bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animals and Ethics in the History of Modern Philosophy
Authors: Garrett Aaron
Published: February 2013

This article examines the history of early modern philosophy, principally in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It explains why early modern philosophers and jurists seldom reflected deeply about animal life and why the arrival of a decent theory of animal rights in early modern philosophy was a remarkable development. It begins with the general background of rights theory as it was developing in political philosophy. It uses as an instructive example eighteenth-century experimentalist Robert Boyle and his thesis that there is a duty to experiment on animals. It describes the steady movement toward both a rejection of Boyle's view and toward the view that we have moral duties to animals. It argues that this historical trend led to the “invention” of animal rights at the hands of Scottish moral philosopher Francis Hutcheson.
A Humean Account of the Status and Character of Animals
Authors: Driver Julia
Published: February 2013

This article presents a theory inspired by and rooted in the work of the Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume. Hume anticipated some features of Darwinian thinking about animal minds. In particular, Hume believed that when the term “understand” is used properly, animals can understand many features of the world. Hume attributed rationality to some animals, on grounds that these animals are significantly like humans in the principles of their nature, their patterns of learning, and their powers of inference. This article interprets Hume to hold that animals resemble human beings both in a variety of behaviors and in critical aspects of their mental lives. It finds that these behavioral and psychological similarities form the basis of a Humean argument that animals have moral status, though it acknowledges that Hume is less interested in moral status questions and more interested in animal minds.
Rights Theory and Animal Rights
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L.
Published: February 2013

This article presents a theory of animal rights developed from basic categories in moral and political philosophy about the nature and sources of rights. It concentrates on aspects of contemporary rights theory that are suited to the analysis and justification of animal rights. It argues that rights are justified claims that individuals, groups, and institutions can press upon others or upon society. “Animal rights” in this way give an animal or group of animals valid claims against the harm-causing activities of humans. The discussion proposes a robust theory of animal rights that would significantly alter many current practices. A critical part of this argument is that there is a firm correlativity between rights and obligations: all rights entail obligations and all obligations entail rights.
Animals That Act for Moral Reasons
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: February 2013

This article argues that some animals are moral subjects in the sense that they can be, and sometimes are, motivated by moral considerations. It argues that there are no empirical or conceptual obstacles to regarding some animals as motivated by moral concerns. To suppose otherwise, the discussion notes, is to fall victim to certain views that invest quasi-magical properties in “meta-cognition”—properties that afford humans a status of a sort possessed by no other beings. It argues that the sentiments of animals can be genuinely moral ones and that there are no compelling reasons to suppose that these animals are not moral subjects that can be morally evaluated—even if they cannot be moral agents.
Human/Nonhuman Chimeras
Authors: Greely Henry T.
Published: February 2013

The term “chimera” has many meanings, but this article's concern is restricted to living organisms that have, as part of their bodies, some living tissues, organs, or structures of human origin and some of nonhuman origin. The discussion confines the analysis to creatures that are, or are viewed as, nonhuman creatures to which human tissues are added. It points out that most of the discussion took off from scientific study of the Human Neuron Mouse and focused on nonhuman creatures with “humanized” brains. It then describes the arguments and policies that have developed in regard to human/nonhuman chimeras, and this is followed by a discussion of three particularly sensitive types of chimeras. Such developments can be used to create important human knowledge and medical treatments, but they need to be employed only for such good reasons.
Environmental Ethics, Hunting, and the Place of Animals
Authors: Varner Gary
Published: February 2013

This article notes that deep philosophical differences divide environmentalists and animal welfarists. Environmental ethicists often see the practical implications of animal welfare and animal rights views as anti-environmental; they are seen as sometimes harming ecosystems and as sometimes inexcusably banning interventions that environmentalists support. This article argues that environmental ethicists have sometimes zealously caricatured animal welfare and animal rights views, and that a close examination of the interests of each group shows that there is more of a convergence of values than many have thought. While it is true that ecosystems and non-animal species have only instrumental value from an animal welfare or animal rights perspective, an appropriately structured environmental ethic need not deny this claim and can still attribute an appropriate level of value to ecosystems and non-sentient organisms.
The Darwinian Context: Evolution and Inheritance
Authors: Paul Diane B. , Moore James
Published: February 2013

This article shows how Darwinian theories and writings play a vital role in shaping scientific and popular attitudes on questions related to human breeding. It lays the theoretical groundwork for eugenics and a large number of statistical studies demonstrate national decline in Britain. Evolution is driven by a global struggle among such units for living space and raw materials. This article argues that the laws of inheritance applied to humans just as much as they did to other animals, and that mental and temperamental as well as physical traits were inherited from both parents. It further discusses the importance of laws of inheritance in improving human populations through breeding that were limited by ignorance of the laws of inheritance. The understanding to these laws increases the perspectives of this work.
Eugenics and the Science of Genetics
Authors: Roll‐Hansen Nils
Published: February 2013

This article deals with the history of eugenics, which started as a science-based movement to combat threatening degeneration. It was initiated by idealistic scientists and was inspired by a humanistic Enlightenment ideal of science as the servant of human welfare. The general goal was to improve the biological heredity of human populations. The article considers the main scientific input to the birth of eugenics and looks at the Darwinian theory of evolution. Furthermore, it deals with the distinction between positive and negative eugenics that is central to eugenic policy discussions. It further discusses the dispute between eugenics and genetics that raised the possibility that race crossings could produce genetically unbalanced and thus inferior hybrids. Finally, it concludes with some implications that make the best out of eugenics by establishing effective democratic political control of its practical applications.
Eugenics in China and Hong Kong: Nationalism and Colonialism, 1890s–1940s
Authors: Chung Yuehtsen Juliette
Published: February 2013

Eugenics became an important element in Chinese political reforms allowing a critique of imperialist encroachment while offering a program for improving and strengthening the nation. This article considers the appropriation of Lamarckism as a series of ideas emphasizing environmental factors, which could thus be used to develop social control projects based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. It discusses the incorporation of eugenic ideas into social hygiene and the use of eugenics to promote birth control supported as a practical solution to the unsolved problems of ongoing female child slavery and the customs of infanticide and abandonment of baby girls and disabled children. The rhetoric of sanitation—already an issue in Britain—became a focal point of discourse as Westerners traveled and lived in China. Finally, the article concludes with the discussion of the discourse on national character in Hong Kong legitimated the British racial hierarchical view of Chinese, while in China it worked as a mechanism of self-criticism.
Eugenics in Colonial Kenya
Authors: Campbell Chloe
Published: February 2013

The application of eugenics to a new environment raises questions about the individuals who served as conduits for these ideas. This article discusses eugenics as a serious preoccupation within the medical profession in Kenya. It is concerned with native development and welfare, issues that were dismissed by more politically extreme settlers for whom African welfare was a waste of resources. It states that eugenics and its application to race and intelligence took root in the Kenyan medical profession because it promised biological solutions to perceived social problems, in particular African backwardness and the shape of future African development. This article also provides an understanding of the demise of the Kenyan eugenics movement and ends with the discussion of the Kenyan eugenics movement supported by successive governors, directors of education and health, the acting chief native commissioner, as well as district commissioners.
Eugenics in the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies
Authors: Pols Hans
Published: February 2013

Eugenics has never held broad appeal in the Netherlands and is taken up far more enthusiastically in the Dutch East Indies. This article aims to investigate the characteristics of the racial and ethnic groups that inhabited the Indonesian archipelago, acclimatization, the consequences of crossbreeding, and the effects of rapid modernization. It discusses percieved threats to the quality of the Dutch population. It concerns the participation of eugenicists in public health discussions that focuses on the quality of the future population of the Netherlands. Tensions between racial and ethnic groups provide the main context for a growing interest in eugenics in the Dutch East Indies. This article discusses the main reason for the lack of success of the rather moderate eugenics movement in the Netherlands as related to the pillarization of Dutch society.
The Scandinavian States: Reformed Eugenics Applied
Authors: Tydén Mattias
Published: February 2013

This article deals with Scandinavian eugenics and issues of morality and history, guilt and rehabilitation and it also challenges the conventional conception of Scandinavian contemporary history. It discusses a number of studies that show links between eugenics and progressive social thought and also throws light on the political implications of this issue. The three Scandinavian countries—Denmark, Norway, and Sweden—share experiences that were important for the development of eugenic ideas and policies. This article mentions that the development of Mendelism and a growing understanding of the complexity of heredity marks different views about the potential of racial hygiene and for tensions within the community of eugenicists. Finally, it presents a discussion on Scandinavian eugenics that focuses on the way sterilization was used in the framework of the Social Democratic welfare states from the 1930s onward.
Eugenics in Interwar Iran
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus
Published: February 2013

This article outlines the hygiene roots of eugenics and puériculture in Iran and points out the social and political reasons why both arose in the 1920s. It explains Iran's demographic problem, and lists the variety of measures intended to tackle it, and demonstrates eugenics' explicit role in, and implicit effects on, these measures. It further explains why modern middle-class physicians were the dominant socio-professional group responsible for the adaptation particularly of puériculture; and shows how Iran's semi-colonial position affected its adaptation of eugenics. This placed Iran at the margins of international networks of scientific research and, at the same time, turned France into its paramount source of biomedical education and social reformism.
The Path of Eugenics in Brazil: Dilemmas of Miscegenation
Authors: Hochman Gilberto , Lima Nísia Trindade , Maio Marcos Chor
Published: February 2013

This article deals with the diffusion of eugenics in Brazil that occurred in the context of the social and economic problems associated with widespread infectious and parasitic diseases, and are often regarded as a serious obstacle to Brazil's successful transformation into a nation. It explains that Brazilian eugenics has brought together a wide range of professionals—physicians, journalists, and lawyers—and involves a series of different and sometimes contradictory responses to local challenges of national identity. It proceeds with the discussion of racial theories and Brazilian dilemmas at the end of nineteenth century and formulates the matrix for reflection on the possibilities of a civilized country. The strong association between eugenics and hygiene, with its emphasis on intervention in the environment and the regulation of, among other practices, alcoholism and sexual behavior is also addressed. This article presents eugenics as a heterogeneous intellectual and political movement and examines the national and the racial question.
Eugenics in the United States
Authors: Kline Wendy
Published: February 2013

This article provides an understanding of the history of the nature/nurture debate that was initially of great interest to both intellectual and social historians. It presents in-depth studies of influential organization and individuals and discusses two approaches introduced by the history of science to the study of eugenics. It links eugenic concerns about race betterment with concerns about Mexican immigration, arguing that in the early twentieth century, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Border Patrol shaped the complicated process of racialization on the U.S.-Mexican borderlands. This article argues that disability is a category of analysis as important as race, class, or gender in understanding the past. Eugenics is no longer a forgotten relic of the past, but a vibrant field that addresses controversial issues from a variety of fields and standpoints.
Genetic Influences on Eating and the Eating Disorders
Authors: Wade Tracey D.
Published: February 2013

The current chapter reviews our progress in understanding how genes influence eating and eating disorders (EDs) by addressing the following areas: (1) how recognition of genetic influences on eating and EDs emerged; (2) the complex nature of genetic action; (3) what twin studies can tell us about genetic influences; and (4) the current state of linkage and association studies. It is concluded that genes are an important part of the explanatory framework for the etiology of EDs, with an important contribution of the shared environment to the development of cognition and attitudes that may initiate disordered eating practices, and a critical contribution of the environment in providing a context within which genetic risk is more likely to be expressed. We currently have a limited understanding of the specific genes that are implicated, and the ways in which genes and the environment work together to increase risk for disordered eating.
Development of Child Taste and Food Preferences: The Role of Exposure
Authors: Faith Myles S.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews factors influencing the development of child taste and food preferences. It begins with a literature review of the earliest flavor preferences for sweet, salty, and bitter tastes during infancy and the effect of early exposure to infant formulas on the later taste preferences. The effects of exposure frequency, food experience, role modeling, parenting styles, and mass media are followed by behavioral techniques to modify children’s food preferences. The final section summarizes commonly used assessments of infant and child food preferences. It is concluded that exposure plays a critical role in shaping children’s taste and food preferences.
Medical Screening and Management of Eating Disorders in Adolescents
Authors: Katzman Debra K. , Kanbur Nuray O. , Steinegger Cathleen M.
Published: February 2013

Eating disorders (EDs) in adolescents are serious illnesses that affect many aspects of their lives. The medical assessment includes a thorough history, physical exam, and targeted laboratory testing. EDs can cause serious medical complications in every organ system. Clinicians should be aware of medical conditions that may cause similar presenting symptoms and also be able to identify any medical complications that develop as consequence of the ED. Acute and long-term medical complications have been identified in adolescents with EDs. Medical management focuses on nutritional rehabilitation, weight restoration, and the prevention or reversal of medical complications. Treatment may occur in a variety of settings, but should be delivered by an interdisciplinary, experienced team and include the adolescent’s family.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Authors: Chen Eunice Y. , Safer Debra
Published: February 2013

This chapter provides a description and reviews the research evidence for the adaptation of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for eating disorders (EDs). First, the chapter briefly describes the standard DBT program as originally developed for women with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Second, the rationale for the adaptation of DBT for EDs is reviewed. Third, the DBT model of maintenance and etiology of EDs is discussed. Fourth, the randomized controlled trial evidence for DBT for BPD is reviewed as well as that for DBT for EDs. Finally, the DBT program for EDs is outlined. It is concluded that DBT is a promising treatment for EDs, worthy of further investigation with this population.
The Evolution of The Institutional Approach in Planning
Authors: Kim Annette M.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the concept of institutions and explains why it is of central importance to planning. It outlines the intellectual history of institutions and describes current events that surround the resurgence of this vital concept. The article suggests that, despite the conflict among new institutionalist projects across the social sciences, planning as an interdisciplinary enterprise has been particularly adept at incorporating the various concepts for its purposes. It also identifies the problems with new institutionalism and stresses the need for new institutionalist projects to study how institutions change; how power relations are renegotiated in this process; and how these cognitive, social-construction processes might be connected with material conditions and outcomes that can inform current planning practice.
Justice
Authors: Marcuse Peter
Published: February 2013

This article, which discusses justice as an objective of urban planning, mentions that the planning profession's Code of Ethics in the United States states that planners should serve the public interest. It also enumerates the reasons why planners should be concerned with justice. These include the fact that planning is an action of government which necessarily affects the distribution of goods, services, and, more generally, life opportunities among individuals and groups, and that planners' actions focus on the distribution of space and thus the distribution of its benefits and costs.
Resilience
Authors: Campanella Thomas J. , Godschalk David R.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on resilience, one of the main goals of urban planning, and describes and analyses some of the key elements that can augment a city's fitness, adaptability, and resilience. It discusses the result of a historical survey of urban resilience through the ages, and describes the present status of policies and programs aimed at building resilience. The article also discusses the lessons that can be learned about urban resilience in history, and their implications for urban design and sustainable development.
Reconnecting Urban Planning and Public Health
Authors: Corburn Jason
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the “connects and disconnects” between the fields of urban planning and public health from the late nineteenth through the twentieth century. It describes key events, actors, and institutions that shaped theory and practice in each field, and examines how each field addressed social, economic, and human-health disparities. The article also identifies political challenges for reconnecting planning and public health, including overemphasis on physical changes for improving social conditions, scientific rationality, and professionalization and fragmentation of the disciplines.
Suburban Sprawl and “Smart Growth”
Authors: Song Yan
Published: February 2013

This article analyses the issue of smart growth in relation to urban planning. It describes currently available smart-growth tools and provides an overview of the current knowledge base regarding the determinants of local adoption of smart-growth tools. The article evaluates the efficacy of smart growth in bringing compact, pedestrian-oriented, multimodal, affordable, and revitalized forms, and identifies understudied areas regarding smart-growth adoption and outcomes. It also discusses the result of a survey in the United States that reveals little change in the use of plans, zoning, or urban-growth boundaries by local governments from 1994 to 2003.
Cities with Slums
Authors: Mukhija Vinit
Published: February 2013

This article, which focuses on urban planning in cities with slums, discusses the literature about the appropriate policy responses for improving slum-housing conditions and identifies two avenues for policy action. These are increasing the affordable supply of formal or regulated housing to reduce the pressure for the formation of new slums and increasing private investment in existing substandard housing to improve their quality. The article suggests that the projected growth of slum dwellers posed a serious challenge to urban planners, who need to forge a better understanding of the diversity of slums and their living conditions, and to be able to convey this understanding to politicians and other policymakers.
Citizen Planners: From Self-Help to Political Transformation
Authors: Beard Victoria A.
Published: February 2013

This article describes the activity of citizen planners based on examples ranging from participation in self-help efforts to the more politicized struggles for broad social and political transformation. It reviews the contributions from research on collective action and social movements as a foundation for understanding the breadth of the activities undertaken by citizen planners. The article provides examples of three distinct modes of planning commonly practiced by citizen planners: community-based, covert, and radical.
Reading Through A Plan: A Visual Theory of Plan Interpretation
Authors: Ryan Brent D.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the visual theory of interpreting urban plans. It suggests that planners should “read through” plans, not simply to grasp their essential ideas or means of implementing those ideas, but also to perceive additional meanings. The article explains that plans are the major intellectual projects published within the planning profession and that they deserve nothing less than to be read through for all their meanings. The analysis reveals that each plan conforms strongly to the social, economic, and political forces of the time, as well as to contemporary urban design and planning conventions.
A History of the Preclassical Archaeology of Anatolia
Authors: Matthews Roger
Published: February 2013

This article traces the development of Anatolia's preclassical archaeology through several of its major threads, each following a chronological sequence. As with the archaeology of other regions of the Near East, discoveries have generally begun with late-period civilizations, whose remains often lie closest to the Earth's surface, followed by exploration of materials from earlier societies. In Anatolia, this sequence begins with the Hittites and other societies of historical times, before the development of knowledge of prehistoric communities of Anatolia. This historical sequence is followed, after a consideration of the Turkish contexts for the development of preclassical archaeology.
The Early Bronze Age on the Plateau
Authors: Steadman Sharon
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the Early Bronze Age (EBA) of the Anatolian plateau. The EBA on the plateau has been identified as a period of “urbanization,” or at least the age in which complex society emerged, including the rise of an extensive trade network, established by the second half of the third millennium BCE. Chalcolithic period interregional trade with regions as far afield as Transcaucasia and possibly southeastern Europe was strengthened by connections ranging across the plateau, stretching into the Aegean, and southeastward to northern Mesopotamia and beyond. Monumental architecture appears, and metallurgy not only serves to change the utilitarian household assemblage but also becomes an important indicator of wealth and social position.
The Early Bronze Age in Southeastern Anatolia
Authors: Ökse A. Tuba
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the Early Bronze Age (EBA) of southeastern Anatolia. The EBA chronology of southeastern Anatolia is parallel to northern Syrian chronologies. The traditional EBA I-III chronology of Anatolia is based on the Tarsus sequence and the EBA I-IV chronology of northwestern Syria on the Amuq and Tell Mardikh sequences. The distribution of ceramic groups and special vessel types reflects geographical and chronological differences throughout the third millennium BCE. The relative chronologies of geographical zones and individual periods are based mainly on ceramic distributions; absolute dates obtained from radiocarbon analyses are rare.
The Plateau: The Hittites
Authors: Seeher Jürgen
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the Hittites, who, during the second millennium BCE, established the first empire in what was later called Anatolia and then Asia Minor. From the beginning, the Hittite kings followed an active settlement policy on the Anatolian plateau. Sites in disparate areas show a remarkable uniformity in architecture and material culture, and thus document a strong system, with well-organized structures of production and distribution. Basically inland oriented, the Hittite state maintained close connections to the coast only in southern Asia Minor, which meant access to the trade routes in the eastern Mediterranean and the northern Levant. The loss of these trade routes, together with various other factors, seems to have led to the collapse of the empire around or shortly after 1200 BCE and the abandonment of many (if not all) Hittite settlements on the central Anatolian plateau.
The Iron Age on the Central Anatolian Plateau
Authors: Kealhofer Lisa , Grave Peter
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the Iron Age of central Anatolia. After describing the geographical context of the Anatolian plateau, it outlines advances and constraints in the development of a regional chronological framework. The current understanding of the Iron Age is then explored based on recent excavations of Iron Age levels at four sites: Gordion, Boğazköy, Kaman–Kalehöyük, and Çadır Höyük. Recent work at Kerkenes Dağ and Dorylaion/Eskişehir, as well as regional surveys, provide some additional shape to this still-fragmentary picture. The evidence from the sites suggests occupational continuity following the collapse of the Hittite Empire, despite indications of significant socioeconomic and political changes.
The Iron Age of Southeastern Anatolia
Authors: Matney Timothy
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the Iron Age of southeastern Anatolia that are a direct result of the excavation of dozens of archaeological sites with Iron Age components, undertaken as salvage initiatives in advance of the construction of the Karkamiş, Biricik, Atatürk, Karakaya, and Keban Dams on the Euphrates River, and the proposed Ilısu Dam on the Tigris River. Although most of the sites excavated in these regions have been published only in preliminary reports, they nonetheless form the basis for a reworking of the Iron Age chronology of southeastern Anatolia.
Cultural Issues in Understanding and Treating Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Nedeljkovic Maja , Moulding Richard , Foroughi Elham , Kyrios Michael , Doron Guy
Published: February 2013

This chapter discusses the cross-cultural understanding of the obsessive compulsive and spectrum disorders. Epidemiological studies suggest a reasonably consistent prevalence of OCD around the world. The role of other culturally influenced factors in the presentation of OCD is also considered (i.e., religiosity, superstition, and beliefs), with religion considered particularly important in the presentation of OCD, although not in its prevalence per se. Treatment effect sizes across countries and within minority cultures from Western countries are outlined. The influence of cultural factors on help-seeking behaviors, assessment, misdiagnosis, and treatment are considered. Limitations of the literature base are discussed, particularly the lack of non-Western studies of treatment effects, and the low evidence base for the spectrum disorders.
Teaching Urban Economics to Planners and the Role of Urban Planning to Economists
Authors: Brooks Nancy
Published: February 2013

This article attempts to demonstrate that the work of urban planners and economists is built on a common language, and hence should share ideas. Their agendas broadly overlap, but many in either profession do not realize this. Understanding the microeconomic foundations of the array of problems facing urban planners is a key step to gaining insights that can lead to innovative and effective planning policy. This article aims at helping urban economists (and microeconomists in general) to appreciate the complex environment in which the planner operates and the relative importance of equity and sustainability in their work. This includes, for planners, a foundation in microeconomic and urban economics and, for economists, an understanding of the complex environment facing planners. The result thus anticipated is a more thoughtful research that makes the connections from policy to market impacts or from market or individual behavior and outcomes to policy effectiveness.
Principles of Planning for Economists
Authors: Kaza Nikhil , Knaap Gerrit‐Jan
Published: February 2013

Planning approach is often characterized as stiffly regulatory while the market approach is characterized as more flexible. However, this article asserts that planning is not about market failures and regulatory remedies but can be better understood by several other economic principles. It argues that plans and planning make sense in situations where either single or multiple actors think before acting, using limited information. It considers planning as an action in light of other prior and subsequent actions and describes various economic theories and concepts under which planning can be understood. In each case, the article considers examples drawn from a variety of strands of literature that demonstrate analogous planning problems of firms, governments, and other agents and how they may be cast in a conventional economics framework.
What Planners Need to Know about the “New Urban Economics”
Authors: Arnott Richard
Published: February 2013

Economists and planners are often at loggerheads. Economists see the strengths of markets while planners see their weaknesses. This article aims to initiate a productive dialogue between economists and planners. It introduces competitive general equilibrium theory, looking at the new urban economics, which is essentially competitive general equilibrium theory applied to the city. It gives a brief intellectual history of the new urban economics and this is followed by simplified presentations of the von Thünen model of agricultural land use and land rent and of the monocentric city model, which is the core of the new urban economics, and concludes with a discussion of economists' criticisms of the monocentric city model. Furthermore, it presents the economic theory of market failure, and the reviews the virtues of markets. Under this umbrella, the article finally draws upon various strands as to what planners need to know about new urban economics.
Discovering the Efficiency of Urban Sprawl
Authors: Anas Alex
Published: February 2013

Sprawl refers to the aggregate land area in urban use. Planners view sprawl from a descriptive perspective, whereas economists view it from a normative one. This article opens with a brief review of how unpriced traffic congestion causes excessive travel, as well as excessive urban sprawl, and how Pigouvian taxation could restore efficiency by eliminating the excessive travel. It also examines how this conclusion has been reversed in recent theoretical models. New results, based on polycentric theory, have helped discover the efficiency of urban sprawl. It argues that excess urban sprawl can often be negative. Further, it turns to key empirical facts about urban areas and presents a statistical analysis of the city size's effect on average commutes. Finally, it emphasizes the fact that new urbanism perceived as antisprawl tools, may be wrongly promoted. But these tools of modern planning have an important role to play in serving niche markets.
Racial Residential Segregation in American Cities
Authors: Boustan Leah
Published: February 2013

This article examines the causes and consequences of residential segregation in the metropolitan areas of the United States, with an emphasis on segregation between black and white households. In theory, residential segregation may be generated by black selfsegregation, collective action to exclude blacks from white neighborhoods, or individual moves by white households away from integrated neighborhoods. Understanding the causes of residential segregation is important if segregation has negative social or economic consequences, either for the minority residents or for the whole society. Over the past few decades, increasing residential segregation has taken place between jurisdictions in a metropolitan area rather than between neighborhoods within a jurisdiction. Potential policy solutions to residential segregation can be classified as place-based policies, people-based policies, or indirect solutions. Given legal constraints, public policy to counteract residential segregation will need to be formally race-neutral, targeting neighborhoods or individuals on the basis of income rather than race.
Economic and Planning Approaches to Natural Disasters
Authors: Okuyama Yasuhide , Chang Stephanie E.
Published: February 2013

This article addresses the persistent problem of natural disasters and considers how economic analysis and planning can contribute toward disaster risk reduction. Giving examples of hurricane Katrina, and the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, it provides an overview of the natural disasters problem and social science research in the area, giving global trends and disaster trends since the last century. It then introduces economic approaches to the disasters problem followed by planning approaches. Urbanization agglomerates social functions (both public and private sectors), as well as physical and human capital, in particular areas. If a severe natural hazard hits one of these areas, it could lead to a catastrophic disaster with extremely sizable economic damages. While this discussion focuses on the developed country context, a synopsis of related work in the developing country context is also provided in detail. Finally, the article identifies research gaps and argues for greater integration across planning and economic perspectives.
Transportation Economics for Planners in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Reynolds‐Feighan Aisling , Vickerman Roger
Published: February 2013

The transportation system plays a crucial multifaceted role in the functioning, growth, and development of urban and regional economies. It shapes, is shaped by, as well as leads urban growth. Transport economics is concerned with developing analytical tools and approaches to understanding, managing, and optimizing the structure and functioning of transportation and related markets within regional and urban economies. This article outlines the components and roles of the transportation system in urban contexts. It describes the main themes and concerns of transport economics and the delivery of optimal transport systems for urban economies. It also sets out the benefits of the transportation system. Urban economies require high levels of movements to function and grow. The challenge for planners is to integrate the total transport system to optimize efficiency while facilitating constant improvements in the quality of life for citizens in a sustainable manner.
The Role of the Workforce Development System in the Economic Development of Urban Areas
Authors: Hollenbeck Kevin
Published: February 2013

Economic development relies on the importance of a skilled workforce and a well-functioning workforce development system in attracting and retaining economic activity. This article focuses on the publicly funded workforce development system. In addition, it describes the workforce development system and provides evidence about its effectiveness. Following this, the article explains the formal education system in detail. Studies that have delved into particular types of training, especially as offered by workforce intermediaries, provide evidence about characteristics that seem to correlate with effectiveness. These characteristics can be categorized into content, training method, and program administration. It then turns to a description of how the workforce development system provides services to its traditional target, i.e. unemployed labor force participants. Furthermore, the article examines programs and services for employed individuals. Finally, it suggests best practices and presents implications for policy makers or researchers interested in urban development or regional economic development.
The Interface of Urban Economics and Urban Planning in Local Economic Development Practice
Authors: Schramm Richard
Published: February 2013

This article explores the relationship between urban economics and urban planning through an examination of a local economic development partnership between economists and economic development planners in Vermont. This relationship has revealed differences between urban economics and urban planning and important ways that these two subdisciplines can work together and inform and strengthen one another. It points out the learning that has evolved based on the interaction between economists and planners, which has led to a variety of benefits to both the disciplines. In this light, the article presents five examples where economic theory was enriched and planning practice enhanced; the empowerment zone program, labor market and job centered development, import substitution, institutional impacts, and sectoral analysis, local ownership and place-based economy, and industrial structure and household needs. Such conclusions provide the grounds for a useful discussion of the interface between urban development economists and planners.
Land-Use Regulations and Property Values: The “Windfalls Capture” Idea Revisited
Authors: Alterman Rachelle
Published: February 2013

The issue of land use regulations and property values carries deep economic, social, and distributive-justice implications. This article revisits the upward side of the land-value coin to examine its relevance in today's world. It first addresses the issue and debates over real-property rights and the history of value capture policies. It also proposes a theoretical distinction between macro, direct, and indirect instruments for value capture. Following this, it focuses on direct value capture, and surveys the laws and policies in thirteen advanced-economy countries and draws out the lessons that may be learned from these experiences. Furthermore, it explains why the idea of value capture has been incrementally transformed into a plethora of indirect value capture instruments with growing popularity around the world. Finally, the article sets out challenges for future cross-national learning.
The High-Rise and the slum: speculative urban development in mumbai
Authors: Echanove Matias , Srivastava Rahul
Published: February 2013

Mumbai is often described as an urbanscape sharply divided between opulence and poverty and used across the political spectrum to justify redevelopment projects in the name of equality. This article makes an attempt to do away with this false image of the city. It first provides an overview of the cityscape of Mumbai and its diverse habitats, paying particular attention to the slum and high-rise, seeing them as both actual urban typologies and ideological constructs. The article then discusses the relationship between urban form and development processes in the light of relevant urban studies concepts and theories. It then proceeds to analyze the typology, social meaning, and political economy of high-rise apartment blocks, which are systematically presented as the only possible architectural response to slums. Finally, it stresses the need to reconcile the fields of urban planning and economic development and open new paths toward inclusive and livable cities.
Transportation in African Cities: An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Grieco Margaret
Published: February 2013

Transportation in African cities takes place in a context where, with the exception of South Africa, the overall context of regional, national, and continental transport provision and connectivity is poor, and these poor levels of infrastructure supply, transport service provision, and low levels of connectivity inhibit the effective functioning of many aspects of African society. The pressures to streamline the traffic flow of urban Africa have resulted in the overlooking of the positive dimensions of these characteristics and a misreading of the route possibilities of larger vehicles within the African city. Alternative institutional patterns would include better auditing of mainstream urban transport circumstance, the automatic inclusion of end users in transport design, and a rethinking of the role of large fleets of small-scale flexible vehicles to penetrate and give access to all areas of the African city.
Juvenile Delinquents and Juvenile Justice Clientele
Authors: Snyder Howard N.
Published: February 2013

This article presents an empirically based profile of the law violating behavior of youth and the juvenile justice system's response to such behaviors over the last generation. It begins with documenting trends in juvenile violent crime and drug abuse behavior using reports on or by victims and juvenile offender self-reports. Following this, it discusses trends in juvenile law-violating behaviors known to law enforcement using arrest statistics. The juvenile justice system's response to law-violating behavior is not a mechanical process. The article also explores trends in the juvenile justice system's responses to these officially recognized behaviors. The statistical resources used to build this picture have unique characteristics that need to be understood to interpret the findings properly. Finally, it mentions the decision makers that play a role in deciding whether or not juvenile crime trends mirror juvenile arrest, juvenile court referral, and juvenile out-of-home placement trends.
Adolescent Development, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice
Authors: Woolard Jennifer L.
Published: February 2013

Some form of delinquency is a normative part of adolescence for a majority of teens, yet the consequences of risky behavior and juvenile justice involvement can be severe. This article focuses on important aspects of adolescent delinquency and justice processing. It examines the cognitive factors which develop during adolescence, which illustrate that adolescents appear to perform comparably to adults by about the age of sixteen. Following this, it examines psychosocial factors of susceptibility to peer influence and future orientation and their continued development in the adolescent period. It also reviews the developing challenge of regulating emotions and affective responses that continues well into young adulthood. Finally, placing adolescents in their ecological context, it makes an attempt to describe how unique relationships between adolescents, parents, and the state present challenges for adolescents that no other age group faces in the legal system.
Linking Family Processes and Adolescent Delinquency
Authors: Simons Ronald L. , Simons Leslie Gordon , Hancock Donna
Published: February 2013

There is compelling evidence that childhood conduct problems are a strong predictor of subsequent involvement in antisocial behavior. This article explores recent findings, issues, and controversies regarding the role of parenting in the development of youth and adolescent behavior problems. It focuses on two issues, which are, the dimensions of parenting that foster antisocial behavior and the mechanisms whereby these practices produce this effect. It begins by examining the extent to which studies support the contentions of popular theories regarding the parental behaviors that lead to delinquency and the mediating psychological changes in the child that account for this effect. Following this, it links family structure and delinquency to consider the impact of family structure on child and adolescent delinquency. Finally, it examines behavioral genetics research and provides a brief review of behavioral and molecular genetics studies relating to the issue of parenting and delinquency.
Schools and Delinquency
Authors: Gottfredson Gary D.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the nature of delinquent and related problem behavior in schools. It suggests that public perceptions that the quality of many urban schools is low has the effect of exacerbating the concentration of populations of young people at elevated risk of both delinquent behavior and poor educational outcomes in some communities. It describes delinquency and related problem behaviors in schools and suggests that delinquents and dropouts are engaged in a variety of problem behaviors, and they are low achieving, poorly motivated, and uncommitted to school. It also discusses whether individual characteristics predispose young people to problem behavior and poor school achievement. Furthermore, the chapter reveals the implications of school demography for delinquency and educational outcomes. Finally, it presents an argument concerning whether or not schools should be concerned with preventing delinquency.
Gang Delinquency
Authors: Maxson Cheryl L. , Matsuda Kristy N.
Published: February 2013

Streets gangs are a form of delinquent peer group. This article begins with describing the characteristics that distinguish gangs from other social groups. It draws from both law enforcement and research studies, relying primarily on information produced in the past two decades to discuss different approaches to defining gangs, including the conceptual and methodological difficulties of measuring gang membership and gang crime and delinquency. It also gives a brief history of gangs; further describing gang prevalence, joining, and group processes. Following this, it focuses on trends in gang crime, the individual offending patterns of gang members, and what is known about differential crime patterns in various types of gangs. It concludes with a discussion of current approaches to gang prevention, intervention, and control.