bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Variants of 2-Opt and 3-Opt for the General Routing Problem
Authors: Muyldermans Luc , Beullens Patrick , Cattrysse Dirk , Van Oudheusden Dirk
Published: December 2005

The general routing problem (GRP) is the problem of finding a minimum length tour, visiting a number of specified vertices and edges in an undirected graph. In this paper, we describe how the well-known 2-opt and 3-opt local search procedures for node routing problems can be adapted to solve arc and general routing problems successfully. Two forms of the 2-opt and 3-opt approaches are applied to the GRP. The first version is similar to the conventional approach for the traveling salesman problem; the second version includes a dynamic programming procedure and explores a larger neighborhood at the expense of higher running times. Extensive computational tests, including ones on larger instances than previously reported in the arc routing literature, are performed with variants of both algorithms. In combination with the guided local search metaheuristic and the mechanisms of marking and neighbor lists, the procedures systematically detect optimal or high-quality solutions within limited computation time.
Limit Behavior of Fluid Queues and Networks
Authors: D’Auria Bernardo , Samorodnitsky Gennady
Published: December 2005

A superposition of a large number of infinite source Poisson inputs or that of a large number of ON-OFF inputs with heavy tails can look like either a fractional Brownian motion or a stable Lévy motion, depending on the magnification at which we are looking at the input process (Mikosch et al. 2002). In this paper, we investigate what happens to a queue driven by such inputs. Under such conditions, we study the output of a single fluid server and the behavior of a fluid queueing network. For the network we obtain random field limits describing the activity at different stations. In general, both kinds of stations arise in the same network: the stations of the first kind experience loads driven by a fractional Brownian motion, while the stations of the second kind experience loads driven by a stable Lévy motion.
Rendezvous on a Planar Lattice
Authors: Alpern Steve , Baston Vic
Published: December 2005

We analyze the optimal behavior of two players who are lost on a planar surface and who want to meet each other in least expected time. They each know the initial distribution of the other’s location, but have no common labeling of points, and so cannot simply go to a location agreed to in advance. They have no compasses, so do not even have a common notion of North. For simplicity, we restrict their motions to the integer lattice Z2 (graph paper) and their motions to horizontal and vertical directions, as in the original work of Anderson and Fekete (2001).
Contingent Portfolio Programming for the Management of Risky Projects
Authors: Gustafsson Janne , Salo Ahti
Published: December 2005

Methods for selecting a research and development (R&D) project portfolio have attracted considerable interest among practitioners and academics. This notwithstanding, the industrial uptake of these methods has remained limited, partly because of the difficulties of capturing relevant concerns in R&D portfolio management. Motivated by these difficulties, we develop contingent portfolio programming (CPP), which extends earlier approaches in that it (i) uses states of nature to capture exogenous uncertainties, (ii) models resources through dynamic state variables, and (iii) provides guidance for the selection of an optimal project portfolio that is compatible with the decision maker’s risk attitude. Although CPP is presented here in the context of R&D project portfolios, it is applicable to a variety of investment problems where the dynamics and interactions of investment opportunities must be accounted for.
Managing Response Time in a Call-Routing Problem with Service Failure
Authors: de Véricourt Francis , Zhou Yong-Pin
Published: December 2005

Traditional research on routing in queueing systems usually ignores service quality related factors. In this paper, we analyze the routing problem in a system where customers call back when their problems are not completely resolved by the customer service representatives (CSRs). We introduce the concept of call resolution probability, and we argue that it constitutes a good proxy for call quality. For each call, both the call resolution probability (p) and the average service time (1/μ) are CSR dependent. We use a Markov decision process formulation to obtain analytical results and insights about the optimal routing policy that minimizes the average total time of call resolution, including callbacks. In particular, we provide sufficient conditions under which it is optimal to route to the CSR with the highest call resolution rate (pμ) among those available. We also develop efficient heuristics that can be easily implemented in practice.
George B. Dantzig: Operations Research Icon
Authors: Cottle Richard W.
Published: December 2005

This article recalls some of George B. Dantzig’s many contributions to operations research and the management sciences in his ninety-year lifetime.
On “The Censored Newsvendor and the Optimal Acquisition of Information”
Authors: Lu Xiangwen , Song Jing-Sheng , Zhu Kaijie
Published: December 2005

The authors comment on Ding et al. (2002), and Ding, Bisi, and Puterman respond.
Majorization Algorithms for Inspecting Circles, Ellipses, Squares, Rectangles, and Rhombi
Authors: Van Deun K. , Groenen P. J. F.
Published: December 2005

In several disciplines as diverse as shape analysis, location theory, quality control, archaeology, and psychometrics, it can be of interest to fit a circle through a set of points. We use the result that it suffices to locate a center for which the variance of the distances from the center to a set of given points is minimal. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on iterative majorization to locate the center. This algorithm is guaranteed to yield a series of nonincreasing variances until a stationary point is obtained. In all practical cases, the stationary point turns out to be a local minimum. Numerical experiments show that the majorizing algorithm is stable and fast. In addition, we extend the method to fit other shapes, such as a square, an ellipse, a rectangle, and a rhombus by making use of the class of lpdistances and dimension weighting. In addition, we allow for rotations for shapes that might be rotated in the plane. We illustrate how this extended algorithm can be used as a tool for shape recognition.
Digital Circuit Optimization via Geometric Programming
Authors: Boyd Stephen P. , Kim Seung-Jean , Patil Dinesh D. , Horowitz Mark A.
Published: December 2005

This paper concerns a method for digital circuit optimization based on formulating the problem as a geometric program (GP) or generalized geometric program (GGP), which can be transformed to a convex optimization problem and then very efficiently solved. We start with a basic gate scaling problem, with delay modeled as a simple resistor-capacitor (RC) time constant, and then add various layers of complexity and modeling accuracy, such as accounting for differing signal fall and rise times, and the effects of signal transition times. We then consider more complex formulations such as robust design over corners, multimode design, statistical design, and problems in which threshold and power supply voltage are also variables to be chosen. Finally, we look at the detailed design of gates and interconnect wires, again using a formulation that is compatible with GP or GGP.
Interpreting the course of privatisation in the Czech Republic: a path-dependency approach
Authors: McMaster Irene
Published: December 2005

English

This article focuses on the path-dependency approach and explores whether it could be used to account for the distinctive course of Czech privatisation. The approach offers a constructive understanding of the processes. However, shortcomings in existing applications of the approach are highlighted. The conclusion is reached that interactions of resources, constraints and strategic actors resulted in a distinct course of privatisation. However, the relative weight and number of constraints is open to debate. In the case of Czech privatisation, limited constraints on policy makers combined with complex institutional legacies in the economic realm are key factors that shaped the process.
Social capital, community empowerment and public health: policy developments in the UK since 1997
Authors: Bridgen Paul
Published: December 2005

English

The use made of social capital in UK health policy by New Labour has been criticised as evidence of an ideological retreat away from traditional social democracy. This article argues that the influence of the concept on policy development in the public health field has, in fact, the potential to complement, rather than provide an alternative to, social democratic approaches. Its operationalisation in the establishment of local health initiatives, when combined with the broader policy framework, appears to reinforce the gradual shift in UK primary care towards a more public health orientation, a shift generally regarded as vital for the secure establishment of health inequalities on the UK health agenda.
What is to be done about undeclared work? Evaluating the policy options
Authors: Williams Colin C.
Published: December 2005

English

Grounded in the view that undeclared work is conducted under work relations akin to employment and motivated primarily by monetary gain, the thrust of public policy has been to deter this work by seeking to ensure that the expected cost of being caught and punished is greater than the potential economic benefits. This article reviews recent research that reveals that, although some undeclared work is marketlike and conducted for monetary gain, a large proportion is carried out under relations more akin to unpaid mutual aid. It then critically evaluates the implications of pursuing deterrence as well as other approaches. The result is a proposal for a new policy approach that recognises the heterogeneous nature of undeclared work and actively seeks to facilitate its legitimisation.
Evaluating the impact of community appraisals: some lessons from south-west England
Authors: Cole Michael
Published: December 2005

English

This article evaluates the impact of community appraisals undertaken in 46 predominantly rural communities in south-west England. The analysis is based on responses to a questionnaire and focus groups with representatives of 10 communities. The survey considered the extent to which community concerns were addressed and the impact of the appraisals on community development and the stock of social capital. The study indicated that the impact of the process was limited. Progress in addressing concerns was restricted primarily to the resolution of relatively simple problems. Similarly, the gains for community development and social capital were modest.
Joining up policy discourses and fragmented practices: the precarious contribution of cultural projects to social inclusion?
Authors: Long Jonathan , Bramham Peter
Published: December 2005

English

This article outlines New Labour's policy discourse about social exclusion and the confusing challenge it poses to local cultural projects. Government now demands hard evidence to measure the impact of cultural projects on performance indicators such as education, employment, crime and health. However, community-based workers are hard pressed to collect valid and reliable data that evaluate projects against clear criteria for social inclusion. This article outlines possible criteria for social inclusion. Then, drawing on data collected from two ‘Arts in Health’ projects, we examine how contributions to social inclusion might have been effected. Considerable energy is required to form new alliances and health partnerships to resolve the dilemmas posed by a confused policy discourse and by fragile funding streams.
Reproducibility and Accuracy of Measurements of Free and Total Prostate-Specific Antigen in Serum vs Plasma after Long-Term Storage at −20 °C
Authors: Ulmert David , Becker Charlotte , Nilsson Jan-Åke , Piironen Timo , Björk Thomas , Hugosson Jonas , Berglund Göran , Lilja Hans
Published: December 2005

Background: Long-term frozen storage may alter the results of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements, mainly because of degradation of free PSA (fPSA) in vitro. We compared the effects of long-term storage on fPSA, total PSA (tPSA), and complexed PSA (cPSA) in serum vs EDTA-plasma samples.

Methods: We measured fPSA and tPSA concentrations in matched pairs of archival serum and EDTA-plasma samples (stored frozen at −20 °C for 20 years) from a large population-based cohort in Malmö, Sweden. We also compared concentrations in age-matched men with those in samples not subjected to long-term storage, obtained from participants in a population-based study of prostate cancer screening in Göteborg, Sweden. These contemporary samples were handled according to standardized preanalytical and analytical protocols aimed at minimizing in vitro degradation. tPSA and fPSA measurements were performed with a commercial assay (Prostatus Dual Assay; Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences).

Results: Concentrations of tPSA and fPSA and calculated cPSA (tPSA − fPSA) in archival plasma were not significantly different from those in contemporary serum from age-matched men. In archival serum, however, random variability of fPSA was higher vs plasma than in contemporary samples, whereas systematic error of fPSA analyses was similarly small in archival and contemporary serum and plasma.

Conclusions: Concentrations of tPSA and calculated cPSA were highly stable in plasma and serum samples subjected to long-term storage at −20 °C. Greater random variability, rather than a systematic decrease, may explain differences in fPSA analyses observed in archival serum.
Serum Bioavailable Testosterone: Assayed or Calculated?
Authors: Giton Frank , Fiet Jean , Guéchot Jérôme , Ibrahim Fidaa , Bronsard Françoise , Chopin Dominique , Raynaud Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2005

Background: Bioavailable testosterone (BT), circulating testosterone not bound to sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), is thought to easily penetrate cells. We compared BT measurements obtained by assays with those obtained by calculation with different testosterone association constants.

Methods: We obtained sera from 2 groups of hypogonadal men [group 1 (G1), 1421 samples; group 2 (G2), 170 samples] and a group of healthy men [group 3 (G3), 109 samples]. We added minute doses of [3H]testosterone to the sera, precipitated the SHBG-bound fraction of testosterone with ammonium sulfate (50% saturation), and then assayed serum BT (ABT) as %BT × total. Calculated BT (CBT) was determined with theoretical association constants of testosterone for SHBG (Ks = 1 × 109 L/mol) and albumin (Ka = 3.6 × 104 L/mol) and paired optimal Ks and Ka values obtained by use of Microsoft Excel software.

Results: CBT calculated with theoretical constants differed from ABT by >30% in 85.7% (G1), 84.1% (G2), and 77.9% (G3) of samples, and the mean CBT/ABT ratios were 1.57 (G1), 1.85 (G2), and 1.50 (G3) in spite of fairly good correlations. CBT calculated with paired optimal Ks and Ka differed from ABT by <30% in 87.4% (G1), 87.5% (G2), and 97.5% (G3) of samples, and mean CBT/ABT ratios were 0.95–1.04.

Conclusions: To obtain CBT values as close as possible to ABT, optimal paired association constants determined for each studied population must be used instead of the theoretical association constants. Considering the uncertainty of calculating BT, however, use of the ammonium sulfate precipitation method for determining BT is advisable.
Noninvasive Evaluation of Intestinal Lactase with 4-Galactosylxylose: Comparison with 3- and 2-Galactosylxylose and Optimization of the Method in Rats
Authors: Hermida Carmen , Corrales Guillermo , Martínez-Costa Oscar H , Fernández-Mayoralas Alfonso , Aragón Juan J
Published: December 2005

Background: Urinary excretion of d-xylose by suckling rats after ingestion of a mixture of 4-, 3-, and 2-galactosylxyloses reflects lactase activity in vivo. We aimed to select the most convenient of these disaccharides for detecting changes of the enzyme activity in vivo and to optimize the method.

Methods: 4-, 3-, and 2-Galactosylxyloses were synthesized and purified, then orally administered to suckling rats of different ages. d-Xylose was measured colorimetrically by the phloroglucinol reaction in urine and plasma. Lactase activity was determined in extracts of small intestine mucosa with lactose, galactosylxyloses, and phlorizin as substrates.

Results: d-Xylose appeared in the urine in a dose-dependent manner after ingestion of any of the 3 galactosylxylose disaccharides. Correlation between d-xylose elimination and intestinal lactase activity was highest with 4-galactosylxylose (r = 0.97; n = 24), lower with 2-galactosylxylose (r = 0.89; n = 24), and lowest with 3-galactosylxylose (r = 0.34; n = 23). The kinetic properties of intestinal lactase accounted for these differences. d-Xylose concentration in plasma after administration of 4-galactosylxylose also correlated with lactase activity (r = 0.93; n = 33).

Conclusions: 4-Galactosylxylose is the most suitable compound for the evaluation of lactase activity in vivo. Measurement of the derived d-xylose in either urine or blood gives an estimate of the total lactose digestive capacity of the small intestine. The optimized method holds promise for development of a simple, low-cost, and reliable new test for the noninvasive diagnosis of hypolactasia.
Role of Serum Fetuin-A, a Major Inhibitor of Systemic Calcification, in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Authors: Hendig Doris , Schulz Veronika , Arndt Marius , Szliska Christiane , Kleesiek Knut , Götting Christian
Published: December 2005

Background: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a hereditary disorder of the connective tissue affecting the skin, retina, and cardiovascular system and characterized by progressive calcification of abnormal and fragmented elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of fetuin-A, a major systemic inhibitor of calcification, with PXE.

Methods: Fetuin-A was measured by quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay in sera from 110 German patients with PXE, 53 unaffected first-degree family members, and 80 healthy blood donors. We determined the distribution of the fetuin-A polymorphisms c.742C>T (p.T248M) and c.766C>G (p.T256S) in these same 3 groups. The occurrences of the frequent ABCC6 gene mutations c.3421C>T (p.R1141X) and c.EX23_EX29del were also assessed.

Results: Serum fetuin-A concentrations in male and female PXE patients were lower than in unaffected first-degree relatives and controls [mean (SD) concentrations, 0.55 (0.11) g/L in patients; 0.70 (0.23) g/L in relatives; and 0.80 (0.23) g/L in controls (P <0.0001)]. Serum fetuin-A was higher in female PXE patients with cardiovascular involvement than in the corresponding male group (P <0.05). The fetuin-A polymorphism frequencies did not differ among PXE patients, family members, and blood donors.

Conclusion: A deficiency of multidrug resistance-associated protein 6 leads to alteration of circulating substrates, e.g., inhibitors of calcification as fetuin-A, leading to progressive mineralization of elastic fibers in PXE.
Prevention of Pertussis Among Adolescents: Recommendations for Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine
Authors:   Committee on Infectious Diseases
Published: December 2005

This Policy Statement was retired June 2012.

The purpose of this statement is to provide the rationale and recommendations for adolescent use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccines. Despite universal immunization of children with multiple doses of pediatric diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, pertussis remains endemic with a steady increase in the number of reported cases. Two peaks in the incidence of pertussis occur in pediatric patients: infants younger than 6 months of age who are inadequately protected by the current immunization schedule and adolescents 11 through 18 years of age whose vaccine-induced immunity has waned. Significant medical and public health resources are being consumed in postexposure management of adolescent cases, contacts, and outbreaks with little beneficial effect on individuals or the epidemiology of disease. Two Tdap products were licensed in 2005 for use in people 10 through 18 years of age (Boostrix) and 11 through 64 years of age (Adacel). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the following:
The Hyoid Bone in Malay Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Rajion Zainul A. , Townsend Grant C. , Netherway David J. , Anderson Peter J. , Hughes Toby , Shuaib Ibrahim L. , Halim Ahmad Sukari , Samsudin Abdul Rani , McLean Neil R. , David David J.
Published: December 2005

Objective:

To compare morphological and positional variations of the hyoid bone in unoperated infants with cleft lip and palate (CL/P) with those in noncleft infants.

Design:

Retrospective, cross sectional.

Patients and Methods:

Three-dimensional computed tomography scans were obtained from 29 unoperated CL/P infants of Malay origin aged between 0 and 12 months and from 12 noncleft infants in the same age range. Observations were made and measurements were obtained with a software package developed at the Australian Craniofacial Unit. The sizes of the hyoid bones and the position of the hyoid body and epiglottis in relation to the cervical spine were measured. Anatomical anomalies of the hyoid and prevalence of aspiration pneumonia were also documented.

Results:

The hyoid bones and epiglottis were found to be located more inferiorly in CL/P infants compared with the noncleft infants. Also, 17% (5/29) of the CL/P infants had nonossified hyoid bodies.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that there are differences in the location and genesis of the hyoid bone in infants with CL/P that warrant further investigation.
Display modulation by Fourier transform: A preferred method
Authors: Fiske Thomas G. , Silverstein Louis D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract— A preferred method for determining the grating modulation of a rear‐projection display using a grating image and Fourier analysis is prescribed. This method is insensitive to spatial image noise and is in better correspondence with the response of the human visual system than is the standard technique. This method is not limited to rear‐projection displays and can be applied to any display technology.
Layer‐thickness simulation for static thin‐film deposition on Gen 6/Gen 7 substrates
Authors: Lopp Andreas , Bangert Stefan , Buschbeck Wolfgang , Hanika Markus , König Michael , Krempel‐Hesse Jörg , Rost Harald , Schroeder Jürgen , Stolley Tobias
Published: December 2005

Abstract— The movement of particles from a target to a substrate during the sputter process was studied using the Monte Carlo Simulation technique. The momentum and energy distribution of the ejected particles were taken into account along with the change of momentum and energy in their collisions with gas atoms. The momentum transfer from the ejected target atom to the gas atom was used to estimate the gas rarefaction in front of the target. Layer‐thickness distributions of different target materials were calculated and compared with experimental measurements. The results were used to optimize the uniformity of static thin‐film depositions on Gen 6/Gen 7 substrates from a large‐area cathode array.
System considerations for RGBW OLED displays
Authors: Spindler Jeffrey P. , Hatwar Tukaram K. , Miller Michael E. , Arnold Andrew D. , Murdoch Michael J. , Kane Paul J. , Ludwicki John E. , Alessi Paula J. , Van Slyke Steven A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract— The fabrication of full‐color RGBW OLED displays using a white emitter with RGB color filters has been previously described. This paper discusses the effect of several display‐system factors on the important RGBW OLED display performance attributes of power consumption, lifetime, and perceived image quality. These display‐system factors include the spectrum of the white OLED, the white OLED structure, the color‐filter selection, the subpixel aperture ratios, and the pixel arrangement (including sub‐sampling).
Characterization of inhomogeneous retarders
Authors: Becker Michael E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract— Various approaches for the measurement and evaluation of the optical characteristics of compound retarder sheets will be presented and their features and limitations will be discussed. Two ways of modeling the actual multilayer structure with an inclined uniaxial indicatrix and an inhomogeneous biaxial layer plus negative c‐plate is introduced and compared, and the performance of these models is analyzed for the principal plane of light incidence and for arbitrary directions of light propagation.
Mutual Gaze Duration as a Function of Length of Conversation in Male—Female Dyads
Authors: Cordell Dena M. , McGahan Joseph R.
Published: December 2005

To assess the effects of familiarity on the duration of mutual gaze, and other measures of visual interaction, e.g., duration of unilateral gaze and discrepancy in duration between partners, 14 male–female dyads discussed unconditional positive regard for 8 min., after individually studying the topic for 10 min. Mutual gaze duration was significantly longer during the last 2 min. of the discussion than during the first 2 min. This suggests that, after some exposure at least, participants maintain longer durations of mutual gaze. Further, if the duration of mutual gaze is interpreted as a measure of intimacy, even a relatively short social interaction appears to increase the intimacy between two individuals of opposite sex. However, it is not clear whether these findings could be generalized to male–male and female–female dyads.
Factor Structure of the New Environmental Paradigm Scale: Evidence from an Urban Sample in Southern California
Authors: Ji Chang-Ho C.
Published: December 2005

This study examined the factor structure of the New Environmental Paradigm Scale using responses from 261 urban subjects from southern California. The analysis yielded findings inconsistent with many previous studies of the original scale. This study supported an 8-item two-factor model of the scale rather than the one-factor and three-factor models proposed earlier. A subsequent validation study provides evidence for this short form's validity, as the two factors were predictive of commitment to preservation of nature.
Taiwanese Junior College Students' Needs for and Perceptions of a Career Planning Course
Authors: Peng Huiling
Published: December 2005

A 30-item survey was developed to assess the career planning needs of junior college students in Taiwan. 159 men and 493 women were surveyed about career planning needs and perceptions of a proposed course model to answer whether women differ from men in such needs and upper and lower division students differ. A series of two-way analyses of variance identified 7 items on which the women expressed needs more strongly than the men and another 8 items on which the responses of lower division students were significantly different from those of upper division students. Students' perceptions of a course model provided recommendations for a course in career education.
Stress Situations of Daily Living in Patients with Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder: A Retrospective Case Note Study
Authors: Tarumi Shin , Tashiro Nobutada
Published: December 2005

About 40% of patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are said to have treatment-refractory symptoms and chronic course of illness in spite of cognitive-behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy. The present purpose was to investigate factors relevant to OCD patients' chronic course and disturbed daily functions in view of human basic needs based on Maslow's hierarchy of five basic needs. Case notes of 101 outpatients with OCD (47 men and 54 women who were 18 to 55 years old) and seen on a psychiatry unit of a general hospital were studied to explore their stressful situations and identify thwarted basic needs. 84 of the 101 patients had Love Needs, and Esteem Needs ( n = 47) and Safety Needs ( n = 45) were next. The Poor-functioning group mainly had histories with problems of Safety Needs (70.8%), while the Good-functioning group tended to mainly have problems of Esteem Needs (51.5%) rather than Safety Needs (33.3%). 57 patients (23 men and 34 women) who were treated for more than three months were divided into two groups according to their Global Assessment of Functioning score at the final assessment (cut-off point: 61); patients in the Good-functioning group tended to have problems of higher needs.
Failure to Construct and Transfer Correct Representations across Probability Problems
Authors: Lecoutre Marie-Paule , Clément Evelyne , Lecoutre Bruno
Published: December 2005

Previous studies carried out on “purely random” situations (with dice or poker chips) show the difficulties encountered by people in such situations, however simple they may be. In fact, in this type of situation, prior knowledge guides spontaneous representations, and the “errors” observed could be explained by the activation of “implicit models” which form the basis of erroneous representations. 42 statistically naïve undergraduates were given several variants of a probability problem on which errors are common. In a learning phase, subjects were given four problems involving geometric figures which were pairwise related by complementarity and equivalence relations. In a subsequent transfer phase, they were given a fifth problem involving poker chips, which was structurally isomorphic to the fourth geometric-figures problem. The findings show that people do not realize the relations between problems, and that transfer occurred only for the subset of subjects who performed correctly on the training problems of the learning phase. These results appear to have some significant implications in teaching mathematical concepts.
Differences in Motivations of Paid versus Nonpaid Volunteers
Authors: Gerstein Lawrence H. , Wilkeson David A. , Anderson Heather
Published: December 2005

143 AmeriCorps volunteers (30 men; 113 women) and 127 college student volunteers (43 men; 84 women) completed the Volunteer Functions Inventory to assess whether monetary compensation was associated with choice to volunteer to provide educational services, e.g., tutoring, mentoring. Based on Snyder's 1993 theory of functionalism, motives of paid (AmeriCorps participants) and nonpaid (college students) volunteers were expected to differ. It was also predicted that the motives of female and male volunteers would differ. Multivariate analysis of variance confirmed these assumptions. In general, paid male participants reported perceiving numerous benefits associated with volunteering and reported stronger beliefs about such benefits. Female participants reported motives for volunteering, in contrast, which were not linked with monetary compensation. The women reported recognizing the benefits of volunteering and engaging in this activity for egoistic reasons. Their reported motives had little relation to compensation.
Asymptotic Log-Linear Analysis: Some Cautions concerning Sparse Frequency Tables
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J. , Johnston Janis E.
Published: December 2005

Traditional asymptotic probability values resulting from log-linear analyses of sparse frequency tables are often much too large. Asymptotic probability values for chi-squared and likelihood-ratio statistics are compared to nonasymptotic and exact probability values for selected log-linear models. The asymptotic probability values are all too often substantially larger than the exact probability values for the analysis of sparse frequency tables. An exact nondirectional permutation method is presented to analyze combined independent multinomial distributions. Exact nondirectional permutation methods to analyze hypergeometric distributions associated with r-way frequency tables are confined to r = 2.
Meaning of Work among a Sample of Kuwaiti Workers
Authors: Hasan Huda
Published: December 2005

The study tested the meaning of work among 340 Kuwaiti workers in the public sector. A questionnaire was constructed to measure meaning of work by drawing 46 items from existing scales and from the meaning of work literature. They were put together, translated into Arabic, and adapted to be relevant to Kuwaiti society. Analysis showed the developed scale has acceptable reliability and validity coefficients for Kuwaiti workers. Also, Kuwaiti workers gave priority to extrinsic rewards from work, then intrinsic rewards, whereas Work Centrality had the lowest priority. Sex, occupation, and the intention not to change one's job in the future were significantly related to the meaning which these workers attributed to their work.
Differential Risk Theory as a Subset of Social Exchange Theory: Implications for Making Gay Marriage Culturally Normative and for Understanding Stigma against Homosexuals
Authors: Schumm Walter R.
Published: December 2005

Differential risk theory, a subset of social exchange and equity theories, is proposed as an explanation for stigma towards homosexuals and as a basis for normative preferences for heterosexual marriage. Numerous gender differences involved in long-term relationships require members of such close relationships to assume greater interpersonal and social risks and thus costs, compared to same-gender relationships. Without compensating rewards or reduced costs, heterosexual relationships would be unfairly disadvantaged. Resistance to making gay marriage normative and/or equivalent legally to heterosexual marriage may be traced, rather than to homophobia, to societal attempts to maintain equity between classes of relationships characterized by inherent differential risks.
Erratum for Osato and Ogawa (2003)
Authors: Osato Eiko , Ogawa Nobuya
Published: December 2005

Readers' attention is drawn to Table 1 of the paper by Osato and Ogawa (2003, p. 759) wherein analyses of variance for mean heart rates and mean increment from initial resting baseline in interview situations are summarized. An error in alignment of all F ratios for heart rate for the Source of Variance, Parts, is corrected by moving each F ratio down one line, e.g., the F ratio of 57.44 should align with Parts and the F ratio for Classmate/nonclassmate × Parts is 2.02.

See the correctly reprinted Table 1 on the following page

[Table: see text]
Athletes' and Coaches' Perceptions of Sport Psychology Services Offered by Graduate Students at One NCAA Division I University
Authors: Gentner Noah B. , Fisher Leslee A. , Wrisberg Craig A.
Published: December 2005

In recent years, there have been increasing calls for graduate programs in sport psychology to include supervised practicum experiences. While supervision and applied experience is vital to the professional growth of graduate students, periodic evaluations are also needed to determine students' effectiveness in providing sport psychology services. This study represented an initial attempt to assess athletes' and coaches' perceptions of services provided by graduate students at one NCAA Division I university. Analyses showed 118 participants' ratings of consultants' effectiveness were comparable to those provided by U.S. Olympic athletes for professional consultants in earlier research by Gould, Murphy, Tammen, and May.
Substance Abuse in Sixth Grade: Results of a Prevention Program on Adolescents' Self-Reported Drug-Related Attitudes and Behavior
Authors: Tatchell Thomas , Kaderavek Joan , Waite Philip , Strobel Stephen , Tatchell Renny , Jordan Timothy
Published: December 2005

Effectiveness of the Preventive Dimensions Program, a K-12 Utah plan for safe and drug-free schools, was assessed among 150 sixth-grade students. Participants' knowledge about drug use increased, as did all children's intent to use marijuana.
Practicing School Psychologists' Perceived Role in Prevention of School Violence
Authors: Dean Vincent J. , Burns Matthew K.
Published: December 2005

School psychologists have been called upon to take a leadership role in school-violence prevention, but little is known about their involvement in this issue, especially in states where school shootings have occurred. The current study surveyed 258 Michigan school psychologists about their role in prevention of school violence. Analysis suggested respondents felt prepared to address violence prevention but do not have a leadership role and are not sought for advice about prevention. The number of annual special education evaluations was significantly associated with frequency of being sought for advice on violence prevention but was not related to perceptions of leadership or preparedness. Modest relationships were noted between feeling prepared, knowledge of risk factors, and self-perceptions of a leadership role. Suggestions for research are included.
Parents' and Practitioners' Perspectives of Young Children's Everyday Natural Learning Environments
Authors: Dunst Carl J. , Raab Melinda
Published: December 2005

Parents' views of natural learning environments were compared to those of practitioners having either considerable or little experience with the characteristics of everyday natural learning opportunities. 8 experienced practitioners' views were congruent with those of the parents, whereas the 8 inexperienced practitioners' views were incongruent with those of both parents and their experienced peers.
Types of College Student-to-Student Learning: Correlated Interactions
Authors: Miley William M. , Gonsalves Sonia V. , Arcuri Alan
Published: December 2005

209 college men and 327 college women took a 20-item Likert survey to assess the types of education-related information students may learn from other students during their informal interactions. Students were very likely to ask other students low level questions such as which professors were good and which classes to take. They were less likely to ask other students about concepts discussed in class and how to solve problems generated in class. If students asked about test taking, these students were also likely to ask about study skills and writing skills for the class. Other research suggests these higher level help-seeking behaviors seem to be related to classroom mastery and achievement.
Attribution of Cause by Patients with Depression, Anxiety, and Alexithymia
Authors: Wise Thomas N. , Kheriaty Aaron D. , Sheridan Michael J.
Published: December 2005

This study evaluated the relationship between the personality construct of alexithymia and the attribution of depression to biological, psychological, sociocultural, and external stress. When alexithymia was considered as a continuous variable, there was a significant correlation between a higher score on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and a greater belief in psychological causes for their psychiatric disorder. The other factors also had positive but nonsignificant correlations with alexithymia. When alexithymia was categorically partitioned and controlled for depressed mood, alexithymic subjects more frequently endorsed all four factors to be causal for their psychiatric illness. This appears to contradict earlier assumptions that alexithymic patients tend to be less psychologically minded than those without this psychological trait.
MMPI-2 Scores of Patients with Insomnia
Authors: Tsushima William T. , Ingolfsdottir Elisabet
Published: December 2005

Although the MMPI-2 has been employed since 1989, to date no study has been reported on its use with patients with insomnia. The MMPI-2 was administered to 104 insomnia patients. The T scores of all the MMPI-2 scales fell below the cut-off score of T = 65. Although the group profile was within the normal range, the percentages of patients who had MMPI-2 scores above T = 65 for each scale indicated that a substantial portion of the insomnia patients obtained elevated scores, particularly in the Hs, D, Hy, and Pt scales. Thus, the results suggest that many of the insomnia patients exhibit psychological distress and would benefit from brief psychological interventions, such as sleep hygiene education and relaxation training. In view of the large number of insomnia patients who obtained abnormal MMPI-2 scores, a psychological measure such as the MMPI-2 remains an important assessment tool in identifying insomnia patients who may need extensive psychotherapeutic intervention.
Broverman's Methodology Reversed: Assessing University Students' Perceptions of the Gender-Role Characteristics of Counselors
Authors: Adams Eve M. , McNeil Keith , Dubsick Nicole
Published: December 2005

This study examined university students' perceptions of which gender-role characteristics described helpful counselors for 137 nonmajors from an introduction to counseling class. Using a modification of the Broverman, et al. method (1970) and a modified version of their Stereotype Questionnaire, participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Participants indicated the characteristics of a helpful counselor, a helpful female counselor, or a helpful male counselor using 20 bipolar items of gender-role characteristics. t tests were applied to whether agreement of the pole considered most frequently was greater than chance (50%). Analysis indicated agreement on characteristics were most helpful in a counselor, and the direction of this agreement did not differ across the three conditions or as a function of participants' sex. Agreement was high for the individual gender-role characteristic items across conditions as two of 20 items showed significant differences. There was significantly more agreement that male counselors should not have their feelings easily hurt than female counselors and significantly less agreement that male counselors should be able to express tender feelings easily relative to a counselor of unspecified sex.
An Investigation of Validity of the Subjective Happiness Scale
Authors: Mattei Deborah , Schaefer Charles E.
Published: December 2005

Scores for 35 adult students ( M age = 23 yr.) on the Subjective Happiness Scale correlated strongly and positively with scores of two proposed components of happiness, Satisfaction With Life (.66) and Positive Affect (.49).
Effects of Types of Elaboration on Children's Memories of a Story: Interaction with Academic Performance
Authors: Toyota Hiroshi
Published: December 2005

Two experiments compared the effectiveness of three types of elaboration on incidental and intentional memory for a story: self-generated, self-choice, and experimenter-provided elaboration. In Exp. 1, using the incidental memory paradigm, second graders listened to a fantastic story and then, in the self-generated condition, answered a “why” question about a particular topic in the story. In the self-choice condition, they chose one of the alternative answers to the question and in the experimenter-provided condition, judged the appropriateness of each of two provided answers. This was followed by free-recall and cued-recall tests. Subjects were categorized into two groups, good and poor academic achievers in terms of academic scores in four subject matter areas. For good academic achievers, self-choice elaboration led to a better cued recall than the other two elaboration types. The cued-recall performance of poor achievers was not different with the three conditions. In Exp. 2, using the intentional memory paradigm, the subjects intended to learn a different story and then performed the same procedure as Exp. 1. For poor achievers, self-choice elaboration led to a worse free recall than the other elaboration types, but the free recall of good achievers was not significantly different for the three types of elaboration. The results were interpreted as showing that the effects of self-choice elaboration on incidental and intentional memory were correlated with subjects' academic performance.
Correlations between Attitude toward Christianity, Prayer, and Church Attendance among 9- to 11-YR.-Olds
Authors: Robbins Mandy , Babington Peter , Francis Leslie J.
Published: December 2005

Data provided by 150 9- to 11-yr.-old primary school pupils in England showed scores on the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity more highly correlated with (personal) prayer ( r = .57) than with (public) church attendance ( r = .23), providing support for the view that attitude scales access a deeper level of religiosity less contaminated by those contextual and social factors which may influence public church attendance more than personal prayer.
Utility of Verbal-Nonverbal Correspondence-Training Techniques in Outpatient Pediatric Settings
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: December 2005

Verbal-nonverbal correspondence training is a behavioral approach recommended in the development of adaptive behaviors and the reduction of problem behaviors. This paper summarizes research findings involving 4 verbal-nonverbal correspondence-training techniques and then illustrates the potential utility of these techniques in general pediatric settings. Particular emphasis is placed on strategies pediatricians could employ to teach patients how to use these techniques effectively to decrease problem behaviors at home (e.g., ADHD, refusing to take the prescribed medication, eating problems) among children seen in outpatient pediatric settings.
Behavioral Orientations and Peer-Contact Patterns of Relationally Aggressive Girls
Authors: Isobe Miyoshi , De Carvalho Filho Moisés Kirk , Maeda Kenichi
Published: December 2005

The present study was designed to assess the behavioral orientations and peer-contact patterns of relationally aggressive girls. Based on teachers' assessments of relational aggression, 16 preschool girls were assigned to either a relationally aggressive group or a nonaggressive group and then observed in a free play setting. Several aspects of their interactive behaviors, e.g., cooperative play and social conversation, and noninteractive behaviors, e.g., solitary play and transition, were observed. Analysis indicated the relationally aggressive group spent more time engaged in social conversation and transition and less time in cooperative play than did the nonaggressive group. Further, findings indicated that the relationally aggressive group spent more time with one particular peer than did the nonaggressive group.
Heightened Stress and Depression Follow Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Parrott Andrew C.
Published: December 2005

Research shows cigarette smoking does not provide mood control benefits, but rather nicotine dependency is associated with mood lability, leading to heightened feelings of stress and depression in many regular smokers. Beginning to smoke during adolescence prospectively leads to increased stress and depression; stopping smoking is followed by enduring mood improvements.
Corporal Punishment Experiences and Attitudes in a Sample of College Students
Authors: Owen Stephen S.
Published: December 2005

This article describes an analysis of an exploratory survey administered to a sample of 123 college students. The purpose was twofold. First, the respondents' experiences with spanking in childhood are described. Second, factors that led respondents to perceive their childhood spankings as beneficial or not beneficial are examined.