bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A quality framework for personalised residential supports for adults with developmental disabilities
Authors: Cocks E. , Boaden R.
Published: July 2010

Background  The Personalised Residential Supports (PRS) Project provided detailed information about the nature, purposes and outcomes of PRS from the perspectives of key stakeholder groups including people with developmental disabilities, family members and service providers. Although these forms of support have developed over the past two decades, there is a dearth of empirical work that has explored the characteristics of PRS. In contrast, there is a multitude of empirical studies on congregate forms of residential support with a clear trend towards study of the characteristics of relatively small, congregate residential settings.

Methods  Personalised Residential Supports was conceived initially in the study as having four key criteria in the support arrangements – a high degree of: individualisation; individual/family influence; informal relationships; and, person‐centredness. Four methods of data collection were used to develop a descriptive framework for PRS: a review of empirical and descriptive literature that met inclusion criteria; case studies carried out over 2 years of six adults whose living arrangements met the initial PRS criteria; a focus group of adults with developmental disabilities; and, a series of written surveys of 18 people who were ‘experts’ in their experience and knowledge of PRS‐type support arrangements. The latter group included family members, service providers and policymakers. Each dataset was analysed separately and independently by the authors and a third researcher, followed by a process of conciliation and consensus in which the quality framework was developed. Two iterations of the expert group surveys were used to fine tune the framework.

Results  Qualitative analysis resulted in a PRS quality framework made up of nine themes containing 28 attributes. Descriptions of each theme and attribute are provided. The nine themes were named as: Assumptions, Leadership, My Home, One Person at a Time, Planning, Control, Support, Thriving and Social Inclusion.

Conclusion  This study identified the characteristics of PRS as reported by key stakeholder groups. On face value, the themes expressed in the PRS framework have relevance to all forms of supported accommodation, for many different groups of people. The research is continuing by further development of the framework that will enable its use in the evaluation of existing or planned residential support arrangements.
A novel link between Tourette's syndrome and histaminergic signalling
Authors: Mah AK
Published: July 2010

l‐Histidine decarboxylase and Tourette's syndrome Ercan‐Sencicek et al. (2010)

The New England Journal of Medicine 362(20): 1901–1908
SLITRK5, a protein that links striatal deficits to OCD‐like behaviours in mice
Authors: Mah AK
Published: July 2010

Slitrk5 deficiency impairs corticostriatal circuitry and leads to obsessive‐compulsive‐like behaviors in mice

Shmelkov et al. (2010)

Nature Medicine 16(5): 598–602
Primary structures of Escherichia coli pyruvate formate‐lyase and pyruvate‐formate‐lyase‐activating enzyme deduced from the DNA nucleotide sequences
Authors: RÖDEL Wolfgang , PLAGA Wulf , FRANK Rainer , KNAPPE Joachim
Published: July 2010

The structural gene of pyruvate formate‐lyase (pfl) and that of pyruvate‐formate‐lyase‐activating enzyme were shown to be adjacent on the chromosomal map of Escherichia coli. DNA sequencing was performed along a stretch of 3592 nucleotides to obtain the amino acid sequences of both proteins. The derived primary structures (759 and 245 residues) were confirmed by partial structure analyses on the purified proteins. The open reading frames are separated by a 194‐nucleotide stretch, and their flanking regions include signal elements that are compatible with separate control of protein synthesis from the two genes.
Morphological Study by Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Lingual Papillae in the Middle East Blind Mole Rat (Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring, 1898)
Authors: Kilinc M. , Erdogan S. , Ketani S. , Ketani M. A.
Published: July 2010

With 10 figures

There is no definite information about the tongue morphology of blind mole rats owing to spreading of these animals to only a certain habitat. For this reason, we aimed to examine the morphological structure of the tongue by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in this species. In this study, the tongues of four blind mole rats were used and the morphology of its lingual surface, different types of papillae, their characteristics and topographical distribution was described. Three types of papillae (filiform, fungiform and vallate) and lingual prominence were observed. The dorsal surface of the tongue was covered by filiform papilla; and filiform papillae demonstrated the most numerous type of lingual papilla. Fungiform papillae were rounded in shape and randomly distributed particularly on the anterior and medial region. In addition, each fairly convex fungiform papilla was surrounded by a continuous circular pad like a crown. The two oval vallate papillae were situated symmetrically on the posterior region and obliquely to the median line of the tongue. The body of vallate papillae was surrounded by a continuous trench and mucosal folds. The lingual prominence between medial and posterior region and a transversal groove just in front of it were observed. Furthermore, a limited tuber and root based diet and gnawing have together resulted in similarity of the tongue of the rodent, giving it some characteristics typical of a herbivore and an insectivore.
Satisfaction from the ‘Help at Home’ programme in a prefecture of central Greece
Authors: Skaperdas Ioannis , Lavdaniti Maria , Dimitriadou Alexandra , Psychogiou Maria , Sgantzos Markos , Krepia Vassiliki , Sapountzi‐Krepia Despina
Published: July 2010

Skaperdas I, Lavdaniti M, Dimitriadou A, Psychogiou M, Sgantzos M, Krepia V, Sapountzi‐Krepia D. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 342–351 Satisfaction from the ‘Help at Home’ programme in a prefecture of central Greece

Greece is facing the issue of increasing elderly population and therefore local municipalities started the ‘Help at Home’ programme. The aim of this study is to investigate the elderly's satisfaction from the ‘Help at Home’ programme in a prefecture of central Greece. The sample consisted of 300 elderly people who receive services from the ‘Help at Home’ programme. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The majority of the participants were satisfied with the programme's services and reported high satisfaction from the interpersonal relations with the personnel, from the personnel's professional abilities and from the system's sufficiency in covering the elderly's perceived needs for care, but the satisfaction from the range of services is relatively low. The participants were overall satisfied; however, further research is needed at a national level in order to draw safer conclusion regarding the application of the programme in Greece.
Overweight children's response to an annual health dialogue with the school nurse
Authors: Borup Ina K , Holstein Bjørn E
Published: July 2010

Borup IK, Holstein BE. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 359–365 Overweight children's response to an annual health dialogue with the school nurse

The objective of this study was to compare overweight and normal weight pupils' perceived outcome of the health dialogue with the school nurse. A random sample of schools in Denmark, where pupils age 11.6, 13.6 and 15.6 years old, answered a questionnaire (response rate 88%, n = 5205). The independent variable weight group was measured by self‐reported height and weight and calculated as body mass index. Perceived outcome of the dialogue was measured as: (i) reflected on the dialogue; (ii) discussed the content with parents; (iii) followed the advice of the nurse; and (iv) visited the nurse again. Overweight boys reflected (odds ratio (OR) = 1.73), discussed the dialogue with at least one parent (OR = 1.38), followed the nurse's advice (OR = 1.42) and visited the nurse again (OR = 2.68). There was a significant statistical link between age group and perceived outcome among the boys, but not girls. The 11‐year‐old overweight boys perceived more positive effects from the dialogue with the school nurse.
SCHOLARLY PAPER: Defining the fundamentals of care
Authors: Kitson Alison , Conroy Tiffany , Wengstrom Yvonne , Profetto‐McGrath Joanne , Robertson‐Malt Suzi
Published: July 2010

Kitson A, Conroy T, Wengstrom Y, Profetto‐McGrath J, Robertson‐Malt S. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 423–434 Defining the fundamentals of care

A three‐stage process is being undertaken to investigate the fundamentals of care. Stage One (reported here) involves the use of a met a‐narrative review methodology to undertake a thematic analysis, categorization and synthesis of selected contents extracted from seminal texts relating to nursing practice. Stage Two will involve a search for evidence to inform the fundamentals of care and a refinement of the review method. Stage Three will extend the reviews of the elements defined as fundamentals of care. This introductory paper covers the following aspects: the conceptual basis upon which nursing care is delivered; how the fundamentals of care have been defined in the literature and in practice; an argument that physiological aspects of care, self‐care elements and aspects of the environment of care are central to the conceptual refinement of the term fundamentals of care; and that efforts to systematize such information will enhance overall care delivery through improvements in patient safety and quality initiatives in health systems.
Tackling ‘ghost nets’: Local solutions to a global issue in northern Australia
Authors: Gunn Riki , Hardesty Britta Denise , Butler James
Published: July 2010

Summary  We describe the inception and development of the Carpentaria Ghost Nets Programme, located across the Gulf of Carpentaria, which spans north Queensland and the Northern Territory. The program has grown from a small grass‐roots idea addressing issues around marine debris to become an internationally acknowledged project headed by the Northern Gulf Resource Management Group. This program, involving more than 18 Indigenous communities and over 90 Indigenous rangers, has become a way of building bridges across cultures and communities for a shared, common interest in land and sea protection. By incorporating traditional values and approaches to managing an international issue at a local scale, we have worked with local communities to increase pride and ownership on country whilst providing transferrable job skills. Success of this program ultimately depends upon the continued active engagements of the Indigenous communities and ranger groups. The project aims to address the fundamental issue of tackling the ghost nets problem at its source through cross‐cultural interactions between rangers and fishermen, increasing public, political and economic awareness, and ultimately reducing the incidental and intentional loss of fishing nets that act as ghost nets and result in tremendous biological, cultural and economic impacts. By putting in place long term management measures to ensure monitoring efforts, we can track ghost net debris arrival and changes through time, providing information to policy and cultural changes at regional and international scales.
Uneven distribution of weeds along extensive transects in Australia’s Northern Territory points to management solutions
Authors: Preece Noel , Harvey Kylie , Hempel Craig , Woinarski John C. Z.
Published: July 2010

Summary  The Top End region of the Northern Territory, Australia, is noted for its relatively unmodified natural state. To gain some insight into the potential for maintaining ecosystem health in this region we undertook a study that assessed the distribution of weeds across very extensive transects. This weed survey was distinct from other studies in that many of the sample sites were distant from tracks or other infrastructure. Twenty‐one weed species were recorded along 2000 km of transects. Weeds were reported from 18.7% of the 718 sample points. The incidence of weeds was found to be significantly associated with land tenure, being highest on pastoral lands and peri‐urban areas, and very low on Aboriginal lands. The incidence of weeds increased significantly with increasing levels of infrastructure and with increasing proximity to watercourses. There are three main conclusions from this study. First, much of the Top End, particularly remote Aboriginal lands, has exceptionally low levels of weed infestation. Secondly, in such areas, given the relatively small extent of vegetation change through weed invasion, maintenance or re‐imposition of traditional fire regimes should be achievable. Thirdly, there is substantial potential for spread of weeds to remote areas, with such spread most likely to occur through increased penetration by infrastructure. Importantly this study indicates that there is still opportunity to prevent widespread weed invasion across the Top End, which is timely given the current Government consideration of the potential for the region to support future agricultural expansion and the fast‐paced development of mining, oil and gas resources.
Mitochondrial trafficking and the provision of energy and calcium buffering at excitatory synapses
Authors: MacAskill Andrew F. , Atkin Talia A. , Kittler Josef T.
Published: July 2010

Neuronal postsynaptic currents consume most of the brain’s energy supply. Delineating how neurons control the distribution, morphology and function of the energy‐producing mitochondria that fuel synaptic communication is therefore important for our understanding of nervous system function and pathology. Here we review recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that control activity‐dependent regulation of mitochondrial trafficking, morphology and activity at excitatory synapses. We also consider some implications of this regulation for synaptic function and plasticity and discuss how this may contribute to synaptic dysfunction and signalling in neurological disease, with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease.
Reconstructing a puzzle: existence of cyanophages containing both photosystem‐I and photosystem‐II gene suites inferred from oceanic metagenomic datasets
Authors: Alperovitch‐Lavy Ariella , Sharon Itai , Rohwer Forest , Aro Eva‐Mari , Glaser Fabian , Milo Ron , Nelson Nathan , Béjà Oded
Published: July 2010

Cyanobacteria play a key role in marine photosynthesis, which contributes to the global carbon cycle and to the world oxygen supply. Genes encoding the photosystem‐II (PSII) reaction centre are found in many cyanophage genomes, and it was suggested that the horizontal transfer of these genes might be involved in increasing phage fitness. Recently, evidence for the existence of phages carrying Photosystem‐I (PSI) genes was also reported. Here, using a combination of different marine metagenomic datasets and a unique crossing of the datasets, we now describe the finding of phages that, as in plants and cyanobacteria, contain both PSII and PSI genes. In addition, these phages also contain NADH dehydrogenase genes. The presence of modified PSII and PSI genes in the same viral entities in combination with electron transfer proteins like NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH‐1) strongly points to a role in perturbation of the cyanobacterial host photosynthetic electron flow. We therefore suggest that, depending on the physiological condition of the infected cyanobacterial host, the viruses may use different options to maximize survival. The modified PSI may alternate between functioning with PSII in linear electron transfer and contributing to the production of both NADPH and ATP or functioning independently of PSII in cyclic mode via the NDH‐1 complex and thus producing only ATP.
Non‐target sites with single nucleotide insertions or deletions are frequently found in 16S rRNA sequences and can lead to false positives in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Authors: McIlroy Simon J. , Tillett Daniel , Petrovski Steve , Seviour Robert J.
Published: July 2010

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has impacted profoundly on our knowledge of the in situ ecophysiology and biodiversity of bacteria in natural communities. However, it has many technical challenges including the possibility of false positives from the binding of probes to non‐target rRNA sequences. We show here that probe target sites containing single‐base insertions or deletions can lead to false FISH positives, the result of hybridization with a bulge around the missing base. Experimental and in silico data suggest this situation occurs at a surprisingly high frequency. The existence of such sites is not currently considered during most FISH probe design processes. We describe software to identify potential non‐target sites resulting from single‐base insertions or deletions in rRNA sequences. This software also provides an estimate of the FISH probe hybridization efficiency to these sites.
Prevalence of a calcium‐based alkaline phosphatase associated with the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and other ocean bacteria
Authors: Kathuria Satish , Martiny Adam C.
Published: July 2010

Phosphate plays a key role in regulating primary productivity in several regions of the world's oceans and here dissolved organic phosphate can be an important phosphate source. A key enzyme for utilizing dissolved organic phosphate is alkaline phosphatase and the phoA‐type of this enzyme has a zinc cofactor. As the dissolved zinc concentration is low in phosphate depleted environments, this has led to the hypothesis that some phytoplankton may be zinc‐P co‐limited. Recently, it was shown that many marine bacteria contain an alternative form of alkaline phosphatase called phoX, but it is unclear which marine lineages carry this enzyme. Here, we describe the occurrence in low phosphate environments of phoX that is associated with uncultured Prochlorococcus and SAR11 cells. Through heterologous expression, we demonstrate that phoX encodes an active phosphatase with a calcium cofactor. The enzyme also functions with magnesium and copper, whereas cobalt, manganese, nickel and zinc inhibit enzyme activity to various degrees. We also find that uncultured SAR11 cells and cyanophages contain a different alkaline phosphatase related to a variant present in several Prochlorococcus isolates. Overall, the results suggest that many bacterial lineages including Prochlorococcus and SAR11 may not be subject to zinc‐P co‐limitation.
ESTIMATED MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE U.S. STIMULUS BILL
Authors: FAIR RAY C.
Published: July 2010

This paper uses a multicountry macroeconometric model to estimate the macroeconomic effects of the U.S. stimulus bill passed in February 2009. The analysis has the advantage of taking into account many endogenous effects. Real U.S. output is estimated to be $554 billion larger when summed over the 12‐year period 2009:1–2020:4 (0.29% of the total sum of output). The average number of jobs is 509 thousand larger (0.37%). There is some redistribution of output and employment away from 2012 to 2015. At the end of 2020, the federal government debt is larger by $637 billion in real terms (the debt/GDP ratio is larger by 3.19 percentage points), which may increase the risk of negative asset‐market reactions. (JEL E17)
The Meanings of Lesbianism in Post‐War America
Authors: PENN DONNA
Published: July 2010

I had been a closet gay before I got married, about 1948, which means I had a relationship with a woman, and I'd been in love with her but I thought I was the only person in the world. There was no others in the world. I had never read a gay book. I didn't even know the word ‘gay’… I didn't know the word ‘lesbian’… And I really believe that women used to dress mannish simply to get you to know who they were … In those days it was very important.1
Preaching Religion, Family and Memory in Nineteenth‐Century England
Authors: Colpus Eve
Published: July 2010

This article explores the religious selfhood of an exemplary Bible Christian woman, Mary Thorne (1807–1883). Founded in 1815 as a splinter group of Wesleyan Methodism, the Bible Christian denomination invoked an epistemology which stressed the correlation between religious and familial obligations. A close study of Mary Thorne's private writings suggests the tensions which existed within this ideal at the level of everyday life. Her writings open a window on a religious woman's negotiation of her public identity alongside her experiences of marriage, sexuality and motherhood. They show the impact of age, life cycle and memory in the process of self‐imagining and commemoration. Critically, they also show how dependent Thorne's self‐realisation and presentation were on material signs of her identity. In understanding the varying constructions of Mary Thorne's religious selfhood, I argue we might more fully understand the material cultures that underpinned evangelical religion and domesticity in nineteenth‐century Britain.
Loving Friends: Surviving Widowhood in Late Medieval Westminster
Authors: French Katherine L.
Published: July 2010

Although medieval moralists routinely warned against women socialising with either men or women, this article argues that friendships were instrumental in helping women survive widowhood. In medieval Europe, widowhood was frequently a time of vulnerability and poverty. Unscrupulous businessmen and other opportunists often preyed upon widows. Looking at the different ways men and women in Westminster made their wills and analysing those chosen to administer them reveals that widows frequently turned to the husbands of their friends to execute their wills and oversee their estates.
Intergenerational class mobility in contemporary Britain: political concerns and empirical findings1
Authors: Goldthorpe John H. , Jackson Michelle
Published: July 2010

In Britain in recent years social mobility has become a topic of central political concern, primarily as a result of the effort made by New Labour to make equality of opportunity rather than equality of condition a focus of policy. Questions of the level, pattern and trend of mobility thus bear directly on the relevance of New Labour's policy analysis, and in turn are likely be crucial to the evaluation of its performance in government. However, politically motivated discussion of social mobility often reveals an inadequate grasp of both empirical and analytical issues.

We provide new evidence relevant to the assessment of social mobility – in particular, intergenerational class mobility – in contemporary Britain through cross‐cohort analyses based on the NCDS and BCS datasets which we can relate to earlier cross‐sectional analyses based on the GHS. We find that, contrary to what seems now widely supposed, there is no evidence that absolute mobility rates are falling; but, for men, the balance of upward and downward movement is becoming less favourable. This is overwhelmingly the result of class structural change. Relative mobility rates, for both men and women, remain essentially constant, although there are possible indications of a declining propensity for long‐range mobility.

We conclude that under present day structural conditions there can be no return to the generally rising rates of upward mobility that characterized the middle decades of the twentieth century – unless this is achieved through changing relative rates in the direction of greater equality or, that is, of greater fluidity. But this would then produce rising rates of downward mobility to exactly the same extent – an outcome apparently unappreciated by, and unlikely to be congenial to, politicians preoccupied with winning the electoral ‘middle ground’.
The decline of British national pride1
Authors: Tilley James , Heath Anthony
Published: July 2010

This article examines how national pride has changed in Britain since the beginning of the 1980s. We show that there have been large declines in pride and that this is exclusively generational in nature; with more recent generations having substantially lower levels of pride in ‘Britishness’ than previous generations. Confirming the reality of ‘Thatcher's Children’, we find that this process has been arrested to some extent, with generations coming of age in the 1980s and after having similar levels of pride to their immediate predecessors. We also find large regional disparities in these processes, with substantially bigger differences between new and old generations in Scotland, compared to England and Wales. Although generational differences in England and Wales appear to be generalized across a range of different aspects of nationhood that form citizens' national identity, generational differences in Scotland are more marked for certain types of national pride.
Political attitudes, social participation and social mobility: a longitudinal analysis1
Authors: Paterson Lindsay
Published: July 2010

It is often suggested that the political attitudes and social participation which have underpinned the welfare‐state democracies have depended on large amounts of upward social mobility. The demographic heterogeneity of the service class, according to this view, induced in them a willingness to lead a common political project seeking to establish a common social citizenship. As the amount of upward mobility stagnates or even begins to fall, it has then further been claimed that there might emerge a degree of ideological closure in the service class that might erode their commitment to civic values. The 1958 British birth cohort study is used to investigate this question. Longitudinal data are invaluable here because they allow us to distinguish between two hypotheses: that upward mobility as such has induced in the service class certain attitudes and propensities to participate, or that the more important influence is the early socialization through which upwardly mobile people went. The conclusion of the analysis is that, although the civic values of the service class have not depended on upward mobility, this is much more true of cognitively able people than of others, and so is dependent on the somewhat meritocratic basis of selection into the salariat.
How to make head or tail of ‘bridging’ and ‘bonding’?: addressing the methodological ambiguity1
Authors: Geys Benny , Murdoch Zuzana
Published: July 2010

A distinction has recently been proposed between bridging (or encompassing) and bonding (or inward‐looking) social networks. However, existing theoretical contributions remain vague as to the fundamental meaning of both concepts. As a consequence, two distinct interpretations have developed alongside each other. In the present paper, we employ data on voluntary association membership in Flanders to empirically illustrate that both approaches can lead to substantially different outcomes and therefore appear to tap into different dimensions of bridging versus bonding. These findings underline the problematic nature of the current conceptual ambiguity. We conclude that should the bridging/bonding distinction add meaningfully to our understanding of the external effects of social networks, it is essential to resolve the conceptual and methodological imprecision.
Is racial prejudice declining in Britain?1
Authors: Ford Robert
Published: July 2010

This article employs two previously neglected indicators of racial prejudice from the British Social Attitudes surveys to examine the social distribution of prejudices against black and Asian Britons. Three hypotheses are proposed and tested: that racial prejudice is declining in Britain; that this decline is principally generational in nature; and that greater prejudice is shown towards more culturally distinct Asian minorities than black minorities. Strong evidence is found for the first two hypotheses, with evidence of an overall decline in prejudice and of a sharp decline in prejudices among generations who have grown up since mass black and Asian immigration began in the 1950s. Little evidence is found for the third hypothesis: British reactions towards black and Asian minorities are broadly similar suggesting racial differences may still be the main factor prompting white hostility to British minorities.
Social class variation in risk: a comparative analysis of the dynamics of economic vulnerability1
Authors: Whelan Christopher T. , Maître Bertrand
Published: July 2010

A joint concern with multidimensionality and dynamics is a defining feature of the pervasive use of the terminology of social exclusion in the European Union. The notion of social exclusion focuses attention on economic vulnerability in the sense of exposure to risk and uncertainty. Sociological concern with these issues has been associated with the thesis that risk and uncertainty have become more pervasive and extend substantially beyond the working class. This paper combines features of recent approaches to statistical modelling of poverty dynamics and multidimensional deprivation in order to develop our understanding of the dynamics of economic vulnerability. An analysis involving nine countries and covering the first five waves of the European Community Household Panel shows that, across nations and time, it is possible to identify an economically vulnerable class. This class is characterized by heightened risk of falling below a critical resource level, exposure to material deprivation and experience of subjective economic stress. Cross‐national differentials in persistence of vulnerability are wider than in the case of income poverty and less affected by measurement error. Economic vulnerability profiles vary across welfare regimes in a manner broadly consistent with our expectations. Variation in the impact of social class within and across countries provides no support for the argument that its role in structuring such risk has become much less important. Our findings suggest that it is possible to accept the importance of the emergence of new forms of social risk and acknowledge the significance of efforts to develop welfare states policies involving a shift of opportunities and decision making on to individuals without accepting the ‘death of social class’ thesis.
An emergent cosmopolitan paradigm? Asylum, welfare and human rights1
Authors: Morris Lydia
Published: July 2010

This paper addresses the recognition in cosmopolitan debate of a possible disjuncture between the normative ideal of cosmopolitanism and its realization in practice. Taking as its focus the potential conflict between human rights commitments and national concern about immigration control, it reflects on a series of legal challenges to UK government attempts to withdraw support from asylum seekers who do not claim on entry into the country. Set in the context of socio‐legal theory, these cases are analysed for signs of a ‘national’ or ‘cosmopolitan’ paradigm in judicial interpretation, and considered as a possible instance of reflexive judgment, espoused as a feature of cosmopolitanism.
Interacting forms of expertise in security governance: the example of CCTV surveillance at Geneva International Airport1
Authors: Klauser Francisco
Published: July 2010

The paper investigates the multiple public‐private exchanges and cooperation involved in the installation and development of CCTV surveillance at Geneva International Airport. Emphasis is placed on the interacting forms of authority and expertise of five parties: the user(s), owner and supplier of the camera system, as well as the technical managers of the airport and the Swiss regulatory bodies in airport security. While placing the issues of airport surveillance in the particular context of a specific range of projects and transformations relating to the developments of CCTV at Geneva Airport, the paper not only provides important insights into the micro‐politics of surveillance at Geneva Airport, but aims to re‐institute these as part of a broader ‘problematic’: the mediating role of expertise and the growing functional fragmentation of authority in contemporary security governance. On this basis, the paper also exemplifies the growing mutual interdependences between security and business interests in the ever growing ‘surveillant assemblage’ in contemporary security governance.
Reconsidering identity: the ethnic and political dimensions of hybridity among majority and Turkish youth in Germany and England1
Authors: Faas Daniel
Published: July 2010

Sociological research has hitherto largely focused on majority2 and minority ethnic identities or citizenship identities. However, the social connections between youth are not simply ethnic dynamics but also political dynamics involving citizenship categories. This article argues that in postmodern societies, it is important to reconsider the ways we think about youth identities. Drawing upon qualitative data from a study into the political identities of majority (German and British) youth and Turkish youth, educated in two Stuttgart and two London secondary schools, the research found that fifteen‐year‐olds had no singular identity but hybrid ethno‐national, ethno‐local and national‐European identities as a result of governmental policies, their schooling and community experience, social class positioning, ethnicity and migration history. In working‐class educational contexts, many majority and Turkish youth privileged the ethnic dimension of hybridity whereas majority and Turkish youth in the two middle‐class dominated schools emphasized the political dimension of hybridity. The article demonstrates that social class and schooling (e.g. ethos and peer cultures) have a considerable role to play in who can afford to take on the more hybridized cosmopolitan identities on offer.
Relationality and social interaction1
Authors: Bottero Wendy
Published: July 2010

This paper explores Bourdieu's account of a relational social space, and his relative neglect of social interaction within this framework. Bourdieu includes social capital as one of the key relational elements of his social space, but says much less about it than economic or cultural capital, and levels of social capital are rarely measured in his work. Bourdieu is reluctant to focus on the content of social networks as part of his rejection of substantialist thinking. The neglect of substantive networks creates problems for Bourdieu's framework, because many of Bourdieu's core concepts rest upon assumptions about their interactional properties (in particular, the prevalence of homophilous differential association) which are left unexamined. It is argued here that Bourdieu's neglect of the substance of social networks is related to the criticisms that Bourdieu's framework often encounters, and that this neglect bears re‐examination, since it is helpful to think of the ways in which differentiated social networks contribute to the development of habitus, help form fields, and so constitute the intersubjective social relations within which sociality, and practice more generally, occur.
Policing the past: cold case studies, forensic evidence and retroactive social control1
Authors: Innes Martin , Clarke Alan
Published: July 2010

In this article an empirically grounded study of the police practices used when conducting cold case reviews of unsolved homicides is used to illuminate the key features of what is termed ‘retroactive social control’. It is suggested that this mode of social control, that works by placing past events under new descriptions, is an increasingly important feature of how social control is being imagined and delivered, and is predicated upon the capacity to de‐stabilize and re‐write previous official definitions of a situation. Retroactive social control it is posited encompasses two inter‐twined dimensions: the social control of collective memory, in terms of what is remembered and how; and social control through memory, wherein the shaping of the past influences the enactment of control in the present. The focus upon police cold case reviews suggests how forensic evidence and new investigative technologies have played an important role in shaping the development of these innovative aspects of contemporary policing. As such, the empirical focus illuminates a broader trend relating to how developments in science and technology are affording new possibilities in the ways that social control is conceptualized and conducted.
Counting the dead and regulating the living: early modern statistics and the formation of the sociological imagination (1662–1897)
Authors: Bayatrizi Zohreh
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the contributions made by early modern statistical literature to the formation of the sociological imagination. Starting in the mid‐seventeenth century, the fields of ‘political arithmetic’ and vital and moral statistics provided a discursive framework within which it became possible to identify and study aggregate dynamics and structures underlying seemingly random and episodic aspects of life (birth, death, divorce, health). Focusing primarily on developments in England, the paper identifies three significant watershed moments in the emergence of the sociological imagination: the discovery of the political and economic dimensions of life; the articulation of socio‐statistical patterns underlying various life events and episodes; and the establishment of causal connections between social variables and individual choices. These developments did not amount to or directly result in the creation of the discipline of sociology, yet, they made it possible to make conceptual connections between the personal and the social.
‘We, the Congolese, we cannot trust each other’. Trust, norms and relations among traders in Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo1
Authors: Rubbers Benjamin
Published: July 2010

Congolese traders in Katanga claim that they cannot trust their peers, customers, and employees. Existing literature about social capital in Africa does not enhance our understanding, as it tends to consider trust as depending on the degree of social knowledge. In the Congo, social proximity does not exclude suspicion, nor does social distance necessarily prevent trust. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article aims at developing a more detailed framework. It studies how Congolese traders negotiate two key norms for the building of economic trust – property and reciprocity – with non‐relatives, distant relatives, and close relatives.
Young people's time use and maternal employment in the UK1
Authors: Mullan Killian
Published: July 2010

This paper analyses the relationship between young people's time use and maternal employment in the United Kingdom (UK). Two dimensions of young people's time use are important for understanding the impact of maternal employment. The first of these is family context. This concerns the time young people are near their parents or not. The second relates to young people's activity patterns. Combining information from both dimensions is necessary to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of maternal employment on young people's time use. The paper demonstrates that young people's time use is associated with maternal employment both in terms of activity patterns and family context. Young people with employed mothers spend more time alone with a father, and more time with neither parent. More specifically, young people with mothers employed fulltime (FT) spend significantly more time watching TV than those whose mothers are not employed, especially when they are not near any parents. There is a negative association between FT maternal employment and the time young people spend in achievement‐related activities, concentrated in time when alone with a mother. Unlike time in leisure activities or time watching TV, time in achievement‐related activities when in the presence of a father does not increase to compensate for the loss in time spent in achievement‐related activities when alone with a mother.
The young Lipset on the iron law of oligarchy: a taste of things to come1
Authors: McGovern Patrick
Published: July 2010

Lipset's ‘Democracy in Private Government’ was a remarkable publication for three reasons. It was his first attempt to challenge Michels' ‘iron law of oligarchy’ and would lead to a programme of research that that would culminate with the publication of the widely admired classic study Union Democracy. Second, the inspiration for this work came from Lipset's student days when he was a socialist activist trying to understand why leftist governments often failed to carry out substantial programmes of social reform. Third, although it was one of his earliest publications it bears all the hallmarks of the work that would subsequently make Lipset a giant of political sociology: the enthusiasm for classic sociological problems; the appreciation of history; and the ingenious use of the small n comparative approach. Finally, I would argue that Lipset's study of democracy within private government represents a missed opportunity for sociology though there are signs that this is being rectified in recent years.
When was secularization? Dating the decline of the British churches and locating its cause1
Authors: Bruce Steve , Glendinning Tony
Published: July 2010

Dating the decline of Christianity in Britain has a vital bearing on its explanation. Recent work by social historians has challenged the sociological view that secularization is due to long‐term diffuse social processes by asserting that the churches remained stable and popular until the late 1950s and that the causes of decline lie in the social and cultural changes associated with the 1960s. We challenge this interpretation of the evidence. We also note that much of the decline of the churches is explained not by adult defection but by a failure to keep children in the faith. Given the importance of parental homogamy for the successful transmission of religious identity, the causes of decline in one generation may well lie in the experiences of the previous generation. We focus on the disruptive effects of the 1939–45 war on family formation and use survey data to argue for a staged model of decline that is compatible with the conventional gradual view of secularization.
Expression and cell localization of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and TrkB during zebrafish retinal development
Authors: Germanà A. , Sánchez‐Ramos C. , Guerrera M. C. , Calavia M.G. , Navarro M. , Zichichi R. , García‐Suárez O. , Pérez‐Piñera P. , Vega Jose A.
Published: July 2010

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling through TrkB regulates different aspects of neuronal development, including survival, axonal and dendritic growth, and synapse formation. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the functional significance of BDNF and TrkB in the retina, the cell types in the retina that express BDNF and TrkB, and the variations in their levels of expression during development, remain poorly defined. The goal of the present study is to determine the age‐dependent changes in the levels of expression and localization of BDNF and TrkB in the zebrafish retina. Zebrafish retinas from 10 days post‐fertilization (dpf) to 180 dpf were used to perform PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Both BDNF and TrkB mRNAs, and BDNF and full‐length TrkB proteins were detected at all ages sampled. The localization of these proteins in the retina was very similar at all time points studied. BDNF immunoreactivity was found in the outer nuclear layer, the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer, whereas TrkB immunoreactivity was observed in the inner plexiform layer and, to a lesser extent, in the ganglion cell layer. These results demonstrate that the pattern of expression of BDNF and TrkB in the retina of zebrafish remains unchanged during postembryonic development and adult life. Because TrkB expression in retina did not change with age, cells expressing TrkB may potentially be able to respond during the entire lifespan of zebrafish to BDNF either exogenously administered or endogenously produced, acting through paracrine mechanisms.
The Capitulare de Villis, the Brevium exempla, and the Carolingian court at Aachen
Authors: Campbell Darryl
Published: July 2010

For all the scholarship done on the Capitulare de villis and the Brevium exempla, much about them remains unclear, and no new interpretations have been offered in the last few decades. This article reads the documents without some of the assumptions prevalent in previous scholarly interpretations, and alongside both the written and material record, especially the archaeological evidence from Charlemagne's properties at Aachen and throughout his realm. It argues that the Capitulare de villis and the Brevium exempla were most likely issued shortly after 794, as a result of the logistical issues introduced when Charlemagne's court became resident at Aachen.
FLEXURE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES UNDER THEIR OWN WEIGHT AND SOME MODES OF SUPPORT AND CONSEQUENT PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ERRORS
Authors: Oswal H. L.
Published: July 2010

It has been shown in this article that neither the flexure of photographic plates nor the photogrammetric errors arising therefrom are negligible. Modes of support (a), (b) and (c) shown in Fig. 2 have been studied in some detail. Model, orientation and aerotriangulation errors arising from flexure under these modes have been investigated and methods of eliminating or reducing them have been given.
PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS IN AIR PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Brock G. C.
Published: July 2010

A review of progress and the present technical status in air photography. While the pioneering developments were on sound lines, scientific investigation gave a better understanding of fundamentals and paved the way for the advance to present higher standards. Advances in lenses and emulsions are considered and future prospects discussed. It is stressed that attention must be given to image movements of all kinds if potentially higher resolving‐power is to be realised in practice. Improvements are seen to be necessary in several directions, e.g. film flattening in the camera, filter glass transmission, processing equipment and film distortion. It is pointed out that while full advantage should continue to be taken of possibilities offered by other technologies, e.g. electronic printing aids, as a recording medium for air survey photography has unique qualities and is unlikely to be replaced.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AS A GUIDE TO GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS
Authors: Latter J. H.
Published: July 2010

Geological reconnaissance calls for topographical maps. Where none are available, as was the case in the areas in the Solomon Islands where the author was working, the geologist may spend much time trying to provide his own. Aerial photographs not only enable topographical maps, of not very high but sufficient accuracy, to be made rapidly but also, especially under stereoscopic examination, are able to provide a large amount of guidance to the geologist on the ground. Four examples are given showing typical aerial photographs and the information derived from them, with some notes on the reliability found by subsequent work on the ground.
DETERMINATION OF POSITION OF A POINT‐OBJECT BY TRIANGULATION IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
Authors: Groves G. V. , Owen G. , Thorpe M.
Published: July 2010

A theory is presented for determining the position of an aerial point‐object from observations of its direction from several ground‐stations. The criterion under which the position coordinates are determined is that the sum of the squares of the perpendicular distances of the object from the various observed directions to it should be a minimum. The statistical distribution of the observations is considered, and the theory developed for estimating the standard deviations of the object's coordinates. The relevant equations have been programmed for evaluation by the Pegasus electronic computer.
EVALUATING THE INTERCEPTION OF AN AIRCRAFT BY A GUIDED MISSILE: THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A CAMERA SYSTEM
Authors: Nuttall‐Smith P. B. N.
Published: July 2010

The camera system used in this country for assessment of the interception of a target aircraft by a guided missile is described and its development recounted.