bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic Amyloidosis in Mice Inoculated with Lyophilized
Candida
Cells
Authors: Mann Stanley J. , Blank F.
Published: January 2020

Injection of lyophilized
Candida albicans
or
C. parapsilosis
cells induced amyloidosis in outbred CFW mice. The disease process was irreversible, and a significant number of animals died of systemic amyloidosis within 400 days after the last treatment. The techniques described may represent a model system for the study of systemic amyloidosis.
Yersinia pestis
: Correlation of Ultrastructure and Immunological Status
Authors: Chen T. H. , Elberg Sanford S. , Boyles Janet , Velez Maria A.
Published: January 2020

Ultrastructural identification and localization of the fraction 1 “envelope” antigen in the plague bacillus
Yersinia pestis
were the primary objectives of this brief study. The antigenicity of extra-cellular material between the bacilli in undisturbed cultured colonies and that of the pathogen per se were measured and correlated by means of the semi quantitative complement fixation method after incubation for 72 h at 37 C. When the amount of extracellular substance in wild-type T1 (virulent) bacteria was compared by electron microscopy with that in avirulent strains of
Y. pestis
, with and without passage through guinea pigs, we found that the material of interest was greatly attenuated or even absent in colonies that had not been passed through animals, whereas passage markedly augmented production of the material. We also explored the requirement for larger quantities of Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
in the culture media and discovered that without these ions production of the extracellular material was limited. These observations support the hypothesis that this extracellular substance between cultured
Y. pestis
bacilli of various strains represents the source of the fraction 1 envelope antigen.
l
-Arginine Elution of Measles Virus Adsorbed on Monkey Erythrocytes
Authors: Lebon P. , Protat A. , Molinie P.
Published: January 2020

l
-Arginine (1 M) eluted measles virus adsorbed on monkey erythrocytes without affecting the infectious and hemagglutinating activities of the virus. This phenomenon was also observed for encephalomyocarditis virus and Newcastle disease virus.
Role for cell-mediated immunity in the resistance of mice to subcutaneous herpes simplex virus infection
Authors: Oakes J E
Published: January 2020

The role of cell-mediated immunity in the resistance of young adult mice to subcutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I infection was studied in mice receiving immunosuppressive doses of antilymphocyte sera (ALS) or antithymocyte sera (ATS). The effectiveness of these treatments to reduce cell-mediated responses was measured by their ability to prolong the life of allografts transplanted to ALS- or ATS-treated mice. It was found that subcutaneous infection of these mice with HSV resulted in spread of virus from the site of inoculation to the central nervous system. Neutralizing antibody could not be detected in the sera of ALS- or ATS-treated mice after HSV inoculation. Passive transfer of neutralizing antibody to ATS-treated mice did not restore resistance to subcutaneous HSV infection. However, adoptive transfer of HSV-sensitized spleen cells did provide significant protection against infection unless the spleen cells were treated with ATS prior to transfer. These experiments suggest that lymphocytes are involved in a cell-mediated response to subcutaneous HSV infection and demonstrate the importance of a noncompromised immune response in controlling spread of HSV from localized areas of infection.
Behavior of microflora in the rat stomach: adhesion of lactobacilli to the keratinized epithelial cells of the rat stomach in vitro
Authors: Suegara N , Morotomi M , Watanabe T , Kawal Y , Mutai M
Published: January 2020

Certain indigenous bacteria isolated from rats and chickens were found to adhere to keratinized cells obtained from host stomachs and maintained in vitro. Only lactobacilli and staphylococci isolated from rats attached to the keratinized epithelial cells of the rat stomach, suggesting that they are dominant bacteria in the microflora of the stomachs of those animals. Indigenous lactobacilli heated at 60 C for 1 h or treated with the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate, Tween 80, and Triton X-100 lose the ability to adhere to the keratinized cells of the rat stomach. Indigenous lactobacilli treated with formalin, however, retain the capacity to adhere to the cells. These observations suggest that surface structures of the bacteria are involved in adhesion of indigenous lactobacilli to the keratinized cells of rat stomach.
Effect of temperature on phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Authors: Mandell G L
Published: January 2020

Monolayers of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils and 14C-labeled Staphylococcus aureus were incubated at various temperatures. The rate and extent of phagocytosis was unchanged between 33 and 41 C but was depressed above and below this range
Relationship of serum beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme to pathogenesis of tularemia in immune and nonimmune rats
Authors: Canonico P G , Powanda M C , Cockerell G L , Moe J B
Published: January 2020

A temporal study is reported of the febrile responses, tissue bacterial contents, and serum concentration of the lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme, in nonimmune rats inoculated with virulent or attenuated strains of Francisella tularensis, and in immune rats challenged with either a high or low dose of virulent organisms. The level of serum beta-glucuronidase appears to be an indicator of hepatocyte damage, whereas serum lysozyme correlates with the appearance, frequency, and severity of pyogranulomatous lesions. Survival of nonimmune rats after a challenge with either virulent or attenuated organisms appears to depend on a balance between dose of bacterial inoculum, celerity of irreversible pathologic events, and the ability of the reticuloendothelial and immune systems to collaboratively mount a response to limit or prevent dissemination of the infection. In immune rats, infection of parenchymal hepatic cells does not occur after a low dose (10-4) virulent challenge. Infection of parenchymal hepatic cells, however, does occur in immunized rats when the challenge dose is sufficiently large (10-8) so as to overcome the capacity of the reticuloendothelial to clear opsonized organisms.
Virulence of Streptococcus mutans: a sensitive method for evaluating cariogenicity in young gnotobiotic rats
Authors: Michalek S M , McGhee J R , Navia J M
Published: January 2020

Gnotobiotic rats infected with Streptococcus mutans 6715 at 19 days of age and fed a purified diet (305) containing 5% sucrose developed extensive caries lesions on all molar surfaces within 16 days (35 days of age). Approximately twice as many lesions developed when infected rats were maintained until 45 days of age, whereas noninfected rats did not develop caries when fed diet 305. Gnotobiotic rats infected with S. mutans 6715 and fed a purified diet containing no sucrose (300) until day 25 and subsequently fed diet 305 for 10 days developed lesions similar to rats fed diet 305 for 16 days. Furthermore, rats infected with S. mutans 6715 and fed diet 300 until 45 days of age developed approximately one-half the smooth surface lesions as infected rats fed diet 305 for the same length of time. The level of caries on buccal and proximal molar surfaces in 45-day-old gnotobiotic rats varied when animals were infected with S. mutans AHT, BHT, NCTC 10449, 6715, or LM-7. Animals infected with S. mutans AHT showed more severe lesions on the buccal surfaces than those observed in animals infected with the other strains of S. mutans tested, whereas S. mutans 6715 caused significantly more caries on proximal surfaces. On the other hand, rats infected with S. mutans LM-7 exhibited the lowest level of caries on all molar surfaces of the five strains of S. mutans tested.
Simple and effective method for selecting protein A-dificient mutants by consedimentation with sensitized sheep erythrocytes
Authors: Masuda S , Sakurai S , Kondo I
Published: January 2020

An effective slection method for protein A-deficient mutants was devised by means of cosedimentation with sensitized sheep erythrocytes and anti-protein A serum agar plates. Hitherto, two types of mutants have been successfully isolated by this method. One was deficient in both cell-bound protein A and soluble protein A. The other seems to release extracellularly soluble protein A but does not possess cell-bound protein A. Spontaneous mutants of the former type were contained in the culture of Staphylococcus aureus 248betaH in a concentration of approximately 10-minus-5, which is ten times as much as the latter. Repeated cosedimentation procedure greatly increased the efficiency of isolation of the mutants. As a result, a majority of the bacterial cells remaining in the final supernatant after three cosedimentation procedures were of the two mutant types. Details of the method as well as some preliminary results are described.
Ascorbate and phagocyte function
Authors: Stankova L , Gerhardt N B , Nagel L , Bigley R H
Published: January 2020

Scorbutic guinea pig neutrophils (PMN) were found to produce H2O2 and kill Staphylococcus aureus as well as control PMN, suggesting that ascorbate does not contribute significantly to phagocyte H2O2 production or bacterial killing. Total and reduced ascorbate contents of human PMN was observed to fall upon phagocytosis, whereas dehydroascorbate increased to a lesser extent. These observations are consistent with the view that ascorbate constitutes a functional part of the PMN's redox-active components and may thus function to protect cell constituents from denaturation by the oxidants produced during phagocytosis.
Immunological relationship between delta herpesvirus of patas monkeys and varicells-zoster virus of humans
Authors: Felsenfeld A D , Schmidt N J
Published: January 2020

The Delta herpesvirus (DHV) which produced outbreaks of exanthematous disease in patas monkeys was shown to have a close immunological relationship to varicella-zoster (V-Z) virus of man. Immunization of rhesus monkeys with DHV or V-Z virus resulted in the development of neutralizing antibodies to both viruses and also in the production of complement-fixing antibodies to V-Z virus. Immunoglobulin M neutralizing antibody to V-Z virus was demonstrated in the serum of a rhesus monkey immunized with DHV, suggesting a primary antibody response rather than recall of antibody to a related virus. Convalescent-phase sera from human zoster cases had comparable levels of neutralizing antibody for both DHV and V-Z virus. Patas monkeys involved in an outbreak of DHV infection showed seroconversion to both DHV and V-Z virus by neutralization tests and to V-Z virus by complement fixation tests. The demonstration of the close antigneic relationship between DHV and V-Z virus suggests that DHV may be useful in an animal model system for studies on the latency and reactivation of V-Z virus.
o-Diphenoloxidase of Mycobacterium leprae separated from infecected armadillo tissues
Authors: Prabhakaran K , Harris E B , Kirchheimer W F
Published: January 2020

We reported earlier the occurrence of a unique o-diphenoloxidase in Mycobacterium leprae recovered from lepromatous human tissues. No other source of M. leprae fro biochemical studies was available at the time. In the present report, properties of phenoloxidase in M. leprae separated from infected armadillo tissues are presented. The results show that the o-diphenoloxidase remains unaltered in the passage of the bacilli from the human to the the animal host, indicating that the enzyme is an intrinsic characteristic of the leprosy bacteria.
Effects of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin on metabolic indexes of everted rat ileal sacs
Authors: McDonel J L , Duncan C L
Published: January 2020

Everted sacs of rat ileum were incubated in Ringer phosphate solution while oxygen uptake, glucose uptake, and lactate production were determined. Sacs treated with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, in the form of crude cell-free extract and purified protein, consumed significantly less oxygen than untreated sacs. However, the toxin-treated sacs took up glucose and produced lactate at levels that were not significantly different than those observed in controls. We conclude that oxidative metabolism is inhibited by the action of the toxin, whereas conversion of glucose to lactate via glycolysis seems unaffected
Effect of iron on leukocyte function: inactivation of H2O2 BY IRON
Authors: Kaplan S S , Quie P G , Basford R E
Published: January 2020

We investigated the effect of FeSO4 on phagocytosis-associated, increased oxidative metabolism via the hexose monophosphate shunt, with special attention to its effect on H2O2 levels. The availability of glutathione eroxidase and glutathione reductase for H2O2 disposal and hexose monophosphate shunt stimulation also are evaluated. The results show an impairment of phagocytosis-associated hexose monophosphate shunt activity together with an increase both of resting and phagocytosing formate oxidation. These apparently paradoxical findings are resolved by demonstrating a direct enhancement of formate oxidation by FeSO4 in a cell-free system. In addition, measurement of H2O2 concentrations via scopoletin fluorescence shows reduction of H2O2 by Feso4. There is no effect on either glutathione peroxidase or glutathione reductase activities. These data suggest that one mechanism of FeSO4 imairment of microbicidal activity is by its removal of H2O2.
Synthesis and excretion of glycerol teichoic acid during growth of two streptococcal species
Authors: Joseph R , Shockman G D
Published: January 2020

Examination of both supernatant culture medium and cell pellets after exponential- and stationary-phase growth of Streptococcus mutans strain FA-1 and Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 (S. faecium) showed the presence of [-3H]glycerol-labeled material that possessed several of the properties of glycerol teichoic acid. In the supernatant medium of S. mutans FA-1, an apparently large-molecular-size material, which eluted from agarose columns with the Kd value expected of a lipoteichoic acid, was observed. Large amounts of this material were present in supernatants during the stationary phase. In contrast, with S. faecalis only an apparently lower-molecular-weight form, with a Kd consistent with deacylated glycerol teichoic acid, was found in the growth medium. Both organisms had high-molecular-weight lipoteichoic acid in the cells along with the deacylated glycerol teichoic acid. The presence of relatively large amounts of glycerol teichoic acids in the medium was considered to be a result of excretion of these compounds rather than a result of cellular lysis.
Formation of extracellular lipoteichoic acid by oral streptococci and lactobacilli
Authors: Markham J L , Knox K W , Wicken A J , Hewett M J
Published: January 2020

Examination of the culture fluids from a number of strains of oral streptococci and latobacilli has shown the presence of an erythrocyte-sensitizing antigen with the properties of lipoteichoic acid. The antigen was isolated from the culture fluids of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus fermentum and characterized chemically and serologically, For other strains, serological evidence for the presence of lipoteichoic acid depends on the reactivity with antiserum specific for the glycerol phosphate backbone. The relative concentrations of the antigen in culture fluids from different organisms, in culture fluids from different stages of growth, and in extracts of organisms was estimated by determining the maximum dilution that fully sensitized erythrocytes; the culture fluid titer, which is the reciprocal of the dilution, varied from 4 to 320. Strains of Streptococcus mutans were generally characterized by a high level of extracellular lipoteichoic acid, the amount being greater than that detectable in cell extracts; this conclusion was confirmed by using the quantitative precipitin method. A high-molecular-weight fraction obtained from S. mutans BHT culture fluid was effective in sensitizing erythrocytes at a concentration of 1 mug/ml, compared with 2 mug/ml required for cellular lipoteichoic acid from L. casei. The detecting procedure depends on the teichoic acid sensitizing erythrocytes but, as shown with L. fermentum, low-molecular-weight nonsensitizing teichoic acid may also be present in culture fluid.
Changes in buoyant density relationships of two cell types of Coxiella burneti phase I
Authors: Wachter R F , Briggs G P , Gangemi J D , Pedersen C E
Published: January 2020

Coxiella burneti phase I, purified from a formalin-inactivated yolk-sac vaccine, was separated into two bands of morphologically distinct cell types when subjected to sucrose gradient centrifugation. Recycling of the less dense, rod-shaped cells in unbuffered sucrose gradients (pH 5.5 to 6.0) resulted in the formation of bands having the location and appearance of the original two bands. Recycling of the denser band of larger ovoid-shaped cells yielded a single band, suggesting that the larger cell type arose from the smaller cell. In contrast to vaccine-derived rickettsiae, live, cell culture-propagated phase I organisms formed a single band in unbuffered sucrose gradients, at the same density as the upper band of the vaccine preparation. Centrifugation of cell culture-derived rickettsiae for 26 to 48 h in sucrose gradients of pH 5.5 resulted in the formation of a second band, at the same density as the lower band of the vaccine preparation. This did not occur in gradients of pH 7.0. Treatment of cell culture-propagated rickettsiae with formalin or germicidal ultraviolet radiation induced a total shift of the less dense cell population to a zone of higher density when centrifuged isopycnically in CsC1 gradients. This density change did not occur in sucrose gradients, suggesting a difference in the effect of these treatments on the permeability of the cell membrane to sucrose and CsC1.
Listeria monocytogenes infection in nude mice
Authors: Emmerling P , Finger H , Bockemühl J
Published: January 2020

As compared to phenotypically normal (nu/+)NMRI mice showing the typical course of an experimental listeric infection, that of congenitally hypothymic (nude, nu/nu)NMRI mice was found to be characterized from the outset bya chronic trend. During the early phase of the infection, significantly reduced numbers of Listeria monocytogenes were observed in the spleens of nude mice.
Measurement of biological activities of purified and crude enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Nilo L
Published: January 2020

Enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens was assayed and compared with toxicity in mice and erythemal activity in guinea pigs. Conversion factors were used to express these biological activities of crude enterotoxin in terms of weight of pure enterotoxin protein. One microgram of enterotoxin was equivalent to 3.41 erythema units and to 0.68 mouse median lethal dose.
Characterization of the temperature-dependent inactivating factor of the thermostable direct hemolysin in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Takeda Y , Hori Y , Taga S , Sakurai J , Miwatani T
Published: January 2020

The termostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus is inactivated by heating at around 55 C with an inactivating factor isolated from culture filtrates of V. parahaemolyticus. The characteristics of the temperature-dependent inactivating factor were studied by using polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. It was found that when heated with the hemolysin, the inactivating factor destroyed the hemolysin and thus inactivated the hemolytic activity, suggesting that the inactivating factor has proteolytic activity. It was also demonstrated that the inactivating factor itself is heat labile, losing its activity on heating with the hemolysin at 95 C for 15 min. The inactivating factor was stimulated by the presence of NaCl or MgCl2 and showed maximal activity at around pH 8.0. The results support our previous hypothesis that the Arrhenius effect observed with crude hemolysin of V. parahaemolyticus is due to the presence of a temperature-dependent inactivating factor. The fact that the factor is activated on heating at 50 to 60 C but is inactivated on heating at 70 to 100 C explains the Arrheius effect of crude hemolysin of V. parahaemolyticus.
Experimental in utero infection of fetal pigs with a porcine parvovirus
Authors: Bachmann P A , Sheffy B E , Vauhan J T
Published: January 2020

In utero infection of fetuses of six specific-pathogen-free large white sows at 35, 48, 55, 72, 99, and 105 days was studied. The fetuses were infected by direct inoculation of porcine parvovirus into the amniotic sac. The inoculation consisted of 0.25 ml of tissue culture fluid containing 10(5.5) mean tissue culture infective doses per ml of porcine parvovirus strain G10/1. Fetuses of one uterus horn were infected, whereas fetuses in the opposite horn were given 0.25 ml of noninfected cell culture material. No clinical signs of infection were observed; however, all sows developed antibodies 7 to 9 days postinfection. A total of 24 virus-inoculated fetuses and 20 control fetuses were studied. Fetuses infected at 35, 48, and 55 days of gestation died between about 5 and 22 days after infection. Virus was isolated from their organs and fetal blood. Virus spread to control fetuses but did not cause death and mummification or stimulate antibody production. Fetuses from sows infected at 72, 99, and 105 days of gestation survived. They developed high antibody titer in utero. Control piglets remained antibody free.
Effect of Mg
2+
and Ethylenediaminetetraacetate on the In Vitro Activity of Coumermycin A
1
and Novobiocin Against Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Cleeland R. , Beskid G. , Grunberg E.
Published: January 2020

The effect of Mg
2+
and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the in vitro activity of coumermycin A
1
and novobiocin was determined against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
, and
Proteus mirabilis
grown in Trypticase Soy Broth or defined synthetic medium. In the presence of EDTA, the activity of coumermycin A
1
was significantly enhanced (8- to 40-fold) against all four organisms in the synthetic medium lacking Mg
2+
; novobiocin activity was increased to a lesser extent (4- to 16-fold) against three strains and remained unchanged against
P. mirabilis.
Addition of 200 μg of Mg
2+
per ml to the synthetic medium containing EDTA completely reversed the enhancement of activity of both antibiotics by EDTA only against
P. aeruginosa.
The addition of Mg
2+
to the synthetic medium appreciably inhibited the activity of novobiocin (sixfold) but not coumermycin A
1
against
E. coli
, and had little or no effect on the activity of either antibiotic against the remaining organisms.
K. pneumoniae
showed the greatest susceptibility to both antibiotics, and addition of EDTA enhanced this activity from 4-fold to 20-fold in all of the media tested. Subinhibitory concentrations of both antibiotics induced filament formation by all four organisms in all media. In addition, lysis of
K. pneumoniae
cells was observed.
Role of Protein A in Nonspecific Immunofluorescence of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Forsgren Arne , Forsum Urban
Published: January 2020

γG-globulin from nonimmunized rabbits and from rabbits immunized with various bacteria reacted in the immunofluorescence technique with protein A-containing
Staphylococcus aureus.
Pepsin digestion of most immunoglobulin preparations eliminated the reaction, thus showing that the Fc fragment is involved and that the reaction is not a true antigen-antibody reaction. As the specific immunological activity of the immunoglobulin molecules was intact after digestion, it is suggested that the method be used to eliminate reactions with
S. aureus
in the fluorescent-antibody technique.
Immune Response in Preleukemic Mice
Authors: Frey-Wettstein Manuel , Hays Esther F.
Published: January 2020

Humoral and cellular immunity was assessed serially in preleukemic AKR mice and Gross virus-injected C3H/HeJ mice over a period of 10 to 12 months. Quantitative gamma globulin, hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers after immunization with sheep red blood cells, and macrophage-migration inhibition were determined. Normal production of gamma globulins as well as humoral antibodies was found in both of these experimental groups of mice, whereas macrophage-migration inhibition, which is believed to be a correlate of cellular immunity, appeared to be abnormal throughout the life of these animals, which were destined to develop a high incidence of lymphoma. Some aspects of this apparent dissociation between humoral and cellular immune response are discussed with regard to the mouse virus lymphoma system, primarily involving the thymus, which was used in these studies.
Growth and Pathogenesis of
Mycoplasma mycoides
var.
capri
in Chicken Embryo Tracheal Organ Cultures
Authors: Cherry J. D. , Taylor-Robinson D.
Published: January 2020

The growth and pathogenicity of
Mycoplasma mycoides
var.
capri
were studied in chicken embryo tracheal rings in rolled tubes. In these organ cultures,
M. mycoides
var.
capri
attained titers of 10
7
to 10
8
color-changing units/ml of Eagle's medium and there was inhibition of ciliary activity. The rapidity of inhibition was directly related to the number of organisms inoculated. Growth of organisms was closely associated with the tracheal tissue because multiplication was not demonstrated in “conditioned medium,” that is Eagle's medium from which the rings had been removed. Mycoplasma growth occurred when the cultures were incubated at 37 C, 33 C, and room temperature, but the cilia-stopping effect (CSE) was most rapid at 37 C and was not demonstrable at room temperature. Furthermore, there was no CSE when cultures were maintained in medium in which
M. mycoides
var.
capri
had been grown but was either filtered to remove the organisms or treated with tetracycline to stop their multiplication. This indicated that the CSE of
M. mycoides
var.
capri
was dependent upon a close association of multiplying organisms with the tracheal rings and was not due to toxic products persisting in the medium. Chicken tracheal epithelial cells did not adsorb to colonies of
M. mycoides
var.
capri
but HeLa cells did. Although their adsorption was unaffected by prior neuraminidase treatment, the addition of neuraminidase to the tracheal organ culture system delayed the CSE of
M. mycoides
var.
capri.
Peroxide production was demonstrated in
M. mycoides
var.
capri
-infected tracheal rings but not in uninfected cultures. The addition of glucose to the organ cultures delayed the CSE of
M. mycoides
var.
capri
, possibly because of the stimulation of peroxidase activity. Similarily, catalase protected the cilia from the usual damaging effect of
M. mycoides
var.
capri.
This protective effect was partially reversed by the addition of 3-amino-1, 2, 4,-triazole and it did not occur if the catalase had been inactivated by boiling. The addition of hydrogen peroxide to tracheal cultures also resulted in loss of ciliary activity. The present results show that the liberation of peroxide is an important factor in the pathogenesis of
M. mycoides
var.
capri
infection of chicken tracheal organ cultures. It is speculated that this also may be so in the natural host.
Histamine-Releasing Factor Generated by the Interaction of Endotoxin with Hamster Serum
Authors: Hook William A. , Snyderman Ralph , Mergenhagen Stephan E.
Published: January 2020

Injection of hamsters with endotoxin (LPS) resulted, 4 to 14 days later, in a marked decline in the mast cell count and in a reduction of the available histamine content of cells obtained by peritoneal lavage. The release of histamine from isolated peritoneal hamster mast cells in vitro could be achieved by incubating LPS with fresh hamster serum followed by addition of mast cells and a second incubation. The generation of a histamine-releasing factor from serum could be inhibited by conditions which inhibit the consumption of complement by LPS. Several substances could be substituted for LPS in the generation of histamine-releasing activity including heat-aggregated human gamma globulin, zymosan, purified cobra venom factor, and washed antigen-antibody precipitates. With all of these agents, the generation of a histamine-releasing substance from hamster serum was accompanied by consumption of hemolytic complement. The results suggest that LPS indirectly leads to the release of histamine from mast cells as a result of interactions with the complement system.
Enhancement of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Infectivity by Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride
Authors: Heberlein Gary T.
Published: January 2020

The tumor-initiating ability of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
was enhanced two- to threefold after a preinoculation exposure to the phenothiazine derivative chlorpromazine hydrochloride. The mean number of tumors initiated per viable bacterium on pinto bean leaves was greatest after a 1-hr exposure to 15 μg of the drug per ml. Chlorpromazine had no significant effect on tumor initiation when applied to previously inoculated leaves. Chlorpromazine at 10 μg/ml was bacteriostatic; concentrations of 20 μg/ml and higher were bactericidal. In contrast to mitomycin C, which also enhances
A. tumefaciens
infectivity, chlorpromazine failed to induce temperate phage in several lysogenic strains of
A. tumefaciens
. Replication of a virulent
A. tumefaciens
phage, however, was not inhibited by the presence of chlorpromazine.
Purification and Chemical Composition of the Protective Slime Antigen of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Bartell Pasquale F. , Orr Thomas E. , Chudio Bohdanna
Published: January 2020

The slime obtained from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strain BI was purified by a system of ethanol precipitation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The slime polysaccharide was eluted as a single peak at a potassium chloride molarity of 0.30 to 0.40. The purification procedure was monitored by immunodiffusion techniques, and the number of bands was reduced from four to one, indicating the elimination of antigenic impurities that were present in the crude extracts of slime. The purified slime behaved as a homogeneous antigen, stimulating the production of a single species of antibody in rabbits. Hydrolyzed preparations of purified slime contained rhamnose, glucose, mannose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and glucuronic acid, as well as
N
-acetyl and
O
-acetyl groups. Only trace amounts of nucleic acids were detectable. A significant amount of protein was found to be associated with the carbohydrate moiety. The substrate characteristic of the slime was reaffirmed by measuring the release of hexosamines in the presence of the
Pseudomonas
phage 2 depolymerase PDB
2
, and its activity as a protective antigen was demonstrated in passive-protection tests of mice.
In Vivo Studies with the Partially Purified Protease (Elastase) from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Meinke Geraldine , Barum Joanne , Rosenberg Barbara , Berk Richard
Published: January 2020

An extracellular protease from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
exhibiting elastase activity was characterized in vivo after an 80- to 100-fold purification by chemical and chromatographic procedures. The lethality of different samples for white, female mice was determined by intravenous, intranasal, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous injections. The purified protease exhibited the following 48-hr LD
50
values: intraperitoneally, 9.0 protease units; intranasally, 31.5 protease units; and intranasally, 0.3 protease unit. In the concentrations tested no lethality was observed when the subcutaneous route was employed. Gross and microscopic studies revealed that purified protease was capable of eliciting a variety of tissue responses in mice depending upon its route of administration. Intraperitoneal injections resulted in gastrointestinal tract serosal hemorrhage and necrosis. Intranasal and intravenous injections produced pulmonary hemorrhage, whereas subcutaneous injections resulted in black, necrotic, ulcerating lesions.
Lipids of
Treponema pallidum
Kazan 5
Authors: Johnson Russell C. , Livermore Brian P. , Jenkin Howard M. , Eggebraten Laura
Published: January 2020

The lipid composition of
Treponema pallidum
Kazan 5 cultivated in a lipid-defined medium was investigated. Lipids comprised 18 to 20% of the dry weight of the treponeme. Glycolipid and phospholipids accounted for 90 to 95% of the total lipids and free fatty acids made up the remaining 5 to 10%. The major polar lipids were the glycolipid, 1-(
O
-α-
d
-galactopyranosyl)-2,3-diglyceride (45 to 55%), and phosphatidylcholine (30 to 40%). Phosphatidylethanolamine (5 to 10%), an unidentified compound (1 to 2%), and occasional trace amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) were also found. The monogalactosyldiglyceride was also a major component (50%) of the lipids of the Reiter, Noguchi, and Nichols strains of
T. pallidum
. The fatty acid composition of Kazan 5 usually consisted of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 14 to 18 carbons depending upon the fatty acids added to the culture medium. When the cells were cultivated on elaidic acid (
trans
-9-octadecenoic acid), their lipids contained only elaidic acid.
Significance of Protein A Production by Staphylococci
Authors: Forsgren Arne
Published: January 2020

Of 700 coagulase-positive staphylococcal strains isolated from humans, 692 (98.9%) produced protein A. Of 100 coagulase-negative strains, 2 were protein A-positive.
Amino Acid Analysis of the Isolated and Purified Components from Crystalline Toxin of
Clostridium botulinum
Type A
Authors: Boroff Daniel A. , Meloche H. Paul , Dasgupta Bibhuti R.
Published: January 2020

The toxic and hemagglutinating components of the crystalline toxin of
Clostridium botulinum
were analyzed for their amino acid content and were proven to be completely different proteins.
Interferon Induction and Resistance to Virus Infection in Mice Infected with
Brucella abortus
Authors: Billiau A. , Schonne E. , Eyckmans L. , De Somer P.
Published: January 2020

Induction of circulating interferon and protection against vaccinia virus infection in mice by injection of
Brucella abortus
were studied. It was demonstrated that morphologically intact brucellae (either live or killed by heat or exposure to NaOH) induce high and prolonged levels of circulating interferon in mice. In each instance, the inducing principle remained associated with the bacterial particle. Disruption of brucellae by mechanical means destroyed the interferon-inducing capacity. However, by alkalinization of the water extract of disrupted bacilli, an interferon inducer could be rescued. On intravenous injection, this inducer caused a typical endotoxin type of interferon response with a peak value at 2 hr. Mice pretreated with cycloheximide showed an enhanced interferon response to the brucella extract, but a reduced reaction to live brucellae. The significance of these data, in relation to the triggering of de novo interferon synthesis by brucella, is discussed. It was also observed that small doses of brucellae protected mice for at least 1 month against vaccinia virus infection. High doses of heat-or alkali-killed brucellae protected the animals for only a short time, and disrupted brucellae did not afford any protection. Thus, there was a good correlation between interferon-inducing capacity and short-term protective activity. Long-term protection, on the other hand, seemed to be related to multiplication of brucellae in the body.
Failure to Demonstrate Specific Antibody in Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy
Authors: Marsh R. F. , Pan I. C. , Hanson R. P.
Published: January 2020

Attempts to demonstrate specific serum antibody or immune complexes in the brains of mink affected with transmissible mink encephalopathy were unsuccessful with serum neutralization and immunofluorescent procedures. These data may be significant, considering the unusual nature of the disease and the biochemical properties of the etiological agent.
Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Herpes Keratitis
Authors: Centifanto Y. M. , Kaufman H. E.
Published: January 2020

The sensitization of herpes simplex virus by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies was studied. Although herpes simplex virus sensitized by IgG could not be neutralized by IgA antibodies known to neutralize a similar number of unsensitized viruses, this protection could be overcome by larger amounts of IgA antibodies. This suggests that the effective neutralization of herpes simplex virus in ocular tissue is dependent on the relative concentrations of IgA and IgG antibodies. In vivo sensitized virus was isolated from chronically infected animals, and this may be the mechanism by which herpes simplex virus persists in animals with high titers of circulating antibodies in their serum.
Sensitivity of Types 1 and 2 Herpes Simplex Virus to 5-Iodo-2′-Deoxyuridine and 9-β-
d
-Arabinofuranosyladenine
Authors: Person Donald A. , Sheridan Phillip J. , Herrmann Ernest C.
Published: January 2020

The sensitivities of 21 strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV), 13 type 1 strains and 8 type 2 strains, to 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR) and 9-β-
d
-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) were evaluated by the plaque-suppression test in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF), WI-38, and HeLa cell cultures. In CEF, type 1 strains were considerably more sensitive to the inhibitors than were the type 2 strains. In WI-38, the type 1 strains were more sensitive than the type 2 strains to IUdR; however, the two serotypes were equally sensitive to ara-A. In HeLa cells, the differences in sensitivity to IUdR between the two serotypes were less. Eight HeLa-adapted strains (four type 1 and four type 2) evaluated in HeLa cell cultures were equally sensitive to IUdR; the type 2 strains were slightly more sensitive than type 1 strains to ara-A. These results demonstrate the wide variation in sensitivity of HSV types 1 and 2 to antiviral agents which results from differences in the cell culture system and passage history of the strains.
Comparison of methods for immunocytochemical detection of rotavirus infections
Authors: Graham D Y , Estes M K
Published: January 2020

Rotavirus infections in intestinal tissues of animals or in tissue culture cells were detected by the immunocytochemical unlabeled soluble enzyme peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Comparison of the immunofluorescence and peroxidase antiperoxidase immunological staining techniques revealed that the two methods are equally sensitive for detection of rotavirus-infected cells. The peroxidase antiperoxidase technique offers the advantages of negligible nonspecific staining reactions, the use of a standard light microscope, the production of permanent slides, and the conservation of immunological reagents. The ability to detect antigens in paraffin-embedded tissues enhances the usefulness of the peroxidase antiperoxidase test for both prospective and retrospective studies.
Pathogenic synergism between Treponema hyodysenteriae and other selected anaerobes in gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Whipp S C , Robinson I M , Harris D L , Glock R D , Matthews P J , Alexander T J
Published: January 2020

Gnotobiotic pigs were orally exposed to various anaerobes at 6 to 9 days of age and similarly inoculated with Treponema hyodysenteriae B204 3 to 6 days later. Watery diarrhea and fecal excretion of large quantities of mucus and some fibrin clots were observed 4 to 20 days after inoculation with B204 if other anaerobes were present. Colonic lesions characteristic of swine dysentery were observed when B204 was present with Fusobacterium necrophorum, three strains of Bacteroides vulgatus, a Clostridium species, and Listeria denitrificans individually and when some of these microbes were present in various combinations, but not when B204 was present alone. These results are consistent with the conclusion that T. hyodysenteriae is the primary pathogen in the etiology of swine dysentery and that the presence of one or more other anaerobes is a prerequisite for expression of pathogenicity of T. hyodysenteriae. This prerequisite can be met by a variety of anaerobes.
Surface-Associated Host Proteins on Virulent
Treponema pallidum
Authors: Alderete John F. , Baseman Joel B.
Published: January 2020

A surface coat of host serum proteins was detected on virulent
Treponema pallidum
by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The loosely associated serum proteins could be removed by repeated washings in a protein-free medium. Washed
T. pallidum
retained the ability to readsorb numerous host proteins from rabbit serum as well as iodinated rabbit or human albumin. In addition, various avidly associated host serum proteins including albumin, α
2
-macroglobulin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and C3 were identified on the outer envelope of washed treponemes by an immunoadsorbent technique with protein A-bearing staphylococcus. Hyaluronidase treatment did not remove the avidly associated host proteins from the surface of washed treponemes, whereas trypsin treatment resulted in decreased levels of agglutination. Electrophoretic patterns of trypsin-treated treponemes showed that treponemal proteins as well as adsorbed host proteins were released concurrently by protease digestion. Reacquisition studies involving α
2
-macroglobulin and transferrin suggested the presence of noncompetitive binding sites for serum proteins on the treponemal outer envelope. Finally, differences among the
T. pallidum
preparations from individual rabbits with respect to incorporation of [
35
S]methionine, extent of agglutination with antisera, and length of time required for removal of avidly associated host proteins by trypsin treatment indicated biological variability among the treponemal populations.
Effect of carbohydrate source and growth conditions on the production of lipoteichoic acid by Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt
Authors: Jacques N A , Hardy L , Campbell L K , Knox K W , Evans J D , Wicken A J
Published: January 2020

Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt was grown in a chemostat at defined dilution rates and pH values and under carbohydrate limitation. At a constant dilution rate of D = 0.1 h-1 and with either 0.5% glucose or 0.5% sucrose, the amounts of both cellular and extracellular lipoteichoic acid increased as the culture pH increased from 5.0 to 7.5. At a constant pH of 6.0, the amount of cellular lipoteichoic acid formed by cultures growing in 0.2% or 0.5% glucose was relatively constant over a range of dilution rates, although the amount of extracellular lipoteichoic acid formed in 0.2% glucose at intermediate dilution rates was less than that formed in 0.5% glucose. Organisms grown in 0.5% sucrose at pH 6.0 contained increasing amounts of cellular lipoteichoic acid as the dilution rate was increased. A comparison of the amounts of cellular lipoteichoic acid formed by organisms growing at D = 0.5 h-1 and pH 6.0 in glucose, sucrose, fructose, or mixtures of glucose and fructose in limiting amounts suggested that the enhanced production of lipoteichoic acic by sucrose-grown organisms was due to the fructose component. The culture fluids from both glucose- and sucrose-grown organisms contained detectable amounts of serotype c antigen, whereas glucose-grown cultures also contained significant amounts of an extracellular hexose-containing polymer.
Opsonic Activity of Normal Human Cerebrospinal Fluid for Selected Bacterial Species
Authors: Tofte Robert W. , Peterson Phillip K. , Kim Youngki , Quie Paul G.
Published: January 2020

The opsonic activity of normal human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has not been well defined. In this study, the opsonic activity of normal CSF for laboratory and blood culture isolates of
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Hemophilus influenzae
type b, and
Neisseria meningitidis
was measured by a quantitative assay employing radiolabeled bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. All isolates of
S. aureus
, except the Wood 46 strain, were opsonized in undiluted CSF (>50% uptake by polymorphonuclear leukocytes.) There was heat-stable and heat-labile opsonic activity in CSF for
S. aureus.
Only one blood culture isolate of
E. coli
was moderately well opsonized in undiluted CSF (26% uptake). None of the remaining laboratory or clinical isolates were opsonized in undiluted CSF. The
S. aureus
isolates were more readily opsonized in dilute normal serum than were the other bacterial species, and complement appeared to be the heat-labile opsonin in serum. However, complement may not be the heat-labile opsonin in normal CSF for
S. aureus.
In contrast to serum, complement C3 was not visualized on the staphylococcal cell surface by immunofluorescence microscopy and chelation of CSF did not diminish opsonic activity. This study demonstrates that normal CSF is opsonic for
S. aureus
but not for bacterial species that more commonly cause meningitis. These species differences in opsonic requirements may be important in the pathogenesis of meningitis.
Characterization of colonization of the rabbit gastrointestinal tract by Escherichia coli RDEC-1
Authors: Cantey J R , Hosterman D S
Published: January 2020

We have reported previously the isolation of an Escherichia coli strain (RDEC-1) that in rabbits is able to colonize the gut, adhere to mucosal epithelial cells of the ileum, cecum, and colon, and cause diarrhea by a novel mechanism. The purpose of the present study was to characterize more fully the colonization of the rabbit gut by strain RDEC-1. Colonization reached a maximum 3 to 4 days post-inoculation with strain RDEC-1 and did not decrease until 15 days post-inoculation. Diarrhea occurred 3 to 4 days after colonization reached its maximum intensity. Semiquantitative rectal swab cultures were found to be correlated with counts of colony-forming units of strain RDEC-1 per gram of ileum, cecum, and colon and their contents and were used to chart the course of colonization of the rabbit gut. The actual number of colony-forming units per gram was dependent on the stage of colonization and ranged from 4.0 X 10(3) to 2.4 X 20(6) in the ileum to 3.1 X 10(5) to 3.6 X 10(7) in the cecum. The number of colony-forming units per gram was not affected by the presence of diarrhea. E. coli RDEC-1 colonizes the ileum, cecum, and colon of rabbits heavily for a relatively long period of time.
Comparative Immunogenicity of Group 6 Pneumococcal Type 6A(6) and Type 6B(26) Capsular Polysaccharides
Authors: Robbins John B. , Lee Chi-Jen , Rastogi Suresh C. , Schiffman Gerald , Henrichsen Jørgen
Published: January 2020

The comparative immunogenicity of the two cross-reacting group 6 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, type 6A(6) and type 6B(26), was studied with hyperimmune rabbit typing antisera and with sera from adult volunteers injected with polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines containing either 50 μg of type 6A (U.S. designation, type 6) or 50 μg each of type 6A and type 6B (U.S. designation, type 26) polysaccharides. Both group 6 polysaccharides were linear copolymers composed of 1 mol each of
d
-galactose,
d
-glucose,
l
-rhamnose, and
d
-ribitol phosphate. They differed only in that type 6A had a rhammopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-
d
-ribitol bond and the type 6B had a rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-
d
-ribitol bond. Quantitative precipitation and absorption analyses with rabbit hyperimmune antisera induced by simultaneous injection with type 6A and type 6B organisms revealed extensive cross-reactions between the two group 6 polysaccharides. There was less, although still quite extensive, cross-reactivity between the two group 6 polysaccharides examined with antisera from rabbits injected with only one of the group 6 pneumococci. In a radioimmunoassay, using
14
C internally labeled type 6A or type 6B polysaccharide antigens, there was no difference in the serum antibody level to either type of volunteer injected with polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines containing type 6A or both type 6A and type 6B polysaccharides. These studies indicate that the structural similarity of the pneumococcal group 6 polysaccharides confers extensive cross-reactivity with hyperimmune typing antisera prepared with whole organisms or after injection of purified polysaccharides in adult volunteers. With our current polysaccharides, it appears that a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine formulation that contains only type 6A will serve to induce the maximum amount of serum antibodies to both group 6 organisms.