bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty calculation for calibrators and controls of laboratory diagnostic assays
Authors: Konnert Andrea , Berding Christoph , Arends Sabine
Published: October 2006

The uncertainty of the results from calibrators and controls is an important component of the overall uncertainty of the results of medical samples. The purpose of this note is to review procedures of standardization and to describe the respective calculation of the uncertainty components for calibrators and controls of commercial routine diagnostic assays. The authors hope that the laying out of the procedures for uncertainty calculation of routine calibrators and controls contributes (i) to the transparency on how this component of uncertainty is derived and (ii) to a better understanding and use of the uncertainty concept in the routine laboratory.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1175–82.
Colorings of hyperbolic plane crystallographic patterns
Authors: Peñas Ma. Louise Antonette N. De Las , Felix Rene P. , Laigo Glenn R.
Published: October 2006

In color symmetry the basic problem has always been to classify symmetrically colored symmetrical patterns [13]. An important step in the study of color symmetry in the hyperbolic plane is the determination of a systematic approach in arriving at colored symmetrical hyperbolic patterns. For a given uncolored semi-regular tiling with symmetry group G a hyperbolic plane crystallographic group, this question can be addressed by applying a general framework for coloring symmetrical patterns and using right coset colorings as a tool to study the subgroup structure of G. In this paper, we present colored patterns that emerge from the hyperbolic 3 · 4 · 3 · 4 · 3 · 3 tiling where all the symmetries of the uncolored tiling permute the colors of the patterns.
EMB-4: A Predicted ATPase That Facilitateslin-12Activity inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Katic Iskra , Greenwald Iva
Published: October 2006

The sel-6 gene was previously identified in a screen for suppressors of the egg-laying defect associated with hypermorphic alleles of lin-12 (Tax  et al. 1997). Here we show that sel-6 and two other previously defined genes, mal-2 and emb-4, are the same gene, now called “emb-4.” We perform a genetic and molecular characterization of emb-4 and show that it functions cell autonomously as a positive regulator of lin-12 activity. Viable alleles identified as suppressors of lin-12 are partial loss-of-function mutations, whereas the null phenotype encompasses a range of lethal terminal phenotypes that apparently are not related to loss of lin-12/Notch signaling. emb-4 encodes a large nuclearly localized protein containing a predicted ATPase domain and has apparent orthologs in fission yeast, plants, and animals.
Characterization of Immunodeficiency in a Patient With Growth Hormone Insensitivity Secondary to a Novel STAT5b Gene Mutation
Authors: Bernasconi Andrea , Marino Roxana , Ribas Alejandra , Rossi Jorge , Ciaccio Marta , Oleastro Matías , Ornani Alicia , Paz Rubén , Rivarola Marco A. , Zelazko Marta , Belgorosky Alicia
Published: October 2006

STAT5 proteins are components of the common growth hormone and interleukin 2 family of cytokines' signaling pathway. Mutations in the STAT5b gene, described in 2 patients, lead to growth hormone insensitivity that resembles Laron syndrome. Clinical immunodeficiency was also present, although immunologic defects have not been well characterized thus far. Here we describe a 16-year-old girl who suffered generalized eczema and recurrent infections of the skin and respiratory tract since birth. She also suffered severe chronic lung disease and multiple episodes of herpetic keratitis. Clinical features of congenital growth hormone deficiency were observed, such as persistently low growth rate, severely delayed bone age, and postnatal growth failure resulting from growth hormone resistance. This combined phenotype of growth hormone insensitivity and immunodeficiency was attributable to a homozygous C→T transition that resulted in a nonsense mutation at codon 152 in exon 5 of the STAT5b gene. This novel mutation determined a complete absence of protein expression. The main immunologic findings were moderate T-cell lymphopenia (1274/mm3), normal CD4/CD8 ratio, and very low numbers of natural killer (18/mm3) and γδ T (5/mm3) cells. T cells presented a chronically hyperactivated phenotype. In vitro T-cell proliferation and interleukin 2 signaling were impaired. CD4+ and CD25+ regulatory T cells were significantly diminished, and they probably contributed to the signs of homeostatic mechanism deregulation found in this patient. This new case, in accordance with 2 previously reported cases, definitely demonstrates the significant role of the STAT5b protein in mediating growth hormone actions. Furthermore, the main immunologic findings bring about an explanation for the clinical immunodeficiency features and reveal for the first time the relevant role of STAT5b as a key protein for T-cell functions in humans.
Inhibition of RET tyrosine kinase by SU5416
Authors: Mologni Luca , Sala Elisa , Cazzaniga Sara , Rostagno Roberta , Kuoni Thomas , Puttini Miriam , Bain Jenny , Cleris Loredana , Redaelli Sara , Riva Barbara , Formelli Franca , Scapozza Leonardo , Gambacorti-Passerini Carlo
Published: October 2006

Thyroid neoplasia is frequently associated with rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene mutations that cause hyperactivation of RET kinase activity. Selective inhibition of RET-mediated signaling should lead to an efficacious therapy. SU5416 is a potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor, c-Kit, and FLT-3 receptor tyrosine kinases presently used in clinical trials. We found that SU5416 inhibits RET with similar potency, both in cell-free assays and in cells, thus causing proliferation arrest in oncogenic RET-transfected cells and in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells expressing the RET/PTC1 oncogene, but not in RET-negative control cells. SU5416 inhibited RET-mediated signaling through the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and JNK pathways. In addition, we show that a naturally occurring MEN2 mutation at codon 804 confers resistance to SU5416, but not to the related compound SU4984. We provide a possible explanation to these results by using molecular docking. Finally, SU5416 was also assessed against an array of 52 tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases.
The Papilla Amplification Flap for the Treatment of a Localized Periodontal Defect Associated With a Palatal Groove
Authors: Zucchelli Giovanni , Mele Monica , Checchi Luigi
Published: October 2006

Background: Teeth with a palatal groove often present with severe localized periodontal attachment loss including pocket formation and alveolar bone loss. The aim of the present case report was to describe the regenerative surgical treatment of periodontal and bone lesions associated with the subgingival extension of a palatal groove affecting a maxillary lateral incisor.

Methods: The left maxillary lateral incisor of a systemically healthy young subject presented with a palatal probing depth of 10 mm with no gingival recession at the buccal and palatal surfaces; the neighboring interdental papillae were intact. The radiograph showed a radiolucency area distal to the affected tooth. Treatment procedures consisted of: 1) the papilla amplification flap with the use of enamel matrix proteins as the regenerative periodontal material; 2) the elimination/flattening of the radicular portion of the palatal groove; and 3) the sealing of the coronal portion of the groove with composite flow.

Results: The clinical examination at 1 year revealed a clinical attachment gain (8 mm) with a shallow residual probing depth (2 mm) and no increase in gingival recession. The radiographic examination showed the complete disappearance of the radiolucency area suggesting bone fill.

Conclusions: The present study indicated that localized periodontal defects associated with a palatal groove can be successfully treated by means of the papilla amplification flap with the use of enamel matrix protein as the regenerative material. The long‐term stability of such successful results needs to be determined.
High Expression Levels of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor‐Kappa B Ligand Associated With Human Chronic Periodontitis Are Mainly Secreted by CD4+ T Lymphocytes
Authors: Vernal Rolando , Dutzan Nicolás , Hernández Marcela , Chandía Sabrita , Puente Javier , León Rubén , García Leyre , Valle Ignacio Del , Silva Augusto , Gamonal Jorge
Published: October 2006

Background: Chronic periodontitis is an infectious disease characterized by alveolar bone destruction and teeth loss. Receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL) is an osteoclastogenic cytokine, a central regulatory factor in the osteoclast's lifespan, and a participant in physiological and pathological bone resorption. Gingival T cells synthesize RANKL, contributing to molecular local imbalance that entails the alveolar bone resorption seen in periodontitis. Our study was aimed at associating the levels of RANKL with the CD4+ T‐cell activity present in gingival tissues of chronic periodontitis patients.

Methods: Gingival biopsies were obtained from 33 chronic periodontitis patients and 20 healthy controls. Specimens were either formalin fixed and paraffin embedded for real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and histologic analysis or tissue digestion processed for cell culture and flow‐cytometry analysis. RANKL mRNA and protein levels were determined by quantitative RT‐PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in gingival‐cell culture supernatants. Gingival leukocytes were quantified by flow cytometry. RANKL and CD4 immunoreactivity were analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.

Results: RANKL mRNA levels were higher in patients with periodontitis than in healthy subjects, and spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated RANKL synthesis were higher also in patients than controls. CD4+ T lymphocytes were the predominant infiltrate cell subset present in gingival tissues of periodontitis patients. Furthermore, an association between RANKL and CD4+ T cells was determined by double‐staining flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.

Conclusion: Taken together, these data demonstrate that gingival CD4+ T cells are the main cells responsible for higher levels of RANKL observed in human chronic periodontitis patients.
Lack of Association Between Periodontal Parameters and Preeclampsia
Authors: Khader Yousef S. , Jibreal Muna , Al‐Omiri Mahmoud , Amarin Zouhair
Published: October 2006

Background: It was hypothesized that periodontal diseases may increase the risk of preeclampsia. To test this hypothesis, this study was conducted to determine the association between periodontal parameters and preeclampsia among women in the north of Jordan.

Methods: A case‐control study was conducted among women who gave birth at Princes Badea Teaching Hospital between September 2004 and May 2005. A total of 115 preeclamptic women and 230 randomly selected controls were analyzed. The number of teeth, restorations, decayed tooth surfaces, and clinical periodontal parameters were determined within 24 hours after delivery. Information regarding participants' demographics, antenatal history, and family history were collected through personal interviews.

Results: After adjustment for potential confounding factors, there were no statistical differences between preeclamptic cases and normotensive controls with regard to mean periodontal probing depth, mean clinical attachment loss, mean gingival recession, mean plaque index, and mean gingival index. In addition, there were no significant differences in the percentages of sites with periodontal probing depth ≥3 or ≥4 mm, percentages of sites with clinical attachment loss ≥3 mm, number of filled surfaces, and number of missing teeth. Only the number of decayed surfaces was found to be associated with increased odds of preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio of 1.13; 95% confidence interval of 1.02 and 1.25).

Conclusion: This study did not support the hypothesis of an association between periodontal parameters and preeclampsia.
The Effects of Interproximal Distance Between Roots on the Existence of Interdental Papillae According to the Distance From the Contact Point to the Alveolar Crest
Authors: Cho Hae‐Sung , Jang Hyun‐Seon , Kim Dong‐Kie , Park Joo‐Cheol , Kim Heung‐Joong , Choi Seong‐Ho , Kim Chong‐Kwan , Kim Byung‐Ock
Published: October 2006

Background: This study investigated the existence of interdental papillae at certain distances from the contact point to the alveolar crest, depending on the interproximal distance between roots.

Methods: A total of 206 papillae from 80 patients were examined after the inflammation of the papillae had been minimized using non‐surgical periodontal therapy. The existence of the interdental papillae was determined using the following categorization: 1) papillae were deemed to be absent if they did not extend all the way up to the contact point between the teeth; and 2) papillae were determined to be present if they filled up to the entire proximal space. The interproximal distance between roots and the distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest were measured when a full‐thickness flap was used. The number of papillae present interproximally between roots, according to the distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest, was analyzed using the ×2 analysis method, and the linear‐by‐linear association analysis method was used for trend analysis.

Results: The number of papillae that filled the interproximal space decreased with increasing distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest (P <0.05). In addition, the number of papillae that filled the interproximal space decreased with increasing interproximal distance between roots (P <0.05) and became more prominently decreasing with the increasing distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest (especially 4, 5, and 6 mm) (P <0.05).

Conclusion: The results suggest that the interproximal distance between roots and the distance between the contact point and the alveolar crest have an independent and combined effect on the existence of interproximal papillae.
A Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/Receptor Autocrine Loop Regulates Constitutive Self‐Renewal of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells but Reduces Sensitivity to Exogenous HGF
Authors: Kawase Tomoyuki , Okuda Kazuhiro , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: October 2006

Background: In addition to its prominent role in liver regeneration, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is now generally thought to be produced by mesenchymal cells to promote the regeneration of epithelial tissue by a paracrine mechanism. However, it is not known how or if HGF could be involved in the regeneration of periodontal tissues. The purpose of this study was to characterize the ability of normal human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells to produce or respond to HGF.

Methods: PDL cells derived from healthy young volunteers were used from passages four through 10. HGF receptors were detected both by immunocytochemical staining and Western‐blotting analysis. Both DNA synthesis (by bromo‐deoxyuridine [BrdU]‐incorporation) and secreted HGF were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation was also analyzed by Western blot.

Results: Despite the immunocytochemical demonstration of HGF receptor protein in the cytoplasm and on the plasma membrane of PDL cells, exogenous recombinant human HGF did not exert the mitogenic effects expected. As reported for other mesenchymal cells, PDL cells were found to secrete HGF. Treatments with neutralizing anti‐HGF antibody significantly suppressed constitutive PDL cell proliferation and sustained the receptor protein at higher levels than in non‐treated cells. Under these conditions, exogenous HGF rapidly phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), an action linked to the cell proliferation and downregulation of cell‐surface receptors.

Conclusions: Unlike other known mesenchymal or epithelial cells, these findings suggest that normal PDL cells from young donors possess a constitutive HGF/receptor autocrine loop that normally regulates their replacement self‐proliferation but reduces sensitivity to exogenously applied HGF by acute receptor downregulation.
Solitary Superficial Microcystic Lymphatic Malformation (Lymphangioma Circumscriptum) of the Gingiva
Authors: Kalpidis Christos D.R. , Lysitsa Stella N. , Kolokotronis Alexandros E. , Samson Jacky , Lombardi Tommaso
Published: October 2006

Background: Lymphatic malformations are uncommon, hamartomatous, developmental aberrations of the lymphatic system. The case presented in this report is a rare solitary gingival involvement of a microcystic‐type lymphatic malformation.

Methods: The lesion presented clinically as a small vesicular swelling of a buccal interdental papilla in a 16‐year‐old girl. Involved tissues were excised and submitted for routine histologic examination. The expression of the endothelial marker CD34 was investigated using immunohistochemical staining.

Results: A physical examination failed to reveal similar or other abnormalities elsewhere in the body of the patient, including the oral cavity. Histopathologic analysis of the specimen demonstrated the presence of subepithelial, thin‐walled, distended vascular cavities forming confluent vesicles containing lymph. The dilated lymphatic formations were lined by flattened CD34‐negative endothelial cells. These features were consistent with a microcystic gingival lymphatic malformation. To the best of our knowledge, only two additional reports of this malformation have been published to date, but both presented with bilateral gingival involvement.

Conclusion: Even though lymphatic malformations are encountered very infrequently on gingiva, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of related conditions with a vesicular clinical appearance.
Histologic Evaluation of Implants Following Flapless and Flapped Surgery: A Study in Canines
Authors: Becker William , Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Sennerby Lars , Qahash Mohammed , Hujoel Philippe , Goldstein Moshe , Turkyilmaz Ilser
Published: October 2006

Background: Flapless surgery requires penetration of the alveolar mucosa and bone without reflection of mucoperiosteal flaps. Do these techniques force gingival tissue or foreign materials into osteotomies? If so, do such tissues or materials interfere with osseointegration? A proof‐of‐principle study using a canine model attempted to answer these questions.

Methods: Five young adult Hound Labrador mongrel dogs received implants with a moderately roughened surface by anodic oxidation using flapless or conventional one‐stage (control) surgery in contralateral jaw quadrants. The implants were placed into the osteotomies, and the international stability quotient (ISQ) was recorded using resonance frequency analysis. These measurements were repeated following a 3‐month healing interval when the animals were euthanized, and implants and surrounding tissues were retrieved and processed for histologic analysis.

Results: The implants were stable upon insertion and demonstrated increased stability at 3 months without significant differences between surgical protocols. The histologic evaluation showed high bone‐implant contact (flapless surgery: 54.7% ± 8.4%; control: 52.2% ± 13.0%; P >0.05) without evidence of gingival tissue or foreign body inclusions. There were no significant differences in marginal bone levels between the surgical protocols. Post‐insertion and at 3 months, ISQ values depended on the amount of torque delivered. Immediately post‐insertion, for every 1‐unit increase in torque value, the ISQ increased by 0.3 (95% confidence interval: 0.1 to 0.4; P = 0.0043). Three months postoperatively, for every one‐unit increase in torque the ISQ value decreased 0.2 (95% confidence interval: −0.4 to −0.1; P = 0.0012). The effect of torque on ISQ values was independent of treatment effects and remained significant after adjustment for treatment.

Conclusions: The results suggest that implants placed without flap reflection remain stable and exhibit clinically relevant osseointegration similar to when implants are placed with flapped procedures. Greater torque at implant placement resulted in less implant stability at 3 months.
Flap Thickness as a Predictor of Root Coverage: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hwang Debby , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: October 2006

Background: Thick gingival tissue eases manipulation, maintains vascularity, and promotes wound healing during and after surgery. A few recent case reports correlate greater flap thickness to mean and complete root coverage after mucogingival therapy for recession defects. The aim of this systematic review is to appraise the current literature on this subject and to combine existing data to verify the presence of any association between gingival thickness and root coverage outcomes.

Methods: Human studies that reported the number and class of recessions, measured flap thickness at a well‐defined location, described the method of root coverage used, followed results for at least 3 months, and detailed mean root coverage underwent review and statistical analysis. Investigations were scored from 1 to 5 based on methodological quality. Weighted gingival thickness and weighted mean root coverage was calculated based on standard error. Statistical analysis used the Mann‐Whitney test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear regression to determine any correlation between a number of factors (i.e., thickness, treatment type, and follow‐up time) and mean and complete root coverage. A significant P value was set at <0.05.

Results: Fifteen investigations met the inclusion criteria. All of these reported at least 0.7 mm of flap thickness, although measurement locations varied. Treatment modalities included coronally advanced flap, connective tissue graft, and guided tissue regeneration with and without adjuncts. A significant moderate correlation occurred between weighted flap thickness and weighted mean root coverage and weighted complete root coverage (r = 0.646 and 0.454, respectively). According to Mann‐Whitney analysis, a critical threshold thickness >1.1 mm existed for weighted mean and complete root coverage (P <0.02). The type of treatment rendered also influenced root coverage. Further simple linear regression revealed a high correlation between weighted thickness and weighted mean root coverage in connective tissue grafting and guided tissue regeneration (r = 0.909 and 0.714, respectively) but not coronally advanced flap therapy. Study score and follow‐up time did not affect the percentage of root coverage.

Conclusion: Within the limits of this review, a positive association exists between weighted flap thickness and mean and complete root coverage.
Temporary Anchorage Devices for Tooth Movement: A Review and Case Reports
Authors: McGuire Michael K. , Scheyer E. Todd , Gallerano Ronald L.
Published: October 2006

Background: Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) are immediately loaded miniscrews and osseointegrated palatal implants that are placed to control tooth movement during orthodontic treatment and removed when the treatment is completed. They are a relatively new addition to the dental armamentarium and can be used in some cases to replace traditional orthodontic extraoral appliances. Because placement requires a surgical procedure, orthodontists often refer patients to periodontists for this stage of the overall treatment plan.

Methods: The purpose of this article is to introduce TADs to the periodontal community by reviewing their purpose, various systems that are available, indications for use, site selection, and surgical technique. Case reports are included to illustrate this new treatment approach.

Results: Placement of osseointegrated implants for restorative purposes is an established procedure in most periodontal offices. Although placement of TADs is a modification of these familiar techniques, most of these devices serve a very different purpose, involving new loading protocols with no expectation of osseointegration in patients usually not receiving concomitant periodontal therapy.

Conclusions: Periodontists' knowledge of soft and hard tissue anatomy and their ability to manage soft tissue position them well to collaborate with orthodontists in this multidisciplinary treatment. However, as with every new modality, clinicians need to understand the specific uses and limitations of TADs and work closely with their referring orthodontists in identifying patients for whom miniscrew implants are a viable option. Periodontal practices are based primarily on referrals from dental colleagues, and the concept of periodontists working cooperatively with orthodontists is not new. Including TAD placement among the services periodontists offer provides another opportunity to further this relationship and to establish periodontists as appropriate resources for this segment of orthodontic treatment.
Poreski podsticaji u sistemu poreza na dobit - uporedno pravna analiza resenja u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori
Authors: Raicevic Bozidar , Nenadic Jelena
Published: October 2006

The paper deals with legal comparative analysis of tax incentives solutions found in Serbia and Montenegro. Tax competition continuously unholding the among two Republics has been specially emphasized after changes in Montenegro tax corporate system. The paper presents an attempt to compare and evaluate the two systems, with a special emphasis on solutions found in other Western Balkan countries, as well as on practices and experiences with tax incentives in Western European countries.
Strukturne karakteristike robne razmene Srbije i Evropske unije
Authors: Petrovic Predrag
Published: October 2006

The intensity of foreign trade deficit and the dynamics of its growth from 2000 to 2004 suggest the need to give a special attention to the problem of competitiveness. It is a general opinion of professional public that the long-term competitiveness of a state and business cannot be generated from the current economic structure and, therefore, the structure of product export. Therefore, the solution to the problem is to be sought in restructuring the economy and the export offer, and adjusting it so that it meets the demand of the most important foreign trade partners. First of all there is the need to converge the product structure of export with the structure of foreign import, that is, the needs of the European Union. This is a consequence of the fact that this particular group of countries represents the most important destination of Serbian export, that is, that a little more than the half of the total product export is intended for these countries. This is exactly why it is necessary to establish a diagnosis of the degree of structural adequacy in terms of Serbia?s export to the European Union, and to provide a set of useful suggestions about how to find the cure.
Ogranicenja gravitacionog modela u ekonometrijskoj analizi spoljnotrgovinske razmene
Authors: Dragutinovic-Mitrovic Radmila
Published: October 2006

This work deals with econometric modeling of bilateral trade flows based on gravity model. Standard approach in most of previous empirical researches consisted of estimating bilateral trade potentials using gravity model and analysis of differences between the observed and predicted (potential) trade flows. Large differences were interpreted as the unexhausted foreign trade potentials. This work considers some limitations and problems of such approach mostly based on cross-section data. We consider alternative gravity model specifications with panel data and estimating procedures, as appropriate base for more precise estimates and conclusions. Furthermore, both theoretical and empirical analysis of econometric problems in panel data gravity model are carried out. Some of those problems have considered partially in previous empirical researches (for example autocorrelation in panels), but some of them have not considered at all, such as double endogenous regressors. Empirical results show that mentioned problems cause biased regression parameters estimates and consequently systematic variations of gravity model residuals (large systematic differences between observed and predicted). This makes conclusions on trade potentials between countries imprecise and unreliable.
Privatizacija izgradnje i eksploatacije puteva - izazovi i preporuke
Authors: Vasiljev Dejan
Published: October 2006

Participation of private sector in infrastructural projects, highways in particular, has numerous advantages - freeing up the funds that can be used elsewhere being just one of them. The problems arising from awarding concessions can be, to a large extent, overcome by modifying the design of auction mechanism. The Demsetz auction stipulates the award of concessions for a fixed time period, the consequences of which are that the entire demand risk is borne by the concessionaire, and further inefficiencies, such as government guarantees. Modification of Demsetz auction results in LPVR (least present value of revenue) auction and creates a framework for a more intensive and efficient participation of private sector in infrastructural projects.
International human resource management and organizational learning
Authors: Bogicevic-Milikic Biljana , Aleksic Ana
Published: October 2006

Global companies are pressed by the need to simultaneously manage globally since they consider the whole world as their own market, and locally, because the global market consists of various different and weakly connected market segments. The need to be global and local at the same time presents, perhaps the most important challenge for management of global companies in 21st century. Searching this balance presents also an important challenge for human resource management (HRM), regarding the ways of accomplishing it. HRM is expected to contribute to achievement of global competitive advantage worldwide efficiency, local responsiveness, as well as transfer of learning within global organizations. The transfer of learning gains on its importance as many authors see it as the main motive of establishing global companies. However, regardless of recognized significance of organizational learning for global companies, international HRM literature simply lacks studies related to transfer of learning, recommendations about how to develop this organizational ability, how to improve it and measure, and how to provide permanency of the learning process. Therefore, the aim of this paper is through reviewing the relevant literature, to shed light on different aspects of the responsiveness-integration paradigm and its implications on the transfer of learning in global companies.
Eurizacija kao instrument monetarne politike Srbije?
Authors: Fabris Nikola
Published: October 2006

The 1990s were characterized by two important yet mutually connected phenomena: the introduction of the euro as a national currency in the EU member countries, and recommendations for the introduction of dollarization as an instrument of attaining macroeconomic stability. Full dollarization (eurozation) is a relatively rare phenomenon. Yet in recent years it has attracted a lot of attention, which can be proved by an increasing number of studies dealing with this problem, as well as an increasing number of countries taking this course of action. This paper deals with the advantages and the disadvantages of dollarization, not only from the theoretical aspect but also on the basis of experience of other dollarized countries. The paper mostly deals with the analysis of the adequacy of dollarization (eurozation) as a monetary regime of Serbia. The unequivocal conclusion is that dollarization (eurozation) is not a monetary policy instrument that can be recommended to Serbia, the most relevant reasons for this being: the loss of capital surplus, the loss of some foreign exchange reserves, the danger of foreign exchange outflow through the balance of payment current account deficit, likely opposition from the EU, etc.
World corporate loan markets for raising new capital - does distance still matter: Are financial assets priced locally or globally?
Authors: Vojinovic Borut
Published: October 2006

Though the paper focuses on pricing, as the background I provide some evidence about loan flows across markets in the form of borrowers? and lenders? propensity to issue outside their natural home market. The data show that borrowers stay home when they can and that they tend to issue in Europe when they must issue abroad. That is, borrowers domiciled in one of the major markets (Europe, U.S., and Asia) almost always issue in that market, whereas borrowers in more remote locations usually issue in the European market. For example, borrowers from Latin America are overwhelmingly issuing in Europe rather than in the U.S. market.
The choice of an exchange rate regime: Outcomes and constraints
Authors: Marinkovic Srdjan
Published: October 2006

An inappropriate exchange rate policy is likely to undermine overall efforts to transform the economy. Namely, it is now well accepted either at the theoretical or policy level that situations of real exchange rate misalignment could be translated into important welfare costs. This country study highlights "irrelevancy" of the stability criteria when slow growth recovery threatens to endanger even social roots of determination for reform. We discuss foreign exchange policy and other related policy measures that are likely to align economic and political goals inside a trade-off between stability and growth.
The obsolescence of export structure: an obstacle to economic growth
Authors: Petrovic Predrag
Published: October 2006

Although the decrease in foreign trade imbalance is almost the only positive macroeconomic shift in 2005, it seems that this problem is losing importance for no reason. Other burning economic problems (inflation, first of all) have pushed aside this problem that was a real burning issue. Of course that there has to be understanding for such treatment by the creators of economic policy considering the fact that the inflation in this year will surpass the originally planned inflation almost twofold, and that the International Monetary Fund is firm in insisting on additional rendering both fiscal and monetary policy more severe in order to restrain the growing price instability. Bearers of economic policy have already fulfilled a large part of the given requirements. Nevertheless, the foreign trade imbalance is still fairly high. This thesis is supported by the fact that Serbia is a country in transition with almost the lowest degree of import coverage by export. Despite the marked rise in goods export that has been realized in this part of the year, it is difficult to say which part of the growth has been caused by the privatization processes and restructuring, and which part accounts for a more realistic statistical expression that is a consequence of value added tax (VAT) endorsement. Also, there are certain vague issues concerning the import itself. The economists agree that VAT endorsement led to overflowing the import from 2005 to 2004 especially in the last quarter of 2004. Additionally, it seems that there is a wide consensus that VAT endorsement implied the decrease in the phenomenon which was supposed mostly by the creators of economic policy, to have played an important role, and it is about the "inflated" import invoices. Elimination or at least reduction in this phenomenon resulted in more realistic expression of goods import value. It is almost clear that a part of this year?s decrease in foreign trade imbalance has been due to temporary disorder caused by VAT endorsement. On the other hand, there is no doubt that the rest is due to the expansive increase in export which is the consequence of restructuring and privatization of domestic enterprises. In another words, if the mentioned tax form had not been endorsed, the foreign trade deficit would have been decreased, but with rather low intensity.
The evidence of personal computer waste quantity in the territory of Serbia -statistical estimation
Authors: Tadic Branko , Mitrovic Ratko , Tadic Danijela
Published: October 2006

In recent years, the state-of-the-art research has been dealing with putting into traffic, withdrawing and freeing the environment from electrical and electronic equipment waste-WEEE. In our country there has been no serious research so far concerning this problem, although current and future members of the European Union (EU) are obligated to conduct WEEE directive based on individual responsibility of each "waste manufacturer". The Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection of Serbia has accepted the financing of scientific research project called "The development of electrical and electronic equipment recycling system". In this paper, statistical estimation method of quantity and diffusion of computer waste (which according to the EU classification, belongs to the third category WEEE-devices for computer and communication technique) in the territory of Serbia is described. The implications of the problem on our country are also presented.
Synthesis, properties and color assessment of some new 5-(3- and 4-substituted phenylazo)-4,6-dimethyl-3-cyano-2-pyridones
Authors: Mijin Dusan , Uscumlic Gordana , Perisic-Janjic Nada , Trkulja Ivan , Radetic Maja , Jovancic Petar
Published: October 2006

A series of 5-(3- and 4-substituted phenylazo)-4,6-dimethyl-3-cyano-2-pyridones were synthesized, starting from acetylacetone and arenediazonium salt, followed by condensation with cyanoacetamide using a modified literature procedure. The experimental investigation included modification of the synthetic procedure in terms of solvent, temperature, isolation techniques as well as purification and identification of the products. The azo dyes were characterized by melting point, IR, UV/Vis, 1H NMR and MS data. HPLC analyses were also performed. The 2-hydroxypyridine/ 2-pyridone tautomeric equilibration was found to depend on the polarity of the applied solvents. A color assessment of the solid dyes and dyed polyester fabrics was also performed and the correlation between the colour and the structure of the dyes is discussed.
Investigation of the interfacial bonding in composite propellants. 1,3,5-trisubstituted isocyanurates as universal bonding agents
Authors: Uscumlic Gordana , Zreigh Mohamed , Mijin Dusan
Published: October 2006

A series of 1,3,5-trisubstituted isocyanurates (substituents: CH2CH2OH CH2CH=CH2 and CH2CH2COOH) was synthesized according to a modified literature procedure. Experimental investigations included modification of the synthetic procedure in terms of the starting materials, solvents, temperature isolation techniques, as well as purification and identification of the products. All the synthesized isocyanurates were identified by their melting point and FTIR, 1H NMR and UV spectroscopic data. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry was also used to study the interaction between ammonium perchlorate, hydroxyl terminated poly(butadiene), carboxyl terminated poly(butadiene), poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile), poly(propylene ether) cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine and the compounds synthesized in this work which can serve as bonding agents. The results show that tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate is a universal bonding agent for the ammonium perchlorate/carboxyl terminated poly(butadiene)/cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine composite propellant system.
Preparation, characterization and crystal structure of the complex formed between N,N,N',N'-tetrabutylmalonamide and lanthanum(III)nitrate
Authors: Cui Y.U. , Sun Guo-Xin , Zhang Zhen-Wei , Sun Si-Xiu
Published: October 2006

The complex [La(NO 3)3(TBMA)2] (TBMA = N,N,N?,N?-tetrabutylmalonamide) was prepared by the extraction method and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex consists of two bidentate TBMA extractant and three bidentate nitrate ions coordinated to a La3+ ion. The lanthanum(III) is 10-coordinate, being bonded to four oxygen atoms of the malonamides and six oxygen atoms of the three nitrates. The crystal data are as follows C38H76N7O13La, Mr = 977.97, triclinic system, space group P 1, a = 1.3025(12), b = 1.4353(14), c = 0.4871(13) nm, ? = 70.025(17), ? = 71.411(19), ? = 84.017(18)?, V = 2.476(4) nm3, Z = 2, F(000) = 1028, D = 1.312 g.cm-3, R 1 = 0.0833, wR 2 = 0.1471.
Titrimetric, spectrophotometric and kinetic methods for the assay of atenolol using bromate-bromide and methyl orange
Authors: Basavaiah Kanakapura , Chandrashekar Umakanthappa , Nagegowda Paregowda
Published: October 2006

Three new methods have been developed for the determination of atenolol in bulk drug and in tablet formulation. The methods are based on the oxidation-bromination reaction of the drug by bromine, generated in situ by the action of acid on a bromate- bromide mixture. In the titrimetric method the drug is treated with a known excess of bromate-bromide mixture in hydrochloric acid medium, followed by the determination of the unreacted bromine iodometrically. The spectrophotometric method involves the addition of a measured excess of bromate-bromide reagent in hydrochloric acid medium to atenolol, and after ensuring the reaction had gone to completion, the unreacted bromine is treated with a fixed amount of methyl orange, and absorbance measured at 520 nm. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of atenolol. The kinetic method depends on the existence of a linear relationship between the concentration of the drug and the time of the oxidation-bromination reaction, as indicated by the bleaching of methyl orange acid colour. The working conditions were optimized. The titrimetric method is based on a 1:1 reaction stoichiometry (atenolol:bromate) and is applicable over the 3-20 mg range. The spectrophotometric method permits micro determination of the drug (0.5-4.0 ?gml -1)with an apparentmolar absorptivity of 4.13x10 4lmol-1 cm-1 and detection limit of 0.07 ?gml -1. The kinetic method is applicable in the concentration range 5-25 ?gml -1 with a detection limit of 3.72 ?gml -1. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of atenolol in tablet preparations with mean recoveries of 97.63 to 101.78 %. The reliability of the assay was established by parallel determination by the reference method and by recovery studies using the standard addition technique.
The temperature dependence of the retention index for n-alkyl esters of acetic, propionic, cyclohexanecarboxylic, benzoic and phenylacetic acid on DB-1 and DB-5 capillary columns
Authors: Mijin Dusan , Antonovic Dusan
Published: October 2006

The temperature dependence of the retention index was studied for n-alkyl esters of acetic, propionic, cyclohexanecarboxylic, benzoic and phenylacetic acid on DB-1 and DB-5 capillary columns. The study was performed over various temperature ranges depending on the volatility of the ester. Two linear equations of the temperature dependence of the retention data on the column temperature and its reciprocal as variables were studied. Agood linearity of the retention index versus column temperature was found.
Geochemistry of Ni in the Cretaceous-Tertiary succession Fiskeler (Fish Clay) at Stevns Klint (Denmark): cheto-smectite of the black marl
Authors: Premovic Pavle , Todorovic Bratislav , Nikolic Nikola , Pavlovic Mirjana , Djordjevic Dragan , Dulanovic Dejan
Published: October 2006

The Cretaceus-Tertiary (KT) boundary at Stevns Klint (the H?jerup succession), Fiskeler, consists of a thin red clay layer overlain by a thick one of black marl. These two layers are made up mainly from cheto-smectite and biogenic calcite. The black marl shows an enhanced concentration of Ni (655 ppm) within its smectite fraction. Additionally, its carbonate fraction also shows an enhanced concentration of Ni (245 ppm). It is reasoned that these enrichments represent a sudden and rapid input of high amounts of Ni into the late Cretaceus seawater at Stevns Klint. The ultimate source of Ni in both the carbonate and smectite fractions of the black marl was probably impact fallout, produced by the KT asteroidal impact, deposited on the nearby soil and leached by the (acid) surface waters. The geochemistry of the Ni supports the hypothesis that the smectite of this marl most likely has a local (marine or terrestrial) provenance and was probably redeposited, after its formation, from the original site to its present location at the KT boundary.
Carbonitriding reactions of diatomaceous earth: phase evolution and reaction mechanisms
Authors: Matovic Branko , Saponjic Aleksandra , Boskovic Snezana
Published: October 2006

The possibility of using diatomaceous earth as Si precursor for low temperature synthesis of non-oxide powders by carbothermal reduction-nitridation was studied. It was found that carbonitriding reactions produce phases of the Si-Al-O-N system. Already at 1300 ?C, nanosized non-oxide powders were obtained. The comparatively low reaction temperatures is attributred to the nano-porous nature of the raw material. The evolution of crystalline phases proceeded via many intermediate stages. The powders were characterized by X-ray and SEM investigations. The results showed that diatomaceous earth can be a very effective source for obtaining non-oxide powders.
Modernising the Morgan Library
Authors: Merkel Jayne
Published: October 2006

Renzo Piano's recent addition to the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York is of interest in its own right because it radically alters the experience at one of the city's most appealing and unique institutions. But it is also worth considering, Jayne Merkel argues, because Piano is now working on more major museums than any architect in the world. At the Morgan, he subtly transformed a magnificent Renaissance Revival private library into a full‐fledged modern museum with fine facilities for displaying parts of the collection and making its resources available to scholars. The old parts look as magnificent as ever, though they are now somewhat side‐lined. The new parts are strong and elegant. The two are daringly juxtaposed, and the planning for 14,028 square metres (151,000 square feet) of facilities that more than doubles the size of the whole on part of a cramped Manhattan block is skilful. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idea Store, Whitechapel
Authors: Melvin Jeremy
Published: October 2006

Jeremy Melvin visits David Adjaye and Associates' second Idea Store in London, on the Whitechapel Road, and discovers how, through a confluence of ‘image, purpose and experience’, Adjaye has been able to advance on the library as a conventional building type. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PTPN22 620W allele is not associated with aplastic anemia
Authors: Graf Solomon A. , Calado Rodrigo T. , Young Neal S.
Published: October 2006

The 1858C/T variant in PTPN22 imparts a gain of function mutation dysregulating T‐cell stimulation and is associated with an array of autoimmune diseases. Using a case‐control design, we compared the frequency of this polymorphism in 91 patients with acquired aplastic anemia to 132 ethnically matched controls. Representation of the PTPN22 variant was not significantly different between the two populations, suggesting that this gene polymorphism does not contribute to the etiology of aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia thus joins a list of autoimmune diseases that commonly lack a major humoral disease component and do not associate with the PTPN22 variant. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.