bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
For Distinguished Contribution to Psychophysiology: Albert F. Ax
Authors: Edelberg Robert
Published: February 2007

At the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of The Society for Psychophysiological Research, the award for Distinguished Contribution to Psychophysiology was made to Albert F. Ax by his colleague, Robert Edelberg.

Following is the text of the citation given at the meeting, October 27, 1973.
Pupil Size, Information Overload, and Performance Differences
Authors: Peavler W. Scott
Published: February 2007

As a test of the hypothesis that pupil dilation during performance is partially due to a task related anxiety component, pupillary patterns were measured while subjects (Ss) processed digit strings of various lengths for immediate recall. Information overload resulted in a leveling of the dilation pattern which suggested a momentary suspension of processing effort. In addition, significant correlations were observed between individual differences in pupil size and recall performance.
On Stepwise Discriminant Analyses Applied to Physiologic Data
Authors: Lachin John M. , Schachter Joseph
Published: February 2007

Recently widespread interest has arisen in the use of stepwise discriminant function techniques with evoked physiologic data. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss in non‐mathematical terms how such analyses can easily be misused and misinterpreted, pointing out specific pitfalls to be avoided. The various statistical tests of hypotheses used with stepwise discriminant functions, predominantly in the BMDO7M computer program, are discussed in relationship to the law of the iterated logarithm. This law clearly shows how highly significant differences will almost always be found when a stepwise procedure is used even though there may be norealdifferences between groups. As an empirical illustration, a series of physiologic data (EKG and EEG) was collected under stimulus and no stimulus conditions. Stepwise analyses consistently produced significant differences under no stimulus conditions whereas nonstepwise procedures did not. Under stimulus conditions, stepwise analyses consistently exaggerated the extent of differences detected by nonstepwise analyses.
Does the Averaged Evoked Response Encode Subliminal Perception?
Authors: Schwartz Marvin , Rem Michael A.
Published: February 2007

In a series of studies, Shevrin and his colleagues have reported that the effects of subliminal perception are encoded in the average evoked response. Our experiment was a more stringent test in that we (1) collected both physiological and behavioral data in the same trials, (2) attempted to minimize criterial differences in the employment of physiological and behavioral responses, and (3) behaviorally verified conditions designed to be subliminal. Two stimuli were presented tachistoscopically in a given trial, separated by 1 sec; over blocks of trials, exposure duration for the stimuli was 3, 7, 15, and 30 msec. At 3 msec exposure, all subjects detected the stimuli but could not discriminate between them; discrimination increased with increasing exposure duration. But at no exposure duration did average evoked response measures discriminate between the stimuli‐the only changes in evoked response measures were those due to increasing stimulus energy. Thus, there was no evidence for either subliminal or supraliminal discrimination of stimulus content by the AER.
Stimulus Specificity of Electrodermal Recovery Time: An Examination and Reinterpretation of The Evidence
Authors: Bundy Robert S. , Fitzgerald Hiram E.
Published: February 2007

Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that skin conductance response recovery time can be (a) independent of other electodermal measures and (b) responsive in particular stimulus manipulations when other measures of electrodermal activity are not Experiment I employed a reaction time task. The results indicated that recovery time discriminated between the warning and execution signals only when the number of responses in the intertrial interval and preparatory interval differed. For those subjects who responded only to the signals, the recovery lime was strongly correlated with the time since the previous response. In Experiment II each subject was presented three different stimulus conditions (mirror tracing, rest, and pressor). The recovery time did not discriminate between the stimulus conditions differently than other electrodermal measures. The results of these experiments suggest that the recovery time primarily reflects the amount of previous responding and is not independent of other electrodermal measures.
Frontalis Muscle Tension and Sleep Latency
Authors: Good Robin
Published: February 2007

This study examined the relationship between frontalis muscle tension and sleep latency. Fifteen subjects reporting various sleep latencies participated. In addition to recording frontalis muscle tension, sleep was monitored on a polygraph for 3 nights. Contrary to expectation, the waking frontalis EMG level did not predict sleep latency. If future research were to show a similar lack of relationship between tension in other muscle groups and sleep onset, it would call into question the use of muscle relaxant drugs and muscle relaxation training in the treatment of sleep‐onset insomnia.
Interval Histogram Analysis of Period of the Electroencephalogram in Relation to Age During Growth and Development in Normal Children
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: February 2007

EEGs were recorded in a group of 41 healthy children aged 5–17 yrs, under conditions where state of the organism was carefully controlled, For each child, durations of a sample of 760 EEG half wavelengths were measured and distributed into an interval histogram. A central‐moments analysis revealed that the first four central moments of the distributions‐which measure the central tendency, dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis of the interval histograms‐were significantly correlated (p<.01) with age of the children. Multiple regression analysis yielded a statistically‐significant multiple correlation coefficient (R) which was equal to 711. Successive recomputations of R using fewer than the four predictor predictor variable yielded an R of .704, when only the measures of dispersion, skewness. and kurtosis were employed.

The Predictive value of the multiple regression equation based on the three predictor variables was tested in an independent group of 42 children also aged 5‐17 yrs. EEGs were recorded us in the previous sample, and the second, third, and fourth moments of their distributions of 760 EEG half wavelength were determined. When used in the previously‐derived multiple regression equation, these moments yielded estimated ages which correlated significantly (.47) with the children's actual ages. Since the regression equation could reduce from chance the error of predicting age in the 5–17 yr old range by about 22%, it was concluded that the higher‐order central moments of EEG interval histograms can be of use in charting the course of normal growth and development.
Systolic Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Changes During Three Sessions Involving Biofeedback or No Feedback
Authors: Fey Steven G. , Lindholm Ernest
Published: February 2007

Two groups of normotensive human subjects of both sexes received contingent feedback for increases or decreases in systolic blood pressure, and two additional groups received random (non‐contingent) feedback or no feedback. Subjects in all groups served fur three 1‐hr sessions separated by intervals of 24 hrs. Reliable decreases in blood pressure, reaching a maximum of 9.5 mm Hg at the end of the third session, were observed in the decrease group. No systematic changes in blood pressure were observed in the increase, random, or no‐feedback groups. Heart rate increased or decreased in the groups receiving contingent feedback for increasing or decreasing blood pressure, respectively. It is concluded that contingent feedback is effective in lowering blood pressure and that decreases are augmented by extended training. The covariance of heart rate and blood pressure is discussed with reference lo curlier experiments.
Effect of Self‐Enhanced EEG Alpha on Performance and Mood After Two Nights of Sleep Loss
Authors: Hord D. J. , Tracy M. L. , Lubin A. , Johnson L. C.
Published: February 2007

Can the deleterious effects of acute sleep loss on performance and mood be ameliorated by self‐enhanced alpha activity? Fourteen Naval volunteers were divided equally into an experimental (alpha‐contingent auditory feedback) group and a yoked control (pseudo feedback) group. All subjects received feedback plus performance and mood tests during 3 baseline days and following 2 days and 2 nights without sleep. Feedback was given for 45 min in the morning and 45 mm in the afternoon, preceding performance and mood tests. The self‐enhanced alpha (experimental) subjects did produce more alpha than the yoked controls during all feedback sessions except for one pair that was discarded. Of eleven measures that were sensitive to deep loss, two performance scores and one mood score showed significantly less sleep‐loss decrement for the self‐enhanced alpha group (at the usual univariate. 05 level). Two recall scores and an anxiety score showed more impairment for the self‐enhanced alpha group following sleep loss. The differences were not significant, however, by (he conservative Dunn‐Bonferroni multivariate criterion, so our results are not conclusive.

Alpha enhancement may help maintain performance that requires continuous attention, such us counting and auditory discrimination, but does not ameliorate the sleep‐loss effect for anxiety, memory, and addition.
Sleep Efficiency for Sleep‐Wake Cycles of Varied Length
Authors: Webb W. B. , Agnew H. W.
Published: February 2007

This study was designed to test sleep efficiency while subjects were maintained on non‐24‐hr regimens of sleep and wakefulness. The regimens studied were 9, 12, 18, 30, and 36‐hr sleep‐wake cycles. In each regimen the ratio of.sleep to wakefulness was held constant in a 1:2 ratio, i.e. there were 2 hrs of wakefulness for each hour of scheduled sleep.

The amounts of sleep obtained under each experimental regimen were less than those obtained under the baseline days or 24 hrs. The sleep losses resulted both from an increase in the latency of sleep onset and increased wakefulness after sleep unset. The primary variables which resulted in less efficient sleep were schedule differences in prior wakefulness, circadian effects on the displacement of sleep onset times, a sleep termination effect, and the frequency of occurrence of the allotted sleep periods. In the short regimens the awake time after sleep onset was strongly associated with the degree to which prior wakefulness was reduced. In the longer regimens the principal sources of awake time were extended sleep length and a sleep termination effect.
Psychopathy and Physiological Arousal in an Aggressive Task
Authors: Dengerink H. A. , Bertilson H. S.
Published: February 2007

Heart rate level (HRL) and both dorsal and palmar skin conductance level (SCL) of Psychopathic, Mixed, and Non‐psychopathic prison inmates were measured while the inmates were engaged in the Buss aggression task which requires subjects to shock a learner for making errors. The Mixed and Psychopathic groups evidenced HRLs which were significantly higher than those of the Non‐psychopathic group during the later trial Mocks. The Non‐psychopathic group increased palmar SCLs across trial blocks, while no such changes were observed for Mixed and Psychopathic groups. No differences between groups were observed in the dorsal SCL measures. This pattern of low SCL together with elevated HRL, reported previously for psychopaths in conditioning or “count‐down” situations with electric shock, may also appear in psychopaths engaged in a mildly stressful social interaction.
An Application Language for Psychophysiological Experimentation
Authors: Legewie Heiner , Dirlich Gerhard , Gerster Freidemann
Published: February 2007

ABS: AN APPLICATION LANGUAGE FOR PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTATION

IBM 1130 (8K)

Acronym: ABS (Adaptive Bio‐Signal Language).

Machine Sensible Materials: Preamplified biosignals.

Documentation: Operating manual (80 pp. German).

Author: F. Gerster.

Submitted by: H. Legewie

Submitter's Affiliation: Max‐Planck‐Institut für Psychiatric, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany

ABS is an application language for biosignal processing and experimental control. It is running on an IBM 1130 which is connected to a WDV Lab Interface which allows biosignal input and process control output and which serves as a realtime clock. ABS is implemented on the basis of the IBM 1130/1800 macro assembler, so it can be adapted to an IBM 1800 with slight modifications.

It allows the easy programming of individual ABS programs to solve a set of problems in psychophysiological experimentation: On‐line acquisition and reduction of biosignals from up to 20 input channels, including 4 channels of EEG; simultaneous experimental control by simple statement for time scheduling, control of the output channels, logic and arithmetic operations applied to the reduced biosignals for feedback functions; facilities for on‐line interaction with the experimenter and for on‐line testing: organization of a complete data file of the experiment on a background storage device.

Minimum Hardware: IBM 1130 (8K core and 520K disc), WDV Laboratory Interface1 realtime clock, 8 analog, 8 digital, 4 trigger input channels; digital mag tape optional.
The Effects of Paced Tapping on Heart Rate, Skin Conductance, and Muscle Potential
Authors: Carriero Nicholas John
Published: February 2007

The use of a tapping response as an indicant of interest or preference in studies of the physiological correlates of attitude and attitude change is discussed. The physiological effects of paced tapping, using rates that might be employed in attitudinal studies, were examined under conditions free of attitudinal import. Major findings were: (1) There is no significant difference in the effect on HR with rates up to 3/sec. (2) There is no significant difference in the effect on SCL with rates up to 7/sec. (3) When raw EMG scores are used as the basis of analysis no significant differences are found with rates up to 3/sec; however, when the square root transform of this variable is used, a significant effect is found for all rates used in at least one of the phases of the experiment. The results, taken as a whole, indicate the possibility of either controlling or mathematically compensating for the physiological effect of the tapping response, per se, in attitudinal studies.
Sleep Stage Deprivation and Total Sleep Loss: Effects On Sleep Behavior
Authors: Moses J. M. , Johnson L. C. , Naitoh P. , Lubin A.
Published: February 2007

The combined effects of total sleep loss and the deprivation of stage 4 or stage REM were studied in I two separate experiments. Two full nights or sleep loss preceded stage 4 deprivation or stage REM deprivation in Experiment 1 (N=12); 1 full night of sleep loss followed 3 nights or stage 4 deprivation or stage REM deprivation in Experiment 2 (N=I4).

Total sleep loss before sleep stage deprivation significantly increased the number of attempts to enter stage 4, but had little influence on stage REM. A significant REM rebound was found in only one of the REM‐deprived groups, but there was a significant stage 4 rebound in all groups on the first full recovery night, supporting the hypothesis from other studies that stage 4 has priority over REM in terms of recovery from sleep loss. The results suggested that stages 2, 3, and 4 partially overlap in their recuperative functions.
Visual Evoked Potentials Before and After Kraepelin Performance Test in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kadobayashi Iwao , Toyoshima Akiteru , Kato Nobukatsu
Published: February 2007

Visual evoked potentials of a group of 25 schizophrenic patients, a group of 13 neurotics, and a group of 24 healthy subjects were recorded before and after Kraepelin performance test. Soon after performance of the addition test for 15 min. amplitudes of later components (waves IV, V, and VI) of the potential were reduced in schizophrenics, while neurotic patients and healthy subjects did not show such changes.
Schizophrenia and Evoked Potentials: Maximum Amplitude, Frequency of Peaks, Variability, and Phenothiazine Effects
Authors: Rappaport Maurice , Hopkins H. Kenneth , Hall Karyl , Belleza Teodoro , Hall Robert A.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare averaged visual evoked potentials AVEPs) in normal subjects and in schizophrenics off and on phenothiazine medication. Flashes of 4 intensities were used. Ss were tested 3 times within a 1 month period. Measures of maximum amplitude (Am), frequency of peaks I FOP), and variability (V) were obtained‐ With increases in stimulus intensity all Ss showed increases in Ams and decreases in FOPs and V. Schizophrenics had smaller Ams. greater FOPs, and grear V than normals. Schizoprenies on phenothiazines generally had less FOPs initially and after 1 wk mi medication but not after about I month on medication. There was no consistently significant effect of phenothiazines on maximum amplitude. NO drug effect on variability was observed. Schizophrenics showed a decrease in FOPs over time while normals showed an increase. A relationship was found between variability and overall thought disturbance. Changes in clinical condition over a month were not associated with discernible AVEP changes. Relationships between Am, FOP, unit V are presented.
Effects of Vibrotactile Background on the Somatosensory Evoked Response
Authors: Feinsod Moshe , Feinsod Rachel , Madey Julius M.
Published: February 2007

The somatosensory evoked response (SER) to Vibrotactile stimuli superimposed on a constant vibrotactile background of different intensities was studied in 5 subjects. It was found that vibrotactile background of low intensity enhanced the amplitude of the SER. Further increase of the intensity of the background caused a decrease in the SER amplitude.

These resulted are compared to evoked response studies in visual and auditory systems.
For Distinguished Contribution to Psychophysiology: Robert Edelberg
Authors: Lacey John I.
Published: February 2007

At the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of The Society for Psychophysiological Research, the award for Distinguished Contribution to Psychophysiology was made to Robert Edelberg by his Colleague, John Lacey.

Following is the text of the citation given at the meeting October 26, 1974.
Influence of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs on Recovery of Skeletal Electromyographic Activity in the Rat
Authors: Wilson J. Roger , Dicara Leo V.
Published: February 2007

Dose‐related from muscular paralysis was examined in rats following a single intraperitoneal injection of one of three neuromuscular blockers: succinylcholine (SC), dimethyl d‐tubocurarine iodide (DM), or d‐tubocurarine chloride (dTC), Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the ipsilateral biceps femoris and biceps brachii muscles were sampled in each S. Time required to attain a predetermined percent integrated EMG activity, relative in a level established after drug stabilization, served as the major index of recovery. The results showed that the effect of SC and DM on regaining motor control is predictable on a mg/kg body weight basis. However, increasing the dose level of dTC produced no difference in the time required for the initial consistent signs of EMG recovery. Drug‐dosage effects on recovery from paralysis could not be attributed to systematic changes in either basal heart rate or rectal temperature. The results are interpreted as supporting other reports of the unpredictable consequences of dTC‐induced paralysis.
The Effects of Stress Films on Dream Affect and on Respiration and Eye‐Movement Activity During Rapid‐Eye‐Movement Sleep
Authors: Goodenough Donald R. , Witkin Herman A. , Koulack David , Cohen Harvey
Published: February 2007

The effects of stress on the affective content of dreams and on rapid‐eye‐movement (REM) period eye‐movement activity and respiration were studied. The experiment was also designed to examine the similarity between walking and sleeping states in the respiratory correlates of emotion. Sleep records and dream reports were collected following the viewing of stress and neutral films. The stress films significantly increased dream anxiety and also increased REM‐period respiratory irregularity among those Ss who, in the walking state, showed irregular breath patterns in response to stressful film scenes. Some evidence was also found that dream affect is related to RFM‐period respiratory irregularity among the Ss who are walking responders. These data are interpreted as supporting the hypothesized congruence between the waking und dream states in The relationship between affect and breathing irregularity.
An Evaluation of Field Techniques in Detection of Deception
Authors: Barland Gordon H. , Raskin David C.
Published: February 2007

Field techniques of detecting deception were evaluated using a mock crime situation. Thirty‐six Ss were “guilty” of taking $10, and 36 Ss were “innocent,” A field‐type interview was followed by a zone comparison control‐question polygraph examination. A Keeler field polygraph was used to record physiology activity, and field (semi‐objective) and quantitative evaluations of the charts were made. Those who evaluated the charts were not informed about the “guilt” or “innocence” of each S. Using field evaluations, there were 53% correct. 12% incorrect, and 35% inconclusives. Excluding inconclusives there were 81% correct decision. using quantitative scoring, significant discriination between “guilty” and “innocent” was obtaindd with skin resistance, cardiovascular, and respiration measures, with skin resistance best. Field evaluations also produced significant discrimination for all three measures. Blind evaluations of the charts by 5 additional examiners produced high agreement among examiner decisions and a mean correlation of .86 among total scores. Thus, the effectiveness of commonly used field techniques and equipment in differentiating truth and deception was demonstrated in a laboratory setting.
Voluntary Control and Reactivity of Human Heart Rate
Authors: Bell Iris R. , Schwartz Gary E.
Published: February 2007

Factors in human voluntary heart rate control with and without external feedback were studied. Average voluntary heart rate control in the laboratory was comparable to the range of heart rates obtained during accelerative‐decelerative ‘reactivity’ tasks in the laboratory and to heart rates obtained during various situation* outside of the laboratory. However, cardiac rate reactivity did not reliably predict voluntary control performance across subjects (Ss). With full instructions, Ss were able to increase but not decrease heart rate relative to resting levels before feedback was provided. With full‐scale meter feedback. Ss could both increase and decrease heart rate relative to resting levels. Performance in Bidirectional control during feedback remained constant. The ability both to increase and to decrease heart rate transferred to the postfeedback. no‐meter condition. Reversing the meaning of the Up and Down cue lights during post‐feedback for half of the As had no deleterious effect on bidirectional heart rate control. The importance of physiological and situational constraints in Bidirectional heart rate control is discussed.
Common Mode Rejection Techniques in Conjugate Eye Movement Recording During Sleep
Authors: Hord David
Published: February 2007

Common mode rejection is viewed as a general technique that can be used in certain biological recording situations to increase the signal to noise ratio, in which the noise component is of biological rather than electrical origin. The recording of conjugate eye movements during sleep is cited as an example.
Response Relationships in SRR Conditioning
Authors: Martin Irene , Levy A. B. , Slubicka Barbara
Published: February 2007

Relationships among orienting responses (ORs), anticipatory responses (ARs), and both unconditioned responses. (UCRs) and the UCR‐latency responses which occur on acquisition test trials were examined in an 8 sec CS/UCS skin resistance response (SRR) conditioning schedule, Response characteristics were scored objectively by means of a Linc‐8 program based on the rate of change of amplitude, and included response frequency, amplitude, onset and peak latencies.

Substantial interaction were observed between AR and UCR characteristics, Negative correlations were obtained between AR and UCR occurrences on reinforced trials, shown to be associated with a long peak latency of the AR. AR/UCR amplitude relationships were also negative, indicating that high amplitude ARs lend to occur with low amplitude UCRs. Results on reinforced trials, however, showed a positive relationship between AR/UCR‐latency frequency.
Calibration of Earphone‐Transmitted Sounds
Authors: Putnam Lois E. , Graham Frances K. , Sigafus David L.
Published: February 2007

The intensity of acoustic stimulation is frequently a variable of interest in psychophysiological studies but calibration procedures, particularly when earphones are employed, are not always adequate. The present study demonstrates that intensity is underestimated, more seriously at low frequencies, when calibration does not employ an appropriate coupler. Several standardized calibration methods are discussed in terms of their suitability For routine laboratory use.
A Chronic Electrode for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: Application for Vagal Stimulation
Authors: Slaughter John S. , Hahn William W.
Published: February 2007

An electrode suitable for chronic implantation around the cervical vagus with lead wires attached to a female connector head piece was developed. Electrical stimulation through the electrode effectively produced a heart rate decrease, an indicator of effective vagal stimulation, in approximately 75 of the subjects implanted for a 14 day test period.
Electrodermal Responses and Subjective Estimates of UCS Probability in a Long Interstimulus Interval Conditioning Paradigm
Authors: Ohman Arne , Ellstrom Per‐Eerikm , Bjorkstrand Par‐Ake
Published: February 2007

In an investigation of the relationship between subjective awareness and classical conditioning, two groups of 20 subjects each were required to state subjective estimates of shock‐UCS probabilities for 5 visual CSs differing in geometrical form and signalling objective UCS probabilities of 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100%. First‐and second‐interval anticipatory and third‐interval unconditioned and omission skin conductance responses (FARs, SARs, TURs, and TORs) were measured. One group was required to learn the different CS‐UCS contingencies, and the other was instructed about the contingencies by having the objective probability superimposed on the geometrical form. The instruction group showed over‐all steeper probability gradients for subjective expectancies and FARs, whereas SARs and TORs tended to show inverted‐U shaped relationships to probability. The TUR showed no effect of probability. The trial‐by‐trial correlations between subjective expectancy and skin conductance responses were generally significant, and for the FAR they were larger in the instruction than in the learning group. The magnitude of correlation, however, was quite low. Differentiation between the 0 and 100% CSs in subjective expectancy and FARs coincided temporally.
Studies of Spontaneous Electro dermal Responses in Sleep
Authors: Mcdonald David G. , Shallenberger Hugh D. , Koresko Richard L. , Kinzy Bruce G.
Published: February 2007

A series of studies on spontaneous electro dermal responses (storming) in normal human stage 3–4 sleep J5 reported. It was found that: (a) storming rates during sleep are positively correlated with spontaneous response rates during wakefulness, (b) more storming is demonstrated by subjects who remain awake during a baseline recording at the start of the night, (c) there is a negative correlation between storming rate and amount of stage 3–4 sleep, (d) storming rates decrease from night 1 to night 2, (e) stunners differ from non‐stormers on several MMPI measures of anxiety and ego‐strength, and (f) dream reports are given more often on awakenings from storming than non‐storming stage 3–4 sleep. The results are compared to other studies of storming, and the conclusion is made that storming is related to presleep variables and is not a simple byproduct of a release of cortical inhibitory mechanisms. If one function of storming is to reduce the amount of stage 3–4 sleep, this might have survival value in the presence of environmental threat.
The Use of Time Lapse Video Recording of Sleep‐Wake Behavior in Human Infants
Authors: Anders Thomas F. , Sostek Anita Miller
Published: February 2007

The present study describes the use of time lapse video recording or sleep‐wake states in human infants. Polygraphic studies were carried out simultaneously to evaluate validity. Six normal, full‐term infants were each recorded twice: first at 2 weeks and again at K weeks of age.

Behavioral and physiologic states were scored from the video and polygraphic records, respectively, according to standard criteria. Interrater reliability for the video tapes was .92. In comparing the polygraphically determined states with the video scoring, a significant overall product‐moment correlation of .79 was obtained for all states and ages. Similarly, the individual state correlations at both ages were statistically significant between the systems. Wakefulness was the most highly correlated state. Active‐REM sleep was more highly correlated in the younger age group, while quiet‐NRKM was more highly correlated in the older age group.
Skin Conductance Recovery and Pupillometrics in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Patterson Terry
Published: February 2007

A group of 31 chronic male shizopherics were found to be heterogeneous with respect to skin conductance recovery, when response was made to non‐signal tones. Fast skin conductance recovery was related to slow pupillary constriction in the light/dark reflex. Conversely, slow skin conductance recovery was related to fast pupillary constriction in the light/dark reflex. The cholinergic nature of pupillary constriction and the implications of these findings for a generalized cholinergic hypothesis of schizophrenia are discussed.
Sensation Seeking, Trait and State Anxiety, and the Electrodermal Orienting Response
Authors: Neary Richard S. , Zuckerman Marvin
Published: February 2007

The relationship between sensation seeking and the orienting reflex (OR) using skin conductance change is investigated in two experiments. In Experiment I, high sensation seekers gave a greater initial OR In novel visual stimuli while not differing in habituation on subsequent trials. In Experiment II. the paradigm was extended to include auditory as well as visual stimuli. Again, high sensation seekers were found to be more arousable with respect to initial ORs while not differing in habituation rates. The results suggest that sensation seekers may be characterized as having strong excitatory CNS processes. In Experiment II, anxiety (trait and state) was also related to the OR. There were no effects due to trait anxiety but state anxiety did yield significant differences. The more highly anxious (state) subjects had weaker initial ORs than lows in both novel tones, but not to repeated tones. The findings with state anxiety are consistent with findings by others using anxiety neurotics as subjects.
Sleep Deprivation and Measures of Emotionality in Rats
Authors: Ogilvie Robert D. , Broughton Robert J.
Published: February 2007

Predictions from two theories which attempt to explain the function of active sleep (AS) were tested on 144 rats. Total sleep deprived, activity control, stationary control, active steep deprived, large pedestal control, or homecage control conditions were imposed on 30‐day and 90‐day‐old subjects for 5 days. Open‐field (OF) and startle response measures and adrenal and body weights permitted examination of changes in emotionality. Increases in OF activity and decreases in defecation in this paradigm are attributed primarily to AS deprivation, while reductions in quiet sleep may account for elevated startle responsivity in totally deprived subjects. Limited support for the Ontogenetic hypothesis is found in the treatment by age effect for OF activity, but the P‐hypothesis prediction of increased emotionality in AS deprived subjects is contradicted by our data.
Aseptic Implantable EEG Electrodes For Low Impedance Recordings
Authors: Oglesby D. M. , Dykman R. A. , Moody T. C. , Murphree O. D.
Published: February 2007

Noise‐free electroencephalographic signals from the cortex of the intact dog are difficult to obtain. Recordings made with surface electrodes are contaminated by muscle artifacts because of the thick muscle overlying the skull. The usual implanted electrodes in a pedestal arrangement give excellent signals; but because the tissue never heals around the base of the pedestal, the brain becomes infected or abscessed within a few weeks. A new type low impedance electrode. Aseptically implanted, has been developed. A stainless steel screw is threaded into the skull such that the bottom of the screw is in contact with the dura. The top of the screw, when is concave, is even with hypodermic needle into the top of the screw in a plug and jack arrangement.
Changes in Cardiac Refractory Period During Signalled Shock Avoidance in Dogs
Authors: Lawler James E. , Botticelli Lawrence J. , Lown Bernard
Published: February 2007

The effect of training during an aversive conditioning schedule on the ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) and the occurrence of repetitive extrasystoles (RE) was investigated in 11 dogs. The ERP was decreased significantly at avoidance onset during the first 5 days of the experiment. but remained unaltered during the second 5 days of testing. The changes in ERP were most pronounced on the first day. REs were observed most during avoidance in the animal with the greatest decrease in ERP but inconsistently in other animals. The potential use of aversive Training procedures to study the role of neural factors in cardiac arrhythmias is discussed.
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Changes Accompanying Classical Eyeblink Conditioning In The Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
Authors: Powell D. A. , Kazis Emmanuel
Published: February 2007

In two experiments employing 38 rabbits differential classical conditioning of heart rate, blood pressure, and corneoretinal potential (CRP) response were examined using l‐sec and 4‐sec interstimulus intervals ISI respectively. The conditioned response consisted of HK decelerations and DP depressor responses early in conditioning. However, many, but not all, animals revealed pressor responses and HR accelerations after the CRP discrimination was acquired. Significant correlations were also obtained between BP pressor responses, HR accelerations, and the frequency of CRP CRs. These results were discussed within the context of the orienting and defense reflexes.
Pulse Wave Velocity and Blood Pressure Change: Calibration and Applications
Authors: Steptoe Andrew , Smulyan Harold , Gribbin Brian
Published: February 2007

An adaptation of the technique for measuring pulse wave velocity is described in which the interval between the R wave of the ECG and the radial pressure pulse is monitored. The resulting transit time (TT) is suitable for use as an indirect measure of blood pressure change.

The reliability of the measure was assessed in 5 subjects who volunteered for arterial cannulation on 2 occasions. Simultaneous recordings of intra‐arterial pressure and TT were taken during a variety of maneouvres, including mental arithmetic, isometric exercise, and amyl nitrite inhalation. The dependence of changes in TT on arterial pressure was confirmed for all procedures except amyl nitrite inhalation. Linear correlations between TT and mean arterial pressure were high, varying between −.913 and −.98. The regression coefficients were reproducible and similar in all individuals. The reasons for the anomalous amyl nitrite response are discussed, together with the limits of application of the measure.
Voluntary Control of Patterns of EEC Parietal Asymmetry: Cognitive Concomitants
Authors: Schwartz Gary E. , Davidson Richard J. , Pugash Eric
Published: February 2007

This experiment addressed two questions: is training for EEG parietal asymmetry using pattern biofeedback accompanied by predictable cognitive concomitants? and 2 are the cognitive concomitants of training for simultaneous bilateral activation of the hemispheres a simple additive combination of the two asymmetry patterns, or do they represent a unique to cognitive gestalt not readily predictable from the two asymmetry training conditions? Bilateral parietal EEG was recorded from 20 right handed subjects and filtered for 8–13 Hz activity. The four possible EEG patterns were quantified on line. All subjects received 12 min of EEG symmetry training (LαoffRαon ‐Integration) and 12 min each of EEG asymmetry training (LαoffRαon and LαonRαoffDifferentiation). Significant regulation of all three patterns was obtained. Analysis of post feedback questionnaires revealed that LαoffRαon. regulation was associated with significantly more verbal cognitions, while the L αoffRαon pattern was associated with more visual cognitions, EEG symmetry regulation (LαoffRαon) produced a third pattern of cognitions different from both asymmetry conditions. The data suggest that feedback stabilized cortical patterning is associated with predictable cognitive concomitants and that puttern biofeedback procedures can be used to uncover the relationships between brain processes and subjective experience.
The Effects of Presleep Activity on All‐Night Sleep
Authors: Browman Carl P. , Tepas Donald I.
Published: February 2007

The effects of different presleep activities on all‐night sleep were assessed. Nine young adult males engaged in brief periods of progressive relaxation (Relaxation), light dynamic exercise (Exercise), or a boring monotonous vigilance task (Vigilance) immediately before bed on consecutive nights. Standard electrophysiological data were recorded during the 7.5 hrs of sleep. The latency of sleep onset was shortest after Relaxation and longest after Exercise. Presleep heart rate and electromyograph levels were not related to sleep onset. Sleep stages were not differentiated by condition and no sleep parameter differed from normative data. The results suggest that it is possible to alter sleep latency by manipulating presleep behavior without disrupting the normal steep pattern.
Heart Rate and Respiratory Responses as a Function of Task Difficulty: The Use of Discriminant Analysis in the Selection of Psychologically Sensitive Physiological Responses
Authors: Walter Gary F. , Porges Stephen W.
Published: February 2007

The relationship between physiological response patterns.and task difficulty was investigated by evaluating heart rate and respiratory responses during a choice reaction lime tusk with three levels of task difficulty. The data fit a two‐component model or attention containing reactive and sustained responses. There were two reactive responses: An immediate deceleration which was independent of task manipulation; and a short latency response, monotonically paralleling task difficulty, which was characterized by acceleration and an increase in heart rate variability. The sustained component exhibited task dependent deceleration and u generalized reduction in heart rate variability and respiration amplitude variability. A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on the task conditions using physiological responses to determine responses sensitive to task demands. Physiological response patterns were monotonically ordered as a function of task difficulty, suggesting that this technique may have advantages for determining physiological responses most sensitive to psychological manipulation.
Period Analysis of the Electroencephalogram: Normative Data
Authors: Cohen Bernard Allan , Bravo‐Fernandez Enrique J , Hosek Ronald S. , Sances Anthony
Published: February 2007

This paper presents results from research which utilized the technique of period analysis to evaluate electroencephalograms (EEGs) from a control population. Twenty‐six subjects were selected for testing. EEGs were done in a special electrically shielded testing environment. Two hundred min of continuous KEG data were obtained. Electrodes were placed according to the International Federation 10–20 technique. Processing and analysis of the data were accomplished on a small laboratory computer. Eight “major periods” (4 Hz band width each) of the analog EEG signal were calculated. The normative data corresponding to this analysis is presented. No statistically significant differences were noted between opposing hemispheres. The findings present evidence and encouragement for the utilization of automated EEG analysis in a routine clinical setting.
Electro dermal Lability: An Attempt to Measure Its Psychological Correlates
Authors: Hastrup Janice L. , Katkin Edward S.
Published: February 2007

Differences in electro dermal lability (frequency of spontaneous fluctuations in skin resistance) have been shown to predict certain types of behavior. Further, electro dermal lability has in some cases been related in psychometric measures of personality. The purpose or this experiment was to develop a self‐report inventory which would predict electro dermal lability. A pool of 478 items was administered to 120 male undergraduate students. These students were subsequently tested for electro dermal lability level. Corelational and X2 analyses were employed to identify items which were significantly related to electro dermal lability. Then these items were subjected m linear discriminate function analysis to determine their optimal weighting. Although 34 items were initial) identified as significant predictors, split‐sample analyses suggested that the predictors would nut replicate. Previous findings which have suggested a relationship between Electro Dermal lability and personality variables such as anxiety were discussed. It was concluded that although electro dermal lability is a reliable predictor of certain responses, it is not readily related to traditional self‐descriptive psychometrics. The interpretation supports the view (hat autonomic functions are independent of self‐awareness.
Baseline and Feedback EEG Correlates of Interview Behavior
Authors: Lewis Charles N. , Mclaughlin Thomas J.
Published: February 2007

The relationship between percent lime alpha under baseline and activation conditions was assessed for two groups or psychiatric patients. The baseline conditions involved eyes closed and eyes open in the dark, while the activation condition involved the presentation of slides contingent upon alpha activity in the EEG. The psychiatric sample was divided into two groups of 11 High and II Low Interview Responders, based upon their behavior in an open‐ended interview. It was predicted that (a) the High Interview Responders would exhibit lower percent time alpha durations under feedback‐controlled activation conditions and (b) the variability of percent time alpha durations would be less under feedback to baseline conditions.

Results indicate that the High Interview Response group had lower percent lime alpha values (p<.05) than the Low Interview Response group under activation conditions but not under baseline conditions. In addition, the coefficients of variation were consistently lower under feedback compared to baseline conditions.

The results suggest that socially responsive patients engage in greater spontaneous, visual attentiveness to the environment than those who are less responsive.
Alpha Activity Suppression and Enhancement as a Function of Feedback and Instructions
Authors: Prfwett Michael J. , Adams Hhenry E.
Published: February 2007

The present study attempted to determine the role of instructions and feedback on alpha activity. Thirty‐six normal subjects were instructed to enhance or to suppress alpha activity or were given ambiguous instructions. Subjects were randomly assigned to three croups of 12 subjects earn. One‐half of the subjects in each group received feedback for increasing alpha activity, while the other half received feedback for suppression. Active and dummy electrodes were attached to each subject. Subjects were instructed to keep their eyes closed (luring the session. The session consisted of a 10‐min adaptation period, an instruction period, another 5‐min adaptation and then a series of 5 lest trials with feedback separated by 2‐min rest periods without feedback. Alpha enhancement was associated with instructions hut was independent of feedback. However, accurate instructions and feedback were associated with alpha activity suppression. Alpha activity was greatest during rest periods or when the subject was unaware of the significance of the feedback cue. which indicates the importance of monitoring basal levels of alpha activity in evaluating changes in alpha activity.
The Effects of Sensory Perceptual Isolation on Single Motor Unit Conditioning
Authors: Lloyd Andree J. , Shurley Jay T.
Published: February 2007

Forty male volunteers were injected with bipolar fine‐wire electrodes into the tibialis anterior muscle and trained to isolate and cunt nil a single motor unit. A light panel indicated trial onsets and correct and incorrect responses. Subjects were randomly assigned to the isolation or non‐isolation condition for both sessions. Isolation condition was produced In an air‐fluidized. ceramic‐bead bed in a light attenuating chamber. A relearning session followed the initial session after a two week interim rest. The hypodynamic effects of sensory isolation increased the speed of learning to isolate and control an SMU. The results. suggested that subjects were better able to attend to the relatively weak proprioceptive information provided by the SMU through the reduction of the amount and/or variety of competing stimuli.
A Factor Analysis of Visual Evoked Responses
Authors: Street W. Jeanne , Perry Nathan W. , Cunningham Walter R.
Published: February 2007

A factor analysis was performed on 19 visual evoked response (VER) variables and age, in order to identify patterns of relationships among the variables. The analysis resulted in a 7‐factor Varimax solution. Subjects were 98 kindergarten children (50 girls and 48 boys) in upper‐middle socio‐economic class. Mean IQ was 119.5; mean age, 67.16 mo. The five cortical measures of amplitude, latency, correlation, complexity, and linearity, the latter two of which had not been previously measured, were recorded from three scalp locations in response to three types of visual stimulation. Four factors (amplitude, linearity, and two latency factors‐one for each of two stimulus conditions) were obtained which showed significant loadings only within a given cortical measure. Three factors (one for each of the stimulus conditions) were obtained which showed significant loadings across different cortical measures. Examination of the correlation matrix, as well as the orthogonal (independent) factor solution, supported the main hypothesis that the VER is a multidimensional domain. Specifically, different stimulus conditions and/or different cortical measures of VER often produced variables which were uncorrelated across subjects.