bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Written Exposure on Worry
Authors: Goldman Natalie , Dugas Michel J. , Sexton Kathryn A. , Gervais Nicole J.
Published: June 2007

The main goal of this study was to examine the effect of written exposure on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)-related symptoms in high worriers. Thirty nonclinical high worriers were randomly assigned to either a written exposure condition or a control writing condition. Self-report measures were used to assess worry, GAD somatic symptoms, depression, and intolerance of uncertainty at four time points during the study. Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), the authors found that all symptoms (i.e., worry, GAD somatic symptoms, and depression) significantly decreased over time in the written exposure group (although GAD somatic symptoms also decreased in the control group). Moreover, consistent with previous findings that intolerance of uncertainty preceded changes in worry over the course of treatment, intolerance of uncertainty scores predicted subsequent scores on all symptom measures in the experimental group. In contrast, worry and depression scores predicted subsequent intolerance of uncertainty scores in the control group.
The symbolic force of human rights
Authors: Neves Marcelo
Published: June 2007

The article deals with `The Symbolic Force of Human Rights'. First, it restricts the meaning of the term `symbolic' and of the expression `symbolic force'. Second, it discusses the concept of human rights. Having established the conceptual framework, the author goes to the core of his argument, characterizing the symbolic force of human rights as ambivalent: on one hand, it serves for their generalized affirmation and accomplishment; on the other hand, it acts as a manner of political manipulation. In this regard, the article focuses, first, on the symbolic force of human rights at the level of national states, and then within the international and worldwide context, on criticizing finally the rhetorical use of human rights by nowadays' only superpower, the USA.
Criticism from within nature
Authors: Testa Italo
Published: June 2007

I tackle the definition of the relation between first and second nature while examining some problems with McDowell's conception. This, in the first place, will bring out the need to extend the notion of second nature to the social dimension, understanding it not just as `inner' second nature — individual mind — but also as `outer' second nature — objective spirit. In the second place the dialectical connection between these two notions of second nature will point the way to a critical use of the concept itself, which will link up with a theory of reification. Furthermore, I shall endeavor to fit my reflection into the problematic constellation of critical theory: my analysis in fact rests on the question whether, within a critical theory, the philosophy of nature can be recaptured today, in such a way as to give meaning to the very notion of socio-philosophical criticism of reality.
Stain removal
Authors: Massara Art
Published: June 2007

What role does race play in the moral judgment of character? None, ideally, philosophers insist, contending that the proper assessment of an action requires that we disregard any social values associated with the body performing it. What rightly comes under evaluation, they assert, is the neutral, abstract deed irrespective of the race of the agent. Only under these conditions, presumably, can we gauge true moral worth. Reading together Immanuel Kant and Frantz Fanon on ethics and race, I propose instead that embodied values such as those accorded by race do not distort the portrait of the ethical subject but rather bring that subjectivity into being.
Rurality and probation practice
Authors: Pugh Richard
Published: June 2007

This article reviews a much-neglected area of probation practice: rural service. It reviews relevant literature from other human services to make the case that while the predominant focus in much of the available literature is upon questions of increased costs in delivering service to dispersed populations, there are other important aspects of the rural context which bear upon the delivery and receipt of service. It concludes with some consideration of the potential of the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) for more locally variable and flexible forms of service delivery.
In Search of a European Settlement: Chatham House and British-German Relations, 1920—55
Authors: Haase Christian
Published: June 2007

The Royal Institute of International Affairs, also known as Chatham House, played a significant role in moulding the public perception of the conflict between Germany and the 'West' in the first half of the twentieth century. This article explores the development of Chatham House studies on the German problem, from the early work carried out by its members during the First World War to their views on the so-called war guilt debate, appeasement, the Nuremberg Trials, and West German post-war reconstruction and rearmament. Arnold Toynbee, who was Director of Studies between 1925 and 1955, and many researchers of his generation, developed, affirmed, and changed their outlook on the German problem based on a complex pattern of transatlantic academic exchanges between the English- and German-speaking worlds. These exchanges not only shaped the conflict between Germany and the West, but also helped to strengthen liberal ideas on international law and parliamentary democracy in Germany after the two World Wars.
Soviet and Post-Soviet Planning in Almaty, Kazakhstan
Authors: Alexander Catherine
Published: June 2007

■ Through the case study of Soviet and post-Soviet Almaty (the former capital of Kazakhstan), this article considers how the idea of rational planning was bolstered in the Soviet era by a belief in universalizing approaches and the primacy of scientific truth over local ethics and knowledge. However, in practice, plans were rarely implemented. A succession of contingent events left city officials caught between an immediate necessity for basic shelter and grand plans for quite different futures. This also revealed the tension between rationality as the goal of harmony between man and nature, and rationality as the means to get there. Many citizens believed harmony had in fact been destroyed by statist intervention. The revolutionary logic — supposedly natural laws framing rationality — appeared again after the end of the Soviet period. This time, however, the inverse resulted. The emergence of the market was retrospectively rationalized through the bureaucratic form as an inescapable result of historical determinism.
Dangerous Modernities? Innovative Technologies and the Unsettling of Agriculture in Rural Poland
Authors: Pine Frances
Published: June 2007

■ This article is concerned with the way people understood socialist modernity in different regions of Poland, and with their responses to the collapse of socialism and with it the unsettling of employment, work and economy generally. The article focuses on stories told in central and southern Poland about technologies and progress associated with socialist industrialization and infrastructure development, and on later stories of technologies and danger associated with the demise of socialism and the advent of capitalism. It considers the way that trains and other technologies may become heavily weighted symbols for both development and unsettlement, in stories which refer obliquely to the fragility of kinship and the state, and to anxiety connected to change.
Labour and Love
Authors: Read Rosie
Published: June 2007

■ Post-1989 structural reforms to the Czech health care service allowed for the introduction of new models of the nurse—patient relationship and new ideals of adequate nursing care. This article follows how these shifts were manifested in social relations within a Prague-based nursing home, founded by Borromeo nuns in the mid 1990s. Focusing on ideas about the place of emotional identification with patients amongst a range of nursing staff in the home (nuns, civil nurses and managers), this article explores how ideologies of care are linked to different articulations of modernity and, in particular, to changing configurations of public and private as embodied aspects of the modern self.
FMR1 Alleles in Parkinson's Disease: Relation to Cognitive Decline and Hallucinations, A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Kurz Martin Wilhelm , Melissa Schlitter Anna , Klenk Yvonne , Mueller Thomas , Larsen Jan Petter , Aarsland Dag , Dekomien Gabriele
Published: June 2007

Carriers of expanded alleles of the fragile X mental retardation ( FMR1) gene may display parkinsonism, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. The authors screened 2 male groups of patients affected with Parkinson's disease (PD) (n = 137). One group (n = 56) was followed longitudinally for up to 12 years. Length of CGG repeats in PD patients was compared with healthy controls (n = 310). In addition, the association of the number of CGG repeats with cognitive decline or hallucinations was studied in the longitudinally followed PD group. The authors found no repeats in the premutation range (55-200 CGG repeats) and no significant difference in the proportion of intermediate-size (41-54 CGG repeats) carriers between the PD and the control groups. Using linear regression, the number of CGG repeats was not related to motor or cognitive progression. However, the marked cognitive decline in 2 patients carrying intermediate-size alleles points to a possible association. More studies with larger PD samples are warranted. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007;20:89-92)
Polymorphisms and Vascular Cognitive Impairment After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Baum Larry , Xiangyan Chen  , Wing Sze Cheung  , Cheung Chi Kin Arthur , Lap Woon Cheung  , Chiu Ka Fung Peter , Hong Mei Wen  , Poon Peter , Kam Sang Woo  , Ho Keung Ng  , Ka Sing Wong
Published: June 2007

Environmental and genetic factors may both affect the risk of vascular cognitive impairment developing after a stroke. To identify factors affecting this risk, the cognitive status of 121 patients was examined 3 months after an ischemic stroke. In all patients and in 270 control subjects, 7 polymorphisms reported to affect risk of vascular ischemic disease were genotyped. In 51 patients (42.1%), vascular cognitive impairment resulted, defined by a Mini-Mental State Examination score of less than 24. These patients were older and more likely to be women. Alleles of none of the polymorphisms differed between patients with or without vascular cognitive impairment, except for glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM) (odds ratio = 2.8, P = .006). When all stroke patients were considered, the GCLM genotype did not affect Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Testing the GCLM genotype in an independent group of stroke patients may determine whether this association with vascular cognitive impairment is genuine. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2007;20:93-99)
Charter School Autonomy
Authors: Finnigan Kara S.
Published: June 2007

In theory, the charter school concept is based on a trade-off or exchange: greater autonomy for increased accountability. Although charter schools have been operating for more than 10 years, little is known about charter school autonomy in practice. This mixed-methods study used survey and case study data to examine the degree of autonomy of charter schools across the country and the factors limiting school autonomy. The findings indicate that many charter schools do not have high levels of autonomy, with schools least likely to have control over budgetary decisions. In addition, school autonomy is influenced by state laws, relationships with authorizers, and partnerships with educational management organizations and community-based organizations. Finally, the levels of autonomy in some schools were dynamic, with schools experiencing less autonomy over time.
The concept of occupational community revisited: analytical and managerial implications in face-to-face service occupations
Authors: Sandiford Peter , Seymour Diane
Published: June 2007

This article explores the concept of occupational community in an attempt to discover whether it provides a useful analytical tool for understanding work experience in face-to-face service occupations.The conceptual components of occupational community are identified and discussed and then applied to data gathered from an ethnographic study of workers in the UK public house sector.We argue that there are strong grounds for accepting that an occupational community does develop in this sector and plays a crucial role in determining the work experience of employees. However, we also suggest that in contrast to other industrial sectors, customers themselves have a significant, but not wholly unproblematic role to play.This role and its contribution to the development of occupational community are discussed and the analytical and managerial implications are then evaluated.
Recruitment processes and labour mobility: the construction industry in Europe
Authors: Fellini Ivana , Ferro Anna , Fullin Giovanna
Published: June 2007

Migration studies analysing firms' recruitment behaviour are quite limited.This article, built around and examining a demand-driven labour migration hypothesis, explores how recruitment decisions by companies can affect international migratory flows. The study focuses on the construction industry, where a foreign (nondomestic, or expatriate) labour force forms a major component. Through a cross-country comparison, we highlight the impact of the characteristics of the sector and of labour market conditions on recruitment decisions impinging on foreign (non-domestic, or expatriate) labour.The article finally suggests a typology of strategies that construction companies may adopt in order to recruit foreign workers, and it analyses those factors that influence the different decisions in each national context. By considering in depth the relationship between recruitment strategies and patterns of international labour mobility, it is then explained why a company's behaviour can either produce immobility or mobility of foreign workers.
Conceptualizing breadwinning work
Authors: Warren Tracey
Published: June 2007

One of the most widely used concepts in the sociology of women and men's work is that of the breadwinner. Given its centrality to and in so many core academic debates, it is surprising that so little attention has been paid to theorizing and operationalizing breadwinning. Breadwinning seems to lie uncontested, with an unproblematic taken-for-granted, common sense meaning in current sociology.The article reviews how breadwinning has been approached in sociology and how it has been operationalized in empirical studies. After identifying different dimensions of breadwinning, the article explores their reliability in a descriptive analysis of women and men's breadwinning work in Europe. It is concluded that the meaning of breadwinning should be debated as routinely as that of caring.
Why a citizens' basic income? A question of gender equality or gender bias
Authors: McKay Ailsa
Published: June 2007

Current debates concerning the future of social security provision in advanced capitalist states have raised a citizens' basic income as a possible reform package: a proposal based on the principles of individuality, universality and unconditionality, ensuring a minimum income guarantee for all members of society. Arguments in favour of a citizens' basic income have traditionally been contrived within a fixed set of parameters associated with a particular view of the principles of economic organization.That is, a citizens' basic income is considered a model for social security reform that conforms to market based structures of exchange, particularly those associated with the market for labour, and as such contributes positively to the efficient functioning of capitalist economies. This article highlights the 'gender blind' nature of such debates and presents a case for a citizens' basic income based on a more inclusive notion of citizenship.
Self-report of Cognitive Functioning and Learning in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hake Danelle L. , Hamera Edna , Rempfer Melisa
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: A method to assess cognitive functioning in clinical settings is needed so clinicians can modify teaching strategies to match clients' cognitive abilities. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between executive functioning and self-report of cognitive limitations in people with schizophrenia. DESIGN: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which assesses learning potential (a person's ability to improve performance after coaching), and the Subjective Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia were administered to 20 individuals. RESULTS: Analysis showed that participants who performed well and those who improved with coaching reported fewer subjective cognitive complaints than those who did not improve with coaching. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample subjective report of executive cognitive functioning appears to differentiate individuals who have difficulty learning complex information, and therefore, it may be clinically useful in identifying individuals needing only minimal skill training. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2007; 13(2), 93-100.
Causal Attributions in Individuals With Suspected Lung Cancer: Relationships to Illness Coherence and Emotional Responses
Authors: Lehto Rebecca H.
Published: June 2007

Causal-attribution theory focuses on the human need to understand, give meaning to, and ascribe causation to unexpected and unfortunate life events. The aim of the current study was to examine causal attributions among men and women newly diagnosed with suspected lung cancer and to determine the relationships between causal attributions, perceptions of illness coherence, and emotional responses to the illness before and following surgery. Causal attributions were measured by the 16-item Cause scale of the Illness Perception Questionnaire—Revised (IPQ-R). The 42 participants ranged in age from 37 to 83 years and had a broad educational background. Findings demonstrated that individual perceptions of cause were multifactorial, and the most commonly cited cause was personal smoking behaviors. The study suggests that although participants largely viewed themselves as at least somewhat responsible for their illness, in general, they assumed smoking behaviors were contributory in the context of several competing hypotheses. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2007; 13(2), 109-115.
Healing With Bach® Flower Essences: Testing a Complementary Therapy
Authors: Halberstein Robert , DeSantis Lydia , Sirkin Alicia , Padron-Fajardo Vivian , Ojeda-Vaz Maria
Published: June 2007

Bach® Original Flower Essence (BFE) Rescue® Remedy, a modality used since 1930 but not yet thoroughly investigated scientifically, was evaluated for the reduction of acute situational stress. A double-blind clinical trial comparing a standard dosage of BFE Rescue Remedy against a placebo of identical appearance was conducted in a sample of 111 individuals aged 18 to 49, randomized into treatment ( n = 53) and control ( n = 58) groups. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered before and after the use of Rescue Remedy or placebo. Downward trends in anxiety level measurements were discovered in both the treatment (Rescue Remedy) and control (placebo) groups. Statistical analyses indicated that only the high-state anxiety treatment subgroup demonstrated a statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest scores. The results suggest that BFE Rescue Remedy may be effective in reducing high levels of situational anxiety.
Health Benefits of Animal-Assisted Interventions
Authors: Morrison Michele L.
Published: June 2007

The use of animals in the promotion or improvement of health is long-standing, yet this complementary healing modality is not widely integrated into mainstream health care. This article describes the history of animals in therapeutic healing, defines animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), and reviews current research. Indications and contraindications for use with patients and clients and issues of safety, cost, reimbursement, and certification are discussed. AAIs result in statistically significant health benefits with improvements in blood pressure, heart rate, and salivary immunoglobulin A levels and in depression, anxiety, perceived quality of health, and loneliness. Although some studies are weak in experimental design, overall research reveals multiple indications with few contraindications for use of AAIs. Adherence to safety and pursuit of certifications helps ensure the success of AAIs. For the continued support and expansion of AAIs, further research is needed into the mechanism of action, settings, characteristics and species of animals, illness conditions, and client populations.
Chemopreventive Efficacy of Silymarin in Skin and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Deep Gagan , Agarwal Rajesh
Published: June 2007

Prevention and therapeutic intervention by phytochemicals are newer dimensions in the arena of cancer management. In this regard, the cancer chemopreventive role of silymarin (Silybum marianum) has been extensively studied and has shown anticancer efficacy against various cancer sites, especially skin and prostate. In skin cancer, silymarin treatment inhibits ultraviolet B radiation or chemically initiated or promoted carcinogenesis. These effects of silymarin against skin carcinogenesis have been attributed to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action as well as its inhibitory effect on mitogenic signaling. Similarly, silymarin treatment inhibits 3, 2-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl—induced prostate carcinogenesis and retards the growth of advanced prostate tumor xenograft in athymic nude mice. In prostate cancer, silymarin treatment down-regulates androgen receptor—, epidermal growth factor receptor—, and nuclear factor-κB— mediated signaling and induces cell cycle arrest. Extensive preclinical findings have supported the anticancer potential of silymarin, and now its efficacy is being evaluated in cancer patients.
Future Directions for Research on Silybum marianum for Cancer Patients
Authors: Sagar Stephen M.
Published: June 2007

Silymarin ( Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn. [Asteraceae]) is a promising agent for cancer prevention, adjuvant cancer treatment, and reduction of iatrogenic toxicity. Although it is safe and free of serious adverse side effects, few studies have evaluated its use alongside conventional cytotoxic therapies, and adverse events associated with long-term administration are uncertain. Although it may prevent some types of cancer, its promotion of tissue regeneration and its potential estrogen activity could promote the growth of some tumors. Further clinical trials using authenticated fractions of silymarin as simple and complex derivatives are required prior to any general recommendations. Future research should focus on authentication of active chemicals, pharmacokinetics, adverse interactions and quality control, prevention of cancer initiation and progression, adjuvant therapy for specific cancers, and prevention of toxicity from anticancer therapies.
Patients' Experiences and Perceptions of a Consultative Model Integrative Medicine Clinic: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Koithan Mary , Bell Iris R. , Caspi Opher , Ferro Lynn , Brown Victoria
Published: June 2007

Objective: A common theme in integrative medicine (IM) is patient-centered partnering in care between patients and providers. Despite the stated ideals, few studies have assessed patients' perspectives on their actual experience in the context of a specific care model. The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively explore and compare experiences of cancer and noncancer patients under care in a consultative IM outpatient teaching clinic in the south-western United States. Design: Qualitative study using inductive content analysis of focus group interview transcripts (2 groups of adult patients with cancers of various types and 1 group of chronically ill noncancer patients with mixed diagnoses). Method: Participants were recruited by random selection from a pool of eligible patients. Groups were conducted with patients who had completed their initial conventional cancer treatment and were at least 6 months postconsultation with an IM clinic physician. Transcripts of the audiotaped focus groups were analyzed. Results: Cancer patients (n = 15) and noncancer patients (n = 6) (mean age, 60 years; 77% women) expressed overall satisfaction with IM, emphasizing (1) expansion of treatment options with lower perceived toxicity than conventional therapies, (2) positive experiences of the IM physician as caring and taking time to listen, and (3) improved self-care skills and sense of empowerment. Cancer patients noted positive relationships with their conventional MDs more than did noncancer patients, although both groups appreciated the IM physicians' communication styles. Conclusion: Patients experience a consultative integrative clinic model overall as favorable. The impact on outcomes, costs, and long-term quality of life requires additional study.
Effect of Amentoflavone on the Inhibition of Pulmonary Metastasis Induced by B16F-10 Melanoma Cells in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Guruvayoorappan C. , Kuttan Girija
Published: June 2007

This study was an investigation of the antimetastatic activity of amentoflavone using B16F-10 melanoma—induced experimental lung metastasis in C57BL/6 mice. Amentoflavone treatment significantly reduced tumor nodule formation accompanied by reduced lung collagen hydroxyproline, hexosamine, and uronic acid levels. Serum sialic acid and γglutamyl transpeptidase levels were also significantly inhibited after amentoflavone treatment. Amentoflavone treatment up-regulated the lung tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-2 expression. The cytokine profile and growth factors such as interleukin-1β , interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, granulocyte monocyte— colony stimulating factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 in the serum of these animals were markedly altered after amentoflavone treatment. This altered level of cytokines after amentoflavone treatment was also accompanied by enhanced natural killer cell antibody—dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The study reveals that amentoflavone treatment could alter proinflammatory cytokine production and could inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of p65, p50, c-Rel subunits of nuclear factor—κB, and other transcription factors such as c-fos, activated transcription factor—2, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element—binding protein in B16F-10 melanoma cells.
A Simple and Practical Method for the Preparation of Magnetite Nanowires
Authors: Tang Yan , Chen Qianwang
Published: June 2007

Single-crystalline magnetite nanowires were prepared by a facile hydrothermal process in the presence of citrate anions and PVP at 180 °C for 24 h. The magnetite nanowires have diameters of 60–180 nm and length up to several ten micrometers. The nanowires were identified to grow along the [110] direction. On the basis of the results, the formation mechanism of the magnetite nanowires was discussed.
Hydrogen Gas Sensing Properties of Calcium Metaphosphate Glass-derived Hydrogels
Authors: Akamatsu Takafumi , Osaki Hiroshi , Daiko Yusuke , Kasuga Toshihiro
Published: June 2007

A calcium metaphosphate glass-derived hydrogel shows high electrical conductivities of about 1 mS/cm around room temperature. Potentiometric hydrogen gas sensors using the hydrogel showed good Nernstian response to hydrogen gas concentration difference generated between detective and reference electrodes. The proton transport number of the hydrogel was estimated to be almost 1; no contribution of Ca2+ and OH− ions in the hydrogel was shown. The evaluation of amperometric hydrogen gas sensors showed that limiting currents vary with hydrogen gas flow rates.
Synthesis of 1,1′-Binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl Phosphoroselenoic Ammonium Salts and Their Conversion to Optically Active Dialkyl Diselenides
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Monzaki Masaki , Shibahara Fumitoshi
Published: June 2007

Optically pure phosphoroselenoyl chloride reacted with Et3N in the presence of H2O to give a phosphoroselenoic tertiary ammonium salt. Formation of the salt was confirmed by X-ray molecular structure analysis. The quaternary ammonium salt was prepared by reacting phosphoroselenoic acid O-2-silylethyl ester with Bu4NF. The alkylation of tertiary ammonium salt with racemic alkyl halides gave phosphoroselenoic acid Se-esters as diastereomeric mixtures. The cleavage of Se-esters with Bu4NF gave optically active dialkyl diselenides.
Monitoring Teriparatide-Associated Changes in Vertebral Microstructure by High-Resolution CT In Vivo: Results From the EUROFORS Study
Authors: Graeff Christian , Timm Wolfram , Nickelsen Thomas N , Farrerons Jordi , Marín Fernando , Barker Clare , Glüer Claus C
Published: June 2007

We introduce a method for microstructural analysis of vertebral trabecular bone in vivo based on HRCT. When applied to monitor teriparatide treatment, changes in structural variables exceeded and were partially independent of changes in volumetric BMD.

Introduction: Monitoring of osteoporosis therapy based solely on bone densitometry is insufficient to assess anti-fracture efficacy. Assessing bone microstructure in vivo is therefore of importance. We studied whether it is possible to monitor effects of teriparatide on vertebral trabecular microstructure independent of BMD by high-resolution CT (HRCT).

Materials and Methods: In a subset of 65 postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis who participated in the EUROFORS study, HRCT scans of T12, quantitative CT of L1–L3, and DXA of L1–L4 were performed after 0, 6, and 12 mo of teriparatide treatment (20 μg/d). We compared BMD and 3D microstructural variables in three groups of women, based on prior antiresorptive treatment: treatment-naïve; pretreated; and pretreated women showing inadequate response to treatment.

Results: We found statistically highly significant increases in most microstructural variables and BMD 6 mo after starting teriparatide. After 12 mo, apparent bone volume fraction (app. BV/TV) increased by 30.6 ± 4.4% (SE), and apparent trabecular number (app. Tb.N.) increased by 19.0 ± 3.2% compared with 6.4 ± 0.7% for areal and 19.3 ± 2.6% for volumetric BMD. The structural changes were partially independent of BMD as shown by a significantly larger standardized increase and a standardized long-term precision at least as good as DXA. Patients who had shown inadequate response to prior osteoporosis treatment did show improvements in BMD and structural measures comparable to treatment-naïve patients.

Conclusions: HRCT is a feasible method for longitudinal microstructural analysis of human vertebrae in vivo, offers information beyond BMD, and is sufficiently precise to show profound effects of teriparatide after 12 mo.
Longitudinal Analysis of Mesenchymal Progenitors and Bone Quality in the Stem Cell Antigen-1–Null Osteoporotic Mouse
Authors: Holmes Christina , Khan Tayyab S , Owen Celeste , Ciliberti Nadia , Grynpas Marc D , Stanford William L
Published: June 2007

We performed a longitudinal analysis of bone quality in Sca-1–null mice. A tight temporal, site-specific association between Sca-1–deficient BMD deficiency and reduced mesenchymal progenitor frequency was observed. Defects in trabecular microarchitecture and mineralization were, at least partially, responsible for the age-related reduction in toughness of Sca-1−/− bones.

Introduction: We previously showed that stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1)–null mice undergo normal bone development but exhibit significantly decreased bone mass characteristic of age-dependent osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to characterize the initiation and progression of the Sca-1 mutant skeletal phenotype at the cellular, structural, material, and mechanical levels.

Materials and Methods: Sca-1–null and control mice were analyzed at 3, 5, 7, and 9 mo of age. In vitro osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow and spleen-derived progenitor populations was assessed. Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal progenitor frequency, along with osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential, was analyzed in vitro. Static histomorphometry of the sixth lumbar vertebrae was performed. Whole body, femoral, and vertebral BMD were assessed using DXA. Lumbar vertebrae were analyzed using μCT, back-scattered electron imaging, and compression tests. Three-point bending and femoral neck fracture tests were performed on excised femurs.

Results: Sca-1–null mice displayed an age-dependent, cell-autonomous osteoclast deficiency in vitro. From 7 mo of age onward, reduced Sca-1–null femoral BMD was observed alongside reduced mesenchymal progenitor frequency, and decreased in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential. Sca-1–deficient mice exhibited reduced whole body BMD compared with controls at all time-points analyzed. Although no differences in spinal BMD were observed, Sca-1−/− vertebrae exhibited decreased bone formation, with a maximal difference at 7 mo of age, inferior trabecular microarchitecture, and a greater degree of mineralization. At all sites tested, Sca-1–null bones exhibited reduced energy to failure from 5 mo onward.

Conclusions: We showed a tight association within Sca-1–null mice between the initiation of stem cell defects and the exacerbation of deficiencies in bone quality at two sites clinically relevant to developing osteoporotic fractures. Sca-1–deficient mice, therefore, provide a novel and useful murine model of age-related osteoporosis, which with additional study, should further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this increasingly prevalent disease.
Histamine Receptor H1 and Dermatopontin: New Downstream Targets of the Vitamin D Receptor
Authors: Pochampally Radhika R , Ylostalo Joni , Penfornis Patrice , Matz Robert R , Smith Jason R , Prockop Darwin J
Published: June 2007

In this study, we used multipotential MSCs and microarray assays to follow the changing patterns of gene expression as MSCs were differentiated to osteoblasts. We analyzed co-expressed gene groups to identify new targets for known transcription factor VDR during differentiation. The roles of two genes (histamine receptor H1 and dermatopontin) as downstream targets for the VDR were confirmed by gel electromotility shift, siRNA inhibition, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays.

Introduction: Osteogenesis is stringently controlled by osteoblast-specific signaling proteins and transcription factors. Mesenchymal stem or multipotential stromal cells from bone marrow (MSCs) have been shown to differentiate into osteoblasts in the presence of vitamin D3.

Materials and Methods: We used MSCs and microarray assays to follow the changing patterns of gene expression as MSCs were differentiated to osteoblasts. The data were analyzed with a previously developed strategy to identify new downstream targets of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), known osteogenesis transcription factor. Hierarchical clustering of the data identified 15 distinct patterns of gene expression. Three genes were selected that expressed in the same time-dependent pattern as osteocalcin, a known target for the VDR: histamine receptor H1 (HRH1), Spondin 2 (SPN), and dermatopontin (DPT). RT-PCR, electromotility shift, siRNA inhibition assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to analyze the role of VDR in activation of DPT and HRH1 during differentiation.

Results and Conclusions: RT-PCR assays confirmed that the genes were expressed during differentiation of MSCs. The roles of two genes as downstream targets for the VDR were confirmed by gel electromotility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays that showed the presence of VDR complex binding sequences. Overexpression of VDR in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells induced the expression of HRH1 and DPT. Inhibition studies with siRNA to DPT and HRH1 showed a decrease in MSC differentiation to osteogenic lineage. In addition, osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was inhibited by the HRH1 inhibitor mepyramine but not the HRH2 inhibitor ranitidine. In conclusion, we show that analysis of co-expressed gene groups is a good tool to identify new targets for known transcription factors.
REAPPROPRIATING REDSKINS: PELLEROSSASOGNA (RED SKIN DREAM): SHELLEY NIRO AT THE 50TH LA BIENNALE DI VENEZIA
Authors: MITHLO NANCY MARIE
Published: June 2007

The planning and exhibition of contemporary native film at the Venice Biennale 2003 serves as the forum for discussing the reappropriation of derogatory stereotypes as a means of sovereign self‐empowerment. The author argues that the power to name, classify and imagine cultural others cannot be eliminated solely by the subject population's call for eradication of damaging stereotypes, such as mascots. Specifically, mascots are interpreted as examples of unmarked, or covert, racism (ahistorical, unnamed, and often indirect and confusing in their implications), while documentary images such as Chief Bigfoot lying in the snow evidence a historically situated, named and direct racist reference. A proactive repositioning of reductive racial stereotypes can be accomplished by an open engagement with disparaging terms and images using indigenous strategies of humor, parody and camp.
MULTIPLE WORLDS ON OAKLAND'S STREETS SOCIAL PRACTICE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Authors: PATTON JASON W.
Published: June 2007

The daily practices of walking, bicycling, and bus‐riding constitute distinct forms of urban life, each with characteristic rhythms, concerns, and social interactions. This article presents four photo‐stories based on informant photography and photo‐elicitation with maps, historical photographs, and contemporary images. The stories depict the perspectives of a long‐time inner city resident, an elementary school crossing guard, a bicycle advocate, and a transit dependent senior citizen in Oakland, California. They illustrate the barriers to walking, bicycling, and bus‐riding faced by urban residents in an American freeway metropolis. Such obstacles are embedded in the design of the built environment and the predominance of automobile‐oriented living. These photo‐stories offer first‐person accounts of how transportation infrastructure mediates social positioning and marginality in daily life.
FOUR ARCHAEOLOGICAL ENGAGEMENTS WITH PLACE MEDIATING BODILY EXPERIENCE THROUGH PERIPATETIC VIDEO
Authors: WITMORE CHRISTOPHER L.
Published: June 2007

Through the exploration of a hybrid space between artist and archaeological production, this article discusses the implications of peripatetic video, a form of located media, as a means of moving beyond the limits of conventional representation. While critical of archaeological dealings with issues of bodily experience and place, the article suggests an alternative is to be found in the work of media artist Janet Cardiff. Building on Cardiff's art, media are treated as modes of engagement for dealing with the articulation of bodily experience and place. This article works towards a notion of mediation through which qualities of the material world, normally left behind by traditional forms of documentation, are brought forth. To this end, it details the effectiveness of peripatetic video in dealing with material presence and bodily experience at four sites of cultural and archaeological significance in Crete, Greece.
REMEMBERING PAPUA NEW GUINEA AN ECCENTRIC ETHNOGRAPHY WILLIAM C. CLARKE CANBERRA: PANDANUS BOOKS. 2003
Authors: JABLONKO ALLISON
Published: June 2007

William C. Clarke weaves together the layers of experience that confronted him 30 years earlier as he looked back at the slides he had taken in 1964 during his fieldwork as a geographer among the Maring people of Papua New Guinea. Moving between his personal memories and his current disciplinary assessment of Maring horticulture, he creates a work which he calls An Eccentric Ethnography [italics]. Responding to Clarke's juxtaposition of text and images, Allison Jablonko, who herself did anthropological fieldwork among a neighboring group of Maring in 1963, draws on concepts which have developed in visual anthropology over the same 30 year period to analyze specific photographs in depth, as well as to raise more general questions concerning photographic representation and poetry. She explores such issues as personal interest, the danger of exoticism, and the place of photo‐ellicita‐tion, concluding that an understanding of visual anthropological principles can enhance readers'/viewers' ability to grasp, through Clarke's words/pictures, his profound sense of Maring horticultural life as it was in the 1960s.
Mien Sports and Heritage: Thailand 2001
Authors: HAMILTON ANNETTE
Published: June 2007

Mien Sports and Heritage: Thailand 2001 Directed by Hjörleifur Jonsson 2003 14 minutes, color Distributed by Hjörleifur Jonsson Arizona State University Department of Anthropology Tempe AZ 85287‐2402 Hjonsson@asu.edu.
Postcolonial Images: Studies in North African Film
Authors: OSSMAN SUSAN
Published: June 2007

Postcolonial Images: Studies in North African Film Roy Armes Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press 2005
Ciné‐Ethnography/Jean Rouch
Authors: ANDRIS SILKE
Published: June 2007

Ciné‐Ethnography/Jean Rouch Steven Feld, editor and translator Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 2003
The Nordic Anthropological Film Association (NAFA): In Brief
Authors: JØRGENSEN ANNE METTE , MADSEN BERIT
Published: June 2007

Since its founding in the early 1970s, the Nordic Anthropological Film Association (NAFA) has worked to promote ethnographic films and visual anthropology all over the world. This article details NAFA's archival work, festival and conferences, its sponsorship of visual anthropology courses and workshops when no such offerings were available in universities, its role in piloting multimedia museum projects, as well as its information and publishing services. The article concludes with a listing of the annual events of the Nordic Anthropological Film Association 1979‐2005.
Looking at European Societies: The European Research Film Seminars—Regards sur les Sociétés Européennes, 1983–1992
Authors: PIAULT COLETTE
Published: June 2007

The International Research Film Seminar took place between 1983 and 1992. Seminar participants were at different stages of their career, and came from Western and Eastern Europe. Each seminar followed a general theme. This was a small scale seminar that depended on networking and fund raising. Sponsorship problems eventually drew the seminar to its end.
Seeing, Hearing, Feeling: Sound and the Despotism of the Eye in “Visual” Anthropology
Authors: HENLEY PAUL
Published: June 2007

Sound that is neither verbal nor musical not only adds a rich experiential dimension to the communication of the way of life that is typically the subject of an ethnographic film but also “thickens” the implicit ethnographic description. In the most imaginative hands, it can even be used to make interpretative comments on the reality portrayed. This article proposes that “visual” anthropologists reach beyond the limitations implicit even in the name of their sub‐discipline, and follow the lead of feature film sound designers by using sound more creatively and effectively in their filmmaking.
Surrealist Sensibility in Ethnographic Documentaries
Authors: RUOHONEN ILKKA
Published: June 2007

This article documents Ilkka Ruohonen's use of strands of interpretive and experimental anthropological theory to demonstrate to the Finnish academy that film as a form of ethnographic representation presents vivid cultural phenomena and contributes to constructively analyzing and interpreting theory, while contributing to the development of theory. She presents an image and process of “traumatic incompatibility” between the Finnish academy and ethnographic film.
Filming Emotion: The Place of Video in Anthropology
Authors: PASQUALINO CATERINA
Published: June 2007

Anthropology has mostly dismissed data concerning emotions as insignificant, overly subjective and beyond the grasp of scientific inquiry. Focusing on the expressive life of Andalusian gypsies, this article examines ways in which digital video enables researchers to effectively record and analyze individual and collective emotions. Video is not merely a way of recording data. Visual data do not simply “illustrate” ideas from fieldwork. Instead, the very activity of producing a video is an act of research in itself—it is central to the practice of a performative anthropology.
A Romanian Experience: The International Festival of Documentary Film and Visual Anthropology, Astra Film Fest
Authors: KATÓ CSILLA
Published: June 2007

Romanian visual anthropology emerged in the early 1990s out of the film studio of the Astra Museum. Collaborations with the Sibiu Center lead to the establishing of the Astra Film Fest. This center produces its own films, organizes summer schools, and manages a documentary film collection with public screening facilities. The mission of the Astra Film Fest is to present the current practice of visual anthropology and its productions in Eastern Europe. The article details the history of this festival, in addition to the major themes and styles of its films.
Effects of Long‐term 4‐Aminopyridine Therapy on Glucose Tolerance and Glucokinetics in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Segal Jack L. , Thompson John F. , Tayek John A.
Published: June 2007

Study Objective. To assess the effects of the potassium channel blocker, 4‐aminopyridine, on glucose tolerance and glucokinetics in patients with spinal cord injury.

Design. Prospective, dose level–blinded study.

Setting. University‐affiliated, tertiary‐level care, Veterans Affairs medical center, and a university‐affiliated research center.

Patients. Thirty‐one patients with spinal cord injury of more than 1 year's duration.

Intervention. In a fasting state, patients ingested 75 g of glucose and completed a 5‐hour oral glucose tolerance test before and after 6 months of treatment with an oral, immediate‐release formulation of 4‐aminopyridine.

Measurements and Main Results. The time course of glucose plasma concentrations during the oral glucose tolerance tests was profiled for each patient, and glucokinetic parameters were estimated. Results were compared at baseline and after 6 months of treatment with 4‐aminopyridine. Of the 31 patients, 29 (94%) had impaired glucose tolerance at baseline. After 6 months of treatment with 4‐aminopyridine, 12 (41%) of the 29 patients had a 2‐hour postprandial glucose level that no longer supported a diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance. No significant changes or clinically important trends were seen in fasting blood glucose concentrations or in other glucokinetic parameters in these patients.

Conclusions. The long‐term administration of an oral, immediate‐release formulation of 4‐aminopyridine to patients with longstanding spinal cord injury was associated with readily discernible, potentially clinically significant improvements in glucose tolerance. Because impaired glucose tolerance is a common finding in patients with spinal cord injury, more research, including randomized controlled trials with large study populations, is warranted on this potential treatment.