bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Using Nanostructured Surfaces on Aluminum and Copper
Authors: Hendricks Terry J. , Krishnan Shankar , Choi Changho , Chang Chih-hung , Paul Brian
Published: July 2010

System energy management and cooling for future advanced lasers, radars, and power electronics is gaining importance, resulting in an intense search for technologies and design techniques to dissipate ultra-high heat fluxes, reduce system energy usage, and increase system efficiencies. We report enhanced pool boiling critical heat fluxes (CHF) at reduced wall superheat on nanostructured Al and Cu substrates, which are commonly used in advanced electronics cooling applications. Nanostructured surfaces were realized by using a low temperature nanomaterial deposition process, Microreactor-assisted-nanomaterial-deposition (MAND™). Using this technique we deposited ZnO nano-structures on Al and Cu substrates. We varied a number of parameters such as micro-/nano-structure morphologies, pore sizes, densities, and their inter-connectivity to identify optimal morphologies. These surfaces displayed typical pore sizes of 50–100 nm with pore densities of about 100–200 per μm2 and hydrophilic/super-hydrophilic characteristics with measured contact angles as low as 0°. We have demonstrated the capability to control MAND™ processes to create static contact angle from about 58° to near 0° for ZnO on Al surfaces and 80° to about 40° for zeolite texturing on Si surfaces. Average roughness measured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was in the range of 200–600 nm. Pool boiling refers to boiling under natural convection and nucleate boiling conditions, where the heating surface is submerged in a large body of stagnant liquid and the relative motion of the vapor bubble and its surrounding liquid is primarily due to buoyancy effect. We have focused to date on water as test liquid, but have future plans for investigating HFE 7100. We observed pool boiling CHF of 80–82.5 W/cm2 for nanostructured ZnO on Al surfaces versus a CHF of 23.2 W/cm2 on a bare Al surface with a wall superheat reduction of 25–38 °C. These new CHF values on ZnO nanostructured surfaces correspond to a boiling heat transfer coefficient as high as ∼23000 W/m2K. This represents an increase of almost 4X in CHF on nano-textured surfaces, which is contrary to conventional boiling heat transfer theory. We will discuss our current data, compare the behavior with conventional boiling theory, and compare with similar recent boiling heat transfer data on other nano-scale surfaces by other researchers. We are currently investigating these surfaces under forced convection conditions in microchannels to assess their flow boiling capabilities.
Reconstruction of Vibro-Acoustic Responses of a Baffled Plate Using Helmholtz Equation Least Squares Method
Authors: Natarajan Logesh Kumar , Wu Sean F.
Published: July 2010

Vibro-acoustic responses of a vibrating rectangular plate were reconstructed using Helmholtz Equation Least Squares (HELS) method. The experiments were conducted on baffled rectangular plates of different aspect ratios with free as well as clamped boundary conditions under point force excitations via random and chirp sine signals. The radiated acoustic pressures were measured using a planar array of microphones at a very close distance to the plate surface, and taken as input to the HELS codes. The normal surface velocity distributions were reconstructed using HELS and compared against the benchmark data obtained using a laser vibrometer. Good agreements were obtained for both free and clamped boundary conditions. Finally, theoretical structural modes of the plate were compared against those obtained by HELS reconstruction and experimental modal analysis (EMA) for establishing their effectiveness in identifying closely coupled modes.
Measurement of Epoxy Stiffness by Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Zhao Wei , Korach Chad S.
Published: July 2010

The mechanical characteristics of the epoxy matrix found in filler reinforced polymer composites is important for determining strength and performance. Locally, property variations in regions surrounding fillers can influence the overall macroscopic composite response to loading. We investigate local nanomechanical stiffness of reinforced epoxy composites by using atomic force acoustic microscopy. The effects of tip shape on the contact mechanics at the epoxy interface are found to influence the reported results significantly and will be discussed in context of different tip models. The results have direct correlation to the effect of near-filler interphase regions and the long-term influence of environmental conditions on the polymer composites.
Finite Element Analysis of Wave Propagation in Periodic Euler-Bernoulli Beams
Authors: Hussein Mahmoud I. , Elabbasi Nagi , Liu Liao
Published: July 2010

In this work we study elastic wave propagation in homogeneous and periodic beams. Considering axial deformation, torsional deformation and Euler-Bernoulli bending deformation theory we develop finite element formulations to predict the dispersion characteristics. We compare the performance between applying the wave propagation solution directly to the governing equation versus applying it at the boundaries.
Revisiting Boundary Scattering in Thermal Transport at the Nanometer Scale
Authors: Sinha Sanjiv
Published: July 2010

Understanding and exploiting thermal transport phenomena at the nanometer scale can lead to improved thermoelectric energy conversion, novel NEMs-based sensors and facilitate the scaling of semiconductor devices to atomistic scales. The increased surface area to volume ratio in micro- and nano-structures leads to the dominance of boundary scattering. Recent experimental work suggests that the impact is even more than previously understood. This paper reviews recent progress in modeling phonon scattering at rough surfaces.
A Numerical Method for Coupling Nano-Scale Molecular Binding With Mesoscale Cellular Deformation
Authors: Gupta Vijay K. , Eggleton Charles D.
Published: July 2010

Cell adhesion plays a pivotal role in diverse biological processes, including inflammation and thrombosis. Changes in cell adhesion can be the defining event in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, and arthritis. Cells are exposed constantly to hemodynamic/hydrodynamic forces and the balance between the dispersive hydrodynamic forces and the adhesive forces generated by the interactions of membrane-bound receptors and their ligands determines cell adhesion. The ultimate objective of our work is to develop software that can simulate the adhesion of cells colliding under hydrodynamic forces that can be used to investigate the complex interplay among the physical mechanisms and scales involved in the adhesion process. Here, we review the development of a multi-scale model combining Monte-Carlo models of molecular binding with the Immersed Boundary Method for cellular-hydrodynamic interactions. This model predicted for the first time that the rolling of more compliant cells is relatively smoother and slower compared to cells with stiffer membranes, due to increased cell-substrate contact area. At the molecular level, we show that the average number of bonds per cell as well as per single microvillus decreases with increasing membrane stiffness. The numerical model was modified to compare the effects of different kinetic models of molecular binding on cell rolling. Simulations predict that the catch-slip bond behavior and to a lesser extent bulk cell deformation are responsible for the shear threshold phenomenon. In bulk flow, shear rate has been shown to critically affect the kinetics and receptor specificity of cell-cell interactions. We are currently simulating the adhesion of two PMN cells in quiescent conditions and the exposing the cells to external pulling forces and shear flow in order to investigate the behavior of the nano-scale molecular bonds to forces applied at the cellular scale.
The Application of the Bayesian Networks in the Human Reliability Analysis
Authors: Martins Marcelo R. , Maturana Marcos C.
Published: July 2010

Analysis, assessment, and risk management are vital in the oil and gas sector — due to the potential severity of accidents with respect to human life, to the environment, and patrimony. As most of the accidents in this area are driven by human factors, the purpose of this work is to present an efficient methodology and technique for the analysis of these factors in this industry. The applied quantitative technique is based on Bayesian Networks. Finally, this article presents a study of an oil tanker operation, focusing the quantification of the human factor contribution in collision scenarios. Besides, are presented some considerations about management and organizational factors that can influence the human performance and, therefore, the collision risk.
Integrated Approach for Life Prediction of Complex Thermal Systems
Authors: Al-Habahbeh O. M. , Aidun D. K. , Marzocca P. , Lee H.
Published: July 2010

Many engineering thermal systems involve a high degree of technical risk. Their deterioration could be induced by the flow of high temperature fluids. A high-fidelity assessment tool is presented which enables the simulation of a wide array of thermal systems. It is based on linking multiple computational tools to deal with complex thermal systems. These systems may involve fluid-structure interactions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Finite Element Method (FEM), and Fatigue tools are integrated within this approach. The CFD part of the method is first applied to an existing model, where the internal and external heat transfer coefficients are determined, and then compared to the manually-computed coefficients. The results showed good agreement between the two methods. Next, the process is applied to a simple cylindrical ring model, where CFD simulation is first performed to determine the heat transfer parameters that are needed for the transient FEM simulation. The FEM analysis results in the maximum thermal stress whereby the fatigue life of the component is computed. Finally, the effect of varying the turbulence intensity on heat transfer coefficients, thermal stress, and fatigue life is investigated.
A Three-Dimensional Wiener-Hopf Technique for General Bodies of Revolution: Part 2—Numerical Results
Authors: Martinez Rudolph , Paul Brent S. , Eash Morgan , Ting Carina
Published: July 2010

This study numerically demonstrates a new Wiener-Hopf technique for a generic family of straight finite cylinders capped by hemispheres [1]. The approach uses a three-dimensional Wiener-Hopf technique with Fourier transforms to calculate the radiated noise. A discussion of validity of the solution method through an energy conservation analysis is included. All of the cylinders investigated had the same extent of acoustically illuminated (hemispherical) area. Although the structure in the development is general the numerical results presented consider only locally reacting surfaces with uniform properties in a mass-controlled sense. The calculations are actually the result of a zeroth-order version of the theory that becomes increasingly valid with rising values of the basic cylinder’s aspect ratio. Lastly, using a function-splitting procedure we show that the Wiener-Hopf’s canonical essential singularity and square-root branch point generate the Fresnel integral as a fundamental function.
GENERALIZED NETWORK CLUSTERING AND ITS DYNAMICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: HOUSE THOMAS
Published: July 2010

A parametrization of generalised network clustering, in the form of four-motif prevalences, is presented. This involves three real parameters that are conditional on one-, two- and three-motif prevalences. Interpretations of these real parameters are presented that motivate a set of rewiring schemes to create appropriately clustered networks. Finally, the dynamical implications of higher order structure, as parameterised, for a contact process are considered.
EXISTENCE FOR PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF A RATIO-DEPENDENT PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEM WITH TIME-VARYING DELAYS ON TIME SCALES
Authors: LI HUIJUAN , LIU ANPING , HAO ZUTAO
Published: July 2010

In this paper, by using the continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory we study the existence of periodic solution for a two-species ratio-dependent predator-prey system with time-varying delays and Machaelis–Menten type functional response on time scales. Some new results are obtained.
Reliable data delivery in large-scale low-power sensor networks
Authors: Puccinelli Daniele , Haenggi Martin
Published: July 2010

In data collection applications of low-end sensor networks, a major challenge is ensuring reliability without a significant goodput degradation. Short hops over high-quality links minimize per-hop transmissions, but long routes may cause congestion and load imbalance. Longer links can be exploited to build shorter routes, but poor links may have a high energy cost. There exists a complex interplay among routing performance (reliability, goodput, energy efficiency), link estimation, congestion control, and load balancing; we design a routing architecture, Arbutus, that exploits this interplay, and perform an extensive experimental evaluation on testbeds of 100-150 Berkeley motes.
Physiological value-based efficient usable security solutions for body sensor networks
Authors: Venkatasubramanian Krishna K. , Gupta Sandeep K. S.
Published: July 2010

A Body Sensor Network (BSN) is a network of economically powered, wireless, wearable, and implanted health monitoring sensors, designed to continually collect and communicate health information from the host they are deployed on. Due to the sensitive nature of the data collected, securing BSNs is important for privacy preservation and protecting the host from bodily harm.

In this article, we present Physiological Value-based Security (PVS), a usable and efficient way of securing intersensor communication schemes for BSNs. The PVS scheme distributes the key used for securing a particular message along with the message itself, by hiding it using physiological values. In this way, it not only eliminates the need for any explicit key distribution, but also reduces the number of keys required at each node to meet all its secure communication requirements.

We further demonstrate the use of the PVS scheme in securing
cluster
topology formation in BSNs. Traditional protocols for cluster formation do not consider security and are therefore susceptible to malicious attacks. We present a PVS-based cluster formation protocol which mitigates these attacks. Performance analysis of the protocol shows that compared to cluster formation protocols secured with non-PVS-based key distribution schemes, it performs efficiently.
Distributed energy-efficient target tracking with binary sensor networks
Authors: Wang Zijian , Bulut Eyuphan , Szymanski Boleslaw K.
Published: July 2010

Target tracking is a typical and important cooperative sensing application of wireless sensor networks. We study it in its most basic form, assuming a binary sensing model in which each sensor returns only 1-bit information regarding target's presence or absence within its sensing range. A novel, real-time and distributed target tracking algorithm is introduced. The algorithm is energy efficient and fault tolerant. It estimates the target location, velocity, and trajectory in a distributed and asynchronous manner. The accuracy of the algorithm is analytically derived under an ideal binary sensing model and extensive simulations of ideal, imperfect, and faulty sensing models show that the algorithm achieves good performance. It outperforms other published algorithms by yielding highly accurate estimates of the target's location, velocity, and trajectory.
Asymptotic distortion exponents for the estimation of time-varying channels in multihop sensor networks
Authors: Vedantam Satish , Mitra Urbashi , Sabharwal Ashutosh
Published: July 2010

The problem of time-varying channel estimation in multihop sensor networks is examined. Two relay processing methods are explored: amplify-and-forward and encode-and-forward. Bounds on the end-to-end distortion for all internode channel estimates are computed for these two relay processing schemes. Performance is analyzed via the asymptotic limit of the decay rate of the end-to-end distortion with respect to SNR at high SNR. It is also established that asymptotically in SNR, amplify-and-forward can outperform encode-and-forward and in fact can achieve the maximum possible distortion exponent (distortion decay rate) order of unity. Linear and many-to-one topologies are then examined and it is shown that orthogonal access in the many-to-one network is optimal.
The Tenet architecture for tiered sensor networks
Authors: Paek Jeongyeup , Greenstein Ben , Gnawali Omprakash , Jang Ki-Young , Joki August , Vieira Marcos , Hicks John , Estrin Deborah , Govindan Ramesh , Kohler Eddie
Published: July 2010

Most sensor network research and software design has been guided by an architectural principle that permits multinode data fusion on small-form-factor, resource-poor nodes, or
motes
. While we were among the earliest promoters of this approach, through experience we found that this principle leads to fragile and unmanageable systems and explore an alternative. The
Tenet architecture
is motivated by the observation that future large-scale sensor network deployments will be
tiered
, consisting of motes in the lower tier and
masters
, relatively unconstrained 32-bit platform nodes, in the upper tier. Tenet constrains multinode fusion to the master tier while allowing motes to process locally-generated sensor data. This simplifies application development and allows mote-tier software to be reused. Applications running on masters
task
motes by composing task descriptions from a novel tasklet library. Our Tenet implementation also contains a robust and scalable networking subsystem for disseminating tasks and reliably delivering responses. We show that a Tenet pursuit-evasion application exhibits performance comparable to a mote-native implementation while being considerably more compact. We also present two real-world deployments of Tenet system: a structural vibration monitoring application at Vincent Thomas Bridge and an imaging-based habitat monitoring application at James Reserve, and show that tiered architecture scales network capacity and allows reliable delivery of high rate data.
1
An as-rigid-as-possible approach to sensor network localization
Authors: Zhang Lei , Liu Ligang , Gotsman Craig , Gortler Steven J.
Published: July 2010

We present a novel approach to localization of sensors in a network given a subset of noisy inter-sensor distances. The algorithm is based on “stitching” together local structures by solving an optimization problem requiring the structures to fit together in an “As-Rigid-As-Possible” manner, hence the name ARAP. The local structures consist of reference “patches” and reference triangles, both obtained from inter-sensor distances. We elaborate on the relationship between the ARAP algorithm and other state-of-the-art algorithms, and provide experimental results demonstrating that ARAP is significantly less sensitive to sparse connectivity and measurement noise. We also show how ARAP may be distributed.
Sensor-mission assignment in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Rowaihy Hosam , Johnson Matthew P. , Liu Ou , Bar-Noy Amotz , Brown Theodore , Porta Thomas La
Published: July 2010

When a sensor network is deployed, it is typically required to support multiple simultaneous missions. Schemes that assign sensing resources to missions thus become necessary. In this article, we formally define the sensor-mission assignment problem and discuss some of its variants. In its most general form, this problem is NP-hard. We propose algorithms for the different variants, some of which include approximation guarantees. We also propose distributed algorithms to assign sensors to missions which we adapt to include energy-awareness to extend network lifetime. Finally, we show comprehensive simulation results comparing these solutions to an upper bound on the optimal solution.
Des dieux qui bâillent et qui font bâiller dans la mythologie épique de l’Inde
Authors: Couture André
Published: July 2010

Souvent relié au sommeil, le bâillement s’est prêté en Inde ancienne aux interprétations les plus diverses. Mais, dans un contexte mythologique où le sommeil de la divinité implique la destruction des mondes, le bâillement annonce souvent un tel bouleversement. Il arrive également qu’on l’utilise en dernier recours comme une arme redoutable pour vaincre un adversaire coriace. Des mythes expliquent l’origine du bâillement soit comme une invention des dieux pour venir à bout du terrible Vrtra, soit comme une force de destruction liée à la fièvre et au dieu Rudra, soit encore comme une force relevant de la déesse Yoganidrā. Même s’il apparaît relativement souvent dans les récits de mythologie hindoue, le bâillement n’a pourtant jamais à ma connaissance été étudié pour lui-même et c’est la tâche que se propose le présent article.

Often related to sleep, yawn has been interpreted in a variety of ways in ancient India. But in the mythological context of the epics, yawn often presages the ensuing destruction of worlds which occurs when god Nārāya a falls asleep. Yawn is also employed as a weapon of destruction used by the highest gods and asuras against particularly difficult adversaries. One myth explains the existence of yawn as a creation of the gods used to destroy the terrible Vrtra; a second myth describes yawn as a destructive power linked to the presence of Fever (jvara) and to the god Rudra; a third myth links its power to the goddess Yoganidrā. Despite the fact that it occurs with some frequency in Hindu mythological narratives, yawn has never been studied in its own right, a situation which this paper intends to correct.
The cultic milieu, Nag Hammadi collectors and gnosticism
Authors: Kaler Michael
Published: July 2010

In this paper, I address the question of the applicability of sociological church/sect/cult typologies to the study of gnosticism, arguing that at least in the case of the Nag Hammadi collection, such typologies are unable to adequately deal with the evidence that we possess. Instead, I will show that Colin Campbell’s idea of a “cultic milieu,” a sort of esoteric underworld from which cult movements and sects arise, is a more helpful model for understanding those responsible for compiling the Nag Hammadi material.

Dans ce qui suit, je suggére que les typologies sociologiques religieuses (église/culte/secte) ne sont pas adéquates à illuminer les sources primaires gnostiques que nous possédons, comme celles de Nag Hammadi. Il me semble, par contre, que le concept — développé par le sociologue Colin Campbell — d’un « cultic milieu », est beaucoup plus utile pour notre compréhension des gens qui ont ramassé les textes de Nag Hammadi.
Prophets, policy-makers and advocates: The World Council of Churches and institutional environmental ethics, 1991-2006
Authors: Mcfee Daniel
Published: July 2010

The World Council of Churches (WCC) addresses environmental issues in three modes in its institutional work as a religious non-governmental organization: in the prophetic mode, in the public policy expert mode and in the mode of an advocate. If one is to understand the WCC’s commitment to environmental issues, this three-tiered hermeneutic is necessary so that its complex institutional aims are represented accurately. Moreover, this hermeneutic also aids in sketching the WCC’s larger ethical commitments as a Christian body and as a consultative religious non-governmental organization within the United Nations. This paper affords a more complete vision than many scholars have offered in terms of how religious NGOs approach extraordinarily complex ethical issues in the world today.

Le Conseil oecuménique des Églises (COE) s’adresse aux questions environnementales en trois modes dans son travail institutionnel comme organisation non-gouvernementale religieuse : le mode prophétique, le mode d’expert en affaires publiques, et le mode d’un avocat. Si on veut comprendre l’engagement du COE aux problèmes environnementaux, cet herméneutique à trois gradins est necessaire pour que ses objectifs institutionnels complexes soient representés fidèlement. D’ailleurs, cet herméneutique aide aussi à esquisser les engagements moraux plus grands du COE comme organisme chrétien et comme organisation non-gouvernementale religieuse au sein de l’Organisation des nations unies. La communication présente permet une vision plus complète que celles offertes par plusieurs savants en ce qui concerne la manière dans laquelle les ONG religieuses abordent des questions morales extrêmement complexes du monde d’aujourd’hui.
Time spent weekly on theological reflection in pastoral care and counseling: A Canadian ethnographic study
Authors: O'Connor Thomas St. James , Meakes Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

This qualitative research examines how much time is spent in theological reflection in the praxis of pastoral care and counseling. Seventy-five persons were interviewed from four cultures: chaplains, pastoral counselors, community clergy and seminary students who had completed a congregational internship. Seventy participants were from Christian faith groups with five from Muslim, Unitarian and spiritual faith groups. Individual interviews and focus groups were used. Findings showed that seminarians averaged 7.5 hrs/wk, community clergy 7 hr/wk, chaplains 6 hrs/wk and pastoral counselors 4.2 hrs/wk, with many in the sample not able to specify a time. All affirmed that theological reflection is integrated into everything they do in ministry. In discussion of the data, we observed that the goals of ATS and CAPPE around theological reflection are being met. However, the research suggests that developing the discipline of theological reflection requires a specific time per week along with the practice of writing and obtaining new input. We recommend a minimum of four hrs/wk for formal theological reflection. Limitations and areas for future research are presented.

Cette recherche qualitative examine combien d’heures s’est passées en toute réflexion théologique faite aux préoccupations de soin pastoral et de consultation pastorale. On avait tenu des entrevues avec soixante-quinze personnes de quatre cultures différentes: des aumôniers, des conseillers pastoraux, des clergés de la communauté et des étudiants du séminaire qui avaient terminé un stage de travaux pratiques congrégationaiste. Soixante-dix participants sortaient des groupes chrétiens de foi avec cinq qui venaient de la communauté des musulmans, de l’église Unitarien et des groupes spirituels de foi. On avait entrepris des entrevues avec des individus et des groupes de choix. Les résultats avaient indiqué que les séminaristes s’occupaient de leur travaux en moyenne de 7.5 heures par semaine; le clergé de la communauté, 7 heures par semaine; les aumôniers, 6 heures par semaine; et les conseillers pastoraux 4.2 heures par semaine avec beaucoup d’entre eux dans l’échantillon qui n’étaient pas capable d’indiquer des heures précises. Tous les gens avaient affirmé que la réflexion théologique était intégrée dans tout ce qu’ils faisaient dans leur travail pastoral. Dans la discussion des données, nous avons observé que les buts de l’ATS et du CAPPE autour de la réflexion théologique avaient été accomplit. Cependant, la recherche suggère que pour développer la discipline de la réflexion théologique on a besoin d’une période spécifique du temps par semaine pour le faire en plus de la pratique de l’écriture et pour obtenir les nouvelles données. Nous recommandons quatre heures par semaine au minimum pour faire de la réflexion théologique formelle. Des limitations et les secteurs pour la recherche dans l’avenir sont présentés.
Political neoconservatism: A conundrum for Canadian evangelicals
Authors: Patrick Margie
Published: July 2010

This essay examines the relationship between Canadian evangelicals and political neoconservatism. While some evangelicals support neoconservatism to advance a socially conservative platform, neoconservatism as it developed in Canada is unable to protect the traditional family as evangelicals desire, thereby creating a political conundrum for evangelicals. Dynamics within the evangelical community contribute to the dilemma, for key leaders espouse social and economic commitments that are not neoconservative. The conundrum also demonstrates the degree to which both Canadian neoconservatism and the Canadian “religious right” differ from their American counterparts.

La relation entre les chrétiens évangéliques canadiens et le néoconservatisme politique est l’objet de cet article. Les chrétiens évangéliques appuient le néoconservatisme afin de promouvoir un programme social conservateur. Cependant, le néoconservatisme n’arrive pas à protéger la famille traditionnelle, contrairement au souhait des chrétiens évangéliques. Ce paradoxe politique est entretenu par une tension interne de la communauté évangélique, notamment par le fait que certains leaders ont des engagements socio-économiques qui ne cadrent pas avec le néoconservatisme. Ce paradoxe montre en quoi le néoconservatisme canadien et la droite religieuse canadienne diffèrent de leurs vis-à-dis états-uniens.
The Dakota Little People and the Tree-Dweller Dreamers: A matter of respect
Authors: Ruml Mark
Published: July 2010

While earlier authors tend to stress the malevolent aspects of the Little People, classifying them among the “Divinities of Evil,” a classification system which polarizes “good” and “evil” does not validly reflect the worldview of the Dakota. In this article, oral sources are informally utilized as the written sources, including previously unpublished narratives, are identified and examined in the context of the Dakota worldview. The Dakota phrase mitakuye owasį (“all my relatives”) is used to encapsulate the Dakota worldview and provide the interpretative framework.

Alors que plusieurs auteurs accentuent les dimensions maléfiques du Petit Peuple, le classant parmi les « divinités du mal », il appert qu’un système classificatoire basé sur la polarité « bien » et « mal » ne rend pas compte de manière exacte de la vision du monde des Dakota. Dans cet article, des sources orales sont utilisées informellement tandis que des sources écrites, qui incluent des récits inédits, sont identifiées et examinée à partir de la vision du monde des Dakota. L’expression mitakuye owasį (« tous mes parents ») est ici utilisée à deux fins : rendre compte de la vision du monde des Dakota et fournir un cadre d’interprétation.
Planting Food or Fuel: Developing an Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding the Role of Culture in Farmers' Decisions to Grow Second-Generation, Biofuel Feedstock Crops
Authors: White Stacey Swearingen , Brown J. Christopher , Gibson Jane W. , Hanley Eric , Earnhart Dietrich H.
Published: July 2010

Recent interest in biofuels as an alternative energy source has spurred considerable changes in agricultural practice worldwide. These changes will be more pronounced as second-generation biofuels, such as switch grass, gain prominence; this article examines the cultural factors associated with the decisions U.S. farmers face in targeting crops for fuel production instead of food. Through an interdisciplinary assessment of the dynamics of farmers' behavior, developed herein is a theoretical framework to analyze how farmers grapple with shifting expectations of their function.
Computing Close to the Iron Curtain: Inter/national Computing Practices in Czechoslovakia and Finland, 1945-1970
Authors: Paju Petri , Durnová Helena
Published: July 2010

The development and transfer of computing technology in postwar Czechoslovakia and Finland, two countries lying directly on the border between the two cold war blocs, were shaped by a mix of factors, from the political to the technological, in both countries. This article describes and analyzes the factors influencing the transfer of computing technology in cold war Europe on the basis of comparison of the national histories of these two frontier countries. Although the first computers were put into operation in the two countries during the second half of the 1950s, Czechoslovakia's industrial tradition concealed its gradual lagging behind Finland. During the postwar decade, the possibility of the transfer of computing technology and practices was a crucial factor in the spreading of computing technology in both countries. It was the commercial transfer of computers from the West to Finland that made their availability there, until the mid-1970s, relatively grow to three times that of Czechoslovakia. However, while the physical transfer of actual computers across the Iron Curtain was difficult, the intangible transfer of related ideas, designs, and practices was much easier. Moreover, it was not only politics that affected this technological development, but technology was also used to affect politics and form political ties.
Cultural Constraints on Wind and Solar Energy in the U.S. Context
Authors: Simon Christopher A.
Published: July 2010

In the last decade, renewable-energy development has risen sharply. Domestic and international environmental-policy shifts—combined with evolving economic constraints—have led to growing interest in the renewable-energy-policy agenda. Policy innovations, conceived within advocacy coalitions and given life by institutional actors, have resulted in significant developments in renewable-energy markets. While the public is highly supportive of renewable energy, there remain areas of potential conflict that could constrain future policy-implementation efforts.
Democracy Undermined: Constitutional Subterfuge in Latin America
Authors: Colburn Forrest D. , Trejos Alberto
Published: July 2010

Although democracy is being questioned and even battered throughout Latin America, what is happening in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia is qualitatively different. It is more than a "ratcheting up" of the assault on democracy; it is a deliberate, well-designed project to deconstruct democracy and substitute something else in its place, poorly defined as that may be. What is new here—and completely unanticipated by the legions of academics who wrote in the 1980s and 1990s about the "transition" to democracy—is the use of democracy to dismantle democracy. These projects pose a political and moral dilemma: how do you oppose political change that has been approved by a majority, sanctified by elections? Especially in poor countries with marked income and wealth disparities, which frequently overlap with race, how do you in good faith oppose the political projects of those who not only speak in the name of the oppressed, but who have the electoral support of the oppressed?
Vietnamese Dissidents: Absent from the Western Mind
Authors: Roasa Dustin
Published: July 2010

For the first time since reunification in 1975, the ruling Communist Party faces a sustained and organized challenge to its legitimacy. Political dissidents from all walks of life have come together to call for elections and political pluralism. The movement is small, but it is growing, and, judging from the severity of the crackdown, the authorities are taking it seriously. Yet the outside world has barely noticed. As a journalist who has worked in Southeast Asia over the last five years and who is in contact with pro-democracy activists in Vietnam, I've often wondered why the movement has not captured the world's imagination like similar movements in China, Burma, and Zimbabwe. Whatever the reasons for this, you are likely reading about Vietnam's pro-democracy movement for the first time.
Found Money: The Case for a Financial Transaction Tax
Authors: Barclay Bill
Published: July 2010

We know where the money is. How do we get it? There are, of course, several ways of tapping this pool of dollars for broader social purposes, including raising income taxes on high incomes, reinstating and strengthening the estate tax, or levying a special surcharge on financial sector profits. However, the approach I favor focuses on taxing the primary activity that drives much of the individual incomes and corporate profit levels in finance. A financial transaction tax (FTT)—a tax on the trading of financial assets—has multiple appeals. First, it could generate significant revenue. Second, and equally important, it is a progressive tax that would affect primarily wealthy individuals and large corporate institutions, with benefits potentially flowing to many. Further, while an FTT is not a substitute for effective regulation of finance, it would act to dampen some financial activity, helping to reshape a political economy in which finance has become overly dominant. Finally, the political logic of an FTT—the dynamic of Wall Street vs. Main Street—should give it wide appeal.
Public Education as Welfare
Authors: Katz Michael B.
Published: July 2010

How does public education fit into the architecture of the U.S. welfare state? It is important to answer these questions. Both the welfare state and the public school system are enormous and in one way or another touch every single American. Insight into the links between the two will illuminate the mechanisms through which American governments try to accomplish their goals; and it will show how institutions whose public purpose is egalitarian in fact reproduce inequality.
Prisoner of Privilege
Authors: Deb Siddhartha
Published: July 2010

Because Forster sounds so much like a contemporary when he speaks about the death of the novel, it seems worth pointing out that what he saw as a problem with the form of the novel was a problem created by his understanding of the form of the novel. He foreshadowed the dilemma of the contemporary writer in pursuing personal happiness while ignoring the structure of privilege that made this possible. He was, in spite of doubts, content to accept the world as it was even as he accused it of having changed so much that it had made the novel an outmoded form. But it was not the novel that abandoned Forster as much as that he abandoned the novel. Forster forgot what he himself had shown so brilliantly in his last great work: that the novel is not merely the stronghold of individualism—a place for love affairs and social nuances—but that it also exists in a larger sphere where sometimes even the horses and the birds speak, telling us to abandon the fake consolation of coming together for harder truths about the world that we have made.
One State / Two States: Rethinking Israel and Palestine
Authors: Rubinstein Danny
Published: July 2010

In international diplomacy there is a pervasive idea that it is possible and necessary to establish a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza that will exist side by side with Israel. Many Israelis and Palestinians want this and believe in it. But the forces working against this possibility are many and powerful. Israeli governments have enabled the settlement of over half a million Jews beyond the 1967 borders. This represents almost 10 percent of the Jews in Israel. About 300,000 of them live in settlements in the West Bank and about 200,000 are in the Jewish neighborhoods of East Jerusalem. There are those among them who will fight with all their strength to prevent an Israeli withdrawal and the establishment of a Palestinian state. But what is no less important is that on the Palestinian side as well a new situation has emerged. National unity has dissolved, the national movement has atrophied and declined, and the idea has become acceptable that if there won't be two states for two peoples, it is better that there be one state.
Introduction
Authors: Kazin Michael
Published: July 2010

Dissent was founded in 1954 to promote a democratic vision of socialism. We still believe there is no better vision worth defining, understanding, arguing about, and working to realize. The four contributors to this symposium approach its meaning from different angles and come to different conclusions about what its future ought to be.
Ideas of Justice
Authors: Rustin Michael
Published: July 2010

The question that these two books explore is whether the fundamental framing of the issue of justice by Rawls is flawed. Cohen suggests that Rawls's theory of justice concedes too much to the capitalist ethic to be ultimately serviceable as the basis for a more egalitarian society. Sen's disagreement with Rawls is more a methodological one: he argues that the hypothesis of an "original position" takes too little account of value differences in the world and of the different views of justice to which different peoples might agree. Deeply as both authors admire Rawls as a philosopher and a person, they each argue for a significant move away from his theory. Cohen's disagreement derives from his own commitment to equality; he seeks to rescue the egalitarian commitment implicit in Rawls's own position. Sen's disagreement derives from his commitment to the diversity of values. He prefers the evaluation of what actually happens to the search for perfectly just arrangements and institutions.
Socialism and the Current Crisis
Authors: Blackburn Robin
Published: July 2010

Today, because of the crisis, the relevance of socialism can and must be addressed not simply as a desirable long-term goal but as a question of practical policy, focused on securing jobs, benefits, and social provision. After giving some examples of this I will look at what remains valid and what needs to be changed in classic socialist values.
Which Socialism?
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: July 2010

Every insurgency is a small advance toward the society of our dreams. Sometimes the small advances accumulate, as in the history of social democracy: two steps forward, one step back. Sometimes, as we all know, what happens is more like one step forward, two steps back. Things get better for some people in some places; persecuted, exploited, and oppressed groups learn to protect themselves and actually win effective protection. Some of these victories are permanent; some are not. We have to defend democracy, regulation, and welfare against constant erosion and adversarial capture; sometimes we do that well, sometimes not. The work is steady, the benefits come mostly in spurts. But the goodness is in the work as much as in the benefits—so it doesn't matter if the work goes on and on, as it does. It is important and worthwhile work because of its mutuality, because of the talents and capacities it calls forth, and because of the moral value it embodies. That work is socialism-in-the making, and that is the only socialism we will ever know.
Michael Foot: 1913–2010
Authors: Bromwich David
Published: July 2010

Michael Foot, who died on March 3, 2010, at the age of ninety-six, was the soul of the democratic Left in England. His political engagements started in the late 1930s, with editorials against the appeasement policy of Neville Chamberlain and Lord Halifax, and lasted well into the second campaign for nuclear disarmament in the 1980s. He was in his prime in the decades between the Suez Crisis of 1956, which brought down the Conservative government of Anthony Eden, and the Falklands War of 1982, which sealed the popularity of Margaret Thatcher. The fine obituary by Mervyn Jones in the Guardian was headed, "Principled leader who held Labour together in the early 1980s, and a writer devoted to the cause of freedom." There is not a word of exaggeration there. He was a great spirit and a great voice, in every sense that both of those words will bear.
Home and Homeland: Isaiah Berlin's Zionism
Authors: Margalit Avishai
Published: July 2010

The idea of the nation-state is in a grip of two pictures: first, the nation as an extended family; and second, its territory as home. The nation as an extended family is a metaphor for an ethnic nation, whereas a civic nation is guided by a different picture, by the metaphor of contract. Isaiah Berlin's own thoughts on nationalism, and in particular on Zionism, were, I contend, strongly influenced by the two pictures of family and home. More important, Berlin's core idea of psychological freedom, as distinct from political liberty, is coupled with the idea of the homeland as home.
Naming Violence against Women
Authors: Epstein Cynthia Fuchs
Published: July 2010

Editors: I am more than a little perturbed at the headlining of my article "Death By Gender" on the cover of the Spring Dissent. "Honor killings" as a category is not a "feminist" issue (which many readers skip by); It is a human rights issue. It is not just "sexual violence" when girls and women are maimed and killed. It is just plain violence, and the focus should be on the death of people of a certain category; and, as it would be in the case of men, a human rights issue.
What Would a Real Socialist President Do?
Authors: Clark Jack
Published: July 2010

Socialists continue to believe what we have always believed: that we need to shape the economy to meet human needs. The economy exists to serve people, not the other way around. Profit-maximizing corporations distort the economy and the polity. In the United States today, few people share our full perspective, but in many policy areas, we can move toward a society that fosters greater equality and greater democratic decisionmaking in the economy. Thirty-two years ago, Michael Harrington wrote in these pages, "What Socialists Would Do in America—if They Could." It's still a good question. What would we do today if we could? Here are a few proposals of the sort that we used to call "transitional." If they were enacted and if people could see them work, the country might be ready for further leftward movement.
End of a Credo
Authors: Mills Nicolaus
Published: July 2010

The irony is that in the end what was most important about The Artist Is Present is that it defied the emphasis performance art has traditionally placed on spontaneity and the uniqueness of the moment. Abramović's willingness to restage her own and others' works under the auspices of MoMA means that, for the future, performance art will no longer have to be perishable to be authentic. The "no repetition" credo that Abramović and her fellow performance artists have lived by since the 1960s is over.
Obama On and Off Base
Authors: Goodheart Eugene
Published: July 2010

My object is to defend Barack Obama against attacks on him by what has been his liberal constituency. Again and again he is accused of timidity and excessive caution for not fighting for their agenda. The assumption is that his agenda and theirs coincide, and that he lacks the courage and force to fight for its enactment. Could it be that he simply differs from his critics about policy and strategy and that it may even take a kind of courage to resist the pressure of his liberal base? It is the habit of his critics to invoke liberal heroes of the past—Lincoln, FDR, and even LBJ as models for what a bold presidency can achieve—and contrast their performances with the timorousness of Obama's. ("Be afraid, be very afraid," Paul Krugman mocks Obama when he takes a tack that does not conform to what Krugman believes should and can be done.) Anyone who has read the history of the Lincoln and Roosevelt administrations has to be struck with the unfairness of the contrast. Their presidencies proceeded through fits and starts, hesitations and uncertainties. Rarely did they avoid making compromises to achieve results. Either unread in that history or willfully ignoring it, Obama's critics express dismay and disbelief at every failure, every inconsistency, apparent and real, in his performance.