bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmodiophora brassicae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Buczacki S. T.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Plasmodiophora brassicae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cruciferae
: especially important on cultivated species of
Brassica
but probably causing symptoms on all wild species also (Cunningham, 1912; 13, 2; 16, 222; 53, 1116). In some plants, most notably water-cress (
Nasturtium officinale
), shoot, not root malformation, seems the norm (49, 330h). Primary (root hair and/or epidermal) phases occur also on many non-cruciferous hosts including some members of the
Gramineae, Rosaceae
and
Papaveraceae
(28, 431; 33, 587) but their significance in the ecology of the disease is unknown. DISEASE: Clubroot; known by many other names, most commonly finger and toe; knolvoet; hernie du chou; kohlhernie; klomprot; kapoustnaja kila. The root malformation produced is most commonly confused with the symptoms of insect damage, especially that of the turnip gall weevil (
Ceutorhyncus pleurostigma
) and on swedes and turnips, with the hard swellings of unknown origin, termed hybridization nodules. The disease rarely kills plants but induces them to wilt when under slight water stress, stunting and, especially with large, heavy plants, physical instability. It may render root crops unacceptable to stock as fodder. In practical terms, the considerable longevity of the pathogen in the soil, 18 or more years (55, 519d), means that the major effect is often one of restricting the flexibility of crop rotations, as contaminated land cannot be used for cruciferous crops for fear of increasing the inoculum to grossly damaging levels. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: (CMI Map 101, ed. 2, 1957). Widespread, especially in temperate regions but probably occurring wherever crucifers are cultivated. The only major crucifer growing area in which clubroot seems rare is mainland China. Additional published reports since 1957 include those for Venezuela, Colombia, W. Siberia, Hawaii, Malaysia and Iraq, but there is unpublished information for several other countries. TRANSMISSION: As cysts in soil; either wind-blown, water carried or transported on footwear, machinery, planting stock (including non-crucifers) or animals. Also in infected plants, especially before symptom expression has occurred. Transmission by infested soil adhering externally to seed is possible (23, 52) but probably very uncommon.
Nectria fuckeliana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria fuckeliana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abies, Larix, Picea
and other
Pinaceae
. DISEASE: Wound parasite and dieback of
Pinaceae
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, UK); North America.
Pseudocercospora abelmoschi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Sutton B. C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora abelmoschi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves of
Hibiscus
spp. DISEASE: Causes leaf mould of
Hibiscus esculentus
[Abelmoschus esculentus]
(okra) and other
Hibiscus
species. No definite lesions are produced but the sooty brown conidiophores occur in dense patches on the lower surface of the leaves. Leaf rolling, wilting and defoliation may occur. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, East and West Africa, West Indies and USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores. Can survive on crop debris up to 10 weeks (54, 4672).
Cercospora carthami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Sutton B. C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora carthami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Carthamus tinctorius
(safflower) and other
Carthamus
spp. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of safflower; small sunken brown lesions sometimes with a halo appear on the leaves and on other parts of the plant. Severely infected leaves are misshapen and the diseased tissue disintegrates producing a shot hole effect. Young flower heads may be destroyed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Philippines, Israel and East Africa. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. The pathogen may also be seed borne (40, 553) and survives in crop debris (53, 641; 57, 239).
Cercospora sesami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Sutton B. C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora sesami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sesamum
and
Ceratotheca
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf and pod spot of sesame. The spots are white, grey or pale brown with a dark border and are often small and numerous. Spots may also occur on the petioles and stems. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Africa, West Indies, South and Central America. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. The fungus is also internally seed-borne (21, 44) and carries over in crop debris (25, 473).
Ascochyta heveae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Ascochyta heveae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Hevea brasiliensis
. DISEASE: Marginal leaf scorch or rim blight of rubber leaves (
Hevea brasiliensis
). Early symptoms on mature leaves are groups of minute, yellowish spots merging with one another as they develop forming dry brown or greyish patches with a paler centre and a purplish brown border. Dry spots extend from the leaf margin inwards towards the midrib between the veins finally coalescing with one another so that the leaf is edged with a discoloured zone all the way round (Petch, 1921). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Zaire); Asia (Malaysia, Malaya, Sarawak, Sri Lanka). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; conidia presumably dispersed by water splash.
Phomopsis viticola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis viticola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Parthenocissus subquinquefolia
(=
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, = Vitis hederacea
)and
Vitis
spp. DISEASE: Dead arm or sometimes referred to as 'excoriosis' or necrosis of grapevine. Serious outbreaks and losses have been reported in several countries (35, 508; 45, 1282; 47, 2226; 48, 549; 50, 2402; 54, 208; 54, 5021; 55, 1390, 4803; 57, 2742). The fungus invades nearly all stem tissues, particularly the medullary rays and parenchyma, causing necrotic areas extending to the centre of the wood leading to the girdling of shoots and finally resulting in dead arm condition (7, 360; 39, 369). Major symptoms are death of vines or some of the arms, progressive desiccation of stocks and shoots, stunting of leaf bearing branches, deformation and chlorosis of primary leaves, black spots on stalks and pedicels, flower abortion, drying of buds, death of spurs, stem and arm lesions or cankers or cortical necrosis and sparsity of berries (7, 360; 39, 369; 43, 3375; 48, 549, 879; 51, 547; 54, 5021). In Ontario, Canada, primary infection occurs on young green shoots and the incidence and severity depends on the inoculum potential resulting from the previous years' infection and the amount of rain in the second half of May. Primary lesions on young shoots are superficial but coalescent ones are deep seated and often become perennial (45, 332). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, South Africa); Asia (Brunei, India, Japan, Turkey); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Netherlands, Rumania, Sardinia, Switzerland, Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: By conidia liberated from pycnidia found on spurs and clusters left on dormant vines under wet conditions, when they are dispersed by rain-splash (39, 369). Also spread by nematodes and insect larvae (54, 651) and by mycelium through pruning wounds inflicted by contaminated knives (26, 95). The fungus overwinters in infected parts of the grapevine (56, 1680) as mycelium, particularly in the basal buds, (53, 636) and can carry over from the first few internodes of the same vine (5, 471).
Pseudopeziza trifolii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waller J. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudopeziza trifolii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Trifolium
species probably specific to the genus (44, 2824) but
Anthyllis vulneraia
and
Lotus corniculatus
also reported as hosts (25, 455). DISEASE: Causes a common but minor leaf spot of clovers. Small, brown-black, circular spots occur mostly on the leaf lamina and occasionally on petioles and stems. Minute light coloured apothecia appear in the centres of mature spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, W. and C. America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, N. America. TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters on diseased leaves and renewed sporulation occurs from old apothecia in the spring. Dispersal by forcibly discharged air-borne ascospores.
Pseudopeziza medicaginis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waller J. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudopeziza medicaginis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of the genus
Medicago
, especially lucerne (
M. sativa
). DISEASE: Causes common leaf spot of lucerne. Small, dark brown circular lesions occur on both surfaces of leaflets and a minute apothecium is produced in the centre of each. Elongated spots also occur on stems and petioles but do not produce fruitbodies. Severe attacks cause excessive leaf shedding and reduced yield of herbage. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Generally world wide where lucerne is grown, but of limited distribution in Asia and absent from West Africa (CMI Map 129, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters on diseased leaves in crop debris. Renewed sporulation by old apothecia and the production of new apothecia occur in the spring. Dispersal is by air-borne ascospores. In Russia there is some evidence that a pycnidial state, overwintering on dead stems, may be important in initiating new infections in the spring (51, 3425).
Epichloe typhina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Epichloe typhina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
:
Agrostis, Alopecuris, Dactylis, Holcus, Poa
; over 50 species of grasses are known to be infected. DISEASE: Choke disease of grasses. The inflorescence remains enclosed by the fungal stroma; if seeds are formed by infected plants these carry infection to new plants (13, 169). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to northern hemisphere and extends from China, USSR and the whole of Europe to N. America (Canada, USA, Mexico). TRANSMISSION: Because of the difficulty of inducing infection by ascospores and conidia it was considered that the fungus was seed-borne (13, 169) but Western and Cavett (39, 419) demonstrated infection of cut stubble by both ascospores and conidia. Stromata developed in the following years.
Trichophyton schoenleinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Trichophyton schoenleinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of man (causing mycoses). Also recorded infecting camel (RMVM 14, 2079), cat, cattle, dog, guineapig, hedgehog, horse, mouse, rabbit and birds (RMVM 5, 1141). The identity of the fungus in at least some of these animal infections is doubtful. DISEASE. Favus (tinea favosa), characterized by the development of low-grade folliculitis in which the infected hair follicles become filled with hyphae, arthrospores and debris to form yellowish, cup-shaped, elevated, waxy plaques (scutulae). Infected hairs show on endothrix invasion, containing hyphae and air bubbles where hyphae have degenerated, and usually exhibit a dull greenish fluorescence under Wood's light. Favus is a chronic infection, usually limited to the scalp, and leads to scarring, atrophy and permanent alopecia if untreated. Atypical scalp infections, with scaling or crusting without scutula formation, are also seen. Infections of the body (tinea corporis), producing vesicles, papules and papulosquamous lesions, often with scutula formation, and of the nails (tinea unguium, onychomycosis) also occur. Infections of the brain, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes and muscles have also been reported (Sabouraud, 1910: 528-529; RMVM 3, 1136; 4, 1084, 1377; 6, 3207). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. Occurs most commonly in N. Africa, the Middle East and S. and E. Europe, and many cases reported elsewhere have been in immigrants from these areas (RMVM 10, 602; 13, 1558).
Trichophyton soudanense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Trichophyton soudanense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pathogenic for man (causing mycoses). The guineapig and monkey have been infected experimentally (RMVM 6, 2253). DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). The scalp (tinea capitis), body (tinea corporis) and less frequently the hands (tinea manuum), feet (tinea pedis) and nails (onychomycosis, tinea unguium) may be infected. Infected hairs show an endothrix type of invasion and do not fluoresce under Wood's light. Lesions of the scalp may be of the 'black dot' type (see
CMI Description
No. 646). Lesions are usually scaling and non-inflammatory. Inflammation, varying from slight folliculitis to kerion formation, scarring and alopecia, may occur (RMVM 6, 2253). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, particularly the tropical lowlands and semi-arid areas of subsaharan West Africa, extending from Senegal to Chad and the western half of Zaire, and southern Sudan. Most cases reported from other countries have been in African immigrants or patients who have been in contact with Africans. The occurrence of a few cases in USA and Brazil has led to the suggestion that
T. soudanense
was imported into the American continent with the slave trade (RMVM 4, 2c; 6, 2253; 10, 602; 13, 1558).
Phacidium infestans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phacidium infestans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus sylvestris
. DISEASE: Snow blight of pine. Ascospores released in September and October (45, 774) infect current year's needles. The depth of snow cover the following winter determines the proportion of needles showing symptoms (39, 250) which are, the following spring, a distinctive reddish-brown resulting from the destruction of chlorophyll (40, 635). Apothecia are produced on the discoloured needles, and usually complete the cycle in one year. Disease severity may be lessened by other ground vegetation, especially
Calluna vulgaris
and
Vaccinium
spp. (50, 2009). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Turkey, USSR: Siberia), Europe (Finland, France, Norway, Sweden, USSR: Estonia). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid or wet weather.
Rhizosphaera pini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Diamandis S. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizosphaera pini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abies balsamea, A. cephallonica, A. fraseri, A. grandis, A. pectinata, A. veitchii, Pinus
sp.,
Tsuga diversifolia
, also possibly
Picea abies
. DISEASE: Needle blight of firs. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan), Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy), North America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Lophodermella conjuncta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermella conjuncta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus mugo, P. nigra
var.
maritima, P. sylvestris
. DISEASE: Pine needle blight leading to premature needle cast in plantations. No common name. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Estonian SSR, Finland, Great Britain, Sweden, Switzerland).
Ascochyta desmazieresii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Ascochyta desmazieresii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lolium multiflorum
and
L. perenne
. DISEASE: Glume and leaf spot of Italian and perennial ryegrasses. At first leaf lesions start as small purplish or chocolate-brown spots with a distinct red-purple margin. With time these enlarge, become irregular or elliptical, up to 5 mm long and distinctly visible on both sides of the leaves. Finally the centres of older lesions fade to fawn to straw yellow with numerous pycnidia immersed within the leaf tissue on both sides of the leaves but usually abundant pycnidia occur on the lower side. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); Europe (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Irish Republic, UK); N. America (USA, California, Oregon, Washington); S. America (Chile, Brazil). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; infection is presumably spread by air-borne conidia in wet weather or heavy dews. The fungus is also probably carried over on crop residues and debris in soil.
Phaeoseptoria oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phaeoseptoria oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: A minor leaf disease of
Oryza sativa
(rice). The macroscopic symptoms are variable and often not distinctive. Leaf lesions have an irregular margin, usually beginning from the edge of the leaf blade and are grey with red-purple borders. Spotting and pycnidia form on leaves and glumes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Zambia); Asia (China, Japan); Australasia & Oceania (Manus Island, Solomon Islands). TRANSMISSION: Presumably dispersed in the crop by splash-liberated conidia from infected leaves and glumes during wet weather.
Pyrenochaeta oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam. Punithalingam. , E. E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pyrenochaeta oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: Sheath blotch of rice or known in Japanese as 'Yosho-kappanbyo' meaning sheath brown spot (Hashioka, 1972). The macroscopic symptoms are large brown lesions on leaf sheaths. At first lesions start from the margin of a sheath as dark brown oblong blotches which enlarge, become bluish-grey, finally covering the entire sheath. Lesions may reach up to 10 cm in length and often appear at the junction of sheath and leaf blade just below the collar without causing the collar to break. When dry the affected part of the sheath turns greyish-brown with or without distinct brown margins. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Sierra Leone, Swaziland); Asia (Burma, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand); Australasia & Oceania (Fiji, Solomon Islands). TRANSMISSION: Presumably dispersed in the crop by splash-liberated conidia from infected leaf sheaths and glumes during wet weather. Lesions on leaves also appear at the site of oviposition of the green hopper,
Nephotettix bipunctatus
[Nephotettix virescens]
(Hashioka, 1972).
Septocyta ruborum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Septocyta ruborum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rubus laciniatus, R. nessensis, R. procerus
and wild blackberry (
R. fruticosus
agg.). DISEASE: Purple blotch or stem spot disease (8, 288) or sometimes referred to as dieback of blackberries (32, 572). First symptoms appear in the summer on the basal portions of the shoots as intense dark green spots, the size of a pin's head, reddening after a few weeks and enlarging to a diameter of about 2 cm. Later the centres turn brown, the margin remaining red. The pathogen remains inactive during winter but at the end of February and beginning of March infection recommences, progressing rapidly upwards to a distance of 2.5-3 m from the root stock. The attack results in metabolic disturbances, the leaves and flowers or fruit rudiments becoming discoloured and sooner or later fading and shrivelling. In Switzerland the disease is widely distributed throughout the country on the cultivated variety, Theodor Reimers (
Rubus procerus
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Britain, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway); North America (USA). TRANSMISSION: By conidia liberated from pycnidia in wet weather. Infection can also be spread from old branches to young shoots. In the Netherlands, in spore trapping experiments, conidia were caught daily from the beginning of April until the end of August with a sharp peak of over 4, 000 per sq. cm. daily at the end of June and beginning of July. No conidia were trapped in dry weather (32, 572). On blackberry shoots conidia on germination were observed to produce germ tubes which grew in the direction of the stomata and penetrated them (31, 561).
Septoria carthami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria carthami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Carthamus tinctorius
and
C. mareoticus
. DISEASE: White leaf spot of safflower. Early symptoms appear as small distinct brownish lesions which enlarge and become circular or irregular and up to 6 mm wide. As the disease progresses lesions sometimes coalesce to form large blotches. Older lesions are usually bordered by dark brick margins with ash grey centres. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt); Asia (Iraq, Turkey, USSR, West Siberia); Europe (Bulgaria, Rumania); North America (USA, Indiana, Texas). TRANSMISSION: It has been claimed that the fungus was introduced into West Siberia with infected seeds (14, 493-494). Also the fungus is probably disseminated by water-splash or by mechanical means.
Sarocladium attenuatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Sarocladium attenuatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oryza sativa
(rice). DISEASE: Sheath rot. The symptoms are similar to those of sheath rot associated with
S. oryzae
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Gambia, Mexico, USA. The distributions of
S. attenuatum
and
S. oryzae
overlap and many records of
S. attenuatum
must have been included in that of '
Acrocylindrium oryzae
' before a distinction between the two species had been drawn, but
S. attenuatum
alone has been recorded for America and
S. oryzae
only in S.E. Asia. TRANSMISSION:
Sarcocladium attenuatum
has been isolated from
Nilaparvata lugers
, the brown plant hopper of rice (CMI records), which might suggest a similar role to that suggested for other rice pests and
S. oryzae
. Seedborne (56, 5628).
Pestalotiopsis mangiferae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis mangiferae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Mangifera indica
; also on
Anacardium occidentale, Combretum decandrum, Eucalyptus
spp.,
Mimusops
spp.,
Vitis vinifera
and many other unrelated host plants. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot of
Mangifera indica
. The spots vary in size from a few mm to several cm in length, are usually sharply delimited by a dark, raised border, and are silvery grey above and grey to brown below; leaf spots on other hosts are similar. Brown spot or rot of mango fruits is also known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia; Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Sabah, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka; Australia; Dominican Republic; Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Inoculation studies with conidia and mycelium have shown
P. mangiferae
to be a weak parasite, capable of infecting young injured leaves, injured fruits, older uninjured leaves and healthy fruits if in contact with diseased tissue (35, 378; 40, 421). It has been isolated from soil, but the possibility of transmission through soil has not been investigated.
Epicoccum purpurascens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Epicoccum purpurascens
[Epicoccum nigrum]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: plurivorous. DISEASE: The species usually occurs as a saprophyte or weak parasite although there are a number of reference to its occurance as a specific parasite. It occurs on a wide range of plants and plant material, human and animal tissue and processed foodstuffs. Generally regarded as a saprophyte or weak parasite but it has been listed as causing leaf spot of cassava (48, 2104), twig blight of Asiatic chestnuts (51, 1193) and because of its reddish-brown pigments (Β-carotene, torularhodin and rhodo-xanthin) it has been referred to as causing 'Red Kernel' disease of sweet corn (54, 2217), Red Blotch of rice (13, 538) and Brown Rot of apple. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Although new records of its distribution are constantly being published its range is probably world-wide wherever vegetation occurs. The CMI has material from all the major regions of the world and collections too numerous to list here. TRANSMISSION: Spores of the species are amongst the commonest components of the air spore (51, 1193) and have been frequently isolated from seeds of rice (53, 135), millet (53, 3004) and cereals in general.
Bremia lactucae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Morgan W. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Bremia lactucae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: At least 230 species in the following genera of
Compositae: Agoseris, Arctium, Carduus, Carthamus, Centaurea, Cichorium, Cineraria, Cirsium, Crepis, Cynara, Dendroseris, Dimorphotheca, Erechtites, Gaillardia, Gnaphalium, Helichrysum, Hemistepta, Hieracium, Hypochoeris, Jacobaea, Knightia, Lactuca, Lagoseris, Lapsana, Lappa, Leontodon, Mulgedium, Nabalus, Picris, Prenanthes, Rhodanthe, Saussurea, Senecio, Solidago, Sonchus, Taraxacum
and
Tragopogon
. DISEASE: 'Downy mildew' of lettuce, globe artichoke, endive, chicory and many ornamental and wild species of Compositae. Infection can occur on any part of the lettuce plant (
Lactuca sativa
) except the capitulum (40: 197) and the fungus may colonize the plant systemically even as far as the roots (42: 429). In infected seedlings, the cotyledons stop growing, leading to stunting or death of the plant. Sporulation occurs on both sides of the cotyledon, which becomes chlorotic. As seedlings age, they become less susceptible, systemic infection becomes progressively less and fewer sporangiophores are produced (53, 3262). Newly formed true leaves are less susceptible than cotyledons (53, 3262). On mature leaves, profuse sporulation on the lower surface is sometimes preceded by a slight chlorosis; in widespread infections of wrapper leaves conidiophores are often the first sign of infection. On the upper surface chlorosis becomes severe and the lesion, bounded by the main veins, is frequently angular in appearance. Browning may occur later, probably due to secondary infections. On globe artichoke (
Cynara scolymus
) infection of the peduncle and basal bracts allows access to secondary infections (43, 3104). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide except Antarctica and Arctic (CMI Map 86, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Sporulation is usually profuse and conidia are air-borne. Conidia from cultivated lettuce are viable for at least 60 days at low temperatures and high humidity (40: 197) and, where lettuce is grown throughout the year, conidia are the most important means of transmission of the disease. The fungus is probably also carried over from season to season by means of oospores in soil debris (51, 3663).
Peronospora jaapiana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora jaapiana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. rhaponticum, R. undulatum
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of rhubarb. Seedlings in cold frames and plants in the field may be attacked and heavy losses caused in cold, wet seasons. The fungus causes a severe spotting and eventual destruction of the leaves. Plants may be almost completely defoliated. The earliest symptoms are conspicuous yellowish spots of 1 cm or more diameter which appear on the upper leaf surface. These areas are at first delimited by the veins but in severe attacks they soon spread causing the veins to break and the leaves then fall to pieces. With age the leaf spots become dry and brown and very brittle. The condiophores which may be seen on the under surface of the leaves beneath the yellow spots in the earlier phases of the disease were sparingly produced in the material seen (IMI 251354) and resembled the downy mildew of rose,
Peronospora sparsa
, in this respect. They are reported as forming a grey to fawn downy growth in Australia when conditions are moist. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (USSR (Estonia, Latvia)); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, Switzerland); N. America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: No oospores have been reported for this species and the pathogen is said to perennate as mycelium in the young shoots of propagating roots (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). The hyphae of
P. jaapiana
contain unusually large amounts of glycogen which enables them to overwinter in decaying leaf material on the ground (Magnus, 1910).
Pseudomonas syringae pv. sesami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas syringae pv. sesami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sesamum indicum
. Inoculation of
Phaseolus vulgaris
stems and pods produces characteristic reddish spots with bacterial exudate, but leaves are not infected. Limited reactions reported for some other plants by Sutic & Dowson (1962) were probably what would now be called hypersensitive reactions. DISEASE: Dark brown to black leaf spots tending to be limited by veins. Spots may also appear on all other above-ground parts. On stems they often elongate and coalesce into lesions several cm long. Early infection of capsules may turn them black. Seriously infected plants may die. Under damp conditions epidemics cause severe losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Tanzania, China, India, Japan, Korea, Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia, USA, Brazil (see CMI Map 398, ed. 2, 1973). Recent reports not included on the map are Uganda (56, 116), South Africa (58, 1681), Mexico (55, 5647) and Venezuela (54, 524). The known distribution in India now includes the whole of UP (49, 2389a). TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by wind-driven rain. Seed transmission occurs (58, 5764) and allows spread into new areas.
Aspergillus wentii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus wentii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: A common species, with its main distribution in tropical and sub-tropical climates.
Eurotium chevalieri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Eurotium chevalieri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Mainly distributed in tropical and sub-tropical areas, but also found in temperate climates.
Pseudocercospora brevis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora brevis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Terminalia bellerica
Roxb. (
Combretaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Pseudocercospora combretacearum var. minima
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora combretacearum var. minima
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Terminalia bellerica
Roxb. (
Combretaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Zeus olympius
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Zeus olympius
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus leucodermis
(branch). DISEASE:
Zeus olympius
has been found on dead portions of twigs which are often still alive towards their bases, suggesting it may be a parasite or facultative endophyte of the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Greece. The fungus is known only from one site at around 1300m altitude on Mount Olympus. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions; ascomata containing ascospores have been observed in April.
Mortierella mutabilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mortierella mutabilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Austria, China, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, UK, USA (North Carolina). TRANSMISSION: Movement of soil, or water-borne dispersal of sporangiospores.
Pseudocercospora carpentariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Leung H. Y. M. , Goh T. K. , Hyde K. D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora carpentariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Carpentaria acuminata
(
Arecaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne or splash-dispersal of conidia.
Fusarium dlaminii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium dlaminii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Saprobic in soil, plant debris. DISEASE: None known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Italy (76, 6733), Republic of South Africa (Transkei). TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be dispersed by movement of contaminated soil or plant debris.
Fusarium napiforme
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium napiforme
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Grain of
Pennisetum americanum
[Pennisetum glaucum]
(millet),
Sorghum
, also saprobic on plant debris in soil. Man. DISEASE: Not known to cause plant disease but potentially may cause mycotoxicosis. Occasionally an opportunistic pathogen of humans. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Namibia, South Africa (Transkei), Australia (Queensland). TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be dispersed by movement of contaminated soil or plant debris. Human transportation of infected grain.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Phaseolus vulgaris
(common bean),
P. coccineus
(scarlet runner bean). May also infect some lupin varieties (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1963). Not pathogenic to other types of beans such as Lima beans (
P. limensis
var.
limenanus
), cowpea (
Vigna sinensis
[Vigna unguiculata]
) or soyabeans (
Soja max
[Glycine max]
). DISEASE:
Fusarium
Yellows, vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread where
Phaseolus vulgaris
is grown, including Brazil, Czech Republic, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Rwanda, Slovakia, The Netherlands, UK, USA, (former) Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be dispersed by movement of contaminated soil or plant debris. The fungus is also seed-borne by conidial contamination (Kendrick, 1934).
Fusarium polyphialidicum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium polyphialidicum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Saprobic on plant debris in soil. DISEASE: None known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Republic of South Africa (Cape Province, Orange Free State, Transvaal), Zimbabwe; Americas: USA (Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia); Australasia: Australia (Northern Territory). TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be dispersed by movement of contaminated soil or plant debris.
Fusarium tumidum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium tumidum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leguminosae
. DISEASE: Infects pods and is associated with circular stem lesions and tip dieback. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Germany, New Zealand. Possibly more widespread in temperate regions, but not reported. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets.
Colpoma crispum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Colpoma crispum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: On dead, rather brittle twigs of
Picea abies
, but usually attached but sometimes fallen by the time ascomata contain ascospores. Probably involved in self-pruning of the tree, but associated with lichen colonies unlike species of
Therrya
on
Pinus
(IMI Descriptions 1297 and 1298), and
Colpoma
on
Quercus
(IMI Description 942) which occur on twigs without lichen colonies. HOSTS:
Juniperus virginiana
(twig),
Larix
sp. (bark, twig),
Picea abies
(bark, twig),
Picea
sp. (bark),
Pseudotsuga menziesii
(twig). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Germany, Italy, Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), Ukraine, USA (Oregon). Unsuccessful searches in north-west Poland. Altitude records exist up to 950m (Ukraine). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions. In the temperate northern hemisphere, ascocarps probably mostly open in late summer and early autumn.
Didymascella thujina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Didymascella thujina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
'Keithia
disease' or 'cedar leaf blight'. HOSTS: Leaves of
Thuja occidentalis, T
.
plicata
. Occurring on
T. plicata
throughout its range in western North America, and widespread in North America on
T. occidentalis
, apparently confined to these two hosts,
fide
Pawsey (1958). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Belgium, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec), Denmark, Eire, Netherlands, Norway, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), USA (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin). Unsuccessful searches on introduced plants in Chile and Ukraine. With the introduction of resistant varieties of its host, this fungus is becoming less common in planted forests and on hedge trees, though it is still generally abundant in natural stands of its hosts. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Mycosphaerella jonkershoekensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Taylor J. E. , Crous P. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella jonkershoekensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Protea longifolia, P. magnifica, P. repens, Protea
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Spores are wind borne.
Teratosphaeria maculiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Taylor J. E. , Crous P. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Teratosphaeria maculiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Protea amplexicaulis, P. burchelli, P. caffra, P. compacta, P. compacta
×
magnifica
cv. Pink Duke,
P. cordata, P. cynaroides, P. eximia, P. gaguedi, P. grandiceps, P. lorifolia, P. magnifica, P. magnifica
×
susannae
cv. Susara,
P. neriifolia, P. nitida, P. obtusifolia, P. obtusifolia
×
magnifica
cv. Shelia,
P. punctata, P. roupelliae, P. simplex, P. speciosa, P. stokoei, P. susannae
×
eximia
cv. Sylvia,
P. repens, Protea
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Wind borne ascospores.
Vizella interrupta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Taylor J. E. , Crous P. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Vizella interrupta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Banksiae integrifoliae, B. serrulata, Grevilleae aquifoliae, Grevellieae
sp.,
Hakea crassifolia, Isopogon anemonifolius, Leucospermum conocarpodendron, L. cordifolium, Leucadendron discolor, L. gandogeri, L. laureolum, Leucadendron
spp.,
Protea cynaroides, P. grandiceps, P. lepidocarpodendron, P. magnifica, P. neriifolia, P. nitida, Protea
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot which can vary in appearance on different hosts, ranging from ascomata scattered randomly or arranged concentrically on the slightly discoloured leaf tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, Australia. TRANSMISSION: Wind borne.
Meliola capsicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola capsicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Meliola capsicola
produces chlorotic zones in the leaves, under and around the colonies. A strong attack might thus result in reduction of photosynthetic capability. HOSTS:
Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. frutescens
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Meliola piperis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola piperis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Meliola piperis
occurs mainly on thin and green branches of living
Piper
plants. This fungus does not produce symptoms of any disease. HOSTS:
Piper aduncum, P. hispidum, P. medium, Piper
sp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: British Guiana, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Valsa ambiens subsp. leucostomoides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Valsa ambiens subsp. leucostomoides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: The anamorph can occasionally be found on dying twigs and the fungus is therefore probably a weak parasite. HOSTS:
Acer campestre, A. negundo, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, A. rubrum, A. saccharinum, A. saccharum, A. tataricum, Fraxinus
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: northern and eastern Europe. North America: Canada (eastern Canada), USA (north-eastern and north-central states). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia and ascospores in humid conditions.