bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The One Jesus Christ’: Romans 5:12–21 and the development of Karl Barth's christology
Authors: McFarland Orrey
Published: June 2014

Although many Barth scholars have begun to argue for the necessity of evaluating Barth's theology as an interpretation of scripture, so far these efforts have focused more on hermeneutical questions and less on the specifics of Barth's exegesis, the specific ways his conclusions derive from that exegesis, and the interplay between his exegetical work and his theology. Accordingly, this article seeks to contribute to Barth studies by tracing the development of Barth's christology through his exegesis of Romans 5:12–21 in the first edition of theRomanscommentary and Barth's later essayChrist and Adam– specifically how he understands the function of Christ's particularity in relation to his universal soteriological significance. These works have been selected not only because they give extended treatments of the text but also because there is a wide timespan between them. Furthermore, in contrast to the second edition ofRomansand theChurch Dogmatics, these texts remain relatively untapped, and will consequently provide a unique entry-point into Barth's exegetical work. By looking at Barth's theological development through his exegesis of Paul's text, we have a benchmark by which both to trace Barth's development and to critique it: does Barth do justice to both the particular and universal aspects of the christology of Romans 5:12–21? In this way, I intend to take seriously Barth's recurring assertion that his project succeeded or failed by how well it functioned as biblical interpretation. It will be demonstrated that the early Barth was unable to allow Christ's particularity to have much of a soteriological function in his interpretation of Romans 5:12–21, and was thus compelled to downplay the particularity of Christ which is emphasised in the text and instead emphasise his universality as the only aspect of soteriological value. By contrast, the later Barth grounded Christ's universality precisely in his particularity; that is, the Christ-event only had universal soteriological consequence because it was the action of a particular, historical Jesus. Yet, despite any problems we might find with Barth's interpretations, both works display Barth as aninterpreterseeking to grapple with the nuances of scripture and with one of the central issues of the biblical text, and of soteriology in general: the relation of the one to the many.
Fast ignition driven by quasi-monoenergetic ions: Optimal ion type and reduction of ignition energies with an ion beam array
Authors: Honrubia J.J. , Fernández J.C. , Hegelich B.M. , Murakami M. , Enriquez C.D.
Published: June 2014

Fast ignition of inertial fusion targets driven by quasi-monoenergetic ion beams is investigated by means of numerical simulations. Light and intermediate ions such as lithium, carbon, aluminum and vanadium have been considered. Simulations show that the minimum ignition energies of an ideal configuration of compressed Deuterium-Tritium are almost independent on the ion atomic number. However, they are obtained for increasing ion energies, which scale, approximately, as Z2, where Z is the ion atomic number. Assuming that the ion beam can be focused into 10 µm spots, a new irradiation scheme is proposed to reduce the ignition energies. The combination of intermediate Z ions, such as 5.5 GeV vanadium, and the new irradiation scheme allows a reduction of the number of ions required for ignition by, roughly, three orders of magnitude when compared with the standard proton fast ignition scheme.
Public Opinion and the French Capital Punishment Debate of 1908
Authors: Donovan James M.
Published: June 2014

Academics have traditionally associated capital punishment most closely with authoritarian regimes. They have assumed an incompatibility between the death penalty and the presumably humane values of modern liberal democracy. However, recent scholarship on the United States by David Garland has suggested that a considerable degree of direct democratic control over a justice system actually tends to favor the retention and application of the death penalty. The reason why the United States has retained capital punishment after it has been abolished in other Western nations is not because public opinion is more supportive of the death penalty in America than in Europe or in Canada. Rather, it is because popular control over the justice system is greater in the United States than in other countries and this strengthens the influence of America's retentionist majority. However, the experience of the United States in this regard has not been unique. The same link between democratic control and retention of the death penalty can be seen in the history of the effort to abolish capital punishment in France. In 1908, a bill in the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house of the French Parliament) to abolish capital punishment was defeated, in large part because of strong opposition from the public. In 1981, majority public opinion in France still favored retention of the death penalty, but in that year, the nation's Parliament defied popular sentiment and outlawed the ultimate punishment. Historians have so far provided little insight into why abolition succeeded in 1981 when it failed in 1908. The explanation for the different outcome appears to have been the greater degree of influence public opinion exerted over the nation's justice system at the turn of the twentieth century than at its end.
Immunity from Seizure and Suit in Australia: The Protection of Cultural Objects on Loan Act 2013
Authors: Forrest Craig
Published: June 2014

Australia has, like many other states over the past few years, introduced a statute that provides immunity from seizure for cultural objects on loan from abroad and immunity from suit for certain parties. This article explores the historical context that lead to the adoption of this statute and comprehensively explores the legislative regime, highlighting its peculiarities.
Whose World Heritage? Dresden’s Waldschlößchen Bridge and UNESCO’s Delisting of the Dresden Elbe Valley1
Authors: Schoch Douglas
Published: June 2014

This article examines the events leading up to, surrounding, and following UNESCO’s controversial removal of Germany’s Dresden Elbe Valley from the World Heritage List in 2009. At the heart of the controversy lay the construction of a new four-lane bridge, the Waldschlößchen Bridge, that would cut through scenic meadows, destroying long-protected vistas and changing the city’s cultural landscape. Although supported by German court decisions and local public opinion polls, the bridge has been denounced by many as an eyesore and an affront to the ideals of World Heritage. Yet despite the bridge, Dresden supposedly maintains World Heritage worthiness, even if it no longer enjoys that title. The author attempts to make sense of these contradictions in order to discover lessons applicable to the World Heritage program as a whole.
3. The Chick–Martin test for disinfectants Chick H, Martin C. J Hyg 1908; 8: 654–697
Authors: BAXBY DERRICK
Published: June 2014

Towards the end of the 19th century there was a need for standardized tests to determine the efficiency of disinfectants against the newly discovered bacterial pathogens. Methods had been developed in which disinfectants were tested on organisms soaked into thread or coated onto garnets. However, more appropriate were tests based on contact between dilutions of disinfectant and suspensions of organisms, which could be subcultured to detect residual infectivity.
4. Development of the complement-fixation test Mackie TJ, Finkelstein MH. J Hyg 1930; 30: 1–24
Authors: WREGHITT TIM
Published: June 2014

Diagnostic microbiology, first by the visualization of organisms followed by culture of pathogenic organisms, developed at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The detection of specific antibody as a means of diagnosing infection followed. One of the most enduring of these antibody assays has been the complement-fixation test, which is still in use 40 years after its development by Bradstreet and Taylor in 1962 [1]. Despite the development of more sensitive assays such as RIA and ELISA, the serological diagnosis of many respiratory infections is still often achieved by means of the complement-fixation test. Some of these pathogens such as influenza viruses are also diagnosed by culture although obtaining acute phase specimens for culture is problematic. Other organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Coxiella burnetii, although cultivable are seldom diagnosed by this means because most diagnostic laboratories are not able to perform culture routinely. Diagnosis of these treatable infections is usually made by use of the complement-fixation test.
5. Incubation at 44 °C as a test for faecal coli Clegg LFL, Sherwood HP. J Hyg 1939; 39: 361–374
Authors: HUNTER PAUL
Published: June 2014

The nature and frequency of waterborne disease changed substantially during the course of the 20th century [1]. In the early decades of the century, the primary diagnosed cause of waterborne disease in both the United Kingdom and the United States was typhoid fever. It was well known at that time that the primary source of infection was faecal pollution of drinking water. It was against this background that methods for detecting faecal pollution were sought.
7. Neave Kingsbury and the serum prophylaxis of measles Kingsbury AN. J Hyg 1927; 27: 1–13
Authors: WREGHITT TIM
Published: June 2014

Measles has been known as a highly contagious serious infection in man for centuries. After a prodromal fever, patients often experience coryza, cough and conjunctivitis followed by a blotchy rash. The disease is more severe in infants and adults with death resulting from encephalitis or pneumonia. Malnourished and immunosuppressed people are also more prone to serious complications and death. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare complication, occurring as late sequela several years after measles infection at a rate of 1–5 per million cases.
13. The application of reproduction number concepts to tuberculosis Vynnycky E, Fine PEM. Epidemiol Infect 1998; 121: 309–324
Authors: VYNNYCKY EMILIA
Published: June 2014

Epidemiology & Infection probably attracts more papers on mathematical modelling of infectious diseases than does any other epidemiology journal. The most important modelling papers published in the journal were probably those of Anderson and May during the 1980s, which laid the foundations for much of the subsequent modelling work carried out by themselves and their colleagues. Since the start of their partnership, they authored 17 articles between them in the journal, including work quantifying the effect of different vaccination strategies against measles and rubella [1, 2], on the epidemiology of rubella in the United Kingdom [3], and on the effect of age-dependent contact between individuals on the critical level of vaccination coverage required for control [4]. The latter work, published in 1985, was particularly important, since it described methods for incorporating realistic assumptions about (heterogeneous) mixing between individuals into models, an issue which was beginning to be addressed in the mathematical literature but which had not yet reached many epidemiological journals. Other important modelling work published in Epidemiology and Infection includes that of McLean et al. (reproduced in this edition) on the control of measles in developing countries [5, 6], and by Garnett and Grenfell on the epidemiology of varicella zoster in developed countries [7, 8].
RPO semantics for mobile ambients
Authors: BONCHI FILIPPO , GADDUCCI FABIO , MONREALE GIACOMA VALENTINA
Published: June 2014

In this paper we focus on the synthesis of labelled transition systems (LTSs) for process calculi using Mobile Ambients (MAs) as a testbed. Our proposal is based on a graphical encoding: a process is mapped into a graph equipped with interfaces such that the denotation is fully abstract with respect to the standard structural congruence. Graphs with interfaces are amenable to the synthesis mechanism based on borrowed contexts (BCs), which is an instance of relative pushouts (RPOs). The BC mechanism allows the effective construction of an LTS that has graphs with interfaces as states and labels, and such that the associated bisimilarity is a congruence. We focus here on the analysis of an LTS over processes as graphs with interfaces: we use the LTS on graphs to recover an LTS directly defined over the structure of MA processes and define a set of SOS inference rules capturing the same operational semantics.
Formal analysis of model transformations based on triple graph grammars
Authors: HERMANN FRANK , EHRIG HARTMUT , GOLAS ULRIKE , OREJAS FERNANDO
Published: June 2014

Triple graph grammars (TGGs) are a well-established concept for the specification and execution of bidirectional model transformations within model driven software engineering. Their main advantage is an automatic generation of operational rules for forward and backward model transformations, which simplifies specification and enhances usability as well as consistency. In this paper we present several important results for analysing model transformations based on the formal categorical foundation of TGGs within the framework of attributed graph transformation systems.

Our first main result shows that the crucial properties of correctness and completeness are ensured for model transformations. In order to analyse functional behaviour, we generate a new kind of operational rule, called aforward translation rule. We apply existing results for the analysis of local confluence for attributed graph transformation systems. As additional main results, we provide sufficient criteria for the verification of functional behaviour as well as a necessary and sufficient condition for strong functional behaviour. In fact, these conditions imply polynomial complexity for the execution of the model transformation. We also analyse information and complete information preservation of model transformations, that is, whether a source model can be reconstructed (uniquely) from the target model computed by the model transformation. We illustrate the results for the well-known model transformation example from class diagrams to relational database models.
Analysis of permutation equivalence in -adhesive transformation systems with negative application conditions
Authors: HERMANN FRANK , CORRADINI ANDREA , EHRIG HARTMUT
Published: June 2014

$\mathcal{M}$-adhesive categories provide an abstract framework for a large variety of specification frameworks for modelling distributed and concurrent systems. They extend the well-known frameworks of adhesive and weak adhesive HLR categories and integrate high-level constructs such as attribution as in the case of typed attributed graphs.

In the current paper, we investigate$\mathcal{M}$-adhesive transformation systems including negative application conditions (NACs) for transformation rules, which are often used in applications. For such systems, we propose an original equivalence on transformation sequences, calledpermutation equivalence, that is coarser than the classical switch equivalence. We also present a general construction of deterministic processes for$\mathcal{M}$-adhesive transformation systems based on subobject transformation systems. As a main result, we show that the process obtained from a transformation sequence identifies its equivalence class of permutation-equivalent transformation sequences. Moreover, we show how the analysis of this process can be reduced to the analysis of the reachability graph of a generated Place/Transition Petri net. This net encodes the dependencies between rule applications of the transformation sequence, including the inhibiting effects of the NACs.
‘Woe Betide Us If They Win!’: National Socialist Treatment of the Spanish ‘Volunteer’ Workers
Authors: I MIRET MARICIÓ JANUÉ
Published: June 2014

During 1941 the need for workers in Germany increased. As a result, the National Socialists requested allied and neutral countries to recruit volunteer workers. The total number of volunteers from these countries employed by the Nazis during the Second World War was similar to the total number of the civilian workers from occupied Poland. In spite of the better conditions offered to these volunteers and the efforts to indoctrinate them, the National Socialists failed to attract them to their cause. This article examines the reasons for this failure, taking as an example the case of the Spanish volunteers. The research is mainly based on the documents of the German-Spanish Society (Deutsch-Spanische Gesellschaft, DSG) of Berlin, which was the principal intermediary between the Spanish volunteers, and the National Socialist and Spanish authorities.
Anti-Semitism and Urban Development in France in the Second World War: The Case ofÎlot16 in Paris
Authors: BACKOUCHE ISABELLE , GENSBURGER SARAH
Published: June 2014

Examining an ordinary town-planning decision made during an extraordinary period, this article highlights the interaction between the local urban redevelopment policy and the state policy of racial persecution in 1941. However, it argues that this interaction was far more complex than the implementation of an anti-Semitic ideology by two separate administrations to which it is usually reduced. Instead of trying to assess the ‘reality’ of the ‘representation’ of the housing area (îlot) as a ‘Jewish quarter’ the article takes as fact the notion that representations are realities, and vice versa, and attempts to understand if, and by what mechanisms, an ethno-religious characterisation of the îlot played a role in the redevelopment operations under consideration here.

In 1921 a memo from the Seine prefecture had been presented to the city council, identifying seventeen insanitary îlots in Paris as having above-average mortality rates from tuberculosis. These îlots were to be razed to the ground and rebuilt. The sixteenth îlot on the list was located in the southern section of the fourth arrondissement. This ‘îlot 16’ was apparently known as an area where the majority of its inhabitants were foreign Jews. In October 1941, when the persecution of the Jews was at its height, the Seine prefecture began a massive redevelopment of this urban space. The issue of areas of bad housing had been nagging at officials since the beginning of the century: but how are the actions of the Seine prefecture to be explained from 1941 onwards? Why, during the Second World War, were city officials so determined to prioritise, indeed to focus exclusively on, îlot 16? Why was it that a Paris construction project of a scale not seen since Baron Haussmann's time was planned at this point, when the actors themselves described the economic and political situation as unfavourable?
City Mayors, Raion Chiefs and Village Elders in Ukraine, 1941–4: How Local Administrators Co-operated with the German Occupation Authorities
Authors: EIKEL MARKUS , SIVAIEVA VALENTINA
Published: June 2014

During the occupation of Ukraine, city mayors, raion chiefs and village elders played a substantial role in implementing occupation policies. Based in large part on primary sources from regional archives in Ukraine, the current article analyses the role of these local administrators, so far largely neglected in research on the occupation of Ukraine. Whatever their original motives were for joining the local administration (Hilfsverwaltung) – economic, nationalistic, or ethnic reasons, or a desire for better governance, local administrators nevertheless supported forced labour measures and the murder of the local Jewish population by identifying the local Jewish inhabitants, by administering the property of the murdered Jews or by facilitating Jewish forced labour duties. The article treats the city administration in Kamenets-Podol’sk in Podolia as a case study of the involvement of the local administration in the crimes committed under the occupation regime.
Differences in duration of untreated illness, duration, and severity of illness among clinical phenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Dell’Osso Bernardo , Benatti Beatrice , Oldani Lucio , Spagnolin Gregorio , Altamura A.Carlo
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent, disabling, and comorbid condition that is frequently under-recognized and poorly treated. OCD phenotypes may differ in terms of clinical presentation and severity. However, few studies have investigated whether clinical phenotypes differ in terms of latency to treatment (ie, duration of untreated illness[DUI]), duration, and severity of illness. The present study was aimed to quantify the aforementioned variables in a sample of OCD patients.

Methods

One hundred fourteen outpatients with aDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of OCD were recruited, and their main clinical features were collected. Severity of illness was assessed through the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and the main phenotypes were identified through the Y-BOCS Symptom Checklist. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test, were performed to compare DUI, duration, and severity of illness across subgroups.

Results

In the whole sample, the mean DUI exceeded 7 years (87.35±11.75 months), accounting for approximately half of the mean duration of illness (172.2±13.36 months). When subjects were categorized into 4 main clinical phenotypes, respectively, aggressive/checking (n=31), contamination/cleaning (n=37), symmetry/ordering (n=32), and multiple phenotypes (n=14), DUI, duration, and severity of illness resulted significantly higher in the aggressive/checking subgroup, compared to other subgroups (F=3.58, p<0.01; F=3.07, p<0.01; F=4.390, p<0.01).

Discussion

In a sample of OCD patients, along with a mean latency to treatment of approximately 7 years, regardless of the phenotype, patients had spent half of their duration of illness (DI) without being treated. DUI, duration, and severity of illness resulted significantly higher in the aggressive/checking subgroup.
Application of Fractal and Grey Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Analysis in Evaluation of Brain Corpus Callosum and Cingulum Architecture
Authors: Pantic Igor , Dacic Sanja , Brkic Predrag , Lavrnja Irena , Pantic Senka , Jovanovic Tomislav , Pekovic Sanja
Published: June 2014

This aim of this study was to assess the discriminatory value of fractal and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analysis methods in standard microscopy analysis of two histologically similar brain white mass regions that have different nerve fiber orientation. A total of 160 digital micrographs of thionine-stained rat brain white mass were acquired using a Pro-MicroScan DEM-200 instrument. Eighty micrographs from the anterior corpus callosum and eighty from the anterior cingulum areas of the brain were analyzed. The micrographs were evaluated using the National Institutes of Health ImageJ software and its plugins. For each micrograph, seven parameters were calculated: angular second moment, inverse difference moment, GLCM contrast, GLCM correlation, GLCM variance, fractal dimension, and lacunarity. Using the Receiver operating characteristic analysis, the highest discriminatory value was determined for inverse difference moment (IDM) (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve equaled 0.925, and for the criterion IDM≤0.610 the sensitivity and specificity were 82.5 and 87.5%, respectively). Most of the other parameters also showed good sensitivity and specificity. The results indicate that GLCM and fractal analysis methods, when applied together in brain histology analysis, are highly capable of discriminating white mass structures that have different axonal orientation.
Assessing cancer caregivers' needs for an early targeted psychosocial support project: The experience of the oncology department of the Poliambulanza Foundation
Authors: Meriggi Fausto , Andreis Federica , Premi Veronica , Liborio Nadia , Codignola Claudio , Mazzocchi Maria , Rizzi Anna , Prochilo Tiziana , Rota Luigina , Di Biasi Brunella , Bertocchi Paola , Abeni Chiara , Ogliosi Chiara , Aroldi Francesca , Zaniboni Alberto
Published: June 2014

Objective:

Caregivers play a key role in the management of patients with cancer. However, some studies have suggested that caregivers have even more unmet needs than the patients.

Method:

To better identify the needs and changes in the lifestyles of the caregivers in our practice and to plan a targeted support project to decrease caregiver burden, we administered the Caregiver's QoL Index–Cancer (CQoLC) to 200 consecutive caregivers. This questionnaire assesses psychological well-being, the relationship with healthcare professionals, administration of finances, lifestyle disruption, and positive adaptation.

Results:

Our data showed that being a caregiver to a patient with metastatic disease negatively affected females mostly with regard to mental and emotional burden, while men complained more about their sexual life (42.3 vs. 33.6%), although this result was not significant. Some 93.5% of caregivers reported that they were pleased with their role, while 83.4% were concerned about financial difficulties.

Significance of results:

We strongly believe that early supportive care directed not only at patients but also to caregivers may improve the quality of life (QoL) in this population. We are currently developing a targeted support project to decrease caregiver burden.
Meaning and existential givens in the lives of cancer patients: A philosophical perspective on psycho-oncology
Authors: Vos Joël
Published: June 2014

Objective:

Many cancer patients report changes in how they experience meaning in life and being confronted with life's limitations, understanding themselves as being vulnerable, finite, and free beings. Many would like to receive psychotherapeutic help for this. However, psychotherapy for these concerns often either focuses primarily on meaning in life (e.g., meaning-centered/logotherapy) or on existential givens (e.g., supportive–expressive therapy). The relationship between meaning in life and existential givens seems relatively unexplored, and it seems unclear how therapists can integrate them. The present article aims to explore the relationship between meaning and existential givens.

Method:

Martin Heidegger was a founder of existentialism, inspiring both meaning therapies and supportive–expressive therapies. Therefore, we systematically apply his understanding of these phenomena, elucidated by four elements in his central metaphor of “the house.”

Results:

(1) Walls: In everyday life, we construct ordinary meanings, like the walls of a house, to protect us from our surroundings, wind, and rain. (2) Surroundings (“existential givens”): Confronted with cancer, the meanings/walls of this house may collapse; people may start seeing their surroundings and understand that they could have built their house at a different location, that is, they understand the broad range of possibilities in life, their responsibility to choose, and the contingency of current meanings. (3) How to design, build, and dwell: People may design, build, and dwell in their house in different ways: they may lock themselves in their house of impermeable “ordinary meanings” and deny the existence of existential surroundings; they may feel overwhelmed by all possibilities and be unable to experience meaning; they may build the house as their true home, use life's possibilities, and listen to their true self by building permeable “existential meanings.” (4). Navigator: People may experience inner guidance to navigate in designing, building, and dwelling in this house.

Significance of results:

Meaning in life and existential givens are intertwined. Therefore, we suggest that it is necessary for psycho-oncologists to address both. Further clinical validation is required.
CARL SCHMITT AND THE CHALLENGE OF SPINOZA’S PANTHEISM BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS
Authors: KOEKKOEK RENE
Published: June 2014

Focusing on Carl Schmitt's early work, this article argues that Schmitt's relatively unfamiliar mystical interpretation of Spinoza's pantheism, in combination with his use of the abbé Sieyès's notion ofpouvoir constituant, deeply informed his particular conception of anti-liberal, dictatorial democracy. Although it is often argued that, in Carl Schmitt's view, Spinoza heralded the end of political theology, this essay suggests that, even though it may be correct to say that Schmitt by 1938 deemed Spinoza “the corrupting spirit of modern liberalism”, there is a prior crucial, yet relatively unexplored, story to tell about Schmitt's reading of Spinoza—a story that leads to the heart of Schmitt's reconceptualization of democracy. While in Schmitt's view Spinoza's pantheism was detrimental to divine and kingly transcendentalism, it also served as a bold mystical foundation of Schmitt's notion of democratic homogeneity that would be capable of competing with contemporary “political theories of myth”.
THE COMMON WORLD: HISTORIES OF SCIENCE AND DOMESTIC INTIMACY
Authors: COEN DEBORAH R.
Published: June 2014

Let us begin by considering a series of letters written in 1863 by Max Vigne, a humble imperial surveyor in India, to his wife at home in England. In the course of his affectionate and finely observed correspondence, Vigne comes to think of himself for the first time as a naturalist. He recounts his growing fascination with botany, particularly the new field of plant geography, and he expresses a keen desire to share this new knowledge—and his newfound identity—with his faraway wife, Clara.

Everything I am seeing and doing is sonew. . . When I lie down to sleep everything spins in my brain. I can only make sense of my life the way I have made sense of everything, since we first met: by describing it to you. That great gift you have always had oflistening, asking such excellent questions—when I tell you enough to let you imagine me clearly, then I can imagine myself.

In these lines Vigne is proposing what might strike us at first as a surprising connection between scientific observation and private life. He seems to derive his standard of clear description—the backbone of his scientific work as a naturalist—not from professional norms or philosophical reflections, but rather from an ideal of intimacy. In subsequent letters Vigne makes clear that his study of the geographical relations among plants is part of a more personal quest for knowledge: an attempt to make sense of the persistence of his own identity during his transformative experiences of travel. “Only now do I begin to grasp the principles of growth and change in the plants I learned to name in the woods, those we have grown at home—there is ascienceto this. Something that transcends mere identification.” He likens the plant's essential and enduring form to the bond he shares with Clara:

The point, dear heart, is that through all these transformations one can still discern the original morphology; the original character is altered yet not lost. In our separation our lives are changing, our bond to each other is changing. Yet still we are essentially the same.

These letters never reached Vigne's wife, because neither he, nor Clara, nor the letters themselves ever really existed. They are fictions, penned not by a nineteenth-century naturalist but by the twenty-first-century novelist, Andrea Barrett. Why begin a historiographical essay with fiction? In part because in very few cases have historians yet gone to the trouble of reconstructing such profound resonances between familial and scientific experiences. As historians, we are not yet sure how to read domestic documents as sources for the history of knowledge production. “Flimsy lists of things to do, large parchment mortgages, ‘private letters of no consequence’”—these are among the historical documents that we need to learn to read for their clues to intellectual history.
RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN AMERICA: MYTHS AND REALITIES
Authors: COUVARES FRANCIS G.
Published: June 2014

The Whiggish story of ever-evolving liberty issuing from the Revolutionary decades and progressing straightforwardly over the next two centuries is dead. But so too, it seems, on the evidence of these two good books, is the revisionist tale of either “republican virtue” (often trumpeted by progressives) or “evangelical piety” (often trumpeted by Christian conservatives) governing the American mind and its understanding of rights, obligations, and collective identity. Both Steven K. Green and David Sehat see the narrative arc of American history as a continual tension between the religious and secular understandings of the American Constitution. Sehat is more doubtful that the Jeffersonian–Madisonian doctrine of separation of church and state ever commanded broad assent. The “myth” that America was born religiously free, though peddled by liberals, he argues, actually disables secularists who are struggling to create a public realm truly free from religious coercion. Green more readily accepts the proposition that the germ of religious freedom grew from its eighteenth-century origins along a non-continuous but nonetheless clearly secularizing trajectory.
FROM MORAL THREAT TO SYMBOLIC PROMISE: SHIFTING VIEWS OF POPULAR CULTURE
Authors: MCCLAY WILFRED M.
Published: June 2014

Some twenty years ago, the American sociologist Robert Wuthnow found in an opinion survey that his subjects consistently expressed extraordinarily conflicting attitudes toward money, proclaiming in one breath that Americans are too materialistic, and then in the next breath unashamedly affirming money's central importance, and wishing they had more of it. At the time, Wuthnow argued that these strikingly contradictory results probably reflected something in the national mood during a time of economic stagnation. But I think we are safe in guessing that his findings are not too different from what a similar survey of Americans would find at almost any time in the recent past. The ambivalences he detected in his survey have about them the ring of truth, the feel of something enduring. Even conspicuous comets of material ambition may be trailed by long tails of moral misgiving; and something like the reverse, conspicuous rectitude veiling grand acquisitive passion, may also be the case. Prosperity generates an “embarrassment of riches,” as Simon Schama put it, which is why “the tensions of a capitalism that endeavoured to make itself moral were the same whether in sixteenth-century Venice, seventeenth-century Amsterdam, or eighteenth-century London.”
Ronald Coase's theory of the firm and the scope of economics
Authors: LOASBY BRIAN J.
Published: June 2014

Ronald Coase's work and its reception illustrate the significance – and the difficulty – of identifying problems and proposing solutions, which provides the theme of this paper. His theoretical innovation was not derived from economics, and seemed irrelevant to contemporary issues of economic theory and policy; only his much later perception of an apparently unrelated problem – the incoherent treatment of social cost as market failure – showed how the concept of transaction costs could illuminate two major areas of economics. The inadequate treatment by economists of the transaction costs of markets is linked to the neglect of processes, and especially the processes of organising the growth and use of knowledge – key concerns of Smith and Marshall. The curious relationship between Coase's explanation of firms and Austin Robinson's analysis of competitive industry leads to a reflection on the scarce resource of human cognition and the role (and fallibility) of institutions.
The Would-Be Migrant: Post-Socialist Primitive Accumulation, Potential Transnational Mobility, and the Displacement of the Present in Northeast China
Authors: Biao Xiang
Published: June 2014

This article argues that ‘would-be migrants’ – people who prepare for migrating overseas to the extent that their present lives are significantly changed – should become a central figure in migration studies. There are many more would-be migrants than actual migrants, and they also have deeper impacts on migration processes and local societies. Instead of treating the would-be migrant as a derivative of the category of ‘migrant’, this article establishes it as the primary figure, and argues that migration is a contingent outcome of being a ‘would-be’. In order to do so this article delves into the living conditions of would-be migrants in northeast China, with a focus on two aspects that concern them the most: the exorbitant intermediary fees and the high risks involved. The would-be migrants' experiences suggest that the prevalent pattern of unskilled outmigration since the 1990s should be understood as a result of developments inside of China, particularly a condition that I call the ‘displacement of the present’. The figure of would-be migrant is not only methodologically revealing for migration studies, but also urges us to rethink how we may engage with rapid social changes.
International Higher Education Ambitions and Regional Migration Supports
Authors: Ho K.C.
Published: June 2014

Higher education in East Asia is at an important historical juncture where its flagship universities are locked in a race to internationalise. In this restructuring, international students become a critical element in university and national strategies, as a key resource to strengthen university research and to augment the skilled labour force of a country. This article examines the issue of student migration at three scales. First, an idea of the regional magnitude of student movements is determined by examining inbound and outbound movements of students moving out of their home countries to study abroad within Pacific Asia (East and Southeast Asia). Second, by using Singapore as a case study, the paper examines the role of state policy in the internationalisation of higher education. We see how state and university policies shape the new work of flagship universities. And third, by drilling down further and using a survey sample of National University of Singapore international students, the main body of the paper examines the process of decision making, the elements which attract students to Singapore, their adjustment process, and their plans after graduation. This paper argues that the internationalisation of education brings about a powerful set of influences to the host society particularly when there are policies facilitating foreign students and their insertion into the host economy and society. Far from being a small temporary minority locked away in ivory towers, foreign students become the focus of policy, a talent that is sourced, a pillar supporting the economy, the hope of new marriage formation and the arrest the fertility decline, and an essential ingredient in the resultant multicultural society.
EZH2-mediated epigenetic suppression of long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 promote
s NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis by affecting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Sun M , Liu X-H , Lu K-H , Nie F-Q , Xia R , Kong R , Yang J-S , Xu T-P , Liu Y-W , Zou Y-F , Lu B-B , Yin R , Zhang E-B , Xu L , De W , Wang Z-X
Published: June 2014

Recent evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have a critical role in the regulation of cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and metastasis. These lncRNAs are dysregulated in a variety of cancers and many function as tumor suppressors; however, the regulatory factors involved in silencing lncRNA transcription are poorly understood. In this study, we showed that epigenetic silencing of lncRNA SPRY4 intronic transcript 1 (SPRY4-IT1) occurs in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells through direct transcriptional repression mediated by the Polycomb group protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2). SPRY4-IT1 is derived from an intron within SPRY4, and is upregulated in melanoma cells; knockdown of its expression leads to cell growth arrest, invasion inhibition, and elevated rates of apoptosis. Upon depletion of EZH2 by RNA interference, SPRY4-IT1 expression was restored, and transfection of SPRY4-IT1 into NSCLC cells resulted in a significant antitumoral effect, both in culture and in xenografted nude mice. Moreover, overexpression of SPRY4-IT1 was found to have a key role in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition through the regulation of E-cadherin and vimentin expression. In EZH2-knockdown cells, which characteristically showed impaired cell proliferation and metastasis, the induction of SPRY4-IT1 depletion partially rescued the oncogenic phenotype, suggesting that SPRY4-IT1 repression has an important role in EZH2 oncogenesis. Of most relevance, translation of these findings into human NSCLC tissue samples demonstrated that patients with low levels of SPRY4-IT1 expression had a shorter overall survival time, suggesting that SPRY4-IT1 could be a biomarker for poor prognosis of NSCLC.
Isolation, plant colonization potential and phenanthrene degradation performance of the endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. Ph6-gfp
Authors: Sun Kai , Liu Juan , Gao Yanzheng , Jin Li , Gu Yujun , Wang Wanqing
Published: June 2014

This investigation provides a novel method of endophyte-aided removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from plant bodies. A phenanthrene-degrading endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. Ph6 was isolated from clover (Trifolium pratense L.) grown in a PAH-contaminated site. After being marked with the GFP gene, the colonization and distribution of strain Ph6-gfp was directly visualized in plant roots, stems and leaves for the first time. After ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) roots inoculation, strain Ph6-gfp actively and internally colonized plant roots and transferred vertically to the shoots. Ph6-gfp had a natural capacity to cope with phenanthrene in vitro and in planta. Ph6-gfp degraded 81.1% of phenanthrene (50 mg·L−1) in a culture solution within 15 days. The inoculation of plants with Ph6-gfp reduced the risks associated with plant phenanthrene contamination based on observations of decreased concentration, accumulation and translocation factors of phenanthrene in ryegrass. Our results will have important ramifications in the assessment of the environmental risks of PAHs and in finding ways to circumvent plant PAH contamination.
Fast determination of the surface density of titanium in ultrathin layers using LIBS spectrometry
Authors: Kratochvíl Tomáš , Černohorský Tomáš , Knotek Petr , Kalina Lukáš , Návesník Jakub , Pouzar Miloslav , Zvolská Magdalena
Published: June 2014

A new ultra fast method for precise quantification of very low surface densities of Ti deposited on steel sheets.
Enantioselective phospha-Michael addition of diarylphosphines to β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters and amides
Authors: Chew Renta Jonathan , Teo Kai Yuan , Huang Yinhua , Li Bin-Bin , Li Yongxin , Pullarkat Sumod A. , Leung Pak-Hing
Published: June 2014

A chiral palladacycle catalyzed hydrophosphination of β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters and amides has been developed; with up to 99% yield and 90% ee.
Formation of phosphanoxy-substituted phosphaalkenes via sterically promoted cleavage of the PP diphosphene bond
Authors: Ito Shigekazu , Okabe Shunsuke , Ueta Yasuhiro , Mikami Koichi
Published: June 2014

The sterically congested diphosphene bond is cleaved by RLi and acyl halides to provide phosphanoxy-substituted phosphaethenes.
A phosphomolybdic acid anion probe-based label-free, stable and simple electrochemical biosensing platform
Authors: Wei Tianxiang , Chen Yuyun , Tu Wenwen , Lan Yaqian , Dai Zhihui
Published: June 2014

A versatile label-free, stable, low-cost and simple electrochemical biosensing platform has been developed based on a phosphomolybdic acid anion probe by jointly taking advantages of its native electronegativity, electrochemical activity and chemisorption with graphene oxide.
FTO-free counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells using carbon nanosheets synthesised from a polymeric carbon source
Authors: Akbar Zico Alaia , Lee Jae-Seon , Kang Jinhyeon , Joh Han-Ik , Lee Sungho , Jang Sung-Yeon
Published: June 2014

Dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using novel carbon nanosheets synthesized from polymeric sources as the Pt and FTO-free counter electrodes.
Energy transfer properties of Rhodobacter sphaeroides chromatophores during adaptation to low light intensity
Authors: Driscoll B. , Lunceford C. , Lin S. , Woronowicz K. , Niederman R. A. , Woodbury N. W.
Published: June 2014

Time-resolved fluorescence study of light-environment adapted chromatophores from the purple bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
Structural influence on the photoluminescence properties of Eu3+doped Gd3MO7(M = Nb, Sb, and Ta) red phosphors
Authors: Francis T. Linda , Prabhakar Rao P. , Thomas Mariyam , S. K. Mahesh , V. R. Reshmi , T. S. Sreena
Published: June 2014

The influence of cation ordering (M = Sb < Nb < Ta) plays a significant role in enhancing the luminescence of red phosphor materials, Gd3−xMO7:xEu3+.
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on a ruthenium catalyst in two-phase systems: an excellent opportunity for the control of reaction rate and selectivity
Authors: Ordomsky Vitaly V. , Khodakov Andrei Y. , Legras Benoit , Lancelot Christine
Published: June 2014

Localization of Ru/C in the organic phase in biphasic systems leads to high selectivity to long-chain hydrocarbons similar to that in the organic phase at a higher overall Fischer–Tropsch reaction rate.
Structure and water exchange of the hydrated thiosulfate ion in aqueous solution using QMCF MD simulation and large angle X-ray scattering
Authors: Eklund Lars , Hofer Tomas S. , Weiss Alexander K. H. , Tirler Andreas O. , Persson Ingmar
Published: June 2014

Experimental and simulation data of the thiosulfate ion show large similarities in hydration structure and mechanism with the sulfate ion but with weaker hydration of the terminal sulfur atom in thiosulfate.
Direct evidence of a blocking heavy atom effect on the water-assisted fluorescence enhancement detection of Hg2+ based on a ratiometric chemosensor
Authors: Ni Xin-Long , Wu Yanan , Redshaw Carl , Yamato Takehiko
Published: June 2014

The heavy atom effect of Hg2+ could be inhibited by water and other solvent molecules based on results using the chemosensor L.
Syntheses of sterically shielded stable carbenes of the 1,2,4-triazole series and their corresponding palladium complexes: efficient catalysts for chloroarene hydrodechlorination
Authors: Glinyanaya Nataliya V. , Saberov Vagiz Sh. , Korotkikh Nikolai I. , Cowley Alan H. , Butorac Rachel R. , Evans Daniel A. , Pekhtereva Tatyana M. , Popov Anatolii F. , Shvaika Oles P.
Published: June 2014

Sterically shielded 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidenes and their palladium complexes: catalysts for hydrodechlorination.
High selectivity towards small copper ions by a preorganized phenanthroline-derived tetradentate ligand and new insight into the complexation mechanism
Authors: Xiao Cheng-Liang , Wu Qun-Yan , Mei Lei , Yuan Li-Yong , Wang Cong-Zhi , Zhao Yu-Liang , Chai Zhi-Fang , Shi Wei-Qun
Published: June 2014

A preorganized tetradentate phenanthroline-derived amide ligand was found to show high selectivity towards small copper ions.
The immobilization of U(vi) on iron oxyhydroxides under various physicochemical conditions
Authors: Ping Li , Zhuoxin Yin , Jianfeng Lin , Qiang Jin , Yaofang Du , Qiaohui Fan , Wangsuo Wu
Published: June 2014

The immobilization of U(vi) at the solid–water interface is an important process affecting its transportation and migration in the environment, and is predominantly controlled by the sorption behavior of U(vi).
A convenient palladium-catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of 4(3H)-quinazolinones from 2-bromoformanilides and organo nitros with Mo(CO)6 as a multiple promoter
Authors: He Lin , Sharif Muhammad , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Wu Xiao-Feng
Published: June 2014

An interesting and convenient procedure for the synthesis of quinazolinones from 2′-bromoformanilides and nitro compounds has been developed. 26 examples of the desired products were isolated in 41–97% yields.