bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Productivity, economics and nitrogen-use efficiency of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata) as influenced by planting geometry and nitrogen fertilization
Authors: UMMED SINGH  , A.A. SAAD  , T. RAM  , LEKH CHAND  , S.A. MIR  , F.A. AGA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2007 and 2008 at Wadura, Sopore, to study the effect of crop geometry (60 cm 15 cm, 60 cm 20 cm, 60 cm 25 cm, 60 cm 30 cm) and nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N/ha) on yield, yield attributes, nitrogen use efficiency, crop productivity, economics and nitro- gen balance of sweet corn ( Zea mays saccharata Sturt). Plant height, weight of green cobs, number of kernel/cob, 1,000-kernel weight and kernel recovery increased as the inter-plant spacing was increased from 15 to 30 cm, while the number of cobs/ha, plant dry weight and bareness increased with a decrease inter-plant spacing from 30 cm to 15 cm. The maximum cob yield was recorded at 60 cm 20 cm spacing which was higher than 60 cm 25 cm planting geometry. A decrease in planting spacing from 60 cm 20 cm to 60 cm 15 cm caused 33.2% reduc- tion in cob yield. The kernel yield and crop productivity, crop profitability, net returns, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency were also higher at 60 cm 20 cm planting spacing. Increasing nitrogen levels upto 120 kg/ha showed marked improvement in plant height, plant dry weight, number of cobs/ha, number of kernels/cob, 1000- kernel weight, green cob weight and kernel recovery, which consequently improved the yield and return. While Barrenness in cobs also declined with increasing nitrogen levels. Highest nitrogen uptake, total availability and ac- tual residual soil nitrogen contents were observed at 150 kg N/ha. Increasing nitrogen levels progressively re- duced agronomic and physiological nitrogen use efficiency. A level of 125.7 kg N/ha was found to be economic optimum with green cob yield of 14.21 t/ha and a response of 7.55 t/ha. The response to optimum level of N was found to be 60.09 kg green cob/kg N applied. Hence, crop geometry of 60 cm 20 cm with nitrogen level of 120 kg/ha should be adopted to obtain the maximum green cob yield and net profit from sweet corn in Kashmir valley.
Productivity, nitrogen-use efficiency and economics of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) genotypes as influenced by different levels of nitrogen
Authors: KHALED MIRI  , D.S. RANA  , K.S. RANA  , ASHOK KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi, during rainy seasons of 2009 and 2010 to evaluate 3 sweet
Effect of levels and mode of nitrogen application on dual purpose barley (Hordeum vulgare) under semi-arid condition
Authors: L.R. MEENA  , J.S. MANN  , S.L. MEENA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2005-06 and 2006-07 at Avikanagar, Rajasthan to study the re- sponse of multi cut barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) to 3 levels of N (30, 60 and 90 kg N/ha) and 3 modes of its appli- cation. Significantly higher green fodder (32.0 t/ha), total dry fodder (8.22 t/ha) and grain yield (3.57 t/ha) was ob- tained with 90 kg N application. Application of 90 kg N/ha increased the green fodder, total dry fodder and grain yield by 5.8, 0.95 and 0.93 t/ha over 30 kg N/ha, respectively. Nitrogen content and uptake, protein content and yield increased progressively as nitrogen application increased from 30 to 90 kg/ha. The highest gross return ( 49,096 /ha) and net return ( 41,785 /ha) were obtained with the use of 90 kg N/ha. However, the partial factor productivity (PFPn) for green fodder at first cut decreased from 848 kg/ha N to 306 kg/ha N as the level of N was increased from 30 to 90 kg N/ha. Nitrogen x mode of N application interaction was significant and showed that ap- plication in 3 split doses was better than its application in 2 split doses only at 90 kg N/ha.
Effect of plant density, N levels and moisture conservation practices on the performance of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and available N status of soil
Authors: A.L. RAJPUT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the winter (rabi) seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09, to study the effect of plant geometries, nitrogen levels and application of anti-transpirants on the growth, yields, economics, N-uptake soil N-status and N-balance of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czernj & Cosson), Indian mustard sowing in paired row of 30 + 60 10 cm spacing gave 0.17 t/ha extra seed yield of mustard without reducing growth at- tributes, yield components, economics, WUE, oil content and soil N-status. Growth and yield attributes and maxi- mum increment in seed and stalk yields of mustard were recorded with 80 kg N/ha and it were 8.54% and 14.26% higher over the control, respectively. The spraying of PMA + kaolin (6%) at 45 and 90 DAS increased the seed and stalk yields by 9.41 and 15.17% respectively over rest of treatments. The highest dose of nitrogen @ 80 kg/ha with paired row spacing of 30 + 60 10 cm planting along with combined spray of PMA @ 250 ppm + kaolin (6%) at 45 and 90 days after sowing increased production and quality of mustard and improved N status of soil.
Effect of nutrient sources on productivity of fodder cropping systems in Punjab
Authors: C.S. AULAKH  , M.S. GILL  , R.K. MAHEY  , S.S. WALIA  , GURMINDER SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutrient sources on green fodder productivity of differ- ent fodders in cropping system mode at Ludhiana on a sandy loam soil in split plot design. The main plots con- sisted of four fodder cropping systems i.e. sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.), maize ( Zea mays L.)-berseem-pearlmillet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz], maize-berseem-maize + cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and sorghum + clusterbean [ Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub]-oat ( Avena sativa L.)-cowpea and three nutrient management systems viz. organic, chemical and integrated in sub-plots with three replications. The highest maize equivalent green fodder yield (83.3 t/ha) was obtained in maize-berseem-pearlmillet fodder cropping system, which was significantly higher than sorghum-berseem, but statistically at par with the sorghum + clusterbean-oat-cowpea and maize-berseem- maize + cowpea cropping systems. Pearlmillet (64.2 t/ha) in summer, sorghum (34.6 t/ha) in kharif and berseem (62.7 t/ha) in rabi season gave the highest green fodder yield. The organic nutrient management produced sig- nificantly higher total system green fodder productivity (125.8 t/ha) and maize equivalent green fodder yield (85.4 t/ha) than the integrated and chemical fertilizer system. The organic carbon status of the soil increased by 24 and 11% over its initial status with the adoption of organic and integrated nutrient management systems, re- spectively. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status in soil were also higher in organic and inte- grated nutrient management as compared to chemical fertilizer application.
Productivity and energetic of rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping systems under sub-tropical condition of Jammu
Authors: DILEEP KACHROO  , N.P. THAKUR  , MANPREET KAUR  , PARSHOTAM KUMAR  , ROHIT SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Chatha, Jammu during 2006 to 2008 to find out energy-efficient rice based cropping system among different crop sequences. The best sequence crops performed in the system were mainly rice ( Or yza sativa. L.) var. 'IET-1410', 'PC-19', garlic ( Allium sativum L.) var. local, Cowpea ( Vigna unguicculatta L.) var. 'Pusa Komal', potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) var. 'Kufri Badasah', onion ( Allium cepa L.) var. 'N-53', marigold ( Tagetes erecta. L) var. 'Pusa Narangi', Frenchbean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. contender, maize ( Zea mays L.) var. 'Kanchan', greengram ( Vigna radiata L.) var. 'SML-818'. Out of ten crop sequences, rice-garlic-cowpea recorded the highest average rice equivalent yield (46.37 t/ha) with B:C ratio of 2.59 followed by rice-potato-onion (33.96 t/ha) and rice-marigold-frenchbean (29.31 t/ha). Rice-potato-maize+greengram re- quired higher energy input (62,887 MJ/ha) and specific energy (2.59 MJ/kg), whereas energy output and aver- age energy use efficiency was recorded the highest in existing rice-wheat system (2,66,188/MJ/ha) and rice- barseem for fodder-last cut for seed (11.46), respectively. However, average energy productivity was recorded highest in rice-garlic-cowpea (1.29 kg/MJ) followed by rice-marigold-frenchbean (0.83 kg/MJ).
Effect of sowing dates and plant population on chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes
Authors: DASHARATH PRASAD  , A.S. BANGARWA  , SATISH KUMAR  , ASHA RAM
Published: December 2023

Results of the field experiment conducted during 2007-08 at Hisar, revealed superiority of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes HC-1 in term of pods/plant,100-grain weight, seed and biological yields and harvest in- dex over BG-372 and PBG-1. Significant decline in growth and yield attributing characters and yield was re- corded, when sowing was delayed from December 1 to December 20. Planting geometry of 30 7.5 cm yielded significantly higher than 30 10 cm.
Effect of planting systems and phosphorus with bio-fertilizers on the performance of sole and intercropped pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) under rainfed conditions
Authors: PRAMOD KUMAR  , K.S. RANA  , D.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2007 and 2008 for two consecutive years at New Delhi, to study the effect of planting systems and phosphorus management in sole and intercropped pigeonpea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under rainfed conditions. The treatment comprised of 2 cropping systems [pigeonpea sole and pigeonpea + mungbean (2:1) { Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek}] and 3 planting systems (uniform row planting, broad-bed and furrow planting and paired row planting) as main plots and 4 levels of phosphorus and biofertilizers (control, 40 kg P O /ha. 40 kg P O /ha + PSB +AM and 80 kg P O /ha) as sub-plots replicated thrice in a split-plot 2 5 2 5 2 5 design. Significant improvement in the yield attributes and yield of component crops was observed under modified planting systems (BBF and paired row planting) over the uniform row planting. On an average, BBF and paired row planting recorded 16.0 and 11.1% increase in pigeonpea equivalent yield and 20.1and 13.8% in net returns over flat row planting. Sole and intercropped pigeonpea recorded statistically similar growth and yield attributes and yields during both the seasons. Pigeonpea equivalent yield (1.71 and 2.01 t/ha) of intercropped stand was 14.0 and 16.1% higher than sole stand in respective season. In term of net returns, the increase was 12.6 and 12.5% respectively. Application of 80 kg P O /ha, being on par with 40 kg P O /ha + PSB + AM, recorded signifi- 2 5 2 5 cantly higher growth parameters, yield attributes (except 1,000-grain weight), grain yield (1.67 and 1.87 t/ha) and stalk yield of pigeonpea over control (1.18 and 1.41 t/ha) and 40 kg P O /ha (1.43 and 1.64 t/ha). Similar effect of 2 5 these treatment was observed on P content and total P uptake in grain (12.31, 13.75 kg/ha) and in stalk (11.82, 13.19 kg/ha) of pigeonpea over rest of treatments. Application of 80 kg P O /ha, being on par with 40 kg P O /ha + 2 5 2 5 PSB + AM, recorded significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent yield (1.84 and 2.11 t/ha) over rest of treatments. On an average, 40 kg P O /ha + PSB + AM, recorded higher net returns and B:C ratio over remaining treatments. 2 5
Influence of spacing and weed management on rice (Oryza sativa) varieties under system of rice intensification
Authors: NAIN SINGH  , DINESH KUMAR  , O.V.S. THENUA  , V.K. TYAGI
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted in a sandy clay loam soil during kharif 2005 and 2006 at New Delhi to evaluate the performance of aromatic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) varieties under varying weed management options and plant- ing geometry in system of rice intensification (SRI). Rice Pusa Sugandh 5 proved better as compared to the other two varieties, i.e. Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Sugandh 3, especially in terms of growth, yield attributes and grain yield. On an average, Pusa Sugandh 5 produced 18.9% and 22.5% more grain yield over Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Sugandh 3, respectively. Pusa Sugandh 5 also gave the highest economic returns. Spacing 25 25 cm resulted in higher grain and straw yields and better economic returns than 30 30 cm. Averaged over two years, the increase in grain yield with 25 25 cm over 30 30 cm was to the tune of 19.5%. Maintaining fields weed free gave higher plant growth, yield attributes, grain yield and economics as compared to either anilophos @ 0.4 kg/ha or the weedy check. Anilophos @ 0.4 kg/ha was far advantageous than the weedy check.
Effect of sowing methods, nitrogen levels and irrigation scheduling on yield and quality of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: JASVINDER SINGH  , S.S. MAHAL  , S.S. MANHAS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2006-07 and 2007-08 to study the effect of methods of sowing, nitrogen levels and irrigation scheduling on production and quality of malt barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). The study revealed that plant height, dry matter accumulation, effective tillers, grains/ear, 1,000-grains weight and grain and straw yields were statistically at par with different method of sowing. Similar trend was also observed for grain quality, malt quality, recovery and yield of malt. Grain, straw and malt yields increased significantly with an in- crease in N level from 75 to 125% of recommended dose as a result of increase in plant height, dry matter accu- mulation, effectives tillers, grains/ear and 1,000-grains weight. The highest grain (5.0 t/ha) and malt yield (3.98 t/ ha) were obtained with 125% of recommended N, which was statistically at par with 100% of recommended N and significantly higher than 75% of recommended N. Irrigation at 1.00 IW/CPE ratio significantly increased plant height, dry matter accumulation, effective tillers, grains/ear, 1,000-grains weight, grain yield (5.3 t/ha) and straw yield (7.35 t/ha) as compared to 0.75 and 0.50 IW/CPE ratio. Similar trend was also observed for recovery and yield of malt. N, P and K uptake was also not-significantly affected by methods of sowing, while increase in N lev- els and IW/CPE ratio significantly increased NPK uptake by malt barley.
Response of saline water irrigated greengram (Vigna radiata) to land configuration, fertilizers and farm yard manure in Tapi command area of south Gujarat
Authors: RAM A. JAT  , M.K. ARVADIA  , BHUMIKA TANDEL  , T.U. PATEL  , R.S. MEHTA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2008-09 and 2009-10 post-rainy seasons at Navsari, Gujarat to evaluate the effects of land configuration, fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) application on productivity, water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, soil fertility status and the economics of green gram ( Vigna radiata L.) cultivation. The raised bed method of planting was found superior as was evident from significant increase in growth and yield attributes, grain (0.93 t/ha) and stover yield (2.27 t/ha), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), nitrogen (N), phos- phorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake, net returns ( 37.6 103/ha) and B:C ratio (3.9) and decrease in plant mor- tality percent. Application of 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (20 kg/ha) and phosphorus (40 kg P O /ha) re- 2 5 corded significantly higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil, net returns and B:C ratio over the application of 75% of recommended dose of N and P. Similarly, the application of FYM at 5t/ha recorded statistically higher growth and yield attributes, grain and stover yield, IWUE, NPK uptake, available NPK in the soil after harvest, net returns and B:C ratio and decrease in plant mortality per- cent over no FYM application.
Effect of root tuber weight and spacing on Kala zeera (Bunium persicum) in Gurez valley of Kashmir
Authors: PARMEET SINGH  , M.A. RATHER  , Z.A. BADRI  , JYOTI SETHI  , B.A. ALIE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Zeera Research Sub Station Izmarg Gurez, (780 20 N longitude and 310 20 E Latitude and 2,393 m amsl) of Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kash- mir during 2006-07 and 2007-08 on a flat narrow valley land to determine the influence of plant geometry and planting tuber weight on kala zeera ( Bunium persicum Bioss). The treatments comprised of three categories of tu- ber weights viz small (5g) and four planting spacings viz 20 cm 20 cm, 20 cm 25 cm, 25 cm 25 cm and 25 30 cm, which were laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three repli- cation. Significant variations in growth and yield attributes were observed under influence of spacings and planting tuber weights. Numbers of umbels/plant appears to be least stable components in kala zeera and are influenced with crop management practices like spacing and planting tuber weight. Subsequent increase in planting tuber weight from small to medium size caused increase in seed yield and straw yield by 79% and 74%, respectively. The net returns and net returns per rupee invested varied from 10,37,000 to 27,17,000 and 1.94 to 8.71 in dif- ferent treatments combinations. Among all the treatment combinations, seed tubers of kala zeera weighing 2 to
Studies on biomass production, partitioning and allometry of different bamboo (Bamboo spp.) plant species grown in bamboosetum in Arunachal Pradesh
Authors: K.A. SINGH  , ARVIND K. RAI
Published: December 2023

The biomass production and partitioning of 30 bamboo species were evaluated at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Arunachal Pradesh Center, Basar located in the humid sub-tropic. Bamboo species were planted in a bamboosetum on the hill with 25% slope at planting density of 2l8 clumps/ha. On the basis of mean annual aboveground biomass production and annual culms production, all the species were grouped into five distinct clusters at average linkage distance of 0.6. Bamboo species grouped in cluster III viz. B. bambos, B. balcooa, D. giganteus, B. cacharensis, B. pallida type I, B. nutans, B. tulda, D. sikkimensis, D. hookeri were the highest annual biomass producer (494.67 260.36 t/ha). Culms constituted more than 90% of total biomass in Arundinaria hirsuta, A. mannii, B. bambos and B. balcooa. Leaves and branches constitute 45% of the total biomass in Schizostachyum polymorphum. Biomass production in bamboo had significant (p < 0.01) positive correlation with culms height (0.835), rind thickness (0.654), leaf length (0.0.659) and number of internodes/culms (0.716). Culms height, rind thickness and leaf length fitted into multiple linear regression models predicted 79% variability in the annual total biomass. Culms height, rind thickness and leaf length culms spacing explained about 90% variability in single culms weight of different species.
Relative efficiency of methods of crop establishment in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: PRIYANKA SURYAVANSHI  , Y.V. SINGH  , K.K. SINGH  , Y.S. SHIVAY
Published: December 2023

Agronomic potential, feasibility and profitability of three methods of stand establishment viz., conventional transplanting (CT), system of rice intensification (SRI) and double transplanting (DT) with three rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars viz., Pusa Basmati 1401, Pusa 44 and PRH 10 were evaluated in a field experiment conducted during wet season of 2010 at the research farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Grain and straw yield and net return were significantly higher in SRI over CT and DT. Among the rice cultivars, rice hybrid PRH 10 gave the highest grain and straw yield but Pusa Basmati 1401 gave the highest net return.
Innovations in statistical analysis of the data from an experiment on sources and levels of fertilizers
Authors: S.N. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

Routine statistical analysis of data does not separate out main effect of rates and sources of nitrogen and their interaction. The innovated technique of statistical analysis of data separates out these effects and increases the efficiency of design by reducing the CD value for comparing the main effects of rate and source of nitrogen and gives an opportunity for comparing control with individual level of nitrogen.
Long-term effects of integrated nutrient management on productivity and soil fertility in pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) mustard (Brassica juncea) cropping sequence
Authors: PRIYADARSHANI A. KHAMBALKAR  , P.S. TOMAR  , S.K.VERMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment on integrated nutrient management (INM) was initiated during kharif season 1997 at Gwalior under pearlmillet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Emend. Stutz] mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] cropping sequence. The treatment 100% NPK + Farmyard manure (FYM) (@10t/ha/year) + Azotobactor + phos- phate solubilising bactria (PSB) provided highest yield of straw (8.60 t/ha and 6.79 t/ha) and grain (4.07 t/ha and 2.34 t/ ha) with net monetary returns (30,695 /ha and 36,514 /ha) in pearlmillet and mustard respectively and recorded the highest system productivity (10.0 t/ha). This treatment also increased OC (0.52%), available N (238 kg/ha), P O (24.8 kg/ha), and K O (218 kg/ha), sustained soil pH (7.54) and EC (0.23 dS/m) over all other treat- 2 5 2 ments. Continuous application of organic manure along with optimal dose of fertilizer (100% NPK+FYM @10t/ha/ Y) was beneficial in enhancing crop productivity and soil fertility. Treatment receiving seed inoculants ( Azotobactor and PSB), and FYM in combination with chemical fertilizers showed positive influx of N, P and K over unfertilized control and other combinations of fertility. The B: C ratio was higher for chemical fertilizer along with Azotobactor and PSB in pearlmillet (4.0) due to lesser cost of cultivation compared to other treatments, where as it
Sustainability of fallow - Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) system as influenced by green manure, mustard straw cycling and fertilizer application
Authors: O.P. PREMI  , S.S. RATHORE  , KAPILA SHEKHAWAT  , B.K. KANDPAL  , J.S. CHAUHAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for five consecutive years (2005-06 to 2009-10) to evaluate the effect of dhaincha ( Sesbania aculeata) green-manuring (GM), mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss] straw cycling and fertilizers on productivity and sustainability of mustard under fallowmustard sequence. Sesbania (GM) and mustard straw cycling significantly influenced plant height, branches/plant, siliquae/plant, seeds/siliqua as well as seed and oil yields compared to existing fallow-mustard practice. The pooled mustard seed yield registered 42.3% increase due to Sesbania (GM) alone and 63.9% due to green manuring + mustard straw cycling. Increase in fer- tilizer levels from 40 kg N to 80 kg N and 8.7 kg P to 17.4 kg P significantly improved mustard yield attributes and seed and oil yields, while results of K application were inconsistent. The combined application of 80 N + 17.4 P + 33.3 K kg/ha synergistically increased the seed yield by 82.1% over 40 N + 8.7 P kg/ha. Supplementary use of balanced fertilizers (80 kg N: 17.4 kg P: 33.3 kg K) to either of organic treatments, synergistically improved the seed yield at least by three-fourth times. Sustainability yield index, partial factor productivity, production efficiency and incremental benefit cost ratio also showed significant improvement due to Sesbania (GM), mustard-straw cy- cling and judicious fertilizer use.
Effect of phosphorus sources and levels on Bt-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) based intercropping systems
Authors: SEEMA SEPAT  , I.P.S. AHLAWAT  , D.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during kharif of 2007 and 2008 at New Delhi to assess the performance of intercropped Bt cotton as influenced by P nutrition. The experiment was laid out in split plot design. Five cropping systems viz., sole cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.); sole groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.); sole soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; cotton + groundnut; and cotton + soybean were taken in the main plots and two combination of P sources and biofertilizers viz., single superphosphate and rock phosphate + phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) + vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and two P levels viz., 17.5 and 35 kg/ha including control in the sub- plots. Cotton + groundnut cropping system gave the highest cotton equivalent yield (CEY) of 2.4 t/ha, followed by cotton + soybean system (2.2 t/ha) and sole cotton (2.1 t/ha). Application of 35 kg P/ha recorded on an average 14.2 % higher CEY over 17.5 kg P/ha. Cotton + groundnut system recorded an additional mean net returns of 6,512 compared to sole cotton ( 39,382/ha). Application of 35 kg P/ha increased the mean net income to the tune of 5,604/ha over 17.5 kg P/ha with a mean B:C ratio of 1.8. Quality traits of cotton remained unaffected by cotton intercropping.
Integrated weed management in direct-seeded rainfed rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: K.A. GOPINATH  , B.L. MINA  , K.P. SINGH  , K.C. NATARAJA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for three years during rainy ( kharif) season of 2006-2008 at Almora, Uttarakhand to study the effect of different weed control methods on weed infestation, energy use efficiency, pro- ductivity and profitability of direct seeded rice ( Oryza sativa L.) under rainfed conditions. On an average, a weed population of 627/m2 was recorded in the weedy check plots. The grain yield decreased by 78.5-94.8% due to sea- son-long weed-crop competition as compared with hand weeding (20 and 40 DAS). The highest weed-control effi- ciency and loweet nutrient uptake by weeds was recorded with butachlor + hand weeding (40 DAS) closely fol- lowed by hand weeding twice (20 and 40 DAS). Both these treatments recorded higher grain yield (2.21-2.36 t/ha) compared to other treatments. Butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe (40 DAS) was the next best treatment. This treatment required less energy input compared with all other weed control treatments. Butachlor + hand weeding and butachlor + wheel- hoe registered the highest energy use efficiency (10.23 and 9.75, respectively) and net re- turns ( 11,868 and 11,299/ha, respectively) compared with other treatments. The benefit: cost ratio was the high- est (1.90) with butachlor + weeding with wheel-hoe closely followed by butachlor + hand weeding and butachlor + long-handled khurpi.
Effect of different components of SRI on yield, quality, nutrient accumulation and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) in tarai belt of northern India
Authors: ANCHAL DASS  , SUBHASH CHANDRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on a Typic Hapludoll soil in Indo-gangetic plains of India during the 2008 and 2009 rainy seasons to find out the effect of irrigation schedules and plant spacing on yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of two rice ( Oryza sativa L.) varieties under system of rice intensification (SRI) and compare the performance of SRI with conventional transplanting. Treatments under SRI included 12 combinations of 3 irriga- tion schedules, viz. irrigation at 1, 3 and 5 day(s) after disappearance of standing water (DADSW), 2 spacings (20 cm 20 cm, 25 cm 25 cm) and 2 varieties (Pant Dhan 4, Arize 6444), alongwith two control treatments of con- ventional cultivation of each variety. The experiment was set in a RBD with three replications. Irrigation at 1 and 3 DADSW increased uptake of N, P and K in grains, which enhanced grain protein content and milling percentage, and improved grain yield by 8.6 and 5.9% over 5 DADSW (5.82 t/ha), respectively. Net returns and B:C ratio were also better with irrigation at 1 and 3 DADSW. Wider spacing resulted in 4.2% higher yield with better grain quality and 10.8% higher net returns over closer spacing. Yield-wise and profit-wise, both the varieties were suit- able for cultivation under SRI. However, Arize 6444 recorded higher N uptake and protein content. The uptake of P and K was higher in grains of Pant Dhan 4 which showed higher milling percentage. Between two methods, SRI improved N, P and K uptake, milling percentage and protein content. Grain yield was 16.9% higher under SRI compared to conventional method (5.22 t/ha). Due to lower cost of production and higher yields, SRI fetched 56% higher net returns over conventional transplanting.
Bio-efficacy and economics of herbicide mixtures in zero-till maize (Zea mays) grown after rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: M. MALLA REDDY  , B. PADMAJA  , G. VEERANNA  , D. VISHNU VARDHAN REDDY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Warangal, Andhra Pradesh during 2008-09 and 2009-10 to study the ef- fect of pre-emergence application of herbicides viz. atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat and 2, 4-D sodium salt in zero- till maize ( Zea mays L.) grown after rice ( Oryza sativa L.) as sole and tank mixtures. The lowest density (no/m2) and dry weight (g/m2) of grasses (1.0 and 1.0, respectively), sedges (9.0 and 2.0, respectively) and broad- leaved weeds (1.0 and 0.5, respectively) were observed with the tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (0.75 + 0.8 kg/ha) recorded at 30 days after sowing. It was at par with atrazine + paraquat (0.75 + 0.75 kg/ha). The weed con- trol efficiency was high with atrazine + glyphosate (93%) with the lowest weed persistence index (0.003) followed by atrazine + paraquat (84% and 0.021, respectively). Among the herbicides applied alone, glyphosate (1.6 kg/ha) was found to be superior to atrazine (1.5 kg/ha) and paraquat (1.5 kg/ha) for density, dry weight of weeds and weed-control efficiency. The grain yield obtained with tank mix application of atrazine + glyphosate (5.25 t/ha) was 170 and 70% more over weedy check and sole atrazine, respectively. Among all the herbicides and mixtures, atrazine + glyphosate gave the maximum net returns ( 29,350/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (1.71) fol- lowed by atrazine + paraquat due to the broad - spectrum control of weeds.
Growth pattern, physiological indices and productivity of different soybean (Glycine max) based intercrops as influenced by nitrogen nutrition
Authors: J. LAYEK  , B.G. SHIVAKUMAR  , D.S. RANA  , S. MUNDA  , K. LAKSHMAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2009 and 2010 to study the performance of maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech] and pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. Emend Stuntz] inter- cropped in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] in 1:2 ratio in additive series with varying levels of nitrogen (N) vis-- vis the sole stand of intercrops and soybean with recommended dose of N at the research farm of Indian Agricul- tural Research Institute, New Delhi. Application of 75-100% of recommended dose of N (RDN) to maize inter- cropped with soybean recorded higher values of growth parameters. Sorghum plant height, dry matter, leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) were significantly influenced upto 75% RDN in intercropped stand and they were comparable to higher N level and sole sorghum. Plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and CGR of intercropped pearlmillet was at par with sole stand. Of these parameters, plant height and dry matter accumulation found increasing with increasing levels of N upto 50% RDN, while LAI and CGR of intercropped pearlmillet in- creased significantly upto 75% RDN. The seed yield per cob, seed index and the seed yield of intercropped maize was maximum with 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) indicating that there was no significant contribu- tion of BNF from intercropped soybean to maize. In case of sorghum, the test weight and biological yield recorded significantly higher values from 50% RDN to intercropped sorghum onwards and comparable to sole crop with 100% RDN. The grain yield on plant population basis was higher with 75% RDN to intercropped sorghum. In pearlmillet, the ear length and test weight increased significantly only up to 50% RDN, however the grain yield was significantly superior up to 75% RDN in 2009 and upto 50% RDN to intercropped pearlmillet during 2010.
Effect of irrigation and cropping system on potato (Solanum tuberosum) grown sole or intercropped with French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: V.K. TYAGI  , O.V.S. THENUA  , DINESH KUMAR  , NAIN SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil analysing low in N and medium in P and K during winter season of 2004-05 and 2005-06 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The treatments comprised 5 irrigation levels (irrigation at critical stages of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), irrigation at critical stages of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and irrigation at 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 IW/CPE ratio) as main plots and 3 cropping sys- tems (sole potato, sole French bean and potato + French bean in 2:3 row ratio) replicated thrice in a split plot de- sign. Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 1.6 produced the highest tuber yield followed by irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE ratio, while the lowest tuber yield was achieved with irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE ratio. Although the tuber yield with irrigation applied at critical growth stages (CGS) of potato was significantly lower than with IW/CPE ratio of 1.6, but the wa- ter use efficiency (WUE) with CGS of potato was higher. In French bean, both seed yield and WUE was higher with irrigation at CGS of French bean than that obtained with the irrigation at all the three IW/CPE ratios studied. Tuber yield of potato was higher in sole potato than when intercropped with French bean. Potato + French bean intercropping system recorded much higher B:C ratio (2.53) as against 1.54 with sole potato and 1.97 with sole French bean.
Spikelet sterility, harvest index and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars as influenced by low temperature and transplanting dates in temperate Kashmir
Authors: PURSHOTAM SINGH  , NARINDER PANOTRA  , PARMEET SINGH  , K.N. SINGH  , RAIHANA HABIB KANHT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during kharif seasons of 2006 and 2007 at Research Station Wadura of Sher-E-Kashmir university of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Kashmir to study influence of low temperature and transplanting dates on rice spikelet sterility, harvest index and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Low temperature during the reproductive phase of rice caused marked reduction in grain yield of rice. Negative effect (% increase from normal early sowing) of late sowing on spikelet sterility was greatest in CV Shalimar rice 1 (15.8-50.9% increase over early and normal sowing) followed by Jhelum (19.2-46%). Under late sown conditions, there was reduction in harvest index of cultivars in the order of Shalimar Rice 1> Jhelum> Chenab> China 1039. Heat susceptibility index (S) among different rice cultivars ranged from 0.82% in Chenab to 1.17% in Shalimar rice 1 while, stability ratio raised from 46.28% in Shalimar rice 1 to 62.13% in Chenab. Low tempera- ture induced sterility losses can be reduced by planting early.
Studies on organic cultivation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in Cooch Behar
Authors: PARTHA SARATHI PATRA  , ASHIM CHANDRA SINHA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Cooch Behar, West Bengal during the Pre-Kharif seasons of 2008 and 2009 in a randomized complete block with twelve treatments to study the effect of organic sources of nutrients on physiological characters, yield attributes and pod yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The results showed that groundnut can be organically produced, provided adequate phosphorus is applied as phosphocompost. The highest yield of groundnut obtained with combination of phosphocompost, poultry manure, neem cake and vermicompost. FYM, vermicompost, neem cake and poultry manure applied alone was not able to adequately supply plant nutrients specially phosphorus and gave low yield of groundnut. Net photosynthesis rate recorded the highest correlation coefficient (0.948) with pod yield of groundnut.
Phosphorus management in rice (Oryza sativa)autumn sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) cropping sequence
Authors: V.M. PATEL  , C.L. PATEL  , B.K. PATEL  , A.M. PATEL  , D.D. PATEL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2004-05 and 2005-06 on deep black soil of Navsari, Gujarat to study the direct and residual effect of pressmud biocompost and direct effect of phosphorus in rice (Oryza sativa L.) - sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cropping system. Application of pressmud biocompost @ 40 t/ha to rice re- corded significantly higher grain yield (5.41 and 5.24 t/ha), total P uptake (9.72 and 9.79 kg/ha) by rice and avail- able P status of soil (15.41 and 9.74 kg/ha) after harvest of rice than control (no phosphorus) during both the years
Influence of integrated nutrient management on the productivity, quality and soil health of maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: N.K. JAT  , ASHOK KUMAR  , S.R. MEENA  , D.S. RANA  , B.P. MEENA  , K.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi during the kharif and rabi season of 2006-07 and 2007-08 with maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] cropping sequence to evaluate influence of four organic sources viz., control, Sesbania green manure, wheat straw and their combination and three levels of fertilizer N viz. 0, 60 and 120 kg /ha in maize and four levels of N viz. 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha in succeeding wheat. Direct and residual effect of organic sources significantly affected the system productivity, quality, nutrient uptake, and soil quality of maize-wheat cropping sequence. Sesbania green manure in combination with wheat straw followed by Sesbania green manure alone recorded significant improvement in system productivity (12.5 tonne/ha), protein content of maize (8.51%) and wheat (10.24%) and N, P and K uptake of both the crops and the system. Addition of Sesbania green manure along with wheat straw improved the available N, P, K and organic carbon in soil to the tune of 25.3, 49.3, 5.9.and 11.9 % over control, respectively. A significant response of fertilizer N up to 120 kg/ha was recorded on the system productivity, quality and nutrient uptake of maize and the residual effect of that also influenced significantly the NPK uptake by wheat and system as a whole. Wheat also responded significantly to direct application of fertilizer N for N and protein content in grain up to 80 kg/ ha and up to 120 kg/ ha in terms of nutrient uptake. It was concluded that integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of N is es- sential to achieve high productivity and quality of maize-wheat cropping system and to maintain soil fertility.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity and soil health in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: M.C. MEENA  , B.S. DWIVEDI  , DHYAN SINGH  , B.M. SHARMA  , KRISHAN KUMAR  , R.V. SINGH  , PRADEEP KUMAR  , D.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2004-07 at the research farm of IARI, New Delhi, to study the nutrient management strategies for pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp]-wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] and its effect on soil health. The sandy loam Typic Haplustept soil of the experimental field was well drained, mildly alkaline and non-saline with medium soil fertility status. In pigeonpea, application of fertilizer NPK at soil-test based recommended rates produced 1.44 t/ha grain yield which was significantly higher as compared with unfertilized control. The highest grain yield (1.79 t/ha) was recorded with NPK+FYM (2.5 tonnes/ha). In wheat crop also, integrated use of NPK and FYM (7.5 tonnes/ha) gave significantly higher grain yield (5.23 t/ha) as com- pared with general recommended dose of NPK (4.28 t/ha). Conjoint use of fertilizer NPK and FYM, improved soil physical health as revealed by a significant decrease in soil bulk density (BD) and an increase in water holding ca- pacity (WHC) vis--vis sole fertilizer treatments or unfertilized control during the years of experimentation. Soil BD decreased from 1.50 Mg/m3 in NPK to 1.40 Mg/m3 in NPK + FYM + ID plots. Water holding capacity increased from 35.1% in NPK to 39.4% in NPK + FYM plots. Among biological parameters of soil health, microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were measured, which varied from 178 to 373 mg/kg, 22.8 to 65.8 mg/kg and 43.7 to 61.0 g TPF/24 h/g of soil, respectively in different treatments. In general, highest values of these parameters were recorded in treatments that received NPK + FYM with or without ID.
Effect of anti-transpirant and nutrient management on pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum)-pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) intercropping system under rainfed conditions
Authors: M.A. ANSARI  , K.S. RANA  , D.S. RANA  , ASHOK KUMAR  , HARIOM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2009 and 2010 to study the effect of crop- ping systems, transpiration suppressants and nutrient management on productivity of pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] intercropping system under rainfed conditions on a sandy loam soil at New Delhi. All the growth parameters of pearlmillet and pigeonpea (plant height, total number of tillers of pearlmillet, leaf area index and crop growth rate) were significantly influenced due to cropping systems. The grain yield of pearlmillet declined by 8.6% in intercropping system as compared to sole stand. Similarly, inter- cropped stand of pigeonpea recorded its lower productivity (0.61 t/ha) when compared to its sole stand (1.52 t/ha). Intercropping system recorded higher pearlmillet equivalent yield and net returns as compared to sole stand. Pro- tein content in grain and nutrient (N and P) concentration in grain and stover remained unaffected due to cropping systems and transpiration suppressants. Significant improvement in all the growth and yield attributes and yield under transpiration suppressants with the spray of PMA (320 ppm) and cycocel (200 ppm) over the control in lim- ited moisture conditions. Cycocel was found less effective than PMA. Application of 50 kg N + 17.2 kg P/ha gave on an average highest grain yield of pearlmillet (3.35 t/ha), pigeonpea (1.21 t/ha), pearlmillet equivalent yield (4.45 t/ha) and net returns ( 36.6103) over other treatments. Protein content in grain enhanced by 7.3% and N and P concentration increased by 7.4 and 9.2% in grain, and 40.9 and 51.1% in stover of pearlmillet with the application of 50 kg N + 17.2 kg P/ha over control, respectively. The maximum protein content in grain (20.40%) and N (3.26 and 1.38%) and P (0.44 and 0.14%) concentration in grain and stover, respectively was noticed with the applica- tion of 50 kg N + 17.2 kg P/ha as compared to other fertility levels.
Assessing sulphur deficiencies in soils and on-farm yield response to sulphur under rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) system in Garhwal region
Authors: V.K. SINGH  , V. KUMAR  , V. GOVIL
Published: December 2023

Sulphur (S) deficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.)wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol} growing ar- eas of Garhwal region of Western Himalayan zone was delineated during 2003-2007. For this, 1191 soil samples (0-15 cm depth) were collected from Fakot and Chamba Agricultural Development Blocks (ADBs) of New Tehri Districts and analyzed for soil OC and available S content. Of the total, > 40% soils were low in OC content and occurrence of S deficiency was also associated with soil OC content. On S deficient soils of village Jajal (Fakot, ADB) and village Nagini (Chamba, ADB), on-farm experiments were conducted during 2004 to 2007 with four lev- els of S (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg S/ha) in a randomized block design under rice-wheat system. Rice yield increased (p
Response of soybean (Glycine max) to phosphorus with or without biofertilizers
Authors: SUSHMITA MUNDA  , B.G. SHIVAKUMAR  , B. GANGAIAH  , D.S. RANA  , K.M. MANJAIAH  , LAKSHMAN K.  , JAYANTA LAYEK
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in kharif 2008 and 2009 to assess the effect of phosphorus fertilization in conjunction with biofertilizers, viz. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) i.e.Pseudomonas striata and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). The 10 treatments comprised of combina- tions of 50% and 100% of recommended dose of P, 2 sources of P, viz. [di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and rock phosphate (RP) in conjunction with PSB and VAM, one absolute control and another control (no P) with PSB+VAM were tried in a randomized block design and were replicated thrice. Maximum yield (1.56 t/ha) was obtained with RP application at recommended dose along with biofertilizers. Yield attributes and yield were at par when full dose of P was applied in conjunction with biofertilizers irrespective of the source of P fertilization indicating increased ef- ficiency of RP when supplied in conjunction with biofertilizers even in neutral soils. Soil application of biofertilizers showed the highest protein content in soybean seed (38.89%), which signified the fact that qualitative improve- ment is possible with combined application of fertilizers and biofertilizers. Higher nutrient uptake by the crop was also recorded in biofertilizer applied plots. Maximum net returns ( 15,953) was obtained with full dose of DAP with biofertilizers.
Effect of chemical and bio-fertilizers on productivity, profitability and quality of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in Vertisols
Authors: D.S.MEENA  , J.P. TETARWAL  , BALDEV RAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 and 2010-11 on clay loam soils at Kota (Rajasthan) to find out optimum dose of chemical fertilizers with biofertilizers for increasing the productivity, profit- ability and quality of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss]. Application of 100 % RDF(N P S ) + 80 17.5 60 seed inoculation with Azotobacter+ PSB (AP) significantly increased number of primary and secondary branches/ plant, number of siliquae/plant, test weight, seed and stover yield, net returns ( 37200/ha), B: C ratio (2.64), oil content and oil yield (1,034 kg/ha) over control. Maximum uptake of nutrients (NPS) was recorded with 100 % RDF + AP, in seed and stover over rest of the fertility levels. The next best fertility treatment was 100 % RDF or 75 % RDF + biofertilizers.
Effect of irrigation and fertility levels on yield, quality and economics of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) under drip irrigation system
Authors: M.S. BEHERA  , O.P. VERMA  , P.K. MAHAPATRA  , R.B. SINGANDHUPE  , A. KUMAR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effect of fertigation on yield and net return of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.). The treatments consisted of three irrigation regimes (I drip irrigation at 100%, I at 80% and I at 60% Pan Evaporation) and three fertility levels (F 100%, F 1 2 3 1 2 75% and F 50% of recommended dose of NPK) with an extra (control) treatment having surface irrigation and 3 soil application of fertilizer. The soil was acidic in reaction and sandy clay loam in texture. It was low in organic carbon (0.46%), available N, medium in available P and K. Fertigation produced maximum herbage yield of 32.0 t/ ha and oil yield of 236 kg/ha, which was 16% and 17% more than the surface irrigation. It gave higher net return of 60,666/ha than the latter. Irrigating the crop at 100% PE with 100% RD produced highest herb (32.0 t/ha) and oil yield (260 kg/ha), net return ( 66, 480 /ha) and benefit-cost ratio (1.88) as compared to other combinations of irri- gation and fertility levels. The menthone content in the oil was doubled (9.33%), Isomenthone, Neomenthol and menthol contents were reduced while limonene and menthyl acetate contents were increased under fertigation.