bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Injuries to the Hand in Rugby Union Football
Authors: SHEWRING D. J. , MATTHEWSON M. H.
Published: June 2005

Hand injuries are a common consequence of playing rugby. A prospective study of all rugby injuries referred to a hand clinic over the course of one season was carried out. 72 patients with such injuries were seen. There were 46 fractures and 26 soft tissue injuries. A substantial number were caused deliberately by opponents. One-third of the injuries were thought to be preventable.
Tendon Ball Interposition Arthroplasty for Traumatic Ankylosis of the MP Joint
Authors: OGINO T. , OBATA H. , ISHII S.
Published: June 2005

Two cases of traumatic ankylosis of the MP joint were treated by tendon ball interposition arthroplasty. Enough mobility for pinch and grasp was obtained at follow-up.
The Doorstop Procedure
Authors: TWYMAN R. S. , DAVID H. G.
Published: June 2005

The unstable fracture dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint remains a difficult injury to manage despite the availability of a wide variety of treatment options. We describe a simple alternative method of treatment called the doorstop procedure.
Grip Strength following Carpal Tunnel Decompression
Authors: LEACH W. J. , ESLER C. , SCOTT T. D.
Published: June 2005

To monitor the effect of open carpal tunnel decompression on grip strength in the hand, a prospective study was made of 25 patients undergoing a total of 31 operations. Hand grip, key pinch and pulp-to-pulp pinch strengths were measured pre-operatively and at regular intervals until 1 year following operation. At that time there was no significant difference in the hand grip and pulp-to-pulp pinch strengths compared to their pre-operative values, but the key pinch in females showed a marginally significant reduction ( P=0.04) compared to the pre-operative value.
Posterior Interosseous Nerve Compression Due to an Enlarged Bicipital Bursa Confirmed by MRI
Authors: SPINNER R. J. , LINS R. E. , COLLINS A. J. , SPINNER M.
Published: June 2005

Posterior interosseous nerve compression is a well-described clinical entity with many aetiologies. Fewer than 12 documented cases of the condition due to an enlarged bicipital bursa exist in the literature. We describe a case in which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in the pre-operative assessment of a mass in the proximal forearm with a clinical diagnosis of partial posterior interosseous nerve compression.
Response of Fingertip Circulation to Local Warming in the Injured Hand—a Study Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry
Authors: HUNG L. K. , CHENG J. C. Y. , LEE S. K. M.
Published: June 2005

A laser Doppler flowmeter was used to assess the fingertip circulation serially in 41 patients with various hand injuries. The “flux value” measures the flow of red cells across the site of assessment and the “fluctuation” represents the pulsatile peak-trough difference in flux value with each cardiac contraction. Local temperature at the fingertip was raised stepwise by a special heater-thermostat from 36 to 44°C. Compared to the normal hand both the flux value and fluctuation in the injured hand are smaller at lower temperatures. The differences narrow down at higher temperatures and the trend reverses above 42°C and remains so on cooling. This may represent abnormal sympathetic tone in the injured hand.
Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Decompression
Authors: ERDMANN M. W. H.
Published: June 2005

A study of endoscopic carpal tunnel release was carried out in three parts, consisting of initial cadaveric dissections, a prospective pilot study of 20 patients and a prospective, randomized trial of 71 patients comparing endoscopic with open decompression. In the main trial, 25 patients with bilateral symptoms underwent simultaneous endoscopic and open release, with the remainder randomized to one or other technique. Both techniques effectively decompressed the median nerve. A significant improvement in grip and pinch strength over 3 months was achieved in those undergoing endoscopic surgery. Average return to work was 14 days in the endoscopic series and 39 days in the open series. A complication rate of 35% was achieved with the transbursal endoscopic technique, 3.7% with the extrabursal endoscopic technique and 13.5% in the open series.
The Results of Carpal Tunnel Release: Open Versus Endoscopic Technique
Authors: BANDE S. , DE SMET L. , FABRY G.
Published: June 2005

We retrospectively compared two similar groups of patients who underwent either endoscopic decompression of the carpal tunnel (single portal technique, 44 patients) or open decompression (58 patients) during 1 year in our department. To find out whether there was any subjective difference between the results of the two techniques, we sent each patient a questionnaire and received a 95% response. No major complications occurred. Three endoscopic decompressions had to be abandoned, and open release was performed. We could not demonstrate any significant difference in relief of symptoms and return to work between the two groups. Patient satisfaction at 6 to 18 months follow-up was high with both techniques.
Slowing of Sensory Conduction of the Median Nerve and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Japanese and American Industrial Workers
Authors: NATHAN P. A. , TAKIGAWA K. , KENISTON R. C. , MEADOWS K. D. , LOCKWOOD R. S.
Published: June 2005

As part of a continuing study of the causes of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in industry, we measured sensory conduction of the median nerve in 101 Japanese furniture factory workers. We used the maximum latency difference (MLD) with a critical value of ≥0.40 msec to indicate abnormal slowing of nerve conduction. The prevalence of slowing in the Japanese workers was 17.8%, while the prevalence of probable CTS (based on symptoms only) was 2.5%, and the prevalence of definite CTS (probable CTS confirmed by slowing) was 2.0%. The most important factor predicting the MLD was the body mass index. The MLD was the most important factor predicting probable CTS. The prevalence of slowing in the Japanese workers was not significantly different from the prevalence of slowing in 316 American workers from four industries (22.0%), but the prevalences of probable CTS and definite CTS were much lower in the Japanese. The meaning of these findings is discussed.
A Transverse Skin Incision Approach for Decompression of Pronator Teres Syndrome
Authors: TSAI T.-M. , SYED S. A.
Published: June 2005

Pronator teres syndrome is a compressive neuropathy of the median nerve in the proximal part of the forearm and distal part of the arm. The outcome of surgical decompression is occasionally unsatisfactory because of a poor scar. We present the use of a transverse skin incision that allows adequate exploration and decompression distally and proximally, beneath the subcutaneous tissue beyond the volar elbow crease.
The Diagnostic Value of MRI in Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury
Authors: OCHI M. , IKUTA Y. , WATANABE M. , KIMOR K. , ITOH K.
Published: June 2005

Findings in 34 patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury documented by surgical exploration and intra-operative somatosensory-evoked potentials were correlated with findings on myelography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine whether MRI can identify nerve root avulsion. The coronal and sagittal planes were not able to demonstrate avulsion of the individual nerve roots. The axial and axial oblique planes did provide useful information to determine which nerve root was avulsed in the upper plexus, although it was difficult to clearly delineate the lower cervical rootlets. The accuracy of MRI was 73% for C5 and 64% for C6 and that of myelograpby 63% for C5 and 64% for C6. Thus, the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for upper nerve roots was slightly superior to myelography. Although its primary diagnostic value is limited to the upper nerve roots whose avulsion is relatively difficult to diagnose by myelography, MRI can provide useful guidance in the waiting period prior to surgical exploration after brachial plexus injury.
Radial Subluxation of the Connexus Intertendineus at the MP Joint of the Little Finger in Musicians Treated by Connexus Intertendineus Proximalization
Authors: BENATAR N.
Published: June 2005

Snapping at the MP joint of the little finger can occur when the extended and ulnarly abducted MP joint is flexed. In musicians, this is characterized by an annoying loss of fluid motion, and discomfort. Clinical examination reveals radial subluxation of the connexus intertendineus across the head of the fifth metacarpal to be the underlying problem, and surgical exploration confirms this. Operative treatment for radial subluxation of the connexus intertendineus must preserve the delicate balance of the extensor assembly of the fingers, including the otherwise underestimated connexus intertendineus itself. A simple and effective surgical procedure is presented.
Wear Patterns of the Articular Cartilage and Triangular Fibrocartilaginous Complex of the Wrist: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: JEFFRIES A. O. , CRAIGEN M. A. C. , STANLEY J. K.
Published: June 2005

The incidence and patterns of degenerative changes within the radio-carpal joint were studied in 138 specimens of elderly cadaveric wrists. Articular cartilage wear of varying severity was seen on the distal radial and ulnar articular surfaces in 27% of cases and on the proximal row articular surfaces in 54%. Wear was most commonly seen on the radial styloid and corresponding area of the scaphoid.

The triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC) was found to be degenerate or torn in 24%. Central degenerative perforation was commonly associated with articular cartilage wear on the ulnar head and the ulnar half of the lunate. No significant wear pattern was seen in those wrists with peripheral linear (i.e. traumatic) TFCC tears.

Interosseous scapho-lunate and luno-triquetral ligament disruptions were found in less than 10%, suggesting that disruption of these ligaments is usually traumatic and not degenerative.
Reconstruction of the Dorsal Ligament of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
Authors: SCHEKER L. R. , BELLIAPPA P. P. , ACOSTA R. , GERMAN D. S.
Published: June 2005

The distal radio-ulnar ligaments (DRUL) are key components of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). The dorsal DRUL tightens during pronation of the forearm and helps to stabilize this motion. 12 women and three men at our clinic have been treated for DRUJ instability secondary to dorsal DRUL rupture or attenuation. Their chief complaint was pain. The dorsal DRUL was reconstructed using a tendon graft, the ends of which were anchored in the bone of the radius and ulna. This technique has been shown to correct dynamic DRUJ instability in carefully selected patients, decreasing or eliminating pain and restoring normal function.
Anatomical and Radiological Evaluation of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex of the Wrist
Authors: UCHIYAMA S. , NAKATSUCHI Y.
Published: June 2005

109 wrists from 69 cadavers (mean age 74 years) have been studied to clarify the pathology and morphology of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) and to correlate pathological and radiological findings. Perforation of the TFCC was observed in 65% of the specimens and was considered to be secondary to a degenerative process, because it was often accompanied by degenerative changes in the ulnar carpal bones and perforation of the lunotriquetral ligament. To detect TFCC perforations on plain postero-anterior radiographs, it is important to evaluate ulnar plus variance and degenerative changes in the ulnar carpus. Existence of ulnar plus variance alone is more sensitive but less specific in detection of TFCC perforation than the existence of degenerative changes in the ulnar carpus.
Measurement of Ulnar Translation and Carpal Height
Authors: BOUMAN H.-W. , MESSER E. , SENNWALD G.
Published: June 2005

Ulnar translation, carpal height and carpal collapse are methods of measurement described by Youm, by Chamay and by DiBenedetto. The accuracy of these methods has been statistically examined using 65 normal X-rays. The lines of measurement were correlated with each other and more lines were sought to demonstrate better correlation. The validity of these methods was tested on 40 X-ray films from rheumatoid patients. The greater accuracy of the recommended lines of measurement was confirmed.
The Prevalence of Degenerative Arthritis of the Base of the Thumb in Post-Menopausal Women
Authors: ARMSTRONG A. L. , HUNTER J. B. , DAVIS T. R. C.
Published: June 2005

The prevalence of basal thumb osteoarthritis was assessed in 143 post-menopausal women. The radiological prevalences of isolated carpometacarpal and scapho-trapezial osteoarthritis were 25% and 2% respectively. The prevalence of combined carpometacarpal and scapho-trapezial osteoarthritis was 8%.

28% of women with isolated carpometacarpal osteoarthritis and 55% with combined carpometacarpal and scapho-trapezial osteoarthritis complained of basal thumb pain.
The Risk from Radiation Exposure during Operative X-ray Screening in Hand Surgery
Authors: ARNSTEIN P. M. , RICHARDS A. M. , PUTNEY R.
Published: June 2005

In response to legislation concerning the use of ionizing radiation, and to a case in which a patient developed multiple skin malignancies as a result of over-exposure to ionizing radiation, we set up an investigation to attempt to quantify the radiation dosage to which theatre personnel are exposed during X-ray fluoroscopy (screening) in hand surgery. It was found that the risk was small if sensible precautions were taken, but increased significantly if they were ignored. From these results specific measures are outlined which, when implemented, reduce the dose of scattered radiation to which theatre personnel and patients are subjected during screening in hand surgery.
A Comparative Study of the Heterodigital Neurovascular Island Flap in Thumb Reconstruction, with and without Nerve Reconnection
Authors: ADANI R. , SQUARZINA P. B. , CASTAGNETTI C. , LAGANÁ A. , PANCALDI G. , CAROLI A.
Published: June 2005

41 heterodigital neurovascular island flaps were used to cover defects of the tactile pad of the thumb in 17 years. With an average follow-up of 75.5 months, 30 patients were reviewed. 17 were treated by the original Littler technique and 13 were treated with the same flap reconstruction but with division of the digital nerve innervating the flap and re-anastomosis of this nerve to the proximal nerve end of the ulnar digital nerve of the thumb.

Good aesthetic and functional results were achieved in both groups. Sensory acuity did not appear to decrease with time. The nerve reconnection technique solves the “double sensibility” phenomenon (present in 41.1% of our cases treated by the original technique), but two-point discrimination is less than that achieved by the Littler technique. Most complaints were related to the donor site such as hypertrophic scarring or scar contracture and cold intolerance, but these did not cause any real functional impairment.
Repair of Acute Scapho-Lunate Dissociation Facilitated by the “TAG” Suture Anchor
Authors: PACKER G. J. , GILL P. J. , STIRRAT A. N.
Published: June 2005

A case of acute scapho-lunate dissociation is described in which the operative treatment was facilitated by the use of the “TAG” suture anchor.
Experimental Osteonecrosis of the Lunate
Authors: ASPENBERG P. , WANG J. S. , JONSSON K. , HAGERT C. G.
Published: June 2005

Is lunate collapse in Kienböck’s disease a consequence of spontaneous revascularization, leading to focal osteolysis? A literature review of osteonecrosis in other locations such as the femoral head and bone allografts showed clearly that the loss of mechanical integrity is due to cellular processes which follow the spontaneous restoration of blood supply. We found no evidence in the literature that the lunate has been shown to be avascular at the time of collapse. On the contrary, increased osteoclastic activity has been reported. We excised and reimplanted the lunate in two monkeys, and found spontaneous revascularization, leading to increased osteoblastic activity. Other parts of the bone were destroyed by osteoclasts, leading to collapse. This histological example suggests that it may be possible to make an analogy with osteonecrosis in other locations. Thus, changes on plain radiography may indicate that the bone is revascularized spontaneously. Before performing operative revascularization of the lunate, one should consider that revascularization is a probable cause for collapse.
Frayed Ulno-Triquetral and Ulno-Lunate Ligaments as an Arthroscopic Sign of Longstanding Triquetro-Lunate Ligament Rupture
Authors: ZACHEE B. , DE SMET L. , FABRY G.
Published: June 2005

In patients with chronic wrist pain of more than 6 months duration, arthroscopy may reveal fraying of the ulno-triquetral and ulno-lunate ligaments. This can be a sign of longstanding triquetro-lunate dissociation.

We present a prospective study in which frayed ulno-triquetral (UT) and ulno-lunate (UL) ligaments were sought on wrist arthroscopy and correlated with longstanding triquetro-lunate (TL) rupture.
Incidence of Cartilaginous and Ligamentous Lesions of the Radio-Carpal and Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint in an Elderly Population
Authors: FORTEMS Y. , DE SMET L. , DAUWE D. , STOFFELEN D. , DENEFFE G. , FABRY G.
Published: June 2005

51 wrists of 30 embalmed cadavers have been used to perform an anatomical and radiological study relating cartilaginous and ligamentous lesions of the wrist with sex, age, ulnar variance (UV) and the state of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in an elderly population (mean 76.6 years). Two-thirds of all wrists (66%) showed cartilaginous lesions, mainly on the lunate (22, or 44%). The TFCC was perforated in 23 wrists (46%), and most were central degenerative perforations. Correlations were found between ulnar variance and TFCC thickness ( P<0.05) and ulnar variance and TFCC perforations ( P<0.05). A significant relation was observed between age and proximal row intercarpal ligamentous ruptures ( P<0.05) and between age and ulnar variance ( P<0.05). No statistical correlation was seen between ulnar variance and cartilaginous lesions on the lunate ( P<0.05) in this slightly ulnar negative population (mean–0.37 mm).
Factors Associated with Poor Outcome Following Primary Carpal Tunnel Release in Non-Diabetic Patients
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M. , BOWEN V. , MANKTELOW R. T.
Published: June 2005

A retrospective study was performed of 112 non-diabetic patients (133 bands) who bad open surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome, to determine the factors associated with poor outcome. None of the patients had a previous carpal tunnel release and all had a positive nerve conduction study to confirm the clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Outcome was assessed at least 18 months after surgery and classified as excellent, good or poor. Outcome was deemed poor when symptoms were minimally improved, unchanged or worse after surgery. This occurred in 13.5% of treated hands. There was a higher chance of poor outcome in patients with physically strenuous work activities. All these heavy or repetitive manual workers were also involved in compensation and their poor outcome correlated with their inability to return to their original work. Other predisposing factors, associated hand conditions, duration of symptoms prior to surgery, the presence of bilateral or nocturnal symptoms, and the severity of the preoperative nerve conduction deficit did not affect the final outcome after surgery.
Extensive Subcutaneous Calcification of the Forearm in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: MINAMI A. , SUDA K. , KANEDA K. , KUMAKIRI M.
Published: June 2005

We report two cases with long-standing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed widespread calcification in subcutaneous tissue and peri-articular structures. To our knowledge only 26 case reports have appeared concerning this abnormality in SLE. However, there has been no report of calcification in an SLE patient in the literature of orthopaedic surgery. The calcifications of the forearm were marginally removed because of pain surrounding them. X-ray analysis revealed that the calcification was made of pure calcium phosphate.
Predictors of Neurovascular Displacement in Hands with Dupuytren’s Contracture
Authors: UMLAS M. E. , BISCHOFF R. J. , GELBERMAN R. H.
Published: June 2005

A prospective study of hands with Dupuytren’s contracture was designed to test the association of three variables, the presence of an interdigital soft tissue mass, the presence of flexion contractures at each digital joint, and the duration of contracture, with the formation of spiral nerves. 66 digits in 37 hands affected by Dupuytren’s disease were examined intra-operatively. Of the 34 digits (52%) with spiral nerves, 28 had soft tissue masses (42%). The sensitivity of a soft tissue mass alone as a predictor of a spiral nerve was 59% and the specificity 75%. The presence of a flexion contracture at the PIP joint had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 62% for the presence of a spiral nerve. The combination of a soft tissue mass and a PIP joint contracture was a very specific (94%) but not a particularly sensitive (50%) test for spiral nerve formation. The formation of a spiral nerve is progressive, occurring most often in hands with significant PIP joint contractures with or without soft tissue interdigital masses.
Idiopathic Avascular Necrosis of the Scaphoid
Authors: HERBERT T. J. , LANZETTA M.
Published: June 2005

Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the scaphoid is a rare condition. A review of the literature shows a variety of conditions labelled as spontaneous avascular necrosis or Preiser’s disease. In this paper we report on a study of eight patients with idiopathic avascular necrosis affecting only the proximal pole of the scaphoid. Seven of these patients had positive ulnar variance. The possible aetiology is discussed and the natural history has been studied. A staging system is proposed, as this helps to determine the prognosis and appropriate management. Two of our patients were managed conservatively; the others were treated successfully by partial silastic replacement of the scaphoid
The Radiological Anatomy of the Scaphoid
Authors: COMPSON J. P. , WATERMAN J. K. , HEATLEY F. W.
Published: June 2005

A review of the anatomical and clinical literature found that previous descriptions of the scaphoid were not detailed enough to match our present clinical knowledge or the requirements of modern imaging. With this in mind a revised and extended description has been produced following a study of 50 dry cadaver scaphoids. The incidence of the new features described were assessed in 90 pairs of Caucasian scaphoids
External Fixation of the Distal Radius
Authors: SIMPSON N. S. , WILKINSON R. , BARBENEL J. C. , KINNINMONTH A. W. G.
Published: June 2005

External fixation is a useful method of treating unstable fractures of the distal radius. There is a lack of information regarding the behaviour of mini-fixation systems, particularly under cyclical loading, which would be expected to occur at the wrist.

This laboratory study was designed to investigate the mechanical characteristics of nine current fixation systems. A programme of loading was devised to mimic forces acting on the distal radius. Wooden dowel was used to mount the fixator. Distraction and compression forces were applied in an Instron rig. Displacement was monitored throughout the load programme.

No fixator failed at the loads tested. The small Hoffman rectangular frame proved stiffest in compression and extension, but was heavier than other devices.

A trend of progressive, permanent deformation became apparent in those fixators which contain plastic or composite materials. This feature has implications for loss of fracture reduction in the clinical setting.
Volar Dislocation of the Lunate Causing Multiple Flexor Tendon Ruptures
Authors: STEVENS K. J. , PATHAK G. , DAVIS T. R.
Published: June 2005

A case of volar dislocation of the lunate, associated with multiple rupture of the flexor tendons of the fingers, is described in a 76-year-old man with calcium pyrophosphate arthropathy.
Pisotriquetral Loose Body
Authors: NEEDOFF M. , FROSTICK S. P.
Published: June 2005

A loose body flicking in and out of the pisotriquetral joint was found to be the cause of intermittent wrist pain and locking in two patients. Appropriate X-rays gave the diagnosis and surgical removal provided a satisfactory cure.
Results of Clinical Assessment after Primary Digital Nerve Repair
Authors: AL-GHAZAL S. K. , KIERNAN M. Mc , KHAN K. , CANN J. Mc
Published: June 2005

We have carried out a retrospective study of 88 consecutive digital nerve repairs in 84 patients who presented to this department between September 1989 and September 1991. 94% of the patients were operated on within 24 hours of the injury, and the nerves were repaired using magnifying loupes (× 4.5)

71 patients were assessed clinically 8 to 32 months post-operatively. 17% of the patients had excellent results, 51.1% good results, 22.8% fair results and 9.1% had poor results.

Close correlation between age and recovery of sensation and between smoking and nerve recovery were found. Results were better in nerves that were cut cleanly (64.3% were excellent/good) than in crushed nerves (28.1%). Without the availability of an operating microscope, loupes give a satisfactory result in nerve repair, and this study compares well with reported series.
An Isolated Granular Cell Tumour of the Thumb Pulp Clinically Mimicking a Glomus Tumour
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M. , CLARKE H. M.
Published: June 2005

A rare case of an isolated granular cell tumour of the thumb pulp clinically mimicking a glomus tumour is described. The rationale behind performing oestrogen receptor staining for granular cell tumours is discussed.
Simple Excision of the Trapezium for Osteoarthritis of the Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb
Authors: DHAR S. , GRAY I. C. M. , JONES W. A. , BEDDOW F. H.
Published: June 2005

We have reviewed the results in 34 patients (39 operations) following simple excision of the trapezium for osteoarthritis of the basal joint of the thumb. The average age at operation was 57 years and the average follow-up was 6 years. All the patients were graded clinically and radiologically and were asked their opinion of the procedure.

There was dramatic relief of pain following this procedure. Stability of the thumb was not compromised. When compared to the unoperated side, thumb length, thumb abduction and first web span were similar. There was a reduction in pinch strength (operated 8.1 k.p.a., non-operated 9.6 k.p.a.) and grip strength (operated 15.5 k.p.a., non-operated 19.5 k.p.a.) and an increase in MP extension (operated 5.4°, non-operated 2.9°) following this procedure but the differences were not statistically significant. 11 patients (32%) had scar hyperaesthesia on testing but this was a clinical problem in two patients only (5%).

Simple excision of the trapezium is a satisfactory procedure for the majority of patients with this disorder, but has a long post-operative rehabilitation period.
The Continuous Elongation Technique for Severe Dupuytren’s Disease
Authors: BAILEY A. J. , TARLTON J. F. , VAN DER STAPPEN J. , SIMS T. J. , MESSINA A.
Published: June 2005

Continuous extension of Dupuytren’s contracture prior to fasciectomy results in a softening of the tissue, allowing straightening of the fingers. The observed change in cross-link profile indicates an increase in newly synthesised collagen due to increased turnover. This was confirmed by demonstration of the increases in levels of the degradative enzymes, the neutral metalloproteinases, collagenase and gelatinase and the acidic cathepsins B and L. Both types of enzyme effectively depolymerize the collagen fibres, albeit by different mechanisms, leading initially to loss of tensile strength and ultimately to solubilization. We suggest that the increase in enzyme activity is generated by tension on the fibroblasts of this metabolically active tissue produced during the continuous extension of the retracted fingers. The weakening of the fibres by degradation and the increase in newly synthezised collagen provide an explanation for the extension of the tissue without trauma.
The Psychological Impact of Microvascular Free Toe Transfer for Children and Their Parents
Authors: BRADBURY E. T. , KAY S. P. J. , HEWISON J.
Published: June 2005

This paper is based on a prospective study of microvascular toe transfers which examined psychosocial, functional and aesthetic outcome for children with congenital hand anomalies and their parents. 14 families were assessed both pre-operatively and 2 years post-operatively. There were five boys and nine girls. Their ages ranged from 6 months to 13 years (mean age = 5.08 years).

The parents were assessed on the basis of a parental adjustment measure, a detailed semi-structured interview and a measure of anxiety and depression. The children were assessed on the basis of behaviour and social competence, social experience, self-consciousness about the hand and the perceptions of their own functional competence. Both parents and children were asked to rate their satisfaction with the hand. In addition, function and appearance was assessed using an independent professional panel.

It was found that parental adjustment to the hand was an important independent variable in determining psychosocial outcome. The children of poorly-adjusted parents had more social and psychological problems prior to surgery, and showed an increase in behavioural problems after surgery. Their parents were less anxious and happier after surgery and it was of particular benefit to them. The children of well-adjusted parents had fewer pre-operative problems and showed a general slight improvement after surgery. For all the children, there was a significant improvement in both function and appearance of the hands after surgery.
Ulnar Nerve Entrapment Due to Epitrochleoanconeus Muscle
Authors: HODGKINSON P. D. , MCLEAN N. R.
Published: June 2005

Two cases are described of ulnar nerve compression at the elbow due to an anomalous muscle—the epitrochleo-anconeus. In both cases the onset of symptoms may have been related to a period of excessive exercise of the upper limb. Both cases recovered rapidly and completely following medial epicondylectomy and excision of the abnormal muscle.
Radiological Signs of Entrapment of the Median Nerve in Forearm Shaft Fractures
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M. , CLARKE H. M. , ZIMMER P.
Published: June 2005

A rare case of entrapment of the median nerve following a fracture of the middle one-third of the radius in a child is reported, along with a review of the radiological signs of bony entrapment of the median nerve.
The Prognostic Value of Concurrent Clavicular Fractures in Newborns with Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M. , CLARKE H. M. , CURTIS C. G.
Published: June 2005

This study investigates the prognostic value of concurrent clavicular fractures in newborn babies with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. The records of 183 consecutive newborn babies with brachial plexus birth injury from 1988 to 1993 were reviewed retrospectively. Poor outcome, specifically insufficient spontaneous return of motor function of the limb necessitating primary brachial plexus surgery, was assessed for infants both with and without concurrent clavicular fractures. 13 newborn babies had concurrent clavicular fractures, and of these two required primary brachial plexus surgery. On the other hand, surgery was required for 43 of the remaining 170 infants with intact clavicles. Using Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.2. Concurrent clavicular fractures in newborns with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy have no prognostic value in predicting spontaneous recovery.
Chronic Fracture Dislocations of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
Authors: FAHMY N. R. M. , KENNY N. , KEHOE N.
Published: June 2005

The “S” Quattro has proved its value in the treatment of acute displaced comminuted intraarticular phalangeal fracture dislocations. We have used the system to treat five cases of chronic fracture-dislocation or subluxation of the PIP joint. At an average follow-up period of 16.4 months, there was a mean increase in the range of movement of the injured joint by 75°. We recommend this technique for selected cases.
Reliable Treatment of Pyogenic Granuloma of the Hand
Authors: WITTHAUT J. , STEFFENS K. , KOOB E.
Published: June 2005

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a common skin tumour whose aetiology is unknown. There is a significant recurrence rate whatever method of treatment is used, and there are many studies in the literature on the treatment of recurrence. In our experience, the most effective way of preventing recurrence is the complete removal of the tumour using the microscope, operating in a bloodless field. Only then can the whole tumour with its supply vessels be reliably removed. 20 cases of PG on the hand, three cases in the shoulder-neck area and one case on the foot have been treated in our department over a period of 4 years. Five of these were recurrences and all involved the hand. Three of these were infected. 17 patients were followed for 3 months to 3.5 years. There were no recurrences in these patients, all of whom were operated on using the method described above.
A Model for Training in Elevation of Local Skin Flaps in the Hand
Authors: SKOFF H. D.
Published: June 2005

Appropriate skin flap design is crucial for success in surgery of the hand. Practice models are useful in acquiring surgical experience. The author describes a three-dimensional model composed of readily available materials which has been useful for practice in elevation of local skin flaps in the hand
MARITAL COITUS ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE
Authors: BREWIS ALEXANDRA , MEYER MARY
Published: June 2005

It remains unclear whether the frequency of marital coitus does in fact decline universally across the life course, what shape that decay normally takes, and what best accounts for it: increasing marriage duration, women’s age or age of their partners. Using cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of 91,744 non-abstaining women in their first marriage, a generalized linear model is used to determine if there is a consistent pattern in the life course pattern of degradation in the frequency of marital coitus. Datasets were drawn from nineteen countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Use of very large samples allows proper disentangling of the effects of women’s age, husband’s age and marital duration, and use of samples from multiple countries allows consideration of the influence of varied prevailing fertility regimes and fertility-related practices on life course trajectories. It is found that declining coital frequency over time seems a shared demographic feature of human populations, but whether marriage duration, wife’s age or husband’s age is most responsible for that decline varies by country. In many cases, coital frequency actually increases with women’s age into their thirties, once husband’s age and marriage duration are taken into account, but in most cases coital frequency declines with husband’s age and marital duration.
APPLYING A DATA DUPLICATION TECHNIQUE IN LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF WAITING TIME TO PREGNANCY
Authors: AWANG HALIMAH
Published: June 2005

This analysis demonstrates the application of a data duplication technique in linear regression with censored observations of the waiting time to third pregnancy ending in two outcome types, using data from Malaysia. The linear model not only confirmed the results obtained by the Cox proportional hazards model, but also identified two additional significant factors. The method provides a useful alternative when Cox proportionality assumption of the hazards is violated.
Human-disturbed landscapes: effects on composition and integrity of riparian woody vegetation in the Tagus River basin, Portugal
Authors: AGUIAR FRANCISCA C. , FERREIRA MARIA TERESA
Published: June 2005

Human activities within fluvial corridors and surrounding landscapes have persistently stressed riparian ecosystems, particularly in Iberian Mediterranean-type streams. The impact of human disturbance relative to natural environmental factors in shaping riparian vegetation is still poorly understood. Both regional variables (such as altitude and precipitation), and site-specific characteristics (such as substrate and riverbank modifications) were analysed as potential determinants of riparian vegetation patterning to determine the relative influences of the diverse land-use types and environmental factors on the composition (including floristic species richness and percentage cover of trees, shrubs and woody climbers) and integrity (width of riparian woods and patterns of longitudinal continuity) of riparian woods in eight river basins of the Tagus fluvial system (Portugal). There was patchy establishment of riparian woods, with generally low average width and low species richness, as well as significant inter-basin differences and upstream-downstream variations in riparian features. Species distribution was clearly determined by environmental factors, such as human disturbance on the riverbanks and geological background, and the environmental variables and the land use in the river valley partially explained the integrity of riparian woody vegetation. The results highlight the predictive capability of reach-level features; it appears that, linked with the geomorphological and climate context, small-scale human disturbances on riparian corridors play a major role in explaining the remaining biological variability.
Optimization of the charge transport in poly(phenylene vinylene) derivatives by processing and chemical modification
Authors: Tanase C. , Wildeman J. , Blom P. W. M. , Mena Benito M. E. , de Leeuw D. M. , van Breemen A. J. J. M. , Herwig P. T. , Chlon C. H. T. , Sweelssen J. , Schoo H. F. M.
Published: June 2005

We present a systematic study of the influence of the processing conditions on the charge-carrier mobility in hole-only diodes and field-effect transistors (FETs) based on alkoxy-substituted poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV). It is demonstrated that by chemical modification from asymmetrically to fully symmetrically substituted PPVs the mobility in both types of devices can be significantly improved. Furthermore, for symmetrical PPVs the mobility is strongly dependent on processing conditions, such as choice of solvents and annealing conditions. The increase in mobility is accompanied by a strong enhancement of the anisotropy in the charge transport. Ultimately, mobility of up to 10−2cm2∕Vs in FETs and 10−5cm2∕Vs in hole-only diodes have been achieved.
Evolution of magnetic anisotropy and spin-reorientation transition in Fe films grown on GaAs(113)A substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy
Authors: Muduli P. K. , Herfort J. , Schönherr H.-P. , Ploog K. H.
Published: June 2005

The magnetic properties of Fe films grown on GaAs(113)A substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy are studied using superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry for a wide range of thickness varying from 3.5 monolayers (MLs) to 100nm (714 MLs). The first signature of ferromagnetism is found at a nominal coverage of about 4 MLs, attributed to a percolation phenomenon, similar to Fe on GaAs(001). The magnetic anisotropy of all samples is found to be a combination of varying strengths of an in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (UMA) and a four-fold magnetic anisotropy. Samples of thickness dFe⩽50 MLs exhibit a dominating UMA with the easy and hard axes along [332¯] and [1¯10], respectively, whereas samples of thickness dFe⩾70 MLs exhibit a dominating four-fold magnetic anisotropy with the easy axes along the in-plane ⟨031¯⟩ directions. The reorientation of the easy axis from [332¯] to the in-plane ⟨031¯⟩ axes is found to take place between 50 and 70 MLs, the same thickness range where the relaxation of the layer starts. The effective uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant Kueff first increases with monolayer coverage up to about 10 MLs and then decreases with the increase in thickness. On the other hand, the effective four-fold anisotropy constant K1eff first increases with monolayer coverage and then saturates close to the bulk value after about 20 MLs. From a comparison of our results with literature a common origin of UMA in Fe films on GaAs(001) and (113)A, i.e., the anisotropy of the bonding of Fe with As and Ga at the interface is anticipated.
Heavy atom tunneling in chemical reactions: Study of H+LiF collisions
Authors: Weck P. F. , Balakrishnan N.
Published: June 2005

The H+LiF(XΣ+1,υ=0−2,j=0)→HF(XΣ+1,υ′,j′)+Li(S2) bimolecular process is investigated by means of quantum scattering calculations on the chemically accurate XA′2 LiHF potential energy surface of Aguado et al. [A. Aguado, M. Paniagua, C. Sanz, and J. Roncero, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 10088 (2003)]. Calculations have been performed for zero total angular momentum for translational energies from 10−7 to 10−1eV. Initial-state selected reaction probabilities and cross sections are characterized by resonances originating from the decay of metastable states of the H⋯F-Li and Li⋯F-H van der Waals complexes. Extensive assignment of the resonances has been carried out by performing quasibound states calculations in the entrance and exit channel wells. Chemical reactivity is found to be significantly enhanced by vibrational excitation at low temperatures, although reactivity appears much less favorable than nonreactive processes due to the inefficient tunneling of the relatively heavy fluorine atom strongly bound in van der Waals complexes.
Potential of mean force in confined colloids: Integral equations with fundamental measure bridge functions
Authors: Ayadim A. , Malherbe J. G. , Amokrane S.
Published: June 2005

The potential of mean force for uncharged macroparticles suspended in a fluid confined by a wall or a narrow pore is computed for solvent-wall and solvent-macroparticle interactions with attractive forces. Bridge functions taken from Rosenfeld’s density-functional theory are used in the reference hypernetted chain closure of the Ornstein–Zernike integral equations. The quality of this closure is assessed by comparison with simulation. As an illustration, the role of solvation forces is investigated. When the “residual” attractive tails are given a range appropriate to “hard sphere-like” colloids, the unexpected role of solvation forces previously observed in bulk colloids is confirmed in the confinement situation.
On anomalous cross-field edge plasma convection in fusion devices
Authors: Krasheninnikov S. I. , Smolyakov A. I. , Soboleva T. K.
Published: June 2005

The driving forces associated with ∇⊥Te instability and the instability related to parallel shear of E×B drift velocity can result in nonlinear cross-field advection of plasma structures.
Amplified spontaneous emission from a conjugated polymer undergone a high-temperature lithography cycle
Authors: Pisignano Dario , Mele Elisa , Persano Luana , Paladini Giovanni , Cingolani Roberto
Published: June 2005

We investigated the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and waveguiding properties of a conjugated polymer film after a heating cycle typical of soft lithography procedures. We found a maximum gain coefficient of 8cm−1, with excitation density and length thresholds for ASE-induced line narrowing of 200μJcm−2 and 0.9 mm, respectively. Importantly, we found a loss coefficient of the organic slab as low as 5.4cm−1, which is among the best results reported for organic waveguide amplifiers. These results are important in view of the application of polymer films as active layers for laser devices realized by patterning with high-temperature mechanical lithographies.
Magnetoelasticity of chain-structured ferromagnetic composites
Authors: Yin H. M. , Sun L. Z.
Published: June 2005

A micromechanics-based model with particle interaction has been developed to study the effective elastic properties of chain-structured ferromagnetic composites subject to both magnetic and mechanical loading. Magnetomechanical coupled behavior is numerically simulated and magnetic-field-dependent elasticity is calculated using the Green’s function technique in a manner such that microstructure evolution is considered. Due to the magnetic angular momentum, the effective shear modulus of the composites increases much faster than the effective Young’s modulus as the magnetic field increases. Two mechanisms resulting in magnetic-field-dependent elasticity are demonstrated.
Microwave Resonance in Rare Earth Iron Garnets
Authors: Kittel C.
Published: June 2005

This paper gives an elementary discussion of the theory of g values and line widths in ferromagnetic resonance in certain rare earth garnets. The experimental facts are reviewed briefly.
Coercive Force and Remanence of 25-A to 2000-A Diameter Cobalt, Iron, and Iron-Cobalt Alloy
Authors: Luborsky F. E. , Paine T. O.
Published: June 2005

This paper reports an experimental study of the size dependence of the coercive force and remanence of essentially spherical cobalt, iron, and iron-cobalt alloy particles over the diameter range from 25 A to 2000 A. The particles were prepared by low-temperature electrodeposition into a mercury capillary jet, followed by thermal growth; size and shape distributions were determined by electron microscopy. The maximum coercive force at 76°K was 1330 oe for cobalt, 890 oe for iron, and 1380 oe for iron-cobalt alloy; these maxima occurred at a diameter of 30 A for cobalt, 130 A for iron, and 240 A for iron-cobalt alloy. At a sufficiently small diameter superparamagnetism reduced the remanence and coercive force to zero. This occurred at a particle diameter below 25 A for cobalt, at 50 A for iron, and at 40 A for iron-cobalt alloy. The coercive force, remanence, and their temperature coefficients are discussed in terms of the approach to single-domain behavior, the anisotropy constants which determine single-domain rotation, and the transition to superparamagnetic behavior. Crystal anisotropy predominates in the cobalt particles, a combination of shape and crystal in the iron particles, and shape anisotropy in the iron-cobalt alloy particles.
Comparison of the Critical Single-Domain Size for Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3
Authors: Watt L. A. K. , Morrish A. H.
Published: June 2005

On theoretical grounds the critical single-domain size for γ-Fe2O3 is expected to be somewhat larger than for Fe3O4. Measurements of the variation of coercive force with temperature and with compression for a single iron-oxide powder in both the Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3 forms yield strong evidence in support of this conclusion.
Development of High-Speed Coincident Current Memory Cores
Authors: Eichbaum Barlane R.
Published: June 2005

In present day large computers the memory cycle is on the order of 8 μsec requiring memory cores to switch in 1.5 μsec with a full select drive of approximately 0.7 amp. Memory cores used in such a computer can be fabricated from a MgO·MnO·Fe2O3 ferrite material. Using the same ferrite material, memory cores have been developed which have a switching speed of 0.4 μsec with a full select drive of approximately 1.0 amp. The procedure used to develop these high-speed coincident current memory elements is described. The drive current is reduced to approximately 0.7 amp when partial substitutions of CaO and Cr2O3 are made for MgO and Fe2O3, respectively, in the MgO·MnO·Fe2O3 core composition.
Effect of Previous History on Switching Rate in Ferrites
Authors: McKay R. W. , Smith K. C.
Published: June 2005

Existing theories of switching of square-loop ferrites indicate that the rate of switching is a function of the present state of magnetization and of the applied field. Experiments are described which show that the switching rate is also dependent on previous history.

Two cases have been studied. In the first case, the ferrite was partially switched to a predetermined extent by a pulse of variable amplitude and then the switching cycle was completed by a pulse of fixed amplitude. In the second, the ferrite was brought to the remanent state by a pulse of variable amplitude before the switching cycle. Changes as great as two to one in switching rate were produced by variations of previous treatment.