bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application by Court of the Closest Connection Principle as General Gapfilling Conflict of Laws Rule
Authors:   North Caucasian Branch, Russian State University of Justice, Krasnodar, RussiaKrasnodar, Russia, Novikova Tatiana V.
Published: December 2021

Problem Statement. Addition of new conflict of laws rules to the section VI of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and exclusion of corresponding relations from the closest connection principle domain in 2013 raise the issue of this principle regulative potential in the modern context. Goals and Tasks of the Research. The main goal of the research is to substantiate relevance for application by court of the closest connection principle as general gap-filling conflict of laws rule. The indicated goal presupposes two tasks: firstly, on the basis of legal doctrine and judicial acts analysis to reveal legal relations for which there is no conflict of laws rule at the moment; and, secondly, to make analysis of specific case where multinational foreign elements do not permit to solve conflict of laws. Methods. Methods of the research embrace general scientific and particular scientific. The first are the general tools of logic, including analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and analogy, as well as systemic approach according to which the native conflict of laws is considered as integrated system. The key role among the second plays the comparative legal method which allows to compare positions of legal doctrine and various judicial acts regarding application of the closest connection principle. Results, Brief Conclusion. Thesis is substantiated that the closest connection principle as general gap-filling conflict of laws rule will be relevant as far as social relations are evolving and its new forms require legal, including conflict of laws, regulation. The author makes conclusion that the closest connection principle under para. 2 art. 1186 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation should be applied by court, firstly, when conflict of laws (on the level of international treaty, national legislation and custom) has no rule for private legal relation of international character; and, secondly, when coexistence of several multinational elements, all relevant from the point of view of the applicable conflict of laws rule, does not permit to solve the conflict of laws.
Evolution of the Roman Republican Senate: Composition, Election, and Judicial Functions (Part 2)
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice (Moscow), Kofanov Leonid L.
Published: December 2021

The paper deals with the Roman senatus in the period from 5th to 3rd century BC, from the point of view of its composition, completion and selected competences. As to its composition, in the most arcaic times of the Roman state, the senate was an assembly of the heads of clans (patres gentium), who represented the ideas of patricians. The autor presents gradual transformation of the composition of the senate and switch towards the inclusion of the plebeians. It describes also the process of the cooptation of the members, rules of which incurred fundamental changes from the hereditary principles to the regulation given by statutes. A significant part of the article is devoted to the judicial functions of the Senate and the relationship between the iudicium senatus and the iudicium populi, the transformation of the Senate court from a regional body to the highest, global court of the entire Mediterranean. It’s noted that if the original Roman Senate de iure was the judicial authority only one of the Latin Confederation, later after 338 BC, it becomes the Supreme court of the Latin Union, and by the end of the Republic is transformed into the «Supreme Council of the world».
Court as a Platform: New Approaches to Building a Judicial System
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice (Moscow), Burdina Elena V.
Published: December 2021

Formulation of the Problem. The concept of the court as a platform marks a new direction in the study of the problems of the organization and functioning of judicial systems. The idea of «court as a platform» needs scientific argumentation, which will allow building the theory of legal regulation of digital platforms in the activities of courts. Purpose of the Work: to identify the theoretical and methodological foundations of the platform model of the organization of the judicial system and its main characteristics, as well as to formulate the prospects for the development of judicial platforms in the digital era. Results, Brief Conclusions. The principle «state as a platform» reveals one of the principles of interaction of the digital state with the population and business and serves as a worldview basis for understanding the essence of the platform model of the judicial system. The article argues that the judicial platform is a form of manifestation of the judiciary in the digital environment. The projects of its legal regulation are analyzed. A new stage in the evolution of the judicial system is associated with the introduction of judicial platforms, since the basic judicial institutions are being transformed. An overview of the prospects for the development of the platform model of the organization of the judicial system is given.
Abandonment in Danger, Resulting in the Death of the Victim: Problems of Theory and Judicial Practice
Authors:   North-West Branch, Russian State University of Justice, St. Petersburg, Russia, Safonov Vladimir N.
Published: December 2021

Problem Statement. The inconsistency of judicial practice in criminal cases of abandonment in danger remains an urgent theoretical, legal and practical problem that needs doctrinal coverage. The second premise of the study is the inconsistency of the established judicial practice in cases of this category with the principles of the criminal law-legality, justice, guilt. Goals and Objectives of the Study, Research Methods. The goal is to provide a theoretical explanation and practical suggestions for optimizing judicial practice in cases of this category. The study is carried out in the tradition of a dialectical approach to the content and essence of any social phenomenon, in the coordinates of which the state of the phenomenon under consideration is determined by the content and the ratio of the factors forming this phenomenon. From this point of view, the current practice of reviewing criminal cases on the most dangerous type of abandonment of an unauthorized person in danger, which resulted in his death, is subjected to research. The research methods are systematic, historical, logical, comparative, and proper – legal. Results and Summary Conclusions. The article presents a picture of the contradictory judicial practice in criminal cases of abandonment in danger, and provides a cross-section of theoretical views on the problem under consideration. The main focus is on the consideration of leaving the victim in danger, resulting in his death. It is argued that the reason for the different qualifications of abandonment in danger, associated with the onset of serious consequences (causing harm to the health or death of the victim), is due to the disregard by law enforcement officers of the understanding of this act as a single mechanism of criminal behavior, including the uniqueness of the objective signs of the act with their reflection in the consciousness of the perpetrator. The conclusion is made about the need for a systematic approach to the legal assessment of the phenomenon of abandonment in danger with the subsequent causing of death. In addition to the stability of judicial practice, the author believes that this would lead to a more precise adherence to the principles of criminal law: legality, justice, and guilt. The same principles would be more consistent with the qualification activities of law enforcement entities as a component of the State’s criminal law policy.
Научное сотрудничество: мониторинг вечной мерзлоты циркумполярной зоны и обмен данными
Authors:   Center for Arctic Security and Resilience (CASR), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, BOUFFARD Troy J. , URYUPOVA Ekaterina ,   Association of Polar Early Career Scientists, Arctic Institute, Akureyri, Iceland, DODDS Klaus ,   Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK, BENNETT Alec P. ,   School of Management, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, STRELETSKIY Dmitry ,   George Washington University, Department of Geography, Washington, DC, USA
Published: December 2021

Scientific cooperation is a well-supported narrative and theme, but in reality, presents many challenges and counter-productive difficulties. Moreover, data sharing specifically represents one of the more critical cooperation requirements, as part of the “scientific method [which] allows for verification of results and extending research from prior results.” One of the important pieces of the climate change puzzle is permafrost. Currently, most permafrost data remain fragmented and restricted to national authorities, including scientific institutes. Important datasets reside in various government or university labs, where they remain largely unknown or where access restrictions prevent effective use. A lack of shared research—especially data—significantly reduces effectiveness of understanding permafrost overall. Whereas it is not possible for a nation to effectively conduct the variety of modeling and research needed to comprehensively understand impacts to permafrost, a global community can. However, decision and policy makers, especially on the international stage, struggle to understand how best to anticipate and prepare for changes, and thus support for scientific recommendations during policy development. This article explores the global data systems on permafrost, which remain sporadic, rarely updated, and with almost nothing about the subsea permafrost publicly available. The authors suggest that the global permafrost monitoring system should be real time (within technical and reasonable possibility), often updated and with open access to the data. Following a brief background, this article will offer three supporting themes, 1) the current state of permafrost data, 2) rationale and methods to share data, and 3) implications for global and national interests.
About Russian Alaska and Its Ruler A.A. Baranov
Authors: LUKIN Yury F.
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the present and past of the history of Alaska. Such a combination of times highlighted the most difficult problem of ambiguous attitude to the historical past in the USA from the standpoint of modernity. In the process of destroying monuments under the onslaught of the Black Lives Matter movement, the local Indian population accused the long-gone A. A. Baranov of racism, persecution of the indigenous population, enslavement of Tlingits and Aleuts for hunting fur-bearing ani-mals. On July 14, 2020, the Sitka town and district assembly supported these accusations and decided to move his monument from the town square to the local museum. The review article reveals the objective conditions of the historical process during the period of A.A. Baranov's activity in Alaska in 1790–1818, us-ing the methods of historicism, search and systematization of information, analysis and synthesis. The assessment of his personality is updated. The article shows the beginning of G.I. Shelikhov's and A.A. Baranov's activity in the North-Eastern Company, and then its transformation in 1799 into the Russian-American Company (RAC). The article examines the war with the Tlingit people of 1802–1804, the missionary work of Herman Alaskinskiy, three assessments of the nature of Russian colonization, N.P. Rezanov's plan for the modernization of RAC. The episode with Russia's sale of Alaska to the United States is also being clarified.
THE IMPACT OF SCHOLARSHIP STATUS ON THE EXPERIENCES OF INTERNATIONAL GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE U.S.
Authors: KARAYİGİT Cebrail
Published: December 2021

Each year, different countries around the world spend millions of dollars to sponsor thousands of international students to enroll in graduate programs in the United States. However, little is known as to whether, how, and under what conditions their scholarship status may influence their overall experiences. Drawing on a survey completed by international graduate students (N=107), the effect of government-sponsored scholarship programs on international graduate students' overall experiences is discussed. The findings of this study revealed that government-sponsored scholarship students were less competent in their level of perceived English proficiency and face more challenges in their studies compared to non-scholarship students. This study informs both practitioners in international student services offices of U.S. universities and Turkey’s Ministry of National Education scholarship program to be better equipped with the knowledge of whether/how scholarship status can impact international graduate students’ overall experiences.
TÜRK YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMİNDE SURİYELİ MÜLTECİLER
Authors: GÜNGÖR Haluk , SOYSAL Taşkın
Published: December 2021

İnsanlığın başlangıcından bu yana dünya tarihine yön veren büyük küçük tüm savaşların sosyal ve toplumsal alanlarda çok büyük etkileri olmuştur. İnsanlar, savaşlar nedeniyle yaşadıkları toprakları gerek kalıcı gerekse de geçici olarak terk edip yeni bölgelere, yeni ülkelere yerleşmek durumunda kalmışlardır. Bu durum hem göç edenler hem de göç edenlerin yaşadıkları topraklardaki yerli halklar için birtakım yeni ihtiyaçların doğmasına yol açmıştır. Suriye iç savaşıyla birlikte ortaya çıkan göçmen krizinden Türkiye de doğrudan etkilenmiş, 2021 yılı itibarıyla Türkiye’de yaşayan Suriyeli göçmen sayısı üç buçuk milyonu geçmiştir. Türkiye, iç savaş sebebiyle Suriyeli göçmenlerin gelmeye başladıkları andan itibaren her alanda çeşitli tedbirler almaya başlamıştır. Bu tedbirlerin ilk ve en önemlilerinden biri Suriyeli mültecilerin eğitime katılımlarıdır. İç savaş sebebiyle göçmenlerin kesintiye uğrayan eğitim yaşamlarının Türkiye’de en verimli şekilde devam etmesi için gerekli çalışmalar yapılmış, ilköğretimden yükseköğretime kadar tüm seviyelerde Suriyeli göçmenlerin eğitime katılımları sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türk yükseköğretiminde Suriyeli mültecilerin durumlarının ele alındığı bir derleme çalışmasıdır. Çalışmada öncelikle yükseköğretimde Suriyeli mültecilerin durumlarını ele alan kaynaklarla ilgili kapsamlı bir alanyazın taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda göç, eğitim ve göç, Suriyeli mültecilerin topluma kazandırılması, yükseköğretim çağındaki ve diğer öğretim kademesindeki Suriyelilerin durumları, yaşadıkları sorunlar ve çözüm önerilerine yönelik yapılmış ulusal ve uluslararası çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemede her bir çalışmada elde edilen bulgular üzerinde durularak Türk yükseköğretiminde Suriyeli mültecilerin durumları üzerine bir senteze gidilmiştir. Eğitim çağındaki Suriyeli mültecilerin, okul öncesinden yükseköğretime kadar okullaşmaları ve başarılı olmaları yaşanan birçok sorunun da çözümünü sağlayacaktır. Özellikle üniversite çağındaki genç nüfusun nitelikli bireyler olarak yetişmeleri, kendi açılarından faydalı olacağı gibi Türk toplumunun mültecilere bakış açısının olumlu anlamda değişmesini de beraberinde getirecektir.
Application and Recent Trends in Implementation of Internet of Things: A comprehensive review
Authors:   Ph.D - Research Scholar, Anna University, Chennai, Karthik S , Satish N ,   Professor and Head, Department of Information Technology, Mahendra College of Engineering, Salem
Published: December 2021

Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolving technology in the current era with a combination of diverse computational technologies, objects, animals and human. The objects in the IoT framework transmit data among themselves and they are assigned with unique numbers for identification. The communication among the network is established by identification system and functions without any centralized system. Advancement in the sensor network has made automation in numerous field and integration of soft computing technology in the IoT system has made effective decision making. The objects resides in the IoT system acts intelligent and perform the actions intelligently. The IoT based technology enhances daily life of humans via connected devices and makes living things context-aware. The information collected from sensors will be processed with the computational algorithms and effective predictions are accomplished. In this article, recent applications and soft computing algorithms are reviewed. In addition to that numerous applications based on IoT is also discussed in this article.
Influência do rácio enfermeiro–utente na contenção física em psiquiatria: revisão sistemática
Authors: Matos Ricardo , Cruz Ana , Ferreira Bruna , Gonçalves Carla , Correia Diana , Almeida Emanuel
Published: December 2021

Enquadramento: a contenção física em serviços de psiquiatria é uma prática comum, que pode comprometer a liberdade, a autodeterminação, a dignidade e a vida da pessoa. Associado aos esforços para minimizar o recurso a esta medida, o fator rácio enfermeiro-utente tem sido pouco estudado. Objetivo: analisar a influência do rácio enfermeiro-utente em serviços de psiquiatria, no recurso à contenção física e isolamento. Metodologia: revisão sistemática da literatura, segundo a metodologia do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Incluíram-se estudos em utentes internados em serviços de psiquiatria, publicados até 10/12/2020. Resultados: triaram-se 1208 estudos, incluindo 4 observacionais. Um analisou o rácio, enquanto os outros analisaram o número de enfermeiros/profissionais. Dois analisaram a taxa e duração do isolamento, enquanto os restantes analisaram também a contenção física. Dois estudos concluíram que o aumento do número/rácio de enfermeiros diminui o uso e duração de medidas restritivas, enquanto nos outros dois se conclui o inverso. No estudo em que se analisou o rácio enfermeiro-utente, observou-se a redução destas medidas. Conclusão: não foi possível determinar uma clara associação entre melhoria do rácio enfermeiro-utente em serviços de psiquiatria e redução do recurso à contenção física e isolamento. Contudo, recomenda-se o reforço da investigação para que se possam identificar resultados robustos.
Violência doméstica contra a mulher: conhecimentos e atitudes do enfermeiro da urgência
Authors: De Jesus Oliveira Isabel , Almeida Daniela , Bastos Laura , Augusto Carla , Barreiro Sara
Published: December 2021

Enquadramento: a violência doméstica afeta significativamente a saúde das mulheres e, em Portugal, é considerada um crime público. O serviço de urgência é um dos locais onde as vítimas recorrem, pelo que os enfermeiros possuem um papel importante na identificação e encaminhamento. Objetivo: identificar os conhecimentos, atitudes e barreiras dos enfermeiros do serviço de urgência na identificação e encaminhamento da mulher vítima de violência doméstica. Metodologia: desenho exploratório e descritivo, numa amostra não probabilística por bola de neve, constituída por 59 enfermeiros. Para a recolha de dados foi utilizado um questionário online de autopreenchimento. Para o tratamento de dados recorreu-se ao IBM SPSS Statistic, versão 25 e ao QDA Miner 4 Lite. Resultados: dos participantes, 74,6% referem nunca ter tido formação nesta área, mas manifestam interesse em cursos/formações, já que consideram que é responsabilidade dos profissionais de saúde a identificação e encaminhamento destes casos. Identificam como principais barreiras o carácter privado da violência e a falta de protocolos de atuação nos serviços onde exercem funções. Conclusão: é necessário investir na formação dos enfermeiros dos serviços de urgência, para uma intervenção significativa junto destas mulheres, bem como a criação de protocolos de atuação.
Psychotic Depression Related to Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Case Report
Authors: KAPICI Yaşar , GUC Bulut , TEKİN Atilla
Published: December 2021

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can lead to depression, anxiety disorder, and sleep problems. However, this autoimmune disease has been reported to be less related to psychotic depression. The case applied to our outpatient clinic with introversion, anhedonia, and guilt thoughts. The patient was admitted to our clinic with a preliminary diagnosis of psychotic depression. TSH value was found to be high in the patient’s hormone analysis. Afterward, treatment was started with the diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis according to the patient’s anti-TPO value and thyroid USG results. After levothyroxine treatment, the patient’s depression scores, TSH, and anti-TPO values decreased.
Local Shipyards in the Ottoman Empire: Lemnos Island (1780–1862)
Authors: BAYKARA TAŞKAYA Arzu
Published: December 2021

The lifeblood of Lemnos Island is the small shipyard located just at the entrance of the port. In this shipyard, Istanbul's frigate and galleon needs were met. Permanent workers were provided to be employed in shipbuilding on the island. Together with these workers, the timber necessary for shipbuilding material was provided from the forests in the Rumelia Sanjak; iron and nails were provided from Istanbul. Together with this shipyard, the region revived economically. The most common types of ships constructed on the island of Lemnos were the galleon and the frigate, which was a medium-sized warship. The two most important elements for shipbuilding were the personnel to be employed and the materials to be used in the construction of the ship. These two important issues were intertwined with each other. The captain of the ship was held responsible for carrying out these two works. If the ships that were constructed were not finished and sent in a certain time, there was a situation that the ship's material would perish. If the ship could not be finished within the specified time, the material could not. It was constantly mentioned in the documents to bring the materials as soon as possible and to provide the workers. While some of the ships belonging to the navy in Istanbul were constructed as shares, we see that most of them were constructed by the tax collector and voivode, who were in charge of the island administration. The influential factor in the region, who was personally responsible for shipbuilding on the island, was the Voivode Abdulkerim Ağa. Ağa, who was personally responsible for the construction of seven ships in different periods, successfully completed his duties. In our article, the relationship of dependency on Istanbul, which started to change especially in the provincial shipbuilding dockyards during the 18th century, was examined. To the extent possible with archival documents, due to the proximity of Lemnos Island to Istanbul, with the support of the aid received from the capital, the construction of medium-sized ship that the navy needs and the maximum capacity that could be done tried to be explained.
Festschrift zum 75. Jubiläum der Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (1946-2021)
Authors: Abdulai Awudu , Blume Hans-Peter , Borchard Karsten , Bosy-Westphal Anja , Donath Tobias W. , Henning Christian H. C. A. , Döring Frank , Drepper Kraft , Fink Arnold , Fohrer Nicola , Franz Charles M. A. P. , Gravert Hans Otto , Fritsche Jan , Hartung Eberhard , Hasler Mario , Häußermann Angelika , Heege Hermann J. , Heller Knut J. , Herre Wolf , Hölzel Christina , Horn Rainer , Jung Christian , Kage Henning , Knauer Norbert , Kretschmar Raymund , Taube Friedhelm , Thaller Georg , Krieter Joachim , Isensee Edmund , Isensee Edmund , Rave Gerhard , Rimbach Gerald , Roweck Hartmut , Schellhorn Martin , Schulz Carsten , Schwarz Karin , Spielvogel Sandra , Stamer Hans , Susenbeth Andreas , Ulrich Uta , Verreet Joseph-Alexander , Waschina Silvio , Widmoser Peter , Wolffram Siegfried
Published: December 2021

Die Festschrift zeichnet die Entwicklung der Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel von ihrer Vorgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart nach. Gezeigt wird der Wandel der Instituts- und
Forschungsstruktur ebenso wie der Weg vom einstigen Landwirtschafts- zum heutigen Bachelor- und Masterstudium der Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften. Von der Phase der Ernährungssicherung nach dem Zweiten
Weltkrieg bis zu den aktuellen vernetzten Forschungsgebieten haben sich Agrarökonomie, Ernährungs-, Nutzpflanzen-, Nutztier- und Umweltwissenschaften in den vergangenen 75 Jahren stark verändert. Damals wie
heute sind sie gleichwohl gesellschaftlich hochrelevante Leuchttürme der Forschung im hohen Norden.
Financiranje poslovanja poduzeća emisijom dionica - pregled i trendovi u Republici Hrvatskoj
Authors: Rončević Ante , Vuković Josip , Gregorić Marina
Published: December 2021

Svoj rast i razvoj poduzeća financiraju na različite načine ovisno o tome u kojoj fazi poslovanja se poduzeće nalazi. U fazi zrelosti, odnosno ekspanzije, tri su prevladavajuća načina na koje se poduzeće može financirati: 1) iz zadržane dobiti, 2) financiranjem putem duga, te, 3) izdavanjem dionica. Predmet istraživanja ovoga rada su dionička društva i financiranje putem izdavanja dionica. U radu su prikazana glavna obilježja i načini financiranja poslovanja putem emisije dionica. Analiziraju se vrste dionica, proces izdavanja i sudionici te se opisuju elementi i procesi inicijalne i sekundarne javne ponude dionica. Financiranje poslovanja poduzeća putem povlaštenih dionica, koje je relativno slabo zastupljeno kao način financiranja, prikazano je na konkretnom primjeru kupnje povlaštenih dionica Podravke d.d. od strane Europske banke za obnovu i razvoj. U radu su također definirane inicijalne i sekundarne javne ponude dionica u Republici Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 2006 do danas.
Evidence for Energetic Neutral Hydrogen Emission from Solar Particle Events
Authors: Mason G. M. , Greenspan M. E. , Kanekal S. G. , Leske R. A. , Looper M. D. , Mazur J. E. , Mewaldt R. A.
Published: December 2021

We report the probable detection of energetic neutral hydrogen atoms (ENAs) at >0.8 MeV in several large solar energetic particle events observed between 1997 and 2004. The low Earth orbiting SAMPEX satellite detected transient increases of quasi-trapped equatorial protons beginning typically ∼3 hr after the X-ray flare and lasting for up to several hours. Since the magnetic cutoff rigidity is >10 GV at the magnetic latitude where the particles were observed, we interpret the signal as due to ENAs that penetrate Earth’s magnetic field and charge exchange in the upper atmosphere, whereupon the charged particles may become trapped. One event outside our survey period (2006 December 5) had previously reported solar flare ENAs, the only example of this phenomenon of which we are aware. Although the statistics are limited, the events we report suggest that the ENAs are produced as the flare-associated coronal mass wjection moves through the corona, as concluded previously for the 2006 December 5 event. The finding of ENAs emitted in conjunction with large solar flares opens a new avenue to understanding these events.
Optimizing Cadences with Realistic Light-curve Filtering for Serendipitous Kilonova Discovery with Vera Rubin Observatory
Authors: Andreoni Igor , Coughlin Michael W. , Almualla Mouza , Bellm Eric C. , Bianco Federica B. , Bulla Mattia , Cucchiara Antonino , Dietrich Tim , Goobar Ariel , Kool Erik C. , Li Xiaolong , Ragosta Fabio , Sagués-Carracedo Ana , Singer Leo P.
Published: December 2021

Current and future optical and near-infrared wide-field surveys have the potential to find kilonovae, the optical and infrared counterparts to neutron star mergers, independently of gravitational-wave or high-energy gamma-ray burst triggers. The ability to discover fast and faint transients such as kilonovae largely depends on the area observed, the depth of those observations, the number of revisits per field in a given time frame, and the filters adopted by the survey; it also depends on the ability to perform rapid follow-up observations to confirm the nature of the transients. In this work, we assess kilonova detectability in existing simulations of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time strategy for the Vera C. Rubin Wide Fast Deep survey, with focus on comparing rolling to baseline cadences. Although currently available cadences can enable the detection of >300 kilonovae out to ∼1400 Mpc over the 10 year survey, we can expect only 3–32 kilonovae similar to GW170817 to be recognizable as fast-evolving transients. We also explore the detectability of kilonovae over the plausible parameter space, focusing on viewing angle and ejecta masses. We find that observations in redder izy bands are crucial for identification of nearby (within 300 Mpc) kilonovae that could be spectroscopically classified more easily than more distant sources. Rubin’s potential for serendipitous kilonova discovery could be increased by gain of efficiency with the employment of individual 30 s exposures (as opposed to 2 × 15 s snap pairs), with the addition of red-band observations coupled with same-night observations in g or r bands, and possibly with further development of a new rolling-cadence strategy.
The Impact of Observing Strategy on the Reliable Classification of Standard Candle Stars: Detection of Amplitude, Period, and Phase Modulation (Blazhko Effect) of RR Lyrae Stars with LSST
Authors: Hernitschek Nina , Stassun Keivan G.
Published: December 2021

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory will carry out its Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) with a single-exposure depth of r ∼ 24.7 and an anticipated baseline of 10 yr, allowing access to the Milky Way’s old halo not only deeper than, but also with a longer baseline and better cadence than, e.g., PS1 3π. This will make the LSST ideal to study populations of variable stars such as RR Lyrae stars (RRL). Here, we address the question of observing strategy optimization of LSST, as survey footprint definition, single-visit exposure time, as well as the cadence of repeat visits in different filters are yet to be finalized. We present metrics used to assess the impact of different observing strategies on the reliable detectability and classification of standard candle variable stars, including detection of amplitude, period, and phase modulation effects of RRL (the so-called Blazhko effect), by evaluating metrics for simulated potential survey designs. So far, due to the depths and cadences of typical all-sky surveys, it has been nearly impossible to study this effect on a larger sample. All-sky surveys with relatively few observations over a moderately long baseline allow only for fitting phase-folded RRL light curves, thus integrating over the complete survey length and hiding any information regarding possible period or phase modulation during the survey. On the other hand, surveys with cadences fit to detect slightly changing light curves usually have a relatively small footprint. LSST’s survey strategy, however, will allow for studying variable stars in a way that makes population studies possible.
Blazar Variability with the Vera C. Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time
Authors: Raiteri Claudia M. , Carnerero Maria I. , Balmaverde Barbara , Bellm Eric C. , Clarkson William , D’Ammando Filippo , Paolillo Maurizio , Richards Gordon T. , Villata Massimo , Yoachim Peter , Yoon Ilsang
Published: December 2021

With their emission mainly coming from a relativistic jet pointing toward us, blazars are fundamental sources for studying extragalactic jets and their central engines, consisting of supermassive black holes fed by accretion disks. They are also candidate sources of high-energy neutrinos and cosmic rays. Because of the jet orientation, the nonthermal blazar emission is Doppler beamed; its variability is unpredictable, and it occurs on timescales from less than 1 hr to years. Comprehension of the diverse mechanisms producing the flux and spectral changes requires well-sampled multiband light curves over long time periods. In particular, outbursts are the best test bench for shedding light on the underlying physics, especially when studied in a multiwavelength context. The Vera C. Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time (Rubin-LSST) will monitor the southern sky for 10 yr in six photometric bands, offering a formidable tool for studying blazar variability features in a statistical way. The alert system will allow us to trigger follow-up observations of outstanding events, especially at high (keV-to-GeV) and very high (TeV) energies. We here examine the simulated Rubin-LSST survey strategies with the aim of understanding which cadences are more suitable for blazar variability science. Our metrics include light curve and color sampling. We also investigate the problem of saturation, which will affect the brightest and many flaring sources, and will have a detrimental impact on follow-up observations.
Optimization of the Observing Cadence for the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time: A Pioneering Process of Community-focused Experimental Design
Authors: Bianco Federica B. , Ivezić Željko , Jones R. Lynne , Graham Melissa L. , Marshall Phil , Saha Abhijit , Strauss Michael A. , Yoachim Peter , Ribeiro Tiago , Anguita Timo , Bauer A. E. , Bauer Franz E. , Bellm Eric C. , Blum Robert D. , Brandt William N. , Brough Sarah , Catelan Márcio , Clarkson William I. , Connolly Andrew J. , Gawiser Eric , Gizis John E. , Hložek Renée , Kaviraj Sugata , Liu Charles T. , Lochner Michelle , Mahabal Ashish A. , Mandelbaum Rachel , McGehee Peregrine , Neilsen Jr. Eric H. , Olsen Knut A. G. , Peiris Hiranya V. , Rhodes Jason , Richards Gordon T. , Ridgway Stephen , Schwamb Megan E. , Scolnic Dan , Shemmer Ohad , Slater Colin T. , Slosar Anže , Smartt Stephen J. , Strader Jay , Street Rachel , Trilling David E. , Verma Aprajita , Vivas A. K. , Wechsler Risa H. , Willman Beth
Published: December 2021

Vera C. Rubin Observatory is a ground-based astronomical facility under construction, a joint project of the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy, designed to conduct a multipurpose 10 yr optical survey of the Southern Hemisphere sky: the Legacy Survey of Space and Time. Significant flexibility in survey strategy remains within the constraints imposed by the core science goals of probing dark energy and dark matter, cataloging the solar system, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. The survey’s massive data throughput will be transformational for many other astrophysics domains and Rubin’s data access policy sets the stage for a huge community of potential users. To ensure that the survey science potential is maximized while serving as broad a community as possible, Rubin Observatory has involved the scientific community at large in the process of setting and refining the details of the observing strategy. The motivation, history, and decision-making process of this strategy optimization are detailed in this paper, giving context to the science-driven proposals and recommendations for the survey strategy included in this Focus Issue.
Stick-slip Dynamics in Penetration Experiments on Simulated Regolith
Authors: Featherstone Jack , Bullard Robert , Emm Tristan , Jackson Anna , Reid Riley , Shefferman Sean , Dove Adrienne , Colwell Joshua , Kollmer Jonathan E. , Daniels Karen E.
Published: December 2021

The surfaces of many planetary bodies, including asteroids and small moons, are covered with dust to pebble-sized regolith held weakly to the surface by gravity and contact forces. Understanding the reaction of regolith to an external perturbation will allow for instruments, including sensors and anchoring mechanisms for use on such surfaces, to implement optimized design principles. We analyze the behavior of a flexible probe inserted into loose regolith simulant as a function of probe speed and ambient gravitational acceleration to explore the relevant dynamics. The EMPANADA experiment (Ejecta-Minimizing Protocols for Applications Needing Anchoring or Digging on Asteroids) flew on several parabolic flights. It employs a classic granular physics technique, photoelasticity, to quantify the dynamics of a flexible probe during its insertion into a system of bi-disperse, centimeter-sized model grains. We identify the force chain structure throughout the system during probe insertion at a variety of speeds and for four different levels of gravity: terrestrial, Martian, lunar, and microgravity. We identify discrete, stick-slip failure events that increase in frequency as a function of the gravitational acceleration. In microgravity environments, stick-slip behaviors are negligible, and we find that faster probe insertion can suppress stick-slip behaviors where they are present. We conclude that the mechanical response of regolith on rubble-pile asteroids is likely quite distinct from that found on larger planetary objects, and scaling terrestrial experiments to microgravity conditions may not capture the full physical dynamics.
Tylocinum is no longer monotypic: Tylocinum brevisporum sp. nov. (Boletales, Boletaceae) from northern Thailand
Authors: Raghoonundon Bhavesh , Davoodian Naveed , Phonemany Monthien , Raspé Olivier
Published: December 2021

Tylocinum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016 is a Boletaceae genus belonging in subfamily Leccinoideae. It was described in 2016 from China and, prior to this study, it contained only one species, T. griseolum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016. During our survey of Boletaceae from Thailand, we collected some specimens that could be identified as a Tylocinum species, different from T. griseolum.

The bolete specimens, collected in forests dominated by Dipterocarpaceae and Fagaceae in northern Thailand, are described as Tylocinum brevisporum Raghoonundon & Raspé sp. nov. Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions with illustrations are provided, as well as a 3-gene phylogeny, which confirms the new taxon’s position in Tylocinum. Tylocinum brevisporum differs from the only other known Tylocinum species (T. griseolum) by its brownish-grey colour, greyish-orange to brownish-orange colour change in the hymenophore when bruised, smaller pores (≤ 0.5 mm), longer tubes (up to 6 mm long), shorter and narrower basidiospores, longer and broader basidia and longer pleurocystidia relative to cheilocystidia. T. brevisporum is the second species from the genus Tylocinum and the only one to be found outside China thus far.
The genus Oligonychus Berlese (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae): taxonomic assessment and a key to subgenera, species groups, and subgroups
Authors: Mushtaq Hafiz Muhammad Saqib , Alatawi Fahad Jaber , Kamran Muhammad , Flechtmann Carlos Holger Wenzel
Published: December 2021

A comprehensive taxonomic assessment of the most agriculturally important and highly diverse spider mite genus,OligonychusBerlese (Acari: Tetranychidae) was performed. The sub-generic division, species groups, doubtful species, species complexes and the interpretation of a key generic character are discussed. Based on the orientation of the male aedeagus, only two subgenera, namelyOligonychusBerlese (aedeagus downturned) andReckiellaTuttle & Baker (aedeagus upturned), are valid in the genusOligonychus. The subgeneraHomonychusWainstein,MetatetranychoidesWainstein, andWainsteiniellaTuttle & Baker are considered to be synonyms of the subgenus Oligonychus, whereas the subgenus Pritchardinychus Wainstein is proposed as a synonym of the subgenus Reckiella. Moreover, based on female morphological characters, four species groups (coffeae,exsiccator,iseilemae, andperuvianus) and 11 species subgroups (aceris,biharensis,coffeae,comptus,exsiccator,gossypii,iseilemae,peruvianus,pritchardi,smithi, andsubnudus) are suggested in the subgeneraOligonychusandReckiella. FourteenOligonychusspecies are proposed as species inquirendae, and potential cryptic species complexes in the genusOligonychusare briefly highlighted. It is agreed that the clunal setah1is always absent, while the para-anal setaeh2andh3are always present in the genusOligonychus.A key to subgenera, species groups, and species subgroups of the genusOligonychusis provided.
The crisis of social reproduction and 'Made-in-China' feminism
Authors: Dong Yige
Published: December 2021

Crises of care and social reproduction have led to new debates and social movements around the world, but there has been little scholarly scrutiny in the global North on these issues as they are unfolding in China. Facing rapid population ageing and historically low birth rates, the
Chinese government believes the country is suffering from a demographic crisis. Yet, the so-called population question is fundamentally a political one: who is bearing the brunt of biologically and socially reproducing the Chinese labour force who have fuelled the Chinese economy in the last
four decades? As this essay unpacks, the country's long-existing urban-rural divide and the unchecked patriarchal-capitalist mode of accumulation have produced uneven consequences among different social groups, intersectionally defined by class, gender and urban/rural citizenship, and thus
have exacerbated existing inequalities. Rural migrants and the urban poor, mostly women, have become domestic servants for urban middle-class families, at the cost of their own well-being and of their families and communities. Across social classes, Chinese women are making their voices heard
and taking actions to protest against systemic appropriation and exploitation of their care and reproductive labour, in what is a hostile political environment. Ranging from organised protests to individuals' spontaneous complaints, 'made-in-China' feminism can shed new light on future feminist
movements and solidarity building with feminists in the international community.
Caught between two superpowers: Taiwan's left in an age of US-China tensions
Authors: Hioe Brian Chee-Shing
Published: December 2021

Taiwan's major social movements in the past decade were reacting against the possibility of Taiwan's democratic freedoms being lost to China or its domestic proxies. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), currently led by Tsai Ing-wen, have challenged the Kuomintang for power, but
have not been able to move beyond the binary of for or against independence. The Sunflower movement and 'Third Force' parties sought to create a space for left and democratic politics, but this appears to be closing down. The Trumpian figure of Han Kuo-yu has been a major problem for the left.
There is no easy way out of these dilemmas in an era characterised by increasing US-China tensions.
Stuart Hall, a peerless mediator
Authors: McLennan Gregor , Robbins Bruce , McRobbie Angela , St Louis Brett , Hall Catherine
Published: December 2021

The authors discuss Stuart Hall's lifelong critical engagement with Marxism - though his was a complex, subtle, agonistic, Marxism, where nothing is taken for granted. This engagement continued even as postcoloniality, ethnicity, race and identity steadily came to the centre of Hall's
attention, constituting ways of thinking that in some ways represented a departure. Hall can be seen as a mediator, both within Marxism - for example structuralism versus culturalism - and between Marxism and other discourses, finding areas in common as well as difference, respecting
aspects of a position without endorsing whole positions; and in so doing transforming the problem under consideration. He is also discussed as an organic intellectual, who - though with no assumption of a shared class or shared party - sought to create a collective self-consciousness,
a coalition, that could offer an effective challenge to the state. The concept of conjuncture is an important part of these ideas. These aspects of Hall's work are discussed further in relation to racialisation and racism, where Hall is seen as committed to both analytic and practical observation,
and to humanism as well as Marxism: the people at the centre of the analysis are agents not categories. Hall was not aiming to bring things to a rounded, validity-seeking coherence, but to always leave some strands open: his thinking is constitutively open. At the same time his underlying,
very simple, message is that, in some way or another, the many issues we face are all connected, and we should never give up the integrative pluralism of political thinking. The great danger is fragmented pluralism, where the politics of difference, wherever the differences are, leads
to political de-alignment rather than coalitional unity.
Beyond equality of opportunity: from 'common sense' to 'good sense'
Authors: Jefferson Tony
Published: December 2021

This article addresses the Labour Party's apparent inability to capitalise on the ready availability of good, progressive ideas. It suggests the key is to be found in the idea that the Labour Party no longer represents working-class people, a disjunction that can be best understood
using Gramsci's distinction between 'common sense' and 'good sense'. Good sense is a more coherent development of everyday, commonsense thinking, based on its 'healthy nucleus'. However, it must never lose contact with common sense and become abstract and disconnected from life. Using this
distinction, a critique of the common-sense notion of meritocracy follows, since the educational disconnect between Labour politicians and their working-class supporters is one of its malign results. This critique builds from the evidence of working-class rejection of meritocracy - the healthy
nucleus that recognises the inadequacy of its justifying principle of equality of opportunity. To this is counterposed a good-sense notion of equality - one that embraces equal access to the means for achieving a flourishing life. This notion of equality is then used to explore a number of
currently circulating political ideas concerned with equality, both their relationship to common sense and their potential to meet good sense criteria. These ideas include universal basic income, the Conservatives' proposed 'levelling up' agenda, and the demands of Black Lives Matter for racial
justice, including the demand to 'defund the police'. A second thread is focused on the relationship between these discourses of common or good sense and the social forces with which they can be connected.
'When you score you're English, when you miss you're Black': Euro 2020 and the racial politics of a penalty shoot-out
Authors: Back Les , Mills Kelly
Published: December 2021

Through an analysis of the fortunes of the England national football team in the Euro 2020 tournament, this article offers a critical assessment of the politics of race, nation and belonging in sport. While racist reactions to three Black players who missed penalties in the final revealed
the contingent belonging of Black footballers within racially exclusive definitions of Englishness, the article argues that it also provided an opportunity for an alternative politics of national belonging to be expressed. This takes at least two significant forms: firstly, the political confidence
with which Black players and their white allies are speaking out publicly against racism; secondly, the support and solidarity shown to Marcus Rashford, Bukayo Saka and Jadon Sancho resulting in an English solidarity that is expressed through an avowed rejection of racism. The article concludes
that a shared solidarity in sport maybe found, not in the arrogance of national pride or success, but rather, in how players, managers and fans conduct themselves in moments of failure.
Shadowing as a structural property of the space of dynamical systems
Authors: Meddaugh Jonathan
Published: December 2021

We demonstrate that there is a large class of compact metric spaces for which the shadowing property can be characterized as a structural property of the space of dynamical systems. We also demonstrate that, for this class of spaces, in order to determine whether a system has shadowing, it is sufficient to check that continuously generated pseudo-orbits can be shadowed.