bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximal oxygen uptake of agricultural men and women in India
Authors: Nag Pranab Kumar
Published: February 2006

The maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document}) of 228 men and 47 women from the Indian agricultural community was measured. The \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} in 20–24‐year‐old men was about 17% less than in the 25–29‐year‐old group. With advancing age, the \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2}} $\end{document} declined gradually to the ages 55–59, excepting the 36–39‐year‐old group. The loss in \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} was 0.65 ml/kg· min per year between 25 and 39 years of age and 0.16 ml/kg·min per year between 40 and 59 years of age. However, 30–39‐year‐old women had 7% higher \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} than the 20–29‐year‐old age group; and the difference in \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} between the group 30–39 and the group 40–49 years of age was 32%. The 20–29‐and 40–49‐year‐old women had \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm \dot V}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} \max } $\end{document} 24 and 30% less than those of men in the same age range.
Implications of tooth root hypercementosis in a Barbados slave skeletal collection
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Jacobi Keith P. , Handler Jerome S. , Aufderheide Arthur C.
Published: February 2006

A 17th‐ to 19th‐century cemetery sample of 104 slaves from Newton Plantation (Barbados) shows uniquely high hypercementosis prevalence, as well as unexpectedly high and variable skeletal lead content. A variety of biological and archeological factors indicates that individuals with lower amounts of these anomalies (relative to age at death) were probably African‐born, first‐generation slaves. The hypercementosis is related to the progression of periodontal disease as assessed from alveolar bone. Although the hypercementosis is endemic in the Caribbean black population, it does not as yet have a clear explanation. We suggest the etiology might relate to chronic malnutrition involving periodic, seasonal rehabilitation.
Demography and pathology of an urban slave population from New Orleans
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Orser Charles E. , Mann Robert W. , Moore‐Jansen Peer H. , Montgomery Robert L.
Published: February 2006

Twenty‐nine skeletons from the first cemetery in New Orleans provide significant new information about urban slavery in America. Dating as early as 1720 and used perhaps as late as 1810, the cemetery provided an identifiable sample of two whites, 13 blacks, one individual of possible Indian‐white ancestry, and two possibly mulatto individuals. Numerous skeletal and dental lesions were noted in the series, and historical information was used in conjunction with the physical data to draw conclusions about rates and patterns of mortality. Pathological changes indicate that the cemetery contained individuals representing two slave occupational groups, house servants and laborers. This research provides information in the expanding area of Afro‐American biohistorical research.
Life stresses of slavery
Authors: Kelley Jennifer Olsen , Angel J. Lawrence
Published: February 2006

Skeletal evidence exists for life stresses of 120 Black individuals from 25 sites in Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. Periods for statistical comparison are eighteenth century, 1690–1770; Catoctin Furnace, Maryland industrial slaves, 1790–ca.1820; 1800–ca.1860, nineteenth century; and a twentieth‐century Black sample compiled from forensic (accidental deaths) cases. From these archaeological sources, skeletal age at death shifts from 36 years, female, and 30 years, male in eighteenth century (N=29) to 34.8, female, and 36.3, male in nineteenth century (N=56). Catoctin Furnace slaves' longevity may reflect special conditions for skilled males (34.6 years, female; 41.2 years, male (N=16). Nutritional stresses are indicated by dental lesions, hypoplasias, stature, and skull base height and pelvic brim index. Occupational stress occurs in some adolescents and in many adults as exaggerated development of lifting muscles (deltoid and pectoral crests) and early vertebral and shoulder breakdown. Lead content of bone may reflect site of occupation. The most common pathology is anemia or sicklemia; parietal depressions and ulna fractures (“parry”) indicate violence‐related trauma.
Health and disease at a South Carolina plantation: 1840–1870
Authors: Rathbun Ted A.
Published: February 2006

The analysis of 36 human skeletons (eight subadults, 13 males, 15 females) recovered during a cemetery relocation near Charleston, SC, provides data on health and disease for a 19th‐century sample of Afro‐Americans. The majority of the burials date from 1840–1870. Skeletal analysis verified some historical interpretations.

Gender differential in mortality is evident with average age at death for males 35 and females 40 years. Females, besides living longer, had more missing and carious teeth but fewer abscesses. Both genders expressed childhood metabolic stress as indicated by linear enamel hypoplasias. Males, however, had a higher incidence (92%) than did females (70%). Age at occurrence was more widely distributed for females, but ages 2–4 were most critical for both genders. Postcranial indications of recovery from acute stress, Harris lines, occurred more frequently for males (45%) than for females (18%).

Anemia, probably both genetic and acquired, was a significant health problem for both genders. Cribra orbitalia appeared in 35% of the adult crania, and 80% of the subadults had orbital lesions. Diplotic expansion of the cranial vault and infection were relatively common in the sample. Skeletal reaction to infections appeared in 69% of the males, 60% of the females, and 80% of the subadults.

Skeletal changes associated with demanding physical labor were ubiquitous. The shoulder and hip were especially affected by degenerative changes, the cervical vertebrae frequently expressed osteophytosis, and males show a preponderance of Schmorl herniations and hypertrophy of the ulnar supinator crest.

Skeletal trace elements indicate a relatively high exposure to lead, strontium concentrations indicative of a diet high in plant foods, and relatively low zinc and copper concentrations.
Cortical bone maintenance in an historic Afro‐American Cemetery sample from Cedar Grove, Arkansas
Authors: Martin Debra L. , Magennis Ann L. , Rose Jerome C.
Published: February 2006

The relocation and analysis of 80 skeletons from the Cedar Grove Cemetery, located in southwest Arkansas, provides an opportunity to examine the level of health and nutrition exprienced by Afro‐Americans in the post‐Reconstruction South (1878–1930). The demographic profile lends support to the interpretation that Cedar Grove participated in the nationwide decline in Afro‐American health. The high frequencies of skeletal lesions indicative of dietary deficiencies and infectious disease demonstrate that this was a highly stressed population. For this analysis, adult femoral thin sections (15 females and 14 males) are examined histologically. These data provide support to the assertion that the Cedar Grove population experienced poor health. Measures taken from the sections include cortical thickness, percent cortical area, and mean number of resorption spaces and forming osteons per square millimeter of bone. As a group, they demonstrate low percent cortical area compared with well‐nourished normals. They also show high rates of resorption to formation, thereby disrupting the balance necessary for normal cortical bone maintenance. The pattern established for bone porosity in this group is not a function of age but rather is due to other factors, most likely nutrition and disease stress. What may be unique about this group is that males, as well as females, experienced problems with calcium homeostasis and normal maintenance and repair of bone. Taken together, these data support the interpretation that diet and health were substandard in the post‐Reconstruction South.
Paleopathological study on a case of osteosarcoma
Authors: Suzuki Takao
Published: February 2006

This report concerns a probable case of osteosarcoma found in a precontact Hawaiian skeleton from the east coast of Oahu Island, Hawaii. A young adult female showed a tumorous bone proliferation with a coarse, corallike appearance at the distal metaphyseal area of the left femur. In gross observation, a profusion of coalescing bone was extended to the surrounding space and also invaded the marrow space. X‐ray films revealed spotted and ringed shadows in the shaft and a “sunburst appearance” in the lesion. Histological examination of the tumor bone fragment showed a great deal of primitive bone tissue formation without any systemic Haversian structure.

The diagnosis of osteogenic osteosarcoma is much more compatible than other primary malignant bone tumors such as Ewing's sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma or osteoplastic metastatic carcinoma of the bone when the location and morphology of the tumor are considered along with the age of the decedent.
Developmental differences between singletons and twins in distributions of dental diameter asymmetries
Authors: Boklage Charles E.
Published: February 2006

Craniofacial development and behavioral development differs between human twins and singletons in several ways which are related to symmetry development and detectable in adults. In most of those ways, twin zygosity groups do not differ. Here we use distributions of dental diameters, as a model subsystem of craniofacial development, to show that twins, of both zygosities and both sexes, are substantially more symmetrical than singletons. The observed differences are consistent with previous related observations, none of which can readily be explained by any consequence of twin gestation. They seem instead to represent peculiarities of developmental biology familially associated with twinning.
Reconstruction of the diet of the Middle Woodland Amerindian population at Abbott Farm by bone trace‐element analysis
Authors: Byrne Kevin B. , Parris David C.
Published: February 2006

In order to reconstruct the diet of various occupations of Middle Woodland Amerindians at Abbott Farm, New Jersey, nine different trace‐element analyses were performed on bone specimens from the site. Contemporary bone specimens were also used as controls. Specimens of human bone from the site exhibited lower strontium levels and strontium‐to‐calcium ratios than deer specimens from the same site, reinforcing paleodemographic evidence that the human populations that inhabited this site included substantial amounts of meat in their diets. Strong evidence for diagenetic enrichment of strontium was also found.

Copper levels were not affected by diagenesis, but dietary discrimination was not clear for this element. The results for lead were too inconsistent to permit conclusions. Magnesium levels were clearly depleted by diagenesis, suggesting that this element is less useful than others in dietary reconstruction studies. Manganese concentrations were greatly enriched by diagenesis, rendering this element useless in dietary reconstruction. Molybdenum was absent from virtually every specimen. Excellent dietary discrimination was found for sodium, despite significant leaching. Zinc was not affected by diagenesis, but interpretation of results was hampered by its complex metabolism in mammals. The results also suggest that the Middle Woodland aboriginal residents of Abbott Farm ate little seafood and utilized grain or other plants that contain phytate as a food source.
Fat patterning in Papua New Guineans: Effects of age, sex and acculturation
Authors: Norgan N. G.
Published: February 2006

For the renewed interest in fat patterning to be fruitful, more information on the biology of fat patterning, particularly normative data are required. Nine skinfold thicknesses were measured in 2312 coastal and highland Papua New Guineans of all ages undergoing acculturation. Principal component analysis of the skinfold data revealed components of fatness and fat patterning. First component scores were typical of the changes in fatness with age and the sex differences expected in these populations. Second component scores of limb‐trunk fat patterning showed marked changes with age in both sexes but they stabilised in adulthood. This pattern seemed more affected by maturity although it is usually thought to be a sex‐specific pattern. The third component, upper‐lower body patterning, was more sexually dimorphic in adults. Marked differences were not observed between the two communities but over a 15‐year period fatness levels increased slightly and subcutaneous fat tended to be deposited more centrally.
Hyperostosis frontalis interna: A Nubian case
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Chrisman O. Donald
Published: February 2006

The aim of this article is to present evidence of hyperostosis frontalis interna in a 40‐year‐old female recovered from a Meroitic cemetery (ca. 300 A.D.) in Sudanese Nubia. A review of the literature concerning the Morgagni‐Stewart‐Morel (MSM) syndrome suggests that the changes in the skull fragment are consistent with this diagnosis. This case is the earliest example of the condition so far reported, and therefore, in archaeological time and space, this is a disease not only of modern civilization, but also of antiquity. Current endocrinological reports suggest that the hyperostosis is the hallmark of a generalized disorder of bone metabolism, with increased androgens, prolactin, and somatotropins.

Hyperostosis frontalis interna is the central feature of a syndrome first described over 200 years ago by the early pathologist Giovanni Batistta Morgagni, professor of anatomy at Padua (1719). He found thickening of the internal tables of the frontal bones in association with virilism and obesity. Stewart (1928) and Morel (1929) independently added several neuropsychiatric problems to this complex and questioned the possibility of an endocrine basis for the syndrome.
Positional behavior of long‐tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Northern Sumatra
Authors: Cant John G. H.
Published: February 2006

Although the majority of extant primates are described as “quadrupedal,” there is little information available from natural habitats on the locomotor and postural behavior of arboreal primate quadrupeds that are not specialized for leaping. To clarify varieties of quadrupedal movement, a quantitative field study of the positional behavior of a highly arboreal cercopithecine, Macaca fascicularis, was conducted in northern Sumatra. At least 70% of locomotion in travel, foraging, and feeding was movement along continuous substrates by quadrupedalism and vertical climbing. Another 14–25% of locomotion was across substrates by pronograde clambering and vertical clambering. The highest frequency of clambering occurred in foraging for insects, and on the average smaller substrates were used in clambering than during quadrupedal movement. All postural behavior during foraging and feeding was above‐substrate, largely sitting. Locomotion across substrates requires grasping branches of diverse orientations, sometimes displaced away from the animal's body. The relatively low frequency of across‐substrate locomotion appears consistent with published analyses of cercopithecoid postcranial morphology, indicating specialization for stability of limb joints and use of limbs in parasagittal movements, but confirmation of this association awaits interspecific comparisons that make the distinction between along‐ and across‐substrate forms of locomotion. It is suggested that pronograde clambering as defined in this study was likely a positional mode of considerable importance in the repertoire of Proconsul africanus and is a plausible early stage in the evolution of later hominoid morphology and locomotor behavior.
Anatomical brain asymmetries in New World and Old World monkeys: Stages of temporal lobe development in primate Evolution
Authors: Heilbroner Peter L. , Holloway Ralph L.
Published: February 2006

Relatively large (n = 20–30) samples of formalin‐fixed brain specimens from five Old and New World monkey species were examined in a study measuring anatomical temporal‐lobe asymmetries. Linear measurements of the length of the Sylvian fissure were taken on each cerebral hemisphere to evaluate lateral differences related to development of auditory association cortex. The results indicate significantly greater Sylvian fissure length on the left hemisphere than on the right hemisphere in four of these species. Measurements of a different parameter on Saimiri sciureus brain specimens (length of anterior portion of the Sylvian fissure) also suggested temporal‐lobe asymmetry favoring the left hemisphere. Other measurements (length of the Sylvian fissure lying posterior to the central sulcus, and dorso‐ventral position of the Sylvian point) in Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis did not reveal significant right/left‐hemisphere differences. Sylvian‐fissure length determined from photographs of M. mulatta hemispheres in contrast to results of direct measurements did not yield significant right/left‐hemisphere asymmetry. We mention possible reasons why previous anatomical studies of brains from monkeys did not discern temporal‐lobe asymmetry, and we also discuss whether or not certain of these asymmetries in monkeys foreshadowed the evolution of language‐processing areas of the cerebral cortex in hominids.
Elemental and isotopic analyses of mammalian fauna from Southern Africa and their implications for paleodietary research
Authors: Sillen Andrew
Published: February 2006

Elemental analyses of mammalian bone (e.g., strontium‐calcium ratios, or Sr/Ca) distinguish between herbivores and carnivores; however, the relationships among herbivores are unclear. To study this question, a modern faunal sample from the Nagupande Tsetse Control Area (Zambezi drainage, Northwestern Zimbabwe) was used. This collection has the advantage of well‐established geographical controls in addition to a varied fauna, which includes both bovids and suids.

The grazing/browsing dietary status of each species was ascertained by means of isotopic analysis of carbon. Clear differences were seen in the δ13C of grazing and browsing animals; a specialized grazer was found to have significantly lower Sr/Ca than less specialized grazers and browsers.

In this study it was also possible to examine differences in Sr/Ca by sex; female warthogs were found to have significantly lower Sr/Ca than males. The variation in certain animal groups was found to be abnormal.

Implications for reconstruction of prehistoric human diets using trace‐element techniques are discussed.
Craniofacial sequelae of lesions to facial and trigeminal motor nuclei in growing rats
Authors: Byrd Kenneth E.
Published: February 2006

Unilateral electrolytic lesions were made in the left‐side facial motor nucleus (FMNu) of six Sprague‐Dawley rats at 35 days of age in order to correlate craniofacial sequelae with changed motoneuron function. Experimental and control rats were killed at 22, 32, 42, and 52 days postoperatively to provide muscle weight, brain histology, and dry skull preparations for analyses. Dissection, muscle weight, motoneuron count, and osteometric data revealed that lesion‐side facial and masticatory muscles were affected by the lesions. Paired t‐tests indicated that significant differences existed between weights of experimental lesion‐ and nonlesion‐side anterior digastric, temporalis, masseteric complex, and medial pterygoid muscles, numbers of facial and trigeminal motoneurons, and several skeletal dimensions of the skull. Basicranial dimensions of experimental animals were least affected by the lesion, whereas zygomatic arch, dorsal facial region, and mandibular condyle dimensions were most affected. Statistical analyses also detected significant differences between experimental and control groups for several skeletal dimensions of the skull. Data indicated that damage to the trigeminal motor nucleus (TMNu) was secondary to the primary lesion in the FMNu. Motoneurons within the facial and trigeminal neuromuscular complexes (FNC and TNC) play an important role in craniofacial growth and development.
Renal weights in the Southern African black population
Authors: Moar J. J. , Reinach S. G.
Published: February 2006

Renal weights of 430 adult black subjects coming to medicolegal autopsy at the Diepkloof State Mortuary, a large urban area southwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, were analyzed. The subjects were from 10 southern African black ethnic groups–Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, Xhosa, Shangaan, Swazi, Venda, Ndebele, Kalanga, and Malawi. The aims of the study were: 1) to ascertain the anatomical “norm” as it pertains to renal weights in this diverse population group; 2) to formulate standard reference tables that might be of use to the practicing pathologist in the southern African arena; 3) to provide a range of values that take into account the variables of age, sex, race, body weight, and body height; and 4) to provide a standard of comparison with anthropological and anatomical studies conducted on North American black, North American Caucasian, Indian subcontinent, Burmese, and Jamaican population groups.

In each of the 430 subjects, age, sex, ethnic group, supine body length, body weight, individual left and right renal weights, and causes of death were noted. The latter were divided into 6 categories: 1) penetrating incised wounds; 2) multiple injuries; 3) gunshot wounds; 4) craniocerebral injuries; 5) various miscellaneous nonnatural causes of death; and 6) natural causes of death. The above variables were analyzed by computer and compared with respect to renal weights.

No statistically significant differences were observed between the sexes or the age groups. Further statistical analysis indicated that the 10 southern African black ethnic groups observed at the Diepkloof Mortuary can be subdivided on the basis of total renal weight into 3 logical combinations of ethnic groups: 1) Venda, Tswana, and Swazi; 2) Zulu, and 3) Xhosa, Sotho, Shangaan, and Ndebele. An additional finding was that the cause of death appears to have a major influence on the weight of the kidneys.

A range of normal values together with their means and standard deviations could thus be obtained for 6 subcategories making up 3 subdivisions of ethnic groups combined with 2 subdivisions of causes of death.
Effects of English admixture and geographic distance on anthropometric variation and genetic structure in 19th‐century Ireland
Authors: Relethford John H.
Published: February 2006

The analysis of anthropometric data often allows investigation of patterns of genetic structure in historical populations. This paper focuses on interpopulational anthropometric variation in seven populations in Ireland using data collected in the 1890s. The seven populations were located within a 120‐km range along the west coast of Ireland and include islands and mainland isolates. Two of the populations (the Aran Islands and Inishbofin) have a known history of English admixture in earlier centuries. Ten anthropometric measures (head length, breadth, and height; nose length and breadth; bizygomatic and bigonial breadth; stature; hand length; and forearm length) on 259 adult Irish males were analyzed following age adjustment. Discriminant and canonical variates analysis were used to determine the degree and pattern of among‐group variation. Mahalanobis' distance measure, D2, was computed between each pair of populations and compared to distance measures based on geographic distance and English admixture (a binary measure indicating whether either of a pair of populations had historical indications of admixture). In addition, surname frequencies were used to construct distance measures based on random isonymy. Correlations were computed between distance measures, and their probabilities were derived using the Mantel matrix permutation method.

English admixture has the greatest effect on anthropometric variation among these populations, followed by geographic distance. The correlation between anthropometric distance and geographic distance is not significant (r = –0.081, P = .590), but the correlation of admixture and anthropometric distance is significant (r = 0.829, P = .047). When the two admixed populations are removed from the analysis the correlation between geographic and anthropometric distance becomes significant (r = 0.718, P = .025). Isonymy distance shows a significant correlation with geographic distance (r = 0.425, P = .046) but not with admixture distance (r = –0.052, P = .524). The fact that anthropometrics show past patterns of gene flow and surnames do not reflects the greater impact of stochastic processes on surnames, along with the continued extinction of surnames. This study shows that 1) anthropometrics can be extremely useful in assessing population structure and history, 2) differential gene flow into populations can have a major impact on local genetic structure, and 3) microevolutionary processes can have different effects on biological characters and surnames.
Measurements of tooth wear among Australian aborigines: II. Intrapopulational variation in patterns of dental attrition
Authors: McKee Jeffrey K. , Molnar Stephen
Published: February 2006

The possible implications of variations in dental attrition patterns have necessitated a detailed assessment of the types, ranges, and causes of tooth wear. Here we employ measurements of postcanine occlusal wear facets from a sample population of extant Australian aborigines. A principal components analysis was applied as a tool in determining common types of attritional patterns. It was concluded that the range of intrapopulational variation in dental wear patterns must be attributed to a multiplicity of sources in addition to such commonly cited causes as dietary variations, gender, age, and developmental eruption sequences.
Immunoglobulin (GM and KM) allotypes and relation to population history in native peoples of British Columbia: Haida and Bella Coola
Authors: Field L. L. , Gofton J. P. , Kinsella T. D.
Published: February 2006

Differences in the frequencies of GM haplotypes among native peoples of the Americas support the hypothesis that there were three distinct waves of migration from northeast Asia into the Americas: Paleo‐Indian, Na‐Dene, and Inuit (Eskimo)‐Aleut (Salzano and Steinberg: Am. J. Hum. Genet. 17:273–279, 1965; Sukernik and Osipova: Hum. Genet. 61:148–153, 1982; Williams et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 66:1–19, 1985; Szathmary: In R Kirk and E Szathmary (eds): Out of Asia: Peopling of the Americas and the Pacific. Canberra: The Journal of Pacific History, Canberra Australian National University, pp. 79–104, 1985). We studied GM allotypes in two linguistically unique populations of Canadian west coast native peoples, the Haida and the Bella Coola, and compared them to GM frequencies in populations that are supposed descendants of the three migrations, in order to investigate the possible genetic relationships of these British Columbia (BC) groups to other native populations. We also estimated the amount of European admixture from the frequency of the Caucasian haplotype, Gm3;5. Results showed that the frequencies in both BC populations of the three common native haplotypes (Gm1,17;21, Gm1,2,17;21, and Gm1,17;15,16), were intermediate between the frequencies in supposed descendants of Paleo‐Indian and Na‐Dene. These genetic findings are consistent with the controversial hypothesis of archeologist C. Borden (Science 203:963–971, 1979) that, following deglaciation about 13,000 years ago, British Columbia was repopulated by peoples from the north (?Na‐Dene) and by culturally distinct peoples from the south (?Paleo‐Indian). Caucasian admixture estimates suggested that the Haida and Bella Coola have also experienced moderate amounts (12–20%) of genetic input from European‐originating peoples.
Approximate surface development of the left side half‐trunk by a free‐formed model
Authors: Ashizawa Kumi , Kuki Tanemi , Kusumoto Ayano , Tsutsumi Emiko , Kato Sumiyo
Published: February 2006

The approximate surface development, skin length, and surface area of the left side of the trunk of 51 female students were compared with regard to static and stretched postures. The data for each subject were obtained from geometrical models generated by moiré topography with a computer. When the chest was stretched, the anterior surface, the shoulder line, and the arm‐base line were transformed from concave to convex, and a gap oriented toward the nipple widened out. The skin elongated vertically and transversely, except at the side of the waistline, where the skin contracted. The area at the top of the trunk decreased about 25%, while the other parts of the trunk increased 8–15%. The total anterior area was 1.20 m2 for the static posture and 1.29 m2 for the stretched posture. When the posterior surface was stretched, the shoulder line changed from convex to concave, the side line from quasi‐straight to concave, and gaps oriented toward the chest line disappeared. The skin elongated most at the infrascapular region (20–35%), while the neck base line contracted (–11%). The center of the back and the lower arm base areas enlarged the most (25%) and the lumbar area enlarged the least (12%). The total posterior area was 1.26 m2 in the static posture and 1.37 m2 in the back‐stretched posture. In conclusion, the back skin elongated and enlarged more when stretched than the frontal skin.
Genetic heterogeneity among the Negroid and Arab Tribes of the Sudan
Authors: Tay John S. H. , Saha N.
Published: February 2006

Genetic distance analysis was carried out among seven tribes of the Sudan comprising three Negroid (Nuba, Fur, and Nilotes) and four Arab tribes (Beja, Gaalin, Hawazma, and Messeria) on the basis of six polymorphic loci (ABO and Rhesus blood groups; haemoglobin and red cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; serum haptoglobin and transferrin polymorphisms) controlling 21 alleles and compared with the Arab and Negroid populations in neighbouring countries. The Nuba and Nilotes have been found to have Negroid genetic characteristics, while the Fur are intermediate between the Arabs and Negroids. The Beja and Gaalin tribes have more pronounced Arab genetic characteristics than the Hawazma and Messeria, who have a great deal of Negroid admixture.
Blood genetic markers in Sri Lankan populations—reappraisal of the legend of Prince Vijaya
Authors: Saha N.
Published: February 2006

Serum protein (haptoglobin types; transferrin and group‐specific component subtypes); haemoglobin and red cell enzymes (acid phosphatase, esterase D, glyoxalase I, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and phosphoglucomutase (locus 1) (subtypes) were studied in the Sinhalese, Tamils, and Muslims of Sri Lanka. The allelic frequencies of all the polymorphic systems were similar in these populations without any significant differences. A close look at the present results and earlier investigations on 13 polymorphic loci controlled by 37 alleles did not reveal any genetic characteristics in the present‐day Sinhalese population that are distinct from those in the Tamils of Sri Lanka. As such, genetic evidence linking the legendary origin of the Sinhalese population to East India (Prince Vijaya) is lacking.
As to the occurrence of accessory triradii in interdigitum 3 of the human palm
Authors: Weninger Margarete
Published: February 2006

Analysis of extensive dermatoglyphic data, collected from West Kenya by Doz. E.M. Winkler, showed considerable intergroup variability in the frequencies of accessory triradii in the third interdigital area (interdigitum 3) of the palm. A review of the literature confirmed the universally low frequency of this trait, as well as its racial variability, with the Negroes having the highest frequency.
Phenotypic selection on the dentition in a late archaic population of Ohio
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Janini Charles , Giesen Myra
Published: February 2006

Significant phenotypic selection acting on the buccolingual diameters of the permanent first and second molars is established for a Late Archaic population in Ohio. Directional selection appears to be acting on an index that increases the size of the maxillary first (UM1) and mandibular second (LM2) molars and decreases the size of the maxillary second (UM2) and mandibular first (LM1) molars. Variance selection is fundamentally disruptive but results in a more integrated (highly correlated) set of characteristics in the after‐selection sample.
A radiographic technique of interest to physical anthropologists
Authors: Fairgrieve Scott I. , Bashford John
Published: February 2006

A radiographic technique for processing a large number of human crania was developed to aid in the diagnosis of porotic hyperostosis in a large skeletal population. These images are made directly onto photographic paper, thereby reducing costs and increasing the rate of processing. The technique is especially well suited for radiographing human skeletal material and gives excellent diagnostic image quality.
Tooth wear and the position of the mental foramen
Authors: Green R. M. , Darvell B. W.
Published: February 2006

Variation in the position of the mental foramen with respect to the teeth (“apparent” position) seems to be associated with race, but in the determination of this position, factors which affect the disposition of the teeth plainly have a bearing on the results. The apparent position was investigated in a sample of southern Chinese skulls of known age which were classified by the degree of tooth wear. Controlling for “true” position and size of the mandible, a highly significant correlation between wear and position was found, age and tooth size having no significant contribution as additional explanatory variables. The effect of tooth wear on the apparent position of the foramen may partly explain racial variation.
New method for assessing changes in growth and sexual dimorphism in paleoepidemiology
Authors: Clark George A.
Published: February 2006

This paper has three goals. First, traditional methods used for analyzing growth disruption (GD) and sexual dimorphism (SD) in prehistoric skeletal populations are critiqued. Second, a new method, using adult vertebrae, is presented which helps overcome these limitations. Third, this new method is then tested in the Dickson Mounds skeletal population. Between A.D. 950 and 1300 this popultion underwent a transition from hunting and gathering (PreMississippian: PreMiss.) to maize horticulture (Mississippian: Miss.). Previous research has found a decrease in long bone length in Miss. children, but no difference in adults, or a change in SD. Could this be due to catch‐up growth? In the adult skeleton vertebral neural canals (VNCs) size and vertebral body heights (VBHs) can easily be measured. VNCs generally cease growth by early childhood, whereas VBHs grow through young aduthood. This new method offers inference into prehistoric GD and SD previously thought impossible. For example, if VNCs are reduced, but not VBHs, it implies early GD with subsequent catch‐up growth. If both VNCs and VBHs are reduced, GD was presumably chronic. Moreover, within this framework, preadult SD can be examined. Results from Dickson show that early GD was followed by catch‐up growth. There was a significant change in SD, with females becoming smaller. They had chronic GD. Miss. males had early GD, followed by catch‐up growth. Indeed, Miss. males, compared to PreMiss. males, had significantly larger VBHs. Together, these results suggest females lost, but males gained, social status. Thus, vertebral morphometrics may be an invaluable new tool for paleoepidemiologists.
Relationship of the body mass index with skinfolds, girths, and bone breadths in canadian men and women aged 20–70 years
Authors: Ross W. D. , Crawford S. M. , Kerr D. A. , Ward R. , Bailey D. A. , Mirwald R. M.
Published: February 2006

The relationships of Quetelet index (w/h2), or body mass index (BMI), with the sum of skinfolds at five sites, two skinfold‐corrected limb girths, and two bone breadths were studied in a cross‐sectional sample of 12,282 men and 6,593 women aged 20–70 years. The correlations of the BMI with skinfolds (0.50), bone breadths (0.51), and girths (0.58) were too low for individual prediction. Contingency tables of the BMI and sum of skinfold categories further indict its use for the purpose of assessing adiposity status or monitoring change in individuals.
Three components of genetic drift in subdivided populations
Authors: Rogers Alan R.
Published: February 2006

Wright's metaphor of sampling is extended to consider three components of genetic drift: those occurring before, during, and after migration. To the extent that drift at each stage behaves like an independent random sample, the order of events does not matter. When sampling is not random, the order does matter, and the effect of population size is confounded with that of mobility. The widely cited result that genetic differentiation of local groups depends only on the product of group size and migration rate holds only when nonrandom sampling does not occur prior to migration in the life cycle.
Calcaneus secundarius: An osteo‐archaeological note
Authors: Anderson Trevor
Published: February 2006

Calcaneus secundarius, a minor anatomical variant in the foot, is subclinical and its true prevalence in modern populations is uncertain. The trait is clearly visible in dry bones, and osteo‐archeological evidence suggests that it may be a more frequent occurrence than was formerly thought. The etiology of the trait is outlined, and its possible value is assessing “biological distance” in past populations is considered.
Incidence and patterning of dental enamel hypoplasia among the Neandertals
Authors: Ogilvie Marsha D. , Curran Bryan K. , Trinkaus Erik
Published: February 2006

Dental enamel hypoplasia (DEH), as an indicator of nonspecific stress during development, provides an assessment of the relative morbidity of past human populations. An investigation of 669 Neandertal dental crowns yielded an overall DEH frequency of 36.0% by tooth (41.9% for permanent teeth; 3.9% for deciduous teeth) and about 75% by individual. These incidences place the Neandertals at the top of recent human ranges of variation in DEH frequencies, indicating high levels of stress during development. The paucity of deciduous tooth DEH and M1 DEH, combined with generally increasing levels of DEH through later calcifying teeth, suggests that the stress was primarily nutritional, beginning at weaning and continuing through adolescence. This supports paleontological and archeological interpretations implying significantly lower effectiveness for Neandertal foraging compared to that of modern humans.
Possible case of rheumatoid arthritis from Sudanese Nubia
Authors: Kilgore Lynn
Published: February 2006

Due to its apparent absence in archaeologically derived skeletons, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has generally been believed to be of fairly recent origin. A growing body of evidence now demonstrates that erosive lesions typical of RA are present in archaeological populations and that the antiquity of RA may be greater than previously expected. In support of this argument, a case of erosive arthritis is reported in a skeleton from Kulubnarti, Republic of the Sudan (c. 700–1450A.D.). Lytic, erosive lesions and subchondral cysts are present bilaterally in the carpal and metacarpal joints of a female skeleton with an estimated age at death of 50+ years. These lesions are typical of those seen in clinically diagnosed rheumatoid patients. While their expression and distribution are highly suggestive of RA, interpretation must be made with due consideration for problems of differential diagnosis of this disease in archaeological material.
Anthropological survey on red cell glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) polymorphism in Central Western Africa: A tentative hypothesis on the interaction between GPX1*2 and Hbβ*S allelic products
Authors: Destro‐Bisol Giovanni , Spedini Gabriella
Published: February 2006

Phenotype and allele frequencies for erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) polymorphism are reported in the Mbugu and Sango (Central African Republic), Goun (Benin), and Bamileke (Cameroon) ethnic groups. The GPX1*2 allele frequencies (from 0.012 in the Sango to 0.058 in the Bamileke) fit into the range of the data already known for the Subsaharan populations. The value of GPX1*2 for study of the genetic admixture between Negro and Pygmy populations is suggested. Three different unusual GPX1 electrotypes are described. Finally, we hypothesize an interaction between GPX1*2 and Hb beta*S allelic products occurring in the sickle cells infected by Plasmodium falciparum.
Sitting height: An analysis of five measurement techniques
Authors: Carr R. V. , Rempel R. D. , Ross W. D.
Published: February 2006

Five methods of obtaining sitting height were compared by taking triple trials of each. Three methods required that the subjects be seated on a table, the fourth had them sitting on the floor against a wall, and the fifth placed them in a recumbent position. Three trials of the first method were obtained without stretching and with the feet unsupported. These were followed by stretching techniques with subjects seated on the table, first with the feet unsupported and then with them supported, then with the subjects sitting on the floor, and finally with the subjects in the recumbent position. All methods were shown to be precise, with the smallest absolute measurements and highest technical error of measurement noted in the floor seated method. There was a tendency for females to yield greater values from being stretched, and for males to have greater values in the recumbent position.
Role of supraspinatus in the quadrupedal locomotion of vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops): Implications for interpretation of humeral morphology
Authors: Larson Susan G. , Stern Jack T.
Published: February 2006

Various researchers have noted that terrestrial and arboreal monkeys often differ in the degree to which the greater tubercle of the humerus projects proximally beyond the profile of the humeral head. These differences have been associated with differing leverage requirements for supraspinatus during quadrupedal locomotion. Although Jolly (The Baboon in Medical Research, Vol. II., pp. 23–50, 1967) suggested that a projecting tubercle can be related to the ability of supraspinatus to control more exactly the passive humeral retraction that occurs during support phase of quadrupedalism, most workers emphasize a link between this bony trait and the need for powerful or rapid protraction of the forelimb during swing phase of terrestrial quadrupedalism. We report on an EMG analysis of supraspinatus function showing that the muscle does not act as a brachial protractor during quadrupedalism, even in the relatively cursorial vervet monkey. We suggest that differences in greater tubercle projection can be related to the degree of mobility of the shoulder, and that supraspinatus size is determined by the interaction of greater tubercle height, adaptive importance of brachial elevation, and body size.
Endo's stress analysis of the primate skull and the functional significance of the supraorbital region
Authors: Picq Pascal G. , Hylander William L.
Published: February 2006

A review of Endo's experimental and theoretical procedures and data indicates that the magnitude of the principal strains in the glabella region of both humans and gorillas are low as compared to other parts of the face. Therefore, his data do not provide support for the hypothesis that the glabella region is a highly stressed region during biting. In addition, increased levels of strain in the supraorbital region are directly related to increased levels of masticatory muscle and reaction forces, and not necessarily to anterior tooth loading as opposed to posterior tooth loading. His data also indicate that the supraorbital region in extant humans cannot be accurately modeled as a beam. These conclusions either differ from those of Endo or are not clearly presented or emphasized throughout any of Endo's papers. Therefore, we suggest that a number of investigators have made unsupported or erroneous conclusions based on Endo's work. This is particularly true for those studies that have emphasized the existence of powerful bending stress in the glabella region during incisor biting in both humans and non‐human primates.
New hominid fossils from the Swartkrans formation (1979–1986 excavations): Postcranial specimens
Authors: Susman Randall L.
Published: February 2006

New postcranial fossils of Paranthropus robustus and Homo cf. erectus were recovered from Swartkrans from 1979 through 1986. These fossils are from Members 1,2, and 3. The new fossils are described here along with their morphological affinities. Fossils that are assigned to Paranthropus indicate that the South African “robust” australopithecines engaged in tool behavior and were essentially terrestrial bipeds at around 1.8 Myr BP. The manual dexterity and bipedal locomotion of Paranthropus may have equaled that of Homo habilis in East Africa at approximately the same time.
Spectrographic analysis of trace elements in archaeological skeletal material from Florida: A preliminary report
Authors: İşcan Mehmet Yaşar , Kessel Morton H. , Marits Susanna
Published: February 2006

Technological advances have resulted in the development of an additional approach to determining the dietary practices of prehistoric populations. Bones are known to retain certain trace elements, the analysis of which should yield valuable clues to subsistence. Since there has never been a study of this nature attempted on Indian remains in Florida, a qualitative trace element analysis, using an optical emission spectrograph, was made of bone samples from indigenous populations representing both inland and coastal environments in this region. Results of this study showed that magnesium was present in all samples, copper was present in nearly half the samples, and manganese and zinc were not detected. Thus, although the diets of these groups may have varied, the trace element content did not reflect significant differences as have been reported for other types of analyses on Indian populations from diverse geographic regions.
Genetic differences among language families in Europe
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Oden Neal L. , Legendre Pierre , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Kim Junhyong , Vaudor Alain
Published: February 2006

We investigated whether 59 allele frequencies and 10 cranial variables differed among speakers of the 12 modern language families in Europe. Although this is a classical analysis of variance design, special techniques had to be developed for the analysis because of spatial autocorrelation of both biological and language data. The method examines pooled sums of squares within language families. These are compared with the same quantities obtained by randomly partitioning the available data points in Europe into internally cohesive subsets representing the same sample sizes for each language family as in the originally observed data. Our results suggest that for numerous genetic systems, population samples differ more among language families than they do within families. These findings are considered in relation to two contrasting models: a model of random spatial differentiation of gene frequencies unrelated to language and a model of aboriginal genetic differences among speakers of different language groups. Our observed findings suggest partial validity of both models.