bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sustainable Energy Utility (SEU) Model for Energy Service Delivery
Authors: Houck Jason , Rickerson Wilson
Published: March 2009

Climate change, energy price spikes, and concerns about energy security have reignited interest in state and local efforts to promote end-use energy efficiency, customer-sited renewable energy, and energy conservation. Government agencies and utilities have historically designed and administered such demand-side measures, but innovative third-party administrative models present new options to finance, market, and deliver sustainable energy services to energy end-users. This study outlines the concept of a new third-party administrative model, a sustainable energy utility (SEU), with the potential to achieve deep energy efficiency savings and a high penetration of customer-sited renewable energy. An SEU is characterized by central coordination, comprehensive programs, flexible incentives, financial self-sufficiency, competitive procurement, and a focus on delivering energy services rather than commodity energy.
Elements of an Alternative to Nuclear Power as a Response to the Energy-Environment Crisis in India
Authors: Mathai Manu V.
Published: March 2009

Even as the conventional energy system is fundamentally challenged by the “energy-environment crisis,” its adherents have presented the prospect of “abundant” and purportedly “green” nuclear power as part of a strategy to address the crisis. Surveying the development of nuclear power in India, this article finds that it is predisposed to centralization and secrecy, that nuclear power as energy policy is based on a presumption that overabundance is imperative for viable forms of social and economic development; its institutionalization has tended to reduce deliberations on energy policy and human well-being to narrowly technocratic terms. Given these proclivities, nuclear power, as evaluated in this article, is considered unlikely to facilitate a viable response to the energy-environment crisis. Alternatives are thus surveyed here to include the sustainable energy utility and the capability approach as well as synergies between them, to challenge the offer of nuclear power as a response to the energy-environment crisis.
Affordable and Sustainable Energy in the Borough of Woking in the United Kingdom
Authors: Thorp John P. , Curran Lara
Published: March 2009

Woking Borough Council in the United Kingdom has long been committed to protecting the environment, a goal explicitly stated as one of the borough's top three priorities. Woking is also known for its pioneering approach in operating an extensive networked electricity and district heating system based on co- and trigeneration, as well as what is understood to be the United Kingdom's first commercially operating 200kWe fuel cell. Its other innovative measures to protect the environment and to reduce pollution include the adoption of energy- and water-saving techniques for council-owned buildings and public places, with revenue savings reinvested back into still additional measures to further improve sustainability. These various initiatives are providing a practical framework for advancing a more equitable, clean, decentralized, and socially cooperative energy system in service to Woking's inhabitants.
A Framework for Sustainable Energy Development Beyond the Grid
Authors: Agbemabiese Lawrence
Published: March 2009

Advances in energy access in developing countries over the past 25 years have been remarkable with more than 1 billion unserved people gaining access to electricity and modern fuels. However, as impressive as this may sound, large gaps remain: 1.6 billion people still lack access to electricity and another 2.5 billion continue to rely on traditional biomass fuel for cooking and heating. The problems of access are greater in rural areas than in urban areas. If today's energy policies and inv estment trends were to continue, the situation will not look any better, especially in least developed countries, in the coming decades. Drawing on recent theoretical advances regarding the meaning of development and the role of energy with empirical evidence from case studies, the article suggests an alternative energy and development paradigm to guide efforts toward meeting current and future needs for modern energy services.
Biomechanical Analysis Comparing a Traditional Superior-Inferior Arthroscopic Rotator Interval Closure With a Novel Medial-Lateral Technique in a Cadaveric Multidirectional Instability Model
Authors: Farber Adam J. , ElAttrache Neal S. , Tibone James E. , McGarry Michelle H. , Lee Thay Q.
Published: March 2009

Background

Commonly performed arthroscopic rotator interval closure techniques that imbricate the rotator interval in a superior-inferior direction have been unable to reproduce the stabilizing effects of an open medial-lateral rotator interval imbrication.

Hypothesis

The medial-lateral rotator interval closure will allow less inferior and posterior glenohumeral translation than the superior-inferior rotator interval closure, and the medial-lateral rotator interval closure will result in less loss of external rotation than the superior-inferior closure.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Eight match-paired cadaveric shoulders were stretched to 10% beyond the maximum range of motion in 0° and 60° of glenohumeral abduction to create a multidirectional instability model. Shoulders were then repaired using a superior-inferior rotator interval closure or an arthroscopic medial-lateral rotator interval closure with an anchor in the humeral head. Rotational range of motion, glenohumeral translation, and humeral head apex position were measured for intact, stretched, and repaired conditions in both 0° and 60° of glenohumeral abduction.

Results

In 0° of abduction, after both rotator interval closure techniques, external rotation decreased significantly (by 4.4%; P < .05) relative to the stretched state and was restored to the intact state. In 60° of abduction, only the medial-lateral rotator interval closure restored range of motion to the intact state. In 60° of abduction, the medial-lateral rotator interval closure was more effective in reducing posterior translation than was the superior-inferior closure ( P = .03).

Conclusion

The medial-lateral rotator interval closure restored range of motion to the intact state better than the superior-inferior closure. Compared with the superior-inferior rotator interval closure, the medial-lateral closure significantly decreased posterior translation with the shoulder in abduction and external rotation.

Clinical Relevance

Arthroscopic medial-lateral rotator interval closure with a suture anchor in the humeral head can be considered in the surgical treatment of patients with multidirectional instability, especially those with a component of posterior instability, without concern for excessive loss of range of motion.
Analytic Review: The Pathogenetic and Prognostic Value of Biologic Markers in Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Levitt Joseph E. , Gould Michael K. , Ware Loraine B. , Matthay Michael A.
Published: March 2009

Over the past 2 decades, measurement of biomarkers in both the airspaces and plasma early in the course of acute lung injury has provided new insights into the mechanisms of lung injury. In addition, biologic markers of cell-specific injury, acute inflammation, and altered coagulation correlate with mortality from acute lung injury in several single center studies as well as in multicenter clinical trials. To date, biomarkers have been measured largely for research purposes. However, with improved understanding of their role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, biomarkers may play an important role in early detection of lung injury, risk stratification for clinical trials, and, ultimately, tailoring specific therapies to individual patients. This article provides a review of biologic markers in acute lung injury, with an emphasis on recent analysis of results from multicenter clinical trials.
Community Policing and Homeland Security Policing
Authors: Chappell Allison T. , Gibson Sarah A.
Published: March 2009

The past three decades have seen police agencies move toward the adoption of community policing. However, since 9/11, the policing focus has appeared to shift toward homeland security. Whether this represents a shift to a new policing philosophy or a modification to an existing one is unclear. Are community policing and homeland security policing compatible? Or does the move toward homeland security policing signal the demise of community policing? This study investigates these questions with data from Virginia police chiefs. Results suggest that police chiefs with 4-year degrees, chiefs from smaller departments, and chiefs from departments with higher levels of community policing implementation are less likely to believe that the emphasis on community policing is waning. Furthermore, police chiefs with 4-year degrees and those from departments with higher levels of community policing implementation are more likely to see community policing and homeland security policing as complementary strategies. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Using a Vignette Research Design to Examine Traffic Stop Decision Making of Police Officers
Authors: Phillips Scott W.
Published: March 2009

A variety of data collection methods have been used to examine an officer’s decision to stop a vehicle. Most research examines poststop behavior, and no single method has been able to obtain all the relevant independent variables for a comprehensive examination of this behavior. This study uses vignettes describing a traffic stop incident. Driver characteristics, vehicle characteristics, and traffic violations are included as independent variables. Officers from three law enforcement agencies are provided two traffic stop vignettes. Officers indicate their likelihood of stopping a vehicle based on vignette information. Vehicle characteristics and traffic violations influence the likelihood of stopping a vehicle. Officers in smaller police agencies are significantly more likely to stop a vehicle than are Sheriff’s deputies.
Job Satisfaction Behind Walls and Fences
Authors: Garland Brett E. , McCarty William P.
Published: March 2009

Health care staff serve important humanitarian, legal, and security functions inside prisons. Although medical and health staff have become critical to daily life in prisons, little is known about their work attitudes and outcomes. This article examines the job satisfaction of 430 health care practitioners in the federal prison system. Ordinary least squares regression is used to analyze responses to a global measurement of job satisfaction. This analytic procedure was chosen after tests determined that prison-level characteristics would have very little influence on the job satisfaction of this sample. Work-related variables were stronger predictors of job satisfaction than personal characteristics. Feeling effective in dealing with inmates had the strongest impact on job satisfaction. Health care staff also had higher job satisfaction when they perceived greater flexibility and effectiveness in organizational operations and when they had more positive feelings about supervision. Significant personal characteristics that influenced job satisfaction included race and education level.
Is Local Discretionary Sales Tax Adopted to Counteract Fiscal Stress?
Authors: Kim DaeJin , Bae Sang Seok , Eger Robert J.
Published: March 2009

Economic development has traditionally relied on operational resources concentrated in the government's general fund balance for postinfrastructure operations. In this article, the authors explore the phenomenon of infrastructure surtax adoption for development and operation in an empirical analysis of Florida counties. The authors focus their analysis on the factors that influence the adoption grounding the analysis in the theoretical framework of the policy innovation and adoption literature. Their results support earlier findings; however, the most striking point is that fiscal stress and direct tax burden do not statistically influence the infrastructure surtax innovation.
Primary Pulmonary Osteosarcoma: A Report of 4 Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Shenjere Patrick , Travis William D. , Franks Teri J. , Doran Helen M. , Hasleton Philip S.
Published: March 2009

Primary pulmonary osteosarcoma is very rare. Most cases are secondary deposits from primaries arising in the appendicular skeleton. Four cases of primary osteogenic sarcoma of the lung are described and the literature reviewed for previously reported cases. These pulmonary tumors occur in patients who are in their fourth to seventh decades, that is, an older age group than their primary bone equivalent. There is a slight male predominance. There appears to be a propensity for the left lung, especially the left upper lobe. The clinical presentation is similar to primary (epithelial) lung cancer. Differentiation from pleomorphic carcinomas and other sarcomas is discussed. We know of no predisposing factor(s) in our cases for the development of this tumor.
Breast Carcinoma With Chondroid Differentiation: A Clinicopathologic Study of 21 Triple Negative (ER−, PR−, Her2/neu−) Cases
Authors: Gwin Katja , Wheeler Darren T. , Bossuyt Veerle , Tavassoli Fattaneh A.
Published: March 2009

A total of 21 metaplastic breast carcinomas (MCs) with chondroid differentiation were evaluated to better establish the clinicopathological features of this variant. The tumors exhibited mainly invasive carcinoma admixed with areas of cartilaginous matrix production. An associated ductal intraepithelial neoplasia component grade 2 or 3 was observed in 43% of cases. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a triple negative (ER−, PR−, and Her2/neu−) immunoprofile and no expression of the androgen receptor. EGFR-positivity was found in 88% of evaluated cases, consistent with the proposed basaloid phenotype for all MC. Compared with previous studies that reviewed MC with osseus and cartilaginous elements, the incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in our study and 60% of positive nodes exhibited chondroid differentiation. Available follow-up data (n = 10) revealed aggressive behavior of this MC variant with frequent metastasis, including visceral involvement and local chest wall recurrence despite chemotherapy and radiation. Three patients subsequently died of metastatic disease.
Teaching Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders to Answer Inferential “Why” Questions
Authors: Hundert Joel , van Delft Sari
Published: March 2009

A multiple-probe design was used to evaluate the effects of training on three children functioning on the higher end of the autism spectrum who were individually taught to answer each of three types of inferential “why” questions: (a) questions based on a three-card picture sequence, (b) questions based on a verbally presented brief story, and (c) general information questions. All children successfully learned to answer inferential “why” questions and generalized that training to the correct answering of untrained questions of the same type. However, children were not able to answer other types of inferential “why” questions until they were directly trained in that format. Implications for practice are discussed.
Examining the Role of Lifestyle and Criminal History Variables on the Risk of Homicide Victimization
Authors: Ezell Michael E. , Tanner-Smith Emily E.
Published: March 2009

This study uses a lifestyle and routine activities (LSRA) approach to examine the offender—victim overlap in the case of lethal victimization. Longitudinal arrest and mortality data from three samples of individuals released from the California Youth Authority (CYA) are used to examine the lifestyle and criminal history factors that influence the risk of homicide victimization. Results from counting process Cox proportional hazards models indicate that gang membership, the period after release from incarceration, violent arrest history, ethnicity and race, county of release, and family criminality are all significantly related to the bivariate and multivariate risk of homicide victimization. However, other lifestyle and criminality factors such as alcohol and drug abuse and total offense history fail to predict the risk of homicide victimization. The article concludes with a discussion of the results in terms of their implications for theory, public policy, and future research needs.
Homicide-Suicide in the Netherlands
Authors: Liem Marieke , Postulart Marieke , Nieuwbeerta Paul
Published: March 2009

Homicides followed by the suicide of the perpetrator are a rare yet very serious form of interpersonal violence that occurs mainly in partnerships and families. No systematic research on homicide-suicide has ever been conducted in the Netherlands. This study provides an overview of the international homicide-suicide literature. Additionally, this article describes, for the first time, the incidence and patterns of homicide-suicide in the Netherlands and compares these to homicides not followed by suicide. To do so, an existing record containing all homicide cases in the Netherlands in the period 1992-2006 was used. Additional information on homicide-suicide events was retrieved through newspaper analysis. A total of 135 people died in 103 events. Homicide-suicide occurs with an annual incidence of 0.07 to 0.02 per 100,000 persons per year. People who commit homicide-suicide cannot be easily equated to those accused of other types of homicide.
Association of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with type 2 diabetes in two ethnic groups of Jerba Island in Tunisia
Authors: Baroudi Thouraya , Bouhaha Rym , Moran-Moguel Chrystine , Sanchez-Corona Jose , Ben Maiz Hedi , Kammoun Abid Hafaoua , Benammar-Elgaaied Amel
Published: March 2009

Introduction.The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism on the prediction of type 2 diabetes in two ethnic populations from Jerba Island,Tunisia.

Methods. In this study, we analysed the genotypic and the allelic distributions of the ACE I/D polymorphism and conducted a case/control association study between healthy normoglycaemic controls and diabetic patients in the two studied groups.ACE gene polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction in 272 individuals consisting of 172 diabetic subjects and 100 controls.

Results.The genotype frequencies for DD, ID and II were 75.50%, 19.60% and 4.89% inArabs and 76.66%, 16.66% and 6.67% in Berbers, respectively, in the case group, and 42.85%, 35.71% and 21.43% inArabs and 57.50%, 22.50% and 20.00% in Berbers, respectively, in the control group.The DD frequency was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (p<0.001), suggesting that the DD genotype is associated with an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in our study populations.

Conclusions.The current investigation provides new evidence regarding the role of the ACE I/D polymorphism in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in Jerbian populations. Furthermore, it underlines the importance of ethnicity, which should be considered in all studies aiming to test the genetic effects on the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
Impact of renin-angiotensin system polymorphisms on renal haemodynamic responsiveness to acute angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Volkan-Salanci Bilge , Dagdelen Selcuk , Alikasifoglu Mehmet , Erbas Tomris , Hayran Mutlu , Erbas Belkis
Published: March 2009

Introduction.The aim of this study was to document the impact of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) polymorphisms on renal haemodynamics and renal hormones in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. Fifty-nine adult patients were studied. Renal haemodynamics were evaluated using 99mTc-MAG3 clearance (MAG3 Cle) using Bubeck's method and captopril renogram. RAS hormones and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels were measured before and after captopril.ACE, angiotensin II type 1 receptor and angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms were analysed. Results. Post-captopril MAG3Cle values were significantly lower in patients with microalbuminuria compared to nonproteinuric patients. Statistically significant negative correlation was found between clearance percentage change values and HbA1c levels (r: —0.42, p=0.009). MAG3Cle was relatively lower following captopril administration in DD patients, while a relative increment was observed in I allele carriers (p=0.02).TheAC-CC group had significantly higher mean post-captopril clearance value compared to the AA genotype (480.9±56.1 ml/min/1.73 m2 vs. 428.4±74.8 ml/min/1.73 m2, p=0.022). Conclusions. Our data indicate that the heterogeneity of patients' response to ACE inhibition is, at least partly, genetically determined, and the genetic polymorphisms in RAS might predict the acute responsiveness to ACE inhibitors.
Review: Renal protection by inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Authors: Berl Tomas
Published: March 2009

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibition exerts a renoprotective effect independent of blood pressure reduction. Many studies using an end-point of proteinuria compared the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) monotherapy with combination ACE-I/ARB therapy. Despite methodological limitations, most studies suggest that combination therapy provides a greater antiproteinuric effect than monotherapy, perhaps because of more prolonged and complete RAAS inhibition. COOPERATE and ONTARGET used more robust end-points to study renoprotective effects. In COOPERATE, combination therapy resulted in significantly longer times to doubling serum creatinine or developing end-stage renal disease than trandolapril or losartan monotherapy. However, a secondary ONTARGET finding was that combination therapy significantly increased the risk for renal dysfunction compared with ramipril or telmisartan alone. Eventually, the VA NEPHRON-D trial should provide definitive data relating to patients with diabetic nephropathy. Results of AVOID suggest the renoprotective benefits of combination therapy extend to the direct renin inhibitors (DRI). In AVOID, combination therapy with aliskiren, a DRI, and losartan resulted in 20% greater protein excretion decrement than losartan monotherapy. Future trials should examine higher RAAS inhibitor doses, facilitate differentiation of renoprotective and antihypertensive effects of RAAS blockade, and use end-points that robustly demonstrate renoprotective effects.
Meta-analysis of association of ACE2 G8790A polymorphism with Chinese Han essential hypertension
Authors: Zhou Jian-Bo , Yang Jin-Kui
Published: March 2009

Introduction. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the association of ACE2 G8790A polymorphism with essential hypertension.

Materials and methods. The references were retrieved through MEDLINE, Wanfang and VIP Information.The analyses were performed by the software STATA 9.0.

Results. No significant publication bias was observed.The combined data showed no association of the frequencies of the A allele with essential hypertension odds ratio (OR)=1.09 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.98—1.20;p=0.11 in female patients. No associations were shown between the frequencies of the A allele with the genetic susceptibility to essential hypertension in male patients (OR=1.11 95% CI=0.95—1.29; p=0.19).

Conclusion. The meta-analysis suggests that ACE2 G8790A polymorphism may not be a genetic risk factor for essential hypertension in a Chinese Han population.
Young, Black (& Brown) and Don't Give a Fuck
Authors: Leonard David
Published: March 2009

The popularity and visibility of video games within American popular culture is prompted debates within from a spectrum of institutions, ranging from the media and the academy to Main Street and the political sphere. Erasing the complexity, much of the discourse focuses instead on questions of violence and the impact of gaming culture on (White) American youth. While focusing on Grand Theft: San Andreas specifically, this essay explores the culture wars surrounding American video game culture, arguing that the moral panics directed at video games and the defenses/celebrations of virtual reality operate through dominant discourses and hegemonic ideologies of race. Erasing their racial content and textual support for state violence directed at communities of color, the dominant discourse concerning youth and video games rationalizes the fear and policing of Black and Brown communities.
Suburban Tranquility, Interrupted?
Authors: Giardina Michael D.
Published: March 2009

This article meditates on the intersection of youth culture and sport under a post-9/11 regime of neoliberal capitalism in the United States. Focusing on diverse sites ranging from Major League Baseball and the Super Bowl to Nike and adidas advertising campaigns and embodied representations of “Native American” mascots, the author draws to the fore inter/connections, dis/continuities, and cultural performances and mis/translations ongoing in the post/modern world, troubling in the process the stability of terms such as “race,” “identity,” “culture,” and “sexuality.”
My First Black Barbie: Transforming the Image
Authors: Raynor Sharon
Published: March 2009

This essay addresses issues about how the image of Black Barbie dolls can transform the standards of beauty for little Black girls. This image may help the construction or even the re-construction of self and identity. Exploring and perhaps embracing the Barbie image can serve as a form of resistance for Black girls/woman, or it may even help address issues of domination, racism, sexism, and class exploitation that oppress and threaten the survival of young girls.
Alter/native Heroes: Native Americans, Comic Books, and the Struggle for Self-Definition
Authors: King C. Richard
Published: March 2009

This article offers a critical interpretation of Native Americans as objects and authors of comic books, an often maligned and neglected domain of kids' popular culture. The discussion begins with a brief overview of the misappropriation of Indianness in North America. Against this background, it elaborates a three-fold analysis. First, it details the prominence of anti-Indianism in comic books, particularly as means through which Euro-American authors and audiences have made claims on and through Indianness. Second, it unpacks the use of comic books to challenge and question dominant misappropriations and misunderstandings. Third, it examines the recent emergence of indigenous comics intent to use the medium to reclaim Indianness. In conclusion, it proposes that the alternative uses of comic books should be read as an excellent example of a larger movement for visual sovereignty in native North America.
Hammering Versus Drilling of Sharp and Obtuse Trocar-Point K-Wires
Authors: FRANSSEN B. B. G. M. , SCHUURMAN A. H. , MINK VAN DER MOLEN A. B. , KON M.
Published: March 2009

Kirschner wire characteristics affect the heating of bone during insertion and the subsequent strength of fixation. We inserted 90 sharp and 90 obtuse trocar-tip K-wires into 90 fresh frozen human cadaver metacarpals using either a drill or a pneumatic hammer. The temperature elevation, insertion time and extraction force were measured for four K-wire insertion combinations: drilling sharp; drilling obtuse; hammering sharp; hammering obtuse. Hammering resulted in significantly lower temperature elevations than drilling. Hammering sharp K-wires resulted in the highest extraction forces. The first and fifth metacarpals showed significantly lower temperature elevations than the other metacarpals, while the insertion time was significantly higher in the second and third metacarpal than in the other metacarpals. Hammering sharp trocar-tip K-wires minimises thermal damage to bone and gives the strongest fixation.
Influence of Core Suture Geometry on Tendon Deformation and Gap Formation in Porcine Flexor Tendons
Authors: WALBEEHM E. T. , DE WIT T. , HOVIUS S. E. R. , MCGROUTHER D. A.
Published: March 2009

The effects of core suture geometry on the mechanics of failure in flexor tendon surgery are investigated. Forty porcine flexor tendons were repaired using a Kessler; a Kessler-Pennington; a double Kessler; a continuous Kessler; and a cruciate repair. At maximum breaking strength, the cruciate repair gapped more then the double Kessler (12.8 mm vs 9.1 mm), but the double Kessler was less strong (37N vs 45 N). Transverse narrowing was 22% and 24% for the Kessler and the Kessler-Pennington, 11% for the double Kessler, and 0% for the continuous Kessler and the cruciate repair. Kessler-type sutures failed by suture breakage and the cruciate repair by pull-out. Under load, the transverse part of the Kessler sutures narrows, allowing longitudinal parts to lengthen, leading to gapping. The double Kessler shortened transverse segment decreases gapping. Eliminating a transverse component (the cruciate repair) decreased gapping, but the cruciate failed at higher loads by suture pull-out.
Keratoderma Hereditarium Mutilans (Vohwinkel Syndrome)
Authors: SINHA M. , WATSON S. B.
Published: March 2009

Keratoderma hereditarium mutilans, or Vohwinkel syndrome, is a very rare genetic skin condition which causes palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and constricting rings of the fingers and toes. Approximately 50 cases have been reported in the literature with only three having been managed surgically. All three had a high rate of recurrence and unfavourable results in the long term. We report two more cases managed surgically with a follow up of 5 and 8 years respectively. Our experience suggests that the use of full thickness grafts to line the released contractures does not work in the long term as the grafts become raised and painful, requiring multiple revisions. Surgical correction was easy to achieve but difficult to maintain and achieved poor outcomes in general. We therefore feel that the indication for surgical treatment should be a neurovascular compromise.
Anatomical and Radiological Assessment of Trapezial Osteotomy for Trapezial Dysplasia in Early Trapeziometacarpal Joint Arthritis
Authors: ROPARS M. , SIRET P. , KAILA R. , MARIN F. , BELOT N. , DRÉANO T.
Published: March 2009

Opening wedge osteotomy of the trapezial saddle was reported first by Kapandji and Heim (2002) as a possible surgical treatment for early trapeziometacarpal joint arthritis. This study evaluates the feasibility and anatomical risks of the procedure. Ten upper limbs from fresh cadavers were used for this anatomical and radiological study. A dorsolateral opening wedge osteotomy with a 10° correction was performed on each specimen. CT scans and AP radiographs of all the wrists were performed before and after osteotomy to assess the correction of the slope angle, defined as the angle between the longitudinal axis of the second metacarpal and the axis of the trapeziometacarpal articulation. On standard radiographs, mean trapezial slope was 126° preoperatively and 117° postoperatively. On sagittal and coronal CT reconstructions, one case of trapezial translation and two impingements between trapezoid and trapezium bones were identified. Trapezial osteotomy is technically demanding with several possible complications, but merits further study for young patients with Eaton stage 1 or 2 osteoarthritis and an abnormal trapezial slope.
Perforation of the Third Extensor Compartment by the Drill Bit During Palmar Plating of the Distal Radius
Authors: PICHLER W. , GRECHENIG W. , CLEMENT H. , WINDISCH G. , TESCH N. P.
Published: March 2009

The frequency of penetration into the third extensor compartment when drilling the distal screw holes was assessed for four different palmar distal radius plates in 160 cadaver forearms. Penetration into this compartment occurred in 43%. Different plates had different penetration rates: 3.5 LCP four-hole locking T-plate: 20%, 3.5 LCP three-hole locking plate: 42.5%, 2.4 palmar LCP standard plate and the 2.4 palmar LCP buttress plate: 55%. When using a palmar plate on the distal radius, the surgeon risks penetrating into the third extensor compartment.
Congenital Duplication of the Palm Syndrome: Gene Analysis and the Molecular Basis of its Clinical Features
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M. , AL-BALWI M. , EYAID W. , AL-ABDULKARIM I. , AL-TURKI S.
Published: March 2009

Congenital duplication of the palm is a rare syndrome with the following features: the dorsal aspects of both hands have thick palmar skin with no hair or nails; bilateral ulnar ray deficiency; short hypoplastic upper limbs; and severe lower limb abnormalities. In this paper, we report a new case of congenital duplication of the palm syndrome, provide its gene analysis identifying the responsible gene mutation in exon 4 of the WNT7a gene, and detail the molecular basis of its clinical features.
Pre- and Postoperative Guyon’s Canal Pressure Change in Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release: Correlation with Transient Postoperative Guyon’s Canal Syndrome
Authors: OKUTSU I. , HAMANAKA I. , YOSHIDA A.
Published: March 2009

Perioperative Guyon’s canal and carpal canal pressure in one-forearm portal endoscopic carpal tunnel release surgery were measured in resting position and during active power gripping in 66 hands. This was done using the continuous infusion technique with a local anaesthetic and without pneumatic tourniquet. Immediate mean postoperative Guyon’s canal and carpal canal pressure decreased in both measurements. During active power gripping, postoperative Guyon’s canal pressure was less than 40 mmHg in 61 hands, however, this increased to over 40 mmHg in five hands. In these five hands, Guyon’s canal syndrome did not develop. Guyon’s canal and carpal canal pressures were only correlated during postoperative active power gripping. It remains unclear whether immediate postoperative Guyon’s canal pressure correlates with higher pressures a few days later as reported in cases of transient postoperative Guyon’s canal syndrome.
Chinese-American Alliances: American Professionalization and the Rise of the Modern Chinese Library System in the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Liao Jing
Published: March 2009

China's library reforms of the 1920s and 1930s must acknowledge an American connection — the crucial contributions made by Mary Elizabeth Wood (1861–1931) and her American-trained Chinese students. Why did Mary Elizabeth Wood occupy such an important position in China's library history, and how could she, as a foreigner without any native language background, set in motion a dream to be fulfilled by reformers for decades afterwards? To answer these questions, this article examines the historic significance of Mary Elizabeth Wood's decision to send her Chinese students to study library science in America. It demonstrates how, upon their return to China, Shen Zurong (Samuel T. Y. Seng, 1884–1977) and other students became China's first group of library professionals and assumed the leadership role in China's library reforms during the 1920s and 1930s. Together with Wood, they completed building China's first library school, spearheaded the establishment of public libraries in major Chinese cities, and designed a cataloguing system for Chinese libraries. Their successful endeavours culminated in the establishment of a modern Chinese library system.
'A great number of Usefull books': The Hidden Library of Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington (1652–1694)
Authors: Potten Edward
Published: March 2009

Provenance is usually attributed through the analysis of marks of ownership on books. Frustratingly, however, a great many book collectors leave little or no direct evidence of this kind. This article re-examines the early history of the library at Dunham Massey, a National Trust property in Cheshire, and demonstrates that in this instance, paradoxically, it is precisely the lack of any mark of provenance which allows ownership to be assigned. It identifies a new stratum within the library at Dunham: a collection of books linked by a common absence of contemporary provenance. This collection is analysed alongside surviving printed and archival sources relating to Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington, and its ownership hypothesized and tested. The article concludes with a brief analysis of the impact of the identification of a new seventeenth-century private library, both locally and in a broader historical framework.
Sunday School Libraries in Halifax and Huddersfield before Public Libraries
Authors: Parr Linda J
Published: March 2009

Before the end of the nineteenth century, when municipal public libraries were beginning to proliferate all over the country, working-class children had few outlets from where to borrow educational books. Sunday school libraries, which rapidly increased from the 1820s, helped to fill that gap. Sunday schools, which were established by Anglican and Nonconformist churches and chapels alike, brought elementary education to many children, and their libraries provided useful books, though often of a religious or moral nature. This study considers the area covered by the parishes of Halifax and Huddersfield in Yorkshire, which had one of the highest concentrations of Sunday schools.

This article has been compiled, and inevitably reduced, from material contained in the author's unpublished Ph.D. thesis, A history of libraries in Halifax and Huddersfield from the mid-sixteenth century to the coming of the public libraries (University of London, 2003). Sadly, the author died only a few months after the thesis had been accepted and the degree conferred. She was Librarian of the Princess Alexandra College of Nursing, London. The editor of this article is grateful to Linda Parr's mother for permission to draw on the thesis, and to her supervisor, Dr Elizabeth Danbury, formerly of University College, London, for her co-operation. The author previously published two articles related to the theme of the thesis: 'The library of Halifax Mechanics' Institution 1825–1857', Library History 7 (1987), 177–186, and 'Ye olde Luddenden Library, c1776–1917', Transactions of the Halifax Antiquarian Society new ser. 11 (2003) 82–97.
NPM-ALK inhibits the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in an MDM2 and JNK-dependent manner
Authors: Cui Yu-Xin , Kerby Alan , McDuff Fiona Kate Elizabeth , Ye Hongtao , Turner Suzanne Dawn
Published: March 2009

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is characterized by the presence of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) generating the nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) fusion protein, a hyperactive kinase with transforming properties. Among these properties is the ability to regulate activity of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. In many human cancers, p53 is inactivated by mutation or other means, in some cases as a result of up-regulation of the negative regulator MDM2. However, the majority of ALK-expressing ALCL carry wild-type p53 and do not over express MDM2. We demonstrate a novel p53-dependent pathogenetic mechanism in ALK-expressing lymphoma. We confirm previously published reports of NPM-ALK–induced activation of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) stress-activated protein (SAP) kinase proteins, but in this study demonstrate a role for these in the regulation of p53 activity in an intricate signaling system. Specifically, constitutive ALK signaling leads to the functional inactivation and/or degradation of p53 in JNK and MDM2 dependent manners. We also show nuclear exclusion of p53 in a PI 3-kinase–dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that reactivation of p53 in ALK-expressing cells as a result of pharmacologic inhibition of JNK, PI 3-kinase, and/or MDM2 activities results in the induction of apoptosis suggesting a novel therapeutic modality.
Role of GM-CSF signaling in cell-based tumor immunization
Authors: Zarei Shohreh , Schwenter Frank , Luy Patricia , Aurrand-Lions Michel , Morel Philippe , Kopf Manfred , Dranoff Glenn , Mach Nicolas
Published: March 2009

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent adjuvant in cancer vaccination; however, the specific role of endogenous GM-CSF remains unknown. We performed cell-based vaccination in 2 tumor models. First, we vaccinated C57BL/6 mice lacking either GM-CSF, IL-5, or beta-common chain (βc), a receptor subunit essential for GM-CSF and IL-5 signaling, with melanoma cells engineered to produce GM-CSF. Tumor vaccination was effective in both GM-CSF−/− and IL-5−/− mice, showing that protective immunization is independent of both endogenous cytokines. However, all βc−/− animals developed tumor. Loss of tumor immunity in βc−/− mice does not reflect global impairment in cell-mediated immunity, as contact hypersensitivity reaction to haptens is unaltered. The importance of tumor cell–derived GM-CSF was highlighted by recruitment of dendritic cells at the vaccination site in wild-type, GM-CSF−/−, and IL-5−/− but not in βc−/− mice. In the second model, vaccination with unmodified RENCA cells showed similar results with efficient immunization in BALB/c wild-type and GM-CSF−/−, whereas all βc−/− animals died. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that although endogenous GM-CSF and IL-5 are not required to induce tumor immunity, signaling through βc receptor is critically needed for efficient cancer vaccination in both genetically modified GM-CSF–secreting tumor cells and a spontaneously immunogenic models.
Increased signaling through p62 in the marrow microenvironment increases myeloma cell growth and osteoclast formation
Authors: Hiruma Yuko , Honjo Tadashi , Jelinek Diane F. , Windle Jolene J. , Shin Jaekyoon , Roodman G. David , Kurihara Noriyoshi
Published: March 2009

Adhesive interactions between multiple myeloma (MM) cells and marrow stromal cells activate multiple signaling pathways including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in stromal cells, which promote tumor growth and bone destruction. Sequestosome-1 (p62), an adapter protein that has no intrinsic enzymatic activity, serves as a platform to facilitate formation of signaling complexes for these pathways. Therefore, we determined if targeting only p62 would inhibit multiple signaling pathways activated in the MM microenvironment and thereby decrease MM cell growth and osteoclast formation. Signaling through NF-κB and p38 MAPK was increased in primary stromal cells from MM patients. Increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by MM stromal cells was p38 MAPK-dependent while increased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression was NF-κB–dependent. Knocking-down p62 in patient-derived stromal cells significantly decreased protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ), VCAM-1, and IL-6 levels as well as decreased stromal cell support of MM cell growth. Similarly, marrow stromal cells from p62−/− mice produced much lower levels of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and supported MM cell growth and osteoclast formation to a much lower extent than normal cells. Thus, p62 is an attractive therapeutic target for MM.
Cancer in dyskeratosis congenita
Authors: Alter Blanche P. , Giri Neelam , Savage Sharon A. , Rosenberg Philip S.
Published: March 2009

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare inherited bone marrow failure syndrome. The spectrum of cancer susceptibility in this disorder of telomere biology has not been described. There were more than 500 cases of DC reported in the literature from 1910 to 2008; the National Cancer Institute (NCI) prospective DC cohort enrolled 50 cases from 2002 to 2007. Sixty cancers were reported in 52 literature cases, while 7 occurred among patients in the NCI DC cohort. The 2 cohorts were comparable in their median overall survival (42 years) and cumulative incidence of cancer (40%-50% by age 50 years). The most frequent solid tumors were head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (40% of patients in either cohort), followed by skin and anorectal cancer. The ratio of observed to expected cancers (O/E ratio) in the NCI cohort was 11-fold compared with the general population (P < .05). Significantly elevated O/E ratios were 1154 for tongue cancer and 195 for acute myeloid leukemia. Survival after bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia or leukemia was poor in both cohorts. The frequency and types of cancer in DC are surpassed only by those in Fanconi anemia (FA), indicating that FA and DC have similarly high risks of adverse hematologic and neoplastic events, and patients with these diseases should be counseled and monitored similarly.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a distinctive vasculopathy
Authors: Overbeek M. J. , Vonk M. C. , Boonstra A. , Voskuyl A. E. , Vonk-Noordegraaf A. , Smit E. F. , Dijkmans B. A. C. , Postmus P. E. , Mooi W. J. , Heijdra Y. , Grünberg K.
Published: March 2009

Systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SScPAH) has a worse prognosis and response to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) therapy than idiopathic PAH (IPAH). These differences have not yet been explained. Knowledge concerning histological pulmonary vasculopathy in SScPAH is limited in contrast to IPAH. Therefore, we explored patterns of vasculopathy in SScPAH compared with IPAH.

Parameters of vasculopathy were assessed from lung tissue of eight PAH patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and 11 IPAH patients. Lung tissue was obtained at autopsy (n = 15), explantation (n = 3) and biopsy (n = 1).

Pulmonary arterial/arteriolar intimal fibrosis was identified in all SScPAH patients and in three IPAH patients (p = 0.003). Fibrosis of pulmonary veins/venules was found in all SScPAH patients and in three IPAH patients (p = 0.003). In four SScPAH patients, fibrosis of veins/venules was focal and associated with capillary congestion as in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). Of the IPAH patients, 10 had unequivocal evidence of plexogenic arteriopathy compared with none of the SScPAH patients (p = 0.001).

SScPAH is characterised by small vessel intimal fibrosis, which is associated with a PVOD-like pattern in some cases. This might explain its different clinical behaviour from IPAH. Small vessel intimal fibrosis may provide clues to elucidation of differences in pathogenetic mechanisms between the groups.
Mature CD11c+cells are enhanced in hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Authors: Girard M. , Israël-Assayag E. , Cormier Y.
Published: March 2009

The present study verified the hypothesis that enhanced maturation of antigen-presenting CD11c+cells could explain the viral-induced exacerbated immune response toSaccharopolyspora rectivirgula(SR), the main antigen responsible for farmer’s lung, a classic form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP).

Four groups of mice were studied: group 1 received intranasal instillations of saline; group 2 received instillations of SR for 12 weeks; group 3 received instillations of saline and a single infection with Sendai virus on week 3; and group 4 received instillations of SR for 12 weeks with a single administration of Sendai virus on week 3. On week 13, mice were sacrificed and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. Lungs were harvested, digested with enzymes, and CD11c+cells were analysed in flow cytometry with anti-CD11c, anti-CD86 and anti-major histocompatibility complex class II markers. Immunofluorescence studies were also performed with the same cell surface markers.

Both flow cytometry and immunofluorescence results demonstrate that mature CD11c+cells are significantly enhanced in SR-challenged mice simultaneously infected with Sendai virus, compared with other groups. These CD11c+cells persist in the lung for 9 weeks after the virus infection.

Maturation of CD11c+cells could explain, at least in part, the virus-induced increased immune response to SR antigens in this model of HP, but mechanisms have still to be elucidated.