bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The structure, organisation and procedure of the International Conference of the Red Cross
Authors: Countess of Limerick
Published: January 2010

We are pleased to give below the report submitted by the Countess of Limerick, Chairman of the Standing Commission of the International Red Cross, to the Council of Delegates at The Hague on September 6, 1967.
The Emblem of the Red Cross - A Brief History (II)
Authors: Bugnion F.
Published: January 2010

Soon after the First World War the ICRC proposed that the Geneva Convention be revised on the basis of experience of that conflict. It had the question included on the agenda of the Tenth and Eleventh International Conferences of the Red Cross in Geneva, in 1921 and 1923.
The nurse and the humanization of the hospital
Authors: Candille Marcel
Published: January 2010

On several occasions the International Review has published articles and information on a problem which at the moment is holding the attention of people and institutions concerned in every country, that of the humanization of the hospital.

A considerable development is to be noted in this field and pilot-hospitals are showing the way forward with numerous innovations. These problems correspond to those of many National Red Cross, Red Crescent and Red Lion and Sun Societies, which possess their own hospitals and train nurses in their own schools.
Eleventh Distribution of Income from the Augusta Fund
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

The Regulations of the Augusta Fund provide for the distribution of income from the Fund every fourth year on the occasion of the International Red Cross Conferences. As these Conferences do not take place at regular intervals, the International Committee of the Red Cross has informed the National Societies, in its Circular No. 429 of March 20, 1960, that such income would henceforth be distributed every fourth year, irrespective of the date on which the Conferences are held.
Centenary Congress of the International Red Cross
Authors: J.P.
Published: January 2010

In place of the International Red Cross Conference, which has been postponed for two years, the Council of Delegates met in Geneva from September 2 to 9, 1963, in the spacious premises of the Palais des Nations. The Council and the Board of Governors of the League together constituted the Centenary Congress. As is known, the Council of Delegates includes the International Committee, the League and the National Societies, that is to say, the constituent bodies of the International Red Cross other than government representatives. Usually it meets just before the International Conference for the purpose of settling questions of procedure. This was only the second occasion upon which it met between Conferences and discussed basic questions. The first time this occurred was the 1961 assembly in Prague.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of Burundi
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on August 22nd, 1963, of the Red Cross Society of Burundi by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Dissemination of the Geneva Conventions
Authors: Siordet Frédéric
Published: January 2010

Amongst the articles common to the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 can be found the following provisions, the whole of the first part of which is identical in all four treaties:

Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armed forces in the field (art. 47)

and

Geneva Convention for the amelioration of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea (art. 48)

“The High Contracting Parties undertake, in time of peace as in time of war, to disseminate the text of the present Convention as widely as possible in their respective countries, and, in particular, to include the study thereof in their programmes of military and, if possible, civjl instruction, so that the principles thereof may become known to the entire population, in particular to the armed fighting forces, the medical personnel and the chaplains.”
International Exhibition of the Red Cross: The Red Cross and Philately
Authors: Thomas Max-Marc
Published: January 2010

Some one hundred and thirty collections, belonging to official bodies or National Red Cross Societies, but mostly to private collectors, figured in the philatelic section, organized as part of the International Exhibition of the Red Cross.

This was the first occasion on which has been seen such an important display of Red Cross stamps. Apart from many collections from nearly all the European countries, from East and West, others had been sent from America, Iceland, New Zealand and Australia. Nearly eleven hundred frames were necessary to exhibit the large numbers of album sheets and their valuable contents: some two hundred thousand stamps and philatelic items connected with the Red Cross in one way or another.
The Red Cross – Link between Individuals and the Peoples of the World
Authors: Pecson Geronima T.
Published: January 2010

On learning of the proposal that I should speak here on the occasion of the Red Cross Centenary, I relived the exalted hours in Prague during the discussion of the Declaration of Red Cross Principles. I clearly remembered the inspired words during the debate and the competence of an understanding Chairman, Mr. Léopold Boissier. It was delightful to remember General Gruenther (USA) and Mr. Miterev (USSR) in happy handshake as they jointly expressed their agreement to the final draft which we all acclaimed. The Declaration, by the way, provides among other things that the Red Cross “ promotes mutual understanding, friendship, co-operation and lasting peace amongst all peoples.”
Recognition of the Jamaica Red Cross Society
Authors: Gonard Samuel A.
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on October 1, 1964, of the Jamaica Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Gustav Moynier
Authors: Ruegger Paul
Published: January 2010

The following article is a tribute to an outstanding jurist whose name is inalienably linked to the foundation and development of the Red Cross. In fact, Gustave Moynier was President of the ICRC from 1864 to 1910! We express our thanks to the Institute of International Law for allowing us to reproduce this article. (Ed.)
Twelfth Distribution of Income from the Augusta Fund
Authors: Gonard Samuel A.
Published: January 2010

The Regulations of the Augusta Fund provide for the distribution of income from the Fund every fourth year on the occasion of the International Red Cross Conferences. As these Conferences do not take place at regular intervals, the International Committee of the Red Cross has informed the National Societies, in its Circular No. 429 of March 30, 1960, that such income would henceforth be distributed every fourth year, irrespective of the date on which the Conferences are held.
The International Committee of the Red Cross and the medical services of the Armed Forces
Authors: de Mulinen Frédéric
Published: January 2010

“Ways and means of remedying the inadequacy of the medical services of armies in the field” was the study undertaken by an international conference convened at Geneva, in October 1863, by a committee of five citizens of Geneva. That committee was later to become the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Florence Nightingale and Henry Dunant
Authors: Boissier Pierre
Published: January 2010

Florence Nightingale and Henry Dunant are two names which are associated in much that has been written about the Red Cross and army medical services. Only seldom are their outstanding personalities contrasted. Where does the truth lie? In similarity or difference? Let us try to sort things out.
Resistance movements and International Law II
Authors: Ford W. J.
Published: January 2010

A number of instances will now be given to show the status accorded to persons taking part in fighting without being members of the regular forces.
Resistance movements and International Law III
Authors: Ford W. J.
Published: January 2010

The legal status of members of resistance movements cannot be discussed but in the light of previous court rulings, some of which are very instructive within the scope of the present study. They have been set out below.
The Red Cross as a Factor of Peace
Authors: Patrnogic Jovica
Published: January 2010

There is no doubt or dilemma, today, that peace is one of the basic aims of the Red Cross. Efforts and strivings to reach this aim are obvious from numerous resolutions of the International conferences and other bodies of the International Red Cross. Also, peace has been stressed as an aim of the Red Cross action within the framework of the first principle of the Red Cross and is clearly connected with that principle.
Reflections on Spain's Contribution to the Application of Humanitarian Law in War
Authors: de No Louis Eduardo
Published: January 2010

Like all other European countries with a historic and cultural tradition, Spain contributed to the birth and evolution of humanitarian law as applied to war. Its contribution, like that of every country, had certain special aspects striking a characteristic note in the composition as a whole and anticipating what were later to become generally applicable provisions.
Recognition of the Zambia Red Cross Society
Authors: Gonard Samuel A.
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross on December 8, 1966, granted recognition to the Zambia Red Cross Society.
Two great figures in Red Cross history
Authors: Rombach J. H.
Published: January 2010

Among the friends and supporters of Henry Dunant, two Dutchmen take an outstanding place: Dr. J. H. C. Basting and Captain C. W. M. van de Velde.
The Centenary Celebrations of the Baden-Württemberg Red Cross
Authors: Gruber Walter
Published: January 2010

The Centenary of the Red Cross of Baden-Württemberg was celebrated in 1963 by a number of events of which we will be reading an account below which we owe its Secretary-General. We would, however, like to refer to the historical background of a hundred years ago in relation to the recent celebrations in Stuttgart. The origin of the oldest Society of Aid to Military Wounded and Sick, founded in 1863, should in fact be recalled. The destinies of Württentberg were at that time in the royal hands of Wilhelm I, who agreed to send representatives to the International Conference convened in Geneva in October 1863. These were the Reverend Christoph-Ulrich Hahn, delegate of the Minister for War, accompanied by Dr. Wagner. For discussion and adoption was a “draft agreement” of the Committee of Five which was to be the basis of the Convention signed in Geneva a year later.
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of the Congo (Léopoldville)
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on July 4, 1963, of the Red Cross Society of the Congo (Léopoldville) by the International Committee of the Red Cross.

This Society applied for recognition by letter dated June 14, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree promulgated on March 1, 1961, by the President of the Republic of the Congo which accorded the Society recognition, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
Recognition of the Senegalese Red Cross Society
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition on August 8, 1963, of the Senegalese Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross.

This Society applied for recognition by letter dated May 9, 1963. The application was accompanied by the Decree of January 29,1963, of the Government of the Republic of Senegal, recognizing the Society, the Decree having been commented upon and defined in a letter of July 18, 1963, from the President of the Republic, together with the text of the Society's Statutes and a report of its activities.
The Doctrine of the Red Cross
Authors: Pictet Jean S.
Published: January 2010

The work of the Red Cross is born of a high ideal, from which it continually draws fresh life, but as it primarily consists of practical actions, frequently improvised, there is a serious risk that in the haste of charitable action and in spite of the purity of one's intentions, one may deviate from the guiding principles and unity of thought may diminish, the more so as the institution takes root in every corner of the world. It is therefore particularly necessary that the Red Cross possesses a well-defined and firmly established doctrine.
Recognition of the Sierra Leone Red Cross Society
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition, on November 1, 1962, of the Sierra Leone Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross.

This Society applied for recognition in a letter dated September 21, 1962. The application was accompanied by the Sierra Leone Government's Decree of July 1, 1962, recognizing the Society, together with the text of the Society's Statutes, and reports of its activities.
The Red Cross will be one hundred years old this year
Authors: Siordet Frédéric
Published: January 2010

On June 24, 1859, 30 to 40,000 wounded lay uncared for on the battle-field of Solferino at the mercy of the heat, looters and birds of prey. Henry Dunant was an accidental witness of this disaster and he was so shocked by the suffering and so scandalized by the inadequacy of the medical services that he improvised a relief action with the help of some local country women.
The Centenary in Switzerland
Authors: Logoz Edouard-J.
Published: January 2010

The programme of the Centenary Celebrations in Switzerland will extend over a period from August 15 to September 15, 1963. It will not only enable the finishing touches to be put to a century's existence of an idea which has spread throughout the world, but also to lay the foundations for fruitful work in the future, on the threshold of the second century. It will be an opportunity for the specialists to compare experiences and for the general public to learn about the Red Cross and its activities.
The foundation of the Red Cross—Some important documents
Authors: Pictet Jean S.
Published: January 2010

This would seem to be a good moment, in this month of February 1963 when the International Committee is celebrating the hundredth anniversary of its foundation, to publish once more documents of the greatest interest, since they throw light of considerable historic importance on the birth of the Red Cross. The material consists of the first minutes of what was known as the “Comité des Cinq” (Committee of Five), the Committee which was in fact the founder body of the Red Cross. Originally written in French, these were rendered into English by the Translation Section of the ICRC.
Red Cross unity in the world
Authors: Bargatzky Walter
Published: January 2010

The President of the German Red Cross in the Federal Republic of Germany addressed the assembly of the Lower Saxony chapter of that Society, held at Goslar on 22 June 1974. He has kindly sent us a copy of his address, which is partly published below for information. The views expressed are solely those of the author.
Problems and trends of social welfare in Switzerland and the world today
Authors: Rickenbach Walter
Published: January 2010

Definitions.— Social welfare is a relatively recent field of activity and knowledge. The notions themselves are therefore constantly evolving. In addition to a certain number of social workers and social workers' associations, the United Nations as well as the International Conference of Social Work have attempted to define them. There is an increasing tendency in various countries to differentiate between social welfare and social work.
The Red Cross and the human environment
Authors: Vigne Jacques , J.-G.L.
Published: January 2010

In the August 1972 issue of International Review, an article on the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment drew attention to one of the vital problems of our day. The importance of the subject was underlined in the seven-paragraph Declaration adopted in Stockholm in June 1972, expressing man's common interest in the preservation of our planet. The Declaration, comprising a preamble and a number of principles, stated, inter alia, the following:

Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality which permits a life of dignity and well-being, and bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations.
New Charter for the League of Red Cross Societies
Authors: Beer Henrik
Published: January 2010

In 1976 the League adopted a new constitution. Four years of study, research and discussion were necessary until the special commission, set up by the Board of Governors in 1973, with the co-operation of National Societies, came up with what is to be the charter of the League for years to come.
The concept of international armed conflict: further outlook
Authors: Pilloud Claude
Published: January 2010

This paper, the views expressed in which are solely those of the author, was read at the International Symposium on Humanitarian Law last December, an account of which is given below, on the occasion of the Centenary of the Brussels Declaration.
Henry Dunant, promoter of the 1874 Brussels Conference, Pioneer of Diplomatic Protection for Prisoners of War
Authors: de Pourtalès Y. , Durand R.-H.
Published: January 2010

That is what Henry Dunant wrote in his notebooks, most of which were never published, and we are pleased to publish a study shedding light on Dunant's role as promoter of protection for prisoners of war.

In Belgium's capital, ceremonies were recently held to mark the centenary of the Brussels Declaration. At the formal commemorative sitting, Mr. J. Pictet, Vice-President of the ICRC, drew attention to the parallel development of the law of Geneva and the law of The Hague, to which the Brussels Declaration gave a decisive impetus. The study is therefore well-timed. As usual, the, views expressed are those of the authors alone. It may be added that the original is in French and that the English version is a translation by the ICRC.
The Geneva Convention of 1864 and the Brussels Conference of 1874 (II)
Authors: Bujard Danièle
Published: January 2010

Yet, though Gustave Moynier recognized that the rules relative to wounded or sick troops should clearly form a part of a plan for the codification of the most important laws of war—for it was he who had suggested in 1868 to the President of the Swiss Confederation that, because of the very close connection existing between the Law of Geneva and Alexander II's project, the Geneva Conference might be linked to the Conference of Saint Petersburg, to alleviate “as much as possible the calamities of war” — he did not show much enthusiasm, even while declaring his approval of the new Russian proposals, and did not hide his attitude of reserve.
The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of Political Detainees
Authors: Moreillon Jacques
Published: January 2010

Last February we devoted an article to a book by Jacques Moreillon, ICRC delegate-general, which had been published by the Henry Dunant Institute. We give below an English version of one chapter (translated by us) of the book which, we would state, was submitted as a thesis to the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, under the sole responsibility of the author.
Recognition of The Gambia Red Cross Society
Authors: Martin Eric
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross, on 10 October 1974, officially recognized The Gambia Red Cross Society.

The new Society was constituted on 1 October 1966 and formally applied for recognition by the International Committee on 18 April 1974. Its request was supported by various documents including its Statutes, the Act of the Republic of the Gambia recognizing The Gambia Red Cross as a National Society auxiliary to the public authorities, and a report on the Society's activities.
Analytical index to the International Review of the Red Cross
Authors: J.-G. L.
Published: January 2010

In our January 1976 issue, we announced the publication of an index to the French edition of International Review covering the years 1962 to 1974. It gives us pleasure to inform our English-speaking readers that the analytical index to the English edition is now available.
The latest social task of the Norwegian Red Cross: Prison Visitors
Authors: Meinich Jens
Published: January 2010

It was with a feeling of exitement that, one day in February 1959, I complied with the request of the Leader of Education at the National Prison—Botsfengselet—in Oslo to make a speech on the Red Cross, accompanied by a film and followed by a question-hour, in connection with a course in social science for the prisoners.

I started by telling the audience that the Founder of the Red Cross, Henry Dunant, as a young man visited the prison in Geneva, where he read aloud to the prisoners and brought them human contact.
War and Peace
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: January 2010

In our April 1968 issue we published an article by Leopold Boissier, former President of the ICRC, which had appeared in the Journal de Genève. Later the same journal contained another article by the same writer, on a subject which is receiving the full attention of the Red Cross. We therefore consider it worthwhile reproducing here some of its main passages (Ed.).
Twenty-fifth Award of the Florence Nightingale Medal
Authors: Martin Eric
Published: January 2010

In its Circular No. 495 of 23 August 1974, the International Committee of the Red Cross had the honour to invite the Central Committees of National Societies to send in the names of nurses and voluntary aids whom they judged qualified to receive the Florence Nightingale Medal. This invitation, which quoted Article 1 of the Regulations, was accompanied by application forms to be completed by National Societies.
Fourth Session of the Diplomatic Conference - On the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts (CDDH)
Authors: D. B.
Published: January 2010

After a number of consultations and preparatory meetings, the Diplomatic Conference on humanitarian law, convoked by the Swiss Federal Council and presided over by Mr. Pierre Graber, Federal Councillor, will soon hold its fourth session in Geneva. Its purpose is, with assistance from ICRC experts, to complete consideration of two draft protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949; one of these deals with international armed conflicts, the other with noninternational armed conflicts. An ad hoc committee will examine proposals for the regulation of the use of certain so-called conventional weapons.
Red Cross and Youth Education
Authors: Hashimoto Sachiko
Published: January 2010

To have won the Henry Dunant Medal comes as more than a surprise. It is a great honour, an honour beyond my wildest expectations. I knew, of course, of the nature and origin of the Medal but only as an interesting fact that had nothing to do with me. Therefore, to be personally part of this great Red Cross event makes me feel very grateful and very happy indeed.
Sources of the recognition of belligerent status
Authors: Zorgbibe Charles
Published: January 2010

“Whenever a large organized group believes it has the right to resist the sovereign power and considers itself capable of resorting to arms, war between the two parties should take place in the same manner as between nations…” This statement by de Vattel in the 19th century seemed destined to take its place as a part of positive law, constituting part of what was known as recognition of belligerency, tantamount to the recognition by the established government of an equal status for insurgents and regular belligerents. When a civil war became extensive enough, the State attacked would understand that it was wisest to acknowledge the existence of a state of war with part of the population. This would, at the same time, allow the conflict to be seen in a truer light. The unilateral action of the legal government in recognizing belligerency would be the condition for granting belligerent rights to the parties. It would constitute a demonstration of humanity on the part of the government of the State attacked and would also provide that government with prospects for effective pursuit of the war. By admitting that it was forced to resort to war, it would at least have its hands free to make war seriously.
Humanitarian Law in armed conflicts: The doctrine and practice of Polish insurgents in the 19th Century
Authors: Bierzanek Remigiusz
Published: January 2010

Did Poland, whose territory was divided up between Prussia, Russia and Austria at the end of the 18th century and which did not regain its independence until 1918, contribute in the 19th century to the ideas underlying humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts?

The political conditions under which the Polish people were then living, while they devoted all their energies to the fight for independence, encouraged them to study and consider various aspects of wars of national liberation. Their thinking was marked by much originality, with some special characteristics that are worth recalling.
The Formation of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Pictet Jean
Published: January 2010

The title of my talk may appear more than a little ambitious or the subject too extensive. What I intend to do, in fact, is to give here, in no particular order, some of the thoughts and experiences of one engaged in humanitarian law who had the great good fortune to be associated with this fascinating work from the beginning of his career.
Synopsis I: Protecting Power
Authors: de Preux Jean
Published: January 2010

Following the technical notes it has previously published, International Review of the Red Cross is now starting a series of synopses on various current topics in the field of international humanitarian law. The following is the first of such summaries, entitled “Protecting Power”.
Death of Mr. Roger Gallopin
Authors: Hay Alexandre
Published: January 2010

The ICRC learnt with very deep sorrow of the death on 18 March 1986 of Mr. Roger Gallopin, honorary member and former President of the Executive Board of the institution. In him the International Committee has lost one of its most faithful and lifelong servants.

He was 27 years old when he joined the ICRC in 1936. A young Doctor of Laws and author of a thesis on the Anglo-Irish conflict, he seemed destined for a brilliant carreer in law. And indeed his main activity consisted initially in making preparations, with one of his colleagues, for the Diplomatic Conference for the Revision of the Geneva Conventions which was due to be held in 1940 and which the outbreak of hostilities then postponed. His subsequent career revealed his talents as an organizer and diplomat.
Prohibition of terrorist acts in international humanitarian law
Authors: Gasser Hans-Peter
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with the provisions of contemporary international humanitarian law which prohibit “terrorist acts”, commonly referred to, simply, as “terrorism”.

Since the paper is mainly of a descriptive nature, experts in international humanitarian law will learn little that is new. But if it succeeds in highlighting one specific aspect of the well-known obligations and prohibitions set forth in the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols—namely, the absolute and unconditional ban on terrorism—the objective will be attained. A few basic facts will then have been recalled which should make it somewhat easier to tackle the complex questions as to the essence and legal bounds of guerrilla warfare.
Editors of the Review: Tribute to Michel Testuz
Authors: J.P.
Published: January 2010

For reasons of health, Mr. Michel Testuz has been obliged to give up his position as editor of the International Review of the Red Cross, in which he served with distinction since 1977, and enter into early retirement.

Those who have seen him at work, during a career devoted to the humanitarian cause for nearly forty years, and in particular the readers of the Review, will greatly regret this decision and the loss it entails, while deferring to the circumstances which made it necessary. This scholarly man, with his rich culture and brilliance as an editor, maintained the standards of this traditional voice of the ICRC at the high level befitting its function and assured the universal respect it enjoys.
The right to humanitarian assistance—Legal aspects—
Authors: Jakovljević Boško
Published: January 2010

Throughout history man has been exposed to all kinds of disasters; but in modern times mankind has become aware of its responsibility towards those struck by disasters, and of its increased capability of coping with their consequences. Out of this growing awareness arose the concept of humanitarian assistance as a reflection of solidarity; this was followed by the formulation of legal rules governing such activity. Parallel to the need to provide humanitarian assistance is the corresponding right to such assistance.
Non-Governmental Organizations and Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance
Authors: Macalister-Smith Peter
Published: January 2010

Humanitarian assistance in armed conflict and other disasters can involve a great variety of institutions and participants all operating simultaneously, including national civil defence organizations, military units, Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, international governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Implementing International Humanitarian Law: Problems and Priorities
Authors: Fleck Dieter
Published: January 2010

The implementation of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts must be considered in the light of three basic problems.

First, in time of peace no one wants to think about the kind of situation where this body of law is put into practice. Nor is it easy to foster enthusiasm for legal rules which are beyond people's personal experience. But unless certain efforts are made and steps taken in peacetime, it cannot be expected that these rules will be implemented in time of crisis or war.
Proceedings of the Round Table
Authors: Doswald-Beck Louise
Published: January 2010

This address was given by the ICRC President at the opening of the fourth of a series of expert meetings which considered the use of new laser weapons to permanently blind enemy soldiers.

The ICRC had initially been alerted to this problem by the mention, in a number of technical and military publications, of the fact that both vehicle-mounted lasers and hand-held laser rifles are being developed which appear to have two purposes: the destruction of sensors on vehicles, and the targeting of soldiers' eyes. Several governments voiced their concern about this development at the International Conference of the Red Cross in 1986 and the ICRC decided to study the subject in more detail.
The condition of cultural property in armed conflicts (II): From Antiquity to World War II
Authors: Verri Pietro
Published: January 2010

This period was characterized by the inception and development—which was later intensified, especially after World War II—of the international codification of the law of war, which was thus no longer exclusively customary.
Summary III: Special protection of women and children
Authors: de Preux J.
Published: January 2010

One of the basic principles of the Geneva Conventions and of Protocol I is that the persons protected shall be treated without any adverse distinction, in particular one founded on sex (C. I and II, art. 12; C. III, art. 16; C IV, art. 27; P. I, art. 75) and that women shall in all cases benefit by treatment as favourable as that granted to men (C. III, art. 14).
Recognition of the Red Cross Society of São Tomé and Principe
Authors: Hay Alexandre
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition of the Red Cross Society of São Tomé and Principe by the International Committee of the Red Cross. This recognition, which took effect on 3 October 1985, brings to 137 the number of National Societies members of the International Red Cross.
The Protection of Women in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Krill Françoise
Published: January 2010

Since the number of women who actually participated in war was insignificant until the outbreak of World War I, the need for special protection for them was not felt prior to that time. This does not imply however that women had previously lacked any protection. From the birth of international humanitarian law, they had had the same general legal protection as men. If they were wounded, women were protected by the provisions of the 1864 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field; if they became prisoners of war, they benefited from the Regulations annexed to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 on the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
Suspension of the government delegation of the Republic of South Africa at the Twenty-fifth International Conference of the Red Cross (Geneva 1986): Different perceptions of the same event
Authors: Moreillon Jacques
Published: January 2010

In our opinion, the most important event at the Twenty-fifth International Conference of the Red Cross was its adoption of the new Statutes and Rules of Procedure of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. These new texts are the outcome of a suggestion by the League and almost four years of negotiation with the ICRC. They set out guidelines for the Movement for the span of at least a generation, and the fact that they have been adopted by consensus is a guarantee of their soundness and their durability.
ASPECTS OF DISSEMINATION
Authors: The Review
Published: January 2010

The year 1977 may be considered a turning point for the dissemination of knowledge of international humanitarian law and the Principles and the ideals of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. If we briefly review events of that year, we see that from 21 to 30 March 1977 the first European Red Cross Seminar on the Dissemination of the Geneva Conventions, organized by the Polish Red Cross and the ICRC, was held in Warsaw. Representatives of European and North American National Societies and of the ICRC and the League attended the seminar which adopted the following principles:

«Although dissemination of knowledge of international humanitarian law is a responsibility of governments, it should be a direct concern of the Red Cross in general and particularly of each National Society in its own country.
The Geneva Conventions and medical personnel in the field
Authors: Miné J.
Published: January 2010

To speak of the Geneva Conventions and medical personnel in the field is truly to return to the very source of international humanitarian law, for the event which led to the birth of that body of law was the tragedy suffered at the battle of Solferino in 1859 by the wretched masses of wounded soldiers on both sides who received no care whatever.
Steps taken to encourage States to accept the 1977 Protocols
Authors: Gasser Hans-Peter
Published: January 2010

It is not enough simply to draw up a new international treaty—the States must also agree to respect it. A State demonstrates its willingness to respect new obligations first and foremost by ratifying or acceding to a treaty.
German Red Cross in the Federal Republic of Germany: The efforts made by the German Red Cross in the Federal Republic of Germany to have the Additional Protocols ratified
Authors: von Block-Schlesier Andreas
Published: January 2010

The German Red Cross in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) has attached great importance to the further development of international humanitarian law since the Second World War. The outcome of the Diplomatic Conference, which in 1949 led to the four Geneva Conventions, was understandably of special interest because of the situation in an occupied postwar Germany with millions of its countrymen missing or held prisoner of war. This interest was pursued after the German Red Cross in the Federal Republic and the German Red Cross of the German Democratic Republic were newly formed in 1950 and 1959. International law experts from the National Society in the FRG, in particular Walter Bargatzgy, its former President, and Dr. Anton Schlögel, the former Secretary General, not only played a key part in promoting its development at the International Conferences of the Red Cross which preceded the 1974–77 Diplomatic Conference on the reaffirmation and the development of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts but also closely followed the proceedings of that Conference and advised the Federal Republic's delegation to it. During the Diplomatic Conference, a working group composed of high-ranking officials from research and academic circles and government was formed by the National Society and still exists today. Specialists from the ICRC have regularly addressed the group.
Belgian Red Cross (Flemish section): Dissemination of International Humanitarian Law The Belgian situation
Authors: Vandekerckhove Carl
Published: January 2010

Since 20 November 1986 Belgium has been committed to comply not only with the obligations contained in the 1949 Geneva Conventions, but also with those included in the two Additional Protocols of 1977. Everybody in our country must therefore make necessary preparations for pautting into effect the obligations falling within their responsabilities.
Red Cross Society of China: The 1977 Geneva Protocols and the development of international humanitarian law
Authors: Wei Su
Published: January 2010

Ten years ago, two Protocols additional to the Four Geneva Conventions were adopted in Geneva: one relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts, the other to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts. This marked a forward step in the development of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts. The most outstanding problem confronting international humanitarian lawyers in the postwar years has been the protection of civilians in circumstances of armed conflicts, particularly in a period characterized by wars of national liberation. The two Protocols scored achievements on two points. First, provisions were elaborated aiming at protecting civilians from the effects of hostilities as opposed to simply protecting civilians in occupied territories as had been the case of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. Secondly, the scope of the application of humanitarian law was greatly widened so as to bring a greater number of victims of armed conflicts under the protection of humanitarian law. This should in turn facilitate the observance and implementation of humanitarian law in conflicts. It is attempted in this paper to make some comments on the achievements of the Protocols, especially Protocol I relating to international armed conflicts.
Japanese Red Cross Society: The Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols as a cornerstone of peace-loving Japan
Authors: Adachi Sumio
Published: January 2010

International humanitarian law is, so to speak, a legal measure for moral enforcement which in turn bridges the gap between law and politics. It prescribes minimum duties of contending parties in case of an international or non-international armed conflict.
Mexican Red Cross: The Protocols additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions in relation to Mexico
Authors: de la Rosa Antonio López
Published: January 2010

On the occasion of the coming celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, the editor of the International Review of the Red Cross has very kindly invited the Mexican Red Cross to prepare an article on this event, bringing out the importance of these legal instruments for the Society, the measures it has taken to promote the dissemination of the Protocols and, perhaps more important, the work done by the National Society in favour of their ratification.
The Canadian Red Cross Society and the Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions
Authors: Smith Brian
Published: January 2010

The Canadian Red Cross Society has strongly supported the adoption of the Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 as logical, essential extensions of the Conventions. The Protocols bring the Conventions of 1949 up to date. They make the true application of international humanitarian law (IHL) in armed conflicts relevant, meaningful and possible in the modern world to fulfil its ultimate aim—to provide protection and assistance to all victims of all conflicts.
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Aldrich George H.
Published: January 2010

In 1974, the University of Leiden (Netherlands) established a Chair of International Humanitarian Law, whose first incumbent was Professor Frits Kalshoven, a familiar name to readers of theReview.Mr. George Aldrich, who led the United States delegation at the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts from 1974 to 1977, and who since 1981 has been a Judge at the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The Hague, was recently appointed as his successor.

During an official ceremony held at the University of Leiden on 13 November 1990, the new holder of the “Red Cross Chair”, as it is sometimes called, made a pressing appeal in his inaugural lecture for compliance with international humanitarian law. In his talk Professor Aldrich described with a large measure of realism the obstacles to implementation of the law but showed cautious optimism in reviewing the means available to the international community to surmount those obstacles.

TheReviewis pleased to publish, with the author's agreement, the text of his lecture which brings to a close, on a note of appeal and hope, this series of articles devoted to implementation of international humanitarian law.
Africa and Humanitarian Law
Authors: Wodie Vangah Francis
Published: January 2010

The International Review of the Red Cross is pleased to publish this essay by Professor Vangah Francis Wodie on the perception of humanitarian law by African states, and their contribution to this law's development in view of the problems confronting them. The essay reflects the personal views of the author, who gives special attention to the legal and humanitarian problems facing many states as a result of the influx of refugees and the use of mercenaries in some conflicts.
Synopsis VI: Relief
Authors: de Preux Jean
Published: January 2010

In case of armed conflict, the following groups are entitled to relief:

— the civilian population of an occupied territory (Fourth Conv., Art. 59; Prot. I, Art. 69);

— the civilian population of a territory under the control of a party to the conflict, other than an occupied territory (Fourth Conv., Art. 23, 38; Prot. I, Art. 70);

— prisoners of war and civilian internees in the territory of a Party to the conflict or in an occupied territory (Third Conv., Art. 72; Fourth Conv., Art. 108).
Recognition of the Red Crescent Society of the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Hay Alexandre
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross has officially recognized the Red Crescent Society of the United Arab Emirates. This recognition, which took effect on 27 August 1986, brings to 139 the number of National Societies members of the International Red Cross.
The National Information Bureau in Aid of the Victims of Armed Conflicts
Authors: Sassòli Marco
Published: January 2010

War separates families; it separates prisoners of war from the Power on which they depend and civilians from their country of origin or residence. Uncertainty about what has happened to a loved one who is missing on the battlefield or in enemy-controlled territory is much more difficult to bear than the news that he has been captured and interned by the enemy, or sometimes even that he is dead. Moreover, registering a captured person helps to protect him. The provisions for obtaining, collating and transmitting this type of information are a major step forward in international humanitarian law. The National Information Bureau (hereinafter NIB) plays a key role in the system laid down for this purpose by the 1949 Geneva Conventions. The NIB has the important but difficult task of obtaining and transmitting information on protected persons of the adverse party who are in the hands of the party to the conflict to which the NIB belongs.
Respect for International Humanitarian Law: ICRC Report on its Activities
Authors: Hay Alexandre
Published: January 2010

After Bucharest in 1977 and Manila in 1981, this is the third time I have the honour of addressing you in my capacity as President of the ICRC. As it is also the last time, I would like to ask for your patience because, after ten years at the head of the ICRC, I wish to avail myself of this final opportunity—and do so without having constantly to glance at my watch—to take stock with you and, together, look to the future.
Recognition of the Saint Lucia Red Cross Society
Authors: Hay Alexandre
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition of the Saint Lucia Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross. This recognition, which took effect on 1 October 1986, brings to 140 the number of National Societies members of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
Recognition of the Angola Red Cross Society
Authors: Hay Alexandre
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition of the Angola Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross. This recognition, which took effect on 1 October 1986, brings to 142 the number of National Societies members of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
Under the presidency of Mr. Alexandre Hay: the ICRC from 1976 to 1987: Controlled expansion
Authors: The Review
Published: January 2010

On 6 May of this year, on the occasion of Mr. Cornelio Sommaruga's taking office as the ICRC's twelfth President, the ICRC General Assembly paid tribute to Mr. Alexandre Hay, who headed the institution from 1 July 1976 to 6 May 1987.

The members of the Committee and the Directorate recalled, in particular, the profound humanity and determination with which Mr. Hay had carried out his responsibilities throughout a decade marked by innumerable crises.
The Egyptian Red Crescent Society is 75 years old (II)
Authors: Darwish Yahia Hassan
Published: January 2010

Taking part in community-service activities is a natural way for young people to satisfy their aspirations and enables them to shoulder their responsibilities as future citizens.

This is why the Egyptian Red Crescent has always endeavoured to make use of young people's abilities, help them to become part of society, show them how they can accomplish useful work for the community and, in so doing, support the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
Recognition of the Guyana Red Cross Society
Authors: Gonard Samuel A.
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross on 8th August 1968 officially recognized the Guyana Red Cross Society.
Reflections on the Centenary of the Declaration of St. Petersburg
Authors: Meyrowitz Henri
Published: January 2010

The oldest of the international conventions concerning the prohibition of the employment of certain weapons, that is to say deriving from that part of the law of war, sometimes known as the “law of The Hague”, to distinguish it from the “law of Geneva”, will be a hundred years old this month: the Declaration of St. Petersburg of November 29—December 11, 1868.