bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and synthesis of azaindole heterocycle decorated new scaffold in fluorometric sensing of F− and H2PO4−
Authors: Ghosh Kumaresh , Ali Sk. Sarfaraj , Joardar Soumen
Published: June 2020

7‐Azaindole has been used in designing new molecular structure 1 on enediyne spacer for its application in anion sensing. New structure 1 has been established as efficient fluorescent sensor of H2PO4− and F− ions in CH3CN containing 1% DMSO. While in presence of H2PO4− the emission at 418 nm is decreased to the significant extent in nonratiometric fashion, a ratiometric response in presence of F− is noted with a sharp isoemissive point and two anions are effectively distinguished over a series of other anions tested. A similar study on model compound 2 with indole motifs is done to prove the pivotal role of extra ring nitrogen in azaindole of 1 in the binding process.
Gendered health institutions: examining the organization of health services and men’s use of HIV testing in Malawi
Authors: Dovel Kathryn , Dworkin Shari L , Cornell Morna , Coates Thomas J. , Yeatman Sara
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Men in sub‐Saharan Africa are less likely to use HIV testing services than their female counterparts. Norms of masculinity are frequently cited as the main barrier to men’s use of HIV testing services, but very little is known about how health institutions are organized to facilitate or impede men’s care. We examined the organization of health institutions in Malawi, and implications for men’s use of HIV testing services.

Methods

A mixed methods ethnography was conducted in Malawi between October 2013 and September 2014. National Ministry of Health guidelines from 2012 to 2014 were analysed, counting the frequency of recommended preventative services by sex. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 18 healthcare workers and 11 national key informants (29 total). Five rural health facilities participated in direct observation and 52 observational journals were completed to document the structure and implementation of HIV services within local facilities. All data were analysed using the theory of gendered organization. Findings were grouped into one of the three theoretical levels of organization: (1) organizational policy; (2) organizational practice; and (3) structure of gendered expectations.

Results

Health institutions were gendered across three levels. Organizational policy: National guidelines omitted young and adult men’s health during reproductive years (176‐433 recommended visits for women vs. 32 visits for men). Health education strategies focused on reproductive and child health services, with little education strategies targeting men. Organizational practice: HIV testing was primarily offered during reproductive and child health services and located near female‐focused departments within health facilities. As these departments were women’s spaces, others could easily tell that men were using HIV services. Structure of gendered expectations: Clients who successfully accessed HIV testing services were perceived as exemplifying characteristics that were traditionally considered feminine: compliance (obeying instructions without explanation); deference (respecting providers regardless of provider behaviour); and patience (“waiting like a woman”).

Conclusions

Health institutions in Malawi were organized in ways that created substantial, multilevel barriers to men’s HIV testing and reinforced perceptions of absent, difficult men. Future research should prioritize a gendered organization framework to understand and address the complex realities of men’s constrained access to HIV services.
Population‐wide differentials in HIV service access and outcomes in the Western Cape for men as compared to women, South Africa: 2008 to 2018: a cohort analysis
Authors: Osler Meg , Cornell Morna , Ford Nathan , Hilderbrand Katherine , Goemaere Eric , Boulle Andrew
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Few studies have systematically described population‐level differences comparing men and women across the continuum of routine HIV care. This study quantifies differentials in HIV care, treatment and mortality outcomes for men and women over time in South Africa.

Methods

We analysed population‐wide linked anonymized data, including vital registration linkage, for the Western Cape Province, from the time of first CD4 count. Three antiretroviral therapy guideline eligibility periods were defined: 1 January 2008 to 31 July 2011 (CD4 cell count <200 cells/µL), 1 August 2011 to 31 December 2014 (<350 cells/µL), 1 January 2015 to 31 August 2016 (<500 cells/µL). We estimated care uptake based on service attendance, and modelled associations for men and women with ART initiation and overall, pre‐ART and ART mortality. Separate Cox proportional hazard models were built for each outcome and eligibility period, adjusted for tuberculosis, pregnancy, CD4 count and age.

Results

Adult men made up 49% of the population and constituted 37% of those living with HIV. In 2009, 46% of men living with HIV attended health services, rising to 67% by 2015 compared to 54% and 77% of women respectively. Men contributed <35% of all CD4 cell counts over 10 years and presented with more advanced disease (39% of all first presentation CD4 cell counts from men were <200 cells/µL compared to 25% in women). ART access was lower in men compared to women (AHR 0.79 (0.77 to 0.80) summarized for Period 2) over the entire study). Mortality was greater in men irrespective of ART (AHR 1.08 (1.01 to 1.16) Period 3) and after ART start (AHR 1.15 (1.05 to 1.20) Period 3) with mortality differences decreasing over time.

Conclusions

Compared to women, men presented with more advanced disease, were less likely to attend health care services annually, were less likely to initiate ART and had higher mortality overall and while receiving ART care. People living with HIV were more likely to initiate ART if they had acute reasons to access healthcare beyond HIV, such as being pregnant or being co‐infected with tuberculosis. Our findings point to missed opportunities for improving access to and outcomes from interventions for men along the entire HIV cascade.
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy due to biallelic pathogenic variants in PIGQ: Report of seven new subjects and review of the literature
Authors: Johnstone Devon L. , Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai , Zambonin Jessica , Kernohan Kristin D. , St‐Denis Anik , Baratang Nissan V. , Hartley Taila , Geraghty Michael T. , Richer Julie , Majewski Jacek , Bareke Eric , Guerin Andrea , Pendziwiat Manuela , Pena Loren D. M. , Braakman Hilde M. H. , Gripp Karen W. , Edmondson Andrew C. , He Miao , Spillmann Rebecca C. , Eklund Erik A. , Bayat Allan ,   Undiagnosed Diseases Network,   Care4Rare Canada Consortium, McMillan Hugh J. , Boycott Kym M. , Campeau Philippe M.
Published: June 2020

We investigated seven children from six families to expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with an early infantile epileptic encephalopathy caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class Q (PIGQ) gene. The affected children were all identified by clinical or research exome sequencing. Clinical data, including EEGs and MRIs, was comprehensively reviewed and flow cytometry and transfection experiments were performed to investigate PIGQ function. Pathogenic biallelic PIGQ variants were associated with increased mortality. Epileptic seizures, axial hypotonia, developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies were consistently observed. Seizure onset occurred between 2.5 months and 7 months of age and varied from treatable seizures to recurrent episodes of status epilepticus. Gastrointestinal issues were common and severe, two affected individuals had midgut volvulus requiring surgical correction. Cardiac anomalies including arrythmias were observed. Flow cytometry using granulocytes and fibroblasts from affected individuals showed reduced expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins. Transfection of wildtype PIGQ cDNA into patient fibroblasts rescued this phenotype. We expand the phenotypic spectrum of PIGQ‐related disease and provide the first functional evidence in human cells of defective GPI‐anchoring due to pathogenic variants in PIGQ.
Development of infantile tremor syndrome after initiation of hydroxycobalamin treatment in an infant with a late diagnosis of cobalamin C disorder
Authors: Wilson Ashley , Cruz Vivian , Kronick Jonathan B.
Published: June 2020

Combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria (cobalamin C deficiency, cblC) is a well‐described disorder of vitamin B12 metabolism caused by mutations in the MMACHC gene with multisystemic manifestations. While there is no cure, combined treatment with intramuscular hydroxycobalamin and oral betaine may reduce the severity of symptoms and improve clinical outcome. We report a female patient diagnosed with late‐onset cobalamin C deficiency at the age of 8 months who presented with developmental regression and severe dermatitis. She developed a movement disorder after initiation of hydroxycobalamin treatment. Similar movement disorders have been described in patients with nutritional vitamin B12 deficiencies following cobalamin supplementation but have not previously been reported in patients with cobalamin C disorder. The movement disorder in our patient gradually resolved with clonazepam treatment, despite no seizure activity detected on EEG. She was eventually weaned off the clonazepam and the abnormal movements have not recurred. The patient remains developmentally delayed but is showing no other symptoms related to cobalamin C deficiency. The patient has a younger affected sibling who was treated from birth and who is physically and developmentally entirely normal; she did not have abnormal movements after treatment with hydroxycobalamin was initiated. There is no clear consensus on the cause of movement disorders that develop following initiation of intramuscular vitamin B12 treatment.
Resting‐State Power and Regional Connectivity After Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Stephenson David D. , Meier Timothy B. , Pabbathi Reddy Sharvani , Robertson‐Benta Cidney R. , Hergert Danielle C. , Dodd Andrew B. , Shaff Nicholas A. , Ling Josef M. , Oglesbee Scott J. , Campbell Richard A. , Phillips John P. , Sapien Robert E. , Mayer Andrew R.
Published: June 2020

Background

Physiological recovery from pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (pmTBI) as a function of age remains actively debated, with the majority of studies relying on subjective symptom report rather than objective markers of brain physiology.

Purpose

To examine potential abnormalities in fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (fALFF) or regional homogeniety (ReHo) during resting‐state fMRI following pmTBI.

Study Type

Prospective cohort.

Population

Consecutively recruited pmTBI (N = 105; 8–18 years old) and age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HC; N = 113).

Field Strength/Sequence

3T multiecho gradient T1‐weighted and single‐shot gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging.

Assessment

All pmTBI participants were assessed 1 week and 4 months postinjury (HC assessed at equivalent timepoints after the first visit). Comprehensive demographic, clinical, and cognitive batteries were performed in addition to primary investigation of fALFF and ReHo. All pmTBI were classified as “persistent” or “recovered” based on both assessment periods.

Statistical Tests

Chi‐square, nonparametric, and generalized linear models for demographic data. Generalized estimating equations for clinical and cognitive data. Voxelwise general linear models (AFNI's 3dMVM) for fALFF and ReHo assessment.

Results

Evidence of recovery was observed for some, but not all, clinical and cognitive measures at 4 months postinjury. fALFF was increased in the left striatum for pmTBI relative to HC both at 1 week and 4 months postinjury; whereas no significant group differences (P > 0.001) were observed for ReHo. Age‐at‐injury did not moderate either resting‐state metric across groups. In contrast to analyses of pmTBI as a whole, there were no significant (P > 0.001) differences in either fALFF or ReHo in patients with persistent postconcussive symptoms compared to recovered patients and controls at 4 months postinjury.

Data Conclusions

Our findings suggest prolonged clinical recovery and alterations in the relative amplitude of resting‐state fluctuations up to 4 months postinjury, but no clear relationship with age‐at‐injury or subjective symptom report.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy

2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2020;52:1701–1713.
Serological and molecular prevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors from Uruguay
Authors: Bangueses Fernanda , Abin‐Carriquiry Juan A. , Cancela Florencia , Curbelo Jorge , Mirazo Santiago
Published: June 2020

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is considered a neglected disease of major concern in developed countries. Clinically, HEV occurs as an acute and self‐limited disease, though chronic cases mostly associated to HEV‐3 are now being commonly reported in immunocompromised individuals and solid organ transplant recipients. Transmission of HEV through blood and derivatives have been increasingly described in the last years, highlighting the importance of including this agent on the screening programs. Since 2010 both acute and chronic hepatitis E cases have been frequently reported in Uruguay. However, updated prevalence data among different population groups are lacking and HEV is not currently screened in blood banks. Herein, we report a seroprevalence and molecular survey of HEV in 400 plasma samples from blood donors. Overall, our results showed an HEV seroprevalence rate of 10% (40/400); almost 10‐fold higher than 20 years ago. Total anti‐HEV immunoglobulin antibodies were found to increase with age. Moreover, we reported an RNA detection rate of at least 0.75%, and two strains were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis grouped them with human and swine HEV‐3 strains from Uruguay. Data presented here should prompt public health policies of HEV screening in blood banks to minimize the risk of transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis E.
Internal variability versus multi‐physics uncertainty in a regional climate model
Authors: Lavin‐Gullon Alvaro , Fernandez Jesus , Bastin Sophie , Cardoso Rita M. , Fita Lluis , Giannaros Theodore M. , Goergen Klaus , Gutierrez Jose Manuel , Kartsios Stergios , Katragkou Eleni , Lorenz Torge , Milovac Josipa , Soares Pedro M. M. , Sobolowski Stefan , Warrach‐Sagi Kirsten
Published: June 2020

In a recent study, Coppola et al. assessed the ability of an ensemble of convection‐permitting models (CPM) to simulate deep convection using three case studies. The ensemble exhibited strong discrepancies between models, which were attributed to various factors. In order to shed some light on the issue, we quantify in this article the uncertainty associated to different physical parameterizations from that of using different initial conditions, often referred to as the internal variability. For this purpose, we establish a framework to quantify both signals and we compare them for upper atmospheric circulation and near‐surface variables. The analysis is carried out in the context of the CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study on Convective phenomena at high resolution over Europe and the Mediterranean, in which the intermediate RCM WRF simulations that serve to drive the CPM are run several times with different parameterizations. For atmospheric circulation (geopotential height), the sensitivity induced by multi‐physics and the internal variability show comparable magnitudes and a similar spatial distribution pattern. For 2‐m temperature and 10‐m wind, the simulations with different parameterizations show larger differences than those launched with different initial conditions. The systematic effect over 1 year shows distinct patterns for the multi‐physics and the internal variability. Therefore, the general lesson of this study is that internal variability should be analysed in order to properly distinguish the impact of other sources of uncertainty, especially for short‐term sensitivity simulations.
Virtual Interpolation Images of Tumor Development and Growth on Breast Ultrasound Image Synthesis With Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Fujioka Tomoyuki , Kubota Kazunori , Mori Mio , Katsuta Leona , Kikuchi Yuka , Kimura Koichiro , Kimura Mizuki , Adachi Mio , Oda Goshi , Nakagawa Tsuyoshi , Kitazume Yoshio , Tateishi Ukihide
Published: June 2020

Objectives

We sought to generate realistic synthetic breast ultrasound images and express virtual interpolation images of tumors using a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN).

Methods

After retrospective selection of breast ultrasound images of 528 benign masses, 529 malignant masses, and 583 normal breasts, 20 synthesized images of each were generated by the DCGAN. Fifteen virtual interpolation images of tumors were generated by changing the value of the input vector. A total of 60 synthesized images and 20 virtual interpolation images were evaluated by 2 readers, who scored them on a 5‐point scale (1, very good; to 5, very poor) and then answered whether the synthesized image was benign, malignant, or normal.

Results

The mean score of overall quality for synthesized images was 3.05, and that of the reality of virtual interpolation images was 2.53. The readers classified the generated images with a correct answer rate of 92.5%.

Conclusions

A DCGAN can generate high‐quality synthetic breast ultrasound images of each pathologic tissue and has the potential to create realistic virtual interpolation images of tumor development.
Sampling errors arising from carousel entrainment and insufficient flushing of oceanographic sampling bottles
Authors: Paver Christopher R. , Codispoti Louis A. , Coles Victoria J. , Cooper Lee W.
Published: June 2020

Collection of representative water samples is necessary for limnology and oceanography. Unfortunately, some common sampling practices using current technology have the potential to introduce significant sampling errors. For example, modern carousel hardware and software can permit closing of sampling bottles as soon as the bottle reaches the desired depth rather than allowing sufficient time (i.e., soak time) for ambient water to flush the sampling bottles. The large size of many conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD)/carousels and their associated instrumentation also increase the impacts of water entrainment as the equipment travels within the water column. Finally, some modern sampling bottles have small openings relative to their volumes, a factor that inhibits bottle flushing, particularly if the bottle closures are not completely open. Inspection of data from selected research cruises suggests that insufficient soak times can produce biased water samples. In this study, we undertook field experiments that help to quantify the errors that can arise from CTD carousel entrainment and insufficient bottle flushing. The experiments demonstrate that under stratified conditions, soak times of more than 2 min may be required to collect representative water samples. The experiments also demonstrate the occurrence of stratification within sample bottles. Some protocols that may reduce sampling errors are suggested.
Q‐Switched Nd:YAG (532 nm) Laser Versus Intra‐Dermal Tranexamic Acid for Treatment of Facial Ephelides: A Split Face, Randomized, Comparative Trial
Authors: Sayed Khadiga S. , Tuqan Samar , Hilal Rana F.
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives

To compare the efficacy and safety of intradermal injection of tranexamic acid (TXA) versus Q switched (QS) KTP (532 nm) in the treatment of facial ephelides.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A randomized comparative split‐face study included a total of 30 female patients with bilateral facial ephelides. One cheek was treated by intra‐dermal TXA injections and the other was treated by QS‐KTP (532 nm). Patient assessment was performed by photography, pigmentation area, severity index and spectrophotometry at baseline, 1 week after treatment, and 2 months after treatment.

Results

A significant difference was found between both sides regarding the percentage change of pigmentation area, severity score (PSI) and melanin index (MI) after treatment and during follow up, favoring laser (P = 0.001). PSI decreased after treatment by 66.5% and 15.4% (laser and TXA sides respectively), further decrease after follow‐up was 69.4% with laser and 26.1% with TXA. MI improved by 3.7% after KTP laser to 7.7% after follow‐up and by 2.4% after TXA injections to 6.5% after follow‐up. Four patients developed post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation following QS‐KTP.

Conclusion

QS‐KTP laser is superior to intradermal TXA injection in the treatment of facial ephelides. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
LEADER HUMILITY: THE ESSENCE OF WORKING TOGETHER
Authors: Gist Marilyn
Published: June 2020

By observing the negative effects caused by some leaders, it became clear to me that there is one variable at the heart of leadership that is too often overlooked. That variable is humility. It guides a leader’s behaviors by placing central importance on the fact that others’ dignity matters. Many people are dismayed at the prevalence of leader dysfunction when progress is so essential. The need for stronger business leadership is equally urgent as we face challenges from volatile economies, technological change, global markets, cybersecurity, and sustainability. Executives in all sectors need to be able to bring divergent groups together and forge consensus on a path forward. Leadership takes place in relationship with others and a leader’s biggest challenge is to inspire their enthusiastic engagement with a shared goal. When we talk about motivating people, conversation typically turns to rewards and compensation. Largely unnoticed is leader humility—an extraordinarily powerful way of influencing people to volunteer their full support to achieving shared goals. When dignity is violated, we feel resentment, anger, or withdrawal—as opposed to empowerment, engagement, and enthusiasm.
Histone deacetylases as targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: Challenges and future opportunities
Authors: Rodrigues Daniel A. , Pinheiro Pedro de S. M. , Sagrillo Fernanda S. , Bolognesi Maria L. , Fraga Carlos A. M.
Published: June 2020

Despite the applicability of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) for cancer treatment, several works in the literature have shown that these inhibitors can be used in several other diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). This review begins by discussing the signaling pathways of HDACs, focused on the context of NDs, presenting a discussion about the pharmacophoric features of HDACis and crystal structure analysis and discussing interesting case studies from the literature about the development of HDACis. Additionally, a discussion about the consequences of isoform‐selective inhibition vs pan‐HDACis on neurotoxic effects and clinical trial investigations of HDACis for NDs is also presented. Finally, we describe our perspective related to the future use of these inhibitors in the pharmacotherapy of NDs.
FDA approves first video game Rx treatment for children with ADHD
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: June 2020

For the first time, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 15 approved a prescription treatment delivered through a video game for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The digital therapy device offers a nondrug option for improving symptoms associated with ADHD in children.
Finite element analysis of parabolic integro‐differential equations of Kirchhoff type
Authors: Kumar Lalit , Sista Sivaji Ganesh , Sreenadh Konijeti
Published: June 2020

The aim of this paper is to study parabolic integro‐differential equations of Kirchhoff type. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution for this problem via Galerkin method. Semidiscrete formulation for this problem is presented using conforming finite element method. As a consequence of the Ritz–Volterra projection, we derive error estimates for both semidiscrete solution and its time derivative. To find the numerical solution of this class of equations, we develop two different types of numerical schemes, which are based on backward Euler–Galerkin method and Crank–Nicolson–Galerkin method. A priori bounds and convergence estimates in spatial as well as temporal direction of the proposed schemes are established. Finally, we conclude this work by implementing some numerical experiments to confirm our theoretical results.
A model for the energy and angular distribution of x rays emitted from an x‐ray tube. Part II. Validation of x‐ray spectra from 20 to 300 kV
Authors: Omar Artur , Andreo Pedro , Poludniowski Gavin
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To present and validate a complete x‐ray emission model (bremsstrahlung and characteristic x‐ray emission) for the energy range 20–300 kV.

Methods

An analytical x‐ray spectrum model that combines the bremsstrahlung emission model developed in Part I with a previously developed characteristic x‐ray emission model is validated by comparison with Monte Carlo calculations, published measured spectra, and models developed by other authors. Furthermore, the assumptions and limitations of previous spectrum models are summarized, and their predictions are compared with results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations of x rays emitted from tungsten and molybdenum targets.

Results

The model is able to reproduce narrow‐beam Monte Carlo calculations to within 0.5% in terms of the first and second aluminum half‐value layer thickness (HVL). Compared with measured spectra, the difference in HVL is < 2% for typical diagnostic and therapeutic beam qualities available at primary standard laboratories. Compared with previous spectrum models, the present model performs especially well for low kilovoltage x‐ray beams (below 50 kV), and is reliable for a wider range of take‐off angles, that is, the angle between the target surface and the direction of emission. The difference in model and Monte Carlo predictions of the energy‐fluence weighted air kerma (i.e., the photon energy absorption in air) is < 0.5% using the present model, while previous spectrum models can differ by more than 10%.

Conclusions

The x‐ray emission model developed in this work has been validated against Monte Carlo calculations and measured results. The model provides an efficient alternative to comprehensive Monte Carlo simulations and is an improvement over previous models. The model can be used to predict both central‐ and off‐axis spectra, as well as off‐axis effects such as the (anode) heel effect.
Recent progresses, challenges and perspectives on rechargeable Li‐O2 batteries
Authors: Yu Haohan , Liu Dapeng , Feng Xilan , Zhang Yu
Published: June 2020

With fast development of portable electronics, electric/hybrid vehicles, and energy‐storage devices, it becomes quite urgent and necessary to fabricate next‐generation batteries with a much higher ability of energy storage. However, in the past decade, the widely applied intercalation‐deintercalation Li‐ion batteries were found to be limited by their theoretical energy densities and safety. Given the ultrahigh theoretical energy densities (about 3500 Wh kg−1), Li‐O2 battery has emerged as a kind of promising energy storage and conversion devices. But the following issues need to be well addressed before use, including the low round‐trip efficiency, instability, and random growth of Li dendrite et al. A large number of efforts have been focused on improving its performance as well as making the reaction mechanisms clearer. This review mainly aims at providing readers with an understanding of recent progresses and challenges on rechargeable Li‐O2 batteries. In this review, we introduce the fundamental structures and histories of Li‐O2 batteries, and also summarize the strategies for material design and the widely accepted discharge/charge mechanisms. Finally, we will separately discuss the cathode, anode and electrolyte in constituents of a typical Li‐O2 battery and give prospects to its future application.
Review on nanomaterials for next‐generation batteries with lithium metal anodes
Authors: Ding Jun‐Fan , Xu Rui , Yan Chong , Xiao Ye , Xu Lei , Peng Hong‐Jie , Park Ho Seok , Liang Ji , Huang Jia‐Qi
Published: June 2020

Stable lithium (Li) metal anode is highly pursued to accelerate the development of high‐energy‐density battery systems. In this article, the stable Li metal batteries boosted by nano‐technology and nano‐materials are comprehensively reviewed. Two emerging strategies, including nanostructured lithium metal frameworks and nano‐artificial solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) are particularly focused. First, typical conductive/non‐conductive nanostructured frameworks and the corresponding merits are introduced. The physical and chemical modifications of the traditional nano‐frameworks are further summarized. In addition, the nano‐artificial SEIs built by in situ regulation and ex situ fabrication strategies are involved, with the scientific and technologic issues concerned on the interface well discussed. This review mainly focuses on the fresh benefits brought by nano‐technology and nano‐materials on building better lithium metal batteries. The recent advances of nanostructured lithium metal frameworks and nanoscale artificial SEIs are concluded, and the challenges as well as promising directions for future research are prospected.
Obesity is Associated with Increased Risk for Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Pettit Natasha N. , MacKenzie Erica L. , Ridgway Jessica P. , Pursell Kenneth , Ash Daniel , Patel Bhakti , Pho Mai T.
Published: June 2020

Objective

Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus. This study sought to determine whether obesity is a risk factor for mortality among patients with COVID‐19.

Methods

The study was a retrospective cohort that included patients with COVID‐19 between March 1 and April 18, 2020.

Results

A total of 238 patients were included; 218 patients (91.6%) were African American, 113 (47.5%) were male, and the mean age was 58.5 years. Of the included patients, 146 (61.3%) had obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2), of which 63 (26.5%), 29 (12.2%), and 54 (22.7%) had class 1, 2, and 3 obesity, respectively. Obesity was identified as a predictor for mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.7 [1.1‐2.8], P = 0.016), as was male gender (OR 5.2 [1.6‐16.5], P = 0.01) and older age (OR 3.6 [2.0‐6.3], P < 0.0005). Obesity (OR 1.7 [1.3‐2.1], P < 0.0005) and older age (OR 1.3 [1.0‐1.6], P = 0.03) were also risk factors for hypoxemia.

Conclusions

Obesity was found to be a significant predictor for mortality among inpatients with COVID‐19 after adjusting for age, gender, and other comorbidities. Patients with obesity were also more likely to present with hypoxemia.
A novel polyether polyol contains repeating cyclohexane units and its application on reactive polyurethane adhesive
Authors: Zong Hongliang , Fang Cheng , Lin Zhongxiang , Yan Qiming , Lin Xing
Published: June 2020

A novel polyether polyol was successfully synthesized from cyclohexene oxide (CO), propylene oxide (PO), and poly(propylene glycol) 400 through ring‐opening polymerization, catalyzed by double metal cyanide catalyst for the first time. Then, the obtained cyclohexane‐based polyether polyol (CPOL) further reacted with 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate to form reactive polyurethane adhesive (RPUA). The thermal properties and mechanical strength of the RPUA were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and lap shear strength test. It was found that with the introduction of cyclohexane units, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability of the RPUA increased about 122.3% and 3.32%, respectively. Besides, the lap shear strength of the RPUA prepared with the synthesized CPOL was 130.67% higher than the counterpart derived from conventional polyether polyol 2000. Furthermore, compared with RPUA‐PPG, RPUA‐CPOL also exhibited excellent lap shear strength on polycarbonate substrate even when the adhesion joints were immersed into hot water or alkaline solvent. All the above results suggest that the cyclohexane units in polyether polyol have great improvements in the thermal stability and lap shear strength of RPUA.
Hyperglycemia requiring insulin during acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction chemotherapy is associated with increased adverse outcomes and healthcare costs
Authors: McCormick Meghan C. , Sharp Eleanor , Kalpatthi Ramasubramanian , Zullo James , Gurtunca Nursen , Zhang Jun , Krafty Robert , Raman Sripriya
Published: June 2020

Background

Hyperglycemia is a complication of induction chemotherapy in 10%‐50% of pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Though hyperglycemia in ALL patients is usually transient, it may be associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the risk factors for and consequences of hyperglycemia are poorly understood. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia significant enough to require insulin therapy during induction chemotherapy would be associated with increased morbidity and mortality in pediatric ALL patients during induction chemotherapy and in subsequent care.

Methods

We abstracted clinical and resource utilization data from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database utilizing ICD‐9 codes and medication charges. We used logistic regression analysis to predict the development of hyperglycemia. The effects of hyperglycemia on binary and count adverse outcomes following induction chemotherapy were modeled using mixed‐effect regression models.

Results

An increased risk of hyperglycemia requiring insulin was associated with older age, female sex, higher risk group and trisomy 21. Patients on insulin for hyperglycemia had increased mortality following induction chemotherapy. These patients were more likely to have subsequent infectious complications, need for bone marrow transplant, and risk of disease relapse. They also had greater length of inpatient stay, higher cost of care, and were more likely to require intensive care unit admission during induction chemotherapy.

Conclusions

Hyperglycemia requiring insulin during induction chemotherapy in pediatric ALL is associated with an increased risk of short‐term and long‐term complications. Prospective studies are needed to analyze formal screening, preventive measures, and optimal management practices for hyperglycemia during ALL induction chemotherapy.
Outcomes of children with chronic myeloid leukemia: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Egan Grace , Athale Uma , Johnston Donna , Pole Jason D. , Silva Mariana , Zorzi Alexandra , Alexander Sarah
Published: June 2020

Objective

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a rare disease in childhood. While hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) was the treatment of choice for CML prior to 2000, the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) changed the management of this disease. This population‐based analysis was conducted in the province of Ontario, Canada to gather information on treatment choices and outcomes of childhood CML.

Method

Using a provincial childhood cancer registry and retrospective review of patient medical records for patients < 18 years diagnosed with CML between 1985 and 2018, data on presenting features, treatment, and outcomes were collected from 52 patients.

Results

Patients treated before the introduction of TKIs (before 2002) mainly received HSCT and had an overall survival (OS) of 64% at a median follow up of 6 years. The OS of all patients treated in the TKI era (2002 and after) was 90% at a median follow up of 3 years. All three deaths in the TKI era were related to HSCT complications. Survival of patients who remained on a TKI was significantly improved compared to those who underwent HSCT post‐TKI therapy (100% vs 66%, P = .008). TKIs were well tolerated.

Conclusion

Given the increased mortality associated with HSCT in our cohort, further advances in HSCT may be required to outweigh the benefits of a TKI monotherapy approach in the majority of childhood CML patients. We believe HSCT should be considered in only a limited subset of pediatric patients with CML.
Double yielding behavior of in situ microfibrillar polyolefin elastomer/poly(lactic acid) composites: Effect of microfibrillar morphology
Authors: Sun Jing , Luo Shanshan , Huang Anrong , Shi Min , Luo Heng , Wei Liangqiang , Sui Yuanming
Published: June 2020

In situ microfibrillar composites (MFCs), with polyolefin elastomer as matrix and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as dispersed phase, were successfully prepared using multistage stretching extrusion system. Interestingly, a peculiar phenomenon of double yielding was observed on the stress‐strain curves of MFCs under tensile loading for the first time. The MFCs with 20 wt% PLA microfibrils exhibited two distinct yield points, and a pronounced hump appeared on the stress‐strain curve of PLA‐20. Two‐dimensional small‐angle X‐ray scattering analyses showed that the equatorial streak scattering became stronger with increase in PLA microfibrillar content; the meridional scattering trace became stronger with increase in tensile strain for PLA‐20. The rheological analysis showed that the G′ of PLA‐20 had a plateau in the low frequency region and did not depend on frequency changes.
‘AlkarXL’, a new tall wheatgrass cultivar for use on saline semiarid lands
Authors: Jensen Kevin B. , Pearse Gordon , Larson Steve R. , Robins Joseph G.
Published: June 2020

The USDA announces the release of cultivar ‘AlkarXL’ (Reg. no. CV‐286, PI 691611) tall wheatgrass [Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth & D. R. Dewey] for use on semiarid rangelands and irrigated pastures that receive a minimum of 350 mm of average annual precipitation on alkali soils. AlkarXL is a 10‐clone synthetic that originated from 56 plant introductions from the National Plant Germplasm System plus the cultivar Alkar. AlkarXL has undergone phenotypic recurrent selection for visual plant vigor (first cycle), seed yield (first cycle), dry‐matter yield (DMY) (second cycle), and crude protein (second cycle). The 10 genotypes traced to PI 255146 (two genotypes; 30%, Turkey), PI 308592 (10%, Italy), PI 442631 (10%, Turkey), PI 109542 (10%, Turkey), PI 255443 (10%, Turkey), PI 383545 (10%, Turkey), PI 401006 (Turkey), PI 401009 (10%, Turkey), and W6 21870 (10%, Ukraine). Morphologically, AlkarXL has significantly wider lemmas and glumes and shorter glumes than cultivars Alkar, Greenstar, Jose, Largo, and Szarvasi‐1. AlkarXL had narrower flag leaves than Largo. AlkarXL had more seedlings (P < .05) emerge than Alkar at Lages Junction, NV. AlkarXL had greater (P < .05) plant persistence (plant frequency) 3 (2017), 4 (2018), and 5 (2019) yr after seeding at Lages Junction than did Alkar. Dry‐matter yield was less descriptive due to large variations in DMY among replications. AlkarXL had significantly (P < .10) more total DMY than Greenstar and Largo at Millville, UT, and similar DMY as Greenstar, Jose, and Savarsi‐1 at Panguitch, UT.
Preparation of polypseudorotaxane composed of linear and cyclic polyethylene oxides and its application to solid polymer electrolyte
Authors: Watanabe Ryuji , Noba Masashi , Uno Takahiro , Itoh Takahito , Kubo Masataka
Published: June 2020

The mixture of linear polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of 20,000 (l‐PEG20K) and cyclic polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of 1,000 (c‐PEG1K) was ultrasonicated in acetonitrile. After evaporating the solvent, the residue was analyzed by DSC to show a remarkable decrease of crystallization temperature. Such a large crystallization suppression was not observed when linear polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of 1,000 (l‐PEG1K) was added instead of c‐PEG1K. Further, the mixture of cyclic polyethylene glycols (c‐PEG6K and c‐PEG1K) did not exhibit a significant crystallization suppression. These experimental results indicated that formation of polypseudorotaxane through ultrasonication‐assisted ring penetration played an important role in the crystallization suppression. Ionic conductivities of the polypseudorotaxane‐based polymer electrolytes prepared from polyethylene oxide with molecular weight of 600,000 (PEO600K) and c‐PEG1K showed conductivity enhancement especially at low Li salt concentration.
Incursion pathways of the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) into Australia contrast sharply with those of the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti)
Authors: Schmidt Thomas L , Chung Jessica , van Rooyen Anthony R , Sly Angus , Weeks Andrew R , Hoffmann Ary A
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Understanding pest incursion pathways is critical for preventing new invasions and for stopping the transfer of alleles that reduce the efficacy of local control methods. The mosquitoes Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus) are both highly invasive disease vectors, and through a series of ongoing international incursions are continuing to colonize new regions and spread insecticide resistance alleles among established populations. This study uses high‐resolution molecular markers and a set of 241 reference genotypes to trace incursion pathways of Ae. albopictus into mainland Australia, where no successful invasions have yet been observed. We contrast these results with incursion pathways of Ae. aegypti, investigated previously.

RESULTS

Assignments successfully identified China, Japan, Singapore and Taiwan as source locations. Incursion pathways of Ae. albopictus were entirely different to those of Ae. aegypti, despite broad sympatry of these species throughout the Indo‐Pacific region. Incursions of Ae. albopictus appeared to have come predominantly along marine routes from key trading locations, while Ae. aegypti was mostly linked to aerial routes from tourism hotspots.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate how genomics can help decipher otherwise cryptic incursion pathways. The inclusion of reference genotypes from the Americas may help resolve some unsuccessful assignments. While many congeneric taxa will share common incursion pathways, this study highlights that this is not always the case, and incursion pathways of important taxa should be specifically investigated. Species differences in aerial and marine incursion rates may reflect the efficacy of ongoing control programmes such as aircraft disinsection. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
“Alexa… what pills do I need to take today?”
Authors: Beaney Paul , Kalirai Hardip Singh , Chambers Ruth
Published: June 2020

Can personal digital assistants such as Amazon Alexa help to improve patients’ adherence to their medicines? Here, the authors discuss the potential and the limitations of this technology, and describe their pilot study in patients with diabetes and other underlying health conditions.
In Situ Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy Analysis on Low‐Temperature Irradiated Semiconductors, Challenges and Possibilities
Authors: Slotte Jonatan , Kilpeläinen Simo , Segercrantz Natalie , Mizohata Kenichiro , Räisänen Jyrki , Tuomisto Filip
Published: June 2020

A unique experimental setup at the Accelerator Laboratory of the University of Helsinki enables in situ positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) analysis on ion irradiated samples. In addition, the system enables temperature control (10–300 K) of the sample both during irradiation and during subsequent positron annihilation measurements. Using such a system for defect identification and annealing studies comes with a plethora of possibilities for elaborate studies. However, the system also poses some restrictions and challenges to these possibilities, both related to irradiation and to the PAS analysis. This review tries to address these issues.
Impact of High‐Temperature Annealing on Boron Containing AlN Layers Grown by Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy
Authors: Rettig Oliver , Scholz Ferdinand , Li Yueliang , Biskupek Johannes , Kaiser Ute , Hagedorn Sylvia , Weyers Markus , Müller Raphael , Thonke Klaus
Published: June 2020

Herein, the impact of high‐temperature (HT) annealing on the crystalline structure of metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE)‐grown boron‐containing AlN layers is investigated. High‐resolution X‐ray diffraction studies reveal AlBN in the wurtzite configuration for nonannealed 300 nm‐thick layers containing several percent of boron. After 3 h of annealing at 1700 °C, the AlBN‐related reflex is weakened, showing a strong impact of the HT treatment on the crystalline structure of this material. After annealing, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy micrographs reveal grain formation with moiré patterns, giving strong evidence of different crystal phases or orientations, alongside well‐oriented wurtzite regions. High‐angle annular dark‐field (HAADF) imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy indicate stronger compositional inhomogeneities for the annealed sample in comparison with the as‐grown layer, most likely related to phase separation between AlN and BN. In addition, a significant diffusion of B out of the surface region is observed. AlBN with about ten times a lower boron content, for which defect propagation from the AlN template into the AlBN layer is visible, shows a much more homogeneous contrast in HAADF investigations after annealing, although the formation of granular structures is still observed.
Edge Effects of a Hexagonal Honeycomb on the Poisson's Ratio and Young's Modulus
Authors: Farrugia Pierre-Sandre , Gatt Ruben , De Vrieze Sebastiaan , Mellos Christos , Grima Joseph N.
Published: June 2020

The flexing of the ligaments at the edge of a finite hexagonal honeycomb array is studied using analytical and numerical methods. It is shown that when compressed axially, the ligaments on the border of a hexagonal honeycomb array bend outwardly in contrast to the interior ligaments that bend to a negligible extent, if at all. This boundary effect reduces the overall auxeticity of re‐entrant hexagonal honeycombs. Analytical expressions that account for the edge effects on the Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus are obtained using Castigliano's second theorem. These are then tested against numerical simulations showing good agreement at least for the values of the parameters used. Additional investigations indicate that the use of a larger ligament thickness for the ligaments residing on the border of the system mitigates this edge effect on the Poisson's ratio.
Electrical Transport Properties of Vanadium‐Doped Bi2Te2.4Se0.6
Authors: Riha Christian , Düzel Birkan , Graser Karl , Chiatti Olivio , Golias Evangelos , Sánchez-Barriga Jaime , Rader Oliver , Tereshchenko Oleg E. , Fischer Saskia F.
Published: June 2020

Vanadium‐doped Bi2–xTe2.4Se0.6 single crystals, with x = 0.015 and 0.03, are grown by the Bridgman method. Bandstructure characterization by angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements shows gapless topological surface states for both vanadium concentrations. The Van‐der‐Pauw resistivity, the Hall charge carrier density, and the mobility in the temperature range from 0.3 to 300 K are strongly dependent on vanadium concentration, with carrier densities as low as 1.5 × 1016 cm−3 and mobilities as high as 570 cm2 V−1s−1. As expected for transport in gapless topological surface states, the resistivity, carrier density, and mobility are constant below 10 K. The magnetoresistance shows weak antilocalization for both vanadium concentrations in the same temperature range. The weak antilocalization is analyzed with the Hikami–Larkin–Nagaoka model, which yields phase‐coherence lengths of up to 250 nm for x = 0.015.