bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High ratings for the new MJDF exam
Authors: Pocock Ian
Published: May 2008

Late 2007 saw the results of two years of planning and collaboration between the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) (FGDP(UK)) and the Faculty of Dental Surgery (FDS) with the first sittings of the new MJDF examination.
From Bandung to Horsham: a well-travelled copy of Gray's Anatomy
Authors: Worrall Matthew
Published: May 2008

Every College fellow or member will have vivid memories of when and where he or she trained to be a surgeon but few can have had as dramatic a route as Nowell Peach (pictured, top of article) who spoke to the Bulletin to mark the exhibition of the first edition of Gray's Anatomy in the College library. Gray's holds a very special place in the professional and personal life of Mr Peach as it is a copy of the tome, passed to him by a commanding officer, from which he studied during three long years in a Japanese prisoner of war camp during the second world war and it enabled him to pass his primary surgical examinations upon his return to the UK in 1946.
MMC and ATLS®: a deficiency in training?
Authors: Aftab S , Amirthanayagam T , Sinha I
Published: May 2008

The advent of Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) and the implementation of the European Working Time Directive have led to a number of fundamental changes to the training of UK junior doctors. Foundation and specialist trainees receive exposure to a range of specialties over a shorter period of time. Consequently there is a higher throughput of trainees for each job with varying levels of experience.
15 years of the education department
Authors: Kelly Andrea
Published: May 2008

Developing professional practice Over the last 60 years 'the idea of professional competence has developed from the idea of the "qualified practitioner," licensed to practise on the basis of apprenticeship and competitive examination; through the idea of the "medical expert" whose claim to recognition is based on the possession of technical and scientific know-how; to the "accountable professional" who is now required to make clear in whose interest that know-how is deployed. In fact the three modes have come to be superimposed and now operate simultaneously, making for a very complex account of professional practice.
1,4-Additions of arylboron, -silicon, and -bismuth compounds to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds catalyzed by dicationic palladium(II) complexes
Authors: Yamamoto Yasunori , Nishikata Takashi , Miyaura Norio
Published: May 2008

An enantioselective synthesis of cyclic and acyclic β-aryl ketone and aldehydes via Pd(II)-catalyzed 1,4-addition of Ar-m[m= B(OH)2, BF3K, Si(OMe)3, SiF3, BiAr2] to α,β-unsaturated ketones or aldehydes is described. The catalytic cycle involves transmetallation between Ar-mand Pd complexes as a key process, the mechanism of which is discussed on the basis of characterization of the transmetallation intermediate and electronic effect of the substituents. The enantioselection mechanism and efficiency of a chiraphos ligand for structurally planar α,β-unsaturated ketones are discussed on the basis of the X-ray structure of the catalyst and results of density functional theory (DFT) computational studies on the model of coordination of the substrates to the phenylpalladium(II)/(S,S)-chiraphos intermediate.
Reaction of alcohols and silyl ethers in the presence of an indium/silicon-based catalyst system: Deoxygenation and allyl substitution
Authors: Baba Akio , Yasuda Makoto , Nishimoto Yoshihiro , Saito Takahiro , Onishi Yoshiyuki
Published: May 2008

An In(III)/Si catalyst system effects the direct allyl substitution of alcohols and silyl ethers under mild conditions. A deoxygenation of alcohols is also promoted by InCl3 catalyst. This method requires no pretreatment or protection of hydroxy groups or deprotection of siloxy groups. The completion of the catalytic allylation depends on the low oxophilicity and high halophilicity of In(III) halide species, and other representative Lewis acids such as AlCl3 and BF3 have no catalytic activity for the allylations. The oxophilicity and halophilicity are also demonstrated by NMR studies.
Evaluation of catalytic activity of copper salts and their removal processes in the three-component coupling reactions
Authors: Hwang Seung Jun , Cho Seung Hwan , Chang Sukbok
Published: May 2008

The catalytic activity of a wide range of copper salts, including Cu(I) and Cu(II), has been examined in the Cu-catalyzed three-component coupling reactions of sulfonyl azides, terminal alkynes, and amines, alcohols, or water to affordN-sulfonyl amidines, imidates, and amides, respectively. Furthermore, the investigation on the ligand effect in our protocol has revealed that certain types of ligands such as tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA) exhibited notable acceleration effects on the coupling reaction. The facile and efficient methods for removing copper salts from reaction mixture were also examined.
New synthetic methodologies based on active transition metals
Authors: Alonso Francisco , Yus Miguel
Published: May 2008

Active transition metals, namely, nickel, copper and iron, have been prepared by the reduction of the corresponding chlorides with lithium and a catalytic amount of an arene. These metals, in the form of nanoparticles, have found application in the reduction of a wide variety of functional groups as well as in the alkylation of methyl ketones with primary alcohols.
Application of rhodium-catalyzed cyclohydrocarbonylation to the syntheses of enantiopure homokainoids
Authors: Chiou Wen-Hua , Schoenfelder Angèle , Mann André , Ojima Iwao
Published: May 2008

Kainic acid (KA), rigidified (S)-glutamic acid, is a well-known kainite receptor agonist for excitatory transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Our interest in highly selective kainite ligands prompted us to design a series of new kainic homologs, "homokainoids", i.e., conformationally rigidified (S)-glutamic acids. For the syntheses of enantiopure novel homokainoids (pipecolino-glutamic acids), we successfully applied the cyclohydrocarbonylation (CHC) reaction, which has been developed in these laboratories. Efficient total syntheses of enantiopure novel homokainoids from (R)-serine feature the highly diastereoselective conjugate addition and the regioselective CHC process in the key steps.
Cu(I)-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of ketones and ketimines
Authors: Kanai Motomu , Wada Reiko , Shibuguchi Tomoyuki , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: May 2008

Chiral CuF-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of ketones and ketimines is described. Nucleophile activation via transmetallation (allylboronate to allylcopper), which is facilitated by a cocatalyst [La(OiPr)3or LiOiPr], is key for these reactions. A CuOTf-3KOtBu-DUPHOS complex is a comparably effective catalyst that reduces the required amount of chiral phosphines.
Nickel-catalyzed carbocyanation of alkynes
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: May 2008

Nickel-catalyzed carbocyanation reaction of alkynes is described. Alkynes undergo aryl- and allylcyanation reaction in the presence of nickel-phosphine catalysts to give a wide range of substituted acrylonitriles in highly stereo-, regio-, and chemoselective manners. Lewis acid cocatalysts, such as AlMe3, AlMe2Cl, and BPh3, are found to promote the arylcyanation significantly. The cooperative catalysis of nickel and Lewis acid also allows the carbocyanation reaction using alkenyl and alkyl cyanides.
Recovery of Trabecular and Cortical Bone Turnover After Discontinuation of Risedronate and Alendronate Therapy in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Fuchs Robyn K , Phipps Roger J , Burr David B
Published: May 2008

Alendronate (ALN) and risedronate (RIS) are bisphosphonates effective in reducing bone loss and fractures associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, it is uncertain how long it takes bone turnover to be re-established after treatment withdrawal, and whether this differs between the two drugs. The objective of this study was to determine the time required to re-establish normal bone turnover after the discontinuation of ALN and RIS treatment in an animal model of estrogen-deficiency osteoporosis. Two hundred ten, 6-mo-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and 6 wk later were randomized into baseline controls (n = 10) and four treatment groups (n = 50/group): vehicle-treated controls (CON; 0.3 ml sterile water), ALN (2.4 μg/kg), low-dose RIS (RIS low; 1.2 μg/kg), and high-dose RIS (RIS high; 2.4 μg/kg). Treatments were administered 3 times/wk by subcutaneous injection. Baseline controls were killed at the initiation of treatment. Other groups were treated for 8 wk, and subgroups (n = 10/ treatment group) were killed 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk after treatment was withdrawn. Static and dynamic histological analyses were performed for cortical (tibial diaphysis) and trabecular (proximal tibia and L4 vertebrae) bone. DXA and mechanical testing was performed on the L5 vertebra. After 8 wk of treatment, trabecular bone turnover rates were significantly suppressed in all drug-treated animals. Trabecular bone formation rate (BFR/BS) remained significantly lower than vehicle in bisphosphonate-treated animals through 12 wk. Sixteen weeks after treatment withdrawal, trabecular BFR/BS in the proximal tibia was re-established in animals treated with RIS but not in animals treated with ALN compared with controls. BMD of the fifth lumbar vertebra remained significantly higher than controls 16 wk after treatment withdrawal in ALN-treated animals but not in RIS-treated animals. Despite reductions in BMD and increases in bone turnover, ultimate force of the fifth lumbar vertebra remained significantly higher in all drug-treated animals through 16 wk after withdrawal.
Abdominal Aortic Calcification, BMD, and Bone Microstructure: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Chow John T , Khosla Sundeep , Melton L Joseph , Atkinson Elizabeth J , Camp Jon J , Kearns Ann E
Published: May 2008

To better define the relationship between vascular calcification and bone mass/structure, we assessed abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), BMD, and bone microstructure in an age-stratified, random sample of 693 Rochester, MN, residents. Participants underwent QCT of the spine and hip and high-resolution pQCT (HRpQCT) of the radius to define volumetric BMD (vBMD) and microstructural parameters. AAC was quantified with the Agatston scoring method. In men, AAC correlated with lower vertebral trabecular and femoral neck vBMD (p < 0.001), but not after age or multivariable (age, body mass index, smoking status) adjustment. Separation into <50 and ≥50 yr showed this pattern only in the older men. BV/TV and Tb.Th inversely correlated with AAC in all men (p < 0.001), and Tb.Th remained significantly correlated after age adjustment (p < 0.05). Tb.N positively correlated with AAC in younger men (p < 0.001) but negatively correlated in older men (p < 0.001). The opposite was true with Tb.Sp (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Lower Tb.N and higher Tb.Sp correlated with AAC in older men even after multivariable adjustment. Among all women and postmenopausal women, AAC correlated with lower vertebral and femoral neck vBMD (p < 0.001) but not after adjustment. Lower BV/TV and Tb.Th correlated with AAC (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively) in women, but not after adjustment. Our findings support an age-dependent association between AAC and vBMD. We also found that AAC correlates with specific bone microstructural parameters in older men, suggesting a possible common pathogenesis for vascular calcification and deterioration in bone structure. However, sex-specific differences exist.
Dead Man Walking: The Aldo Moro kidnap and Palimpsest History in Buongiorno, notte
Authors: O'Leary Alan
Published: May 2008

The centrist Italian politician Aldo Moro was kidnapped in 1978 and murdered 54 days later by the Brigate Rosse (Red Brigades) a far-left revolutionary group. The kidnap has come to be perceived as the key event of the Italian terrorist period of roughly 19691983, and has displaced the other events of the period in national memory. There are several films devoted to the kidnapping; Buongiorno, notte (2003), based on the memoir by one of Moro's jailers, is unique among these in evincing a sophisticated awareness of the means by which historical understanding is constructed through a clash and superimposition of discourses, including various forms of fictional representation. The film is a meditation not solely on the Moro events in themselves, but on the place of the memory of Aldo Moro in Italian culture, and on the means by which the perception and historicising of the Moro kidnapping is generated.
Review
Authors: Bowler Alexia L
Published: May 2008

Filmosophy, Daniel Frampton, (2006) London: Wallflower Press, 254pp., ISBN 1-904764-84-3 (pbk), 15.00; ISBN 1-904764-85-1 (hbk), 45.00
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior of High-Burnup Zircaloy-4 Fuel Cladding
Authors: Daum Robert S. , Majumdar Saurin , Billone Michael C.
Published: May 2008

Sufficient mechanical ductility of high-burnup Zircaloy-4 fuel cladding is important to prevent large-opening ruptures and significant fuel dispersal during postulated in-reactor and spent-fuel processing accidents. The effect of irradiation, oxidation, and hydriding at high fuel burnup may degrade cladding ductility to the extent that such large ruptures are possible under severe loadings. To understand this susceptibility to failure, this study focused on mechanical testing coupled with detailed finite-element modeling and analyses. Under ring-compression-type loading at room temperature, tensile cracks form within the corrosion-induced oxide layer under elastic loading. The oxide crack then propagates into the cladding wall under additional loading with little to no measurable plastic strain, as confirmed by both experiment and analyses of plastic hoop strain in the ring. For cladding with the oxide removed prior to testing at ≤1 %/s, cracking of the underlying hydride rim comprised of circumferentially oriented hydrides occurs at low plastic hoop strain (≤3 %), whereas the finite-element analysis suggests that the base alloy with a relatively small amount of hydrides appears to fail at higher strain (>8 %). At even higher strain rates (≈400 %/s), cracking within the hydride rim occurs at near-zero ductility, but the base alloy continues to remain highly ductile. These room-temperature results indicate that the hydride rim is sensitive to strain rate, whereas the base alloy is relatively not. With the precipitation of ≈100 % radially oriented hydrides, the cladding exhibits near-zero ductility at room temperature and ≈0.1 %/s. This study suggests that the ring-compression test coupled with finite-element modeling and analysis may be used to estimate crack-initiation strains in irradiated cladding materials with susceptible microstructures and under various deformation rates.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Supports Neuronal Survival through Phosphorylation of Bcl-2
Authors: Cheung Zelda H. , Gong Ke , Ip Nancy Y.
Published: May 2008

Accumulating evidence indicates that deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity is associated with apoptosis in various neurodegenerative disease models. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that Cdk5 may also favor neuronal survival. Nonetheless, whether Cdk5 is directly required for neuronal survival during development remains enigmatic. In the current study, we established the pivotal role of Cdk5 in neuronal survival during development by demonstrating that reduction or absence of Cdk5 activity markedly exacerbated neuronal death in cultures andin vivo. Interestingly, the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma protein 2) was identified as a novel substrate of Cdk5. We found that Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at Ser70 was required for the neuroprotective effect of Bcl-2. Intriguingly, inhibition of this phosphorylation conferred proapoptotic property to Bcl-2. Furthermore, overexpression of a Bcl-2 mutant lacking the Cdk5 phosphorylation site abolished the protective effect of Cdk5 re-expression inCdk5−/−neurons, suggesting that Ser70 phosphorylation of Bcl-2 contributed to Cdk5-mediated neuronal survival. Our observations revealed that Cdk5-mediated Bcl-2 phosphorylation is pivotal for the antiapoptotic effect of Bcl-2 and contributes to the maintenance of neuronal survival by Cdk5. Our study has also identified Cdk5 as a regulator of Bcl-2 function in neuronal apoptosis.
Abnormal Neural Oscillatory Activity to Speech Sounds in Schizophrenia: A Magnetoencephalography Study
Authors: Hirano Shogo , Hirano Yoji , Maekawa Toshihiko , Obayashi Choji , Oribe Naoya , Kuroki Toshihide , Kanba Shigenobu , Onitsuka Toshiaki
Published: May 2008

Schizophrenia impairs many cognitive functions, and abnormalities in language processing have been proposed as one of the bases for this disorder. Previously, it was reported that different magnetoencephalography (MEG) patterns of the evoked oscillatory activity (eOA) of 20–45 Hz to speech and nonspeech sounds were evidence of a fast mechanism for the representation and identification of speech sounds in humans. The current study tested the hypothesis that the schizophrenics would show abnormal neural oscillatory activity, as measured by eOA, to speech and nonspeech sounds. Twenty patients and 23 control subjects participated in this study. MEG responses to speech and nonspeech sounds were recorded and eOA power and phase locking at 20–45 Hz were analyzed. Patients showed significantly delayed peak latencies of the eOA power and phase locking to speech sounds in the left hemisphere and to nonspeech sounds in the right hemisphere. Patients also showed a significantly reduced eOA power to speech sounds in the left hemisphere in 0–50 ms and a significantly larger eOA power to speech sounds in the left hemisphere in 100–150 ms. In addition, the analyses of the lateralization index revealed the pattern of hemispheric lateralization to be the opposite in patients. These results indicated that patients showed different characteristics of eOA compared with normal controls, probably related to deficits in a fast mechanism for identifying speech sounds. Moreover, the present study suggests that schizophrenia might be characterized by an opposite pattern of hemispheric lateralization in auditory evoked oscillations.
Spikes and Bursts in Two Types of Thalamic Projection Neurons Differentially Shape Sleep Patterns and Auditory Responses in a Songbird
Authors: Hahnloser Richard H. R. , Wang Claude Z.-H. , Nager Aymeric , Naie Katja
Published: May 2008

In mammals, the thalamus plays important roles for cortical processing, such as relay of sensory information and induction of rhythmical firing during sleep. In neurons of the avian cerebrum, in analogy with cortical up and down states, complex patterns of regular-spiking and dense-bursting modes are frequently observed during sleep. However, the roles of thalamic inputs for shaping these firing modes are largely unknown. A suspected key player is the avian thalamic nucleus uvaeformis (Uva). Uva is innervated by polysensory input, receives indirect cerebral feedback via the midbrain, and projects to the cerebrum via two distinct pathways. Using pharmacological manipulation, electrical stimulation, and extracellular recordings of Uva projection neurons, we study the involvement of Uva in zebra finches for the generation of spontaneous activity and auditory responses in premotor area HVC (used as a proper name) and the downstream robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). In awake and sleeping birds, we find that single Uva spikes suppress and spike bursts enhance spontaneous and auditory-evoked bursts in HVC and RA neurons. Strong burst suppression is mediated mainly via tonically firing HVC-projecting Uva neurons, whereas a fast burst drive is mediated indirectly via Uva neurons projecting to the nucleus interface of the nidopallium. Our results reveal that cerebral sleep-burst epochs and arousal-related burst suppression are both shaped by sophisticated polysynaptic thalamic mechanisms.
Macedonian in the Western Balkan linguistic area
Authors: Sobolev Andrej N.
Published: May 2008

The paper suggests that, at the dialect level, the Macedonian language should be viewed as part of the Balkan linguistic West, rather than the Balkan linguistic East. It is argued that the Macedonian, Serbian, Albanian and Arumanian languages share a number of common lexical, semantic, word formation and grammatical features that are not characteristic of the Greek-Bulgarian linguistic area. This explains the specific linguistic development on the Macedonian territory, which is characterized by the conservation of numerous Slavic archaisms on the one hand, and the accumulation of West Balkan innovative features, on the other.
Präzise Objektortung und Charakterisierung in Luft mittels breitbandiger Ultraschallwandler (Precise Echolocation and Characterization of Objects in Air by Broadband Ultrasonic Transducers)
Authors: Kaniak Georg , Schweinzer Herbert , Kellner Johannes , Magerl Gottfried
Published: May 2008

Dieser Beitrag behandelt leistungsfähige Verfahren der hochauflösenden Ultraschallortung in Luft. Dazu werden breitbandige Signale (Chirps) zusammen mit korrelativen Verfahren eingesetzt unter Berücksichtigung der frequenz- und winkelabhängigen Richtcharakteristik des Ultraschallwandlers. Dadurch werden eine genaue Eingrenzung des Messbereichs, Messungen bis in die Nebenkeulen sowie die Bestimmung des Abstrahlwinkels mit nur einem Empfänger ermöglicht.
Somatotropic responses to soy protein alone and as part of a meal.
Authors: van Vught Anneke J A H , Nieuwenhuizen Arie G , Brummer Robert-Jan M , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S
Published: May 2008

Context

GH is an important regulator of growth and body composition. We previously showed that GH release can be promoted by oral ingestion of soy protein; it is not known, however, whether these somatotropic effects of soy protein are also present when soy protein is ingested as part of a complete meal.

Objective/design

We compared the effects of oral ingestion of soy protein alone with the effects of a meal containing the same amount of soy protein on GH secretion in six healthy women (body mass index 19–26 kg/m2, 19–36 years), in a randomized crossover design. During the whole experiment, serum GH, insulin, and glucose were determined every 20 min.

Results

GH responses as determined by area under the curve (AUC) and peak values were lower after ingestion of the meal, in comparison with GH responses after the soy protein consumption alone (P<0.05), and did not differ from the placebo. Glucose and insulin responses, both determined as AUC and peak values, were higher after ingestion of the meal, compared with those after ingestion of the protein drink or the placebo (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The somatotropic effect of soy protein is reduced and delayed when soy protein is ingested as part of a complete meal. Dietary carbohydrates, by increasing serum levels of glucose and insulin concentration, as well as dietary fat, may have interfered with the somatotropic effects of soy protein.
Telling tales
Authors: Whyton Tony
Published: May 2008

Anecdotal accounts of jazz are an essential ingredient in musicians' interactions and discussions of music. The deeply social nature of the music, its celebrated oral tradition and the obsession with documentation have established anecdotal stories as a primary means of communicating historical information. Indeed, jazz documentaries, publications and everyday conversations - between musicians and enthusiasts alike - usually contain a multitude of anecdotes ranging from the humorous to the mythological. This isn’t something new; from historical accounts of early jazz history to commentary on the contemporary jazz scene, anecdote is rife and the discourse is littered with informal narratives and first hand accounts. Jazz historians often explain the music away through mythological or anecdotal stories, as if the informal biographical (and often non-musical) accounts of players can unlock doors to a single, unified meaning in the music itself. I examine the role of anecdote within four broad categories: anecdote as entertainment, anecdote as appropriation, anecdote as mythology and anecdote as testimony. This list is not designed to be exhaustive but offers a number of perspectives on the differing functions of anecdote. From these perspectives, I evaluate the role of anecdote within jazz practice and examine the implications of reading established explicit ‘natural’ practices as implicit ideology.
Effects of Repeated Electroshocking on Condition, Growth, and Movement of Selected Warmwater Stream Fishes
Authors: Gatz A. John , Linder R. Scott
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of repeated monthly use of pulsed-DC electrofishing on condition factor (K), instantaneous growth rate (G), and movement of stream-dwelling creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus, white suckers Catostomus commersonii, and green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus. Fish that were captured five or more times by approximately monthly electrofishing were compared with control groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) models indicated that repeated electroshocking had such a minute impact (≤0.2% reduction in error sum of squares) on K that this effect was unlikely to be biologically meaningful, especially given that it was positive for white suckers. Similar models for G showed small but statistically significant decreases in white sucker and creek chub G-values from repeated monthly electroshocking; there was no effect for green sunfish. An additional model analyzing the impact of repeated electroshocking of white suckers at bimonthly intervals showed no significant effect on G. For all three species, the relative frequency of remaining stationary or exhibiting net movement upstream or downstream was similar between repeatedly electroshocked fish and control fish, as were the net distances moved in either direction. Thus, monthly applications of electrofishing had minimal negative effects on K for only two of the three species; slightly larger negative effects on G for only two species; and no measurable effects on movement of any species. In contrast to the effect of monthly electroshocking, bimonthly exposures did not negatively affect G for white suckers. Overall, the results suggest that pulsed-DC electrofishing (60 Hz; 36% duty cycle) is a safe methodological tool for studying these species, provided it is not used too frequently.
A Semiautomated Approach to Estimating Fish Size, Abundance, and Behavior from Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) Data
Authors: Boswell Kevin M. , Wilson Matthew P. , Cowan James H.
Published: May 2008

We present a semiautomated analytical approach incorporating both image and acoustic processing techniques to apply to dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) data. Our objectives were (1) to develop a standardized analysis pathway in order to reduce the effort associated with counting, measuring, and tracking fish targets; and (2) to empirically obtain estimates of basic target information (e.g., size, abundance, speed, and direction of travel). Analyses were conducted on DIDSON data collected at three different locations (the Kenai River, Alaska; Mobile River, Alabama; and Port Fourchon, Louisiana) with different equipment and deployment configurations. We developed an efficient postprocessing approach that can be applied to a variety of data sets, independent of user and deployment method. For two of the three data sets analyzed, the estimates of fish abundance derived from DIDSON analyses were not significantly different from the manual counts of DIDSON files. The analyses produced estimates of mean fish length, direction and speed of travel, and target surface area for all targets within each data set. A consistent analysis platform increases the acceptance and reliability of the DIDSON as a tool for fisheries surveys and further demonstrates the usefulness of DIDSON technology in fisheries applications.
Population Size and Relative Abundance of Adult Alabama Shad Reaching Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, Apalachicola River, Florida
Authors: Ely Patrick C. , Young Shawn P. , Isely J. Jeffery
Published: May 2008

We estimated the population size of migrating Alabama shad Alosa alabamae below Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam in the Apalachicola River (located in the central panhandle of northwestern Florida) using mark–recapture and relative abundance techniques. After adjustment for tag loss, emigration, and mortality, the population size was estimated as 25,935 (95% confidence interval, 17,715–39,535) in 2005, 2,767 (838–5,031) in 2006, and 8,511 (5,211–14,674) in 2007. The cumulative catch rate from boat electrofishing averaged 20.47 Alabama shad per hour in 2005, 6.10 per hour in 2006, and 13.17 per hour in 2007. The relationship between population size (N) and electrofishing catch per unit effort (CPUE) was modeled by the equation N = −9008.2 + (electrofishing CPUE × 1616.4). Additionally, in 2007 the hook-and-line catch rate averaged 1.94 Alabama shad per rod hour. A predictive model relating the population size and hook-and-line CPUE of spawning American shad A. sapidissima was applied to Alabama shad hook-and-line CPUE and produced satisfactory results. Recent spawning populations of Alabama shad in the Apalachicola River are low relative to American shad populations in other southeastern U.S. rivers.
Variação espaço-temporal do índice de área foliar e brix em cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Scarpari Maximiliano Salles , Beauclair Edgar Gomes Ferreira
Published: May 2008

Os objetivos do trabalho foram estudar a variação espaço-temporal do índice de área foliar (IAF) e do teor de sólidos solúveis (Brix) na cana-de-açúcar, em Piracicaba (SP), em 2003 e 2004, utilizando a geoestatística, visando melhorar a simulação da interceptação da radiação solar principalmente no ajuste do coeficiente de extinção. Verificaram-se maiores valores do IAF no ciclo de crescimento da variedade SP 80-3280 em comparação com a RB 85 5156 obtendo valores máximos de 6,41 e 4,27 respectivamente, medidos em 14/1/2004 com grande variação espacial nas áreas analisadas, além de maiores valores do IAF e menores do Brix em locais com maior disponibilidade hídrica, indicativo de atraso da maturação. A única medida do Brix feita em 29/4/2004 das variedades SP 80-3280 e RB 85 5156 indicaram valores médios de 12,86 e 17,06 respectivamente, mostrando a precocidade da RB 85 5156. O uso de valores diários variáveis do coeficiente de extinção em modelos de cultura é recomendado, melhorando a simulação da interceptação da radiação solar, minimizando erros na estimativa da produtividade principalmente quando analisamos diferentes variedades de cana-de-açúcar.
Envelhecimento fisiológico de tubérculos de batata produzidos durante o outono e a primavera e armazenados em diferentes temperaturas
Authors: Bisognin Dilson Antônio , Freitas Sergio Tonetto de , Brackmann Auri , Andriolo Jerônimo Luiz , Pereira Engil Isadora Pujol , Muller Douglas Renato , Bandinelli Maurício Guerra
Published: May 2008

O armazenamento adequado dos tubérculos é muito importante para manter o equilíbrio da oferta de batata no mercado e para a obtenção de tubérculos-semente em adequado estádio fisiológico no momento do plantio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas de armazenagem no envelhecimento fisiológico de tubérculos de três clones de batata produzidos durante o outono e a primavera. O experimento foi desenvolvido em um fatorial de três clones (Asterix, SMIJ461-1 e SMINIA793101-3) por quatro temperaturas de armazenamento (4, 8, 12 e 25 ºC) e duas épocas de plantio (outono e primavera) no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As avaliações foram em intervalos de 30 dias, do início até os 180 dias de armazenamento. O armazenamento refrigerado prolongou a dormência dos tubérculos, reduzindo o número de brotos e evitando o apodrecimento; as temperaturas de 4 e 8 ºC impediram a brotação dos tubérculos produzidos no outono. A perda de massa fresca e a respiração dos tubérculos aumentaram com o tempo e a temperatura de armazenamento. A época de plantio altera o comportamento fisiológico dos tubérculos durante o armazenamento. O armazenamento à baixa temperatura (4 e 8 ºC) é eficaz para retardar o envelhecimento fisiológico.
Estimativa do plastocrono em cultivares de soja
Authors: Streck Nereu Augusto , Paula Gizelli Moiano de , Camera Cátia , Menezes Nilson Lemos de , Lago Isabel
Published: May 2008

Um parâmetro bastante usado em modelos de simulação do desenvolvimento de espécies dicotiledôneas é o intervalo de tempo entre o aparecimento de dois nós sucessivos em uma haste, conhecido como plastocrono, com unidade de ºC dia nó-1. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o plastocrono em algumas cultivares de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), recomendadas para cultivo no Sul do Brasil. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos em Santa Maria (RS), um no ano agrícola de 2004/2005 e outro em 2005/2006. Seis cultivares (BRS 66, CD 201, CD 203, CD 205, FT 9, FUNDACEP 39) foram avaliadas em 2004/2005 e cinco (CD 205, CD 209, CD 213 RR, CD 214 RR, CD 219 RR) em 2005/2006, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições (média de cinco plantas) em 2004/2005 e três repetições (média de seis plantas), em 2005/2006. O plastocrono foi estimado pelo inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear do número de nós visíveis na haste principal com a soma térmica (temperatura base de 10 ºC e temperatura ótima de 30 ºC) diária acumulada a partir da emergência. Em muitas cultivares (CD 201, FT 9 e CD 205 em 2004/2005 e CD 219 RR, CD 205 e CD 214 RR em 2005/2006) observaram-se valores similares de plastocrono. Considerando todas as cultivares, o plastocrono médio e a variação (menor e maior valor) em 2004/2005 (ano seco) foi de 55,9 (49,6 - 60,3) ºC dia nó-1 e em 2005/2006 (ano úmido) foi de 50,7 (48,1 - 53,9) ºC dia nó-1 respectivamente. Esses resultados associados ao fato do plastocrono da cultivar CD 205, usada nos dois anos, também ter sido maior no ano mais seco, indica efeito do ambiente (déficit hídrico no solo) sobre o plastocrono.
Deficiência hídrica, trocas gasosas e crescimento de raízes em laranjeira ‘Valência’ sobre dois tipos de porta-enxertos
Authors: Magalhães Filho José Rodrigues , Amaral Lucas Rios do , Machado Daniela Fávero São Pedro , Medina Camilo Lázaro , Machado Eduardo Caruso
Published: May 2008

O crescimento e a distribuição do sistema radicular afetam as respostas das plantas à ocorrência de deficiência hídrica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em mudas de laranjeira 'Valência' enxertada sobre limoeiro 'Cravo' ou Poncirus trifoliata ('Trifoliata') o crescimento de raízes, as trocas gasosas (CO2 e H2O), o potencial da água na folha e a distribuição de carboidratos nos diversos órgãos, em plantas submetidas à deficiência hídrica. As mudas foram transplantadas para 32 rizotrons, que permitiam a visualização das raízes, sendo 16 para cada porta-enxerto e submetidas ou não à irrigação. A deficiência hídrica às plantas foi aplicada pela interrupção do fornecimento de água às plantas. A condutância estomática decaiu após o quarto dia sem irrigação, causando redução da fotossíntese, da transpiração e da eficiência de carboxilação. O teor de carboidrato total (sacarose + açúcares redutores + amido) em plantas sem estresse foi maior em 'Trifoliata', e entre os tratamentos com deficiência hídrica foi sempre inferior. As massas secas das plantas sem deficiência hídrica foram maiores, em ambos os porta-enxertos. Entre os tratamentos irrigados e não irrigados, o comprimento das raízes dentro de um mesmo tipo de porta-enxerto foram semelhantes. Porém, o comprimento das raízes de laranjeira 'Valência' sobre 'Cravo' foi significativamente maior. Mesmo sob deficiência hídrica e grande queda da produção fotossintética, as raízes permaneceram crescendo, possivelmente às expensas de substrato mobilizado de outros órgãos.
Heritability estimation in early generations of two-way crosses in soybean
Authors: Costa Marcelo Marchi , Di Mauro Antonio Orlando , Unêda-Trevisoli Sandra Helena , Arriel Nair Helena Castro , Bárbaro Ivana Marino , Silveira Gustavo Dias , Muniz Frando Romero Silva
Published: May 2008

The estimation of genetic parameters, especially in early generations, is very useful for directing the selection process in breeding programs. The present research was undertaken to estimate heritabilities in the broad sense, narrow sense and using parent-offspring regression in F3 soybean populations from six two-way crosses, originated from the Soybean Breeding Program of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (UNESP), Jaboticabal campus. It was used the family design with common checks located ten plots apart. It was observed highly significant differences among families. The experimental coefficient of variation (CVe), the CVg/CVe ratio and the heritability showed wide variation among traits, being the highest values found for number of pods, number of seeds and grain yield, making evident the existence of variance to be exploited by breeding. The estimation of the heritability coefficients in the broad sense, narrow sense and by regression were close in most of the situations, showing that the largest part of genetic variance is of additive nature, in which simple selection methods can lead to satisfactory genetic gains.
Predição de valores genéticos aditivos na seleção visando obter cultivares de café mais resistentes à ferrugem
Authors: Petek Marcos Rafael , Sera Tumoru , Fonseca Inês Cristina de Batista
Published: May 2008

O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos e predizer os valores genéticos aditivos na seleção de progênies F2 de Coffea arabica (" Sarchimor" x (" Icatu" x " Catuaí" )) com mais de cinco genes de resistência à ferrugem. Foram utilizadas 27 progênies derivadas do cruzamento " Sarchimor" PR 75163-7 x (" Icatu" x " Catuaí" ) MRFPB-C-41-1 e a testemunha 'IAPAR 59'. Os caracteres avaliados foram os seguintes: vigor vegetativo, resistência à ferrugem, tamanho de grãos, época de maturação dos frutos e produtividade. A seleção foi realizada a partir do efeito genético aditivo individual para vigor vegetativo e resistência à ferrugem, predito pela metodologia REML/BLUP, que foram os caracteres com variabilidade. O ganho genético aditivo com a seleção de 54 indivíduos (10% de intensidade de seleção) foi de 3,14% para vigor vegetativo e 10,29% para resistência à ferrugem. Concluiu-se que a partir desta população é possível a obtenção de linhagens superiores com resistência à ferrugem e alto vigor vegetativo e que a seleção de plantas individuais a partir de efeito genético aditivo facilita a escolha dos indivíduos geneticamente superiores, maximizando o ganho genético por ciclo de seleção.
Poda apical, densidade de plantas e cobertura plástica do solo na produtividade do tomateiro em cultivo protegido
Authors: Bogiani Júlio César , Anton Cibele da Silva , Seleguini Alexsander , Faria Júnior Max José de Araújo , Seno Shizuo
Published: May 2008

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito de duas combinações entre densidade de plantas e altura de poda apical, associados à utilização de cobertura plástica do solo, sobre o desenvolvimento e a produção de frutos do tomateiro, híbrido Duradoro (EMBRAPA), em ambiente protegido. Foram estabelecidos dois sistemas de cultivo com haste única: SC1 - poda apical após a 5ª inflorescência, com 20.000 plantas ha-1 e SC2 - poda apical após a 2ª inflorescência com 50.000 plantas ha-1; e três condições de cobertura do solo: solo nu; filme de polietileno branco e filme de polietileno preto, adotando-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. O experimento foi desenvolvido de junho a novembro de 2003, na UNESP, Câmpus de Ilha Solteira. A adoção do tratamento SC2 determinou maior altura de plantas aos 45 dias após o transplante, maior número de frutos por área e maior produtividade, além da concentração do período de colheita em sete semanas. As coberturas plásticas do solo não influenciaram as variáveis que compõem a produtividade do tomateiro.
Caráter stay-green e produtividade de grãos em trigo
Authors: Silva José Antonio Gonzales da , Carvalho Fernando Irajá Félix de , Hartwig Irineu , Oliveira Antonio Costa de , Bertan Ivandro , Caetano Vanderlei da Rosa , Schmidt Douglas André Mallmann , Valério Igor Pires , Ribeiro Guilherme , Busato Cyrano Cardoso
Published: May 2008

O caráter stay-green é um dos fatores que poderá auxiliar o melhorista na obtenção de plantas mais produtivas, devido à permanência verde por um período mais prolongado favorecendo o enchimento de grãos. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar o desempenho de diferentes constituições genéticas de trigo com e sem a presença do caráter stay-green e verificar se a expressão de alelos que intensificam a coloração verde por um período mais prolongado, os quais auxiliam no incremento da produtividade de grãos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em campo experimental com delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições, em dois anos de cultivo. A presença de constituições genéticas superiores facilita os benefícios expressos pelo caráter stay-green na produtividade de grãos. O caráter stay-green proporciona estabilidade na produtividade de grãos sob efeito de diferentes ambientes.
Incidência de ácaros em cafeeiro cv. Catuaí Amarelo
Authors: Mineiro Jeferson Luiz de Carvalho , Sato Mário Eidi , Raga Adalton , Souza Filho Miguel Francisco de , Spongoski Sheila
Published: May 2008

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a diversidade de ácaros presentes em cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.), no município de Atibaia, Estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi realizado em cafeeiro cultivar Catuaí Amarelo com aproximadamente 15 anos de idade. Foram demarcadas 60 plantas na cultura, das quais se coletaram folhas, ramos e frutos para a avaliação das espécies de ácaros existentes. Vinte e uma espécies de ácaros pertencentes a 14 famílias foram encontradas, sendo a maior diversidade observada nos ramos. As duas principais espécies fitófagas foram Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Tenuipalpidae) e Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) (Tetranychidae). Dentre os predadores, os ácaros da família Phytoseiidae e Bdellidae foram os mais abundantes. Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma foi o predador mais abundante, tanto em folhas como em ramos. Bdella sp. (Bdellidae) foi outra espécie muito abundante observada nos ramos.
Indução do amadurecimento de mangas cv. Tommy Atkins e cv. Ubá pela aplicação de ethephon pós-colheita
Authors: Braz Vamberto Barbosa , Nunes Endson Santana , Vieira Gerival , Ribeiro Júnior José Ivo , Bertini Leopoldo Araújo , Couto Flávio Alencar D'Araújo
Published: May 2008

Buscou-se, neste trabalho, induzir o amadurecimento de mangas (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Ubá e cv. Tommy Atkins com a aplicação pós-colheita de ethephon e avaliar seu efeito sobre características físicas e químicas consideradas determinantes na conservação e qualidade dos frutos. Metade da amostra de frutos foi imersa em água, e metade, em solução de ethephon a 1.000 mg.L-1. Para cada variedade, foi desenvolvido um experimento no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, sendo na parcela os tratamentos com e sem aplicação de ethephon e nas subparcelas, as cinco épocas de avaliação após a colheita (no dia da colheita e 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias após a colheita). Com base nas análises de firmeza da polpa, perda de massa fresca, cor da casca e da polpa, conteúdo de sólidos solúveis (SS) e acidez total titulável (ATT), índice de degradação de amido e relação SS/ATT, a aplicação pós-colheita de ethephon foi eficiente em acelerar o amadurecimento das mangas cv. Tommy Atkins e cv. Ubá e contribuir para a obtenção de características desejáveis em um menor período de armazenamento sob condição ambiente, exceto em relação à firmeza da polpa. Neste caso, considerando a importância dessa característica na avaliação da qualidade dos frutos comercializados in natura, a aplicação de ethephon foi prejudicial, principalmente para mangas da variedade Ubá, pois reduziu a vida útil dos frutos devido ao total amolecimento da polpa verificado pelo menos três dias após a colheita.
Efecto del acondicionado previo al almacenaje refrigerado sobre la calidad de ciruelas 'Constanza'
Authors: Seibert Eduardo , González Susana , Orellana Ariel , Luchsinger Luis , Bender Renar João
Published: May 2008

El efecto del acondicionado a 20 ºC por 6 días previo al almacenaje refrigerado sobre la calidad y el desarrollo de daños por frío fue estudiado en ciruelas 'Constanza'. Terminado el tratamiento las ciruelas fueron almacenadas a 0 ºC por 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 y 42 días, o a 5 ºC por 7, 14 y 21 días, con evaluaciones a la cosecha, en cada salida de frío y después de madurar a 20 ºC. Como control las frutas fueron almacenadas a 0 y 5 ºC, sin acondicionar. Las pérdidas de masa fresca fueron bajas durante el almacenaje a 0 o 5 ºC y aumentaron en la maduración. La firmeza cambió poco en las ciruelas-control a 0 ºC, mientras que en las acondicionadas disminuyó hasta los 28 días a 0 ºC. El acondicionado combinado con el almacenaje a 5 ºC causó una gran pérdida de firmeza, con un 50% de frutos presentando firmeza baja para comercialización en la maduración. El contenido de jugo fue superior en los frutos acondicionados y almacenados a 0 ºC respecto a los controles, pero no existieron diferencias entre los tratamientos en las ciruelas almacenadas a 5 ºC. Harinosidad se visualizó en frutos acondicionados y controles a 0 o 5 ºC, sin diferencias entre los tratamientos. Los frutos controles, en la maduración, presentaron pardeamiento pasados 42 días a 0 ºC y retención de firmeza pasados 28, 35 y 42 días a 0 ºC. El acondicionado causó una tendencia de aumento del porcentaje de frutos sanos en la maduración pasados 28, 35 y 42 días a 0 ºC.
Influência do plástico branco, poda verde e amino quelant®-K na qualidade de pêssegos 'Santa Áurea'
Authors: Trevisan Renato , Gonçalves Emerson Dias , Gonçalves Rafael da Silva , Antunes Luis Eduardo Corrêa , Herter Flavio Gilberto
Published: May 2008

A qualidade das frutas é determinada por fatores relacionados ao clima, solo, cultivar, as práticas culturais adotadas, época e forma de colheita e processos de manipulação da fruta na pós-colheita. Uma das formas de melhorar esta qualidade é a utilização de práticas de manejo na pré-colheita. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do plástico branco, da poda verde e do nutriente aminoquelant®-K, associado ou não ao tratamento com plástico branco e poda verde, na qualidade de pêssegos 'Santa Áurea'. Os atributos de qualidade avaliados foram: percentagem visual de vermelho, intensidade de vermelho na epiderme, determinada pelo sistema CIEL*a*b*, massa, diâmetro, firmeza de polpa, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT) e relação SST/ATT. As práticas utilizadas causaram o aumento do percentual de vermelho na epiderme das frutas; o aminoquelant®-K isolado proporcionou maior acidez das frutas; a melhor relação SST/ATT foi obtida com o uso do plástico branco sob a copa e pela combinação do plástico com o nutriente aminoquelant®-K.