bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QUANTIFICATION OF HEAVY METALS IN LAYER AND DOMESTIC HEN EGGS
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Usama , Mushtaq Ahmad  , Saira Naseer  , Syed Uzair Hussain Shah  , Aaima Syed  , Hafiz Muhammad Fayyaz  , Amna Iqbal
Published: December 2024

Background: Poultry products are a crucial source of nutrition, especially in developing countries where they significantly contribute to addressing protein deficiencies. However, the prevalence of heavy metal contamination in these products poses a public health concern, with heavy metals entering the poultry supply chain through environmental pollution, contaminated feed, and inadequate handling practices. This study focuses on Pakistan's rapidly growing poultry industry and the risks posed by heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury in poultry products.
Objective: To evaluate the levels and sources of heavy metal contamination in eggs and poultry products in Pakistan, assess associated health risks, and recommend regulatory measures for minimizing exposure.
Methods: Egg, water, and feed samples were collected from local markets, poultry farms, and student research projects within the Multan district. Samples were stored at room temperature in sealed containers before analysis. Wet acid digestion was used to prepare samples, followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to quantify heavy metal concentrations. Levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) were measured and compared across domestic and layer hen eggs.
Results: Significant differences were found in heavy metal levels between domestic and layer hen eggs. Domestic eggs contained higher Pb levels (0.830±0.011 µg/g) compared to layer eggs (0.043±0.014 µg/g). Cobalt levels in domestic egg whites reached 2.369±0.302 µg/g, surpassing the 1.138±0.023 µg/g detected in layer eggs. Copper concentrations in domestic eggs were notably higher, at 0.360±0.027 µg/g in the yolk, compared to layer eggs. However, cadmium and arsenic levels remained low across both groups.
Conclusion: Heavy metal contamination in poultry products poses significant health risks, especially for vulnerable populations. Regulatory measures, improved feed and water quality, and stringent environmental monitoring are essential for minimizing exposure and supporting public health while enabling sustainable growth in Pakistan's poultry industry.
Keywords: Arsenic; Cadmium; Eggs; Food Contamination; Food Safety; Lead; Poultry.
PREVALENCE OF COMMON MUSCULOSKELETAL CONDITIONS AND ITS EFFECT ON QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG NON-PROFESSIONAL TAEKWONDO ATHLETES OF PESHAWAR
Authors: Awan Mishal Waheed
Published: December 2024

Background: Taekwondo, a traditional Korean martial art, combines intricate foot and hand techniques and is a prominent global sport. Practitioners often experience musculoskeletal conditions, such as back, knee, ankle, and shoulder pain, which are prevalent due to the physical demands of the sport.
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of injuries and their impact on the quality of life among non-professional Taekwondo athletes.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the Peshawar Sports Complex and Hayatabad Sports Complex, Peshawar. A total of 126 Taekwondo trainees participated. Sample size was calculated using raosoft online software, with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data collection was performed through non-probability convenient sampling, with participants providing written or verbal consent and completing two questionnaires assessing injury incidence and quality of life (QOL).
Results: The study found a high prevalence of injuries, with 71.4% of participants reporting at least one injury in the past year. The most commonly injured areas were the neck (50.4%), knee (37.3%), and ankle (26.1%). Injuries significantly impacted physical functioning, bodily pain, and general health, with 70.9% of participants experiencing a slight reduction in QOL and 26% reporting significant limitations. The statistical analysis revealed a significant association between injuries and decreased QOL (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The study highlights a significant prevalence of injuries among non-professional Taekwondo athletes, with substantial effects on their quality of life. These findings emphasize the need for improved preventive measures and injury management strategies within this athletic population.
ASSESSMENT OF FOLIC ACID AWARENESS AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN KIRAR KHAN SOLANGI VILLAGE, HYDERABAD: A FOCUS ON PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Bhatti Ambeer , Nasreen Rebecca Wilson  , Junejo Zafarullah , Jat Sumia , Kiran Waris Ali  , Shanta Kirshan
Published: December 2024

Background: Folic acid, or vitamin B9, is essential for women of reproductive age, particularly during pregnancy, as it plays a crucial role in the synthesis of RNA and DNA in body cells. A deficiency in folic acid can lead to neural tube defects (NTDs), affecting approximately half a million infants annually. The WHO recommends 400 mcg daily of folic acid before conception and during the first trimester to prevent NTDs, with higher doses suggested for women at elevated risk. However, many women lack awareness of folic acid’s significance, highlighting the need for improved educational interventions.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the awareness of folic acid among reproductive-age women, both pregnant and non-pregnant, in Kirar Khan Solangi Village, Hyderabad.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July to September 2024, involving 60 women of reproductive age selected through non-probability convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that assessed both demographic and awareness-related information on folic acid. Descriptive statistics and relevant study variables were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: The study revealed that 28.3% of respondents were aged 17-25 years, and 61.4% had no formal education. Among the participants, 76.7% reported having heard of folic acid, but only 10.0% were aware of its role in preventing neural tube defects. While 58.3% reported using folic acid supplements during pregnancy, only 11.7% knew the correct timing for initiating supplementation.
Conclusion: Findings indicate that awareness of folic acid among participants was insufficient, particularly regarding its preventive benefits for NTDs and proper supplementation timing. The results underscore the necessity of implementing educational programs to enhance folic acid awareness and promote maternal and child health.
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF COLOR DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY IN EVALUATION OF RENAL TRANSPLANT REJECTION TAKING HISTOPATHOLOGY AS GOLD STANDARD
Authors: Khan Nayab , Muhammad Nafees  , Muhammad Ishaque Chohan  , Zahid Nabi  , Abdus Salam  , Abdul Qadeer  , Sohaib Khalid  , Faheem Shahzad Muhammad , Najam Farooq  , Ishtiaq Ahmed
Published: December 2024

Background: Renal transplant rejection occurs when the recipient’s immune system identifies the transplanted kidney as foreign, leading to immune-mediated injury. Timely and accurate diagnosis is essential for preserving graft function and improving patient outcomes. Color Doppler sonography, a non-invasive imaging technique, has shown promise in detecting hemodynamic changes indicative of rejection. However, its diagnostic accuracy compared to histopathology, the gold standard, remains under investigation.
Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Color Doppler sonography in evaluating renal transplant rejection, with histopathology as the gold standard.
Methods: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted in six months starting from 1st July 2024 and sample size was achieved in October 2024, at the Department of Radiology, PAF Hospital Islamabad. A total of 226 patients, aged over 20, with clinical diagnoses of renal transplant rejection were included. Exclusion criteria encompassed primary non-functioning transplant kidneys, prior renal artery interventions, glomerulonephritis, renal tumors, active urinary tract infections, and pregnancy. Color Doppler sonography results were recorded alongside histopathological findings. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 26, calculating sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for Color Doppler sonography.
Results: The mean age of participants was 38.31±11.61 years, with a mean transplant duration of 4.31±1.89 months and a mean BMI of 29.85±2.78 kg/m². Color Doppler sonography showed a sensitivity of 71.3%, specificity of 71.2%, diagnostic accuracy of 71.2%, PPV of 61%, and NPV of 80%.
Conclusion: Color Doppler sonography is a valuable tool for evaluating renal transplant rejection, though complementary approaches with histopathology are recommended for comprehensive assessment.
ASSESSING THE PREVALENCE AND DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL INACTIVITY, POOR SLEEP QUALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG SCHOOL-GOING AND COLLEGE-GOING ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Saeed Mushavia , Ali Asif , Ahmed Fariq , Azam Muhammad , Haider Ali
Published: December 2024

Background: Adolescents face significant health challenges, including physical inactivity, poor sleep quality (SQ), and mental health problems, which can adversely affect their overall well-being and academic performance. These issues are particularly concerning among school-going and college-going adolescents due to their unique developmental and social environments. Understanding the prevalence and differences in these factors is essential to develop interventions aimed at improving their health outcomes and quality of life.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and differences in physical inactivity, poor SQ, and mental health problems among school-going and college-going adolescents.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, with a sample of 400 adolescents: 200 school-going participants recruited from three schools and 200 college-going participants from two colleges in Lahore, Pakistan. Inclusion criteria required participants to be 10–18 years old and not diagnosed with mental or sleep disorders. Data collection tools included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for physical activity levels, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for mental health assessment. Descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests were conducted using SPSS V22.0, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: The study revealed that 52.0% of college-going adolescents reported low physical activity levels, compared to 33.0% of school-going adolescents. Medium activity levels were observed in 42.5% of college students and 45.0% of school students, while high activity levels were higher in school-going adolescents (22.0%) compared to college-going adolescents (5.5%). Poor SQ was observed in 65.0% of college-going adolescents versus 47.5% of school-going adolescents. Mental health problems categorized as abnormal were reported in 45.5% of college students and 43.5% of school students, with no significant differences between the groups (t(398) = -0.33, p = 0.739).
Conclusion: The findings highlight the high prevalence of inactivity, poor SQ, and mental health problems among adolescents, emphasizing the need for interventions targeting physical activity to improve sleep and mental health outcomes. Comprehensive approaches addressing multiple dimensions of adolescent well-being are critical for fostering improved academic and health outcomes.
META-ANALYSIS OF CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF COMBINED SGLT2 INHIBITORS AND GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS VS. MONOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HEART FAILURE: IMPACT ON MORTALITY AND HOSPITALIZATION OUTCOMES
Authors: Aisha Alyassi  , Kainaat Javed  , Eiman Zahra  , Maryum Khan  , Eishal Mukaram  , Muhammad Rizwan  , Muaz Shafique Ur Rehman  , Sawera Gul  , Salman Masood
Published: December 2024

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with heart failure (HF) markedly raises cardiovascular risk, underscoring the need for integrated therapeutic strategies. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have shown promise in managing glycemic control and enhancing cardiovascular outcomes. While both therapies independently offer cardioprotective effects, combining SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists may provide superior efficacy in reducing mortality and hospitalizations in this vulnerable population.
Objective: To assess the cardioprotective efficacy of combined SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists versus monotherapy on cardiovascular outcomes, specifically mortality and hospitalization rates, in patients with T2DM and HF.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar following PRISMA guidelines. Studies included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that evaluated the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, or their combination on cardiovascular outcomes, specifically mortality and hospitalization rates, in patients with T2DM and HF. A random-effects model was applied to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for heterogeneity.
Results: Analysis included 10 studies encompassing T2DM and HF patients, with combined therapy showing superior efficacy. The pooled RR indicated a significant reduction in mortality (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.70–0.88; p < 0.001) and hospitalizations (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.77–0.93; p = 0.002) with combination therapy compared to monotherapy. However, a slight increase in gastrointestinal side effects was observed (RR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.02–1.20; p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Combined therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists is potentially more effective than monotherapy for cardiovascular risk reduction in T2DM patients with HF, despite a marginal increase in gastrointestinal side effects. This supports the clinical consideration of combination therapy to optimize cardiovascular outcomes in this high-risk group.
UTERINE RUPTURE LEAD FOLLOWING FALL FROM HEIGHT: CASE REPORT
Authors: Muzaffar Sadia , Mehwish Saeed  , Nazneen Hameed
Published: December 2024

Background: Trauma during pregnancy poses significant risks to both maternal and fetal health, with motor vehicle accidents being the most common cause. Uterine rupture, although rare, is a potentially catastrophic complication that can occur even in unscarred uteri, particularly when associated with high-impact trauma.
Case Details: We report the case of a 39-year-old woman, G10 P9 at 40 weeks of gestation, who suffered a fall from a considerable height due to a motor vehicle accident. Initially presented with multiple traumas, the patient was hypotensive, tachycardic, and semi-conscious with severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Diagnostic evaluation using FAST ultrasound revealed free intraperitoneal fluid, indicative of internal bleeding. Emergency exploratory laparotomy confirmed a traumatic rupture of the uterus, with subsequent intrauterine fetal demise. The patient underwent successful surgical repair and stabilization but required extensive postoperative care, including blood transfusion and nephrectomy.
Conclusion: This case underscores the critical need for rapid assessment and intervention in pregnant trauma patients, highlighting the importance of considering uterine rupture in the differential diagnosis following significant trauma. The management of such cases requires a coordinated multidisciplinary approach to improve survival and outcomes for both the mother and fetus.
PREVALENCE OF BURNOUT SYNDROME AND ITS IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE; A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Fatima Nisar , Rubina Zulfqar  , Nawal Amjad  , Ayila Mouzam  , Zaraq Qamar  , Jasia Bibi
Published: December 2024

Background: Burnout syndrome is a psychological condition resulting from prolonged exposure to occupational stress, characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Medical officers are particularly vulnerable to burnout due to their demanding work schedules, high emotional burden, and stressful environments. This syndrome negatively affects their quality of life, leading to diminished job performance and well-being, and poses risks to the healthcare system and patient care quality.
Objective: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of burnout syndrome and its impact on the quality of life among medical officers.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 17, 2024, to June 17, 2024, across eight major hospitals in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Using purposive sampling, 111 medical officers aged 24–40 years with at least one year of clinical experience and working over 8 hours per day were included. Participants with congenital disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, diagnosed anxiety or depression, prior medication use, or non-clinical roles were excluded. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the SF-36 Quality of Life (QOL) scale. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26, and the association between burnout domains and quality of life was determined through correlation analysis.
Results: Burnout levels were high in 45.9% for emotional exhaustion, 66.7% for depersonalization, and 79.3% for low personal accomplishment. Moderate burnout levels were observed in 41.4%, 23.4%, and 11.7% for these domains, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative association between personal accomplishment and quality of life (p = 0.01), with weaker negative correlations for emotional exhaustion (p = 0.507) and depersonalization (p = 0.510).
Conclusion: Burnout syndrome is highly prevalent among medical officers and significantly impacts their quality of life. Targeted interventions focusing on stress management, work-life balance, and resilience-building are crucial to mitigate burnout and improve healthcare outcomes.
IMPACT OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING (BFRT) VERSUS TRADITIONAL STRENGTH TRAINING IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS ON PAIN AND QOL
Authors: Chughtai Muhammad Danial Baig , Ikram Muhammad Baber , Hannan Abdul , Uzair Umama , Arif Aqsa , Jafar Aleena , Manahil Resha
Published: December 2024

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the third leading cause of disability worldwide, significantly impacting pain, physical function, and quality of life (QoL). Among its types, knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most prevalent, affecting over 80% of individuals with OA. Effective conservative management is crucial for mitigating its physical and social burden. Exercise therapy, including strength training, has been widely utilized; however, the comparative efficacy of blood flow restriction training (BFRT) and traditional strength training remains underexplored.
Objective: This study aimed to compare the impact of BFRT and traditional strength training on pain and QoL in patients with KOA.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted between March 2024 and August 2024, enrolling 38 patients with KOA using a purposive sampling technique. Participants aged 40–70 years with clinically and radiologically confirmed KOA experiencing moderate-to-severe symptoms were included. Patients with contraindications to BFRT, such as vascular disorders or recent surgeries, were excluded. The interventions included BFRT with low-load resistance and traditional high-load strength training. Pain and QoL were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), respectively. Ethical considerations were followed throughout the study, and SPSS version 24 was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Baseline VAS scores were 7.4 ± 1.1 for the BFRT group and 7.3 ± 1.2 for the traditional group (p = 0.87). Post-intervention, VAS improved significantly in both groups, with BFRT showing a greater reduction (3.2 ± 1.0) compared to the traditional group (4.5 ± 1.1, p = 0.01). KOOS scores improved from 48.6 ± 6.9 to 72.3 ± 7.5 in the BFRT group and from 47.9 ± 7.2 to 64.7 ± 8.1 in the traditional group (p = 0.03). Both groups demonstrated significant improvements, with BFRT showing superior results.
Conclusion: Both BFRT and traditional strength training significantly improved pain and QoL in KOA patients, with BFRT yielding more pronounced benefits. BFRT offers a promising low-load alternative for managing pain and enhancing QoL in individuals with KOA.
The Assessment of Illness Perception among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Pervaiz Sumaira , Mukhtar Asia , Saddique Humaira , Tasneem Sayeda Sidra , Jabeen Rubina
Published: December 2024

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a significant global health concern, affecting approximately 14.5% of the world’s population. This high prevalence, influenced by factors such as aging populations and comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes, is linked with increased mortality and morbidity. Understanding patients' illness perception is crucial for improving adherence to treatment plans and overall disease management, as perceptions can greatly impact their health behaviours and outcomes.
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess illness perception among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by analysing levels of perception (low, moderate, good) using descriptive statistics.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed to evaluate the illness perception among CKD patients. A convenience sampling method was used to select a total sample size of 133 patients attending the nephrology outpatient department of Services Hospital, Lahore. The study utilized an adapted and translated Illness Perception Questionnaire to collect data, which was analysed using frequency distribution and descriptive statistics. Data normality was verified to ensure the reliability of findings.
Results: The study revealed that among the 133 participants, 47 (35.3%) had a low level of illness perception, 41 (30.8%) demonstrated a moderate perception, and 45 (33.8%) exhibited a good perception. The majority of participants showed poor illness perception, indicating a need for interventions to enhance patient education and disease management strategies.
Conclusion: The study concluded that a significant proportion of CKD patients exhibit poor illness perception, which could negatively impact disease management and treatment adherence. Future strategies should focus on targeted interventions to improve patients’ understanding and management of their condition.
EXPLORE THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION OF DOPING AMONG PHYSICAL THERAPY STUDENTS OF VARIOUS INSTITUTES IN FAISALABAD
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Waqar Younas  , Namra Zulfiqar  , Sadia Arif  , Ayesha majeed  , Dr. Zain Ali  , Dr. Raees Sabir
Published: December 2024

Background: The use of prohibited performance -enhancing materials by athletes as a mean of cheating is known as doping in competitive sports. The term “doping” is commonly employed by regulatory bodies that oversee athletic events. Olympic Committee and the majority of international sports organizations forbid the use of pharmaceuticals to improve performance because they view it as unethical.
Objectives: To evaluate knowledge attitude and abuse concerning doping in among physiotherapy students. To screen and provide awareness in students about doping.
Methods: The study design was Cross sectional study. Sample size was 110 Students from different universities of Faisalabad (study setting). Students with 19-25 years and final year students were included. Students with any psychological issue and non DPT students were excluded. Sampling technique was used Purposive sampling technique. Questionnaire (Likert Scale) with 5 parts was used as outcome measure tool. SPSS was used for analysis.
Results: The participation of gender in study was as follows: females that were 59.09% and of males were 40.19%. Out of 110 students 104 students never took a prohibited performance drug. Out of 110 students 45 were influenced by media, 22 by friends, 9 by coach, 12 by sport mate whereas 22 by other. According to the results the majority of students had knowledge about doping substances.
Conclusion: It concludes that majority of students demonstrated a strong understanding of doping and its associated risks, some exhibited misconceptions or lack of awareness. The majority of respondents expressed a favorable opinion of not using doping agents, and the majority had never used medications for doping.
COMPARISON OF AUTOGENOUS-BONE-GRAFT VS BONE-SUBSTITUTE IN NONUNION OF LONG BONES IN TERMS OF EARLY UNION
Authors: Uddin Shuja , Asif Khan  , Shafqat Waseem  , Aqeel Dhillon  , Shoaib Saleem  , Mubashir Farhan
Published: December 2024

Background: Nonunion of long bones remains a challenge in orthopedic surgery, often resulting in pain, disability, and impaired function. While autogenous bone grafts (ABG) are traditionally preferred for their osteogenic properties, their use is limited by donor site morbidity. Bone substitutes like hydroxyapatite (HA) have emerged as alternatives due to their osteoconductive capabilities. Comparative studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of ABG versus HA in achieving early union in nonunion cases.
Objective: To compare the effectiveness of autogenous bone grafts and hydroxyapatite bone substitute in promoting early union in long bone nonunion.
Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2021 to January 2023. Eighty patients with nonunion of long bones, aged 15 to 70 years, were enrolled via probability randomized sampling. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A received autogenous bone grafts, while Group B was treated with hydroxyapatite bone substitute. Clinical and radiological evaluations were conducted at regular intervals to assess bone union. Statistical analyses were performed using an independent t-test, with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: The mean age of patients in Group A was 27.32 ± 12.17 years, while in Group B it was 31.10 ± 10.12 years. Group A comprised 37 males (92.5%) and 3 females (7.5%), whereas Group B included 34 males (85%) and 6 females (15%). Union rates were 90% in Group A and 85% in Group B, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.499).
Conclusion: This study indicates that both autogenous bone grafts and hydroxyapatite bone substitutes are effective in treating long bone nonunion, with slightly higher union rates observed in the ABG group. Both modalities provide viable options for promoting bone healing in nonunion cases.
The evaluation of maternal morbidity and perinatal morbidity & mortality in Breech Delivery and Its Comparison with Mode of Delivery
Authors: Sharma Anupama , Shah Himanshu , Mourya Vandana
Published: December 2024

Breech presentation is a longitudinal lay with the buttocks or feet closest to the cervix that occurs in 3-4% of deliveries. The percentage of breech deliveries reduces from 22-25% before 28 weeks to 7-15% at 32 weeks to 3-4% at term. Before 32 weeks, 50% of pregnancies exhibit breech, two to four percent of pregnancies stay breech until delivery because most early breech presentations spontaneously change to cephalic position. This study is to evaluate maternal morbidity and perinatal morbidity and mortality in breech delivery. It compare the results by mode of delivery so that appropriate protocol for delivery can be devised without compromising fetomaternal well being. The research took place in the Obstetrics and Gynecology department of Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital in Kohalpur, and it adhered to the principles of a prospective hospital-based study design, N=60 cases make up the study. The study includes all cases of breech presentation that occur at or near term and do not involve any complications related to the mother’s health or surgery. Regardless of gestational age, a clinically acceptable pelvis, an estimated foetal weight of 2.5-3 kg, a frank or full breech presentation, and the mother’s agreement to vaginal delivery are all necessary criteria. The incidence of breech presentation is higher in patients who are multigravida (56.7% of the time) compared to patients who are primigravida (43.3%). There is a higher incidence of breech presentation among patients who are between the ages of 21 and 25 years old, with 38.3% of patients falling into this age range. The gestational age of 37-40 weeks is more common in both first-time mothers and women who have given birth more than once, with an incidence of 78.34%. Compared to complete breech, which occurs 11.54 percent of the time, frank breech is more common in first-time mothers (76.92 percent). Complete breech is more common in multigravida pregnancies (55.86%) compared to frank breech, which occurs in 38.24% of pregnancies. LSCS is the most common method of birth among first-time mothers (84.62%), whereas assisted breech delivery is the second most common method (15.38%). There should be a plan in place to educate the community on the significance of prenatal care, as well as the risks of breech delivery for both the mother and the unborn child. The first step in determining the fetal weight is to do a sonographic check upon entrance.
Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-Producing Bacteria in Children
Authors: Moshiur Shawon Md. Hasan , Kumar Paul Shanjoy
Published: December 2024

Urinary tract infections caused by Extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing bacteria among children is a therapeutic challenge because it requires broad-spectrum antibiotics for treatment which further increases antimicrobial resistance. World health organisation (WHO) has declared ESBL-producing Enterobacterales as critical priority pathogens. This study determined the risk factors of UTI caused by ESBL-producing bacteria in children and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Urine samples were collected using standard aseptic techniques from children who were suspected cases of UTI. Urine culture and bacteria isolation were performed following standard bacteriological techniques. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique and the Double-disc synergy test were used to investigate antibiotic susceptibility and presence of ESBL production. The most frequently isolated bacteria was E. coli in both ESBL and non-ESBL group. Almost all of the ESBL-producing bacteria were resistant to Cephalosporin group of antibiotics followed by Amoxiclav and Co-trimoxazole. Lowest resistance were found to Colistin followed by Imipenem and Meropenem. The most predominant risk factor for ESBL-UTI in children was history of prior use of antibiotics (OR 8.3, 95% CI (3.8-18.5)) followed by previous hospitalization (OR 2.89, 95% CI (1.3-6.6)) and previous UTI (OR 9.0, 95% CI (1.1-74.2)). However, none of them was found as an independent risk factor. The risk factors for ESBL-UTI and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern identified in this study will be helpful for selection of an appropriate empirical antibiotic while awaiting for urine culture report. ESBL testing need to incorporate in the routine clinical practice and the judicious use of antibiotics should be strengthened to decrease the antimicrobial resistance rate.
Hücre Ölüm Mekanizması Ferroptozun Alzheimer Patogenezindeki Rolü
Authors: Koyuncu Hilal , Keskin Tuğba , Tural Sengul
Published: December 2024

Alzheimer hastalığı (AH), demansın en yaygın nedenidir ve tüm vakaların yaklaşık %60-%80'ini oluşturmaktadır. Yıllar içinde büyük çabalar harcanmış olmasına rağmen, AH'nin tam mekanizması henüz tamamen aydınlatılamamıştır. Son zamanlarda, AH patogenezinde demir metabolizması, lipid peroksidasyonu ve oksidatif stresin rolleri büyük ilgi görmeye başlamıştır. Ayrıca, bu patolojik olayların, ferroptoz adı verilen hücre ölümünün önemli düzenleyicileri olduğunu da belirtmek gerekir. Artan kanıtlar, ferroptozun AH’de nörolojik fonksiyon bozukluklarıyla ilişkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak, altındaki mekanizmalar henüz tam olarak aydınlatılmamıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı, ferroptozun temel mekanizmalarını gözden geçirmek; AH ve ferroptoz arasındaki potansiyel etkileşimi demir metabolizması, lipid peroksidasyonu ve glutatiyon/glutatyon peroksidaz 4 ekseni çerçevesinde kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktır.
İbn Düreyd’in el-Müctenâ’sında Yer Verdiği Hikmetli Sözlerin Belâgat Özellikleri ve Konu Tasnifi: “Bâbün min Kelami’l-Hükema” Bölümü Özelinde
Authors: Arslan Mehmet Nafi
Published: December 2024

Bu çalışma, İbn Düreyd’in el-Müctenâ adlı eserindeki hikmetli sözlerin konularına göre tasnifi ve belâgat özelliklerinin incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, eserin “Bâbün min Kelami’l-Hükema” bölümündeki hikmetli sözlerin tematik olarak sınıflandırılması ve edebi yönlerinin analizine odaklanmıştır. Çalışmanın başında, İbn Düreyd’in hayatı ve eserleri hakkında bilgi verilmiş, ardından sabır, hoşgörü, dostluk, ilişkiler, cömertlik ve güzel ahlak gibi konulara dair hikmetli sözler incelenmiştir.
İbn Düreyd, Arap edebiyatının önemli isimlerinden biri olup, el-Müctenâ eseri dil ve edebiyat bilgisini yansıtan derleme bir çalışmadır. Bu eser, hikmetli sözlerin dilsel ve ahlaki açıdan taşıdığı değeri ortaya koymaktadır. Hikmetli sözler, bireylerin ve toplumların hayatlarına rehberlik edecek nitelikte olup, insani erdemleri derinlemesine ele almaktadır. Sabır ve hoşgörü temaları, zorluklarla başa çıkma ve uyumlu yaşama yetilerini güçlendirirken; dostluk ve ilişkiler üzerine olan sözler, sosyal bağların önemini vurgulamaktadır. Cömertlik ve güzel ahlak konusundaki sözler ise toplumsal barışın ve kişisel erdemlerin önemini belirtmektedir.
Belâgat sanatları açısından da hikmetli sözler detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Îcâz, takdîm-tehîr, teşhis, kinaye, istiare, tıbak, cinas ve seci gibi sanatlar, sözlerin derin anlamlarını ve edebi güzelliklerini ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu sanatlar, metnin etkileyiciliğini artırmakta ve okuyucunun dikkatini çekmektedir. Sonuç olarak, İbn Düreyd’in el-Müctenâ’sında yer alan hikmetli sözler, dil ve edebiyat açısından büyük bir zenginlik taşımakta ve insani değerler ile erdemlere güçlü bir vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu çalışma, eserin edebi ve ahlaki değerlerini anlamaya yönelik önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır.
İslâmiyet’ten Önce ve Sonra Kırgızlar’da İnanç Esasları
Authors: Uraim Kyzy Busalikha , Gün Faruk
Published: December 2024

Kırgızların tarih boyunca yaşadığı dini dönüşümler, Türklerin zengin dinî mirasının öğrenebilmesi için önem arz etmektedir. Kırgızlar, İslâm öncesi dönemde Tengricilik, Şamanizm, Totemizm ve Zerdüştlük gibi inançların etkisi altında kalmış, bu sistemlerde doğa güçleri ve ruhani bağları inançlarının temelini oluşturmuştur. Gök Tanrı inancı, Kırgızlar arasında en yaygın dinî inanış olmuştur. Tek Tanrı'ya inanma ve doğaya saygı temelinde şekillenen bu inanç, İslâm'ın tevhid anlayışıyla önemli paralelliklerle göstermiştir. Bu benzerlik, Kırgızların İslâm'ı benimsemesini kolaylaştıran temel faktörlerden biri olmuştur. İslâmiyet'in Kırgızların arasında yayılması, yalnızca dinî bir değişim değil, aynı zamanda sosyal ve kültürel yapıda köklü dönüşümlere yol açmıştır. Eski inançların, İslâm'ın öğretileriyle harmanlanarak yeni bir dinî ve kültürel oluşum oluşturulmuş, Kırgızların toplumsal kimlikleri yeniden şekillenmiştir. Bununla birlikte Kırgızların dinî hayatlarını değerlendirirken farklı boylarının ve coğrafi koşulların göz önünde bulundurulması gerekmektedir. Kırgızların yeterince İslâmi bilgiye ulaşamamaları ve geleneklerini bilen yeterli sayıda dinî rehberin olmaması nedeniyle, örf, adet ve destanlar Kırgızların siyasi, sosyal ve dinî hayatlarını şekillendirmede daha etkili olmuşlardır. Günümüzde dahi eski Türk inançlarının izleri Kırgızlar arasında yaşamaya devam etmekte İslâm ile harmanlanan bu unsurlar kültürel bir sürekliliğin sembolü olarak varlıklarını sürdürmektedirler. Bu çalışma, Kırgızların dinî mirasını ve İslâm’la olan ilişkilerini geleneksel ve kültürel bir perspektifle ele almaktadır. Türklerin İslâm öncesi dinî inanışları ve İslâmiyet'in bu yapıyı nasıl dönüştürdüğü, sadece akademik değil, aynı zamanda kimlik ve kültür inşası açısından da önem arz etmektedir. Araştırma, okuyuculara Kırgızların zengin dinî ve kültürel mirasını tanıtmayı, eski inançlar ile İslâm arasındaki geçiş sürecini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Konunun bu minvalde ele alınması hem tarihi hem de kültürel anlamda kaçınılmaz bir gerekliliktir.
Geleneksel Türk Tiyatrosu ve Dramanın Türkçe Eğitiminde Kullanımı
Authors: Kalyoncu Rahman
Published: December 2024

Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden içerik analizi ile yapılandırılmış bu çalışmada Türkçe eğitimi için değerli fırsatlar sunan drama etkinlikleri ve geleneksel Türk tiyatrosundan Türkçe eğitimi sürecinde ne ölçüde yararlanıldığının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 2019 Türkçe Öğretim Programı, 2019 Türkçe Öğretim Programı doğrultusunda hazırlanmış ve hâlihazırda kullanımda olan tüm ortaokul Türkçe ders kitapları ve 2024 Türkçe Öğretim Programı veri kaynağı olarak kabul edilmiş ve incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda 2019 programında ve programa bağlı olarak hazırlanmış ders kitaplarının çok büyük bir bölümünde dramadan ve geleneksel Türk tiyatrosundan yeteri kadar ve nitelikli bir şekilde yararlanılmadığı, ders kitaplarında drama etkinlikleri açısından bir tutarlılık ya da aşamalılık olmadığı, tüm ders kitapları içerisinde drama ile geleneksel Türk tiyatrosunun ilişkilendirildiği yalnızca bir etkinlik olduğu, dolayısıyla drama ile geleneksel Türk tiyatrosu arasındaki güçlü ilişkiden yararlanılmadığı, ders kitaplarında geleneksel Türk tiyatrosuna yönelik metinlerin neredeyse tamamının Karagöz oyunu ile alakalı serbest okuma metni olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer yandan 2024 programının drama ve geleneksel Türk tiyatrosu açısından 2019 programından farklılaştığı ve daha nitelikli bir tutuma sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçlardan hareketle Türkçe eğitimi, drama etkinlikleri ve millî kültür arasındaki ilişki ve fırsatlar açıklanmaya çalışılmış, bu unsurların işlevsel bir şekilde bir arada kullanılabileceği vurgulanmış, ders kitabı yazarlarına ve eğiticilere önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Tarihi Roman Bağlamında Mahfi Eğilmez’in Hitit Tarihi Konulu Romanları Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Authors: Uslu Ahmet
Published: December 2024

Bu çalışmada Mahfi Eğilmez’in Anitta’nın Laneti ve Hattuşa’dan Kaçış adlı tarihi romanları, Hitit uygarlığını konu alarak incelenmiştir. Anitta’nın Laneti, Hititlerin Anadolu’ya göçü, Hattuşa’nın ele geçirilmesi ve Anitta’nın bıraktığı laneti anlatır. Anitta, Hattuşa’yı ele geçirdikten sonra şehirdeki hiçbir şeyi ganimet olarak bulamayınca şehri yakıp yıkar ve bir lanet bırakır: “Benden sonra kim Hattuşa’yı yeniden canlandırırsa göklerin Fırtına Tanrısı onun belasını versin.” Bu lanet, Hititlerin yıkılışını sembolize eden önemli bir olaydır. Roman, Hititlerin askeri başarıları, yönetim yapıları ve tanrılara olan inançlarının toplumsal yaşam üzerindeki etkilerini detaylandırır. Özellikle Anitta’nın otoriter liderliği ve Hititlerin iç savaşlarla zayıflaması eserin ana temaları arasındadır. Hattuşa’dan Kaçış ise günümüz dünyasındaki arkeologların Hitit kalıntılarını araştırmasını ve bu süreçte yaşanan olayları işler. Roman hem Hitit tarihini anlatırken hem de modern karakterlerin bu tarih ile kurduğu bağı üstkurmaca tekniği ile sunar. Hititlerin saray entrikaları, taht kavgaları ve iç çekişmeleri bu eserde de ele alınır. Her iki eser de Hititlerin tarihsel süreçteki yükselişi ve çöküşüne odaklanır. Eğilmez, anlatılarını arkeolojik bulgulara ve tarihsel belgelere dayandırırken, kurgusal unsurları da ustalıkla bir araya getirir. Hitit tarihine dair detaylı bir perspektif sunan bu romanlar, tarihi olayları sürükleyici bir anlatı ile okuyucuya sunar.
İngilizce Öğretmeni Adaylarının Telaffuz Kaygılarına İlişkin Görüşleri: Bir Karma Araştırma Modeli -
Authors: Gömleksiz Mehmet Nuri , Aslan Sibel , Erdem Şule
Published: December 2024

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, İngilizce Öğretmen Adaylarının yabancı dil sınıfında telaffuz kaygı düzeylerinin demografik özellikleri açısından incelemek ve öğretmen adaylarının telaffuz kaygıları ve onları etkileyen faktörlere ilişkin görüşlerini tespit etmektir. Araştırmada karma yaklaşımlardan gömülü desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2021/2022 eğitim öğretim yılı, güz döneminde Elazığ Fırat Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Yabancı Diller Eğitimi Bölümü, İngilizce Öğretmenliği Lisans Programına devam eden 170 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın nitel boyutu için toplamda 25 öğretmen adayına ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın her iki boyutunda da gönüllülük ilkesi esas alınmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Baran-Lucarz (2016) tarafından geliştirilen ve Yağız (2018) tarafından Türk diline ve kültürüne uyarlanan geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olan “Yabancı Dil Sınıfında Telaffuz Kaygısı Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Nitel veri aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen bir görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen nicel verilere Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) normallik testi yapılmış verilerin dağılımının normal olduğu görülmüştür. Bu yüzden iki değişkenli karşılaştırmalarda bağımsız gruplar t testi, ikiden fazla değişkene sahip durumlarda ise tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Nitel verilerin analizinde; nitel araştırma desenine uygun olarak içerik analizi yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına bakıldığında İngilizce öğretmen adaylarının bazı demografik özelliklerinde anlamlı farklılıklar görülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarıyla bağlantılı olarak çeşitli öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Türkçe Dersinde Uygulanan Yazı Yazma Etkinliklerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: Özcan Yasin , Baştuğ Muhammet
Published: December 2024

Bu araştırma, yazma becerilerini geliştirme sürecinde sınıf öğretmenlerinin Türkçe dersi içerisinde öğretim zamanını nasıl kullandıklarını belirlemeyi ve betimlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2023-2024 eğitim öğretim yılında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı bir ilkokulda görev yapan 12’si kadın, 4’ü erkek olmak üzere 16 sınıf öğretmeni ve 1,2,3 ve 4. sınıflarda öğrenim gören 1213 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Durum çalışması olarak desenlenen çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak gözlem tekniği kullanılmış, gözlem sonuçlarından elde edilen verilerle içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları gözlem formundan elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda 9 başlık altında toplanmıştır. Araştırmada ulaşılan sonuçlar şu şekildedir; sınıf öğretmenleri Türkçe dersinde yazı yazma çalışmalarından en fazla dikte (%46,78) en az metin oluşturma (%12,50) çalışmalarını kullanmıştır. Bu çalışmaları yaparken ders materyali olarak en fazla Türkçe defteri (%71,87) en az ise akıllı tahta ve çalışma kağıdı (%6,25) kullanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmaların amacı en çok okunaklı yazma (%68,75) olurken en az metin oluşturma (%12,50) olmuştur. Yazı yazma çalışmaları sırasında öğrenci öğretmen etkileşimi ise %18.79 oranında gerçekleşmiştir. Araştırmanın bir diğer önemli sonucuna göre gözlem yapılan 32 ders saatinin 17’sinde (%53,12) yazma çalışmaları ile ilgili öğretmenlerden öğrencilere herhangi bir geribildirim verilmemiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, yazma becerilerini geliştirme sürecinde ders süreci ile öğrenci ve öğretmen arasındaki etkileşimin yazma başarısına etkisi bağlamında literatüre bağlı olarak tartışılmıştır.
Exploring the relationship between artificial intelligence literacy and English language learning motivation
Authors: Yaşar Huriye , Karagücük Vasif
Published: December 2024

Artificial intelligence has been transforming every field of life. It's critical to comprehend how artificial intelligence affects foreign language learning. Artificial intelligence can improve real-time feedback and individualized learning experiences, which may boost student motivation. The study assesses students' artificial intelligence literacy and English language learning motivation levels. Data were gathered through in-person surveys from 397 participants using the Artificial Intelligence Literacy and the English Language Learning Motivation Scales. The findings showed that English language learning motivation (65.02) and literacy in artificial intelligence (61.95) were above average. There were statistically significant positive correlations between total scores of English language learning motivation and artificial intelligence literacy (p < 0.01). These results imply that a greater motivation to learn English is related to a better level of artificial intelligence literacy. Also, incorporating artificial intelligence into language instruction can improve students' motivation and engagement. More research to examine other variables impacting this relationship is also needed. The results may offer insightful information to educators and legislators who seek to enhance artificial intelligence literacy and foreign language instruction in a quickly changing educational environment.
Issues on Gender Equality in the Qur'an Based on Amina Wadud's Hermeneutical Approach
Authors: Resky Muhammad , Hasibuan Akmal Rizki Gunawan
Published: December 2024

This research aims to describe findings in the Qur'an regarding the issue of gender equality. Nowadays, there is still a stereotype of justifying men as having a higher position in reminding women who have done wrong. Even not a few men have a patriarchal paradigm towards women. The paradigm certainly needs to be straightened out through analysis of studies of several interpretations of the Qur'an. Using Amina Wadud's hermeneutic review as an approach, it was found that the Qur'an indeed explains the position between men and women with no dichotomy. By (1) categorizing interpretations into traditional, reactive, and holistic approaches and (2) identifying which methods best fit the analysis; philological analysis is then applied to examine the language and syntax of the Qur'anic text and uncover the deeper meanings of certain words and phrases The Qur'an does not describe the existence of patriarchal, matriarchal, misogynist, and misandry ideologies. Furthermore, it is also explained that (1) women have the right to inheritance and dowry, (2) they have the same commandments in worship, (3) men and women have a primordial agreement of monotheism, (4) men and women have the same potential to achieve achievements, and (5) men and women have compatibility in piety. These findings indicate that men and women have harmony before God and that there is no dichotomy between men and women in carrying out their functions and roles on earth.
Non-syndromic bilateral dentigerous cyst in 9-year-old boy – case report and a literature review
Authors: Vanguru Raviteja , P Swetha , Manyam Ravikanth , Tatapudi Ramesh , Pampana Sravani
Published: December 2024

Dentigerous cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst that often develops in the second and third decades of life. This is one of the most common odontogenic cyst types that involve developing, or impacted teeth, partially erupted, accounting 20% of all jaw cysts. Dentigerous cysts are usually unilateral, bilateral presentations have been associated with syndromes such as cleidocranial dysplasia and Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome. However, they can occur without any syndrome association, but are extremely rare. This article reports the case of bilateral dentigerous cysts that is non-syndromic in a 9-year-old boy.
The Relationship Between Stress and Depression Levels in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorder
Authors: Tekin Görkem , Özkırış Sena
Published: December 2024

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı temporomandibular bozukluğu (TMB) olan hastaların anksiyete ve depresyon ile ilişkisini incelemektir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Mart 2024 ile Haziran 2024 tarihleri arasında Ağız, Diş ve Çene Cerrahisi Kliniğine başvuran 100 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. TMB’ye bağlı belirti ve semptomları değerlendirmek ve semptom şiddetini belirlemek için Fonseca anamnestik indeksi (FAI) kullanıldı. Anksiyete ve depresyon düzeylerini değerlendirmek için Beck anksiyete ölçeği (BAÖ) ve Beck depresyon ölçeği (BDÖ) kullanıldı. Ortalama puanlar TMB olan ve TMB olmayan hastalar arasında değerlendirildi. P