bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of m6Am RNA modification and its implications in human diseases
Authors: Jin Hao , Shi Zhouyuanjing , Zhou Tianhua , Xie Shanshan
Published: March 2024

N 6,2′-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am) is a prevalent modification frequently found at the 5′ cap-adjacent adenosine of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and the internal adenosine of snRNAs. This dynamic and reversible modification is under the regulation of methyltransferases phosphorylated CTD interacting factor 1 and methyltransferase-like protein 4, along with the demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein. m6Am RNA modification plays a crucial role in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, and translation, thereby influencing gene expression. In recent years, there has been growing interest in exploring the functions of m6Am and its relevance to human diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge concerning m6Am, with a focus on m6Am-modifying enzymes, sequencing approaches for its detection, and its impacts on pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, and translation regulation. Furthermore, we highlight the roles of m6Am in the context of obesity, viral infections, and cancers, unravelling its underlying regulatory mechanisms.
Subclinical Inflammation in Asymptomatic Schoolchildren With Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia Correlates With Impaired Cognition
Authors: Johnson Alexander E , Upadhye Aditi , Knight Veronicah , Gaskin Erik L , Turnbull Lindsey B , Ayuku David , Nyalumbe Mark , Abuonji Emily , John Chandy C , McHenry Megan S , Tran Tuan M , Ayodo George
Published: March 2024

Background

Subclinical inflammation and cognitive deficits have been separately associated with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in schoolchildren. However, whether parasite-induced inflammation is associated with worse cognition has not been addressed. We conducted a cross-sectional pilot study to better assess the effect of asymptomatic P. falciparum parasitemia and inflammation on cognition in Kenyan schoolchildren.

Methods

We enrolled 240 children aged 7–14 years residing in high malaria transmission in Western Kenya. Children performed five fluid cognition tests from a culturally adapted NIH toolbox and provided blood samples for blood smears and laboratory testing. Parasite densities and plasma concentrations of 14 cytokines were determined by quantitative PCR and multiplex immunoassay, respectively. Linear regression models were used to determine the effects of parasitemia and plasma cytokine concentrations on each of the cognitive scores as well as a composite cognitive score while controlling for age, gender, maternal education, and an interaction between age and P. falciparum infection status.

Results

Plasma concentrations of TNF, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 negatively correlated with the composite score and at least one of the individual cognitive tests. Parasite density in parasitemic children negatively correlated with the composite score and measures of cognitive flexibility and attention. In the adjusted model, parasite density and TNF, but not P. falciparum infection status, independently predicted lower cognitive composite scores. By mediation analysis, TNF significantly mediated ~29% of the negative effect of parasitemia on cognition.

Conclusions

Among schoolchildren with PCR-confirmed asymptomatic P. falciparum infections, the negative effect of parasitemia on cognition could be mediated, in part, by subclinical inflammation. Additional studies are needed to validate our findings in settings of lower malaria transmission and address potential confounders that could affect both inflammation and cognitive performance.
More than the Sum of Its Parts
Authors: Goldberg Jaime , Galchutt Paul
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the history, composition, functioning, and impact of the interprofessional palliative care consultation team in the hospital setting. Core and larger team member roles, responsibilities, approaches to care, and contributions are discussed. Individual, team, and system-level strengths and challenges of interprofessional collaboration in the hospital are highlighted. Evidence-based best practices, such as the importance of impeccable communication, building trust and respect among team members, and diverse staffing and leadership models are stressed to ensure team cohesion and wellness. The need for interprofessional collaboration in initial and follow-up visits, pain and symptom management, and family meeting facilitation is emphasized to ensure optimal patient and family care along with team cohesion and wellness.
Home-Based Palliative Care
Authors: van Meines Niamh , Enguídanos Susan
Published: March 2024

Home-based palliative care (HBPC) programs, initially modeled on the hospice care benefit, address the needs of people with serious illness pursuing disease-directed therapies and who have an extended prognosis beyond 6-months life expectancy. Similar to hospice care, HBPC is provided by an interprofessional team focused on improving quality of life of people with serious illness, and their caregivers and families in their home or place of residence. However, unlike hospice care, HBPC does not require a 6-month or less prognosis, and those enrolling in HBPC may continue disease-directed treatment efforts while receiving HBPC. There is a lack of standardized payment systems for HBPC programs and the service is not paid for by Medicare, which results in a myriad of challenges. This chapter describes best practices in interprofessional HBPC, along with challenges in the provision of and access to HBPC.
Interprofessional Palliative Care Philosophy as Standard Care across Settings
Authors: Kirkpatrick Amanda J. , Chow Stephanie W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter includes an original report of a conceptual analysis of interprofessional palliative care. A theoretical model is included as a visual framework for implementing interprofessional palliative care as standard care across settings. It proposes a vision of primary palliative care as a lifestyle, incorporating societal change, community involvement, and integrative therapies to achieve an aspirational model of relationship-centered care delivery for community members and families living with multiple sources of suffering related to chronic or serious illness. In this model, individuals receive care congruent with their values, where symptoms are managed, humanity is recognized, and all team members are mutually committed to optimal health and quality of life for the patient. The model describes 5 key skills of all team members (to be competent, cognizant, communicative, collaborative, and compassionate) and 5 team attributes (to be personalized, holistic, harmonious, reciprocal, and versatile), which are necessary to achieve optimal well-being for persons living with chronic or serious illness, their families, and the community and healthcare workers who surround them. The chapter concludes with 2 contrasting examples of how such a theoretical model would work and a case study with discussion questions for learners.
Neurology
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores neurology, including lesion location, drugs and the nervous system, cerebral blood supply, testing peripheral nerves, dermatomes and peripheral nerves, headache, migraine, blackouts, vertigo and dizziness, hearing loss and tinnitus, acute bilateral leg weakness, abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia), stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), subdural haematoma, extradural (epidural) haematoma, delirium (acute confusional state), dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), epilepsy, Parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis (MS), space-occupying lesions (SOL), idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Bell’s palsy, mononeuropathies, polyneuropathies, autonomic neuropathy, motor neuron disease (MND), bulbar palsy, cervical spondylosis, myopathy, myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), neurofibromatosis, syringomyelia, and retroviruses and neurology.
Surgery
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses surgery, including the language of surgery, pre-operative care, consent, prophylactic antibiotics in surgery, sutures, anaesthesia, post-op complications, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), swollen legs, stoma care, nutritional support in surgical patients, patients on steroids, minimally invasive and day case surgery, lumps in head, neck and skin, breast surgery, abdominal masses, acute abdomen, acute appendicitis, obstruction of the bowel, hernias, colorectal carcinoma, gastro-oesophageal carcinomas, bowel ischaemia, gastric surgery and its aftermath, fundoplication for GORD, oesophageal rupture, surgical management of obesity, diverticular disease, perianal problems, haemorrhoids, hepatobiliary surgery, renal stones, urinary tract obstruction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, retroperitoneal fibrosis, urinary tract malignancies, bladder tumours, urinary incontinence, lumps in the groin and scrotum, testes, aneurysms of arteries, thoracic aortic dissection, peripheral arterial disease, varicose veins (VVS), gangrene and necrotizing fasciitis, and skin ulcers.
Eponymous syndromes
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses eponymous syndromes, including Alice in Wonderland syndrome, Baker’s cyst, Bazin’s disease, Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis, Brugada syndrome, Budd–Chiari syndrome, Buerger’s disease, Caplan’s syndrome, Churg–Strauss syndrome, Devic’s syndrome, Dubin–Johnson syndrome, Ekbom’s syndrome, Felty’s syndrome, Foster Kennedy syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Froin’s syndrome, Gardner’s syndrome, Gélineau’s syndrome, Gerstmann’s syndrome, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome, Korsakoff’s syndrome, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Leriche’s syndrome, Löffler’s eosinophilic endocarditis, Löffler’s syndrome, Lown–Ganong–McArdle’s glycogen storage disease (type V), Marchiafava–Bignami syndrome, Meckel’s diverticulum, Meigs’ syndrome, Ménétrier’s disease, Meyer–Betz syndrome, Mikulicz’s syndrome, Milroy disease, Münchausen’s syndrome, Ogilvie’s syndrome, Ortner’s cardiovocal syndrome, Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, Paget’s disease of the breast (PDB), Pancoast’s syndrome, Parinaud’s syndrome, Peutz–Jeghers’ syndrome, Peyronie’s disease, Pott’s syndrome, Prinzmetal (variant) angina, Refsum disease, Romano–Ward syndrome, Rotor syndrome, Sister Mary Joseph nodule, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS), Tietze’s syndrome, Todd’s palsy, Vincent’s angina, Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, Von Willebrand’s disease (VWD), Wallenberg’s lateral medullary syndrome, Waterhouse–Friderichsen’s (WhF) syndrome, Weber’s syndrome, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, Whipple’s disease, Zellweger syndrome.
Radiology
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores radiology, including typical effective doses, justifying exposure to ionizing radiation, the art of the request, interpreting an image, presenting an image, chest X-ray (CXR), plain abdominal X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), nuclear medicine, cardiovascular imaging, gastrointestinal imaging, genitourinary imaging, neuroimaging, contrast media in imaging, and imaging the acutely unwell patient.
Emergencies
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, and endocrinological emergencies, including headache, breathlessness, chest pain, coma, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), shock, sepsis, anaphylactic shock, hypertensive emergencies, acute coronary syndrome with ST-elevation, acute coronary syndrome without ST-elevation, severe pulmonary oedema, cardiogenic shock, broad complex tachycardia, narrow complex tachycardia, bradycardia, acute severe asthma, acute exacerbations of COPD, pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism (PE), acute upper GI bleeding, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral abscess, status epilepticus, head injury, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), diabetic emergencies, thyroid emergencies, Addisonian crisis, hypopituitary coma, phaeochromocytoma emergencies, acute poisoning, poisons and their antidotes, paracetamol poisoning, salicylate poisoning, burns, and hypothermia
Genomic Diversity in the Endosymbiotic Bacteria of Human Head Lice
Authors: Boyd Bret M , House Niyomi , Carduck Christopher W , Reed David L
Published: March 2024

Insects have repeatedly forged symbioses with heritable microbes, gaining novel traits. For the microbe, the transition to symbioses can lead to the degeneration of the symbiont's genome through transmission bottlenecks, isolation, and the loss of DNA repair enzymes. However, some insect-microbial symbioses have persisted for millions of years, suggesting that natural selection slows genetic drift and maintains functional consistency between symbiont populations. By sampling in multiple countries, we examine genomic diversity within a symbiont species, a heritable symbiotic bacterium found only in human head lice. We find that human head louse symbionts contain genetic diversity that appears to have arisen contemporaneously with the appearance of anatomically modern humans within Africa and/or during the colonization of Eurasia by humans. We predict that the observed genetic diversity underlies functional differences in extant symbiont lineages, through the inactivation of genes involved in symbiont membrane construction. Furthermore, we find evidence of additional gene losses prior to the appearance of modern humans, also impacting the symbiont membrane. From this, we conclude that symbiont genome degeneration is proceeding, via gene inactivation and subsequent loss, in human head louse symbionts, while genomic diversity is maintained. Collectively, our results provide a look into the genomic diversity within a single symbiont species and highlight the shared evolutionary history of humans, lice, and bacteria.
Consensus statement on the management of late-onset rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Kojima Masayo , Sugihara Takahiko , Kawahito Yutaka , Kojima Toshihisa , Kaneko Yuko , Ishikawa Hajime , Abe Asami , Matsui Kazuo , Hirata Shintaro , Kishimoto Mitsumasa , Tanaka Eiichi , Morinobu Akio , Hashimoto Motomu , Matsushita Isao , Hidaka Toshihiko , Matsui Toshihiro , Nishida Keiichiro , Asai Shuji , Ito Hiromu , Harada Ryozo , Harigai Masayoshi
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Late-onset rheumatoid arthritis (LORA), which has been increasing in recent years, lacks evidence for initial treatment. Japanese rheumatology experts recognized this gap and addressed it by developing consensus statements on the first clinical application of LORA.

Methods

These statements were created following an introductory discussion about treatment fundamentals, which included a review of existing literature and cohort data. The steering committee created a draft, which was refined using a modified Delphi method that involved panel members reaching a consensus. The panel made decisions based on input from geriatric experts, clinical epidemiologists, guideline developers, patient groups, and the LORA Research Subcommittee of the Japan College of Rheumatology.

Results

The consensus identified four established facts, three basic approaches, and six expert opinions for managing LORA. Methotrexate was recommended as the primary treatment, with molecular-targeted agents being considered if treatment goals cannot be achieved. An emphasis was placed on assessing the lives of older patients due to challenges in risk management and methotrexate accessibility caused by comorbidities or cognitive decline.

Conclusions

The experts substantiated and refined 13 statements for the initial treatment of LORA. To validate these claims, the next is to conduct a registry study focusing on new LORA cases.
Fibrillar adhesives with unprecedented adhesion strength, switchability and scalability
Authors: Linghu Changhong , Liu Yangchengyi , Yang Xudong , Li Dong , Tan Yee Yuan , Mohamed Hafiz Mohamed Haziq Bin , Rohani Mohammad Fadhli Bin , Du Zihao , Su Jiangtao , Li Yan , Huo Yucheng , Xu Hanyan , Wang Xiufeng , Wang Yifan , Yu Jing , Gao Huajian , Hsia K Jimmy
Published: March 2024

Bio-inspired fibrillar adhesives have received worldwide attention but their potentials have been limited by a trade-off between adhesion strength and adhesion switchability, and a size scale effect that restricts the fibrils to micro/nanoscales. Here, we report a class of adhesive fibrils that achieve unprecedented adhesion strength (∼2 MPa), switchability (∼2000), and scalability (up to millimeter-scale at the single fibril level), by leveraging the rubber-to-glass (R2G) transition in shape memory polymers (SMPs). Moreover, R2G SMP fibrillar adhesive arrays exhibit a switchability of >1000 (with the aid of controlled buckling) and an adhesion efficiency of 57.8%, with apparent contact area scalable to 1000 mm2, outperforming existing fibrillar adhesives. We further demonstrate that the SMP fibrillar adhesives can be used as soft grippers and reusable superglue devices that are capable of holding and releasing heavy objects >2000 times of their own weight. These findings represent significant advances in smart fibrillar adhesives for numerous applications, especially those involving high-payload scenarios.
Healthcare Utilization Among Infants Covered by Medicaid and Newly Diagnosed With Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Authors: Suh Mina , Movva Naimisha , Jiang Xiaohui , Reichert Heidi , Pastula Susan T , Sacks Naomi C , Frankenfeld Cara , Fryzek Jon P , Simões Eric A F
Published: March 2024

Background

Infants covered by Medicaid have higher respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalization rates than those with commercial insurance, but findings are limited to the inpatient setting. This birth cohort study describes healthcare encounters for RSV across all settings among infants covered by Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program.

Methods

Medicaid claims for infants born and residing in Arizona (AZ), California (CA), Florida (FL), Michigan (MI), North Carolina (NC), New York (NY), and Texas (TX) were analyzed for first diagnosis of RSV in 2016–2018 using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes. Encounters on the day of first diagnosis were examined by setting in 7 states and by setting and race in CA, FL, and NC.

Results

A total of 80 945 infants were diagnosed with RSV in 7 states in 2016–2018. The highest encounter rates for first RSV diagnosis were in the emergency department (ED) in 5 states (11.0–33.4 per 1000 in AZ, CA, FL, MI, and NY) and outpatient setting in 2 states (54.8 and 68.5 per 1000 in TX and NC). Significantly higher outpatient encounter rates were found in CA and NC for White infants compared to non-White infants. In NC, ED encounter rates were significantly higher for non-White infants than White infants, whereas in CA, the rates were comparable. In these 2 states, hospitalization rates were similar across groups. In FL, compared with White infants, non-White infants had significantly higher encounter rates in each setting on the day of first RSV diagnosis.

Conclusions

This is the first study to describe the burden of RSV by setting and race. Medicaid infants who are newly diagnosed with RSV have the highest burden in ED and outpatient settings.
Mind and Hand
Authors: Anderson Glaire D.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 2, “Mind and Hand,” focuses on the chronicle’s account of Ibn Firnās as the Córdoban Umayyad court’s first designer and maker of fine scientific instruments. It discusses the intersections with literary culture, as revealed by poetry preserved in the chronicle. The chapter then presents the earliest extant Islamic instruments (especially astrolabes but also the oldest extant celestial globe). These instruments include inscriptions that name their makers as prominent intellectuals and that illustrate the connections between science and craft that Ibn Firnās’s reputation as court instrument maker reveals. Medieval Islamic intellectual and social elites were at times actively engaged in design and craft, and such skills could be visibly demonstrated and acknowledged—even celebrated—in Islamic court societies.
Does Counter-Terrorism Work?
Authors: English Richard
Published: March 2024

State responses to terrorism have shaped politics and society globally. But how far, and in what precise ways, has counter-terrorism actually succeeded? This book offers an interrogation of the effectiveness of state responses to terrorist violence. The text defines what effective counter-terrorism would involve, and then tests that layered framework through cross-case, balanced, historically focused comparison of important counter-terrorist campaigns. Chapters assess in detail the strategic, tactical, and personal or political achievements and failures evident in this blood-stained field of work. It is a story of analytical, but also practical, importance for us all.
Gendering the Ḥadīth Tradition
Authors: Rehman Sofia
Published: March 2024

Gendering the Ḥadīth Tradition: Recentring the Authority of Aisha, Mother of the Believers presents for the first time a partial translation and study of Imam Badr al-Dīn al-Zarkashī’s work, al-Ijāba li-Īrādi mā Istadraktahu ʿĀ’isha ʿAla al-Ṣaḥābah—The Corrective: ʿĀ’isha’s Rectification of the Companions. It critically analyses from the perspective of ḥadīth criticism a number of sections presenting Aisha’s corrections of key Companions, including ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbbās, and Abū Hurayra, applying classical ḥadīth methodology to the scrutiny of narrators by way of impugnment and validation (al-jarḥ wa al-tʿadīl) in an effort to re-construct and re-present Aisha as a central authority in Islamic knowledge production. Sofia Rehman offers a major rethinking of the ḥadīth and jurisprudential traditions by evaluating how Aisha responded to ḥadīths that were being ascribed, often incorrectly, as authoritative statements of the Prophet Muhammad. The study elicits a methodology for ḥadīth criticism which is sure to challenge classical approaches. Rehman unearths the scholarly acumen of Aisha in her discussion of several legal positions which Aisha held in contradistinction to many of the male authorities among the Companions. She offers an emergent methodology of Aisha in the scrutiny of the actual statements (matn) of traditions, not just the chains of transmission (isnād). The contributions of this study to the development of the legal tradition (fiqh) also lies in a framework based on the pattern of how Aisha approaches juridical matters. The implications for this are many, especially regarding women and their spiritual and daily life and practice.
Objective Morality
Authors: Camposampiero Matteo Favaretti
Published: March 2024

In the German Ethics, Wolff defends the objectivist view that free actions are intrinsically good or evil, “and they are not made such just by God’s will.” Drawing on Grotius’s so-called impious hypothesis, Wolff claims that free actions would remain good or evil even in the hypothetical case that God did not exist. This turns out to be at odds with Wolff’s principle that essences have their origin in God’s intellect, so that if God did not exist, there would be no essences at all. This chapter sheds light on the problematic relation between Wolff’s theological foundation of essentialism and his non-theological foundation of ethics. After reconstructing the evolution of Wolff’s doctrine of obligation from 1703 to 1720, I consider the subsequent polemics against Wolff’s moral objectivism, his later account of adiaphora, and his reaction to the charge of inconsistency.
Wolff’s Ethical Experimentalism and its Roots in his German Ethics
Authors: Fugate Courtney D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter argues that Wolff’s emphasis on the difficulty of knowing the natural law is contrary to what is found in the earlier tradition. Furthermore, it argues that this emphasis is a symptom of the profound renovation Wolff wishes to effect in the content and method of natural law ethics itself. This renovation is to consist in reformulating the framework of traditional natural law on the foundation of a modern, observational, and experimental conception of human nature. And since a core feature of modern scientific method lies in its ability to demonstrably overturn long-received, even ancient assumptions about the world, so Wolff’s theory of natural law proposes to do the same for our assumptions about good and evil. On this basis, the chapter argues that the German Ethics ought to be seen as a central pillar of Wolff’s project of reconstructing all of philosophy on a truer marriage of reason and experience.
Defining ‘Securities’ in the European Capital Markets Code
Authors: Dybiński Jacek , Oplustil Krzysztof
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the state of legislation concerning the definition of ‘securities’ in the capital markets law of the European Union and explores perspectives of codifying a uniform definition of ‘securities’ in the European Capital Markets Code. It presents general characteristics, genealogy, and taxonomy of concepts and definitions of ‘securities’ in the European capital markets laws. An in-depth analysis of ‘transferable securities’ definitions in the Markets in the Financial Instruments Directive II is accompanied by an assessment of several context-specific definitions from other EU capital markets law acts, eg Prospectus Regulation, Transparency Directive, and Market Abuse Directive. The study tests the feasibility of rethinking the definition of ‘securities’ in the EU capital markets law by providing a comparative view from the US securities regulation, contrasting perspectives from the Member States’ laws and a description of the EU initiatives to harmonize the substantive securities laws. Inquiring whether and how ‘securities’ could be defined in the European Capital Markets Code involves an evaluation whether there could be a monistic definition of a polymorphic instrument functioning in the multi-centric regulation, or whether the ‘unity of multiplicities’ should prevail as the feasible model in European securities law. In this context, the study explores three regulatory options of varying intensity and invasiveness which would lead to different outcomes.
A Case for Higher-Order Metaphysics
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: March 2024

Higher-order logic augments first-order logic with devices that let us generalize into grammatical positions other than that of a singular term. Some recent metaphysicians have advocated for using these devices to raise and answer questions that bear on many traditional issues in philosophy. In contrast to these `higher-order metaphysicians', traditional metaphysics has often focused on parallel, but importantly different, questions concerning special sorts of abstract objects: propositions, properties and relations. The answers to the higher-order and the property-theoretic questions may coincide sometimes but will often come apart. I argue that when they do, the higher-order questions are closer to the metaphysical action and so it would be better for these debates to proceed in higher-order terms.
Reality as Tall and Fine, Not Flat and Coarse
Authors: Linnebo Øystein
Published: March 2024

The dominant view in today's higher-order metaphysics favors strong higher-order comprehension axioms. This enables us to prove some strong generalizations of Cantor's theorem, which place strict limits on how finely individuated higher-order entities can be. This article discusses some arguments for and against the strong comprehension axioms. Existing arguments are found wanting. Based on a hierarchical conception of reality, an improved case is developed for restricting comprehension, in a way that makes the world safe for fine-grained higher-order entities. Thus, for all we know, reality may be tall and fine, not flat and coarse.
Higher-Order Metaphysics and Propositional Attitudes
Authors: Lederman Harvey
Published: March 2024

According to relationism, for Alice to believe that some rabbits can speak is for Alice to stand in a relation to a further entity, some rabbits can speak. But what could this further entity possibly be? Higher-order metaphysics seems to offer a simple, natural answer. On this view (roughly put), expressions in different syntactic categories (for instance: names, predicates, sentences) in general denote entities in correspondingly different ontological categories. Alice's belief can thus be understood to relate her to a sui generis entity denoted by “some rabbits can speak”, belonging to a different ontological category than Alice herself. This straightforward account of the attitudes has historically been deemed so attractive that it was seen as an important motivation for higher-order metaphysics itself (Prior 1971). But I argue that it is not as straightforward as it might seem, and in fact that propositional attitudes present a foundational challenge for higher-order metaphysics.
Pickel Against Second-Order Primitivism
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: March 2024

In ‘Against Second-Order Primitivism’, Bryan Pickel questions the understanding of second-order languages defended in Modal Logic as Metaphysics (Williamson 2013). In particular, he opposes my refusal of reductionist readings of the second-order quantifiers as restrictions of an unrestricted first-order quantifier. In this chapter, I will explain why Pickel’s arguments are not responsive to the main case for an anti-reductionist higher-order approach, and note some troubles into which his reductionism draws him.
Time Experiences in Dance
Authors: Bläsing Bettina
Published: March 2024

Dance, as a fully embodied art form, is deeply anchored in space and time. Time in dance is structured through the dynamics of dancers’ bodies, as well as through rhythmic and musical cues. Temporal coordination is fundamental to dance on many levels, from the skilled execution of complex whole-body moves to the concerted action of a dance company. Even though dance does not necessarily depend on the presence of music, the ability to entrain to a rhythm is fundamental on many levels. Equally important are memory-based processes, from the learning, flawless reproduction, and real-time adaptation of choreography to the ad hoc application of an extensive movement repertoire in improvisation. This chapter takes a closer look at how time is experienced both while watching dance and while dancing, during live performances or at club parties.
Joint Shaping of Musical Time
Authors: Goebl Werner , Bishop Laura
Published: March 2024

Performing in a music ensemble requires the ensemble members to adapt their individual understanding of the music to that of their co-performers during rehearsal or performance, such that they may coordinate their individual micro timing and come up with a cohesive, shared sound. Both planned and emergent coordination are involved in classical ensembles achieving a common creative interpretation of a notated score. This interpretation may be more prototypical than the performers’ individual understanding would be, reducing the risk of divergence and stabilizing the collective performance. Beyond exchanging auditory information—essential for maintaining precise temporal synchronization—ensemble members communicate through the visual domain, exchanging cueing or conducting gestures and glances, as well as establishing patterns of body sway that tend to synchronize during performance. These and other communicative behaviours may set the scene for the emergence of togetherness, a subjective feeling of being in a shared cognitive-emotional state that simultaneously enhances the experience of performers and observers.
Measuring Experienced Time While Listening to Music
Authors: Knowles Kristina L. , Ashley Richard
Published: March 2024

Studies in time perception have had to address two interrelated problems: (a) the extent to which the structure of events in time, both internal and external, influence temporal experience; and (b) how to best capture or represent an individual’s perception or experience of time. Both of these problems are compounded when considering the impacts of music on experienced time. This chapter presents the use of a novel continuous response methodology to collect responses for individuals while they listen to music, allowing the granularity of local musical structures and their potential impact on fluctuations in perceived time to be explored. Data were collected from several different musical excerpts containing significant contrasts in musical structure. These included excerpts containing alternations between motives and silences, shifts between metred and unmetred passages of music, and sudden changes in texture. By collecting responses generated ‘in-time’ while listening to these excerpts, the perceptual effects of the contrasting musical structures in isolation as well as their causal relationship within a larger musical passage could be examined. The chapter concludes by discussing the relevance of the findings for the future development of a multivariable model for time perception in music.
Timing, Tempo, and Rhythm
Authors: Copeland Stewart A. , Levitin Daniel J.
Published: March 2024

Research in the cognitive neuroscience of music has grown exponentially over the past two decades with a particular ramping up of research in rhythm, timing and movement. Philosophical, practical, and theoretical questions about music that have intrigued people for centuries can finally be investigated in the laboratory, as work that combines neuroimaging techniques with evolving methods from psychophysics and social psychology has created a golden age of music psychology research. The benefits of this research for both scientists and performing artists alike are plentiful. This chapter shares insights from the laboratory and from the stage. The authors’ aim was to review what they know through these different and complementary ways of knowing, and survey what they believe are the most fruitful areas for future research.
Spirits of the Space Age
Authors: Hayes Kelly E.
Published: March 2024

The Valley of the Dawn (Vale do Amanhecer) is a unique psychic ecosystem: equal parts religious movement, enchanted city, utopian vision, and theatrical spectacle. Hundreds of mediums dressed in dazzling vestments gather there daily to perform ceremonies for healing and karmic redemption. They consider themselves the spiritual descendants of an ancient race of extraterrestrials originally sent to galvanize humanity’s cultural and spiritual evolution. Founded in the 1960s by a charismatic spirit medium called Aunt Neiva (1925–1985), the Valley of the Dawn synthesizes elements from Christianity, Spiritism, Afro-Brazilian religions, UFO beliefs, and esoteric philosophies into a Space Age cosmology focused on healing and self-transformation. Today the Valley is home to over 25,000 people and the center of a global religious movement with more than 800 affiliated temples worldwide. Spirits of the Space Age details the Valley’s historical emergence and explores its “imagined world”—the imaginative and collectively shared representations that foster a common sense of identity, meaning, and purpose among Valley members. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, it offers a narrative portrait of a new religious movement as seen in and through the lives of Aunt Neiva, her most important collaborators, and contemporary adherents. By presenting a more complete picture of the Valley of the Dawn, this book counters the persistent media representations of the Valley as a cult. But it also illuminates how religious movements respond to their particular place and time even as they situate themselves in relationship to imagined otherworlds and times.
The Second Rescue
Authors: Doolan Yuri W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter investigates the reemergence of mixed race Koreans in US political culture in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. Although these individuals had more or less disappeared from the national spotlight by the mid-1960s, US military defeat and ambivalence surrounding Operation Babylift—a government-sponsored initiative to rescue some 2,000 Vietnamese orphans in the midst of Saigon’s fall—would bring them back to the forefront of American consciousness. In the aftermath of the airlifts, the question of what would become of America’s mixed race progeny left behind under communist rule loomed large. Searching for answers, Americans looked to an older generation of mixed race Koreans to imagine the future of Vietnamese American children. Eventually, this curiosity would lead to the Amerasian immigration proposals of the 1980s, in which Koreans and their champions played a crucial role as advocates for Southeast Asian children born from US military encounters abroad.
Epilogue
Authors: Doolan Yuri W.
Published: March 2024

The epilogue of this book examines the demise of the Amerasian, which has as much to do with defeat in Vietnam and the official end of the Cold War in Asia as it does the emergence of mixed race Korean subjectivity. In the twenty-first century, mixed race Koreans are speaking out about their lived historical experiences and organizing around DNA testing to undo the ideological erasure of their Korean pasts. Through these efforts, hundreds of adoptees have been reunited with their birth families. The activism and cultural work of this first generation ultimately shows how they, too, are contesting dominant narratives and finding their own origins beyond the Amerasian.
Sand Rush
Authors: Devienne Elsa , Price Jenny
Published: March 2024

Los Angeles’s shoreline is among the world’s most iconic natural landscapes, yet how natural is it? How did it come to embody the quintessential modern beach experience? In the early 1900s, Angelenos lamented the condition of LA’s shores; many beaches were private and inaccessible to the public. Sand Rush recounts the beach modernization campaign that transformed Los Angeles into one of the world’s greatest coastal metropolises, revealing how the city’s man-made shores hosted the reinvention of seaside leisure and the triumph of modern bodies. Between the 1920s and 1960s, LA engineers, city officials, urban planners, and the business elite collaborated to transform relatively untouched beaches into modern playgrounds for the white middle class. They cleaned up and artificially enlarged the beaches, destroying old piers and barracks to make room for new accommodations. This powerful beach lobby adapted the beach experience to the suburban age, preventing much-feared white flight from the coast. Southern California became a national reference point for beach planning, with vast public spaces created for Angelenos to express themselves and forge lively subcultures. By mid-century, Southern California’s beaches were a global cultural phenomenon, yet these transformations adversely affected certain beachgoers—especially African Americans, gay men and women, and bodybuilders—whose presence there did not align with the beach lobby’s vision. In Los Angeles, modern expectations of the beach and beach bodies took shape. When rising sea levels threaten the world’s shorelines, Sand Rush reveals the web of environmental, social, and cultural factors that created these influential American spaces.
Can You Be a Catholic and a Feminist?
Authors: Rubio Julie Hanlon
Published: March 2024

The fundamental question of this book is the possibility of reconciling Catholic and feminist identities. Answers adopted in the decades since Vatican II and the rise of second-wave feminism are still broadly held, but with increasing tentativeness and a growing sense of their inadequacy. Today, tensions between Catholicism and feminism are more visible, and strong ties to Catholic communities are eroding, making answers that worked in decades past increasingly fragile. This book attempts a new synthesis, arguing that Catholic feminist identity is only possible if one (1) frankly acknowledges tensions between Catholicism and feminism, (2) goes deep enough into both traditions to see the gaps between them and all they hold in common, and (3) consciously cultivates an authentically feminist way of being Catholic. In nine short chapters, tensions and synergy between Catholics and feminists are explored through various lenses, including sex, marriage, work, gender, power, spirituality, and belonging. Moving from easier to difficult, the author confronts each issue in turn, revealing underacknowledged common ground without ever looking away from deeper fissures. The book aims to give those who struggle to balance Catholic faith and feminist commitments a credible path to authentic belonging.
An Unholy Traffic
Authors: Colby Robert K.D.
Published: March 2024

During the American Civil War, Confederates bought and sold thousands of men, women, and children. A robust and surviving slave trade, the extension of a traffic that had emerged to support the rise of the Cotton Kingdom, enabled them to do so. Even though the war destroyed the economy that had long underpinned American slavery, Confederates nevertheless traded people from Fort Sumter to Appomattox. Some took advantage of the enduring slave trade to shape their experiences of the war, using their ability to force people into motion to mobilize for the conflict or to weather the numerous crises it created on the homefront. Others speculated wildly, investing in the enslaved during the war to fight off inflation and to buy shares in the slaveholding future for which they fought. Still others traded people to ward off the progress of emancipation. For those held in slavery, meanwhile, the surviving slave trade dramatically shaped the ways in which they encountered freedom, preventing many from achieving it by yanking them back into bondage even as it inspired others to take the risk of escaping. The Civil War slave trade thus profoundly shaped the experience of the conflict for all residents of the American South. Regardless of the choices they made—to buy or to sell people, to risk sale or to flee from it—the effects of the slave trade reverberated throughout the conflict and produced legacies that endured long after the guns fell silent.
Students With Adverse Childhood Experiences
Authors: Powell Tara , Muller Jenna
Published: March 2024

This chapter explains adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their impact on children’s physical and mental health. It provides an overview of the research and literature on school-based interventions designed to reduce the impact of ACEs at the individual and systems level. An overview of trauma-informed care (TIC) is presented as a guide for mitigating the short- and long-term effects of exposure to childhood adversity. Steps for implementing TIC are also provided with specific examples of school-based interventions and websites to inform school personnel on strategies to reduce the consequences of ACEs. A practice example demonstrates the application of TIC in schools, and a trauma-informed checklist is provided to aid schools in establishing TIC practices and policies.
Students With ADHD
Authors: Teasley Martell L. , Teasley Bonita R.
Published: March 2024

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder with both genetic and environmental influences that impair executive functioning. Frequently diagnosed during school years, ADHD is the most common neurobehavioral problem affecting children 3 to 17 years of age. School-aged children with ADHD experience a host of psychological and behavioral challenges causing problems in the home and school environments. Researchers have identified the symptomatology of children’s exposure to adverse childhood experiences as similar in nature to children experiencing problems related to ADHD. There is also the challenge of overdiagnosis of ADHD, particularly among low-income minoritized populations. This chapter discusses research related to ADHD in school-aged children and youth to include information on children’s symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment modalities, financial/economic considerations, and intervention with teachers, parents, and families. The authors provide information on trauma-informed care and stress the need for school-based professionals to understand issues related to racial/ethnic and gender disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment. A host of resources are identified to assist school-based professionals who work with children and families diagnosed with ADHD. The authors provide a case scenario based on evidence-based approaches to assessment and treatment for school-aged children, youth, and families who experience ADHD diagnosis.
Expansive Ecological Model for Attendance and Engagement Interventions
Authors: Guz Samantha , Irsheid Sireen
Published: March 2024

Attendance and school engagement have been long-standing goals within school social work. This chapter re-engages these goals through the Transformative Racial Equity Framework (TREF), an approach that explicitly identifies structural racism as the primary barrier to school attendance and engagement. After renewing literature on how structural racism manifests in barriers to school engagement, the authors apply TREF to direct practice. By applying TREF to direct practice, the authors hope to counter the pervasive notion that school attendance and engagement are individualized problems of student deficits. Through a case example, the authors demonstrate how TREF can help foster structural competency and reconceptualize school engagement interventions. The chapter closes with a discussion of school engagement and attendance as structural problems that require the political engagement of school social work.
Improving School Climate
Authors: Capp Gordon , Astor Ron Avi
Published: March 2024

This chapter reviews and examines definitions of school climate along with important additions to traditional models of school climate, including a focus on academic achievement and organizational factors. It highlights the Welcoming, Empowering, and Monitoring Approach as a way to understand the nuances of climate that exist in various schools, and the importance of combining ground-up data and solutions with large-scale data and top-down interventions. In addition, this chapter encourages practitioners to consider the school, rather than individuals, as the client so that interventions to understand and improve climate benefit all stakeholders: students, staff, parents, and community members. It presents strategies for school social workers, school psychologists, and other nonteaching school staff, who may be charged with changing and improving school climate.
Gang-Involved Youth in Schools
Authors: Hernandez Robert A. , Garcia Lauren M. , Tam Margaret Y. W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on school practitioners working with gang-involved/affiliated youth. The chapter discusses the challenges and errors schools face when attempting to address students involved with gangs. It details the current state of evidence-based gang intervention models and programs that address not only gang behaviors but also those that have both a mental health needs focus and a collaborative approach. The chapter guides the reader toward not only understanding the need for incorporating cultural humility, culturally sensitive approaches, respect, authenticity, strengths-based and ecological perspectives; for creating strong rapport between therapist and student; and for fashioning a safe therapeutic environment, but also it presents key components that allow said strategies to occur.