bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La radio escolar como mediadora en el uso del móvil
Authors: Pérez-Femenía Esther , Iglesias-García Mar
Published: June 2020

Profesores y adolescentes de Secundaria y Bachillerato han encontrado en la radio una herramienta de motivación y comunicación para trabajar y mejorar los usos y riesgos del smartphone. Esta investigación presenta una experiencia de radio como mediadora escolar en el uso del móvil con este alumnado. Mediante la observación participante y la grabación de un podcast en la radio escolar, se corrobora la necesidad de utilizar nuevas prácticas más pedagógicas, relacionadas con la Alfabetización Mediática, para adquirir habilidades y así desarrollar un uso responsable del smartphone. Profesores y adolescentes de Secundaria y Bachillerato han encontrado en la radio una herramienta de motivación y comunicación para trabajar y mejorar los usos y riesgos del Smartphone, frente a la prohibición y el castigo.
The Legal Fundamentals for the Sustainable Development of the Industrial Enterprises while the Introduction of the Innovative Functional Units
Authors: Arsentieva Olena , Klius Yuliia
Published: June 2020

In modern conditions, innovative activity is a special purposeful systematic set of measures to use innovative potential in order to achieve a new quality in the economic system in the process of ensuring its sustainable development. The implementation of innovative projects by industrial enterprises leads to disturbing influences in the form of innovative structural changes in the implementation of innovative structural units, affects the stability of economic systems and the effectiveness of their innovative activities. The presence of the legal grounds for changing the organizational structure of the enterprise in connection with the implementation of the activities aimed at the development of innovative goods and products is a prerequisite for the introduction of innovative units at an industrial enterprise. It should be noted that the regulatory framework governing innovative activity is quite contradictory and imperfect due to the lack of certain consistency regarding the definition of basic concepts and the existing conflict and inconsistency of legal regulation of relations in the field of innovative activity, so the relevance of its research and analysis is beyond doubt.  Keywords: legal fundamentals, innovative unit, industrial enterprises, sustainable development
Locational Aspects of Industrial Ecology and Experiences of Practitioners from a Hungarian Industrial Park
Authors: Nagypál Noémi Csigéné
Published: June 2020

The present article aims to contribute to understanding the relationship between the concepts of industrial ecology and circular economy in order to foster circular economy attempts. While research mostly focuses on various forms of industrial ecology or innovative technologies, it is also reasonable to analyse some mature industrial ecology practices, which can be used as quasi-models for circular economy. The technology selected for this study is flue gas desulphurisation in fossil fuel power plants and the utilization of gypsum produced in this process as a by-product by construction sector companies. In the first part of our article we briefly present the concept of industrial ecology and discuss its applicability as a potential model for circular economy as well as its locational aspects. Afterwards based on a literature review and stakeholder interviews a Hungarian power plant and industrial park is presented as a case study. The relevance of criteria of ecoinnovation parks are presented for the selected industrial park as well as the experience of industrial ecology by participating companies. Finally some general conclusions, based on the literature and the case study, are also discussed.  Keywords: industrial ecology, locational aspects, industrial park, FGD gypsum
Deep Ecology Philosophy and Biodiversity Conservation in Nigeria’s Niger Delta
Authors: Ikeke Mark Omorovie
Published: June 2020

Biodiversity refers to the varieties, multiplicity, and diversity of life in the ecosystem. It is being lost on a daily basis in Nigeria’s Niger Delta.  This is as a result of the environmental degradation caused by oil exploration and gas activities. In the process of drilling for oil and exploring for gas resources, the natural environment such as plants, animals and their communities is destroyed and endangered. Oil exploration activities continue unabated in the Niger Delta. There is need to combat biodiversity loss if not many of the benefits from biodiversity will be lost. With critical analysis the philosophy of deep ecology is examined and presented as having potentials to contribute to conserving biodiversity in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. The paper concludes that there is vital need to preserve biodiversity using deep ecology values. Keywords: Deep ecology, biodiversity, conservation, Niger Delta, Nigeria, and Philosophy
Manejo da poda de videira ‘Marselan’ na Serra do Sudeste no Sul do Brasil
Authors: Medeiros dos Santos Cibele , Rodrigues Viera Carla Thais , Braga de Andrade Suélen , Roberto Martins Carlos
Published: June 2020

O comportamento agronômico da videira ‘Marselan’, indicada para a produção de vinhos finos de qualidade, está relacionado ao manejo do vinhedo e às condições edafoclimáticas da região de cultivo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento vegetativo, produtivo e qualitativo de videiras da cultivar ‘Marselan’ submetidas ao sistema de poda em Cordão Esporonado duplo e a poda Guyot duplo, cultivadas em município pertencente a Serra do Sudeste, RS. As videiras ‘Marselan’ foram conduzidas em espaldeira sobre porta-enxerto ‘Paulsen 1103’, em um vinhedo comercial, em Encruzilhada do Sul, RS, Brasil. Durante os ciclos de produção de 2016/2017 e 2017/2018 foram avaliados o vigor vegetativo, massa de ramos podados, Índice de Ravaz, produção e composição físico química do mosto.  O sistema de poda Guyot duplo nas videiras ‘Marselan’ induziu menor vigor das plantas, promoveu aumento do número de cachos por planta, da massa dos cachos, da produção e da produtividade. O tipo de poda interfere no vigor e na produtividade das uvas ‘Marselan’ sem alterar a qualidade do mosto. No manejo da cv. ‘Marselan’ na Serra do Sudeste no Sul do Brasil o sistema de poda Guyot é o mais indicado.
Bioregulators on seed germination and seedling growth of sweet basil
Authors: Castro Larissa Santos , Nobre Danúbia Aparecida Costa , Hurtado Daniel Andrés Villegas , Macedo Willian Rodrigues
Published: June 2020

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants have multiple uses, ranging from spice to cosmetic purpose, besides being a source of essential oil and aromatic. These plants were commonly propagated by seed, however, few agrotechnologies are used to enhance the seed germination and initial growth in this crop. For this reason, our research aimed to evaluate aspects of seed germination of Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Limoncino, subjected to different bioregulators applied via substrate imbibition. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design, with four treatments, as follows: T1: control (distilled water), T2: T13 a solution of a product formulated based on indolbutyric acid + naphthalene acetic acid + gibberellic acid (0.2 mL L-1, Liko Química), T3: gibberellic acid (0.5 mM L-1, progibb-400®) and T4: brassinosteroids (0.1 mM L-1). We evaluated: germination rate, germination speed index (GSI), first count, root and shoot length and chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids. The bioregulators did not influence germination, first count, GSI and photosynthetic leaf pigment, but application of gibberellic acid and brassinosteroids improve the shoot and root length, respectively. The gibberellic acid and brassinosteroids are promising bioregulators for stimulating initial basil growth.
Uwagi w sprawie «kodeksów» etyki zawodowej
Authors: Michalik Mieczysław
Published: June 2020

The question of professional ethics is one of outstanding significance today „ the author thinks, linking as it does theoretical moral considerations with constructive social didactic practice. Drawing attention to the recently observable efforts to determine moral obligations for various professional groups, the author discerns three controversial problems, namely, – the problem of the sense and nature of moral didactics, the essence of professional ethics, and, the utility of moral codes.
Błąd naturalistyczny
Authors: Jedynak Stanisław
Published: June 2020

The article presents Moore’s concept of the naturalistic fallacy, with particular reference to two interpretations of the term: According to the interpretation, the naturalistic fallacy consists in identifying the quality of „goodness” with any other qualities, while according to the second, naturalistic fallacy would consist in identifying „good” with the natural qualities. Further, distinction is made between the naturalistic fallacy and its consequences which are sometimes confused with the fallacy itself by some authors.
Prawo jako przedmiot oceny etycznej
Authors: Jankowski Henryk
Published: June 2020

The article brings a sketch of an attempt to reintegrate ethics with legal studies. The task was tackled by means of determining the following question: To what an extent may the law be regarded as subject to non-legal evaluations, to ethical ones in particular? Ethical evaluations are treated in a very comprehensive manner, including both ethical evaluations in the strict sense of the word, as well as felicitological and praxeological ones. In that broad interpretation an ethical evaluation has as its point of focus a particular ideal of good life, supposed to serve as the standard of reference in evaluating the law.
Z zagadnień etyki zawodu pracownika nauki
Authors: Jankowski Henryk
Published: June 2020

That there is an observable increase of public interest in problems of professional ethics as well as in the specific ethic of the profession of scientific worker, is an incontestable fact. There is a visible endeavour to create a set of principles defining the moral duties of the profession of scientific worker, different groups giving the problem their particular different treatments.
Zagadnienie wojny w etyce
Authors: Michalik Mieczysław
Published: June 2020

The article deals with the moral aspect of war. The writer points out the actual danger of total war and its consequences, as well as the reflection of this danger in social consciousness and in the development of the pacifistic movement. Further he emphasizes the importance of the ethical reflection relating to the phenomenon of war. This reflection has a long tradition and may be found both in philosophic and moral literature and in letters. Nowadays the social-political literature and the military one are especially rich in ethic opinions. This requires not only a further development of the mentioned reflection from definite positions, particularly from the Marxist ones, with regard to the scale and the strength of the socialist anti-war movement, but also analyses relating to the essential contents of the mentioned reflection in the course of history and in the present time.
Henryk Elzenberg jako teoretyk etyki
Authors: Czeżowski Tadeusz
Published: June 2020

The article exposes the main theses of the ethical theory of Henryk Elzenberg (1887-1966), an eminent Polish philosopher and ethicist. The author outlines Elzenberg’s conception of ethics, the two types of values he differentiated, namely the „perfective” and the utilitarian, and the two ethical systems, the perfectionistic and the hedonistic, which characterises these two values. Finally, the author discusses the differentiation between goodness and beauty as the two perfective values as proposed by Elzenberg.
Światopogląd i etyka
Authors: Soldenhoff Stanisław
Published: June 2020

The first part of the present article is an essay to describe various interpretations relating to the conception of Weltanschauung. The author distinguishes the interpretation of Weitanschauung as a special kind of description of assumptions and conclusions presented by certain systems and tendencies of philosophy. In this meaning the Weltamschauung is a complex of general propositions reflecting attitudes of par.ticular doctrines – above all of those philosophical doctrines which, in consideration of multiformity of their resaerches and decisions, deserve to be called universalistic conceptions (e. g. stoic and christian philosophy, phenomenology, marxism). Within limits of just such universalistic sys.tems and tendencies, as their components or branches, ·conceptions of normative ethics are formed. The historical examples of the normative ethics are formed. The historical examples of the normative ethics, involved in mare wide contexts of philosophy, entitle to set up a problem of mutual relations of philosophy (Weitanschauung) and ethics. The .author proposes a preliminary distinction of particular kinds of these relations. According to him conceptions and conclusions in ontology determine the range of ethical researches: materialism and idealism, as ontological attitudes, imply, e. g., distinict differences of ranges of normative ethics which arise in the sphere of these attitudes. In addition to the re1ation of such a general character, also other ones may be distinguished, e. g. influence of philosophical visions of the world upon the hierarchy of values and ethical norms (evident in stoic and christian doctrines), influence of philosophical solution of the problem of causality upon ethical decisions (maral responsability, patterns of attitude towards the world etc.). Gnoseological attitudes, e. g. rationalism, empirism, intuitionism, are sometimes transferred from philosophy to ethics that determines involving of normative ethics into mare general patterns of systems and tendencies which are nowadays called metaethics. However, gnoseological relations between philosophy (Weitanschauung) and ethics do not seem to have any palpable importance as a factor determining the ethical-normative researches. The relations between philosophy (Weltanschauung) and normative ethics are likely to arise also in a form of influence of ethical ideas upon the tendency of philosophical researches as well as upon their results. This possibility is suggested by examples of extremely moralistic conceptions in which the ethical ideas and criteria are to be considered as universalistic way of thinking.
W sprawie uniwersalnego charakteru moralności
Authors: Tobera Janina
Published: June 2020

For a long time the representatives of the social sciences had been passionately interested in whether certain identities in the moral aspect of different cultures, which are so numerous and different, can be found.
Natura a reguły postępowania
Authors: Wróblewski Jerzy
Published: June 2020

Conceptions deducing the rules of behaviour from nature (doctrines of nature) are analysed on the basis of a model involving three assumptions: the existence of nature, the deductibility of rules from nature, and natural rules as a criterion of valuation. Three basic constructions of nature are distinguished: „real nature” (nature in a descriptive naturalistic approach), two kinds of „ethical nature” (nature approached by description with a selection of characteristics based on ethical valuation, nature characterized in an ethical way), „logical nature” (natural characteristics as „significant” for a class of referents in a given language).
Analiza sposobu użycia wyrazów: etyka, moralność, obyczaj, zwyczaj w polskim języku potocznym
Authors: Kloska Gerhard
Published: June 2020

The article scrutinizes four groups of words based on common lexical morphemes. The material for the inquiry was gathered from large Polish dictionaries. Consequently, the construing procedure could evolve both synchronically and diachronically. The synchronic examination brought to light various emotional and semantic connections between the words in question, and indicated a field of the strongest links of synonymy. This field is constituted by the senses of the words: “etyka”, “moralnośc”, “obyczajność” and “obyczajowość”, which roughly correspond to the English “ethics”, “morals”, “decency” and “good manners”. Certain other semantic fields of looser integration have also been shown. The diachronic examination concerned language shifts. The words: “obyczaj” and “zwyczaj” (English counterparts: habit and custom) and all their derivatives had been in use before 16th century. The words “etyka” and “moralność” (English counterparts are obvious) came to use in the centuries 16th through 18th, and fully spread afterwards.
Usprawiedliwienie norm
Authors: Perelman Chaim
Published: June 2020

What we call justification of norms is really a justification of our decisions, choices, commitments and attitudes concerning norms. Thus, justification of norms is really justification of action.
Czy wybór systemu moralnego powinien być bezstronny?
Authors: Brandt Richard
Published: June 2020

The paper proposes as a to-be-recommended meaning for “A is wrong”: “A would be prohibited by any moral code or system which all rationa1 persons would prefer to any other moral system, or to none, for a society in which they believed they and/or their children would spend their lives”. The term “rational” is to mean “vividly aware, over a period of time, so as to influence desires”. It is not contended that this proposal expresses what people actually mean by their moral terms; it is suggested that people would respect moral claims if moral statements were so construed.
O zadaniach etyki naukowej
Authors: Twardowski Kazimierz
Published: June 2020

To be scientific, ethics must not include statements that are derived in any manner other than ethical reasoning from axioms or facts. But on this road it cannot arrive at norms, at rules of conduct. Contrary to the common view, no science at all can give rules. Science says merely what is, and how it is, but not what ought to be. Norms, i.e. rules of conduct, follow not from theoretical studies but from the practical applications of the theoretical results. Hygiene, for instance, indicates physical movement as an indispensable condition of maintaining health; but the norm “We ought to make physical exercises” originates from our concern with the important aim of maintaining our health.
W kwestii badań nad językiem moralności
Authors: Archangielski Leonid
Published: June 2020

In Soviet ethical literature, the study of the language of morals is denoted as “the study of ethical categories”. These categories include the concepts of good and evil, duty, conscience, dignity, happiness and meaning of life. The set of categories is open but these traditional categories will always constitute the core of the system of ethical concepts. Remarkable difficulties in interpreting the nature of ethical categories result from the fact that they develop on the borderland between two forms of social consciousness – morality and ethics conceived of as the science of morals. Thus, on the one hand, they are scientific notions, but, on the other, they retain the specific qualities of morality: prescriptivity, evaluativeness and evocativeness. While professing his allegiance to the programme of Marxist ethics as a science intended to develop a system of ethical categories the author points out the danger of overrating the role of the economic factor as this may lead to misapprehending the specific qualities of ethics.
Husserlowska krytyka psychologizmu w aksjologii
Authors: Buczyńska-Garewicz Hanna
Published: June 2020

Husserl’s contribution to the investigation of problems concerning the epistemological and ontological status of value resulted in the creation of a new well defined solution. The starting point of this conception was the refutation of sensualistic psychologism. By granting to emotional acts possession of content which points to intentional objects Husserl revealed their epistemological function and ability to objectivise. The new interpretation of emotions attributing existence not only to affective inner states of the self but also to conscious acts that transcend beyond the self introduced a conception of value conceived as an objective correlate of emotions. Values may consequently be said to have been the universe of the objects whose existence was not determined by individual psychological emotions. This meant that Husserl’s professed axiological objectivism. By assigning objective character to value Husserl outlined a new field of investigation that may be called ontology of value. It concerned both problems of existence and problems of qualitative and structural characteristics of value.
Problemy sprawiedliwego podziału w rehabilitacji
Authors: Hołówka Jacek
Published: June 2020

The article discusses principles of distributive justice with respect to population of the disabled and rehabilitated persons. The main problem is to find a rule which should be adhered to when a limited amount of goods, such as social benefits or prosthetic equipment, etc., has to be distributed among numerous people who may apply for them. Five different principles are in turn discussed:
Etyczno-deontologiczne zagadnienia w rehabilitacji osób poszkodowanych na zdrowiu fizycznym
Authors: Dega Wiktor
Published: June 2020

The Minister of Health and Social Welfare outlined in 1969 a program of medical rehabilitation development and recognized medical rehabilitation as an integral part of medical treatment. These decisions ended the voluntary approach of the National Health Service to problems of rehabilitation.
Pozytywiści polscy o przedmiocie etyki
Authors: Tyburski Włodzimierz
Published: June 2020

The article offers a reconstruction of the views of the Polish positivists on the scope of ethics and its subject-matter. In their view, supported by the empiricists’ distrust of the a priori knowledge, all forms of philosophical ethics known up to their times had been practically invalid. But they also believed that it was possible to devise a new model of ethics. In its new form ethics should have had a scientific character, and should have been based on empirical research and on analysis of the facts observed in the moral life of the society. This point of view naturally led to the question whether the scientific character of ethics had to purely consist in limiting its scope to descriptive issues, or whether ethics could be a discipline which was at the same time descriptive and normative and yet possessed a scientific character. This problem of the proper scope of the scientific ethics was one of the principal questions studied by the positivists interested in the theory of morals. Some solutions to this query were offered by the Polish representatives of positivism: Swiętochowski, Bogacki and Ochorowicz. Świętochowski outlined a model of theoretical ethics which was mainly preoccupied with analysis of moral facts. Ochorowicz was the author of a scientific ethics which consisted of ethology, a discipline describing facts and proposing norms, and ethoplastics – a technology of putting these norms into practice. A struggle for a non-religious character of ethics was one of the most prominent elements of the positivists’ views. Their attempts were directed at limitation of the influence of religion on ethics. The article discusses results of these efforts. The positivists endeavoured to create a new discipline governed by scientific principles and independent of theological influences. The main proponents of the so conceived independent ethics were: Swiętochowski, Kozłowski and Ochorowicz.
Relacje moralności i prawa w doktrynie Lona L. Fullera
Authors: Tokarczyk Roman
Published: June 2020

L. L. Fuller offers definitions of the essence of morals and the essence of law, taking them as the starting point for his theory which describes the relationships between these two normative spheres. Both law and morality are studied from the perspective of the natural law.
Etyka i przerywanie ciąży
Authors: Szawarski Zbigniew
Published: June 2020

One of the most commonly adduced arguments in the discussions on abortion says that a foetus is a human being. The article presents three classical types of criteria used to establish what is a human being: the genetic criterion, the criterion referring to development of the foetus, and the criterion of being born from human parents. The article takes up the problem of the perspectives for establishing a definition of man. The author believes that the concept of men is an open concept and that philosophical analysis of this concept cannot provide normative solutions to the moral problem of abortion. This is not to say that the moral problem of the right evaluation of abortion cannot be rationally solved. But if it can be, a no definition can be adopted as a starting point. The problem: what is a human being? which is a problem of appropriate definition should be substituted by a prescriptive problem: what may we do with a conceived being (organism) of which we do not know whether it is a human being or not? The rationally supported principle of behavior is in these circumstances the principle of potentiality. This principle disapproves of breaking the potentiality of a being conceived by human parents. Acceptance of this principle does not preclude implementation of a conscious and rational population policy. It is permissible to destroy potentiality of one human being for the sake of potentiality of other human being – not yet conceived, unborn or living. The acceptance of this principle implies approval of some controversial philosophical assumptions (does it make sense to talk about existence and desires of the conceived or the not yet conceived – potential human being?). But on this ground the foregoing arguments cannot be disposed of.
Wyzwanie etnometodologii i nauka o normach
Authors: Kurczewski Jacek
Published: June 2020

By levelling its criticism it traditional sociology ethnomethodology focuses directly or indirectly on the role of norms in description and explanation of human behaviour. Although sociologists respond to this criticism the way in which they accommodate it is rather superficial. That is why this article is written in the form of a dialogue. One protagonist quotes selected tenets of ethnomethodology, phrasing them as he would be apt to in the programmatic phase of the development of that discipline, while the other offers corrections and undertakes to analyse and evaluate the views that he hears. In the course of their discussion it becomes clear that, according to ethnomethodology, norms out of context have no bearing on behaviour which is always occasioned by particular circumstances hic et nunc. Yet, it would not be true to say that remembrance of norms never affects decisions responsible for individual behaviour, any more than it would be to say that ethnomethodology can dispense with objective language as allegedly incompatible with the very nature of social life. Additionally, the dichotomy ‘indexical versus objective language’ distorts the continuum of the contextuality of expressions beyond recognition.
Thus we are left with the old problem, familiar to both practitioners and theorists of normative disciplines, the problem of interpretation, its ramifications are neglected by ethnometodologists. Application of a concrete norm to a concrete situation presupposes an interpretation of the situation, and in this sense, it is true that knowledge of norms is not sufficient for a description of the behaviour by a man who follows them. But a norm can play a role in the interpretation of a situation too. Besides, in their attempt to get rid of surface norms, ethnomethodologists create latent or interpretative norms whose ontological status is rather doubtful. Though they are reconstructed they need not be Identified with deep-structure norms which in fact have influence on human behaviour. In case when the two might conflict the ethnometodologists would be hard put to know what to say. But without precluding any answer to this query, it must be stressed that the interpretative procedures, as they have been reconstructed from ethnomethodological analyses, are vague and underdeveloped which is probably due to this vagueness of criteria with which ethnomethodology defines the object of its interests.
Etyczne podstawy kontroli genetycznej
Authors: Przyłuska-Fiszer Alicja
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this paper is to examine some beliefs about the ethical justification of negative eugenics, i.e. a policy of limiting the frequency of childbearing by women prone to give birth to children with genetic defects. The main thrust of the paper is to define and defend of a particular duty v i s – á – v i s the future generations, viz. the duty to provide the future persons with healthy genetic endowment. In the first part of the paper the concept of the ‘obligation to future generation’ is considered. In the second part the putative right of children to acquire healthy genetic endowment is critically assessed from the moral point of view. The author focuses on important reservations concerning moral rights of not even potentially existing persona and the subsequent difficulty in establishing when such rights are infringed. The last part of the paper deals with the possibility of justifying our moral obligations to the future generations by consulting our direct moral duties, and bypassing the controversial issues of the rights of non-existent persons. The author concludes: one of the most credible methods of justifying the objectives of negative eugenics is the acceptance of the depersonalized version of the utilitarian principle (also called globally conceived principle of utility) which stipulates that the sum of pain in the world be minimized and the sum of happiness be maximized. In the same vein the traditional concept of the ‘sanctity’ of human life should be revised in the light of the principle that human life presupposes consciousness and dignity. When these two assumptions are made, it can be shown that due to the application of genetic control the future generations will live a happier life and suffer from fewer diseases than they would if we decided to ban genetic control.
Etyka w społeczeństwie skomputeryzowanym. Problem izolacji komunikacji współczesnej
Authors: Kemp Peter
Published: June 2020

This paper deals with an important aspect of ethics in computer society: isolation in communication systems. In the first part the author analyses the notion of self-help intimated by the computer’s many possibilities for “do-it-yourself” and working at home. Some experiments (from Denmark and Japan) concerning “the electronic cottage” prove that modern electronic communication entails the risk of being isolated and perverted by the narcissistic love of privacy. The second part focuses on some moral philosophers (especially Jean-Paul Sartre in his posthumous ethics) in order to define an ethics of help in interpersonal relations. This ethics is opposed to the ethics of self-help and may constitute a foundation for an ethical criticism of computer society. In the third part the limits of the personalist ethics of help are recognized: this ethics stresses face-to-face relations, but today it is necessary to take new considerations into account regarding responsibility at long distance in the space and time of electronic society.
Kłamstwo w nauce
Authors: Fudalej Małgorzata
Published: June 2020

The author concentrates on the problem of dishonest approach to the responsibilities of the scientist and the scholar. She focuses on unconscionable uses of language in scientific publications resulting in making lies. The term ‘lie’ is so used as to refer to any utterance which is put forward under a pretence of making a scholarly statement, if that statement contains false sentences which have been put in deliberately. Different techniques of lying are reviewed: (a) making blatantly untrue statements, (b) concealment of the truth, (c) linguistic manipulations in descriptions and explanations aimed at producing false impressions. The author asks the question, who lies more often, the people who belong to the elite or those who remain in the social peripheries? The answer is qualified by a further distinction which separates moral peripheries from institutional peripheries.
Wolność i odpowiedzialność w uprawianiu nauki
Authors: Goćkowski Janusz
Published: June 2020

The article begins from a consideration of the relationships between ethics and method, dignity and trustworthiness of the scholar in his normal activity. Then the views of Stanisław Ossowski are presented concerning the conditions of the permanence and development of the normal academic life, and his commandments for the academic professions are quoted safeguarding the normal academic life. A discussion of the question of freedom and responsibility in academic research is combined with Ossowski’s conception of philosophy of science. Ossowski had a conception of the historical mission and function of science. With it was connected a notion of indispensable freedom of the scientists which they must possess to be able to perform their professional tasks normally. Ossowski also had a conception of the duties and professional responsibility of the scientists. The article ends with a review of threats to the normal functioning of science and of the countermeasures that should be used, according to Ossowski, in order to ensure growth of science and unencumbered performance of scholarly tasks.
Etyczne aspekty obywatelskiego sprzeciwu
Authors: Lazari-Pawłowska Ija
Published: June 2020

The author draws a distinction between active and passive resistance. The latter is defined as a mental protest against some events in public life that is not followed by additional action. The former, or active resistance, is further divided by the author into resistance with the use of violence and resistance which renounced violence. She concentrates on the concept of violence and puts the question if, and in what circumstances, a recourse to violence is justified. She quotes various opinions on that matter. The problem of using violence is the problem of the admissibility of various modes of action, or means of action, she says. As every method of protest in every society can be adopted in defence of either good or bad ends, the author focuses on the question, what criteria of evaluation of the objectives defended by resistance can be relied upon. She ends her paper by pointing out that resistance is the most important form of non-violent resistance.
Czy się porozumiemy? Etyka w dobie różnorodności
Authors: Maciejewska Małgorzata
Published: June 2020

Tekst stawia pytania, czy i jak możliwe jest porozumienie między ludźmi wyznającymi odmienne wartości, oraz jaka powinna być etyka otwarta na takie porozumienie, a zarazem umożliwiająca walkę z dyskryminacją. Wychodząc od dyskusji R. Rorty’ego i C. Geertza, wykazuję, że powinniśmy odrzucić używane tam pojęcia etnocentryzmu i relatywizmu, gdyż są wieloznaczne, a istotny podział biegnie pomiędzy ich różnymi znaczeniami. Oparta na empatii i uznaniu etyka D. T. Meyers pozwala rozwiązać problemy wynikające z różnorodności, zarówno wewnątrz–, jak i zewnątrzkulturowej. Jej konsekwencją jest radykalna zmiana etycznego paradygmatu: zamiast ogólnych reguł, indywidualne podejście do konkretnej sytuacji. Aby jednak możliwe było jej zastosowanie, kultura Zachodu musi zrezygnować z roszczeń do uniwersalności.
Minimalizm etyczny Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego
Authors: Brożek Anna , Jadacki Jacek
Published: June 2020

Artykuł zawiera zarys rekonstrukcji poglądów etycznych Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego. Analiza pism etycznych Kotarbińskiego — niestety dalekich od ideału precyzji — pozwala sądzić, że na jego system etyczny składają się m.in. następujące tezy. Podstawową negatywną normą moralną jest norma „Nie powinieneś nikomu czynić zła ponad niezbędną potrzebę”, a podstawową pozytywną normą moralną jest norma „Powinieneś komuś czynić dobro”; stąd etykę Kotarbińskiego wolno nazwać „altruizmem lokalnym”. Za naczelną cnotę moralną uznaje Kotarbiński opiekuńczość (przeciwstawioną samolubności); stąd jego system etyczny nazywany bywa „etyką spolegliwego opiekuna”. Działanie opiekuna polegać powinno przede wszystkim na zapobieganiu i usuwaniu nieszczęścia; stąd system etyczny Kotarbińskiego wolno nazwać „minimalistycznym”. Normy etyczne uzasadniane są za pomocą procedury indukcyjnej wspartej intuicją etyczną. Najpierw intuicyjnie rozpoznajemy czyny ewidentnie dobre lub ewidentnie haniebne, a następnie wyabstrahowujemy z nich istotę czcigodności i haniebności. System etyczny Kotarbińskiego pretenduje do niezależności: względem poglądów filozoficznych i religijnych; pozostaje jednak «treściowo» bliski etyce ewangelicznej.
Kant, sądzenie i tradycja umowy społecznej
Authors: Klimczyk Joanna
Published: June 2020

Kantowska teoria polityczna bywa zaliczana w poczet tzw. tradycyjnych teorii umowy społecznej. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, że Kant jest kontraktualistą nietypowym, tj. umowa społeczna nie pełni w jego teorii funkcji uzasadniania porządku politycznego, lecz jest narzędziem sądzenia służącym do filozoficznej translacji warunków zawartych w abstrakcyjnym Imperatywie Kategorycznym na specyfikę sfery politycznej. Nietypowość kontraktualizmu Kanta polega na tym, że formułuje on warunki, pod jakimi myślenie w kategorii możliwej zgody staje się teoretycznie uzasadnione i zarazem filozoficznie doniosłe.
Tolerancja i nietolerancja: pojęcia i postulaty
Authors: Czyżewski Marek
Published: June 2020

Artykuł podejmuje polemikę z obiegowym rozumieniem tolerancji. Autor podkreśla znaczenie podziału na tolerancję jako postawę i na dyskursy o tolerancji. Następnie, w nawiązaniu i częściowo w dyskusji z koncepcją tolerancji zaproponowaną przez Iję Lazari Pawłowską, przedstawione jest rozróżnienie trzech odmian tolerancji (tolerancja negatywna, pozytywna oraz tolerancja jako akceptacja Innego), a także rozróżnienie odpowiednich trzech odmian nietolerancji. Rozważane są również niektóre paradoksy związane z tolerancją oraz ze zwalczaniem nietolerancji.
O rodzajach tolerancji w filozofii Profesor Iji Lazari‑Pawłowskiej
Authors: Wdowiak Patrycja
Published: June 2020

Autorka niniejszego artykułu prezentuje w nim zagadnienia związane z problemem tolerancji w ujęciu prof. Iji Lazari‑Pawłowskiej. Porusza między innymi kwestie dotyczące definicji oraz przedmiotu tolerancji, a także motywów tolerancyjnego postępowania. Autorka zwraca także uwagę na trzy podstawowe pojęcia tolerancji, które w jednym ze swoich artykułów wyróżniła prof. Lazari‑Pawłowska. Mowa tutaj o tolerancji negatywnej, pozytywnej oraz tolerancji rozumianej jako brak przymusu przy oddziaływaniu na partnerów interakcji. Ponadto prof. Lazari‑Pawłowska podejmuje również kwestię dotyczącą określania granic tolerancji zarówno w codziennym życiu, jak i w badaniach naukowych. Problem ten wydaje się szczególnie istotny, gdyż, jak zauważyła prof. Lazari‑Pawłowska, tolerancja nie jest wartością fundamentalną ani wartością samą w sobie.
W poszukiwaniu prababek – o pierwszych filozofkach z Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego (1897–1939)
Authors: Smywińska Anna
Published: June 2020

W niniejszym artykule krótko przedstawiam historię wejścia kobiet do świata akademickiego przez wstąpienie na Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kobiet, które zajmowały się filozofią ścisłą. Interesują mnie następujące problemy: czy i jak duży wpływ na przebieg ich karier naukowych miała płeć (m.in. możliwości edukacyjne, ocena prac) i w jaki sposób przekłada się ona na zachowanie ich dorobku naukowego. Chciałabym zaprezentować wybrane biografie naukowczyń tego okresu (1897–1939) i ich wkład w naukę i kulturę. Przedstawiam m.in. sylwetki Stefanii Tatarówny, Władysławy Tatarówny, Haliny Biegańskiej-Płodowskiej, Cecylii Bańkowskiej-Ostachiewicz-Trzcińskiej, Marii Wędrychowskiej-Cyrus-Sobolewskiej i Debory Vogel.
Feministyczne stawanie się dzieckiem – utopia czy przyszłość?
Authors: Rogowska-Stangret Monika
Published: June 2020

W artykule przyglądam się twierdzeniu, jakoby feminizm był tęsknotą za wczesnym dzieciństwem, które jawi się jako utracony raj, miejsce utopijnie wyjęte poza ramy relacji panujących w kulturze patriarchalnej i opresji z nimi związanych, a więc także przestrzeń bezpieczeństwa, swobody, radości, spontaniczności i wszechmocy. Przedstawiam dwie możliwości rozumienia powyższej tezy. Po pierwsze, nawiązując do tradycji psychoanalitycznej, S. de Beauvoir oraz S. Bordo, kreślę perspektywę utopijnej tęsknoty za własnym dzieciństwem i neutralnością podmiotu poza relacjami władzy, które owocują pozornym buntem. Po drugie, odwołując się do pojęcia „stawania się-dzieckiem”, zaczerpniętego z filozofii G. Deleuze’a i F. Guattariego, i patrząc nań z perspektywy feministycznej, pokazuję możliwość rozumienia figury dziecka jako enfant terrible feminizmu, cennego z punktu widzenia feminizmu przyszłości.
„Wolałbym nie istnieć, niż żyć w takim stanie”. O koncepcji krzywdy opartej na racjonalnej preferencji Joela Feinberga
Authors: Różyńska Joanna
Published: June 2020

Czy można skrzywdzić osobę powołując ją do istnienia we wrodzonej chorobie lub niepełnosprawności? To pytanie od lat jest przedmiotem sporów w literaturze etycznej i prawniczej. Standardowa koncepcja krzywdy kontrfaktycznej nie sprawdza się bowiem na gruncie wyborów prokreacyjnych, przede wszystkim ze względu na tzw. problem nie-istnienia oraz problem nie-tożsamości. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest krytyczne przeanalizowanie alternatywnej koncepcji krzywdy wypracowanej przez Joela Feinberga – krzywdy opartej na racjonalnej preferencji. Wykazane zostanie, że koncepcja ta jest oporna na problem nie-istnienia. Rodzi jednak wiele problemów interpretacyjnych i teoretycznych, w szczególności nie jest w stanie w sposób satysfakcjonujący rozwiązać problemu nie-tożsamości.
Czym jest przyjemność? – Czy definicja Henry’ego Sidgwicka jest wciąż aktualna?
Authors: Lazari-Radek Katarzyna
Published: June 2020

Utylitarysta hedonista twierdzi, że jego moralnym obowiązkiem jest bezstronne maksymalizowanie przyjemności dla możliwie jak największej liczby istot zdolnych do jej odczuwania. Czym jednak jest owa przyjemność? Henry Sidgwick, filozoficznie najbardziej skrupulatny z hedonistów, definiuje przyjemność jako „pożą dany stan świadomości”. W pierwszej częś ci artykułu przyjrzę się szczegółowo temu, co Sidgwick miał do powiedzenia w kwestii przyjemności.
W części drugiej przedstawię niektóre najnowsze wnioski badań empirycznych i zastanowię się, jaki wpływ mogą one mieć na definiowanie przyjemności przez Sidgwicka. Czy pragnienie zawsze towarzyszyć musi przyjemności? Czy świadomość jest koniecznym warunkiem do jej zaistnienia? Czy można porównywać ze sobą przyjemności i cierpienia? Wnioski skłonią mnie do postawienia pytania wyjściowego do kolejnych rozważań o możliwość użycia badań naukowych w dyskusjach filozoficznych.
Hacking ‘the Natural’: Seduction Skills, Self-Help, and the Ethics of Crafting Heterosexual Masculine Embodiment in ‘Seduction Communities’
Authors: Wallace Anders
Published: June 2020

Close relationships between men and women have been theorized from feminist, psychoanalytic, and political economic perspectives. In seduction communities, dating coaches and pickup artists act as expert mediums in scripting norms of heterosexual courtship between men and women. Based on an ethnographic analysis of intimate labor between coaches and male clients in seduction communities based in New York City, this article suggests three things. First, that apprenticing in techniques of heterosexual seduction is about masculine self-fashioning; second, that men experience culturally-based ambivalences around norms of self-help—including ideas of freedom, dependency, and addiction—in ways that fashion their bodies, speech acts, and identities as objects of desire for women; and third, that practices of seduction complicate heteronormative masculine identities by creating intimate spheres of dependency and self-disclosure among men. This article follows men’s trajectories of learning seduction skills, and finds that men rely on competing rhetorics of authentic expression and technical self-presentation that seek to manage (in ways that also reproduce) a range of social, economic, and gender-based inequalities.
Motivational Internalism and Normativity
Authors: Jasser Karolina
Published: June 2020

Motivational internalism is a view about the connection between motivation and moral judgment. The debate over internalism has long focused on establishing the nature of the connection between moral judgment and motivation. In this paper I argue that recent studies regarding personality disorders such as psychopathy and VM damage, which have been traditionally seen as providing a counter argument to internalism, indicate that motivational deficiencies in the moral sphere are linked to motivational deficiencies in other normative spheres such as prudence. This observation suggests that internalism focus of internalism should not be moral judgments simpliciter but rather the nature of the connection between motivation and the general normative sphere. If this is correct then psychopathy and VM damage should not be treated as disproving internalism, but rather as emphasizing a problem with the traditional ways it has been phrased.
Psychiatria oparta na wartościach – teoria czy praktyka?
Authors: Kapusta Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Celem artykułu jest omówienie koncepcji praktyki i psychiatrii opartej na wartościach (Values Based Practice – VBP) Billa Fulforda. Autor przedstawia założenia VBP w świetle koncepcji bioetycznych, kodeksów medycznych oraz medycyny opartej na dowodach (Evidence Based Medicine – EBM). Koncepcja VBP ukazana jest jako rodzaj praktyki mającej przyczynić się do poprawy decyzji terapeutycznych skoncentrowanych na osobie pacjenta. W tekście pojawiają się pytania o teoretyczne założenia VBP oraz jej rzeczywistą efektywność w podejmowaniu decyzji klinicznych. Autor wyjaśnia również dlaczego Fulford nie widzi w swojej koncepcji potrzeby budowania własnej teorii metafizycznej czy antropologicznej, lecz dostrzega konieczność wsłuchiwania się w złożoność i konfliktowość decyzji klinicznych oraz wartość namysłu nad doskonaleniem codziennej praktyki.
Kapitalizm kontra zdrowie. Ekonomiczno-społeczne warunki możliwości zdrowia publicznego
Authors: Zbrzezny Aleksander
Published: June 2020

The aim of this paper is to illustrate some difficulties connected with the global ethic. The author shows mutual relations between socio-economic domain and the public health. Beginning with Peter Singer’s argumentation, the author points that the inequality is the main factor hampering moral action. The inequality generated by contemporary capitalism has an immediate influence on the health of people. Individual charity is not sufficient to solve such problems like life expectancy, health care, starvation or global warming. According to the author, liberation of medical practices from the power of capital is a condition of the possibility of the public health.
Wzmacnianie ludzkiego ciała z wykorzystaniem operacji plastycznych – kontekst społeczno-etyczny.
Authors: Leźnicki Marcin , Lewandowska Aleksandra
Published: June 2020

Artykuł służy bliższej eksplikacji problemu wzmocnień przeprowadzanych na ludzkim ciele z użyciem operacji plastycznych, z uwzględnieniem kontekstu społecznego, kulturowego i etycznego. Oprócz racji przemawiających za wdrażaniem wspomnianych wzmocnień, w tekście omówione zostały kluczowe argumenty przywoływane przeciwko stosowaniu wzmocnień ludzkiego ciała, jak również badania mające na celu ukazanie jakiego typu zabiegi z zakresu body enhancement są aktualnie wdrażane, w jakim zakresie się je przeprowadza, czy wreszcie kto jest ich docelowym adresatem.
Racje wewnętrzne, powinności moralne i relatywizm: odpowiedź na polemikę
Authors: Żuradzki Tomasz
Published: June 2020

Tekst Naprawdę jaki jest Bernard Williams… utwierdza mnie w przekonaniu, że moje odczytanie tezy internalizmu jest właściwe. Autorka polemiki opiera swą interpretację Williamsa na jednym jego tekście, nie uwzględnia też dyskusji, która toczy się od lat 80. na temat internalizmu, a jej zarzuty dotyczące poprawności mojej argumentacji wynikają z nietrafnego odczytania tego, co napisałem. Podtrzymuję też tezę, wyrażoną wielokrotnie również przez Williamsa, że racje działania nie są zrelatywizowane względem wiedzy podmiotu. Zgadzam się natomiast z uwagą terminologiczną dotyczącą relatywizmu: wiele stanowisk, które obecnie określane są przez filozofów jako relatywizm, należałoby określać innymi nazwami.