bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

The conclusion provides a recapitulation of the salient concepts of Gregory’s ascetical theology to highlight its richest and most striking aspects. It ends with some brief closing suggestions on how these insights challenge the underlying presumptions of contemporary ethical discourse.
Political Lives of Saints
Authors: Heo Angie
Published: May 2019

From the Arab uprisings in 2011 to ISIS's rise in 2014, Egypt's Copts have been at the center of anxious rhetoric surrounding the politics of Christian-Muslim coexistence in the Middle East. Despite the unprecedented levels of violence they have suffered in recent years, the current predicament of Copts signals more durable structures of church and state authoritarianism that challenge the ahistorical kernel of persecution politics and Islamophobia. This book examines the political lives of saints to specify the role that religion has played in the making of national unity and sectarian conflict in Egypt since the 1952 coup. Based on years of fieldwork throughout Egypt, it argues that the public imaginary of saints—the Virgin, martyrs (ancient and contemporary), miracle-workers—has served as a key site of mediating social relations between Christians and Muslims. An ethnographic study, it journeys to the images and shrines where miracles, martyrs, and mysteries have shaped the lived terms of national unity, majority-minority inequality, and sectarian tension on the ground. It further delves into the material aesthetics of Orthodox Christianity to grasp how saintly imaginings broker ties of sacrifice across faiths, reconfigure sacred territory in times of war, and present threats to public order and national security. Above all, it draws attention to the ways in which an authoritarian politics of sainthood shores up Christian-Muslim unity in the aftermath of war, revolution, and coup. In doing so, this book directly counters recurrent and prevalent invocations of Christianity's impending extinction in the Arab Muslim world.
Territorial Presence
Authors: Heo Angie
Published: May 2019

“Territorial Presence” argues that the Zaytun apparition—which was a national image of Christian-Muslim unity in 1968—transformed into a sectarian image of Christian-Muslim enmity in 2009. This transmutation in the saintly apparition's meaning originated in territorial contests over churches and mosques in one of Giza's more industrial neighborhoods. By unpacking the phenomenon of “collective apparitions,” this chapter further reveals how modernizing epistemologies of visual objectivity organize differences in Muslim versus Christian witnessing. The key principle governing this sensible form of Christian-Muslim difference is majority-minority identitarianism.
Revival from Below
Authors: Ingram Brannon D.
Published: May 2019

Revival from Below tells the story of the Deoband movement, one of the most important Islamic revivalist movements of the modern era. Founded in 1866 in colonial northern India, the movement has expanded globally through the establishment of seminaries (madrasas) that are similar to the original Deobandi seminary, the Dar al-`Ulum in Deoband, India. Today the Deoband movement is best known for the fact that the Taliban emerged from Deobandi seminaries in Pakistan. Because of this connection, comparatively little scholarly work has been done on other, more central, aspects of the movement. This book focuses on the movement’s efforts to regulate and shape Muslim public life, especially through its scholars’ critiques of popular devotional practices (especially celebrations of the prophet Muhammad’s birthday and Sufi saints’ death anniversaries), despite the fact that Deobandi scholars themselves identify as Sufis. The book examines how Deobandi scholars used the publication of short texts to carry out this reformist mission. It then traces how these critiques travel through Indian Muslim networks to South Africa, where they intersect with Muslim publics and politics that are markedly different from the Indian context. Accordingly, this book is the first extensive study of Deobandis beyond South Asia and of their efforts to maintain the centrality of traditionally educated Islamic scholars (the `ulama) in Muslim public life.
Introduction
Authors: Ingram Brannon D.
Published: May 2019

The introduction provides an overview of what the Deoband movement is and why it matters for understanding Islam in the modern era (roughly from the colonial period to the present). It begins by laying out why the movement has become known principally because of its affiliation to the Taliban and why this obscures the movement’s much longer, richer, and more complex history. It then briefly explains how the movement emerged, how it expanded through networks of seminaries founded on the Deobandi model, and why Deobandi scholars’ contestation of Sufism is central to the movement, past and present. The chapter then situates the movement within the three major dimensions of modern Islam that it has impacted: the contested place of Sufism in the modern world, the role of the `ulama (traditionally educated Muslim scholars) in Muslim public life, and theorizations of “tradition” in the study of Islam. The introduction concludes with a summary of the book’s main characters and the individual chapters.
The Normative Order
Authors: Ingram Brannon D.
Published: May 2019

Building on the first chapter, the second develops the context for the Deobandis’ mission of reforming Muslim public life. It begins with a brief overview of two formative concepts—illicit innovation in religion (bid`a) and ascribing divine attributes to entities other than God (shirk)—that animate Deobandi thought. It argues that Deobandis appropriated the fecund legacy of the anti-bid`a and anti-shirk campaigner Muhammad Isma`il even as they distanced themselves from his hermeneutical populism, namely the notion that the Qur’an and the Sunna are easy to understand and, therefore, do not require the mediation of the `ulama. Focusing on the teachings of Hajji Imdad Allah al-Makki and his disciples Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and Ashraf `Ali Thanvi, the chapter then shows how Deobandis applied the discourse of bid`a and shirk to two forms of devotional piety that were central to Indian Sufism: honoring the prophet Muhammad’s birthday (mawlud) and celebrating the Sufi saints’ death anniversaries (`urs).
Remaking the Public
Authors: Ingram Brannon D.
Published: May 2019

The third chapter explores how Deobandis conceived the very task of reform, its limitations, and its ambivalences. After providing an overview of the rise of the Indian “public” in the latter half of the nineteenth century and its multiple configurations—technological, social, and textual—it looks closely at an exchange of letters in 1897 between Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and Ashraf `Ali Thanvi, in which Gangohi chastised his disciple Thanvi for attempting to reform devotees of the mawlud by preaching to them directly. For reasons the chapter explores, Thanvi concluded that reforming Muslim publics through the publication of reformist literature was a far more reliable means of implementing reform. In subsequent years, Thanvi would go on to compose a staggering number of reformist texts. But it also shows how he struggled with the ambivalence of reform through books. At every stage, he stressed the irreplaceability of the `ulama as custodians of religious knowledge for lay Muslims and urged readers not to delve into, let alone publically discuss, difficult legal-theological issues (masa’il). The chapter also argues that Deobandi-Barelvi polemics, which exploded at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, were precisely the form of public debate about such difficult issues that Thanvi and other Deobandis were keen to avoid.
Remaking the Self
Authors: Ingram Brannon D.
Published: May 2019

The fourth chapter shows how Deobandis conceived of Sufism itself in two complementary ways: as coterminous with the Shari`a and as a discourse of ethical self-fashioning. It details how Deobandis saw the crux of the Sufi path as the process of divesting the self of base ethical qualities and embodying praiseworthy ones. The chapter demonstrates why the concept of suhbat (“companionship” with Sufi masters) is central for understanding the process by which one acquires the dispositions and affects that aid translating religious knowledge into practice. The corollary to the need for the `ulama to make sense of religious knowledge, explored in chapter 3, is the need for companionship with living Sufis to make sense of the Sufi path—not only because the most reliable knowledge is embodied knowledge, but also because Sufi books contain complex metaphysical concepts that pose spiritual dangers for the uninitiated. The chapter concludes by illustrating how Deobandis reconceptualized the very definition of Sufi sainthood, arguing that any pious Muslim not only can be but also is a saint (wali) by virtue of that piety, as well as how they viewed Sufi saints as moral exemplars rather than miracle workers or conduits for divine intercession.
A Tradition Contested
Authors: Ingram Brannon D.
Published: May 2019

The seventh chapter situates the Deobandi brand in the context of an emergent Muslim anti-apartheid politics and how public debate about Deobandi critiques of Sufi devotions became inseparable from public debate about the very authority of the Deobandi `ulama. The chapter begins with an overview of Islamic activism and anti-`ulama sentiment in South Africa in the 1970s and 1980s. With a flashback to 1920s India, it shows how Thanvi articulated his opposition to Muslim participation in anticolonial politics, and South African Deobandi scholar Ahmed Sadiq Desai, in turn, deployed Thanvi’s critiques to criticize Muslim participation in the anti-apartheid movement. As Deobandi scholars criticized Muslim activists for mobilizing against apartheid alongside activists of other faiths and justified that position through Sufi vocabularies, a growing number of Muslims lambasted Deobandis for their alleged collaborationist stance toward the apartheid regime and articulated their politics through devotional practices like the mawlud. Many of these local activists, moreover, defended their activism precisely through transnational politics that Deobandis mostly abhorred, drawing variously on the Shi`i Islamist vocabularies of revolutionary Iran and the nascent transnational discourse of progressive Islam.
Conclusion
Authors: Ingram Brannon D.
Published: May 2019

The book concludes by returning to a theme with which it opened, namely, the Deoband movement’s connections to the Taliban. It takes up the question of the extent to which Deobandis’ critique of Sufi devotional practices is culpable for Taliban attacks on Sufis and Sufi saints’ shrines in Pakistan in recent years. It argues that while these critiques are not insignificant, they replicate the facile tendency to see Sufism solely through the lens of recent geopolitical trends. Drawing on fatwas on Sufism published by the Deobandi seminary that gave rise to the Taliban, it also argues that this narrow view is emblematic of how Sufism itself has been defined and conceived in the modern era. The conclusion ends with some reflections on the argument of the book as a whole and the coherence—and incoherence—of the Deoband movement as a global Islamic tradition.
(In)Security and Safety
Authors: Vogt Wendy A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores some of the complexities around economies of compassion and the politics of security in local spaces. On one hand, the emergence of migrant shelters demonstrates the ways local actors challenge the state and advocate for migrant rights through the creation of spaces of refuge. Yet at the same time, humanitarian aid shelters become points of contestation in local communities where migrants are feared as racialized and gendered others. The dynamics between priests, shelter workers, and local residents put into relief the ways moral imaginaries of charity, inclusion and justice are shaped by everyday economic and social realities of safety and security.
Constellations of Care and Justice
Authors: Vogt Wendy A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the gendered dimensions of solidarity, carework and activism in multiple contexts along the migrant journey. It links together the highly visible labors of a caravan of mothers of disappeared migrants with the less visible yet no less important labors of local women who sustain migrant shelters on a daily basis. In doing so, I demonstrate the transnational feminist politics and forms of solidarity that undergird these local and transnational economies of compassion and social justice.
Braided Waters
Authors: Graham Wade , Worster Donald
Published: May 2019

This book sheds new light on the relationship between environment and society by charting the history of Hawaii's Molokai island over a thousand-year period of repeated settlement. From the arrival of the first Polynesians to contact with eighteenth-century European explorers and traders to our present era, this book shows how the control of resources—especially water—in a fragile, highly variable environment has had profound effects on the history of Hawaii. The book examines the ways in which environmental variation repeatedly shapes human social and economic structures and how, in turn, man-made environmental degradation influences and reshapes societies. A key finding of this study is how deep structures of place interact with distinct cultural patterns across different societies to produce similar social and environmental outcomes, in both the Polynesian and modern eras—a case of historical isomorphism with profound implications for global environmental history.
Introduction
Authors: Graham Wade
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter sets out the author's explanation of why he chose Molokai to study. That Molokai's marginality, relative to its larger neighbors and to the larger outside world, gives it a focused explanatory power, like a small lens that refracts and reflects back bigger processes and wider histories with which it has intersected, thereby illuminating them in invaluable ways. Because it is more isolated and simplified in comparison to larger, more central places, certain processes are more visible, their outlines less blurred by complexity. To understand the history of this marginal place is to go a long way toward understanding the history of Hawaii, the United States, the Pacific, and the world.
Wet and Dry
Authors: Graham Wade
Published: May 2019

Several writers have pointed to a seeming paradox of Polynesians' existence: though accomplished at seafaring and fishing, the majority of them derived their subsistence from the land. The dominance of the land over the sea would have profound effects on the history of Hawaii. This chapter attempts to sketch a moving picture, or series of pictures, of the physical Hawaiian universe on the eve of contact. It shows some of the dynamic interaction of the environment and the social and how each was shaped in particular ways by it. It shows that “by the end of prehistory, the Pacific world was a constructed world, an ocean full of thoroughly modified, transformed, anthropogenic islands”.
The Bonanza Horizon
Authors: Graham Wade
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes events from 1870 to 1893. Molokai in this period was marked by painful contrasts. As the burgeoning sugar industry elsewhere in the archipelago took over huge swaths of land and moved large numbers of people from their villages to plantation centers, Molokai saw no significant inroads. However, Big Sugar on other islands provided a strong market for Molokai produce. The period also saw a bureaucratic transformation of the Hawaiian government, modeled on British and American ideas. The most wrenching experience for Hawaii in these years was the disaster of leprosy; communities everywhere suffered as families were torn apart and the afflicted sent to exile at Kalaupapa. For Molokai, it meant a permanent government presence, a market for windward produce, and a new, grim reputation it has never quite been able to shed.
Julian’s Hellenizing Program and the Jews
Authors: Finkelstein Ari
Published: May 2019

chapter 1 offers a framework for understanding the rest of the book. The emperor Julian’s imperial hellenizing program is explained as his attempt to right the cosmic order overturned by Constantine and his son, Constantius II, in order to save the Roman oikoumenē. As a philosopher partially trained in theurgic Neoplatonism, Julian applies these teachings to his imperial program in an attempt to define the correct hierarchy of ethnic gods who ensured the health and success of the Roman oikoumenē and to articulate the correct worship that would gain their beneficence. Ethnographic thinking is introduced as an important element in Julian’s program, and he applies it to the Hellenes, an “imagined community” defined by the emperor; to Jews, who are portrayed as the Judean ethnos, with theurgic ancestral laws that can be mined to develop and sometimes authorize or model Hellenic orthopraxy; and to Christians, as Galileans, a people without any ethnic legitimacy.
Propitiating the Gods, Saving the Empire
Authors: Finkelstein Ari
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 explores Julian’s effort to employ Judean “sacrifice” as an example of Hellenic orthopraxy and to convince Christians that the Eucharist was invalid because it bore no relationship to Hebrew sacrifice. Animal sacrifice was a key plank of Julian’s hellenizing program. It was also rarely found in Antioch, eschewed by both Hellenes and by Christians. In Galileans, Julian employs the theurgic Neoplatonism of Iamblichus of Chalcis to describe Jewish private slaughter as sacrifice. Such sacrifice is meant to stand in for Hellenic sacrificial orthopraxy. In the process, Julian demonstrates that Judean private sacrifice is the direct successor of Hebrew sacrifice on the Day of Atonement, while the Christian Eucharist is new and invalid. The impact of Julian’s argument on Antiochenes is also considered.
Corals in the Anthropocene
Authors: Braverman Irus
Published: May 2019

Peter F. Sale is a marine ecologist. He has been a faculty member at the University of Sydney, Australia; the University of New Hampshire, USA; and the University of Windsor, Canada, where he is currently professor emeritus. His research in Hawai‘i, Australia, the Caribbean, and the Middle East has focused primarily on reef fish ecology and on the management of coral reefs. In his 2011 book ...
The Pristine Is Gone
Authors: Braverman Irus
Published: May 2019

Jeremy Bradford Cook Jackson is an American marine ecologist and paleontologist, a professor emeritus at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and a senior scientist emeritus at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in the Republic of Panama. He has published over 150 scientific articles—including eighteen in the prestigious journal ...
Fragments of Hope
Authors: Braverman Irus
Published: May 2019

In chapter 3, “Nursing Corals Back to Life: Fragments of Hope,”the pendulum swings again, this time to document acts of hope by coral restoration scientists. Drawing on my visits to five coral nurseries—Culebra in the Caribbean, southern Israel, Honolulu, Coconut Island in Hawai’i, and the Florida Aquarium—this chapter explores the scientific, cultural, and emotional challenges facing restoration efforts and the criticisms directed toward this field from within the coral science community. While marginalized only a few years ago, coral restoration is becoming increasingly important to a growing number of scientists, who see it as a way to resist death through coral propagation. The coral nursery has assumed center stage in this process, and it emerges as part of broader attempts by restoration scientists to establish coral restoration as a science that is aligned with silviculture and restoration ecology. The coral nursery is finally compared to the coral farm, where corals are bred for the mariculture industry. Throughout, the chapter discusses the oftenfraught relationship between biologists, aquarists, and hobbyists, pointing to the importance of collaboration for coral survival.
Coral Law under Threat
Authors: Braverman Irus
Published: May 2019

In chapter 4, “Coral Law under Threat,”the pendulum swings back to despair. The chapter documents the focus of contemporary legal regimes—in particular, the U.S. Endangered Species Act—on threat and endangerment, exposing how ill-equipped this law is for dealing with coral species and also with the sheer scale of their “super wicked problem.” Here, federal administrators provide insight into the processes by which listing and delisting decisions take place, their deliberations about coral classification providing a fresh perspective on the correlations between law and science. While the frustrations with existing legal regimes, as well as the fraught relationship between scientists and lawyers, invoke a sense of despair, some also see hope on the legal horizon. Two such hopeful instances are the emerging international regulation of climate change and the signals of possible receptiveness by U.S. courts to the assertion of constitutional rights to a healthy environment.
The Sentimental Structure of Laboratory Life
Authors: Sharp Lesley A.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 is the first of two in part 1 of the book, “Intimacy.” A premise of this chapter is that intimate human-animal encounters are an inescapable, everyday aspect of lab work and that this intimacy engenders affective responses. Whereas regulatory apparati and associated research practices necessitate that animals be quantified in a host of ways (most evident in numbering and logging systems), still other practices abound that evidence how lab personnel understand animals as more than mere data points or objects of research. The underlying “sentimental structures” (a phrase long used in anthropology to reference kindredness) offer rich evidence of an affective, moral registry at work in labs. Further, different species engender different sorts of responses among lab professionals, a reality I describe as species preference, where iconic species of science (e.g., lab rats and mice, macaques) evidence this. The more specifically charismatic qualities of chimpanzees and dogs are especially powerful in this way, where affective responses can vary not only from one individual lab worker to another, but also within or across a lab’s labor hierarchy, consisting of researchers, animal technicians (also known as “caretakers”), and veterinarians.
Why Do Monkeys Watch TV?
Authors: Sharp Lesley A.
Published: May 2019

A curious—albeit longstanding—lab practice involves the paired use of television and video screens as both research tools and forms of animal welfare (otherwise known as “enrichment”) in work conducted with non-human primates (NHPs). This chapter interrogates the history and logic of the use of television in primate labs. NHPs, by virtue of their evolutionary and cognitive proximity to humans, stand out as exceptional creatures whose use in research generates a host of moral quandaries. For instance, primates have long served as barometers within debates over animal welfare (both within labs among research personnel and outside among activists). Macaques, who have been a primate of choice for lab research, figure especially prominently throughout this chapter as offering an important example of television’s use. By tracking how, and the logic of why, monkeys watch television enables one to uncover and decipher a specialized moral logic of animal care, one that defines the worth of the monkey and the human in the lab.
City Water, Native Water, and the Unknown Future
Authors: Perramond Eric P.
Published: May 2019

The most challenging adjudications await the state, since the urbanized corridor of the Rio Grande has yet to be adjudicated. Using Santa Fe and its own modest river as emblematic of this twentieth-century legacy, the chapter then discusses what remains unknown, as the cities of Albuquerque and Las Cruces await some formal sorting of their own water rights. Even more problematically, Pueblo Indian water rights along the Rio Grande have not been quantified or addressed in the courts or in settlements. These future Indian water rights will have upstream and downstream effects on cities and the rural non-Indian water users alike. It will also force the state to reconcile the new demands placed on water in the twenty-first century.
Sportsworld of the Hanshin Tigers
Authors: Kelly William W.
Published: May 2019

Baseball has been Japan’s national pastime for over a century, and the Hanshin Tigers have long been the country’s second favorite professional team in its second-largest city. This ethnography, based on multiple years of fieldwork, analyzes Hanshin Tiger baseball as a complex sportsworld, the collective product and the converging actions of the players themselves, demanding coaches, layers of intrusive management, a large and prying media, and millions of passionate and organized fans across the Kansai region. It explains the team’s popularity through decades of futility in the late twentieth century and charts the recent changes that have transformed it into a regularly competitive team. Over these years, the Hanshin Tigers have been a long-running soap opera of workplace melodrama and second-city anxiety, and they illustrate the enduring features and new vulnerabilities of professional baseball in the twenty-first century. The book demonstrates the significance of baseball for modern Japan and the importance of ethnography in critical sport studies.
Introducing Hanshin Tigers Baseball
Authors: Kelly William W.
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the Hanshin Tigers and baseball in the Kansai region of Japan through an account of my own first encounters with them as I began fieldwork in 1996. The chapter questions the limits of national character accounts of Japanese baseball. Instead, it introduces the concept of sportsworld to formulate the ways that players, management, media, fans, and the regional population all contribute to make Hanshin Tiger baseball culturally meaningful and socially dense. The chapter examines the qualities of baseball as an extended-season, interval team sport that make it an exemplar of a melodramatic, masculine soap opera. It is an intricate matrix of statistics and stories and multiple overlapping narratives of individuals, careers, teams, and seasons.
A Sportsworld Transforming
Authors: Kelly William W.
Published: May 2019

The principal fieldwork for this book was conducted in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Has the Hanshin Tigers sportsworld changed since then? This final chapter concludes that it has changed substantially, and it analyzes four structural changes in the Hanshin sportsworld, in Japanese professional baseball, and in the wider regional and national society that precipitated a restructuring of that world. First, there is new club management and new corporate ownership for Hanshin. Kōshien Stadium has been renovated and fan club associations have lost their autonomy and edginess. The daily sports newspapers and broadcast television are in steep decline. Finally, the NPB is under assault, both from within and because it is trapped between the growing popularity of soccer and more aggressive recruiting by MLB. These ongoing changes have rendered the Hanshin sportsworld less vibrant but more profitable than the 1990s and early 2000s. It places this reconstitution of the Hanshin sportsworld in the context of broader transformations of Japanese employment structures and Tokyo centralization, and it concludes by asserting the lessons of Hanshin for a concept of sportsworlds that is salient for future ethnographic work in critical sport studies.
Predicaments, Presumptions, and Procedures
Authors: Childs Geoff , Choedup Namgyal
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 introduces the topic of educational migration and foreshadows its consequences through the case of a mother who struggles to subsist alone in the village while her only son lives far away in a monastery. Following a brief description of Nubri, the fieldwork area in the highlands of Nepal, the chapter outlines a theoretical framework that includes migration as a means to manage family size and composition, social networks that facilitate migration, and cumulative causation that increases the intensity of migration. It concludes by discussing the methods of anthropological demography utilized in this study and the rational for adopting the household as the main unit of analysis.
Oscillating Needs and the Aid Apparatus
Authors: Feldman Ilana
Published: May 2019

This chapter traces transformations in the humanitarian-aid apparatus for Palestinian refugees over seventy years, looking particularly at rations provision and development projects. The overall trend has been from more comprehensive services to a reduced basket, but this trajectory has been regularly interrupted by new crises. Each change has been contested. Refugees have protested the poor quality and insufficient quantity of food. They have objected to the investigations that became increasingly a part of determining eligibility for ever more limited aid. Humanitarian development began with planning for infrastructure projects that would settle refugees, but in the face of opposition from multiple parties and practical limitations, this has come to focus on small-scale capacity building efforts.
Conflicted Positions
Authors: Feldman Ilana
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores tensions in humanitarian relations. These relations contain both suspicion and compassion. Specifically, it considers the complexities of humanitarian subject positions, conflicts over humanitarian obligations, and dilemmas of humanitarian purpose. Some humanitarian workers are internationals; the majority are themselves refugees. Some refugee are paid for their work; others are volunteers. All of these positions are fraught. Providers and refugees also struggle over the nature and limits of humanitarian obligations. UNRWA’s mandate has expanded to include protection, but refugees also want representation. As threats to life recede, but need continues, the purpose of humanitarian action also becomes murky and contested. Humanitarians suggest that coping skills can be a humanitarian good. Recipients question whether bearing up under bad conditions can ever be enough.
The Politics of Living as a Refugee
Authors: Feldman Ilana
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the variety of ways that Palestinian refugees have engaged in politics in and through humanitarianism. Refugees have made claims or rights to humanitarianism and for humanitarian rights. They have insisted that relief is not a matter of compassion, but an international obligation. They have argued that humanitarian rights are not just about survival but may also include recognition as political subjects. Palestinians have also engaged a politics of living precisely by surviving, not just as individuals, but also as a community. The chapter explores struggles over endurance and its meaning. It also considers contests over political values among Palestinians, looking especially at concepts like steadfastness (sumud) and arguments over normalization (tatbi‘) and resettlement (tawtin).
The Easy Keeper
Authors: Herbert Steve
Published: May 2019

“Easy keeper” is a term deployed inside prisons to identify those inmates whose steady daily routines and self-betterment projects make their institutions more stable and manageable. This Introduction explores the concept of the “easy keeper” and explains its centrality to the book. The Introduction also outlines the book’s main arguments. It reviews the data that are central to the analysis and the main philosophical commitments upon which the arguments rest. It also reviews the rise in life sentences in the United States, and explains why the plight of the growing number of life-sentenced prisoners deserves greater consideration in punishment policy.
Becoming Easy
Authors: Herbert Steve
Published: May 2019

An “easy keeper” is a life-sentenced prisoner who develops steady routines and works to improve the communities of which they are part, largely through providing mentoring to younger inmates. This chapter reviews the processes through which lifers mature into their role as an easy keeper. These prisoners undergo a steady maturation. They come to terms with their crime, and thereby feel compelled to pursue projects of redemption and atonement. These efforts at redemption deserve greater consideration in discussions of punishment policy.
Bilateral pheochromocytoma after kidney transplantation in neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: de Miguel Valeria , Paissan Andrea , García Marchiñena Patricio , Jurado Alberto , Isola Mariana , Alfie José , Fainstein-Day Patricia
Published: May 2019

We present the case of a 25-year-old male with a history of neurofibromatosis type 1 and bilateral pheochromocytoma 4 years after kidney transplantation that was successfully treated with simultaneous bilateral posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy.

Learning points:

Hypertensive patients with NF1 should always be screened for pheochromocytoma.

Pheochromocytoma is rarely associated with transplantation, but it must be ruled out in patients with genetic susceptibility.

Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (PRA) allows more direct access to the adrenal glands, especially in patients with previous abdominal surgeries.
Redes sociales, tejidos de paz
Authors: Aparicio Gómez Oscar , Ostos Ortiz Olga Lucía , Cortés Gallego Mauricio
Published: May 2019

Los nuevos lenguajes, cada vez con mayor procedencia de la inmersión tecnológica a que se ha sometido voluntariamente la sociedad actual, requieren ser analizados desde las perspectivas que generan las nuevas maneras de relacionarse. No es extraño encontrarse conectado simultáneamente a diversas redes en un espacio común; los criterios que se tienen en cuenta para incorporar o invitar interlocutores a estos espacios comunes, y que deberían responder a los gustos e intereses de todos, no siempre resultan según el deber ser. El trabajo de construcción de relaciones interpersonales a través de herramientas comunicativas en línea hace posible tejer redes, no solo para construir relaciones, sino para que a través de ellas se pueda genera nuevo conocimiento. Las experiencias en red que permiten identificar los esfuerzos para gestar una sociedad en paz requieren de atención y cuidados específicos para que la construcción que se consiga prescinda de los vicios que atentan contra la durabilidad que todas las personas desean en sus relaciones interpersonales.
La formación de la cultura ambiental en el estudiante de la carrera de Derecho
Authors: Antúnez Sánchez Alcides , López Espinosa Elena
Published: May 2019

El manuscrito presenta una mirada a la formación jurídica ambiental del estudiante de Derecho, su adecuada ejecución incidirá en el conocimiento de la educación ambiental para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible, donde el hombre-naturaleza y a fin de lograr la conservación de las condiciones ambientales que requiere para su hábitat sin perjuicio del desarrollo de las actividades económicas que lo impactan, necesitada de establecer los mecanismos, medidas y procedimientos que permitan una convivencia armónica de lo natural, de lo social y de lo económico por su transdisciplinariedad de la cuestión ambiental. Se propone como objetivo argumentar la necesidad de fomentar en el proceso de formación jurídica ambiental en el estudiante de la carrera de Derecho, a partir de le teoría y la praxis, que permita alcanzar un profesional con competencias por la transdisciplinariedad de la cuestión ambiental incidente en el desarrollo sostenible. Para ello son utilizados los métodos de análisis síntesis, inducción deducción, teórico-jurídico, y el histórico lógico.
Inferring the Nature of Missing Heritability in Human Traits Using Data from the GWAS Catalog
Authors: López-Cortegano Eugenio , Caballero Armando
Published: May 2019

Here, López-Cortegano and Caballero carried out a meta-analysis using records from a database of genome-wide studies in order to investigate the nature of missing heritability in humans...

Thousands of genes responsible for many diseases and other common traits in humans have been detected by Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) in the last decade. However, candidate causal variants found so far usually explain only a small fraction of the heritability estimated by family data. The most common explanation for this observation is that the missing heritability corresponds to variants, either rare or common, with very small effect, which pass undetected due to a lack of statistical power. We carried out a meta-analysis using data from the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog in order to explore the observed distribution of locus effects for a set of 42 complex traits and to quantify their contribution to narrow-sense heritability. With the data at hand, we were able to predict the expected distribution of locus effects for 16 traits and diseases, their expected contribution to heritability, and the missing number of loci yet to be discovered to fully explain the familial heritability estimates. Our results indicate that, for 6 out of the 16 traits, the additive contribution of a great number of loci is unable to explain the familial (broad-sense) heritability, suggesting that the gap between GWAS and familial estimates of heritability may not ever be closed for these traits. In contrast, for the other 10 traits, the additive contribution of hundreds or thousands of loci yet to be found could potentially explain the familial heritability estimates, if this were the case. Computer simulations are used to illustrate the possible contribution from nonadditive genetic effects to the gap between GWAS and familial estimates of heritability.
Comparative analysis of the regional markets of cultural and cognitive tourism development in Ukraine
Authors: Chernega O. B. , Gorina G. O. , Romanukha O. M. , Bohatyryova G. A. , Nikolenko K. V.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of the article is an implementation of the comparative analyses of development of regional markets of cultural and cognitive tourism in Ukraine. The theoretical and methodological basis of research is the ideas of the theoryof tourism, theory of management, works of the leading native and foreign scholars regarding the development of the touristic services market. To achieve the desired goal, the following research methods were used: the system and complex analyses (for determination of the development tendencies of the regional markets of the cultural and cognitive tourism in Ukraine); calculation-analytical and comparative methods (for determination of the centers of the regional markets of the cultural and cognitivetourism in Ukraine); cartographical method (for visual demonstration of the emphasized touristic regions of the cultural and cognitive tourism in Ukraine). The regionalized territory of Ukraine according to the development of the cultural and cognitivetourism, which is based on the calculation of average data of the quantity of themuseums according to the regions, analysis of their visitations and of the volume of the tourist flows permitted to emphasize four formed regions of the cultural and cognitive tourism: Western, including Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Chernivtsi, Zakarpattia, Volyn, Rivne and Khmelnytsk regions; Northern – city of Kyiv and Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Vinnytsia, Kirovohrad regions; Eastern – Kharkiv, Sumy, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk, Luhansk regions; Southern - Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Odesa regions. The conducted analyses of the emphasized regions permitted emphasize the modern tendencies of development of the cultural and cognitive tourism market in Ukraine, namely: the availability of substantial disparity of its development according to the regions of Ukraine; refocusing of the touristic flows from the South-Eastern regions to the North-Western as a result of annexation of Crimea and military conflict in the east of Ukraine; the sustained development of the cultural and cognitive tourism of the North region at the expense of the extensivediversification of the available offer and possibility to meet the requirements of all groups of tourists; the highest rates of development of the cultural and cognitive tourism in the West region caused by the attraction of the tourists from the other regions of Ukraine with activation of the natural and historical advantages use.
Spatial Assessment of Seasonal Changes in Pollution of the Air Ground Layer with Aerosol Particles in School Yards of Tiaret city (Algeria)
Authors: Naceur Khadidja , Maatoug Mhamed , Benaichata Lazreg , Stankevich S. А. , Titarenko O. V. , Kharytonov M. М.
Published: May 2019

According to the data obtained in the autumn-winter period, the excess of PM2.5 in air during the schoolday after a short stay by pupils in the school yards was 1.5 –2 times. The PM2.5 concentration in the autumn - winter period was up to 1.5 times higher than that of the spring – summer time. High concentrations of dust particles are observed in areas close to heavy traffic in winter in the South-Eastern part of the city. Low concentrations were recorded in the autumn-winter time in areas adjacent to forests in the North –Western part of the city of Tiaret. However, the protective function of forest stands in the spring – summer period in the North-Western part of the city of Tiaret is less evident. The need for introduction of several nature protection measures in the city is obvious. Among them: fuel quality control and fines for the use of low-grade fuel, increasing the density of trees and shrubs in the city in the areas uncovered by vegetation.
Possibility of application of the method of observing the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the earth for allocation of watered faults on the example of Yeristovo quarry
Authors: Zmiievska K. , Tubaltsev A.
Published: May 2019

One of the important tasks of operating the Yeristovo iron ore deposit is to reduce the level of water inflows, which complicate its development. The article presents the results of applying the express method of observing the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth to isolate flooded faults in areas adjacent to the Yeristovo quarry. The features of the geological and tectonic structure of the territory of the Yeristovo field are considered. According to the tectonic map of Ukraine, the main deep faults characteristic of Srednepridneprovsky and Ingulsky megablocks of the Ukrainian shield in the area of study sites are highlighted. A method for conducting field studies by observing the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth is presented. The studies were performed using equipment such as a radio wave indicator of the stress-strain state of rocks according to a previously developed technique. According to the results of the field studies, for the first time, maps of the density of the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth flux were constructed for this area, which made it possible to isolate and trace the positions of watering faults. In addition, to visualize the most difficult fragments of the structure of the plots, three-dimensional models were built. Four zones of reduced values of the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth (less than 3 conventional units) were identified on the studied areas. They are characterized by: the western tectonic disturbance - has a width of about 60 m and a strike azimuth of 3-5˚. The tectonic disturbance following it to the east is about 50 m wide and the strike azimuth is also 3-5˚. It is followed by an insignificant tectonic disturbance, which inherits the direction of the Krivyi Rih-Kremenchug break and has a width of about 20 m. In the east of the studied sites, there is a tectonic disturbance with a strike azimuth of 3-5˚, about 20 m wide. Since the azimuths of the strike of the identified tectonic disturbances coincide with the Main and Yeristovo faults characteristic of this territory, the identified faults are their feathering. On the basis of the conducted research, it is possible to recommend the use of water catching wells using a reasonably economical and reliable method of observing the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth. It is advisable to lay them in the zones of minimum values of the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth, within the southern parts of the research sites. The use of advanced observations will avoid unproductive costs when drilling water-reducing wells.
Prenatal stress induces long-lasting effects in lung glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in a sex-dependent manner
Authors: Luft Carolina , Campos Natália Evangelista , Vargas Mauro Henrique Moraes , Donadio Márcio Vinícius Fagundes
Published: May 2019

AIM: Stressful events during pregnancy may influence respiratory system development, resulting in long-term effects in the offspring. However, little is known on its long-lasting effects upon the expression of important genes in the lungs. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of two different prenatal stress paradigms on lung glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in adulthood.METHODS: Pregnant BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups: control (CON), prenatal stress from the second week of pregnancy (PNS1) and prenatal stress on the last week of pregnancy (PNS2). In both groups (PNS1 and PNS2), restraint stress was used. When adults, male and female offspring were submitted to 30 min of restraint stress. Lung gene expression of GR was evaluated.RESULTS: There was a significant increase in GR expression in males (PNS1), under basal conditions. Restraint stress during adulthood significantly reduced GR expression in PNS1 and PNS2 males as compared to controls. No significant differences were found for females.CONCLUSION: Results indicate that prenatal stress from the second week of gestation modulates adult male mice GR expression in the lungs. Thus, fetal exposure to maternal stress from the second week of gestation seems to modulate mechanisms responsible for pulmonary development in a sex-dependent manner.
Transições dos estádios da vida em Kierkegaard e suas perspectivas teológicas
Authors: Ericksen Lauro
Published: May 2019

Aborda os três estádios (estágios) da vida humana tal como propostos por Kierkegaard. Foca na possibilidade de transição entre os estágios e as aplicabilidades teológicas de cada posicionamento descrito. Analisa o caráter existencial e antissistemático do pensamento kierkegaardiano; considera esses aspectos como relevantes em uma defesa do cristianismo ante à filosofia (hegeliana). Argumenta que o estádio religioso é o ápice da existência humana provisionado pelo salto de fé, ainda que conectado com os demais estádios existenciais, independentemente de qual estágio um homem se encontre. A transição e variação entre os estádios são tomadas como um resultado da existência: é algo possível e comum ao homem, não sendo impossibilitadas segundo o atual estágio de vivência. Não incapacitam a simultânea e mútua intersecção entre os estádios, algo factível segundo a perspectiva teológica kierkegaardiana. Conclui que o estágio religioso é o desígnio existencial (e teológico) máximo após o salto de fé.
Wille e Willkür: uma análise e uma interpretação na filosofia de Kant
Authors: De Souza Draiton Gonzaga , Bresolin Keberson
Published: May 2019

Ao longo de sua trajetória filosófica, Kant aprofundou e esclareceu os conceitos de vontade (Wille) e arbítrio (Willkür). Ambos os conceitos são fundamentais para a compreensão da possibilidade da liberdade, seja ela interna ou externa. O filósofo racional usa os conceitos de Wille e Willkür desde a Kritik der reinen Vernunft, mas será apenas na obra tardia da Metaphysik der Sitten (1798) que os conceitos ganharam precisão semântica dentro do sistema da metafisica da liberdade. Em virtude disso, iremos percorrer as obras críticas kantianas desde a Kritik der reinen Vernunft até a Metaphysik der Sitten para verificar as “diferentes” formulações dos conceitos vontade e arbítrio e, finalmente, considerar aquela que melhor se afigura plausível consoante uma leitura sistemática da obra de Kant.
Apresentação
Authors: De Oliveira Nythamar , Weber Thadeu , Bavaresco Agemir
Published: May 2019

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