bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monuments And Hearths
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: November 2023

Nineteenth-century fiction that makes the story of the American Revolution into a story of courtship or family romance repeatedly derails narrative attention from the central story of historical romance to the at once peripheral and destabilizing business of how profit and patriotism collaborate to keep the story available. That is, the political story ostensibly bound up with the romantic or familial story becomes “quilted” with an additional question of who will benefit from the successful deployment of a patriotic sensibility. The stress of such a deployment and the violence it unsuccessfully defers emerge vividly in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s early series of short stories, “Legends of the Province House.” The focus on the location of these tales-the one-time residence of royal governors and hence a space maintained simultaneously as home and as political stage-keeps Hawthorne’s narrator oscillating between the private space of patriotism and the public matter of profit. This chapter considers what happens when such plots announce that they will manage the business of patriotism. Beginning with Hawthorne’s splicing of public and private spaces, I move to the endangered families of Cooper’s Lionel Lincoln and other contemporary revolutionary novels before engaging the bloody ruptures of George Lippard’s revolution.
Generation Through Violence: The Making Of Americans
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: November 2023

An early analogue to the slaughter of women and children in The Last of the Mohicans is the surprising sacrifice of the colt, who “gliding like a fallow deer” follows its mother into the forest. The colt’s resemblance to a deer turns out to be ominous: the first deer that appears in the novel has a knife passed “across its throat,” after which it is proposed to “cut our steaks, and let the carcass drive down the stream” (35, 51). When Natty Bumppo decrees, “That colt, at least, must die,” Chingachgook’s “knife passed across its throat quicker than thought, and ... he dashed it into the river, down whose stream it glided away” (47). Such killings in Cooper, acts of violence “quicker than thought,” have traditionally been seen in mythic and sacrificial terms. 2 This way of reading emphasizes the ritualistic character of these frontier rites of passage, mythologizing the act of entering the wilderness, but it also, perhaps inevitably, ignores the specific transformations of identity involved in such violence. In The Last of the Mohicans, these killings conflate domestic and wild, suggesting the conflations of animals and humans throughout the novel; beyond that, the explanations given for them point to the renegotiations of the racial and sexual identities of Indian and white, male and female.
Sexuality, Politics, And Culture: Gide’s Trip To The Soviet Union
Authors: Lucey Michael
Published: November 2023

How might we discuss sexuality and politics in Gide differently, allowing ourselves to understand them as related, and yet not giving way to those plots that so easily see in most sexual relations between men merely a reflection (often an uncritical or craven one) oflarger political structures? Adorno, for example, in “Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda” is willing to blend together fascism’s “archaism” (“As a rebellion against civilization, fascism is not simply the reoccurrence of the archaic but its reproduction in and by civilization itself” (122]) with its exploitation of “unconscious homosexual­ ity,” thereby implying an archaic, atavistic, anticivil impulse within same-sex masculine desire. He comments that in German fascism, “the borderline between overt and repressed homosexuality, just as that between overt and repressed sadism, was much more fluent than in liberal middle-class society” (178n). Adorno’s analysis here decontextualizes homosexuality and thereby essentializes its political content in a way that more extensive cultural analysis would not bear out. Indeed, later in this chapter we will be able to read a different account of the political potential of homosexuality out of one of Adorno’s more autobiographical essays.

Alongside Adorno’s decontextualizing abstractions, we might place another way of relating homosexuality and politics current at Gide’s time. Consider the response given by the antiwar socialist novelist Henri Barbusse to an inquiry conducted in 1926 by the journal Les Marges.
The History of Interpretation
Authors: Finney Paul Corby
Published: November 2023

In a sense this study has two subjects: what the earliest Christians thought about art and what later interpreters (the present writer included) said they thought. The two are not easily disentangled. In fact any separation of the primary subject from the history of its interpretation is bound to be arbitrary—after all, even the earliest second-century apologists thought they were interpreting first-century tradition; hence they too belong to the history of interpretation. But one must draw the line somewhere, and I have done so here at the Tetrarchy. Thus, for this study developments in the fourth and subsequent centuries will be construed as belonging to the history of interpretation. The primary subject of this study is located in the pre-Tetrarchic period.
The Edwardian Shaw, or the Modernist That Never Was
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: November 2023

In 1970 I went to a production of Major Barbara at the Aldwych in London, the Royal Shakespeare Company’s first staging of a Shaw play. Clifford Williams directed in post-Brechtian modern style; instead of a curtain rising on a fully represented Edwardian scene, Lady Britomart’s library was constructed downstage before the audience by costumed stagehands who unrolled carpets and moved furniture into place as tokens within a space that remained largely empty and unoccupied. This cutaway style, advertising it’s the atrkal temporariness, helped to point up the play’s changes of scene, to the stark bareness of the West Ham Salvation Army shelter of act 2, and then to the munitions factory/model town of act 3. It was an interesting and intelligent production, with some fine performances-Judi Dench as Barbara, Brewster Mason as Undershaft-an admirable attempt to rescue Shaw from the comfortable datedness of traditional representational productions. Much in the play seemed to warrant such a modern theatrical idiom: the materialist unmasking of conventional political attitudes, particularly in the last act, with its alienating scenic ironies-the foreground of the munitions factory with dominating cannon and mutilated dummy soldiers leaking straw, and the distant prospect of the flawless model town. And yet it was this last act which I found least satisfactory in the RSC production, which left me most aware of some sort of mismatch between play and playing style. Something in the relentless assurance of Undershaft, the sheer energetic control of his big speeches, a confidence that things were (potentially at least) all for the best in the best of all possible worlds, clashed with the chilling estrangements of the stage set.
How Lawrence Corrected Wells; How Orwell Refuted Lawrence
Authors: Mendelson Edward
Published: November 2023

The first reader who recognized the stature of Tona-Bungay was D. H. Lawrence. “You must, must read Tona-Bungay;’ he wrote to his friend Blanche Jennings in 1909, a few days after The English Review finished its serialization of the book: “It is the best novel Wells has written-it is the best novel I have read for-oh, how long? But it makes me so sad. If you knew what a weight of sadness Wells pours into your heart as you read him-Oh, Mon Dieu! He is a terrible pessimist. But, Wehmir, he is on the whole, so true” (1.119).1Two months later Lawrence again urged his friend to “read, read Tona-Bungay; it is a great book” (1.127). Literary history has consistently divided Lawrence from the popular, reputedly conventional novelists of his time by drawing an artificial border between modernist experimental energy and conservative Edwardian safety. Lawrence drew a similar border between himself and his contemporaries as a means of isolating and focusing the energies that he used in writing his novels. Yet he felt free to exploit the resources he had taken from the other side of the border, even if he no longer admitted to himself where he had found them. Recent attempts by literary historians to erase the barriers between high modernism and low culture seem embarrassed by Wells’s wholesale use of settings and subjects from the lower-middle class; it is the one class that most resists being idealized. Lawrence, in contrast, was too busy hating one class or another to bother being embarrassed by any of them. After his early burst of praise for Tona-Bungay, he seldom mentioned it again. But unlike almost all later critics and interpreters of the book, he understood its pervasive apocalyptic dread, and he continually wrestled with the images and implications of the book during the apocalyptic years from 1914 to 1918.
Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Avery Dulles S J
Published: November 2023

Martin Luther (1483–1546), as a young member of the Hermits of St. Augustine, studied theology under Nominalists in the tradition of William of Ockham and Gabriel Biel.1 Although he accepted some of their positions, in many respects he reacted vehemently against his masters. He particularly criticized what he took to be a Pelagian tendency in Scholasticism to attach too much importance to human reason and human works as approaches to faith and justification. On the basis of his biblical studies, in combination with his Augustinian spirituality, he recaptured a more theocentric theology of faith. Justification, he contended, is God’s act in us. By passively accepting what God is doing for us and in us, we allow Christ’s righteousness to be imputed to us and receive what Luther liked to call “alien righteousness.”
Thieves and Dharma in the Story Literature
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: November 2023

The thief, unlike the adulteress, is a professional crosser of physical and social boundaries. He is not tragically trapped between social expectations and natural self-awareness, but instead he toys with the system of dharma as a whole. We have seen throughout chapter 5 and in the conclusion to chapter 6 that the social consensus that informs textual conceptions of dharma cannot remain directly embodied in a sensory orientation. A prohibition is not a wall; the two belong to distinct and separate ontologies. The concept of dharma, transformed and trans-muted metaphorically, is many times removed from the fundamental perceptual intentionalities examined in the early chapters of this book. Similarly, the Dharmasastras and subsequent texts pursue a social and juridical agenda that requires a highly structured and fixed notion of proper conduct, which they ground in the Veda for ultimate authority. But we have also seen that the contingent images of everyday life could never be set aside. Because of its thoroughly embodied epistemology, dharma continues to be informed by perception even as a sociojuridical system. The wall gives a prohibition its “feel” and possibly even a door. The storytellers who relished telling the exploits of India’s fabled thieves were exploring precisely this fiexible joint in the structure of dharma, namely, the point where temporal images softened the rigidity of an ideological structure. We shall shortly see that the thief is different from other criminals, say the robber, not because he is nonviolent.
Situating Our Knowledge of God in Relationship
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G
Published: November 2023

At the heart of the Christian experience is the fact of relatedness: being together bound with other Christians in a community of faith, celebration, and responsibility. The foundation of that relatedness is the conviction that there is a loving God who creates and sustains the conditions of reality that make relatedness possible and who, in particular, is in a decisive personal relationship with that community of belief and its individual members as they celebrate the divine presence and seek to be responsible to the divine intention, as they have discerned it, for the world.
Alternative Views of God: Monism, Dualism, Pluralism
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G
Published: November 2023

While the agent-act metaphysics is, I believe, most truly representative of the Christian’s experience of God and the world, there are two other alternative metaphysical views of God that have, historically, found important places in the Christian tradition. While they share with each other some important metaphysical assumptions, especially those that entail that God is beyond the reach of human reason, they are significantly different in enough respects that they should be treated separately before being compared to the third view of God as Agent.
Refining the Biblical Picture of God’s Actions in History
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G
Published: November 2023

At the heart of the Christian faith and its Scriptures is the conviction that God is together bound with God’s creation in the struggle to achieve justice and peace, for humanity as well as for the natural order as a whole. The Scriptures have been called the book of the acts of God. And those acts have been understood by countless generations of Jews and Christians as constituting God’s attempt to steer the course of nature and history toward the building up of an inclusive community in which all have become reconciled with all-in which the bonds of love have bound together all of creation and in which God is to be the focus and the source of the mutual celebration of loving communion, ultimately triumphing over the counterforces of evil.
The Challenge and Possibility of Christian Community
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G
Published: November 2023

It is clear from a biblical point of view, that one of God’s most decisive and sustaining acts is the creation of human community. It can even be said that the establishment and continuation of com munity is God’s ultimate intention in all of God’s historical action. We need, in this final chapter, to spell out more fully the meaning of that community, its relation to the development and fulfillment of the individual person, and its place within the life of a world in which community is daily denied by injustice and the absence of peace. Finally, we need to say something about the role that the understanding of community plays in the life of those persons who are engaged in the ministries and discipleship of peace and justice as they await, in hope, the consummation of God’s kingdom on earth as it is in heaven.
The Study of what we Built
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

A history of architecture is both less and more than a grand tour. It does not have the immediacy of walking through the streets and public places of towns as diverse as Isfahan and London, or stepping into covered spaces that range in mood from the dappled, swarming tunnels of Muslim suqs to the single-minded sublimity of the Pantheon in Rome.
The Rise of the City: Architecture in Western Asia
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

This is the opening of a Sumerian myth about the moon-god Nanna, and it dates from the beginning of the second millennium B.c.-the time of the third rearrangement of Stonehenge. There are two. noteworthy things about this bit of poetry from Mesopotamia. First, it is a written record: a distant culture speaks to us through it directly. This is a very different relationship to the past than the one we had established with the Britons of Salisbury who could reach us only through the mute testimony of their stones. And second, the passage sings rapturously of a thing called the city, set on a river, serviced by canals, blessed with good freshwater.
Bronze age Cities: The Aegean and Asia Minor
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

Classical culture is the handiwork of Greeks, and the long process of fashioning it begins early, perhaps about 1700 B.C. The Greek-speaking people associated with this initial phase of the story, the Mycenaeans, do not appear to have been a native race. A warlike stock, they moved into mainland Greece and the nearby islands of the Aegean probably from western Asia Minor, and by about 1600 B.C. were in firm control of this region. They built a number of independent citadel towns famous in later legend- Pylos, Tiryns, Mycenae itself-and were using a form of early Greek that modern scholarship has named Linear B.
The Greek Temple and "Barbarian" Alternatives
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

The second millennium before Christ had been, for the eastern Mediterranean, a period of prosperous and forward states. Endowed with mobility and technical acumen , these societies built supple environments sympathetic with their political and social aims. Contemporary western Europe by contrast must be seen as backward. Despite the megalithic architecture of Stonehenge, Malta, and some spots on the continent, nowhere did the structure of society hint at the complex patterns of civilized life that were displayed in Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Aegean and Asia Minor. When intrepid Mycenaean sailors hugging the northern shores gained Sicily and the Tyrrhenian in search of metal-the obsidian of Lipari, the copper of Sardinia, and ores from the mines of Etruria between the Arno and Po rivers-this area led a simple pastoral life, innocent of urbanism.
The Triumph of Christ
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

The third century A.D. proved to be a time of general unrest in the Old World. In China, peasant revolts and an intrigueminded imperial bureaucracy brought down the four-hundred-year-old Han dynasty in 200; partition and civil war followed immediately, starting a long period of bloody disunion. Four years later Ardashir I put an end to the cosmopolitan administration of the Parthians in Persia and established a nationalist state under his own Sassanian house. In 235 Emperor Alexander Severus, the last of an able, vigorous family of North African descent who had managed the affairs of Rome for several decades, was murdered. The end of Severan power plunged the Mediterranean into anarchy.
The French Manner
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

Sometime around 1124 Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux addressed a scathing indictment against Cluny, the powerful monastic order that held sway over Christian Europe. Bernard was the leader of a new reformist order, the Cistercians. Its aim was to step back from the worldly success monasticism had garnered since the subsidence of postCarolingian disorders and to recover the ancient idealism of St. Benedict's Rule.
Edges of Medievalism
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

"Destined for great things." (Fig. 16.1) Historians of art and literature have taught us to see Villani's chauvinistic boast about his hometown as a prophecy fulfilled. They recite an honor list of Florentine glory for the fourteenth century: Dante, Petrarch, Giotto, Arnolfo di Cambia. Discussions of Renaissance art and architecture unfailingly begin in early fifteenth-century Florence with the triad of Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Masaccio.
The Renaissance: Ideal and Fad
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

In the years after the fall of Granada, Spain set out to complete its exorcism of those monuments that testified to the wonder of the long-lived Muslim culture, now permanently displaced. An unobtrusive Gothic chapel had already been inserted into the mosque of Cordoba toward the end of the century. In 1523 the clerics extracted from King Charles V the authorization to build a sizable cathedral in the middle of the Muslim sanctuary. When they were done, the arcades of the multiaisled interior and the reverberating vistas they afforded were rudely cut off.
Designing The Fin-De-Siecle
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard
Published: November 2023

A hundred years ago, during the previous fin-de-siecle, an anxious search was under way in the world of architecture. It was time to clean the slate of all historicist affects and to articulate a modern idiom befitting its own time. The Modern Movement, as we saw, had a mixed parentage-Art Nouveau and the early work of Frank Lloyd Wright and the landscape of industry-but a common aspiration. It staged a spirited fight and became established in a relatively short span, trampling the past, or so it believed, and coming to seem inevitable.
The Offensive and Inoffensive Jesus
Authors: mccracken David
Published: November 2023

If Jesus was suggesting that his disciples were somehow scribes being “trained for the kingdom of heaven” (Matt. 13:52), they were not the only scribes to encounter difficulties. In his novel If on a winter’s nigh.t a traveler, Italo Calvino relates a brief tale: Once-the biographers of the Prophet tell us-while dictating to the scribe Abdullah, Mohammed left a sentence half finished. The scribe, instinctively, suggested the conclusion. Absently, the Prophet accepted as the divine word what Abdullah had said. This scandalized the scribe, who abandoned the Prophet and lost his faith.
From Enthusiasm to Identity: An Evangelical Revolution in the Episcopal Church, 1740-1820
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt
Published: November 2023

On October 30, 1739, revivalist George Whitefield returned to America. Previously an Anglican missionary to Georgia, he had determined to revisit the colonies “to preach the Gospel in every province in America.”1 Not everyone anticipated his return eagerly; young Whitefield’s reputation as a controversial preacher preceded him. For years, he had agitated within the Church of England, preaching the necessity of being “born again”-one must feel one’s sins, repent, believe in Jesus Christ, and experience a new birth for salvation; only those so reborn were true Christians. He attacked formalism, spiritual deadness, and salvation by works-all aspects of his church. Multitudes received this message with enthusiasm and popularly acclaimed the messenger. Not everyone in England agreed with him, but anyone interested in religion knew of him. Whitefield’s return to America was no inauspicious event; it was a triumphal entry.
Eucharist, Trinity, and Coherence
Authors: Butin Philip Walker
Published: November 2023

T.H.L. Parker has suggested that a major reason that Calvin’s position in the eucharistic controversies was so widely misunderstood and misrepresented (by Romanists as well as by Lutherans and Zwinglians) was that he was attempting to redefine the contemporary debate in radically different terms.1 The following quotation from Calvin’s initial comments on the subject in the 1536 Institutes illustrates Parker’s point: [I]nquisitive persons have wanted to define how the body of Christ is present in the bread. Some, to display their subtlety, added to the simplicity of scripture that he is present really and substantially. Others wanted to go farther, saying he is present in the same dimensions in which he hung on the cross.
Dimensions of African Discourse
Authors: Irele F Abiola
Published: November 2023

It is now more than two hundred years since, as Africans, we have been using the European languages for self-expression. The circumstances in which these languages (English, French, and Portuguese, in particular) became available to us are too well known to require elaboration. What needs to be recalled for my theme is the fact that they bear the stamp of a tragic irony that, with remarkable prescience, William Shakespeare dramatized in the antagonistic relationship between Prospero and Cali ban in The Tempest. An important component of this relationship, as the play stresses, is the question of language, that is, of the modes of perception and of representation that govern the master/slave dialectic.

These circumstances, in their real historical manifestations, have determined the contours of modern African expression in the European languages. The themes and preoccupations that are central to the development of this expression and the uses to which the acquired literacy upon which it is grounded has been consciously put point to an imperative of the African consciousness: the intensive exploration by our writers, both at the imaginative and conceptual levels, of a peculiar and singular historicity. Whether in the form of imaginative literature or in directly ideological terms, writing has served us as a means of appropriating the European languages in an endeavor to transcend the vicissitudes of a problematic experience, in an effort toward an expressive grasp of the world in which that experience unfolds.
Karl Barth on Philosophy
Authors: Marsh Charles
Published: November 2023

Nowhere is Bonhoeffer’s interest in the worldly texture of revelation better illustrated than in the way he employs philosophical sources in the practice of theology. While utterly convinced that revelation establishes its own criteria of truth and knowledge, Bonhoeffer nonetheless treats philosophy with a principled respect and with the conviction that certain themes can be taken into the service of thinking about the new social ontology of the living Christ. Bonhoeffer’s understanding of philosophy sets the general context within which I develop the specific discussions of christology (chapters 4 and 5), community (Chapter 6), and selfhood (Chapter 7). His approach, which I will introduce in the next chapter and then apply to his various conversation partners in the second part of the book, stands in contrast to Barth’s ambivalence toward the use of philosophy.
The Churches and Apartheid in South Africa
Authors: Johnston Douglas
Published: November 2023

The origin of South Africa’s race-based policy of apartheid stems, in large measure, from three centuries of Dutch and British colonial presence. Attracted by its strategic position and rich diamond and mineral reserves, white South Africans exploited black labor to develop a world-class economy and, with it, an unparalleled system of racial discrimination and domination. In the formulation and institution of apartheid, the ruling National party relied heavily on the Dutch Reformed church for the theological underpinnings of a social system that contained the seeds of its own destruction.
Mapping Religion
Authors: Cooey Paula M
Published: November 2023

I have analyzed the production of religious meaning and value in terms of how the creators and the practicers of several traditions, including artists, theorists, and activists, have employed religious symbols, myths, rituals, and disciplines as strategies to empower self and others in the name of higher values or causes. In short, I have sought to articulate the interrelations of knowledge, power, and value—both religious and moral. All the figures I have chosen share the status of relative outsider to a dominant culture; as outsiders they have employed a variety of strategies grounded in what they view to be the religious or moral authority of their experience, as represented by some kind of appeal to the body as source or resource for knowledge.
The People as Well as the Prelates: A Social History of a Denomination
Authors: Dolan Jay P
Published: November 2023

Denominational history has come a long way since the time of Philip Schaff. This is as true for historians of American Protestantism as it is for historians of American Catholicism. To understand the present style of writing denominational history, it is necessary to return to the past and to examine how historians, in this case historians of American Catholicism, have written denominational history.
Scenes of Feast and Fair: Dinners, Balls, Concerts, Races, Contests, and Shows
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy
Published: November 2023

The common riding is a serious performance and a crucial civic ritual, but it is also a festival enacting the important human behavior known as play. In times of play, people and groups withdraw temporarily from their positions in the fixed orderliness of everyday social structure and stand aside to laugh at themselves and the ordered world, to tum it upside down, to smear it with humor, and to relax it with reversals of the normal order of things. Victor Turner includes this time out of time and space in his definition of liminality, or the “antistructure” of human social life (Turner 1969). Within the liminal phase of ritual it is possible to transform the everyday into the extraordinary, to give expression to the outrageous and the creative, and to break rules that one would never break under regular conditions. As an expression of this transformation, shops and trades, including the mills, all close for a holiday, and so the workers have a day of leisure. One exception to the closing is, predictably, the pubs, which in contrast with the normal open hours in midday and evening, are open from early morning until late at night under special laws. Celebratory riders and walkers begin early to imbibe strong spirits, and by afternoon the atmosphere is festive indeed.
Other Jews, Other Responses
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

If we were to allow the rabbinic record to direct our inquiry, we would now commence our consideration of rabbinic works proper. As far as the rabbis were concerned, there was no significant Jewish religious creativity between the Bible (which they believed to have been finished in the fifth century BCE) and themselves. But we know reality to have been otherwise, and it would be a significant distortion of the record to ignore the centuries whose spirit is not recorded in the official Jewish (rabbinic) canon. The rabbis do not respond only to the biblical tradition. Living Jewish tradition produced a wide variety of religious expressions in the centuries between the Bible and the rabbis (second century BCE-second century CE), and the rabbis surely were familiar with at least some of these expressions. If they did not choose to follow models which entered Jewish tradition during these centuries, that choice is significant. If they were unconvinced by explanations of suffering which, though without direct biblical precedent, were supported by important groups of Jews in the centuries before the rabbis came upon the scene, then it is essential that we consider what these alternatives might have been.
Introduction
Authors: Johnston Mark D
Published: November 2023

The spread of literacy beyond the great convents and the major schools was one of the most consequential changes in European culture around 1300. This development affected the Crown of Aragon no less than other regions of the medieval West. Two examples from diverse circumstances aptly illustrate its effects there. In the fall of 1292, King James II of Aragon sent brief letters to Ricard de Passanet, a “knight,” and to Roger de Vilaragut, the “portulan master for Sicily,” ordering them to return certain books, designated only as Librus romancii and Thesaurus, which they had borrowed from the king.’ Other records indicate that James was indeed an active collector and lender of books. In 1354 Vicar-General Francese Ruffach issued a compilation of synodal statutes for the diocese of Barcelona. These rules included the provision, already in force, that all parish priests, whether engaged in the care of souls or not, must own a copy of the guide to pastoral care prepared for them by John of Alexandria. These documents indicate situations—book lending among the aristocracy and widespread literacy among parish clergy—that would have been rare, if not impossible, a few centuries earlier.
Language as Being
Authors: Johnston Mark D
Published: November 2023

The analysis of Llull’s Great Art as an art of arts in the previous chapter notes at many points that his system comprises a vast program for interpreting all creatures as signs of the Creator. The Lullian Art is truly a universal guide to allegoria in rebus and allegoria in verbis. It treats all knowledge and being as a book laid open for human reading. This conception of the universe as text is, of course, an ancient, if not universal, way of making sense of the world. It certainly flourished in the medieval Christian West; indeed, Ramon Llull’s work is perhaps the outstanding testimony to its diffusion as a popular “worldview.” The easiest way to grasp this perspective is to imagine that it regards the existence of all things, their understanding by the human mind, and their representation in words as somehow homologous. Llull’s Great Art especially reinforces such a homology because his system establishes a common metaphysical basis for words, concepts, and things alike. Lullian metaphysics is insistently “superrealist” in both a subjective and an objective sense: it tends to conflate the content of understanding or expression with the actual concept or word itself. Since for Llull that understanding or expression includes the perception of so many spiritual truths, this superrealist metaphysics is already a virtual allegoria in rebus. Applied globally to things, concepts, and words, it is in fact a universal allegory, a kind of metaphysics of meaning. Insofar as Llull assumes that this meaning necessarily exists in reality prior to existing in thought or language, he never doubts that the world is always speaking even if no human ears or hearts are listening.
The Household of Israel: Is Anybody Home Besides Anne Frank and Eleazar ben Ya’ir?
Authors: Goldberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The Holocaust as master story holds out only two choices for Jewish identity: victim or hero. Seen through the lens of the Holocaust, the Jewish past is an epic of suffering that culminated in the murder of 6,000,000 men, women, and children. From that perspective, the Jewish People’s future will look exactly like its past unless Jews heroically and unrelentingly resist the world’s undying anti-Semitism.
De Causa Peccati
Authors:   Regan
Published: November 2023

Questio est de causa peccati. Et primo queritur utrum Deus sit causa peccati. Et uidetur quod sic. Dicit enim Apostolus ad Ro. I “Tradidit eos Deus in reprobum sensum ut faciant que non conueniunt”; ubi dicit Glosa Augustini sumpta de libro De gratia et libero arbitrio “Manifestum est Deum operari in cordibus hominum inclinando uoluntates eorum quocumque uoluerit, siue ad bonum siue ad malum.” Set inclinatio uoluntatis ad malum est peccatum. Ergo Deus est causa peccati.
Rituals (Li
c)
Authors: Ching Julia
Published: November 2023

Chu has always been admired for the breadth of his scholarship. He contributed to the study of classics, especially by his work on the Book of Changes, which he regarded mainly as a divination text, and on the Book of Poetry, which includes love songs that he admitted had been given arbitrary political explanations by commentators. Chu also gave much attention to the study and annotation of the classical ritual texts.
Chu Hsi and Buddhism
Authors: Ching Julia
Published: November 2023

I began chapter I with a poem about opening a door: the gate to wisdom. For this book is about the religious thought of Chu Hsi, a thinker who taught pub licly and left behind a vast and coherent system that can, to a large extent, be mapped and understood. In other words, there is a door to his house, and one can go in. But a different metaphor has to be used when we talk about Ch’an Buddhism. While the Buddhist religion is also a public teaching, Ch’an prides itself on its mysterious subtlety. According to the gatha quoted above, the Way has no gate or, better still, no entry. What it has is a difficult pass, like that be tween steep mountains. We cannot speak of opening and closing the gates of Heaven and Earth, as does the Book of Changes. Nevertheless, we are assured that on the other side of the pass lie the mysteries of Heaven and Earth.
The Vanishing American
Authors: Michaels Walter Benn
Published: November 2023

When Tom Outland discovers that his friend Roddy Blake has sold their collection of Indian “relics,” he makes him an outraged speech that Roddy ruefully describes as a “Fourth of July talk” (245). The burden of the speech is that Roddy has failed to understand “the kind of value” the relics have to Tom; the Fourth of July part involves the accusation that Roddy, “like Dreyfus,” has sold his “country’s secrets” to a German. “They belonged to this country, to the State, and to all the people,” Tom says, and “You’ve gone and sold them to a country that’s got plenty of relics of its own” (245). Although Roddy thinks his mistake has been to sell Tom’s “private property,” insofar as the relics are a public “trust,” he is more a traitor than a thief. And insofar as the relics belong to the “State” only because they belonged to the Indians whom Tom describes as his and Roddy’s “ancestors,” Roddy’s lack of patriotism is really a lack of (what Tom calls) “filial piety” (251). Roddy has thought of their “find” as “no different than anything else a fellow might run on to: a gold mine or a pocket of turquoise,” but Tom has come to think of it as a collection of family heirlooms, the “pots and pans that belonged to my poor grandmothers a thousand years ago” (243).
The Limits of Cultural Studies
Authors: Saldivar José David
Published: November 2023

Cultural studies analyses of Chicano literature appeared on the scene just four years ago when Michael M. J. Fischer published his ambitious essay, “Ethnicity and the Post-Modem Arts of Memory,” in James Clifford and George E. Marcus’s influential anthology, Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (1986). Since then, the cultural studies movement has enlisted other well-known critics who, in a growing body of work, have begun to examine Chicano cultural practices. In addition to Fischer’s study of ethnic American autobiographies and Chicano literature, George Lipsitz, in an essay about the Chicano band Los Lobos, “Cruising Around the Historical Bloc-Postmodemism and Popular Music in East Los Angeles” (1986), and Renato Rosaldo, in his revisionist essay on Chicano studies, “Politics, Patriarchy, and Laughter” (1987), have presented readers with broadly postmodernist and anthropological views of Chicano texts. Cultural studies, as it is practiced in the US, already seems to have taken its place as one of the established contemporary approaches to Chicano literature. As of yet, there has been no investigation of the kind of cultural criticism Fischer practices and its consequences for Chicano studies. Because of the quantity and the diversity of the interpretations that the cultural studies movement has generated in books such as Clifford and Marcus’s and in journals such as Cultural Critique and Cultural Anthropology, I will limit the beginning of this essay to Fischer’s representative analysis of Chicano literature.
Death Begins
Authors: Schiller Anne
Published: November 2023

To the adherents of Hindu Kaharingan, death is a journey that culminates at the Village of Gold Sand, known colloquially as the Prosperous Village (Lewu Tatau). The splendor of this heavenly abode is well conveyed by its fuller name, which may be loosely glossed as “Prosperous Village of Gold Sand, of Diamond Beaches, Carpeted with Silk, of Jasper Pebbles, Heaps of Jasper Beads, Grand Place Where Bones Never Decay Carrying the Burden of the Glorious Flesh, Where the Muscles Never Tire.”1 Above the clouds, beyond the stars, the Prosperous Village is separated from earthly villages by the invisible rivers and jungles of a five-layered Upperworld. There, households of ancestors dwell contentedly in splendid surroundings that their children and grandchildren have provided for them. It is said that the relationships villagers find most meaningful in their earthly lives are transposed to this ethereal realm after death: in the next life, as in the present one, villagers turn to the members of their family for companionship and support. Adherents of the indigenous religion regard physical death as a means of reuniting the family throughout eternity. This reunion of the extended family in the afterlife is the nucleus of most villagers’ comprehension of eschatology.
Mourning Song: Robert Hayden and the Politics of Memory
Authors: Hall James C
Published: November 2023

Unless we shift the ground from underneath a criticism erected on such contraries, locating our discussions at some juncture of ideological and aesthetic concerns … we will fail to perceive the poetry’s own dynamic lesson of its upheaval, that it is not an inevitable object but rather a motivated, constructed, corrosive, and productive process. (167)
Introduction
Authors: Davis Joyce
Published: November 2023

While reading a New York Times article dealing with a subject that might appear far removed from the issues in this section—the March 1995 nerve gas poisoning on a Tokyo subway—I came across a sentence that stopped me cold because it so epitomized the media’s tendency to objectify women. The article profiled Shoko Asahara, the leader of a religious sect which the police suspected of deploying the poison gas, and it included a seemingly routine background sentence: “[l]n 1978, … he met a college student, Tomoko Ishii, and married her” (Kristof 1995). That is, “He married her,” as in “He [subject] married [verb] her [object].” Ishii is cast as an object, rather than as an acting subject. He is the actor, she the passive recipient of his action. This sentence, these three words, exemplify what I see as the underlying theme of the essays in this section: The media’s continued denial of full personhood and autonomy to women. For the most part, the media participates as a player with the law and other societal institutions to maintain women as Woman1 and to punish those who step outside their traditional roles, positions, or images and attempt to assert their autonomy and independence.
Spectacles of the strange
Authors: Bumiller Kristin
Published: November 2023

How do rape trials become spectacles of erotic pleasure? How is our viewing organized to produce a geography of racial transgression and sexual danger? What are the pleasures of viewing violence? These are the questions I pose as I write as an observer of spectacles of interracial gang rape and, in particular, the 1991 Central Park Jogger trial, in which one black and two Hispanic teenage boys were charged with the sexual and physical assault of a young professional woman in Central Parle In this trial the prosecution argued that while jogging in Central Park, a young white professional woman was raped by a roving band of black and Hispanic teenagers. Because the jogger had no memory of the night of the incident when she testified at the trial, the prosecution’s case relied on forensic photography of the jogger’s body and the written and videotaped confessions of the defendants. The viewing of both the jogger’s body and the defendants’ confessions produced a spectacle in the courtroom which was reproduced by the media for a larger public audience.
Blindfolded
Authors: Benedict Helen
Published: November 2023

Feminists are funny—at least that is the attitude I have discovered in my examination of a decade’s worth of rape coverage by the American press. Feminists are dogmatic at best, extremist at worst. At any rate, they are not to be consulted about anything as explosive as a rape case. To do so would be to commit biased reporting.
Introduction
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: November 2023

It was at this epoch that Mr. T. D. Rice made his debut in a dramatic sketch entitled “Jim Crow,” and from that moment everybody was “doing just so,” and continued “doing just so” for months, and even years afterward. Never was there such an excitement in the musical or dramatic world; nothing was talked of, nothing written of, and nothing dreamed of, but “Jim Crow.” The most sober citizens began to “wheel about, and turn about, and jump Jim Crow.” It seemed as though the entire population had been bitten by the tarantula; in the parlor, in the kitchen, in the shop and in the street, Jim Crow monopolized public attention. It must have been a species of insanity, though of a gentle and pleasing kind. . . . Despite their billings as images of reality, these Negroes of fiction are counterfeits. They are projected aspects of an internal symbolic process through which, like a primitive tribesman dancing himself into the group frenzy necessary for battle, the white American prepares himself emotionally to perform a social role.
Uncle Tomitudes: Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: November 2023

In January 1854 T. D. Rice took the Bowery Theatre stage as Tom in one of the numberless dramatic productions of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Rice’s path from celebrated Jim Crow in the early 1830s to sympathetic Uncle Tom twenty years later highlights the improbable political geometry ofblackface minstrelsy. Surely Rice’s Bowery appearance in a more or less antislavery play registered a series of changes: changes in the theater’s social position, now as close to lower million as to upper ten; changes in theatrical production, as melodrama was now spliced to blackface performance; and changes, evidently, in racial representation itself. Even half a dozen years earlier it would have seemed preposterous thus to cast Rice, an originator of blacking up. We ought not, however, let these changes obscure the extent to which the great midcentury vogue of “Tom shows” owed precfsely to the blackface tradition. The stage conventions of such productions, which included minstrel tunes and blackface makeup, were clearly those of minstrelsy; dramatizations of Uncle Tom foregrounded not only sectional conflict but also the blackface forms that had shadowed it. “He is decidedly the best personator of negro character who has appeared in any drama,” wrote the Spirit of the Times of Rice as Uncle Tom, obliterating the distinction between the play and the minstrel show (January 21, 1854). Uncle Tom’s Cabin onstage was in one sense minstrelsy’s logical antebellum conclusion, and by the 1850s casting Rice as Uncle Tom followed a train of thought. It confirms the equivocal character of racial representation-ofblackface minstrelsy and Uncle Tom’s Cabin both-just prior to the Civil War.
Musculus and the Exegetical Tradition on the Wedding at Cana
Authors: Farmer Craig S
Published: November 2023

In the course of this study, I will examine Musculus’s exegesis in a series of contexts that illuminate the distinctive and traditional elements in his work as a commentator on the fourth gospel. Subsequent chapters will explore his comments against the sounding board of various subgroups within the exegetical tradition. Here, however, I place Musculus’s exegesis of the first sign passage (Jn 2:1-11) in the context of a cross-sectional sampling of the entire antecedent exegetical tradition. I want to explain why this is a valuable exercise for our understanding of Musculus and the exegetical tradition.
Musculus and Sixteenth-Century Catholic Commentators on the Healing at the Pool of Bethesda
Authors: Farmer Craig S
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we examine Musculus’s exegesis in the context of commentaries written by Roman Catholic contemporaries of Musculus. We focus here on interpreters of John who-unlike the Catholic commentators treated in the previous chapter-shared no sympathy for the Protestant cause or for humanist methods of exegesis. The number of such commentators is surprisingly small. When Musculus published his John commentary in 1545, he had been preceded in this work by eight different Protestant commentators. Yet prior to 1545, only three nonhumanist Catholic commentators authored works on John: John Major, Antonius Broickwy von Konigstein, and Francis Titelmaas.
The Buddha
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully
Published: November 2023

The historical Buddha (563-483 [in some reckonings, a century later in others]) is an anchor for the holiness that his followers have sought. Tradition has it that he was born a prince and raised in luxury and became serious about life only when, around age thirty, he realized that old age, disease, and death are omnipresent. Quitting his palace, his beautiful wife, and his son, Gautama set out to solve the problem of suffering. His first teachers, Hindu holy men, did not give him what he sought.