bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Study of Nasa Shareera w.s.r to Pratimarsha nasya
Authors: Rajan Priya , M Kanthi G , B Ravishankar
Published: September 2020

Nasa (nose) is considered as the Ghranendriya Adhishtana, whose functions are not only limited to olfaction and respiration but also considered as a pathway for drug administration. Acharya Vagbhata has explained in Nasya vidhi Adhyaya, as “Nasa Hi Shiraso Dwaram”, while on Dinacharya Adhyaya he explained the nasal medications like Anutaila administration in nasal cavity. Nasya Karma (nasal drug delivery) is a therapeutic procedure where drugs are administered through nose in a specific manner, to cure different Jatrurdwa Vikaras. Pratimarsha Nasya may be practiced twice daily as dinacharya. It is described as the most convenient and well tolerated form of nasya as it does not lead to any discomfort or complications. It is suitable for all the age, from birth to death and serves both the purpose of Snehana and Sodhana. The Experimental Study was conducted on 18 healthy wistar stain albino rats of either sex grouped into 3 groups of six rats each to observe any histological changes after administering the drug and the results show that there is no histological changes in the nasal mucosa, olfactory bulb and olfactory area which shows that Anutaila Pratimarsha Nasya Karma through this route is safe and effective.
Social Support, Quality of life and Social health in Older Adults in Lorestan, Iran: A Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Hamed Sina , Amini-Rarani Mostafa , Nosratabadi Mehdi
Published: September 2020

Objective: As Iran has started to experience population ageing, it is important to consider the elderly needs and health. The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationships between social support, quality of life and social health in Iranian older adults. Method: The research was a survey-based cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 800 non-institutionalized older adults living in Lorestan province in Iran in 2018. Three questionnaires were employed to collect data including social health, social support and quality of life. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and Amos 8 softwares. Results: The majority of the participants were men (51%) and 62% of the participants were married. The most of older adults had moderate or poor economic status. Having insurance and higher income significantly correlated with higher quality of life and social health (p<0.05). The direct effect of all three variables including social support on social health, and social support on quality of life and social health on quality of life were significant. The final model indicated that 39% of the overall variance of quality of life was attributed to social support and social health. Conclusion:  Findings confirm the importance of social networks and services in the life of older adults. Indeed, to improve quality of life and social health, it is needed to pay much more attention to all aspects of social support.
The Recent Advancements in Field of Medicinal Plant Research With special reference to Acne Therapy
Authors: Prasad Shyam Baboo , Marimuthu Srinivasan , Prasad Goli Penchala , K Mangal A , N Srikanth
Published: September 2020

Acne is an exclusive disease associated with skin occurs when sebaceous glands attain special conditions at face, chest and back in the pre pubertal child. This disease occurs in both male and female, there is no preference among them but the course is more severe in males. Though, there are several treatment methods to treat acne, no particular medication claims a satisfactory and complete remedy. A wide range of synthetic therapeutic agents have also been reported to treat acne but have severe adverse effect. Medicinal plants by virtue of their safe nature and easy availability may lend themselves as potential anti-acne therapy. The present review deals with the proven medicinal plants to treat acne.
Management of Dadru Kushta (Tinea corporis) through Ayurveda– A Case Study
Authors: Chavhan Manish Hirasing , Wajpeyi Sadhana Misar
Published: September 2020

Skin is the largest organ of human body. Its size and external location makes it susceptible to various disorders. Skin diseases are mostly caused by infections like bacteria, fungi etc. All the skin diseases in Ayurveda have been classified under the broad heading of ‘Kushta’ which are further classified into Mahakushta and Kshudrakushta.  Dadru is one amongst them. It is Raktapradoshaja vyadhi having kapha, pitta dominance. Due to similarity of all symptoms Dadru can be very well correlated with Tinea corporis which is a fungal infection especially caused due to poor hygienic conditions. In Ayurveda Shodhan and Shaman chikitsa is mainly indicated in Kushtha. A 50 yrs old female came with complaints of round and reddish patches over abdominal region with severe itching for 20 days. She was treated with Arogyavardhini vati, Gandhak rasayan, Gomutra siddha haritaki internally and Karanj oil and S-kin powder externally for 14 days. After completion of treatment, significant improvement was observed in the parameters like Kandu (itching), Raaga (Erythema), Pidika (eruptions) and Utsaana mandala (elevated circular skin lesion). In Samhita repeated shodhana is indicated in Kushtha hence nityavirechana in the form of   Gomutra siddha haritaki was given. Arogyavardhini vati, Gandhak  rasayan, Karanj oil and S-kin powder having Kushtaghna, Kandughana and Krumighna properties help in elimination of aggravated doshaja thus breaks the samprapti of the vyadhi. From this case study it can be concluded that Ayurvedic formulations are effective in the management of Dadru kushta.
Medical Dominance in Nursing Education: Qualitative content analysis
Authors: Moosaeifard Mahdi , Zarea Kourosh , Sirati Nir Masoud , Dinmohammadi Mohammadreza , Rahimi Abolfazl
Published: September 2020

Background: Training specialist manpower requires social justice in higher education and inequality leads to the emergence of hierarchies of power and types of dominant or dominated groups. Aim: The aim of the present study was to explain the perceptions and experiences of the heads of nursing departments of Iranian nursing schools regarding medical dominance in nursing education. Methods: The present study was a conventional content analysis. Data collection was carried out using purposeful sampling and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 24 participants. The data analysis process was performed according to Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis (2004).  Findings: Data analysis led to the emergence of the theme of "Medical dominance in nursing education" and the three main categories of “physician-centered university education", "weakened educational status", and "belittling nursing education in medical system”. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicated that physicians enjoy special and superior position in the structure of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. Physicians manage the entire system including medical education due to their greater power in managing the system at all micro and macro levels. Thus, other disciplines including nursing education, which are closely related to medicine, are highly ignored.
Critical review of verse “Evama Yeva Pittadhara Saeva Majjadharaiti”
Authors: S Musale Pankaj , Priti Desai
Published: September 2020

The verse , “Evama Yeva Pittadhara Saeva Majjadharaiti” explained by Dalhanacharya directly shows the relation of Pittadhara  kala with the Majjadhara  kala which is precise according to Shareer. This relation has great importance in Ayurvedic treatment factor though this relation is described in viṣa-vegantara in kalpasthana. Pittadhara  kala is the sixth  kala among seven kala which is situated in the grahani. The Grahani and Agni are inter-dependant as agni is located in grahani. Therefore, the dushti of agni causes dusti of grahani which leads to various diseases of Pittadhara as well as Majjadhara  kala. As per various references from Ayurveda the medicines, and procedures having action on Pittadhara  kala are used in the treatment of diseases of Majjadhara  kala. As per various researches in modern science there is a relationship between Brain and gut. There is bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system in the Gut-Brain Axis. The Gut-Brain axis links the emotional and cognitive centres of brain with peripheral intestinal functions. There might be influence of dietary factor in Gut-Brain Axis by affecting neuronal functioning with alteration in microbiota composition. The diseases of central nervous system e.g. Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Schizophrenia, etc. shows the Gut-Brain Axis relations. Hence, it shows there is relationship between Pittadhara  kala with the Majjadhara  kala according to Ayurved as well as modern science and which could be beneficial for treating many disorders of Nervous system.
Educational Interventions for Women based on the Behavioral model/theory concerning Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Asadian Ali , Mazloomy Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed , Fallahzadeh Hossein , Rajaei Minoo
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer worldwide among women and is also the second primary cause of cancer-induced mortalities among women at a global scale. The most effective educational programs are based on theoretical approaches derived from behavior change models. The present systematic review aimed to explore and identify the body of research with educational interventions based on a particular behavioral or cognitive model of cervical cancer. Methods: A number of keywords were search in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Biomedcentral, IranMedex, SID and Magiran. These keywords were: Cervix cancer, uterine cervical neoplasms, screening, prevention and control, Papaniocolaou Test, Pap test, Pap smear, education, intervention, cervical cancer, theory and model, behavior model. The search time span was restricted to 2005 to 2020. Results: From among all the published academic papers with educational interventions, finally 22 papers were selected based on a particular theory or model. Among these papers, those based on the health belief model outnumbered the rest concerning cervical cancer. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) model was the second most prevalent model adopted in the theory-based educational interventions. Conclusions: Educational interventions based on the behavioral theory or model showed to be effective on the target group concerning screening (secondary behavior) for cervical cancer. To further increase the effectiveness of the educational interventions, there is a need for a combination of new methods and theory-laden education to enhance the primary preventive behaviors of cervical cancer.
Comparative study of efficacy of Gunja Beeja lepa and Shunthi Churna lepa in Inflammatory Conditions of Arthritis - A Randomized Controlled Single Blinded Clinical Study
Authors: Wadnerwar Nilima , S R Prasad K , Deogade Meena , Kadu Amol
Published: September 2020

Background: Life style disorders are an emerging problem in India where various types of arthritis are hampering the routine activities of people due to severe pain and inflammation. In such circumstances, everybody wants quick relief with the symptoms. Visha dravya used in Ayurveda are known for their quick action. Gunja (Abrus precatorius Linn) is a visha indicated in various diseases for internal and external use. Objectives: A randomized clinical study was conducted to assess the efficacy of Gunja beeja lepa to manage the local inflammatory conditions of Arthritis in comparison with a standard anti-inflammatory Ayurvedic drug Shunthi (Zingiber officinalis Linn) to provide a potent anti-inflammatory drug for the purpose of clinical practice. Material and methods: Patients suffering from transient mono or bi-arthropathies of knee were applied Gunja beeja lepa in comparison with local application of standard anti-inflammatory Ayurvedic drug Shunthi. Assessment was done with the help of Disease Activity Score (DAS-28-3) including three variables viz; tender joint score (Range 0-28), Swollen Joint Count (Range 0-28) and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Statistical comparisons were performed by both paired, unpaired student’s t test by using Sigma stat software (version 3.1) for both the experimental the groups at p<0.05 (level of significance). Result: Intervention with Gunja beeja lepa was statistically significant (p=0.003) in comparison with the intervention with Shunthi churna lepa. Conclusion: Gunja Beeja lepa is effective in comparison with standard anti-inflammatory Ayurvedic drug Shunthi in inflammatory conditions of Arthritis.
Nutritional Status among Children Receiving Ashwagandhadhi Churna with milk in Residential Homes, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Sharma Sangeeta , Jagan Deepa , K Niraimathi , Sukumar Sridhar , Ramachandran Mohan
Published: September 2020

Background: Children of residential homes (RH) have a high rate of health problems including malnutrition. Ayurveda has several drugs to alleviate malnutrition, Ashwagandhadhi being one of the most commonly used drug. This study evaluated the changes in nutritional status of children in RH consuming Ashwagandhadhi churna (AC) for 1-3 years.

Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive record review study of children consuming AC regularly for 1-3 years of two RH of Tamilnadu during 2018-2019. The children of age 6-9 and 10-13 years received a dosage of 2 and 4g of AC respectively in milk once a day. Socio-demographic details, anthropometric measurements and clinical details were assessed. Data at three time points with an interval of three months were extracted and analysed using Friedman’s tests.

Important observations and Results: Out of 289 children, 173, who had complete details of three assessments, were included for analysis. Irrespective of the years of consumption of AC, at the first assessment, 61.6% were stunted or severely stunted; 71.2% underweight or severely underweight. Significant improvement in height-for-age and weight-for-age were observed in children consuming AC for 1 and 2 years. BMI did not show significant difference in 3 years of consumption. Males of 10 to 13 years having 1 and 2 years of consumption and females of both age groups having 2 years of consumption showed difference in BMI.

Conclusion: Approximately three in ten children were malnourished in RH. Consumption of AC over a period of time improved the nutritional status of these children. Further large scale trials could prove the efficacy of AC in alleviating malnutrition.
A Case Study on Plaque Psoriasis with Ayurvedic Management
Authors: Thakre Pooja P , Deshmukh Sourabh , Ade Vinod
Published: September 2020

Skin disease is one among Deerghkalinvyadhi (Chronic disease) and also one of the AsthaMahagada (Eight dreadful diseases). The disease psoriasis comes under the Kustha roga. Psoriasis is one of the most common dermatologic disorder and a chronic skin disorder of present day. Almost all the skin disease is explained under Kushta- Rogadhikara (skin disease) and classified as MahaKushta and Kshudra Kushta (Major and Minor skin disease). Acharya have described that all Kushta’s have Tri Dosha (three energies) involvement but the type of Kushta depends on the predominance of particular Doshas. The signs and symptoms of Eka-Kushta (psoriasis) in Ayurveda are similar to that of psoriasis explained in modern medicines. Psoriasis is marked by periodic flare-ups of sharply defined red patches, covered by a silvery, flaky surface. Aswedana (Absence of perspiration), Mahavastu (Present all over body), MastyaShakalopama (Look like a fish scale) is the feature mentioned by Acharyas for Eka-kushta. In Psoriasis relapsing nature is most common, which suggests that it needs long term treatment. In modern there is no such treatment for psoriasis. Here is the case of 52 yrs old male patient diagnosed as Plaque psoriasis undergone treatment of Shodhan (Purification) i.e. Vaman (Emesis) as well as Shaman Chikitsa (Palitative treatment) having marked improvement. The study showed that combination of Ayurvedic modalities gives significant result in lakshnas (Symptoms) like Aswedana, Mahavastu, MastyaShakalopama.
Comparative Clinical Efficacy of Guduchyadi Syrup and Guduchyadi Ghanvati in Management of Amlapitta
Authors: Solanki Urvee N , Parmar Darshan K
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Amalpitta is most common problem nowadays. Guduchyadi yoga kwatha was indicated in classics in the management of Amlapitta. Kwatha is very effective but it is unpleasant to some patients. So the kwatha was converted into preferable dosage form as requirement of present era. Material and Method: A Clinical trial was carried out on 60 Patients of Amlapitta aged 20 to 60 years with complaints of Aruchi, Avipaka, Tiktodgar, Amlodgar, Urodaha, Kanthadaha etc., who were registered from OPD of Government Ayurved Hospital, Vadodara. They were equally divided into two groups  i.e. Group A- Guduchyadi Syrup given in 20ml BD dose and Group B- Guduchyadi Ghanavati given at 500mg2 BD ). Each group was treated for 28 days administered empty stomach. The clinical assessment was carried out on the 28th  day and  2 weeks after the 28 days of treatment (after follow up period) for the  objective & subjective parameters and it was seen that both the dosage form Guduchyadi Syrup and Guduchyadi Ghanavati were very effective and cured or markedly relieved the symptoms of Amlapitta. Results: The study shows the effect of Guduchyadi Syrup and Guduchyadi Ghanavati, which led to cure in 16 patients (53.33%) and 22(73.33%) patients respectively, and markedly improvement in 12(40%) and 8(26.67%) patients affected with Amlapitta disease respectively. Conclusion: Both trial dosage forms of Guduchyadi Yoga, (Group A- Syrup & Group B- Ghanavati )  relieved the symptoms of Amlapitta and both the formulation have comparatively similar efficacy in the management of Amlapitta.
Anatomical Study of Six Ocimum Species: The Valuable Method Used in Indian Systems of Medicines (ISM)
Authors: Parida Sagarika , Mohapatra Bikram Keshari , Mahalik Gyanranjan
Published: September 2020

This study aimed to characterize the morphological and anatomical traits of six Ocimum species namely Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Syn. O. Sanctum L. (green var. known as Radha Tulasi), O. tenuiflorum L. (purple var. known as Krishna Tulasi), O. basilicum L.( green var. known as Sugandhi Tulasi), O. basilicum var. pupurascens L.( purple var. known as Durlabha Tulasi), O. canum Sims. (Kanaka Tulasi) and O. gratissimum L. (Rama Tulasi). Chlorophyll estimation of young and matured leaves was also estimated. Cholorophyll a, Chl. b and total chlorophyll was maximum in both young and matured leaves of O. gratissimum L. compared to other species. Carotenoid pigments was maximum of 203.94 mg/ml in young leaves of O. gratissimum L. and 244.92 mg/ml in matured leaves of O. sanctum L. Comparative morphological characters and anatomical variation were studied for identification of the desired species in drug manufacturing industries before making formulations. This study will certainly help to ensure the quality of the crude drug as these are collected by untrained workers and supplied in dry condition to the drug manufacturing industries. Therefore, there is a chance of adulteration because of vested interest or ignorance as many plants are known by common names or in vernacular names. It was found that the six species can be identified and authenticated using these experimental findings before preparation of compound Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani (ASU) drugs in Indian System of Medicines.
Mapeo sistemático de la literatura sobre la eficacia colectiva docente
Authors: Salas-Rodríguez Fátima , Lara Sonia
Published: September 2020

En los últimos años, la eficacia colectiva docente se ha presentado como un factor prometedor en la mejora del rendimiento de los alumnos (Donohoo, 2017; Eells, 2011; Hattie, 2016). No obstante, a diferencia de las creencias de autoeficacia, la eficacia colectiva de los profesores ha sido menos estudiada. De ahí que el presente mapeo sistemático busque profundizar en el desarrollo y estudio de la eficacia colectiva docente en el ámbito académico, con el objetivo de conocer y sintetizar la información de diversas investigaciones con respecto a la temática en cuestión. Mediante la metodología del mapeo sistemático, se encontraron un total de 60 estudios potenciales publicados entre los años 2000 y 2019 e indexados en las bases de datos de Scopus y Web of Science. Tras la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión sólo 35 artículos fueron incluidos. Los resultados muestran la distribución geográfica de los estudios, los artículos más citados, las variables con las que la eficacia colectiva docente se relaciona, los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar dichas creencias y los niveles educativos en los que han sido estudiadas. Se observa un claro interés en el estudio del impacto de la eficacia colectiva docente sobre el aprendizaje y rendimiento de los alumnos. No obstante, se echa en falta estudios sobre esta temática en países de habla hispana, además de investigaciones centradas en cómo fomentar y desarrollar la eficacia colectiva de los profesores. Finalmente, se proponen algunas futuras líneas de investigación.
VP 31 Rawagede Pamflet
Authors: scagliola stef , Immler Nicole L.
Published: September 2020

Anoniem pamflet verspreid door een Nederlandse veteraan in het dorp Wamel in de zomer van 1994.
VP 25 hoofstukken uit Succes in een verloren oorlog
Authors: CRIBB ROBERT
Published: September 2020

25.a. Passage uit artikel van Rob Cribb over lokale Indonesische bendes die door de Nederlandse krijgsmacht werden ingelijfd. Zie voor details het document zelf

25b. Boekomslag en kort citaat uit het boek van voormalig brigade commandant Ben Bouwman, over de strijd in Indonesie 1945-1949.
Technical note: Measurements and data analysis of sediment–water oxygen flux using a new dual-optode eddy covariance instrument
Authors: Huettel Markus , Berg Peter , Merikhi Alireza
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Sediment–water oxygen fluxes are widely used as a proxy for
organic carbon production and mineralization at the seafloor. In situ fluxes
can be measured non-invasively with the aquatic eddy covariance technique,
but a critical requirement is that the sensors of the instrument are able to
correctly capture the high-frequency variations in dissolved oxygen
concentration and vertical velocity. Even small changes in sensor
characteristics during deployment as caused, e.g. by biofouling can result in
erroneous flux data. Here we present a dual-optode eddy covariance
instrument (2OEC) with two fast oxygen fibre sensors and document how
erroneous flux interpretations and data loss can effectively be reduced by
this hardware and a new data analysis approach. With deployments over a
carbonate sandy sediment in the Florida Keys and comparison with parallel
benthic advection chamber incubations, we demonstrate the improved data
quality and data reliability facilitated by the instrument and associated
data processing. Short-term changes in flux that are dubious in measurements
with single oxygen sensor instruments can be confirmed or rejected with the
2OEC and in our deployments provided new insights into the temporal dynamics
of benthic oxygen flux in permeable carbonate sands. Under steady
conditions, representative benthic flux data can be generated with the 2OEC
within a couple of hours, making this technique suitable for mapping
sediment–water, intra-water column, or atmosphere–water fluxes.
A comparison of gap-filling algorithms for eddy covariance fluxes and their drivers
Authors: Mahabbati Atbin , Beringer Jason , Leopold Matthias , McHugh Ian , Cleverly James , Isaac Peter , Izady Azizallah
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The errors and uncertainties associated with gap-filling algorithms of water, carbon and energy fluxes data, have always been one of the prominent challenges of the global network of microclimatological tower sites that use eddy covariance (EC) technique. To address this concern, and find more efficient gap-filling algorithms, we reviewed eight algorithms to estimate missing values of environmental drivers, and separately three major fluxes in EC time series. We then examined the performance of mentioned algorithms for different gap-filling scenarios utilising data from five OzFlux Network towers during 2013. The objectives of this research were (a) to evaluate the impact of training and testing window lengths on the performance of each algorithm; (b) to compare the performance of traditional and new gap-filling techniques for the EC data, for fluxes and their corresponding meteorological drivers. The performance of algorithms was evaluated by generating nine different training-testing window lengths, ranging from a day to 365 days. In each scenario, the gaps covered the data for the entirety of 2013 by consecutively repeating them, where, in each step, values were modelled by using earlier window data. After running each scenario, a variety of statistical metrics was used to evaluate the performance of the algorithms. The algorithms showed different levels of sensitivity to training-testing windows; The Prophet Forecast Model (FBP) revealed the most sensitivity, whilst the performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs), for instance, did not vary considerably by changing the window length. The performance of the algorithms generally decreased with increasing training-testing window length, yet the differences were not considerable for the windows smaller than 60 days. Gap-filling of the environmental drivers showed there was not a significant difference amongst the algorithms, the linear algorithms showed slight superiority over those of machine learning (ML), except the random forest algorithm estimating the ground heat flux (RMSEs of 30.17 and 34.93 for RF and CLR respectively). For the major fluxes, though, ML algorithms showed superiority (9 % less RMSE on average), except the Support Vector Regression (SVR), which provided significant bias in its estimations. Even though ANNs, random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boost (XGB) showed close performance in gap-filling of the major fluxes, RF provided more consistent results with less bias, relatively. The results indicated that there is no single algorithm which outperforms in all situations and therefore, but RF is a potential alternative for the ANNs as regards flux gap-filling.
Robust Ecosystem Demography (RED version 1.0): a parsimonious approach to modelling vegetation dynamics in Earth system models
Authors: Argles Arthur P. K. , Moore Jonathan R. , Huntingford Chris , Wiltshire Andrew J. , Harper Anna B. , Jones Chris D. , Cox Peter M.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. A significant proportion of the uncertainty in climate projections arises from uncertainty in the representation of land carbon uptake. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) vary in their representations of regrowth and competition for resources, which results in differing responses to changes in atmospheric CO2 and climate. More advanced cohort-based patch models are now becoming established in the latest DGVMs. These models typically attempt to simulate the size distribution of trees as a function of both tree size (mass or trunk diameter) and age (time since disturbance). This approach can capture the overall impact of stochastic disturbance events on the forest structure and biomass – but at the cost of increasing the number of parameters and ambiguity when updating the probability density function (pdf) in two dimensions. Here we present the Robust Ecosystem Demography (RED), in which the pdf is collapsed onto the single dimension of tree mass. RED is designed to retain the ability of more complex cohort DGVMs to represent forest demography, while also being parameter sparse and analytically solvable for the steady state. The population of each plant functional type (PFT) is partitioned into mass classes with a fixed baseline mortality along with an assumed power-law scaling of growth rate with mass. The analytical equilibrium solutions of RED allow the model to be calibrated against observed forest cover using a single parameter – the ratio of mortality to growth for a tree of a reference mass (μ0). We show that RED can thus be calibrated to the ESA LC_CCI (European Space Agency Land Cover Climate Change Initiative) coverage dataset for nine PFTs. Using net primary productivity and litter outputs from the UK Earth System Model (UKESM), we are able to diagnose the spatially varying disturbance rates consistent with this observed vegetation map. The analytical form for RED circumnavigates the need to spin up the numerical model, making it attractive for application in Earth system models (ESMs). This is especially so given that the model is also highly parameter sparse.
Hydraulic Shortcuts Increase the Connectivity of Arable Land Areas to Surface Waters
Authors: Schönenberger Urs , Stamm Christian
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Surface runoff represents a major pathway for pesticide transport from agricultural areas to surface waters. The influence of man-made structures (e.g. roads, hedges, ditches) on surface runoff connectivity has been shown in various studies. In Switzerland, so-called hydraulic shortcuts (e.g. inlets and maintenance manholes of road or field storm drainage systems) have been shown to influence surface runoff connectivity and related pesticide transport. Their occurrence, and their influence on surface runoff and pesticide connectivity have however not been studied systematically. To address that deficit, we randomly selected 20 study areas (average size = 3.5 km2) throughout the Swiss plateau, representing arable cropping systems. We assessed shortcut occurrence in these study areas using three mapping methods: field mapping, drainage plans, and high-resolution aerial images. Surface runoff connectivity in the study areas was analysed using a 2 × 2 m digital elevation model and a multiple-flow algorithm. Parameter uncertainty affecting this analysis was addressed by a Monte Carlo simulation. With our approach, agricultural areas were divided into areas that are either directly connected to surface waters, indirectly (i.e. via hydraulic shortcuts), or not connected at all. Finally, the results of this connectivity analysis were scaled up to the national level using a regression model based on topographic descriptors. Inlets of the road storm drainage system were identified as the main shortcuts. On average, we found 0.84 inlets and a total of 2.0 manholes per hectare of agricultural land. In the study catchments between 43 and 74 % of the agricultural area is connected to surface waters via hydraulic shortcuts. On the national level, this fraction is similar (54 %). These numbers suggest that transport through hydraulic shortcuts is an important pesticide flow path in a landscape where many engineered structures exist to drain excess water from fields and roads. However, this transport process is currently not considered in Swiss pesticide legislation and authorisation. Therefore, current regulations may fall short to address the full extent of the pesticide problem. Overall, the findings highlight the relevance of better understanding the connectivity between fields and receiving waters and the underlying factors and physical structures in the landscape.
Response of tidal flow regime and sediment transport in North Male' Atoll, Maldives to coastal modification and sea level rise
Authors: Rasheed Shuaib , Warder Simon C. , Plancherel Yves , Piggott Matthew D.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Changes to coastlines and bathymetry alter tidal dynamics and associated sediment transport process, impacting upon a number of threats facing coastal regions, including flood risk and erosion. Especially vulnerable are coral atolls such as those that make up the Maldives archipelago which has undergone significant land reclamation in recent years and decades, and is also particularly exposed to sea level rise. Here we develop a tidal model of Male' Atoll, Maldives, and use it to assess potential changes to sediment grain size distributions under sea level rise and coastline alteration scenarios. The results indicate that the impact of coastline modification over the last two decades at the island scale is not limited to the immediate vicinity of the modified island, but can also significantly impact the sediment grain size distribution across the wider atoll basin. Additionally, the degree of change in sediment distribution which can be associated with sea level rise that is projected to occur over relatively long time periods is predicted to occur over far shorter time periods with coastline changes, highlighting the need to better understand, predict and mitigate the impact of land reclamation and other coastal modifications before conducting such activities.
Pervasive diffusion of climate signals recorded in ice-vein ionic impurities
Authors: Ng Felix S. L.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. A theory of vein impurity transport conceived two decades ago predicts that signals in the bulk concentration of soluble ions in ice migrate under a temperature gradient. If valid, it would mean that some palaeoclimatic signals deep in ice cores (signals from vein impurities as opposed to matrix/grain-boundary impurities) suffer displacements that upset their dating and alignment with other proxies. We revisit the vein physical interactions to show that a strong diffusion prevents such signals from surviving into deep ice. It arises because the Gibbs–Thomson effect, which the original theory had neglected, perturbs the impurity concentration of the vein water wherever the bulk impurity concentration carries a signal. Thus no distinct vein signals will reach a depth where their displacement matters; accordingly, the palaeoclimatic concern posed by the original theory no longer stands. Simulations with signal peaks introduced in shallow ice at the GRIP and EPICA Dome C ice-core sites confirm that rapid damping and broadening eradicates their form by two-thirds way down the ice column; artificially reducing the solute diffusivity in water (to mimic partially-connected veins) by 103 times or more is necessary for signals to penetrate into the lowest several hundred metres with minimal loss of amplitude. The deep solute peaks observed in ice cores can only be explained by widespread vein disconnection or a dominance of matrix/grain-boundary impurities at depth (including their recent transfer to veins); in either case, the deep peaks would not have displaced far. Decomposing the vein and matrix impurity contributions will aid robust reconstruction from ion records.
Tradução Automática na Interação com Máquinas
Authors: Teixeira António , Casimiro Pereira José , Goucha Francisco Pedro , Almeida Nuno
Published: September 2020

Automatic translation is usually related to conversion between human languages. Nevertheless, in human-machine interaction scenarios new forms of translation emerged. This work presents two examples. First, from the area of Natural Language Generation, is presented a data-to-text system, where data stored in a database regarding a medication plan is translated to Portuguese. As second example, is presented a system addressing the transmission of information from humans to computers, showing that automatic translation can be useful in the development of systems that use voice commands for interaction and having multilingualism as a requirement. The examples presented, part of our recent work, demonstrate the increase of application areas for automatic translation, area that received many and valuable contributions from Belinda Maia.
Animal sounds: a human vantage point
Authors: Rakhilina Ekaterina
Published: September 2020

Why is it that the lexicon is often shunned and ignored by linguists, or in other words, treated with disdain and generally considered to be the Ugly Duckling of the linguistic family?

This paper is both an attempt to redress the balance and it is designed as a tentative, initial contribution to the study of verbs of sound. Here, the central focus is devoted to a small subsection of verbs of sound, namely to the verbs denoting animal sounds used with metaphorical reference to human beings. The paper also attempts to sketch possible situations and parameters which are relevant for human beings and which appear to be cross-linguistic universals. The discussion is for the most part focused on Russian but examples from other languages, such as English, German, Estonian, and so forth, are also included.
La construction ‘en effet’ dans les langues romanes médiévales et la question de l’emprunts
Authors: Fagard Benjamin
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we investigate the grammaticalization of discourse markers based on the noun "effect" (Latin "effectus") in Medieval Romance. Our goal is to determine whether these markers, which have similar forms and meanings, developed independently. We draw on a diachronic corpus study of Italian "in effetto", French "en effect", Spanish "en efecto" and Portuguese "em efeito" to show that their development is not identical, despite their common uses. We evaluate different hypotheses as to their possible emergence, and conclude that French, Spanish and Portuguese might have borrowed the construction from Italian, rather than from Medieval Latin. We also show that, while French and Spanish seem to have borrowed it as an adverb, which then grammaticalized into a discourse marker, the uses of Portuguese "em efeito" point in a different direction, with direct borrowing of the discourse marker by only a few writers – which might explain why it no longer exists in the modern language.
La polyfonctionnalité du marqueur discursif ‘afinal’ en portugais européen
Authors: Macário Lopes Ana Cristina
Published: September 2020

This paper describes the meanings and uses of "afinal" in contemporary European Portuguese. The data were collected from a newspaper corpus, available on-line (http://acdc.linguateca.pt). Within a cognitive-functional framework, I argue that there is a basic prototypical temporal meaning from which emerge other meanings, pragmatically motivated. "Afinal" undergoes a grammaticalization process, which involves syntactic reanalysis (adverb > discourse marker) and semantic change (a shift from a contentful function to procedural ones). Throughout the paper, I check the possibility of replacing "afinal" by "ao fim e ao cabo" and "no fim de contas", in order to highlight their functional differences.
Distribution of two semelfactives in Russian: -nu- and -anu-
Authors: Kuznetsova Julia , Makarova Anastasia
Published: September 2020

Russian semelfactive verbs formed with the suffix -nu- are well-known in the literature (Isachenko 1960; Maslov 1948, 1965; Zaliznjak & Šmelev 2000). However, the distribution between two semelfactive suffixes -nu- and -anu- is less studied. Makarova & Janda (2009, 90) suggest that “there is no clear trend concerning the frequency of -nu- vs. -anu-”, so the nature of the distribution between the two semelfactive suffixes remains unresolved. In this paper we explore 2041 semelfactive verbs from the Russian National Corpus (RNC1) produced with the two suffixes and show that: 1) distribution of the two suffixes partly depends on the number of the syllables in the base, 2) suffix -anu- is more recent and most monosyllabic roots are currently undergoing a shift from -nu- to -anu-, and 3) prefixed verbs most frequently choose the -nu- semelfactive suffix, because the pairing of a prefix and a root functions as multisyllabic base. These principles function as tendencies and we do not postulate a clear-cut division. This paper is written within the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics, which allows us to fully capture the complex distribution of the two suffixes.
Place Names As Ingredients of Space-Related Identity
Authors: Jordan Peter
Published: September 2020

The article1 highlights the role of place names in space-related identity building from a cultural-geographical perspective. Starting from the various relations between the culture of a social group and geographical space in general (culture makes use of natural resources; culture reflects itself in space, shapes space creating a cultural landscape; a cultural group receives a part of its identity through the cultural landscape) the paper investigates in which of these relations place names play a major role. It is found that place names have important functions in all three relations: in making use of natural resources when they reflect natural characteristics, in cultural transformation of the geographical space when they shape it both visually and mentally as well as in identity building with individual members of a cultural group and with a cultural group in total when place names function as labels and support emotional ties between man and place.
"Tonalism": Name, Soul, Destiny and Identity Determined by the 260-Day Calendar in Mesoamerica
Authors: Pharo Lars Kirkhusmo
Published: September 2020

In various Mesoamerican cultures, i.e. civilisations of Middle America, a calendar name is part of the antroponym. Besides having conventional personal names, both human beings and deities carry day-names from the 260-day calendar. In addition, world ages or world periods, periods of the traditional 365-day calendar and the 52-year calendar as well as the cardinal directions of the quadripartite world were categorised by day-names of the 260-day calendar. Thus not only human and divine beings but also space and time received designations from this calendar. Moreover, this onomastic practice of giving personal names from day signs of the 260-day calendar - called "tonalism" (from Nahuatl) - is related to the Mesoamerican concepts of destiny and to what is known in history of religions as the "freesoul". Consequently, this anthropnymic tradition provides identity to human, divine beings and spatial-temporal phenomena.
Negation and Polarity in the Greek, Gothic, Classical Armenian, and Old Church Slavic Gospels
Authors: Klein Jared S.
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the comparative syntax of negation in the Greek gospels as well as the Gothic, Classical Armenian, and Old Church Slavic versions translated from the Greek. In addition to the issue of negation per se, I will examine the employment of negative polarity items that occur in the various clause types we will investigate.
Multilingualism and Linguistic Capacity Building
Authors: Mendisu Binyam Sisay , Johannessen Janne Bondi
Published: September 2020

Introduction
Socio-political Discourse and Communication in Sidaama Folk Media
Authors: Meshesha Mitike Nigussie , Yri Kjell Magne
Published: September 2020

The aim of this study was to highlight aspects of the socio-political discourse and communication in Sidaama through the analysis of three selected Sidaama folk media. Folk media include songs, proverbs, folktales, praises, curses, greetings and so on, but this contribution is limited to examples of hano “dance of married adults”, faaro “song (with a wide variety of topics)”, and hayye “lullaby”, a representative but by no means complete selection. Dances are accompanied by poetic discourse that may be used for political and social ends. The selected material was subject to linguistic and contextual analysis, demonstrating the treatment of a variety of political and social topics in the folk media.
Роль эмпатем при переводе норвежской прозы на русский язык
Authors: Яныгина Ольга
Published: September 2020

This paper investigates the role of empathemes in transmitting implicit emotive components in Norwegian prose translations into Russian. The focus of the study is on lexical and syntactical means used by both professional and non-professional translators. According to the results of the study, Russian translations appear to abound in emotive lexics and emphatic syntactical constructions, whereas the original text may seem to be devoid of any explicitly manifested emotion. Thus, in the process of translation from Norwegian into Russian some additional connotative senses have been brought about (either purposefully, or unintentionally). This fact is due to the cultural language-specific differences, as in Slavic languages emotions are much more explicit. The tranlator perceiving empathemes present in emotive texts is obliged to retain the implicit emotionality and usully does this in the explicit form.
The art of being negative: Metonymical morphological constructions in contrast
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2020

This paper explores the metonymic nature of grammar by contrasting a Russian and a Norwegian morphological construction that give (mostly) negative characterizations of people. The meanings of the constructions are strikingly similar, and it is argued that they cannot be properly understood without recourse to metonymy. However, while Norwegian employs compounding, the morphological strategy used in the Russian construction is derivation. It is demonstrated that these differences are not idiosyncratic facts about Norwegian and Russian, since there is systemic motivation for the differences between the two languages.
Input frequencies in processing of verbal morphology in L1 and L2: Evidence from Russian
Authors: Tkachenko Elena , Chernigovskaya Tatiana
Published: September 2020

In this study we take a usage-based perspective on the analysis of data from the acquisition of verbal morphology by Norwegian adult learners of L2 Russian, as compared to children acquiring Russian as an L1. According to the usage-based theories, language learning is input-driven and frequency of occurrence of grammatical structures and lexical items in the input plays a key role in this process. We have analysed to what extent the acquisition and processing of Russian verbal morphology by children and adult L2 learners is dependent on the input factors, in particular on type and token frequencies. Our analysis of the L2 input based on the written material used in the instruction shows a different distribution of frequencies as compared to the target language at large. The results of the tests that elicited present tense forms of verbs belonging to four different inflectional classes (-AJ-, -A-, -I-, and -OVA-) have demonstrated that for both Russian children and L2 learners type frequency appears to be an important factor, influencing both correct stem recognition and generalisations. The results have also demonstrated token frequency effects. For L2 learners we observed also effects of formal instruction and greater reliance on morphological cues. In spite of the fact that L2 learners did not match completely any of the child groups, there are many similarities between L1 and L2 morphological processing, the main one being the role of frequency.
A Bilingual Academic Word List: The Merging of a Norwegian and a Swedish List
Authors: Johansson Sofie , Hagen Kristin , Johannessen Janne Bondi
Published: September 2020

This paper describes the work and methods used to compile monolingual Norwegian and Swedish academic word lists as well as a merged Norwegian-Swedish list. The resulting list is discussed with respect to similarities and especially differences between the two languages, in terms of concepts such as cognates, false friends and remote friends.