bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engaging the senses: Dirt, food and the home
Authors: Smit Alexia
Published: August 2012

Through its sensual and tactile evocation of dirt, eating and touching, The Cage produces an atmosphere of domestic intimacy and confinement which is disrupted by the appearance of a sick bird. This article explores how Mihaes' shift from initial disgust to a surprising tenderness is
revealed in embodied terms.
The acquisition of variation in second-language Spanish
Authors: Geeslin Kimberley L. , Gudmestad Aarnes
Published: August 2012

The current study aims to stimulate further interest in interdisciplinary studies of variation in the second-language sound system, to outline the issues that must be considered to establish respect across the various disciplines implicated in this line of research, and to present findings from original research that constitutes a first step toward examining this area of second-language acquisition. By examining the acquisition of two phonetic variants in second-language Spanish, one that is largely geographic (/?/) and one that is conditioned by a range of social factors (/s/-weakening), we show that a large participant pool is needed to study the acquisition of second-dialect features and that the frequency and graphemic contexts in which learners use these features vary. We also identify a range of individual characteristics that appear to influence the acquisition of a second dialect and show that explaining why some learners use socially-conditioned phonetic features requires a complex account of learning experience that includes but is not limited to length, location and purpose of experience abroad, present patterns of contact with native speakers of the language and psycho-social factors linked to language attitudes.
The floodplain food web mosaic: a study of its importance to salmon and steelhead with implications for their recovery
Authors: Bellmore J. Ryan , Baxter Colden V. , Martens Kyle , Connolly Patrick J.
Published: August 2012

Although numerous studies have attempted to place species of interest within the context of food webs, such efforts have generally occurred at small scales or disregard potentially important spatial heterogeneity. If food web approaches are to be employed to manage species, studies are needed that evaluate the multiple habitats and associated webs of interactions in which these species participate. Here, we quantify the food webs that sustain rearing salmon and steelhead within a floodplain landscape of the Methow River, Washington, USA, a location where restoration has been proposed to restore side channels in an attempt to recover anadromous fishes. We combined year‐long measures of production, food demand, and diet composition for the fish assemblage with estimates of invertebrate prey productivity to quantify food webs within the main channel and five different, intact, side channels; ranging from channels that remained connected to the main channel at low flow to those reduced to floodplain ponds. Although we found that habitats within the floodplain had similar invertebrate prey production, these habitats hosted different local food webs. In the main channel, 95% of total prey consumption flowed to fishes that are not the target of proposed restoration. These fishes consumed 64% and 47% of the prey resources that were found to be important to fueling chinook and steelhead production in the main channel, respectively. Conversely, in side channels, a greater proportion of prey was consumed by anadromous salmonids. As a result, carrying capacity estimates based on food were 251% higher, on average, for anadromous salmonids in side channels than the main channel. However, salmon and steelhead production was generally well below estimated capacity in both the main and side channels, suggesting these habitats are under‐seeded with respect to food, and that much larger populations could be supported. Overall, this study demonstrates that floodplain heterogeneity is associated with the occurrence of a mosaic of food webs, all of which were utilized by anadromous salmonids, and all of which may be important to their recovery and persistence. In the long term, these and other fishes would likely benefit from restoring the processes that maintain floodplain complexity.
Stability and Instability in the Friendship Networks of the Turkish White-Collar Class
Authors: Yaniklar Cengiz
Published: August 2012

In this study, I analyzed changes over time in networks consisting of closest friends in the context of the Turkish white-collar class. I also examined how life events affect these changes. I collected data using interviews (conducted 5 years apart) with 32 male and 37 female respondents.
The data show that a significant amount of change in the friendship networks was associated with certain life events; geographical mobility was the most important of these. The data also suggest that there are some significant gendered differences in friendships that change as a result of
social circumstances.
Responses Over Time of Child and Adolescent Survivors to the 2008 Wenchuan, China Earthquake
Authors: Han Li , Zhang Yan , Zheng Yong
Published: August 2012

The posttraumatic psychological symptoms of 188 child and adolescent survivors were investigated at 2 stages after the 2008 earthquake in Wenchuan, China, using the Mental Health Scale (Wo & Liu, 2003) and the Coping Scale (Xiao & Xu, 1996). Results showed that the survivors'
mental health and coping styles were significantly different at each stage. Compared to 1 year after, 2 weeks after the earthquake, participants had more severe psychosomatic symptoms in the following items: compulsive reexperiencing, escaping, sensitive, indifferent, easily angry, suicidal,
felt guilty, easily fearful, lack of interest, inefficacy, insomnia, decreased appetite, avoiding problems, fantasy, self-blaming, and rationalization. Boys scored higher than girls in the felt lonely and asking for help items in the second week, while girls scored higher than boys in the
sensitive, depressed, self-blaming, and rationalization items 1 year after the earthquake. Results suggest that psychologists and social workers should focus on children and adolescents who have experienced traumatic stress and provide them with appropriate mental health interventions.
The Relationships Among Social Capital, Health Promotion, and Job Satisfaction at Hospitals in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Hui-Ting , Tsai Chung-Hung , Wang Chia-Fen
Published: August 2012

In a working environment that is high-risk, knowledge-intensive, extremely stressful, and competitive, medical institutions have increasingly come to value the concepts of social capital and health promotion. In this study conducted at hospitals in Taiwan, we explored the relationships
among social capital (institutional trust and interpersonal trust), health promotion, and job satisfaction. We found that institutional trust had a significantly positive effect on both interpersonal trust and health promotion. In addition, institutional trust, interpersonal trust, and health
promotion had significantly positive effects on job satisfaction. Furthermore, in descending order, institutional trust, health promotion, and interpersonal trust, all substantially affected job satisfaction. Therefore, we concluded that Taiwanese hospitals should reinforce both social capital,
and health promotion programs to improve job satisfaction.
Systemic propolis stimulates new bone formation at the expanded suture
Authors: Altan Burcu A. , Kara Isa M. , Nalcaci Ruhi , Ozan Fatih , Erdogan Serif M. , Ozkut Mahmut M. , Inan Sevinc
Published: August 2012

Objective:

To investigate the effects of systemically given propolis on the expanded premaxillary suture in a rat study model.

Materials and Methods:

The 24 rats were randomly divided into three groups—only expansion (OE), expansion plus propolis (PRO), and nonexpansion (control) groups. After the 5-day expansion period was completed, the OE and PRO groups underwent 12 days of mechanical retention. At the end of this period, the animals were euthanatized and their pre-maxillae were dissected and fixed. Histomorphometric examination was performed to determine the number of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and capillaries as well as the intensity of inflammatory cells and amount of new bone formation.

Results:

Statistical analysis showed that the intensities of inflammatory cells, number of osteoblasts, and amount of new bone formation were greater in the PRO group than in the other groups. The PRO group also had more osteoclasts and new capillaries.

Conclusion:

Systemic use of propolis may hasten new bone formation at the expanded suture in rats.
The emergence of an ‘evolutionary geomorphology’?
Authors: Steiger Johannes , Corenblit Dov
Published: August 2012

Earth surface processes and landforms are modified through the actions of many microorganisms, plants and animals. As organism-driven landform modifications are sometimes to the advantage of the organism, some of these landform features have become adaptive functional components of ecosystems, concurrently affecting and responding to ecological and evolutionary processes. These recent eco-evolutionary insights, focused on feedback among geomorphologic, ecological and evolutionary processes, are currently leading to the emergence of what has been called an ‘evolutionary geomorphology’, with explicit consideration of feedbacks among the evolution of organisms, ecosystem structure and function and landform organization at the Earth surface. Here we provide an overview in the form of a commentary of this emerging sub-discipline in geosciences and ask whether the use of the term ‘evolutionary geomorphology’ is appropriate or rather misleading.
The Prime, Decline, and Recalling of Rural Cycling
Authors: Männistö-Funk Tiina
Published: August 2012

The article studies rural cycling in Finland in the 1920s and 1930s through a folklore survey conducted in 1971-1972. Written memories enable a rare insight in the disappeared practices of bicycle use in the countryside. Comparing the role of the bicycle in the remembered time and the time of remembering, the article furthermore scrutinizes the role of historical narratives in the cultural constructions of the bicycle. Instead of demonstrating a linear, universal decline in the face of motorization, changes in bicycle use and redefinitions of the bicycle are linked to fundamental societal changes.
Transport Policy and the Significance of Time Perspectives
Authors: Dudley Geoff
Published: August 2012

There is frequently a dilemma in the making of transport policy between
prioritizing what appear to be the most immediate problems and seeking
to find the quickest and most straightforward solutions that will satisfy
public demand; or to search for the deep perceptions that shape social and
political norms over long periods of time, and which provide the powerful
dynamics that drive stability and change. A common factor, therefore, in
all four of the insightful case studies in this special section is that they
demonstrate how greater understanding of these stability and change
dynamics is crucial not only in the framing of more effective policies, but
also in gaining knowledge of the interactions (or perhaps lack of them)
that construct transport systems over time. Consequently, they reveal
that it is this factor of time that is a vital, but often overlooked, element in
transport policy-making.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Benzyl [(1S)-1-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-2-phenylethyl]carbamate
Authors: Löser Reik , Nieger Martin , Gütschow Michael
Published: August 2012

The conversion of Z-phenylalanine hydrazide with cyanogen bromide resulted in the formation of the corresponding 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole by spontaneous cyclization of the intermediary cyanohydrazide. The molecular structure of the product was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals of the title compound where obtained from a saturated solution in a mixture of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate and belong to the monoclinic space group P21 with unit cell parameters a = 9.8152(2) Å, b = 9.6305(2) Å, c = 9.8465(2) Å, β = 116.785(1)°. The asymmetric unit contains one molecule.
Chemistry of the Nudibranch Aldisa andersoni: Structure and Biological Activity of Phorbazole Metabolites
Authors: Nuzzo Genoveffa , Ciavatta Maria Letizia , Kiss Robert , Mathieu Véronique , Leclercqz Helene , Manzo Emiliano , Villani Guido , Mollo Ernesto , Lefranc Florence , D’Souza Lisette , Gavagnin Margherita , Cimino Guido
Published: August 2012

The first chemical study of the Indo-Pacific dorid nudibranch Aldisa andersoni resulted in the isolation of five chlorinated phenyl-pyrrolyloxazoles belonging to the phorbazole series. Two new molecules, 9-chloro-phorbazole D and N1-methyl-phorbazole A, co-occurring with known phorbazoles A, B and D, have been characterized. Phorbazoles were found to be present mainly in the external part of the mollusc. The structures of the new compounds were determined by interpretation of spectroscopic data, mainly NMR and mass spectrometry and by comparison with the literature data. Evaluation of feeding-deterrence activity as well as in vitro growth inhibitory properties in human cancer cells was also carried out.
Alkaloids Isolated from the Lateral Root of Aconitum carmichaelii
Authors: Xiong Liang , Peng Cheng , Xie Xiao-Fang , Guo Li , He Cheng-Jun , Geng Zhao , Wan Feng , Dai Ou , Zhou Qin-Mei
Published: August 2012

Two new alkaloids, aconicarmine (1) and aconicaramide (5), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii, together with five known compounds: fuziline (2), neoline (3), N-ethylhokbusine B (4), 5-hydroxymethylpyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (6), and oleracein E (7). Their structures were elucidated by physical and NMR analysis. Pyrrole alkaloids were isolated from A. carmichaelii for the first time. In the in vitro assays, compounds 2 and 3 showed activity against pentobarbital sodium-induced cardiomyocytes damage by obviously recovering beating rhythm and increasing the cell viability, while compounds 5 and 7 showed moderate antibacterial activity.
Embedding of Hollow Polymer Microspheres with Hydrophilic Shell in Nafion Matrix as Proton and Water Micro-Reservoir
Authors: Guo Bing , Tay Siok Wei , Liu Zhaolin , Hong Liang
Published: August 2012

Assimilating hydrophilic hollow polymer spheres (HPS) into Nafion matrix by a loading of 0.5 wt % led to a restructured hydrophilic channel, composed of the pendant sulfonic acid groups (–SO3H) and the imbedded hydrophilic hollow spheres. The tiny hydrophilic hollow chamber was critical to retaining moisture and facilitating proton transfer in the composite membranes. To obtain such a tiny cavity structure, the synthesis included selective generation of a hydrophilic polymer shell on silica microsphere template and the subsequent removal of the template by etching. The hydrophilic HPS (100–200 nm) possessed two different spherical shells, the styrenic network with pendant sulfonic acid groups and with methacrylic acid groups, respectively. By behaving as microreservoirs of water, the hydrophilic HPS promoted the Grotthus mechanism and, hence, enhanced proton transport efficiency through the inter-sphere path. In addition, the HPS with the –SO3H borne shell played a more effective role than those with the –CO2H borne shell in augmenting proton transport, in particular under low humidity or at medium temperatures. Single H2-PEMFC test at 70 °C using dry H2/O2 further verified the impactful role of hydrophilic HPS in sustaining higher proton flux as compared to pristine Nafion membrane.
Information Source Preferences and Associated Expenditure of First-Time and Repeat Visitors at a South African Wine Festival
Authors: Kruger Martinette , Botha Karin , Saayman Melville
Published: August 2012

Growth in the number of festivals urges festival organizers and researchers alike to find ways to effectively identify and attract visitors. The reason for this is an increase in competition due to an increase in the number of events as well as a greater need for festivals to contribute
to the economic well-being of communities where these events/festivals are hosted. One such approach is segmentation by means of information sources, associated expenditure, and frequency of visitation. The Wacky Wine Festival in Robertson, South Africa is one of the country's largest wine
festivals. This wine festival is unique in that it takes place on an existing wine route where 48 wine farms actively participate in the festival. This article presents the results of a survey that was conducted during the festival in June 2009 when visitors to the festival completed 424 questionnaires.
The aim of this exploratory research was to determine first-time and repeat visitors' information source preference at the festival as well as the associated expenditure. Correspondence analysis, as well as ANOVAs, was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that visitors to the Wacky
Wine Festival have specific preferences for certain information sources and that visitors' expenditure at the festival also varies. The results also revealed valuable information concerning the design and implementation of marketing strategies aimed at both first-time and repeat visitors at
the festival.
China and Deep-Rooted Vision: Cultural Grammar in Contest in Tourism, Today
Authors: Hou Chun Xiao
Published: August 2012

In this review article, Hou provides critique of China, today, as an imaginal realm performed and articulated through tourism. In noting the inevitability that the projections of tourism about places and nations are infused with historically informed understandings forged not just decades
ago but centuries past, she calls for much greater awareness in Tourism Studies/Tourism Management (and beyond) of the cultural grammar of tourism, and thereby not only of what conceivably gets represented through tourism, but also of what conceivably gets misrepresented. In this respect,
Hou works from the premise that a relatively large intellectual gap has existed between (for instance) established Chinese notions of Chineseness, and “European” notions of Chineseness. In that light, she examines what can be learned for Tourism Studies/Tourism Management from
scrutiny of what a recent Western observer (the Hungarian academic, Nyíri) says was and is happening about the signification of Chineseness today, and what certain lead experts on the politics of nationalism say was and is happening in terms of the projection of Chineseness. Overall,
Hou queries whether there are many who work on such matters of cultural grammar in research or operational practice in tourism who have been sufficiently trained in transdisciplinary understanding to be able to comment critically on the constitutive exteriority of China (or of any still-developing/fast-developing
nation) in and through tourism. Hou argues that while the inscriptive and performative authority of tourism is manifestly immense, the critical capacity of Tourism Studies/Tourism Management scholars to scrutinize the selective and productive rhetoric of “place”/“space”/“nation”
construction is not. (Abstract by the Reviews Editor)
Influência da Crioterapia e do Calor Ultrassônico na Paralisia Cerebral:
Authors: Ferreira Amanda Adna Silva , Fernandes Dannielle Santiago De Souza Leão
Published: August 2012

Introdução. Vários recursos fisioterapêuticos podem ser instituídos para tratar pacientes no que se refere ao controle da espasticidade e dentre estes podemos citar a crioterapia e termoterapia, pois apresen­tam evidências na redução da mesma. Objetivo. Analisar o efeito da crioterapia e do calor ultrassônico na redução da espasticidade de pa­ciente acometido por paralisia. Método. A amostra constou de uma paciente com sequelas de paralisia cerebral do tipo espástica, do sexo feminino, e com 22 anos de idade. Foram avaliadas a amplitude de movimento passiva (goniometria) e o grau de espasticidade pela a Es­cala Modificada de Ashworth, antes e depois da intervenção fisiotera­pêutica. O tratamento fisioterapêutico (crioterapia/30 min.; UST/10 min.) ocorreu em 14 sessões de atendimento, durante 4 semanas, com duração 30 minutos cada sessão. Resultados. Os resultados encontra­dos demonstram melhora na amplitude de movimento (ADM) de ex­tensão passiva do cotovelo esquerdo e para os níveis de espasticidade, sendo valor de p<0.01, para ambas a variáveis estudadas. Conclusão. Para o caso em questão, o protocolo de tratamento utilizado, foi eficaz na diminuição da espasticidade muscular com consequente ganho na ADM articular
An experimental study of effect of process parameters in turning of LM6/SiCP metal matrix composite and its prediction using response surface methodology
Authors: Joardar H , Das NS , Sutradhar G
Published: August 2012

In the present investigation an attempt is made to evaluate the effect of certain cutting variables on surface roughness in plain turning of aluminium alloy (LM6) - SiCp metal matrix composites under dry cutting condition. Cutting velocity, depth of cut and weight percentage of SiCp in the metal matrix are selected as the influencing parameters. The experiments are conducted based on three factors, two level and central composite face centered design (CCD) with full factorial and the results are analyzed according to the principle of Response Surface Methodology. The equation to the response surface is developed using the design of experiments features of the commercial software package MINITAB-14. The goodness of fit of the regression model is examined using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the F-ratio test. The contour plots of the process parameters revel that the best surface finish is associated with the lowest level of depth of cut, the lowest level of the weight percentage of SiCp in the metal matrix and the highest level of cutting velocity. These conclusions are further verified through eight confirmatory experiments and with the help of the sensitivity analysis.
Minimization of material volume of three layer compound cylinder having same materials subjected to internal pressure
Authors: Miraje AA , Patil SA
Published: August 2012

A thick cylinder storing fluid with large internal pressure has second order non-linear variation in the hoop stress across the wall. Utilization of material of the cylinder is not up to its full capacity. For more uniform hoop stress distribution, compound cylinders are formed by shrinkage process where outer cylinder is heated until it will slide freely over inner cylinder thus exerting the required shrinkage pressure on cooling. Using the calculated shrinkage pressures between two contacting cylinders, it is possible to reduce the hoop stress and make it more or less uniform over the thickness. This paper introduces the methodology for minimization of volume of shrink-fitted three layer compound cylinder and to get equal maximum hoop stresses in all the cylinders. The analytical results are validated in comparison with FEM in ANSYS Workbench. Both the results agree with each other. Thus methodology can be applied to multi-layer compound cylinders used in real-world applications.
Stability and Hopf bifurcation analysis in ecological system with two delays
Authors: Agarwal M , Pathak R
Published: August 2012

This paper aims to study the effect of time-delay on a food chain model. Two delays (τ1 and τ2) are considered in the model to describe the time that juveniles of prey and predator take to mature. The stability analysis of the proposed model is carried out. The Hopf bifurcation conditions of the interior equilibrium point are established. Finally, numerical simulations are done to support the analytical findings. In addition, critical value of time delays are determined and it is found that maturation delay always acts as a destabilizing factor.
Parametric analysis of rail vehicle parameters influencing ride behavior
Authors: Sharma RC
Published: August 2012

This paper presents the influence of rail vehicle parameters on vertical and lateral ride behavior. The analysis considers coupled vertical-lateral 37 degrees of freedom mathematical model of an Indian Railway General Sleeper ICF coach formulated using Largangian dynamics. Both vertical and lateral irregularities of the railway track, considered as random function of time are incorporated in analysis. The ride analysis of the mathematical model suggests that discomfort frequency range lies from 4 to 10.5 Hz and improvements in the design of rail vehicle coach are required for better ride comfort. It is seen from parametric analysis that car body mass, secondary suspension vertical damping, primary suspension vertical damping and wheel base are the most sensitive parameters influencing vertical ride. While lateral ride is significantly influenced by car body mass, roll & yaw mass moment of inertia and secondary suspension lateral stiffness.
Currículo e “Novas Tecnologias” em tempos de globalização
Authors: Sossai Fernando Cesar , Mendes Geovana Mendonça Lunardi , Pacheco José Augusto
Published: August 2012

Neste ensaio discutimos arranjos epistemológicos que supostamente inscrevem o campo dos estudos curriculares em uma agenda cosmopolita de reflexão. Além disso, analisamos como os estudos curriculares, sob a premissa do diálogo com o fenômeno da globalização, colocam-se a produzir metáforas, epítetos e jargões curriculares cada vez mais alegóricos. Nessa direção, refletimos também sobre o reenquadramento dos estudos curriculares enquanto lugar de práticas de significação, bem como acerca do caráter ambivalente que o processo de digressão sobre a globalização possibilita no próprio campo. No perscrutar desses sentidos, adotamos como lócus de reflexão os híbridos contextos curriculares do Brasil e de Portugal na expectativa de problematizar uma questão basilar: a equivalência semântica das propaladas “novas tecnologias educacionais” a veículos da globalização imaginariamente habilitadas à “atualização” do currículo escolar. Nesse fazer, adotamos como questões referenciais a relação entre currículo e globalização de modo a refletir sobre alguns dos argumentos que têm sido utilizados para interrogar o campo dos estudos curriculares frente aos ensejos de propagandeadas tecnologias capazes de promover o trânsito entre o local e o global.
Diante do abismo digital: mídia-educação e mediações culturais
Authors: Fantin Monica , Girardello Gilka Elvira Ponzi
Published: August 2012

Este artigo discute a inclusão digital na perspectiva da educação e da cultura, com destaque para as formas como a questão se apresenta no Brasil, mas entendendo que elas não são exclusivas desse contexto. Diante dos complexos desafios à inclusão digital no contexto da globalização, o artigo enfatiza a importância de que as crianças e os jovens possam se apropriar de forma significativa das novas tecnologias e linguagens, numa perspectiva de que a inclusão significa muito mais do que o acesso às tecnologias, configurando-se em uma das frentes de luta contra a desigualdade. As autoras propõem que o enfrentamento da barreira digital seja enriquecido com a valorização das mediações culturais. Nesse sentido, discutem as possibilidades de uma abordagem culturalista de mídia-educação para promover uma inclusão digial que seja experiência de cidadania, pertencimeto e participação crítica e criativa na cultura.
Mídia-Educação – entre a teoria e a prática
Authors: Tufte Birgitte , Christensen Ole
Published: August 2012

O artigo inicia focando as discussões atuais sobre a definição de mídia-educação, referindo-se a uma recente conferência internacional. Hoje contamos com perspectivas interessantes em relação às mídias e às crianças. As tecnologias de mídia mudam rapidamente, assim como o uso que as crianças fazem delas, o que lhes traz habilidades que a geração anterior não tinha. Isto desafia a forma e o conteúdo da mídia-educação, bem como todo o currículo escolar. O artigo discute uma abordagem educacional ampla, teórico-prática, ao tema das mídias e da informação. Parte das experiências de cooperação dos autores com professores do sistema escolar dinamarquês, sendo apresentados dois modelos: o primeiro, que tem sido usado há muitos anos em relação aos meios de comunicação tradicionais, como a imprensa, a TV e o vídeo – o chamado modelo em zig-zag. E o segundo, voltado ao ensino no novo contexto multimídia. O primeiro projeto descreve como ensinar sobre cinema em classes do primeiro ao terceiro ano do ensino primário, e o segundo descreve o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de cinema para professores, incluindo o que os autores chamam de “modelo tufão”, uma segunda versão do modelo em zig-zag. O artigo conclui com uma discussão sobre o futuro da mídia-educação.
Sistemas municipais de ensino no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: um olhar atento para o professor
Authors: Werle Flávia Obino Corrêa , Corrêa Carolina Obino , Andrade Alenis Cleusa de
Published: August 2012

O  artigo  discute  políticas  educacionais  de  âmbito  municipal tomando como foco o tema da formação e valorização do magistério. Analisa leis de sistemas municipais de ensino (SME) do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e a importância da descentralização,  da  articulação  da  educação  municipal  em  forma de sistema de ensino. O trabalho estrutura-se em cinco partes. A primeira apresenta um debate teórico sobre  autonomia   política  de  governos  locais  com  base  em Giddens (1991, 2002). A segunda analisa as políticas educacionais situando leis de SME como parte do mundo  constitucional.  A  terceira  apresenta  a  valorização  do  magistério na legislação brasileira. A  quarta  apresenta  a metodologia,  enquanto a quinta parte analisa leis de SME de municípios  do  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  explicitando suas características no  tocante  à  importância  do professor e  do diretor de escola, aos que oferecem apoio pedagógico e aos servidores e funcionários que atuam no SME. Reafirma-se a  importância  da  autonomia  política  dos  governos  locais.
Políticas para o ensino superior no âmbito do projeto revolucionário bolivariano da Venezuela: aspectos históricos e conceituais
Authors: Rizzotto Maria Lucia Frizon , Nogueira Francis Mary Guimarães
Published: August 2012

Este estudo de caráter documental apresenta resultados de pesquisa que objetivou abordar aspectos históricos e conceituais que ajudam a compreender tanto a emergência do Projeto Revolucionário Bolivariano (PRB), como as razões que levaram à criação da Universidade Bolivariana da Venezuela e da Missão Sucre, principal política do governo Chávez para o Ensino Superior. O recorte da pesquisa está circunscrito ao primeiro governo de Chávez, particularmente ao período compreendido entre 2003 e 2006. Buscou-se mostrar como o processo de formação em curso naquele país se articula com a implemen- tação do PRB. Propõe-se também realizar análises acerca da concepção de formação subjacente à política de Ensino Superior. Neste artigo, concluiu-se que a apropriação de princípios liberais no processo educativo, dadas as contradições e a polarização que vive a sociedade venezuelana, pode não viabilizar a conse- cução do processo de transformação social em curso naquele país.
Summer ammonia measurements in a densely populated Mediterranean city
Authors: Pandolfi M. , Amato F. , Reche C. , Alastuey A. , Otjes R. P. , Blom M. J. , Querol X.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Real-time measurements of ambient concentrations of gas-phase ammonia (NH3) were performed in Barcelona (NE Spain) in summer between May and September 2011. Two measurement sites were selected: one in an urban background traffic-influenced area (UB) and the other in the historical city centre (CC). Levels of NH3 were higher at CC (5.6 ± 2.1 μg m−3 or 7.5 ± 2.8 ppbv) compared with UB (2.2 ± 1.0 μg m−3 or 2.9 ± 1.3 ppbv). This difference is attributed to the contribution from non-traffic sources such as waste containers, sewage systems, humans and open markets more dense in the densely populated historical city centre. Under high temperatures in summer these sources had the potential to increase the ambient levels of NH3 well above the urban-background-traffic-influenced UB measurement station. Measurements were used to assess major local emissions, sinks and diurnal evolution of NH3. The measured levels of NH3, especially high in the old city, may contribute to the high mean annual concentrations of secondary sulfate and nitrate measured in Barcelona compared with other cities in Spain affected by high traffic intensity. Ancillary measurements, including PM10, PM2.5, PM1 levels (Particulate Matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm, 2.5 μm, and 1 μm), gases and black carbon concentrations and meteorological data, were performed during the measurement campaign. The analysis of specific periods (3 special cases) during the campaign revealed that road traffic was a significant source of NH3. However, its effect was more evident at UB compared with CC where it was masked given the high levels of NH3 from non-traffic sources measured in the old city. The relationship between SO42− daily concentrations and gas-fraction ammonia (NH3/(NH3 + NH4+)) revealed that the gas-to-particle phase partitioning (volatilization or ammonium salts formation) also played an important role in the evolution of NH3 concentration in summer in Barcelona.
Future impact of traffic emissions on atmospheric ozone and OH based on two scenarios
Authors: Hodnebrog Ø. , Berntsen T. K. , Dessens O. , Gauss M. , Grewe V. , Isaksen I. S. A. , Koffi B. , Myhre G. , Olivié D. , Prather M. J. , Stordal F. , Szopa S. , Tang Q. , van Velthoven P. , Williams J. E.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The future impact of traffic emissions on atmospheric ozone and OH has been investigated separately for the three sectors AIRcraft, maritime SHIPping and ROAD traffic. To reduce uncertainties we present results from an ensemble of six different atmospheric chemistry models, each simulating the atmospheric chemical composition in a possible high emission scenario (A1B), and with emissions from each transport sector reduced by 5% to estimate sensitivities. Our results are compared with optimistic future emission scenarios (B1 and B1 ACARE), presented in a companion paper, and with the recent past (year 2000). Present-day activity indicates that anthropogenic emissions so far evolve closer to A1B than the B1 scenario. As a response to expected changes in emissions, AIR and SHIP will have increased impacts on atmospheric O3 and OH in the future while the impact of ROAD traffic will decrease substantially as a result of technological improvements. In 2050, maximum aircraft-induced O3 occurs near 80° N in the UTLS region and could reach 9 ppbv in the zonal mean during summer. Emissions from ship traffic have their largest O3 impact in the maritime boundary layer with a maximum of 6 ppbv over the North Atlantic Ocean during summer in 2050. The O3 impact of road traffic emissions in the lower troposphere peaks at 3 ppbv over the Arabian Peninsula, much lower than the impact in 2000. Radiative Forcing (RF) calculations show that the net effect of AIR, SHIP and ROAD combined will change from a~marginal cooling of −0.38 ± 13 mW m−2 in 2000 to a relatively strong cooling of −32 ± 8.9 (B1) or −31 ± 20 mW m−2 (A1B) in 2050, when taking into account RF due to changes in O3, CH4 and CH4-induced O3. This is caused both by the enhanced negative net RF from SHIP, which will change from −20 ± 5.4 mW m−2 in 2000 to −31 ± 4.8 (B1) or −40 ± 11 mW m−2 (A1B) in 2050, and from reduced O3 warming from ROAD, which is likely to turn from a positive net RF of 13 ± 7.9 mW m−2 in 2000 to a slightly negative net RF of −2.9 ± 1.7 (B1) or −3.3 ± 3.8 (A1B) mW m−2 in the middle of this century. The negative net RF from ROAD is temporary and induced by the strong decline in ROAD emissions prior to 2050, which only affects the methane cooling term due to the longer lifetime of CH4 compared to O3. The O3 RF from AIR in 2050 is strongly dependent on scenario and ranges from 19 ± 6.8 (B1 ACARE) to 62 ± 13.6 mW m−2 (A1B). There is also a considerable span in the net RF from AIR in 2050, ranging from −0.54 ± 4.6 (B1 ACARE) to 12 ± 11 (A1B) mW m−2 compared to 6.5 ± 2.1 mW m−2 in 2000.
A multi-instrument comparison of integrated water vapour measurements at a high latitude site
Authors: Buehler S. A. , Östman S. , Melsheimer C. , Holl G. , Eliasson S. , John V. O. , Blumenstock T. , Hase F. , Elgered G. , Raffalski U. , Nasuno T. , Satoh M. , Milz M. , Mendrok J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We compare measurements of integrated water vapour (IWV) over a subarctic site (Kiruna, Northern Sweden) from five different sensors and retrieval methods: Radiosondes, Global Positioning System (GPS), ground-based Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, ground-based microwave radiometer, and satellite-based microwave radiometer (AMSU-B). Additionally, we compare also to ERA-Interim model reanalysis data. GPS-based IWV data have the highest temporal coverage and resolution and are chosen as reference data set. All datasets agree reasonably well, but the ground-based microwave instrument only if the data are cloud-filtered. We also address two issues that are general for such intercomparison studies, the impact of different lower altitude limits for the IWV integration, and the impact of representativeness error. We develop methods for correcting for the former, and estimating the random error contribution of the latter. A literature survey reveals that reported systematic differences between different techniques are study-dependent and show no overall consistent pattern. Further improving the absolute accuracy of IWV measurements and providing climate-quality time series therefore remain challenging problems.
Bioerosion by microbial euendoliths in benthic foraminifera from heavy metal-polluted coastal environments of Portovesme (South-Western Sardinia, Italy)
Authors: Cherchi A. , Buosi C. , Zuddas P. , De Giudici G.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. A monitoring survey of the coastal area facing the industrial area of Portoscuso-Portovesme (South-Western Sardinia, Italy) revealed intense bioerosional processes. Benthic foraminifera collected at the same depth (about 2 m) but at different distances from the pollution source show extensive microbial infestation, anomalous Mg/Ca molar ratios and high levels of heavy metals in the shell associated with a decrease in foraminifera richness, population density and biodiversity with the presence of morphologically abnormal specimens. We found that carbonate dissolution induced by euendoliths is selective, depending on the Mg content and morpho-structural types of foraminiferal taxa. This study provides evidences for a connection between heavy metal dispersion, decrease in pH of the sea-water and bioerosional processes on foraminifera.
A data assimilation framework for constraining upscaled cropland carbon flux seasonality and biometry with MODIS
Authors: Sus O. , Heuer M. W. , Meyers T. P. , Williams M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Agroecosystem models are strongly dependent on information on land management patterns for regional applications. Land management practices play a major role in determining global yield variability, and add an anthropogenic signal to the observed seasonality of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, there is still little knowledge on spatial and temporal variability of important farmland activities such as crop sowing dates, and thus these remain rather crudely approximated within carbon cycle studies. In this study, we present a framework allowing for spatio-temporally resolved simulation of cropland carbon fluxes under observational constraints on land management and canopy greenness. We apply a data assimilation methodology in order to explicitly account for information on sowing dates and model leaf area index. MODIS 250 m vegetation index data were assimilated both variationally (for sowing date estimation) and sequentially (for improved model state estimation, using the Ensemble Kalman Filter) into a crop carbon mass balance model (SPAc). In doing so, we are able to accurately quantify the multiannual (2000–2006) regional carbon flux and biometry seasonality of maize-soybean crop rotations surrounding the Bondville Ameriflux eddy covariance site, averaged over 104 pixel locations within the wider area. (1) From Bondville site results we deduce that MODIS-derived sowing dates allow for accurate simulations of growing season carbon cycling at locations for which such ground-truth data are not available. Thus, this framework enables modellers to simulate current (i.e. last 10 yr) carbon cycling of major agricultural regions. Averaged over the 104 field patches analysed, relative spatial variability for biometry and net ecosystem exchange ranges from ~7 % to ~18 %. The annual sign of net biome productivity is not significantly different from carbon neutrality. (2) Moreover, observing carbon cycling at one single field with its individual sowing pattern is not sufficient to constrain large-scale agroecosystem carbon flux seasonality. Study area average growing season length is 20 days longer than observed at Bondville, primarily because of an earlier estimated start of season. (3) For carbon budgeting, additional information on cropland soil management and belowground carbon cycling has to be considered, as such constraints are not provided by MODIS.
Climatic impacts of fresh water hosing under Last Glacial Maximum conditions: a multi-model study
Authors: Kageyama M. , Merkel U. , Otto-Bliesner B. , Prange M. , Abe-Ouchi A. , Lohmann G. , Roche D. M. , Singarayer J. , Swingedouw D. , Zhang X.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Fresh water hosing simulations, in which a fresh water flux is imposed in the North Atlantic to force fluctuations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, have been routinely performed, first to study the climatic signature of different states of this circulation, then, under present or future conditions, to investigate the potential impact of a partial melting of the Greenland ice sheet. The most compelling examples of climatic changes potentially related to AMOC abrupt variations, however, are found in high resolution palaeo-records from around the globe for the last glacial period. To study those more specifically, more and more fresh water hosing experiments have been performed under glacial conditions in the recent years. Here we compare an ensemble constituted by 11 such simulations run with 6 different climate models. All simulations follow a slightly different design but are sufficiently close in their design to be compared. All study the impact of a fresh water hosing imposed in the extra-tropical North Atlantic. Common features in the model responses to hosing are the cooling over the North Atlantic, extending along the sub-tropical gyre in the tropical North Atlantic, the southward shift of the Atlantic ITCZ and the weakening of the African and Indian monsoons. On the other hand, the expression of the bipolar see-saw, i.e. warming in the Southern Hemisphere, differs from model to model, with some restricting it to the South Atlantic and specific regions of the Southern Ocean while others simulate a wide spread Southern Ocean warming. The relationships between the features common to most models, i.e. climate changes over the North and tropical Atlantic, African and Asian monsoon regions, are further quantified. These suggest a tight correlation between the temperature and precipitation changes over the extra-tropical North Atlantic, but different pathways for the teleconnections between the AMOC/North Atlantic region and the African and Indian monsoon regions.
Tree-ring based June–July mean temperature variations since the Little Ice Age in the Adamello-Presanella Group (Italian Central Alps)
Authors: Coppola A. , Leonelli G. , Salvatore M. C. , Pelfini M. , Baroni C.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Mountain climate is generally strongly conditioned by the site-specific topographic characteristics. Detailed reconstructions of climate parameters for pre-instrumental periods in these mountain areas, suffering of glacial retreat caused by recent global warming, are needed in the view of a better comprehension of the environmental dynamics. We present here the first reconstruction of early summer (June–July) mean temperature for the Adamello-Presanella Group (Central European Alps, 45°54'–46°19' N; 10°21'–10°53' E), one of the most glaciarized mountain Group of the Central Italian Alps. The reconstruction has been based on four larch tree-ring width chronologies derived from living trees sampled in four valleys surrounding the Group. The reconstruction spans from 1596 to 2004 and accounts for about 35% of the temperature variance. The statistical verification of the reconstruction demonstrates the positive skill of the tree-ring data set in tracking temperature variability, but a divergence is visible starting from about 1980 between actual and reconstructed temperature, which slightly underestimate instrumental data. An analysis of moving mean sensitivity over a time window of thirty years evidences a decrement of this parameter in recent times, which is likely related to the noticed divergence and indicates a recent more complacent response to climate of larch at the tree-line.
Comment on "Observing desert dust devils with a pressure logger" by Lorenz (2012)
Authors: Spiga A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Lorenz (2012) proposes to use pressure loggers for long-term field measurements in terrestrial deserts. The dataset obtained through this method features both pressure drops (reminiscent of dust devils) and periodic convective signatures. Here we use Large-Eddy Simulations to provide an explanation for those periodic convective signatures and to argue that pressure measurements in deserts have broader applications than monitoring dust devils.
Atmospheric muons: experimental aspects
Authors: Cecchini S. , Spurio M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We present a review of atmospheric muon flux and energy spectrum measurements over almost six decades of muon momentum. Sea-level and underground/water/ice experiments are considered. Possible sources of systematic errors in the measurements are examinated. The characteristics of underground/water muons (muons in bundle, lateral distribution, energy spectrum) are discussed. The connection between the atmospheric muon and neutrino measurements are also reported.
Using multi-model averaging to improve the reliability of catchment scale nitrogen predictions
Authors: Exbrayat J.-F. , Viney N. R. , Frede H.-G. , Breuer L.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Hydro-biogeochemical models are used to foresee the impact of mitigation measures on water quality. Usually, scenario-based studies rely on single model applications. This is done in spite of the widely acknowledged advantage of ensemble approaches to cope with structural model uncertainty issues. As an attempt to demonstrate the reliability of such multi-model efforts in the hydro-biogeochemical context, this methodological contribution proposes an adaptation of the Reliability Ensemble Averaging (REA) philosophy to nitrogen losses predictions. A total of 4 models are used to predict the total nitrogen (TN) losses from the well-monitored Ellen Brook catchment in Western Australia. Simulations include re-predictions of current conditions and a set of straightforward management changes targeting fertilization scenarios. Results show that, in spite of good calibration metrics, one of the models provides a very different response to management changes. This behaviour leads the simple average of the ensemble members to also predict reductions in TN export that are not in agreement with the other models. However, considering the convergence of model predictions in the more sophisticated REA approach assigns more weight to previously less well calibrated models that are more in agreement with each other. This method also avoids having to disqualify any of the ensemble members, which is always sensible.