bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Resolution SPH Simulation of a Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Process
Authors: Afrasiabi Mohamadreza , Lüthi Christof , Bambach Markus , Wegener Konrad
Published: March 2021

This paper presents an efficient mesoscale simulation of a Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The efficiency lies in reducing the computational effort via spatial adaptivity, for which a dynamic particle refinement pattern with an optimized neighbor-search algorithm is used. The melt pool dynamics is modeled by resolving the thermal, mechanical, and material fields in a single laser track application. After validating the solver by two benchmark tests where analytical and experimental data are available, we simulate a single-track LPBF process by adopting SPH in multi resolutions. The LPBF simulation results show that the proposed adaptive refinement with and without an optimized neighbor-search approach saves almost 50% and 35% of the SPH calculation time, respectively. This achievement enables several opportunities for parametric studies and running high-resolution models with less computational effort.
Environmental Consequences of Closing the Textile Loop—Life Cycle Assessment of a Circular Polyester Jacket
Authors: Braun Gregor , Som Claudia , Schmutz Mélanie , Hischier Roland
Published: March 2021

The textile industry is recognized as being one of the most polluting industries. Thus, the European Union aims to transform the textile industry with its “European Green Deal” and “Circular Economy Action Plan”. Awareness regarding the environmental impact of textiles is increasing and initiatives are appearing to make more sustainable products with a strong wish to move towards a circular economy. One of these initiatives is wear2wearTM, a collaboration consisting of multiple companies aiming to close the loop for polyester textiles. However, designing a circular product system does not lead automatically to lower environmental impacts. Therefore, a Life Cycle Assessment study has been conducted in order to compare the environmental impacts of a circular with a linear workwear jacket. The results show that a thoughtful “circular economy system” design approach can result in significantly lower environmental impacts than linear product systems. The study illustrates at the same time the necessity for Life Cycle Assessment practitioners to go beyond a simple comparison of one product to another when it comes to circular economy. Such products require a wider system analysis approach that takes into account multiple loops, having interconnected energy and material flows through reuse, remanufacture, and various recycling practices.
Real-Time Prediction of Operating Parameter of TBM during Tunneling
Authors: Lee Hang-Lo , Song Ki-Il , Qi Chongchong , Kim Jin-Seop , Kim Kyoung-Su
Published: March 2021

With the increasing use of the tunnel boring machine (TBM), attempts have been made to predict TBM operating parameters. Prediction of operating parameters is still an important step in the adaptability of the TBM for the future. In this study, we employ a walk forward (WF) prediction method based on ARIMAX, which can consider time-varying features and geological conditions. This method is applied to two different TBM projects to evaluate its performance, and is then compared with WF based on ordinary least squares (OLS). The simulation results show that the ARIMAX predictor outperforms the OLS predictor in both projects. For practical applications, an additional analysis is carried out according to the real-time prediction distance. The results show that time series-based ARIMAX provides meaningful results in 8 rings (11 m) or less of real-time prediction distance. The WF based on ARIMAX can provide reasonable TBM operating conditions with time-varying data and can be utilized in decision-making to improve excavation performance.
Numerical Modeling of Crack Growth under Mixed-Mode Loading
Authors: Alshoaibi Abdulnaser M.
Published: March 2021

The aim of this paper is to simulate the propagation of linear elastic crack in 3D structures using the latest innovation developed using Ansys software, which is the Separating Morphing and Adaptive Remeshing Technology (SMART), in order to enable automatic remeshing during a simulation of fracture behaviors. The ANSYS Mechanical APDL 19.2 (Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA), is used by employing a special mechanism in ANSYS, which is the smart crack growth method, to accurately predict the crack propagation paths and associated stress intensity factors. For accurate prediction of the mixed-mode stress intensity factors (SIFs), the interaction integral technique has been employed. This approach is used for the prediction of the mixed-mode SIFs in the three-point bending beam, which has six different configurations: three configurations with holes, and the other three without holes involving the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) assumption. The results indicated that the growth of the crack was attracted to the hole and changes its trajectory to reach the hole or floats by the hole and grows when the hole is missing. For verification, the data available in the open literature on experimental crack path trajectories and stress intensity factors were compared with computational study results, and very good agreement was found.
Low-Cost Active Anomaly Detection with Switching Latency
Authors: Qin Fengfan , Feng Hui , Yang Tao , Hu Bo
Published: March 2021

Consider the problem of detecting anomalies among multiple stochastic processes. Each anomaly incurs a cost per unit time until it is identified. Due to the resource constraints, the decision-maker can select one process to probe and obtain a noisy observation. Each observation and switching across processes accompany a certain time delay. Our objective is to find a sequential inference strategy that minimizes the expected cumulative cost incurred by all the anomalies during the entire detection procedure under the error constraints. We develop a deterministic policy to solve the problem within the framework of the active hypothesis testing model. We prove that the proposed algorithm is asymptotic optimal in terms of minimizing the expected cumulative costs when the ratio of the single-switching delay to the single-observation delay is much smaller than the declaration threshold and is order-optimal when the ratio is comparable to the threshold. Not only is the proposed policy optimal in the asymptotic regime, but numerical simulations also demonstrate its excellent performance in the finite regime.
Wastewater Treatment Using Alkali-Activated-Based Sorbents Produced from Blast Furnace Slag
Authors: Latorrata Saverio , Balzarotti Riccardo , Adami Maria Isabella , Marino Bianca , Mostoni Silvia , Scotti Roberto , Bellotto Maurizio , Cristiani Cinzia
Published: March 2021

Currently, slags from secondary steel production, foundries, and blast furnaces represent a major environmental problem since they end up mainly in landfills, and their valorization would bring undeniable advantages both to environment and economy. Moreover, the removal of heavy metal ions from mines wastewater is one of the challenges of the last decades, and adsorption has been proposed as one of the most promising techniques for this purpose. In this context, the use of alkali-activated slags as sorbent can be a good opportunity to develop low cost, environmentally friendly, and sustainable materials. Accordingly, wastewater decontamination by adsorption over a porous monolithic bed made of alkali-activated hydraulic binders is proposed. Alkali-activated materials were prepared using slags from the metallurgical industry and reacted with an alkaline component (high alumina calcium aluminate cement, CAC 80) at ambient conditions. The obtained monolithic foams were tested to evaluate the uptake efficiency towards metal capture. Solutions containing Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Mn(II), and simulating the metal concentrations of a real mine effluent were tested, both in single- and multi-ion solutions. Promising capture efficiency, values of 80–100% and of 98–100% in the case of the single ion and of the multi-ion solutions were obtained, respectively.
Effect of Digital Technologies on the Marginal Accuracy of Conventional and Cantilever Co–Cr Posterior-Fixed Partial Dentures Frameworks
Authors: Tobar Celia , Rodríguez Verónica , Lopez-Suarez Carlos , Peláez Jesús , Brinckmann Jorge Cortés-Bretón , Suárez María J.
Published: March 2021

The introduction of new digital technologies represents an important advance to fabricate metal–ceramic restorations. However, few studies have evaluated the influence of these technologies on the fit of the restorations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different manufacturing techniques and pontic design on the vertical marginal fit of cobalt–-chromium (Co–Cr) posterior fixed partial dentures (FPDs) frameworks. Methods: Eighty stainless-steel dies were prepared to receive 3-unit FPDs frameworks with intermediate pontic (n = 40) and cantilever pontic (n = 40). Within each design, the specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 each) depending on the manufacturing technique: casting (CM), direct metal laser sintering (LS), soft metal milling (SM), and hard metal milling (HM). The frameworks were luted, and the vertical marginal discrepancy was assessed. Data analysis was made using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Results: The vertical marginal discrepancy values of all FPDs were below 50 μm. The HM frameworks obtained the lowest misfit values in both designs. However, no differences were found among intermediate pontic groups or cantilevered groups. Likewise, when differences in a marginal discrepancy between both framework designs were analyzed, no differences were observed. Conclusions: The analyzed digital technologies demonstrated high precision of fit on Co–Cr frameworks and on both pontic designs.
Advanced Visualization Polarimetric Imaging: Removal of Water Spray Effect Utilizing Circular Polarization
Authors: Liu Fei , Li Xuan , Han Pingli , Shao Xiaopeng
Published: March 2021

Circular polarization (CP) memory is a well-known phenomenon whereby natural light becomes partially circularly polarized after scattering by water spray several times, and the circularly polarized state can be well preserved within a certain propagation distance. In this study, a CP imaging method combined with the multi-scale analysis in the frequency domain is proposed to enhance the vision in rainy conditions. The images were first decomposed into multi-scales. CP characteristics of light were employed in the low-frequency parts to improve the quality of images in rainy conditions, and the high-frequency parts compensated specific structure information. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can remove the water spray effect thereby improving the vision of degraded rainy-day images.
Applications of Coupled Fixed Points for Multivalued Maps in the Equilibrium in Duopoly Markets and in Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Gecheva Gana , Hristov Miroslav , Nedelcheva Diana , Ruseva Margarita , Zlatanov Boyan
Published: March 2021

We have obtained a new class of ordered pairs of multivalued maps that have pairs of coupled fixed points. We illustrate the main result with two examples that cover a wide range of models. We apply the main result in models in duopoly markets to get a market equilibrium and in aquatic ecosystems, also to get an equilibrium.
Kaempferia parviflora Rhizome Extract Inhibits Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in HT-22 Mouse Hippocampal Neuronal Cells and Extends Longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Tonsomboon Aunchalee , Prasanth Mani Iyer , Plaingam Waluga , Tencomnao Tewin
Published: March 2021

Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (KP) or “Kra-chai-dam” has been shown to exhibit several pharmacological effects including anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, and sexual-enhancing activity. The objectives of this study included an investigation of the effect of KP rhizome extract against glutamate-induced toxicity in mouse hippocampal HT-22 neuronal cells, determination of the underlying mechanism of neuroprotection, and an evaluation of the effect of KP extract on the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans. HT-22 cells were co-treated with glutamate (5 mM) and KP extract (25, 50, and 75 μg/mL) for 14 h. Cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and Western blotting were performed. The longevity effect of KP extract on C. elegans was studied by lifespan measurement. In HT-22 cells, co-treatment of glutamate with KP extract significantly inhibited glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity and decreased intracellular ROS production. Additionally, the glutamate-induced apoptosis and apoptotic-inducing factor (AIF) translocation were blocked by KP extract co-treatment. Western blot analysis also demonstrated that KP extract significantly diminished extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation induced by glutamate, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was recovered to the control. Moreover, this KP extract treatment prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. Altogether, this study suggested that KP extract possesses both neuroprotective and longevity-inducing properties, thus serving as a promising candidate for development of innovative health products.
Genetic Neuropathy Due to Impairments in Mitochondrial Dynamics
Authors: Sharma Govinda , Pfeffer Gerald , Shutt Timothy E.
Published: March 2021

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles capable of fusing, dividing, and moving about the cell. These properties are especially important in neurons, which in addition to high energy demand, have unique morphological properties with long axons. Notably, mitochondrial dysfunction causes a variety of neurological disorders including peripheral neuropathy, which is linked to impaired mitochondrial dynamics. Nonetheless, exactly why peripheral neurons are especially sensitive to impaired mitochondrial dynamics remains somewhat enigmatic. Although the prevailing view is that longer peripheral nerves are more sensitive to the loss of mitochondrial motility, this explanation is insufficient. Here, we review pathogenic variants in proteins mediating mitochondrial fusion, fission and transport that cause peripheral neuropathy. In addition to highlighting other dynamic processes that are impacted in peripheral neuropathies, we focus on impaired mitochondrial quality control as a potential unifying theme for why mitochondrial dysfunction and impairments in mitochondrial dynamics in particular cause peripheral neuropathy.
Genome Size Covaries More Positively with Propagule Size than Adult Size: New Insights into an Old Problem
Authors: Glazier Douglas S.
Published: March 2021

The body size and (or) complexity of organisms is not uniformly related to the amount of genetic material (DNA) contained in each of their cell nuclei (‘genome size’). This surprising mismatch between the physical structure of organisms and their underlying genetic information appears to relate to variable accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences, but why this variation has evolved is little understood. Here, I show that genome size correlates more positively with egg size than adult size in crustaceans. I explain this and comparable patterns observed in other kinds of animals and plants as resulting from genome size relating strongly to cell size in most organisms, which should also apply to single-celled eggs and other reproductive propagules with relatively few cells that are pivotal first steps in their lives. However, since body size results from growth in cell size or number or both, it relates to genome size in diverse ways. Relationships between genome size and body size should be especially weak in large organisms whose size relates more to cell multiplication than to cell enlargement, as is generally observed. The ubiquitous single-cell ‘bottleneck’ of life cycles may affect both genome size and composition, and via both informational (genotypic) and non-informational (nucleotypic) effects, many other properties of multicellular organisms (e.g., rates of growth and metabolism) that have both theoretical and practical significance.
Regulation of Cancer Metastasis by TRAIL/Death Receptor Signaling
Authors: Oh You-Take , Sun Shi-Yong
Published: March 2021

Death ligands such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL; TNFSF10) and their corresponding death receptors (e.g., DR5) not only initiate apoptosis through activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway but also exert non-apoptotic biological functions such as regulation of inflammation and cancer metastasis. The involvement of the TRAIL/death receptor signaling pathway in the regulation of cancer invasion and metastasis is complex as both positive and negative roles have been reported. The underlying molecular mechanisms are even more complicated. This review will focus on discussing current knowledge in our understanding of the involvement of TRAIL/death receptor-mediated signaling in the regulation of cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Periprosthetic Joint Infections-Isolated Multi-Drug Resistant Strains
Authors: Coraça-Huber Débora C. , Steixner Stephan , Wurm Alexander , Nogler Michael
Published: March 2021

Background: Implantable medical devices, such as prosthetics, catheters, and several other devices, have revolutionized medicine, but they increase the infection risk. In previous decades, commercially available antibiotics lost their activity against coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) and several other microorganisms. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are the two major omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) with antimicrobial properties. Materials and Methods: In this study, we tested the EPA and the DHA for its antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity in vitro against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and different CoNS as reference strains and isolated from patients undergoing orthopedic treatment for implant infections. The tests were carried out with the strains in planktonic and biofilm form. Cytotoxicity assay was carried out with EPA and DHA using human gingival fibroblasts HGF-1. Results: The highest concentration of EPA and DHA promoted the complete killing of S. epidermidis 1457 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 in planktonic form. The fatty acids showed low activity against P. aeruginosa. EPA and DHA completely killed or significantly reduced the count of planktonic bacteria of the patient isolated strains. When incubated with media enriched with EPA and DHA, the biofilm formation was significantly reduced on S. epidermidis 1457 and not present on S. aureus ATCC 25923. The reduction or complete killing were also observed with the clinical isolates. The pre-formed biofilms showed reduction of the cell counting after treatment with EPA and DHA. Conclusion: In this study, the ω-3 PUFAs EPA and DHA showed antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity in vitro against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa, as well as against multi-drug resistant S. aureus and CoNS strains isolated from patients undergoing periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) treatment. Higher concentrations of the fatty acids showed killing activity on planktonic cells and inhibitory activity of biofilm formation. Although both substances showed antimicrobial activity, EPA showed better results in comparison with DHA. In addition, when applied on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro, EPA and DHA showed a possible protective effect on cells cultured in medium enriched with ethanol. Further studies are required to confirm the antimicrobial activity of EPA and DHA against multi-drug resistant strains and pan-drug resistant strains.
Observational Fear Learning in Rats: Role of Trait Anxiety and Ultrasonic Vocalization
Authors: Fendt Markus , Gonzalez-Guerrero Claudia Paulina , Kahl Evelyn
Published: March 2021

Rats can acquire fear by observing conspecifics that express fear in the presence of conditioned fear stimuli. This process is called observational fear learning and is based on the social transmission of the demonstrator rat’s emotion and the induction of an empathy-like or anxiety state in the observer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of trait anxiety and ultrasonic vocalization in observational fear learning. Two experiments with male Wistar rats were performed. In the first experiment, trait anxiety was assessed in a light–dark box test before the rats were submitted to the observational fear learning procedure. In the second experiment, ultrasonic vocalization was recorded throughout the whole observational fear learning procedure, and 22 kHz and 50 kHz calls were analyzed. The results of our study show that trait anxiety differently affects direct fear learning and observational fear learning. Direct fear learning was more pronounced with higher trait anxiety, while observational fear learning was the best with a medium-level of trait anxiety. There were no indications in the present study that ultrasonic vocalization, especially emission of 22 kHz calls, but also 50 kHz calls, are critical for observational fear learning.
The Integration of Meditation and Positive Psychology Practices to Relieve Stress in Women Workers (Flourish): Effects in Two Pilot Studies
Authors: Santos Fabio R. M. dos , Lacerda Shirley S. , Coelhoso Cassia C. , Barrichello Carla R. , Tobo Patricia R. , Kozasa Elisa H.
Published: March 2021

Meditation and positive psychology have been reported as promising approaches to deal with stress. This exploratory pilot study aims to evaluate the efficacy of meditation and positive psychology-based intervention on stress. Two experiments are reported; in the first one, 29 healthcare professionals were included (intervention = 14; control = 15), and the second one included 57 women managers (intervention = 27; control = 30). All participants were evaluated before and after eight weeks for levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and psychiatric symptoms. In Experiment 1, intervention group participants showed a reduction in stress levels and anxiety symptoms, and in Experiment 2, participants in the intervention group showed a decrease in stress, psychiatric symptoms, and sleep quality, when compared to the control group. A multi-component intervention based on positive psychology and meditation practices was effective at reducing stress as well as improving related stress parameters such as anxiety, psychiatric symptoms, and sleep quality.
Impact of Environmental Exposure Conditions on the Maintenance of Facades’ Claddings
Authors: Ferreira Cláudia , Barrelas Joana , Silva Ana , de Brito Jorge , Dias Ilídio S. , Flores-Colen Inês
Published: March 2021

Façades, as the most external building envelope component, are subject to different ex-ternal environmental loads, such as: Temperature, precipitation, damp, and wind. Therefore, the contribution of environmental actions to the occurrence of defects in façades claddings is an important subject of study since these actions strongly affect the degradation process and natural ageing of these components during their service life. In this study, a methodology to support decision-makers in the process of selecting a façade cladding system and the maintenance strategy to implement is presented and discussed. This methodology covers the performance of four façade claddings (ceramic tiling systems (CTS), natural stone claddings (NSC), external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS), and architectural concrete façades (ACF)) over time, according to three environmental exposure variables (exposure to damp, distance from the sea, and orientation). The databases were established based on the diagnosis of the degradation condition of these claddings in-service conditions, in Portugal. The results reveal that the environmental exposure variables have a significant impact on maintenance requirements and costs. For all the categories of the environmental exposure condition variables, under all scenarios, ETICS is the least favorable constructive solution while CTS is the most advantageous solution. Furthermore, the results show that properly implemented maintenance activities enhance the performance level of building components, which positively affects their degradation behavior over time.
The Flt3L/Flt3 Axis in Dendritic Cell Biology and Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Cueto Francisco J. , Sancho David
Published: March 2021

Dendritic cells (DCs) prime anti-tumor T cell responses in tumor-draining lymph nodes and can restimulate T effector responses in the tumor site. Thus, in addition to unleashing T cell effector activity, current immunotherapies should be directed to boost DC function. Herein, we review the potential function of Flt3L as a tool for cancer immunotherapy. Flt3L is a growth factor that acts in Flt3-expressing multipotent progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors. Despite the broad expression of Flt3 in the hematopoietic progenitors, the main effect of the Flt3/Flt3L axis, revealed by the characterization of mice deficient in these genes, is the generation of conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). However, Flt3 signaling through PI3K and mTOR may also affect the function of mature DCs. We recapitulate the use of Flt3L in preclinical studies either as a single agent or in combination with other cancer therapies. We also analyze the use of Flt3L in clinical trials. The strong correlation between type 1 cDC (cDC1) infiltration of human cancers with overall survival in many cancer types suggests the potential use of Flt3L to boost expansion of this DC subset. However, this may need the combination of Flt3L with other immunomodulatory agents to boost cancer immunotherapy.
Immune Contexture of MMR-Proficient Primary Colorectal Cancer and Matched Liver and Lung Metastases
Authors: Ahtiainen Maarit , Elomaa Hanna , Väyrynen Juha P. , Wirta Erkki-Ville , Kuopio Teijo , Helminen Olli , Seppälä Toni T. , Kellokumpu Ilmo , Mecklin Jukka-Pekka
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To evaluate immune cell infiltration, the programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) expression and their prognostic value in a series of mismatch proficient (pMMR) CRC with matched liver and lung metastases. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections stained for CD3, CD8, PD-L1 and PD-1 from 113 primary CRC tumours with 105 liver and 59 lung metastases were analyzed. The amount of CD3 and CD8 positive lymphocytes were combined as immune cell score (ICS). Comparative analyses on immune contexture were performed both between the primary tumour and matched metastases and between the metastatic sites. Results: In liver metastases, immune cell infiltration was increased in general compared to primary tumours but did not correlate case by case. On the contrary, ICS between lung metastases and primary tumours correlated well, but the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 was increased in lung metastases. The proportion of tumours with high ICS together with PD-L1-positivity almost doubled in metastases (39%) compared to primary tumours (20%). High ICS (compared to lowest) in patient’s least immune-infiltrated metastasis was an independent prognostic marker for disease-specific (HR 9.14, 95%CI 2.81–29.68) and overall survival (HR 6.95, 95%CI 2.30–21.00). Conclusions: Our study confirms the prognostic value of high ICS in least immune-infiltrated metastases in pMMR CRC patients. Major differences observed in immune contexture between primary tumours and metastases may have significance for treatment strategies for patients with advanced CRC.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework for Transesterification of Glycerol with Dialkyl Carbonates
Authors: Chai Yuying , Li Yaling , Hu Hui , Zeng Chaoyuan , Wang Shenglin , Xu Huanjun , Gao Yanan
Published: March 2021

The development of a heterogeneous catalyst through the combination of novel carrier and powerful catalytic active sites is of particular interest. Herein, the successful integration of an N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) moiety into a covalent organic framework (COF) was achieved by coupling 4,4′,4′′,4′′′-(pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetrayl) tetraaniline (PyTTA) and equimolar 4,7-bis(4-formylphenyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole (IM) and 2′3′5′6′-tetrafluoro-[1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl]-4,4′-dicarbaldehyde (4F) followed by ionization with 1-bromobutane (C4H9Br) and then deprotonation upon addition of a base. The resulting material exhibited promising heterogeneous catalytic activity towards transesterification reaction of glycerol with dialkyl carbonate. Moreover, good recyclability granted no substantial loss of activity upon five cycles. Combination of COFs and NHCs might synergize their characteristics, thus providing more possibilities for creating new patterns of catalytic reactivity.
Titanium Dioxide Derived Materials with Superwettability
Authors: Luo Xianfeng , Zhu Zhongpeng , Tian Ye , You Jun , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2021

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in various fields both in daily life and industry owing to its excellent photoelectric properties and its induced superwettability. Over the past several decades, various methods have been reported to improve the wettability of TiO2 and plenty of practical applications have been developed. The TiO2-derived materials with different morphologies display a variety of functions including photocatalysis, self-cleaning, oil-water separation, etc. Herein, various functions and applications of TiO2 with superwettability are summarized and described in different sections. First, a brief introduction about the discovery of photoelectrodes made of TiO2 is revealed. The ultra-fast spreading behaviors on TiO2 are shown in the part of ultra-fast spreading with superwettability. The part of controllable wettability introduces the controllable wettability of TiO2-derived materials and their related applications. Recent developments of interfacial photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical reactions with TiO2 are presented in the part of interfacial photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical reactions. The part of nanochannels for ion rectification describes ion transportation in nanochannels based on TiO2-derived materials. In the final section, a brief conclusion and a future outlook based on the superwettability of TiO2 are shown.
Advanced Two-Dimensional Heterojunction Photocatalysts of Stoichiometric and Non-Stoichiometric Bismuth Oxyhalides with Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Applications
Authors: Sridharan Kishore , Shenoy Sulakshana , Kumar S. Girish , Terashima Chiaki , Fujishima Akira , Pitchaimuthu Sudhagar
Published: March 2021

Semiconductor-based photocatalysis has been identified as an encouraging approach for solving the two main challenging problems, viz., remedying our polluted environment and the generation of sustainable chemical energy. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX and BixOyXz where X = Cl, Br, and I) are a relatively new class of semiconductors that have attracted considerable interest for photocatalysis applications due to attributes, viz., high stability, suitable band structure, modifiable energy bandgap and two-dimensional layered structure capable of generating an internal electric field. Recently, the construction of heterojunction photocatalysts, especially 2D/2D systems, has convincingly drawn momentous attention practicably owing to the productive influence of having two dissimilar layered semiconductors in face-to-face contact with each other. This review has systematically summarized the recent progress on the 2D/2D heterojunction constructed between BiOX/BixOyXz with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The band structure of individual components, various fabrication methods, different strategies developed for improving the photocatalytic performance and their applications in the degradation of various organic contaminants, hydrogen (H2) evolution, carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction, nitrogen (N2) fixation and the organic synthesis of clean chemicals are summarized. The perspectives and plausible opportunities for developing high performance BiOX/BixOyXz-g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts are also discussed.
Analysis of Rinsing Fluid during Negative Pressure Wound Therapy with Instillation: A Potential Monitoring Tool in Acute and Chronic Wound Treatment. A Pilot Study
Authors: Taeger Christian D. , Wallner Stefan , Martini Teresa , Schiltz Daniel , Kehrer Andreas , Prantl Lukas , Biermann Niklas
Published: March 2021

Background: During negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), open wounds are draped with a nontransparent sponge, making daily wound evaluation impossible. Sometimes, late or undetected bacterial infections and postoperative bleeding result in repetitive surgery, thus prolonging inpatient time. With the introduction of additional fluid instillation (NPWTi), the wound surface is rinsed, and bacteria, proteins and biomarkers are flushed into a collecting canister, which is later discarded. Methods: The aim of this pilot study was to analyze rinsing fluid samples (0.9% sodium chloride) from the NPWTi device in patients with acute and chronic wounds. In 31 consecutive patients a standardized laboratory analysis was performed to evaluate cellular composition and potassium, phosphate, lactate dehydrooxygenase, pH and total protein levels. Results: While there was an increase in the total cellular amount and the number of polymorphonuclear cells, the number of red blood cells (RBC) decreased after surgery. Potassium and pH showed no significant changes in the first three postoperative days, whereas total protein showed an undulant and partially significant course. Conclusion: We were able to quantify cellular metabolites by analyzing the rinsing fluid of NPWTi. We propose the analysis of this material as a novel and potentially promising tool to monitor wound status without removal of the dressing. The establishment of reference values might help to improve the NPWTi therapy.
Do Plasmodesmata Play a Prominent Role in Regulation of Auxin-Dependent Genes at Early Stages of Embryogenesis?
Authors: Winnicki Konrad , Polit Justyna Teresa , Żabka Aneta , Maszewski Janusz
Published: March 2021

Plasmodesmata form intercellular channels which ensure the transport of various molecules during embryogenesis and postembryonic growth. However, high permeability of plasmodesmata may interfere with the establishment of auxin maxima, which are required for cellular patterning and the development of distinct tissues. Therefore, diffusion through plasmodesmata is not always desirable and the symplastic continuum must be broken up to induce or accomplish some developmental processes. Many data show the role of auxin maxima in the regulation of auxin-responsive genes and the establishment of various cellular patterns. However, still little is known whether and how these maxima are formed in the embryo proper before 16-cell stage, that is, when there is still a nonpolar distribution of auxin efflux carriers. In this work, we focused on auxin-dependent regulation of plasmodesmata function, which may provide rapid and transient changes of their permeability, and thus take part in the regulation of gene expression.
Eltrombopag Improves Erythroid Differentiation in a Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Model of Diamond Blackfan Anemia
Authors: Qanash Husam , Li Yongqin , Smith Richard H. , Linask Kaari , Young-Baird Sara , Hakami Waleed , Keyvanfar Keyvan , Choy John S. , Zou Jizhong , Larochelle Andre
Published: March 2021

Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA) is a congenital macrocytic anemia associated with ribosomal protein haploinsufficiency. Ribosomal dysfunction delays globin synthesis, resulting in excess toxic free heme in erythroid progenitors, early differentiation arrest, and pure red cell aplasia. In this study, DBA induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines were generated from blood mononuclear cells of DBA patients with inactivating mutations in RPS19 and subjected to hematopoietic differentiation to model disease phenotypes. In vitro differentiated hematopoietic cells were used to investigate whether eltrombopag, an FDA-approved mimetic of thrombopoietin with robust intracellular iron chelating properties, could rescue erythropoiesis in DBA by restricting the labile iron pool (LIP) derived from excessive free heme. DBA iPSCs exhibited RPS19 haploinsufficiency, reduction in the 40S/60S ribosomal subunit ratio and early erythroid differentiation arrest in the absence of eltrombopag, compared to control isogenic iPSCs established by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of the RPS19 point mutation. Notably, differentiation of DBA iPSCs in the presence of eltrombopag markedly improved erythroid maturation. Consistent with a molecular mechanism based on intracellular iron chelation, we observed that deferasirox, a clinically licensed iron chelator able to permeate into cells, also enhanced erythropoiesis in our DBA iPSC model. In contrast, erythroid maturation did not improve substantially in DBA iPSC differentiation cultures supplemented with deferoxamine, a clinically available iron chelator that poorly accesses LIP within cellular compartments. These findings identify eltrombopag as a promising new therapeutic to improve anemia in DBA.
Control of Protein and Energy Metabolism in the Pituitary Gland in Response to Three-Week Running Training in Adult Male Mice
Authors: Walz Christina , Brenmoehl Julia , Trakooljul Nares , Noce Antonia , Caffier Caroline , Ohde Daniela , Langhammer Martina , Wimmers Klaus , Ponsuksili Siriluck , Hoeflich Andreas
Published: March 2021

It is assumed that crosstalk of central and peripheral tissues plays a role in the adaptive response to physical activity and exercise. Here, we wanted to study the effects of training and genetic predisposition in a marathon mouse model on mRNA expression in the pituitary gland. Therefore, we used a mouse model developed by phenotype selection for superior running performance (DUhTP) and non-inbred control mice (DUC). Both mouse lines underwent treadmill training for three weeks or were kept in a sedentary condition. In all groups, total RNA was isolated from the pituitary gland and sequenced. Molecular pathway analysis was performed by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Training induced differential expression of 637 genes (DEGs) in DUC but only 50 DEGs in DUhTP mice. Genetic selection for enhanced running performance strongly affected gene expression in the pituitary gland and identified 1732 DEGs in sedentary DUC versus DUhTP mice. Training appeared to have an even stronger effect on gene expression in both lines and comparatively revealed 3828 DEGs in the pituitary gland. From the list of DEGs in all experimental groups, candidate genes were extracted by comparison with published genomic regions with significant effects on training responses in mice. Bioinformatic modeling revealed induction and coordinated expression of the pathways for ribosome synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation in DUC mice. By contrast, DUhTP mice were resistant to the positive effects of three-week training on protein and energy metabolism in the pituitary gland.
The Inflammatory Profile of CTEPH-Derived Endothelial Cells Is a Possible Driver of Disease Progression
Authors: Smolders Valérie F. E. D. , Lodder Kirsten , Rodríguez Cristina , Tura-Ceide Olga , Barberà Joan Albert , Jukema J. Wouter , Quax Paul H. A. , Goumans Marie José , Kurakula Kondababu
Published: March 2021

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a form of pulmonary hypertension characterized by the presence of fibrotic intraluminal thrombi and causing obliteration of the pulmonary arteries. Although both endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and inflammation are linked to CTEPH pathogenesis, regulation of the basal inflammatory response of ECs in CTEPH is not fully understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the role of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pro-inflammatory signaling pathway in ECs in CTEPH under basal conditions. Basal mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were upregulated in CTEPH-ECs compared to the control cells. To assess the involvement of NF-κB signaling in basal inflammatory activation, CTEPH-ECs were incubated with the NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7085. The increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines was abolished when cells were incubated with the NF-κB inhibitor. To determine if NF-κB was indeed activated, we stained pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) specimens from CTEPH patients and ECs isolated from PEA specimens for phospho-NF-κB-P65 and found that especially the vessels within the thrombus and CTEPH-ECs are positive for phospho-NF-κB-P65. In summary, we show that CTEPH-ECs have a pro-inflammatory status under basal conditions, and blocking NF-κB signaling reduces the production of inflammatory factors in CTEPH-ECs. Therefore, our results show that the increased basal pro-inflammatory status of CTEPH-ECs is, at least partially, regulated through activation of NF-κB signaling and potentially contributes to the pathophysiology and progression of CTEPH.
Improving Mentorship and Supervision during COVID-19 to Reduce Graduate Student Anxiety and Depression Aided by an Online Commercial Platform Narrative Research Group
Authors: Nash Carol
Published: March 2021

Before COVID-19, post-secondary learning was dominated by in-person, institution-organized meetings. With the 12 March 2020 lockdown, learning became virtual, largely dependent on commercial online platforms. Already more likely to experience anxiety and depression in relation to their research work, perhaps no students have endured more regarding the limitations imposed by COVID-19 than graduate students concerning their mentorship and supervision. The increase in mental health issues facing graduate students has been recognized by post-secondary institutions. Programs have been devised to reduce these challenges. However, the additional attention and funds to combat depression and anxiety have not shown anticipated results. A new approach to mitigate anxiety and depression in graduate students through mentorship and supervision is warranted. Offered here is an award-winning model featuring self-directed learning in a community formed by adding together different, equal, diverse points of view rather than agreement. The approach, delivered through a commercial online platform, is non-hierarchical, and based in narrative research. The proposed model and approach are presented, discussed and limitations considered. They are offered as a promising solution to ebb the increase in anxiety and depression in graduate students—particularly in response to COVID-19.
Electrostatic Circular Membrane MEMS: An Approach to the Optimal Control
Authors: Versaci Mario , Morabito Francesco Carlo
Published: March 2021

The recovery of the membrane profile of an electrostatic micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) is an important issue, because, when an external electrical voltage is applied, the membrane deforms with the risk of touching the upper plate of the device producing an unwanted electrostatic effect. Therefore, it is important to know whether the movement admits stable equilibrium configurations especially when the membrane is closed to the upper plate. In this framework, this work analyzes the behavior of a two-dimensional (2D) electrostatic circular membrane MEMS device subjected to an external voltage. Specifically, starting from a well-known 2D non-linear second-order differential model in which the electrostatic field in the device is proportional to the mean curvature of the membrane, the stability of the only possible equilibrium configuration is studied. Furthermore, when considering that the membrane is equipped with mechanical inertia and that it must not touch the upper plate of the device, a useful range of possible values has been obtained for the applied voltage. Finally, the paper concludes with some computations regarding the variation of potential energy, identifying some optimal control conditions.
A Shoreline Evolution Model with a Groin Structure under Non-Uniform Breaking Wave Crest Impact
Authors: Unyapoti Pidok , Pochai Nopparat
Published: March 2021

Beach erosion is a natural phenomenon that is not compensated by depositing fresh material on the shoreline while transporting sand away from the shoreline. There are three phenomena that have a serious influence on the coastal structure, such as increases in flooding, accretion, and water levels. In addition, the prediction of coastal evolution is used to investigate the topography of the beach. In this research, we present a one-dimensional mathematical model of shoreline evolution, and the parameters that influence this model are described on a monthly basis over a period of one year. Consideration is given to the wave crest impact model for evaluating the impact of the wave crest at that stage. It focuses on the evolution of the shoreline in environments where groins are installed on both sides. The initial and boundary condition setting techniques are proposed by the groins and their environmental parameters. The non-uniform influence of the crest of the breaking wave is so often considered. We then used the traditional forward time centered space technique and the Saulyev finite difference technique to estimate the monthly evolution of the shoreline for each year.
Rapid Microwave Synthesis of β-SnWO4 Nanoparticles: An Efficient Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Sumedha H. N. , Alsaiari Mabkhoot A. , Jalalah Mohammed S. , Shashank M. , Alharthi Fahad A. , Ahmad Naushad , Algethami Jari S. , Vishwanth Vishwanth , Ganganagappa Nagaraju
Published: March 2021

We report a facile synthesis of β-SnWO4 nanoparticles via a microwave heat treatment using SnCl2 and H2WO4 in the presence of tamarind seed powder. An X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a crystalline nature revealing a cubic structure of β-SnWO4 nanoparticles. The morphological features were visualized using a scanning electron microscope that exhibited homogenously distributed clusters of nanoparticles, which were further confirmed using a transmission electron microscope. The micrographs also displayed some porosity. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the elemental contents such as tin, oxygen and tungsten in the same stoichiometric ratio as expected by the respective empirical formula. A high-resolution transmission electron microscope was used to find the d-spacing, which was ultimately used to analyze the structural parameters. The spectrum obtained using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy illuminated different stretching vibrations. Additionally, a Barrett–Joyner–Halenda analysis was carried out to investigate the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm as well as to govern the pore size distribution. Cyclic voltammetry measurements were implemented to analyze the ongoing electrode reactions throughout the charge/discharge for the β-SnWO4 nanostructures. The galvanometric charge/discharge curves for β-SnWO4 are also discussed. A high specific capacitance (600 mAhg–1 at 0.1 C) and excellent columbic efficiency (~100%) were achieved.