bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of striatal D2 receptor binding by DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA allele status
Authors: Eisenstein Sarah A. , Bogdan Ryan , Love‐Gregory Latisha , Corral‐Frías Nadia S. , Koller Jonathan M. , Black Kevin J. , Moerlein Stephen M. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Barch Deanna M. , Hershey Tamara
Published: May 2016

In humans, the A1 (T) allele of the dopamine (DA) D2 receptor/ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1) TaqIA (rs1800497) single nucleotide polymorphism has been associated with reduced striatal DA D2/D3 receptor (D2/D3R) availability. However, radioligands used to estimate D2/D3R are displaceable by endogenous DA and are nonselective for D2R, leaving the relationship between TaqIA genotype and D2R specific binding uncertain. Using the positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand, (N‐[11C]methyl)benperidol ([11C]NMB), which is highly selective for D2R over D3R and is not displaceable by endogenous DA, the current study examined whether DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA genotype predicts D2R specific binding in two independent samples. Sample 1 (n = 39) was composed of obese and nonobese adults; sample 2 (n = 18) was composed of healthy controls, unmedicated individuals with schizophrenia, and siblings of individuals with schizophrenia. Across both samples, A1 allele carriers (A1+) had 5 to 12% less striatal D2R specific binding relative to individuals homozygous for the A2 allele (A1−), regardless of body mass index or diagnostic group. This reduction is comparable to previous PET studies of D2/D3R availability (10–14%). The pooled effect size for the difference in total striatal D2R binding between A1+ and A1− was large (0.84). In summary, in line with studies using displaceable D2/D3R radioligands, our results indicate that DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA allele status predicts striatal D2R specific binding as measured by D2R‐selective [11C]NMB. These findings support the hypothesis that DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA allele status may modify D2R, perhaps conferring risk for certain disease states.
Robert's uterus: modern imaging techniques and ultrasound‐guided hysteroscopic treatment without laparoscopy or laparotomy
Authors: Ludwin A. , Ludwin I. , Martins W. P.
Published: May 2016

Robert's uterus is a unique malformation, described as a septate uterus with a non‐communicating hemicavity, consisting of a blind uterine horn usually with unilateral hematometra, a contralateral unicornuate uterine cavity and a normally shaped external uterine fundus. The main symptom in affected young women is pelvic pain that becomes intensified near menses. We describe the case of a 22‐year‐old woman who was referred for diagnostic assessment and treatment of a congenital uterine anomaly. We used three‐dimensional sonohysterography with volume‐contrast imaging, HDLive rendering mode and automatic volume calculation (SonoHysteroAVC) for the diagnosis, surgical planning and postoperative evaluation. These imaging techniques provided a complete understanding of the internal and external uterine structures, enabling us to perform a minimally invasive hysteroscopic metroplasty, guided by transrectal ultrasound, and therefore avoiding the need for laparotomy/laparoscopy. The outcome of treatment was considered satisfactory; menstruation ceased to be painful and, after two hysteroscopic procedures, the communicating 0.3‐cm3 hemicavity was visualized as a 3.6‐cm3 normalized uterine cavity using the same imaging techniques. The findings of this case report raise questions about the embryological origin of Robert's uterus, the suitability of current classification systems, and the role of more invasive approaches (laparoscopy/laparotomy) and surgical procedures (horn resection/endometrectomy) that do not aim to improve uterine cavity shape and volume in women with this condition. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of absent pulmonary valve syndrome from first trimester onwards: novel insights into pathophysiology, associated conditions and outcome
Authors: Gottschalk I. , Jehle C. , Herberg U. , Breuer J. , Brockmeier K. , Bennink G. , Hellmund A. , Strizek B. , Gembruch U. , Geipel A. , Berg C.
Published: May 2016

Objective

To assess the spectrum of associated anomalies, intrauterine course and outcome in fetuses with absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS).

Methods

All cases with a prenatal diagnosis of APVS at two centers over a period of 13 years were analyzed retrospectively. APVS was diagnosed in the presence of rudimentary or dysplastic pulmonary valve leaflets with to‐and‐fro blood flow in the pulmonary trunk on color and pulsed‐wave Doppler ultrasound. Data on demographic characteristics, presence of associated conditions, Doppler studies and pregnancy outcome were reviewed.

Results

During the study period, 40 cases of APVS were diagnosed prenatally. Thirty‐seven (92.5%) cases were associated with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and three (7.5%) had an intact ventricular septum. Patency of the ductus arteriosus (DA) was found in 17/37 (45.9%) TOF cases and in all three cases with an intact ventricular septum. Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 19.7 (range, 12–34) weeks with 10 (25.0%) cases (all with TOF) diagnosed in the first trimester. TOF was an isolated finding in 15 (37.5%) cases. Chromosomal anomalies, cardiac defects and extracardiac anomalies were present in 18 (45.0%), four (10.0%) and three (7.5%) cases, respectively. Among the 40 cases, there were 19 (47.5%) terminations of pregnancy, six (15.0%) intrauterine deaths, four (10.0%) neonatal deaths and 11 (27.5%) survivors. Patency of the DA, reversed flow during atrial contraction in the ductus venosus, umbilical artery or fetal middle cerebral artery, and hydrops/increased nuchal translucency thickness were significantly associated with non‐survival. All 10 cases diagnosed in the first trimester had a patent DA and abnormal Doppler parameters, eight had hydrops and/or increased nuchal translucency, six were associated with trisomy 13 or 18 and none survived.

Conclusion

APVS diagnosed in the first trimester is significantly associated with TOF, patency of the DA, abnormal Doppler parameters, lethal trisomies and intrauterine mortality. Cases of APVS with isolated TOF and agenesis of the DA have a better outcome than those with additional anomalies, with > 80% survival. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Kinetic isotope effects in chemical and biochemical reactions: physical basis and theoretical methods of calculation
Authors: González‐Lafont Àngels , Lluch José M.
Published: May 2016

Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) are a valuable tool for the analysis of chemical and biochemical reaction mechanisms. Theoretical methods of calculation of those KIEs have been developed with the aim to better understand their experimental behavior. In this review, the physical basis as well as several of those computational approaches to calculate primary hydrogen KIEs is presented. Examples of interesting chemical reactions and relevant enzymatic processes are given to demonstrate how theory is used to interpret those complex kinetic magnitudes. In particular, KIE computations within generalized transition state theory formulations are shown here to explain the temperature dependence of chemical and biochemical KIEs caused by multidimensional quantum effects contributions, such as zero point vibrational energy and quantum tunneling. An unexpected large isotope effect on the phosphorescence emission of an organic reaction is analyzed by means of KIE calculations as a function of energy and including also tunneling corrections. More quantum‐based methodologies such as the Multiconfiguration Time‐Dependent Hartree method and Feynman path integral simulations are discussed within the context of KIE computations. The special kinetic treatment of proton‐coupled electron transfer reactions is also analyzed. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:584–603. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1268

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Reaction Dynamics and Kinetics
A Note on the Linearly and Quadratically Weighted Kappa Coefficients
Authors: Li Pingke
Published: May 2016

The linearly and quadratically weighted kappa coefficients are popular statistics in measuring inter-rater agreement on an ordinal scale. It has been recently demonstrated that the linearly weighted kappa is a weighted average of the kappa coefficients of the embedded 2 by 2 agreement matrices, while the quadratically weighted kappa is insensitive to the agreement matrices that are row or column reflection symmetric. A rank-one matrix decomposition approach to the weighting schemes is presented in this note such that these phenomena can be demonstrated in a concise manner.
Investigation into the Cause of Spontaneous Emulsification of a Free Steel Droplet; Validation of the Chemical Exchange Pathway
Authors: Spooner Stephen , Assis Andre N. , Warnett Jason , Fruehan Richard , Williams Mark A. , Sridhar Seetharaman
Published: May 2016

Small Fe-based droplets have been heated to a molten phase suspended within a slag medium to replicate a partial environment within the basic oxygen furnace (BOF). The confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM) has been used as a heating platform to interrogate the effect of impurities and their transfer across the metal/slag interface, on the emulsification of the droplet into the slag medium. The samples were then examined through X-ray computer tomography (XCT) giving the mapping of emulsion dispersion in 3D space, calculating the changing of interfacial area between the two materials, and changes of material volume due to material transfer between metal and slag. Null experiments to rule out thermal gradients being the cause of emulsification have been conducted as well as replication of the previously reported study by Assis et al.[1] which has given insights into the mechanism of emulsification. Finally chemical analysis was conducted to discover the transfer of oxygen to be the cause of emulsification, leading to a new study of a system with undergoing oxygen equilibration.
Study of Rayleigh-backscattering induced coherence collapse in an asymmetric DFB FL sensor
Authors: Liu Wen , Ma Lina , Hu Zhengliang , Feng Ying , Yang Huayong
Published: May 2016

Rayleigh-back scattering induced coherence collapse of an asymmetric distributed feedback fiber laser (DFB FL) sensor is investigated using a composite cavity model. The coherence collapse threshold condition of the asymmetric DFB FL sensor is measured. The DFB FL sensor shows different dynamic behaviors in different pump configurations. According to the asymmetric behavior to the external optical feedback, a novel method to find the actual phase shift position of the asymmetric DFB FL sensor is presented.
SUPPORTING LOCAL FOOD SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT THROUGH FOOD PRICE PREMIUM DONATIONS: A POLICY PROPOSAL
Authors: WILLIS DAVID B. , CARPIO CARLOS E. , BOYS KATHRYN A.
Published: May 2016

This study investigates consumer preferences for a marketing system that improves integration of farmers into a local food system. Attribute-based methods are used to estimate consumer willingness to pay for a locally grown product that is bundled with a local food bank (LFB) donation. Estimates reveal that, on average, households are willing to pay 11% more for locally grown relative to nonlocal agricultural products. When the locally grown product attribute is combined with a donation to support a LFB, the premium nearly doubles. Results suggest that the proposed system could provide resources to strengthen local food distribution networks.
Flap-wise loads reduction of rotor blades by embedded flap-wise absorbers
Authors: Han D.
Published: May 2016

Elastomeric and Fluidlastic®absorbers are proposed to be embedded in blade cavity to reduce troublesome second harmonic flap-wise blade loads of rigid rotors. A simple model of a blade with a flap-wise dynamic absorber is derived to investigate centrifugal force effects on the absorber's rotating frequency. The system's dynamic equations of motion indicate that centrifugal force has no effect on absorber's frequency under rotation. Aeroelastic simulation of the coupled rotor and absorber system based on an elastic beam model in generalised force formulation is used to explore load reduction extent and dynamic absorber behaviour. At a forward speed of 200 km/h, the elastomeric absorber reduces the second harmonic flap-wise root-bending moment by 88.8% for unacceptably large stroke; the Fluidlastic®absorber reduces the moment by 78.5% with a stroke 4.26% of blade chord length. Results indicate that placing an embedded Fluidlastic®absorber in the blade's flap-wise direction has potential for reducing load in different flight states with relatively small strokes. Increasing tuning port area ratio or Fluidlastic®absorber mass can distinctly decrease strokes without increasing loads. However, deviation from normal rotor speed significantly lowers Fluidlastic®absorber performance.
Inversion of a glacier hydrology model
Authors: Brinkerhoff Douglas J. , Meyer Colin R. , Bueler Ed , Truffer Martin , Bartholomaus Timothy C.
Published: May 2016

The subglacial hydrologic system exerts strong controls on the dynamics of the overlying ice, yet the parameters that govern the evolution of this system are not widely known or observable. To gain a better understanding of these parameters, we invert a spatially averaged model of subglacial hydrology from observations of ice surface velocity and outlet stream discharge at Kennicott Glacier, Wrangell Mountains, AK, USA. To identify independent parameters, we formally non-dimensionalize the forward model. After specifying suitable prior distributions, we use a Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm to sample from the distribution of parameter values conditioned on the available data. This procedure gives us not only the most probable parameter values, but also a rigorous estimate of their covariance structure. We find that the opening of cavities due to sliding over basal topography and turbulent melting are of a similar magnitude during periods of large input flux, though turbulent melting also exhibits the greatest uncertainty. We also find that both the storage of water in the englacial system and the exchange of water between englacial and subglacial systems are necessary in order to explain both surface velocity observations and the relative attenuation in the amplitude of diurnal signals between input and output flux observations.
A nonlinear model for rotationally constrained convection with Ekman pumping
Authors: Julien Keith , Aurnou Jonathan M. , Calkins Michael A. , Knobloch Edgar , Marti Philippe , Stellmach Stephan , Vasil Geoffrey M.
Published: May 2016

A reduced model is developed for low-Rossby-number convection in a plane layer geometry with no-slip upper and lower boundaries held at fixed temperatures. A complete description of the dynamics requires the existence of three distinct regions within the fluid layer: a geostrophically balanced interior where fluid motions are predominantly aligned with the axis of rotation, Ekman boundary layers immediately adjacent to the bounding plates, and thermal wind layers driven by Ekman pumping in between. The reduced model uses a classical Ekman pumping parameterization to alleviate the need to resolve the Ekman boundary layers. Results are presented for both linear stability theory and a special class of nonlinear solutions described by a single horizontal spatial wavenumber. It is shown that Ekman pumping (which correlates positively with interior convection) allows for significant enhancement in the heat transport relative to that observed in simulations with stress-free boundaries. Without the intermediate thermal wind layer, the nonlinear feedback from Ekman pumping would be able to generate heat transport that diverges to infinity at finite Rayleigh number. This layer arrests this blowup, resulting in finite heat transport at a significantly enhanced value. With increasing buoyancy forcing, the heat transport transitions to a more efficient regime, a transition that is always achieved within the regime of asymptotic validity of the theory, suggesting that this behaviour may be prevalent in geophysical and astrophysical settings. As the rotation rate increases, the slope of the heat transport curve below this transition steepens, a result that is in agreement with observations from laboratory experiments and direct numerical simulations.
Relationship between the energy dissipation function and the skin friction law in a turbulent channel flow
Authors: Abe Hiroyuki , Anthony Antonia Robert
Published: May 2016

Integrals of the mean and turbulent energy dissipation rates are examined using direct numerical simulation (DNS) databases in a turbulent channel flow. Four values of the Kármán number ($h^{+}=180$, 395, 640 and 1020;$h$is the channel half-width) are used. Particular attention is given to the functional$h^{+}$dependence by comparing existing DNS and experimental data up to$h^{+}=10^{4}$. The logarithmic$h^{+}$dependence of the integrated turbulent energy dissipation rate is established for$300\leqslant h^{+}\leqslant 10^{4}$, and is intimately linked to the logarithmic skin friction law,viz.$U_{b}^{+}=2.54\ln (h^{+})+2.41$($U_{b}$ is the bulk mean velocity). This latter relationship is established on the basis of energy balances for both the mean and turbulent kinetic energy. When$h^{+}$is smaller than 300, viscosity affects the integrals of both the mean and turbulent energy dissipation rates significantly due to the lack of distinct separation between inner and outer regions. The logarithmic$h^{+}$dependence of$U_{b}^{+}$is clarified through the scaling behaviour of the turbulent energy dissipation rate$\overline{{\it\varepsilon}}$in different parts of the flow. The overlap between inner and outer regions is readily established in the region$30/h^{+}\leqslant y/h\leqslant 0.2$for$h^{+}\geqslant 300$. At large$h^{+}$(${\geqslant}$5000) when the finite Reynolds number effect disappears, the magnitude of$\overline{{\it\varepsilon}}y/U_{{\it\tau}}^{3}$approaches 2.54 near the lower bound of the overlap region. This value is identical between the channel, pipe and boundary layer as a result of similarity in the constant stress region. As$h^{+}$becomes large, the overlap region tends to contribute exclusively to the$2.54\ln (h^{+})$dependence of the integrated turbulent energy dissipation rate. The present logarithmic$h^{+}$dependence of$U_{b}^{+}$is essentially linked to the overlap region, even at small$h^{+}$.
Squirmers with swirl: a model forVolvoxswimming
Authors: Pedley T. J. , Brumley D. R. , Goldstein R. E.
Published: May 2016

Colonies of the green algaVolvoxare spheres that swim through the beating of pairs of flagella on their surface somatic cells. The somatic cells themselves are mounted rigidly in a polymeric extracellular matrix, fixing the orientation of the flagella so that they beat approximately in a meridional plane, with axis of symmetry in the swimming direction, but with a roughly$20^{\circ }$azimuthal offset which results in the eponymous rotation of the colonies about a body-fixed axis. Experiments on colonies ofVolvox carteriheld stationary on a micropipette show that the beating pattern takes the form of a symplectic metachronal wave (Brumley et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 109, 2012, 268102). Here we extend the Lighthill/Blake axisymmetric, Stokes-flow model of a free-swimming spherical squirmer (Lighthill Commun. Pure Appl. Maths, vol. 5, 1952, pp. 109–118; Blake J. Fluid Mech., vol. 46, 1971b, pp. 199–208) to include azimuthal swirl. The measured kinematics of the metachronal wave for 60 different colonies are used to calculate the coefficients in the eigenfunction expansions and hence predict the mean swimming speeds and rotation rates, proportional to the square of the beating amplitude, as functions of colony radius. As a test of the squirmer model, the results are compared with measurements (Drescher et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 102, 2009, 168101) of the mean swimming speeds and angular velocities of a different set of 220 colonies, also given as functions of colony radius. The predicted variation with radius is qualitatively correct, but the model underestimates both the mean swimming speed and the mean angular velocity unless the amplitude of the flagellar beat is taken to be larger than previously thought. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
A century of geometry and velocity evolution at Eqip Sermia, West Greenland
Authors: LÜTHI MARTIN P. , VIELI ANDREAS , MOREAU LUC , JOUGHIN IAN , REISSER MORITZ , SMALL DAVID , STOBER MANFRED
Published: May 2016

Rapid dynamic changes of ocean-terminating outlet glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet are related to atmospheric and oceanic warming but the detailed link to external forcing is not well understood. Observations show high variability in dynamic changes and are mainly limited to the past three decades with dense satellite observations. Here we compile a long-term record of dynamic changes of Eqip Sermia Glacier, West Greenland. Starting in 1912, we combine historical measurements of terminus positions, ice-surface elevation and flow velocity together with more recent in-situ and remote-sensing observations. In the 20th century, the glacier underwent small variations in terminus position and flow speed. Between 2000 and 2003, the terminus retreated substantially, but stabilized thereafter. In 2009, the northern terminus lobe started to retreat very rapidly; the southern lobe collapsed in 2013. The present terminus position, which has retreated by 4 km since 1920, is unprecedented in the historical record. Flow velocities were relatively stable until 2010. The recent acceleration reached threefold velocities in 2014 and rapidly affected the whole terminus region up to 15 km inland. Comparison with forcings from the atmosphere and the ocean over the past century shows that no dominant cause can be identified, and that local effects of bed geometry modulate the glacier response.
Anna Bligh, 'Through the wall: Reflections on leadership, love and survival', Sydney: Harper Collins, 2015, 326 pp., ISBN: 9 7807 3229 9538, $39.95
Authors: Jenkins Cathy
Published: May 2016

Anna Bligh, Through the wall: Reflections on leadership, love and survival, Sydney: Harper Collins, 2015, 326 pp., ISBN: 9 7807 3229 9538, $39.95
State investment in science and entrepreneurship for environmental change in Queensland, 1912–16
Authors: Frawley Jodi
Published: May 2016

Governments across the globe use public–private partnerships to foster entrepreneurship while limiting their risk. The Prickly Pear Destruction Act 1912 enabled the Queensland government to enter contracts with private entities for land heavily covered with prickly pear (Opuntia and Nopalea species). The story of Cactus Estates Ltd, the first negotiation under the Act, provides an opportunity to analyse this response to local ecologies changed by nineteenth-century plant transfers. Most scholarship on the invasion of prickly pear focuses on the science of entomology due to the spectacular success of the introduction of Cactoblastis cactorum in 1926. This article examines an earlier period in the history of applied science in Queensland. The Queensland government, along with scientific and business communities, pursued poisons for controlling the density of plant growth as the preferred mechanism for eliminating plants. Cactus Estates Ltd experimented with arsenic-based poisons for this purpose. An examination of Cactus Estates Ltd provides evidence of the state’s willingness to produce a multifaceted approach to dealing with invasive species in Australia in the early twentieth century.
'The trees and grass and river and myself'
Authors: Lovell Sue
Published: May 2016

Madge Roe was a Brisbane-based illustrator who specialised in Australian flora and fauna. She captured the everyday in sketches and line illustrations to share with family and friends, and donated her time and talents to public causes. Although an avid supporter of and participant in Brisbane cultural groups, she was not a leading artist. Vida Lahey, however, was highly respected nationally and developing an international reputation. Both artists were embedded in family networks that sustained and promoted their well-being; both engaged with Brisbane culture, though in very different ways. In this paper, I argue for thinking holistically about culture and place as they are engaged by meaning-making ‘subjects’. Through Lahey’s painting, Memoriam to Madge Roe, Roe’s death notice and family sources, I focus on the articulation by subjects of geo-cultural meanings. By using this term, I indicate that meaning making is closely tied to place, to transitions between places and to the family as a form of subject ‘placement’.
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF TREE ATTRIBUTES UNDERPINS SPECIES SELECTION ON COFFEE FARMS
Authors: LAMOND GENEVIEVE , SANDBROOK LINDSEY , GASSNER ANJA , SINCLAIR FERGUS L.
Published: May 2016

The extent to which coffee agroforestry systems provide ecosystem services depends on local context and management practices. There is a paucity of information about how and why farmers manage their coffee farms in the way that they do and the local knowledge that underpins this. The present research documents local agro-ecological knowledge from a coffee growing region within the vicinity of the Aberdare Forest Reserve in Central Kenya. Knowledge was acquired from over 60 coffee farmers in a purposive sample, using a knowledge-based systems approach, and tested with a stratified random sample of 125 farmers using an attribute ranking survey. Farmers had varying degrees of explanatory knowledge about how trees affected provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. Trees were described as suitable or unsuitable for growing with coffee according to tree attributes such as crown density and spread, root depth and spread, growth rate and their economic benefit. Farmers were concerned that too high a level of shade and competition for water and nutrients would decrease coffee yields, but they were also interested in diversifying production from their coffee farms to include fruits, timber, firewood and other tree products as a response to fluctuating coffee prices. A range of trees were maintained in coffee plots and along their boundaries but most were at very low abundances. Promoting tree diversity rather than focussing on one or two high value exotic species represents a change of approach for extension systems, the coffee industry and farmers alike, but is important if the coffee dominated landscapes of the region are to retain their tree species richness and the resilience this confers.
LOADING THE DICE IN FAVOUR OF THE FARMER: REDUCING THE RISK OF ADOPTING AGRONOMIC INNOVATIONS
Authors: COE RIC , NJOLOMA JOYCE , SINCLAIR FERGUS
Published: May 2016

Agricultural development projects frequently promote new crop production technologies for adoption at scale on the basis of research and pilot studies in a limited number of contexts. The performance of these production technologies is often variable and dependent on context. Using an example from the Agroforestry for Food Security Project in Malawi, that promoted agroforestry technologies for soil fertility enhancement, we explore the nature and implications of variation in performance across farmers. Mean effects of these technologies, measured by differences in maize yield between agroforestry and sole maize plots, were modest but positive. However, there was large variation in those differences, some explained by altitude, plot management and fertilizer use but with much unexplained. This represents risk to farmers. Those communicating with farmers need to be honest and clear about this risk. It can be reduced by explanation in terms of contextual factors. This should be an aim of research that can often be embedded in scaling up the promotion of agronomic innovations.
Research on English language teaching and learning in Argentina (2007–2013)
Authors: Porto Melina , Montemayor-Borsinger Ann , López-Barrios Mario
Published: May 2016

In this article we review research on English as a foreign language (EFL) teaching and learning published in Argentina between 2007 and 2013. This is the first review of a Latin American country in this series. Argentina has a century-long tradition of training EFL teachers but a comparatively shorter though fruitful history of foreign language (FL) research. The article examines 88 articles that appeared in locally published peer-reviewed conference proceedings, academic journals and one edited collection. The contributions cover a wide spectrum of topics that illustrates prominent research interests in the country, such as the role of imagination, emotion and affect in language comprehension and production, intercultural dimensions, FL teacher education and development, content and language integrated learning (CLIL), computer-assisted language learning (CALL), the teaching of English for academic or specific purposes, testing, assessment and evaluation, and materials design and course development. The review includes work by specialists whose research may not be known outside the boundaries of Argentina but who produce high-quality situated research that accounts for the specificity of the local educational setting.
The history, status and trends of the Endangered Seychelles Magpie-robinCopsychus sechellarum
Authors: BURT APRIL J. , GANE JULIE , OLIVIER IAIN , CALABRESE LICIA , DE GROENE ARJAN , LIEBRICK TANYA , MARX DANE , SHAH NIRMAL
Published: May 2016

The once ‘Critically Endangered’ Seychelles Magpie-robin was down to just 12 individuals in 1960 on one island of the granitic Seychelles. In 2015, due to intensive long-term management the population stands at around 280 birds on five islands, marking a significant success for this species. Translocations to the islands of Cousin and Cousine have led to population saturation and stability, a translocation to Denis Island has resulted in a continuing population increase and the founder population on Frégate Island is likewise increasing. The latest translocation to Aride Island in 2002 resulted in population increase then stability but is now showing a steep decline throughout 2014 into 2015. Reasons for this decline are yet unknown though disease, lack of recruitment, the impacts of social conflict and the possibility of genetic issues are discussed. This report summarises the history of management for this species, compiling all available published and unpublished information, to provide a comprehensive account of the Seychelles Magpie-robin recovery.
Adaptation to climate change: how does heterogeneity in adaptation costs affect climate coalitions?
Authors: Lazkano Itziar , Marrouch Walid , Nkuiya Bruno
Published: May 2016

Adaptation costs to climate change vary widely across countries, especially between developed and developing countries. Adaptation costs also influence a country's decision to abate and join international environmental agreements (IEAs). In this paper, the authors study how these cost differences affect participation incentives. Their model identifies two channels through which adaptation affects free-riding incentives: carbon leakage and cost asymmetry in adaptation. In contrast with the common view, the authors find that the presence of adaptation is not necessarily an impediment to cooperation on abatement. They also present conditions under which adaptation can strengthen or weaken free-riding incentives. The results serve as a cautionary tale to policy makers and suggest that policies directed at reducing carbon leakage and/or cost differences between developed and developing countries may also affect the success and failure of IEAs.
Technical-economical aspects of the Alcarreña sheep farms in Spain and characterization of their meat products
Authors: Palacios C. , Revilla I. , Lurueña-Martínez M.A. , Álvarez S. , Abecia J.A.
Published: May 2016

Alcarreña is an endangered Spanish sheep breed (8 009 breeding animals) characterized by its adaptation to a particularly harsh environment and by having a sustainable pasture-based, small-scale, production model. The first objective of this study was to identify the technical-economic aspects of the Alcarreña farms, based on information obtained from surveys. The second objective was to quantify the influence of slaughter weight (12, 19 and 23 kg) on the sensory characteristics of the lamb meat. The mean age of the Alcarreña sheep farmers was lower than the average age of Spanish sheep farmers; however, generational renewal is not assured because most of the farmers’ children were still in school. Mean flock size was higher than the average Spanish sheep flock. Alcarreña sheep were reared under an extensive management system, grazed year-round and had a reproductive schedule of three lambings within 2 years. The carcass and meat qualities of the 12 and 19 kg lambs did not differ significantly, although the lightest lambs had the softest meat and the clearest subcutaneous fat. The most important differences between the lighter lambs and the 23-kg lambs were in meat and fat colour and lipid composition. Among the sensorial characteristics, the 19-kg lambs had the lowest meat fibrosity, and meat colour and slaughter weight were negatively correlated.
Sprachentwicklungsstörungen
Authors: Petermann Franz
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung.Spracherwerb stellt eine zentrale Entwicklungsaufgabe in den ersten Lebensjahren eines Kindes dar. Misslingt die Bewältigung, dann treten in der sozial-emotionalen und kognitiven (schulischen) Entwicklung eines Kindes massive Probleme auf. Treten Sprachprobleme auf, kann man zwischen primären und sekundären Sprachstörungen unterscheiden. Störungen der Sprachentwicklung stellen die häufigste umschriebene Entwicklungsstörung dar. Die Prävalenz beträgt in Deutschland zwischen 5 bis 8 %, wobei Jungen ungefähr doppelt so häufig betroffen sind wie Mädchen. Die Symptomatik ist jedoch durch eine hohe Variabilität in den Erscheinungsformen geprägt, zudem besteht eine sehr große Altersabhängigkeit. Die Diagnostik und Behandlung ist interdisziplinär ausgerichtet.
Psychosoziale Belastungen bei Sprachentwicklungsstörungen
Authors: Rißling Julia-Katharina , Ronniger Pola , Petermann Franz , Melzer Jessica
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die umschriebenen Entwicklungsstörungen des Sprechens und der Sprache gehören zu den häufigsten Entwicklungsstörungen. Aufgrund der zentralen Bedeutung sprachlicher Kompetenzen für verschiedene Lebensbereiche beeinträchtigen Sprachentwicklungsstörungen nicht nur die schulische, sondern auch die soziale und emotionale Entwicklung eines Kindes und wirken bis ins Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter hinein. Es folgt eine Übersicht über die psychosozialen Belastungen bei betroffenen Kindern und Jugendlichen sowie ihren Angehörigen. Kinder mit Sprachentwicklungsstörungen tragen ein erhöhtes Risiko für komorbide internalisierende und externalisierende Störungen sowie für Schwierigkeiten mit Gleichaltrigen, die im Jugendalter zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnen. Eltern von Kindern mit Sprachentwicklungsstörungen weisen im Vergleich zur Allgemeinbevölkerung höhere Stress- und Depressionswerte auf, die insbesondere durch die mangelnde Akzeptanz und Unterstützung durch das soziale Umfeld beeinflusst werden. Es existieren zu wenig therapeutische Angebote, die auf die besondere Situation der Betroffenen angepasst sind. Die Implikationen für Forschung und klinische Praxis werden diskutiert.
Alltagsintegrierte Sprachförderung in Spielgruppen und Kindertageseinrichtungen in der Schweiz
Authors: Kappeler Suter Silvana , Kannengieser Simone , Tovote Katrin , Ursprung Antonia
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende empirische Studie berichtet über die Prozess- und Orientierungsqualität von alltagsintegrierter Sprachförderung in Spielgruppen und Kindertageseinrichtungen in Basel-Stadt. Es wurden 16 Förderpersonen zu ihren Konzepten betreffend der Sprachförderung befragt und zehn Förderperson-Kind-Paare in Spielgruppen und Kindertageseinrichtungen gefilmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die alltagsintegrierte Sprachförderung in Grundzügen umgesetzt wird, insofern die Sprachvermittlung nicht separiert und kommunikationsfern stattfindet. Sie zeigen aber auch, dass die zentralen Qualitätsfaktoren impliziter Sprachvermittlung Responsivität und Modellieren kindlicher Äußerungen im untersuchten Feld zu kurz kommen.
Zusammenspiel sprachlicher und sozial-emotionaler Entwicklung vom vierten bis zum achten Lebensjahr
Authors: Rose Elisabeth , Ebert Susanne , Weinert Sabine
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Anhand längsschnittlicher Daten (N = 551) werden in diesem Beitrag die Entwicklungszusammenhänge zwischen sprachlichen und sozial-emotionalen Kompetenzen vom Eintritt in eine Kindertageseinrichtung (KiTa) bis zum Ende der ersten Klasse untersucht. Im Fokus steht die Frage nach der Wirkrichtung des Entwicklungszusammenhangs zwischen sprachlichen Kompetenzen und drei Bereichen sozial-emotionaler Kompetenzen, dem kooperativen Umgang mit Anderen, dem aggressiven Verhalten und der emotionalen Selbstregulation. Es zeigt sich, dass die Sprachkompetenz im Alter von drei Jahren nicht nur prädiktiv für alle drei Aspekte späterer sozial-emotionaler Kompetenzen ist, sondern darüber hinaus auch Entwicklungsveränderungen in diesen vorhersagt. Umgekehrt finden sich zwar auch Zusammenhänge zwischen dem frühen kooperativen und aggressiven Verhalten und der späteren Sprachkompetenz, jedoch sagen diese Aspekte des Sozialverhaltens keine Veränderungen in der Sprachkompetenz vorher. Erklärungsansätze und praktische Implikationen werden diskutiert.
Der Einfluss von Mehrsprachigkeit auf mathematische Fähigkeiten bei Grundschulkindern mit niedrigem sozioökonomischen Status
Authors: Saalbach Henrik , Gunzenhauser Catherine , Kempert Sebastian , Karbach Julia
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Viele mehrsprachige Grundschulkinder weisen unzureichende Kenntnisse in der Mehrheits- und Instruktionssprache (hier: Deutsch) auf. Dies geht häufig mit Kompetenzdefiziten in anderen akademischen Bereichen einher. Im Gegensatz dazu stehen Befunde bzgl. kognitiver Vorteile insbesondere in den exekutiven Funktionen (EF) bei bilingualen gegenüber monolingualen Kindern, die jedoch bisher vor allem für Kinder mit hohem sozioökonomischem Status (SÖS) belegt sind. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Einfluss von Sprachstatus (monolingual vs. bilingual), Deutschkenntnissen und SÖS auf die Leistung bei mathematischen Textaufgaben untersucht. An der Studie nahmen N = 77 Grundschulkinder aus Familien mit unterdurchschnittlichem SÖS teil. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten die Bedeutung der Kenntnisse in der Instruktionssprache Deutsch für mathematische Kompetenzen. Mehrsprachige Kinder hatten bei Mathematikaufgaben mit hohen Anforderungen an EF trotz schwächerer Sprachkenntnisse einen Vorteil gegenüber ihren einsprachigen Mitschülern.
The Relationship Between Interoception and	Metacognition
Authors: Meessen Judith , Mainz Verena , Gauggel Siegfried , Volz-Sidiropoulou Eftychia , Sütterlin Stefan , Forkmann Thomas
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Recently, Garfinkel and Critchley (2013) proposed to distinguish between three facets of interoception: interoceptive sensibility, interoceptive accuracy, and interoceptive awareness. This pilot study investigated how these facets interrelate to each other and whether interoceptive awareness is related to the metacognitive awareness of memory performance. A sample of 24 healthy students completed a heartbeat perception task (HPT) and a memory task. Judgments of confidence were requested for each task. Participants filled in questionnaires assessing interoceptive sensibility, depression, anxiety, and socio-demographic characteristics. The three facets of interoception were found to be uncorrelated and interoceptive awareness was not related to metacognitive awareness of memory performance. Whereas memory performance was significantly related to metamemory awareness, interoceptive accuracy (HPT) and interoceptive awareness were not correlated. Results suggest that future research on interoception should assess all facets of interoception in order to capture the multifaceted quality of the construct.
Mining 3D genome structure populations identifies major factors governing the stability of regulatory communities
Authors: Dai Chao , Li Wenyuan , Tjong Harianto , Hao Shengli , Zhou Yonggang , Li Qingjiao , Chen Lin , Zhu Bing , Alber Frank , Jasmine Zhou Xianghong
Published: May 2016

Three-dimensional (3D) genome structures vary from cell to cell even in an isogenic sample. Unlike protein structures, genome structures are highly plastic, posing a significant challenge for structure-function mapping. Here we report an approach to comprehensively identify 3D chromatin clusters that each occurs frequently across a population of genome structures, either deconvoluted from ensemble-averaged Hi-C data or from a collection of single-cell Hi-C data. Applying our method to a population of genome structures (at the macrodomain resolution) of lymphoblastoid cells, we identify an atlas of stable inter-chromosomal chromatin clusters. A large number of these clusters are enriched in binding of specific regulatory factors and are therefore defined as ‘Regulatory Communities.’ We reveal two major factors, centromere clustering and transcription factor binding, which significantly stabilize such communities. Finally, we show that the regulatory communities differ substantially from cell to cell, indicating that expression variability could be impacted by genome structures.
CXCL1 mediates obesity-associated adipose stromal cell trafficking and function in the tumour microenvironment
Authors: Zhang Tao , Tseng Chieh , Zhang Yan , Sirin Olga , Corn Paul G. , Li-Ning-Tapia Elsa M. , Troncoso Patricia , Davis John , Pettaway Curtis , Ward John , Frazier Marsha L. , Logothetis Christopher , Kolonin Mikhail G.
Published: May 2016

White adipose tissue (WAT) overgrowth in obesity is linked with increased aggressiveness of certain cancers. Adipose stromal cells (ASCs) can become mobilized from WAT, recruited by tumours and promote cancer progression. Mechanisms underlying ASC trafficking are unclear. Here we demonstrate that chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 chemoattract ASC by signalling through their receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, in cell culture models. We further show that obese patients with prostate cancer have increased epithelial CXCL1 expression. Concomitantly, we observe that cells with ASC phenotype are mobilized and infiltrate tumours in obese patients. Using mouse models, we show that the CXCL1 chemokine gradient is required for the obesity-dependent tumour ASC recruitment, vascularization and tumour growth promotion. We demonstrate that αSMA expression in ASCs is induced by chemokine signalling and mediates the stimulatory effects of ASCs on endothelial cells. Our data suggest that ASC recruitment to tumours, driven by CXCL1 and CXCL8, promotes prostate cancer progression.
An asteroidal origin for water in the Moon
Authors: Barnes Jessica J. , Kring David A. , Tartèse Romain , Franchi Ian A. , Anand Mahesh , Russell Sara S.
Published: May 2016

The Apollo-derived tenet of an anhydrous Moon has been contested following measurement of water in several lunar samples that require water to be present in the lunar interior. However, significant uncertainties exist regarding the flux, sources and timing of water delivery to the Moon. Here we address those fundamental issues by constraining the mass of water accreted to the Moon and modelling the relative proportions of asteroidal and cometary sources for water that are consistent with measured isotopic compositions of lunar samples. We determine that a combination of carbonaceous chondrite-type materials were responsible for the majority of water (and nitrogen) delivered to the Earth–Moon system. Crucially, we conclude that comets containing water enriched in deuterium contributed significantly <20% of the water in the Moon. Therefore, our work places important constraints on the types of objects impacting the Moon ∼4.5–4.3 billion years ago and on the origin of water in the inner Solar System.
BK channels in microglia are required for morphine-induced hyperalgesia
Authors: Hayashi Yoshinori , Morinaga Saori , Zhang Jing , Satoh Yasushi , Meredith Andrea L. , Nakata Takahiro , Wu Zhou , Kohsaka Shinichi , Inoue Kazuhide , Nakanishi Hiroshi
Published: May 2016

Although morphine is a gold standard medication, long-term opioid use is associated with serious side effects, such as morphine-induced hyperalgesia (MIH) and anti-nociceptive tolerance. Microglia-to-neuron signalling is critically involved in pain hypersensitivity. However, molecules that control microglial cellular state under chronic morphine treatment remain unknown. Here we show that the microglia-specific subtype of Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel is responsible for generation of MIH and anti-nociceptive tolerance. We find that, after chronic morphine administration, an increase in arachidonic acid levels through the μ-opioid receptors leads to the sole activation of microglial BK channels in the spinal cord. Silencing BK channel auxiliary β3 subunit significantly attenuates the generation of MIH and anti-nociceptive tolerance, and increases neurotransmission after chronic morphine administration. Therefore, microglia-specific BK channels contribute to the generation of MIH and anti-nociceptive tolerance.
Aurora-A recruitment and centrosomal maturation are regulated by a Golgi-activated pool of Src during G2
Authors: Barretta Maria Luisa , Spano Daniela , D’Ambrosio Chiara , Cervigni Romina Ines , Scaloni Andrea , Corda Daniela , Colanzi Antonino
Published: May 2016

The Golgi apparatus is composed of stacks of cisternae laterally connected by tubules to form a ribbon-like structure. At the onset of mitosis, the Golgi ribbon is broken down into discrete stacks, which then undergo further fragmentation. This ribbon cleavage is required for G2/M transition, which thus indicates that a ‘Golgi mitotic checkpoint’ couples Golgi inheritance with cell cycle transition. We previously showed that the Golgi-checkpoint regulates the centrosomal recruitment of the mitotic kinase Aurora-A; however, how the Golgi unlinking regulates this recruitment was unknown. Here we show that, in G2, Aurora-A recruitment is promoted by activated Src at the Golgi. Our data provide evidence that Src and Aurora-A interact upon Golgi ribbon fragmentation; Src phosphorylates Aurora-A at tyrosine 148 and this specific phosphorylation is required for Aurora-A localization at the centrosomes. This process, pivotal for centrosome maturation, is a fundamental prerequisite for proper spindle formation and chromosome segregation.
Elastase levels and activity are increased in dystrophic muscle and impair myoblast cell survival, proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Arecco N. , Clarke C. J. , Jones F. K. , Simpson D. M. , Mason D. , Beynon R. J. , Pisconti A.
Published: May 2016

In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, progressive loss of muscle tissue is accompanied by fibrosis, chronic inflammation and reduced muscle regenerative capacity. Although much is known about the development of fibrosis and chronic inflammation in muscular dystrophy, less is known about how they are mechanistically linked to loss of muscle regenerative capacity. We have developed a proteomics method to discover dystrophy-associated changes in the muscle progenitor cell niche, which identified serine proteases, and especially neutrophil elastase, as candidates. We show that elastase activity is increased in dystrophic (mdx4cv) muscle and impairs myoblast survival in culture. While the effect of elastase on C2C12 cell survival correlates with the kinetics of elastase-mediated degradation of the substrate to which the cells adhere, the effect of elastase on satellite cell-derived primary myoblast growth and differentiation is substrate-independent and even more dramatic than the effect on C2C12 cells, suggesting a detrimental role for elastase on myogenesis in vivo. Additionally, elastase impairs differentiation of both primary and C2C12 myoblasts into myotubes. Our findings evidence the importance of neutrophil-mediated inflammation in muscular dystrophy and indicate elastase-mediated regulation of myoblast behaviour as a potential mechanism underlying loss of regenerative capacity in dystrophic muscle.