bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who benefits from irrigation development in India? Implication of irrigation multipliers for irrigation financing
Authors: Bhattarai M. , Barker R. , Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: March 2007

Who benefits from irrigation development and who should pay the cost? To answer this question we need to know, in addition to the information on farmers' level benefits, the total irrigation benefits derived by the farm and non‐farm sectors in the economy. This question is not well addressed in the literature, therefore, we have estimated both direct benefits (farm‐level benefits) and total benefits (rural economy‐wide benefits) of irrigation in India. Then we compute irrigation multiplier values, which range from 3 to 4.5. This suggests that about two‐thirds or more of the benefits from irrigation development have been accrued to the non‐farm sector in the Indian economy, a factor that should be considered in developing a rational cost recovery and irrigation financing policy. But so far the discussions on irrigation financing are mostly farmer‐centric, neglecting the total benefits and the semi‐public good characteristics of irrigation systems. The empirical information on irrigation multipliers derived here has large implications for public policies such as poverty alleviation and food security in the tropics, where rural livelihoods still largely rely on the productivity and performance of irrigated agriculture. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanomechanical characterization of micro/nanofiber reinforced type I collagens
Authors: Wang Xinnan , Yan Yongda , Yost Michael J. , Fann Stephen A. , Dong Shen , Li Xiaodong
Published: March 2007

To function properly in the rigorous tissue environment, implanted scaffolds for tissue engineering are required to meet certain standards of strength and mechanical integrity. However, the soft nature and moisture condition of biomaterials impose great challenges to many existing techniques and instrumentations for measuring their mechanical properties at micro/nano scale. In this work, we demonstrate the testing methodologies of micro/nano fiber reinforced type I collagens, and obtain basic mechanical property data of two types of modified collagens‐micro carbon fiber reinforced collagen (MCFR) and nano collagen fiber reinforced collagen (NCFR). Results show that mechanical properties of collagen tissues can be enhanced by reinforcing nano collagen fibers but weakened by micro carbon fiber reinforcements. Mechanisms are discussed on how natures of reinforcing fibers affect reinforcement to the collagen matrix, as well as how reinforcements behave within the collagen matrix in response to mechanical strain. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Morphology and properties of organic–inorganic hybrid materials involving TiO2 and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone), a biodegradable aliphatic polyester
Authors: Li Rui , Nie Kangming , Pang Wenmin , Zhu Qingren
Published: March 2007

The novel biodegradable poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)/titanium dioxide hybrid materials were prepared via in situ sol‐gel process of tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) as inorganic precursor in the presence of PCL. The relationships between morphology, microphase separation, crystalline structure, and properties were investigated by means of XPS, SEM, XRD, DSC, and in vitro degradation test. The microstructures of the bulk hybrids display two‐phase microscopic separation on the nanometer scale, which domain is 20–80 nm. The surface morphology and intermolecular bonding interaction are significantly dependent on inorganic component. The relative crystalline degrees of PCL/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite materials were controlled by both inorganic component and hydrogen bonding special interaction. The hybrid nanocomposite materials with TiO2 showed faster biodegradation rate than that of pure PCL itself, and the transparency corresponding to microstructure increase with increase of inorganic component content. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Wet chemical silver treatment of endotracheal tubes to produce antibacterial surfaces
Authors: Ramstedt Madeleine , Houriet Raymond , Mossialos Dimitris , Haas Dieter , Mathieu Hans Jörg
Published: March 2007

Mechanically ventilated patients in hospitals are subjected to an increased risk of acquiring nosocomial pneumonia that sometimes has a lethal outcome. One way to minimize the risk could be to make the surfaces on endotracheal tubes antibacterial. In this study, bacterial growth was inhibited or completely prevented by silver ions wet chemically and deposited onto the tube surface. Through the wet chemical treatment developed here, a surface precipitate was formed containing silver chloride and a silver stearate salt. The identity and morphology of the surface precipitate was studied using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x‐ray powder diffraction. Leaching of silver ions into solution was examined, and bacterial growth on the treated surfaces was assayed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type (PAO1) bacteria. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration of silver ions was determined in liquid‐ and solid‐rich growth medium as 23 and 18 μM, respectively, for P. aeruginosa. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Effects of growth factors on heparin‐carrying polystyrene‐coated atelocollagen scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Sato Masato , Ishihara Masayuki , Ishihara Miya , Kaneshiro Nagatoshi , Mitani Genya , Nagai Toshihiro , Kutsuna Toshiharu , Asazuma Takashi , Kikuchi Makoto , Mochida Joji
Published: March 2007

The specific aim of our investigation is to study the potential use of a collagen/heparin‐carrying polystyrene (HCPS) composite extracellular matrix for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Here, we created a high‐performance extracellular matrix (HpECM) scaffold to build an optimal extracellular environment using an HCPS we originally developed, and an atelocollagen honeycomb‐shaped‐scaffold (ACHMS‐scaffold) with a membrane seal. This scaffold was coated with HCPS to enable aggregation of heparin‐binding growth factors such as FGF‐2 and TGF‐β1 within the scaffold. Three‐dimensional culture of rabbit articular chondrocytes within the HpECM‐scaffold and subsequent preparation of a tissue‐engineered cartilage were investigated. The results showed remarkably higher cell proliferative activity within the HpECM‐pretreated‐FGF‐2 scaffold and the sustenance of phenotype within the HpECM‐pretreated‐TGF‐β1 scaffold. It was thought that both FGF‐2 and TGF‐β1 were stably immobilized in the HpEMC‐scaffold since HCPS generated an extracellular environment similar to that of heparan sulfate proteoglycan within the scaffold. These results suggest that an ACHMS‐scaffold immobilized with HCPS can be a HpECM for cartilage regeneration to retain the heparin‐binding growth factors within the scaffolds. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Cytotoxicity of formaldehyde on human osteoblastic cells is related to intracellular glutathione levels
Authors: Ho Yung‐Chuan , Huang Fu‐Mei , Chang Yu‐Chao
Published: March 2007

Formaldehyde that leaches out of formaldehyde‐releasing root canal sealers, specifically from setting material extruded into the periapical region may participate in the development of periapical inflammation or the continuation of a pre‐existing periapical lesion. However, the effects of formaldehyde on human osteoblasts have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of formaldehyde on human osteoblastic cell line U2OS in vitro. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation assays were performed to elucidate the adverse effects of formaldehyde on U2OS cells. Formaldehyde demonstrated a cytotoxic effect to U2OS cells in a dose‐dependent manner (p<0.05). The 50% inhibition concentration of formaldehyde was about 3 mM. Formaldehyde also inhibited cell proliferation during a 3‐day culture period (p<0.05). To determine whether glutathione (GSH) levels were important in the cytotoxicity of formaldehyde, we pretreated cells with the GSH precursor, 2‐oxothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid (OTZ) to boost thiol levels, or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to deplete GSH. The addition of OTZ acted as a protective effect on the formaldehyde‐induced cytotoxicity (p<0.05). In contrast, the addition of BSO enhanced the formaldehyde‐induced cytotoxicity (p<0.05). Taken together, the levels of formaldehyde tested inhibited cell growth and proliferation on U2OS cells. Formaldehyde has significant potential for periapical toxicity. These inhibitory effects were associated with intracellular GSH levels. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Asymptotic analysis and estimates of blow‐up time for the radial symmetric semilinear heat equation in the open‐spectrum case
Authors: Kavallaris N. I. , Lacey A. A. , Nikolopoulos C. V. , Tzanetis D. E.
Published: March 2007

We estimate the blow‐up time for the reaction diffusion equation ut=Δu+ λf(u), for the radial symmetric case, where f is a positive, increasing and convex function growing fast enough at infinity. Here λ>λ*, where λ* is the ‘extremal’ (critical) value for λ, such that there exists an ‘extremal’ weak but not a classical steady‐state solution at λ=λ* with
∥w(⋅, λ)∥∞→∞ as 0<λ→λ*−. Estimates of the blow‐up time are obtained by using comparison methods. Also an asymptotic analysis is applied when f(s)=es, for λ−λ*≪1, regarding the form of the solution during blow‐up and an asymptotic estimate of blow‐up time is obtained. Finally, some numerical results are also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A coupled simulation of an explosion inside a lined cavity surrounded by a plastic compressible medium
Authors: Feldgun V. R. , Kochetkov A. V. , Karinski Y. S. , Yankelevsky D. Z.
Published: March 2007

The paper develops a coupled approach to simulate an axisymmetric explosion inside a buried lined cavity. The approach allows accounting for all the stages of the process: detonation of the internal charge; the shock wave propagation in the internal gas with further interaction with the lining, including multiple reflections; soil–structure dynamic interaction, including multiple gap openings and closures and wave propagation in the surrounding compressible plastic medium.

The interaction problem is solved by a combination of the variational difference method and of the modified Godunov's method based on the fixed Eulerian mesh with the so‐called mixed cell. The contact pressures acting on the lining due to both detonation products and soil–lining interaction are computed through the solution of the joint system of finite difference equations of gas, shell and soil dynamics using a simple iteration method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining the finite elasticity reference state from a loaded configuration
Authors: Rajagopal Vijayaraghavan , Chung Jae‐Hoon , Bullivant David , Nielsen Poul M. F. , Nash Martyn P.
Published: March 2007

There are a number of situations where the deformed configuration of a body is known and it is necessary to determine the reference state. Previous methods developed to calculate the reference state involve the formulation of the finite elasticity equations in terms of the deformed configuration. This paper demonstrates that the undeformed reference state can be accurately determined from a deformed configuration and the associated loading conditions, by using conventional finite elasticity balance equations together with a solution procedure that treats the reference configuration as the unknowns. The mathematical theory behind the solution method is described, validated with an analytical solution, and verified using experimental studies on gel phantoms. The practical utility of this method is then demonstrated in the field of breast biomechanics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flutter simulations of a T‐tail configuration using non‐linear aerodynamics
Authors: Arizono H. , Kheirandish H. R. , Nakamichi J.
Published: March 2007

A numerical flutter simulation of a T‐tail configuration in the transonic region is presented. A code for aeroelastic simulations based on the multi‐block and overset grid concept was developed and has been applied to a T‐tail configuration. Flutter simulations are performed at Mach numbers in the range 0.70–0.95, and the obtained results correspond to experimental results. The effect of varying the angle of attack on the flutter boundary is also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyurethane based on hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadienes
Authors: Ryan P. W.
Published: March 2007

Butadiene has been found to homopolymerise and copolymerise with other reactive vinyl monomers to yield unique liquid polymers which are terminated with reactive allylic hydroxyl groups. Through the use of an isocyanate cure reaction they offer a route to liquid castable general purpose elastomers, capable of reinforcement with various fillers and extension with a wide variety of low cost process oils.
Thermal stability of aromatic polyimides: Factors affecting the oxidative stability of poly‐N, N′‐(4,4′‐diphenyl ether) pyromellitimide
Authors: Dine‐Hart R. A. , Wright W. W.
Published: March 2007

Polyimide samples in the form of powders, films and sintered mouldings were prepared from pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether. The effect of environmental variables on the oxidative stability at 400°C of the high molecular weight films was studied, and it was shown that hydrolytic processes could greatly accelerate the degradation. The higher stability of powders was attributed to the presence of low molecular weight fractions which could inhibit these hydrolytic processes. Improvement of the stability of the films by the addition of low molecular weight materials during the casting process and the destabilisation of powders by prolonged solvent extraction gave support to this hypothesis.

For comparison of thermal stabilities of polypyromellitimides of differing chemical structure weight loss results should therefore be determined on high molecular weight films under controlled humidity conditions.
Safeners coordinately induce the expression of multiple proteins and MRP transcripts involved in herbicide metabolism and detoxification in Triticum tauschii seedling tissues
Authors: Zhang Qin , Xu Fangxiu , Lambert Kris N. , Riechers Dean E.
Published: March 2007

Chemicals called safeners protect cereal crops from herbicide toxicity. Proteomic methods (2‐D PAGE and LC‐MS/MS) were utilized to identify safener‐ and/or herbicide‐regulated proteins in three tissues (root, leaf, and coleoptile) of Triticum tauschii seedlings to better understand a safener's mechanism of action. Growth experiments showed that the safener cloquintocet‐mexyl protected seedlings from injury by the herbicide dimethenamid. In total, 29 safener‐induced and 10 herbicide‐regulated proteins were identified by LC‐MS/MS. These proteins were classified into two major categories based on their expression patterns, and were further classified into several functional groups. Surprisingly, mutually exclusive sets of proteins were identified following herbicide or safener treatment, suggesting that different signaling pathways may be recruited. Safener‐responsive proteins, mostly involved in xenobiotic detoxification, also included several new proteins that had not been previously identified as safener‐responsive, whereas herbicide‐regulated proteins belonged to several classes involved in general stress responses. Quantitative RT‐PCR revealed that multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP) transcripts were highly induced by safeners and two MRP genes were differentially expressed. Our results indicate that safeners protect T. tauschii seedlings from herbicide toxicity by coordinately inducing proteins involved in an entire herbicide detoxification pathway mainly in the coleoptile and root, thereby protecting new leaves from herbicide injury.
Identification of proteins involved in osmotic stress response in Enterobacter sakazakii by proteomics
Authors: Riedel Kathrin , Lehner Angelika
Published: March 2007

Enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic food‐borne pathogen, causing rare but significant illness especially in neonates. It has been proposed that the organism is relatively resistant to osmotic and dry stress compared to other species of the Enterobacteriaceae group. To understand the mechanisms involved in osmotic stress response, 2‐DE protein analysis coupled to MALDI‐TOF MS was employed to investigate changes in the protein profiles of E. sakazakii cells in response to two different types of osmotic stress (physical desiccation and growth in hyperosmotic media). In total, 80 differentially expressed protein spots corresponding to 53 different protein species were identified. Affiliation of proteins to functional categories revealed that a considerable number of the differentially expressed proteins from desiccated and hyperosmotic grown samples belonged to the same functional category but were regulated in opposite directions. Our data show that the protein pattern of NaCl‐grown cultures reflect more or less a general down‐regulation of central metabolic pathways, whereas adaptation of (non‐growing) cells in a desiccated state represents an accumulation of proteins that serve some structural or protective role. The most striking effects observed for both types of osmotic stress in E. sakazakii were a significant down‐regulation of the motility apparatus and the formation of filamentous cells.
Proteomic profile of mouse fibroblasts with a targeted disruption of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐β/δ gene
Authors: Adamkiewicz Jürgen , Kaddatz Kerstin , Rieck Markus , Wilke Bernhard , Müller‐Brüsselbach Sabine , Müller Rolf
Published: March 2007

The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐β (PPARβ) plays an essential role in lipid metabolism, immune modulation, differentiation and cell proliferation. There is also strong evidence for a function in oncogenesis and tumor vascularization, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we have used fibroblasts derived from Pparb wild‐type and null mice to determine by 2‐DE and PMF analysis the contribution of PPARβ to the protein profile of fibroblasts. Thirty‐one differentially expressed proteins of different functional categories were identified. For at least two proteins a role in tumorigenesis and/or tumor vascularization has previously been reported: while the calcium intracellular channel‐4 (CLIC4) was expressed at lower levels in Pparb null cells, expression of the cellular retinol binding protein 1 (CRBP1) was enhanced. Clic4 and Crbp1 gene expression patterns observed in different experimental settings in vitro and in vivo confirmed the proteomics data. Our findings indicate that the expression of a defined set of proteins is altered in fibroblasts and endothelial cells from Pparb null mice, that this is due to aberrant gene regulation, and that the altered expression of these proteins is consistent with the tumor vascularization phenotype of Pparb null mice.
Comparative proteomic analysis associated with term placental insufficiency in cloned pig
Authors: Lee So‐Young , Park Jong‐Yi , Choi Yun‐Jung , Cho Seong‐Keun , Ahn Jong Deok , Kwon Deug‐Nam , Hwang Kyu‐Chan , Kang Sung‐Jo , Paik Seung‐Sam , Seo Han Geuk , Lee Hoon Taek , Kim Jin‐Hoi
Published: March 2007

Somatic cell‐derived nuclear transfer (scNT) is a method of animal cloning in which the oocyte reprograms a somatic cell nucleus to divide and execute developmental programs. Despite many successes in this field, cloning by scNT remains very inefficient. Unlike other cloned animals, pigs derived by scNT have placentas with severe villous hypoplasia. To obtain a better understanding of the protein networks involved in this phenomenon, we assessed global protein expression profiles in term placentas from scNT‐derived and control animals. Proteomic analysis of term placentas from scNT‐derived animals identified 43 proteins that were differentially expressed compared to control animals. Among them, 14‐3‐3 proteins and Annexin V, which are closely involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway, were significantly down‐ and up‐regulated, respectively. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry indicated that down‐regulation of 14‐3‐3 proteins in scNT‐derived placentas induced apoptosis of cytotrophoblast cells via mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis. Taken together, our results suggest that placental insufficiency in scNT‐derived placentas may be due to apoptosis, induced in part by the down‐regulation of 14‐3‐3 proteins and up‐regulation of Annexin V. They also indicate that proteomic maps represent an important tool for future studies of placental insufficiency and pathology.
Deca‐2, 4, 6‐trienoic acid, a new conjugated fatty acid, isolated from the latex ofEuphorbia pulcherrima willd
Authors: Warnaar Frans
Published: March 2007

From the latex ofEuphorbia pulcherrima, a new conjugated trienoic fatty acid was isolated and identified as deca‐trans‐2,trans‐4,cis‐6‐trienoic acid. Four other isomers of this acid were also present as minor components. The acids were esterified with trieterpenols.
Antimicrobial lipids: Natural and synthetic fatty acids and monoglycerides
Authors: Kabara J. J. , Vrable R. , Lie Ken Jie M. S. F.
Published: March 2007

Over 40 natural or synthetic lipophilic compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. Gram (+) bacteria and yeasts but not Gram (−) bacteria were affected by these agents. Epimino and selena fatty acids are more active than their corresponding straight chain unsubstituted fatty acids. The position of selenium influenced the antimicrobial activity of the fatty acid. The presence and position of a double or triple bond, usually an important factor in long chain fatty acids (>C14) had little or no effect in C11 fatty acids. Optimum antimicrobial activity was found for fatty acids and their corresponding monoglycerides when the chain length was C12. The dilaurin derivative was not active.
Improving the field production environment for soybeans
Authors: Lam‐Sánchez A.
Published: March 2007

During the past 10 years, soybeans have reached a prominent position among crops in the world. A substantial contribution to world production has been achieved by tropical countries, due to favorable conditions for high yields. Two limitations keep commercial yields below those obtained in experimental results (above 3,000 kg/ha): one is the lack of local adapted varieties and the other is an adequate field production environment. Solutions must be obtained by local research data. Seedbed preparation is one of the most important production steps, since the other production practices are dependent on it. Conventional methods and minimum tillage, when soybeans follow another crop, are being used, with the problem of soil compaction and losses by erosion. Looking for superior strains ofRhizobium is crucial because nitrogen can be supplied by a proper symbiosis. The addition of limestone to the soil is a common practice used to raise the pH to proper levels. The use of fertilizers should be guided by local research findings. Chemical control of weeds, pests and diseases is needed to prevent yield losses, but possible effects on the environment should be considered.
The soybean marketing systems
Authors: Bader K. L.
Published: March 2007

The movement of soybeans from producers to final users is a complex system involving numerous changes in ownership, form, time and space. Defining the market for soybeans is not a simple task nor is the marketing system easily delineated. The purpose of this paper is to outline the general movement of soybeans from harvest to final user including the various alternatives existent in the present system of marketing grains. An equally important objective is to point out that such a complex, worldwide system functions so effectively. The demand for protein and vegetable oil, so vital to world nutrition, is being largely met by a system of free market decisions. Certainly, governments have a hand in the markets in varying degrees, but by and large, soybeans are produced and moved based on the profit motive. Essential to the continuation of an effective world market is a recognition of the merits of the system that has enabled soybeans to be economically used in almost all parts of the world. This recognition will ensure continued success and perhaps help alleviate existing market inequities.
Handling, transport and preparation of soybeans
Authors: Barger W. M.
Published: March 2007

Present techniques of transportation, receiving, drying, storing and preparing of soybeans are discussed and compared with future techniques.
Practical aspects of hydrogenation and soybean salad oil manufacture
Authors: Hastert R. C.
Published: March 2007

Most edible oils are hydrogenated in batch‐type slurry converters similar in basic design to those employed when the process was first commercialized in 1911. One major company uses a proprietary continuous slurry process. Other novel batch and continuous slurry systems are available but have not enjoyed significant commercial success. Fixed bed hydrogenation has not been seriously investigated but offers intriguing possibilities. Energy economy is assuming ever greater importance in the design of hardening systems. The accelerated growth of hydrogenation since the 1940s parallels the rapid increase in soybean oil use. In part, it reflects the flavor instability of soybean oil caused by its linolenic ester. When this triunsaturate is lowered by hydrogenation to ca. 3%, a high‐quality soybean salad oil can be produced. Standard hydrogenation and separation techniques work well. New separation equipment and processes are entering the marketplace.
Deodorization and finished oil handling
Authors: Gavin Arnold M.
Published: March 2007

Deodorization is the final processing step in the production of edible oil products. Chemical/physical aspects of deodorization and mechanical design of deodorizers are explained, including chemical analysis of feedstock, finished product and by‐products. This includes normal operating standards and means of correcting off specification operation. Operating procedures, labor requirements and maintenance are reviewed. Finished oil handling includes use of antioxidants, inert gas addition, pipelines and storage facilities. Emphasis is on the practical operations of deodorization and finished soybean oil handling.
The art of soybean meal and hull grinding
Authors: Thomas G. R.
Published: March 2007

Grinding soybean meal and hulls may be considered an art—rather than a pure science—because of the need to blend properly all of the parameters involved to produce the desired finished product. Grinding soymeal for a protein supplement to animal feed is best achieved by using a side‐fed mill, with plenty of air throughput and a large screen area. However, for the fine grinding of soymeal or isolate products (50‐mesh or finer), an impact turbo mill with closely controlled clearances is generally used. Soybean hull grinding requires a mill with a high hammer‐tip speed, wear‐resistant grinding elements, good air flow, and again, large screen area. The size and speed (rpm) of each mill in a system is usually a function of the location of the mill in the system, and the type of system selected to deliver the desired finished product.
Effects of processing on quality of soybean oil
Authors: Sleeter R. T.
Published: March 2007

The fate of major and minor components of soybean oil is examined at each stage of processing. Relationships are then drawn upon the effect on the quality of finished oil. General topics covered are (a) triglycerides and polyunsaturated fatty acids, (b) free fatty acids, (c) mono‐ and diglycerides, (d) phospholipids, (e) minor constituents, such as tocopherols, color bodies, and metal ions, (f) rearrangement and decomposition products, (g) foreign or toxic compounds not native to soya and (h) other additives, such as refining aids.
Soybean oil in Brazil and Latin America: Uses, characteristics and legislation
Authors: Pregnolatto W.
Published: March 2007

The soybean was introduced into Brazil in 1882. The oil content of different varieties of soya is ca. 22.5% w/w. Now, soya oil is the most popular oil in Brazil. Food standards legislation has been enacted for soya oil and its hydrogenated products in Brazil and the rest of Latin America.
Relative nutritional value of various dietary fats and oils
Authors: Masson L.
Published: March 2007

The dietary and nutritional role of fats and oils is quite complex, as evident in the new biological findings about some of their components that are essential to man. Fats and oils must be considered for both their quantitative and qualitative aspects, their fatty acid compositions and relationships with average diets in different countries should be emphasized. Because of some adverse physiological effects ascribed to saturated fatty acids, a tendency to increase the intake of polyunsaturated vegetable oils has occurred to provide a good source of essential fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid. However, saturated fats still are an important part of the diet in developed countries, especially “invisible” fats. Research must continue that is related to modifications fats and oils undergo during industrial processes which affect their nutritional value. Compositions of many fats and oils are provided.
Metals in soybean oil
Authors: Flider F. J. , Orthoefer F. T.
Published: March 2007

Certain metals often produce deleterious effects when present in soybean oil. Trace quantities of copper, iron and manganese dramatically reduce the oxidative stability of edible oils. The presence of calcium and magnesium in crude oils reduces the efficiency of degumming and refining operations. Sodium soaps reduce bleaching efficiency by inactivating adsorption sites on bleaching earth. Phosphatides or phosphorous containing lipids exert a poisoning effect on hydrogenation catalysts. Nickel, an artifact of hydrogenation, must be removed from the oil for health, stability and safety considerations. This paper provides an overview of the various effects of metals on processing and stability, describes how to inhibit or diminish their activity, and discusses various analytical techniques for identification and quantitation of the metals present in soybean oil.
Nutritional consequences of processing soybean oil
Authors: Hunter J. Edward
Published: March 2007

A major objective of commercial processing of soybean oil into edible products is to remove unwanted impurities from the oil with the least possible effect on nutritional quality of the oil. Soybean oil is an excellent dietary source of essential linoleic acid and also of tocopherols, which serve as sources of vitamin E and natural antioxidants. The data presented in this report indicate that the nutritional quality of soybean oil is largely retained after typical commercial processing conditions. Hydrogenation does reduce the level of essential fatty acids; however, typical commercial salad and cooking oils and shortenings made from partially hydrogenated soybean oil retain nutritionally significant levels of essential fatty acids. Tocopherols also are present at high levels in the finished oil. Among the unwanted components of crude soybean oil which are effectively removed by processing are pesticide residues, phosphatides, free fatty acids, color pigments, and compounds causing objectionable odors and flavors.
Studies on lipid responses to interesterified soya oil‐butterfat mixture in hypercholesterolemic rats and human subjects
Authors: Mukherjee S. , Sengupta S.
Published: March 2007

Interesterified soya‐butterfat feeding significantly decreased serum cholesterol in humans and in experimental rats. This decrease was more effective than when simple mixtures of the two fats were fed. Studies with the experimental rat indicate higher rates of side‐chain degradation of cholesterol as well as 7‐α‐hydroxylation of cholesterol when interesterified fats replace a mixed fat regimen. The lowering of serum cholesterol parallels the decrease in concentration of fully saturated glycerides and redistribution of myristic acid from the 2‐position in the glyceride to 1‐ and 3‐positions of glycerides following interesterification.
Soybean meal in calf milk replacers
Authors: Barr G.
Published: March 2007

Major research efforts by university and industry workers throughout the world have been directed toward improving the utilization of soybean protein by the calf. This paper reviews the literature and summarizes the questionable characteristics and methods of improving utilization of soya protein sources for young calves. Current application of soya protein in calf milk replacers is discussed.
Processing for production of edible soya flour
Authors: Milligan E. D. , Amlie J. H. , Reyes J. , Garcia A. , Meyer B.
Published: March 2007

Conventional soybean processing plants, as normally designed and constructed for production of animal feeds, are not suitable for production of edible soya flour without some modifications being made in equipment, process design and operating procedures. All sections of the plant are involved, from receiving and bean storage to final products handling. Experiences from four edible soy plants are described: one is part of a new processing complex, the others are conversions of existing, older processing plants. All are in commercial operation. The processing requirements for production of edible soya flour are reviewed and described with special reference to their application in the plants under study. Any conventional soybean processing plant that is normally well operated can be modified to permit production of edible soya flour.
Soya protein products for institutional feeding systems
Authors: Pereira L. , de Campos S. D. S.
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with aspects of the production and use of soybeans in Brazil, and the contribution by the Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, ITAL, to the research and development of popular institutionalized products, based on soybeans. Two programs for food supplementation, one on a national level, and the other on a regional level, are described. All the products utilized contain soybeans as a protein source, and are directed at 6‐to‐14‐yr‐olds. The paper also describes products that the food industry has commercialized for the official institutional programs, industrial and hospital restaurants. The report also shows the results of a campaign to increase the use of soybeans by the population.
Nutritional qualities of soya protein as affected by processing
Authors: Del Valle F. R.
Published: March 2007

The nutritional qualities of soybean proteins are basically determined by amino acid patterns, amino acid availabilities (digestibility) and contents of biologically active components. Of these factors, the last two are most affected by processing conditions, whereas amino acid analysis is least affected, although it too may be modified in those cases in which soybean proteins are fractionated. In the preparation of the large variety of soya products presently available, soybeans are subjected to many different processes, all of which are discussed. Heat treatment appears to be the process which most affects protein nutritional quality; generally, quality first increases with heat treatment due to inactivation of biologically active factors, passes through a maximum and then decreases due to destruction and/or inactivation of essential amino acids such as cystine and lysine. Other processes affect protein nutritional quality to different degrees, inasmuch as they affect amino acid analysis, digestibility and content of biologically active components. When soybean proteins are used to extend animal proteins, supplement other vegetable proteins, or in vegetable protein mixtures, nutritional quality of the combined proteins appears to be affected in the same manner as that of soya proteins alone.
Restrictions on using soya proteins in foods in Latin America and the world
Authors: de Buckle T. S.
Published: March 2007

Potential applications of soybean protein in developing countries are generally very different from those in industrialized countries with the exception of foods demanded by state feeding programs. Hence, the way restrictions affect usage and consumption of soya proteins varies greatly in the two types of regions. This paper discusses those factors that can restrict the soybean protein usage related to acceptability, price and legislation. A general discussion of these factors is given, followed by a brief analysis of experiences in Latin America. This analysis illustrates the interactions existing among the three factors under consideration, and the important role that market development techniques and integrated food and nutrition policies may play in the promotion of highly nutritious and relatively low‐cost foods that use soya proteins.
Utilization and quality standards of vegetable proteins for foods in Japan
Authors: Kanda H.
Published: March 2007

Approximately 50,000 metric tons of vegetable proteins were produced from soyabeans and wheat in Japan in 1978. Soyabean and wheat proteins have mainly been used for meat and fish paste products in similar supplemented rates. The Japan Vegetable Protein Food Association, established in 1975, has promoted development of vegetable proteins in cooperation with the Japanese government. Most of the vegetable protein producers participate in this association. Quality standards have been established for vegetable proteins to permit their use in various processed foods guaranteed by the government under the Japan Agricultural Standards (JAS) program. The current state of vegetable protein uses and the quality control system operated in cooperation between the producers and the Japanese government will be discussed.
What's holding up the introduction of soya into the human diet in Latin America?
Authors: Harrison G. K.
Published: March 2007

The introduction of soya into the human diet in Latin American countries suffers the same problem as foods with similar characteristics. The private industry soon finds that it is much easier to put “fun foods” into the market than it is to try to enrich a product and advertise the fact. Getting involved with the “heavy” subject of nutrition means having difficulties with the health authorities. There seems to be no national nutrition program working in Latin America that is truly effective in alleviating malnutrition. Causes for failure of programs are: substantial funding is spent in research, scientists work hard to solve malnutrition, then someone or something actively opposes introducing new soya technologies or there is an effective argument that a national program cannot be based on imported products. With a world population of 4,000 million and growing at a daily rate of 200,000, food and nutrition must have top priority in national planning.
Requirements for foods containing soy protein in the food for peace program
Authors: Bookwalter G. N.
Published: March 2007

Under the Food for Peace Program, whole grains, milled wheat flour, milled rice, soybean oil, soybean flour, nonfat dry milk, soyacontaining blended food supplements, and soya‐fortified processed foods are provided by the U.S. to needy people abroad to alleviate malnutrition. These commodities are used in maternal/child health programs, school feeding, food for work projects and disaster relief. The wide diversity of nutritional requirements and traditional food preferences has led to development of nine soya‐containing food types, which are used in the PL‐480 Title II donation program as blended food supplements or fortified processed foods. Research studies have led to the development of product specifications. Blended food supplements include the standardized mixtures of corn‐soya‐milk (CSM), instant CSM, wheat‐soy blend and whey‐soy drink mix. These foods, developed to fulfill the nutritional requirements of preschool children, contain from 17.5 to 29.7% either toasted‐defatted or equivalent full‐fat soya flour, along with vitamins and minerals. In addition, 4–19% soya oil is added to improve caloric density. These products contain 19 or 20% minimum protein and 6 or 19% minimum fat content. Fortified processed foods include soya‐fortified bulgur (SFB), soya‐fortified bread wheat flour (SFWF), soya‐fortified cornmeal (SFCM), soya‐fortified sorghum grits (SFSG), and soya‐fortified rolled oats (SFRO). These foods contain toasted soya flour, grits, or flakes added at 12–15% levels. Fortified foods are generally consumed by people other than infants.
Soybeans and soy products in the feeding of children
Authors: Torún B.
Published: March 2007

Soya products are used in infant formulas, hypoallergenic foods and vegetable mixtures mainly because of their good protein quality. They have good potential in feeding children from birth to adolescence and seem to satisfy the needs for total nitrogen and essential amino acids when ingested in adequate amounts. Other factors, however, must be considered for their use. The availability of calcium and phosphorous from soy formulas may be inadequate to support for any length of time the rapid bone mineralization of growing premature infants and should thus be fed to such infants only for a few weeks as therapeutic agents rather than as routine feeding formulas. Allergy to soya exists and may be serious, especially among infants with severe allergy to cow's milk. Industrial processing may affect the quality of soya protein and it can produce allergenic substances in some protein foods. Thus, it may be necessary to evaluate the overall nutritional quality of new soya products before recommending their use. The effect of methionine supplementation on soya protein quality is not clear but it may be advisable in infant formulas. Soybean protein has great advantages when it is part of a food or a food system, particularly those based on cereal grains. Finally, the prevention by soya formulas of diarrhea induced by phototherapy is interesting, but its overall metabolic implications need further study.
Flatulence caused by soya and its control through processing
Authors: Rackis J. J.
Published: March 2007

Elimination of flatulence is a challenging practical problem associated with the comsumption of soybeans as well as other food legumes and other selected foodstuffs. The problem is compounded by the variability in susceptibility among individuals. Research has established that the oligosaccharides—verbascose, stachyose, and raffinose—are the major cause of soybean flatulence. They escape digestion and are fermented by intestinal microflora to form excessive amounts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Hot water treatment, aqueous alcohol extraction, and isoelectric protein precipitation processes have been adapted to produce flatus‐free products commercially. At the household level, soaking combined with germination appears to be a practical means of producing soybean sprouts having low flatus activity. Food legumes, which include some oil‐seeds, peas, and beans, as well as selected vegetables, contain enough of the oligosaccharides—verbascose, stachyose, raffinose—to be a major cause of flatulence in humans and animals. In the absence of alpha‐galactosidases in the mammalian intestinal mucosa, these oligosaccharides escape digestion and are not absorbed. As a consequence, the active microflora in the ileum, colon, and fecal matter of the large intestine ferment them to form excessive levels of rectal gas, primarily carbon dioxide and hydrogen. In some instances, undigested starch and other carbohydrates contribute to the flatulent effect of diets. With 70% of the world's population being lactase‐deficient (hypolactasia), susceptibility to flatulence would be more widespread with diets containing both food legumes and milk products.

Use of food additives, antibiotics, and phenolic compounds to inhibit flatulence is not a practical approach. However, soya processing technology used to manufacture protein concentrates and isolates can be adapted to produce flatus‐free products from other food legumes. Hot water treatment, aqueous alcohol extraction, or isoelectric protein precipitation insolubilizes most of the protein and removes the oligosaccharides. Tempeh and tofu are two other soya products that exhibit little or no flatus activity. Soaking, fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, and germination can also be used to eliminate oligosaccharides. Tests with humans and rats indicate that a combination of such processes can be used to reduce flatus activity. The beneficial effects of germination on flatulence, often conflicting and contradictory, have been attributed to failure to control conditions that ensure removal of most of the oligossaccharides. Whether the high‐molecular‐weight soybean polysaccharides (dietary fiber), which normally do not cause flatulence, can be modified during germination to become substrates for flatus production by the intestinal microflora is not known. Such an effect could compensate for the loss of stachyose and raffinose.
Replacement of egg and milk with soya protein in pasta
Authors: Bešlagić S.
Published: March 2007

The object of this paper was to investigate the replacement of egg and milk with soya protein in pasta—their chemical and biochemical changes, rheological effects, test of pasta quality and nutritive values.
Gas chromatographic identification of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and hydrocarbons ofHibiscus rosa‐sinensis leaves
Authors: Srivastava D. N. , Bhatt S. K. , Udupa K. N.
Published: March 2007

Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis leaves (family Malvaceae) were analyzed for their fatty acid, fatty alcohol, and hydrocarbon contents. Wax hydrocarbons ranging from C16 to C32 with C23, C25, C27, and C31 as major components and wax alcohols between C21 and C30 with C26, iso‐C28, and iso‐C30 as major components were found to be present in the petroleum ether fraction of the leaves. Fatty acids ranging from C8 to C28 with C8, C12, C14, C16, and C18:2 as major components were found in the combined form. Two cyclic acids, sterculic and malvalic, have also been identified.
Phenothiazine derivatives as new antioxidants for the autoxidation of methyl linoleate and their reaction mechanisms
Authors: Fukuzumi K. , Ikeda N. , Egawa M.
Published: March 2007

The effect of new antioxidants, such as phenothiazine derivatives, on the autoxidation of methyl linoleate was evaluated by estimating the induction period using the weighing method. Peroxide values (iodometry and IR), refractive indices, mol wts, and UV and IR spectra were measured to investigate the extent of the autoxidation. The induction period evaluated from the weighing method gives almost the same value as that from the peroxide values. It was shown that some new phenothiazine derivatives are remarkably effective antioxidants, and, besides, the mechanism for the autoxidation of methyl linoleate containing phenothiazine derivatives as antioxidants is probably of the same type as that for the substrate alone. This study also investigated the reaction mechanism of phenothiazine derivative antioxidants by determining the electron spin resonance spectra for the antioxidants in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Then, the following mechanism was proposed. That is, within the induction period, these inhibitors hold stable nitroxide radicals (>NO*) in the reaction between the antioxidant amino radical (>N*), produced by the reaction of the antioxidant with ROO* or O2, and the peroxy radical (ROO*). Besides, the more superior the phenothiazine derivative antioxidant, the more inactive the antioxidant makes oxygen and the peroxy radical for the methyl linoleate autoxidation and also for the antioxidant oxidation.
Improvement of the direct GC analysis of vegetable oils’ volatile profile by a poly MPE‐tenax GC column
Authors: Williams Joseph L. , Wille Jean H.
Published: March 2007

A Poly MPE‐Tenax column has been successfully incorporated in Dupuy's method of direct GC analysis of volatiles in vegetable oils. This column provided a considerable reduction in column bleed, speed of analysis, and improved adsorptivity of volatiles, quantitation, and consistency of integrator counts.