bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education and Character Building: Ethical Aspects of Learning from Al-zarnūjī’s Ta‘līm Al-Muta‘allim
Authors: Tumin Tumin , Faizuddin Ahmad
Published: July 2017

Character building is important for every Muslim as the Prophet Muhammad SAW was sent to perfect the character (akhlāq). An attempt to instilling good characters, Islamic education should focus on two main issues, i.e. the content of knowledge and the methodology for imparting the knowledge. Muslim scholars have proposed the concept of knowledge in Islamic education. One of them is Imam al-Zarnūjī. He developed the basic principles of education in Islam and his teaching methodology which has been widely used in educational institutions and learning in the Muslim world. This article examines the ethical aspects of learning from al-Zarnūjī’s monumental work, Ta‘līm al-Muta‘allim Ṭarīq al-Ta‘allum, including intention (niyah), seriousness (jidd), respect (ta‘ẓim), and trust in Allah (tawakkul). Using the method of content analysis, this study argues that according to al-Zarnūjī, knowledge is a means for character building. The ethical aspect of learning as proposed by al-Zarnūjī is significant for the advancement and perfection of both individual and the society in this world and the Hereafter. Thus, teaching and learning in Islam put emphasis on knowledge understanding, ethical values and character building to produce good human beings (al-insān al- ṣālih).
"Sociomática": El estudio de los sistemas adaptables complejos en el entorno socioeconómico
Authors: Castañeda Gonzalo
Published: July 2017

En este artículo se presenta un programa de investigación que vincula la teoría de la complejidad con el estudio de los sistemas socioeconómicos. A este enfoque del paradigma evolutivo se le denomina "sociomática" en tanto que abarca distintas disciplinas de las ciencias sociales y hace uso de la computadora para simular el comportamiento y la interacción de agentes heterogéneos. El cuerpo central de la sociomática consiste en una meta-teoría que establece las premisas del comportamiento humano (agencia) y la manera en que éste se ve condicionado por un proceso de inserción social (estructura). Asimismo, se sostiene que los modelos basados en agentes permiten describir distintas topologías de interacción social, logrando con ello caracterizar la coevolución de las variables endógenas de las arenas económica, social y política, y entre estas arenas superficiales y el sustrato sociocultural.
¿A quién beneficia el comercio paralelo de medicamentos en la Unión Europea?
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Kanavos Panos
Published: July 2017

El comercio paralelo constituye un movimiento legal (arbitraje comercial) de productos de un país donde éstos se han puesto en circulación a otro país sin la autorización y la garantía del que posee los derechos de propiedad intelectual del producto. Este fenómeno se deriva de la aplicación del principio de subsidiariedad que lleva asociado la existencia de diferentes sistemas de regulación de precios y el de libre movilidad de bienes. En este artículo examinamos las tendencias de precios y penetración de medicamentos paralelamente importados respecto al precio del producto en el país de destino (beneficios de una mayor competencia) en 2002. En segundo lugar, establecemos una descomposición empírica de los efectos del comercio paralelo de medicamentos en los tres mercados principales de la Unión Europea en los diferentes agentes de la cadena del medicamento. Los resultados no siguieren pruebas de un efecto competitivo del comercio paralelo. Por otra parte, se observa que los principales beneficiarios son los propios importadores paralelos en la medida que el comercio paralelo genera ahorros muy limitados en la factura de los sistemas de salud, que difícilmente superan los perjuicios en la innovación farmacéutica.
El precio de la vivienda y la inflación en España
Authors: Bellod Redondo José Francisco
Published: July 2017

El precio de la vivienda en España ha experimentado un incremento muy intenso desde 1999 aumentando el esfuerzo financiero que los hogares han de realizar para su adquisición. Por lo contrario, la inflación, medida a partir del índice de precios al consumo armonizado (IPCA), ha tenido valores históricamente reducidos en ese mismo periodo. Dado que el precio de la vivienda no forma parte de la construcción del IPCA surge la duda de si la inflación se está midiendo correctamente. En este artículo elaboramos una estrategia metodológica para corregir el sesgo en la medición de la inflación debido al actual tratamiento de la vivienda.
El efecto momentum en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valoes
Authors: Muga Luis , Santamaría Rafael
Published: July 2017

En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis del efecto momentum en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores. Inicialmente se presenta pruebas acerca de la existencia del citado efecto durante el periodo 1993-2006 y se muestra que las rentabilidades obtenidas por las diferentes estrategias no parecen ser justificadas por factores de riesgo ni por los costos de transacción. En una segunda parte del artículo se encuentra cierta relación entre el efecto momentum en el mercado mexicano y variables que aproximan cuestiones como la difusión de información en los títulos o la dificultad de valoración de los mismos, que proporciona apoyo a alguna de las teorías de finanzas de comportamiento.
Oligopolios mixtos, fusiones y liberación comercial
Authors: Méndez Naya José
Published: July 2017

El objetivo de este artículo es el de analizar los efectos de la liberación comercial en los incentivos a fusionarse de las empresas en un modelo de oligopolio mixto. En concreto, se prueba que las fusiones, tanto nacionales como internacionales, son compatibles con los procesos de liberación comercial y privatización parcial de las empresas públicas.
Rendimientos de la educación superior en el mercado laboral
Authors: Yamada Gustavo
Published: July 2017

Perú ha experimentado en los decenios recientes un significativo incremento en su cobertura de educación, en general, y de la educación superior, en particular. Sin embargo, las altas tasas de desempleo y subempleo existentes siembran dudas acerca del rendimiento de las inversiones en educación realizadas. Este documento estima la evolución de los rendimientos de la educación en los pasados dos decenios en Perú y encuentra pruebas mixtas acerca de la rentabilidad de la educación superior en el mercado laboral peruano. Gracias a la convexificación de los rendimientos, la educación universitaria ofrece actualmente tasas promedio de rendimiento privado y social en términos reales estimadas entre 12 y 15%. Por lo contrario, la educación superior no universitaria otorga tasas de rendimiento privado y social en promedio poco atractivas, y hasta cercanas a 0, por lo que parece justificada una profunda evaluación de la efectividad y pertinencia de este estrato educativo.
¿Existe discriminación salarial contra la población indígena en Chile?
Authors: Montero Rodrigo , Garcés Paz
Published: July 2017

En este artículo se presenta evidencia empírica respecto a la existencia de una discriminación salarial contra la población indígena en Chile para el periodo 1996-2006, con datos provenientes de la encuesta Casen. Los resultados muestran que la discriminación salarial he permanecido relativamente estable durante los pasados diez años, en torno de 12%. Mediante la aplicación de técnicas de bootstrapping es posible construir un intervalo de confianza para la medida de discriminación salarial, lo que permite concluir que ésta es estadísticamente significativa. Por su parte, en dicho periodo la brecha salarial pasó de 32.5 a 24.9%, disminución que se explica básicamente por la equiparación en la dotación de capital humano de ambos grupos. Las estimaciones son sensibles a la corrección por sesgo de selección, hecho que releva le importancia que tiene incorporar esta variable en la descomposición de brechas salariales.
Incidencia del impuesto al valor agregado en los precios en Colombia
Authors: Jaramillo H. Christian R. , Tovar Jorge
Published: July 2017

Este artículo estima empíricamente el efecto que el impuesto al valor agregado (IVA) tiene en los precios al consumidor. La estrategia de estimación aprovecha la frecuencia de las reformas tributarias en Colombia, que generan abundante variación en las series de tiempo del IVA. La identificación de los efectos del IVA en los precios se realiza utilizando series del índice de precios al consumidor (IPC) calculadas por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Las estimaciones indican que en Colombia la incidencia del IVA en el precio es, a nivel nacional, cercana a uno. El estudio también encuentra que la incidencia promedio es menor cuando se toman bienes individuales, sin ponderar por su importancia en la canasta de consumo, y controlando por la posibilidad que los mismos productos tengan características no observables distintas para cada cuidad. Este resultado resalta la heterogeneidad en la incidencia del impuesto por medio de los mercados.
David Throsby, Economía y cultura, México, Libraria-CNCA, 2008, 339 pp.
Authors: Cordera Campos Rolando
Published: July 2017

Si bien, como afirma David Throsby, doctor en economía por la London School of Economics, profesor de la Universidad de Macquire en Sydney y estudioso de las dimensiones económicas de la cultura y de los contextos culturales de la economía, de unos años para acá ha resurgido el interés por ampliar los estudios (y las visiones) en torno de la economía de la cultura como una disciplina o campo de la economía, en Economía y cultura, su más reciente libro, asegura que negar o no reconocer el papel de la cultura (en sus múltiples derivaciones) como uno de los motores del crecimiento económico es una mirada que resulta estrecha.
Effects of citrus limon essential oil (Citrus limon L.) on cytomorphometric changes of Candida albicans
Authors: Prabajati Rina , Hernawan Iwan , Hendarti Hening Tuti
Published: July 2017

Background: The most common fungal infection found in oral cavity is oral candidiasis, largely caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans (C. albicans). Candida infection can get worse since it is difficult to be treated and resistant with antifungal drugs. Therefore, new drugs and compounds as well as alternative therapies involving natural sources that have antifungal activities have continually been developed. Limonene, β-pinene, and ɣ-terpinene contained in Citrus limon essential oil have been known to have quite good antifungal activities against C. albicans. Purpose: This research aimed to examine and analyze the effects of Citrus limon essential oil on cytomorphometric changes of C. albicans. Method: The research used post test only control group design. Based on the results of the pre-elementary research on antifungal activities of Citrus limon essential oil against C. albicans, Citrus limon essential oil used in this research was on concentrations of 1.56%, 1.37%, 1.17%, 0.98%, and 0.78%. Citrus limon essential oil by C. albicans inoculum and incubated for 24 hours and 48 hours. After the incubation, those C. albicans cells were fixed, dried, and then observed using a scanning electron microscopy. Result: The most effective concentrations of Citrus limon essential oil triggering cytomorphometric changes of Candida albicans were at 1.37% and 1.56% with the incubation period of 48 hours. Conclusion: C. albicans can undergo necrosis process through cytomorphometric changes after the administration of Citrus limon essential oil at concentrations of 1.56% and 1.37% with the incubation period of 48 hours.
ONLINE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MACEDONIAN LANGUAGE1
Authors: Zdravkova Katerina , Mirkulovska Milica
Published: July 2017

A b s t r a c t: Online bibliography of Macedonian language http://bmj.manu.edu.mk is a system consisting of two interconnected applications, a desktop application for automatic batch uploading of the volumes and their representation as bibliographic records, and an ASP.NET client-server application based on C# for the server code. It is based on recently published volumes covering the period between 1953 and 1985. This paper presents the implementation and the functioning of online bibliographic system. In the beginning, the steps leading to its creation are presented in details. Afterwards, all the functionalities of the system are presented, together with illustrations of their active operation. Then, the administrative part of the system is presented. The paper ends with the conclusions, and direction for further development of the system.
MINERALS FROM MACEDONIA. X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION vs. VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY IN MINERAL IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Jovanovski Gligor , Makreski Petre , Kaitner Branko , Šoptrajanov Bojan
Published: July 2017

A b s t r a c t: Some of the advantages and imperfections in the cases when the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) or Raman vibrational spectroscopy are used as a separated techniques in the process of the mineral detection, identification, discrimination and characterization are comparatively presented. The studied mineral samples: rutile, TiO2; hematite, Fe2O3; almandine, Fe3Al2(SiO4)3; spessartine, Mn3Al2(SiO4)3; limonite, FeO(OH); goethite, α-FeO(OH); ferrojohannsenite, Ca(Fe,Mn)Si2O6; olivine, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4; forsterite, Mg2SiO4; fayalite, Fe2SiO4; beryl, Be3Al2Si6O18; phlogopite, KMg3(Si3Al)O10(F,OH)2 and clinochlore (sheridanite), (MgFe)5Al(Si3Al)O10(OH)8 are collected from various localities in the Republic of Macedonia.
Determining the Pixel-to-Pixel Uncertainty in Satellite-Derived SST Fields
Authors: Wu Fan , Cornillon Peter , Boussidi Brahim , Guan Lei
Published: July 2017

The primary measure of the quality of sea surface temperature (SST) fields obtained from satellite-borne infrared sensors has been the bias and variance of matchups with co-located in-situ values. Because such matchups tend to be widely separated, these bias and variance estimates are not necessarily a good measure of small scale (several pixels) gradients in these fields because one of the primary contributors to the uncertainty in satellite retrievals is atmospheric contamination, which tends to have large spatial scales compared with the pixel separation of infrared sensors. Hence, there is not a good measure to use in selecting SST fields appropriate for the study of submesoscale processes and, in particular, of processes associated with near-surface fronts, both of which have recently seen a rapid increase in interest. In this study, two methods are examined to address this problem, one based on spectra of the SST data and the other on their variograms. To evaluate the methods, instrument noise was estimated in Level-2 VIIRS and AVHRR SST fields of the Sargasso Sea. The two methods provided very nearly identical results for AVHRR: along-scan values of approximately 0.18 K for both day and night and along-track values of 0.21 K also for day and night. By contrast, the instrument noise estimated for VIIRS varied by method, scan geometry and day-night. Specifically, daytime, along-scan (along-track), spectral estimates were found to be approximately 0.05 K (0.08 K) and the corresponding nighttime values of 0.02 K (0.03 K). Daytime estimates based on the variogram were found to be 0.08 K (0.10 K) with the corresponding nighttime values of 0.04 K (0.06 K). Taken together: AVHRR instrument noise is significantly larger than VIIRS instrument noise, along-track noise is larger than along-scan noise and daytime levels are higher than nighttime levels. Given the similarity of results and the less stringent preprocessing requirements, the variogram is the preferred method although there is a suggestion that this approach overestimates the noise for high quality data in dynamically quiet regions. Finally, simulations of the impact of noise on the determination of SST gradients show that on average the gradient magnitude for typical ocean gradients will be accurately estimated with VIIRS but substantially overestimated with AVHRR.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED INSTRUCTION SEBAGAI UPAYA PEMBENTUKAN KEMANDIRIAN MAHASISWA PADA MATA KULIAH TEKNIK PONDASI
Authors: Nurhidayati Aryanti , Agustin Rima Sri , Adi S. Taufiq Lilo , Roemintoyo Roemintoyo , Murtiono Eko Supri
Published: July 2017

Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi mempengaruhi hampir seluruh kehidupan manusia di berbagai bidang. Untuk dapat menguasai ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, maka kualitas sumber daya manusia harus ditingkatkan melalui peningkatan mutu pembelajaran. Pendidikan tidak hanya bertujuan memberikan materi pelajaran tetapi lebih menekankan bagaimana mengajak mahasiswa untuk menemukan dan membangun pengetahuannya sendiri sehingga mahasiswa dapat mengembangkan kecakapan hidup (lifeskill) dan siap untuk memecahkan masalah yang dihadapi dalam kehidupan. Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi (KBK) menghendaki situasi belajar yang alamiah, yaitu mahasiswa belajar dengan sungguh-sungguh dengan cara mengalami dan menemukan sendiri pengalaman belajarnya. Situasi pembelajaran sebaiknya dapat menyajikan aplikasi nyata, masalah yang autentik dan bermakna yang dapat menantang mahasiswa untuk memecahkannya. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang dapat diterapkan adalah pembelajaran berdasarkan masalah atau Problem Based Instruction (PBI). Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh model pembelajaran PBI dapat meningkatkan keaktifan, kemandirian disamping ketuntasan belajar mahasiswa.
Penelitian berlangsung di prodi Pendidikan Teknik Bangunan FKIP UNS Surakarta selama 6 bulan efektif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa prodi Pendidikan Teknik Bangunan Semester V yang mengikuti mata kuliah Teknik Pondasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) atau lesson study. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi objek, portofolio pengerjaan tugas dan angket.
Berdasar hasil analisis penelitian penerapan pembelajaran Problem Based Instruction menunjukan bahwa model Problem Based Instruction dapat diterapkan pada Mata Kuliah Teknik Pondasi. Kegiatan pembelajaran Problem Based Instruction, telah berhasil meningkatkan kemandirian dalam mengkonstruksi pengetahuannya dalam rangka pencapaian kompetensi dasar, keaktifan mahasiswa mengalami peningkatan walaupun tidak signifikan, dan ketuntasan belajar mahasiswa tercapai yang ditunjukkan tidak hanya dari hasil belajar, tetapi juga proses pembelajaran sudah terpusat pada mahasiswa (student centered). Pembelajaran Problem Based Instruction yang dilaksanakan, menurunkan jumlah mahasiswa yang mempunyai score di bawah rata-rata kelas dari 63% menjadi hanya 47% yang mempunyai score di bawah rata-rata kelas dan meningkatkan nilai rerata hasil belajar dari 78,6 menjadi 78,85.
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN CAD SEBAGAI PENUNJANG PERKULIAHAN PENDIDIKAN TEKNIK BANGUNAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN SMK JURUSAN BANGUNAN
Authors: Setiawan Abdul Haris
Published: July 2017

The objectives of this study are; (1) designing instructional media Computer Aided Design (CAD) for Pendidikan Teknik Bangunan (PTB) PTK FKIP UNS and Vocational High School (SMK) Building Construction Department, (2) to produce a viable medium of learning CAD, (3) determine whether the CAD design of learning media can improve the competence of students in PTB and vocational students Building Construction Department.
The designing of instructional Media is made at Vocational High School (SMKN 5 Surakarta) given in the form of video instructional media learning is needed. The method used in this research is the development of research methods. Criteria for success of this study refers to the successful implementation of product testing. The success include process and outcome indicators: (1) it is compliance with aspects of the substance of learning, aspects of media and instructional aspects, (2) It fits for use as a medium of learning, (3) vocational students receive as an innovative product in the learning, (4) it can help Vocational High School students (SMK) in learning more effective and efficient.
The conclusion of this study include: (1) CAD design of instructional media for PTB and SMK is carried out in accordance with the procedures, (2) media products of CAD Learning Media is worth to use in PTB FKIP UNS and SMK Building Construction Department, (3) CAD instructional media products can increase the competence of student at PTB and vocational students Building Construction Department.
PENGARUH BAHAN BAKAR PREMIUM, PERTAMAX, PERTAMAX PLUS DAN VARIASI RASIO KOMPRESI TERHADAP KADAR EMISI GAS BUANG CO DAN HC PADA SUZUKI SHOGUN FL 125 SP TAHUN 2007
Authors: Winarto Eko , Bugis Husin , Sudibyo C.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this research: (1) Investigated the motorcycle exhaust emissions Suzuki Shogun FL 125 SP in 2007 used premium,pertamax,and pertamax plus. (2) Investigated the motorcycle exhaust emissions Suzuki Shogun FL 125 SP in 2007 used variation of compression ratio. (3) Investigated the motorcycle exhaust emissions Suzuki Shogun FL 125 SP in 2007 used interaction premium,pertamax, pertamax plus, and variation of compression ratio.
This research was used experimental methods.The research was measurement at the Laboratory of Automotive Mechanical Engineering Education Program, JPTK, FKIP, UNS Surakarta to the address on Ahmad Yani road no. 200 Kartasura. Test of CO and HC exhaust gas emissions was used a gas analyzer type STARGAS 898. The population in this research was a motorcycle Suzuki Shogun FL 125 SP in 2007 and the sample in this research was a motorcycle Suzuki Shogun FL 125 SP in 2007 with engine number: F4A1ID113687.
Based on this researchcan be concluded: (1) The measurement premium fuel producedthe lowest emission in CO 3.884% by 9.1:1 compression ratio and the the lowestexhaust gas emission levels in 168 ppmby 9.1:1 compression ratio. (2) The measurement pertamax fuel produced the lowest exhaust gas emission levels in CO 3.237% by 9.5:1 compression ratio and the the lowest exhaust gas emission levels in 210 ppm by 9.5:1 compression ratio(3) The measurement pertamax plus fuel produces the lowest exhaust gas emission levels in CO 2.615% by 10.2:1 compression ratio and the the lowest exhaust gas emission levels in 237 ppm by 9.5:1 compression ratio
Effect of Human Resource Competencies, Information Technology and Internal Control Systems on Good Governance and Local Government Financial Management Performance
Authors: Irvan Nurmiati , Mus Abdul Rahman , Su'un Muhammad , Sufri Mukhlis
Published: July 2017

This study aimed to analyze the effect of human resource competencies, information technology and internal control systems on good governance and local government financial management performance in the Indonesian local government (Pangkep South Sulawesi).  Research conducted on civil servants working on 49 local work units (SKPD) by setting a sample of 245 respondents. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) supporting through Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) Ver. 21. The results showed that the human resources competencies and internal control system have a positive and a significant effect on good governance. Information technology has positive but not significant effect on good governance. A human resources competency, internal control system and good governance have positive and significant effect on the financial management performance. Information technology has insignificant effect on financial management performance: The Mediating role of good governance.
La innovación urbana como factor de desarrollo socioeconómico
Authors: Caro Moreno Julio César
Published: July 2017

Rev.esc.adm.neg

En el artículo, se revisa el planteamiento de los autores más representativos en la geografía urbana que desarrollan el enfoque de la innovación como un factor de desarrollo en las ciudades y sus actores. El objetivo es identificar cómo se incorpora el proceso de innovación en lo urbano como factor de desarrollo socioeconómico, tras lo cual se concluye que en la actualidad la relación innovación urbana y desarrollo está generando nuevas estructuras en cada ciudad que fomentan la inclusión en los cambios de todos los actores, que promueven los grupos tecnológicos a toda escala, estableciendo ciudades con gran avance tecnológico y procesos socioeconómicos clave para el desarrollo. Palabras clave: innovación urbana, geografía de lo urbano, desarrollo.
Métodos científicos de indagación y de construcción del conocimiento
Authors: Rodríguez Jiménez Andrés , Pérez Jacinto Alipio Omar
Published: July 2017

Rev.esc.adm.neg

Los métodos de investigación que se describen en la literatura son una importante herramienta para la búsqueda y el perfeccionamiento del conocimiento acerca de la realidad. Cada método tiene su forma particular de acercamiento al objeto de estudio, lo cual origina diferentes clasificaciones. El trabajo pretende fundamentar una nueva perspectiva de clasificación de estos métodos de acuerdo con su función en el proceso de investigación. Se ha realizado una sistematización de referentes bibliográficos que ha posibilitado caracterizar los métodos más comúnmente empleados y clasificarlos según su finalidad investigativa, aspecto que resulta novedoso e importante para la metodología de investigación.
Pearl Millet and Cowpea Intercrop Response to Applied Nutrients in West Africa
Authors: Maman Nouri , Dicko Mohamed , Abdou Gonda , Kouyate Zoumana , Wortmann Charles
Published: July 2017

Core Ideas

Pearl millet and cowpea intercrop production is important in the Sahel.

Inadequate nutrient supply constrains crop growth.

Pearl millet sole crop nutrient response information is applicable for intercropping.

Application of N and P to intercrop compared to sole crop has more profit potential.

In the Sahel, crop production is dominated by pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] cropping systems including intercropping with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. The research objectives were to determine pearl millet sole crop (PMSC) and intercrop nutrient response functions, profit opportunities from fertilizer use, and a means of relating intercrop to PMSC response. Pearl millet–cowpea trials were conducted in Niger and Mali. The treatment structure was an incomplete factorial with five, four, and four levels of P, N, and K, respectively. Response functions were determined for intercropping with cowpea yield converted to a pearl millet grain yield equivalent for ratios of cowpea to pearl millet grain value (CpPm) ranging from 1 to 5 kg kg−1. Response functions were also determined in consideration of fodder value. A method of adjusting PMSC response coefficients with CpPm as the independent variable was developed for determination of intercrop response functions. Yields and responses to nutrients were low but adequate for profitable N and P use. Value of intercrop production ranged from 50 to 125% more compared with PMSC for CpPm of 2 and 4, and the respective response to 10 kg ha−1 P was 28 and 135% more with intercrop. Consideration of fodder added 23% to the yield value. Application of N and P for intercrop compared with PMSC production has much more profit potential. The ability to apply PMSC functions in determination of pearl millet–cowpea responses to applied nutrients offers a means to improve fertilizer use for the intercrop.
Does Liquid Swine Manure Application Timing and Nitrapyrin Affect Corn Yield and Inorganic Soil Nitrogen?
Authors: Vetsch Jeffrey A. , Scherder Eric F. , Ruen David C.
Published: July 2017

Core Ideas

Nitrapyrin (Instinct) effectively slowed nitrification of swine manure.

Delaying fall application of swine manure increased corn yields and N availability.

Instinct enhanced corn production in years with greater than normal precipitation.

Fall application of liquid swine (Sus scrofa) manure (LSM) is preferred but it can increase N loss potential. Delaying application of LSM or adding a nitrification inhibitor could reduce N losses. This study measured the effects of LSM application timing and nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl) pyridine] as Instinct on soil inorganic N and corn (Zea mays L.) production. Field experiments were conducted from 2010 through 2014 on clay loam soils (Aquic Hapludolls). Treatments consisted of two fall application timings (early and late) and three rates (0, 2.56, and 5.11 L ha−1) of Instinct. Manure was injected 10‐cm deep at 134 kg of available N ha−1. Additional treatments included a control and 134 kg ha−1 of N as anhydrous ammonia (AA) with and without nitrapyrin as N‐Serve. Treatments were arranged in a randomized‐complete block design with four replicates. Late fall application of LSM and Instinct use resulted in greater fall and early spring NH4–N concentrations in manure bands. When averaged across years, LSM applied late increased corn grain yields 0.5 Mg ha−1 compared with early application and yields were 0.5 to 0.7 Mg ha−1 greater with Instinct than without. An interaction between main effects showed the yield response to Instinct was greatest when LSM was applied early. Total N uptake and removal were greater with Instinct than without Instinct. In this study, delaying LSM application until late fall (November) and using nitrapyrin (Instinct) increased corn yields and N uptake in years with greater than normal spring precipitation.
Denitrification along the Stream‐Riparian Continuum in Restored and Unrestored Agricultural Streams
Authors: Welsh Molly K. , McMillan Sara K. , Vidon Philippe G.
Published: July 2017

Although floodplain restoration may improve stream‐riparian connectivity and increase channel stability through cross‐vane installation, stream bank regrading, and buffer revegetation, the impact of these geomorphic alterations on denitrification across the aquatic‐terrestrial interface is poorly understood. Seasonal denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was compared in stream‐riparian ecotones of four streams with varying hydrologic connection, riparian vegetation composition, and agricultural influence. Riparian and stream DEA was generally higher in sites adjacent to agricultural fields due to proximity to nitrate source. Mean DEA was higher in the dormant season (riparian: 928 ± 116 ng N g−1 dry mass [DM] h−1, stream: 108 ± 149 ng N g−1 DM h−1) than in the growing season (riparian: 355 ± 55 ng N g−1 DM h−1, stream: 45 ± 40 ng N g−1 DM h−1) and was influenced by antecedent precipitation, soil texture, and landscape characteristics (land use, vegetation type, topography) in multivariate models. Hot spots of denitrification occurred at the confluence of fine soil textures with high organic matter and moisture, often at low‐lying areas of the landscape. At the restored site, we observed enhanced denitrification in the reconnected floodplain but decreased stream denitrification capacity in pools. Across all sites, streams had lower DEA than riparian zones, stressing the importance of restoration approaches designed to conserve riparian areas and maintain hydrologic connectivity. Easily obtainable data including precipitation, adjacent land use, vegetation, and stream and floodplain geomorphology reasonably predicted denitrification potential compared with more complex models, showing potential for application in water resources and nitrogen management.

Core Ideas

Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was measured in agricultural stream ecotones.

Restoration led to sediment coarsening and reduced denitrification in stream pools.

Denitrification hot spots occurred in saturated, reconnected near‐stream zones.

Land use and geomorphology are important field predictors of denitrification.

Riparian slope, bank height, and vegetation type can inform nitrogen management.
Orthophosphorus Contributions to Total Phosphorus Concentrations and Loads in Iowa Agricultural Watersheds
Authors: Schilling Keith E. , Kim Sea‐Won , Jones Christopher S. , Wolter Calvin F.
Published: July 2017

Phosphorus (P) is delivered to streams as episodic particulate P and more continuous soluble P (orthophosphorus [OP]), and it is important to determine the proportion of each P form in river water to more effectively design remedial measures. In this study, we evaluated the annual mean ratios of OP to total P (TP) concentrations and loads in 12 Iowa rivers and found systematic variation in the ratios. The OP/TP ratios were >60% in two tile‐drained watersheds of the Des Moines Lobe and in a shallow fractured bedrock watershed in northeast Iowa, whereas in southern and western Iowa, OP contributions to TP were <30%. Higher OP/TP ratios were associated with greater row crop intensity in the watershed and a greater proportion of baseflow in the river. Orthophosphorus contributions from croplands would be greater in watersheds characterized by widespread tile drainage and well‐drained soils, whereas cropland TP export would be dominated by particulate P in dissected till plains with poorly drained soils. Understanding the dominant form and transport pathway of P from agricultural areas in a watershed is seen as an important first step in determining appropriate conservation practices to reduce P loads.

Core Ideas

OP contributions to TP export can vary substantially in watersheds.

There are higher OP/TP ratios in tile‐drained and permeable soils

OP/TP are ratios related to row crop intensity and baseflow.

Understanding the P transport pathway is important for BMP targeting.
Nitrous Oxide Emitted from Soil Receiving Anaerobically Digested Solid Cattle Manure
Authors: Thomas Ben W. , Hao Xiying
Published: July 2017

Limited information is available about soil nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes, N2O emission factors (EFs), and yield‐scaled N2O emissions for biogas residues used to fertilize crops in semiarid regions. To address this knowledge gap, a 4‐yr field experiment was conducted in a semiarid climate to determine growing season N2O fluxes from soil receiving (i) anaerobically digested solid beef cattle manure (digestate), (ii) separated solids from the digestate (separated solids), and (iii) undigested solid beef cattle manure (cattle manure) applied to target one and two times the recommended rates (200 and 400 kg total N ha−1) for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) forage, assuming 50% of N was annually plant available. Nitrous oxide fluxes were determined using vented static chambers. Over the four growing seasons, 95, 80, and 81% of the N2O flux occurred within 36 d of applying digestate, separated solids, and cattle manure, respectively. The cumulative N2O emissions with digestate were 4.7 and 4.1 times the values of the separated solids and cattle manure, respectively. The digestate N2O EF was 13.6 and 10.6 times the values of the separated solids and cattle manure, respectively, but the N2O EF based on applied mineral N was similar for all amendments. The yield‐scaled N2O emissions with digestate were 4.3 and 3.6 times the values of the separated solids and cattle manure, respectively. In the semiarid region of southern Alberta, liquid biogas residues have a higher risk for N2O emissions than both the separated solid fraction of the biogas residues and undigested cattle manure.

Core Ideas

Information on N2O emitted from biogas residues applied to semiarid soils is limited.

80 to 95% of N2O emissions occurred within 36 d of amendment application over 4 yr.

Digestate led to 4.4 times the N2O emissions of separated solids and cattle manure.

Digestate had 10.6 to 13.6 times the N2O emission factors of separated solids and cattle manure.

Digestate had 4.0 times the yield‐scaled N2O of separated solids and cattle manure.
Metal Immobilization on Wood‐Derived Biochars: Distribution and Reactivity of Carbonate Phases
Authors: Rees Frédéric , Watteau Françoise , Mathieu Sandrine , Turpault Marie‐Pierre , Le Brech Yann , Qiu Rongliang , Morel Jean Louis
Published: July 2017

Metals can be immobilized on biochars by precipitation with carbonate. The distribution of metal–carbonate phases at the surface of biochars and the conditions of their formation, however, are unknown. Electron microscopy and X‐photon spectroscopy were used to characterize carbonate phases in various morphological groups of particles of a wood‐derived biochar, both before and after a metal‐sorption experiment. Our results showed that the distribution of metals at the surface of biochar particles depended on the corresponding wood tissues and the presence of carbonate phases. Metals were particularly concentrated (i) within calcium carbonate crystals in bark‐derived particles, which originated from calcium oxalate crystals formed prior to pyrolysis, and (ii) as new phases formed by the reprecipitation of carbonate on specific tissues of biochar. The formation of biochar carbonate phases and their redistribution by dissolution–precipitation mechanisms may primarily control the localization of metals on biochar particles and the durability of metals immobilization.

Core Ideas

Carbonate phases in wood‐derived biochars can immobilize metals in solution.

Some carbonate phases result from oxalate crystals transformation during pyrolysis.

Metals are immobilized within preexisting calcium crystals or in new precipitates.

The new precipitates are localized on specific features inherited from wood tissues.
Sustentabilidade: um olhar sobre a relação homem natureza
Authors: Lacerda Alecksandra Vieira de
Published: July 2017

As reflexões teóricas aqui apresentadas estão centradas na concepção sistêmica do desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste cenário, trabalhou-se a concepção que as atividades humanas devem integrar o meio natural considerando, portanto, a visão holística e intimamente relacionada com as características físicas do ambiente. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é a geração de uma base de conhecimento sobre a qual deverão ser edificados conceitos, estratégias e abordagens para ocupar áreas que se constituem em lacunas na compreensão da relação do homem com a natureza. Nesse sentido, o acervo teórico delineado mostra-se em bases contextualizadas, contribuindo para a percepção do bem natural e humano, sem a sua separação no tempo, no espaço e principalmente sem a separação dos fatores de dependência destes componentes nos sistemas naturais. Portanto, o olhar lançado permite definir a essência do desenvolvimento e da sustentabilidade no meio constituído de conexões múltiplas e complexas.
Impactos causados em cursos d'água por aterros controlados desativados no Município de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil
Authors: Rosa Beatriz Paulino , Paula Bruno Cesar de Lima , Coleone Estefanie Soares do Amaral , Campos Fábio
Published: July 2017

A geração de resíduos sólidos é um problema que afeta as grandes metrópoles há muito tempo. A falta de espaço físico, aliado a não aplicação de técnicas corretas de tratamento, conferem a essa atividade status de grande potencial poluidor. Dos problemas ambientais mais comuns associados à disposição final de resíduos sólidos, encontra-se a liberação do lixiviado, um líquido resultante da decomposição do lixo, cuja composição é altamente poluente. No Brasil, em especial atenção ao Município de São Paulo, durante muito tempo foram adotadas práticas inadequadas de tratamento do lixo, como principalmente os aterros controlados, os quais não possuem mecanismos de coleta do lixiviado, permitindo sua infiltração e consequente contaminação de corpos d'água superficiais ou subterrâneos. No presente trabalho, realizou-se o levantamento dos aterros desativados no Município de São Paulo através de georreferenciamento, utilizando o software QGis. Após a análise dos resultados, identificou-se a presença de cursos d'água próximos em até 200 m dos aterros, configurando eventuais riscos desses corpos d'água terem ou estarem recebendo a contribuição de lixiviado advindo desses aterros desativados. Isto posto, é possível concluir que, por mais que o Município de São Paulo esteja empenhado em adequar-se frente às novas políticas públicas de disposição de resíduos sólidos, há um passivo histórico que persiste e que pode ser objeto de perturbação da qualidade dos corpos d'água já tão impactados e deteriorados, demandado, portanto, ações de monitoramento e recuperação ambiental dos cursos d'água eventualmente impactados por essa prática.
Recuperação ambiental da cascalheira do Parque Recreativo Sucupira (Planaltina, Distrito Federal, Brasil)
Authors: Almeida Alexandre Nascimento de , Rodrigues Nikolas Gebrim , Angelo Humberto
Published: July 2017

A construção do Campus da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) no Município de Planaltina (FUP) ocorreu em uma Área Preservação Ambiental - APA do Cerrado, tendo a FUP assumido o compromisso de recuperar uma área degrada por extração de cascalho no Parque Recreativo Sucupira para obter a sua licença ambiental. Embora a FUP tenha sido inaugurada há 10 anos a cascalheira ainda não foi recuperada, assim, os objetivos do presente trabalho são elaborar uma proposta de recuperação para a cascalheira do Parque Recreativo Sucupira e estimar o custo presente dessa atividade. A partir do diagnóstico da área, em conjunto com referências bibliográficas, constatou-se que a recuperação da cascalheira demanda uma rigorosa intervenção no preparo do solo e a necessidade de um plantio adensado de mudas, estimando um custo de recuperação em torno de R$ 50 mil (cinquenta mil reais) por hectare.
Automatic Ontology Construction Using Text Corpora and Ontology Design Patterns (ODPs) in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Cahyani Denis Eka , Wasito Ito
Published: July 2017

An ontology is defined as an explicit specification of a conceptualization, which is an important tool for modeling, sharing and reuse of domain knowledge. However, ontology construction by hand is a complex and a time consuming task. This research presents a fully automatic method to build bilingual domain ontology from text corpora and ontology design patterns (ODPs) in Alzheimer’s disease. This method combines two approaches: ontology learning from texts and matching with ODPs. It consists of six steps: (i) Term & relation extraction (ii) Matching with Alzheimer glossary (iii) Matching with ontology design patterns (iv) Score computation similarity term & relation with ODPs (v) Ontology building (vi) Ontology evaluation. The result of ontology composed of 381 terms and 184 relations with 200 new terms and 42 new relations were added. Fully automatic ontology construction has higher complexity, shorter time and reduces role of the expert knowledge to evaluate ontology than manual ontology construction. This proposed method is sufficiently flexible to be applied to other domains.
Use of methyl esterified eggshell membrane for treatment of aqueous solutions contaminated with anionic sulfur dye
Authors: Choi Hee-Jeong
Published: July 2017

The present study assessed the adsorption of an anionic dye (sulfur blue) by methyl-esterified eggshell membrane (MESM), a low-cost and abundant material from waste. Adsorption kinetics were investigated using parameters such as pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, solution temperature, dosage of adsorbent, and particle size of adsorbent. After methyl esterification, the specific surface area significantly increased and the negative surface charge of the eggshell membrane changed to positive for all pH values, which increased the sulfur dye sorption capacity. The optimal conditions for sorption of sulfur dye onto MESM resulted in >98% removal and were as follows: <35 μm particle size, pH 8, 20 min contact time and 313 K temperature. In this respect, 0.68–0.73 dry weight mg/L sulfur dye was adsorbed per 1 mg/L MESM. The Langmuir adsorption capacity for sulfur dye was 187.6 mg/g. In addition, sulfur removal was spontaneous and uptake was endothermic. MESM is an inexpensive and effective adsorbent.
Protozoan Parasites Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchors: Structures, Functions and Trends for Drug Discovery
Authors: Morotti Ana Luísa Malaco , Martins-Teixeira Maristela Braga , Carvalho Ivone
Published: July 2017

Background:

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors are molecules located on cell membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. Proteins, enzymes, and other macromolecules which are anchored by GPIs are essential elements for interaction between cells, and are widely used by protozoan parasites when compared to higher eukaryotes.

Methods:

More than one hundred references were collected to obtain broad information about mammalian and protozoan parasites’ GPI structures, biosynthetic pathways, functions and attempts to use these molecules as drug targets against parasitic diseases. Differences between GPI among species were compared and highlighted. Strategies for drug discovery and development against protozoan GPI anchors were discussed based on what has been reported on literature.

Results:

There are many evidences that GPI anchors are crucial for parasite’s survival and interaction with hosts’ cells. Despite all GPI anchors contain a conserved glycan core, they present variations regarding structural features and biosynthetic pathways between organisms, which could offer adequate selectivity to validate GPI anchors as drug targets. Discussion was developed with focus on the following parasites: Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of tropical neglected diseases.

Conclusion:

This review debates the main variances between parasitic and mammalian GPI anchor biosynthesis and structures, as well as clues for strategic development for new anti-parasitic therapies based on GPI anchors.
Tyrosinase Electrochemical Biosensors Monitoring Medicinally Significant Substances
Authors: Sýs Milan , Vytřas Karel
Published: July 2017

Nowadays in biosensing, development of analytical techniques is focused on improvement
for monitoring biologically active species in living organisms, especially in
real-time analysis. This article provides an overview of applications of electrochemical tyrosinase
biosensors in the analysis of medicinally significant substances, also known as biomarkers.
At the beginning, special attention is paid to characterisation of the tyrosinase enzyme,
explanation of reaction mechanisms of tyrosinase with various types of electrochemical
transducers and techniques needed for stable immobilization of this biocatalyst on the transducer
surface used. In this case, amperometric transducers represent the most frequently used
type of electrochemical sensing because they usually provide sensitive current response to the
presence of analyte in the sample. Many scientific works suggest that these very selective
bioanalytical devices could find application in the clinical diagnosis of various serious diseases
because they represent the effective analytical tools for diagnosis of neurodegenerative
disorders, detection of microbial pathogens responsible for foodborne illness and diagnosis of
cytopathology, especially melanoma cancer. Additionally, various kinds of electrochemical
tyrosinase biosensors are presented which were developed to determine the catalytic activity
of other enzymes significant for human metabolism, medicaments and their metabolic products,
several hormones, amino acids and proteins. Despite all of their advantages, it is necessary
to state that tyrosinase biosensors are still not used in the routine laboratory practice due
to their relatively short service life which is not longer than one month unfortunately.
Never-ending development of catalytic polymers imitating the tyrosinase active site could be
one of ways to solve this serious drawback.