A useful insurance for power producers will be to invest overseas in the production of their fuels.
Prospects for fast reactors
Authors: Blumfield C. W.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The background to recent major advances in the construction and operation of fast reactors is outlined with particular reference to the Dounreay Prototype Fast Reactor. The advantages and disadvantages of sodium as a coolant of the high energy density assembly are discussed and an account given of the consequences of a leak and the precautions taken against this eventuality. Attention is drawn to the safety aspects of the system. The economics of the plans for fuel reprocessing are explained and an account given of the progress in the fabrication of fast reactor fuel pins. Finally the environmental impact of present and planned activities on the Dounreay site is presented in the context of participation in the European Collaboration on Fast Reactor Technology and attention drawn to the importance of the planning inquiry in progress at Dounreay.
Availability of electrical power
Authors: Preston I. M. H.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The organisation of the generation and supply of electricity in Scotland by the South of Scotland Electricity Board and the North of Scotland Hydro Electric Board is detailed and differences from the other nationalised energy industries in Scotland and from the arrangements for the supply of electricity in England and Wales noted. The present plant position is described and the flexibility in the fuels used underlined. The experiences of the last thirty years are analysed and an account given of the response of the Boards to the crises of dramatic oil price increases and the 1984/85 dispute in the coal industry. Attention is given to the forward planning problems arising from the long construction time of a new station and the delays that may be involved with public inquiries. The opportunities for exporting power to England after the modest anticipated rises in Scottish demands are met are cited as a factor in the budgetting. The difficulties the Combined Heat and Power projects, being studied for a number of major cities including Edinburgh, present to the Boards are listed. Finally the implications for suppliers and contractors of the necessary replacement before the end of the century of equipment associated with the distribution system are noted.
Radioactive pollution
Authors: Dunster H. J.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The meaning to be assigned to “pollution” is discussed and an account given of the “natural” sources of radiation. The effects of radiation on human populations are described. The artificial sources of radiation in the environment associated with energy productions are reviewed. Particular attention is given to the effects of the discharge of radioactive waste on radiation exposures in the neighbourhood of nuclear establishments. This is followed by a consideration of nuclear accidents and the public reaction to them. Radioactive pollution and the necessary organisation for its control are discussed with particular attention being paid to the present position in the United Kingdom.
The Biological Standard of Living in China during the 20th Century
Authors: van der Eng Pierre , Sohn Kitae
Published: May 2019

This article uses the mean age at menarche of women in China as an indicator of changes in the standard of living during the 20th century. It discusses the difficulties of using this indicator. It finds that the mean age of menarche stagnated at 16 to 17 years for women born during the period between the 1880s and 1930s. The age at menarche decreased in some urban areas, indicating improving living standards in, for example, Beijing and Shanghai. The mean age at menarche increased for 1940s’ birth cohorts, in relation not only to the warfare of the 1940s but also the famine of 1959–1962. The mean age at menarche decreased in a sustained way for women born during the 1950s to early 2000s. The decrease is associated with increasing educational attainment since the 1940s and also improvements in nutrition, hygiene and healthcare.
Reduced-input agricultural systems: Rationale and prospects
Authors: Buttel Frederick H. , Gillespie Gilbert W. , Janke Rhonda , Caldwell Brian , Sarrantonio Marianne
Published: May 2019

In many respects the long standing and vigorous debates over alternative agriculture and organic farming are becoming less strident and less polarized. However, despite the mounting evidence that key elements of both the conventional and alternative agricultural communities are beginning to “build bridges” to each other, and to establish formal institutional programs and arrangements for improved communication and program development, important differences continue to separate the proponents and opponents of alternative agriculture. In part, these lingering differences result from the lack of adequate and reliable data, misinformation, and faulty data analyses. In order to clarify those issues which continue to divide the critics and advocates of alternative agriculture, this reappraisal of the debate begins with a methodological critique of comparison studies of conventional and organic farms. Also included is an assessment of fertilizer and pesticide use in American agriculture, the environmental impacts of conventional and reduced-input systems, the relationship between alternative agriculture and efforts to save the family farmer, and the prospects for increased public sector research on reduced-input farming systems.
The transition to organic agriculture: A multi-year simulation model of a Pennsylvania farm
Authors: Dabbert Stephan , Madden Patrick
Published: May 2019

Prior research has shown that an established organic farm can be as profitable as a conventional farm under certain circumstances. However, organic farming systems often require a transition period before they are fully established after a changeover from conventional farming. Yields may decrease and recover only slowly during this transition period and less profitable crop rotations may be required to establish an organic system. Previous studies have ignored the income trend during the transition phase, and comparisons of organic and conventional farms have been faulted for lack of similarity in management and other resources. The study reported here used a multi-year simulation model to investigate the trend in income of a 117-hectare crop-livestock farm in Pennsylvania (called the Kutztown farm) during this transition process. A baseline model of the Kutztown farm under conventional management (CONB) was found to earn an income (returns over cash operating cost) of $61,900. The transitional models developed were an upper-yield case assuming no yield decline during the transition (TRANS) and a lower-yield case assuming severe yield decline in the first year after the change-over from conventional management and a subsequent linear recovery of yields over a three-year period (TRANS-L). Income was found to be severely depressed by a yield decline during the transitional phase. The first year of TRANS-L resulted in a 43% reduction in income. The scenario without a yield decline (TRANS) resulted in a 13% lower income compared to the baseline (CONB) model. Both transitional models led to an established organic situation with stable organic yields and an income of $57,400 or 7% less than under conventional management. It was found to be more profitable to sell the crops and purchase manure than to feed the crops to beef in a fattening enterprise. At small herd sizes (100 head) the reduction in income caused by the feeding operation was moderate ($1,300), but with a larger operation (213 head) the income sacrifice increased tenfold.
A comparative study of pith cell death in stalk internodes of corn grown on organic and conventional fields
Authors: Kang M. S.
Published: May 2019

A few farmers in the Midwest produce corn (Zea mays L.) commercially by using organic methods, i.e., use no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. Studies have been conducted previously on organic vs. conventional fields to compare yield, soil properties, stalk lodging and rot, and crude protein. However, pith cell death in stalk internodes, an important trait related to stalk lodging and stalk rot, has not been studied previously under organic and conventional management systems. Fertility differences exist between organically-managed and conventionally-managed fields which can influence pith cell death and related traits. This study was conducted to compare pith cell death in corn stalks on matched pairs of organic and conventional fields (2 in Illinois, 2 in Iowa, and 1 in Minnesota). For the four lowermost consecutive internodes above the brace roots examined in this study, there was no consistent pattern for pith cell death differences among pairs. In three of five pairs, the second internode pith cell death was higher on organic fields than on conventional fields. The same pattern was observed for the third stalk internode. Numbers of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) were less in the stalks on organic plots, a plausible cause for greater stalk lodging and rot resistance on organically-managed fields. Further study of pith cell death and stalk rot relationship under organic and conventional managements is needed to elucidate fertility relations and other unique factors at work on organic and conventional fields. It appears that while there are some factors that affect pith cell death, stalk rot, and stalk lodging similarly, there may be other factors that affect these three traits differentially.
Where Will Future Agricultural Marketing Information Come From: New Jersey Peach Market—A Case Study
Authors: Thatch Daymon W. , Perkins Frederick A.
Published: May 2019

Researchers and decision makers are currently faced with a reduced supply of agricultural marketing information at both federal and state levels. Although a number of on-line computer informational sources are available to help fill this gap, the data are relatively expensive and often not available in the form or detail needed at the farm level. This paper examines expected future sources of agricultural information in the public, private and semi-public/private sectors. A working model of a semi-public/ private informational system is presented. The proposed self-help grower informational model system can be tailored to provide farm level data needed at a reasonable cost.
Estimating the Derived Demand for Sewage Sludge in Crop Production
Authors: Barbarika Alex , McConnell Kenneth E. , Colacicco Daniel , Bellows William J.
Published: May 2019

One option for the disposal of sewage sludge is land spreading, including application to private croplands. Land spreading may allow some of the sewage treatment costs to the municipality or county to be offset by farmers’ payments for sludge as a crop producing resource. This study investigates the conditions under which a market for sludge will emerge. A linear programming model of a profit maximizing corn for gain farm is formulated and the quantity of sludge available is parametrically varied to trace out marginal productivity curves under various situations. The results for Anne Arundel county, Maryland sludge show a range in value from 0–35 $/ton at application rates from 0–20 tons/acre/year for three years.
Factors Affecting the Price of Hay at a Pennsylvania Auction
Authors: Grisley Bill , Stefanou Spiro E. , Dickerson Ted
Published: May 2019

The effect that selected characteristics of a Pennsylvania hay auction has on winning bids of loads of hay are presented in this paper. Survey data from 107 buyers over the period September 1982 to April 1983 were used. Hay type, perceived quality, and the intended use of the hay were found to be significant factors in explaining prices paid per ton. Sellers could increase their revenues by producing alfalfa hay, alfalfa and legume-grass hay of higher quality, and attending marketing days with a larger number of horse feed buyers.
An Analysis of Two Alternative Funding Sources for Northeast Banks Lending to Agriculture
Authors: Carraro Kenneth , LaDue Eddy
Published: May 2019

A survey of agricultural banks in New York State found that inability to compete with the low interest rates offered by the Farm Credit Service (FCS) rather than the unavailability of funds per se was limiting agricultural lending by commercial banks. A MASI-like intermediary would (1) be of assistance only to banks unable to use loan participations and with high CD costs and (2) would likely require a large multistate area to be feasible. Only eight percent of the New York banks serving agriculture qualify for FICB funding. Further, FICB funding would be profitable only if banks experienced illiquidity at least 50 percent of the time.
Transport Costs Impacts on the Fresh Market for Peaches—with Special Emphasis on the Northeast
Authors: Thatch Daymon W. , Slane Thomas C. , Edelberg Howard
Published: May 2019

An interregional transportation model was constructed using ordinary least squares and reactive programming to evaluate the short-run economic impact of changing transportation rate on the U.S. interregional equilibrium and, in particular, the Northeast's competitive position for fresh peaches. Using fixed regional supplies, uniquely determined regional per capita consumption and existing transportation rates the reactive programming algorithm obtains solutions to the spatial equilibrium problem including: overall regional quantities supplied and demanded, prices, consumers’ outlays, producers’ revenues and opportunity, transfer and shipping costs. Transportation rates were varied 20 percent above and below the current rates to examine the short-run economic impact on the prevailing equilibrium. The East Coast was a relatively isolated market and therefore was not significantly affected by changes in transportation rates. The most significant changes in producers’ revenues and trade flow patterns occurred in the remaining regions that traded mostly amongst themselves.
Changes in the U.S. Demand for Sugar and Implications for Import Policies
Authors: Lopez Rigoberto A. , Sepulveda Jorge L.
Published: May 2019

The thrust of this paper is to identify and measure structural changes in the U.S. demand for sugar and to derive subsequent implications for import restriction policies. Empirical results indicate that changes in consumer preferences and the availability of closer and cheaper sweeteners in food processing, especially high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), are exerting a downward pressure on sugar demand. As the U.S. demand for sugar decreases and the food industry adjusts faster to sweetener choices, the U.S. government would have to impose more restrictive import barriers to maintain prices to domestic sugar and HFCS producers. Furthermore, the welfare impact of U.S. sugar policy options on domestic consumers and food processors will be lessened.
The Effects of Trade Promotion on Canadian Agricultural Exports
Authors: Gunjal Kisan R.
Published: May 2019

Canadian agricultural trade promotion expenditures have dramatically increased from C$.4 million in 1969/70 to C$26.5 million in 1981/82. To evaluate the effect of these expenditures on agricultural exports an econometric analysis is presented in this study. The extended distributed lag model for export demand is developed and estimated using an iterative autoregressive least squares with instrumental variable (IALSI) method of estimation. The results reveal that the trade promotion programs (aggregate expenditure levels) have had a statistically significant effect on agricultural exports. The analysis of dynamic multipliers indicates that the effect of trade promotion expenditure on export levels is likely to decline gradually and last for about a five-year period. Also, the real export demand for aggregate agricultural products is found close to unitary elastic with respect to the real export price variable.
An Analysis of the Potential for Increased Direct Marketing of Small Fruits and Vegetables in Three West Virginia Counties
Authors: Jett Lewis W.
Published: May 2019

Agricultural activities in three West Virginia counties were analyzed to determine their potential for increased direct marketing activities. For each county, the main type of agricultural enterprise was examined and compared with the direct marketing of small fruits and vegetables. The benefits of direct marketing combined with the present form of agriculture in these three West Virginia counties will be presented and discussed.
A Perspective on the Financial Situation in Agriculture
Authors: Brake John R.
Published: May 2019

My purpose in this presentation is to give an overview or perspective on the financial situation in U.S. agriculture. Since descriptions of the situation are generally available (Easterbrook, J. Lee, Melichar-1985, ERS-USDA, van Blokland), I'll only briefly review the problem and its roots. The major emphasis of my presentation is devoted to two areas: difficulties in addressing current financial problems of the sector, and issues which deserve consideration for the future.
Transportation Deregulation and Interregional Competition in the Northeastern Feed Economy
Authors: Randolph Thomas F. , Lee David R.
Published: May 2019

The effects of rail deregulation on feed transportation in the Northeast are examined through construction of a spatial equilibrium model of the Northeastern feed industry. Short-run and long-run effects of deregulation are analyzed through incorporation of rail rate structures for 1981 and 1984, respectively, into model simulations and comparison with pre-deregulation base year results (1980). The results show that the Northeast feed economy has generally benefited from rail deregulation which has led to lower transportation costs, lower feed costs and an enhanced competitive position relative to the Southeastern U.S.
Economics of Stony Land Reclamation for Crop Production in South-Western Quebec
Authors: Seecharan Randolph , Gunjal Kisan , Millette Gerard
Published: May 2019

Linear programming model is used to investigate the economic feasibility of utilizing stony lands for crop production in South-Western Quebec where stoniness is the major constraint. Results for the representative farms indicate that income variations are due to economies of size, differences in crop yields (experimental or farm level) and type of reclamation method used. The market values for stony lands (determined by regression technique) are higher compared with the productive values. Analysis also indicates that crop production is feasible within the parameters defined and that it is more economical to develop unutilized stony land rather than purchase prime agricultural land at current market prices. Parametric programming procedures indicate that the solutions are more sensitive to crop yields and prices than reclamation costs.
Changes in Transportation Costs and Interregional Competition in the U.S. Apple Industry
Authors: Dunn James W. , Garafola Lynn A.
Published: May 2019

An interregional competition model of the U.S. apple industry is constructed. This model includes the consumer products of fresh apples, applesauce and apple juice. The validation of the model showed that it did a good job of estimating consumer's quantity demanded and prices and a reasonable job of estimating utilization. This model was used to study the effects of transportation cost changes on the industry in the short- and intermediate run. The total production and consumption levels changed by moderate amounts with changing transport costs while the utilization of a region's crop was quite sensitive to such changes.
Adjustments in a Beef/Sheep Farm in Response to the Cattle Cycle: The Potential for Increased and More Stable Income
Authors: Burton Robert O. , Wollo J. Wesseh
Published: May 2019

A dynamic (multi-period) linear programming model of a beef/sheep farm was used to evaluate the potential for increasing income and for maintaining a specified level of annual income during a cattle cycle. Results indicate that both objectives may be accomplished by adjusting animal numbers in response to changing price ratios: a higher proportion of cows should be kept during the accumulation phase of the cattle cycle, and a higher proportion of ewes should be kept during the liquidation phase.
Curriculum For Those With Intellectual Handicaps
Authors: Fredericks H. D. Bud
Published: May 2019

It is a deep honor for me to be invited to Australia. When I received the invitation, I faced a very ambivalent situation. I had resolved to bring my life into some form of sanity and to reduce the amount of traveling that I was doing; but to receive an invitation to Australia, even though I had been here three times before, was to me an opportunity that I could not pass. Australia is a beautiful country and contains a beautiful people, and I thank you for inviting me.

My subject is “Curriculum for the Intellectually Handicapped,” and in an hour and one-quarter there is no way in which I can possibly cover the range of handicapping conditions, requirements, and needs for such a curriculum. I have, however, selected some areas that I should like to discuss.
Between School and Work
Authors: Rose Bill , Fiala Heather
Published: May 2019

The view is put that the least restrictive environment and the most appropriate climate for intellectually handicapped adolescents and young adults can be found or created in Colleges of Technical and Further Education in New South Wales and indeed across Australia. Such provision may also be the most appropriate for other categories of handicap, disability or disadvantage.

There is still a tendency for the community at large to underestimate the potential of handicapped young people for development. Research, not generally well known and therefore not acted upon, shows that despite poor initial performance, many intellectually handicapped people show substantial improvement with learning.
Canadians Generate Blissymbolic Communication Development
Authors: Stelmack Carole
Published: May 2019

Blissymbolics, a comprehensive core communication system through which non-speaking people are able to communicate, has been developed and made available throughout Canada and the world by the Blissymbolics Communication Institute in Toronto, Canada. In addition, Canadian users of the system have become leaders in helping to increase universal awareness of the intellectual, social, emotional and communication needs of communicatively impaired and disadvantaged people.

Charles K. Bliss who was born in Australia and now resides in Australia, originally developed Blissymbolics between 1942 and 1965 as an international communication system to promote better understanding among people. The system was first successfully applied during the early 1970’s by a multidisciplinary group of specialists at the Ontario Crippled Children’s Centre in Toronto to cerebral palsied, school-aged, non-speaking children. This graphic and meaning-based system provided them with a means of more grammatically complete communication than picture or word boards.

Since its first application, Blissymbolics has been expanded to many other applications and populations. Today it is used as an augmentative communiation system with cognitive and language development programs to support reading and pre-reading activities. Its users include people who are retarded, multiply-handicapped, autistic, aphasic and stroke victims.

As experimentation and the use of Blissymbolics increased during the 1970’s, the need for training programs and instructional materials, for information about ongoing programs, for more symbols and for a structure to maintain a standard form of Blissymbols also grew. In order to meet and co-ordinate these requirements the Blissymbolics Communication Foundation was established in Toronto in 1975. The Foundation, through a licensing agreement with Mr. Bliss, obtained the exclusive mandate to co-ordinate the applications of Blissymbolics with non-speaking people around the world. Its mandate was to maintain symbol standards and to provide training and material for the increasing number of people applying the system with non-speaking people. The Foundation was re-named the Blissymbolics Communication Institute in 1978 to better represent its role as a central, co-ordinating educational organization.
Current U.S. Practice in Assessing and Making Decisions About Handicapped Students
Authors: Ysseldyke James E.
Published: May 2019

James E. Ysseldyke

An overview of findings from a major national six-year study of practices in making referral, classification/placement/eligibility, instructional, and evaluation decisions is provided. This includes the composition and deliberations of placement teams, the relationship between decisions made and how students perform on tests, and the technical adequacy of tests. Implications for practice are drawn.
Working Together: Collaboration Among Professionals
Authors: Mittler Peter
Published: May 2019

Children with disabilities, and those with physical and intellectual disabilities in particular, need co-ordinated multidisciplinary approach as no single profession can hope to achieve very much single-handed. In order to provide appropriate services we should work with and through others who interact with these children. While one of the hallmarks of the good professional is collaboration, collaborative practices are all too infrequent. Some related problems currently affecting the development of services for children with special needs in the U.K. are outlined. Examples of actual and possible productive practice between and among teachers and other professionals are provided, with the desirability of active and systematic joint planning and problem solving, emanating from a base of shared training, stressed.
Educational Provision For Children With Very Severe Learning Difficulties in Special Care Units in the U.K.
Authors: Evans Peter , Ware Jean
Published: May 2019

Seventy-eight schools in 25 local education authorities in the South-East of England catering for profoundly retarded multiply handicapped children were surveyed using a postal method. Fifty-four special care units (SCUs) in 43 schools were visited and the head teachers of the schools and the, teachers in charge of the units were interviewed. The major results of the survey concerning the SCUs, the pupils, the classroom size and organisation, the staff, visiting professionals and voluntary help are reported. Implications with regard to educability, teacher training and curriculum are made.
Prospect in Special Education in Australia for the Next 10 Years
Authors: Jackson Merrill
Published: May 2019

Because educational and special educational changes have been so great over the last decade or so in Australia it is with some trepidation that I have agreed to write about the future of Special Education in this country. Since, however, the population of Australia is relatively small and because the States and State Education departments and policy makers appear to exchange information regularly and because Special Education has benefitted greatly by the injection of Federal funds, each of the States whilst developing their individual policies has a great deal in common, although some important differences exist.

Perhaps Victoria has taken the strongest position on considering the rights of all children to Special Education, noting among other things, that all children have a right to be educated in a regular school and that all children can learn and be taught. This last comment which raises the educability debate, will I believe continue to do so as we move into the end of the twentieth century. As disabled students are continually placed into regular schools it will undoubtedly lead to an ongoing discussion and debate about this issue. The question will continue to be asked whether spending seventeen or twenty five years to teach someone to feed themselves independently, to dress, to toilet and to learn to react to a variety of instructions is justified as we now debate issues like language learning and the acquisition of a word recognition vocabulary. It is proposed to discuss the future of Special Education under a variety of headings as follows.
Principles of Immediate Disaster Management in Aeroplane Disasters Outside Airports
Authors: Rormark Aage
Published: May 2019

The speedy development of disaster medicine has made intensive care on accident sites possible for everyday use. This prehospital care Has proved to be an indispensable, life-preserving work. It does, however, require having qualified medical and technical help brought to the site of disasters in reasonable time, and the ability to bring patients back in properly equipped units, supervised by paramedic staff, to ready and well run hospitals which are able to carry on the treatment and secure the results already obtained.

Rescue work associated with air crashes must be of high interest to all nations, as air traffic is global and a European traveller may easily get into trouble in a wilderness in another part of the world. Through the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) membership, nations are bound by means of international regulations, to contribute to security in the air and supervision of planes in their own area, and to co-operate with the FIR-system in adjoining areas. This system contributes to a better chance of detection of an aeroplane in difficulties, but the rescue problem will have to be solved by the existing and available national military and civil rescue service, its organization, material, education, medical preparedness and disaster plans.

Statistics reveals that about 50% of all crashes take place in landing procedures, some of them occurring just outside the airport. To these must be added collisions en route and cases of sabotage. Most crashes at take-off happen so near the airport that there will be no problems of detection, and help in fire-fighting will be available from the airport, if necessary.
The Duties of the Fire Brigade in the Safety of the Rescue Staff in an Airport Disaster
Authors: Bianchi F. , Serra G.C. , Mezzetti M.G. , Romano T.M. , Corbo L. , Parabiaghi R.
Published: May 2019

In serious emergency situations such as the aircraft crash, the medical staff can also be in danger. The risk for the medical and paramedical staff has two sources: (a) factors related to the cause of the accident; and (b) dangers occurring during rescue operations. It is necessary that the emergency staff look to their own security, and avoid exposing themselves to the risks associated with the panicking movements of frightened people (herd effect). The first aid station should be established in a position down-wind, to avoid the toxic smoke from fire. An essential condition is that the medical emergency staff is composed of people physically and psychologically suitable to the sudden effort and the acute stress.

To reduce the risks associated with rescue operations training is essential, conducted under the supervision of experts from the Fire Brigade. A minimum program of training must be arranged between the physician in charge and the airport authorities, so as to reconcile the activities of the two parties and achieve co-ordination. The medical and paramedical staff must be trained to operate with a gas-mask or oxygen auto-respirator, necessary to prevent intoxication with compounds such as tri-o-cresyl phosphate, fire extinguisher compounds such as dibromodil-fluoromethane and bromocloromethane. Metabolites of air contaminants found in airport disasters are not well known. We summarize in the table some toxicologic data of interest.