bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ATYPICAL LIPOMA
Authors: KINDBLOM LARS‐GUNNAR , ANGERVALL LENNART , FASSINA AMBROGIO S.
Published: August 2010

In a previous clinico‐pathologic and prognostic study of a Swedish national series of liposarcoma the designation atypical lipoma was suggested for a group of well‐differentiated non‐metastasizing liposarcomas characterized by only moderate nuclear atypia. In the present report. 21 new cases of atypical lipoma are described. The tumors were mainly composed of univacuolated fat cells without cellular or nuclear atypia. but also showed univacuolated fat cells with enlarged, moderately polymorphic, dark nuclei. In two of the tumors a few multivacuolated fat cells with scalloped nuclei were found. Small multinucleated cells with overlapping, peripherally arranged nuclei, reminiscent of so‐called floret‐like cells as in pleomorphic lipoma, could occasionally be seen. Areas of generally delicate linear or patchy fibrosis with atypical nuclei were a common finding. Two atypical lipomas were studied ultrastructurally. The ultrastructural findings suggest that the nuclear polymorphism is of a neoplastic nature rather than of a regressive change. Nine atypical lipomas were located intramuscularly, two intermuscularly and ten subcutaneously. Five of the subcutaneous tumors and three of the inter‐ and intramuscular tumors recurred one or more times. Most of them, particularly the subcutaneous ones, had primarily been diagnosed as ordinary lipomas, but re‐examination of the histological sections after one or more recurrence revealed overlooked nuclear atypia. Metastasis or dedifferentiation at recurrence was not seen in any case.
SURFACE STRUCTURE OF INTRAVASCULARY MEGAKARYOCYTES
Authors: Aabo Kristian , Bendix‐Hansen Knud
Published: August 2010

To elucidate the surface structure of intravasculary megakaryocytes, rabbit megakaryocytes were isolated from central venous blood and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The megakaryocytes were approximately 50 μm in diameter and had a spherical appearance. The surface was extremely folded with ridges and clefts, but pseudopods (budding) were never seen. Naked megakaryocyte nuclei appeared irregular in shape owing to varying amounts of residual cytoplasm often resembling buds (blebs). Their size were 15–20 μm.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE VILLI AND FETAL CAPILLARIES OF THE PLACENTAS DELIVERED BY NONSMOKING DIABETIC WOMEN (WHITE GROUP D)
Authors: ASMUSSEN INGER
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of the placentas from nine non‐smoking, White group D diabetic women were studied. The terminal villi showed changes in maturation, increased vascularization mainly due to very small vessels located at the periphery of the villus, and glycogen accumulation within the stroma cells and pericytes, corresponding to the known higher glycogen content of diabetic placentas. Multilaminal basement membrane surrounded the capillaries, but great variation appeared, possibly due to variation in capillary age. It is suggested that diabetic metabolism induces a proliferative small vessel disease in combination with accelerated aging.
FIBRONECTIN IN EXPERIMENTAL GRANULATION TISSUE
Authors: HØLUND BERIT , CLEMMENSEN INGE , JUNKER PETER , LYON HANS
Published: August 2010

The temporal appearance of fibronectin in experimental granulation tissue has been studied using the immunoperoxidase technique on material fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and pretreated with pepsin. Furthermore, the relationship between the distribution of fibronectin and connective tissue fibres, demonstrated as either argyrophilic or red by the van Gieson method, has been investigated. Fibronectin was demonstrated as part of the fibrinous network in the sponge before the formation of granulation tissue. In the development of granulation tissue fibronectin was seen in the initial cellular stage codistributed with the newly formed fibres, first the argyrophilic fibres and later with those stained red by the van Gieson method, too. With maturation of the granulation tissue, predominated by these fibres, the amount of fibronectin was gradually reduced. The presence of fibronectin in the sponge already before the formation of granulation tissue suggests that fibronectin in the initial stage of inflammation derives from plasma. The increase in amount of fibronectin corresponding to the cellular (fibroblastic) proliferation and the formation of fibres, both argyrophilic and van Gieson positive, indicates that fibronectin in young granulation tissue is synthesized by fibroblastic cells. The relationship between the morphologically demonstrated argyrophilic fibres and van Gieson positive fibres and the biochemical type III and type I collagens is discussed.
FATTY CHANGES IN THE LIVER
Authors: HORNBØLL PER , OLSEN TOM SKYHØJ
Published: August 2010

Fatty changes in the liver were investigated and quantified in 678 consecutive autopsies. The changes were classified into four groups: no changes 46%, slight changes 43%, moderate changes 9%, severe changes 2%. A clear positive correlation was found between the degree of overweight and the degree of fatty changes in the liver. The fatty changes were found to be reversible. However, in emaciated patients with a long disease period the number of cases with pronounced fatty changes were significantly increased. No relation was found between diabetes and fatty changes in the liver. In patients more than 40 years old no correlation was found between age and the degree of fatty changes in the liver.
NON‐DYSPLASTIC VILLOUS CHANGES IN ENDOSCOPIC BIOPSIES IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS WITH CARCINOMA
Authors: RUBIO C. A. , NYLANDER G. , JOHANSSON C. , SLEZAK P.
Published: August 2010

Three cases of long‐standing ulcerative colits and invasive adenocarcinoma are described. In all three cases, pre‐operative rectal and/or colonoscopic biopsies demonstrated the presence of a villous adenoma: two without dysplasia and the third with moderate dysplasia. The presence of structures compatible with villous adenoma should be, even in the absence of epithelial dysplasia, an indication for panproctocolectomy in patients with long‐standing ulcerative colitis.
ORAL LESIONS IN LICHEN PLANUS AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: KONTTINEN Y. T. , MALMSTRÖM M. , REITAMO S. , TOLVANEN E. , SEPPÄ A. , SIRELIUS K.
Published: August 2010

The present study aimed to characterize and compare the inflammatory cells in the oral lesions in lichen planus and systemic lupus erythematosus. The inflammatory cell sybtypes were identified by the combined use of morphological criteria and intracellular markers. In lichen planus 70–90% of all lymphocytes in a band‐like submucosal infiltrate were acid α‐naphthyl acetate esterase (= ANAE)‐positive T lymphocytes. The lymphocyte band was sandwiched between mature tissue macrophages and plasma cells. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) the lymphoid cell infiltrate pattern was more variable with extension of the infiltrate to the deeper connective layers and with a more patchy arrangement. The number of ANAE‐negative (B) lymphocytes equalled the numbers of ANAE‐positive T lymphocytes. In addition, large numbers of plasma cells were present in some lupus patients. In both diseases IgG was produced by 80% of all plasma cells in situ and there were equal portions of cells containing kappa and lambda light chains.
CARCINOMA IN SITU OF THE TESTIS
Authors: Albrechtsen R. , Nielsen M. H. , Skakkebæk N. E. , Wewer U.
Published: August 2010

The two cytoplasmic organelles, dense‐cored vesicles and »nuages« have been considered to allow positive identification of primordial germ cells in rodents, but no use of these potential markers has been applied to human material. We have observed dense‐cored vesicles and »nuages« in the abnormal germ cells of carcinoma in situ of the testis and thus brought further evidence for the germ cell origin of this lesion. These organelles may be useful cytoplasmic markers in the study of germ cell tumors.
OSTEON CROSS‐SECTIONAL SIZE IN THE ILIAC CREST
Authors: BROULIK PETER , KRAGSTRUP JAKOB , MOSEKILDE LEIF , MELSEN FLEMMING
Published: August 2010

Cross‐sectional osteon size was measured in undecalcified stained sections of iliac crest bone specimens from normal individuals (n = 68) and from patients with spinal osteoporosis (n = 27), primary hyperparathyroidism (n = 23), epilepsia (receiving chronic anti‐convulsant therapy) (n = 11), acromegaly (n = 18), and hypothyroidism (n = 12). In each individual the shortest osteon diameter (D) and the corresponding Haversian canal diameter (d) were measured in a minimum of 20 completed secondary osteons by means of a micrometer eyepiece. Among normal males the areas of bone resorbed and formed increased with age (p<0.01), owing to an increase in the thickness of bone resorbed (p<0.01) and an unchanged thickness of bone formed. Among the females, both the areas of bone resorbed and formed decreased with age (p<0.05), owing to a reduction in the thickness of bone resorbed (p<0.05) as well as formed (p<0.001). Resorbed and formed areas were reduced in the epileptic (p<0.01) and acromegalic (p<0.01) groups but increased in the hypothyroid group (p<0.01) compared to sex‐ and age‐matched controls. Neither the osteoporotic nor the hyperparathyroid group showed any alterations in osteon size. The Haversian canal diameter was slightly increased in the epileptic group but normal in the other patient groups. The observed changes reflect variations in the amount of work performed by osteoclasts and osteoblasts during bone remodelling and may be explained by variations in cellular activity and bone turn‐over rates.
HISTOLOGIC CHANGES FOLLOWING OESTRADIOL TREATMENT OF A HORMONE‐RESPONSIVE HUMAN BREAST CARCINOMA GROWN IN NUDE MICE
Authors: BRÜNNER NILS , VISFELDT JAKOB
Published: August 2010

The histology following oestradiol treatment of a hormone‐responsive human breast carcinoma grown in nude mice is described. The treatment induced characteristic histologic changes which included a progressive and pronounced proliferation of connective tissue splitting up the tumour tissue. The number of tumour cell mitoses declined rapidly and an increasing number of tumour giant cells appeared. The significance of the histologic findings are discussed in relation to previously obtained results on the effect of oestradiol on growth and cell kinetics of the same human breast carcinoma. The morphologic features corroborated the results of the kinetic studies.
THE INTRAMUCOSAL CYSTS OF THE STOMACH
Authors: RUBIO C. A. , ÖHMAN U.
Published: August 2010

Gastrectomy specimens from 51 patients operated on because of peptic ulcer disease were searched histologically for the presence of intramucosal cysts. The number of cysts for each cm of mucosa analyzed (cystic index) was calculated. Intramucosal cysts occurred in 34 per cent of the patients. The resultant cystic index was 0.19 (S.D. ± 0.40). The cystic index was not correlated to age or sex. Comparative studies demonstrated significantly higher (p<0.001) proportions of intramucosal cysts in the non‐tumoral mucosa from patients with early gastric cancer (cystic index 3.13 – S.D. ± 3.55). The possible association between benign intramucosal cystic dilatation of the gastric glands and the occurrence of gastric carcinoma deserves further investigation. The occurrence of intramucosal cysts in a biopsy specimen should intensify the search for an early gastric cancer.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HUMAN UMBILICAL ARTERIES FROM NEWBORN CHILDREN OF SMOKING AND NON‐SMOKING MOTHERS
Authors: ASMUSSEN INGER
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries from 9 smokers and 14 non‐smokers were studied. A double blind technique was used to separate the two groups. The study revealed the following morphological characteristics: in non‐smokers presence of mononuclear cells beneath the endothelial lining; in smokers a marked distension of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and a marked increase in number of mitochondria were found in the endothelial cells. The smooth muscle cells had accumulated glycogen and lipid. In the arteries of the smokers there were morphological signs which could be interpreted as an increased cell turn‐over within both the intima and media; increased basement membrane material and increased amount of glycosaminoglycans were found; also increased number of lysosomes, and phagocytosis. Smooth muscle cells were seen covering the luminal surface of the vessel wall.
A RETROSPECTIVE HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF 669 CASES OF PRIMARY CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT MELANOMA IN CLINICAL STAGE I
Authors: LIESTØL KNUT , LARSEN TOVE EEG , GRUDE TOVE HELLIESEN
Published: August 2010

The series consisted of 669 cases of primary malignant melanoma in clinical stage I reported to the Cancer Registry of Norway in the period 1955–1972. The relative prognostic value of various clinical and histological features was evaluated by a regression model proposed byCox(1972). Sex, localization, level of invasion, cross‐sectional profile and ulceration were found to have marked prognostic value. Several other factors, including tumour type and mitotic count, had negligible prognostic value when considered together with the above‐mentioned factors.
DEMONSTRATION OF ANTIGENIC HETEROGENEITY OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE PILI ANTIGENS USING HUMAN SERA IN THE TEST SYSTEM
Authors: Reimann Karin , Oranje Arnold P. , Michel Marc F.
Published: August 2010

Antigenic heterogeneity of gonococcal pili using human sera in the test system was demonstrated by means of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) inhibition studies. The reactivities of sera from 104 females with current gonococcal infection were compared by the IHA test using different pili preparations as antigens. Sera and gonococcal strains were collected from 365 patients. Pili were purified from strains infecting patients who met the following three requirements: 1) no history of previous gonococcal infection(s), 2) an infection that had lasted a week or more, 3) a seronegative result when tested by the IHA test using pili from Buchanan's strain 2686 as antigen. Each patient's serum was tested against pili produced by the gonococcal strain infecting this particular patient. A seropositive reaction obtained by using pili antigen from the strain infecting the seronegative (strain 2686) patient indicates an antigenically heterogeneous pili preparation. Two such strains, antigenically different from one another and from strain 2686, were found among 22 pili preparations investigated.
DISSOCIATION BETWEEN TUMOUR CELL CYTOSTATIC AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CAPACITY OF HUMAN MONOCYTES ACTIVATED WITH LYMPHOKINES
Authors: Unsgaard Geirmund , HammerstrØM Jens , Lamvik Jon
Published: August 2010

Activation of monocytes with lymphokines from BCG‐stimulated lymphocytes increased the capacity to inhibit DNA‐synthesis in a tumour cell line (NHIK 3025) at all stages of monocyte maturation in vitro. However, the capacity of monocytes to suppress DNA‐synthesis in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MIX) was reduced, indicating a dissociation of the immuno‐suppressive and tumour cell cytostatic functions of lymphokine‐activated monocytes. Supernatants of lymphokine‐activated monocytes inhibited DNA synthesis in the tumour cell line, but not in MLC. Monocytes from donors with a strong tuberculin reaction produced supernatants with a stronger cytostatic activity than monocytes from donors with a weak tuberculin reaction. By in vitro maturation, even the latter monocytes acquired ability to produce supernatants that were strongly inhibitory to tumour cells.
CYTOTOXICITY OF TEMPORARILY ADHERENT HUMAN MONONUCLEAR BLOOD CELLS:
Authors: Eggen BjØRn Magne
Published: August 2010

Monolayers of freshly isolated peripheral blood monocytes are contaminated with 5–10% non‐monocytic cells. These cells detach during the first day of in vitro culture, concomitant with a disappearance of the strong cytostatic and cytolytic activity of freshly isolated monocytes. The detached cells, mostly non‐monocytic cells, exerted cytostasis and cytolysis on the human natural killer (NK) sensitive cell line K‐562. The lytic activity was sensitive to trypsin treatment. The kinetics of cytolysis was NK‐like, with maximal 51Cr‐release within 4–8 hours of co‐culture, and with a high degree of methyl‐3H‐thymidine release during the first 24 hours of co‐culture. It is suggested that these cells may be a loosely adherent subpopulation of mononuclear cells with NK‐like properties.
HUMAN MONOCYTE MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY TO K‐562 CELLS: A FREEZE‐FRACTURE‐, SCANNING‐ AND THIN SECTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: Espevik Terje , HammerstrØM Jens , Halgunset Jostein
Published: August 2010

The structural features of »natural« human monocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity towards K‐562 leukemia cells in vitro have been examined. Human monocytes bound K‐562 cells firmly and mediated a slow cytolysis of the leukemia cells. Monocyte binding of target cells was shown to be trypsin sensitive. Freeze‐fracture and thin section electron microscopy revealed that effector and target cells were separated by an irregular space larger than 20 nm. There was no evidence for the involvement of specialized membrane junctions or organelle transfer between monocytes and target cells. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that K‐562 cells bound to monocytes progressively lost their microvilli. This process started in the membrane areas close to the effector‐target cell interaction. The results suggest that binding of target cells by monocytes followed by action of short‐range soluble cytotoxic mediators may be the mechanism for the monocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity towards K‐562 cells.
PROPERTIES OF Fcy RECEPTORS IN THE HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Nyland Harald
Published: August 2010

Cryostat sections of human central nervous system (CNS) tissue adsorbed sheep erythrocytes (E) sensitized with rabbit IgG antibody (A). The indicator cells bound to the choroid plexus, to the leptomeninges covering the brain and spinal cord, to the arachnoid granulations and to the perivascular tissue of the neural parenchyma. Unsensitized E or E sensitized with F(ab')2 fragments of IgG were not bound. The reactions were inhibited by pooled human IgG, human IgGi and IgG3 myeloma proteins, and Fc fragments of pooled human IgG. Whole human IgG2 myeloma protein, IgM, IgA, F(ab')2 fragments of pooled human IgG and albumin did not inhibit. Experiments with reduced and alkylated IgG, EDTA, iodoacetamide, 2‐mercaptoethanol, various pHs and salt concentrations, formaldehyde, periodic acid and neuraminidase did not reveal any differences between the Fcy receptors in the separate anatomical areas. The Fcy receptors in human CNS are thus apparently very similar.
TARGET ANTIGENS FOR BACTERICIDAL AND OPSONIZING ANTIBODIES TO HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Dahlberg‐Lagergård Teresa
Published: August 2010

Three components of Haemophilus influenzae (capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide and proteins of the outer membrane) were studied concerning their possible rǒle as target antigens for bactericidal and opsonizing antibodies. In rabbit antisera against capsulated H. influenzae the bactericidal antibodies were mainly directed against the capsular polysaccharide but also, to a smaller extent, against the outer membrane antigens. Using a non‐capsulated mutant of H. influenzae type b it was demonstrated that both the lipopolysaccharide and the proteins of the outer membrane are target antigens for bactericidal antibodies. In antisera against whole bacteria antibodies against the lipopolysaccharide and the outer membrane, proteins were in equal concentrations, while in antisera against the outer membrane a greater proportion of the bactericidal antibodies were directed against the lipopolysaccharide. Some of the outer membrane target proteins for bactericidal antibodies were common to various serotypes of H. influenzae. The capsular polysaccharide as well as the lipopolysaccharide and the proteins of the outer membrane constituted target antigens also for opsonizing antibodies to capsulated H. influenzae type b.
CON A INDUCED SUPPRESSOR TEST AN EVALUATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Davidsen Bogi , Remvig Lars , Kristensen Erik
Published: August 2010

The suppressor activity measured by the Con A mixed lymphocyte culture assay exhibited a pronounced dependence on the technical performance as well as a marked inter‐individual variation. The activity exerted by the induced suppressor cells depended on the Con A concentration in the induction phase, and on the mitotic activity in the responder system. The patterns of suppressor activities obtained in an allogeneic and an autologous suppressor test system were identical. When calculating the suppressor activity it is suggested, that one uses the total activities of the test system, without any reduction corresponding to the activity of the mixed lymphocyte culture. It is suggested that the suppressor activity is expressed by a »suppressor profile« to make the results more applicable and the interpretation of different works meaningful.
C3 FRAGMENTATION IN HUMAN SERUM: FORMATION OF A MIXED DISULPHIDE BETWEEN C3d AND ALBUMIN
Authors: Johnson Ulf , Holmström Eva
Published: August 2010

Inulin treated normal human serum was analysed with reference to C3d. By the use of gel filtration techniques and crossed immunoelectrophoresis, several distinct C3d populations were found having molecular weights from 40 kD to more than 150 kD and with varying electrophoretic mobility. One of the C3d species proved to be a mixed disulphide with albumin.
AUGMENTATION OF DELAYED‐TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ANTIGEN‐PRIMED GUINEA PIGS BY HUMAN DIALYZABLE LEUKOCYTE EXTRACT:
Authors: Ashorn R. G. I. , Marnela K. M. , Uotila A. , Krohn K. J. E.
Published: August 2010

Column chromatographic purification and sensitivity towards enzymatic treatments of dialyzable transfer factor (TFd), the immunologically specific component of dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE), have previously been used in its biochemical characterisation. In the present work we studied the effect of enzymes and the Sephadex G‐10 chromatographic separation of the components of DLE augmenting delayed‐type hypersensitivity. Skin reactivities to streptokinase‐streptodornase (SK‐SD) and tuberculin PPD were significantly augmented by injecting DLE into antigen‐primed guinea pigs. The augmentation caused by DLE treatment correlated to the pre‐existing level of immunity in the recipients. Most of the augmentory activity resided in 2 adjacent fractions, eluting early from a Sephadex G‐10 column. This augmentation was destroyed by alkaline hydrolysis, by treatment with pronase, proteinase K, ribonuclease, and nuclease PI, but not by alkaline phosphatase or phosphodiesterase II. The observed sensitivities towards these enzymes, except that for ribonuclease, were closely similar to those described for the specific TFd component of DLE. These results are compatible with the idea that either the nonspecific augmenting and the specific TFd molecules are principally similar, or that the TFd molecules, in addition to their capacity to transfer specific immunity, also have an augmenting effect, which needs in its manifestation a sub‐threshold dose of immunogen.
LOCAL TUMOUR CELL SEEDING BY FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY
Authors: Ryd Walter , Hagmar Björn , Eriksson Olof
Published: August 2010

We have performed fine‐needle biopsies from solid or ascites‐growing mouse tumours. The biopsies were taken via striated muscle or the peritoneal cavity of healthy mice syngeneic with the tumours and the tumour‐bearing animals. The incidence of tumour takes in these new mice were compared with the intramuscular or intraperitoneal transplantability of the tumours. In order to estimate more accurately the number of seeded cells, we also performed aspiration biopsy through the leg muscles of healthy animals into ascites‐growing tumours labelled with 125IUDR. The resulting radioactivity in the leg muscle was compared with the radioactivity of the ascites tumour cells. The studies indicate that one may seed 103‐104 cells, and sometimes more, into the needle track with fine‐needle aspiration biopsy from extremely cellular and dedifferentiated tumors.
EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CULTIVATED MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Thyberg Johan , Hedin Ulf , Stenseth Kai , Nilsson Jan
Published: August 2010

The effects of nicotine on the fine structure of thioglycollate‐elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivatedin vitrowas studied in order to elucidate further the mechanism behind its inhibitory effect on endocytosis and intracellular degradation of exogenous protein. In the concentrations (1.0–1,000 nM) and times (2–48 h) used here, nicotine lacked cytotoxic effect and did not appreciably affect the occurrence and distribution of different organelles. The most prominent change caused by the drug was the formation of large vacuoles believed to represent swollen lysosomes. This finding supports the idea that nicotine, like several other amines and weak bases, accumulates in the lysosomes by proton trapping. This could in turn impair the digestive capacity of the lysosomes by raising pH above the optimum of the acid hydrolases. It could also affect endocytosis and recycling of plasma membrane components. Additionally, the nicotine treatment led to an increased number of autophagic vacuoles consisting of lysosomes enclosing other lysosomes. A ‘lysosomophagic’ process of this type has previously been observed in other situations with decreased endocytosis. It is suggested to be a subtype of autophagy that serves the purpose of regulating the amount of lysosomes in connection with changes in the functional activity of this organelle.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 IN HUMAN PANCREAS IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Authors: Nevalainen Timo J. , Aho Heikki J. , Eskola Jarkko U. , Suonpää A. Katriina
Published: August 2010

Phospholipase A2 was localized with peroxidase anti‐peroxidase (PAP)‐technique in pancreatic tissue resected from normal portions of tumor‐bearing glands of 4 patients and from pancreases of 16 patients suffering from either acute or chronic pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis the enzyme immunoreactivity was detected in the apical zymogen granule portion of acinar cells and in ductal secretory material similarly as in normal tissue. At the border of necrotic and non‐necrotic exocrine parenchyma the staining reaction was evenly dispersed throughout the cytoplasm or localized in small cell fragments. There was no reaction in necrotic acinar cell remnants. Some dilated acinar lumina contained intensively stained plugs. Fat necroses were stained but surrounding neutrophil leukocytes were unstained. Thrombosed small vessels were also unstained. In chronic pancreatitis, diminished staining characterized small acinar cells at the border of lobules. Some macrophages stained positively. It was concluded that during acute inflammation in pancreas, localization of phospholipase A2 in pancreatic tissue is abnormal, and that phospholipases A2 of neutrophil leukocytes and platelets are not crossreactive with the secretory enzyme.
FREEZING OF MOUSE EMBRYOS IN THE OVIDUCT
Authors: Storeng Ritsa , Jonsen Jon , Christensen Grethe
Published: August 2010

The survival of 2‐cell and 4–8‐cell mouse embryos after freezing and storage in liquid nitrogen, ‐196°C, was examined. Both isolated embryos and embryo‐containing oviducts were frozen to ‐40 °C at a cooling rate of 0.3 °C/min, and then transferred to ‐196 °C for one week. They were rapidly thawed in a 37 °C water bath at a rate of ˜275 °C/min. Survival was assayed by in vitro cultivation of thawed embryos. The results indicated that freezing 8‐cell mouse embryos directly or in the oviducts, is a reliable procedure for storing 8‐cell embryos. By the procedure used, survival rates of 64% for the directly frozen embryos and 66% for the embryos frozen in the oviducts were obtained.
HISTOLOGICAL SUBTYPES OR GRADING OF PULMONARY ADENOCARCINOMA
Authors: Rainio Pekka , Sutinen Seppo , Sutinen Sirkka H.
Published: August 2010

To reveal whether the different histological subtypes of pulmonary adenocarcinoma are composed of different types of cells, we analyzed basic mucus histochemistry and ultrastructural features in a series of 61 adenocarcinomas correlating the findings with four ways of histological classification and grading. 82% of the tumours were composed of a single and 18% of two or more cell types. The original WHO classification had no association with the histochemical or ultrastructural features studied. A modified WHO classification, however, based on the prevailing subtype, had significant associations with five, a classification based on prevailing growth pattern with four, and histological grading with eight histochemical and electron microscopic features. The results suggest that it is more important to classity pulmonary adenocarcinomas by histological grades than by subtypes.
ENDOMETRIOSIS OF THE VERMIFORM APPENDIX
Authors: Nielsen Maja , Lykke JøRgen , Thomsen JøRgen L.
Published: August 2010

The pathological findings and clinical aspects of 22 patients with endometriosis of the vermiform appendix are presented. The cases were found among 10,000 appendices examined from 1950 to 1981. During this period of 32 years, 800 cases of pelvic endometriosis were seen. In 10 patients no other locations of pelvic endometriosis were found.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN
Authors: Collins V. P. , Moser R.
Published: August 2010

Mouse hybridomas producing antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) have been cloned and their immunoglobulins characterized biochemically, immunochemically and immunocytochemically. Immunoaffinity columns were prepared using cyanogen bromide activated sepharose 4R and the antibodies of the C9 clone. A protein giving a single band in the 50–55 kd range was thus isolated from aqueous extracts of bovine brain. The clone yields antibodies which are, on the basis of these studies, specific for GFAP. The antibody belongs to the class IgG1 and has been applied to human tissues, both frozen sections and sections embedded in paraffin wax following fixation in formaldehyde. The results show that the antibody may be of assistance in the classification of human brain tumors.
EPIDERMAL CHANGES IN HEAT AND ELECTRICALLY INJURED PIG SKIN
Authors: Thomsen H. K. , Danielsen L. , Nielsen O. , Aalund O. , Nielsen K. G. , Karlsmark T. , Genefke I. K. , Christoffersen P.
Published: August 2010

Pigs were exposed to heat of low and high temperature and electricity of various frequences. Comparable amounts of energy were transferred in all experiments. In lesions induced by heat of low temperature granularity and/or fibrillarity of the cytoplasm were present in the epidermal cells. Lesions induced by heat of high temperature had a similar appearance, but occasionally white necrosis, defects in the epithelium and light yellow material in stratum corneum were present. Lesions induced by 100.000 hz alternating current were segmental but otherwise microscopically often indistinguishable from lesions produced via transfer of heat of low temperature. Lesions induced by 8000 hz and 50 hz alternating current were segmental. Vesicular nuclei, white necrosis and yellow, clumped keratin were present in most lesions. Anode areas in direct current induced lesions showed a shrunken epidermis. The cytoplasm of the epidermal cells were often eosinophilic and homogeneous, and the nuclei were small with condensed chromatin. Occasionally, empty nuclei were noted. Yellow, clumped keratin was present in all lesions. In cathode areas epidermis was of varying thickness and white necrosis and vesicular nuclei were present. The pathogenesis of the individual morphological features is discussed based upon theoretical concepts and the difference in morphology of the various lesions encountered in the present study as well as in other studies in this series of experiments. It is concluded that except for lesions produced via transfer of high frequency alternating current the morphology of electrical lesions is specific. Further, an alleged torture instrument was able to produce lesions similar to those observed in the experimental studies.
THE EFFECT OF DIRECT CURRENT, SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID ON PIG EPIDERMIS
Authors: Thomsen H. K. , Danielsen L. , NielseN O. , Aalund O. , Nielsen K. G. , Karlsmark T. , Genefke I. K. , Christoffersen P.
Published: August 2010

Lesions in pig skin were induced by direct current, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, and the morphology of the lesions was compared in order to establish the influence of electrolysis in the electrical lesions. Both light microscopically and electron microscopically a pronounced similarity was found between cathode lesions and base‐induced lesions including the presence of vesicular nuclei in both kinds of lesions. Some features were also common to anode lesions and acid induced lesions, but dissimilarities were present as well. From the results it is concluded that electrolysis in the tissue with the subsequent shift of pH, especially towards the alkaline side, is responsible for the formation of the vesicular nuclei which we repeatedly have found to be characteristic of electrical skin lesions. The shift of pH also induces the cytoplasmic feature called white necrosis which therefore is found more regularly in electrical lesions than in heat lesions.
METHODS FOR LOCALIZATION OF HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN IN LIVER TISSUE
Authors: Kringsholm B. , MøLler A. M. , Clausen P. Prætorius , Mathiesen L. R.
Published: August 2010

To investigate different staining techniques for demonstration of hepatitis B‐surface antigen a series of 250 liver biopsies were stained with direct immunofluorescence (I.F.) on frozen tissue and indirect immunoperoxidase (I.P.), direct I.F., orcein and haema toxylin‐eosin (H.E.) on paraffin embedded tissue. Examination of different fixatives and various fixation times of formalin fixed tissue on the demonstration of HBsAg was performed on liver tissue from one case with large amounts of HBsAg in the tissue. Among 70 HBsAg sero‐positive cases only 27 were tissue positive. In 51 sero‐positive AVH cases, 11 were positive with I.F., 3 with I.P., one with orcein and none with H.E. In the remaining 19 sero‐positive cases, representing 9 cases with chronic hepatitis, 6 cases with cirrhosis, 3 cases with nonspecific reactive changes and one case without pathological changes, 15 cases were positive with I.F. as well as with I.P., 9 with orcein and 5 with H.E. Membrane related staining reaction was best preserved when using Bouin's and Clarke's fixative. No difference was observed between different fixatives as regards intracytoplasmic staining reaction. Formalin fixation for more than 7 hours duration caused a decrease in the amount of demonstrable HBsAg, which only to a limited extent could be restored by pre‐treatment with proteolytic enzyme.
THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA
Authors: Sundkvist Lennart
Published: August 2010

Thanatophoric dysplasia is an osteochondrodysplasia always lethal already in the neonatal period. Three cases, showing the characteristic X‐ray picture of the disease, are described. Histopathologically, an abnormality in the endochondral ossification process was observed. In sections from tubular bones the growth zone was found to be irregular with deficient chondrocyte maturation, absence of orderly chondrocyte columns, and the development of coarse bone trabeculae. Moreover, prominent subperiostal bone formation could be demonstrated. A constant finding was also a fibrous band, continuous with the periosteum/perichondrium, and extending into the growth zone. From this fibrous tissue membranous bone formation, directed towards the metaphysis and appearing to add to bone length, was observed. It seems as if direct bone formation predominates in thanatophoric dysplasia.
THE COMBINED EFFECT OF MECHANICAL TRAUMA AND PHENACETIN OR SODIUM SACCHARIN ON THE RAT URINARY BLADDER
Authors: AnderströM C. , Johansson S. L.
Published: August 2010

The effect of 0.535% phenacetin or 5% sodium saccharin administered in the diet on proliferating urothelium in 160 Sprague‐Dawley rats was studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Reparative urothelial proliferation was induced by perforating the urinary bladder with a 23 gauge needle. The rats were then treated with phenacetin or sodium saccharin for up to 70 weeks. Non‐perforated rats treated with phenacetin or sodium saccharin developed a slowly increasing urothelial hyperplasia detectable by light microscopy and SEM examination. When the rats were subjected to perforation of the bladder followed by phenacetin or sodium saccharin there was a significant increase in the incidence and severity of the hyperplastic lesions compared to rats treated with phenacetin or sodium saccharin alone. Although pleomorphic microvilli were detected on the luminal surface of the bladder in 30 of 160 rats, only 2 rats developed bladder tumors. Among female rats pleomorphic microvilli, although initially frequently present, seemed to disappear. The presence of pleomorphic microvilli therefore seems also to be consistent with a reversible hyperplasia.
A CLINICO‐PATHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDY OF UNFAVOURABLE NON‐HODGKIN LYMPHOMAS
Authors: Lindemalm C. , Christensson B. , Johansson B. , Mellstedt H. , öST å. , BIBERFELD P.
Published: August 2010

To evaluate the prognostic information of the Kiel classification a homogeneous material of 63 non‐Hodgkin lymphomas of unfavourable Rappaport histology were re‐evaluated according to the definitions of the Kiel classification. The patients were selected from a prospective lymphoma study including 775 patients. Only ambiguous histological diagnoses analysed independently by two hematopathologists were accepted. Immunological markers of the tumours studied both in suspensions and on cryostate sections were in addition analysed in 40 of the patients. Foty‐one per cent (26/63) were of high grade malignancy according to the Kiel classification, 59% (36/63) were of low‐grade malignancy. The DLPD group was most heterogeneous while a better concordance was found between DM and CB/CC and between DH and CB cases. However, prognostic subgroups of the two classifications were only partly equivalent. A good correlation was found between the Kiel high‐grade malignant group and patients of Rappaport poorest prognosis (DU, DH). Eighty‐eight per cent of the lymphomas were of B cell, 5% of T cell and 7% of non‐B‐non‐T phenotypes. Both the Kiel and Rappaport morphologic classifications predicted survival in this selected material. Patients with B phenotypes survived longer than patients with lymphomas of non‐B type. Among patients with diffuse lymphomas, those with a nodular and irregular distribution of immunoglobulin and C3d receptors tended to respond better and survived longer. No prognostic information was obtained from immunoglobulin isotypes, C3d or Fc‐γ receptors. It is concluded that the Kiel claccification is equally reliable for clinical judgement as the Rappaport system and that immunological marker studies may add prognostic information.
SKIN CARCINOGENESIS IN RATS BY 3‐METHYLCHOLANTHRENE AND 7,12‐DIMETHYLBENZ(α)ANTHRACENE
Authors: Rasmussen K. S. , GlenthøJ A. , Arffmann E.
Published: August 2010

Skin tumours were induced in male inbred rats of the Lister and Wistar strains and in (WixBN) F1 hybrids by topical application of 3‐methylcholanthrene (MCA) and 7,12‐dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA). Several schedules of application were compared. At a weight basis DMBA was more potent than MCA and the tumour response to DMBA was most clearly related to total dose applied, while the frequency of application was very important for the tumour crop on MCA‐treated rats. DMBA led to a marked predominance of squamous celled tumours (SQCT) when treatment was potent, while basal celled and adnexal tumours (BCAT) prevailed after any dosage of MCA. The carcinogenic effect of DMBA in a low total dose approached that of the most potent dosage of MCA. At this level of activity DMBA induced more BCAT than SQCT in both strains and in the hybrids, while MCA induced an increased number of SQCT. Strain differences did not interfere with these main results.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TRANS‐THORACIC FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSIES
Authors: Sehested Maxwell , Francis Dorthe , Hainau Bo
Published: August 2010

The purpose of the study was to find out whether electron microscopy (EM) was possible on tumour cells obtained by trans‐thoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNB). In a consecutive series of 105 FNB light microscopic (LM) evaluation of the aspirate demonstrated tumour cells in 67 cases. In 43/67 cases (64%) it was possible to make an ultrastructural diagnosis on part of the FNB. In none of the 43 cases did the EM and LM of FNB diagnosis disagree as to major tumour cell type. However, in 11/43 cases EM of the FNB was able to contribute to a more specific histogenetic morphological tumour diagnosis.
MITOCHONDRIAL FLOCCULENT DENSITIES IN ISCHEMIA. DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Itkonen Paavo , Collan YRJö
Published: August 2010

Flocculent densities appear in the mitochondrial matrix during ischemic damage. These densities were examined in kidneys after 2 hours of autolysis. The samples were embedded in water‐miscible glycol methacrylate (GMA). Ultrathin sections on copper grids were digested with pronase, trypsin, ribonuclease T1, various phospholipases (A2, C, D), lipase, and desoxyribonuclease I. For statistical analysis the mean number (SD) of densities per mitochondrion was determined in tubular epithelial cells. A statistically significant (p<0.001) decrease in the number of densities was apparent after treatment with pronase (75.5% of the densities digested completely) and with trypsin (43.3% of the densities digested completely). Digestion with other enzymes did not significantly decrease the number of densities. This study provides quantitative support for the hypothesis that flocculent densities are composed of proteins, most probably mitochondrial membrane proteins or matrix proteins. The results do not support the hypothesis that RNA, neutral lipids, phospholipids or DNA are major constituents of these structures.
EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN SMALL INTESTINAL ADENOCARCINOMAS
Authors: Lundqvist M. , Wilander E.
Published: August 2010

Sixteen adenocarcinomas of the small intestine were examined with respect to the ability of the the tumour cells to differentiate in exocrine and endocrine directions. Both intra‐ and extracellular mucous material was found in 14 tumors and lysozyme immunoreactivity, a characteristic of normal Paneth cells, was seen in scattered tumor cells in two cases. Three tumors contained a few argyrophil cells, indicating the presence of tumor cell population with endocrine production. In two of these tumors some tumor cells displaying an argentaffin reaction, a staining property characteristic of enterochromaffin cells storing serotonin, were also found. In one tumor examined electron microscopically, tumor cells with cytoplasmic zymogen granules were seen and also two different types of endocrine tumor cells containing neurosecretory hormone granules. The results show that the tumor cells of small‐intestinal adenocarcinomas possess the ability to differentiate in both the exocrine and the endocrine direction.
MULTIPLE ADENOMAS OF THE GALLBLADDER
Authors: Lin Gui , Hauml;Gerstrand Inga
Published: August 2010

A case of multiple polypoid adenomas of the gallbladder is reported incidentally found at a silicone rubber technique infusion for vascular studies.
THE EFFECT OF REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITES (ROM) ON THE ATTACHMENT AND INGESTION PHASES OF C3b‐ AND IgG‐MEDIATED PHAGOCYTOSIS BY MACROPHAGES
Authors: THAW HOWARD H. , FORSLID JAN , HAMBERG HANS , HED JAN
Published: August 2010

The effects of enzymatically produced reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) on the attachment and ingestion phases of C3b‐ and IgG‐mediated phagocytosis by cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) was investigated using a hypoxanthine‐xanthine oxidase ROM‐generating system. ROM‐exposure at a dose which did not affect cell viability caused a slight decrease in the percentage of phagocytosing cells. The total number of cell‐associated (attached and ingested) C3b‐ and IgG‐coated particles initially decreased in relation to controls. After 120 min the number of attached and ingested C3b‐particles had returned to the level of controls, while the corresponding value for IgG‐particles lagged behind. The number of ingested particles decreased in both C3b‐ and IgG‐groups at each time‐point studied (30–150 min). A linear increase in the formation of lipid peroxidation products was measured during the period of observation, while transmission electron microscopical studies showed largely intact morphology. These results indicate that ROM species may induce membrane‐related changes in inflammatory cells such as macrophages. probably due to lipid peroxidation; affecting the binding functions of the C3b‐ and Fc‐receptors, without any obvious alteration in cellular fine structure.
THE ELIMINATION OF I. V.‐INJECTED TUMOR CELLS
Authors: RYD WALTER , HAGMAR BJÖRN
Published: August 2010

We have studied the elimination of radiolabelled (125IUDR) i.v. injected tumor cells. We have used four different murine tumors with different abilities to metastasize and with different metastasis patterns. The elimination of the tumor cells was determined by γ‐countings from different organs. The results were compared with the elimination of heat killed and x‐ray sterilized tumor cells. We found a poor correlation between on the one hand the clearance of tumor cells from the blood and distribution of radiolabelled cells and on the other hand the ability of the tumors to metastasize and the metastasis distribution upon i.v. injection. The radioactivity outside the first capillary bed seemed mainly to come from dead cells.
DIMETHYL NITROSAMINE‐INDUCED PROLIFERATIVE AND NEOPLASTIC LESIONS IN THE MOUSE LIVER CHARACTERIZED BY HISTOPATHOLOGY AND FLOW CYTOMETRIC DNA MEASUREMENTS
Authors: DIGERNES VEMUND , ELGJO KJELL
Published: August 2010

Thirty‐one liver tumours induced in NMRI mice by treatment of the newborn animals with the carcinogen demethyl nitrosamine were examined histopathologically and by flow cytometric determination of nuclear DNA content. The tumours were classified as nodules of hyperplasia, adenomas or hepato‐cellular carcinomas. Single cell suspensions from each tumour were analyzed by flow cytometry. The lesions consisted of cells with stemlines of low ploidy (2c and 4c) as compared to the high ploidy of the surrounding parenchymal cells (4c, 8c and 16c). The hyperplastic nodules contained stemlines of both diploid and tetraploid DNA content, whereas the adenomas and most of the carcinomas were diploid. The possible occurrence of aneuploid cells in the lesions is discussed.
POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF GLUTATHIONE ON POSTISCHEMIC LIVER INJURY
Authors: JENNISCHE EVA
Published: August 2010

The effect of the free radical scavenger glutathione (GSH) on the early post‐ischemic liver cell death was studied on liver tissue of the rat. Animals with different pre‐ischemic liver GSH contents were subjected to a 90 min period of ischemia, followed by a 3 h period of reperfusion. Cell death was evaluated morphologically by estimating intracellular calcium, using the stain Alizarin red S (ARS), and by dye‐exclusion test using Evans blue. The extent of post‐ischemic injury was also assessed by registration of the membrane potential (MP) in liver cells. Four groups of animals were studied: 1) fed rats. 2) fed rats pretreated with diethylmaleate. 3) rats fasted for 48 h. 4) fasted rats pretreated with cobalt‐chloride. It was found that the early post‐ischemic cell death was more extensive in rats with low initial GSH content (group 2 and 3), than in rats with high GSH content (group 1 and 4). It is suggested that GSH is protective against post‐ischemic injury, probably by reducing lipid peroxidation.