bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) gene polymorphism in asthma and atopy among adults
Authors: Aittoniemi J , Soranummi H , Rovio A T , Hurme M , Pessi T , Nieminen M , Karjalainen J
Published: September 2005

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) insufficiency due to polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene causes an opsonization defect, which has been connected to infections and atopy. We investigated the significance of MBL2 genotypes with regard to persistent asthma and atopy among adults. The genotypes were determined in 243 adults with persistent asthma and 400 controls. Atopy was determined by skin-prick test. As a result, the carriage of −221 base pairs (bp) promoter region variant allele X (nucleotide change G→C; alleles Y→X, respectively) causing low MBL expression proved to be a significant risk factor for asthma in non-atopic males [odds ratio (OR) = 2·52, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1·23–5·15; P = 0·01]. Furthermore, the X-allele carriage was associated with the decrease in lung function (forced expiratory volume at 1 s, FEV1) during follow-up in the patients with asthma (P = 0·033), the effect being strongest for non-atopic asthmatics (P = 0·042). The MBL2 genotype had no clear effect on the occurrence of atopy in adults. In conclusion, our results abrogate the previously suggested predisposing effect of MBL insufficiency on atopy at least in adults. However, as MBL is a complement component participating in immune defence against microbes, and as in the pathogenesis of non-atopic asthma infectious agents are probably involved, the gene–environment interactions between MBL and infections should be assessed further with regard to asthma.
Neutrophilic granulocytes are the predominant cell type infiltrating pancreatic islets in contact with ABO-compatible blood
Authors: Moberg L , Korsgren O , Nilsson B
Published: September 2005

The poor outcome of intraportal islet transplantation may be explained by the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), characterized by islet entrapment in blood clots, leucocyte infiltration and disruption of islet morphology. Here we employ a newly developed in vitro system to identify the blood cells involved in this process. Islets were mixed with ABO-compatible blood in heparinized tubes and incubated for various times up to 6 h. Clots were analysed immunohistochemically for detection of platelets (CD41a), leucocytes/lymphocytes (CD11b), granulocytes (CD16, lysozyme), neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophil elastase), eosinophilic granulocytes (NaCN + H2O2), macrophages (CD68), dendritic cells (CD209/DC-SIGN), B cells (CD20) and T cells (CD4, CD8). Platelets were rapidly deposited around the islets in contact with the blood, reaching a maximum by 30 min. The first neutrophilic granulocytes appeared in the islets after 15 min, increased at 1 h and peaked at 2 h. Small numbers of macrophages were found infiltrating the islets already after 5 min, with a slight increase over time. However, control stainings of cultured islets and pancreas biopsies identified these cells as being largely of donor origin. No T cells, B cells, dendritic cells or eosinophilic granulocytes were detected during the 6 h observation time. Neutrophilic granulocytes were identified as the main infiltrating blood cell in islets exposed to blood, implying that these cells play a key role in clinical islet transplantation. Because islets are known to be exquisitely susceptible to oxidative stress, development of drugs targeting neutrophilic cytotoxicity could markedly improve the outcome of islet transplantation.
The β1 adrenergic effects of antibodies against the C-terminal end of the ribosomal P2β protein ofTrypanosoma cruziassociate with a specific pattern of epitope recognition
Authors: Bergami P Lopez , Gómez K A , Levy G V , Grippo V , Baldi A , Levin M J
Published: September 2005

BALB/c mice immunized with recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal P2β protein (TcP2β) develop a strong and specific antibody response against its 13 residue-long C-terminal epitope (peptide R13: EEEDDDMGFGLFD) that has a concomitant β1-adrenergic stimulating activity. However, other animals that undergo similar immunizations seem tolerant to this epitope. To evaluate further the antibody response against the ribosomal P proteins, 25 BALB/c and 25 Swiss mice were immunized with TcP2β. From the 50 animals, 31 developed a positive anti-R13 response, whereas 19 were non-responsive. From the 31 anti-R13 positive mice, 25 had anti-R13 antibodies that recognized the discontinuous motif ExDDxGF, and their presence correlated with the recording of supraventricular tachycardia. The other six had anti-R13 antibodies but with a normal electrocardiographic recording. These anti-R13 antibodies recognized the motif DDxGF shared by mammals and T. cruzi and proved to be a true anti-P autoantibody because they were similar to those elicited in Swiss, but not in BALB/c mice, by immunization with the C-terminal portion of the mouse ribosomal P protein. Our results show that the recognition of the glutamic acid in position 3 of peptide R13 defines the ability of anti-R13 antibodies to react with the motif AESDE of the second extracellular loop of the β1-adrenergic receptor, setting the molecular basis for their pathogenic β1 adrenoceptor stimulating activity.
Improvement of herpetic stromal keratitis with fumaric acid derivate is associated with systemic induction of T helper 2 cytokines
Authors: Heiligenhaus A , Li H , Schmitz A , Wasmuth S , Bauer D
Published: September 2005

Fumaric acid derivates have been shown to stimulate T helper-2-cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4, -5) without affecting the T-helper-1-cytokine (IL-2, interferon (IFN)-γ)-response. Herein, the influence of systemic treatment with the fumaric acid derivate dimethylfumarate (DMF) on the secretion of T helper-cytokines and the development of HSV-1 stromal keratitis (HSK) was studied in mice. The corneas from BALB/c mice were infected with 105 PFU of HSV-1 (KOS strain). While one group of mice was treated intraperitoneally with PBS, another group of mice received DMF at 15 mg/kg of body weight. Expression of IL-2, -4, -10 and IFN-γ was analysed in HSV-1 activated lymphocytes by ELISA. The severity of epithelial and stromal herpetic keratitis was investigated clinically. Corneas were studied for the inflammatory cell infiltration, and the CD3-, CD4- and CD8-positive cells were analysed by immunohistochemistry. The IL-2, -4, 10 and IFN-γ content was measured in the corneas. Virus replication in the eyes was analysed by a plaque-assay. The DTH-response, the HSV-specific T cell proliferation and the serum neutralizing antibody-titres were investigated. DMF increased IL-4 and IL-10, but not IL-2 and IFN-γ, secretion in activated lymphocytes from the spleen. Incidence and severity of stromal HSV-1 keratitis was reduced in the DMF group (P < 0·01). In the corneas from DMF-treated mice, the numbers of CD3+ and CD4+ cells were decreased and IL-4 was increased. Severity of epithelial disease and the virus-clearance from the eyes did not differ between the PBS and DMF group of mice. DTH, HSV-specific T cell proliferation and the neutralizing antibody-titres were not impaired. DMF increased the T helper-2-cytokine secretion in activated lymphocytes. After corneal HSV-1 infection, corneas from DMF treated mice had increased IL-4 content. This is associated with an improvement of herpetic stromal keratitis and reduced corneal T cell infiltration. DMF did not impair the systemic antiviral response.
Reduced blood BDCA-2+ (lymphoid) and CD11c+ (myeloid) dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Migita K , Miyashita T , Maeda Y , Kimura H , Nakamura M , Yatsuhashi H , Ishibashi H , Eguchi K
Published: September 2005

Type 1 IFN is thought to be implicated in the autoimmune process of SLE. Plasmacytoid dendric cells (DC), which are natural IFN-α producing cells, play a pivotal epipathogenic role in SLE. The present study was undertaken to investigate the phenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood DC in SLE patients in comparison with those of healthy controls. Samples from 20 SLE patients and 18 healthy controls were studied. Three-colour flow cytometry was performed to identify myeloid DC, as CD11c+ lineage marker–, and HLA-DR+ cells and plasmacytoid DC, as BDCA-2+ linage marker–, and HLA-DR+ cells. We used the whole blood ‘lyse/no-wash’ procedure, which allows precise counting of peripheral blood DC. BDCA-2+ plasmacytoid DC and CD11c+ myeloid DC were reduced in SLE patients compared with controls. Similarly, BDCA-3+ DC were reduced in SLE patients. These results indicated that SLE patients had a reduced number of both BDCA-2+ plasmacytoid DC and CD11c+ myeloid DC. These alternations of the DC subset may drive the autoimmune response in SLE.
GnRH-I and GnRH-II have differential modulatory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and interleukin-2 receptor γ-chain mRNA expression in healthy males
Authors: Tanriverdi F , Gonzalez-Martinez D , Hu Y , Kelestimur F , Bouloux P M G
Published: September 2005

GnRH-I and its receptor (GnRHR-I) have previously been demonstrated and shown to be biologically active in the immune system, notably within peripheral lymphocytes. Recently however, a second form of GnRH (GnRH-II) has been described in the human. The functions of both these neuropeptides in PMBCs have not been understood yet. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of GnRH-I and/or GnRH-II on human PMBC proliferation in males. Secondly, the effects of GnRH-I and GnRH-II on IL-2 dependent lymphocyte proliferation were examined. Finally, we analysed the role of GnRH-I and GnRH-II in IL-2R γ-chain expression. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from six male healthy volunteers (Mean age 27·75 ± 1·5). Non-radioactive cell proliferation assay was used for proliferation studies and we used quantitative real-time RT-PCR to examine the role of GnRH-I and GnRH-II on IL-2R γ-chain expression in PMBCs. Treatment of PMBCs with GnRH-I (10−9 M and 10−5 M) and with interleukin-2 (IL-2) (50 U/ml) resulted in a significant increase in cell proliferation compared with the untreated control. PMBCs cotreated with IL-2 and GnRH-I demonstrated higher proliferative responses than IL-2 treatment alone, the enhancement of GnRH-I on IL-2 response being significant only at GnRH-I concentration of 10−5 M. Co-incubation of IL-2+ GnRH 10−5 M with a GnRH antagonist (Cetrorelix; 10−6 M) significantly decreased the proliferation. GnRH-II did not affect the proliferation of PMBCs alone, and did not alter the proliferative response to IL-2. The proliferative responses to GnRH-I (alone and with IL-2) were significantly attenuated by GnRH-II coincubation (each in equal molar concentrations; 10−9 M to 10−5 M). It was found that GnRH-I increased the expression of IL-2Rγ mRNA in a dose dependent manner, with a significant increase of percentage 162·3 ± 14 of control at 10−5 M. In contrast, IL-2Rγ expression was significantly decreased in all concentrations of GnRH-II (10−9 M to10−5 M), and the maximum decrease was detected at 10−5 M, with percentage 37·7 ± 6·6 of control. All these findings strongly suggest that regulation of IL-2R expression may therefore be an important target for GnRH-I and GnRH-II in PMBCs in males. In summary, present study clearly demonstrates the differential effects of GnRH-I and GnRH-II on PMBC proliferation, IL-2 proliferative response, and IL-2Rγ expression in PMBCs in males. To our knowledge, our observations provide the first evidence for the interactions of these local neuropeptides at lymphocyte level. Further experimental data in human are warranted to explore the clinical implications of these data.
Identifying important sites for conservation of freshwater biodiversity: extending the species‐based approach
Authors: DARWALL W. R. T. , VIÉ J.‐C.
Published: September 2005

Abstract  Species richness in relation to area of habitat is extremely high in many freshwater groups, with an estimated 12 000 fish, 5000 amphibians and 2000 mollusc species dependent on freshwater habitats. Other major groups dependent upon fresh waters include, reptiles, insects, plants and mammals. The IUCN Redlist and The Nature Conservancy assessments both indicate the serious vulnerability and degradation of inland water habitats world‐wide. It is evident that there are neither the resources nor the time to protect all areas where species are under threat. Clearly a method is needed for prioritising inland water sites for conservation at both local and regional scales. IUCN held a workshop in June 2002 to develop a method for prioritising important inland water sites for biodiversity conservation. The goal of the workshop was to develop a method which would help to focus on conservation efforts and funds at the regional scale and would serve as a tool for active conservation efforts at the local scale. The method was developed on the foundations of a review of the existing site prioritisation schemes for terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems. Expert representatives for a broad range of priority taxa and for existing schemes provided input to the development of the site prioritisation method. This paper describes the development of the method, the selection criteria adopted, guidelines for their use and the site selection procedure.
Activity patterns of largemouth bass in a subtropical US reservoir
Authors: SAMMONS S. M. , MACEINA M. J.
Published: September 2005

Abstract  Nine largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacepède, >1.5 kg were implanted with radio tags and tracked for 1 year in an embayment of Lake Seminole, Georgia, USA. Most largemouth bass movement was <50 m h−1 in all seasons and at all times of day. During the day largemouth bass were offshore in deeper water near large woody structures and moved little. Movement was lower during dusk and night periods, and a general movement towards shoreline areas was evident. Water depths where largemouth bass were located had bimodal distributions in all seasons and diel periods, with one mode typically at depths <1 m and another around 3 m. Home ranges were typically largest in the summer and smallest in the winter. Largemouth bass appeared to divide their time between an offshore resting area, primarily occupied during the day, and a near‐shore area, where foraging presumably occurred, primarily used during low‐light periods. The largemouth bass population in Lake Seminole consists of multiple overlapping subpopulations, offering the opportunity for embayment‐specific management.
Earliest mountain forests
Authors: Falcon‐Lang Howard J.
Published: September 2005

It's hard to imagine the Rockies or the Alps without forests, but until about 360 million years ago the Earth's mountains were probably bare of vegetation. Almost a Martian landscape, this was a world of rocky screes, mudflows and flash floods. Lichen may have clung here and there, but as for large plants, most were restricted to wetland delta‐plains close to sea level. But everything was about to change. The evolution of the seed in Late Devonian times altered the face of our planet forever. Analogous to the reptile egg in the animal kingdom, the seed freed plants from the necessity of surface water for reproduction, and paved the way for the invasion of mountainous terrain.
An atypical protein kinase C, PKC ζ, regulates human eosinophil effector functions
Authors: Kato Masahiko , Yamaguchi Takafumi , Tachibana Atsushi , Suzuki Masato , Izumi Takashi , Maruyama Kenichi , Hayashi Yasuhide , Kimura Hirokazu
Published: September 2005

Protein kinase (PK) C comprises a family of isoenzymes that play key roles in downstream signalling and cell functions. We studied PKC ζ participation in the effector functions of human eosinophils stimulated with platelet‐activating factor (PAF) or complement (C) 5a. After pretreating eosinophils with a myristoylated specific PKC ζ inhibitor; bisindlolylmaleimide I (BisI), an inhibitor of conventional and novel PKCs; or rottlerin, a PKC δ inhibitor, we examined PAF‐ and C5a‐evoked functions. Induced PKC translocation was characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The PKC ζ inhibitor blocked PAF‐ or C5a‐induced eosinophil superoxide anion generation as effectively as BisI or rottlerin. The PKC ζ inhibitor also attenuated PAF‐ or C5a‐induced eosinophil degranulation and adhesion. In contrast, the PKC ζ inhibitor did not affect PAF‐ or C5a‐induced CD11b expression. Finally, both eosinophil shape changes and the translocation of PKC ζ and p47phox, a component of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, to the plasma membrane induced by PAF or C5a were completely inhibited by the PKC inhibitor. Thus, the atypical PKC ζ regulates human eosinophil adhesion and effector functions.
Qualitatively distinct patterns of cytokines are released by human dendritic cells in response to different pathogens
Authors: Scott Karen , Manunta Maria , Germain Conrad , Smith Peter , Jones Meleri , Mitchell Peter , Dessi Daniele , Branigan Bamford Kathleen , Lechler Robert I. , Fiori Pier Luigi , Foster Graham R. , Lombardi Giovanna
Published: September 2005

Dendritic cells produce cytokines that regulate the class of the adaptive immune response. Microbial recognition is mediated, at least in part, by pattern recognition receptors such as Toll‐like receptors, which influence dendritic cell maturation. In humans it is not yet clear how intact pathogens modulate the developing immune response. To address the effects of intact pathogens on the maturation and effector functions of human dendritic cells, we investigated their responses to a number of microbial pathogens. We studied a range of micro‐organisms including Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium), Gram‐positive cocci (Staphylococcus aureus) and atypical bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasma hominis) as well as the human protozoal parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. The micro‐organisms were fixed in formaldehyde to prevent replication whilst preserving surface morphology. All the pathogens induced similar up‐regulation of dendritic cell activation‐associated cell surface markers but there was a profound difference in the patterns of cytokines produced by the stimulated dendritic cells. Some pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium and S. aureus) induced interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), IL‐10 and interferon‐α whereas others (M. tuberculosis, Mycoplasma hominis and T. vaginalis) induced only IL‐10. This differential effect was not altered by costimulation of the dendritic cells through CD40. These results support the notion that human dendritic cells are plastic in their response to microbial stimuli and that the nature of the pathogen dictates the response of the dendritic cell.
Moving from the quality of life concept to a theory
Authors: Cummins R. A.
Published: September 2005

Background  The Special Interest Quality of Life Group has updated its set of statements defining the quality of life (QOL) construct to reflect emerging areas of agreement and the framework for understanding better the QOL construct.

Method  This article examines the major areas currently under discussion involving the objective–subjective dichotomy, needs, and core domains.

Results  It is concluded that while the new statements constitute a significant advance, further progress requires testable theory. In order to facilitate such future research, a conceptual model is proposed that distinguishes causal and indicator variables within the framework of a homeostatic management system.

Conclusion  Several lines of empirical investigation are suggested to test this and similar theoretical models with a view to taking our conceptualization of QOL to the next level.
The application of quality of life
Authors: Brown R. I. , Brown I.
Published: September 2005

Background  Despite its popularity, to date little systematic work has been done in the application of the quality of life (QOL) concept to persons with intellectual disability (ID) and its impact on individuals and families. This article addresses that need.

Method  The article summarizes the four application strands suggested by the IASSID SIRG on Quality of Life regarding the application of the QOL concept and discusses critical aspects of each.

Results  Examples and guidelines regarding each strand are presented, along with the ongoing need to align conceptualization, application, and research efforts and integrate QOL principles into professional education and training programmes.

Conclusions  The QOL concept is now challenging some of the more traditional views and approaches to ID. These challenges are resulting in modifications and adaptations in current services and supports, along with the need to evaluate the outcomes from the application of QOL principles to persons with ID.
Cross‐cultural study of person‐centred quality of life domains and indicators: a replication
Authors: Jenaro C. , Verdugo M. A. , Caballo C. , Balboni G. , Lachapelle Y. , Otrebski W. , Schalock R. L.
Published: September 2005

Background  The increased use of the quality of life (QOL) concept internationally suggests the need to evaluate its etic (universal) and emic (culture‐bound) properties. This study replicated and expanded a previous cross‐cultural study on QOL.

Method  The three respondent groups (consumers, parents and professionals; total n = 781) were from four European countries: France, Belgium, Italy and Poland. The Cross Cultural Survey of Quality of Life Indicators was used to assess the importance and use of eight core dimensions of QOL. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) the etic properties would be demonstrated if there were similar profiles for the respondent and geographical groups, and if indicators grouped into the proposed QOL domains; and (2) the emic properties would be demonstrated if there were significant differences on scores across groups.

Results  Results supported both hypotheses.

Conclusion  The present study replicated the findings of a large cross‐cultural study that the QOL construct has both etic and emic properties.
The relationship between quality of life and self‐determination: an international study
Authors: Lachapelle Y. , Wehmeyer M. L. , Haelewyck M.‐C. , Courbois Y. , Keith K. D. , Schalock R. , Verdugo M. A. , Walsh P. N.
Published: September 2005

Background  The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between self‐determination and quality of life (QOL) of persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) living in four countries (Canada, United States, Belgium and France).

Method  Participants were 182 adults with mild ID living in community settings (with families, living independently or in supported living environments). QOL was measured with the Quality of Life Questionnaire. Self‐determination was measured using the Adult version of The Arc's Self‐Determination Scale. Discriminant function and correlational analyses were conducted.

Results  Discriminant function analysis indicated that essential characteristics of self‐determination predicted membership in the high QOL group and that overall self‐determination and QOL were significantly correlated, as were sub‐scale scores.

Conclusions  The study replicates findings from a previous study with an international sample and confirms the importance of self‐determination to enhance QOL. Subsequent research should examine the direction of the relationship between self‐determination and QOL and examine the relationship of essential characteristics of self‐determined behaviour and core domains of QOL in greater detail.
Quality of life from the point of view of Latin American families: a participative research study
Authors: Aznar A. S. , Castañón D. G.
Published: September 2005

Background  To date, little research has focused on what factors constitute a quality of life (QOL) among Latin American families with a member who is intellectually disabled.

Method  Total 180 Latin American families cooperated in a participative research project. During 18 months, the families and a team exchanged information about their QOL by means of questionnaires and grids that the families analysed and completed at their homes.

Results  In Latin America, families attribute utmost importance to interpersonal relations and emotional well‐being. In addition, results identified a number of QOL domains and indicators reflective of family‐centred QOL among Latin American families. A tool with 42 indicators grouped in six areas was obtained

Conclusions  Quality of life is a concept that has meaning and structure which varies considerably from culture to culture. A topologic QOL model is presented to facilitate the cross‐cultural understanding of the QOL construct.
Family quality of life from the perspective of older parents
Authors: Jokinen N. S. , Brown R. I.
Published: September 2005

Background  Family quality of life is a relatively new field of study. Research has primarily concentrated on families of children and young adults with intellectual disability (ID).

Method  This project explored the concept of family quality of life from the perspective of older parents who had adult children with ID aged 40+. Focus groups, individual interviews and surveys investigated family issues related to maintaining or enhancing family quality of life.

Results  Parents reported positive aspects of lifelong caregiving and quality of family life. There were concerns for the health of all family members, the social lives of their adult child, long‐term living arrangements and the role of siblings.

Conclusion  Current family and service issues that need to be addressed are related to funding and finances, staffing, and the need to adapt to age‐related needs.
The use of quality of life data at the organization and systems level
Authors: Keith K. D. , Bonham G. S.
Published: September 2005

Background  To date researchers have given little attention to the use of quality of life (QOL) data for organization and systems‐level change. This article presents two state‐level examples of how QOL data are currently used in the USA.

Method  Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) were assessed on an ongoing basis using two multidimensional QOL instruments. Data were analysed at the individual and organizational level.

Results  Examples of statewide data utilization include: (1) determining significant predictors of quality outcomes; (2) developing provider profiles; (3) comparing individuals with ID with those without ID; (4) developing state‐level performance standards; and (5) implementing continuous programme improvement.

Conclusions  The availability of this type of data allows service delivery systems to: (1) significantly alter the relationship between individual consumers and service providers; (2) open the system to scrutiny by citizens with and without ID; (3) improve responsiveness and quality outcomes; and (4) shape future directions of the service delivery system for people with ID.
Clinical symptoms according to genotype amongst patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: KJELDSEN A. D. , MØLLER T. R. , BRUSGAARD K. , VASE P. , ANDERSEN P. E.
Published: September 2005

Background.  Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a dominantly inherited disease, characterized by a wide variety of clinical manifestations, including epistaxis, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) and neurological symptoms. HHT is a genetically heterogeneous disorder involving at least two loci; HHT1 mapping to chromosome 9q34.1 (ENG) and HHT2 mapping to chromosome 12q31 (ALK‐1).

Objective.  To evaluate and describe the diversity of clinical manifestations in a Danish population of HHT patients with known HHT1 or HHT2 subtype.

Design.  Prospective clinical examination with genetic evaluation and follow‐up.

Setting.  Investigation centre was Odense University Hospital. All HHT patients in the County of Fyn were included.

Methods.  HHT family members were invited to a clinical examination including registration of HHT manifestations, screening for PAVM and neurological evaluation. Blood tests were performed for analysis of disease‐causing mutation, and clinical manifestations in the HHT subtypes were compared. The survival of the patients was studied in the follow‐up period.

Results.  Included in the study were 73 HHT patients representing 18 families. In 14 of the families we identified a disease‐causing mutation. Thirty‐nine patients (from 10 families) had HHT1 and 16 HHT patients from four families had HHT2.

Conclusion.  Amongst patients with HHT1 genotype the prevalence of PAVM was higher than amongst HHT patients with HHT2 genotype. HHT1 patients had experienced more severe GI bleeding than HHT2 patients. There was no significant difference in severity of epistaxis or age at debut. Finally the mortality over a 90‐month observation period was not significantly increased.
Ribosome rescue: tmRNA tagging activity and capacity in Escherichia coli
Authors: Moore Sean D. , Sauer Robert T.
Published: September 2005

When protein synthesis stalls in bacteria, tmRNA acts first as a surrogate tRNA and then as an mRNA in a series of reactions that append a peptide tag to the nascent polypeptide and ‘rescue’ the ribosome. The peptide tag encoded by wild‐type tmRNA promotes rapid degradation of rescued proteins. Using a mutant tmRNA that encodes a tag that does not lead to degradation, we demonstrate that the synthesis of approximately 0.4% of all proteins terminates with tagging and ribosome rescue during normal exponential growth of Escherichia coli. The frequency of tagging was not significantly increased in cells expressing very high levels of tmRNA and its binding protein SmpB, suggesting that recognition of ‘stalled’ ribosomes does not involve competition between tmRNA and other translation factors for A‐sites that are unoccupied transiently during protein synthesis. When the demand for ribosome rescue was increased artificially by overproduction of a non‐stop mRNA, tmRNA levels did not increase but tmRNA‐mediated tagging increased substantially. Thus, the ribosome‐rescue system usually operates well below capacity.
Pathogenicity of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) populations on tobacco cultivars
Authors: Buschmann H. , Gonsior G. , Sauerborn J.
Published: September 2005

Parasitic weed species of the genusOrobancheare a serious threat for the production of several crops in Europe, Africa and Asia. In contrast to other broomrape species of agronomic importance,O. ramosa(branched broomrape) has a broad host range and in Europe particularly affects hemp, tobacco, tomato and, in recent times, oilseed rape. Two separate sets of experiments investigated the effect of two populations ofO. ramosaon nine tobacco cultivars grown in Europe and belonging to the three major tobacco types: Virgin (flue‐cured), Burley (light air‐cured) and dark air‐cured under standardized glasshouse conditions. The two broomrape populations were discriminated by means of polymorphic DNA fragments obtained by PCR of the intersimple sequence repeat regions (ISSRs). TheOrobanchepopulations exhibited different levels of pathogenicity but all various tobacco cultivars were susceptible. Dark air‐cured tobacco cultivars were the least susceptible to both broomrape populations. Virgin and Burley tobacco cultivars were more susceptible to one population ofO. ramosa.
Transmission of a sugarcane yellow leaf phytoplasma by the delphacid planthopper Saccharosydne saccharivora, a new vector of sugarcane yellow leaf syndrome
Authors: Arocha Y. , López M. , Fernández M. , Piñol B. , Horta D. , Peralta E. L. , Almeida R. , Carvajal O. , Picornell S. , Wilson M. R. , Jones P.
Published: September 2005

During surveys of sugarcane fields in western and central Cuba from December 2001 to March 2003, the delphacid planthopper Saccharosydne saccharivora was the most prevalent of the Auchenorrhyncha fauna surveyed. Individuals of S. saccharivora collected tested positive for the sugarcane yellow leaf phytoplasma (SCYLP). Saccharosydne saccharivora were reared in cages and used for experimental transmission studies of SCYLP. The S. saccharivora were given acquisition‐access feeds of 72 h on SCYLP‐infected canes collected from the field followed by an inoculation‐access period of 15 days on healthy sugarcane seedlings. Symptoms of yellow leaf syndrome developed on 24 out of 36 plants, 7–12 months postinoculation. None of the 36 healthy seedlings that were inoculated with S. saccharivora fed on phytoplasma‐free sugarcane developed symptoms. All phytoplasma‐positive sugarcane and S. saccharivora samples showed identical RFLP patterns and had 99·89% similarity in their 16S/23S spacer‐region sequences, but only 92·6–93·6% similarity with other phytoplasmas. Sequences were deposited with GenBank [accession numbers: AY725237 (S. saccharivora) and AY257548 (sugarcane)]. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the phytoplasmas from sugarcane and S. saccharivora are putative members of a new 16Sr phytoplasma group. This is the first report of vector transmission of a phytoplasma associated with sugarcane yellow leaf syndrome and the first time that S. saccharivora has been shown to vector a phytoplasma.
Facilitating coping behavior in children prior to dental general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: CAMPBELL CAROLINE , HOSEY MARIE‐THERESE , McHUGH SIOBHAN
Published: September 2005

Background : The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of two different preparation packages, a paper‐based cartoon and an interactive computer, at facilitating coping behavior in children undergoing dental general anesthetic (DGA) tooth extraction.

Method : A total of 198 children were allocated randomly to computer, cartoon or control groups. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS) were used to compare preoperative anxiety levels between the three study groups. Blinded observers then scored behavior at both anesthesia induction and upon recovery using a VAS for each (0 = coped/no distress and 10 = no coping/high distress).

Results : The children's median age was 5 (range 3–10) years, 57% were boys, a median of seven teeth were extracted (range 1–20). Preoperative anxiety was similar for all preparation groups; with 24% of all children categorized ‘phobic’ using MCDAS. The median induction (coping) VAS level for both the computer and the cartoon groups was ‘1’ (range 0–10), compared with the control group level of ‘3’ (range 0–10). The median recovery (coping) VAS levels were: computer group: 0 (range 0–10), cartoon group: 4 (range 0–10) and control group: 2.5 (range 0–10). The Mann–Whitney U‐test showed that the computer group coped significantly better than the control group at induction (P = 0.014) and significantly better than the cartoon group upon recovery (P = 0.016). The statistical power for detecting differences between groups (computer/cartoon versus control) was calculated to be 90%, based on pilot study data.

Conclusions : The computer preparation package facilitated coping behavior in children undergoing DGA induction.
Using a nasopharyngeal airway during fiberoptic intubation in small children with a difficult airway
Authors: HOLM‐KNUDSEN ROLF , ERIKSEN KIRSTEN , RASMUSSEN LARS S.
Published: September 2005

Background : Induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation in small children with a difficult airway is a challenging task. We report the experience with a procedure based on sevoflurane inhalation via a nasopharyngeal airway inserted early during induction before airway obstruction occurs. A pediatric fiberscope is used to perform a nasotracheal intubation via the opposite nostril.

Methods:  All small children with suspected or known difficult airway needing tracheal intubation were scheduled for a fiberoptic intubation following the described protocol.

Results : In 3 years, we performed 27 successful fiberoptic guided tracheal intubations in 19 children, median age 8.2 months (1.0–39.1 months) and median weight 7.6 kg (3.0–15.0 kg). The optimal depth for placement of the nasopharyngeal airway was found to be 8.0 cm (7.0–8.5 cm) from the nostril in the first year of life and 8.5 cm (8.0–10 cm) in the second year. Oxygenation was sufficient during the entire procedure in all cases except one child who had short‐lasting laryngeal spasm caused by instillation of lidocaine during light anesthesia. The duration of fiberoptic intubation was significantly shorter when performed by an experienced anesthesiologist (55 s vs. 120 s), but there was no significant correlation between the duration of fiberoscopy and oxygen saturation during fiberoscopy or endtidal CO2 after intubation.

Conclusion : The combination of nasopharyngeal airway and fiberoptic guided tracheal intubation seems to be a reliable and safe procedure for managing the difficult airway in small children.
Pathophysiology of ketoacidosis in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Linfoot P. , Bergstrom C. , Ipp E.
Published: September 2005

Aims  Despite an increasing number of reports of ketoacidosis in populations with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the pathophysiology of the ketoacidosis in these patients is unclear. We therefore tested the roles of three possible mechanisms: elevated stress hormones, increased free fatty acids (FFA), and suppressed insulin secretion.

Methods  Forty‐six patients who presented to the Emergency Department with decompensated diabetes (serum glucose > 22.2 mmol/l and/or ketoacid concentrations ≥ 5 mmol/l), had blood sampled prior to insulin therapy. Three groups of subjects were studied: ketosis‐prone Type 2 diabetes (KPDM2, n = 13) with ketoacidosis, non‐ketosis‐prone subjects with Type 2 diabetes (DM2, n = 15), and ketotic Type 1 diabetes (n = 18).

Results  All three groups had similar mean plasma glucose concentrations. The degree of ketoacidosis (plasma ketoacids, bicarbonate and anion gap) in Type 1 and 2 subjects was similar. Mean levels of counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine), and FFA were not significantly different in DM2 and KPDM2 patients. In contrast, plasma C‐peptide concentrations were approximately three‐fold lower in KPDM2 vs. non‐ketotic DM2 subjects (P = 0.0001). Type 1 ketotic subjects had significantly higher growth hormone (P = 0.024) and FFA (P < 0.002) and lower glucagon levels (P < 0.02) than DM2.

Conclusions  At the time of hospital presentation, the predominant mechanism for ketosis in KPDM2 is likely to be greater insulinopenia.
New anti‐RNS and ‐RCS products for cosmetic treatment
Authors: Cebrián J. , Messeguer Á. , Facino R. M. , García Antón J. Mª.
Published: September 2005

Synopsis

Oxidants and free radicals are known to be a very important factor in skin aging, taking an active part in lipidic peroxidation, breakage of proteins and DNA, etc. The most well‐known are reactive oxygen species (ROS), for example, superoxide radical anion, or more commonly called, superoxide (O), hydroxyl radical (OH•) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Both free radicals and other oxidants can be generated by metabolic activity within the cell and by other environmental challenges,. In addition, other dangerous species are known such as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive carbonyl species (RCS). Some of the most important RNS are peroxynitrite (ONOO−), nitrogen dioxide radical (•NO2) and the nitronium ion (NO). For RCS, some of the most important are 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), acrolein (ACR), malondialdehyde (MDA) or glyoxal (GXL). Both compounds (RNS and RCS) are thought to play an important role in many diseases and in skin aging, for example, collagen cross‐linking, DNA damage, protein tyrosine nitration, etc. This work investigates two new specific chemicals: Lipochroman‐6®– an anti‐RNS which shows good results in inhibiting the nitration of tyrosine by peroxynitrite, and Aldenine®– a tripeptide anti‐RCS which protects cells from reactive carbonyl compounds such as HNE or ACR; it also shows the ability to prevent glycation of proteins, specifically by superoxide dismutase (SOD).
The Structure of Partisan Attitudes: Reexamining Partisan Dimensionality and Ambivalence
Authors: Greene Steven
Published: September 2005

The true nature of Americans’ party attachments remains an area of enduring controversy. Due to inadequate measures, scholars have argued without resolution as to whether partisanship is unidimensional and bipolar, or rather attitudes towards each party are on separate dimensions. Using more appropriate, psychologically specific, multi‐item measures of positive and negative partisan evaluations, however, (1) goes a long way towards settling this problematic debate; and (2) allows for explorations of the heretofore unexamined role of ambivalence in partisanship. I find that partisan attitudes are unidimensional and strongly bipolar and that ambivalence weakens the impact of partisan attitudes in both attitudes and behaviors in predictable ways.
Paediatric Liaison Work by Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
Authors: Woodgate Mark , Elena Garralda M.
Published: September 2005

Background:  Although psychiatric morbidity is common amongst paediatric patients, little is known about the availability of CAMH paediatric liaison services.

Method:  We surveyed all Trusts with specialist CAMH services and paediatric units in Greater London, enquiring about the nature of liaison that CAMHS provide.

Results:  We found that although liaison paediatric work was common, dedicated paediatric liaison services were provided by only a minority of specialist multidisciplinary CAMHS. Their work involved most aspects of child psychopathology, and included emergencies and children with joint physical and psychiatric problems. About 2/3 of paediatricians were satisfied with CAMHS liaison services, but virtually all desired to see them developed further. There were few indications of co‐ordination between specialist multidisciplinary CAMHS and other paediatric psychosocial support services.
Conditions of far‐right strength in contemporary Western Europe: an application of Kitschelt's theory*
Authors: VEUGELERS JOHN , MAGNAN ANDRÉ
Published: September 2005

Abstract.  Applying the demand‐side claims of Kitschelt's theory, and the expectation that electoral systems affect voter choice, this article provides an explanation of cross‐national variation in support for new radical right (NRR) parties between 1982 and 1995. After discussing concepts and measures, two versions of qualitative comparative analysis (Boolean analysis and fuzzy‐set analysis) are applied to data for ten West European countries. The results suggest that, in combination with electoral systems that had larger district magnitudes, NRR strength resulted from a restructuring of the space of party competition due to post‐industrialism and growth in the welfare state. Convergence between major parties of the left and right was not among the combination of conditions that led to NRR success. Apart from demonstrating that fuzzy‐set analysis can yield a simpler explanation than Boolean analysis, this study reveals anomalous NRR outcomes for Austria, Belgium and France.
Social and Economic Determinants of Disparities in Professional Help‐Seeking for Child Mental Health Problems: Evidence from a National Sample
Authors: Zimmerman Frederick J.
Published: September 2005

Objective. To test the role of social determinants—including race, education, income, and demographic factors—of child mental health services use, defined as having had a visit to a mental health professional for depression, attention‐deficit, or for any reason.

Data Sources/Study Setting. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the Child/Young Adult supplement, a nationally representative sample of 7–14‐year‐old children born to women who were 14–22 years old at the start of data collection, in 1979. African Americans and Latinos were over‐sampled, and population weights are available to make nationally representative inferences.

Study Design. Indicators of mental health service use were regressed on social and economic determinants, family structure variables, and insurance variables, controlling for need as captured by several different symptom scales.

Principal Findings. Girls are much less likely to obtain needed treatment for externalizing behavior disorders than are boys, and are somewhat less likely to obtain needed treatment for depression than boys. Middle children are less likely to obtain needed treatment for any mental health problem than are oldest, youngest, or only children. The presence of the father inhibits the likelihood that the child will receive treatment, particularly for depression. African Americans and Latinos are less likely than white children to receive treatment. In contrast to these rich results for the social and demographic determinants of children's specialty mental health utilization, the economic and insurance variables (including maternal education and income) seem to hold little predictive power.

Conclusions. These results argue for interventions to sensitize parents—especially fathers—to the need to pay attention to the mental health needs of their children, in particular girls and middle children. The analysis also suggests that the literature on intrahousehold decision making and on the gender dimensions of investment in children is worth extending to mental health treatment decisions.
The Impact of Reference Pricing of Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Agents on the Use and Costs of Analgesic Drugs
Authors: Grootendorst Paul V. , Marshall John K. , Holbrook Anne M. , Dolovich Lisa R. , O'Brien Bernie J. , Levy Adrian R.
Published: September 2005

Objective. To estimate the effect of reference pricing (RP) of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on drug subsidy program and beneficiary expenditures on analgesic drugs.

Data Sources/Study Setting. Monthly claims data from Pharmacare, the public drug subsidy program for seniors in British Columbia, Canada, over the period of February 1993 to June 2001.

Study Design. RP limits drug plan reimbursement of interchangeable medicines to a reference price, which is typically equal to the price of the lowest cost interchangeable drug; any cost above that is borne by the patient. Pharmacare introduced two different forms of RP to the NSAIDs, Type 1 in April 1994 and Type 2 in November 1995. Under Type 1 RP, generic and brand versions of the same NSAID are considered interchangeable, whereas under Type 2 RP different NSAIDs are considered interchangeable. We extrapolated average reimbursement per day of NSAID therapy over the months before RP to estimate what expenditures would have been without the policies. These counterfactual predictions were compared with actual values to estimate the impact of the policies; the estimated impacts on reimbursement rates were multiplied by the postpolicy volume of NSAIDS dispensed, which appeared unaffected by the policies, to estimate expenditure changes.

Principal Findings. After Type 2 RP, program expenditures declined by $22.7 million (CAN), or $4 million (CAN), annually cutting expenditure by about half. Most savings accrued from the substitution of low‐cost NSAIDs for more costly alternatives. About 20 percent of savings represented expenditures by seniors who elected to pay for partially reimbursed drugs. Type 1 RP produced one‐quarter the savings of type 2 RP.

Conclusions. Type 2 RP of NSAIDs achieved its goal of reducing drug expenditures and was more effective than Type 1 RP. The effects of RP on patient health and associated health care costs remain to be investigated.
Earnings Quality, Insider Trading, and Cost of Capital
Authors: ABOODY DAVID , HUGHES JOHN , LIU JING
Published: September 2005

Previous research argues that earnings quality, measured as the unsigned abnormal accruals, proxies for information asymmetries that affect cost of capital. We examine this argument directly in two stages. In the first stage, we estimate firms' exposure to an earnings quality factor in the context of a Fama‐French three‐factor model augmented by the return on a factor‐mimicking portfolio that is long in low earnings quality firms and short in high earnings quality firms. In the second stage, we examine whether the earnings quality factor is priced and whether insider trading is more profitable for firms with higher exposure to that factor. Generally speaking, we find evidence consistent with pricing of the earnings quality factor and insiders trading more profitably in firms with higher exposure to that factor.