bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteoimmunomodulatory Nanoparticles for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Wen Jingyi , Cai Donglin , Gao Wendong , He Ruiying , Li Yulin , Zhou Yinghong , Klein Travis , Xiao Lan , Xiao Yin
Published: February 2023

Treatment of large bone fractures remains a challenge for orthopedists. Bone regeneration is a complex process that includes skeletal cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and immune cells to regulate bone formation and resorption. Osteoimmunology, studying this complicated process, has recently been used to develop biomaterials for advanced bone regeneration. Ideally, a biomaterial shall enable a timely switch from early stage inflammatory (to recruit osteogenic progenitor cells) to later-stage anti-inflammatory (to promote differentiation and terminal osteogenic mineralization and model the microstructure of bone tissue) in immune cells, especially the M1-to-M2 phenotype switch in macrophage populations, for bone regeneration. Nanoparticle (NP)-based advanced drug delivery systems can enable the controlled release of therapeutic reagents and the delivery of therapeutics into specific cell types, thereby benefiting bone regeneration through osteoimmunomodulation. In this review, we briefly describe the significance of osteoimmunology in bone regeneration, the advancement of NP-based approaches for bone regeneration, and the application of NPs in macrophage-targeting drug delivery for advanced osteoimmunomodulation.
All-Water-Driven High-k HfO2 Gate Dielectrics and Applications in Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Alam Fakhari , He Gang , Yan Jin , Wang Wenhao
Published: February 2023

In this article, we used a simple, non-toxic, environmentally friendly, water-driven route to fabricate the gate dielectric on the Si substrate and successfully integrate the In2O3/HfO2 thin film transistor (TFT). All the electrical properties of In2O3 based on HfO2 were systematically analyzed. The In2O3/HfO2 device exhibits the best electrical performance at an optimized annealing temperature of 500 °C, including a high µFE of 9 cm2 V−1 s−1, a high ION/IOFF of 105, a low threshold voltage of 1.1 V, and a low sub-threshold of 0.31 V dec−1. Finally, test the stability of the bias under positive bias stress (PBS) and negative bias stress (NBS) with threshold shifts (VTH) of 0.35 and 0.13 V while these optimized properties are achieved at a small operating voltage of 2 V. All experimental results demonstrate the potential application of aqueous solution technology for future low-cost, energy-efficient, large-scale, and high-performance electronics.
Application of Surface-Modified Nanoclay in a Hybrid Adsorption-Ultrafiltration Process for Enhanced Nitrite Ions Removal: Chemometric Approach vs. Machine Learning
Authors: Cojocaru Corneliu , Pascariu Petronela , Enache Andra-Cristina , Bargan Alexandra , Samoila Petrisor
Published: February 2023

Herein, we report the results of a study on combining adsorption and ultrafiltration in a single-stage process to remove nitrite ions from contaminated water. As adsorbent, a surface-modified nanoclay was employed (i.e., Nanomer® I.28E, containing 25–30 wt. % trimethyl stearyl ammonium). Ultrafiltration experiments were conducted using porous polymeric membranes (Ultracel® 10 kDa). The hybrid process of adsorption-ultrafiltration was modeled and optimized using three computational tools: (1) response surface methodology (RSM), (2) artificial neural network (ANN), and (3) support vector machine (SVM). The optimal conditions provided by machine learning (SVM) were found to be the best, revealing a rejection efficiency of 86.3% and an initial flux of permeate of 185 LMH for a moderate dose of the nanoclay (0.674% w/v). Likewise, a new and more retentive membrane (based on PVDF-HFP copolymer and halloysite (HS) inorganic nanotubes) was produced by the phase-inversion method, characterized by SEM, EDX, AFM, and FTIR techniques, and then tested under optimal conditions. This new composite membrane (PVDF-HFP/HS) with a thickness of 112 μm and a porosity of 75.32% unveiled an enhanced rejection efficiency (95.0%) and a lower initial flux of permeate (28 LMH). Moreover, molecular docking simulations disclosed the intermolecular interactions between nitrite ions and the functional moiety of the organonanoclay.
Ultra-Violet-Assisted Scalable Method to Fabricate Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich Titanium-Dioxide Semiconductor Film for Water Decontamination under Natural Sunlight Irradiation
Authors: Alyami Mohammed
Published: February 2023

This work reports the fabrication of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle (NPs) films using a scalable drop-casting method followed by ultra-violet (UV) irradiation for creating defective oxygen vacancies on the surface of a fabricated TiO2 semiconductor film using an UV lamp with a wavelength oof 255 nm for 3 h. The success of the use of the proposed scalable strategy to fabricate oxygen-vacancy-rich TiO2 films was assessed through UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Ti 2p XPS spectra acquired from the UV-treated sample showed the presence of additional Ti3+ ions compared with the untreated sample, which contained only Ti4+ ions. The band gap of the untreated TiO2 film was reduced from 3.2 to 2.95 eV after UV exposure due to the created oxygen vacancies, as evident from the presence of Ti3+ ions. Radiation exposure has no significant influence on sample morphology and peak pattern, as revealed by the SEM and XRD analyses, respectively. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the fabricated TiO2 films for methylene-blue-dye removal was found to be 99% for the UV-treated TiO2 films and compared with untreated TiO2 film, which demonstrated only 77% at the same operating conditions under natural-sunlight irradiation. The proposed UV-radiation method of oxygen vacancy has the potential to promote the wider application of photo-catalytic TiO2 semiconductor films under visible-light irradiation for solving many environmental and energy-crisis challenges for many industrial and technological applications.
The Effects of Chitosan on the Healing Process of Oral Mucosa: An Observational Cohort Feasibility Split-Mouth Study
Authors: de Jesus Gonçalo , Marques Lara , Vale Nuno , Mendes Rui Amaral
Published: February 2023

The healing process is a dynamic process accompanied by some classical symptoms of inflammation such as redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Chitosan is a natural polymer with properties that contribute to tissue healing, with properties that could be applied in periodontal therapy, such as the wound healing of oral mucosa. This experimental split-mouth study aims to assess the possibilities of chitosan influencing the healing process of oral mucosa in eight patients, where the studied group was subjected to two oral surgeries: one with chitosan hydrogel into the socket and other without the biomaterial. A semi-quantitative analysis of the data was performed. Some classic signs of inflammation in a short period of time were observed where chitosan acted, compared to the control. An absence of bleeding was observed in the chitosan cases. According to the literature, chitosan recruits and activates neutrophils and macrophages and stimulates angiogenesis. Hemostatic and antimicrobial activity of chitosan also play an important role in wound healing. Chitosan seems to improve the postoperative quality of patients, allowing rapid wound healing with less complications.
MOF-Derived CoNi Nanoalloy Particles Encapsulated in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon as Superdurable Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalyst
Authors: Wang Li , Liu Jiewen , Tian Chuanjin , Zhao Wenyan , Li Pengzhang , Liu Wen , Song Liang , Liu Yumin , Wang Chang-An , Xie Zhipeng
Published: February 2023

Carbon-encapsulated transition metal catalysts have caught the interest of researchers in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their distinctive architectures and highly tunable electronic structures. In this work, we synthesized N-doped carbon encapsulated with CoNi nanoalloy particles (CoNi@NC) as the electrocatalysts. The metal-organic skeleton ZIF-67 nanocubes were first synthesized, and then Ni2+ ions were inserted to generate CoNi-ZIF precursors by a simple ion-exchange route, which was followed by pyrolysis and with urea for the introduction of nitrogen (N) at a low temperature to synthesize CoNi@NC composites. The results reveal that ZIF-67 pyrolysis can dope more N atoms in the carbon skeleton and that the pyrolysis temperature influences the ORR and OER performances. The sample prepared by CoNi@NC pyrolysis at 650 °C has a high N content (9.70%) and a large specific surface area (167 m2 g−1), with a positive ORR onset potential (Eonset) of 0.89 V vs. RHE and half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.81 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M KOH, and the overpotential of the OER measured in 1 M KOH was only 286 mV at 10 mA cm−2. The highly efficient bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalysts synthesized by this method can offer some insights into the design and synthesis of complex metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) hybrid structures and their derivatives as functional materials in energy storage.
Combined Approach: FFQ, DII, Anthropometric, Biochemical and DNA Damage Parameters in Obese with BMI ≥ 35 kg m−2
Authors: Milić Mirta , Ožvald Ivan , Matković Katarina , Radašević Hrvoje , Nikolić Maja , Božičević Dragan , Duh Lidija , Matovinović Martina , Bituh Martina
Published: February 2023

Although obesity with its comorbidities is linked with higher cancer risk, the data on genome stability in the obese/severely obese are scarce. This is the first study with three DNA damage assessment assays (Fpg-modified and alkaline comet assays and micronucleus cytome assay) performed on a severely obese population (n = 53) where the results were compared with daily intake of food groups, nutrient intake, dietary inflammatory index (DII), and anthropometric and biochemical parameters usually measured in obese individuals. Results demonstrated the association between DNA damage levels and a decrease in cell proliferation with anthropometric measurements and the severity of obese status, together with elevated levels of urates, inorganic phosphates, chlorides, and hs troponin I levels. DII was connected with oxidative DNA damage, while BMI and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were associated with a decrease in cell proliferation and DNA damage creation. Measured daily BMR and calculated daily energy intake from the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) demonstrated no significant difference (1792.80 vs. 1869.86 kcal day−1 mean values). Groups with higher DNA damage than expected (tail intensity in comet assay >9% and >12.4%, micronucleus frequency >13), consumed daily, weekly, and monthly more often some type of food groups, but differences did not show a clear influence on the elevated DNA damage levels. Combination of all three DNA damage assays demonstrated that some type of damage can start earlier in the obese individual lifespan, such as nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges, then comes decrease in cell proliferation and then elevated micronucleus frequencies, and that primary DNA damage is not maybe crucial in the overweight, but in severely obese. Biochemically changed parameters pointed out that obesity can have an impact on changes in blood cell counts and division and also on genomic instability. Assays were able to demonstrate groups of sensitive individuals that should be further monitored for genomic instability and cancer prevention, especially when obesity is already connected with comorbidities, 13 different cancers, and a higher mortality risk with 7–10 disease-free years loss. In the future, both DNA damage and biochemical parameters should be combined with anthropometric ones for further obese monitoring, better insight into biological changes in the severely obese, and a more individual approach in therapy and treatment. Patients should also get a proper education about the foodstuff with pro- and anti-inflammatory effect.
Two Faces of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitor on One-Carbon Metabolism in Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kim Jin Hee , Jin Shaoyue , Eo Hyeyoon , Oh Myung Sook , Lim Yunsook
Published: February 2023

Levodopa (L-dopa) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibition are widely used therapeutics in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite their therapeutic effects, it was raised that nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism can be deteriorated by PD therapies. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of L-dopa and COMT inhibitors on levels of homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B12 and folate in patients with PD. A total of 35 case-control studies from 14 different countries were selected through PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar and were meta-analyzed. In the L-dopa group, the Hcy level was higher compared to the PD without L-dopa group (SMD: 5.11 μmol/L, 95% CI: 3.56 to 6.66). Moreover, vitamin B12 and folate levels in the L-dopa group were lower compared to the healthy control (SMD: −62.67 pg/mL, 95% CI: −86.53 to −38.81; SMD: −0.89 ng/mL, 95% CI: −1.44 to −0.33, respectively). The COMT inhibitor group showed lower levels of Hcy (SMD: −3.78 μmol/L, 95% CI: −5.27 to −2.29) and vitamin B12 (SMD: −51.01 pg/mL, 95% CI: −91.45 to −10.57), but higher folate levels (SMD: 1.78 ng/mL, 95% CI: −0.59 to 4.15) compared to the L-dopa group. COMT inhibitors may ameliorate L-dopa-induced hyper-homocysteine and folate deficiency but exacerbate vitamin B12 deficiency.
Limited Effect of Dehydrating via Active vs. Passive Heat Stress on Plasma Volume or Osmolality, Relative to the Effect of These Stressors per Se
Authors: Davies Alexandria , Akerman Ashley Paul , Rehrer Nancy Jane , Thornton Simon N. , Cotter James David
Published: February 2023

The physiological, perceptual, and functional effects of dehydration may depend on how it is incurred (e.g., intense exercise releases endogenous water via glycogenolysis) but this basic notion has rarely been examined. We investigated the effects of active (exercise) heat- vs. passive heat-induced dehydration, and the kinetics of ad libitum rehydration following each method. Twelve fit participants (five females and seven males) completed four trials in randomised order: DEHydration to −3% change in body mass (∆BM) under passive or active heat stress, and EUHydration to prevent ∆BM under passive or active heat stress. In all trials, participants then sat in a temperate-controlled environment, ate a standard snack and had free access to water and sports drink during their two-hour recovery. During mild dehydration (≤2% ∆BM), active and passive heating caused comparable increases in plasma osmolality (Posm: ~4 mOsmol/kg, interaction: p = 0.138) and reductions in plasma volume (PV: ~10%, interaction: p = 0.718), but heat stress per se was the main driver of hypovolaemia. Thirst in DEHydration was comparably stimulated by active than passive heat stress (p < 0.161) and shared the same relation to Posm (r ≥ 0.744) and ∆BM (r ≥ 0.882). Following heat exposures, at 3% gross ∆BM, PV reduction was approximately twice as large from passive versus active heating (p = 0.003), whereas Posm perturbations were approximately twice as large from EUHydration versus DEHydration (p < 0.001). Rehydrating ad libitum resulted in a similar net fluid balance between passive versus active heat stress and restored PV despite the incomplete replacement of ∆BM. In conclusion, dehydrating by 2% ∆BM via passive heat stress generally did not cause larger changes to PV or Posm than via active heat stress. The heat stressors themselves caused a greater reduction in PV than dehydration did, whereas ingesting water to maintain euhydration produced large reductions in Posm in recovery and therefore appears to be of more physiological significance.
Naringin Alleviates Glucose-Induced Aging by Reducing Fat Accumulation and Promoting Autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Guo Peisen , Wang Panpan , Liu Limin , Wang Peixi , Lin Guimiao , Qu Zhi , Yu Zengli , Liu Nan
Published: February 2023

Naringin (Nar) is a dihydroflavonoid compound, widely found in citrus fruit and used in Chinese herbal medicine. As a phytochemical, it acts as a dietary supplement that can delay aging and prevent aging-related disease, such as obesity and diabetes. However, its exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the high-glucose-induced (HGI) Caenorhabditis elegans model was used to evaluate the anti-aging and anti-obesity effects of Nar. The mean lifespan and fast movement span of HGI worms were extended roughly 24% and 11%, respectively, by Nar treatment. Oil red O staining revealed a significant reduction in fat accumulation and dFP::LGG-labeled worms showed the promotion of autophagy. Additionally, whole transcriptome sequencing and gene set variation analysis suggested that Nar upregulated the lipid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways, as well as the TGF-β, Wnt and longevity signaling pathways. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified hub genes in these pathways for further analysis. Mutant worms and RNA interference were used to study mechanisms; the suppression of hlh-30, lgg-1, unc-51, pha-4, skn-1 and yap-1 disabled the fat-lowering, lifespan-prolonging, and health-promoting properties of Nar. Collectively, our findings indicate that Nar plays an important role in alleviating HGI-aging and anti-obesity effects by reducing fat accumulation and promoting autophagy.
The Role of Gut Microbiota in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Diabetes: Lessons from Animal Models and Humans
Authors: Qi Yue , Wang Xiaofei
Published: February 2023

The number of diabetes mellitus patients is increasing rapidly worldwide. Diet and nutrition are strongly believed to play a significant role in the development of diabetes mellitus. However, the specific dietary factors and detailed mechanisms of its development have not been clearly elucidated. Increasing evidence indicates the intestinal microbiota is becoming abundantly apparent in the progression and prevention of insulin resistance in diabetes. Differences in gut microbiota composition, particularly butyrate-producing bacteria, have been observed in preclinical animal models as well as human patients compared to healthy controls. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may disrupt intestinal barrier functions and alter host metabolic pathways, directly or indirectly relating to insulin resistance. In this article, we focus on dietary fat, diabetes, and gut microbiome characterization. The promising probiotic and prebiotic approaches to diabetes, by favorably modifying the composition of the gut microbial community, warrant further investigation through well-designed human clinical studies.
Role of β-Alanine Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Mood, and Physical Function in Older Adults; Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Ostfeld Ishay , Ben-Zeev Tavor , Zamir Amit , Levi Chagai , Gepner Yftach , Springer Shmuel , Hoffman Jay R.
Published: February 2023

This study investigated 10 weeks of β-alanine (BA) supplementation on changes in cognitive function, mood, and physical performance in 100 older adults (70.6 ± 8.7 y). Participants were randomized into a BA (2.4 g·d−1) or placebo (PL) group. Testing occurred prior to supplementation (PRE), at the midpoint (MID), and at week-10 (POST). Participants completed cognitive function assessments, including the Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA) and the Stroop pattern recognition test, at each testing session. Behavioral questionnaires [i.e., the profile of mood states, geriatric depression scale (GDS), and geriatric anxiety scale (GAS)] and physical function assessments (grip strength and timed sit-to-stand) were also conducted. No difference between groups was noted in MoCA scores (p = 0.19). However, when examining participants whose MOCA scores at PRE were at or below normal (i.e., ≤26), participants in BA experienced significant improvements in MOCA scores at MID (13.6%, p = 0.009) and POST (11.8%, p = 0.016), compared to PL. No differences were noted in mood scores, GAS, or any of the physical performance measures. A significant decrease was observed in the GDS for participants consuming BA but not in PL. Results suggested that BA supplementation can improve cognitive function in older adults whose cognitive function at baseline was at or below normal and possibly reduce depression scores.
Impacts of a Multi-Professional Family versus Isolated Intervention on Food Level Processing in Overweight Adolescents: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Marques Déborah C. S. , Ferreira Willian C. , Santos Isabella C. , Ryal Joed J. , Marques Marilene G. S. , Oliveira Fabiano M. , Milani Rute G. , Mota Jorge , Valdés-Badilla Pablo , Branco Braulio H. M.
Published: February 2023

The food consumption of adolescents has changed nowadays, with an increase in ultra-processed food that in general shows higher calories and lower nutrients. Because of this, the objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of a 12-week multi-professional family versus isolated intervention on the food level processing of overweight adolescents. A randomized clinical trial study was carried out in which adolescents (n = 43; mean aged 13.73 years) who were divided into FG—family group (n = 21; the adolescents performed the activities with their parents) and IG—isolated group (n = 22; the adolescents performed the activities alone). The parameters measured before and after 12 weeks of multi-professional intervention (physical exercise, nutrition and psychoeducation) were: body mass, height and body mass index-BMI. The level of food processing was analyzed using a three-day food recall (24hR), classified according to the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population (fresh, minimally, processed and ultra-processed foods). The main results show that there was only a significant reduction in the consumption of processed foods (FG: 7.93%; IG: 49.73%) and ultra-processed foods (FG: 35.06%; IG: 67.16%) in grams (FG: 22.29%; IG: 65.23%) and calories (p < 0.05; for all comparisons). The consumption of fresh foods in grams (FG:61.97%; IG: 147.13%) and calories (FG: 147.13%; IG: 118.03%) and minimally processed foods (FG: 27.45%; IG: 14.64%) in grams increased significantly (p < 0.05; for all comparisons). However, no significant differences were observed between all variables analyzed for the groups, nor any interaction (p > 0.05). In conclusion, both groups who participated in the activities showed positive changes with increased consumption of fresh foods and reduced consumption of processed foods, without difference between them.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Professional Nurses’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Organ Donation in Critical Care Units of Public and Private Hospitals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Green Bukelwa , Goon Daniel Ter , Mtise Tobeka , Oladimeji Olanrewaju
Published: February 2023

Background: Globally, there is an overwhelming increase in the number of patients waiting for donated organs for transplantation, with a gross shortage of available organs. Lack of clear practice guidelines and the knowledge and attitudes of health care providers were hypothesized as possible reasons. We aimed to determine the attitudes, level of knowledge, and practices of professional nurses working in critical care units in public and private hospitals in Eastern Cape Province regarding organ donation. Method: The study used a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive design to investigate the current knowledge, attitude, and practice of organ donation in critical care among 108 professional nurses working in public and private critical care units in Eastern cape. Data were collected between 26 February 2017 until 27 June 2017 using anonymous, self-administered, pretested questionnaires. The means of knowledge, and practice scores were estimated among participants, and their associated categorical explanatory variables were ascertained. Results: A total of 108 nurses participated in the study. Of these, 94 (87.0%) were female, 78 (72.2%) were black, 104 (96.3%) were Christians, 79 (73.2%) worked in an ICU, 79 (73.2%) had a diploma qualification, and 67 (62.0%) worked in a tertiary hospital. About 67% of the respondents had good knowledge, 53% had a positive attitude, and 50.4% had poor practice readiness toward organ donation. Working in renal units (p < 0.001) and practicing in tertiary hospitals (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a high organ donation knowledge score while being a female nurse (p = 0.036), working in renal units (p < 0.001), and practicing in tertiary hospitals (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a high organ donation practice score. Conclusion: Differences in organ donation knowledge and practices were noted between the different levels of health care services as the tertiary level outperformed the secondary level institutions. Nurses play a major role in critical and end-of-life care and are closer to patients and relatives. Hence, pre- and in-service education and promotional campaigns among nurses at all levels of care would be a strategic step to scale availability of donated organs and would meet the needs of thousands of individuals who need them to survive.
Ionic Liquids as Tools to Incorporate Pharmaceutical Ingredients into Biopolymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Berton Paula , Shamshina Julia L.
Published: February 2023

This mini-review focuses on the various roles that ionic liquids (ILs) play in the development and applications of biopolymer-based drug delivery systems (DDSs). Biopolymers are particularly attractive as drug delivery matrices due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, biodegradability, and strength, whereas ILs can assist the formation of drug delivery systems. In this work, we showcase the different strategies that were explored using ILs in biopolymer-based DDSs, including impregnation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)-ILs into biopolymeric materials, employment of the ILs to simplify the process of making the biopolymer-based DDSs, and using the ILs either as dopants or as anchoring agents.
Peptide Engraftment on PEGylated Nanoliposomes for Bone Specific Delivery of PTH (1-34) in Osteoporosis
Authors: Salave Sagar , Shinde Suchita Dattatray , Rana Dhwani , Sahu Bichismita , Kumar Hemant , Patel Rikin , Benival Derajram , Kommineni Nagavendra
Published: February 2023

Bone-specific functionalization strategies on liposomes are promising approaches to delivering the drug in osteoporotic conditions. This approach delivers the drug to the bone surface specifically, reduces the dose and off-target effects of the drug, and thereby reduces the toxicity of the drug. The purpose of the current research work was to fabricate the bone-specific peptide conjugated pegylated nanoliposomes to deliver anabolic drug and its physicochemical evaluations. For this, a bone-specific peptide (SDSSD) was synthesized, and the synthesized peptide was conjugated with a linker (DSPE-PEG2000-COOH) to obtain a bone-specific conjugate (SDSSD-DSPE). Purified SDSSD-DSPE was characterized by HPLC, Maldi-TOF, NMR, and Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Further, peptide-conjugated and anabolic drug-encapsulated liposomes (SDSSD-LPs) were developed using the ethanol injection method and optimized by Central Composite Design (CCD) using a statistical approach. Optimized SDSSD-LPs were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, including surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, and bone mineral binding potential. The obtained results from these studies demonstrated that SDSSD-DSPE conjugate and SDSSD-LPs were optimized successfully. The particle size, % EE, and zeta potential of SDSSD-LPs were observed to be 183.07 ± 0.85 nm, 66.72 ± 4.22%, and −25.03 ± 0.21 mV, respectively. SDSSD-LPs demonstrated a sustained drug release profile. Further, the in vitro bone mineral binding assay demonstrated that SDSSD-LPs deliver the drug to the bone surface specifically. These results suggested that SDSSD-LPs could be a potential targeting approach to deliver the anabolic drug in osteoporotic conditions.
The Ability of Some Polysaccharides to Disaggregate Lysozyme Amyloid Fibrils and Renature the Protein
Authors: Makshakova Olga , Bogdanova Liliya , Faizullin Dzhigangir , Khaibrakhmanova Diliara , Ziganshina Sufia , Ermakova Elena , Zuev Yuriy , Sedov Igor
Published: February 2023

The deposition of proteins in the form of insoluble amyloid fibril aggregates is linked to a range of diseases. The supramolecular architecture of such deposits is governed by the propagation of β-strands in the direction of protofilament growth. In the present study, we analyze the structural changes of hen egg-white lysozyme fibrils upon their interactions with a range of polysaccharides, using AFM and FTIR spectroscopy. Linear anionic polysaccharides, such as κ-carrageenan and sodium alginate, are shown to be capable to disaggregate protofilaments with eventual protein renaturation. The results help to understand the mechanism of amyloid disaggregation and create a platform for both the development of new therapeutic agents for amyloidose treatment, and the design of novel functional protein–polysaccharide complex-based nanomaterials.
Innovation in the Development of Synthetic and Natural Ocular Drug Delivery Systems for Eye Diseases Treatment: Focusing on Drug-Loaded Ocular Inserts, Contacts, and Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Pelusi Letizia , Mandatori Domitilla , Mastropasqua Leonardo , Agnifili Luca , Allegretti Marcello , Nubile Mario , Pandolfi Assunta
Published: February 2023

Nowadays, ocular drug delivery still remains a challenge, since the conventional dosage forms used for anterior and posterior ocular disease treatments, such as topical, systemic, and intraocular administration methods, present important limitations mainly related to the anatomical complexity of the eye. In particular, the blood–ocular barrier along with the corneal barrier, ocular surface, and lacrimal fluid secretion reduce the availability of the administered active compounds and their efficacy. These limitations have increased the need to develop safe and effective ocular delivery systems able to sustain the drug release in the interested ocular segment over time. In the last few years, thanks to the innovations in the materials and technologies employed, different ocular drug delivery systems have been developed. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the synthetic and natural drug-loaded ocular inserts, contacts, and intraocular lenses that have been recently developed, emphasizing the characteristics that make them promising for future ocular clinical applications.
Role of HIKESHI on Hyperthermia for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Application of a Novel Magnetic Nanoparticle with Carbon Nanohorn for Magnetic Hyperthermia
Authors: Nagai Takashi , Kawai Noriyasu , Gonda Masakazu , Iida Keitaro , Etani Toshiki , Kobayashi Daichi , Naiki Taku , Naiki-Ito Aya , Ando Ryosuke , Yamaguchi Sataro , Sugahara Yuto , Ueno Sakyo , Tsutsumiuchi Kaname , Imae Toyoko , Yasui Takahiro
Published: February 2023

The prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is technically scarce; therefore, a novel treatment for CRPC remains warranted. To this end, hyperthermia (HT) was investigated as an alternative therapy. In this study, the analysis focused on the association between CRPC and heat shock protein nuclear import factor “hikeshi (HIKESHI)”, a factor of heat tolerance. Silencing the HIKESHI expression of 22Rv1 cells (human CRPC cell line) treated with siRNAs inhibited the translocation of heat shock protein 70 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus under heat shock and enhanced the effect of hyperthermia. Moreover, a novel magnetic nanoparticle was developed via binding carbon nanohorn (CNH) and iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) with 3-aminopropylsilyl (APS). Tumor-bearing model mice implanted with 22 Rv1 cells were examined to determine the effect of magnetic HT (mHT). We locally injected CNH-APS-IONP into the tumor, which was set under an alternative magnetic field and showed that tumor growth in the treatment group was significantly suppressed compared with other groups. This study suggests that HIKESHI silencing enhances the sensitivity of 22Rv1 cells to HT, and CNH-APTES-IONP deserves consideration for mHT.
Polymeric Systems for the Controlled Release of Flavonoids
Authors: Pecorini Gianni , Ferraro Elisabetta , Puppi Dario
Published: February 2023

Flavonoids are natural compounds that are attracting great interest in the biomedical field thanks to the wide spectrum of their biological properties. Their employment as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic drugs, as well as for many other pharmacological applications, is extensively investigated. One of the most successful ways to increase their therapeutic efficacy is to encapsulate them into a polymeric matrix in order to control their concentration in the physiological fluids for a prolonged time. The aim of this article is to provide an updated overview of scientific literature on the polymeric systems developed so far for the controlled release of flavonoids. The different classes of flavonoids are described together with the polymers most commonly employed for drug delivery applications. Representative drug delivery systems are discussed, highlighting the most common techniques for their preparation. The flavonoids investigated for polymer system encapsulation are then presented with their main source of extraction and biological properties. Relevant literature on their employment in this context is reviewed in relationship to the targeted pharmacological and biomedical applications.
The Potential of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products in the Treatment of Burns and Sunburn—A Review
Authors: Skowrońska Weronika , Bazylko Agnieszka
Published: February 2023

Treating burns remains a challenge for modern medicine, especially in developing countries that cannot afford expensive, advanced therapies. This review article summarises clinical and animal model studies of botanical preparations and their mixtures in treating burn wounds and sunburn. Articles available in electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar, published in English in 2010–2022, were considered. In the described clinical trials, it was shown that some herbal preparations have better effectiveness in treating burn wounds, including shortening the healing time and reducing inflammation, than the conventional treatment used hitherto. These herbal preparations contained extracts from Albizia julibrissin, Alkanna tinctoria, Aloe vera, Arnebia euchroma, Betula pendula and Betula pubescens, Centella asiatica, Hippophaë rhamnoides, Juglans regia, Lawsonia inermis, and mixtures of Matricaria chamomilla and Rosa canina. Research on animal models shows that many extracts may potentially benefit the treatment of burn wounds and sunburn. Due to the diverse mechanism of action, antibacterial activity, the safety of use and cost-effectiveness, herbal preparations can compete with conventional treatment. The growing interest in alternative medicine and herbal medicine encourages further research. Not only single preparations but also their mixtures should be taken into account because the research conducted so far often suggests a synergistic effect of the ingredients.
Accelerated Shelf-Life and Stability Testing of Hydrolyzed Corn Starch Films
Authors: Ghizdareanu Andra-Ionela , Pasarin Diana , Banu Alexandra , Ionita (Afilipoaei) Andreea , Enascuta Cristina Emanuela , Vlaicu Alexandru
Published: February 2023

Nonbiodegradable food packaging films are made from plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which can take hundreds of years to decompose and create environmental hazards. On the other hand, biodegradable food packaging films are made from renewable materials such as corn starch or cellulose, that degrade within a few weeks or months and prove to be more sustainable and environmentally friendly. In this work, we used corn starch hydrolyzed (CSH) with α-amylase to prepare a film with biodegradable properties. The film was tested for 60 days at different accelerated temperatures and relative humidity (RH), 13 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5% RH, 23 ± 2 °C and 45 ± 5% RH, and 33 ± 2 °C and 30 ± 5% RH, to test its durability and stability. Soil biodegradation of the CSH film was evaluated by visual appearance, microscopic observation, weight loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) every 6 days. The film was found to have strong hygroscopic properties and was able to last up to 10 months if it is maintained at 20 ± 5 °C and 45 ± 5% RH. After the biodegradability test for at least 30 days, the film showed a significantly higher weight loss rate and microbial activity on the surface of the film, which indicates that the film is biodegradable. The present work recommends biodegradable CSH films as an excellent environmentally friendly choice for dried foods packaging, due to their good shelf life at room temperature, which is beneficial when shipping and storing products, but these films are not suitable for foods with high moisture content.
Eco-Friendly Wood Composites: Design, Characterization and Applications
Authors: Savov Viktor , Antov Petar , Zhou Yonghui , Bekhta Pavlo
Published: February 2023

The ongoing transition from a linear to a circular, low-carbon bioeconomy is crucial for reducing the consumption of global natural resources, minimizing waste generation, reducing carbon emissions, and creating more sustainable growth and jobs, the prerequisites necessary to achieve climate neutrality targets and stop biodiversity loss [...]
Synaptic Transistors Based on PVA: Chitosan Biopolymer Blended Electric-Double-Layer with High Ionic Conductivity
Authors: Lee Dong-Hee , Park Hamin , Cho Won-Ju
Published: February 2023

This study proposed a biocompatible polymeric organic material-based synaptic transistor gated with a biopolymer electrolyte. A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA):chitosan (CS) biopolymer blended electrolyte with high ionic conductivity was used as an electrical double layer (EDL). It served as a gate insulator with a key function as an artificial synaptic transistor. The frequency-dependent capacitance characteristics of PVA:CS-based biopolymer EDL were evaluated using an EDL capacitor (Al/PVA: CS blended electrolyte-based EDL/Pt configuration). Consequently, the PVA:CS blended electrolyte behaved as an EDL owing to high capacitance (1.53 µF/cm2) at 100 Hz and internal mobile protonic ions. Electronic synaptic transistors fabricated using the PVA:CS blended electrolyte-based EDL membrane demonstrated basic artificial synaptic behaviors such as excitatory post-synaptic current modulation, paired-pulse facilitation, and dynamic signal-filtering functions by pre-synaptic spikes. In addition, the spike-timing-dependent plasticity was evaluated using synaptic spikes. The synaptic weight modulation was stable during repetitive spike cycles for potentiation and depression. Pattern recognition was conducted through a learning simulation for artificial neural networks (ANNs) using Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology datasheets to examine the neuromorphic computing system capability (high recognition rate of 92%). Therefore, the proposed synaptic transistor is suitable for ANNs and shows potential for biological and eco-friendly neuromorphic systems.
Response of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibers: Impact Strength and Water-Uptake Behaviors
Authors: Vallejos María E. , Vilaseca Fabiola , Méndez José A. , Espinach Francisco X. , Aguado Roberto J. , Delgado-Aguilar Marc , Mutjé Pere
Published: February 2023

Composites from polypropylene (PP) reinforced with hemp strands (HS) are prepared in the current work with the aim of deepening on the influence of this reinforcement on the impact performance of these specific composites. Despite all the research conducted in this field, the effect of this natural reinforcement on the absorbed energy during crack formation and propagation is not fully tackled in previous research works. From the methodology and samples’ geometry, the results concluded that the quality of the interface has a noticeable role in the impact resistance of these materials. The interface strength, fiber dispersion and fiber pullout are the main contributors to crack formation, whereas fiber pullout is the main one responsible for crack propagation. Maximum values of absorbed energy were found for PP composites comprising 20–30 wt% of HS and 8 wt% of the coupling agent for the un-notched samples, whereas maximum absorbed energy values corresponded to PP composites with 40 wt% of HS and 4 wt% of coupling agent for the notched samples. The water-absorption behavior in different humid environments is also examined. From the kinetic study, the water diffusion followed a Fickean behavior showing low-diffusion coefficients, increasing with fiber content. This systematic investigation represents a contribution to the analysis of the potential of reinforcing conventional polymers with natural materials, as a strategy towards more sustainable development.
Dopamine-Assisted Modification of Polypropylene Film to Attain Hydrophilic Mineral-Rich Surfaces
Authors: Ojstršek Alenka , Chemelli Angela , Osmić Azra , Gorgieva Selestina
Published: February 2023

The presented study focuses on the modification of polypropylene (PP) film with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) under heterogeneous conditions via polydopamine/polyethylene imine (PDA/PEI) chemistry using a facile dip-coating procedure to attain hydrophilic mineral-rich surfaces. Thus, the resulting PP-based films were further immersed in ion-rich simulated body fluid (SBF) to deposit Ca-based minerals onto the film’s surfaces efficiently. In addition, the chemical reaction mechanism on PP film was proposed, and mineralisation potential inspected by determination of functional groups of deposits, zeta potential, hydrophilicity and surface morphology/topography using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, streaming potential, water contact angle (WCA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained results show the improved wettability of samples on account of PDA inclusion (WCA was reduced from 103° for pure PP film to 28° for PDA-modified film), as well as the presence of functional groups, due to the PDA/PEI/TEOS surface functionalisation, increased the ability of minerals to nucleate on the PP film’s surface when it was exposed to an SBF medium. Moreover, the higher surface roughness due to the silica coatings influenced the enhanced anchoring and attachment of calcium phosphate (CaP), revealing the potential of such a facile approach to modify the chemically inert PP films, being of particular interest in different fields, including regenerative medicine.
Development of an Electrically Conductive MDF Panel—Evaluation of Carbon Content and Resin Type
Authors: Tschannen Christof , Shalbafan Ali , Thoemen Heiko
Published: February 2023

Electronics in furniture and construction materials, in particular technologies which allow for a flexible and cable-free connection of electronics in such materials, are gaining broader interest. This study shows a further development of a concept to obtain highly conductive medium-density fibreboard panels (MDF) for furniture application. MDF were produced using two mixing processes (wet and dry) for wood and carbon fibres to investigate the effects of resin type (urea formaldehyde (UF) and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI)) and carbon fibre content on their mechanical, physical, and electrical properties. Overall, wet mixed fibres showed better electrical but reduced mechanical properties. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and bending strength (MOR) values of 3500 MPa and 35 MPa, respectively, and internal bond (IB) values of 0.45 to 0.65 MPa with electrical conductivities of up to 230 S/m were achieved. The technology has been successfully implemented in a demonstration object showing the application in a small piece of furniture.
Microbially Synthesized Polymer-Metal Nanoparticles Composites as Promising Wound Dressings to Overcome Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Authors: Balcucho Jennifer , Narváez Diana M. , Tarazona Natalia A. , Castro-Mayorga Jinneth Lorena
Published: February 2023

Antimicrobial resistance has been declared one of the top 10 global public health threats. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of recurring skin and soft tissue infections in patients with chronic skin conditions such as diabetic foot infections, making the treatment of the ulcers challenging. Wound dressings combined with metal nanoparticles have been suggested to prevent and treat MRSA-infected wounds. However, these particles are commonly synthesized by chemical approaches. In this study, we developed bio-based silver (Bio-AgNPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) polymer composites using a microbially produced polyester from the Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) family. Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate)-co-(3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHO) was synthesized by Pseudomonas putida and functionalized in-situ with Bio-AgNPs or ex-situ with CuONPs. PHO-CuONPs films did not inhibit MRSA growth, while a reduction of 6.0 log CFU/mL was achieved with PHO-Bio-AgNPs synthesized from silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution at 3.5 mM. Exposure of human fibroblast cells (HFF-1) to the bioactive films did not induce notable cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, as seen by a viability higher than 79% and no significant changes in basal DNA damage. However, exposure to PHO-Bio-AgNPs induced oxidative DNA damage in HFF-1 cells. No hemolytic potential was observed, while platelet aggregation was promoted and desired for wound healing. Here we demonstrate the biosynthesis of polymer-nanoparticle composites and their potential as bioactive films for MRSA treatment.
Scalable Continuous Manufacturing Process of Stereocomplex PLA by Twin-Screw Extrusion
Authors: Alhaj Mohammed , Narayan Ramani
Published: February 2023

A scalable continuous manufacturing method to produce stereocomplex PLA was developed and optimized by melt-blending a 1:1 blend of high molecular weight poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and high molecular weight poly(D-lactide) (PDLA) in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Thermal characteristics of stereocomplex formation were characterized via DSC to identify the optimal temperature profile and time for processing stereocomplex PLA. At the proper temperature window, high stereocomplex formation is achieved as the twin-screw extruder allows for alignment of the chains; this is due to stretching of the polymer chains in the extruder. The extruder processing conditions were optimized and used to produce >95% of stereocomplex PLA conversion (melting peak temperature Tpm = 240 °C). ATR-FTIR depicts the formation of stereocomplex crystallites based on the absorption band at 908 cm−1 (β helix). The only peaks observed for stereocomplex PLA’s WAXD profile were at 2θ values of 12, 21, and 24°, verifying >99% of stereocomplex formation. The total crystallinity of stereocomplex PLA ranges from 56 to 64%. A significant improvement in the tensile behavior was observed in comparison to the homopolymers, resulting in a polymer of high strength and toughness. These results lead us to propose stereocomplex PLA as a potential additive/fiber that can reinforce the material properties of neat PLA.