bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achieving Concrete Durability in Chloride Exposures
Authors: Hooton R. Douglas
Published: September 2016

Obtaining durability in concrete structures over a long service life in chloride exposures requires knowledge of the concrete properties, relevant transport processes, depths of cover as well as minimization of cracking and construction defects. For example, imperfect curing can result in depth-dependent effects of the concrete cover’s resistance to chloride ingress. Several service life models with various levels of sophistication exist for prediction of time-to-corrosion of concrete structures exposed to chlorides. The model inputs have uncertainty associated with them such as boundary conditions (level of saturation and temperature), cover depths, diffusion coefficients, time-dependent changes, and rates of buildup of chlorides at the surface. The performance test methods used to obtain predictive model inputs as well as how models handle these properties have a dramatic impact on predicted service lives. Very few models deal with the influence of cracks or the fact that concrete in the cover zone will almost certainly have a higher diffusion coefficient than the bulk concrete as the result of imperfect curing or compaction. While many models account for variability in input properties, they will never be able to account for extremes in construction defects. Therefore, to ensure the reliability of service life predictions and to attain a concrete structure that achieves its predicted potential, designers, contractors and suppliers need to work together, using proper inspection, to ensure proper detailing, minimize defects, and adopt adequate, yet achievable, curing procedures. As well, concrete structures are often exposed to other destructive elements in addition to chlorides (eg. freezing or ASR) and this adds another level of complexity since regardless of cause, cracks will accelerate the ingress of chlorides. These issues are discussed along with the need to use performance-based specifications together with predictive models.
Strength and Deformation Properties of Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Damaged Concrete Exposed to External Alkalis
Authors: Mielich Oliver , Reinhardt Hans Wolf , Özkan Hasan
Published: September 2016

In the present paper the results of strength and creep of a specific pavement concrete after ASR performance test are reported and discussed. The FIB cyclic climate storage test was applied which was developed in Germany. The used specific pavement concrete was tested exposed to water and external alkalis such as NaCl solution as deicer. Concrete prisms (100 x 100 x 400 mm) were tested on length change. After 252 days of storage, strength properties, creep and shrinkage were determined. The results of the experimental study indicate that ASR affects not only expansion but also static modulus of elasticity and creep behavior of concrete. Furthermore the tested concrete exposed to NaCl solution shows higher level of creep strain than exposed to water.
Modelling the Swelling due to Delayed Ettringite Formation - Application to a Real Bridge
Authors: Omikrine-Metalssi Othman , Kchakech Badreddine , Lavaud Stéphane , Godart Bruno
Published: September 2016

Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) can affect the long-term durability of concrete structures by causing cracking and expansion of the material. Consequently, mechanical properties decrease which may cause large structural disorders due to unexpected deformations and additional stresses in concrete and reinforcement. This reaction consists in ettringite crystallization within concrete after hardening is substantially complete, and in which no sulphates come from outside the cement paste. It may occur in materials that have been subjected to temperature above about 65 °C at early age and to high humidity. At this high temperature, the ettringite turns unstable while the concrete is still plastic and forms again after cooling in the hardened material, thus generating swelling due to crystallisation pressure.This article aims to present a new model for the calculation of structures affected by DEF and to study the effect of the prefabrication temperature on the development of this reaction. In this context, the elaborated model was applied to the 3D simulations of a real bridge affected by this phenomenon. The results highlight that the temperature reached in the precast beams of the studied bridge during prefabrication has a significant effect on the displacements and stresses. Therefore, more precise control of the prefabrication temperature has to be applied in order to prevent the swelling and damage to structures.
High Corrosion Resistant GFRP-UFC Composite Beams for Short Span Pedestrian Bridges
Authors: Isuru Sanjaya Kumara Wijayawardane , Mutsuyoshi Hiroshi
Published: September 2016

This paper describes the development of high corrosion resistant glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and ultra-high strength fiber reinforced concrete (UFC) composite beams for construction of short span pedestrian bridges. The main advantage of these composite beams is, they can be used in corrosive environments at a low maintenance cost. The UFC slab is consisted of precast segments and those segments were connected to the GFRP I-beam top flange using FRP bolts and epoxy adhesive. Large-scale four point bending tests were carried out in order to select the suitable FRP bolt parameters for the composite beam. The experiment results revealed that the FRP bolts can be used instead of the steel bolts, as the shear connectors in the GFRP and UFC composite beams. The composite beams having non-headed FRP bolts exhibited better flexural capacity compared to the beams with FRP headed-bolts. Fiber model analysis was carried out on the composite beams and there was a good agreement between the analysis and experiment results. The experiment results were used to construct a short span pedestrian bridge in Miyagi prefecture, Japan. The static loading tests were carried out on that bridge for three loading types. The short span bridge showed acceptable performance in the loading tests.
Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Masonry Infill Walls to In-Plane Vertical Loading
Authors: Brodsky Alex , Yankelevsky David Z.
Published: September 2016

Numerous studies have been conducted on the in plane behavior of masonry infill walls to lateral loading simulating earthquake action on buildings. The present study is focused on a problem that has almost not been studied regarding the vertical (opposed to lateral) in-plane action on these walls. This may be of concern when a supporting column of a multi-storey reinforced concrete frame with infill masonry walls undergoes a severe damage due to an extreme loading such as a strong earthquake, car impact or military or terror action in proximity to the column. The loss of the supporting column may cause a fully or partly progressive collapse to a bare reinforced concrete frame, without infill masonry walls. The presence of the infill masonry walls may restrain the process and prevent the development of a progressive collapse.
The aim of the present study is to test the in-plane composite action of Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames with infill masonry walls under vertical loading through laboratory experiments and evaluate the contributions of infill masonry walls, in an attempt to examine the infill masonry wall added resistance to the bare frame under these circumstances.
Preliminary results of laboratory tests that have been conducted on reinforced concrete infilled frames without a support at their end, under monotonic vertical loading along that column axis will be presented. The observed damages and failure modes under vertical loading are clearly different from the already known failure modes observed in the case of lateral loading.
The role of personal relationships between buyers and suppliers of third-party logistics services: A South African perspective
Authors: Mocke Kelvinne , Niemann Wesley , Kotzé Theuns
Published: September 2016

Orientation: Personal relationships within the context of supply chain management is one of the least understood and researched areas in this field.Research purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the complexities relating to the interaction between buyers and suppliers of logistics services when personal relationships are involved.Research design, approach and method: A descriptive qualitative research strategy was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 suppliers and 8 buyers of logistic services within the South African third-party logistics industry.Main findings: The main findings indicate several benefits related to building personal relationships with a buyer or supplier of logistics services. These benefits include enhanced personal and business understanding, enhanced communication, enhanced trust, increased business volume, ease of doing business, enhanced problem-solving abilities, ease of conflict resolution and risk mitigation. Subsequently, aspects affecting the nature of the personal relationship were also identified. These include gender, relationship asymmetry, and the ability to adapt to different personalities.Practical implications: A long-term commitment towards a buyer or supplier was identified as essential in order to reap the associated benefits of forming personal relationships.Contribution: The main theoretical contribution of this study can be argued as empirically testing an existing personal relationship framework, confirming the transferability of the framework. Testing the framework in a different context yielded four additional benefits of personal relationships, four supplementary factors influencing the interaction between buyers and suppliers and an additional aspect influencing the nature of personal relationships, thus expanding the body of knowledge of this topic.
Counting skills intervention for low-performing first graders
Authors: Mononen Riikka , Aunio Pirjo
Published: September 2016

Background: It is important to provide early educational support for children having weak mathematical skills, in order to prevent possible later mathematical learning difficulties. Currently, there is a lack of research-based mathematical intervention programmes for teachers to use.
Aim: This study investigated the impact of counting skills intervention for Finnish first graders
with low performance. In addition, the relations between inductive reasoning, language and
mathematical skills were examined.
Setting: This study applied a quasi-experimental design using control groups.
Methods: Intervention was provided in small groups 12 times during 8 weeks. The development of intervention children (LOWi, n = 11) was compared to the development of low-performing (LOWc, n = 26) and typically performing (TYPc, n = 114) children.
Results: The LOWi group made significantly greater gains in their mathematical performance from Time 1 to Time 2, compared with the LOWc and TYPc groups. Children with low performance in mathematical skills showed lower performance also in their inductive reasoning and reading fluency skills than the TYP children.
Conclusion: A relatively short counting skills intervention that applied explicit teaching showed promising effects in improving low-performing children’s mathematical performance as a supplemental instruction.
Conceptualisation of community-based rehabilitation in Southern Africa: A systematic review
Authors: M'kumbuzi Vyvienne R. P. , Myezwa Hellen
Published: September 2016

Background: Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) has evolved over the last 30 years and now focuses on empowering persons with disabilities to access and benefit from a wide range of services. The evidence for CBR is frequently cited in the literature as being scanty and of poor quality.Purpose: We sought to determine how CBR is conceptualised and understood in the literature from Southern Africa. Our interest centred on to what extent the literature could inform policy makers and practitioners in the region.Methods: A systematic review of the literature from countries in Southern Africa guided by Population, Intervention/Phenomenon of Interest, Context and Outcome of Interest to the reviewer (PICO) was employed. This involved an extensive, internally valid and systematic search of electronic databases using specific keywords/subject heading combinations. Journal articles reporting on a description or objectives of CBR, published after 2006, and journal articles written in English of all types of studies were included. Data were charted according to the emergent themes. Two independent raters coded the emergent themes.Results:  Nine from a possible 257 published articles were reviewed; four of these were programme evaluations. Themes describing CBR converged on community development and poverty reduction. Only one article referred to human rights. Training and supervision of CBR workers and education of the community about disability were frequently reported activities.Conclusion:  In isolated cases, the literature is aligned to components of the CBR matrix. However, consistent with previous criticism of CBR, the literature is meagre, as is the evidence to inform policy makers and practitioners in southern Africa.
Heterogeneous photochemistry of imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde: HO2 radical
formation and aerosol growth
Authors: González Palacios Laura , Corral Arroyo Pablo , Aregahegn Kifle Z. , Steimer Sarah S. , Bartels-Rausch Thorsten , Nozière Barbara , George Christian , Ammann Markus , Volkamer Rainer
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The multiphase chemistry of glyoxal is a source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), including its light-absorbing product imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (IC). IC is a photosensitizer that can contribute to additional aerosol ageing and growth when its excited triplet state oxidizes hydrocarbons (reactive uptake) via H-transfer chemistry. We have conducted a series of photochemical coated-wall flow tube (CWFT) experiments using films of IC and citric acid (CA), an organic proxy and H donor in the condensed phase. The formation rate of gas-phase HO2 radicals (PHO2) was measured indirectly by converting gas-phase NO into NO2. We report on experiments that relied on measurements of NO2 formation, NO loss and HONO formation. PHO2 was found to be a linear function of (1) the [IC]  ×  [CA] concentration product and (2) the photon actinic flux. Additionally, (3) a more complex function of relative humidity (25 %  <  RH  <  63 %) and of (4) the O2 ∕ N2 ratio (15 %  <  O2 ∕ N2  <  56 %) was observed, most likely indicating competing effects of dilution, HO2 mobility and losses in the film. The maximum PHO2 was observed at 25–55 % RH and at ambient O2 ∕ N2. The HO2 radicals form in the condensed phase when excited IC triplet states are reduced by H transfer from a donor, CA in our system, and subsequently react with O2 to regenerate IC, leading to a catalytic cycle. OH does not appear to be formed as a primary product but is produced from the reaction of NO with HO2 in the gas phase. Further, seed aerosols containing IC and ammonium sulfate were exposed to gas-phase limonene and NOx in aerosol flow tube experiments, confirming significant PHO2 from aerosol surfaces. Our results indicate a potentially relevant contribution of triplet state photochemistry for gas-phase HO2 production, aerosol growth and ageing in the atmosphere.
A new parameterization of the UV irradiance altitude dependence for
clear-sky conditions and its application in the on-line UV tool over
Northern Eurasia
Authors: Chubarova Nataly , Zhdanova Yekaterina , Nezval Yelena
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A new method for calculating the altitude UV dependence is proposed for different types of biologically active UV radiation (erythemally weighted, vitamin-D-weighted and cataract-weighted types). We show that for the specified groups of parameters the altitude UV amplification (AUV) can be presented as a composite of independent contributions of UV amplification from different factors within a wide range of their changes with mean uncertainty of 1 % and standard deviation of 3 % compared with the exact model simulations with the same input parameters. The parameterization takes into account for the altitude dependence of molecular number density, ozone content, aerosol and spatial surface albedo. We also provide generalized altitude dependencies of the parameters for evaluating the AUV. The resulting comparison of the altitude UV effects using the proposed method shows a good agreement with the accurate 8-stream DISORT model simulations with correlation coefficient r  >  0.996. A satisfactory agreement was also obtained with the experimental UV data in mountain regions. Using this parameterization we analyzed the role of different geophysical parameters in UV variations with altitude. The decrease in molecular number density, especially at high altitudes, and the increase in surface albedo play the most significant role in the UV growth. Typical aerosol and ozone altitude UV effects do not exceed 10–20 %. Using the proposed parameterization implemented in the on-line UV tool (http://momsu.ru/uv/) for Northern Eurasia over the PEEX domain we analyzed the altitude UV increase and its possible effects on human health considering different skin types and various open body fraction for January and April conditions in the Alpine region.
Heterogeneous kinetics of H2O, HNO3 and HCl on HNO3 hydrates
(α-NAT, β-NAT, NAD) in the range 175–200 K
Authors: Iannarelli Riccardo , Rossi Michel J.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Experiments on the title compounds have been performed using a multidiagnostic stirred-flow reactor (SFR) in which the gas phase as well as the condensed phase has been simultaneously investigated under stratospheric temperatures in the range 175–200 K. Wall interactions of the title compounds have been taken into account using Langmuir adsorption isotherms in order to close the mass balance between deposited and desorbed (recovered) compounds. Thin solid films at 1 µm typical thickness have been used as a proxy for atmospheric ice particles and have been deposited on a Si window of the cryostat, with the optical element being the only cold point in the deposition chamber. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy in transmission as well as partial and total pressure measurement using residual gas mass spectrometry (MS) and sensitive pressure gauges have been employed in order to monitor growth and evaporation processes as a function of temperature using both pulsed and continuous gas admission and monitoring under SFR conditions. Thin solid H2O ice films were used as the starting point throughout, with the initial spontaneous formation of α-NAT (nitric acid trihydrate) followed by the gradual transformation of α- to β-NAT at T > 185 K. Nitric acid dihydrate (NAD) was spontaneously formed at somewhat larger partial pressures of HNO3 deposited on pure H2O ice. In contrast to published reports, the formation of α-NAT proceeded without prior formation of an amorphous HNO3 ∕ H2O layer and always resulted in β-NAT. For α- and β-NAT, the temperature-dependent accommodation coefficient α(H2O) and α(HNO3), the evaporation flux Jev(H2O) and Jev(HNO3) and the resulting saturation vapor pressure Peq(H2O) and Peq(HNO3) were measured and compared to binary phase diagrams of HNO3 ∕ H2O in order to afford a thermochemical check of the kinetic parameters. The resulting kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of activation energies for evaporation (Eev) and standard heats of evaporation ΔHev0 of H2O and HNO3 for α- and β-NAT, respectively, led to an estimate for the relative standard enthalpy difference between α- and β-NAT of −6.0 ± 20 kJ mol−1 in favor of β-NAT, as expected, despite a significantly larger value of Eev for HNO3 in α-NAT. This in turn implies a substantial activation energy for HNO3 accommodation in α- compared to β-NAT where Eacc(HNO3) is essentially zero. The kinetic (α(HCl), Jev(HCl)) and thermodynamic (Peq(HCl)) parameters of HCl-doped α- and β-NAT have been determined under the assumption that HCl adsorption did not significantly affect α(H2O) and α(HNO3) as well as the evaporation flux Jev(H2O). Jev(HCl) and Peq(HCl) on both α- and β-NAT are larger than the corresponding values for HNO3 across the investigated temperature range but significantly smaller than the values for pure H2O ice at T < 200 K.
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2: First 18 months of Science Data Products
Authors: Eldering Annmarie , O'Dell Chris W. , Wennberg Paul O. , Crisp David , Gunson Michael R. , Viatte Camille , Avis Charles , Braverman Amy , Castano Rebecca , Chang Albert , Chapsky Lars , Cheng Cecilia , Connor Brian , Dang Lan , Doran Gary , Fisher Brendan , Frankenberg Christian , Fu Dejian , Granat Robert , Hobbs Jonathan , Lee Richard A. M. , Mandrake Lukas , McDuffie James , Miller Charles E. , Myers Vicky , Natraj Vijay , O'Brien Denis , Osterman Gregory B. , Oyafuso Fabiano , Payne Vivienne H. , Pollock Harold R. , Polonsky Igor , Roehl Coleen M. , Rosenberg Robert , Schwandner Florian , Smyth Mike , Tang Vivian , Taylor Thomas E. , To Cathy , Wunch Debra , Yoshimizu Jan
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is the first National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellite designed to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) with the accuracy, resolution, and coverage needed to quantify CO2 fluxes (sources and sinks) on regional scales. OCO-2 was successfully launched on 2 July 2014, and joined the 705 km Afternoon Constellation on 3 August 2014. On monthly time scales, 7 to 12 % of these measurements are sufficiently cloud and aerosol free to yield estimates of the column-averaged atmospheric CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2, that pass all quality tests. During the first year of operations, the observing strategy, instrument calibration, and retrieval algorithm were optimized to improve both the data yield and the accuracy of the products. With these changes, global maps of XCO2 derived from the OCO-2 data are revealing some of the most robust features of the atmospheric carbon cycle. This includes XCO2 enhancements co-located with intense fossil fuel emissions in eastern US and eastern China, which are most obvious between October and December, when the north-south XCO2 gradient is small. Enhanced XCO2 coincident with biomass burning in the Amazon, central Africa, and Indonesia is also evident in this season. In May and June, when the north-south XCO2 gradient is largest, these sources are less apparent in global maps. During this part of the year, OCO-2 maps show a more than 10 ppm reduction in XCO2 across the northern hemisphere, as photosynthesis by the land biosphere rapidly absorbs CO2. As the carbon cycle science community continues to analyze these OCO-2 data, information on regional-scale sources (emitters) and sinks (absorbers) which impart XCO2 changes on the order of 1 ppm, as well as far more subtle features, will emerge from this high resolution, global data set.
Tandem configuration of differential mobility and centrifugal particle mass analyzers for investigating aerosol hygroscopic properties
Authors: Vlasenko Sergey S. , Su Hang , Pöschl Ulrich , Andreae Meinrat O. , Mikhailov Eugene F.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A tandem arrangement of Differential Mobility Analyzer and Humidified Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer (DMA-HCPMA) was developed to measure the deliquescence and efflorescence thresholds and the water uptake of submicron particles over the relative humidity (RH) range from 10 % to 95 %. The hygroscopic growth curves obtained for Ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride test aerosols are consistent with thermodynamic model predictions and literature data. The DMA-HCPMA system was applied to measure the hygroscopic properties of urban aerosol particles, and the kappa mass interaction model (KIM) was used to characterize and parameterize the concentration-dependent water uptake observed in the 50–95 % RH range. For DMA-selected 160 nm dry particles (mass of 3.5 fg), we obtained a volume-based hygroscopicity parameter κv ≈ 0.2, which is consistent with literature data for freshly emitted urban aerosols. Overall, our results show that the DMA-HCPMA system can be used to measure size-resolved mass growth factors of atmospheric aerosol particles upon hydration and dehydration up to 95 % RH. The direct measurements of humidified particle mass allow avoiding complications that occur in the commonly used mobility-diameter-based HTDMA technique due to poorly defined particle morphology and density.
The Caltech Photooxidation Flow Tube Reactor – I: Design and
Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Huang Y. , Coggon M. M. , Zhao R. , Lignell H. , Bauer M. U. , Flagan R. C. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Flow tube reactors are employed to study gas-phase atmospheric chemistry and secondary organic aerosol formation. A new laminar flow tube reactor, the Caltech PhotoOxidation flow Tube (CPOT), has been designed with the aim of achieving a well-characterized fluid dynamic and residence time environment. We present here the design and fluid dynamical characterization of the CPOT, based on the fundamental behavior of vapor molecules and particles in the reactor. The design of the inlet of the CPOT, which was based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, comprises a static mixer and a conical diffuser to facilitate rapid development of the characteristic laminar flow parabolic profile. A CFD laminar flow model is developed to simulate the residence time distribution (RTD) of vapor molecules and particles in the CPOT. To assess the extent to which the actual performance adheres to the theoretical CFD model, RTD experiments were conducted with O3 and sub-micrometer ammonium sulfate particles. The measured RTD profiles do not strictly adhere to theory, owing to slightly non-isothermal conditions in the reactor, which lead to secondary flows. Introducing an enhanced eddy-like diffusivity for the vapor molecules and particles in the laminar flow model significantly improves the model-experiment agreement. These characterization experiments, in addition to the idealized computational behavior, provide a basis on which to evaluate the performance of the CPOT as a chemical reactor.
Impacts of a decadal drainage disturbance on surface–atmosphere fluxes of
carbon dioxide in a permafrost ecosystem
Authors: Kittler Fanny , Burjack Ina , Corradi Chiara A. R. , Heimann Martin , Kolle Olaf , Merbold Lutz , Zimov Nikita , Zimov Sergey , Göckede Mathias
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Hydrologic conditions are a major controlling factor for carbon exchange processes in high-latitude ecosystems. The presence or absence of water-logged conditions can lead to significant shifts in ecosystem structure and carbon cycle processes. In this study, we compared growing season CO2 fluxes of a wet tussock tundra ecosystem from an area affected by decadal drainage to an undisturbed area on the Kolyma floodplain in northeastern Siberia. For this comparison we found the sink strength for CO2 in recent years (2013–2015) to be systematically reduced within the drained area, with a minor increase in photosynthetic uptake due to a higher abundance of shrubs outweighed by a more pronounced increase in respiration due to warmer near-surface soil layers. Still, in comparison to the strong reduction of fluxes immediately following the drainage disturbance in 2005, recent CO2 exchange with the atmosphere over this disturbed part of the tundra indicate a higher carbon turnover, and a seasonal amplitude that is comparable again to that within the control section. This indicates that the local permafrost ecosystem is capable of adapting to significantly different hydrologic conditions without losing its capacity to act as a net sink for CO2 over the growing season. The comparison of undisturbed CO2 flux rates from 2013–2015 to the period of 2002–2004 indicates that CO2 exchange with the atmosphere was intensified, with increased component fluxes (ecosystem respiration and gross primary production) over the past decade. Net changes in CO2 fluxes are dominated by a major increase in photosynthetic uptake, resulting in a stronger CO2 sink in 2013–2015. Application of a MODIS-based classification scheme to separate the growing season into four sub-seasons improved the interpretation of interannual variability by illustrating the systematic shifts in CO2 uptake patterns that have occurred in this ecosystem over the past 10 years and highlighting the important role of the late growing season for net CO2 flux budgets.
A database of global reference sites to support validation of satellite surface albedo datasets (SAVS 1.0)
Authors: Loew Alexander , Bennartz Ralf , Fell Frank , Lattanzio Alessio , Doutriaux-Boucher Marie , Schulz Jörg
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Validating the accuracy and long-term stability of terrestrial satellite data products necessitates a network of reference sites. This paper documents a global database of more than 2000 sites globally which have been characterized in terms of their spatial heterogeneity. The work was motivated by the need for potential validation sites for geostationary surface albedo data products, but the resulting database is useful also for other applications. The database (SAVS 1.0) is publicly available through the EUMETSAT website (http://savs.eumetsat.int/, doi:10.15770/EUM_SEC_CLM_1001). Sites can be filtered according to different criteria, providing a flexible way to identify potential validation sites for further studies and a traceable approach to characterize the heterogeneity of these reference sites. The present paper describes the detailed information on the generation of the SAVS 1.0 database and its characteristics.
The Dynamics and Variability Model Intercomparison Project (DynVarMIP) for CMIP6: assessing the stratosphere–troposphere system
Authors: Gerber Edwin P. , Manzini Elisa
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Diagnostics of atmospheric momentum and energy transport are needed to investigate the origin of circulation biases in climate models and to understand the atmospheric response to natural and anthropogenic forcing. Model biases in atmospheric dynamics are one of the factors that increase uncertainty in projections of regional climate, precipitation and extreme events. Here we define requirements for diagnosing the atmospheric circulation and variability across temporal scales and for evaluating the transport of mass, momentum and energy by dynamical processes in the context of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). These diagnostics target the assessments of both resolved and parameterized dynamical processes in climate models, a novelty for CMIP, and are particularly vital for assessing the impact of the stratosphere on surface climate change.
Forcing and Responses of the Surface Energy Budget at Summit, Greenland
Authors: Miller Nathaniel B. , Shupe Matthew D. , Cox Christopher J. , Noone David , Persson P. Ola G. , Steffen Konrad
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Greenland ice sheet surface temperatures are controlled by an exchange of energy at the surface, which includes radiative, turbulent and ground heat fluxes. Data collected by multiple projects are leveraged to calculate estimates of all surface energy budget (SEB) terms at Summit, Greenland for the full annual cycle from July 2013–June 2014 and extend to longer periods for the radiative and turbulent SEB terms. Radiative fluxes are measured directly by a suite of broadband radiometers. Turbulent sensible heat flux is primarily estimated via the bulk aerodynamic method, and the turbulent latent heat flux is calculated via a two level approach using measurements at 10 and 2 m. The subsurface heat flux is calculated using a string of thermistors buried in the snow pack. Extensive quality-control data processing produced a data set in which all terms of the SEB are present 75 % of the full annual cycle, despite the harsh conditions. By including a storage term for a near surface layer, the SEB is balanced in this data set to within the aggregated uncertainties for the individual terms. November and August case studies illustrate that surface radiative forcing is driven by synoptically forced cloud characteristics, especially by low-level, liquid-bearing clouds. The annual cycle and seasonal diurnal cycles of all SEB components indicate that the non-radiative terms are anti-correlated to changes in the total radiative flux, and are hence responding to cloud radiative forcing. Generally, the non-radiative SEB terms and the upwelling longwave radiation component compensate for changes in downwelling radiation, although exact partitioning of energy in the response terms varies with season and near-surface characteristics such as stability and moisture availability. Substantial surface warming from low-level clouds typically leads to a change from a very stable to a weakly stable near-surface regime with no solar radiation or from a weakly stable to neutral/unstable regime with solar radiation. Relationships between forcing terms and responding surface fluxes show that the upwelling longwave radiation produces 55–75 % (40–50 %) of the total response in the winter (summer) and the non-radiative terms compensate for the remaining change in the combined downwelling longwave and net shortwave radiation. Because melt conditions are rarely reached at Summit, these relationships are documented for conditions of surface-temperature below 0 °C, with and without solar radiation. This is the first time that forcing and response term relationships have been investigated in detail for the Greenland SEB. These results should both advance understanding of process relationships over the Greenland icecap and be useful for model validation.
Effects of variability of meteorological measures on soil temperature in permafrost regions
Authors: Beer Christian , Porada Philipp , Ekici Altug , Brakebusch Matthias
Published: September 2016

Abstract. To clarify effects of the variability of meteorological measures and their extreme events on topsoil and subsoil temperature in permafrost regions, an artificially manipulated climate dataset has been used for process-oriented model experiments. Climate variability mainly impacts snow depth, and the cover and thermal diffusivity of lichens and bryophytes. The latter effect is of opposite direction in summer and winter. These impacts of climate variability on insulating layers together substantially alter the heat exchange between atmosphere and soil. As a result, soil temperature is up to 1 K higher when climate variability is reduced under conserved long-term mean meteorological measures. Climate models project warming of the Arctic region but also increasing climate variability and extreme events. Therefore, our results show that projected future increases in permafrost temperature and active-layer thickness will be less pronounced in response to climate change when considering dynamic snow and near-surface vegetation modules.
LIETUVOS PAROLIMPINĖS GOLBOLO RINKTINĖS ŽAIDĖJŲ FIZINIO PASIRENGIMO ĮVERTINIMAS
Authors: Šepikaitė Gabrielė , Venskaitis Raimundas , Levickis Karolis , Juocevičius Alvydas
Published: September 2016

Aklumas – fizinė negalia, sukelianti lėtesnę protinę veiklą, laikysenos problemas, orientacijos sunkumus, depresiją ir pusiausvyros problemas. Lietuvoje, kaip ir visoje Europoje, neįgaliųjų skaičius sudaro apie 7 procentus, tačiau sportuojančių neįgaliųjų yra vos 1 procentas, iš šio vieno procento sportuojančių neįgaliųjų, užsiimančių profesionaliu sportu, yra dar mažiau. Darbo tikslas: įvertinti Lietuvos parolimpinės golbolo rinktinės žaidėjų fizinį pasirengimą. Tyrimas buvo atliktas 2015 metais gruodžio - sausio mėnesiais Vilniaus Gerosios Vilties progimnazijos (Skroblų g. 3A) sporto salėje. Tyrime dalyvavo 9 vyriškos lyties golbolo žaidėjai, kurių amžius nuo 23 iki 45 metų. Visi šie žaidėjai atstovauja Lietuvos parolimpinei golbolo rinktinei. Siekiant maksimaliai įvertinti Lietuvos parolimpinės golbolo rinktinei žaidėjų fizinį pasirengimą buvo vertinama: - širdies kraujagyslių sistemos pajėgumas (Rufjė testas), - sprogstamoji jėga (šuolis iš vietos), - pusiausvyra (Flamingo testas), - psichomotorinės reakcijos greitis (krintančios liniuotės testas). Tyrimo rezultatai. Daugumos žaidėjų širdies ir kraujagyslių sistema į vienkartinį trumpalaikį krūvį reagavo panašiai, 4 žaidėjai įvertinti turintys patenkinamą ir 3 blogą širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos treniruotumo lygį. Įvertinus šuolio į tolį testavimo rezultatus ir palyginus juos su 3 metų statistika, nustatėme, kad žaidėjų atlikto testo vidutinis rezultatas viršija rekomenduojamas normas. Žaidžiant golbolą labai svarbi gera pusiausvyra. Daugumos žaidėjų pusiausvyra skirtingomis kojomis buvo įvertinta kaip labai gera arba pakankama. Parolimpiečiai žaidimo metu turi labai greitai reaguoti į kintančias žaidimo sąlygas, dėl to svarbus reakcijos greitis. Vertinant pagal F. B. Nelsono (1965) sudarytą psichomotorinės reakcijos greičio vertinimo skalę, visi golbolo žaidėjai pasiekė aukščiausią rezultatą. Dauguma Lietuvos parolimpinės rinktinės atletų turi gerą fizinį pasirengimą, tačiau visiems atletams reikėtų pagerinti širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos pajėgumą.
Oralinės stimuliacijos įtaka neišnešiotų naujagimių maitinimosi įgūdžiams
Authors: Dovydėnaitė Judita , Drazdienė Nijolė
Published: September 2016

Lietuvoje kasmet gimsta apie 6 procentus neišnešiotų naujagimių, tarp jų ~15,5 procentų - iki 32 gestacijos savaitės. Žindimas yra įgūdis, kurio įgijimas neišnešiotam naujagimiui gali būti labai sudėtingas. Ankščiau nei 32 savaitę gimę naujagimiai dėl motorinės ir nervų sistemų nebrandumo yra maitinami per zondą. Stimuliacija, kuri paskatina čiulpimo ir kitų valgymui reikalingų įgūdžių formavimąsi, gali palengvinti perėjimą prie nepriklausomo oralinio maitinimo, turėti teigiamą poveikį valgymo kokybei, naujagimio raidai ir sumažinti hospitalizacijos trukmę.
A GESTÃO ESCOLAR NA PERCEPÇÃO DE ACADÊMICOS DE LICENCIATURA EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA EM SITUAÇÃO DE ESTÁGIO CURRICULAR SUPERVISIONADO
Authors: Krug Hugo Norberto , Ivo Andressa Aita , Roos da Silva Ilha Franciele , Julierme Santos da Conceição Victor , De Rosso Krug Rodrigo
Published: September 2016

Esta investigação objetivou identificar e reconhecer a percepção sobre a gestão escolar de acadêmicos da Licenciatura em Educação Física do Centro de Educação Física e Desportos (CEFD) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) em situação de Estágio Curricular Supervisionado (ECS). A metodologia caracterizou-se pelo enfoque fenomenológico sob a forma de estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa. O instrumento para a coleta de informações foi uma entrevista semi-estruturada. A interpretação das informações foi à análise de conteúdo. Os participantes foram vinte (20) acadêmicos do 7º semestre do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física do CEFD/UFSM. Através das informações encontradas nesta investigação foi possível observar que os acadêmicos da Licenciatura em Educação Física do CEFD/UFSM apresentaram duas diferentes percepções sobre a gestão escolar: uma boa gestão e uma gestão não efetiva.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DO DESEMPENHO ESCOLAR EM ADOLESCENTES PRATICANTES E NÃO PRATICANTES DE CAPOEIRA
Authors: Da Silva Franklin Bento , Moreira de Freitas Santos Sinara , Freitas Silva Lima Pollyana , Guerra Marcelo Freire , Dórea Valfredo Ribeiro , Assis Teles Santos Douglas
Published: September 2016

As lutas são consideradas instrumento de relevância física, emocional e intelectual, contribuindo diretamente no desenvolvimento global do aluno. Neste contexto a Capoeira destaca-se nos aspectos psicológicos e cognitivos, desenvolvendo a atenção, percepção, criatividade, persistência, iniciativa, autocontrole e confiança. O desempenho escolar é alvo de discussão entre os pesquisadores da área da educação, inclusive da Educação Física. Não é intenção deste estudo se valer destas discussões e posicionamentos acerca de avaliação e desempenho escolar, desta forma, em um contexto específico entendemos o desempenho escolar como os resultados de médias e frequência das disciplinas cursadas. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é comparar o desempenho escolar em escolares praticantes e não praticantes de Capoeira. A amostra foi constituída por 24 alunos, com idade entre 14 e 15 anos de ambos os sexos, divididos em três grupos (A, B, C) com oito sujeitos. O grupo A foi composto por crianças que praticavam Capoeira no Serviço de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos, o grupo B por crianças que praticavam Capoeira em grupo particular e o grupo C foi o grupo controle, ou seja, não praticavam Capoeira. O desempenho escolar foi obtido através das médias globais das notas e frequências às aulas do 1°e 2° bimestre. As analises de dados foram realizadas através, Software IBM SPSS versão 20.0, sendo efetuado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para a normalidade dos dados, e para comparação entre os grupos foi realizado uma ANOVA one way. Foi adotado o índice de significância p<0,05. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos para as médias globais (p = 0,91) e para as faltas (p = 0,54). Estudos demonstraram o melhor desempenho escolar em alunos praticantes de esportes quando comparados aos não praticantes, fato este não comprovado nesta pesquisa, sugerindo aos mestres de Capoeira a repensarem sua práxis, pois esta, é apontada capaz de desenvolver uma série de processos cognitivos, emocionais, afetivos e motores, benefícios estes que poderiam refletir positivamente no desempenho escolar.
ENSINO INTERCULTURAL DE INGLÊS COMO PRÁTICA DE RECONHECIMENTO E RESPEITO ÀS DIFERENÇAS
Authors: Melo Letticia Vieira de
Published: September 2016

Nós somos seres culturais e interculturais e construímos nossa cultura individual e coletiva à partir das interações que vivenciamos ao longo de nossa vida. Nosso meio de interação mais poderoso são as línguas. É por meio delas que nos comunicamos e que chegam até nós discursos impregnados de cultura (valores, ideologias, costumes). Também é por meio das línguas que interagimos com sujeitos das mais diversas redes sociais e grupos culturais. E a sala de aula de inglês é um lugar de constantes encontros interculturais: pessoas de origem diferentes estudando uma língua também de origem diferente. Por isso, se faz necessário discussões sobre cultura na sala de aula e sobre um ensino intercultural de inglês. É isso que este artigo tenta discutir: o que é cultura, o que é interculturalidade e o que seria um ensino intercultural de inglês a partir dos textos de Corbett (2003), Hall (2012), Spencer-Oatey (2012), Spencer-Oatey e Franklin (2009) e Risager (2006) e como o ensino intercultural pode levar à atitudes de respeito às diferenças.
SABERES DOCENTES NO PROCESSO DE AVALIAÇÃO: UM ESTUDO SOBRE OS PROCESSOS AVALIATIVOS ADOTADOS PELOS PROFESSORES DE UMA ESCOLA PÚBLICA DE RIO VERDE-GO
Authors: Borges Fabiana Kalil , Souza Pereira Natália Cristina
Published: September 2016

Este artigo busca elucidar as possíveis causas dos processos de escalonar, classificar e mediar no ato avaliativo. Pretendemos identificar o posicionamento e as escolhas dos métodos de verificação de aprendizagem escolhidos pelos professores dos anos iniciais do eensino fundamental. A metodologia aplicada a este estudo é uma abordagem quantitativa com enfoque na compreensão das falas dos sujeitos participantes desta pesquisa, a partir da problemática da avaliação como relação de poder. O determinante usado na escolha da instituição se deu pelas autoras do texto trabalharem nessa escola. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de questionários. O procedimento quantitativo adotado para o tratamento dos dados apoia-se em Moreira (2011), com a análise estatística, aplicado para demostrar os resultados da escolha dos procedimentos praticados pelos professores sobre as temáticas: quantificar ou mediar. desta forma, entendimento dos artifícios adotados pelos professores ao mensurar o processo de ensino, desencadeia reações, emoções e controvérsias. Por esses motivos, vale a pena discutir os critérios relevantes utilizados pelos docentes em suas escolhas. Para essa discussão, nos pautamos em autores como: Demo (1999), Hoffman (2005), Perrenoud (1999) e Luckesi (2005).
FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA: O que pensam os professores da escola pública em Ituiutaba?
Authors: Lopes dos Santos Coelho Monalisa
Published: September 2016

Este texto é o resultado de um estudo acerca da formação continuada de professores numa escola pública e estadual da cidade de Ituiutaba –MG: a escola Y. Enquanto alunas do curso de pedagogia da UFU inseridas no Pibid que atua nesta escola, nos interessamos em conhecer o que pensam os professores da educação básica. Assim, indagamos como se configura a formação continuada dos professores da referida escola, quais cursos eles fazem? Em quais instituições de ensino eles fazem? Qual o tempo de duração destes cursos? Se os governos federal, estadual, e municipal oferecem este tipo de formação e se existem fatores que motivam esta formação, para favorecer a conciliação desta com as atividades docentes nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Nos pautamos nos posicionamentos de Ferreira (2006), Freitas (2007) e Dias (2012) e a partir desse referencial teórico, utilizamos o método da entrevista, como nosso principal instrumento metodológico de pesquisa na referida escola. Nos resultados, verificamos que de fato estes professores realizam formação continuada, entretanto, detectamos desafios e obstáculos para que estes se vejam totalmente motivados e interessados em continuar em formação, diante de como esta formação tem acontecido no município.
CONHECENDO A ANATOMIA: A INTEGRAÇÃO DA UNIVERSIDADE COM A EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA
Authors: Silva Carla Helrigle , Aparecido Pereira Fontana Cássio , Fernades da Silva Luciano , Ramos Guilherme Rezende , Zaiden Rezende Paulo Fernando , Rezende Souza Ana Lúcia
Published: September 2016

O conceito de qualidade da educação é uma meta a ser conquistada. Uma boa proposta pedagógica faz com que o dever de ensinar seja assumido por todos até como efetivação do princípio da gestão democrática. Visitar um Laboratório de Anatomia pode facilitar a compreensão dos conteúdos de anatomia e ciências, ministrados no ensino fundamental e médio, despertando uma possível escolha profissional. O Laboratório de Anatomia da Universidade Federal de Goiás/Regional Jataí é composto pelas áreas de Veterinária, Humana e Comparada, além de um Museu do Cerrado. Nele há peças que compõem o acervo das aulas e em exposição no museu. Com a visita, os alunos podem vivenciar na prática aquilo que é ministrado em sala de aula, permitindo abrir espaços para discussões e sanar dúvidas sobre o conteúdo visto apenas na teoria; além de poder despertar interesse sobre os cursos oferecidos na instituição e contato com profissionais formados nas áreas das Ciências da Saúde e Ciências Agrárias. Através de questionário é possível verificar o impacto da visita no aprendizado e escolha profissional.No período de setembro de 2014 a junho de 2015, tivemos a visita de quatro escolas, totalizando 173 alunos de ambos os sexos, com idade de 12 a 14 anos, cursando o 7º e 8º anos, os quais responderam nossos questionários, que buscavam verificar as perspectivas futuras do aluno secundarista no seu aprendizado e em sua escolha profissional na universidade e qual a influência da visita ao laboratório em seu conhecimento. Foi verificado um pouco do cenário atual da educação no sentido da prática nas escolas, onde 66,4% dos alunos nunca haviam visitado nenhuma outra instituição de ensino além da qual estudavam, sendo que mesmo em escolas públicas o percentual chegou a 67,82%. Também sobre as perguntas do questionário, 60% dos alunos demonstraram que a visita veio esclarecer dúvidas pessoais sobre o conteúdo administrado nas suas respectivas escolas, destes 56% tinham alguma escolha profissional. A universidade deve socializar o seu espaço para auxiliar uma melhor qualidade na educação fundamental e ensino médio.