bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A benchmarking approach for comparing data splitting methods for modeling water resources parameters using artificial neural networks
Authors: Wu Wenyan , May Robert J. , Maier Holger R. , Dandy Graeme C.
Published: November 2013

Data splitting is an important step in the artificial neural network (ANN) development process, whereby the available data are divided into training, testing, and validation subsets to ensure good generalization ability of the model. Considering that only one split of the data is typically used when developing ANN models, data splitting has a significant impact on model performance, depending on which data are allocated to the three subsets. Therefore, it is important to find a data splitting method that consistently results in predictive validation errors that are representative of the predictive errors obtained over the full range of the available data. This paper addresses this issue by introducing a benchmarking approach for comparing different data splitting methods in terms of (1) bias, which is the difference between the expected validation performance over the entire data set and that obtained using a particular data splitting method and (2) variability, which is the spread of the validation errors obtained by repeated implementation of that method. The utility of the proposed approach is assessed on a number of well‐known data splitting methods in the context of four water resources ANN modelling problems. The results obtained indicate that the proposed approach for comparing data splitting methods is more representative than the previous approach where a value of zero is used as the predictive performance benchmark, as it can avoid the selection of an over‐optimistic data splitting method that under‐represents extreme data in the validation set.
AGU's Thriving Earth Exchange: Five Reasons to Join In
Authors: Pandya Raj , Galkiewicz Julia , Williams Billy , Furukawa Harry
Published: November 2013

AGU has launched the Thriving Earth Exchange, a new initiative that supports communities as they protect themselves from hazards, adapt to a changing planet, and create sustainable futures. Through the program, AGU members will work with local leaders to contribute their Earth and space science expertise to these significant societal challenges.
Dessler, Jimenez, Klein, and Nenes Receive 2012 Atmospheric Sciences Ascent Awards: Citation for Jose L. Jimenez
Authors: Webster Peter J.
Published: November 2013

The Atmospheric Sciences section of AGU awards one of the four Ascent Awards to Professor Jose‐Luis Jimenez of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Colorado Boulder. The award is made for the development and utilization of innovative measurement technology to address critical aspects relating to the sources, transformations, and environmental fates of fine atmospheric particles.
Characterization and interpretation of volcanic activity at Karymsky Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, using observations of infrasound, volcanic emissions, and thermal imagery
Authors: Lopez Taryn , Fee David , Prata Fred , Dehn Jonathan
Published: November 2013

A multiparameter data set including measurements of infrasound, volcanic emissions, and thermal imagery is used to characterize and interpret diverse volcanic activity observed during field campaigns in August 2011 and July 2012 at Karymsky Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Four activity types are visually identified and characterized according to: SO2 emission rate, ash mass, event duration, peak temperature, thermal radiation energy, infrasound onset and frequency, reduced infrasonic pressure, and acoustic energy. These activity types include: (1) ash explosions, (2) pulsatory degassing, (3) gas jetting, and (4) explosive eruption. Unique infrasound signals are associated with all four activity types suggesting that infrasound can be used to help remotely and continuously detect and characterize volcanic activity at Karymsky and other similar volcanoes. Our observations suggest that SO2 is emitted continuously, though in varying abundance, while ash is emitted discontinuously and is only associated with certain types of activity. Our data set supports previous models that attribute variations in surface activity to changes in conduit permeability at Karymsky Volcano. Evidence for a decrease in conduit permeability as a trigger for ash explosions and explosive eruption activity types is supported by weakened but still detectable SO2 emission rates prior to eruption, along with the highly impulsive infrasonic onset and large reduced infrasound pressure indicating high pressure at the vent. We speculate that changes in conduit permeability at Karymsky Volcano result from changes in magma supply from the shallow‐crustal storage region though additional measurements are required to validate this hypothesis.
Development of updated algorithms to define particle dynamics in Lake Tahoe (CA‐NV) USA for total maximum daily load
Authors: Sahoo G. B. , Nover Daniel , Schladow S. G. , Reuter J. E. , Jassby David
Published: November 2013

Two algorithms (the fractal (FPA) and the solid (SPA) particle aggregation) simulating fine particle dynamics were developed and incorporated in the Dynamic Lake Model with Water Quality (DLM‐WQ). The previous aggregation model in DLM‐WQ required a value for the probability of aggregation independent of particle size distribution (PSD) and concentration. In this study, we developed an algorithm that estimates the probability of aggregation based on PSD, sediment concentration and algal concentration. DLM‐WQ was calibrated and validated using measured event‐based fine particle data from two Lake Tahoe monitoring sites (1999–2010) and estimated external nutrient and fine particle loadings. Secchi depths estimated using the two algorithms with new aggregation rates varied slightly although predictions were very close to each other and to measured Secchi depths. However, Secchi depths and fine particles estimated by the two algorithms with constant aggregation rates deviate largely from those of measured values. Results using measured data and fine particles predicted by the two algorithms showed that fine particles account for approximately 50% of the total light scattering for all sources making it the most significant contributor. Because approximately 70–75% of the scattering is due to fine particles between 0.5 and 8 µm, management efforts should be targeted to control the transport of fine particles from the watershed to the lake. The updated DLM‐WQ can be used to simulate lake response in terms of Secchi depth clarity to different fine sediment and nutrients inputs, and inform development of lake management guidelines to facilitate TMDL implementation where water quality is a concern.
Flow‐dependence of matrix diffusion in highly heterogeneous rock fractures
Authors: Cvetkovic Vladimir , Gotovac Hrvoje
Published: November 2013

Diffusive mass transfer in rock fractures is strongly affected by fluid flow in addition to material properties. The flow‐dependence of matrix diffusion is quantified by a random variable (“transport resistance”) denoted as β [T/L] and computed from the flow field by following advection trajectories. The numerical methodology for simulating fluid flow is mesh‐free, using Fup basis functions. A generic statistical model is used for the transmissivity field, featuring three correlation structures: (i) highly connected non‐multi‐Gaussian; (ii) poorly connected (or disconnected) non‐multi‐Gaussian; and (iii) multi‐Gaussian. The moments of β are shown to be linear with distance, irrespective of the structure, after approximately 10 integral scales of ln T. Percentiles of β are found to be linear with the mean β when considering all three structures. Taking advantage of this property, a potentially useful relationship is presented between β percentiles and the fracture mean water residence time that integrates all structures with high variability; it can be used in discrete fracture network simulations where T statistical data on individual fractures are not available.
LC/MS/MS analysis of the endogenous dimethyltryptamine hallucinogens, their precursors, and major metabolites in rat pineal gland microdialysate
Authors: Barker Steven A. , Borjigin Jimo , Lomnicka Izabela , Strassman Rick
Published: November 2013

We report a qualitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of the three known N,N‐dimethyltryptamine endogenous hallucinogens, their precursors and metabolites, as well as melatonin and its metabolic precursors. The method was characterized using artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) as the matrix and was subsequently applied to the analysis of rat brain pineal gland‐aCSF microdialysate. The method describes the simultaneous analysis of 23 chemically diverse compounds plus a deuterated internal standard by direct injection, requiring no dilution or extraction of the samples. The results demonstrate that this is a simple, sensitive, specific and direct approach to the qualitative analysis of these compounds in this matrix. The protocol also employs stringent MS confirmatory criteria for the detection and confirmation of the compounds examined, including exact mass measurements. The excellent limits of detection and broad scope make it a valuable research tool for examining the endogenous hallucinogen pathways in the central nervous system. We report here, for the first time, the presence of N,N‐dimethyltryptamine in pineal gland microdialysate obtained from the rat. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occupational dust exposure and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma risk in a population‐based case–control study conducted in the greater Boston area
Authors: Langevin Scott M. , McClean Michael D. , Michaud Dominique S. , Eliot Melissa , Nelson Heather H. , Kelsey Karl T.
Published: November 2013

Head and neck cancers account for an estimated 549,000 global cancer diagnoses each year. While tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV16 infection are considered to be the major risk factors for this disease, occupational risk factors, including exposure to asbestos, have also been described, although dust exposures other than asbestos have been historically understudied. We have investigated the relationship between occupational exposures to five types of dusts, including sawdust, concrete dust, leather dust, metal dust, and chimney soot, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) in the greater Boston area. We report findings from a population‐based case–control study involving 951 incident HNSCC cases and 1193 controls, frequency matched on age (±3 years), sex, and town/neighborhood of residence. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between occupational exposure to each type of dust and HNSCC, overall and by primary tumor site. After adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, and HPV16 serology, laryngeal carcinoma risk increased for each decade of occupational exposure to sawdust (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.3) and metal dust (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.4); and HNSCC risk increased for each decade of occupational leather dust exposure (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.9). We have provided evidence for an association between occupational sawdust and metal dust and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and leather dust and HNSCC, with increasing risk with longer duration at the exposed occupation.
Continuous Purification of Gases Using SILP Materials
Authors: Klefer Heiko , Roth Daniel , Eckle Ilsebill , Schrage Christian , Böhringer Bertram , Haumann Marco , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: November 2013

SILP‐Materialien (supported ionic liquid phase) bestehen aus einem porösen Festkörper, der mit einem dünnen Film einer ionischen Flüssigkeit überzogen ist. Die Verwendung solcher Hybridmaterialien in der adsorptiven Gasreinigung wird am Beispiel eigener Experimente und aktueller Literatur beschrieben. Beispiele mit Metalloxiden und sphärischen Kohlenstoffadsorbentien als Träger werden diskutiert und die Applikation von SILP‐Materialien in Schaumform wird vorgestellt. SILP‐Materialien profitieren in Adsorptionsanwendungen in besonderer Weise von den speziellen Eigenschaften ionischer Flüssigkeiten. Die Verwendung des flüssigen Salzes in immobilisierter Form führt zu einer großen Gas/Flüssig‐Austauschfläche und zu einem sehr hohen Ausnutzungsgrad der ionischen Flüssigkeit.
The overexpression of 14‐3‐3ζ and Hsp27 promotes non–small cell lung cancer progression
Authors: Zhao Guang‐Yin , Ding Jian‐Yong , Gu Jie , Lu Chun‐Lai , Lin Zong‐Wu , Guo Jing , Ge Di
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

The 14‐3‐3ζ protein has been identified as a putative oncoprotein in several cancers, including non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the mechanisms underlying its functions have not been well defined.

METHODS

Proteins that interact with 14‐3‐3ζ were identified through coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry in NSCLC cells. The interaction of 14‐3‐3ζ with these molecular partners and their roles in the invasiveness and metastasis of NSCLC cells were assayed through specific disruptions in the 14‐3‐3ζ signaling network. In addition, the clinical implications of this 14‐3‐3ζ complex were examined in samples from patients with NSCLC.

RESULTS

Among the identified proteins that interacted with 14‐3‐3ζ, there were 230 proteins in 95‐D cells, 181 proteins in 95‐C cells, and 203 proteins in A549 cells; and 16 interacting proteins were identified that overlapped between all cell lines. Further studies revealed 14‐3‐3ζ complexes within the heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) protein and demonstrated that the interference of Hsp27 or 14‐3‐3ζ inhibited the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC cells. The invasive and metastatic capabilities of cells with both Hsp27 and 14‐3‐3ζ interference could be completely restored only by Hsp27 and 14‐3‐3ζ complementary DNA transfection and not by either agent alone. Clinically, the postoperative 5‐year overall survival (OS) in patients who had high expression of both 14‐3‐3ζ and Hsp27 was significantly lower than the 5‐year OS in patients who had low expression of both 14‐3‐3ζ and Hsp27 (26.5% vs 59.7%, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that the combined expression of 14‐3‐3ζ and Hsp27 was an independent prognostic indicator of OS (P = .036).

CONCLUSIONS

The current data suggest that the combined expression of 14‐3‐3ζ and Hsp27 may be a biomarker for predicting survival in patients with NSCLC, and this combination may have potential as a therapeutic target for NSCLC. Cancer 2014;120:652–663. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
MET amplification is not rare and predicts unfavorable clinical outcomes in patients with recurrent/metastatic gastric cancer after chemotherapy
Authors: An Xin , Wang Fang , Shao Qiong , Wang Feng‐Hua , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Chen Cui , Li Cong , Luo Hui‐Yan , Zhang Dong‐Sheng , Xu Rui‐Hua , Li Yu‐Hong
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

Several large studies have reported an extremely low incidence of MET gene amplification (GA) in patients with radically resected gastric cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic role of MET in patients with recurrent/metastatic gastric cancer who received chemotherapy.

METHODS

MET GA and protein expression of recurrent/metastatic gastric cancer samples were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively.

RESULTS

This retrospective study included 232 patients with recurrent/metastatic gastric cancer. MET GA and strong protein expression (IHC3+) were observed in 8.3% (19 of 230 samples) and 9.6% (22 of 229 samples) of samples, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between MET GA and protein expression (r = 0.378; P < .001). MET GA was correlated with poor performance status (P < .001) and poorly differentiated tumors (P = .0015). Both MET GA and IHC 3+ expression were associated with a substantially shorter median overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS). The median OS and PFS for patients with MET GA versus those without MET GA were 5.7 months versus 15.5 months (P < .001) and 3.6 months versus 6.9 months (P < .001), respectively. The median OS and PFS for patients with MET IHC 3+ expression versus IHC 0 to 2+ expression were 6.3 months versus 15.1 months (P < .001) and 3.6 months versus 7.0 months (P < .001), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with recurrent/metastatic gastric cancer, MET amplification and strong protein expression are not rare and appear to be significantly associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Cancer 2014;120:675–682. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Development and validation of two subject‐specific finite element models of human head against three cadaveric experiments
Authors: Tse Kwong Ming , Tan Long Bin , Lee Shu Jin , Lim Siak Piang , Lee Heow Pueh
Published: November 2013

Head injury, being one of the main causes of death or permanent disability, continues to remain a major health problem with significant socioeconomic costs. Numerical simulations using the FEM offer a cost‐effective method and alternative to experimental methods in the biomechanical studies of head injury. The present study aimed to develop two realistic subject‐specific FEMs of the human head with detailed anatomical features from medical images (Model 1: without soft tissue and Model 2: with soft tissue and differentiation of white and gray matters) and to validate them against the intracranial pressure (ICP) and relative intracranial motion data of the three cadaver experimental tests. In general, both the simulated results were in reasonably good agreement with the experimental measured ICP and relative displacements, despite slight discrepancy in a few neutral density targets markers. Sensitivity analysis showed some variations in the brain's relative motion to the material properties or marker's location. The addition of soft tissue in Model 2 helped to damp out the oscillations of the model response. It was also found that, despite the fundamental anatomical differences between the two models, there existed little evident differences in the predicted ICP and relative displacements of the two models. This indicated that the advancements on the details of the extracranial features would not improve the model's predicting capabilities of brain injury. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton‐Transfer Reactions of Acridine in Water‐Containing Ionic‐Liquid‐Rich Mixtures
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Pandey Ashish , Pandey Siddharth
Published: November 2013

To assess the potential of ionic liquids (ILs) as a solubilizing media that facilitates proton‐transfer reactions, acridine prototropism is investigated using UV/Vis molecular absorbance as well as steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence with different ILs in the presence of a small amount of dilute acid or base. It is found that protonation and deprotonation of acridine, when dissolved in different ILs, can be triggered by the addition of a small amount of dilute aqueous HCl and NaOH, respectively, in both the ground and excited states, irrespective of the identity of the IL. However, the amount of dilute acid/base needed to protonate/deprotonate acridine dissolved in different ILs is found to vary from one IL to another. Steady‐state fluorescence measurements also imply the presence of interactions between the acidic proton(s) of IL cation and excited acridine. The interconversion of neutral and protonated acridine, as well as the presence of a weakly fluorescent complex between excited acridine and the acidic proton(s) of the IL cation, is further corroborated by the parameters recovered from the fitting of the excited‐state intensity‐decay data. It is established that ILs as solubilizing media readily support facile proton transfer in both ground and excited states.
Fabrication of Magnetic–Fluorescent Bifunctional Flexible Coaxial Nanobelts by Electrospinning Using a Modified Coaxial Spinneret
Authors: Ma Qianli , Wang Jinxian , Dong Xiangting , Yu Wensheng , Liu Guixia
Published: November 2013

A new magnetic–fluorescent bifunctional coaxial nanobelt structure has been successfully fabricated by specially designed coaxial‐spinneret electrospinning technology. As an example, terbium complexes [Tb(BA)3(phen)] (BA=benzoic acid, phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) and ferroferric oxide nanoparticles were incorporated into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and electrospun into coaxial nanobelts with Fe3O4/PMMA as the core and [Tb(BA)3(phen)]/PMMA as the shell. The morphology and properties of the final products have been investigated in detail by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive spectrometry (EDS), biological microscopy (BM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that the [Fe3O4/PMMA]@[[Tb(BA)3(phen)]/PMMA] magnetic–fluorescent bifunctional coaxial nanobelts possess superior magnetic and fluorescent properties owing to their special nanostructures. The magnetic–fluorescent bifunctional coaxial nanobelts provide higher performance than Fe3O4/[Tb(BA)3(phen)]/PMMA composite nanobelts. This new type of magnetic–fluorescent bifunctional coaxial nanobelt has the potential to be used in novel nano‐biolabel materials, drug delivery materials, and future nanodevices owing to their excellent magnetic–fluorescent properties, flexibility, and insolubility.
Biological Production of 2‐Butanone in Escherichia coli
Authors: Yoneda Hisanari , Tantillo Dean J. , Atsumi Shota
Published: November 2013

An Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain was engineered to synthesize 2‐butanone from glucose by extending the 2,3‐butanediol synthesis reaction sequence catalyzed by exogenous enzymes. To convert 2,3‐butanediol to 2‐butanone, B12‐dependent glycerol dehydratase from Klebsiella pneumoniae was introduced into E. coli. It has been proposed that the enzyme has a weak activity toward 2,3‐butanediol. The activity in E. coli is confirmed in this study. Furthermore, co‐expressing coenzyme B12 reactivators increased the 2‐butanone titer. This demonstration of 2‐butanone production by extending the 2,3‐butanediol biosynthetic pathway provides the possibility to produce this valuable chemical renewably.
Air stepping in response to optic flows that move Toward and Away from the neonate
Authors: Barbu‐Roth Marianne , Anderson David I. , Desprès Adeline , Streeter Ryan J. , Cabrol Dominique , Trujillo Michael , Campos Joseph J. , Provasi Joëlle
Published: November 2013

To shed further light on the perceptual regulation of newborn stepping, we compared neonatal air stepping in response to optic flows simulating forward or backward displacement with stepping forward on a surface. Twenty‐two 3‐day‐olds performed four 60 s trials in which they stepped forward on a table (Tactile) or in the air in response to a pattern that moved toward (Toward) or away (Away) from them or was static (Static). Significantly more steps were taken in the Tactile and Toward conditions than the Static condition. The Away condition was intermediate to the other conditions. The knee joint activity across the entire trial was significantly greater in the Toward than the Away condition. Within‐limb kinematics and between‐limb coordination were very similar for steps taken in the air and on the table, particularly in the Toward and Tactile conditions. These findings highlight that visual and tactile stimulation can equally elicit neonatal stepping. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1142–1149, 2014.
Heterozygosity is linked to the costs of immunity in nestling great tits (Parus major)
Authors: Voegeli Beatrice , Saladin Verena , Wegmann Michèle , Richner Heinz
Published: November 2013

There is growing evidence that heterozygosity–fitness correlations (HFCs) are more pronounced under harsh conditions. Empirical evidence suggests a mediating effect of parasite infestation on the occurrence of HFCs. Parasites have the potential to mediate HFCs not only by generally causing high stress levels but also by inducing resource allocation tradeoffs between the necessary investments in immunity and other costly functions. To investigate the relative importance of these two mechanisms, we manipulated growth conditions of great tit nestlings by brood size manipulation, which modifies nestling competition, and simultaneously infested broods with ectoparasites. We investigated under which treatment conditions HFCs arise and, second, whether heterozygosity is linked to tradeoff decisions between immunity and growth. We classified microsatellites as neutral or presumed functional and analyzed these effects separately. Neutral heterozygosity was positively related to the immune response to a novel antigen in parasite‐free nests, but not in infested nests. For nestlings with lower heterozygosity levels, the investments in immunity under parasite pressure came at the expenses of reduced feather growth, survival, and female body condition. Functional heterozygosity was negatively related to nestling immune response regardless of the growth conditions. These contrasting effects of functional and neutral markers might indicate different underlying mechanisms causing the HFCs. Our results confirm the importance of considering marker functionality in HFC studies and indicate that parasites mediate HFCs by influencing the costs of immune defense rather than by a general increase in environmental harshness levels.
Polyproline–OEG Co‐Oligomeric Dendrimers: A Family of Highly Branched Polyproline Macromolecules
Authors: Torres Ángela , Albericio Fernando , Royo Miriam
Published: November 2013

Here we describe a class of co‐oligomer polyproline–oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) dendrimers composed of multiple copies of a polyproline building block coupled around OEG‐ and proline‐based cores. We explored a new approach that allowed us to build, in a controlled way, highly branched dendrimers using only two reactions steps and very simple purification processes. This methodology yielded diverse highly branched OEG–peptide dendrimers with a high degree of purity without the use of multivalent chemical ligation processes or click chemistry.
Effects of spatial correlation on QoS‐driven power allocation over Nakagami‐m fading channels in cognitive radio systems
Authors: Poulakis Marios I. , Vassaki Stavroula , Panagopoulos Athanasios D. , Constantinou Philip
Published: November 2013

Cognitive radio (CR) technology is a revolutionary wireless communication paradigm that targets at the efficient and flexible utilization of the limited radio spectrum resource. This paper considers a spectrum underlay CR system operating in a fading environment, where the secondary users (SUs) have specific communication quality requirements. In this system, the unlicenced SUs may coexist with the licenced primary users, as long as the average interference‐power that they cause to the primary users does not exceed a threshold value.The concept of spatial correlation (cross‐correlation) of Nakagami‐m fading channels is introduced in the quality of service‐driven CR system. Specifically, we present a power allocation scheme that aims at maximising the SU's effective capacity, and we study the effects of the spatial channel correlation on the performance of the proposed scheme. In order to investigate thoroughly the impact of fading correlation, two different scenarios are studied, depending on which links are considered correlated, the receive correlation model and the transmit correlation model. The performance of the proposed allocation scheme is evaluated through simulations. Finally, the effects of spatial channel correlation for different system requirements and scenarios are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of feedback delay on dual‐hop fixed gain relay networks over mixed fading channels
Authors: Lin Min , An Kang , Ouyang Jian , Wei Heng , Dang Jun‐Hong
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we investigate the effect of feedback delay on a dual‐hop fixed gain amplify‐and‐forward relay network over Rayleigh–Rician mixed fading channels, where the source and destination are all equipped with multiple antennas, while the relay has a single antenna. By using the model of beamforming with feedback delay, the equivalent output signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the amplify‐and‐forward relay network is first obtained. Then, based on the infinite series representation, the analytical expressions for the outage probability and the probability density function of the output SNR are derived. Furthermore, the analytical formulas of the ergodic capacity and the average symbol error rate formulas with various modulation formats are developed. To reveal the diversity order and array gain of the multi‐antenna relay network, the asymptotic average symbol error rates at high SNR are also presented. Finally, computer simulations are provided to validate the theoretical analysis and to indicate the effect of antenna number, feedback delay and channel parameters on the system performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of potent sulfur‐containing odorants in scent glands of edible male giant water bug, Lethocerus indicus (Lep. and Serv.)
Authors: Kiatbenjakul Patthamawadi , Intarapichet Kanok‐Orn , Cadwallader Keith R.
Published: November 2013

Giant water bug (Lethocerus indicus Lep. and Serv.) is an edible fresh water insect used for flavouring some types of Thai chili pastes and fish sauce products due to its distinctive aroma. Aroma‐active compounds in the scent glands of male giant water bugs were determined by gas chromatography–olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis. Two trace odorants with sulfurous/catty‐like and ripe guava‐like odours were detected with flavour dilution factors of 729 and 9, respectively. Additional enrichment steps consisting of ultrasonic direct solvent extraction/solvent‐assisted flavour evaporation combined with mercurated agarose gel chromatography enabled the identification of the compounds 3‐sulfanylhexyl acetate and 3‐sulfanyl‐1‐hexanol (tentatively identified). These sulfur‐containing compounds were identified for the first time in the scent glands of male giant water bug and are thought to contribute important characteristic odours to the overall aroma of giant water bug. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive computation of aeroacoustic sources for a rudimentary landing gear
Authors: de Abreu Rodrigo Vilela , Jansson Niclas , Hoffman Johan
Published: November 2013

We present our simulation results for the benchmark problem of the flow past a rudimentary landing gear using a General Galerkin FEM, also referred to as adaptive DNS/LES. In General Galerkin, no explicit subgrid model is used; instead, the computational mesh is adaptively refined with respect to an a posteriori error estimate of a quantity of interest in the computation, in this case, the drag force on the rudimentary landing gear. Turbulent boundary layers are modeled using a simple wall‐layer model with the shear stress at walls proportional to the skin friction, which here is assumed to be small and, therefore, can be approximated by zero skin friction. We compare our results with experimental data and other state of the art computations, where we find good agreement in sound pressure levels, surface velocities, and flow separation. We also compare with detailed surface pressure experimental data where we find largely good agreement, apart from some local differences for which we discuss possible explanations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of lattice Boltzmann methods using bounce‐back schemes and immersed boundary ones for flow acoustic problems
Authors: Chen Li , Yu Yang , Lu Jianhua , Hou Guoxiang
Published: November 2013

In order to find applicable treatments of moving boundary conditions based on the lattice Boltzmann method in flow acoustic problems, three bounce‐back (BB) methods and four kinds of immersed boundary (IB) methods are compared. We focused on fluid–solid boundary conditions for flow acoustic problems especially the simulations of sound waves from moving boundaries. BB methods include link bounce‐back, interpolation bounce‐back and unified interpolation bounce‐back methods. Five IB methods are explicit and implicit direct‐forcing (Explicit‐IB and Implicit‐IB), two kinds of partially saturated computational methods and ghost fluid method. In order to reduce the spurious pressure generated by the fresh grid node changing from solid domain to fluid domain for BB methods and sharp IB methods, we proposed two new kinds of treatments and compared them with two existing ones. Simulations of the benchmark problems prove that the local evolutionary iteration (LI) is the best one in treatments of the fresh nodes. In addition, for standing boundary problems, although BB methods have a little higher accuracy, all the methods have similar accuracy. However, for moving boundary problems, IB methods are more appropriate than BB methods, because IB methods' smooth interpolation of pressure eld produces less disturbing spurious pressure waves. With improved treatments of fresh nodes, BB methods are also acceptable for moving boundary acoustic problems. In comparative tests in respective type, unified interpolation bounce‐back with LI, Implicit‐IB, and ghost fluid with LI are the best choices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targetable activating mutations are very frequent in GCB and ABC diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Bohers Elodie , Mareschal Sylvain , Bouzelfen Abdelilah , Marchand Vinciane , Ruminy Philippe , Maingonnat Catherine , Ménard Anne‐Lise , Etancelin Pascaline , Bertrand Philippe , Dubois Sydney , Alcantara Marion , Bastard Christian , Tilly Hervé , Jardin Fabrice
Published: November 2013

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive and heterogeneous malignancy that can be divided in two major subgroups, germinal center B‐cell‐like (GCB) and activated B‐cell‐like (ABC). Activating mutations of genes involved in the BCR and NF‐κB pathways (CD79A, CD79B, MYD88, and CARD11) or in epigenetic regulation (EZH2) have been recently reported, preferentially in one of the two DLBCL subtypes. We analyzed the mutational status of these five recurrently mutated genes in a cohort of 161 untreated de novo DLBCL. Overall, 93 mutations were detected, in 61 (38%) of the patients. The L265P MYD88 mutation was the most frequent MYD88 variant (n = 18), observed exclusively in the ABC subtype. CD79A/CD79B ITAM domains were targeted in ABC DLBCL (12/77; 16%), whereas CARD11 mutations were equally distributed in the two subtypes. The EZH2 Y641 substitution was found almost exclusively in the GCB subgroup (15/62; 24%). Twenty cases (12%) displayed two activating mutations, including the most frequent CD79/MYD88 variants combination (n = 8) which is observed exclusively in the ABC subtype. When considering only ABC DLBCL patients treated by rituximab plus chemotherapy, the presence of an activating NF‐κB mutation was associated with an unfavorable outcome (3‐years OS 26% for mutated cases versus 67% for the cases without mutations, P = 0.0337). Our study demonstrates that activating and targetable mutations are observed at a very high frequency in DLBCL at the time of diagnosis, indicating that sequencing of a limited number of genes could help tailor an optimal treatment strategy in DLBCL. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular events underlying interleukin‐6 independence in a subclone of the CMA‐03 multiple myeloma cell line
Authors: Verdelli Donata , Nobili Lucia , Todoerti Katia , Mosca Laura , Fabris Sonia , D'Anca Marianna , Pellegrino Elisa , Piva Roberto , Inghirami Giorgio , Capelli Chiara , Introna Martino , Baldini Luca , Chiaramonte Raffaella , Lombardi Luigia , Neri Antonino
Published: November 2013

We explored the molecular mechanisms involved in the establishement of CMA‐03/06, an IL‐6‐independent variant of the multiple myeloma cell line CMA‐03 previously generated in our Institution. CMA‐03/06 cells grow in the absence of IL‐6 with a doubling time comparable with that of CMA‐03 cells; neither the addition of IL6 (IL‐6) to the culture medium nor co‐culture with multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells increases the proliferation rate, although they maintain the responsiveness to IL‐6 stimulation as demonstrated by STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 induction. IL‐6 independence of CMA‐03/06 cells is not apparently due to the development of an autocrine IL‐6 loop, nor to the observed moderate constitutive activation of STAT5 and STAT3, since STAT3 silencing does not affect cell viability or proliferation. When compared to the parental cell line, CMA‐03/06 cells showed an activated pattern of the NF‐κB pathway. This finding is supported by gene expression profiling (GEP) analysis identifying an appreciable fraction of modulated genes (28/308) in the CMA‐03/06 subclone reported to be involved in this pathway. Furthermore, although more resistant to apoptotic stimuli compared to the parental cell line, CMA‐03/06 cells display a higher sensibility to NF‐κB inhibition induced by bortezomib. Finally, GEP analysis suggests an involvement of a number of cytokines, which might contribute to IL‐6 independence of CMA‐03/06 by stimulating growth and antiapoptotic processes. In conclusion, the parental cell‐line CMA‐03 and its variant CMA‐03/06 represent a suitable model to further investigate molecular mechanisms involved in the IL‐6‐independent growth of myeloma cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SMARCB1 expression in epithelioid sarcoma is regulated by miR‐206, miR‐381, and miR‐671‐5p on Both mRNA and protein levels
Authors: Papp Gergő , Krausz Thomas , Stricker Thomas P. , Szendrői Miklós , Sápi Zoltán
Published: November 2013

Proximal type epithelioid sarcoma shares similarities with malignant rhabdoid tumor, including the lack of nuclear immunoreactivity of SMARCB1. Biallelic mutation of SMARCB1 has been convincingly established as the cause of loss of protein expression in rhabdoid tumor, but the cause in epithelioid sarcoma remains unknown. In our previous work, we demonstrated that DNA hypermethylation and post‐translational modification mechanisms were not involved. In this current work, we explored the hypothesis that miRNAs regulate SMARCB1 gene expression in epithelioid sarcomas. In silico target prediction analysis revealed eight candidate miRNAs, and quantitative PCR—in 32 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tumor samples comprising 30 epithelioid sarcomas and two malignant rhabdoid tumors—demonstrated significant (P < 0.001) overexpression of four miRNAs in epithelioid sarcomas: miR‐206, miR‐381, miR‐671‐5p, and miR‐765. Two human tumors (fibrosarcoma and colon adenocarcinoma) and a normal cell line (human dermal fibroblast) with retained SMARCB1 expression were cultured for miRNA transient transfection (electroporation) experiments. SMARCB1 mRNA expression was analyzed by quantitative real‐time PCR and immunostaining of SMARCB1 was performed to examine the effect of miRNAs transfections on both RNA and protein levels. Only three of the overexpressed miRNAs (miR‐206, miR‐381, and miR‐671‐5p) could silence the SMARCB1 mRNA expression in cell cultures; most effectively miR‐206. Transfection of miR‐206, miR‐381, miR‐671‐5p, and some combination of them also eliminated SMARCB1 nuclear staining, demonstrating a strong effect on not only mRNA but also protein levels. Our results suggest loss of SMARCB1 protein expression in epithelioid sarcoma is due to the epigenetic mechanism of gene silencing by oncomiRs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal Vitamin D Status During Pregnancy and Bone Mass in Offspring at 20 Years of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Zhu Kun , Whitehouse Andrew JO , Hart Prue H , Kusel Merci , Mountain Jenny , Lye Stephen , Pennell Craig , Walsh John P
Published: November 2013

It is uncertain whether the vitamin D status of pregnant women influences bone mass of their children. Cohort studies have yielded conflicting results; none have examined offspring at skeletal maturity. This longitudinal, prospective study investigated the association between maternal vitamin D status and peak bone mass of offspring in 341 mother and offspring pairs in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Maternal serum samples collected at 18 weeks gestation were assayed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). Outcomes were total body bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in offspring at 20 years of age. The mean (± SD) maternal serum 25OHD concentration was 57.2 ± 19.2 nmol/L; 132 women (38.7%) were vitamin D-deficient (25OHD <50 nmol/L). After adjustment for season of sample collection, maternal factors, and offspring factors (sex, birth weight, and age, height, lean mass, and fat mass at 20 years), maternal 25OHD concentration was positively associated with total body BMC and BMD in offspring, with a mean difference of 19.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6–32.7) g for BMC and 4.6 (95% CI, 0.1–9.1) mg/cm2 for BMD per 10.0 nmol/L of maternal 25OHD. Maternal vitamin D deficiency was associated with 2.7% lower total body BMC (mean ± SE) (2846 ± 20 versus 2924 ± 16 g, p = 0.004) and 1.7% lower total body BMD (1053 ± 7 versus 1071 ± 5 mg/cm2, p = 0.043) in the offspring. We conclude that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women is associated with lower peak bone mass in their children. This may increase fracture risk in the offspring in later life. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
KiSThelP: A program to predict thermodynamic properties and rate constants from quantum chemistry results†
Authors: Canneaux Sébastien , Bohr Frédéric , Henon Eric
Published: November 2013

Kinetic and Statistical Thermodynamical Package (KiSThelP) is a cross‐platform free open‐source program developed to estimate molecular and reaction properties from electronic structure data. To date, three computational chemistry software formats are supported (Gaussian, GAMESS, and NWChem). Some key features are: gas‐phase molecular thermodynamic properties (offering hindered rotor treatment), thermal equilibrium constants, transition state theory rate coefficients (transition state theory (TST), variational transition state theory (VTST)) including one‐dimensional (1D) tunnelling effects (Wigner, and Eckart) and Rice‐Ramsperger‐Kassel‐Marcus (RRKM) rate constants, for elementary reactions with well‐defined barriers. KiSThelP is intended as a working tool both for the general public and also for more expert users. It provides graphical front‐end capabilities designed to facilitate calculations and interpreting results. KiSThelP enables to change input data and simulation parameters directly through the graphical user interface and to visually probe how it affects results. Users can access results in the form of graphs and tables. The graphical tool offers customizing of 2D plots, exporting images and data files. These features make this program also well‐suited to support and enhance students learning and can serve as a very attractive courseware, taking the teaching content directly from results in molecular and kinetic modelling. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Spirocyclic and Tricyclic Isoxazoline via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Gul Melek , Tutar Ahmet
Published: November 2013

1,3‐Dipolar cycloadditions of the bicyclic monoterpenes (S)‐(−)‐camphene (1), (R)‐(+)‐a‐pinene (2), and (S)‐(−)‐b‐pinene (3) with aryl and heteroaryl nitrile oxides afforded new spirocyclic and tricyclic isoxazoline derivatives 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 whose biological activities were evaluated in bioassay studies.
Body and diet composition of sympatric black and grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Authors: Schwartz Charles C. , Fortin Jennifer K. , Teisberg Justin E. , Haroldson Mark A. , Servheen Christopher , Robbins Charles T. , Van Manen Frank T.
Published: November 2013

The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) has experienced changes in the distribution and availability of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) food resources in recent decades. The decline of ungulates, fish, and whitebark pine seeds (Pinus albicaulis) has prompted questions regarding their ability to adapt. We examined body composition and diet of grizzly bears using bioelectrical impedance and stable isotopes to determine if 1) we can detect a change in diet quality associated with the decline in either ungulates or whitebark pine, and 2) the combined decline in ungulates, fish, and pine seeds resulted in a change in grizzly bear carrying capacity in the GYE. We contrasted body fat and mass in grizzly bears with a potential competitor, the American black bear (Ursus americanus), to address these questions. Grizzly bears assimilated more meat into their diet and were in better body condition than black bears throughout the study period, indicating the decline in ungulate resources did not affect grizzly bears more than black bears. We also found no difference in autumn fat levels in grizzly bears in years of good or poor pine seed production, and stable isotope analyses revealed this was primarily a function of switching to meat resources during poor seed‐producing years. This dietary plasticity was consistent over the course of our study. We did not detect an overall downward trend in either body mass or the fraction of meat assimilated into the diet by grizzly bears over the past decade, but we did detect a downward trend in percent body fat in adult female grizzly bears after 2006. Whether this decline is an artifact of small sample size or due to the population reaching the ecological carrying capacity of the Yellowstone ecosystem warrants further investigation. © 2013 The Wildlife Society
Efficacy and health effects of a wildlife immunocontraceptive vaccine on fox squirrels
Authors: Krause Sara K. , Kelt Douglas A. , Gionfriddo James P. , Van Vuren Dirk H.
Published: November 2013

Continued range expansion of introduced eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) in the western United States could lead to widespread damage to agricultural crops, facility infrastructures, and displacement of the native western gray squirrel (S. griseus). Because traditional management alternatives may not be feasible in many areas, public interest in the use of immunocontraceptive to control local populations has increased. We evaluated the efficacy of GonaCon™ immunocontraceptive vaccine for controlling eastern fox squirrel reproduction in Davis, California. We administered GonaCon to 33 male and 26 female fox squirrels, and a control substance to 33 males and 24 females. We subsequently compared the reproductive status, health, and serum concentrations of testosterone and progesterone of our treated and control populations. In our treated population, we also measured serum concentrations of antibodies to gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). To determine potential side effects of the vaccine, we recorded body weight and body condition of all animals, examined injection sites during each recapture, and observed the treated squirrels in the field for signs of discomfort and impaired mobility. Over 17 months, none of the recaptured GonaCon‐treated females (n = 20) reproduced, compared to 12 of 15 control females. Treated males and females developed sufficient antibodies to GnRH to suppress reproduction, suggesting that GonaCon has the potential to be 100% effective in inhibiting reproduction in both sexes. We also observed a reduction in physical signs of reproductive activity for males (P < 0.001) and in hormone levels of both females (P < 0.001) and males (P < 0.001). Control and GonaCon‐treated animals did not differ in body weight but vaccinated squirrels had poorer body condition scores and exhibited severe injection site abscesses. The abscesses may have been caused by the GnRH conjugate used in GonaCon. In our study, GonaCon was effective in reducing eastern fox squirrel reproduction. Changes in the conjugate or its preparation may reduce the severity of associated injection site reactions. © 2013 The Wildlife Society