bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ATP depletion inhibits the endocytosis of ClC‐2
Authors: Dhani Sonja U. , Kim Chiaw Patrick , Huan Ling‐Jun , Bear Christine E.
Published: July 2007

The chloride channel, ClC‐2 is expressed ubiquitously and participates in multiple physiological processes. In particular, ClC‐2 has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal chloride ion homeostasis and mutations in ClC‐2 are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Despite the physiological and pathophysiological significance of this channel, its regulation remains incompletely understood. The functional expression of ClC‐2 at the cell surface has been shown to be enhanced by depletion of cellular ATP, implicating its possible role in cellular energy sensing. In the present study, biochemical assays of cell surface expression suggest that this gain of function reflects, in part, an increase in channel number due to the reduction in ClC‐2 internalization by endocytosis. Cell surface expression of the disease‐causing mutant: G715E, thought to lack wild‐type nucleotide binding affinity, is similarly affected, suggesting that ATP‐depletion modifies the function of proteins in the endocytic pathway rather than ClC‐2 directly. Using a combination of immunofluorescence and biochemical studies, we confirmed that ClC‐2 is internalized via dynamin‐dependent endocytosis and that the change in surface expression evoked by ATP depletion is partially mimicked by inhibition of dynamin function using a dynamin dominant‐negative mutant (DynK44A). Furthermore, trafficking via the early endosomal compartment occurs in part through rab5‐associated vesicles and recycling of ClC‐2 to the cell surface occurs through a rab11 dependent pathway. In summary, we have determined that the internalization of ClC‐2 by endocytosis is inhibited by metabolic stress, highlighting the importance for understanding the molecular mechanisms mediating the endosomal trafficking of this channel. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:273–280, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The association between the SH2‐containing inositol polyphosphate 5‐Phosphatase 2 (SHIP2) and the adaptor protein APS has an impact on biochemical properties of both partners
Authors: Onnockx Sheela , De Schutter Julie , Blockmans Marianne , Xie Jingwei , Jacobs Christine , Vanderwinden Jean‐Marie , Erneux Christophe , Pirson Isabelle
Published: July 2007

SHIP2 (SH2‐containing inositol polyphosphate 5‐phosphatase 2) is a phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)‐trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) 5‐phosphatase containing various motifs susceptible to mediate protein‐protein interaction. In cell models, SHIP2 negatively regulates insulin signalling through its catalytic PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 5‐phosphatase activity. We have previously reported that SHIP2 interacts with the c‐Cbl associated protein (CAP) and c‐Cbl, proteins implicated in the insulin cellular response regulating the small G protein TC10. The first steps of the TC10 pathway are the recruitment and tyrosine phosphorylation by the insulin receptor of the adaptor protein with Pleckstrin Homology and Src Homology 2 domains (APS). Herein, we show that SHIP2 can directly interact with APS in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes and in transfected CHO‐IR cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with the insulin receptor). Upon insulin stimulation, APS and SHIP2 are recruited to cell membranes as seen by immunofluorescence studies, which is consistent with their interaction. We also observed that SHIP2 negatively regulates APS insulin‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation and consequently inhibits APS association with c‐Cbl. APS, which specifically interacts with SHIP2, but not PTEN, in turn, increases the PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 5‐phosphatase activity of SHIP2 in an inositol phosphatase assay. Co‐transfection of SHIP2 and APS in CHO‐IR cells further increases the inhibitory effect of SHIP2 on Akt insulin‐induced phosphorylation. Therefore, the interaction between APS and SHIP2 provides to both proteins potential negative regulatory mechanisms to act on the insulin cascade. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:260–272, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impairment of erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation by a Leukemia‐Associated and t(9;9)‐derived fusion gene product, SET/TAF‐Iβ‐CAN/Nup214
Authors: Saito Shoko , Nouno Kaoru , Shimizu Ritsuko , Yamamoto Masayuki , Nagata Kyosuke
Published: July 2007

SET‐CAN associated with the t(9;9) in acute undifferentiated leukemia encodes almost the entire sequence of SET and the C‐terminal two‐third portion of CAN, including the FG repeat region. To clarify a role(s) of SET‐CAN in leukemogenesis, we developed transgenic mice expressing SET‐CAN under the control of the Gata1 gene hematopoietic regulatory domain that is active in distinct sets of hematopoietic cells. SET‐CAN transgenic mice showed anemia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly. A significant number of transgenic mice started dying after 6 months post‐birth, being in good agreement with the fact that red blood cells and platelets decreased. We found that a significant number of c‐kit+ myeloid cells appeared in peripheral blood in transgenic mice. Characterization of the bone marrow cells of transgenic mice indicated impairment in hematopoietic differentiation of erythroid, megakaryocytic, and B cell lineages by SET‐CAN. Transgenic mice, in particular, exhibited a high population of the c‐kit+Sca‐1+Lin− fraction in bone marrow cells compared with that of the control littermates. Our results demonstrate that SET‐CAN blocks the hematopoietic differentiation program—one of the characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia. J. Cell. Physiol. 214: 322–333, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurotropic effects of venoms and other factors that promote prey acquisition
Authors: Gennaro Joseph Francis , Hall Hollis Pace , Casey Ernest Raymond , Hayes William Kent
Published: July 2007

Mammals envenomed by either the Eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) or the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) exhibit an immediate but transitory pupillar contraction, a parasympathomimetic effect mediated through the ciliary ganglion that can be prevented by a retrobulbar injection of anesthetic. The venom of the cottonmouth injected into the lymph spaces of the frog (Rana pipiens) produces an immediate and total collapse of the lung sacs. Applied locally to the surface, it produces a constriction that eventually collapses the entire sac. Tests of venoms and toxins from both anterior and posterior parts of the venom apparatus indicate that the lung‐collapsing moiety originates in the accessory, not the main portion of the venom gland. This is the first example of a functional specialization within the whole structure. It seems that this factor is elaborated primarily in snakes that prey upon frogs, although insufficient data are available from this study to confirm this. In both reptile species, the predatory strike is accompanied by an immediate effect, perhaps mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system, designed to incapacitate the prey and facilitate capture. These effects cannot now be attributed to neurotoxins because the effect of the former is transitory (and not lethal) and neither has been purified sufficiently to determine potency or structure. Both take part in securing, but not killing, the prey, and both directly oppose the sympathetic nervous system “fright‐fight/flight” response. Evidence is presented to support the possibility that known epigenetic mechanisms are capable of effecting heritable changes in gene expression that could allow for the development of factors that facilitate prey acquisition and promote rapid adaptation to environmental change. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:488–499, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of oral and pharyngeal teeth in the medaka (Oryzias latipes): comparison of morphology and expression of eve1 gene
Authors: Debiais‐Thibaud Mélanie , Borday‐Birraux Véronique , Germon Isabelle , Bourrat Frank , Metcalfe Cushla Jane , Casane Didier , Laurenti Patrick
Published: July 2007

Gnathostome teeth are one of the most promising models for developmental evolutionary studies, they are the most abundant organ in the fossil record and an excellent example of organogenesis. Teeth have a complex morphology and are restricted to the mouth in mammals, whereas actinopterygian teeth have a simple morphology and are found in several locations, notably on pharyngeal bones. Morphological and developmental similarities support the hypothesis that oral and pharyngeal teeth are serially homologous. Gene expression data from the mouse and some teleosts have shown that the gene families involved in pharyngeal odontogenesis are also involved in oral tooth formation, with the notable exception of the evx gene family. Here, we present a complete description of early odontogenesis in the medaka (Oryzias latipes), which has both oral and pharyngeal dentition. We show that oral and pharyngeal teeth share deep developmental similarities. In the medaka, like in the zebrafish, eve1 is the only evx gene expressed during odontogenesis. In each forming tooth, regardless of its location, eve1 transcription is activated in the placode, then becomes restricted to the inner dental epithelium and is activated in the dental mesenchyme during early differentiation, and finally ceases at late differentiation. Thus eve1 expression is not specific to pharyngeal teeth development as was previously suggested. Because it permits direct comparisons between oral and pharyngeal teeth by molecular, development and functional studies, the medaka is an excellent model to develop further insights into the evolution of odontogenesis in gnathostomes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:693–708, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel chiral separation material: polymerized organogel formed by chiral gelators for the separation of D‐ and L‐phenylalanine
Authors: Fu Xinjian , Yang Yang , Wang Ningxia , Wang Hong , Yang Yajiang
Published: July 2007

N‐Stearine‐N′‐stearyl‐L‐phenylalanine, a chiral compound, was synthesized and used as a gelator for the gelation of polymerizable solvents, such as ß‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), styrene, etc. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the gelator aggregates show fibril‐like helices, typical chiral aggregates with diameters of 100–200 nm. The solvent molecules were immobilized by capillary forces in the three‐dimensional network structures of the organogels. The HEMA organogels containing crosslinker polyethylene glycol dimethacrylates (PEG200DMA) were subsequently polymerized by in situ UV irradiation. A porous polymerized organogels were obtained after removal of gelator aggregates through ethanol extraction. The chiral separation of D‐ and L‐phenylalanine was carried out by the adsorption of the polymerized organogels. The adsorption efficiency of L‐phenylalanine on the polymerized organogels was found to be dependent on the concentration of the gelator and crosslinker. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High temperature Raman spectroscopy studies of carbon nanowalls
Authors: Ni Z. H. , Fan H. M. , Fan X. F. , Wang H. M. , Zheng Z. , Feng Y. P. , Wu Y. H. , Shen Z. X.
Published: July 2007

High temperature Raman experiments were carried out on carbon nanowalls (CNWs). The intensity of the defect‐induced D mode decreased significantly after the sample was heated in air ambient. The Raman intensity ratio of D mode and G mode, ID/IG, changed from 2.3 at room temperature to 1.95 after the sample was heated to 600 °C. This change was attributed to the removal of surface amorphous carbon by oxidation. In contrast to ID/IG, the intensity ratio of the D′ mode and the G mode, ID′/IG, did not change much after heating, indicating that the surface amorphous carbon and surface impurity do not contribute as much to the intensity of the D′ mode. The dominant contributor to the D′ mode could be the intrinsic defects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macromol. Biosci. 7/2007
Authors: Mihai Mihaela , Huneault Michel A. , Favis Basil D. , Li Hongbo
Published: July 2007

Cover: The SEM images show a poly(lactic acid) foam with high open‐cell content. The upper left picture shows a general view while the others show details of 2D‐cavitated foam cell walls. Elongated 100–300 nm cavities form perpendicularly to the main stress direction during foam expansion and lead to a fine lace‐like structure. Further details can be found in the article by M. Mihai, M. A. Huneault,* B. D. Favis, and H. Li* on page 907.
Mechanism of the Formation of Amorphous Gold Nanoparticles within Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes
Authors: Schrinner Marc , Polzer Frank , Mei Yu , Lu Yan , Haupt Björn , Ballauff Matthias , Göldel Astrid , Drechsler Markus , Preussner Johannes , Glatzel Uwe
Published: July 2007

We present a comprehensive investigation on the formation of gold nanoparticles in spherical polyelectrolyte brushes. These colloidal carrier particles consist of a solid polystyrene core onto which long cationic polyelectrolyte chains are grafted. Immersed in water these polyelectrolyte chains can be used to enrich AuCl ions. The metal ions thus confined in the polyelectrolyte layer can be reduced to gold nanoparticles of approximately 1 nm diameter. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy shows that the Au particles are located near the surface and exhibit a narrow size distribution. Measurements by dynamic light scattering demonstrate that the polyelectrolyte chains are located near the surface of the core particles. This is explained by a crosslinking of the cationic polyelectrolyte chains by the nanoparticles that carry a negative charge. If the Au nanoparticles are removed, the spherical polyelectrolyte brushes re‐expand. High‐resolution electron microscopy together with wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements demonstrates that the Au nanoparticles are amorphous. We demonstrate that these Au nanoparticles exhibit catalytic activity for hydrogenation reactions that is slightly below the one of Pt and Pd nanoparticles.

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On the characterization of p ‐adic Colombeau–Egorov generalized functions by their point values
Authors: Mayerhofer Eberhard
Published: July 2007

We show that contrary to recent papers by S. Albeverio, A. Yu. Khrennikov and V. Shelkovich, point values do not determine elements of the so‐called p ‐adic Colombeau–Egorov algebra 𝒢(ℚn p ) uniquely. We further show in a more general way that for an Egorov algebra 𝒢(M, R) of generalized functions on a locally compact ultrametric space (M, d) taking values in a nontrivial ring, a point value characterization holds if and only if (M, d) is discrete. Finally, following an idea due to M. Kunzinger and M. Oberguggenberger, a generalized point value characterization of 𝒢(M, R) is given. Elements of 𝒢(ℚn p ) are constructed which differ from the p ‐adic δ ‐distribution considered as an element of 𝒢(ℚn p ), yet coincide on point values with the latter. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Toward a behavior‐specific measure of well‐being
Authors: Solomon Herbert , Suranyi‐Unger Theodore
Published: July 2007

Suggestions are put forth regarding a hedonic measure of well‐being based on individual freedom of choice and similarity of group behavior in the market. A type of backward segmentation using multivariate analysis is described. The suggested measure appears justifiable as an indexing device, a constant relative measure of well‐being, and/or a gauge of poverty‐wealth thresholds.
The effect of experimenter bias in a cola taste test
Authors: Brown Clifford E. , Zatklik Nancy E. , Treumann Alice M. , Buehner Timothy M. , Schmidt Lisa A.
Published: July 2007

In a simulated cola taste test, experimenters' nonverbal behaviors influenced subjects' cola choices, although subjects expressed no awareness of the experimenters' impact. Nonverbal intimacy behaviors may make subjects feel comfortable in same‐sex pairs and uncomfortable in mixed‐sex pairs, resulting in an association of these internal states with cola preferences.
Social power‐based print advertising: Theoretical and practical considerations
Authors: Sullivan Gary L. , O'Connor P. J.
Published: July 2007

A laboratory experiment explored the impact of various power‐based copy approaches upon readers' responses to print advertising messages. The treatments employed were derived from French and Raven's bases of social power at two levels of information content. Response measures included copy‐and brand‐related variables and recall. Results indicate that there are significant differences in responses owing to both the base of social power and the information level used.
Time perception in the diffusion of safety hazard information
Authors: Shuv‐Ami Avichai , Schiffman Leon G.
Published: July 2007

Under natural marketplace conditions for a period of 12 weeks, the effect of relevance on time perception was examined in the diffusion of safety hazard information about the use of a brand of tampon. As hypothesized, a two‐stage log‐linear model showed that the relevance of the health hazard threat was positively related to time distortion.
Modeling inflation‐induced adaptive behaviors
Authors: Jensen Thomas D. , Rao C. P.
Published: July 2007

Predicting consumers' responses to inflationary pressures has been a dominant research area in psychology, economics, and marketing. The present study attempts to model consumers' inflation‐induced adaptive behavior using demographic, shopping patterns, and attitudes as predictors. Also, the present study is not limited to purchase behaviors. Rather, inflation‐induced adaptive behaviors are examined for the purchase, preparation, and consumption of necessity goods (food items) involving a relatively low expenditure per purchase but a relatively high annual expenditure.
Consumers' mood states: Antecedents and consequences of experiential versus informational strategies for brand choice
Authors: Gardner Meryl P. , Hill Ronald Paul
Published: July 2007

The relationship between mood (an affective state variable) and choice strategies that are primarily affective (experiential strategy) or cognitive (informational strategy) is examined with a literature review and an empirical study. Findings suggest consumers in positive moods may be more likely to use an experiential strategy than those in negative moods, and consumers in negative moods may be more likely to use an informational strategy than those in positive moods. Results also suggest consumers in positive moods who use an experiential strategy may have more positive post‐processing moods than those who use an informational strategy, and consumers in negative moods who use an informational strategy may have more positive and post‐processing moods than those who use an experiential strategy. The implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for further research are provided.
Product class involvement and purchase intent
Authors: Rahtz Don R. , Moore David L.
Published: July 2007

While much has been written trying to define product‐class involvement, little has been done to explore its impact on marketing tools or models. This study empirically examines the impact of product‐class involvement on a cognitive‐based model (the cognitive‐consistency model). Results suggest that the predictive ability of cognitive‐consistency type models will decrease under low product‐class involvement.
Initial impressions in the retail environment: A comparison of black and white perceptions
Authors: Latour Michael S. , Henthorne Tony L. , Williams Alvin J.
Published: July 2007

Initial impressions were found to form along well‐differentiated lines, namely race and/or sex, in a study involving 450 shoppers at several regional shopping malls. The role of initial impressions in cognitive formation towards retail salespeople was found to be significant. Significant differences were found to exist between members of differing races. A potential implication of the results of this study is a broadened view and heightened awareness of the role initial impressions play in the buyer‐seller dyad.
Apparel catalog patronage: Demographic, lifestyle and motivational factors
Authors: Jasper Cynthia R. , Lan Pi‐Nan Rosa
Published: July 2007

This study was designed to profile catalog shoppers of apparel and to examine their frequency of shopping. Specifically, it focused on the relative importance of consumers' lifestyle, demographic, and motivational factors in catalog shopping patronage. Data from 680 respondents were analyzed. The data indicated a relationship between consumers who shop for apparel from catalogs and some of the variables included in the study. A multiple regression model indicated that when several variables were considered, the frequent catalog shoppers tended to be older and better educated than infrequent catalog shoppers. They were also more likely to engage in inactive pursuits rather than sports activities and were more likely to perceive convenience as an important factor in their decisions to shop from catalogs than were infrequent catalog shoppers.
Estimating the effects of higher coupon face values on the timing of redemptions, the mix of coupon redeemers, and purchase quantity
Authors: Krishna Aradhna , Shoemaker Robert W.
Published: July 2007

One of the key decisions a manager must make in designing a coupon promotion is to decide on the face value. In this study we examine the effects of higher face values on coupon redemption timing, category purchase timing, the mix of buyers who redeem the coupon, and purchase quantity. Data from a field experiment on coupon face values are used to test the hypotheses. A new method of measuring the effects of a coupon on category purchase timing is proposed. We find that coupons per se tend to advance category purchase timing, but higher face values do not increase the magnitude of this effect. Surprisingly, higher face values appear to increase redemption rates for both the prior nonbuyers and prior buyers of the brand in a similar way. However, higher face values have little effect on the package size purchased, the number of units purchased, or the total quantity (package size times units) purchased.
Dynamics of channel negotiations: Contention and reciprocity
Authors: Eyuboglu Nermin , Buja Andreas
Published: July 2007

We examine the dynamics of channel negotiations in terms of two useful notions: contention and reciprocity. Contention refers to the degree of overall tension between bargaining opponents. It expresses itself in all areas relevant to the negotiation process: economics, communications, and perceptions. In fact, level of contention is a dimension that ties these areas inseparably to each other. Reciprocity is the mechanism through which contention is maintained at the same or comparable levels among bargaining opponents. Reciprocity can be observed in all tactics and perceptions that cause or indicate contention. We examine these notions in two negotiation experiments and establish baseline behaviors in bargaining encounters. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparing mood‐induction and affective conditioning as mechanisms influencing product evaluation and product choice
Authors: Groenland Edward A. G. , Schoormans Jan P. L.
Published: July 2007

Previous research has demonstrated that nonverbal, affective elements of ads have the capacity to influence the evaluation of the product in the ad, and product choice. Affective conditioning and mood induction have been presented as mechanisms responsible for this effect. In general, most researchers adopt only one of these two mechanisms in their studies. They often implicitly suggest that the two mechanisms are competing in the sense that only one mechanism is taken to be valid. In our study, the effect of a nonverbal affective stimulus, that is, music, on product evaluation and product choice was studied, using both mechanisms in two experiments with a comparable research format. The mood mechanism was studied by presenting music to subjects, thus inducing mood (cf. Alpert & Alpert, 1989; Batra & Stayman, 1990; Sullivan, 1990), followed by a slide presentation of a pen (the product). The affective conditioning mechanism was studied, using the same music and the same slides, presented in accordance with the affective conditioning paradigm. Results of the study indicate that both mechanisms may be operative in influencing the evaluation of the product, and product choice. It is further suggested that both mechanisms work differently. Mood induction is thought to create a short‐lasting association between a product and an affective stimulus. Thus, the mechanism of mood induction may be primarily important to retailers selling multiple products, for example, by playing background music in a retail store. In contrast, affective conditioning is thought to create a longerlasting integration between a product and an affective stimulus. Consequently, the mechanism of affective conditioning may be successfully employed by producers of a specific product (line). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The unique predictive ability of sex‐role identity in explaining women's response to advertising
Authors: Jaffe Lynn J.
Published: July 2007

This study explores and compares the separate contributions of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny in explaining women's response to modern and traditional sex‐role portrayals in print advertisements. It also considers whether sex‐role identity captures unique predictive information above and beyond specific demographic variables. This study consisted of a field experiment among 200 adult women; each respondent was exposed to several carefully prepared print ads. The findings suggest that sex‐role identity is a useful predictor of women's response to advertisements. Moreover, masculinity is the driving force in explaining women's response to the tested ads. Androgyny, however, adds no incremental predictive ability. The findings indicate that sex‐role identity does capture new information, unexplained by specific demographic variables. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The interactive effects of monetary incentive justification and questionnaire length on mail survey response rates
Authors: Biner Paul M. , Kidd Heath J.
Published: July 2007

An experiment was conducted in which a survey questionnaire and a $1.00 incentive were sent to 200 randomly selected residents of a midwestern city. For half of the respondents, the enclosed monetary incentive was justified in a cover letter as an attempt to induce feelings of obligation to return the questionnaire (equity‐salient condition), whereas for the other half of the respondents, the incentive was justified as an appreciative gesture (standard condition). Furthermore, some subjects received a short questionnaire, whereas the rest received a long questionnaire. Response rates were assessed by condition. As predicted, the equity‐salient appeal produced a significantly higher response rate than the standard appeal, but only for subjects who received the short questionnaire. Results are discussed in terms of personal equity theory. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk taking in sales‐force selection decisions: The impact of decision frame and time
Authors: Marshall Greg W. , Mowen John C. , Stone Thomas H.
Published: July 2007

A field experiment was conducted in which managers selected between two differentially risky candidates for an open sales position. Decision frame (gain or loss) and time until decision outcome (close or distant) were manipulated. As predicted by the Mowen and Mowen (1991) time and outcome valuation (TOV) model, an interaction occurred between decision frame and time such that preferences for the more‐ or less‐risky candidate varied based upon these conditions. The results are discussed in terms of the potential for improving sales management selection decisions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interpreting multidimensional data with cognitive differentiation analysis
Authors: Steven Perkins W. , Reynolds Thomas J.
Published: July 2007

The interpretation of multidimensional data in consumer research has traditionally required property fitting to determine the structure underlying the data. As an alternative, Cognitive Differentiation Analysis (CDA) regresses a matrix of pairwise product judgments on vectors of product‐attribute ratings. The estimated multiple regression equation indicates the degree of differentiation in the pairwise data that is accounted for by each attribute. In this article CDA is applied to the analysis of simulated multidimensional data and to actual data from a benefit segmentation study. The implications of improved interpretability of multidimensional data for understanding the competitive environment are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Market segmentation: A comparison of benefits/attributes desired and brand preference
Authors: O'Connor P. J. , Sullivan Gary L.
Published: July 2007

Benefits/attributes desired is commonly considered the most strategically meaningful market segmentation base. However, in practice, problems in product benefit/attribute specification and data collection are frequently observed. This research compares the performance of benefits/attributes desired and brand preference (a competing segmentation base that provides similar information but is more closely related to purchase behavior) on the criteria of segment identification, brand purchase, and responsiveness to marketing mix elements. Results suggest that brand preference segmentation produces more interpretable and managerially useful segmentation results than benefits/attributes desired. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
South shore bank: Is it the model of success for community development banks?
Authors: Esty Benjamin C.
Published: July 2007

South Shore Bank, the country's first community development bank, began in 1973 with the dual objectives of making a profit and improving conditions in the community of South Shore, Chicago. Although the bank has been hailed as a success, there has been little work on defining or measuring its performance against either objective. This article compares the bank's financial performance against comparable banks (holding companies) and the demographic changes in the South Shore community against changes in the contiguous communities. The results suggest that both the bank and the community exhibit worse relative performance. Additional research is needed to verify these results and to determine how to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of community development banks. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Ethene‐graft‐Ethene/Propene Copolymers
Authors: Arikan Burçak , Stadler Florian J. , Kaschta Joachim , Münstedt Helmut , Kaminsky Walter
Published: July 2007

The synthesis of ethene/propene macromers with a high amount of sterically unhindered vinyl groups is described. These macromers are incorporated as long‐chain branches into polyethylene (PE). The remaining low molecular fractions were removed by Soxhlet extraction. Up to 60 wt.‐% macromer was included, which leads to comb‐like molecular topographies that distinctly affect the rheological behavior. The thermal activation energy increased significantly and the zero shear‐rate viscosity enhancement factor η0/η was also changed noticeably.

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Study on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Polylactic Acid by Endogenous Depolymerization Model
Authors: Watanabe Masaji , Kawai Fusako , Tsuboi Sadao , Nakatsu Shogo , Ohara Hitomi
Published: July 2007

Enzymatic degradation of polylactic acid is studied experimentally and analytically. Gel permeation chromatography profiles obtained before and after the enzymatic degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) were introduced into the analysis based on a mathematical model. Previously developed techniques were successfully adapted to the analysis of an initial value problem consisting of an endogenous depolymerization model and an initial condition, and an inverse problem to determine the degradation rate for which the solution of the initial value problem also satisfies a final condition. Those problems were solved numerically and numerical results are introduced. Degradabilities of PLA and polyvinyl alcohol are compared.

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Novel initiation genes in squamous cell carcinomagenesis: A role for substrate‐specific ubiquitylation in the control of cell survival
Authors: Albor Amador , Kulesz‐Martin Molly
Published: July 2007

The study of experimental epidermal carcinogenesis offers several advantages over other epithelial carcinogenesis models, including easy accessibility and a database of research findings spanning over a century. Our studies make use of a clonal in vitro/in vivo keratinocyte carcinogenesis model with low frequency of ras mutation and derivative clonal‐initiated lineages with distinct tumor fate. Analysis of this model has yielded candidate genes involved in the stages of initiation and tumorigenic progression, and has revealed novel roles for ubiquitylation in transcriptional control of survival and apoptotic pathways during the early stages of carcinogenesis. The expression of a recently described E3‐ubiquitin ligase, Trim32, is elevated during initiation, and ectopic expression of Trim32 confers extended survival in response to terminal differentiation and ultraviolet light (UV) B/TNF‐α death signals. Trim32 binds and ubiquitylates Piasy, controlling its stability and accumulation. Piasy is a SUMOylation factor involved in the control of apoptosis, senescence, and NF‐κB activation. NF‐κB is a survival factor for keratinocytes in response to UV irradiation, the main carcinogenic stimulus for the epidermis. Piasy inhibits NF‐κB activity, and promotes keratinocyte apoptosis in response to UV and TNF‐α. In human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) samples, we found an inverse correlation between Trim32 and Piasy expression supporting a role for Trim32–Piasy interaction in human epidermal carcinogenesis. Our hypothesis is that increased expression of Trim32 may enhance epidermal carcinogenesis, by increasing the threshold of NF‐κB activity through Piasy downmodulation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of electromagnetic coupling on MMIC design
Authors: Goldfarb Marc , Platzker Aryeh
Published: July 2007

The undesired effects of electromagnetic coupling between passive elements in MIC and MMIC designs are examined. Measured data of several strongly coupled circuit topologies commonly encountered in MMIC design are compared to simulations using circuit theory programs employing discontinuity models as well as electromagnetic field simulation tools. The results of this comparison are used to derive a set of specifications for a simulation tool suitable for use in the design of MIC and MMIC circuits.
Relationship between process and materials variations and variations in S‐ and equivalent‐circuit parameters
Authors: Anholt R. , King J. , Worley R. , Gillespie J.
Published: July 2007

Using a variety of DC and RF measurements of electrical parameters of GaAs MESFETs and the GATES process and device modeling program, we derive distributions of the root process variations. These distributions are then used in GATES Monte Carlo simulations to compute distributions of equivalent‐circuit parameters and S‐parameters at a fixed frequency (6 GHz). We find reasonable agreement between the simulated variations and the standard deviations in the measured S‐parameters, enabling us to determine the most important process variations affecting S‐parameter uniformity.
Printed radiating structures and transitions in multilayered substrates
Authors: Barlatey Lionel , Smith Hugh , Mosig Juan
Published: July 2007

This article reviews an integral equation technique to efficiently solve printed structures consisting of conducting patches, slots, and ground planes residing in a stratified medium. The integral equation is cast into a mixed potential form and solved in the space domain. Both the electric and magnetic surface currents are considered as general two‐dimensional surface currents with no prescribed or preferred direction. Thus, arbitrary shapes for patches and slots can be considered. After the formulation in the space domain, the integral equation is solved using the method of moments. Theoretical results are compared with measurements for three structures. These structures are: a wide slot antenna excited by a microstrip line; a microstrip line‐slot line‐microstrip line transition; and transitions between microstrip lines embedded at different levels of a multilayered media. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling of nonlinear elements in a three‐dimensional condensed node TLM mesh
Authors: Nielsen J. S. , Hoefer W. J. R.
Published: July 2007

A methodology will be presented for incorporating arbitrary, multiport, nonlinear devices into a three‐dimensional (3D) condensed node TLM mesh. Gear's second‐order predictor‐corrector algorithm with a variable step size is used to solve the differential equations of the device. Two examples are given to demonstrate the concepts and the versatility of the method. These include a waveguide cavity varactor‐tuned oscillator and a diode switch. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling of coaxial feed contribution to microstrip antenna impedance: Comparison of a numerical model with analytical expressions
Authors: Laheurte J. M. , Papiernik A. , Mosig J. R.
Published: July 2007

This article presents and compares the basic analytical expressions currently used to evaluate the probe impedance in coaxial‐fed microstrip patches. These expressions belong essentially to two different families, namely the quasi‐static models and the “two‐infinite‐parallel‐plates” models. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical foundations of every model. The qualities of each family are ascertained by comparing their predictions to experimental results and to rigorous numerical results obtained using a full‐wave numerical model. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Moment method analysis of circularly polarized microstrip antenna with parasitic element
Authors: Au T.‐M. , Luk K.‐M. , Lee K.‐F.
Published: July 2007

The circular polarization characteristics of stacked microstrip antennas with a single coaxial feed are analyzed by the method of moments. Green's functions for the patch currents are formulated in the spectral domain. Galerkin's method is employed to determine the input impedance, far‐field patterns, impedance bandwidth, beamwidth, and axial‐ratio bandwidth. The possibility of improving the axial‐ratio bandwidth of the microstrip antenna is demonstrated. Numerical data are obtained to compare with the experimental data available in the literature. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three‐dimensional finite element analysis of N‐port waveguide junctions using edge‐elements
Authors: Wong Man‐Faï , Picon Odile , Hanna Victor Fouad
Published: July 2007

The finite element method is formulated in such a way that the electromagnetic solution of an excited cavity formed from an N‐port waveguides junction leads directly and naturally to circuit characteristics of this junction. The use of edge‐elements eliminates nonphysical solutions. The reliability of the method is assured compared to a penalty method. Accuracy of the method is demonstrated through the presentation of results for a waveguide T‐junction, while its efficiency is proven through the presentation of results for two case studies of a finite step discontinuity and a finline T‐junction. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Association analyses of GIP and GIPR polymorphisms with traits of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Nitz Inke , Fisher Eva , Weikert Cornelia , Burwinkel Barbara , Li Yun , Möhlig Matthias , Boeing Heiner , Schreiber Stefan , Schrezenmeir Jürgen , Döring Frank
Published: July 2007

Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) stimulates insulin release via interaction with its pancreatic receptor (GIP receptor (GIPR)). GIP also acts as vasoactive protein. To investigate whether variations in GIP and GIPR genes are associated with risk factors of the metabolic syndrome we sequenced gene regions and identified two coding SNPs (GIP Ser103Gly, GIPR Glu354Gln) and one splice site SNP (GIP rs2291726) in 47 subjects. Interestingly, in silico analyses revealed that splice site SNP rs2291726 results in a truncated protein and classified GIPR variant Glu354Gln as a functional amino acid change. Association analyses were performed in a case‐cohort study of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) nested in the EPIC‐Potsdam cohort. No significant associations between incident CVD and GIP Ser103Gly and rs2291726 were found. For GIPR Glu354Gln, we obtained a nominal association of heterozygous minor allele carrier with CVD in a codominant model adjusted for BMI, sex, and age (OR: 0.67, CI: 0.50–0.91, p = 0.01) or additional covariates of CVD (OR: 0.72, CI: 0.52–0.97, p = 0.03). In conclusion, we identified a common splice site mutation (rs2291726) of the GIP gene which results in a truncated protein and provide preliminary evidence for an association of the heterozygous GIPR Glu354Gln genotype with CVD.
Patch antenna quasioptical mixers
Authors: Jackson C. M.
Published: July 2007

Two novel quasioptical mixers using patch antennas and compact local oscillator (LO) ports are described: a fundamentally pumped mixer with a waveguide LO and a subharmonically pumped mixer with a planar LO. The angular dependence of the antenna patterns, the isotropic conversion loss, and the mixer noise figure are presented. A 7.5‐dB noise figure has been measured at 35 GHz for the subharmonically pumped design. The importance of the effective antenna temperature and its effect on the mixer noise figure are discussed.
Optical gain control of a GaAs MMIC distributed amplifier
Authors: Paolella A. , Herczfeld P. R.
Published: July 2007

This paper reports on experimental results of an optical gain control of a GaAs microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) distributed amplifier. The amplifier gain was varied by 15 dB and was controlled by a LED (250 μW) over the frequency range of 5‐8 GHz. The key to this investigation is the development of a simple inexpensive optical control mechanism that is compatible with MMIC fabrication methods.
Analytical characterization method for composite circular planar circuits
Authors: Kishi Naoto , Yamashita Eikichi
Published: July 2007

An analytical method for estimating the transmission characteristics of a composite circular planar circuit is presented. The impedance matrix of the circuit is calculated from the circular harmonic expansion of fields. The calculated values of the transmission parameters are compared with experimental results.
A novel surface‐emitting laser using leaky mode output coupling
Authors: Lee S. , Horton T. , Figueroa L.
Published: July 2007

A novel surface‐emitting laser design that utilizes leaky mode emission is proposed. Power is coupled out of the active layer in a narrow beam by monolithically integrating a prism‐like structure with a conventional semiconductor laser. Threshold current densities and external efficiencies approximately 1 kA / cm2 and 0.3, respectively, are estimated.
Reciprocity related definition of strip characteristic impedance for multiconductor hybrid‐mode transmission lines
Authors: Wiemer L. , Jansen R. H.
Published: July 2007

The definition of frequency dependent strip characteristic impedance for multiconductor transmission lines in inhomogeneous dielectric media is discussed. The considerations are based on orthogonality properties for the eigencurrent and eigenvoltage vectors of propagation modes that have been presented by Marx and Nagai for the TEM case and are now extended to general hybrid‐mode structures. The definition adopted takes care of the reciprocity of transmission line structures and is essential to get consistent simulation results in the CAD of MICs and MMICs.
Stabilization of class C transistor amplifiers by use of ferrite beads
Authors: Konishi Y. , Awai I. , Noritake Y. , Nakajima M.
Published: July 2007

A Hartley oscillation induced in class C transistor amplifiers is suppressed effectively by ferrite beads in the bias circuits. Selection of ferrite materials and dimensions is important so as to keep the necessary impedance condition.
Study on the effect of radiation imprisonment
Authors: Runwen Wang , Chao Ye
Published: July 2007

Radiation imprisonment is an important method of studying the radiation time spectrum of a fluorescent medium. Theoretical research on this topic has not been put into practice because of being too complicated; what is still in use for analysis is the imitation method. In this note the photon's free path is introduced and the expressions of the time spectrum of light passing through the fluorescent medium are derived. Using these equations we have calculated the time spectrum of fluorescent light of dye R6G and mercury vapour. The latter is in agreement with the experimental result.
Absorbing boundary conditions for the vector wave equation
Authors: Peterson Andrew F.
Published: July 2007

Approximate absorbing boundary conditions for the vector wave equation are developed. These permit a truncation of the computational domain required to accurately model an open‐region electromagnetic scattering problem using the finite element method. Details are provided to illustrate the manner in which the boundary conditions can be coupled to a weak form of the vector wave equation.
Continuous order derivative for optical signals and images
Authors: Rabal H. , Zerbino L. , Ojeda‐Castañeda J.
Published: July 2007

For optically implementing new mathematical operations and for processing signals and images, we define a continuous order derivative operator in Fourier optics. We examine some examples and discuss some potential applications for this kind of operator. We describe an experimental setup for implementing optically the continuous order derivative of one‐dimensional signals.
Multimode analysis of semiconductor lasers through a large signal nonlinear equivalent circuit model
Authors: Defonzo Alfred P. , Gomatam Badri
Published: July 2007

A multimode rate equation analysis of the semiconductor laser including the effects of nonlinear gain is presented. A large signal equivalent circuit model is used to determine the response of the laser. The analysis has been applied to the direct intensity modulation of individual longitudinal modes as well as to the transient response of the laser under different excitation schemes.
Monolithically integrated coplanar 75‐GHz silicon impatt oscillator
Authors: Luy J. F. , Strohm K. M. , Buechler J.
Published: July 2007

Planar IMPATT diodes have been fabricated for W‐band operation on high‐resistivity silicon substrates. The active layers are grown by silicon molecular beam epitaxy. The diodes are monolithically integrated in a coplanar disc resonator. Good DC characteristics have been achieved. Oscillations have been detected at a frequency of 76 GHz with a continuous wave output power of about 1 mW.
A cw 20‐GHZ optoelectronic source with phased‐array applications
Authors: Butler Douglas , Chauchard Eve A. , Webb Kevin J. , Zaki Kawthar A. , Lee Chi H. , Polak‐Dingels Penny , Hung Hing‐Lol A. , Huang Ho. C.
Published: July 2007

Using picosecond photoconductors switched by a mode‐locked laser along with a filter and amplifier, we were able to generate an optically synchronized 20‐GHz wave, Stability characterization measurements were then performed on this signal, indicating its application to a number of high‐speed signal processing and phase‐control operations, such as a monolithic phased‐array antenna.
Theory of feedback phase stabilization of external cavity semiconductor lasers
Authors: Lintao Zhang , Xiaomin Ren , Pelda Ye
Published: July 2007

A phase‐control scheme of external cavity semiconductor lasers based on feedback phase dependence of the difference between output power from the two ends of the laser is analyzed. It is shown that the phase control is independent of temperature and current fluctuations only when the zero point of the power difference is taken as the lock point. The theoretical results agree with the experimental results previously reported.
Multifunctional led array‐switching circuitry
Authors: Georgopoulos C. J.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a multifunctional IR LED switching circuit that was designed for free optical channel transmission at various wavelengths in an efficient and economical way.