bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of Agro‐Biodiversity, Uncertainty, and Perceived Control: A Comparative Risk Perception Study in Austria and China
Authors: Schmidt Markus R. , Wei Wei
Published: March 2006

The biogeographical centers of origin of important food crops—called Vavilov centers—are considered to be crucial sources of genetic diversity for present and future crop‐breeding programs and thus for human food safety worldwide. Global environmental change and more intensified modes of crop production may cause genetic erosion (loss of traditional crop varieties and loss of crop wild relatives), especially in Vavilov centers. The present study focused on how the risk of genetic erosion (or loss of agro‐biodiversity) is perceived in comparison to 16 other risk topics by experts and lay people in Austria and China. The most striking result was that genetic erosion was perceived to be an exceptionally unknown and uncertain risk topic, given that only genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were perceived as being even more uncertain. As a consequence of the high uncertainty, the idea of applying the precautionary principle to further prevent genetic erosion is discussed. An unprecedented finding—one that differs from Austrian participants—is that the Chinese have a higher perceived control over all risk topics. The increased perception of controllability in China is discussed in light of the theory of reflexive modernization. This theory strives to explain the increased critical attitude in Western countries such as Austria toward scientific innovations and toward the idea that everything can be calculated and mastered at will. By revealing different notions of risk perception, this research also provides additional scientific input to risk communication efforts for public education.
Dielectric Characteristics of Nd(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 Ceramics at Microwave Frequencies
Authors: Tseng Ching‐Fang , Huang Cheng‐Liang , Yang Wen‐Ruei , Hsu Cheng‐Hsing
Published: March 2006

The microwave dielectric properties and the microstructures of Nd(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 (NZT) ceramics prepared by the conventional solid‐state route have been studied. The prepared NZT exhibited a mixture of Zn and Ti showing 1:1 order in the B‐site. The dielectric constant values (ɛr) saturated at 29.1–31.6. The quality factor (Q×f) values of 56 700–170 000 (at 8.5 GHz) can be obtained when the sintering temperatures are in the range of 1300°–1420°C. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf was not sensitive to the sintering temperature. The ɛr value of 31.6, the Q×f value of 170 000 (at 8.5 GHz), and the τf value of −42 ppm/°C were obtained for NZT ceramics sintering at 1330°C for 4 h. For applications of high selective microwave ceramic resonators, filters, and antennas, NZT is proposed as a suitable material candidate.
Effects of Bovine Serum Albumin on the Low Temperature Synthesis of Barium Titanate Microparticles via a Solid State Route
Authors: Ando Chie , Kishi Hiroshi , Oguchi Hiroshi , Senna Mamoru
Published: March 2006

Fine particulate and phase pure barium titanate with its average particle size as small as 120 nm and its tetragonality as high as 1.0085 was obtained by adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the reactant mixture comprising fine particulate BaCO3 and TiO2. In the presence of BSA, BaCO3 decomposed at substantially lower temperatures as a consequence of coordination of BSA preferentially to the ligand field of Ba. Elimination of remaining free carbon by increasing oxygen partial pressure under flowing air was one of the technical key issues of the high crystallinity and sinterability of the product.
Synthesis of Blue‐Emitting CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+ Phosphor Using an Electrostatic Self‐Assembly Deposition Method
Authors: Kida Tetsuya , Rahman Mohammed Mastabur , Nagano Masamitsu
Published: March 2006

Eu2+‐doped CaMgSi2O6 phosphor was prepared by depositing mixed hydroxides of Ca, Mg, and Eu over spherical SiO2 particles (300 nm) pre‐coated with polycations (polyethyleneimine), followed by calcination at 1200°C in a reducing atmosphere. The prepared phosphor showed intense blue emission, ascribable to the 4f7‐4f65d transition of Eu2+. In contrast, the luminescence intensity of the phosphor was considerably decreased when prepared without polycations. It was suggested that negatively charged hydroxides are deposited on positively charged SiO2 surfaces pre‐coated with polycations through electrostatic self‐assembly interaction. On calcination, the hydroxide shells react with the SiO2 cores to produce Eu2+:CaMgSi2O6.
Constrained Drying of Aqueous Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Slurry on a Substrate. I: Drying Mechanism
Authors: Lan Weihua , Xiao Ping
Published: March 2006

Aqueous yttria‐stabilized zirconia slurry was cast on a substrate to form wet coatings. Both weight loss and thickness reduction were measured, during the drying process. Lateral drying was observed by in situ monitoring of the coating surface. The drying kinetics were classified as an initial constant rate period (CRP), followed by a falling rate period (FRP). Thickness reduction occurred in the CRP stage, and was uneven across the coating because of lateral flow. As tensile stresses developed within the coating because of the constrained volume shrinkage, crack formation and propagation occurred in the FRP stage and affected the drying rate.
The Effects of Chemical and Heat Maceration Techniques on the Recovery of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA from Bone*
Authors: Steadman Dawnie Wolfe , DiAntonio Lisa L. , Wilson Jeremy J. , Sheridan Kevin E. , Tammariello Steven P.
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:Forensic anthropologists use a number of maceration techniques to facilitate skeletal analysis of personal identity and trauma, but they may unwittingly eliminate valuable DNA evidence in the process. This study evaluated the effect of 10 maceration methods on gross bone structure and the preservation of DNA in ribs of 12 pigs (Sus scrofa). A scoring system was applied to evaluate the ease of maceration and resulting bone quality while DNA purity was quantified by optical densitometry analysis, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of three mitochondrial and three nuclear loci. The results demonstrated that while mitochondrial DNA could be amplified for all experiments, cleaning treatments using bleach, hydrogen peroxide, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/papain, room temperature water and detergent/sodium carbonate followed by degreasing had low DNA concentrations and failed to generate nuclear PCR products. In general, treatments performed at high temperatures (90°C or above) for short durations performed best. This study shows that traditionally “conservative” maceration techniques are not necessarily the best methods to yield DNA from skeletal tissue.
A Parameter Study Regarding the IBIS™ Correlator
Authors: Nennstiel Ruprecht , Rahm Joachim
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: The electronic system IBIS™ has been used by numerous agencies worldwide as the standard tool to compare firearm markings on bullets and fired cartridges. There is a general interest among users concerning the likelihood with which the IBIS™ correlator may locate hits in its databases. Test results of the performance under different test conditions have been published in various papers. Experience has also been gained with the IBIS™ system from years of practical usage. All of these findings are difficult to compare with each other. No systematic presentation exists that actually shows the parameters upon which the success rate of the IBIS™ correlator depends. There has also been no mention of what values these parameters take on during each test. This paper first generally defines the success and error rates of the IBIS™ correlator. The parameters used will be discussed. Results of previously published tests will be re‐examined based on this methodology. An illustrative form of presentation for the success rate of an electronic comparison system will also be suggested. It will be shown that the success rate of the IBIS™ correlator highly depends on the quality of the firearms‐generated markings. It increases with the number of considered mark types, the number of available signatures per firearm, and the number of items inspected in the hit list. The success rate decreases with the database size. The paper will conclude with a series of practical recommendations for the setting up and successful operation of an electronic collection of ballistic evidence.
An Experience Report Regarding the Performance of the IBIS™ Correlator
Authors: Nennstiel Ruprecht , Rahm Joachim
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:The majority of published experimental evaluations of the performance of the IBIS™ system are based on very specific conditions, mainly considering IBIS™ as a tool to create a “ballistic database.” No recent reports were found covering the performance of the IBIS™ system to search an open case file of realistic structure. In this paper, the performance of the IBIS™ correlator will be evaluated, based on four different data sources that predominantly concern the operation of the central collection of evidence ammunition of the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA), Germany. The results allow a conclusion on the success and error rates to be expected of the IBIS™ correlator in a realistic OCFDB (“open case file database”) environment, given certain conditions. It was found that success rates of 75–95% for cartridge case comparisons and 50–75% for bullet comparisons can be achieved in practice. Recommendations for a most efficient way to operate the IBIS™ electronic comparison system will be presented based on the results of the evaluations. The terms and definitions in this report completely correspond with the definitions in an earlier article. Familiarity with this article is therefore absolutely necessary to fully understand many of the statements presented here.
Species Identification of Kachuga tecta Using the Cytochrome b Gene
Authors: Hsieh Hsing‐Mei , Huang Li‐Hung , Tsai Li‐Chin , Liu Chia‐Ling , Kuo Yi‐Chen , Hsiao Chung‐Ting , Linacre Adrian , Lee James Chun‐I
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: A DNA technique has been established for the identification to species level of tortoises. The test on the shell of the animal was used to identify samples from the species Kachuga tecta. A total of 100 tortoise shell specimens collected from the National Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan, were used in this study. Primer pairs were designed to amplify partial DNA fragments of cytochrome b within the mitochondrial genome. The DNA data showed that among the 100 samples, there were four distinct haplotype DNA sequences, within which there were a total of 90 variable sites. Between haplotypes I and II, there was only 1 nucleotide difference at position 228. Between haplotypes I and III, 65 nucleotide differences were observed; haplotypes I and IV, 62 nucleotide differences; and haplotypes III and IV, 56 nucleotide differences were observed. There were 66 and 63 nucleotide differences between haplotypes II and III and haplotypes II and IV respectively. All four haplotypes were compared with the DNA sequences held at the GenBank and EMBL databases. The most similar species were K. tecta (haplotype I and II), Morenia ocellata (haplotype III) and Geoclemys hamiltonii (haplotype IV), and their respective mtDNA similarities were 99.5%, 99.3%, 89.9% and 99.5%. However, as haplotype III was only 89.9% homologous with M. ocellata, it would seem that this haplotype shows only a limited relationship with a similar species registered currently in these databases. The method established by this study is an additional method for the identification of samples protected under Convention International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and will improve the work for the preservation of the endangered species.
Incestuous Paternity Detected by STR‐typing of Chorionic Villi Isolated from Archival Formalin‐fixed Paraffin‐embedded Abortion Material Using Laser Microdissection
Authors: Robino Carlo , Barilaro Maria Rosa , Gino Sarah , Chiarle Roberto , Palestro Giorgio , Torre Carlo
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: Microscopic examination of a blood clot expelled by a physically and mentally disabled woman taken to the emergency room because of genital bleeding revealed the presence of chorionic villi encircled by decidua, hemorrhage, and necrosis. In order to identify the father of the product of conception, sections of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded abortion material were subjected to laser microdissection: DNA extraction from chorionic villi selectively isolated from the surrounding tissues allowed successful STR‐typing of fetal cells, which was otherwise prevented by excess maternal DNA. The large number of homozygous genotypes in the fetal profile suggested incestuous paternity. Analysis of reference DNA samples from male relatives excluded the woman's father, paternal grandfather, and maternal grandfather, whereas the obligate paternal alleles of the fetus were constantly present in the genotypes of the woman's brother, clearly demonstrating brother–sister incest (probability of paternity >99.99999%).
Analysis of Carbohydrates in Seized Heroin Using Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Lurie Ira , Hays Patrick , Valentino Ann
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:Illicitly produced heroin is commonly cut with carbohydrates to increase bulk. The analysis of these solutes is important for legal and intelligence purposes. A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the qualitative analysis of dextrose, lactose, sucrose, inositol, and mannitol in heroin exhibits. For this method, a 64 cm (55.5 cm to detector window) by 50 μm capillary was used with the Agilent Basic Anion Buffer modified to pH 12.1. This separation was performed at 25°C with a voltage of 20 kV and indirect detection with 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid as the visualization reagent. The methodology is also applicable for the screening of inorganic and organic anions using indirect detection, and acidic adulterants using direct detection. For a run time of 13 min, the relative standard deviation (n=6) of the methodology was better than 0.36% for migration times and less than 2.6% for corrected peak areas. For the analysis of carbohydrates and acidic adulterants in seized heroin, excellent agreement was obtained between CE and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Dental CT Imaging as a Screening Tool for Dental Profiling: Advantages and Limitations
Authors: Thali Michael J. , Markwalder Thomas , Jackowski Christian , Sonnenschein Martin , Dirnhofer Richard
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: The use of dental processing software for computed tomography (CT) data (Dentascan) is described on postmortem (pm) CT data for the purpose of pm identification. The software allows reconstructing reformatted images comparable to conventional panoramic dental radiographs by defining a curved reconstruction line along the teeth on oblique images. Three corpses that have been scanned within the virtopsy project were used to test the software for the purpose of dental identification. In every case, dental panoramic images could be reconstructed and compared to antemortem radiographs. The images showed the basic component of teeth (enamel, dentin, and pulp), the anatomic structure of the alveolar bone, missing or unerupted teeth as well as restorations of the teeth that could be used for identification. When streak artifacts due to metal‐containing dental work reduced image quality, it was still necessary to perform pm conventional radiographs for comparison of the detailed shape of the restoration. Dental identification or a dental profiling seems to become possible in a noninvasive manner using the Dentascan software.
Color Separation in Forensic Image Processing
Authors: Berger Charles E. H. , de Koeijer Jan A. , Glas Wendy , Madhuizen Henk T.
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: In forensic image processing, it is often important to be able to separate a feature from an interfering background or foreground, or to demonstrate colors within an image to be different from each other. In this study, a color deconvolution algorithm that could accomplish this task is described, and it is applied to color separation problems in document and fingerprint examination. Subtle color differences (sometimes invisible to the naked eye) are found to be sufficient, which is demonstrated successfully for several cases where color differences were shown to exist, or where colors were removed from the foreground or background. The software is available for free in the form of an Adobe® Photoshop®‐compatible plug‐in.
Investigation of Nocturnal Oviposition by Necrophilous Flies in Central Texas*
Authors: Baldridge Robert S. , Wallace Susan G. , Kirkpatrick Ryan
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: The need to accurately estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) has prompted research into factors affecting fly oviposition (i.e., oviposition and/or larviposition) on a corpse. Research efforts have focused on whether or not diurnally active flies oviposit during nighttime hours. This study reports that nocturnal oviposition (defined as occurring between 2100–0600 h CDST (Central Daylight Savings Time)) did not occur on freshly killed white rats or mice, on beef (fresh or aged up to 48 h), on freshly thawed pigs, nor, usually, on thawed pigs that were aged for up to 48 h. Limited oviposition did occur between 2100 and 2120 h on one bloated pig at a lighted rural site. Necrophilous flies were present and active at lighted and dark sites (urban and rural) before and immediately after sunset, but fly activity on the bait ceased within 50 min postsunset and did not resume until after 0600 h. These observations support other studies reporting that diurnally active flies do not oviposit during the nighttime.
Risk of Harm: Inmates Who Harm Themselves While in Prison Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Young Myla H. , Justice Jerald V. , Erdberg Philip
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:In this study, 242 randomly selected male offenders who were receiving psychiatric treatment in prison were administered psychological and neuropsychological evaluations and were followed during their treatment in a prison psychiatric hospital. Offenders who harmed themselves in treatment were compared to those who did not harm themselves. Eighteen percent of offenders harmed themselves, the severity of which required medical intervention. Young age, drug abuse, absence of Axis I mental disorder but presence of Axis II borderline personality disorder identified offenders who harmed themselves. Psychopathy checklist‐revised (PCL‐R) total rating ≥30 and PCL‐R Factor 2 (antisocial lifestyle) rating also identified offenders who harmed themselves. Additionally, offenders who harmed themselves also were 8.36 times more likely than their cohorts to harm treatment staff. Theoretical understanding of offenders who harm themselves, the importance of considering the environmental context in identifying risk factors for self‐harm, and implications for treatment are suggested.
Analysis of a Soldered Wire Burnt in a Fire
Authors: Hagimoto Yasuaki , Yamamoto Hiroki
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: Fire investigators frequently encounter electrical wires with melted ends at fire scenes, which can provide useful information on the cause and development of the fire even when the melted ends result from the fires. A bead on a melted end of a wire was found in the area of origin of a massive fire that lasted for nearly a whole day, devastating a factory. The bead appeared to be the end of a wire soldered to a terminal. X‐ray analysis showed that the bead is a tin–copper alloy. Although regular tin–lead solder was used in the factory, lead was not detected. This contradictory result stood in the way of fire investigation. Therefore, an unused wire soldered with tin–lead solder was heated in an electric furnace at 500°C for 3 h for further examination. X‐ray analysis of this wire showed that copper can be alloyed with tin while losing lead in a long‐term heat in a fire.
Fatal Falls from a Height: Two Case Studies
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:Two case studies are presented involving fatal falls of adult females from a height. One involved a launch at low speed from a balcony, and one involved a launch at high speed from the top of a cliff. Crime scene evidence obtained on the balcony itself provided a strong indication of homicide, but subsequent investigation showed that the fall was accidental. No crime scene evidence was obtained for the cliff fall since the fall initially appeared to be just another suicide from a popular suicide spot. Subsequent investigations indicated homicide based on measurements of cliff height, horizontal distance to the impact, and available runup distance, plus measurements of possible run, jump, and throw speeds. It was found that a female weighing 61 kg (134 lb) can be thrown at speeds up to 4.85 m/s by a strong male, more than enough to account for the estimated launch speed (4.5 m/s). Given the available 4.0 m runup distance, it was found that women of better than average rather than elite athletic ability can dive at speeds of about 3.5 m/s or jump feet first at speeds of about 4.0 m/s, both being less than the estimated launch speed. The decedent had no athletic ability and landed head first after falling through a height of 29 m.
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema in Live Birth Determination: Radiographic and Gross Pathologic Features
Authors: DeRoux Stephen J. , Prendergast Nancy C.
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) has previously been reported as a useful finding in the determination of live birth in cases where the birth and death were not attended. Herein, we present the radiographic and gross pathologic features of PIE in such a case. In this instance, in addition to parenchymal interstitial emphysema, there were subpleural air collections and a pneumothorax.
The RECON Typology of Stalking: Reliability and Validity Based Upon a Large Sample of North American Stalkers
Authors: Mohandie Kris , Meloy J. Reid , McGowan Mila Green , Williams Jenn
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: A new typology of stalking, RECON (relationship and context‐based), is proposed, based upon the prior relationship between the pursuer and the victim, and the context in which the stalking occurs. The static typology yields four groups: Intimate, Acquaintance, Public Figure, and Private Stranger. The typology was tested on a large (N=1005) nonrandom sample of North American stalkers gathered from prosecutorial agencies, a large police department, an entertainment corporation security department, and the authors' files. Interrater reliability for group assignment was 0.95 (ICC). Discriminant validity (p<0.01) was demonstrated on a variety of demographic, clinical, pursuit, threat, and violence characteristics among and between groups. Findings confirm and extend the work of other researchers, most notably the very high risk of threats and violence among prior sexually intimate stalkers, the very low risk of threats and violence among public figure (celebrity) stalkers, and the negative relationship between stalking violence and psychosis.
The Determination of Psilocin and Psilocybin in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms by HPLC Utilizing a Dual Reagent Acidic Potassium Permanganate and Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Chemiluminescence Detection System
Authors: Anastos Nicole , Lewis Simon W. , Barnett Neil W. , Sims D. Noel
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT:This paper describes a procedure for the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in mushroom extracts using high‐performance liquid chromatography with postcolumn chemiluminescence detection. A number of extraction methods for psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms were investigated, with a simple methanolic extraction being found to be most effective. Psilocin and psilocybin were extracted from a variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms using methanol. The analytes were separated on a C12column using a (95:5% v/v) methanol:10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.5 mobile phase with a run time of 5 min. Detection was realized through a dual reagent chemiluminescence detection system of acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II). The chemiluminescence detection system gave improved detectability when compared with UV absorption at 269 nm, with detection limits of 1.2 × 10−8and 3.5 × 10−9 mol/L being obtained for psilocin and psilocybin, respectively. The procedure was applied to the determination of psilocin and psilocybin in three Australian species of hallucinogenic mushroom.
Forensic Anthropology and the Most Probable Cause of Death in Cases of Violations Against International Humanitarian Law: An Example from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Baraybar Jose Pablo , Gasior Marek
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of the analysis of at least 298 predominantly male individuals, between 15 and 75 years, who were recovered from an open cast mine in Bosnia–Herzegovina. Particular attention is paid to identifying the mechanisms of injury and determination of the most probable cause of death based on the assessment of lethal or lethal‐if‐untreated injuries recorded in the skeleton. It was calculated that at least 38.9% (155/398) of individuals sustained gunshot wounds (GSWs) (plus one shrapnel wound) and may have died as consequence of these injuries. Among individuals who died from GSWs, there were 142 males (91.60%), eight females (5.1%) and five cases that were (3.2%) undetermined. One male individual sustained shrapnel injuries. This study presents an example of the multidisciplinary approach to the effective forensic investigation of violation against International Humanitarian Law, as well as an example of how it is possible to obtain meaningful results to assist the needs of the prosecution in these kind of cases despite the large number of cases and technological constraints.
DNA Sequence Characterization of the FGA STR Locus in the Free State Population of South Africa
Authors: de Kock André , Kebede Estifanos
Published: March 2006

POPULATION: African (n=52), Mixed Ancestry (n=5), Caucasian (n=4) SAN (n=1).
Parental risk attitudes and caries‐related behaviours among immigrant and western native children in Oslo
Authors: Skeie Marit S. , Riordan Paul J. , Klock Kristin S. , Espelid Ivar
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  Immigrant children make up a large proportion of the school populations in many western cities. It is likely that their parents have different attitudes and knowledge of dental health than resident populations, and thus provide a challenge to public dental services. This study sought to map existing disparities in oral health among immigrant and western native children in Oslo and to identify differences in parental, cultural and ethnic beliefs and attitudes towards oral health and caries‐related behaviours.

Methods:  Caries was recorded of 735 children (3‐ and 5‐year olds), supplemented with radiographs among 5‐year olds. Their parents responded to a questionnaire.

Results:  Immigrant background, consumption of sweet drinks at bed and social status were the dominant caries risk indicators among the 3‐year olds. Among the 5‐year olds, the caries risk indicators were immigrant background, parental indulgence, attitude to diet, attitude to oral hygiene, social status and age starting toothbrushing. Being an immigrant was closely associated with higher caries prevalence and experience. Parental attitudes to oral hygiene, diet and indulgence, and caries‐related behaviours distinguished immigrants from western natives.

Conclusions:  The results suggest that immigrant groups in western societies require different information packages, modified strategies for forming oral hygiene habits and attitudes related to dental care of children, and encouragement to exercise discipline on factors known to be risks for oral health. These strategies must recognize that immigrants and western natives attach different levels of importance to oral health and dental parameters. It should be paid extra attention to some caries high‐risk subgroups.
Using patient self‐report data to evaluate orofacial surgical outcomes
Authors: Atchison Kathryn A. , Shetty Vivek , Belin Thomas R. , Der‐Martirosian Claudia , Leathers Richard , Black Edward , Wang Jianming
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  This study analyzes results of 336 patients treated for mandible fractures at King/Drew Medical Center in South Central Los Angeles, California from August 1996 to December 2001. Subjects were enrolled in a prospective study to evaluate the association between patient's subjective evaluation and objective clinical evaluations on three surgical outcome measures following orofacial surgery.

Methods:  Subjects were assessed at four time periods – hospital discharge, 10 days post‐discharge, 1 month post‐discharge and 6 months post‐discharge. Three outcome measures were utilized to represent perceived health and oral health‐related quality of life – General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI); Mental Health Inventory (MHI‐5); and a single‐item self‐reported health status measure.

Results:  GOHAI scores at 1 month (mean = 31.5, SD = 9.5) were not substantially higher than at 10 days (mean = 28.6, SD = 8.8), but scores did improve substantially by 6 months (mean = 42.6, SD = 10.6). Mean mental health scores ranged from 17.7 at 10 days to 18.0 at 1 month and 18.6 at 6 months. Mean self‐reported health status score were approximately 2.2 at all recalls, describing health as ‘good.’ A longitudinal growth curve analysis of GOHAI scores over four time periods indicated a significantly higher average intercept for the maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) treatment group (29.67) than in the rigid internal fixation (RIF) treatment group (25.38). Meanwhile, the increase in GOHAI scores over time was significantly greater in the RIF group than in the MMF group, resulting in scores being comparable between groups after 6 months.

Conclusions:  By implication, patients with MMF self‐report fewer problems in the early days after placement of the intra‐arch wire compared with patients with RIF.
Availability of fluoride from meals given to kindergarten children in Brazil
Authors: Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo , Pinto Camila Silva , Rodrigues Maria Heloísa Corrêa , Levy Flávia Mauad , Borges Aline Somadossi , Furlani Tatiana Almeida , Cardoso Vanessa Eid da Silva
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of fluoride supplied daily in the meals given in 44 public kindergarten schools in Bauru, Brazil. In addition, the fluoride concentration of water supplies and its impact on the amount of fluoride found in the meal samples were also investigated.

Methods:  Meal samples and water were collected during 2 weeks (10 working days) in public kindergarten schools. Samples of meals were homogenized with known volumes of deionized water. Fluoride present in meal samples was analyzed with the ion‐specific electrode (Orion 9609), after hexamethyldisilazane‐facilitated diffusion. Fluoride in water samples was analyzed with the same electrode, after buffering with TISAB II. All the analyses were made in duplicate.

Results:  Fluoride analyzed (mean ± SD) was 0.50 ± 0.20 μg/ml, ranging from nondetectable to 1.42 μg/ml for water samples (n = 424) and 0.067 ± 0.059 mg, ranging from 0.007 to 0.580 mg for meal samples (n = 431). A weak but significant correlation was observed between the amount of fluoride in meals and fluoride concentration in water supplies (r = 0.139, P = 0.0042).

Conclusions:  Despite the seemingly small role played by school meals in the total daily fluoride intake, they can contribute to the total fluoride intake of children on a chronic basis, when in association with other fluoride products. Additionally, the impact of fluoridated public water supply on the final fluoride concentration of the school meals analyzed may be regarded as low.
Oral health‐related quality of life and periodontal status
Authors: Ng Sam K. S. , Leung W. Keung
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  Background:  As patient‐centered approaches become more popular, increasing attention is being given to assess the effects of various human health situations on an individual's overall quality of life (QoL). Measures have been used in dentistry to study the effects of orthodontic treatment and oral surgery, but so far little has been reported about the effects of periodontal disease.

Objective:  This study assessed the impact of periodontal health status on QoL.

Methods:  A subsample of 767 subjects were selected from a community study (n = 1000) which investigated the association between psychological factors and clinical periodontal attachment level (CAL). The sample included subjects with full‐mouth mean CAL ≤2 mm (healthy/low periodontal attachment loss group), and subjects with full‐mouth mean CAL >3 mm (high/severe periodontal attachment loss group). The subjects were requested to complete the Chinese short‐form version of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14S) and a checklist of self‐reported periodontal symptoms during the previous 12 months.

Results:  A total of 727 subjects (95%) completed the questionnaire. The OHIP‐14S and subscale scores were significantly associated with six of seven of the self‐reported periodontal symptoms. A comparison of the mean OHIP‐14S scores of the healthy/low and the high/severe periodontal attachment loss groups revealed significant differences in respect of the subscales of functional limitation, physical pain, psychological discomfort, physical and psychological disabilities.

Conclusion:  This study demonstrates a significant association between oral health‐related QoL and periodontal disease.
Is the fluoride/creatinine ratio of a spot urine sample indicative of 24‐h urinary fluoride?
Authors: Zohouri F. V. , Swinbank C. M. , Maguire A. , Moynihan P. J.
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  Objective:  The main aim of this study was to determine how representative the fluoride/creatinine (F/Cr) ratio of a spot urinary sample is of the fluoride content of a 24‐h urine sample in young children aged 12–36 months. Subsidiary objectives were to: (a) evaluate the use of 24‐h urine samples in monitoring fluoride exposure and (b) estimate the retention of fluoride in very young children.

Methods:  Seven healthy children residing in a fluoridated area completed the study. Dietary information was obtained using a 3‐day estimated food diary followed by an interview on the fourth day. Samples of foods and drinks were analysed for fluoride content. Ingestion of fluoride from toothpaste was also measured. A 24‐h urine sample and a morning spot urine sample were collected from each child.

Results:  The mean age of the children was 32 months (range: 16–36 months). The mean total daily intake of fluoride was 0.71 (±0.41) mg or 0.05 (±0.02) mg/kg bodyweight, of which 37% came from the diet, the remainder being from toothpaste ingestion. None of the children used any other sources of fluoride such as fluoride tablets or fluoridated salt. The mean F/Cr ratio was 1.49 (±0.63) mg F/g creatinine. A positive correlation (Pearson's correlation = 0.76, P = 0.05) between fluoride excretion estimated using the F/Cr ratio in a morning spot urine sample and fluoride excretion in a 24‐h urine sample was found. There was also a positive correlation (Pearson's correlation = 0.83, P = 0.02) between total daily fluoride intake and 24‐h urinary fluoride excretion. Less than half (43%) of the total daily fluoride intake was retained in the body.

Conclusions:  The F/Cr ratio of a morning spot urine sample may be used to estimate mean 24‐h urinary excretion of fluoride and therefore has potential application for larger‐scale epidemiological studies where 24‐h samples are impractical. Estimates of 24‐h urinary fluoride excretion can be used to gauge fluoride exposure.
Attitudes to fluorosis and dental caries by a response latency method
Authors: Williams D. M. , Chestnutt I. G. , Bennett P. D. , Hood K. , Lowe R. , Heard P.
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  Background:  Understanding socially relevant attitudes to fluorosis and dental caries is important. Previous studies have concentrated mainly on aesthetic implications.

Aims:  To investigate social judgements beyond the aesthetic, made when viewing digitally manipulated extraoral images of dental fluorosis of varying degrees of severity and images of dental caries.

Methodology:  Using a response latency technique, which allowed both the direction and strength of attitudes to be measured, 40 volunteers made judgements on 144 image/characteristic combinations.

Results:  Participants made social judgements which extended beyond the aesthetic to factors such as sociability, reliability and cleanliness. Judgements on mild fluorosis were not markedly different from those made about the same individual with normal enamel, but severe fluorosis had a significant negative impact on social judgements. Untreated dental caries was judged less favourably than normal enamel and mild fluorosis.

Conclusions:  Attribution of characteristics that go beyond the aesthetic are significantly influenced by altered tooth appearance.
Detection and molecular characterization of foamy viruses in Central African chimpanzees of the Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Pan troglodytes vellerosus subspecies
Authors: Calattini Sara , Nerrienet Eric , Mauclère Philippe , Georges‐Courbot Marie‐Claude , Saib Ali , Gessain Antoine
Published: March 2006

Background  Foamy viruses are exogenous retroviruses that are highly endemic in non‐human primates (NHPs). Recent studies, mainly performed in North America, indicated frequent simian foamy virus (SFV) infection in persons occupationally exposed to NHPs. This zoonotic infection was demonstrated mainly after bites by chimpanzees [Pan troglodytes (P. t.)] of the West African P. t. verus subspecies in primatology centers or zoos in the USA.

Methods  We studied 32 chimpanzees from the Central African subspecies P. t. troglodytes and P. t. vellerosus, originating from Cameroon (29 cases) or Gabon (3 cases). We screened first plasma or sera of the animals with a Western blot detecting the SFVs Gag doublet proteins. Then, we performed two nested polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) amplifying a fragment of the integrase and LTR regions and, finally, we made phylogenetical analyses on the sequences obtained from the integrase PCR products.

Results  By serological and/or molecular assays, we detected foamy viruses (FVs) infection in 14 chimpanzees. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses of a 425 bp fragment of the integrase gene obtained for 10 of the 14 positive apes, demonstrated a wide diversity of new FVs strains that belong phylogenetically either to the P. t. troglodytes or P. t. vellerosus foamy viral clade.

Conclusions  This study shows that chimpanzees living in these areas of Central Africa are infected by several specific foamy viruses. This raises, in such regions, the potential risk of a human retroviral infection of zoonotic origin linked to chimpanzees contacts, as already exemplified for STLV‐1 and SIV infections.
Myeloid sarcoma of the maxillary bone
Authors: Goteri G. , Ascani G. , Messi M. , Filosa A. , Segura‐Egea J. J. , Rubini C. , Bullon P.
Published: March 2006

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a malignant tumour of myeloblasts rarely occurring in the maxillary bone. The tumour may precede or be concurrent with leukaemic infiltration of the bone marrow or herald blastic transformation of a myelodysplastic syndrome or a chronic myeloproliferative disorder. Myeloid sarcoma is uncommon in the oral cavity, but it can involve the palate, gingiva, extraction socket, and cheek. Recognition and diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma involving the soft tissues of the oral cavity in an otherwise asymptomatic patient is important and mandates an appropriate haematological diagnostic workup. We herein report on a new case without any evidence of haematological disorders. We discuss the pathological diagnosis and the therapeutical approaches.
Oral cancer and pre‐cancer in Myanmar: a short review
Authors: Reichart P. A. , Way T. H.
Published: March 2006

Cancer in Myanmar is one of the 10 leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In 1974, the Yangon Cancer Registry was established. From 1974 to 2001 a total of 85 298 cancer cases were registered. From 1963 to 1972 the average annual incidence rate of oral cancer was calculated to be 363 per 100 000 population. The tongue was mostly affected (31.2%). In one study, the prevalence of oral leukoplakia was 1.7%, erythroplakia 0.1%, and submucous fibrosis 0.1%. No epidemiologic studies of the prevalence of betel quid chewing (BQC) in Myanmar have been performed. One study showed that among 773 individuals over the age of 6 years, 46.4% were habitual smokers. A recent symposium on oral health stressed the necessity to introduce concepts of prevention, focusing on BQC habits and smoking as high‐risk factors for oral cancer and pre‐cancer in Myanmar.
Effect of betel chewing, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on oral submucous fibrosis: a case–control study in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ariyawardana A. , Athukorala A. D. S. , Arulanandam A.
Published: March 2006

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, insidious, disabling potentially malignant condition of the oral mucosa seen predominantly in south and Southeast Asia. No reports are hitherto available on the aetiological factors of OSMF based on Sri Lankan patients.

Methods: A total of 74 patients with OSMF and 74 controls who consecutively attended the Oral Medicine clinic at the Dental Hospital (Teaching) Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka were included in the study. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to model the influence of betel chewing, smoking and alcohol use and to determine the effects of different combinations of chewing habits on OSMF.

Results: Betel chewing was the only significantly associated factor in the aetiology of OSMF (OR = 171.83, 95% CI: 36.35–812.25). There were no interaction effects of chewing, smoking and alcohol consumption in the causation of OSMF.

Conclusion: The present study has shown a strong association of betel quid chewing (including tobacco as an ingredient) with the causation of OSMF.
Cytologic and DNA‐cytometric examination of oral lesions in lichen planus
Authors: Maraki Dimitra , Yalcinkaya Sebnem , Pomjanski Natalia , Megahed Mosaad , Boecking Alfred , Becker Juergen
Published: March 2006

Backround:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of exfoliative cytology (EC) and DNA image cytometry applied to oral lesions of lichen planus (LP; n = 56), in order to detect or exclude malignant transformation.

Methods:  Brush and excisional biopsies were obtained from 56 patients. In cases of oral LP in which brush biopsies were suspicious for tumor cells, nuclear DNA contents were measured, using a TV Image Analysis System.

Results:  In 50 patients EC yielded tumor cell‐negative, doubtful in four cases and suspicious results obtained in two cases. DNA image cytometry revealed DNA‐aneuploidy only in the two suspicious cases. The comparison between cytologic/DNA‐cytometric diagnosis and biopsy histology resulted in a total agreement (LP without dysplasia: 54 and squamous cell carcinoma in LP: two cases).

Conclusions:  In conclusion, cytology with DNA‐cytometry is a highly sensitive, specific, and non‐invasive method, which can be used for periodical follow up of oral LP lesions in order to early detect or exclude malignancy.
Odontogenic keratocyst in maxillary sinus with invasive behaviour
Authors: Vencio Eneida Franco , Mota Alessandra , Pinho Carolina de Melo , Filho Aylton Alves Dias
Published: March 2006

Odontogenic keratocyst is a cystic lesion characterized by a high rate of recurrence. This report describes a rare case of ciliated epithelium‐lined odontogenic keratocyst in the maxilla of a 27‐year‐old female. Panoramic radiography showed a lytic lesion on the right maxilla associated with an impacted molar tooth. Computerized tomography image revealed the involvement of the lesion with the right maxillary sinus, destroying the sinus floor. Histopathologically, the typical keratinized epithelial‐lined cyst of odontogenic keratocyst abruptly changed into a ciliated epithelium, suggesting the fusion of both these epithelia rather a metaplastic transformation. The biological behaviour of odontogenic keratocysts is discussed.
Displacement and pulpal involvement of a maxillary incisor associated with a talon cusp: report of a case
Authors: Maroto Myriam , Barbería Elena , Arenas Marcela , Lucavechi Tania
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  The talon cusp is a relatively uncommon dental anomaly manifested as an accessory cusp‐like structure on the crown of anterior teeth. The presence of a talon cusp can cause clinical problems. This article reports the case of a patient presenting a talon cusp affecting the permanent maxillary right central incisor causing clinical problems related to caries, displacement of the tooth, occlusal position and tendency to dental traumatism. The management of this tooth included caries removal and reduction of the cusp. Pulp‐capping with calcium hydroxide was required because of the presence of pulp horn extensions in the talon cusp.
Selective breeding for catalepsy changes the distribution of microsatellite D13Mit76 alleles linked to the 5‐HT1A serotonin receptor gene in mice
Authors: Kondaurova E. M. , Bazovkina D. V. , Kulikov A. V. , Popova N. K.
Published: March 2006

Catalepsy (pronounced motor inhibition) is a natural defensive reaction against predator. Recently, the quantitative trait locus for catalepsy was mapped on mouse chromosome 13 near the 5‐HT1A serotonin receptor gene. Here, the linkage between catalepsy and the 5‐HT1A receptor gene was verified using breeding experiment. Selective breeding for high predisposition to catalepsy was started from backcross BC[CBA × (CBA × AKR)] generation between catalepsy‐prone (CBA) and catalepsy‐resistant (AKR) mouse strains. CBA and AKR strains also differed in the 5‐HT1A receptor functional activity. A rapid increase of cataleptic percentage from 21.2% in the backcrosses to 71% in the third generation of selective breeding (S3) was shown. The fragment of chromosome 13 including the 5‐HT1A receptor gene was marked with D13Mit76 microsatellite. Breeding for catalepsy increased the concentration of CBA‐derived and decreased the concentration of AKR‐derived alleles of microsatellite D13Mit76 in the S1 and S2. All mice of the S9 and S12 were homozygous for CBA‐derived allele of D13Mit76 marker. Mice of the S12 showed CBA‐like receptor activity. These findings indicate that selective breeding for behavior can involve selection of polymorphic variants of the 5‐HT1A receptor gene.