bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neoliberalism and Shifts in Occupational Structure: Quito, Ecuador, 1982–90
Authors: Jackiewicz Edward L.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines shifting occupational composition in Quito, Ecuador, between 1982 and 1990, the first decade of neo–liberal–inspired economic reforms, and assesses to what degree these changes reflect general theories on the impacts of neo–liberalism. The research methodology uses census data for 1982 and 1990 to create a modified version of the workforce fragmentation typology. The analysis assesses shifts in the city’s occupational composition by examining change in industry and occupation categories, while also using gender and education to determine the importance of individual attributes in accessing employment. The result is a more rounded understanding of shifts in occupational composition during the inaugural period of neo–liberalism in a large Latin American city. The findings illustrate there is rapid growth in the overall number of people working in Quito, and that the greatest expansion is in the low–skill, low–wage positions. The findings also reveal that while having a college degree or higher qualification does increase one’s chances of gainful employment, there is no discernable difference between those with a secondary education and those with less than a secondary education.
Realtime Conferencing in GIS
Authors: Churcher Clare , Churcher Neville
Published: March 2003

Most GIS applications support multi‐user facilities only to the extent that many people can access the same data as if they were each the only user. For collaborative work, it is beneficial for participants to be able to browse, annotate and query the data with full awareness of each other. Groupware or Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) provides support for groups of people to participate in virtual conferences from different locations. We demonstrate the advantages to be gained by applying CSCW to GIS and describe GroupARC, an application enabling GIS data to be simultaneously browsed, queried and annotated by many participants.
Use of a Three‐Domain Repesentation to Enhance GIS Support for Complex Spatiotemporal Queries
Authors: Yuan May
Published: March 2003

As the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) proceeds to advanced scientific and societal applications, there is an emerging need to enhance GIS support for complex spatiotemporal queries. Dynamic GIS representations (as opposed to static, map‐based representations) that can integrate proper data elements in the production of geographic information are required. This paper demonstrates the use of a three‐domain representation that facilitates compilation of higher‐level information (such as frequency and rate) from preliminary data records (such as time and location) stored in a database. The three‐domain representation is compared with snapshot, space‐time composite, and spatiotemporal object models using a sample data set for forest transitions. While the three‐domain representation is a normalization of these data models, it offers a conceptual alternative that enables GIS to represent spatiotemporal behaviors of geographic entities, in addition to entities as well as histories at locations as emphasized in most GIS data models. The comparison shows that the three‐domain representation has combined the strengths of the space‐time composite and spatiotemporal object models. Moreover, it enables aggregations of analytical use along with dynamic mappings between geographic concepts and locations, a distinct capability that takes GIS query processing beyond the level of information support offered by static map‐based data models.
Singly‐ and Doubly‐Constrained Methods of Areal Interpolation for Vector‐based GIS
Authors: Mrozinski Richard D. , Cromley Robert G.
Published: March 2003

Traditionally, areal interpolation has referred to techniques for transferring attribute values from one partitioning of space to a different partition of space but this is only one of several situations that create the need for estimating unknown data values for areal units. This paper presents a categorization of four areal interpolation problems that includes the “missing” data problem, the traditional “alternative geography” problem, the overlay of a choropelth and an area‐class data layer, and the overlay of two choropleth data layers and demonstrates the relationship between the last three problems and general spatial interaction modelling. The “alternative geography” and overlay of choropleth and area‐class data layers mirrors a singly constrained spatial interaction model while the overlay of two choropleth layers is analogous to a doubly constrained interaction model. Iterative proportional fitting techniques with and without ancillary data are developed to solve these three classes of problems.
An Aeronautical Temporal GIS for Post‐Flight Assessment of Navigation Performance
Authors: Knighton Robert , Claramunt Christophe
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the design and development of an experimental GIS prototype that may be used to assist experienced pilots, student pilots and flight instructors for post‐flight evaluation of navigation performance. The system is developed as a GIS experimental application which employs geographical data derived from the Digital Chart of the World integrated with airspace data derived from the ICAO 1:500,000 Aeronautical Chart. Real‐time data are collected and integrated within a monitoring computing environment from external sensors which include GPS, altitude and relative motion sensors. This enables the generation of multi‐layered digital maps and navigation data capable of being rapidly re‐configured to enhance visualization by abstraction. The integration of real time navigation data with geographical data facilitates airborne decision‐making, cockpit management, and makes a valuable contribution to flight safety.
The Nature of Uncertainty in Historical Geographic Information
Authors: Plewe Brandon
Published: March 2003

While the presence of uncertainty in the geometric and attribute aspects of geographic information is well known, it is also present in temporal information. In spatiotemporal GIS databases and other formal representations, uncertainty in all three aspects of geography (space, time, and theme) must often be modeled, but a good data model must first be based on a sound theoretical understanding of spatiotemporal uncertainty. The nature of both uncertainty inherent in a phenomenon (often termed indeterminacy) and uncertainty in assertions of that phenomenon can be better understood through the Uncertain Temporal Entity Model, which characterizes the cause, type, and form of uncertainties in the spatial, temporal, and attribute aspects of geographic information. These uncertainties are the result of complexities and problems in two processes: the process of conceptualization, by which humans make sense of an infinitely complex reality, and measurement, by which we create formal representations (e.g. GIS) of those conceptual models of reality. Based on this framework, the nature and form of uncertainty is remarkably consistent across various situations, and is approximately equivalent in the three aspects, which will enable consistent solutions for representation and processing of spatiotemporal data.
Spatial Interpolation Using Fuzzy Reasoning
Authors: Gedeon T D , Wong K W , Wong P M , Huang Y
Published: March 2003

Spatial interpolation is an important feature of a Geographic Information System, which is the procedure used to estimate values at unknown locations within the area covered by existing observations. In this paper, we describe a conservative spatial interpolation technique that incorporates the advantages of local interpolation, Euclidean interpolation, and conservative fuzzy reasoning, and a dynamic fuzzy–reasoning–based function estimator with parameters optimised by a genetic algorithm. The main objective of this paper is to formulate a computationally efficient spatial interpolation technique similar to the IDWA technique that can be used in real time application. The main feature of our spatial interpolation technique is a capability for spatial interpolation and extrapolation in a higher–dimensional space. Examples from a rainfall spatial interpolation problem are used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed technique.
Reviews
Authors: Jenkins Carolyn , Rayner A.J. , Fielding David
Published: March 2003

Skålnes, Tor The Politics of Economics Reform in Zimbabwe, Continuity and Change in Development

Antle, John M. and Sumner, Daniel A. The Economics of Agriculture

Helleiner, G.K. (ed.) Manufacturing for Export in the Developing World, Problems and Possibilities
Upping the Ante for Political Economy Analysis of the International Financial Institutions
Authors: Willett Thomas D.
Published: March 2003

Public choice analysis has clearly demonstrated the need to consider the roles of rent seeking and bureaucratic self‐interest in influencing the international economic policies of national governments and the behaviour of international organisations. We have reached a stage, however, where more attention needs to be paid to the nature of bureaucratic incentives and the degree of discretion that bureaucracies have under different circumstances. It is suggested that the incentives for budget maximisation are likely to vary substantially from one institution to another. Specifically such incentives seem likely to be much stronger for the World Bank than fot the IMF. The evidence presented by Rolanf Vaubel for budget maximisation by the IMF is critically examined and it is argued that much of this evidence is equally constant with other hypotheses. Thus there is a need for more research on the political economy of the international financial institutions.
International Cartel Enforcement: Lessons from the 1990s
Authors: Evenett Simon J. , Levenstein Margaret C. , Suslow Valerie Y.
Published: March 2003

The enforcement record of the 1990s has demonstrated that international private cartels are neither relics of the past nor do they always fall quickly under the weight of their own incentive problems. Of a sample of forty cartels prosecuted by the United States and European Inion in the 1990s, twenty‐four cartels lasted at least four years. And for the twenty of the cartels in this sample where sales data are available, the annual worldwide sales in the affected products exceeded US$30 billion. Prevailing national competition policies are oriented towards addressing harm done in domestic markets, and in some cases merely prohibit cartels without taking strong enforcement measures. In this paper we propose a sequence of reforms to national policies and to international cooperation that will strengthen the deterrents against international cartels. Furthermore, aggressive prosecution of cartels must be complemented by vigilance in other areas of competition policy. If not, firms will respond to the enhanced deterrents to cartelisation by merging or by taking other measures that lessen competitive pressures.
EMU and Labour Market Reform: Needs, Incentives and Realisations
Authors: Van Poeck André , Borghijs Alain
Published: March 2003

Despite improving labour market conditions in recent years, a number of EMU countries still suffer from high and persistent unemployment. It could therefore be expected that labour market reform would be given a prominent position on the political agenda. The new constraints associated with the common monetary policy only increase the pressure for reform. Relying on the introduction of the single currency as a trigger for labour market reform may be a risky strategy. EMU generates a complex set of re‐optimising strategies of the players on the labour market, which makes it difficult to get a clear idea what impact it will have on labour market reform. Evaluation of recent reform measures does not make one confident either. The empirical analysis confirms to some extent the idea that countries with higher unemployment rates have carried out more labour market reform. This finding holds, however, only for countries that do not belong to EMU. EMU countries have on average carried out no more reform than countries outside EMU and any link between the initial unemployment level and the labour market reform indicators seems to lack. It may become apparent that more reform is needed once the macroeconomic environment becomes more unfavourable.
Does and How Does Globalisation Matter at the Industry Level?
Authors: Gersbach Hans
Published: March 2003

In this paper we develop a concept of globalisation at the micro level defined as the exposure of a productivity follower industry in one country to the productivity leader in another country. Globalisation is measured by the intensity of contacts through trade and foreign direct investment. In a simple model and empirically we show that the exposure of a productivity follower to competition with the leader is highly correlated with the productivity gap of this industry. Competition restricted to one region such as Europe, or North America, or the Far East, is not sufficient to achieve highest productivity levels. Moreover, it turns out that foreign direct investment (FDI) has a weight in the globalisation index at least equal to trade. FDI can contribute directly to higher levels of domestic productivity by transferring the best production practices, and put pressure on other domestic producers to improve. The impact of trade on globalisation can be weakened by tariffs and non‐tariffs.
The Completion Rate of IMF Programmes: What We Know, Don’t Know and Need to Know
Authors: Bird Graham
Published: March 2003

Although a great deal of attention has been paid to IMF conditionality and to the effects of IMF programmes, relatively little attention has been paid to their completion rate. However, the record is that the clear majority of Fund programmes are uncompleted. Is this a cause for concern and why is it that the completion rate is low? In principle, a number of factors could be at work. Gaining a better understanding of what these are should allow policy reform at the IMF to improve performance. While there are things that we do not know and need to know about programme completion, we know enough to delineate the broad direction that policy should take.
Genre: How Far Can We, Should We Go?
Authors: Dudly‐Evans Tony
Published: March 2003

In this paper the universality of academic genres is questioned and ways in which national rhetorical styles affect strategic choices in writing are discussed. It is recommended that teachers of English for Academic Purposes should take seriously the role of raising the awareness of differences in rhetorical style amongst discourse community members.
Competing motivations for NP order in Kenyan English
Authors: Kuha Mai
Published: March 2003

Constituent order in Kenyan English is influenced by two motivations: the animacy hierarchy, which results in a tendency to give prominence to noun phrases referring to people, and the discourse pressure to place given information before new information. In this study, the competition between these two conflicting principles in Kenyan English is used as a case study illustrating the application of some typological concepts to the study of new varieties of English. The analysis of spoken Kenyan English in Nyaggah (1990) is extended to Kenyan English news discourse. Some differences between spoken and written Kenyan English point to a tendency towards a more standard native‐speaker variety in news discourse. The results also suggest that the animacy hierarchy is the most important determinant of constituent order in Kenyan English. The animacy hierarchy causes the [+human] NP to be placed first in most cases. However, if a [–human] NP competing for the first position is one whose referent is mentioned in the immediately preceding sentence, it becomes more topic‐ worthy and is less easily shunted into a secondary position. Other possible factors influencing constituent order are outlined.
Attitudes toward English and its functions in Finland: A discourse‐analytic study
Authors: Hyrkstedt Irene , Kalaja Paula
Published: March 2003

With the second cognitive revolution, a new paradigm is emerging in (social) psychology: positivism is giving way to social constructionism. Consequently, this paper argues for a redefinition of terms and reconsideration of methodology in research on language attitudes. More specifically, it argues that mentalistic definitions of attitudes be replaced with social ones, and experimentation with the matched‐guise technique with discourse‐analytic research. These developments are illustrated with a qualitative study concerning the attitudes or views held by college students towards English in Finland, based on their written responses to a letter‐to‐the‐Editor that basically argued against the use of English in the country for a number of reasons.
The Gardens of Spain is Not a Restaurant
Authors: Tawake Sandra
Published: March 2003

New Zealand Maori Witi Ihimaera's newest novel, Nights in the Gardens of Spain, tells the story of a Pakeha (Caucasian) man (David Munro) and his coming out to his wife, his parents, and his colleagues at university where he is Director of Film Studies. lhimaera's novel is examined in light of Bacon's discussion of the possibility of a cultural rhetoric of the queer movement for liberation (World Englishes, 17(2)). Ihimaera exploits elements of fiction – structure, language use, characterization, tone – in order to counter conventional notions of gayness, Maori‐ness, and heterosexuality. The novel is an artistic representation of gay culture that does not fall apart under close scrutiny because it does not narrow or oversimplify what happens. Nights in the Gardens of Spain tells truth about David Munro's life even if it didn't happen.
Hong Kong's new English language policy in education
Authors: Evans Stephen
Published: March 2003

The use of English as the medium of instruction in Hong Kong's education system has been a source of controversy since the early years of British colonial rule. Debate has been particularly intense since the 1970s, when the expansion of secondary education underlined the problems which many teachers and students experienced when teaching and learning academic subjects through the medium of English. In late 1997, debate over the issue was reinvigorated after the publication of a policy document which requires most schools to switch their language of instruction from English to Chinese. When implemented, the new language policy will end the process of convergence between the English and Chinese streams which has been going on since the late 1970s, and mark a return to the dual system which characterised Hong Kong's education system for much of the colonial period. This article examines the new policy in the light of developments in educational language policy in the post‐war years, and changes in the role of English in Hong Kong since the 1840s. In particular, it aims to show that the problems which have confronted English language policy makers in the past two decades owe their origins to the unique historical forces which have shaped the development of education and society in Hong Kong since the mid‐nineteenth century.
English in the Arab Republic of Egypt
Authors: Schaub Mark
Published: March 2003

After a review of the history of the English language in Egypt, the forms and functions for English use in contemporary Egypt is examined. While enrollment in English courses continues to grow quickly, and Egyptian English continues to gain ground among members of several professions, English will remain for the most part in what Kachru (1992) calls the ‘Expanding Circle’ of English for the majority of Egyptians. Notable exceptions include university communities, those involved in the large tourist industry, and professionals in Engineering, Business, and Medicine.
Functions of need in Australian English and Hong Kong English
Authors: Lee Jackie F. K.
Published: March 2003

Some previous studies (e.g. Quirk and Svartvik, 1966; Greenbaum, 1974) were conducted on the divided usage of need in non‐assertive contexts so as to collect information about the use of and attitudes towards its variants. The present survey seeks to yield current information about this usage in contemporary Australian English and Hong Kong English. Data were collected via two elicitation tests with Australian and Hong Kong English teachers and high‐school students, and an analysis of three corpora. The findings suggest that unlike other divided usages (e.g. used and have to) which favour the lexical structure, both the lexical and auxiliary variants of need are widely accepted and used in the speech communities of Australia and Hong Kong. Another finding of this study is that the stylistic difference between auxiliary and lexical need has become blurred, especially in Hong Kong as a non‐native English speaking community. Some practical suggestions for language teachers on determining what variants to teach are made at the end of this paper.
Language(s) of reflection in teacher development programmes in South Africa
Authors: Reed Yvonne
Published: March 2003

The research discussed in this article was undertaken in response to the following: (1) the proposal in the Language Task Action Group’s document, Towards a National Language Plan for South Africa (1996), that a national language policy be designed to promote the development and status of the historically disadvantaged African languages and to counter the hegemony of English; (2) the Department of Education’s Language‐in‐Education‐Policy for schools which promotes additive bilingualism and multilingualism, with all the languages that a learner knows being viewed as resources for further learning; and (3) the Norms and Standards for Educators, published in the South African Government Gazette in February 2000, which states that ‘reflexive competence’—competence in reflection—is one of the three strands of competence required of all teachers. Providing support for the development of such competence has been one of the goals of the flexible learning Bachelor of Education programme of the University of the Witwatersrand since its inception in 1999. The majority of the teachers in this B Ed programme speak and write English as an additional language but where they have been required to demonstrate aspects of their reflexive competence, they have been expected to do this in English only. This article reports on a small‐scale project which investigated whether a group of teachers participating in a B Ed programme would prefer to engage in reflective discussion (oral or written) in English, in their main language(s) or to switch between languages. In other words, which language(s) would they prefer to use in order to demonstrate aspects of their ‘reflexive competence’? The findings, in support of opportunities for codeswitching being included in oral presentations and reflective writing in teacher development programmes, warrant further investigation.
Translation and English in twentieth–century China
Authors: Hung Eva
Published: March 2003

Twentieth century China saw unprecedented attempts at cultural change and rejuvenation through the transfer of foreign knowledge, and translation played a role in almost all aspects of this development. Except for a short period under the PRC, English was the dominant source language for this transfer. This paper gives a brief historical background to the causes for the emergence of translation as a key to national survival and cultural change. It then focuses on three of the most significant translation–related phenomena in twentieth–century China: (1) the role of fiction translation (and later literary translation) as a vehicle for cultural change and construction; (2) the phenomenon of translating out of the mother tongue, i.e. Chinese, into English; and (3) the relationship between translation and learning English.
Two Models of Deliberation: Oratory and Conversation in Ratifying the Constitution
Authors: Remer G.
Published: March 2003

In recent years, “deliberation” has become the byword of many political theorists, most of whom identify deliberation with reasoned conversation. Among the most forceful advocates of deliberation as conversation are Jürgen Habermas and, to a greater or lesser extent, his successors who style themselves “deliberative democrats.” For them, the more political decision‐making approximates the ideal of a reasoned public conversation among free and equal individuals, the more legitimate and rational it will be. “Outcomes,” they say are democratically legitimate if and only if they could be the object of a free and reasoned agreement among equals. Their deliberative model produces more rational decision‐making, they say, because it conveys information, impels individuals to order their preferences coherently, and by making persons articulate good reasons in public leads them “to think from the standpoint of all involved.”
The Social Construction of Talent: A Defence of Justice as Reciprocity
Authors: Smith Steven R.
Published: March 2003

Debates concerning principles of justice need to be attentive to various types of social process. One concerns the distribution of resources between groups defined as talented and untalented. Another concerns the social mechanisms by which people come to be categorised as talented and untalented. Political philosophers have paid considerable attention to the former issues, much less to the latter. That, I shall argue, represents a significant oversight.
Empirical Evaluation of Alternative Model Specifications to Predict Commuting Flows
Authors: Thorsen Inge , Gitlesen Jens Petter
Published: March 2003

This study is devoted to empirical and modeling aspects on how characteristics of spatial structure influence commuting flows. Within a doubly‐constrained framework, results from a competing‐destinations formulation are evaluated and compared to results from the traditional gravity model. The evaluation depends critically upon the specification of within‐zone journeys‐to‐work. Specific labor‐market characteristics are found to be significant to explain how workers are absorbed in diagonal elements of the trip‐distribution matrix. We also find that the parametric specification of the accessibility measure is important, and that the competing‐destinations formulation is superior to the traditional gravity model.
Policy Interaction in the Provision of Unemployment Insurance and Low‐Income Assistance by State Governments
Authors: Craig Steven G. , Palumbo Michael G.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we investigate empirical relationships between Unemployment Insurance (UI) and welfare policies using a unique database covering 48 states annually from 1973 through 1989. We first document substantial variation across states in UI program outcomes. Having established that UI is so variable, we explore the simultaneous interaction between UI and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), Medicaid, and total state and local welfare spending. Our econometric results indicate substitution between the two cash assistance programs, AFDC and UI, by state governments. On the other hand, states that operate relatively generous UI programs also tend to allocate more resources to Medicaid and other in‐kind, low‐income assistance programs.
A Spatial Prior for Bayesian Vector Autoregressive Models
Authors: LeSage James P. , Krivelyova Anna
Published: March 2003

In this paper we develop a Bayesian prior motivated by cross‐sectional spatial autoregressive models for use in time‐series vector autoregressive forecasting involving spatial variables. We compare forecast accuracy of the proposed spatial prior to that from a vector autoregressive model relying on the Minnesota prior and find a significant improvement. In addition to a spatially motivated prior variance as in LeSage and Pan (1995) we develop a set of prior means based on spatial contiguity. A Theil‐Goldberger estimator may be used for the proposed model making it easy to implement.
The Effect of Public Infrastructure on the Private Productive Sector of Spanish Regions
Authors: Boscá Joeé Emilio , Escribá Francisco Javier , Murgui María José
Published: March 2003

In this paper we analyze the effect of infrastructure on the cost and productivity performance of the private productive sector of Spanish regions over the period 1980–1993. We use a dual approach based on cost functions that allows us to recover the usual parameters estimated with production functions. In addition, we obtain rates of return and cost elasticities of production factors at the regional level. Our framework explicitly considers that some factors are quasi‐fixed and their volume can differ from their optimal endowment levels. Our results indicate that the public sector has contributed significantly to enhance productivity and reduce costs in the private sector of almost every Spanish region. Nevertheless, there is still scope for the government to continue its investment efforts, given that there remains an appreciable gap between observed and optimal public capital, and we find that in the long run, public capital promotes private investment.
Does the Structure of an Urban System Affect Income Disparities?
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Hesham M.
Published: March 2003

In this paper I analyze the impact of basic training and specialized training on the distribution of skill, income disparity, social welfare, and on the structure of a decentralized specialized city system. This is done in a spatial general‐equilibrium model of a closed economy producing a single consumption good. The economy is populated with a continuum of unskilled labor with potential heterogeneous ability. The only consumption good can be produced by specialized technology or by general technology. Specialized technology requires specialized training that enables each worker to transform his potential ability into productivity. General technology requires basic training that enables all workers, independent of their potential ability, to produce the good at a constant marginal product. In this framework I show that such an equilibrium exists uniquely and is efficient. Then I characterize the conditions that lead to a different distribution of skills, a different system of cities, and generate income disparity endogenously. Thus, the paper presents a link among income disparities, social welfare, and the structure of an urban system that is new to this literature.
Employment Deconcentration: A New Perspective on America’s Postwar Urban Evolution
Authors: Carlino Gerald , Chatterjee Satyajit
Published: March 2003

In this study we show that during the postwar era the United States experienced a decline in the share of urban employment accounted for by the relatively dense metropolitan areas and a corresponding rise in the share of relatively less dense ones. This trend, which we call employment deconcentration, is distinct from the other well–known regional trend, namely, the postwar movement of jobs and people from the frostbelt to the sunbelt. We also show that deconcentration has been accompanied by a similar trend within metropolitan areas, wherein employment share of the more dense sections of MSAs has declined and that of the less dense sections risen. We provide a general equilibrium model with density–driven congestion costs to suggest an explanation for employment deconcentration.
The Heterological Quest: Michel de Certeau’s Travel Narratives and the “Other” of Comparative Religious Ethics
Authors: Barbieri Jr. William A.
Published: March 2003

One of the central methodological issues for contemporary practitioners of comparative ethics is how to conceptualize and relate to the “other” encountered in cross‐cultural studies. A valuable resource for reflection on this problem is the work of the French historian and cultural theorist Michel de Certeau, whose diverse opus coheres around his notion of heterology—a “science of the other.” In this article I explore perspectives on the cultural “other” emerging from Certeau’s analyses of a series of “travel narratives” documenting the European encounter with the peoples of the New World. Certeau’s meditations on the metaphor of the voyage, the interplay of orality and literacy, the politics of ethnography, and the semiotics of the “return of the repressed” offer, I suggest, important insights for comparative ethicists.
Why God Lied to Me: Salvationist Theism and Justice
Authors: Basham Lee
Published: March 2003

It is widely assumed that God is either incapable of lying to humans or utterly unwilling to do so. However, there appear to be compelling reasons for God to intentionally deceive that are rooted in the traditional conception of God as an agent of salvation for humanity. A terroristic threat like eternal damnation (“hell”) illustrates these reasons. God’s love for human beings as wayward members of a divine family in concert with the obvious moral and cognitive limitations many humans suffer provide sufficient reason for God to deploy (or allow uncorrected) the threat of eternal damnation. A proper understanding of justice supports the contention that eternal damnation is contrary to justice, and therefore divinely inspired threats of eternal damnation are deceitful.
Religion, Society, and the Historian
Authors: Collinson Patrick
Published: March 2003

In a secularized age, the study of past religion encounters problems both of empathy and categorization, and the student who derives his understanding from current belief and practice may be in a worse position than the detached observer. Yet historians have never before taken religion so seriously, while wider interest in the history of Christianity is growing. “Religious History” is sometimes said to have taken the place of “Ecclesiastical History.” But both disciplines ﬂourish, and the difference between them has been overstated. Historians can learn from social scientists questions about religion which, conﬁned within the safe boundaries of period, they have not always had to face. The social functions of religion have been threefold, religion acting as a precipitant, a bond, and a source of legitimation. It has been said (by an anthropologist) that the study of religion has recently lived off the conceptual capital of its ancestors. The understandings of the social meaning of religion advanced by three of these “ancestors,” Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, are examined. Only Max Weber is found to provide helpful guidance to the social historian of religion, particularly with his key concept of “elective afﬁnity.”
“Constrained by Zeal”: Women in Mid‐NineteenthCentury Nonconformist Churches
Authors: Wilson Linda
Published: March 2003

In the nineteenth century, women discovered that nonconformist churches provided a third, intermediate sphere between private and public life in which they could ﬁnd a variety of roles. Churches provided a supportive environment where, as “Angels out of the House” they found an extension of their role in the home. In some cases, however, they clearly moved beyond that to the public sphere. Women taught in Sunday schools, visited the poor and sick, distributed tracts, were instrumental in fundraising, led Methodist class meetings, prayed with other women, and some even preached. Despite the importance of women within Nonconformity, and the signiﬁcance of religion in many women’s lives, few historians of either Nonconformity or women’s history have concentrated on women’s lives within these churches. This paper seeks to add to our limited knowledge of their activities within the “intermediate sphere” in four denominations.
Antichrist’s Revolution: Some Anglican Apocalypticists in the Age of the French Wars
Authors: Leighton C. D. A.
Published: March 2003

The article deals with the late eighteenth‐ and early nineteenth‐century development of early modern English apocalyptic thought which permitted the identification of the Enlightenment and its political manifestations in Revolutionary France with the prophesied Antichrist. The importance of this phenomenon is discussed and a framework for further discussion of it, taken from general theories of apocalyptic, is provided. However, the article is chiefly concerned to go beyond existing, inadequate explanations of the phenomenon, which advert merely to the French wars and certain contemporary conspiracy theories, and seeks its origins and relationships in wider currents of British thought in the period and before. Notably, reference is made to the concern of the insular Counter‐Enlightenment with rationalist christological heresy, the continuing vigour of the English tradition of apocalyptic exegesis and to contemporary renewed theological and pastoral emphasis on supernatural and dogmatic religion. However, popular thought is also adverted to and the phenomenon is situated within the history of the ideology of the British ancien régime. Throughout, the normality and acceptability of this apocalyptic thought in its contemporary setting is emphasized, implicitly suggesting a need to restrain historiographical emphasis on modernizing patterns of thought in treatments of the period.
Jonathan Edwards and the Language of Nature: The Re‐Enchantment of the World in the Age of Scientific Reasoning
Authors: Zakai Avihu
Published: March 2003

For a long time Jonathan Edwards (1703‐58) was thought of more as a preacher of hellfire and revival than as a theologian, and rather as a Calvinist theologian than a philosopher of importance, and he was dismissed accordingly. Yet Edwards was more than a hellfire preacher, more than a theologian. This New England divine was one of the rare individuals anywhere to recognize and answer the challenges posed to traditional Christian belief by the emergence of new modes of thought in early modern history ‐ the new ideas of the scientific thought and the Enlightenment. His force of mind is evident in his exposition of the poverty of mechanical philosophy, which radically transformed the traditional Christian dialectic of God’s utter transcendence and divine immanence by gradually dimin‐ishing divine sovereignty with respect to creation, providence, and redemption, thus leading to the disenchantment of the world. Edwards constructed a teleological and theological alternative to the prevailing mechanistic interpretation of the essential nature of reality, whose ultimate goal was the re‐enchantment of the world by reconstituting the glory of God’s majestic sovereignty, power, and will within the order of creation.
The Nunawading Messiah: James Fisher and Popular Millenarianism in Nineteenth‐Century Melbourne
Authors: Featherstone Guy
Published: March 2003

James Fisher (1832‐1913), known as the “Nunawading Messiah,” was the leader of a millenarian sect now virtually forgotten. This article describes the beliefs and practices of the sect, the Church of the Firstborn, which he led for nearly fifty years, first in Nunawading (Vic.) and later Wickepin (W.A.). From limited sources, the development of the sect is outlined, noting the eighteenth‐century English background from which it drew inspiration and the Christian Israelite traditions which it followed to some degree. Fisher’s attempt to succeed Wroe as an Angelic Messenger is detailed as is the public controversy of 1871 concerning Fisher’s prophetic claims and alleged polygamy. An analysis of the reasons why Fisher was able to attract a following and retain it for so long is included. The final years of his life as the leader of a communal settlement in Western Australia is followed by a discus‐sion of his place in the millenarian tradition in Australia and his sect is compared with millenarian behaviour generally.
Richard Southern and the Twelfth–Century Intellectual World: Essay Review of R. W. Southern, Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe, Vol. I: Foundations, Vol. II: The Heroic Age
Authors: Thomson R.M.
Published: March 2003

Richard Southern’s most recent book proposes an interpretation of the intellectual life of twelfth–century Europe that deserves both close attention and critical scrutiny. Particular issues questioned in this review are the dominant centrality of the “scholastic enterprise,” Southern’s idiosyncratic definition of “humanism,” and his prolongation of the twelfth–century renaissance through most of the thirteenth. It is argued that Southern’s interpretation has led to the undervaluation of regions of western Europe such as Germany, and of non–scholastic communities such as Benedictine monasticism.
Learning from Texts and Visual Aids: a Developmental Perspective
Authors: Moore Phillip J. , Scevak Jill J.
Published: March 2003

The aims of this research were to investigate the ways in which students in primary and secondary schools process texts and accompanying visual aids and to ascertain any developmental patterns. Think‐aloud protocols were gathered from 119 Grade 5, Grade 7 and Grade 9 students while they read and studied grade‐appropriate History and Science materials which contained both text and visual aids (tables, diagrams). Analyses of the think‐aloud protocols yielded over 50 different processes, subsumed under 10 major categories. While the History results showed no reliable grade differences in the 10 think‐aloud categories, the Science results showed developmental differences. Older students demonstrated a more diverse array of strategies, and explicit linking of text and visual aid information was not as evident in the younger students. ANOVAs following cluster analyses showed weak relationships between cluster membership and outcomes. Implications for instruction are discussed.
An Analysis of the Word Naming Errors of Normal Readers and Reading Disabled Children in Spanish
Authors: López Mercedes Rodrigo , González Juan E. Jiménez
Published: March 2003

In the current research the performance of children with and without reading disabilities was compared on a single word naming task. An analysis was carried out of the frequency and form of naming errors produced by the groups when naming real words and nonwords in a transparent orthography such as Spanish. A sample of 132 (45 normal readers, 87 reading disabled) Spanish children aged 9–10 years were selected, and an experiment was carried out to investigate if students with reading disabilities would have particular difficulties in naming words under conditions that require extensive phonological computation. While the children were performing the naming task, we recorded what they read to subsequently analyse the form, as well as the frequency, of naming errors as a function of lexicality, word frequency, word length and positional frequency of syllables. Disabled readers made more errors in nonwords, low frequency words and long nonwords. The findings support the hypothesis that poor phonological skills are a characteristic of reading disabled children.
Spongelike acquisition of sight vocabulary in beginning readers?
Authors: Stuart Morag , Masterson Jackie , Dixon Maureen
Published: March 2003

We report two training studies designed to investigate the relation between phonological awareness, sound‐to‐letter mapping knowledge, and printed word learning in novice five‐year‐old readers. Effects of visual memory and of teaching methods are also explored.

In our first study, novice five‐year‐old readers able to segment initial phonemes and with good knowledge of mappings between sounds and letters learned words more easily from repeated exposure to texts. Results suggested that visual memory influenced word learning in non‐segmenting but not in segmenting children. Spelling regularity did not affect ease of learning. Nouns were easier to learn than function words.

In the second study, although phonological awareness and sound‐to‐letter mapping knowledge still exerted a significant influence, all novice five‐year‐olds were able to learn words more easily if these were taught out‐of‐context singly on flashcards.

Results support the view that mental representations of printed words are more easily formed by beginners who are able to match at least some of the phonological segments detected in the spoken word to letters in the printed word.
Family literacy activities in the homes of successful young readers
Authors: Stainthorp Rhona , Hughes Diana
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an account of the literacy activities engaged in by the parents of 29 children around the time that the children were about to start school at Key Stage 1. Fifteen of the children were reading fluently before they began school and the remaining fourteen were matched for age, sex, receptive vocabulary scores, pre‐school group attended and socio‐economic family status, but not reading fluently. In order to ascertain that the fluent readers were not simply coming from homes where literacy activities were more in evidence, parents were asked to report on their own literacy activities. The data obtained indicated that there were no systematic differences in the activities of the two sets of parents. They also showed that there was a considerable amount of literacy activity evident in the homes. It is argued that, whilst the home environment is highly instrumental in nurturing literacy development, it is not enough to account for precocious reading ability.
From assimilation to accommodation: a developmental framework for integrating digital technologies into literacy research and instruction
Authors: Reinking David , Labbo Linda , McKenna Michael
Published: March 2003

This article presents a developmental framework for interpreting and understanding how new digital technologies have been integrated into literacy instruction and research, and how they might be integrated in the future. The framework borrows the concepts of assimilation and accommodation from Piaget’s classical developmental theory of learning, applying them to how individuals and groups involved in literacy instruction and research conceptualize and implement new digital technologies in their work. It is argued that assimilation and accommodation define a developmental reality that helps explain a variety of issues pertaining to new technologies in relation to literacy research and practice, such as how new technologies come to be used or not used in literacy instruction, and what research questions are asked or not asked by literacy researchers exploring the implications of new technologies for instruction. The influence of this framework on the authors’ own work and on the work of others is illustrated.
Computer‐assisted learning to read and spell: results from two pilot studies
Authors: Van Daal Victor , Reitsma Pieter
Published: March 2003

Because multimedia computer programs may provide promising opportunities for the training of initial reading and spelling skills, two small‐scale pilot studies have been conducted with a recently‐developed program to examine its efficacy and impact on the motivation of the users. The first study is concerned with the use of the program in kindergarten children (K2). As there is no curriculum for these children, a computer program that is fully adaptive may well boost their independence in learning to read and spell. The main finding in this study was that kindergarten readers learned in up to 16 hours of computer practice as much as is normally attained in the first 3 months of formal reading instruction in the classroom. In the second study, reading‐disabled students with low levels of motivation engaged in computer‐based spelling practice. The most important finding in this study was that the amount of non‐task directed behaviour of those who had practised with the computer significantly decreased during both computer sessions and classroom sessions. In the discussion the way in which computers can be used most efficiently for the instruction of reading and spelling is analysed and suggestions for further research and development are presented.