bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Expression of Type II TA System Genes Following Persister Cell Formation in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates in The Exponential and Stationary Phases
Authors: Zadeh Rezvan Golmorazi , Mirshekar Maryam , Kalani Behrouz Sadeghi , Masjedian Faramarz , Barati Mahmood
Published: January 2021

Objectives: Failure of infection therapy in the presence of antibiotics has become a major problem which has been mostly attributed to the ability of bacterial persister cell formation. Bacteria use various mechanisms to form persister cells in different phases, among which is the toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. This study aimed at investigating the expression of type II TA system genes under the stress of ciprofloxacin and colistin antibiotics in the exponential and stationary phases.Methods: To determine the effects of ciprofloxacin and colistin on persister cell formation in the exponential and stationary phases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, colony counting was performed at different time intervals in the presence of 5-fold MIC of ciprofloxacin and colistin. In addition, the expression of relBE, Xre-COG5654, vapBC, and Xre-GNAT genes in P. aeruginosa isolates was assessed 3.5 h after antibiotic treatment in the exponential and stationary phases using qRT-PCR.Results: Our results indicated the presence of persister phenotype of P. aeruginosa strains in the presence of 5-fold MIC of ciprofloxacin and colistin compared to the control after 3.5 h of incubation in the exponential and stationary phases. Also, the number of persister cells in the stationary phase was higher than that of the exponential phase. According to the results of qRT-PCR, ciprofloxacin and colistin may induce persister cells by increasing the expression of type II TA systems in stationary and exponential phases.Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin and colistin may increase the formation of persister cells by affecting the expression of type II TA systems.
Body Composition and Nuchal Skinfold Thickness in Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients
Authors: Peng Junxiang , Boekhoff Svenja , Eveslage Maria , Bison Brigitte , Sowithayasakul Panjarat , Muller Hermann
Published: January 2021

Background: Obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and relapse/progression have impact on prognosis in pediatric brain tumor (BT) patients. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we analyzed nuchal skinfold thickness (NST) on MRI follow-up monitoring as a parameter for body composition (BC) and CVD in 177 BT patients (40 WHO grade 1–2 BT; 31 grade 3–4 BT; 106 craniopharyngioma (CP)), and 53 healthy controls (HC). Furthermore, BMI, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), caliper-measured skinfold thickness (cSFT), and blood-pressure (BP) were analysed.Results: CP patients showed higher BMI, WHtR, NST and cSFT when compared with BT and HC. WHO grade 1–2 BT patients were observed with higher BMI, waist circumference and triceps cSFT when compared to WHO grade 3–4 BT patients. NST correlated with BMI, WHtR, and cSFT. NST, BMI and WHtR had predictive value for CVD in terms of increased BP. In multivariate analysis, only BMI was selected for the final model resulting in an odds ratio of 1.25 (1.14–1.379). In CP patients with hypothalamic involvement/lesion or gross-total resection, rate and degree of obesity were increased. Conclusions: NST could serve as a novel useful parameter for assessment of BC and CVD risk in BT patients.
Association between cardiac enzyme elevation and clinical prognosis of neurosurgical and neurocritically ill patients
Authors: Lee Jung Hwa , Lee Yun Im , Ahn Joonghyun , Ryu Jeong-Am
Published: January 2021

Background

To investigate whether cardiac troponin (cTn) elevation is associated with in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in neurosurgical and neurocritically ill patients.
Methods

Among neurosurgical patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in a tertiary hospital from January 2013 to December 2019, those whose serum cTnI levels were obtained within 7 days after ICU admission were included. Propensity score matching was used. Each patient with cTnI elevation was matched to one of control patients. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcome was MACE.
Results

cTnI elevation was shown in 702 (11.7%) of 6,004 patients. After propensity score matching, 617 pairs of data were generated by 1:1 individual matching without replacement. Rates of in-hospital mortality in the overall population and the propensity score-matched population were higher for patients with cTnI elevation than for those without cTnI elevation (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). In addition, MACEs were more common in patients with cTnI elevation than in those without cTnI elevation in the overall population and the propensity score-matched population (both p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis of overall and propensity score-matched population, cTnI elevation were associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.95–3.95 and adjusted OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.20–2.62, respectively). In addition, cTnI elevation were associated with MACE (adjusted OR: 3.75, 95% CI: 2.43–5.78 and adjusted OR: 4.04, 95% CI: 2.24–7.29, respectively). In survival analysis, the mortality rate of patients with cTnI elevation was significantly higher than in those without cTnI elevation for the propensity score-matched population (28.8% vs. 19.3%, log-rank test, p < 0.001).
Conclusions

In this study, cTnI elevation was associated with in-hospital mortality and MACEs in neurosurgical and neurocritically ill patients.
C6-Ceramide Induces Apoptosis in Lung Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Suppresses Brain Metastasis by Downregulating The PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway
Authors: Xu Yiquan , Pan Junfan , Lin Ying , Wu Yun , Li Hongru , Chen Yusheng
Published: January 2021

Background: The membrane lipid ceramide plays important roles in regulating tumor growth, chemotherapy drug resistance, and apoptosis. However, the mechanisms through which ceramide induces apoptosis are still unclear. In this study, we explored the biological functions and underlying mechanism of C6-ceramide in brain metastasis (BM) arising from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods: The effects of C6-ceramide on cell apoptosis were studied by flow cytometry. Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, wound-healing assays, and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the biological functions of C6-ceramide. An in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model was constructed, and its effectiveness and availability were tested by evaluating horse radish peroxidase activity and junction-related protein expression. The underlying signaling pathways of C6-ceramide were detected by western blotting, and further verification was performed using pathway inhibitors. RNA sequencing was used to confirm the involvement of C6-ceramide and associated pathways in BM arising from NSCLC.Results: C6-ceramide induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells, and the optimal working concentration of C6-ceramide was 50 μM. C6-ceramide not only suppressed cell proliferation and migration but also arrested cells at the G1/S transition. An in vitro BBB model constructed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human astrocytes cells showed the lowest permeability and the strongest tight junction connections when cells were cocultured for 72 h. Moreover, C6-ceramide suppressed the passage of cells through the BBB model. C6-ceramide at least partially influenced NSCLC biological functions by downregulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which was further confirmed by rescue assays and RNA sequencing. Conclusions: C6-ceramide functioned as a tumor suppressor by inducing NSCLC cell apoptosis and BM through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. Thus, this pathway may serve as a novel potential therapeutic target for patients with BM arising from NSCLC.
Identification of the Resveratrol Potential Targets in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Zhou Meng , Wang Dacheng , Tang Jing
Published: January 2021

Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint degenerative disease and has become an important health problem for the elderly. However, there is still a lack of effective drugs for the treatment of OA. Our research combines bioinformatics and experimental strategies to determine the target of resveratrol for OA treatment. Methods: First, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of OA joint tissues were obtained from the related microarray gene expression data. Second, resveratrol, a natural polyphenol compound, was used to screen the drug treatment target genes. Third, the drug-disease network was established, and the resveratrol target genes for OA treatment were obtained and verified through experimental verification. Results: A total of 300 differentially expressed genes with 246 up-regulated and 54 down-regulated were found in OA joint tissues, and 310 resveratrol potential target genes were obtained. Finally, six genes, including CXCL1, HIF1A, IL-6, MMP3, NOX4, and PTGS2, were selected to validate the treatment effects of the resveratrol. The results showed that all six genes in human OA chondrocytes were significantly increased. In addition, in these chondrocytes, CXCL1, HIF1A, IL-6, MMP3, NOX4, and PTGS2 were reduced considerably, but HIF1A was significantly increased after resveratrol treatment.Conclusions: Our data indicates that CXCL1, HIF1A, IL-6, MMP3, NOX4 and PTGS2 are all targets of resveratrol therapy. Our findings may provide valuable information for the mechanism and therapeutic of OA.
Significance of serum expression of Rho kinase, endothelin-1, and nitric oxide in pediatric patients with left-to-right shunt congenital heart disease accompanied by pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Sun Xing-Zhen , Hu Jian , Tian Xiang-Yang , Hong Ze
Published: January 2021

Background: The study aimed to investigate the serum expression levels of Rho kinase, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and nitric oxide (NO) in pediatric patients with left-to-right shunt congenital heart disease (CHD) and their correlation with pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP). Methods: 90 pediatric patients diagnosed with left-to-right shunt CHD and hospitalized were selected as the study objects.They were divided into three groups according to their PASP: the non-pulmonary artery hypertension (non-PAH) group (PASP <30 mmhg), the mild PAH group (PASP 30–49 mmhg), and the moderate to severe PAH group (PASP ≥50 mmhg). Healthy children were selected as the control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunoassay, and nitrate reductase assay were used to determine the patients’ serum levels of Rho kinase, ET-1, and NO, respectively. The correlation between PASP and the above indexes was analyzed. Results: In pediatric patients with left-to-right shut CHD, the serum expression levels of Rho kinase and ET-1 were higher than in the control group members, while the serum expression level of NO was lower. In pediatric patients with CHD accompanied by pulmonary hypertension (PH), the expression levels of Rho kinase and ET-1 were even higher, and the level of NO even lower, than in patients and control group members without PH. The serum levels of Rho kinase and ET-1 were positively correlated with PASP , while the serum level of NO was negatively correlated with PASP. Conclusion: Rho kinase, ET-1, and NO may be involved in the development of PH in pediatric patients with left-to-right shunt CHD.
Principals’ Challenges to Implement School Based Management in English-Speaking Schools Setting
Authors: Willyarto Mario Nugroho , Mustikasiwi Anggaripeni
Published: January 2021

The aim of the research was to identify and map the school principals’ competence in English-speaking schools setting, according to the Decree of Ministry of Education no 13/2007 regarding competence standard for school principals and in implementing school-based management (SBM). The research applied a qualitative descriptive method, although the data were processed in a quantitative way. The data were gathered through structured questionnaires collected from ten principals and 74 teachers from ten schools. Data validation was conducted through interviews with ten school principals, two teachers per school, and the board’s representatives. The result of the research is the recommendations of the school principals’ competence development program as an alternative solution for the schools. The result shows that the school principals’ competencies have met the government standard competence. In the implementation of SBM, the school principals need to improve their five dimensions of principal competence (personal, managerial, entrepreneurship, supervision, and social). Especially the essence of SBM through training programs are principals’ roles and responsibilities, developing school profiles, school visioning, financial and school facilities management, strategic planning, school as a learning community, academic supervision, monitoring and evaluation, school marketing and branding, and nontraining programs.
Material Adverse Change: An Alternative Solution to Suspension of the Debt Payment.
Authors: Johan Suwinto
Published: January 2021

The research aimed to provide alternative solutions with Material Adverse Change (MAC) before reaching the suspension of the debt payment obligation stage. The pandemic situation had caused many companies to experience difficulties in fulfilling their obligations, including payment obligations or debts to suppliers and creditors. If there were circumstances where the company could not fulfill its obligations, then the creditor would be able to collect through debt-restructuring to bankruptcy. The restructuring was carried out through the suspension of the debt payment obligation (Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang/PKPU). The research used normative juridical methods. It focused on credit and financing transactions between companies and creditors, both banking or finance companies. The research concludes that before the suspension of a debt payment obligation, companies and creditors should negotiate based on MAC before reaching a lawsuit. In the MAC, there is an explicit clause, and it is agreed by both parties, then the creditor should acknowledge the company’s actual condition.
Lead by Example. Conversa com Mundo Segundo
Authors: Sousa Sofia
Published: January 2021

: Mundo Segundo is MC, producer and ex b-boy, but he is also an inescapable figure of Portuguese hiphop. He is even one of the most active ambassadors of the movement in Portugal. In this interview, we talk about his artistic career and we approach some of the questions that guide the current situation. We discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music-making process, reflected on the relations between music, mental health and well-being and, in addition, obtained his vision on the potentialities of a social intervention through the arts, in disadvantaged contexts and target of social exclusion. Parallel to these topics, perceptions about (in)safety were also reflected upon.
Improving Detection of Disease Re-emergence Using a Web-Based Tool (RED Alert): Design and Case Analysis Study (Preprint)
Authors: Parikh Nidhi , Daughton Ashlynn R , Rosenberger William Earl , Aberle Derek Jacob , Chitanvis Maneesha Elizabeth , Altherr Forest Michael , Velappan Nileena , Fairchild Geoffrey , Deshpande Alina
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Currently, the identification of infectious disease re-emergence is performed without describing specific quantitative criteria that can be used to identify re-emergence events consistently. This practice may lead to ineffective mitigation. In addition, identification of factors contributing to local disease re-emergence and assessment of global disease re-emergence require access to data about disease incidence and a large number of factors at the local level for the entire world. This paper presents Re-emerging Disease Alert (RED Alert), a web-based tool designed to help public health officials detect and understand infectious disease re-emergence.

OBJECTIVE

Our objective is to bring together a variety of disease-related data and analytics needed to help public health analysts answer the following 3 primary questions for detecting and understanding disease re-emergence: Is there a potential disease re-emergence at the local (country) level? What are the potential contributing factors for this re-emergence? Is there a potential for global re-emergence?

METHODS

We collected and cleaned disease-related data (eg, case counts, vaccination rates, and indicators related to disease transmission) from several data sources including the World Health Organization (WHO), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), World Bank, and Gideon. We combined these data with machine learning and visual analytics into a tool called RED Alert to detect re-emergence for the following 4 diseases: measles, cholera, dengue, and yellow fever. We evaluated the performance of the machine learning models for re-emergence detection and reviewed the output of the tool through a number of case studies.

RESULTS

Our supervised learning models were able to identify 82%-90% of the local re-emergence events, although with 18%-31% (except 46% for dengue) false positives. This is consistent with our goal of identifying all possible re-emergences while allowing some false positives. The review of the web-based tool through case studies showed that local re-emergence detection was possible and that the tool provided actionable information about potential factors contributing to the local disease re-emergence and trends in global disease re-emergence.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first tool that focuses specifically on disease re-emergence and addresses the important challenges mentioned above.
Decision Level Fusion using Ensemble Classifier for Mental Disease Classification (Preprint)
Authors: Ahmad Maqsood , Wahid Noorhaniza , Hamid Rahayu A , Sadiq Saima , Mehmood Arif , Choi Gyu Sang
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Mental health signifies the emotional, social, and psychological well-being of a person. It also affects the way of thinking, feeling, and situation handling of a person. A stable mental health helps in working with full potential in all stages of life from childhood to adulthood therefore it is of significant importance to find out the onset of the mental disease in order to maintain balance in life. The mental health problems are rising globally and constituting a burden on health-care systems. Early diagnosis can help the professionals in the treatment that may lead to complications if they remain untreated. The machine learning models are highly prevalent for medical data analysis, disease diagnosis, and psychiatric nosology.

OBJECTIVE

This research addresses the challenge of detecting six major psychological disorders, namely, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, Conversion Disorder, Depression, Mental Retardation, and Schizophrenia. These challenges are mined by applying decision level fusion of supervised machine learning algorithms.

METHODS

observations that we used for training and testing the models. Furthermore, to reduce the impact of a conflicting decision, a voting scheme Shrewd Probing Prediction Model (SPPM) is introduced to get output from ensemble model of Random Forest and Gradient Boosting Machine (RF+GBM).

RESULTS

The proposed model generated the Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF)-based average accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score of 67% thus outperforming other machine learning models namely, Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machines (SVM).

CONCLUSIONS

This research provides an intuitive solution for mental disorder analysis among different target class labels or groups. A framework is proposed for determining the mental health problem of patients using observations of medical experts. The framework consists of an ensemble model based on RF and GBM with a novel SPPM technique, namely SPPM (RF+GBM). This proposed decision level fusion approach significantly improves the performance in terms of Accuracy, Recall, and F1-score with 67%, 66%, and 67% respectively. This framework seems suitable in the case of huge and more diverse multi-class datasets. Furthermore, three vector spaces based on TF-IDF (unigram, bi-gram, and tri-gram) are also tested on the machine learning models and the proposed model. Experiments revealed that unigram performed better on the experimental dataset. In the future, more physiological parameters such as respiratory rate, ECG, and EEG signals can be included as features to improve accuracy. Also, the proposed framework can be tested on a wide range of mental illness categories by adding more mental illness diseases in the dataset which will result in an increase of class labels.
A SOCIOLOGIA DA INFÂNCIA E PEDAGOGIA FREIRIANA: algumas aproximações
Authors: AVIZ FERNANDA REGINA SILVA DE , SANTOS TANIA REGINA LOBATO DOS SANTOS , Maria Ribeiro Nilza
Published: January 2021

Com este estudo, objetiva-se apresentar algumas aproximações entre a Sociologia da Infância e a pedagogia freiriana, além de destacá-las e apontá-las como aportes teóricos de uma educação como sinônimo de liberdade e de autonomia. A Sociologia da Infância e a pedagogia freiriana apresentam convergências teóricas e epistemológicas ao abordar questões como diálogo, escuta, curiosidade, autonomia e liberdade. Ambas coadunam com uma educação pensada a partir de seus sujeitos, de suas experiências, de suas vozes, saberes e fazeres. Na intenção de trazer aspectos semelhantes dessas duas correntes, indica-se a pesquisa bibliográfica a partir de Qvortrup (2010), Corsaro (2011), Sarmento (2015) e Freire (1982, 2003). Conclui-se que a Sociologia da Infância se torna, tal como a Pedagogia de Freire, um agir em busca de autonomia, pois entende que o ser humano se forma desde a infância. Essa formação é vista como processo, daí a provocação para que esta não seja vista apenas como uma fase passageira, mas como uma categoria potencialmente capaz de formar sujeitos felizes, desde que estimulados pelo afeto e pela amorosidade, como a infância vivida por Freire em Recife.
Las motivaciones, competencias y factores de éxito para el emprendimiento y su impacto en el desempeño empresarial. Un análisis en las MIPyMES en el estado de Querétaro, México
Authors: Ynzunza Cortés Carmen Berenice , Izar Landeta Juan Manuel
Published: January 2021

El emprendimiento es una actividad que está cobrado diariamente una mayor relevancia como una forma de resolver los problemas económicos y de empleo que enfrentan todos los países, principalmente aquellos en vías de desarrollo. Debido a esto, es que los gobiernos están asumiendo un papel más proactivo en el desarrollo de iniciativas y políticas de soporte a los emprendedores y de fomento al potencial emprendedor. Por lo que, el objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el impacto de las motivaciones, competencias y los factores de éxito para el emprendimiento en el desempeño empresarial, mediante
una encuesta aplicada a 429 emprendedores de micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MiPymes) del Estado de Querétaro, utilizando un muestreo no probabilístico de conveniencia y la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados encontrados prueban la existencia de relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las motivaciones, las competencias y los factores de éxito para el emprendimiento, y el desempeño empresarial, lo que representa una aportación teórica y empírica. Desde la práctica, el conocimiento de estos factores puede guiar a las instituciones educativas y gubernamentales a fortalecer estos aspectos para que el emprendedor pueda identificar las oportunidades de negocio, minimizar los riesgos asociados al emprendimiento e incentivar la creación de nuevas empresas, así como elevar su tasa de éxito.
THE APLICATION OF DIGITAL BASED INTRACTIVE QUIZ LEARNING MEDIA FOR TEACHER OF STATE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN DEPOK
Authors: Hapsari Fitri Senny , Isroyati Isroyati
Published: January 2021

Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam menerapkan media pembelajaran berbasis teknologi Digital di SDN Ratu Jaya 3 Cipayung Depok.  Melalui pemanfaatan teknologi sebagai alternatif penggunaan media pembelajaran dalam kegiatan mengajar diharapkan dapat meningkakan kualitas pembelajaran di kelas karena dianggap dapat membantu guru dalam menyamaikan materi kepada siswa.Oleh karena itu kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilakukan kepada Guru SDN Ratu Jaya Depok dengan melakukan sosialisasi dan simulasi penerapan media pembelajaran kuis interaktif menggunakan aplikasi Kahoot. Kegiatan ini dilakukan selama 3 bula sejak bulan April – Juni 2019.
The Yusuf Qardhawi's Thought on al-Daulah al-Shar'iyyah al-Dustῡriyyah and Its Relevance to the Concept of Indonesian Polity
Authors: Setowara Muhammad Subhan
Published: January 2021

This article aims at scrutinising the Yusuf Qardhawi's thought on the concept of al-Daulah al-Shar'iyyah al-Dustῡriyyah and its relevance in dealing with the development of the concept of Indonesian polity. To be more specifically, this study elaborates the concept of al-Daulah al-Shar'iyyah al-Dustῡriyyah and its relation to the enforcement of Islamic law (sharī’ah) in Indonesia. Obviously that scholars have produced some studies on Islam and the state (daulah) from various approaches and perspectives. However, the specific and in-depth research on the concept of al-Daulah mainly initiated by Yusuf Qardhawi has seemed to be a rare topic of academic research. Accordingly, this article examines the topic comprehensively without neglecting the Indonesian context. This article argues that Indonesia as a state has accommodated the principles of al-Daulah al-Shar'iyyah al-Dustῡriyyah, which substantially has appreciated universal values of sharī’ah (al-maṣlaḥah al-'ammah). Yet, those values such as freedom, justice and equality, in practice, have been still not fully enforced. Although Indonesia has been claimed as the Pancasila democracy-based country, violations of the values are still rife.
Sharī’ah and the Development of Sakinah Family
Authors: Ceria Septifa Leiliano
Published: January 2021

This research aims to examine the sharī’ah implementation in the public. It specifically examines models of the development of sakinah family in some institutions providing the course for Muslim families. It has been conducted in the Religious Affairs Office (Kantor Urusan Agama), the Institute of Professional Mother (Institut Ibu Profesional) and the School of Mother (Sekolah Ibu) in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. It finds that in terms of method, the Kantor Urusan Agama, the Institut Ibu Profesional and the Sekolah Ibu have had similar method in delivering its subject which is face to face course. Yet, the Institut Ibu Profesional has had more varied methods such as combining “in class course” with the online course. Regarding with the offered subjects, the Kantor Urusan Agama has emphasised the importance of Islamic law, while others have focused on the issues of parenting and families guidance, especially mothers. However, while the Institut Ibu Profesional has taught general issues, the Sekolah Ibu has discussed more specific issues. This research argues that in spite of the fact that each institution has its own speciality in conducting its course (implementing sharī’ah), all of them have played significant roles in developing the sakinah family among Muslims in the region.
Nuevas perspectivas para la historia del pueblo pijao, siglos XVI y XVII
Authors: Velásquez Arango Juan José
Published: January 2021

A pesar de las muchas menciones que la historiografía tradicional ha hecho del pueblo pijao y la guerra que protagonizó entre los siglos XVI y XVIII, es muy poco lo que se conoce acerca de su sociedad, sus costumbres y su modo de subsistencia. Ante tal panorama, este artículo presenta al lector nuevas perspectivas al respecto, estudiando factores como la localización geográfica, la forma de habitación, la demografía en diferentes periodos y la organización social, entre otros, que permitan llegar a una mejor comprensión del devenir histórico de este pueblo indígena y los fenómenos en los que estuvo involucrado. Para esta investigación se utilizaron diferentes fuentes documentales de archivos nacionales e internacionales, así como investigaciones históricas y arqueológicas clásicas y recientes que, desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar, pueden ofrecer nuevos puntos de vista y temas de estudio relativos a los grupos indígenas de la actual Colombia durante los siglos xvi y xvii.
Retrato y memoria colectiva: nuevos desafíos en torno al estudio de la retratística monjil novohispana
Authors: Alonso Rivera Adriana Guadalupe
Published: January 2021

El presente estudio pretende establecer una ruta por los distintos modos en los que la historiografía del arte novohispano se ha acercado al fenómeno del retrato corporativo, inscrito en el contexto monacal femenino, ofreciendo un panorama general de los problemas que tienden a suscitarse al momento de abordar la serie de estrategias calculadas o convenciones formuladas ex profeso para este conjunto de representaciones. Lo anterior con el fin de trascender los géneros totalizantes en los que dichos retratos han solido aglutinarse, como es el caso de “monjas coronadas” o “pintura religiosa del siglo XVIII”. Asimismo, el artículo pone en discusión los prejuicios en torno a una supuesta calidad pictórica en función del potencial mimético y las cualidades decorativas de estas representaciones, promoviendo así nuevos ejes de investigación que evidencien sus propias variables, comportamientos y relaciones, desde enfoques teóricos, formales, corporativos y experienciales particulares.
Presentación
Authors: Borja Gómez Jaime Humberto
Published: January 2021

Presentación del número
Exploring Cultural Employment: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Dudu Selda
Published: January 2021

Culture is a core element shaping human behaviour. Cultural activities have existed from the beginning of time and gradually transformed into an industry. As a result, today, the existence of the cultural industry and cultural workers is quite clear. The purpose of this study is to outline the core concepts of cultural employment and to explore the structure of cultural employment in Turkey by using primary data obtained by an online survey conducted among Turkish cultural workers in 2016. This study contributes to the literature by examining the atypical work arrangements of cultural workers in Turkey. Our findings confirm that cultural workers in Turkey are at risk of in-work poverty, and their earnings differ according to gender, contract type, employment, and employee types. We found in this study that the middle-aged cultural workers working with permanent contracts in state subsidized intuitions earn more. This study highlights the need for systematic studies on cultural employment and the implementation of a comprehensive policy to protect the rights of cultural workers in Turkey.
Dürtme Bireysel Tasarrufları Etkileyebilir mi?
Authors: Erdoğan Meltem , Karagöl Veysel
Published: January 2021

The policies created by targeting individuals whose decisions are considered to have unlimited rationality are insufficient to solve the problems that have arisen today and in the past. However, being able to influence behavior is very important for public policy, also understanding the impact of people's behavior on the needs of the government and policy choices have recently been made aware of these effects. Individuals exhibiting irrational behavior cause behavioral economics to go a little further every day. The nudging, one of the applications of behavioral economics, aims to prevent irrational behaviors in simple and cost-effective ways and thus to guide individuals to good and right. So much so that the nudge is rapidly becoming an alternative public policy tool in many areas. With nudging, designing and implementing evidence-based, tested policies rather than traditional policy-making processes increases the chances of success of policies. From this point of view, it is only one of these areas to increase individual savings by guiding (nudging) the financial decisions of individuals. Is it really possible to increase individual savings by nudging? The aim of this study is to provide suggestions on whether the individual savings can be increased by nudging in view of how the nudging mechanism works and considering the empirical findings of nudging financial decisions.
STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICAL THINKING SKILL VIEWED FROM CURIOSITY THROUGH PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING MODEL ON INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Authors: Zetriuslita Zetriuslita , Ariawan Rezi
Published: January 2021

This study aims to find out the improvement of students’ mathematical critical thinking viewed from curiosity through teaching materials with Problem Based Learning model. This is quasi-experimental research. The samples are, where the overall population consists of 75 samples divided into two classes.  This research employed a simple random sampling technique.  The instruments were the mathematical critical thinking skill test and curiosity questionnaire. The technique of data collection was carried out with test and non-test techniques. The data were analyzed through a two-way Anova test. Based on the analysis and interpretation of the research findings, it was found that: there was an improvement in students’ mathematical critical thinking skill from High curiosity by using teaching materials with Problem Based Learning model; 1) There was an improvement from  Average curiosity through learning with Integral Calculus teaching materials; 2) There was an improvement from Low curiosity; 3) There was no improvement from the level of curiosity (High,  Medium,  Low) through Problem-based Learning. 4) There was no influence between the level of curiosity and learning in improving students’ mathematical critical thinking skills. Do more in-depth studies related to improving mathematical critical thinking skills by reviewing other affective aspects
Efficacy and Safety of Indomethacin in Covid -19 patients
Authors: Ravichandran Rajan , Purna Prasanna , Vijayaraghavalu Sivakumar , Kalavakollu Ravi , Gaidhane Shilpa , Kumar Ramarathnam Krishna
Published: January 2021

Background Indomethacin, a well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAID), with effective broad spectrum anti-viral activity, was
evaluated for efficacy and safety of indomethacin in treating RT-PCR
positive covid-19 patients Materials and Methods Patients with RT-PCR
positive covid-19 who were admitted to hospital were offered the option
to receive indomethacin 50 to 75mg daily in addition to the Indian
council of medical research (ICMR) standard covid-19 treatment. Patients
who declined the indomethacin option were offered paracetamol for pain
and fever. The endpoint was the development of hypoxia. Secondary
endpoints were time to become afebrile and time to resolution of cough
and myalgia. Propensity Score Matching was used to compare indomethacin
and paracetamol treatments. A separate group of severely ill patients
who were admitted with hypoxia were treated with indomethacin 75mg; the
endpoint was the requirement for mechanical ventilation or admission to
the intensive care unit (ICU). Blood chemistry was collected before and
after the treatment. The patients were monitored every day for clinical
parameters. . Results A total of 104 patients received indomethacin, 82
with mild-moderate disease and 22 with severe disease. Matching reduced
the number of patients to 72. In the indomethacin mild-moderate disease
group, one patient out of 72 in the matched group developed hypoxia and
required oxygen compared with 28 out of 72 patients in the matched group
who received paracetamol. Patients who received indomethacin also
experienced more rapid symptomatic relief compared to paracetamol arm.
In the indomethacin severe disease group no patient deteriorated enough
to require mechanical ventilation. There were no adverse reactions to
indomethacin or deterioration of renal or liver function. Conclusion The
use of indomethacin compared with paracetamol, in addition to the
standard ICMR treatment in hospitalised covid-19 patients was associated
with marked reductions in the severity and duration of illness, without
any adverse effects.
Prevalence and determinants of hoarseness in school-aged children
Authors: Alrahim Ahmed , Alshaibani Askar , Algarni Saad , Alsaed Abdulmalik , Alghamdi Amal , Alsharhan Salma , Albar Mohammad
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Hoarseness in school-aged children may affect their
educational achievement and interfere with their communication and
social skills development. The global prevalence of hoarseness in
school-aged children ranges between 6% and 23%. OBJECTIVE: Measure the
prevalence of hoarseness among school-aged children and identify its
associated factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey.
SETTING: Randomly selected primary and early childhood schools in Saudi
Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were collected using a questionnaire
completed by the children’s parents, which included sociodemographic
aspects, health and related comorbidities, history of frequent crying
during, history of letter pronunciation problems and stuttering, history
of vocal fold surgery, the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI), and Children’s
Voice Handicap Index-10 for parents (CVHI-10-P). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Determinants of hoarseness were investigated using the chi-square test,
Fisher exact test, and adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression
models SAMPLE SIZE: 428 children RESULTS: The mean age of the study
children was 9.05 ± 2.15 years, of whom 69.40% were male. The rate of
hoarseness in the participants was 7.5%, 9.90% were female and 6.40%
were male. Hoarseness was found to be significantly associated with a
history of excessive crying in infancy (12.24%, x2=7.54, p=0.006),
letter pronunciation issues, especially ‘R’ and ‘S’ (13.56%, x2=8.71,
p=0.003), stuttering (16.39%, x2=8.08, p=0.004), and those with a
previous history of hoarseness (p=0.023). In addition, having symptoms
of gastrointestinal reflux increased the risk of hoarseness by four
times (OR=4.77, 95% CI= 2.171, 10.51) after adjustment for age and
gender. CONCLUSIONS: Hoarseness in children may be underestimated as it
may reflect the presence of speech problems (i.e., letter articulation
and stuttering) in addition to the presence of laryngopharyngeal reflux.
Hoarseness was assumed on the basis of parental complaints. Therefore,
further research with diagnosis based on clinical assessment is needed
to understand the magnitude of the hoarseness and its consequences
A qualitative study of barriers to the registration of patients' social histories
Authors: Dencker Annemarie , Tjørnhøj-Thomsen Tine , Dalton Susanne O , Pedersen Pia Vivian
Published: January 2021

Objective All cancer sites show considerable social inequality in risk
and patient survival. Despite the advantages of healthcare professionals
(HPs) systematically registering information about patients’ social
circumstances, this is not routine practice. Our aim was to understand
the barriers to registering patients’ social histories. Methods We
observed 104 outpatient encounters and interviewed 30 HPs treating
malignant melanomas, urological cancer or lung cancer. We explored
interactive (e.g. processes and activities) and interpretative (e.g.
perspectives and meanings) aspects of barriers to recording patients’
social data. Using Kirk´s theoretical framework developed in hospital
settings, we conducted a qualitative analysis to address organizational
and professional barriers. Results Unevenness in registration was due to
1) organizational barriers (interdisciplinarity, time and technical
challenges), 2) professional barriers (prioritization, meeting patients
where they are, and reliance on HP’s own judgements). HPs neglected to
use medical records, preferring to form their own pictures of patients´
needs to avoid prejudices and to promote equality. However, HPs did not
systematically verify these impressions with the patients. Conclusion To
facilitate systematic recording of patients’ social histories and
address the barriers identified in our study, there is a need to: 1)
develop a electronical tool for recording patients’ social circumstances
that is aligned with HP’s daily practices 2) introduce training
programmes targeting all barriers, and 3) provide time and opportunities
to support patients.
Attributable factors for the rising caesarean delivery rate over three decades: an observational cohort study
Authors: Vries Bradley de , Morton Rhett , Burton Alice , Kumar Praneel , Hyett Jon , Phipps Hala , McGeechan Kevin
Published: January 2021

Objective: Caesarean delivery rates continue to rise globally the
reasons for which are poorly understood. We aimed to characterize
attributable factors for increasing caesarean delivery rates over a
30-year period within our health network. Design: Observational cohort
study. Setting: Two hospitals (large tertiary referral hospital and
metropolitan hospital) in Sydney, Australia, across two time periods:
1989-1999 and 2009-2016, between which the caesarean delivery rate
increased from 19% to 30%. Participants: All women who had a caesarean
delivery after 24 weeks gestation Methods: Data were analysed using
multiple imputation and robust Poisson regression to estimate the
changes in the caesarean delivery rate attributable to maternal and
clinical factors. Main outcome measures: Caesarean delivery. Results:
Fifty-six percent of the increase in the rate of caesarean delivery was
attributed to changes in the distribution of maternal factors including
maternal age, body mass index, parity and history of previous caesarean
delivery. When changes in the obstetric management of multiple
gestation, malpresentation and preterm singleton birth were considered,
66% of the increase in caesarean rate was explained. When pre-labour
caesarean deliveries for maternal choice, suspected fetal compromise,
previous pregnancy issues and suspected large fetus were excluded, 78%
of the increase was explained. Conclusions: Most of the steep rise in
the caesarean delivery rate from 19% to 30% is attributable to changes
in maternal demographic and clinical factors.
Inotropes and Vasopressors for Shock
Authors: Patel Amour B U , Ackland Gareth L
Published: January 2021

Inotropes and vasopressors play a key role in the management of shock. The goal of therapy is to restore end-organ perfusion by augmenting cardiac output (CO) and vascular tone. Clinical trial data have thus far failed to identify precise hemodynamic end points associated with better outcomes; in any event, such end points are highly likely to be determined on an individualized basis, reflecting patients’ chronic arterial blood pressure, baseline cardiac function, and other pathophysiologic factors (e.g., end-stage renal failure, cardiac ischemia).1 Inotropes enhance cardiac contractility and CO; vasopressors raise blood pressure. The impact of these drugs in restoring hemodynamic parameters to “normal” values has principally been used to evaluate their effectiveness, with clinical practice guided by extrapolation from animal studies and pharmacologic trials.2 However, these drugs have important extra-cardiovascular effects on metabolic, neurohormonal, and autonomic regulation that are also injurious. This review discusses the mechanisms and evidence base for inotropes and vasopressors in various types of shock.
This review contains 3 figures, and 39 references.
Keywords: inotropes, vasopressors, catecholamines, monitoring, shock states, cardiogenic, hemorrhagic, septic, neurogenic
Pancreatitis
Authors: Kodadek Lisa M. , Lipsett Pamela A.
Published: January 2021

Pancreatitis is a complex spectrum of disease including chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis, and manifestations of severe acute pancreatitis such as sterile and infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is the leading cause of hospitalization for gastrointestinal disorders in the United States. Pancreatitis is a dynamic condition, and severity may change and evolve during the course of the disease. Although most patients with acute pancreatitis have mild disease, 10 to 15% will run a fulminant course, leading to severe acute pancreatitis, pancreatic necrosis, and multisystem organ injury. The mortality for severe acute pancreatitis is 15 to 30%; however, the overall mortality for all patients with acute pancreatitis is less than 5%. Early management of acute pancreatitis includes fluid resuscitation, pain control, and enteral nutrition. There are no specific directed therapies proven to be effective for the early treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis; therapy is entirely supportive. Chronic pancreatitis is a challenging disease often marked by chronic pain. Surgical intervention may help improve quality of life and relieve pain in selected patients. International consensus guidelines provide definitions and classifications to aid clinicians with diagnosis and management of pancreatitis. This review covers advances related to pancreatitis, including literature pertaining to the step-up approach for necrotizing pancreatitis first published in 2010, discussion of the revised Atlanta Classification System for severity of acute pancreatitis published in 2013, review of the current spectrum of microbial pathogens implicated in infected necrotizing pancreatitis, and the international draft consensus proposal for a new mechanistic definition for chronic pancreatitis published in 2016.
Key words: acute pancreatitis, antibiotic prophylaxis, Atlanta Classification System, biliary pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, necrosectomy, pancreatic necrosis, pancreatitis, step-up approach, video-assisted retroperitoneal drainage (VARD)
Noncolorectal, Nonneuroendocrine Liver Metastasis
Authors: Bliss Lindsay A. , Gamblin Thomas Clark
Published: January 2021

Noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases represent a heterogeneous group with variable tumor biology. Successes in the use of hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases has increased interest in resection of noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases. Cure rates equivalent to those of colorectal liver metastases have not been achieved, but resection of noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases can often provide improved overall survival compared with systemic therapy alone or exclusively palliative care. Overall survival outcomes can be achieved with acceptable perioperative morbidity and mortality relative to rates for hepatectomies in general. Prospective data regarding the utilization of resection for noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases are lacking, but retrospective data are encouraging. In appropriately selected patients with favorable tumor biology and excellent performance status, resection of noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine may offer a survival benefit.
This review contains 1 figure, 2 tables, and 31 references.
Key Words: breast cancer, cytoreduction, gastric cancer, GIST, hepatectomy, melanoma, metastasis, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cell carcinoma