bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saints and Sinners: Joseph Lister
Authors: Alberti Sam
Published: March 2012

It is fitting that Joseph Lister should be featured in this Saints and Sinners series as we celebrate his achievements a century after his death. How did his deservedly revered status come about, and what role did collections such as those in the Hunterian Museum play?
Towards developmental self-assessment in the visual arts: Supporting new ways of artistic learning in school
Authors: Schönau Diederik W.
Published: March 2012

Education in and through the arts has a long history in defining its educational goals and the best means to reach these goals. This has generated an enormous diversity in goals and means that threatens to obfuscate the essential contribution of the arts to the education of all children.
This essence – learning to give form to meaning – should be central in compulsory education, as it addresses fundamental skills that are part of the human cognitive system. Instead of focusing on the quality of the art products, more attention should be given to the competences
needed to give form to meaning. The concept of developmental self-assessment is introduced to focus on the acquisition of these competences.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Houghton Nicholas , Linnap Peeter , Bobick Bryna
Published: March 2012

ON CRAFTSMANSHIP: TOWARDS A NEW BAUHAUS, CHRISTOPHER FRAYLING (2011) London: Oberon Books, 144 pp., ISBN 978-1-84943-072-2, h/bk, £9.99

PHOTOGRAPHY AFTER CONCEPTUAL ART, DIARMUID COSTELLO AND MARGARET IVERSEN (EDS) (2010) Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 200 pp., ISBN: 978-1-4443-3360-2,
p/bk, £19.99, €24.00

UNDERSTANDING STUDENTS WITH AUTISM THROUGH ART, BEVERLY LEVETT GERBER AND JULIA KELLMAN (EDS) (2010) Reston, VA: National Art Education Association, 174 pp., ISBN: 978-1-890160-48-7, p/bk, US$39.00
Book Reviews
Authors: Akcan Esra , Stanton Michael , Alić Dijana , Damluji Mona , King Anthony D. , Elias Chad
Published: March 2012

STREETS OF MEMORY: LANDSCAPE, TOLERANCE, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN ISTANBUL, AMY MILLS, (2010) Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, xii + 288 pp., ISBN 9780820335735, $64.95 (cloth)/ISBN 9780820335742, $24.95 (paper)

ORIENTING ÍSTANBUL: CULTURA CAPITAL OF
EUROPE?, DENÍZ GÖKTÜRK, LEVENT SOYSAL AND ÍPEK TÜRELÍ (EDS), (2010) London and New York: Routledge, xv + 336 pp., ISBN 9780415580106, $160 (cloth)/ISBN 9780415580113, $62.95 (paper)

LESSONS IN POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION: CASE STUDIES FROM
LEBANON IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE 2006 WAR, HOWAYDA AL-HARITHY (ED.), (2010) London and New York: Routledge, 218 pp., ISBN 9780415571050, $110 (cloth)

VIOLENCE TAKING PLACE: THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE KOSOVO CONFLICT, ANDREW HERSCHER, (2010) Stanford: Stanford University Press, 198 pp.,
39 b/w illus., ISBN 9780804769358, $21.95 (paper)

BAGHDAD ARTS DECO: ARCHITECTURAL BRICKWORK, 1920–1950, CAECILIA PIERI, (2010) Cairo and New York: American University of Cairo Press, 166 pp., 219 illus., ISBN 9789774163562, $39.95 (cloth)

THE COURTYARD HOUSE: FROM
CULTURAL REFERENCE TO UNIVERSAL RELEVANCE, NASSER O. RABBAT (ED.), (2010) Farnham, Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 260 pp., 120 b/w illus., ISBN 9780754638438, $109 (cloth). Published in association with the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture

MEMORIALS
AND MARTYRS IN MODERN LEBANON, LUCIA VOLK, (2010) Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 272 pp., 23 b/w illus., 1 map, ISBN 9780253355232, $24.95 (paper)
Statistical direct methods revisited. Solving the constraints
Authors: Brosius Jan
Published: March 2012

This paper focuses on statistical methods and formulas that solve the constraints Ȓ

q

2 (x
1, …, x
N) = R

q

2 for all q. To this end we invented several non trivial techniques. We introduce a functional measure that uses the Patterson function and show that this functional measure is equivalent to using a non uniform prior distribution of the x
i given by a product of delta functions δ(Ȓ

q

2(x
1, …, x

N
) – R

q

2. We then use a representation of the delta function for calculating probabilities. In this paper we don‘t aim to give a “final” formula (this we hope to do in a future paper) but we emphasize instead on the method. We also show in this paper that SAD gives almost the same conditional j.p.d. of the phases given the magnitudes of the structure factors. Finally we show that by using plausible prior densities of the x
i the principal part of the probabilities of phases given some neighborhood does not depend anymore on the number of atoms which is a completely new and unexpected result. The Bessel functions will play a dominant role in all our formulas.
Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome: Successful Treatment With Sirolimus
Authors: Yuksekkaya Hasan , Ozbek Orhan , Keser Melike , Toy Hatice
Published: March 2012

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare disorder with characteristic vascular malformations of the skin, gastrointestinal system, and, less often, other organ systems. The characteristic cutaneous lesions consist of deep-blue, soft, rubbery blebs, which are easily compressible. The most serious complication is abundant gastrointestinal bleeding. We describe the case of an 8-year-old girl with diagnosed BRBNS who had multiple venous malformations all over her body, importantly, throughout the gastrointestinal tract, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and colon. She presented with recurrent massive gastrointestinal bleeding and soft tissue hematoma despite prednisolone and α-interferon therapy. We started low-dose sirolimus as an antiangiogenic agent. The vascular masses were reduced rapidly and there was no gastrointestinal bleeding and muscular hematoma after sirolimus therapy. There was no drug adverse reaction at 20-month follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report related to the use of sirolimus in a patient with BRBNS.
Electrocardiogram Screening for Disorders That Cause Sudden Cardiac Death in Asymptomatic Children: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Rodday Angie Mae , Triedman John K. , Alexander Mark E. , Cohen Joshua T. , Ip Stanley , Newburger Jane W. , Parsons Susan K. , Trikalinos Thomas A. , Wong John B. , Leslie Laurel K.
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Pediatric sudden cardiac death (SCD) occurs in an estimated 0.8 to 6.2 per 100 000 children annually. Screening for cardiac disorders causing SCD in asymptomatic children has public appeal because of its apparent potential to avert tragedy; however, performance of the electrocardiogram (ECG) as a screening tool is unknown. We estimated (1) phenotypic (ECG- or echocardiogram [ECHO]-based) prevalence of selected pediatric disorders associated with SCD, and (2) sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of ECG, alone or with ECHO.

METHODS:

We systematically reviewed literature on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), long QT syndrome (LQTS), and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, the 3 most common disorders associated with SCD and detectable by ECG.

RESULTS:

We identified and screened 6954 abstracts, yielding 396 articles, and extracted data from 30. Summary phenotypic prevalences per 100 000 asymptomatic children were 45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10–79) for HCM, 7 (95% CI: 0–14) for LQTS, and 136 (95% CI: 55–218) for Wolff-Parkinson-White. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for ECG were 0.91 for detecting HCM and 0.92 for LQTS. The negative predictive value of detecting either HCM or LQTS by using ECG was high; however, the positive predictive value varied by different sensitivity and specificity cut-points and the true prevalence of the conditions.

CONCLUSIONS:

Results provide an evidence base for evaluating pediatric screening for these disorders. ECG, alone or with ECHO, was a sensitive test for mass screening and negative predictive value was high, but positive predictive value and false-positive rates varied.
Investigations of Zipping Mechanism in Relativistic Heavy Ion Interactions With Carbon Onions
Authors: Al-Duhaileb RA , Xie K , Ayres VM , Ronningen RM , Zeller AF , Baumann T , Hirata A
Published: March 2012

The interactions of fully stripped Argon-40 heavy ion beams with 140 MeV/nucleon with a series of increasingly polygonal carbon onions are investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The experimentally observed graphene layer linking is compared with expected results from the displacement and dislocation migration models. The results suggest that dislocation-driven mechanisms may play a significant role in graphene layer linking induced by heavy ion interactions with carbon onions.
Fabrication and Characterisation of the First Graphene Ring Micro Electrodes (GRIMEs)
Authors: Dickinson J.W. , Andrieux F.P.L. , Boxall C.
Published: March 2012

We report the fabrication and characterisation of the first graphene ring micro electrodes, formed by dip coating fibre optics with subsequently reduced graphite oxide. The behaviour of the so-formed Graphene RIng Micro Electrodes (GRIMEs) is studied using the ferricyanide probe redox system while electrode thicknesses is assessed using established electrochemical methods. A ring electrode of ∼73 nm thickness is produced on 220 μm diameter fibre optics, corresponding to an inner to outer radius ratio of >0.999, so allowing for use of extant analytical descriptions of very thin ring micro electrodes in data analysis. GRIMEs are highly reliable (current response invariant over >3000 scans) with the microring design allowing for efficient use of electrochemically active graphene edge sites. Further, the associated nA scale currents neatly obviate issues relating to the high resistivity of undoped graphene. Thus, the use of graphene in ring micro electrodes improves the reliability of existing micro electrode designs and expands the range of use of graphene-based electrochemical devices.
News: ICOLD bulletin on internal erosion
Authors: Bridle Rod , Brown Alan
Published: March 2012

Internal erosion is one of the main causes of incidents at dams in service, accounting typically for around 50% of dam failures. This article describes the status and content of forthcoming International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) bulletins on internal erosion.
Technical visit: Banbury flood alleviation scheme
Authors: McMonagle Shane
Published: March 2012

The British Dam Society was invited to undertake a site visit to the Banbury flood alleviation scheme, organised by committee member and project site supervisor, John Hopkins of Black & Veatch, the scheme’s designers. The visit to the site, located just upstream of the town of Banbury on the River Cherwell, took place on 7 September 2011 with 17 visiting members hosted by the project site team.
Live plant imports: the major pathway for forest insect and pathogen invasions of the US
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M , Brockerhoff Eckehard G , Garrett Lynn J , Parke Jennifer L , Britton Kerry O
Published: March 2012

Trade in live plants has been recognized worldwide as an important invasion pathway for non‐native plant pests. Such pests can have severe economic and ecological consequences. Nearly 70% of damaging forest insects and pathogens established in the US between 1860 and 2006 most likely entered on imported live plants. The current regulation of plant imports is outdated and needs to balance the impacts of pest damage, the expense of mitigation efforts, and the benefits of live plant importation. To inform these discussions, we document large increases in the volume and value of plant imports over the past five decades and explain recent and proposed changes to plant import regulations. Two data sources were used to estimate the infestation rate of regulated pests in live plant shipments entering the US, thus allowing evaluation of the efficacy of the current port inspection process.
Accuracy of Linear Measurements and Visibility of the Mandibular Canal of Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography Images With Different Voxel Sizes: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Waltrick Karen Borges , de Abreu Junior Murillo José Nunes , Corrêa Márcio , Zastrow Michella Dinah , D'Avila Dutra Vinícius
Published: March 2012

Background: The major use of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) is in implant planning. Although CBCT has been shown to be a reliable tool for measurements, we were unable to find studies comparing the differences between images acquired using different voxel sizes for implant planning. The aims of the present in vitro study are to verify the accuracy of linear measurements and to analyze the visibility of the mandibular canal on CBCT images obtained using different voxel sizes.

Methods: Twelve dry human hemimandibles were scanned using voxel sizes of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mm, and 108 transversal CBCT images were generated, on which two examiners performed 648 linear measurements and evaluated the visibility of the mandibular canal.

Results: The global mean ± SD error between measurements on images and direct measurements was 0.23 ± 0.20 mm. CBCT measurements underestimated direct measurements in 390 cases (60.2%). All measurement errors found were <1 mm. There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0028) between the two examiners only when measuring the width in two posterior sites. There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0242) between voxel sizes only for one of the examiners, for a measurement of height. It was possible to visualize the mandibular canal in all of the 108 images evaluated.

Conclusions: Transversal CBCT images are adequate for linear measurements in the posterior region of the mandible and provide adequate visualization of the mandibular canal using voxel sizes of 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mm. A voxel of 0.3 mm is a good compromise between image quality and low radiation dose.
A challenge to categories: “What, if anything, is a mosasaur?”
Authors: Caldwell Michael W.
Published: March 2012

The concept of “mosasaur” is explored from the perspective of its historical origins, and tested empirically and phylogenetically in order to examine the concept in its modern application. Historical analysis of the origins of the concept of “mosasaur” makes it clear that the term bears significant historical burden (comparative anatomic, empirical, phylogenetic, paleontological, etc.). In order to address the flaws in the concept of mosasaur properly, this treatise critically assesses Camp’s [1923] diagnostic characters for Anguimorpha, Platynota, Varanoidea, and Mosasauroidea, concluding that Camp’s data permit mosasaurs to be viewed only as anguimorphans, not platynotans nor varanoids. A similar critical assessment is given for the characters used to diagnose anguimorphans and varanoids in Estes et al. [1988], concluding here that not a single character out of twenty-two is shared between varanoids and mosasaurs. The character concept developed by Romer [1956] for the “posteriorly retracted nares” of varanoids, and then later mosasaurs, is critically examined and found to be insufficient as a test of similarity of the intended primary homologs. The recent work of Rieppel et al. [2007], Conrad [2008] and Conrad et al. [2010] is critically reviewed as these authors revive the use, and subdivision, of the “posteriorly retracted nares” as a character in anguimorph phylogenetic analysis. Based on these criticisms, it is concluded here that there is no character-based evidence to support phylogenetic hypotheses that mosasaurs are derived aquatic varanoid lizards. A key recommendation of this treatise is that the hypothesis conceiving of mosasaurs as derived aquatic varanoids be abandoned. The final critical review presented in this treatise examines the taxonomic implications, relating to the concept of “mosasaur”, arising from the hypothesis of convergent paddle-like limb evolution in mosasaurs as presented by Bell and Polcyn [2005]. In conclusion, it is recognized that the concept and term “mosasaur” has ceased to exist in any biologically meaningful way, and that the future requires the construction of a new suite of terms and concepts to convey what we now think we know about these animals.
Rotary Steerable Tool Damage Prevention by Utilization of an Asymmetric Vibration Damping Tool
Authors: Burnett Timm , Feauto Benjamin , Forster Ian , Kabbara Alan
Published: March 2012

Slick-slip (SS) and lateral shocks are harmful to many expensive downhole tools such as rotary steerable systems, and downhole measurement and logging tools. Due to this concern, an asymmetric vibration damping device has been engineered to reduce these specified vibrational modes. This tool is uniquely specialized that, when placed and ran with the recommended drilling parameters, reduces stick-slip tendencies as well as dampen lateral shocks by placing the drill string near the tool in Forward Synchronous Whirl (FSW). As a result of placing the BHA (bottom hole assembly) into FSW, other harmful vibrational modes such as chaotic whirl and backward whirl are prevented from occurring. Stemming from the exclusive geometry of the tool, the tool will interrupt harmonic modes during rotation that can lead to harmful shocks and SS. Extensive research has been performed in laboratory and field testing using the vibration damping tool, and its success has been proven in multiple deep water applications (primarily with hole opening BHA’s), but also on land with bi-center bits. Recently, a new approach was undertaken, utilizing two vibration damping tools in a single BHA. This was intended to control vibrations and reduce shocks that were causing extensive damage to Rotary Steerable System (RSS) horizontal applications in North America. The initial trial wells used the dual placement within the vertical and horizontal sections, drilling into the Cotton Valley formation in North Louisiana. These applications have historically seen very high vibration levels due to both the trajectory and challenging formations.
Successful Application of Geomagnetic Referencing for Accurate Wellbore Positioning in a Deepwater Project Offshore Brazil
Authors: Poedjono Benny , Montenegro Diana , Clark Pete , Okewunmi Shola , Maus Stefan , Li Xiong
Published: March 2012

Accurate wellbore positioning is a major challenge in the Frade field, a deepwater heavy oil project offshore Brazil that has been historically technically and economically challenging. The inherent subsurface and surface complexities alone might have prevented the development of this asset, as the structure is a low-relief anticline with two main fault blocks, consisting of three stacked reservoirs, and spanning an area of 20 km2.

The key challenge in magnetic surveying in Brazil is the large discrepancy between downhole tool readings and the British Geological Survey (BGS) Global Geomagnetic Model (BGGM), which provides the magnetic field at a 400-km resolution. A better understanding of natural variations in the local magnetic field is essential for a successful development of the field. As such, a new method of mapping the natural variations was developed.

With its recent refinements, geomagnetic referencing can now produce significant savings in overall project cost by providing accurate, real-time data on wellbore position while corrections to trajectory are still possible, preventing the costly sidetracks often required when errors are discovered in a post-drilled survey. It can also eliminate the need for costly troubleshooting of downhole magnetic tools in real time, caused by inaccuracy of the geomagnetic model used.

This paper outlines collaboration among operator, contractors and academic experts, and the development of the High-Definition Geomagnetic Model (HDGM) by the United States National Geophysical Data Center, which improves the spatial resolution to 30 km. The large-scale magnetic field study was integrated with the Bacia de Campos aeromagnetic survey to account for the entire spatial spectrum of the geomagnetic field, down to the kilometer scale. Using ellipsoidal harmonic functions and an equivalent source technique, two 3D geomagnetic references were produced for comparison purposes, and the results were validated by observations from the downhole measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tool reading.
Pushing the Extended Reach Envelope at Sakhalin: An Operator’s Experience Drilling a Record Reach Well
Authors: Walker Michael W.
Published: March 2012

ExxonMobil, as operator for the Sakhalin 1 project, recently completed drilling operations at the Odoptu Field, located offshore Sakhalin Island, Russia. The Odoptu development drilled nine extended reach wells from shore, culminating with the world record reach OP-11 well. This record setting extended reach well reached a total depth of 12,345 m MD (40,502 ft) / 1,784 m TVD with 11,479 m of vertical section in 60 days with <1% non-productive time. This paper provides a case history of the drilling and completion of the OP-11 well. The major well design parameters that led to the final design will be discussed. Additionally, operational summaries for each hole section will be provided to give an insight on the well construction process.

Use of extended reach drilling (ERD) practices has become a common means to economically access reserves from existing infrastructure, provide access to reserves that were previously out of reach, and reduce the environmental footprint of drilling / production facilities. Hence, operators are being challenged to stretch the limits of the ERD envelope, not only from a drilling perspective, but also from a completions perspective. The design for such wells typically employs detailed modeling work; however, a thorough understanding of ERD operational complexities is also required.

Over the course of drilling operations at Odoptu, well designs and operational practices evolved to maximize drilling performance while minimizing risks. This paper describes the challenges that were successfully overcome, including wellbore instability, shocks and vibrations, and high torque. Significant OP-11 results include the successful placement of the 9-5/8-in. floated liner at 10,758 m without rotation and the successful placement of completion equipment at world record depth. The operator's use of its performance management workflow successfully reduced downhole shocks and vibrations, optimized hole quality, and resulted in the drilling of each hole section with a single bottomhole assembly (BHA).

The design considerations and techniques described in this case history can be used to provide valuable insight for the drilling and completion of future extreme ERD wells. The lessons learned on extreme ERD wells should be thoughtfully considered when designing future wells that stretch the ERD envelope.
Mud Cap Application Solves Chronic Drilling Problem in a Highly Fractured, Low Pressure Reservoir
Authors: Ladron De Guevara J. Ernesto , Lozada Miguel Ángel , Torres Marcos Fuentes , Silva Gilberto García , Zalvidar Juan Antonio , González Ricardo Andres , Sizer James
Published: March 2012

The Cantarell field is located offshore in the Bay of Campeche, in approximately 50 m of water depth (Fig. 1). The two main productive intervals are the Upper Cretaceous and Jurassic Kimmeridgian. The Cretaceous is highly fractured with well developed, vugular secondary porosity. The Jurassic is also fractured with oomoldic porosity. Both contain sour hydrocarbons. Production from Cantarell began in the early 1980s and today the pore pressure gradient is down to a +/− 0.37 gr/cc equivalent. The productive interval is typically drilled using a 0.90 gr/cc emulsion mud and shortly after penetrating the fractured reservoir, total and uncontrollable loss circulation is experienced. As a result, the cost of drilling in the field has increased considerably due to the high cost of the oil-in-water mud losses and time spent either transporting, generating or waiting on weather to offload more mud to continue drilling.

Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) in cooperation with Quantum Reservoir Impact (QRI) reevaluated the current drilling philosophy and recommended the application of a series of steps aimed at solving the current problems. The results obtained have been positive resulting in PEMEX now implementing such steps as part of its drilling philosophy where applicable on a regular basis.

This paper will describe the current drilling environment and the techniques implemented in the first successful mud cap application in the Cantarell field. It will also discuss some of the lessons learned as well as the new improved designs being implemented and will conclude with a summary of the benefits obtained and the plans for the future.
Optimized Steerable Motor Design Overcomes Drilling Challenges in Marcellus Shale Unconventional Play
Authors: Jones Anthony , Azizov Azar A. , Janwadkar Sandeep , Davila Wilfredo , Fabian John , Nguyen Minh
Published: March 2012

Although drilling horizontal wells in US-land unconventional shale plays has increased exponentially in the last few years, maximizing well productivity and improving drilling efficiency remains a major challenge. Well placement in the sweet spot and extended laterals help maximize productivity. Drilling a curve with higher dogleg severity (DLS) reduces its verticalsection and maximizes the length of subsequent lateral section in the productive zone. Wells in US shale plays demand a DLS of 10 to 14 deg/100 ft, but achieving high DLS presents numerous drilling challenges: rotating a steerable motor with a high adjustable kick-off sub (AKO) angle could result in bottomhole assembly (BHA) fatigue failure and premature damage to the bit; drilling in oriented mode limits the transfer of weight to the bit, reducing the rate-of-penetration.

These challenges led to the development and successful testing of a new steerable optimized design motor (ODM) with a short bit-to-bend (BTB) distance. In some cases, the ODM drilled all sections, including high-DLS curves, tangents and laterals with precise directional control and well placement with one BHA. Using the ODM helped the operator achieve higher build rates at lower AKO angle settings; rotate the BHA in well profiles where previously used motors could be operated only in slide mode, and maximize the length of curve interval drilled in rotary mode at higher RPMs. The new system significantly improved drilling performance with excellent directional control. Drilling high-DLS curves increased the length of laterals, enabling additional recovery of gas.

This paper will discuss the design, modeling and results of horizontal type wells drilled using the steerable ODM in the Marcellus unconventional shale play.
PDC Bit Steerability Modeling and Testing for Push-the-Bit and Point-the-Bit RSS
Authors: Menand S. , Simon C. , Gaombalet J. , Macresy L. , Gerbaud L. , Ben Hamida M. , Amghar Y. , Denoix H. , Cuiller B. , Sinardet H.
Published: March 2012

The footage drilled with rotary steerable systems (RSS) has increased significantly these last few years, due notably to the highly complex wells drilled today. Moreover, high requirements about borehole quality are needed to optimize drilling performances, running completion tools or increase the quality of formation evaluation.

Rotary steerable systems can be classified in two types according to the steering mechanism: point-the-bit and push-the-bit. Whatever the type of steering mechanism, both tilt and side force are applied on the bit. Although bit tilt is predominant in point-the-bit system, bit side force is the main factor that affects hole deviation in push-the-bit system. There have been many controversies in the scientific and industrial community regarding the deviation mechanisms involved in these two systems. To react to this controversy, a full-scale drilling bench has been developed to test drill bits in push-the-bit, point-the-bit or hybrid push-point mode. This new facility enables to apply any coupled tilt-side force on the bit to reproduce the RSS mechanisms.

This paper is intended to show results of this experimental campaign. First, the role of the side force and of the bit tilt in the deviation process have been fully differentiated and measured. Then, these results demonstrate that the bit steerability for a same given side force is strongly affected by the tilt applied on it. At last, one shows that borehole quality is not only affected by the bit design itself but also by the tilt-side force combination These experimental results presented in this paper have been validated with a software that enables to reproduce the hole deviation every inch drilled. The results of this paper should also contribute to improve bits selection for RSS in order to drill a smooth and uniform borehole.
Using Advanced Drilling Technology to Enable Well Factory Concept in the Marcellus Shale
Authors: Hummes Olof , Bond Paul , Jones Anthony , Symons Wayne , Bishop Manitou , Serdy Andrew , Pokrovsky Sergei , Polito Nicholas
Published: March 2012

In the Marcellus Shale, Northeast USA operators are moving from a phase of exploration and appraisal of gas wells to the development phase using "factory" drilling techniques: bringing down overall cost per well, increasing the number of wells that can be drilled using the resources available and maximizing the production from the wells that are brought online. This paper describes how one operator teamed up with a drilling service provider to adopt new technology that led to a substantial reduction in the operational time required to drill complex 3D profile Marcellus area wells.

Most horizontal wells in the Marcellus are currently being drilled with conventional motors and basic measurement while drilling (MWD) systems that are reaching the technical limit of their capabilities. Additionally, the area pad drilling requirement of the Marcellus further challenges the ability of conventional tools to drill the required complex 3D profiles. Traditional rotary steerable systems have not been able to offer operational enhancement in the curve section of the well because they lack the ability to deliver the build rates required to land the wells and then drill the lateral. The authors will use detailed case histories to show how a new rotary steerable system, which has been developed specifically to address the challenges seen in unconventional reservoirs, was utilized to provide a true step change in drilling performance and deliver the benefits expected from rotary steerable systems. The design of bit and bottomhole assembly (BHA) is crucial to ensure that the objectives are met (directional control, ROP, run duration, and hole quality). It will be shown that the new drilling technique will enable the development of reservoir blocks in the Marcellus shale from single pads using complex well profiles, including real-time reservoir navigation, while minimizing the time to drill the wells.
The Best Driller in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Griffon Romain , Gauthier Jacob
Published: March 2012

An analysis of more than 100 Gulf of Mexico (GOM) deepwater wells reveals that one operator is experiencing more drilling success than its peers in terms of consistent and repeatable top quartile drilling performance. These results are driven by the operator’s commitment to its drilling philosophy, its strong and well-established partnership with key service contractors, and its core drilling team of experienced and technically sound professionals.

One service company has developed an enduring relationship with the operator and contributes to the performance that the operator demands. Such performance requires a well-aligned focus between the service company and the operator. Four key areas have been identified that have allowed this partnership to thrive: people and culture, performance, structure and processes, and technology.

These key areas have played in major role in delivering multiple GOM drilling records, including the top 13 fastest wells (days per 1000 ft) from spud to total depth (TD)—with some wells drilled through extended salt intervals at IADC rate of penetration (ROP) records.

Real results show how best-in-class performance can be achieved when the four identified keys to the successful partnership are combined to complement and enhance each other’s strengths.
System design and treatment efficiency of a surface flow constructed wetland receiving runoff impacted stream water
Authors: Maniquiz M. C. , Choi J. Y. , Lee S. Y. , Kang C. G. , Yi G. S. , Kim L. H.
Published: March 2012

This study reported the efficiency of a free water surface flow constructed wetland (CW) system that receives runoff impacted stream water from a forested and agricultural watershed. Investigations were conducted to examine the potential effect of hydraulic fluctuations on the CW as a result of storm events and the changes in water quality along the flow path of the CW. Based on the results, the incoming pollutant concentrations were increased during storm events and greater at the near end of the storm than at the initial time of storm. A similar trend was observed to the concentrations exiting the CW due to the wetland being a relatively small percentage of the watershed (<0.1%) that allowed delays in runoff time during storm events. The concentrations of most pollutants were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) except for nitrate (p = 0.5). Overall, this study suggests that the design of the system could feasibly function for the retention of most pollutants during storm events as the actual water quality of the outflow was significantly better by 21–71% than the inflow and the levels of pollutants were reduced to appreciable levels.
Removal of C.I. Reactive Red 2 from aqueous solutions by chitin: an insight into kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics
Authors: Wu C. H. , Kuo C. Y. , Yeh C. H. , Chen M. J.
Published: March 2012

In this study, C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2) was removed from aqueous solutions by chitin. Exactly how the RR2 concentration, chitin dosage, pH, and temperature affected adsorption of RR2 by chitin was then determined. After reaction for 120 min, the amount of 10 and 20 mg/L RR2 absorbed onto chitin was 5.7 and 7.5 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption percentage increased from 56 to 94% when the chitin dosage was increased from 1.5 to 2.5 g/L. Experimental results indicated that the pseudo-second-order model best represents adsorption kinetics. Adsorption of RR2 increased as the temperature increased; however, it decreased with an increased pH. Experimental results further demonstrated that the Freundlich model is superior to the Langmuir model in fitting experimental isotherms. The ΔH0 and ΔS0 were 16.34 kJ/mol and 152.10 J/mol K, respectively. ΔH0 suggested that adsorption of RR2 onto chitin was via physisorption.
Electron beam-based functionalization of polymer membranes
Authors: Schulze A. , Marquardt B. , Went M. , Prager A. , Buchmeiser M. R.
Published: March 2012

A new electron beam-based approach for the direct functionalization of polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polysulfone as well as polyacrylonitrile membranes in a one-step procedure is presented. Aqueous solutions of functional molecules were immobilized on the membrane surface by electron beam treatment. The resulting membranes show significantly increased flux and water wettability accompanied by decreased protein adsorption. Stability tests demonstrated the permanence of the modification. This new method neither requires any preceding surface functionalization nor the use of catalysts/photoinitiators or other toxic reagents. In addition, it avoids the synthesis of hydrophilic monomers/polymers, thus avoiding additional synthetic and purification steps as well as the use of organic solvents.
Subordinates as the First Line of Defense against Biased Financial Reporting
Authors: Jollineau S. Jane , Vance Thomas W. , Webb Alan
Published: March 2012

Managers who generate financial reports often rely on subordinates who possess private information to provide inputs. When managers have incentives to manipulate reports, they may request biased inputs from subordinates. However, subordinates can act as informal controls and constrain managers' opportunism. We experimentally examine two potential determinants of subordinates' willingness to serve as informal controls: their perception of the subordinate-manager relationship quality and their beliefs about the ethical nature of the task. Subordinates who perceive a high-quality relationship with their manager provide more bias, despite a compensation scheme that makes compliance costly. This result suggests that managers who cultivate close working relationships with subordinates may undermine the control system. Subordinates' beliefs about the ethical nature of the task also reduce compliance, but more so when the manager requests income-increasing estimates. Our findings contribute to the management accounting literature by providing insights into the role of subordinate employees as informal controls.
Daughters of the Right Path
Authors: Pursley Sara
Published: March 2012

This article discusses the writings of Amina bint Haydar al-Sadr, a prolific Shi‘i intellectual and novelist in Najaf during the 1960s and 1970s more commonly known by her pen name Bint al-Huda (“Daughter of the Right Path”). It examines the author’s ambivalence about marriage in modern law and society as both a promise of lifelong companionship and a private institution that threatens to close a woman off from her other relationships, especially those with her female friends, and thereby from her means of engaging in the ethical work of developing a pious self. It also reads this ambivalence in relation to the texts’ interpellation of a homosocial public of female Muslim readers in order to raise questions about certain theoretical conceptions of the modern “public” and “private” spheres.
College for All
Authors: Lee Jaekyung
Published: March 2012

This study addresses missing links in “college for all” debates by investigating gaps between actual and desirable math achievement trajectories for students’ college readiness. Linking multiple national data sets across P–16 education levels, the study estimates college readiness benchmarks separately for two-year and four-year college entrance and completion. The goals of the study are to compare performance standards, benchmarks, and norms for college readiness and to assess college readiness gaps among all students as well as gaps among racial and social subgroups. The results suggest that entrance into and completion of two-year versus four-year colleges require substantially different levels of math achievement in earlier education periods and that meeting national versus state proficiency standards leads to differences in postsecondary education outcomes and can mean the difference between bachelor’s and associate’s degree attainment. Persistent racial and social gaps in college readiness threaten the goal of getting all students academically ready for at least two-year college completion.
Is aggressive treatment of traumatic brain injury cost-effective?
Authors: Whitmore Robert G. , Thawani Jayesh P. , Grady M. Sean , Levine Joshua M. , Sanborn Matthew R. , Stein Sherman C.
Published: March 2012

Object

The object of this study was to determine whether aggressive treatment of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), including invasive intracranial monitoring and decompressive craniectomy, is cost-effective.

Methods

A decision-analytical model was created to compare costs, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness of 3 strategies for treating a patient with severe TBI. The aggressive-care approach is compared with “routine care,” in which Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines are not followed. A “comfort care” category, in which a single day in the ICU is followed by routine floor care, is included for comparison only. Probabilities of each treatment resulting in various Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores were obtained from the literature. The GOS scores were converted to quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), based on expected longevity and calculated quality of life associated with each GOS category. Estimated direct (acute and long-term medical care) and indirect (loss of productivity) costs were calculated from the perspective of society. Sensitivity analyses employed a 2D Monte Carlo simulation of 1000 trials, each with 1000 patients. The model was also used to estimate these values for patients 40, 60, and 80 years of age.

Results

For the average 20-year-old, aggressive care yields 11.7 (± 1.6 [SD]) QALYs, compared with routine care (10.0 ± 1.5 QALYs). This difference is highly significant (p < 0.0001). Although the differences in effectiveness between the 2 strategies diminish with advancing age, aggressive care remains significantly better at all ages. When all costs are considered, aggressive care is also significantly less costly than routine care ($1,264,000 ± $118,000 vs $1,361,000 ± $107,000) for the average 20-year-old. Aggressive care remains significantly less costly until age 80, at which age it costs more than routine care. However, even in the 80-year-old, aggressive care is likely the more cost-effective approach. Comfort care is associated with poorer outcomes at all ages and with higher costs for all groups except 80-year-olds.

Conclusions

When all the costs of severe TBI are considered, aggressive treatment is a cost-effective option, even for older patients. Comfort care for severe TBI is associated with poor outcomes and high costs, and should be reserved for situations in which aggressive approaches have failed or testing suggests such treatment is futile.
Normative IR Theory and the Legalization of International Politics: The Dictates of Humanity and of the Public Conscience as a Vehicle for Global Justice
Authors: Sutch Peter
Published: March 2012

This paper explores the relationship between normative international political theory and the politics of international law. It begins by arguing that a gap between the normative (in moral terms) and the moral (in legal and social terms) still exists in the literature before going on to examine an approach to closing this gap. This approach, it is argued, is common to a plurality of theoretical approaches including liberal cosmopolitanism, social constructivism and forms of particularism. In exploring ‘institutional moral reasoning’ or ‘social moral epistemology’ the paper argues that respecting the institutional autonomy of the international legal order is a key component of the approach. In order to test the extent to which the various positions do respect the autonomy of the legal order the paper engages with an analysis of the extent to which human rights have become the key constitutive norm of global politics.
What Should We Expect of a Liberal Explanatory Theory?
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C.
Published: March 2012

One of the most problematic aspects of the ‘Harvard School’ of liberal international theory is its failure to fulfil its own methodological ideals. Although Harvard School liberals subscribe to a nomothetic model of explanation, in practice they employ their theories as heuristic resources. Given this practice, we should expect them neither to develop candidate causal generalizations nor to be value-neutral: their explanatory insights are underpinned by value-laden choices about which questions to address and what concepts to employ. A key question for liberal theorists, therefore, is how a theory may be simultaneously explanatory and value-oriented. The difficulties inherent in resolving this problem are manifested in Ikenberry's writing: whilst his work on constitutionalism in international politics partially fulfils the requirements of a more satisfactory liberal explanatory theory, his recent attempts to develop prescriptions for US foreign policy reproduce, in a new form, key failings of Harvard School realism.
Natural Law and the Theory of International Society: Otto von Gierke and the Three Traditions of International Theory
Authors: Holland Ben
Published: March 2012

Hedley Bull, in the passage in The Anarchical Society which introduces the ‘three competing traditions of thought’ associated with the articulation of the modern states-system, cited Otto von Gierke as the originator of this influential way of organising international theory. This article examines Gierke's work in order to assess the extent of the influence on the English School that can be ascribed to him. It argues that in fact Gierke's version of the three traditions bears little resemblance to that of Bull, and that by ‘international society’ Gierke was referring to confederal structures of political power. Through an analysis of a significant strand of American revolutionary thought, the paper seeks to demonstrate the potential that further attention to the Gierkean understanding of international society could have for advancing the English School's research programme and building on its achievements.
Cosmopolitanism and International Relations Theory
Authors: Brown Chris
Published: March 2012

[On Diogenes, who coined the term ‘cosmopolitan’] ‘If only more contemporary self-styled cosmopolitans drank water from their hands, ate human flesh, hugged statues and masturbated in public. … Diogenes's “cosmopolitanism” is much more of an anti-political stance than some sort of banal internationalism’.
Taking Moral Equality Seriously: Egalitarianism and Immigration Controls
Authors: Cole Phillip
Published: March 2012

In this paper I re-state the egalitarian argument against the morality of immigration controls: such limits violate the central ethical commitment to moral equality. This means that immigration controls fail a fundamental moral test and represent the ethical failure of the liberal project of moral equality. I set this re-statement against recent arguments about what moral equality means, specifically Christopher Heath Wellman's use of Elizabeth Anderson's notion of relational equality. Wellman believes that Anderson's ideas seriously damage the egalitarian argument, but I argue that this is a misreading of her account. I conclude that any liberal attempt to morally justify immigration controls must fail through committing the basic logical error of ‘begging the question’.
‘Migrants in a Feverland’: State Obligations towards the Environmentally Displaced
Authors: Bradley Megan
Published: March 2012

This paper considers whether states have a duty to accept those who cross borders to escape environmental disasters associated with climate change. It then examines how such a responsibility might be distributed, focusing on the predicament of the citizens of small island states expected to be inundated by rising sea levels. In assessing states' responsibility to admit these individuals, I draw on Walzer's theory of mutual aid, demonstrating that even under this narrow conception of states' obligations, a duty to accept displaced islanders can be established. However, the proximity principle is ill-suited to determining which states should shoulder responsibility in this situation. Drawing on Miller's account of remedial responsibility and his ‘connection theory,’ I suggest that the obligation to accept ‘environmental refugees’ should be shouldered principally by affluent states that share significant degrees of causal and moral responsibility for climate change, and also have particularly strong capacities to assist the displaced.
Why Temporary Labour Migration is Not a Satisfactory Alternative to Permanent Migration
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: March 2012

Temporary labour migration programs are often proposed as a way to provide the benefits of migration in general, while mitigating the allegedly problematic effects of permanent migration. Here I propose that the arguments deployed in favour of temporary labour migration over permanent migration are flawed, normatively, and that empirically temporary labour migration programs produce effects in receiving states that are even worse than those (allegedly) produced by permanent migration. As a result, I shall argue that, for reasons of consistency, advocates of restricting permanent migration should support restricting temporary labour migration programs as well. I conclude not by arguing that temporary labour migration programs should be abandoned, but rather that we must focus more seriously on re-constructing temporary labour migration programs that do not produce these dilemmas, as well as on generating policies that alleviate the challenges they often pose in receiving societies.