bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UJI EFEKTIFITAS LARVASIDA DAUN PEPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA L) TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN LARVA AEDES AEGYPTI
Authors: Wijaya Tommy Adhi , Hasan Riyani Susan BT
Published: March 2020

AbstrakDBD merupakan penyakit yang paling sering disebabkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti akibat gigitanya. Vektorpembawa penyakit yang terus- menerus menyebar secara luas menyebabkan tingginya kasus demam berdarahpada iklim tropis dan subtropis sangat cocok untuk pertumbuhan nyamyuk Aedes aegypti. DEN 1, DEN 2, DEN 3dan DEN 4 merupakan serotip virus dengue di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan tehnik purpose sampling didapatimetode pengumpulan data, pengamatan dilakukan selama 48 jam dengan 3 kali pengulangan kemudian larvayang telah mati dilakukan penghitungan jumlahnya.Dengan uji kruskal- wallis dilakukan analisa data denganhipotesis Ha : Ada penghentian perkembangan oleh ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica Papaya L) terhadap larva AedesAegypti dan H0 : Tidak ada penghentian perkembangan oleh ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica Papaya L) terhadaplarva Aedes Aegypti. Hasil yang telah dapat lalu disimpulkan yaitu adanya Pengaruh larvasida ektrak daun pepaya( carica papaya L) terhadap kematian larva aedes aegypti dengan nilai ( p = 0.392 ). untuk menghambatperkembangan larva nyamuk aedes aegypti dengan persamaan LD50 yang dilakukan pada 2 jam pertamadibutuhkan ekstrak daun pepaya sebanyak 55,75%.Kata Kunci: Ekstrak daun pepaya, Anti Larvasida, Aedes Aegypti.
SKRINING PARASIT MALARIA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BUMI WONOREJO NABIRE-PAPUA TAHUN 2018
Authors: Tina Lymbran , Bagubau Fergiana , Nirmala Fifi
Published: March 2020

Abstrak Malaria adalah salah satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi parasit yang dapat menyebabkankematian pada manusia. Penyakit infeksi ini disebabkan oleh parasit Plasmodium yang hidup dan berkembangbiak dalam sel darah merah manusia dan ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles. Ada lima spesiesPlasmodium yang menyerang manusia yaitu : Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae,Plasmodium ovale dan Plasmodium knowlesi. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif denganrancangan penelitian crossectional atau potong lintang. penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan skrining denganmaksud untuk melihat positif atau negatif parasit malaria di dalam sampel darah mengunakan mikroskop.Skrining malaria merupakan suatu usaha untuk mencari dan menemukan penderita penyakit malaria yangtampak gejala klinis melalui suatu tes atau pemeriksaan, yang secara singkat dan sederhana sehingga dapatmemisahkan mereka yang sehat dari mereka yang kemungkinan besar menderita penyakit malaria, yangselanjutnya diproses melalui diagnosis dan pengobatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di laboratorium puskesmas BumiWonorejo kabupaten Nabire provinsi Papua tahun 2018. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 30 orang. Yaitu orang dengan gejala klinis seperti demam periodik, nyeri pada persendian, mual dan tinggal di wilayah kerjapuskesmas Bumi Wonorejo Nabire-Papua serta subjek bersedia di ambil sampel darah. Berdasarkan gambaran hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopis di Puskesmas Bumi Wonorejo Nabire-Papua tahun 2018 pada sediaan darahsubjek penelitian di peroleh positif malaria sebanyak 19 orang ( 63,3%) dan negatif malaria yaitu 11 0rang(36,3%). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kasus positif malaria di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Bumi WonorejoNabirePapuatahun2018masihtinggi. Katakunci:skrining,mikroskopis,malari
UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK METHANOL DAUN BANGUN-BANGUN (COLEOUS AMBOINICUS) TERHADAP JAMUR CANDIDA ALBICAN
Authors: Diana S M Putri , Annisa Elvia , Mutia Maya Sari
Published: March 2020

Abstrak : Infeksi jamur Candida albican adalah pathogen yang sering dijumpai dan menginfeksi pada lingkungan sekitar karenajamur ini bersifat flora normal pada tubuh. Daun bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus) adalah tanaman yang sangatdikenal pada rakyat suku batak dengan memiliki kandungan flavoniod dan tannin. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui pengaruh daun bangun-bangun(Coleus amboinicus)terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicansdengan metode cakram pada suatu kelompok control, yaitu dilakukan dengan konsentrasi 20%,40%,60%,80%,dan100%. Pada hasil akhir penelitian menunjukkan zona hambat di ekstrak daun bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus)dengan konsentasi 20%,40%,60%,80%,dan 100%. Zona hambat yang ditemukan adalah memilki rata-rata diameter14,21, 16,05, 16,65, 17,61, dan 18,23. Kesimpulan yang didapat pada rata-rata zona hambat menunjukkan perbedaanhasil setiap perlakuan konsentrasi, semakin besar konsentrasi ekstrak daun bangun-bangun maka semakin besarzona hambat pada Candida albican. Kata kunci : Ekstrak daun bangun-bangun (Colous amboinicus), Candida albican
UJI EFEKTIVITAS DAUN SAMBUNG NYAWA TERHADAP BAKTERI SALMONELLA TYPHI
Authors: Melysa Melysa , Tarigan Setia Budi , Manurung Charles , Nasution Sri Lestari Ramadhani
Published: March 2020

Abstrak Salmonella typhi adalah bakteri penyebab demam tifoid, yaitu penyakit yang diserbarkan lewat makanan danminuman yang telah tercemar feses atau kotoran manusia dimana penyakit ini disebabkan oleh suatu kuman yangberbentuk basil yaitu Salmonella typhi . Penelitian ini bertujuan demi mengetahui uji efektifitas ekstrak daunsambung nyawa dengan konsentrasi 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100% terhadap bakteri Salmonella typhi dengankloramfenikol sebagai pembandingnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Organik Fakultas Matematika danIlmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Sumatera utara dan di Laboratorium Farmasi dan Toksikologi Fakultas FarmasiUniversitas Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental desain post-test only design,pengambilan sampel dengan metode Purposive sampling. Uji efektivitas daun sambung nyawa terhadap bakterisalmonella typhi dilakukan dengan cara difusi menggunakan kertas cakram, dengan menghitung diameter zonahambat bakteri terhadap kertas cakram yang sudah dibasahi dengan ekstrak daun sambung nyawa dan kertas cakramyang mengandung kloramfenikol. Hasil penelitian dapat dilihat bahwa pada konsentrasi 25% - 100% peningkatanrerata diameter zona hambat terus terjadi, yaitu pada konsentrasi 25% 11,75 mm, pada konsentrasi 50% 14,25 mm, pada konsentrasi 75% 12,65 mm dan pada konsentrasi 100% 15,05 mm, zona hambat rerata pada kontrol positifberdiameter 26,4 mm terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Salmonella typhi. Terdapat hal yang dapat disarankan padapenelitian ini yaitu perlunya dilakukan penelitian pengembangan tentang efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daunsambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.)Merr.) dengan menggunakan konsentrasi yang berbeda untukmenghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Salmonella typh, dan perlunya dilakukan penelitian yang lebih lanjut denganmemakai bagian lainnya dari tumbuhan sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.)Merr.) terhadap bakteriSalmonella typhi. Kata kunci : Gynura, Demam tifoid, Sambung nyawa, Salmonella typhi, Obat alami
O pensamento sistêmico em análises urbanas: uma perspectiva para o problema da segregação socioespacial nas cidades
Authors: Naciff Yordana Dias das Neves
Published: March 2020

O presente artigo objetiva considerar a utilização da metodologia da abordagem sistêmica em análises urbanas, reconhecendo as cidades enquanto sistemas complexos passíveis de serem ordenados e equacionados na busca por soluções de problemas. Baseada nos conceitos da Teoria Geral dos Sistemas, a abordagem sistêmica é indicada, por vários autores, como um caminho metodológico adequado para integrar disciplinas na solução de um problema real. Para tal, deve-se ter um problema geral complexo que apresente elementos em incessante evolução e que esses possuam uma grande variedade de inter-relações. Visando a aplicação dessa metodologia, o estudo se volta à compreensão da segregação socioespacial enquanto parte integrante do macrossistema complexo das cidades sendo que, normalmente, essa temática é vista enquanto parte excluída desse sistema. Elabora-se uma proposta de pesquisa sistêmica orientada para a temática da segregação urbana. A pesquisa realizada possui natureza descritiva e exploratória a partir da análise de referenciais teóricos. Como resultado da pesquisa, conclui-se que a aplicação metodológica sistêmica em análises urbanas – sobretudo no estudo da segregação socioespacial – contribui de maneira satisfatória para a realização de diagnósticos urbanos. Constata- se também a premissa inicial de que a segregação pode ser analisada enquanto um sistema integrante do macrossistema das cidades.
A relação entre as produções científicas e o desenvolvimento das Cidades Inteligentes brasileiras
Authors: Engel de Alvarez Cristina , Campos Salzani Lívia
Published: March 2020

As questões relacionadas às Smart Cities (Cidades Inteligentes) têm sido um tema recorrente, seja no âmbito dos poderes públicos municipais, seja no meio acadêmico através de publicações científicas. Nesse sentido, o Brasil também vem ampliando a discussão sobre o tema, com ampla – e, muitas vezes, indevida – divulgação nas mídias sobre algum “ranking” de inteligência alcançado por determinada cidade, obtido através de indicadores nacionais ou internacionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi quantificar as publicações do cenário acadêmico brasileiro sobre as cidades inteligentes e aferir se algumas das cidades brasileiras consideradas inteligentes possuem alguma correspondência entre sua produção científica e sua colocação no ranking Connected Smart Cities, feito pela empresa Urban Systems. Para isso, foi selecionada uma plataforma de base de dados de pesquisas científicas – a Engineering Village, pertencente à editora internacional Elsevier – para realizar um levantamento bibliométrico e relacionar a quantidade de produções científicas das cidades, tendo por recorte temporal o período de 1990 a 2017. A partir do ranking escolhido, foi analisado se aquelas cidades com maiores produções científicas foram consideradas, efetivamente, as mais inteligentes.Como resultado, identificou-se que oito das dez cidades mais bem classificadas no ranking Connected Smart Cities apresentam um número relevante de publicações.
Espaço público e vitalidade: Parque linear como instrumento de reconciliação em área residual da infraestrutura viária
Authors: Rangel Ramos Suzany , Leticia Andara Ramos Larissa , Paula Rabello Lyra Ana
Published: March 2020

A qualidade de vida da população em meio urbano é influenciada pela presença de espaços públicos de permanência e lazer. Esses, por sua vez, são também corresponsáveis pela dinamização e vitalidade urbana. Todavia, o planejamento urbano das cidades contemporâneas reflete um distanciamento das relações entre as pessoas e os espaços livres de uso público, uma vez que estes são suprimidos pelas áreas edificadas e vias de circulação de veículos motorizados. O presente artigo reconhece a importância da produção desses espaços nas cidades e propõe estudar uma proposta de reconciliação urbana para reverter um desses cenários, situado em área remanescente da malha viária de uma parcela urbana da Região Central do município de Vila Velha - ES. A área identificada possui grande potencial para a criação de um espaço livre de uso público que atenda a demanda local, capaz de reverter a ruptura criada pelas obras de infraestrutura que cobriram o Canal Bigossi, que corta a cidade. A estratégia adotada resultou no ensaio projetual de um parque linear, desenvolvido em âmbito acadêmico, que consistiu na proposição de um espaço plural, abrigando múltiplas atividades e serviços, numa configuração que permite aproximar a relação entre a população, o meio ambiente e a cidade.
O Sistema de Circulação como Estratégia Projetual. Análise do Projeto Espaço Natura de Roberto Loeb
Authors: Tagliari Ana , Florio Wilson
Published: March 2020

Este artigo apresenta uma análise do Espaço Natura, de autoria do arquiteto Roberto Loeb, com foco no sistema de circulação. A premissa é que a circulação é parte integrante do programa de necessidades, e expressa conceitos fundamentais sobre a concepção formal e espacial do projeto. A intenção é demonstrar estratégias projetuais que nortearam o projeto. Assim, a partir da apreciação do sistema de circulação foi possível identificar qualidades espaciais decorrentes da valorização dos percursos, internos e externos, das visuais e da relação espaço-tempo-movimento dos usuários. Os resultados obtidos revelam procedimentos adotados pelo arquiteto que tornaram possível ultrapassar as questões meramente funcionais de uma indústria.
Retrato da capacidade de pagamento por parte do usuário de transporte público nas capitais brasileiras
Authors: Pereira Bernardinis Marcia de Andrade , Pavelski Luziane Machado
Published: March 2020

A renda é fator preponderante sobre a condição de mobilidade dos indivíduos, na proporção em que, quanto maior a parcela de renda mensal absorvida em gastos com o transporte menor a condição de mobilidade, esse artigo visa identificar como encontra-se nas capitais Brasileiras à capacidade de pagamento dos usuários de transporte público. Trata-se de um panorama dos locais em que a população tem maior ou menor facilidade de alcançar a mobilidade com relação à renda, tomando como referência a relação entre o preço da passagem e o salário mínimo. Para essa finalidade foi utilizado um indicador elaborado para cidades da América Latina (ECLAC, 1992). Através do indicador foi possível constatar que Belo Horizonte - MG é a capital no Brasil onde os usuários apresentam menor acessibilidade, enquanto Rio de Janeiro- -RJ é a capital com maior acessibilidade com base na renda mínima. Nenhuma das cidades atingiu o valor considerado critico pelo indicador (33%). Entretanto, algumas atingiram 20%, próximo do que é consumido na alimentação das famílias, proporção de cerca de 19,8% do salário mínimo, indício de que a proporção da renda mensal comprometida com transporte é alta e pode interferir negativamente na mobilidade dos usuários de transporte público em algumas cidades.
A utopia popular materializada nos Acampamentos Escolares da Campanha De Pé no Chão Também se Aprende a Ler (Djalma Maranhão, Natal-RN, 1961)
Authors: Paiva da Costa Maria Helena , Koury Ana Paula
Published: March 2020

No início da década de 1960 o Brasil vê o surgimento de inúmeras experiências educacionais no combate ao analfabetismo. Nesse contexto surge em 1961, na cidade de Natal/RN a campanha De Pé no Chão Também se Aprende a Ler, que entendemos ter sido possível devido à forte atuação popular e atitude política comprometida com os anseios da população pelo acesso à educação. Buscamos contextualizar a arquitetura utilizada no espaço escolar, que ficou conhecido como Acampamentos Escolares, enfatizando o conhecimento vernacular presente na construção dos acampamentos, relacionando- -os à tipologia dos mocambos estudada, na década de 1930, pelo sociólogo pernambucano Gilberto Freyre.
Políticas de Mobilidade Urbana: Identificação de Critérios de Avaliação das Políticas e Ações de Ciclomobilidade
Authors: Luiz de Azevedo Wellington , Vasconcelos Flavia Nico , Carreta Ferreira Giovanilton André
Published: March 2020

A valorização dos modos de transporte não motorizados tem se mostrado evidente nas esferas do governo federal, estadual e municipal, e tem impulsionado a discussão sobre a mobilidade cicloviária, onde em meio ao caos na mobilidade urbana ocasionado pelo modelo de circulação baseado no automóvel, fez com que os governos incluíssem de forma significativa políticas públicas, legislações e ações voltadas a mobilidade cicloviária com novas alternativas para problemas associados à mobilidade urbana. Contudo no Brasil há uma lacuna quanto à necessidade do estabelecimento de critérios para avaliar a evolução da implantação das políticas e ações de mobilidade cicloviária nos municípios. Dessa forma o estudo propõe com base na legislação brasileira e experiências nacionais e internacionais levantar critérios que permitam avaliar as políticas e ações de ciclomobilidade implantadas, de forma a ser um instrumento aplicável nos municípios.
Do edifício ao território: o patrimônio urbano industrial na trajetória do CONDEPHAAT (1968-2018)
Authors: Rufinoni Manoela Rossinetti
Published: March 2020

A amplitude do conceito de patrimônio industrial, ratificada pela Carta de Nizhny Tagil (2003) e pelos Princípios de Dublin (2011), evidencia a dimensão urbana e territorial dos testemunhos da industrialização como um dos principais desafios a serem enfrentados pelas ações de preservação. Ao analisar uma seleção de processos de tombamento do CONDEPHAAT (Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo, órgão criado em 1968), identificamos, desde meados da década de 1970, uma paulatina percepção dessa dimensão urbana nos estudos voltados à preservação do patrimônio industrial, não obstante as dificuldades relacionadas aos limites do instrumento de tombamento, pensado originalmente para a tutela de edifícios considerados isoladamente. A partir da análise de uma seleção de processos de tombamento de bens industriais paulistas, este artigo pretende destacar a presença e a amplitude das menções à questão urbana e territorial ao longo da trajetória do CONDEPHAAT, evidenciando as formas de entendimento das relações urbanas inerentes ao patrimônio industrial em cada período histórico e as possibilidades de aprofundamento desse debate na atualidade.
A cidade começa no lugar onde você mora! Relações entre memória, identidade e território nos bairros-sede dos CEUs
Authors: Jardim Elaine Aparecida
Published: March 2020

O projeto Meu bairro, minha cidade: você também faz parte desta história, que resultou nas exposições inaugurais dos CEUs da primeira fase (2003-04), foi concebido no âmbito da Secretaria Municipal da Educação como um projeto de memória de bairros periféricos. Desenvolvido no contexto das comemorações dos 450 anos da fundação da cidade de São Paulo (1554- 2004) o projeto cumpria um duplo objetivo: evidenciar as conexões entre a história local e história mais ampla da cidade, visando a inclusão das memórias locais ao currículo escolar da rede municipal de ensino; e favorecer a apropriação positiva do novo espaço escolar pela população do seu entorno, então, reconhecida como agente construtor da cidade. Para enfatizar tais objetivos, optou-se pela inversão do eixo narrativo da história da cidade, do centro para a periferia, segundo a premissa que “a cidade começa no lugar onde você mora”. Tal operação discursiva foi fundamentada em depoimentos dos moradores, que ora constituem o fio condutor do presente artigo, no sentido de abordar as conexões entre memória, identidade e território, bem como a definição de referenciais de memória, a partir de uma perspectiva distinta daquelas que orientam as políticas de patrimonialização.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF INDICATIVE PROCESS PARAMETERS OF DUAL-FUEL ENGINES WITH CONVENTIONAL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM
Authors: Lebedevas Sergejus , Pukalskas Saugirdas , Daukšys Vygintas
Published: March 2020

Modern engine research uses multi-dimensional Mathematical Models (MMs) that are applicable to multi-fuel engines. However, their use involves the availability of detailed technical data on the design and characteristics of the engine, which is not always possible. The use of a one-dimensional MM is more expedient for the prediction of engine parameters, but their application for this purpose has not yet been sufficiently investigated. This publication presents the results of numerical studies evaluating the application of a one-dimensional MM with bi-phase Vibe combustion laws for dual-fuel (DF) Diesel (D) and Natural Gas (NG) engine power parameters. The motor test results of a high-speed 4ČN79.5/95.5 Diesel Engine (DE) with a conventional fuel injection system were used as adequacy criteria. The engines were operated with D100 and DF D20/NG80, in high- (HLM), medium- (MLM), and low- (LLM) load modes, and the angle of Diesel-fuel Injection Timing (DIT) was changed from −1 to −13 °CA in the Before Top Dead Center (BTDC) range. Modelling of the single-phase Vibe combustion law has limited applicability for efficient use only in HLM (with an error of 7%). In the MLM and LLM regimes, owing to non-compliance with real bi-phasic combustion with a strongly extended NG diffusive second phase, the modelling error is 50%. Individual MM matching in MLM and LLM in a DF D20/NG80 experiment detected a burn time increase from between 45 and 50 °CA, to 110 and 200 °CA, respectively. Limited use of the one-dimensional MM in the evaluation of DF engine performance has been identified. When comparing a one-dimensional MM with experimental data, a bi-phase law of heat release characteristic should be considered for better coincidence. In addition, individual MM matching with an experiment on each engine load mode ensured acceptable accuracy in testing and optimising the parameters of the indicator process, including DIT.
Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 2: Revision of the A. apicalis group
Authors: van Achterberg Cornelis , Shaw Mark R. , Quicke Donald L. J.
Published: March 2020

The West Palaearctic species of theAleiodes apicalisgroup (Braconidae: Rogadinae) as defined by van Achterberg & Shaw (2016) are revised. Six new species of the genusAleiodesWesmael, 1838, are described and illustrated:A. carbonaroidesvan Achterberg & Shaw,sp. nov.,A. coriaceusvan Achterberg & Shaw,sp. nov.,A. improvisusvan Achterberg & Shaw,sp. nov.,A. nigrifemurvan Achterberg & Shaw,sp. nov.,A. turcicusvan Achterberg & Shaw,sp. nov., andA. zwakhalsivan Achterberg & Shaw,sp. nov.An illustrated key to 42 species is included. Hyperstemma Shestakov, 1940, is retained as subgenus to accommodate A. chloroticus (Shestakov, 1940) and similar species. Fourteen new synonyms are proposed:Rogas bicolorLucas, 1849 (not Spinola, 1808),Rogas rufo-aterWollaston, 1858,Rhogas bicolorinusFahringer, 1932, Rhogas reticulator var. atripes Costa, 1884, andRhogas similisSzépligeti, 1903, ofAleiodes apicalis(Brullé, 1832); Rogas (Rogas) vicinus Papp, 1977, ofAleiodes aterrimus(Ratzeburg, 1852);Rogas affinisHerrich-Schäffer, 1838, ofAleiodes cruentus(Nees, 1834);Bracon dimidiatusSpinola, 1808, and Rhogas (Rhogas) dimidiatus var. turkestanicus Telenga, 1941, ofAleiodes gasterator(Jurine, 1807);Rogas alpinusThomson, 1892, ofAleiodes grassator(Thunberg, 1822);Rhogas jaroslawensisKokujev, 1898, ofAleiodes periscelis(Reinhard, 1863); Rhogas carbonarius var. giraudi Telenga, 1941, ofAleiodes ruficornis(Herrich-Schäffer, 1838);Ichneumon ductorThunberg, 1822, ofAleiodes unipunctator(Thunberg, 1822);Rogas heterostigmaStelfox, 1953, ofAleiodes pallidistigmus(Telenga, 1941). Neotypes are designated forRogas affinisHerrich-Schäffer, 1838;Rogas nobilisHaliday (in Curtis), 1834;Rogas pallidicornisHerrich-Schäffer, 1838;Rogas ruficornisHerrich-Schäffer, 1838. Lectotypes are designated for Rhogas (Rhogas) dimidiatus var. turkestanicus Telenga, 1941, andRhogas hemipterusMarshall, 1897.
Low Literacy Levels in Adults: Implications for Patient Education
Authors: Fisher Evelyn
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

Background: Patients are being discharged with the need for more complex care in the home. Written information frequently is used in health education. Patients and caregivers must be able to read and understand this information.

Method: A comprehensive literature review of articles on literacy and health education materials was performed.

Results: The literature review revealed that low literacy is more prevalent in the United States than is generally recognized. Health education materials often require a reading level higher than the reading level of most patients. There are a number of tools available for assessing reading levels.

Conclusion: Findings indicate there are implications for nursing practice, education, and research. There is a need for nurses to be aware of the prevalence of low literacy. They need to know how to accurately assess reading ability and develop material that is at the appropriate level for patients and caregivers. There is a need for research to investigate possible relationships between health status and low literacy and to examine the effects of remedial reading programs on health practices.
Time Lotteries and Stochastic Impatience
Authors: DeJarnette Patrick , Dillenberger David , Gottlieb Daniel , Ortoleva Pietro
Published: March 2020

We study preferences over lotteries in which both the prize and the payment date are uncertain. In particular, atime lotteryis one in which the prize is fixed but the date is random. With Expected Discounted Utility, individuals must be riskseekingover time lotteries (RSTL). In an incentivized experiment, however, we find that almost all subjects violate this property. Our main contributions are theoretical. We first show that within a very broad class of models, which includes many forms of nonexpected utility and time discounting, it is impossible to accommodate even a single violation of RSTL without also violating a property we termed Stochastic Impatience, a risky counterpart of standard Impatience. We then present two positive results. If one wishes to maintain Stochastic Impatience, violations of RSTL can be accommodated by keeping Independence within periods while relaxing it across periods. If, instead, one is willing to forego Stochastic Impatience, violations of RSTL can be accommodated with a simple generalization of Expected Discounted Utility, obtained by imposing only the behavioral postulates of Discounted Utility and Expected Utility.
Technical solutions for under-row weed control in vineyards: Efficacy, costs and environmental aspects analysis
Authors: Manzone Marco , Demeneghi Mattia , Marucco Paolo , Grella Marco , Balsari Paolo
Published: March 2020

Weed control in vineyards is essential to allow optimal vines development. In this study, three different techniques (hoeing, chemical control, and mulching) used in vineyard’s under-row weed control were compared considering their: operative and economic aspects, energy consumptions and environmental impacts. Trials were performed in a vineyard located in Canelli (AT), Italy, characterized by 3 different gradient slopes (<5%, 10-15%, >20%). Each technique has been tested in 3 adjacent rows per each of the 3 vineyard slopes (randomized block test). Two weed control treatments were performed (at 50 days interval) during the peak vegetation growth period (from mid-April to mid-August). Major families of weeds in the test rows were described and scored (%), and weed control efficiency was measured by comparing the weeds cover area projected to the ground vs the test area. Results highlights that the use of mulching machine and the boom sprayer permits to maintain a weed coverage lower than 30% independently of slope gradient. The hoeing, characterized by low operational costs (26 € h–1) and energy requirement (550 MJ ha–1), scored acceptable working performances, but, in case of heavy rains, it can cause a runoff of the soil. The chemical weed control, also if results a valid choice in term of work quality, is not a valid solution from the environmental point of view. The mulching machine, although shows higher operating costs compared to other machines tested (30 € h–1), can be considered as the most viable alternative to chemical weed control because its working efficiency is comparable to that obtained by the sprayer.
Laws of Nature: Metaphysics and Epistemology
Authors: Borge Bruno , Cani Renato
Published: March 2020

Introduction by The Guest Editors
Humean laws and explanation
Authors: Loewer Barry
Published: March 2020

My primary focus in this paper is on an objection to Humean account of laws and specifically to David Lewis’ “best systems analysis” (BSA). The objection is that the laws according to the BSA (which I call L-laws) fail to account for the ability of laws to explain. In contrast governing laws (which I will call G-laws) are alleged to account for the role of laws in scientific explanations by virtue of their governing role. If governing is required for laws to be explanatory then Humean accounts like Lewis’ are dead in the water since explanation is central to the role of laws in the sciences. However, I will argue that there are effective rebuttals to arguments that Humean laws don’t explain and that actually it is governing accounts that have difficulty with explanation.
Mentaculus Laws and Metaphysics
Authors: Demarest Heather
Published: March 2020

The laws of nature are central to our understanding of the world. And while there is often broad agreement about the technical formulations of the laws, there can be sharp disagreement about the metaphysical nature of the laws. For instance, the Newtonian laws of nature can be stated and analyzed by appealing to a set of possible worlds. Yet, some philosophers argue the worlds are mere notational devices, while others take them to be robust, concrete entities in their own right. In this paper, I use a recent view of laws called the Mentaculus as a case study to illustrate the wide variety of metaphysical pictures that can accompany such a view. I conclude that the technical features of the laws -- typically (though not always) given to us by practicing scientists -- are compatible with many different metaphysical foundations.
The Contingency of Physical Laws
Authors: Huoranszki Ferenc
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this paper is to explain the sense in which laws of physics are contingent. It argues, first, that contemporary Humean accounts cannot adequately explain the contingency of physical laws; and second, that Hume’s own arguments against the metaphysical necessity of causal connections are not applicable in this context. The paper concludes by arguing that contingency is an essentially emergent, macroscopic phenomenon: we can understand the contingency of fundamental physical laws only through their relation to the distribution of macroscopic modal properties in the manifest world.
Kinds of Determinism in Science
Authors: Maar Alexander
Published: March 2020

Determinism is a doctrine or assumption best defined in the realm of the natural sciences. In this paper I explain in detail the four senses of determinism, from the most fundamental metaphysical sense, to the most complex epistemic (predictive) sense. I take as a starting point the analysis of determinism offered by Stephen Kellert. Each of these senses is then expounded and commented with a view to explore some of the implications of each of them in theoretical physics. The most important of my tasks in this paper is to differentiate between the metaphysical and epistemic consequences of the deterministic assumption. My objective is to show that determinism as an ontological tenet is capable of withstanding criticism, even though predictive determinism is likely to be false.
ISIS in Their Own Words: Recruitment History, Motivations for Joining, Travel, Experiences in ISIS, and Disillusionment over Time – Analysis of 220 In-depth Interviews of ISIS Returnees, Defectors and Prisoners
Authors: Speckhard Anne , Ellenberg Molly
Published: March 2020

Two hundred and twenty Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) defectors, returnees, and imprisoned ISIS cadres were in-depth interviewed by the author, a research psychologist working for the International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism (ICSVE) from 2015-2019. These interviews were conducted in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, the Balkans, Europe, and Central Asia with ISIS prisoners, returnees, and defectors. The purpose was to learn about their recruitment history, motivations for joining, travel, experiences inside the group, disillusionment over time, and defection, return or capture. This article reports on a sample of both male and female former ISIS members representing over 35 countries. It examines their demographics, contextual, and other qualitative variants regarding their psycho-social vulnerabilities and motivations for joining. It then discusses the influences and recruitment patterns drawing them into the group, their roles, experiences, and relationships inside it, variance in their will to fight and support violence, and their disillusionment and attempts to leave (when it occurs)—as well as their advice to others about joining. Although a convenience sample, the findings are consistent with other quantitative studies on ISIS and we believe highly informative on many important topics.
Long-term sub-micrometer aerosol chemical composition in the boreal forest: inter- and intra-annual variability
Authors: Heikkinen Liine , Äijälä Mikko , Riva Matthieu , Luoma Krista , Dällenbach Kaspar , Aalto Juho , Aalto Pasi , Aliaga Diego , Aurela Minna , Keskinen Helmi , Makkonen Ulla , Rantala Pekka , Kulmala Markku , Petäjä Tuukka , Worsnop Douglas , Ehn Mikael
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The Station for Measuring Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR) II is well
known among atmospheric scientists due to the immense amount of
observational data it provides of the Earth–atmosphere interface. Moreover,
SMEAR II plays an important role for the large European research infrastructure,
enabling the large scientific community to tackle climate- and air-pollution-related questions, utilizing the high-quality long-term data sets recorded
at the site. So far, this well-documented site was missing the description of
the seasonal variation in aerosol chemical composition, which helps
understanding the complex biogeochemical and physical processes governing
the forest ecosystem. Here, we report the sub-micrometer aerosol chemical
composition and its variability, employing data measured between 2012 and
2018 using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM). We observed a
bimodal seasonal trend in the sub-micrometer aerosol concentration culminating
in February (2.7, 1.6, and 5.1 µg m−3 for the median, 25th,
and 75th percentiles, respectively) and July (4.2, 2.2, and 5.7 µg m−3 for the median, 25th, and 75th percentiles, respectively). The
wintertime maximum was linked to an enhanced presence of inorganic aerosol
species (ca. 50 %), whereas the summertime maximum (ca. 80 % organics) was linked to
biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. During the exceptionally
hot months of July of 2014 and 2018, the organic aerosol concentrations were up to
70 % higher than the 7-year July mean. The projected increase in heat
wave frequency over Finland will most likely influence the loading and
chemical composition of aerosol particles in the future. Our findings
suggest strong influence of meteorological conditions such as radiation,
ambient temperature, and wind speed and direction on aerosol chemical
composition. To our understanding, this is the longest time series reported
describing the aerosol chemical composition measured online in the boreal
region, but the continuous monitoring will also be maintained in the future.
Praying the Ultimate: The Pragmatic Core of Neville’s Philosophical Theology
Authors: Raposa Michael L.
Published: March 2020

Robert Neville develops a portrayal of “religious virtuosity” that establishes an important link between his philosophical theology and his understanding of spiritual practice. “Praying the ultimate” is one especially apt label for such a practice. While Peirce’s pragmatism and semiotic theory offer key ingredients for Neville’s account, he creatively adapts these resources for his own constructive purposes. Here I place Peirce in conversation with Neville both to illuminate that account and to raise some questions about it.
Reconstructing a Sense of Home: Basket Making among Wounaan Artisans
Authors: Iregui Laura Osorio
Published: March 2020

For forced migrants, building a sense of home in their new context is a vital search. In this article, I argue that in the case of displaced indigenous artisans, “home” is constantly longed for and reconstructed through materiality—through their interactions with the environment, materials, and the re-adaptation of craftsmanship. This article draws from research among the Wounaan (a displaced indigenous group from Colombia) and their folklore related to traditional basket making.
Making Certainty and Dwelling through Craft
Authors: Buchczyk Magdalena
Published: March 2020

This article offers a fieldwork-based reflection on how the performance of craft is entangled with attempts to overcome uncertainty. Drawing on research with two urban craft groups, I explore how participants engage in textile making and other craft activities. This article reconsiders the importance of heterogeneous craft practices as ways of operating in a precarious environment, suggesting that in the face of adversity, craftsmanship can play a role in carving out spaces of possibility.
Testing the Productivity Growth Effects of Financial Liberalisation on the Economic Sectors of Ghana in the Precence of Structural Breaks
Authors: Amoah Robertson , Peter Kwarteng
Published: March 2020

The study examined the relationship between financial liberalization and productivity growth of the three economic sectors in Ghana by using the yearly data over the period 1970-2013. In the analysis; the credits provided to private sector, investment, trade liberalization and capital account openness are considered as indicators of financial liberalization while sector level value added as a percentage of GDP represents productivity growth. The stationarity of the series and the long run relationship are analyzed by means of Zivot-Andrews (1992) and Clemente, Montanes and Reyes (1998) tests and Gregory Hansen tests in which structural breaks are considered. The findings of the study revealed that increasing spending on the productive sectors of the economy will yield a positive result of sustainable productivity growth at sector levels. However, government initiated structural reform that is not accompanied by sound macroeconomic policies may not have a lasting effect, since the effect of such reform in the long run growth path could be thrown out of gear by other external shocks. The positive effect of financial liberalization on productivity growth can be broadly confirmed in all the three economic sectors. Future studies could be focused on whether financial liberalization will make anticipated impact on sector level productivity growth using primary data from the various sectors of the economy in a survey study using structural modeling.
DISABLED PEOPLE ON THE LABOUR MARKET IN POLAND – FOCUS ON RURAL AREAS OF THE MASOVIAN VOIVODSHIP
Authors: Stolarczyk Paulina , Wielechowski Michał
Published: March 2020

The aim of the paper was to present and assess the economic activity of disabled people on the Polish labour market from a country, voivodship, and Masovian Voivodship rural areas’ perspective. The study used data from the Labour Force Survey in Poland collected by the Central Statistical Office and original data collected by a questionnaire, using public institutions, NGOs and direct interviews. The adopted research period covered the years 2007-2018. Japanese candlestick charting as well as tabular and selected statistical methods were used to present the research results. Levels of analysed Polish labour market indicators for disabled people increased noticeably in the analysed period, however persisted significantly below those for non-disabled people. At a voivodship level, the study showed that rates and changes of economic activity in the group of disabled people differed visibly. The highest economic activity rates were observed in the Subcarpathian, Lubusz and Holy Cross voivodships, while the lowest in the West Pomeranian and Lesser Poland voivodships. In 15 voivodships, the unemployment rate decreased significantly in the analysed period. Survey results highlighted a relatively high employment rate and low earnings rates in the researched group of disabled people from the Masovian Voivodship, where the level of education had a significant positive impact on those rates.
ORGANIC FARMING AS REGIONAL SMART SPECIALIZATION IN PODLASIE IN LIGHT OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Authors: Bańkowska Katarzyna , Jasiński Jakub , Krupin Vitaliy
Published: March 2020

The article aims to present the results of research on the prerequisites for the development of organic farming in a region recognized as Regional Smart Specialization. Due to growing consumer interest in the standards of food available on the market, the list of National Smart Specializations includes an entire section dedicated to “High quality food” and under it the “Production of organic, traditional and regional food”. Only few Polish voivodeships placed this sector on the regional list, thus giving organic farming priority in the process of financing research and investment. The voivodeship, which not only excels in the statistics of organic production in the country but, what is important, treats this activity as its smart specialization is the Podlaskie voivodeship. To assess the conditions for the development of organic farming in Podlasie, the data regarding the number of certified organic farms as well as the opinions of local stakeholders concerning the future of this sector in the region were analyzed. Including qualitative research results in the analysis process allowed to indicate the prognosis for the possible development of this sector in the voivodship.
LABOR EFFICIENCY AND CHANGES IN SELECTED RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION FACTORS IN AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
Authors: Kusz Dariusz
Published: March 2020

The purpose of the work was the evaluation of changes in the effectiveness of the use of labor in agriculture against a background of changes in the relation of production factors. The analysis is presented on a regional basis. The empirical material consisted of CSO statistical data from 2000-2016. The following diagnostic variables were used for analysis: (1) the value of gross agricultural output per one employed in agriculture, (2) technical work equipment – the gross value of fixed assets in agriculture per one employed in agriculture, (3) the number of people working in agriculture per 100 hectares of agricultural land (AL), (4) technical equipment of agricultural land – the gross value of fixed assets in agriculture per 1 hectare of AL. Based on a set of diagnostic features describing individual voivodships in Poland, their classification was performed using the cluster analysis of the Ward method. A decrease in the technical equipment of labor was recorded, and an increase in the technical equipment of agricultural land and the number of people working in agriculture per 100 hectares of AL. At the same time, these changes varied in individual groups of voivodships. Analysis of regional differentiation demonstrates that, in voivodships with much more favorable relations of production, labour efficiency was higher. In addition, in these voivodships, the average annual rate of changes in labor efficiency was also at a higher level. This may result in a growing disparity in the level of farming efficiency.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN METROPOLITAN AREAS – CHANGES IN SCALE AND STRUCTURE
Authors: Płonka Aleksandra , Wojewodzic Tomasz , Sroka Wojciech , Mikołajczyk Jarosław
Published: March 2020

The main aim of the studies was to identify and assess the changes in the organisation and scale of livestock production of farms operating within varying distance from the cores of metropolitan areas (MA). The studies covered production units specializing in animal production and mixed farms that participated in the FADN system over an uninterrupted period between 2004 and 2016. The results show that, in the study group of commercial farms operating in areas bordering MA cores, there is a clear reduction of both the numbers of herds and the scale of livestock production. The group of farms located outside metropolitan areas was characterised by a relatively high share of permanent crops and high density of pigs. The intensity of agricultural production organisation increased as the distance from the cores of metropolitan areas grew. It confirms the concept of reversed Thȕnen rings formulated by Sinclair and known in the theory of economics, according to which production results and productivity per unit area increases with the distance from city centres. The conducted analyses confirm the general trend of withdrawal of farmers operating near cities from animal production and a clear extensification of farm organization.
HIDDEN UNEMPLOYMENT IN POLISH AGRICULTURE IN 2005-2018 – A SIMULATION OF THE SCALE OF THE PROBLEM
Authors: Kołodziejczak Włodzimierz
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the levels of potential hidden unemployment in Polish agriculture in 2005, 2015 and 2018. Excessive employment in agriculture (understood as hidden unemployment) is one of the key outstanding problems in the process of modernizing Polish rural areas. This paper uses a method for estimating these processes based on the results of a simulation based on the assumption that agriculture has a 5% share in the total working population employed in the national economy. The study relied on EUROSTAT and Central Statistical Office data and on relevant literature. The level of agricultural employment and the amount of surplus workforce differ across voivodships and suggest that structural factors continue to have a strong impact. The distance to the 5% level assumed in the simulation has been decreasing in subsequent years. Hence, achieving this goal seems more and more realistic.
CHANGES IN THE LOCATION OF COW HERDS IN POLAND IN LIGHT OF SINCLAIR’S LOCATION THEORIES
Authors: Pepliński Benedykt
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the location of cow herds around 11 biggest Polish cities in 1960, 1973, 1996 and 2010. Membership of districts was determined based on the smallest distance between the district’s capital and one of the 11 central cities. The area surrounding the cities was split into eight 25-kilometer rings; the last (eighth) ring constitutes territories located over 175 km away from the nearest central city. Calculations were based on cow numbers and area of agricultural land at a district level. This allowed to specify cow density per 100 hectares of agricultural land. The study found that changes occurred in the distribution of cow numbers in territories surrounding central cities. Semi-peripheral areas located around the biggest central cities witnessed a reduction in cow density. This suggests that these territories are anticipated to be used for urban development purposes. These processes gained momentum only after 1990. Conversely, this trend was not observed in agglomerations with a population of less than one million. Milk production was mainly relocated to peripheral areas (located 50 to 124 km away from central cities defined in this study). The intensification of environmental measures in Europe suggests that action be taken to slow down the territorial concentration of cow herds in Poland. This study also confirmed the theory by Sinclair who claimed that animal production should be located in remote areas.