bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring functional impairment: Preliminary psychometric properties of the Columbia Impairment Scale‐Youth Version with youth accessing services at an outpatient substance use programme
Authors: Cleverley Kristin , Brennenstuhl Sarah , Henderson Joanna
Published: November 2019

Aim

Functional impairment is a key aspect of mental disorders, yet it is poorly defined and operationalized, particularly for youth. The Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS) has been indicated as a potentially useful measure to assess functional impairment. This study provides an initial psychometric evaluation of the CIS‐Youth (CIS‐Y) Version in a sample of youth accessing an outpatient substance use programme.

Methods

The CIS‐Y Version was administered to youth aged 15 to 24 years accessing an outpatient substance use programme in Ontario, Canada. Demographic data on age, sex, ethnicity and current occupational and/or educational status were also collected. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify what factor structure best fits our sample of youth.

Results

The sample included 134 youth, with a mean age of 19.3 (SD = 2.1; range = 15‐24). Over 34% of the sample had at least some item‐level missing data, overwhelming this was item‐level “not applicable” responses. The CIS‐Y exhibited good internal consistency (α = .84), and EFA revealed that a one‐factor structure was the best fit for the data.

Conclusions

Results suggest that continued use of the CIS‐Y with populations of youth, including emerging adults, is warranted. The scale has good internal consistency, loads onto one factor and discriminates between groups known to have lower and higher functioning. Further research is recommended that uses larger and more varying samples, as well as research that investigates optimal coding of non‐applicable responses.
Partitioning plant spectral diversity into alpha and beta components
Authors: Laliberté Etienne , Schweiger Anna K. , Legendre Pierre
Published: November 2019

Plant spectral diversity – how plants differentially interact with solar radiation – is an integrator of plant chemical, structural, and taxonomic diversity that can be remotely sensed. We propose to measure spectral diversity as spectral variance, which allows the partitioning of the spectral diversity of a region, called spectral gamma (γ) diversity, into additive alpha (α; within communities) and beta (β; among communities) components. Our method calculates the contributions of individual bands or spectral features to spectral γ‐, β‐, and α‐diversity, as well as the contributions of individual plant communities to spectral diversity. We present two case studies illustrating how our approach can identify 'hotspots’ of spectral α‐diversity within a region, and discover spectrally unique areas that contribute strongly to β‐diversity. Partitioning spectral diversity and mapping its spatial components has many applications for conservation since high local diversity and distinctiveness in composition are two key criteria used to determine the ecological value of ecosystems.
In‐vitro validation of near‐infrared reflection for proximal caries detection
Authors: Lederer Alexander , Kunzelmann Karl‐Heinz , Heck Katrin , Hickel Reinhard , Litzenburger Friederike
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study was the in‐vitro validation of VistaCam iX HD, which uses near‐infrared reflection (NIRR), for proximal caries detection. It was compared with digital bitewing radiography (BWR), and micro‐computed tomography (µCT) was used as the reference standard. One‐hundred teeth with either sound (n = 54) or carious (n = 46) proximal surfaces were selected using visual–tactile criteria. Images of these surfaces were generated using BWR and NIRR. Evaluation was performed by two examiners, twice, at an interval of 2 weeks. All samples were scanned with a micro‐computed tomograph. Thresholds were defined for sound surfaces, and for enamel and dentin lesions, for all methods. Both BWR and NIRR showed moderate sensitivity for the detection of any caries (0.50 for NIRR and 0.53 for BWR). For enamel lesions, sensitivity was lower (0.13 for NIRR and 0.31 for BWR). Specificity was high (≥0.94) in all categories for both methods. Inter‐rater reliability ranged from 0.89 to 0.93 and intra‐rater reliability from 0.80 to 0.89. Surface evaluation of images generated using NIRR was complicated by overexposed areas; approximately 25% of the images were not clearly interpretable. In conclusion, NIRR and BWR were found to be reproducible methods with comparable diagnostic accuracy. However, NIRR cannot be recommended as a complementary diagnostic method for assessing proximal caries in permanent molars because of problems with image quality and artefacts.
The asymmetries of pouvoir constituant mixte
Authors: Perju Vlad
Published: November 2019

This invited Symposium contribution discusses Jürgen Habermas's celebrated and influential theory of pouvoir constituant mixte. In that account, the EU is constituted by a double authority: that of citizens of nation‐states and that of (the same) citizens as subjects of the future EU. I argue that Habermas's theory is convincing only if the two constitution‐building subjects—citizens of the already constituted nation‐states and citizens of the to‐be‐constituted European Union—are positioned symmetrically in relation to each other. I argue that Habermas's construction is, in fact, asymmetrical. I identify three asymmetries: of expectations, of function and of origins. I argue that these asymmetries place the role of citizens as members of nation‐states in such an advantageous position that it would be irrational for citizens in their other capacity, as citizens of the to‐be‐constituted European Union, to participate in the constituent authority in the terms proposed and defended by Habermas.
Fatigue strength degradation of corroded structural details: A formula for S‐N curve
Authors: Adasooriya N.D. , Pavlou D. , Hemmingsen T.
Published: November 2019

A formula is proposed to predict fatigue strength of corroded members and joints of steel structures. The concept of the formula is first studied from recently identified mechanism of corrosion fatigue. Hence, the corresponding fatigue strength curve (i.e. S‐N curve) of corroded steel is presented. It is further improved to derive linear, bilinear or trilinear S‐N curve for corroded constructional details of steel structures. The parameters of the corroded steel S‐N curve are determined based on the corrosion fatigue testing results of different types of steel specimens in air, fresh water and seawater. Hence, the parameters for the derived S‐N curve of corroded constructional details are predicted based on the above parameters and tabulated for the detail categories given in the Eurocode and DNVGL code. The proposed S‐N curve formula is compared with full‐scale fatigue test results of several constructional details, and the validity of the formula is confirmed.
If we cannot measure it, we cannot improve it: Understanding measurement problems in routine oral/dental assessments in Canadian nursing homes—Part I
Authors: Hoben Matthias , Yoon Minn N. , Lu Lily , Estabrooks Carole A.
Published: November 2019

Objective

To compare Resident Assessment Instrument—Minimum Data Set 2.0 (RAI) oral/dental items collected by nursing home (NH) care staff to (a) assessments collected by trained research assistants (RAs) and (b) “gold standard” clinical assessments by dental hygienists (DHs).

Background

Routine collection of RAI oral/dental items is mandatory in most Canadian NHs. However, the performance of these items is less than optimal and oral/dental problems are severely under‐reported. Accurate assessment is a prerequisite for preventing, detecting and treating oral health problems. Not knowing the reasons for performance problems is a barrier to improving performance of the RAI oral/dental items.

Materials and Methods

We included 103 NH residents from 4 NHs in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Using Kappa statistics, we compared the agreement of residents’ last (no older than 90 days) RAI assessment with RAI assessments completed by trained RAs and “gold standard” clinical assessments by DHs. We also assessed the inter‐rater reliability (IRR) of RA and DH assessments.

Results

Care staff assessments had poor agreement with RA and DH assessments (Kappa < 0.2 for most items). RAs and DHs identified more oral/dental problems than care staff. However, IRR of RA assessments was low (Kappa < 0.7 for 7/9 items). IRR of DH assessments was acceptable (Kappa > 0.7) for most items.

Conclusions

The quality of RAI oral/dental assessments can be improved by better training care staff and ensuring appropriate time to do the assessments. However, remaining problems—even with trained RAs—suggest that rewording some of the items or supplementing them by more robust tools may be required.
Trophies of war: British flying officers' photograph albums and the memory of air operations in Egypt, 1915—1918
Authors: Fox Paul
Published: November 2019

This paper addresses the impact of technological modernity on the tactical conduct of the First World War and on how it was subsequently remembered. Specifically, it considers a now lost archive that has received scant historical attention: the collection of photographic intelligence material, comprising negatives and prints, housed on airfields and in military headquarters in Egypt, generated during photographic reconnaissance missions flown during combat operations over enemy held territory in the Middle East. In the absence of the archive itself, the paper asks: what did veteran flying officers who had employed military imaging technologies while on duty, do with the prints they chose to retain, examples of which abound in their private photograph albums. The paper argues that veterans’ photograph albums served as condensers, crystallising personal memories of wartime experience in Egypt through a process whereby their makers ordered the material at their disposal as they saw fit in order to give shape to memories, and thereby construct a privatised sense of their wartime past. It addresses three categories of image: those sourced from the military intelligence archive; photographs of British flying stations and aerodromes (used as airborne navigation aids); and training mission photography of locations in Egypt associated with Nile tourism. It concludes that while albums made by flying officers might contain images more commonly associated with Nile tourism, the inclusion of salient images from the military intelligence archive elevated them to the status of trophy objects: private trophy albums owned by former air warfare practitioners signposted their membership of a wartime in‐group defined by its mastery of state‐of‐the‐art technologies, the conduct of an unprecedented type of combat, and of quotidian life on a new type of military installation‐the aerodrome, a restricted place in which a gated community of high‐value specialists went about its professional duties. Moreover, flying officers’ trophy albums were constitutive of a post‐war fictive kinship in the British veteran community, and informed the cultural construction of a family of remembrance without precedent.
Delusional infestation: a prototype of psychodermatological disease
Authors: Katsoulis Katerina , Rutledge Kyle J. , Jafferany Mohammad
Published: November 2019

Delusional infestation (DI) is a disorder in which patients express a firm, unwavering belief that they are infested with some type of organism but otherwise have a typical grasp on reality with relatively normal cognitive functioning. Although classified as a somatic delusional disorder, DI requires special consideration due to its complicated clinical presentation, requiring attention to several possible explanations for the symptoms the patients describe. The purpose of the current review is to first summarize the clinical background and features of the diagnosis then explore treatment options. DI is a rare disorder though has reported cases dating back to the 19th century and spanning across the globe. Patients often experience the disorder as secondary to a medical condition, including substance use/withdrawal. However, there have also been many reported cases of primary DI, occurring in the absence of any other psychiatric or medical disorder. Clinically, DI is a diagnosis of exclusion, where the physician must rule out other medical conditions, including genuine dermatological disorders or infestations, or contributions from medications or substances. Patients with the disorder more commonly present to nonpsychiatric healthcare providers, making it essential for all clinicians to be able to identify the disease. Treatment can include either first or second generation antipsychotics, but it is important to proceed tactfully in discourse with the patient, being careful to address patients in a straightforward manner without reinforcing or questioning the delusion and focusing conversation on what can be done for the symptoms. Future research can continue to evaluate pathophysiology underlying primary DI, which historically has been an under‐studied topic.
Involuntary Immobility and the Unfulfilled Rite of Passage: Implications for Migration Management in the Gambia, West Africa
Authors: Conrad Suso Catherine T.
Published: November 2019

Gambia, the smallest country on the African continent, is one of the largest contributors, per capita, to irregular migrants in Europe. Aspirations to migrate are ingrained culturally, to the extent that they can be understood as a rite of passage. Unfilled rites, associated with involuntary immobility, have led to pervasive frustration and feelings of entrapment, locally referred to as having the nerves syndrome. This article explores the societal and cultural significance of migration in this context, exploring the meanings that this especially has for effective migration management. It provides evidence and context for the deep motives, embedded socially and culturally, for migration as a significant mechanism to maintain status and achievement of adulthood. In view of this, initiatives by foreign and domestic governments and NGOs to work on campaigns and strategies to entice citizens to remain and work at home should be carefully considered. Foreign policies and funds to so‐called empower youth to stay in their home countries may be misleadingly ineffective. The academic literature does not sufficiently address this.
Pathogenic Th1 responses in CHIKV‐induced inflammation and their modulation upon Plasmodium parasites co‐infection
Authors: Torres‐Ruesta Anthony , Teo Teck‐Hui , Chan Yi‐Hao , Rénia Laurent , Ng Lisa F. P.
Published: November 2019

The induction of polyarthritis and polyarthralgia is a hallmark of arthritogenic alphavirus infections, with an exceptionally higher morbidity observed with chikungunya virus (CHIKV). While the mechanisms underlying these incapacitating acute symptoms remain partially understood, the progression to chronic conditions in some cases remains unanswered. The highly pro‐inflammatory nature of alphavirus disease has suggested the involvement of virus‐specific, joint‐infiltrating Th1 cells as one of the main pathogenic mediators of CHIKV‐induced joint pathologies. This review summarizes the role of cell‐mediated immune responses in CHIKV pathogenesis, with a specific focus on pro‐inflammatory Th1 responses in the development of CHIKV joint inflammation. Furthermore, due to the explosive nature of arthritogenic alphavirus outbreaks and their recent expansion across the world, co‐infections with other highly prevalent pathogens such as malaria are likely to occur but the pathological outcomes of such interactions in humans are unknown. This review will also discuss the potential impact of malaria co‐infections on CHIKV pathogenesis and their relevance in alphavirus control programs in endemic areas.
Unexpected molecular and morphological diversity of hemichordate larvae from the Neotropics
Authors: Collin Rachel , Venera‐Pontón Dagoberto E. , Driskell Amy C. , Macdonald Kenneth S. , Boyle Michael J.
Published: November 2019

The diversity of tropical marine invertebrates is poorly documented, especially those groups for which collecting adults is difficult. We collected the planktonic tornaria larvae of hemichordates (acorn worms) to assess their hidden diversity in the Neotropics. Larvae were retrieved in plankton tows from waters of the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Panama, followed by DNA barcoding of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S ribosomal DNA to estimate their diversity in the region. With moderate sampling efforts, we discovered six operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Bay of Panama on the Pacific coast, in contrast to the single species previously recorded for the entire Tropical Eastern Pacific. We found eight OTUs in Bocas del Toro province on the Caribbean coast, compared to seven species documented from adults in the entire Caribbean. All OTUs differed from each other and from named acorn worm sequences in GenBank by >10% pairwise distance in COI and >2% in 16S. Two of our OTUs matched 16S hemichordate sequences in GenBank: one was an unidentified or unnamed Balanoglossus from the Caribbean of Panama, and the other was an unidentified ptychoderid larva from the Bahamas. The species accumulation curves suggest that nearly all the species have been collected and only one more species might still remain undetected in the Pacific. In contrast, the Caribbean species accumulation curve suggests that further sampling could yield more than 10 additional OTUs. Tornaria from the 14 OTUs exhibited typical planktotrophic morphologies, and, in some cases, may be distinguished by differences in pigmentation and by the number of telotrochal ciliary bands, but in general, few diagnostic differences were detected.
Influence of size‐classified and slightly soluble mineral additives on hydration of tricalcium silicate
Authors: Cook Rachel , Ma Hongyan , Kumar Aditya
Published: November 2019

Early‐age hydration of cement is enhanced by slightly soluble mineral additives (ie, fillers, such as quartz and limestone). However, few studies have attempted to systematically compare the effects of different fillers on cementitious hydration rates, and none have quantified such effects using fillers with comparable, size‐classified particle size distributions (PSDs). This study examines the influence of size‐classified fillers [ie, limestone (CaCO3), quartz (SiO2), corundum (Al2O3), and rutile (TiO2)] on early‐age hydration kinetics of tricalcium silicate (C3S) using a combination of experimental methods, while also employing a modified phase boundary and nucleation and growth model. In prior studies, wherein fillers with broad PSDs were used, it has been reported that between quartz and limestone, the latter is a superior filler due to its ability to partake in anion‐exchange reactions with C‐S‐H. Contrary to prior investigations, this study shows that when size‐classified and area matched fillers are used—which, essentially, eliminate degrees of freedom associated with surface area and agglomeration of filler particulates—the filler effect of quartz is broadly similar to that of limestone as well as rutile. Results also show that unlike quartz, limestone, and rutile—which enhance C3S hydration kinetics—corundum suppresses hydration of C3S during the first several hours after mixing. Such deceleration in C3S hydration kinetics is attributed to the adsorption of aluminate anions—released from corundum's dissolution—onto anhydrous particulates’ surfaces, which impedes both the dissolution of C3S and heterogeneous nucleation of C‐S‐H.
Fin damage and growth parameters relative to stocking density and feeding method in intensively cultured European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.)
Authors: Stejskal Vlastimil , Matoušek Jan , Prokešová Markéta , Podhorec Peter , Křišťan Jiří , Policar Tomáš , Gebauer Tatyana
Published: November 2019

We evaluated the relationship of stocking density to survival, growth performance and fin condition of European perch Perca fluviatilis with hand feeding and self‐feeders. Hand‐fed perch (body weight 19.1 ± 5.1 g and total length 107 ± 9 mm) were reared at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 fish/L. Self‐feeding perch (body weight 25.4 ± 3.9 g and total length 128 ± 7 mm) were reared at stocking densities of 0.6, 1.0 and 1.4 fish/L. Pond‐reared perch served as a comparison group for fin damage assessment. We found no differences in survival rate among stocking densities with either feeding method. Hand‐fed fish displayed the highest weight gain and SGR at stocking density of 0.5 fish/L. The self‐feeding fish showed a non‐linear association of weight gain with stocking density with the highest growth at 1.0 fish/L. Fin length was noticeably greater in pond‐reared fish compared with RAS‐reared fish regardless of feeding method. In both experiments, fin length relative to standard length showed a negative relationship with stocking density, with pectoral fins showing the greatest effect. Fin condition deteriorated with increasing stocking density, and growth was highest at 0.5 and 1.0 fish/L in hand‐fed and self‐feeding fish, respectively.
Improved growth of extremely and very preterm babies: Evaluation of a quality‐of‐care initiative
Authors: Levene Ilana , McCormick Kenny
Published: November 2019

Aim

To measure growth outcomes in preterm infants after introduction of a nutritional care bundle.

Methods

A total of 509 infants of less than 32 weeks’ gestation in a level III neonatal intensive care unit in the UK were studied until they were discharged home. Growth and feeding data were extracted from a prospective data registry for 18 months before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of earlier routine bovine‐derived multi‐component fortification once the infant has reached 120ml/kg/day of enteral feed from the first day of life and an exclusive human milk diet with routine bovine‐derived multi‐component fortification of 120 mL/kg/day.

Results

After the intervention, growth velocity between birth and 28 days increased from 9.7 ± 4.1 to 12.2 ± 4.6 g/kg/day (mean ± standard deviation), and weight z score change decreased from −1.06 ± 0.56 to −0.76 ± 0.59 (P < 0.00002). For the entire group, growth velocity by the discharge home time point increased by 1 g/kg/day. However, the growth velocity of infants who were discharged on an exclusive human milk diet increased the most, from 10.8 ± 2.2 to 13.0 ± 2.8 g/kg/day (P < 0.00001), eliminating the difference seen between these infants and those discharged on infant formula before the intervention.

Conclusion

The introduction of a simple nutritional package improved weight gain, particularly in infants fed exclusive human milk at discharge.
How strong is the relationship between scabies and acute rheumatic fever? An analysis of neighbourhood factors
Authors: Thornley Simon , King Ron , Marshall Roger , Oakley Amanda , Sundborn Gerhard , Harrower Jay , Reynolds Edwin , Arbuckle Mark , Johnson Richard J.
Published: November 2019

Aim

Recent studies have linked scabies with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). We explored the relationship, by neighbourhood, between permethrin dispensing as an indicator of scabies prevalence and ARF cases over the same period.

Methods

Incident cases of ARF notified to public health between September 2015 and June 2018 and the annual incidence of prescribing by neighbourhood over the same period were analysed. Evidence of an association between permethrin and ARF was obtained by carrying out Poisson regression of the rate of ARF in terms of permethrin rate at the census area unit level, with adjustment for ethnicity and socio‐economic deprivation.

Results

A total of 413 neighbourhoods were included. The incidence of ARF varied between 0 and 102 per 100 000 people per year (mean 4.3). In contrast, the annual incidence of dispensing of permethrin varied between 0 and 3201 per 100 000 people per year (mean 771). A strong association was observed between the two variables. In an adjusted quasi‐Poisson model, permethrin‐dispensing rates were strongly associated with ARF incidence, with a change from the 16th to the 84th centile associated with a 16.5‐fold increase in incidence (95% confidence interval: 3.82–71.6).

Conclusions

Permethrin prescribing as an indicator of scabies is strongly associated with the incidence of ARF. Considered together with other studies, this evidence suggests that improving scabies control may reduce the burden of ARF in New Zealand.
Pine savanna plant community disassembly after fire suppression
Authors: Diaz‐Toribio Milton H. , Carr Susan , Putz Francis E.
Published: November 2019

Questions

Biodiversity is being lost rapidly due to anthropogenic changes in land use, climate, and other environmental conditions. In fire‐maintained ecosystems, altered fire regimes accelerate native species loss — community disassembly — and promote recruitment of fire‐sensitive species. In this study, we ask whether fire suppression results in changes over time in functional trait composition of ground‐layer species and whether these changes differ in longleaf pine savannas invaded by hardwoods from those invaded by sand pines.

Location

Five Floridian locations on the southeastern coastal plain of the United States.

Methods

At each location we selected a fire‐maintained and fire‐suppressed savanna and measured percent plant cover by ground‐story species in 1,000 m2 plots. For 102 of these species, we measured 10 functional traits — height, growth form, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf water content, leaf ignition time, leaf mass consumed by fire, light compensation points (LCPs), non‐structural carbohydrate concentrations in under‐ground organs, and seed mass.

Results

Fire exclusion was associated with reductions in both functional diversity and species richness. We identified 38 species exclusive to frequently burned sites: these species showed high LDMC values, high LCPs, high leaf mass consumed, and low leaf ignition time values. Lack of fire was associated with loss of 6 of the 12 C4 native grass species. Species and functional trait composition were affected by both time‐since‐fire and whether post‐fire communities were invaded by broadleaved trees (Quercus spp. and Liquidambar styraciflua) or by sand pine (Pinus clausa).

Conclusions

We demonstrated the effects of altered disturbance regimes on savanna plant species and functional trait composition. This trait‐based approach advanced our understanding of how altered disturbance regimes can alter plant communities. Although 38 shade‐intolerant and flammable native savanna species were absent by 10 years since fire, 12 such species persisted even 40 years after fire exclusion.
Micronutrient powder use in Arequipa, Peru: Barriers and enablers across multiple levels
Authors: Brewer Jessica D. , Santos Maria P. , Román Karina , Riley‐Powell Amy R. , Oberhelman Richard A. , Paz‐Soldan Valerie A.
Published: November 2019

In Peru, nearly half of children aged 6–36 months were diagnosed with anaemia in 2017. To address this disease, the Peruvian Ministry of Health implemented a national programme in 2014, distributing free micronutrient powders (MNPs) to all children of this age. However, rates of childhood anaemia remain high. The aim of this study was to explore factors at all levels of the Social‐Ecological Model that affect MNP use and adherence in Arequipa, an Andean city with childhood anaemia rates higher than the national average. We conducted in‐depth interviews with 20 health personnel and 24 caregivers and 12 focus group discussions with 105 caregivers. We identified numerous barriers, including negative side effects (constipation, vomiting, and diarrhoea), poor taste of MNP, lack of familial and peer support for its use, insufficient informational resources provided by the health system, and limited human resources that constricted health personnel abilities to implement MNP programming successfully. Facilitators identified included concern about the long‐term effects of anaemia, support from organizations external to the health system, well‐coordinated care within the health system, and provision of resources by the Ministry of Health. We found that community or organizational and societal factors were key to limited MNP use and adherence, specifically the limited time health personnel have to address caregivers' doubts during appointments and the lack of informational resources outside of these appointments. Potential policy implications could be to increase informational resources available outside of individualized counselling by strengthening existing collaborations with community organizations, increasing media coverage, and providing group counselling.
TonB‐dependent uptake of β‐lactam antibiotics in the opportunistic human pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Authors: Calvopiña Karina , Dulyayangkul Punyawee , Heesom Kate J. , Avison Matthew B.
Published: November 2019

The β‐lactam antibiotic ceftazidime is one of the handful of drugs with proven clinical efficacy against the important opportunistic human pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Here, we show that mutations in the energy transducer TonB, encoded by smlt0009 in S. maltophilia, confer ceftazidime resistance and smlt0009 mutants have reduced uptake of ceftazidime. This breaks the dogma that β‐lactams enter Gram‐negative bacteria only by passive diffusion through outer membrane porins. We also show that ceftazidime‐resistant TonB mutants are cross‐resistant to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials and a siderophore‐conjugated lactivicin antibiotic designed to target TonB‐dependent uptake. This implies that attempts to improve the penetration of antimicrobials into S. maltophilia by conjugating them with TonB substrates will suffer from the fact that β‐lactams and fluoroquinolones coselect resistance to these novel and otherwise promising antimicrobials. Finally, we show that smlt0009 mutants already exist among S. maltophilia clinical isolates and have reduced susceptibility to siderophore‐conjugated lactivicin, despite the in vitro growth impairment seen in smlt0009 mutants selected in the laboratory.
Views on migraine pathophysiology: Where does it start?
Authors: Edvinsson Lars , Haanes Kristian Agmund
Published: November 2019

Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder (15.1% worldwide), afflicting up to 3 times more females in the middle ages than men. In most subjects, migraine attacks are sporadic; however, some individuals experience a gradual increase in frequency over time, and up to 1‐2% develop chronic migraine. Although migraine has been known for centuries, the mechanisms still largely remain unknown; two principal sites of origin are still in play: (i) intracranial vasculature and (ii) the origin in central regions such as hypothalamus, with both being suggested to activate the trigeminal vascular system. We share here our views on the pathophysiology of migraine and suggest that it starts in the CNS and involves the brainstem and finally the trigeminovascular system to complete the attacks. The recently developed monoclonal antibodies toward the neuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor provide key support for this line of events and are supported by preclinical experiments. The purpose of this review is to discuss our neuroscience perspective on migraine pathophysiology and putatively to serve as stimulus for future in‐depth studies.
Natural Value of Böhler's Angle in Normal Chinese Population
Authors: Ma Zhi‐jian , Bai Li‐ping , Zhang Guang‐ming , Zhang Lian‐bi , Chen Zhong
Published: November 2019

Objective

To determine the value of Böhler's angle (BA) in a group of Chinese people, analyze possible factors that influence it, and compare BA with that in previous literature.

Methods

A total of 143 cases, aged from 4 to 79 years, were enrolled in the study, including 64 males and 79 females (79 left feet and 64 right feet). Radiographs were independently measured by six observers. Age, sex, body side, subtalar joint congruity (STJC), and X‐beam obliquity (TT) were recorded. The database was assessed based on intraobserver agreement, data distribution, the randomness of case selection, and the ratio equality of binomial variables. Then, the normal value of BA was established, as well as the correlation between BA and other parameters.

Results

In the present study, the interobserver reliability of BA, STJC, and TT was excellent. The BA data revealed a normal distribution, and the randomness of case selection was verified for age, sex, and body side. The ratio of sex and body side was equal. Homogeneity of variance was observed when comparing the value of BA between different groups. The value of BA was 31.6° ± 5.19° (range, 20.08°–47.19°), which was not related to age, sex, body side, and minor X‐ray beam obliquity. BA application was not suitable for individuals younger than 10 years. The mean value of BA in this study was not identical with those in previous reports. This demonstrated that BA varies for different races.

Conclusion

For Chinese people, 30° to 33° is recommended as the target value of BA for calcaneal fracture reduction, except in children under 10 years of age.
A case of neonatal pemphigus vulgaris with co‐existing BP180 autoantibodies
Authors: Fenner Justine , Min Michelle S. , Liu Stephanie , Silverberg Nanette
Published: November 2019

A male neonate was born with blisters on the trunk to a 37‐year‐old primigravid woman with a past medical history of recurrent, painful, topical steroid‐responsive oral blisters. The diagnosis of neonatal pemphigus was made after the neonate and mother were found to have elevated desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) antibodies in conjunction with histopathologic features of pemphigus vulgaris. Interestingly, both neonate and mother also had elevated levels of BP180 antibodies, classically seen in bullous pemphigoid. This case is unique in that it portrays neonatal pemphigus, an already rare condition, complicated by the presence of BP180 antibodies.
Hot‐water baths, biologicals and re‐curing effects on rhizopus soft rot during sweetpotato packing
Authors: Sweany R. R. , Picha D. H. , Clark C. A.
Published: November 2019

Rhizopus soft rot (RSR) caused by Rhizopus stolonifer is one of the most devastating postharvest diseases of sweetpotato. It causes greatest losses when sweetpotatoes are removed from storage, washed and packed for marketing. The disease has been managed effectively by prophylactic application of synthetic fungicides on the packing line. However, there is increasing demand for alternative management strategies that do not rely on prophylactic use of synthetic fungicides. While curing immediately after harvest is a standard industry practice, re‐curing after storage is not widely practised for postharvest disease management. In this study, the use of hot‐water baths, biocontrol agents and re‐curing after storage were investigated as potential replacements for synthetic fungicides that are widely used during sweetpotato packing. Hot‐water baths at 52 °C for 10–15 min immediately after inoculation reduced RSR incidence by as much as 75%, but increased susceptibility to post‐treatment Rhizopus infection. The biological control product Bio‐Save® (a.i. Pseudomonas syringae strain ESC‐10), used in conjunction with a 4 min water bath at 52 °C, gave similar protection (1.2% RSR, t = −1.7, P = 0.514) as the industry standard treatment with dicloran. Re‐curing for as little as 4 h after washing roots significantly reduced RSR and deserves further evaluation to optimize conditions and determine its influence on other postharvest diseases.
Self‐report of emotional experience and peer nominations of expressivity: Predictability of change in teacher‐rated social behavior
Authors: Kwon Kyongboon , Teer JaNae E. , Maurice Samuel A. , Matejka Cassandra M.
Published: November 2019

We investigated individual differences in self‐reported emotional experience and peer‐perceived expressivity among children in mid‐ to late‐elementary school years. Specifically, we examined the constructs’ correspondence and temporal stability and also compared the degree to which each predicts change in classroom social behavior over 2 years. Participants were 199 children (Mage = 10 years, Time 1) and their classroom teachers who have participated in two times of assessment. We used self‐report of emotional experience and peer nominations of expressivity regarding happiness, anger, and sadness. Teachers rated children's social skills, externalizing problems, and internalizing problems. The correspondence was generally small in magnitude between self‐reported experience and peer nominations of expressivity. The stability of peer nominations of emotional expressivity was medium and comparable to that of self‐reported experience with the exception of happiness. The predictability of change in social behavior was more robust for peer nominations of expressivity than for self‐reported experience. We discussed the relevance of different dimensions of emotionality as well as informants in understanding the predictability of social behavior from emotionality. We also discussed the role of sociodemographic variables in emotional experience and expressivity and offered practical implications of peer nominations in the assessment of children's emotionality.
Vlogging and the discursive co‐construction of ethnicity and beauty
Authors: Bhatia Aditi
Published: November 2019

Taking as its data set beauty tutorials on YouTube, considered to be audio‐visual discursive products that combine speech, body performance, and text (posted comments) to relay specific meanings (Bhatia, 2018), this paper investigates both production of text on part of the sender (vlogger) and interpretation of the text on part of the recipient (viewers) in the joint creation of identity. I analyze the data by employing van Dijk's (2015) socio‐cognitive approach to critical discourse analysis, which emphasizes that the relationship between discourse and society is ‘cognitively mediated’ (p. 64), and aspects of Gee and Green's (1998) MASS System in treatment of discourse as social practice. More specifically, this paper focuses on how British‐Indian vlogger Kaushal discursively constructs the role of expert YouTuber and Indian diaspora in her tutorials to attract a niche viewership within the mass audience of beauty consumers to boost both her unique and conforming identities.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Johnson Patricia
Published: November 2019

Studies in Media and Communication (SMC) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether SMC publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 2 Andreas Veglis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GreeceAntonio García Gómez, University of Alcalá de Henares, SpainAslı Sezgin, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, TurkeyBegoña Montero-Fleta, Universitat Poltècnica de València, SpainBernard Naledzani Rasila, University of Venda, South AfricaCarmen Pérez-Sabater, Universitat Politècnica de València, SpainDiego Santos Vieira de Jesus, International Relations, BrazilImed Ben Labidi, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, USAJavier Serrano Puche, University of Navarra, SpainJenny-Ann Danell, Umea University, SwedenJoerg Tropp, Pforzheim University, GermanyKunle Olufemi Aramide, The Polytechnic Ibadan, NigeriaMillaray Salas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Valparaíso, ChileNuran E. Isik, Izmir University of Economics, TurkeyPhilemon Bantimaroudis, University of Cyprus, CyprusRefat Aljumily, Newcastle University, UKShiza Nisar, Lahore School of Economics, PakistanSimone Tosoni, Catholic University of Milan, ItalyWilliam Thomas Howe, University of Oklahoma, USAYoung Joon Lim, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, USAYuan Gao, Curtin University, Australia   Patricia JohnsonEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Studies in Media and CommunicationRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://smc.redfame.com
Oil Pipeline Geohazard Risk Mitigation via On-Line Optical Fiber Strain Monitoring
Authors: Méndez Alexis , Salazar Ferro Andrés
Published: November 2019

Pipelines are naturally vulnerable to operational, environmental and man-made effects such as internal erosion and corrosion; mechanical deformation due to geophysical risks and ground movements. This paper describes the on-line monitoring ofmultiple critical sections ofburied oil pipelines, part of Ecopetrol’s transportation network across the country, which were experiencing mechanical deformations due to local soil and geohazard effects using fiber optic strain sensors. Over 1,000 individual fiber optic Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors were installed across 72 different sectors dispersed across the Colombian pipeline network. The system has been in service since 2013 and has helped provide early warning on several severe pipeline accumulated strain deformations and imminent ruptures, as well as to understand the mechanical behavior on buried pipelines under diverse soil geohazard conditions.
Risk Control Through Evaluation of Catastrophic Scenarios
Authors: Amórtegui Gil José Vicente
Published: November 2019

In sectors where pipelines cross areas exposed to severe hazards or where the consequences are serious, traditional analyses based on the Risk Analysis Matrix (RAM) do not reflect the effect of the works and actions taken for risk control. That condition induces the idea of ineffectiveness or uselessness of the works and actions taken for protection and reinforcement. In this paper, for those situations it is proposed the analysis of hypothetical scenarios to determine which of them can become catastrophic, in order to assess which situations can trigger a catastrophe, and in consequence to take actions regarding them and thus to avoid the catastrophic situation.

The suggested method consists in proposing scenarios of damages, corresponding an event of loss of product containment of a hydrocarbon transport system. In those scenarios, the following consequences of the oil spill are determined: the behaviour of the product, its route, the site of rupture, the possible threats that affect it, and the triggers of the threatening processes.

Critical or catastrophic scenarios are selected and the chain of events regarding them is determined as detailed as possible. When analysing that chain, it is possible to find actions that may modify it, such as the control of the route so that it does not reach the sensitive elements, the strengthening of the pipeline to bear the hazards, the reinforcement of the ground to prevent the action of the hazards and to avoid that the hazard takes place.

It must be determined how to protect the exposed elements and how to handle the spilled product to avoid the affectation of the elements mentioned above. For this point, it is important to know the infrastructure of the Contingency Plan and therefore to evaluate the possibility of strengthening it.
An Analytical Approach for Pipeline Geohazard Management
Authors: Huisman Otto , Rizkalla Moness , Tindall Matt , Reyes Alejandro , Santana Erika
Published: November 2019

Contamination of waterbodies as a result of hydrocarbon releases is one of the most undesirable events in our industry. Unfortunately, over the past few years, several major events have occurred around the globe, and geohazards have played a major role in many of these. Indeed, Pipeline Geohazard Management is a complex, multi-disciplinary process, heavily dependent on data integration and expert judgment. The current work presents a methodology that allows the identification of critical zones by assessing potential hydrocarbon release mechanisms that could affect waterbodies and adjacent areas, including: channel section pipeline failures, approach slope pipeline failures and spill path effects. The geological model is constructed based on datasets such as a digital elevation model (DEM), surficial geology and route geometry form. Additional datasets can also be derived to represent features such as drainage basins and slopes. The entire framework is being implemented on a data and integrity management platform that not only supports the integration of spatial, geological and general integrity management data (including multiple ILI data sets) but can also execute processes, such as stability analysis, and provide visualizations of results within a GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Execution of semi-quantitative and quantitative risk assessments is also facilitated, as well as the elaboration of rehabilitation plans. To illustrate the methodology application and the platform capabilities, an anonymized, but real, case study is presented.
A New Approach for the Geotechnical Zoning of the Rights of Way
Authors: Chaves Agudelo Julian , Aristizabal Ceballos Jaime , Motta Tierradentro Carlos , Alvarado Franco Juan
Published: November 2019

Usually, the definition of geotechnically homogeneous zones is established through the analysis of information on a regional (and even national) scale of those characteristics that define the topographic, geological, climatic, and land use conditions by categorizing them and applying algorithms of interaction between these variables. However, in technical literature and in technical reports of state entities that manage natural hazards, new advances are being made in the determination of other aspects or variables that detail the condition of geotechnical susceptibility; at the same time, nowadays there are technological tools for the massive analysis of information and its spatialization. This article presents a new approach to the definition of geotechnically homogeneous zones using these technological tools. A comparison is made against the conventional definition.
Analysis of the Acceleration Transfer in the Unguided Vibratory Finishing Process
Authors: Lachenmaier Maximilian , Ohlert Marius , Trauth Daniel , Bergs Thomas
Published: November 2019

The work bowl acceleration of a vibratory finishing machine is mainly determined by the process input variables, e. g. the mass distribution between the upper and the lower imbalance weights, the offset angle between these imbalance weights and the rotational speed of the imbalance motor. The acceleration of the work bowl has a strong effect on the acceleration of the abrasive media and workpiece within the work bowl and thus on their movement. This movement indirectly determines the contact conditions, contact forces and relative velocities, between the abrasive media and the workpiece. The contact conditions have a strong effect on the material removal rate and the surface roughness of the machined workpieces in a vibratory finishing process. Due to the fact that the contact conditions can hardly be measured during the vibratory finishing process a comprehensive understanding of the transfer behavior of the work bowl acceleration on the acceleration of the abrasive media and the workpiece and thus on the prevailing contact conditions is necessary. Therefore, this publication presents an innovative approach to identify these cause-effect relationships, in order to determine the machining intensity based on the work bowl acceleration as a function of the process input variables. Hence, new measurement systems are presented which enable the determination of the acceleration of the abrasive media and the workpiece as a function of the acceleration of the work bowl of a vibratory finishing machine for the first time. Based on these investigations it is possible to identify significant areas for the work bowl acceleration, as well as for the acceleration of the abrasive media and the workpiece and thus for the contact conditions, contact forces and relative velocities, which can be used for a targeted control of the machining intensity of vibratory finishing processes.