bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological functioning in college students who misuse prescription stimulants
Authors: Wilens Timothy E. , Carrellas Nicholas W. , Martelon MaryKate , Yule Amy M. , Fried Ronna , Anselmo Rayce , McCabe Sean Esteban
Published: May 2017

Background and Objectives

Relatively little is known about the neuropsychological profiles of college students who misuse prescription stimulant medications.

Methods

Data presented are from college students aged 18–28 years who misused prescription stimulants prescribed for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and controls (no prescription stimulant misuse). Students were assessed neuropsychologically using the self‐report Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF‐A), the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test and Battery (CANTAB), and other tests of cognitive functioning. The analyses included 198 controls (age 20.7 ± 2.6 years) and 100 prescription stimulant misusers (age 20.7 ± 1.7 years).

Results

On the BRIEF‐A, misusers were more likely than controls to endorse greater dysfunction on 8 of 12 measures including Inhibition, Self Monitor, Initiation, Working Memory, and Plan/Organize, when adjusting for race and sex (all p's < .05). Similarly, when dichotomizing the BRIEF‐A as abnormal (T score ≥ 65), misusers had more abnormalities on five of nine subscales, as well as all major indices (p's < .05). Misusers also performed worse on several subtests of the CANTAB and standardized cognitive battery (p's < .05). A proxy of prescription stimulant misuse frequency was positively correlated with greater executive dysfunction on the BRIEF‐A.

Discussion and Conclusions

These data demonstrate elevated risk for neuropsychological dysfunction among students who misuse prescription stimulants compared to non‐misusing peers. The presence of ADHD contributed significantly to these cognitive findings. Students who misuse prescription stimulants should be screened for neuropsychological dysfunction.

Scientific Significance

These data may better elucidate the neuropsychological profile of college‐aged prescription stimulant misusers. (Am J Addict 2017;26:379–387)
STAT3 promotes bone fracture healing by enhancing the FOXP3 expression and the suppressive function of regulatory T cells
Authors: Sun Guojing , Wang Zhen , Ti Yunfan , Wang Yicun , Wang Jun , Zhao Jianning , Qian Hongbo
Published: May 2017

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key signaling protein in the skeletal system as well as in the immune system. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the inflammatory response is deeply involved in the healing process of bone fractures, but how the immune system is regulated during this process is unclear. In this study, we examined STAT3‐mediated regulation of immunity in adult patients with closed tibia fracture. In all patients, the expression and activation of STAT3 peaked at around day 7 to day 14 after surgery, and gradually decreased during the rest of the healing period. At day 7 (peak STAT3 expression and phosphorylation), the CD4+CD25+ T cells from bone fracture patients presented the highest level of STAT3 activation among lymphocyte subsets. Therefore, we investigated the role of STAT3 in CD4+CD25+ T cells. The level of FOXP3 expression by CD4+CD25+ T cells was directly correlated with the level of STAT3 phosphorylation in these cells. The level of STAT3 phosphorylation in CD4+CD25+ T cells was also inversely correlated with the level of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Inhibition of STAT3 significantly suppressed FOXP3 and IL‐10 expression by CD4+CD25+ T cells, as well as the ability of CD4+CD25+ T cells to suppress T‐cell IFN‐γ and TNF‐α secretion. Furthermore, early healers patients presented significantly higher STAT3 expression and phosphorylation than late healers, possibly due to the higher IL‐6 and IL‐10 levels in the serum of early healing patients. Together, these data demonstrated that STAT3 was beneficial to bone fracture healing, possibly by enhancing Treg‐mediated suppression of counteracting inflammations, and suggested that STAT3 could be used as a prognostic marker to identify otherwise undistinguishable patients at risk of developing delayed union or nonunion.
Adverse effects of obesity on cognitive functions in individuals at ultra high risk for bipolar disorder: Results from the global mood and brain science initiative
Authors: McIntyre Roger S. , Mansur Rodrigo B. , Lee Yena , Japiassú Letícia , Chen Kun , Lu Rui , Lu Weicong , Chen Xiaodong , Li Ting , Xu Guiyun , Lin Kangguang
Published: May 2017

Background

The burden of illness associated with bipolar disorder (BD) warrants early pre‐emption/prevention. Prediction models limited to psychiatric phenomenology have insufficient predictive power. Herein, we aimed to evaluate whether the presence of overweight/obesity is associated with greater cognitive decline in individuals at high risk (HR) or ultra high risk (UHR) for BD.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis to investigate the moderational role of body mass index (BMI) on measures of cognitive function. Subjects between the ages of 8 and 28 years with a positive family history of BD were compared to age‐matched controls with a negative family history of BD. Subjects with at least one biological parent with bipolar I/II disorder were further stratified into UHR or HR status by the presence or absence, respectively, of subthreshold hypomanic, major depressive, attenuated psychotic, and/or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.

Results

A total of 36 individuals at HR for BD, 33 individuals at UHR for BD, and 48 age‐matched controls were included in the analysis. Higher BMI was significantly associated with lower performance on measures of processing speed (i.e. Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia−symbol coding: r=−.186, P=.047) and attention/vigilance (i.e. Continuous Performance Test−Identical Pairs: r=−.257, P=.006). There were trends for negative correlations between BMI and measures of working memory (i.e. Wechsler Memory Scale‐III Spatial Span: r=−0.177, P=.059) and overall cognitive function (i.e. Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia composite score: r=−.157, P=.097). Negative associations between BMI and cognitive performance were significantly stronger in the UHR group than in the HR group, when compared to controls.

Conclusions

Individuals at varying degrees of risk for BD exhibit greater cognitive impairment as a function of co‐existing overweight/obesity. Prediction models for BD may be substantively informed by including information related to overweight/obesity and, perhaps, other general medical conditions that share pathology with BD. Our findings herein, as well as the salutary effects of bariatric surgery on measures of cognitive function in obese populations, provide the rationale for hypothesizing that mitigating excess weight in individuals at elevated risk for BD may forestall or prevent declaration of illness.
Design and validation of the first cell‐impermeant melatonin receptor agonist
Authors: Gbahou Florence , Cecon Erika , Viault Guillaume , Gerbier Romain , Jean‐Alphonse Frederic , Karamitri Angeliki , Guillaumet Gérald , Delagrange Philippe , Friedlander Robert M , Vilardaga Jean‐Pierre , Suzenet Franck , Jockers Ralf
Published: May 2017

Background and Purpose

The paradigm that GPCRs are able to prolong or initiate cellular signalling through intracellular receptors recently emerged. Melatonin binds to G protein‐coupled MT1 and MT2 receptors. In contrast to most other hormones targeting GPCRs, melatonin and its synthetic analogues are amphiphilic molecules easily penetrating into cells, but the existence of intracellular receptors is still unclear mainly due to a lack of appropriate tools.

Experimental Approach

We therefore designed and synthesized a series of hydrophilic melatonin receptor ligands coupled to the Cy3 cyanin fluorophore to reliably monitor its inability to penetrate cells. Two compounds, one lipophilic and one hydrophilic, were then functionally characterized in terms of their affinity for human and murine melatonin receptors expressed in HEK293 cells and their signalling efficacy.

Key Results

Among the different ligands, ICOA‐13 showed the desired properties as it was cell‐impermeant and bound to human and mouse MT1 and MT2 receptors. ICOA‐13 showed differential activities on melatonin receptors ranging from partial to full agonistic properties for the Gi/cAMP and ERK pathway and β‐arrestin 2 recruitment. Notably, ICOA‐13 enabled us to discriminate between Gi/cAMP signalling of the MT1 receptor initiated at the cell surface and neuronal mitochondria.

Conclusions and Implications

We report here the first cell‐impermeant melatonin receptor agonist, ICOA‐13, which allows us to discriminate between signalling events initiated at the cell surface and intracellular compartments. Detection of mitochondrial MT1 receptors may have an important impact on the development of novel melatonin receptor ligands relevant for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington disease.
Policy problems, publics, and the power of definition: Competing discourses and the case of Alberta's free‐roaming horses
Authors: Kincaid Adela Tesarek , Fletcher Amber J.
Published: May 2017

Key Messages

Situational mapping can act as a visual representation of multiple perspectives and capture the complexity and shifting allegiances of involved actors.

Situational mapping can inform publicly engaged policymaking and ensure that many voices and positions are identified (e.g., rural people, First Nations, Métis, horses).

Consideration of physical and cultural geographic differences may be helpful to potentially define “areas” for different free‐roaming horses (FRH) management strategies.
Technoference: Parent Distraction With Technology and Associations With Child Behavior Problems
Authors: McDaniel Brandon T. , Radesky Jenny S.
Published: May 2017

Heavy parent digital technology use has been associated with suboptimal parent–child interactions, but no studies examine associations with child behavior. This study investigates whether parental problematic technology use is associated with technology‐based interruptions in parent–child interactions, termed “technoference,” and whether technoference is associated with child behavior problems. Parent reports from 170 U.S. families (child Mage = 3.04 years) and actor–partner interdependence modeling showed that maternal and paternal problematic digital technology use predicted greater technoference in mother–child and father–child interactions; then, maternal technoference predicted both mothers’ and fathers’ reports of child externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Results suggest that technological interruptions are associated with child problem behaviors, but directionality and transactional processes should be examined in future longitudinal studies.
Informed consent, community engagement, and study participation at a research site in Kigali, Rwanda
Authors: van Nuil Jennifer Ilo , Kestelyn Evelyne , Umutoni Grace , Mwambarangwe Lambert , Umulisa Marie M. , van de Wijgert Janneke , Ravinetto Raffaella
Published: May 2017

People enroll in medical research for many reasons ranging from decisions regarding their own or family members' health situation to broader considerations including access to health and financial resources. In socially vulnerable communities the choice to participate is often based on a risk‐benefit assessment that goes beyond the medical aspects of the research, and considers the benefits received. In this qualitative study, we examined the motivations of Rwandan women to participate in a non‐commercial collaborative research study examining the safety, acceptability, and adherence of a contraceptive vaginal ring in Rwanda juxtaposed with the perceptions of the research within the community.

351 women attended the screening visit, four were excluded because they were not able to complete the assessment of understanding. The remaining participants' ages ranged from 17 to 38 and 80% had primary level of education or below. 120 were enrolled. Findings highlighted motivations for joining the study that were relayed both formally by the clinic (e.g. testing and treatment) and informally by the community including the positive aspects of the ring. There were also some negative rumors circulating regarding the research site, likely from excluded participants who faced potential stigma based on that exclusion. It was understood by most participants that they were enrolled in a research study and participants actively sought out enrollment in the research for a variety of reasons. The experiences demonstrate that although inequalities in access to health care may create conflicting situations around the study, it is possible to form partnerships between a research center and participants/their partners, for research about reproductive health.
Small intestinal strangulation in a tear in the mesometrium of a nonpregnant mare
Authors: Steward S. K. , Bauck A. G. , Zoll W. , Conway J. A. , Freeman D. E.
Published: May 2017

Small intestinal strangulation was found at necropsy in the left mesometrium of a nonpregnant 10‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare subjected to euthanasia because of colic. The tear had smooth fibrotic edges, consistent with its development in one of two normal pregnancies, the last one at least 1 year preceding admission. This is a rare lesion and this report demonstrates that such a tear can develop during pregnancy without inducing small intestinal strangulation and that pregnancy is not required for strangulation to develop later. Therefore, all attempts should be made to close such tears at the time of initial surgery, if accessible, or later as a planned laparoscopic procedure.
Disentangling species and functional group richness effects on soil N cycling in a grassland ecosystem
Authors: Wei Xiaorong , Reich Peter B. , Hobbie Sarah E. , Kazanski Clare E.
Published: May 2017

Species richness (SR) and functional group richness (FGR) are often confounded in both observational and experimental field studies of biodiversity and ecosystem function. This precludes discernment of their separate influences on ecosystem processes, including nitrogen (N) cycling, and how those influences might be moderated by global change factors. In a 17‐year field study of grassland species, we used two full factorial experiments to independently varySR(one or four species, withFGR = 1) andFGR(1–4 groups, withSR = 4) to assessSRandFGReffects on ecosystem N cycling and its response to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and N addition. We hypothesized that increased plant diversity (eitherSRorFGR) and elevatedCO2would enhance plant N pools because of greater plant N uptake, but decrease soil N cycling rates because of greater soil carbon inputs and microbial N immobilization. In partial support of these hypotheses, increasingSRorFGR(holding the other constant) enhanced total plant N pools and decreased soil nitrate pools, largely through higher root biomass, and increasingFGRstrongly reduced mineralization rates, because of lower root N concentrations. In contrast, increasingSR(holdingFGRconstant and despite increasing total plant C and N pools) did not alter root N concentrations or net N mineralization rates. ElevatedCO2had minimal effects on plant and soil N metrics and their responses to plant diversity, whereas enriched N increased plant and soil N pools, but not soil N fluxes. These results show that functional diversity had additional effects on both plant N pools and rates of soil N cycling that were independent of those of species richness.
Questioning “digital ethnography” in an era of ubiquitous computing
Authors: Duggan Mike
Published: May 2017

This article questions what “digital ethnography” is and how geographers may use it in an era of ubiquitous and pervasive computing. Unlike scholars from cognate disciplines, including the new subfields of digital anthropology and digital sociology, geographers have yet to adopt this term and associated methods on a significant scale in their own ethnographic studies of spatial practices in the digital age. The article asks what has become of an “analogue” or “conventional” ethnography in the digital age, and queries whether digital ethnography offers something new for geographers, or simply reinforces the problematic virtual/real, online/offline binaries that geographers have strived to pull apart over the past decade. Ultimately, this article aims to provoke a timely discussion about “the digital” and ethnographic research in geography. Surveying recent geographic theorisations of the digital, it suggests ways in which ethnographic research may respond to this work.
Ternary complex of human RORγ ligand‐binding domain, inverse agonist and SMRT peptide shows a unique mechanism of corepressor recruitment
Authors: Noguchi Masato , Nomura Akihiro , Murase Ken , Doi Satoki , Yamaguchi Keishi , Hirata Kazuyuki , Shiozaki Makoto , Hirashima Shintaro , Kotoku Masayuki , Yamaguchi Takayuki , Katsuda Yoshiaki , Steensma Ruo , Li Xioalin , Tao Haiyan , Tse Bruno , Fenn Morgan , Babine Robert , Bradley Erin , Crowe Paul , Thacher Scott , Adachi Tsuyoshi , Kamada Masafumi
Published: May 2017

Retinoid‐related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ) directly controls the differentiation of Th17 cell and the production of interleukin‐17, which plays an integral role in autoimmune diseases. To obtain insight into RORγ, we have determined the first crystal structure of a ternary complex containing RORγ ligand‐binding domain (LBD) bound with a novel synthetic inhibitor and a repressor peptide, 22‐mer peptide from silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT). Comparison of a binary complex of nonliganded (apo) RORγ‐LBD with a nuclear receptor co‐activator (NCoA‐1) peptide has shown that our inhibitor displays a unique mechanism different from those caused by natural inhibitor, ursolic acid (UA). The compound unprecedentedly induces indirect disruption of a hydrogen bond between His479 on helix 11 (H11) and Tyr502 on H12, which is crucial for active conformation. This crystallographic study will allow us to develop novel synthetic compounds for autoimmune disease therapy.
Associations of prenatal and early life dietary inflammatory potential with childhood adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in Project Viva
Authors: Sen S. , Rifas‐Shiman S. L. , Shivappa N. , Wirth M. D. , Hebert J. R. , Gold D. R. , Gillman M. W. , Oken E.
Published: May 2017

Background

Limited information exists regarding the association between early‐life diet and cardiometabolic risk.

Objectives

Examine associations of dietary inflammatory index (DII) in pregnancy and early childhood (3–5 years) with adiposity, blood pressure and metabolic markers in mid‐childhood (6–10 years).

Methods

Among 992 mother–child pairs from Project Viva, a pre‐birth cohort, we examined associations of DII scores with outcomes using multivariable linear regression adjusted for child age and sex and maternal age, BMI, education, parity, smoking, race and income.

Results

Mean (SD) maternal DII in pregnancy was −2.6(1.4) units and in child DII in early childhood was 0.3(0.7). Mean mid‐childhood BMI z‐score was 0.40(0.98) units. In boys only, DII in early childhood was associated with higher BMIz (adjusted β = 0.16 units per unit DII, 95%CI 0.02, 0.29), waist circumference (0.93 cm; −0.07, 1.92) and skin fold thicknesses (1.12 mm; 0.01, 2.23). Dietary inflammatory index in the highest quartiles during both pregnancy and in early childhood, compared to the lowest quartiles, was associated with higher waist circumference (2.4 cm; 0.14, 4.6) in all children, and BMIz in boys (0.78 units; 0.34, 1.22). Associations with BP and metabolic markers were null.

Conclusions

A pro‐inflammatory diet in pregnancy and early childhood may promote the development of adiposity.
A review of the use of ark sites and associated conservation measures to secure the long‐term survival of White‐clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Nightingale J. , Stebbing P. , Sibley P. , Brown O. , Rushbrook B. , Jones G.
Published: May 2017

In response to the global decline of the White‐clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes, key conservation strategies have been developed in the United Kingdom and Ireland, including the supplementation of existing populations and establishment of new populations, using captive‐breeding methods and/or translocations. The South West Crayfish Partnership (SWCP), a group of UK‐based conservation organizations, oversees population‐enhancement programmes in south‐west England. Since 2006 the SWCP has established 16 ark sites (safe refuges) and conducted one river supplementation. In total, 17 sites have been stocked with over 5000 translocated and captive‐hatched A. pallipes, increasing the number of discrete in situ populations in the region by at least 75%. A similar programme in southern Wales, led by Natural Resources Wales, has restocked three river catchments and one English still‐water site with a total of over 4700 captive‐reared juvenile A. pallipes. Although many of these ark sites are newly established, preliminary monitoring results are encouraging; at least 75% of ark sites in south‐west England are currently viable and the three Welsh sites that have been monitored so far suggest continued presence of White‐clawed crayfish.
Recruiting nurses through social media: Effects on employer brand and attractiveness
Authors: Carpentier Marieke , Van Hoye Greet , Stockman Sara , Schollaert Eveline , Van Theemsche Bart , Jacobs Gerd
Published: May 2017

Aim

To investigate whether and how nurses' exposure to a hospital's profile on social media affects their perceptions of the hospital's brand and attractiveness as an employer.

Background

Since in many places across the globe hospitals are struggling with nursing shortages, competition is rising to be perceived as an attractive employer by this target group. Organizations are increasingly using social media for recruitment, however, little is known about its effects on potential applicants' perceptions of the organization as an employer. We thus examine whether these effects occur and rely on the media richness theory to explain the mechanisms at play.

Design

A between‐subjects experimental design was applied. Three conditions were used: a control group, one condition that required visiting the Facebook page of a hospital and one condition that required visiting the LinkedIn page.

Method

The focal organization was an existing Belgian hospital which had a LinkedIn and a Facebook page. An online questionnaire was sent to nursing students and employed nurses over 5 months in 2015–2016.

Results

Nurses' exposure to the hospital's Facebook or LinkedIn page had a significant positive effect on a majority of the employer brand dimensions, both instrumental and symbolic. In addition, nurses who visited the Facebook page felt more attracted to working at the hospital. Most of these effects were mediated by social presence.

Conclusion

Nurses' perceptions of employers can be positively influenced by seeing a hospital's social media page. Hospitals can thus employ social media to improve their employer brand image and attractiveness.
Tracking the reading eye: towards a model of real‐world reading
Authors: Jarodzka H. , Brand‐Gruwel S.
Published: May 2017

Eye tracking has helped to understand the process of reading a word or a sentence, and this research has been very fruitful over the past decades. However, everyday real‐world reading dramatically differs from this scenario: we read a newspaper on the bus, surf the Internet for movie reviews or browse folders at work to fill in forms. Therefore, we propose to structure eye‐tracking research in reading into three levels of reading: level 1 research on reading to investigate single words or sentences, level 2 research on reading and comprehending a whole text and level 3 research on reading and processing involving several text documents. The present Special Section includes three articles investigating real‐world reading on levels 2 and 3. These articles show how real‐world reading can be investigated by means of eye tracking and complementary methods, to understand how we read, comprehend and integrate texts in realistic, everyday scenarios. Such new research lines broaden our knowledge of reading itself.
The EU as a Coherent (Cyber)Security Actor?
Authors: Carrapico Helena , Barrinha André
Published: May 2017

The last three decades have seen the development of the European Union (EU) as a security actor. The transnational character of the security threats and the challenges identified by the EU have led to progressive integration between internal and external security concerns. These concerns have often led to calls for greater coherence within EU security policies. The literature, however, indicates that this need for coherence has, so far, not been systematically operationalized, leading to a fragmented security field. This article has two main aims: To devise a framework for the analysis of the EU's coherence as a security actor, and to apply it to the cybersecurity field. By focusing on EU cybersecurity policy, this article will explore whether the EU can be considered a coherent actor in this field or whether this policy is being implemented according to different and unco‐ordinated rationales.
Blood pressure circadian rhythms and adverse outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension
Authors: Chang Jing , Hou Yuan‐Ping , Wu Jin‐Ling , Fang Xiang‐Yang , Li Sheng‐Li , Liu Miao‐Bing , Sun Qian‐Mei
Published: May 2017

Aims/Introduction

Patients with diabetes frequently develop orthostatic hypotension (OH). The present study was designed to examine the relationship of blood pressure (BP) circadian rhythms and outcomes in diabetes with OH.

Materials and Methods

In the present study, 173 inpatients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Patients were divided into an OH group and a non‐OH group according to the BP changes detected in the supine and standing position. Then, 24‐h ambulatory BP was monitored. Patients were followed up for an average of 45 ± 10 months post‐discharge. Outcomes – death and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, including heart failure, myocardial infarction and stroke – were recorded.

Results

There were 61 patients (35.26%) in the OH group and 112 patients (64.74%) in the non‐OH group. In the OH group, the night‐time systolic BP and night‐time diastolic BP were higher, the blood BP rhythms were predominantly of the riser type (67.21%). OH was as an independent marker of riser type circadian rhythm (adjusted odds ratio 4.532, 95% confidence interval 2.579–7.966). In the OH group, the incidence rates of mortality, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were increased significantly compared with those in the non‐OH group (11.48 vs 2.68%, P = 0.014; 37.70 vs 8.93%, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

In patients who had type 2 diabetes diagnosed with OH, the BP circadian rhythm usually showed riser patterns, and they had increased rates of mortality, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events.
Protective effect and antibody response of DNA vaccine against salmonid alphavirus 3 (SAV3) in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Chang C J , Gu J , Robertsen B
Published: May 2017

This work reports the effect of two DNA vaccines against salmonid alphavirus 3 (SAV3) in Atlantic salmon. Presmolts were vaccinated by intramuscular injection of plasmids encoding the SAV3 structural polyprotein C‐E3‐E2‐6K‐E2 (pCSP), E2 only (pE2), or plasmid without insert (pcDNA3.3). E2 is expressed at the surface of cells transfected with pCSP and internally in cells transfected with pE2. A commercial vaccine based on inactivated SAV (NCPD) was used for comparison. At 10 weeks post‐vaccination, only fish vaccinated with pCSP showed antibody against E2 and virus‐neutralizing activity. Vaccinated fish were infected with SAV3 to determine protection by virus quantitation in serum after 7 days and scoring of pathological changes after 21 days. Fish vaccinated with both pCSP and NCPD vaccines showed significant virus reduction in serum, while fish vaccinated with pE2 did not. All fish vaccinated with pcDNA3.3 and pE2 showed pathological changes in organs typical of PD, 60% of fish vaccinated with NCPD showed PD pathology, while fish vaccinated with pCSP did not show PD pathology. Taken together, DNA vaccination with pCSP provided strong protection for salmon against SAV3 infection, which in part may be due to production of virus‐neutralizing antibodies.
The “Black Foreigner” in the Quintana Roo Territory (Mexico): Between Otherness and Sameness
Authors: Cunin Elisabeth
Published: May 2017

El Territorio de Quintana Roo, en el sur‐este de México, en la frontera con Belice, nace en 1902. En esta región periférica, la población constituye una herramienta estratégica de afirmación de la soberanía y de la identidad nacionales. Esta investigación propone una sociología histórica que estudia a la vez la racialización de las políticas migratorias, las medidas de integración y de desarrollo de la región y las negociaciones entre administraciones del centro (México) y de la capital del Territorio (Payo Obispo, Chetumal). Se interesa en la emergencia de una nueva entidad político‐administrativa al margen de la nación y reubica México en el marco de las migraciones post‐esclavistas. Se trata así de introducir una alteridad no indígena en las reflexiones sobre nación, mestizaje y raza, a partir de la figura del “extranjero negro.” [extranjero, mestizaje, nación, negro, Belice, México]
“The fowl are in fact our enemy”
Authors: Goultschin Moshe
Published: May 2017

The metamorphosis of Jewish identity portrayed by Aharon Appelfeld in his early stories and essays relates closely to the perspective of Jewish society in a process of assimilating, and in the sea change that the “Holocaust that descended suddenly” forced onto the “depleted Jewish consciousness” that characterized it, as Appelfeld describes it in First Person Essays, (1979): “All of their beliefs were as if overturned in a day. Nothing was left but Jewish bareness” (Appelfeld , 10). Exposed with the appearance of the enemy, the “Jewish bareness” became a founding stone of the new Judaism, “reborn” in response to the rage of the oppressor. It is this central intuition that Appelfeld examines in the story “The Fowl.”

Appelfeld's “The Fowl” is based on one of the lesser known texts of Rabbi Nahman of Bratslav, which appear together in the book Hayyei Moharan. This story, as portrayed in the essay, symbolizes a decisive shift in consciousness for Rabbi Nahman, a metamorphosis that, as in Appelfeld's story, reveals Jewish bareness symbolized by vultures.
Jewish Communality in German Avant‐Garde Magazines of the 1910s and 1920s
Authors: Sjöberg Sami
Published: May 2017

During the 1910s and 1920s the so‐called ‘little magazines’ were vital intermediaries of the new art movements in Germany. At the time, the Jewish community's patronage of the avant‐garde was essential due to the positions of many of its members as cultural mediators. The magazines established an alternative distribution channel for uncustomary topics, and particularly for the avant‐gardists’ heterodox accounts of Judaism. This article investigates the community that these publications established, and the purpose of their community‐making. The avant‐gardist communities reflect the heterogeneous character of the Jewish community by questioning the principles of identity and sameness as their foundation. Arguably, the impulse to modernise the Jewish community led to a double de‐territorialisation: German‐Jewish artists involved in the avant‐garde were revisionists within Jewry and yet ‘too Jewish’ for the mainstream population. The texts concerning Jews and Judaism published in the avant‐garde magazines supported the creation of an alternative Jewish community. Accordingly, the little magazines functioned as mirrors of their contemporary Jewish community and its relations to avant‐gardist communality.
Apgar Score Components at 5 Minutes: Risks and Prediction of Neonatal Mortality
Authors: Cnattingius Sven , Norman Mikael , Granath Fredrik , Petersson Gunnar , Stephansson Olof , Frisell Thomas
Published: May 2017

Background

The Apgar score consists of five components: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and colour. Although the Apgar score has been used for 60 years, the specific contribution of the Apgar score components with respect to risks and prediction of neonatal mortality remains unknown. Likewise, the value of reduced scores (including less than five Apgar score components) has rarely been investigated.

Methods

In a population‐based cohort study of 148 765 liveborn singleton infants in Sweden 2008–2013, we investigated components of Apgar score at 5 min with respect to relative risks and prediction (using ROC curves, sensitivity, and positive predictive values) of neonatal mortality.

Results

Reduced values (0–1) of heart rate, respiratory effort, and colour were independently associated with increased relative risks of neonatal mortality. For the full Apgar score, the sensitivity and positive predictive values of neonatal mortality (cut‐off ≤3) were by gestational age: ≤31 weeks: 56.1% and 49.2%; 32–36 weeks: 25.0% and 18.2%; and ≥37 weeks: 35.2% and 9.3%, respectively. When only heart rate and respiratory effort were considered (range 0–4; cut‐off ≤2), corresponding values were 66.7% and 34.9%; 37.5% and 13.0%; and 46.3% and 7.6%, respectively.

Conclusions

A reduced Apgar score has generally the same predictability of neonatal mortality as the full Apgar score. The full Apgar score or reduced scores may be better predictors of neonatal mortality in very preterm infants (≤31 weeks) than in infants with longer gestations.
Persistence of native and exotic plants 10 years after prairie reconstruction
Authors: Larson Diane L. , Bright JB , Drobney Pauline , Larson Jennifer L. , Vacek Sara
Published: May 2017

Prairie reconstructions are a critical component of preservation of the imperiled tallgrass prairie ecosystem in the Midwestern United States. Sustainability of this endeavor depends on establishment of persistent cover of planted native species and resistance to noxious weeds. The goal of this study was to understand the influence of early reconstruction practices on long‐term outcomes. Twelve replicates of three planting methods (dormant‐season broadcast, growing‐season broadcast, and growing‐season drill) and three seed mix richness levels (10, 20, or 34 species), fully crossed in a completely randomized design were planted in 2005 on nine former agricultural fields located in Iowa and Minnesota. Cover by species was estimated in 2005–2007, 2010, and 2015. In 2015, cover of planted species, native nonplanted species, and exotic species were similar to those recorded in 2010. Cover of the noxious weed Cirsium arvense had also declined by an average of 49% without herbicide from a peak in 2007 to low stable levels from 2010 to 2015. Richness of planted forbs, on the other hand, were still increasing in high‐richness broadcast treatments (e.g. 17–59% increase 2010–1015 in Minnesota). Two results in 2015 are reasons for concern: cover of planted species is only slightly over 50% in both Minnesota and Iowa, though with forbs still increasing, this may improve; and the cool‐season exotic grasses Poa pratensis and Bromus inermis are increasing at both Minnesota and Iowa sites. Control of these invasive grasses will be necessary, but care will be needed to avoid negative impacts of control methods on natives.
Endurance training selectively increases high‐density lipoprotein‐bound sphingosine‐1‐phosphate in the plasma
Authors: Książek M. , Charmas M. , Klusiewicz A. , Zabielski P. , Długołęcka B. , Chabowski A. , Baranowski M.
Published: May 2017

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysosphingolipid that is found in relatively high concentration in human plasma. Erythrocytes, endothelial cells, and activated platelets are the main sources of circulating S1P. The majority of plasma S1P is transported bound to high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) and albumin. In recent years, HDL‐bound S1P attracted much attention due to its cardioprotective and anti‐atherogenic properties. We have previously found that endurance‐trained athletes are characterized by higher plasma S1P concentration compared to untrained individuals. This finding prompted us to examine the effect of endurance training on S1P metabolism in blood. Thirteen healthy, untrained, male subjects completed an 8‐week training program on a rowing ergometer. Three days before the first, and 3 days after the last training session, blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein. We found that total plasma S1P concentration was increased after the training. Further analysis of different plasma fractions showed that the training selectively elevated HDL‐bound S1P. This effect was associated with activation of sphingosine kinase in erythrocytes and platelets and enhanced S1P release from red blood cells. We postulate that increase in HDL‐bound S1P level is one of the mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of regular physical activity on cardiovascular diseases.
Cover Image, Volume 15, Issue 2
Authors: Azakami D. , Nakahira R. , Kato Y. , Michishita M. , Kobayashi M. , Onozawa E. , Bonkobara M. , Kobayashi M. , Takahashi K. , Watanabe M. , Ishioka K. , Sako T. , Ochiai K. , Omi T.
Published: May 2017

The cover image, by D. Azakami et al., is based on the Original Article The canine prostate cancer cell line CHP‐1 shows over‐expression of the co‐chaperone small glutamine‐rich tetratricopeptide repeat‐containing protein α, DOI: 10.1111/vco.12199.

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Utility of an immunocytochemical assay using aqueous humor in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis
Authors: Felten Sandra , Matiasek Kaspar , Gruendl Stefanie , Sangl Laura , Hartmann Katrin
Published: May 2017

Objective

In cats suffering from feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) without effusion, antemortem diagnosis is challenging. Uveitis is common in these cats. It was the aim of this study to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of an immunocytochemical assay (ICC) in aqueous humor of cats suspected of havingFIP.

Animals studied

The study included 26 cats with immunohistochemically confirmedFIPand 12 control cats for whichFIPwas suspected due to similar clinical or laboratory changes, but which suffered from other diseases confirmed via histopathology.

Procedures

All aqueous humor samples were collected postmortem by paracentesis.ICCwas carried out as avidin–biotin complex method. Sensitivity, specificity, and the overall accuracy including 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated.

Results

Immunocytochemistry was positive in 16 of 25 cats withFIPand 2 of 11 control cats (one cat with lymphoma, one with pulmonary adenocarcinoma). Aqueous humor samples of one cat withFIPand of one control cat were excluded from statistical analysis. Sensitivity was 64.0% (95%CI: 42.5–82.0); specificity 81.8% (95%CI: 48.2–97.7); and overall accuracy 69.4% (95%CI: 51.9–83.7).

Conclusions

As false‐positive results occurred and specificity is most important in the diagnosis ofFIP, the diagnostic utility ofICCin aqueous humor is limited. Further studies are required to clarify the origin of false‐positiveICCresults.
Topical 1% propranolol cream promotes cutaneous wound healing in spontaneously diabetic mice
Authors: Zheng Zhifang , Liu Yishu , Yang Yu , Tang Jianbing , Cheng Biao
Published: May 2017

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a constant threat to diabetic patients and can lead to amputations and even death. Intralesional administration of propranolol in diabetic wounds has not been reported previously. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of propranolol cream in diabetic wounds. Fifty‐six spontaneously diabetic mice were divided into the propranolol group and the control group. After preparing full‐thickness wounds on the back of the mice, 1% propranolol cream was topically applied to wounds in the experimental group and 0% propranolol cream in controls. The wound sizes were measured and calculated against the original area. The wounds were analyzed up to 21 days after injury. At all evaluation time‐points, the wound size (%) in the propranolol group was significantly smaller than in the controls. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) protein expression increased in the experimental vs. control group. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was significantly lower in the experimental vs. control group whereas NG2 proteoglycan was increased throughout the study. However, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)‐9 expression was at first significantly higher in the experimental vs. control group then the MMP‐9 protein level in the control group increased and surpassed that in the experimental group. In conclusion, intralesional administration of 1% propranolol cream promotes reepithelialization and regulates abnormal angiogenesis in diabetic wounds. Propranolol cream may become a new drug for the treatment of DFUs.
The metabelian birational -adic section conjecture for varieties
Authors: Pop Florian
Published: May 2017

We generalize the $\mathbb{Z}/p$metabelian birational $p$-adic section conjecture for curves, as introduced and proved in Pop [On the birational$p$-adic section conjecture, Compos. Math. 146 (2010), 621–637], to all complete smooth varieties, provided $p>2$. The condition $p>2$ seems to be of technical nature only, and might be removable.
Experiences of the home-dwelling elderly in the use of telecare in home care services: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Karlsen Cecilie , Ludvigsen Mette S. , Moe Carl E. , Haraldstad Kristin , Thygesen Elin
Published: May 2017

Review question/objective:

The objective of this systematic review is to identify and synthesize the best evidence on the home-dwelling elderly's experiences with the use of telecare in home care services. Furthermore, the study will identify experiences with telecare devices and examine what beliefs the home-dwelling elderly hold regarding the impact of telecare on the ability to age in place.

Review question 1: How do the home-dwelling elderly experience the use of telecare in the context of home care services?

Review question 2: How do the home-dwelling elderly experience telecare devices?

Review question 3: What beliefs do the home-dwelling elderly hold regarding the impact of telecare on the ability to age in place?
Functional status and physical impairments of adult patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus admitted to hospital: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Roos Ronel , van Aswegen Heleen , Mudzi Witness
Published: May 2017

Research question/objective:

The objectives of this scoping review are to describe the physical impairments and subsequent level of function of adult individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) admitted to an acute care hospital, determine the outcome measures used by rehabilitation professionals when evaluating said impairments and level of function in the population of interest, and identify the rehabilitation interventions offered to individuals while in hospital as a means of addressing these physical impairments and individuals’ functional status.

Specifically, the research questions are:

What are the physical impairments experienced by adult individuals infected with HIV admitted to hospital and their subsequent level of function?

Which outcome measures are used by rehabilitation professionals when evaluating physical impairments and level of function of adult individuals infected with HIV when in hospital?

What rehabilitation interventions are offered when addressing physical impairments and functional status of adult individuals infected with HIV when in hospital?

The current scoping review will comprehensively identify the physical impairments of people living with HIV when admitted to an acute care hospital and highlight the subsequent influence on their level of function as a means of emphasizing the disability present. Findings regarding the rehabilitation interventions offered could inform clinical practice as a means of mapping which interventions are offered to address the related physical impairments and thus highlight areas for future research.
Thermomagnetic Convection Around a Current-Carrying Wire in Ferrofluid
Authors: Vatani Ashkan , Woodfield Peter Lloyd , Nguyen Nam-Trung , Dao Dzung Viet
Published: May 2017

Thermomagnetic convection of a ferrofluid flow induced by the internal magnetic field around a vertical current-carrying wire was theoretically analyzed and experimentally validated for the first time. The Nusselt number for a heated 50-μm diameter wire in a ferrofluid was measured for different electrical currents and fluid temperatures. The experimental results are in a good agreement with the proposed scaling analysis. We found that increasing the current will increase the Nusselt number nonlinearly and ultimately enhances the heat transfer capability of the induced ferrofluid flow. We observed that the thermomagnetic convection becomes dominant, if large enough currents are applied.
Similarity Criteria for Modeling Mixed-Convection Heat Transfer in Ducted Flows of Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Azih Chukwudi , Yaras Metin I.
Published: May 2017

A key subject of interest for technologies that involve flows of fluids at the supercritical thermodynamic state is the development of prediction methods that capture the fluid dynamics and convection heat transfer at this state. Due to the elevated temperatures and pressures associated with certain working fluids at this thermodynamic state, surrogate fluids are often used as substitutes for performing experiments during the design stages of prototype development. The success of this approach depends on the development of similarity criteria or fluid-to-fluid models. Similarity criteria for mixed-convection heat transfer in supercritical fluids are proposed based on a set of nondimensional dynamic similarity parameters and state-space parameters developed through our current understanding of the physical mechanisms that affect heat transfer in fluids at this state. The proposed similarity criteria are successfully validated using data from ducted flows of supercritical fluids with configurations having upstream, downstream, or wall-normal-oriented gravitational acceleration.
Probing the Local Heat Transfer Coefficient of Water-Cooled Microchannels Using Time-Domain Thermoreflectance
Authors: Mehrvand Mehrdad , Putnam Shawn A.
Published: May 2017

The demands for increasingly smaller, more capable, and higher power density technologies have heightened the need for new methods to manage and characterize extreme heat fluxes. This work presents the use of an anisotropic version of the time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) technique to characterize the local heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of a water-cooled rectangular microchannel in a combined hot-spot heating and subcooled channel-flow configuration. Studies focused on room temperature, single-phase, degassed water flowing at an average velocity of ≈3.5 m/s in a ≈480 μm hydraulic diameter microchannel (e.g., Re ≈ 1850), where the TDTR pump heating laser induces a local heat flux of ≈900 W/cm2 in the center of the microchannel with a hot-spot area of ≈250 μm2. By using a differential TDTR measurement approach, we show that thermal effusivity distribution of the water coolant over the hot-spot is correlated to the single-phase convective heat transfer coefficient, where both the stagnant fluid (i.e., conduction and natural convection) and flowing fluid (i.e., forced convection) contributions are decoupled from each other. Our measurements of the local enhancement in the HTC over the hot-spot are in good agreement with established Nusselt number correlations. For example, our flow cooling results using a Ti metal wall support a maximum HTC enhancement via forced convection of ≈1060 ± 190 kW/m2 K, where the Nusselt number correlations predict ≈900 ± 150 kW/m2 K.