bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limits on the molecular gas content of z ∼ 5 LBGs
Authors: Davies L. J. M. , Bremer M. N. , Stanway E. R. , Birkinshaw M. , Lehnert M. D.
Published: August 2010

We present limits on the molecular gas content of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z ∼ 5 from observations targeting redshifted CO(1–0) and CO(2–1) line emission. We observed a single field containing eight spectroscopically confirmed z ∼ 5 LBGs, seven of which are contained within a narrow (z = 4.95 ± 0.08) redshift range and the eighth is at z= 5.2. No source was individually detected. Assuming the CO to H2 conversion factor for vigorous starbursts, we place upper limits on the molecular gas content of individual z∼ 5 LBGs of M(H2) ≲ 1010M⊙. From a stacking analysis combining all of the non-detections, the typical z ∼ 5 LBG has an H2 mass limit comparable to their stellar mass, <3.1 × 109M⊙ This limit implies that, given the star formation rates of these systems (measured from their UV emission), star formation could be sustained for at most ∼ 100 Myr, similar to the typical ages of their stellar populations. The lack of a substantially larger reservoir of cold gas argues against the LBGs being UV-luminous superstarbursts embedded in much larger UV-dark systems and as a result increases the likelihood that at least those LBGs with multiple components are starbursts triggered by mergers. The sources responsible for re-ionization are expected to be starbursts similar to these systems, but with lower luminosities, masses and consequently with star formation time-scales far shorter than the recombination time-scale. If so, the ionized bubbles expected in the IGM during the re-ionization era will only infrequently have UV-luminous sources at their centres.
Formation of planets by tidal downsizing of giant planet embryos
Authors: Nayakshin Sergei
Published: August 2010

We hypothesize that planets are made by tidal downsizing of migrating giant planet embryos. The proposed scheme for planet formation consists of these steps: (i) a massive young protoplanetary disc fragments at R ∼ several tens to hundreds of au on gaseous clumps with masses of a few Jupiter masses; (ii) the clumps cool and contract, and simultaneously migrate closer in to the parent star; (iii) as earlier suggested by Boss, dust sediments inside the gas clumps to form terrestrial mass solid cores; (iv) if the solid core becomes more massive than , a massive gas atmosphere collapses on to the solid core and (v) when the gas clumps reach the inner few au from the star, tidal shear and evaporation due to stellar irradiation peel off the outer metal-poor envelope of the clump. If tidal disruption occurs quickly, while the system is still in stage (iii), a terrestrial planet core is left. If it happens later, in stage (iv), a metal-rich gas giant planet with a solid core emerges from the envelope.
Stochastic Cost Optimization of Multistrategy DNAPL Site Remediation
Authors: Parker Jack , Kim Ungtae , Kitanidis Peter K. , Cardiff Michael , Liu Xiaoyi
Published: August 2010

This paper investigates numerical optimization of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) site remediation design considering effects of prediction and measurement uncertainty. Results are presented for a hypothetical problem involving remediation using thermal source reduction (TSR) and bioremediation with electron donor (ED) injection. Pump‐and‐treat is utilized as a backup measure if compliance criteria are not met. Remediation system design variables are optimized to minimize expected net present value (ENPV) cost. Adaptive criteria are assumed for real‐time control of TSR and ED duration. Source zone dissolved concentration data enabled more reliable and lower cost operation of TSR than soil concentration data, but using both soil and dissolved data improved results sufficiently to more than offset the additional cost. Decisions to terminate remediation and monitoring or to initiate pump‐and‐treat are complicated by measurement noise. Simultaneous optimization of monitoring frequency, averaging period, and lookback periods to confirm decisions, in addition to remediation design variables, reduced ENPV cost. Results indicate that remediation design under conditions of uncertainty is affected by subtle interactions and tradeoffs between design variables, compliance rules, site characteristics, and uncertainty in model predictions and monitoring data. Optimized designs yielded cost savings of up to approximately 50% compared with a nonoptimized design based on common engineering practices. Significant improvements in accuracy and reductions in cost were achieved by recalibrating the model to data collected during remediation and re‐optimizing design variables. Repeating this process periodically is advisable to minimize total costs and maximize reliability.
School Food Practices of Prospective Teachers
Authors: Rossiter Melissa , Glanville Theresa , Taylor Jennifer , Blum Ilya
Published: August 2010

Background: Schoolteachers can affect students’ eating habits in several ways: through nutrition knowledge, positive role modeling, and avoidance of unhealthy classroom food practices. In this study, the knowledge, attitudes, and eating behaviors of prospective teachers as determinants of intended classroom food practices and the school environment and its potential impact on classroom food practices were examined and explored.

Methods: One hundred and three students (response rate 79%) enrolled in the final year of a bachelor of education program with at least 22 weeks of practice teaching completed a self‐administered questionnaire adapted from the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School teaching staff survey. Indexes related to classroom food practices, school food environment, personal health, fat intake, and nutrition knowledge were constructed and explored quantitatively using linear modeling techniques and contingency table analysis.

Results: The majority of respondents reported a high fat intake (65%) and had mid‐to‐low nutrition knowledge (72%). While most respondents (93%) believed that a healthy school food environment was important, two thirds reported unhealthy classroom food practices. Unhealthy classroom food practices were more likely to be used by those intending to teach at the secondary level, those who held a high personal health belief, and those who demonstrated less support for a healthy school environment.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that knowledge, attitudes, and food behaviors of prospective teachers may be barriers to promoting healthy food habits to their future students. Further, prospective teachers would benefit from policies and programs that support healthy classroom practices and from compulsory nutrition education in the teacher training curriculum.
Lessons Learned While Implementing a Legislated School Policy: Body Mass Index Assessments Among Arkansas’s Public School Students
Authors: Justus Michelle B. , Ryan Kevin W. , Rockenbach Joy , Katterapalli Chaitanya , Card‐Higginson Paula
Published: August 2010

Background:  To comprehensively address the childhood and adolescent obesity epidemic, Arkansas enacted Act 1220 of 2003. Among a series of community‐ and school‐based interventions, the Act requires each public school student to have his/her body mass index (BMI) assessed and reported annually to parents. The process of implementing this policy on a statewide level and lessons learned are described in this article.

Methods:  A confidential, standardized protocol to measure student BMIs and report results to parents was developed. Affordable, reliable, and durable equipment was selected and school personnel who conducted BMI assessments were trained to ensure standardization. To enhance the efficiency and ease of the measurement and reporting process and promote long‐term and locally based sustainability, during the first 3 years of implementation, a transition from a paper‐based system to a Web‐based system was made. Confidential, individualized Child Health Reports have provided students’ parents with information about the health of their children.

Results:  Participation by schools and students has been high as a result of collaboration between the health and education communities and the students and their families. Childhood obesity has not increased since Act 1220 was passed into law.

Conclusions:  Parents, schools, school districts, and the state are able to better understand the obesity epidemic and track progress using detailed annual data. Providing a standardized measurement protocol, equipment, and efficient data entry and report generation options has enabled Arkansas to institutionalize the BMI assessment process in public schools.
Congenital oesophageal stricture in a Japanese shiba inu
Authors: Fox E. , Lee K. , Lamb C. R. , Rest J. , Baines S. J. , Brockman D.
Published: August 2010

An 11‐week‐old, female, Japanese shiba inu, weighing 1·3 kg, was presented with a history of intermittent regurgitation since birth. An oesophagram showed a partial obstruction of the caudal cervical oesophagus associated with a narrow, transverse tissue band. Following surgical resection, the regurgitation resolved and the dog attained a normal bodyweight. Histological examination revealed focally hyperplastic epithelium with dense fibrous underlying connective tissue forming the band. The diagnosis was a congenital oesophageal stricture.
Effects of postoperative ketamine infusion on pain control and feeding behaviour in bitches undergoing mastectomy
Authors: Sarrau S. , Jourdan J. , Dupuis‐Soyris F. , Verwaerde P.
Published: August 2010

Objectives: To determine if ketamine administered to bitches at the end of a mastectomy, followed by a six‐hour constant rate infusion (CRI), improved postoperative opioid analgesia and feeding behaviour.

Methods: The bitches were randomised into three groups: the placebo group received 0·09 ml/kg isotonic saline intravenously followed by a six‐hour CRI of 0·5 ml/kg/hour, the low‐dose ketamine received 150 μg/kg ketamine intravenously followed by a six‐hour CRI of 2 μg/kg/minute and the high‐dose ketamine group received 700 μg/kg ketamine intravenously followed by a six‐hour CRI of 10 μg/kg/minute. Any additional opioids given were recorded at the time of extubation and at intervals after extubation. Food intake was evaluated eight (T8) and 20 (T20) hours after extubation by measuring the per cent coverage of basal energy requirements (BER).

Results: No significant difference was observed for opioid requirements between the three groups. The mean percentages of BER coverage did not differ significantly at T8 but the difference between the high‐dose and low‐dose ketamine groups (P=0·014), and the high‐dose ketamine and placebo groups (P=0·038) was significant at T20.

Clinical Significance: This study demonstrated that 700 μg/kg ketamine given intravenously postoperatively followed by a six‐hour ketamine CRI of 10 μg/kg/minute improved patient feeding behaviour.
The efficacy and safety of cefovecin in the treatment of feline abscesses and infected wounds
Authors: Stegemann M. R. , Sherington J. , Passmore C.
Published: August 2010

Objectives:To determine the efficacy and safety of cefovecin for the treatment of bacterial abscesses and wounds in cats at clinics in Germany, France, Spain and the UK.

Method:Cats with abscesses or wounds were enrolled. Cats (217) were randomised to treatment with either cefovecin administered by subcutaneous injection at 14 day intervals or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as twice‐daily oral tablets for 14 days. Treatment courses were repeated at 14 day intervals, when deemed necessary. Clinicians assessing lesions were masked to treatment allocation. Only animals with a confirmed pretreatment bacterial pathogen were included in the efficacy analysis. Cases were evaluated 28 days after initiation of the final course of treatment.

Results:Cefovecin was as efficacious as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and efficacy was 100 per cent for both treatments.

Clinicalsignificance:Cefovecin, administered as a single subcutaneous injection repeated at 14 day intervals as required, was shown to be as efficacious as oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of abscesses/wounds in cats.
Reactive oxygen species and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes as second messengers in signal transduction
Authors: Forman Henry Jay
Published: August 2010

Signaling by H2O2, α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, such as 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE) and related chemical species, is thought to differ from signaling by other second messengers because the oxidants and other electrophiles can readily undergo nonenzymatic reactions and are therefore classified as “reactive.” This brief review will describe how and when the chemistry of signaling is similar or differs from classic second messengers, such as cyclic AMP, or posttranslational signaling, such as farnesylation or ubiquitination. The chemistry of cysteine provides a common factor that underlies signaling by H2O2 and HNE. Nonetheless, as H2O2 and HNE are rapidly metabolized in vivo, spatial considerations are extremely important in their actions. Therefore, the locations of sources of H2O2 and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, the NADPH oxidases, mitochondria, membrane lipids, and redox cycling toxicants, as well as their targets, are key factors. The activation of the JNK pathway by HNE and endogenously generated H2O2 illustrates these principles.
Inflammation precedes the development of human malignant mesotheliomas in a SCID mouse xenograft model
Authors: Hillegass Jedd M. , Shukla Arti , Lathrop Sherrill A. , MacPherson Maximilian B. , Beuschel Stacie L. , Butnor Kelly J. , Testa Joseph R. , Pass Harvey I. , Carbone Michele , Steele Chad , Mossman Brooke T.
Published: August 2010

Asbestos fibers cause chronic inflammation that may be critical to the development of malignant mesothelioma (MM). Two human MM cell lines (Hmeso, PPM Mill) were used in a SCID mouse xenograft model to assess time‐dependent patterns of inflammation and tumor formation. After intraperitoneal (IP) injection of MM cells, mice were euthanized at 7, 14, and 30 days, and peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF) was examined for immune cell profiles and human and mouse cytokines. Increases in human MM‐derived IL‐6, IL‐8, bFGF, and VEGF were observed in mice at 7 days postinjection of either MM line, and a striking neutrophilia was observed at all time points. Free‐floating tumor spheroids developed in mice at 14 days, and both spheroids and adherent MM tumor masses occurred in all mice at 30 days. Results suggest that inflammation and cytokine production precede and may be critical to the development of MMs.
Vascular oxidative stress and inflammation increase with age: ameliorating effects of α‐lipoic acid supplementation
Authors: Li Lixin , Smith Anthony , Hagen Tory M. , Frei Balz
Published: August 2010

Increased oxidative stress and inflammation causally contribute to cardiovascular diseases, for which advanced age is a major risk factor. We found that indicators of oxidative stress, including NADPH oxidase activity and superoxide levels, were significantly increased in aortas of old (22–24 months) versus young (3–4 months) male F344 rats, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased. Aortic mRNA and protein levels of NOX4, the principal catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase in vascular cells, also were increased with age, but not NOX2 and p22phox. Indicators of inflammation, including activation of NFκB and upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) in aorta, and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in plasma, also were significantly increased in old rats. Supplementation with 0.2% (wt/wt) (R)‐α‐lipoic acid (LA) for 2 weeks caused a nonsignificant decrease in NADPH oxidase activity in aged aorta and a significant decrease in mRNA—but not protein—levels of NOX4 and VCAM‐1. Furthermore, LA reversed the age‐dependent changes in aortic SOD activity and plasma MCP‐1 levels. Hence, vascular oxidative stress and inflammation increase with age and are ameliorated by LA supplementation.
Oxidative/nitrosative stresses trigger type I diabetes: preventable in streptozotocin rats and detectable in human disease
Authors: Van Dyke Knox , Jabbour Nabil , Hoeldtke Robert , Van Dyke Chris , Van Dyke Mark
Published: August 2010

Recently we demonstrated that streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes (type I) in rats is preventable using a simultaneous equimolar injection of carboxy‐PTIO (c‐PTIO). Both changes in blood sugar and cataracts are prevented. This apparently occurs because the nitric oxide (NO) (from STZ) generated in the beta cells is oxidized to nitrite by c‐PTIO preventing diabetes. STZ generates NO producing a NO‐based toxin. The toxin damages DNA by nicking and activates poly‐ADP‐ribose causing necrosis and triggering inflammation. Is there evidence that O/N stress occurs in early human type I diabetes? We studied 40 children with or without early type I diabetes and observed that urate is decreased 25% in all these diabetic children each over the age of 3 years. Urate is a major portion of blood‐antioxidant load. Surely this decrease in urate indicates ongoing O/N stress. Does O/N stress initiate disease? STZ studies in rats indicates that this is correct.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 Biofilm Formation on Romaine Lettuce and Spinach Leaf Surfaces Reduces Efficacy of Irradiation and Sodium Hypochlorite Washes
Authors: Niemira Brendan A. , Cooke Peter H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination of leafy green vegetables is an ongoing concern for consumers. Biofilm‐associated pathogens are relatively resistant to chemical treatments, but little is known about their response to irradiation. Leaves of Romaine lettuce and baby spinach were dip inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and stored at 4 °C for various times (0, 24, 48, 72 h) to allow biofilms to form. After each time, leaves were treated with either a 3‐min wash with a sodium hypochlorite solution (0, 300, or 600 ppm) or increasing doses of irradiation (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1 kGy). Viable bacteria were recovered and enumerated. Chlorine washes were generally only moderately effective, and resulted in maximal reductions of 1.3 log CFU/g for baby spinach and 1.8 log CFU/g for Romaine. Increasing time in storage prior to chemical treatment had no effect on spinach, and had an inconsistent effect on 600 ppm applied to Romaine. Allowing time for formation of biofilm‐like aggregations reduced the efficacy of irradiation. D10 values (the dose required for a 1 log reduction) significantly increased with increasing storage time, up to 48 h postinoculation. From 0 h of storage, D10 increased from 0.19 kGy to a maximum of 0.40 to 0.43 kGy for Romaine and 0.52 to 0.54 kGy for spinach. SEM showed developing biofilms on both types of leaves during storage. Bacterial colonization of the stomata was extensive on spinach, but not on Romaine. These results indicate that the protection of bacteria on the leaf surface by biofilm formation and stomatal colonization can reduce the antimicrobial efficacy of irradiation on leafy green vegetables.

Practical Application:  Before incorporating irradiation into the overall GMP/GHP chain, a packer or processor of leafy green vegetables must determine at what stage of processing and shipping the irradiation should take place. As a penetrating process, irradiation is best applied as a postpackaging intervention. Time in refrigerated storage between packaging and processing may alter the antimicrobial efficacy of irradiation. Irradiation on a commercial scale should include efforts to minimize the time delay between final packaging and irradiation of leafy vegetables.
Evaluation of clinical and luteolytic effects of a novel prostaglandin analogue in normal and problem mares
Authors: HOWEY W. P. , JOCHLE W. , BARNES W. J.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Alfaprostal (K 11941)‡, a novel prostaglandin F2α analogue was clinically tested in 24 dioestrous mares, 40 anoestrous mares and 31 postpartum mares, all being given 2 or 3 mg intramuscularly. Blood samples were taken for the determination of plasma progesterone levels and the objective confirmation of luteolytic drug effects. Two hundred and thirty‐six mares at the same location were used for comparisons of the rates of pregnancy, early embryonic loss and foaling. Alfaprostol was found to act as a potent luteolytic agent with good oestrus induction, follicular development and normal conception (72.6%) and foaling rate (65.3%). No side effects were observed. Treatments commenced early in the season (October), when only 35% of the anoestrous mares showed elevated progesterone levels, but in 80% of anoestrous mares with baseline progesterone levels, alfaprostol initiated heat and ovulation followed by normal fertility.
Factors affecting pregnancy rate in Holstein‐Friesian cattle mated during summer in a tropical upland environment
Authors: ORR WN , COWAN RT , DAVISON TM
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The relationships between some environmental factors and reproductive rates of dairy cattle during summer in a tropical upland area were studied using records for Holstein‐Frieslan milking cows and non‐lactating growing helfers maintained at the Kalri Research Station on the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland. The Station is situated in a tropical upland environment with warm, wet summers and dry, cool winters. Data were collected over a 12‐year‐period (1977 to 1988) for cows grazing nitrogen (N)‐fertilised grass pastures and receiving either no supplement or about 3.5 kg molasses/cow/day. Cattle were mated over a 10‐week period starting from mid‐January to early February, with 32 to 36 cows and 5 to 42 heifers used in each year.

There was considerable variation among years in the pregnancy rate after 3 Inseminations, with a low of 39% and a high of 94% pregnancy. This variation from year to year was reduced for cows grazing pastures receiving 300 kg N/ha/yr after molasses feeding commenced in 1984–85. Pregnancy rates after molasses Introduction were higher for cows grazing pastures receiving 300 compared with 100 kg N/ha/yr. Pregnancy rate in cows and heifers was reduced from 80 to 55% as mean daily maximum temperature increased from 26°C to 27.5°C. At mean maximum temperatures above 27°C for cows and 27.6°C for heifers pregnancy rates to 3 Inseminations were consistently below 60%.

Much of the year to year variation in pregnancy rate was related to rainfall during the mating period. There was a positive association between pregnancy rate and rainfall up to 1000 mm, and this was associated with differences in growth rate of pasture. In years of very high rainfall, above 1500 mm, there was a depression in pregnancy rate, which may be related to the intense humidity in very wet years causing heat stress in cows and associated problems such as feet infections, or a deterioration in pasture quality.

We conclude that much of the variation in pregnancy rate during summer may have been related to heat stress and the level of feed supply in the form of pasture and supplements.
Case Report
Authors: O'HAGAN BJ
Published: August 2010

Phantom limb pain is a form of neuropathic pain experienced by human patients who have had amputations. To date there are no reported cases of phantom limb pain in the veterinary literature. A cat presented with signs consistent with neuropathic or phantom limb pain 42 days after iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury and 38 days after subsequent hind limb amputation. Multimodal analgesic therapy resulted in resolution of signs of pain.
Case Report
Authors: HARTLEY MP
Published: August 2010

Toxoplasmosis is a common cause of death in wild and captive Australian marsupials, yet descriptions of clinical disease, diagnosis and pathological lesions are limited and incomplete. Infection with Toxoplasma gondii was diagnosed, using immunohistochemical techniques, following the acute death of a juvenile common wombat, Vombatus ursinus, that was being bottle raised by wildlife carers. This animal's cage mate developed dyspnoea, tachycardia and anorexia 3 weeks later. Serum was collected prior to euthanasia and necropsy examination. Pathological lesions in both animals were similar and toxoplasma cysts were seen in most organs examined but particularly in the neurological and respiratory systems. Serological testing of the second wombat supported the histological diagnosis and indicated that the tests have valuable roles in both diagnosing infections ante‐mortem and in distinguishing between acute and chronic infections.
Eprinomectin ‘pour‐on’ and the shedding of Haemonchus contortus eggs in experimentally infected goats
Authors: Molina JM , Ruiz A , Hernández B , González JF , Martín S , Hernández YI
Published: August 2010

The effect of eprinomectin on goats experimentally infected with the nematode Haemonchus contortus was investigated. Faecal analysis showed that a single dose of eprinomectin ‘pour‐on’ delayed the onset of shedding of eggs for 10 to 17 days.
Infection with Menangle virus in flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) in Australia
Authors: Philbey AW , Kirkland PD , Ross AD , Field HE , Srivastava M , Davis RJ , Love RJ
Published: August 2010

Objective  To examine flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) for evidence of infection with Menangle virus.

Design  Clustered non‐random sampling for serology, virus isolation and electron microscopy (EM).

Procedure  Serum samples were collected from 306 Pteropus spp. in northern and eastern Australia and tested for antibodies against Menangle virus (MenV) using a virus neutralisation test (VNT). Virus isolation was attempted from tissues and faeces collected from 215 Pteropus spp. in New South Wales. Faecal samples from 68 individual Pteropus spp. and four pools of faeces were examined by transmission EM following routine negative staining and immunogold labelling.

Results  Neutralising antibodies (VNT titres ≥ 8) against MenV were detected in 46% of black flying foxes (P. alecto), 41% of grey‐headed flying foxes (P. poliocephalus), 25% of spectacled flying foxes (P. conspicillatus) and 1% of little red flying foxes (P. scapulatus) in Australia. Positive sera included samples collected from P. poliocephalus in a colony adjacent to a piggery that had experienced reproductive disease caused by MenV. Virus‐like particles were observed by EM in faeces from Pteropus spp. and reactivity was detected in pooled faeces and urine by immunogold EM using sera from sows that had been exposed to MenV. Attempts to isolate the virus from the faeces and tissues from Pteropus spp. were unsuccessful.

Conclusion  Serological evidence of infection with MenV was detected in Pteropus spp. in Australia. Although virus‐like particles were detected in faeces, no viruses were isolated from faeces, urine or tissues of Pteropus spp.
Measuring the Diffusion of Information and Communication Technology in Society and its Effects: Canadian Experience
Authors: Gault Fred , Peterson Greg
Published: August 2010

Statistics Canada has measured the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for close to 15 years in industry and more recently in households and it has developed a body of knowledge on the effects of the use of these technologies. While ICTs have long been used in manufacturing processes, the use of computers and networks, and a growing number of ways of accessing networks, are changing the way business is done and lives are led. This paper provides examples of ICT use in private and public institutions, in households, and by individuals. It goes on to illustrate the consequent development of electronic commerce and of other uses of the Internet and concludes with some implications for the development of official statistics in light of policy requirements.
Official Statistics on ICT in Japan
Authors: Kitada Hiroyuki
Published: August 2010

Taking into account the developments of ICT in recent years, a lot of countries are dealing with the preparation of statistics on ICT.

In Japan, the Basic Law on Formation of an Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network Society (Basic Law on IT) was enforced on January 6, 2001, in which the Government is obliged to prepare official statistics related to ICT.

In Japan, at least 41 kinds of official statistical surveys, including questions related to ICT, have been conducted in the past five years. Their main purpose, survey items and survey methods are various and different from each other. To grasp the new development in IT as a whole, “IT Indicators in Japan”, which is a new compendium on ICT, was compiled in 2001. Also, “Information and Communications in Japan”, which is a white paper published in 2001, presented basic data on the extent to which IT has permeated the economic activity and people's lives.

In addition, the 11th revision of the Japan Standard Industrial Classification (JSIC) was published by the Statistical Standards Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT) in March 2002 in response to the change of economy and society including the development of ICT.

The Working Group on Indicators for the Information Society of OECD has been working for several years in order to prepare internationally comparable and statistically measurable ICT indicators and related ICT statistics.

In this paper, an overview of the present situation of Japanese official statistics related to ICT is given with some analysis. In addition, some problems are raised which should be considered from the viewpoint of the necessity and measurability and so on for the appropriate preparation of ICT indicators and e‐commerce‐related statistics.

“IT; Information Technology” and “ICT; Information and Communications Technology” are often used without any distinction. “ICT” is used in this paper except where “IT” is used as a proper noun, as it is considered almost the same as “IT”. The views expressed herein are those of the author, and are not necessarily those of the Statistical Standards Department or any other Japanese government authorities.
Questioning a Courtroom Proof of the Uniqueness of Fingerprints
Authors: Kaye David H.
Published: August 2010

Forensic scientists or analysts concerned with “individualization” often presume that features such as fingerprint minutia are unique to each individual. In the United States, defendants in criminal cases have been demanding proof of such assumptions. In at least two cases, the government of the United States has successfully relied on an unpublished statistical study prepared specifically for litigation to demonstrate the uniqueness of fingerprints. This article suggests that the study is neither designed nor executed in a way that can show whether an individual's fingerprint impressions are unique.
Time Series Based Errors and Empirical Errors in Fertility Forecasts in the Nordic Countries*
Authors: Keilman Nico , Pham Dinh Quang
Published: August 2010

We use ARCH time series models to derive model based prediction intervals for the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark up to 2050. For the short term (5–10 yrs), expected TFR‐errors are compared with empirical forecast errors observed in historical population forecasts prepared by the statistical agencies in these countries since 1969. Medium‐term and long‐term (up to 50 years) errors are compared with error patterns based on so‐called naïve forecasts, i.e. forecasts that assume that recently observed TFR‐levels also apply for the future.
Simpler Probabilistic Population Forecasts: Making Scenarios Work
Authors: Goldstein Joshua R.
Published: August 2010

The traditional high‐low‐medium scenario approach to quantifying uncertainty in population forecasts has been criticized as lacking probabilistic meaning and consistency. This paper shows, under certain assumptions, how appropriately calibrated scenarios can be used to approximate the uncertainty intervals on future population size and age structure obtained with fully stochastic forecasts. As many forecasting organizations already produce scenarios and because dealing with them is familiar territory, the methods presented here offer an attractive intermediate position between probabilistically inconsistent scenario analysis and fully stochastic forecasts.
Semiconducting Mineralogical Characteristics of Natural Sphalerite Gestating Visible‐light Photocatalysis
Authors: LI Yan , LU Anhuai , WANG Changqiu
Published: August 2010

Natural sphalerite as a natural cost‐effective photocatalyst was characterized and its visible light photocatalytic activity was investigated in terms of substituting ions, impurity phases and surface defects. The substitutions of metal ions for Zn2+ alter the band structure and result in the visible light response. The coexistence of impurity semiconductors and nanosized particles in natural sphalerite samples help to prolong the lifetime of electron‐hole pairs. The cleavage planes and fracture surfaces improve the photocatalytic activity of natural sphalerite by providing more active sites than perfect faces. Both the negative charge defects from the non‐isoelectronic substitutions and surface elements with variable chemical valence suppressed the recombination of electron‐hole pairs by their possible role of capturing photogenerated holes.
Modern‐style Subduction Processes in the Archean: Evidence from the Shangyi Complex in North China Craton
Authors: WANG Renmin , WAN Yusheng , CHENG Suhua , FENG Yonggang
Published: August 2010

Three fragments of the Archean oceanic crust have been found between the Archean granulite belt and the Paleo‐Proterozoic Hongqiyingzi group in North China craton, which spread along the Shangyi‐Chicheng ancient fault. This paper presents integrated field, petrology, geochemistry and geochronology evidence of the ancient oceanic fragments. The magma crystallizing age of the tonalite in the Shangyi complex is 2512±19 Ma and the geochemical characteristics suggest that the Nb‐enriched basalts may be related to crustal contamination and formed in the intra‐oceanic arc of the supra subduction zone setting.
New species of Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: Saurichthyidae) from Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan Province, China
Authors: WU Feixiang , SUN Yuanlin , HAO Weicheng , JIANG Dayong , XU Guanghui , SUN Zuoyu , TINTORI Andrea
Published: August 2010

Saurichthys dawaziensis sp. nov., from the third member of the Gejiu Formation (Anisian of Middle Triassic) in the vicinity of Luoping, Yunnan Province, is a small to medium‐ sized saurichthyid fish. It is characterized by the efferent pseudobranchial arteries penetrating on the parasphenoid and the mandible sensory canal with a branch in the angular. The new species is more derived than the Lower Triassic species in having a relatively narrow postorbital region, short preopercular, single ossification of the sclerotic ring, small haemal arches between the pelvic fins and the anal fin without ossified spines, and in the absence of quadratojugal. It is more primitive than the Middle and Upper Triassic Saurichthys in having fringing fulcra and numerous segments in the unpaired fins, and the presence of both prae‐ and post‐zygapophyses in the neural arches. Some anatomic changes related to the vertebral column and unpaired fins of the genus are also discussed.
Hamatophyton from the Late Devonian of Anhui Province, South China and Evolution of Sphenophyllales
Authors: WANG Deming , GUO Yun
Published: August 2010

Well‐preserved specimens of Hamatophyton verticillatum collected from the Upper Devonian (Famennian) Wutong Formation of Chaohu district, Anhui Province, South China, display more complete fertile axes in three orders and multiple divisions. Comparisons indicate that Hamatophyton possibly does not have palmate planate sterile leaves but hook‐like linear ones with rare divisions. We propose seven definitive characters of Sphenophyllales: (1) completely whorled lateral organs; (2) sterile leaves; (3) strobili; (4) “sporangiophores” or stalks with reflexed tips bearing sporangia; (5) three‐ or four‐ribbed primary xylem; (6) exarch maturation of primary xylem; and (7) secondary xylem. The Sphenophyllales probably originated from the Iridopteridales based on similarities in whorled lateral organs, ribbed primary xylem and peripheral protoxylem strands. In transition from Iridopteridales to Sphenophyllales, morphological changes involve partially whorled to completely whorled lateral organs, sterile ultimate appendages to leaves, and fertile ultimate appendages to “sporangiophores”/stalks with bracts; anatomical modifications include configuration and maturation of primary xylem, and presence of secondary xylem.
RS and GIS‐based Statistical Analysis of Secondary Geological Disasters after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
Authors: CHEN Jianping , LI Jianfeng , QIN Xuwen , DONG Qingji , SUN Yan
Published: August 2010

Using RS and GIS means, this article analyzes the general geological characteristics and the structural belt distribution features in Wenchuan County, Sichuan province, P.R. China as well as the characteristics of the large‐scale landslides, mud‐rock flows, earthquake lakes, etc., after the earthquake on May 12, 2008. Based on the above work, comprehensive indoor and outdoor research is launched on disaster distribution characteristics and their relationship with earthquakes, terrains, strata, lithology, and structures. Weights of evidence method is utilized to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the spatial distribution of secondary geological disasters after the earthquake occurred. 3 remedying grades for secondary geological disasters are derived from the results of the weights of Evidence, followed by suggestions given to remedy earthquake secondary disasters.
Weathering of Monuments at Jethawanaramaya Complex in North‐Central, Sri Lanka
Authors: RATNAYAKE Amila Sandaruwan , PITAWALA Amarasooriya
Published: August 2010

Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones (granitic gneiss and marble) and clay bricks. The present study aimed to categorize weathering forms and interpret the recently‐developing weathering processes. The growing of lichens on surfaces and the development of saline conditions are the major threats on the survival of monuments other than the typical weathering processes of tropical climates Morinite (NaCa2Al2[PO4)]2 [F,OH]5·2H2O) is identified as a weathering product of monuments and is generated from lichens.
Fossil‐Winged Fruits of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae) from the Duho Formation, Pohang Basin, Korea
Authors: JUNG Seung‐Ho , LEE Seong‐Joo
Published: August 2010

A total of 16 specimens of fossil‐winged fruits were found from the Middle Miocene marine deposits, Duho Formation, Pohang Basin, Korea. They were identified into two structurally different groups: 15 specimens into a winged fruit of Fraxinus, and one specimen of Liriodendron. The most samaras (13 specimens) were identified as Fraxinus oishii, which is characterized by narrowly ovate or ovate–elliptic shapes that are 2.7–3.6 cm in length and 0.7–1 cm in width (l/w ratio=3.4–4). The apexes of the Fraxinus oishii samara are round or slightly emarginated, and a seed of the samara is always located at the base, of which the general shape is narrow rhombic‐ellipsoidal. The seed is 1.2–2 cm long and 0.5–0.7 cm wide. Two specimens are different from the samara of Fraxinus oishii. They have a 6.6 length/width ratio (3.3 cm long and 0.5 cm wide), and thus, are temporarily classified into the Fraxinus sp. One specimen was recognized as a winged seed of Liriodendron meisenense. The wing is broadly lanceolate to elliptic in shape, has a smooth, acute apex, and is approximately 3 cm long and 0.7 cm wide. Samaras of Fraxinus oishii and Liriodendron meisenense were early reported from the Middle Miocene deposits from North Korea, but these specimens are the first discovery in South Korea. Further study of the Duho Formation may connect flora relationships between North and South Korea.
Chemical U‐Th‐Pb Monazite Dating of Deformations versus Pluton Emplacement and the Proterozoic History of the Arkansas River Region, Colorado, USA
Authors: CAO Hui
Published: August 2010

Five lengthy periods involving multiple phases of cordierite and andalusite growth were revealed by detailed studies of foliation inflection/intersection axes (FIA) preserved in porphyroblasts in schists from the Arkansas River region in Colorado, USA. The regionally consistent character of the succession of five different FIA trends enabled the relative timing of each FIA with respect to the next to be determined. The FIA succession from first to last is: FIA 1 trending W‐E, FIA 2 trending SSW‐NNE, FIA 3 trending NNW‐SSE, FIA 4 trending NW‐SE and FIA 5 trending SW‐NE. For four of the FIA sets, samples were found containing monazite grains preserved as inclusions. These were dated on an electron microprobe. The ages obtained concur exactly with the FIA succession, with FIA 1 at 1506 ± 15 Ma, FIA 2 at 1467 ± 23 Ma, FIA 3 at 1425 ± 18 Ma, FIA 4 not dated and FIA 5 at 1366 ± 20 Ma. These ages are directly reflected in a succession of plutons in the surrounding region dated by other isotopic approaches, suggesting that deformation, metamorphism and pluton emplacement occurred together episodically, but effectively continuously, for some 140 Ma.
Cretaceous Phytoplankton Assemblages from Songke Core‐1, North and South (SK‐1, N and S) of Songliao Basin, Northeast China
Authors: ZHANG Yiyi , BAO Lina
Published: August 2010

Cretaceous phytoplankton from the newly completed core hole (SK‐1, N&S) in the central Songliao Basin was studied. The target interval is from the upper Quantou Formation of Upper Cretaceous to Mingshui Formation. Twelve genera of dinoflagellates, six of acritarcha and three of chlorophyta were identified in 588 samples from the 2300‐m deep core. Ten phytoplankton assemblages have been classified: Tetranguladinium‐Subtilisphaera‐Botryococcus, Botryococcus‐Pediastrum, Pediastrum, Dinogymniopsis‐Chlamydophrella‐Vesperopsis bifurcate, Dinogymniopsis minor‐Balmula, Pediastrum‐Botryococcus, Schizosporis‐Campenia, Kiokansium‐Dinogymniopsis‐Botryococcus, Dinogymniopsis‐Granodiscus‐Filisphaeridium and Granodiscus. According to the findings mentioned above, the age of the upper Qantou Formation is Cenomanian, the Qingshankou Formation belongs to upper Cenomanian‐Turonian, the Yaojia Formation to Coniancian‐Santonian age, the Nenjiang Formation is of Campanian age, and Sifangtai‐Mingshui formations are referred to Maastrichtian stage. The ecology of phytoplankton is closely related to water salinity. Each type of phytoplankton is within a certain living water mass whose evolution type reflects salinity change of the Songliao Lake. The assemblages from the SK‐1 indicate that water salinity changes with the cycle of freshwater–slight brackish water–brackish water–slight brackish water–freshwater in the lake.
Reclassification of the Meso‐ and Neoproterozoic Chronostratigraphy of North China by SHRIMP Zircon Ages
Authors: Linzhi GAO , Chuanheng ZHANG , Pengju LIU , Feng TANG , Biao SONG , Xiaozhong DING
Published: August 2010

High‐quality zircon U‐Pb ages acquired from Meso‐ and Neoproterozoic strata in North China in recent years has provided a high‐resolution chronostratigraphic framework for dating. A basis of this high‐level chronostratigraphic system provides the foundation for a global Precambrian study and stratigraphic correlation and so recent geological studies have focused attention on systemic SHRIMP zircon dating. A chronology of Meso‐ and Neoproterozoic strata and the time of origin of the overlying Changcheng System is given on the basis of new SHRIMP zircon dating from the Qianxi Complex and diabase of the Chuanlinggou Formation. A new tectonostratigraphy for a Neoproterozoic chronostratigraphic framework in the southeastern margin of the North China continent is underpinned by the new SHRIMP zircon dating of a Neoproterozoic mafic magma diabase in the Jiao‐Liao‐Xu‐Huai Sub‐Province.
Characterization of an Area Polluted by Copper and Zinc: the Relation between Soil Texture, Mineralogy and Pollutant Concentration
Authors: RINAUDO Caterina , GASTALDI Daniela , ZERBINATI Orfeo , FORNERO Elisa , BERTA Graziella
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐four soil samples were collected at three depths from an approximately 2.5 acre contaminated site in southern Piedmont (Italy) and then analyzed. The main soil parameters determined were: pH, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), particle size distribution, total organic carbon (TOC) content and retained metal concentration. The mineral phases were identified by X‐Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD). All of the samples contained Zn and Cu resulting from industrial contamination during the last century, and those obtained at depths of 20–40 cm consistently showed the highest levels. To determine which size fraction was most active in the retention process, the samples were separated into four fractions (≤2 mm, ≤63 μm, ≤30 μm and ≤2 μm) and the amount of pollutant measured in each. It was found that metal retention was the highest in the clayey fraction, whose clay minerals were identified by XRPD after K+ and Mg2+ saturation, glycerol treatment and heating to 550° C. The clayey fraction was also the richest in TOC, and a direct correlation between TOC amount and metal retention was observed.
Cenozoic Exhumation of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica: Evidence from Apatite Fission‐track Thermochronology
Authors: CHEN Xuanhua , JIANG Rongbao , WAN Jinglin , XU Gang , JIANG Mei , CHEN Danhong
Published: August 2010

Does Cenozoic exhumation occur in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica? In the present paper, we conducted an apatite fission‐track thermochronologic study across the Larsemann Hills of East Antarctica. Our work reveals a Cenozoic exhumation event at 49.8 ± 12 Ma, which we interpret to be a result of exhumation caused by crustal extension. Within the uncertainty of our age determination, the timing of extension in East Antarctica determined by our study is coeval with the onset time of rifting in West Antarctica at c.55 Ma. The apatite fission‐track cooling ages vary systematically in space, indicating a coherent block rotation of the Larsemann Hills region from c.50 Ma to c.10 Ma. This pattern of block tilting was locally disrupted by normal faulting along the Larsemann Hills detachment fault at c.5.4 Ma. The regional extension in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica was the result of tectonic evolution in this area, and may be related to the global extension. Through the discussion of Pan‐Gondwanaland movement, and Mesozoic and Cenozoic extensions in West and East Antarctica and adjacent areas, we suggest that the protracted Cenozoic cooling over the Larsemann Hills area was caused by extensional tectonics related to separation and formation of the India Ocean at the time of Gondwanaland breakup.