bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiation and performance: multi‐performance architectures and modulated environments
Authors: Hensel Michael , Menges Achim
Published: June 2006

The architectural tradition of the West is fundamentally characterised by substantial structures and building typologies that link tectonics with function and representation. It has been focusing on the relation between the material constituents that frame space and its direct relation to programme on the one hand, and to social formations on the other. Interior environments are largely homogenised, a preference inherited from Modernist open‐plan arrangements and facilitated by vast paraphernalia of electrical and mechanical equipment. Here, Michael Hensel and Achim Menges argue for an ecological understanding of architecture that promotes the differentiation of environmental conditions through a morphological intelligence, which promises not only a new spatial paradigm for architectural design, but also a far more sustainable one that links the performance capacity of material systems with environmental modulation and the resulting provisions and opportunities for inhabitation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Michael Hensel; Frei Otto;
Authors: Menges Achim
Published: June 2006

Achim Menges presents a range of morphogenetic design techniques and technologies that synthesise processes of formation and materialisation. Through a series of design experiments, he explains his research into an understanding of form, materials and structure, not as separate elements, but rather as complex interrelations in polymorphic systems resulting from the response to varied input and environmental influences, and derived through the logics of advanced manufacturing processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactive generation of falling motions
Authors: Tang Bing , Pan Zhigeng , Zheng Le , Zhang Mingmin
Published: June 2006

Interactive generation of falling motions for virtual character with realistic responses to unexpected push, hit or collision with the environment is interesting work to many applications, such as computer games, film production, and virtual training environments. In this paper, we propose a new method to simulate protective behaviors in response to the ways a human may fall to the ground as well as incorporate the reactive motions into motion capture animation. It is based on simulated trajectory prediction and biomechanics inspired adjustment. According to the external perturbations, our system predicts a motion trajectory and uses it to select a desired transition‐to sequence. At the same time, physically generated falling motions will fill in the gap between the two‐motion capture sequences before and after the transition. Utilizing a parallel simulation, our method is able to predict a character's motion trajectory real‐time under dynamics, which ensures that the character moves towards the target sequence and makes the character's behavior more life‐like. Our controller is designed to generate physically plausible motion following an upcoming motion with adjustment from biomechanics rules, which is key to avoid an unconscious look for a character during the transition. Based on a relatively small motion database, our system is effective in generating various interactive falling behaviors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental abstraction and path planning techniques for realistic crowd simulation
Authors: Paris Sébastien , Donikian Stéphane , Bonvalet Nicolas
Published: June 2006

This paper treats two linked subjects underlying behavioural simulation. First, the way to describe a virtual environment through an informed hierarchical abstract graph. This graph stores some pre‐computations such as potential visibility sets, oriented grids, or densities of people, which can be used individually by simulated entities. Second, the way to use this abstract graph to perform a realistic and efficient path planning, which takes care of individual preferences as well as individual knowledge of the environment. Moreover, the path planning method we propose is reactive to some events, reflecting the perceived modifications of the environment, which allows the entity to adapt its behaviour in consequence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized linear FEM for modeling deformable objects
Authors: García Marcos , Mendoza César , Pastor Luis , Rodríguez Angel
Published: June 2006

The main contribution of our work is a technique to accelerate the real‐time simulation of deformable objects using a stable finite element method. Our purpose is to construct a preconditioner matrix for the coefficient matrix of the implicit integration scheme based on the global rotation matrix of the object. We describe some required steps to compute an optimal preconditioner in an off‐line step. Our technique can be used to accelerate the element stiffness warping method and could be used to solve the system directly for objects with small deformations or for objects that appear outside of the users' interest zone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Entries to Water‐Compatible Lewis Acids
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Ogawa Chikako
Published: June 2006

Lewis acid catalysis has attracted much attention in organic synthesis as it often affords access to unique reactivity and selectivity under mild conditions. Although various kinds of Lewis acids have been developed and applied in industry, these Lewis acids must be generally used under strictly anhydrous conditions, as the presence of even a small amount of water interferes with the reactions due to preferential reaction of the Lewis acids with water rather than the substrates. In contrast to this, rare earth and other metal complexes have been found to be water‐compatible. Furthermore, Bi(OTf)3‐ and Ga(OTf)3‐basic ligand complexes have also been found to be stable in water, and have been used as water‐compatible Lewis acids. This application is particularly significant, as Bi(OTf)3 and Ga(OTf)3 themselves are unstable in the presence of water, but are stabilized by the basic ligands. This observation has led to the development of a new approach to Lewis acid catalysis in which Lewis acids that are generally unstable in the presence of water are rendered amenable to aqueous systems when combined with basic ligands. In particular, the use of chiral basic ligands leading to new types of water‐compatible chiral Lewis acids may enable a wide range of asymmetric catalysis in aqueous media.
Correlation Between Structure and Magnetic and Magnetotransport Properties of La0.7Pb0.3(Mn1 – xCox)O3 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) CMR Manganites
Authors: Peña Alazne , Gutiérrez Jon , de Muro Izaskun Gil , Campo Javier , Barandiarán Jose Manuel , Rojo Teófilo
Published: June 2006

Structural and magnetic properties of La0.7Pb0.3(Mn1 – xCox)O3 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) manganites are reported. Samples were fabricated by the sol‐gel low temperature method. At room temperature, the first structural characterisation of all phases gave as a result the rhombohedral space group (R$\bar {3}$c). All compositions show ferromagnetic behaviour and magnetoresistance. The measured low‐temperature magnetic moment and the Curie temperature continuously decrease with respect to the undoped composition, as Mn ions are substituted progressively by Co. This is interpreted in terms of substitution of Mn3+ by Co3+ and the appearance of a small amount of Co4+. The measured magnetoresistance reaches 40 % for the 10 % Co‐doped one at the corresponding Curie temperature. The resistivity behaviour of all the studied compounds is determined by the intra‐ and intergrain conduction mechanisms, with grain sizes in the range of 10–25 nm. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of (1′R,3S,4S)‐3‐[1′‐(tert‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl]‐ 4‐(cyclopropylcarbonyloxy)azetidin‐2‐one
Authors: Laurent Mathieu , Cérésiat Marcel , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline
Published: June 2006

The novel carbapenem precursor 1e has been synthesized from L‐threonine, cyclopropyl methyl ketone and benzhydrylamine (for the introduction of the azetidinone N‐protecting group). Two independently prepared building blocks – sodium (2R,3R)‐2,3‐epoxybutyrate as a mixed salt with NaBr (2b) and N‐(benzhydryl)aminomethyl cyclopropyl ketone (4e) – were coupled to give (2R,3R)‐N‐(benzhydryl)‐N‐(2‐cyclopropyl‐2‐oxoethyl)‐2,3‐epoxybutyramide (8e). This key intermediate gave a regio‐ and stereoselective C3–C4 ring closure on LiHMDS treatment in THF at 0 °C to yield(1′R,3S,4S)‐4‐cyclopropylcarbonyl‐1‐diphenylmethyl‐3‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)azetidin‐2‐one (13e). N‐Deprotection of 13e was performed by photochemical bromination and subsequent hydrolysis. The resulting (1′R,3S,4S)‐4‐(cyclopropylcarbonyl)‐3‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)azetidin‐2‐one (23e) reacted in a Baeyer–Villiger oxidation with a total control of the regioselectivity (due to the poor migratory aptitude of the cyclopropyl group) to furnish (1′R,3S,4S)‐3‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐(cyclopropylcarbonyloxy)azetidin‐2‐one (24e), subsequent O‐silylation achieving the total synthesis of 1e (title compound).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Self‐Assembly Film of Zeolite Y Nanocrystals Loading Palladium on an Au Electrode for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Jiang Yan‐Xia , Si Di , Chen Sheng‐Pei , Sun Shi‐Gang
Published: June 2006

Nano‐scale zeolite Y crystals were synthesized, and palladium nanoparticles were prepared in the supercage of the zeolite by “ship‐in‐a‐bottle” approach. A novel method to fabricate zeolite‐modified electrode (ZME) loading Pd nanoparticles was developed, in which the zeolite Y loading Pd2+ ions was self‐assembled on (3‐mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane‐attached Au surface to form the stable and density packed multilayers (SAM‐ZME). The structures of zeolite Y and the SAM‐ZME were investigated by using TEM, XRD and SEM techniques. Pd2+ ions in the SAM‐ZME were converted into Pd nanoparticles (Pdn0) by two steps consisting of the electrochemical reduction as well as the succeeding admission and release of CO. The redox couple [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− was used to probe the electron‐transfer barrier properties during self‐assembling process. Moreover, the special properties of the SAM‐ZME loading Pdn0 were studied by using cyclic voltammetry and CO‐probe in situ FTIR spectroscopy. The results illustrated that Pdn0 in the SAM‐ZME exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity for oxidation of adsorbed CO than that of ZME prepared in our previous study by zeolite coating method. The present study is of importance in design and preparation of SAM‐ZME, which poccesseses excellent properties for the immobilization of electrocatalysts or biomolecules.
Study of Factors Affecting the Performance of Voltammetric Copper Sensors Based on Gly‐Gly‐His Modified Glassy Carbon and Gold Electrodes
Authors: Liu Guozhen , Nguyen Quynh Thu , Chow Edith , Böcking Till , Hibbert D. Brynn , Gooding J. Justin
Published: June 2006

This paper reports a study of the factors affecting the analytical performance of gold and glassy carbon electrodes modified with the tripeptide Gly‐Gly‐His for the detection of copper ions. Gly‐Gly‐His is attached to a glassy carbon (GC) surface modified with 4‐carboxyphenyl moieties or a gold surface modified with 3‐mercaptopropionic acid by the reaction of the N‐terminal amine group of the peptide with the carboxylic acid groups of the monolayer via carbodiimide activation. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the steps in the biosensor fabrication. It was found that the analytical performance of a sensor prepared with Gly‐Gly‐His on a GC electrode was similar to that on a gold electrode under the same conditions. The performance was greatly enhanced at higher temperature, no added salt during copper accumulation and longer accumulation time within a pH range of 7–9. Interference studies and investigations of stability of the Gly‐Gly‐His sensor are reported. Analysis of natural water samples show that the sensors measure only copper ions that can complex at the sensor surface. Strongly complexed copper in natural water is not measured. Despite greater stability of diazonium salt derived monolayers on carbon surfaces compared with alkanethiols self‐assembled monolayers on gold, the stability of the sensors was essentially the same regardless of the modification procedure.
Changes in some quality factors of frozen ginger as affected by the freezing storage conditions
Authors: Kim Dong‐Ho , Lee Young‐Chun
Published: June 2006

The effects of types of ginger root, the freezing storage temperature and time on quality factors associated with color, off‐odor and acceptability of frozen ginger were evaluated to establish the freezing storage conditions of ginger roots. Whole and ground ginger was packed in Nylon/polyethylene (PE) bags and stored at −5, −20 and −40 °C. The quality of the ginger was determined at the following times and storage temperatures: the ginger stored at −5 °C, −20 °C, and −40 °C was sampled at 30‐day intervals for 4 months, at 90‐day intervals for 12 months, and at 120‐day intervals for 16 months, respectively. The content of free sugars, free amino acids (FAAs), unsaturated fatty acids (FUFAs) and volatile compounds noticeably decreased during the storage period, while the total color difference (ΔE) increased, and the temperature effect was significant. The changes in these compounds were generally less in the whole ginger samples. The overall preference of ginger roots stored at −5, −20 and −40 °C was significantly different after 2–3, 9 and 16 months of storage, respectively. The increase of ΔE with decreases of free sugars, FAAs and sensory color indicated the discoloration of frozen ginger was due to the browning reaction. The sensory off‐odor scores were closely associated with the decrease of FUFAs, suggesting that the oxidation of FUFAs caused the development of off‐odor in the frozen ginger. Multiple regression analysis between the overall preference scores and other determined quality factors indicated that FAAs, FUFAs and volatile compounds significantly affected the overall preference scores of ground ginger samples stored at −5 °C or −20 °C. The sensory off‐odor and overall preference scores showed that whole ginger could be stored for 2 or 9 months at −5 or −20 °C, respectively, maintaining a good overall quality. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
First‐order system least squares for the Oseen equations
Authors: Kim Sang Dong , Lee Chang‐Ock , Manteuffel Thomas A. , McCormick Stephen F. , Röhrle Oliver
Published: June 2006

Following earlier work for Stokes equations, a least squares functional is developed for two‐ and three‐dimensional Oseen equations. By introducing a velocity flux variable and associated curl and trace equations, ellipticity is established in an appropriate product norm. The form of Oseen equations examined here is obtained by linearizing the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. An algorithm is presented for approximately solving steady‐state, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with a nested iteration‐Newton‐FOSLS‐AMG iterative scheme, which involves solving a sequence of Oseen equations. Some numerical results for Kovasznay flow are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative research for nonprofit management
Authors: Bielefeld Wolfgang
Published: June 2006

Although the literature on organizational management has burgeoned recently, it has focused primarily on for‐profit organizations. Moreover, widely published management prescriptions are often faddish in nature. It is risky for nonprofit managers to uncritically adopt these prescriptions. Not only may they be inappropriate for the Nonprofit setting, they may also be based on inadequate research. The nonprofit sector needs to develop its own research agenda and distribute usable findings to nonprofit managers. This process is in its infancy. While research on the nonprofit sector has been vigorous over the last few decades, most of it has focused on philanthropy or the delineation of the sector's dimensions. It is vitally important that management practices in the Nonprofit sector be based on sound, useful research. Given the nature of social science research, much of this will be quantitative research. In this article, I lay out some basic parameters of quantitative research and discuss its relevance to and utility for nonprofit management.
Advice for a new generation
Authors: Til Jon Van
Published: June 2006

Challenges for Nonprofits and Philanthropy: The Courage to Change, by Pablo Eisenberg, edited by Stacy Palmer. Medford, Mass.: Tufts University Press; Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2005. 242 pp., $29.95 cloth.

Fifty Years in Public Causes: Stories from a Road Less Traveled, by Brian O'Connell. Medford, Mass.: Tufts University Press; Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2005. 228 pp., $24.95 cloth.
Volunteerism and charitable giving
Authors: Morgan Donald
Published: June 2006

Gifts of Time and Money: The Role of Charity in America's Communities, by Arthur C. Brooks (ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Little.eld, 2005. 224 pp., $75.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
The bioactivity‐guided isolation and structural identification of toxic cucurbitacin steroidal glucosides from stemodia kingii
Authors: Allen Jeremy G. , Colegate Steven M. , Mitchell Andrew A. , Mulder Roger J. , Raisbeck Merl F.
Published: June 2006

A histologically validated murine model for the ovine intoxication by Stemodia kingii was used as a bioassay to guide the isolation of several groups of toxins from Stemodia kingii. Two of the toxins from one group were purified sufficiently to allow structural analysis and a determination of their median lethal doses (LD50) for oral administration to mice. A combination of acid hydrolysis, elemental analysis, HPLC‐MS, 1D‐NMR (1H, 13C) and 2D‐NMR (1H–1H COSY, 13C–1H HSQC and HMBC, and gNOESY) was used to define stemodiosides B3 and B4 as cucurbitacin steroidal glucosides. Thus stemodioside B3 is (24Z)‐3α‐(β‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2β,20,27‐trihydroxy‐19‐(10→9β)‐abeo‐10α‐lanost‐5,24‐diene‐11‐one and stemodioside B4 is (23E)‐3α‐(β‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2β,20,22,27‐tetrahydroxy‐19‐(10→9β)‐abeo‐10α‐lanost‐5,23‐diene‐11‐one. The approximate oral LD50s for stemodiosides B3 and B4 in mice were estimated to be 99 and 42 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry following headspace solid‐phase microextraction for fast determination of asarones in plasma
Authors: Deng Chunhui , Lin Shuang , Huang Taoming , Duan Gengli , Zhang Xiangmin
Published: June 2006

Asarones (α‐asarone and β‐asarone) are the active components in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, which has been used to treat epilepsy for several thousand years. To perform the pharmacokinetics (PK) study of α‐ and β‐asarone from the TCM essential oil, a simple, rapid and sensitive method was developed for the determination of asarones from the TCM in rabbit plasma, based on headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with electron ionization (EI). The extraction parameters of headspace volume, fiber coating, sample temperature, extraction time, stirring rate and ion strength were systemically optimized. Furthermore, the method linearity, detection limit and precision were also investigated. It was shown that the proposed method provided a good linearity (0.02–20 µg/mL, R2 > 0.99), low detection limit (<2.0 ng/mL) and good precision (RSD < 7.0%). Finally, HS‐SPME followed by GC/MS was applied to fast determination of α‐ and β‐asarone in rabbit plasma at different time points after oral adminstration of the essential oil from A. tatarinowii. The experimental results suggest that the proposed method provides an alternative approach to the PK studies of volatile compounds in TCMs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment stimulates oxidative energy metabolism in the cerebral mitochondria from developing rats
Authors: Patel Minal A. , Katyare Surendra S.
Published: June 2006

Effects of treatment with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg body weight for 7 days) on oxidative energy metabolism in cerebral mitochondria from developing and young adult rats were examined. Treatment with DHEA did not change the body weight of developing rats but resulted in increase in the brain weight in 5 week group. In young adult rats the body weight increased following treatment with 1.0 mg DHEA. State 3 and state 4 respiration rates with all the substrates increased following DHEA treatment, the effect being more pronounced in the developing rats. State 4 respiration rates were stimulated to variable extents. Contents of cytochromes aa3 and b increased following DHEA treatment and once again the effect was more pronounced in the developing rats. DHEA treatment marginally changed the content of cytochromes c + c1. In the developing rats the ATPase activity and the levels of dehydrogenases increased significantly by DHEA treatment.

Results of our studies have shown that treatment with exogenous DHEA accelerates the process of maturation of cerebral mitochondria thus emphasizing the role of DHEA in brain development in postnatal life.
Lessons from osteoporosis clinical trials
Authors: Silverman Stuart L.
Published: June 2006

We now have a diverse menu of osteoporosis therapies as a result of multiple randomized, controlled trials. These randomized, controlled trials have taught us the value of final endpoints such as incident fractures versus intermediate endpoints such as bone mineral density and bone markers. The success of randomized, controlled trials depends on identification of high‐risk patients. Strategies have been developed to identify high‐risk patients using risk factors. Finally the importance of both skeletal and extraskeletal safety is discussed.
Lack of genetic association among coat colors, progressive retinal atrophy and polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats
Authors: Rah HyungChul , Maggs David J. , Lyons Leslie A.
Published: June 2006

An inherited form of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is recognized in Persian cats; however, the prevalence of PRA in the breed has not been determined. Breeders suggest that cats from only brown (‘chocolate’) or Himalayan (‘pointed’) lines are at risk for PRA, suggesting the disease is not widespread. This study was designed to evaluate whether PRA in Persian cats is associated with three coat colors, including chocolate, or with a highly prevalent inherited disease in this breed – polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Sixty related cats were evaluated for PRA by ophthalmic examination and genetically typed for PKD and the mutations that cause coat color variants in agouti, brown and color (producing the pointed coloration in Himalayan). No associations were identified among any of the traits, including between PRA and chocolate. These data suggest that PRA is not limited to cats with chocolate coat coloration and breeders and veterinarians should be aware that the prevalence of the disease may be higher than currently claimed.
Survival of Mycoplasma haemofelis and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ in blood of cats used for transfusions
Authors: Gary Anthony T. , Richmond Holly L. , Tasker Séverine , Hackett Timothy B. , Lappin Michael R.
Published: June 2006

Blood transfusions are commonly administered to cats; associated risks include the transmission of various infectious diseases including Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ (Mhm). Blood transfusions in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1) solution are commonly administered immediately or stored for up to 1 month prior to administration. It is unknown whether Mhf or Mhm survive in this solution or temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine if Mhf or Mhm remain viable after storage in CPDA-1 for varying periods of time. The results provide evidence that transmission of hemoplasmas to naïve cats occurs after administration of infected feline blood that has been stored in CPDA-1 solution for 1 h (Mhf) and 1 week (Mhm). These findings support the recommendation that cats used as blood donors be screened for Mhf and Mhm infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay prior to use.
Congenital Bilateral Calcinosis Cutis of the Hands
Authors: WHITE N. , CHESTER D. L. , KHANNA A.
Published: June 2006

Calcinosis cutis is the cutaneous deposition of calcium phosphate. We present the first reported case of symmetrical calcium deposits being present in both hands at birth.
Languages of land, water and ‘tradition’ around Lake Mutirikwi in southern Zimbabwe
Authors: Fontein Joost
Published: June 2006

This paper focuses on the deployment of a vocabulary of water and land in the rhetoric of power, resistance, and the politics of identity of clans and individuals around Lake Mutirikwi in southern Zimbabwe. When the Mutirikwi (Kyle) Dam was built during the colonial period of the 1960s, local communities lost a great deal of land, both beneath it and around it. Peoples' memories and claims over land that has, in effect, disappeared – alienated by water or appropriated to become commercial farms, a recreational park and game reserve – have not been obliterated. In recent years, disputes over these stretches of land have re-emerged in the context of the government's ‘fast track’ land reform programme. This paper explores the roles that clans claiming ‘original ownership’ of land have played in that land reform. In particular, it considers how some spirit mediums – representing the ancestral owners of the land who ensure its rainfall and fertility – have attempted to engage with new nationalist political rhetoric about land reform, in an attempt to substantiate their individual authority, the particular land claims of their clans, and broader social concerns about the role of ‘tradition’ and the ancestors in Zimbabwe today.
Between the sacred and the secular: indigenous intellectual property, international markets and the modern African state
Authors: Ostergard Robert L. , Tubin Matthew R. , Dikirr Patrick
Published: June 2006

In the modern global economy, transnational corporations have become important sources of technology, market access and capital – all of which states seek in propelling economic growth. States themselves provide territory, and establish the ‘rules of the game’ by which corporations may operate within that territory. However, with the commodification and commercialisation of indigenous cultural and intellectual property, states are bypassed and negotiations emerge between corporations and sub-state actors who claim to represent population segments. May the bypassing of the state further weaken national or state identity among indigenous groups? Such is the case that may be emerging in Africa with groups who claim profits derived from the development and marketing of indigenous cultural and intellectual property. This paper explores the possibility that profit-sharing agreements between transnational corporations and sub-state groups may contribute to the widening of ethnic cleavages in African states by promoting inequalities between groups.
Genetic diversity and extent of gene flow in the endangered Japanese population of Hodgson's hawk-eagle, Spizaetus nipalensis
Authors: ASAI SHIGEKI , YAMAMOTO YOSHIHIRO , YAMAGISHI SATOSHI
Published: June 2006

The Japanese subspecies of Hodgson's Hawk-eagle, Spizaetus nipalensis orientalis, is considered threatened and has been designated as Endangered by the Japanese government. We determined the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of this species and designed a primer set to amplify a highly variable region of mtDNA, part of the control region (CR), based on this complete sequence. Using the primers, we amplified the CR and then determined the haplotypes of 178 samples collected at different sites in Japan. A nested cladistic analysis indicated that gene flow within some clades was restricted. The inference key implied that isolation by distance had caused the restriction of gene flow. Moreover, the ranges of the clades in which restricted gene flow was detected overlapped with the ranges of other clades. These results suggest that there is no fragmental population of Hodgson's Hawk-eagle in Japan and that this species has dispersed within short distances, at least in some lineages. Genetic diversity was high in comparison with other species. Therefore, at least in terms of genetic diversity, the Japanese population of Hodgson's Hawk-eagle is probably not in a critical situation.
The endemic Bawean Serpent-eagle Spilornis baweanus: habitat use, abundance and conservation
Authors: NIJMAN VINCENT
Published: June 2006

The Bawean Serpent-eagle Spilornis baweanus is endemic to the 190 km2 island of Bawean in the Java Sea (Indonesia) where it is the only resident diurnal raptor. A 15 day study in 2002 revealed that the species is present in small numbers throughout the island. The eagle's abundance was assessed by an island-wide survey and by sampling 28 1 km2 plots covering five habitat types. There was a strong positive correlation between abundance and contact time in plots. Compared with other habitat types, the number of, and contact time with, serpent-eagles was higher in tall forest. The species was not recorded in mangrove and coastal forest. There was no correlation between the eagle's abundance and the nearest distance to villages. Based on the distribution of forest and the abundance of adult pairs within these forests, the available habitat totals 92 km2, in which some 60–75 adult serpent-eagles remain. Semi-structured interviews with the islanders revealed that recreational hunting poses the largest threat to the survival of the Bawean Serpent-eagle, and that the increase in recreational hunting was a relatively recent phenomenon. The forest on Bawean, including that in two reserves, is poorly protected and illegal logging and burning are widespread. The low degree of habitat protection, the severe threat posed by hunting and the very small population size of the eagle qualify the species to be included in the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered. In order to safeguard the Bawean Serpent-eagle hunting must be stopped immediately and the remaining habitat needs to be better protected. This is probably best achieved by a conservation body in which local and regional authorities and NGOs cooperate.
Computer simulations of lava flow paths in the town of Goma, Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Favalli M. , Chirico G. D. , Papale P. , Pareschi M. T. , Coltelli M. , Lucaya N. , Boschi E.
Published: June 2006

The 17 January 2002 fissure eruption of Mount Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo, produced lava flows which entered and devastated the densely inhabited town of Goma. The 2002 and previous 1977 eruptions demonstrate the high level of volcanic risk in the area. We present an analysis of the susceptibility to lava flow invasion in Goma, by means of computer simulations based on the steepest descent path and probabilistic‐computed flow spreading and obstacle overcoming. The DEM is obtained from a topographic map of Goma by using the DEST algorithm. The numerical results show the distribution of probable lava flow paths from possible vents in the investigated topographic domain. Numerical simulations are validated through comparison with the mapped paths of the 2002 lava flows in Goma. The subsequent investigation includes the analysis of (1) hypothetical lava flow paths from ephemeral vents on the edge of the 2002 lava flows, (2) paths from venting along the hypothetical extension of the 2002 fissures, (3) paths in case of lava flow arrival in town from the north, and (4) changes induced by the presence of the solidified 2002 lava field. The results show the susceptibility of the different parts of the town of Goma to be invaded by future lava flows, and reveal the existence of a large area in town with minimum susceptibility and which can be invaded only in case of venting within it. The areas destroyed by the 2002 lava flows are predicted to be characterized by maximum susceptibility to lava flow invasion.
Differences in magnetic storm and quiet ionospheric deterministic chaotic behavior: GPS total electron content analyses
Authors: Unnikrishnan K. , Saito A. , Fukao S.
Published: June 2006

In the present study we have investigated whether deterministic chaotic behavior is exhibited by the GPS total electron content (TEC) fluctuations at midlatitude ionosphere, under various geophysical conditions, using nonlinear aspects. Local slopes of the logarithms of correlation sum for the time series of TEC representing the winter storm and quiet periods exhibit a clear plateau, indicating a fractal dimension of the attractor of the system (5.86 ± 0.09 for quiet time and 4.15 ± 0.03 for storm time, at 35°N). The observed positive values of the Lyapunov exponent (for quiet and storm times at 35.1°N, the values are 0.1695 × 10−2 s−1 and 0.1167 × 10−2 s−1, respectively) are another important criterion for chaoticity of the system during the above periods. To further confirm this, we have employed the surrogate data test. On the basis of the significance of difference of the original data and surrogates for various aspects, the surrogate data test rejects the null hypothesis that the time series of TEC during storm and quiet times represent a linear stochastic process. Also, we compared the chaotic behavior of TEC during disturbed and quiet periods, under different seasons and latitudes. For all seasons, the values of the Lyapunov exponent during quiet times are greater than those during storm periods for the latitude sector, 35°–41°N. The nonlinear aspects presented here imply that geomagnetic disturbances influence the stability/instability conditions of ionosphere due to the superposition of various active degrees of freedom generated by an external stochastic driver (solar wind), and could alter the inherent dynamics of the system, if the coupling is powerful.
Assimilation of ozone profiles from the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer‐II: Study of Antarctic ozone
Authors: Stajner Ivanka , Wargan Krzysztof , Chang Lang‐Ping , Hayashi Hiroo , Pawson Steven , Nakajima Hideaki
Published: June 2006

Ozone data from the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer‐II (ILAS‐II) were included in addition to other satellite observations in the ozone assimilation system at the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) of NASA/Goddard. The control run assimilated data from NOAA 16 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet/2 (SBUV/2) and Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III (POAM III) instruments. Persistent impacts over Antarctica and transient impacts over northern middle and high latitudes are seen from April to October 2003, when ILAS‐II provided good coverage. The largest improvements with respect to independent ozone sonde data are seen over the South Pole station. Ozone analyses and forecasts from the assimilation of SBUV/2, POAM III and ILAS‐II data are used to investigate the transport of ozone to southern middle latitudes following the breakup of the Antarctic vortex. The quality of analyses and forecasts is evaluated by comparison with independent Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) ozone data near 46°S. Anomaly correlations between SAGE III data and forecasts are improved at 70 hPa when occultation data are included.
Future scenarios of N2O and NO emissions from European forest soils
Authors: Kesik Magda , Brüggemann Nicolas , Forkel Renate , Kiese Ralf , Knoche Richard , Li Changsheng , Seufert Guenther , Simpson David , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus
Published: June 2006

In this study we investigated possible feedbacks of predicted future climate change on forest soil NO and N2O emissions in Europe. For this we used two climate scenarios, one representing a 10‐year period of present‐day climate (1991–2000) and a 9‐year period for future climate conditions (2031–2039). The climate scenarios were used to drive the GIS‐coupled biogeochemical model Photosynthesis‐Evapotranspiration‐Model–Denitrification‐Decomposition‐Model (PnET‐N‐DNDC), which has currently been tested for its predicting capability for soil N trace gas emissions for various sites across Europe. The model results show a complex, spatially differentiated pattern of changes in future N2O and NO emissions from the forest soils across Europe, which were driven by the combined effect of changes in precipitation and temperature. Overall, the model predicted that N2O emissions from the European forest soils will on average decrease by 6%. This decrease was mainly due to the shift in N2O:N2 ratio driven by enhanced denitrification. NO emissions were found to increase by 9%. The increases in NO emissions were mainly due to increases in temperature. Only for the regions where soil moisture was predicted to markedly increase or suffer from water stress during the vegetation period, a reduction of NO emissions was simulated. The simulations show the possibility and feasibility for assessing climate change feedbacks on biogenic N trace gas emissions from soils at a regional scale.
Quantum mechanical single molecule partition function from path integral Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Chempath Shaji , Predescu Cristian , Bell Alexis T.
Published: June 2006

An algorithm for calculating the partition function of a molecule with the path integral Monte Carlo method is presented. Staged thermodynamic perturbation with respect to a reference harmonic potential is utilized to evaluate the ratio of partition functions. Parallel tempering and a new Monte Carlo estimator for the ratio of partition functions are implemented here to achieve well converged simulations that give an accuracy of 0.04kcal∕mol in the reported free energies. The method is applied to various test systems, including a catalytic system composed of 18 atoms. Absolute free energies calculated by this method lead to corrections as large as 2.6kcal∕mol at 300K for some of the examples presented.
Stability of electron-beam poling in N or Ge-doped H:SiO2 films
Authors: Liu Q. , Poumellec B. , Blum R. , Girard G. , Bourée J.-E. , Kudlinski A. , Martinelli G.
Published: June 2006

We study the thermal stability of the second-harmonic signal in electron-beam poled silica based thin films developed for this application. Effects of N or Ge concentration as dopant, on one hand, and hydroxyl species, on the other hand, are tested. We conclude that water molecules inducing an ionic conductivity are detrimental to the e-beam poling efficiency and have to be avoided. Nevertheless, despite such precaution, the stability of the second-harmonic signal in an e-beam poled sample is worse than in a thermally poled sample.
Nonlinear Schrödinger equation with harmonic potential
Authors: Shu J. , Zhang J.
Published: June 2006

This paper discusses a class of nonlinear Schrödinger equation with harmonic potential. By constructing a cross-constrained variational problem and so-called invariant manifolds of the evolution flow, we derive a sharp criterion for blow-up and global existence of the solutions.
A nonlinear theory of dust voids in cylindrical geometry with the convective effect
Authors: Liu Yue , Mao Songtao , Wang Zheng-Xiong , Wang Xiaogang
Published: June 2006

A time-dependent, self-consistent nonlinear model with the convective term for the void formation in dusty plasmas is given. Furthermore, the cylindrical configuration is applied instead of the Cartesian system, considering the device geometry in experiments. The nonlinear evolution of the dust void is then investigated numerically. It is shown that, similar to the slab model, the ion drag plays a crucial role in the evolution of the void. However, the effect of the convective term slows down the void formation process and the void size obtained in the cylindrical coordinate is larger than that obtained in the Cartesian coordinates.
Equilibrium, multistability, and chiral asymmetry in rotated mirror plasmas
Authors: Valanju P. M. , Mahajan S. M. , Quevedo H. J.
Published: June 2006

The Hall term in two-fluid magnetohydrodynamics is shown to be necessary to balance the curl of the ion inertial force in a rotating plasma with spatially nonuniform crossed electric and magnetic fields. Two-fluid solutions are obtained that qualitatively explain the multistable rotational response observed in magneto-Bernoulli experiment, imply chiral symmetry breaking, i.e., handedness, and yield new dynamo-like electromotive terms in the effective circuit equation for externally rotated mirror plasma equilibria.
Excitation of the geodesic acoustic mode during ion cyclotron resonance heating
Authors: Marchenko V. S.
Published: June 2006

It is shown that poloidal polarization of the plasma during ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) can provide the source of free energy for excitation of the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM). A rough estimate for the threshold rf electric field amplitude necessary for GAM instability is given by νQL∕νi>q−3, where νQL is the rate of ICRH-induced quasilinear diffusion in velocity space, νi is the ion collision rate, and q is the safety factor.
GaAs quantum dots with a high density on a GaAs (111)A substrate
Authors: Kim Jong Su , Jeong Mun Seok , Byeon Clare C. , Ko Do-Kyeong , Lee Jongmin , Kim Jin Soo , Kim In-Soo , Koguchi Nobuyuki
Published: June 2006

The GaAs quantum dots (QDs) on an AlGaAs∕GaAs (111)A surface grown by a droplet epitaxy have a density of 1.6×1011∕cm2, which is relatively higher than those (1.3×1010∕cm2) on an AlGaAs∕GaAs (001) surface. The formation of highly dense GaAs QDs on the (111)A surface can be explained by the relatively short surface migration of Ga atoms. The GaAs QDs on AlGaAs∕GaAs (111)A showed the intense photoluminescence (PL) and a relatively narrower PL linewidth compared to that of the GaAs QDs on AlGaAs∕GaAs (001), indicating that the QDs on the GaAs (111)A substrate have a high crystal quality and high uniformity than those on GaAs (001).
Crystallographic anisotropy of wear on a polycrystalline diamond surface
Authors: El-Dasher Bassem S. , Gray Jeremy J. , Tringe Joseph W. , Biener Juergen , Hamza Alex V. , Wild Christoph , Wörner Eckhard , Koidl Peter
Published: June 2006

We correlate topography and diffraction measurements to demonstrate that grain orientation profoundly influences polishing rates in polycrystalline diamond synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. Grains oriented with {111} or {100} planes perpendicular to the surface normal polish at significantly lower rates compared with grains of all other orientations when the surface is polished in continuously varying in-plane directions. These observations agree with predictions of the periodic bond chain vector model, developed previously for single crystals, and indicate that the polishing rate depends strongly on the number of periodic bond chain vectors that are within 10° of the exposed surface plane.
Laser-induced shock wave stimulated doping of CdTe crystals
Authors: Gnatyuk V. A. , Aoki T. , Hatanaka Y.
Published: June 2006

Action of a laser-induced plane shock wave has been considered as the mechanism of doping of CdTe surface region with In. CdTe crystals coated with a relatively thick In film were subjected to irradiation with KrF excimer laser pulses. The In film was not completely evaporated under irradiation and it served further as an electrode in the fabrication of nuclear radiation detectors. Dopant atoms, implicated by laser-induced stress and shock waves, penetrated into CdTe. An In-enriched region was formed and a built-in p-n junction arose at the depth where a stress wave was converted to a shock wave.
High temperature nitrogen annealing induced interstitial oxygen precipitation in silicon epitaxial layer on heavily arsenic-doped silicon wafer
Authors: Wang Q. , Daggubati Manmohan , Yu Rong , Zhang Xiao Feng
Published: June 2006

High temperature nitrogen annealing induced interstitial oxygen (Oi) precipitation has been investigated in silicon epitaxial layers (epilayers) grown on heavily arsenic-doped Czochralski silicon wafers. Both transmission electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry data indicate a strong Oi precipitation and/or segregation in the subsurface of epilayers annealed in N2 at 1200°C. The Oi precipitates have needlelike morphology with {111} habit planes along ⟨110⟩ directions. This precipitation is facilitated by thermal nitridation-produced vacancies or nitrogen-vacancy complexes and is sensitive to annealing conditions. Annealing in Ar or in N2 at temperature <1125°C results in no epilayer subsurface Oi precipitation.
Zooplankton dynamics during autumn circulation in a small, wind-sheltered, Mediterranean lake
Authors: Alvarez-Cobelas M. , Baltanás A. , Velasco J. L. , Rojo C.
Published: June 2006

Few studies have been undertaken on zooplankton dynamics during the transition from late stratification to early mixing in lakes. The Plankton Ecology Group (PEG) model of plankton seasonality only considers water temperature, edible phytoplankton and fish predation as zooplankton-controlling factors during that period. The water-column edible algal and bacterial fractions, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliates, rotifers, cladocerans and copepods were studied during 93 consecutive days of mixing-transition in a wind-sheltered, Mediterranean lake without planktivorous fish. Abundances of all zooplankton populations except ciliates, Daphnia longispina and copepodites, were related to water temperature. In addition to PEG controlling factors, time series analysis indicated competition between ciliates and Ceriodaphnia reticulata and Polyarthra dolichoptera and D. longispina, predation of Arctodiaptomus salinus on ciliates, herbivory of adult copepods on the 5–20 μm phytoplanktonic size and delayed effects shorter than one week. The remaining zooplankton populations did not show any edible size preference. Ceriodaphnia reticulata showed evidence of herbivory on bacteria and picoplankton and competition with Hexarthra fennica in shorter periods. Phyto- and zooplankton production were decoupled. These results, and others from warmer periods and latitudes, suggest that the current model of lake plankton seasonality must be reviewed.
Identification of pulmonary Oct-4
+
stem/progenitor cells and demonstration of their susceptibility to SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection
in vitro
Authors: Ling Thai-Yen , Kuo Ming-Der , Li Chung-Leung , Yu Alice L. , Huang Yen-Hua , Wu Tsai-Jung , Lin You-Chin , Chen Shu-Hwa , Yu John
Published: June 2006

In this study, we report a serum-free culture system for primary neonatal pulmonary cells that can support the growth of octamer-binding transcription factor 4
+
(Oct-4
+
) epithelial colonies with a surrounding mesenchymal stroma. In addition to Oct-4, these cells also express other stem cell markers such as stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1), stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1), and Clara cell secretion protein (CCSP) but not c-Kit, CD34, and p63, indicating that they represent a subpopulation of Clara cells that have been implicated as lung stem/progenitor cells in lung injury models. These colony cells can be kept for weeks in primary cultures and undergo terminal differentiation to alveolar type-2- and type-1-like pneumocytes sequentially when removed from the stroma. In addition, we have demonstrated the presence of Oct-4
+
long-term BrdU label-retaining cells at the bronchoalveolar junction of neonatal lung, providing a link between the Oct-4
+
cells
in vivo
and
in vitro
and strengthening their identity as putative neonatal lung stem/progenitor cells. Lastly, these Oct-4
+
epithelial colony cells, which also express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, are the target cells for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in primary cultures and support active virus replication leading to their own destruction. These observations imply the possible involvement of lung stem/progenitor cells, in addition to pneumocytes, in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection, accounting for the continued deterioration of lung tissues and apparent loss of capacity for lung repair.