bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing solar surface flux transport models in the first days after active region emergence
Authors: Gottschling N. , Schunker H. , Birch A. C. , Cameron R. , Gizon L.
Published: December 2021

Context.Active regions (ARs) play an important role in the magnetic dynamics of the Sun. Solar surface flux transport models (SFTMs) are used to describe the evolution of the radial magnetic field at the solar surface. The models are kinematic in the sense that the radial component of the magnetic field behaves as passively advected corks. There is, however, uncertainty about using these models in the early stage of AR evolution, where dynamic effects might be important.

Aims.We aim to test the applicability of SFTMs in the first days after the emergence of ARs by comparing them with observations. The models we employ range from passive evolution to models where the inflows around ARs are included.

Methods.We simulated the evolution of the surface magnetic field of 17 emerging ARs using a local surface flux transport simulation. The regions were selected such that they did not form fully fledged sunspots that exhibit moat flows. The simulation included diffusion and advection by a velocity field, for which we tested different models. For the flow fields, we used observed flows from local correlation tracking of solar granulation, as well as parametrizations of the inflows around ARs based on the gradient of the magnetic field. To evaluate our simulations, we measured the cross correlation between the observed and the simulated magnetic field, as well as the total unsigned flux of the ARs, over time. We also tested the validity of our simulations by varying the starting time relative to the emergence of flux.

Results.We find that the simulations using observed surface flows can reproduce the evolution of the observed magnetic flux. The effect of buffeting the field by supergranulation can be described as a diffusion process. The SFTM is applicable after 90% of the peak total unsigned flux of the AR has emerged. Diffusivities in the range betweenD = 250–720 km2s−1are consistent with the evolution of the AR flux in the first five days after this time. We find that the converging flows around emerging ARs are not important for the evolution of the total flux of the AR in these first five days; their effect of increasing flux cancellation is balanced by the decrease in flux transport away from the AR.
Fission in a microscopic framework: From basic science to support for applications
Authors: Stetcu Ionel , Bulgac Aurel , Jin Shi , Roche Kenneth J. , Schunck Nicolas
Published: December 2021

Recent developments, both in theoretical modeling and computational power, have allowed us to make progress on a goal not fully achieved yet in nuclear theory: a microscopic theory of nuclear fission. Even if the complete microscopic description remains a computationally demanding task, the information that can be provided by current calculations can be extremely useful to guide and constrain more phenomenological approaches, which are simpler to implement. First, a microscopic model that describes the real-time dynamics of the fissioning system can justify or rule out some of the approximations. Second, the microscopic approach can be used to obtain trends, e.g., with increasing excitation energy of the fissioning system, or even to compute observables that cannot be otherwise calculated in phenomenological approaches or that can be hindered by the limitations of the method. We briefly present in this contribution the time-dependent superfluid local density approximation (TDSLDA) approach to nuclear fission, approach that has become a very successful theoretical model in many areas of many-body research. The TDSLDA incorporates the effects of the continuum, the dynamics of the pairing field, and the numerical solution is implemented with controlled approximations and negligible numerical errors. The main part of the current contribution will be dedicated to discussing the method, and recent results concerning the fission dynamics. In addition, we present results on the excitation energy sharing between the fragments, which are in agreement with a qualitative conclusions extracted from a limited number of experimental measurements of properties of prompt neutrons.
Molecular characterization of Blastocystis sp. in Chinese bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinensis)
Authors: Song Junke , Yang Xin , Ma Xun , Wu Xuemei , Wang Yuxin , Li Zhili , Liu Guohua , Zhao Guanghui
Published: December 2021

Blastocystis sp., a parasitic eukaryote, widely colonizes the intestines of humans and a large number of animals, including rodents and lagomorphs. More than 30 million bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinensis) are farmed in China as a source of meat for human consumption. However, there have been no published articles on Blastocystis infection in Chinese bamboo rats prior to the present study. Herein, 480 fresh faecal samples were collected from R. sinensis on six farms located in four cities (Wugang, Chenzhou, Huaihua and Jishou) in Hunan Province, south-central China, and were examined for Blastocystis infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The total prevalence of Blastocystis in R. sinensis was 4.58% (22/480), and significant differences in prevalence were detected among four age groups (<6 months, 6–12 months, 12–24 months and >24 months), with the highest prevalence (7.81%) in rats aged 6–12 months but with no positive samples in rats over 24 months. All farms, except for one in Jishou, were positive for Blastocystis infection, with the prevalence ranging from 1.80% to 7.27%. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed two potentially zoonotic subtypes (namely ST4 and ST5) in these rodents, with ST4 predominant in all except one farm in Huaihua. Seven and five sequence types were identified within ST4 and ST5, respectively. This is the first report of Blastocystis infection in Chinese bamboo rats and the findings suggest the potential of R. sinensis to transmit Blastocystis to humans.
Digital transformation of public administration in Russia
Authors: Zakharov Viktor , Zalivanskiy Boris , Sapryka Viktor , Samokhvalova Elena
Published: December 2021

In modern conditions of emergence of a new “digital” picture of the world, the study interest is represented by the changes taking place in the system of public administration in Russia, as well as the main barriers hindering the digital transformation of management practices. To this end, the authors of the article analyzed statistical data for 2019-2021, characterizing the “digital maturity” of domestic authorities, conducted their own sociological study on the problems of digitalization of public administration. The results obtained indicate that, in addition to the insufficient and uneven pace of technological change (in the context of Russian territories), the lack of necessary digital skills among employees and the population, the effectiveness of digital transformation significantly reduces the lack of understanding by civil servants of the value, essence of digital transformation and its tools. In addition, modernization of the state system in the interests of the population is impossible without effective communications “population-government”, the construction of which is currently complicated by mutual distrust.
Smart technologies for energy consumption management
Authors: Hercegová Katarína , Baranovskaya Tatyana , Efanova Natalya
Published: December 2021

The article aims at classifying and describing smart technologies and solutions that are currently used for energy consumption management. It stresses the positive impact of technology on the environment, with a focus on renewable energy, energy efficiency and climate change. The article analyses the green technologies used in energy generation and storage and contemplates over the Internet of Things (IoT) concept that enabled using super-fast flows of information from the generator to the consumer and back with the purpose of optimizing energy management and impacting the demand-side response of the energy consumers. Also, it describes the future smart energy systems that would combines photovoltaic (PV) panels, storage systems and batteries. In addition, it discusses the importance of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy and information exchange, virtual power plants and many other novel elements of the future smart grids that would make the transition to the low-carbon economy and electric transport smooth and effective.
The use of information technology in assessing the health of human capital as a factor of environmental justice and sustainable development
Authors: Bashkireva Anastasia , Bashkireva Tatyana , Morozov Alexander , Shchelina Tamara , Vereykina Olga
Published: December 2021

The cumulative nature of various types of xenobiotics and pollutants requires long-term comprehensive environmental protection measures, including in the territories of the petrochemical industry. Due to its high sensitivity, the child’s body is a “marker” of hypersensitivity to xenobiotics. The article clarifies the concept of “environmental justice”. The essence of its use lies in the ethical organization of the ecological environment. As safe as possible for the health of every person and the biosphere as a whole. The use of information technologies can use to monitor and correct the health of children and adults at the regional level, taking into account the characteristics of the ethnic group and their adaptive-compensatory reactions.
Areas of application of the design approach: the practice of social environmental design in the mirror of sociological research
Authors: Aleshina Elena , Zverev Alexey , Karachkov Sergey
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the project approach, substantiates the practicality and universality of its application in various areas of management practice. The data of the sociological studies carried out by the authors of the features of participatory (involved) design in the educational environment of a general education institution, the urban environment of closed administrative-territorial entities. The possibility of applying the design approach and the concept of participatory (involved) design in various environments is analyzed: intra-organizational, local society. Research methodology: activity approach, systems approach, project approach, guide interviews of experts, mass survey. Results and conclusions: as a result of comparing the data of sociological research, the authors come to the conclusion that the project approach is a flexible tool for identifying and solving various managerial problems of the relationship between subjects and management actors in different environments. Participatory design gives results both at the organizational level (for example, high school) and at the level of urban society (ZATO).
Modeling of scenarios for the implementation of eco-technological innovation to ensure transition to a low carbon economy based on game theory
Authors: Razumovskaya Elena , Razumovsky Denis , Tang Zhenglian
Published: December 2021

Achieving sustainable economic development is achieved by high-tech innovations in the field of IT. The orientation of technical innovations towards the ecological principles of organizing modern industries in all sectors of the economy is designed to ensure the transition to a low-carbon model of global development. At the first stage of the transition, it is planned to create and apply systems for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through quotas and tax incentives. The advantages and disadvantages of a low-carbon model are extremely difficult to assess in practice, since such an assessment is associated with predictive calculations of external effects. In order to overcome these difficulties, the authors made an attempt to apply the methods of mathematical modeling from the standpoint of game theory. In particular, a model analysis of the strategy of highly toxic, polluting and high-energy-intensive industries in the public sector and the investment strategy of eco-technological innovations of private companies was carried out. Based on the results of game modeling, the authors proposed a project for a new energy system “UHV technology”, which involves investment financing of technical innovations of a low-carbon model for the development of the territories of the People’s Republic of China.
Selective coupling as institutional response to sustainability development in electric utilities
Authors: Slacik Johannes , Greiling Dorothea
Published: December 2021

Electric utilities are in an environmental sensitive industry, exploiting natural resources and contributing to climate change issues. The focus of critical stakeholders on sustainability agendas and management approaches and the increasing tight sector-regulations pressure electric utilities to act and distribute sustainability reports declaring their sustainability performances and goals towards achieving climate targets. However, literature criticizes the utility’s reporting practices as form of impression management being decoupled from actual sustainability compliance. This paper analyzes in light of institutional theory the compliance with or decoupling from sustainability agendas in the under-researched electricity sector by identifying the coverage of materiality in sustainability reports and the implemented sustainability management control systems for sustainability development. Quantitative and qualitative methods are used including correlation- and variance analysis of material indicators and expert interviews. This study contributes by having identified a sector-wide continuous form of selective coupling from the sustainability agendas in electric utilities. Furthermore, this paper found that sustainability agendas and the implementation of sustainability control mechanisms are governed by institutional hybrid logics which are still at an early stage.
Professional training of students as an object of quality management in the education system
Authors: Stymkovskij V.I. , Anisimova L.N. , Burlakova I.I.
Published: December 2021

The modern theory of quality management is based on the position that activities aimed at improving quality should be carried out in the process of production/service. It is possible to determine the quality of products/services by many factors, both objective and subjective. To prevent the impact of various factors on quality, a quality management system is necessary. Each country has its own concept of quality management, which reflects the essence of Total Quality Management (TQM) methodology to solve quality improvement problems. Quality models to a large extent coincide with each other, are mutually complementary and differ only in the completeness and depth of coverage of the work processes of the organization. The main purpose of our article is a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical issues of professional training of students on the basis of global quality methodology, its step-by-step description, identifying the practical value in use for both technical and humanitarian specialties.
Financial and legal measures to support small and medium-sized businesses in the context of pandemic turbulence
Authors: Lobanova Yulia , Aminov Ilya
Published: December 2021

The article reveals the consequences of the coronavirus crisis for business activity in Russia. The article considers certain financial and legal measures to prevent economic losses for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) taken by the Russian authorities in the context of a long and devastating COVID-19 pandemic. It was revealed that one of the effective financial and legal mechanisms for overcoming a difficult socioeconomic situation is the National Guarantee System for Supporting Small and Medium-Sized Businesses (NGS) created in the Russian Federation back in 2014 and intensified its comprehensive activities in the context of pandemic turbulence. The directions and principles of NGS activity are analyzed. Additional measures to support SMEs have been disclosed due to announcement of another lockdown in Russia in the fall of 2021. The directions for further improvement of the system of state support for small and medium-sized businesses are outlined, such as the renewal of credits at zero rates on salaries, the establishment of a “grace” period and preferential interest rates for credit repayment, tax debts cancellation, subsidizing loans subject to the hiring of new personnel, compensation of rent, taxes and comprehensive rehabilitation programs. It is concluded that it is necessary to take measures to minimize the threat of declaring lockdowns in the future.
Editorial
Authors: Wessinghage Thomas , Morsch Arne
Published: December 2021

Liebe Leserinnen und Leser,

wir, die Deutsche Hochschule für Prävention und Gesundheitsmanagement
(DHfPG), freuen uns sehr, die Gasteditorenschaft der letzten Ausgabe der B&G
im Jahr 2021 übernehmen zu dürfen. Die DHfPG ist eine durch den
Wissenschaftsrat institutionell akkreditierte, staatlich anerkannte private
Hochschule. Sie ist mit über 8.400 Studierenden eine der
größten Bildungseinrichtungen in den Zukunftsfeldern
Prävention, Gesundheit, Fitness und Sport in Deutschland.
Die vertikale Alwall-Trommelniere
Authors: Sander Ullrich
Published: December 2021

Die vertikale Alwall-Trommelniere war der erste Dialysator, mit dem eine Ultrafiltration möglich war.
Kalziumrestriktion: In Stein gemeißelt oder ein alter Hut?
Authors: Ketteler Markus
Published: December 2021

Ein kontroverses Thema im Rahmen der Störungen des Mineral- und Knochenhaushalts bei chronischen Nierenerkrankungen ist die Bedeutung kalziumhaltiger Phosphatbinder in der Behandlung der Hyperphosphatämie. In der LANDMARK-Studie wurde deshalb bei Patienten mit Hyperphosphatämie und erhöhtem Gefäßverkalkungsrisiko das Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse unter Lanthankarbonat versus Kalziumkarbonat bestimmt.
ISS – was kommt danach?
Authors: Jordan Jens
Published: December 2021

Der Aufbau und langjährige erfolgreiche und sichere Betrieb der Internationalen Raumstation (ISS) ist ein Meilenstein nicht nur für die bemannte Raumfahrt. Auch politisch ist es keine Selbstverständlichkeit, dass in dem seit Jahrzehnten sehr stark von nationalen Interessen geprägten Bereich an einem Strang gezogen wird.
Patientin mit oligoartikulärer JIA und ungewöhnlichem Handgelenksbefund
Authors: Lieber Mareike
Published: December 2021

Die juvenile idiopathische Arthritis (JIA) ist eine chronisch-entzündliche Erkrankung, die häufig zu Wachstumsproblemen wie Valgus- oder Varusdeformitäten der Extremitäten führt, insbesondere wenn sie sich in der frühen Kindheit manifestiert. Außerdem kann eine chronische Entzündung in Bewegungseinschränkungen der Gelenke und Gelenkdeformitäten wie zum Beispiel einer Bajonettstellung des Handgelenkes resultieren. Vorgestellt wird eine Patientin mit frühkindlicher JIA, die nach Jahren einer therapiefreien Remission Valgusdeformitäten der unteren und oberen Extremität sowie Bewegungseinschränkungen der Handgelenke zeigte, denen eine nicht-entzündliche Genese zu Grunde lag.
Über Professionelle Beziehungen zu Haustieren und ihren
Besitzern: Die Tiermedizinische Triade und ihre Folgen für die
Balintarbeit
Authors: Van Geenhoven Veerle
Published: December 2021

Anders als bei den üblichen Arzt-Patient-Beziehungen in der Humanmedizin,
trifft man in der tiermedizinischen Praxis immer auf eine Dreiergruppe,
bestehend aus einem Tierarzt, einem Tierpatienten und seinem Besitzer. Ein
besseres Verständnis dieser Triade und der Ontologie, die ihr zugrunde
liegt, bietet sowohl veterinär- als auch humanmedizinischen Kollegen
eine neue Perspektive auf ihre professionellen Beziehungen und auf das, was sie
darin emotional belastet. Denn überall, wo Angehörige oder
Vormunde eines Patienten – egal ob Mensch oder Tier – mitreden
möchten, dürfen oder gar müssen, nehmen für den
Arzt die Komplexität und die Gesamtbelastung seiner Beziehung zum
Patienten unvermeidbar zu. Die tiermedizinische Triade öffnet zudem
einen in der Balintarbeit bis dato unbetretenen Raum, nämlich den der
artenübergreifenden Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Tier. Haustiere nehmen
oft eine wichtige und unersetzbare Rolle im Leben ihrer Besitzer ein. Die
Bearbeitung tiermedizinischer Falldarstellungen in Balintgruppen könnte
ein erster Anstoß dafür sein, dass in Zukunft Tiere und
Beziehungen zu Tieren innerhalb der Balintarbeit wie selbstverständlich
thematisiert und wertgeschätzt werden.
Structural and Process Data on Radiological Imaging in the Treatment of Severely Injured Patients – Results of a Survey of Level I and II Trauma Centers in Germany
Authors: Ernstberger Antonio , Reske Stefan Ulrich , Brandl Alexandra , Kulla Martin , Huber-Wagner Stefan , Popp Daniel , Kerschbaum Maximilian , Dendl Lena Marie , Braunschweig Rainer , Schreyer Andreas G.
Published: December 2021

Purpose Systematic data collection regarding the integration of radiology as well as structural and process characteristics of radiological diagnostics of severely injured patients in Germany using a structured questionnaire.

Materials and Methods Personal contact with all certified Level I and Level II Trauma Centers in Germany. Data on infrastructure, composition of the trauma room team, equipment, and data on the organization/performance of primary major trauma diagnostics were collected.

Results With a participation rate of 46.9 % (n = 151) of all German trauma centers (N = 322), a solid database is available. There were highly significant differences in the structural characteristics incl. CT equipment between the level I and II centers: In 63.8 % of the level II centers, the CT unit was located more than 50 m away from the trauma room (34.2 % in the level I centers). A radiologist was part of the trauma room team in 59.5 % of level II centers (level I 88.1 %). Additionally, highly significant differences were found comparing 24-h provision of other radiologic examinations and interventions, such as MRI (level II 44.9 %, level I 92.8 %) and angiography (level II 69.2 %, level I 97.1 %).

Conclusion Heterogeneous structural and process characteristics of the diagnosis of severely injured patients in Germany were revealed, with highly significant differences between level I and level II centers.

Key Points: 

Citation Format
Krankheitsängste bei
Epilepsiepatient*innen
Authors: Roth-Rawald Julia , Friedrich Juliane , Straub Hans Beatus , Weck Florian
Published: December 2021

Theoretischer Hintergrund Das Vorhandensein einer organischen
Grunderkrankung erschwerte lange die Diagnostik von krankheitsbezogenen
Ängsten. Untersuchungen zeigen, dass ein erheblicher Anteil somatisch
Erkrankter unter beeinträchtigenden Krankheitsängsten
leidet.

Fragestellung Es wurden Epilepsiepatient*innen untersucht,
für die bisher keine Daten zu Krankheitsängsten vorlagen.

Methode 76 Epilepsiepatient*innen wurden hinsichtlich ihrer
Belastung (Mini-SCL), den Ängsten vor einem Voranschreiten der
Erkrankung (PA-F) sowie hypochondrischen Merkmalen (MIHT) untersucht.

Ergebnis Epilepsiepatient*innen waren nicht belasteter und
ängstlicher als Normstichproben, zugleich lagen bei 28%
(Gesamtbelastung) bis 45% (Ängstlichkeit) der Befragten klinisch
auffällige Werte vor. Im Vergleich zu anderen somatischen
Diagnosegruppen waren Progredienzängste gering ausgeprägt.
Hypochondrietypische Merkmale fanden sich bei 7% (perzeptuell) bis
13% (affektiv/behavioral) der Befragten.

Schlussfolgerung Ein erhöhtes Bewusstsein für
Krankheitsängste kann helfen, die Versorgung und Lebensqualität
von Epilepsiepatient*innen zu verbessern.
Investigation of electron trapping in AlGaN/GaN HEMT with Fe-doped buffer through DCT characterization and TCAD device simulations
Authors: Bouslama Mohamed , Raja P. Vigneshwara , Gaillard Florent , Sommet Raphael , Nallatamby Jean-Christophe
Published: December 2021

The electron trapping in AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with iron (Fe)-doped buffer is investigated through Drain Current Transient (DCT) measurements and TCAD physics-based 2D device simulations. The DCT characterization reveals two prominent deep-level electron traps E1 (∼0.5 eV) and E2 (∼0.6 eV) in the AlGaN/GaN HEMT. The measured DCT spectrum is analyzed at different trap-filling pulse durations (10 µs–100 ms) to obtain the information of trapping kinetics. As the first step in the simulation, the TCAD physical model parameters are calibrated by matching the simulated DC characteristics with the experimental data. It is shown that the TCAD model incorporating the acceptor-type trap at EC – 0.5 eV in the GaN buffer quantitatively reproduces the measured DCT spectra over the temperature range of 25–100 °C. To explore the buffer trapping effects, the simulated DCT is inspected by varying the activation energy, capture cross section, and concentration of the buffer trap.
Research on multi-point connection of under-chassis equipment suspension system in high-speed trains
Authors: Sun Yu , Zhou Jinsong , Gong Dao , You Taiwen , Chen Jiangxue
Published: December 2021

A power dispersive high-speed electric multiple-unit (EMU) train requires the installation of traction equipment under the carbody. As the speed of high-speed trains increases, the demand for traction power is increasing, and the weight and size of the equipment have increased accordingly. To adapt to the research and development of higher-speed EMU trains, this research proposes the use of a multi-point connection scheme for installing the under-chassis equipment. First, the static deflection and supporting reaction force of each hanging point are obtained based on static analysis, and it is found that increasing the number of connection points is beneficial for reducing the static stiffness requirement of each rubber element. Then, an energy decoupling degree is introduced, and an optimization design method for the hanging point stiffness is proposed based on the energy decoupling degree and optimal vertical suspension frequency. Finally, a rigid-flexible coupling dynamics simulation model is established to analyze the vibration characteristics of the carbody and equipment after decoupling and optimization of the multi-point suspension schemes. The research results show that after the decoupling optimization, the vibration amplitude in the middle of the carbody is effectively reduced, and the ride quality of the carbody is improved. The difference in the number of hanging points has little effect on the vibration performance of the carbody, but increasing the number of hanging points is beneficial for reducing the dynamic supporting reaction forces of the hanging components, thereby reducing the dynamic stress of the rubber elements.
Coherent control of optical soliton interaction via electromagnetically induced transparency with spatial modulation
Authors: Zhang Yundong , Tian Xiangchun , Duan Yu , Liu Shengyan , Ding Zihao , Tan Chaohua
Published: December 2021

We propose a scheme to realize the coherent control of optical soliton propagation and interaction in a three level Λ type electromagnetically induced transparency system with the control field being spatially modulated. We show that the spatial perturbation of the control field has no influence on the linear propagation properties and self-phase modulation of the probe field but can produce an equivalent external potential to affect the nonlinear propagation of the probe field. For single soliton propagation, we realize the transmission and trapping of optical solitons via external potential. For double soliton interaction, we realize the coherent control of attractive and repulsion interactions of two optical solitons and design an XNOR logical operation. Finally, for the triple soliton incident case, based on the coherent control of interaction between three solitons via external potential, we design a beam selector. The results obtained here are useful not only for the deep understanding of optical soliton interaction but also for applications in all optical quantum information processing.
Cell wall composition determines handedness reversal in helicoidal cellulose architectures of
Pollia condensata
fruits
Authors: Chang Yin , Middleton Rox , Ogawa Yu , Gregory Tom , Steiner Lisa M. , Kovalev Alexander , Karanja Rebecca H. N. , Rudall Paula J. , Glover Beverley J. , Gorb Stanislav N. , Vignolini Silvia
Published: December 2021

Significance

Helicoidal architectures are widespread in nature; several species adopt this structure to produce brilliant colorations. Such chiral architectures are usually left-handed in plants, with the only exception found in the cell walls of epicarp cells of
Pollia condensata
, where both handednesses are observed. Here, we aim to understand the origin of handednesses by analyzing optical and mechanical responses of single cells. Surprisingly, we discover that left-handed and right-handed cells show different distributions of spectra and elasticity. We verified by using finite element analysis simulation that the elasticity of helicoids is sensitive to the ratio of cellulose/cell wall matrix. Our findings reveal that cell wall composition affects the helicoidal architectures, suggesting that chemical composition plays a role in morphogenesis of the chirality reversal.
Single-cell quantification of a broad RNA spectrum reveals unique noncoding patterns associated with cell types and states
Authors: Isakova Alina , Neff Norma , Quake Stephen R.
Published: December 2021

Significance

Each individual cell transcribes nearly 85% of the genome. However, when it comes to the analysis of cellular RNA, most studies are still only looking at the 3% that correspond to protein-coding transcripts. The role and abundance of the remaining RNAs across individual cells remain largely unknown. In the present study we describe Smart-seq-total, an RNA-sequencing method that delivers a broad picture of the total cellular RNA content. Using Smart-seq-total, we analyzed the content of hundreds of human and mouse cells and showed that the noncoding RNA content of cells significantly differs across cell types and dynamically changes throughout the vital processes of a cell, such as cell cycle and cell differentiation.
Melodic-prosodic duality of the syllable
Authors: Liang Yuan , Wee Lian-Hee
Published: December 2021

Implicit in all current theories of the syllable is some assumption of the internal configuration. Prevalent among these are the onset-rime (OR) and the moraic (μ) models, both supported by rather different types of evidence. The OR model favors an interpretation whereconstituency is exhaustive until the level of the segment which itself is a temporal unit with which melodic features associate. The μ-model distinguishes only what is non-moraic from what is moraic so that sub-syllabic constituency is an accidental result of projecting to/from the same mora. This paper postulates a more fundamentalsegment-melodycomplex that projects into two different dimensions: melody and prosody, thus capturing the insights of both the OR and μ-models through the separation of constituency issues with prosodic ones. This approach has direct applications in figuring out two long-standing conundrums in Chinese: the status of the medial glide and the prosodic properties of tonelessness. Thesegment-melodycomplex also predicts mismatches in moraicity and syllabicity as well as the mediating effect of the skeletal slots between the melodic root nodes and their moraic status.
Referring to arbitrary entities with placeholders
Authors: Seraku Tohru
Published: December 2021

A speaker/writer uses a placeholder (PH) to fill in the syntactic slot of a target word when she has no immediate access to the word or prefers to avoid explicitly mentioning it for contextual reasons. In the present article, I point out a hitherto understudied usage of PHs: a speaker/writer who does not have in mind a specific target form may use a PH to refer to an arbitrary entity (e.g. person, object, action, event, proposition). I substantiate this claim by analysing a variety of original data on Japanese wh-derived PHs. Further evidence for this claim comes from a cross-linguistic survey of wh-derived PHs in Korean and demonstrative-derived PHs in Romanian and Bulgarian. I show that the arbitrary-referential function is observed in PHs in all these languages, regardless of their origins (i.e. wh word, demonstrative) and their categories (i.e. nominal, verbal).
Pleistophora finisterrensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: December 2021

A description is provided for
Pleistophora finisterrensis
, the only microsporidian recorded from
Micromesistius poutassou
, the blue whiting, a North Atlantic fish of the order Gadiformes, and known from no other host. Some information on its morphology, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Europe (Spain and UK)) and host (
M. poutassou
).
Cerioporus squamosus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Soliman G. S.
Published: December 2021

A description is provided for
Cerioporus squamosus
, which causes a white rot of hardwood on living and recently dead broadleaf trees, entering the tree through wounds caused by, for example, lightning, windthrow, soe break and damage by humans and animals. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Eritrea, Uganda), Asia (Afghanistan, Armenia, China (Hainan, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region), Georgia, India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan (Aktobe, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Karagandy, Kostanay, Pavlodar, South Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan, Zhambyl), Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia (Amur Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Kamchatka Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Novosibirsk Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast, YamaloNenets Autonomous Okrug), South Korea, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), Australasia (Australia (Victoria), New Zealand), Central America (Costa Rica), Europe (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Belgorod Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Chuvash Republic, Ivanovo Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Oryol Oblast, Penza Oblast, Perm Krai, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Tatarstan, Ryazan Oblast, Samara Oblast, Saratov Oblast, Stavropol Krai, Tambov Oblast, Tula Oblast, Tver Oblast, Udmurt Republic, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Vladimir Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK), (North America (Canada (British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)), South America (Brazil (São Paulo), Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay))).
CIGS photovoltaics: reviewing an evolving paradigm
Authors: Stanbery Billy J , Abou-Ras Daniel , Yamada Akira , Mansfield Lorelle
Published: December 2021

Copper indium selenide chalcopyrite-structure alloys with gallium (CIGS) are unique among the highest performing photovoltaic (PV) semiconductor technologies. They are structurally disordered, nonstoichiometric materials that have been engineered to achieve remarkably low bulk nonradiative recombination levels. Nevertheless, their performance can be further improved. This review adopts a fundamental thermodynamic perspective to comparatively assess the root causes of present limitations on CIGS PV performance. The topics of selectivity and passivation of contacts to CIGS and its multinary alloys are covered, highlighting pathways to maximizing the electrochemical potential between those contacts under illumination. An overview of absorber growth methods and resulting properties is also provided. We recommend that CIGS researchers consider strategies that have been successfully implemented in the more mature wafer-based GaAs and Si PV device technologies, based on the paradigm of an idealized PV device design using an isotropic absorber with minimal nonradiative recombination, maximal light trapping, and both electron-selective and hole-selective passivated contacts. We foresee that CIGS technology will reach the 25% efficiency level within the next few years through enhanced collection and reduced recombination. To significantly impact power-generation applications, cost-effective, manufacturable solutions are also essential.
Production and loss of O2(1Δ
g
) at atmospheric pressure using microwave-driven microplasmas
Authors: Hoskinson Alan R , Rawlins Wilson T , Galbally-Kinney Kristin L , Gong Emily , Hopwood Jeffrey
Published: December 2021

We have used arrays of microwave-generated microplasmas operating at atmospheric pressure to generate high concentrations of singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Δ
g
), which is of interest for biomedical applications. The discharge is sustained by a pair of microstrip-based microwave resonator arrays which force helium/oxygen gas mixtures through a narrow plasma channel. We have demonstrated the efficacy of both NO and less-hazardous N2O additives for suppression of ozone and associated enhancement of the O2(1Δ
g
) yield. Quenching of O2(1Δ
g
) by ozone is sufficiently suppressed such that quenching by ground state molecular oxygen becomes the dominant loss mechanism in the post-discharge outflow. We verified the absence of other significant gas-phase quenching mechanisms by measuring the O2(1Δ
g
) decay along a quartz flow tube. These measurements indicated a first-order rate constant of (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10−24 m3 s−1, slightly slower than but consistent with prior measurements of singlet oxygen quenching on ground state oxygen. The discharge-initiated reaction mechanisms and data analysis are discussed in terms of a chemical kinetics model of the system.
The influence of single layer MoS2 flake on the propagated surface plasmons of silver nanowire
Authors: Lu Liu , Zhao Tiantian , Chen Lei , Wang Chenyang , Zhou Zhiqiang , Ren Xifeng
Published: December 2021

We demonstrate enhancing the excitation and transmission efficiency of the propagated surface plasmon (SP) of an Ag nanowire (Ag NW) in hybrid Ag–MoS2 structures by contrasting the SP propagation of the Ag NW on different substrates, including SiO2 and monolayer MoS2, or partially overlapping the Ag NW on MoS2 flakes. The simulation results show that the leaky radiation of the hybrid plasmonic modes H1 and H2 can be prominently suppressed due to the high refractive index dielectric layer of MoS2, which provides an optical barrier for blocking the leaky radiation, resulting in reduced propagation loss. This paper provides a feasible and effective method to improve the SP propagation length.
Radial solutions to a chemotaxis-consumption model involving prescribed signal concentrations on the boundary
Authors: Lankeit Johannes , Winkler Michael
Published: December 2021

The chemotaxis system

u

t

=
Δ
u
−
∇
⋅

(

u
∇
v

)

,

v

t

=
Δ
v
−
u
v
,

is considered under the boundary conditions

∂
u

∂
ν

−
u

∂
v

∂
ν

=
0

and v = v
⋆ on ∂Ω, where

Ω
⊂

R

n

is a ball and v
⋆ is a given positive constant. In the setting of radially symmetric and suitably regular initial data, a result on global existence of bounded classical solutions is derived in the case n = 2, while global weak solutions are constructed when n ∈ {3, 4, 5}. This is achieved by analyzing an energy-type inequality reminiscent of global structures previously observed in related homogeneous Neumann problems. Ill-signed boundary integrals newly appearing therein are controlled by means of spatially localized smoothing arguments revealing higher order regularity features outside the spatial origin. Additionally, unique classical solvability in the corresponding stationary problem is asserted, even in nonradial frameworks.
Experimental study of single- vs two-close-frequency heating impact on confinement and loss dynamics in ECR ion source plasmas by means of x-ray spectroscopy and imaging
Authors: Mascali D , Naselli E , Rácz R , Biri S , Celona L , Galatá A , Gammino S , Mazzaglia M , Torrisi G
Published: December 2021

We hereby report a study on confinement and electron loss dynamics in the magnetic trap of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source using a special multi-diagnostic setup that has allowed the simultaneous collection of plasma radio-self-emission and x-ray images in the range 500 eV–20 keV. Argon plasmas were generated in single- and two-close-frequency heating (SFH and TCFH) modes. Evidence of turbulent regimes has been found: for stable and unstable configurations quantitative characterizations of the plasma radio self-emission have been carried out, then compared with local measurements of plasma energy content evaluated by x-ray imaging. This imaging method is the only one able to clearly separate x-ray radiation coming from the plasma from that coming from the plasma chamber walls. X-ray imaging has also been supported and benchmarked by volumetric spectroscopy performed via silicon drift and high-purity germanium detectors. The obtained results in terms of x-ray intensity signal coming from the plasma core and from the plasma chamber walls permit the estimation of the average ratio: plasma vs. walls (i.e. plasma losses) as a function of input RF power and pumping wave frequency, showing an evident increase (above the experimental errors) of the intensity in the 2–20 keV energy range due to the plasma losses in the case of unstable plasma. This ratio was well correlated with the strength of the instabilities, in SFH operation mode; in TCFH mode, under specific power balance conditions and frequency combinations, it was possible to damp the instabilities, and thus the plasma losses were observed to decrease and a general reconfiguration of the spatial plasma structure occurred (the x-ray emission was more concentrated in the center of the plasma chamber). Finally, a simplified model was used to simulate electron heating under different pumping frequencies, prompting discussion of the impact of velocity anisotropy vs the onset of the instability, and the mechanism of particle diffusion in the velocity space in stable and unstable regimes.
Time fractional advection-dispersion model to study transportation of particles with time-memory for unsteady nonequilibrium suspension in open-channel turbulent flows
Authors: Ghosh Surath , Kundu Snehasis , Kumar Sunil
Published: December 2021

In this study, the effects of time-memory on the mixing and nonequilibrium transportation of particles in an unsteady turbulent flow are investigated. The memory effect of particles is captured through a time-fractional advection-dispersion equation rather than a traditional advection-dispersion equation. The time-fractional derivative is considered in Caputo sense which includes a power-law memory kernel that captures the power-law jumps of particles. The time-fractional model is solved using the Chebyshev collocation method. To make the solution procedure more robust three different kinds of Chebyshev polynomials are considered. The time-fractional derivative is approximated using the finite difference method at small time intervals and numerical solutions are obtained in terms of Chebyshev polynomials. The model solutions are compared with existing experimental data of traditional conditions and satisfactory results are obtained. Apart from this, the effects of time-memory are analyzed for bottom concentration and transient concentration distribution of particles. The results show that for uniform initial conditions, bottom concentration increases with time as the order of fractional derivative decreases. In the case of transient concentration, the value of concentration initially decreases when T < 1 and thereafter increases throughout the flow depth. The effects of time-memory are also analyzed under steady flow conditions. Results show that under steady conditions, transient concentration is more sensitive for linear, parabolic, and parabolic-constant models of sediment diffusivity rather than the constant model.
Negative refractive index in a Doppler broadened three-level Λ-type atomic medium
Authors: Van Ai Nguyen , Bang Nguyen Huy , Van Doai Le
Published: December 2021

We have achieved a negative refractive index with significantly reduced absorption in a three-level Λ-type atomic gas medium under Doppler broadening. It shows that the conditions for obtaining negative refractive index in the presence of Doppler broadening are very different from those of Doppler broadening absent. In particular, in order to obtain negative refractive index in the case of Doppler broadening the coupling laser intensity must be approximately ten times greater than that when the Doppler broadening is ignored. Meanwhile, the frequency band of negative refractive index with Doppler broadening is significantly expanded (about a hundred times) compared to that without Doppler broadening, however, the amplitude of negative refractive index decreases with increasing temperature (or Doppler width). Even in some cases as temperature (Doppler width) increases, the left-handedness of the material can disappear. In addition, we also show that the amplitude and the frequency band of negative refractive index can be changed by adjusting the intensity and the frequency of coupling laser. Our theoretical investigation can be useful for selection of laser parameters under different temperature conditions to achieve negative refractive index in experimental implementation.
Optimization of 3D controlled ELM-free state with recovered global confinement for KSTAR with n = 1 resonant magnetic field perturbation
Authors: Kim S.K. , Shousha R. , Hahn S.H. , Nelson A.O. , Wai J. , Yang S.M. , Park J.-K. , Nazikian R. , Logan N.C. , Jeon Y.M. , In Y. , Lee J.H. , Kim J. , Lee C.Y. , Na Y.-S. , Kolemen E.
Published: December 2021

Mitigation of deleterious heat flux from edge-localized modes (ELMs) on fusion reactors is often attempted with 3D perturbations of the confining magnetic fields. However, the established technique of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) also degrades plasma performance, complicating implementation on future fusion reactors. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive real-time control scheme on the KSTAR tokamak as a viable approach to achieve an ELM-free state and simultaneously recover high-confinement (β
N ∼ 1.91, β
p ∼ 1.53, and H
98 ∼ 0.9), demonstrating successful handling of a volatile complex system through adaptive measures. We show that, by exploiting a salient hysteresis process to adaptively minimize the RMP strength, stable ELM suppression can be achieved while actively encouraging confinement recovery. This is made possible by a self-organized transport response in the plasma edge which reinforces the confinement improvement through a widening of the ion temperature pedestal and promotes control stability, in contrast to the deteriorating effect on performance observed in standard RMP experiments. These results establish the real-time approach as an up-and-coming solution toward an optimized ELM-free state, which is an important step for the operation of ITER and reactor-grade tokamak plasmas.