bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The user‐subjective approach to personal information management systems
Authors: Bergman Ofer , Beyth‐Marom Ruth , Nachmias Rafi
Published: June 2003

In this article we suggest a user‐subjective approach to Personal Information Management (PIM) system design. This approach advocates that PIM systems relate to the subjective value‐added attributes that the user gives to the data stored in the PIM system. These attributes should facilitate system use: help the user find the information item again, recall it when needed, and use it effectively in the next interaction with the item. Driven from the user‐subjective approach are three generic principles which are described and discussed: (a) The subjective classification principle, stating that all information items related to the same subjective topic should be classified together regardless of their technological format; (b) The subjective importance principle, proposing that the subjective importance of information should determine its degree of visual salience and accessibility; and (c) The subjective context principle, suggesting that information should be retrieved and viewed by the user in the same context in which it was previously used. We claim that these principles are only sporadically implemented in operating systems currently available on personal computers, and demonstrate alternatives for interface design.
A social judgment analysis of information source preference profiles: An exploratory study to empirically represent media selection patterns
Authors: Stefl‐Mabry Joette
Published: June 2003

To better understand how individuals and groups derive satisfaction from information, it is important to identify the information source preferences they apply in information seeking and decision making. Four informal propositions drove the structure and underlying logic of this study, forming a preliminary outline of a theory of information source preference profiles and their influence on information satisfaction. This study employed Social Judgment Analysis (SJA) to identify the information judgment preferences held by professional groups for six selected information sources: word of mouth, expert oral advice, Internet, print news, nonfiction books, and radio/television news. The research was designed as an hypothesis‐generating exploratory study employing a purposive sample (n= 90) and generated four empirically supported, testable hypotheses about user satisfaction with information sources. The SJA judgment functions revealed the influences of volume and polarity (i.e., positive versus negative information) on information satisfaction. By advancing the understanding of how information source preferences can be identified empirically and their influence on information satisfaction, this research reflects a first, small step toward understanding “satisficing.” Satisficing behaviors result in early termination of information search processes when individuals, facing incomplete information, are sufficiently satisfied to assume risks and execute decisions.
Die Apoptose: Programmierter Zelltod
Authors: Grimm Stefan
Published: June 2003

Seit ein paar Jahren interessieren sich Wissenschaftler nicht nur für lebende, sondern auch für tote Zellen, genaugenommen für sterbende Zellen. Denn das Absterben von Zellen hat sich als ein genetisch regulierter Prozess herausgestellt, der in der Evolution hoch konserviert ist. Der Vorgang des kontrollierten Zelltodes, auch Apoptose genannt, wird hier beschrieben. Dabei wird neben seiner physiologischen Rolle auch seine Bedeutung für verschiedene Krankheiten betont. Da die Apoptose für pathologische Zustände relevant ist, ist ihre Erforschung sehr wichtig. Ferner werden Methoden der Forschung in Zellkultur und vor allem ein genetischer Screen vorgestellt, mit dessen Hilfe man das Absterben der Zellen besser nachvollziehen kann.
… zur Forschung in der Didaktik: 7 Thesen …
Authors: Tausch Michael W. , Goodwin Alan
Published: June 2003

Die Ziele und Inhalte von Forschung und Entwicklung in der Didaktik der Chemie werden in Form von sieben Thesen formuliert und zur Diskussion gestellt.
Strukturmerkmale von Ballaststoffkomponenten: Kein Ballast in der Nahrung …
Authors: Bunzel Mirko , Steinhart Hans
Published: June 2003

Der Begriff Ballaststoffe steht für eine sehr heterogene Gruppe von Lebensmittelinhaltsstoffen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Zusammensetzung pflanzlicher Ballaststoffe je nach Herkunft (Pflanze/Pflanzenteil) stark unterschiedlich ist. So unterscheiden sich Getreideballaststoffe z. B. erheblich von Ballaststoffen aus Obst oder Gemüse. Aber auch Ballaststoffe aus den äußeren Schichten des Getreidekorns zeigen deutliche Unterschiede zu denen, die aus dem Endospermgewebe stammen. Allein bei der Betrachtung der Polysaccharide fällt eine extreme Strukturvielfalt auf. Vielfach sind die Strukturen der entsprechenden Polysaccharide auch nicht oder nur teilweise bekannt. Werden noch weitere Ballaststoffkomponenten wie Lignin in die Betrachtung einbezogen, werden die Verhältnisse noch um ein Vielfaches unübersichtlicher. Möchte man die ernährungsphysiologischen Eigenschaften und Mechanismen von Ballaststoffen beschreiben und verstehen, ist es nötig, die Strukturaufklärung der Ballaststoffkomponenten weiter voranzutreiben. Schließlich sollte bei der Untersuchung der ernährungsphysiologischen Eigenschaften nur mit gut definierten Materialien gearbeitet werden, eine Voraussetzung, die häufig keine Berücksichtigung findet.
Neuronale Codes der Honigbiene
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: June 2003

Die Wahrnehmung und Unterscheidung von Duftmolekülen liefert den Honigbienen essentielle Informationen — z. B. über Nahrungsquellen, Gefahren und Konkurrenten. S. Sachse von der Freien Universität Berlin nahm jetzt nicht das Verhalten der Bienen unter die Lupe, sondern spürte der neurologischen Verarbeitung von Gerüchen nach.
Den Besonderheiten des Wassers auf der Spur
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: June 2003

Wasser ist nicht nur ein lebensnotwendiges Lösungsmittel, es ist auch immer noch eine Herausforderung für die Forschung. Seine bemerkenswerten Eigenschaften (darunter der ungewöhnlich weite Temperaturbereich, in dem es flüssig bleibt) lassen sich zwar ganz allgemein und im Prinzip auf die dynamische Natur des Netzwerks von Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen den Molekülen zurückführen, doch viele Einzelheiten der beteiligten Prozesse sind noch ungeklärt. Zwei neue Untersuchungen an trickreich in der Gasphase isolierten Komplexen aus Wassermolekülen und Ionen erlauben tiefere Einblicke in die Mechanismen des Protonentransports und der Solvatation.
Von der Waage zur elektronischen Nase
Authors: Bargon Joachim , Graewe Boris , Jonischkeit Thorsten , Woelk Klaus
Published: June 2003

Quarzkristalle können durch Wechselspannung zum Schwingen angeregt werden. Ihre stabile Resonanz macht man sich in Uhren und Mobiltelefonen zu Nutze. Mit wenig Aufwand wird daraus ein brauchbarer Chemosensor.
Espresso — ein Dreistufenpräparat
Authors: Roth Klaus
Published: June 2003

Espresso, dieser wunderbare Extrakt aus fein gemahlenen, dunkel gerösteten Kaffeebohnen ist in Maßen genossen unschädlich, regt den Geist an, macht nicht dick und hat den päpstlichen Segen [1]. Kurzum: Genuss pur, ohne Reue! Die Herstellung einer Tasse Espresso scheint ein einfaches Dreistufenpräparat zu sein: die grünen Kaffeebohnen werden trocken erhitzt (Röstung), dann fein gemahlen und schließlich unter Druck mit heißem Wasser extrahiert. Dieser Ansatz wird täglich über 50 Millionen Mal durchgeführt, leider nicht immer mit optimalem Ergebnis. Kein Wunder, denn die Metamorphose von knapp 50 Kaffeebohnen zu einer Tasse Espresso ist reinste Chemie — und kulinarische Meisterleistungen lassen sich eben nur mit chemischen Grundkenntnissen erzielen.
Höhepunkte aus Liebigs Experimentalvorlesung
Authors: Schwedt Georg
Published: June 2003

Liebigs Geburtstag jährt sich am 12. Mai 2003 zum 200. Mal. Aus diesem Anlass werden einzelne Experimente bzw. Versuchsreihen, die noch heute eine grundlegende Bedeutung haben, aus seiner in Gießen entwickelten Experimentalvorlesung vorgestellt.
3D‐Reaktionsanimationen im Netz
Authors: Höfker Uwe
Published: June 2003

Räumliche Informationen sind in der Chemie sehr wichtig. Dies gilt bei der Betrachtung einzelner Moleküle, besonders aber bei chemischen Reaktionen. Einige Seiten im Netz bieten die Möglichkeit, selbst einfache dreidimensionale Reaktionsanimationen zu erstellen — und das ohne Kosten.
Revisiting the Reduction of Di‐tert‐butyl Ketone with Alkali Metals
Authors: Bucher Götz
Published: June 2003

The reduction of di‐tert‐butyl ketone (1) with alkali metals has been revisited. A novel product, 2,5,5‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐4,5‐dihydrofuran (4), was isolated from the product mixture in very low yield. The formation of4requires the elimination of a methyl radical from the radical anion of1as key step. An alternative reaction mechanism, which involves the formation of the dianion of1, was ruled out on the basis of the results of DFT calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of the Four Stereoisomers of 1‐Amino‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutanecarboxylic Acid and Their Biological Evaluation as Ligands for the Glycine Binding Site of the NMDA Receptor
Authors: Koch Claus‐Jürgen , Höfner G. , Polborn Kurt , Wanner Klaus Theodor
Published: June 2003

A synthesis of all four stereoisomers [(1S,2S)‐, (1R,2R)‐, (1S,2R)‐, (1R,2S)‐] of 1‐amino‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutanecarboxyclic acid is presented. The synthesis is based on the chiral glycine equivalent 1, employed in both enantiomeric forms. The key step involves the cyclization of the silyl‐protected iodohydrins 5a−d to the corresponding spiro derivatives 6a−d with the aid of the phosphazenic base tBu‐P4. The final compounds were found to display moderate potency as ligands for the glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
An Enantiodivergent Trend in Microbial Baeyer−Villiger Oxidations of Functionalized Pentalenones by Recombinant Whole Cells Expressing Monooxygenases fromAcinetobacterandPseudomonas
Authors: Mihovilovic Marko D. , Müller Bernhard , Schulze Alexander , Stanetty Peter , Kayser Margaret M.
Published: June 2003

We have investigated the microbial Baeyer−Villiger oxidations of pentalenones by recombinant whole cells expressing cyclohexanone monooxygenase fromAcinetobacterand cyclopentanone monooxygenase fromPseudomonas. The two enzymes display a distinguishable enantiodivergent trend in the biotransformation of some prochiral substrates. A significant influence of the conformation of the fused‐ring system and the polarity of the substituents on the conversion and enantioselectivity of the microbial oxidations was observed and is discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetracyclic Condensed Quinoxalin‐2‐ones Fused Across the C‐3−N‐4 Bond
Authors: Chicharro Roberto , de Castro Sonia , Reino José L. , Arán Vicente J.
Published: June 2003

We have studied the preparation of some fused quinoxalinones by Stevens rearrangement of a spiro‐quinoxaline‐derived ammonium ylide or by treatment of N‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐ and N‐(2‐nitrophenyl)imino acids with different reducing agents. We have reinvestigated and clarified some related processes found in the literature starting from imino acids derivatives. Additional reactions of the fused quinoxalinones, as well as the useful dehydrogenation/decarboxylation of some easily available 1‐arylindoline‐2‐carboxylic acids to the corresponding 1‐arylindoles, are also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Structural Determination of a Novel O‐Chain Polysaccharide of the Lipopolysaccharide from the Bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni
Authors: Molinaro Antonio , Evidente Antonio , Cantore Pietro Lo , Iacobellis Nicola Sante , Bedini Emiliano , Lanzetta Rosa , Parrilli Michelangelo
Published: June 2003

In this paper, we report the structure of the O‐specific polysaccharide of the LPS fraction of the strain type NCPPB416 of X. campestris pv. pruni. It is built up of three different monosaccharides − glucose, rhamnose and xylose − in an intricate block‐wise polymer. Herein, the primary structure is elucidated by means of chemical degradation and 2D NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Fluoride‐Labile Protecting Groups for the Synthesis of Base‐Sensitive Methyl‐SATE Oligonucleotide Prodrugs
Authors: Guerlavais‐Dagland Typhaine , Meyer Albert , Imbach Jean‐Louis , Morvan François
Published: June 2003

Base‐sensitive methyl‐SATE oligonucleotide prodrugs (prooligos) were synthesized using fluoride‐labile protection groups on the nucleobases and on certain internucleosidic phosphate linkages. The combination of [(tert‐butyl)(diphenyl)silyloxymethyl]benzoyl (SiOMB) and (trimethylsilyl)ethyl (TSE) groups is well adapted for synthesis of these compounds using phosphoramidite chemistry on a solid support. The prooligo was anchored on the support via a phosphoramidate linkage. A final treatment with Et3N·3HF in THF efficiently releases the prooligo from the solid support and cleaves the SiOMB and TSE groups. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
The First Hydroxysilylation of Alkenes with Triethylsilane under Dioxygen Catalyzed by N‐Hydroxyphthalimide
Authors: Tayama Osamu , Iwahama Takahiro , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: June 2003

Catalytic hydroxysilylation of alkenes with trialkylsilane under dioxygen through a radical process was successfully achieved by the use of N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as a catalyst under mild conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of HydroquinoidC‐ andO‐Biphenyl Disaccharides by Chromium‐Templated Benzannulation Reactions
Authors: Janes Erik , Nieger Martin , Saarenketo Pauli , Dötz Karl Heinz
Published: June 2003

Organometallic monosaccharides6−10containing a chromium styrylcarbene skeleton have been synthesized in quantitative yield fromO‐glycoside methylcarbene complexes1−5bearing diisopropylidene‐protected glucose, mannose, galactose, or fructose in atrans‐selective aldol condensation with benzaldehyde. These compounds undergo a chromium‐templated benzannulation upon reaction with ethynyl glucoside to give diastereoisomeric mixtures of Cr(CO)3complexes. The differences in their thermodynamic stability was exploited in a diastereoselective synthesis of hydroquinoid biphenyl disaccharides12−16in 67−88% yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of Carbohydrate‐Derived Enynes and Subsequent Metathesis to Yield Polyhydroxylated 1‐Vinylcycloalkenes
Authors: Dolhem Franck , Lièvre Catherine , Demailly Gilles
Published: June 2003

In this paper, a new route toward polyhydroxylated 1‐vinylcycloalkenes is presented. 1,6‐ and 1,7‐enynes were synthesized in four steps from glyco‐ynitols, which are readily available from monosaccharides. These compounds were then cyclized by ring‐closing enyne metathesis to afford the title compounds. For example, we converted (2R,3S,4R)‐1‐O‐tritylhept‐6‐yne‐1,2,3,4‐tetrol (1) to the corresponding 1,7‐enyne 13 in 53% yield. The ring‐closing metathesis of 1,7‐enyne 13 with Grubbs catalyst, under Mori’s conditions, produced the corresponding polyhydroxylated 1‐vinylcyclohexene 19 in 72% yield. The conversion of several glyco‐ynitols into polyhydroxylated 1‐vinylcycloalkenes was carried out with satisfying yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Total Synthesis of A‐Nor B‐Aromatic OSW‐1 Aglycon: A Highly Effective Approach to Optically Active trans‐4,5‐Benzhydrindane
Authors: Matsuya Yuji , Itoh Takakatsu , Nemoto Hideo
Published: June 2003

A new enantioselective approach to the trans‐4,5‐benzhydrindane skeleton by intramolecular cycloaddition of o‐quinodimethane, generated by thermolysis of a benzocyclobutene derivative, is described. Using this method, the synthesis of the A‐nor B‐aromatic aglycon of OSW‐1, a potent antitumor saponin, was accomplished. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Effective and Inexpensive Acrylonitrile Cross‐Metathesis: Utilisation of Grubbs II Precatalyst in the Presence of Copper(I) Chloride
Authors: Rivard Michael , Blechert Siegfried
Published: June 2003

The efficient selective cross‐metathesis (CM) of acrylonitrile using unmodified precatalyst 2 is reported. The use of copper(I) chloride as an additive and phosphane scavenger is described and significant turnover enhancement upon addition of a metallic salt in selective CM is observed for the first time. The influence of catalyst decomposition and other experimental parameters (concentration, amount of acrylonitrile used) on conversion is also demonstrated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Cover Picture: Construction of Spiro[pyrrolidine‐3,3′‐oxindoles] − Recent Applications to the Synthesis of Oxindole Alkaloids (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 12/2003)
Authors: Marti Christiane , Carreira Erick M.
Published: June 2003

The cover picture shows a scheme with general methods for the construction of spiro[pyrrolidine‐3,3′‐oxindoles]. The background shows a part of the facade of the main building of the ETH Zürich where the words INDOLE and EXPERIMENTO are displayed. INDOLE stands for “genius” or “mental activity”, but, of course, has another “chemical” meaning in the context of the Microreview by C. Marti and E. M. Carreira on p. 2209 ff.
Optimal seismic design of steel frame buildings based on life cycle cost considerations
Authors: Liu Min , Burns Scott A. , Wen Y. K.
Published: June 2003

A multi‐objective optimization procedure is presented for designing steel moment resisting frame buildings within a performance‐based seismic design framework. Life cycle costs are considered by treating the initial material costs and lifetime seismic damage costs as two separate objectives. Practical design/construction complexity, important but difficult to be included in initial cost analysis, is taken into due account by a proposed diversity index as another objective. Structural members are selected from a database of commercially available wide flange steel sections. Current seismic design criteria (AISC‐LRFD seismic provisions and 1997 NEHRP provisions) are used to check the validity of any design alternative. Seismic performance, in terms of the maximum inter‐storey drift ratio, of a code‐verified design is evaluated using an equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom system obtained through a static pushover analysis of the original multi‐degree‐of‐freedom frame building. A simple genetic algorithm code is used to find a Pareto optimal design set. A numerical example of designing a five‐storey perimeter steel frame building is provided using the proposed procedure. It is found that a wide range of valid design alternatives exists, from which a decision maker selects the one that balances different objectives in the most preferred way. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of bilinear hysteretic isolation systems
Authors: Fragiacomo M. , Rajgelj S. , Cimadom F.
Published: June 2003

This paper concerns the design of passive base isolation systems characterized by a bilinear hysteretic behaviour. The study refers to the case where the structure to be isolated (superstructure) vibrates according to the first mode. In this case the whole isolated structure can be modelled by a two‐degree‐of‐freedom system. The base isolation effectiveness has been evaluated for different characteristics of the device, namely mass, strength, elastic and plastic stiffness, by using mainly energetic quantities. The optimum values for the base device have been obtained by minimizing the input energy and the displacement of the superstructure. Conclusions are drawn for superstructures with a fundamental period of 0.5s, a damping ratio of 5% and for three different kinds of earthquake ground motions. The study showed that the seismic input greatly affects the behaviour of the isolated structure, and therefore the design ground motion must be carefully chosen, dependent on the characteristics of the site. A simple procedure that involves mainly linear dynamic analyses is proposed for the design of base devices used in conjunction with superstructures of any fundamental vibration period. The procedure produces good results in spite of its simplicity, and therefore it is suitable for practical use by design engineers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and computational verification of reasonable design formulae for base‐isolated structures
Authors: Tsai C. S. , Chen Bo‐Jen , Chiang Tsu‐Cheng
Published: June 2003

It is clear that base isolation is a sensible strategic design in attenuating the responses of a structural system induced by ground motions. The design of seismically isolated structures is mainly governed by the Uniform Building Code (UBC) published by the International Conference of Building Officials. The UBC code emphasizes a simple, statically equivalent design method that displacements of an isolated structure are concentrated at the isolation level. Therefore, the superstructure nearly moves as a rigid body and the design forces of elements above isolators are based on the behaviour of isolators at the design displacement. However, in the UBC code, the distribution of inertial (or lateral) forces over the height of the superstructure above isolation has been found to be too conservative for most isolated structures. In view of this, two simple and reasonable design formulae for the lateral force distribution on isolated structures have been proposed in this paper. Results obtained from a full‐scale isolated structure tested on the shaking table and numerical analyses of two additional examples verify the suitability of design formulae. It is illustrated that the proposed formulae can predict well the lateral force distribution on isolated structures during earthquakes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental identification of the vibration modes of liquid‐filled conical tanks and validation of a numerical model
Authors: Sweedan A. M. I. , El Damatty A. A.
Published: June 2003

Truncated conical‐shaped shells are widely used as containment vessels in elevated water tanks. In the aftermath of earthquakes, water tanks play a vital role in supplying the water needed for extinguishing fires that usually occur during these catastrophic events. As such, special attention has to be given when designing water tanks in order to assure safety and functionality of these structures during a seismic event. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper reports the first experimental program conducted to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of liquid‐filled flexible conical shell structures. A small‐scale aluminium conical shell model was mounted to a shaking table and subjected to a set of dynamic excitations. In the first phase of the experimental program, acceleration measurements were used to identify the first two modes of vibration. In the second experimental phase, the cos(θ)‐modes were identified through base shear and overturning moment measurements. The study was also conducted analytically using a numerical model that was previously developed by El Damatty et al. The model accounts for the effect of the added mass resulting from the developed hydrodynamic pressure through a proper fluid–structure interaction formulation. Tests conducted in the two experimental phases were simulated using this numerical model. In general, the experimental and analytical predictions of the dynamic characteristics of the tested model were in very good agreement. This provides a validation of the previously developed numerical model. The analytical model was then implemented to assess the generalized added mass of the contained fluid. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System identification of linear structures based on Hilbert–Huang spectral analysis. Part 1: normal modes
Authors: Yang Jann N. , Lei Ying , Pan Shuwen , Huang Norden
Published: June 2003

Based on the Hilbert–Huang spectral analysis, a method is proposed to identify multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) linear systems using measured free vibration time histories. For MDOF systems, the normal modes have been assumed to exist. In this method, the measured response data, which are polluted by noises, are first decomposed into modal responses using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) approach with intermittency criteria. Then, the Hilbert transform is applied to each modal response to obtain the instantaneous amplitude and phase angle time histories. A linear least‐square fit procedure is proposed to identify the natural frequency and damping ratio from the instantaneous amplitude and phase angle for each modal response. Based on a single measurement of the free vibration time history at one appropriate location, natural frequencies and damping ratios can be identified. When the responses at all degrees of freedom are measured, the mode shapes and the physical mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the structure can be determined. The applications of the proposed method are illustrated using three linear systems with different dynamic characteristics. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system identification method yields quite accurate results, and it offers a new and effective tool for the system identification of linear structures in which normal modes exist. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural development of sucrose‐sweetened and sucrose‐free sponge cakes during baking
Authors: Baeva M. R. , Terzieva V. V. , Panchev I. N.
Published: June 2003

The influence of sucrose, wheat starch and sorbitol upon the heat‐ and mass‐exchanging processes forming the structure of sponge cake was studied. Under the influence of wheat starch and sorbitol the structure of the sucrose‐free sponge cake was formed at more uniform total moisture release. This process was done at lower temperatures and smoother change of the sponge cake height with respect to the sucrose‐sweetened sponge cake. The porous and steady structure of both cakes was finally formed at identical time – between 18th and 19th minute, at the applied conditions for baking of each batter (metal pan with diameter 15.4 cm and depth 6.2 cm containing 300 g of batter and placed in an electric oven “Rahovetz – 02”, Bulgaria for 30 min at 180°C). The water‐losses at the end of baking (10.30% and 10.40% for the sucrose‐sweetened cake and sucrose‐free cake, respectively) and the final temperatures reached in the crumb central layers (96.6°C and 96.3°C for the sucrose‐sweetened cake and sucrose‐free cake, respectively) during baking of both samples were not statistically different. The addition of wheat starch and sorbitol in sucrose‐free sponge cake lead to the statistically different values for the porosity (76.15% and 72.98%) and the volume (1014.17 cm3 and 984.25 cm3) of the sucrose‐sweetened and sucrose‐free sponge cakes, respectively. As a result, the sucrose‐free sponge cake formed during baking had a more homogeneous and finer microstructure with respect to that of the sucrose‐sweetened one.
Application of transglutaminase and fermizyme for sensory quality improvement of pastry
Authors: Hozová Bernadetta , Kukurová I. , Dodok L.
Published: June 2003

The objective of the model experiment was to find out the improving effect of two selected enzymes, transglutaminase (i) and fermizyme (ii( added at different concentrations of 4.5 mg and 7.5 mg/300 g flour (i) and 15 mg and 60 mg/300 g flour (ii) to the pastry dough on the quality of end products. The investigation was aimed to observe some changes of the sensory parameters (sensory profile) of pastry produced from the freezer‐stored dough (–18 ± 2°C/0, 1, 7, and 14 days( namely shape (camber( odour, taste, crust colour (thickness/hardness( crumb elasticity (porosity, colour, hardness( adhesiveness to palate, etc. It has been ascertained that the sensory quality is favourably affected by the addition of the lower concentration of both enzymes: transglutaminase, 4.5 mg/300 g flour and fermyzime, 15 mg/300 g flour in comparison to the control without enzymes. The cambering ratio values and other sensory profile parameters of pastry gradually decreased during the freezer storage of dough. The best sensory evaluation of both kinds of pastry was achieved after a one‐day storage of doughs.
Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of the leaf extract of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) in mice exposed to a lethal dose of γ‐irradiation
Authors: Jagetia Ganesh Chandra , Baliga Manjeshwar Shrinath
Published: June 2003

The effects of various concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 80 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of the leaf extracts of Syzygium cumini Linn. and Eugenia cumini (SCE, black plum, Jamun, family Myrtaceae) on the radiation‐induced sickness and mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy γ‐irradiation were studied. The treatment of mice with different doses of SCE, consecutively for five days before irradation, delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the nondrug‐treated irradiated controls. All doses of SCE provied protection against the gastrointestinal death increasing the survival by 66.66% after treatment with 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg SCE versus a 12% survival in the irradiated control group (oil + irradiation). Similarly, SCE provided protection against the radiation‐induced bone marrow death in mice treated with 10–60 mg/kg b.wt. of SCE. However, the best protection was obtained for 30 mg/kg b.wt. SCE, where the number of survivors after 30 days post‐irradiation was highest (41.66%) when compared with the other doses of SCE.
Influence of solvents on the antioxidant property of flavonoids
Authors: Finotti Enrico , Di Majo D.
Published: June 2003

In polyphenols redox systems, the solvent plays a fundamental role in the chemical behaviour of these compounds. Antioxidants can react in different ways with the prooxidant molecules. We have found differences in the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids such as naringin, neohesperidin, neoericitrin, hesperidin, narirutin didymin and the related flavones naringenin, hesperetin eriodictyol and isosakuratenin, when they are in the presence of radicals and solved in water or in an alcohol mixture.
Using capillary isotachophoresis for the determination of biogenic amines and D‐isocitric acid in food products
Authors: Karovičová Jolana , Kohajdová Z. , Šimko P. , Lukáčová D.
Published: June 2003

This paper presents results achieved in the determination of biogenic amines in various food products and quality evaluation of some commercial orange juices by capillary isotachophoresis. The highest amount of histamine was determined in frankfurters (146.75 mg·kg–1); the content of tyramine was either under detection limit of method or it was present in very low concentrations. The highest amount of cadaverine was determined in Karička cheese (666.36 mg·kg–1). The limit of determination was 1.59 mg·kg–1 for histamine and 1.25 mg·kg–1 for tyramine. The recovery of method ranged from 95.4 to 104.9%. Surprisingly it was found that many organge juice samples did not reach required values according to the Code of Practice. The lowest ratio of citric to D‐isocitric acids was found in Happy day juice (44.1). Limit of determination was 1.62 mg·dm–3 for citric acid and 2.00 mg·dm–3 for D‐isocitric acid. The recovery of the method ranged from 89 to 96.5%.
Proteolytic degradation of ewe milk proteins during fermentation of yoghurts and storage
Authors: El‐Zahar K. , Chobert Jean‐Marc , Sitohy M. , Dalgalarrondo M. , Haertlé T.
Published: June 2003

Yoghurts are mostly produced from cow milk and to a very limited extent from ewe milk. The evolution of caseins and whey proteins in ovine milk submitted to different thermal treatments (63°C/30 min; 73°C/15 min; 85°C/10 min or 96°C/5 min) was followed during fermentation of yoghurts and during their storage up to 14 days, using two different sets of starters. One set of starter LAB was a “ropy” culture (YC‐191( which is a well‐defined mixed strain culture containing Streptococcus thermophilus ST‐143 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (LB‐18 and LB‐CH2). The other set of starter bacteria (YC‐460) was a standard yoghurt culture (“non‐ropy”) containing mixed strain culture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Contents of free amino groups in produced yoghurts increased gradually during the fermentation, up to a maximal value obtained after 4 h fermentation, then they did not change significantly during storage of yoghurt produced with YC‐191 starter. In contrary, a large drop in the amount of free amino groups was observed in the first 24 h of storage in the case of yoghurt made with YC‐460 indicating that microorganisms continue still to grow in low temperatures. During fermentation and storage of both yoghurt types, α‐lactalbumin was hydrolyzed to a slightly bigger extent than β‐lactoglobulin. During fermentation, β‐casein was slightly more degraded than αS‐caseins; however, the opposite was observed during storage up to 14 days. Generally, a more intense heat pretreatment led to a higher degradation of whey proteins and caseins during fermentation and storage. Differences in proteolytic activity between the two starters used (whey proteins more degraded by YC‐191; caseins more degraded by YC‐460) may lead to improvement in production and formulation of yoghurts differing in their physicochemical and rheological properties.
Nutrient content of some mushroom species of the genus Termitomyces consumed in Cameroon
Authors: Kansci Germain , Mossebo Dominique Claude , Selatsa Alain Blaise , Fotso Martin
Published: June 2003

The nutrient content (water, lipids, proteins, ashes, crude fibres) of six mushroom species (Termitomyces le Testui, T. aurantiacus, T. schimperi, T. mammformis, T. mboudaeïna Mossebo sp. nov., and T. subclypeatus forme bisporus sp. nov.) of the genus Termitomyces from Cameroon was determined. These mushrooms have a high water content (83.3–94.3 g/100 g wet matter) and contain more lipids than species from temperate countries (2.5–5.4 g/100 g dry weight( with high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (45.1–65.1% of total fatty acid methyl esters) and remarkable proportions of crude fibres (17.5–24.7 g/100 g dry weight). Their protein content varied between 15.1 and 19.1 g/100 g dry weight and ash content between 5.2 and 14.4. The species T. mammiformis was found particularly rich in minerals with 14.4 g ash/100 g dry material, that is up to 2.4 g/100 g fresh weight.
Succession, palaeoecology, evolution, and speciation of Pennsylvanian non‐marine bivalves, Northern Appalachian Basin, USA
Authors: Eagar R. M. C. , Belt E. S.
Published: June 2003

Seventeen horizons of non‐marine bivalves are described within the Appalachian succession from the base of the Pottsville Group of Westphalian A‐B age to the Uniontown coal of Stephanian C age at the top of the Carboniferous System. A new highly variable fauna ofAnthraconaiafrom the roof shales of the Upper Freeport coal near Kempton, west Maryland, dates from late Westphalian D or very early Cantabrian time, on the evidence of non‐marine shells and megafloras. Below this horizon, the Appalachian sequence reveals zones ofAnthraconauta phillipsiiandAnthraconauta tenuisin the same order as in Britain, whereas faunas ofAnthraconaiaof these zones are less common and differ from those of Britain. In all horizons above the Upper Freeport coal all non‐marine bivalve faunas consist of stages in the sequences of two natural species, the groups ofAnthraconaia proliferaandAnthraconaia puella‐saravana. The first shows evidence of having lived in well‐oxygenated, probably shallow, fresh water conditions of relatively wide extent. The second group lived preferentially in a plant‐rich environment of relatively stagnant fresh water. Both groups are found in horizons associated with coal seams and may be seen together in the same habitats, but diagrams of variation (pictographs) suggest that there was no interbreeding between the two groups in either the Northern Appalachians or in southern Germany where the species split was first recognized. In the northern Spanish coalfields of Guardo‐Valderrueda and Central Asturia, facies evidence suggests how an initial split may have taken place in the same morphological directions and into the same palaeoenvironments as the later split into two species.

Appalachian deposition was generally slow and intermittent with frequent palaeosols. There is also evidence of erosion and of small palaeontological breaks in the sequence, especially near the eastern edge of the Northern Appalachian Basin in western Maryland. The amount of accumulated sediment was less than one‐tenth of that of western Europe when basin centre deposition is compared. We found no evidence of a major palaeontological break representing Westphalian D strata overlain by Stephanian C strata. We figure non‐marine bivalve faunas of Stephanian B age in association with the Pittsburgh and the Little Pittsburgh coals. Two new species of non‐marine bivalves are described:Anthraconaia anthraconautiformissp. nov. andAnthraconaia extremasp. nov. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐Variscan metagabbro from NW Sardinia, Italy: evidence of an enriched asthenospheric mantle source for continental alkali basalts
Authors: Franceschelli Marcello , Cruciani Gabriele , Puxeddu Mariano , Utzeri Daniela
Published: June 2003

Small metagabbro bodies are enclosed in the metasedimentary sequence of NW Sardinia. The metagabbros represent the last magmatic episode before the continent–continent collision that built up the Variscan chain of north Sardinia. The metagabbros are composed of variable proportions of plagioclase and pyroxene igneous relics and metamorphic minerals. Major and trace element data, specifically high TiO2 and P2O5 and low K and Rb contents, as well as light rare‐earth elements, Nb and Ta enrichment, suggest an alkaline affinity for the gabbro and emplacement in a within‐plate tectonic setting. The gabbro was derived from an ocean island alkali basalt‐like asthenospheric mantle source enriched with incompatible elements and uncontaminated by crustal or subducted materials. Non‐modal modelling indicates a 5–7% partial melting of the asthenospheric mantle. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geochemistry and potential correlation of Silurian (Telychian) metabentonites from Ireland and SW Scotland
Authors: Batchelor R. A. , Harper D. A. T. , Anderson T. B.
Published: June 2003

New occurrences of metabentonites from the Telychian Stage of the Silurian successions in SW Scotland, Co. Down and Co. Mayo, Ireland, are described in terms of their biostratigraphical setting and geochemical characteristics. The Co. Mayo occurrence extends the known distribution of Telychian metabentonites in Europe by 280 km WSW from the coast of Co. Down.

Comparisons between samples based on selected trace element ratios suggest three potential correlations. One is between a tuffaceous clay from the Finny School Member, Upper Kilbride Formation of Co. Mayo, and a metabentonite from the Tara Sandstone Formation, Gala Group, Co. Down. One pair of metabentonites from the Carghidown Formation of Kirkcudbrightshire can be related to one pair from the Ardglass Formation of Co. Down. In addition, a unique alkaline chemical composition is identified in two samples from the Kirkmaiden Formation of Kirkcudbrightshire and one sample from the Ballyquintin Formation of Northern Ireland, which implies the existence of a local extensional tectonic regime at that time, consistent with a back‐arc basin.

These metabentonites extend across at least two Caledonian suspect terranes and a variety of different sedimentary facies. These data may assist future discoveries and be able to improve stratigraphic correlations across three terranes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chylous effusions complicating lymphoma: a serious event with octreotide as a treatment option
Authors: Evans J. , Clark M. F. , Mincher L. , Varney V. A.
Published: June 2003

Chylous effusions have an identical appearance to milk and occur when the thoracic duct is blocked. Since chyle represents direct absorption of fat from the small intestine lacteals, it is rich in fat, calories, vitamins and immunoglobulins. Drainage of this milk‐like fluid from any cavity (chest or abdomen) results in rapid weight loss and profound cachexia. The recognition of this milk‐like fluid as chyle is urgent for the implementation of the correct treatment. In adults, lymphoma is one of the commonest malignancies to cause blockages in the thoracic duct. Once the diagnosis is made, conservative treatment with strict dietary adjustment often fails to prevent weight loss or resolve the underlying cause. Since the condition is uncommon, no guidelines exist. Many surgeons recommend early surgical intervention before the patient becomes too weak. Surgery may also fail. We report the case of a 62‐year‐old man with chylous effusions and a weight loss of 30 kg. The nature of the effusion was unrecognized for the first 16 weeks. Upon diagnosis, dietary adjustment was made and a lymphangiogram organized with a view to surgery. Literature searches revealed two cases in which somatostatin was used after surgical procedures failed. We therefore used octreotide (a synthetic analogue of somatostatin). We report complete resolution of the condition within 72 h leading to the resumption of a normal diet and discharge within 2 weeks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective community health participation strategies: a Cuban example
Authors: Greene Ruby
Published: June 2003

Since the decade of the 1970s health promotion has been an integral part of most primary health care strategies.

This article examines some community participation strategies adopted in the health promotion in Cuba and the policies which enable such strategies. This is done in the context of health promotion theory and also examines the concept of direct involvement by the political directorate in health promotion.

The article is written from a reflexive perspective following the author's visit to Cuba as member of a health study tour in March 2002. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Projecting the cost of essential services in Bangladesh
Authors: Ensor Tim , Ali Liaquat , Hossain Atia , Ferdousi Shawkat
Published: June 2003

Utilizing a study of the costs of providing essential services in rural areas in Bangladesh projections of the cost of expanding services to the entire rural population are derived. These estimates are based on the current system of primary care, the demographic structure of the population and normatives for desired utilization. Scenarios make use of known demographic characteristics of average rural areas together with information on disease prevalence.

The estimates highlight a number of difficulties involved in deriving costs and in comparing the cost‐effectiveness of service provision. The integrated nature of much primary care, both in terms of the technical exploitation of joint costs and clinical diagnostic and treatment protocols, means that treating services in isolation is likely to lead to inexact estimates of service cost. The context of any costs derived is required in order to make comparisons. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disease coding errors by health care organizations: effects of a government quality intervention
Authors: Shin Euichul , Dow William H. , Kaluzny Arnold D. , Park Yong‐Moon , Park Kidong
Published: June 2003

Disease coding errors in claims data can cause serious problems for financing, reimbursement systems, public health surveillance and health research. This study analysed a government intervention to improve coding accuracy of health care organizations in South Korea. The intervention was implemented in 1997 by 226 organizations that had submitted erroneous claims in 1996 for five selected diseases. In 1998, 94% of these organizations eliminated coding errors for these diseases. Those organizations least responsive to the intervention were tertiary hospitals, those publicly owned, and those with other complex organizational characteristics. Overall, this simple intervention appeared extremely effective, and wider adoption of such techniques should be explored. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selecting medical devices and materials for development in Korea: the analytic hierarchy process approach
Authors: Cho Keun‐Tae , Kim Sung‐Min
Published: June 2003

Recently, the health industry in Korea has been given greater emphasis. Amid budgetary restrictions, setting the priorities for effective and efficient investment in medical devices and materials has been a key issue in the government sector. This paper shows how the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) can be used in assessing selected medical devices and materials for grants by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. The final results show that unabsorbable suture is the most attractive medical product among 88 evaluated products, followed by i.v. cannula and central venous catheter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD1d‐mediated stimulation of natural killer T cells selectively activates hepatic natural killer cells to eliminate experimentally disseminated hepatoma cells in murine liver
Authors: Miyagi Takuya , Takehara Tetsuo , Tatsumi Tomohide , Kanto Tatsuya , Suzuki Takahiro , Jinushi Masahisa , Sugimoto Yoshiko , Sasaki Yutaka , Hori Masatsugu , Hayashi Norio
Published: June 2003

Since hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) develop from transformed hepatocytes, sometimes in a multicentrical manner, immunological deletion of such small intrahepatic regions should be an important strategy to prevent HCC development. The liver contains abundant innate cell lineages including natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells, the latter of which become activated in a CD1d‐restricted manner by α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer). In our study, we investigated the anti‐tumor effect elicited by α‐GalCer administration against transplanted hepatoma cells in the liver, in comparison with that in extrahepatic sites. α‐GalCer administration completely suppressed the growth of BNL 1MEA.7R.1 (BNL) hepatoma cells disseminated in the liver of syngeneic BALB/c mouse but had no anti‐tumor effect on subcutaneously implanted BNL cells. Hepatic NKT cells became rapidly activated after α‐GalCer administration compared to splenic NKT cells and then disappeared. Hepatic NK cells substantially increased their population as well as up‐regulated their cytotoxic activity against BNL cells, but NK cells in other tissues, including the spleen, blood and lymph node, did not. Anti‐asialo GM1 antibody treatment, which depleted NK cells in vivo, resulted in hepatic tumor formation in α‐GalCer‐treated mice, indicating the critical involvement of NK cells in the α‐GalCer‐induced anti‐tumor effect in the liver. In conclusion, our study demonstrates clear differences in NK cell activation and anti‐tumor effect through stimulation of NKT cells by α‐GalCer between the liver and extrahepatic tissues. Sequential activation of these innate cell lineages may be an attractive strategy for controlling micro‐disseminated hepatoma cells in the liver. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.