bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regioselectivity and Tautomerism of Novel Five-Membered Ring Nitrogen Heterocycles Formed via Cyclocondensation of Acylthiosemicarbazides
Authors: Tomaščiková Jana , Imrich Ján , Danihel Ivan , Böhm Stanislav , Kristian Pavol , Pisarčíková Jana , Sabol Marián , Klika Karel D.
Published: October 2008

A series of 1-acyl-4-phenyl/(acridin-9-yl)thiosemicarbazides 3, including fournew compounds, were prepared in order to study substituent effects on cyclizationreactions with oxalyl chloride (producing imidazolidine-4,5-diones 4), dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate (to give thiazolidin-4-ones 7 and 8) and autocondensation underalkaline conditions (to yield 1,2,4-triazoles 9). A positional isomer, 10 of compound 3f wasalso prepared. Altogether, twenty new compounds characterized and identified by IR, UV,1H, 13C and 2D NMR and quantum chemical calculations are described. The tautomerismof the products and regioselectivity of the reactions were evaluated. Compounds 3f−h,3h·2HCl, 7b,d and 10 were screened for cytotoxic activity against the L1210 leukemia cellline and all compounds, except for 3f, exhibited promising inhibitions of cell growth.
Prodrugs for Amines
Authors: Simplício Ana L. , Clancy John M. , Gilmer John F.
Published: October 2008

The purpose of this work is to review the published strategies for the productionof prodrugs of amines. The review is divided in two main groups of approaches: those thatrely on enzymatic activation and those that take advantage of physiological chemicalconditions for release of the drugs. A compilation of the most important approaches ispresented in the form of a table, where the main advantages and disadvantages of eachstrategy are also referred.
Neglschisandrins A-B: Two New Dibenzocyclooctene Lignans from Schisandra neglecta
Authors: Chen Min , Xu Xiumei , Liao Zhihua , Dong Li , Li Lei , Huang Chengzhi
Published: October 2008

Two new dibenzocyclooctene lignans, neglschisandrins A-B (1-2), were isolatedfrom the stems of Schisandra neglecta. Their structures and stereochemistries wereelucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D- and 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MStechniques.
Cytotoxic Metabolites from the Okinawan Ascidian Diplosoma virens
Authors: Ogi Takayuki , Taira Junsei , Margiastuti Palupi , Ueda Katsuhiro
Published: October 2008

The unstable isomeric compounds 5-hydroxy-7-prop-2-en-(E)-ylidene-7,7adihydro-2H-cyclopenta[b]pyran-6-one (1) and 5-hydroxy-7-prop-2-en-(Z)-ylidene-7,7adihydro-2H-cyclopenta[b]pyran-6-one (2), previously described as antimicrobialmetabolites from the sponge Ulosa sp., were isolated and identified as major componentsof the ascidian Diplosoma virens. In this paper, full spectral data for 2 and complete 13CNMRdata for 1, based on 2D NMR measurements, are provided for the first time.Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxity against HCT116 cells (human colorectal cancercells) by triggering apoptotic cell death.
Docking Studies and Anti-inflammatory Activity of β-Hydroxy-β-arylpropanoic Acids
Authors: Dilber Sanda P. , Dobric Silva Lj. , Juranic Zorica D. , Markovic Bojan D. , Vladimirov Sote M. , Juranic Ivan O.
Published: October 2008

The article describes a two-step synthesis of diastereomeric 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(4-biphenylyl)butanoic acids. In the first step an intermediate α-bromo propanoicacid 1-ethoxyethyl ester was synthesized. The second step is a new modified Reformatskyreaction in presence of Zn in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at –5 to 10 °C between the previouslysynthesized intermediate and 4-acetylbiphenyl. Synthesis of the other studied β-hydroxy-β-arylpropanoic acids has already been reported. These β-hydroxy-β-arylpropanoic acidsbelong to the arylpropanoic acid class of compounds, structurally similar to the NSAIDssuch as ibuprofen. The anti-inflammatory activity and gastric tolerability of thesynthesized compounds were evaluated. Molecular docking experiments were carried outto identify potential COX-2 inhibitors among the β-hydroxy-β-aryl-alkanoic acids class.The results indicate that all compounds possess significant anti-inflammatory activity afteroral administration and that the compounds 2-(9-(9-hydroxy-fluorenyl))-2-methylpropanoic acid (5) and 3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenyl-propanoic acid (3) possess thestrongest anti-inflammatory activity, comparable to that of ibuprofen, a standard NSAID,and that none of tested substances or ibuprofen produced any significant gastric lesions.
Prodrugs for the Treatment of Neglected Diseases
Authors: Chung Man Chin , Ferreira Elizabeth Igne , Santos Jean Leandro , Giarolla Jeanine , Rando Daniela Gonçales , Almeida Adélia Emília , Bosquesi Priscila Longhin , Menegon Renato Farina , Blau Lorena
Published: October 2008

Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) and Medicins San Frontieres (MSF) proposed a classification of diseases as global, neglected and extremely neglected. Global diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular and mental (CNS) diseases represent the targets of the majority of the R&D efforts of pharmaceutical companies. Neglected diseases affect millions of people in the world yet existing drug therapy is limited and often inappropriate. Furthermore, extremely neglected diseases affect people living under miserable conditions who barely have access to the bare necessities for survival. Most of these diseases are excluded from the goals of the R&D programs in the pharmaceutical industry and therefore fall outside the pharmaceutical market. About 14 million people, mainly in developing countries, die each year from infectious diseases. From 1975 to 1999, 1393 new drugs were approved yet only 1% were for the treatment of neglected diseases [3]. These numbers have not changed until now, so in those countries there is an urgent need for the design and synthesis of new drugs and in this area the prodrug approach is a very interesting field. It provides, among other effects, activity improvements and toxicity decreases for current and new drugs, improving market availability. It is worth noting that it is essential in drug design to save time and money, and prodrug approaches can be considered of high interest in this respect. The present review covers 20 years of research on the design of prodrugs for the treatment of neglected and extremely neglected diseases such as Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis), sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis), malaria, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis.
New Cleft-like Molecules and Macrocycles from Phosphonate Substituted Spirobisindanol
Authors: Consiglio Giuseppe A. , Failla Salvatore , Finocchiaro Paolo
Published: October 2008

We have synthetized medium-sized cyclophanes and macrocycles containingphosphonic groups, directly linked to the aromatic rings of the phanes or as pendant arms,for use as specific receptors for the selective complexation of neutral guests or forcomplexing lanthanides, as luminescent sensors and for diagnostic bioassays in medicine.Furthermore, because it would be of great interest for biochemistry as well as forpharmacological studies to dispose of preorganized rigid chiral hosts for biorelevantmolecules we designed inter alia, some new chiral macrocycles capable of a triple bindingmode and we used them for constructing macrocycles that could also be of interest forchiral recognition and chiral separations. Thus, in this paper we shall review the salientaspects of some macrocycles synthetized in our laboratory, all possessing the phosphonatemoiety and a spirobisindanol scaffold and able to act as complexing agents for cations andorganic substrates. In particular, we shall describe their NMR characterization, theirstereochemistry in solution and in the solid state, and their use as chiral receptors forbiorelevant molecules. Chiral HPLC resolution of some of them is also reported.
Synthesis of Polynucleotide Analogs Containing a Polyvinyl Alcohol Backbone
Authors: Yu Qiang , Carlsen Per
Published: October 2008

Water soluble homo-base polynucleotide analogues were synthesized in whichpolyvinyl alcohol and partially phosphonated polyvinyl alcohol constituted the backbones,onto which were grafted uracil or adenine via 1,3-dioxane spacers formed by acetalformation with the 1,3-diol moieties in PVA. The resulting adenine-PVA polynucleotideanalogs exhibited hyperchromic effects, which was not the case for the correspondinguracil compounds. Mixtures of the adenine- and aracil PVA-phosphate polynucleotideanalogs in solutions exhibited characteristic S-shaped UV-absorbance vs temperature andmelting curves with melting points at approximately 40 oC.
An Efficient Synthesis of γ-Aminoacids and Attempts to Drive Its Enantioselectivity
Authors: Gil Salvador , Parra Margarita , Rodríguez Pablo
Published: October 2008

Addition of carboxylic acid dianions to bromoacetonitrile lead, in good yields,to the corresponding γ-cyanoacids, which on hydrogenation yielded γ-aminoacids. Thistwo step methodology improves upon previously described results. Poor e.e’s resultedfrom our attempts to drive the enantioselectivity of this transformation by chiral amideinduction.
Three New Caffeoyl Glycosides from the Roots of Picrorhiza Scrophulariiflora
Authors: Zhu Tong Fei , Huang Kai Yi , Deng Xu Ming , Zhang Yu , Xiang Hua , Gao Hui Yuan , Wang Da Cheng
Published: October 2008

From the underground parts of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora, three new caffeoylglycosides, scrocaffeside A-C (1-3), together with two caffeic acid derivates, 4-O-β-Dglucopyranosylcaffeic acid (4) and 4-methoxycaffeic acid (5) and a phenylethanoidglycoside, scroside D (6), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated on the basis ofchemical and spectroscopic evidence and comparisons with literature data of relatedcompounds.
Novel Unsaturated Sucrose Ethers and Their Application as Monomers
Authors: Crucho Carina C. , Petrova Krasimira T. , Pinto Rui C. , Barros Maria T.
Published: October 2008

Novel unsaturated ethers were synthesised in good yields starting from sucrose,using a two-step mild and efficient procedure based on the Gassman method, whichconsists in forming a vinyl group by the elimination of ethanol from mixed acetals withtrimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate in the presence of alkyl amines. Mixed acetals arereadily obtained from the corresponding alcohols and ethyl vinyl ether, using an acidiccatalyst. Conventional etherification involving a primary halide was also examined. Themonomers thus obtained were successfully polymerised by a free radical mechanism,yielding unbranched linear and soluble polymers with pending sucrose moieties, and someof their physical properties were determined.
Correction to Oz, H.S.; Ebersole, Jeffrey L. Application of Prodrugs to Inflammatory Diseases of the Gut. Molecules 2008, 13, 452-474
Authors: Oz Helieh S. , Ebersole Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2008

n/a
Marine Bifunctional Sphingolipids from the Sponge Oceanapia ramsayi
Authors: Bensemhoun Julia , Bombarda Isabelle , Aknin Maurice , Faure Robert , Vacelet Jean , Gaydou Emile M.
Published: October 2008

During the course of our continuing studies on marine natural lipid products,two known sphingolipids have been isolated for the first time from a specimen of themarine sponge Oceanapia ramsayi collected at Itampolo on the west coast of Madagascarin the Indian Ocean. The structures were elucidated using NMR data and by comparisonwith literature data. The occurrence of these sphingolipids within other Oceanapia spp. isdiscussed.
Contribution to the Analysis of the Essential Oil of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don. – Determination of Ester Bonded Acids and Phenols
Authors: Mastelić Josip , Politeo Olivera , Jerković Igor
Published: October 2008

The essential oil of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don (everlasting orImmortelle essential oil) was isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GCMS.Forty four compounds were identified. The main components were α-pinene(12.8%), 2-methyl-cyclohexyl pentanoate (11.1 %), neryl acetate (10.4%), 1,7-di-epi-α-cedrene (6.8%) and other compounds. The oil was fractionated and ester-containingfraction was hydrolysed with KOH/H2SO4. The liberated volatiles were analysed by GCand GC-MS: three phenols and twenty seven volatile carboxylic acids were identified[70% low fatty acids (C2-C5), 15% C10-C12 acids and 15% other acids]. The main acidswere acetic acid (24.3%) propanoic acid (17.2%), 2-methylpropanoic acid (11.4%),dodecanoic acid (8.7%), 2-methylbutanoic acid (8.3%), (Z)-2-methylbutenoic acid(5.1%) and decanoic acid (4.6%). With respect to the identified bonded carboxylic acids,the minimal number of esters in the oil was twenty seven, but their overall quantity wasprobably larger due to different possible combinations of alcohols with acids to formesters. On the other hand, only six main esters were identified in the oil beforefractionation and hydrolysis.
Variability of Two Essential Oils of Kundmannia sicula (L.) DC., A Traditional Algerian Medicinal Plant
Authors: Djarri Lakhdar , Medjroubi Kamel , Akkal Salah , Elomri Abdelhakim , Seguin Elisabeth , Groult Marie-Laure , Vérité Philippe
Published: October 2008

The essential oils of the aerial parts of Kundmannia sicula (L.) DC collectedfrom two Algerian localities, El Kala (near the coast) and Béjaia (from a meadow about 10km from the coast), were analysed by GC and GC-MS. Although both samples showedsimilar overall chemical compositions, the major components of the Béjaia sample wereidentified as being spathulenol (14.8%), caryophyllene oxide (12.2%), salvial-4(14)en-1-one (10.1%), 1,5-epoxysalvial-4(14)ene (5.2%) and germacrene D (3.2%), while in the ElKala sample the main compounds were found to be salvial-4(14)en-1-one (16.4%), 1,5-epoxysalvial-4(14)ene (6.5%), chrysanthenyl acetate (5.2%) and α-amorphene (2.9%).
Simple and Efficient Microwave Assisted N-Alkylation of Isatin
Authors: Shmidt María Sol , Reverdito Ana María , Kremenchuzky Lautaro , Perillo Isabel Amalia , Blanco María Mercedes
Published: October 2008

We present herein the results of microwave promoted N-alkylations of isatin (1)with different alkyl, benzyl and functionalized alkyl halides. Reactions were carried outunder different conditions, always employing methodologies compatible with MW assistedchemistry. Generation of isatin anion employing diverse bases and solvents or using thepreformed isatin sodium salt was tested. The best results were achieved using K2CO3 orCs2CO3 and a few drops of N,N-dimethylformamide or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. Thesereactions present noteworthy advantages over those carried out employing conventionalheating.
Synthesis and Total 1H- and 13C-NMR Assignment of Cephem Derivatives for Use in ADEPT Approaches
Authors: Blau Lorena , Menegon Renato Farina , Ferreira Elizabeth Igne , Ferreira Antonio Gilberto , Boffo Elisangela Fabiana , Tavares Leila Aley , Heleno Vladimir Constantino Gomes , Chung Man-Chin
Published: October 2008

We report the synthesis and total NMR characterization of 5-thia-1-azabicyclo-[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid-3-[[[(4’’-nitrophenoxy)carbonyl]oxy]-methyl]-8-oxo-7-[(2-thienyloxoacetyl)amino]-diphenylmethyl ester-5-dioxide (5), a new cephalosporinderivative. This compound can be used as the carrier of a wide range of drugs containingan amino group. The preparation of the intermediate product, 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid-3-[methyl 4-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentylcarbamate]-8-oxo-7-[(2-thienyloxoacetyl)amino]-diphenylmethyl ester-5-dioxide (6), as well as the synthesis of the antimalarial primaquine prodrug 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid-3-[methyl 4-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-ylamino)pentylcarbamate]-8-oxo-7-[(2-thienyloxoacetyl)amino]- 5-dioxide (7) are alsodescribed, together with their total 1H- and 13C-NMR assignments.
Cytoprotective Efficacy of Amifostine Against Radiation- Induced Rectal Toxicity: Objective and Subjective Grading Scales for Radiomucositis
Authors: Kouloulias Vassilis E. , Kouvaris John R.
Published: October 2008

Curative radiation therapy of pelvic malignancies, frequently results in doselimitingtoxicities such as serous, mucoid, or more rarely, bloody diarrhea. Several studieshave evaluated the cytoprotective effects of amifostine in preventing rectal mucositisassociated with radiation treatment. We searched Medline for published comparativestudies that evaluated the use of amifostine to reduce radiation-induced toxicity associatedwith pelvic irradiation. In ten studies there was an evidence-based cytoprotection (P less than 0.05)by amifostine. Although results are variable, current evidence suggests that amifostine mayhave a radioprotective effect in the rectal mucosa, particularly when administeredintrarectally. Significant improvements were seen in both symptomatic and objective(rectosigmoidoscopy) end points. There is a need to conduct well-designed clinical trialswith sufficient numbers of participants to confirm these findings together with a costbenefitstudy. Objective measurements using rectosigmoidoscopy are superior tosubjective measures such as WHO or RTOG/EORTC toxicity grading scales.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Activities of Bioactive Constituents from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack.
Authors: Prachayasittikul Supaluk , Buraparuangsang Prasit , Worachartcheewan Apilak , Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya Chartchalerm , Ruchirawat Somsak , Prachayasittikul Virapong
Published: October 2008

Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant whose tuberspossesses cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic effects and have been usedfor the treatment of hepatitis, rheumatism and diarrhea. Herein we report the isolation of itsactive constituents and the testing of their antimicrobial activity against 27 strains ofmicroorganisms using an agar dilution method and of their antioxidative activity using theDPPH and SOD assays. The results show that the crude hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts exert such activities. Particularly, the crude ethyl acetateextract exhibits antigrowth activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negativebacteria with MIC 256 μg/mL. Shewanella putrefaciens ATCC 8671 is completelyinhibited at a lower MIC (128 μg/mL). Interestingly, Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC10356 is inhibited by all the tested extracts. Significantly, the ethyl acetate extract is alsothe most potent antioxidant, showing 83.31% radical scavenging activity with IC50 8.40μg/mL in the DPPH assay. The other extracts display weak to moderate antioxidativeMolecules 2008, 13905activities, ranging from 28.60-56.80% radical scavenging. The SOD assay shows thatmethanol extract exhibits the highest activity (74.19% inhibition of superoxide radical).The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts display comparable SOD activity. Thepromising bioactivities of the crude ethyl acetate extract guided the first isolation ofbioactive flavonoid and phenolic compounds: isoliquiritigenin (2), protocatechualdehyde(3), butin (4) and butein (5) from this species. Their structures have been fully establishedby 1D and 2D NMR. In addition, stigmasterol was isolated from the crude hexane anddichloromethane extracts. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of compounds 3-5were evaluated. The tested compounds were inactive against HuCCA-1 and KB cell lines,showing ED50> 10 μg/mL. Protocatechualdehyde (3) completely inhibits the growth ofPlesiomonas shigelloides with MIC ≤60 μg/mL. As a result, we propose that Hydnophytumformicarum Jack. can serve as a new source enriched with potent antioxidative andantimicrobial agents.
Selective Dendritic Fluorescent Sensors for Zn(II)
Authors: Wang Feng , Peng Ruogu , Sha Yaowu
Published: October 2008

A series of dendritic 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) and 5-dialkyl(aryl)aminomethyl-8-HQ derivatives were synthesized and their fluoroionophoric properties towardrepresentative alkali, alkaline earth, group IIIA and transition metal ions wereinvestigated. Among the selected ions, Zn(II) enhanced the fluorescence of N-di-(methoxycarbonylethyl)aminoethyl-3-[4-(8-hydroxyquinolin-5-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]-propanoic amide] (7) by 31-fold, while Al(III) caused enhancement to some extent. Theabsence of any significant fluorescence enhancement by the other ions examined renders 7a highly useful Zn(II)-selective fluorescent sensor.
New Monoterpenoid Coumarins from Clausena anisum-olens
Authors: Wang Yun-Song , He Hong-Pin , Yang Jing-Hua , Di Ying-Tong , Hao Xiao-Jiang
Published: October 2008

Two new monoterpenoid coumarins: anisucumarin A (1) and B (2), a pair ofepimers, were isolated from Clausena anisum-olens. Their structures were establishedbased on extensive spectroscopic analyses.
Acid-catalyzed Epimerization of Kobophenol A to Carasinol B
Authors: Cheng Kejun , Liang Gaolin , Hu Changqi
Published: October 2008

The conversion from kobophenol A into carasinol B, two main chemicalconstituents of Caragana sinica, was confirmed by in vitro acid-catalyzed epimerization.The result provides important information about the biotransformation of kobophenol A inplants and its metabolism in rats.
Efficient and Eco-Friendly Preparation of 4-Methyl-5-formyl-thiazole
Authors: Bai Nan , Sha Yaowu , Meng Ge
Published: October 2008

4-Methyl-5-formylthiazole, an intermediate for synthesizing cefditoren pivoxil,was prepared in good yield by Pd/BaSO4 catalyzed hydrogenation of 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid chloride. Detailed reaction conditions have been studied.
Fluorinated Analogs of Malachite Green: Synthesis and Toxicity
Authors: Kraus George A. , Jeon Insik , Nilsen-Hamilton Marit , Awad Ahmed M. , Banerjee Jayeeta , Parvin Bahram
Published: October 2008

A series of fluorinated analogs of malachite green (MG) have been synthesizedand their toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a human ovarian epithelial cell lineexamined. The toxicity profiles were found to be different for these two species. Twoanalogs, one with 2,4-difluoro substitution and the other with 2-fluoro substitution seem tobe the most promising analogs because they showed the lowest toxicity to the human cells.
Novel Spiroannulated 3-Benzofuranones. Synthesis and Inhibition of the Human Peptidyl Prolyl cis/trans Isomerase Pin1
Authors: Braun Manfred , Hessamian-Alinejad Anahita , De Lacroix Boris Féaux , Alvarez Birte Hernandez , Fischer Gunter
Published: October 2008

The novel 3H-spiro[1-benzofuran-2-cyclopentan]-3-one skeleton has been madeaccessible by different routes. One- and two-step protocols lead to tricyclic and tetracyclicbenzofuranones 2 and 3, respectively. A four-step synthesis to spirocompound 4 isdescribed. The novel spirocyclic benzofuranones display modest to no inhibition of thehuman peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1.
Spectral Data of Two New Asymmetric Sesquiterpene Alcohols: (14R)-β-Oplopenol and (14S)-β-Oplopenol
Authors: Paolini Julien , Desjobert Jean-Marie , Muselli Alain , Costa Jean
Published: October 2008

The epimeric sesquiterpene alcohols (14R)-β-oplopenol and (14S)-β-oplopenolwere obtained by LiAlH4 reduction of β-oplopenone. The complete 1H- and 13C-NMRassignments of these two new sesquiterpene alcohols have been made using 1D and 2DNMR techniques, including COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC experiments.
Glycosylation‐Induced and Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐N‐Glycosidically Linked α‐Aminophosphonic Acids Derivatives
Authors: Wang Yadan , Wang Fei , Wang Yangyun , Miao Zhiwei , Chen Ruyu
Published: October 2008

The diastereospecific formation of β‐N‐glycosidically linked α‐aminophosphonic acids derivatives has been achieved with high yield via a Mannich‐type reaction. The reaction was performed by using O‐pivaloylated galactosylamine 1 as a chiral template and boron trifluoride diethyl etherate as a catalyst in THF. Imines 3 of aromatic compounds and diethyl phosphite were converted to N‐galactosyl α‐aminoalkylphosphonate 4, giving ratios of diastereomers higher than 19:1. This procedure provides a rapid access to biologically important galactosyl α‐aminophosphonic acids derivatives.
All in the family: Disclosure of “unwanted” information to an adolescent to benefit a relative
Authors: Denny Colleen C. , Wilfond Benjamin S. , Peters June A. , Giri Neelam , Alter Blanche P.
Published: October 2008

Ethical assessments of clinical decisions are typically based on the preferences and interests of the individual patient. However, some clinical interventions, such as genetic testing or organ donation, may involve multiple family members. In these cases, one family member may have the potential to benefit, while another family member is exposed to potential physical or psychological risk. In the research setting, the balancing of benefits and risks between family members may be further complicated by uncertainty about their magnitude and likelihood. In addition, when the individual facing these apparently uncompensated risks is a child, the situation becomes particularly ethically complicated, as we appreciated in a recent case. Investigators at the National Cancer Institute were faced with a decision about whether it would be appropriate to disclose apparently “unwanted” research test results (length of telomeres in leukocyte subsets) to an adolescent about risk of future disease (dyskeratosis congenita), possibly causing psychological harm and an ethical wrong. These issues were not expected at the outset of the family's study participation but rather emerged with new data about the research tests. Disclosure of the research finding was an important consideration in order to avoid using the adolescent as a stem‐cell donor for his sister. Disclosure to the adolescent could not be justified by merely considering the immediate interests and preferences of the adolescent. However, an expanded ethical analysis that considers the adolescent's familial context offers a more complete picture of the adolescent's interests and preferences which provides justification for disclosure. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial recurrence of SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome: Phenotypically normal mother with two affected daughters
Authors: Schneider Adele , Bardakjian Tanya M. , Zhou Jie , Hughes Nkecha , Keep Rosanne , Dorsainville Darnelle , Kherani Femida , Katowitz James , Schimmenti Lisa A. , Hummel Marybeth , FitzPatrick David R. , Young Terri L.
Published: October 2008

The SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome is emerging as a clinically recognizable disorder that has been identified in 10–15% of individuals with bilateral anophthalmia. Extra‐ocular anomalies are common. The majority of SOX2 mutations identified appear to arise de novo in probands ascertained through the presence of anophthalmia or microphthalmia. In this report, we describe two sisters with bilateral anophthalmia/microphthalmia, brain anomalies and a novel heterozygous SOX2 gene single‐base pair nucleotide deletion, c.551delC, which predicts p.Pro184ArgfsX19. The hypothetical protein product is predicted to lead to haploinsufficient SOX2 function. Mosaicism for this mutation in the SOX2 gene was also identified in their clinically unaffected mother in peripheral blood DNA. Thus it cannot be assumed that all SOX2 mutations in individuals with anophthalmia/microphthalmia are de novo. Testing of parents is indicated when a SOX2 mutation is identified in a proband. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteine in mesoporösen Silicaten
Authors: Hudson Sarah , Cooney Jakki , Magner Edmond
Published: October 2008

Mesoporöse Silicate (MPS) haben eine geordnete Porenstruktur mit ähnlichen Abmessungen wie viele biologische Moleküle. Sie sind als Trägermaterialien für Proteine und Enzyme in biokatalytischen Anwendungen eingehend untersucht worden. Seit ihrer Entdeckung ist es gelungen, durch neue Syntheseverfahren die Größe und Struktur der Poren, die Teilchengröße und die chemische Zusammensetzung und Stabilität genau vorzugeben, sodass nun die Adsorption einer breiten Vielfalt biologischer Makromoleküle, z. B. Hämproteine, Lipasen, Antikörperfragmente und Proteasen, in ihren Strukturen möglich ist. In diesem Aufsatz wird die Anwendung geordneter funktionalisierter mesoporöser Silicate zur Immobilisierung von Proteinen für die Biokatalyse behandelt.
Cephalometric Superimposition on the Occipital Condyles as a Longitudinal Growth Assessment Reference: I‐Point and I‐Curve
Authors: Standerwick Richard , Roberts Eugene , Hartsfield James , Babler William , Kanomi Ryuzo
Published: October 2008

This retrospective study tests the hypothesis that superimposition referenced at the occipital condyles (defined as I‐point, I‐curve) and oriented to the anterior cranial base (ACB) will display a growth pattern that is more consistent with independent evaluations, such as the Melsen necropsy specimens and the Bjork implant studies, when compared with traditional superimpositions referenced at sella turcica. Twenty‐eight sets of serial lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected from an archived growth study. The apparent facial growth was compared using polar coordinate analysis from superimposition tracings of the serial films for each subject. The two superimposition methods were compared. The traditional method, ACB registered on the anterior curvature of sella turcica, versus registration on I‐point while maintaining ACB parallel. I‐point registered superimpositions consistently displayed a facial growth pattern that was more consistent with the classic necropsy specimens of children and the cephalometric studies superimposing on implant markers. Traditional ACB superimposition suggests that airway is restricted by normal growth. This apparent physiologic artifact does not occur when superimpositions are registered on I‐point. Sella turcica displays vertical movement that is consistent with brain growth. These data indicate that registration on I‐point is a more accurate physiologic representation of facial growth than the traditional ACB superimpositions. When compared with the traditional registration at sella turcica, I‐point superimposition better elucidates physiologic growth patterns. As cephalometrics evolve from a two to a three dimensional science, it is important to use a more biologically valid registration for evaluating therapeutics and facial growth patterns Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor Receptor‐Alpha‐Expressing Cells Localize to the Alveolar Entry Ring and Have Characteristics of Myofibroblasts During Pulmonary Alveolar Septal Formation
Authors: McGowan Stephen E. , Grossmann Ruth E. , Kimani Patricia W. , Holmes Amey J.
Published: October 2008

Platelet‐derived growth factor‐A and its receptor, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐alpha (PDGF‐Rα), are required for formation of the secondary pulmonary alveolar septa in mice. However, it remains unclear how these molecules direct the secondary septation process. We have examined the abundance, location, and the accumulation of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA), neutral lipid droplets, and elastin in the proximity of PDGF‐Rα‐expressing alveolar cells during postnatal days 4 through 12 in the mouse. PDGF‐Rα‐expressing cells preferentially have characteristics of myofibroblasts and were more likely to contain αSMA than are alveolar cells that do not express PDGF‐Rα. PDGF‐Rα expressing cells were preferentially located in the alveolar entry ring (AER) where αSMA and elastic fibers accumulate. In contrast, PDGF‐Rα expression inversely correlated with neutral lipid accumulation, which was more prominent at the alveolar base, distant from the AER. PDGF‐Rα‐expressing alveolar cells accumulate in the AER where they may promote mechanical stability during respiration. In addition to defining how alveolar septa form, these findings may have implications for the treatment of diseases which involve alveolar effacement such as emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Digit Ratio in Birds
Authors: Lombardo Michael P. , Thorpe Patrick A. , Brown Barbara M. , Sian Katie
Published: October 2008

The Homeobox (Hox) genes direct the development of tetrapod digits. The expression of Hox genes may be influenced by endogenous sex steroids during development. Manning (Digit ratio. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002) predicted that the ratio between the lengths of digits 2 (2D) and 4 (4D) should be sexually dimorphic because prenatal exposure to estrogens and androgens positively influence the lengths of 2D and 4D, respectively. We measured digits and other morphological traits of birds from three orders (Passeriformes, house sparrow, Passer domesticus; tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor; Pscittaciformes, budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulates; Galliformes, chicken, Gallus domesticus) to test this prediction. None were sexually dimorphic for 2D:4D and there were no associations between 2D:4D and other sexually dimorphic traits. When we pooled data from all four species after we averaged right and left side digits from each individual and z‐transformed the resulting digit ratios, we found that males had significantly larger 2D:4D than did females. Tetrapods appear to be sexually dimorphic for 2D:4D with 2D:4D larger in males as in some birds and reptiles and 2D:4D smaller in males as in some mammals. The differences between the reptile and mammal lineages in the directionality of 2D:4D may be related to the differences between them in chromosomal sex determination. We suggest that (a) natural selection for a perching foot in the first birds may have overridden the effects of hormones on the development of digit ratio in this group of vertebrates and (b) caution be used in making inferences about prenatal exposure to hormones and digit ratio in birds. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photodynamic Activity of C70 Caged within Surface‐Cross‐Linked Liposomes
Authors: Ikeda Atsushi , Nagano Mai , Akiyama Motofusa , Matsumoto Masashi , Ito Sayuri , Mukai Masaru , Hashizume Mineo , Kikuchi Jun‐ichi , Katagiri Kiyofumi , Ogawa Takuya , Takeya Tatsuo
Published: October 2008

[70]Fullerene (C70) encapsulated into a surface‐cross‐linked liposome, a so‐called cerasome, was prepared by an exchange reaction incorporating C70⋅γ‐cyclodextrin complexes into lipid membranes. Fullerene exchange in a cerasome‐incorporated C70 (CIC70), as well as in a lipid‐membrane‐incorporated C70 (LMIC70), was completed within 1 min with stirring at 25 °C. CIC70 was more resistant to lysis than LMIC70 towards lysing agents such as surfactants. Furthermore, the photodynamic activity of CIC70 in HeLa cells was similar to that of LMIC70, indicating that C70 can act as a photosensitizing drug (PS) without release from cerasome membranes. Thus, in contrast with general drug‐delivery systems (DDSs), which require the drug to be released from the interior of liposomes, carriers for PSs for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) do not necessarily need to release the drug. These results indicate that DDSs with high morphological stability can increase the residence time in blood and achieves tumor‐selective drug delivery by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.
The Role of Noninnocent Solvent Molecules in Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition Reactions
Authors: Patil Mahendra P. , Sunoj Raghavan B.
Published: October 2008

A proline‐catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition between ketones andtrans‐β‐nitrostyrene was studied by using the density‐functional theory with mPW1PW91 and B3LYP functionals. Improved insight into the enantio‐ and diastereoselective formation of γ‐nitroketones/‐aldehydes is obtained through transition‐state analysis. Consideration of the activation parameters obtained from gas‐phase calculations and continuum solvation models failed to reproduce the reported experimental stereoselectivities for the reaction between cyclohexanone and 3‐pentanone withtrans‐β‐nitrostyrene. The correct diastereo‐ and enantioselectivites were obtained only upon explicit inclusion of solvent molecules in the diastereomeric transition states that pertain to the CC bond formation. Among the several transition‐state models that were examined, the one that exhibits cooperative hydrogen‐bonding interactions with two molecules of methanol could explain the correct stereochemical outcome of the Michael reaction. The change in differential stabilization that arises as a result of electrostatic and hydrogen‐bonding interactions in the key transition states is identified as the contributing factor toward obtaining the correct diastereomer. This study establishes the importance of including explicit solvent molecules in situations in which the gas‐phase and continuum models are inadequate in obtaining meaningful insight regarding experimental stereoselectivities.
Functionalised Saturated‐Backbone Carbene Ligands: Yttrium and Uranyl Alkoxy–Carbene Complexes and Bicyclic Carbene–Alcohol Adducts
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Casely Ian J. , Turner Zoë R. , Carmichael Christopher D.
Published: October 2008

A new and modular route to bidentate ligands that combines an alkoxide with a saturated backbone N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) is presented. The bi(heterocyclic) compounds are formally the addition product of a saturated NHC and the alcohol group of the N‐functionalised arm. Using these compounds, the synthesis and structural characterisation of the first electropositive metal complexes of saturated N‐heterocyclic carbenes has been achieved, and examples structurally characterised for the yttrium(III) and the uranyl [UO2]2+ cations.
On the Nature of Organoindium Intermediates: the Formation of Readily Isolable Difluoropropargylindium Reagents and their Regioselectivity Towards Electrophilic Substitutions
Authors: Xu Bo , Hammond Gerald B.
Published: October 2008

The structure and reactivity of intermediate propargylindium complexes have been investigated. Their reaction with electrophiles produced a difluoroalkyne or ‐allene, depending on the nature of the electrophiles. A mechanism based on the Curtin–Hammett principle was invoked to explain this phenomenon. A newly proposed mechanism on the formation of indium(III) complexes, through the intermediacy of indium(I) species, could help to explain the reaction of indium with 1,1,1‐difluorobromo‐2‐alkynes in the presence of aldehydes.
Supramolecular Helical Fluid Columns from Self‐Assembly of Homomeric Dipeptides
Authors: Yelamaggad Channabasaveshwar V. , Shanker Govindaswamy , Rao R. V. Ramana , Rao Doddamane S. Shankar , Prasad Subbarao Krishna , Babu Vommina V. Suresh
Published: October 2008

Herein, we demonstrate that with the widespread theme of residue patterning and stereochemical restraints of self‐complimenting proteinogenic amino acids, a new and rich class of homomeric dipeptides exhibiting two‐dimensional fluid aggregates with hierarchical ordering can be obtained. In particular, a simple way of achieving a class of functional dipeptides, wherein the first and the second residues chosen are L‐/D‐alanines and L‐/D‐leucines, has been accomplished. The supramolecules synthesized can be regarded as intermediates between polycatenars and taper‐shaped amphiphiles because they possess two lipophilic segments interlinked by a peptide unit (spacer). Two pairs of enantiomers and their respective diastereomers derived from these amino acids are evidenced to self‐organize into a helical columnar phase through hydrogen bonding by means of FTIR, UV/Vis, and chiroptical circular dichroism (CD) spectral analyses as well as by optical, calorimetric, electrical switching, and X‐ray studies. The CD and X‐ray studies have revealed that the form chirality (handedness) and the magnitude of out‐of‐plane fluctuations of the lattice planes of the fluid supramolecular columnar structures are solely directed by the stereochemistry encoded in the spacer. Of special significance, the less frequently found oblique helical columnar phase formed by a pair of enantiomers derived from L‐/D‐alanines, unlike those derived from other amino acids, exhibit ferroelectric behavior; the measured spontaneous polarization is as high as 440 nC cm−2. Besides, all these supramolecules form stable organogels in ethanol and the CD and SEM studies on a representative gel suggest the presence of helical structures.
ChemInform Abstract: A Route Toward the Generation of Thermally Stable Au Cluster Anions Supported on the MgO Surface.
Authors: Pacchioni Gianfranco , Sicolo Sabrina , Di Valentin Cristiana , Chiesa Mario , Giamello Elio
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrated Electron Production by Reaction of Hydrogen Atoms with Hydroxide Ions: A First‐Principles Molecular Dynamics Study.
Authors: Renault Jean Philippe , Vuilleumier Rodolphe , Pommeret Stanislas
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Interaction of Coinage Metal Clusters with Chalcogen Dihydrides
Authors: Pakiari A. H. , Jamshidi Z.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Types of Oxyfluorotellurates(IV): ScTeO3F and InTeO3F.
Authors: Boukharrata Nefla Jennene , Laval Jean‐Paul , Thomas Philippe
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: LiBaAlF6 and the Crystal Chemistry of LiAIIBIIIF6 Phases.
Authors: Merkulov Alexander A. , Isaenko Ludmila I. , Lobanov Sergey I. , Naumov Dmitry Yu. , Kuratieva Natalia V.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mononuclear Lanthanide Single‐Molecule Magnets Based on Polyoxometalates.
Authors: AlDamen Murad A. , Clemente‐Juan Juan M. , Coronado Eugenio , Mart‐Gastaldo Carlos , Gaita‐Arino Alejandro
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic Stability of Novel Boron Sheet Configurations
Authors: Lau Kah Chun , Pandey Ravindra
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Equilibria in the Ni—Fe—Ga Alloy System.
Authors: Ducher R. , Kainuma R. , Ishida K.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Absorption in Transition Metal Silicides: La3Pd5Si‐Hydrogen System.
Authors: Tokaychuk Yaroslav O. , Filinchuk Yaroslav E. , Sheptyakov Denis V. , Yvon Klaus
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structures, and Transport Properties of a Novel Perovskite HgSnO3.
Authors: Yoshida Masashi , Katsumata Tetsuhiro , Inaguma Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Na8 [Cr4B12P8O44(OH)4] [P2O7]×nH2O: A 3D Borophosphate Framework with Spherical Cages.
Authors: Yang Tao , Sun Junliang , Li Guobao , Eriksson Lars , Zou Xiaodong , Liao Fuhui , Lin Jianhua
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of SrLaMnSbO6: A New B‐Site Ordered Double Perovskite.
Authors: Mandal Tapas Kumar , Abakumov Artem M. , Lobanov Maxim V. , Croft Mark , Poltavets Viktor V. , Greenblatt Martha
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Polyoxometalate‐Based Manganese Carboxylate Cluster.
Authors: Fang Xikui , Koegerler Paul
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Crystal Structures of Bismuth Technetates: A New Metal Oxide System.
Authors: Rodriguez Efrain E. , Poineau Frederic , Llobet Anna , Czerwinski Ken , Seshadri Ram , Cheetham Anthony K.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of New [Fe18S25](TETAH)14 (TETAH = Protonated Triethylenetetramine) Nanoribbons: An Efficient Precursor to Fe7S8 Nanowires and Porous Fe2O3 Nanorods.
Authors: Zang Zheng‐An , Yao Hong‐Bin , Zhou Yu‐Xue , Yao Wei‐Tang , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Partial Substitution of Hydroxyl by Azide: An Unprecedented 2D Azido—Copper—Hydroxyl Compound with a [Cu24] Macrocycle in the Presence of [Cu(H2O)6]2+.
Authors: Zeng Yong‐Fei , Hu Xin , Zhao Jiong‐Peng , Hu Bo‐Wen , Sanudo E. Carolina , Liu Fu‐Chen , Bu Xian‐He
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.