bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Environmental Conditions on Larval Growth and Development
Authors: Zeng Chaoshu , Rotllant Guiomar , Giménez Luis , Romano Nicholas
Published: March 2021

The vast majority of crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or freshwater environments. Marine crustaceans—such as copepods, in particular—are ubiquitous in the oceans and perhaps the most numerous metazoans on Earth. Because crustaceans occur in all marine habitats, their larvae are exposed to highly diverse and sometimes variable environmental conditions, including extreme situations in which various environmental factors exert significant effects on larval growth and development. This chapter first describes the effects of food availability on crustacean larvae. Food paucity is a commonly occurring scenario in the wild, which can directly affect larval growth and development and, in severe cases, results in mortality. In the subsequent sections, we cover the effects of temperature and salinity—the two most prominent physical parameters in the aquatic environments—on growth and development of crustacean larvae. We then discuss the influence of other important physicochemical factors in aquatic environments on larval growth and development, including dissolved oxygen, light, ocean acidification, and pollutants. Finally, the last two sections of this chapter discuss synergistic effects of different environmental factors and suggest future research directions in this field.
Settlement and Metamorphosis in Barnacles and Decapods
Authors: Gebauer Paulina , Giménez Luis , Hinojosa Iván , Paschke Kurt
Published: March 2021

Settlement and metamorphosis are two crucial processes in organisms with a biphasic life cycle, forming the link between the pelagic larva and benthic juvenile-adult. In general, these processes occur during the final larval stage. Among crustaceans, settlement behavior and the cues that trigger settlement and metamorphosis have been studied in greater depth in barnacles than in decapods, likely a result of the former losing the ability to move after they join the benthic juvenile-adult population, undergoing metamorphosis. Both barnacles and decapods respond to different environmental cues associated with the adult habitat, such as substratum, biofilm, and the presence of conspecifics. In the absence of cues, larvae can delay their metamorphosis for a period of time. This ability to prolong the development can be advantageous because it increases the probability of settling in a suitable habitat. However, delayed metamorphosis has also associated costs (e.g., smaller size, lower growth rate, and higher mortality), which may be carried over to subsequent development stages, with consequences for recruitment.
Phenotypic Plasticity and Phenotypic Links in Larval Development
Authors: Giménez Luis
Published: March 2021

Marine crustaceans show a suite of phenotypically plastic responses to the environment, with some restricted to the larval phase and others transcending life history boundaries, linking life phases or generations. Maternal effects include the effects of allocation of reserves into eggs as well as effects of the embryonic environment on tolerance to low salinity or larval body mass. Within the larval phase, there is a diversity of plastic responses involving changes in body size, growth, and developmental rate; they can occur within the molt cycle, involve several molting stages, or result in the development of alternative pathways characterized by the different larval stages. In feeding larvae, the effects of stressors on body mass may be attenuated by delayed development; however, in nonfeeding larvae (e.g., barnacle cyprids), delayed metamorphosis reduces juvenile body size and habitat selectivity. Also, larval food limitation and increased temperatures away from the optimum lead to reduced body mass during metamorphosis. Overall, many of these responses are adaptive and lead to the maintenance of basic functions at the expense of morphogenesis and growth. Some plastic responses that lead to changes in size during metamorphosis can also have consequences for juvenile size growth and survival. These “latent effects” appear to represent forms of developmental trade-offs and may have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Larval plasticity, by generating phenotypic variation, may influence the capacity to compete, capture resources, tolerate stressors, and, ultimately, may affect recruitment dynamics. In addition, plastic responses linking life history stages also result in genetic links and hence drive the evolution of crustaceans with complex life cycles.
Oral History and Indigenous People
Authors: Mahuika Nēpia
Published: March 2021

Indigenous peoples think about oral history differently. This is the key assertion of this opening chapter, which draws on a specific Māori tribal context and community to show how native peoples maintain and employ our own interpretations of oral history. This chapter highlights the tensions and divisions between oral history and oral tradition, revealing how these disciplines have been instrumental in the colonial displacement of indigenous historical knowledge as traditions, myths, and folk songs. Drawing on a personal tribal journey and experience, this chapter reveals how indigenous perspectives remain largely absent in today’s popular oral history definitions, particularly in regard to the form, methods, theories, and politics of the discipline.
“The Caring Crustacean”: An Overview of Crustacean Parental Care
Authors: Palaoro Alexandre V. , Thiel Martin
Published: March 2021

Many crustacean species are known to provide parental care, with behaviors ranging from ventilating the eggs to providing food for young. This chapter provides an overview of parental care patterns across crustaceans, and then compares crustacean parental care to that of select other taxa (insects, fishes, frogs) that share important traits with crustaceans (exoskeleton, aquatic or amphibious lifestyle, respectively). The aim is to identify gaps in the understanding of the evolution of parental care in crustaceans. We show that nearly all crustaceans provide parental care for early embryos (eggs), while caring for advanced stages is rarer. The most common forms of care are simple behaviors (e.g. fanning and cleaning behaviors), while complex behaviors (e.g. feeding the young) evolved exclusively in groups that also care for longer. Caring is most frequently done by females, while biparental is rare, and exclusive paternal care is nonexistent. When compared across taxa, simple behaviors are also the most common forms of care, and reasons for the evolution of parental care have common themes. First, parental care enhances offspring survival. In crustaceans, early embryo/egg mortality is apparently high, which might have triggered the evolution of parental care in several crustacean taxa independently. Second, crustaceans that have large eggs and inhabit stable habitats tend to care for longer. Lastly, internal fertilization seems to prevent male crustaceans from caring by not allowing the males to access the eggs and to ensure paternity.
Parthenogenesis
Authors: Innes David J. , Dufresne France
Published: March 2021

The dominant mode of reproduction in eucaryotes is sexual. This has been described as a paradox given that sex is much more costly than reproducing asexually, such as by parthenogenesis. In the Crustacea, parthenogenesis is commonly found in the Ostracoda and Branchiopoda (Artemia and Cladocera), and studies of these species have made important contributions to understanding the ecological and evolutionary relationship between sexual and asexual reproduction. With respect to parthenogenesis, researchers have explored its taxonomic distribution and phylogeny, origin and mode, ecological genetics, and genomic signatures. Parthenogenetic Crustacea include both diploid and polyploid clones that have originated multiple times from related sexual species but appear to have a relatively limited evolutionary lifespan. Darwinulid ostracods may be one exception, with no known sexual forms and possibly an example of ancient asexuality, although this is controversial. Most parthenogenetic crustacean groups appear to have a wider geographic distribution than related sexual species and are often found in marginal habitats associated with higher latitudes and altitudes. Such patterns of geographic parthenogenesis have yet to be fully explained, but could possibly be due to colonization and adaptation advantages of asexuality; further studies are required to eliminate polyploidy alone as an explanation. There are many examples of parthenogenetic ostracods, cladocerans, and Artemia showing high levels of genetic diversity likely due to recent multiple origins from related sexual species. Phylogenetic analyses support this explanation and for Artemia and Daphnia, cases have been documented for rare functional males produced by parthenogenetic females that can mate with sexual females as a mechanism for generating new clonal lineages. The diversity of asexual species, combined with prior ecological and genetic information, suggests that crustaceans will continue as important models for understanding parthenogenesis, particularly with the application of new genomic tools.
The Fundamentals
Authors: Marzola Luci
Published: March 2021

Chapter 5 shows how the collective approach to research established in the Mazda tests was utilized in the chaos brought to every aspect of film production by the introduction of sound. Rather than focusing on sound itself (the focus of much scholarship), this chapter concentrates on its ramifications for everything from lights and cameras to set materials and lab practices as a way of understanding how the entire system dealt with the changes in the industry. The Hollywood studios viewed the drop in technical quality brought by sound as a potential disaster for the industry once the novelty wore off. For the studios to quickly regain the professional standards expected of Hollywood films, the Academy led a “school” in which technicians from across the studios and manufacturers shared knowledge about the new sound systems. These collective activities served to tame the chaos of sound and create collaborative practices that were perpetuated and shared across the studios in a systemized way for the first time.
Stonehenge in Nevada
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A.
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores the understanding of Stonehenge, the support for major features of the proposed design for markers for nuclear waste repositories. The proposed design would have two concentric lines of stone monoliths justified explicitly by a claim that Stonehenge’s contemporary remains survived as indications of its original plan and intention. Drawing on archaeological research, the chapter shows that this image of Stonehenge as composed at one moment is untrue to its complex history of transformations. The chapter follows one part of the design proposal—the suggestion that the monoliths be made of granite, not the original material of Stonehenge—to demonstrate that the experts were drawing on a history of understanding of monuments and commemoration that developed in the United States in the early 19th century. It ends with an interlude introducing the alternate design proposal, based on a theory of archetypes that would arouse universal emotional responses.
Serpent Mound
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A.
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores the second major element of the marker design, which called for a massive earthen berm, supported by citing mounds of the US Midwest, including Monk’s Mound at Cahokia and the Great Serpent Mound. It explores how the engineering knowledge needed to construct these mounds is underestimated by the markers’ experts, and how the archaeological sites treated as simple actually have complex histories of development, including repair and changes. It relates the dismissive treatment of this indigenous technology to earlier commentaries that questioned the creation of earthworks by Native Americans. It explores the concept of common sense and the kinds of expert opinion that were represented in the history of developing proposals for markers, and the special role given to meaning in identifying appropriate archaeological models to use. It is followed by an interlude considering Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty as a model for a monumental earthwork subject to entropy.
Rosetta Stones and Cuneiform Tablets
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A.
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the role in the marker design of buried objects intended to be inscribed with messages. Modeled on works like the Rosetta Stone, the stele of Hammurabi, and cuneiform tablets, this part of the design turned the marker system into an artificial archaeological site. Debates are explored about how meanings are effectively communicated, with an emphasis on parallel languages as securing transmission of meaning countered by historical evidence of English literary texts that rapidly became difficult to read. The chapter explores how Rosetta Stone came to be treated as a metaphor for a key to decipherment that would have been familiar to the expert consultants. Archaeological context demonstrates that the models used never actually were aimed to communicate into long-term futures. An interlude after the chapter explores the experts’ understanding of how Land Art worked, and how the artists creating such works understood them.
Reframing Vivien Leigh
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: March 2021

Reframing Vivien Leigh takes a fresh new look at one of the twentieth century’s most iconic stars. Focusing on Vivien Leigh as a distinctly archival subject, the book draws upon original oral history work with curators, archivists, and fan collectives and extensive research within a network of official and unofficial archives around the world to produce alternative stories about her place within film history. The study examines an intriguing variety of historical correspondence, costume, scripts, photography, props, and memorabilia in order to reframe the dominant narratives that have surrounded her life and career. While Leigh’s glamour, collaborations with Laurence Olivier, and mental health form important coordinates for any study of the star, the book foregrounds a range of alternative contexts that emphasize her creative agency, examining her off-screen labor in areas such as theatrical training, adaptation, war work, producing, protesting, and interactions with her fan base. Part I examines a variety of case studies of Leigh’s screen and stage craft as they emerge from the archive, looking at Leigh’s varied collaborations, her investment in faithful adaptations, and her vocal training. It interconnects star studies, feminist film studies, and performance studies to produce a new take on stardom as creative process rather than stardom as image. Part II turns toward unofficial archives and local museum collections, centering the work of the archivist and the amateur collector and their impact on women’s star histories. It explores Leigh’s archival afterlives as they are constructed by a range of agents and institutions beyond the “official” star archive.
“Her sort of trouble”
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: March 2021

The chapter uses material from Vivien Leigh’s British Library papers to forge a new approach to histories of her struggles with mental health. The chapter examines how this particular aspect of her life is represented within the archive. As a case study, I analyze fan letters that were generated in response to press coverage of the breakdown Leigh suffered while filming Elephant Walk in 1953. The chapter shows how predominantly female fan writers corresponded with Leigh. In turn, they capitalized on the simultaneous intimacy and distance of the fan letter to create a platform for self-exploration. More broadly, the chapter considers the cultural frameworks in which such fan-inflected confession gestated. It reads the content of the letters against a backdrop of attitudes toward women’s mental health at this time.
Birth of Intelligence
Authors: Lee Daeyeol
Published: March 2021

What is intelligence? How did it begin and evolve to human intelligence? Does a high level of biological intelligence require a complex brain? Can man-made machines be truly intelligent? Is artificial intelligence (AI) fundamentally different from human intelligence? Rapid expansion of AI applications has made these questions pressing. To better prepare for the future society and its technology, including how the use of AI will impact our lives, it is essential to understand the biological root and limits of human intelligence. After systematically reviewing biological and computational underpinnings of decision-making and intelligent behaviors, this book proposes that true intelligence requires life.
Brain and Decision-Making
Authors: Lee Daeyeol
Published: March 2021

The brain is an organ of decision-making, and its studies requires multidisciplinary approaches, including neuroscience, economics, and psychology, three areas that have jointly formed the basis of neuroeconomics. This chapters reviews the utility theory to illustrate why it is important to start with a formal theory of decision-making to understand the biological mechanisms of decision-making, including the function of the brain. In addition, it discusses the limits of the classical utility theory and how its concepts are related to the common notion of happiness. Finally, it reviews key findings from neuroscience about how the brain makes decisions.
Why Learning?
Authors: Lee Daeyeol
Published: March 2021

Once the genes delegate the responsibility of decision-making to the brain, the most important function of the brain is to develop successful decision-making strategies by incorporating new information about the animal’s environment. The complexity of this process increased during evolution, and in mammals, including humans, the brain utilizes multiple learning strategies to produce the most appropriate motor responses. After illustrating this using response and place learning, this chapter reviews the history of research on animal learning, including a potential conflict between different learning strategies. In particular, the author addresses the important role of classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning in learning.
People Management
Authors: Jacobsen Christian B. , Knies Eva
Published: March 2021

The central issue in this chapter is people management in public organizations. That is, managers’ implementation of HR practices and their leadership behavior in supporting the employees they supervise at work. This chapter focuses on five key aspects related to HRM and leadership in a public sector context. First, the historical move from personnel management to HRM and leadership. Second, the distinction between external and internal management and this chapter’s focus on internal management. Third, the role of middle and frontline leaders in the implementation of policies and their responsibility for turning general policies into results. Fourth, the mutual dependency between HRM policies and leadership. Fifth, the distinction between intended, implemented, and perceived HRM and leadership. This chapter systematically draws on both the general HRM and leadership bodies of literature, and specifies these insights to the public sector context whenever possible.
Public Managers’ Contribution to Public Service Performance
Authors: Andersen Lotte B. , Jacobsen Christian B. , Jensen Ulrich T. , Salomonse Heidi H.
Published: March 2021

This chapter describes how public managers contribute to public service performance. First, the chapter investigates three critical contextual factors for how public leadership can make a difference to organizational performance: managerial autonomy, capacity, and ability. Second, three leadership strategies are introduced which have been positively related to organizational performance in the public sector: goal-oriented, relational, and non-leader-centered leadership. Third, a new concept with particular relevance for public management is presented—reputation management—and this points to the relevance of considering the nexus between reputation and performance. It is argued that an organization’s reputation and performance may be more or less aligned. However, more importantly, an organization’s reputation per se also provides an important but less studied contextual factor of relevance for public managers’ ability to improve organizational performance. Finally, the chapter discusses how to develop leadership skills that increase public managers’ ability to contribute to public service performance.
George Berkeley and Early Modern Philosophy
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

This book focuses on how, for Berkeley, mind is related to its ideas. It does not assume that thinkers like Descartes, Malebranche, or Locke define for Berkeley the context in which he develops his own thought. Instead, it indicates how he draws on a tradition that informed his early training and that challenges much of the early modern thought with which he is often associated. Specifically, this book indicates how Berkeley’s distinctive treatment of mind (as the activity whereby objects are differentiated and related to one another) highlights how mind neither precedes the existence of objects nor exists independently of them. This distinctive way of understanding the relation of mind and objects allows Berkeley to appropriate ideas from his contemporaries in ways that so transform the issues with which he is engaged that his insights—for example, about how God creates the minds that perceive objects—are only now starting to be fully appreciated.
How Berkeley’s Works Are Interpreted
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Instead of interpreting Berkeley exclusively in terms of how he relates to Descartes, Malebranche, and Locke, this chapter suggests we consider him in relation to other figures as well (e.g. Stoics, Ramists, Suárez, Spinoza, Leibniz). This allows us to integrate his published and unpublished work, and it reveals how the breadth of his writings are much more aligned with one another. Specifically, it indicates how mind is the will that things be identified by being differentiated and related rather than something distinct from already differentiated things.
The Ramist Context of Berkeley’s Philosophy
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

Berkeley’s doctrines about mind, the language of nature, substance, minima sensibilia, notions, abstract ideas, inference, and freedom appropriate principles developed by the sixteenth-century logician Peter Ramus and his seventeenth-century followers (e.g. Alexander Richardson, William Ames, John Milton). Even though Berkeley expresses himself in Cartesian or Lockean terms, he relies on a Ramist way of thinking that is not a form of mere rhetoric or pedagogy but a logic and ontology grounded in Stoicism. This chapter summarizes the central features of Ramism, indicates how Berkeley adapts Ramist concepts and strategies, and chronicles Ramism’s pervasiveness in Berkeley’s education, especially at Trinity College Dublin.
Berkeley and Descartes on Mind
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

The convergence of ontological and epistemological interests in discussing mind has led some commentators to argue that Berkeley’s appeal to the Cartesian vocabulary of “spiritual substance” signals his appropriation of elements of Descartes’s theory of mind. But in his account of spiritual substance, Berkeley focuses much more than Descartes on the intrinsic relation between mind and its ideas and less on the nature of mind as such. This makes it difficult to justify the claim that mind (for Berkeley) is either an object of self-awareness or something that can be conceived apart from the activities or ideas by which it is known. Instead, it is the intentionality of ideas as they are represented as signs.
Berkeley and Spinoza
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2021

There is a widespread assumption that Berkeley and Spinoza have little in common, even though early Jesuit critics in France often linked them. Later commentators have also recognized their similarities. This chapter focuses on how Berkeley’s comments on the Arnauld–Malebranche debate regarding objective and formal reality, and on his treatment of God’s creation of finite minds within nature relate his theory of knowledge to his doctrine in a way similar to that of Spinoza.
The Keithian Controversy
Authors: Pennington Madeleine
Published: March 2021

This chapter assesses the extent to which ordinary Quakers were affected by the theological changes traced through the preceding chapters, through a consideration of the Keithian controversy. It argues that this controversy was fundamentally a theological disagreement about the place of the historical Jesus in Quaker spirituality—and while the Quakers would not retreat from their belief in the ‘sufficiency of the Light’ in public, their internal records reflect a far greater appreciation of the Incarnation than Quaker thinking in the 1650s. At the same time, they appealed to earlier Quaker writings as authoritative in their own right, suggesting the emergence of a ‘Quaker orthodoxy’ by the end of the seventeenth century. In this sense, the Keithian controversy was a coming of age for the Quaker movement—and when considered alongside the changes traced in Chapter 1, it confirms the significance of theological motivations in the development of seventeenth-century Quakerism
Seek Consultation
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T.
Published: March 2021

Seeking consultation commences with the recognition that seeking consultation is itself an ethical duty to the client. The chapter recommends three types of consultation, including ethical consultation, clinical consultation, and legal consultation. Ethical consultation occurs best when it is regularly scheduled, part of an ongoing relationship, and nurtures the professional’s own ethical growth. Clinical consultation can be used for ongoing supervision, understanding the connection between emotional and academic problems, staying current with clinical theory and interventions, recognizing the need for self-care, and managing clinical concerns. Legal consultation can assist with understanding constitutional rights of due process and equal protection, federal statutes such as the Every Student Succeeds Act or Individuals with Disabilities Act, state statutes, administrative regulations, and case law, such as the Tarasoff duty to protect and Jaffee v. Redmond. It ends with a discussion of the relationship between law and ethics and provides guidance regarding civil disobedience.
Ethical Recordkeeping
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T.
Published: March 2021

Ethical recordkeeping is new to this edition and begins by identifying the purposes of good recordkeeping. The chapter then addresses seven ethical issues related to recordkeeping, including privacy, accuracy, confidentiality, access, communication, documentation, and retention and destruction. Privacy asks: What information should I collect? Accuracy asks: How precise do I need to be? Confidentiality asks: To whom can I disclose information? Access asks: Who should be able to access my records? Communication asks: How should I transmit records? Documentation asks: What information should I record? Retention and destruction ask: How long should I keep records and how should I dispose of them?
Introduction
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

This chapter introduces the book and what it is about. It also reminds the reader what the difference between innovation and invention is. Innovation is the complete process of taking new ideas and devising new or improved products and services, which are then sold in the market. It comes in all stages of the production, sale, and after-sales of products and services. The true impact of innovation was not in the invention of the internal combustion engine, nor even the invention of the first automobile. The true impact of innovation is represented by the continuous stream of implementation of large and small inventions to make the car a better and cheaper product, to improve the way it is produced, and to continuously find ingenious ways to sell, market, and service cars. We care about innovation because it is the only engine for sustained long-term growth and improved welfare. This is why it is dangerous to mix innovation and invention, which happens to be the most common mistake of policymakers, the media, and the educated public.
Making America Great Again?
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines a different, but equally tantalizing, option of trying to “bring back” traditional manufacturing and the high-paying production-line jobs that disappeared from many areas decades ago. To analyze the practicality of this strategy, the chapter explores recent changes in the global production landscape that are the result of digitization and other trends. What happened to the vertical manufacturers of yesteryear? How does innovation translate to growth in a globalizing world? To make those changes less abstract and more concrete, the chapters utilizes a few historical case studies. First, it examines the history of the rise and fall of innovation manufacturing in Michigan and Pennsylvania; then it looks at the brief success (and long and bitter decline) of the “high-end manufacturing” stars of the 1990s: Elk Grove, California, and Colorado Springs, Colorado. After effectively killing the two current deadly street drugs of Silicon Valley and Make America Great Again, the chapter leads the reader to appreciate other (and better) choices by moving away from the binary framing of innovation/manufacturing and back to the world of fragmented production, but this time armed with a new point view.
Four Are Better Than One—But First, Let Us Plan It Strategically
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

This chapter starts the constructive journey of developing a strategy for local innovation-based growth in each stage of production. It does so by first making clear what is (and what is not) innovation policy. Reminding the reader that there are only two innovation actors in the economy (individuals and firms), and only three goals of innovation policy: (i) equipping the agents of innovation with the necessary capacities, (ii) building and sustaining the ecosystem in which they can flourish, and (iii) finding the most effective ways to stimulate said actors to innovate. It then introduces the concept of growth models to develop and build the ideas of the four fundamentals of local innovation-based growth policy: (1) Flows of local–global knowledge, demand, and input; (2) The supply and creation of public and semi-public goods; (3) A local ecosystem that reinforces the firm-level benefits of the previous two fundamentals; and (4) Managing the co-evolution of the previous three fundamentals and the changing role of public policy as the locale grows and excels. Using these tools, the chapter analyzes the case for stage 4 innovation specialization through the case of Shenzhen.
Looking for Better Options
Authors: Breznitz Dan
Published: March 2021

But how should a community manage its efforts? Locales seeking to promote innovation-based growth must think carefully not only about the needed actions, but also about the public agencies chosen to lead them. Strikingly, there has been almost no research on how to design and develop innovation agencies. Further, anyone who wants to model innovation agencies on the example of successful organizations could be forgiven for ending in utter confusion. Effective innovation agencies include large, powerful, central organizations as well as small, lightly funded ones. Some innovation agencies have clear technological objectives and manage much of the research themselves, whereas others have delegated these decisions to private sector actors. In short, there is considerable variation, with no clear lessons. The chapter cuts through this fog by demonstrating that the different designs of innovation agencies are similar to the different innovation models needed to excel in different stages of production, and each of which necessitates different set of capabilities. Effective institutional design thus depends on an agency’s mission or the specific type of innovation it seeks to pursue. The chapter distinguishes among four different types of innovation agencies, illustrated by multiple case studies: “directed upgraders,” “productivity facilitators,” “state-led disruptors,” and “transformation enablers.” These categories reflect different choices concerning (i) the level of public sector R&D involvement, (ii) the positioning of the agencies within the public sector, and (iii) the degree of embedding within private industry. Building on these case studies, the chapter discusses the implications for communities as they plan their innovation-based future.
Precursors of Conversion Themes under the Umayyads
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 is devoted to sources attributed to pre-ᶜAbbāsid writers, who lived and wrote during the Umayyad Caliphate: Sulaym ibn Qays (d. 76/695), Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhrī (d. 124/741), and Mūsā ibn ᶜUqba (d. 135/752). These sources are problematic for various reasons, examined extensively in the first section of the chapter. The chapter then focuses on the literary descriptions of conversion and detectable themes. This chapter demonstrates how the earliest available historical reports include precursors of conversion themes, which are to be developed, used, or reinterpreted under the ᶜAbbāsid rule. Chapter 2 argues that, since the genesis of Muslim historical writing, religious historians not only emphasized conversion but also used it to advance their religious views and support their political agendas.
Mormonism, Medicine, and Bioethics
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

Moral Realities: Medicine, Bioethics, and Mormonism articulates and applies a framework of ethical principles in the moral culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) to an array of specific topics in bioethics, including reproductive technologies, stem-cell research, preventive medicine, vaccinations, genetic screening and editing, biomedical enhancements, organ and tissue donation, life endings in neonatal intensive care, withdrawing medical treatments, medical-assisted death, human cloning, abortion, medical marijuana, and universal health care. Moral Realities proposes that LDS understandings of medicine as a healing vocation and ethical principles and virtues of love, hospitality, covenant, justice, and moral agency can guide ethical deliberation in concrete circumstances of moral choice; mediate relationships between families, patients, and the healing professions; and present ethical criteria for assessing health care public policy. The book honors the communal moral authority of personal experience and intertwines communal experience and ecclesiastical policy positions with perspectives in professional bioethical discourse. Moral Realities expands the realm of Mormon studies to include ethics and bioethics, provides for a bioethics-literate LDS moral culture and an LDS-literate bioethics, and presents a critically reflective ethic for the LDS community, including LDS health care professionals.
Faith, Medicine, and Healing
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

This chapter develops from the revealed realities and moral culture formed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints a theological and ethical rationale for the healing professions as callings within which the moral reality of healing is conceptualized and enacted. Healing, which is characterized by restoring wholeness, relationships, witnessing the patient’s narrative, the potency of touch, and empathetic solidarity, provides moral convergence and continuity between communal rituals and practices oriented by faith convictions and communal reliance on medical interventions. An evolving moral reality of healing is represented through a typology of three broad patterns of relationship between faith convictions and medical practice that emerged historically in LDS culture: faith against medicine, faith and medicine, and faith in medicine.
Born Dying
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the existential and ethical questions raised by care for infants born with life-threatening physiological impairments. The parental narratives of infants born dying present unique illustrations of how The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) convictions of the revealed reality—including the salvific value of embodied life, parental commitment and autonomy, the eternal family relationship, and medical futility—influence medical decisions regarding life endings at the beginnings of life. These convictions support a narrative that can run contrary to the progressive and vitalistic impulse of biomedicine: children who die prior to accountability have already displayed their faithfulness in the pre-mortal life and do not need the trials for mortal life for their eternal progress. These convictions enable parents to re-story their experience of tragedy into a quest for blessing.
Conserving the Oceans
Authors: Alger Justin
Published: March 2021

Conserving the Oceans: The Politics of Large Marine Protected Areas documents the efforts of activists and states to increase the pace and scale of global ocean protections, leading to a new global norm in ocean conservation of large marine protected areas (MPAs) exceeding 200,000 km2. Through an analysis of domestic political economies, the book explains how states have protected millions of square kilometers of ocean space while remaining highly responsive to the interests of businesses. It argues that states design environmental policies above all around two key features of a given space: (1) the composition of extractive versus non-extractive industry interests; and (2) the salience of various industry interests, defined as the degree to which businesses would suffer tangible and significant costs in response to new environmental regulations. Through an analysis of large MPA advocacy campaigns in Australia, Palau, and the US, this book demonstrates how the political economy of a given marine space shapes how governments align their environmental and economic goals, sometimes strengthening conservation but more often than not undermining it. While recognizing important global progress and growing ambition to conserve ocean ecosystems, Conserving the Oceans demonstrates that even ambitious large MPAs have so far not fundamentally challenged a neoliberal paradigm of environmentalism that has caused considerable ecological harm.
Imagined Audiences
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

The news industry faces profound financial instability and public distrust. Many believe the solution to these ongoing crises is for journalists to improve their relationship with their audiences. This raises important questions: How do journalists conceptualize their audiences in the first place? What is the connection between what journalists think about their audiences and what they do to reach them? Perhaps most important, how aligned are these “imagined” audiences with the real ones? Imagined Audiences draws on ethnographic case studies of three news organizations to show how journalists’ assumptions about their audiences shape their approaches to their audiences. In doing so, it examines the role that audiences traditionally have played in journalism, how that role has changed, and what those changes mean for both the profession and the public. It concludes by drawing on audience studies research to compare journalism’s “imagined” audiences with actual observations of news audience behavior. The result is a comprehensive study of both news production and reception at a time when the connection between the two has grown more important than ever.
When Data and Intuition Converge
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

How is it that, in an age of sophisticated audience data, there continue to be widespread uncertainty and inconsistency throughout the news industry surrounding what people want and expect from news? This chapter explores this question by examining the relationship of journalists with audience measurement data. While the previous chapter examined the differences within journalism’s imagined audiences, this chapter explores the origins of journalism’s imagined audiences. In doing so, it identifies the way these differences emerge—and, more importantly, how they persist—in an increasingly data-driven news culture. The author’s overarching argument is that audience measurement data are neither as straightforward nor comprehensive as the discourse surrounding them suggests. Instead, these data continue to leave ample room for interpretation, and the interpretations vary from one journalist to the next.
Europe’s Migration Experience and Its Effects on Economic Inequality
Authors: Guzi Martin , Kahanec Martin , Ulceluse Magdalena M.
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides the historical context for the past half-century in Europe, focusing specifically on the link between migration and economic development and inequality. The literature review suggests that there are several channels through which migration affects economic inequality between countries in one or the other direction, and it may decrease inequality within countries. The net effects are an open empirical question and are likely to depend on the institutional and policy context, sources and destinations of migration, and its type. The authors undertake an empirical analysis and find that immigration has contributed to reducing inequality within the 25 European Union (EU) countries over the 2003–2017 period. As the EU has attracted mostly high-skilled immigrants throughout this period, the authors’ results are consistent with the ameliorating effect of high-skilled migration on within-country inequality, as predicted by theory.
Not Such a Good Friday for Alaska
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

This chapter presents a selection of amazing true stories collected through first-time video interviews covering the areas of Seward, Valdez, Cordova, Kodiak, Whittier, and other sites that were the hardest hit by the devastating 1964 Great Alaskan earthquake and tsunami, the second largest earthquake ever recorded. The chapter presents the story of a family hearing the tsunami coming and climbing onto a rooftop that they would ride upslope into the forest and survive. It also provides an account of the waves rolling into Seward and crushing huge oil tanks, with the water covered with oil catching fire and turning into a flaming tsunami. Stories of native fishermen at sea observing strange behavior by marine animals and even cows on Kodiak Island heading up into pasture following the earthquake only to be killed by the tsunami 30 minutes later after they had returned downhill are presented.
The Consensus Tigurinus (1549)
Authors: Bierma Lyle D.
Published: March 2021

Chapter Abstract: This chapter explores the fourth phase of development in Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy by examining the Consensus Tigurinus (Zurich Consensus, 1549), an agreement between Calvin and Bullinger on the doctrine of the sacraments. Scholars such as Davis and Janse have argued that this document represented a triumph for Bullinger and a full retreat by Calvin. However, in a careful analysis of seventeen of the twenty-six articles in the Consensus, the chapter concludes that although Calvin might have wished to phrase things differently at times or to retain some of his typical vocabulary, all the major themes, and sometimes the very language, of these articles can be found in his earlier writings. Conversely, all the major themes in his earlier writings that were related to the sacraments in general and to baptism in particular appear again in some form in the Consensus Tigurinus.
God’s Ethics: A Workaround?
Authors: Ekstrom Laura W.
Published: March 2021

This chapter engages with a recent book by Mark Murphy in which he argues that a correct understanding of the ethics of a perfect being renders arguments from evil for atheism effectively defanged. Murphy contends that God’s baseline attitude toward human persons is indifference and, indeed, that it is consistent with the nature of God for God to allow evils to befall rational and sentient creatures for no reason whatsoever. To the contrary, this chapter argues that God counts as an absolutely perfect being only if by God’s very nature God is such that God cares for the rational and sentient creatures in existence and prevents us from suffering pointlessly. In support of this view, the author delineates two arguments, thus defending the conception of God as essentially perfectly morally good. In light of an appropriate conception of God’s ethics, the argument from evil retains its power.
Stories of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: March 2021

After introducing the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda, this chapter offers a brief discussion of the political significance of stories and storytelling, drawing on narrative theory. This is followed by a brief elaboration of the ethics and politics of working with narrative. The inevitable partiality of narrative accounts and the decision to focus on the UN in New York are just two of the ethical tensions that run through the project presented here, and the chapter explores these tensions not in an effort to resolve them but rather to acknowledge the work that they do in prompting thinking around the issues that arise in the course of this analysis. The final section explains the book’s argument and outlines the development of this argument over the course of the chapters that follow.
Ownership and Origin Stories
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: March 2021

One of the most prominent motifs in the narration of the WPS agenda is a repeated, and repeatedly coherent, story of the history of “the agenda,” which tells of the advocacy surrounding the adoption of UNSCR 1325 in 2000 and anchors the agenda firmly in the passage of this resolution by the UN Security Council. The narration of this “origin story” is of critical importance in shaping what the agenda could and would become in the following twenty years. The “ownership” of the agenda by the women’s civil society organizations that lobbied for the adoption of the foundational resolution is a touchstone of political activism around the agenda and has had an impact on its development over the past two decades. These ownership claims, deriving from the origin stories, thus have important constitutive effects on the future of the agenda and on the legitimacy and credibility of various WPS subjects.
Creating Communities
Authors: Kingwell Mark
Published: March 2021

A building is more than a structure: it is an invitation to citizens, whether or not they live or work in a given buildings. This chapter queries whether buildings can be said to create community, and if so, how. It argues, in effect, that “If you build it, they will come” is an insufficient and maybe misleading slogan when it comes to the real world of architecture.
Women as authors, audience, and authorities in the French tradition
Authors: Ayres-Bennett Wendy
Published: March 2021

This chapter considers the role played by women in French linguistic thought from the sixteenth century to the period up to 1900. I begin by presenting grammars, dictionaries, and other metalinguistic texts by women before looking at their function as dedicatees or as the intended audience of such texts. Next, I examine the role played by women as editors, philologists and, in particular, as translators, an activity closely related to metalinguistic writing and the development of a standard written language. Third, I outline the development of women’s education and their responsibilities as educators, whether as mothers or in more formal settings. Finally, I consider the role played by women as linguistic models, and examine what metalinguistic texts have to say about their language—whether positive or negative—and how this contributes to the emergence of le bon usage (‘good usage’) in the French tradition.