bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synkinematic contact metasomatism: implications for the timing of pluton emplacement and regional deformation in the Scanlon shear zone, south‐eastern California
Authors: ROTHSTEIN D. A. , KARLSTROM K. E. , HOISCH T. D. , MORRISON J.
Published: May 2007

Structures in rocks altered by the infiltration of magmatic fluids provide key constraints on the relative timing of plutonism and regional deformation in the central Old Woman Mountains, south‐eastern California. In this well‐exposed area the Scanlon shear zone, a belt of attenuated, shallowly dipping, amphibolite facies Palaeozoic strata, is in contact with two tabular, Late Cretaceous (∼74 Ma) granitoid plutons. The shear zone contains massive wollastonite‐bearing skarns ∼40 m above the contact with the Old Woman granodiorite. Field evidence, petrological data and stable isotope compositions indicate that the mineral assemblages in these skarns formed when the granodiorite crystallized and exsolved water‐rich, magmatic fluids. Structural features in the skarns, which include transposed wollastonite foliations, syntectonic vesuvianite and garnet porphyroblasts, and quartz ± wollastonite veins, afford an opportunity to monitor the regional strain at the time of pluton crystallization. These structures yield a broad range of timing relationships that indicate synkinematic mineral growth with deformation ending first, at c. 74 Ma. The metasomatic structures are kinematically compatible with the regional deformation observed in other lithologies and no post‐tectonic features overprint the fabrics in the skarns. Observations of isoclinally folded and boudinaged dykes and pegmatites, granodiorite saddle reefs in isoclinal fold hinges, and undeformed, locally pegmatitic dykes also yield a broad range of timing relationships indicative of synkinematic plutonism, with deformation ending first. Our results show that coupling petrological and stable isotope data with structural analysis is effective for unravelling the relative timing of heat and mass transfer processes in pluton‐wallrock systems.
Multiple intrusions and low‐pressure metamorphism in the central Old Woman Mountains, south‐eastern California: constraints from thermal modelling
Authors: ROTHSTEIN D. A. , HOISCH T. D.
Published: May 2007

The Old Woman Mountains in south‐eastern California are a Late Cretaceous low‐pressure metamorphic terrane where multiple magmatic intrusions generated broad regions of elevated metamorphic temperatures. In the Scanlon Gulch area, two sheet‐like, Late Cretaceous granitoid plutons are in contact with the Scanlon shear zone, a 1‐km‐thick sheet of isoclinally folded and transposed metamorphic rocks. The metaluminous Old Woman granodiorite underlies the shear zone and the peraluminous Sweetwater Wash granite overlies it. Both plutons record emplacement ages of ∼74 Ma. Thermobarometry and phase relations in the shear zone suggest that peak metamorphism was at 650 ± 50† C and 4.3 ± 0.5 kbar. Late Cretaceous metamorphic temperatures were less elsewhere in the Old Woman Mountains, away from the intrusions.

One‐dimensional thermal models are used to investigate how differences in the time between the emplacement of plutons would affect the thermal evolution of the central Old Woman Mountains. The prediction of a thermal history inferred from petrological and thermochronological data requires the rapid emplacement of the two plutons around the shear zone; simulations with delays of more than 1 Myr in the emplacement of the second pluton failed to predict peak metamorphic temperatures. Calculations which consider only the emplacement of a single pluton yield metamorphic temperatures that are too low. The time separating the intrusions is by far the most sensitive parameter in the calculations; assumptions concerning the treatment of the initial geothermal gradient and the latent heat of crystallization have relatively small effects on the predicted thermal histories. Our results suggest that for certain geometries, relatively short‐lived magmatic events involving rapid emplacement of multiple intrusions can produce low‐pressure metamorphism.
Stable isotopic and trace element evidence for restricted fluid migration in 2 GPa eclogites
Authors: GETTY S. R. , SELVERSTONE J.
Published: May 2007

Mineral stable isotopic and trace element studies in 2 GPa banded eclogites of the Tauern Window, eastern Alps, record mm‐ to cm‐scale heterogeneities that reflect compositional variations in the accompanying metamorphic fluids. A close correlation between dolomite mode and dolomite δ18O is consistent with equilibrium partitioning among coexisting minerals and fluids. Small variations in dolomite δ13C values correspond with δ18O variations, but an overall decrease in dolomite δ13C by c. 1%o across a 12‐cm sample is a relict feature that pre‐dates eclogite equilibration. Garnet, omphacite, and clinozoisite rims show little systematic mineral‐mineral partitioning behaviour for Ti, V, Cr, Y, Sr, or Zr; major elements, however, are well equilibrated among these same minerals. Despite the apparent lack of mineral‐mineral trace element equilibration, most of the trace elements vary systematically with water activity calculated in each layer. Trace element behaviour during the eclogite metamorphism thus appears to have been controlled largely by mineral‐fluid interactions along grain boundaries.

Shallow structural levels in other subduction complexes (c. 10‐45 km) typically exhibit fracture‐controlled permeability and extensive metasomatism, but there is no field or geochemical evidence for extensive fluid advection during high‐pressure metamorphism in the Tauern eclogites. Because most dewatering and devolatilization during tectonic burial occurs prior to eclogite conditions, the volumetric fluid/rock ratio in eclogites should generally be low. Low fluid/rock ratios, coupled with the possible non‐wetting nature of the fluids, permits the production and preservation of fine‐scale chemical heterogeneities in deeply subducted eclogites and associated fluids. However, the eventual breakdown at greater depth of volatile‐bearing dolomite, phengite, clinozoisite, zoisite, or amphibole could lead to renewed fracture‐controlled fluid release from the subducted rocks to regions appropriate for arc magma generation.
Prograde amphiboles in hematite‐bearing basic and quartz schists in the Sanbagawa belt, central Shikoku: relationship between metamorphic field gradient and P‐T paths of individual rocks
Authors: NAKAMURA C. , ENAMI M.
Published: May 2007

The prograde amphibole that coexists with chlorite, epidote, muscovite, albite, quartz and hematite in Sanbagawa schists was examined to investigate the relationship between the prograde P‐T paths of individual rocks and the metamorphic field gradient in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku. The amphibole changes from actinolite, through ferri‐winchite and crossite, to barroisite and hornblende with increasing grade along the metamorphic field gradient. However, the sequence of prograde amphibole compositions in each sample varies in different mineral zones. The general scheme can be summarized as: magnesioriebeckite‐riebeckite crossite in the upper chlorite zone of lower‐grade rocks; crossite or glaucophane barroisite in the garnet zone of medium‐grade rocks; and actinolite or winchite barroisite hornblende in the albite‐biotite zone of higher‐grade rocks. Changes of amphibole composition indicate that the prograde P‐T path recorded in the higher‐grade rocks was situated on the higher‐temperature side of that of the lower‐grade rocks and on the lower‐pressure side of the metamorphic field gradient. The systematic change of P‐T paths implies an increasing dP/dT during continuous subduction. These features can be interpreted as documenting prograde metamorphism within a young subduction zone that has a non‐steady‐state geotherm.
40Ar/39Ar traverse — Grenville Front Tectonic Zone to Britt Domain, Grenville Province, Ontario, Canada*
Authors: REYNOLDS P. H. , CULSHAW N. G. , JAMIESON R. A. , GRANT S. L. , McKENZIE K. J.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
40Ar/39Ar data (on hornblende, muscovite and K‐feldspar) are presented for samples from the western Grenville Province taken along a 140‐km traverse from the Grenville Front into the Britt domain. Our interpretation is based on 28 new analyses, synthesized with 20 previously reported from the traverse area.

In regions where comparisons are possible, muscovite and (large domain) K‐feldspar apparent ages appear similar (at c. 920–930 Ma), but throughout the traverse, these are c. 60–70 Myr younger than the hornblende ages. The inferred cooling rate over the c. 350–500°C temperature range, c.2°C Myr‐1, is appropriate for exhumation controlled by post‐orogenic erosional unroofing. At the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone (GFTZ) — Britt domain boundary there is a c. 25‐Myr offset in both hornblende and muscovite/K‐feldspar ages. We interpret the lower ages in the Britt domain to reflect variations in crustal thickness and geothermal gradient between the flank and interior of a thick orogen.

The argon data from the GFTZ are interpreted in the context of an asymmetric crustal‐scale antiformal structure developed during a late episode of convergence. Hornblende from rocks on either side of the core of the antiform has an apparent age of c. 990 Ma, our estimate of the age of the compressional event. In the west, we infer that these date the short‐lived thermal event associated with the development of the crustal‐scale antiform previously postulated. In the east, the ages reflect the cooling of material brought toward the surface in the flank of the antiform. Hornblendes from the antiform core appear to contain excess radiogenic argon. We suggest that this was the ambient argon in rocks transported from depth that was subsequently trapped when the rocks cooled rapidly.
Syndeformational fluid trapping in quartz: determining the pressure‐temperature conditions of deformation from fluid inclusions and the formation of pure CO2 fluid inclusions during grain‐boundary migration
Authors: JOHNSON E. L. , HOLLISTER L. S.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Observations and microthermometric data on fluid inclusions from a terrane that underwent deformation following peak metamorphic conditions show that grain‐boundary migration recrystallization favours the entrapment of carbonic inclusions whereas microfracturing during brittle deformation favours the infiltration and eventual entrapment of aqueous fluids. Our results imply that pure CO2 fluid inclusions in metamorphic rocks are likely to be the residue of deformation‐recrystallization process rather than representing a primary metamorphic fluid.

Where the temperature of deformation can be deduced by other means, the densities of fluid inclusions trapped during recrystallization, which we call recrystallization‐primary fluid inclusions, can be used to constrain the ambient pressure during deformation. Using these constraints, the data imply that the post‐metamorphic Hercynian exhumation in Sardinia brought rocks at 300° C to within 3km of the surface. This conclusion is similar to that described for the rapidly uplifted Southern Alps in New Zealand.
Mesozoic tectonothermal development of the Sambagawa, Mikabu and Chichibu belts, south‐west Japan: evidence from 40Ar/39Ar whole‐rock phyllite ages
Authors: DALLMEYER R. D. , TAKASU A. , YAMAGUCHI K.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Five whole‐rock 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages from low‐grade sectors of the Sambagawa belt (Besshi nappe complex) range between 87 and 97 Ma. Two whole‐rock phyllite samples from the Mikabu greenstone belt record well‐defined 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 96 and 98 Ma. Together these ages suggest that a high‐pressure metamorphism occurred in both the Sambagawa and Mikabu belts at c. 90–100 Ma. The northern Chichibu sub‐belt may consist of several distinct geochronological units because metamorphic ages increase systematically from north (c. 110 Ma) to south (c. 215 Ma). The northern Chichibu sub‐belt is correlated with the Kuma nappe complex (Sambagawa belt). Two whole‐rock phyllite samples from the Kurosegawa terrane display markedly older metamorphic ages than either the Sambagawa or the Chichibu belts.

Accretion of Sambagawa‐Chichibu protoliths began prior to the middle Jurrasic. Depositional ages decrease from middle Jurassic (Kuma‐Chichibu nappe complex) to c. 100 Ma (Oboke nappe complex) toward lower tectonostratigraphic units. The ages of metamorphic culmination also decrease from upper to lower tectonostratigraphic units. The Kurosegawa belt and the geological units to the south belong to distinctly different terrances than the Sambagawa‐Chichibu belts. These have been juxtaposed as a result of transcurrent faulting during the Cretaceous.
Deep crustal growth of quartz, kyanite and garnet into large‐aperture, fluid‐filled fractures, north‐eastern Connecticut, USA
Authors: AGUE J. J.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A petrographic and petrological analysis of exceptionally well‐preserved hydrothermal veins from the Merrimack synclinorium, north‐eastern Connecticut, has been carried out in order to place new field‐based constraints on fracture aperture dimensions and porosity in the lower continental crust. The veins preserve substantial open space today in outcrop, and contain mineral assemblages including subhedral to euhedral crystals of quartz, kyanite and almandine‐rich garnet. Textural evidence indicates unequivocally that the vein minerals grew into macroscopic (mm‐ to cm‐scale) open space between the vein walls. The veins are interpreted to have been large‐aperture fractures along which significant advective fluid infiltration and chemical reaction occurred. The porosity of the rock mass due to open space between fracture walls today is c. 0.3%, but it could have been as large as several percent when the flow system was active. Quantitative thermobarometry results from vein mineral assemblages indicate that the fractures formed at pressures and corresponding crustal depths of c. 0.8 GPa and c. 30km, and temperatures of 550–600° C. The depth of fracture formation corresponds to published estimates of the maximum burial depth of the Merrimack synclinorium during the Acadian orogeny. The formation of large‐aperture fractures could increase significantly the transient permeability of the deep crust, and therefore influence metamorphic heat and mass transfer.
Petrology of Fe‐Mg‐carpholite‐bearing metasediments from NE Oman
Authors: EL‐SHAZLY ALEY EL‐DIN K.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Fe‐Mg carpholite occurs in metasediments of tectonically disrupted basement, shelf and foreland basin units that structurally underlie the Semail ophiolite in NE Oman. In the lower grade, structurally higher units, Fe‐rich carpholite coexists with paragonite, quartz, illite, kaolinite and chlorite, whereas in deeper units, Fe‐Mg carpholite occurs with pyrophyllite, sudoite, phengite and/or chloritoid. Mineral compositions in these units indicate that chlorite is more magnesian than coexisting Fe‐Mg carpholite at low temperatures and pressures but, at higher metamorphic grades, XMg decreases in the order sudoite > carpholite > chlorite > chloritoid. This suggests a reversal in Fe‐Mg partitioning between Fe‐Mg carpholite and chlorite at temperatures below or close to those of the breakdown of kaolinite + quartz to pyrophyllite and at XMg= 0.35.

Phase relations and mineral equilibria indicate that the P‐T conditions of formation of the Fe‐Mg‐carpholite‐bearing rocks of NE Oman range from 280–315° C, 3–6 kbar for the structurally highest units to 325–440° C, 6–9.5 kbar for the deepest units, indicating a systematic down‐section increase in metamorphic grade. Textural relations in these rocks, interpreted in the context of pertinent equilibria, are consistent with the clockwise P‐T paths previously constrained for these units from petrological studies of interlayered isofacial mafic rocks.
The smectite to chlorite transition in a fossil seamount hydrothermal system: the Basement Complex of La Palma, Canary Islands
Authors: SCHIFFMAN P. , STAUDIGEL H.
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe hydrothermal metamorphism of a sequence of Pliocene‐aged seamount extrusive and volcanoclastic rocks on La Palma includes a relatively complete low‐P‐Tfacies series encompassing the zeolite, prehnite‐pumpellyite, and greenschist facies. The observed mineral zonations imply metamorphic gradients of 200–300° C km‐1.

The transition from smectite to chlorite in the La Palma seamount series is characterized by discontinuous steps between discrete smectite, corrensite and chlorite, which occur ubiquitously as vesicles and, to a much lesser extent, vein in‐fillings. Trioctahedral smectites [(Mg/(Fe + Mg) = 0.4–0.75] occur with palagonite and Na‐Ca zeolites such as analcime and a thompsonite/natrolite solid solution. Corrensite [(Mg/(Fe + Mg) = 0.5–0.65] first appears at stratigraphic depths closely corresponding to the disappearance of analcime and first appearance of pumpellyite. Discrete chlorite [(Mg/(Fe + Mg) = 0.4–0.6] becomes the dominant layer silicate mineral coincident with the appearance of epidote and andraditic garnet.

Within the stratigraphic section there is some overlap in the distribution of the three discrete layer silicate phases, although random interstratifications of these phases have not been observed. Although smectite occurs as both low‐ and high‐charge forms, the La Palma corrensite is a compositionally restricted, 1:1 mixture of low‐charge, trioctahedral smectite and chlorite. Electron microprobe analyses of coarse‐grained corrensite yield structural formulae close to ideal values based on 50 negative charge recalculations. Calcium (average 0.20 cations/formula unit) is the dominant interlayer cation, with lesser Mg, K and Na.

The absence of randomly interlayered chlorite/smectite in the La Palma seamount series may reflect high, time‐integrated fluid fluxes through the seamount sequence. This is consistent with the ubiquity of high‐variance metamorphic mineral assemblages and the general absence of relict igneous minerals in these samples.
Large‐scale fluid infiltration, metasomatism and re‐equilibration of Archaean basement granulites during Palaeoproterozoic thrust belt construction, Ungava Orogen, Canada
Authors: ST‐ONGE M. R. , LUCAS S. B.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The metamorphic history of the Archaean Superior Province crystalline basement in the Palaeoproterozoic Ungava Orogen attests to the importance of structural and geohydrological controls on a retrograde amphibolite‐granulite transition. Two distinct metamorphic suites, separated in age by nearly one billion years, are recognized in extensively exposed tonalitic to dioritic metaplutonic gneisses. The older suite comprises c. 2.7‐Ga granulite facies assemblages (orthopyroxene‐clinopyroxene‐hornblende‐plagioclase‐ilmenite ± biotite ± quartz) that record moderate pressures (±5 kbar) and high temperatures (±800° C). A younger, c. 1.8‐Ga suite resulted from amphibolitization of the granulites and is characterized by regionally extensive amphibolite facies mineral zones that broadly parallel the basal décollement of the overlying Proterozoic Cape Smith Thrust Belt. Deformation/mineral growth relationships in the amphibolitized basement indicate that extensive hydration and re‐equilibration of the Archaean granulites occurred during thrust belt deformation. The transition from granulite facies to amphibolite facies assemblages is characterized by the growth of garnet‐hornblende‐quartz ° Cummingtonite coronas between plagioclase and orthopyroxene‐clinopyroxene, as well as titanite coronas on ilmenite. Multi‐equilibrium thermobarometry on the coronitic assemblages documents re‐equilibration of the granulitic gneiss to 7.7 kbar at 644° C in the south and 9.8 kbar at 700° C in the north. The variably deformed, amphibolite facies domain sandwiched between the coronitic garnet zone and the basal décollement is marked by significant metasomatic changes in major element concentrations within tonalite. These changes are compatible with equilibrium flow of an aqueous‐chloride fluid down a temperature gradient. The source of fluids for basement hydration/metasomatism is interpreted to be dehydrating clastic rocks in the overlying thrust belt, with fluid flow probably focused along the basal décollement.
Chains of Impact from Reaganomics on Primary Care Policies
Authors: Milio Nancy
Published: May 2007

This article analyzes the effects of federal fiscal policy in the Reagan administration on primary care programs. Within the context of the national economy and federal policy priorities, states responded to budget cuts and block grants with fiscal and administrative restrictions that fell disproportionately on disadvantaged groups. A wide array of primary care services became less available and accessible, thereby limiting their cost‐savings potential and their effectiveness in supporting people's health. These program deficits, together with lowered living standards among large segments of the population, resulted in rising rates of infant mortality in many states. A perspective that can interrelate federal and state policy actions, and broad public policies with traditional health policies, will improve public health nurses' understanding of policy‐making and policy impacts, and thereby can guide renewed efforts toward health improvement.
Social Support — Meaning, Measurement, and Relevance to Community Health Nursing Practice
Authors: Roberts Susan Jo
Published: May 2007

Social support is a popular concept in the 1980s. This paper reviews recent advances in the development and measurement of the concept; the research that relates support to a variety of health outcomes and behaviors; the relevance of the concept to the practice of community health nurses.
Expanding Nursing's Practice Terrain: Imperatives for Future Viability
Authors: Dugan Anna Baziak
Published: May 2007

Changes in perceptions of health needs, which are increasingly sociocultural in nature, and changes in health services shifting from medical control to entrepreneurial opportunities and corporate business control will necessarily have an impact on nursing. Nurses can capitalize on this, expanding their practice dimensions within the boundaries of current employment as well as joining in competitive health marketplace ventures. This will ensure relevance and continued viability of the profession in a dynamic, open, health services field.
Nurse‐patient Interaction in the Home Setting
Authors: Morgan Barbara S. , Barden Martha E.
Published: May 2007

Nurses' interactive behaviors with perinatal patients in the home setting, as well as nurse‐patient perceptions of home visits were examined. Data were obtained from 18 public health nurses and 55 perinatal patients. Results based on Bales's interaction process analysis revealed that 53.8 percent of the nurses' visits were related to asking for or giving information, while only 7.9 percent were categorized as friendly. Patients, however, perceived the nurses as friendly to them and others present. Although other differences in perceptions did emerge between nurses and patients, both groups were uncertain whether they had agreed on goals to work toward, which suggests the need for consumer involvement in the nursing process.
Educating Rural Home Health Care Nurses in Respiratory Assessment: An Evaluation Study
Authors: Clarke John H. , Goggin Joyce E. , Webber‐Jones Joan E. , Vacek Pamela M. , Aderholdt Suellen
Published: May 2007

Because nurses in rural home health agencies function as monitoring agents for the health care team, their role has grown to include increased patient assessment responsibilities. The rural setting, however, can prevent nurses from receiving the kind of training that enables them to provide accurate assessment data to their teams. In Vermont, an educational program in respiratory assessment was built into the work load of 34 nurses in five rural home health agencies. Using a collaborative, individualized training plan, this study aimed to determine the number of interactions with a trained assessment educator that would bring nursing assessment skills to an optimal level. Learners' scores in inspection, palpation, and percussion increased significantly after 10 collaborative training visits, holding steady through a six‐month posttest. Significant change in auscultation skill occurred after 20 collaborative visits, but returned to preinstruction levels at the six‐month posttest. The study points to the potential of collaborative education for home health nurses, accommodating both the need for educational experience and the constraints against education within the dispersed rural health care system.
Assessment of Clinical Nursing Practice in a Rural Decentralized Case‐Management System
Authors: Schwab Sallyann , Pierce Patricia M.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of an instrument developed to assess the practice of 14 experienced nurses providing case management within a decentralized, nurse‐based case‐management system. The instrument was based on nursing process concepts. The nurses designed complex care plans for chronically ill children and coordinated the many services necessary to assure appropriate, home‐based implementation of therapeutic regimens. Findings were that in 91 percent of the practice encounters, the purpose of the visit and subsequent plans for care were consistent with the needs of the child and family. Assessment areas identified as needing improvement were psychosocial, developmental, and nutritional. Reliability of the instrument was 0.91 using Cronbach's alpha. In addition, the instrument proved to be an acceptable method for supervisors to assess the practice of experienced nurses.
Health Promotion in Zaire: Time Perspective and Cerebral Hemispheric Dominance as Relevant Factors
Authors: Butrin JoAnn , Newman Margaret A.
Published: May 2007

This investigation was carried out in an attempt to understand the diminished interest of Zairian villagers in health‐promoting programs. Time perspective and cerebral hemispheric dominance were examined in educated and noneducated groups. The sample consisted of 50 Zairians who had received six years of education and 50 who had had no education. The instruments used to determine hemispheric dominance were the Street and similarities tests. For time perspective the circles test was employed. Findings indicated that Zairians exhibit greater right hemisphere ability than left. The educated group demonstrated greater left hemisphere ability and greater future orientation than the noneducated group, the latter expressing a predominantly present orientation. These results suggested that visual spatial tasks will be more readily assimilated in this population than verbal linear tasks. Also, health promotion efforts for the noneducated group may have to focus on present activities rather than future results.
The Social Networks of Terminally III Skid Road Residents: An Analysis
Authors: McGrath Barbara Burns
Published: May 2007

With the progression of a terminal illness, a person's need for resources and social support increases. Recently developed home care programs, based on the hospice philosophy, depend heavily on active participation by the family's network in delivering care. This model is based on a middle‐class orientation to family relationships. Persons with nontraditional lifestyles are at high risk for being placed in an institution when they are unable to care for themselves. Social network analysis was used to assess the supportive aspects of networks that have potential for caregiving during the terminal phase of a disease. Eight men with lung cancer who resided in Seattle's Skid Road were interviewed to obtain demographic, social network, and support data. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyze the data. The men in this study shared many similarities in lifestyle and had small, highly dense networks. Although it was of a limited nature, social support did exist within the networks analyzed.
Research Among Haitian Village Women: Implications for the Nurse's Role in Health Education
Authors: Gustafson Marilyne Backlund
Published: May 2007

The study questioned whether pictorial messages are accurately recognized and self‐explanatory to nonliterate Haitian village women. Theories of visual literacy from anthropology, psychology, and international health education formed the base for the study. A descriptive survey method was employed with a structured interview used to gather responses to health education pictures and demographic/life history data. Findings indicated significant differences in recognition traceable to content and complexity of the pictures and place of residence. Schooling was less important; and age and employment as a maid had no significant impact. Responses of urban dwellers were more accurate than those of rural women. The conclusions were that baseline studies and pretesting are essential if visual media are to be used with nonliterates. These findings were seen as important for teaching clients from ethnic groups or immigrants with a similar lack of experience with pictures.
Modular Curriculum Development in Community Health Nursing
Authors: Weitzel Ann R. , Robinson Mary Ellen
Published: May 2007

Integrated curricula for baccalaureate education in nursing have many advantages but present problems for faculty. Several problems were identified in our community health nursing curriculum. For example, difficulty coordinating theory with clinical practice, lack of structural organization for the curriculum, inadequate coverage of key areas such as epidemiology and community assessment, and lecture format made it difficult to meet the learning needs of different student groups such as returning registered nurses and other adult learners. A modular community health nursing curriculum was developed. Not only were the instructional problems resolved, but satisfaction with the curriculum was expressed by both faculty and students.
Appointments for Adolescent Pregnancy and Family Planning: The Effects of Delays in Providing Services
Authors: Moore Marvin L.
Published: May 2007

With the tremendous increase in the number of teenage females seeking family‐planning services have come problems of overcrowded clinics and long delays in providing needed services. This study examined the impact of these long delays at a local health department family‐planning clinic on appointment failures and pregnancy prevention. Results indicated that, over a six‐month period, while established clients generally kept scheduled appointments, perspective clients had a substantial failure rate. Ako, in the six months, at least nine teens became pregnant while awaiting family‐planning appointments.
The Practice of Home Care Nursing
Authors: Humphrey Carolyn J.
Published: May 2007

In the March, 1987 issue of PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING, three physicians offered their views of the home care industry. In this issue we present the opinions of two nurses on this subject.
DRG Ripple Effects on Community Health Nursing
Authors: Phillips Elayne Kornblatt , Cloonan Patricia A.
Published: May 2007

Prospective payment by diagnosis‐related groups (DRGs) has influenced hospital care in at least two ways: patients are experiencing shorter hospital stay and they are being discharged in a less healthy state than in the past. As a result, home health agencies are reporting an increase in the number of patients needing services, with the majority of these patients being sicker, older, and requiring more complex care. As hospital‐based care shifts to community care, the impact on community home health agencies continues to increase. To date, little has been written about role changes for community health nurses, especially home health nurses, as a result of the ripple effect of DRGs. The authors suggest likely changes in the caring, counseling, and coordination aspects of the nurse's role. The community health nurse's role is evolving into one that requires expertise in advanced technologies, more sophisticated assessment and counseling skills, and a more comprehensive case management component. Concomitant alterations must be made in resource requirements and distribution. Such changes provide opportunities for innovative and creative nursing strategies.
Recollections of Nursing and Health Care in the Soviet Union
Authors: Fahey Walter S.
Published: May 2007

I led a party of British nurses on an Interchange of London study tour of Moscow and Leningrad early in 1986. The limitations inherent in a short tour, in which the visits were strictly organized by our hosts, are appreciated, but the party was able to visit examples of the three main institutions of care in which Soviet nurses work and to spend two evenings in informal discussion with nursing personnel. The interpretation of findings is my own and does not necessarily assume complete objectivity. Nevertheless, I have attempted to discuss data dispassionately and feel that information obtained is relevant and interesting in its own right. I have no doubt that we were shown the very best of Soviet nursing and health care, and no claims are made as to how representative the particular polyclinic, ambulance center, and hospital visited are of those in the USSR as a whole.
CORRESPONDENCE
Authors: ERICKSON GRACE P.
Published: May 2007

Letters to the Editor are weIconied for Publication (subject to editing). Letters must be signed by all authors, typewritten double spaced, and mast not exceed two pages of text including references. Two copies of all Ietters sbonld be submitted. Letters should not duplicate material submitted to or published in other journals. Re‐publication proofs will not be provkled.
New Horizons for Home Health Care: Responses to Prospective Payment
Authors: Matchefts Ho Mary
Published: May 2007

The implementation of hospital reimbursement on the basis of diagnosis‐related groups and on its effect on home health care is explored. The issue is examined in relation to the types of services now being requested of home health care agencies and how agencies have responded. Implications of a diagnosis‐related group system of reimbursement for home health care services, are also considered.
Nursing Theory and Public Health Science: Is Synthesis Possible?
Authors: Hanchett Effie S. , Clarke Pamela N.
Published: May 2007

The American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Nurses' Association (ANA) have gone on record to define public health nursing as a synthesis of knowledge (APHA) and practice (ANA) from nursing and public health. If this synthesis is to be consistent with nursing, knowledge will have to be congruent with the concepts of nursing's metaparadigm. Disease is not included within the concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing. The focus of the public health tradition is reflected in the concepts of the epidemiologic model (agent, host, environment). Disease and its prevention are the focus of public health science. Reformulation of concepts from public health to be consistent with concepts of person and environment, replacing the concept of illness with that of health, and using methods for study of aggregates are strategies for achieving a synthesis of these two bodies of knowledge.
Self‐care, Health Locus of Control, and Health Value Among Faculty Women
Authors: Lakin Jean A.
Published: May 2007

Using a randomly selected sample of 104 faculty women at a midwestern university, relationships among health locus of control, health value, and exercise of self‐care agency (ESCA) were investigated. T tests, analysis of variance, chisquare, and Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were used to test hypotheses. A predicted positive correlation between ESCA and internality (P 0.001) and a negative correlation between ESCA and chance (P 0.001) were supported. Results also supported hypotheses of relationships between ESCA and health value (P 0.05), health status (P 0.001), and satisfaction with health (P 0.001).
A Cross‐Clinical Practicum for Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Morgan Barbara S. , Kraynek Sandra B.
Published: May 2007

Abstract The clinical laboratory is regarded as an important component of nursing education, yet few studies have examined the structuring of this aspect of the curriculum. The purpose of this quasi‐experimental study was to determine which of two methods of structuring clinical laboratory activities was more effective in helping students view clients holistically. Subjects were 53 senior baccalaureate nursing students. The experimental group was enrolled in a cross‐clinical practicum that combined critical elements from mental health‐psychiatric nursing (MHPN) and community health nursing (CHN), while the control group was enrolled in two separate courses in MHPN and CHN. Results revealed that although no significant differences existed between groups in their ability to view clients holistically, the experience had many positive outcomes.
The Elderly Samoan
Authors: Shimamoto Yoshiko , Ishida Dianne
Published: May 2007

Abstract This article illustrates the impact of urbanization on the elderly Samoan in Western and American Samoa showing contrasts based on the differing rates of urbanization between the two. The impact of political and economic factors such as government programs that undermine patterns of traditional culture is discussed. Current research on the elderly Samoan done by anthropologists and others is covered. The article also discusses the cultural patterns of the extended family, the aiga, and value systems. The article concludes with perceptions of the authors of the elderly in Western Samoa.
Development of Public Health Nursing Literature
Authors: Carr Ada M.
Published: May 2007

Historical Reprint

The annotated bibliography, in edited version, that follows was first published in its entirety 62 years ago in Public Health Nurse; February 18(2):83‐90, 1926. It was first presented as a paper at the Fifth International Congress of Nurses, in Helsingfors, Finland, July 1925. The author, and editor of the journal, Ada M. Carr, acknowledged the assistance of Lavinia Dock, Adelaide Nutting, and A. M. Peterkin. The latter was general superintendent, Queen Victoria's Jubilee Institute for Nurses, London, England. For convenience, Carr divided the literature review into three time periods: 1860‐1900, 1901‐1912, and 1913‐1925. Although she offered the caveat “… this sketch of public health nursing literature cannot in any sense be considered exhaustive,” one cannot help being impressed with the amount and quality of writing published during these years.

Ruth N. Knollmueller, M.P.H.

Historical Editor
Experiences of Nursing Joint Appointments in a Teaching Health Unit
Authors: Black Margaret , Edwards Nancy , McKnight Janet , Valaitis Ruta , Van Dover Leslie
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This article describes the experiences of five community health nursing faculty who are jointly appointed between McMaster University School of Nursing and the Hamilton‐Wentworth Department of Public Health Services in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The appointees are actively involved in service, education, and research activities within the teaching health unit, a specially funded project of the Ontario Ministry of Health. Various kinds of consultation and expertise are offered by joint appointees to staff and management within the Department of Public Health Services. The amount of time and effort invested in a particular activity or project varies as staff, students, and joint appointees each make their contributions. Several lessons are learned in acting out our diverse roles in this exciting and challenging service environment.
Florence Nightingale and the India Sanitary Reforms
Authors: Hays Judith C.
Published: May 2007

After the Crimean War, Florence Nightingale persisted in researching the health conditions of British troops throughout the Empire. Undaunted by geographic limitations, she surveyed and publicized data that documented the mismanagement of living conditions and health care among the occupational forces on the Indian continent. Nightingale proposed widespread changes in the reporting of military health status and biostatistics, in sanitary engineering, and in self‐care activities. With dogged persistence, she continued to gather follow‐up data to measure the changing health status of soldiers in a land she never saw.
Improving EPSDT Use: Development and Application of a Practice‐Based Model for Public Health Nursing Research
Authors: Selby Maija L. , Riportella‐Muller Roberta , Sorenson James R. , Walters Clara R.
Published: May 2007

The purposes of this article are to describe the process of adapting an existing model to create a framework suitable for public health nursing (PHN) practice and to demonstrate how the resulting model can guide research for PHN practice. Using the PRECEDE (predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling causes in educational diagnosis and evaluation) model as a base, we synthesized concepts of health behavior, health education, health promotion/disease prevention, and program evaluation to develop a model for planning and evaluating aggregate‐level PHN interventions to improve the use of the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Program (EPSDT) in rural North Carolina. The model provided the framework for identifying variables relevant to EPSDT use, designing interventions to improve use, and planning a research evaluation of the effectiveness, efficacy, and cost effectiveness of the interventions. This model, and the process used in adapting it for PHN practice, should be helpful for others investigating methods of reaching and bringing effective health‐promotion/disease‐prevention information to underserved, low‐education members of minority groups.
Psychosocial Aspects of Genital Herpes: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Swanson Janice M. , Chenitz W. Carole
Published: May 2007

Abstract:Understanding the psychosocial aspects of genital herpes will enable community health nurses to be aware of the range of responses by young adults to the disease and of interventions suggested by research. Reviewed are the epidemiology of genital herpes infection; the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to it; the psychosocial consequences of and techniques for coping and adaptation to living with the disease; responses to treatment; and implications for community health nursing.
The Albrecht Nursing Model for Home Health Care: Implications for Research, Practice, and Education
Authors: Albrecht Mary Nies
Published: May 2007

Home health care has become increasingly popular with consumers. Despite this movement of care away from the hospital, the literature does not contain a comprehensive nursing model of home health care. The need for a model to guide nursing research and ultimately, nursing practice and education is apparent. Four health service delivery models are available to be applied to home health care nursing; however, analysis of all four demonstrates a need for one specific to home care nursing.
The Dependency at Discharge Instrument as a Measure of Resource Use in Home Care
Authors: Edwardson Sandra R. , Nardone Patricia
Published: May 2007

The dependency at discharge instrument, developed to evaluate the needs for care of hospitalized patients on the day of discharge, was tested for its usefulness in measuring resource consumption in home health care. The instrument evaluates dependency in relation to bathing/hygiene, activity, technical procedures, and monitoring signs and symptoms. The sample used in this study consisted of 150 subjects admitted to one of three types of home health care agencies. Interrater reliability and internal consistency of the instrument were high. Factor analysis produced results similar to those of the developers for three of the four scale items. The item concerning need for assistance with procedures had a much lower loading, indicating that it had little in common with the other items. Criterion‐based validity was measured by testing the instrument's ability to predict the number of registered nurse and home health aide visits, and length of enrollment. Findings indicated that the instrument had a modest level of criterion‐based validity in predicting the use of registered nurse and home health aide services for the hospital‐affiliated agency, but was relatively ineffective for public health and for‐profit agencies.
Relationship Between Cross‐Cultural Health Attitudes and Community Health Indicators
Authors: Champion Victoria L. , Austin Joan K. , Tzeng Oliver C. S.
Published: May 2007

Improving health standards both nationally and cross‐culturally is a goal for all community health nurses. Previous research has supported links between health attitudes and behavior. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between attitudes toward health and indexes of community health using a cross‐cultural data set. Concepts selected from the data set were I (myself), body, sickness, disease, life, doctor, health, medicine, hospital, nurse, death, and insane. Community health indicators were male and female life expectancy, infant mortality, economic and public health expenditures, and net social progress. The original sample included 1200 high school males within each of 30 language and cultural communities. Data were derived from students' ratings of the dimensions of evaluation, potency, and activity for each concept. The results supported the association between attitudes and objective community health indicators. Unexpected negative correlations were found between attitudes toward medicine and nurse attitudes toward body and life, perhaps indicating that extended contact with health care providers may result in negative attitudes toward them. Positive relationships were found between public health expenditures and nurses, indicating that in countries with more expenditures for community and public health, attitudes toward nurses were more positive.
Sociodemographic Factors Associated with AIDS Knowledge in a Random Sample of University Students
Authors: Robb Heidi , Beltran A. Eugenio D. , Katz Dolores , Foxman Betsy
Published: May 2007

A telephone survey was used to assess knowledge of the transmission, prevalence, and infectivity of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and the safety of casual contact among 214 randomly selected university students. Males were more knowledgeable than females overall (odds ratio [OR], men/women = 4.8). Although most students understood the dangers of unprotected sex and intravenous needle sharing, up to 30% believed some kinds of casual contact (e.g., shared eating utensils) can transmit AIDS. Older students (≥ 23 yrs) were more knowledgeable than those 17 to 19 years old about the safety of casual contact (OR = 3.8). Students are in need of education programs that stress the ways AIDS is not transmitted. Since most students identified newspapers and television as their main sources of information, these may be effective vehicles for education efforts.
Restructuring the Role of School Nurse in Health Promotion
Authors: Barnfather Janet S.
Published: May 2007

For more than two decades an enduring relationship between years of formal schooling and improved health status has been emerging as noteworthy. School nurses are currently in place to focus more attention on refining how this relationship can be maximized in clinical practice. A brief review of the theoretical framework, modeling and role‐modeling, is presented, including application to a case study depicting how the school nurse used theory‐driven nursing process for health promotion.