bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Kaplansky’s sixth conjecture
Authors: Dai Li , Dong Jingcheng
Published: May 2016

About 39 years ago, Kaplansky conjectured that the dimension of a semisimple Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed eld of characteristic zero is divisible by the dimensions of its simple modules. Although it still remains open, some partial answers to this conjecture play an important role in classifying semisimple Hopf algebras. This paper focuses on the recent development of Kaplansky’s sixth conjecture and its applications in classifying semisimple Hopf algebras.
Solution globale de l’équation de coagulation des gouttelettes en chute avec le vent horizontal
Authors: Belhireche Hanane , Aissaoui Mohamed Zine , Ellaggoune Fateh
Published: May 2016

We consider the integro-dierential equation describing the coagulation processus of water drops falling in the air in a three-dimensional domain with presence of a horizontal wind. Under suitable hypothesis and some conditions we prove the existence of the stationary solution and then the global solution using the techniques developed in [10] and [2].
Forced migration and sexual abuse: experience of Congolese adolescent girls in Kigeme refugee camp, Rwanda
Authors: Iyakaremye Innocent , Mukagatare Claudine
Published: May 2016

Background

This study deals with the link between forced migration and sexual abuse, with a special focus on adolescent girls. Existing literature associates forced migration with sexual abuse and identifies adolescent girls as the most vulnerable. However, little is known about the situation of sexual abuse among Congolese refugees in Rwanda since their arrival in 2012 due to the conflict between Congolese government forces and the M23 rebel group. This study was initiated to explore the situation of sexual abuse of Congolese adolescent girls in Kigeme camp and to suggest remedial strategies.

Participants and procedure

Qualitative data were collected through individual interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with adolescent girls. Interviews also involved parents, boys, camp authorities, and neighbouring citizens.

Results

The findings show that rape, unwanted physical touching, sexual exploitation, commercial sex, early marriage and girl trafficking are the main forms of sexual abuse. These are facilitated by the miserable life in the camp, shortcomings in the camp layout and security system, and adolescent developmental stage. They negatively impact girls’ reproductive health, social integration and mental health.

Conclusions

Existing strategies to address sexual abuse in the camp have had positive but insufficient results, and thus need to be improved and reinforced. Improvement is suggested in the areas of the abuse reporting system, the camp layout and security system, involvement of men and youth, and the consolidation of anti-GBV (gender-based violence) clubs.
Methotrexate efficacy and tolerability after switching from oral to subcutaneous route of administration in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Żuber Zbigniew , Turowska-Heydel Dorota , Sobczyk Małgorzata , Banach-Górnicka Marta , Rusnak Katarzyna , Piszczek Anna , Mężyk Elżbieta
Published: May 2016

Objectives: Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most frequently used, highly effective disease-modifying drugs in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) therapy. The drug can be administered orally or subcutaneously, but the efficacy and tolerance of these two routes of administration raise doubts in JIA patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate MTX efficacy and tolerability after switching from the oral to the subcutaneous route of administration in children with JIA.

Material and methods: A single-centre, questionnaire-based assessment of MTX efficacy and tolerance in 126 unselected JIA patients with longer than 6 months of follow-up was performed. In all patients, MTX was initially administered orally. The response to MTX treatment was analysed according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) paediatric criteria.

Results: Six-month MTX therapy was effective (ACR score ≥ 30) in 83 children (65.9%). The oral route of MTX administration was changed to subcutaneous in 32 patients after a mean period of 14 months due to intolerance (n = 20) or reluctance to take the oral formulation (n = 12). This group of children was significantly younger (p = 0.02) but did not differ from the group of children that continued oral treatment in other aspects, including MTX dose.

Six months after switching from oral to subcutaneous MTX the ACR score remained unchanged. Three children (9.4%) still reported symptoms of drug intolerance.

Conclusions: The switch from oral to subcutaneous MTX may increase the response rate in JIA patients with intolerance of its oral formulation. The reluctance to take oral MTX can be anticipated in early childhood, and should be considered in the individualization of therapy, having also in mind the lower risk of severe gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions.
Osteoporosis diagnostics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Węgierska Małgorzata , Dura Marta , Blumfield Einat , Żuchowski Paweł , Waszczak Marzena , Jeka Sławomir
Published: May 2016

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic connective tissue disease. The development of comorbidities often occurs in the course of RA. One of them is osteoporosis, which has serious social and economic effects and may contribute to the increase in the degree of disability and premature death of the patient. Due to the young age in which RA disease occurs, densitometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine is the basic examination in osteoporosis diagnostics. In the course of RA, much more frequently than in healthy persons of the same age, osteoporotic fractures of vertebral bodies occur, which hinder a correct assessment in the DXA test. Rheumatoid arthritis patients often undergo computed tomography (CT) examination of the abdominal cavity for other medical indications than suspected spinal injury. Then, CT examination may also serve for the assessment of bone density, especially in patients with osteoporotic fractures.
Rituximab-induced neutropenia in a patient with inflammatory myopathy and systemic sclerosis overlap disease
Authors: Akram Qasim , Roberts Mark , Oddis Chester , Herrick Arianne , Chinoy Hector
Published: May 2016

Rituximab (RTX) is a monoclonal chimeric antibody directed against the CD20 antigen of B lymphocytes. Late onset neutropenia (LON) is a recognised complication of rituximab usually occurring 4 weeks after the last dose and is reported in both haematological and rheumatological conditions. However, it has never been described in a patient with myositis and systemic sclerosis overlap disease.We describe a case of LON in a 54-year-old man who was diagnosed with myositis and then systemic sclerosis overlap disease. It resolved within 7 days, and the patient did not suffer neutropenic sepsis or any other complications. We propose similar mechanisms for LON as described in other conditions and routine blood monitoring in such patients.
Inter-comparison of stratospheric mean-meridional circulation and eddy mixing among six reanalysis data sets
Authors: Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Iwasaki Toshiki , Kawatani Yoshio , Kobayashi Chiaki , Sugawara Satoshi , Hegglin Michaela I.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The stratospheric mean-meridional circulation (MMC) and eddy mixing are compared among six meteorological reanalysis data sets: NCEP-NCAR, NCEP-CFSR, ERA-40, ERA-Interim, JRA-25, and JRA-55 for the period 1979–2012. The reanalysis data sets produced using advanced systems (i.e., NCEP-CFSR, ERA-Interim, and JRA-55) generally reveal a weaker MMC in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) compared with those produced using older systems (i.e., NCEP/NCAR, ERA-40, and JRA-25). The mean mixing strength differs largely among the data products. In the NH lower stratosphere, the contribution of planetary-scale mixing is larger in the new data sets than in the old data sets, whereas that of small-scale mixing is weaker in the new data sets. Conventional data assimilation techniques introduce analysis increments without maintaining physical balance, which may have caused an overly strong MMC and spurious small-scale eddies in the old data sets. At the NH mid-latitudes, only ERA-Interim reveals a weakening MMC trend in the deep branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC). The relative importance of the eddy mixing compared with the mean-meridional transport in the subtropical lower stratosphere shows increasing trends in ERA-Interim and JRA-55; this together with the weakened MMC in the deep branch may imply an increasing age-of-air (AoA) in the NH middle stratosphere in ERA-Interim. Overall, discrepancies between the different variables and trends therein as derived from the different reanalyses are still relatively large, suggesting that more investments in these products are needed in order to obtain a consolidated picture of observed changes in the BDC and the mechanisms that drive them.
An observationally-constrained estimate of global dust aerosol optical depth
Authors: Ridley David A. , Heald Colette L. , Kok Jasper F. , Zhao Chun
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Global climate and chemistry models routinely simulate dust emission, transport, and deposition to provide estimates of the role dust plays in climate and ecosystems. However, differences between these model simulations are substantial, with estimates of global dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) that vary by over a factor of 5. Here we develop an observationally-based estimate of the global dust AOD, using multiple satellite platforms, in-situ AOD observations and four state-of-the-science global models over 2004–2008. We estimate that the global dust AOD at 550 nm is 0.033 ± 0.006 (2σ), higher than the AeroCom model median (0.023) and substantially narrowing the uncertainty. The methodology used provides regional, seasonal dust AOD and the associated statistical uncertainty for key dust regions around the globe with which model dust schemes can be evaluated. Exploring the regional and seasonal differences in dust AOD between our observationally-based estimate and the four models in this study, we find that emissions in Africa are often overrepresented at the expense of Asian and Middle-Eastern emissions, and that dust removal appears to be too rapid in most models.
LTE as a Trunking -Dispatch System
Authors: Gajewski Sławomir , Gajewska Małgorzata , Katulski Ryszard J.
Published: May 2016

In the paper solutions of trunking-dispatch systems based on the LTE system are presented. The solution in the form of separate LTE/TDD trunking system is discussed, and the concept of the LTE/FDD trunking system operating in the infrastructure of public, mobile networks is characterised.
Clinical Features and Management of a Median Cleft Lip
Authors: Koh Kyung S. , Kim Do Yeon , Oh Tae Suk
Published: May 2016

Background Median cleft lip is a rare anomaly consisting of a midline vertical cleft through the upper lip. It can also involve the premaxillary bone, the nasal septum, and the central nervous system. In our current report, we present the clinical features of 6 patients with a median cleft lip and their surgical management according to the accompanying anomalies.

Methods From December 2010 to January 2014, 6 patients with a median cleft lip were reviewed. Five of these cases underwent surgical correction; alveolar bone grafting was performed in a patient with a median alveolar cleft. The surgical technique included inverted-U excision of the upper lip and repair of the orbicularis oris muscle. The mean follow-up period was 20.4 months (range, 7.4–44.0 months).

Results The study patients presented various anomalous features. Five patients received surgical correction, 4 with repair of the median cleft lip, and one with iliac bone grafting for median alveolar cleft. A patient with basal sphenoethmoidal meningocele was managed with transoral endoscopic surgery for repair of the meningocele. Successful surgical repair was achieved in all cases with no postoperative complications.

Conclusions Relatively mild forms of median cleft lip can be corrected with inverted-U excision with good aesthetic outcomes. In addition, there is a broad spectrum of clinical features and various anomalies, such as nasal deformity, alveolar cleft, and short upper frenulum, which require close evaluation. The timing of the operation should be decided considering the presence of other anomalies that can threaten patient survival.
Radiocarbon in dissolved organic carbon of the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Druffel E. R. M. , Griffin S. , Coppola A. I. , Walker B. D.
Published: May 2016

Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is produced in the surface ocean though its radiocarbon (14C) age in the deep ocean is thousands of years old. Here we show that ≥10% of the DOC in the deep North Atlantic is of postbomb origin and that the 14C age of the prebomb DOC is ≥4900 14C year, ~900 14C year older than previous estimates. We report 14C ages of DOC in the deep South Atlantic that are intermediate between values in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. Finally, we conclude that prebomb DOC 14C ages are older and a portion of deep DOC is more dynamic than previously reported.
Distinctive features of rainfall over the Indian homogeneous rainfall regions between strong and weak Indian summer monsoons
Authors: Zheng Yangxing , Bourassa M. A. , Ali M. M. , Krishnamurti T. N.
Published: May 2016

Studies of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR: June–September) on regional scales are critically important for various applications related to agriculture and water management in India. Based on the coherent rainfall over regional scales, the India Meteorological Department defined four so‐called homogeneous regions: northwest India (NWI), northeast India (NEI), central India (CI), and south peninsula India (SPIN). Here we present the salient features of daily rainfall behavior over these four regions and their association with the strength of ISMRs between strong and weak monsoons. Our results reveal that rainfall rates are primarily stronger (weaker) over NWI, CI, and SPIN during strong (weak) monsoons, while rainfall rates over NEI show no remarkable changes between strong and weak monsoons. Specifically, stronger rainfalls over NWI, CI, and SPIN during strong monsoons are generally caused by prolonged and strong wet spells followed by short and weak dry spells, primarily during the mature phase and the withdrawal phase. In contrast, weaker rainfalls over NWI, CI, and SPIN during weak monsoons are mainly caused by the prolonged and strong dry spells, which mostly occur in July–August, followed by short wet spells. The distinctive rainfall features over each region are closely associated with the characteristics of regional convective activity over each region. The rainfall rates over NEI appear insensitive to the strength of ISMRs. Finally, a probability density function analysis indicates that the rainfall rates over the four homogeneous regions between strong and weak monsoons can be characterized by the likelihood of occurrence of different rainfall ranges.
Interactive training improves workplace climate, knowledge, and support towards domestic violence
Authors: Glass Nancy , Hanson Ginger C. , Laharnar Naima , Anger W. Kent , Perrin Nancy
Published: May 2016

Background

As Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) affects the workplace, a supportive workplace climate is important. The study evaluated the effectiveness of an “IPV and the Workplace” training on workplace climate towards IPV.

Methods

IPV training was provided to 14 intervention counties and 13 control counties (receiving training 6 months delayed). Measures included workplace climate surveys, IPV knowledge test, and workplace observations.

Results

(i) Training significantly improved supervisor knowledge on IPV and received positive evaluations, (ii) training improved workplace climate towards IPV significantly which was maintained over time, and (iii) after the training, supervisors provided more IPV information to employees and more IPV postings were available in the workplace.

Conclusions

The study provides evidence to support on‐site interactive, computer based training as a means for improved workplace safety. IPV and the Workplace training effectively increased knowledge and positively changed workplace climate. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:538–548, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The genetics of anxiety‐related negative valence system traits
Authors: Savage Jeanne E. , Sawyers Chelsea , Roberson‐Nay Roxann , Hettema John M.
Published: May 2016

NIMH's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) domain of negative valence systems (NVS) captures constructs of negative affect such as fear and distress traditionally subsumed under the various internalizing disorders. Through its aims to capture dimensional measures that cut across diagnostic categories and are linked to underlying neurobiological systems, a large number of phenotypic constructs have been proposed as potential research targets. Since “genes” represent a central “unit of analysis” in the RDoC matrix, it is important for studies going forward to apply what is known about the genetics of these phenotypes as well as fill in the gaps of existing knowledge. This article reviews the extant genetic epidemiological data (twin studies, heritability) and molecular genetic association findings for a broad range of putative NVS phenotypic measures. We find that scant genetic epidemiological data is available for experimentally derived measures such as attentional bias, peripheral physiology, or brain‐based measures of threat response. The molecular genetic basis of NVS phenotypes is in its infancy, since most studies have focused on a small number of candidate genes selected for putative association to anxiety disorders (ADs). Thus, more research is required to provide a firm understanding of the genetic aspects of anxiety‐related NVS constructs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactions of Highly Branched Perfluoroolefins with (Pentafluorophenyl)trimethylsilane: Characterization of the Unique Structural Properties of Perfluorinated Super‐Congested Systems
Authors: Nishida Masakazu , Fukaya Haruhiko , Hayakawa Yoshio , Ono Taizo , Fujii Kotaro , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Uekusa Hidehiro
Published: May 2016

Hexafluoropropene trimers were reacted with C6F5Si(CH3)3 to provide not only pentafluorophenyl but also perfluorophenylene derivatives [F(C6F4)nC9F17; n=2–9] by successive pentafluorophenylation of perfluoroaryl rings. Their structures, including rotational isomers, were determined by MS, 19F and 13C–{19F} NMR spectroscopy, and/or X‐ray crystallography, and were further confirmed by B3LYP‐GIAO calculation of NMR shieldings. Formation of a pair of gear‐meshed rotamers with clockwise and counterclockwise conformations was identified by NMR measurements for the structures having geminal (CF3)2CF groups at the C=C bond. That the predominantly formed counterclockwise rotamer was gradually converted to the clockwise rotamer over 50 days at room temperature through a synchronized movement of gears was also confirmed by NMR measurements. A comparison between the X‐ray structure and B3LYP calculations showed some structural differences that arise from the crystal packing.
Lactate, a useful marker for disease mortality and severity but an unreliable marker of tissue hypoxia/hypoperfusion in critically ill patients
Authors: Kushimoto Shigeki , Akaishi Satoshi , Sato Takeaki , Nomura Ryosuke , Fujita Motoo , Kudo Daisuke , Kawazoe Yu , Yoshida Yoshitaro , Miyagawa Noriko
Published: May 2016

Early aggressive hemodynamic resuscitation using elevated plasma lactate as a marker is an essential component of managing critically ill patients. Therefore, measurement of blood lactate is recommended to stratify patients based on the need for fluid resuscitation and the risks of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. Hyperlactatemia is common among critically ill patients, and lactate levels and their trend may be reliable markers of illness severity and mortality. Although hyperlactatemia has been widely recognized as a marker of tissue hypoxia/hypoperfusion, it can also result from increased or accelerated aerobic glycolysis during the stress response. Additionally, lactate may represent an important energy source for patients in critical condition. Despite its inherent complexity, the current simplified view of hyperlactatemia is that it reflects the presence of global tissue hypoxia/hypoperfusion with anaerobic glycolysis. This review of hyperlactatemia in critically ill patients focuses on its pathophysiological aspects and recent clinical approaches. Hyperlactatemia in critically ill patients must be considered to be related to tissue hypoxia/hypoperfusion. Therefore, appropriate hemodynamic resuscitation is required to correct the pathological condition immediately. However, hyperlactatemia can also result from aerobic glycolysis, unrelated to tissue dysoxia, which is unlikely to respond to increases in systemic oxygen delivery. Because hyperlactatemia may be simultaneously related to, and unrelated to, tissue hypoxia, physicians should recognize that resuscitation to normalize plasma lactate levels could be over‐resuscitation and may worsen the physiological status. Lactate is a reliable indicator of sepsis severity and a marker of resuscitation; however, it is an unreliable marker of tissue hypoxia/hypoperfusion.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Transformations in the Decomposition of Mg(OH)2 and MgCO3
Authors: KIM M. G. , DAHMEN U. , SEARCY A. W.
Published: May 2016

have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of the Reammoniation of Alumosilicate Catalysts by High Resolution 1H NMR.
Authors: ERNST H. , FREUDE D. , HUNGER M. , PFEIFER H. , SEIFFERT B.
Published: May 2016

It is demonstrated that different lines according to bridging OH‐groups (Bronsted acid sites), non‐acidic silanol groups, NH4+ ions and physisorbed NH3 can be resolved in the 1H MAS NMR spectra of HY‐ and H‐ZSM‐5 zeolites and amorphous alumosilicates after NH3 adsorption.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of Cl‐ Ions on the Passivation of Fe‐26 Cr Alloy.
Authors: MITROVIC‐SCEPANOVIC V. , MACDOUGALL B. , GRAHAM M. J.
Published: May 2016

Results of electrochemical studies and AES combined with ion sputtering indicate that Cl‐ ions only can be incorporated into anodic oxide films formed on the title alloy when Cl‐ is present in the solution (H2SO4; pH 2) at the beginning of film formation, whereas a relatively short anodization in Cl‐‐free solution is sufficient to prevent any subsequent Cl‐ incorporation.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism of Formation of Oxygen Difluoride.
Authors: APPELMAN E. H. , JACHE A. W.
Published: May 2016

Passage of F2 over ice at temp. around ‐50 °C produces a mixture of O2, HOF, OF2 and small amounts of H2O2.
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Radiolysis of Monogermane and the Formation of Solid Germanium Hydride Polymers.
Authors: BELLUATI R. , CASTIGLIONI M. , VOLPE P. , GENNARO M. C.
Published: May 2016

γ‐Radiolysis of GeH4 results in the formation of solid (GeHx)n (x = 0.55‐1.81) besides H2 and Ge2H6.
ChemInform Abstract: The Compounds Cu0.5LnTe2, Ln: La‐Sm.
Authors: PARDO M.‐P. , NGUYEN HUY DUNG NGUYEN HUY DUNG
Published: May 2016

The new series of title compounds has been prepared by annealing a stoichiometric mixture of the elements (550 °C, 2 d; 800 °C, 4 d; 1050 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Metal Bonds Involving the f‐Elements. Part 2. Nature of the Bonding in (η5‐C5H5)2(I)M‐Ru(η5‐C5H5)(CO)2 (M: Zr, Th) Complexes.
Authors: BURSTEN B. E. , NOVO‐GRADAC K. J.
Published: May 2016

Xα‐SW MO calculations with relativistic corrections on the title complexes show them to have donor‐acceptor metal‐metal bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Methylation of Hallerin: Conformational Aspects from X‐Ray Analysis and MO Calculations.
Authors: APPENDINO G. , CHIARI G. , UGLIENGO P. , VITERBO D.
Published: May 2016

The stereochemistry at the ketal center of methylhallerin (I) has been established by X‐ray analysis (space group P212121 with Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: New Applications of Crown Ethers. Part 6. Structural Effects of Bis(benzocrown ether)s and Substituted Benzocrown Ethers on Solvent Extraction and Complexation of Alkali Metal Cations.
Authors: KIKUKAWA K. , HE G.‐X. , ABE A. , GOTO T. , ARATA R. , IKEDA T. , WADA F. , MATSUDA T.
Published: May 2016

The benzocrown ethers (I) and (II) and bis(benzocrown ether)s such as (III) and (IV) are prepared by reported methods (described only by a scheme).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetically and Biologically Interesting N‐Acylquinone Imine Ketals and N‐Acylquinol Imine Ethers from Anodic Oxidation of Anilides.
Authors: CHEN C.‐P. , CHOU C.‐T. , SWENTON J. S.
Published: May 2016

Anodic oxidation of the amides (I) in the presence of a base results in the formation of the title compounds (III), which are stable at ‐10 °C for at least several days.
ChemInform Abstract: Intra‐ and Intermolecular Hetero‐Diels‐Alder Reactions. Part 15. Asymmetric Induction in Grignard and Hetero‐Diels‐Alder Reactions of Chiral α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: TIETZE L. F. , BRAND S. , PFEIFFER T. , ANTEL J. , HARMS K. , SHELDRICK G. M.
Published: May 2016

Condensation of the benzaldehydes (I) with (II) yields the arylideneoxazepanediones (III); the structure of the (Z)‐isomer (IIIc) is established by an X‐ray analysis (space group P21, Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: Explosive Hazard of Esters of Sulfonic Acids.
Authors: COLLIN D. T. , WILSON D. R.
Published: May 2016

The cyclobutylmethyl sulfonate (Ia) decomposes explosively on heating to produce the cyclopentene (II) and the sulfonic acid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Methyl Trifluoropyruvate with Aromatic Amines.
Authors: ZELENIN A. E. , CHKANIKOV N. D. , KOLOMIETS A. F. , FOKIN A. V.
Published: May 2016

The amines (I) react with methyl trifluoropyruvate (II) to produce the indoline derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Transformations. Part 45. Orbital Overlap Preferences in Excited‐State Intramolecular Electron Transfers.
Authors: CRISTOL S. J. , AELING E. O. , HENG R.
Published: May 2016

The dibenzobicyclooctadiene (I), prepared as the Diels‐Alder adduct of 2‐methoxyanthracene and cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene, forms the acetates (II) by Ag+ promoted acetolysis via Wagner‐Meerwein rearrangements.
ChemInform Abstract: α,β‐Epoxy Sulfoxides as Useful Intermediates in Organic Synthesis. Part 9. A Novel Synthesis of Alkyl Vinyl Ketones and Divinyl Ketones from Carbonyl Compounds and 1‐Chloro‐3‐phenylthiopropyl Phenyl Sulfoxide as a Three‐Carbon Homologating Agent.
Authors: SATOH T. , KUMAGAWA T. , SUGIMOTO A. , YAMAKAWA K.
Published: May 2016

The epoxy sulfoxides (I) are converted to the alkyl vinyl ketones (III) via the phenylthio carbonyl compounds (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New 4‐Hydroxybenzonitrile Derivatives and Their Herbicidal Properties.
Authors: SCHMIDT H.‐W.
Published: May 2016

A series of title compounds is synthesized as shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Reaction of Me3SiCN. Part 4. Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Halides by Trimethylsilyl Cyanide.
Authors: CHATANI N. , HANAFUSA T.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the aryl iodides (I) with trimethylsilyl cyanide (II) in the presence of catalytic amounts of the palladium complex (III) yields the aryl cyanides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Tropolone Derivatives. Part 4.
Authors: YAMATO M. , HASHIGAKI K. , SAKAI J. , KAWASAKI Y. , TSUKAGOSHI S. , TASHIRO T.
Published: May 2016

Condensation of hinokitiol (I) with p‐anisaldehyde diethyl acetal (II) yields the tropolone derivative (III) which reacts with various nucleophiles (IV) to give the pseudobistropolones (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Polyspiranes. Part 12. Cascade Rearrangements. Part 7. Heptacyclo(19.3.0.01,5.05,9.09,13.013,17.017,21)tetracosane ((6.5)Coronane).
Authors: WEHLE D. , FITJER L.
Published: May 2016

Grignard reaction of (I) followed by cascade rearrangement affords the hexacyclic diene (II), which is converted to the bromide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Michael Addition: Methyl Vinyl Ketone Addition Catalyzed by Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives.
Authors: CONN R. S. E. , LOVELL A. V. , KARADY S. , WEINSTOCK L. M.
Published: May 2016

Addition of methyl vinyl ketone (V) to the indanone (III) in the presence of the cinchoninium salt (I) yields the enantiomer S‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Photocarboxylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Authors: TAZUKE S. , KAZAMA S. , KITAMURA N.
Published: May 2016

Reductive carboxylation of phenanthrene (I) forming (II) takes place on photoirradiation in the presence of CO2 and dimethylaniline.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereoselective Synthesis of D‐Normorphinan Derivatives by Means of an Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Reaction.
Authors: KAMETANI T. , SUZUKI Y. , HONDA T.
Published: May 2016

Intramolecular thermal cycloaddition reaction of the benzocyclobutenes (I) yields the hydrophenanthrenes (II) ‐ (VI) which are valuable synthons for the preparation of D‐normorphinan derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Furo(3,2‐b)indole Derivatives. Part 6. Synthesis and Inhibitory Effect on Platelet Aggregation of Furo(3,2‐b)indole Derivatives.
Authors: KAWASHIMA Y. , HOSODA K. , GOTO J. , SATO M. , HATADA Y. , ASAMI Y. , NAKASHIMA Y. , SOTA K.
Published: May 2016

The bis(hydroxyethyl)aminomethylfuro(3,2‐b)indoles (II) are prepared as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4(5)‐Alkylimidazolinones‐2.
Authors: ZAV'YALOV S. I. , DOROFEEVA O. V. , TAGANOVA O. K.
Published: May 2016

In mixtures of the bromoketones (I) and (II), the bromomethyl compounds (I) react selectively with amines such as piperidine (III) or trimethylamine (V) to give the corresponding aminomethyl ketones (IV) and (VI) respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reaction of 2,3‐Disubstituted Oxiranes with Isocyanates by Highly Activated Catalyst; Ph4SbI‐Bu3SnI.
Authors: FUJIWARA M. , BABA A. , TOMOHISA Y. , MATSUDA H.
Published: May 2016

The oxiranes (I) are coupled with the isocyanates (II) in the presence of the catalyst system (III) to yield the oxazolidinones (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Pummerer Reaction of 3‐Sulfinylmethyl‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles: A New Synthesis of Protected 3‐Formyl‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles.
Authors: COZZI F. , GOBBI C. , RAIMONDI L. , RESTELLI A.
Published: May 2016

The two‐step synthesis of the dimethylacetals (III) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 3‐Aminofurazanes with Elemental Fluorine.
Authors: FOKIN A. V. , TSELINSKII I. V. , MEL'NIKOVA S. F. , VERGIZOV S. N. , STUDNEV YU. N. , STOLYAROV V. P. , IL'IN S. S.
Published: May 2016

The aminofurazanes (I) react with elemental fluorine to give the difluoroamino compounds (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Nitriles in Organic Synthesis: A New Synthesis of 3,5‐Diarylbenzene Derivatives.
Authors: EL‐TORGOMAN A. M. , HAFEZ E. A. A. , EL‐KOUSY S. M. , ELNAGDI M. H.
Published: May 2016

The ethylidenemalodinitrile (I) reacts with the thioamides (II) to yield the diaryldicyanobenzenes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of 1‐Methoxyisoquinoline‐3,4‐diamine and Some Derived Imidazo(4,5‐c)isoquinolines.
Authors: DEADY L. W. , KACHAB E. H.
Published: May 2016

The diamine (III) is prepared from the known amine (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocycles via Enamines. Part 12. Intramolecular Additions of Nucleophiles to 1,4‐Dihydropyrimidine‐2(3H)‐thione Derivatives: Single‐Step Synthesis of Condensed Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: SINGH H. , KUMAR S.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the isothiocyanates (I) with the amines (II) bearing a second nucleophile gives the heterobicycles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Hindered Unsaturated Boranes. A New Synthesis of Organoboranes.
Authors: COOKE M. P. JUN. , WIDENER R. K.
Published: May 2016

Vinylboranes (I) and (VII), bearing the bulky mesityl substituents to preclude ate complex formation, undergo nucleophilic addition on reaction with organolithium compounds (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Synthesis via Organoboranes. Part 9. Crystalline “Chelates” from Borinic and Boronic Esters. A Simple Procedure for Upgrading Borinates and Boronates to Materials Approaching 100% Optical Purity.
Authors: BROWN H. C. , PRASAD J. V. N. V.
Published: May 2016

The borinate (I) forms the 1:1‐complex (III) on reaction with the amino alcohol (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Attempted Synthesis of Selenium and Tellurium Analogs of 1,5‐Diaryl‐ 1,3,5‐trithia‐2,4‐diaza‐2,3‐pentadienes.
Authors: ZIBAREV A. V. , KONCHENKO S. N. , FURIN G. G. , FEDOTOV M. A.
Published: May 2016

The trithia‐ and thiadiselenadiazaallenes (III) are prepared from the bistrimethylsilyl compound (II) and the chlorides (Ia) ‐ (Ic).
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Crystal Structure Analysis of Deacetyldehydroeuphorianin: The Correct Structure of the Novel Pentacyclic Macrocyclic Diterpene, Euphorianin.
Authors: OKOGUN J. I. , FAKUNLE C. O. , EKONG D. E. U. , LINDNER H. J. , HABERMEHL G. G.
Published: May 2016

Euphorianin, isolated from Euphorbia poisonii, is hydrolyzed and oxidized to give the product (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Aromatase Inhibitors. Synthesis of 19,19‐Difluoro‐4‐hydroxyandrost‐4‐ene‐3,17‐dione and Related Compounds.
Authors: MANN J. , PIETRZAK B.
Published: May 2016

The steroid (IIIa) is synthesized from the androstene derivative (Ia) via (Ib) and (Ic), while the title 4‐hydroxy compound (IIIb) is obtained from (IIIa) via epoxidation, ring opening with methanolic NaOH and cleavage of the resulting methoxy group.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Synthons for the Total Synthesis of Fluoro Amino Acids and Fluoro Analogues of Antibiotic Sugars.
Authors: FAGHIH R. , CABRERA ESCRIBANO F. , CASTILLON S. , GARCIA J. , LUKACS G. , OLESKER A. , THANG T.‐T.
Published: May 2016

The 2‐fluoro‐3‐azido sugars (II), (V), and (VII) and the 2‐azido‐3‐ fluoro sugars (VIIIb), (XII), and (XIIIb) are prepared as chiral synthons for fluoro amino sugars and fluoro amino acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of N‐Imidazolylsulfonates at C‐2 of α‐D‐Manno‐ and ‐Galactopyranosides.
Authors: EL SAYED AHMED F. M. , DAVID S. , VETELE J.‐M.
Published: May 2016

The mannopyranosides (I), the galactopyranosides (IV) and (VIIIa), and the lactose derivative (Xa) are converted into their N‐imidazolyl sulfonyl derivatives (II), (V), (VIIIb), and (Xb) respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Benzopyrone. Part 5. Total Synthesis of Fulvic Acid.
Authors: YAMAUCHI M. , KATAYAMA S. , TODOROKI K. , WATANABE T.
Published: May 2016

The total synthesis of the fungal metabolite fulvic acid (VIII) starts from the acetophenone (I) which in turn is obtained from vanillin via 9 steps (38% total yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Avermectin Chemistry: Problems of Conjugation, Deconjugation, and Epimerization.
Authors: FRASER‐REID B. , WOLLEB H. , FAGHIH R. , BARCHI J. JUN.
Published: May 2016

With a view to clarifying the feasibility of preparing avermectins (e.g.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Ceph‐3‐em Esters Unaccompanied by δ3 → δ2 Isomerization of the Cephalosporin.
Authors: MOBASHERY S. , JOHNSTON M.
Published: May 2016

Direct alkylation of the 3‐cephemcarboxylates (I) with the alkyl bromides (II) gives almost exclusively the 3‐cephem esters (III), when a solvent mixture of DMF and dioxane is used.
ChemInform Abstract: New Methylseleno‐Promoted Ketene‐Imine Cycloaddition Reaction. A Simplified Stereoselective Synthesis of Penam.
Authors: NAGAO Y. , KUMAGAI T. , TAKAO S. , ABE T. , OCHIAI M. , INOUE Y. , TAGA T. , FUJITA E.
Published: May 2016

The alkoxyketenes (I), formed in situ from the corresponding alkoxyacetyl chlorides and triethylamine, react with the methylselenothiazolines (II) to produce the methylselenopenams (IIIa) stereoselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral Bis‐Homoallylic Epoxides. A New Class of Lepidopteran Sex Attractants.
Authors: MILLAR J. G. , UNDERHILL E. W.
Published: May 2016

Sharpless oxidation of the dienol (I) yields the optically active epoxides (IIa) and (IIb).
How Electronic Excitation Can be Used to Inhibit Some Mechanisms Associated to Substituent Effects
Authors: Ferro‐Costas David , Francisco Evelio , Martín Pendás Ángel , Mosquera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2016

Despite the fact that transferability and chemistry go hand in hand, transferability studies in electronically excited states (EESs) are normally omitted, although these states are becoming extremely important in modern processes and applications. In this work, it is shown that this kind of studies can be used to understand how substituent effects can be modified in EESs. Thus, for example, the analysis of the carbonyl oxygen transferability in different HCO‐R molecules allowed us to find that the
excitation can be used to break the π conjugation associated to the resonance substituent effect. Moreover, as a direct consequence, the oxygen transferability is enhanced in the first electronically excited state.
From Sugars to Wheels: The Conversion of Ethanol to 1,3‐Butadiene over Metal‐Promoted Magnesia‐Silicate Catalysts
Authors: Shylesh Sankaranarayanapillai , Gokhale Amit A. , Scown Corinne D. , Kim Daeyoup , Ho Christopher R. , Bell Alexis T.
Published: May 2016

1,3‐Butadiene (1,3‐BD) is a high‐value chemical intermediate used mainly as a monomer for the production of synthetic rubbers. The ability to source 1,3‐BD from biomass is of considerable current interest because it offers the potential to reduce the life‐cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) impact associated with 1,3‐BD production from petroleum‐derived naphtha. Herein, we report the development and investigation of a new catalyst and process for the one‐step conversion of ethanol to 1,3‐BD. The catalyst is prepared by the incipient impregnation of magnesium oxide onto a silica support followed by the deposition of Au nanoparticles by deposition–precipitation. The resulting Au/MgO‐SiO2 catalyst exhibits a high activity and selectivity to 1,3‐BD and low selectivities to diethyl ether, ethylene, and butenes. Detailed characterization of the catalyst shows that the desirable activity and selectivity of Au/MgO‐SiO2 are a consequence of a critical balance between the acidic–basic sites associated with a magnesium silicate hydrate phase and the redox properties of the Au nanoparticles. A process for the conversion of ethanol to 1,3‐BD, which uses our catalyst, is proposed and analyzed to determine the life‐cycle GHG impact of the production of this product from biomass‐derived ethanol. We show that 1,3‐BD produced by our process can reduce GHG emissions by as much as 155 % relative to the conventional petroleum‐based production of 1,3‐BD.
Candida shehatae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae work synergistically to improve ethanol fermentation from sugarcane bagasse and rice straw hydrolysate in immobilized cell bioreactor
Authors: Meethit Pareena , Ratanaprasit Pirayaprach , Sakdaronnarong Chularat
Published: May 2016

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and rice straw (RS), abundant lignocellulosic agro‐industrial residues in South‐East Asia, are potent feedstocks for bioethanol production as they contain significant amount of glucose and xylose monomers after fractionation and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. To simultaneously convert glucose and xylose to ethanol, it requires co‐cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida shehatae which are hexose and pentose‐fermenting yeasts, respectively. Xylose‐fermenting strain grows slower than glucose‐fermenting one, therefore low efficiency of xylose‐to‐ethanol conversion was found. To enhance the efficiency of ethanol fermentation, the present work proposed to improve xylose assimilation by using co‐immobilization of two strains in a packed bed bioreactor and to increase oxygenation of the medium by applying a recycled batch system when the recycle stream was intervened by a mixing system in a naturally aerated vessel. Initially, conversion of glucose and xylose to ethanol using pure culture was investigated. Subsequently, influence of different immobilization techniques was investigated. Cells entrapment in Ca‐alginate beads provided considerably high ethanol yield over cells immobilized on delignified cellulose, and thus it was selected to use as inoculum in an immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB). The results showed that continuous ethanol production yielded 0.38 and 0.40 g/g corresponding to 74.5% and 78.4% theoretical yields from SCB and RS hydrolysate, respectively. However, recycled batch system produced significantly improved ethanol yield to 0.49 g/g and 0.50 g/g corresponding to 96.1% and 98.0% theoretical yields for SCB and RS hydrolysate, respectively. In this study, higher ethanol concentration and less unfermented sugar concentration was successfully achieved in the ICB with recycled batch system when using SCB and RS hydrolysate as the substrate.
Inducing optimal substitution between antibiotics under open access to the resource of antibiotic susceptibility
Authors: Herrmann Markus , Nkuiya Bruno
Published: May 2016

This paper designs a bio‐economic model to examine the use of substitute antibiotic drugs (analogs) sold by an industry that has open access to the resource of the antibiotic class's susceptibility (treatment effectiveness). Antibiotics are characterized by different expected recovery rates and production costs, which in conjunction with the class's treatment susceptibility determines their relative effectiveness. Our analysis reveals that the high‐quality antibiotic drug loses its comparative advantage over time making the low‐quality drug the treatment of last resort in the market equilibrium and the social optimum when antibiotic susceptibility cannot replenish. However, when antibiotic susceptibility is renewable, both antibiotics may be used in the long run, and the comparative advantage of the high‐quality drug may be restored in the social optimum that allows lowering infection in the long run. We develop the optimal tax/subsidy scheme that would induce antibiotic producers under open access to behave optimally and account for the social cost of infection and value of antibiotic susceptibility. We show that the welfare loss associated with the uncorrected open‐access allocation is highest; when the resource of antibiotic susceptibility is non‐renewable, high morbidity costs are incurred by individuals, and low social discount rates apply. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation and Solution of Models with Expectations and Structural Changes
Authors: Kulish Mariano , Pagan Adrian
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we develop solutions for linearized models with forward‐looking expectations and structural changes under a variety of assumptions regarding agents' beliefs about those structural changes. For each solution, we show how its associated likelihood function can be constructed by using a ‘backward–forward’ algorithm. We illustrate the techniques with two examples. The first considers an inflationary program in which beliefs about the inflation target evolve differently from the inflation target itself, and the second applies the techniques to estimate a new Keynesian model through the Volcker disinflation. We compare our methodology with the alternative in which structural change is captured by switching between regimes via a Markov switching process. We show that our method can produce accurate results much faster than the Markov switching method as well as being easily adapted to handle beliefs departing from reality. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Metabolism of Clopidogrel: CYP2C19 Is a Minor Pathway
Authors: Ford Neville F.
Published: May 2016

The major metabolic pathway of clopidogrel is conversion to carboxylic acid by an esterase (CES1), forming clopidogrelic acid (SR26334) that is inactive. There is agreement on the structure of the active metabolite; however, there are differing views about the mechanism of its formation. Sanofi studied the conversion of clopidogrel to the active metabolite using human liver microsomes. It was concluded that 2‐oxo‐clopidogrel was formed via CYP3A oxidation. From a subsequent in vitro study by Sankyo of the metabolism of clopidogrel using recombinant DNA CYPs, it was concluded that CYP2C19 was the major oxidative pathway. Such CYPs can give false‐negative results particularly with drugs such as clopidogrel that have high first‐pass metabolism in the enterocyte. CYP3A is present in the enterocyte but not CYP2C19. However, the view that clopidogrel is a CYP2C19 substrate was reinforced by a finding that omeprazole, a CYP2C19 inhibitor, reduced the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation. The drug–drug interaction study of clopidogrel with omeprazole had the effect of reducing the area under the curve (AUC) of the clopidogrel active metabolite by 45%. However, a drug interaction study with a CYP3A inhibitor, grapefruit juice, caused a 6‐fold reduction in the AUC of the active metabolite. Clopidogrel is therefore now considered to be primarily a CYP3A4/5 substrate. CYP2C19 has a minor role whose effect can be detected using a sensitive methodology such as platelet aggregometry.
Expression for the Number of Spanning Trees of Line Graphs of Arbitrary Connected Graphs
Authors: Dong Fengming , Yan Weigen
Published: May 2016

For any graph G, let be the number of spanning trees of G, be the line graph of G, and for any nonnegative integer r, be the graph obtained from G by replacing each edge e by a path of length connecting the two ends of e. In this article, we obtain an expression for in terms of spanning trees of G by a combinatorial approach. This result generalizes some known results on the relation between and and gives an explicit expression if G is of order and size in which s vertices are of degree 1 and the others are of degree k. Thus we prove a conjecture on for such a graph G.
Observed short‐ and long‐term changes in summer precipitation over South Korea and their links to large‐scale circulation anomalies
Authors: Baek Hee‐Jeong , Kim Maeng‐Ki , Kwon Won‐Tae
Published: May 2016

We investigated short‐ and long‐term changes in total and extreme summer precipitation and the characteristic patterns of atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies related to wet summers over South Korea. Over the last century (1913–2012), the total and extreme summer precipitation showed a significant increase of 2.62 and 4.45% decade−1, respectively. Because extreme summer precipitation increased more rapidly than total summer precipitation, the contribution of extreme precipitation to total precipitation increased significantly by 2.48% decade−1. A two‐peak rainy season was substantially intensified, with a slight shift and a large increase of precipitation during the monsoon break period, indicating a shortening of the monsoon break period. The 20‐year return values of daily maximum precipitation increased at all stations except Mokpo, showing changes in the frequency of extreme events. During the last 40 years (1973–2012), the pattern of change in the precipitation indices was spatially heterogeneous, with a particularly significant increasing trend in extreme summer precipitation over the North‐central portion of western South Korea. When compared with long‐term trends over 1912–2012, recent short‐term trends showed more rapid increases in all precipitation indices, with the exception of the number of consecutive dry days. In addition, the number of consecutive wet days (CWD) increased significantly during the last 40 years, whereas the long‐term trend over the last century for CWD was not significant. These regional trends were confirmed by field significance at the 90% confidence level. From the composite analysis results, the positive anomalous North Pacific subtropical high, intensification of the upper‐level westerly Jet over Korea and its vertical coupling with the anomalous strong low‐level westerlies, and anomalous warm SST values in the western North Pacific region were linked to recent increases in extreme summer precipitation.