bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green production of hydrochar nut group from waste materials in subcritical water medium and investigation of their adsorption performance for crystal violet
Authors: Saleh Mohammed , Isik Zelal , Yabalak Erdal , Yalvac Mutlu , Dizge Nadir
Published: November 2021

This study evaluates the production of hydrochars from the outer shells of the nut group (peanut, hazelnut, walnut, and pistachio) in an eco‐friendly subcritical water medium (SWM) and their effects as adsorbents on the removal of crystal violet (CV) from an aqueous solution. The prepared hydrochars were characterized using Brunauer Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential. The adsorption process was optimized based on pH, adsorbent dose, dye concentration, and contact time. The hazelnut hydrochar was found to have the maximum removal efficiency (91%). Optimum conditions were pH of 8, particle size <45 μm, adsorption time of 60 min, and dye concentration of 25 mg/L. The results of all hydrochars were fitted to the second‐order kinetics. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson isotherms models were used to explain the relationship between adsorbent and adsorbate. For all hydrochars, CV adsorption was found to be feasible and inherently spontaneous. The use of materials with no commercial value like; the outer shells of the nut group, is considered a method for waste reduction using the SWM method.

Practitioner Points

Hydrochars of nut group were synthesized in the subcritical water medium.

Adsorption ability of the hydrochars in the adsorption of crystal violet were investigated.

Adsorption isotherms were used to explain the relationship between adsorbent and adsorbate.

The hazelnut hydrochar provided the maximum removal efficiency (91%).

Hazardous water pollutant effectively removed using an eco‐friendly method.
A Linear Parallel Algorithm to Compute Bisimulation and Relational Coarsest Partitions
Authors: Martens Jan , Groote Jan Friso , van den Haak Lars , Hijma Pieter , Wijs Anton
Published: November 2021

The most efficient way to calculate strong bisimilarity is by finding the relational coarsest partition of a transition system. We provide the first linear-time algorithm to calculate strong bisimulation using parallel random access machines (PRAMs). More precisely, withnstates,mtransitions and$$| Act |\le m$$|Act|≤maction labels, we provide an algorithm for$$\max (n,m)$$max(n,m)processors that calculates strong bisimulation in time$$\mathcal {O}(n+| Act |)$$O(n+|Act|)and space$$\mathcal {O}(n+m)$$O(n+m). The best-known PRAM algorithm has time complexity$$\mathcal {O}(n\log n)$$O(nlogn)on a smaller number of processors making it less suitable for massive parallel devices such as GPUs. An implementation on a GPU shows that the linear time-bound is achievable on contemporary hardware.
Spin asymmetries in electron-jet production at the future electron ion collider
Authors: Kang Zhong-Bo , Lee Kyle , Shao Ding Yu , Zhao Fanyi
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We study all the possible spin asymmetries that can arise in back-to-back electron-jet production, ep → e + jet + X, as well as the associated jet fragmentation process, ep → e+jet(h)+X, in electron-proton collisions. We derive the factorization formalism for these spin asymmetries and perform the corresponding phenomenology for the kinematics relevant to the future electron ion collider. In the case of unpolarized electron-proton scattering, we also give predictions for azimuthal asymmetries for the HERA experiment. This demonstrates that electron-jet production is an outstanding process for probing unpolarized and polarized transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions and fragmentation functions.
Two-loop leading-colour QCD helicity amplitudes for Higgs boson production in association with a bottom-quark pair at the LHC
Authors: Badger Simon , Hartanto Heribertus Bayu , Kryś Jakub , Zoia Simone
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We compute the two-loop QCD helicity amplitudes for the production of a Higgs boson in association with a bottom quark pair at a hadron collider. We take the approximations of leading colour and work in the five flavour scheme, where the bottom quarks are massless while the Yukawa coupling is non-zero. We extract analytic expressions from multiple numerical evaluations over finite fields and present the results in terms of an independent set of special functions that can be reliably evaluated over the full phase space.
The intraoral permeability measurement as a screening for artifact formation by orthodontic products in MRI
Authors: Blankenstein Felix H. , Kielburg Ulrike , Melerowitz Ludwig , Stelmaszczyk Daniel
Published: November 2021

Aim

Metal dental products lack precautionary statements regarding MR compatibility due to an exemption in the labelling obligation. Hence, it is difficult for radiologists to decide whether to remove fixed metal objects in patients prior to MRI. A solution could be the direct determination of the magnetic permeability (µr) as a decisive material-related predictor of artifact formation and other interactions. Thus, the applicability of an industrially used measurement device as a screening instrument and the relevance of the manufacturer’s application restrictions in vitro and in vivo were tested.

Methods

Precision and trueness were tested using self-made test objects with different dimensions and different permeability. To clarify whether the measurement results are affected by the remanence (BR) induced in the objects, 28 brackets of different materials were exposed to a weak and a strong external magnetic field and the magnetic flux density before and after these exposures was compared. The clinical test was performed on a volunteer with an orthodontic appliance experimentally composed of brackets with different levels of magnetic permeability (µr). Validity and intra- and interrater reliability were calculated using two rater groups consisting of four dentists and four medical-technical radiology assistants (MTRA), respectively.

Results

With coefficients of variation below 0.14%, precision was excellent regardless of object surface and size. Trueness was high on objects with µr ≤ 1.002, and decreased with increasing µr, for which size-dependent correction factors were calculated. Intra- and interrater reliability and validity were excellent and independent of professional intraoral manipulation experience.

Conclusions

The permeability measurement allows for a valid and reliable determination of the magnetizability of intraoral metal objects. When used as a screening tool to detect nonartifact-causing objects, no correction factor needs to be calculated. For the first time, it offers radiologists a decision support for the selective removal of only the highly permeable components of the multiband apparatus.
Heterogene neuropsychiatrische Phänotypen bei zwei erwachsenen Patient*innen mit 22q11.2-Deletionssyndrom (DiGeorge-Syndrom): ein Fall für RDoC?
Authors: Praus Peter , Braun Urs , Bleich Melanie , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Hennig Oliver
Published: November 2021

Das DiGeorge-Syndrom ist eines der häufigsten Mikrodeletionssyndrome und bedingt ein erhöhtes Risiko für neuropsychiatrische Störungen der Intelligenz, der sozialen Kommunikation und der Exekutivfunktionen sowie psychotische Störungen. Im Falle des vorgestellten männlichen Patienten handelt es sich um die seltene Beschreibung eines Tourette-Syndroms auf der Grundlage eines 22q11.2-Mikrodeletionssyndroms. Die folgenden zwei Fallbeispiele demonstrieren die Vielfalt assoziierter klinischer Präsentationen, selbst auf der Grundlage einer übereinstimmenden und umschriebenen genetischen Aberration. Eine Charakterisierung solcher Patient*innen im Kontext der klinisch-wissenschaftlichen Praxis anhand der Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) ermöglicht eine transdiagnostische Beschreibung der überlappenden wie auch spezifischen neuropsychiatrischen Funktionseinschränkungen. Eine solche dimensionale Charakterisierung erlaubt somit potenziell auch eine genauere Differenzierung pleiotroper Assoziationen zwischen Genotyp und Phänotyp.
Psychotropic drug use among older people with major neurocognitive disorder: a cross-sectional study based on Swedish national registries
Authors: Kindstedt Jonas , Sjölander Maria , Lövheim Hugo , Gustafsson Maria
Published: November 2021

Aim

Psychotropic medications include many drugs that may be inappropriate for older individuals with cognitive impairment. In Sweden, many people become registered in the Swedish Dementia Registry when they are diagnosed with major neurocognitive disorder (NCD). In this study, we aim to describe psychotropic drug use and associated factors among older Swedish people with major NCD.

Methods

This study included 38,251 people ≥ 65 years from the Swedish registry for cognitive/dementia disorders diagnosed during 2007–2017. Drug use was defined as one or more filled prescription(s) recorded in the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register during 1 July to 31 December 2017. Associations between psychotropics and age, sex, diagnosis date, Mini-Mental State Examination score and major NCD subtype were analysed through multiple logistic regression.

Results

We found that 12.0% of the individuals filled at least one prescription for antipsychotics, 22.0% for anxiolytics, 23.0% for sedatives or hypnotics, 43.2% for antidepressants and 56.7% for antidementia drugs. In brief, psychotropic use was associated with female sex, higher age, longer time since diagnosis and specific subtypes of major NCD; the strongest association was found between antipsychotics and Lewy body dementia (odds ratio 2.40, 95% confidence interval 2.04–2.82).

Conclusion

Psychotropic drugs were frequently dispensed among older Swedish people with major NCD. The use of antipsychotics and medications with sedative properties warrants concern, especially among those with Lewy body dementia who are severely sensitive to antipsychotics. A more restrictive prescribing pattern regarding these medications might reduce the risk of drug-related problems in this vulnerable group of people.
iOCT in der klinischen Anwendung
Authors: Friedrich Julia Sabina , Bleidißel Nathalie , Nasseri Ali , Feucht Nikolaus , Klaas Julian , Lohmann Chris Patrick , Maier Mathias
Published: November 2021

Hintergrund

Die Beurteilung der intraoperativen Veränderung der Netzhautmorphologie, insbesondere des vitreoretinalen Überganges, ist mithilfe der intraoperativen optischen Kohärenztomografie (iOCT) möglich geworden.

Ziel der Arbeit

Um die Bedeutung der intraoperativen Morphologie beim durchgreifenden Makulaforamen (MF) für das postoperative funktionelle Ergebnis zu evaluieren, wurde eine retrospektive, klinische Beobachtungsstudie durchgeführt.

Material und Methoden

Die Netzhautmorphologie wurde in 32 Augen von 32 konsekutiven Patienten mit durchgreifendem Makulaforamen mittels iOCT zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten während der Operation beobachtet. Die Veränderungen wurden anschließend mit dem postoperativen funktionellen Ergebnis korreliert.

Ergebnisse

Nach Induktion der hinteren Glaskörperabhebung (HGA) reduzierte sich der Makulaforamen-Index (MHI) um −0,05 (p = 0,01), die basale Foramenbreite (FB) stieg um +99,4 μm (SD = 197,8 μm; p = 0,04). Die Verschlussrate betrug 100 % zum Zeitpunkt der ersten postoperativen Vorstellung nach im Mittel 73 Tagen, der postoperative Visus verbesserte sich signifikant (p < 0,05).

Es zeigte sich eine signifikant positive Korrelation von intraoperativer Morphologie und postoperativem Ergebnis zwischen einem niedrigen MHI und einem besseren postoperativen Visus (SKK = 0,50; p = 0,02), zwischen einer großen FB und einem besseren postoperativen Visus (SKK = 0,43; p = 0,05) sowie zwischen einer breiten Apertur nach HGA und einem größeren Visusanstieg postoperativ (SKK = 0,44; p = 0,03).

Diskussion

Wir konnten eine Abflachung sowie eine Verbreiterung des MF durch Lösen der vitreoretinalen Zugkräfte beobachten. Aufgrund des Zusammenhangs zwischen einer großen intraoperativen FB mit einem besseren postoperativen Visus scheint die intraoperative Relaxierung der Netzhaut bedeutsam.
Stress anisotropy in natural debris flows during impacting a monitoring structure
Authors: Nagl Georg , Hübl Johannes , Kaitna Roland
Published: November 2021

The frictional resistance of rock and debris is supposed to induce stress anisotropy in the unsteady, non-uniform flow of gravitational mass flows, including debris flows. Though widely used in analytical models and numerical simulation tools, concurrent measurements of stresses in different directions are not yet available for natural flow events. The present study aims to investigate the relation of longitudinal and bed-normal stress exerted by two natural debris flows impacting a monitoring barrier in the Gadria creek, Italy. For that, a force plate in front of a barrier was used to continuously record forces normal to the channel bed, whereas load cells mounted on the vertical wall of the barrier recorded forces in flow direction. We observed an anisotropic stress state during most of the flow events, with stress ratios ranging between 0.1 and 3.5. Video recordings reveal complex deposition and re-mobilization patterns in front of the barrier during surges and highlight the unsteady nature of debris flows. These first-time in-situ measurements confirm the assumption of stress anisotropy in natural debris flows for gravitational mass flows, and provide data for model testing.
The role of lymphangiogenesis in cardiovascular diseases and heart transplantation
Authors: Ji Rui-Cheng
Published: November 2021

Cardiac lymphangiogenesis plays an important physiological role in the regulation of interstitial fluid homeostasis, inflammatory, and immune responses. Impaired or excessive cardiac lymphatic remodeling and insufficient lymph drainage have been implicated in several cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction (MI). Although the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of functional lymphatics are not fully understood, the interplay between lymphangiogenesis and immune regulation has recently been explored in relation to the initiation and development of these diseases. In this field, experimental therapeutic strategies targeting lymphangiogenesis have shown promise by reducing myocardial inflammation, edema and fibrosis, and improving cardiac function. On the other hand, however, whether lymphangiogenesis is beneficial or detrimental to cardiac transplant survival remains controversial. In the light of recent evidence, cardiac lymphangiogenesis, a thriving and challenging field has been summarized and discussed, which may improve our knowledge in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and transplant biology.
Interaction of Psychopathic Traits Dimensions in the Prediction of Psychological and Physical Child-to-Parent Violence in Adolescents
Authors: Del Hoyo-Bilbao Joana , Orue Izaskun , Calvete Esther
Published: November 2021

This study examined the longitudinal relationships between three psychopathic trait dimensions (callous-unemotional, CU; grandiose-manipulative, GM; and impulsive-irresponsible, II) and their interaction in the prediction of psychological and physical child-to-parent violence (CPV). Furthermore, the study examined whether the predictive relationships were different for boys and girls. A total of 765 adolescents (463 girls), with a mean age of 15.28 years (SD = 1.04), completed measures of the psychopathic trait dimensions (CU, GM, and II) and psychological and physical CPV at the beginning of the study and six months later. At the cross-sectional level, all the psychopathic trait dimensions were related to psychological and physical CPV, although the effect sizes were small. At the longitudinal level, II predicted increased psychological CPV. A significant three-way interaction between the three psychopathic trait dimensions (CU, GM, and II) indicated that the longitudinal association between II and physical CPV was higher for adolescents with high CU and low GM. However, the predictive model did not differ for boys and girls.
What Drives Water Utility Selection of Pricing Methods? Evidence from California
Authors: Allaire M. , Dinar A.
Published: November 2021

Water pricing is a demand management strategy to address the looming challenge of greater water scarcity in arid regions. Much of the literature on residential water rates focuses on evaluating the impact of pricing on household conservation. A separate, but rarely addressed question is what motivates a water utility to select a particular rate structure and the timing of doing so. We assess utilities’ decisions to adopt pro-conservation rate structures, such as increasing block rates and water budget rates. We develop a conceptual model of utility decision-making regarding the transition to pro-conservation rates and apply it to California.

We examine the relationship between rate adoption and characteristics of utilities and customers using logistic regression and a balanced panel dataset of 323 California water systems from 2006-2015. We find a notable shift towards pro-conservation rates, which 71% of California utilities had by 2015, compared to 44% in 2006. Capacity factors associated with adoption include size of service population and customer income level, while motivating factors include peer adoption, greater customer engagement, and special district governance. Overall, this study provides insight into barriers to pro-conservation pricing, which can inform policies to enable transitions and advance conservation goals.
Die Rolle des Selbstkonzepts im Mathematikstudium – Wie fit fühlen sich Studierende in Mathematik?
Authors: Rach Stefanie , Ufer Stefan , Kosiol Timo
Published: November 2021

Das mathematische Selbstkonzept als Einschätzung der eigenen Fähigkeiten ist relevant für erfolgreiche Lernprozesse. Am Übergang in ein Mathematikstudium ändert sich die Domäne, sodass eine Schul- von einer universitären Mathematik unterschieden werden kann. In diesem Beitrag schlagen wir ein dreidimensionales Modell vor, das ein allgemeines, ein schulisches und ein universitäres mathematisches Selbstkonzept ausdifferenziert. Anhand einer Studie mit 202 Mathematikstudierenden (Fach bzw. Lehramt) geben wir Hinweise für die Güte der neu entwickelten Fragebogenskalen. Schon zu Studienbeginn kann ein Selbstkonzept in Bezug auf die Schulmathematik von einem Selbstkonzept in Bezug auf die universitäre Mathematik unterschieden werden. Die Entwicklung des mathematischen Selbstkonzepts in den ersten Wochen kann durch die differenzierten Facetten präziser beschrieben werden: Während die schulische Facette im Mittel stabil bleibt, verringert sich das universitäre Selbstkonzept, insbesondere bei den Lehramtsstudierenden. Das universitäre und das allgemeine mathematische Selbstkonzept prädizieren die Studienzufriedenheit positiv. Implikationen aus der differenzierten Messung werden diskutiert.
Sn-Aided Joining of Cast Aluminum and Steel Through a Compound Casting Process
Authors: Bakke Aina Opsal , Nordmark Arne , Arnberg Lars , Li Yanjun
Published: November 2021

Obtaining a strong bond between aluminum and steel is challenging due to poor wettability between aluminum melt and steel and brittle intermetallic phases forming in the interface. In this research, a novel coating method, namely hot dipping of Sn, has been developed to treat the steel insert surfaces. Results show that without preheating the mold or Sn-coated insert, a thin, crack-free, and continuous metallurgical bonding layer was achieved in the A356 aluminum/steel compound castings. Intermetallic structures forming in the interface have been characterized in detail. The Sn-coating layer completely melted and mixed with the liquid aluminum during the casting process. The reaction layer at the aluminum/steel interface is composed of ternary Al–Fe–Si particles and a thin layer of binary Al5Fe2 phase with thickness less than 1 µm. A small fraction of dispersed Sn-rich particles was observed distributing in the reaction layer and adjacent to eutectic Si particles in the A356 alloy. A sessile drop wetting test showed that Sn-coated steel substrates can be well wetted by aluminum melt. The improved wettability between A356 alloy melt and steel was attributed to the penetration and breaking of the aluminum oxide layer at the surface of the aluminum droplets by liquid Sn.

Graphic Abstract
Evaluation of an electronic psycho-oncological adaptive screening program (EPAS) with immediate patient feedback: findings from a German cluster intervention study
Authors: Esser Peter , Sautier Leon , Sarkar Susanne , Schilling Georgia , Bokemeyer Carsten , Koch Uwe , Rose Matthias , Friedrich Michael , Nolte Sandra , Walter Otto , Mehnert-Theuerkauf Anja
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Distress screening has become mandatory and essential in comprehensive cancer care. We evaluated an electronic psycho-oncological adaptive screening (EPAS) which assesses objective indicators of care needs and subjectively perceived care needs and subsequently provides patient feedback with individualized recommendations about psychosocial care services.

Methods

Patients were assessed within clusters, i.e., different oncological facilities of the competence network of the University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH). Patients in the intervention arm underwent the screening, controls received standard care. Patients were assessed at baseline (t0), 3-month (t1), and 6-month (t2) follow-up. Outcomes included information level and use of/access to nine psychosocial services at UCCH, well-being (GAD-7, PHQ-9, SF-8), and treatment satisfaction (SCCC). Conditional linear and logistic regressions were used to identify screening effects at t1 and t2.

Results

Of 1320 eligible patients across 11 clusters, 660 were included (50%). The average age was 60 years; 46% were female. The intervention was associated with increased information level for all psychosocial services at t1 and t2 (all p < .001), increased use in some of these services at t1 and t2, respectively (p ≤ .02), and better evaluation of access (e.g., more recommendations for services provided by physicians, p < .01). At t2, the intervention was associated with a lower level of satisfaction with disease-related information (p = .02).

Conclusions

EPAS may improve information about psychosocial services as well as utilization of and access to these services. The effect on information level seems not to be generalizable to other aspects of oncological care. Future studies should incorporate novel technologies and condense the procedure to its core factors.

Implications for Cancer Survivors: The screening may help to enhance self-management competencies among cancer survivors.

Trial registration

The trial was retrospectively registered (2/2021) at ClinicalTrials.gov (number: NCT04749056).
Research Ethical Norms, Guidance and the Internet
Authors: Salwén Håkan
Published: November 2021

The internet, either as a tool or as an area of research, adds moral worries to an already complicated research ethical backdrop. Agencies, professional associations and philosophers have formulated research ethical norms designed to help scientists to arrive at responsible solutions to the problems. Yet, many criticize this reliance on norms. Somewhat more precisely, many claim that research ethical norms do not offer guidance. In the literature at least three arguments to that effect can be found. First, the research ethical norms fail to guide since they are inconsistent. Second, they fail to guide since they are too opaque. Third, they fail to guide since they cannot handle the moral complexity of issues scientists doing e-research face. In this paper I argue that these arguments are weak. The arguments are, in their original formulations, rather unclear. I try to improve the situation by spelling out the arguments with reference to a certain set of research ethical norms, to a certain account of action-guidance and with reference to certain important distinctions. It then turns out that the arguments’ premises are either untenable or suffers from lack of relevance. The arguments do not force us to conclude that research ethical norms fail to guide.
Challenges of applying monophyly in the phylogenetic shallows: taxonomic reappraisal of the Dactylorhiza maculata group
Authors: Bateman Richard M.
Published: November 2021

The first study of the taxonomically critical European orchid genus Dactylorhiza to use next-generation DNA sequencing generated the statistically best-supported reconstruction of its phylogeny to date. However, the two competing topologies obtained within the monophyletic Section Maculatae differed radically in the placement of the D. maculata s.s.–D. foliosa clade. Both topologies showed D. foliosa to be nested deeply within D. maculata s.s., and suggested that D. saccifera s.l. is paraphyletic, D. saccifera s.s. from south-eastern Europe and Asia Minor diverging before D. gervasiana from south-central Europe (a taxon typically viewed as a subspecies of D. saccifera or, more often, ignored completely). The poorly-sampled but character-rich morphometric comparison presented here suggests that D. saccifera s.s. and D. gervasiana cannot be distinguished with confidence using morphological characters and that, if D. gervasiana is accepted as a species, it is effectively cryptic. The diploid D. foliosa is accepted as an island endemic species, despite rendering paraphyletic the autotetraploid D. maculata s.s.; all other named taxa within the D. maculata s.s. clade are considered infraspecific. Dactylorhiza fuchsii is indisputably a bona fide species rather than a subspecies but it does not merit becoming the basis of a taxonomic section separate from D. maculata s.s. The strongly contrasting degrees of molecular vs morphological disparity reported here are representative of a more general trend evident in groups that have experienced comparatively recent speciation, as is the need to recognise occasional paraphyletic species when circumscribing species by integrating genotypic and phenotypic data categories. Explicit taxonomic criteria combined with a comparative, monographic approach are needed to achieve consistency of ranking. Disproving hypotheses of species status is judged a criminally underrated activity, actually being as important to outcomes as much-vaunted species "discovery".
Drug discovery in leishmaniasis using protein lipidation as a target
Authors: Brannigan James A. , Wilkinson Anthony J.
Published: November 2021

The leishmaniases are infectious diseases caused by a number of species of obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania with disease manifesting as cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral forms. Despite being endemic in more than 80 countries and its being the cause of high morbidity and mortality, leishmaniasis remains a neglected tropical disease. Chemotherapy is the frontline treatment, but drugs in current use suffer from toxic side effects, difficulties in administration and extended treatment times — moreover, resistance is emerging. New anti-leishmanial drugs are a recognised international priority. Here, we review investigations into N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) as a potential drug target. NMT catalyses the co-translational transfer of a C14 fatty acid from myristoyl-CoA onto the N-terminal glycine residue of a significant subset of proteins in eukaryotic cells. This covalent modification influences the stability and interactions of substrate proteins with lipids and partner proteins. Structure-guided development of new lead compounds emerging from high-throughput screening campaigns targeting Leishmania donovani NMT has led to the discovery of potent inhibitors which have been used to gain insights into the role of protein myristoylation in these parasites and to validate NMT as a drug target.
Caring from behind the face mask in healthcare: Learning from the dramatic arts
Authors: Murphy Paul , Lewis Dearbhail , Gormley Gerard J.
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has made its impact across the globe with great voracity. New routines have displaced older more established ones with ruthless efficiency—no more so than in healthcare. In meeting these challenges, many healthcare workers have had to prepare for and enact many new ways of working. Regardless of their speciality or stage of training, health professions educators (HPEs) have helped train our healthcare workforce in developing new skills with great tempo. Throughout all of these efforts one constant has guided our endeavours—the humane connection with those that provide and those that seek healthcare.

However, with COVID-19 we have had to distance ourselves from our patients, and colleagues, and clad ourselves in various items of personal protection equipment (PPE). The protective barrier also acts as a barrier to personal interaction and therefore presents challenges in how we connect with each other on a humane level. Few disciplines have engaged with the complexities of verbal and gestural communication as thoroughly and consistently as the dramatic arts. Actors in Ancient Greece would perform wearing masks and used oratory as well as gestural communication to enrapture the audience.

Drawing upon the dramatic arts, we aim to explore the relationship between face and mask and thereby provide reflective insights for HPEs to help guide healthcare workers in their communication from behind the face mask.
Textverstehen als argumentativer Diskurs
Authors: Descher Stefan , Petraschka Thomas
Published: November 2021

In diesem Beitrag erläutern wir, wieso es aktuell keine »Krise des Textverstehens« gibt, die eine erneute Reflexion hermeneutischer Grundlagen erfordern würde. Wir zeigen, dass derartige Diagnosen entweder auf gesellschaftliche Probleme zurückgehen, die den Grundlagen hermeneutischer Theoriebildung äußerlich sind, oder auf irrige Annahmen über einen theoretischen und methodischen Pluralismus innerhalb der Literaturwissenschaften. Statt der Entwicklung einer »neuen Hermeneutik« ist innerhalb der Philologie vielmehr eine verstärkte Rückbesinnung auf den common ground aller Spielarten wissenschaftlicher Textinterpretation angebracht: den auf universalen Rationalitätsprinzipien beruhenden argumentativen Diskurs. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags führen wir dann anhand von drei exemplarischen Maximen aus, wie sich dieses allgemeine Plädoyer in die Praxis philologischer Hermeneutik integrieren lässt.
The Cambridge Guide to Reading Poetry
Authors: Hodgson Andrew
Published: November 2021

At the heart of this book is a belief that poetry matters, and that it enables us to enjoy and understand life. In this accessible guide, Andrew Hodgson equips the reader for the challenging and rewarding experience of unlocking poetry, considering the key questions about language, technique, feeling and subject matter which illuminate what a poem has to say. In a lucid and sympathetic manner, he considers a diverse range of poets writing in English to demonstrate how their work enlarges our perception of ourselves and our world. The process of independent research is modeled step-by-step, as the guide shows where to start, how to develop ideas, and how to draw conclusions. Providing guidance on how to plan, organise and write essays, close readings and commentaries, from initial annotation to final editing, this book will provide you with the confidence to discover and express your own personal response to poetry.
Secret Government
Authors: Kogelmann Brian
Published: November 2021

Among politicians and policy-makers it is almost universally assumed that more transparency in government is better. Until now, philosophers have almost completely ignored the topic of transparency, and when it is discussed there seems to be an assumption (shared with politicians and policy-makers) that increased transparency is a good thing, which results in no serious attempt to justify it. In this book Brian Kogelmann shows that the standard narrative is false and that many arguments in defence of transparency are weak. He offers a comprehensive philosophical analysis of transparency in government, examining both abstract normative defences of transparency, and transparency's role in the theory of institutional design. His book shows that even when the arguments in favour of transparency are compelling, the costs associated with it are just as forceful as the original arguments themselves, and that strong arguments can be made in defence of more opaque institutions.
A ‘Network of Understanding and Compassion’: A Qualitative Study of Survivor Perspectives on Unmet Needs After Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Regional Communities
Authors: Hennessy Maria Jeannette , Sullivan Karen A.
Published: November 2021

Objective:

This qualitative study aimed to identify the service and support needs of people with a recent history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) living in the community.

Methods:

A postal survey was sent to 662 people 6–18 months after hospital admission for a mild-to-severe TBI. The survey included an open-ended item (‘wish-basket’) for collecting ideas about important unmet needs.

Results:

Responses from 53 individuals were coded and processed using thematic analysis. Five themes (n = 39) were identified, three of which were related to personal needs. These personal wishes were about being symptom-free, independent and emotionally supported by, and connected to, loved ones. The remaining themes were about the wished-for changes to the health system and society, such as wishing for health care continuity (as opposed to being abandoned), and for greater understanding and support by society.

Conclusions:

There is scope to improve the services and support for people living with TBI in the community. This includes reconsidering the way that discharge occurs, addressing the personal needs that remain when living in the community and promoting greater social awareness of TBI to counteract disadvantage.
Hydrodynamics of quantum corrections to the Coulomb interaction via the third rank tensor evolution equation: application to Langmuir waves and spin-electron acoustic waves
Authors: Andreev Pavel A.
Published: November 2021

The quantum effects in plasmas can be described by the hydrodynamics containing the continuity and Euler equations. However, novel quantum phenomena are found via the extended set of hydrodynamic equations, where the pressure evolution equation and the pressure flux third-rank tensor evolution equation are included. These give the quantum corrections to the Coulomb interaction. The spectra of the Langmuir waves and the spin-electron acoustic waves are calculated. The application of the pressure evolution equation ensures that the contribution of pressure in the Langmuir wave spectrum is proportional to

$(3/5)v_{\textrm {Fe}}^{2}$

rather than

$(1/3)v_{\textrm {Fe}}^{2}$

, where

$v_{\textrm {Fe}}$

is the Fermi velocity.
Radical Islam in the Western Academy
Authors: Kazmi Zaheer
Published: November 2021

Scholarly interest in radical Islam is long-standing and crosses multiple disciplines. Yet, while the labelling of Islam and Muslim actors as ‘radical’ is extensive, this has not been interrogated as a particular scholarly practice. And while studies of non-Western radicalism have grown in recent years, cross-cultural analysis of radicalism as a particular concept in political thought has been neglected. This article aims to begin to address this question, with reference to radical Islam. By treating radicalism as a meta-concept, it identifies radical Islam as a malleable and composite category that is constituted by, and made legible through, conceptual properties associated with four discourses in the study of radicalism with origins in the Western academy: Euro-radicalism, identified with the European left and critical theory; fundamentalism; radicalisation; and liberalism. I argue that radical Islam is under-theorised and over-determined as a scholarly category. This can be explained by how concepts originating in the Western academy to address Western contexts and phenomena function as master frameworks, narratives, or pivots against or around which radical Islam is defined. This is the case even when Eurocentrism is contested by critical theorists who tend to reproduce it because they do not abandon Western conceptions of radicalism but rather draw on them. Academic accounts of radical Islam also authenticate Islam by advancing selective, strategic or apologetic descriptions of what constitutes radicalism. In these ways, critical scholarship, including within IR, can also be insufficiently attentive to marginal and heterodox voices that fall outside hegemonic conceptions of Islamic normativity.
Estimating the SARS-CoV2 infections detection rate and cumulative incidence in the World Health Organization African Region 10 months into the pandemic
Authors: Impouma Benido , Mboussou Franck , Shahpar Cyrus , Wolfe Caitlin M. , Farham Bridget , Williams George Sie , Karamagi Humphrey , Ngom Roland , Nsenga Ngoy , Flahault Antoine , Codeço Cláudia Torres , Yoti Zabulon , Kasolo Francis , Keiser Olivia
Published: November 2021

As of 03 January 2021, the WHO African region is the least affected by the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, accounting for only 2.4% of cases and deaths reported globally. However, concerns abound about whether the number of cases and deaths reported from the region reflect the true burden of the disease and how the monitoring of the pandemic trajectory can inform response measures.

We retrospectively estimated four key epidemiological parameters (the total number of cases, the number of missed cases, the detection rate and the cumulative incidence) using the COVID-19 prevalence calculator tool developed by Resolve to Save Lives. We used cumulative cases and deaths reported during the period 25 February to 31 December 2020 for each WHO Member State in the region as well as population data to estimate the four parameters of interest. The estimated number of confirmed cases in 42 countries out of 47 of the WHO African region included in this study was 13 947 631 [95% confidence interval (CI): 13 334 620–14 635 502] against 1 889 512 cases reported, representing 13.5% of overall detection rate (range: 4.2% in Chad, 43.9% in Guinea). The cumulative incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was estimated at 1.38% (95% CI: 1.31%–1.44%), with South Africa the highest [14.5% (95% CI: 13.9%–15.2%)] and Mauritius [0.1% (95% CI: 0.099%–0.11%)] the lowest. The low detection rate found in most countries of the WHO African region suggests the need to strengthen SARS-CoV-2 testing capacities and adjusting testing strategies.
SARS-CoV-2 variants and effectiveness of vaccines: a review of current evidence
Authors: Tatsi Elizabeth-Barbara , Filippatos Filippos , Michos Athanasios
Published: November 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is rapidly evolving via mutagenesis, lengthening the pandemic, and threatening the public health. Until August 2021, 12 variants of SARS-CoV-2 named as variants of concern (VOC; Alpha to Delta) or variants of interest (VOI; Epsilon to Mu), with significant impact on transmissibility, morbidity, possible reinfection and mortality, have been identified. The VOC Delta (B.1.617.2) of Indian origin is now the dominant and the most contagious variant worldwide as it provokes a strong binding to the human ACE2 receptor, increases transmissibility and manifests considerable immune escape strategies after natural infection or vaccination. Although the development and administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, based on different technologies (mRNA, adenovirus carrier, recombinant protein, etc.), are very promising for the control of the pandemic, their effectiveness and neutralizing activity against VOCs varies significantly. In this review, we describe the most significant circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2, and the known effectiveness of currently available vaccines against them.
Breaking the silence: Advocacy and accountability for attacks on hospitals in armed conflict
Authors: Hakki Lara , Stover Eric , Haar Rohini J.
Published: November 2021

When hospitals are damaged or destroyed in armed conflict, the loss is far greater than the physical structures: safe spaces are lost, health outcomes worsen and trust in health institutions is undermined. Despite the legal protections afforded to medical units under international humanitarian law (IHL), attacks on hospitals are a recurring problem in armed conflict. In 2019, the Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition documented more than 1,203 incidents of violence against medical facilities, transports, personnel and patients in twenty countries. This article examines investigations of four post-Second World War incidents of attacks on hospitals in armed conflicts in Vietnam, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Palestine and Afghanistan, the role public advocacy campaigns played in bringing about these investigations, and how national and international authorities can work together to promote greater accountability for violations of IHL.
Auf dem Weg zu einer digitalen Aufgabenkultur
Authors: Brühe Roland , Hölterhof Tobias , Thomas Daniela
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Digitalisierung des Pflegeunterrichts wird nicht erst durch die Folgen der Corona-Pandemie bedeutsam, sondern ist seit mehreren Jahren Ge­genstand des pflegedidaktischen Diskurses. Dem­gegenüber finden Auseinandersetzungen zu Aufgaben im Pflege­unterricht und der damit verbundenen Aufgabenkultur kaum statt. Der Beitrag stellt ein Literaturreview zu Studien zu digitalen Lehr-Lern-Settings in der Pflegebildung sowie eine Untersuchung zu Arbeitsblättern im Pflegeunterricht als Ausdruck von Aufgabenkultur vor. Es zeigt sich, dass Digitalisierung der Pflegebildung nicht ohne Weiterentwicklung einer spezifischen Auf­gabenkultur gesehen werden kann.
Die Pflegeschule im Wohnzimmer
Authors: Teigelake Björn , Sorber Michaela
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Pflegeausbildung im Homeschooling? Was früher kaum vorstellbar war, wurde im Frühjahr 2020 Realität für Auszubildende und Lehrende an Pflegeschulen. Wie ging es den Auszubildenden in dieser Zeit? Welche Bedeutung hatte der Lockdown für ­die theoretische Ausbildung? Auf der Basis einer Podcast-Gesprächsreihe gibt dieser Beitrag einen Einblick in die Erfahrungen und Sichtweisen von Auszubildenden in der Zeit des ersten Lockdowns.
Color Cherenkov imaging of clinical radiation therapy
Authors: Alexander Daniel A. , Nomezine Anthony , Jarvis Lesley A. , Gladstone David J. , Pogue Brian W. , Bruza Petr
Published: November 2021

Color vision is used throughout medicine to interpret the health and status of tissue. Ionizing radiation used in radiation therapy produces broadband white light inside tissue through the Cherenkov effect, and this light is attenuated by tissue features as it leaves the body. In this study, a novel time-gated three-channel camera was developed for the first time and was used to image color Cherenkov emission coming from patients during treatment. The spectral content was interpreted by comparison with imaging calibrated tissue phantoms. Color shades of Cherenkov emission in radiotherapy can be used to interpret tissue blood volume, oxygen saturation and major vessels within the body.
Mirror-enhanced scanning light-field microscopy for long-term high-speed 3D imaging with isotropic resolution
Authors: Xiong Bo , Zhu Tianyi , Xiang Yuhan , Li Xiaopeng , Yu Jinqiang , Jiang Zheng , Niu Yihan , Jiang Dong , Zhang Xu , Fang Lu , Wu Jiamin , Dai Qionghai
Published: November 2021

Various biological behaviors can only be observed in 3D at high speed over the long term with low phototoxicity. Light-field microscopy (LFM) provides an elegant compact solution to record 3D information in a tomographic manner simultaneously, which can facilitate high photon efficiency. However, LFM still suffers from the missing-cone problem, leading to degraded axial resolution and ringing effects after deconvolution. Here, we propose a mirror-enhanced scanning LFM (MiSLFM) to achieve long-term high-speed 3D imaging at super-resolved axial resolution with a single objective, by fully exploiting the extended depth of field of LFM with a tilted mirror placed below samples. To establish the unique capabilities of MiSLFM, we performed extensive experiments, we observed various organelle interactions and intercellular interactions in different types of photosensitive cells under extremely low light conditions. Moreover, we demonstrated that superior axial resolution facilitates more robust blood cell tracking in zebrafish larvae at high speed.
Somatostatin-evoked Aβ catabolism in the brain: Mechanistic involvement of α-endosulfine-KATP channel pathway
Authors: Watamura Naoto , Kakiya Naomasa , Nilsson Per , Tsubuki Satoshi , Kamano Naoko , Takahashi Mika , Hashimoto Shoko , Sasaguri Hiroki , Saito Takashi , Saido Takaomi C.
Published: November 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the brain. The neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) regulates Aβ catabolism by enhancing neprilysin (NEP)-catalyzed proteolytic degradation. However, the mechanism by which SST regulates NEP activity remains unclear. Here, we identified α-endosulfine (ENSA), an endogenous ligand of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel, as a negative regulator of NEP downstream of SST signaling. The expression of ENSA is significantly increased in AD mouse models and in patients with AD. In addition, NEP directly contributes to the degradation of ENSA, suggesting a substrate-dependent feedback loop regulating NEP activity. We also discovered the specific KATP channel subtype that modulates NEP activity, resulting in the Aβ levels altered in the brain. Pharmacological intervention targeting the particular KATP channel attenuated Aβ deposition, with impaired memory function rescued via the NEP activation in our AD mouse model. Our findings provide a mechanism explaining the molecular link between KATP channel and NEP activation, and give new insights into alternative strategies to prevent AD.
Pilot study of Tremelimumab with and without cryoablation in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Campbell Matthew T. , Matin Surena F. , Tam Alda L. , Sheth Rahul A. , Ahrar Kamran , Tidwell Rebecca S. , Rao Priya , Karam Jose A. , Wood Christopher G. , Tannir Nizar M. , Jonasch Eric , Gao Jianjun , Zurita Amado J. , Shah Amishi Y. , Jindal Sonali , Duan Fei , Basu Sreyashi , Chen Hong , Espejo Alexsandra B. , Allison James P. , Yadav Shalini S. , Sharma Padmanee
Published: November 2021

Cryoablation in combination with immune checkpoint therapy was previously reported to improve anti-tumor immune responses in pre-clinical studies. Here we report a pilot study of anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab) with (n = 15) or without (n = 14) cryoablation in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (NCT02626130), 18 patients with clear cell and 11 patients with non-clear cell histologies. The primary endpoint is safety, secondary endpoints include objective response rate, progression-free survival, and immune monitoring studies. Safety data indicate ≥ grade 3 treatment-related adverse events in 16 of 29 patients (55%) including 6 diarrhea/colitis, 3 hepatitis, 1 pneumonitis, and 1 glomerulonephritis. Toxicity leading to treatment discontinuation occurs in 5 patients in each arm. 3 patients with clear cell histology experience durable responses. One patient in the tremelimumab arm experiences an objective response, the median progression-free survival for all patients is 3.3 months (95% CI: 2.0, 5.3 months). Exploratory immune monitoring analysis of baseline and post-treatment tumor tissue samples shows that treatment increases immune cell infiltration and tertiary lymphoid structures in clear cell but not in non-clear cell. In clear cell, cryoablation plus tremelimumab leads to a significant increase in immune cell infiltration. These data highlight that treatment with tremelimumab plus cryotherapy is feasible and modulates the immune microenvironment in patients with metastatic clear cell histology.