bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Reliability-Based Simulation Method for Optimum Laser Peening Treatment
Authors: Hasser Peter J. , Malik Arif S. , Langer Kristina , Spradlin Thomas J. , Hatamleh Mohammad I.
Published: May 2016

A method is introduced for efficient reliability-based design of laser peening (LP) surface treatment to extend fatigue life of metal components. The method includes nonparametric probability density estimation, surrogate modeling using a new finite element (FE or FEA) approach, and reliability analysis with correlated random variables (RVs). Efficient LP simulation is achieved via a new technique termed single explicit analysis using time-dependent damping (SEATD), which reduces simulation times by a factor of 6. The example study of a three-point bend coupon reveals that fatigue life reliability significantly affects optimal LP design, as 52 laser spots are needed for 99% reliability versus 44 spots for 95%.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on Inclined Ultrasonic Elliptical Vibration Cutting of Alumina Ceramics
Authors: Zhu Wu-Le , He Yu , Ehmann Kornel F. , Sánchez Egea Antonio J. , Wang Xinwei , Ju Bing-Feng , Zhu Zhiwei
Published: May 2016

Alumina (Al2O3) is an extremely hard and brittle ceramic that is usually used as an abrasive or a cutting tool insert in manufacturing. However, its growing applications in industrial products make it necessary to conduct a study of the machinability of alumina themselves with a cost-effective and flexible method, rather than conventional diamond grinding or laser-assisted processing methods. In this paper, polycrystalline diamond tools are used to investigate the machining of nonporous pure alumina by applying an inclined ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting (IUEVC) method. First, a theoretical analysis is presented to study the effects of the machining parameters on cutting performances during raster cutting procedures from the prospective of the material removal rate (MRR), tool-chip contact area, cutting edge angle, etc. Then, experiments are carried out to investigate the cutting forces and the areal surface roughness (Sa) in connection with the theoretically established relationships. The results show that the cutting forces are remarkably reduced, by up to more than 90%, and that the machined surface finish is also improved compared with conventional methods.
Lyapunov–Schmidt Reduction for Fractional Differential Systems
Authors: Li Changpin , Ma Li
Published: May 2016

Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction is one of the powerful and significant methods to simplify nonlinear ordinary differential systems (ODSs) with standard formulation. In this paper, we extend Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction to fractional ordinary differential systems (FODSs) with Caputo derivatives.
Silicon nitride and silicon etching by CH3F/O2 and CH3F/CO2 plasma beams
Authors: Kaler Sanbir S. , Lou Qiaowei , Donnelly Vincent M. , Economou Demetre J.
Published: May 2016

Silicon nitride (SiN, where Si:N ≠ 1:1) films low pressure-chemical vapor deposited on Si substrates, Si films on Ge on Si substrates, and p-Si samples were exposed to plasma beams emanating from CH3F/O2 or CH3F/CO2 inductively coupled plasmas. Conditions within the plasma beam source were maintained at power of 300 W (1.9 W/cm3), pressure of 10 mTorr, and total gas flow rate of 10 sccm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the thicknesses of Si/Ge in addition to hydrofluorocarbon polymer films formed at low %O2 or %CO2 addition on p-Si and SiN. Polymer film thickness decreased sharply as a function of increasing %O2 or %CO2 addition and dropped to monolayer thickness above the transition point (∼48% O2 or ∼75% CO2) at which the polymer etchants (O and F) number densities in the plasma increased abruptly. The C(1s) spectra for the polymer films deposited on p-Si substrates appeared similar to those on SiN. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to measure the thickness of SiN films etched using the CH3F/O2 and CH3F/CO2 plasma beams. SiN etching rates peaked near 50% O2 addition and 73% CO2 addition. Faster etching rates were measured in CH3F/CO2 than CH3F/O2 plasmas above 70% O2 or CO2 addition. The etching of Si stopped after a loss of ∼3 nm, regardless of beam exposure time and %O2 or %CO2 addition, apparently due to plasma assisted oxidation of Si. An additional GeOxFy peak was observed at 32.5 eV in the Ge(3d) region, suggesting deep penetration of F into Si, under the conditions investigated.
Comparisons between physics-based, engineering, and statistical learning models for outdoor sound propagation
Authors: Hart Carl R. , Reznicek Nathan J. , Wilson D. Keith , Pettit Chris L. , Nykaza Edward T.
Published: May 2016

Many outdoor sound propagation models exist, ranging from highly complex physics-based simulations to simplified engineering calculations, and more recently, highly flexible statistical learning methods. Several engineering and statistical learning models are evaluated by using a particular physics-based model, namely, a Crank-Nicholson parabolic equation (CNPE), as a benchmark. Narrowband transmission loss values predicted with the CNPE, based upon a simulated data set of meteorological, boundary, and source conditions, act as simulated observations. In the simulated data set sound propagation conditions span from downward refracting to upward refracting, for acoustically hard and soft boundaries, and low frequencies. Engineering models used in the comparisons include the ISO 9613-2 method, Harmonoise, and Nord2000 propagation models. Statistical learning methods used in the comparisons include bagged decision tree regression, random forest regression, boosting regression, and artificial neural network models. Computed skill scores are relative to sound propagation in a homogeneous atmosphere over a rigid ground. Overall skill scores for the engineering noise models are 0.6%, −7.1%, and 83.8% for the ISO 9613-2, Harmonoise, and Nord2000 models, respectively. Overall skill scores for the statistical learning models are 99.5%, 99.5%, 99.6%, and 99.6% for bagged decision tree, random forest, boosting, and artificial neural network regression models, respectively.
Editorial—A brief journal status update
Authors: Lynch James F.
Published: May 2016

In this editorial, the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America gives a brief overview of the present status of the Journal, emphasizing the events that have occurred over the past one and one half years. Topics addressed include: (1) The recent transition to the Editorial Manager peer review system, (2) new features that have been implemented in the Journal, (3) the incoming Managing Editor, (4) the publications component of the Acoustical Society's Strategic Plan, (5) new and revived article types, (6) open access, and (7) Journal metrics and statistics.
NSF director unveils big ideas
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: May 2016

Plan is aimed at the next president and Congress.
Resistance fighters
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai
Published: May 2016

Evolutionary biologists are challenging old dogmas about the way antibiotics should be used.
Empirical evidence of contrasting soil moisture–precipitation feedbacks across the United States
Authors: Tuttle Samuel , Salvucci Guido
Published: May 2016

The effects of rainfall on rainfall

Soil moisture, which is controlled in part by past rainfall, can affect the probability of future rainfall over large areas. This is because the water contained in soils helps determine how sunlight is converted into latent heat (evaporation) and sensible heat (which increases overlying air temperatures). Tuttle and Salvucci used data collected for the contiguous United States over 10 years to study this relationship. The feedback between soil moisture and rainfall is generally positive in the western United States but negative in the east. This regional dependence could be a function of large-scale differences in aridity.

Science
, this issue p.
825
Causal evidence for the role of REM sleep theta rhythm in contextual memory consolidation
Authors: Boyce Richard , Glasgow Stephen D. , Williams Sylvain , Adamantidis Antoine
Published: May 2016

Let sleeping mice remember

The role of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep for memory consolidation has been discussed for a long time. Boyce
et al.
used optogenetics to inhibit theta oscillations in the mouse hippocampus during REM sleep (see the Perspective by Kocsis). Both object recognition memory and contextual fear memory were impaired. This consolidation mechanism occurred in a critical time window immediately after training. Disrupting the same system for similar durations during non-REM sleep or wakefulness had no effect on memory.

Science
, this issue p.
812
; see also p.
770
Identifying remnants of early Earth
Authors: Dahl Tais W.
Published: May 2016

Isotope analysis reveals portions of Earth that have remained the same since accretion
Radical SAM catalysis via an organometallic intermediate with an Fe–[5′-C]-deoxyadenosyl bond
Authors: Horitani Masaki , Shisler Krista , Broderick William E. , Hutcheson Rachel U. , Duschene Kaitlin S. , Marts Amy R. , Hoffman Brian M. , Broderick Joan B.
Published: May 2016

Catching a radical in action

Many enzymes catalyze reactions through the production of radical intermediates. Radical SAM enzymes, the largest superfamily of enzymes in nature, do this by using an iron-sulfur cluster to cleave S-adenosylmethionine and produce a radical intermediate. Using freeze quenching, Horitani
et al.
were able to trap a previously unseen radical intermediate from bacterial pyruvate formate-lyase activating enzyme. Spectroscopy revealed that the intermediate consists of a short-lived covalent bond between the terminal carbon of 5′-deoxyadenosyl and the single iron atom of the iron-sulfur cluster. Not only does the observation of this radical expand our mechanistic understanding of radical SAM enzymes, but it expands the range of enzyme active sites or cofactors that function through an organometallic center.

Science
, this issue p.
822
Living sentinels for climate change effects
Authors: Wikelski Martin , Tertitski Grigori
Published: May 2016

Migrating birds affected by climate change in the Arctic may have lower survival chances in their tropical habitats
The stanchions of statistics
The Seven Pillars of Statistical Wisdom
Stephen M. Stigler
Harvard University Press, 2016. 238 pp.
Authors: Wainer Howard
Published: May 2016

A new volume explores the origins and history of seven foundational tenets of statistical science
REMembering what you learned
Authors: Kocsis Bernat
Published: May 2016

Specific brain activity during REM sleep affects memory consolidation
Pursuit of integral ecology
Authors: Sorondo Marcelo Sánchez , Ramanathan Veerabhadran
Published: May 2016

Later this month (23 and 24 May), the United Nations will convene the first World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul, where global and local leaders will commit to putting each and every person's safety, dignity, freedom, and right to thrive at the heart of decision-making. More than 125 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance, a level of suffering not seen since World War II. The social problems are wide and deep, from war and human trafficking to the gross inequality between the wealthy 1% and the poorest 3 billion of the population. Included in the summit's Agenda for Humanity are climate and natural disasters. Indeed, 1 year ago, Pope Francis emphasized, in the encyclical
Laudato Si
, that complex crises have both social and environmental dimensions. The bond between humans and the natural world means that we live in an “integral ecology,” and as such, an integrated approach to environmental and social justice is required.
Cytokine Profiles during Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease Predict Outcome in African Children
Authors: Gilchrist James J. , Heath Jennifer N. , Msefula Chisomo L. , Gondwe Esther N. , Naranbhai Vivek , Mandala Wilson , MacLennan Jenny M. , Molyneux Elizabeth M. , Graham Stephen M. , Drayson Mark T. , Molyneux Malcolm E. , MacLennan Calman A.
Published: May 2016

NontyphoidalSalmonellais a leading cause of sepsis in African children. Cytokine responses are central to the pathophysiology of sepsis and predict sepsis outcome in other settings. In this study, we investigated cytokine responses to invasive nontyphoidalSalmonella(iNTS) disease in Malawian children. We determined serum concentrations of 48 cytokines with multiplexed immunoassays in Malawian children during acute iNTS disease (n= 111) and in convalescence (n= 77). Principal component analysis and logistic regression were used to identify cytokine signatures of acute iNTS disease. We further investigated whether these responses are altered by HIV coinfection or severe malnutrition and whether cytokine responses predict inpatient mortality. Cytokine changes in acute iNTS disease were associated with two distinct cytokine signatures. The first is characterized by increased concentrations of mediators known to be associated with macrophage function, and the second is characterized by raised pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines typical of responses reported in sepsis secondary to diverse pathogens. These cytokine responses were largely unaltered by either severe malnutrition or HIV coinfection. Children with fatal disease had a distinctive cytokine profile, characterized by raised mediators known to be associated with neutrophil function. In conclusion, cytokine responses to acute iNTS infection in Malawian children are reflective of both the cytokine storm typical of sepsis secondary to diverse pathogens and the intramacrophage replicative niche of NTS. The cytokine profile predictive of fatal disease supports a key role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of NTS sepsis.
A Replication-Defective Human Type 5 Adenovirus-Based Trivalent Vaccine Confers Complete Protection against Plague in Mice and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Sha Jian , Kirtley Michelle L. , Klages Curtis , Erova Tatiana E. , Telepnev Maxim , Ponnusamy Duraisamy , Fitts Eric C. , Baze Wallace B. , Sivasubramani Satheesh K. , Lawrence William S. , Patrikeev Igor , Peel Jennifer E. , Andersson Jourdan A. , Kozlova Elena V. , Tiner Bethany L. , Peterson Johnny W. , McWilliams David , Patel Snehal , Rothe Eric , Motin Vladimir L. , Chopra Ashok K.
Published: May 2016

Currently, no plague vaccine exists in the United States for human use. The capsular antigen (Caf1 or F1) and two type 3 secretion system (T3SS) components, the low-calcium-response V antigen (LcrV) and the needle protein YscF, represent protective antigens of
Yersinia pestis
. We used a replication-defective human type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) vector and constructed recombinant monovalent and trivalent vaccines (rAd5-LcrV and rAd5-YFV) that expressed either the codon-optimized
lcrV
or the fusion gene designated
YFV
(consisting of
ycsF
,
caf1
, and
lcrV
). Immunization of mice with the trivalent rAd5-YFV vaccine by either the intramuscular (i.m.) or the intranasal (i.n.) route provided protection superior to that with the monovalent rAd5-LcrV vaccine against bubonic and pneumonic plague when animals were challenged with
Y. pestis
CO92. Preexisting adenoviral immunity did not diminish the protective response, and the protection was always higher when mice were administered one i.n. dose of the trivalent vaccine (priming) followed by a single i.m. booster dose of the purified YFV antigen. Immunization of cynomolgus macaques with the trivalent rAd5-YFV vaccine by the prime-boost strategy provided 100% protection against a stringent aerosol challenge dose of CO92 to animals that had preexisting adenoviral immunity. The vaccinated and challenged macaques had no signs of disease, and the invading pathogen rapidly cleared with no histopathological lesions. This is the first report showing the efficacy of an adenovirus-vectored trivalent vaccine against pneumonic plague in mouse and nonhuman primate (NHP) models.
Proposal for a New Score-Based Approach To Improve Efficiency of Diagnostic Laboratory Workflow for Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Adults
Authors: Lagi Filippo , Bartalesi Filippo , Pecile Patrizia , Biagioli Tiziana , Caldini Anna Lucia , Fanelli Alessandra , Giannazzo Giuseppe , Grifoni Stefano , Massacesi Luca , Bartoloni Alessandro , Rossolini Gian Maria
Published: May 2016

Microbiological tests on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) utilize a common urgent-care procedure that does not take into account the chemical and cytological characteristics of the CSF, resulting sometimes in an unnecessary use of human and diagnostic resources. The aim of this study was to retrospectively validate a simple scoring system (bacterial meningitis-Careggi score [BM-CASCO]) based on blood and CSF sample chemical/cytological parameters for evaluating the probability of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in adults. BM-CASCO (range, 0 to 6) was defined by the following parameters: CSF cell count, CSF protein levels, CSF lactate levels, CSF glucose-to-serum glucose ratio, and peripheral neutrophil count. BM-CASCO was retrospectively calculated for 784 cases of suspected ABM in adult subjects observed during a four-and-a-half-year-period (2010 to 2014) at the emergency department (ED) of a large tertiary-care teaching hospital in Italy. Among the 28 confirmed ABM cases (3.5%),
Streptococcus pneumoniae
was the most frequent cause (16 cases). All ABM cases showed a BM-CASCO value of ≥3. Most negative cases (591/756) exhibited a BM-CASCO value of ≤1, which was adopted in our laboratory as a cutoff to not proceed with urgent microbiological analysis of CSF in cases of suspected ABM in adults. During a subsequent 1-year follow-up, the introduction of the BM-CASCO in the diagnostic workflow of ABM in adults resulted in a significant decrease in unnecessary microbiological analysis, with no false negatives. In conclusion, BM-CASCO appears to be an accurate and simple scoring system for optimization of the microbiological diagnostic workflow of ABM in adults.
Incident Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution and Multiple Infection in Australian Prisons
Authors: Walker Melanie R. , Li Hui , Teutsch Suzy , Betz-Stablein Brigid , Luciani Fabio , Lloyd Andrew R. , Bull Rowena A.
Published: May 2016

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a highly diverse pathogen that is classified into seven distinct genotypes. Simultaneous or sequential reinfection with multiple HCV genotypes is recognized in high-risk populations, such as injecting drug users (IDUs). Multiple infection is of clinical concern as different genotypes have various sensitivities to current antiviral therapies. Therefore, a better understanding of the frequency of multiple infection and of the genotypes currently being transmitted is clinically relevant. An Australian cohort of IDUs (
n
= 123), identified with primary incident infection, was followed for multiple infection by regular HCV RNA testing between 2005 and 2013. A total of 354 samples were tested. Sequencing of primary incident infections revealed that genotype 3a was the most common circulating genotype, followed by genotype 1a. Examination of longitudinally collected samples identified complex patterns of multiple infection, including reinfection and superinfection. In those with multiple infection, there was no apparent evidence of homotypic immunity conferring protection against reinfection of the same subtype. This study revealed frequent multiple infection in a high-risk prisoner cohort, illustrating the complex nature of HCV infection and reinfection and highlighting the need for pan-genotypic antiviral therapies.
Commentary: Significance of Staphylococcus epidermidis in Health Care-Associated Infections, from Contaminant to Clinically Relevant Pathogen: This Is a Wake-Up Call!
Authors: Widerström Micael
Published: May 2016

Coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly
Staphylococcus epidermidis
, have been recognized as an important cause of health care-associated infections. Concurrently,
S. epidermidis
is a common contaminant in clinical cultures, which poses a diagnostic challenge. An article in this issue of
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
(I. Tolo, J. C. Thomas, R. S. B. Fischer, E. L. Brown, B. M. Gray, and D. A. Robinson, J Clin Microbiol 54:1711–1719, 2015,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.03345-15
) describes a rapid single nucleotide polymorphism-based assay for distinguishing between
S. epidermidis
isolates from hospital and nonhospital sources, which represents an important contribution to the characterization and understanding of
S. epidermidis
health care-associated infections.
Bile Acids Act as Soluble Host Restriction Factors Limiting Cytomegalovirus Replication in Hepatocytes
Authors: Schupp Anna-Kathrin , Trilling Mirko , Rattay Stephanie , Le-Trilling Vu Thuy Khanh , Haselow Katrin , Stindt Jan , Zimmermann Albert , Häussinger Dieter , Hengel Hartmut , Graf Dirk
Published: May 2016

The liver constitutes a prime site of cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication and latency. Hepatocytes produce, secrete, and recycle a chemically diverse set of bile acids, with the result that interactions between bile acids and cytomegalovirus inevitably occur. Here we determined the impact of naturally occurring bile acids on mouse CMV (MCMV) replication. In primary mouse hepatocytes, physiological concentrations of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDC), glycochenodeoxycholic acid, and to a lesser extent taurocholic acid significantly reduced MCMV-induced gene expression and diminished the generation of virus progeny, while several other bile acids did not exert antiviral effects. The anticytomegalovirus activity required active import of bile acids via the sodium-taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and was consistently observed in hepatocytes but not in fibroblasts. Under conditions in which alpha interferon (IFN-α) lacks antiviral activity, physiological TCDC concentrations were similarly effective as IFN-γ. A detailed investigation of distinct steps of the viral life cycle revealed that TCDC deregulates viral transcription and diminishes global translation in infected cells.

IMPORTANCE
Cytomegaloviruses are members of the
Betaherpesvirinae
subfamily. Primary infection leads to latency, from which cytomegaloviruses can reactivate under immunocompromised conditions and cause severe disease manifestations, including hepatitis. The present study describes an unanticipated antiviral activity of conjugated bile acids on MCMV replication in hepatocytes. Bile acids negatively influence viral transcription and exhibit a global effect on translation. Our data identify bile acids as site-specific soluble host restriction factors against MCMV, which may allow rational design of anticytomegalovirus drugs using bile acids as lead compounds.
Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Restores CD4
+
T Memory Stem Cell Homeostasis in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques
Authors: Cartwright Emily K. , Palesch David , Mavigner Maud , Paiardini Mirko , Chahroudi Ann , Silvestri Guido
Published: May 2016

Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved prognosis. Unfortunately, interruption of ART almost invariably results in viral rebound, attributed to a pool of long-lived, latently infected cells. Based on their longevity and proliferative potential, CD4
+
T memory stem cells (T
SCM
) have been proposed as an important site of HIV persistence. In a previous study, we found that in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RM), CD4
+
T
SCM
are preserved in number but show (i) a decrease in the frequency of CCR5
+
cells, (ii) an expansion of the fraction of proliferating Ki-67
+
cells, and (iii) high levels of SIV DNA. To understand the impact of ART on both CD4
+
T
SCM
homeostasis and virus persistence, we conducted a longitudinal analysis of these cells in the blood and lymph nodes of 25 SIV-infected RM. We found that ART induced a significant restoration of CD4
+
CCR5
+
T
SCM
both in blood and in lymph nodes and a reduction in the fraction of proliferating CD4
+
Ki-67
+
T
SCM
in blood (but not lymph nodes). Importantly, we found that the level of SIV DNA in CD4
+
transitional memory (T
TM
) and effector memory (T
EM
) T cells declined ∼100-fold after ART in both blood and lymph nodes, while the level of SIV DNA in CD4
+
T
SCM
and central memory T cells (T
CM-
) did not significantly change. These data suggest that ART is effective at partially restoring CD4
+
T
SCM
homeostasis, and the observed stable level of virus in T
SCM
supports the hypothesis that these cells are a critical contributor to SIV persistence.

IMPORTANCE
Understanding the roles of various CD4
+
T cell memory subsets in immune homeostasis and HIV/SIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical to effectively treat and cure HIV infection. T memory stem cells (T
SCM
) are a unique memory T cell subset with enhanced self-renewal capacity and the ability to differentiate into other memory T cell subsets, such as central and transitional memory T cells (T
CM
and T
TM
, respectively). CD4
+
T
SCM
are disrupted but not depleted during pathogenic SIV infection. We find that ART is partially effective at restoring CD4
+
T
SCM
homeostasis and that SIV DNA harbored within this subset contracts more slowly than virus harbored in shorter-lived subsets, such as T
TM
and effector memory (T
EM
). Because of their ability to persist long-term in an individual, understanding the dynamics of virally infected CD4
+
T
SCM
during suppressive ART is important for future therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating immune activation and purging the HIV reservoir.
HSP90 Chaperoning in Addition to Phosphoprotein Required for Folding but Not for Supporting Enzymatic Activities of Measles and Nipah Virus L Polymerases
Authors: Bloyet Louis-Marie , Welsch Jérémy , Enchery François , Mathieu Cyrille , de Breyne Sylvain , Horvat Branka , Grigorov Boyan , Gerlier Denis
Published: May 2016

Nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA viruses, or members of the order
Mononegavirales
, share a conserved gene order and the use of elaborate transcription and replication machinery made up of at least four molecular partners. These partners have coevolved with the acquisition of the permanent encapsidation of the entire genome by the nucleoprotein (N) and the use of this N-RNA complex as a template for the viral polymerase composed of the phosphoprotein (P) and the large enzymatic protein (L). Not only is P required for polymerase function, but it also stabilizes the L protein through an unknown underlying molecular mechanism. By using NVP-AUY922 and/or 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin as specific inhibitors of cellular heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), we found that efficient chaperoning of L by HSP90 requires P in the measles, Nipah, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. While the production of P remains unchanged in the presence of HSP90 inhibitors, the production of soluble and functional L requires both P and HSP90 activity. Measles virus P can bind the N terminus of L in the absence of HSP90 activity. Both HSP90 and P are required for the folding of L, as evidenced by a luciferase reporter insert fused within measles virus L. HSP90 acts as a true chaperon; its activity is transient and dispensable for the activity of measles and Nipah virus polymerases of virion origin. That the cellular chaperoning of a viral polymerase into a soluble functional enzyme requires the assistance of another viral protein constitutes a new paradigm that seems to be conserved within the
Mononegavirales
order.

IMPORTANCE
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require a cellular environment for their replication. Some viruses particularly depend on the cellular chaperoning apparatus. We report here that for measles virus, successful chaperoning of the viral L polymerase mediated by heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) requires the presence of the viral phosphoprotein (P). Indeed, while P protein binds to the N terminus of L independently of HSP90 activity, both HSP90 and P are required to produce stable, soluble, folded, and functional L proteins. Once formed, the mature P+L complex no longer requires HSP90 to exert its polymerase functions. Such a new paradigm for the maturation of a viral polymerase appears to be conserved in several members of the
Mononegavirales
order, including the Nipah and vesicular stomatitis viruses.
MxA Mediates SUMO-Induced Resistance to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Maarifi Ghizlane , Hannoun Zara , Geoffroy Marie Claude , El Asmi Faten , Zarrouk Karima , Nisole Sébastien , Blondel Danielle , Chelbi-Alix Mounira K.
Published: May 2016

Multiple cellular pathways are regulated by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification, including ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, signal transduction, innate immunity, and antiviral defense. In the study described in this report, we investigated the effects of SUMO on the replication of two members of the
Rhabdoviridae
family, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV). We show that stable expression of SUMO in human cells confers resistance to VSV infection in an interferon-independent manner. We demonstrate that SUMO expression did not alter VSV entry but blocked primary mRNA synthesis, leading to a reduction of viral protein synthesis and viral production, thus protecting cells from VSV-induced cell lysis. MxA is known to inhibit VSV primary transcription. Interestingly, we found that the MxA protein was highly stabilized in SUMO-expressing cells. Furthermore, extracts from cells stably expressing SUMO exhibited an increase in MxA oligomers, suggesting that SUMO plays a role in protecting MxA from degradation, thus providing a stable intracellular pool of MxA available to combat invading viruses. Importantly, MxA depletion in SUMO-expressing cells abrogated the anti-VSV effect of SUMO. Furthermore, SUMO expression resulted in interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) SUMOylation, subsequently decreasing RABV-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and interferon synthesis. As expected, this rendered SUMO-expressing cells more sensitive to RABV infection, even though MxA was stabilized in SUMO-expressing cells, since its expression did not confer resistance to RABV. Our findings demonstrate opposing effects of SUMO expression on two viruses of the same family, intrinsically inhibiting VSV infection through MxA stabilization while enhancing RABV infection by decreasing IFN induction.

IMPORTANCE
We report that SUMO expression reduces interferon synthesis upon RABV or VSV infection. Therefore, SUMO renders cells more sensitive to RABV but unexpectedly renders cells resistant to VSV by blocking primary mRNA synthesis. Unlike the interferon-mediated innate immune response, intrinsic antiviral resistance is mediated by constitutively expressed restriction factors. Among the various anti-VSV restriction factors, only MxA is known to inhibit VSV primary transcription, and we show here that its expression does not alter RABV infection. Interestingly, MxA depletion abolished the inhibition of VSV by SUMO, demonstrating that MxA mediates SUMO-induced intrinsic VSV resistance. Furthermore, MxA oligomerization is known to be critical for its protein stability, and we show that higher levels of oligomers were formed in cells expressing SUMO than in wild-type cells, suggesting that SUMO may play a role in protecting MxA from degradation, providing a stable intracellular pool of MxA able to protect cells from viral infection.
Structured, supported feeding admissions for restrictive eating disorders on paediatric wards
Authors: Street Karen , Costelloe Susie , Wootton Michelle , Upton Sonja , Brough Julie
Published: May 2016

Background

Restrictive eating disorders in young people are increasingly requiring admission to the hospital and can be a challenge to manage on acute general paediatric wards.

Methods

We have developed a joint working model with Child and Adolescent Mental Health services (CAMHS) using short, structured, supported feeding admissions to supplement outpatient treatment in high risk or ‘stuck’ cases.

Results

We have successfully managed the majority of young people in the community avoiding lengthy, expensive, specialist CAMHS eating disorder inpatient unit admissions (tier 4). Local ward admissions are easier to manage and the attitudes of nursing and medical staff towards these young people have changed.

Discussion

Joint working between paediatric and CAMHS teams enables shorter, more manageable local ward admissions, reducing the need for tier-4 units.
Canada's residential school system: measuring the intergenerational impact of familial attendance on health and mental health outcomes
Authors: Hackett Christina , Feeny David , Tompa Emile
Published: May 2016

Background

We estimate the intergenerational relationship between the residential school (RS) attendance of an older generation family member and the physical and mental health of a younger generation.

Methods

Data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS) is used to examine the relationship between previous generational family RS attendance and the current physical and mental health of off-reserve First Nations, Métis and Inuit Canadians. Five outcomes are considered (self-perceived health, mental health, distress, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt). Direct (univariate) and indirect (multivariate) effects of family RS attendance are examined for each dependent variable. We draw from the general and indigenous-specific social determinants of health literature to inform the construction of our models.

Results

Familial RS attendance is shown to affect directly all five health and mental health outcomes, and is associated with lower self-perceived health and mental health, and a higher risk for distress and suicidal behaviours. Background, mediating and structural-level variables influence the strength of association. Odds of being in lower self-perceived health remain statistically significantly higher with the presence of familial attendance of RS when controlling for all covariates. The odds of having had a suicide attempt within the past 12 months remain twice as high for those with familial attendance of RS.

Conclusions

Health disparities exist between indigenous and non-indigenous Canadians, an important source of which is a family history of RS attendance. This has implications for clinical practice and Canadian public health, as well as countries with similar historical legacies.
Totally asymmetric simple exclusion process with a single defect site on boundaries
Authors: Xiao Song , Chen Xiaoyu , Liu Yanna
Published: May 2016

A single defect site on boundaries has been investigated by totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP). Here, two typical cases have been explored (namely, case A and case B). In case A, a single defect locates on the first site, then the one-dimensional lattice has been divided into two segments, namely, a single defect site with the hopping rate [Formula: see text] and a normal general TASEP with hopping rate [Formula: see text]. Similarly, a single defect locates on the last site for case B. The steady state phase diagrams and bulk densities can be obtained by theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations. With [Formula: see text], the system includes only two phases (namely LD and HD phases), and the MC phase vanishes. However, when the condition [Formula: see text] is valid, the MC phase exists in system and the parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] affect its region. With the decrease of the ratio of [Formula: see text], the region of HD phase reduces for case A and grows for case B. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations.
An improved label propagation algorithm based on the similarity matrix using random walk
Authors: Zhang Xian-Kun , Song Chen , Jia Jia , Lu Zeng-Lei , Zhang Qian
Published: May 2016

Community detection based on label propagation algorithm (LPA) has attracted widespread concern because of its high efficiency. But it is difficult to guarantee the accuracy of community detection as the label spreading is random in the algorithm. In response to the problem, an improved LPA based on random walk (RWLPA) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a matrix measuring similarity among various nodes in the network is obtained through calculation. Secondly, during the process of label propagation, when a node has more than a neighbor label with the highest frequency, not the label of a random neighbor but the label of the neighbor with the highest similarity will be chosen to update. It can avoid label propagating randomly among communities. Finally, we test LPA and the improved LPA in benchmark networks and real-world networks. The results show that the quality of communities discovered by the improved algorithm is improved compared with the traditional algorithm.
Tension-induced mechanical properties of stanene
Authors: Tao Lele , Yang Chuanghua , Wu Liyuan , Han Lihong , Song Yuxin , Wang Shumin , Lu Pengfei
Published: May 2016

In this paper, elastic properties of stanene under equiaxial or uniaxial tensions along armchair and zigzag directions are investigated by first-principles calculations. The stress–strain relation is calculated and the relaxation of the internal atom positions is analyzed. The high-order elastic constants are calculated by fitting the polynomial expressions. The Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio of the stanene is calculated to be 24.14 N/m and 0.39 N/m, respectively. The stanene exhibits lower Young’s modulus than those of the proceeding group IV elements, which is attributed to the smaller [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] bond energy in stanene than those of silicene and germanene. Calculated values of ultimate stresses and strains, second-order elastic constants (SOCEs) and the in-plane Young’s modulus are all positive. It proves that stanene is mechanically stable.
From Kepler problem to skyrmions
Authors: Mazilu Nicolae , Agop Maricel , Gatu Irina , Iacob Dan Dezideriu , Ghizdovăt Vlad
Published: May 2016

The classical treatment of the Kepler problem leaves room for the description of the space region of the central body by a hyperbolic geometry. If the correspondence between the empty space and the space filled with matter is taken to be a harmonic mapping, then the region of atomic nucleus, like the one of the Sun for the planetary system proper, is described by hyperbolic skyrmions. This fact makes possible the description of the nuclear matter within framework of general relativity. The classical “hedgehog” solution for skyrmions can then be classically interpreted in terms of the characterizations of intra-nuclear forces.
NLSE for quantum plasmas with the radiation damping
Authors: Andreev Pavel A.
Published: May 2016

We consider contribution of the radiation damping in the quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) equations for spinless particles. We discuss possibility of obtaining corresponding nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) for the macroscopic wave function. We compare contribution of the radiation damping with weakly (or semi-) relativistic effects appearing in the second-order on [Formula: see text]. The radiation damping appears in the third-order on [Formula: see text]. So it might be smaller than weakly relativistic effects, but it gives damping of the Langmuir waves which can be considerable.
Statistical significance across multiple optimization models for community partition
Authors: Li Ju , Li Hui-Jia , Mao He-Jin , Chen Junhua
Published: May 2016

The study of community structure is an important problem in a wide range of applications, which can help us understand the real network system deeply. However, due to the existence of random factors and error edges in real networks, how to measure the significance of community structure efficiently is a crucial question. In this paper, we present a novel statistical framework computing the significance of community structure across multiple optimization methods. Different from the universal approaches, we calculate the similarity between a given node and its leader and employ the distribution of link tightness to derive the significance score, instead of a direct comparison to a randomized model. Based on the distribution of community tightness, a new “[Formula: see text]-value” form significance measure is proposed for community structure analysis. Specially, the well-known approaches and their corresponding quality functions are unified to a novel general formulation, which facilitates in providing a detailed comparison across them. To determine the position of leaders and their corresponding followers, an efficient algorithm is proposed based on the spectral theory. Finally, we apply the significance analysis to some famous benchmark networks and the good performance verified the effectiveness and efficiency of our framework.
The electronic structure of graphene tuned by hexagonal boron nitrogen layers: Semimetal–semiconductor transition
Authors: Liu Ming-Yang , Chen Qing-Yuan , Ma Tai , He Yao , Cao Chao
Published: May 2016

The electronic structure of graphene and hexagonal boron nitrogen (G/h-BN) systems have been carefully investigated using the pseudo-potential plane-wave within density functional theory (DFT) framework. We find that the stacking geometries and interlayer distances significantly affect the electronic structure of G/h-BN systems. By studying four stacking geometries, we conclude that the monolayer G/h-BN systems should possess metallic electronic properties. The monolayer G/h-BN systems can be transited from metallicity to semiconductor by increasing h-BN layers. It reveals that the alteration of interlayer distances 2.50–3.50 Å can obtain the metal–semiconductor–semimetal variation and a tunable band gap for G/h-BN composite systems. The band dispersion along [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] direction is analogous to the band of rhombohedral graphite when the G/h-BN systems are semiconducting.
Knowledge-Driven User Behavior Pattern Discovery for System Security Enhancement
Authors: Ma Weina , Sartipi Kamran , Bender Duane
Published: May 2016

Insider threads posed by authorized users have caused significant security and privacy risks to IT systems. The behavior of authorized users in using system services must be monitored and controlled. However, the administrators in large distributed systems are overwhelmed by the number of system users, the complexity and changing nature of user activities. This paper presents a new generation of intelligent decision support systems that effectively assist system administrators to get deep insight into the system users’ dynamic behavior patterns. With these patterns, the system administrators are capable of constructing dynamic refinement to the existing security policies. We explore the method of interactively and incrementally extracting user’s behavior patterns by combining data mining techniques with domain and system knowledge, and applying such knowledge to provide recommendations throughout the whole process. A prototype tool has been developed to analyze the audit logs from distributed medical imaging systems to validate the proposed approach.
SysML-Based Requirement Management to Improve Software Development
Authors: Chang Chih-Hung , Lu Chih-Wei , Chu William Cheng-Chung , Hsiung Pao-Ann. , Chang Dong-Meau
Published: May 2016

Among the various steps in the life cycle of software development, system requirement management is an essential but often neglected step. Comprehensive requirement management can not only help developers to work on a system to meet the requirements of a project, but can also play a vital role in the communications among stakeholders. In general, natural languages are often used to describe and record user requirements; however, this results in ambiguity, inconsistency, imprecision and incompleteness. To increase the accuracy of requirement modeling and analysis, it is important to have appropriate management methods and tools such that the requirement engineering process can be supported within the project. In this work, we propose a System Modeling Language (SysML)-based requirement management methodology to assist in the collection and the modeling of user requirements. We also provide a convenient procedure and a prototype tool to model, analyze, validate and verify the recorded system requirements, and consequently to ensure that the system can satisfy users’ requirements.
Generalized Mattig’s relation in Brans–Dicke–Rastall gravity
Authors: Salako Ines G. , Houndjo M. J. S. , Jawad Abdul
Published: May 2016

The geodesic deviation equation (GDE) is being studied in Brans–Dicke–Rastall (BDR) gravity. We briefly discuss the BDR gravity and then construct GDE for FLRW metric. In this way, the obtained geodesic deviation equation will correspond to the BDR gravity. Eventually, we solve numerically the null vector GDE to obtain from Mattig relation, the deviation vector [Formula: see text] and observer area distance [Formula: see text] and compare the results with [Formula: see text]CDM model.
Infrared Yang–Mills theory: A renormalization group perspective
Authors: Weber Axel , Dall’Olio Pietro , Astorga Francisco
Published: May 2016

We describe a technically very simple analytical approach to the deep infrared regime of Yang–Mills theory in the Landau gauge via Callan–Symanzik renormalization group equations in an epsilon expansion. This approach recovers all the solutions for the infrared gluon and ghost propagators previously found by solving the Dyson–Schwinger equations of the theory and singles out the solution with decoupling behavior, confirmed by lattice calculations, as the only one corresponding to an infrared attractive fixed point (for space-time dimensions above two). For the case of four dimensions, we describe the crossover of the system from the ultraviolet to the infrared fixed point and determine the complete momentum dependence of the propagators. The results for different renormalization schemes are compared to the lattice data.
A Dehn function for Sp(2n, ℤ)
Authors: Cohen David Bruce
Published: May 2016

Gromov conjectured that any irreducible lattice in a symmetric space of rank at least [Formula: see text] should have at most polynomial Dehn function. We prove that the lattice [Formula: see text] has quadratic Dehn function when [Formula: see text]. By results of Broaddus, Farb, and Putman, this implies that the Torelli group in large genus is at most exponentially distorted.
Iroquois homeobox transcription factor (Irx5) promotes G1/S-phase transition in vascular smooth muscle cells by CDK2-dependent activation
Authors: Liu Dong , Pattabiraman Vaishnavi , Bacanamwo Methode , Anderson Leonard M.
Published: May 2016

The Iroquois homeobox ( Irx5) gene is essential in embryonic development and cardiac electrophysiology. Although recent studies have reported that IRX5 protein is involved in regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, little is known about the role of IRX5 in the adult vasculature. Here we report novel observations on the role of IRX5 in adult vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Comparative studies using primary human endothelial cells, VSMCs, and intact carotid arteries to determine relative expression of Irx5 in the peripheral vasculature demonstrate significantly higher expression in VSMCs. Sprague-Dawley rat carotid arteries were subjected to balloon catherization, and the presence of IRX5 was examined by immunohistochemistry after 2 wk. Results indicate markedly elevated IRX5 signal at 14 days compared with uninjured controls. Total RNA was isolated from injured and uninjured arteries, and Irx5 expression was measured by RT-PCR. Results demonstrate a significant increase in Irx5 expression at 3–14 days postinjury compared with controls. Irx5 genetic gain- and loss-of-function studies using thymidine and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation assays resulted in modulation of DNA synthesis in primary rat aortic VSMCs. Quantitative RT-PCR results revealed modulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B ( p27 kip1), E2F transcription factor 1 ( E2f1), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( Pcna) expression in Irx5-transduced VSMCs compared with controls. Subsequently, apoptosis was observed and confirmed by morphological observation, caspase-3 cleavage, and enzymatic activation compared with control conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that Irx5 plays an important role in VSMC G1/S-phase cell cycle checkpoint control and apoptosis.