bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal inventory control policy and supply chain coordination problem with carbon footprint constraints
Authors: Tao Feng , Fan Tijun , Lai Kin Keung
Published: February 2016

Carbon footprint constraints exert pressure on supply chains to reexamine decisions. In this paper, we consider carbon transfer cost and carbon holding cost in a supply chain. A multiperiod dynamic programming model with carbon footprint constraints is presented to investigate the impact of carbon transfer cost and carbon holding cost on inventory control policy as well as the supply chain coordination problem. A two‐control limit inventory control policy is proved to be optimal and a contract with wholesale price, subsidy, and fixed setup cost is verified analytically to coordinate the supply chain. Finally, a numerical study is conducted to reveal managerial insights. We find that when the supply chain is coordinated, the chain's profit is more sensitive to carbon transfer cost while inventory level is more sensitive to carbon holding cost. Additionally, because of the complexity of the coordinated contract, when it is not easy to coordinate the supply chain, it is better to keep the values of wholesale price, subsidy, and fixed setup cost below the corresponding values for the coordinated supply chain.
Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Ferrites Tuned by Bi/Fe Ratio
Authors: Wang Huanchun , Xu Haomin , Zeng Chengcheng , Shen Yang , Lin Yuan‐Hua , Nan Ce‐Wen
Published: February 2016

Pure perovskite BiFeO3, sillenite Bi2Fe4O9, and BiFeO3/Bi2Fe4O9 were synthesized facilely by controlling the precursor Bi/Fe ion ratio through a hydrothermal method. The phase composition, morphology, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of as‐prepared samples were investigated in detail. Our results indicate that the morphology and properties of products strongly dependent on the precursor Bi/Fe ion ratio. Photocatalysis of Congo Red reveals that sillenite Bi2Fe4O9 shows superior activity to perovskite BiFeO3, and BiFeO3/Bi2Fe4O9 exhibited higher activity with 71.45% degradation rate in 90 min. It provides an easy and efficient way to tune the composition and photocatalytic activity of Bi‐based oxides.
Day Service Provision for People with Intellectual Disabilities: A Case Study Mapping 15‐Year Trends in Ireland
Authors: Fleming Padraic , McGilloway Sinead , Barry Sarah
Published: February 2016

Background

Day services for people with intellectual disabilities are experiencing a global paradigm shift towards innovative person‐centred models of care. This study maps changing trends in day service utilization to highlight how policy, emergent patterns and demographic trends influence service delivery.

Methods

National intellectual disability data (1998–2013) were analysed using WINPEPI software and mapped using QGIS Geographic Information System.

Results

Statistically significant changes indicated fewer people availing of day services as a proportion of the general population; more males; fewer people aged <35; a doubling in person‐centred plans; and an emerging urban/rural divide. Day services did not change substantially and often did not reflect demand.

Conclusions

Emergent trends can inform future direction of disability services. Government funds should support individualized models, more adaptive to changing trends. National databases need flexibility to respond to policy and user demands. Future research should focus on day service utilization of younger people and the impact of rurality on service availability, utilization, quality and migration.
MHC‐I provides both quantitative resistance and susceptibility to blood parasites in blue tits in the wild
Authors: Aguilar J. Rivero‐de , Westerdahl H. , Puente J. Martínez‐de la , Tomás G. , Martínez J. , Merino S.
Published: February 2016

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are central for the adaptive immune response against parasites. Here, we investigated potential associations among MHC‐I alleles and blood parasite infections in a natural breeding population of a passerine bird, the blue titCyanistes caeruleus, in central Spain. We screened both infection status (presence/absence of infection) and infection intensity to the pathogenic blood parasitesHaemoproteusandLeucocytozoon. Three MHC‐I alleles (UA104, UA108 and UA117) were associated with higher or lower infection intensities byLeucocytozoon. Interestingly, these associations were dependent on age and were found both among young and adult birds. No MHC alleles were associated with infection intensity byHaemoproteusparasites. In addition, no significant relationships were detected between infection status byHaemoproteusandLeucocytozooninfections and MHC alleles. The very high prevalence of these two parasites in our study population (79–100%) poses challenges to identify associations with infection status and also suggests that clearance of infections may be rare. In conclusion, associations between specific MHC‐I alleles andLeucocytozoonparasites were related to either high or low infection intensities, and hence increased susceptibility or resistance to infection.
Achieving Adherence After First‐Line Antihypertensive Treatment: Should Fixed‐Dose Combinations Receive Priority?
Authors: Sonawane Deshmukh Kalyani B. , Qian Jingjing , Garza Kimberly B. , Wright Bradley M. , Zeng Peng , Ganduglia Cazaban Cecilia M. , Hansen Richard A.
Published: February 2016

Data on the long‐term outcomes of the use of fixed‐dose combinations (FDCs) or free‐pill combinations (FPCs), titration of doses, and switching are currently unavailable for identifying a preferred strategy for adherence. In the lack of these evidences, adherence can be a useful guiding criteria. The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study using the BlueCross BlueShield of Texas (2008‐2012) database to compare adherence among 5998 patients who received treatment modifications (TMs). Results of the propensity score‐adjusted model indicate that FDC and uptitration strategies have higher odds of adherence compared with the switch strategy (P<.05). Among patients with a history of poor adherence, the odds of adherence were up to 26% higher for the FDC strategy compared with alternative strategies (P<.05). Factors including age, number of comedications, first‐line drug class, and health services utilization are associated with adherence. In conclusion, FDCs should be prioritized for TM, particularly if the patient has a history of poor adherence.
In vivo, micro‐morphological vascular changes induced by topical brimonidine studied by Dynamic optical coherence tomography
Authors: Themstrup L. , Ciardo S. , Manfredi M. , Ulrich M. , Pellacani G. , Welzel J. , Jemec G.B.E.
Published: February 2016

Background

Brimonidine is a selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist with potent vasoconstrictive activity topically used for treatment of facial flushing and erythema caused by rosacea. Direct evidence for the in vivo morphology changes in skin vessels induced by topical application of brimonidine is limited. Dynamic optical coherence tomography is a novel technology that combines conventional OCT with information on flow and thereby provides supplementary information about the microvasculature. Dynamic OCT is non‐invasive and creates high‐resolution in vivo images of skin to a depth of maximum 2 mm.

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine and describe micro‐morphological skin vessel changes in normal skin exposed to brimonidine gel using Dynamic OCT.

Materials and methods

A total of 35 healthy subjects from three European clinical dermatology centres were included in the study. A normal skin area on the cheek was marked and clinically photographed. Brimonidine gel 0.33% was applied on the area and chromaticity measurements; laser speckle measurements and Dynamic OCT images were acquired at baseline and 60 min after application. The images were subsequently described in detail and quantitatively analysed.

Results

All the measurement tools (chromaticity, laser speckle, Dynamic OCT showed highly significant (P < 0.001) quantitative differences in blood flow before and after the application of brimonidine. In 58% of the subjects the Dynamic OCT images showed notable changes in the morphology of the blood vessel network after application of brimonidine including a marked reduction in the abundance and the diameter of the blood vessels.

Conclusion

The vascular constriction induced by topical brimonidine gel 0.33% was visualized in vivo by Dynamic OCT and confirmed by quantitative measurements and analyses. This study shows that Dynamic OCT can detect characteristic morphological changes in the vessels and may potentially aid the monitoring of treatment effects on skin vessels following topical or laser treatment.
Sex‐dependent mitochondrial respiratory impairment and oxidative stress in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy
Authors: Demarest Tyler G. , Schuh Rosemary A. , Waddell Jaylyn , McKenna Mary C. , Fiskum Gary
Published: February 2016

Increased male susceptibility to long‐term cognitive deficits is well described in clinical and experimental studies of neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. While cell death signaling pathways are known to be sexually dimorphic, a sex‐dependent pathophysiological mechanism preceding the majority of secondary cell death has yet to be described. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cell death following cerebral hypoxic‐ischemia (HI). Several lines of evidence suggest that there are sex differences in the mitochondrial metabolism of adult mammals. Therefore, this study tested the hypothesis that brain mitochondrial respiratory impairment and associated oxidative stress is more severe in males than females following HI. Maximal brain mitochondrial respiration during oxidative phosphorylation was two‐fold more impaired in males following HI. The endogenous antioxidant glutathione was 30% higher in the brain of sham females compared to males. Females also exhibited increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity following HI injury. Conversely, males displayed a reduction in mitochondrial GPx4 protein levels and mitochondrial GPx activity. Moreover, a 3–4‐fold increase in oxidative protein carbonylation was observed in the cortex, perirhinal cortex, and hippocampus of injured males, but not females. These data provide the first evidence for sex‐dependent mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and oxidative damage, which may contribute to the relative male susceptibility to adverse long‐term outcomes following HI.

image

Lower basal GSH levels, lower post‐hypoxic mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase (mtGPx) activity, and mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase 4 (mtGPx4) protein levels may contribute to the susceptibility of the male brain to oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction following neonatal hypoxic‐ischemia (HI). Treatment of male pups with acetyl‐L‐carnitine (ALCAR) protects against the loss of mtGPx activity, mtGPx4 protein, and increases in protein carbonylation after HI. These findings provide novel insight into the pathophysiology of sexually dimorphic outcomes following HI.
Morphological and postural sexual dimorphism of the lumbar spine facilitates greater lordosis in females
Authors: Bailey Jeannie F. , Sparrey Carolyn J. , Been Ella , Kramer Patricia A.
Published: February 2016

Previous work suggests females are evolutionarily adapted to have greater lumbar lordosis than males to aid in pregnancy load‐bearing, but no consensus exists. To explore further sex‐differences in the lumbar spine, and to understand contradictions in the literature, we conducted a cross‐sectional retrospective study of sex‐differences in lumbar spine morphology and sacral orientation. In addition, our sample includes data for separate standing and supine samples of males and females to examine potential sex‐differences in postural loading on lumbosacral morphology. We measured sagittal lumbosacral morphology on 200 radiographs. Measurements include: lumbar angle (L1–S1), lumbar vertebral body and disc wedging angles, sacral slope and pelvic incidence. Lumbar angle, representative of lordotic curvature between L1 and S1, was 7.3° greater in females than males, when standing. There were no significant sex‐differences in lumbar angle when supine. This difference in standing lumbar angle can be explained by greater lordotic wedging of the lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) in females. Additionally, sacral slope was greater in females than males, when standing. There were no significant sex‐differences in pelvic incidence. Our results support that females have greater lumbar lordosis than males when standing, but not when supine – suggesting a potentially greater range of motion in the female spine. Furthermore, sex‐differences in the lumbar spine appear to be supported by postural differences in sacral‐orientation and morphological differences in the vertebral body wedging. A better understanding of sex‐differences in lumbosacral morphology may explain sex‐differences in spinal conditions, as well as promote necessary sex‐specific treatments.
Work stress, occupational burnout and depression levels: a clinical study of paediatric intensive care unit nurses in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Ching , Lin Huey‐Shyan , Cheng Su‐Fen , Wu Li‐Min , Ou‐Yang Mei‐Chen
Published: February 2016

Aims and objectives

This study aimed to examine the relationship between work stress and depression; and investigate the mediating effect of occupational burnout among nurses in paediatric intensive care units.

Background

The relationships among work stress, occupational burnout and depression level have been explored, neither regarding occupational burnout as the mediating role that causes work stress to induce depression nor considering the paediatric intensive care unit context.

Design

A cross‐sectional correlational design was conducted.

Methods

One hundred and forty‐four female paediatric intensive care unit nurses from seven teaching hospitals in southern Taiwan were recruited as the participants. Data were collected by structured questionnaires including individual demographics, the Nurse Stress Checklist, the Occupational Burnout Inventory and the Taiwan Depression Questionnaire.

Results

The results indicated that after controlling for individual demographic variables, the correlations of work stress with occupational burnout, as well as work stress and occupational burnout with depression level were all positive. Furthermore, occupational burnout may exert a partial mediating effect on the relationship between work stress and depression level.

Conclusion

This study provides information about work stress, occupational burnout and depression level, and their correlations, as well as the mediating role of occupational burnout among paediatric intensive care unit nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice

It suggests government departments and hospital administrators when formulating interventions to prevent work stress and occupational burnout. These interventions can subsequently prevent episodes of depression in paediatric intensive care unit nurses, thereby providing patients with a safe and high‐quality nursing environment.
Identifying emotional intelligence skills of Turkish clinical nurses according to sociodemographic and professional variables
Authors: Kahraman Nilgün , Hiçdurmaz Duygu
Published: February 2016

Aims and objectives

This study aimed to identify the emotional intelligence skills of Turkish clinical nurses according to sociodemographic and professional variables.

Background

Emotional intelligence is “the ability of a person to comprehend self‐emotions, to show empathy towards the feelings of others, and to control self‐emotions in a way that enriches life.” Nurses with a higher emotional intelligence level offer more efficient and professional care, and they accomplish more in their social and professional lives.

Design

We designed a descriptive cross‐sectional study. The Introductory Information Form and the Bar‐On emotional intelligence Inventory were used to collect data between 20th June and 20th August 2012.

Method

The study was conducted with 312 nurses from 37 hospitals located within the borders of the metropolitan municipality in Ankara.

Results

There were no significant differences between emotional intelligence scores of the nurses according to demographic variables such as age, gender, marital status, having children. Thus, sociodemographic factors did not appear to be key factors, but some professional variables did. Higher total emotional intelligence scores were observed in those who had 10 years or longer experience, who found oneself successful in professional life, who stated that emotional intelligence is an improvable skill and who previously received self‐improvement training. Interpersonal skills were higher in those with a graduate degree and in nurses working in polyclinics and paediatric units.

Conclusions

These findings indicate which groups require improvement in emotional intelligence skills and which skills need improvement. Additionally, these results provide knowledge and create awareness about emotional intelligence skills of nurses and the distribution of these skills according to sociodemographic and professional variables.

Relevance to clinical practice

Implementation of emotional intelligence improvement programmes targeting the determined clinical nursing groups by nursing administrations can help the increase in emotional intelligence.
Heat‐killed Staphylococcus aureus reduces atherosclerosis by inducing anti‐inflammatory macrophages
Authors: Frodermann V. , van Duijn J. , van Puijvelde G. H. M. , van Santbrink P. J. , Lagraauw H. M. , de Vries M. R. , Quax P. H. A. , Bot I. , Foks A. C. , de Jager S. C. A. , Kuiper J.
Published: February 2016

Background

Staphylococcus aureus cell wall components can induce IL‐10 responses by immune cells, which may be atheroprotective. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether heat‐killed S. aureus (HK‐SA) could inhibit the development of atherosclerosis.

Methods

Atherosclerosis‐susceptible LDL receptor‐deficient mice were administered intraperitoneal HK‐SA twice weekly and fed a Western‐type diet for 6 weeks.

Results

HK‐SA administration resulted in a 1.6‐fold increase in IL‐10 production by peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes, and a 12‐fold increase in serum IL‐10 levels. Moreover, aortic plaque ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1 and CCL2 expression levels were significantly downregulated by on average 40%. HK‐SA‐treated mice had reduced numbers of inflammatory Ly‐6Chi monocytes as well as Th1 and Th17 cells in the circulation and spleen, respectively. Attenuated leucocyte recruitment resulted in a significant inhibition of macrophage and T cell infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques, culminating in a significant 34% reduction in the development of atherosclerosis. To determine the effects of intraperitoneal HK‐SA treatment, we stimulated macrophages with HK‐SA in vitro. This resulted in a significant toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2)‐dependent increase in IL‐10, arginase‐1, iNOS, TNF‐α, PD‐L1, CCL22 and indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase expression. It was found that phosphoinositide 3‐kinase crucially determined the balance of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory gene expression. The HK‐SA‐induced macrophage phenotype resembled M2b‐like immunoregulatory macrophages.

Conclusions

We have shown that HK‐SA treatment induces strong anti‐inflammatory IL‐10 responses by macrophages, which are largely dependent on TLR2 and PI3K, and protects against the development of atherosclerosis. Commensalism with S. aureus could thus reduce cardiovascular events.
Clinical Management Protocol for Dental Implants Inserted in Patients with Active Lichen Planus
Authors: Aboushelib Moustafa Nabil , Elsafi Mohammed Hamdy
Published: February 2016

Purpose

To propose a treatment protocol for management of implant candidates suffering from active lichen planus.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐three patients who were diagnosed with active lichen planus were referred to a dental practice seeking dental implants. Patients received dental implants using open flap technique and sequential osteotomy. After a healing time of 6 weeks, implants were put into occlusal contact using interim prostheses. Of the 55 inserted implants, 42 failed after a short clinical service time (7 to 11 weeks). Failed implants were surgically removed, and osteotomy sites were carefully cleaned using manual curettes and scrubbing of osteotomy walls. CD4/CD8 cell count and gingival biopsies were collected from the surgical sites. Patients were put on an ascending dose (5 mg/10 days) of oral corticosteroids until a daily dose of 20 mg/day was achieved and maintained for 2 weeks. All patients received ten sessions of low‐energy soft tissue laser irradiation at the implant insertion sites to assess soft tissue healing through improving blood circulation, reduction of inflammation, and sterilization of the osteotomy region. After approximately 8 weeks, a new set of 42 implants was placed, and definitive restorations were cemented using early loading technique. Marginal bone levels around inserted implants were periodically evaluated every 3 months using digital periapical radiographs (α = 0.05).

Results

Primary blood tests revealed a high CD8 cell count, while soft tissue biopsies revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells at the epithelium soft tissue interface of the examined tissue. Repetition of immunological investigations after administration of the oral corticosteroids and soft tissue laser irradiation revealed reduction of CD8 cell counts and disappearance of inflammatory cell infiltration of the examined soft tissue biopsy. Patients reported marked improvement of the oral mucosa after treatment. All implants (n = 42) were functional after 3 years of clinical observation. There was an initial reduction in marginal bone level after 3 months from insertion time, after which it remained constant during the following observation periods.

Conclusion

Active lichen planus should be managed with oral corticosteroids and soft tissue laser irradiation before insertion of dental implants.
HAPPY IN THE HOOD? THE IMPACT OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION ON SELF‐REPORTED HAPPINESS
Authors: Herbst Chris M. , Lucio Joanna
Published: February 2016

Previous research consistently finds that racially based residential segregation is associated with poor economic, health, and social outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between residential segregation and self‐reported happiness. Using panel data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), we begin by estimating ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions of happiness on a measure of MSA‐level segregation, controlling for a rich set of individual, neighborhood, regional, and state characteristics. The OLS results suggest that increased segregation is associated with a reduction in happiness among blacks. To deal more appropriately with the potential endogeneity of location choice, we extend the methodology to fully exploit the panel structure of the NSFH and incorporate individual fixed effects into the happiness equation. Contrary to the OLS results, our fixed effects estimates imply that blacks are happier in more segregated metropolitan areas. The paper discusses the implications of these results within the context of current integration policies.
Prevalence of pancreatic, hepatic and renal microscopic lesions in post‐mortem samples from cavalier King Charles spaniels
Authors: Kent A. C. C. , Constantino‐Casas F. , Rusbridge C. , Corcoran B. M. , Carter M. , Ledger T. , Watson P. J.
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of microscopic pancreatic, hepatic and renal lesions in post‐mortem samples from cavalier King Charles spaniels.

METHODS

The prevalence of microscopic lesions was determined by routine histopathology and compared to ante‐mortem clinical signs.

RESULTS

There was evidence of chronic pancreatitis in 51·9% of the cases, and age correlated with severity. Renal lesions were diagnosed in 52·2% of cases, most of which were inflammatory. Ante‐mortem diagnosis of pancreatic and renal disease was 25 and 16·7%, respectively. Primary hepatic lesions were diagnosed in 11·1% of cases; secondary hepatic lesions were diagnosed in 64·8%.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Pancreatic and renal lesions are common in cavalier King Charles spaniels, but they have similar rates of hepatic disease as the general population. The increasing prevalence of pancreatic lesions with age suggests that it might be a progressive condition.
Fifteen novel universal primer pairs for sequencing whole chloroplast genomes and a primer pair for nuclear ribosomal DNAs
Authors: Zhang Ting , Zeng Chun‐Xia , Yang Jun‐Bo , Li Hong‐Tao , Li De‐Zhu
Published: February 2016

Chloroplast genome information helps improve the phylogenetic resolution and can act as organelle‐scale barcodes in recently radiated plant groups. Previously we reported that nine universal primer pairs could amplify angiosperm whole chloroplast genomes by long‐range polymerase chain reaction and using next‐generation sequencing. Although these primers show high universality and efficiency for sequencing whole chloroplast genomes in angiosperms, they did not fully resolve the following two issues surrounding sequencing angiosperm chloroplast genomes: (i) approximately 30% of angiosperms cannot be amplified successfully; and (ii) only fresh leaves can be applied. In this study, we designed another set of 15 universal primer pairs for amplifying angiosperm whole chloroplast genomes to complement the original nine primer pairs. Furthermore, we designed a primer pair for nuclear ribosomal DNAs (nrDNAs). To validate the functionality of the primers, we tested 44 species with silica gel‐dried leaves and 15 species with fresh leaves that have been shown to not be amplified with the original nine primer pairs. The result showed that, in 65.9% and 88.6% of the 44 species with silica gel‐dried leaves, the whole chloroplast genome and nrDNAs could be amplified, respectively. In addition, all 15 fresh leaf samples could have the whole chloroplast genome successfully amplified. The nrDNAs comprise partial sequences of 18S and 26S, along with the complete sequence of 5.8S and the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2. The mean size of nrDNA was 5800 bp. This study shows that the 15 universal primer set is an indispensable tool for amplifying whole chloroplast genomes in angiosperms, and these are an important supplement to the nine reported primer pairs.
Judicial Work and Judges’ Motivation: The Perceptions of Brazilian State Judges
Authors: Gomes Adalmir Oliveira , Guimaraes Tomas Aquino , de Souza Eda Castro Lucas
Published: February 2016

The professional ethos of judges has undergone many changes in Brazil in recent years, generating conflicts about the role of these professionals in society. This article examines how Brazilian judges deal with those conflicts. The objective is to identify how judges perceive their social role and, based on that, what motivates them in their work. A series of twenty‐five in‐depth interviews was carried out with Brazilian state judges working in all regions of the country in different judicial specialties. The findings indicate that the judges interviewed can be classified into four different profiles according to the predominant social role: (1) social activist; (2) service provider; (3) judicial restraint; and (4) defender of the status quo. Each profile corresponds to a specific individual and social motivation.
Feeding ecology of the mud shrimpSolenocera melanthoin theEastChinaSea
Authors: Li Hui Yu , Ling Jian Zhong , Yan Li Ping , Cheng Jia Hua , Hu Fen
Published: February 2016

The feeding habits of the mud shrimpSolenocera melanthowere studied in the East China Sea by analysing 720 stomach contents and comparing diet composition and prey diversity among seasons, sexes and size classes. Feeding activity was linked to season and ovarian condition. The stomach fullness was high during spring and summer and low in fall. Females with advanced ovaries also displayed low stomach fullness, which suggests that feeding activity is affected by the reproductive cycle. The diet ofS. melanthoconsisted of 42 different prey categories, primarily smaller crustaceans, Foraminifera, polychaetes, mollusks and fishes (larvae and eggs). Crustacea,Foraminifera and polychaetes together constituted the dominant prey groups, accounting for 75% of total prey abundance and >50% of total prey occurrence. Diet composition differed among seasons between sexes and size classes. Females and males consumed the same prey items but with different orders of importance. In terms of body size, the small shrimps preferred relatively small food items, such as Foraminifera and algae, whereas larger shrimps preferred polychaetes and crustaceans. Trophic diversity varied among the seasons within both sexes and size classes, with the highest values being observed in fall. Niche overlap was high within both sexes and size classes among seasons (0.6051–0.8740).
Does ecological redundancy maintain functioning of marine benthos on centennial to millennial time scales?
Authors: Frid Chris L.J. , Caswell Bryony A.
Published: February 2016

Predicting the ability of the biosphere to continue to deliver ecosystem services in the face of biodiversity loss and environmental change is a major challenge. The results of short‐term and small‐scale experimental studies are both equivocal and difficult to extrapolate from. In this study we use data on benthic palaeocommunities covering 4,000,000 years (in the Late Jurassic when temperate coastal seas inNWEurope experienced fluctuations in oxygenation). The biological traits associated with each species in the palaeocommunities were combined to index the delivery of ecological functions. Five ecosystem functions were examined: food for large mobile predators, biogenic habitat provision, nutrient recycling/regeneration, inorganic carbon sequestration and food‐web dynamics. In modern systems these ecological functions underpin ecosystem services that are important for human well‐being. Our results show that the supply of food for higher predators was remarkably constant during the 4,000,000 years, suggesting that redundancy amongst species in the assemblage drives the biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) relationship. By contrast, the provision of biogenic habitat varied with the occurrence of a relatively few taxa, a pattern consistent with a rivet type model ofBEF. For nutrient regeneration, carbon sequestration and food‐web dynamics the patterns were complex and suggestive of an idiosyncratic model ofBEF. To our knowledge this is the first study to quantify ecological functioning through deep time and demonstrates the utility of this approach to understanding long‐term patterns ofBEFin both ancient and contemporary marine ecosystems. The delivery of all five ecological functions studied became increasingly variable as the regional climate became drier, thus modifying the supply of terrigenous nutrient inputs.
Comparison of macronutrient contents in human milk measured using mid‐infrared human milk analyser in a field study vs. chemical reference methods
Authors: Zhu Mei , Yang Zhenyu , Ren Yiping , Duan Yifan , Gao Huiyu , Liu Biao , Ye Wenhui , Wang Jie , Yin Shian
Published: February 2016

Macronutrient contents in human milk are the common basis for estimating these nutrient requirements for both infants and lactating women. A mid‐infrared human milk analyser (HMA, Miris, Sweden) was recently developed for determining macronutrient levels. The purpose of the study is to compare the accuracy and precision of HMA method with fresh milk samples in the field studies with chemical methods with frozen samples in the lab. Full breast milk was collected using electric pumps and fresh milk was analyzed in the field studies using HMA. All human milk samples were thawed and analyzed with chemical reference methods in the lab. The protein, fat and total solid levels were significantly correlated between the two methods and the correlation coefficient was 0.88, 0.93 and 0.78, respectively (p  <  0.001). The mean protein content was significantly lower and the mean fat level was significantly greater when measured using HMA method (1.0 g 100 mL−1 vs 1.2 g 100 mL−1and 3. 7 g 100 mL−1 vs 3.2 g 100 mL−1, respectively, p  <  0.001). Thus, linear recalibration could be used to improve mean estimation for both protein and fat. There was no significant correlation for lactose between the two methods (p  >  0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean total solid concentration (12.2 g 100 mL−1vs 12.3 g 100 mL−1, p  >  0.05). Overall, HMA might be used to analyze macronutrients in fresh human milk with acceptable accuracy and precision after recalibrating fat and protein levels of field samples.
A gapless genome sequence of the fungus Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Van Kan Jan A. L. , Stassen Joost H. M. , Mosbach Andreas , Van Der Lee Theo A. J. , Faino Luigi , Farmer Andrew D. , Papasotiriou Dimitrios G. , Zhou Shiguo , Seidl Michael F. , Cottam Eleanor , Edel Dominique , Hahn Matthias , Schwartz David C. , Dietrich Robert A. , Widdison Stephanie , Scalliet Gabriel
Published: February 2016

Following earlier incomplete and fragmented versions of a genome sequence for the grey mould Botrytis cinerea, a gapless, near‐finished genome sequence for B. cinerea strain B05.10 is reported. The assembly comprised 18 chromosomes and was confirmed by an optical map and a genetic map based on approximately 75 000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. All chromosomes contained fully assembled centromeric regions, and 10 chromosomes had telomeres on both ends. The genetic map consisted of 4153 cM and a comparison of the genetic distances with the physical distances identified 40 recombination hotspots. The linkage map also identified two mutations, located in the previously described genes Bos1 and BcsdhB, that conferred resistance to the fungicides boscalid and iprodione. The genome was predicted to encode 11 701 proteins. RNAseq data from >20 different samples were used to validate and improve gene models. Manual curation of chromosome 1 revealed interesting features, such as the occurrence of a dicistronic transcript and fully overlapping genes in opposite orientations, as well as many spliced antisense transcripts. Manual curation also revealed that the untranslated regions (UTRs) of genes can be complex and long, with many UTRs exceeding lengths of 1 kb and possessing multiple introns. Community annotation is in progress.
Topical antifungal‐corticosteroid combination therapy for the treatment of superficial mycoses: conclusions of an expert panel meeting
Authors: Schaller Martin , Friedrich Markus , Papini Manuela , Pujol Ramon M. , Veraldi Stefano
Published: February 2016

Superficial fungal infections affect 20–25% of people worldwide and can cause considerable morbidity, particularly if an inflammatory component is present. As superficial fungal infections can be diverse, the treatment should be tailored to the individual needs of the patient and several factors should be taken into account when deciding on the most appropriate treatment option. These include the type, location and surface area of the infection, patient age, degree of inflammation and underlying comorbidities. Although several meta‐analyses have shown that there are no significant differences between the numerous available topical antifungal agents with regard to mycological cure, agents differ in their specific intrinsic properties, which can affect their clinical use. The addition of a corticosteroid to an antifungal agent at the initiation of treatment can attenuate the inflammatory symptoms of the infection and is thought to increase patient compliance, reduce the risk of bacterial superinfection and enhance the efficacy of the antifungal agent. However, incorrect use of antifungal‐corticosteroid therapy may be associated with treatment failure and adverse effects. This review summarises available treatment options for superficial fungal infections and provides general treatment recommendations based on the consensus outcomes of an Expert Panel meeting on the topical treatment of superficial mycoses.
13C mannitol as a novel biomarker for measurement of intestinal permeability
Authors: Grover M. , Camilleri M. , Hines J. , Burton D. , Ryks M. , Wadhwa A. , Sundt W. , Dyer R. , Singh R. J.
Published: February 2016

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) and non‐GI disorders are associated with altered intestinal permeability, which can be measured in vivo by urinary excretion after oral lactulose and mannitol ingestion. Inadvertent dietary consumption of 12Carbon (12C, regular) mannitol in food or from other sources may interfere with the test's interpretation. 13Carbon (13C) constitutes 1% of carbon in nature and 13C mannitol is a stable isotope. Our aim was to determine the performance of 13C mannitol for measurement of intestinal permeability.

Methods

Ten healthy volunteers underwent intestinal permeability assay using coadministered 12C mannitol, 13C mannitol and lactulose, followed by timed urine collections. Urinary sugar concentrations were measured using tandem high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Key results

We found that 13C mannitol can be distinguishable from 12C mannitol on tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, 13C mannitol had ~20‐fold lower baseline contamination compared to 12C mannitol. We describe here the 13C mannitol assay method for the measurement of intestinal permeability.

Conclusions & Inferences

In conclusion, 13C mannitol is superior to 12C mannitol for measurement of intestinal permeability. It avoids issues with baseline contamination and erratic excretions during the testing period.
Malignancies and thalassemia: a review of the literature
Authors: Zanella Sara , Garani Maria Chiara , Borgna‐Pignatti Caterina
Published: February 2016

Thalassemia is a genetic hematologic disease, characterized by a defect in hemoglobin chain synthesis. Because of safe transfusions and effective chelation therapy, survival of affected patients has significantly improved in the last few decades. However new complications are appearing. Among them are hepatocellular carcinoma and other forms of cancer, particularly hematologic malignancies. The present review focuses on the frequency of cancer in thalassemia patients and on possible predisposing factors.
From IPEX syndrome to FOXP3 mutation: a lesson on immune dysregulation
Authors: Bacchetta Rosa , Barzaghi Federica , Roncarolo Maria‐Grazia
Published: February 2016

Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X‐linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare disorder that increasingly has gained attention as a model of genetic autoimmunity. Numerous papers documenting the key clinical and molecular characteristics of IPEX have provided a detailed understanding of this devastating disease. IPEX is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene FOXP3, which encodes an essential transcription factor required for maintenance of thymus‐derived regulatory T (tTreg) cells. tTreg cell dysfunction is the main pathogenic event leading to multiorgan autoimmunity in IPEX. In addition to the traditional clinical presentation (i.e., severe enteropathy, type 1 diabetes, and eczema), IPEX may encompass other variable and distinct clinical manifestations. As IPEX awareness and characterization have increased, so has identification of FOXP3 mutations, with at least 70 to date. Thus, while FOXP3 is the unifying gene, IPEX is a complex and diverse clinical continuum of disorders. Despite understanding IPEX pathogenesis, new treatment options have remained elusive, although early diagnosis led to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and immunosuppression treatment and improved patient outcomes. Here, we review current knowledge about IPEX syndrome and highlight findings that could lead to novel targeted treatments.
New strategies to target iron metabolism for the treatment of beta thalassemia
Authors: Oikonomidou Paraskevi Rea , Casu Carla , Rivella Stefano
Published: February 2016

Iron is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth and a fundamental component of enzymes and other proteins that participate in a wide range of biological processes. As the human body has no mechanisms to eliminate the excess of iron, its metabolism needs to be tightly controlled in order to avoid all the sequelae associated with high iron levels. Iron overload is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in beta thalassemia. The master regulator of iron homeostasis, hepcidin, is chronically repressed in this disorder, leading to increased intestinal iron absorption and consequent iron overload. Many groups have focused on obtaining a better understanding of the pathways involved in iron regulation. New molecules have recently been synthesized and used in animal models of dysregulated iron metabolism, demonstrating their ability to target and reduce iron load. Antisense oligonucleotides, as well as lipid nanoparticle–formulated small interfering RNAs and minihepcidins peptides, are novel agents that have already proved to be efficient in modulating iron metabolism in mouse models and are therefore promising candidates for the treatment of patients affected by iron disorders.
Yoga in school settings: a research review
Authors: Khalsa Sat Bir S. , Butzer Bethany
Published: February 2016

Research on the efficacy of yoga for improving mental, emotional, physical, and behavioral health characteristics in school settings is a recent but growing field of inquiry. This systematic review of research on school‐based yoga interventions published in peer‐reviewed journals offers a bibliometric analysis that identified 47 publications. The studies from these publications have been conducted primarily in the United States (n = 30) and India (n = 15) since 2005, with the majority of studies (n = 41) conducted from 2010 onward. About half of the publications were of studies at elementary schools; most (85%) were conducted within the school curriculum, and most (62%) also implemented a formal school‐based yoga program. There was a high degree of variability in yoga intervention characteristics, including overall duration, and the number and duration of sessions. Most of these published research trials are preliminary in nature, with numerous study design limitations, including limited sample sizes (median = 74; range = 20–660) and relatively weak research designs (57% randomized controlled trials, 19% uncontrolled trials), as would be expected in an infant research field. Nevertheless, these publications suggest that yoga in the school setting is a viable and potentially efficacious strategy for improving child and adolescent health and therefore worthy of continued research.
A role for novel adipose tissue‐secreted factors in obesity‐related carcinogenesis
Authors: Cabia B. , Andrade S. , Carreira M. C. , Casanueva F. F. , Crujeiras A. B.
Published: February 2016

Obesity, a pandemic disease, is caused by an excessive accumulation of fat that can have detrimental effects on health. Adipose tissue plays a very important endocrine role, secreting different molecules that affect body physiology. In obesity, this function is altered, leading to a dysfunctional production of several factors, known as adipocytokines. This process has been linked to various comorbidities associated with obesity, such as carcinogenesis. In fact, several classical adipocytokines with increased levels in obesity have been demonstrated to exert a pro‐carcinogenic role, including leptin, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and resistin, whereas others like adiponectin, with decreased levels in obesity, might have an anti‐carcinogenic function. In this expanding field, new proteomic techniques and approaches have allowed the identification of novel adipocytokines, a number of which exhibit an altered production in obesity and type 2 diabetes and thus are related to adiposity. Many of these novel adipocytokines have also been identified in various tumour types, such as that of the breast, liver or endometrium, thereby increasing the list of potential contributors to carcinogenesis. This review is focused on the regulation of these novel adipocytokines by obesity, including apelin, endotrophin, FABP4, lipocalin 2, omentin‐1, visfatin, chemerin, ANGPTL2 or osteopontin, emphasizing its involvement in tumorigenesis.
Carer engagement in the hospital care of older people: an integrative literature review
Authors: Morrow Elizabeth M. , Nicholson Caroline
Published: February 2016

Aim

The aim of this review was to explore the concept of carer engagement in the hospital care of older people and to build theory to inform future research and practice.

Background

Carer engagement can help to improve the delivery and continuity of care provided to older people in hospital. However, definitions, guidance and structures for carer engagement in hospitals are lacking and there can be tensions and conflicts about the role of carers in hospitals.

Method

Integrative literature review. Literature searches identified 2745 peer‐reviewed articles and studies published between January 1990 and November 2015 in the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, EMBASE and CINHAL. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, the sample (103 articles) was subject to thematic analysis.

Results

Current evidence on carer engagement is dispersed across different research literatures on clinical conditions and contexts. Six distinct components of carer engagement were identified: patient caregiving, information sharing, shared decision‐making, carer support and education, carer feedback and patient care transitions.

Conclusion

Hospitals can adopt a more consistent and comprehensive approach to carer engagement for older people by developing and supporting the different components of carer engagement identified.

Implications for practice

The integrated model of carer engagement developed here could help staff and hospitals to develop strategies, staff training and resources that work with rather than against carers. The findings can inform future research on carer engagement interventions and associated outcomes for patients, carers and staff.
Safety and tolerability of bilastine 10 mg administered for 12 weeks in children with allergic diseases
Authors: Novák Zoltán , Yáñez Anahí , Kiss Ildikó , Kuna Piotr , Tortajada‐Girbés Miguel , Valiente Román ,   the “Bilastine Paediatric Safety Study Group”
Published: February 2016

Background

Regulations on medicinal products for paediatric use require that pharmacokinetics and safety be characterized specifically in the paediatric population. A previous study established that a 10‐mg dose of bilastine in children aged 2 to <12 years provided an equivalent systemic exposure as 20 mg in adults. The current study assessed the safety and tolerability of bilastine 10 mg in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and chronic urticaria.

Methods

In this phase III, multicentre, double‐blind study, children were randomized to once‐daily treatment with bilastine 10‐mg oral dispersible table (n = 260) or placebo (n = 249) for 12 weeks. Safety evaluations included treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs), laboratory tests, cardiac safety (ECG recordings) and somnolence/sedation using the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ).

Results

The primary hypothesis of non‐inferiority between bilastine 10 mg and placebo was demonstrated on the basis of a near‐equivalent proportion of children in each treatment arm without TEAEs during 12 weeks' treatment (31.5 vs. 32.5%). No clinically relevant differences between bilastine 10 mg and placebo were observed from baseline to study end for TEAEs or related TEAEs, ECG parameters and PSQ scores. The majority of TEAEs were mild or moderate in intensity. TEAEs led to discontinuation of two patients treated with bilastine 10 mg and one patient treated with placebo.

Conclusions

Bilastine 10 mg had a safety and tolerability profile similar to that of placebo in children aged 2 to <12 years with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or chronic urticaria.