bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Southern Methodist University Radiocarbon Date List II
Authors: Haas Herbert , Haynes Vance
Published: July 2016

All samples described in this date list have been dated from November 1973 to January 1975. Only the benzene liquid scintillation installation was used during this time. For the combustion of soil and fossil bone samples containing a high content of sulfur (ie, in the form of pyrite), a new CO2 extraction and cleaning system was built. The gases released by the combustion are dried in ice and dry ice traps, passed through hot copper oxide and bubbled through KOH solution. Following the combustion, the K2CO3 precipitate is acidified in the same vessel where it formed and the released CO2 is again dried in a dry ice trap and by passing it through ascarite. This CO2 gas is quite clean and can be brought to the original system where the gas volume is measured. Further processing is as previously described (Haynes and Haas, 1974).
Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VII
Authors: Gulliksen Steinar , Nydal Reidar , Lövseth Knut
Published: July 2016

Most dates in this list were obtained in the period 1970 to 1972. Treatment of samples and counting equipment have remained essentially the same as described previously (R, 1972, v 14, p 418–419).
Extension of the Holocene Dendrochronology by the Preboreal Pine Series, 8800 to 10,100 BP
Authors: Becker Bernd , Kromer Bernd
Published: July 2016

Holocene tree-ring chronologies have been established for south-central Europe covering the past 11,000 years. The Hohenheim absolute oak chronology extends to 4089 bc. The C-calibrated mid-Holocene floating oak master covers a 3181-year period from ca 4045 to 7225 bc. The earliest well-replicated floating oak master (estimated calendar age 7215 to 7825 bc) extends the European oak dendrochronology back to Boreal times.

Further extension of the Holocene dendrochronology has been achieved by subfossil oak and pine trees from the Rhine, Main, and Danube Rivers. A 774-year floating series of Preboreal pine has been established. 14C ages range (from younger to older end) from 9200 to 9800 BP. Within this series a major atmospheric 14C variation is indicated, resulting in nearly constant 14C ages (9600 BP) over a period of 370 tree-rings.

The European oak and pine tree-ring chronologies cover without major gaps the entire Holocene epoch. Based on the length of the dendro-records, an approximate solar year age of 11,280 years is calculated for the Holocene/Pleistocene boundary.

The Preboreal pine forests along the rivers were replaced by mixed oak forests between 9200 and 8800 BP. By linking the earliest oak masters and the Preboreal pine series, the European dendrochronology can be extended up to the end of Late Glacial times.
Radiocarbon Age Calibration Back to 13,300 Years BP and the14C Age Matching of the German Oak and US Bristlecone Pine Chronologies
Authors: Stuiver Minze , Kromer Bernd , Becker Bernd , Ferguson C W
Published: July 2016

With the recent establishment of an unbroken West European tree-ring sequence spanning the past 7272 years (Pilcheret al, 1984) the calibration of the14C time scale was advanced considerably. It is now possible to use this chronology as an independent cross-check on the 8681-year US Bristlecone Pine series (Ferguson & Graybill, 1983). There also are opportunities for14C matching (wiggle matching) between the older portion of the Bristlecone Pine series and floating (not tied to the present) parts of the South German Oak sequence. Linick, Suess and Becker (1985) used this approach in matching the earliest part of the Bristlecone Pine series with the Donau 6 Main 4/11 (Becker, 1983) series and thus established a D6M4/11 “zero” point (tree-ring no. 1) of 7215 bc.
Radiocarbon Age Calibration of Marine Samples Back to 9000 Cal Yr BP
Authors: Stuiver Minze , Pearson G W , Braziunas Tom
Published: July 2016

Calibration curves spanning several millennia are now available in this special issue ofRadiocarbon. These curves, nearly all derived from the14C age determinations of wood samples, are to be used for the age conversion of samples that were formed through use of atmospheric CO2. When samples are formed in reservoirs (eg, lakes and oceans) that differ in specific14C content from the atmosphere, an age adjustment is needed because a conventional14C age, although taking into account14C (and13C) fractionation, does not correct for the difference in specific14C activity (Stuiver & Polach, 1977). The14C ages of samples grown in these environments are too old, and a reservoir age correction has to be applied. This phenomenon has been referred to as the reservoir effect (Stuiver & Polach, 1977).
Dynamics of Radiocarbon in Soils
Authors: Cherkinsky A. E. , Brovkin V. A.
Published: July 2016

We present here a model of humus accumulation in recent soils. We have estimated the coefficients of mineralization of humus and humic acid for a typical Chernozem soil. We suggest a technique for calculating the renewal time of soil with specific activity higher than the modern standard and discuss the results for different soils.
An Improved Method for Radiocarbon Dating Fossil Bones
Authors: Arslanov Kh. A. , Svezhentsev Yu. S.
Published: July 2016

We demonstrate here that the use of either the acid-alkali or Longin method alone does not fully extract contaminants from bone-collagen fractions. We present our methods and results of extracting bone collagen that involve successive use of both of these methods.
Geochronology of Late Quaternary Events in Northeastern Russia
Authors: Lozhkin A. V.
Published: July 2016

Radiocarbon-dated paleobotanical and palynological samples record complex changes of vegetation and climate in northeastern Russia during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Since the Kargin Interval (middle Wisconsin equivalent), which started 50 ka ago, we can distinguish two periods that were colder than the present. The Kirgilyakh was the earliest Karginsk cool period, dating to 45–39 ka BP. The second significant cool period dates to 33–30 ka BP. The boundary between the Kargin Interval and the last Late Pleistocene glaciation (Sartan, late Wisconsin equivalent) dates from 27 ka BP. The sharp change from herbaceous mossy tundra (Sartan) to light-coniferous larch forests (Holocene) in northeastern Russia dates to 12.5 ka ago. The Holocene thermal maximum, linked to the expansion of woody plants into the modern barren-ground tundra, dates from 9.5–8 ka BP.
Geochronology of the Pleistocene and Holocene in the Fore-Urals
Authors: Latypova E. K. , Yakheemovich B. L.
Published: July 2016

The paper presents the results for the 14C dating obtained recently in the Laboratory of the Institute of Geology, Ufa Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science, on the basis of megafaunal bones, peats, wood and mollusk shells. Dates are reported in stratigraphic sequence from the Late Würmian to the Holocene.
A Regional Geochronological Study of Late Pleistocene Permafrost
Authors: Kostyukevich V. V.
Published: July 2016

The use of radiocarbon dating in geocryological investigations makes it possible to establish a chronology for permafrost-geological development during the Late Pleistocene. Both global and regional time scales for the formation of Late Pleistocene permafrost have been worked out over the past 15–20 years at the Permafrost Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. I present here results from study areas of northwestern Siberia and of North, Central and West Yakutia.
Examination of Background Contamination Levels for Gas Counting and AMS Target Preparation in Trondheim
Authors: Gulliksen Steinar , Thomsen Mette S.
Published: July 2016

The Radiological Dating Laboratory in Trondheim relatively often dates samples with ages >30 ka BP. Contaminated background materials are known to affect the accuracy of very old dates. We have found, by measurements of different materials, that such contamination is small when using our conventional gas proportional counting (GPC) system. We have also studied contamination levels of our target preparation for14C accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating in Uppsala. A significant lower background is obtained for Icelandic double spar than for marbles, probably due to a crystal structure of the double spar that is more insensitive to contaminating processes. The background for combusted samples is at the same level as for samples of double spar, indicating that additional14C contamination due to combustion is negligible. Dates obtained on interstadial samples (T >30 ka bp) by both GPC and AMS agree well.
The Statistics of Low-Level Counting Using the New Generation of Packard Liquid Scintillation Counters
Authors: Cook G. T. , Scott E. M. , Wright E. M. , Anderson Robert
Published: July 2016

We consider the suitability of commonly used Poisson counting statistics applied to background count rates measured in the new generation of low-background Packard liquid scintillation spectrometers. We also investigate the stability of these systems over long time intervals. Undetected instability will result in an underestimation of the precision of any result (i.e., the calculated error will be too small), and, in the presence of a systematic source, could lead to inaccurate results. The work described here forms only a small part of a project to investigate the statistical criteria that should be applied to the performance of such counters. The procedures to be discussed here include the Poisson index of dispersion, x and s control charts and the MSSD test for detection of drift. These are illustrated on background count rates derived from the Packard 2260XL and 2000CA/LL.
14C Gas Counting: Is There Still a Future?
Authors: Povinec Pavel
Published: July 2016

Reviewed here are developments in low background proportional counters and chambers used for low-level internal gas counting of 14C. I have studied the influence of counter geometry and the nature of the gas filling on counter characteristics and describe in detail operational characteristics of multi-element proportional chambers. I also discuss detector developments for ultra-low-level gas counting based on a time projection chamber. My observations show that proportional and drift chambers, together with multichannel electronics operating on-line with a computer, open new possibilities in ultra-low-level gas counting.
A High Throughput 14C Accelerator Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Purser Kenneth H.
Published: July 2016

I present design details of a tandem accelerator mass spectrometer, which has been installed at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to provide precision 14C/13C/12C isotopic ratios for sub-milligram-size samples of graphite with throughputs of >4000 samples per year. A unique feature is the capability for simultaneous measurement of all three isotopes after acceleration, to avoid differential transmission effects and to allow on-line fractionation corrections and diagnosis of instrument health. Using filamentous graphite fabricated from a recent sample, we have established the counting rate of 14C ions at between 60–120 s–1.
Progress in AMS Measurements at the LLNL Spectrometer
Authors: Southon J. R. , Vogel J. S. , Trumbore S. E. , Davis J. C. , Roberts M. L. , Caffee M. W. , Finkel R. C. , Proctor I. D. , Heikkinen D. W. , Berno A. J. , Hornady R. S.
Published: July 2016

We report on the present status of the Lawrence Livermore AMS spectrometer, including sample throughput and progress towards routine 1% measurement capability for 14C, first results on other isotopes and experience with a multisample high-intensity ion source.
Separation and 14C Dating of Pure Pollen from Lake Sediments: Nanofossil AMS Dating
Authors: Long Austin , Davis Owen K. , de Lanois Jeanne
Published: July 2016

We have developed and tested a practical device for manually separating pollen from pollen concentrates in sufficient quantity for AMS 14C dating. It is a combination of standard, commercially available equipment handled in a clean room by an individual trained to recognize pollen. A typical example requires about 15–20 h of hand-picking under the microscope. We show the usefulness of this procedure with results on a mid-Holocene segment from a core from Mono Lake. Sediments from this hardwater lake contain pollen and finely disseminated organic matter, but no macrofossils. The pollen dated ca. 1000 yr younger than the bulk sediment. The sediment “date” is most likely affected by incorporation of limestone-derived carbon, and is erroneously old.
Mass Spectrometric 14C and U-Th Measurements in Coral
Authors: Burr G. S. , Edwards R. L. , Donahue D. J. , Druffel E. R. M. , Taylor F. W.
Published: July 2016

We discuss U-Th and 14C measurements in coral. Samples with U-Th dates in excess of 50 ka BP were chosen for study. Some bulk samples from this group have measurable 14C dates, which range from 30 ka to 43 ka bp. These can be explained by 0.5–2.5% contamination by modern carbon. This small amount of contamination can produce significant offsets in 14C dates of coral samples older than ≃10 ka. It may be undetectable in X-ray powder diffraction patterns. We describe a sample pretreatment that removes the modern carbon by selective dissolution and produces accurate 14C dates.
Possible Effects of Ozone Depletion on the Global Carbon Cycle
Authors: Peng Tsung-Hung
Published: July 2016

The increase of UV-B radiation resulting from ozone depletion is considered to have damaging effects on marine ecosystems. A cutback of marine productivity would tend to reduce the oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2. Box models of the global oceans based on the distribution of bomb-produced 14C are used to evaluate the possible effects of ozone depletion on the atmospheric CO2 concentration. The maximum effect presumably takes place if the ozone hole reduces the marine productivity to zero in the Antarctic Ocean. In a business-as-usual scenario of future CO2 emissions, the atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) would increase by an additional 37 μatm over the course of the next century. This increase corresponds to 4.6% of the projected atmospheric pCO2 in the year 2090. However, if the damaging effect caused by the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer is assumed to lower the productivity over the Antarctic Ocean by 10%, the atmospheric pCO2 would rise by less than 3 μatm over the expected atmospheric level in the next century.
Possibilities for Reconstructing Radiocarbon Level Changes During the Late Glacial by Using a Laminated Sequence of Gościaż Lake
Authors: Goslar Tomasz , Kuc Tadeusz , Pazdur Mieczysław F. , Ralska-Jasiewiczowa Magdalena , Różański Kazimierz , Szeroczyńska Krystyna , Walanus Adam , Wicik Bogumił , Wieckowski Kazimierz , Arnold Maurice , Bard Edouard
Published: July 2016

Laminated sediments of Gościaż Lake can be used as an independent source of material for calibrating the radiocarbon time scale. The varve chronology is based on three long cores from the deepest part of the lake, with one additional core from the second deepest part. From pollen and Cladocera spectra and stable isotope and chemical content sequences, we have determined the Allerød(AL)/Younger Dryas(YD) and Younger Dryas/Preboreal(PB) boundaries in the three long cores with relatively good accuracy, and have tentatively defined the AL/YD boundary in the fourth core. The Younger Dryas period contains at least 1520 varves, with 980 varves in fragments well replicated in all four cores. The duration of the Younger Dryas as recorded in sediments of Gościaż Lake corresponds well to the duration derived from 230Th/234U and 14C dates on Barbados corals, but disagrees with estimates from Soppensee, Lake Holzmaar and Swedish varves. Two AMS dates of terrestrial macrofossils from the PB and YD periods seem to fit both the data obtained for Swiss lake sediments and Barbados corals.
Radiocarbon Chronology of Late Neolithic Settlements in the Tisza-Maros Region, Hungary
Authors: Hertelendi Ede , Horváth Ferenc
Published: July 2016

We investigated chronological questions of five Late Neolithic settlements in the Hungarian Tisza-Maros region. Fifty new radiocarbon dates provide an internal chronology for the developmental phases of the tell settlements, and place them into the wider framework of the southeastern European Neolithic. An example is presented of how a unique type of stratigraphic excavation helps the interpretation of radiocarbon data, which are in contradiction with the stratigraphic position of the samples.
14C Dating Mortar in Ireland
Authors: Berger Rainer
Published: July 2016

I have developed a method of dating early medieval Irish buildings using charcoal encased in mortar. Due to the inclement weather over centuries, timbers do not preserve well in these structures, leaving little suitable material for14C dating. Initially, several buildings of known age were analyzed to verify the mortar charcoal technique. Then, a series of buildings for which no definite architectural-historical dates existed,e.g.,churches, houses, oratories and round towers, was successfully tested. I discuss here the results of this dating approach, and provide architectural historians with a firmer understanding of the origin and antiquity of early Irish buildings.
Radiocarbon Dating of Iron Artifacts
Authors: Cresswell Richard G.
Published: July 2016

During the late 1960s, N. J. van der Merwe (1969) obtained 14C measurements on 11 iron pieces, ranging in carbon content from medium carbon (0.22%) wrought iron (1.2 kg used) to high carbon (3.2%) cast iron (30 g), thereby demonstrating the feasibility of the technique for 14C dating iron. In the early 1980s, Sayre et al. (1982) repeated two of van der Merwe's measurements, and carried out two analyses on a recently rediscovered Elizabethan(?) iron bloom. Thirty grams were required of this medium carbon wrought iron to obtain an age using small proportional counters. A number of iron artifacts have recently been analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at IsoTrace. Samples ranged in size from 3.4 g of a medium carbon (≃0.4%) wrought iron bloom to 274 mg for a high carbon (1.79%) wootz steel fragment. AMS now permits analysis of samples that previously were too small or too valuable to be analyzed. For larger samples, multiple analyses can reveal variations that may aid the evaluation of sample history.
Glasgow University Radiocarbon Measurements I
Authors: Baxter M. S. , Ergin M. , Walton A.
Published: July 2016

Two radiocarbon counting systems have been established in the Chemistry Department, University of Glasgow, since late 1967.

The counting gas is methane, at pressures up to 10 atm, and 2 alternative procedures are followed for methane production, (a) high pressure synthesis in a stainless steel 4.5 1 reactor and (b) low pressure synthesis in an all glass flow-reactor. Both systems employ 0.5% ruthenium on alumina pellets as catalyst (Engelhard Industries Ltd.). Early samples synthesized with Air Products' hydrogen showed evidence of tritium contamination. This gas supply was later replaced with tritium-free hydrogen supplied by Messrs. Griesheim, Düsseldorf, Germany. Both detectors used for routine measurements are 0.5 1 internal gas counters supplied by Beckman Instruments Inc., California. The detectors are surrounded by a concentric-wall multiple anode anticoincidence counter. The entire counter assembly is encased within a 4-in.-thick lead shield manufactured from aged lead by J. Girdler and Co., London. Counter electronics, anticoincidence system and power supply are of Beckman design (Sharp and Ellis, 1965).
Lyon Natural Radiocarbon Measurements I
Authors: Evin J. , Longin R. , Pachiaudi Ch.
Published: July 2016

The Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory was founded in 1965 by the Department of Geology, University of Lyon, to study the Late Quaternary geology of the Rhone-Alps Region, and to contribute to hydrogeologic and archaeologic studies. It has been installed in the basement of the Nuclear Physics Institute. Preparation began in 1966 and first dates obtained in June 1967.
Tata Institute Radiocarbon Date List VI
Authors: Agrawal D. P. , Kusumgar Sheela
Published: July 2016

This date list is comprised of archaeologic and geophysical samples. The latter are in continuation of our investigations of bomb-produced radiocarbon in atmospheric carbon dioxide reported in Tata V. We continue to count samples in the form of methane; the techniques used have been described elsewhere (Agrawalet al., 1965).
UCLA Radiocarbon Dates IX
Authors: Berger Rainer , Libby W. F.
Published: July 2016

The measurements reported have been carried out during the first half of 1968 in the Isotope Laboratory of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics as a continuation of the UCLA date lists I through VIII. Samples were analyzed as CO2-gas at close to one atm in a 7.5 L proportional counter with three energy channels described in earlier publication. Radiocarbon ages have been calculated for uniformity on the basis of a 5568 yr half-life in accord with a recommendation by the Sixth International C14and H3Dating Conference, June 1965, in Pullman, Washington. The standard for the contemporary biosphere remains as 95% of the count rate of NBS oxalic acid for radiocarbon laboratories. Background determinations have been based on CO2obtained from marble. The error listed is always at least a one-sigma statistical counting error. In critical cases C13/C12isotope ratio measurements were made to correct the dates for fractionation. All samples were subjected to accepted NaOH, HCl or other special chemical pretreatments discussed below depending on the individual case to exclude contamination.
The Use of Raman Spectroscopy to Monitor the Removal of Humic Substances from Charcoal: Quality Control for 14C Dating of Charcoal
Authors: Alon Dani , Mintz Genia , Cohen Illit , Weiner Steve , Boaretto Elisabetta
Published: July 2016

One of the largest sources of uncertainty in radiocarbon dating stems from the sample pretreatment procedures used to minimize contamination. A major source of carbon contamination in charcoal from archaeological sites is humic substances carried by groundwater. Here we present a method, independent of 14C dating itself, to evaluate the effectiveness of the cleaning procedure of charcoal. Raman spectra of mixtures of humic substances (HS) and laboratory prepared charcoal indicate that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a semi-quantitative measure of the amount of humic substances associated with archaeological charcoal. Raman spectral analysis of archaeological charcoal samples subjected to different cleaning regimes supports this contention. Such measurements can provide quality control for charcoal preparation procedures and may assist in the interpretation of carbon-dating results.
Determination of the Radiocarbon Age of Parchment of the Vinland Map
Authors: Donahue D J , Olin J S , Harbottle G
Published: July 2016

The Vinland Map, drawn on a 27.8 × 41.0 cm parchment bifolium, is housed in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. In the northwest Atlantic Ocean, it shows “the Island of Vinland, discovered by Bjarni and Leif in company.” Skelton, Marston, and Painter (Skelton et al. 1965, 1995) firmly argued the map's authenticity, associating it with the Council of Basle (AD 1431–1449), that is, half a century before Columbus's voyage. Nevertheless, vigorous scholarly questioning of the map's authenticity has persisted (Washburn 1966; McCrone 1974; Olin and Towe 1976; Cahill et al. 1987; McCrone 1988; Towe 1990). We have determined the precise radiocarbon age of the map's parchment by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The one-sigma calibrated calendrical date range is AD 1434 ± 11 years: the 95% confidence level age range is AD 1411–1468.
Isotopic Analysis of Groundwater and Carbonate System in the Surdulica Geothermal Aquifer
Authors: Hadžišehović Munevera , Miljević Nada , Šipka Vojislava , Golobočanin Dušan , Popović Radule
Published: July 2016

We present here results of our investigation of the isotopic chemical composition of groundwater and carbonates in the Surdulica geothermal aquifer, Serbia. We considered the effects of carbonate dissolution and measured 13C, 14C, D, 18O, 3H, field pH, temperature, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO−3; and other aqueous species from 30 springs and boreholes. Geothermal waters are supersaturated with calcite. Carbon isotope compositions vary with carbonate mineral dissolution. The δD and δ18O of groundwater samples fit the meteoric water line, and indicate that groundwater is recharged mainly from higher altitudes and the cold season. Different groundwater residence times point out two mechanisms for their formation: fissure flow for young waters and standard diffusion processes for old ones.
Radiocarbon Dating of Paleoseismicity Along an Earthquake Fault in Southern Italy
Authors: Calderoni Gilberto , Petrone Vincenzo
Published: July 2016

On 23 November 1980, a major earthquake (Ms = 6.9) struck a large area of the southern Apennines (Campania and Lucania regions, southern Italy). This seismic event, the largest in Italy over the last 80 years, almost completely destroyed 15 villages and caused extensive damage to other towns, including Naples. The quake produced the first well-documented example in Italy of surface dislocation, represented by a fault scarp 38 km long. We undertook a study that included 14C dating of organic materials from layers displaced by paleoseismic events to assess the seismologic hazard for the area. We collected peat and charred wood samples from the walls of two trenches excavated across the 1980 fault at Piano di Pecore di Colliano, Salerno, where the sedimentary suite is faulted and warped by five quakes (including that of 1980). This produced comparable vertical throw and deformation patterns. Chronological data for pre-1980 events, coupled with detailed stratigraphic analysis, yielded a dip-slip rate and a recurrence interval of 0.4 mm/yr and 1700 yr, respectively.
AMS-Graphite Target Production Methods at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution During 1986–1991
Authors: Gagnon Alan R. , Jones Glenn A.
Published: July 2016

In July 1986, an AMS radiocarbon target preparation laboratory was established at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to produce graphite to be analyzed at the NSF-Accelerator Facility for Radioisotope Analysis at the University of Arizona (Tucson). By June 1991, 923 graphite targets had been prepared and 847 analyzed. Our lab procedures during this time included the careful documentation of weights of all starting samples, catalysts and final graphite yields, as well as the volume of CO2 gas evolved during CaCO3 hydrolysis or closed-tube organic carbon combustions. From these data, we evaluate the methods used in general and in our lab.
A Simplified Approach to Calibrating 14C Dates
Authors: Talma A. S. , Vogel J. C.
Published: July 2016

We propose a simplified approach to the calibration of radiocarbon dates. We use splines through the tree-ring data as calibration curves, thereby eliminating a large part of the statistical scatter of the actual data points. To express the age range, we transform the ± 1 σ and ± 2 σ values of the BP age to calendar dates and interpret them as the 68% and 95% confidence intervals. This approach bypasses the conceptual problems of the transfer of individual probability values from the radiocarbon to the calendar age. We have adapted software to make this calibration possible.
Radiocarbon Dates from American Samoa
Authors: Clark Jeffrey T.
Published: July 2016

Between 1988 and 1991, I directed five archaeological research projects in American Samoa. The goal of that research was to reveal changes in the prehistoric settlement system of Samoa, from initial colonization of the archipelago to the time of significant European contact. The chronological placement of key sites was an essential facet of the research. A secondary goal was to locate sites with ceramic components, particularly sites with Lapita ceramics, and relate the ceramic assemblages typologically and chronologically to those known for Western Samoa. These investigations generated 16 14C dates from archaeological contexts. I present here the previously unpublished 14C data from those samples, and briefly summarize their importance for understanding Samoan prehistory.
Determination of 90Sr/90Y in Wheat Grains, Soil, and Deposition Samples by TBP Extraction and Cerenkov Counting
Authors: Gerstmann Udo Ch , Tschöpp Vlasta
Published: July 2016

Within the framework of radioecological studies, 90Sr was determined in wheat grains, soil, and deposition samples. The radiochemical purification of 90Y consisted of liquid-liquid extraction by tributyl phosphate (TBP), followed by hydroxide and oxalate precipitations and, if necessary, the removal of thorium by anion exchange chromatography. The procedure proved to be very robust and reliable, having yttrium yields of 92.7 ± 4.6% for 1-kg wheat samples, 90.9 ± 4.2% for 50-g soil samples, and 90.6 ± 3.2% for wet and dry deposition samples. 90Y was determined by Cerenkov counting and proportional counting. By optimizing the Cerenkov counting window, a figure of merit (FOM) of 4750 could be reached using a Quantulus™ 1220 system. Minimum detectable activities were in the range of 10 mBq.
An Early Holocene/Late Pleistocene Archaeological Site on the Oregon Coast? Comments on Hall Et Al. (2005)
Authors: Moss Madonna L , Connolly Thomas J , Erlandson Jon M , Tasa Guy L
Published: July 2016

In the journal Radiocarbon, Hall et al. (2005:383) claim that 35-CS-9, located in Bandon Ocean Wayside State Park on the southern Oregon coast, is one of the few Oregon coast sites “that includes sediments and artifacts dating to the early Holocene and possibly to the late Pleistocene.” Their claim for an early Holocene or late Pleistocene human occupation rests on a single radiocarbon date of 11,000 ± 140 BP (12,710–12,680 cal BP) taken from charcoal found at least 20 cm below the nearest artifact. Although Hall et al. compile various kinds of geoarchaeological evidence to support this claim, their case is not convincing. While we applaud aspects of their analyses, the inferences they have drawn are not substantiated by the evidence they present. We agree that 35-CS-9 is a significant site but believe claims for the antiquity of its human use have been exaggerated.
Uncertain Slovakia: Blaho Uhlár, Stoka and Vres
Authors: Quinn Michael L.
Published: July 2016

In the renegotiations of borders and cultures currently underway in former Soviet Europe, the situation in Slovakia stands out as one in which uncertainty itself is perhaps the primary obstacle to renewal and growth. The Slovaks were occupied by Hungarian forces for a millennium, emerging as a modern nation first under the shadow of the Czechs in the first republic, then clouded by a Nazi-style clerico-fascist state which discredited the moral impulses of much Slovak nationalism, and finally dominated by a colonial Comecon culture in which the interests of an integral, cohesive Slovak state were always compromised by its role in a larger international Soviet politics. By virtue of the remarkable Velvet Revolution, the Slovaks have been able to claim unique nationhood for the first time since the Great Moravian Empire in the 9th century. Yet the thousand years between has created a culture which lacks the foundations for the kind of quick, assured policy-making that will succeed financially, and in the international culture market, for the new countries of Europe. Separated from the Czechs, the Slovaks now face a slower pace of industrial conversion, slower ecological recovery, a fading currency, and the legacy of a violent nationalism—personified in Meciar's leadership—that has not made the transition from government by executive fiat to reasoned debate and majority politics.
Spiral structure of our Galaxy and of other galaxies
Authors: Vorontsov-Velyaminov B.A.
Published: July 2016

Time and again Dr. B. Bok publishes his reviews on the state of optical searches of the spiral arms in our Galaxy. A great optimist at the beginning, concerning the agreement of different results, he became later more critical in his conclusions. But in his paper of 1967 he claims anew, as well established, that we can trace the spiral arms up to a distance of 14000 pc from the centre.
The rotation curve, mass, light, and velocity distribution of M31
Authors: Einasto J. , Rümmel U.
Published: July 2016

A model for the Andromeda galaxy, M 31, has been derived from the available radio, photometric, and spectroscopic data. The model consists of four components – the nucleus, the bulge, the disc, and the flat component.

For all components the following functions have been found: the mass density; the mass-to-light ratio; the velocity dispersions in three perpendicular directions (for the plane of symmetry and the axis of the galaxy); the deviation angle of the major axis of the velocity ellipsoid from the plane of symmetry; the centroid velocity (for the plane of symmetry).

Our model differs in two points from the models obtained by other authors: the central concentration of mass is higher (in the nucleus the mass-to-light ratio is about 170), and the total mass of the galaxy (200 × 109 solar masses) is smaller. The differences can be explained by different rotation curves adopted, and by attributing more weight to photometric and spectroscopic data in the case of our model.
Kinematics of M 33, M 51 and the L. M. C.
Authors: Monnet G.
Published: July 2016

First interferometric results on M 33 in the Hα line at a dispersion of 20 Å/mm, involving 1048 radial velocities, have already been published (Carranza et al., 1968). A new analysis with 3000 measures more will be published soon.
The stellar velocity field in M 51
Authors: Simkin S. M.
Published: July 2016

Radial velocities have been measured from the absorption lines on two image tube spectra of M 51. These velocities show large deviations from the ‘smoothed’ rotation curve for that object. The measurements seem to indicate that both the stars and the gas move in the same way.
The distribution of H II regions
Authors: Mezger P. G.
Published: July 2016

The distribution of optically observed H II regions and OB stars with galactic longitude indicates that it is primarily determined by extinction by interstellar dust. Thus optical observations can, at the best, reveal the local structure in the vicinity of the sun. Radio observations, on the other hand, are not affected by dust. Thus the distribution of galactic radio sources, which peaks in the northern part at about lII = 17°.5, must be related to the large-scale structure of our Galaxy. Two radio recombination line surveys of the northern and southern sky yield kinematic distances. If only the ‘giant H II regions’ are retained, the following distribution is obtained: (1) Only 5 giant H II regions are found within the 4 kpc arm. (2) The bulk of the giant H II regions is concentrated in a ring between 4 and 6 kpc from the galactic center. (3) There are other concentrations of giant H II regions indicating the existence of the Sagittarius and Perseus arm. (4) The three features revealed by optical observations of H II regions in the vicinity of the sun cannot be matched with the large-scale distribution outlined by giant H II regions. This is particularly true for the so-called Orion arm. (5) At distances beyond 13 kpc from the galactic center virtually no giant H II regions are found. (6) The surface density of giant H II regions attains its maximum between 4 and 8 kpc; the surface density of neutral hydrogen (H I) attains its maximum between 11 and 15 kpc, but the actual space density of H I in the region 4 to 8 kpc may still be rather high.
Spiral structure of the Galaxy Derived from the Hat Creek survey of neutral hydrogen
Authors: Weaver H.
Published: July 2016

The extensive Hat Creek survey of neutral hydrogen combined with southern observations provides the basis for a new discussion of the spiral structure of the galaxy. The purpose of this investigation is to provide a general picture of the galaxy. It is found that the pitch of the spiral arms is approximately 12°.5 and that there are many spurs and interarm features as we observe in external galaxies.

The sun is not located in a major spiral arm, but rather in a spur or offshoot originating near or at the Sagittarius arm, which is a major structure in the galaxy. The young stars in the general vicinity of the sun delineate this spur, not a major arm structure. The stars and the gas are in agreement in indicating a large pitch angle (20°–25°) for this local structure, which differs from the smaller pitch angle for the arms which form the system as a whole.

In the presentation a computer-produced movie of the galaxy based on Hat Creek hydrogen contour maps similar to those in Figure 1 was shown. It was used to illustrate generally the complexity of the gas structure and, in particular, to show (i) observational aspects of the spur in which the sun is located and (ii) the point of origin of the so-called Perseus arm.
A study of spiral structure for 270° ≤ lII ≤ 310°
Authors: Garzoli S. L.
Published: July 2016

A survey of the distribution of the intensity of the 21 cm-line of atomic hydrogen in the region with galactic coordinates 270° ≤ lII ≤ 310°, −3° ≤ bII ≤ 2°, was made with the 100-foot radiotelescope and 56-channel receiver of the Radio Astronomy Station of the Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía and the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The angular and velocity resolution of the system is 28′ of arc and 2 km s−1.
On the physical conditions in interstellar H I gas
Authors: Grewing M. , Mebold U. , Rohlfs K.
Published: July 2016

Weighted average values of the ionization ratio ne/nH for the interstellar gas can be obtained from a comparison of pulsar data and 21-cm emission measurements. For high latitude pulsars this procedure is straight forward and reasonably free from assumptions. The resulting ionization ratios are high (ne/nH = 0.39). If this is compared with values as given by the theory of ionization and heating of interstellar gas by subcosmic rays, temperatures for the ‘neutral’ gas above 104 K are obtained. For low latitude pulsars this procedure depends to a much larger extend on the assumed distance of the objects and on the ionization theory. Here the values found are ne/nH = 0.07 and Te = 2000 K.
The distribution of H II regions in the local spiral arm in the direction of Cygnus
Authors: Dickel H. R. , Wendker H. J. , Bieritz J. H.
Published: July 2016

The apparent shapes and orientations of optical nebulae in the Cygnus X complex provide possible evidence for the existence of a symmetry in the local spiral arm which may be related to the structure of the local magnetic field within the spiral arm. We have made a preliminary determination of the distances to about 90 nebulae in the Cygnus X complex by use of the values of interstellar absorption as a function of galactic coordinates. These values of absorption were determined from a comparison of optical and radio data for the nebulae. The more prominent nebulae are clumped at a distance of about 1.5 kpc. The total range in distances is from 1 kpc to at least 4 kpc. We have attempted to fit model spiral arms to this three-dimensional distribution of nebulae by approximating the spiral arm with a truncated cylinder. It has been possible to narrow the range of permissible orientations and sizes etc. for this local section of the Orion arm.
The study of the Milky Way integrated spectrum and the spiral structure of the Galaxy
Authors: Kostjakova E. B.
Published: July 2016

The integrated spectrum of the Milky Way can give some information on the composition and large-scale structure of the Galaxy.
A study of O and B stars in Vela, along the galactic equator
Authors: Velghe A. G.
Published: July 2016

The spiral structure of our Galaxy, as defined by optical evidence, shows a striking gap around lII = 270°. Intrigued by this feature, the author started, in 1955, a survey of early type stars based on objective-prism plates taken with the ADH-Schmidttelescope of the Boyden Observatory (South-Africa); dispersion of the spectra: 240 Å/mm at Hγ.
The velocity dispersions of O- and B-stars within a few kpc
Authors: Shatsova R. B.
Published: July 2016

The results of a study of the dispersion of velocities of O-B5 stars up to a distance of 3 kpc are described.
Gravitational theories of spiral structure
Authors: Contopoulos G.
Published: July 2016

The basic ideas and some of the most important recent developments of the gravitational theories of spiral structure are described. A separation between linear and non linear effects is made. The linear self consistent problem consists of the problem of modes and of the initial value problem, which is discussed here in some detail. More emphasis is put on the non linear problem near resonances and in particular the inner Lindblad resonance. The linear density response to a slightly growing spiral potential (trailing or leading) near the inner Lindblad resonance is always trailing, while non linear effects form a density distribution with a roughly quadruple symmetry.
Non-linear density waves in pressureless disks
Authors: Berry C. L. , Vandervoort P. O.
Published: July 2016

A method is described for the construction of a density wave of finite amplitude and in the form of a tightly wound spiral in a pressureless, self-gravitating disk of infinitesimal thickness in an external gravitational field. Waves of one kind are found for systems in which the law of rotation departs only slightly from that of a solid body. Waves of a second kind are found in systems possessing appreciable differential rotation; however, such waves can occur only if the self-gravitation of the disk is small compared with the external gravitation. The latter waves are to be identified with the waves described by linear theories.
Computer models of spiral structure
Authors: Hohl F.
Published: July 2016

A computer model for isolated disks of stars is used to study the self-consistent motion of large numbers of point masses as they move in the plane of the galactic disk. The Langley Research Center's CDC 6600 computers are used to integrate the equations of motion for systems containing from 50000 to 200000 stars. The results are presented in the form of a motion picture.
Possible influence of the galactic spiral structure on the local distributions of stellar residual velocities
Authors: Mayor M.
Published: July 2016

The residual velocity distribution, observed in the solar neighbourhood, exhibits several peculiarities for the stars of low epicyclic energy: vertex deviation, two-stream distribution, etc.
Additional evidence for the cataclysmic origin of spiral structure in galaxies
Authors: Rudnicki K.
Published: July 2016

The photograph of the galaxy NGC 3486 shows its spiral structure in statu nascendi. The evident explanation is that of a cataclysmic origin of the visible spiral arms.
A Comparative Study of Globular Clusters
Authors: Sugimoto Daiichiro
Published: July 2016

This paper is intended for an introduction to the Symposium. In 47 Tuc many milli-second pulsars are found while none has been reported in ω Cen. One might think that in 47 Tuc they have been formed in the collapsed core through tidal capture of a main sequence star by a neutron star. If we use the standard model of gravothermal collapse of globular clusters to integrate the squared stellar density over the core and over its time history, we find, however, the accumulated probability of tidal capture is lower in 47 Tuc than ω Cen. Such contradiction suggests that it will be important to take account of mass segregation as well as stellar evolution in modelling dynamical evolution of star clusters.
Studies Through Radial Velocity Measurements of the Peculiar Motions of Stars in Galactic Globular Clusters
Authors: Meylan G.
Published: July 2016

In a brief introduction, we first compare, in the framework of globular cluster dynamics, the relative importance of the amounts of information acquired, during the past decades, through proper motion and radial velocity measurements. Next, we review the most recent and important studies based on measurements of radial velocities obtained with single-object and multi-object spectrometers and interpreted with the use of King-Michie and Fokker-Planck models or with non-parametric methods. Then, we present the results obtained from integrated-light spectra in the cores of a few collapsed globular clusters. We conclude with a summary of the most important scientific outputs secured from the radial velocity measurements of stars in globular clusters.
Stellar Luminosity and Mass Functions of Globular Clusters
Authors: Piotto Giampaolo , Cool Adrienne M. , King Ivan R.
Published: July 2016

HST makes it possible for the first time to study nearly the entire mass range of globular-cluster main sequences, from the turnoff down almost to the theoretical limit for hydrogen ignition. We present main-sequence luminosity functions (LFs) for four clusters that include stars with M < 0.15M⊙ in all cases. We compare these and other LFs that have been obtained with HST for a total of five globulars to date. Two of the three clusters in the sample that have similar metallicities have nearly identical LFs, while the third is relatively deficient in low mass stars. Possible implications of this finding are briefly discussed. Inferred mass functions vary significantly depending on the mass-luminosity relations that are adopted.
Two-Dimensional Fokker-Planck Models
Authors: Takahashi Koji
Published: July 2016

The evolution of spherical single-mass star clusters was followed by numerically solving the orbit-averaged two-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation in energy-angular momentum space. Velocity anisotropy is allowed in the two-dimensional Fokker-Planck model. The development of the anisotropy is discussed in detail.
Statistics of Small-N Simulations
Authors: Heggie Douglas C.
Published: July 2016

We first review the reasons for carrying out statistical analysis of results from large numbers of N-body simulations, including a summary of previous work. Then we describe some results about the behaviour of N-body systems which have been acquired by this technique. Finally we concentrate on the problems associated with the scaling of N-body data with N, with particular regard to the dissolution of systems in a tidal field when mass is lost by stellar evolution.
Gravothermal Oscillations
Authors: Makino Junichiro
Published: July 2016

We present the first clear evidence that the gravothermal oscillation takes place inN-body systems. We performed directN-body simulations of systems of point-mass particles with particle numbers from 2,048 to 32,768. In the simulation with 32,768 particles, the central density shows an oscillation with an amplitude of ∼ 103, which is similar to what was observed in more approximate models such as a conducting gas sphere and one-dimensional Fokker-Planck calculations. The amplitude is smaller for a smaller number of particles. The number of particles in the core at the maximum contraction is ∼ 10 for all runs, while the number of particles at the maximum expansion is about 0.01N.For 16,384- and 32,768-body runs, the temperature inversion during the expansion phase is clearly visible.
Deep HST/FOC Observations of the Center of M15
Authors: Sosin Craig , King Ivan R.
Published: July 2016

We present preliminary results of the analysis of a set of Hubble Space Telescope/Faint Object Camera images of the center of M15, the prototypical post-core-collapse globular cluster. We rule out, at the 95% confidence level, the 2″.2 core claimed to be detected in pre-repair HST imaging. We also measure a mass function in a field 20″ from the center.