bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School Food Policies and Student Eating Behaviors in Canada: Examination of the 2015 Cancer Risk Assessment in Youth Survey
Authors: Acton Rachel B. , Nguyen Nghia , Minaker Leia M.
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND

Limited evidence exists on effects of school‐based nutrition policies. This study explored the influence of mandatory versus voluntary provincial school nutrition policies on student eating behaviors.

METHODS

A cross‐sectional, school‐based survey assessed student eating behaviors using self‐report survey measures in a representative sample of Canadian high school students from 7 provinces (N = 12,110). Provincial school nutrition policies were characterized as mandatory or voluntary. Healthful and nonhealthful eating behaviors were analyzed across sociodemographic characteristics. Regression models were used to assess the association between policy type and eating behaviors, and to explore potential moderating variables.

RESULTS

Healthful and nonhealthful eating behaviors differed significantly across several sociodemographic characteristics. Overall, neither healthful nor nonhealthful eating behaviors differed significantly between schools with voluntary and mandatory nutrition policies (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64‐1.08; OR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.83‐1.64). Frequency of buying lunch at school and buying lunch out moderated the association between policy enforcement level and healthful eating behaviors (p = .0472, p = .0119). Frequency of buying lunch out moderated the association between policy enforcement levels and nonhealthful eating behaviors (p = .0009).

CONCLUSIONS

This study documents nonhealthful components of Canadian adolescents' diets, and the results highlight important areas for future research in assessing the effectiveness of school nutrition policies.
Youth Chef Academy: Pilot Results From a Plant‐Based Culinary and Nutrition Literacy Program for Sixth and Seventh Graders
Authors: Harley Amy , Lemke Melissa , Brazauskas Ruta , Carnegie Nicole B. , Bokowy Lori , Kingery Lisa
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND

National data confirm that youth are not eating recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables (F/V), legumes, and whole grains (WGs). Establishing plant‐based eating patterns early in life may positively impact long‐term health through tracking of adolescent eating patterns into adulthood and through potential associations between adolescent dietary intake and adult disease risk. The study aim was to examine the effectiveness of Youth Chef Academy (YCA), a classroom‐based experiential culinary and nutrition literacy intervention for sixth and seventh graders (11‐ to 13‐year‐olds) designed to impact healthy eating.

METHODS

Study used a nonequivalent control group design with 8 schools selected for similarity in: free/reduced‐price lunch, race/ethnicity, and student mobility rate (N = 248). Primary outcomes were times per day of F/V, vegetable, and WG consumption. Students completed a survey to assess primary outcomes and other measures at baseline and post‐intervention.

RESULTS

Significant increases in times per day of F/V (p = .022) and vegetable only (p = .015) consumption in the intervention group compared to the control group. Increases in WG consumption showed trended toward significance (p = .071). Student engagement and nutrition knowledge showed significant intervention effects.

CONCLUSIONS

YCA positively impacts behavioral and knowledge variables related to healthy eating and increases students' engagement in their classrooms.
Origins of the Hawaiian flora: Phylogenies and biogeography reveal patterns of long‐distance dispersal
Authors: Price Jonathan P. , Wagner Warren L.
Published: November 2018

Botanists have long considered the origins of the Hawaiian flora in terms of long‐distance dispersal from particular source areas. We extensively reviewed phylogenetic studies of the Hawaiian angiosperm flora to determine the most likely region of origin for each lineage from a defined set of source areas. We also evaluated dispersal modes of each lineage to assess whether certain dispersal modes are associated with a given source area. The largest source category was Widespread (involving related taxa that extend across more than one region), although many of these comprised native non‐endemic species, and accounted for little of the total species diversity (after accounting for in situ speciation). The next largest source regions were Indo‐Malayan and Neotropical. Comparatively few lineages originated from the East Asian region, although these include the single largest lineage. Lineages originating in the Indo‐Malayan region predominantly arrived via Pacific Islands, whereas dispersal from all other regions appears to have been mostly direct. Compared with previous analyses, we found a higher proportion of lineages originating in the Neotropics and temperate North America. Widespread origins were positively associated with dispersal via flotation on water, whereas other origins were associated with dispersal by birds, either through internal transport or external adhesion. We identified thirty‐one potential cases of dispersal out of Hawaii to other islands. Our assessment is complicated by lineages with ancient origins, with further complications likely stemming from hybridization events. Overall, numerous lineages including some distinctive endemic genera have not had sufficient phylogenetic study to determine an origin.
Higher Law: Can Christian Conservatives Transform Law Through Legal Education?
Authors: Wilson Joshua C. , Hollis-Brusky Amanda
Published: November 2018

The allure of law schools as transformative institutions in the United States prompted Christian Right leaders to invest in legal education in the 1990s and early 2000s. The aspiration was to control the training of lawyers in order to challenge the secular legal monopoly on law, policy, and culture. In this article, we examine three leading Christian conservative law schools and one training program dedicated to transforming the law. We ask how each institution seeks to realize its transformative mission and analyze how they organize themselves to produce the kinds of capital (human, intellectual, social, cultural) needed to effectively change the law. To do so, we develop a typology of legal institution-building strategies (infiltration, supplemental, and parallel alternative) to compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of institutional forms. We conclude by discussing implications of our findings for those looking to law schools as sites of broader transformation within the law.
Progressive resistance training prevents loss of muscle mass and strength in bile duct‐ligated rats
Authors: Aamann Luise , Ochoa‐Sanchez Rafael , Oliveira Mariana , Tremblay Mélanie , Bémeur Chantal , Dam Gitte , Vilstrup Hendrik , Aagaard Niels Kristian , Rose Christopher F.
Published: November 2018

Background

Loss of muscle mass and strength is common in cirrhosis and increases the risk of hyperammonaemia and hepatic encephalopathy. Resistance training optimizes muscle mass and strength in several chronic diseases. However, the beneficial effects of resistance training in cirrhosis remain to be investigated. Bile duct‐ligated (BDL) rats develop chronic liver disease, hyperammonaemia, reduced muscle mass and strength. Our aim was to test the effects of resistance training on muscle mass, function and ammonia metabolism in BDL‐rats.

Methods

A group of BDL‐rats underwent a progressive resistance training programme and a group of non‐exercise BDL‐rats served as controls. Resistance training comprised of ladder climbing with a progressive increase in carrying weights attached to the tail. Training was performed 5 days a week during 4 weeks. Muscle strength and body composition were assessed using grip strength and EchoMRI. Weight and circumference of the gastrocnemius muscle (normalized to bodyweight), plasma ammonia and glutamine synthetase protein expression and activity were assessed.

Results

BDL + exercise rats had significantly larger gastrocnemius circumference compared to non‐exercise BDL‐rats: ratio 0.082 vs 0.075 (P < 0.05). Gastrocnemius muscle weight was higher in exercisers than controls: 0.006 vs 0.005 (P < 0.05). A tendency towards a lower plasma ammonia in the exercise group compared to controls was observed (P = 0.10). There were no differences in lean body mass, GS protein expression and activity between the groups.

Conclusion

Resistance training in rats with chronic liver disease beneficially effects muscle mass and strength. The effects were followed by non‐significant reduction in blood ammonia; however, a tendency was observed.
Nutrient release from sediments and biological nitrogen fixation: Advancing our understanding of eutrophication sources in Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Authors: Shayo Salome , Limbu Samwel M.
Published: November 2018

Intensification of anthropogenic activities in the three riparian countries bordering the shoreline of Lake Victoria is exacerbating eutrophication in the main body of the lake. The present study evaluated the importance of sediments and biological nitrogen fixation as sources of nutrient enrichment into Lake Victoria in Magu, Mwanza and Kayenze bays influenced by different anthropogenic activities, over a period of 7 months. Kayenze Bay is a relatively pristine site, while higher anthropogenic activities occur in the Magu Bay and Mwanza North Bay areas. Sediment cores were retrieved from each sampling site and transported to the laboratory for nutrient concentrations and flux analyses. In situ nitrogen fixation rates also were measured in the water column. The results indicated the sediment–water interface in Magu Bay exhibited significantly higher concentrations of nitrate‐N and a net release of nitrate‐N, compared to Mwanza North Bay and Kayenze Bay (p < 0.001). The sediment–water interface in Magu Bay also exhibited a significant net release of total phosphate towards the water column, compared to Mwanza Bay (p < 0.001). The sediment–water interface in Mwanza North Bay exhibited higher ammonium‐N concentrations, and net release of ammonium‐N and total nitrogen than did Magu and Kayenze Bays (p < 0.001). The sediment–water interface in Mwanza and Magu Bays exhibited higher total nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphate concentrations than Kayenze Bay (p < 0.001). Their sediments also released net fluxes of soluble reactive phosphate to the water column than did Kayenze Bay (p < 0.001). In contrast, the Kayenze Bay sediments acted as a sink of ammonium‐N from the water column, compared to Mwanza North and Magu Bays (p < 0.001). Biological nitrogen fixation rates were significantly higher during the rainy season than the dry season (p < 0.05), although no spatial variations in biological nitrogen fixation existed among the three sites (p > 0.05). The present study indicated the water column and sediments in Magu Bay and Mwanza North Bay, characterized by high anthropogenic activities are rich in nitrate‐N, ammonium‐N, total nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphate, compared to the relative pristine Kayenze Bay. Anthropogenic activities and sediments may well be important sources of nutrients enrichment to the overlaying waters, thereby enhancing eutrophication of Lake Victoria. Management strategies are required to reduce external releases and internal nutrient fluxes to enhance the lake ecosystem health.
Development of a real‐time patient‐reported outcome measure for symptom assessment in patients with functional dyspepsia using the experience sampling method
Authors: Smeets Fabiënne G. M. , Keszthelyi Daniel , Vork Lisa , Tack Jan , Talley Nicholas J. , Simren Magnus , Aziz Qasim , Ford Alexander C. , Conchillo José M. , Kruimel Joanna W. , Van Os Jim , Masclee Ad A. M.
Published: November 2018

Background

Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) are used to assess symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Current end‐of‐day questionnaires have several limitations including sensitivity to recall and ecological bias. The experience sampling method (ESM) is characterized by random and repeated assessments across momentary states in daily life and therefore less sensitive to these limitations. This study describes the development of a novel PROM based on ESM technology.

Methods

An initial draft of the PROM was developed based on literature. Focus group interviews with FD patients according to Rome IV criteria, and an expert meeting with international opinion leaders in the field of functional gastrointestinal disorders were conducted in order to select items for the PROM. Cognitive interviews were performed to evaluate patients’ understanding of the selected items and to create the definitive PROM.

Key results

A systematic literature search revealed 59 items across four domains (ie, physical status; mood and psychological factors; context and environment; and nutrition, medication, and substance use). After patient focus group interviews and an international expert meeting, the number of items was reduced to 33. Cognitive interviews resulted in some minor linguistic changes in order to improve patients’ understanding.

Conclusions and inferences

A novel digital ESM‐based PROM for real‐time symptom assessment in patients with functional dyspepsia was developed. This novel PROM has the potential to identify individual symptom patterns and specific triggers for dyspeptic symptoms, and optimize treatment strategies.
Potentiation of serotonin signaling protects against intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Tackett John J. , Gandotra Neeru , Bamdad Michaela C. , Muise Eleanor D. , Cowles Robert A.
Published: November 2018

Background

Knock‐out of serotonin re‐uptake transporters (SERT) or use of selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) potentiates enteric serotonin (5‐HT) signaling and stimulates enterocyte proliferation. We hypothesized that increased serotonin signaling would mitigate epithelial injury from intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R).

Methods

Mice lacking SERT (SERTKO mice) and wild‐type littermates (WTLM) were subjected to intestinal ischemia by superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion. At intervals post‐laparotomy with or without ischemia, ileum was harvested and prepared for staining. A WTLM subgroup treated with SSRI after SMA occlusion followed by reperfusion was also sacrificed and analyzed. Mucosal injury was scored, percentage of injured villi calculated, and enterocyte proliferation measured. Lastly, staining for enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, and goblet cells, villus epithelial cellular make‐up was investigated at baseline and 14 days after injury. Measurements were compared between groups using t test and chi‐squared test.

Key results

Mucosal injury after I/R was significantly decreased in SERTKO and SSRI‐treated mice compared to WTLM at all intervals except baseline. Enterocyte proliferation was greater in SERTKO and SSRI‐treated mice without alteration in cellular composition along villi (P > 0.05).

Conclusions and inferences

Potentiation of 5‐HT signaling is associated with mucosal protection from intestinal I/R injury without alterations in villus cell distribution, possibly via increased rates of enterocyte renewal.
Targeting epigenetic mechanisms for chronic visceral pain: A valid approach for the development of novel therapeutics
Authors: Louwies Tijs , Ligon Casey O. , Johnson Anthony C. , Greenwood‐Van Meerveld Beverley
Published: November 2018

Background

Chronic visceral pain is persistent pain emanating from thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal origin that is poorly localized with regard to the specific organ affected. The prevalence can range up to 25% in the adult population as chronic visceral pain is a common feature of many visceral disorders, which may or may not be accompanied by distinct structural or histological abnormalities within the visceral organs. Mounting evidence suggests that changes in epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the top‐down or bottom‐up sensitization of pain pathways and the development of chronic pain. Epigenetic changes can lead to long‐term alterations in gene expression profiles of neurons and consequently alter functionality of peripheral neurons, dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, and brain neurons. However, epigenetic modifications are dynamic, and thus, detrimental changes may be reversible. Hence, external factors/therapeutic interventions may be capable of modulating the epigenome and restore normal gene expression for extended periods of time.

Purpose

The goal of this review is to highlight the latest discoveries made toward understanding the epigenetic mechanisms that are involved in the development or maintenance of chronic visceral pain. Furthermore, this review will provide evidence supporting that targeting these epigenetic mechanisms may represent a novel approach to treat chronic visceral pain.
Expression polymorphism at the ARPC4 locus links the actin cytoskeleton with quantitative disease resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Badet Thomas , Léger Ophélie , Barascud Marielle , Voisin Derry , Sadon Pierre , Vincent Remy , Le Ru Aurélie , Balagué Claudine , Roby Dominique , Raffaele Sylvain
Published: November 2018

Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is a form of plant immunity widespread in nature, and the only one active against broad host range fungal pathogens. The genetic determinants of QDR are complex and largely unknown, and are thought to rely partly on genes controlling plant morphology and development.

We used genome‐wide association mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify ARPC4 as associated with QDR against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mutants impaired in ARPC4 showed enhanced susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum, defects in the structure of the actin filaments and in their responsiveness to S. sclerotiorum. Disruption of ARPC4 also alters callose deposition and the expression of defense‐related genes upon S. sclerotiorum infection.

Analysis of ARPC4 diversity in A. thaliana identified one haplotype (ARPC4R) showing a c. 1 kbp insertion in ARPC4 regulatory region and associated with higher level of QDR. Accessions from the ARPC4R haplotype showed enhanced ARPC4 expression upon S. sclerotiorum challenge, indicating that polymorphisms in ARPC4 regulatory region are associated with enhanced QDR.

This work identifies a novel actor of plant QDR against a fungal pathogen and provides a prime example of genetic mechanisms leading to the recruitment of cell morphology processes in plant immunity.
The Phytophthora sojae RXLR effector Avh238 destabilizes soybean Type2 GmACSs to suppress ethylene biosynthesis and promote infection
Authors: Yang Bo , Wang Yuyin , Guo Baodian , Jing Maofeng , Zhou Hao , Li Yufei , Wang Haonan , Huang Jie , Wang Yan , Ye Wenwu , Dong Suomeng , Wang Yuanchao
Published: November 2018

Phytophthora pathogens secrete many effector proteins to manipulate host innate immunity. PsAvh238 is a Phytophthora sojae N‐terminal Arg‐X‐Leu‐Arg (RXLR) effector, which evolved to escape host recognition by mutating one nucleotide while retaining plant immunity‐suppressing activity to enhance infection. However, the molecular basis of the PsAvh238 virulence function remains largely enigmatic.

By using coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis, we identified the 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate synthase (ACS) isoforms, the key enzymes in ethylene (ET) biosynthesis, as a host target of PsAvh238.

We show that PsAvh238 interacts with soybean ACSs (GmACSs) in vivo and in vitro. By destabilizing Type2 GmACSs, PsAvh238 suppresses Type2 ACS‐catalyzed ET biosynthesis and facilitates Phytophthora infection. Silencing of Type2 GmACSs, and inhibition of ET biosynthesis or signaling, increase soybean susceptibility to P. sojae infection, supporting a role for Type2 GmACSs and ET in plant immunity against P. sojae. Moreover, wild‐type P. sojae but not the PsAvh238‐disrupted mutants, inhibits ET induction and promotes P. sojae infection in soybean.

Our results highlight the ET biosynthesis pathway as an essential part in plant immunity against P. sojae and a direct effector target.
Isoprenoid biosynthesis in the diatom Haslea ostrearia
Authors: Athanasakoglou Anastasia , Grypioti Emilia , Michailidou Sofia , Ignea Codruta , Makris Antonios M. , Kalantidis Kriton , Massé Guillaume , Argiriou Anagnostis , Verret Frederic , Kampranis Sotirios C.
Published: November 2018

Diatoms are eukaryotic, unicellular algae that are responsible for c. 20% of the Earth's primary production. Their dominance and success in contemporary oceans have prompted investigations on their distinctive metabolism and physiology. One metabolic pathway that remains largely unexplored in diatoms is isoprenoid biosynthesis, which is responsible for the production of numerous molecules with unique features.

We selected the diatom species Haslea ostrearia because of its characteristic isoprenoid content and carried out a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis and functional characterization of the genes identified.

We functionally characterized one farnesyl diphosphate synthase, two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases, one short‐chain polyprenyl synthase, one bifunctional isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase – squalene synthase, and one phytoene synthase. We inferred the phylogenetic origin of these genes and used a combination of functional analysis and subcellular localization predictions to propose their physiological roles.

Our results provide insight into isoprenoid biosynthesis in H. ostrearia and propose a model of the central steps of the pathway. This model will facilitate the study of metabolic pathways of important isoprenoids in diatoms, including carotenoids, sterols and highly branched isoprenoids.
Apex predator suppression is linked to restructuring of ecosystems via multiple ecological pathways
Authors: Leo Viyanna , Reading Richard P. , Gordon Christopher , Letnic Mike
Published: November 2018

Removal of apex predators can drive ecological regime shifts owing to compensatory positive and negative population level responses by organisms at lower trophic levels. Despite evidence that apex predators can influence ecosystems though multiple ecological pathways, most studies investigating apex predators’ effects on ecosystems have considered just one pathway in isolation. Here, we provide evidence that lethal control of an apex predator, the dingo Canis dingo, drives shifts in the structure of Australia's tropical‐savannah ecosystems. We compared mammal assemblages and understorey structure at seven paired‐sites. Each site comprised an area where people poisoned dingoes and an area without dingo control. The effects of dingo control on mammals scaled with body size. Where dingoes were poisoned, we found greater activity of herbivorous macropods and feral cats, a mesopredator, but sparser understorey vegetation and lower abundances of native rodents. Our study suggests that ecological cascades arising from apex predators’ suppressive effects on herbivores and mesopredators occur simultaneously. Concordant effects of dingo removal across tropical‐savannah, forest and desert biomes suggest that dingoes once exerted ubiquitous top–down effects across Australia and provides support for calls that top–down forcing should be considered a fundamental process governing ecosystem structure.
Seasonal shifts in the importance of bottom–up and top–down factors on stream periphyton community structure
Authors: Beck Whitney S. , Markman David W. , Oleksy Isabella A. , Lafferty M. Holliday , Poff N. LeRoy
Published: November 2018

We examined the importance of temporal variability in top–down and bottom–up effects on the accumulation of stream periphyton, which are complex associations of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms. Periphyton contributes to primary production and nutrient cycling and serves as a food resource for herbivores (grazers). Periphyton growth is often limited by the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus, and biomass can be controlled by grazers. In this study we experimentally manipulated nutrients and grazers simultaneously to determine the relative contribution of bottom–up and top–down controls on periphyton over time. We used nutrient diffusing substrates to regulate nutrient concentrations and an underwater electric field to exclude grazing insects in three sequential 16–17 day experiments from August to October in montane Colorado, USA. We measured algal biomass, periphyton organic mass, and algal community composition in each experiment and determined densities of streambed insect species, including grazers. Phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient for algal biomass, but it did not influence periphyton organic mass across all experiments. Effects of nutrient additions on algal biomass and community composition decreased between August and October. Grazed substrates supported reduced periphyton biomass only in the first experiment, corresponding to high benthic abundances of a dominant mayfly grazer (Rhithrogena spp.). Grazed substrates in the first experiment also showed altered algal community composition with reduced diatom relative abundances, presumably in response to selective grazing. We showed that top–down grazing effects were strongest in late summer when grazers were abundant. The effects of phosphorus additions on algal biomass likely decreased over time because temperature became more limiting to growth than nutrients, and because reduced current velocity decreased nutrient uptake rates. These results suggest that investigators should proceed with caution when extending findings based on short‐term experiments. Furthermore, these results support the need for additional seasonal‐scale field research in stream ecology.
A review of reviews: Sedentary behaviour and cardiovascular disease specific to older people
Authors: Dickins Kirsten A. , Buchholz Susan W. , Rivero Tania , Miller Corinne
Published: November 2018

Background

The incidence of sedentary behaviour and cardiovascular disease impacts the health of older people, potentially leading to serious and negative health consequences.

Aim

The purpose of this umbrella review was to identify the systematic reviews that explore the association between sedentary behaviour and cardiovascular disease specific to older people.

Methods

An umbrella review was undertaken to systematically search five databases. Papers included were published between 2011 and 2015.

Results

A search yielded 2,163 results. Six reviews met the inclusion criteria. While all six systematic reviews included older people in the overall sample, only one systematic review focused on an entirely older person population. Three of the six systematic reviews provided a meta‐analysis, but none of the reviews reported a separate subgroup analysis for a discrete sample of older people

Conclusion

This umbrella review demonstrates that while sedentary behaviour is associated with cardiovascular disease, a gap exists in the analysis on the relationship specific to older persons.

Implications for Practice

Interventions aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour may improve cardiovascular health and well‐being among older people.
The Moral Foundations of Human Rights Attitudes
Authors: Stolerman Dominic , Lagnado David
Published: November 2018

Human rights are claimed to be innate and based on moral principles. Human rights attitudes have been shown to be related to political ideology, but there have been few studies investigating their relationship with morality. Using moral foundations theory, we examine whether morals can predict human rights attitudes across two studies. The first study used questionnaires to show that human rights are based exclusively on individualizing moral foundations; however, increases in individualizing and decreases in binding foundations predict increases in human rights endorsement. Moral foundations also mediated the relationship between political identification and human rights. Both individualizing and binding foundations performed a role in explaining the lower endorsement of human rights by conservatives as compared to liberals. The second study used textual analysis of newspaper articles to show that human‐rights‐related articles contained more moral language than other articles, in particular for the individualizing foundations. Conservative newspapers had a greater use of binding foundations in human rights articles than liberal newspapers.
EU’s Disunited Response to the 2015 Refugee Crisis: A View from the Perspective of the Psychological Theory of DID
Authors: Dingott Alkopher Tal
Published: November 2018

This article analyzes the political rupture among EU member states during the 2015 refugee crisis. On the one hand, EU members like the Visegrad Four unilaterally built fences to halt undocumented migration. Conversely, Germany and Sweden operated an open‐door policy. This disparity produced a perception of a disunited EU failing to implement its common immigration and refugee policy. Rationalist and functionalist explanations stress a lack of national political interest among states in the common immigration and refugee policy and malfunctioning of European supranational mechanisms. In line with this Special Issue, this study takes a sociopsychological angle using insights from Dissociated Identity Disorder (DID) theory that understand behavioral and functional difficulties in terms of the psychological disintegration dynamics (dissociation) of a multiple self identity. I argue based on this that in 2015 the EU’s state of multiple self may have been so dissociated and so lacking in sociopsychological integration that it could not see some of its members, like the Visegrad Four and Germany, as part of its collective self. This view then allowed the dissociated members to express their own “personality” and identity and function independently. As a result, the EU’s behavior towards refugees lacked coherence, stability, and continuity.
Patterns of Participation and Representation in a Regional Water Collaboration
Authors: Hui Iris , Ulibarri Nicola , Cain Bruce
Published: November 2018

Regional collaboration has become a popular means to manage shared resources and address cross‐jurisdictional boundary issues. The question of who participates in the process, who directly affects decisions, and who benefits from those decisions is critical for understanding the broader value created by regional collaborations. We apply a variety of text mining techniques to meeting minutes to measure how stakeholder participation evolved over nine years of an Integrated Regional Water Management collaboration. We observe that a diverse set of organizations representing differing interests participated to some extent in the process. However, a minority of organizations attended regularly, while most attended sporadically and/or only attended outreach events. Verbs used to describe interaction varied across meeting types, displaying egalitarian patterns of interaction among participants in core leadership meetings and more one‐way interaction among attendees of outreach meetings. We then estimate whether participation affects the likelihood of receiving funding through the IRWM program. Participants who attended the core group meetings most regularly were most likely to receive funding for their projects, suggesting that uneven patterns of participation matter for the substantive value created by the collaboration.
Managerial Friction and Land‐Use Policy Punctuations in the Fragmented Metropolis
Authors: Deslatte Aaron
Published: November 2018

Despite the portrayal of bureaucratic organizations as resistant to change, public managers have some ability to strategically move land‐use processes out of incrementalism, even when bureaucratic lethargy acts as a drag. This article examines managerial influence in land‐use policy by synthesizing theories of political markets and punctuated equilibrium. An information‐processing logic is developed to explain why local government managers shift from “inward” to “outward” land‐use management strategies in periods of environmental change. "Managerial friction” is defined as a strategic managerial adjustment producing punctuated land‐use policy change in the face of environmental changing conditions. Hypotheses are tested using data on Florida local government comprehensive plan amendments and a Bayesian methodological approach. The evidence suggests managerial friction can be distinguished from the effects of environmental and political complexity as well as other forms of institutional friction, including management turnover, legislative institutions, and bureaucratic structure.
Effects of an animal‐assisted intervention on social behaviour, emotions, and behavioural and psychological symptoms in nursing home residents with dementia
Authors: Wesenberg Sandra , Mueller Christoph , Nestmann Frank , Holthoff‐Detto Vjera
Published: November 2018

Aim

The positive effects of animal‐assisted interventions (AAIs) in people with dementia have been frequently reported in the literature. However, it remains unclear if the positive effects are directly due to the presence of the animal. The aim of this study was to investigate if the inclusion of an animal adds value to psychosocial interventions for people with dementia.

Methods

The study followed a within‐subject design with two studied conditions (AAI and control intervention) and several measurement points (baseline (i.e. at beginning of the intervention), after 3 months, and after 6 months). Nineteen nursing home residents with dementia participated in the AAI (with a dog) and the control intervention. Both interventions were delivered as weekly group sessions over a period of 6 months. Outcomes examined were social interaction, emotional expression, and behavioural and psychological symptoms. These outcomes were evaluated by using video recordings at baseline and after 3 and 6 months.

Results

Nineteen patients with moderate to moderately severe dementia who lived in two nursing homes in Germany were included. During the AAI, we detected significantly longer and more frequent periods of positive emotions (pleasure) and social interaction (e.g. touch, body movements) than during the control intervention.

Conclusion

The presence of a dog appears to have beneficial effects on psychosocial intervention for people with dementia.
“I Just Don't Think She Has a Presidential Look”: Sexism and Vote Choice in the 2016 Election*
Authors: Knuckey Jonathan
Published: November 2018

Objectives

This article examines the effect of both modern and traditional sexism on vote choice in the 2016 presidential election, and posits that they played a major role in explaining Hillary Clinton's defeat to Donald Trump.

Methods

Data from the 2016 American National Election Study are analyzed using a logistic regression model.

Results

Both modern and traditional sexism exerted a statistically significant effect on presidential vote choice in 2016. Indeed, its effect rivaled that of racial resentment and was only exceeded by partisanship.

Conclusion

While a variety of factors may have cost Hillary Clinton the presidency in 2016, sexism needs to be addressed as one of those factors. More broadly, the findings of this article suggest that women candidates continue to face obstacles and are evaluated differently than men, especially when running for the most visible offices in American politics.
In vivo detection of protein cysteine sulfenylation in plastids
Authors: De Smet Barbara , Willems Patrick , Fernandez‐Fernandez Alvaro D. , Alseekh Saleh , Fernie Alisdair R. , Messens Joris , Van Breusegem Frank
Published: November 2018

Protein cysteine thiols are post‐translationally modified under oxidative stress conditions. Illuminated chloroplasts are one of the important sources of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and are highly sensitive to environmental stimuli, yet a comprehensive view of the oxidation‐sensitive chloroplast proteome is still missing. By targeting the sulfenic acid YAP1C‐trapping technology to the plastids of light‐grown Arabidopsis cells, we identified 132 putatively sulfenylated plastid proteins upon H2O2 pulse treatment. Almost half of the sulfenylated proteins are enzymes of the amino acid metabolism. Using metabolomics, we observed a reversible decrease in the levels of the amino acids Ala, Asn, Cys, Gln, Glu, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Ser, Thr and Val after H2O2 treatment, which is in line with an anticipated decrease in the levels of the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid metabolites. Through the identification of an organelle‐tailored proteome, we demonstrated that the subcellular targeting of the YAP1C probe enables us to study in vivo cysteine sulfenylation at the organellar level. All in all, the identification of these oxidation events in plastids revealed that several enzymes of the amino acid metabolism rapidly undergo cysteine oxidation upon oxidative stress.
The Ax Fight: A Critical Engagement with the Work of Tim Asch and John Marshall
Authors: Grimshaw Anna , Silverstein Sydney M.
Published: November 2018

Although The Ax Fight is one of the most discussed films in the history of ethnographic cinema, we argue that commentators have overlooked certain key aspects of the film. Critical engagement with Asch's techniques and how they work to shape a particular interpretation of the Yanomamo is crucial to understanding the kind of anthropological work that ethnographic film does and can do. Offered as an exercise in close reading, this essay is intended, first, to highlight the kinds of analytical skills necessary in taking film seriously as a medium of scholarly inquiry. Second, by juxtaposing The Ax Fight and associated Yanomami shorts with the work of his contemporary John Marshall, we extend our evaluation of Asch by challenging assumed continuities between the two filmmakers. We suggest that a careful examination of the complex web of overlap and distinction in their respective practice allows for a more nuanced understanding of technique, knowledge, and reflexivity in anthropological work.
Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus: A simulation model to estimate residual risk with universal leucoreduction and testing strategies in Canada
Authors: O'Brien Sheila F. , Yi Qi‐Long , Goldman Mindy , Grégoire Yves , Delage Gilles
Published: November 2018

Background and Objectives

In Canada, transfusion transmission risk of Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus ‐I/II (HTLV) is addressed by universal leucoreduction and universal antibody testing. We aimed to estimate the risk with the current policy, if testing only first‐time donors and if testing were stopped.

Materials and Methods

Monte Carlo simulation was employed to estimate the proportion of red cell concentrate, random donor platelet and apheresis platelet units that would be released into inventory in each scenario (10 billion donors each). The model estimated the number of HTLV‐positive donations not intercepted by testing, randomly assigned the number of HTLV particles/100 leucocytes using proportions from published data and randomly selected a postleucoreduction leucocyte count from quality control data. Units were considered infectious if ≥9 × 104 copies of HTLV provirus.

Results

With universal leucoreduction in place, the residual risk of releasing an HTLV potentially infectious unit with universal testing was 1 in 1·2 billion units (0, 1 in 55·9 million), with testing only first‐time donors 1 in 7·1 million (0, 1 in 1·05 million) and with no testing 1 in 1·0 million (0, 1 in 178 600). The efficacy of leucoreduction was >99·5% (lower bound 95·7%) for all scenarios.

Conclusion

With universal leucoreduction in place, switching from universal testing to testing first‐time donors would incur very low risk.
Platelets from donors who use non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are functional when stored under blood bank conditions
Authors: Bontekoe Ido J. , Groot Stéphanie A. , van der Meer Pieter F. , de Korte Dirk
Published: November 2018

Background and Objectives

In our country, buffy coats (BCs) from donors who used non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are not used for platelet (PLT) production, because NSAIDs inhibit platelet aggregation. We aimed to investigate the in vitro quality of PLT concentrates (PCs) prepared from NSAID BCs. Also a dose‐response study was performed with ibuprofen in PCs prepared from regular BCs.

Materials and Methods

Single‐donor PCs in plasma (sPCs, n = 18) were prepared from NSAID BCs. The type of NSAID was extracted from the donor questionnaire. Aliquots of pooled PC in PAS‐E (n = 3) were used to test dose‐response effects of ibuprofen. The PC (aliquots) was stored for 8 days at 22 ± 2°C and sampled regularly.

Results

Most NSAID donors used aspirin, diclofenac, ibuprofen or naproxen. Storage properties of PC were not measurably affected by NSAIDs. Aggregation tests with arachidonic acid revealed no differences with ibuprofen, which was in line with levels in donor plasma and the dose‐response study. A low or absent response was observed for sPC with aspirin (0, 0–60, median, range, P < 0·05), diclofenac (30, 0–93) and naproxen (0, 0–47, P < 0·05), compared to normal controls (69, 0–90). No differences were detected in aggregation with ADP or collagen.

Conclusion

No effects of NSAIDs on platelet storage properties were measured, but some effects on aggregation properties were present. The use of BC with ibuprofen can be considered feasible for pooled BC, due to pooling and dilution with PAS. For the other NSAIDs, except for aspirin which inhibits PLTs irreversibly, further study of NSAID BCs in pools is recommended.
Nonarticular osseous cyst‐like lesions of the intermedioradial carpal bone may be incidental magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs
Authors: Porter Ian R. , Pownder Sarah L. , McDonough Sean P. , Potter Hollis G. , Hayashi Kei
Published: November 2018

As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) becomes more readily available and more frequently utilized in the assessment of canine carpal lameness, both normal variations and early pathologic conditions must be recognized to optimize patient care and provide accurate diagnosis. On cross sectional studies of the canine carpus, cyst‐like lesions have been detected at the dorsolateral aspect of the intermedioradial carpal bone. The cross‐sectional imaging and histologic properties of these lesions have not been described. The purpose of this observational study is to evaluate the MRI and histologic features of these cyst‐like lesions in a cohort of clinically sound dogs. It was hypothesized that the lesions would show features similar to intraosseous ganglion cysts of the human wrist. Twenty‐five cadaveric canine carpi were obtained and a total of 13 lesions were detected on MRI. Based on MRI, six carpi with lesions of varying size and one normal carpus were submitted for histological evaluation. Five of the abnormal carpi had nonarticular cyst‐like lesions; one specimen with a positive magnetic resonance image for a cyst‐like lesion had no cyst‐like lesion on histology. Conspicuity of a medium‐size lesion as evaluated on radiographs was poor. Given the presence of these nonarticular cyst‐like lesions in a population of clinically sound patients, their clinical importance is uncertain. The development of these lesions may relate to altered mechanics or genetic predispositions, requiring additional study.
Thoracic processi spinosi findings agree among subjective, semiquantitative, and modified semiquantitative scintigraphic image evaluation methods and partially agree with clinical findings in horses with and without thoracolumbar pain
Authors: van Zadelhoff Claudia , Ehrle Anna , Merle Roswitha , Jahn Werner , Lischer Christoph
Published: November 2018

Impinging processi spinosi in the equine thoracic spine are a common cause of poor performance in the horse. A modified semiquantitative scintigraphic image analysis has been proposed for the evaluation of equine processi spinosi. This technique showed a high inter‐ and intraobserver agreement when compared to subjective and semiquantitative image analysis. The aim of this retrospective, method comparison study was to evaluate the agreement of the modified semiquantitative scintigraphic image assessment with previous methods of interpretation and to compare these scintigraphic evaluation techniques with radiographic and clinical findings. Two hundred twenty‐three Warmblood horses that underwent scintigraphic, radiographic, and clinical examination of the thoracic spine were included in the study. Scintigraphic images were assessed using subjective, semiquantitative, and modified semiquantitative techniques. Radiographs were subjectively graded and horses were assigned to a group with or without thoracolumbar pain. Total radiographic and total scintigraphic grades were higher in horses with thoracolumbar pain (P < 0.05). Both the semiquantitative and the modified semiquantitative uptake ratios did not differ significantly in horses with or without thoracolumbar pain. The kappa agreement showed a substantial agreement between the modified semiquantitative scintigraphic and the semiquantitative scintigraphic evaluation techniques. The agreement between subjective scintigraphic and modified semiquantitative scintigraphic image evaluations was fair. There was a slight agreement between all scintigraphic techniques and radiographic findings. Limitations were the definition of thoracolumbar pain and the image analysis being restricted to the caudal thoracic processi spinosi. In conclusion, the modified semiquantitative scintigraphic image assessment obtained consistent results but did not perform better than previous evaluation methods. Further comparison to a defined diagnosis is warranted.
Two new eriophyoid mite species (Acari: Trombidiformes: Eriophyoidea) on Quercus castaneifolia in Iran
Authors: Gol Ali , Sadeghi Namaghi Hussein , De Lillo Enrico
Published: November 2018

Two new vagrant species of eriophyoid mites, Brevulacus cornifrontis sp. nov. and Cecidophyes aliabadi sp. nov., living on the under surface of the leaves of Quercus castaneifolia (Fagaceae) in Iran are described and illustrated. It is also the first record of a species belonging to the genus Cecidophyes found in Iran. Keys to the World Brevulacus and Quercus-related Cecidophyes species are provided. As a consequence of species comparison, Rhyncaphytoptus dichromae was assigned to Brevulacus.
The Genome Size of Some Species of Hyalomma Ticks from Turkish Thrace
Authors: Yılmazer Nadim
Published: November 2018

Hyalomma scupense, H. excavatum and H. marginatum are globally important tick species, as well as in Turkey, both in terms of human and animal health. The genome sizes of these tick species were determined in this study for the first time. From flow cytometric measurements, diploid genome sizes of female and male H. scupense were found to be 2.13 pg and 1.75 pg, respectively, while H. excavatum were 2.21 pg and 1.94 pg, and H. marginatum were 2.48 pg and 1.98 pg, respectively. Differences in diploid genome size indicate X chromosome size of females and males in these ticks because they have an XX:XO sex determination system. Thus, it was estimated that the X chromosome of H. scupense, H. excavatum, and H. marginatum may be composed of as much as 0.38 pg, 0.27 pg, and 0.50 pg of DNA, respectively. These findings indicate suitability of these three species for genome sequencing due to the relatively small size of their genomes compared with other tick species.