bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Popular Culture, Violence, and Religion in Gloria's Story
Authors: Wertheimer John W.
Published: August 2010

One of the most vexing challenges accompanying any attempt to reconstruct the legal history of the family is deciding how much interpretive weight to assign to social factors as opposed to legal factors. “Gloria's Story” is loaded with social history, in part because it focuses on a small group of decidedly non-elite characters. It discusses non-legal matters as big as the impact of wealth concentration on the Guatemalan family and as small as the social significance of home births, as opposed to hospital births, in Quetzaltenango during the 1960s. Nonetheless, the most important factors driving the analysis are legal, not social. The article's central argument—that “modernizing” legal reforms adopted in Guatemala since the mid-nineteenth century have fortified, not weakened, adulterous concubinage—emphasizes the effects of legal change.
Shareholder and Director Liability for Unpaid Workers' Wages in Canada: From Condition of Granting Limited Liability to Exceptional Remedy
Authors: Tucker Eric
Published: August 2010

The essence of the contract of employment is the performance of service in exchange for wages. As such, labor assumes a commodity form—a capacity that is bought and sold in labor markets. But because labor cannot be separated from its bearer, and is not produced for the market, it has been widely recognized as a special or fictive commodity that has been the subject of a distinct legal regime. Historically, that distinct regime—here referred to as employment law—has served both disciplinary and protective functions. On the one hand, it assists employers to extract from the worker the value of the labor they have purchased, while on the other it protects workers against unacceptable exploitation. While these functions are a constant, the scope and techniques of legal discipline and protection vary over time and place, as does the balance between them, depending on such factors as the development of social relations of production, the balance of power between workers and employers, dominant ideologies, etc. In the fulfillment of these functions, law has encountered a series of recurring dilemmas that stem structurally from labor's special commodity status and socially and politically from conflicts between workers' and employers' interests.
The Contested Will of “Goodman Penn”: Anglo–New England Politics, Culture, and Legalities, 1688–1716
Authors: Lund John M.
Published: August 2010

In February 1704, a Boston laborer named Thomas Lea found himself surrounded by townspeople as he lay on his deathbed. These spectators had gathered hoping to hear a much anticipated confession of the crimes they believed Lea had committed fifteen years earlier during the Dominion of New England. In Suffolk County, many townspeople had long maintained that Lea and others had used the confusion and chaos generated by the unsettling political and legal transformations introduced to New England during the 1680s to surreptitiously gain legal title to the estate of a prosperous Braintree, Massachusetts, landowner named William Penn. Standing by Lea's bedside, one witness, who believed Lea had perjured himself at the 1689 probate administration of Penn's estate, demanded: “Thomas can you as you are going out of the World answer at the Tribunal of God to the Will of Mr Penns, which you have sworn to[?]” “Was Mr Penn living or Dead when this Will was Made?” In the presence of assembled witnesses, Lea acknowledged, “he was dead.” Other townspeople pressed Lea to reveal the role he played in what many believed had been a murder for inheritance scheme. They reminded Lea that Penn's corpse had been found covered “in blood, in his own dung” with “a hole in his back, that you might turn your two fingers into it” and, even more disturbing, “one of his [Penn's] stones in his codd [scrotum] was broken all to pieces.” Averting the onlookers' gaze, Lea “turned his head aside the other way, saying what I did I was hired to do.” For these witnesses, the death-bed confession confirmed the rumors of Lea's crimes and strengthened their belief that a wave of corruption introduced in the 1680s had sabotaged New England's distinctive Puritan jurisprudence. Indeed, townspeople had labored for years to overturn the 1689 probate of Penn's estate in an effort forestall the crown's efforts to bring New England into political and legal conformity with the dictates of the growing English empire.
To Save State Residents: States' Use of Community Property for Federal Tax Reduction, 1939–1947
Authors: McMahon Stephanie Hunter
Published: August 2010

In 1939, at the end of almost two decades of statewide want and despair, Oklahoma adopted the community property system “to save state residents on their federal income tax.” Between 1939 and 1947, Oklahoma and four other states openly and unabashedly exploited the Supreme Court's creation of what amounted to a tax loophole for the nation's wealthy; several more states seriously considered doing the same. In 1930, the Court had ruled that the community marital property regime of eight western states permitted their married couples to split family income between spouses, so that each spouse reported half of that income for federal income tax purposes. As a result of the federal government's progressive income tax bracket structure, in most cases this split meant that more of the family's income would be taxed in lower tax brackets. Thus, a property regime that was purely a creation of state law had the effect of reducing residents' federal tax obligations.
“Glimmers of Life”: A Conversation with Hendrik Hartog
Authors: Welke Barbara Young , Hartog Hendrik
Published: August 2010

In January 1994, theLaw and History Reviewpublished an interview of Willard Hurst by Hendrik Hartog. Michael Grossberg, as editor, introduced the interview as the first of “an occasional series of discussions with legal historians.” Over a decade has elapsed since that conversation. Willard Hurst was known both for his scholarship and his commitment to mentoring. Planning for the 4th Biennial Hurst Summer Institute at Madison in June 2007, I could think of no better way to conclude an Institute focused on nurturing legal historians at the beginning of their careers than with a conversation focused on a life in legal history.
English Criminal Justice Administration, 1650–1850: A Historiographic Essay
Authors: Smith Bruce P.
Published: August 2010

In his inaugural lecture as Downing Professor of the Laws of England at the University of Cambridge, delivered in October 1888, Frederic Maitland offered a set of provocative and now familiar reflections on “Why the history of English law is not written.” According to Maitland, although English archives possessed “a series of records which for continuity, catholicity, minute detail[,] and authoritative value” had “no equal…in the world,” the “unmanageable bulk” of these sources had “overburdened” aspiring historians of English law. As a result, “large provinces” of English legal history remained to be “reclaimed from the waste.” With few willing to undertake such reclamation efforts, the historiography of English law remained as bleak and barren as the bogs from which Maitland's Cambridgeshire had itself only reluctantly emerged.
From the Editor: A Personal Coda
Authors: KUSHNER THOMASINE
Published: August 2010

The Cambridge Consortium for Bioethics Education took place at the Cambridge University Press offices in New York this April. Hosted and sponsored by the Press, with cosponsors, CQ and the Program in Medicine & Human Values at California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco, the Consortium brought together representative leaders in bioethics to discuss some of the unsolved issues in the field: goals, curriculum, methods, and assessment. For three days participants shared their own programs, research, and current projects as well as ideas on where bioethics education needs to go in the future. Beginning with this special section, and in CQ’s Bioethics Education section in subsequent volumes, we will be bringing you what is happening as bioethicists everywhere take a more focused approach to the field.
Teaching Military Medical Ethics: Another Look at Dual Loyalty and Triage
Authors: GROSS MICHAEL L.
Published: August 2010

Military medical ethics is garnering growing attention today among medical personal in the American and other armies. Short courses or workshops in “battlefield ethics” for military physicians, nurses, medics, social workers, and psychologists address the nature of patient rights in the military, care for detainees, enemy soldiers and local civilians, problems posed by limited resources, ethical questions arising in humanitarian missions, as well as end-of-life issues, ethics consultations, care for veterans, advance directives, and assisted suicide. Although many of these issues are the core subjects of any bioethics curriculum, military medical ethics presents unique challenges to bioethics educators.
Medical Readers’ Theater as a Teaching Tool
Authors: SAVITT TODD L.
Published: August 2010

Readers’ Theater (RT) is a unique vehicle for introducing ethical, cultural, and social issues in medicine to academic, professional, and community audiences. It brings alive the characters in a story in a way that silent reading or reading a story aloud cannot. Audience members experience what is, in essence, a case report acted out “on stage” rather than reading or hearing someone report on a situation second hand. RT has an immediacy about it, a compelling aspect, that makes listeners pay attention and mentally participate in the action. It draws people into the story, engages them. The oral reading and subsequent open discussion combine to educate audience members about the topic of the story and the variety of ways one can interpret the story’s message. This article describes the long-standing RT program at the Brody School of Medicine (BSOM) at East Carolina University (ECU) and some of variations on RT that people have developed around the country.
Saving and Ignoring Lives: Physicians’ Obligations to Address Root Social Influences on Health—Moral Justifications and Educational Implications
Authors: STONE JOHN R.
Published: August 2010

The predominant influences on health are social or upstream factors. Poverty, inadequate education, insecure and toxic environments, and inferior opportunities for jobs and positions are inequitable disadvantages that adversely affect health across the globe. Many causal pathways are yet to be understood. However, elimination of these social inequalities is a moral imperative of the first order. Some physicians by word and deed argue that medical doctors should oppose the “structural violence” of social inequalities that greatly shorten lives and wreak so much suffering.
Commentary: A Chorus or Cacophony of Voices?
Authors: Dorman William
Published: August 2010

As is often the case with healthcare treatment dilemmas, it matters in what “voice” an ethical difficulty is related. In this instance, the voice of the healthcare team is clearly heard as the patient’s medical condition is described. The voice of the patient is heard as she cries out in pain. The patient’s son’s voice is heard as he identifies the religious guidelines that must be observed in his mother’s care. Finally, it is the voice of the Hospital Ethics Committee that is heard as it deliberates the questions brought to it.
HEPARIN IN HUMAN PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE PREVENTION OF PLACENTAL COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY
Authors: DREWLO SASCHA , WALKER MELISSA , MCLEOD ANNE , DODD JODIE , KINGDOM JOHN
Published: August 2010

The development of effective anticoagulant drugs available for use in pregnancy has resulted in dramatic improvements for a number of potentially life-threatening conditions. These include the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism and the thrombotic complications of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, as well as the management of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves. The most commonly used class of drug includes heparin, a highly-charged macro-molecule that does not cross the placenta, in contrast to the potentially teratogenic and fetotoxic oral drug warfarin. This review will focus on our current lack of understanding of the wider actions of heparin and examines the possibility that large numbers of pregnant women are presently being treated inappropriately with heparin.
Potential use of RNA interference in cancer therapy
Authors: Phalon Connor , Rao Donald D. , Nemunaitis John
Published: August 2010

RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionary conserved mechanism for specific gene silencing. This mechanism has great potential for use in targeted cancer therapy. Understanding the RNAi mechanism has led to the development of several novel RNAi-based therapeutic approaches currently in the early phases of clinical trials. It remains difficult to effectively deliver the nucleic acids required in vivo to initiate RNAi, and intense effort is under way in developing effective and targeted systemic delivery systems for RNAi. Description of in vivo delivery systems is not the focus of this review. In this review, we cover the rationale for pursuing personalised cancer therapy with RNAi, briefly review the mechanism of each major RNAi therapeutic technique, summarise and sample recent results with animal models applying RNAi for cancer, and provide an update on current clinical trials with RNAi-based therapeutic agents for cancer therapy. RNAi-based cancer therapy is still in its infancy, and there are numerous obstacles and issues that need to be resolved before its application in personalised therapy focusing on patient-cancer-specific targets can become standard cancer treatment, either alone or in combination with other treatments.
Nonvolcanic tremor along the Oaxaca segment of the Middle America subduction zone
Authors: Brudzinski Michael R. , Hinojosa‐Prieto Héctor R. , Schlanser Kristen M. , Cabral‐Cano Enrique , Arciniega‐Ceballos Alejandra , Diaz‐Molina Oscar , DeMets Charles
Published: August 2010

The Oaxaca subduction zone is an ideal area for detailed studies of plate boundary deformation as rapid convergent rates, shallow subduction, and short trench‐to‐coast distances bring the thermally defined seismogenic and transition zones of the plate interface over 100 km inland. Previous analysis of slow slip events in southern Mexico suggests that they may represent motion in the transition zone, defining the downdip edge of future megathrust earthquakes. A new deployment consisting of broadband seismometers distributed inland along the Oaxaca segment provide the means to examine whether nonvolcanic tremor (NVT) signals can also be used to characterize the boundary between the seismogenic and transition zones. In this study, we established that NVT exists in the Oaxaca region based on waxing and waning of seismic energy on filtered day‐long seismograms that were correlated across neighboring stations and were further supported by appropriate relative time moveouts in record sections and spectrograms with narrow frequency bands. Eighteen prominent NVT episodes that lasted upwards of a week were identified during the 15 months analyzed (June 2006 to September 2007), recurring as frequently as every 2–3 months in a given region. We analyze NVT envelope waveforms with a semiautomated process for identifying prominent energy bursts, and analyst‐refined relative arrival times are inverted for source locations. NVT burst epicenters primarily occur between the 40–50 km contours for depth of the plate interface, except in eastern Oaxaca where they shift toward the 30 km contour as the slab steepens. NVT hypocenters correlate well with a high conductivity zone that is interpreted to be due to slab fluids. NVT is more frequent, shorter in duration, and located further inland than GPS‐detected slow slip, while the latter is associated with a zone of ultra‐slow velocity interpreted to represent high pore fluid pressure. This zone of slow slip corresponds to approximately 350°C–450°C, with megathrust earthquakes, microseismicity, and strong long‐term coupling occurring immediately updip from it. This leaves NVT primarily in a region further inland from the thermally defined transition zone, suggesting that transition from locking to free slip may occur in more than one phase.
Generation of traveling atmospheric disturbances during pulsating geomagnetic storms
Authors: Gardner L. C. , Schunk R. W.
Published: August 2010

Traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) are effective in transporting momentum and energy deposited at high latitudes to the midlatitude and low‐latitude regions of the thermosphere. They also act to transport momentum and energy from the lower thermosphere into the upper thermosphere. Previously, model studies have been conducted to determine the characteristics of isolated, single‐pulse TADs, but the generation of multiple TADs excited during pulsating storms have not been considered before. Here a high‐resolution global thermosphere‐ionosphere model was used to study the basic characteristics of multiple TADs excited during pulsating storms, including idealized weak and strong pulsating storms, and an approximation of the 4 May 1998 pulsating storm. For all three pulsating storm simulations, multiple TADs that propagated away from the auroral oval toward both the poles and the equator at all longitudes, with the maximum amplitudes between midnight and dawn, were excited. The TAD amplitudes were at maximum near the poles and diminished toward the equator and were larger on the nightside than on the dayside. The TADs propagated at a slightly upward angle to the horizontal, with the result that the lower boundary of the TADs increased with decreasing latitude. The TADs crossed the equator and propagated to midlatitudes in the opposite hemisphere, where wave interference occurred for the strong pulsating storm cases. The TAD wavelengths vary from 2500 to 3000 km and the phase speeds vary from 800 to 1000 m/s. The maximum TAD perturbations are 20% for the mass density, 14% for the neutral temperature, and 100 m/s for the winds.
Storm time electric fields in the equatorial ionosphere observed near the dusk meridian
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song , Rich Frederick J. , Burke William J.
Published: August 2010

We compare the dynamics of plasma drifts (VP) and ionospheric electric fields (EI), measured near the dusk meridian at the magnetic equator by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F13 satellite, with those of the dawn‐to‐dusk component of the interplanetary electric field (IEF) Ey during four large magnetic storms. Presented data indicate that during the main phase of the magnetic storms when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) had a southward component, VP had upward and westward components that ranged up to 120 and 210 m s−1. The corresponding eastward and upward components of EI were approximately 5% and 10% of Ey. The persistence of eastward EI for many hours indicates that electric field shielding of the inner magnetosphere is ineffective during prolonged periods of southward IMF. During periods of northward IMF (Ey < 0) ionospheric responses depended on prior history. No ionospheric response is apparent after strong northward IMF turnings preceded by geomagnetic quiet. If they occurred after a long southward interval, EI often had westward and downward components. The polarity of the zonal component of EI remained well correlated with that of Ey for up to 21 h during periods of slowly varying IMF. Phenomena associated with southward IMF periods are consistent with models that allow for prolonged penetration electric field from high latitudes superposed on those of the Sq current system. However, it is not understood why the remarkable correspondence between the polarities of the zonal component of EI and the IEF Ey occurs during northward IMF. In some Ey < 0 periods, the vertical component of EI remained upward. DMSP detections of upward EI (westward VP) during periods of Ey < 0 are not predicted by existing models.
Ocean regulation hypothesis for glacier dynamics in southeast Greenland and implications for ice sheet mass changes
Authors: Murray T. , Scharrer K. , James T. D. , Dye S. R. , Hanna E. , Booth A. D. , Selmes N. , Luckman A. , Hughes A. L. C. , Cook S. , Huybrechts P.
Published: August 2010

Synchronous acceleration and thinning of southeast (SE) Greenland glaciers during the early 2000s was the main contributor that resulted in the doubling of annual discharge from the ice sheet. We show that this acceleration was followed by a synchronized and widespread slowdown of the same glaciers, in many cases associated with a decrease in thinning rates, and we propose that ice sheet–ocean interactions are the first‐order regional control on these recent mass changes. Sea surface temperature and mooring data show that the preceding dynamic thinning coincides with a brief decline in the cold East Greenland Coastal Current (EGCC) and East Greenland Current. We suggest this decline was partly induced by a reduction in ice sheet runoff, which allowed warm water from the Irminger Current to reach the SE Greenland coast. A restrengthening of the cold waters coincides with the glaciers' subsequent slowdown. We argue that this warming and subsequent cooling of the coastal waters was the cause of the glaciers' dynamic changes. We further suggest that the restrengthening of the EGCC resulted in part from cold water input by increased glacier calving during the speedup and increased ice sheet runoff. We hypothesize that the main mechanism for ice sheet mass loss in SE Greenland is highly sensitive to ocean conditions and is likely subject to negative feedback mechanisms.
Sensitivity of geoelectrical measurements to the presence of bacteria in porous media
Authors: Abdel Aal Gamal Z. , Atekwana Estella A. , Rossbach Silvia , Werkema Dale D.
Published: August 2010

We investigated the sensitivity of low‐frequency electrical measurements (0.1–1000 Hz) to (1) microbial cell density, (2) live and dead cells, and (3) microbial attachment onto mineral surfaces of clean quartz sands and iron oxide–coated sands. Three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (wild type and rhlA and pilA mutant) with different motility and attachment properties were used. Varying concentrations of both live and dead cells of P. aeruginosa wild type in sand columns showed no effect on the real conductivity component (σ′). However, the imaginary conductivity component (σ″) increased linearly with increasing concentrations of live cells in sand columns, whereas minimal changes were observed with different concentrations of dead cells. A strong power law relationship was observed between σ″ and the number of cells adsorbed onto sand grain surfaces with the rhlA mutant of P. aeruginosa displaying a higher power law exponent compared to the wild type and pilA mutant. In addition, power law exponents were greater in columns with iron oxide–coated sands compared to clean quartz sands. Minimal changes were observed on the σ′ due to the attachment of P. aeruginosa cells onto sands. We relate the measured low‐frequency electrical responses to (1) the distinct electrical properties of live cells and (2) the density of cells attached to mineral surfaces enhancing the surface roughness of sand grains and hence the polarization response. The information obtained from this study enhances our interpretation of microbially induced geoelectrical responses in biostimulated geologic media and may have implications for microbial transport studies.
Thermal wave dynamics in rivers affected by hydropeaking
Authors: Toffolon Marco , Siviglia Annunziato , Zolezzi Guido
Published: August 2010

Release of water from reservoirs for hydropower production generates intermittent hydropeaking and thermopeaking waves in receiving rivers that can have important ecological implications at a variety of time and spatial scales. In this paper a coupled analytical‐numerical approach is used in order to grasp the relevant processes of the propagation of the hydrodynamic and thermal waves, within the framework of a one‐dimensional mathematical model governed by the Saint Venant equations coupled with a thermal energy equation. While interacting with external forcing, the waves propagate downstream with different celerities such that it is possible to identify a first phase of mutual overlap and a second phase in which the two waves proceed separately. A simplified analytical solution for flow depth and temperature is derived in explicit terms, exploiting the typical square shape of the waves and transforming the boundary conditions into equivalent initial conditions. The numerical model, which retains the complete features of the problem, is solved using a second order finite volume method. The wave properties and the characteristic timescales are investigated by means of the analytical solution and compared with numerical results for some test cases. Overall, the present approach allows for a deeper insight into the complex dynamics that characterize the propagation of hydropeaking and thermopeaking waves.
Striving to Diversify the Geosciences Workforce
Authors: Velasco Aaron A. , de Velasco Edith Jaurrieta
Published: August 2010

The geosciences continue to lag far behind other sciences in recruiting and retaining diverse populations [Czujko and Henley, 2003; Huntoon and Lane, 2007]. As a result, the U.S. capacity for preparedness in natural geohazards mitigation, natural resource management and development, national security, and geosciences education is being undermined and is losing its competitive edge in the global market.
On the role of viscosity in ideal Hadley circulation models
Authors: Adam Ori , Paldor Nathan
Published: August 2010

A comparison is made between inviscid and viscous solutions of an axially symmetric nonlinear Shallow Water Model (SWM) of the Hadley circulation on the spherical rotating Earth that includes vertical advection of momentum and Rayleigh friction. The results of the 1D SWM are compared with those of 2D (latitude‐height) nonlinear axially symmetric models. It is shown that solutions obtained from inviscid models do not predict correctly the main features of the circulation outside the Tropics. Specifically, the latitudes of the subtropical jets depend strongly on viscosity and on the pole‐to‐equator temperature difference. The differences from inviscid theory are attributed to the increased rate of energy dissipation in the viscous atmosphere. At the Tropics, however, the inviscid solutions of the SWM predict well the latitude and strength of the easterly jet and the weak temperature gradient.
Comparing variability and trends in observed and modelled global‐mean surface temperature
Authors: Fyfe John C. , Gillett Nathan P. , Thompson David W. J.
Published: August 2010

The observed evolution of the global‐mean surface temperature over the twentieth century reflects the combined influences of natural variations and anthropogenic forcing, and it is a primary goal of climate models to represent both. In this study we isolate, compare, and remove the following natural signals in observations and in climate models: dynamically induced atmospheric variability, the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, and explosive volcanic eruptions. We make clear the significant model‐to‐model variability in estimates of the variance in global‐mean temperature associated with these natural signals, especially associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and explosive volcanic eruptions. When these natural signals are removed from time series of global‐mean temperature, the statistical uncertainty in linear trends from 1950 to 2000 drops on average by about half. Hence, the results make much clearer than before where some model estimates of global warming significantly deviate from observations and where others do not.
Early phase of lightning currents measured in a short tower associated with direct and nearby lightning strikes
Authors: Visacro Silverio , Murta Vale Maria Helena , Correa Guilherme , Teixeira Andre
Published: August 2010

Records of natural lightning currents of negative downward strokes measured at the base of a 60 m high instrumented tower are presented to denote patterns of their early phase. Such patterns in the records of five flashes and two upward unconnected leaders are discussed. Typical profiles of this early phase, comprising the pre‐return‐stroke pulses of the current flowing upwards the tower in response to the downward stepped leader approaching the ground, the concavity in the initial rising part of the return‐stroke waveform, and the abrupt rise around the half‐peak of the first‐stroke waveform, are remarked. Statistics are developed for the pre‐return‐stroke pulses of current to characterize their amplitude, duration, interval, and risetime for both the first stroke and upward unconnected leaders, which proved to be quite similar. The ratio of the maximum pulse peak to first stroke peak is typically in the range 0.7% to 2.2% of the analyzed currents, different from the value of around 10% found for the distant electric fields radiated by first‐stroke currents.
Atmospheric consequences of cosmic ray variability in the extragalactic shock model: 2. Revised ionization levels and their consequences
Authors: Melott Adrian L. , Atri Dimitra , Thomas Brian C. , Medvedev Mikhail V. , Wilson Graham W. , Murray Michael J.
Published: August 2010

It has been suggested that galactic shock asymmetry induced by our galaxy's infall toward the Virgo Cluster may be a source of periodicity in cosmic ray exposure as the solar system oscillates perpendicular to the galactic plane, thereby, inducing an observed terrestrial periodicity in biodiversity. There are a number of plausible mechanisms by which cosmic rays might affect terrestrial biodiversity. Here we investigate one of these mechanisms, the consequent ionization and dissociation in the atmosphere, resulting in changes in atmospheric chemistry that culminate in the depletion of ozone and a resulting increase in the dangerous solar UVB flux on the ground. We use a heuristic model of the cosmic ray intensity enhancement originally suggested by Medvedev and Melott (2007) to compute steady state atmospheric effects. This paper is a reexamination of an issue we have studied before with a simplified approximation for the distribution of incidence angles. The new results are based on an improved ionization background computation averaged over a massive ensemble (about 7 × 105) shower simulations at various energies and incidence angles. We adopt a range with a minimal model and a fit to full exposure to the postulated extragalactic background. The atmospheric effects are greater than they were with our earlier, simplified ionization model. At the lower end of the intensity range, we find that the effects are too small to be of serious consequence. At the upper end of this range, ∼6% global average loss of ozone column density exceeds that currently experienced due to anthropogenic effects such as accumulated chlorofluorocarbons. We discuss some of the possible effects. The intensity of the atmospheric effects is less than those of a nearby supernova or galactic γ ray burst, but the duration of the effects would be about 106 times longer. Present UVB enhancement from current ozone depletion ∼3% is a documented stress on the biosphere, but a depletion of the magnitude found at the upper end of our range would approximately double the global average UVB flux. We conclude that for estimates at the upper end of the reasonable range of the cosmic ray variability over geologic time, the mechanism of atmospheric ozone depletion may provide a major biological stress, which could easily bring about major loss of biodiversity. It is possible that future high‐energy astrophysical observations will resolve the question of whether such depletion is likely.
Outcome-Related Metabolomic Patterns from 1H/31P NMR after Mild Hypothermia Treatments of Oxygen—Glucose Deprivation in a Neonatal Brain Slice Model of Asphyxia
Authors: Liu Jia , Litt Lawrence , Segal Mark R , Kelly Mark JS , Yoshihara Hikari AI , James Thomas L
Published: August 2010

Human clinical trials using 72 hours of mild hypothermia (32°C–34°C) after neonatal asphyxia have found substantially improved neurologic outcomes. As temperature changes differently modulate numerous metabolite fluxes and concentrations, we hypothesized that 1H/31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of intracellular metabolites can distinguish different insults, treatments, and recovery stages. Three groups of superfused neonatal rat brain slices underwent 45 minutes oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) and then were: treated for 3 hours with mild hypothermia (32°C) that began with OGD, or similarly treated with hypothermia after a 15-minute delay, or not treated (normothermic control group, 37°C). Hypothermia was followed by 3 hours of normothermic recovery. Slices collected at different predetermined times were processed, respectively, for 14.1 Tesla NMR analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) cell-death quantification, and superoxide production. Forty-nine NMR-observable metabolites underwent a multivariate analysis. Separated clustering in scores plots was found for treatment and outcome groups. Final ATP (adenosine triphosphate) levels, severely decreased at normothermia, were restored equally by immediate and delayed hypothermia. Cell death was decreased by immediate hypothermia, but was equally substantially greater with normothermia and delayed hypothermia. Potentially important biomarkers in the 1H spectra included PCr-1H (phosphocreatine in the 1H spectrum), ATP-1H (adenosine triphosphate in the 1H spectrum), and ADP-1H (adenosine diphosphate in the 1H spectrum). The findings suggest a potential role for metabolomic monitoring during therapeutic hypothermia.
Predictive Value of Platelet Activation for the Rate of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease Patients
Authors: Stellos Konstantinos , Panagiota Victoria , Kögel Andreas , Leyhe Thomas , Gawaz Meinrad , Laske Christoph
Published: August 2010

Vascular risk factors contribute to the progression of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and influence platelet activation. However, the degree of platelet activation as a possible underlying mechanism of this progression has not been studied till now. Significantly higher baseline expression of both platelet activation biomarkers, activated glycoprotein IIb–IIIa complex and P-selectin, was observed in patients with AD with fast cognitive decline compared with AD patients with slow cognitive decline during a 1-year follow-up period. These results suggest that platelet activation could be a putative prognostic biomarker for the rate of cognitive decline and a potential new treatment target in AD patients.
Sorting Bodies: Race, Affect, and Everyday Multiculture in a Mill Town in Northern England
Authors: Swanton Dan
Published: August 2010

This paper examines how race might be understood differently when social interaction is taken as the starting point of analysis. I argue that dominant modes of theorising race as a biological construct or epistemological marker remain insufficient for understanding the multiple, contingent, and devious ways in which race takes form in, and gives shape to, encounters. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Keighley—a former mill town in northern England—the paper assembles narrative fragments that reconstruct encounters with difference (that vary in intensity from the mundane to terror alerts). In each of these encounters I return to the question: what does race do? The paper offers a reconsideration of race and racism. I theorise race as a technology of differentiation that sorts human difference in ways that acknowledge the malleability of race and the more-than-human composition of social relations. I go on to outline an understanding of racism—a racism of assemblages—that recognises that the sorting of human difference is also accompanied by judgments that prefigure encounters. The racism of assemblages offers an opportunity to address the operation of race at the level of nonconscious thinking and the affective intensities through which the sorting and judging of human differences are performed. The work of gathering fragments to reconstruct encounters also generates insights into the microsociality of multicultural life in Keighley, disrupting narratives that argue that white and Asian communities lead ‘parallel lives’ in northern mill towns.
How Do You Measure Distance in Spatial Models? An Example Using Open-Space Valuation
Authors: Sander Heather A , Ghosh Debarchana , van Riper David , Manson Steven M
Published: August 2010

Spatial distance is a critical component of theories across the social, natural, and information sciences, but too often the methods and metrics used to describe spatial distance are implicit or underspecified. How distance is measured may influence model results in unanticipated ways. We examined the differences among distances calculated in three ways: Euclidean distances, vector-based road-network distances, and raster-based cost-weighted distances. We applied these different measures to the case of the economic value of open space, which is frequently derived using hedonic pricing (HP) models. In HP models, distance to open space is used to quantify access for residential properties. Under the assumption that vector-based road distances better match actual travel distance between homes and open spaces, we compared these distances with Euclidean and raster-based cost-weighted distances, finding that the distance values themselves differed significantly. Open-space values estimated using these distances in hedonic models differed greatly and values for Euclidean and cost-weighted distances to open space were much lower than those for road-network distances. We also highlight computational issues that can lead to counterintuitive effects in distance calculations. We recommend the use of road-network distances in valuing open space using HP models and caution against the use of Euclidean and cost-weighted distances unless there are compelling theoretical reasons to do so.
Empirically Derived Neighbourhood Rules for Urban Land-Use Modelling
Authors: Hansen Henning S
Published: August 2010

Land-use modelling and spatial scenarios have gained attention as a means to meet the challenge of reducing uncertainty in spatial planning and decision making. Many of the recent modelling efforts incorporate cellular automata to accomplish spatially explicit land-use-change modelling. Spatial interaction between neighbouring land uses is an important component in urban cellular automata. Nevertheless, this component is often calibrated through trial-and-error estimation. The aim of this project has been to develop an empirically derived landscape metric supporting cellular-automata-based land-use modelling. Through access to very detailed urban land-use data it has been possible to derive neighbourhood rules empirically, and test their sensitivity to the land-use classification applied, the regional variability of the rules, and their time variance. The developed methodology can be implemented easily and thus used as a much needed replacement for the various trial-and-error approaches that are often applied in land-use modelling.
The Fearful Symmetry of Arctic Climate Change: Accumulation by Degradation
Authors: Johnson Leigh
Published: August 2010

The rapid decline of Arctic sea ice has triggered new rounds of territorial claims making, investment, and development in northern states. This article argues that the physical processes of climate change require a rethinking of the typical mechanics of environmental degradation to account for the renewed possibilities for accumulation emerging in the Arctic, where the effects of historic, large-scale fossil fuel combustion are being organized into new regional production strategies that sharpen and deflect environmental degradation—a process I call ‘accumulation by degradation’. The region's hyperamplified thermodynamic response to radiative forcing by anthropogenic greenhouse gases allows for strategic maneuvering by nation-states and firms eager to secure various forms of rent and make climate change literally perform physical work for capital. These opportunities for new Arctic energy extraction and shipping are both heightened and complicated by contemporary geopolitics and commodity prices. Nevertheless, the much-heralded possibilities for capital accumulation in the Arctic may be overestimated. The entire conjuncture depends on a precarious coordination of markets, turnover times of capital, regulatory regimes, and fundamentally uncontrollable physical processes across many operational scales. Because the climate is a nonlinear system, emergent physical properties may materialize rapidly and unpredictably, drastically changing the regional operating environment for capital. Such emergence might well be both a result of and an obstruction to Arctic accumulation by degradation.
US physicians' intentions regarding impact of human papillomavirus vaccine on cervical cancer screening
Authors: Wong Charlene , Berkowitz Zahava , Saraiya Mona , Wideroff Louise , Benard Vicki B.
Published: August 2010

Background: US cervical cancer screening recommendations have not changed since the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine introduction in 2006, but epidemiological and cost-effectiveness studies indicate that recommendations will need to change for fully vaccinated women. We evaluated physician intentions regarding HPV vaccine’s impact on future screening. Methods: A nationally representative sample of 1212 primary care physicians was surveyed in 2006–2007 (response rate: 67.5%). Our study included 1114 physicians who provided Pap testing. Questions covered Pap test screening practices and intentions regarding HPV vaccine’s impact on screening. Distribution differences were assessed using χ2 statistics; multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Overall, 40.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 37.6–43.8%) of physicians agreed that the HPV vaccine will affect screening initiation, and 38.2% (35.0–41.5%) agreed that vaccination will affect screening frequency. Significant differences in responses were found by specialty; internists were more likely to agree that vaccination would impact screening than other specialties. Belief in the effectiveness of new screening technologies was associated with intention to change screening initiation (odds ratio (OR) = 1.66 (1.20–2.31)) and frequency (OR = 1.99 (1.40–2.83)). Adherence to current Pap test screening interval guidelines was associated with intention to change screening frequency (OR = 1.39 (1.01–1.91)). Conclusions: Many providers anticipate adjusting screening for vaccinated women, but a significant group believes nothing will change or are unsure. The present study provides important baseline data on intentions in the period preceding widespread vaccine diffusion and may help explain current and future trends in practice patterns.
PKA phosphorylates histone deacetylase 5 and prevents its nuclear export, leading to the inhibition of gene transcription and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
Authors: Ha Chang Hoon , Kim Ji Young , Zhao Jinjing , Wang Weiye , Jhun Bong Sook , Wong Chelsea , Jin Zheng Gen
Published: August 2010

Dynamic nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) is a fundamental mechanism regulating gene transcription. Recent studies have identified several protein kinases that phosphorylate HDAC5, leading to its exportation from the nucleus. However, the negative regulatory mechanisms for HDAC5 nuclear exclusion remain largely unknown. Here we show that cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA) specifically phosphorylates HDAC5 and prevents its export from the nucleus, leading to suppression of gene transcription. PKA interacts directly with HDAC5 and phosphorylates HDAC5 at serine 280, an evolutionarily conserved site. Phosphorylation of HDAC5 by PKA interrupts the association of HDAC5 with protein chaperone 14-3-3 and hence inhibits stress signal-induced nuclear export of HDAC5. An HDAC5 mutant that mimics PKA-dependent phosphorylation localizes in the nucleus and acts as a dominant inhibitor for myocyte enhancer factor 2 transcriptional activity. Molecular manipulations of HDAC5 show that PKA-phosphorylated HDAC5 inhibits cardiac fetal gene expression and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our findings identify HDAC5 as a substrate of PKA and reveal a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway that controls HDAC5 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and represses gene transcription. This pathway may represent a mechanism by which cAMP/PKA signaling modulates a wide range of biological functions and human diseases such as cardiomyopathy.
Structural basis for the regulation of NtcA-dependent transcription by proteins PipX and PII
Authors: Llácer José L. , Espinosa Javier , Castells Miguel A. , Contreras Asunción , Forchhammer Karl , Rubio Vicente
Published: August 2010

PII, an ancient and widespread signaling protein, transduces nitrogen/carbon/energy abundance signals through interactions with target proteins. We clarify structurally how PII regulates gene expression mediated by the transcription factor NtcA, the global nitrogen regulator of cyanobacteria, shedding light on NtcA structure and function and on how NtcA is activated by 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and coactivated by the nonenzymatic PII target, protein PipX. We determine for the cyanobacteria
Synechococcus elongatus
the crystal structures of the PII–PipX and PipX–NtcA complexes and of NtcA in active and inactive conformations (respective resolutions, 3.2, 2.25, 2.3, and 3.05 Å). The structures and the conclusions derived from them are consistent with the results of present and prior site-directed mutagenesis and functional studies. A tudor-like domain (TLD) makes up most of the PipX structure and mediates virtually all the contacts of PipX with PII and NtcA. In the PII–PipX complex, one PII trimer sequesters the TLDs of three PipX molecules between its body and its extended T loops, preventing PipX activation of NtcA. Changes in T loop conformation triggered by 2OG explain PII–PipX dissociation when 2OG is bound. The structure of active dimeric NtcA closely resembles that of the active cAMP receptor protein (CRP). This strongly suggests that with these proteins DNA binding, transcription activation, and allosteric regulation occur by common mechanisms, although the effectors are different. The PipX–NtcA complex consists of one active NtcA dimer and two PipX monomers. PipX coactivates NtcA by stabilizing its active conformation and by possibly helping recruit RNA polymerase but not by providing extra DNA contacts.
Community Cohesion in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Authors: Wood Matthew , Fowlie Julie
Published: August 2010

This paper discusses how the critical elements of ‘developing relationships’ and ‘understanding emotions’ within a social marketing framework can be used to influence local government strategy and communications aimed at improving community cohesion and addressing negative myths. Under New Labour, community cohesion became a national and local priority. This is a case study of how one local authority — The London Borough of Barking and Dagenham (LBBD) — has addressed this issue by taking a social marketing approach. The paper also briefly discusses the ‘tone of voice’ adopted by LBBD in response to extensive insight work before outlining an innovative staff training programme. Most frontline staff have now participated in this programme, and the authors are currently evaluating its effectiveness in improving communications and cohesion within the community.