bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of methods of parameric correction for evaluating metamerism
Authors: Li Zhaojian , Berns Roy S.
Published: June 2007

In practice, most metameric pairs do not achieve colorimetric equality for a set of reference conditions. These parameric pairs are composed of a residual color difference and a metameric difference. Three techniques have been used to correct this residual color difference: an additive correction in L*a*b*, a multiplicative correction in XYZ (recommended by the CIE), and parameric decomposition where the batch's spectrum is adjusted. Parameric decomposition can be viewed as batch correction using three “colorants” (process primaries) where the color‐mixing model is linear in reflectance. Most often, Cohen and Kappauf's Matrix R technique is used where the primaries are color matching functions. Alternative primaries were derived from a Munsell Book of Color and an automotive paint system using principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA). 1,152 parameric pairs about 24 color centers were synthesized using the paint system and Kubelka–Munk turbid‐media theory. Each parameric pair was corrected to a metameric pair using these methods. Spectral accuracy was evaluated by comparing the corrected spectra to metameric reference spectra calculated using Kubelka–Munk batch correction. The Matrix R technique had the worst spectral accuracy under the reference conditions while both PCA and ICA had similar and reasonable accuracy. The special index of metamerism, change in illuminant, was calculated for each parameric pair using these various correction techniques to achieve colorimetric equality. The Matrix R and CIE‐recommended multiplicative techniques were statistically significantly worse than parameric decomposition using Munsell Book of Color PCA and ICA and automotive ICA process primaries. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 293–303, 2007
Corresponding colors as complementary sets: Corollary to Grassman's laws
Authors: Pridmore Ralph
Published: June 2007

The complementary linearity law can be derived from a conventional linear theories of color constancy or chromatic adaption. This is detailed and discused in this communication. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 333–334, 2007
Colour displays for categorical images
Authors: Glasbey Chris , van der Heijden Gerie , Toh Vivian F. K. , Gray Alision
Published: June 2007

We propose a method for identifying a set of colours for displaying 2D and 3D categorical images when the categories are unordered labels. The principle is to find maximally distinct sets of colours. We either generate colours sequentially, to maximize the dissimilarity or distance between a new colour and the set of colours already chosen, or use a simulated annealing algorithm to find a set of colours of specified size. In both cases, we use a Euclidean metric on the perceptual colour space, CIELAB, to specify distances. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 304–309, 2007
Observation of visual texture of metallic and pearlescent materials
Authors: Kirchner Eric , van den Kieboom Geert‐Jan , Njo Lan , Supèr Rianne , Gottenbos Roel
Published: June 2007

We have investigated the visual texture properties of effect coatings. The key question addressed in this work is how the visual texture properties of effect coatings can be visually assessed in a reproducible way.

We show that it is possible to define two important visual texture parameters: Diffuse Coarseness and Glint Impression. These two parameters describe the visual texture under two different illumination conditions: diffuse and directional lighting, respectively. Strict definitions of these illumination conditions were found to be crucial when discussing visual texture of effect coatings. For each of these two visual texture parameters, experiments were set up, and observation procedures were designed that standardize the observation conditions. Visual tests were performed on both visual texture parameters. We found good results in terms of observer‐repeatability and observer‐accuracy. Our results show that if the visual texture of effect coatings needs to be visually characterized under different illumination conditions, such as different light booths or changing weather conditions, both diffuse and directional illumination should be included separately. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 256–266, 2007
Sensor‐response‐ratio constancy under changes in natural and artificial illuminants
Authors: Romero Javier , Partal Daniel , Nieves Juan L. , Hernández‐Andrés Javier
Published: June 2007

We have analyzed the constancy of the response ratio for cones, second‐stage mechanisms, and CCD sensors when daylight or an artificial illuminant (A, F2, F7, and F11) is changed to an equal‐energy illuminant (E) in scenes containing natural and artificial objects. The response ratios were always found to be roughly constant for all the sensors. For daylight, we have deduced mathematical expressions, which relate the values of these ratios with the correlated color temperature (CCT) and applied these expressions to the synthesis of images of a scene viewed under different daylights corresponding to a variety of CCTs. The results were highly satisfactory in a rural scene for any CCT. In the scene with artificial objects, the results were also good for nonextreme CCTs. We also included in our study artificial illuminants, with which we achieved very good image syntheses for illuminants A and F7. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 284–292, 2007
Global color impressions of multicolored textured patterns with equal unique hue elements
Authors: Sunaga Shoji , Yamashita Yukio
Published: June 2007

A global color impression from a multicolored textured pattern can be identified. It is not clear, however, how such a single color impression can be determined from the elemental colors of the multicolored textured pattern. To investigate this question, two hypotheses were evaluated. The first hypothesis is that a single color impression is determined by the colorimetric average of the elemental colors in the textured pattern (colorimetric average hypothesis). The second hypothesis is that the impression is influenced by the color appearances of the elemental colors in the textured pattern (color appearance hypothesis). Using an asymmetrical color matching method, the authors obtained single color impressions for random‐dot textured patterns consisting of two colors with the same unique hue and brightness but each with a different saturation. Our results showed that the matched colors were not located on the line connecting the two elemental colors of the pattern, but rather were on the curved unique hue loci line. Furthermore, the chromaticities of the matches shifted toward a higher saturation than the colorimetric averages. These results support the color appearance hypothesis and suggest that a single color impression from a multicolored textured pattern is determined by a mechanism that integrates the color appearances, i.e., hue, saturation, and brightness (or lightness), of the elemental colors in the pattern. In addition, it seems that the integration of the color appearances is not a simple process, because the apparent saturation of the color impression was higher than that of the colorimetric average and the average of the chromaticities of the colors in the pattern. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 267–277, 2007
Performance analysis and improvement for BitTorrent‐like file sharing systems
Authors: Tian Ye , Wu Di , Ng Kam‐Wing
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we present a simple mathematical model for studying the performance of the BitTorrent (http://www.bittorrent.com) file sharing system. We are especially interested in the distribution of peers in different states of the download job progress. With the model we find that the distribution of the download peers follows an asymmetric U‐shaped curve under the stable state, due to BitTorrent's unchoking strategies. In addition, we find that the seeds' departure rate and the download peers' abort rate will influence the peer distribution in different ways notably. We also analyze the content availability under the dying process of the BitTorrent file sharing system. We find that the system's stability deteriorates with decreasing and unevenly distributed online peers, and BitTorrent's built‐in ‘tit‐for‐tat’ unchoking strategy could not help to preserve the integrity of the file among the download peers. We propose an innovative ‘tit‐for‐tat’ unchoking strategy which enables more peers to finish the download job and prolongs the system's lifetime. By playing our innovative strategy, download peers could cooperate to improve the stability of the system by making a trade‐off between the current downloading rate and the future service availability. Finally, experimental results are presented to validate our analytical results and support our proposals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems level analysis of osteoclastogenesis reveals intrinsic and extrinsic regulatory interactions
Authors: Kiesel Jennifer , Miller Cheryl , Abu‐Amer Yousef , Aurora Rajeev
Published: June 2007

Osteoclasts are bone‐resorbing cells derived from the myeloid lineage that play a central role in bone remodeling and inflammatory bone erosion diseases. The receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) produced by osteoblasts and activated immune cells initiates the development of osteoclasts in the bone marrow. Using time series gene expression data, the intrinsic processes and the extrinsic factors that control osteoclastogenesis were identified. The gene expression profiles display distinct commitment and differentiation phases. Analysis of the time course revealed several mechanistic details, including the complex role of cholesterol in osteoclast development. Epistatic interactions and the coordination between cellular processes that regulate development were inferred from the coexpression network. The coexpression network indicated that osteoclasts induce angiogenesis and recruit T‐cells to the site of osteoclastogenesis early in the commitment phase. The resulting model provides an essential framework for a better understanding of the epigenetic program of osteoclastogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 236:2181–2197, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue surface tensions guide in vitro self‐assembly of rodent pancreatic islet cells
Authors: Jia Dongxuan , Dajusta Daniel , Foty Ramsey A.
Published: June 2007

The organization of endocrine cells in pancreatic islets is established through a series of morphogenetic events involving cell sorting, migration, and re‐aggregation processes for which intercellular adhesion is thought to play a central role. In animals, these morphogenetic events result in an islet topology in which insulin‐secreting cells form the core, while glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide‐secreting cells segregate to the periphery. Isolated pancreatic islet cells self‐assemble in vitro into pseudoislets with the same cell type organization as native islets. It is widely held that differential adhesion between cells of the pancreatic islets generates this specific topology. However, this differential adhesion has never been rigorously quantified. In this manuscript, we use tissue surface tensiometry to measure the cohesivity of spherical aggregates from three immortalized mouse pancreatic islet cell lines. We show that, as predicted by the differential adhesion hypothesis, aggregates of the internally segregating INS‐1 and MIN6 beta‐cell lines are substantially more cohesive than those of the externally segregating α‐TC line. Furthermore, we show that forced overexpression of P‐cadherin by α‐TC cells significantly perturbs the sorting process. Collectively, the data indicate that differential adhesion can drive the in vitro organization of immortalized rodent pancreatic islet cells. Developmental Dynamics 236:2039–2049, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and embryonic expression patterns of the chicken CELF family
Authors: Brimacombe Kyle R. , Ladd Andrea N.
Published: June 2007

The CUG‐BP and ETR‐3‐like factor (CELF) protein family has been implicated in the regulation of pre‐mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA stability, and translation. Here we discuss the evolution and radiation of the CELF protein subfamilies, and report the cloning of the chicken CELF family members. In this study, we examined the embryonic expression patterns of the CELF family in the chick by in situ hybridization. We found that the tissue specificity reported for CELF proteins in the adult is established early during embryogenesis. Members of one subfamily, CUG‐BP1 and ETR‐3, are broadly expressed in the early embryo, while members of the second subfamily, CELF4‐6, are restricted primarily to the nervous system. Expression patterns of individual CELF genes in several tissues, including the heart, liver, eye, and neural tube, exhibit distinct, yet overlapping, expression patterns. This suggests that different members of the CELF family play distinct functional roles during embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 236:2216–2224, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of early molecular sex differentiation in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Vizziano Denise , Randuineau Gwenaëlle , Baron Daniel , Cauty Chantal , Guiguen Yann
Published: June 2007

Early differentiation in rainbow trout gonads was investigated by expression profiling and in situ hybridization (ISH). Expression of cyp19a1 and fst in females and sox9a1 in males were sexually dimorphic between 32 to 35 days post‐fertilization (dpf). After 35 dpf, the differentiation proceeded with sexually dimorphic profiles for sox9a2, dmrt1, cyp11b2.1, amh in males and foxl2a, foxl2b, hsd3b1, inha in females. cyp17a1, cyp11a1, star, nr5a1b increased only after 40 dpf in both sexes with a slightly higher expression in females. cyp19a1 expression was localized in a cluster of somatic cells in the ventral side of female gonads, and sox9a2 and amh in somatic cells surrounding the germ cells, at 28 dpf and thereafter, both in male and female gonads. cyp11b2.1, cyp17a1, and cyp11a1 expressions were only detected in scattered somatic cells in males after 46 dpf. This confirms the early implication of cyp19a1 in trout ovarian differentiation and suggests that early testicular differentiation does not need androgen production. Developmental Dynamics 236:2198–2206, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Back to basics: Sox genes
Authors: Kiefer Julie C.
Published: June 2007

Sox genes are indispensable for multiple aspects of development. This primer briefly describes shared properties of the Sox gene family, and five well‐characterized examples of vertebrate developmental mechanisms governed by Sox gene subgroups: testis development, central nervous system neurogenesis, oligodendrocyte development, chondrogenesis, and neural crest cell development. Also featured is an interview about current issues in the field with experts Jonas Muhr, Ph.D. and Robert Kelsh, Ph.D. Developmental Dynamics 236:2356–2366, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experience with image‐guided gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy tubes in children and adolescents with primary psychiatric illness
Authors: Korczak Daphne J. , Connolly Bairbre , Baron Tara , Katzman Debra K. , Bernstein Stacey
Published: June 2007

Objective:

To investigate the clinical experience with G/GJ tubes in child and adolescent psychiatry patients with disordered eating.

Method:

Health Records and Image‐Guided Therapy databases (1995–2005) identified patients with primary psychiatric illness who received radiologically placed G/GJ tubes for refeeding. Patient charts were reviewed for relevant data.

Results:

Nine patients who were 11–17 years old had G/GJ tubes inserted for refeeding as a result of their psychopathology. Prior to G/GJ tube insertion, adolescent inpatients were fed by NG/NJ tube for 0.5–7.3 months (mean 3.1 months) and subsequently fed by G/GJ tube for 5–60 months (mean 29 months) on an outpatient basis. No major complications or episodes of intentional tube manipulation/removal occurred. G/GJ tube feeding was effective in restoring and/or maintaining weight.

Conclusion:

Image‐guided enterostomy tubes are a safe and well‐tolerated method for feeding pediatric patients with psychiatric disorders and food refusal, and allow outpatient management of underlying psychopathology. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between low height and eating disorders: Cause or effect?
Authors: Favaro Angela , Tenconi Elena , Degortes Daniela , Soave Manuela , Zanetti Tatiana , Nardi Maria T. , Caregaro Lorenza , Santonastaso Paolo
Published: June 2007

Objective:

Few studies have explored the relationship between stature and eating disorders (ED). We aimed to investigate the connection between height and risk for ED in a cohort of female subjects.

Method:

The sample was composed of 1,031 subjects with ED and 832 controls. All participants belonged to the same birth cohort and were living in the same geographical area.

Results:

ED subjects were, on average, shorter than control subjects, independently from the age of onset. In early‐onset anorexia nervosa only, age of onset and lowest body mass index were significant predictors of height. In the whole sample, a lower height was associated with an increased risk of having an ED, even after controlling for possible confounding variables.

Conclusion:

The association between EDs and low stature is statistically significant. Further studies are necessary to understand which genetic and/or environmental factors might explain this association. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of the eating disorder diagnostic scale for use with Hong Kong adolescents
Authors: Lee Stephanie W. , Stewart Sunita M. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Lee Sing , Ho Sai‐yin , Lee Peter W.H. , Katzman Melanie A. , Lam Tai‐hing
Published: June 2007

Objective:

We examined the psychometric properties of the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS) in a community sample of Hong Kong school children.

Method:

Participants (359 boys and 387 girls), aged 12 to 19 years, were assessed on the EDDS on two occasions, one month apart. Factor structure, internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and validity against the Eating Disorders Examination–Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) and Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression (CES‐D) were investigated.

Results:

Four groupings emerged on exploratory factor analysis: body dissatisfaction, bingeing behaviors, bingeing frequency, and frequency of compensatory behaviors. Items loaded on the same factors for boys and girls. Internal consistency for these factors was acceptable. Test‐retest reliability was high for body dissatisfaction factor but weak to moderate for other factors and for diagnoses. High concurrent validity with the EDE‐Q, and correlation with the CES‐D was shown.

Conclusion:

We offer preliminary reliability and validity evidence to support the further development of the EDDS as a screening instrument to assess eating disturbances in Hong Kong youth. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Malnutrition induces dissociated changes in lymphocyte count and subset proportion in patients with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Saito Hiroshi , Nomura Kaoru , Hotta Mari , Takano Kazue
Published: June 2007

Objective:

The effect of nutritional state on lymphocytes in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) was studied.

Method:

We studied total lymphocyte count (TLC), lymphocyte subsets, and nutritional markers [body mass index (BMI), insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐I)], and serum zinc concentration) in 33 patients with AN and 10 healthy controls.

Results:

TLC positively correlated with BMI (r = .680, p < .001), IGF‐I (r = .609 p < .001), and zinc (r = .589, p < .001). The CD4+ T‐lymphocyte (CD4) proportion correlated negatively with BMI (r = −.301, p = .05) and IGF‐I (r = −.346, p = .023), counteracting the effect of malnutrition on TLC. However, because this increase in CD4 proportion was weak, patients with very severe malnutrition (indicated by serum zinc less than 40 μg/dL) had critically low CD4 counts of less than 200 cells/μL.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that lymphocyte counts and subset proportion change in an opposite manner in patients with AN, and that decrease in serum zinc levels is nutrition‐related. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IP‐HDTV multicast distribution system architecture with nonstop service availability
Authors: Hasegawa Teruyuki , Kamimura Kazuhiro , Hoshino Haruo , Ano Shigehiro , Hasegawa Toru
Published: June 2007

This paper proposes a new system architecture which achieves stable HDTV distribution service using ISP multicast networks. With the recent spread of broadband access networks including FFTH, the distribution of broadcasting contents using IP multicast is becoming indispensable in the ISP service menu. The important issues in the development of such a content distribution service are to provide high service availability and to construct a highly flexible distribution system that can handle various distribution formats. The authors have proposed a nonstop IP multicast technique without modification of router implementation intended for the ISP network, and also a packet transmission control procedure which works independently of the distribution format. A prototype was implemented and a video distribution experiment is performed on an IP multicast network corresponding to digital HDTV broadcasting by satellite. It is shown that nonstop service can be provided using the prototype system, compensating the loss of approximately 27,500 packets, accompanied by detection and recovering of network failure at the router. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(12): 73–85, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20346
Location estimation using received signal power and maximum likelihood estimation in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Takashima Masahiro , Zhao Dapeng , Yanagihara Kentaro , Fukui Kiyoshi , Fukunaga Shigeru , Hara Shinsuke , Kitayama Ken‐Ichi
Published: June 2007

This paper considers the sensor network based on IEEE 802.15.4, and proposes a method in which a probabilistic model of wireless propagation characteristics in a real environment is constructed, and the node position is estimated by maximum‐likelihood estimation using the model. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by simulation and position estimation experiments based on the probabilistic model obtained from the actual indoor measurement. It is shown that the proposed method is useful for indoor personnel location management. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(12): 62–72, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20359
Control of heating pattern for interstitial microwave hyperthermia by a coaxial‐dipole antenna—aiming at treatment of brain tumor
Authors: Kikuchi Satoru , Saito Kazuyuki , Takahashi Masaharu , Ito Koichi
Published: June 2007

Interstitial microwave hyperthermia is one of the modalities for cancer treatment that insert a thin microwave antenna into the affected part to selectively heat only the tumor. The authors are investigating this technique with an aim of clinical applications of this medical treatment for brain tumors. In the clinical treatment of brain tumors, it is more critical that “only the tumor parts be heated” than for the treatment of other tissues. Therefore, an antenna that can generate a localized heating pattern on the tumor is required. Although the heating pattern can be controlled here in the longitudinal direction of the antenna by using multiple antennas to form an array applicator, control of the heating pattern in the axial direction is relatively difficult. In this paper, to enable the heating pattern to be controlled in the axial direction, the authors introduced a coaxial‐dipole antenna and improved its structure. In addition, they assumed that it was actually applied in the medical treatment of brain tumors and used a numerical calculation model that included a tumor created from MR images to verify the effectiveness of the improved coaxial‐dipole antenna according to numerical calculations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(12): 31–38, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20390
A planar dipole antenna with wideband characteristics for UWB and wireless LAN
Authors: Horita Atsushi , Iwasaki Hisao
Published: June 2007

In recent years, attention has focused on UWB (Ultra Wideband), which is suitable for high‐speed, large‐capacity near‐distance wireless communication systems. Since UWB uses the 3.1‐ to 10.6‐GHz bands, research and development into antennas capable of obtaining wideband characteristics has become active. Research has also accelerated on antennas that can be shared with wireless LAN and other wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose a wideband characteristics method that uses trapezoidal conductors for planar dipole antennas that satisfy the ultrawide bandwidths required for UWB, and for planar asymmetric dipole antennas that can be used for both IEEE802.11b/g, a wireless LAN in the 2.4‐GHz band, and UWB. We performed analysis and measurement of impedance characteristics, and of directionality in each frequency band, and confirmed that the analysis results and measurement results virtually match. We also performed measurement to study group delay characteristics. We used the proposed method to achieve an antenna that is effective for both UWB and the 2.4‐GHz‐band wireless LAN, and showed the validity of the wideband characteristics method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(12): 22–30, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20395
MMSE/EGC adaptive selection for nonuniformly aligned adaptive array antenna
Authors: Takahashi Masayuki , Fujii Takeo , Kamiya Yukihiro , Suzuki Yasuo
Published: June 2007

When an adaptive array antenna is used in cellular and other mobile communication base stations for the purpose of improving SINR, the array antenna itself sometimes falls into a fading valley, resulting in failure to obtain an adequate improvement effect. While this problem can be solved by increasing the aperture length of the array antenna, simply increasing the aperture length alone increases the number of antenna elements, so that a large‐scale adaptive array antenna becomes required, leading to the problem of failure of the weighting to track changes in the environment during fast fading. In this paper, we try to solve the first issue by making the element spacing nonuniformly aligned, reducing the number of elements. For the second issue, the weighting is divided into two layers, resolving the problem through both use of MMSE to eliminate interference and use of EGC for diversity combining. In a slow fading environment, however, favorable characteristics can be obtained when the entire weighting is controlled by MMSE. In this paper, we estimate the fading speed by the amount of envelope fluctuation in the desired signal after elimination of interference by the initial layer MMSE, and propose during slow fading the use of MMSE batch control, and during fast fading a control that incorporates both MMSE and EGC diversity combining. Finally, we use a computer simulation to evaluate the validity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(12): 13–21, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20397
A proposal of traffic control mechanism in PON based access system
Authors: Iwata Toshiyuki , Nakanishi Yasuhiko , Maeda Yoichi
Published: June 2007

We propose a bandwidth control method to increase or decrease the entire assigned upstream bandwidth by monitoring the queue length in order to prevent a drop in the throughput and an increase in the delay time when congestion is produced by the traffic generated by multiple users in a passive optical network (PON)‐type optical access system for economically providing wideband multimedia services. The ability of the proposed method to avoid congestion, improve the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) throughput, reduce the delays, and assure fairness between the TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic is demonstrated in computer simulations by applying the proposed method to the Broadband‐PON (B‐PON) system which complies with the ITU‐T standard. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 90(7): 41– 55, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20374
Disaggregation and surface modification of nano‐size diamond by ultrasound exposure: Relationships among acoustic intensity, disaggregation, and surface modification
Authors: Uchida Takeyoshi , Hamano Akiko , Kawashima Norimichi , Takeuchi Shinichi
Published: June 2007

We used ultrasound exposure to perform disaggregation and surface modification of aggregated nano‐diamond particles. We formed a standing‐wave sound field using a Langevin transducer to drive a stainless‐steel vibrating disk installed at the bottom of a water tank, and generated efficient acoustic cavitation. With 20 minutes of ultrasonic exposure, we were able to reduce aggregated nano‐diamond particles with average particle diameters of 5µm to average particle diameters of 100 nm or less. We also confirmed that we had improved the zeta potential, an index of surface modification, by a factor of more than two. Furthermore, we used a hydrophone to measure the sound field inside the water tank, and calculated the average acoustic intensity at 800W/m2or more to demonstrate that the nano‐diamond surfaces had been modified. We confirmed that the zeta potential and average particle diameter of the nano‐diamonds could be maintained for at least 150 days after ultrasound exposure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(12): 10– 18, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20268
Two computational algorithms for deriving phase equations: Equivalence and some cautions
Authors: Ohta Daisuke , Tanaka Hisa‐Aki , Maino Yusuke
Published: June 2007

When synchronization phenomena are analyzed, the phase equations are known to often provide useful qualitative and quantitative information [1]. The target of this paper is to examine through comparisons of the derivation algorithm of the phase equations a realistic system including the case where the equations are not necessarily given explicitly. In other words, the equivalence of two different conventional algorithms [1, 4] is shown, and the advantages and cautions when specific phenomena use both in an example are each explained. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(12): 1– 9, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20284
A data‐driven processor for alleviating bottlenecks of sequential programs and maintaining multiprocessing capability
Authors: Kurebayashi Ryosuke , Ito Shinya , Takahashi Toru , Tomiyasu Hiroshi , Nishikawa Hiroaki
Published: June 2007

Existing data‐driven processors offer the advantages of being able to naturally resolve the problems inherent in a wide variety of granularities of parallelism, and of being able to multiprocess without overhead. However, because an instruction is not issued until the instruction that generates the source operand finishes executing, a delay equal to the number of stages in the pipeline occurs before an instruction that has a data‐dependency relationship can be executed. As a result, portions of sequential processing in a program become a bottleneck. The authors are therefore in the process of developing an LSI processor that is able to retain the advantages of conventional data‐driven processors while being able to efficiently execute blocks of sequential processing. This paper presents and evaluates the performance of the proposed execution model and pipeline structure of this processor. This processor uses the same pipeline to perform instruction level multiprocessing of data‐driven programs that issue instructions based on the data‐dependency relationships and control‐driven programs that issue instructions sequentially based on a program counter. The effectiveness of parallel processing by data‐driven programs, improvements in the efficiency of sequential processing by introducing control‐driven programs, and the ability to evenly share the pipeline when data‐driven and control‐driven programs are multiprocessing are evaluated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(12): 36–49, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20358
Uncalibrated 3D visual servoing from epipolar geometry and projective invariants
Authors: Adachi Jun , Sato Jun
Published: June 2007

Visual servoing is being widely investigated as a robot control method that is robust to unpredictable disturbances. Conventional visual servoing assumes calibration of the robot and camera, but such calibration proves very difficult in practice. Thus, we have proposed a method of stable visual servoing for a robot moving on a plane, with neither the robot nor its camera being calibrated. In this paper, we extend the previous method to 3D projective space, thus providing visual servoing for general uncalibrated robots operated in 3D space. In particular, we show that invariant properties in projective space defined by means of epipolar geometry play an important role in navigation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(12): 50–58, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20361
Sensorless control of synchronous reluctance motors based on extended electromotive force model and inductance measurement
Authors: Ichikawa Shinji , Tomita Mutuwo , Doki Shinji , Okuma Shigeru
Published: June 2007

In this paper, sensorless control for synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) without signal injection and an inductance measurement for position estimation are proposed. In the case of SynRMs, accuracy of inductances is the most important factor in realizing precise position estimation because inductances are largely varied by a magnetic saturation phenomenon. Therefore, the inductance measurement method, which can measure appropriate inductances for position estimation, is important as well as a sensorless control method. The inductance measurement based on the observer is discussed, and the measurement method and the parameter adjustment method for improved stability of the closed loop are proposed. The proposed method can measure inductances easily and be applied for permanent magnet synchronous motors, too. Finally, the proposed sensorless control method is verified experimentally. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 70– 80, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20274
An analysis of shielding against DC magnetic fields generated by electric railways. Evaluation of effective permeability of fine structure
Authors: Waki Hiroshi , Igarashi Hajime , Phonma Toshihisa
Published: June 2007

This paper describes an effective analysis of magnetic shielding based on homogenization. The analyses become time‐consuming if the problems include the magnetic substances having fine structure. The homogenization of the structure makes it possible to analyze effectively the magnetic fields. The authors introduce a method to estimate the effective permeability of the homogenized substance. This method can be applied to any periodic structure made of magnetic substance. The magnetic shielding effects by the structures against direct‐current (DC) fields generated by electric railways are analyzed by using the present method. As a result, it is found that the overhead way and the protective fence near the railway work as a magnetic shield, whose effects can be improved by appropriate arrangement of those constructions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 7–15, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20310
DC interruption characteristic of vacuum circuit breaker
Authors: Odaka Hiromi , Yamada Masataka , Sakuma Ryohei , Ding Cuie , Kaneko Eiji , Yanabu Satoru
Published: June 2007

A high‐speed vacuum circuit breaker (HSVCB) has been investigated. HSVCB makes high‐frequency current superimposed on a fault current so that the current is forced to be zero and is interrupted. Its interruption performance is considered to be dependent on the rate of change of the current (di/dt). As a fundamental research, we investigated the di/dt– dv/dt characteristics and the insulation recovery characteristic after interrupting the counter‐pulse current for various contact materials of AgWC, CuW, and CuCr. The results revealed that the case where the gap length is larger is better in a current interruption performance. Moreover, it was found that di/dt is not dependent on the insulation recovery characteristics, but the magnitude of interruption current is of great influence. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(1): 17– 25, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20362
3D numerical analysis and test results of a short‐primary linear reluctance motor
Authors: Ogawa Kokichi , Higuchi Tsuyoshi
Published: June 2007

A 3D boundary integral equation is applied to a model of a short‐primary linear reluctance motor. The model is a double‐sided construction where the primary member is surrounded by a set of secondary iron plates on both sides. Six kinds of different secondary geometries are calculated and their characteristics are discussed. For the confirmation of calculation results, a test machine is manufactured. Test results are compared with calculated ones. Furthermore, the static thrusts of a single‐sided machine and a coreless PMLSM are measured and compared with those of the double‐sided machine. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(1): 58–65, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20390
A large generator's bids in an electricity supply auction: Uniform pricing versus pay‐as‐bid pricing
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Tezuka Etsuo
Published: June 2007

A pay‐as‐bid auction has been adopted in a balancing market under New Electricity Trading Arrangements in England and Wales since 2001 instead of a uniform price auction previously used in a day‐ahead pool market. In contrast, a spot market in Japan, where a general electric utility would be the main supplier, plans to employ a uniform price auction. In this paper we model an electricity spot market in which one large generator competes with many fringe generators to supply electricity, analyze how this large generator bids to maximize its profits, and report some implications for the design of this market. Three types of auction are analyzed: a highest‐winning‐bid pricing (HWB) uniform price auction, a lowest‐losing‐bid pricing (LLB) uniform price auction, and a pay‐as‐bid auction. It is shown that the slope of the bid curve, which is obtained by plotting the large generator's bidding prices against its generation costs, are steeper in an LLB uniform price auction and flatter in a pay‐as‐bid auction than those in an HWB uniform price auction. This implies that an LLB uniform price auction or a pay‐as‐bid auction would make room for the fringe generators to win an auction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 41–48, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20420
A study of generator system selection for large wind turbine generator system
Authors: Kimura Mamoru , Ide Kazumasa , Nishihama Kazuo , Futami Motoo , Ichinose Masaya , Fujigaki Tetsuo , Iizuka Motonobu , Imaie Kazuhiro , Yagi Yasuomi , Tamura Jyunji
Published: June 2007

This paper focuses on selection of wind turbine generation systems that include generators, converters, and gears. We study three systems: a permanent magnet generator (PMG) system, a doubly‐fed generator (DFG) system, and a synchronous generator (SYG) system in terms of the system efficiencies and running costs. The system efficiencies and running costs are calculated by considering the relationship between wind power and wind conditions. According to these results, the one‐step gear PMG system is the best choice for a large wind turbine system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(1): 51–57, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20506
Rotation‐invariant image matching by geometrical parameter of equidistant edge pixel group
Authors: Hayashi Hiroki , Saitoh Fumihiko
Published: June 2007

Template matching is a method of searching for a target image area that is similar to a template image. However, the target image area generally must have the right position relative to the template image. Therefore, the computational cost is high when the location and the inclination of the target image area are unknown. This paper proposes a method of searching for a target image area with arbitrary location and an arbitrary inclination by means of geometrical parameters obtained by an equidistant edge group. In this method, the difference of directions is calculated from the edge direction of a referenced edge pixel and from the directions from the referenced edge pixel to other selected edge pixels. After that, matching is performed, using the difference in directions and the matching rates are accumulated. Then the location and inclination of the target image area are sought by scanning the accumulation space. Experimental results show that the proposed method has higher reliability and lower computational cost for image matching. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(1): 34–42, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20520
Examination of a digital FLL system design for SQUIDs
Authors: Oyama Daisuke , Kobayashi Koichiro , Simizu Takayuki , Yoshizawa Masahito , Uchikawa Yoshinori
Published: June 2007

Biomagnetic field measurements in unshielded environments require both large dynamic range and high slew rate. Noise amplitudes at 50 Hz and under 10 Hz of significantly more than 1µT are not at all exotic in an industrial or a hospital environment. A digital FLL (D‐FLL) system for a SQUID magnetometer has high resolution and large dynamic range of magnetic field. Slew rate of a D‐FLL system by means of a double‐counter is limited by its digital feedback loop. It can increase the slew rate that optimum feedback loop gain is divided into an analog preamplifier and a digital amplifier on a microcontroller. We show the method of design of their amplifiers. The slew rate of a D‐FLL system with optimum amplifiers is 483Φ0/s, and its noise level is about 50.0 fT/√Hz@120 Hz. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 1–6, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20526
Swing‐up and stabilization control of a cart– pendulum system via energy control and controlled Lagrangian methods
Authors: Sakurama Kazunori , Hara Satoshi , Nakano Kazushi
Published: June 2007

This paper addresses a swing‐up and stabilizing problem for a cart– pendulum system, which consists of a pendulum and a motor‐driven cart. Existing methods are based on the strategy of swing‐up of the pendulum by energy control methods, then switching the controllers to balance the pendulum when it approaches the upright position. The switching angle influences significantly control performance, so the pendulum might fall down if the angle is inadequately chosen. This paper proposes a swing‐up and stabilizing control method which makes it possible to determine an appropriate switching angle more arbitrarily. In addition to the energy control method for swing‐up, a stabilizing method based on controlled Lagrangians is adopted instead of a linear controller. The attractive domain of the closed‐loop system with this method can be known in advance and is wider than with linear controllers. In this way, our proposed control strategy overcomes the difficulty in choosing the switching angle of the controllers. An experimental result illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 24– 31, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20534
Experimental and analytical studies on lightning surge characteristics of ground mesh
Authors: Motoyama Hideki
Published: June 2007

Lightning surge characteristics of a ground mesh have an influence on electromagnetic transient behaviors in low‐voltage and control circuits. This paper describes experimental and analytical studies on lightning surge characteristics of a ground mesh. The experimental studies are carried out under various conditions. The experimental parameters considered in this measurement include earth resistances, current injection points, and injection current waveforms. These measured results are compared with calculated results based on the theoretical studies by Sunde. A comparison of the measured results with the calculated results shows good agreement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(4): 16– 23, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20559
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Heptanuclear and an Octanuclear Copper(II) Complex Derived from α‐D‐Glucofuranoses
Authors: Gottschaldt Michael , Wegner Rainer , Görls Helmar , Jäger Ernst‐G. , Klemm Dieter
Published: June 2007

CuII complexes of different 6‐(β‐keto‐enamino)‐6‐deoxy‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐glucofuranoses 3a–f have a high tendency to build up oligonuclear clusters. Two new oligonuclear copper(II) complexes could be synthesised, crystallised and their structures determined. The complex Cu(3a) was found to consist of a heptanuclear cluster in which two β‐cubane like substructures share one copper ion. The structure is highly asymmetric and in the cluster every CuII ion has a different coordination geometry. Variation of the residues of the β‐ketoenaminic unit leads to the formation of the octanuclear copper(II) complex Cu(3e). Similarly, this has two β‐cubane subunits consisting of a heptanuclear structure with an additionally attached copper ion. In the crystal, two Cu8 cluster molecules are found differing in their geometries due to intermolecular interactions responsible for the formation of a supramolecular network. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis, Structure, Protolytic Properties, Alkylating and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Platinum(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes with Pyrazole‐Derived Ligands
Authors: Budzisz Elzbieta , Malecka Magdalena , Keppler Bernhard K. , Arion Vladimir B. , Andrijewski Grzegorz , Krajewska Urszula , Rozalski Marek
Published: June 2007

Novel platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes [PtCl2(HL1)] (3a), [NH2(CH3)2][PtCl2(L1)] (3b), [PdCl2(HL1)] (4a), [NH2(CH3)2][PdCl2(L1)] (4b) and [PdCl(CH3CN)(L1)] (4c), where HL1 = 4‐(2‐hydroxybenzoyl)‐2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐ol, have been synthesised as potential anticancer compounds. Protonation constants of the ligand were determined by pH‐metric titration (log K1 = 7.74 ± 0.03; log K2 = 2.85 ± 0.05). The solid‐state structures of complexes 3b and 4c have been determined by X‐ray diffraction, showing square‐planar coordination geometry of PtII and PdII ions. In addition, the compounds have been characterised by IR, 1H NMR and FAB mass spectrometry. The results of preliminary studies on the cytotoxic activity in vitro against HL‐60 and NALM‐6 leukaemia cell lines are also reported and the IC50 values compared with those of the metal‐free ligand and cisplatin. Cytotoxic evaluation revealed that PtII and PdII complexes were active in the micromolar concentration range.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)