bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal variables comparison between drop jump and horizontal drop jump in elite jumpers and sprinters
Authors: Montoro-Bombú Raynier , Miranda-Oliveira Paulo , Valamatos Maria João , João Filipa , Buurke Tom JW , Cupido Santos Amândio , Rama Luis
Published: February 2024

Background

General expectations speculated that there are differences between drop jump (DJ) and horizontal drop jump (HDJ) exercises. While these criteria may be valid, we have yet to find a report that explores these differences in competitive level athletes.

Objective

The study aimed to compare spatiotemporal variables in the drop jump (DJ) vs. the horizontal drop jump (HDJ) in elite jumpers and sprinters.

Methods

Sixteen international-level male athletes performed two DJ attempts at different fall heights 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 m (DJ30, DJ40, and DJ50), and after 2 h, they performed two HDJ attempts (HDJ30, HDJ40, HDJ50). All jumps were performed on a Kistler force plate. The variables analyzed were ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), eccentric phase time, concentric phase time, and time to peak concentric force.

Results

The GCT was found to be significantly shorter in DJ vs. HDJ (Z = 4.980; p = 0.0001; ES = 3.11). FT was significantly lower in DJ30 versus HDJ30 (Z = 4.845; p = 0.0001, d = 3.79), but significantly higher in DJ40 vs. HDJ40 (Z = 4.437; p ≤ 0.0001, d = 3.70) and in DJ50 vs. HDJ50 (Z = 4.549; p ≤ 0.0001, d = 4.72).

Conclusions

It is concluded that the HDJ requires more time for force production, that the eccentric component requires more time than the concentric and that it is not recommended to use the HDJ over the DJ for reactive purposes. This is the first study that comprehensively compare the differences between DJ and HDJ, which will assist coaches and researchers in the design of future training strategies.
Biodegradation of polyethylene in digestive gland homogenates of marine invertebrates
Authors: Istomina Aleksandra , Chelomin Victor , Mazur Andrey , Zhukovskaya Avianna , Karpenko Alexander , Mazur Marina
Published: February 2024

Вiotic factors may be the driving force of plastic fragmentation along with abiotic factors. Since understanding the processes of biodegradation and biological depolymerization of plastic is important, a new methodological approach was proposed in this study to investigate the role of marine invertebrate digestive enzymes in plastic biodegradation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of enzymatic biodegradation of polyethylene fragments in the digestive gland homogenate of marine invertebrates differing in their feeding type (Strongylocentrotus nudus, Patiria pectinifera, Mizuhopecten yessoensis). Significant changes are found in the functional groups of the polymer after 3 days of incubation in the digestive gland homogenates of the studied marine invertebrates. A significant increase in the calculated CI (carbonyl index) and COI (сarbon-oxygen index) indices compared to the control sample was observed. The results suggest that digestive enzymes of studied organisms may play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of plastic.
Análise das práticas de gestão da qualidade em uma empresa frigorífica de aves à luz do Total Quality Management
Authors: Tavares Beatriz Ramos , Pakes Paulo Renato , Pakes Pedro Augusto Oliveira , Botelho João Pedro Machado , Da Rocha Tiago Soares
Published: February 2024

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar o sistema de gestão da qualidade em uma empresa frigorífica de aves e a possível aplicação dos princípios do Total Quality Managament (TQM). Para tal, realizou-se um estudo de caso em uma empresa processadora de aves. Foram realizadas visitas técnicas à empresa, bem como uma entrevista com o engenheiro de produção responsável pela linha de produção e gestão da qualidade. Dentre os resultados, observou-se que a empresa possui sistema de gestão da qualidade, e realiza os sete princípios do TQM. Ressalta-se que o frigorífico utiliza o método 5S, bem como os programas de Food Defense e Food Fraud, com medidas específicas adotadas, com o intuito de proteger intencionalmente os alimentos contra contaminações maliciosas ou atos de sabotagem.
Проблемы лексикологии латинского языка
Authors: Казанский Николай Николаевич
Published: February 2024

В книге представлен обзор общих проблем лексикологии латинского языка, в частности рассматриваются многообразные связи слов в лексической системе с опорой на достижения сравнительно-исторического языкознания. Динамика системных изменений в языке прослеживается от праиндоевропейского периода к древнейшим латинским эпиграфическим памятникам (VII в. до н. э.), к литературным текстам архаического периода (Плавт, Теренций, Катон) и далее - к классическому периоду и к поздней латыни. В истории развития и пополнения лексического состава латинского языка с древнейшего периода до первых веков н. э. важную роль играли контакты с этрусским, греческим и кельтскими языками, внесшими значительный вклад в латинскую лексическую систему. Книга рассчитана на широкий круг читателей, просто интересующихся филологией и историей латинского языка или размышляющих над лингвистическими вопросами профессионально (учителя русского языка и др.).
Социогуманитарное развитие в геоториях ДФО России: вызовы и перспективы, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Соловьев Дмитрий Александрович , Бушуев Виталий Васильевич
Published: February 2024

Статья представляет исследование динамики социогуманитарного развития в геоториях Дальневосточного федерального округа России в течение периода с 2010 по 2030 г. В процессе анализа были рассмотрены данные, связанные с индексом ИСГРГР (Индекс социогуманитарного развития геоторий России), что позволило выявить разнообразную динамику в различных геоториях. Выявлены различия в динамике развития среди геоторий. Некоторые регионы, такие как Магаданская и Чукотская геотории, характеризуются нестабильными значениями, сопровождающимися существенными колебаниями. В то время как другие, например, Амурская и Байкальская геотории, демонстрируют более устойчивый рост или снижение. Замечено, что значения ИСГРГР для всех геоторий общей тенденцией показывают отрицательную динамику в рассматриваемом периоде. Это указывает на возможное постепенное ухудшение ситуации в сфере социогуманитарного развития. Статья также рассматривает различные факторы, оказывающие влияние на эти изменения, включая экономические, социальные, политические и климатические факторы. На основе проведенного анализа авторы приходят к выводу о необходимости обсуждения вызовов и перспектив развития социо-гуманитарной сферы в геоториях Дальневосточного федерального округа России, особенно в условиях геополитических рисков и последствий пандемии COVID-19.
Forecasting the Future: The Interplay of Artificial Intelligence, Innovation, and Competitiveness and its Effect on the Global Economy
Authors: Adigwe Chinasa Susan , Olaniyi Oluwaseun Oladeji , Olabanji Samuel Oladiipo , Okunleye Olalekan Jamiu , Mayeke Nanyeneke Ravana , Ajayi Samson Abidemi
Published: February 2024

The study investigates the profound impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on various facets of the global economic landscape. Against a backdrop of rapid technological advancements, the study draws on the context of the pivotal IMF report highlighting the transformative potential of AI. The report suggests that AI could modify, replace, or transform about 60% of jobs in advanced economies and a significant proportion in emerging and low-income countries, reflecting a global paradigm shift in employment and economic structures. The core objective of this study is to thoroughly examine the role of AI-driven innovation in organizational competitiveness, its impact on community development and socioeconomic dynamics, and its implications on national economic policies and global economic trends. A quantitative research methodology was employed, involving a structured survey targeting a diverse group of professionals in various industries. The survey was meticulously designed to capture insights into participants' experiences and perceptions regarding AI implementation and its impacts. A total of 642 valid responses from consultants, technology enthusiasts, industry experts, and policymakers provided a robust dataset for analyzing the study's four hypotheses. The research findings reveal that AI integration significantly bolsters organizational competitiveness, echoing the insights from contemporary literature. Higher levels of AI adoption in communities are linked to improved socioeconomic outcomes, albeit with the risk of intensifying existing inequalities. On a national scale, strategies focusing on AI and innovation correlate with enhanced global economic competitiveness. Furthermore, the integration of AI in business processes markedly influences workforce dynamics, necessitating shifts in skill requirements and job roles. In light of these findings, the paper recommends strategic AI integration within businesses, equitable policy frameworks for AI deployment, a focus on AI in national economic strategies, substantial investment in workforce training, and international collaboration in AI development and ethics are imperative for maximizingAI's benefits while mitigating potential risks.
A Gendered Perspective on Household Dietary Diversity Status in Mbinga District, Tanzania
Authors: Mbunda Kastory A. , Ndunguru Fredy E.
Published: February 2024

Introduction: This study examines household dietary diversity in Mbinga District, Tanzania, focusing on under-fives, examining sources of household food, gender relations, and differences in dietary scores among female-headed and male-headed households.

Methodology: The study adopted a cross sectional research design where by a total of 150 heads of households whose children aged 0 - 59 months were assessed. A structured questionnaire and interview checklist were administered to collect data from heads of the households and key informants respectively. Data were coded and analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme and STATA. An Independent two-sample t-test was used to differentiate the sources of household food and status of dietary diversity between the female-headed and male-headed households.

Results: Out of 150 households, 74% secure food from farm harvests, 26% rely on purchase, and starchy staple foods are the most consumed, while poultry, milk, dairy, and flesh foods are least consumed. Cereals, roots, and tubers were the most common staple foods in the studied community, and they had the highest score of 98.7%, whereas poultry products scored 3.3%. The independent sample t-test revealed that, there was a significant difference in the consumption score of flesh foods in male-headed households (M = 4.39, SD = 1.74), and female-headed households (M = 1.26, SD = 0.44); t = 5.28, p = 0.000. Similarly, there was a significant difference in the consumption score of poultry products in female-headed households (M = 2.65, SD = 0.44), and male-headed households (M = 5.26, SD = 1.71); t = 6.34, p = 0.000. Moreover, a significant difference in the consumption of milk and dairy products such as chicken and eggs was found in female-headed households (M = 1.54, SD = 0.30) and male-headed households (M = 4.54, SD = 1.80) (t = 2.014, p = 0.010).

Conclusion and Recommendations: The study comes to the conclusion that, in the Mbinga District, there are variations in the dietary diversity of households according to household headship. Female-headed households had low dietary diversity as compared to male-headed households. The primary food source for households was the harvest from farms, with male-headed households making up the majority of purchases due to their relative economic wellness compared to female-headed households. As a result, nutritional diversity in households varied according to family headship. The Tanzanian government should develop gender-responsive sensitization programs to ensure equal access to food, resources, education, and economic opportunities for both men and women. Addressing insufficient household dietary diversity requires collecting and integrating data on national food security and nutrition statistics, fostering collaboration, and empowering unprivileged women. Additionally, the Tanzania Social Action Fund should support female-headed households, particularly those with abandoned male heads.
Spatial Dynamics of Land Use Land Cover of Minna City and Environs, Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: Nwaerema, P.  , Jiya, S. N.  , Oye, I.  , Adama, C. K.  , Jibrin, A. M  , Muhammad, M. I
Published: February 2024

Aims: Spatial dynamics of land use land cover of Minna city and environs, Niger State, Nigeria.

Study Design: Survey and longitudinal research were carried out.

Place and Duration of Study: Minna town, Niger State, Nigeria between 1990 and 2022.

Methodology: This study investigated the dynamics of land use land cover of Minna city and environs, Niger State, Nigeria using satellite remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. 

Results: Findings of the study showed that in 1990, land use type was dominated by agricultural land (50%), followed by vegetation land (30%). However, built-up area was less than 10% indicating that urban heat stress was limited. It was observed that the built-up area concentrated on the center and north-western segments of the city. In 2010, bare ground dominated the land use type of Minna city and environs at the rate of 45%. This was followed by agricultural land at the rate of 35%. The built-up area occupied 15% of the entire land surface area of the city, indicating a tremendous rise from the previous decades. In 2022, the land use type showed a tremendous rise in agricultural land at the rate of 37%. This was followed by bare ground at an alarming increase of 36%. The built-up area ranked third at the rate of 20%, showing that the city had a severe urban heat effect due to heat generated by urban pavement materials.

Conclusion: Thus, the practice of sustainable land use, good implementation of forest practice, appropriate water resources conservation and the promotion of alternative livelihood to agriculture should be implemented for the Minna inhabitants to reverse the situation of LULC changes without further delay.
Evaluation of Farmers Knowledge, Vulnerability and Adapting Capacity to Climate Change: A Scenario in Bundelkhand Region
Authors: Meena M. K.
Published: February 2024

Agriculture production in the Bundelkhand region is highly vulnerable to the climate change. To examine the perception, awareness, extent of knowledge on climate change and its impact on agriculture production with coping strategies, a research study was conducted with randomly selected, 70 sample farmers household from two villages of Datia district.  More than 80 per cent farmer feels that climate change is serious issue, and it affects water availability and crop production. 77 percent respondents from watershed area expressed their view, that climate change reduced crop yield followed by the reduction in milk yield, disease and pest incidence, rainfall reduction and environment effect.  Results shows that respondents of Jigna village (under watershed area) are reported to be more aware about impact of climate change (temp., rainfall, wind velocity) as compared to Dalipura village.  Farmers from both villages were reported deforestation, intensified industrialize and air pollution as reason for consequence of climate change. Intensify research efforts and Enlightenment campaign as efforts to overcome climate change are reported by majority of respondents. Changes in existing cropping pattern and soil-water conservation measures suggested as coping-strategies for climate change.
Assessment of Groundwater Availability for Rice Farming in Tuban Regency, East Java in 2018-2022
Authors: Putra Ketut , Baskoro Winardi , Ratini Nyoman , Wendri Nyoman , Widagda Agung
Published: February 2024

A study has been carried out on deficit, surplus, percentage of groundwater availability and Oldeman climate type classification in Tuban Regency, East Java in 2018-2022 with the aim of increasing the productivity of rice plants in the area. This process begins with data collection, including rainfall, air temperature, coordinates and height of rain posts, as well as physical soil data which is used to calculate rice ETC (Evapotranspirasi Tanaman/Plant Evapotranspiration), deficit, surplus and ATS (Air Tanah Tersedia/Groundwater Available). The method used in this calculation is the Thornthwaite and Mather method. From data analysis, it was found that the smallest deficit of 0.1 mm occurred in Medalem in June, while the largest deficit occurred in Ngimbang in November amounting to 279.6 mm. The smallest surplus of 0.9 mm was recorded in Sumurgung in April, while the largest surplus of 313 mm occurred in Jenu in January. Groundwater availability reaching 100% generally occurs in November-April, while 0% ATS occurs in June-September. and the Oldeman climate patterns in Tuban Regency are C3, D3, D4, and E3 respectively.
Influence of High Temperature Stress on Morpho-physiological and Yield Traits of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) Genotypes
Authors: Pavithra N. , Jayalalitha K. , Sujatha T. , Harisatyanarayana N. , Lakshmi N. Jyothi , Roja V.
Published: February 2024

A field experiment was conducted at College farm, Agricultural College, Bapatla, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during summer, 2022 and 2023 to study the influence of high temperature stress on morpho-physiological and yield traits of blackgram genotypes. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design with 30 treatments and 2 replications. The study revealed that among the thirty blackgram genotypes screened for their tolerance to high temperature stress at flowering stage, the genotype, TBG-129, LBG-1015 and PU-1804 were found to withstand high temperature stress and maintain higher SPAD chlorophyll content, and higher seed yield per plant indicating tolerance to high temperature stress during both the years. These blackgram genotypes can be further used as donors in the pulse breeding program for development of heat resilient varieties.
Analysis of Heat and Associated Health Risks in Delhi, India
Authors: Tiwari Pallavi , Mathur Mayank
Published: February 2024

Climate change has added significant challenges to nation’s worldwide, particularly in Asian countries due to their heavy reliance on climate-sensitive industries like forestry, fisheries, and tourism, Asian countries struggle economically and are slow to seize development opportunities. It has a significant impact on human health, with extreme heat and air pollution leading to thermal discomfort and health problems for city dwellers. Amplified heat waves, elevated levels of air pollution, and extreme weather occurrences are some of the issues faced by city dwellers. Climate change has aggravated health issues in Delhi, India, that includes respiratory and heat-related illness. The present study explores a link between temperature variations, land surface temperatures, and health outcomes to assess climate change risks with heat as the prime focus area in Delhi. It investigates the relationship between average maximum temperature and mortality and find strong positive correlations. It explores yearly land surface temperature variations and the hospital visits and strong correlation exists with temperature for health outcomes like stroke and diabetes. This study analyzes the impact of temperature variations on specific health conditions. Accordingly, the proposals could be framed through understanding of the relationship between heat and health on vulnerable population.
Effect of Weather Parameters on Development of Powdery Mildew of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) Caused by Oidium erysiphoides
Authors: Mohan Lalit , Godara Mohit , Duhan Ritik , Ankit  , Nalia Mayank , Beniwal Gourav
Published: February 2024

India’s one of the most popular fruits is the ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.). Ziziphus mauritiana is sometimes referred to as Indian plum or desert apple. Oidium erysiphoides f. sp. Ziziphi, which causes powdery mildew of ber, is more common and a threat in northern states. The white powdery coating on leaves and fruits affects the photosynthesis and growth & development, respectively. This disease results in 50-60% loss in fruit yield and reduces market value of the produce. In the present study, the effect of abiotic environmental elements such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and others were observed and they had a significant impact on the progression of powdery mildew disease. In the study, which was carried out on two ber cultivars viz., Gola and Kaithali, the disease progression on both cultivars showed a significantly negative correlation with maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) and a significantly positive correlation with morning (RHm) and evening relative humidity (RHe). The favourable weather variables were observed viz., Tmax above 20.3 °C, Tmin around 9.9 °C and RHm was more than 80%. The ber cultivar Gola was more susceptible to disease development than Kaithali, with Gola having the highest disease intensity.
Transcutaneous Nylon Suture Versus Transcutaneous Skin Stapling for Closure of Midline Incision in Elective Abdominal Surgery: Assessment of Surgical Site Infections and Cosmesis in a Nigerian Tertiary Health Facility
Authors: Owolabi Omolaiye A. , Dongo Andrew , Alatise Olusegun , Ogbetere Friday Emeakpor
Published: February 2024

Background: Wound closure is as important as any other procedure done by the surgeon. Skin staples are an alternate method to regular sutures in offering an aesthetically acceptable scar in abdominal surgeries.

Objectives: To compare the clinical outcome of staples versus nylon in skin closure of elective midline incision in laparotomy patients in terms of superficial surgical site infection and scar cosmesis.

Materials and methods: This was a prospective comparative hospital-based study. Sixty -six patients who met the criteria were randomized into two equal groups. Group A had their incision closed with skin staples while Group B had their incision closed with nylon suture. The post operative outcomes of the wounds were documented.

Data collection and analysis: A proforma prepared for the purpose of this study was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using the SPSS 22 for windows SPSS Inc. Chicago Illinois. Calculations of mean and standard deviation were done. Associations between variables were tested for statistical significance. For all statistical test p<0.05 was significant. Results were displayed using tables.

Results: There was no superficial surgical site infection in both groups, however scar cosmesis was better in the group A with low mean POSAS total score than group B.

Conclusion: Scar cosmesis was close to normal in group A, with no superficial surgical site infection in elective midline laparotomy incision closure in both groups.
Effect of Moisture Content on Combine Harvested Seed Crop and its Quality
Authors: Chandra R. Jeya , Masilamani P. , Suthakar B. , Rajkumar P. , Sivakumar S. D. , Manonmani V.
Published: February 2024

The moisture content during harvesting significantly influences post-harvest losses, encompassing factors that collectively diminish both the quantity and quality of agricultural produce. These factors involve pre-harvest sprouting, mechanical damages and susceptibility to diseases at post-harvest. To mitigate the risks associated with excessive moisture, farmers have to employ proper harvesting techniques such as using a combine harvester. The combine harvester proves invaluable by efficient harvesting, threshing and winnowing various crops like rice, corn, wheat, sunflower and pulses directly in the field. This streamlined process not only saves time and reduces the need for human labour but also lowers overall work costs for farmers. Additionally, the utilization of these machines enhances agricultural productivity, ensuring a more efficient harvesting process and contributing to greater profitability in farming practices. Consequently, effective moisture content management becomes essential for minimizing losses and preserving seed quality. A multipurpose nature of a combine harvester minimizes the need for manual labour in harvesting, leading to a reduction in workforce requirements, time expenditure and effort. Consequently, this enhances overall productivity. The objective of the present review is to describe the effect of moisture content on crop, machine and operational parameters on seed quality of combine harvested crops and discussed the effect of moisture content on mechanical damage of combine harvested seed crop and its germination potential and seedling vigour.
Antifungal Activity of Various Plant Extracts against Aspergillus and Penicillium Species Isolated from Leather-Borne Fungus
Authors: Zenat Mst. Elina Akther , Haque Natasha Nafisa , Hasan Md. Razibul , Begum Mst. Nadira , Munshi John Liton , Rahman Md. Zamilur , Alam Md. Ashraful
Published: February 2024

This investigation aims to examine the antimicrobial properties of a few types of medicinal plants on fungi transmitted by leather. In the soxhlet method, the antifungal agents were successfully extracted from the leaves of Azadirachta indica, Lantana camara, Wedelia chinensis, Moringa oleifera and Coccinia grandis using methanolic solvent. The fungus isolates from leather bags, shoes and wallets were cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates. The two leather-borne fungi Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. were the targets of the antifungal assay. Here plant extracts were applied in concentrations of 5.0%, 10.0% and 15.0%. Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Lantana camara extract were the most successful treatments for inhibiting the controlled growth of the fungi under this investigation. Furthermore, it is stated that the pathogenic fungi's capacity to proliferate increases with the concentration of plant extracts in the culture. This two-plant showed promising results in treating two cases of fungus, suggesting that it may be used to treat fungi carried by leather.
Study on Forest Fire Risk Analysis Based on Drought Scenarios
Authors: Kim Kyunghun , Ahn Hyoenbin , Kim Ju-hwan , Lee Taewoo , Kim Hung Soo
Published: February 2024

The number of forest fires is increasing worldwide owing to climate change. Forest fires linked to drought are becoming more frequent and severe than ever before. This causes massive damage. However, instead of quantification, studies have been conducted on the relationship between drought and forest fires. Therefore, this study quantitatively analyzed the increase in forest fire risk based on a drought scenario. We defined a 30-year frequency drought scenario for the Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, where the most forest fire damage occurred in 2022, and analyzed the risk of forest fires by calculating the Fire Weather Index (FWI) used in the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS). The precipitation in the drought scenario was 581 mm/year that was equivalent to 52% of the average annual precipitation. We noted that the drought Fire Weather Index (DFWI) was approximately 1.6 times greater than the average Fire Weather Index (AFWI). We quantitatively confirmed the extent to which the risk of forest fire increased under the influence of drought. Therefore, measures should be established not only for drought but also for forest fires when a drought occurs.
Predicting Damage Characteristics of Heavy Rain Disasters Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Song Youngseok , Lee Hyeong Jun , Joo Jinjul , Park Moojong
Published: February 2024

Heavy rain disaster is a representative natural disaster in Korea, and causes considerable damage every year as a result of typhoons and heavy rain. Various preventive measures and reduction facilities have been introduced to reduce heavy rain damage, but damage continues to occur. Accurate damage prediction is necessary for preemptive response to heavy rain disasters. A prediction study of the damage characteristics of such disasters using machine learning was conducted. Artificial neural network (ANN) was applied as a machine learning technique, and damage data of the aforementioned disasters from 1999 to 2019 were used. Damage prediction using an ANN was analyzed in terms of total rainfall, maximum daily rainfall, and total damage amount. The prediction of the damage characteristics was most accurate for the total damage amount. Total and daily maximum rainfall are less correlated with the characteristics of various damage amounts, which may explain the low accuracy of the analysis.
Droplets population balance in a rotating disc contactor: An inverse problem approach
Authors: Vikhansky A. , Kraft M. , Simon M. , Schmidt S. , Bart H.‐J.
Published: December 2005

An inverse problems method is applied to a two‐phase liquid–liquid system in a rotating disc contactor (RDC). The dispersed phase is modeled by population balance equations, which are solved by a Monte Carlo method, together with the equations for the parametric derivatives of the solution with respect to the parameters of the model. The best‐fitting problem is solved by a gradient search method. Because the inverse problem is ill‐posed, the iteration procedure is augmented by an appropriate termination criterion to stabilize the calculations. The parametric derivatives of the solution can be used to quantify the relative importance of different parameters of the model. It is shown that the model's parameters, which are identified on one set of the experimental data, adequately describe the behavior of the system under another unfitted operation condition, that is, the proposed method can be applied to scale‐up problems. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Assessment of occupational eye injury risk and severity: An analysis of Rhode Island workers' compensation data 1998–2002
Authors: McCall Brian P. , Horwitz Irwin B.
Published: December 2005

Background

Occupational eye injuries have been recognized as a serious health risk to workers and are in need of further investigation to develop effective interventions.

Methods

Rhode Island workers' compensation claims of ocular injury between 1998 through 2002 (n = 8,877) were examined. The Current Population Survey was used to estimate occupational employment levels as a baseline for rate calculations.

Results

The estimated ocular injury claim rate was 32.9 per 10,000 workers (95% CI = 32.3–33.6), with the cost of claims totaling $1,514,666 and averaging $171 per claim. The highest estimated claim rate of all occupations was found for construction laborers of 373.7 per 10,000 workers (95% CI = 267.1–480.3). Relative to the durable manufacturing industry, the highest risk of injury resulting in disability indemnification was the wholesale trade industry (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.19–4.01,P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Many of the eye injuries reported were likely preventable. Greater diligence, training, and safety precautions are needed to reduce the risk of eye injury to employees. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:45–53, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developing search strategies in Medline on the occupational origin of diseases
Authors: Schaafsma Frederieke , Hulshof Carel , Verbeek Jos , Bos Jurriaan , Dyserinck Heleen , van Dijk Frank
Published: December 2005

Background

In order to support occupational health practitioners, researchers, and experts (clinical librarians, guideline developers) who search the scientific literature in PubMed (Medline), we developed and evaluated an easy‐to‐use and effective search strategy.

Methods

We tested different combinations of search terms, in answering four case vignettes calculating sensitivity and precision in retrieving literature from a gold standard. The use of the Clinical Queries filter from PubMed was evaluated. Based on the outcomes, we developed guidelines for a professional search strategy, using a flow chart.

Results

For the occupational health practitioner, we found a sensitivity of at least 65% with a precision of 20%, when terms for occupation and type of industry were combined with terms for disease. For the occupational health expert, a high sensitivity of more than 90% was found adding terms for risk factors to the strategy. Combining the search terms with the sensitive Clinical Queries etiology filter in PubMed, enhanced the precision. Using the specific Clinical Queries etiology filter in PubMed results in a substantial loss of relevant articles.

Conclusions

To search for studies on the occupational origin of diseases in Medline, we propose to start with the proper name for the occupational disease. If this does not exist, use a specific term for the occupation and type of industry in combination with terms for disease. To improve the sensitivity of the search, a search term for the specific risk factor should be added. If there is no relevant occupational title available, it is worth trying the general search terms occupational diseases or occupational risk. Am. J. Ind. Med., 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Re: Evaluation of the size and type of free particulates collected from unused asbestos‐containing brake components as related to potential for respirability
Authors: Paustenbach Dennis J. , Finley Brent L. , Sheehan Patrick J. , Brorby Gregory P.
Published: December 2005

Background

In Atkinson et al. 2004 rinsates of unused brake components were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the presence of asbestos fibers.

Results

We do not believe that the findings of Atkinson et al. are informative and could have been predicted based on the study design and the fact that one would expect to find measurable TEM asbestos fibers on an unused brake component. We also find that the paper did not provide a full or even partial discussion of the published literature with respect to industrial hygiene or epidemiology data.

Conclusion

The findings of Atkinson et al. do not, in our view, “further raise concerns” about historical asbestos exposures experienced by automotive mechanics because of the vast amount of published literature to the contrary. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:60–61, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Policemen and firefighters have increased risk for type‐2 diabetes mellitus probably due to their large body mass index: A follow‐up study in Japanese men
Authors: Nagaya Teruo , Yoshida Hideyo , Takahashi Hidekatsu , Kawai Makoto
Published: December 2005

Background

Policemen/firefighters may have increased risk for mortality from ischemic heart disease and from all causes. We compare incidence of type‐2 diabetes mellitus (DM), a well‐known predictor for mortality, in policemen/firefighters with that in two other worker‐groups.

Methods

A follow‐up study of 5,130 healthy Japanese men aged 30–49 years at baseline consisted of three worker‐groups; 3,111 clerical workers, 1,122 manual/production and transport/communication workers, and 897 policemen/firefighters. Incident DM was identified by “fasting serum glucose ≥7.00 mmol/L” or/and “under medical treatment for DM.” Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for incident DM was estimated by Cox's proportional hazard models using clerical workers as a reference group (HR = 1.00). Baseline age, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), drinking, smoking, exercise, and education were computed as confounders.

Results

During mean follow‐up periods of 8.4 years, 155 clerical workers, 51 manual/production and transport/communication workers, and 74 policemen/firefighters had incident DM (5.9, 5.7, and 9.6 per 1,000 person‐years, respectively; P = 0.001 by χ2‐test). Policemen/firefighters had significantly increased risk for incident DM against clerical workers (age‐adjusted HR (95% CI): 1.65 (1.25, 2.18)), but the significance disappeared after adjustments for BMI (age‐ and BMI‐adjusted HR (95% CI): 1.16 (0.87, 1.54)). Manual/production and transport/communication workers had no increased risk.

Conclusions

Policemen/firefighters have increased risk for DM probably due to their large BMI. Body weight control may be more efficient for prevention of DM and DM‐related health problems in policemen/firefighters than in other workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:30–35, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prevalence of and risk factors for back pain among home care nursing personnel in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Kin , Gillen Marion , Faucett Julia , Krause Niklas
Published: December 2005

Background

There is a large gap in research with regard to back pain (BP) among home care nursing personnel (HCNP); only seven studies have been conducted worldwide. There is a need to identify the magnitude of and risk factors for BP that are unique to Hong Kong (HK) HCNP.

Methods

A total population sampling technique was employed in this cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based study. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression analyses were used to control for potentially confounding variables.

Results

The 12‐month prevalence of upper and lower BP was 71.2% (n = 265). Three predictors were identified: physical risk factors in the office (OR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.55–8.24), static postures (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.04–1.90), and psychological job demands (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.01–1.22).

Conclusion

HCNP in HK have a high prevalence of BP. BP in HK HCNP is independently attributable to physical work factors in the office, static postures, and psychological job demands, and is not primarily associated with patient lifting and transferring which are traditionally identified as risk factors for BP in hospital nursing personnel. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:14–22, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of future mortality from pleural malignant mesothelioma in Japan based on an age‐cohort model
Authors: Murayama Takehiko , Takahashi Ken , Natori Yuji , Kurumatani Norio
Published: December 2005

Background

Japanese consumption of asbestos increased rapidly after the 1950s and lingered at a high level while the world's consumption decreased substantially after the 1980s. Mesothelioma is due primarily to asbestos, and the number of deaths in Japan is expected to increase in the future.

Method

We estimated the future number of pleural mesothelioma deaths among males in Japan using an age‐cohort model.

Results

Analyses showed that there would be about 100,000 deaths in Japan due to pleural mesothelioma in the next 40 years. Compared with the statistics in European countries, the ratio of expected death numbers to the population size is remarkably close to linear. The data‐point for Japan was slightly lower than that which could be expected from the linear relationship.

Conclusions

The limited availability of data may result in underestimation. Taking into consideration the consumption pattern of asbestos in recent decades, the incorporation of later cohorts will improve the estimation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:1–7, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skin symptoms and work‐related skin symptoms among grape farmers in Crete, Greece
Authors: Chatzi Leda , Alegakis Athanasios , Krüger‐Krasagakis Sabine , Lionis Christos
Published: December 2005

Background

Grape farmers are exposed to a variety of agents capable of inducing occupational skin disease. We conducted a study to measure the prevalence of skin symptoms and work‐related skin symptoms among grape farmers in the Malevisi region of Crete and to provide data on associated risk factors.

Methods

One hundred twenty grape farmers and 100 controls participated in the study. The protocol consisted of a questionnaire, skin prick tests for 16 common allergens, and measurement of specific IgE antibodies against 8 allergens.

Results

Self‐reported itchy rash (OR, 2.31; 95%CI, 1.10–4.84, P < 0.05) within the last 12 months, and work‐related itchy rash (OR, 4.08; 95%CI, 1.01–20.33, P < 0.05) were significantly higher in grape farmers than in controls, after adjusting for age and sex. Sensitization to pollens (OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 1.41–12.82, P < 0.01) and allergic rhinitis (OR, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.21–8.28, P < 0.05) were found to be significantly associated with self‐reported itchy rash in the grape farmers group.

Conclusions

Grape farmers reported skin symptoms more frequently than non‐exposed controls, and IgE‐mediated sensitization to pollens was found to be significantly associated with the reported symptoms. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of specific occupational agents on skin diseases among grape farmers. Am. J. Ind. Med., 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adaptations to humeral torsion in medieval Britain
Authors: Rhodes Jill A.
Published: December 2005

Adaptations to the humeral torsion angle have been identified in the professional throwing athlete. This movement pattern increases the humeral torsion angle, and also increases the extent of external rotation movements in the dominant, throwing limb when compared with the nondominant limb. The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that the humeral torsion angle is an adaptation to upper limb use. This project examines the humeral torsion angle in a number of medieval British populations, as well as a modern cadaver‐based sample. The results identify significant differences in the humeral torsion angle both between and within male (P < 0.001, ANOVA) and female (P < 0.014, ANOVA) populations, although the results are not consistent with expected behavior patterns. Statistically significant differences between males and females within the same site were identified in 2 of the 5 samples examined. The mean level of bilateral asymmetry does not approach that reported for the professional throwing athlete. However, a number of individuals have high levels of asymmetry in excess of that identified in the professional throwing athlete. This analysis demonstrates the need for individual rather than population‐based analyses, as the heterogeneity within population samples obscures individual variation in activity patterns. The diversity within British medieval society and a lack of specific known behaviors prevent further identification of the functional significance of the humeral torsion angle within the archaeological record examined here. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutant androgen receptor accumulation in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy scrotal skin: A pathogenic marker
Authors: Banno Haruhiko , Adachi Hiroaki , Katsuno Masahisa , Suzuki Keisuke , Atsuta Naoki , Watanabe Hirohisa , Tanaka Fumiaki , Doyu Manabu , Sobue Gen
Published: December 2005

Objective

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a hereditary motor neuron disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor (AR). The nuclear accumulation of mutant AR is central to the pathogenesis of SBMA. Androgen deprivation with leuprorelin inhibits mutant AR accumulation, resulting in rescue of neuronal dysfunction in a mouse model of SBMA. This study aimed to investigate whether mutant AR accumulation in the scrotal skin is an appropriate biomarker of SBMA.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry of both scrotal skin and the spinal cord was performed on five autopsied SBMA cases. Neurological severity and scrotal skin findings were studied in another 13 patients. Five other patients received subcutaneous injections of leuprorelin and underwent scrotal skin biopsy.

Results

The degree of mutant AR accumulation in scrotal skin epithelial cells tended to be correlated with that in the spinal motor neurons in autopsy specimens, and it was well correlated with CAG repeat length and inversely correlated with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional scale. Leuprorelin treatment inhibited mutant AR protein accumulation in the scrotal skin of SBMA patients.

Interpretation

These observations suggest that scrotal skin biopsy findings are a potent pathogenic marker of SBMA and can be a surrogate end point in therapeutic trials. Ann Neurol 2006
Lamellar morphology of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/poly(ether imide) blends studied via small‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Chiu Hsiu‐Jung , Huang Jieh‐Ming
Published: December 2005

The lamellar morphology of a melt‐miscible blend consisting of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and poly(ether imide) (PEI) prepared by solution precipitation has been investigated by means of optical polarized microscopy (POM) and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). From the observation under POM, it was suggested that PEI was predominantly segregated into the interlamellar and/or interfibrillar regions upon PTT crystallization since the PTT spherulitic morphologies of blends were volume‐filling. From results of SAXS data analysis, a larger amorphous layer thickness was identified in the blends, showing that some PEI was incorporated inside the interlamellar regions after crystallization. Despite the swelling of the amorphous layer, the amorphous layer thickness was relatively independent of the blend composition. It was concluded that amorphous PEI was located in the interlamellar regions of PTT as the weight fraction of PEI (wPEI) [≤] 0.1, while amorphous PEI was predominantly segregated into the interfibrillar regions of PTT as wPEI > 0.1, and the extent of interfibrillar segregation increased with increasing wPEI. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis and physical properties of liquid‐crystalline copolymers with azobenzene segments
Authors: Liu Jui‐Hsiang , Hsieh Ching‐Dong
Published: December 2005

To investigate the effects of photoisomerizable azobenzene segments on the liquid‐crystalline characteristics and thermal properties of polymers, a series of liquid‐crystalline homopolymers and copolymers with azobenzene segments was synthesized. The azobenzene contents of the copolymers were estimated with elemental analysis. The photoisomerization of the azobenzene derivatives was studied with ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. The UV–vis absorption of the copolymers was found to be parallel with the content of the azobenzene segments. UV irradiation was found to cause a decrease in the copolymer transmittance around 355 nm due to the photoinduced isomerization from entgegen (E) to zusammen (Z). The phase‐transition temperatures and molecular weights of the polymers were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. The variation in the phase‐transition temperature of the homopolymers before and after UV (365 nm) irradiation was investigated. The bended Z structure was found to disturb the order of the orientation of liquid crystals and to lower the phase‐transition temperature. The appearance of the polymer film was changed from opaque to clear after sufficient UV irradiation. The image recording of the polymer films was achieved after UV irradiation through a mask with pictures. The stability and reliability of the Nematic‐Isotropic phase transition of the homopolymers was evaluated with repeated cycles of 365‐nm UV irradiation and heating at 130°C. After the recycle phase transition was repeated nine times, no significant decay in the response and transmittance could be found. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2006