bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fits About Fit
Authors: Schneider Benjamin
Published: March 2003

The paper argues that two traditions have dominated research on person–environment fit, the individual differences tradition and the organisational psychology tradition. I briefly review these traditions using the present set of papers as exemplars of these traditions. Then the inclusion of national cultural issues in person–environment fit research, stimulated by two papers in this issue, is introduced and I suggest that this should be the start of a new tradition. Finally, I note that there has been little conceptualisation of, and research on, the environment in person–environment research. This is especially true with regard to the role of people in making environments, and environmental effectiveness outcomes for person–environment fit. I conclude with the thought that fits over fit are healthy because fit is usefully conceptualised and operationalised from so many different interesting perspectives.
Representing Crisis: The Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation and the Project of Development in Post‐Rana Nepal
Authors: Guthman Julie
Published: March 2003

Erik Eckholm is attributed with having popularized a theory of environmental crisis in the Nepal Himalaya. In his treatise Losing Ground (1976), he links population growth to contemporary upland deforestation and soil erosion, which are presumed to cause downstream flooding and silting. Since the 1980s, this theory has come under intense criticism on empirical, theoretical and ideological grounds, although it remains a sacred cow in the popular press. A historiography of the theory reveals that representations of and discourses on the nature and extent of environmental degradation have been an important dimension of three distinct aid regimes that shaped the post‐World War II development project in Nepal. As such, within specific historical and institutional constellations, some conclusions have seemed more tenable than others, and certain interventions have become more legitimate. Moreover, the production of environmental interventions is intimately connected to the production of environmental knowledge, both of which are intrinsically bound up with power relations. Therefore, the facts about environmental deterioration have become subordinate to the broader debates on the politics of resource use and sustainable development.
Renegotiating the Reproductive Bargain: Gender Analysis of Economic Transition in Cuba in the 1990s
Authors: Pearson Ruth
Published: March 2003

This article argues that Cuba's economic demise following the collapse of the former Soviet Union should be seen as a crisis in reproduction as well as a crisis in consumption and production. Using qualitative field research carried out in 1994 and 1995 in Havana and in the province of Matanzas, the author shows that the commodities and services required for reproduction could no longer be guaranteed through the distribution system of the Cuban state. Consequently, people began to devise a range of survival strategies in order to ensure the reproduction of their households, including trading in unofficial markets, leaving formal employment and engaging in a portfolio of income‐generating activities in the informal sector. Such strategies were patterned by the existing sexual division of labour and show a reinforcement of traditional gender roles. The article argues that these changes will have important political as well as economic consequences for Cuba's future.
Modernizing Insecurity: The Land Titling Project in Honduras
Authors: Jansen Kees , Roquas Esther
Published: March 2003

The Honduran land titling project (the Proyecto de Titulación de Tierra para los Pequeños Productores), initiated in 1982, was intended to enhance security in land rights, to facilitate credit and to improve agricultural productivity. This study explores how the project has operated in one village, and concludes that it has attained none of its objectives; instead, it has triggered new sources of land conflicts, thus adding to the existing complex of local rules and laws. The authors argue that the failure of the project is not solely a consequence of the organizational incapacity of the bureaucracy, as some evaluations suggest, but that it is rooted in mistaken assumptions about the social organization of property rights and the causes of insecurity. The land titling project is founded on a contradiction: although based on the ideology of the capitalizing family farm in the context of a withdrawing state, its implementation actually requires strong and repressive state intervention. Rather than reducing insecurity in property rights, the project has merely ‘modernized’ the sources which can be used to contest rights in land.
Enforcing the Human Rights of Citizens and Non‐Citizens in the Era of Maastricht: Some Reflections on the Importance of States
Authors: Bhabha Jacqueline
Published: March 2003

This article explores the impact of globalization in the context of human rights enforcement within the European Union. It argues that despite the growing impact of transnational forces and supranational institutions, national mechanisms are still crucial in enforcing international obligations, so that states remain critical players rather than diminishing entities. The article considers the development of human rights as a fundamental norm within the European Union, and explores the relevance of this norm for third country (i.e. non‐European) nationals. It argues that restrictionist policies designed to curtail immigration and exclude asylum seekers override international human rights obligations voluntarily entered into by the European member states. Even the concept of European Union citizenship, designed in part to address the rights deficit within Europe, has not so far created a base of fundamental rights capable of trumping state interests, but rather functions primarily as an exclusionary concept directed against non‐Europeans.
Shifting Ties: Social Networks in the Surgical Instrument Cluster of Sialkot, Pakistan
Authors: Nadvi Khalid
Published: March 2003

The paradox in the industrial district model is understanding how the divergent tendencies of local competition and co‐operation are mediated. Social networks are said to provide mechanisms that regulate inter‐firm relations and facilitate the flow of knowledge within the confines of the district. Empirical evidence of this, particularly from the South, is limited. This article draws on the case of the export‐oriented surgical instrument cluster of Sialkot in Pakistan. It shows how social networks, based on kinship, family and localness, influence production relations, and how the impact of these interlinked local social networks have changed over time. The economic and social reputation that comes from being local is central to vertical and horizontal inter‐firm relations within the cluster. Building social and economic ties with external agents is, however, also becoming important, especially to acquire the technical know‐how necessary to remain competitive in global markets.
Development Discourses and Peasant–Forest Relations: Natural Resource Utilization as Social Process
Authors: Nygren Anja
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the changing role of forests and the practices of peasants toward them in a Costa Rican rural community, drawing on an analytical perspective of political ecology, combined with cultural interpretations. The study underlines the complex articulation of local processes and global forces in tropical forest struggles. Deforestation is seen as a process of development and power involving multiple social actors, from politicians and development experts to a heterogeneous group of local peasants. The local people are not passive victims of global challenges, but are instead directly involved in the changes concerning their production systems and livelihood strategies. In the light of historical changes in natural resource utilization, the article underlines the multiplicity of the causes of tropical deforestation, and the intricate links between global discourses on environment and development and local forest relations.
The Changing Regime: Forest Property and Reformasi in Indonesia
Authors: McCarthy John
Published: March 2003

This article explores the dominant explanations of the failure of forest management in Indonesia within the public discourse of the late New Order period. Drawing on a review of salient literature and relevant case studies, the major part of the article discusses the underlying historical, institutional and political causes of the failure of the state property regime. By taking a narrow view of the issues, public discourse during the New Order (1966–98) avoided discussion of the structure of property relations and the power relations that supported them. However, the forest fires of 1997–8 and the ensuing ecological crisis have revealed that the forest policy that allocated property rights over vast areas of the nation’s forests to well‐connected conglomerates and politico‐business families was inequitable and lacked legitimacy. While new legislative initiatives open up possibilities for co‐management, the reforms so far barely engage with the underlying structure of property rights. These issues will need to be more thoroughly addressed if Indonesia is to tackle the bitter legacy of the Suharto period.
Towards a More Rational IMF Quota Structure: Suggestions for the Creation of a New International Financial Architecture
Authors: Jha Raghbendra , Saggar Mridul
Published: March 2003

The authors of this article argue that, in the absence of a well‐founded quota formula, the very basis of the creation of the IMF as an institution at the centre of international financial arrangements was flawed; that there is no clear rationale for the determinants of quota structures and their weighting scheme; and that the quota allocation as an instrument seeks to target too many objectives. As a result, large and arbitrary cross‐country variations exist in the relative impact of different determinants on the quota shares of different countries. The quota formulas therefore need to be reviewed and an alternative approach evolved, in which emphasis is placed on the size of the economy rather than its openness, along with efficiency parameters. The authors suggest some principles which might underpin redefined quota structures in support of a new financial architecture. They provide illustrative calculations using India as a case study, and trace the impact of the redefined quota structures against the backdrop of the impact of the Eleventh General Review on India’s quota position.
Wildlife and Politics: CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe
Authors: Alexander Jocelyn , McGregor JoAnn
Published: March 2003

CAMPFIRE programmes have been hailed internationally for the innovative ways in which they have sought to confront the challenges of some of Africa’s most marginal regions through the promotion of local control over wildlife management. In Zimbabwe, CAMPFIRE has been cast as an antidote to the colonial legacy of technocratic and authoritarian development which had undermined people’s control over their environment and criminalized their use of game. This article explores why such a potentially positive programme went so badly wrong in the case of Nkayi and Lupane districts, raising points of wider significance for comparable initiatives. Local histories and institutional politics need careful examination. The first part of the article thus investigates the historical forces which shaped attitudes to game, while the second part considers the powerful institutional and economic forces which conspired to sideline these historically formed local views. CAMPFIRE in Nkayi and Lupane was further shaped by the legacies of post‐independence state violence in this region, and the failure of earlier wildlife projects. This range of factors combined to create deep distrust of CAMPFIRE, and quickly led to open confrontation.
Risky Business: Economic Uncertainty, Market Reforms and Female Livelihoods in Northeast Ghana
Authors: Chalfin Brenda
Published: March 2003

This article examines the implications of economic uncertainty for rural markets and the livelihoods of female traders. It does so through a case study of a community in northern Ghana caught in the throes of a structural adjustment‐driven privatization initiative. In order to fully comprehend the nature of the economic uncertainties in which rural economic actors are enmeshed and the manner in which they resist, engage or engender these conditions, two theoretical lenses are interposed. One, focusing on structural dissolution and an overall process of rural, and especially female, disempowerment, is drawn from recent approaches to African political economy. The other, gleaned from the field of economic anthropology, attends to the agency and knowledge of rural entrepreneurs in the face of unstable and imperfect market conditions. By bringing together these different analytic traditions, the critical significance of uncertainty within the complex process of rural economic transformation and reproduction becomes evident. Rather than functioning as a diagnostic of economic crisis and insecurity, uncertainty can be a strategic resource integral to the constitution of markets, livelihoods and economic coalitions. Such a perspective, privileging the institutional potentials of local social practice, makes apparent the forceful role played by female traders in the structuring of rural marketing systems even in the face of externally‐induced and sometimes dramatic shifts in material conditions.
Financing Decentralized Development in a Low‐Income Country: Raising Revenue for Local Government in Uganda
Authors: Livingstone Ian , Charlton Roger
Published: March 2003

Uganda has been engaged for a number of years in an ambitious programme of political and financial decentralization involving significantly expanded expenditure and service delivery responsibilities for local governments in what are now forty‐five districts. Fiscal decentralization has involved allocation of block grants from the centre to complement increased local tax revenue‐raising efforts by districts and municipalities. This article is concerned with the financial side of decentralization and in particular with an examination of district government efforts to raise revenue with the tax instruments which have been assigned to them. These are found to be deficient in a number of ways and their tax raising potential not to be commensurate with the responsibilities being devolved. Achievement of the decentralization aims laid down, therefore, must depend either on the identification of new or modified methods of raising revenue locally, or increased commitment to transfer of financial resources from the centre, or both.
Economic Policy and Women’s Informal Work in South Africa
Authors: Valodia Imraan
Published: March 2003

This article examines the gender dimensions of the growth in informal and flexible work in South Africa and the government’s policy response to this. It outlines the growth in informal and flexible work practices and, as illustrative examples, analyses how trade and industrial policies and labour market policies are impacting on the growth of informal and flexible work. It is argued that the South African government’s trade and industrial policies are shifting the economy onto a path of capital intensification. Allied to this, firms are undergoing a process of extensive restructuring. These developments are further promoting the growth of flexibilization and informalization, and thereby disadvantaging women. The article demonstrates that whilst the government offers a vast package of support measures to big business, its policy is largely irrelevant to the survivalist segment of small business, where most women in the informal economy are to be found. The picture for labour policy is more diverse. Aspects of the labour legislation are promoting the growth of a dual labour market, whilst there seems to be some tightening up of practices aimed at bypassing aspects of the protection provided to workers.
Conservation Narratives in Costa Rica: Conflict and Co‐existence
Authors: Campbell Lisa M.
Published: March 2003

This article examines narratives about nature conservation in Costa Rica, specifically those related to wildlife and biodiversity, and their evolution with the growth of tourism and bioprospecting industries. It outlines a traditional conservation narrative and two streams of an emerging counter‐narrative, and discusses problems and prospects for each in contemporary Costa Rica. The use of narrative and counter‐narrative follows Roe (1991, 1995), Fairhead and Leach (1995), and Leach and Mearns (1996). The article focuses particularly on the ways in which the narratives are increasingly drawing on, informing, and sometimes conflicting with one another; it is based on the author’s research undertaken in various protected areas in Costa Rica since 1994 and on research published by others.
Trade Sanctions, Adult Unemployment and the Supply of Child Labour: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Gupta Manash Ranjan
Published: March 2003

This article considers a competitive general equilibrium model of a small, open less developed economy which exports products using child labour, the supply of which varies inversely with the rate of unemployment in the adult labour market. The effects of policies such as trade sanctions and the subsidisation or protection of adult labour are analysed. It is suggested that the former may actually aggravate the child labour problem, if the unemployment effect dominates the wage effect. On the other hand, theoretical analysis indicates that trade and fiscal policies influencing the effective producers' price of the products of adult labour might be a more effective approach to the problem.
Social Protection in Bolivia: An Assessment in Terms of the World Bank’s Social Protection Framework and the PRSP
Authors: Moser Caroline , Antezana Oscar
Published: March 2003

This article uses the World Bank’s conceptual framework to document the nature and scope of social protection policy and practice in Bolivia. It also assesses the manner in which social protection issues have been included in the Bolivian Government’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). This highlights limitations in the existing framework, and provides the opportunity to recommend a number of measures that would make it a more comprehensive component of the PRSP. This is a preliminary review of a highly complex subject, which merits considerable further attention.
Rwanda
Authors: Mutebi Frederick Golooba , Stone Simon , Thin Neil
Published: March 2003

The PRSP process has been given a prominent place in government business in Rwanda. Poverty increased dramatically in the years leading up to and following the 1994 genocide, so reducing poverty is seen as critical to establishing the credentials of the government. This article argues that a degree of optimism is justified regarding the prospects for the institutionalisation of the PRSP approach in Rwanda. However, realizing this promise will require further progress towards peace, stability, reconciliation, decentralisation and democratic governance. External financing agencies should consider altering the way they interact with government agencies. And continued improvements will be needed in budgetary control, forecasting and prioritisation, involving closer linkage of the PRSP and MTEF processes.
Gravity does rule for falling events
Authors: Hood Bruce M.
Published: March 2003

Hood (1995) reported a vertical invisible displacement task where the goal was to find a ball that was dropped down one of three chimneys connected to three hiding boxes below by opaque tubes. Preschool children exhibited perseverative search at the box directly below the chimney where the ball was dropped even though the tubes were always visible and the children were given numerous trials and feedback. This behavior was interpreted as a naive theory of gravity. The current study set out to test the naive gravity theory hypothesis by reversing the motion of the event on a television. On half of the trials the object appeared to fall up the tube into one of the boxes which were now on the top of the apparatus. There were significantly more errors for ‘down’ trials as compared to ‘up’ trials which supports the hypothesis that children are biased to infer that falling objects travel in a straight line whereas anti‐gravity events do not conform to this naive theory.
Do infants possess innate knowledge structures? The con side
Authors: Smith Linda B.
Published: March 2003

The central question of development is how new forms are made, how some structure, or behavior, or competence that was not there before, arises. This essay argues for a mechanistic answer to the question of the origins of new forms. And, in so doing, the essay argues that the so‐called ‘innate versus learned’ dichotomy is logically flawed since ‘innate’ has no specifiable and mechanistic meaning. The essay considers first, a clear case of ‘innate’ structure: the origins of fingers and toes in embryology. The real‐time mechanisms which create fingers and toes, however, are general, probabilistic, emergent and distributed across several levels of analyses. The idea of ‘innate’– even though certainly applicable – has no substantive content and yields no predictions about the nature of these mechanisms. The essay considers second, a clear case of a ‘learned’ structure: the origins of the shape bias in children’s early noun learning. Again, the developmental mechanisms are general, probabilistic, emergent and distributed across several levels of analyses. Several criticisms of the argument against ‘innate ideas’ are considered and rebutted.
Infants’ developing expectations of possible and impossible tool‐use events between ages 8 and 12 months
Authors: Schlesinger Matthew , Langer Jonas
Published: March 2003

Infants’ developing causal expectations for the outcome of a simple tool‐use event from ages 8 to 12 months were investigated. Causal expectations were studied by comparing infants’ developing tool‐use actions (i.e. as tool‐use agents) with their developing perceptual reactions (i.e. as tool‐use observers) to possible and impossible tool‐use events. In Experiment 1, tool‐use actions were studied by presenting infants, ages 8 and 12 months, with tool‐use object‐retrieval problems. In Experiment 2, a second age‐matched sample of infants watched a comparable series of possible and impossible tool‐use events in which a tool was used to retrieve a goal‐object. Two core related findings were made. First, infants’ causal action and causal perception develop in parallel. In both action and perception, supporting tool‐use develops before surrounding tool‐use. Second, infants’ tool‐use action develops before their causal perception of comparable tool‐use events. The findings support the constructivist hypothesis that infants’ causal actions may develop before and inform their causal perceptions.
Posture and gaze in early mother–infant communication: synchronization of developmental trajectories
Authors: Fogel Alan , Messinger Daniel S. , Dickson K. Laurie , Hsu Hui‐chin
Published: March 2003

Weekly laboratory observations of free play for 13 middle‐income mother–infant dyads, from 1 to 6 months of age, were used to study the synchronization of developmental trajectories between infant postural position and gaze direction. Mothers sat in a straight‐backed chair while holding infants on their laps and were free to adjust the infant’s posture. Postural position was coded as upright (supported sitting or standing on the mother’s lap) or other (lying, cradling, or being held close to mother). Gaze was coded as either at mother’s face or away. The age of onset of visually guided reaching was also assessed. Results show that there were longer durations of gazing away when the infant was in an upright position. Over the 5 month period of observation, the dyads began with a pattern of non‐upright positions accompanied by gaze at mother. Contrary to previous predictions, the developmental shift in the first 6 months from exclusive gazing at mother’s face to gazing away from mother was not synchronized with the development of reaching, but rather with changes in the infant’s posture to more upright positions. The possible role of postural position in fostering positive emotional communication is discussed.
Infants’ Use of Functional Parts in Basic‐like Categorization
Authors: Rakison David H. , Cohen Leslie B.
Published: March 2003

An experiment with the sequential touching technique investigated the role of object parts on 1‐ to 2‐year‐old infants’ ability to form basic‐level categories (cows and cars) from two different superordinate domains. Using the novel task design developed by Rakison and Butterworth, infants were tested with normal category exemplars as well as modified versions that were made by removing or attaching object parts (legs and wheels). Results revealed a developmental trend whereby infants’ use of object parts in categorization decreased with age. Analyses of infants’ functional responses (e.g. jumping or rolling) suggested that they might initially associate different kinds of object movement with different kinds of parts.
The effects of stimulus density on children’s analysis of hierarchical patterns
Authors: Dukette Dianne , Stiles Joan
Published: March 2003

In three experiments, 4‐, 5‐, 6‐ and 8‐year‐olds and adults were asked to draw hierarchical letter and geometric forms from memory. Across the experiments, the number of elements comprising the hierarchical models was systematically varied. For each drawing of a hierarchical form, the quality of the participant’s reproduction of global and local level information was evaluated separately. Results showed that young children demonstrated significant analytic competence. However, the data also suggested that changes in stimulus density were more disruptive, in specific ways, to 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children’s processing than to that of the older children and adults.
The sources of skill in seriating cups in children, monkeys and apes
Authors: Fragaszy Dorothy M. , Galloway Amy T. , Johnson‐Pynn Julie , Brakke Karen
Published: March 2003

Is a concept of either reversibility or of hierarchical forms of combination necessary for skilled seriation? We examined this question by presenting seriating cups to adult capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees and to 11‐, 16‐ and 21‐month‐old children. Capuchins and chimpanzees consistently created seriated sets with five cups, and placed a sixth cup into a previously seriated set. Children of all three ages created seriated five‐cup sets less consistently than the capuchins and chimpanzees, and were rarely able to place a sixth cup into a seriated set. Twenty‐one‐month‐olds produced more structures containing three or more cups than did the younger age groups, and these children also achieved seriated sets more frequently. Within all participant groups, success at seriating five cups was associated with the frequency of combining three or more cups, regardless of form. The ability to integrate multiple elements in persistent combinatorial activity is sufficient for the emergence of seriation in young children, monkeys and apes. Reliance on particular methods of combination and a concept of reversibility are later refinements that can enhance skilled seriation.
Children's understanding of the earth in a multicultural community: mental models or fragments of knowledge?
Authors: Nobes Gavin , Moore Derek G. , Martin Alan E. , Clifford Brian R. , Butterworth George , Panagiotaki Georgia , Siegal Michael
Published: March 2003

Children's understanding of properties of the earth was investigated by interviewing Asian and white British classmates aged 4−8 years (N = 167). Two issues were explored: whether they held mental models of the earth (Vosniadou & Brewer, 1992) or instead had fragmented knowledge (di Sessa, 1988); and the influence of the children's different cultural backgrounds. Children selected from a set of plastic models and answered forced‐choice questions. Using this methodology, there were no significant differences in the overall performance of Asian and white children after language skills were partialled out. Even young children showed an emerging knowledge of some properties of the earth, but the distributions of their combinations of responses provided no evidence that they had mental models. Instead, these distributions closely resembled those that would be expected if children's knowledge in this domain were fragmented. Possible reasons for the differences between these findings and those of previous research are discussed.
Magnetic resonance approaches to the identification of focal pathophysiology in children with brain disease
Authors: Gadian David G.
Published: March 2003

New magnetic resonance techniques now provide increasingly powerful ways of identifying the structural correlates of impaired cerebral function. The aims of this article are to show how we have been using a variety of magnetic resonance techniques to identify focal pathophysiology in children with brain disease, and to describe how these findings have contributed to our understanding of impaired function in these children. An outline is given of the methods that we have chosen to use, and this is followed by their applications in a number of groups of patients. The examples that are given illustrate the importance of detecting brain abnormalities that might previously have gone undetected.
Doing the Right Thing: Relief Agencies, Moral Dilemmas and Moral Responsibility in Political Emergemcies and War
Authors: Slim Hugo
Published: March 2003

In recent years a new generation of relief workers and relief agencies has become embroiled in the heat of civil wars and political emergencies, and the humanitarian community has had to revisit its fundamental principles and address the ethics of what it does. This paper sets out to continue this important debate by emphasising that ethical analysis should always be an essential part of humanitarian practice. The paper seeks to recognise the difficult moral choices relief agencies are facing today and gives some practical guidelines to relief agency staff when confronting the ethics of a given situation. In particular, it hopes to introduce some ethical principles into the debate about humanitarianism and contribute to the moral vocabulary which is being developed to improve relief agencies' ethical analysis. The paper starts by looking at the essential characteristics of a moral dilemma, and the way in which other types of tough choice can masquerade as moral dilemmas. It then introduces some basic moral principles surrounding the key ethical notions of action, consequences and moral responsibility in an effort to show how relief agencies might begin to develop a process of ethical analysis in their work. Finally, it explores how relief agencies might develop a more intuitive form of ethical analysis based on an organisational conscience and moral role models.
The Historical Development of Public Health Responses to Disasters
Authors: Noji Eric K. , Toole Michael J.
Published: March 2003

The first of a series of state‐of‐the‐art reviews commissioned to mark Disasters’ 21st anniversary, this paper considers key publications on public health aspects of natural disasters, refugee emergencies and complex humanitarian disasters over the past twenty‐odd years. The literature is reviewed and important signposts highlighted showing how the field has developed. This expanding body of epidemiological research has provided a basis for increasingly effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Making Women Visible in Disasters: Problematising the Private Domain
Authors: Fordham Maureen H.
Published: March 2003

Gender awareness and sensitivity in disaster research and management remains uncommon and tends to focus on the developing rather than the developed world. This paper uses a feminist oral geography to present some findings about women’s experiences in two floods in Scotland. It is conceptualised around public and private (masculinised and feminised) space, problematising the private domain and presenting it, in the feminist research tradition, as a legitimate object of research. It shows the ordinary and everyday to be more opaque and complex than usually imagined and makes recommendations for their recognition and incorporation into disaster management. While there is a specific focus on the private domain of the home, this is not intended to reinforce gender stereotypes but simply to recognise the reality of many of the women interviewed. It concludes that disaster research generally has yet to advance much beyond the earliest stages of feminist studies which merely sought to make women visible in society.
Casualty Treatment after Earthquake Disasters: Development of a Regional Simulation Model
Authors: Fawcett William , Oliveira Carlos Sousa
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a new approach to the casualty treatment problem following a large‐scale disaster, based on a mathematical model of how a regional health‐care system responds to an earthquake event. The numbers and locations of casualties rescued alive, the scale of pre‐hospital care, the post‐earthquake hospital capacity, and the transport system are inputs to the model. The model simulates the movement of casualties from the stricken areas to hospitals. It predicts the number of casualties that die as well as other statistics about the health‐care system response, such as waiting time before treatment. The model can be run with varying input assumptions to simulate alternative disaster response strategies. Preliminary runs demonstrate the potential of the model as a tool for planning and training.
Remittances and Their Economic Impact in Post‐war Somaliland
Authors: Ahmed Ismail I.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the role of remittances, provided by a large diaspora of migrant workers and refugees, in post‐war Somaliland. Based on field‐work conducted in Somaliland under the COPE project in 1998/9, the paper discusses trends in the size, source, means of transfer, distribution and use of remittances, their role in livelihoods and in the country's economic recovery and future prospects. The total value of remittances, originating mainly from migrant labour in the Gulf and more recently an exodus of refugees to the West, and greatly facilitated by the growth of telecommunications in Somaliland and of remittance agencies, is estimated at some US$500 million annually — around four times the value of livestock exports and much more significant than hitherto appreciated. Contrary to the prevailing view that remittances are mainly used for consumption and unproductive investments such as housing and land, this study suggests that in Somaliland they have contributed to the rapid growth of a vibrant private sector. On the other hand, remittance flows have been associated with a number of negative side‐effects such as the loss of the country's most educated and skilled labour, increased income inequality and booming sector effects, and their positive impact is limited by the present lack of credit schemes and facilities for saving.
From Policy to Practice: Challenges in Infant Feeding in Emergencies During the Balkan Crisis
Authors: Borrel Annalies , Taylor Anna , McGrath Marie , Seal Andrew , Hormann Elizabeth , Phelps Laura , Mason Frances
Published: March 2003

The preparation and dissemination of policy statements are necessary but insufficient to prevent the inappropriate use of infant‐feeding products in emergencies. The widespread failure of humanitarian agencies operating in the Balkan crisis to act in accordance with international policies and recommendations provides a recent example of the failure to translate infant‐feeding policies into practice. This article explores the underlying reasons behind the failures which include: (1) the weak institutionalisation of policies; (2) the massive quantities of unsolicited donations of infant‐feeding products; (3) the absence of monitoring systems; (4) inadequate co‐ordination mechanisms; (5) the high costs of correcting mistakes; and (6) the cumulative effects of poor practice. Efforts to uphold best practice during the crisis are also documented. Finally, the article identifies actions that could be undertaken in advance of and during future emergencies to enhance the application of infant feeding policies in emergencies.
Regulatory Institutions And Structures
Authors: Ogus A.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a legal perspective on regulatory institutions, procedures and processes. Analysis of legal instruments examines justifications for regulatory interventions, and considers the inadequacies of private law remedies to instances of market failure (such as monopolies, inadequate or asymmetric information, externalities and co–ordination problems). A distinction is drawn between social and economic regulation: the former deals with such matters as health and safety, and environmental and consumer protection; and the latter is needed where there is insufficient competition. Instruments of social regulation include prior approval, mandatory standards and information disclosure. A range of instruments of economic regulation is also assessed, including competition law, public ownership, price and quality regulation, and competitive public franchising. Analysis of regulatory processes focuses on regulatory rule–making, delegated regulation and self–regulation. Particular weight is given to different forms of accountability—financial, procedural and substantive—which draws attention to the significance of the public interest dimension of regulatory systems.
Conferences
Authors: Wade Peter
Published: March 2003

Conference reviewed:

American Anthropological Association 1999 Annual Meeting, Chicago
“Graffiti Taught Me Everything I Know about Space”: Urban Fronts and Borders
Authors: Nandrea Lorri
Published: March 2003

This essay on the spatial poetics of urban graffiti and the concept of the frontier is conceived as a series of explorations—first of the text I have taken for my title and the frontier spaces of the wall, the slum, and the cemetery, then of the essentially modern American space of property, and finally of the postmodern nonterritories constructed by computers. In conclusion, I question the problematic superimposition of these different types of spaces in our lives today.
Rapid Transit and Community Power: West Oakland Residents Confront BART
Authors: Rodriguez Joseph A.
Published: March 2003

Regional transportation planning shaped minority activism in the mid‐1960s. The Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system encouraged West Oakland activists to create a strong local identity. BART supporters valued regional mobility and blamed ghetto poverty on the inaccessibility of suburban jobs. Minority activists blamed BART for harming the ghetto poor by encouraging job migration to the suburbs, and for displacing residents. As compensation, they demanded that BART hire minority workers and increase relocation payments. While West Oakland activists largely failed to influence BART, the newly unified community did gain local control of schools and urban poverty programs.
Race, Class, and Political Activism: Black, Chicana/o, and Japanese‐American Leftists in Southern California, 1968–1978
Authors: Pulido Laura
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the third‐world left in Los Angeles, from 1968–1978. In it I examine the political ideology and foci of one organization for each of the major racial/ethnic groups of the time: African Americans (Black Panther Party), Chicanas/os (El Centro de Accion Social y Autonomo [CASA]), and Japanese Americans (East Wind). In addition to reclaiming this relatively unknown history, I seek to explain the differences in the various organizations by analyzing them within the context of differential racialization. I argue that the distinct nature of each organization is at least partly due to the particular racial position of each racial/ethnic group within the local racial order.
Remoteness and rural development: economic impacts of rural roads on upland farmers in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Windle Jill , Cramb R.A.
Published: March 2003

>Although Sarawak has a rapidly growing economy, the benefits of growth have been focused largely in the urban centres. However, the majority of the population lives in rural areas, where poverty, although on the decline, prevails. Attention is given to the role of rural roads in countering remoteness and, hence, promoting more equitable development. To assess the impact of rural roads, two roads were used for comparison. One provided Iban communities with access to Betong, a small district town. The other provided Bidayuh communities with access to Kuching, the capital city. This paper focuses on three economic impacts of roads – agricultural production, employment, and household income. Findings show that the impact of roads varied within an area (a function of remoteness) and between areas (also a function of remoteness). Impacts were considerably greater when roads provided communities with access to a major urban centre compared with a small town. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the government's strategy of rural development.
Population mobility and the transformation of a village community in Northern Thailand
Authors: Singhanetra‐Renard Anchalee
Published: March 2003

The paper studies the role of population mobility in the transformation of the Mae Sa village community in Mae Rim District of Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Data for the analysis derive from an in‐depth investigation in 1976–1977 and successive studies over the following 22 years including a substantial reinvestigation in 1995–1996. In these two decades, the village has been transformed from a traditional agricultural community to a ‘modern’ rural community with considerable employment outside the village and other links to the outside world. The paper discusses the complexity of the in‐ and out‐ migration process and the significance of the roles played by permanent and non‐permanent migration in the transformation of the village resource base and social institutions. Special attention is given to social relations at the individual, family and community levels with implications on the definition of movement for the people of Mae Sa.
Politics
Authors: Levine Stephen , Roberts Nigel S.
Published: March 2003

New Zealand politics during the 1990s was dominated by debate over a new electoral system, MMP (mixed member proportional), recommended in 1986 and endorsed by voters in 1992 and 1993. The four elections held during the 1990s were influenced, and at times overshadowed, by moves to adopt a new voting system based on proportional representation principles. The loss of confidence in New Zealand's two major parties, National and Labour, was accompanied by a rise in support for smaller parties. A related theme of 1990s politics revolves around the political career of Winston Peters, whose odyssey parallels the rise and fall in public esteem of the new electoral system itself. By the end of the 1990s, it was far from clear that the new system – and the political leadership which has come to power under its auspices – would be able to achieve for New Zealanders the goals of consensus and a sense of common enterprise valued by so many.
Agricultural Intensification in Indonesia: Outside Pressures and Indigenous Strategies
Authors: Potter Lesley
Published: March 2003

Extremely high population densities conventionally demand a preliminary look at intensification in Java, in both lowland and upland agriculture. However, the major focus of this paper is on intensification processes under more moderate population pressure on the islands outside Java. Government initiatives during the Suharto era often constrained land use decisions at local level. Of particular importance were restrictive forest classifications and intrusion by outside companies into the lands of indigenous groups. Timber plantations and oil palm estates occupied large areas, thus forcing intensification of swidden agriculture. Elaboration of this concept of ‘forced intensification ’ examines the impacts on local systems and notes indigenous responses of compliance or resistance. The processes of independent intensification have revolved around the move from dryland swidden to managed agroforest, sometimes with accompanying wet rice. Government slowness in recognising agroforests, plus the commodity export boom during the economic crisis, have tended to favour monocultures over more complex systems. Recent price declines, exposing monoculture vulnerability, are encouraging a return to mixed tree crops. A final section examines intensification in response to a niche market, as a tourism industry which values the pseudo‐cultural images evoked by indigenous roof thatch has induced intensive management of Imperata grass in Bali and Lombok.
Suharto's Fall and Afterwards: Medititations Provoked by Four Recent Analyses
Authors: Sullivan Gerald
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Edward Aspinall, et al, (eds) The last days of President Suharto

Richard W. Baker, et al, (eds) Indonesia: The Challenge of Change

Arief Budiman, et al, (eds) Reformasi: Crisis and change in Indonesia

Geoff Forester, (ed) Post‐Soeharto Indonesia: Renewal or Chaos?
Estimating a Structural Search Model for College Graduates in Taiwan
Authors: Chuang Hwei–Lin
Published: March 2003

This is an empirical study of job search using Taiwanese data and based on a structural‐form estimation approach. A standard discrete‐time finite horizon search model is applied to describe the behaviour of college graduates on first entering the labor market, and is estimated within the maximum likelihood routine. The estimated average earnings are near the observed average earnings and the estimated reservation wages show a decreasing pattern as search duration increases. The simulation results indicate that variations in both the mean wage offer and cost of search would have little influence on the expected duration of unemployment. However, increasing the probability of a job offer to bachelor‐degree graduates would significantly diminish their duration of unemployment.
Evaluation of Asian Income Distribution and Poverty Ratios Using Worldwide Income Distribution
Authors: Mizoguchi Toshiyuki , Yoshida Tateo
Published: March 2003

This paper aims to estimate worldwide income distribution for multiple years, and then to use this data in evaluating income distribution for particular countries or areas. Based on previous contributions to estimate the worldwide distribution for a particular year, worldwide income distribution was estimated by using per capita GDP, purchasing power parities of the International Comparison Programme, and income distribution data for various countries. Results for four years show that Gini coefficients exceeded 0.5 and were relatively stable from 1962 to 1985. Income distribution for the Asian area is compared to worldwide income distribution. A Relative Advance Index is proposed to measure the position of a country's particular income distribution in relation to worldwide income distribution. The Index shows that Asian income distribution has shifted toward higher income as compared to worldwide income. The paper also suggests that worldwide income distribution can be used to determine the poverty level cutoff point.
From State to Market
Authors: Arndt H. W.
Published: March 2003

The first half of this century brought a striking increase in the role of the state in the economy, the second half an equally pronounced move towards the market. The object of this paper is to try to explain this paradigm shift.