bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Welfare Conditionality Reduce Democratic Participation?
Authors: Watson Sara
Published: December 2014

The past 20 years have witnessed a shift to work-based welfare conditionality within the advanced welfare states, as access to social benefits are increasingly predicated on individuals agreeing to behavioral conditions related to participation in the labor market. Existing literature on the political consequences of this shift offers contradictory expectations. While new paternalists claim that it should increase political participation among benefit recipients, others argue that it has a depressive effect. The majority of existing studies rely on cross-sectional analyses, which leaves them open to charges of selection bias. Utilizing multiple longitudinal research designs, this article finds that conditionality has a depressive effect on patterns of democratic engagement. Welfare conditionality reduces political and civic participation, political interest and efficacy, and personal efficacy. In disaggregating conditionality’s effects across two client groups, the article finds largely positive effects among recipients of the contributory disability benefit but negative effects among means-tested recipients of the lone parent benefit.
Ghosts from the past: India’s undead languages
Authors: Ollett Andrew
Published: December 2014

What is Paiśācī and how does it fit into a larger history of language and literature in pre-modern India? A re-examination of the sources suggests three points: first, that when people first started talking about Paiśācī in the mid-first millennium CE, it was not thought to be a language in the same sense that Sanskrit and Prakrit were languages; second, that Paiśācī was integrated into Indian classifications of language at a later stage (ninth–tenth centuries), through the related influences of theatrical knowledge (nāṭyaśāstra) and Prakrit grammar; third, that the Bṛhatkathā—which has always been imagined to be ground zero for Paiśācī—was ‘lost’ not just in the weak sense (of a text that is no longer available at a certain time and place) but in a stronger sense (of a text that is fundamentally incompatible with the principles of textuality operative at a certain time and place). I conclude that the term Paiśācī is a playful reinterpretation of bhūtabhāṣā, ‘the language of the past’, and that the language is a relic of a textual culture that itself became a ‘ghost’ with the advent of the Sanskrit cosmopolis around the second century CE.
‘I do not envy you’: Mixed marriages and immigration debates in the 1920s and 1930s Rangoon, Burma
Authors: Mazumder Rajashree
Published: December 2014

This article uses the mixed marriage debate in 1920s and 1930s Rangoon as a lens to understand how the figure of the Indian immigrant was created in the official discourse and popular imagination in Burma.As the discussion on mixed marriages unfolded amongst lawmakers and in the Burmese public sphere in the early twentieth century, it perpetuated the stereotype of the avaricious Burmese woman and the Indian was portrayed as a single male temporary worker who was in Burma for employment and left the woman once he returned back home. The problem of abandoned women as a result of inter-racial marriages was, in reality, a larger problem of Indian immigration into Burma. In 1940, with the Indo-Burmese immigration agreement, marriage or cohabitation between Indian male immigrant and women belonging to the indigenous races of Burma was made a condition for cancellation of a permit or visa granted to a migrant Indian male.
Breaking up: Dividing assets between India and Pakistan in times of Partition
Authors: Sengupta Anwesha
Published: December 2014

This article explores the process of dividing the government assets and liabilities between India and Pakistan and the method of splitting the colonial administration, bureaucracy and the army as a consequence of partition of British India in 1947. It closely studies the decisions that were taken in the Partition Council, the debates and discussions behind them and the ways of implementing them on the ground. Though we associate partition with chaos and conflict, this article shows that the representatives of both sides tried to work in an orderly manner to divide the assets and liabilities. However, what was ‘Indian’ and what was ‘Pakistani’, which institution should be divided and which one was too ‘unique’ for partition, became points of contestation. This article examines these debates and complicates the general understanding of the transition from the colonial to the post-colonial as entirely chaotic and contentious. It also shows how partition shaped post-colonial national imaginations in India and Pakistan.
Book Review: Smritikumar Sarkar, Technology and Rural Change in Eastern India 1830–1980
Authors: Kerr Ian J.
Published: December 2014

Smritikumar Sarkar, Technology and Rural Change in Eastern India 1830–1980, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 355.
The Fluid Middle in South Korean Politics
Authors: Chae Haesook
Published: December 2014

This article explores the role that political ideology played in shaping the outcome of the 2012 presidential election in South Korea. It conceptualizes political ideology as two-dimensional and utilizes cluster analysis to identify distinct ideological groups. By analyzing two sets of survey data collected in 2012, it discovers four ideological groups.

A striking result uncovered by the cluster analysis is the change in party identification and voting in favor of the conservative party made by one group in particular—a change that proved to be the competitive edge the conservative party candidate needed to win the fiercely competitive two-way election. In other words, this group served as the fluid middle.
‘Orwellian’ Discourse in ELT: a Threat to Professional Diversity
Authors: Waters Alan
Published: December 2014

The diversity of opinion about pedagogy within ELT (English Language Teaching) makes it essential that its professional discourse is sufficiently inclusive. However, this often fails to occur because ELT professional discussion is frequently too ‘Orwellian’ in nature, i.e. behaves in a manner resembling the political structures in the novel ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ (Orwell, 1949). For example, a form of professional ‘newspeak’ often exists, whereby meanings of words are aligned with ‘approved’ ways of thinking, such as in the use of the term ‘authentic’. A second frequent occurrence is ‘thoughtcrime’ (views contrary to those of the ‘ruling party’ being seen as unacceptable). The over-promotion of task-based learning can be seen as often taking such a form. Third, ‘doublethink’ (simultaneously believing in two contradictory ideas) is all too common, as in the advocacy of professional inclusivity, on the one hand, and the rejection of ‘English as a Native Language’ (ENL) as a pedagogical model on the other. As a result of such forms of ‘thought control’, a number of valid professional pedagogical perspectives are denigrated. The paper concludes by discussing how a less Orwellian and more representative form of professional discourse might be created.
The Improved Estimation of Ratio of Two Population Proportions
Authors: Solanki Ramkrishna S. , Singh Housila P.
Published: December 2014

In this article, first we obtained the correct mean square error expression of Gupta and Shabbir’s linear weighted estimator of the ratio of two population proportions. Later we suggested the general class of ratio estimators of two population proportions. The usual ratio estimator, Wynn-type estimator, Singh, Singh, and Kaur difference-type estimator, and Gupta and Shabbir estimator have been found to be members of the suggested class.
Does Research and Development Activity Increase Accrual-Based Earnings Management?
Authors: Shust Efrat
Published: December 2014

Prior literature suggests that research and development (R&D) activity is associated with volatile earnings and that, in general, managers perceive earnings volatility as unfavorable and seek to avoid it. Accordingly, I hypothesize and find that the extent to which firms engage in R&D (R&D intensity) is positively associated with the extent to which they engage in accrual-based earnings management, as measured by discretionary accruals. I also find that greater R&D intensity is associated with a smaller positive effect of discretionary accruals on earnings volatility, suggesting that R&D intensity and discretionary accruals constitute non-additive sources of information uncertainty. This study provides empirical evidence of the prevalence of earnings management practices in R&D-intensive industries, supporting conjectures of regulators, practitioners, and academics.
Proceedings From FDA/A.S.P.E.N. Public Workshop
Authors: Teitelbaum Daniel H. , Guenter Peggi , Griebel Donna , Abrams Steven A. , Bark Staffan , Baker Mary , Berry Karyn L. , Bistrian Bruce R. , Brenna J. Thomas , Bonnot Denis , Carpentier Yvon A. , Deckelbaum Richard J. , Hise Mary , Koletzko Berthold , Mirtallo Jay M. , Mulberg Andrew E. , O'Reilly Randall C. , Shaffer Jonathan , von Kleist Elke , Zaloga Gary P. , Ziegler Thomas R.
Published: December 2014

The development of intravenous fat emulsion (IVFE) is the culmination of physiological, biochemical, nutritional, and medical scientific advancements. IVFEs have the ability to deliver critical nutritional substrates to the patient. Recent literature purports that they may also play roles in modulation of immune functionality and pulmonary physiology, but data supporting these potential benefits are limited. While soybean‐based IVFEs have comprised the dominant fat in U.S. markets, a number of other novel IVFEs may prove to optimize the care of children and adults in both hospitalized and home settings. The October 2013 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Public Workshop brought together scientists, researchers, and clinical experts to present updated clinical perspectives of IVFEs, including historical development, current state of usage throughout the world, and considerations for the regulatory approval of new IVFEs in the United States.
Disastrous Publics
Authors: Tironi Manuel
Published: December 2014

This article explores how citizen participation was methodologically devised and materially articulated in the postdisaster reconstruction of Constitución, one of the most affected cities after the earthquake and tsunami that battered south central Chile in 2010. I argue that the techniques deployed to engineer the participation were arranged as a policy experiment where a particular type of public was provoked—one characterized by its emotional detachment, political engagement, and social tolerance. The case of Constitución, however, also shows that this public ran parallel to other forms of being a public not aligned with the experiment’s assumptions. More broadly, the article argues that while disaster studies need to acknowledge the generative capacities of public participation, science and technology studies should include disasters as a particular setting for participatory experiments.
Lineage Ties and Domestic Violence in Ghana
Authors: Asiedu Christobel
Published: December 2014

Although studies have revealed that there are numerous confounding factors affecting intimate partner violence in non-Western societies, the relevance of lineage ties has been overlooked. This article focuses on intimate partner physical violence (IPPV). Specifically, it employs data from the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey to examine the relationship between lineage groups and IPPV in Ghana. Data analyses reveal that married women who belong to patrilineal groups are more likely to experience IPPV, even after controlling for important sociodemographic factors, such as educational status and area of residence. Specifically, the probit regressions show that all else equal, the probability of experiencing IPPV is about 5 percentage points higher for women from patrilineal societies than for women from matrilineal societies. The logit regressions reveal that women from patrilineal societies are about 1.4 times more likely to experience IPPV than women from matrilineal societies. This research contributes to the scarce literature on the nature of domestic violence among women in sub-Saharan Africa.
Preclinical Biosafety Evaluation of Cell-based Therapies
Authors: Basu Joydeep , Assaf Basel T. , Bertram Timothy A. , Rao Mahendra
Published: December 2014

Cell-based therapies have the potential to treat a diversity of disease conditions, many representing significant and long-standing unmet medical needs. Certain properties of cell-based therapies, such as differentiation potential and proliferative potential, present safety concerns uniquely distinct from those of small molecule drugs and other macromolecule biologics. These cellular products carry risks associated with localized host tissue response, long-term persistence, ectopic tissue formation, differentiation to undesirable cell and tissue types, uncontrollable biodistribution, tumorigenicity, and immunogenicity. Such risks are generally evaluated in preclinical animal model studies as part of a comprehensive safety program prior to administration in humans. However, safety assessment for these products can be challenging because of inconsistent approaches to product characterization, inadequately defined product parameters that anticipate adverse events, and the lack of standardized approaches in evaluating in vivo host responses. In this symposium, we introduced cell-based therapies as an emerging product class to the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) and highlighted key challenges for consideration during product biosafety evaluation.
The Otologist’s Tuning Fork Examination—Are You Striking It Correctly?
Authors: Stevens Jayne R. , Pfannenstiel Travis J.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To determine if the manner in which a tuning fork is activated affects its vibrational response.

Study Design

Diagnostic test assessment.

Setting

Hearing Center of Excellence laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

A Polytec OFV‐5000 scanning vibrometer was used to measure the vibrational response of 256‐Hz, 512‐Hz, and 1024‐Hz tuning forks after activation. The tuning forks were activated to varying intensities by striking 4 unique surfaces: the head, palm, a metal surface, and a wood table.

Results

The fundamental frequency of the individual tuning fork was the dominant observed frequency in all testing scenarios. Additional nonharmonic frequencies were noted when the 256‐Hz and 512‐Hz tuning forks were struck off metal and wooden surfaces.

Conclusions

Additional nonfundamental sound frequencies produced secondary to striking a tuning fork off a metal object or a wooden table could affect clinical tuning fork examination and complicate decisions regarding surgical candidacy.
Delayed Nasoseptal Flaps for Endoscopic Skull Base Reconstruction
Authors: Choby Garret W. , Mattos Jose L. , Hughes Marion A. , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C. , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. , Wang Eric W.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

To assess delayed nasoseptal flaps as a viable reconstructive option for sellar defects, evaluate postoperative vascularity of delayed nasoseptal flaps, and compare cerebrospinal fluid leak and surgery‐specific complication rates of primary to delayed nasoseptal flaps.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Subjects and Methods

All patients undergoing transsellar approaches for skull base tumors from 2009 to 2013 were evaluated. In cases where the necessity of a vascularized reconstructive flap was made evident only after tumor resection, the nasoseptal flap was raised after tumor resection and/or cerebrospinal fluid leak development, thus constituting a delayed nasoseptal flap. Outcome measures include postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, cerebrospinal leak rates, and complication rates.

Results

During this timeframe, 437 patients underwent transsellar approaches. Primary nasoseptal flaps were used to reconstruct 179 patients while 32 patients had delayed flaps. All available postoperative MRI scans of delayed nasoseptal flap patients maintained vascularity on examination of T1 postcontrast images. There was no significant difference in cerebrospinal fluid leak rate between primary (3.4%) and delayed flaps (3.1%) (P =. 95). There was no significant difference in surgery‐specific complication rates between primary flaps (10.6%) and delayed flaps (3.1%; P =. 14). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated no significant effect of flap type, age, or sex on cerebrospinal fluid leak rates.

Conclusion

Delayed nasoseptal flaps are a viable reconstructive option for sellar skull base defects. They maintain vascularity as evidenced on postoperative MRI and are comparable to primary nasoseptal flaps with regard to cerebrospinal fluid leak rates and complication rates.
Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in women with iron deficiency anaemia
Authors: Akdogan Elif , Turkyilmaz Kemal , Ayaz Teslime , Tufekci Damla
Published: December 2014

Objective

To evaluate peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness in adult women with iron deficiency anaemia and healthy control subjects.

Methods

Women with iron deficiency anaemia and age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were sequentially recruited and underwent detailed ophthalmic examination, including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Serum haemoglobin (Hb), iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and mean corpuscular volume were determined.

Results

Peripapillary RNFL thicknesses in the nasal and inferior quadrants were significantly smaller in patients ( n = 40) than in controls ( n = 40). In the patient group, there were significant correlations between inferior quadrant RNFL thickness and Hb, and between nasal quadrant RNFL thickness and serum iron and ferritin concentrations, and TIBC.

Conclusion

Iron deficiency anaemia reduces RNFL thickness in adult women.
The relationship between coronary artery disease and pericoronary epicardial adipose tissue thickness
Authors: Aydın Ayşe Murat , Kayalı Alperen , Poyraz Ahmet Kurşad , Aydın Kemal
Published: December 2014

Objectives

A retrospective study to investigate the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT) and presence of coronary artery plaque, coronary artery disease (CAD) and CAD risk factors.

Methods

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) coronary angiography images were reviewed. Left anterior decending artery, right coronary artery and left circumflex artery pericoronary EATT were measured. Demographic, clinical and CAD risk factor data were obtained from medical records.

Results

Patients with CAD ( n = 49) had significantly larger mean EATT than those without CAD ( n = 101). Pericoronary EATT was significantly correlated with body mass index, total cholesterol level, coronary artery calcium score, hypertension and diabetes mellitus history.

Conclusions

There is an association between pericoronary EATT and CAD, as well as CAD risk factors. Pericoronary EATT measurement may become a widely used, easy-to-perform method for determining CAD risk.
Trust in standards: Transitioning clinical exome sequencing from bench to bedside
Authors: Timmermans Stefan
Published: December 2014

Clinical exome sequencing is a genetic technology making the transition from a laboratory research tool to a routine clinical technique used to diagnose patients. Standards help make this transition by offering authoritative shortcuts for time-intensive tasks, but each shortcut means that something is lost during abstraction. In clinical exome sequencing, reliance on standards may obscure the match between a patient’s phenotype and genotype. Based on three years of observations, I show how a clinical exome sequencing team decides when to trust standards and when to develop workarounds. I argue that the match between phenotype and genotype is circumscribed by the team’s reliance on specific standards and that trusting in standards means trusting in experts’ appropriate use of standards, generating a workflow of reflexive standardization.
A Comparison of Pacific, Māori, and European Violent Youth Offenders in New Zealand
Authors: Ioane Julia , Lambie Ian , Percival Teuila
Published: December 2014

Pacific Island and Māori youth are disproportionately overrepresented in Aotearoa/New Zealand in violent offending. To date, research has not examined Pacific Island violent youth offenders in comparison with other ethnic populations. This study compared Pacific Island violent youth offenders with Māori and European violent youth offenders to determine whether similarities or differences existed in their offending, social, and demographic characteristics. Findings showed that Pacific Island violent youth offenders, in comparison with Māori and European violent youth offenders, were more likely to have grown up in the lowest socioeconomic deprivation areas in New Zealand, were more likely to be older when they first started offending, and their first offence was more likely to be of a serious, violent nature. Family violence was present among all three ethnic groups highlighting the ongoing importance of intervention in this area. The findings of the current study are likely to have implications for government department policy makers, along with program providers and practitioners. Recommendations are made regarding clinical implications and future research on this population.
Introduction
Authors: Vestrucci Andrea
Published: December 2014

There is no rigorous philosophy which does not depend on history of philosophy, and which does not acknowledge this dependence; there is no cogent research on history of philosophy which does not take also a philosophical position. This is the credo informing the contributions to this Thesis Eleven special issue on Ágnes Heller. Yet each contribution embodies this afflatus in its specific way, each one discusses Ágnes Heller and with Ágnes Heller according to its own standpoint, whether ethics or epistemology, aesthetics or philosophy of history, (meta)philosophy or history and its vicissitudes. The fundamental tonality being the same, all contributions colour it with their rhythms and styles: a sort of philosophical “suite” inviting us to dance the philosophy of Ágnes Heller.
On Ágnes Heller’s aesthetic dimension
Authors: Qilin Fu
Published: December 2014

From the point of view of reflected postmodernity, Ágnes Heller constructs her own discourse of aesthetics on the basis of György Lukács’s contribution. She locates aesthetics in her social philosophy, philosophy of history, and ethics, transforming aesthetics from a ‘Marxist Renaissance’ to a ‘post-Marxist’ position, and points out that the paradoxes of modern culture can be avoided by a personality that is autonomous and moral in action. The notion of the beautiful character in everyday life is a symbol of the ideal type of society and of the good life in contrast to the God-forsaken world of modern dilemmas and the domination of the sublime in postmodernism. It is the expression of freedom and democracy in the contemporary age. Heller’s neo-humanist aesthetics is in essence the presentation of her cultural politics as a Great Republic.
Politically Driven
Authors: Boda Zsolt , Szabó Gabriella , Bartha Attila , Medve-Bálint Gergő , Vidra Zsuzsanna
Published: December 2014

Penal populism, advocating severe punishment of criminals, has greatly influenced justice policy measures in Eastern Europe over the last decade. This article takes Hungary as a typical case in the region and based on a recent criminal policy reform it investigates the roots of the penal populist discourse, which legitimizes and supports punitive measures. The research assumes that policy discourses need specific social actors that construct and promote them. Accordingly, the article explores whether the right-wing political parties and the tabloid media have taken a leading role in constructing the discourse of penal populism as a response to public concerns about crime. Content analysis and frame analysis of political communication and media was conducted to identify the discursive positions of major political parties and selected national media sources. The research found that penal populism was dominant in Hungarian political discourse while most of the media, including the tabloid press, have been rather reluctant to adopt punitive tones. The results thus contradict previous findings and offer a more nuanced view on how penal populism is being constructed and promoted in Eastern Europe.
Response to protecting research participants: in defence of Citizens Advice
Authors: Holgate Jane , Pollert Anna , Keles Janroj , Kumarappan Leena
Published: December 2014

This article is a response to a critique of our paper, ‘De-collectivization and employment problems: the experiences of minority ethnic workers seeking help through Citizens Advice’, published in this journal in 2012. We feel the author misunderstands the main tenet of the paper (the paucity of individual employment advice and a growing crisis for workers’ rights with the decline in collective union representation) and makes quite strident allegations attacking the methods we used to gather information from our interviewees. We refute these points and particularly the author’s claim that Citizens Advice was a ‘failing organisation’ – indeed our article concluded by making the case that more money should be invested in organisations such as Citizens Advice to provide employment advice.
What constitutes high performance in priority setting and resource allocation? Decision maker narratives identified from a survey and qualitative study in Canadian healthcare organizations
Authors: Smith Neale , Hall William , Mitton Craig , Bryan Stirling , Urquhart Bonnie
Published: December 2014

Priority setting and resource allocation are key management functions; however, there may be different understandings as to what makes for a high-performing organization in this area. To interpret how decision makers actually approach this question, our research looks at what might contribute to one’s reputation as such. Two sets of qualitative data are used. Senior healthcare leaders were asked to nominate organizations which they considered high performers in priority setting and resource allocation and to justify their choices. This open-ended question was analyzed to identify themes. Rigorous process was most often cited. Six case studies were subsequently conducted; respondents were asked to comment upon why they thought their organization might be named by others as a high performer. These replies were analyzed qualitatively to identify prominent storylines: three distinctive narratives are summarized here. These help us to understand how organization leaders in particular contexts bring together stakeholders to pursue locally appropriate strategies for achieving contextually defined high performance.
Multi-zone phenomenological model of combustion and emission characteristics and parametric investigations for split injections and multiple injections in common-rail direct-injection diesel engines
Authors: Rajkumar Sundararajan , Sudarshan GowriShankar
Published: December 2014

This paper presents the formulation of a multi-zone zone phenomenological model for predicting the combustion and emission characteristics of split-injection and multiple-injection common-rail direct-injection diesel engines. In this model, the instantaneous combustion space is divided into two regions, namely the spray zones and the surrounding air. The model predictions for combustion and emissions for split injections and multiple injections are validated with the measured results on a wide range of injection schedules available in the literature. The comparisons reveal the good predictive ability of the model with reasonable accuracy and demonstrate the applicability of the multi-zone model to multiple-injection common-rail direct-injection engines. Hence, the model is used for parametric investigations to analyse the effect of split injections and multiple injections on the combustion and emission characteristics of common-rail direct-injection diesel engines. The parametric investigations show that an increase in the pilot fuel quantity increases the nitrogen oxide emissions and reduces the soot emissions while the dwell period has to be optimized for simultaneous reductions in the nitrogen oxide emissions and the soot emissions. Therefore the present model can be used to achieve an optimal injection schedule for given engine operating conditions.
Design and evaluation of a remote measurement system for the online monitoring of rail vibration signals
Authors: Chong Liu , Jiahong Wei , Zhixin Zhang , Junsheng Liang , Tongqun Ren , Hongquan Xu
Published: December 2014

The dynamic strain and vibration acceleration are two key parameters in the monitoring of vibrations that can damage track and affect the safety of railway traffic. This paper presents a remote measurement system for the online monitoring of train-induced vibration responses in rail tracks. A precision data acquisition node is designed for the conditioning and monitoring of the vibration signals generated by trains traveling at full speed. The monitored data is remotely acquired using a wireless sensor network. Furthermore, the use of solar power significantly increases the long-term service life of the system. The system is validated using both laboratory tests and a field deployment over a period of several months on an in-service high-speed railway. The obtained results indicate that the remote measurement system can accurately collect dynamic strain and vibration acceleration signals in a rail; these signals can be processed and analyzed to allow timely maintenance actions.
Dynamic analysis of satellite separation considering the flexibility of interface rings
Authors: Cui Delin , Yan Shaoze , Li Junlan , Qin Zhaoye , Guo Xiaosong
Published: December 2014

Dynamic characteristics of satellite separation are synthetical results of various influencing factors. The improvement of research methods for designing and analyzing the separation system is of great importance for optimizing the dynamic performance of satellite separation. However, there is lack of an integrated approach for studying the satellite separation dynamics with full consideration of the attitude dynamics of satellites, the dynamic envelope of clamp band and the separation shock responses. This paper proposes a modeling and simulation method for comprehensively predicting the dynamic characteristics of satellite separation with the consideration of the flexibility of interface rings. A contrastive analysis of separation dynamics is carried out to determine the effects of the flexible interface rings on satellite separation dynamic characteristics. Subsequently, parametric studies on dynamics of satellite separation are performed, and research emphasis is placed on investigating the effects of position relative to the separation plane, the preload of clamp band, the friction coefficient and the pyroshock of explosive bolts on separation shock responses. The research method proposed in this paper provides a reference for the initial engineering design of the clamp band joint of satellite separation system.
Cognitive Advantage in Bilingualism
Authors: de Bruin Angela , Treccani Barbara , Della Sala Sergio
Published: December 2014

It is a widely held belief that bilinguals have an advantage over monolinguals in executive-control tasks, but is this what all studies actually demonstrate? The idea of a bilingual advantage may result from a publication bias favoring studies with positive results over studies with null or negative effects. To test this hypothesis, we looked at conference abstracts from 1999 to 2012 on the topic of bilingualism and executive control. We then determined which of the studies they reported were subsequently published. Studies with results fully supporting the bilingual-advantage theory were most likely to be published, followed by studies with mixed results. Studies challenging the bilingual advantage were published the least. This discrepancy was not due to differences in sample size, tests used, or statistical power. A test for funnel-plot asymmetry provided further evidence for the existence of a publication bias.
Social hierarchy in local Spanish-language print media: The discursive representation of Latino social actors in the United States
Authors: Strom Megan
Published: December 2014

This study critically examines the discursive construction of social hierarchy in local Spanish-language print media with the goal of determining the extent to which these representations challenge those found in the mainstream media. It focuses on the ways in which four linguistic and two sociosemantic constructs represent Latino social actors in local Spanish-language print media. It finds two patterns in the representation of Latino social actors, each of which leads to the establishment of a particular social hierarchy. The first pattern reifies a traditional Us/Them hierarchy by representing Latinos as subordinate social actors to Anglo Americans. The second pattern represents Latinos as equal or dominant to Anglo Americans and thus levels or reverses the traditional Us/Them hierarchy. The latter pattern is indicative of the potential for local Spanish-language print media to challenge the putative subordinate position of Latinos in the United States.
Mid- to late Holocene landscape change and anthropogenic transformations on Mo‘orea, Society Islands: A multi-proxy approach
Authors: Kahn Jennifer G , Nickelsen Cordelia , Stevenson Janelle , Porch Nick , Dotte-Sarout Emilie , Christensen Carl C , May Lauren , Athens J Stephen , Kirch Patrick V
Published: December 2014

Archaeology’s ability to generate long-term datasets of natural and human landscape change positions the discipline as an inter-disciplinary bridge between the social and natural sciences. Using a multi-proxy approach combining archaeological data with palaeoenvironmental indicators embedded in coastal sediments, we outline millennial timescales of lowland landscape evolution in the Society Islands. Geomorphic and cultural histories for four coastal zones on Mo‘orea are reconstructed based on stratigraphic records, sedimentology, pollen analysis, and radiocarbon determinations from mid- to late Holocene contexts. Prehuman records of the island’s flora and fauna are described utilizing landsnail, insect, and botanical data, providing a palaeo-backdrop for later anthropogenic change. Several environmental processes, including sea level change, island subsidence, and anthropogenic alterations, leading to changes in sedimentary budget have operated on Mo‘orea coastlines from c. 4600 to 200 BP. We document significant transformation of littoral and lowland zones which obscured earlier human activities and created significant changes in vegetation and other biota. Beginning as early as 440 BP (1416–1490 cal. ad), a major phase of sedimentary deposition commenced which can only be attributed to anthropogenic effects. At several sites, between 1.8 and 3.0 m of terrigenous sediments accumulated within a span of two to three centuries due to active slope erosion and deposition on the coastal flats. This phase correlates with the period of major inland expansion of Polynesian occupation and intensive agriculture on the island, indicated by the presence of charcoal throughout the sediments, including wood charcoal from several economically important tree species.
Increasing the understanding and use of natural archives of ecosystem services, resilience and thresholds to improve policy, science and practice
Authors: Pearson Stuart , Lynch A Jasmyn J , Plant Roel , Cork Steve , Taffs Kathryn , Dodson John , Maynard Simone , Gergis Joelle , Gell Peter , Thackway Richard , Sealie Lynne , Donaldson Jim
Published: December 2014

Despite the great potential of palaeo-environmental information to strengthen natural resource policy, science and practical outcomes naturally occurring archives of palaeo-environmental and ecosystem service information have not been fully recognised or utilised to inform the development of environmental policy. In this paper, we describe how Australian palaeo-environmental science is improving environmental understanding through local studies and regional syntheses that inform us about past conditions, extreme conditions and altered ecosystem states. Australian innovations in ecosystem services research and palaeo-environmental science contribute in five important contexts: discussions about environmental understanding and management objectives, improving access to information, improved knowledge about the dynamics of ecosystem services, increasing understanding of environmental processes and resource availability, and engaging interdisciplinary approaches to manage ecosystem services. Knowledge of the past is an important starting point for setting present and future resource management objectives, anticipating consequences of trade-offs, sharing risk and evaluating and monitoring the ongoing availability of ecosystem services. Palaeo-environmental information helps reframe discussions about desirable futures and collaborative efforts between scientists, planners, managers and communities. However, further steps are needed to translate the ecosystem services concept into ecosystem services policy and tangible management objectives and actions that are useful, feasible and encompass the range of benefits to people from ecosystems. We argue that increased incorporation of palaeo-environmental information into policy and decision-making is needed for evidence-based adaptive management to enhance sustainability of ecosystem functions and reduce long-term risks.
Understanding the Public’s Health Problems
Authors: Maycock Bruce
Published: December 2014

Public health has typically investigated health issues using methods from the positivistic paradigm. Yet these approaches, although they are able to quantify the problem, may not be able to explain the social reasons of why the problem exists or the impact on those affected. This article will provide a brief overview of a sociological theory that provides methods and a theoretical framework that has proven useful in understanding public health problems and developing interventions.
Nanoscale variation in energy dissipation in austenitic shape memory alloys in ultimate loading cycles
Authors: Amini Abbas , Yang Chunhui , Cheng Chun , Naebe Minoo , Xiang Yang
Published: December 2014

Wavy behaviours of hysteresis energy variation in nanoscale bulk of thermomechanical austenitic NiTi shape memory alloy are reported in ultimate nanoindentation loading cycles. One sharp and two spherical tips were used while two loading–unloading rates were applied. For comparison, another austenitic copper-based shape memory alloy, CuAlNi shape memory alloy, and a metal with no phase transition, elastoplastic Cu, were investigated. In shape memory alloys, the hysteresis energy variation ultimately undergoes a linear decrease with internal wavy fluctuations and no stabilisation was observed. The internal energy fluctuation in these alloys was found dissimilar depending on the loading–unloading rate and the indentation tip geometry. In contrast, there was an absence of both overall and internal variations in hysteresis energy for Cu after the second loading cycle. The underlying physics of these variations is discussed and found to be attributed to both the created dislocations and ratcheting thermal–mechanical behaviour of the phase-transformed volume in shape memory alloys.
Passive high-speed impact damage assessment in composite panels using embedded piezoelectric sensors
Authors: Zamorano Bruno , Elvin Niell
Published: December 2014

A novel damage parameter-based technique to passively assess the extent of delamination in a composite panel subjected to high-speed impact is presented. This damage parameter uses measurements obtained from a network of piezoelectric sensors embedded in a fiber glass composite panel to estimate the energy of the first impact-induced wave to arrive at the location of the sensor. This damage parameter is experimentally shown to correlate to the impact speed, absorbed energy, and to the extent of delamination damage in the material. The technique is tested for both penetrating and non-penetrating impacts. The damage parameter corrects for wave attenuation and dispersion due to distance of the sensor from the impact location and due to anisotropic absorption.
Flow Augmentation in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Yadollahikhales Golnaz , Borhani-Haghighi Afshin , Torabi-Nami Mohammad , Edgell Randall , Cruz-Flores Salvador
Published: December 2014

There is an urgent need for additional therapeutic options for acute ischemic stroke considering the major pitfalls of the options available. Herein, we briefly review the role of cerebral blood flow, collaterals, vasoreactivity, and reperfusion injury in acute ischemic stroke. Then, we reviewed pharmacological and interventional measures such as volume expansion and induced hypertension, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, partial aortic occlusion, extracranial–intracranial carotid bypass surgery, sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation, and transcranial laser therapy with regard to their effects on flow augmentation and neuroprotection.
Poland’s Palikot Movement
Authors: Stanley Ben , Czesnik Mikolaj
Published: December 2014

Although post-communist party systems have shown signs of stabilisation in recent years, they are still susceptible to the emergence of new parties. Sikk (2012) and Sikk and Hanley (2014) have suggested that many of these challengers owe their success to a distinct winning formula, appealing to the public primarily on the basis of their ‘newness’ and antiestablishment credentials. However, to draw conclusions about the relative importance of newness in explaining the successes of these parties, it is necessary to understand the nature of their support among the electorate. Few empirical demand-side analyses of party support in the region explicitly address the newness thesis. This paper analyses support for Poland’s Palikot Movement, a party which rose to prominence in 2011 and for whom newness constituted a significant aspect of its electoral appeal. It shows that while the Palikot Movement attracted voters who disliked the other parties, support for the party was more clearly attributable to its distinct ideological profile rather than its claim to represent those dissatisfied with the actions of the political establishment.
Dilemmas faced by pre-service teachers when learning about and implementing a game-centred approach
Authors: Harvey Stephen , Cushion Christopher , Sammon Paul
Published: December 2014

Game-centred approaches (GCAs) were designed for the effective integration of skills into contextualized situations. Despite a plethora of research, few studies explore the articulations between pre-service teachers’ experiences, conceptual understanding, pedagogical practices, the wider cultural and political realities of teaching and their impact on the learner. This paper uses Windschitl’s (2002) framework of practice dilemmas to structure an analysis of various dilemmas faced by a cohort of English pre-service teachers on a one-year Postgraduate Certificate in Education learning about and implementing a GCA. Nineteen (6 male; 13 female) postgraduate students based at a university in the East of England agreed to participate in the study. Data were generated through an online discussion board, case study log and from focus group interviews. Data analysis was an inductive iterative process that integrated the multiple data sources. The analysis was conducted through a constant comparison between the different sources to identify themes that were mapped against Windschitl’s (2002) heuristic. Supported by the realization of their own participation in ‘traditional’ physical education programmes, this cohort of pre-service teachers attempted to integrate GCAs into their practice. Significant challenges included the pre-service teachers’ own fragile conceptual understandings and pedagogical expertise in GCAs, exacerbated by current institutionalized practices within most physical education programmes.
Goal adjustment strategies operationalised and empirically examined in adolescents with cancer
Authors: Janse Moniek , Sulkers Esther , Tissing Wim JE , Sanderman Robbert , Sprangers Mirjam AG , Ranchor Adelita V , Fleer Joke
Published: December 2014

Adolescents facing cancer may need to adjust their personal life goals. Theories identified several goal adjustment strategies, but their use has not been tested. Therefore, this study operationalises goal adjustment strategies and examines their use. Adolescent cancer patients listed their goals 3 and 12 months post-diagnosis. Goals received scores on five goal characteristics: life domain, level of abstraction, importance, attainability and effort. Results showed that adolescents with cancer ( N = 30, mean age: 14.2 years, 60% female) used four of five strategies described in theory, while one additional strategy was found. These findings suggest that adolescents with cancer use goal adjustment strategies as measured by goal characteristics over time.
Is there an independent association between burnout and increased allostatic load? Testing the contribution of psychological distress and depression
Authors: Hintsa Taina , Elovainio Marko , Jokela Markus , Ahola Kirsi , Virtanen Marianna , Pirkola Sami
Published: December 2014

Burnout has been suggested to be related to depression. We examined the relationship between burnout and allostatic load, and whether this association is independent of psychological distress and depression. We measured burnout psychological distress, depression, and allostatic load in 3283 participants. Higher burnout ( β = 0.06, p =0.003) and cynicism ( β = 0.03, p = 0.031) and decreased professional efficacy ( β = 0.03, p = 0.007) were related to higher allostatic load independent of age, sex, education, occupation and psychological distress. Depression, however, explained 60 percent of the association. Burnout is related to higher allostatic load, and this association partly overlaps with co-occurring depression.
Regular physical activity has differential association with reduced obesity among diverse youth in the United States
Authors: Fradkin Chris , Wallander Jan L , Elliott Marc N , Cuccaro Paula , Schuster Mark A
Published: December 2014

This study examined whether daily or almost daily lower-intensity physical activity was associated with reduced obesity, among 4824 African American, Hispanic, and White youth assessed in fifth and seventh grades. Regular lower-intensity physical activity was associated with reduced obesity only among Hispanic and White males and only in seventh grade, and not among youth in fifth grade, females, or African American males or females. Findings from this study suggest that the reduced obesity risk generally attributed to physical activity may not be consistent across racial/ethnic and gender groups of early adolescents.
‘I think it will eventually be done away with’: Attitudes among healthcare professionals towards the current system of animal experimentation
Authors: Dignon Andrée
Published: December 2014

This article describes a study of attitudes to the current system of animal experimentation (for the production of health interventions) among 52 UK healthcare professionals. These healthcare professionals participated in three separate focus groups (of 18, 17 and 17 participants) and were invited to respond to the question ‘what is your opinion about the current system of animal testing?’ The study focused specifically on their views of the current system (rather than their views of animal testing in general). The healthcare professionals were critical of the current system, particularly with regard to regulation, secrecy, validity, unnecessary suffering and welfare.