bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Oil‐In Water Emulsions under Riboflavin Photosensitization
Authors: Jang Eun Yeong , Park Chan Uk , Kim Mi‐Ja , Lee JaeHwan
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Effects of riboflavin photosensitization on the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) were determined in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or sodium azide, which are a metal chelator or a singlet oxygen quencher, respectively. Also, the distribution of BPA between the continuous and dispersed phases in O/W emulsions was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of BPA in O/W emulsions significantly decreased by 38.6% after 2 h under visible light irradiation and in the presence of riboflavin (P < 0.05). Addition of EDTA and sodium azide protected the decomposition of BPA significantly in a concentration dependent manner (P < 0.05), which implies both transition metals and singlet oxygen accelerate the photodegradation of BPA in O/W emulsions. Approximately 21.7% of the BPA was distributed in the 2.5% (w/v) dispersed lipid particles and 78.3% was in the continuous aqueous phase of the emulsions. The amount of BPA in aqueous phase decreased faster than the amount of BPA in the lipid phase during riboflavin photosensitization (P < 0.05). Thus, the BPA in the aqueous phase was the major target of riboflavin photodegradation in O/W emulsions.

Practical Application:  Concentration of BPA, an endocrine disrupting chemical, was decreased significantly in oil‐in‐water emulsions under riboflavin and visible light irradiation. BPA in continuous aqueous phase was major target of riboflavin photosensitization. However, BPA was distributed more densely in lipid phase and more protected from riboflavin photosensitized O/W emulsions. This study can help to decrease the level of BPA in foods made of O/W emulsions containing riboflavin, which could be displayed under visible light irradiation.
Application of Enzyme‐Treated Corn Starches in Breakfast Cereal Coating
Authors: Luckett Curtis R. , Wang Ya‐Jane
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Presently ready‐to‐eat cereals are coated with high levels of sugar coating to extend the bowl life. Because of health concerns of added sugar, there is a need to identify alternative coating materials. This study was designed to test the efficacy of debranched corn starches with varying amylose contents as a cereal coating. Hylon VII (70% amylose), common, and waxy corn starches were gelatinized and debranched, and then sprayed onto ready‐to‐eat breakfast cereal flakes. The surface morphology, milk absorption, texture, and digestibility of coated cereals were determined. A starch film with a thickness of 50 to 130 μm was observed with scanning electron microscopy on the surface of the cereals coated with Hylon VII. All starch‐coated cereals had a lower milk absorption value than the uncoated and glucose‐coated controls. Among starch coatings, common corn starch and Hylon VII resulted in lower milk absorption than did waxy corn starch. After soaking in milk for 3 min, the peak force and work to peak of the cereals coated with corn starches were higher than those of the glucose control and uncoated reference. The cereals coated with Hylon VII were found to have an increase in dietary fiber content. The results suggest that debranched amylose‐containing corn starches could extend the bowl‐life of ready‐to‐eat cereals.

Practical Application:  Currently, many cereals are coated with sugar to keep them from becoming soggy in milk. However, added sugar has been linked to obesity, hyperactivity, and dental caries. This has led to the investigation of alternative coating materials. This study employed the film‐forming properties of enzyme‐treated corn starch to function as a coating material in breakfast cereal flakes. In addition, the enzyme‐treated high amylose corn starch also increased the dietary fiber content of the cereal flakes.
Diflunisal for ATTR Cardiac Amyloidosis
Authors: Castaño Adam , Helmke Stephen , Alvarez Julissa , Delisle Susan , Maurer Mathew S.
Published: July 2012

©2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.

Transthyretin (TTR) cardiac amyloidosis is an important, often under‐recognized and potentially modifiable cause of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. The only proven treatment is liver or combined heart/liver transplantation, which, although effective, is not suitable for the vast majority of older adults with this condition. Diflunisal, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, can stabilize the TTR tetramer in vitro and may prevent misfolding monomers and dimers from forming amyloid deposits in the heart. It is one of two small molecules assessed in animal safety studies and human clinical trials of TTR polyneuropathy. The authors conducted a single‐arm, open‐label investigation with a mean follow‐up of 0.9±0.3 years to determine the safety and efficacy of diflunisal administration in a cohort of 13 patients with confirmed wild‐type or mutant TTR cardiac amyloidosis. Diflunisal was well tolerated from a hematologic standpoint, although a 6% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate was noted. Therapy was discontinued in one patient who rapidly developed volume overload. There was no significant mean change in cardiac structure (left ventricular mass: −53 g/m2 change, P=.36), function (ejection fraction: –2% change, P=.61), or biomarkers (Troponin I: +0.03 ng/mL, P=.08; BNP: +93 pg/mL change, P=.52) during the course of therapy. These data suggest that at low dosages and with careful monitoring, diflunisal can be safely administered to compensated patients with cardiac TTR amyloidosis. Further study in a randomized placebo‐controlled trial is warranted.
The Self Assessment of Future Events Scale (SAFE): Assessing Perceptions of Risk for Future Violence in Intimate Partner Relationships
Authors: Smith Douglas B. , Whiting Jason B. , Karakurt Gunnur , Oka Megan , Servino David
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this study was to develop a survey measure, appropriate for use in clinical or research settings, to assess respondent’s perceptions that their partner will engage in future physical violence, verbal/psychological violence, or controlling behaviors. Data were collected from adults in intimate relationships. Exploratory factor analysis was used to refine the measure and confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for the fit of the final version of the measure. Scores on the measure indicated less safety for participants in distressed relationships and for participants meeting the study criteria for PTSD. Scores on the measure also indicated significantly decreased safety for participants that reported being the victims of physical violence and participants reporting both victimization and perpetration in their current intimate relationships.
Interventions with Men who are Violent to their Partners: Strategies for Early Engagement
Authors: Adams Peter J.
Published: July 2012

Practitioners who view intimate partner violence as a set of strategies aimed at maintaining positions of power and privilege often face an engagement dilemma when men at their first contact talk of themselves as disempowered by circumstances such as separation, loss of access to children, legal problems, substance abuse issues, and their own history of being abused. This paper explores how a language‐oriented approach to violence can assist practitioners in responding to abuser’s current perceptions while avoiding collusion with justifications for violence. It examines common ways of speaking that men will employ to justify their violence then explores practical ways to identify and neutralized these messages before exploring personal opportunities for change.
State case studies: improving access to dental care for the underserved
Authors: Bailit Howard , D'Adamo John
Published: July 2012

Introduction: This article, a supplement to the work of the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Oral Health Access, examines dental access disparities, reviews societal strategies for reducing disparities, explores the relationship between state level public health and dental safety net efforts and utilization/oral health outcomes, and describes selected public health and safety net programs with special promise.

Methods: Data were obtained from interviews with state dental directors and safety net leaders and a review of the literature.

Findings: There is a two‐fold difference in utilization rates between low‐ (<30 percent) and high‐ (56 percent) income families. The three societal strategies for reducing disparities – Medicaid, dental safety net system, and increasing the supply of dentists – all have significant limitations. The primary factor positively related to oral health is per capita income. Five promising programs for reducing access disparities include a dental home initiative for young children; a virtual dental home for school children and nursing home residents; a women, infants, and children early oral education and prevention intervention program; an enhanced Medicaid reimbursement program for educational institutions in North Carolina; and a school‐based dental care system run by Connecticut Federally Qualified Health Centers.

Conclusions: There are wide disparities in access to dental care, and current societal strategies to reduce disparities have significant limitations. At the state level, the primary determinant of oral health status is per capita income. Several states have promising programs to reduce disparities but most are still at the demonstration level and have not been adequately evaluated.
The invasion of the freshwater diatom Didymosphenia geminata in Patagonia: prospects, strategies, and implications for biosecurity of invasive microorganisms in continental waters
Authors: Reid Brian L. , Hernández Klaudia L. , Frangópulos Máximo , Bauer Gabriel , Lorca Mauricio , Kilroy Cathy , Spaulding Sarah
Published: July 2012

The diatom Didymosphenia geminata, which forms nuisance blooms in low nutrient streams worldwide, was documented as an aggressive invader in South America in 2010 from the Futaleufú basin (43.2°S), in Chilean and Argentinean Patagonia. Within 1 year it was confirmed from 20 rivers distributed over 800 km. Driven by perceived economic impacts to tourism and recreation, a strong response ensued, with education, monitoring and nascent biosecurity efforts based on similar measures in New Zealand. Considering the difficulty in containment (potential range on New Zealand's South Island was occupied by D. geminata within 3 years), the much larger potential range, and limited resources or previous experience in managing invaders in continental waters in South America, it is unlikely that current biosecurity measures will produce significant results. Lacking a coordinated strategic approach or conservation priorities, existing efforts may divert resources from alternatives with greater potential for success, while potentially feeding the public perception that the problem is being addressed. We propose a conservation strategy based on best available but incomplete information on habitat requirements, and a conceptual model of invasion vectors to identify defensible conservation zones (islands and hydrographically isolated areas) with greater potential for being maintained invasion‐free.
Centaurea molesworthiae sp. nov. (Cardueae, Compositae) from southwest Spain
Authors: López E. , Devesa J. A. , García Rojas J. A.
Published: July 2012

Centaurea molesworthiae E. López, Devesa & García Rojas (Cardueae, Compositae), a new species from southwest Spain is described and illustrated. The morphological variability of C. molesworthiae and the three closest species, C. prolongoi, C. crocata and C. occasus is analyzed and discussed. The chromosome number (2n = 40) of this new species is reported for the first time.
Effects of temperature, salinity and cold stratification on seed germination in halophytes
Authors: Al‐Hawija Batoul N. , Partzsch Monika , Hensen Isabell
Published: July 2012

Salt tolerance of halophytes corresponds with the habitat requirement of the species. It is an important factor during the germination phase and it can determine successful establishment. This paper presents the effects of alternating temperature–light regimes (4/8°C, 10/20°C, 20/32°C; 12 h dark: 12 h light) and different salinity levels (0, 200, 400, 600 mmol l21 NaCl) on seed germination of five halophytes, Halimione pedunculata, Bupleurum tenuissimum, Aster tripolium, Triglochin maritimum and Armeria maritima. The five species differ with respect to family and life‐form and spatially correspond to a decreasing salt gradient (i.e. distance from salt water, with H. pedunculata being the most tolerant and A. maritima being the least). Armeria maritima, A. tripolium and T. maritimum seeds were additionally subjected to a cold stratification experiment. The results showed that Halimione pedunculata, an annual therophyte of year‐round heavily saline habitats, was dormant under all experimental conditions. Bupleurum tenuissimum, a species typical to sites of varying salinity prone to leaching during spring and autumn rainfall, germinated best under cold and warm temperatures, but only under non‐saline conditions. Aster tripolium and T. maritimum, close neighbours in salt marshes, showed very similar germination behaviour: seeds of both species tolerated high levels of salinity and germinated best in summer temperatures during periods of highest soil salinity, and germination was significantly promoted by cold. Armeria maritima, a species usually found on the marginal fringes of saline habitats, germinated only under low salt levels and maximum germination was under cold (spring) and warm (autumn) temperatures, with no significant effect of cold stratification.
Pulmonary Abnormalities in Dogs with Renal Azotemia
Authors: Le Boedec K. , Heng H.G. , Snyder P.W. , Pressler B.M.
Published: July 2012

Background

Clinical signs associated with respiratory tract disease are regularly encountered in people with kidney failure, and have been anecdotally reported in dogs.

Objectives

To compare clinical signs indicative of pulmonary disease, clinicopathologic findings, radiographic abnormalities, and histologic findings in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI) or International Renal Interest Society Stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) to nonazotemic dogs. To determine associations between abnormalities indicative of pulmonary disease and outcome in azotemic dogs.

Animals

One hundred sixty‐seven pet dogs (54 AKI dogs, 50 CKD dogs, 63 nonazotemic control dogs diagnosed with intracranial disease).

Methods

Retrospective cohort study comparing signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathologic variables, prevalence, and severity of pulmonary radiographic patterns, histopathologic findings, and survival times in AKI, CKD, and control dogs.

Results

Clinical signs of pulmonary disease were significantly more common in AKI dogs. Prevalence of an alveolar lung pattern was greater in AKI and CKD dogs. Alveolar mineralization was the most common pulmonary histologic lesion in AKI dogs (6 of 8 dogs), with concurrent alveolar concretions or mineralization of pulmonary vessels or bronchioles noted in 1 dog each; mineralization of lung tissues was not noted in control dogs. Neither clinical signs nor presence of an alveolar pattern were associated with likelihood of survival to discharge or median number of days from discharge until death.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Abnormalities indicative of pulmonary disease are more common in azotemic dogs than in control dogs; however, prognosis is not associated with presence of clinical or radiographic pulmonary dysfunction.
Implications of free will beliefs for basic theory and societal benefit: Critique and implications for social psychology
Authors: Vonasch Andrew J. , Baumeister Roy F.
Published: July 2012

Greater belief in free will is associated with greater empathy towards the working poor, support for social mobility, greater desire for socio‐economic equality, and less belief that poor people are fated to live in poverty. We found no sign that belief in free will led to prejudice or discrimination against poor people or undercut justice. These findings from an online survey flatly contradict the claims made by James Miles (2013). Belief in a just world did produce many of the patterns Miles attributed to belief in free will. We also question the reasoning and the strength of the purported evidence in his article, and we recommend that future writers on the topic should cultivate cautious, open‐minded consideration of competing views. Miles’ article is a useful reminder that to some writers, the topic of free will elicits strong emotional reactions.
An Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of Double Notched Plate
Authors: Zhang Lei , Che Defu
Published: July 2012

The double notched (DN) plate is commonly used in rotary air preheaters, but relevant investigations are rare. Thus, thermal-hydraulic performances of the DN plate are investigated in this paper. A single-blow, transient technique is refined and then used to measure the overall mean heat transfer coefficients and friction factors. A validated numerical method is also utilized to provide local information. The measured results show that the performance of the DN plate approaches that of the double undulated (DU) plate and lies between that of the cross corrugated (CC) plate and the parallel plate. No swirling flow pattern is identified in the predicted velocity fields. Basically, two types of flow are observed: wavy channel flow and pipe flow. High or low Nusselt numbers, Nu, are obtained at the luff or lee side of undulations and notches, respectively. Nu values increase and Nu distributions become more homogenous with increasing Reynolds numbers, Re. A recommendation is made that the DN plate be operated under moderate Re to achieve homogenous and enhanced heat transfer, given the allowable pressure drop.
View Factors of Samples Tested in Cone and Cylinder Calorimeters
Authors: Gemaque Marcos J. A. , Costa Fernando S.
Published: July 2012

Cone and cylinder calorimeters are devices used to determine flammability characteristics of solid materials under prescribed heat inputs. Temperature and heat input distribution on the exposed surface of a specimen in a calorimeter can be affected by variations of position or size of the specimen. This work analyzes the thermal radiation view factors of slabs and cylinders tested in cone and cylinder calorimeters, respectively. Blackbody radiation thermal interchange is assumed and reflections of neighbor objects are not considered. Uniformity of view factor distributions and total view factors are compared for slabs and cylinders tested in calorimeters, considering positioning and size variations.
Solving Fully Three-Dimensional Microscale Dual Phase Lag Problem Using Mixed-Collocation, Finite Difference Discretization
Authors: Malek Alaeddin , Bojdi Zahra Kalateh , Golbarg Parisa Nuri Niled
Published: July 2012

In the present work, we investigate laser heating of nanoscale thin-films irradiated in three dimensions using the dual phase lag (DPL) model. A numerical solution based on mixed-collocation, finite difference method has been employed to solve the DPL heat conduction equation. Direct substitution in the model transforms the differential equation into a linear system of equations in which related system is solved directly without preconditioning. Consistency, stability, and convergence of the proposed method based on a mixed-collocation, finite difference approximation are proved, and numerical results are presented. The general form of matrices and their corresponding eigenvalues are presented.
Dexterous Workspace of n-PRRR Planar Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Gallant André , Boudreau Roger , Gallant Marise
Published: July 2012

In this work, a method is presented to geometrically determine the dexterous workspace boundary of kinematically redundant n-PRRR (n-PRRR indicates that the manipulator consists of n serial kinematic chains that connect the base to the end-effector. Each chain is composed of two actuated (therefore underlined) joints and two passive revolute joints. P indicates a prismatic joint while R indicates a revolute joint.) planar parallel manipulators. The dexterous workspace of each nonredundant RRR kinematic chain is first determined using a four-bar mechanism analogy. The effect of the prismatic actuator is then considered to yield the workspace of each PRRR kinematic chain. The intersection of the dexterous workspaces of all the kinematic chains is then obtained to determine the dexterous workspace of the planar n-PRRR manipulator. The Gauss divergence theorem applied to planar surfaces is implemented to compute the total dexterous workspace area. Finally, two examples are shown to demonstrate applications of the method.
Fabrication of an electrical spin transport device utilizing a diazonium salt/hafnium oxide interface layer on epitaxial graphene grown on 6 H-SiC(0001)
Authors: Abel Joseph , Matsubayashi Akitomo , Murray Thomas , Dimitrakopoulos Christos , Farmer Damon B. , Afzali Ali , Grill Alfred , Sung C. Y. , LaBella Vincent P.
Published: July 2012

Nonlocal Hanle spin precession devices are fabricated on wafer scale epitaxial graphene utilizing conventional and scalable processing methods. To improve spin injection and reduce contact related spin relaxation, hafnium oxide is utilized as an interface barrier between the graphene on SiC(0001) and ferromagnetic metal contacts. The hafnium oxide layer is deposited by atomic layer deposition utilizing an organic seed layer. Spin precession is observed in the epitaxial graphene.
Effects of semiconductor processing chemicals on conductivity of graphene
Authors: Chen Chung Wei , Ren F. , Chi Gou-Chung , Hung S. C. , Huang Y. P. , Kim Jihyun , Kravchenko Ivan , Pearton Stephen J.
Published: July 2012

Graphene layers on SiO2/Si substrates were exposed to chemicals or gases commonly used in semiconductor fabrication processes, including solvents (isopropanol, acetone), acids, bases (ammonium hydroxide), UV ozone, H2O, and O2 plasmas. The recovery of the initial graphene properties after these exposures was monitored by measuring both the layer resistance and Raman 2D peak position as a function of time in air or vacuum. Solvents and UV ozone were found to have the least affect, while oxygen plasma exposure caused an increase of resistance of more than 3 orders of magnitude. Recovery is accelerated under vacuum but changes can persist for more than 5 h. Careful design of fabrication schemes involving graphene is necessary to minimize these interactions with common processing chemicals.
CAN EFFECTS OF QUANTUM GRAVITY BE OBSERVED IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND?
Authors: KIEFER CLAUS , KRÄMER MANUEL
Published: July 2012

We investigate the question whether small quantum-gravitational effects can be observed in the anisotropy spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation. An observation of such an effect is needed in order to discriminate between different approaches to quantum gravity. Using canonical quantum gravity with the Wheeler–DeWitt equation, we find a suppression of power at large scales. Current observations only lead to an upper bound on the energy scale of inflation, but the framework is general enough to study other situations in which such effects might indeed be seen.
WHAT CAN THE INFORMATION PARADOX TELL US ABOUT THE EARLY UNIVERSE?
Authors: MATHUR SAMIR D.
Published: July 2012

In recent years, we have come to understand how the information paradox is resolved in string theory. The huge entropy [Formula: see text] of black holes is realized by an explicit set of horizon sized "fuzzball" wave functions. The wave function of a collapsing shell spreads relatively quickly over this large phase space of states, invalidating the classical black hole geometry the shell would have created. We argue that a related effect may occur in the early Universe. When matter is crushed to high densities we can access a similarly large phase space of gravitational "fuzzball" solutions. While we cannot estimate specific quantities at this point, a qualitative analysis suggests that spreading over phase space creates an extra "push" expanding the Universe to larger volumes.
THE SEARCH FOR THE ONSET OF COLOR TRANSPARENCY: A STATUS REPORT
Authors: DUTTA DIPANGKAR , HAFIDI KAWTAR
Published: July 2012

Color transparency (CT) refers to the vanishing of the hadron–nucleon interaction for hadrons produced inside a nucleus in high momentum exclusive processes. We briefly review the concept behind this unique quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phenomenon, the experimental search for its onset and the recent progress made at intermediate energies.
THE n-r.e. DEGREES: UNDECIDABILITY AND Σ1 SUBSTRUCTURES
Authors: CAI MINGZHONG , SHORE RICHARD A. , SLAMAN THEODORE A.
Published: July 2012

We study the global properties of [Formula: see text], the Turing degrees of the n-r.e. sets. In Theorem 1.5, we show that the first order of [Formula: see text] is not decidable. In Theorem 1.6, we show that for any two n and m with n < m, [Formula: see text] is not a Σ1-substructure of [Formula: see text].
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF CHANGE IN TRABECULAR STRUCTURE DUE TO BONE REMODELING UNDER ULTRASOUND PROPAGATION
Authors: HOSOKAWA ATSUSHI
Published: July 2012

Bone remodeling is defined as the coupling of bone formation and resorption on the bone surface. Numerical simulations of the remodeling in cancellous bone were performed to reproduce the change in the trabecular structure. Assuming that the formation/resorption in cancellous bone could be generated on the trabecular surface, where the local stress under the mechanical load was larger/smaller than the averaged stress on the surrounding surface, voxel trabecular elements in a numerical model of bovine cancellous bone were added/removed. An ultrasound continuous wave in the frequency range 0.1–1.0 MHz was applied as the mechanical load, and then, the local stress was analyzed using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Using the remodeling simulations, both changes in the trabecular structure could be reproduced with decreasing and increasing porosity. In changes, the trabecular elements and the pore spaces became strongly oriented in the direction of ultrasound propagation. In addition, the remodeling simulations indicated that both bone formation and resorption lessened as the frequency increased.
MAC: A Multiclass Associative Classification Algorithm
Authors: Abdelhamid Neda , Ayesh Aladdin , Thabtah Fadi , Ahmadi Samad , Hadi Wael
Published: July 2012

Associative classification (AC) is a data mining approach that uses association rule discovery methods to build classification systems (classifiers). Several research studies reveal that AC normally generates higher accurate classifiers than classic classification data mining approaches such as rule induction, probabilistic and decision trees. This paper proposes a new multiclass AC algorithm called MAC. The proposed algorithm employs a novel method for building the classifier that normally reduces the resulting classifier size in order to enable end-user to more understand and maintain it. Experimentations against 19 different data sets from the UCI data repository and using different common AC and traditional learning approaches have been conducted with reference to classification accuracy and the number of rules derived. The results show that the proposed algorithm is able to derive higher predictive classifiers than rule induction (RIPPER) and decision tree (C4.5) algorithms and very competitive to a known AC algorithm named MCAR. Furthermore, MAC is also able to produce less number of rules than MCAR in normal circumstances (standard support and confidence thresholds) and in sever circumstances (low support and confidence thresholds) and for most of the data sets considered in the experiments.
Ancient Mesopotamian Urbanism and Blurred Disciplinary Boundaries
Authors: Adams Robert McC.
Published: July 2012

Most would agree that anthropology needs a degree of consensus and structure and, arguably, of “identity” as well. But as a discipline, its boundaries are blurred, with ongoing negotiations along its changing peripheries. Frontiers with history and the humanities are examples. Other examples are in the biological sciences, other social sciences, and public and academic policy. This article follows the form of a 65-year contextualized semiautobiography juxtaposing difficulties and ambiguities that have long characterized archaeological preoccupation with building models out of recoverable, material evidence alongside philological fidelity to the testimony of early literate records. My substantive field is ancient southern Mesopotamia, where the earliest beginnings of both urbanism and literacy can be traced. The challenge is to move beyond little more than mere coexistence toward better articulating “text” and “context” to form a more truly interdisciplinary dialogue. This approach touches on other individualized choice and behavioral boundaries as well.
The Archaeology of Money
Authors: Haselgrove Colin , Krmnicek Stefan
Published: July 2012

Money is one of the most timeless, all-pervading, and arbitrary inventions in human history. Its ubiquity in time and space offers great scope for comparative archaeological research into its varying material manifestations. This article takes a broad approach, ranging from Old World prehistory to twentieth-century ethnography. First, the development of archaeological approaches to coinage and money is outlined. Subsequent sections explore research into the use of objects as currencies in prehistory; the origins of coined money; archaeological sites illustrating the adoption and functions of coinage in and around the classical Mediterranean; and the study of coins as archaeological artifacts in the more recent past and in non-European contexts. Finally, we suggest some potential ways forward, employing comparative archaeological study to enhance our understanding of the complexity of functions performed by monetary objects, both in the past and in the present.
Sea Change: Island Communities and Climate Change
Authors: Lazrus Heather
Published: July 2012

Island communities stand to be among the first and most adversely affected by the impacts of global climate change. Rising sea levels, changing precipitation and storm patterns, and increasing air and sea-surface temperatures stress already limited island resources while climate change policies circumscribe local decision making. Anthropologists make important contributions to understanding island-based knowledge, global causes of vulnerability, local perceptions of risk, and islander agency channeled into adaptive capacity and resilience. A conceptual framework that recognizes both the complexity of the causes of island vulnerability and the constraints and opportunities available to islanders offers an analytical approach to understanding islander responses to climate change, including migration. The framework is used to show that island communities are not merely isolated, small, and impoverished but that they are often deeply globally connected in ways that reject such simple descriptions and will be essential to just and equitable climate solutions.
Energetics, Locomotion, and Female Reproduction: Implications for Human Evolution
Authors: Wall-Scheffler Cara M.
Published: July 2012

In our reconstructions of human evolution, a few key questions consistently rise to the surface. These questions tend to revolve around how the morphology of previous hominin species would have allowed them to gain access to resources during key life-history events, particularly gestation and lactation. Here the data surrounding the interactions between these key issues are assessed, making particular notes of recent advances in the fields of energetics and biomechanics as they relate to locomotion during reproduction. Reconstructions of body mass, lower limb length, and pelvic breadth suggest diverse mobility strategies for different hominin species and may offer some clues about the demographic shifts occurring in the late Pleistocene.
Three Waves of Variation Study: The Emergence of Meaning in the Study of Sociolinguistic Variation
Authors: Eckert Penelope
Published: July 2012

The treatment of social meaning in sociolinguistic variation has come in three waves of analytic practice. The first wave of variation studies established broad correlations between linguistic variables and the macrosociological categories of socioeconomic class, gender, ethnicity, and age. The second wave employed ethnographic methods to explore the local categories and configurations that inhabit, or constitute, these broader categories. In both waves, variation was seen as marking social categories. This article sets out a theoretical foundation for the third wave, arguing that (a) variation constitutes a robust social semiotic system, potentially expressing the full range of social concerns in a given community; (b) the meanings of variables are underspecified, gaining more specific meanings in the context of styles, and (c) variation does not simply reflect, but also constructs, social meaning and hence is a force in social change.
The Politics of the Anthropogenic
Authors: Sayre Nathan F.
Published: July 2012

The term anthropogenic takes its meaning from an implied contrast to an idealist notion of nature as separate from humans and endowed with a timeless or cyclical equilibrium. In recent decades, however, scientists have concluded that human influences now dominate nature at global and geological scales, reflected in the contention that Earth has entered a new epoch called the Anthropocene. Anthropogenic global warming is central to these developments, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change obligates the international community of nations to “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” Scientific debates surrounding anthropogenic impacts on the environment have a much longer history, however, revealing chronic empirical difficulties with the human-nature dualism combined with an inability to overcome it conceptually. Anthropologists have a key role to play in emerging transdisciplinary efforts to understand the anthropogenic across scales from the molecular to the global.
Electromicrobiology
Authors: Lovley Derek R.
Published: July 2012

Electromicrobiology deals with the interactions between microorganisms and electronic devices and with the novel electrical properties of microorganisms. A diversity of microorganisms can donate electrons to, or accept electrons from, electrodes without the addition of artificial electron shuttles. However, the mechanisms for microbe-electrode electron exchange have been seriously studied in only a few microorganisms. Shewanella oneidensis interacts with electrodes primarily via flavins that function as soluble electron shuttles. Geobacter sulfurreducens makes direct electrical contacts with electrodes via outer-surface, c-type cytochromes. G. sulfurreducens is also capable of long-range electron transport along pili, known as microbial nanowires, that have metallic-like conductivity similar to that previously described in synthetic conducting polymers. Pili networks confer conductivity to G. sulfurreducens biofilms, which function as a conducting polymer, with supercapacitor and transistor functionalities. Conductive microorganisms and/or their nanowires have a number of potential practical applications, but additional basic research will be necessary for rational optimization.
Vaginal Microbiome: Rethinking Health and Disease
Authors: Ma Bing , Forney Larry J. , Ravel Jacques
Published: July 2012

Vaginal microbiota form a mutually beneficial relationship with their host and have a major impact on health and disease. In recent years our understanding of vaginal bacterial community composition and structure has significantly broadened as a result of investigators using cultivation-independent methods based on the analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences. In asymptomatic, otherwise healthy women, several kinds of vaginal microbiota exist, the majority often dominated by species of Lactobacillus, while others are composed of a diverse array of anaerobic microorganisms. Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal condition and is vaguely characterized as the disruption of the equilibrium of the normal vaginal microbiota. A better understanding of normal and healthy vaginal ecosystems that is based on their true function and not simply on their composition would help better define health and further improve disease diagnostics as well as the development of more personalized regimens to promote health and treat diseases.
Synesthesia
Authors: Ward Jamie
Published: July 2012

Although synesthesia has been known about for 200 years, it is only in the past decade or so that substantial progress has been made in studying it empirically and in understanding the mechanisms that give rise to it. The first part of the review considers the characteristics of synesthesia: its elicited nature, automaticity, prevalence, and consistency, and its perceptual and spatial phenomenology. The second part considers the causes of synesthesia both in terms of candidate neural mechanisms and the distal influences that shape this: genetic differences in developmental synesthesia and plasticity following sensory loss in acquired synesthesia. The final part considers developmental synesthesia as an individual difference in cognition and summarizes evidence of its influence on perception, imagery, memory, art/creativity, and numeracy.
Agricultural Trade: What Matters in the Doha Round?
Authors: Laborde David , Martin Will
Published: July 2012

This survey concludes that including agriculture in the negotiations was particularly important economically. Although agricultural exports are less than 10% of merchandise trade, the high and variable protection in this sector appears to account for the majority of the cost of distortions in global merchandise trade. Within agriculture, most of the costs appear to arise from trade barriers levied on imports, because these barriers tend to be high and variable across products and over time and are levied by many countries that do not use subsidies. The diverse interests of participants resulted in very complex proposals and a tendency for countries to focus on the political costs of an agreement, rather than on the potential economic benefits. The negotiations faced a need for balance between discipline in reducing tariffs and flexibility in managing political pressures. Although the approach of providing flexibilities on a certain percentage of tariff lines is seriously flawed, the proposed modalities still appear to provide worthwhile market access. There need to be better ways of dealing with developing countries’ concerns about food price volatility while reducing the collective-action problems resulting from price insulation.
Bilateral Endoscopic Medial Maxillectomy for Bilateral Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Kodama Satoru , Kawano Toshiaki , Suzuki Masashi
Published: July 2012

Inverted papilloma (IP) is a benign tumor of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses that is unilateral in most cases. Bilateral IP, involving both sides of the nasal cavity and sinuses, is extremely rare. This paper describes a large IP that filled in both sides of the nasal cavity and sinuses, mimicking association with malignancy. The tumor was successfully treated by bilateral endoscopic medial maxillectomy (EMM). The patient is without evidence of the disease 24 months after surgery. If preoperative diagnosis does not confirm the association with malignancy in IP, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) should be selected, and ESS, including EMM, is a good first choice of the treatment for IP.
Growth of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanowire Arrays Using Bilayered Metal Catalysts
Authors: Qi Hua , Glaser Evan R. , Caldwell Josh D. , Prokes S. M.
Published: July 2012

Vertically aligned, high‐density ZnO nanowires (NWs) were grown for the first time on c‐plane sapphire using binary alloys of Ni/Au or Cu/Au as the catalyst. The growth was performed under argon gas flow and involved the vapor‐liquid‐solid (VLS) growth process. We have investigated various ratios of catalyst components for the NWs growth and results indicate that very thin adhesion layers of Ni or Cu deposited prior to the Au layer are not deleterious to the ZnO NW array growth. Significant improvement of the Au adhesion on the substrate was noted, opening the potential for direct catalyst patterning of Au and subsequent NW array growth. Additionally, we found that an increase of in thickness of the Cu adhesion layer results in the simultaneous growth of NWs and nanoplates (NPs), indicating that in this case the growth involves both the VLS and vapor‐solid (VS) growth mechanisms. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) studies were also performed to characterize the resulting ZnO NW arrays, indicating that the NWs grown using a thin adhesion layer of Ni or Cu under the Au show comparable SERS enhancement to those of the pure Au‐catalyzed NWs.
Xanthogranuloma of the External Auditory Canal Mimicking a Benign Tumor: A Case Report
Authors: Yoshihama Keisuke , Kato Yasumasa , Baba Yuh
Published: July 2012

Exostosis, osteoma, and adenoma are the most commonly encountered benign lesions in the external auditory canal. Herein, we report a case of the mass arising from the external auditory canal in a 24-year-old Japanese man. CT revealed the soft tissue mass without bony erosion, and MRI revealed that the mass showed a homogenous, iso signal intensity on a both T1- and T2-weighted image, suggesting that the mass is a benign tumor such as adenoma. Pathological examination showed that the specimen demonstrated xanthogranuloma in the external auditory canal. Although xanthogranuloma of the external auditory canal is extremely rare, otolaryngologists should recognize this condition during the inspection of the external auditory canal.
Glomus Tumor of the Cheek: A Case Report
Authors: Veros Konstantinos , Markou Konstantinos , Filitatzi Chrysa , Kyrmizakis Dionysios E.
Published: July 2012

Glomus tumors are benign, subcutaneous neoplasms of the perivasculature. Though facial location is rare, the diagnosis of a glomus tumor should be considered in cases of undiagnosed painful facial nodules or chronic facial pain. Imaging aids in defining the tumor and planning a complete excision in order to avoid recurrence. Histological examination is mandatory after every attempted excision. A case of glomus tumor of the cheek along with the possible pitfalls of diagnosis and treatment and a brief review of the limited associated literature are presented.
Improving Survival in Decompensated Cirrhosis
Authors: Mukerji Amar Nath , Patel Vishal , Jain Ashokkumar
Published: July 2012

Mortality in cirrhosis is consequent of decompensation, only treatment being timely liver transplantation. Organ allocation is prioritized for the sickest patients based on Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. In order to improve survival in patients with high MELD score it is imperative to preserve them in suitable condition till transplantation. Here we examine means to prolong life in high MELD score patients till a suitable liver is available. We specially emphasize protection of airways by avoidance of sedatives, avoidance of Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure, elective intubation in grade III or higher encephalopathy, maintaining a low threshold for intubation with lesser grades of encephalopathy when undergoing upper endoscopy or colonoscopy as pre transplant evaluation or transferring patient to a transplant center. Consider post-pyloric tube feeding in encephalopathy to maintain muscle mass and minimize risk of aspiration. In non intubated and well controlled encephalopathy, frequent physical mobility by active and passive exercises are recommended. When renal replacement therapy is needed, night-time Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodialysis may be useful in keeping the daytime free for mobility. Sparing and judicious use of steroids needs to be borne in mind in treatment of ARDS and acute hepatitis from alcohol or autoimmune process.
Weight Loss Is Still an Essential Intervention in Obesity and its Complications: A Review
Authors: Xiao Jianzhong , Yang Wenying
Published: July 2012

The prevalence of obesity is more than 20% in many developed countries and it increases in developing countries. Obesity is associated with metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases, digestive diseases, and cancers. Although other specific treatments for these complications exist, weight loss is still an essential intervention in obesity and its complications. Therapeutic life change, behavior modification, pharmacotherapy, and surgery are major approaches to weight loss. In addition, medicine used in diabetes such as Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues may be a new type of medicine for obesity, at least for those obese patients with diabetes.
Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Women from Mexico City
Authors: López Rivera María Guadalupe , Flores Maria Olivia Medel , Villalba Magdaleno José D’Artagnan , Sánchez Monroy Virginia
Published: July 2012

Introduction. Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among Mexican women. The goal of the present study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of HPV types in women from Mexico City.Methods. Our study was conducted in the Clinica de Especialidades de la Mujer de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico. Random samples were taken from 929 healthy women requesting a cervical Papanicolaou examination. Detection and genotyping of HPV were performed by multiplex PCR, with the HPV4A ACE Screening kit (Seegene).Results. 85 of nine hundred twenty-nine women (9.1%) were infected with HPV. Of HPV-positive women, 99% and 1% had high- and low-risk HPV genotypes, respectively. The prevalence of the 16 high-risk (HR) HPV types that were screened was 43% : 42% (18) were HPV positive and 14% (16) were HPV positive, which includes coinfection. Multiple infections with different viral genotypes were detected in 10% of the positive cases. Abnormal cervical cytological results were found in only 15.3% of HPV-positive women, while 84.7% had normal cytological results.Conclusions. We found a similar prevalence of HPV to previous studies in Mexico. The heterogeneity of the HPV genotype distribution in Mexico is evident in this study, which found a high frequency of HPV HR genotypes, the majority of which were HPV 18.
Gravid Uterus in an Umbilical Hernia
Authors: Mbuagbaw Lawrence C. E. , Morfaw Frederick L. I.
Published: July 2012

Umbilical hernias large enough to contain a gravid uterus are rare. We report a case of a woman with prolapse of a gravid uterus through a previously repaired umbilical hernia. Our plans for elective surgery with caesarean section and hernia repair were foiled by poor compliance. The hernia was repaired during an emergency caesarean section. We provide details of her management and briefly review the literature on umbilical hernias and pregnancy. Surgical management offers an opportunity for hernia repair and can ensure a safe delivery for the mother and child.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia with e19a2BCR-ABL1Transcripts and Marked Thrombocytosis: The Role of Molecular Monitoring
Authors: Langabeer Stephen E. , McCarron Sarah L. , Kelly Johanna , Krawczyk Janusz , McPherson Suzanne , Perera Kanthi , Murphy Philip T.
Published: July 2012

While most patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) express either e13a2 or e14a2BCR-ABL1transcripts, a significant minority expresses variant transcripts, of which e19a2 is the most common. Although considered to have a relatively favourable outcome, reported responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy are variable with molecular monitoring in CML patients with e19a2BCR-ABL1transcripts rarely reported. A case of e19a2BCR-ABL1CML with marked thrombocytosis is described in which the value of molecular monitoring is emphasised during treatment interruptions, dose reductions, and changes. This case serves to demonstrate the requirement for prospective real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) assays for patients with variantBCR-ABL1transcript types and standardisation of such assays to enable modern patient management.