bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Inheritance and Fertility Outcomes: An Analysis from Evolutionary and Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Li , Poston Dudley L. , Alvard Michael S. , Cherry Christopher
Published: January 2013

Taking evolutionary and interdisciplinary perspectives, this study views the reproductive result as an evolutionary outcome that may be affected by parental characteristics through cultural inheritance. We hypothesize that inheriting more cultural traits from parents leads to a greater resemblance between fertility outcomes of the offspring and their parents. In societies that experience a demographic transition, a greater resemblance can be indicated by a higher level of fertility of the offspring and a sooner transition from union formation to childbearing. We operationalize inheriting cultural traits from parents as reporting a religious affiliation the same as those of their parents. Through analyzing data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) Cycle 6, our results show that inheriting the same religious traits from parents does have an effect on one’s fertility. In particular, women who reported the same religious affiliations as those of their parents reported a greater number of children. They tend to have births inside, rather than outside, of marriage. Inside marriage, they are also more likely to give births sooner, rather than later. These findings support our hypotheses and help to build a theoretical framework that explains the changes in fertility outcomes from an interdisciplinary perspective.
Fabrication of Self‐Standing Silver Nanoplate Arrays by Seed‐Decorated Electrochemical Route and Their Structure‐Induced Properties
Authors: Liu Guangqiang , Duan Guotao , Jia Lichao , Wang Jingjing , Wang Hongzhi , Cai Weiping , Li Yue
Published: January 2013

We present an electrochemical route to synthesize silver nanoplates on seed‐decorated Indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate. The nanoplates are several tens of to several hundred nanometers in dimension. The density of nanoplates covered on the substrate can be controlled well by adjusting the amounts of seed. All the nanoplates are standing on the substrate uniformly even at very high density. Silver nanoplate arrays displayed an extraordinary superhydrophobicity after chemical modification and can serve as highly active surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates for microdetection. The arrays can also be used as electrodes for electrochemical capacitor with high power density.
A New Heteroleptic Biquinoline Ruthenium(II) Sensitizer for Near‐IR Sensitization of Nanocrystalline TiO2
Authors: Singh Surya Prakash , Gupta K. S. V. , Srinivasu P. , Islam Ashraful , Karim Mohammad Rezaul
Published: January 2013

Ruthenium(II) complex containing cis‐[Ru(H2dcbiq)(L)(NCS)2], where H2dcbiq = 4,4′‐dicarboxy‐2,2′‐biquinoline and L = 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐2′‐dipyridyl coded as SPS-02, was synthesized and fully characterized. This complex showed appreciably broad absorption range. The new complex was used as photosensitizer in nanocrystalline TiO2 dye‐sensitized solar cell application. cis‐[Ru(H2dcbiq)(L)(NCS)2] (SPS-02) achieved efficient sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 over the whole visible range, extending into the near‐IR region (ca. 1000 nm) with superior short‐circuit photocurrent density (Jsc = 9.13 mA cm−2) and conversion efficiency (η = 2.09%) compared with complex cis‐[Ru(H2dcbiq)2(NCS)2] (1) under an irradiation of full sunlight (100 mW cm−2).
Dehydroepiandrosterone Protects Endothelial Cells against Inflammatory Events Induced by Urban Particulate Matter and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Huerta-García Elizabeth , Montiél-Dávalos Angélica , Alfaro-Moreno Ernesto , Gutiérrez-Iglesias Gisela , López-Marure Rebeca
Published: January 2013

Particulate matter (PM) and nanoparticles (NPs) induce activation and dysfunction of endothelial cells characterized by inhibition of proliferation, increase of adhesion and adhesion molecules expression, increase of ROS production, and death. DHEA has shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in HUVEC activated with proinflammatory agents. We evaluated if DHEA could protect against some inflammatory events produced by PM10and TiO2NPs in HUVEC. Adhesion was evaluated by a coculture with U937 cells, proliferation by crystal violet staining, and oxidative stress through DCFDA and Griess reagent. PM10and TiO2NPs induced adhesion and oxidative stress and inhibited proliferation of HUVEC; however, when particles were added in combination with DHEA, the effects previously observed were abolished independently from the tested concentrations and the time of addition of DHEA to the cultures. These results indicate that DHEA exerts significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects on the damage induced by particles in HUVEC, suggesting that DHEA could be useful to counteract the harmful effects and inflammatory diseases induced by PM and NPs.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis: From Diagnosis to Prediction of Outcome
Authors: Barton Richard C.
Published: January 2013

Invasive aspergillosis (IA), an infection caused by fungi in the genusAspergillus, is seen in patients with immunological deficits, particularly acute leukaemia and stem cell transplantation, and has been associated with high rates of mortality in previous years. Diagnosing IA has long been problematic owing to the inability to culture the main causal agentA. fumigatusfrom blood. Microscopic examination and culture of respiratory tract specimens have lacked sensitivity, and biopsy tissue for histopathological examination is rarely obtainable. Thus, for many years there has been a great interest in nonculture-based techniques such as the detection of galactomannan,β-D-glucan, and DNA by PCR-based methods. Recent meta-analyses suggest that these approaches have broadly similar performance parameters in terms of sensitivity and specificity to diagnose IA. Improvements have been made in our understanding of the limitations of antigen assays and the standardisation of PCR-based DNA detection. Thus, in more recent years, the debate has focussed on how these assays can be incorporated into diagnostic strategies to maximise improvements in outcome whilst limiting unnecessary use of antifungal therapy. Furthermore, there is a current interest in applying these tests to monitor the effectiveness of therapy after diagnosis and predict clinical outcomes. The search for improved markers for the early and sensitive diagnosis of IA continues to be a challenge.
Antinociceptive Activity and Redox Profile of the Monoterpenes (+)-Camphene,p-Cymene, and Geranyl Acetate in Experimental Models
Authors: Quintans-Júnior Lucindo , Moreira José C. F. , Pasquali Matheus A. B. , Rabie Soheyla M. S. , Pires André S. , Schröder Rafael , Rabelo Thallita K. , Santos João P. A. , Lima Pollyana S. S. , Cavalcanti Sócrates C. H. , Araújo Adriano A. S. , Quintans Jullyana S. S. , Gelain Daniel P.
Published: January 2013

Objective. To evaluate antinocicpetive and redox properties of the monoterpenes (+)-camphene,p-cymene, and geranyl acetate inin vivoandin vitroexperimental models.Methods. Evaluation of thein vitroantioxidant activity of (+)-camphene,p-cymene, and geranyl acetate using different free radical-generating systems and evaluation of antinociceptive actions by acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception tests in mice.Results.p-Cymene has the strongest antinociceptive effect, but (+)-camphene and geranyl acetate also present significant activity at high doses (200 mg/kg). (+)-Camphene had the strongest antioxidant effectin vitroat TBARS and TRAP/TAR assays and also had the highest scavenging activities against different free radicals, such as hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Sodium nitroprussiate-derived NO production was enhanced by (+)-camphene. Geranyl acetate andp-cymene also presented some antioxidant effects, but with a varying profile according the free radical-generating system studied.Conclusion. (+)-Camphene,p-cymene, and geranyl acetate may present pharmacological properties related to inflammation and pain-related processes, being potentially useful for development of new therapeutic strategies, with limited possibilities forp-cymene and geranyl acetate.
Normal Weight Estonian Prepubertal Boys Show a More Cardiovascular-Risk-Associated Adipose Tissue Distribution than Austrian Counterparts
Authors: Wallner-Liebmann Sandra J. , Moeller Reinhard , Horejsi Renate , Jürimäe Toivo , Jürimäe Jaak , Mäestu Jarek , Purge Priit , Saar Meeli , Tafeit Erwin , Kaimbacher Petra , Kruschitz Renate , Weghuber Daniel , Schnedl Wolfgang J. , Mangge Harald
Published: January 2013

Objective. Risk phenotypes for cardiovascular disease (CVD) differ markedly between countries, like the reported high difference in
CVD mortality in Austria and Estonia. Hitherto, the goal of this study was to find out risk profiles in body fat distribution yet present in childhood, paving the way for later clinical end points.
Methods. he subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) distribution patterns in 553 Austrian (A) and Estonian (E) clinically healthy normal weight boys aged 11.1 (±0.8) years were analysed. We applied the patented optical device Lipometer which determines the individual subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top). Results. Total body fat did not differ significantly between E and A boys. A discriminant analysis using all Lipometer data, BMI, and the total body fat (TBF) yielded 84.6% of the boys correctly classified in Estonians and Austrians by 9 body sites. A factor analysis identified the SAT distribution of E as critically similar to male adult patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Conclusions. We show in normal weight Estonian boys a highly significant decreased fat accumulation on the lower body site compared to age matched Austrian males. This SAT-Top phenotype may play an important role for the increased cardiovascular risk seen in the Estonian population.
Inhibition of Growth and Induction of Apoptosis in Fibrosarcoma Cell Lines byEchinophora platylobaDC: In Vitro Analysis
Authors: Shahneh Fatemeh Zare , Valiyari Samira , Azadmehr Abbas , Hajiaghaee Reza , Yaripour Saeid , Bandehagh Ali , Baradaran Behzad
Published: January 2013

Echinophora platylobaDC plant (Khousharizeh) is one of the indigenous medicinal plants which is used as a food seasoning and medicine in Iran. The objective of this study was to examine the in vitro cytotoxic activity and the mechanism of cell death of crude methanolic extracts prepared fromEchinophora platylobaDC, on mouse fibrosarcoma cell line (WEHI-164). Cytotoxicity and viability of methanolic extract was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and dye exclusion assay. Cell death ELISA was employed to quantify the nucleosome production result from nuclear DNA fragmentation during apoptosis and determine whether the mechanism involves induction of apoptosis or necrosis. The cell death was identified as apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- (TdT-) mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Our results demonstrated that the extract decreased cell viability, suppressed cell proliferation, and induced cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner in WEHI-164 cells (IC50 = 196.673 ± 12.4 μg/mL) when compared with a chemotherapeutic anticancer drug, Toxol. Observation proved that apoptosis was the major mechanism of cell death. So theEchinophora platylobaDC extract was found to time- and dose-dependently inhibit the proliferation of fibrosarcoma cell possibly via an apoptosis-dependent pathway.
A Modified k-ε Model for Computation of Flows with Large Streamline Curvature
Authors: Yin Jun-Lian , Wang De-Zhong , Wu Yu-Lin , Walters D. Keith
Published: January 2013

This paper presents an improved method for inclusion of system rotation and streamline curvature effects into existing two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models. A new formulation for calculation of the turbulence viscosity coefficient, which is implemented into the traditional k-ε model with a two-layer near-wall treatment in a commercial computational fluid dynamics solver, is proposed. In contrast to precious model, the modified rotation rate which appears in the formulation for turbulent viscosity coefficient is herein expressed exactly and universally. Thus, it provides an effective alternative for turbulence modeling.
Array-Based Ultrawideband through-Wall Radar: Prediction and Assessment of Real Radar Abilities
Authors: Maaref Nadia , Millot Patrick
Published: January 2013

This paper deals with a new through-the-wall (TTW) radar demonstrator for the detection and the localisation of people in a room (in a noncooperative way) with the radar situated outside but in the vicinity of the first wall. After modelling the propagation through various walls and quantifying the backscattering by the human body, an analysis of the technical considerations which aims at defining the radar design is presented. Finally, an ultrawideband (UWB) frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar is proposed, designed, and implemented. Some representative trials show that this radar is able to localise and track moving people behind a wall in real time.
The Role of Glucocorticoid Receptors in Dexamethasone-Induced Apoptosis of Neuroprogenitor Cells in the Hippocampus of Rat Pups
Authors: Sze Chun-I , Lin Yung-Chieh , Lin Yuh-Jyh , Hsieh Ting-Hui , Kuo Yu Min , Lin Chyi-Her
Published: January 2013

Background. Dexamethasone (Dex) has been used to reduce inflammation in preterm infants with assistive ventilation and to prevent chronic lung diseases. However, Dex treatment results in adverse effects on the brain. Since the hippocampus contains a high density of glucocorticoid receptors (GCRs), we hypothesized that Dex affects neurogenesis in the hippocampus through inflammatory mediators.Methods. Albino Wistar rat pups first received a single dose of Dex (0.5 mg/kg) on postnatal day 1 (P1) and were sacrificed on P2, P3, P5, and P7. One group of Dex-treated pups (Dex-treated D1D2) was given mifepristone (RU486, a GCR antagonist) on P1 and sacrificed on P2. Hippocampi were isolated for western blot analysis, TUNEL, cleaved-caspase 3 staining for cell counts, and morphological assessment. Control pups received normal saline (NS).Results. Dex reduced the developmental gain in body weight, but had no effect on brain weight. In the Dex-treated D1D2 group, apoptotic cells increased in number based on TUNEL and cleaved-caspase 3 staining. Most of the apoptotic cells expressed the neural progenitor cell marker nestin. Dex-induced apoptosis in P1 pups was markedly reduced (60%) by pretreatment with RU486, indicating the involvement of GCRs.Conclusion. Early administration of Dex results in apoptosis of neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus and this is mediated through GCRs.
Long-Distance Animal Migrations in the Oceanic Environment: Orientation and Navigation Correlates
Authors: Luschi Paolo
Published: January 2013

A large variety of marine animals migrate in the oceanic environment, sometimes aiming at specific targets such as oceanic islands or offshore productive areas. Thanks to recent technological developments, various techniques are available to track marine migrants, even when they move in remote or inhospitable areas. The paper reviews the main findings obtained by tracking marine animals during migratory travels extending over large distances, with a special attention to the orientation and navigation aspects of these phenomena. Long-distance movements have now been recorded in many marine vertebrates, revealing astonishing performances such as individual fidelity to specific sites and basin-wide movements directed towards these locations. Seabirds cover the longest distances, sometimes undertaking interhemispheric flights, but transoceanic migrations are also the rule in pelagic fish, turtles, pinnipeds, and whales. Some features of these journeys call for the involvement of efficient orientation and navigational abilities, but little evidence is available in this respect. Oceanic migrants most likely rely on biological compasses to maintain a direction in the open sea, and displacement experiments have provided evidence for an ability of seabirds and turtles to rely on position-fixing mechanisms, possibly involving magnetic and/or olfactory cues, although simpler navigational systems are not to be excluded.
Duplication of 17q11.2 and Features of Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy Secondary to Methylation Defects within the GNAS Cluster: Coincidence or Causal?
Authors: White M. , Conroy J. , Bullman H. , Lever M. , Daly E. , Betts D. R. , Cody D. , Crolla John A. , Lynch S. A.
Published: January 2013

We report a case of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) in a three-year-old girl with a microduplication at 17q11.2. The child developed obesity within the first 6 months of life. A diagnosis of Albright was made at age 2 years when biochemical evidence of parathyroid resistance was found. No mutations were identified in guanine nucleotide-binding protein G (s) subunit alpha (GNAS1). Subsequent investigations revealed methylation disturbance at GNAS1A, neuroendocrine secretory protein antisense (NESPAS) and neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 (NESP55) confirming a diagnosis of pseudohypothyroidism type 1B. A deletion of NESP55 and uniparental disomy chromosome 20 were excluded which suggested that the features of AHO arose through a purely epigenetic mechanism. Further investigation revealed ade novomicroduplication at 17q11.2 encompassing the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene. The combination of two rarede novoevents in the same child raises the possibility that duplication of a gene within the 17q11.2 region may have triggered abnormal methylation in the GNAS cluster region on chromosome 20.
Painful Elastofibroma Dorsi: A Report of a Case and a Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Falidas Evangelos , Arvanitis Dimitrios , Anyfantakis Georgios , Pazidis Angelos , Koukouli Zacharoula , Miltiadou Dimosthenis , Koronaiou Anastasia
Published: January 2013

Elastofibroma dorsi (ED) is an uncommon, slow-growing, benign, soft tissue tumor of unclear pathogenesis, typically located at the subscapular region of elderly people. It may be unilateral or bilateral. Though many patients are asymptomatic, ED can cause local deformity and symptoms such as periscapular pain or discomfort. Herein we report a case of a 65-year-old woman with painful ED. Clinical features, radiodiagnostic, intraoperative, and pathologic findings, and a brief review of the literature are performed.
Risk Factors for Cesarean Delivery following Labor Induction in Multiparous Women
Authors: Verhoeven Corine J. , van Uytrecht Cedric T. , Porath Martina M. , Mol Ben Willem J.
Published: January 2013

Objective. To identify potential risk factors for cesarean delivery following labor induction in multiparous women at term.Methods. We conducted a retrospective case-control study. Cases were parous women in whom the induction of labor had resulted in a cesarean delivery. For each case, we used the data of two successful inductions as controls. Successful induction was defined as a vaginal delivery after the induction of labor. The study was limited to term singleton pregnancies with a child in cephalic position.Results. Between 1995 and 2010, labor was induced in 2548 parous women, of whom 80 had a cesarean delivery (3%). These 80 cases were compared to the data of 160 parous women with a successful induction of labor. In the multivariate analysis history of preterm delivery (odds ratio (OR) 5.3 (95% CI 1.1 to 25)), maternal height (OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.95)) and dilatation at the start of induction (OR 0.43 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.98)) were associated with failed induction.Conclusion. In multiparous women, the risk of cesarean delivery following labor induction increases with previous preterm delivery, short maternal height, and limited dilatation at the start of induction.
Effect of Aerobic Training on Cognitive Function and Arterial Stiffness in Sedentary Young Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Asamoah Samuel , Siegler Jason , Chang Dennis , Scholey Andrew , Yeung Alan , Cheema Birinder S.
Published: January 2013

This study measured cognitive and vascular responses to aerobic training in sedentary young adults. Ten adults (6 women, 4 men; 18–29 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental or no-treatment control group. The experimental group engaged in a 6-week intervention, performed on exercise cycle and treadmill, 3x/week, 50 min/session; intensity was increased over time. Outcome measures included arterial stiffness (augmentation index, AIx, and pulse pressure), cardiorespiratory fitness (), and cognitive function (attention, processing speed, working memory, episodic memory, and executive function). Participants randomized to aerobic training improved processing speed versus control (, ES = 0.55). However, no group × time effects were noted in other domains of cognitive function. AIx was reduced by approximately 16% from before to after intervention in the experimental group; however, the improvement was not statistically significant versus control (, ES = 0.22). Pulse pressure did not change between groups over time (, ES = 0.0). increased by approximately 10% in the experimental group; however, the change was not significant between groups over time (, ES = 0.27). Vascular and cognitive adaptations to aerobic training may move in parallel. Robust trials simultaneously investigating a broad spectrum of aerobic training interventions and vascular and cognitive outcomes are warranted.
Comparison of Classification Algorithms with Wrapper-Based Feature Selection for Predicting Osteoporosis Outcome Based on Genetic Factors in a Taiwanese Women Population
Authors: Chang Hsueh-Wei , Chiu Yu-Hsien , Kao Hao-Yun , Yang Cheng-Hong , Ho Wen-Hsien
Published: January 2013

An essential task in a genomic analysis of a human disease is limiting the number of strongly associated genes when studying susceptibility to the disease. The goal of this study was to compare computational tools with and without feature selection for predicting osteoporosis outcome in Taiwanese women based on genetic factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To elucidate relationships between osteoporosis and SNPs in this population, three classification algorithms were applied: multilayer feedforward neural network (MFNN), naive Bayes, and logistic regression. A wrapper-based feature selection method was also used to identify a subset of major SNPs. Experimental results showed that the MFNN model with the wrapper-based approach was the best predictive model for inferring disease susceptibility based on the complex relationship between osteoporosis and SNPs in Taiwanese women. The findings suggest that patients and doctors can use the proposed tool to enhance decision making based on clinical factors such as SNP genotyping data.
Probiotics and Prebiotics: Role in Prevention of Nosocomial Sepsis in Preterm Infants
Authors: Nair Vrinda , Soraisham Amuchou S.
Published: January 2013

Nosocomial sepsis is associated with increased mortality and morbidity including neurodevelopmental impairment and prolonged hospital stay. Prevention of sepsis especially in the preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit remains a major challenge. The gastrointestinal tract is an important source of potential pathogens causing nosocomial sepsis as the immature intestinal epithelium can permit translocation of bacteria and yeast. The intestinal tract and its microflora play an important role in the immunity. Altering the gut microflora has been extensively studied for immunomodulation in preterm infants. Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotics have been used for prevention and treatment of various medical conditions in children and adults. Studies on probiotics in premature infants have focused on normalizing intestinal flora, improvement in feeding intolerance, prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. In this paper, we discuss the intestinal bacterial colonization pattern; the rational for probiotics and prebiotic therapy with special focus on the prevention of nosocomial sepsis in preterm infants.
Coimmobilization of Naringinases on Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles and Its Application in Food Packaging
Authors: Wu Min-Hui , Zhu Lin , Zhou Zhen-Zhen , Zhang Yu-Qing
Published: January 2013

Bombyx mori silk fibroin is a macromolecular biopolymer with remarkable biocompatibility. It was degummed and subjected to a series of treatments, including dissolution and dialysis, to yield an aqueous solution of silk fibroin, which was introduced rapidly into excess acetone to produce crystalline silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFNs), which were conjugated covalently with naringinase using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking reagent. The SFN naringinases are easily recovered by centrifugation and can be used repeatedly. Naringinase is a bienzyme consisting of α-L-rhamnosidase and flavonoid-β-glucosidase. The enzyme activity and its kinetics were similar to those of the native form, and the optimum reactive temperature for both is 55°C. In our study, centrifugation allowed the separation of enzyme and substrate; after eight cycles the SFN naringinases retained >70% residual activity. The highly efficient processing technology and the use of SFN as a novel vector for a bienzyme have great potential for research and the development of food processing such as the debittering of naringin-containing juices.
Investigation on Furan Levels in Pressure-Cooked Foods
Authors: Arisseto Adriana P. , Vicente Eduardo , Toledo Maria Cecília F.
Published: January 2013

Furan is a food processing contaminant classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. As the occurrence of furan has been reported in a variety of foods processed in sealed containers, the objective of this work was to investigate if the contaminant can be found in home-cooked foods prepared in a pressure cooker. For that, several foods including beans, soy beans, whole rice, beef, pork, potato, and cassava were pressure-cooked and analyzed for the furan content by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry preceded by a headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME-GC/MS). Furan was not found above the limit of quantification in the pressure-cooked samples. No furan has either been found in reheated samples after 24 hours under cold storage. Although levels up to 173 μg/kg were already reported for commercial canned/jarred foods, it seems that the cooking in a pressure cooker may not represent a concern in relation to the occurrence of furan in foods.
Muscle Contributions to L4-5 Joint Rotational Stiffness following Sudden Trunk Flexion and Extension Perturbations
Authors: Cort Joel A. , Dickey James P. , Potvin Jim R.
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of individual muscles (MJRSm) to total joint rotational stiffness (MJRST) about the lumbar spine's L4-5 joint prior to, and following, sudden dynamic flexion or extension perturbations to the trunk. We collected kinematic and surface electromyography (sEMG) data while subjects maintained a kneeling posture on a parallel robotic platform, with their pelvis constrained by a harness. The parallel robotic platform caused sudden inertial trunk flexion or extension perturbations, with and without the subjects being aware of the timing and direction. Prevoluntary muscle forces incorporating both short and medium latency neuromuscular responses contributed significantly to joint rotational stiffness, following both sudden trunk flexion and extension motions. MJRST did not change with perturbation direction awareness. The lumbar erector spinae were always the greatest contributor to MJRST. This indicates that the neuromuscular feedback system significantly contributed to MJRST, and this behaviour likely enhances joint stability following sudden trunk flexion and extension perturbations.
Possible Role of Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance in Lower Vitamin D Levels in Overweight and Obese Patients
Authors: De Pergola Giovanni , Nitti Alessandro , Bartolomeo Nicola , Gesuita Antonella , Giagulli Vito Angelo , Triggiani Vincenzo , Guastamacchia Edoardo , Silvestris Franco
Published: January 2013

A cohort of 66 healthy overweight and obese patients, 53 women and 13 men were examined. Waist circumference and fasting 25(OH)D, insulin, glucose, lipid (cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride), C-reactive protein (CRP), and complement 3 (C3), and 4 (C4) serum concentrations were measured. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMAIR).Results.25(OH)D levels showed a significant negative correlation with BMI (P<0.01), waist circumference (P<0.05), fasting insulin (P<0.01), HOMAIR(P<0.01), triglycerides (P<0.01), CRP (P<0.01), C3(P<0.05), and C4(P<0.05). Multiple regression analyses were performed with 25(OH)D as the dependent variable and BMI (or waist circumferences), fasting insulin (or HOMAIR), triglycerides, and CRP (or C3or C4) as independent variables. Only insulin or HOMAIRmaintained a significant independent association with 25(OH)D levels, whereas vitamin D did not maintain a significant independent association with CRP or C3or C4concentrations.Conclusions.The present study, performed in overweight and obese subjects, shows that 25(OH)D levels are negatively associated with inflammatory parameters such as CRP and C3and C4levels, but not independently of BMI, body fat distribution, insulin levels, or insulin resistance. Our results suggest that hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance are directly responsible for decrease of 25(OH)D levels in obesity.
Developing a Clinical-Grade Cryopreservation Protocol for Human Testicular Tissue and Cells
Authors: Pacchiarotti Jason , Ramos Thomas , Howerton Kyle , Greilach Scott , Zaragoza Karina , Olmstead Marnie , Izadyar Fariborz
Published: January 2013

Recent work in preservation of female fertility as well as new information on the nature of spermatogonial stem cells has prompted an investigation into the possibility of an effective clinical-grade procedure for the cryopreservation of testicular cells and/or tissue. Clinical-grade reagents, validated equipment, and protocols consistent with cGTP/cGMP standards were used in developing a procedure suitable for the safe and effective cryopreservation of human testicular cells and tissues. These procedures were designed to be compliant with the relevant FDA regulations. The procedure proved to effectively cryopreserve both testicular cells and tissue. The cryopreservation of testicular tissue was comparable in most aspects we measured to the cryopreservation of isolated cells, except that the viability of the cells from cryopreserved testicular tissue was found to be significantly higher. On the other hand, cryopreservation of cells is preferred for cell analysis, quality control, and sterility testing. This study demonstrates that testicular tissue and cells from sexual reassignment patients can be successfully cryopreserved with a clinical-grade procedure and important cell populations are not only preserved but also enriched by the process. Further studies will determine whether these findings from hormone-treated patients can be generalized to other patients.
The Role of Adipose Tissue in Insulin Resistance in Women of African Ancestry
Authors: Goedecke Julia H. , Levitt Naomi S. , Evans Juliet , Ellman Nicole , Hume David John , Kotze Liske , Tootla Mehreen , Victor Hendriena , Keswell Dheshnie
Published: January 2013

Women of African ancestry, particularly those living in industrialized countries, experience a disproportionately higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to their white counterparts. Similarly, obesity and insulin resistance, which are major risk factors for T2D, are greater in black compared to white women. The exact mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not known. This paper will focus on the role of adipose tissue biology. Firstly, the characteristic body fat distribution of women of African ancestry will be discussed, followed by the depot-specific associations with insulin resistance. Factors involved in adipose tissue biology and their relation to insulin sensitivity will then be explored, including the role of sex hormones, glucocorticoid metabolism, lipolysis and adipogenesis, and their consequent effects on adipose tissue hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Finally the role of ectopic fat deposition will be discussed. The paper proposes directions for future research, in particular highlighting the need for longitudinal and/or intervention studies to better understand the mechanisms underlying the high prevalence of insulin resistance and T2D in women of African ancestry.
The Genomic Landscape of Breast Cancer as a Therapeutic Roadmap
Authors: Ellis Matthew J. , Perou Charles M.
Published: January 2013

Summary: The application of high-throughput techniques to profile DNA, RNA, and protein in breast cancer samples from hundreds of patients has profoundly increased our knowledge of the disease. The etiologic events that drive breast cancer are finally coming into focus and should be used to set priorities for clinical trials. In this Prospective, we summarize some of the headline conclusions from 6 recent breast cancer “omics profiling” articles in Nature, with an emphasis on the implications for systemic therapy. Cancer Discov; 3(1); 27–34. ©2012 AACR.
Mechanisms of Resistance to PARP Inhibitors—Three and Counting
Authors: Fojo Tito , Bates Susan
Published: January 2013

Summary: Given the malleable nature of cancer cells, we should expect, and do see, the development of resistance to any new chemotherapeutic agent. Models that help us understand how this happens are a first step to better and more effective chemotherapeutics. Cancer Discov; 3(1); 20–3. ©2012 AACR.

See related article by Jaspers et al., p. 68
Unpicking the Combination Lock for Mutant BRAF and RAS Melanomas
Authors: Al-Lazikani Bissan , Workman Paul
Published: January 2013

Summary: Large-scale, unbiased combinatorial drug screening has been used to identify effective genotype-selective therapeutic combinations that show promising activity in preclinical models of mutant BRAF andRAS melanoma that are resistant to the clinical BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. Cancer Discov; 3(1); 14–9. ©2012 AACR.

See related article by Held et al., p. 52
[99mTc(CO)3]-Radiolabeled Bevacizumab: In vitro and in vivo Evaluation in a Melanoma Model
Authors: Camacho Ximena , García María Fernanda , Calzada Victoria , Fernández Marcelo , Chabalgoity Jose A. , Moreno Maria , Barbosa de Aguiar Rodrigo , Alonso Omar , Gambini Juan Pablo , Chammas Roger , Cabral Pablo
Published: January 2013

Introduction: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the classic factors to tumor-induced angiogenesis in several tumor types, including melanoma. Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against VEGF, could be used as an imaging tool in preclinical studies. Objective: To radiolabel bevacizumab with [99mTc(CO)3(OH2)3]+ and evaluate it in vivo and in vitro for melanoma imaging properties. Methods: Bevacizumab was radiolabeled with [99mTc(CO)3(OH2)3]+ ion in saline. The radiochemical stability of the labeled antibody was assessed. The biodistribution and scintigraphy imaging of the radiolabeled antibody were evaluated in normal C57BL/6J mice and in C57BL/6J mice bearing murine B16F1 melanoma tumors. Immunoreactivity of bevacizumab to murine tumors was determined from direct immunofluorescence and immunoblotting assays. Results: We demonstrate that 99mTc(CO)3-bevacizumab was stable. In vivo biodistribution studies revealed that tumor uptake of 99mTc(CO)3-bevacizumab was 2.64 and 2.51 %ID/g at 4 and 24 h postinjection. Scintigraphy image studies showed tumor selective uptake of 99mTc(CO)3-bevacizumab in the tumor-bearing mice. This affinity was confirmed by immunoassays performed on B16F10 tumor samples. Conclusions:99mTc(CO)3-bevacizumab could be used as an approach for tumor nuclear imaging in preclinical studies. This should be useful to provide insights into the angiogenic stimulus before and after chemotherapy, which might help improve current antitumor therapy.
A New Rechargeable Device for Deep Brain Stimulation: A Prospective Patient Satisfaction Survey
Authors: Timmermann Lars , Schüpbach Michael , Hertel Frank , Wolf Elisabeth , Eleopra Roberto , Franzini Angelo , Servello Domenico , Skogseid Inger-Marie , Rumia Jordi , Aliaga Antonio Salvador , Barbe Michael T. , Pauls K.Amande M. , Lin Jean-Pierre , Moro Elena , Lloyd Andrew , Maarouf Mohammad
Published: January 2013

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is highly successful in treating Parkinson’s disease (PD), dystonia, and essential tremor (ET). Until recently implantable neurostimulators were nonrechargeable, battery-driven devices, with a lifetime of about 3–5 years. This relatively short duration causes problems for patients (e.g. programming and device-use limitations, unpredictable expiration, surgeries to replace depleted batteries). Additionally, these batteries (relatively large with considerable weight) may cause discomfort. To overcome these issues, the first rechargeable DBS device was introduced: smaller, lighter and intended to function for 9 years. Methods: Of 35 patients implanted with the rechargeable device, 21 (including 8 PD, 10 dystonia, 2 ET) were followed before and 3 months after surgery and completed a systematic survey of satisfaction with the rechargeable device. Results: Overall patient satisfaction was high (83.3 ± 18.3). Dystonia patients tended to have lower satisfaction values for fit and comfort of the system than PD patients. Age was significantly negatively correlated with satisfaction regarding process of battery recharging. Conclusions: Dystonia patients (generally high-energy consumption, severe problems at the DBS device end-of-life) are good, reliable candidates for a rechargeable DBS system. In PD, younger patients, without signs of dementia and good technical understanding, might have highest benefit.
Gum Chewing: Another Simple Potential Method for More Rapid Improvement of Postoperative Gastrointestinal Function
Authors: Yin Zi , Sun Jian , Liu Ting , Zhu Yue , Peng Shuling , Wang Jie
Published: January 2013

Background: Sham feeding has been reported to enhance bowel motility. Here, to promote gastrointestinal function after postoperative ileus, the effect of gum chewing (GC) was evaluated. Methods: Literature search including PubMed, Embase, Science Citation Index, SpringerLink, and secondary sources. Fixed-effect and random-effects models were used to measure the pooled estimates. The test of heterogeneity was performed with the Q statistic. Stratified and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity between studies and to assess effects of study quality. Results: GC was well tolerated in a total of 1,148 cases in this meta-analysis. The pooled weighted mean difference for time to first flatus and bowel movement in GC was found to be –9.21 (95% CI: –12.07 to –6.34; p < 0.01) and –11.42 (95% CI: –16.05 to –6.79; p < 0.01), respectively, compared to standardized postoperative care. The intervention also decreased length of hospitalization by 12.23 h (95% CI: –18.80 to –5.67; p = 0.0003). Subgroup analyses for different abdominal procedures all favored GC. Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated that GC was safe and easily tolerated without any complications following abdominal surgery to potentially shorten postoperative ileus.
Alcohol Consumption Patterns and Body Weight
Authors: Dumesnil C. , Dauchet L. , Ruidavets J.B. , Bingham A. , Arveiler D. , Ferrières J. , Ducimetière P. , Haas B. , Bongard V. , Wagner A. , Amouyel P. , Dallongeville J.
Published: January 2013

Background/Aims: The impact of alcohol on health depends on both the total amount ingested per week and the drinking pattern. Our goal was to assess the relationship between drinking occasions and anthropometric indicators of adiposity. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, 7,855 men aged 50–59 years were recruited between 1991 and 1993 in France. Clinical and anthropometric data were obtained in a standardized clinical examination by trained staff. Alcohol intake was assessed by a questionnaire recording daily consumption of each type of alcohol during a typical week. Results: 75% of the participants drank alcohol daily (264.7 ml per week). For a given total alcohol intake and after adjustment of confounders, the number of drinking episodes was inversely correlated with body mass index (p < 0.0001) and waist circumference (p < 0.0001). The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for obesity was 1.8 (1.3–2.4) for occasional (1–2 days/week) and 1.6 (1.2–2.1) for frequent drinkers (3–5 days/week) compared with daily drinkers. This correlation was less pronounced in moderate (<140 ml/week) than intermediate consumers (140–280 ml/week). In heavy consumers (>280 ml/week), the intake was almost always daily. The results were similar for wine and beer consumption. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that drinking occasion is a risk indicator of obesity independent of total alcohol intake.
Fatty Acid Synthase Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in Estrogen Receptor-/Progesterone Receptor-Positive Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Rahman Mohammed Tanjimur , Nakayama Kentaro , Ishikawa Masako , Rahman Munmun , Katagiri Hiroshi , Katagiri Atsuko , Ishibashi Tomoka , Iida Kouji , Miyazaki Kohji
Published: January 2013

Objective: In the current study we investigated the clinicopathological significance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression and its relationship with estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in endometrioid endometrial cancer. Methods: FASN expression in endometrioid endometrial cancer was assessed by immunohistochemistry using 108 paraffin-embedded tissue specimens and clinical data collected from a retrospective chart review. The specific FASN inhibitor C75 was used to analyze the relationship between FASN expression and cell growth as well as ER/PR expression in endometrioid endometrial cancer cell lines. Results: Positive FASN immunostaining was observed in 77.8% (84/108) of the tumors analyzed. Deep myometrial invasion was significantly and inversely correlated with positive FASN expression (p = 0.024). Positive ER (p = 0.018) and PR status (p = 0.012) was significantly correlated with positive FASN expression. Patients with positive FASN expression in endometrioid endometrial cancer tissues tended to have a favorable progression-free/overall survival (p = 0.127 and p = 0.087, respectively). Ishikawa cells with high FASN expression also showed high expression of ER/PR, while HEC1B cells had low expression levels of both FASN and ER/PR. FASN inhibition by C75 (10 µM) significantly reduced ER/PR expression compared with control dimethyl sulfoxide treatment of Ishikawa cells. The growth of Ishikawa cells having positive FASN and ER/PR expression was significantly inhibited in the presence of C75 or FASN small-interfering RNA compared to HEC1B cells that lacked FASN and ER/PR expression. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that there may be cross talk between the ER/PR and FASN signaling pathways that modulate ER/PR activation and could play a role in endometrioid endometrial cancer pathogenesis.
Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy in Patients with a Pathologic Prostate Specimen Weight ≥100 Grams versus ≤50 Grams: Surgical, Oncologic and Short-Term Functional Outcomes
Authors: Labanaris Apostolos P. , Zugor Vahudin , Witt Jorn H.
Published: January 2013

Introduction: The objective of this study is to evaluate the surgical, oncological and short-term functional outcomes in patients with a pathologic prostate specimen weight ≥100 g versus patients with a pathologic prostate specimen weight ≤50 g undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Patients and Methods: The records of 4,000 men who underwent RARP from February 2006 to April 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 185 men had a pathologic prostate specimen weight ≥100 g (group A). A matched pairs analysis was performed using our database to identify men with a pathologic prostate specimen weight ≤50 g but with equivalent clinicopathologic characteristics to serve as the control group (group B). Results: Our results indicated that although the intraoperative results were more than satisfying in patients with large glands, there is a significant increase in blood loss, operative time needed, increased need for bladder neck reconstruction as well as an increase in intraoperative complications. Nevertheless, patients with large glands exhibit less aggressive tumors, less positive surgical margins and a lower incidence of biochemical recurrence. Regarding functional outcomes, patients with larger glands had no difference regarding continence rates when compared to patients with smaller glands but exhibited significantly lower potency rates. Conclusions: Although RARP in patients with a pathologic prostate specimen weight ≥100 g is technically challenging, in experienced hands it can be considered a safe procedure with excellent surgical, oncological and functional outcomes. Nevertheless, this conclusion is limited, in that it is from a single institution with a large case volume and may not be reflective of outcomes at centers with smaller volumes and less experience.
Telmisartan Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy by Suppressing Oxidative Stress in db/db Mice
Authors: Sato-Horiguchi Chikage , Ogawa Daisuke , Wada Jun , Tachibana Hiromi , Kodera Ryo , Eguchi Jun , Nakatsuka Atsuko , Terami Naoto , Shikata Kenichi , Makino Hirofumi
Published: January 2013

Background/Aims: Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, is widely used to treat hypertension and kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, because of its renoprotective effects. However, the mechanism by which telmisartan prevents proteinuria and renal dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy is still unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of telmisartan against diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. Methods: Telmisartan was administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks to db/db (diabetic) and db/m (control) mice. Urinary albumin excretion, renal histology, and the gene expression of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in renal tissue were determined. To evaluate the effects of telmisartan on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, superoxide was detected by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining in vivo and in vitro. Results: Telmisartan reduced albuminuria, mesangial matrix expansion, macrophage infiltration, and the expression of ROS markers (NADPH oxidase 4- and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) and inflammatory cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, osteopontin, and transforming growth factor-β) in the kidney. DHE staining showed that telmisartan decreased ROS generation in the kidney and in cultured mesangial and proximal tubular epithelial cells. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings indicate that telmisartan protects against diabetic nephropathy by reducing diabetes-induced oxidative stress.