bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraints on aerosol sources using GEOS‐Chem adjoint and MODIS radiances, and evaluation with multisensor (OMI, MISR) data
Authors: Xu Xiaoguang , Wang Jun , Henze Daven K. , Qu Wenjun , Kopacz Monika
Published: May 2013

We present a new top‐down approach that spatially constrains the amount of aerosol emissions using satellite (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)) observed radiances with the adjoint of a chemistry transport model (GEOS‐Chem). This paper aims to demonstrate the approach through applying it to a case study that yields the following emission estimates over China for April 2008: 1.73 Tg for SO2, 0.72 Tg for NH3, 1.38 Tg for NOx, 0.10 Tg for black carbon, and 0.18 Tg for organic carbon from anthropogenic sources, which reflects, respectively, a reduction of 33.5%, 34.5%, 18.8%, 9.1%, and 15% in comparison to the prior bottom‐up inventories of INTEX‐B 2006. The mineral dust emission from the online dust entrainment and mobilization module is reduced by 56.4% of 19.02 to 8.30 Tg. Compared to the prior simulation, the posterior simulation shows a much better agreement with the following independent measurements: aerosol optical depth (AOD) measured by AERONET sun‐spectrophotometers and retrieved from Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), atmospheric NO2 and SO2 columnar amount retrieved from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and in situ data of sulfate‐nitrate‐ammonium and PM10 (particular matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm) mass concentrations over both anthropogenic pollution and dust source regions. Assuming the bottom‐up (prior) anthropogenic emissions are the best estimates for their base year of 2006, the overwhelming reduction in the posterior (top‐down) estimate indicates less emission in April 2008 especially for the SO2 tracer in the central and eastern parts of China, and/or an overestimation in the prior emission. The former is supported by the AOD change detected by MODIS and MISR sensors, while the latter is likely the case for NOx and NH3 emissions because no evidence shows that their atmospheric concentration has declined over China. With the promising results shown in this study, continuous efforts are needed toward a holistic and comprehensive inversion of emission using multisensor remote sensing data (of trace gases and aerosols) for constraining aerosol primary and precursor emissions at various temporal and spatial scales.
Uncertainties in a regional climate model in the midlatitudes due to the nesting technique and the domain size
Authors: Žagar N. , Honzak L. , Žabkar R. , Skok G. , Rakovec J. , Ceglar A.
Published: May 2013

Deficiencies of the nesting technique for regional models and their internal variability represent a significant source of uncertainties in regional model outputs. Presented numerical experiments on four different‐size domains, two of them being midlatitude channel domains, show that the spatial structure and magnitude of uncertainties strongly depend on the domain size. The experiments are performed by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model nested into the operational European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses on the same horizontal resolution 0.25°× 0.25° and by nesting WRF into a larger WRF domain with the same resolution. Uncertainties are quantified by the root‐mean‐square differences (rmsd) between the WRF results and their driving lateral boundary fields. The results from the midlatitude channel domain show that uncertainties in the tropospheric wind associated with the imperfect nesting method are amplified in the baroclinically active regions of the Atlantic and Pacific. The zonal wind rmsd have a dipole structure in the Atlantic in both the midlatitude channel and the half‐channel simulations nested into ECMWF. The dipole is absent when WRF is nested into itself. On the contrary, the maximal rmsd for the meridional wind are always located in the domain center. When the domain centered on Europe excludes the western Atlantic and North America, the simulated uncertainties become spatially nearly homogeneous, and the magnitude of rmsd due to the imperfect nesting technique greatly reduces.
Tandem mass spectrometry study of p38α kinase inhibitors and related substances
Authors: Falck D. , Kool J. , Honing M. , Niessen W. M. A.
Published: May 2013

The p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase α (p38α) is an important drug target widely investigated for therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases. Its inhibitors are rather lipophilic and as such not very favourable lead compounds in drug discovery. Therefore, we explored various approaches to access new chemical space, create diversity, and generate lead libraries with improved solubility and reduced lipophilicity, based on known p38α inhibitors, e.g., BIRB796 and TAK‐715. Compound modification strategies include incubation with human liver microsomes and bacterial cytochrome P450 mutants from Bacillus megaterium and treatment by electrochemical oxidation, H2O2, and intense light irradiation.

The MS/MS fragmentation pathways of p38α inhibitors and their conversion products have been studied in an ion‐trap–time‐of‐flight MSn instrument. Interpretation of accurate mass MSn data for four sets of related compounds revealed unexpected and peculiar fragmentation pathways that are discussed in detail. Emphasis is put on the usefulness of HRMSn‐based structure elucidation in a screening setting and on peculiarities of the fragmentation with regard to the analytes and the MS instrument.

In one example, an intramolecular rearrangement reaction accompanied by the loss of a bulky group is observed. For BIRB796, the double‐charge precursor ion is used in MS2, providing a wider range of fragment ions in our instrument. For TAK‐715, a number of related compounds could be produced in a large‐scale incubation with a Bacillus megaterium mutant, thus enabling comparison of the structure elucidation by 1H NMR and MSn. A surprisingly large number of homolytic cleavages are observed. Competition between two fragmentation pathways involving either the loss of CH3• or OH• radicals was observed for SB203580 and its conversion products. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring bacterial resistance to chloramphenicol and other antibiotics by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using selected reaction monitoring
Authors: Haag Anthony M. , Medina Audrie M. , Royall Ariel E. , Herzog Norbert K. , Niesel David W.
Published: May 2013

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem worldwide. For this reason, clinical laboratories often determine the susceptibility of the bacterial isolate to a number of different antibiotics in order to establish the most effective antibiotic for treatment. Unfortunately, current susceptibility assays are time consuming. Antibiotic resistance often involves the chemical modification of an antibiotic to an inactive form by an enzyme expressed by the bacterium. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) has the ability to quickly monitor and identify these chemical changes in an unprecedented time scale. In this work, we used SRM as a technique to determine the susceptibility of several different antibiotics to the chemically modifying enzymes β‐lactamase and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, enzymes used by bacteria to confer resistance to major classes of commonly used antibiotics. We also used this technique to directly monitor the effects of resistant bacteria grown in a broth containing a specific antibiotic. Because SRM is highly selective and can also identify chemical changes in a multitude of antibiotics in a single assay, SRM has the ability to detect organisms that are resistant to multiple antibiotics in a single assay. For these reasons, the use of SRM greatly reduces the time it takes to determine the susceptibility or resistance of an organism to a multitude of antibiotics by eliminating the time‐consuming process found in other currently used methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Objective classification of extreme rainfall regions for the UK and updated estimates of trends in regional extreme rainfall
Authors: Jones Mari R. , Blenkinsop Stephen , Fowler Hayley J. , Kilsby Christopher G.
Published: May 2013

Extreme rainfall events pose considerable threats to society and critical infrastructure yet, by definitions, these events are rare. Reliable estimates of the likelihood of such events are required to assist with impact quantification and risk management. Regional frequency analysis of pooled extreme rainfall to estimate the likely impacts of a changing climate is a well established method to assess the probability of these extremes. Previous analyses of country‐wide changes to UK extreme daily rainfall have used the 9 Hadley UK Precipitation (HadUKP) regions (Alexander and Jones, 2000), which are not appropriate for use with extremes. While these characterize well the mean daily intensity and frequency within each region, extreme rainfall climatology differs from that of the mean characteristics. As a result the existing HadUKP regions do not represent extreme rainfall behaviour adequately, with regard to the frequency, intensity or timing of extreme events. Focussing on many extreme rainfall characteristics, such as the seasonal timing and magnitude of maxima, this article presents a formal representation of extreme regions which specifically describe extreme spatial and temporal characteristics. The article concludes with a brief exploration of improved event estimation using these extreme rainfall regions. The new regional definitions provide clearer upward trends in annual maxima over the period 1961–2010 than those estimated using the HadUKP regional pools. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
Taxonomic composition of the particle‐attached and free‐living bacterial assemblages in the Northwest Mediterranean Sea analyzed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA
Authors: Crespo Bibiana G. , Pommier Thomas , Fernández‐Gómez Beatriz , Pedrós‐Alió Carlos
Published: May 2013

Free‐living (FL) and particle‐attached (PA) bacterial assemblages in the Northwest Mediterranean Sea were studied using pyrosequencing data of the 16S rRNA. We have described and compared the richness, the distribution of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) within the two fractions, the spatial distribution, and the taxonomic composition of FL and PA bacterial assemblages. The number of OTUs in the present work was two orders of magnitude higher than in previous studies. Only 25% of the total OTUs were common to both fractions, whereas 49% OTUs were exclusive to the PA fraction and 26% to the FL fraction. The OTUs exclusively present in PA or FL assemblages were very low in abundance (6% of total abundance). Detection of the rare OTUs revealed the larger richness of PA bacteria that was hidden in previous studies. Alpha‐Proteobacteria dominated the FL bacterial assemblage and gamma‐Proteobacteria dominated the PA fraction. Bacteroidetes were important in the PA fraction mainly at the coast. The high number of sequences in this study detected additional phyla from the PA fraction, such as Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia.
Global and blow‐up of solutions for a quasilinear parabolic system with viscoelastic and source terms
Authors: Liu Gongwei , Chen Hua
Published: May 2013

In this work, we consider an initial boundary value problem related to the quasilinear parabolic equation
urn:x-wiley::media:mma2792:mma2792-math-0001
for m ≥ 2,p ≥ 2, A(t) a bounded and positive definite matrix, and g a continuously differentiable decaying function, and prove, under suitable conditions on g and p, a general decay of the energy function for the global solution and a blow‐up result for the solution with both positive and negative initial energy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and one year outcomes following vaginally assisted laparoscopic uterine sacropexy (VALUES) for advanced uterine prolapse
Authors: Fayyad Abdalla M. , Siozos Chrysostomos S.
Published: May 2013

Aims

To assess the safety and outcomes of vaginally assisted laparoscopic uterine sacropexy (VALUES) as a surgical treatment for stage 3 and 4 uterine prolapse.

Methods

Seventy consecutive women with stage 3 and 4 uterine prolapse who underwent VALUES over 2‐year period were prospectively evaluated. Women filled the Prolapse Quality of Life Questionnaire (P‐QOL), and underwent examination using pelvic organ prolapse quantification system (POP‐Q) pre‐ and post‐operatively. In addition, patients filled the patient global impression of improvement questionnaire post‐operatively. Mesh related complications were evaluated post‐operatively. Patients were followed up at 3 and 12 months following surgery. This study reports the 12 months outcomes.

Results

Sixty‐four women (91.4%) reported cure of their prolapse symptoms. On examination, 67 women (95.7%) had POP‐Q stage 0 or 1 uterine support at 12 months. Six women needed further surgical intervention for prolapse (8.5%); three women developed recurrent uterine prolapse and three other women developed symptomatic recurrent anterior vaginal wall prolapse. The total vaginal length was not different between the pre‐ and post‐operative periods. Two patients developed mesh related complications. Significant improvement was noted in prolapse symptoms and quality of life.

Conclusions

VALUES is a safe and effective treatment for women with stage 3 and 4 uterine prolapse up to 12 months without the risk of vaginal shortening. Long‐term results are needed to fully establish the value of this technique. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:345–349, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Building global strategic alliances in the virtual space: a structural analysis of international nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations' transnational relationship networks
Authors: Yang Aimei
Published: May 2013

This study provides a benchmark analysis of how over 500 environmental international nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) used websites to communicate with the general public around the world and build virtual relationships with their strategic allies. Using social network analysis and data mining, this study found that INGOs were able to attract a considerable number of visitors from multiple countries. In addition, INGOs used their hyperlinks to build a globally connected network. Shared mission was an important consideration in INGOs' relationship building strategy. Further, many INGOs built reciprocal hyperlinks with other INGOs. A large number of INGOs were well embedded in in‐groups but developed less connection with out‐group organizations. Implications for practice, future research and theory building are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The phenomenology of sharing: social media networking, asserting, and telling
Authors: Zingale Nicholas C.
Published: May 2013

This article takes up the current promise of computer‐aided social networks as mechanisms for sharing in experiences. The author examines social networks phenomenologically, not merely as a tool for providing information and shaping what we think but as a social construct for what can be shared, how we think, and what can be known. The analysis identifies a connection between social networks and artificial intelligence systems, while also suggesting that significant experiential gaps built into the systems can lead to distortions in the ontology of shared experiences. The author argues, by applying concepts from Kant, Arendt, Schutz, and Heidegger, that computerized social networks offer an unparalleled opportunity for public administrators to discover and learn about social conditions, but these networks are not without significant limitations. An appreciation for the limits to sharing implicit in computerized social networks and artificial intelligence systems can be made explicit by applying concepts from phenomenology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When the persuasion attempt fails—an examination of consumers' perception of branded flash mobs
Authors: Grant Philip , Boon Edward
Published: May 2013

Flash mobs are a relatively new form of group expression that has received much online viral success. Hundreds of flash mob videos, each with millions of YouTube hits, can easily and quickly be found. Recently, savvy marketers have begun to use flash mobs to engage their consumers and to replicate the viral success of unbranded flash mobs. Yet as consumers become more familiar with ‘branded’ flash mobs, they become less easily engaged, and thus marketers see their persuasion attempts more frequently fail. In a time when some marketers are having true marketing viral success with branded flash mobs, this paper examines why many attempts to make flash mobs go viral fail. By conducting a number of focus groups where participants were asked to discuss their reaction to flash mob videos and their willingness to show them to friends, the researchers found that (i) consumers are unwilling to watch and share flash mob videos if they are not creative, if they do not arouse a positive emotion (e.g., excitement or amusement), and if the video does not show an audience that is affected by the performance; and (ii) consumers have an aversion toward corporations and are less likely to share a video when they realize that it is made for commercial reasons. As marketers increasingly invade public spaces with flash mobs, public policy issues are also considered. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and utilization of poly(methacryloylsilatrane) as a salt‐dissociation enhancer in PEO‐based polymer electrolytes
Authors: Mizumo Tomonobu , Kajihara Tomonari , Yamada Takehiro , Ohshita Joji
Published: May 2013

Polymers containing silatrane units were prepared by the free radical polymerization of methacryloylsilatrane (MPS), and their conductivities were evaluated. We confirmed that MPS can be polymerized without excessive decomposition of the silatrane units by the radical polymerization initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile. The chemical structure of the polymerized MPS (pMPS) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy. The pMPS formed a homogeneous complex with lithium trifluoromethyl sulfonate (LiOTf), although the obtained pMPS/LiOTf complex did not show conductivity. The negligible conductivity was caused by the high glass transition temperature (Tg) of the pMPS matrix, which exceeded 70°C. The pMPS was subsequently utilized as a salt‐dissociation enhancer for the poly(ethylene oxide)‐based polymer electrolyte. MPS was copolymerized with poly[methacryloyl oligo(ethylene oxide)] (pMEO) by free radical polymerization. When the pMEO incorporated a small amount of MPS units (i.e. lower than 15 mol%), the elevation in Tg was not observed, and the conductivity markedly improved. Among the series of copolymers and when compared with pristine pMEO, the copolymer containing 6.3% of MPS units had the maximum conductivity (3.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 80°C). The Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann fitting parameters showed that the conductivity was improved by the increase in the number of carrier ions. The enhancement in salt dissociation was presumably due to the homogeneous incorporation of polar MPS units. However, when the MPS unit content exceeded 15 mol%, the conductivity was lowered because of the increase in Tg. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in the use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in the general U.S. population
Authors: Zhou Yingjun , Boudreau Denise M. , Freedman Andrew N.
Published: May 2013

Purpose

The objective of this study was to describe trends in the prevalence of regular aspirin and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use among adults in the United States during 2005 and 2010, and to identify characteristics of regular users.

Methods

Data from the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were analyzed to estimate the prevalence of regular use of aspirin and NSAIDs among U.S. adults aged 18 years and older. Results were stratified by demographics and self‐reported medical conditions and extrapolated to provide U.S. population estimates.

Results

In 2010, around 43 million adults (19.0%) took aspirin at least three times per week for more than 3 months (i.e. regular users), and more than 29 million adults (12.1%) were regular users of NSAIDs. Compared with 2005, this was an overall increase of 57% in aspirin use and 41% in NSAID use. These increases were consistent across the strata of age, sex, race, and selected medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), arthritis, peptic ulcers, cancer, and severe headache, except for Asian Americans.

Conclusion

Large increases in the use of both aspirin and NSAIDs were observed over a 5 year period. The increase may be the result of increasing media attention reporting that regular aspirin use lowers the risk of CVD and related deaths, and may also prevent cancer. Moreover, safety concerns related to alternative medications such as acetaminophen and selective COX‐2 inhibitors may influence users of these drugs to switch to aspirin and NSAIDs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concordance of parent proxy report and child self‐report of posttraumatic stress in children with cancer and healthy children: influence of parental posttraumatic stress
Authors: Clawson Ashley H. , Jurbergs Niki , Lindwall Jennifer , Phipps Sean
Published: May 2013

Objective

This study examined the relationships between parental posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), child PTSS, and parent–child concordance for child PTSS.

Method

Participants were children with cancer (n = 199), and healthy children (n = 108) and their parents. Children self‐reported on PTSS and parents completed measures of child and parent PTSS.

Results

In the cancer group, child and parent reports of child PTSS were significantly correlated with no mean differences between reporters. In contrast, correlations were non‐significant in the control group, and parents reported significantly lower levels of child PTSS than children. Increased parental PTSS was associated with better concordance in the cancer group but not in the control group. In fact, in the cancer group, parent–child concordance was strongest at the highest level of parental PTSS.

Conclusions

Parents of children with cancer were found to be accurate reporters of their children's distress, even with high levels of reported personal distress. In contrast, parents of healthy children appear primarily influenced by personal distress when reporting child PTSS. Although multiple informant assessments are always desirable, it appears that utilization of a single informant may be reasonable in the cancer setting when access to informants is limited. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THz‐manipulation of excitonic polarization in (GaIn)As/GaAs quantum wells
Authors: Ewers B. , Köster N. S. , Woscholski R. , Koch M. , Chatterjee S. , Khitrova G. , Gibbs H. M. , Klettke A. C. , Kira M. , Koch S. W.
Published: May 2013

We investigate the interaction of strong single‐cycle THz‐pulses with a coherent excitonic polarization. The initial bleaching is superimposed by a splitting of the 1s exciton resonance and eventually is accompanied by the emergence of side‐bands on both the high and low energy sides of the former resonance.

A quantum‐mechanical many‐body analysis associates these observations with the transition from excitationinduced bleaching and the regime of excitonic Rabi flopping to multi‐THz‐photon ionization and hence the population of states with high orbital quantum numbers. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Classification and Application of Toxic Chinese Materia Medica
Authors: Liu Xinmin , Wang Qiong , Song Guangqing , Zhang Guangping , Ye Zuguang , Williamson Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2013

Many important drugs in the Chinese materia medica (CMM) are known to be toxic, and it has long been recognized in classical Chinese medical theory that toxicity can arise directly from the components of a single CMM or may be induced by an interaction between combined CMM. Traditional Chinese Medicine presents a unique set of pharmaceutical theories that include particular methods for processing, combining and decocting, and these techniques contribute to reducing toxicity as well as enhancing efficacy. The current classification of toxic CMM drugs, traditional methods for processing toxic CMM and the prohibited use of certain combinations, is based on traditional experience and ancient texts and monographs, but accumulating evidence increasingly supports their use to eliminate or reduce toxicity. Modern methods are now being used to evaluate the safety of CMM; however, a new system for describing the toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may need to be established to take into account those herbs whose toxicity is delayed or otherwise hidden, and which have not been incorporated into the traditional classification. This review explains the existing classification and justifies it where appropriate, using experimental results often originally published in Chinese and previously not available outside China. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electric‐field‐enhanced collection of laser‐ablated materials onto a solvent bridge for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Kaufman Eric , Smith Whitney , Kowalski Matthew , Beech Iwona , Sunner Jan
Published: May 2013

RATIONALE

Ambient imaging mass spectrometry methods are critically dependent on the ability to efficiently collect all substances from a well‐defined area of the sample. Improvements in this area are critical and enabling.

METHODS

Methods for the efficient collection of laser‐ablated materials directly into a solvent, for immediate transport to an ion source, have been explored using the application of electric fields.

RESULTS

Electric‐field‐enhanced collection of laser‐ablated materials has been demonstrated. Demonstrated increases in collection efficiency are as large as two orders of magnitude, in particular for hydrated biological materials, such as living bacterial colonies. This was achieved by applying approximately 1 kV between the sample and the receiving solvent surface.

CONCLUSIONS

Electric‐field‐enhanced collection of laser‐ablated materials holds great promise for ambient sampling and imaging mass spectrometry with rapid and direct interfacing to ionization sources, such as electrospray. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thioglycerol matrix interactions in the positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of several Hantzsch and Biginelli ester derivatives of boronic acids
Authors: Martínez Joel , Abarca Vida , Pérez F. Javier , Carranza Vladimir , Miranda René
Published: May 2013

RATIONALE

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) ionization is a valuable tool for analyzing non‐volatile or thermally labile compounds when harder ionization methods (EI or CI) have been unsuccessful. Unexpected interactions between matrix and analyte may, however, occur in FAB ionization leading to the formation of artifacts whose structures have to be determined.

METHODS

We used esters synthesized by our research group following green chemistry protocols. Artifacts relating to the target molecules were produced in the solvent cage using positive ion FAB using thioglycerol as the matrix and analyzed by accurate mass measurement.

RESULTS

Through interactions between thioglycerol and the boron atom, various adducts associated with boron‐containing Hantzsch and Biginelli ester derivatives appeared in the FAB mass spectra. These interactions must arise in a solvent cage involving a Lewis acid‐base bond. Accurate mass determinations of these adducts confirmed the presence of the target molecules.

CONCLUSIONS

Interactions between the thioglycerol matrix and the eleven boron‐containing Hantzsch and Biginelli ester derivatives in addition to the three reagents were seen in their FAB+ spectra. These interactions, together with their accurate mass determinations, allowed us to determine the structures of the new molecules. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engaged, Workaholic, Burned‐Out or Just 9‐to‐5? Toward a Typology of Employee Well‐being
Authors: Salanova Marisa , Del Líbano Mario , Llorens Susana , Schaufeli Wilmar B.
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to establish a typology of employee well‐being, together with its psychosocial antecedents and consequences. Results obtained with a sample of 786 full‐time employees from different occupational sectors show four types of employee well‐being: 9‐to‐5 or relaxed, work engaged or enthusiastic, workaholic or tense, and burned‐out or fatigued, each having different relationships with job and personal characteristics. This study provides evidence of a parsimonious, theory‐based classification of employee well‐being and contributes to the existing literature about work investment because meaningful relations were found between various types of employee well‐being, and heavy and soft work investors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaffolding learning from molecular visualizations
Authors: Chang Hsin‐Yi , Linn Marcia C.
Published: May 2013

Powerful online visualizations can make unobservable scientific phenomena visible and improve student understanding. Instead, they often confuse or mislead students. To clarify the impact of molecular visualizations for middle school students we explored three design variations implemented in a Web‐based Inquiry Science Environment (WISE) unit on thermodynamics: Observation, Research Guidance, or Critique. We tested these variations in an inquiry unit designed following the knowledge integration framework to promote coherent understanding. Seven middle school classes (205 students) and their two teachers participated in the study. Students studying each version of the unit made significant gains on knowledge integration items designed to measure coherent understanding of thermodynamics. Compared to Research Guidance, the Critique condition was more successful, especially in helping students conduct consequential experiments. Embedded assessments revealed that students who critiqued a confounded experiment were more successful in conducting valid experiments than students who did not critique. In addition, the combination of critique and virtual experimentation increased student ability to connect molecular and observable phenomena. These results suggest design guidelines to help future designers. Specifically, preceding experimentation with critique activities helps students distinguish among existing and new ideas. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 858–886, 2013
On composite two Higgs doublet models
Authors: Bertuzzo Enrico , Ray Tirtha Sankar , de Sandes Hiroshi , Savoy Carlos A.
Published: May 2013

Abstract

We investigate the issue of anomalous contribution to the T parameter and to Flavor Changing Neutral Currents in models with two Higgs doublets arising as composite pseudo Nambu-Goldstone modes. The non linear Lagrangians of several models are explicitly derived and the anomalous contributions to T are identified. The breaking patterns SU(5) → SU(4) × U(1) and SU(5) → SU(4), are analyzed first and we show how anomalous contributions to T arise in both models. Apart from that, the embedding of the Standard Model fermions in a 10 of SU(5) avoids at the same time large corrections to the
$ Zb\overline{b} $
coupling and Flavor Changing Neutral Current transitions. Finally, we propose a model based on the breaking SO(9)/SO(8) that is free from anomalous contributions to T and in which the problems of the
$ Zb\overline{b} $
coupling and of Flavor Changing Neutral Currents can be simultaneously solved.
Ethical and Professional Challenges of Genetic Counseling – the Case of Austria
Authors: Gschmeidler Brigitte , Flatscher‐Thoeni Magdalena
Published: May 2013

Genetic counseling is gaining in importance with the increasing application of genetic testing for diagnosis and clinical treatment. Genetic counseling often raises ethical and professional challenges and prior research has categorized them into 16 domains. The purpose of this study was to analyze the situation in Austria on the basis of these challenges and discuss it in the national and international context. While in some countries there is a special profession for genetic counseling, in Austria it is provided by medical geneticists or other physicians in the context of their specialization. Psychosocial professionals might be consulted or brought in if necessary. Results from 95 survey respondents (including physicians and psychosocial professionals) revealed a greater interest in the topic of genetic counseling by medical specialists other than medical geneticists. The most frequently encountered challenges among physicians were informed consent, organizational constraints, withholding information, and attaining/maintaining proficiency. The psychosocial professionals experienced maintaining proficiency and organizational constraints as the prevalent challenges. Additional findings and practice implications are presented.
Uterine receptivity and embryo–uterine interactions in embryo implantation: lessons from mice
Authors: Egashira Mahiro , Hirota Yasushi
Published: May 2013

Implantation is a process of the first feto‐maternal encounter in the uterus. A competent blastocyst and a receptive uterus are critical for successful implantation. For an acquisition of uterine receptivity, the following conditions need to be satisfied in the uterine environments: the endometrial preparation with stromal proliferation and epithelial differentiation in the pre‐receptive phase and proper interactions between the uterus and blastocyst later in the phase. Focusing on these points and primarily referring to the mouse in vivo evidence, this review article has shown detailed molecular mechanisms for successful implantation.
Training of Undergraduate Clinicians in Vascular Access: An Integrative Review
Authors: Alexandrou Evan , Ramjan Lucie , Murphy Jeff , Hunt Leanne , Betihavas Vasiliki , Frost Steven A.
Published: May 2013

Introduction: Peripheral venous cannulas are predominantly inserted by nurses and medical practitioners. Placement and related care of such devices are one of the most frequently performed tasks by these staff members. Clinicians in training should be given ample opportunity to practice these skills before patient encounters begin.

Aims: To identify the best available evidence on the training of undergraduate clinicians in peripheral venous access.

Methods: We used an integrative literature review method that considered both experimental- and nonexperimental-design studies that addressed the issue of clinician peripheral venous access training of undergraduates. The electronic databases Medline, Embase, Ovid Nursing Database, British Nursing Index, Pre Medline, Mosby's Index, and CINAHL were searched using a predetermined search strategy. The Cochrane and Joanna Briggs databases were also searched along with the reference lists of published materials.

Results: A total of 56 articles were retrieved using the defined search strategy. There were 11 experimental-design studies and 1 nonexperimental-design study selected for final review after independent assessment for methodologic quality. Retrieved articles found disparity between actual skill and student self-evaluation. Teaching methods varied with the use of traditional task trainers and high-fidelity simulation. No method was found to be superior.

Conclusion: Skill acquisition in vascular access is an international issue and one that has been addressed in varying degrees. We identified heterogeneity in training methods that were tailored to institutional requirements and resources. Training in this skill is imperative to ensure competency before patient encounters.
Political conservatism and variety‐seeking
Authors: Fernandes Daniel , Mandel Naomi
Published: May 2013

In this research, we document and explain a counterintuitive effect of political ideology on variety‐seeking. Although political conservatives have a higher desire for control, which exerts a negative effect on variety‐seeking, they also have a stronger motivation to follow social norms, which exerts a positive effect on variety‐seeking. Three studies demonstrate that conservatism is positively related to variety‐seeking due to social normative concerns and rule out an alternative explanation of heightened self‐expressive motives among conservatives. This research provides preliminary evidence of how political ideology may explain differences in product choices.
An Investigation of Justice in supply chain relationships and their performance impact
Authors: Narasimhan Ram , Narayanan Sriram , Srinivasan Ravi
Published: May 2013

Justice is important in improving performance of supply chain relationships. However, the role of justice in improving performance in supply chain relationships is an under‐investigated subject in the literature. In studying the joint impact of justice dimensions, the traditional assumption is that the three forms of justice interact with each other in a multiplicative manner. However, this assumption creates a managerial problem as discussed in this paper. We outline a different view of how the justice dimensions interact with one another utilizing the constraining factor model (CFM). We show that the CFM resolves some of the problems arising from the choice of multiplicative interaction of justice measures on performance. Specifically, we demonstrate that an increase in procedural, distributive or interactional justice results in a significant and positive improvement in performance only if the specific justice dimension is the constraining factor in the relationship. Overall, our analysis suggests that all three dimensions are important and a high level of one of the justice elements will not compensate for a low level of another, a view that is put forward by a number of past research studies in justice. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our findings.
Grain-filling patterns and nitrogen utilization efficiency of spelt (Triticum spelta) under Mediterranean conditions
Authors: KOUTROUBAS S. D. , FOTIADIS S. , DAMALAS C. A. , PAPAGEORGIOU M.
Published: May 2013

The identification of factors determining the adaptation and nitrogen (N) utilization of spelt wheat is important for the successful introduction of the crop to a new environment. The present study was carried out to investigate the relative importance of grain-filling rate and duration of grain growth and to analyse the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) and biomass production efficiency of spelt under Mediterranean conditions. The performance of spelt was evaluated in relation to a well-adapted bread wheat cultivar. Three spelt cultivars (Ressac, Poème and Cosmos) and one bread wheat cultivar (Centauro) were grown for two growing seasons on a silty clay soil under two N levels (0 and 100 kg N/ha). Grain-filling parameters were estimated using the cubic polynomial model. This model provided good fit to the grain-filling data of spelt cultivars, with high coefficients of determination (R2) that ranged from 0·868 to 0·999. Cultivar differences were found for all grain-filling parameters studied, and these differences accounted for most of the variation observed within each particular grain-filling component in both years. Grain filling of spelt plants took place under adverse environmental conditions, mainly high temperatures, which led to a shortening of the grain-filling period. This fact was not fully compensated by the increase in the grain-filling rate, and eventually resulted in a reduction of the final spelt grain weight. Selection for early-flowering cultivars could be a successful strategy to moderate the influence of the environment on grain filling and improve the adaptation of spelt under Mediterranean conditions. The mean grain-filling rate was positively correlated with dry matter translocation, suggesting the crucial role of reserve assimilates in the vegetative tissues for the grain growth of spelt. The efficiency of N utilization to produce biomass was greater during the grain-filling period than the vegetative period. Averaged across N application rates, NUtE in spelt ranged from 20·1 to 29·5 g grain/g plant N. Cultivar differences in NUtE were observed in both years. Grain yield per unit grain N (grain DM/grain total N at maturity) contributed more to the total variation in NUtE among spelt cultivars compared with N harvest index (NHI). Spelt showed lower NUtE values, probably due to its higher grain N concentration and lower NHI compared with wheat. Low straw N concentration at maturity may be an indicator of improved NUtE in spelt, as evidenced by the negative relationship detected between the two variables. These results provide a better understanding of factors related with the adaptation and N utilization of spelt under Mediterranean conditions.
Recurrent paediatric pinworm infection of the vagina as a potential reservoir for Enterobius vermicularis
Authors: Kashyap B. , Samantray J.C. , Kumar S. , Jhamb R. , Singh A.K. , Kaur I.R.
Published: May 2013

Enterobius vermicularis infection remains one of the most common parasitic infections, particularly prevalent in children. Enterobiasis, although not usually dangerous, may cause significant morbidity. Elimination of the parasite from a family or an institution often poses problems, either because of an incomplete cure or re-infection. While there have been limited reports of ectopic enterobiasis throughout the world, ours is probably one of the rarest reports of recurrent vaginal E. vermicularis infection in the absence of any gastrointestinal symptoms despite complete treatment. A 4-year-old girl presented with recurrent episodes of vulval itching on 3–4 occasions over 2 years. There was no pruritis ani nor urinary/gastrointestinal complaints. The vulva was inflamed with 4–5 living worms, 6–7 mm in length, emerging from the anterior vaginal fornix, but with no vaginal discharge. Direct microscopic examination of vaginal swabs revealed adult worms of Enterobius but no eggs. Repeated stool samples from the patient, parents and a sibling were negative. The patient was treated orally with 100 mg of mebendazole for 3 days followed by two more courses at 3-week intervals over a period of 3 months. Recurrent vaginal enterobiasis despite complete treatment and in the absence of any gastrointestinal involvement suggests that the vagina is a potential reservoir for E. vermicularis, which supports the theory of rare ectopic enterobiasis through the ascending pathway of the female genital tract.
Phylogeography of the horse musselModiolus modiolus
Authors: Halanych Kenneth M. , Vodoti E. Thuróczy , Sundberg Per , Dahlgren Thomas G.
Published: May 2013

Phylogeographic inferences concerning marine species are largely based on intertidal species. In high latitudes, intertidal species have been affected by ice coverage and ice scour, and therefore show northern range limitations during glaciations. In this study, we use the subtidal horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) to investigate whether generalizations about genetic structure of high latititude intertidal species, specifically in the North Atlantic, are representative of other near shore taxa. We analysed genetic diversity, molecular variance, and geographical patterns of genetic relatedness using data from the mtDNA CO1 gene. Although we do find little to no haplotype structure in the North Atlantic, our results show that north-eastern Pacific individuals represent a different haplotype network with no haplotypes in common with Atlantic individuals. Thus,M. modiolusin the Pacific may represent an unrecognized species. Genetic diversity and population expansion times suggest a Pacific origin is most likely, with subsequent dispersal to the Atlantic. The lack of genetic structure in the Atlantic suggests that a rapid range expansion occurred less than 50 KYA, rather than a stepping stone mode of dispersal.
Effectiveness of a single application of 0·25% fipronil solution for the treatment of hirstiellosis in captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana): an open-label study
Authors: FARMAKI RANIA , SIMOU CHRISA , PAPADOPOULOS ELIAS , KOUTINAS ALEXANDER F. , SARIDOMICHELAKIS MANOLIS N.
Published: May 2013

Hirstiella spp. are common ectoparasites of captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Suggested treatments are empirical and some of them are of low efficacy and potentially toxic. The objective of this open-label study was to investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of a single application of 0·25% fipronil solution for the treatment of hirstiellosis. The skin of 50 green iguanas was thoroughly examined with the aid of bright light and magnifying lenses. A total of 21 iguanas were found to be infested, harbouring 1–24 mites (median: 5). All 35 mites collected from 17 iguanas were identified as Hirstiella sp. Both infested and non-infested lizards, sharing the same enclosure, were carefully wiped with 0·25% fipronil solution. The safety and the efficacy of the treatment were evaluated after 2 days in 47/50 (94%) and 7 days in 29/50 (58%) iguanas. Compared with pre-treatment levels, the parasitic load did not changed significantly on the second day but was significantly lower on day 7 (P = 0·006). No adverse reactions were noticed. Based on these results a single whole-body application of 0·25% fipronil solution can be considered a safe and effective treatment for the reduction of parasitic burden in captive green iguanas infested by Hirstiella sp. mites.
Neuroprotective effect of lithium on hippocampal volumes in bipolar disorder independent of long-term treatment response
Authors: Hajek T. , Bauer M. , Simhandl C. , Rybakowski J. , O'Donovan C. , Pfennig A. , König B. , Suwalska A. , Yucel K. , Uher R. , Young L. T. , MacQueen G. , Alda M.
Published: May 2013

Background

Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated an association between lithium (Li) treatment and brain structure in human subjects. A crucial unresolved question is whether this association reflects direct neurochemical effects of Li or indirect effects secondary to treatment or prevention of episodes of bipolar disorder (BD).

Method

To address this knowledge gap, we compared manually traced hippocampal volumes in 37 BD patients with at least 2 years of Li treatment (Li group), 19 BD patients with <3 months of lifetime Li exposure over 2 years ago (non-Li group) and 50 healthy controls. All BD participants were followed prospectively and had at least 10 years of illness and a minimum of five episodes. We established illness course and long-term treatment response to Li using National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) life charts.

Results

The non-Li group had smaller hippocampal volumes than the controls or the Li group (F2,102 = 4.97, p = 0.009). However, the time spent in a mood episode on the current mood stabilizer was more than three times longer in the Li than in the non-Li group (t51 = 2.00, p = 0.05). Even Li-treated patients with BD episodes while on Li had hippocampal volumes comparable to healthy controls and significantly larger than non-Li patients (t43 = 2.62, corrected p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Our findings support the neuroprotective effects of Li. The association between Li treatment and hippocampal volume seems to be independent of long-term treatment response and occurred even in subjects with episodes of BD while on Li. Consequently, these effects of Li on brain structure may generalize to patients with neuropsychiatric illnesses other than BD.