bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Outward FDI in Creating Korean Global Factories
Authors: Buckley Peter J. , Driffield Nigel , Kim Jae-Yeon
Published: April 2022

This study examines Korean foreign direct investment (FDI) in the context of the organization and development of local firms into global factories. Specifically, we explore the relationship between FDI decisions and the nature of Korea’s imported and exported goods. We argue that the global factory approach explains the mechanisms by which FDI can lead to technological upgrading. We employ a unique dataset that incorporates information on FDI motive from South Korea, as well as the unit value of traded goods within sectors. Our findings indicate that FDI location and motive vary by trade destinations and trade unit prices; something that has not received attention in existing literature.
Improved guidelines for any-aged forestry
Authors: Pukkala Timo
Published: April 2022

Any-aged forest management (AAF) is a means to reduce clear-felling without compromising profitability or timber production. The concept of AAF is to choose between clear-felling or thinning one harvest at a time based on what is better at that time in terms of the management objectives for the forest. No permanent choice is made between rotation forest management (RFM) and continuous cover forestry (CCF). Optimized AAF is never less profitable than RFM or CCF because all cutting types of both RMF and CCF are also allowed in AAF. This study developed a new set of guidelines for managing boreal forest stands under AAF when the forest landowner maximizes economic profitability. The first part of the guidelines indicates whether the stand should be cut or left to grow. This advice is based on stand basal area, mean tree diameter, minimum allowable post-thinning basal area, site productivity, and discount rate. If the optimal decision is harvesting, the second instruction determines whether the harvest should be clear-felling or thinning. In the case of thinning, the remaining two steps determine the optimal harvest rate in different diameter classes. The guidelines were developed using two different modeling approaches, regression analysis, and optimization, and applied to two Finnish forest holdings, one representing the southern boreal zone and the other the northern parts of the boreal zone. The results show that AAF improves profitability compared to current Finnish management instructions for RFM. The use of clear-felling also decreased the lower the minimum acceptable post-thinning basal area of the stand.
Impact of the temporary closure of a major bridge on local air quality in two large German cities: an accountability study
Authors: Brach B. , Pikmann J. , Fachinger F. , Kemmerer P. , Büchler B. , Singer S. , König J. , Blettner M. , Drewnick F. , Gianicolo Emilio A. L.
Published: April 2022

Despite recent achievements in reducing the contribution of road traffic to air pollution, agreed pollutant standards are exceeded frequently in large parts of Europe. Previous studies assessed the effectiveness of traffic interventions in improving local air quality. However, little research exists on the effect of closures of short road sections over longer periods. The multi-week maintenances on the Theodor Heuss Bridge, the main connection over the river Rhine between the German cities Mainz and Wiesbaden, offered the opportunity to investigate its effect on local air pollution. We measured ambient concentrations of major air pollutants and meteorological parameters at the Theodor Heuss Bridge before, during, and after its closure on 800 m in early 2020. We carried out time-series and closure-dependent evaluations of pollutant concentrations at the bridge accounting for wind direction. Furthermore, we performed regression analyses accounting for wind speed additionally. We compared the results with data from surrounding monitoring stations. We recorded higher concentrations at the Theodor Heuss Bridge compared to outside the closure, especially for particulate matter, nitric oxide, and black carbon. Only with wind from specific directions, we could detect reductions of concentrations during the closure for many pollutants as nitrogen dioxide (− 9.8%; 95% confidence interval: − 10.8– − 8.7%), but not for particulate matter. Since we found similar meteorology-dependent pollution reductions during the closure at both the bridge and the surrounding monitoring stations, we assume that regional meteorological factors overlaid a potential closure-related effect on local air quality. These factors must be accounted for in accountability studies on interventions focusing on short roads.
An Update on Refractory Hypertension
Authors: Matanes Faris , Khan M. Bilal , Siddiqui Mohammed , Dudenbostel Tanja , Calhoun David , Oparil Suzanne
Published: April 2022

Purpose of Review

To update on definition, diagnosis, prevalence, patient characteristics, pathophysiology, and treatment of refractory hypertension (RfHTN).

Recent Findings

Refractory hypertension (RfHTN) is defined as blood pressure (BP) that is uncontrolled despite using ≥ 5 antihypertensive medications of different classes, including a long-acting thiazide diuretic and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) at maximal or maximally tolerated doses. This new phenotype is different from resistant hypertension (RHTN), defined as BP that is uncontrolled despite using ≥ 3 medications, commonly a long-acting calcium channel blocker (CCB), a blocker of the renin-angiotensin system (angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker [ARB]), and a diuretic. The RHTN phenotype includes controlled RHTN, BP that is controlled on 4 or more medications. RfHTN is largely attributable to increased sympathetic activity, unlike RHTN, which is mainly due to increased intravascular fluid volume frequently caused by hyperaldosteronism and chronic excessive sodium ingestion. Compared to those with controlled RHTN, patients with RfHTN have a higher prevalence of target organ damage and do not have elevated aldosterone levels. Ongoing clinical trials are assessing the safety and efficacy of using devices to aid with BP control in patients with RfHTN.

RfHTN is a separate entity from RHTN and is generally attributable to increased sympathetic activity.
Assessing Ecosystem Services Provision as a Support for Metropolitan Green Infrastructure Planning: the Case of Three Spanish Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Santiago-Ramos Jesús , Hurtado-Rodríguez Claudia
Published: April 2022

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a systematic, spatially explicit approach to the analysis of the ecosystem services provided by the metropolitan landscape that can act as a support for green infrastructure planning. To achieve this, we have proposed a set of indicators to assess and map nine ecosystem services—including regulating, provisioning, habitat and cultural services. This methodology has been applied to three case studies in the south of Spain: the metropolitan areas of Seville, Malaga-Marbella and Cordoba. Despite the geographical proximity of these areas to one another, the indicators show that there are significant differences in their potentialities and available resources to form a multipurpose green space system. The results suggest that further reflection is needed on how the concept of green infrastructure can be applied to metropolitan areas, especially in the Mediterranean region and other similar geographical contexts. Instead of understanding green infrastructure strictly in terms of a network of interconnected green spaces and natural areas, planning initiatives should assign a more important role to the landscape matrix and, in particular, to the multifunctional cultivated space on the urban fringe. In addition, more thought needs to be given to how to create functional green corridors in the metropolitan landscape for public use and habitat conservation. From the perspective of spatial planning, the methodology proposed has been demonstrated to be a useful tool to identify key spaces for the provision of ecosystem services.
A number theoretic view on binary shift registers
Authors: Petrides George
Published: April 2022

We describe a number theoretic view on binary shift registers. We illustrate this approach on some basic shift registers by revisiting known and obtaining new results, which we prove using tools from basic number theory, including modular arithmetic.
Sarcomas of fat and bone: a case report
Authors: Honnicke Miriam Beate , Tharun Lars , Sieren Malte Maria , Barkhausen Jörg
Published: April 2022

Osteosarcomas are the most common primary malignant bone tumors and are classified by the WHO into several intramedullary and surface subtypes. One of these is the rare parosteal osteosarcoma. Liposarcomas are the second most common soft tissue sarcoma and are classified into several types ranging from intermediate to high grade tumors. In one of our recent patients we found an unusual combination of a parosteal osteosarcoma and a large fatty component, which fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization revealed as liposarcoma. Radiologists, pathologists, and surgeons should consider the possibility of bone and soft tissue malignancies consisting of different components, as this may be of paramount importance for oncologically complete resection.
Circulating concentrations of free triiodothyronine are associated with central adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in young euthyroid adults
Authors: Merchan-Ramirez Elisa , Sanchez-Delgado Guillermo , Arrizabalaga-Arriazu Cristina , Acosta Francisco M , Arias-Tellez Maria Jose , Muñoz-Torres Manuel , Garcia-Lario Jose V , Llamas-Elvira Jose M , Ruiz Jonatan R
Published: April 2022

Thyroid dysfunction is associated with classic cardiometabolic risk factors in humans. However, this relationship remains unclear in young euthyroid adults. The present work examines the associations of circulating thyroid hormones (THs) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations with body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young euthyroid adults. A total of 106 sedentary, euthyroid adults (72 women; 22 ± 2 years old) participated in this cross-sectional study. THs and TSH serum concentrations were determined in fasting conditions (6 h). Body composition (fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT)) was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometric parameters (weight, height, and waist circumference) were measured, and neck adipose tissue mass was quantified through computed tomography (CT) scanning. Cardiometabolic risk factors including fasting glucose and lipid metabolism markers, hepatic phosphatase and transaminases, and blood pressure were also assessed. Free triiodothyronine (FT3) concentration was positively associated with body mass index, LM, VAT, and waist circumference (all P ≤ 0.038). FT3 was also associated with glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, fatty liver index, and blood pressure (all P < 0.024). All the associations were attenuated when adjusting for sex. In contrast, we found no associations of TSH or free thyroxine with any body composition parameter or cardiometabolic risk factors. In conclusion, FT3 is associated with central adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors including insulin resistance, fatty liver index, and mean, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in young euthyroid adults. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02365129.
Targeting papain-like protease for broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibition
Authors: Yuan Shuofeng , Gao Xiaopan , Tang Kaiming , Cai Jian-Piao , Hu Menglong , Luo Peng , Wen Lei , Ye Zi-Wei , Luo Cuiting , Tsang Jessica Oi-Ling , Chan Chris Chun-Yiu , Huang Yaoqiang , Cao Jianli , Liang Ronghui , Qin Zhenzhi , Qin Bo , Yin Feifei , Chu Hin , Jin Dong-Yan , Sun Ren , Chan Jasper Fuk-Woo , Cui Sheng , Yuen Kwok-Yung
Published: April 2022

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and repeated outbreaks of coronavirus epidemics in the past two decades emphasize the need for next-generation pan-coronaviral therapeutics. Drugging the multi-functional papain-like protease (PLpro) domain of the viral nsp3 holds promise. However, none of the known coronavirus PLpro inhibitors has been shown to be in vivo active. Herein, we screened a structurally diverse library of 50,080 compounds for potential coronavirus PLpro inhibitors and identified a noncovalent lead inhibitor F0213 that has broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral activity, including against the Sarbecoviruses (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), Merbecovirus (MERS-CoV), as well as the Alphacoronavirus (hCoV-229E and hCoV-OC43). Importantly, F0213 confers protection in both SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters and MERS-CoV-infected human DPP4-knockin mice. F0213 possesses a dual therapeutic functionality that suppresses coronavirus replication via blocking viral polyprotein cleavage, as well as promoting antiviral immunity by antagonizing the PLpro deubiquitinase activity. Despite the significant difference of substrate recognition, mode of inhibition studies suggest that F0213 is a competitive inhibitor against SARS2-PLpro via binding with the 157K amino acid residue, whereas an allosteric inhibitor of MERS-PLpro interacting with its 271E position. Our proof-of-concept findings demonstrated that PLpro is a valid target for the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus agents. The orally administered F0213 may serve as a promising lead compound for combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and future coronavirus outbreaks.
Relationship between depression and psychological well-being among persons with diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic: diabetes distress as a mediator
Authors: Ajele Wojujutari Kenni , Babalola Oyeyemi Bukola , Idehen Egbe Emmanuel , Oladejo Teslim Alabi
Published: April 2022

Purposes

The study examined the relationship between depression, diabetes distress and psychological well-being and also assessed the mediating role of diabetes distress on depression relationship with psychological well-being among persons with diabetes during the covid-19 pandemic.

Methods

The study conducted a cross-sectional survey design. A total of 223 (age 35 to 73 years, mean = 53.26 years and SD = 11.05 years) people living with diabetes who are registered patients and were attending the clinic in Department of medicine, Ondo State Specialist Hospital, Okitipupa were selected for the study using the convenient sampling technique. The data were analysed using Pearson Multiple correlation and mediation model 4 of PROCESS macro. The analyses were carried out with ROCESS macro for IBM/SPSS Version 25.0.

Results

Showed psychological well-being has negative significant relationship between diabetes distress (r = −0.42, p < .05) and depression (r = 0.52, p < .05) among persons with diabetes during covid-19 pandemic. The result showed significant and negative direct relationship between depression and diabetes distress (β = −0.47, p < 0.05), 95% Cl: = −0.60 (−0.34). The results also showed significant direct relationship depression and psychological well-being (β = 0.36, p < 0.05), 95% Cl: = 0.26 (0.47) and further that diabetes distress significantly mediate indirect relationship between depression and psychological well-being among persons with diabetes during covid-19 pandemic (β = −0.19, p < .05), 95% Cl: = 0.29 (−0.09).

Conclusion

Depression and diabetes distress associated with the psychological well-being of persons with diabetes during covid-19 pandemic and diabetes distress may play vital role on the association between depression and with the psychological well-being of persons with diabetes during covid-19 pandemic.
Serum and urinary biomarkers to predict acute kidney injury in premature infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Kuo Jenny , Akison Lisa K. , Chatfield Mark D. , Trnka Peter , Moritz Karen M.
Published: April 2022

Background

Premature infants are at high risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) and current diagnostic criteria are flawed. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of urine and serum biomarkers not currently used in routine clinical practice to predict AKI in premature infants.

Method

A systematic review was performed that followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies (PRISMA-DTA). Data were extracted on the diagnostic accuracy of AKI biomarkers using serum creatinine or urine output as the reference standard. Quality and validity were assessed using modified Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) criteria.

Results

We identified 1024 articles, with 15 studies (791 infants) eligible for inclusion. Twenty-seven biomarkers were identified including serum cystatin C and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), osteopontin, kidney injury molecule-1, epidermal growth factor, and protein S100-P. However, many were only reported by one study each. A meta-analysis could only be conducted on uNGAL (288 infants from 6 studies) using a hierarchical, random-effects logistic-regression model. uNGAL had a summary sensitivity of 77% (95% CI 58–89%), specificity of 76% (95% CI 57–88%) and AUC-SROC of 0.83 (95% CI 0.80–0.86) for the diagnosis of AKI. By utilising uNGAL, the post-test probability of AKI increased to 52% (95% CI 37–66%) with a positive test and decreased to 9% (95% CI 5–16%) with a negative test if the pre-test probability was 25%.

Conclusion

uNGAL shows promise as a diagnostically accurate biomarker for AKI in premature infants.

Graphical abstract
Nanozymes: Versatile Platforms for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Zhang Xiaodong , Chen Xiaokai , Zhao Yanli
Published: April 2022

Natural enzymes usually suffer from high production cost, ease of denaturation and inactivation, and low yield, making them difficult to be broadly applicable. As an emerging type of artificial enzyme, nanozymes that combine the characteristics of nanomaterials and enzymes are promising alternatives. On the one hand, nanozymes have high enzyme-like catalytic activities to regulate biochemical reactions. On the other hand, nanozymes also inherit the properties of nanomaterials, which can ameliorate the shortcomings of natural enzymes and serve as versatile platforms for diverse applications. In this review, various nanozymes that mimic the catalytic activity of different enzymes are introduced. The achievements of nanozymes in different cancer diagnosis and treatment technologies are summarized by highlighting the advantages of nanozymes in these applications. Finally, future research directions in this rapidly developing field are outlooked."Image missing"
High-Energy Batteries: Beyond Lithium-Ion and Their Long Road to Commercialisation
Authors: Gao Yulin , Pan Zhenghui , Sun Jianguo , Liu Zhaolin , Wang John
Published: April 2022

Rechargeable batteries of high energy density and overall performance are becoming a critically important technology in the rapidly changing society of the twenty-first century. While lithium-ion batteries have so far been the dominant choice, numerous emerging applications call for higher capacity, better safety and lower costs while maintaining sufficient cyclability. The design space for potentially better alternatives is extremely large, with numerous new chemistries and architectures being simultaneously explored. These include other insertion ions (e.g. sodium and numerous multivalent ions), conversion electrode materials (e.g. silicon, metallic anodes, halides and chalcogens) and aqueous and solid electrolytes. However, each of these potential “beyond lithium-ion” alternatives faces numerous challenges that often lead to very poor cyclability, especially at the commercial cell level, while lithium-ion batteries continue to improve in performance and decrease in cost. This review examines fundamental principles to rationalise these numerous developments, and in each case, a brief overview is given on the advantages, advances, remaining challenges preventing cell-level implementation and the state-of-the-art of the solutions to these challenges. Finally, research and development results obtained in academia are compared to emerging commercial examples, as a commentary on the current and near-future viability of these “beyond lithium-ion” alternatives.
Single channel digital controller design for a high spinning rate rolling airframe missile
Authors: Suiçmez E.C. , Kutay A.T.
Published: April 2022

Spinning/Rolling Airframe Missiles (RAM) mostly use an analog (ON-OFF type) control approach that deflects control surfaces (fins) at minimum and maximum positions continuously, and control is achieved by applying phase shift between the minimum and maximum deflections during a complete roll cycle. Therefore, the control signal shape changes continuously during the roll cycle. In this study, a novel single channel digital controller is designed and tested for a high spinning rate (10–20 Hz) RAM. The digital controller adjusts the amplitude of fin deflections instead of applying a phase shift. In this way, control signal shapes are predetermined in design to completely decouple yaw and pitch dynamics. At the beginning of each roll cycle, the algorithm decides on the control signal shape and amplitude to apply throughout the cycle. Delays on the actuator system and sensor measurements which might lead to instability at high spinning rates are handled effectively thanks to the predetermined control signal shapes that are changing with 90-degree intervals. Detailed geometry of a surface-to-air spinning missile is used to obtain aerodynamic coefficients for the entire flight regime (i.e. from launch to terminal phase) via Missile DATCOM. The 6-DOF flight dynamics model and the controller algorithms are built in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The proposed digital controller is tested systematically for various scenarios and the performance is compared with the conventional analog control approach. The digital controller gives better performance compared to the analog approach under the influence of servo delays and sensor noise.
Knowledge and perceptions of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial stewardship among staff at a national cancer referral center in Uganda
Authors: Gulleen Elizabeth A. , Lubwama Margaret , Komakech Alfred , Krantz Elizabeth M. , Liu Catherine , Phipps Warren
Published: April 2022

Objectives:

As access to cancer care has improved throughout sub-Saharan Africa, treatment-associated infections have increased. Assessing healthcare worker knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship and identifying the barriers to infection management will inform the development of contextually appropriate antimicrobial stewardship programs, improving cancer outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting:

The Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI), a national cancer referral center in Kampala, Uganda.

Participants:

We surveyed 61 UCI staff: 29 nurses, 7 pharmacists, and 25 physicians.

Methods:

The survey contained 25 questions and 1 ranking exercise. We examined differences in responses by staff role.

Results:

All 60 respondents who answered the question had heard the term “antimicrobial resistance.” Only 44 (73%) had heard the term “antimicrobial stewardship.” Nurses were less likely than pharmacists or physicians to be familiar with either term. Also, 41 respondents (68%) felt that loss of antibiotic susceptibility is a major issue at UCI. Regarding barriers to diagnosing infections, 54 (93%) of 58 thought that it was difficult to obtain blood cultures and 48 (86%) of 56 thought that it was difficult to regularly measure temperatures.

Conclusions:

Although most recognized the term “antimicrobial resistance,” fewer were familiar with the term “antimicrobial stewardship.” Inappropriate antibiotic use was recognized as a contributor to antimicrobial resistance, but hand hygiene was underrecognized as a contributing factor. We identified numerous barriers to diagnosing infections, including the ability to obtain blood cultures and consistently monitor temperatures. Educating staff regarding antimicrobial selection, allocating resources for blood cultures, and implementing strategies to enhance fever detection will improve infection management.
Legalising inter-legality
Authors: Walker Neil
Published: April 2022

This is a review of the edited collection of Jan Klabbers and Gianluigi Palombella, ‘The Challenge of Inter-Legality’ (Cambridge, 2019). It considers how the volume revisits the influential concept of ‘inter-legally’, introduced by the Portuguese sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos 35 years ago. The main focus of the review is an evaluation of the editors' innovative and extended attempt, supported by many of the contributions, to account for inter-legality not simply as a sociological phenomenon - an effect of the interpenetration of legal orders - but as an idea with its own specifically legal content. In so doing, the editors provide a new normative dimension to our understanding of contemporary legal pluralism on the global stage. It is important, however, to continue to recognise the limitations of any single juridical idea in contributing to our understanding of global (in)justice.
Authoritarian Liberalism, authoritarian managerialism and the search for alternatives: Comments on Michael A. Wilkinson’s Authoritarian Liberalism
Authors: Joerges Christian
Published: April 2022

Michael Wilkinson’s Authoritarian Liberalism is an important, and, in many respects, praiseworthy contribution to the debates on the present state of the European Union (EU) and its highly problematical future. Its recourse to political economy in the re-construction of the integration project contrasts innovatively and instructively with the usual, if subtle, stories told about the history of Europe’s “integration through law” and its promotion of an “ever closer union among the peoples of Europe”. The spectre of “authoritarian liberalism” is a counter-narrative which exhibits the socio-economic dimensions and forces us to consider the political quality of European rule, in which Europe’s “material constitution” is a key concept of these analyses. “Authoritarian liberalism” is more than just a catchy characterisation of Europe’s constitutional constellation. The resort to this notion ties in with a conceptual history that definitely deserves to be remembered and continued.
Nanoscale sheared droplet: volume-of-fluid, phase-field and no-slip molecular dynamics
Authors: Lācis Uǧis , Pellegrino Michele , Sundin Johan , Amberg Gustav , Zaleski Stéphane , Hess Berk , Bagheri Shervin
Published: April 2022

The motion of the three-phase contact line between two immiscible fluids and a solid surface arises in a variety of wetting phenomena and technological applications. One challenge in continuum theory is the effective representation of molecular motion close to the contact line. Here, we characterize the molecular processes of the moving contact line to assess the accuracy of two different continuum two-phase models. Specifically, molecular dynamics simulations of a two-dimensional droplet between two moving plates are used to create reference data for different capillary numbers and contact angles. We use a simple-point-charge/extended water model. This model provides a very small slip and a more realistic representation of the molecular physics than Lennard-Jones models. The Cahn–Hilliard phase-field model and the volume-of-fluid model are calibrated against the drop displacement from molecular dynamics reference data. It is shown that the calibrated continuum models can accurately capture droplet displacement and droplet break-up for different capillary numbers and contact angles. However, we also observe differences between continuum and atomistic simulations in describing the transient and unsteady droplet behaviour, in particular, close to dynamical wetting transitions. The molecular dynamics of the sheared droplet provide insight into the line friction experienced by the advancing and receding contact lines. The presented results will serve as a stepping stone towards developing accurate continuum models for nanoscale hydrodynamics.
Diffusiophoretic propulsion of an isotropic active colloidal particle near a finite-sized disk embedded in a planar fluid–fluid interface
Authors: Daddi-Moussa-Ider Abdallah , Vilfan Andrej , Golestanian Ramin
Published: April 2022

Breaking spatial symmetry is an essential requirement for phoretic active particles to swim at low Reynolds number. This fundamental prerequisite for swimming at the micro scale is fulfilled either by chemical patterning of the surface of active particles or alternatively by exploiting geometrical asymmetries to induce chemical gradients and achieve self-propulsion. In the present paper, a far-field analytical model is employed to quantify the leading-order contribution to the induced phoretic velocity of a chemically homogeneous isotropic active colloid near a finite-sized disk of circular shape resting on an interface separating two immiscible viscous incompressible Newtonian fluids. To this aim, the solution of the phoretic problem is formulated as a mixed-boundary-value problem that is subsequently transformed into a system of dual integral equations on the inner and outer domains. Depending on the ratio of different involved viscosities and solute solubilities, the sign of phoretic mobility and chemical activity, as well as the ratio of particle–interface distance to the radius of the disk, the isotropic active particle is found to be repelled from the interface, be attracted to it, or reach a stable hovering state and remain immobile near the interface. Our results may prove useful in controlling and guiding the motion of self-propelled phoretic active particles near aqueous interfaces.
Effect of high-pressure sintering on snow density evolution: experiments and results
Authors: Hong Jialin , Talalay Pavel , Man Teng , Li Yazhou , Fan Xiaopeng , Li Chuanjin , Zhang Nan
Published: April 2022

Very few studies have emphasized the effects of high-pressure sintering on snow density evolution, even though snow as a type of engineering material is widely used in construction engineering in cold regions for snow pavement, snow runway and polar infrastructure. This study presents new experimental results of snow densification under high pressures of up to 100 MPa for a temperature range from −3.5 to −17.3°C and uniaxial compression at the temperature of −10°C and constant strain rates from 5 × 10−4 to 10−1 s−1. Results reveal that density evolution of snow to ice under high-pressure sintering can be achieved in a wide temperature range within a duration as short as 5 min. The compressive strength of snow-sintered ice was ~1.2–2.2 times as large as that of water-frozen ice reported by previous work. The orthogonal experiment showed that pressure is a more significant factor affecting the final density in comparison with sintering temperature and time. The increased rates of ice fabrication, low limitations on temperature and reliable sintered snow strength indicate that snow-ice engineering, such as airport construction in Greenland and Antarctica, can be improved by high-pressure sintering of snow to overcome the harsh environment.
The European Union as a destination of Turkish migrants in 2008–2018
Authors: Dudu Selda , Rojo Teresa
Published: April 2022

In the 1950s and 1960s, Europe was a popular migration destination for Turkish people due to its employment opportunities. Today, however, these labor market drivers of migration destinations in the EU-28 have been superseded. This article empirically investigates the drivers of the migration destinations of Turkish newcomers to EU countries between 2008–2018. It contributes to the literature by focusing only on Turkish newcomers, whereas other studies rely on migration stock data. Using data provided by the OECD, Eurostat, and the World Bank, the findings show that security-based and social drivers mostly attract Turkish newcomers to EU-28 destinations, specifically a demand for democracy and social networks.
Fear or Loathing: Affect, Political Economy, and Prejudice
Authors: Utych Stephen M. , Navarre Rachel , Rhodes-Purdy Matthew
Published: April 2022

Ethnonationalist politics have been on the rise in the United States since the 2008 financial crisis, culminating with the rise of Donald Trump. We examine why two seemingly unconnected things—economic crises and prejudice—so often arise simultaneously. Combining theories of economics and emotions, we connect economic crises and prejudice through the role of emotional response to crises, namely anger and anxiety. We use two survey experiments in the United States to test various theories of how emotions might connect economic threat to negative intergroup attitudes. We find that economic concerns increase both anger and anxiety among individuals, but that these emotions have distinct effects on prejudice. Angry individuals show increased prejudice, but only towards groups one is ideologically predisposed to be prejudiced towards. In contrast, anxiety exhibits few consistent effects on prejudice.
Shooting shadows: India’s struggle to reduce the burden of anaemia
Authors: Rai Rajesh Kumar , Kumar Sandhya S. , Sen Gupta Sourav , Parasannanavar Devraj J. , Anish Thekkumkara Surendran Nair , Barik Anamitra , Varshney Rajeev Kumar , Rajkumar Hemalatha
Published: April 2022

Despite several efforts by the Government of India, the national burden of anaemia remains high and its growing prevalence (between 2015–2016 and 2019–2021) is concerning to India’s public health system. This article reviews existing food-based and clinical strategies to mitigate the anaemia burden and why they are premature and insufficient. In a context where multiple anaemia control programmes are in play, this article proposes a threefold strategy for consideration. First, except the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey, 2016–2018, which measured Hb concentration among children and adolescents aged 1–19 years using venous blood samples, all national surveys use capillary blood samples to determine Hb levels, which could be erroneous. The Indian government should prioritise conducting a nationwide survey for estimating the burden of anaemia and its clinical determinants for all age groups using venous blood samples. Second, without deciding the appropriate dose of Fe needed for an individual, food fortification programmes that are often compounded with layering of other micronutrients could be harmful and further research on this issue is needed. Same is true for the pharmacological intervention of Fe tablet or syrup supplementation programmes, which is given to individuals without assessing its need. In addition, there is a dire need for robust research to understand both the long-term benefit and side effects of Fe supplementation programmes. Third and final, the WHO is in process of reviewing the Hb threshold for defining anaemia, therefore the introduction of new anaemia control programmes should be restrained.
The effect of mature plant resistance in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris spp. vulgaris) on survival, fecundity and behaviour of green peach aphids (Myzus persicae)
Authors: Schop S. , Kloth K. J. , Raaijmakers E. , van der Vlugt R. A. A.
Published: April 2022

Several studies have shown the negative effects of mature plant resistance (MPR) on aphids in sugar beet, which is correlated to the formation of black deposits in their stomach. However, the underlying mechanism of MPR still needs to be elucidated, by understanding the toxicity effects of MPR on aphids and the role of the plant phenological stage and the environment. Here, we report that MPR in sugar beet does not only affect Myzus persicae mortality rate and the formation of a black deposit in the aphid stomach, but also aphid fecundity and behaviour. In addition, experiments in climate-controlled and field settings showed quantitative variation in MPR to M. persicae between six genotypes of sugar beet. Our results indicate that environmental effects, such as temperature, play a major role in MPR and underscore the importance of proper climate-controlled experiments for investigating MPR. In climate-controlled experiments, 83.3% of aphids on old leaves developed a black deposit, in contrast to only 16.8% of aphids on young leaves. This shows that not only plant age, but also leaf age plays a major role in the intensity of MPR. Further research will be needed to identify the underlying mechanism, before MPR can be used as a viable and sustainable solution to aphid pests in sugar beet.
Nitrogen pollution from cattle production in India: a review of the social, cultural and economic influences
Authors: Zhou Y. , Jain N. , Jha G. K. , Begho T.
Published: April 2022

Livestock plays a crucial role in food and nutrition security. However, livestock production accounts for 0.18 of global greenhouse gas emissions. India has one of the highest livestock densities globally, mainly produced under traditional systems. Specifically, the emission and particularly nitrogen losses from cattle in traditional systems cannot be ignored. Nitrogen emission is substantial when cattle roam free and waste is not collected or managed efficiently. This paper reviews the literature to piece together the available information on nitrogen emissions from cattle in India to synthesize the evidence, identify gaps and contribute to further understanding of the problem. At the same time, the paper highlights the solutions to reduce nitrogen pollution from cattle production in India. The main findings are that most cattle in India are not reared to provide meat protein. The implication is that reactive nitrogen per capita consumption is lower than most developed countries. However, there are substantial inefficiencies in feed conversion, feed nitrogen use and manure management in India. As a result, nitrogen losses and wastage are considerable in the different production systems. Furthermore, the review suggests that social, cultural and economic factors such as convergent social behaviour, urbanization, regulations, changing consumption patterns, the demand for cheap fuel sources, culture and religion influence the production systems and, consequently, the emissions from livestock. Suggested solutions to reduce nitrogen pollution from cattle production in India are improving livestock productivity, adopting better feeding, manure and pasture management practices and using behavioural nudges.
Middle Republican Connectivities
Authors: Peralta Dan-el Padilla , Bernard Seth
Published: April 2022

This paper outlines a new framework for the historical study of Rome and Italy during the middle republican period. We argue that traditional approaches centred upon social struggles at home and battles abroad,res domi militiaeque, do not sufficiently capture the dynamism of Roman society during the early stages of imperial expansion. Recent scholarship has been rightly critical of the appropriateness of applying concepts of Hellenisation to the period, as Rome's interactions with Magna Graecia and the Greek East in the fourth and third centuries look very different than they would in subsequent centuries. Moving in a new direction, we sketch the contours of an approach that foregrounds the many connectivities (temporal, geographical, methodological, historical) apparent from the interdisciplinary study of middle republican Rome and Italy. The result encourages a new mode of historical inquiry into the development of middle republican Rome and Italy, one which sees Rome already in this moment as both expansively interconnected with and actively involved in wider Mediterranean and Eurasian history.
Patterns of help and care by adult only children and children with siblings
Authors: Chanfreau Jenny , Goisis Alice
Published: April 2022

Adult children with siblings can share caring for older parents but adult only children face this responsibility alone. Given increased longevity and reliance on informal care-giving, as well as an increase in one-child families, there is a need to investigate only children's care-giving further. Using data from three large-scale British birth cohorts, this paper investigates patterns of parent-care, care intensity and wellbeing at ages 38 and 42 (N = 17,255, N = 16,703; born 1970), 50 and 55 (N = 12,775, N = 11,339; born 1958) and 63 (N = 2,364; born 1946), how sibling composition intersects with gender in relation to care-giving and whether different care-giving patterns are associated with wellbeing. Only children are more likely to provide parent-care and the pattern is consistent with an interpretation that differences by sibling status might increase with age. Provision is gendered, and the sibling group composition matters for involvement. Although care-giving is related to wellbeing, we found no evidence that this differs between only children and those with siblings. The literature on only children has hitherto focused largely on childhood, suggesting that on some outcomes they benefit from a concentration of parental resources. Our results suggest that in middle adulthood parental care needs may instead be concentrated for the only child without the ‘resource’ of siblings. This indicates a need to develop further our understanding of this growing demographic subgroup.
Second language writing from a complex dynamic systems perspective
Authors: Fogal Gary G.
Published: April 2022

This work provides a chronological and thematic account of empirical studies and position papers on second language (L2) writing scholarship from a complex dynamic systems theory (CDST) perspective. As a theoretical framework, CDST was formally introduced into applied linguistics research by Diane Larsen-Freeman in 1994 (Larsen-Freeman, 1994). However, more than a decade passed before CDST-L2 writing studies emerged in the literature, with Larsen-Freeman (2006) frequently cited as the first related publication. Initially, scholarship focused primarily on the quality of linguistic output (e.g., measures of complexity, accuracy, and fluency, or CAF) in North American and European contexts. Since these early foci, studies have expanded to cover a range of constructs and contexts that employ increasingly sophisticated and diverse research methods (for a recent collection of studies, see Fogal & Verspoor, 2020). In this time, a CDST approach to L2 writing research has matured alongside a general CDST view of language change that has contributed, through empirical studies, to understanding the nonlinear, adaptive, context dependent, and complex and dynamic nature of L2 development (see Hiver et al., 2021, for an overview).
Student-centred strategies for higher music education: using peer-to-peer critique and practice as research methodologies to train conservatoire musicians
Authors: Thompson-Bell Jacob
Published: April 2022

This article presents some arguments in favour of a student-centred learning and teaching approach for higher music education (HME), with specific reference to conservatoire settings in the United Kingdom. In support of student-centred pedagogy, theoretical modelling is undertaken to offer a model of motivation accounting for both individual and group learning environments, thus drawing together diverse pedagogical research into learner “self-efficacy,” “distributive” classroom agency and partnership models of learning and teaching. Based on the author’s own teaching practice with MA Music students at Leeds Conservatoire, two student-centred classroom strategies are outlined: Critical Response Process (CRP) and practice as research. These strategies are evaluated via theoretical and, in the case of CRP, primary research data from a questionnaire presented to MA Music students reflecting on their experience. Finally, an overarching student-centred framework for HME course design is proposed, cross-mapping different learning activities, knowledge paradigms and forms of motivation based on the previous discussion.
SPECTRAL FINANCIAL ECONOMETRICS
Authors: Bandi Federico M. , Tamoni Andrea
Published: April 2022

We survey the literature on spectral regression estimation. We present a cohesive framework designed to model dependence on frequency in the response of economic time series to changes in the explanatory variables. Our emphasis is on the statistical structure and on the economic interpretation of time-domain specifications needed to obtain horizon effects overfrequencies, overscales, or uponaggregation. To this end, we articulate our discussion around the role played by lead-lag effects in the explanatory variables as drivers of differential information across horizons. We provide perspectives for future work throughout.
Non-religious prisoners’ unequal access to pastoral care
Authors: Hunt Katie
Published: April 2022

Prisoners have long been recognised as a disenfranchised group. This paper positions non-religious prisoners as further excluded from pastoral care. While chaplaincies aim to serve prisoners of all faiths and none, this paper suggests a hierarchy of access in which the benefits of chaplaincy are more available to some prisoners than others. Shortcomings in secular care mean that non-religious offenders are often the only group unable to connect with like-minded people and it is argued that they are disadvantaged as a result. The paper also explores the challenges for pastoral carers seeking to support inmates equally. It considers the barriers on both sides of the care relationship, specifically the disincentives to chaplaincy engagement faced by prisoners of no faith and the obstacles encountered by the Non-Religious Pastoral Support Network in accessing service users and delivering care. Finally, recommendations are made to narrow the gaps between religious and non-religious prisoners.
Help or hindrance? Rethinking interventions with ‘troubled youth’
Authors: Deakin Jo , Fox Claire , Harragan Aimee
Published: April 2022

This paper considers experiences of penal and voluntary-sector interventions in the lives of young people labelled as ‘troubled’ or ‘at risk’ of criminal behaviour. Drawing on data from a case-study conducted in the north of England, this paper focuses on the narratives of young people ‘on the margins’ of society who were involved with a range of community-based interventions, specifically youth clubs, a support group and a mandatory youth justice course. We consider how young people experience and respond to stigmatising elements prevalent in the structured interventions and everyday interactions with the institutions and agencies intended to support them. We argue that ‘promotive’ relationships between young people and the adults working with them enable young people to challenge risk-based identities and navigate the barriers they face.
Marginalisation, Grenfell Tower and the voice of the social-housing resident: a critical juncture in housing law and policy?
Authors: Carr Helen , Cowan Dave , Kirton-Darling Ed
Published: April 2022

This paper draws on historical institutionalism to consider the impact of housing-policy responses following the Grenfell fire on the marginalisation of the social-housing resident. We consider three specific policy responses: reform focused on conditions of rented properties; the social-housing White Paper; and building regulation and building-safety reforms. We suggest that, in historical institutionalist terms, each is part of a matrix of reform in which understandings of the social-housing resident play a critical role. We argue that rather than the fire provoking a paradigm shift in the recognition that government accords to the ignored and stigmatised citizens who live in social housing, the policy initiatives to date indicate a much more limited adjustment of policy within a normal frame. We suggest that this is because housing policy is dominated by a consumerist ideology that is self-reinforcing and ignores the social, economic and political complexity of tenure.