bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer Analysis on Axisymmetric Mhd Flow of a Micropolar Fluid Between the Radially Stretching Sheets
Authors: Hayat T. , Nawaz M. , Hendi A. A.
Published: December 2011

The effect of heat transfer on the axisymmetric flow of MHD micropolar fluid between two radially stretching sheets is described. The governing partial differential equations are reduced into the ordinary differential equations by using transformations. The resulting problems are solved by homotopy analysis method (HAM). Dimensionless velocities and temperature are plotted for the variation of influential parameters. The local skin friction coefficient, local couple stress coefficient and Nusselt number are tabulated with respect to the influence of several physical parameters.
Thermally Induced Vibration Analysis of Laminated Plate Considering Radiation by Finite Element Method
Authors: Zhao S. G. , Wang J. T. , Li K. , Wu D. F.
Published: December 2011

Transient temperature field of laminated plate which considering radiation is analyzed by laying temperature lines in every layer in this paper. Finite element equations are established by using high-order displacement field which considering shear effect based on the temperature analysis. Then thermally induced vibration of laminated plate is investigated by solving the finite element equation with numerical method. Compared with numerical results of ANSYS by using 3-D coupled element (SOLID5), the methods presented in this paper have a satisfied precision and better efficiency. It can give reference to the thermally induced vibration analysis of thin-large flexible laminated appendages of spacecraft.
Report of the Honorary Director for 1986
Authors: Lewis I. M.
Published: December 2011

The Institute's fifty-ninth Executive Council meeting took place at the African Studies Centre of the University of Bayreuth in the Federal German Republic in July 1986 following the Centre's annual symposium on the theme of ‘Identity in Africa’. Professor Jacob Ade Ajayi, myself, and Professors Mohamed Omer Beshir and John Paden gave papers at the symposium and Professor Michael Crowder delivered a special public lecture on the current crisis in African Studies (see p. 109). We are very grateful to Professor Helmut Ruppert, Director of Africanistics at Bayreuth, and to our Executive Council member, Professor Franz Rottland, and to Professor and Mrs Christopher Winter and all their colleagues for inviting us to meet at Bayreuth in this very productive fashion and in such congenial company. The meeting served to highlight the continuing international role of the Institute. Professors Martin Njeuma (Cameroon) and Toshinao Yoneyama (Japan) were attending Executive Council for the first time. The following new members were elected to Council: Professor AH Mazrui (Vice-Chairman), Professor Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch (Consultative Director), Professor J. M. Schoffeleers, Professor Abdoulaye Bara Diop and Dr Steven Moyo. While welcoming Professor Coquery-Vidrovitch as incoming French Consultative Director, warm tribute was paid to her retiring predecessor, Professor Pierre Alexandre, who had for so many years sustained French support for the Institute. The Institute was extremely fortunate to have enjoyed the advice and guidance of a colleague of such distinction and wide-ranging expertise.
First assessment of Perkinsosis and brown ring disease co-infection in Ruditapes decussatus in the North Lake of Tunis (southern Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: El Bour Monia , Dellali Mohamed , Boukef Imene , Lakhal Fatma , Mraouna Radhia , El Hili Hedia Attia , Paillard Christine , Klena John
Published: December 2011

Carpet shell clam populations on the Tunisian coastline are susceptible to several microbial pathogen challenges. In this study we report the results of five years' surveillance, conducted from January 2004 till June 2009, for detection of Perkinsosis and brown ring disease (BRD). The survey covered three sites of natural populations of Ruditapes decussatus in a Tunisian lagoon, the North Lake of Tunis. Perkinsosis was detected preferentially in winter periods from the external and marine site, BRD was detected more frequently in the summer periods in a more proximal collection site (in the lake) and was positively correlated with concentrations of heterotrophic Vibrio sp. Our results suggest that several factors other than temperature and salinity might explain spatial distribution variability and natural intensities for these infections in carpet shell clam populations.
Distribution, abundance and assemblages of decapod crustaceans in waters off Guinea-Bissau (north-west Africa)
Authors: Muñoz Isabel , García-Isarch Eva , Sobrino Ignacio , Burgos Candelaria , Funny Rita , González-Porto Marcos
Published: December 2011

This study constitutes a first contribution to the knowledge of the ecology of the decapod crustaceans in waters off Guinea-Bissau. Samples were collected during a survey undertaken between October and November 2008. A total of 122 species of decapod crustaceans were identified. Results showed an increase of decapod biomass and abundance with depth, reaching maxima values in the 200–500 m depth stratum but decreasing at depths over 500 m. Average diversity by strata increased with depth, with maximum over the deep slope. Seven main assemblages were identified: five primarily associated with depth—coastal shelf (<60 m), shelf (60–200 m), upper slope (200–300 m), middle slope (300–500 m), deep slope (500–1000 m)—and two other northern shelf assemblages affected by sediment type—coastal shelf-north (<50 m) and shelf-north (50–100 m). Species of each assemblage are typified. This study provides new information about composition, distribution, abundance and assemblage structure of decapod crustaceans in Guinea-Bissau that may be useful for future assessment of the effect of trawling pressure in the area.
Robert Koch and the Pressures of Scientific Research: Tuberculosis and Tuberculin
Authors: Gradmann Christoph
Published: December 2011

Robert Koch's identification of the tuberculosis pathogen in 1882 is held to be his greatest scientific achievement. In the eyes of his friend and colleague, Friedrich Löffler, the discovery was a “world-shaking event” which resulted in both instant and everlasting fame, turning Koch “overnight into the most successful and outstanding researcher of all times”. Paul Ehrlich, remembering Koch's presentation in Emil du Bois Reymond's Institute for Physiology in Berlin on 24 March 1882, called it “my single greatest scientific experience”. The sensational character of Koch's achievement, which is noted in Löffler's and Ehrlich's retrospective statements, seems to have been obvious to contemporaries of the event. Albert Johne, writing a history of tuberculosis in 1883, found that history had, in a way, come to an end: “resulting from the latest of Koch's publications, the pathogenic aspects of the tubercle question are settled at large”. Koch himself profited from the overwhelming reception by being promoted to the rank of a senior executive officer, Geheimer Regierungsrath, in June 1882. March 24, 1882 thus came to stand for two things: Koch's breakthrough to world fame and a sort of doomsday for tuberculosis. Not surprisingly, the event was held in similar esteem by later biographers: Bernhard Möllers in 1950 called it the “greatest and most important success of his life”, and Thomas Brock, Koch's most recent biographer, assessed the discovery of the tubercle bacillus as the first of two steps on Koch's road to fame in the early 1880s. In conjunction with the 1883–84 cholera expedition, which made Koch a hero for the public, the tubercle bacillus indicated his breakthrough in the scientific world.
Cataracts and Hernias: Aspects of Surgical Practice in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: McVaugh Michael
Published: December 2011

Let me begin by paraphrasing a daughter's letter to her father, of June 1326:

I haven't wanted to upset you, but I am suffering from an illness of the head that will totally deprive me of sight, though I may be able to tell light from dark. Can you please find someone there who can help me better than the doctors here? They are calling this illness “cataract”, and apparently it can be cured if mine is the right kind, though no one here says it is.

The frightened daughter is the 25-year-old Princess Isabel, wife of Frederick of Austria, writing from Graz to her father James II of Aragon. Her anxious father wrote back immediately, asking her what her doctors said her symptoms were and what they thought had caused the illness, so that he could summon his own medical experts to see if they knew how she could be treated. Unfortunately, as it happened, James himself died the next year, before he could do anything further.
“Russian nervousness”: Neurasthenia and National Identity in Nineteenth-Century Russia
Authors: Goering Laura
Published: December 2011

“Nothing dies so hard as a word”, wrote Harry Quilter in 1892, “—particularly a word nobody understands.” At the end of the nineteenth century, one such word—first uttered in America, but soon reverberating across the Western world—was “neurasthenia”. Popularized by the American neurologist George M Beard, this vaguely defined nervous disorder seemed to crop up everywhere, from medical journals to the popular press to belles lettres. Looking back at the years leading up to the Second World War, Paul Hartenberg recalled its remarkable pervasiveness: “It could be found everywhere, in the salons, at the theatre, in novels, at the Palace. It was used to explain the most disparate individual reactions: suicide and decadent art, fashion and adultery; it became the giant of neuropathology.” Its sufferers included American intellectuals from Beard himself to Theodore Roosevelt, Edith Wharton, and Henry Adams; for European commentators less convinced of the disease's modern American pedigree, the list could be expanded to include everyone from Alcibiades to Tiberius to Napoleon. Anybody who was anybody, it seemed, was neurasthenic.
The Changing Management of Acute Bronchitis in Britain, 1940–1970: The Impact of Antibiotics
Authors: Macfarlane John T , Worboys Michael
Published: December 2011

It has become commonplace in accounts of medicine in the second half of the twentieth-century to ascribe an “antibiotic revolution” to the years when penicillin became widely available from the early 1950s. However, to date there have been hardly any studies that demonstrate a major discontinuity in medical practices after mid-century, let alone that go on to specify their character. There would seem to be two key features of any “antibiotic revolution”: first and foremost that the treatment of diseases was transformed as doctors were able to cure illness caused by infections with specific drugs that eliminated causative bacteria; and second that the ambition of doctors to intervene with drugs in a number of diseases grew, as did the ability of the pharmaceutical industry to supply an increasing range of targeted and effective remedies. In this article we contribute towards an assessment of the first of these key features by discussing the changing management of acute bronchitis from the mid-1940s to the early 1960s. The disease was amongst the most prevalent and important of that period in Britain, being the single largest cause of consultations with general practitioners (GPs) through much of the 1950s. Bronchitis was also the subject of many high profile debates among doctors and health care agencies as concerns about its morbidity and mortality touched on such issues as smoke pollution, the costs of the National Health Service (NHS) and changes in the doctor–patient relationship. The evidence of contemporary studies shows that the treatment of acute bronchitis changed radically after the introduction of antibiotics, such that by the mid-1950s over 80 per cent of patients diagnosed with the condition were prescribed penicillin or another antibacterial drug—a shift that was not supported by any clinical trials or systematic evidence. How and why this change occurred are the questions we set out to answer.
History Matters? History's Role in Health Policy Making
Authors: Berridge Virginia
Published: December 2011

“History matters—pass it on” was the slogan of a campaign launched in England in the summer of 2006 to raise public awareness of the huge contribution that history, heritage and the built environment make to our qualify of life. A resumé commented,

It unites the whole heritage sector, led by the National Trust, English Heritage, the Historic Houses Association and the Heritage Lottery Fund, and events will be held over the next six months at hundreds of historic locations across England and Wales. Supporters include David Starkey, Tristram Hunt, Simon Thurley, Stephen Fry, Bill Bryson, Shami Chakrabarti, Tony Benn and Boris Johnson.
The Political Economy of the British National Health Service, 1945–1975: Opportunities and Constraints?
Authors: Stewart John
Published: December 2011

The National Health Service (NHS) has often been regarded, by both academic commentators and the public, as the centrepiece of Britain's welfare state. It has retained a high degree of popularity, and politicians have had to take account of this, privately and publicly. So, for example, in the late 1950s a leading Conservative observed that the electorate might accept cuts in defence spending: “But meddle with National Health? That's political suicide.” A quarter of a century later Margaret Thatcher felt obliged to declare at the Conservative Party annual conference that “the National Health Service is safe with us”. The Labour Party has been particularly keen to associate itself with the NHS, playing on its central role in the service's creation. At the 2001 general election, for instance, the manifesto of the Scottish Labour Party proclaimed that: “For over 50 years, the NHS has been part and parcel of what it means to be British. Its foundations—tax-based funding and care according to need—remain as valid today as ever.” In doing so, it stressed the service's founding principles alongside the assertion that it is a central component of British identity.
Toward Responsibility in International Health: Death following Treatment in Rockefeller Hookworm Campaigns, 1914–1934
Authors: Palmer Steven
Published: December 2011

Late in October 1926, a poor man from Bucamaranga, Colombia, wrote a letter to the richest man in the world. Juan de la Rosa Quintero Parra informed John D Rockefeller that his ten-year-old son, José Vicente, had “died suddenly as a result of a purge administered by the Bureau of Uncinariasis”, the local incarnation of the Rockefeller Foundation's global project to eradicate hookworm disease. The death of the boy, who worked full-time as a streetsweeper for the municipality, had been “a serious blow since he was the only one who contributed to the support of the family consisting of seven young children”. Having heard of Mr Rockefeller's generosity, Quintero appealed to him for assistance, thanked him in advance for the attention he would give to the matter, and hoped that Divine Providence would spare the great philanthropist's life for many years to come. He mailed the letter to Rockefeller Foundation headquarters at 61 Broadway in New York City, the same address where, probably unbeknownst to him, bits of his son's organs had been sent following a post-mortem. Quintero Parra's letter came to the attention of either the 84-year-old patriarch or his son, John D Rockefeller, Jr, the Foundation's president. Their executive secretary, F M Read was instructed to make inquiries into the death of the child, José Vicente Quintero.
Infinite-step nilsystems, independence and complexity
Authors: DONG PANDENG , DONOSO SEBASTIÁN , MAASS ALEJANDRO , SHAO SONG , YE XIANGDONG
Published: December 2011

An∞-step nilsystem is an inverse limit of minimal nilsystems. In this article, it is shown that a minimal distal system is an∞-step nilsystem if and only if it has no non-trivial pairs with arbitrarily long finite IP-independence sets. Moreover, it is proved that any minimal system without non-trivial pairs with arbitrarily long finite IP-independence sets is an almost one-to-one extension of its maximal∞-step nilfactor, and each invariant ergodic measure is isomorphic (in the measurable sense) to the Haar measure on some∞-step nilsystem. The question if such a system is uniquely ergodic remains open. In addition, the topological complexity of an∞-step nilsystem is computed, showing that it is polynomial for each non-trivial open cover.
The natural environment of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Boyd John Morton
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The historical review of scientific work done in the Outer Hebrides precedes a scientific profile of the archipelago including geographical, geological, botanical, zoological and resource outlines. Effects of the use of natural resources by man on the natural environment are discussed. Management of land and water for the purposes of nature conservation are given by descriptions of the Loch Druidibeg and Monach Islands National Nature Reserves and other Sites of Special Scientific Interest. These exemplify existing case studies and procedures in nature conservation conducted by the Nature Conservancy Council and others. In conclusion, the Outer Hebrides are set in the context of the National Planning Guidelines of the Scottish Development Department which show resources of ‘national’ importance in agriculture and nature conservation.
A new concept of glaciation in Lewis and Harris, Outer Hebrides
Authors: von Weymarn J. A.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Contrary to previous ideas, it is suggested that Harris and the major part of Lewis were covered by a large local ice cap during the last glacial phase. Local glaciers from central Lewis and the interior of North Lewis moving over the eastern fringe across the Eye peninsula and towards the north-west coast appear to have overridden and redistributed deposits from earlier glaciers of external origin. There is some evidence that the northern tip of Lewis and the Tolsta Head peninsula were also invaded by external ice during the final glacial phase. The application of a theoretical icesheet-surface profile substantiates the concept that Scottish mainland ice at its maximum advanced over northern parts of the island. According to the C-14 date of an organic layer beneath glacial till at Tolsta Head the last incidence of external and/or local ice in the island occurred after 27,300 years BP. Deglaciation phenomena at Uig, south-west Lewis, mark an earlier stage in the dissolution of the ice cap, while hummocky moraine in the mountain and submountain zone indicate the retention or renewed formation of valley glaciers during the late Devensian.
Seaweeds and rocky shores of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Norton T. A. , Powell H. T.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The Outer Hebrides are oceanic in character, bathed by comparatively warm waters derived from the North Atlantic Drift. The spring tide range is 3·5 m (west coast) and 4 m (east coast).

The southern and western coasts include some of the most exposed shores in Britain and the steep rocky shores exhibit species and zonation patterns typical of north-west Britain. The sublittoral zone is mainly rocky and is dominated by beds of Laminaria hyperborea, which are very extensive west of the Uists.

The eastern sides of the larger islands are much more sheltered and have numerous sea lochs many of which have great lengths of very sheltered rocky shore, dominated by extremely vigorous growths of fucoid algae, particularly Ascophyllum nodosum. Some of the lochs have extensive ramifications, with localized tidal tidal rapids supporting a rich and luxuriant flora and fauna.

The paper reviews the literature on the ecology of the rocky shores, on the seaweeds in particular, and includes a full list of all seaweeds recorded in the islands with their distribution by island. (Two hundred and sixty-four species are recorded and this is about 38% of the British total.) Thus the seaweed flora is rich and diverse; the presence of selected species is discussed.

The large brown seaweeds grow very luxuriantly in the Outer Hebrides and have been used by man there for many centuries. The history of this utilization is briefly reviewed. The fucoids and Laminaria spp. were formerly used extensively as a source of alkalis (sodium and potassium carbonates) and iodine. Nowadays very large tonnages of Ascophyllum are regularly harvested for the production of alginates; quantities of cast up Laminaria hyperborea are also used for this purpose.
An interpretation of machair vegetation
Authors: Dickinson G. , Randall R. E.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The distinctive ecological elements of the machair environment, calcareous sand and an oceanic climate, which combine to give a lime-rich but unstable habitat, in which machair vegetation develops, are discussed initially. A number of different studies employing both phytosociological and ecological approaches, and drawing data from machairs in the Uists, Monach Islands and South Harris, are summarized. Based upon these, the main characteristics of machair vegetation and its key ecological relationships are described. Finally a model of machair vegetation is advanced in which two distinct types of vegetation, ‘dune’ and ‘pasture’ are recognized, and patterns of vegetation development are explained by means of ‘phases’ and ‘sequences’, terms applied to describe relative location of types of vegetation in both time and space.
The peatland vegetation of Lewis
Authors: Goode D. A. , Lindsay R. A.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The vegetation of the peatland of Lewis is described. Several different types of mire are distinguished according to their morphological features. The gradual transition from minerotrophic conditions within valley mires to fully ombrotrophic conditions in the blanket mires of watersheds is demonstrated. Whilst most of the blanket mire of Lewis is affected by severe peat erosion, examples were chosen to demonstrate the nature of the flora and vegetation within those mire systems at present unaffected by erosion, as well as the more characteristic eroded peatland.
The inland waters of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Waterston A. R. , Holden A. V. , Campbell R. N. , Maitland P. S.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The Outer Hebrides comprise approximately 1·3% of the land area but 15·8% of the area of standing waters of Great Britain. Streams there are generally small and only three are as large as fifth order. The majority of the lochs occur below 200 m altitude and are less than 25 ha in area. A total of 1375 stream systems enter the sea, and drain the land mass through 9240 stream segments. There are just over 6000 lochs, of which less than half are connected to these networks. Most of the water systems are on geologically base-poor rock or soil, and less than 3%, situated on machair, are base-rich and eutrophic. The islands, due to their situation, receive precipitation in the form of very dilute sea water (with some non-marine sulphate probably derived from fossil fuel combustion) and this leads to unusual concentrations of chloride in the inland waters. Metamorphic rocks are resistant to weathering, so there is usually little variation in the composition of fresh waters except in the machair areas, where calcareous sands affect calcium concentrations and alkalinities.

The flora and fauna reflect the aqueous conditions and there are some unique successions of species from high to low salinities even in the same water body. The lochs provide a wide range of habitats for aquatic vegetation, ranging from the rich machair lochs to the oligotrophic peaty lochs (which show marked similarities with their counterparts on the mainland). Three broad categories can be delineated on the basis of their water quality and vegetation: brackish lochs with varying degrees of marine influence, calcareous machair lochs which may also be affected by sea connections, and the peaty lochans of low alkalinity. A few brackish water animals are sufficiently euryhaline to exist in the machair lochs, which are otherwise dominated by freshwater species. The occurrence of chloride in inland waters enables some crustaceans, e.g. Neomysis integer, Gammarus duebeni and Diaptomus wierzejskii to extend into what are poor freshwater habitats. The main constituents of the freshwater fauna are molluscs and arthropods, and a few species of euryhaline fishes, i.e. salmon, sea and brown trout, three-spined and ten-spined sticklebacks and eels. There are some populations of non-migratory charr. No amphibians are present.
Birds of the Hebrides: seabirds
Authors: Bourne W. R. P. , Harris M. P.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Coastal water moving north up the coast of Europe mixes with oceanic water from the Atlantic off the north of Scotland, which leads to a high marine productivity. In summer the mixing tends to be concentrated along fronts which form between the stratified water out at sea and that mixed by coastal currents, and in the sounds between the land masses. Small fish, and the birds which feed on them, frequent these areas, and the birds breed nearby, so that the area is a major nursery for temperate North Atlantic seabirds. Most of the large breeding colonies of pelagic species are not found along the Outer Hebridean island chain, but along the mainland coast and on the outlying islands. There is also a substantial population of birds which feed along the coast scattered throughout the area. When the stratification of the water out at sea breaks down at the end of the summer, many moulting guillemots, razorbills and kittiwakes move inshore with their young for a time. Some birds also tend to move north at this time, presumably following some change in the distribution of the available food. As the weather deteriorates in the winter, many of the seabirds disperse. Some auks move into the more sheltered North and Irish Seas, the shearwaters, small petrels, skuas and terns migrate to the southern hemisphere, and the puffins, kittiwakes and young fulmars scatter throughout the temperate North Atlantic. Variable proportions of many species, including cormorants, gulls, auks and the adult fulmars remain in the area, retiring to more sheltered waters during bad weather. There may have been some long-term changes in populations; thus the southern Manx shearwater declined and the northern puffin increased in the last century, and the process was reversed in this one, possibly as a result of changes in climate. Some species, notably the gulls and fulmar, are now increasing following their exploitation of human wastes for food, and all species are benefiting from the cessation of human exploitation and its replacement by protection over the last century.
The fish and shellfish resources in seas adjacent to the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Bailey R. S. , Hislop J. R. G. , Mason J.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The demersal fishery in Hebridean seas is based mainly on haddock, whiting and cod, mostly from local spawning grounds, with some recruitment from the North Sea. An important seasonal fishery for dogfish is based on a highly migratory stock. All these stocks are probably fully exploited.

Herring spawning grounds occur west and north of Lewis, and larvae drift eastwards to nursery areas, mainly in the North Sea. Enhanced recruitment in the late 1960s and an increase in fishing effort produced a large increase in landings but these have subsequently declined. The west coast herring fishery is subject to quota regulations for conservation. There are also important exploitable stocks of mackerel and sprats. Since 1971 an industrial fishery for Norway pout has taken a few thousand tonnes per annum.

Shellfishing by small boats goes with crofting. Since 1962 the number of larger boats has increased with full-time fishing, particularly for Norway lobsters and lobsters. Exploitation has been helped by processing and lobster-holding facilities. Scallops and periwinkles are also important commercially and there are good prospects for cultivating oysters and mussels.

By far the largest underexploited fish stock is blue whiting, which migrates south to spawn in March-April on the continental slope in depths of over 400 m to the west of Scotland. The spawning stock in this area is estimated to be 5-15 million tonnes. Sandeels may also occur in commercial quantities in some areas.
Cereals and grass production in Lewis and the Uists
Authors: Grant J. W.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Cattle and sheep husbandry in the Outer Hebrides depends on hill grazing supplemented by small areas of improved or rotation grass and for winter fodder on cereals and on grass conserved as hay. The acreage of crop has decreased because of economic and social factors such as an ageing population, part-time crofting, difficulties in livestock marketing and in procurement of suitable machinery and seeds. These problems are likely to increase.

In Lewis and Harris and in the acid soils of the Uists cropping may continue as at present. The potential for development and particularly for any improvement in sheep husbandry, on which crofting depends, must be in hill pasture improvement. In the Uists machair is more important. There is need for more investigation of machair and machair cultivation. There must be greater use of grass for grazing, for conservation and as a means of raising soil fertility. Cereals may still be grown but both cereals and grass may have to be conserved as silage.
On Writing about the Seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe and His Hasidim
Authors: Heilman Samuel C.
Published: December 2011

When Menachem Friedman and I resolved to write what became The Rebbe: The Life and the Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, we did so because as sociologists we were puzzled, as we put it in our preface, by how a “a small Hasidic group that seemed on the verge of collapse in 1950 with the death of their sixth leader” had replanted itself in America and in less than a generation “gained fame and influence throughout the world in ways no one could have imagined” at the time their next and thus far last rebbe, Menaḥem Mendel Schneerson, took over the reins of leadership in 1951. More than that, we were quite amazed that this group, which at its height during the twentieth century was never among the largest hasidic sects and probably numbered at most about 100,000 worldwide, had managed to become among the most well-known hasidim in the world. We were no less struck that they had found ways to make their Jewish outreach efforts, as well as their extraordinarily parochial belief that the contemporary world had entered messianic times (and that only Lubavitchers and their rebbe knew how to hasten his coming), both newsworthy and known far beyond the borders of the hasidic world. Through a series of directed campaigns that aimed to transform Jewry and the world, many, if not most Lubavitchers had also tried to convince the world that their leader, who had reigned over them from Brooklyn for forty-three years, was the Messiah incarnate, even as he lay dying at Beth Israel Hospital in New York.
Entwicklung der Emotionsregulation bei 2− und 3jährigen Mädchen
Authors: Friedlmeier Wolfgang , Trommsdorff Gisela
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die Emotionsregulation entwickelt sich in den ersten Lebensjahren von externer zu intern gesteuerter Regulation. Dabei ist anzunehmen, dass der mikrogenetische Verlauf negativer emotionaler Reaktionen mit der Sensitivität der Bezugsperson im Zusammenhang steht, dass sich im interaktiven Prozess Ausdrucks− und Eindrucksbildung parallel entwickeln, und dass die Wirksamkeit der Regulationsstrategien mit dem Verlauf der emotionalen Reaktion zusammenhängt. Die empirische Überprüfung dieser Thesen erfolgte anhand der Erfassung von Emotionsverlauf und −regulation in einer Beobachtungsstudie. 2− und 3jährige Mädchen und ihre Mütter (N = 55 Dyaden) wurden in zwei Situationen videografiert. In einer Enttäuschungssituation wurde eine selbstbezogene und in einer Empathiesituation eine fremdbezogene negative emotionale Reaktion induziert. Anhand von Ausdrucksmerkmalen wurde das Ausmaß der negativen emotionalen Reaktion zu vier Zeitpunkten eingeschätzt. Auch die Sensitivität der Mutter und die Regulationsstrategien der Mädchen wurden kodiert. Altersunterschiede zeigten sich im Verlauf der negativen Emotionen in der selbstbezogenen Situation. Die 3jährigen Mädchen erholten sich am wenigsten. Die Mädchen sensitiver Mütter reagierten nicht stärker emotional, erholten sich aber weniger als erwartet im Vergleich zu den Mädchen gering sensitiver Mütter. Auch hier waren die 3jährigen Mädchen wiederum am wenigsten erfolgreich. Die Art der Regulationsstrategie wies vor allem bei den 3jährigen Zusammenhänge mit dem Reaktionsverlauf auf.
Temperature dependence of planktonic metabolism in the ocean
Authors: Regaudie‐de‐Gioux A. , Duarte C. M.
Published: December 2011

Standard metabolic theory predicts that both respiration and photosynthesis should increase with increasing temperature, albeit at different rates. However, test of this prediction for ocean planktonic communities is limited, despite the broad consequences of this prediction in the present context of global ocean warming. We compiled a large data set on volumetric planktonic metabolism in the open ocean and tested the relationship between specific metabolic rates and water temperature. The relationships derived are consistent with predictions derived from metabolic theory of ecology, yielding activation energy for planktonic metabolism consistent with predictions from the metabolic theory. These relationships can be used to predict the effect of warming on ocean metabolism and, thus, the role of planktonic communities in the flow of carbon in the global ocean.
The role of the ocean in the global atmospheric budget of acetone
Authors: Fischer E. V. , Jacob D. J. , Millet D. B. , Yantosca R. M. , Mao J.
Published: December 2011

Acetone is one of the most abundant carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere and it plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The role of the ocean in the global atmospheric acetone budget is highly uncertain, with past studies reaching opposite conclusions as to whether the ocean is a source or sink. Here we use a global 3‐D chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) simulation of atmospheric acetone to evaluate the role of air‐sea exchange in the global budget. Inclusion of updated (slower) photolysis loss in the model means that a large net ocean source is not needed to explain observed acetone in marine air. We find that a simulation with a fixed seawater acetone concentration of 15 nM based on observations can reproduce the observed global patterns of atmospheric concentrations and air‐sea fluxes. The Northern Hemisphere oceans are a net sink for acetone while the tropical oceans are a net source. On a global scale the ocean is in near‐equilibrium with the atmosphere. Prescribing an ocean concentration of acetone as a boundary condition in the model assumes that ocean concentrations are controlled by internal production and loss, rather than by air‐sea exchange. An implication is that the ocean plays a major role in controlling atmospheric acetone. This hypothesis needs to be tested by better quantification of oceanic acetone sources and sinks.
Auroral evidence of Io's control over the magnetosphere of Jupiter
Authors: Bonfond B. , Grodent D. , Gérard J.‐C. , Stallard T. , Clarke J. T. , Yoneda M. , Radioti A. , Gustin J.
Published: December 2011

Contrary to the case of the Earth, the main auroral oval on Jupiter is related to the breakdown of plasma corotation in the middle magnetosphere. Even if the root causes for the main auroral emissions are Io's volcanism and Jupiter's fast rotation, changes in the aurora could be attributed either to these internal factors or to fluctuations of the solar wind. Here we show multiple lines of evidence from the aurora for a major internally‐controlled magnetospheric reconfiguration that took place in Spring 2007. Hubble Space Telescope far‐UV images show that the main oval continuously expanded over a few months, engulfing the Ganymede footprint on its way. Simultaneously, there was an increased occurrence rate of large equatorward isolated auroral features attributed to injection of depleted flux tubes. Furthermore, the unique disappearance of the Io footprint on 6 June appears to be related to the exceptional equatorward migration of such a feature. The contemporary observation of the spectacular Tvashtar volcanic plume by the New‐Horizons probe as well as direct measurement of increased Io plasma torus emissions suggest that these dramatic changes were triggered by Io's volcanic activity.
Dynamics of pCO2and related air‐ice CO2 fluxes in the Arctic coastal zone (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea)
Authors: Geilfus N.‐X. , Carnat G. , Papakyriakou T. , Tison J.‐L. , Else B. , Thomas H. , Shadwick E. , Delille B.
Published: December 2011

We present an Arctic seasonal survey of carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) dynamics within sea ice brine and related air‐ice CO2 fluxes. The survey was carried out from early spring to the beginning of summer in the Arctic coastal waters of the Amundsen Gulf. High concentrations of pCO2 (up to 1834 μatm) were observed in the sea ice in early April as a consequence of concentration of solutes in brines, CaCO3 precipitation and microbial respiration. CaCO3 precipitation was detected through anomalies in total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). This precipitation seems to have occurred in highly saline brine in the upper part of the ice cover and in bulk ice. As summer draws near, the ice temperature increases and brine pCO2 shifts from a large supersaturation (1834 μatm) to a marked undersaturation (down to almost 0 μatm). This decrease was ascribed to brine dilution by ice meltwater, dissolution of CaCO3 and photosynthesis during the sympagic algal bloom. The magnitude of the CO2fluxes was controlled by ice temperature (through its control on brine volume and brine channels connectivity) and the concentration gradient between brine and the atmosphere. However, the state of the ice‐interface clearly affects air‐ice CO2 fluxes.
Comparison of Mediterranean sea level variability as given by three baroclinic models
Authors: Calafat F. M. , Jordà G. , Marcos M. , Gomis D.
Published: December 2011

We compare the results of three baroclinic models with the aim of evaluating their skills in reproducing Mediterranean long‐term sea level variability. The models are an ocean‐ice coupled forced global model (ORCA), a regional forced ocean model (OM8) and a regional coupled atmosphere‐ocean model (MITgcm). Model results are compared for the period 1961–2000 against hydrographic observations for water mass properties and steric sea level, and against satellite altimetry data and a reconstruction for sea level. All models represent the temperature variability of the upper layers reasonably well, but exhibit a considerable positive drift in the temperature of the deep layers due to an imbalance between the surface heat flux and the heat flux through Gibraltar. OM8 and MITgcm simulate the process of dense water formation better than ORCA thanks to their higher resolution in the model grid and in the atmospheric forcings. Concerning sea level variability, MITgcm is the only model that simulates well the inter‐annual sea level variability associated with the Eastern Mediterranean Transient. However, none of the models is able to reproduce other features that have clear signatures on sea level. The inter‐annual variability of Mediterranean mean sea level is better reproduced by the ORCA model because it is the only one considering the mass contribution from the Atlantic. The lack of that component in the regional models is a major shortcoming to reproduce Mediterranean sea level variability. Finally, mean sea level trends are overestimated by all models due to the spurious warming drift in the deep layers.
The moisture source sequence for the Madden‐Julian Oscillation as derived from satellite retrievals of HDO and H2O
Authors: Berkelhammer M. , Risi C. , Kurita N. , Noone D. C.
Published: December 2011

A number of competing theories to explain the initiation mechanism, longevity and propagation characteristics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) have been developed from observational analysis of the tropical climate and minimal dynamical models. Using the isotopic composition of atmospheric moisture from paired satellite retrievals of H2O and HDO from the boundary layer and mid troposphere, we identify the different sources of moisture that feed MJO convection during its life cycle. These fluxes are then associated with specific dynamical processes. The HDO/H2O isotope ratio data show that during the early phase of the MJO, the mid‐troposphere is dominated by moisture evaporated from the ocean surface that was transported vertically undergoing minimal distillation. The contribution from the evaporative source diminishes during early convective activity but reappears during the peak of MJO activity along with an isotopically depleted flux, which is hypothesized to originate from easterly convergence. The contribution of different moisture sources as shown from the HDO/H2O data is consistent with model results where the sustaining of deep convection requires a feedback between convergence, precipitation strength and evaporation. In the wake of an MJO event, the weak vertical isotopic gradient, depletion in boundary layer δD and the uniquely moist and depleted vapor in the mid troposphere all point toward a prominent presence of moisture originated from rainfall re‐evaporation, which confirms the prediction that the transition from convective to stratiform rains is important to the moisture budget of the MJO.
Performance assessment of a volcanic ash transport model mini‐ensemble used for inverse modeling of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption
Authors: Kristiansen N. I. , Stohl A. , Prata A. J. , Bukowiecki N. , Dacre H. , Eckhardt S. , Henne S. , Hort M. C. , Johnson B. T. , Marenco F. , Neininger B. , Reitebuch O. , Seibert P. , Thomson D. J. , Webster H. N. , Weinzierl B.
Published: December 2011

The requirement to forecast volcanic ash concentrations was amplified as a response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption when ash safety limits for aviation were introduced in the European area. The ability to provide accurate quantitative forecasts relies to a large extent on the source term which is the emissions of ash as a function of time and height. This study presents source term estimations of the ash emissions from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption derived with an inversion algorithm which constrains modeled ash emissions with satellite observations of volcanic ash. The algorithm is tested with input from two different dispersion models, run on three different meteorological input data sets. The results are robust to which dispersion model and meteorological data are used. Modeled ash concentrations are compared quantitatively to independent measurements from three different research aircraft and one surface measurement station. These comparisons show that the models perform reasonably well in simulating the ash concentrations, and simulations using the source term obtained from the inversion are in overall better agreement with the observations (rank correlation = 0.55, Figure of Merit in Time (FMT) = 25–46%) than simulations using simplified source terms (rank correlation = 0.21, FMT = 20–35%). The vertical structures of the modeled ash clouds mostly agree with lidar observations, and the modeled ash particle size distributions agree reasonably well with observed size distributions. There are occasionally large differences between simulations but the model mean usually outperforms any individual model. The results emphasize the benefits of using an ensemble‐based forecast for improved quantification of uncertainties in future ash crises.
Glacial‐interglacial size variability in the diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis: Possible iron/dust controls?
Authors: Cortese G. , Gersonde R. , Maschner K. , Medley P.
Published: December 2011

The valve area of Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, the most abundant diatom species in the Southern Ocean, strongly changes in size in response to varying conditions in the surface ocean. We examined the link, both in two iron fertilization experiments and in sediment samples covering several glacial Terminations, between size variability in this species and environmental conditions across the Antarctic Polar Front, including sea ice extent, sea surface temperature, and the input of eolian dust. The iron fertilization experiments show valve area to be positively correlated with iron concentrations in ambient waters, which suggests the possibility of a causal relation between valve size of Fragilariopsis kerguelensis and ambient surface water iron concentration. Larger valves are usually found during glacial times and thus seem to be related to lower sea surface temperature and wider sea ice coverage. Moreover, our results indicate that there usually is a strong correlation between larger valve size and increased input of eolian dust to the Southern Ocean. However, this correlation, obvious for the fertilization experiments and for glacial Terminations I, II, III, and V, does not seem to be valid for Termination VI, where size appears to be inversely correlated to dust input.
Telomere flip‐flop: an unfolding passage to senescence
Authors: Price Carolyn M
Published: December 2011

In this issue of EMBO reports, insight is provided into how telomeres can function both as tumour suppressors by limiting the number of times a cell can divide and as tumour promoters by allowing genomic instability.
Immune cell transdifferentiation: a complex crosstalk between circulating immune cells and the haematopoietic niche
Authors: Meister Marie , Ferrandon Dominique
Published: December 2011

ROS sensed in the haematopoietic niche induces the differentiation of circulating plasmatocytes into wasp‐egg‐fighting lamellocytes in a non‐cell‐autonomous manner, as described in this issue of EMBO reports.
Cortical Spreading Ischemia in the Absence of Proximal Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Evidence for a Dual Mechanism of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Strong Anthony J , Macdonald R Loch
Published: December 2011

There are longstanding inconsistencies in the evidence thought to link vasospasm in the major branches of the Circle of Willis with delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The demonstrations, first in the laboratory, and more recently in patients with aSAH, of cortical spreading ischemia based on an abnormal response of the cerebral microcirculation to spreading depolarization offer an additional possible mechanism for delayed ischemia. That such events can occur in the substantial absence of proximal vasospasm is compatible with this concept, but the preliminary evidence needs support from more extensive studies.