bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving the Problem of Fuzzy Partition-Distribution with Determination of the Location of Subset Centers
Authors: Bulat Anatoly , Kiseleva Elena , Yakovlev Sergiy , Prytomanova Olga , Lebediev Danylo
Published: October 2024

A large number of real-world problems from various fields of human activity can be reduced to optimal partitioning-allocation problems with the purpose of minimizing the partitioning quality criterion. A typical representative of such problem is an infinite-dimensional transportation problem and more generalized problems—infinite-dimensional problems of production centers placement along with the partitioning of the area of continuously distributed consumers with the purpose of minimizing transportation and production costs. The relevant problems are characterized by some kind of uncertainty level of a not-probabilistic nature. A method is proposed to solve an optimal fuzzy partitioning-allocation problem with the subsets centers placement for sets of n-dimensional Euclidean space. The method is based on the synthesis of the methods of fuzzy theory and optimal partitioning-allocation theory, which is a new science field in infinite-dimensional mathematical programming with Boolean variables. A theorem was proved that determines the form of the optimal solution of the corresponding optimal fuzzy partitioning-allocation problem with the subsets centers placement for sets of n-dimensional Euclidean space. An algorithm for solving fuzzy partitioning-allocation problems is proposed, which is based on the proved theorem and on a variant of Shor’s r-algorithm—a non-differential optimization method. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated on model tasks, where the coefficient of mistrust is integrated to interpret the obtained result—the minimum value of the membership function, which allows each point of the set partition to be assigned to a specific fuzzy subset.
Unraveling Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 Patients: Insights from a High-Volume-Center Case–Control Study
Authors: Kuzmych Khrystyna , Covino Marcello , Paratore Mattia , Campanella Annalisa , Abenavoli Ludovico , Calabrese Giuseppe , Napolitano Antonio Giulio , Sassorossi Carolina , Margaritora Stefano , Lococo Filippo
Published: October 2024

Background: Pneumomediastinum (PNM) is a severe complication in COVID-19 patients, potentially exacerbating morbidity and requiring heightened clinical attention. This study aims to identify risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes associated with PNM in COVID-19 patients hospitalized for respiratory failure in our institution. Methods: Among 4513 patients admitted in our institution and testing positive for COVID-19 infection during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy (1 March 2020 to 31 July 2020), we conducted a single-center, retrospective case–control study focusing our analysis on those with severe disease (respiratory failure). The cohort included a total of 65 patients (32 with PNM and 33 without PNM in the same period). Data were retrospectively collected from hospital records, including demographics, comorbidities, smoking history, clinical and laboratory findings, and imaging results. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher’s exact test and Student’s t-test, with significance set at α = 0.05. Results: Patients with PNM were significantly younger (54.9 ± 18.5 vs. 65.4 ± 14.3 years, p = 0.0214) and exhibited higher inflammatory markers, particularly white blood cells count (WBC) at admission (11.4 ± 5.4 vs. 6.5 ± 4.1, p < 0.0001). Although smoking status, body mass index (BMI), and major comorbidities did not differ significantly between groups, COPD was more prevalent in the PNM group (46.9% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.0148). Radiologically, ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and consolidations were more frequent in PNM patients (93.7% vs. 51.5%, p = 0.0002; 78.1% vs. 42.2%, p = 0.0051, respectively). PNM was associated with longer hospital stays (28.5 ± 14.9 vs. 12.0 ± 7.2 days, p < 0.0001) and a higher need for invasive mechanical ventilation (53.1% vs. 30.3%, p = 0.0619). However, mortality rates did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions: PNM in patients with severe COVID-19 infection is associated with younger age, elevated inflammatory markers, and extensive lung involvement, contributing to increased morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. Early detection and tailored management strategies, including optimized respiratory support and aggressive anti-inflammatory therapies, are crucial in mitigating the adverse outcomes associated with PNM. Further research is needed to validate these findings and improve clinical protocols for managing this complication.
ProtectingSmall and Medium Enterprises: A Specialized Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Framework and Tool
Authors: El-Hajj Mohammed , Mirza Zuhayr Aamir
Published: October 2024

As the number of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) rises in the world, the amount of sensitive data used also increases, making them targets for cyberattacks. SMEs face a host of issues such as a lack of resources and poor cybersecurity talent, resulting in multiple vulnerabilities that increase overall risk. Cybersecurity risk assessment frameworks have been developed by multiple organizations such as the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), but they are complicated to understand and challenging to implement. This research aimed to create an effective cybersecurity risk assessment framework specifically for SMEs while considering their limitations. This was achieved by first identifying common threats and vulnerabilities and categorizing them according to their importance and risk. Secondly, popular frameworks like the NIST CSF and ISO 27001/2 were analyzed for their proficiencies and deficiencies while identifying relevant areas for SMEs. Finally, novel techniques catered to SMEs were explored and incorporated to create an effective framework for SMEs. This framework was also developed in the form of a tool, providing an interactive and dynamic environment. The tool was effective, and the framework is a promising start but requires more quantitative analysis.
CECL-Net: Contrastive Learning and Edge-Reconstruction-Driven Complementary Learning Network for Image Forgery Localization
Authors: Dai Gaoyuan , Chen Kai , Huang Linjie , Chen Longru , An Dongping , Wang Zhe , Wang Kai
Published: October 2024

While most current image forgery localization (IFL) deep learning models focus primarily on the foreground of tampered images, they often neglect the essential complementary background semantic information. This oversight tends to create significant gaps in these models’ ability to thoroughly interpret and understand a tampered image, thereby limiting their effectiveness in extracting critical tampering traces. Given the above, this paper presents a novel contrastive learning and edge-reconstruction-driven complementary learning network (CECL-Net) for image forgery localization. CECL-Net enhances the understanding of tampered images by employing a complementary learning strategy that leverages foreground and background features, where a unique edge extractor (EE) generates precise edge artifacts, and edge-guided feature reconstruction (EGFR) utilizes the edge artifacts to reconstruct a fully complementary set of foreground and background features. To carry out the complementary learning process more efficiently, we also introduce a pixel-wise contrastive supervision (PCS) method that attracts consistent regions in features while repelling different regions. Moreover, we propose a dense fusion (DF) strategy that utilizes multi-scale and mutual attention mechanisms to extract more discriminative features and improve the representational power of CECL-Net. Experiments conducted on two benchmark datasets, one Artificial Intelligence (AI)-manipulated dataset and two real challenge datasets, indicate that our CECL-Net outperforms seven state-of-the-art models on three evaluation metrics.
Nanoparticles in Drilling Fluids: A Review of Types, Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Prospects
Authors: Gokapai Vasanth , Pothana Prasad , Ling Kegang
Published: October 2024

Nanofluids have gained significant attention as a promising solution to several challenges in drilling operations. Nanoparticles, due to their exclusive properties such as high specific surface area, strong adsorption potential, and excellent thermal conductivity, offer significant potential to improve the efficiency and performance of drilling processes. Regardless of the advancements in drilling fluids and techniques that have improved borehole stability, hole cleaning, and extreme operational condition (HTHP) management, limitations still persist. This review discusses a detailed summary of existing research on the application of nanofluids in drilling, exploring their types, properties, and specific uses in areas such as fluid loss control, wellbore stability, and thermal management. It also reports the challenges and future potential of nanotechnology in drilling, including nanoparticle stability, environmental considerations, and cost concerns. By synthesizing current research and highlighting gaps for further study, this review intends to guide researchers and industry professionals in effectively integrating nanofluid usage to optimize drilling practices and support a more sustainable energy future.
The Characteristics of the Electro-Thermo-Convective Flow of a Dielectric Liquid Analyzed through the Electric Nusselt Number
Authors: Koulova Dantchi , Traore Philippe , Romat Hubert
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a fundamental study of electro-thermo-convective flows within a layer of dielectric liquid subjected to both an electric field and a thermal gradient. A low-conductivity liquid enclosed between two horizontal electrodes and subjected to unipolar charge injection is considered. The interplay between electric and thermal fields ignites complex physical interactions within the flows, all governed by a set of coupled electro-thermo-hydrodynamic equations. These equations include Maxwell, Navier–Stokes, and energy equations and are solved numerically using an in-house code based on the finite volume method. Electro-thermo-convective flows are driven by two dimensionless instability criteria: Rayleigh number Ra and the stability parameter T, and also by the dimensionless mobility parameter M and Prandtl number Pr. The electric Nusselt number (Ne) analogue to the Nusselt number (Nu) in pure thermal problems serves as an indicator to monitor the shift from a thermo- to an electro-convective flow and its eventual evolution into unsteady, and, later, chaotic flow. This change in regime is observed by tracking the electric Nusselt number’s behavior as a function of the stability parameter (T), for different values of the non-dimensional parameters (M, Ra, and Pr). The important role of mobility parameter M for the development of the flow is shown. The flow structure during different development stages in terms of the number of convective cells is also discussed.
The Use of Agro-Food Chain By-Products and Foods of Plant Origin to Obtain High-Value-Added Foods
Authors: Nardone Gianluca , Viscecchia Rosaria , Bimbo Francesco
Published: October 2024

The increased consumer demand for sustainable, health-promoting foods has propelled research into plant-based products and the valorization of food by-products [...]
Comparison in Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Cheonggukjang Containing Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng Using Two Bacillus Genus
Authors: Seong Jina , Lee Hee Yul , Jeong Jong Bin , Cho Du Yong , Kim Da Hyun , Lee Ji Ho , Lee Ga Young , Jang Mu Yeun , Lee Jin Hwan , Cho Kye Man
Published: October 2024

In this study, the nutrients, phytochemicals (including isoflavone and ginsenoside derivatives), and antioxidant activities of cheonggukjang with different ratios (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%) of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) were compared and analyzed using microorganisms isolated from traditional cheonggukjang. The IDCK 30 and IDCK 40 strains were confirmed as Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, based on morphological, biological, biochemical, and molecular genetic identification, as well as cell wall fatty acid composition. The contents of amino acids and fatty acids showed no significant difference in relation to the ratio of MCG. After fermentation, isoflavone glycoside (such as daidzin, glycitin, and genistin) contents decreased, while aglycone (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) contents increased. However, total ginsenoside contents were higher according to the ratio of MCG. After fermentation, ginsenoside Rg2, F2, and protopanaxadiol contents of cheonggukjang decreased. Conversely, ginsenoside Rg3 (2.5%: 56.51 → 89.43 μg/g, 5.0%: 65.56 → 94.71 μg/g, and 10%: 96.05 → 166.90 μg/g) and compound K (2.5%: 28.54 → 69.43 μg/g, 5.0%: 41.63 → 150.72 μg/g, and 10%: 96.23 → 231.33 μg/g) increased. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were higher with increasing ratios of MCG and fermentation (fermented cheonggukjang with 10% MCG: 13.60 GAE and 1.87 RE mg/g). Additionally, radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing/antioxidant power were significantly increased in fermented cheonggukjang. This study demonstrates that the quality of cheonggukjang improved, and cheonggukjang with MCG as natural antioxidants may be useful in food and pharmaceutical applications.
Efficacy Evaluation of Chlorine Dioxide and Hypochlorous Acid as Sanitisers on Quality and Shelf Life of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets
Authors: Chung Wing H. , Chaklader Md Reaz , Howieson Janet
Published: October 2024

Microbial contamination during seafood processing can often lead to a reduction in shelf life and the possibility of food-borne illnesses. Sanitisation with chlorine-based products during seafood processing is therefore sometimes undertaken. This study compared the effects of two sanitisers, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) at their suggested concentration (5 ppm and 10 ppm; 50 ppm and 100 ppm respectively), on physical, chemical, and microbial qualities of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets throughout 7 days of simulated retail display refrigeration. Parameters used for assessment included quality index (QI), drip loss, colour, texture, histology, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), lipid oxidation (malonaldehyde, MDA), pH, and total viable count changes. Results indicated that whilst drip loss increased over the storage time, day 4 and 7 drip loss in both sanitisers decreased significantly compared with the control. There was a linear relationship (R > 0.70) between QI and storage time in all treatments, particularly in regard to skin brightness, flesh odour, and gaping parameters, but treatment differences were not present. Texture parameters including gumminess, chewiness, and hardness increased over time in the control whilst both sanitiser treatments seemed to provide protective effects against texture hardening during storage. The observed softening effects from the sanitiser treatments were aligned with microstructural and cytological changes in the histology results, as evidenced by a reduced fibre–fibre adhesion, myodigeneration, and an increase in interfibrillar space over storage time. Colour, especially chroma (C*), was shown to decrease over time in control, whereas insignificant protective effects were observed in both sanitiser treatments at day 7. Irrespective of treatment and storage time, MDA levels exceeded the acceptable limit on all days, whilst TVB-N levels were below the critical limit. Although pH was influenced by treatment and storage time, the pH was within the normal range. Microbiological results showed that with sanitiser addition, TVC was below the permissible level (106 CFU/g) until day 4 but ClO2 ice (5 ppm), ClO2 (10 ppm), and HOCl (100 ppm) treated fillets all exceeded the limit on day 7. The mixed results on the effect of sanitiser addition on fillet quality and shelf life suggested that further investigation on pathogen reduction, sanitiser introductory method, as well as testing the same treatments in low-fat fish models would be recommended.
Analytical Solutions of the Fractional Hirota–Satsuma Coupled KdV Equation along with Analysis of Bifurcation, Sensitivity and Chaotic Behaviors
Authors: Gu Yongyi , Jiang Chunling , Lai Yongkang
Published: October 2024

This paper explores the exact solutions of the fractional Hirota–Satsuma coupled KdV (fHScKdV) equation in the Beta fractional derivative. The logistic method is first proposed to construct analytical solutions for the fHScKdV equation. In order to better comprehend the physical structure of the solutions, three-dimensional visualizations and line graphs of the exponent function solutions are depicted with the aid of Matlab. Furthermore, the phase portraits and bifurcation behaviors of the fHScKdV model under transformation are studied. Sensitivity and chaotic behaviors are analyzed in specific conditions. The phase plots and time series map are exhibited through sensitivity analysis and perturbation factors. These investigations enhance our understanding of practical phenomena governed by the fHScKdV model, and are crucial for examining the dynamic behaviors and phase portraits of the fHScKdV system. The strategies utilized here are more direct and effective, and can be applied effortlessly to other fractional order differential equations.
Effectiveness of a Motivational Interviewing-Based Intervention in Decreasing Risky Alcohol Use in Primary Care Patients in Spain: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Pérula-Jiménez Celia , Romero-Rodríguez Esperanza , Fernández-García José Angel , Parras-Rejano Juan Manuel , Carmona-Casado Ana Belén , Rich-Ruiz Manuel , González-De la Rubia Ana , Baleato-Gomez Juan ,   on behalf of the Collaborative Group ALCO-AP20 Study
Published: October 2024

Objective: Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention based on Motivational Interviewing (MI) performed by healthcare professionals in Primary Care (PC) patients with risky alcohol use through a multicenter, two-arm parallel, cluster-randomized, open-label controlled clinical trial. Methods: PC professionals were randomized into two groups: an Experimental Group (EG) and a Control Group (CG). The study was carried out in PC centers of the Andalusian Health Service, located in Cordoba, Spain. An MI-based approach was implemented with patients recruited in the EG, while health advice was provided to those included in the CG. The follow-up period was 12 months, with five visits scheduled. The consumption of standard drinking units per week was quantified, and risky alcohol use was estimated using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). An intention-to-treat statistical analysis was performed. Relative risk (RR), absolute risk reduction (ARR) and the number of subjects needed to treat (NNT) were used to estimate the intervention effect size. Results: A total of 268 patients were included, 148 in the EG and 120 in the CG. Considering the quantification of risky alcohol use, the ARR at 12 months after baseline visit was 16.46% (95% CI: 5.37–27.99), with an NNT of 6 (95% CI: 4–19). According to the AUDIT, the ARR at 12 months was 13.15% (95% CI: 2.73–24.24%), and the NNT was 8 (95% CI: 4–37). Conclusions: We concluded that MI is more effective than the usual health advice in decreasing risky alcohol use in patients treated in PC.
Current and Future Implementation of Digitally Delivered Psychotherapies: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Investigation of Client, Clinician, and Community Partner Perspectives
Authors: Yap Sidney , Allen Rashell R. , Aquin Carley R. , Bright Katherine S. , Brown Matthew R. G. , Burback Lisa , Winkler Olga , Jones Chelsea , Hayward Jake , Wells Kristopher , Vermetten Eric , Greenshaw Andrew J. , Bremault-Phillips Suzette
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Following the initial outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health clinicians rapidly shifted service delivery from in-person to digital. This pivot was instrumental in maintaining continuity of care and meeting increased mental health service demands. Many mental health services have continued to be offered via digital delivery. The long-term implications of delivering services via digital media remain unclear and need to be addressed. Objectives: This study aimed to identify current micro (i.e., clinician–patient interactions), meso (i.e., clinician–clinic manager interactions), and macro (i.e., government–policy maker interactions) level issues surrounding the use of digital mental health interventions (DMHI). Such integrated assessments are important for optimizing services to improve treatment outcomes and client satisfaction. Methods: Participants were recruited between January 2022 and April 2023. Quantitative data were collected using a survey informed by the Hexagon Tool. Qualitative data were collected from online semi-structured interviews and focus groups and analyzed using rapid thematic analysis. Results: Survey data were collected from 11 client and 11 clinician participants. Twenty-six community partner participants were interviewed for this study. Client and clinician participants expressed satisfaction with the implementation of DMHI. Community partner participants generally agreed, reporting that such services will play an integral role in mental healthcare moving forward. Community partners shared that certain issues, such as uncertainty surrounding policies and regulations related to digital delivery, must be addressed in the future. Conclusions: Participants in this study supported the use of DMHI despite difficulties implementing these programs, asserting that such services are not a temporary fix but a pivotal cornerstone in the future of mental healthcare service delivery.
Does Insulin Treatment Affect Umbilical Artery Doppler Indices in Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes?
Authors: Troìa Libera , Ferrari Stefania , Dotta Anna , Giacomini Sonia , Mainolfi Erika , Spissu Federica , Tivano Alessia , Libretti Alessandro , Surico Daniela , Remorgida Valentino
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common morbidities of pregnancy. The impact of increased maternal blood glucose on fetoplacental hemodynamics is not fully elucidated, especially in patients with uncontrolled GDM necessitating insulin therapy. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of insulin therapy on the umbilical artery dopplers in GDM pregnancies adequate for gestational-age fetuses. Methods: Retrospective observational study among 447 GDM pregnant women, divided according to their treatment (nutritional therapy (NT), long acting (LA) insulin, combined insulin) and 100 healthy controls with the same gestational age. The umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA-PI) was recorded at 28, 32 and 36 weeks. Results: UA-PI values declined in both GDM and healthy controls at all three time intervals. The combined insulin group showed reduced UA-PI values in comparison to the LA insulin group, but the difference never reached statistical significance. The combined insulin group exhibited significantly reduced UA-PI values at 32- and 36-weeks’ gestation compared to the NT groups. Conclusions: A decreased impedance to blood flow in the umbilical artery of diabetic mothers on insulin therapy was observed. This was more pronounced during the last trimester. The extent to which umbilical artery PI can predict unfavorable outcomes has yet to be determined. Further additional studies are necessary to confirm the precise impact of glucose levels and medical interventions on the circulation of both the fetus and the mother.
Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Exercise Intervention for Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairments
Authors: Shen Yuwei , Xu Ningsheng , Yu Tingting , Li Jianan
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Cancer treatments frequently lead to cognitive impairments, affecting a substantial global population. Among various approaches, exercise has emerged as a promising strategy for rehabilitation. However, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research in this field is lacking. Methods: We conducted a bibliometric analysis of 10,345 articles sourced from the Web of Science database using the R package “bibliometrix”. Our analysis examined publication trends, leading countries, journals, authors, institutions, keywords, and prevalent themes. Results: Over the past two decades, research on exercise interventions for cancer-related cognitive impairments (CRCI) has advanced significantly. Nonetheless, challenges persist in elucidating underlying mechanisms, developing innovative strategies, and creating effective tools. Conclusions: The number of publications notably increased from 1998 to 2023, although there has been a recent decline in citations. The United States (US) leads in both publications and citations, while China is showing increasing influence. Using Lotka’s Law in our bibliometric analysis, we identified 58 key authors in the field of exercise interventions for CRCI. Leading institutions such as the University of Toronto and Duke University are at the forefront of this research. Although the Journal of Clinical Oncology has fewer publications, it remains influential. Current research focuses on exercise interventions to enhance the quality of life for cancer patients, with particular emphasis on cognitive rehabilitation in breast cancer and the challenges faced by survivors. Future research should delve deeper into intervention mechanisms, behavioral strategies, telemedicine, and precise cognitive assessment tools.
Effects of Light Spectra on Growth, Physiological Responses, and Antioxidant Capacity in Five Radish Varieties in an Indoor Vertical Farming System
Authors: Chutimanukul Panita , Piew-ondee Pakin , Dangsamer Thanyaluk , Thongtip Akira , Janta Supattana , Wanichananan Praderm , Thepsilvisut Ornprapa , Ehara Hiroshi , Chutimanukul Preuk
Published: October 2024

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is highly nutritious and contains antioxidants that help reduce the risk of diseases. Light is a crucial factor in their growth and the stimulation of secondary metabolite production. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of light spectra on the development, physiological responses, and antioxidant capacity of radish varieties including cherry belle (CB), black Spanish (BS), hailstone white (HW), Malaga violet (MV), and sparkler white tip (SW) under a controlled environment. Various spectra of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light were used. The study found that using a combination of red and blue light (3R:1B) resulted in the highest growth in root diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight across all five radish varieties, with values ranging from 1.83 to 4.63 cm, 13.58 to 89.33 g, and 1.20 to 4.64 g, respectively. In terms of physiological responses, the CB and BS varieties showed a higher photosynthetic rate after exposure to mixed red and blue light (1R:3B, 3R:1B). Additionally, adding green light to the red and blue light also enhanced the photosynthetic rate, with statistically significant differences ranging from 3.31 to 3.99 µmol m−2 s−1. The SW variety of radish exhibited an increase in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins when exposed to light spectra of 1R:1G:1B, 1R:2G:1B, 1R:3G:1B, and 1R:3B. The highest levels of phenolic compounds were 4.67–5.14 mg GAE/g DW, flavonoids were 1.62–1.96 mg Rutin/g DW, and anthocyanins were 1.20–1.58 µg/g DW. However, the antioxidant capacity of five radish varieties under different light spectra did not show significant differences. Thus, the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant capacity depend on the optimal light spectrum for each radish variety.
Establishment of an In Vitro Micropropagation System for Cannabis sativa ‘Cheungsam’
Authors: Baek Sang-Cheol , Jeon Sang-Yoon , Choi Yoon-Jung , Byun Bo-Hyun , Kim Da-Hoon , Yu Ga-Ram , Kim Hyuck , Lim Dong-Woo
Published: October 2024

Cannabis has been cultivated for thousands of years for a variety of purposes, including fiber, seeds, oil, and medicinal compounds. The cannabis industry is growing rapidly because several countries have recently legalized the use of cannabis. In these countries, the industry related to cannabinoid ingredients such as cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is steadily increasing every year. High concentrations of cannabinoids are mainly produced in unfertilized female flowers. Maintaining plants with high cannabinoid content is essential for producing uniform substances in large quantities. This study established an in vitro micropropagation protocol that can maintain the mother plant characteristics of Cannabis sativa ‘Cheungsam’. As a result of this experiment, the shoot tips and nodes of Cannabis sativa ‘Cheungsam’ at various concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/L) of 2iP, BA, and mT plant growth regulators (PGRs), and all concentrations of 2iP showed better results compared to two other hormones. However, the cut surfaces turned black, and excessive hyperhydricity occurred. Based on these symptoms, activated charcoal was added to the medium with the assumption that necrosis and hyperhydricity occur due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When treated with 0.5 g/L charcoal, hyperhydricity was not overcome, and there was no difference compared to the control. As a new alternative, we divided the experiments into MS (Murashige and Skoog) and DKW (Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut) medium, which were commercially available. As a result, the rate of hyperhydricity was reduced, the cut surface did not turn black, and the growth conditions were also improved. Subsequently, ½ MS medium and ½ DKW medium were treated with various concentrations of IBA alone and with combinations of IBA and NAA for rooting. As a result, ½ DKW with IBA 0.5 mg/L showed the highest rooting rate and the best root condition for Cheungsam. After 4 weeks, when considering rooted plants with a height above 5 cm that were acclimatized, the acclimatization rate reached 100%. In conclusion, the Cannabis sativa ‘Cheungsam’ plants used in this study produced healthy shoots on DKW medium containing 1.0 mg/L 2iP and 0.5 mg/L of IBA in ½ DKW medium showed the best rooting rate.
Structures and Properties of MgTiHn Clusters (n ≤ 20)
Authors: Newland Camryn , Balamurugan D. , Lyon Jonathan T.
Published: October 2024

Magnesium hydride solids doped with transition metals have received attention recently as prospective hydrogen storage materials for a green energy source and a hydrogen economy. In this study, MgTiHn (n = 1–20) clusters were investigated for the first time by employing the B3PW91 hybrid density functional theory computational chemistry technique with all electron basis sets to determine precise cluster structures and the maximum hydrogen capacity for this model system. We find that hydrogen atoms bind to the metal cluster core until a MgTiH14 saturation limit is reached, with hydrogen dissociation from this system occurring for MgTiH15 and larger cluster sizes. This MgTiH14 cluster contains a large 16.4% hydrogen by mass. This saturation size limit and hydrogen mass percent is larger than the analogous MgScHn system previously reported. The clusters relative stabilities and electronic properties are discussed along with a possible novel hydrogen dissociation pathway. MgTiH10 and MgTiH13 clusters are predicted to be especially stable species in this size range.
Preoperative Embolization of Glomus Tumors: Role, Effectiveness, and Complications
Authors: Garayzade Rana , Leicht Jakob , Eckardt Niklas , Koscielny Sven , Mayer Thomas E.
Published: October 2024

Purpose: Paragangliomas represent a surgical challenge due to their hypervascularization. The preoperative selective embolization of these tumors significantly decreases intraoperative blood loss. However, the literature on preoperative embolization in glomus tumors is limited. The aim of this study is to contribute additional evidence regarding the role of preoperative embolization, as well as to evaluate risks and complications in the treatment of glomus tumors. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of all the embolizations of glomus tumors from 2009 to 2023 was conducted. The primary outcome parameter was the rate of devascularization after embolization and the occurrence of significant perioperative hemorrhages. The secondary outcome was embolization-related complications. Results: Twenty-one embolizations in 20 patients were investigated in the study. In 43% of the cases more than 90% devascularization was achieved by embolization, while in the remaining cases, 80 to 90% devascularization was reached. In one case (5%), significant perioperative bleeding after embolization occurred. In one case (5%), a symptomatic complication occurred periinterventionally due to the brief dislocation of the coaxial and microcatheter into the internal carotid artery (ICA), which led to fresh punctate DWI lesions on the subsequent MRI. No patients developed nerve palsy following embolization. Conclusions: The preoperative embolization of glomus tumors can lead to significant tumor devascularization and a reduction in perioperative bleeding, with a low complication rate.
Alternative Factors in Possible Involvement of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Older Patients with HFpEF
Authors: Hoshida Shiro , Watanabe Tetsuya , Masunaga Nobutaka , Shinoda Yukinori , Seo Masahiro , Hayashi Takaharu , Yano Masamichi , Yamada Takahisa , Yasumura Yoshio , Hikoso Shungo , Okada Katsuki , Nakatani Daisaku , Sotomi Yohei , Sakata Yasushi
Published: October 2024

Objectives: Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is associated with many heart diseases, including heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Invasive examinations for CMD detection are difficult in older patients with HFpEF, and the decision criteria for noninvasive CMD measurements are unclear. We aimed to identify alternative factors in the possible involvement of CMD in the progression and prognosis of HFpEF. Methods: We analyzed 607 patients with HFpEF who were hospitalized for acute decompensated HF without a history of coronary artery disease (CAD). Blood tests and transthoracic echocardiography were performed. We focused on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and coronary perfusion pressure (diastolic blood pressure, dBP). Results: The patients with LVH showed reduced diastolic function (E/e’) and a lower incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) compared with those without LVH, with no differences in age or dBP. No differences were observed in all-cause mortality between patients with low and high dBP without LVH. In the patients with LVH, the incidence of all-cause mortality was significantly higher, with a lower incidence of AF, reduced renal function, and higher C-reactive protein levels in those with low dBP than in those with high dBP. The comprehensive diastolic functional index, diastolic elastance/arterial elastance, was markedly higher in the patients with LVH, especially in those with all-cause mortality. This index, but not E/e’, was a significant prognostic index in the multivariate Cox hazard analysis when adjusting for age, sex and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels. Conclusions: LVH and dBP were clinically important factors in elderly HFpEF patients without a history of CAD.
Enhancing Stroke Recognition: A Comparative Analysis of Balance and Eyes–Face, Arms, Speech, Time (BE-FAST) and Face, Arms, Speech, Time (FAST) in Identifying Posterior Circulation Strokes
Authors: Tanglay Onur , Cappelen-Smith Cecilia , Parsons Mark W. , Cordato Dennis J.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Posterior circulation stroke (PCS) poses a diagnostic challenge due to the diverse and subtle clinical manifestations. While the FAST (Face, Arms, Speech, Time) mnemonic has proven effective in identifying anterior circulation stroke, its sensitivity to posterior events is less clear. Recently, the addition of Balance and Eyes to the mnemonic has been proposed as a more comprehensive tool for stroke recognition. Despite this, evidence directly comparing the effectiveness of BE-FAST and FAST in identifying PCS remains limited. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on stroke calls at a comprehensive stroke centre, Sydney, Australia. BE-FAST symptoms first assessed at an emergency department triage were recorded, along with automated acute computerised tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging findings. Haemorrhagic strokes were excluded from analysis. An ischaemic stroke diagnosis was confirmed 48–72 h later with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain. The performance of 1. BE-FAST and FAST and 2. BE-FAST and CTP in the hyperacute detection of posterior circulation ischaemic stroke was compared. Results: Out of 164 identified ischaemic infarcts confirmed on MRIs, 46 were PCS. Of these, 27 were FAST-positive, while 45 were BE-FAST-positive. Overall, BE-FAST demonstrated a higher sensitivity compared to FAST in identifying PCS (97.8 vs. 58.7) but suffered from a lower specificity (10.0 vs. 39.8). Notably, 39.1% (n = 18) of patients with PCS would have been missed if only FAST were used. Furthermore, of the 26 PCS negative on CTP, 25 were BE-FAST-positive, and 14 were FAST-positive. Conclusions: The incorporation of Balance and Eye assessments into the FAST protocol improves PCS detection, although may yield more false positives.
Extraperitoneal Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy with the Hugo™ RAS System: Initial Experience at a High-Volume Robotic Centre
Authors: Scarcia Marcello , Filomena Giovanni Battista , Moretto Stefano , Marino Filippo , Cotrufo Simone , Francocci Alessandra , Maselli Francesco Paolo , Cardo Giuseppe , Pagliarulo Giovanni , Rizzo Pierluigi , Russo Pierluigi , Di Dio Michele , Alba Stefano , Calbi Roberto , Romano Michele , Zazzara Michele , Ludovico Giuseppe Mario
Published: October 2024

Background: The Hugo™ Robotic-Assisted Surgery (Hugo™ RAS) system represents a novel advancement in robotic surgical technology. Despite this, there remains a scarcity of data regarding extraperitoneal robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (eRARP) using this system. Methods: We conducted a prospective study at Ospedale Regionale “F. Miulli” from June 2023 to January 2024, enrolling consecutive patients diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing eRARP ± lymph node dissection. All procedures employed a modular four-arm setup performed by two young surgeons with limited prior robotic surgery experience. This study aims to evaluate the safety and feasibility of eRARP using the Hugo™ RAS system, reporting comprehensive preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative outcomes in the largest reported cohort to date. Results: A total of 50 cases were analyzed, with a mean patient age of 65.76 (±5.57) years. The median operative time was 275 min (Q1–Q3 150–345), and the console time was 240 min (Q1–Q3 150–300). The docking time averaged 10 min (Q1–Q3 6–20). There were no intraoperative complications recorded. Two major complications occurred within the first 90 days. At the 3-month mark, 36 patients (72%) achieved undetectable PSA levels (<0.1 ng/mL). Social continence was achieved by 66% of patients, while 40% maintained erectile function. Conclusions: eRARP utilizing the Hugo™ RAS system demonstrated effectiveness and safety in our study cohort. However, more extensive studies with larger cohorts and longer follow-up periods are necessary to thoroughly evaluate long-term outcomes.
Offshore Experimental Work of a Pump Directly Driven by a Fully Passive Dual-Flapping-Foil Hydrokinetic Turbine
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Jung Sejin , Jung Muhea , Choi Sangkyu , Jeong Dasom , Ko Jin Hwan
Published: October 2024

In this study, a previously developed fully passive hydrokinetic turbine with two flapping foils was used to directly drive a reciprocating pump, and the performance of this system was investigated at an offshore site in Republic of Korea. The fully passive operation of the turbine worked effectively due to its coupling mechanism, and pumping was successfully carried out during flood tides when the pumping height was consistently maintained using a water level gauge and winch system. Pumping occurred at a height of approximately 9 m when the flow velocity reached 1.8 m/s, at which point the corresponding Reynolds number exceeded one million. In one case where a high pumping flow rate was achieved during offshore trials conducted over a period of time, the pumping efficiency reached up to 34% when the reduced frequency of the turbine was 0.126, falling within the known optimum range. The pump driven by the flapping-foil hydrokinetic turbine, which can be positioned near the shore or in shallow water, could provide a viable solution for off-grid communities needing to pump seawater or generate hydroelectric power.
Dynamics of the Interaction between Freeze–Thaw Process and Surface Energy Budget on the Permafrost Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Ma Junjie , Li Ren , Wu Tonghua , Liu Hongchao , Wu Xiaodong , Hu Guojie , Liu Wenhao , Wang Shenning , Xiao Yao , Tang Shengfeng , Shi Jianzong , Qiao Yongping
Published: October 2024

Exploring the complex relationship between the freeze–thaw cycle and the surface energy budget (SEB) is crucial for deepening our comprehension of climate change. Drawing upon extensive field monitoring data of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, this study examines how surface energy accumulation influences the thawing depth. Combined with Community Land Model 5.0 (CLM5.0), a sensitivity test was designed to explore the interplay between the freeze–thaw cycle and the SEB. It is found that the freeze–thaw cycle process significantly alters the distribution of surface energy fluxes, intensifying energy exchange between the surface and atmosphere during phase transitions. In particular, an increase of 65.6% is observed in the ground heat flux during the freezing phase, which subsequently influences the sensible and latent heat fluxes. However, it should be noted that CLM5.0 has limitations in capturing the minor changes in soil moisture content and thermal conductivity during localized freezing events, resulting in an imprecise representation of the complex freeze–thaw dynamics in cold regions. Nevertheless, these results offer valuable insights and suggestions for improving the parameterization schemes of land surface models, enhancing the accuracy and applicability of remote sensing applications and climate research.
Exploring the Potential of Macroalgae for Sustainable Crop Production in Agriculture
Authors: Prisa Domenico , Fresco Roberto , Jamal Aftab , Saeed Muhammad Farhan , Spagnuolo Damiano
Published: October 2024

Marine macroalgae, which typically colonize coastal areas, are simple plant organisms. They live on rocks in coastal regions and are classified into red, brown, and green macroalgae. These algae are an important natural resource in agriculture due to their ability to enhance the structural, chemical, and biological properties of soil. Marine macroalgae can be used to produce various biocidal molecules that are effective in controlling plant pathogens. Much of the literature on marine macroalgae and their derivatives focuses primarily on the pharmaceutical field, while their use in agriculture is still considered secondary. However, various studies and experiments have demonstrated their potential to play a significant role in crop protection and enhancement. This review aims to highlight the various applications of macroalgae in plant production. It also emphasizes the biotechnological importance of marine macroalgae derivatives as biofertilizers, molecules for controlling insects and microorganisms, and as plant growth conditioners. Compounds from macroalgae, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, polyphenols, and carbohydrates, are being investigated for their fungicidal, antimicrobial, and antiviral effects against various plant pathogens. Beyond enhancing crop production, macroalgae can also be considered multifunctional bioinoculants suitable for use in organic farming.
Optimization of the Synchronous Pressurization Process for the Elimination of Double-Layer Oxide Film Defects
Authors: Qiu Ziao , Zhang Chaojun , Jin Zhishuai , Cao Guanyu , Zhang Lunyong , Jiang Sida , Cao Fuyang , Shen Hongxian , Zhao Xinyi , Song Heqian , Sun Jianfei
Published: October 2024

The counter-pressure casting (CPC) process has the technical advantages of smooth filling and solidification under pressure, which is conducive to obtaining high-quality castings. In the counter-pressure casting process, the way of fixed solenoid valve opening is used for synchronous pressurization at present. However, this synchronous pressurization method causes the melt to rise first in the transfer tube and then fall back. The falling process of the melt will lead to the formation of the double-layer oxide films on the melt surface. In the subsequent pouring stage, part of the double-layer oxide films will enter the inside of the casting to form defects. To solve this problem, the synchronous pressurization process was optimized. Combined with numerical simulation and measurement results, the influence of two kinds of processes on melt rise behavior in transfer tubes before and after optimization is compared. The optimized process can reduce the rise height of melt by about 90% in the process of synchronous pressurization and change the flow behavior of melt so that the melt is always filled forward and the fall of melt is eliminated. Furthermore, the formation of double-layer oxide films in the melt during synchronous pressurization is eliminated.
Existence and Stability Results for Thermodiffusion Laminated Beam System with Delay Feedback
Authors: Khalili Zineb , Ouchenane Djamel , Krelifa Ali , Laribi Imene , Boulaaras Salah , Ahmed Ahmed Himadan
Published: October 2024

In this paper, a one-dimensional thermodiffusion laminated beam system with delay feedback is studied. The existence of a solution for our system is discussed within the context of the semigroup approach. In addition, under different boundary conditions, two results of stability properties independent of initial data are investigated.
Finite-Time Mass Estimation Using ℋ∞ and Sliding Mode Control for a Multicopter
Authors: Arellano-Muro Carlos Augusto , Osuna-González Guillermo Luis , Cespi Riccardo
Published: October 2024

Nonlinear control theory applied to unmanned aeronautical vehicles is an engineering topic that has received higher and higher popularity during the last decade. Model-based control approaches have shown increased performance in flight control accuracy and robustness compared to model-free proposals based on parameter adaptation and estimation. However, model-based structures need more computational efforts in terms of spatial and temporal variables. To avoid these constraints, the latest drone flight controls are based on quaternion models, ensuring more advanced computational performances. To this aim, this paper deals with a flight control algorithm of a quadrotor, in which the mathematics model of the plant is defined in terms of quaternions. Additionally, when aerial vehicles are used in specific applications such as slung load transportation and agriculture fields, among others, the variation of the mass receives high importance since it could make the entire system unstable. In the same line of ideas, this paper presents a H∞ strategy, combined with a Super-Twisting Sliding-Mode Control, ensuring the control objective of the mass variations identification, and trajectory tracking, to be solved. The stability analysis of the proposed control approach is also discussed, and the quality and performances of the presented control strategy are tested by simulations, in an interesting case in which mass variations and external perturbations cannot be negligible.