bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HOLDING THE LINE: THE RURAL ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT IN THE CAPE COLONY, c. 1865–1910
Authors: VAN SITTERT LANCE
Published: October 2002

The paper outlines the impetus to, trajectory and impact of enclosure in the Cape Colony between the passing of the Fencing Act in 1883 and 1910. By increasing landowners' control over their environment, fencing enabled a suite of remedial measures that raised the productivity of the commercial small-stock sector. Fences also came to stand in the stead of the landowner in defending farms against human or animal trespass. The compartmentalization of the countryside into enclosures facilitated a more general re-ordering and re-assigning of humans and animals within it, resulting in a depersonalization of rural social relations. In all these ways the enclosure movement laid the ideological foundations for the hegemony of private property and the market economy in the countryside.
CHRISTIANS AMONG MUSLIMS: THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY IN THE NORTHERN SUDAN
Authors: SHARKEY HEATHER J.
Published: October 2002

Church Missionary Society missionaries arrived in the northern Sudan in 1899 with the goal of converting Muslims. Restricted by the Anglo-Egyptian government and by local opposition to their evangelism, they gained only one Muslim convert during sixty years of work. The missionaries nevertheless provided medical and education services in urban centers and in the Nuba Mountains, and pioneered girls' schools. Yet few of their Sudanese graduates achieved functional Arabic literacy, since missionaries taught ‘romanized Arabic', a form of written colloquial Arabic, in Latin print, that lacked practical applications. Thus the history of the CMS in the northern Sudan yields insights into issues of education, power and religious identity within a colonial context.
Bearing Witness to Blackball: Buck O’Neil, the Negro Leagues, and the Politics of the Past
Authors: NATHAN DANIEL A.
Published: October 2002

In 1970, Robert W. Peterson, the author of Only the Ball Was White, one
of the first and most influential books on the Negro leagues, wrote:
‘‘Negro baseball was at once heroic and tawdry, a gladsome thing and a
blot on America’s conscience.’’ When this appraisal was first made, every
team in the Major Leagues had been ‘‘integrated’’ for at least ten years,
and, as Peterson notes, ‘‘Negro baseball had virtually been forgotten.’’
This was perhaps willful on the part of many white people. At the time,
Leroy ‘‘Satchel’’ Paige (1906–82) and Josh Gibson (1911–47) had neither
been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame nor had they been
transformed into national icons, and there was a general ignorance, even
among most sports fans and scholars, about the Negro leagues.
Using surfactants to control the formation and
size of wakes behind moving bubbles at
order-one Reynolds numbers
Authors: WANG YANPING , PAPAGEORGIOU DEMETRIOS T. , MALDARELLI CHARLES
Published: October 2002

A bubble translating through a continuous liquid (i.e. Newtonian) phase moves
as a sphere when inertial and viscous forces are small relative to capillary forces.
Spherical bubbles with stress-free interfaces do not retain wakes at their trailing
ends as inertial forces become important (increasing Reynolds number). This is in
contrast to translating spheres with immobile interfaces in which flow separation
and wake formation occurs at order-one Reynolds number. Surfactants present
in the continuous phase adsorb onto a bubble surface as it translates, and affect
the interfacial mobility by creating tension gradient forces. Adsorbed surfactant is
convected to the trailing end of the bubble, lowers the tension there relative to
the front, and creates a tension gradient which reduces the surface flow. For low
bulk concentrations of surfactant (or if kinetic exchange between bulk and surface
is slow relative to convection), diffusion towards the surface is much slower than
convection, and surfactant is swept into an immobile cap at the trailing end. As with
solid spheres, these caps entrain wakes at order-one Reynolds number. In adsorptive
bubble technologies where solutes transfer between the bubble and the continuous
phase, usually through thin boundary layers around the bubble surface (high Péclet
number), these wakes generally form owing to the presence of surfactant impurities.
The wake presence retards the interphase transfer displacing the thin boundary layer
towards the front end of the bubble; as mass transfer through the wake is much
slower than through the boundary layer, the mass transfer is reduced.

Our recent theoretical research has demonstrated that at low Reynolds numbers, the
mobility of a surfactant-retarded bubble interface can be increased by raising the bulk
concentration of a surfactant which kinetically rapidly exchanges between the surface
and the bulk. At high bulk concentrations the interface saturates with surfactant,
effectively removing the tension gradient. In this paper, we demonstrate theoretically
that this interfacial control is still realized at order-one Reynolds numbers, and, more
importantly, we show that the control can be used to manipulate the formation,
size and ultimately the disappearance of a wake. This wake removal mechanism has
the potential to dramatically increase the interphase transfer in adsorptive bubble
technologies.
Salt fingers at low Rayleigh numbers
Authors: KRISHNAMURTI R. , JO Y.-H. , STOCCHINO A.
Published: October 2002

This is a laboratory study of salt fingers at low Rayleigh numbers. We report on
the stability boundary in the (RS, RT)-plane (where RS and RT are the salt and heat
Rayleigh numbers respectively), the wavenumber of the observed fingers, and the
planform. In this low RS, RT range, fingers have width comparable to their height,
as predicted by linear stability theory. The planform appears to be close-packed
polygonal cells when they are formed on curved profiles of temperature and salinity.
However, the planform is distinctly rolls when care is taken to approximate linear
profiles.
Revisiting the 1954 suspension experiments
of R. A. Bagnold
Authors: HUNT M. L. , ZENIT R. , CAMPBELL C. S. , BRENNEN C. E.
Published: October 2002

In 1954 R. A. Bagnold published his seminal findings on the rheological properties of
a liquid–solid suspension. Although this work has been cited extensively over the last
fifty years, there has not been a critical review of the experiments. The purpose of this
study is to examine the work and to suggest an alternative reason for the experimental
findings. The concentric cylinder rheometer was designed to measure simultaneously
the shear and normal forces for a wide range of solid concentrations, fluid viscosities
and shear rates. As presented by Bagnold, the analysis and experiments demonstrated
that the shear and normal forces depended linearly on the shear rate in the ‘macro-viscous’ regime; as the grain-to-grain interactions increased in the ‘grain-inertia’
regime, the stresses depended on the square of the shear rate and were independent of
the fluid viscosity. These results, however, appear to be dictated by the design of the
experimental facility. In Bagnold’s experiments, the height (h) of the rheometer was
relatively short compared to the spacing (t) between the rotating outer and stationary
inner cylinder (h/t = 4.6). Since the top and bottom end plates rotated with the
outer cylinder, the flow contained two axisymmetric counter-rotating cells in which
flow moved outward along the end plates and inward through the central region of
the annulus. At higher Reynolds numbers, these cells contributed significantly to the
measured torque, as demonstrated by comparing Bagnold's pure-fluid measurements
with studies on laminar-to-turbulent transitions that pre-date the 1954 study. By
accounting for the torque along the end walls, Bagnold’s shear stress measurements
can be estimated by modelling the liquid–solid mixture as a Newtonian fluid with
a corrected viscosity that depends on the solids concentration. An analysis of the
normal stress measurements was problematic because the gross measurements were
not reported and could not be obtained.
Ferromagnetic rotating Couette flow: the role of
magnetic viscosity
Authors: HART J. E.
Published: October 2002

A theory is constructed for rotating plane Couette flow of ferrofluid that is subject
to the field generated by a periodic array of magnets. The system that is analysed
contains a substantial lateral magnetic buoyancy, or magnetic gravity, allowing the
configuration to be used in experimental studies of stratified shear flows in a connected
geometry.

However, the spatial variation of the magnetic vector field of the magnet stack leads
to magnetically generated wavy flows via the action of flow vorticity on the particle
orientation in the suspension. The basic rotating Couette flow instabilities may also
be affected by the same mechanism, which is sometimes referred to as rotational
or ‘magnetic viscosity’. Theoretical calculations show that the directly excited wavy
flows are generally small, for anticipated experimental conditions, except when they
resonate with the natural linear instabilities of the Couette flow. A weakly nonlinear
analysis is carried out in order to predict the behaviour in these cases. Magnetic
effects stabilize the fundamental roll instability of rotating Couette flow by about
10% for a typical laboratory realization.
Shear stress of a monolayer of rough spheres
Authors: WILSON HELEN J. , DAVIS ROBERT H.
Published: October 2002

We consider viscous shear flow of a monolayer of solid spheres and discuss the effect
that microscopic particle surface roughness has on the stress in the suspension. We
consider effects both within and outside the dilute régime. Away from jamming
concentrations, the viscosity is lowered by surface roughness, and for dilute suspensions it
is insensitive to friction between the particles. Outside the dilute region, the viscosity
increases with increasing friction coefficient. For a dilute system, roughness causes a
negative first normal stress difference (N1) at order c2 in particle area concentration.
The magnitude of N1 increases with increasing roughness height in the dilute limit
but the trend reverses for more concentrated systems. N1 is largely insensitive to
interparticle friction. The dilute results are in accord with the three-dimensional results
of our earlier work (Wilson & Davis 2000), but with a correction to the sign of the
tangential friction force.
Velocity fluctuations in a homogeneous dilute
dispersion of high-Reynolds-number
rising bubbles
Authors: RISSO FRÉDÉRIC , ELLINGSEN KJETIL
Published: October 2002

An experimental investigation of a homogeneous swarm of rising bubbles is presented.
The experimental arrangement ensures that all the bubbles have the same equivalent
radius, a = 1.25 mm. This particular size corresponds to high-Reynolds-number
ellipsoidal rising bubbles. The gas volume fractions α is small, ranging from 0.5 to
1.05%. The results are compared with the reference situation of a single rising bubble,
which was investigated in a previous work. From the use of conditional statistics, the
existence of two regions in which the liquid velocity fluctuations are of a different
nature are distinguished. In the vicinity of the bubbles, the liquid fluctuations are the
same as those measured close to a single rising bubble. They therefore do not depend
on α. Far from the bubble, the liquid fluctuations are controlled by the nonlinear
interactions between the wakes of all the bubbles. Their probability density function
scales as α0.4, exhibiting a self-similar behaviour. The total fluctuation combines the
contributions of these two regions weighted by the fraction of the liquid volume they
occupy. The contribution of the bubble vicinity is thus shown to vary linearly with
α while the wake contribution does not. Both are non-isotropic since strong upward
vertical fluctuations are more probable.
Turbulence mechanism in Klebanoff transition: a quantitative comparison of experiment and direct numerical simulation
Authors: BAKE S. , MEYER D. G. W. , RIST U.
Published: October 2002

The mechanism of turbulence development in periodic Klebanoff transition in a
boundary layer has been studied experimentally and in a direct numerical simulation
(DNS) with controlled disturbance excitation. In order to compare the results
quantitatively, the flow parameters were matched in both methods, thus providing
complementary data with which the origin of turbulence in the transition process
could be explained. Good agreement was found for the development of the amplitude
and shape of typical disturbance structures, the Λ-vortices, including the development
of ring-like vortices and spikes in the time traces. The origin and the spatial development
of random velocity perturbations were measured in the experiment, and are
shown together with the evolution of local high-shear layers. Since the DNS is capable
of providing the complete velocity and vorticity fields, further conclusions are drawn
based on the numerical data. The mechanisms involved in the flow randomization process
are presented in detail. It is shown how the random perturbations which initially
develop at the spike-positions in the outer part of the boundary layer influence the
flow randomization process close to the wall. As an additional effect, the interaction
of vortical structures and high-shear layers of different disturbance periods was found
to be responsible for accelerating the transition to a fully developed turbulent flow.
These interactions lead to a rapid intensification of a high-shear layer very close to
the wall that quickly breaks down because of the modulation it experiences through
interactions with vortex structures from the outer part of the boundary layer. The
final breakdown process will be shown to be dominated by locally appearing vortical
structures and shear layers.
Microchannels in series connected via a contraction/expansion section
Authors: LEE WING YIN , WONG MAN , ZOHAR YITSHAK
Published: October 2002

Fluid flow in microdevices consisting of pairs of microchannels in series was studied.
The dimensions of the channels are about 40 μm × 1 μm × 2000 μm for the wide and
about 20 μm × 1 μm × 2000 μm for the narrow channels. Pairs of wide and narrow
channels, with integrated pressure sensors, are connected via transition sections with
included angles varying from 5° to 180°. Minor pressure losses (not due to friction)
were studied by passing nitrogen through the channels under inlet pressures up to
60 p.s.i. Each device was tested in the contraction mode, flow from wide to narrow
channel, and in the opposite expansion mode, flow from narrow to wide channel.
Mass flow rate was first measured as a function of the overall pressure drop. The
detailed pressure distribution along the straight segments and around the transition
section was then measured in order to understand the flow pattern. The Reynolds
number for these flows is less than 1, suggesting the flow to be of the Hele-Shaw type
with no separation such that the results for all the devices should be similar. However,
the flow rate was found to decrease and the pressure loss to increase significantly with
increasing included angle of the transition section, regardless of the flow direction.
Flow separation due to the transition sections, if indeed there is any, cannot explain
the large pressure drop since the kinetic energy is negligible.
The Origins of the South Atlantic War
Authors: ARQUILLA JOHN , MOYANO RASMUSSEN MARÍA
Published: October 2002

The most widely-accepted views of the origins of the South Atlantic War contend that it arose either out of the Argentine junta's need to divert attention away from a worsening economy or from misperceptions in both London and Buenos Aires. This article argues that the ‘demobilisation’ of Argentine civil society removed the need for a diversionary war; and that the lengthy crisis bargaining that followed in the wake of the ‘grab’ of the Falklands/Malvinas Islands substantially mitigated the impact of any misperceptions. This article advances an alternative to existing theories that explains the outbreak of this war by reference to both structural and organisational factors. A fast decreasing gap in relative power between Argentina and Britain may have encouraged the junta more seriously to consider the possibility of initiating a war between the two. Thereafter, however, the organisational pathologies of the Argentine military led to a suboptimally timed preemptive invasion, intransigent diplomacy and a ‘hedged’ approach to deployments that severely undermined Argentina's military effectiveness, allowing Britain to undertake reconquest of the islands with a very reasonable chance of success.
Drugs and Alcohol: US Prohibition and the Origins of the Drug Trade in Mexico, 1910–1930
Authors: RECIO GABRIELA
Published: October 2002

Even though Mexico has been an important player in the international drug trade, this country's history in such illegal ventures has been insufficiently studied. In an effort to begin to understand how and when the country began to be an active participant in such illicit markets, this article first analyses regulations introduced in the United States regarding drug and alcohol consumption, marketing and production and assesses their impact on the Mexican side. Secondly, it argues that Mexico's participation in the narcotics trade, the routes that have developed and the Mexican states involved in this traffic have roots that can be traced to the beginning of the twentieth century at least.
Democracy, Authoritarianism and Education Finance in Brazil
Authors: BROWN DAVID S.
Published: October 2002

In view of the inconclusive statistical results associated with democracy's impact on economic performance, this article unpacks the dependent variable (economic development) by examining democratisation's impact on education policy. To determine whether democracy compels politicians to provide higher levels of educational opportunity, it traces the process of repression and democratisation in Brazil along with government spending on education. It finds that democratisation has observable effects on education spending on three different levels: 1) the percentage of government spending allocated to education; 2) the distribution of federal funding among different levels of education; and 3) the distribution of funds within primary education among state and local actors.
The Brazilian Exchange Rate Crisis of January 1999
Authors: FERREIRA AFONSO , TULLIO GIUSEPPE
Published: October 2002

From the monetary reform of July 1994 until January 1999 Brazil
followed the policy of pegging the new currency (the real) to the US
dollar. The central rate was initially fixed at 1[ratio ]1 to the US dollar, but no
fluctuation band was set and the market rate was allowed to fluctuate
substantially. After a sharp appreciation of up to 15 per cent the real
remained at a premium to the dollar for two years (until June 1996). In
March 1995, following the Mexican crisis, the Banco Central do Brasil
adopted a crawling band without preannounced depreciations. This
change in policy was meant to increase somewhat the flexibility of the
exchange rate regime while still maintaining an anchor for inflationary
expectations. The market rate depreciated by 13.9 per cent in the course
of 1995 (December 1995 on December 1994), 7.1 per cent in 1996, 7.3 per
cent in 1997 and 8.3 per cent in 1998. By December 1998 it had reached
1.2054 to the US dollar, a depreciation of only 20 per cent with respect to
the central rate fixed at the end of the hyperinflation but about 40 per cent
with respect to the rate prevailing in July 1994.
Putting a Price Tag on Conservation: Cost Benefit Analysis of Venezuela's National Parks
Authors: GUTMAN PABLO
Published: October 2002

The article discusses the use of cost-benefit analysis to assess conservation efforts, and applies this technique to Venezuela's National Parks Systems to assess how much Venezuela should spend in managing its National Parks. As with any major environmental decision, this calls for more than economic criteria. Social values, science and politics all affect environmental decisions, and economics should be but one factor considered. Nonetheless, cost-benefit analysis provides a valuable tool and a framework for improved understanding of the tradeoffs among different factors.
Fear and Loathing of Fidel Castro: Sources of US Policy Toward Cuba
Authors: PÉREZ LOUIS A.
Published: October 2002

The Cuban Revolution shattered some of the most important policy formulations by which the United States had traditionally defined its place and defended its interests in the western hemisphere, for which Fidel Castro has been inalterably held responsible. Much of US policy towards Cuba during the past forty years has been driven by a determination to punish Cuba for the transgressions of Fidel Castro and a determination to resist a modus vivendi with Cuba as long as he remains in power.
US Diplomacy and the Downfall of a Cuban Dictator: Machado in 1933
Authors: DUR PHILIP , GILCREASE CHRISTOPHER
Published: October 2002

In 1933 the US ambassador to Cuba, Sumner Welles, overthrew President Machado, Cuba's first dictator, with the threat, but not the use, of US force. This diplomatic achievement was unprecedented in Cuban history. Under cover of mediation Welles had encouraged disaffection among politicians and army officers. Machado then succumbed to a popular uprising brought on by a decade of depression and oppression. The insubordination of the officers, however, soon led to a mutiny of the soldiers, whose leader, Fulgencio Batista, eventually seized the presidency and was recognised by the United States.
Language against the odds: the learning of British Sign Language by a polyglot savant
Authors: MORGAN GARY , SMITH NEIL , TSIMPLI IANTHI , WOLL BENCIE
Published: October 2002

In this paper we report on our attempt to teach the polyglot savant Christopher (‘C’ hereinafter) British Sign Language (BSL). BSL presents C with a novel challenge in the use of hand-eye coordination, while at the same time offering him the linguistic ingredients he is obsessed with. Despite his deficits in key areas of intellectual ability, communication skills and visuo-spatial cognition, C has developed a working knowledge of BSL through processes of circumvention, adaptation and invention. As a form of control, we taught BSL to a comparator group of talented second-language learners. We do not discuss this comparison in depth here (see Morgan et al. in preparation) but refer to some of the test scores as a guide to how normal a sign learner C is.

Results from formal tests of C's linguistic knowledge, and observational study of his developing communicative ability in BSL, are analysed and described. These results illuminate the structure and use of BSL, highlighting the important role of visuo-spatial cognition in its acquisition and manipulation.

Our findings support the assumption that the organisation of knowledge of language is largely modality independent, whereas the exploitation of specific grammatical devices is language and modality dependent. C has attained a certain level of linguistic competence in BSL, and his performance in the language is largely in conformity with his previously established mixed profile of abilities and disabilities.
Pseudo-subordination: a mismatch between syntax and semantics
Authors: YUASA ETSUYO , SADOCK JERRY M.
Published: October 2002

Culicover & Jackendoff (1997) argue that ‘left-subordinating’ and-constructions (e.g. You drink one more can of beer and I'm leaving) should be differently represented in the dimensions of syntax and semantics, being coordinate in the former, and subordinate in the latter. Here we expand on their point by showing that their case is not an isolated one, but that there are many other instances of coordination-subordination mismatches. We will show that these facts make sense within a theory of grammar such as Autolexical Grammar (Sadock 1991) in which the autonomy of different components of grammar is assumed. Given such a view it is possible to postulate primitive notions of coordination and subordination that apply equally well to various components of grammar and thus predict the possibility of coordination-subordination mismatches.
The decline of the Aeolian wall lizard, Podarcis raffonei: causes and conservation proposals
Authors: Capula Massimo , Luiselli Luca , Bologna Marco A. , Ceccarelli Arianna
Published: October 2002

Investigations carried out in the Aeolian Islands (off north-east Sicily) during 1989–99 gathered evidence strongly indicating that the endemic Aeolian wall lizard Podarcis raffonei is close to extinction. Competitive exclusion by the lizard Podarcis sicula, which has been introduced by man, habitat degradation, and possibly reduced genetic variability and inbreeding, were the main causes for the decline of the species. For the Aeolian wall lizard to recover from its threatened status and to prevent further decimation of populations, collection and trade in the species should be prohibited, and an education programme for local people should be promoted. An integrated project involving habitat protection and captive breeding is needed to secure the species in the wild for the future.
Cannabis use in the last year in a US national sample of twin and sibling pairs
Authors: KENDLER K. S. , NEALE M. C. , THORNTON L. M. , AGGEN S. H. , GILMAN S. E. , KESSLER R. C.
Published: October 2002

Background. Three prior population-based twin studies, none of which was nationally representative, suggested that both genetic and familial–environmental factors contribute to family resemblance for lifetime cannabis use. We seek to replicate these results in a US national probability sample of twin and sibling pairs examining only last year cannabis use.

Methods. Cannabis use in the last year was assessed by self-report questionnaire. Biometrical twin analyses were performed.

Results. Twin and sibling resemblance for last-year cannabis use was substantial, and much higher in monozygotic pairs than in dizygotic and sibling pairs, where levels of resemblance were similar. Modeling suggested that sibling resemblance was due to genetic factors – with a heritability of at least 60% – and probably family environmental factors. No evidence was found that cannabis use was influenced by a special twin environment.

Conclusions. Consistent with prior studies, use of cannabis is substantially influenced by genetic factors but family–environment is also possibly of importance.
The uniqueness of the DSM definition of post-traumatic stress disorder: implications for research
Authors: BRESLAU N. , CHASE G. A. , ANTHONY J. C.
Published: October 2002

The official definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in DSM-III and is subsequent DSM editions is based on a conceptual model that brackets traumatic or catastrophic events from less severe stressors and links them with a specific syndrome. The diagnosis of PTSD requires an identifiable stressor and the content of the defining symptoms refers to the stressor, for example, re-experiencing the stressor and avoidance of stimuli that symbolize the stressor. Temporal ordering is also required: when sleep problems and other symptoms of hyperarousal are part of the clinical picture, they must not have been present before the stressor occurred. The ICD-10 definition of PTSD follows the same model. The defining symptoms alone, without a connection to the stressor, are not regarded as PTSD (Green et al. 1995). Since the introduction of PTSD in DSM-III, the official definition has been adopted in most studies, although discussions about the validity of the definition has continued (Breslau & Davis, 1987; Davidson & Foa, 1993; Green et al. 1995). Although it is widely believed that other disorders (e.g. major depression) can be precipitated by external events, these disorders can occur independent of stressors and do not require a link with a traumatic event in their diagnostic criteria. Previous classifications that separated major depression into stress-related (reactive) or endogenous have been abandoned in newer versions of the DSM, because of lack of evidence of the validity of this distinction.
The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and its associated factors in general health care in Taiwan
Authors: LIU S. I. , PRINCE M. , BLIZARD B. , MANN A.
Published: October 2002

Background. This paper reports the prevalence, disability, sociodemographic and clinical association of psychiatric morbidity among attenders in general health care in Taiwan where, as in the rest of non-Western countries, few studies have been carried out.

Methods. A cross-sectional survey with a two-phase design was carried out at out-patient clinics of three health stations and a general hospital.

Results. A total of 990 patients completed the brief screen in the first phase, 486 of whom completed the independent assessment in the second phase. The proportion of screening positives was 46·0% and the weighted prevalence of definite psychiatric disorder was 38·2%. Common mental disorders were associated with female gender and unemployment. Housewives, students and patients with higher educational attainment were at lower risk of having alcohol use disorders. Patients with common mental disorders were more likely to present with psychological complaints, to attribute their illness to psychosocial causes and to perceive their mental and physical health as poor. Psychiatric morbidity was associated with excess life events. Common mental disorders, particularly depressive disorders, were significantly associated with self-reported disability.

Conclusions. Psychiatric morbidity is a major health problem in general health care in Taiwan. Physicians should be aware of these health problems.
Home treatment for mental health problems: a systematic review
Authors: CATTY J. , BURNS T. , KNAPP M. , WATT H. , WRIGHT C. , HENDERSON J. , HEALEY A.
Published: October 2002

Background. Concerns have been raised about the scope and generalizability of much community mental health research. In particular, both experimental and control services are poorly characterized.

Methods. To review the effectiveness of ‘home treatment’ for mental health problems in terms of hospitalization, we conducted a systematic review, using Cochrane methodology but with a wider remit. Non-randomized studies were included in response to concerns about RCTs’ generalizability. All authors were followed up for data on service components. ‘Home treatment’ was defined broadly for the purposes of the literature search, but included studies were then assessed against service components specifically focused on delivering treatment at home. The study tested components and other features for associations with days in hospital, as well as conducting a conventional meta-analysis of data on days in hospital.

Results. We found 91 studies, 18 comparing home to in-patient treatment. Sixty per cent of authors responded to follow-up. The vast majority of the services studied had a ‘home treatment function’ and regularly visited patients at home. The heterogeneity of control services made meta-analysis problematical as did the limited availability of data. There was some evidence that ‘regular’ home visiting and combined responsibility for health and social care were associated with reduced hospitalization. The inclusion of non-randomized studies rarely affected the findings.

Conclusions. Evidence concerning the effectiveness of home treatment remains inconclusive. A centrally coordinated research strategy is recommended, with attention to study design. Experimental and control service components should be prospectively recorded and reported to enable meaningful analysis.
Channi Kumar's contribution to perinatal psychiatry: a personal tribute from France
Authors: GLANGEAUD-FREUDENTHAL NINE M. C.
Published: October 2002

Channi Kumar was born in India (Punjab) and came alone, without his family, to England at the
age of 13 years: this experience surely contributed to his originality and to the openness of his mind.
His medical and psychiatric training, his doctorate in pharmacology as well as his work with
midwives on the maternity ward and his interest in psychology – all of these attributes led him to
be open to, for example, the physiological and hormonal aspects of medication and also, especially
in recent years, to the psychological and relational dimensions of maternal disease. He was also
interested in the French psychoanalytical approaches but felt always exterior to this dimension.
Cognition following acute tryptophan depletion: difference between first-degree relatives of bipolar disorder patients and matched healthy control volunteers
Authors: SOBCZAK S. , RIEDEL W. J. , BOOIJ I. , AAN HET ROT M. , DEUTZ N. E. P. , HONIG A.
Published: October 2002

Background. Serotonergic circuits have been proposed to mediate cognitive processes, particularly learning and memory. Cognitive impairment is often seen in bipolar disorders in relation to a possible lowered serotonergic turnover.

Methods. We investigated the effects of acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) on cognitive performance in healthy first-degree relatives of bipolar patients (FH) (N = 30) and matched controls (N = 15) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over design. Performance on planning, memory and attention tasks were assessed at baseline and 5 h after ATD.

Results. Following ATD, speed of information processing on the planning task was impaired in the FH group but not in the control group. FH subjects with a bipolar disorder type I relative (FH I) showed impairments in planning and memory, independent of ATD. In all subjects, ATD impaired long-term memory performance and speed of information processing. ATD did not affect short-term memory and focused and divided attention.

Conclusions. The results suggest serotonergic vulnerability affecting frontal lobe areas in FH subjects, indicated by impaired planning. Biological vulnerability in FH I subjects is reflected in impaired planning and memory performance. In conclusion, the cognitive dysfunctions in FH subjects indicate an endophenotype constituting a possible biological marker in bipolar psychopathology. Serotonin appears to be involved in speed of information processing, verbal and visual memory and learning processes.
The neuropsychology of antisocial personality disorder
Authors: DOLAN MAIREAD , PARK ISABELLE
Published: October 2002

Background. The literature on executive function in antisocial populations is unclear due to variation in diagnostic criteria and variation in the inclusion of healthy control comparison groups. Some studies suggest prototypical psychopathy is associated with specific deficits in ventromedial prefrontal (VMPFC) function rather than dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC). Meta-analytical studies, however, suggest that antisocial personality disorder may be associated with a broader range of executive deficits. This study assessed DLPFC and VMPFC function in antisocial personality disorder subjects and controls using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and a Go/NoGo task respectively.

Methods. All subjects were screened for Axis I pathology, substance misuse and prescribed medication. The performance of 29 subjects with antisocial personality disorder DSM-IV and 20 male right-handed controls (matched for age and IQ) on the neuropsychological test battery was compared.

Results. Subjects with antisocial personality disorder displayed impairments on DLPFC executive function tasks of planning ability and set shifting. Impairments were also seen in VMPFC Go/NoGo tasks and in visual memory tasks.

Conclusions. Antisocial personality disorder is associated with a broad range of deficits in DLPFC and VMPFC function. Future studies need to examine relationships between the interpersonal and behavioural components of antisocial personality disorder and neuropsychological function.
Do schizophrenic patients who managed to get to university have a non-developmental form of illness?
Authors: MacCABE J. H. , ALDOURI E. , FAHY T. A. , SHAM P. C. , MURRAY R. M.
Published: October 2002

Background. Many people who develop schizophrenia have impairments in intellectual and social functioning that are detectable from early childhood. However, some patients do not exhibit such deficits, and this suggests that they may have suffered less neurodevelopmental damage. We hypothesized that the aetiology and form of schizophrenia may differ in such patients. We therefore studied a group of schizophrenic patients who were functioning well enough to enter university prior to illness onset.

Methods. The casenotes of 46 university-educated patients and 48 non-university-educated patients were rated on several schedules including the OPCRIT checklist, and the two groups were compared using univariate statistical techniques. Principal components analysis was then performed using data from all patients, and the factor scores for each principal component were compared between groups.

Results. Univariate analyses showed the university-educated patients had an excess of depressive symptoms, and a paucity of core schizophrenic symptoms. Four principal components emerged in the principal components analysis: mania, biological depression, schizophrenic symptoms, and a reactive depression. University-educated patients scored significantly higher on the reactive depression principal component, and lower on the schizophrenic symptoms principal component, than the non-university-educated patients.

Conclusions. University-educated patients may have a non-developmental subtype of schizophrenia.
Stratum-specific likelihood ratios of the General Health Questionnaire in the community: help-seeking and physical co-morbidity affect the test characteristics
Authors: FURUKAWA T. A. , ANDREWS G. , GOLDBERG D. P.
Published: October 2002

Background. In evidence-based medicine, stratum-specific likelihood ratios (SSLRs) are now being increasingly recognized as a more convenient and generalizable method to interpret diagnostic information than an optimal cut-off and its associated sensitivity and specificity. We previously examined the SSLRs of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in primary care settings. The present paper aims to examine if these SSLRs are generalizable to the community settings.

Methods. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the GHQ were administered on a representative sample of the Australian population in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. We first compared the SSLRs of GHQ in urban Australia with the estimates that we had previously obtained from the developed urban centres in the WHO Psychological Problems in General Health Care study. If the SSLRs in the community were found to differ significantly from those in the primary care, we sought for explanatory variables.

Results. The SSLRs in urban Australia and in the urban centres in the WHO study were significantly different for three out of the six strata. When we limited the sample to those with physical problems who visited a health professional, however, the SSLRs in the Australian study were strikingly close to those observed for primary care settings.

Conclusions. Different sets of SSLRs apply to primary care and general population samples. For general population surveys in developed countries, the results of the Australian National Survey represent the currently available best estimates. For developing countries or rural areas, the results are less definitive and an investigator may wish to conduct a pilot study.
DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being
Authors: HUNT C. , ISSAKIDIS C. , ANDREWS G.
Published: October 2002

Background. This paper reports population data on DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being.

Methods. The data were obtained from a nationwide household survey of adults using a stratified multi-stage sampling process. A response rate of 78·1% resulted in 10641 persons being interviewed. Diagnoses were made using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The interview was computerized and conducted by trained lay interviewers.

Results. Prevalence in the total sample was 2·8% for 1-month GAD and 3·6% for 12-month GAD. Persons over 55 years of age were less likely to have GAD than those in the younger age groups. Logistic regression analysis also showed that a diagnosis of GAD was significantly associated with being of younger to middle age, being separated divorced or widowed, not having tertiary qualifications or being unemployed. Co-morbidity with another affective, anxiety, substance use or personality disorders was common, affecting 68% of the sample with 1-month DSM-IV GAD. GAD was associated with significant disablement, and 57% of the sample with DSM-IV GAD had consulted a health professional for a mental health problem in the prior 12 months.

Conclusions. The survey provides population data on DSM-IV GAD and its correlates. GAD is a common disorder that is accompanied by significant morbidity and high rates of co-morbidity with affective and anxiety disorders, and is associated with marital status, education, employment status, but not sex. Changes to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria did not appear to affect the prevalence rate compared to previous population surveys.
Dimensional and categorical approaches to hypochondriasis
Authors: HILLER W. , RIEF W. , FICHTER M. M.
Published: October 2002

Background. The DSM-IV definition of hypochondriasis is contrasted with hypochondriacal dimensions as provided by the Whiteley Index (WI) and Illness Attitude Scales (IAS).

Methods. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on self-report data from 570 patients with mental and psychophysiological disorders. Of these, 319 were additionally diagnosed according to DSM-IV by structured interviews.

Results. The three ‘classic’ factors of the WI labelled disease phobia, somatic symptoms and disease conviction were confirmed. The IAS consisted of two dimensions indicating health anxiety and illness behaviour. The overall scores of both instruments were highly correlated (0·80). Optimal cut-off points for case identification yielded sensitivity/specificity rates of 71/80% (WI) and 72/79% (IAS). The IAS was superior to the WI when patients with hypochondriacal disorder were to be discriminated from non-hypochondriacal somatizers. Largest group differences were found for scales related to affective components (health anxieties), smallest for illness behaviours. Affective components of hypochondriasis explained more variance of diagnostic group membership than somatization symptoms. The subscales of disease phobia (WI) and health anxiety (IAS) were most sensitive to treatment-related changes.

Conclusions. The self-rating scales are valid for screening, case definition and dimensional assessment of hypochondriacal disorder, including the differentiation between hypochondriasis and somatization. The existence of distinguishable affective and cognitive components was confirmed.
Suicidality after traumatic brain injury: demographic, injury and clinical correlates
Authors: SIMPSON GRAHAME , TATE ROBYN
Published: October 2002

Background. In spite of the high frequency of emotional distress after traumatic brain injury (TBI), few investigations have examined the extreme of such distress, namely, suicidality, and no large scale surveys have been conducted. The current study examined both the prevalence and demographic, injury, and clinical correlates of hopelessness, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts after TBI.

Methods. Out-patients (N = 172) with TBI were screened for suicidal ideation and hopelessness using the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Data were also collected on demographic, injury, pre-morbid and post-injury psychosocial variables and included known risk factors for suicide.

Results. A substantial proportion of participants had clinically significant levels of hopelessness (35%) and suicide ideation (23%), and 18% had made a suicide attempt post-injury. There was a high degree of co-morbidity between suicide attempts and emotional/psychiatric disturbance. Results from regression analyses indicated that a high level of hopelessness was the most significant association of suicide ideation and a high level of suicide ideation, along with occurrence of post-injury emotional/psychiatric disturbance, were the most significant associations of post-injury suicide attempts. Neither injury severity nor the presence of pre-morbid suicide risk factors contributed to elevated levels of suicidality post-injury.

Conclusions. Suicidality is a common psychological reaction to TBI among out-patient populations. Management should involve careful history taking of previous post-injury suicidal behaviour, assessment of post-injury adjustment to TBI with particular focus on the degree of emotional/psychiatric disturbance, and close monitoring of those individuals with high levels of hopelessness and suicide ideation.
Duration and severity of depression predict mortality in older adults in the community
Authors: GEERLINGS S. W. , BEEKMAN A. T. F. , DEEG D. J. H. , TWISK J. W. R. , TILBURG W. VAN
Published: October 2002

Background. The association between depression and mortality has become a topic of interest. Little is known about the association between the course of depression and mortality.

Methods. In an initially non-depressed cohort (N = 325) and a depressed cohort (N = 327), depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) at eight successive waves over a period of 3 years. Both cohorts were then followed with respect to mortality status for up to 3·5 additional years. Clinical course types as well as theoretical course type parameters (basic symptom levels, increases in symptoms and instability over time) were distinguished to study the effect of the course of depression on mortality.

Results. Contrary to transient states of depression, both chronic depression and chronic intermittent depression predicted mortality at follow-up. Additionally, evidence was found that the effect on mortality is related to severity of depression; high basic symptom levels and increases in symptoms over time were predictive of mortality. A high degree of instability over time was not associated with mortality.

Conclusions. Since the mortality effect of depression is a function of both exposure time and symptom severity, more attention should be paid to the treatment of depression in order to prevent severe longstanding depression.
The Australian National Survey of Psychotic Disorders: profile of psychosocial disability and its risk factors
Authors: GUREJE O. , HERRMAN H. , HARVEY C. , MORGAN V. , JABLENSKY A.
Published: October 2002

Background. Knowledge of the level of psychosocial impairment associated with psychosis is important in evaluating the impact of the illness on those affected. When such knowledge is derived from community-based epidemiological surveys, it can help in providing a public health perspective for service planning with information derived from representative samples of patients.

Methods. A two-phase epidemiological survey of persons with psychosis in four predominantly urban areas of Australia. First phase screening for psychosis (N = 5710) was followed by a semi-structured interview of a stratified random sample (N = 980) to assess psychopathology (lifetime and current) and psychosocial disability.

Results. Most of the interviewees were unemployed and had never married. There was widespread impairment in sexual and social relationships and in the performance of activities of daily living. Over half expressed dissatisfaction with life in general. Persons with affective psychoses were often as disabled as those with schizophrenia and diagnostic categorizations were not important in the conferment of risk for disability. Rather, poor pre-morbid work or social adjustment and poor course of illness were potent risk factors for diverse forms of disability in persons with psychosis.

Conclusion. A large proportion of persons with experience of psychosis living in the community suffers from significant levels of psychosocial disability. Disablement seems to reflect, in part, a diathesis of poor pre-morbid functioning and less than optimal response to treatment of the disorder.