bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of POE (Predict-Observe-Explain) Learning Strategies to Reduce Students' Misconceptions in Science Subjects in Elementary School
Authors: Astiti Dani Tri , Ibrahim Muslimin , Hariyono Eko
Published: July 2020

Concept is a very important part in the process of acquiring knowledge in various studies including science. The reality, students have not mastered the concept of science properly or have a different initial conception with the correct concept so that it has difficulty in using the concepts possessed to explain various kinds of natural phenomena in daily life. The purpose of this study is to describe that the Predict-Observe-Explain strategy can reduce student's misconceptions in elementary school. This research includes a Pre-Experiment research with One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The subjects in this study were students of class V SDN Krembangan Selatan I Surabaya with a total of 12 children in a limited test. Data analysis techniques using quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that (1) the conception profile before learning with the POE strategy obtained an average of 67% of all research subjects had misconceptions for each concept item. (2) the conception profile after learning with the POE strategy obtained an average of 7.4% of all research subjects have misconceptions for each concept item (3) learning to use POE strategies can reduce student's misconceptions on science subjects material force and motion, characteristics of living things, and objects or materials
LA PANDEMIA DEL COVID-19 ANTE EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL: UNA EXPLORACIÓN PRELIMINAR
Authors: Peruana de Derecho Internacional Sociedad
Published: July 2020

La pandemia del Covid-19 afecta variadas dimensiones del derecho internacional, y poneen cuestión la eficacia de los marcos organizacionales y normativos actuales degobernanza global. Se analiza en particular las normas sobre el derecho humano a lasalud, las atribuciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y los instrumentosinternacionales disponibles para resolver controversias generadas por la pandemia o porlas medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos para enfrentarla.
mundo apolar: anárquico y violento
Authors: De Rivero Barreto Oswaldo
Published: July 2020

El presente artículo fundamenta la estructura apolar del mundo actual en que vivimos, con una anarquía agravada por la pandemia del COVID-19, así como por los efectos del calentamiento global. Asimismo, el autor nos plantea cuatro propuestas para hacer frente a la crisis sanitaria, así como el realismo con el que el Perú debe dirigir su política exterior.
Frederick H. Hartmann y la relación de las naciones
Authors: D’Alessio Ipinza Fernando
Published: July 2020

Frederick Hartmann nació en Nueva York en 1922 y murió en el año 2015 a la edad de 93 años. Graduado de la Universidad de California en Berkeley, se incorporó a la US Navy en el programa acelerado durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y tomó parte de nueve invasiones incluyendo la de Palau, Leyte, Linguyen, Gulf y Okinawa y recibió 7 estrellas de batalla. En 1946 se enroló en el programa de la escuela de graduados de la Universidad de Princeton obteniendo en 1949 un PhD en Política. Fue luego profesor de la Universidad de Florida en 1948 donde fue promovido rápidamente a profesor asociado y luego a profesor principal. Hartmann comandó una división de la Reserva Naval en Gainesville, Florida y fue promovido a Capitán de Navío en 1966. Ese año aceptó una nueva posición creada en el United States Naval War College en Newport, Rhode Island, donde se desempeñó durante 20 años como profesor de Ciencias Políticas, y fue el principal asesor de nueve presidentes del Naval War College. Su prolífica producción literaria lo llevó a escribir quince libros, todos de gran reputación, entre los que destacan The Relations of Nations y The Conservation of Enemies. Como graduado del Naval War College, me honro en intentar revivir su legado en este corto artículo para la prestigiosa Revista de la Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Internacional, en el cual trato de revisitar su libro más famoso: The Relations of Nations (1957) escrito en seis ediciones y traducido a muchos idiomas, siendo usado en escuelas de negocios internacionales, escuelas de guerra y escuela de política exterior en muchas naciones. El tema central es el que aboca al eje central de los estudios en el US Naval War College que son las relaciones internacionales y la política y estrategia en el desarrollo de las naciones.
Integración regional y convergencia en contexto internacional adverso
Authors: Fairlie Reinoso Alan
Published: July 2020

El escenario internacional favorable cambió en los últimos años, se complicó con cambios políticos en EEUU, la guerra comercial con China y se agudizó con la pandemia. Esto dificulta el éxito de tradicionales políticas de exportación de materias primas. El artículo plantea la necesidad de retomar la integración regional y los procesos de convergencia que se venían dando en Sudamérica, que pueden tener un rol crucial en el nuevo entorno internacional.
recepción y jerarquía de los tratados en el derecho interno de los Estados americanos
Authors: Silva González Jorge Luis , Tamayo Zamora Yesenia , Morejón Madiedo Amarys
Published: July 2020

En el presente estudio se argumentan los retos de la región americana en materia de recepción y jerarquía normativa de los tratados en el Derecho Interno de los Estados. Para ello, con el empleo del método análisis jurídico-doctrinal, se sistematizan los referentes teóricos jurídicos sobre los tratados y su relación con el Derecho Interno. Asimismo, se analiza el estado actual de la recepción y jerarquía normativa de los tratados en las constituciones de 21 Estados americanos.
espacio nacional y las fronteras como variables de las relaciones internacionales y de la política exterior: la especificidad de las negociaciones territoriales
Authors: Rodríguez Cuadros Manuel
Published: July 2020

La territorialidad es una variable esencial de las relaciones internacionales y de la política exterior. El territorio, incluida su proyección marítima, condicionan e influencian las relaciones entre los Estados. Las relaciones de poder, estratégicas, políticas, económico-comerciales y todo tipo de interacción internacional están referidas directa o indirectamente al espacio nacional de los Estados. En esa perspectiva, las dinámicas de la cooperación y conflicto tienen en el territorio y sus expresiones materiales y jurídicas, como la soberanía, los límites, las fronteras, sus áreas de acción más vinculadas a los intereses nacionales, la conciencia y la identidad nacional. Su importancia en acción internacional les confiere regulaciones constitucionales que limitan y regulan las decisiones de política exterior referidas a estos intereses nacionales permanentes. El conflicto es una dinámica privilegiada de la territorialidad. Especialmente en su vinculación con los límites y los factores que definen la identidad nacional. El autor analiza toda esta problemática y la vincula con tipos de conflicto interestatales y los diversos mecanismos de solución de controversias no jurisdiccionales, con un énfasis en la descripción analítica de las especificidades de la negociación territorial.
"La Defensa Colectiva de la Democracia en las Américas en el marco del Principio de No Intervención". Los Límites de la Acción Colectiva, de Alexander Antialón Conde
Authors: Peruana de Derecho Internacional Sociedad
Published: July 2020

Este estudio se articula en dos capítulos. El primero de ellos, que abarca aproximadamentedos terceras partes se centra en el principio de no intevención. Partiendo de un oportunocuadro comparativo de los articulos 2 de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y 3 de la Cartade la OEA, que enuncian los principios fundamentales de ambas Organizaciones, el autoracomete el concepto de la no intervención, discurre sobre sus antecedentes normativos ydoctrinas, en un orden que personalmente invertiría, presenta las clases de intervención,en particular la vinculada a la protección de los derechos humanos, señala los numerosossupuestos de violación del principio siguiendo el magisterio del Comité JurídicoInteramericano y examina, por último, los casos en que la Corte Internacional de Justiciase ha pronunciado al respecto.
Ethanolic Extract of Nerium indicum Mill. Decreases Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expressions in Keloid Fibroblasts
Authors: Taurustya Hernita , Wahyuningsih Mae Sri Hartati , Indwiani Astuti
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND: Keloid is a benign fibroproliferative dermis tumor characterized by an increase in growth factors which induce fibroblast proliferation, excessive migration, and synthesis of collagen. Nerium indicum Mill. extract had been studied as a keloid therapy agent. 5α-oleandrin contained in N. indicum has antikeloid activity by inhibiting keloid fibroblast proliferation, fibroblast migration, collagen deposition, and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) synthesis.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effect of administration of N. indicum extract on TGF-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in keloid fibroblast.
METHODS: This research was a quasi-experimental research with a post-test only control group design. The research subjects were fibroblast cells passage IV-VII isolated from patients’ keloid tissue with explant techniques. Treatment groups received N. indicum extract with a serial concentration of 2 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, and 0.5 μg/ml, and control group received medium only. The supernatant was obtained after 72 h incubation period. Examination of TGF-β1 and VEGF expressions was performed using ELISA procedure.
RESULT: The expression of TGF-β1 in the treatment groups of the extract N. indicum (2 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, and 0.5 μg/ml) was significantly lower than a control group of keloid fibroblasts (p < 0.05), according to increased concentration. VEGF expression in the treatment groups of N. indicum extract was lower compared to the control group of keloid fibroblasts. A significant decrease in keloid fibroblast VEGF levels occurred at extract concentrations of 2 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: N. indicum extract could decrease TGF-β1 and VEGF expressions compared to control medium in keloid fibroblast cultures.
New records of amphipod crustaceans along the Israeli Mediterranean coast, including a rare Mediterranean endemic species, Maera schieckei Karaman & Ruffo, 1971
Authors: Lo Brutto Sabrina , Iaciofano Davide
Published: July 2020

A survey has been carried out at four Israeli rocky sites to evaluate the diversity of the amphipod fauna on various hard substrates, still scarcely monitored, as potential pabulum for amphipod crustacean species.

A survey of shallow rocky reefs along the Mediterranean coast of Israel recovered 28 species and integrated the Amphipoda checklist for the country ofIsrael with 12 newly-recorded species. Such renewed national list includes Maera schieckei Karaman & Ruffo, 1971, a rare species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, recorded here for the first time from the southern Levant Basin. The species, described from specimens collected in the Tyrrhenian Sea in 1970, has been only recorded eight times within the whole Mediterranean Sea. A revision of the bibliography on the distribution and ecology of M. schieckei showed that, although mentioned only for the western Mediterranean basin by some authors, it is listed in the checklist of amphipods of the Aegean Sea and neighbouring seas and has been found in the eastern Mediterranean basin since 1978. Maera schieckei was rarely found in the Mediterranean, one of the most studied marine biogeographic region as concerns the amphipod fauna; and the species seems to prefer bays or gulf areas. The role of updating and monitoring faunal composition should be re-evaluated.
Influence of Road Traffic Noise on English Reading Comprehension of Chinese College Students Majoring in English
Authors: Ding Wei
Published: July 2020

Noise has a negative impact on language learning. But first and second lan-guages are affected differently by noise. To clarify the effects of road traffic noise on second language learning, this study explores deep into how road traffic noise, the main noise on university campuses, affects the English reading comprehension of Chinese college students majoring in English. The subjects were asked to finish English reading comprehension tests of three difficulty levels (easy, medium and hard) under road traffic noises of three sound pressure levels (SPLs), namely, 30 dBA, 50 dBA and 70 dBA. The score, time consumption and number of interruptions of each subject were recorded, and subjected to one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). In addition, the subjects were asked to evaluate the impacts of road traffic noises on their comprehension. The results show that: the scores of English reading comprehension gradually decreased with the growing of the SPL of road traffic noise, but the decrease is only significant for easy questions; the time consumption of reading comprehension was not greatly affected by the SPL of road traffic noise; the subjects were interrupted more frequently by road traffic noises of 50 dBA and 70 dBA than road traffic noise of 30 dBA, but the difference is only significant for hard test; according to the self-evaluation of the English majors, interruption is the main problem brought by road traffic noise, which is replaced by distraction at the SPL of 70 dBA. Overall, the road traffic noise can disturb the English reading comprehension of Chinese college students majoring in English, and the disturbance is relat-ed to the difficulty of the text. The higher the SPL of the road traffic noise, the readers are more anxious and more frequently disturbed in reading, and the lower the score of English comprehension. In addition, attention should be paid to the disturbance of 30 dBA road traffic noise on second language learners.
Determinants of Zakat Payment to Zakat Institution
Authors: Ben Said Yosra , Zaouali Nejia , Hakim Fatma
Published: July 2020

The Zakat, one of the five pillars of Islam, is a financial resource for Islamic states in addition to taxes. Given the importance of Zakat funds for the economy and society, Zakat collection and distribution institutions have been established. This chapter was interested in the behavior of individuals in setting up a Zakat institution in the Tunisian context. The authors have studied the factors that affect the intention to pay Zakat to Zakat institutions. To do this, a questionnaire was administered to 100 people. The authors obtain three types of information: attitude towards Zakat, attitude towards institutions, and information related to the intention to pay Zakat to Zakat institutions. The authors have estimated by the binary logit model the relationship between the intention to pay Zakat to Zakat institutions and four factors: trust, quality of service, proximity, and the level of understanding of the Zakat principles. Three of them are significant.
Rituximab for autoimmune retinopathy
Authors: Armbrust Karen R. , Fox Austin R. , Jeffrey Brett G. , Sherry Patti , Sen H. Nida
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE:

This prospective study evaluates whether rituximab is a safe and potentially effective treatment for nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (npAIR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Five npAIR patients were enrolled in a Phase I/II, prospective, nonrandomized, open-label, single-center study. All patients received a cycle of 1000 mg intravenous rituximab at weeks 0 and 2, with a second cycle of rituximab 6 to 9 months later. Clinical evaluation was performed at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks after each rituximab cycle, and then every 3 months for a total duration of 18 months. The primary outcome for this study was treatment success based on visual field and full-field electroretinography at 6 months. The secondary outcomes included treatment success at months 12 and 18, drug-related adverse events, changes in visual symptoms, and changes in quality of life.

RESULTS:

Two patients met criteria for treatment success: one based solely on electroretinography and the other based solely on visual field area, but treatment success was not sustained. Clinical response over the course of the 18-month study showed disease stabilization in three patients and treatment failure in two patients. There were no severe drug-related adverse events.

CONCLUSION:

This is the first clinical trial prospectively evaluating the effect of rituximab in npAIR and, although rituximab was well tolerated, there was no clear-cut clinical improvement conferred by B cell depletion with rituximab.
IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN MADRASAH ALIYAH NEGERI 3 MEDAN
Authors: Suhendri Suhendri , Sabri Rijal , Iqbal Hasibuan Muhammad
Published: July 2020

The results of this study revealed thatinclusive education planning in MAN 3 Medan was carried out by involving teachers andother education personnel before the process of accepting new students. Theimplementation of inclusive education in MAN 3 Medan has been running wheremadrasa receive students with special needs and provide adequate education services.Evaluation of inclusive education in MAN 3 Medan includes evaluation of context,input, process and results. Based on the results of this study, it is deemed necessary tomake policies on inclusive education and assist madrasas in implementing it.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FASTING FIDYAH ACCORDING TO IMAM SYAFI’I IN PAYA GELI VILLAGE OF SUNGGAL DISTRICT DELI SERDANG
Authors: Arifin Zainal , Aqsha Muhammad , Fauzi Lubis Muhammad
Published: July 2020

But there’s a scripture deduction in Al- Baqarah (184) : Meaning : “And upon those who are able (to fast, but with hardship) a ransom ( as suitable) offeeding a poor person (each day).” This verse explained that Rukhsah was given byAllah for certain person. Study of fasting fidyah according to Imam Syafi”i are: (a)senile person cause Elderly; (b) a prolonged illness that can’t possibly cure, (c).Pregnant and nursing woman who are worried for their children. (d) died person andhave a fasting load that wasn’t on Qada in his lifetime.
THE ROLE OF PLEKSIBILITY IN EDUCATIONAL INNOVATION
Authors: Darmansah Tengku
Published: July 2020

Innovation is an idea, an item, an event, a method that is perceived orobserved as a new thing for a person or group of people (society), whetherit is the results of invention and discoveri. Innovations are held to achievea specific goal or to solve a particular problem. Versatility (Flexibility) isthe ability to adapt and work effectively in different situations, and withdifferent individuals or groups. Flexibility requires the ability tounderstand and appreciate different and conflicting views on an issue,adjusting its approach due to a change of situation, and can easily receivechanges in its organization.
PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA” AND IPMLENTATION OF NO 8 REGULATION IN PROBOLINGGO CITY
Authors: Prabowo Hadi
Published: July 2020

This paper uses pick-title Implementation Regional Regulation No. 8 of2011 Concerning the Development and Structuring Street Vendors: Studyon the Civil Service Unit Kota Probolinggo. There are two questions inthis paper, first, How Probolinggo Implementation Regional RegulationNo. 8 of 2011 Concerning the Development and Structuring Street Vendorsin Kota Probolinggo? Secondly, What are the factors that support andimplementation menghambatdalam Probolinggo Regional Regulation No.8 of 2011 Concerning the Development and Structuring Street Vendors inKota Probolinggo ?. This paper menggnakan qualitative research methodusing descriptive approach of this paper is the first aim of this paper, Todescribe and analyze the implementation of Probolinggo City RegionalRegulation No. 8 of 2011 Concerning the Development and StructuringStreet Vendors. Secondly, to describe and analyze the factors that supportand implementation menghambatdalam Probolinggo Regional RegulationNo. 8 of 2011 Concerning the Development and Structuring Street Vendorsin Kota Probolinggo.
VOLUNTAD DE PODER Y HERMENÉUTICA: RASGOS FUNDAMENTALES DEL SER HUMANO NIETZSCHEANO
Authors: Frontela Asensio Pablo
Published: July 2020

Se pretende ofrecer claves para presentar y comprender la estructura antropológica del sujeto nietzscheano en códigos hermenéuticos. Para ello se utilizará vehicularmente la idea de la voluntad de poder, que se desplegará a lo largo de distintos hitos de la filosofía del autor. Se rastrearán elementos fundamentales del pensamiento de Nietzsche con el fin de mostrar la coherencia de la unidad conceptual de términos aparentemente distantes como los de “devenir”, “genealogía”, “cuerpo” o “ser”, articulados desde la condición perspectivista a la que aboca la original obra de Nietzsche. La integración sintética de los mencionados términos se apoyará, también, en la experiencia radical del nihilismo decimonónico, ofreciendo finalmente un original criterio de verdad cuya ontología respeta tanto la precariedad de la existencia humana como la indigencia de un tiempo privado de sentido último. Tras el diagnóstico de la sintomatología epocal y de la integración del hombre en tal espacio asignificativo y horizonte perspectivista se ofrecerán algunas tentativas de existencia que respeten la peculiaridad hermenéutica del hombre nietzscheano. Teniendo siempre por límite la propia vida efectiva.
TRADUCCIÓN Y CREACIÓN DE CONTEXTO
Authors: Chamizo Domínguez Pedro J.
Published: July 2020

Es un lugar común afirmar que recurrir al contexto es un paso inexcusable de cara a comprender una proferencia o un texto y que tal comprensión es inexcusable asimismo de cara a traducir (correctamente) una proferencia o un texto dados. No obstante, a pesar de que una proferencia o texto puedan ser bien comprendidos, su traducción depende de la posibilidad de (o habilidad para, en su caso) identificar sinonimias entre la lengua origen y la lengua término, especialmente cuando entran en juego fenómenos lingüísticos tales como la ambigüedad, los falsos amigos, la hiponimia o la vaguedad. Cuando tales fenómenos entran en juego las implicaciones y las implicaturas que está permitido hacer de una proferencia o un texto traducidos pueden diferir de las que está permitido hacer del texto original. Teniendo en cuenta estas consideraciones previas, este artículo trata del análisis de las implicaciones e implicaturas que está permitido hacer cotejando textos filosóficos originales y sus traducciones a varias lenguas. Este análisis sugiere que muchos textos filosóficos traducidos crean nuevos contextos, de modo que se posibilitan nuevas interpretaciones del pensamiento de un filósofo dado.
IDENTIDAD PERSONAL Y SUJETO ÉTICO DOS MODELOS ALTERNATIVOS A DEREK PARFIT
Authors: Bares Partal Manuel
Published: July 2020

La identidad personal es el tema central del pensamiento de Derek Parfit y su principal argumento en defensa de una concepción utilitarista de la ética. Desde su perspectiva, la identidad se resume en lo que llama Relación R de conectividad y continuidad psicológica. A través de su análisis de diversos experimentos mentales el autor llega a la conclusión de que la identidad no está determinada y, por lo tanto, no es “lo que importa”. Lo que importa es la relación R. Sobre dicha relación y no sobre identidades concretas han de girar las decisiones morales. Sin embargo, existen diversos planteamientos críticos que lejos de suponer, en palabras de Parfit, un hecho suplementario, construyen un concepto de identidad no utilitarista. En este trabajo vamos a examinar la identidad narrativa en la obra de Paul Ricoeur, así como el planteamiento neokantiano de Christine Korsgaard.
PERSONALISMO VS. ANIMALISMO: UN ARGUMENTO FENOMENOLÓGICO
Authors: Martínez Mares Miriam
Published: July 2020

Se ha dado por sentado, a lo largo de los siglos, la superioridad de los seres humanos sobre la especie animal alegando a la racionalidad y la libertad que hace de las personas sujetos de derechos y deberes. No obstante, hoy en día, en el contexto de una cultura naturalista, surgen corrientes que ponen en duda esta supuesta “superioridad” de la raza humana respecto a la animal. El animalismo abre un debate al que hace falta atender. El presente artículo refleja los argumentos que se plantean desde las distintas voces animalistas y explica los planteamientos de orden fenomenológico y metafísico con los que se responde al movimiento de liberación animal desde un pensamiento humanista (y más específicamente, personalista). ¿Qué hace a los seres humanos ser “personas” y por qué esto supone defender su dignidad por encima del valor del resto de seres naturales?
MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF CLAY DEPOSIT NEAR IGBILE SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Ikhane Phillips Ruben , Oyebolu Olalekan Olayiwola , Ehinmowo Adefemi Adewole
Published: July 2020

X-ray diffraction is a basic tool in mineralogical analysis of sediments, and in the case of fine grained sediments an essential one. Understanding of rocks composition, the nature of clay mineralogy content and provenance is very important in Basin evaluation. This study therefore focuses on the use of X-ray diffraction to study the clay stone unit exposed along Igbile, southwestern Nigeria. Five clay stone samples were collected following fieldwork in the study area and were subjected to X-ray Diffraction analysis. This was done in order to delineate the associated mineral composition in the rock samples, determine the crystal forms and shape of the mineral and probably provenance of the mineral content. Observations from the result of the X-ray Diffraction indicated peaks with d-spacing range of 1.488Å, 1.63 Å, 1.59 Å, 1.62 Å and 7.17 Å indicative of Kaolinite and d-spacing range of 1.541Å, 1.817 Å, 2.282 Å, 2.458 Å, 3.343 Å and 4.26 Å indicative of quartz as the only significant, minor to moderate abundance minerals in the rock samples. The nature of the kaolinite in the rock samples is suggestive of a transformational and neoformational origin with acid tropical environment where the degree of leaching is probably intensive. The d-spacing and the plane axis values of the kaolinite also indicated Dioctahedral, Trioctahedral and Pinacoid crystal shape with range of forms {001},{060}, {133},{134}and {002}. Similarly the quartz d-spacing and plane axis values suggested Orthorhombic and Trigonal crystal shape with crystal forms {101}, {100}, {112}, {211}, {110}and {102}. In conclusion, the clay deposit exposed in the study area is made up of detrital kaolinite and quartz which are probably sourced from low latitude region in acid tropical high leaching environment.
A MULTI-SITE CASE STUDY OF HUMAN FACTOR CONSIDERATIONS AND MACHINERY UTILIZATION IN FOOD PRODUCING INDUSTRY
Authors: Hezekiah Adeyemi Oluwole , Akinyemi Olasunkanmi Oriola , Lawal Nurudeen Samuel , Olanike Olufisayo Ade-Ikuesan , Makinde Ajibola Abdullahi , Adenuga Ayodeji , Ojo Oluseye
Published: July 2020

This study evaluated ergonomics consequences of maximizing industrial machinery usage on the operators. The main objective was to establish a relationship between human factor considerations and machinery utilization (MU). The MU, over a period of one year, was computed for 45 Bundling Food Packaging Machine (BFPM) in 6 sausage roll producing industries located in Southwest Nigeria. Machine hazard/safety checklists were used inform of questionnaire to carry out machinery inspections and the subjective perceptions of operators of the machinery with respect to work loads and exposures to machine related hazards. 82.2% of the BFPM had MU rated above 90%. 92.8% of the operators were affected by environmental load, 91.1% affected by physical load and81.8% by mental load. The statistical test result showed a weak relationship between the MU and the operators' ergonomics perception ratings (OEPR) (r = 0.025, p=.870). The independent sample t-test showed that MU had statistically significantly higher means of good percentage ratings (92.9 ± 4.8) compared to that of the OEPR (39.187 ± 17.07), t (88) = 20.321, p = 0.001. The result showed that the groups' calculated/response means were significantly different. The study concluded that the ergonomics factors maintained around the machinery were rated below the emphasis placed on its high production and quality.
IMPACT OF LEACHATES ON THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER IN SHAGAMU SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA IN GROUNDWATER – SOME URBAN CITIES OF SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA
Authors: Laniyan Temitope A , Bayewu Olateju O. , Mosuro Ganiyu O
Published: July 2020

The overwhelming environmental significance of solid waste has attracted a lot of attention because of its leaching into groundwater through waste deposit. The study determines impact of leachate from a landfill site on the quality of groundwater sources in Shagamu, Southwestern, Nigeria. Twelve groundwater samples, (hand dug wells (7) and boreholes (5)) were analyzed for their major ionic components. Groundwater qualities for cation were determined at Acme Laboratories, Canada and anion was determined at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Mean concentration of pH (5.89) was found to be outside the WHO 2004 and USEPA 2001 permissible limits, and was due to the effect of leachate on the groundwater. Total dissolved solid, Electrical conductivity and Alkalinity were found to be within the permissible limits. Mean concentration of cations and anions for all the samples were -also found to be within the permissible limits with the exception of Mn (0.50 mg/L), Cl (83.33 mg/L), -and NO (26.44 mg/L) respectively which could be as a result of abattoir found around the dumpsite. 3 Leachate has had significant impact on groundwater quality. Groundwater quality improves with increase in depth and distance of the well and boreholes from the pollution source (landfill). The present study demands for proper management of waste and suggests some remedial measures to reduce future groundwater contamination via leachate percolation,
Bed-Occupancy Management in the Emergency Wards of the Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi using the Queuing Model.
Authors: Bako IA , Agada PO , Utoo PM , Ikughur AJ
Published: July 2020

Background: Patients who present at the Emergency Departments require specialized care and therefore should have access to beds, where necessary, in a timely manner. This study was aimed at using the queuing model to determine the optimal number of beds required for zero delay probability at the emergency wards of the Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria.

Methodology: The study used the M/G/C/C queuing model for bed optimization at the emergency wards. Information on arrival, length of stay and number of beds for each of the wards covering three years viz. 2014, 2015 and 2016 were obtained from the medical records department. The average arrival rate and average length of stay were used to determine the delay (blocking) probability and the other performance measures.

Results: The delay probabilities at the current bed capacities were 0.11, 0.069, 0.023 and 0.011 for the male, female, paediatric and gynaecology emergency wards respectively. The number of beds required for zero delay probabilities for the male, female, paediatric and gynaecology emergency wards were 16, 14, 14 and 6 respectively instead of the current number of beds: 8, 8, 9 and 4 respectively.

Conclusion: The study found that at the current bed capacity situation of the emergency wards of Benue State University Teaching Hospital, delay probabilities are on the average high. The model for the hospital emergency wards showed that the optimal bed capacities for Male, Female, Paediatric and Gynaecology Emergency wards are 16, 14, 14, and 6 respectively.  The queuing model should be carried out at regular intervals across the wards and should be part of the management decision making processes of the hospital.
A Clinical Study – Resection and Anastomosis of Bowel in Our Surgical Practice
Authors: Raghunandan R
Published: July 2020

Background: Anastomotic leaks are among the most dreaded complications after bowel surgery. In the present era, even with better understanding of the impact of local and systemic factors on anastomotic healing, dehiscence and leakage remains frequent and serious problem associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, problems with definitions and the retrospective nature of previous analyses have been major limitations. The aim of the study to use a prospective database to study the incidence of intestinal resection and anastomoses, to determine important factors and their significance in the healing of the anastomosis along with identifying the most ideal suture material for these techniques in our practice. Subjects and Methods: This study was carried out on 40 patients who underwent resection and anastomosis of bowel for various pathological causes in Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences & Hospital Hyderabad during September 2018 to September 2019. Results: Out of the 40 patients who underwent resection and anastomosis of bowel, Anastomotic leaks were observed in 10 (25%) cases and all of them belonged to the group who were operated on emergency basis. Hypoproteinaemia, peritonitis and perioperative blood transfusions, hypovolemia were important attributable factors identified in the leak group. Minimal leaks were observed in the group of patients who were anastomosed with vicryl suture material alone. Mortality was observed in 3patients in the leak group. At 6 month follow up none of them developed anastomosis related complications like stenosis, diverticulum. Conclusion: The present study shows majority of the patients undergoing resection and anastomosis were dealt on an emergency basis. Multivariate analysis showed six predictive variables i.e., serum albumin less than 3 g/l, use of corticosteroids, bacterial peritonitis, malignancy, COPD, perioperative blood transfusions had a higher risk of developing anastomotic leaks. Vicryl when used alone being the suture material of choice.
Prevalence of Chest Trauma at Tertiary Care Institute: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Jitesh Tolia  , Arvind Bhatt
Published: July 2020

Background: Trauma is the leading cause of mortality and disability, especially during the productive age, and is the third most common cause of death. Present study carried out to assess the general spectrum of chest injury patients at tertiary care institute of Gujarat. Subjects and Methods: A total number of 500 patients were admitted with chest were included in the study. Details of all these patients were entered in the study from their records with specific reference to age, sex, mode of injury, severity of injury, number of ribs fractured, treatment employed and final outcome. Results: Out of a total of 500 patients, the maximum was in the age group of 20-29 years and the next common decade was the 4th one. There were 380 male and 120 female patients. Blunt trauma was responsible for the injury in 405 patients and 95 patients sustained chest injury after penetrating trauma. Regarding treatment profile, no active treatment was required in 135 cases with either one or two rib fractures on x-rays without any haemopneumothorax. Intercostal drainage was required in 330 patients and thoracotomy was essential in 35 patients. Conclusion: Early recognition and management of associated injuries and complications is of paramount importance in reducing the morbidity and mortality. The majority of these patients can be managed by simple intervention i.e., intercostal drainage and only less than 10% require thoracotomy. For ICD, results of negative suction pleural drainage are better as compared to simple underwater seal drainage.
Evaluation of the Viscus injury in Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Nishit R Santoki  , Pranjal Sangole  , Gyaneshwar Rao
Published: July 2020

Background: The diagnosis of hollow viscus injury with advanced diagnostic tools and management of trauma by conservative and surgically by laparotomy and correction of anatomy. Hence such injuries are frequently overlooked leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Thus, this study is intended to throw light upon the prompt diagnosis and management of hollow viscus injuries in trauma. Hence the aim of the present research was to study the diagnosis and management of hollow viscus injuries. Subjects and Methods: A total of 100 cases were included in the study. All the patients were above the age of 11 years and maximum age of 80 years. Most of the patients included were male with ration of 4:1. After recording of history clinical examination followed by radiological, serological and operative findings were recorded. Data was analyse to study the male: female ratio, etiologies of viscous injury, investigation done and possible management for the treatment. Results: On analysis of the data, most common reason for the abdominal trauma was found to be road traffic accident followed by stab injury. The maximum of the patients belong to the age group of 2 to 30 years. Most common reason for the abdominal trauma was found to be road traffic accident followed by stab injury. Conclusion: It is mostly seen in the age group of 21-30 years which form the young and reproductive group. These patients’ measures should be taken to prevent these accidents and care of victims at the accident site. Well established trauma care centers should be established at least at every taluk hospital. Measures for early transport of the patients from the accident site to the trauma care centres to be undertaken.
Serum C-reactive protein and Pro-Calcitonin as an Indicator in Post-Operative Infection after Hepatobiliary Surgery
Authors: Joshua CC  , Sreejith V  , A. Sreekumar
Published: July 2020

Background: Major hepato-biliary surgeries carry a high risk for post-operative sepsis. Recent therapeutic advances both medical and surgical have improved early post-operative outcome. Considering the difficulties in diagnosis of infection in critically ill patients an early sensitive  and specific marker for sepsis would be of interest. Studies have shown that C - reactive protein (CRP) and pro calcitonin (PCT) are acute phase reactants and good independent early markers of post-operative sepsis, severe or septic shock. This aspect has not been evaluated in     the hepatobiliary surgeries. More over there is no data available from the Indian sub-continent in this aspect. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of serum CRP and PCT levels after hepatobiliary surgery for diagnosis of postoperative complication. Subjects and Methods: This is a cross-sectional diagnostic study has conducted in 42 patients who all are satisfying the inclusion criteria. Study duration was From August 2017 to July 2019, conducted on patients between 18-80yrs of age undergoing hepato-biliary surgery, in surgical wards of PK Das Institute     of Medical Sciences. Study variables include age, sex, pre-operative serum albumin level, pre and post-operative S.CRP AND S.PCT levels. On post-operative day 4 and day 7 S.CRP and S.PCT are monitored and its predictability also measured. . Descriptive statistical analysis will be carried out using SPSS (IBM). The p-value of less than 0.05 will be taken as significant. Results: out of 42 patients studied, 30 patients developed post-operative complications. Pre-operative serum C - reactive protein and serum procalcitonin measured compared with pre-operative serum albumin was significant identifying post-operative complications (P-value 0.02). On post-operative day 4 and 7value was significant in post-operative patients with P-value of 0.04 vs. 0.046 respectively. Similarly serum procalcitonin values also were significant on postoperative day (POD) 4 and 7 with P-value of 0.02 and 0.03. Sensitivity and specificity of S.PCT was more compared to S.CRP (92 vs 90% in sensitivity and 100% vs 80% in specificity respectively. This study shows those who were clinically septic post operatively have statistically elevated levels of serum CRP and Procalcitonin. Conclusion: S.PCT is more sensitive and specific as a marker of post operative infection following hepato biliary surgery. Early identification of patients with insidious septic illness allows early therapeutic intervention which may favorably influence outcome.
A prospective Comparative Clinical Study on Bladder Urine, Pelvic Urine and Renal Stone Culture & Sensitivity in Predicting Urosepsis Following Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Authors: V. Vijay Kumar Reddy  , Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy.G
Published: July 2020

Background: Urosepsis means a severe infection of urinary tract (UTI) and/or male genital tract (prostate) with features consistent with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. UTI may occur among all the age groups and produce a broad range of clinical syndromes ranging from asymptomatic bacteriuria to acute pyelonephritis with gram negative sepsis to septic shock. It is estimated that the mortality rate due to urosepsis ranges from 30 to 40 p.c respectively. Urosepsis may also cause multiple organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion or hypotension. Urosepsis due to percutaneous nephrolithotomy may be catastrophic despite prophylactic antibiotic coverage and negative midstream urine culture and sensitivity testing (C&S) and bacteria in the stone can be responsible for systemic infection. The aim of the study is to compare bladder urine (culture      & sensitivity) and collecting system urine and stone (culture and sensitivity) in predicting urosepsis following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Subjects and Methods: A hospital-based, analytical prospective clinical study was conducted among thirty cases who were present during   the study period and had undergone percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Cases were included irrespective of gender with renal calculi       in whom percutaneous nephrolithotomy was about to be done at Narayana Medical College & Hospital, Chintareddypalem, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh during 1st February 2014 to 31st January 2015. Data collected was divided into three main groups Midstream urine (C&S); Pelvic urine (C&S); and Stone (C&S) respectively. Data obtained was entered in Microsoft Excel-2013 and analyzed in SPSS version-22 trial. Appropriate statistical tests were applied and p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Bladder urine (C&S) was positive in 3/30 (10.00%) patients, Pelvic urine (C&S) in 5/30 (16.66 %) patients and Stone (C&S) in 8/30 (26.66 %) patients. Most of the infected specimens grew Escherichia coli followed by pseudomonas, klebsiella, enterococcus. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) was reported among 26.7 p.c (8) of the patients. In one patient (3.33%) septic shock developed but no deaths were reported. Conclusion: Stone (C&S) and Pelvic urine (C&S) are better predictors of urosepsis than Bladder urine (C&S).
Tamsulosin and Tadalafil in Relieving Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Related Symptoms- A Comparative Study
Authors: A. Nischal Prasad  , Nand Kumar B. Madhekar
Published: July 2020

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common neoplastic condition afflicting men and constitutes a major factor impact- ing the health of the male. The present study compared tamsulosin and tadalafil in relieving benign prostatic hyperplasia related symptoms in patients. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted at NRI Medical College & Hospital, Chinakakani, Mangalagiri Mandal, Andhra Pradesh from April 2007 to March 2008 on 82 men of >45 years of age with LUTS secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with an IPSS >8. All patients were divided into 2 weeks. In group I, Tadalafil 10 mg once daily with an intervening 4-week period of placebo (P4) wash out followed by Tamsulosin 0.4 mg once daily were administered for a period of 6 weeks and in group II, reverse of it was administered. IPSS scores, Uroflowmetry parameters and International Index of Erectile Function-5 scores were recorded in both groups. Results: Age group 45- 55 years had 12, 55-65 years had 28 and >65 years had 42 patients. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus was present in 4 in group I and 5 in group II, bronchial asthma 5 in group I and 3 in group II, Hypertension was present in 7 in group   I and 9 in group II and both hypertension and diabetes mellitus was present in 10 in group I and 12 in group II. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Mean IPSS total score, IPSS voiding score, IPSS storage score and IPSS QOL score at baseline, 2 weeks and 8 weeks in group I and group II was non- significant (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that both Tadalafil and Tamsulosin improved LUTS and benign prostrate hyperplasia symptoms.
Antegrade Percutaneous Versus Retrograde Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy in Upper Ureteric Cases
Authors: A. Nischal Prasad  , Prasad PVGS
Published: July 2020

Background: The technical advancements in urology have profoundly changed the management of upper ureteric calculus. The present study compared antegrade percutaneous versus retrograde ureteroscopic lithotripsy in upper ureteric cases. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted at NRI Medical College & Hospital, Chinakakani, Mangalagiri Mandal, Andhra Pradesh from May 2013 to April 2014  on 60 patients with upper ureteric stones of both genders. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I patients were treated with antegrade percutaneous and group II with retrograde ureterolithotripsy. Outcome in both groups was recorded and compared. Results: The mean anesthetic time in group I was 82.4 minutes and in group II was 73.1 minutes, operative time was 45.2 minutes in group I and 58.4 minutes in group II, post- operative stay in group I was 2.6 days and in group II was 1.7 days, stone clearance was seen in 26 patients in group I and 22 in group II. Mean stone size in group I was 1.89 cm and in group II was 1.49 cm. Follow ups days were 71.2 in group I and 83.4 in group II. Clavien-Dindo categorization grade 0 was seen in 16 in group I and 13 in group II, grade 1 in 10 in group I and 12 in group II and grade 2 in 4 in group I and 5 in group II. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). There were 4 and 5 patients in group I and group II with post- operative complications (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Authors found that antegrade percutaneous has better stone clearance rates as compared to retrograde ureterolithotripsy for an upper ureteric calculus.
Retrograde Intrarenal surgery- Our experience
Authors: Nand Kumar B. Madhekar  , A. Nischal Prasad
Published: July 2020

Background: RIRS has become an important treatment option for kidney stones in pediatric patients with the development of new-generation ureteroscopy and holmium laser. The present study was conducted to assess cases of retrograde intrarenal surgery. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted in a tertiary care centre over a period of one year on 120 cases of retrograde intra renal surgery (RIRS) performed in both genders. Renal stone location and stone clearance, laterality, stone size, operative time, hematuria, postoperative pain & fever, urosepsis, hospital stay, residual stones and need of an adjunctive procedure to achieve residual stone clearance. Results: Out of 120 patients, males were 70 and females were 50. Stones were detected in upper calyx in 50 cases, middle calyx in 40, lower calyx in 20 and pelvis in 10 cases. The mean size of stones was 8.1 mm, operative time was 62.1 minutes, hospital stay was 3.6 days, clinically insignificant radiological fragments were seen in 35 cases and residual stones were seen in 20 cases. Maximum cases of CIRF were seen in middle calyx (15) and residual stones were seen in lower calyx (7). The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Common complications were fever in 7, hematuria in 3, flank pain in 4 and urosepsis in 2 cases. Conclusion: Authors found that retrograde intrarenal surgery is a technically safe and effective procedure for the treatment of renal stones.