bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of improved estimates of radio star astrometric models on the alignment of the Gaia bright reference frame to ICRF3
Authors: Lunz Susanne , Anderson James M. , Xu Ming H. , Heinkelmann Robert , Titov Oleg , Lestrade Jean-François , Johnson Megan C. , Shu Fengchun , Chen Wen , Melnikov Alexey , Mikhailov Andrei , McCallum Jamie , Lopez Yulia , de Vicente Abad Pablo , Schuh Harald
Published: July 2024

Aims. We investigated the residual orientation offset and spin between the bright (G ≤ 13 mag) frame of the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (Gaia EDR3) and the third realization of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF3). For this purpose, six rotation parameters (orientation offset and its time derivative, the spin), as well as corrections to the Gaia astrometric model for each star involved, are fitted to the differences in the astrometric models derived from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and Gaia. This study aims to find reliable estimates for the rotation parameters between the two frames.

Methods. We reprocessed our previous analyses while taking into account the effect of Galactocentric acceleration on the VLBI observations. Furthermore, we replaced VLBI data for 12 stars by improved estimates of models of stellar motion from combining historical data with the new positions, rather than including the new observations directly as single-epoch positions in the analysis of the rotation parameters. Additionally, we replaced the model positions by positions obtained without correcting the calibrator data for source structure whenever possible to better reference the star position to ICRF3. In the same fashion, the VLBI proper motion and parallax were included for two of the stars for the first time, and data for five new stars were added.

Results. The iterative solutions for the spin parameters show less scatter in the X component when the new models of stellar motion from VLBI are applied. The mean formal errors of the spin parameters decrease by about 15%, whereas those of the orientation offsets increase by about 15%. Small additional improvements in the mean formal error were achieved by including new VLBI data and by excluding stars that produce offsets in the iterative rotation parameter estimates from the beginning. The orientation offset [ϵX(T),ϵY(T),ϵZ(T)] and the spin [ωX,ωY,ωZ] of the final baseline solution of this work were found to be (+0.322, +0.228, +0.163)±(0.203, 0.251, 0.155) mas and (+0.034, +0.072, −0.026)±(0.023, 0.025, 0.023) mas yr−1. As a consequence, no significant orientation offset of Gaia EDR3 toward ICRF3 is detected; however, the spin ωY is statistically significant at the 3σ level. The rotation parameters between the Gaia and VLBI frames in the Y direction remain the least well determined in terms of formal errors. The impact of Galactocentric acceleration on the rotation parameter analysis was found to be negligible with the currently available VLBI data. As a result, it was found that the uncorrected bright Gaia frame exhibits a closer alignment with ICRF3 compared to the corrected frame.
Testing the existence of event horizons against rotating reflecting surfaces
Authors: de Kleuver Joost , Bronzwaer Thomas , Falcke Heino , Narayan Ramesh , Mizuno Yosuke , Porth Oliver , Olivares Hector
Published: July 2024

Context. Recently the Event Horizon Telescope observed black holes at event horizon scales for the first time, enabling us to now test the existence of event horizons.

Aims. Although event horizons have by definition no observable features, one can look for their non-existence. In that case, it is likely that there is some kind of surface, which like any other surface could absorb (and thermally emit) and/or reflect radiation. In this paper, we study the potential observable features of such rotating reflecting surfaces.

Methods. We construct a general description of reflecting surfaces in arbitrary spacetimes. This is used to define specific models for static and rotating reflecting surfaces, of which we study the corresponding light paths and synthetic images. This is done by numerical integration of the geodesic equation and by the use of the general relativistic radiative transfer code RAPTOR.

Results. The reflecting surface creates an infinite set of ring-like features in synthetic images inside the photon ring. There is a central ring in the middle and higher order rings subsequently lie exterior to each other converging to the photon ring. The shape and size of the ring features change only slightly with the radius of the surface R, spin a and inclination i, resulting in all cases in features inside the ‘shadow region’.

Conclusions. We conclude that rotating reflecting surfaces have clear observable features and that the Event Horizon Telescope might be able to observe the difference between reflecting surfaces and an event horizon for high reflectivities. Such reflecting surface models seem unlikely, which would strengthen the case that the black hole shadow indeed indicates the existence of an event horizon.
Synthetic stellar spectra for studying multiple populations in globular clusters
Authors: Branco Vinicius , Coelho Paula R. T. , Lançon Ariane , Martins Lucimara P. , Prugniel Philippe
Published: July 2024

Most Galactic globular clusters (GCs) harbour multiple populations of stars (MPs) that are composed of at least two generations: the first generation is characterised by a standard α-enhanced metal mixture, as observed in field halo stars of the Milky Way, and the second generation displays an anti-correlated CN–ONa chemical abundance pattern in combination with an enhanced helium fraction. Adequate collections of stellar spectra are needed to characterize the effect of these changes in the stellar abundance on the integrated light of GCs. We present a grid of synthetic stellar spectra to cover the atmospheric parameters relevant to old stellar populations at four subsolar metallicities and two abundance patterns that are representative of the first and second generations of stars in GCs. The integrated spectra of the populations were computed using our stellar grid and empirical stellar populations, namely, colour-magnitude diagrams from the literature for Galactic GCs. The spectra range from 290 to 1000 nm, where we measured the effect on several spectrophotometric indices due to the surface abundance variations attributed to MPs. We find non-negligible effects of the MPs on the spectroscopic indices that are sensitive to C, N, Ca, or Na, and on the Balmer indices; we also describe how MPs modify specific regions in the near-UV and near-IR that can be measured with narrow or medium photometric passbands. The effects vary with metallicity. A number of these changes remain detectable even when we account for the stochastic fluctuations due to the finite nature of the stellar population cluster.
Extragalactic globular cluster near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Dahmer-Hahn L. G. , Chies-Santos A. L. , Eftekhari E. , Zanatta E. , Riffel R. , Vazdekis A. , Villaume A. , Beasley M. A. , Lassen A. E.
Published: July 2024

Context. One way to constrain the evolutionary histories of galaxies is to analyse their stellar populations. In the local Universe, our understanding of the stellar population properties of galaxies has traditionally relied on the study of optical absorption and emission-line features.

Aims. In order to overcome limitations intrinsic to this wavelength range, such as the age-metallicity degeneracy and the high sensitivity to dust reddening, we must use wavelength ranges beyond the optical. The near-infrared (NIR) offers a possibility to extract information on spectral signatures that are not as obvious in traditional optical bands. Moreover, with the current and forthcoming generation of instrumentation focusing on the NIR, it is mandatory to explore possibilities within this wavelength range for nearby-Universe galaxies. However, although the NIR shows great potential, we are only beginning to understand it. Widely used techniques such as a full spectral fitting and line strength indices need to be tested on systems that are as close to simple stellar populations as possible, and the result from the techniques need to be compared to the yields from a traditional optical analysis.

Methods. We present a NIR spectral survey of extragalactic globular clusters (GCs). The set was composed of 21 GCs from the Centaurus A galaxy that were obtained with SOAR/TripleSpec4, which covered the ∼1.0–2.4 μm range with a spectral resolution (R = λ/Δλ) of 3500. These spectra cover Hβ equivalent widths between 0.98 Å and 4.32 Å, and [MgFe]′ between 0.24 Å and 3.76 Å.

Results. This set was ideal for performing absorption band measurements and a full spectral fitting, and it can be used for kinematic studies and age and abundance measurements. With this library, we expect to be able to probe the capabilities of NIR models, as well as to further improve stellar population estimates for the GCs around the Centaurus A galaxy.
GASTLI
Authors: Acuña L. , Kreidberg L. , Zhai M. , Mollière P.
Published: July 2024

The metal mass fractions of gas giants are a powerful tool for constraining their formation mechanisms and evolution. The metal content is inferred by comparing mass and radius measurements with interior structure and evolution models. In the midst of the JWST, CHEOPS, TESS, and the forthcoming PLATO era, we are at the brink of obtaining unprecedented precision in radius, age, and atmospheric metallicity measurements. To prepare for this wealth of data, we present the GAS gianT modeL for Interiors (GASTLI), an easy-to-use, publicly available Python package. The code is optimized to rapidly calculate mass-radius relations, and radius and luminosity thermal evolution curves for a variety of envelope compositions and core mass fractions. Its applicability spans planets with masses of 17 M⊕ < M < 6 MJup, and equilibrium temperatures of Teq < 1000 K. The interior model is stratified in a core composed of water and rock, and an envelope constituted by H/He and metals (water). The interior is coupled to a grid of self-consistent, cloud-free atmospheric models to determine the atmospheric and boundary interior temperature, as well as the contribution of the atmosphere to the total radius. We successfully validate GASTLI by comparing it to previous work and data of the gas giants of the Solar System and Neptune. We also test GASTLI on the Neptune-mass exoplanet HAT-P-26 b, finding a bulk metal mass fraction of between 0.60 and 0.78 and a core mass of 8.5–14.4 M⊕. Finally, we explore the impact of different equations of state and assumptions, such as C/O ratio and transit pressure, in the estimation of bulk metal mass fraction. These differences between interior models entail a change in radius of up to 2.5% for Jupiter-mass planets, but of more than 10% for Neptune-mass. These are equivalent to variations in core mass fraction of 0.07, or 0.10 in envelope metal mass fraction.
The State of Energy in Ghana and The Need for International Cooperation for Its Potential Resource Development
Authors: Young Cui , Adu Daniel , Kofi Baah Boamah , Emmanuel Baffour G.
Published: July 2024

A steady and inexpensive energy supply is the essential basis for the successful development of countries in Africa. Ghana currently suffers from an energy crisis. Ghana is no longer able to meet the rising demand for electricity due to increasing economic growth, urbanization, and industrial activities. This energy crisis has been a significant challenge for the Ghanaian economy, affecting various sectors and hindering economic growth. This review paper aims to analyze the impact of the energy crisis on the Ghanaian economy and propose strategies to overcome it. By examining relevant literature, government reports, and case studies, this paper identifies the causes and consequences of the energy crisis and provides recommendations to mitigate its effects. The findings suggest that a comprehensive approach involving diversification of energy sources, improved infrastructure, policy reforms, and sustainable energy practices can alleviate the energy crisis and foster economic development in Ghana.
Investigation of oil shale pyrolysis process: Physicochemical properties and decomposition products
Authors: Sabitov Ayat , Lopez Gartzen , Mashan Togzhan , Kusepova Lyazat , Aibuldinov Yelaman , Kopishev Eldar
Published: July 2024

In the article pyrolysis of Kazakhstan oil shale with determination of physical and chemical properties of oil shale and products of its thermal decomposition is carried out. Elemental analysis of oil shale and analysis of mineral part of oil shale were carried out. Four parallel experiments of oil shale pyrolysis process were carried out, as a result of which the yields of such products as semi-coke, pyrolysis oil, combustible gas were determined, as well as their main characteristics (component composition, calorific value, etc.) were determined. The convergence of the results (from 4 experiments) is quite satisfactory.
Clay and cereal fiber coating with waterproofing finishes for internal surfaces in the Mantaro valley
Authors: Palomino Ayala , Margot Nilda , Bulege Sapaico , Danica Iris , Lloclla Soto , Silvia Jaquelin , Simon Montoya Torres Vladimir
Published: July 2024

The article aimed to develop a clay finishing system to reduce labor, material, and additive costs in mortar plastering, using renewable raw materials with low energy consumption for homes in the Mantaro Valley, Peru. Clay samples were taken from two locations in the central highlands of Peru, and a house built with earth in the district of San Pedro de Saño was studied. Wheat, barley, and quinoa fiber, along with sand, were used in the mortar to improve its compressive and flexural strength. The process was divided into layers, and additives were added to make the clay waterproof and prevent deterioration from moisture. White clay showed the best results in ease of application and adherence to the wall. Findings include the viability of using local clay soils to reduce costs in earth homes, the reduction of surface cracks through the use of natural fibers, and the improvement of insulation against targeted moisture with waterproofing agents, representing an enhancement in finishes for rural homes in the central Andes of Peru.
Numerical study of fiber deposition in airway replica using CFD-DEM simulation
Authors: Belka Miloslav , Lizal Frantisek , Elcner Jakub , Misik Ondrej , Jicha Miroslav
Published: July 2024

Inhalation of fibers has been a health concern for several decades. Although the use of some fibers, such as asbestos, was banned altogether in many countries, global demand for other fibers, such as man-made vitreous or carbon fibers, increases every year. The health hazard of fibers is given by their ability to penetrate deep into human lungs and avoid defensive mechanisms. This is mainly given by their anisometric shape and complex behavior in fluid flow, e.g. drag force acting on a fiber depends significantly on fiber orientation. The objective of the present work was to numerically investigate fiber transport and deposition in the model of child respiratory airways including the upper respiratory tract and tracheobronchial tree down to 2nd generation of branching. Computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method was employed to model a fiber motion during which the drag force was calculated based on actual fiber orientation in a flow. This method was compared to a simpler approach in which a modified drag coefficient accounting for fiber non-spherical shape was used. The results of the employed methods were compared.
Numerical study of particle deposition in human upper airways during various age periods
Authors: Elcner Jakub , Lizal Frantisek , Misik Ondrej , Jicha Miroslav
Published: July 2024

The development of the human airways continues even after birth. During childhood, not only does the shape of the upper airway change, but also the way we inhale. The development of human upper airways and the mouth cavity stops at the age of five and after that, only changes in dimensions occur. This study aims to compare the difference in the deposition of spherical particles inhaled under the resting conditions in three various age periods: infant (10 months), children (5 years) and adult (25 years). For this purpose, new airway geometries in these developmental stages were created and constant inspiratory flow rates corresponding to resting conditions were studied. Simulations were performed using a CFD solver Star-CCM+, and turbulence was solved using a Large Eddy Simulation approach. The particle deposition was solved using the Lagrangian multiphase model. The results revealed significant differences in the size fractions of particles deposited in identical airway regions.
Analysis and validation of CFD simulations for flow in the large power station flue gas system
Authors: Matas Richard , Kňourek Jindřich , Novák Martin
Published: July 2024

This paper deals with complex CFD simulations of flows in the flue gas system of a large power plant during operation. The aim of the published results is to present generalising knowledge obtained from complex simulations in the power station and show aspects for relevant modelling of large real systems. The computational models covered the flue gas system between the boiler and the flue gas fan. The CFD simulations were run in more model modifications and the results were used to evaluate the distribution of velocities, temperatures and solid pollutants. Relatively unique complex measurement allowed to validate the results of the simulations. The comparison of simulated and measured velocity profile in the large vertical channel with internal beam reinforcement system shows satisfactory agreement. The CFD model of the Ljungström-type air preheater at various rotation speed was used for prediction of the temperature distribution before the six electrostatic precipitators. Computed distribution of flow-rates on inlets and outlets of electrostatic precipitators were also validated by measurement. Based on good agreement was made a study of setting the outlet flap valves for balancing of flow-rates. The setting was satisfactory validated again. The results of study have shown that CFD simulations can be deployed even on large-sized flue gas pipelines with sufficient reliability if important parameters are respected.
Friction reduction in pipe flow of coarse slurry by fines addition – experimental study
Authors: Matoušek Václav , Chára Zdeněk , Konfršt Jiří , Krupička Jan , Novotný Jakub
Published: July 2024

Very coarse basalt-water slurry forming fully stratified flow with a sliding bed and producing considerable friction loss was tested in a laboratory pipe. A considerably finer fraction of sand was added in steps to gradually increase the concentration of this fraction in the flowing slurry. The frictional pressure drop was measured together with the slurry discharge and slurry density. Furthermore, solid particles and their motion were observed at the bottom of the pipe. This observation indicated that finer particles in basalt-based bimodal slurry flows positioned themselves below the coarse particles at the pipe wall. The experimental results show that a quite small amount of fines is sufficient to produce a considerable friction reduction in settling slurry flow. Furthermore, the results indicate that there is a certain optimum quantity of fines at which the maximum reduction is reached and further addition of the fines does not bring any further improvement.
1,2 oder 3? – Blick in die Medizin: Diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kabisch Stefan
Published: July 2024

Die Häufigkeit des Typ-2-Diabetes steigt immer weiter – auch bei Kindern. Was sich hinter der Erkrankung verbirgt, wie man sie behandelt und was Ergotherapeut*innen in der Therapie beachten können, erklärt Dr. Stefan Kabisch.
Eltern-kompetenzen stärken – Regulationsstörungen bei Frühgeborenen
Authors: Neugebauer Erika
Published: July 2024

Exzessives Schreien ist Teil der Normalentwicklung eines Säuglings, sollte aber nach 4 Monaten wieder abnehmen. Ist dies nicht der Fall, kommen Eltern schnell an ihre Belastungsgrenzen. Regulationshilfen können ihre Kompetenz stärken.
Remdesivir-Related Cardiac Adverse Effects in COVID-19 Patients: A
Case-Control Study
Authors: Abedipour Fatemah , Mirzaei Hossein Hadavand , Ansari Hossein , Ehsanzadeh Neda , Rashki Amin , Vahedi Mohammad Mahdi , Rashki Asma
Published: July 2024

Background There have been reports of serious side effects of Remdesivir,
including cardiovascular complications. The present study aimed to determine the
adverse cardiovascular effects of Remdesivir and the factors affecting them in
COVID-19 patients.

Methods The patients were classified into two groups: those receiving
Remdesivir without cardiac complications and those receiving Remdesivir with
cardiovascular complications. After reviewing the patientʼs medical records, the
relationship of some factors with the incidence of adverse cardiovascular
effects was measured.

Results Chi-square test showed that the distribution of complications in
men was significantly higher than in women (P=0.001). The independent t-test
revealed that the mean age in the group with complications was significantly
higher than the group without complications (P=0.013). Fisherʼs exact test
demonstrated a significant relationship between smoking and cardiovascular
complications (P=0.05). According to the Mann-Whitney test, a significant
difference was found in the mean changes of Bilirubin (P=0.02) and ALKP (P=0.01)
before and after treatment in the groups with and without heart
complications.

Conclusion Our findings indicated that most of the COVID-19 patients
suffered from sinus bradycardia, and the distribution of complications was more
pronounced in men than in women. The mean age in the group with complications
was higher than the group without complications. Smoking was found to be
associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular complications and the mean
changes of Bilirubin and ALKP before and after treatment were significantly
different in the groups with and without cardiovascular complications.
Labyrinthectomy Improves Dizziness in Patients with Vestibular Schwannoma
Authors: Traylor Jeffrey I. , Venkatesh Pooja , Fabiano Alexander S. , Plitt Aaron R. , Patel Ankur , Isaacson Brandon , Mickey Bruce E. , Barnett Samuel L.
Published: July 2024

Objective Dizziness is one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms associated with vestibular schwannoma (VS), and there are little data on contributing or alleviating factors in the perioperative setting. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether vestibular nerve sectioning or labyrinthectomy concomitant with surgical resection would improve dizziness in the postoperative period.

Methods This is a retrospective study of a consecutive series of VS patients who underwent resection at a large tertiary care center between 2009 and 2023. Dizziness at 6 months was the primary endpoint, whereas facial nerve and hearing outcomes were secondary endpoints. Fisher's exact test was used to identify significant differences between categorical variables, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of dizziness as well as facial nerve and hearing outcomes.

Results A total of 333 patients underwent resection of VS at our institution. There was no significant difference in binary reported dizziness based on surgical approach (p = 0.14). However, patients reported significantly less dizziness at discharge (p < 0.01) as well as 6-month (p = 0.02) and 1-year (p < 0.01) follow-up in the translabyrinthine group. On the other hand, patients who underwent labyrinth-sparing approaches reported a significant increase in dizziness that remained up to 1 year from the time of surgery.

Conclusions Our data suggest that labyrinthectomy may improve dizziness symptoms in patients with VS. Selective VN sectioning does not appear to affect dizziness or hearing outcomes. Finally, surgical approach does not affect facial nerve outcomes.
Impact of Marijuana Use on Lung Health
Authors: Bando Joanne M. , Tashkin Donald P. , Barjaktarevic Igor Z.
Published: July 2024

The widespread use of marijuana in the context of increasing legalization has both short- and long-term health implications. Although various modes of marijuana use—smoked, vaped, or ingested—may lead to a wide scope of potential systemic effects, we focus here on inhalational use of marijuana as the most common mode with the lung as the organ that is most directly exposed to its effects. Smoked marijuana has been associated with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and histopathologic changes in airway epithelium, but without consistent evidence of long-term decline in pulmonary function. Its role in immunomodulation, both for risk of infection and protection against a hyperinflammatory host response to infection, has been suggested in animal models and in vitro without conclusive extrapolation to humans. Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens like those found in tobacco, raising concern about its role in lung cancer, but evidence is mixed and made challenging by concurrent tobacco use. Vaping may offer a potential degree of harm reduction when compared with smoking marijuana with reduction of exposure to several toxins, including carbon monoxide, and reduction in chronic respiratory symptoms. However, these potential benefits are counterbalanced by risks including vaping-associated lung injury, potentially more intense drug exposure, and other yet not well-understood toxicities. As more states legalize marijuana and the federal government considers changing this from a Schedule I to a Schedule III controlled substance, we anticipate an increase in prospective medical studies concerning the risks related to marijuana use. This review is based on currently available data concerning the impact of inhaled marijuana on lung health.
Accuracy of Diagnosis of Benign Vocal Fold Lesions among Ear, Nose, and Throat Residents
Authors: Alessa Mohamed Mesfer , Obaid Sultan Bin , Aldayel Faisal , Almetary Rakan , Alhussinan Khaled , Assiri Hassan , Farahat Mohamed
Published: July 2024

Introduction Benign vocal fold lesions (BVFLs) disrupt the superficial lamina propria, impacting vocal fold pliability. Investigating the diagnostic competency of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) residents in identifying BVFLs, we hypothesize that factors such as residency year, subspecialty focus, and training center influence diagnostic accuracy.

Objectives To assess the accuracy of diagnosis of BVFLs among ENT residents and to correlate diagnostic accuracy with the year of residency.

Methods An observational cross-sectional study included all ENT residents in Saudi Arabia. It was performed in August and September 2021 using a self-administered online questionnaire that assessed demographic variables and included three images with open-ended questions on diagnosing vocal fold lesions.

Results A total of 61 ENT residents (62.3% male) were included in this study. The images of vocal fold cyst, vocal fold polyp, and vocal fold nodule were correctly diagnosed by 60.7%, 88.5%, and 91.8% of residents, respectively. There was a correlation between the year of residency and the accuracy of diagnosing a vocal fold cyst (p = 0.029). Residents interested in laryngology correctly diagnosed all three lesions more frequently than other residents.

Conclusion The ability of residents to diagnose vocal fold cysts was moderate. In particular, the senior residents were able to diagnose polyps and nodules with excellent accuracy.
Biomechanics of the Trampoline Test in the Intact, Sectioned, and Repaired TFCC
Authors: Mensch Kenneth S. , Mookerjee Gaurav G. , Werner Frederick W. , Harley Brian J.
Published: July 2024

Background Multiple techniques have been developed to detect a triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) foveal detachment. One commonly used technique to evaluate TFCC integrity, the trampoline test, has had variable reliability.

Questions/Purposes The purpose of this biomechanical experiment was to evaluate the suitability of the trampoline test in detecting TFCC foveal detachments.

Methods In each of 10 cadaver arms, TFCC displacement near the ulnar fovea was measured using a plunger with increasing incremental loads in the intact wrist, after ulnar sectioning of the TFCC, and following TFCC repair.

Results After the application of the eight incremental small weights, there was no significant difference in the relative displacement of the plunger between the intact case, after detachment of the ulnar aspect of the TFCC disc, and after repair (0.6 mm intact, 0.7 mm detached, and 0.7 repair). However, there were significant differences in the absolute ending point displacement referenced to the starting intact position (0.6 mm intact, 1.3 mm detached, and −0.9 mm after repair).

Conclusion/Clinical Relevance This study suggests that the trampoline test may not be adequate to quantify displacement (bouncing) of the TFCC disc after injury.
How does Fixation Alignment Affect Surgical Outcomes in Arthrodesis for Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Komura Shingo , Hirakawa Akihiro , Hirose Hitoshi , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Ito Yoshiki , Akiyama Haruhiko
Published: July 2024

Purpose Arthrodesis is a traditional surgical procedure for treating thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) osteoarthritis. Previous studies have investigated surgical outcomes, focusing on the fixation technique, bone union rate, and surgical complications but not on the postoperative alignment of the thumb CMC joints. Therefore, we aimed to investigate how thumb fixation alignment affects the surgical outcomes of thumb CMC arthrodesis.

Patients and Methods Twenty-six patients (28 thumbs) who achieved bone union after arthrodesis with more than 1-year follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. We measured the radial abduction and palmar abduction angles and change in thumb length (Δthumb length) on postoperative radiographs and the first metacarpal rotation angle on postoperative computed tomography. Moreover, we investigated the 1-year clinical outcomes, including the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, Hand20 questionnaire score, visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain, Δgrip strength, Δpulp pinch, and Δkey pinch strength. The correlation between the postoperative alignment and clinical outcomes was also statistically analyzed.

Results The mean radial abduction, palmar abduction, first metacarpal rotation angles, and Δthumb length were 20.8 degrees, 34.4 degrees, 109.4 degrees, and −1.8 mm, respectively. Radial abduction and palmar abduction angles were positively and negatively correlated with Δgrip strength (r = 0.37 and −0.37), respectively. The first metacarpal rotation angle was positively correlated with the DASH score (r = 0.51), Hand20 score (r = 0.48), and VAS score for pain (r = 0.42). ΔThumb length had no correlation with clinical outcomes at 1-year follow-up.

Conclusion Thumb fixation alignment has an impact on the surgical outcomes of thumb CMC arthrodesis. To obtain a successful outcome, it is important to add slight pronation and avoid excessively small radial abduction and excessively large palmar abduction.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Ischemic Stroke Etiology: Is There a Link?
Authors: Torquato Ana Claudia Crispiniano Siqueira , Santos Silvana Sobreira , Drager Luciano Ferreira , Pedrosa Rodrigo Pinto
Published: July 2024

Objectives The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and its potential association with subtypes of stroke according to the classification of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST).

Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study recruited 100 consecutive patients with a recent diagnosis of stroke or acute transient ischemic attack and evaluated the presence of OSA and its potential association with subtypes of TOAST.

Results The prevalence of OSA was 51%. The mean age was 68 ± 15 years. Patients with OSA (n = 51, 51%) presented higher frequency of diabetes and previous stroke/acute transient ischemic attack (39.2 versus 18.4%, p = 0.018) than patients without OSA. There was no association between the presence of OSA and the etiology of stroke/ acute transient ischemic attack according to the TOAST classification (p = 0.698).

Conclusions Despite the biological plausibility of a positive association between the presence of OSA and TOAST classification, this hypothesis was not confirmed. This underscores that the subtype of stroke should not influence decisions about OSA screening.
Reappropriating the communal past: lineage tradition revival as a way of constructing collective identity in Huizhou, China
Authors: TAO Ruyu , AOKI Nobuo , CHEN Pinyu
Published: July 2024

This article discusses the reappropriation and redefinition of heritage and tradition as a process of purposeful and selective value extraction by various groups at the local level in Huizhou, China, based on case studies. It is a process of continuous accumulation and self-persuasion by empowering specific cultural heritages, thus reinforcing the identity and cognition of the group to which they belong. The recovery of lineage worship to negotiate different cultural meanings and gain discursive power in the village of Huangdun reveals the counterbalance of the distribution of benefits among lineage groups, locals and government officials. These heritage empowerment actions fit with the official cultural policy and the vision for cultural orthodoxy, healing the division and creating some benefits for the local community. They also generate potential conflicts between the official and folk levels but are performed with mutual achievement and utilisation rather than unilateral dominance.
Bioengineering a plant NLR immune receptor with a robust binding interface toward a conserved fungal pathogen effector
Authors: Zdrzałek Rafał , Xi Yuxuan , Langner Thorsten , Bentham Adam R. , Petit-Houdenot Yohann , De la Concepcion Juan Carlos , Harant Adeline , Shimizu Motoki , Were Vincent , Talbot Nicholas J. , Terauchi Ryohei , Kamoun Sophien , Banfield Mark J.
Published: July 2024

Bioengineering of plant immune receptors has emerged as a key strategy for generating novel disease resistance traits to counteract the expanding threat of plant pathogens to global food security. However, current approaches are limited by rapid evolution of plant pathogens in the field and may lack durability when deployed. Here, we show that the rice nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor Pik-1 can be engineered to respond to a conserved family of effectors from the multihost blast fungus pathogen
Magnaporthe oryzae
. We switched the effector binding and response profile of the Pik NLR from its cognate rice blast effector AVR-Pik to the host-determining factor pathogenicity toward weeping lovegrass 2 (Pwl2) by installing a putative host target, OsHIPP43, in place of the native integrated heavy metal–associated domain (generating Pikm-1
OsHIPP43
). This chimeric receptor also responded to other PWL alleles from diverse blast isolates. The crystal structure of the Pwl2/OsHIPP43 complex revealed a multifaceted, robust interface that cannot be easily disrupted by mutagenesis, and may therefore provide durable, broad resistance to blast isolates carrying PWL effectors in the field. Our findings highlight how the host targets of pathogen effectors can be used to bioengineer recognition specificities that have more robust properties compared to naturally evolved disease resistance genes.
Visual processing during computer-assisted consecutive interpreting
Authors: Chen Sijia , Kruger Jan-Louis
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the visual processing patterns during computer-assisted consecutive interpreting (CACI).
In phase I of the proposed CACI workflow, the interpreter listens to the source speech and respeaks it into speech recognition
(SR) software. In phase II, the interpreter produces target speech supported by the SR text and its machine translation (MT)
output. A group of students performed CACI with their eye movements tracked. In phase I, the participants devoted the majority of
their attention to listening and respeaking, with very limited attention distributed to the SR text. However, a positive
correlation was found between the percentage of dwell time on the SR text and the quality of respeaking, which suggests that
active monitoring could be important. In phase II, the participants devoted more visual attention to the MT text than to the SR
text and engaged in deeper and more effortful processing when reading the MT text. We identified a positive correlation between
the percentage of dwell time on the MT text and interpreting quality in the L2–L1 direction but not in the L1–L2 direction. These
results contribute to our understanding of computer-assisted interpreting and can provide insights for future research and
training in this area.
A new multi-layer adaptation cross-domain model for bearing fault diagnosis under different operating conditions
Authors: Bao Huaiqian , Kong Lingtan , Lu Limei , Wang Jinrui , Zhang Zongzhen , Han Baokun
Published: July 2024

Bearing faults under different operating conditions often cannot be diagnosed by models trained under a single operational condition. Additionally, the extraction of domain-invariant features in domain adaptation (DA) algorithms is also a challenge. To address the aforementioned issues, a multi-layer adaptation model based on an improved sparse autoencoders (SAEs) and dual-domain distance mechanism (ISAE-DDM) is proposed. First, the feature extraction capability of traditional SAEs is enhanced by a strategy that combines mean squared error with mean absolute error. Subsequently, the features of data under multiple hidden layers are extracted by the ISAE. Then, the distribution discrepancy between the source domain and target domain are measured by a dual-domain distance approach that combines Wasserstein distance with multi-kernel maximum mean discrepancy. Then, the domain distance loss under each hidden layer is assigned different weighting parameters. Finally, a joint metric DA mechanism across multiple hidden layers is constructed to achieve a better domain alignment. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by two different bearing experiments. Moreover, this model exhibits higher stability, and generalization capabilities compared to other methods.
Excellent electrochemical performance of N and Mn doped NiCo2O4 functional nanostructures: an effective approach for symmetric supercapacitor application
Authors: Sasmal Ananta , Nayak Arpan Kumar , Khan Mohammad Ehtisham , Ali Wahid , Ali Syed Kashif , Bashiri Abdullateef H
Published: July 2024

In supercapacitors (SCs), cobaltite spinel is considered as an excellent electrode material because it is abundant on earth, cost-effective, and theoretically capable of achieving high capacitance values. However, there are number of factors that prevent spinel cobaltite from achieving its maximum theoretical specific capacitance, including low electrical conductivity, insufficient active sites, and slow charge transport. For these reasons, it is necessary to simplify the structural and compositional design to overcome these limitations. An efficient solvothermal method followed by pyrolysis was successfully used to shape NiCo2O4 nanoflowers doped with N (Nitrogen) and Mn (Manganese). In addition to increasing the ion diffusion resistance and charge transfer resistance, N and Mn-doped NiCo2O4 provides an electrical conductivity system. The optimized N, Co, and Mn4 (NCoMn4) nanoflowers (4 wt% Mn-doped NiCo2O4) exhibits maximum specific capacitance of 269Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 current density with an exceptional retention of capacitance 92% after 5,000 uninterrupted cycles in the Na2SO4 media. The electrokinetic analysis of NCoMn4 further indicates that overall charge is stored predominantly through capacitance, as compared with other electrodes. It is also worth noting that the as-fabricated symmetric supercapacitor delivers the maximum energy density of 36.11 Whkg−1 at a power density of 1.04 kWkg−1 at 1 Ag−1 current density. This work opens a new path to develop hybrid electrodes for enhanced supercapacitor applications and will specify an efficient method for improving the charge transfer capability.
The impact of a ZnO space layer on enhancing the efficiency of P3HT: PCBM blend-based organic solar cells
Authors: Brioua Fathi , Daoudi Chouaib , Mekimah Boualem , Lekouaghet Badis
Published: July 2024

The performance of Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) based on a composite photoactive of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 6,6-phenylC61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the donor and acceptor electrons, respectively, is examined in this paper through a simulation study. Optical Zinc oxide (ZnO) spacers between the active layer and the Aluminum (Al) cathode contact layer, serving as a hole transport layer (HTL), are compared to the usual configuration without a ZnO spacer in the second device construction. With and without the ZnO optical spacer, we calculate the electric field intensities and generation rates (G) for a range of incident wavelengths. Under AM 1.5 G at 100 mW cm−2 illumination and in the dark, the short-circuit current density (Jsc) is improved by up to 9.47% after adding the ZnO layer as an optical spacer. In addition, there is a gain of up to 11.42% in external quantum efficiency (EQE). Furthermore, the ZnO spacer layer device has a markedly higher incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE), going from 77% in the control device (without ZnO) to 90% with ZnO spacer layer. The numerical simulation results based on the finite element method (FEM) are consistent with the published experimental data.
GeP3 monolayer as a promising 2D sensing materials in detecting SO2, H2S, SOF2 and SO2F2
Authors: Wu Yunjian , Yuan Jiawei , Li Xing , Zhang Xiaoxing
Published: July 2024

The detection of SF6 decomposition components using gas-sensitive sensors is significantly important for characterizing internal insulation failures and assessing the operational status of SF6 gas-insulated equipment. In this paper, the adsorption properties of GeP3 monolayers for SO2, H2S, SOF2 and SO2F2 gases were investigated based on density functional theory. Four gas adsorption systems were constructed, and the adsorption mechanisms and sensing characteristics of GeP3 monolayers on target gases were investigated by calculating parameters such as adsorption energy, charge transfer, density of states, and recovery time, along with their potential application as resistive gas sensors and field-effect transistor sensors. It is demonstrated that GeP3 monolayers were suitable for the detection of SO2, H2S, SOF2 and SO2F2 gases, all of which exhibited good chemisorption with adsorption energies of −1.36 eV, −0.78 eV, −1.82 eV and −2.91 eV, respectively. The adsorption of SO2 and H2S is found to cause a significant change in the conductivity of the GeP3 monolayers, and desorption is achieved at the optimal operating temperature in only 54.428 s and 10.686 s, respectively. Also the adsorption of SOF2 and SO2F2 can make the work function of the GeP3 monolayers significantly larger. Consequently, the GeP3 monolayers have the potential to be used as a resistive gas sensor for SO2 and H2S gases, or as a field effect transistor sensor for SOF2 and SO2F2 gases. This study provides theoretical guidance for the development of GeP3-based sensors for monitoring the insulation status and operational conditions of SF6 gas-insulated equipment.
Cubic B-spline based numerical schemes for delayed time-fractional advection-diffusion equations involving mild singularities
Authors: Ghosh Bappa , Mohapatra Jugal
Published: July 2024

This article presents two efficient layer-adaptive numerical schemes for a class of time-fractional advection-diffusion equations with a large time delay. The fractional derivative of order α with α ∈ (0, 1) is taken in the Caputo sense. The solution to this type of problem generally has a layer due to the mild singularity near the time t = 0. Consequently, the polynomial interpolation discretizing scheme degrades the convergence rate in the case of uniform meshes. In the presence of a singularity, the temporal fractional operator is discretized by employing the L1 technique on a layer-resolving mesh. In contrast, the cubic B-spline collocation method is used in the spatial direction. The convergence analysis and estimation of error are presented for the proposed scheme under reasonable regularity assumptions on the coefficients. The scheme achieves its optimal convergence rate (2 − α) for suitable choice of grading parameter (γ ≥ (2 − α)/α). Furthermore, we modified the proposed scheme by discretizing the fractional operator with the help of the L1-2 technique. The modified scheme gets a quadratic order convergence for γ ≥ 2/α. In addition, we extend the proposed schemes to solve the corresponding semilinear problem. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed techniques.
Impact of tribofilm on the anti-wear and friction-reduction properties of interfaces
Authors: Ge Chang , Lyu Xiuyi , Zhang Baofeng , Ma Xuan , Lu Xiqun , Liu Zhigang
Published: July 2024

Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is widely used in internal combustion engine lubricating oil, which forms tribofilm and effectively blocks the direct contact of the material interface. Tribofilm plays an important role in wear resistance and lubrication performance. This study analyses ZDDP additive lubricant performance and the tribofilm distribution under different concentrations and loads. Tribofilm formation and wear mechanism is characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS), and the lubrication performance is further explained by the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). This study explored the anti-wear and friction-reducing properties of ZDDP tribofilm respectively, revealing that ZDDP tribofilm distribution plays a pivotal role in reducing wear, the wear amount can be reduced by 50%, but has a slight effect on friction-reducing, only 5.7%. In addition, the concentrations and loads significantly affect the growth of the tribofilm, and change the wear and lubrication characteristics. The tribofilm acts as a significant barrier, effectively protecting the surface from wear. However, excessive pressure may lead to the failure of the tribofilm, resulting in the loss of protection and subsequent severe wear of the surface. Furthermore, the mechanisms of lubrication are explained, wherein the tribofilm serves as micro-texture, reducing direct contact between asperities and thereby lowering the friction coefficient.
Optimization of highly transparent DMD-films for application in perovskite solar cell
Authors: Ding YiHan , Du ChaoLing , Lei MingXin , Zhang XiaoYang , Xie WeiWei , Shen HongLie , Zhang XueJin , Xia SiHao , Shi DaNing
Published: July 2024

Different kinds of Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric (DMD) films have been broadly adopted as transparent electrodes of solar cells. It is crucial to simultaneously predict the D, M material and thickness which is hard accessed either by experiments or manually simulations. In this study, we employed a co-simulation approach involving transfer matrix method (TMM) and a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve this problem. It is revealed that DMD films of WO3/Ag/WO3 and AZO/Ag/AZO provide an averaged transmittance as high as ∼90% in 300–800 nm, which are expected to providing excellent front transparent electrodes for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). On this basis, 46.6% (11.8%) and 45.4% (11.3%) increment upon photocurrent and power conversion efficiency were observed compared with that of Ag (ITO) based PSC counterparts. The presented work is highly insightful for the design and application of DMD transparent electrodes, which facilitates the material and thickness of DMD films selection for future transparent electrodes of PSC.