bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Great Kivas and Community Integration at the Harris Site, Southwestern New Mexico
Authors: Roth Barbara J. , Romero Danielle
Published: October 2022

Great kivas served as important ritual spaces and played significant roles in community integration throughout the Pithouse period (AD 550–1000) occupation of the Mimbres Mogollon region of southwestern New Mexico. This article uses data from excavations at the Harris site, a large pithouse village located in the Mimbres Valley, to explore the role of great kivas and an associated plaza in community integration as the village grew, extended family households formed, and social distinctions developed. Data from excavations of sequentially used great kivas surrounding the plaza along with household data from domestic structures are used to examine the role of ritual space during the Pithouse period.
The Mott-Smith solution to the regular shock reflection problem
Authors: Timokhin M.Yu. , Kudryavtsev A.N. , Bondar Ye.A.
Published: October 2022

The classical Mott-Smith solution for one-dimensional normal shock wave structure is extended to the two-dimensional regular shock reflection problem. The solution for the non-equilibrium molecular velocity distribution function along the symmetry-plane streamline is obtained as a weighted sum of four Maxwellians. An analysis of applicability of the solution has been performed using the results of direct simulation Monte Carlo calculations for a range of incident shock wave intensities. Accuracy of the solution improves with increasing$Ma_n$, the Mach number normal to the shock front, so that the solution becomes rather accurate for strong shocks with$Ma_n>8$.
Building a Bridge to Learning: The Critical Importance of Teacher Aide–Student Relationships in the Primary School Classroom
Authors: Quill Jeanette , Kahu Ella R.
Published: October 2022

Teacher–student relationships are critically important for student engagement and learning. Increasingly, children with additional behavioural, physical, communication, and learning needs are supported in the classroom by teacher aides working alongside teachers. Although the teacher aide role is often described as relational, few studies have explicitly examined the nature of the teacher aide–child relationship. This exploratory study in primary schools in Aotearoa New Zealand addresses this gap. Seven teacher aides were interviewed, and thematic analysis was used to construct common themes. The findings show that aides have time to individually know and care for each child and so develop a special relationship that is distinct from other relationships at school. In addition, the relationship is seen as essential to meet the child’s needs and thus enable them to engage in their learning. The teacher aides impact positively on the child’s sense of belonging, emotions, and wellbeing, which act as pathways to student engagement. Further research is needed to explore how these special and essential relationships can be optimised, and, in collaboration with teachers, improve the short- and long-term psychological, social, and educational outcomes for children.
Ownership psychology as a cognitive adaptation: A minimalist model
Authors: Boyer Pascal
Published: October 2022

Ownership is universal and ubiquitous in human societies, yet the psychology underpinning ownership intuitions is generally not described in a coherent and computationally tractable manner. Ownership intuitions are commonly assumed to derive from culturally transmitted social norms, or from a mentally represented implicit theory. While the social norms account is entirelyad hoc, the mental theory requires prior assumptions about possession and ownership that must be explained. Here I propose such an explanation, arguing that the intuitions result from the interaction of two cognitive systems. One of these handles competitive interactions for the possession of resources observed in many species including humans. The other handles mutually beneficial cooperation between agents, as observed in communal sharing, collective action and trade. Together, these systems attend to specific cues in the environment, and produce definite intuitions such as “this is hers,” “that is not mine.” This computational model provides an explanation for ownership intuitions, not just in straightforward cases of property, but also in disputed ownership (squatters, indigenous rights), historical changes (abolition of slavery), as well as apparently marginal cases, such as the questions, whether people own their seats on the bus, or their places in a queue, and how people understand “cultural appropriation” and slavery. In contrast to some previous theories, the model is empirically testable and free ofad hocstipulations.
ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL OPTIMA OF REGULARIZED QUANTILE REGRESSION IN HIGH DIMENSIONS: A SUBGRADIENT APPROACH
Authors: Wang Lan , He Xuming
Published: October 2022

Regularized quantile regression (QR) is a useful technique for analyzing heterogeneous data under potentially heavy-tailed error contamination in high dimensions. This paper provides a new analysis of the estimation/prediction error bounds of the global solution of$L_1$-regularized QR (QR-LASSO) and the local solutions of nonconvex regularized QR (QR-NCP) when the number of covariates is greater than the sample size. Our results build upon and significantly generalize the earlier work in the literature. For certain heavy-tailed error distributions and a general class of design matrices, the least-squares-based LASSO cannot achieve the near-oracle rate derived under the normality assumption no matter the choice of the tuning parameter. In contrast, we establish that QR-LASSO achieves the near-oracle estimation error rate for a broad class of models under conditions weaker than those in the literature. For QR-NCP, we establish the novel results that all local optima within a feasible region have desirable estimation accuracy. Our analysis applies to not just the hard sparsity setting commonly used in the literature, but also to the soft sparsity setting which permits many small coefficients. Our approach relies on a unified characterization of the global/local solutions of regularized QR via subgradients using a generalized Karush–Kuhn–Tucker condition. The theory of the paper establishes a key property of the subdifferential of the quantile loss function in high dimensions, which is of independent interest for analyzing other high-dimensional nonsmooth problems.
Approximately symmetric forms far from being exactly symmetric
Authors: Milićević Luka
Published: October 2022

Let
$V$
be a finite-dimensional vector space over
$\mathbb{F}_p$
. We say that a multilinear form
$\alpha \colon V^k \to \mathbb{F}_p$
in
$k$
variables is
$d$
-approximately symmetric if the partition rank of difference
$\alpha (x_1, \ldots, x_k) - \alpha (x_{\pi (1)}, \ldots, x_{\pi (k)})$
is at most
$d$
for every permutation
$\pi \in \textrm{Sym}_k$
. In a work concerning the inverse theorem for the Gowers uniformity
$\|\!\cdot\! \|_{\mathsf{U}^4}$
norm in the case of low characteristic, Tidor conjectured that any
$d$
-approximately symmetric multilinear form
$\alpha \colon V^k \to \mathbb{F}_p$
differs from a symmetric multilinear form by a multilinear form of partition rank at most
$O_{p,k,d}(1)$
and proved this conjecture in the case of trilinear forms. In this paper, somewhat surprisingly, we show that this conjecture is false. In fact, we show that approximately symmetric forms can be quite far from the symmetric ones, by constructing a multilinear form
$\alpha \colon \mathbb{F}_2^n \times \mathbb{F}_2^n \times \mathbb{F}_2^n \times \mathbb{F}_2^n \to \mathbb{F}_2$
which is 3-approximately symmetric, while the difference between
$\alpha$
and any symmetric multilinear form is of partition rank at least
$\Omega (\sqrt [3]{n})$
.
Empathy and Loving Attention
Authors: Phillips-Garrett Carissa
Published: October 2022

The failure to understand the needs, beliefs, and values of others is widely blamed on a lack of empathy, which has been touted in recent years as the necessary ingredient for bringing us together and ultimately for tackling issues of social justice and harmony. In this essay, I explore whether empathy really can serve the role it has been tasked with. To answer this question, I will first identify what empathy is and why its champions believe it plays such an essential role in social life. With this in mind, I contend that promoting empathy on its own may make solidarity among diverse populations more difficult to achieve and undermine social reconciliation. Instead, I argue for a different approach that begins with acknowledging our self-oriented perspective and how it shapes what we see, appreciate, and interpret, before turning to others with a kind of loving attention. Unlike empathy, loving attention allows us to see others as they really are, not as we imagine we would be in their shoes, and is that kind of perception that is necessary for bridging divides and building solidarity in our contemporary world.
Spiritual care needs among Chinese elders hospitalized for severe chronic heart failure: An observational study
Authors: Wang Zhangyi , Yang Yang , Zhu Yue , Liu Mengru , Zhao Xiqun , Xiao Luwei , Zhang Yajun , Liang Facun , Pang Xiaoli , Yang Zhihua , Weng Huiying
Published: October 2022

Objectives

To investigate the spiritual care needs and their attributes among Chinese elders hospitalized for severe chronic heart failure (CHF) based on the Kano model, in order to provide a reference for improving the quality and satisfaction of spiritual care.

Methods

An observational design was implemented, and the STROBE Checklist was used to ensure quality reporting of the study. The demographic characteristics questionnaire, the Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale, and the Kano model–based Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Attributes Scale were used. A convenience sample of 451 patients were selected from 2 hospitals. Descriptive statistics, and Kano model were used to analyze the data.

Results

The total score of spiritual care needs was 29.95 ± 7.51. Among the 12 items, 3 items were attractive attributes, all of which were located in Reserving Zone IV; 5 items were one-dimensional attributes, of which 3 were located in Predominance Zone I and 2 were located in Improving Zone II; 2 items were must-be attributes, all of which were located in Improving Zone II; and 2 items were indifference attributes, all of which were located in Secondary Improving Zone III.

Significance of results

The spiritual care needs among Chinese elders hospitalized for severe CHF were moderate. The must-be and one-dimensional attributes mainly focus on “creating a good atmosphere” and “sharing self-perception” dimensions, while attractive attributes mainly focus on “sharing self-perception” and “helping thinking” dimensions. It is suggested that hospital authority should develop and innovate attractive attributes on the basis of maintaining and perfecting must-be and one-dimensional attributes, and objectively analyze and optimize indifference attributes.
The Role of Irrigation Expansion on Historical Climate Change: Insights From CMIP6
Authors: Al‐Yaari A. , Ducharne A. , Thiery W. , Cheruy F. , Lawrence D.
Published: October 2022

To produce food for a growing world population, irrigated areas have increased from approximately 0.63 million km2 of land in 1900 to 3.1 million km2 of land in 2005. Despite this massive expansion, irrigation is still overlooked in most state‐of‐the‐art Earth system models (ESMs) involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). To our knowledge, only three CMIP6 models represent irrigation activities: CESM2, GISS‐E2‐1‐G, and NorESM2‐LM. Here, we investigate the role of irrigation on historical climate at global and regional scales by analyzing trends of key surface climate variables in CMIP6 simulations during 1900–2014. The three models including irrigation show distinct behavior from the 15 models without irrigation over intensively irrigated areas (i.e., >50% of grid cell area is equipped by irrigation): both annual (months that correspond to monthly air temperature higher than 274 K) mean latent heat flux (LHF) and soil moisture increase over time, in contrast to the models without irrigation that show no trend or even a negative trend. The positive LHF trend over intensively irrigated areas in the irrigation‐on models is consistent with three satellite‐based LHF products. While annual (considering the warmest month in a year) warming trends are found in these regions for most of the no‐irrigation models, the increase in LHF induces a cooling trend for the models with irrigation, which was not confirmed by observational air temperature data sets. These findings, supported by satellite data, indicate the importance of improved representation of land management in the next generation of ESM.
Bathymetry of Valdivia Bank, Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean: Implications for Structure and Geologic History of a Hot Spot Plateau
Authors: Contreras E. , García P. Jiménez , Sager W. W. , Thoram S. , Hoernle K. , Sarralde R. , Zhou H.
Published: October 2022

Valdivia Bank is an oceanic plateau in the South Atlantic formed by hot spot magmatism at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge during the Late Cretaceous. It is part of the Walvis Ridge, an aseismic ridge and seamount chain widely considered to be formed by age‐progressive volcanism from the Tristan‐Gough plume. To better understand the formation and history of this edifice, we developed a bathymetric map of Valdivia Bank by merging available multibeam echosounder data sets with a bathymetry grid based mainly on satellite altimetry (SRTM15+). The bathymetric map reveals previously unresolved features including extensive rift grabens, volcanic mounds and knolls, and large‐scale sediment transport systems. After Valdivia Bank was emplaced and probably eroded at sea level, it underwent a period of rifting, followed by a secondary magmatic pulse that caused regional uplift to sea‐level, followed by subsidence to current depths. Shallow banks at depths of ∼1,000 m are the result of a thick sediment pile atop uplifted volcanic crust. Several shallower mounds (∼1,000–520 m) and a guyot (∼220 m) likely resulted from coral reef growth atop one or more volcanic pedestals formed during the younger Cenozoic magmatic event. As sediments accumulated on the shallow platforms, sediment transport systems developed as gullies, channels and mass transport deposits carved valleys and troughs, shedding sediment into abyssal fans at the plateau base. The new bathymetric map demonstrates that oceanic plateaus are geologically active long after initial emplacement.
Freshwater Flux Variability Lengthens the Period of the Low‐Frequency AMOC Variability
Authors: Liu Fukai , Lu Jian , Kwon Young‐Oh , Frankignoul Claude , Luo Yiyong
Published: October 2022

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) exhibits interdecadal to multidecadal variability, yet the role of surface freshwater flux (FWF) variability in this AMOC variability remains unclear. This study isolates the contribution of FWF variability in modulating AMOC through a partially coupled experiment, in which the effect of the interactive FWF is disabled. It is demonstrated that the impact of the coupled FWF variability enhances the persistence of density and deep convection anomalies in the Labrador Sea (LS), thus lengthening the period of the AMOC oscillation on multidecadal timescale and suppressing its ∼30‐year periodicity. Further lead‐lag regressions illuminate that the more persistent LS density anomalies are maintained by two mechanisms: (a) The local temperature‐salinity coupling through the evaporation and (b) a downstream propagation along the East Greenland Current of the extra salinity anomaly due to the sea ice melting changes associated with an atmosphere forcing over the southern Greenland tip.
Modeling the Simultaneous Dropout of Energetic Electrons and Protons by EMIC Wave Scattering
Authors: Lyu Xingzhi , Ma Qianli , Tu Weichao , Li Wen , Capannolo Luisa
Published: October 2022

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves could cause a simultaneous dropout of radiation belt electrons and ring current protons. However, their effects on the dropout of both plasma populations have not been quantified in previous studies. In this paper, we model the simultaneous dropout of MeV electrons and hundreds of keV protons observed by Van Allen Probes within ∼40 min on 27 February 2014. The wave and particle measurements during the period of most intense EMIC waves at L ∼ 5.2 are used to calculate the quasilinear diffusion coefficients and simulate the evolution of both energetic electrons and protons. Our model well captures the dropout of electrons with energies >1 MeV and pitch angles <75°, and the concurrent dropout of protons with energies >200 keV and pitch angles >40°. This is the first modeling work quantitatively reproducing the simultaneous dropout of both populations due to EMIC wave scattering.
Revealing Crustal Deformation and Strain Rate in Taiwan Using InSAR and GNSS
Authors: Franklin Kathryn R. , Huang Mong‐Han
Published: October 2022

Interseismic deformation describes the gradual accumulation of crustal strain within the tectonic plate and along the plate boundaries before the sudden release as earthquakes. In this study, we use 5 years of high spatial and temporal geodetic measurements, including Global Navigation Satellite System and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar to monitor 3‐dimension interseismic crustal deformation and horizontal strain rate in Taiwan. We find significant deformation (strain rate >8  10−6 yr−1) along the plate boundary between the Philippine Sea and the Eurasian Plates in east Taiwan. The high strain rate in the southern part of the Western Foothills is distributed along a few major fault systems, which reveals the geometry of the deformation front in west Taiwan. Our results help identify active faults in southwest and north Taiwan that were not identified before. These findings can be insightful in informing future seismic hazard models.
Supervised Machine Learning of High Rate GNSS Velocities for Earthquake Strong Motion Signals
Authors: Dittmann T. , Liu Y. , Morton Y. , Mencin D.
Published: October 2022

High rate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) processed time series capture a broad spectrum of earthquake strong motion signals, but experience regular sporadic noise that can be difficult to distinguish from true seismic signals. The range of possible seismic signal frequencies amidst a high, location‐varying noise floor makes filtering difficult to generalize. Existing methods for automatic detection rely on external inputs to mitigate false alerts, which limit their usefulness. For these reasons, geodetic seismic signal detection makes for a compelling candidate for data‐driven machine learning classification. In this study we generated high rate GNSS time differenced carrier phase (TDCP) velocity time series concurrent in space and time with expected signals from 77 earthquakes occurring over nearly 20 years. TDCP velocity processing has increased sensitivity relative to traditional geodetic displacement processing without requiring sophisticated corrections. We trained, validated and tested a random forest classifier to differentiate seismic events from noise. We find our supervised random forest classifier outperforms the existing detection methods in stand‐alone mode by combining frequency and time domain features into decision criteria. The classifier achieves a 90% true positive rate of seismic event detection within the data set of events ranging from MW4.8–8.2, with typical detection latencies seconds behind S‐wave arrivals. We conclude the performance of this model provides sufficient confidence to enable these valuable ground motion measurements to run in stand‐alone mode for development of edge processing, geodetic infrastructure monitoring and inclusion in operational ground motion observations and models.
Seasonal Structure and Interannual Variation of the South Equatorial Current in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Chen Gengxin , Han Weiqing , Wang Dongxiao , Zhang Lei , Chu Xiaoqing , He Yunkai , Chen Ju
Published: October 2022

The South Equatorial Current (SEC) in the south Indian Ocean (SIO) contributes to mass and heat exchanges among the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. By analyzing satellite and in situ observations, this study examines the seasonal structure and the interannual variability of the SEC. The SEC is mainly part of the Seychelles‐Chagos thermocline ridge (SCTR) circulation during December to April, and is composed of the internal SCTR circulation and the intrusive Indonesian Throughflow during May to November. The SEC thus presents straight and meandering routes in these two periods, respectively. Furthermore, observations and model experiments show that the SEC's meandering route has obvious interannual variability, with exceptional northwestward extension in 1994, 1997, and 2019 during the past three decades. These exceptional routes are caused primarily by extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events, which induce a strengthened westward transport of the fresh water. These exceptional routes thus reflect the abnormal freshening in the SIO. Mooring observations reveal that a significant long‐term freshening event occurred in the SIO from August 2019 to at least July 2020. The persistent low salinity confirms that there is substantial water exchange in the SIO during the extreme positive IOD years.
Correcting Systematic and State‐Dependent Errors in the NOAA FV3‐GFS Using Neural Networks
Authors: Chen Tse‐Chun , Penny Stephen G. , Whitaker Jeffrey S. , Frolov Sergey , Pincus Robert , Tulich Stefan
Published: October 2022

Weather forecasts made with imperfect models contain state‐dependent errors. Data assimilation (DA) partially corrects these errors with new information from observations. As such, the corrections, or “analysis increments,” produced by the DA process embed information about model errors. An attempt is made here to extract that information to improve numerical weather prediction. Neural networks (NNs) are trained to predict corrections to the systematic error in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's FV3‐GFS model based on a large set of analysis increments. A simple NN focusing on an atmospheric column significantly improves the estimated model error correction relative to a linear baseline. Leveraging large‐scale horizontal flow conditions using a convolutional NN, when compared to the simple column‐oriented NN, does not improve skill in correcting model error. The sensitivity of model error correction to forecast inputs is highly localized by vertical level and by meteorological variable, and the error characteristics vary across vertical levels. Once trained, the NNs are used to apply an online correction to the forecast during model integration. Improvements are evaluated both within a cycled DA system and across a collection of 10‐day forecasts. It is found that applying state‐dependent NN‐predicted corrections to the model forecast improves the overall quality of DA and improves the 10‐day forecast skill at all lead times.
Depressive symptoms in cognitively unimpaired older adults are associated with lower structural and functional integrity in a frontolimbic network
Authors: Touron Edelweiss , Moulinet Inès , Kuhn Elizabeth , Sherif Siya , Ourry Valentin , Landeau Brigitte , Mézenge Florence , Vivien Denis , Klimecki Olga M. , Poisnel Géraldine , Marchant Natalie L. , Chételat Gaël ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,   the Medit-Ageing Research Group, Arenaza-Urquijo Eider M. , Allais Florence , André Claire , Asselineau Julien , Baez Lugo Sebastian , Batchelor Martine , Beaugonin Axel , Bejanin Alexandre , Champetier Pierre , Chocat Anne , Collette Fabienne , Dautricourt Sophie , Ferrand-Devouge Eglantine , De Flores Robin , De La Sayette Vincent , Delamillieure Pascal , Delarue Marion , Deza-Araujo Yacila I. , Esperou Hélène , Felisatti Francesca , Frison Eric , Gheysen Francis , Gonneaud Julie , Heidmann Marc , Huong Tran Thien , Jessen Frank , Krolak-Salmon Pierre , Le Du Gwendoline , Lefranc Valérie , Lutz Antoine , Molinuevo Jose-Luis , Palix Cassandre , Paly Léo , Rauchs Géraldine , Réhel Stéphane , Requier Florence , Salmon Eric , Sanchez Raquel , Schimmer Corinne , Vanhoutte Matthieu , Vuilleumier Patrik , Ware Caitlin , Wirth Miranka
Published: October 2022

Subclinical depressive symptoms are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the brain mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unclear. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the brain substrates of subclinical depressive symptoms in cognitively unimpaired older adults using complementary multimodal neuroimaging data. We included cognitively unimpaired older adults from the baseline data of the primary cohort Age-Well (n = 135), and from the replication cohort ADNI (n = 252). In both cohorts, subclinical depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale; based on this scale, participants were classified as having depressive symptoms (>0) or not (0). Voxel-wise between-group comparisons were performed to highlight differences in gray matter volume, glucose metabolism and amyloid deposition; as well as white matter integrity (only available in Age-Well). Age-Well participants with subclinical depressive symptoms had lower gray matter volume in the hippocampus and lower white matter integrity in the fornix and the posterior parts of the cingulum and corpus callosum, compared to participants without symptoms. Hippocampal atrophy was recovered in ADNI, where participants with subclinical depressive symptoms also showed glucose hypometabolism in the hippocampus, amygdala, precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, and temporoparietal cortex. Subclinical depressive symptoms were not associated with brain amyloid deposition in either cohort. Subclinical depressive symptoms in ageing are linked with neurodegeneration biomarkers in the frontolimbic network including brain areas particularly sensitive to AD. The relationship between depressive symptoms and AD may be partly underpinned by neurodegeneration in common brain regions.
Cellular senescence in ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Chen Chaojin , Zheng Muxu , Hou Hongbiao , Fang Sijian , Chen Liubing , Yang Jing , Yao Weifeng , Zhang Qi , Hei Ziqing
Published: October 2022

Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury, a main reason of mortality and morbidity worldwide, occurs in many organs and tissues. As a result of IR injury, senescent cells can accumulate in multiple organs. Increasing evidence shows that cellular senescence is the underlying mechanism that transforms an acute organ injury into a chronic one. Several recent studies suggest senescent cells can be targeted for the prevention or elimination of acute and chronic organ injury induced by IR. In this review, we concisely introduce the underlying mechanism and the pivotal role of premature senescence in the transition from acute to chronic IR injuries. Special focus is laid on recent advances in the mechanisms as well as on the basic and clinical research, targeting cellular senescence in multi-organ IR injuries. Besides, the potential directions in this field are discussed in the end. Together, the recent advances reviewed here will act as a comprehensive overview of the roles of cellular senescence in IR injury, which could be of great significance for the design of related studies, or as a guide for potential therapeutic target.
Clinical assessment, investigation, diagnosis and initial management of cerebral visual impairment: a consensus practice guide
Authors: Pilling Rachel Fiona , Allen Louise , Bowman Richard , Ravenscroft John , Saunders Kathryn J , Williams Cathy
Published: October 2022

Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is a common condition in the UK. Patients with conditions associated with CVI are frequently seen in paediatric ophthalmology clinics offering eye care professionals an opportunity to identify children proactively. In most cases CVI occurs as part of a neurodevelopmental condition or as a feature of multiple and complex disabilities. However, CVI can also be seen in children with apparently typical development. In some cases, high contrast visual acuity is normal and in other cases severely impaired. As such, identification of CVI requires evaluation of aspects of visual performance beyond high contrast acuity and consideration that visual function of those with CVI may fluctuate. Few paediatric ophthalmologists have received formal training in CVI. The detection and diagnosis of CVI varies across the UK and patients report hugely different experiences. A diagnosis of CVI is made based on professional clinical judgement and it is recognised that individual perspectives and local practice in the specific methodologies of assessment will vary. A systematic review and survey of professionals is underway to attempt to reach agreement on diagnostic criteria. Nonetheless, established pathways and published protocols can offer guidance on how a paediatric ophthalmology service can approach assessment of the child with suspected CVI. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of research and clinical practice methods for detecting and diagnosing CVI in a paediatric ophthalmology outpatient setting. It represents current understanding of the topic and acknowledges the evolving nature of both practice and the evidence-base. A rapid literature review was undertaken to identify articles relating to clinical investigation of children with CVI. A focus group of QTVI and subject matter experts from sight loss charities was undertaken to address areas which were not covered by the literature review.
Perception and memory have distinct spatial tuning properties in human visual cortex
Authors: Favila Serra E. , Kuhl Brice A. , Winawer Jonathan
Published: October 2022

Reactivation of earlier perceptual activity is thought to underlie long-term memory recall. Despite evidence for this view, it is unclear whether mnemonic activity exhibits the same tuning properties as feedforward perceptual activity. Here, we leverage population receptive field models to parameterize fMRI activity in human visual cortex during spatial memory retrieval. Though retinotopic organization is present during both perception and memory, large systematic differences in tuning are also evident. Whereas there is a three-fold decline in spatial precision from early to late visual areas during perception, this pattern is not observed during memory retrieval. This difference cannot be explained by reduced signal-to-noise or poor performance on memory trials. Instead, by simulating top-down activity in a network model of cortex, we demonstrate that this property is well explained by the hierarchical structure of the visual system. Together, modeling and empirical results suggest that computational constraints imposed by visual system architecture limit the fidelity of memory reactivation in sensory cortex.
The coupling of the hydrated proton to its first solvation shell
Authors: Schröder Markus , Gatti Fabien , Lauvergnat David , Meyer Hans-Dieter , Vendrell Oriol
Published: October 2022

The Zundel ($${H}_{5}{O}_{2}^{+}$$

H

5

O

2

+

) and Eigen ($${H}_{9}{O}_{4}^{+}$$

H

9

O

4

+

) cations play an important role as intermediate structures for proton transfer processes in liquid water. In the gas phase they exhibit radically different infrared (IR) spectra. The question arises: is there a least common denominator structure that explains the IR spectra of both, the Zundel and Eigen cations, and hence of the solvated proton? Full dimensional quantum simulations of these protonated cations demonstrate that two dynamical water molecules and an excess proton constitute this fundamental subunit. Embedded in the static environment of the parent Eigen cation, this subunit reproduces the positions and broadenings of its main excess-proton bands. In isolation, its spectrum reverts to the well-known Zundel ion. Hence, the dynamics of this subunit polarized by an environment suffice to explain the spectral signatures and anharmonic couplings of the solvated proton in its first solvation shell.
Interactions between Fermi polarons in monolayer WS2
Authors: Muir Jack B. , Levinsen Jesper , Earl Stuart K. , Conway Mitchell A. , Cole Jared H. , Wurdack Matthias , Mishra Rishabh , Ing David J. , Estrecho Eliezer , Lu Yuerui , Efimkin Dmitry K. , Tollerud Jonathan O. , Ostrovskaya Elena A. , Parish Meera M. , Davis Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2022

Interactions between quasiparticles are of fundamental importance and ultimately determine the macroscopic properties of quantum matter. A famous example is the phenomenon of superconductivity, which arises from attractive electron-electron interactions that are mediated by phonons or even other more exotic fluctuations in the material. Here we introduce mobile exciton impurities into a two-dimensional electron gas and investigate the interactions between the resulting Fermi polaron quasiparticles. We employ multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy on monolayer WS2, which provides an ideal platform for determining the nature of polaron-polaron interactions due to the underlying trion fine structure and the valley specific optical selection rules. At low electron doping densities, we find that the dominant interactions are between polaron states that are dressed by the same Fermi sea. In the absence of bound polaron pairs (bipolarons), we show using a minimal microscopic model that these interactions originate from a phase-space filling effect, where excitons compete for the same electrons. We furthermore reveal the existence of a bipolaron bound state with remarkably large binding energy, involving excitons in different valleys cooperatively bound to the same electron. Our work lays the foundation for probing and understanding strong electron correlation effects in two-dimensional layered structures such as moiré superlattices.
Effect of remdesivir post hospitalization for COVID-19 infection from the randomized SOLIDARITY Finland trial
Authors: Nevalainen Olli P. O. , Horstia Saana , Laakkonen Sanna , Rutanen Jarno , Mustonen Jussi M. J. , Kalliala Ilkka E. J. , Ansakorpi Hanna , Kreivi Hanna-Riikka , Kuutti Pauliina , Paajanen Juuso , Parkkila Seppo , Paukkeri Erja-Leena , Perola Markus , Pourjamal Negar , Renner Andreas , Rosberg Tuomas , Rutanen Taija , Savolainen Joni ,   Solidarity Finland Investigators, Ala-Kokko Tero , Antonen Jaakko , Delany Jutta , Ekroos Heikki , Hankkio Riina , Haukipää Mia , Hetemäki Iivo , Holma Pia , Holmberg Ville , Jalkanen Ville , Jouppila Jenni , Jämsänen Toni , Järventie Juuso , Järvinen Petrus , Kauma Heikki , Kilpeläinen Tuomas P. , Komulainen Riitta , Kuitunen Ilari , Lamminmäki Satu M. H. , Mattila Tiina M. , Myllärniemi Marjukka , Mäkinen Laura K. , Mäntylä Jarkko , Määttä Gitte , Niskanen Joni , Nykänen Taina , Nyqvist Miro , Partanen Terhi , Patovirta Riitta-Liisa , Puusti Emmi , Reponen Emma , Risku Sari , Saalasti Mari , Salonen Päivi , Sinisalo Marjatta U. , Sivenius Katariina , Säilä Petrus , Tuominen Susanna , Haukka Jari K. , Guyatt Gordon H. , Tikkinen Kari A. O.
Published: October 2022

We report the first long-term follow-up of a randomized trial (NCT04978259) addressing the effects of remdesivir on recovery (primary outcome) and other patient-important outcomes one year after hospitalization resulting from COVID-19. Of the 208 patients recruited from 11 Finnish hospitals, 198 survived, of whom 181 (92%) completed follow-up. At one year, self-reported recovery occurred in 85% in remdesivir and 86% in standard of care (SoC) (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.47-1.90). We infer no convincing difference between remdesivir and SoC in quality of life or symptom outcomes (p > 0.05). Of the 21 potential long-COVID symptoms, patients reported moderate/major bother from fatigue (26%), joint pain (22%), and problems with memory (19%) and attention/concentration (18%). In conclusion, after a one-year follow-up of hospitalized patients, one in six reported they had not recovered well from COVID-19. Our results provide no convincing evidence of remdesivir benefit, but wide confidence intervals included possible benefit and harm.
Reprogramming of myeloid cells and their progenitors in patients with non-medullary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Rabold Katrin , Zoodsma Martijn , Grondman Inge , Kuijpers Yunus , Bremmers Manita , Jaeger Martin , Zhang Bowen , Hobo Willemijn , Bonenkamp Han J. , de Wilt Johannes H. W. , Janssen Marcel J. R. , Cornelissen Lenneke A. M. , van Engen-van Grunsven Ilse C. H. , Mulder Willem J. M. , Smit Jan W. A. , Adema Gosse J. , Netea Mihai G. , Li Yang , Xu Cheng-Jian , Netea-Maier Romana T.
Published: October 2022

Myeloid cells, crucial players in antitumoral defense, are affected by tumor-derived factors and treatment. The role of myeloid cells and their progenitors prior to tumor infiltration is poorly understood. Here we show single-cell transcriptomics and functional analyses of the myeloid cell lineage in patients with non-medullary thyroid carcinoma (TC) and multinodular goiter, before and after treatment with radioactive iodine compared to healthy controls. Integrative data analysis indicates that monocytes of TC patients have transcriptional upregulation of antigen presentation, reduced cytokine production capacity, and overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, these cancer-related pathological changes are partially removed upon treatment. In bone marrow, TC patients tend to shift from myelopoiesis towards lymphopoiesis, reflected in transcriptional differences. Taken together, distinct transcriptional and functional changes in myeloid cells arise before their infiltration of the tumor and are already initiated in bone marrow, which suggests an active role in forming the tumor immune microenvironment.
Intercomparison of regional loss estimates from global synthetic tropical cyclone models
Authors: Meiler Simona , Vogt Thomas , Bloemendaal Nadia , Ciullo Alessio , Lee Chia-Ying , Camargo Suzana J. , Emanuel Kerry , Bresch David N.
Published: October 2022

Tropical cyclones (TCs) cause devastating damage to life and property. Historical TC data is scarce, complicating adequate TC risk assessments. Synthetic TC models are specifically designed to overcome this scarcity. While these models have been evaluated on their ability to simulate TC activity, no study to date has focused on model performance and applicability in TC risk assessments. This study performs the intercomparison of four different global-scale synthetic TC datasets in the impact space, comparing impact return period curves, probability of rare events, and hazard intensity distribution over land. We find that the model choice influences the costliest events, particularly in basins with limited TC activity. Modelled direct economic damages in the North Indian Ocean, for instance, range from 40 to 246 billion USD for the 100-yr event over the four hazard sets. We furthermore provide guidelines for the suitability of the different synthetic models for various research purposes.
Biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility through an experimental evolutionary lens
Authors: Coenye Tom , Bové Mona , Bjarnsholt Thomas
Published: October 2022

Experimental evolution experiments in which bacterial populations are repeatedly exposed to an antimicrobial treatment, and examination of the genotype and phenotype of the resulting evolved bacteria, can help shed light on mechanisms behind reduced susceptibility. In this review we present an overview of why it is important to include biofilms in experimental evolution, which approaches are available to study experimental evolution in biofilms and what experimental evolution has taught us about tolerance and resistance in biofilms. Finally, we present an emerging consensus view on biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility supported by data obtained during experimental evolution studies.
Low levels of monkeypox virus-neutralizing antibodies after MVA-BN vaccination in healthy individuals
Authors: Zaeck Luca M. , Lamers Mart M. , Verstrepen Babs E. , Bestebroer Theo M. , van Royen Martin E. , Götz Hannelore , Shamier Marc C. , van Leeuwen Leanne P. M. , Schmitz Katharina S. , Alblas Kimberley , van Efferen Suzanne , Bogers Susanne , Scherbeijn Sandra , Rimmelzwaan Guus F. , van Gorp Eric C. M. , Koopmans Marion P. G. , Haagmans Bart L. , GeurtsvanKessel Corine H. , de Vries Rory D.
Published: October 2022

In July 2022, the ongoing monkeypox (MPX) outbreak was declared a public health emergency of international concern. Modified vaccinia Ankara—Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN, also known as Imvamune, JYNNEOS or Imvanex) is a third-generation smallpox vaccine that is authorized and in use as a vaccine against MPX. To date, there are no data showing MPX virus (MPXV)-neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals nor vaccine efficacy against MPX. Here we show that MPXV-neutralizing antibodies can be detected after MPXV infection and after historic smallpox vaccination. However, a two-shot MVA-BN immunization series in non-primed individuals yields relatively low levels of MPXV-neutralizing antibodies. Dose-sparing of an MVA-based influenza vaccine leads to lower MPXV-neutralizing antibody levels, whereas a third vaccination with the same MVA-based vaccine significantly boosts the antibody response. As the role of MPXV-neutralizing antibodies as a correlate of protection against disease and transmissibility is currently unclear, we conclude that cohort studies following vaccinated individuals are necessary to assess vaccine efficacy in at-risk populations.
Automated system for classification of COVID-19 infection from lung CT images based on machine learning and deep learning techniques
Authors: Guhan Bhargavee , Almutairi Laila , Sowmiya S. , Snekhalatha U. , Rajalakshmi T. , Aslam Shabnam Mohamed
Published: October 2022

The objectives of our proposed study were as follows: First objective is to segment the CT images using a k-means clustering algorithm for extracting the region of interest and to extract textural features using gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). Second objective is to implement machine learning classifiers such as Naïve bayes, bagging and Reptree to classify the images into two image classes namely COVID and non-COVID and to compare the performance of the three pre-trained CNN models such as AlexNet, ResNet50 and SqueezeNet with that of the proposed machine learning classifiers. Our dataset consists of 100 COVID and non-COVID images which are pre-processed and segmented with our proposed algorithm. Following the feature extraction process, three machine learning classifiers (Naive Bayes, Bagging, and REPTree) were used to classify the normal and covid patients. We had implemented the three pre-trained CNN models such as AlexNet, ResNet50 and SqueezeNet for comparing their performance with machine learning classifiers. In machine learning, the Naive Bayes classifier achieved the highest accuracy of 97%, whereas the ResNet50 CNN model attained the highest accuracy of 99%. Hence the deep learning networks outperformed well compared to the machine learning techniques in the classification of Covid-19 images.
Sustained antibacterial coating with graphene oxide ultrathin film combined with cationic surface-active agents in a wet environment
Authors: Miyaji Hirofumi , Kanemoto Yukimi , Hamamoto Asako , Shitomi Kanako , Nishida Erika , Kato Akihito , Sugaya Tsutomu , Tanaka Saori , Aikawa Natsuha , Kawasaki Hideya , Gohda Syun , Ono Hironobu
Published: October 2022

Antimicrobial surfactants contained in mouthrinse have excellent efficacy, but are not retained on the tooth surface (are rinsed away) due to their low water resistance and thus do not exhibit sustained antibacterial activity. We have developed a new coating method using graphene oxide (GO) that retains the surfactant on the tooth surface even after rinsing with water, thus providing a sustained antibacterial effect. Ultra-thin films of GO and an antimicrobial agent were prepared by (1) applying GO to the substrate surface, drying, and thoroughly rinsing with water to remove excess GO to form an ultrathin film (almost a monolayer, transparent) on the substrate surface, then (2) applying antimicrobial cationic surface active agents (CSAAs) on the GO film to form a composite coating film (GO/CSAA). GO/CSAA formation was verified by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ζ-potential and contact angle measurements. GO/CSAA was effective at inhibiting the growth of oral pathogens for up to 7 days of storage in water, and antibacterial activity was recovered by reapplication of the CSAA. Antibacterial GO/CSAA films were also formed on a tooth substrate. The results suggest that GO/CSAA coatings are effective in preventing oral infections.
Using 157Gd doped carbon and 157GdF4 nanoparticles in proton-targeted therapy for effectiveness enhancement and thermal neutron reduction: a simulation study
Authors: Tabbakh Farshid , Hosmane Narayan S. , Tajudin Suffian M. , Ghorashi Amir-Hossein , Morshedian Nader
Published: October 2022

There are two major problems in proton therapy. (1) In comparison with the gamma-ray therapy, proton therapy has only ~ 10% greater biological effectiveness, and (2) the risk of the secondary neutrons in proton therapy is another unsolved problem. In this report, the increase of biological effectiveness in proton therapy has been evaluated with better performance than 11B in the presence of two proposed nanomaterials of 157GdF4 and 157Gd doped carbon with the thermal neutron reduction due to the presence of 157Gd isotope. The present study is based on the microanalysis calculations using GEANT4 Monte Carlo tool and GEANT4-DNA package for the strand breaks measurement. It was found that the proposed method will increase the effectiveness corresponding to the alpha particles by more than 100% and also, potentially will decrease the thermal neutrons fluence, significantly. Also, in this work, a discussion is presented on a significant contribution of the secondary alpha particles in total effectiveness in proton therapy.
Head versus heart: social media reveals differential language of loneliness from depression
Authors: Liu Tingting , Ungar Lyle H. , Curtis Brenda , Sherman Garrick , Yadeta Kenna , Tay Louis , Eichstaedt Johannes C. , Guntuku Sharath Chandra
Published: October 2022

We study the language differentially associated with loneliness and depression using 3.4-million Facebook posts from 2986 individuals, and uncover the statistical associations of survey-based depression and loneliness with both dictionary-based (Linguistic Inquiry Word Count 2015) and open-vocabulary linguistic features (words, phrases, and topics). Loneliness and depression were found to have highly overlapping language profiles, including sickness, pain, and negative emotions as (cross-sectional) risk factors, and social relationships and activities as protective factors. Compared to depression, the language associated with loneliness reflects a stronger cognitive focus, including more references to cognitive processes (i.e., differentiation and tentative language, thoughts, and the observation of irregularities), and cognitive activities like reading and writing. As might be expected, less lonely users were more likely to reference social relationships (e.g., friends and family, romantic relationships), and use first-person plural pronouns. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms of loneliness include self-oriented cognitive activities (i.e., reading) and an overattention to the interpretation of information in the environment. These data-driven ecological findings suggest interventions for loneliness that target maladaptive social cognitions (e.g., through reframing the perception of social environments), strengthen social relationships, and treat other affective distress (i.e., depression).