bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy-Discriminating Gadolinium K-Edge X-ray Computed Tomography System
Authors: Matsukiyo Hiroshi , Watanabe Manabu , Sato Eiichi , Osawa Akihiro , Enomoto Toshiyuki , Nagao Jiro , Abderyim Purkhet , AIzawa Katsuo , Hitomi Keitaro , Tanaka Etsuro , Mori Hidezo , Kawai Toshiaki , Ogawa Akira , Takahashi Kiyomi , Sato Shigehiro , Onagawa Jun
Published: February 2010

An energy-discriminating K-edge X-ray computed tomography (CT) system is useful for increasing the contrast resolution of a target region utilizing contrast media and for reducing the absorbed dose for patients. The CT system is of the first-generation type of detector using cadmium telluride (CdTe). CT is performed by repeated translations and rotations of an object. Penetrating X-ray photons from the object are detected by a CdTe detector, and event signals of X-ray photons are produced using charge-sensitive and shaping amplifiers. Both photon energy and energy width are selected out using a multichannel analyzer, and the number of photons is counted by a countercard. To perform energy discrimination, a low-dose-rate X-ray generator for photon counting was developed. Its maximum tube voltage and minimum tube current were 110 kV and 1 µA, respectively. In energy-discriminating CT, the tube voltage and tube current were 100 kV and 20 µA, respectively, and the X-ray intensity was 2.98 µGy/s at a distance of 1.0 m from the source and a tube voltage of 100 kV. The demonstration of enhanced gadolinium K-edge X-ray CT was carried out by selecting photons with energies just beyond the gadolinium K-edge energy of 50.3 keV.
Amorphous In–Sn–Si–O Thin-Film Transistors Having Various Si Compositional Ratios
Authors: Takechi Kazushige , Nakata Mitsuru , Yamaguchi Shinya , Tanabe Hiroshi , Kaneko Setsuo
Published: February 2010

We investigate the possibility of utilizing a new material, amorphous indium-tin-silicon oxide In10Sn1Si
x
O2x+17 (a-ITSO), for the active layer in oxide-semiconductor TFTs, using a co-sputtering technique with ITO and Si targets. A Si compositional ratio x=1.88 yielded the TFT performance with a field-effect mobility of approximately 5 cm2 V-1 s-1. Spectroscopic investigations confirmed that the diversity of the Si compositional ratio in the a-ITSO films results in significant changes in chemistry and electronic structure, leading to considerable variations in the characteristics of the a-ITSO TFTs.
Patterned Growth of High-Quality Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Dip-Coated Catalyst
Authors: Xiang Rong , Einarsson Erik , Okabe Hiroto , Chiashi Shohei , Shiomi Junichiro , Maruyama Shigeo
Published: February 2010

Here, we show that the conventional concept of using SiO2-patterned Si substrates to selectively grow three-dimensional (3D) carbon nanotube structures can also be applied to dip coating. Patterned growth of high-quality vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be easily obtained by this protocol. Apart from the sintering of catalyst into Si at high temperatures, the difference in surface wettability between Si and SiO2 also plays an important role in this selective growth, which we utilize in a novel method of patterning SWNT growth on chemically modified surfaces.
Thermal Degradation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes during Alcohol Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Process
Authors: Azam Mohd Asyadi , Mohamed Mohd Ambri , Shikoh Eiji , Fujiwara Akihiko
Published: February 2010

We have grown single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from Co catalyst thin films using the alcohol catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for different CVD processing times. The structural properties of the SWCNTs grown have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy with various laser excitations. The growth progressed up tot=20 min, but the Raman intensity of SWCNTs decreased with increasing CVD processing time. The quality of as-grown SWCNTs also decreased with increasing CVD processing times, similar to the trend for Raman intensity. Raman intensity analysis in the radial breathing mode region shows a relatively wide distribution for SWCNTs grown for all CVD processing times, owing to the variations in growth and burning rates with SWCNT diameter. In this paper, we suggest that Co catalyst poisoning and SWCNT burning occur when the CVD processing time is more than 20 min.
The Optical Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Ultraviolet Region
Authors: Takagi Yoshiteru , Okada Susumu
Published: February 2010

The absorption properties of single-walled nanotubes in the ultraviolet (UV) region have been studied using a generalized tight-binding approximation. Calculations indicate that the absorption spectrum in the UV region strongly depends not only on nanotube diameter but also on chiral index. We found a substantial diameter dependence of the UV absorption peaks of the nanotubes with chiral indices of (even, even) and (odd, even). The nanotubes with chiral indices of (even, odd) and (odd, odd) exhibit weak diameter dependence. These spectral features are characteristic of inter-band transitions near the M point of the hexagonal Brillouin zone of graphene.
Formation of Multi-Walled Nanotubes from Diamond Nanowires
Authors: Okada Susumu , Takagi Yoshiteru , Kawai Takazumi
Published: February 2010

Based on classical molecular dynamics simulation, we show the possibility of the formation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes from diamond nanowires at elevated temperatures. Since the outermost shell of a diamond nanowire can be regarded as a corrugated graphene sheet bound via elongated intershell bonds, thermal annealing of the nanowire causes successive peeling of the outermost shell and results in a structural transformation from an sp3 structure into an sp2 rich nanostructure. The resultant structures could be classified as multi-walled carbon nanotubes with some stacking faults.
Theory of Radiation Force on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ajiki Hiroshi , Iida Takuya , Ishikawa Takahiro , Uryu Seiji , Ishihara Hajime
Published: February 2010

A resonant radiation force exerted on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNs) is theoretically investigated. The radiation force is considerably enhnaced when a frequency of applied laser field is tuned to the exciton levels of SWCNs. The peak positions in radiation force spectra are sensitive to the tube diameter and light polarization. Therefore, the selective sorting and trapping of SWCNs with a desired specific structure is expected.
Stereochemistry of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Komatsu Naoki
Published: February 2010

Although stereochemistry of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been discussed so far in some papers, no common terminology has existed for describing left- and right-handed structures of chiral CNTs. Since optically active CNTs have been found experimentally by our group, the stereochemistry of CNTs is required to be reconsidered seriously. In this paper, new terminology of M and P is proposed to refer to the handedness of chiral single-walled carbon nanotubes according to the IUPAC nomenclature for helical structures.
Raman Characterization and Polarity Tuning of Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Quartz
Authors: Lei Bo , Ryu Koungmin , De-Arco Lewis Gomez , Han Song , Badmaev Alexander , Farmer Damon , Kim Kevin , Gordon Roy , Wang Kang L. , Zhou Chongwu
Published: February 2010

Raman characterization has been employed to study key features of highly aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes grown on quartz substrates. The nanotubes are observed to possess an estimated metallic/semiconducting ratio of 1:2.7, and Raman spectra also confirm the high integrity of nanotubes before and after being transferred from quartz to Si/SiO2 substrates. Based on the as-grown and the transferred aligned nanotubes, we have further fabricated top- and back-gated nanotube devices, respectively. The top-gated transistors exhibit ambipolar transport characteristics with high transconductance, small subthreshold swing of 110 mV/decade and on/off ratio of 107, while the back-gated transistors show unipolar p-type characteristics. Furthermore, we have demonstrated polarity tuning to produce both predominately n- and p-type top-gated carbon nanotube transistors by controlling the polarity of gate voltage during electrical breakdown, which has great potential for building complementary carbon nanotube circuits.
Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors with Multiple Channels Measured by Scanning Gate Microscopy
Authors: Okigawa Yuki , Kishimoto Shigeru , Ohno Yutaka , Mizutani Takashi
Published: February 2010

Electrical properties of a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNT-FET) with multiple CNT channels were studied by scanning gate microscopy (SGM), in which the scanning probe tip was used as a local gate. It was possible to distinguish the difference in electrical properties of individual CNT channels by SGM. Spot like SGM images were attributed to the barrier against carriers formed in the metallic CNT, resulting in a current modulation of the CNT-FET. It has also been shown that the barrier in the metallic CNT results in an ambipolar behavior of the CNT-FETs.
Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors Using Ferromagnetic Electrodes with Different Coercivities
Authors: Mohamed Mohd Ambri , Azam Mohd Asyadi , Shikoh Eiji , Fujiwara Akihiko
Published: February 2010

We have succeeded in fabricating source and drain structures of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (FETs) using ferromagnetic electrodes with different coercive fields. The electrodes were successfully bridged with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by a direct growth method. We investigated the magnetic properties of electrodes and FET characteristics. The magnetic properties of the electrodes survived the chemical vapor deposition process at up to 800 °C, and were found to be qualitatively preserved even at growth times of 20 and 30 min. In addition, the devices showed good field-effect modulation in conductivity. This device structure could be applied to carbon nanotube spintronics devices fabricated by a direct growth method.
Low-Voltage Operation of Ink-Jet-Printed Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Okimoto Haruya , Takenobu Taishi , Yanagi Kazuhiro , Shimotani Hizekazu , Miyata Yasumitsu , Kataura Hiromichi , Iwasa Yoshihiro
Published: February 2010

We demonstrate a low-voltage and less hysteresis operation of single-walled carbon nanotube thin film transistors (SWCNT-TFTs) using an ionic liquid gate dielectric layer. We fabricated the density controlled SWCNT-TFTs using the inkjet printing technique, where both source/drain electrodes and the semiconducting transistor channel were made from SWCNT films. As the gate dielectric, we have adopted a printable ionic liquid for future all-printable processes and achieved marked improvements in operating voltages and hysteretic response.
Predicting Carbonation Depth of Prestressed Concrete under Different Stress States Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Lu Chunhua , Liu Ronggui
Published: February 2010

Two artificial neural networks (ANN), back‐propagation neural network (BPNN) and the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), are proposed to predict the carbonation depth of prestressed concrete. In order to generate the training and testing data for the ANNs, an accelerated carbonation experiment was carried out, and the influence of stress level of concrete on carbonation process was taken into account especially. Then, based on the experimental results, the BPNN and RBFNN models which all take the stress level of concrete, water‐cement ratio, cement‐fine aggregate, cement‐coarse aggregate ratio and testing age as input parameters were built and all the training and testing work was performed in MATLAB. It can be found that the two ANN models seem to have a high prediction and generalization capability in evaluation of carbonation depth, and the largest absolute percentage errors of BPNN and RBFNN are 10.88% and 8.46%, respectively. The RBFNN model shows a better prediction precision in comparison to BPNN model.
Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infraction after High Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin Infusion
Authors: Mizrahi Meir , Adar Tomer , Orenbuch-Harroch Efrat , Elitzur Yair
Published: February 2010

Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIgs) are used for several indications, including autoimmune conditions. IVIg treatment is associated with several possible adverse reactions including induction of a hypercoagulable state. We report a 76-year-old woman treated with IVIg for myasthenia gravis, which developed chest pain and weakness following IVIg infusion. The symptoms were associated with ST segment depression in V4–6 and elevated troponin levels. The patient was diagnosed with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The patient had no significant risk factor besides age and a cardiac perfusion scan was interpreted as normal (the patient refused to undergo cardiac catheterization). This case is compatible with IVIg-induced hypercoagulability resulting in NSTEMI. Cardiac evaluation should therefore be considered prior to initiation of IVIg treatment especially in patients with multiple cardiovascular risks.
Evolutionary Game Theory-Based Evaluation of P2P File-Sharing Systems in Heterogeneous Environments
Authors: Matsuda Yusuke , Sasabe Masahiro , Takine Tetsuya
Published: February 2010

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing is one of key technologies for achieving attractive P2P multimedia social networking. In P2P file-sharing systems, file availability is improved by cooperative users who cache and share files. Note that file caching carries costs such as storage consumption and processing load. In addition, users have different degrees of cooperativity in file caching and they are in different surrounding environments arising from the topological structure of P2P networks. With evolutionary game theory, this paper evaluates the performance of P2P file sharing systems in such heterogeneous environments. Using micro-macro dynamics, we analyze the impact of the heterogeneity of user selfishness on the file availability and system stability. Further, through simulation experiments with agent-based dynamics, we reveal how other aspects, for example, synchronization among nodes and topological structure, affect the system performance. Both analytical and simulation results show that the environmental heterogeneity contributes to the file availability and system stability.
Detection of GRBs and OTs by All‐Sky Optical and SID Monitors
Authors: Hudec R. , Spurny M. , Krizek M. , Pata P. , Slosiar R. , Rerabek M. , Klima M.
Published: February 2010

We report on two alternative simple methods to detect counterparts of cosmic gamma‐ray bursts (GRBs) and optical transients (OTs). We report on the development and tests of an alternative optical all‐sky monitor recently tested at the Karlovy Vary Observatory. The monitor is based on a Peleng 8 mm fish‐eye lens (1 : 3,5–1 : 16) and CANON EOS 350D digital CCD camera. This type of monitor represents a low‐cost device suitable for easy replication and still able to detect brighter optical transients simultaneously to GRB triggers. Such OTs have been observed for some of the GRBs such as GRB990123, GRB060117, or recently GRB080319 indicating that some fraction of GRBs can generate optical transient emission accessible by simple small aperture instrumentation as described here. These efforts are accompanied by development of dedicated programmes to access and to evaluate all‐sky images; these efforts will be also briefly described. The All‐Sky Monitor is a space variant optical system and its point spread function (PSF) has not uniform shape in the field of view. The processing and measuring of image data is complicated, and sophisticated deconvolution algorithms are used for image restoration. The second method is the GRB detection based on their ionospheric response.
Role of BMI in the Association of theTCF7L2rs7903146 Variant with Coronary Heart Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Authors: Kucharska-Newton Anna M. , Monda Keri L. , Bielinski Suzette J. , Boerwinkle Eric , Rea Thomas D. , Rosamond Wayne D. , Pankow James S. , Köttgen Anna , Heiss Gerardo , North Kari E.
Published: February 2010

We examined the association of variation in the type 2 diabetes risk-conferringTCF7L2gene with the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) among the lean, overweight, and obese members of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study cohort. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed using a general model, with the major homozygote as the reference category. For 9,865 whites, a significant increase in the risk of CHD was seen only among lean (BMI<25 kg/m2) individuals homozygous for theTallele of theTCF7L2rs7903146 gene risk variant (hazard ratio 1.42; 95% CI 1.03,1.97;P=.01). No association was found among 3,631 blacks, regardless of BMI status. An attenuated hazard ratio was observed among the nondiabetic ARIC cohort members. This study suggests that body mass modifies the association of theTCF7L2rs7903146 T allele with CHD risk.
Dancing Pina Bausch
Authors: Larlham Daniel
Published: February 2010

The Tanztheater Wuppertal Pina Bausch performed Nefés in Wrocław, Poland, only hours after receiving news of their director's sudden death on 30 June 2009. The unique empathic dynamics of the performance offer a window onto the evolution of Bausch's artistic vision and working process over the past three decades.
The Limits of Community-Based Theatre: Performance and HIV Prevention in Tanzania
Authors: Johansson Ola
Published: February 2010

A research project on community-based theatre in Tanzania questions the efficacy of the genre in combating the AIDS epidemic. If performances are well attended, and participants are informed on the causes of the virus, why is it still rampant? Efficacy will be possible only when gender inequities and taboos are openly confronted.
Dissociable Brain Mechanisms Underlying the Conscious and Unconscious Control of Behavior
Authors: van Gaal Simon , Lamme Victor A. F. , Fahrenfort Johannes J. , Ridderinkhof K. Richard
Published: February 2010

Cognitive control allows humans to overrule and inhibit habitual responses to optimize performance in challenging situations. Contradicting traditional views, recent studies suggest that cognitive control processes can be initiated unconsciously. To further capture the relation between consciousness and cognitive control, we studied the dynamics of inhibitory control processes when triggered consciously versus unconsciously in a modified version of the stop task. Attempts to inhibit an imminent response were often successful after unmasked (visible) stop signals. Masked (invisible) stop signals rarely succeeded in instigating overt inhibition but did trigger slowing down of response times. Masked stop signals elicited a sequence of distinct ERP components that were also observed on unmasked stop signals. The N2 component correlated with the efficiency of inhibitory control when elicited by unmasked stop signals and with the magnitude of slowdown when elicited by masked stop signals. Thus, the N2 likely reflects the initiation of inhibitory control, irrespective of conscious awareness. The P3 component was much reduced in amplitude and duration on masked versus unmasked stop trials. These patterns of differences and similarities between conscious and unconscious cognitive control processes are discussed in a framework that differentiates between feedforward and feedback connections in yielding conscious experience.
Establishing Causal Coherence across Sentences: An ERP Study
Authors: Kuperberg Gina R. , Paczynski Martin , Ditman Tali
Published: February 2010

This study examined neural activity associated with establishing causal relationships across sentences during on-line comprehension. ERPs were measured while participants read and judged the relatedness of three-sentence scenarios in which the final sentence was highly causally related, intermediately related, and causally unrelated to its context. Lexico-semantic co-occurrence was matched across the three conditions using a Latent Semantic Analysis. Critical words in causally unrelated scenarios evoked a larger N400 than words in both highly causally related and intermediately related scenarios, regardless of whether they appeared before or at the sentence-final position. At midline sites, the N400 to intermediately related sentence-final words was attenuated to the same degree as to highly causally related words, but otherwise the N400 to intermediately related words fell in between that evoked by highly causally related and intermediately related words. No modulation of the late positivity/P600 component was observed across conditions. These results indicate that both simple and complex causal inferences can influence the earliest stages of semantically processing an incoming word. Further, they suggest that causal coherence, at the situation level, can influence incremental word-by-word discourse comprehension, even when semantic relationships between individual words are matched.
The Influence of Blowing Snow and Precipitation on Snow Depth Change across the Ross Ice Shelf and Ross Sea Regions of Antarctica
Authors: Knuth Shelley L. , Tripoli Gregory J. , Thom Jonathan E. , Weidner George A.
Published: February 2010

Measuring snowfall in the polar regions is an issue met with many complications. Across the Antarctic, ground-based precipitation measurements are only available from a sparse network of manned stations or field studies. Measurements from satellites promise to fill in gaps in time and space but are still in the early stages of development and require surface measurements for proper validation. Currently, measurements of accumulation from automated reporting stations are the only available means of tracking snow depth change over a broad area of the continent. The challenge remains in determining the cause of depth change by partitioning the impacts of blowing snow and precipitation. While a methodology for separating these two factors has yet to be developed, by comparing accumulation measurements with meteorological measurements, an assessment of whether these terms were a factor in snow depth change during an event can be made. This paper describes a field study undertaken between January 2005 and October 2006 designed to identify the influences of precipitation and horizontal snow transport on surface accumulation. Seven acoustic depth gauges were deployed at automatic weather stations (AWS) across the Ross Ice Shelf and Ross Sea regions of Antarctica to measure net accumulation changes. From these measurements, episodic events were identified and were compared with data from the AWS to determine the primary cause of depth change—precipitation or horizontal snow transport. Information regarding the local impacts of these two terms, as well as climatological information regarding snow depth change across this region, is also provided.
Evaluating Detection Skills of Satellite Rainfall Estimates over Desert Locust Recession Regions
Authors: Dinku Tufa , Ceccato Pietro , Cressman Keith , Connor Stephen J.
Published: February 2010

This paper evaluates rainfall detection capabilities of seven satellite rainfall estimates over the desert locust recession regions of the world. The region of interest covers the arid and semiarid region from northwestern Africa to northwestern India. The evaluated satellite rainfall products are the African rainfall climatology (ARC), rainfall estimation algorithm (RFE), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 and its real-time version (3B42RT), NOAA/Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), and two versions of the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation moving vector with Kalman filter (GSMaP-MVK and GSMaP-MVK+). The reference data were obtained from the Desert Locust Information Service of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The FAO data are qualitative information collated by desert locust survey teams from different countries during field campaigns. Such data can only be used to assess the rainfall detection capabilities of the satellite products. The validation region is divided into four subregions and validations statistics are computed for each region. The probability of detection varies from 70% for the relatively wet part of the validation region to less than 20% for the driest part. The main weakness of the satellite products is overestimation of rainfall occurrences. The false-alarm ratio was as high as 84% for the driest part and as high as 57% for the wetter region. The satellite products still exhibit positive detection skill for all of the subregions. A comparison of the different products shows that no single product stands out as having the best or the worst overall performance.
Tropospheric Precursors of Anomalous Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Polar Vortices
Authors: Garfinkel Chaim I. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Sassi Fabrizio
Published: February 2010

Regional extratropical tropospheric variability in the North Pacific and eastern Europe is well correlated with variability in the Northern Hemisphere wintertime stratospheric polar vortex in both the ECMWF reanalysis record and in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. To explain this correlation, the link between stratospheric vertical Eliassen–Palm flux variability and tropospheric variability is analyzed. Simple reasoning shows that variability in the North Pacific and eastern Europe can deepen or flatten the wintertime tropospheric stationary waves, and in particular its wavenumber-1 and -2 components, thus providing a physical explanation for the correlation between these regions and vortex weakening. These two pathways begin to weaken the upper stratospheric vortex nearly immediately, with a peak influence apparent after a lag of some 20 days. The influence then appears to propagate downward in time, as expected from wave–mean flow interaction theory. These patterns are influenced by ENSO and October Eurasian snow cover. Perturbations in the vortex induced by the two regions add linearly. These two patterns and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) are linearly related to 40% of polar vortex variability during winter in the reanalysis record.
Mechanisms of Tropical Atlantic SST Influence on North American Precipitation Variability*
Authors: Kushnir Yochanan , Seager Richard , Ting Mingfang , Naik Naomi , Nakamura Jennifer
Published: February 2010

The dynamical mechanisms associated with the impact of year-to-year variability in tropical North Atlantic (TNA) sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on North American precipitation, during the cold and warm halves of the hydrological year (October–September) are examined. Observations indicate that during both seasons warmer-than-normal TNA SSTs are associated with a reduction of precipitation over North America, mainly west of ∼90°W, and that the effect can be up to 30% of the year-to-year seasonal precipitation RMS variability. This finding confirms earlier studies with observations and models. During the cold season (October–March) the North American precipitation variability associated with TNA fluctuations is considerably weaker than its association with ENSO. During the warm season (April–September), however, the Atlantic influence, per one standard deviation of SST anomalies, is larger than that of ENSO.

The observed association between TNA SST anomalies and global and North American precipitation and sea level pressure variability is compared with that found in the output of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced with observed SST variability, both globally and in the tropical Atlantic alone. The similarity between model output and observations suggests that TNA SST variability is causal. The mechanisms of the “upstream” influence of the Atlantic on North American precipitation are seasonally dependent. In the warm season, warmer-than-normal TNA SSTs induce a local increase in atmospheric convection. This leads to a weakening of the North Atlantic subtropical anticyclone and a reduction in precipitation over the United States and northern Mexico, associated with the anomalous southward flow there. In the cold season, a response similar to the warm season over the subtropical Atlantic is identified, but there is also a concomitant suppression of convection over the equatorial Pacific, which leads to a weakening of the Aleutian low and subsidence over western North America, similar to the impact of La Niña although weaker in amplitude. The impact of TNA SST on tropical convection and the extratropical circulation is examined by a set of idealized experiments with a linear general circulation model forced with the tropical heating field derived from the full AGCM.
Why Are There Upwellings on the Northern Shelf of Taiwan under Northeasterly Winds?
Authors: Chang Yu-Lin , Oey Lie-Yauw , Wu Chau-Ron , Lu Hung-Fu
Published: February 2010

Upwellings are observed on the northern shelf of Taiwan during northeasterly winds. Analytical and realistic numerical models are used to explain how vertical motions are created by divergence and convergence produced by wind acting on the vorticity field of two strong jets: the Kuroshio and the Taiwan Warm Current. The seaward increase in cyclonic vorticity near the Kuroshio’s western edge favors a stronger Ekman transport away from the jet, producing upwelling at the shelfbreak under a northeasterly wind. A similar mechanism for generating vertical motions is found across the Taiwan Warm Current. The numerical model results indicate that the vorticity effects can account for up to 30%–50% of the total variation in the surface Ekman transport. Except during summer’s weak southwesterlies, northeasterly wind is dominant over the East China Sea, suggesting that the vorticity effects may be prominent in the observed shelfbreak upwelling in nonsummer months.
Short-Term Convective Mode Evolution along Synoptic Boundaries
Authors: Dial Greg L. , Racy Jonathan P. , Thompson Richard L.
Published: February 2010

This paper investigates the relationships between short-term convective mode evolution, the orientations of vertical shear and mean wind vectors with respect to the initiating synoptic boundary, the motion of the boundary, and the role of forcing for ascent. The dominant mode of storms (linear, mixed mode, and discrete) was noted 3 h after convective initiation along cold fronts, drylines, or prefrontal troughs. Various shear and mean wind vector orientations relative to the boundary were calculated near the time of initiation. Results indicate a statistical correlation between storm mode at 3 h, the normal components of cloud-layer and deep-layer shear vectors, the boundary-relative mean cloud-layer wind vector, and the type of initiating boundary. Thunderstorms, most of which were initially discrete, tended to evolve more quickly into lines or mixed modes when the normal components of the shear vectors and boundary-relative mean cloud-layer wind vectors were small. There was a tendency for storms to remain discrete for larger normal shear and mean wind components. Smaller normal components of mean cloud-layer wind were associated with a greater likelihood that storms would remain within the zone of linear forcing along the boundary for longer time periods, thereby increasing the potential for upscale linear growth. The residence time of storms along the boundary is also dependent on the speed of the boundary. It was found that the boundary-relative normal component of the mean cloud-layer wind better discriminates between mode types than does simply the ground-relative normal component. The influence of mesoscale forcing for ascent and type of boundary on mode evolution was also investigated. As expected, it was found that the magnitude and nature of the forcing play a role in how storms evolve. For instance, strong linear low-level convergence often contributes to rapid upscale linear growth, especially if the boundary motion relative to the mean cloud-layer wind prevents storms from moving away from the boundary shortly after initiation. In summary, results from this study indicate that, for storms initiated along a synoptic boundary, convective mode evolution is modulated primarily by the residence time of storms within the zone of linear forcing, the nature and magnitude of linear forcing, and secondarily by the normal component of the cloud-layer shear.
Testing Auditory Processing Skills and their Associations with Language in 4—5-year-olds
Authors: Bavin Edith L. , Grayden David B. , Scott Kim , Stefanakis Toni
Published: February 2010

Infants’ auditory processing abilities have been shown to predict subsequent language development. In addition, poor auditory processing skills have been shown for some individuals with specific language impairment. Methods used in infant studies are not appropriate for use with young children, and neither are methods typically used to test auditory processing skills in specific language impairment (SLI). The objective in this study was to develop an appropriate way of testing auditory processing skills in children in the 4—5 year age range. We report data from 49 children aged 4—5 years (mean age 58.57 months) tested on five tasks with tones and synthesized syllables. Frequencies and inter-stimulus intervals were varied in the tone tasks; the second formant transitions between consonant and vowel were varied in the syllable tasks. Consistent with past research, variability was found in children’s auditory processing abilities. Significant correlations in discrimination thresholds for the tasks were found. The results from two regression analyses showed that the children’s auditory processing abilities predicted significant amounts of variance for receptive and expressive language.
Spatial and Temporal Properties of Gestures in North American English /r/
Authors: Campbell Fiona , Gick Bryan , Wilson Ian , Vatikiotis-Bateson Eric
Published: February 2010

Systematic syllable-based variation has been observed in the relative spatial and temporal properties of supralaryngeal gestures in a number of complex segments. Generally, more anterior gestures tend to appear at syllable peripheries while less anterior gestures occur closer to syllable peaks. Because previous studies compared only two gestures, it is not clear how to characterize the gestures, nor whether timing offsets are categorical or gradient. North American English /r/ is an unusually complex segment, having three supralaryngeal constrictions, but technological limitations have hindered simultaneous study of all three. A novel combination of M-mode ultrasound and optical tracking was used to measure gestural relations in productions of /r/ by nine speakers of Canadian English.

Results show a front-to-back timing pattern in syllable-initial position: Lip then tongue blade (TB), then tongue root (TR). In syllable-final position TR and Lip are followed by TB. There was also a reduction in magnitude affecting Lip and TB gestures in syllable-final position and TR in syllable-initial position. These findings are not wholly consistent with any theory advanced thus far to explain syllable-based allophonic variation. It is proposed that the relative magnitude of gestures is a better predictor of timing than relative anteriority or an assigned phonological classification.
Frequency of Use Leads to Automaticity of Production: Evidence from Repair in Conversation
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod
Published: February 2010

In spontaneous speech, speakers sometimes replace a word they have just produced or started producing by another word. The present study reports that in these replacement repairs, low-frequency replaced words are more likely to be interrupted prior to completion than high-frequency words, providing support to the hypothesis that the production of high-frequency words is more automatic than the production of low-frequency words (Bybee, 2002; Logan, 1982). Frequency appears to have an effect on interruptibility even when word duration is statistically controlled. In addition, the frequency of the replaced word is positively correlated with the frequency of the word it is replaced by, supporting the hypothesis that high-frequency words are easier to access in production (Kittredge, Dell, Verkuilen, & Schwartz, 2008): vkapatsi@uoregon.edu the more frequent the target, the more frequent an inappropriate word needs to be to overcome the target and be uttered, only to be replaced.
Bioluminescent Approaches for Measuring Tumor Growth in a Mouse Model of Neurofibromatosis
Authors: Hawes Jessica J. , Reilly Karlyne M.
Published: February 2010

Neurofibomatosis (NF1) patients are susceptible to multiple tumors of the nervous system including neurofibromas, optic glioma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), and astrocytoma. The Nf1+/—;Trp53+/— (NPcis) mouse model of NF1 spontaneously develops astrocytoma and MPNSTs that are very similar to human NF1 tumors. To use this model for testing potential therapeutics, we have developed systems that take advantage of bioluminescent reporters of tumor growth. We have generated E2F1 promoter—driving luciferase (ELUX) reporter mice to detect proliferating tumors in NPcis mice in vivo using bioluminescence. The power of this system is that it enables looking at tumor evolution and detecting spontaneous tumors at early stages of development as they evolve within their natural haploinsufficient microenvironment. This system can be used to identify tumors at different stages of tumorigenesis and to examine where spontaneous NF1 tumors initiate. The ability to rapidly screen multiple animals at a time increases the potential for use of this model in preclinical trials. This model will be valuable for the characterization of spontaneous NF1 tumors and will be important for studying the treatment and prevention of NF1 tumors in vivo.
How to Improve Resilience in Adolescents With Cancer in Japan
Authors: Ishibashi Akiko , Ueda Reiko , Kawano Yoshifumi , Nakayama Hideki , Matsuzaki Akinobu , Matsumura Tsutomu
Published: February 2010

This case study made use of semistructured interviews and a social network map to explore how adolescents with cancer develop resilience during the cancer experience. Seven adolescents with cancer aged 11 to 18 years and their mothers participated in this research. Pattern-matching logic using a 4-stage Self-Sustaining Process Model was applied to arrive at a comparative analysis. Findings indicated that initially, 5 adolescents who were told of their cancer diagnoses moved through the process during the cancer experience. Also, in newly diagnosed adolescents and in those who experienced relapse, a slight difference was noticed in terms of their response to studies and their hope levels. Second, 2 adolescents who were told of their diagnoses indirectly did not experience a complete passage through the phases comprising the process. Finally, the adolescents received social support from their families, friends, and relatives. This study suggests that an understanding of individual and cultural differences is important to improve resilience in adolescents with cancer. Because of the small sample surveyed by this research, further studies are needed to validate these conclusions and develop appropriate nursing intervention techniques.
‘it tickles in my tummy!’
Authors: Hansen Sandseter Ellen Beate
Published: February 2010

‘It tickles in my tummy’ is one of the most frequent answers when children are asked to describe what they experience when engaging in risky play. Why do children take risks in spite of the fact that this can be a harmful and even fatal activity? This article aims to explore this issue. Semi-structured interviews of 23 pre-school children aged four and five years were analyzed on the basis of the concepts of paratelic and telic states in Reversal Theory, the paratelic state being an excitement-seeking mode, and the telic state being an anxiety-avoiding mode. The phenomenological structure of children’s risky play was found to be characterized by children expressing the ambiguous nature of quick reversals between the paratelic and telic states, producing both pleasant and unpleasant emotions. This ‘walk on the dangerous edge’ seemed to be one of the primary goals of engaging in risky play. As long as the paratelic state dominated the situation, children embraced the potential fear by arousal-increasing strategies and maintained play. If the telic state dominated the situation, children described arousal-avoidance strategies and ultimately withdrew from play.
young children’s play in online virtual worlds
Authors: Marsh Jackie
Published: February 2010

Virtual worlds for children are becoming increasingly popular, and yet there are few accounts of children’s use of these worlds. Young children are spending increasing amounts of time online as technology continues to create significant changes in social and cultural practices in the 21st century. Some of children's online interactions can be categorized as playful in nature; however, play and technology are frequently positioned as oppositional. In this article, I explore the tensions surrounding the relationship between play and technology and relate it to similar discourses concerning the concepts of ‘real’ and ‘virtual’. I then move on to consider the growing popularity of virtual worlds with young children and examine the way in which the worlds have been marketed to children and parents/carers on the basis of their propensity to offer online play in a safe environment. The article provides an overview of two virtual worlds currently targeted at young children and draws on a survey of primary children’s use of virtual worlds in order to identify the nature of play in these environments. One hundred and seventy-five children aged 5—11 completed an online survey and 15 took part in group interviews in which their use of virtual worlds was explored. This article focuses on the data relating to 17 children aged from five to seven years who used virtual worlds. Findings indicate that virtual worlds offered these young children a wide range of opportunities for play and that the types of play in which they engaged relate closely to ‘offline’ play. The implications for early years educators are considered.
the effects of marital support, social network support, and parenting stress on parenting: self-efficacy among mothers of young children in Japan
Authors: Suzuki Sawako
Published: February 2010

This study investigated whether Japanese women’s perceived marital and social support affect their parenting self-efficacy directly or indirectly through their levels of parenting stress. Participants were 98 mothers of children in the second grade living in Sapporo or Osaka, Japan. Data collected through surveys were submitted to a structural equation modeling. Results showed that marital support, mothers-in-law support, and friend support each lowered women’s parenting stress, and the low stress in turn increased women’s parenting self-efficacy; however, the indirect effects of mothers-in-law support and friends support on parenting self-efficacy only approached statistical significance. The support from the women’s own mothers directly affected women’s parenting self-efficacy while the criticism from own mothers dampened women’s parenting self-efficacy indirectly by increasing their levels of stress. This study suggests that the criticism targeted to women from family and friends are detrimental to their psychological well-being, which in turn affects their parenting self-efficacy.
Quantum Yield Measurements of Firefly Bioluminescence Reactions Using a Commercial Luminometer
Authors: Niwa Kazuki , Ichino Yoshiro , Ohmiya Yoshihiro
Published: February 2010

Quantum yields of firefly bioluminescence reactions were determined using a commercially available luminometer whose absolute responsivity was calibrated with respect to the spatially and spectrally integrated photon flux emitted from the reaction solution.
Reaction of Cage-opened Fullerene Derivative with Grignard Reagents and Subsequent Transannular Cyclization
Authors: Murata Michihisa , Morinaka Yuta , Kurotobi Kei , Komatsu Koichi , Murata Yasujiro
Published: February 2010

1,2-Addition of methyl and allyl Grignard reagents to a cage-opened fullerene derivative 2a selectively proceeded at −20 °C in THF at one of the two carbonyl groups. Under acidic conditions, the resulting alcohol underwent a transannular cyclization. The elevated LUMO levels of these products were shown by electrochemical and theoretical investigations.
Optical Properties of 4-(Dicyanomethylidene)-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-2-methyl-4H-pyran Nanoparticles Prepared by Reprecipitation
Authors: Yuan Zhao-Lin , Tao Si-Lu , Yu Jun-Sheng , Jiang Ya-Dong
Published: February 2010

Nanoparticles of 4-(dicyanomethylidene)-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-2-methyl-4H-pyran (DCM) red fluorescent dye were prepared using a reprecipitation method. The absorption spectra of DCM nanoparticles showed that compared to the absorption spectrum of a diluted solution, the intramolecular CT peak was blue-shifted due to H-aggregation. In addition, the fluorescence quenching of DCM nanoparticles was observed, resulting from H-aggregates and the twisted conformations of chromophores in the nanoparticles.
The Violet Bay School District Deficit of 2005: Evaluating Internal Control and Identifying Risks
Authors: Henry Laurie J. , Bitter Michael E. , Kubichan Terry
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: In August 2005, Violet Bay taxpayers were surprised to learn that their school system had amassed a $7 million deficit for the 2004–2005 budget year, despite previous assurances of a surplus. Ultimately, the actual deficit was found to be $12.1 million. A special grand jury investigation uncovered numerous internal control problems that contributed to the deficit.This instructional case provides students the opportunity to gain a better understanding of the importance of internal control, particularly a strong control environment, through examination of the problems encountered by an actual governmental entity, renamed the Violet Bay School District. It also gives students some practical experience with tasks such as gaining an understanding of an entity and identifying its business risks, evaluation of internal control using the five components of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) framework, identification of fraud indicators, and consideration of the likelihood of fraud occurrence. The case also provides exposure to ethical issues.
Using Queries to Automate Journal Entry Tests: Agile Machinery Group, Inc.
Authors: Loraas Tina M. , Searcy DeWayne L.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: The WorldCom fraud was detected by an internal auditor running Access queries, highlighting just one reason for gaining advanced querying skills. This case will develop your technical querying skills and, in addition, will foster teamwork as you work in small groups acting as an outsourced internal audit team taking on Agile Machinery Group, Inc. (AMG) as a first-year client. You are tasked with analyzing the nearly one million records that make up the journal entries of an actual privately held company that employs an array of processing modules and ledgers as well as a manually managed general journal. Using your institutional accounting knowledge, you must consider what the journal entries from each processing module should be, and then compare these expected entries to the actual entries made by company personnel and inquire as to any differences. Further, using critical thinking skills and advanced querying techniques, you must isolate other journal entries that should be studied more in-depth for appropriateness using the “Who, What, When, Where, and Why” approach as defined by Lanza and Gilbert (2007a).