bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Mechanism of Thunderstorm Downdrafts
Authors: Kaplan Henry G.
Published: August 2018

Synopsis

If a unit of air starts to descend in a region of the atmosphere characterized by a lepse rate between dry and saturated adiabatic, it becomes warmer than its surroundings and tends to return to its original position. Yet, in air where such a vertical temperature distribution exists, violent downdrafts are observed after the onset of a thunderstorm. Continuous cooling of the descending units of air by water and ice hydrometeors keeps them colder than the surrounding air. Thus a downdraft is maintained.

The cooling can be divided into several factors. The most important is the heat of vaporization of the heavy precipitation falling with or through the descending units. The precipitation keeps the downdraft practically saturated; so that a plot of the path of a descending unit of air on an adiabatic chart will follow a saturation adiabat.

The factor of next importance is the specific heat of the tremendous quantities of water and ice accompanying or passing through each unit of descending air. Although the ratio of heat of evaporation to specific heat of water is about five hundred to one, the specific heat factor is a more important cooling agent than this indicates. For, in estimating the relative cooling effects of these two factors one must remember that in descending from one level to another, an air parcel can only evaporate a limited amount of water. On the other hand the quantity of liquid and solid water involved in the specific heat transfer has no limitations.

The third factor, the one which does not have, the continuous cooling properties of the other two but is of tremendous importance in the regions where the downdraft acquires above freezing temperatures, is the melting of ice hydrometeors. Large quantities of melting ice tend to give the unit isothermal descent characteristics, rapidly increasing the area on the adiabatic chart between a plotting of this descent and the plotting of the original atmospheric sounding. In other words, this melting causes a large acceleration in descent.

Falling raindrops and ice hydrometeors, by compressing air ahead of them and rarefying air behind them, contribute to the downward motion of air. This factor, although not great, may be instrumental in initiating downdrafts.

The sum of these effects, each one having an importance depending on particular conditions, makes up the downdraft characteristics.

Downdrafts having a greater horizontal component than the accompanying precipitation, may leave the precipitation zone and continue to descend dry adiabatically until they acquire the same temperature (or better, the same density characteristics) of the surrounding air. Those leaving the precipitation at a low level may reach the earth as a cool wind unaccompanied by rain.

The understanding of the necessarily close relationship between thunderstorm downdrafts and precipitation should be of valuable aid to pilots flying in thunderstorm areas.
A Spectroscopic Hygrometer
Authors: Foskett Laurence W. , Foster Norman B.
Published: August 2018

A simple grating spectrophotometer is used in conjunction with a tungsten filament lamp and projector to measure directly the precipitable water in the atmosphere. Utilization is made of the 1.380 μ water vapor absorption band and the 1.250 μ region for a point of reference. Vacuum thermocouples and high sensitivity galvanometer are employed for energy measurement. Included is a discussion on the calibration and field tests made at the Laboratory of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences, Sands Point, Long Island, New York, August and September, 1942. Calibration tests were conducted over optical paths of from 1.5 meters to 52 meters; precipitable water paths were from 0.0023 centimeter to 0.083 centimeter.
Shelf Cross-Shore Flows under Storm-Driven Conditions: Role of Stratification, Shoreline Orientation, and Bathymetry
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Voulgaris George , Kumar Nirnimesh
Published: August 2018

Numerical simulations are used to study the response of Long Bay, South Carolina, a typical coastal embayment with curved coastline located on the South Atlantic Bight, to realistic, climatologically defined, synoptic storm forcing. Synoptic storms, consisting of cold and warm fronts as well as tropical storms, are used as forcing under both mixed and stratified initial conditions. The analysis focuses on the development of cross-shore shelf circulation and the relative contributions of regionally defined cross-shore winds and alongshore bathymetric variation. The simulation results show that, under stratified conditions, the regionally defined offshore-directed wind component promotes upwelling during the developing stage of the cold front and enhances mixing during the decaying stage. No significant effect is found for warm front and tropical storm forcing conditions. Net cross-shore transports are induced at the southern and northern sides of the embayment that have opposing signs. Besides the surface and bottom Ekman transports, geostrophic transport due to alongshore shelf bed slope and horizontal advection are found to be important contributors to cross-shore flow development. Sea level variability along the curved coastline is driven by the regional alongshore wind, but a spatial variability is identified from the locally defined components of along- and cross-shore winds controlled by coastline orientation.
Using Tools to Help Us Think: Actual but Also Believed Reliability Modulates Cognitive Offloading
Authors: Weis Patrick P. , Wiese Eva
Published: August 2018

Objective:

A distributed cognitive system is a system in which cognitive processes are distributed between brain-based internal and environment-based external resources. In the current experiment, we examined the influence of metacognitive processes on external resource use (i.e., cognitive offloading) in such systems.

Background:

High-tech working environments oftentimes represent distributed cognitive systems. Because cognitive offloading can both support and harm performance, depending on the specific circumstances, it is essential to understand when and why people offload their cognition.

Method:

We used an extension of the mental rotation paradigm. It allowed participants to rotate stimuli either internally as in the original paradigm or with a rotation knob that afforded rotating stimuli externally on a computer screen. Two parameters were manipulated: the knob’s actual reliability (AR) and an instruction altering participants’ beliefs about the knob’s reliability (believed reliability; BR). We measured cognitive offloading proportion and perceived knob utility.

Results:

Participants were able to quickly and dynamically adjust their cognitive offloading proportion and subjective utility assessments in response to AR, suggesting a high level of offloading proficiency. However, when BR instructions were presented that falsely described the knob’s reliability to be lower than it actually was, participants reduced cognitive offloading substantially.

Conclusion:

The extent to which people offload their cognition is not based solely on utility maximization; it is additionally affected by possibly erroneous preexisting beliefs.

Application:

To support users in efficiently operating in a distributed cognitive system, an external resource’s utility should be made transparent, and preexisting beliefs should be adjusted prior to interaction.
Regional Integration in Services in South Asia
Authors: Kanungo Anil Kumar
Published: August 2018

Regional integration in South Asia remains a distant priority for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries. In the area of services, this region offers a great potential. This article aims to examine the opportunities that exist in services and analyses the constraints that impede regional integration in services in South Asia. It highlights the gamut of scope and benefits that can be accrued from this regional integration in services provided certain constraints such as regulatory, infrastructural, institutional and business-related constraints are addressed adequately. The article argues that the region throws up several political and economic challenges which merit immediate attention to further the cause of integration of services. It identifies intraregional mobility, trade facilitation and investment opportunities as the key drivers of regional integration. Sectors such as tourism and health care have huge potential. Intervention from governments of all member countries in specific sectors like tourism is crucial to realize the goal. The article argues for an open, broad-based, flexible regional services agreement, which takes a liberal approach to services integration. It is important that regulatory harmonization, liberal investment policies, willingness towards free movement of natural persons and political will of high order are encouraged to seek such integration in services.
The Role and the Future of Deliberative Mini-publics: A Citizen Perspective
Authors: Jacquet Vincent
Published: August 2018

The last decades have witnessed a spread of democratic innovations. Chief among them are deliberative mini-publics that gather randomly selected citizens to discuss salient public issues with the aim of generating some kind of ‘uptake’ in the broader political system. Political theorists have addressed the pros and cons of such innovations. Nevertheless, little is known about the citizens’ perspective on such mini-publics and on their role in the political system. Drawing on qualitative in-depth interviews, this article scrutinizes participants’ expectations. Findings show that they are motivated by internal expectations (desire of sociability, learning, and civic duty) and external expectations (presence and voice). Participants fundamentally perceive mini publics as a way to enrich the linkage between voters and their representatives, without forsaking the logic of electoral delegation. This work suggests that citizens may have complex and evolving conceptions of democracy.
On Energy Efficiency and the Brain’s Resistance to Change: The Neurological Evolution of Dogmatism and Close-Mindedness
Authors: Tobore Tobore Onojighofia
Published: August 2018

The brain has been described as very resistant to change. However, why it does this has not been fully explained. In this paper, I propose that resilience to the disruption of consolidated memory is at the heart of the brain’s resistance to change, and this resilience is a consequence of its energy efficiency evolutionary adaptations. I discussed the implications of this energy efficiency adaptation on dogmatism, close-mindedness, and artificial intelligence.
Tax Burden Shifting: What Happened in Washington, D.C., During the 2007-2009 Recession?
Authors: Conrad Daren , Muhammad Daniel , Alleyne Betty , Dinkins Kelly
Published: August 2018

This study examined the effects of the 2007-2009 recession on the distribution of tax burdens within the District of Columbia by constructing a novel dataset via a fuzzy match between two administrative datasets. The findings revealed that homeowners with federal income less than zero experienced a lower tax burden, suggesting that the recession and its negative impact on income from capital gains contributed to a change in the tax burden. The findings also showed that in some cases, filers who reside in properties with high assessed values and who earn high wages accompanied by high capital losses experienced a lower tax liability and tax burden than filers with low wage income and zero or little income from capital gains. Overall, the tax burden shifted from filers with high wages and income from multiple sources to filers with low wages and zero income from other sources. The shift in the burden was primarily driven by a change in the individual income tax share of the total tax burden faced by filers, primarily those with low wages who faced a bigger burden.
Masking and misleading: concomitant actinomycosis and B-cell lymphoma – a case report and review of literature
Authors: Lim Jo Anne , Wong Peng Shyan , Leong Kar Nim , Wong Kar Loon , Chow Ting Soo
Published: August 2018

We report a 72-year-old patient who presented with an ulcerated palatal mass, weight loss and adrenal insufficiency. Repeated biopsies from the mass revealed actinomycosis with no features of malignancy, while computed tomography scanning revealed a left maxillary sinus mass with invasive features and bilateral large adrenal masses. Blood and urine investigations showed adrenal insufficiency. The patient was treated as actinomycosis with adrenal involvement and was given intravenous penicillin and intravenous hydrocortisone. However, his condition did not improve and new signs appeared, that of left facial swelling and lymphadenopathy. A repeat biopsy of the palatal and adrenal masses revealed B-cell lymphoma. This case highlights the possibility that actinomycosis and lymphoma may share similar clinical presentations and may coexist. Either may mask and/or mimic the other, thus causing a delay in diagnosis. We describe the clinical progress and review the related literature. Interestingly, 9 out of the 12 reported cases of concomitant actinomycosis and malignancy (including this case) involve haematological malignancy. A high index of suspicion and treatment response reassessment is important in the management of either rare clinical entity.
Estimating Multinomial Logit Models with Samples of Alternatives
Authors: Jarvis Benjamin F.
Published: August 2018

This comment reconsiders advice offered by Bruch and Mare regarding sampling choice sets in conditional logistic regression models of residential mobility. Contradicting Bruch and Mare’s advice, past econometric research shows that no statistical correction is needed when using simple random sampling of unchosen alternatives to pare down respondents’ choice sets. Using data on stated residential preferences contained in the Los Angeles portion of the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality, it is shown that following Bruch and Mare’s advice—to implement a statistical correction for simple random choice set sampling—leads to biased coefficient estimates. This bias is all but eliminated if the sampling correction is omitted.
About accountants and translators: reshaping community engagement in South African psychology
Authors: Fourie Eduard , Terre Blanche Martin
Published: August 2018

In this article, we review four key historical processes that shape community engagement and that open up spaces for its further development: The long history of tensions and cooperation between those within and outside the ‘ivory tower’, the continuing corporatisation of academic and professional life, the drive for free access to academic publications, and the drive towards decoloniality. We position community engagement as potentially disruptive to the epistemological and political status quo and present ‘four aphorisms’ for critical community engagement: Charity begins at home; it is (not) all about the money; it is all about knowledge; and you need a translator more than an accountant.
Pornography and Sexual Behavior: Do Sexual Attitudes Mediate or Confound?
Authors: Wright Paul J.
Published: August 2018

Using four separate national probability metasamples of adults in the United States, two measures of pornography consumption, two measures of sexual attitudes, and two measures of sexual behavior, this article pits two macrotheories on pornography and its behavioral effects against each other in competing, falsifiable hypothesis tests. Specifically, the article compares the libertarian theory of pornography’s hypothesis that sexual attitudes are a confound of the pornography consumption—sexual behavior relationship, with the sexual scripting theory of pornography’s hypothesis that sexual attitudes are a mediator of the pornography consumption—sexual behavior relationship. No evidence was found to support the argument that pornography consumption—sexual behavior relationships are spurious and due to preexisting sexual attitudes. Alternatively, analyses uniformly supported the conceptualization of sexual attitudes as a mediating link between pornography consumption and sexual behavior.
Who’s on Top? Gender Differences in Risk-Taking Produce Unequal Outcomes for High-Ability Women and Men
Authors: Fisk Susan R.
Published: August 2018

Research shows that men are more likely to take risks than women, but there is scant evidence that this produces gender inequality. To address this gap, I analyzed engineering exam scores that used an unusual grading procedure. I found small average gender differences in risk-taking that did not produce gendered outcomes for students of average or poor ability. But the gender gap in risk-taking among the most competent students reduced the odds that high-ability women received top exam scores. These results demonstrate that gender differences in risk-taking can produce gender inequality in outcomes among top performers. This suggests that the upward mobility of high-ability women may be depressed relative to equally competent men in male-typed institutional settings in which outcomes are influenced by both ability and risk-taking. In this manner, these results provide new insights into the microlevel social-psychological processes that produce and reproduce gender inequality.
Level of pleural invasion effects on prognosis in lung cancer
Authors: Tanju Serhan , Erus Suat , Selçukbiricik Fatih , İliaz Sinem , Kapdağlı Murat , Bulutay Pınar , Sevinç Tolga Evrim , Mandel Nil Molinas , Dilege Şükrü
Published: August 2018

Objective:

To analyze the extent of visceral pleural invasion (VPI) and its effect on survival along with its place in determining the T descriptor in TNM staging in our patients.

Methods:

A total of 233 patients underwent lung resection. The data were retrospectively analyzed in terms of sex, age, histopathologic type, stage of the tumor, extent of VPI, and survival. Patients who had neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, distant metastasis, parietal pleural invasion, and operative mortality were excluded.

Results:

The median follow-up was 59 months (range 4–126). The extent of VPI was PL0 in 119 (65.7%) patients, PL1 in 47 (26%) patients, and PL2 in 15 (8%) patients. The median survival rates were 65 (range 43–96) months for PL0, 54 (range 37–72) months for PL1, and 39 (range 12–69) months for PL2. The 5-year overall survival rates were 74.7% for PL0, 77.8% for PL1, and 53.3% for PL2. There were statistically significant differences in overall survival among PL0, PL1, and PL2 ( p = 0.03). In subgroup analysis, the difference was insignificant in PL0 vs PL1 ( p = 0.81), but significant in PL0 vs PL2 ( p = 0.02) and PL1 vs PL2 ( p = 0.04) groups.

Conclusions:

This study emphasizes that the presence of VPI is related with poor prognosis independent of lymph node positivity, histologic subtypes, and tumor size. As the study shows, PL0 and PL1 have similar survival rates and these two groups may be considered as VPI (−) patients whereas PL2 disease affects survival outcomes.
Variations in the Anatomic Morphology of the Lateral Distal Tibia: Surgical Implications for Distal Tibial Allograft Glenoid Reconstruction
Authors: Parada Stephen A. , Shaw K. Aaron , Moreland Colleen , Adams Douglas R. , Chabak Mickey S. , Provencher Matthew T.
Published: August 2018

Background:

Distal tibial allograft glenoid augmentation has been introduced as a viable treatment approach for glenoid bone loss in conjunction with shoulder instability. No previous study, however, has assessed the morphologic variation of the distal tibia at the incisura as it relates to graft dimensions for glenoid augmentation. Increased concavity at the lateral distal tibia necessitates removal of the lateral cortex to obtain a flat surface, which may have implications for the strength of surgical fixation.

Purpose:

To assess the morphologic variation of the distal tibia at the incisura as it relates to graft dimensions for glenoid augmentation.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Magnetic resonance images of the ankle were reviewed for morphology assessment of the appearance and depth of the distal tibia. A classification system was created reflecting the suitability for glenoid augmentation. Type A tibias contained a flat contour of the lateral tibia at the articular surface, indicative of an ideal graft. Type B tibias had slight concavity with a central depth <5 mm and were deemed acceptable grafts. Type C tibias had deep concavity with a central depth >5 mm and were deemed unacceptable. Statistical analysis was performed via univariate analyses to compare patient demographics against acceptable morphology for glenoid augmentation.

Results:

Eighty-five study patients met inclusion criteria (53 male, 32 female; mean age ± SD, 35.1 ± 10.3 years). Overall, 12 patients (14.1%) demonstrated type A morphology, with 61 patients (71.8%) having type B morphology for a total of 85.9% of acceptable grafts for glenoid augmentation. The interrater reliability was moderate to strong between observers (kappa value = 0.841). On univariate analysis, sex was the only variable significantly associated with an acceptable graft, with 100% of female patients having acceptable morphology, as compared with 77% of male patients ( P = .004).

Conclusion:

Variable morphology of the distal tibia at the incisura was found: 14.1% of patients demonstrated an ideal morphology for glenoid augmentation; an additional 71.8% were deemed suitable for graft usage; and 14.1% of tibias had unacceptable morphology. Sex was a significant factor for predicting acceptable grafts.

Clinical Relevance:

This information will assist surgeons in accepting or rejecting grafts based on the epidemiology of the distal tibial morphology as it relates to glenoid augmentation.
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis: A Narrative Review With a Focus on the High-Risk Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Lewis Tyler C. , Cortes Jennifer , Altshuler Diana , Papadopoulos John
Published: August 2018

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major health concern associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Critically ill patients are at an increased risk of VTE compared to general medical patients due to unique risk factors: prolonged immobilization, invasive lines and devices, certain medications, and acquired thrombophilia. Furthermore, VTE in the critically ill is associated with increased duration of mechanical ventilation, increased length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and a trend toward increased mortality. Clinical practice guidelines therefore recommend VTE prophylaxis with either subcutaneous heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin for all critically ill patients without contraindication. Yet, many patients will develop VTE despite appropriate pharmacologic prophylaxis, which has led to interest in risk-stratifying critically ill patients for more aggressive prophylaxis strategies. Recent research identified patients at highest risk of failure of thromboprophylaxis and provided insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms. Obesity and the receipt of vasopressors are 2 risk factors consistently identified in observational studies; further clinical data support decreased absorption of anticoagulant administered via the subcutaneous route as the likely mechanism behind thromboprophylaxis failure in these patient populations. Several studies have investigated novel thromboprophylaxis strategies to circumvent pharmacokinetic limitations in patients who are obese or on vasopressors: increased fixed-dose, weight-based subcutaneous, or continuous intravenous infusion of a prophylactic dose of anticoagulant has shown promise in limited studies; however, the results have yet to demonstrate superiority compared to current standard-of-care. This review discusses observational studies identifying patients at risk of thromboprophylaxis failure and critiques clinical studies evaluating novel thromboprophylaxis strategies in high-risk, critically ill patients with a focus on their limitations. Future studies are currently being conducted that will provide further guidance into the appropriate use of individualized thromboprophylaxis.
Management and Outcome of Maxillofacial Trauma in a 9-Week-Old Dog
Authors: Castejon-Gonzalez Ana C. , Buelow Mary E. , Reiter Alexander M.
Published: August 2018

This case report describes diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in a 9-week-old shih tzu. In addition to an open left mandibular body fracture and a right condylar process fracture, there were several relatively stable and minimally displaced right maxillary fractures. The torn soft tissues associated with the left mandibular body fracture were sutured closed, and a tape muzzle was placed. Due to sufficient fracture healing at the 2-week recheck examination, the tape muzzle was removed. The 6-week reexamination confirmed continued healing and recovery. Anesthesia was performed at the 5.5-month reexamination when the dog was 8 months old, revealing the presence of persistent deciduous teeth, linguoverted, malformed, and partially erupted permanent teeth, and asymmetric skeletal malocclusion (in addition to the breed-specific mandibular mesioclusion). Persistent deciduous teeth and linguoverted and malformed permanent teeth were extracted to allow for normal opening and closing of the mouth without traumatic occlusion. Long-term follow-up is recommended in juvenile dogs with maxillofacial injuries in order to prevent, recognize, and treat dental complications resulting from the trauma.
Dental Pathology of the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), Part II: Periodontal Disease, Tooth Resorption, and Oral Neoplasia
Authors: Collados Javier , Garcia Carlos , Soltero-Rivera Maria , Rice Carlos A.
Published: August 2018

The Iberian lynx is an endangered felid that has been subject to an intensive, ongoing conservation program to save it from extinction. Identification of dental pathologies could play an important role in the survival of this endangered species. The prevalence of periodontal bone loss, tooth resorption, and oral neoplasia was evaluated in this species. Skulls of 88 adult specimens of the Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus) from the Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain, were examined macroscopically and full-mouth dental radiographs of all specimens were performed. Different stages of periodontal disease were identified in 81.3% of teeth. Approximately two-thirds (64.8%) of the specimens examined had at least 1 tooth affected by stage 3 or 4 periodontal disease. Maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth accounted for a majority (59.4%) of teeth affected by stage 3 or 4 periodontal disease. Tooth resorption affected 12 teeth (0.63% of evaluated teeth) in 6 skull specimens (6.8% of skulls evaluated). Five of the teeth with resorptive lesions were detected on 1 skull specimen. Six teeth (50%) of those affected by tooth resorption were incisor teeth. Only 1 (1.1%) adult specimen showed signs of oral neoplasia. Our study concluded that there is a high prevalence of periodontal disease that could lead to impaired hunting ability, as well as may represent a threat to overall health and subsequent survival of this endangered species. The extremely low prevalence of tooth resorption in L pardinus could open new pathways in the discovery on the pathogenesis of tooth resorption in felids.
Non-equatorial space elevator design approach
Authors: Wang Z-K , Fan Y-H , Cui N-G , Liu D
Published: August 2018

The advantages of a non-equatorial space elevator have attracted the attention of several researchers. In this paper, two static tether models are presented for studying the tapering of a uniform-stress tether using a discretization method. The efficiency and accuracy of the two models are verified by comparing them with models used in other studies. We then study the range of latitudes that allowed for a uniform-stress space elevator and evaluate the influence of the anchor-point latitude on the system payload capacity. The results show that increasing the tensile strength of the tether material can expand the range of the space elevator system deployment. However, a high latitude of anchorage would greatly sacrifice the payload capacity.
Exploring Selfhood through Performance in The Danish Girl
Authors: Dowerah Swikrita , Nath Debarshi Prasad
Published: August 2018

The Danish Girl presents the life history of a transgender person in early twentieth century Denmark and is remarkable for its use of visual codes to broach important questions on human subjectivity. The article probes deep into the social structure that frames subjectivity and questions the very idea of the symbolic. It looks at how the filmmaker makes use of cinematic elements as well as various codes and tropes provided to him by psychoanalysis, to critique the conventional understanding of phallic power. Grounded on the established domains of gender theorization, the article is therefore an interpretative analysis of the film that attempts to subvert these very discourses that frame our understanding of gender performance.
Readiness of Hong Kong secondary school teachers for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation in schools: A questionnaire survey
Authors: Fan Min , Leung Ling-Pong , Leung Reynold , Hon Suet , Fan Kit Ling
Published: August 2018

Background:

Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation can improve the survival rate of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation in schools by teachers is one of the ways to increase the number of bystanders who can perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Nevertheless, there have been no studies on the readiness of teachers in Hong Kong to teach cardiopulmonary resuscitation in their schools.

Objective:

To assess whether secondary school teachers are prepared to teach their students cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Methods:

This was a questionnaire survey. Teachers from 22 local secondary schools were recruited. The questionnaires were designed with questions covering their knowledge about cardiopulmonary resuscitation and attitudes towards teaching their students cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A knowledge score and attitude score were calculated.

Result:

557 teachers completed the questionnaires. Most had never witnessed a cardiac arrest and over half of them had never been trained cardiopulmonary resuscitation or use of an automated defibrillator. About 25% of them answered all questions on knowledge wrong. Only 25% supported teaching cardiopulmonayr resuscitation in schools and 32% were willing to teach it. Legal liability was a major concern.

Conclusion:

Local teachers’ readiness for teaching students cardiopulmonary resuscitation in secondary schools is likely poor. More efforts are required to raise their knowledge level on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and instill a positive attitude towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in schools.
Stepping Forward to Learn: Thai Students Reflect on Hosting Australian International Exchange Students
Authors: Miles Debra , Harris Nonie , Dhephasadin Na Ayudhaya Piyachat
Published: August 2018

The value of international student exchange programs is well documented—from the perspective of visiting students and sending institutions. This article reports on research that aimed to capture different perspectives by talking with host Thai students who interacted with and translated for visiting Australian social work students. This focus on the experience of international exchange from the perspective of the hosting Thai students foregrounds these seldom-heard voices, highlighting the potential benefits of engagement and reflective learning for host students and institutions. The analyzed data show that there are numerous opportunities for host students to benefit from international exchange and to develop the attitudes, knowledge, and skills that are necessary prerequisites for intercultural learning and sensitivity. The article illustrates the high demands on hosts and can inform good practice in the planning and design of exchange programs.
They, their, them: A case for non-gendered language in Australian judgments
Authors: Murphy Julian R
Published: August 2018

This article considers the use of binary gendered language in Australian legal writing, particularly in the written decisions of Australia's courts. The article contends that, given the increasing litigation of issue surrounding gender identity, it would be prudent for Australian judges to use non-gendered language in their judgments. The article includes proposals as to how judges might be encouraged to employ non-gendered language in their judgments.
Micro-Foundations of Corporate Entrepreneurship in Family Firms: An Institution-Based Perspective
Authors: Soleimanof Sohrab , Singh Kulraj , Holt Daniel T.
Published: August 2018

Family firm institutional context is composed of institutions that originate from the family and the business. Hence, a confluence of family and business institutions, with varying degrees of salience, interact and influence entrepreneurial behaviors within family firms. We suggest an institution-based perspective for examining entrepreneurial behaviors and explain why an institutional perspective can deepen our understanding of the micro-foundations of corporate entrepreneurship within family firms. Furthermore, we elaborate on family institutions’ influence on entrepreneurial behaviors by highlighting these institutions’ impact on family members’ cognitions and abilities, as well as, family and nonfamily members’ interactions and relationships.
Influence of Calcium and Vitamin D Intakes on Body Composition in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Correa-Rodríguez María , Schmidt-RioValle Jacqueline , Ramírez-Vélez Robinson , Correa-Bautista Jorge Enrique , González-Jiménez Emilio , Rueda-Medina Blanca
Published: August 2018

Identifying nutritional strategies to maintain a healthy body weight and reduce the comorbidities associated with obesity is extremely important. We aimed to investigate whether calcium and vitamin D intakes are associated with body composition measurements in a population of children and adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1,060 children and adolescents (65.8% females; 34.2% males) aged 9 to 19 years. Fat mass, percentage of fat mass, and fat-free mass were measured using a body composition analyzer (TANITA BC-418MA®). The mean dietary calcium and vitamin intakes were 829.66 ± 328.34 mg/day and 200.78 ± 400.91 IU/day. Linear regression analysis revealed a lack of significant association between daily calcium and vitamin D intakes and body composition measurements, after adjusting the model for age, sex, maturation status, and energy intake. Dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes do not appear to be associated with higher adiposity measurements in children and adolescents.
Fictional Entertainment and Public Connection: Audiences and the Everyday Use of TV-series
Authors: Nærland Torgeir Uberg
Published: August 2018

This study explores how audience’s everyday use of fictional entertainment may facilitate public connection. Whereas the public connection perspective thus far primarily has been employed in the study of audience’s use of factual media, this study, first, conceptually updates the notion of public connection and develops a framework sensitized to capture the significance also of audience’s use of TV-series. Second, based on large-scale qualitative data collection reflecting the sociodemographic diversity in Norway, this study empirically highlights how the use of TV-series forms part of diverse yet typical orientations toward the sphere of politics. The study finds that given favorable combinations of repertoires of media use and habits, alongside resources, values, and dispositions, the viewing of TV-series clearly provides audiences with a link to the sphere of politics. It further finds, however, that the civic exploits of watching TV-series also hinge on a number of factors connected to audience’s background resources.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Effect on Pain Relief and Quality of Life in Oncology Geriatric Patients: A Nonrandomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Arienti Chiara , Bosisio Teresa , Ratti Silvia , Miglioli Rossella , Negrini Stefano
Published: August 2018

Purpose: The aim of present study was to study the effect of osteopathic manipulation on pain relief and quality of life improvement in hospitalized oncology geriatric patients. Methods: A nonrandomized controlled clinical trial was performed in the Oncology Rehabilitation Unit, Milan, Italy, from September 2015 to March 2016. Twenty-three older cancer patients were enrolled and allocated in 2 experimental groups: the study group (OMT group, N = 12) underwent osteopathic manipulative treatment in addition to physiotherapy, and the control group (PT group, N = 12) underwent only physiotherapy. At enrollment (T0), 24 recruited oncology patients completed the sociodemographic forms and were evaluated for pain intensity and quality of life by an external examiner. All patients were revaluated every week (T1, T2, T3, and T4) for pain intensity and at the end of the study treatment (T4) for quality of life. A standard level of significance was set at α < .05. Results: The 2 groups did not significantly differ in age ( P = .682), body mass index ( P = .413), or gender ( P = 1). The osteopathic manipulative treatment added to physiotherapy produced a significant reduction in Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) scores both at T2 ( P = .004) and T4 ( P = .002). The difference in quality of life improvements between T0 and T4 was not statistically significant. NRS improved in the PT group at T4. Between-group analysis of NRS and quality of life with the Mann-Whitney test did not show any significant difference between the 2 treatments. Conclusions: Our study showed a significant improvement in pain relief and a nonsignificant improvement in quality of life in hospitalized geriatric oncology patients during osteopathic manipulative treatment. Trial Registration: Protocol registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03142386).
Anger, Feelings of Revenge, and Hate
Authors: van Doorn Janne
Published: August 2018

In the current comment, I discuss what is unique about hate in relation to anger and feelings of revenge. It seems that hate can be distinguished from the related emotions anger and feelings of revenge by a difference in focus: Anger focuses on changing/restoring the unjust situation caused by another person, feelings of revenge focus on restoring the self, and hatred focuses on eliminating the hated person/ group. Though grounded in existing literature, future research is needed to empirically confirm the unique characteristics of these three emotions.
Histopathologic Analysis in Sudden Infant and Child Deaths
Authors: D’Arcy Colleen , Hazrati Lili-Naz , Chiasson David A.
Published: August 2018

The forensic pathologist responsible for sudden unexpected death (SUD) investigation in the pediatric setting faces many challenges. It usually takes many years to obtain reasonable experience and exposure to the wide variety of diseases that may present as SUD in a pediatric context, and to appreciate the differences in the etiology and clinical context between the pediatric and adult SUD setting. In pediatric SUD, it is necessary to conduct a systematic, pediatric-focused autopsy investigation including extensive histopathological assessment and ancillary testing. Postmortem histologic findings in the context of SUD in the pediatric population are often subtle and distinctly different from those seen in the adult population. The pathologist must have an understanding of both developmental and pathological processes in order to correctly interpret the findings during a pediatric autopsy. A system-based, histopathology-focused review of common entities, normal variants, and incidental findings that can prove challenging will be discussed. For the forensic pathologist tasked with pediatric SUD autopsies, development of a strong collaborative relationship with a pediatric pathologist and/or neuropathologist to assist with histopathological analysis is strongly endorsed.
Earth, Air, Water, and Fire
Authors: Ball Christopher G. , Herath Jayantha C.
Published: August 2018

Interpretation of deaths in hostile environments may be informed by postmortem microscopic examination of injured tissues. In context with their macroscopic correlates, the commonly observed histologic changes seen in environmental deaths are reviewed—these include exposure (i.e., hypothermia and hyperthermia), fire, electrocution, and water. Rarely observed pathognomonic findings are highlighted. While it may not yield specific findings, microscopic examination is one of the necessary steps of a thorough postmortem examination.
Homicidal Violence Among National Football League Athletes
Authors: Cummings Peter , Harbaugh Allen G. , Farah George
Published: August 2018

Given the concerns regarding chronic traumatic encephalopathy and its potential association with violent behavior in football players, we investigated the rates of deaths and arrests related to homicide among the National Football League (NFL) population.

In order to accomplish this, we performed a retrospective analysis of the 27 155 individuals who had played, or are currently playing, professional football since its inception in 1920. The number of observed homicides in this cohort was compared to the number of expected homicides using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention annual tables. Information regarding player cause of death was obtained from web-based sources.

We identified 17 (0.27%) homicides among the 6356 NFL player deaths. The average age of individuals dying as the result of homicide was 31.4 years (range 24-50 years). Gunshot wound was the leading cause of death. The standardized mortality ratio for death by homicide was historically below 5%. As compared to the general US population, there were about 70% fewer deaths by homicide in the NFL population than would be expected. Our study also found only 0.04% of the NFL player population has ever been the focus of a homicide investigation, with only 0.02% of the NFL player population having been convicted.

Our findings suggest homicidal violence among NFL players is rare, as NFL players have substantially lower rates of dying and being arrested as a consequence of homicidal violence compared to the general US population.
Genetic Counselors’ Approach To Postmortem Genetic Testing After Sudden Death
Authors: Liu Gina , MacLeod Heather , Webster Gregory , McNally Elizabeth M. , O’Neill Suzanne M. , Dellefave-Castillo Lisa
Published: August 2018

A significant portion of sudden death cases result from an underlying genetic etiology, which may be determined through postmortem genetic testing. The National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME) recommends that an appropriate postmortem sample is saved on all sudden death cases under the age of 40. Genetic counselors (GCs) play an important role in this process by working with medical examiners and coroners (ME/Cs) to recommend and interpret specific testing and to guide family members. A survey sent to the National Society of Genetic Counselors was designed and implemented to learn more about the experiences of genetic counselors who had considered or ordered postmortem genetic testing. Results showed that cardiovascular GCs were significantly more willing to recommend genetic testing in younger age decedents (ages 10, 18, 30, 40, and 50) compared to other specialty GCs ( p<0.05, Chi-square). Thirty-seven percent (7 of 19) of GCs reported insurance covering some portion of genetic testing. Participants also reported highest success for DNA extractions with fresh and frozen blood, reinforcing NAME recommendations for appropriate sample collection for postmortem genetic testing. Overall, participating GCs demonstrated a very good understanding for the appropriate use of postmortem genetic testing and did identify suspected barriers of cost and lack of insurance coverage as deterrents. With the rapid decrease in costs for diagnostic genetic testing, ME/C awareness of NAME recommendations for sample collection and storage remain important to facilitate postmortem genetic testing.
Three-Dimensional Morphometric Modeling Measurements of the Calcaneus in Adults with Stage IIB Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction: A Pilot Study
Authors: Walley Kempland C. , Roush Evan P. , Stauch Christopher M. , Kunselman Allen R. , Saloky Kaitlin L. , King Jesse L. , Lewis Gregory S. , Aynardi Michael C.
Published: August 2018

Background: The pathophysiology of adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is not fully explained by degeneration of the posterior tibial tendon alone. While a shortened or dysplastic lateral column has been implicated in flatfoot deformity in pediatrics, there is no study that has quantified the degree of dysplasia in adults with a stage IIb flatfoot deformity, or if any exists at all. Methods: An institutional radiology database was queried for patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) who had computed tomography (CT) performed. Controls were patients receiving CT scan for an intra-articular distal tibia fracture without preexisting foot or calcaneal pathology. Clinical notes, physical examination, and weightbearing radiographs were used to find patients that met clinical criteria for stage IIb PTTD. Morphometric measurements of the calcanei were performed involving the length of the calcaneal axis (LCA), height of the anterior process (HAP), and length of the anterior process (LAP). All measurements were performed independently by separate observers, with observers blinded to group assignment. We considered a difference of ±4 mm as our threshold. Results: 7 patients and 7 controls were available for reconstruction and analysis. On average, the LCA was 3.1 mm shorter in patients with stage IIb PTTD compared with controls ( P < .05). The LAP was shorter in PTTD patients compared with controls 3.4 mm ( P < .001). Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that the calcaneus of adult patients with stage IIb AAFD is dysplastic when compared with healthy controls, which further supports the utility of lateral column lengthening.

Levels of Evidence: Level III: Case-control study
Amazon Deforestation in Brazil: What Has Not Happened and How the Global Media Covered It
Authors: Boucher Doug , Chi Dora
Published: August 2018

There has been no further change in the deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazon since our 2013 article in Tropical Conservation Science on the dramatic reduction in deforestation in the late 2000s. This lack of change was actually a remarkable occurrence because deforestation remained stable during a period of major economic recession and great political turbulence at the national level. Coverage of Brazilian Amazon deforestation in the global media during this period was misleading, emphasizing short-term increases in deforestation and erroneously presenting them as “balancing” the earlier dramatic reduction. However, the steady level of deforestation during this period does represent a political failure in which national political leaders did not achieve—or even try to achieve—the eminently feasible goal of zero deforestation.
Significant drug–drug interaction between warfarin and nafcillin
Authors: King Cynthia A. , Babcock Kathleen M. , Godios Rhianna J. , King Benjamin S.
Published: August 2018

Nafcillin, a beta-lactam semisynthetic penicillin, is highly resistant to penicillinase and is similar to other penicillins except that it is primarily metabolized in the liver. It is believed that nafcillin causes CYP3A4 enzyme induction which decreases warfarin’s half-life. The onset of CYP3A4 induction by nafcillin occurs within the first 7 days, but maximal effects may take up to 2 weeks. Once nafcillin is discontinued, the effects persist for several weeks. A 79-year-old male with a history of atrial fibrillation and a 53-year-old male with a history of recurrent venous thromboembolism required significantly higher weekly warfarin doses during courses of nafcillin therapy. Both patients required a 2.5–3.5-fold increase from their baseline weekly warfarin dose to achieve therapeutic international normalized ratios (INRs) while on nafcillin. Traditional protocol-driven warfarin management can result in suboptimal anticoagulation in patients on warfarin and nafcillin.