bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rūkymo ypatumai tarp psichiatrijos ir nepsichiatrijos stacionaruose gydomų pacientų Lietuvoje
Authors: Navickas Alvydas , Valančiūtė Justina , Navickas Petras , Lukavičiūtė Laura , Danilevičiūtė Vita
Published: April 2016

Tyrimo tikslas. Išsiaiškinti rūkymo paplitimo ypatumus įvairiuose Lietuvos gydymo įstaigų stacionaruose. Tyrimo metodas. Buvo atliktas vienmomentis, kiekybinis, anoniminis, anketinis tyrimas psichiatrijos ir nepsichiatrijos stacionaruose Vilniuje, Klaipėdoje ir Šiauliuose. Apklausti 228 asmenys: 113 psichiatrijos (49,6%) ir 115 nepsichiatrijos (50,4%) stacionaruose besigydančių asmenų, tarp jų moterų buvo 116 (50,9%) ir vyrų 112 (49,1%). Respondentų amžius buvo nuo 18 iki 92 (54,5 ± 18,5) metų. Tyrimo rezultatai. Psichiatrijos stacionaruose rūkančių asmenų gydosi 3,5 karto daugiau – 48,7%, nei nepsichiatrijos stacionaruose 13,9% (p = 0,001). Iš visų rūkančių pacientų psichiatrijos ir nepsichiatrijos stacionaruose beveik dvigubai dažniau rūko vyrai, atitinkamai 65,5% ir 62,5%. Net 96,3% rūkančių psichiatrijos ir 75% nepsichiatrijos stacionarų respondentų tęsia rūkymą besigydydami stacionare (p=0,008). Psichikos sutrikimus gydantys pacientai surūkydavo vidutiniškai 5,6 cigaretėmis daugiau, t. y. vidutiniškai po 16,3 cigaretes per dieną lyginant su gydančiais somatinius sutrikimus – 10,7. Net 55,8% psichiatrijos stacionarų respondentų pažymėjo rūkantys vidutinio stiprumo cigaretes, o nepsichiatrijos stacionarų pacientai dažniau rūkė lengvas – 43,8% (p = 0,013). Dažniausiai rūkantys pacientai rūko lauke: psichiatrijos – 46,9%, nepsichiatrijos – 75,0%. Be to psichiatrijos skyrių pacientai rūkė tualetuose ir net palatose. Pagrindiniai du rūkymą palaikantys faktoriai abejose grupėse buvo tie patys: tai raminantis ir gerinantis nuotaiką poveikis, o psichiatrijos stacionaruose gydomi rūkaliai išskyrė dar ir vaistų šalutinius reiškinius mažinantį poveikį. Taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad 85,5% rūkančių ir 23,8% nerūkančių asmenų psichiatrijos stacionaruose pažymėjo reikalingumą specialių rūkyti skirtų vietų, kai nepsichiatrijos stacionaruose dauguma rūkančių 68,7% bei 100% nerūkančių pasisakė priešingai (p = 0,001). Svarbu atkreipti dėmesį į tai, kad nei vienam pacientui nebuvo nustatyta su rūkymo problemomis susijusi diagnozė ir nebuvo skirtas gydymas. Metant rūkyti psichiatrijos skyrių respondentai daugiausia vilčių teikė rūkymo metimo konsultacijoms, gydymui, elektroninėms cigaretėms, o nepsichiatrijos skyrių: elektroninėms cigaretėms, griežtiems draudimams ir gydymui. Įdomu pažymėti, kad literatūrai apie rūkymo žalą abiejų grupių rūkoriai teikė mažiausiai reikšmės. Išvados. Lietuvoje stacionaruose gydomiems pacientams rūkymo problema yra aktuali, ypač tarp psichiatrijos stacionarų ligonių. Psichiatrijos stacionarų pacientai turi sunkesnius rūkymo požymius ir patiria daugiau diskomforto sprendžiant rūkymo problemą. Rūkymo sukeltai psichikos ir elgesio sutrikimų diagnostikai, profilaktikai ir gydymui nėra skiriama adekvataus dėmesio, priemonių ir resursų. Sąlygų rūkyti nebuvimas veda į rūkančių ir nerūkančių pacientų žeminimą, diskriminaciją ir psichiatrijos stigmatizavimą.
The Impact of Supervision, Motivation and Work Ethic on Teachers’ Professional Competence: A Case Study of Private Islamic High School Teachers
Authors: Idris Muhammad
Published: April 2016

This study aims to investigate the impact of supervision, motivation and work ethic on teachers’ professional competence. Using a sample of 131 respondents, and all respondents are teachers of SMA Muhammadiyah in East OKU, South Sumatera, Indonesia; and this study employs an Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. All variables, apart from motivation exhibit a positive and significant impact on teachers’ professional competence. Meanwhile, motivation has no impact on teachers’ professional competence. It can be concluded that an education institution who have more strict supervision will have higher teachers’ professional competence and teachers who have higher work ethic will improve teachers’ professional competence
Work Environment and Organizational Learning as Key Drivers of Employee Productivity: Evidence from Higher Education Sector
Authors: Hanaysha Jalal
Published: April 2016

Improving employee productivity is one of the main objectives for any organization. This is because high employee productivity can lead to positive organizational outcomes. This study aims to examine the effects of work environment and organizational learning on employee productivity in higher education sector. The data was collected using a survey instrument from 242 employees at public universities in northern Malaysia. The collected data was then coded and analysed using SPSS and structural equation modelling (AMOS). The findings indicated that work environment had significant positive effect on employee productivity. The findings also indicated that organizational learning had significant positive effect on employee productivity. These results provide beneficial suggestions for policy makers to formulate the relevant strategies in terms of work environment and organizational learning for the purpose of improving the productivity of employees to achieve competitive advantages and favourable organizational outcomes.
In-Company Training In Tourism: The Case of the Domotel Hotels and Resorts
Authors: Brinia Vasiliki , Chryssi-Alexandra Klepkou
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this research is to investigate the DOMOTEL group of companies, on planning, organization and management of the Domotel internal academy programs as well as the results of the in-company training. The type of this research is the case study, and the data have been processed by the method of content analysis. It was found that the in-house Domotel Academy programs are designed, organized and evaluated through specific procedures. The education and training of employees is under the responsibility of the company whose aim and purpose is the continuous training of the workforce, the performance improvement and the compliance with the labor standards of the Domotel group of companies which consequently will lead to profitability. The originality of the research lies in the fact that the research in the tourism sector which engages the in-company training is little.
Surgical Outcomes in Children with Primary Congenital Glaucoma: A 20-Year Experience
Authors: Yassin Sanaa A. , Al-Tamimi Elham R.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To describe demographic criteria of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) subjects and to evaluate the surgical outcomes of children who underwent angle surgery over a 20-year period.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with PCG who underwent trabeculotomy, trabeculectomy, or combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy (CTT). The surgery was considered to be successful if intraocular pressure (IOP) was 21 mm Hg or less with or without treatment.

Results

A total of 148 eyes (85 patients) were included in the study. The majority of the patients were younger than 6 months of age (78.9%), with a median age of 2 months. Sex distribution was relatively even between girls and boys (45:40) (53%/47%). Bilateral disease was seen in 63 patients (74%). The overall success rate was achieved in 80.4%. The majority of the eyes needed only one surgery (105 [70.9%]), 34 eyes (23.0%) needed 2 surgeries, and 7 eyes (4.7%) had 3 surgeries. There was no statistically significant difference in success rate between types of surgery and number of performed procedures. A progressive decline in success rate over time was evident, as success rate dropped from 96.6% at 5 months to less than 50% after 11 years of follow-up.

Conclusions

Excellent IOP control can be achieved in a majority of patients with equally effective results from all 3 surgical procedures. The surgical outcome of PCG was more favorable in infants presenting before the age of 6 months. Adjuvant topical antiglaucoma medications can augment the surgical success rate.
Turbulence in Blood Damage Modeling
Authors: Goubergrits Leonid , Osman Jan , Mevert Ricardo , Kertzscher Ulrich , Pöthkow Kai , Hege Hans-Christian
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To account for the impact of turbulence in blood damage modeling, a novel approach based on the generation of instantaneous flow fields from RANS simulations is proposed.

Methods

Turbulent flow in a bileaflet mechanical heart valve was simulated using RANS-based (SST k-ω) flow solver using FLUENT 14.5. The calculated Reynolds shear stress (RSS) field is transformed into a set of divergence-free random vector fields representing turbulent velocity fluctuations using procedural noise functions. To consider the random path of the blood cells, instantaneous flow fields were computed for each time step by summation of RSS-based divergence-free random and mean velocity fields. Using those instantaneous flow fields, instantaneous pathlines and corresponding point-wise instantaneous shear stresses were calculated. For a comparison, averaged pathlines based on mean velocity field and respective viscous shear stresses together with RSS values were calculated. Finally, the blood damage index (hemolysis) was integrated along the averaged and instantaneous pathlines using a power law approach and then compared.

Results

Using RSS in blood damage modeling without a correction factor overestimates damaging stress and thus the blood damage (hemolysis). Blood damage histograms based on both presented approaches differ.

Conclusions

A novel approach to calculate blood damage without using RSS as a damaging parameter is established. The results of our numerical experiment support the hypothesis that the use of RSS as a damaging parameter should be avoided.
Apically Extruded Debris during Root Canal Preparation using ProTaper Gold, ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, and RECIPROC Instruments
Authors: Cakici Fatih , Cakici Elif B. , küçükekenci Funda F. , Uygun Ahmet D. , Arslan Hakan
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the amount of apically extruded debris during root canal preparation with ProTaper Gold (PTG) (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), ProTaper Universal (PTU) (Dentsply Maillefer), ProTaper Next (PTN) (Dentsply Maillefer), and RECIPROC (VDW, Munich, Germany) in curved canals.

Methods

Eighty human mandibular molar teeth were divided into 4 groups according to the system used for root canal preparation: PTG, PTU, PTN, and RECiPROC groups. The mean weight of extruded debris was statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey's test (a = 0.05).

Results

The PTU was associated with significantly more extruded debris than the PTG, PTN, and RECIPROC (p<0.05). The PTG was associated with significantly more extruded debris than the PTN and RECIPROC (p<0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between the RECIPROC and PTN (p>0.05).

Conclusions

All systems caused apical debris extrusion during curved canal preparations. However, the PTG, PTN, and RECIPROC systems resulted in significantly less debris extrusion than the PTU system.
Synthesis Variants of Quaternary Ammonium Polyethyleneimine Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Efficacy in Dental Materials
Authors: Zaltsman Nathan , Kesler-Shvero Dana , Weiss Ervin I. , Beyth Nurit
Published: April 2016

Background

Resin-based dental materials allow bacterial growth on their surface and lack antibacterial activity, leading to functional and esthetic failure. Quaternary ammonium polyethyleneimine (QPEI) nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated in resin-based composite at 2% wt/wt have demonstrated prolonged and complete inhibition of bacterial growth. This study focused on optimization of QPEI NP synthesis to reduce the concentration required for bacterial growth inhibition. The objective here was to enhance antimicrobial efficacy by excess base neutralization, using phosphoric or hydrochloric acid, and by using surfactants.

Methods

QPEI NP variants were prepared (i) under controlled neutralization of acid, using NaHCO3, (ii) under controlled carbonate ion neutralization with HCl or H3PO4 and (iii) by treatment with N-lauroylsarcosine or glycerol monostearate. NPs incorporated in the dental materials were examined for their antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis.

Results

Controlled addition of NaHCO3 resulted in modified QPEI NPs with an increased ability to inhibit bacterial growth. Surface treatment with N-lauroylsarcosine resulted in enhanced antibacterial activity at 0.5% wt/wt concentration in acrylate and epoxy resin-based dental materials.

Conclusions

The antimicrobial efficacy of QPEI NP may be improved significantly by controlling the addition of NaHCO3, neutralization of excess base and the surface-agent effect.
Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty for the Treatment of Thoracic Fractures in Osteoporotic Patients: A Finite Element Comparative Analysis
Authors: Ottardi Claudia , La Barbera Luigi , Pietrogrande Luca , Villa Tomaso
Published: April 2016

Background

Vertebral compression fractures occur in the thoracolumbar junction, causing the collapse of the vertebral body. For their treatment, vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are used, but it is still unknown which technique is to be preferred.

Methods

Finite element models of the thoracic spine were developed to evaluate the outcomes of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. A mild and severe collapse of T10 treated with vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty was studied. Stresses on the endplates and intradiscal pressures were extrapolated to determine the stress distribution in the adjacent structures.

Results

The validation ensured a correct stiffness and a proper kinematic of each functional spinal unit. The results demonstrated that a consolidation following vertebroplasty caused slight variations of intradiscal pressures and stresses. If a kyphoplasty was performed after a mild collapse of the vertebral body, a 25% stress reduction on endplates was found. In cases of severe collapse, when a partial height restoration was achieved, a 15% stress reduction was obtained, while with a full recovery of the anterior wall of the collapsed vertebra, there was a further reduction of 40%.

Conclusions

To reduce the stresses on the adjacent endplates and the risk of fracture, the results suggest a kyphoplasty is to be preferred, trying to restore the initial vertebral body height.
Expression of MMP and TIMP mRNA in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Patients with Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: Wieczorek Edyta , Galicki Michal , Tomasik Bartlomiej , Krol Magdalena , Jablonska Ewa , Fendler Wojciech , Gromadzinska Jolanta , Morawiec Zbigniew , Wasowicz Wojciech , Reszka Edyta
Published: April 2016

Purpose

An imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) appears critical for tumor progression and metastasis. This study aimed to determine whether gene expression of MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1 and TIMP3 and the MMP/TIMP expression ratio in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and the MMP1 and TIMP1 contents or MMP1/TIMP1 ratio in plasma were associated with clinicopathological characteristics in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast.

Materials and methods

Blood samples were collected from women newly diagnosed with IDC who had not received prior treatment (n = 102). Gene expression in PBLs was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Concentrations of MMP1 and TIMP1 in plasma were measured using ELISA.

Results

In univariate analysis the expression levels of MMP2 and TIMP1 mRNA were significantly higher in premenopausal compared to postmenopausal patients (p<0.001 and p = 0.014, respectively). MMP2 mRNA expression negatively correlated with age (p<0.001, r = -0.43). We found that the MMP2/TIMP3 expression ratio was significantly higher in women after menopause (p = 0.007). The MMP2/TIMP1 expression ratio was higher in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive patients (p = 0.022). Low-grade tumors had significantly lower MMP1/TIMP1 and MMP2/TIMP1 expression ratios (p = 0.047 and p = 0.048, respectively). TIMP1 plasma concentration was significantly higher in small tumors compared with T2-T3 tumors (p = 0.013).

Conclusions

These findings reveal an important association between tumor characteristics and expression ratios of MMP1/TIMP1 and MMP2/TIMP1 in PBLs and TIMP1 concentration in plasma. Menopausal status may influence the mRNA expression levels of MMP2 and TIMP1 as well as the MMP2/TIMP3 expression ratio in IDC of the breast.
Ankle Arteriovenous Fistula – a Rare Site of Choice for Hemodialysis
Authors: Elamurugan Elamaran , Hemachandar Radhakrishnan
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the ideal vascular access for hemodialysis. Once upper extremity vessels are exhausted or not suitable for AVF creation, the remaining options were either arteriovenous graft (AVG) or lower limb arteriovenous fistula.

Methods

A 45-year-old male patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage V was initiated on hemodialysis through a central venous catheter. He was referred for AVF creation after failed left radiocephalic AVF. In view of poor caliber of upper limb veins and unaffordability of AVG, a lower limb AVF was considered. The patient underwent left lower limb AVF creation between the great saphenous vein and the posterior tibial artery at the ankle and perforator ligation of leg. AVF was cannulated after 6 weeks with achieved blood flow rate of 300 mL/min during dialysis. He had been continuing hemodialysis through lower limb AVF for almost 12 months at the last follow-up.

Conclusions

Ankle AVF could be a viable alternative to the other sites of AVF for CKD in patients where upper limb AVF is not possible. This could be an alternative in resource-limited settings; however, its long-term patency and complications will need to be assessed in large studies.
Cytotoxic Extravasation: An Issue Disappearing or a Problem without Solution?
Authors: Ferrari Laura A.M. , Dinoi Gabriella L. , Saibene Gabriella , Re Barbara , Balzarini Augusta , Giordano Lucia , Sala Elena , Bregant Cristina
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The incidence and management of antitumoral compound extravasation that occurred in our medical day hospital unit were registered in a 10-year period.

Methods

A total of 114 episodes were consecutively recorded out of an estimated number of 211,948 administrations performed (0.05%). Type of compound, localization, timing, symptoms, treatment, resolution, or sequelae were documented.

Results

Extravasations after anthracyclines (17/114), platinum compounds (34/114), vinca alkaloids (7/114), and taxanes (34/114) were more frequently associated with edema and erythema ± pain. Five cases of monoclonal antibodies extravasation were observed without sequelae. With the involvement of an interdisciplinary task force and the use of dedicated guidelines, conservative management was successful in all patients. In the great majority of cases, recovery was complete within 48 hours after antidote administration. The support of our pharmacy was crucial. Physiatric evaluation was considered in several cases. No patients required surgery.

Conclusions

We confirm that the adopted standardized approach to this event resulted in a satisfactory outcome and could be suggested as appropriate for managing extravasation in a large clinical context.
To what Extent is Risk Grouping Method Successful in Deciding Surgical Staging in Endometrial Cancer?
Authors: Cetinkaya Kadir , Atalay Funda , Bacinoglu Ahmet , Dervisoglu Haluk
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the success rate of risk grouping method for staging surgery by exploring the rate of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with endometrial cancer (EC) according to low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) groups.

Methods

Patient files were reviewed retrospectively and the data of 268 patients were included in the study who underwent lymph node dissection (LND) for EC. Nodal status, histopathologic type, myometrial invasion (MI), tumor size (TS), and grade (G) were evaluated. In the LR group, all the criteria were required (G 1-2, <1/2 MI, type 1 histology, <2 cm TS), but in the HR group, one of them was enough (G 3 or ≥1/2 MI or type 2 histology or ≥2 cm TS).

Results

A total of 84 (31.3%) and 184 (68.7%) patients were grouped LR and HR, respectively. In total, 23 patients had LNM (8.5%) out of 268 surgically staged EC patients. Lymph node metastasis was significantly (p = 0.001) more common in the HR group of patients (2.4%, 2/84 LR vs 11.4%, 21/184 HR). Cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates in groups were 96.8% and 88.6%, respectively (p = 0.009).

Conclusions

In patients with EC, there is a significant difference between LR and HR groups for LNM and CSS rates. But this method of stratification is not adequate to separate them for deciding whether surgical staging is mandatory. Moreover, even most of the HR patients (163/184, 88.6%) are exposed to unnecessary LND. Perhaps they are not really HR and the HR definition needs to be revised.
Ecosystems and the Services They Provide
Authors: Alemu Molla Mekonnen
Published: April 2016

Every life form is dependent on ecosystem services for food, water, fiber, ecological regulation and societal values. During the past 50 years, human beings interfered in to the wellbeing of these ecosystems and the services they provide, mainly to fulfill the ever increasing demand of humans. Many ecosystems are being degraded by putting their ecological services in jeopardy and causing considerably irremediable losses of biodiversity from the face of the earth. The degradation of these resources is also expected to grow in the years to come by posing a threat to the wellbeing of humanity in various forms. The threat, therefore, needs a collaborated action from grass root to global level entities and bodies. Strong policy, strategy and institutional frameworks and action plans could also play a role in averting the ongoing degradation of the ecosystem services. This paper is therefore, aimed at highlighting the major ecosystem services and some possible measures that will help to mitigate the degradation of their services.
An interview with Dr. Martin Lamb on research in English language learning and teaching
Authors: Torras Vila Berta
Published: April 2016

The author interviewed Dr. Martin Lamb (University of Leeds, United Kingdom) at the School of Education in Leeds, about research on English language learning and teaching and about the main challenges that this field of research currently faces.
Designing and Applying a Nonparametric Option Valuation Model
Authors: Vlachý Jan
Published: April 2016

This paper derives, tests and discusses a comprehensive and easy to use nonparametric option-valuation model, using a representative set of historical data on underlying asset returns jointly with an assumption of minimalistic implied information on current market trend and volatility expectations. Its testing on empirical data from Warsaw Stock Exchange trading for two distinct periods of 2014 suggests that such distribution-free models are capable of delivering useful market insights as well as applicability features, in particular wherever derivative markets are relatively new, incomplete, illiquid, or with regard to the valuation of real options.
Sňatek z rozumu? Výzkum a výuka v pregraduální přípravě učitelů na příkladu kvalitativního výzkumu
Authors: Lojdová Kateřina
Published: April 2016

Cílem této kritické studie je představit vztah výzkumu a výuky v pregraduální přípravě učitelů na příkladu kvalitativního výzkumu. Studie se skládá ze dvou částí. První část se zabývá historicky a terminologicky vztahem výzkumu a výuky v českém i v zahraničním kontextu. Druhá část se zaměřuje na kvalitativní výzkum v pregraduální přípravě učitelů a pojmenovává benefity i rizika tohoto spojení pro studenty učitelství a vysokoškolské učitele. V závěru shrnujeme efekty spojení výzkumu a výuky pro pedagogickou vědu, autonomii akademiků a pro učitelskou profesi.
O stavu didaktické přípravy učitelů anglického jazyka na rozvoj interkulturní komunikační kompetence
Authors: Uličná Klára
Published: April 2016

Studie si klade za cíl zmapovat didaktickou přípravu budoucích učitelů anglického jazyka na výuku interkulturní komunikační kompetence (ICC). Pozornost jsme zaměřili především na analýzu forem existence kurikula, a to na analýzu kurikula projektovaného, resp. kurikula didakticky zaměřených studijních předmětů, tj. buď specificky zaměřených na didaktiku ICC, nebo částí předmětů zaměřených na didaktiku anglického jazyka, které jsou věnovány interkulturním aspektům cizojazyčné výuky. Sběr dat proběhl prostřednictvím dotazníků, které byly distribuovány na katedry na 13 fakultách připravujících učitele anglického jazyka v České republice. Výsledky výzkumu ukázaly, že je didaktická příprava na výuku ICC realizována na čtyřech fakultách, a to v devíti studijních programech. Následná kvalitativní analýza kurikula, resp. teoretických východisek, cílů, obsahů a procesů výuky, odhalila, že na fakultách, kde tuto přípravu realizují, se do ní promítají základní současné trendy. Jednak explicitní systematické zahrnutí přípravy na rozvoj ICC, tj. pojetí kompetenční, dále pak pojetí tematické, které pracuje především s vybranými oblastmi interkulturní výchovy a vzdělávání (IVV) v kontextu cizojazyčné výuky. Věříme, že získané výsledky poslouží jako možná inspirace při revizích kurikula přípravného vzdělávání učitelů anglického jazyka.
El pueblo de la Confederación suiza: su significación constitucional y composición
Authors: Sánchez Ferriz Remedio
Published: April 2016

ResumenEl pueblo, que se expresa como cuerpo electoral (o conjunto de ciudadanos que tras la mayoría de edad pueden ejercer los derechos políticos), es elemento constitutivo y constituyente de la Confederación (tanto en su dimensión federal como en la cantonal) y, a la vez, órgano supremo y primera fuente de legitimidad del ordenamiento constitucional suizo. El pueblo participa en las decisiones que comportan incorporaciones al mismo dando lugar en ocasiones a conflictos con las decisiones de las autoridades competentes.AbstractThe people who are defined as the electorate (the citizens who after the age of majority exercise in reality their political rights), are the constitutive and constituent element of the Confederation (both at  federal and cantonal level) and, simultaneously, the supreme organ and the principal source of legitimacy in the Swiss constitutional order. The people participate in decisions that involve additions to them some time generating serious conflicts with the competentauthorities.
El principio de subordinación como fundamento del Estado constitucional. Su regulación en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador y México
Authors: Ferreyra Raúl Gustavo
Published: April 2016

ResumenLlamase Estado constitucional al ente fundado en una constitución, instrumento que persigue la convivencia pacífica de los ciudadanos y/o control responsable de la paz. Las reglas que lo fundamentan prescriben su subordinación al ordenamiento, la autorización para la reforma del orden, la distinción de las funciones controladas de sus poderes gubernativos y notable literatura sobre la acción de los derechos fundamentales.Peculiarmente, la regla sobre la subordinación persigue establecer la certeza, es decir, el «conocimiento seguro» por parte de la ciudadanía y los servidores públicos del campo dominado por el Derecho, que por ser general y normativo, posibilita una comunidad de ciudadanos igualmente libres, con abierta intención de excluir la arbitrariedad. Se analiza su despliegue y formulación normativa en los Estados citados en el título 53.AbstractA constitutional State is the entity based on a constitution, an instrument aimed at attaining the peaceful coexistence of citizens and/or the responsible control of peace. The rules that serve as foundation of the State prescribe the State’s subordination to the legal order, the need of authorization to reform the order, the distinction between the controlled functions of the branches of Government, and distinguished provisions on the operation of basic rights.Specifically, the subordination rule is aimed at establishing certainty, i.e. the «certain knowledge» by citizens and public servants of the field governed by the Law which, being general and normative, guarantees a community of equally-free citizens, with an open intent to exclude arbitrariness. This work goes into the deployment and normative design of the subordination rule in the nations mentioned in the title.
La Ley Orgánica de Comunicación de Ecuador, ¿un avance en el ejercicio efectivo de las libertades expresión e información y en la participación ciudadana?
Authors: Magdaleno Alegría Antonio
Published: April 2016

ResumenCon el objetivo de garantizar el efectivo ejercicio de las libertades de expresión e información y fomentar la participación ciudadana, la Asamblea Nacional de Ecuador aprobó la Ley Orgánica de Comunicación en 2013. La citada norma ha sido criticada, entre otros, por la Relatoría especial para la libertad de expresión de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, organizaciones nacionales e internacionales de periodistas y la mayoría de los medios de comunicaciónprivados de Ecuador. Entre otras cuestiones, han censurado que la citada norma califica como servicio público la actividad de todos los medios de comunicación independientemente de su titularidad o modalidad, que se castigue la censura por omisión o la nula independencia de los organismos de control de la actividad de los medios de comunicación.El estudio analiza si la Ley Orgánica de comunicación supone una auténtica democratización del ejercicio de las libertades de expresión e información y un fortalecimiento de la participación ciudadana o si, por el contrario, contiene regulaciones que posibilitan la influencia gubernamental sobre los contenidos comunicativos de los mass media y, por ende, hacen dudar de la sinceridad del legislador ecuatoriano.AbstractThe National Assembly of Ecuador approved the Organic Law of Communication on 2013 aiming to guarantee the effective exercise of the freedom of speech and freedom of information as well as to encourage civic participation. This law has been criticized by several organizations such as the Special Reportership for the freedom of speech of the Interamerican Commission for the Human Rights, national and international journalists’ organizations and most of the private media of Ecuador. Some of the issues that have been criticized are that thementioned law qualifies as public service the activity of every media independent on their ownership or format, punishes the omission censorship and the nonexistent neutrality of the authorities in charge of the control of the activity of the media as well. This study analyses whether the Organic Law of Communication poses a real democratization of the exercise of the freedom of speech and information and a strengthening of the civic participation or if, on the contrary, includes regulations that enable the governmental control of private media and, therefore, casts doubts on the sincerity of the Ecuadorian legislator.
History of the Colombian left-wings between 1958 and 2010
Authors: Archila Mauricio , Cote Jorge
Published: April 2016

This article looks at the history of left-wings in Colombia, framed within what was happening in the country, Latin America, and the world between 1958 and 2010. After specifying what we mean by “left-wings” and outlining their background in the first half of the 20th century, there is a panorama of five great moments of the period under study to reach the recent situation. The chronology favors the internal aspects of the history of Colombian left-wings, allowing us to appreciate their achievements and limitations framed into such a particular context as the Colombian one.
Skirtingų lubinų veislių jautrumas antraknozei (Colletotrichum spp.)
Authors: Liepienė Nijolė , Semaškienė Roma
Published: April 2016

Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro (LAMMC) Žemdirbystės institute buvo atlikti laboratoriniai tyrimai ir lauko eksperimentai, kurių tikslas – įvertinti skirtingų lubinų veislių reakciją į antraknozę (Colletotrichum spp.), tyrimų metais dominavusią lauko eksperimentuose ir pažeidusią apatinę stiebo dalį, lapus, ankštis ir grūdus. Taikant filtro popieriaus rulonų metodą nustatyta, kad su sėkla plintančiai antraknozės infekcijai kontroliuojamomis sąlygomis atspariausi buvo ‘Derliai’ veislės lubinai, jautresni – ‘Vilniai’ ir ‘Trakiai’. Natūraliomis lauko sąlygomis ankstyvaisiais vystymosi tarpsniais mažesniu jautrumu antraknozei išsiskyrė ‘Derliai’ ir ‘Trakiai’. Pašariniai lubinai ‘Boruta’ buvo šiek tiek mažiau jautrūs antarknozei nei ‘Vilniai’, bet skirtumai nebuvo esminiai. Daigų tarpsniu (BBCH 10–19) jautresni buvo lubinai ‘Vilniai’. Brandos tarpsniu (BBCH 80–89) visais tyrimų metais antraknozės mažiausiai buvo pažeisti sideraliniai lubinai ‘Derliai’, o ‘Ugniai’, ‘Trakiai’ ligos protrūkio metais pasižymėjo dideliu jautrumu ir iki brandos pabaigos buvo visiškai sunaikinti ligos. Antraknozei atspariausi tyrimų metais išliko sideraliniai lubinai ‘Derliai’.
Bastutinių šeimos piktžolių rūšių alelopatinė įtaka vasarinių rapsų ir vasarinių miežių dygimui ir augimui
Authors: Marcinkevičienė Aušra , Eimutytė Edita , Šaučiūnas Eventas , Kosteckas Robertas , Kosteckienė Silvija
Published: April 2016

Tyrimai atlikti 2013 m. Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto Bandymų stotyje. Tyrimų tikslas – nustatyti ir palyginti bastutinių šeimos piktžolių rūšių alelopatinę įtaką vasarinių rapsų ir vasarinių miežių dygimui ir augimui. Eksperimento variantai: A  veiksnys  –  bastutinių šeimos piktžolių rūšys: 1) dirvinis garstukas; 2) dirvinė čiužutė; 3) trikertė žvaginė; 4) smalkinis tvertikas. B veiksnys – vandeninių ištraukų koncentracijos: 1) distiliuotas vanduo (kontrolinis variantas); 2) 1 : 6 250 (piktžolių biomasė : distiliuotas vanduo); 3) 1 : 1 250; 4) 1 : 250; 5) 1 : 50; 6) 1 : 10. Didžiausias bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis nustatytas dirvinio garstuko ir smalkinio tvertiko lapuose (atitinkamai 1,70 ir 1,81 mg g–1 žaliosios masės), o trikertės žvaginės ir dirvinės čiužutės – žiedynuose (atitinkamai 1,56 ir 1,70  mg  g–1). Vasarinių rapsų sėklų dygimas ir pradinis augimas labiausiai buvo slopinamas dirvinio garstuko vandeninėse ištraukose, palyginti su kitų piktžolių rūšių vandeninėmis ištraukomis, o vasarinių miežių  –  dirvinės čiužutės ir trikertės žvaginės vandeninėse ištraukose. Stipriausios koncentracijos (1 : 10) piktžolių vandeninėje ištraukoje vasariniai rapsai visai nedygo, o vasarinių miežių grūdų dygimą esmingai slopino visų koncentracijų piktžolių vandeninės ištraukos. Vasarinių rapsų daigų augimą, palyginti su distiliuotu vandeniu, piktžolių silpnesnių (1 : 6 250, 1 : 1 250) koncentracijų vandeninės ištraukos esmingai 8,4 ir 11,6 % slopino, o stipresnės koncentracijos (1 : 50) – esmingai 27,7 % skatino. Vasarinių rapsų šaknų ilgis iš esmės 28,6 % mažėjo tik 1 : 50 koncentracijos piktžolių vandeninėje ištraukoje. Vasarinių miežių daigų aukštis, palyginti su distiliuotu vandeniu, esmingai 15,2 karto mažėjo tik stipriausios (1 : 10) koncentracijos piktžolių vandeninėje ištraukoje, o šaknų ilgis esmingai (nuo 7,4 iki 26,9 %) mažėjo visų koncentracijų vandeninėse ištraukose.
Kaimo plėtros žemėtvarkos projektų poreikis tvarkant ūkių teritorijas ir jų rengimo metodika
Authors: Aleknavičius Audrius , Aleknavičius Pranas , Gurskienė Virginija
Published: April 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami kaimo plėtros žemėtvarkos projektuose ūkio žemės valdai pertvarkyti spręstini klausimai ir pateikiamas jų metodinis pagrindimas. Apibūdinant projektų struktūrą nurodoma informacinė dalis, kuriai rengti naudojama geoinformacinių duomenų rinkiniai, ir projekto sprendiniai. Pagrindiniai projekto sprendiniai apima panašias savybes turinčių laukų (agroūkinių sklypų) formavimą, rekomendacijas, kaip naudoti šiuos sklypus, numatomas žemės ūkio naud­menų gerinimo priemones, aplinkosauginius reikalavimus ir pasiūlymus kelių bei melioracijos įrenginių būklei pagerinti. Atlikus anketinę apklausą nustatyti labiausiai ūkio gamybinei veiklai reikalingi projekto sprendiniai bei šių projektų panaudojimo sritys. Išanalizavus šalies ūkiuose vykstančius žemės naudojimo ir žemės ūkio gamybos pokyčius nustatytos savivaldybės, kuriose yra stabiliausios ūkių žemės valdos ir palankiausios sąlygos rengti žemėtvarkos projektus, reikalingus racionaliam žemės naudojimui ir ūkių teritorijos tvarkymui planuoti.
Improvement of crystallinity of GaN layers grown using Ga2O vapor synthesized from liquid Ga and H2O vapor
Authors: Yamaguchi Yohei , Taniyama Yuuki , Takatsu Hiroaki , Kitamoto Akira , Imade Mamoru , Yoshimura Masashi , Isemura Masashi , Mori Yusuke
Published: April 2016

Growth methods using Ga2O vapor allow long-term growth of bulk GaN crystals. Ga2O vapor is generated by the reduction of Ga2O3 powder with H2 gas (Ga2O3–H2 process) or by the oxidation of liquid Ga with H2O vapor (Ga–H2O process). We investigated the dependence of the properties of grown GaN layers on the synthesis of Ga2O. In the Ga–H2O process, the polycrystal density and full width at half maximum (FWHM) GaN(0002) X-ray rocking curves (XRC) at a high growth rate were lower than those in the Ga2O3–H2 process, and a GaN layer with FWHM of 99 arcsec and growth rate of 216 µm/h was obtained. A low H2O partial pressure in the growth zone improved crystallinity in the Ga–H2O process, realized by the high efficiency of conversion from liquid Ga to Ga2O vapor. We concluded that using Ga2O vapor in the Ga–H2O process has the potential for obtaining higher crystallinity with high growth rate.
Colony geometry and structural complexity of the endangered speciesAcropora cervicornispartly explains the structure of their associated fish assemblage
Authors: Agudo-Adriani Esteban A. , Cappelletto Jose , Cavada-Blanco Francoise , Croquer Aldo
Published: April 2016

In the past decade, significant efforts have been made to describe fish-habitat associations. However, most studies have oversimplified actual connections between fish assemblages and their habitats by using univariate correlations. The purpose of this study was to identify the features of habitat forming corals that facilitate and influences assemblages of associated species such as fishes. For this we developed three-dimensional models of colonies ofAcropora cervicornisto estimate geometry (length and height), structural complexity (i.e., volume, density of branches, etc.) and biological features of the colonies (i.e., live coral tissue, algae). We then correlated these colony characteristics with the associated fish assemblage using multivariate analyses. We found that geometry and complexity were better predictors of the structure of fish community, compared to other variables such as percentage of live coral tissue or algae. Combined, the geometry of each colony explained 40% of the variability of the fish assemblage structure associated with this coral species; 61% of the abundance and 69% of fish richness, respectively. Our study shows that three-dimensional reconstructions of discrete colonies ofAcropora cervicornisprovides a useful description of the colonial structural complexity and may explain a great deal of the variance in the structure of the associated coral reef fish community. This demonstration of the strongly trait-dependent ecosystem role of this threatened species has important implications for restoration and conservation efforts.
Blink and you’ll miss it: the role of blinking in the perception of magic tricks
Authors: Wiseman Richard J. , Nakano Tamami
Published: April 2016

Magicians use several techniques to deceive their audiences, including, for example, the misdirection of attention and verbal suggestion. We explored another potential stratagem, namely the relaxation of attention. Participants watched a video of a highly skilled magician whilst having their eye-blinks recorded. The timing of spontaneous eye-blinks was highly synchronized across participants. In addition, the synchronized blinks frequency occurred immediately after a seemingly impossible feat, and often coincided with actions that the magician wanted to conceal from the audience. Given that blinking is associated with the relaxation of attention, these findings suggest that blinking plays an important role in the perception of magic, and that magicians may utilize blinking and the relaxation of attention to hide certain secret actions.
Effects of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibition on sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injuriesin vitroandin vivo
Authors: Liu Feng , Jiang Ning , Xiao Zhi-yong , Cheng Jun-ping , Mei Yi-zhou , Zheng Pan , Wang Li , Zhang Xiao-rui , Zhou Xin-bo , Zhou Wen-xia , Zhang Yong-xiang
Published: April 2016

Early studies with first-generation poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have already indicated some therapeutic potential for sulfur mustard (SM) injuries. The available novel and more potential PARP inhibitors, which are undergoing clinical trials as drugs for cancer treatment, bring it back to the centre of interest. However, the role of PARP-1 in SM-induced injury is not fully understood. In this study, we selected a high potent specific PARP inhibitor ABT-888 as an example to investigate the effect of PARP inhibitor in SM injury. The results showed that in both the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) and HaCaT cell model, PARP inhibitor ABT-888 can reduce cell damage induced by severe SM injury. ABT-888 significantly reduced SM induced edema and epidermal necrosis in MEVM. In the HaCaT cell model, ABT-888 can reduce SM-induced NAD+/ATP depletion and apoptosis/necrosis. Then, we studied the mechanism of PARP-1 in SM injury by knockdown of PARP-1 in HaCaT cells. Knockdown of PARP-1 protected cell viability and downregulated the apoptosis checkpoints, including p-JNK, p-p53, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, c-PARP and Caspase 3 following SM-induced injury. Furthermore, the activation of AKT can inhibit autophagy via the regulation of mTOR. Our results showed that SM exposure could significantly inhibit the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway. Knockdown of PARP-1 reversed the SM-induced suppression of the Akt/mTOR pathway. In summary, the results of our study indicated that the protective effects of downregulation of PARP-1 in SM injury may be due to the regulation of apoptosis, necrosis, energy crisis and autophagy. However, it should be noticed that PARP inhibitor ABT-888 further enhanced the phosphorylation of H2AX (S139) after SM exposure, which indicated that we should be very careful in the application of PARP inhibitors in SM injury treatment because of the enhancement of DNA damage.
A new species of Micarea (lichenized Ascomycota, Pilocarpaceae) from alpine Australia
Authors: McCarthy Patrick , Elix John
Published: April 2016

Micarea argopsinosa sp. nov. (lichenized Ascomycota, Pilocarpaceae) is described from sheltered granite below the summit of Mt Ginini in the Australian Capital Territory. It has a thin, diffuse, greyish green thallus containing only argopsin, solitary or clustered, jet-black, convex apothecia with a K– and C– hymenium and a hyaline hypothecium, comparatively small 3-septate ascospores, and narrowly oblong to filiform, straight, curved or arcuate macroconidia with (1–)3-septa. A key is provided to distinguish the new species from broadly similar taxa known from Australia and elsewhere.
Mesothelial Cysts of the Round Ligament of the Uterus in 9 patients: A 15-year Experience
Authors: Tirnaksiz Mehmet Bulent , Erkan Arman , Dogrul Ahmet Bulent , Abbasoglu Osman
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristic features of patients with mesothelial cyst of the round ligament of the uterus and the incidence of this entity. This was a retrospective review of 3065 patients who underwent inguinal exploration for groin mass from 1998 to 2013. Clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features of patients with a diagnosis of mesothelial cyst of the round ligament were analyzed. Of the 405 female patients reviewed, 9 mesothelial cysts of the round ligament were identified (2.2%). The median age was 37 (range, 19–82 years). In all patients the groin mass was manually irreducible on physical examination. The lesions were on the right side in 6 (66.6%) patients. These were identified before surgery in 4 (all by groin ultrasonography). Three were misidentified as a hernia before surgery. The remaining 2 (22%) had both hernia and the mesothelial cyst of the round ligament. The cysts were identified after surgery at the time of histopathologic examination in these 2 patients. In all patients histopathologic examination revealed multilobular cystic lesion lined by a single layer of mesothelial cells. Cystic lesions arising from the round ligament were identified and excised along with the round ligament in 7 patients. In the remaining 2, a hernia repair was also performed. There was no recurrence at follow-up. Mesothelial cysts of the round ligament are rare. They are easily misidentified as groin hernia. An accurate diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and is greatly aided by preoperative imaging studies.
Successful Conservative Management of a Retroperitoneal Abscess With a Sinus to the Colon: A Case Report
Authors: Moon Suk-Bae
Published: April 2016

A sinus between the colon and a retroperitoneal abscess is a rare entity that usually occurs as a complication of a primary condition such as Crohn's disease, radiation enteritis, or diverticular disease. Herein, we report a 72-year-old woman with a retroperitoneal abscess and a sinus formation between the abscess and the colon after an iatrogenic injury to her left colon. The retroperitoneal abscess was detected 1 week after the patient had undergone a left nephroureterectomy for recurrent ureteral cancer. The patient's general performance status allowed conservative management with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage. The abscess resolved, and the sinus closed after 3 weeks of treatment. In the absence of surgical pathology in the colon, and if the patient's general condition is good enough to tolerate conservative management, treatment using antibiotics plus percutaneous drainage is effective for cases of retroperitoneal abscess with a sinus between the colon and abscess.
Tidal hydrodynamics under future sea level rise and coastal morphology in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Passeri Davina L. , Hagen Scott C. , Plant Nathaniel G. , Bilskie Matthew V. , Medeiros Stephen C. , Alizad Karim
Published: April 2016

This study examines the integrated influence of sea level rise (SLR) and future morphology on tidal hydrodynamics along the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) coast including seven embayments and three ecologically and economically significant estuaries. A large‐domain hydrodynamic model was used to simulate astronomic tides for present and future conditions (circa 2050 and 2100). Future conditions were simulated by imposing four SLR scenarios to alter hydrodynamic boundary conditions and updating shoreline position and dune heights using a probabilistic model that is coupled to SLR. Under the highest SLR scenario, tidal amplitudes within the bays increased as much as 67% (10.0 cm) because of increases in the inlet cross‐sectional area. Changes in harmonic constituent phases indicated that tidal propagation was faster in the future scenarios within most of the bays. Maximum tidal velocities increased in all of the bays, especially in Grand Bay where velocities doubled under the highest SLR scenario. In addition, the ratio of the maximum flood to maximum ebb velocity decreased in the future scenarios (i.e., currents became more ebb dominant) by as much as 26% and 39% in Weeks Bay and Apalachicola, respectively. In Grand Bay, the flood‐ebb ratio increased (i.e., currents became more flood dominant) by 25% under the lower SLR scenarios, but decreased by 16% under the higher SLR as a result of the offshore barrier islands being overtopped, which altered the tidal prism. Results from this study can inform future storm surge and ecological assessments of SLR, and improve monitoring and management decisions within the NGOM.