bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reward Preferences of the Youngest Generation: Attracting, Recruiting, and Retaining Generation Z into Public Sector Organizations
Authors: Acheampong Nana Amma A.
Published: September 2020

Generation Z is the youngest and newest entrants into the workforce. However, confusion about their characteristics, work values, and reward preferences hinders effort to attract, recruit, and retain this generational cohort into public sector organizations. Accordingly, this study investigates effective reward strategies for recruiting and retaining Generation Z into public sector organizations. I used an evidence-based research approach and an aggregative systematic review as the study methodology. The evidence curated from 32 studies reveals how the background and life experiences of Generation Z influence the importance they assign their work values, reward preferences, and how they prioritize rewards in terms of their employment decisions. Additionally, gender also influenced the importance Gen Z assigned to specific rewards. Overall, Gen Z’s strong attractiveness to specific extrinsic and intrinsic rewards makes public sector organizations a likely employer of choice and offers managers a viable strategy for attracting, recruiting, and retaining the youngest generational workforce.
‘A less unpalatable alternative’: Executive leaders strategically redefining their work in primary MATs
Authors: Spicksley Kathryn
Published: September 2020

Since the election of the Coalition government in 2010, an increasing number of primary schools in England have converted to academy status. This article explores how executive leaders working in primary academies construct academy freedoms and their attitudes towards their local authorities. Interviews with four executive leaders working in two contrasting Multi-Academy Trusts were analysed using critical discourse analysis. Findings show that in these primary academies, leaders chose to discursively distance themselves from other academy schools, and instead construct themselves as continuing the best traditions of local authority support. The findings indicate that the professional identities of academy leaders, as key policy actors, have an impact on how national policy is interpreted and enacted. The discourse of these academy leaders suggests that primary academisation has led to school leaders appropriating methods of strategic redefinition, to navigate the new post-2010 education landscape and construct new professional identities.
Behavioral Immune Trade-Offs: Interpersonal Value Relaxes Social Pathogen Avoidance
Authors: Tybur Joshua M. , Lieberman Debra , Fan Lei , Kupfer Tom R. , de Vries Reinout E.
Published: September 2020

Behavioral-immune-system research has illuminated how people detect and avoid signs of infectious disease. But how do we regulate exposure to pathogens that produce no symptoms in their hosts? This research tested the proposition that estimates of interpersonal value are used for this task. The results of three studies ( N = 1,694), each conducted using U.S. samples, are consistent with this proposition: People are less averse to engaging in infection-risky acts not only with friends relative to foes but also with honest and agreeable strangers relative to dishonest and disagreeable ones. Further, a continuous measure of how much a person values a target covaries with comfort with infection-risky acts with that target, even within relationship categories. Findings indicate that social prophylactic motivations arise not only from cues to infectiousness but also from interpersonal value. Consequently, pathogen transmission within social networks might be exacerbated by relaxed contamination aversions with highly valued social partners.
Beyond ‘Sex’ in Sexual Harassment: A Feminist Critique of the Indian Sexual Harassment Act
Authors: Raju Nivedita
Published: September 2020

While the legislation on sexual harassment has been criticized for practical inadequacies, this paper identifies the theoretical foundations of the legislation that hinder substantive gender equality. The analysis here reveals that the Act was drafted in a normative framework that upholds a standard of conservative sexual morality to the detriment of women’s sexuality. In particular, the paper highlights the Indian emphasis on victimhood, which ultimately results in a loss of sexual autonomy. The paper concludes with the argument that a starting point to improve this regulation is an inquiry into the definition and meaning of the term ‘sexual harassment’ itself. These arguments are further contextualized by the author’s own experiences in the Indian legal industry.
Four Faces of Marginalisation: Variations in Institutional Frameworks of Welfare State Provisions and Social Trust in Europe
Authors: Tamilina Larysa , Tamilina Natalya
Published: September 2020

By assuming that marginalisation threatens social trust formation, this study introduces a new analytical framework to explain the relationship between a welfare state’s institutional design and trust levels in European societies. A good’s lifecycle view, consisting of production and consumption, is applied to the provision of social benefits to discern four forms of marginalisation in an individual’s experience with the welfare state: (a) marginalisation through attitude, (b) marginalisation through context, (c) marginalisation through poverty and (d) marginalisation through opportunity lack. We argue that universalism in benefit provisions minimises each of the four marginalisation forms whereas selectivity is characterised by higher odds of marginalisation. We further demonstrate that this especially holds true when universal social programmes are generous, and the State dedicates substantial resources to their funding. When the State’s resources are scarce, selectivity becomes a good alternative to universalism and may enhance social trust formation among individuals. We tested our hypotheses using data from the European Social Survey (2010).

JEL: D02, D03, Z10, Z1
Discourses on public sector accounting reforms in China: A brief history (1949–2019)
Authors: Zhang Eagle
Published: September 2020

This article investigates China’s recent reform to adopt accrual accounting in its public sector. It aims to offer an understanding of the sociopolitical influences that have shaped the reform by contextualising it against a history of Chinese government accounting practice and its surrounding discourses. Based on archival and published materials from the PRC between 1949 and 2019, this article examines antecedent discourses on government accounting from academic, government and news media sources. It uses the accounting discourse as a vantage point to understand the intellectual developments and discursive shifts that have since come to explain the recent Chinese government accounting reforms in connection to the Chinese context. While discourses leading up to the reforms seem to echo Western concerns of New Public Management on the surface, the analysis of this article demonstrates how the reforms respond to distinctly local pressures, ideas and objectives.
End-of-Life Nutrition Considerations: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Outcomes
Authors: Loofs Tyler S. , Haubrick Kevin
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To assess the physiological outcomes and interpersonal influences that should be considered when making the decision to provide artificial nutrition and hydration (AN&H) for patients in hospice/palliative programs.

Methods:

A systematic review was conducted using items from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols 2015 checklist. Distinct search strategies were employed to find primary research articles that addressed: General health outcomes of artificial nutrition and hydration interventions and nutrition therapy interventions (n = 16), nutrition-related symptoms in end-of-life care (n = 8), and the attitudes of patients and providers toward artificial nutrition and hydration (n = 21).

Results:

The effect of AN&H on health outcomes, quality-of-life measures and nutrition-related symptoms is limited and may vary by patient setting and diagnosis. In the absence of consistent evidence for specific health outcomes, decisions regarding AN&H should be made in context of the desires and beliefs of a patient, their family, and their medical providers. These beliefs may not be consistent with likely outcomes or may be inconsistent between individuals involved in the decision-making process, and individuals of different cultures or geographic regions may approach AN&H decisions from different perspectives. To help navigate the intersection of nutrition-related health outcomes and patient/provider beliefs, palliative care teams may employ a variety of strategies for approaching the decision-making process, and may benefit from specific involvement of a Registered Dietitian to help contribute to or lead these discussions.
Frozen Meat Against COVID-19 Misinformation: An Analysis of Steak-Umm and Positive Expectancy Violations
Authors: Bogomoletc Ekaterina , Lee Nicole M.
Published: September 2020

COVID-19 has forced many businesses to adjust their communication strategies to fit a new reality. One surprising example of this strategy adjustment came from the company Steak-umm, maker of frozen sliced beef. Instead of finding new ways to promote its products, the company shifted its focus to the public’s urgent needs, breaking down possible approaches to navigating information flow during the pandemic. This resulted in overwhelming praise on social and news media, including almost 60,000 new Twitter followers within a week. Drawing on expectancy violation theory, this case study examines Steak-umm’s strategy, the content of social media responses, and why the approach was successful.
Culturally Situated Do-It-Yourself Instructions for Making Protective Masks: Teaching the Genre of Instructional Design in the Age of COVID-19
Authors: Oswal Sushil K. , Palmer Zsuzsanna B.
Published: September 2020

This article employs cross-cultural communication approaches to teaching instructional design in the times of COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on instructions from France, India, Spain, and the United States for making protective masks, the authors highlight how the writers and designers of these four documents from each culture approach their audiences, organize their DIY instructions, make language choices, employ images and other illustration devices, and culturally persuade users. While acknowledging cultural differences, the authors urge students to identify and adopt design strengths from diverse cultures in their own ideas about composing instructions.
It's a Matter of Time: The Role of Temporal Perceptions in Emotional Experiences of Work Interruptions
Authors: Feldman Elana , Greenway David
Published: September 2020

Work interruptions are now ubiquitous in organizational life. However, our knowledge about how individuals experience work interruptions remains incomplete. Prior research has linked work interruption events to negative emotions, but scholars have yet to consider if—and when—such events might generate positive emotions. To explore this possibility, we adopted a temporal lens. Conceptualizing interruptions as emotionally charged events that involve changes to people’s time use, we conducted a qualitative field study of 251 work interruptions. Our inductive analysis revealed that many interruptions are experienced positively rather than negatively and that some are experienced neutrally (i.e., with no emotion). We found that this variation can be explained, in part, by four subjective temporal perceptions: time worthiness, timing, duration, and task expectedness. We also identified two contextual factors— relational context and work context—that moderate the effects of these temporal perceptions. Overall, our study underscores that emotional experiences of work interruptions vary far more widely that prior research suggests, identifies subjective temporal perceptions as key drivers of differing interruption experiences, and adds contextual richness to theories of interruptions.
Geophilia: Ethnographic Fragments on the Vitality of Fossils
Authors: Vannini Phillip , Vannini April
Published: September 2020

Drawing from multisite ethnographic research conducted at four Canadian UNESCO World Heritage natural sites, this writing focuses on the geosocialities of fossils and argues that fossils are alive: vitalist matter capable of affecting and being affected by the geosocial meshworks in which they are entangled. In the present writing, these relations are explored through more-than-representational ethnographic fragments intended to enliven the geophilia of fossils by underscoring the way they are animated through affect, memory, performance, narrative, possibility, and imagination.
The Experiences of Persistent Pain Among Women With a History of Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review
Authors: Walker Natasha , Beek Kristen , Chen Huan , Shang Jie , Stevenson Sally , Williams Karen , Herzog Hayley , Ahmed Jareen , Cullen Patricia
Published: September 2020

Women experience persistent pain at higher rates than men; however, women are less likely to be provided with adequate or appropriate care and more likely to have their pain experiences dismissed. The purpose of this review is to consider the complex interaction of the biopsychosocial factors in the experience of persistent pain in order to inform improved models of care. Given persistent pain is among the most frequently reported health consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV), this review focused on studies exploring the association between persistent pain and IPV. Three reviewers independently and systematically searched seven databases. Qualitative and quantitative studies describing the association between IPV and persistent pain published between January 2000 and June 2018 were included. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies demonstrated that a history of IPV places an additional burden on women who experience persistent pain that cannot be explained by an underlying psychological condition. Health care practitioners should be aware of this phenomena to ensure diagnosis, assessment, and treatment plans are targeted accordingly. Future policy directives and research should account for and seek to elucidate this additional burden.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Epilepsy Care: A Survey of the American Epilepsy Society Membership
Authors: Albert Dara V. F. , Das Rohit R. , Acharya Jayant N. , Lee Jong Woo , Pollard John R. , Punia Vineet , Keller Joy A. , Husain Aatif M.
Published: September 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the delivery of care to people with epilepsy (PWE) in multiple ways including limitations on in-person contact and restrictions on neurophysiological procedures. To better study the effect of the pandemic on PWE, members of the American Epilepsy Society were surveyed between April 30 and June 14, 2020. There were 366 initial responses (9% response rate) and 337 respondents remained for analysis after screening out noncompleters and those not directly involved with clinical care; the majority were physicians from the United States. About a third (30%) of respondents stated that they had patients with COVID-19 and reported no significant change in seizure frequency. Conversely, one-third of respondents reported new onset seizures in patients with COVID-19 who had no prior history of seizures. The majority of respondents felt that there were at least some barriers for PWE in receiving appropriate clinical care, neurophysiologic procedures, and elective surgery. Medication shortages were noted by approximately 30% of respondents, with no clear pattern in types of medication involved. Telehealth was overwhelmingly found to have value. Among the limitation of the survey was that it was administered at a single point in time in a rapidly changing pandemic. The survey showed that almost all respondents were affected by the pandemic in a variety of ways.
How Africans Met Native Americans during Slavery
Authors: Collins Robert Keith
Published: September 2020

Ancestral belonging, identity, and race are inextricably linked to a historical phenomenon in need of further academic investigation: shared kinship between enslaved Africans and enslaved Native Americans. How did Africans and Native Americans meet during slavery?
Indigenous Identity, Being, and Belonging
Authors: Gonzales Angela A. , Kertész Judy
Published: September 2020

While DNA-ancestry test kits are growing in popularity, can they really tell you who you are? Here, the authors explore why identity and ancestry are not the same.
The White Hands of Death in America
Authors: Bridges Tristan , Chatterjee Maya
Published: September 2020

Tristan Bridges and Maya Chatterjee on Dying of Whiteness: How the Politics of Racial Resentment is Killing America’s Heartland.
Battling for Native American Lands
Authors: Evans Timothy
Published: September 2020

Timothy Evans shares an in-depth review of the 2009 U.S. Supreme Court decision of Carcieri v. Salazar.
Swift Trust in Ad Hoc Teams: A Cognitive Task Analysis of Intelligence Operators in Multi-Domain Command and Control Contexts
Authors: Capiola August , Baxter Holly C. , Pfahler Marc D. , Calhoun Christopher S. , Bobko Philip
Published: September 2020

Trust is important for establishing successful relationships and performance outcomes. In some contexts, however, rich information such as knowledge of and experience with a teammate is not available to inform one’s trust. Yet, parties in these contexts are expected to work together toward common goals for a relatively brief and finite period of time. This research investigated the antecedents to quickly-formed trust (often referred to as swift trust) in fast-paced, time-constrained contexts. We conducted a cognitive task analysis (CTA) based on 11 structured interviews of subject-matter experts (SMEs) in Intelligence (Intel)—a heterogeneous job category comprising distributed and co-located personnel within multi-domain command and control (MDC2) environments. Eight antecedents to swift trust emerged from these interviews (i.e., ability, integrity, benevolence, communication, mission-focus, self-awareness, shared perspectives/experiences, and calm), with further analysis implying that swift trust is a relevant and emergent state in MDC2 that facilitates reliance. These findings offer implications for teams operating in high-risk distributed contexts and should be expanded through basic experimental investigations as well as applied initiatives.
Privileges of Power: Authenticity, Representation and the “Problem” of Children’s Voices in Qualitative Health Research
Authors: Spencer Grace , Fairbrother Hannah , Thompson Jill
Published: September 2020

The widespread privileging of children’s voices in recent times has triggered expansion of differing forms of qualitative enquiry that aim to “give children a voice.” Engaging children in research and eliciting their voices on matters that affect them is often showcased as being a more “authentic” way to capture children’s lived realities and afford their agency. Yet, the uptake of voice in qualitative enquiry, and how it may contribute to the privileging of particular ways of knowing (some) children’s lives, is rarely interrogated. Drawing on examples from our own research, in this paper we critically reflect on the frequent invoking of the term voice in qualitative health research with children. In doing so, we challenge claims of authenticity by exposing the tricky epistemological tensions and relations of power that are embedded within the production and legitimation of particular voices as being “correct” ways of knowing about health—including the ways our research intentions and methods contribute to these processes. We reflect on the methodological and epistemological value of silences, dissenting voices and other modes of expression to highlight forms of resistance to adult-led health agendas. We conclude by illustrating how dominant relations of power are (re)produced within and across research spaces, and through the mobilizing or pathologizing of particular young voices through research. Possibilities for advancing ways to harness children’s preferred modes of expression in qualitative research are also considered.
Obesity, estrogens and adipose tissue dysfunction – implications for pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Mair Kirsty M. , Gaw Rosemary , MacLean Margaret R.
Published: September 2020

Obesity is a prevalent global public health issue characterized by excess body fat. Adipose tissue is now recognized as an important endocrine organ releasing an abundance of bioactive adipokines including, but not limited to, leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Obesity is a common comorbidity amongst pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, with 30% to 40% reported as obese, independent of other comorbidities associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (e.g. obstructive sleep apnoea). An ‘obesity paradox’ has been observed, where obesity has been associated with subclinical right ventricular dysfunction but paradoxically may confer a protective effect on right ventricular function once pulmonary hypertension develops. Obesity and pulmonary arterial hypertension share multiple pathophysiological mechanisms including inflammation, oxidative stress, elevated leptin (proinflammatory) and reduced adiponectin (anti‐inflammatory). The female prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension has instigated the hypothesis that estrogens may play a causative role in its development. Adipose tissue, a major site for storage and metabolism of sex steroids, is the primary source of estrogens and circulating estrogens levels which are elevated in postmenopausal women and men with pulmonary arterial hypertension. This review discusses the functions of adipose tissue in both health and obesity and the links between obesity and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Shared pathophysiological mechanisms and the contribution of specific fat depots, metabolic and sex‐dependent differences are discussed.
Efficacy of azithromycin 1% and 1.5% ophthalmic solutions compared to tobramycin 0.3% eye drops: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Alemu Birhanu Motbaynor , Worku Teshager
Published: September 2020

Background:

Azithromycin 1% and 1.5% ophthalmic preparations are used widely in clinical practice for the treatment of signs and symptoms of eye diseases. The aim of this study was to render conclusive evidence by comparing the efficacy of azithromycin 1% and 1.5% over tobramycin 0.3% ophthalmic solutions for the treatment of eye diseases in a short duration in terms of bacterial resolution, the cure rate, and resolving clinical sign and symptoms.

Methods:

Systematic searches were performed in the electronic database (MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, and Web of Science) and other sources. Multicenter randomized controlled trial studies conducted in English were identified and screened. Analysis of individual studies was conducted using the OpenMeta-analyst and Review Manager Version 5.3 software.

Results:

Eleven studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. In clinical cure rate, azithromycin 1% and 1.5% eye drops were more effective than tobramycin 0.3% eye drops in short duration dosing (⩽5 days) with a twice-a-day regimen (relative risk = 1.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.008, 1.28), whereas on increased duration (>5 days), azithromycin is almost similarly as effective as tobramycin (relative risk = 1.007; 95% confidence interval: 0.96, 1.05). There was no significant difference in efficacy of bacterial resolution of azithromycin (1%, 1.5%) eye drops compared to tobramycin (0.3%) eye drops (relative risk = 0.99; 95% confidence interval: 0.96, 1.018). Azithromycin eye drops are effective in improving the signs and symptoms of eye disease.

Conclusion:

Azithromycin 1% or 1.5% is more effective in the clinical cure rate of eye disease than tobramycin 0.3% eye drops in ⩽5 days of treatment. It is also the best choice of treatment for improving the signs and symptoms of eye disease. So that we recommend clinicians to use azithromycin 1% or 1.5% eye drops.

Systematic Review Registration:

PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019139911
Down-regulation of microRNA-31 suppresses hepatic fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Deng Bing , Tang Detao , Qiang Yong , Zheng Xiang
Published: September 2020

MicroRNA-31 (miR-31) is among the most frequently altered microRNAs in human diseases, and altered expression of miR-31 has been detected in a large variety of diseases types. miR-31 could also regulate a variety of cell functions including hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are regarded as the major cell type involved in hepatic fibrosis. Male BALB/c mice (five mice per group aged 6 weeks) received 200 μL of body weight of carbon tetrachloride (10% CCl4) mixed with olive oil intraperitoneally, and the first dose was doubled. To induce hepatic fibrosis, carbon tetrachloride was injected twice a week for 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks. Control animals were injected with an equal volume of olive oil at the same time intervals. We found that miR-31 expression and fibrosis-related factors in four hepatic fibrosis stages. However, we noted that inhibition of miR-31 was down-regulated fibrosis-related factor expression in F1–F3 stages, but no F4 stage. Thus, we hypothesize that miR-31 may mediate hepatic fibrosis. In this research, we found that inhibition of miR-31 expression significantly inhibited HSC activation. The biological function of miR-31 during HSC activation might be through targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha inhibitor (HIF1AN). Inhibition of miR-31 can reduce the transcription factor activity of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) by targeting the biological effects of HIF1AN with the condition of hypoxia. In later hepatic fibrosis could be rescue combining with inhibition of miR-31 and adding heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF).
The Fundamental Difference Hypothesis: Expanding the Conversation in Language Learning Motivation
Authors: Al-Hoorie Ali H. , Hiver Phil
Published: September 2020

In this study, we examine the fundamental difference hypothesis in language motivation, which suggests that language learning—at the motivational level—is qualitatively different from learning other school subjects. Despite being a long-standing assumption, few investigations have directly examined it. Using a comparative cross-sectional approach, we adapted the L2 Motivational Self System and collected data from South Korean high school students ( N = 644) related to their motivation to learn English (L2), Chinese (L3), and mathematics (a nonlanguage subject). Contrary to the fundamental difference hypothesis, the L2 Motivational Self System fit these three subjects well and did not reveal clear uniqueness pointing toward a qualitative difference in favor of language learning motivation. We use these findings to discuss the possibility of a more global and parsimonious learning motivation theory to accommodate multiple languages in addition to nonlanguage subjects. We also discuss the need for language learning researchers to reengage with other learning sciences.
Influence of nanoclays on water uptake and flexural strength of glass–polyester composites
Authors: Nemati Giv Ali , Rastegar Sina , Özcan Mutlu
Published: September 2020

Fiber-reinforced polyester composites have received significant attention in a variety of applications due to their considerable potential due to such characteristics as high strength, stiffness, and modulus. However, one of the most important concerns about polymeric composites is their sensitivity to moisture attack. This work has been conducted to investigate the effects of nanoclay addition on reinforcing glass/polyester composites against water absorption and the resultant deterioration of flexural strength. Therefore, chopped strand mat and woven fiberglass polyester specimens were fabricated by using the hand lay-up technique with varying weight percentages of Cloisite 20A nanoclays (0, 1.5, and 3 wt%) and immersion in water for a time duration of 21 days. The specimens were weighed for the water absorption test. The results showed a remarkable drop in water absorption of the composite samples with the increase of nanoclay content. Moreover, although all the pure and nanocomposite specimens underwent degradation in flexural strength due to the water absorption, the strength was found to significantly increase with increasing the percentage of nanoclay at all immersion periods. The experimental results were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images indicated that the presence of nanoclay protected the fiber/matrix interfaces.
COVID-19: Prosthodontic Challenges and Opportunities in Dental Practice
Authors: Rokaya Dinesh
Published: September 2020

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread globally. Dentists, dental specialists, dental assistants, dental staff, and patients are potentially at higher risk of COVID-19 infection during dental treatments. The prosthodontic dental treatment procedures may range from low to very high risk of COVID-19. This article presents necessary recommendations regarding the prosthodontic dental treatment procedures with standards of care and infection control.
Anatomic Characteristics of Tissues Attached to the Fifth Metatarsal Bone
Authors: Kaneko Fumiya , Edama Mutsuaki , Ikezu Masahiro , Matsuzawa Kanta , Hirabayashi Ryo , Kageyama Ikuo
Published: September 2020

Background:

Two types of stress, bending stress and traction stress, have been reported to be involved in the mechanism of Jones fracture. However, little is known about the risk factors for traction stress.

Purpose:

To classify the attachment position of the peroneus brevis muscle (PB), peroneus tertius (PT), lateral band of the plantar aponeurosis (LB), and the long plantar ligament (LPL), focusing on the zone where a Jones fracture occurs (zone 2), and to compare the footprint area of each tissue type.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

This study examined 102 legs from 55 Japanese cadavers. Type classification was performed by focusing on the positional relationship between each tissue attachment and the zone where Jones fracture occurs (zone 2). The classifications were as follows: type I, attached proximal to the border between zones 1 and 2; type IIa, attached to the border between zones 1 and 2 with one attached part; and type IIb, attached across the border between zones 1 and 2 with two or more attached parts. The footprint areas of the PB, PT, LB, and LPL were compared between tissue types and within each attachment classification.

Results:

The PB was recorded as type I in 41 feet (40.2%), type IIa in 56 feet (54.9%), and type IIb in 5 feet (4.9%); the PT was recorded as type IIa in 54 feet (60.0%) and type IIb in 36 feet (40.0%); and the LB was recorded as type I in 27 feet (26.5%) and type IIa in 75 feet (73.5%). The LPL did not attach to the fifth metatarsal bone. No significant difference was found in the footprint area between type I PB and type I LB.

Conclusion:

The results indicate that type I, which attaches proximal to zone 2, occurs with PB and LB, and there was no significant difference in the footprint area between them. These findings suggest that type I is involved in traction stress. In the future, biomechanical research based on the results of this study will be necessary.

Clinical Relevance:

The results of this study provide basic research for investigating the mechanism of Jones fracture and the cause of delayed healing.
The HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Parallel in Dentistry from the Perspectives of the Oral Health Care Team
Authors: Brondani M. , Donnelly L.
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to unravel the professional and social consequences of COVID-19 as compared with the AIDS pandemic according to oral health care providers, staff, and administrators.

Methods:

An exploratory qualitative inquiry via at-a-distance, semistructured interviews engaged a purposefully recruited sample of oral health care team workers in British Columbia. Interviews took place between April 20 and May 15, 2020; they were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and deidentified for interactive thematic analysis. An inductive process of coding was used to identify themes, subthemes, and categories of information.

Results:

Forty-five interviews were conducted with 18 dentists, 12 dental hygienists, 6 certified dental assistants, and 9 administrators; 22 were females. Interviews each lasted an average of 48 min. After the transcripts were coded, 3 subthemes emerged: 1) personal protective equipment and universal precautions as commonsense approaches to care during both pandemics; 2) an (un)collapsed world in terms of global lockdowns; and 3) social unrest in terms of the potential for stigma and discrimination caused by both pandemics. These subthemes made up the COVID-19–AIDS parallel theme.

Conclusion:

This study explored the extent to which the current COVID-19 pandemic is leading to professional and social consequences when a parallel is drawn with the AIDS pandemic. This is the first qualitative study that identifies the potential social unrest of the pandemic from the perspective of oral health care providers and administrators. Future studies should include other providers across Canada, as well the patients receiving oral health care during this pandemic.

Knowledge Transfer Statement:

The COVID-19 pandemic has unraveled potential societal implications in a parallel to the HIV/AIDS era from the perspectives of oral health care providers and their staff. Such implications are changing the way that oral health care is delivered; it may also be leading to social unrest in the form of stigma and discrimination. This study discusses some of these implications from the perspective of oral health care providers and administrators.
A framework for the management of donated medical devices based on perspectives of frontline public health care staff in Ghana
Authors: Williams Dinsie B , Kohler Jillian C , Howard Andrew , Austin Zubin , Cheng Yu-Ling
Published: September 2020

Background:

Transnational funders provide up to 80% of funds for medical devices in resource-limited settings, yet sustained access to medical devices remains unachievable. The primary goal of this study was to identify what factors hinder access to medical devices through the perspectives of frontline public hospital staff in Ghana involved in the implementation of transnational funding initiatives.

Methods:

A case study was developed that involved an analysis of semi-structured interviews of 57 frontline technical, clinical and administrative public health care staff at 23 sites in Ghana between March and April 2017; a review of the national guidelines for donations; and images of abandoned medical devices.

Results:

Six key themes emerged, demonstrating how policy, collaboration, quality, lifetime operating costs, attitudes of health care workers and representational leadership influence access to medical devices. An in-depth assessment of these themes has led to the development of an enterprise-wide comprehensive acquisition and management framework for medical devices in the context of transnational funding initiatives.

Conclusion:

The findings in this study underscore the importance of incorporating frontline health care staff in developing solutions that are targeted at improving delivery of care. Sustained access to medical devices may be achieved in Ghana through the adoption of a rigorous and comprehensive approach to acquisition, management and technical leadership. Funders and public health policy makers may use the study’s findings to inform policy reform and to ensure that the efforts of transnational funders truly help to facilitate sustainable access to medical devices in Ghana.
Why TDP-43? Why Not? Mechanisms of Metabolic Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Floare Mara-Luciana , Allen Scott P.
Published: September 2020

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no effective curative treatment available and minimal palliative care. Mutations in the gene encoding the TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) are a well-recognized genetic cause of ALS, and an imbalance in energy homeostasis correlates closely to disease susceptibility and progression. Considering previous research supporting a plethora of downstream cellular impairments originating in the histopathological signature of TDP-43, and the solid evidence around metabolic dysfunction in ALS, a causal association between TDP-43 pathology and metabolic dysfunction cannot be ruled out. Here we discuss how TDP-43 contributes on a molecular level to these impairments in energy homeostasis, and whether the protein’s pathological effects on cellular metabolism differ from those of other genetic risk factors associated with ALS such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) and fused in sarcoma (FUS).
Toward a Brain-Based Bio-Marker of Guilt
Authors: Yu Hongbo , Koban Leonie , Crockett Molly J. , Zhou Xiaolin , Wager Tor D.
Published: September 2020

Guilt is a quintessential emotion in interpersonal interactions and moral cognition. Detecting the presence and measuring the intensity of guilt-related neurocognitive processes is crucial to understanding the mechanisms of social and moral phenomena. Existing neuroscience research on guilt has been focused on the neural correlates of guilt states induced by various types of stimuli. While valuable in their own right, these studies have not provided a sensitive and specific bio-marker of guilt suitable for use as an indicator of guilt-related neurocognitive processes in novel experimental settings. In a recent study, we identified a distributed Guilt-Related Brain Signature (GRBS) based on 2 independent functional MRI datasets. We demonstrated the sensitivity of GRBS in detecting a critical cognitive antecedent of guilt, namely one’s responsibility in causing harm to another person, across participant populations from 2 distinct cultures (ie, Chinese and Swiss). We also showed that the sensitivity of GRBS did not generalize to other types of negative affective states (eg, physical and vicarious pain). In this commentary, we discuss the relevance of guilt in the broader scope of social and moral phenomena, and discuss how guilt-related biomarkers can be useful in understanding their psychological and neurocognitive mechanisms underlying these phenomena.
Supporting Strong Transitions Remotely: Considerations and Complexities for Rural Communities During COVID-19
Authors: Rowe Dawn A. , Carter Erik , Gajjar Shimul , Maves Erin A. , Wall Jennifer C.
Published: September 2020

Transition education is a distinctive aspect of special education that extends well beyond the boundaries of the school building, engages partners from all corners of the local community, and addresses so many different life domains. In the midst of a pandemic, creative strategies are needed to equip students with the skills, knowledge, experiences, supports, and relationships that prepare them well for a future of flourishing in adulthood. In this article, we describe key features of high-quality transition education and illustrate some of the ways each area might be addressed remotely or at times when being present together is not possible. In addition, guidance is provided on how to ensure educators and service providers are well-prepared for their roles, as rural districts and communities seek ways to equip students and support their transitions using these new approaches.
Successful management of zinc phosphide poisoning—a Hungarian case
Authors: Bilics Gergely , Héger Júlia , Pozsgai Éva , Bajzik Gábor , Nagy Csaba , Somoskövi Csilla , Varga Csaba
Published: September 2020

Background

Zinc phosphide (ZnP) is the basic component of several insecticides easily accessible worldwide. Intentional or accidental intoxication may lead to severe complications and multiple organ failure, resulting in high mortality. No known antidote is currently available. The iron-chelation and the antioxidative effects are well-known features of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), although its use in the treatment of ZnP poisoning has not been documented previously. We describe the case of a patient with serious ZnP poisoning with multiple organ failure, where ALA was also included in the patient’s supportive therapy.

Case presentation

A 65-year-old man ingested 125 g of Arvalin® (containing 5 g ZnP) and presented to the Emergency Department, with respiratory insufficiency and decreased consciousness. He developed hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, low white blood cell count, elevated C-reactive protein level, mixed acidosis, hepatic and kidney damage, thickening of the jejunal wall, and lung atelectasis, which served as a basis for the ensuing bacterial pneumonia. Antibiotics and adequate supportive therapy were provided. Laboratory tests indicated liver damage (slightly increased liver enzymes, low pseudocholinesterase levels; 706 U/L on day 2), possibly caused by the patient’s chronic alcoholism or the ZnP poison itself, therefore, hepatoprotective agents, ALA (Thiogamma Turbo-Set®) with N-acetylcysteine were administered for six consecutive days. Pseudocholinesterase values increased sixfold until the end of the second week of care. Fifteen days after admission, the patient was relocated to the department of psychiatry with stable vital functions, clear consciousness, declining inflammatory markers, and improved liver function. He was discharged 1 month later, fully recovered.

Conclusions

Our case is the first documented voluntary and severe ZnP poisoning in Hungary. Our patient developed multiple organ failure and atelectasis, possibly resulting in the observed respiratory infection. The development of bacterial pneumonia highlighted the dangers of phosphine-induced atelectasis. The use of ALA in our patient’s case, as an antioxidant and agent for metal chelation, suggested that this agent could be a promising tool in the prevention and treatment of ZnP-induced hepatic damage.
Genome-wide identification and expression patterns analysis of the RPD3/HDA1 gene family in cotton
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Wu Aimin , Wei Hengling , Hao Pengbo , Zhang Qi , Tian Miaomiao , Yang Xu , Cheng Shuaishuai , Fu Xiaokang , Ma Liang , Wang Hantao , Yu Shuxun
Published: September 2020

Background

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze histone deacetylation and suppress gene transcription during various cellular processes. Within the superfamily of HDACs, RPD3/HDA1-type HDACs are the most studied, and it is reported that RPD3 genes play crucial roles in plant growth and physiological processes. However, there is a lack of systematic research on the RPD3/HDA1 gene family in cotton.

Results

In this study, genome-wide analysis identified 9, 9, 18, and 18 RPD3 genes in Gossypium raimondii, G. arboreum, G. hirsutum, and G. barbadense, respectively. This gene family was divided into 4 subfamilies through phylogenetic analysis. The exon-intron structure and conserved motif analysis revealed high conservation in each branch of the cotton RPD3 genes. Collinearity analysis indicated that segmental duplication was the primary driving force during the expansion of the RPD3 gene family in cotton. There was at least one presumed cis-element related to plant hormones in the promoter regions of all GhRPD3 genes, especially MeJA- and ABA-responsive elements, which have more members than other hormone-relevant elements. The expression patterns showed that most GhRPD3 genes had relatively high expression levels in floral organs and performed higher expression in early-maturity cotton compared with late-maturity cotton during flower bud differentiation. In addition, the expression of GhRPD3 genes could be significantly induced by one or more abiotic stresses as well as exogenous application of MeJA or ABA.

Conclusions

Our findings reveal that GhRPD3 genes may be involved in flower bud differentiation and resistance to abiotic stresses, which provides a basis for further functional verification of GhRPD3 genes in cotton development and a foundation for breeding better early-maturity cotton cultivars in the future.
Interaction of zinc and IAA alleviate aluminum-induced damage on photosystems via promoting proton motive force and reducing proton gradient in alfalfa
Authors: Su Liantai , Xie Jianping , Wen Wuwu , Li Jiaojiao , Zhou Peng , An Yuan
Published: September 2020

Background

In acidic soils, aluminum (Al) competing with Zn results in Zn deficiency in plants. Zn is essential for auxin biosynthesis. Zn-mediated alleviation of Al toxicity has been rarely studied, the mechanism of Zn alleviation on Al-induced photoinhibition in photosystems remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Zn and IAA on photosystems of Al-stressed alfalfa. Alfalfa seedlings with or without apical buds were exposed to 0 or100 μM AlCl3 combined with 0 or 50 μM ZnCl2, and then foliar spray with water or 6 mg L− 1 IAA.

Results

Our results showed that Al stress significantly decreased plant growth rate, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), quantum yields and electron transfer rates of PSI and PSII. Exogenous application of Zn and IAA significantly alleviated the Al-induced negative effects on photosynthetic machinery, and an interaction of Zn and IAA played an important role in the alleviative effects. After removing apical buds of Al-stressed alfalfa seedlings, the values of pmf, gH+ and Y(II) under exogenous spraying IAA were significantly higher, and ΔpHpmf was significantly lower in Zn addition than Al treatment alone, but the changes did not occur under none spraying IAA. The interaction of Zn and IAA directly increased Y(I), Y(II), ETRI and ETRII, and decreased O2− content of Al-stressed seedlings. In addition, the transcriptome analysis showed that fourteen functionally noted genes classified into functional category of energy production and conversion were differentially expressed in leaves of alfalfa seedlings with and without apical buds.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the interaction of zinc and IAA alleviate aluminum-induced damage on photosystems via increasing pmf and decreasing ΔpHpmf between lumen and stroma.
“Black box warning” rash with entecavir - case report
Authors: Cheong Xiong Khee , Wong Zhiqin , Nor Norazirah Md , Lee Bang Rom
Published: September 2020

Background

Hepatitis B infection is a significant worldwide health issue, predispose to the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Entecavir is a potent oral antiviral agent of high genetic barrier for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. Cutaneous adverse reaction associated with entecavir has rarely been reported in literature. As our knowledge, this case was the first case reported on entecavir induced lichenoid drug eruption.

Case presentation

55 year old gentlemen presented with generalised pruritic erythematous rash on trunk and extremities. Six weeks prior to his consultation, antiviral agent entecavir was commenced for his chronic hepatitis B infection. Skin biopsy revealed acanthosis and focal lymphocytes with moderate perivascular lymphocyte infiltration. Skin condition recovered completely after caesation of offending drug and short course of oral corticosteroids.

Conclusion

This case highlight the awareness of clinicians on the spectrum of cutaneous drug reaction related to entecavir therapy.