bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IVT-seq reveals extreme bias in RNA sequencing
Authors: Lahens Nicholas F , Kavakli Ibrahim Halil , Zhang Ray , Hayer Katharina , Black Michael B , Dueck Hannah , Pizarro Angel , Kim Junhyong , Irizarry Rafael , Thomas Russell S , Grant Gregory R , Hogenesch John B
Published: June 2014

Background

RNA-seq is a powerful technique for identifying and quantifying transcription and splicing events, both known and novel. However, given its recent development and the proliferation of library construction methods, understanding the bias it introduces is incomplete but critical to realizing its value.

Results

We present a method, in vitro transcription sequencing (IVT-seq), for identifying and assessing the technical biases in RNA-seq library generation and sequencing at scale. We created a pool of over 1,000 in vitro transcribed RNAs from a full-length human cDNA library and sequenced them with polyA and total RNA-seq, the most common protocols. Because each cDNA is full length, and we show in vitro transcription is incredibly processive, each base in each transcript should be equivalently represented. However, with common RNA-seq applications and platforms, we find 50% of transcripts have more than two-fold and 10% have more than 10-fold differences in within-transcript sequence coverage. We also find greater than 6% of transcripts have regions of dramatically unpredictable sequencing coverage between samples, confounding accurate determination of their expression. We use a combination of experimental and computational approaches to show rRNA depletion is responsible for the most significant variability in coverage, and several sequence determinants also strongly influence representation.

Conclusions

These results show the utility of IVT-seq for promoting better understanding of bias introduced by RNA-seq. We find rRNA depletion is responsible for substantial, unappreciated biases in coverage introduced during library preparation. These biases suggest exon-level expression analysis may be inadvisable, and we recommend caution when interpreting RNA-seq results.
Nurse-led PICC insertion: is it cost effective?
Authors: Walker Graham , Todd Alistair
Published: June 2014

Aims:

Repeated attempts to cannulate small veins can cause considerable distress for patients and expend substantial staff time. For longer term venous access, a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) may be used instead of a peripheral cannula. Previous studies indicate that insertion of a PICC costs three times more than a cannula but the lifespan is substantially longer. This study aimed to compare insertion cost, patient satisfaction, and infection rates of PICCs for the two main staff groups (trained nurses and radiologists) inserting these devices in a district general hospital.

Materials and Methods:

The study took place over 4 months in 2012–13. A questionnaire was attached to all identified PICCs in stock at Raigmore Hospital to collect details of the date of insertion, patient involved, time taken, attendant staff grade and experience level, consumables used and insertion success. The lead author's personal observation of PICC insertion by different staff groups allowed estimation of staff time, costs and success rates. Patient experience and satisfaction was assessed before and after insertion using a patient questionnaire. PICC longevity, infection rates and failures were assessed by review of patient notes.

Results:

The radiologist group had a statistically significant (p< 0.01) increased cost (42%) over the nurse group. Patient satisfaction regarding explanation of treatment before insertion was higher in the nurse group. Insertion success and infection rates were higher in the radiologist group.

Conclusion:

The authors conclude that the majority of PICCs can be safely performed without x-ray screening in a ward-based environment. This is likely to be the most cost-effective solution for large volume services.
Jardines privados y consumo de agua en las periferias urbanas de la comarca de La Selva (Girona)
Authors: Garcia Xavier , Ribas Palom Anna , Llausàs Albert
Published: June 2014

En los espacios residenciales de baja densidad, la tipología de jardín se convierte en un factor determinante del consumo de agua en el hogar. En este artículo se utiliza el análisis clúster para identificar las diferentes tipologías de jardín privado que se dan en las urbanizaciones del sur de la comarca de La Selva (Girona). La información de base se obtuvo de 240 encuestas realizadas en viviendas unifamiliares de urbanizaciones ubicadas en 9 municipios de la comarca. Los resultados muestran la existencia de 4 tipologías de jardín: ornamental, huerto, césped y arbolado. A continuación se describen las relaciones existentes entre los distintos perfiles sociodemográficos de sus propietarios y las diversas tipologías de jardines identificadas. Por último, un análisis de regresión logística reveló cómo cada patrón de jardín está claramente asociado con unas determinadas características sociodemográficas de las familias, como serían la edad de los residentes, su interés en la jardinería, el tamaño de la familia o el tipo de ocupación (permanente/temporal) de la vivienda.
MicroRNA expression profiles in squamous cell carcinomas of the meso- and hypopharynx
Authors: Orosz Éva , Gombos Katalin , Révész Péter , Kiss István , Pytel József , Gerlinger Imre , Szanyi István
Published: June 2014

Introduction: MicroRNAs play a role in carcinogenesis through their genome regulatory function. Aim: The aim of the authors was to identify and compare microRNA expression signatures of meso- and hypopharynx squamous cell cancers on the basis of the cancer field hypothesis. Method: Using standard mapping biopsy (tumour tissue and macroscopically normal tissues obtained 1, 2 and 3 cm from margin) 13 snap frozen sample series were analysed for microRNA expression with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: MiR-221 was significantly overexpressed in mesopharynx cancers, whole miR-21, miR-143 and miR-155 showed significant overexpression in hypopharynx cancers. Conclusions: Using microRNA expression profiles the authors were able to distinguish peritumoural tissues according to distance from the primary tumour site. Future application of the method may prove to be useful in early detection of the altered epigenetic regulation in tissue fields representing normal phenotype. This may be helpful in cancer risk assessment and prevention. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(27), 1063–1070.
Oil Yield Components of Maize Crops Exposed to Heat Stress during Early and Late Grain‐Filling Stages
Authors: Mayer Luis I. , Rattalino Edreira Juan I. , Maddonni Gustavo A.
Published: June 2014

Heat stress frequently limits grain yield of summer crops. Most research on maize (Zea mays L.) has analyzed heat stress effects on crop physiology and kernel set but little attention has been given to kernel weight and its composition. The objectives of this work were (i) to assess the response of maize oil yield components (kernel number and weight, embryo oil concentration, and embryo/kernel ratio) to postflowering heat stress and (ii) to explore changes in the sensitivity to this constraint across developmental stages and genotypes. Hybrids with different kernel types (flint, popcorn, and semident) were exposed to contrasting temperature regimes (nonheated and heated: air temperature at ear level > 35°C) during early or late stages of the effective grain filling. Oil yield was affected by early (up to −60%), and to a lesser extent, late (up to −40%) heat‐stress episodes. These effects were mediated by lighter kernels (r2 = 0.94; P < 0.001) and lower kernel oil concentrations (r2 = 0.80; P < 0.001). Reductions of kernel weight were related to shorter grain‐filling periods (r2 = 0.48; P < 0.01), and those of kernel oil concentration were mainly associated with lower embryo oil concentrations (r2 = 0.64; P < 0.001). Kernels of semident hybrids were the most prone to alter their weights and oil concentrations in the face of a wide range of heat stress intensities. Variations in kernel oil concentration due to high temperature became notorious when kernel weight reductions were larger than 20%.
Detection of Trichinella-specific IgE in human Trichinellosis: Creating a new test
Authors: Devic Marija , Gruden-Movsesijan Alisa , Sofronic-Milosavljevic Ljiljana
Published: June 2014

Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease of humans caused by the nematode from
the genus Trichinella, predominantly Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis). If
Trichinella infection is suspected, based on epidemiological link and
clinical criteria within defined period of time, then finding of
Trichinella-specific antibodies in the examined sera provides a definitive
proof of the infection establishment. Detection of Trichinella-specific IgE
that could precede, coincide or follow IgG seroconversion not only confirms
the infection existence, but could narrow the time frame in which the
infection took place to a year or even less. Since there are no commercially
available tests for monitoring the Trichinella-specific IgE presence during
the course of the disease, our work was aimed to establish this kind of ELISA
test. Specificity and sensitivity of so far described Trichinella-specific
IgE ELISAs are not satisfying enough; two major problems are poor
discrimination between positive and negative results and cross reactivity
with sera of patients with different parasitic diseases. In this study, we
have developed Trichinella-specific IgE Capture ELISA that overcomes problems
with specificity and sensitivity and enables determination of
Trichinella-specific IgE.
Disturbance modeling and state estimation for offset-free predictive control with state-space process models
Authors: Tatjewski Piotr
Published: June 2014

Disturbance modeling and design of state estimators for offset-free Model Predictive Control (MPC) with linear state-space process models is considered in the paper for deterministic constant-type external and internal disturbances (modeling errors). The application and importance of constant state disturbance prediction in the state-space MPC controller design is presented. In the case with a measured state, this leads to the control structure without disturbance state observers. In the case with an unmeasured state, a new, simpler MPC controller-observer structure is proposed, with observation of a pure process state only. The structure is not only simpler, but also with less restrictive applicability conditions than the conventional approach with extended process-and-disturbances state estimation. Theoretical analysis of the proposed structure is provided. The design approach is also applied to the case with an augmented state-space model in complete velocity form. The results are illustrated on a 2×2 example process problem.
Experimental and Fe Analysis of Aluminium Alloy Plastic Flow in the Forward Microextrusion Processes
Authors: Piwnik J. , Mogielnicki K.
Published: June 2014

The main aim of the paper is an evaluation of the real impact of a container surface roughness on metal plastic flow in the forward microextrusion process. For the purposes of experiment a specially designed and constructed by authors toolkit was used. Analyzed material was an annealed aluminium wire with 1,7 mm in diameter, with a stress-strain curve defined. Toolkit contains two experimental models of containers and rectangular dies with the same dimensions, differing only in the containers roughness degree. In order to determine the degree of the containers top layers asperities a roughness profiles with using laser microscope were made for each. Punch pressures have been calculated while forward extruding. In the next step the deflection of parallel lines marked at the samples longitudinal sections were analyzed. The extruded samples were submitted to the microhardness testing. Numerical analyses of analogous microextrusion processes have been also conducted. Container surface roughness was modelled as a rigid triangular wave with a zero friction factor at the interface m =0. Punch pressures and shapes of extruded samples flow nets were determined. Conducted investigations revealed the possibility of receiving products with different mechanical properties obtained by the container roughness assorting.
Analysis of Platinum Content in Used Auto Catalytic Converter Carriers and the Possibility of its Recovery
Authors: Saternus M. , Fornalczyk A. , Cebulski J.
Published: June 2014

At present, every launched car must be equipped with a catalytic converter, in which the precious metals such as platinum, palladium and rhodium play catalytic role. Catalytic converters have a limited life time, therefore they have to be replaced and become a valuable source of platinum group metals (PGM). Currently in the world, used auto catalytic converters are processed in pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical way. However, the first step of such treatment should be a chemical analysis. In the paper catalytic carriers were analysed taking into account the level of platinum. Scanning electron microscope was used. The analysis concentrated on testing samples coming from different catalytic carriers. The structure of tested samples, chemical analysis and X-ray energy spectra (EDS) where presented as well as the discussion of obtained results and possible methods of platinum recovery.
Mechanism and Kinetics of Precipitation Process in Selected Copper Alloys
Authors: Rdzawski Z. , Stobrawa J. , Głuchowski W. , Sobota J.
Published: June 2014

The required functional characteristics expected from copper alloys have a major impact on the technological production process, therefore there is a strong need to acquire knowledge on changes of properties with technological process including heat treatment and plastic working. The studied in this work copper CuTi4. CuFe2. CuCr0.7 and CuNi2Si1 alloys was selected to present differences in hardening phases .The samples were quenched, cold deformed (rolling), and aged. Detailed microstructure analysis and its influence on electrical and mechanical properties was presented in the work. Quenched CuTi4, CuFe2, CuCr0.7 and CuNi2Si1alloys have different mechanism and kinetics of precipitation during aging. These processes are complex and depend on the heterogeneity of distribution of alloying elements in copper matrix, the process parameters and cold strain value.
The Structural Relaxation and its Influence on High Field Magnetization Processes
Authors: Pietrusiewicz P. , Nabiałek M. , Szota M. , Dośpiał M. , Błoch K. , Bukowska A. , Gruszka K.
Published: June 2014

In this paper the results of the structural and magnetic investigation of Fe61Co10Y8Zr1B20 alloy after solidification and isothermal annealing was presented. The isothermical annealing was carried out at 700 K for 1 h and 770 K for 3.5 h. For the structural investigation was performed by X-ray diffractometer equipped with a copper lamp. The results of (XRD) measurements showed the material in the state after the solidification and heat treatment is amorphous. Static hysteresis loops and initial magnetization curve was measured using vibrating magnetometer (VSM). The quality and quantity of structural defects in the sample after heat treatment was determined by indirect method using analyze the initial magnetization curve in accordance with the theory of Kronmüllera. These studies have shown that the annealing process has big influence to change significantly quantity of defects in amorphous structure as a result, there are changes of magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization and field μ0Ms coercivity Hc.
Influence of Annealing on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties in Amorphous Alloys
Authors: Pietrusiewicz P. , Nabiałek M. , Szota M. , Dośpiał M. , Błoch K. , Gondro J. , Gruszka K.
Published: June 2014

The influence of isothermal annealing on the magnetisation process in strong magnetic fields of the amorphous Fe61Co10Y8Ni1B20 alloy ribbons was investigated. Samples in the form of ribbons were produced by rapid quenching of liquid alloy on a rotating copper wheel. In order to study the relaxation process, the investigated Fe61Co10Y8Ni1B20 samples were subjected to annealing below the crystallisation temperature at 700 K for 1 h and then at 770 K for 3.5 h. The structure of the samples was examined by X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD). It was found, that all of measured samples in the as-cast state and after thermal treatment, were amorphous. On the basis of virgin magnetisation curve analysis, the type, size and density of structural defects occurring in the investigated samples were determined. It was found that after the first stage of annealing, decay of linear defects (pseudo-dislocation dipoles) into smaller, more thermodynamically stable, point defects occurs. The presence of point like defects was also confirmed after the second stage of annealing.
Influence of Selected Parameters of Continuous Casting in the Electromagnetic Field on the Distribution of Graphite and Properties of Grey Cast Iron
Authors: Szajnar J. , Stawarz M. , Wróbel T. , Sebzda W.
Published: June 2014

In paper problem concerning modification of grey cast iron EN-GJL-200 Grade, which is realized mainly by intensification of liquid metal movement in horizontal continuous casting mould containing electromagnetic stirrer is presented. The range of studies contains influence of electromagnetic field on morphology of graphite and usable properties i.e. tensile strength, hardness and machinability. Moreover the influence of velocity of ingot pulling on microstructure was analyzed. The results of studies and their analysis show possibility of improvement in quality of grey cast iron continuous ingot firstly in result of elimination of hard spots in structure by properly selection of velocity of ingot pulling and second in result of unification of size, shape and distribution of flake graphite by application of electromagnetic field.
Protecting Melted Zinc-Aluminium based Foundry Alloys Against Hydrogen Pick-Up
Authors: Krajewski W.K. , Piwowarski G. , Krajewski P.K.
Published: June 2014

The paper is devoted to examinations of the refining efficiency of fluxes and refiners applied during melting of zinc and zinc-aluminium alloys. The content of gases, mainly hydrogen, in the alloys not protected during the charge melting and in the ones protected with the fluxes and/or refined is discussed. The performed examinations show that using the protecting fluxes and melt-refining before pouring leads to significant improvement of ductility in Zn and binary Zn-Al alloys as well as significant increase of the material clearness confirmed by increased density. Furthermore, the metallurgical yields are also increased.
Effect Of Cr and V Alloy Additions on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Am60 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Rapiejko C. , Pisarek B. , Pacyniak T.
Published: June 2014

The paper presents the results of the investigation of the effect of Cr and/or V alloy additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the magnesium AM60 alloy. The examinations are performed within the frames of a project aiming at the elaboration of an experimental and industrial technology of producing constructively complex elements of machines and devices made of magnesium alloys with the method of investment casting. It has been proven that small numbers of Cr and V alloy additions improve the strength properties: Rm, A%, and the hardness HB of the obtained casts. The experimental casts were made in ceramic molds.
Forming the Structure of Composite Metallic Foams
Authors: Gawdzińska K. , Grabian J. , Szweycer M. , Przetakiewicz W.
Published: June 2014

The Department of Marine Materials Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, has conducted research on the technology of metallic composites, focusing on composite aluminium foams stabilized with ceramic particles. One technology which enables efficient, inexpensive and diversified - in terms of foam structure - control of foam properties is the foundry technology consisting in gas injection into liquid metal. This method requires precise control of the process parameters, especially regarding temperature stabilization, as well as precise injection of the gas into the metal. The process of foaming of liquid aluminium or its silicon alloys can also be conducted using ceramic particles. This is a metallic-ceramic composite foaming process (patent PL 211439 B1). The paper presents the process of structure forming of metallic-ceramic foams.
Malaria Vaccine Development and How External Forces Shape It: An Overview
Authors: Lorenz Veronique , Karanis Gabriele , Karanis Panagiotis
Published: June 2014

The aim of this paper is to analyse the current status and scientific value of malaria vaccine approaches and to provide a realistic prognosis for future developments. We systematically review previous approaches to malaria vaccination, address how vaccine efforts have developed, how this issue may be fixed, and how external forces shape vaccine development. Our analysis provides significant information on the various aspects and on the external factors that shape malaria vaccine development and reveal the importance of vaccine development in our society.
Punctaporonins H–M: Caryophyllene-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Sponge-Associated Fungus Hansfordia sinuosae
Authors: Wu Zehong , Liu Dong , Proksch Peter , Guo Peng , Lin Wenhan
Published: June 2014

Six new caryophyllene-based sesquiterpenoids named punctaporonins H–M (1–6), together with punctaporonin B (7) and humulane (8) were isolated from the fermentation broth of the sponge-derived fungus Hansfordia sinuosae. Their structures were determined by the extensive HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic analysis, including the X-ray crystallographic data for the assignment of the absolute configurations of punctaporonins H–I (1–2). The isolated compounds were evaluated for antihyperlipidemic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities, and punctaporonin K (4) exhibited potent effects to reduce the triglycerides and total cholesterol in the intracellular levels.
Marine Microorganism-Invertebrate Assemblages: Perspectives to Solve the “Supply Problem” in the Initial Steps of Drug Discovery
Authors: Leal Miguel , Sheridan Christopher , Osinga Ronald , Dionísio Gisela , Rocha Rui , Silva Bruna , Rosa Rui , Calado Ricardo
Published: June 2014

The chemical diversity associated with marine natural products (MNP) is unanimously acknowledged as the “blue gold” in the urgent quest for new drugs. Consequently, a significant increase in the discovery of MNP published in the literature has been observed in the past decades, particularly from marine invertebrates. However, it remains unclear whether target metabolites originate from the marine invertebrates themselves or from their microbial symbionts. This issue underlines critical challenges associated with the lack of biomass required to supply the early stages of the drug discovery pipeline. The present review discusses potential solutions for such challenges, with particular emphasis on innovative approaches to culture invertebrate holobionts (microorganism-invertebrate assemblages) through in toto aquaculture, together with methods for the discovery and initial production of bioactive compounds from these microbial symbionts.
Hainanerectamines A–C, Alkaloids from the Hainan Sponge Hyrtios erecta
Authors: He Wen-Fei , Xue Duo-Qing , Yao Li-Gong , Li Jing-Ya , Li Jia , Guo Yue-Wei
Published: June 2014

Two new indole alkaloids, hainanerectamines A (1) and B (2), and one new β-carboline alkaloids, hainanerectamines C (4), along with five known related alkaloids (3, 5–8), have been isolated from the Hainan marine sponge Hyrtios erecta. The structures of new compounds 1, 2 and 4 were determined by detailed analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra and by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those of related model compounds. Compounds 2–4 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against Aurora A, a member of serine/threonine kinase family involving in the regulation of cell division and a new target in cancer treatment, with IC50 values of 24.5, 13.6, and 18.6 μg/mL, respectively.
Targeted Lipid Analysis of Haemolytic Mycelial Extracts of Aspergillus niger
Authors: Novak Maruša , Sepčić Kristina , Kraševec Nada , Križaj Igor , Maček Peter , Anderluh Gregor , Guella Graziano , Mancini Ines
Published: June 2014

Ethanolic extracts of mycelia from Aspergillus niger (strain N402) grown in liquid media were observed to have haemolytic activity on bovine erythrocytes. This haemolytic activity decreased significantly during the time of growth (1–3 days). Moreover, when A. niger was grown on carbon-deprived medium, the efficiency of this haemolytic activity in the ethanolic extracts was much lower than when grown in carbon-enriched medium, and became almost undetectable after 3 days of growth in carbon-deprived medium. The lipid composition of these ethanolic extracts was analysed by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. This haemolytic activity can be mainly linked to the relative levels of the molar ratios of the unsaturated fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholines.
Analysis of the Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Wildfire Severity in a Series of Landsat Images
Authors: Vlassova Lidia , Pérez-Cabello Fernando , Mimbrero Marcos , Llovería Raquel , García-Martín Alberto
Published: June 2014

The paper assesses spatio-temporal patterns of land surface temperature (LST) and fire severity in the Las Hurdes wildfire of Pinus pinaster forest, which occurred in July 2009, in Extremadura (Spain), from a time series of fifteen Landsat 5 TM images corresponding to 27 post-fire months. The differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) was used to evaluate burn severity. The mono-window algorithm was applied to estimate LST from the Landsat thermal band. The burned zones underwent a significant increase in LST after fire. Statistically significant differences have been detected between the LST within regions of burn severity categories. More substantial changes in LST are observed in zones of greater fire severity, which can be explained by the lower emissivity of combustion products found in the burned area and changes in the energy balance related to vegetation removal. As time progresses over the 27 months after fire, LST differences decrease due to vegetation regeneration. The differences in LST and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values between burn severity categories in each image are highly correlated (r = 0.84). Spatial patterns of severity and post-fire LST obtained from Landsat time series enable an evaluation of the relationship between these variables to predict the natural dynamics of burned areas.
Peak Waste? The Other Side of the Industrial Cycle
Authors: Bardi Ugo , Pierini Virginia , Lavacchi Alessandro , Mangeant Christophe
Published: June 2014

The modern industrial cycle is mainly based on non-renewable mineral resources extracted from the Earth’s crust. After being processed and transformed into commodities, the products of mining become manufactured products which go through the economic system and are then discarded in the form of gaseous, liquid or solid waste. Eventually, the mass of the output in the form of waste must balance the input in the form of minerals. A large number of model studies have been performed on the first phase of the cycle—the production of mineral commodities—often with a specific interest in fossil fuels, with the objective of determining the future prospects of production. However, very few model studies of this kind have been performed about the future trends of waste generation. In this paper, we examine models of the industrial cycle compared to historical trends in municipal solid waste generation for different regions of the world. We show that waste generation in developed countries goes in parallel with the trends of industrial production and that several regions are showing a declining trend which may be interpreted in terms of “peaking” just as it is often done for the production of fossil fuels. Therefore, the “waste problem” in terms of increasing amounts of waste to be processed and disposed may not be so urgent as it is commonly perceived.
Care of Children with Medical Complexity in the Hospital Setting
Authors: Russell Christopher J. , Simon Tamara D.
Published: June 2014

Children with medical complexity are a subset of patients with special health care needs whose “health and quality of life depend on integrating health care between a primary care medical home, tertiary care services, and other important loci of care such as transitional care facilities, rehabilitation units, the home, the school, and other community based settings,” according to Cohen et al. These children are characterized by (1) substantial health care service needs, (2) one or more severe chronic clinical condition(s), (3) severe functional limitations, and (4) high projected use of health resources that may include frequent or prolonged hospitalization, multiple surgeries, or the ongoing involvement of multiple subspecialty services and providers. Children with medical complexity are an important population for pediatric hospitalists, particularly those practicing in tertiary care settings. Recent studies describe the increasing prevalence of complex chronic conditions among all pediatric hospitalizations in the United States.

This article reviews the definitions of children with medical complexity and recent studies describing the changes in hospital utilization for this group. We discuss issues in their inpatient care, including (1) intensive care coordination needs, (2) critical decision-making that occurs in the inpatient setting, (3) common clinical issues that occur with technology dependence (tracheostomies, feeding tubes, and cerebrospinal fluid shunts), and (4) common reasons for admission (eg, perioperative care, aspiration pneumonia, seizures, and feeding intolerance). Finally, we present a few important clinical questions regarding inpatient care for children with medical complexity that will require research in the coming years.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2014;43(7):e157–e162.]
The Application of Elevating Integrated Monitoring Device in the Coal Silo
Authors: Song Zhi Jun , Wang Lei , Li Ban Hua , Si Shu Fang , Dai Dong Jin
Published: June 2014

The coal with spontaneous combustion tendency is prone to spontaneous combustion in the process of long-term storage, which has brought huge economic losses for the thermal power and has potential security risks as well. So monitoring the coal yard is necessary and valuable. Elevating integrated monitoring device is used to monitoring the spontaneous combustion of coal stored in the silo. The device fixed on the soil roof can monitoring coal temperature, alkane gases concentration and coal level between the soil roof and the surface of coal seam by timing lifting or moving close to the surface of coal seam, giving an alarm in the first time when an exception occurs.
A Media Streaming Data Scheduling Algorithm Based on P2P
Authors: Jiang Zeng Liang , Zhu Jing Ju , Shao Yun Feng
Published: June 2014

To solve the problem that the data block fails to arrive in time while scheduling in existed algorithm, an adaptive data scheduling algorithm based on P2P was proposed for media streaming, which can not only choose the server peer automatically according to the transfer rate and the dynamic feature of P2P network, but also minimize the quantity of the data blocks which fail to arrive before the playing deadline. Experiments show that the algorithm can shorten the data arrival delay of every scheduling period to some degree.
Design of Ultrasonic Cutting Bench for Automatic Tape Laying Machine
Authors: Han Zhen Yu , Hu Fa Cun , Lu Hua , Fu Hong Ya
Published: June 2014

Automatic tape laying is a widely-used fabricating process for fiber-reinforced composite materials in aerospace and aviation industry. To fulfill the tape laying process, it is necessary to cut the prepreg tape into designated shape accurately and promptly. In this paper, a scheme of ultrasonic cutting bench is put forward to investigate the parameters of ultrasonic cutting process. The functional requirements are analyzed and the key components of ultrasonic cutting bench, such as transverse feed mechanism of cutter, revolving gear of cutter, and mechanism for precision positioning of cutting depth, are presented in detail, which lays a solid foundation for future experimental research.
Robot as a Soccer Player in Multi-Robotic Application
Authors: Hajduk Mikuláš , Sukop Marek
Published: June 2014

Multirobotic system for testing multi-agent approach in mobile robotics is robosoccer. This article examines the development of robot hardware, embedded algorithms lower levels of robot control and processing of data received from the host computer for category MiroSot.
Characterization of the Specific Electrical Energy Consumption of Agrifood Industries in the Central Region of Portugal
Authors: Gaspar Pedro Dinis , Silva P.D. , Nunes J. , Andrade L.P.
Published: June 2014

This paper provides a characterization of the electrical energy consumption of agrifood industries located in the central region of Portugal that use refrigeration systems to ensure the food safety. The study is based on the result analysis of survey data and energy characteristics of the participating companies. The agrifood industries included in the survey belong to the following sector: meat, dairy, horticultural, distribution and wine. The comparison of energy indicators for the specific electrical energy consumption of companies of a sector and between sectors is analysed and discussed, providing reference levels for the energy performance of agrifood industries. Since the agrifood sector accounts for high level of energy consumption, the energy performance level knowledge can promote the rational use of energy as well as helping on the decision making of practice measures for the improvement of the energy efficiency.
The Effects of PTFE Content on Microstructures and Properties of Composite Brushing Plating Coating
Authors: Wang Yang , Cui Xiu Fang , Jin Guo , Li Hai Peng , Zheng Wei , Zhang Xu Ming
Published: June 2014

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is known as a solid material with high lubricating property and low friction coefficient. The application of PTFE is significant to improve the tribological properties of coating. In this paper, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Microhardness test and friction and wear experiment are adopted to study the effects of PTFE content on the structure, morphology and properties of coating. The results show that the addition of PTFE particles can reduce spherical particle size and increase the hardness and friction properties of coating when typical cauliflower shaped druse and excellent interface binding characteristics are maintained. If the content of PTFE is too much, some area of coating is prone to powder hoarding which may lead to the decrease of coating density, hardness, and friction coefficient stability.
Effect of External Magnetic Field on Dielectric Spectroscopy of Modified PZT Ceramics
Authors: Ngamjarurojana Athipong , Promjun Tanabat , Limpichaipanit Apichart
Published: June 2014

This work involves the fabrication of high purity Pb (Zr,Ti)O3 ferroelectric based in ceramic forms, and a study of the correlation between their compositions and electrical properties. In order to enhance multiferroic characteristics of Pb (Zr,Ti)O3 ferroelectric based ceramics compound ferrites additives were added and the dielectric property as a function of magnetic field strength. Those are expected to explain multiferroic characteristics (ferroelectric-ferromagnetic coupling interaction) by quantitative evaluation which is the key to understand physical mechanism in coupling interaction to enhance multiferroic characteristics in materials.
Study on the BTSPS Silane Film Prepared on the Surface of the 2A12 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Peng Long Jiang , Chen Shao Hui , Feng Ying Ning , Li Tian Yi
Published: June 2014

The protective silane film BTSPS was prepared on the surface of 2A12 aluminum alloys by dip-coating method in this paper. The influence factors such as the volume fraction, hydrolysis time, hydrolysis temperature and dip-coating time of BTSPS were studied through orthogonal experiment. The optimum conditions is: the volume fraction is 5%; hydrolysis time is 180min; Hydrolysis temperature is 20°C; Dipping time is 10 min. The silane film performance was investigated by electrochemical test, sodium chloride solution immersion and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the corrosion resistance of the 2A12 aluminum alloy coated with BTSPS is improved greatly.
Research on Cerium Conversion Coating on ZM5 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Zhu Rong Xia , Gao Guo Mian , Miao Zheng
Published: June 2014

The conversion coating formed by immersion in a solution containing cerium salt on ZM5 magnesium alloy was studied and the corrosion resistance was evaluated as well. These micrographs of specimen surface were investigated by metallographic microscope. The corrosion behaviors of ZM5 magnesium alloy and conversion coating were assessed by means of potentiodynamic polarization curves and immersion tests. The experimental results indicated that a yellow-brown conversion coating was formed subsequently on the specimen surface. The results of electrochemical measurements and immersion tests revealed that the cerium conversion coating possessed better corrosion resistance than the substrate. In this study, cerium conversion coatings formed on ZM5 magnesium alloy were characterized and the formation mechanism was discussed.
The Application Research of Ship Metal Corrosion in Marine Environment
Authors: Hu Chun Yong , Kou Sheng Wei , Guo Jing Jing
Published: June 2014

In this paper, we state the corrosion mechanism of carbon steel, copper, aluminum and other non-ferrous metal in the seawater; analyze the types and mechanism of corrosion inhibitors. By experiments, we have a good knowledge of the function of corrosion inhibitors to metal in the seawater. We also analyze the application prospects of corrosion inhibitors application to metallic corrosion inhibition in ocean environment.
Effects of Soil Type of Shanghai and Electrode Potential on Near-Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steel X60
Authors: Li Guang Fu , Yan Da Feng
Published: June 2014

The effects of soil type of Shanghai and electrode potential from cathodic protection point on near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of pipeline steel X60 has been investigated for structural integrity assessment. The SCC behavior was evaluated through slow strain rate tests (SSRT) at various electrode potentials in three solutions containing different typical soils. Results showed that the SCC susceptibility generally increased with decreasing electrode potential in all the three environments, with quick increase happening in the range from-1500 to-700mV(SCE). It is suggested that hydrogen induced cracking should dominate the SCC at low potentials. In cathodic potential range, the rank of the SCC susceptibility for soil type was Near-city soil > Cyan-purple soil > Cyan-yellow soil. In anodic potential range, SCC susceptibility curves mixed each other in the three solutions.
Experimental Study and Calculation of the Precipitation Behavior of Carbides in Fe-5.78Cr-0.35C Alloy during High-Temperature Aging
Authors: Wang Ming Yue , Wang Jing Jing , He Yan Lin , Lu Xiao Gang , Li Lin
Published: June 2014

The precipitation behavior of carbides in Fe-5.78Cr-0.35C (wt.%) alloy during aging at 850°C was studied. The type, particle size and distribution of carbides were determined and measured by the combination of HRTEM (High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and quantitative metallography technique. Results show that the type of carbides was M7C3 and the obvious coarsening of carbides was observed during aging. In addition, the thermodynamic and kinetic calculation using Thermo-Calc software was conducted to study the precipitation of carbides. The stable phase in the alloy aging at 850°C was M7C3 carbide and austenite which is in accordance with experimental results. According to Ostwald coarsening mechanism, the average interfacial energy between γ phase and M7C3 carbide was calculated as 0.7 J·m-2. Then the precipitation behavior of carbides in Fe-5.78Cr-0.35C alloy during aging was well predicted.
The Anti-Plane Shear Problem of Two Symmetric Cracks Originating from an Elliptical Hole in 1D Hexagonal Piezoelectric QCs
Authors: Yang Juan , Li Xing
Published: June 2014

Using the complex variable function method and the technique of conformal mapping, the fracture mechanics of two symmetric collinear cracks originating from an elliptical hole in a one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystals (QCs) are investigated under anti-plane shear loading and electric loading. The crack is assumed to be either electrical impermeable or permeable. The exact solutions in closed-form of the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of the phonon field and the phason field, and the electric displacement intensity factors (EDIFs) are obtained. In the limiting cases, the new results such as Griffith crack, a circular hole with equal two edge cracks and cross crack can be obtained from the present solutions. In the absence of the phason field, the obtainable results in this paper match with the classical results.
Study on Wear Behaviors of Ni3Al/Cr-Carbides Cladding Layer on High Strength Steel Substrate
Authors: Gong Ka Rin , An Tong Bang , Zhou Zhi Feng , Tian Zhi Ling , Li Chang Hai
Published: June 2014

A cladding layer of Ni3Al matrix composite reinforced with 18 vol. % Cr-carbides was applied by using tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process on high strength steel substrate. The filler metal as welding wire prepared by horizontal continuous casting process with a composition of Ni-2.5C-30Cr-9Al-0.02B (in wt. %) is used. A bulk material of NAC-alloy composite with 18 vol. % Cr3C2-particles produced by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) was also investigated as a reference material. The composition of NAC-alloy is Ni-9.87Al-11.63Fe-0.50Mn-0.50Ti-0.2B in weight percentage. The pin-on-disk (POD) tribometer tests were carried out at room temperature in dry sliding condition at a pressure of 2.83 MPa (20N). The results revealed that Ni3Al/ Cr-carbides cladded layer by TIG process improved wear properties significantly with very low values of the friction coefficient (0.13 ± 0.02) and the specific wear rate (0.162 x 10-5 mm3/N·m) as compared to the reference HIP processed composite with the friction coefficient (0.68 ± 0.02) and the specific wear rate (0.908 x10-5 mm3/N·m) under the same testing conditions.
Crystal Structure and Hydration Characteristics of Tricalcium Silicate Doped with Magnesium Oxide
Authors: Chen Lin , Wang Xu , Shen Xiao Dong , Ma Su Hua , Zhou Wei Qiang
Published: June 2014

The research investigates various methods to identify magnesium oxide influences on the crystal structure and hydration properties of tricalcium silicate. The f-CaO content of the clinkers were analyzed by chemical analysis. The complex disordered superstructure of the tricalcium silicate has been studied by a joint XRD, NMR and TEM. The results show that MgO exerts a remarkable influence on the polymorphisms of C3S. Mg is not only substitutional atom but also interstitial atom in the crystal lattice of tricalcium silicate. The HRTEM pattern of C3S doped with MgO is covered by the various irregular lattice. The addition of appropriate amount of MgO in raw meal can change the formation kinetic of C3S, slightly perturb the environment of SiO44- tetrahedral, modify the crystal structure of C3S and affect the hydration activity. Doped with MgO in the raw meal can slow down the hydration rate of alite slightly in early stage.
Improving the Volume Stability of Steel Slag for Construction and Building Materials
Authors: Li Peng Guan , Zhao Feng Qing , Ma Zhao
Published: June 2014

Steel slag is a solid waste produced in the process of steelmaking, and applying it to the field of building materials is the main utilization approach at present. However, steel slag contains free calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, existing serious stability problem. The purpose of this work is to discuss the approaches to solve volume stability problem of steel slag through mechanical modification, chemical modification and other methods. Two successful cases we completed recently were presented to illustrate the combined use of several modifying methods for volume stability treatment of steel slag.
Relationship between Annealing and Shape Memory Effect of Shape Memory Polyurethane
Authors: Ying Jia , Nishikawa Masaaki , Hojo Masaki
Published: June 2014

The relationship of annealing and shape memory effect of uniaxially oriented shape memory polyurethane was studied; meanwhile a new method of adjusting shape recovery ratio by annealing was proposed for further consideration. Experiments were designed to compare the influence on length change from annealing and shape memory effect with shape memory polyurethane film at 65°C. We found that for shape memory polyurethane which had residual strain from material processing procedure, annealing and shape memory effect have the same effect on its length change if they are both carried out at the same temperature. It is because annealing and shape memory effect have the same mechanism, which is the change of state from low conformational entropy states to the recovery of a stable high entropy state in the polymer. Moreover, it is proved by experiment that shape recovery ratio of shape memory polyurethane can be adjusted by annealing.
Recombinant Materials and Contemporary Energy Efficient Architecture
Authors: Mahdavinejad Mohammad Javad , Ghanavati Setareh , Elmi Narjes , Larki Airya Norouzi , Zia Arash
Published: June 2014

Nowadays, reducing energy consumption, using clean resources and the aim of creating net-zero building are going to be more and more important. It seems that use of recombinant materials may be a way to reach a more energy efficient architecture. There are considerable advances in development of new material, while the use of these materials is limited in architecture. Regarding to hypothesis of the research, identification of new materials, their performance and their properties, which cause decrease in energy consumption may be helpful for development a more energy efficient architecture. The results of the paper show that architects may incorporate recombinant material to reach energy efficient buildings, however they can play a crucial role in saving natural energy resources through adoption of recombinant materials in architecture and planning
Effect of Rubber Particles on Properties of Pseudo-Ductile Cementitious Composites
Authors: Pang Chao Ming , Leung Christopher K.Y. , Sun Wei
Published: June 2014

Pseudo-ductile cementitious composites (PDCC) are a new type of special discontinuous random-fibers reinforced cementitious composites with high tensile ductility achieved by the uniform formation of multiple cracks along the length of the specimen. In the present study, rubber particle was introduced into the cementitious composites as the artificial flaw. The tensile properties, compressive strength, water permeability and shrinkage of PDCC with various volume contents and size of rubber particles were measured. The test results show that incorporation of rubber particle will reduce the compressive strength and first cracking strength of PDCC. With increased size and volume of rubber particles, the compressive strength is increased. To achieve maximum tensile ductility, optimum rubber content and size should be employed. Water permeability is found to be similar for various PDCC mixes with or without rubber addition. The content of rubber particle plays a significant role on the dry shrinkage of PDCC, while the particle size only has a slight effect.