bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pesticides and winemaking: A comprehensive review of conventional and emerging approaches
Authors: Martín‐García Beatriz , Longo Edoardo , Ceci Adriana Teresa , Pii Youry , Romero‐González Roberto , Garrido Frenich Antonia , Boselli Emanuele
Published: August 2024

The use of pesticides in viticulture may play a crucial role in ensuring the health and quality of grapes. This review analyzes the most common pesticides used, illustrating their classification and toxicity, and their variations throughout the winemaking process. Fungicides are generally harmless or mildly toxic, whereas insecticides are classified as either highly or moderately hazardous. Potential alternatives to synthetic pesticides in wine production are also reviewed, thereby including biopesticides and biological agents. Analytical methods for detecting and quantifying pesticide residues in wine are then described, including liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This review also discusses the impact of the winemaking process on pesticide content. Pesticides with strong hydrophobicity were more likely to accumulate in solid byproducts, whereas hydrophilic pesticides were distributed more in the liquid phase. Grape's skin contains lipids, so hydrophobic pesticides adsorb strongly on grape surfaces and the clarification has been shown to be effective in the reduction of hydrophobic compounds. Therefore, the final wine could have more quantities of hydrophilic pesticides. Alcoholic fermentation has been shown to be crucial in pesticide dissipation. However, pesticide residues in wine have been shown an antagonistic effect on yeasts, affecting the safety and quality of wine products. Therefore, proteomic and genomic analyses of yeast growth are reviewed to understand the effects of pesticides on yeast during fermentation. The last section describes new effective methods used in removing pesticides from grapes and wine, thereby improving product quality and reducing harmful effects.
Strengthening links between science and technology experts and frontline diplomats to address science diplomacy challenges
Authors: Su Blake , Mauduit Jean‐Christophe , Momberg Douglas , Voth‐Gaeddert Lee E.
Published: August 2024

The boundaries of knowledge within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) domains are continuously advancing resulting in dynamic diplomatic applications. These shifting and expanding boundaries have direct implications in foreign policy. However, frontline diplomats have demanding day‐to‐day priorities that make it difficult to acquire, retain, and employ cutting edge STEM knowledge to advance national interests to their full potential. To aid in this objective, diplomatic institutions utilize STEM domain experts and traditional dissemination routes to support diplomatic personnel in STEM diplomacy issues. Routes commonly used include reports, briefings, trainings, and consultations. However, these routes may not always align with the timelines, workflows, and information systems used by frontline diplomats serving overseas. While many organizations focus on innovation within science diplomacy topics, opportunity also exists in innovation around linking experts with diplomats. Here we examine current linking approaches used to connect STEM experts and information with frontline diplomats to advance national interests. We utilize the US diplomatic network as an example to categorize current information flows and linking approaches. We then provide examples of common, underutilized, and alternative approaches. Our aim is to provide a clearer understanding of common linkages between STEM expert knowledge and frontline diplomats while highlighting potential alternatives.
Reverse the road: From European Monetary Union to Euroization
Authors: Mathieu Alban , Funalot Pierre
Published: August 2024

Euroization is considered as a solution for transition economies or as a step toward later integration into the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). This article seeks to challenge this conventional trajectory by arguing that a country already participating in the EMU could opt for euroization. Instead of adopting a binary analysis of pros and cons, a moderate perspective is employed, taking into account the specific institutional setup of Eurozone member countries. The aim of this article is to underscore the potential advantages of euroization, positioning it as a strategy that, though limited, can provide greater fiscal policy space.
A bone tumor‐like chest wall mass lesion with pathological rib fractures observed 13 years after lung stereotactic body radiotherapy: A case report
Authors: Matsuda Masaki , Ichikawa Jiro , Komiyama Takafumi , Onohara Kojiro , Saito Masahide , Nemoto Hikaru , Kubota Mizuki , Onishi Hiroshi
Published: August 2024

Although stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a curative treatment option for stage I non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), limited data are available regarding chest wall (CW) toxicities during an extended follow‐up of over 10 years. We report an unusual case of a bone tumor‐like CW mass lesion with pathological rib fractures observed 13 years after SBRT for peripheral lung cancer. Despite the initial suspicion of radiation‐induced sarcoma, a subsequent incisional biopsy revealed no evidence of malignancy, and a definitive diagnosis of osteonecrosis was made. Thus, long‐term observation of over 10 years is required to identify late chronic complications following SBRT.
Keju tradition and major litigation cases: The persistent impact of Confucian norm standard
Authors: Hu Xuefeng , Wang Wenlan , Xu Rong , Xiao Fulong
Published: August 2024

Using the variation in China's civil examination system (keju) achievements across prefecture‐level cities in the Ming–Qing period (c.1368–1905), we find that keju tradition has a persistent impact on the norm of business ethics today. With one standard deviation increase of keju tradition intensity, the probability of major litigation cases for local listed firms decreases by nearly 12% of the sample mean. The persistent effect of keju tradition can be attributed to two channels, the social value of fair competition and the excess cost of misconduct. Further analysis shows that our result is not driven by conservatism.
Trap captures of invasive ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as influenced by ethanol release rate
Authors: Yilmaz Aaron R. , Santoiemma Giacomo , Cavaletto Giacomo , Barnett Jenny , Rassati Davide , Reding Michael E. , Ranger Christopher M.
Published: August 2024

Infestations of ambrosia beetles in the tribe Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) are associated with economic losses to horticultural trees due to branch die‐back and tree death. Ethanol is a key attractant used for monitoring flight activity.

Trapping experiments were conducted in woodlots in Ohio, USA, and Veneto, Italy, to characterize the effect of ethanol release rate on captures of Anisandrus maiche, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xylosandrus crassiusculus and Xylosandrus germanus. In Ohio (2019, 2020 and 2021) and Italy (2021), traps were baited with centrifuge tubes that were modified to achieve ethanol release rates of 0.1–13.2 g/day. In Ohio (2022), traps were baited with varying quantities of manufactured lures to achieve release rates of 0.02–1.4 g/day.

There was no consistent relationship between ethanol release rate and trap captures for the modified centrifuge tubes. In nine of sixteen analyses, traps baited with the centrifuge tubes releasing ethanol at 1.1 g/day or higher collected more A. maiche, X. saxesenii, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus than traps baited with centrifuge tubes releasing 0.1 g/day. In contrast, the manufactured lures releasing 0.1–1.4 g/day attracted more A. maiche, X. saxesenii, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus than lures releasing 0.02–0.05 g/day.

This comprehensive study provides important insights into monitoring tactics for ambrosia beetles along with implications for optimizing ethanol‐baited traps as part of a ‘push‐pull’ strategy whereby repellents are used to ‘push’ beetles away from vulnerable trees and attractants are used to ‘pull’ them into annihilative traps.
Acute impact of posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation on cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants with intraventricular haemorrhage
Authors: Steiner Mirjam , Elis Julia , Giordano Vito , Kienast Patric , Ciglar Lucia , Langs Georg , Vignolle Gabriel Alexander , Olischar Monika , Berger Angelika , Goeral Katharina
Published: August 2024

Aim

To assess the effect of ventricular decompression on cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

Methods

Fifty‐three preterm neonates born <34 weeks' gestation between 2013 and 2023 with IVH and subsequent PHVD were prospectively included. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) as well as fractional cerebral tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) were analysed 2 weeks before and after ventricular decompression.

Results

Ventricular decompression was performed at 18 ± 6 days of life. Patients with repeated lumbar punctures prior to ventricular drainage showed consistently higher rScO2 and lower cFTOE levels 2 weeks before and after intervention compared to those without. Patients who underwent direct ventricular drainage showed an immediate increase in rScO2 levels on the day of the procedure. In patients who underwent prior lumbar punctures, ventricular decompression did not yield additional acute effects on cerebral oxygenation.

Conclusion

Patients who underwent repeated lumbar punctures preceding ventricular drainage consistently maintained higher rScO2 and lower cFTOE levels during the study period. In these patients, ventricular decompression did not further affect cerebral oxygenation, as they already demonstrated improved cerebral hemodynamics, whereas an immediate improvement was observed in those without prior lumbar punctures.
Development, differentiation and toughness in lizard claws derive from two types of cysteine–glycine‐rich proteins
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: August 2024

The present study reports the formation of claws in lizards and their cornification. From a flat epidermis with lose mesenchyme, the skin forms undulations that become symmetric domes and later asymmetric for the elongation of their proximal part that gives rise to the outer scale surface. At the tip of digits claws develop in association with a mesenchyme that surrounds the cartilage of the last phalange. Beta‐cells of claws appear 2–3 embryonic stages before those of scales formed in other body regions, including digital scales. The epidermis of the developing claw initially forms 3–4 embryonic layers under which elongated beta‐cells accumulate long bundles of corneous material, immunopositive for CBPs. Claw beta‐keratinocytes incorporate tritiated proline and accumulate numerous, oriented corneous bundles that rapidly occupy the entire cell. The bundles are electron‐dense under transmission electron microscopy, suggesting that, in association to CBPs, other proteins are synthesized and increase the mechanical resistance of claws. Immunolabelling for cysteine‐rich IFKs, HA and HB, shows that these keratins co‐localize with CBPs only in claws but are low to absent in digital scales and adhesive setae. This indicates that the hardness of claws mainly depends from the association between these different proteins rich in glycine and cysteine.
Does Severity of Donor Acute Kidney Injury Influence Outcomes Following Kidney Transplantation?
Authors: Monetti Alexandra R. , Webb Christopher J. , Jay Colleen L. , McCracken Emily , Sharda Berjesh , Garner Matthew , Farney Alan C. , Orlando Giuseppe , Reeves‐Daniel Amber , Mena‐Gutierrez Alejandra , Sakhovskaya Natalia , Stratta Robert J.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The study purpose was to review retrospectively our single‐center experience transplanting kidneys from deceased donors (DD) with acute kidney injury (AKI) according to terminal serum creatinine (tSCr) level.

Methods

AKI kidneys were defined by a doubling of the DD's admission SCr and a tSCr ≥ 2.0 mg/dL.

Results

From 1/07 to 11/21, we transplanted 236 AKI DD kidneys, including 100 with a tSCr ≥ 3.0 mg/dL (high SCr AKI group, mean tSCr 4.2 mg/dL), and the remaining 136 from DDs with a tSCr of 2.0–2.99 mg/dL (lower SCr AKI group, mean tSCr 2.4 mg/dL). These two AKI groups were compared to 996 concurrent control patients receiving DD kidneys with a tSCr < 1.0 mg/dL. Mean follow‐up was 69 months. Delayed graft function (DGF) rates were 51% versus 46% versus 29% (p < 0.0001), and 5‐year patient and death‐censored kidney graft survival rates were 96.8% versus 83.5% versus 82.2% (p = 0.002) and 86.7% versus 77.8% versus 78.8% (p = 0.18) in the high tSCr AKI versus lower tSCr AKI versus control groups, respectively.

Conclusions

Despite a higher incidence of DGF, patients receiving kidneys from DDs with tSCr levels ≥3.0 mg/dL have acceptable medium‐term outcomes compared to either AKI DDs with a lower tSCr or DDs with a tSCr < 1.0 mg/dL.
Exploring the discrepancies between clinical trials and real‐world data: A small‐cell lung cancer study
Authors: Marzano Luca , Darwich Adam S. , Dan Asaf , Tendler Salomon , Lewensohn Rolf , De Petris Luigi , Raghothama Jayanth , Meijer Sebastiaan
Published: August 2024

The potential of real‐world data to inform clinical trial design and supplement control arms has gained much interest in recent years. The most common approach relies on reproducing control arm outcomes by matching real‐world patient cohorts to clinical trial baseline populations. However, recent studies pointed out that there is a lack of replicability, generalisability, and consensus. In this article, we propose a novel approach that aims to explore and examine these discrepancies by concomitantly investigating the impact of selection criteria and operations on the measurements of outcomes from the patient data. We tested the approach on a dataset consisting of small‐cell lung cancer patients receiving platinum‐based chemotherapy regimens from a real‐world data cohort (n = 223) and six clinical trial control arms (n = 1224). The results showed that the discrepancy between real‐world and clinical trial data potentially depends on differences in both patient populations and operational conditions (e.g., frequency of assessments, and censoring), for which further investigation is required. Discovering and accounting for confounders, including hidden effects of differences in operations related to the treatment process and clinical trial study protocol, would potentially allow for improved translation between clinical trials and real‐world data. Continued development of the method presented here to systematically explore and account for these differences could pave the way for transferring learning across clinical studies and developing mutual translation between the real‐world and clinical trials to inform clinical study design.
The self‐in‐the‐world map emerged in the primate brain as a basis for Homo sapiens abilities
Authors: Bretas Rafael , Tia Banty , Iriki Atsushi
Published: August 2024

The brain in the genus Homo expanded rapidly during evolution, accelerated by a reciprocated interaction between neural, cognitive, and ecological niches (triadic niche construction, or TNC). This biologically costly expansion incubated latent cognitive capabilities that, with a quick and inexpensive rewiring of brain areas in a second phase of TNC, provided the basis for Homo sapiens specific abilities. The neural demands for perception of the human body in interaction with tools and the environment required highly integrated sensorimotor domains, inducing the parietal lobe expansion seen in humans. These newly expanded brain areas allowed connecting the sensations felt in the body to the actions in the world through the cognitive function of “projection”. In this opinion article, we suggest that as a relationship of equivalence between body parts, tools and their external effects was established, mental mechanisms of self‐objectification might have emerged as described previously, grounding notions of spatial organization, idealized objects, and their transformations, as well as socio‐emotional states in the sensing agent through a self‐in‐the‐world map. Therefore, human intelligence and its features such as symbolic thought, language, mentalizing, and complex technical and social behaviors could have stemmed from the explicit awareness of the causal relationship between the self and intentional modifications to the environment.
The dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist tirzepatide effects on body weight evolution, adiponectin, insulin and leptin levels in the combination of obesity, type 2 diabetes and menopause in mice
Authors: Reis‐Barbosa Pedro H. , Marcondes‐de‐Castro Ilitch , Marinho Thatiany S. , Aguila Marcia Barbosa , Mandarim‐de‐Lacerda Carlos A.
Published: August 2024

Aim

Tirzepatide (Tzp), a novel dual agonist glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon‐like peptide‐1, is approved for treating insulin resistance and obesity, and menopausal women consuming a high‐calorie diet are a target to study the Tzp effect. Therefore, we aimed to allometrically scale body weight (BW) in Tzp‐treated obese diabetic menopausal mice.

Materials and Methods

Three‐month‐old C57BL/6 female mice had bilateral ovariectomy (Ovx) or a sham procedure and for 12 weeks were fed a control diet or a high‐fat and high sucrose diet (n = 120/each group [control (C), obese diabetic (Od), Ovx (O), sham (S), Tzp (T)]). Tzp was subcutaneously administered (10 nmol/kg) or vehicle once a day for an additional 4 weeks. The analysis considered log‐transformed data and the allometric equation log y = log a + b log x.

Results

Od and OdO showed more upward slopes than C and CO. In C, BW was non‐allometric by T administration. Od and OdO showed slightly positive slopes (more prominent in OdO than Od). OdT and OdOT showed negative slopes, significant intercepts, and more robust Pearson coefficients than untreated ones. A potent drug effect was seen with BW allometric decline. Interactions between diet versus Ovx and diet versus Tzp affected weight gain. Diet versus Ovx versus Tzp affected food intake.

Conclusions

A model was developed to show three usual factors observed in mature women. Notably, Tzp improved the metabolism and weight loss of OdO mice. Tzp‐treated mice showed negative allometric BW across treatment time, which is a quantitative assessment that allows better comparison between results.
Real‐world impact of adding a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist compared with basal insulin on metabolic targets in adults living with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease already treated with a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor: The Impact GLP‐1 CKD study
Authors: Chu Lisa , Bradley Ryan M. , Auerbach Pernille , Abitbol Alexander
Published: August 2024

Aim

To compare the effectiveness of adding a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1 RA) with adding basal insulin among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) already treated with a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) and not reaching their glycaemic control targets.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the Canadian LMC Diabetes Registry was conducted. Adults who initiated a GLP‐1 RA were matched 1:1 to adults who initiated basal insulin in a T2D and CKD population. Changes in metabolic outcomes were evaluated at 26‐52 weeks following the therapy start date.

Results

Propensity score matching was used to match participants who initiated a GLP‐1 RA to participants who initiated basal insulin (n = 153/cohort). A significantly greater reduction in HbA1c at 26‐52 weeks of follow‐up was observed in the GLP‐1 RA cohort compared with the basal insulin cohort (−1.3% ± 1.4% vs. −1.1% ± 1.4%, P = .03). Weight was significantly reduced (−3.4 ± 3.7 vs. 2.6 ± 4.5 kg, P < .001), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate decline slowed significantly (−0.3 ± 8.2 vs. −2.4 ± 10.4 mL/min/1.73m2, P = .02), but the change in albuminuria was not significantly different (−5.7 ± 38.1 vs. −0.5 ± 38.3 mg/mmol, P = .47) at follow‐up in the GLP‐1 RA group compared with the basal insulin group. No differences in self‐reported hypoglycaemic events per week and therapy discontinuations were reported between the cohorts.

Conclusions

The study shows the real‐world effectiveness of GLP‐1 RA therapy for T2D and CKD. GLP‐1 RAs provided superior reductions in HbA1c and weight, and greater kidney protection, compared with basal insulin among adults with T2D and CKD already treated with an SGLT2i.
Remote levodopa challenge test in Parkinson's disease: Feasibility, reliability, validity and economic value
Authors: Zeng Zhitong , Lin Zhengyu , Chen Zhonglue , Wan Xiaonan , Zhou Haiyan , Zhang Chencheng , Sun Bomin , Ren Kang , Li Dianyou
Published: August 2024

Background and purpose

The aim was to demonstrate the feasibility, reliability and validity of an in‐home remote levodopa challenge test (LCT), as delivered through an online platform, for patients with Parkinson's disease (PwPD).

Methods

Patients with Parkinson's disease eligible for deep brain stimulation surgery screening were enrolled. Participants sequentially received an in‐home remote LCT and an in‐hospital standard LCT (separated by 2.71 weeks). A modified Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III omitting rigidity and postural stability items was used in the remote LCT. The reliability of the remote LCT was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the concurrent validity was evaluated using the Pearson's correlation coefficient r between the levodopa responsiveness of the remote and standard LCT.

Results

Out of 106 PwPD screened, 80 (75.5%) completed both the remote and standard LCT. There was a good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.69–0.88) and a strong correlation (r = 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.77–0.90) between the levodopa responsiveness of the remote and standard LCT. The mean cost for PwPD was estimated to be reduced by 91% by using the remote LCT.

Conclusion

The remote LCT is feasible, reliable and valid and may reduce healthcare‐related costs for PwPD and their caregivers.
Two invasive bark beetles Phloeosinus armatus Reitter and Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae) newly recorded in Russia
Authors: Karpun Natalia N. , Petrov Alexander V. , Zhuravleva Elena N. , Shoshina Elena I. , Kirichenko Natalia I. , Mandelshtam Mikhail Yu. , Musolin Dmitrii L.
Published: August 2024

In 2023, two bark beetle species were recorded in Russia for the first time based on findings in Sochi: the cypress bark beetle, Phloeosinus armatus, on Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) and the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus, on southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), noble laurel (Laurus nobilis), and cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). P. armatus is a Mediterranean pest attacking exclusively Cupressaceae. In Sochi, it was recorded on cypress trees in several locations, including on plants for planting imported from Italy. X. compactus is a highly polyphagous pest from East Asia. In Sochi, it has established populations in ornamental planted areas. The paper provides species descriptions with identification keys. One specimen of X. compactus from Sochi was DNA‐barcoded and compared with 31 specimens deposited in the BOLD and GenBank under the name of X. compactus. High genetic variability (>7%) was detected highlighting the difficulty of identifying ‘true’ X. compactus using DNA data. Genetically, the specimen of X. compactus from Sochi was identical to those from Italy, Spain and France. An accidental introduction with ornamental plants for planting from Italy is considered the most probable pathway of invasion of both bark beetle species into the Russian Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
Stress and child internalizing symptoms: Examining the moderating role of Latino fathers' warmth and support
Authors: Bustos Yvita , Uriarte Jefferson , Glownia Karen , Leon Alex , Santiago Catherine DeCarlo
Published: August 2024

Latino immigrants within the United States experience various stressors, which have been linked to the development and exacerbation of internalizing symptoms among Latino youth. Therefore, it is crucial to explore factors that may buffer the impact of stress among immigrant families. Fathers may influence child outcomes through positive parenting behaviors, yet Latino fathers have been underrepresented in research. This study examined how paternal warmth and support may moderate the association between the accumulation of stress and child internalizing symptoms among low‐income, Latino immigrant families. Participants included 62 children between the ages of 6 and 10, and their paternal caregivers (94% fathers; 90% born in Mexico). This study utilized a multi‐method approach including parent‐report, child‐report and observational measures. Participants completed questionnaires and video‐recorded family interaction tasks during home visits. Stress was positively associated with child‐reported depression. Self‐reported paternal warmth was associated with fewer parent‐reported child internalizing symptoms and moderated the effects of stress on symptoms. Analyses showed a significant positive association between paternal stress and child internalizing symptoms for children with the lowest levels of parental warmth. However, when paternal warmth was high, accumulation of stress and child internalizing symptoms were not related. Thus, high levels of warmth buffered the impact of stress on internalizing symptoms. This study highlights the importance of Latino fathers’ parenting behaviors on child internalizing symptoms.
Distributions of larvae and juveniles of Pacific saury Cololabis saira during winter in relation to oceanographic structures in the central and western North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Fuji Taiki , Miyamoto Hiroomi , Abo Jun‐ichi , Watai Mikio
Published: August 2024

For small pelagic fish, the physical and feeding environments during the larval and juvenile periods significantly affect recruitment to standing stock. To understand the variation in environmental conditions experienced by larvae and juveniles, this study determined the distribution of larval and juvenile Pacific saury Cololabis saira over a distance of more than 6900 km in an east–west direction in relation to the ocean environment in winter. Specimens were collected from the western and central parts of the North Pacific Ocean, mainly in January and February 2018 and 2020. Larvae (≤39.9 mm) were broadly distributed around the Kuroshio Current and the Kuroshio Extension Current. Larval densities in the water masses around the Kuroshio Extension Current were as high as, or even significantly higher than, those around the Kuroshio Current, which is considered the main spawning ground. Most juveniles (≥40.0 mm) were captured north of the Kuroshio Extension Current, where sea surface temperatures were lower and chlorophyll a concentrations were higher. The generalized additive model analysis also suggested that, compared to larvae, juveniles tended to be distributed in areas with lower sea surface temperatures and in more eastern areas. The extensive distribution of Pacific saury larvae and juveniles indicates that it is necessary to focus not only on the marine environment around the Kuroshio region but also on the Kuroshio Extension region to understand the recruitment variability of this species.
Reactive Transnationalism and the Ascent of Donald Trump: Evidence From the Latino Immigrant National Election Survey
Authors: Herda Daniel
Published: August 2024

Between 2017 and 2020, the Donald Trump Presidency made for a particularly hostile context of reception for immigrants in the United States, but did it have any measurable influence on their adaptation? Hostility in the form of interpersonal discrimination is known to increase transnational practices—a pattern dubbed reactive transnationalism. But can a hostile government context produce the same result? The current study considers this by examining Latino/a immigrants’ transnational practices at three time points—the 2016 presidential campaign, between Trump's election and inauguration and during his early presidency. The latter should present the most hostile context. Pooled cross‐sectional regression models using data from the Latino Immigrant National Election Study confirm significant increases in transnational remittances and contacts after Trump took office. However, Trump's rise also coincides with a significant decrease in transnational political interest. Overall, the findings provide greater insight into reactive transnationalism and present several directions for future research.
Septic Return Flow Pathlines, Endpoints, and Flows Based on the Urban Miami‐Dade Groundwater Model
Authors: Valencia Miguel E. , Sukop Michael C. , Oldfield Grace , Montoya Angela , Walsh Virginia , Obeysekera Jayantha , Barquin Samantha , Kelly Elizabeth , Hagemann Katherine , Karim Aliza , Guzman Oscar F.
Published: August 2024

Miami‐Dade County (MDC) has over 112,000 septic systems, some of which are at risk of compromise due to water table rise associated with sea level rise. MDC is surrounded by protected water bodies, including Biscayne Bay, with environmentally sensitive ecosystems and is underlain by highly transmissive karstic limestone. The main objective of the study is to provide first estimates of the locations and magnitudes of septic return flows to discharge endpoints. This is accomplished by leveraging MDC's county‐scale surface‐groundwater model using pathline analysis to estimate the transport and discharge fate of septic system flows under the complex time history of groundwater flow response to pumping, canal management, storms, and other environmental factors. The model covers an area of 4772 km2 in Southeast Florida. Outputs from the model were used to create a 30‐year (2010 to 2040) simulation of the spatial–temporal pathlines from septic input locations to their termination points, allowing us to map flow paths and the spatial distribution of the septic flow discharge endpoints under the simulated conditions. Most septic return flows were discharged to surface water, primarily canals 52,830 m3/d and Biscayne Bay (5696 m3/d), and well fields (14,066 m3/d). Results allow us to identify “hotspots” to guide water quality sampling efforts and to provide recommendations for septic‐to‐sewer conversion areas that should provide most benefit by reducing nutrient loading to water bodies.
Clinical efficacy of a multilamellar cream on skin physiology and microbiome in an epidermal stress model: A controlled double‐blinded study (Part I)1
Authors: Fluhr Joachim W. , Menzel Peter , Schwarzer Rolf , Nikolaeva Dessyslava G. , Darlenski Razvigor , Albrecht Martin
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Stratum corneum (SC) is essential for skin barrier function, mitigating water loss and shielding against potentially harmful substances and allergens. The SC's lipid matrix, arranged in a lamellar structure, is integral to its protective role. Our study explores the restoration effects of a multilamellar cream with an acidic pH compared to a basic placebo cream on skin physiology and its interaction with the skin microbiome after stress induction via tape stripping (TS).

Materials and Methods

In this double‐blind study, 14 healthy participants aged 21–58 years were assessed pre‐ and post‐tape stripping, followed by a 14 days application of a multilamellar test cream and a placebo cream with evaluations on days 7, 14 and 17 for sustained effects. Skin physiology was analysed in terms of epidermal barrier function, SC hydration and surface pH. The microbiome was analysed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina MiSeq, with subsequent species identification.

Results

Our study showed significant improvements in skin barrier repair and SC hydration with verum, particularly after 14 days of application, while both creams initially enhanced stratum corneum hydration. No significant changes in surface‐pH were detected. The skin microbiome analysis revealed that TS slightly decreased alpha diversity, a trend that verum significantly reversed, enhancing diversity beyond baseline levels after 14 days. Overall, while both creams contributed to a broader microbial phyla diversity over time, no significant changes in the abundance of specific genera or species were noted between treatments.

Discussion and Conclusion

Our study delineates the efficacy of a pH‐optimized multilamellar cream in enhancing epidermal barrier recovery and SC hydration post‐sequential TS, in contrast to an unstructured basic placebo. Verum cream significantly improved skin barrier function and SC hydration at day 14, with sustained effects evident beyond the treatment period. Furthermore, the multilamellar formulation facilitated the restitution of cutaneous microbiome diversity, a key indicator of healthy skin ecology, underscoring the symbiotic relationship between barrier integrity and microbial composition. These findings underscore the importance of multilamellar emollient structures in dermatological therapeutics, with potential implications for the design of advanced skincare interventions that holistically support cutaneous resilience and homeostasis.
Some thoughts about Anthony V. Rawlings and hydration and barrier function of the skin
Authors: Wertz Philip W.
Published: August 2024

Anthony V. Rawlings has had 30+ years of experience in the general area of skin science. He has many scientific publications, and his work has been highly cited. He has made major contributions to our understanding of skin physiology, including xerosis and hydration, barrier function, desquamation, the corneocyte envelope, physical chemistry of stratum corneum lipids, photodamage and ethnic variation. He has held management positions with several companies in the US and UK, established AVR Consulting in 2002 and maintained a long‐standing relationship with colleagues at University College London. His time as the Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Cosmetic Science was pivotal in the development of the journal. He worked hard and succeeded in getting the IJCS included in the PubMed database.
The benefits and challenges of treating skin with natural oils
Authors: McMullen Roger L.
Published: August 2024

The term natural oil refers to a fixed (non‐volatile) oil of animal or plant origin. These types of oils – in contrast to essential (volatile) oils, which are obtained by steam distillation methods of plant matter – are typically obtained from plant seeds and nuts by a mechanical pressing technique or solvent extraction. The natural movement in cosmetics of the 21st century has led to renewed interest in formulating skin care products with botanical ingredients. In this article, we discuss the benefits and caveats of natural oil treatments as moisturizing agents (as occlusives and emollients) as well as their utility in wound healing and treatment of skin diseases. We also address the paradoxical behaviour of natural oils in relation to barrier function and highlight the current state of our knowledge with respect to the use of natural oils in neonatal skin care. Finally, we provide a comparison of natural oils to conventional petroleum‐based oils.
Protein degradation in the stratum corneum
Authors: Stamatas Georgios N.
Published: August 2024

The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost epidermal layer, plays a pivotal role in skin barrier function. This review delves into the intricate process of protein degradation within the stratum corneum, elucidating the roles of specific enzymes, regulatory mechanisms and the consequent impact on various skin conditions. Protein degradation is a finely tuned process, orchestrated by a suite of proteolytic enzymes like kallikreins. These enzymes are responsible for the breakdown of corneodesmosomes and the orderly desquamation of corneocytes, a process essential for skin homeostasis. Another critical enzymatic process is the breakdown of proteins like filaggrin and the generation of amino acids and their derivatives, required in the physiological water‐handling properties of the SC. Regulation of these proteolytic activities is complex, involving a balance between endogenous inhibitors and other factors like pH, hydration and environmental stressors. Dysregulation of protease activity is linked to a spectrum of skin conditions, ranging from xerosis to inflammatory diseases like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Aberrant protein degradation can lead to compromised skin barrier function, increased tissue water loss and heightened susceptibility to infections and allergens. Understanding the factors affecting protein degradation can inform the development of targeted skincare products. Advances in biochemistry and dermatology have paved the way for the search for active ingredients designed to modulate protease activity. Such innovations may offer promising therapeutic avenues for enhancing skin barrier function and treating skin disorders. This review underscores the significance of enzymatic protein degradation in the SC and its regulatory mechanisms. It provides insights into the pathophysiology of skin diseases and outlines the potential for novel skincare interventions. By bridging the gap between fundamental research and practical applications, this article aims to inspire further investigation for better understanding of skin physiology and innovation in the realm of skincare product development.
In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy: The window into the skin
Authors: Crowther J. M. , Matts P. J.
Published: August 2024

Development of in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy (ICRS) methodology over the last 20 years has enabled previously unavailable capability to acquire molecular concentration gradients across the stratum corneum (SC), at the micron level and in a clinical setting. Professor Tony Rawlings has been a driving force in SC research for over 30 years, working with a wide range of teams across the world. Because a detailed knowledge of skin biochemistry was key to interpreting ICRS‐acquired molecular concentration gradients, the authors formed a close working relationship with Professor Rawlings during the development of ICRS. This article, therefore, presents a summary of this process and how challenges raised by application of ICRS were tackled, towards the goal of validating the technique for clinical skin measurement.
A practical clinical device for evaluating changes to the skin's sebum from ozone
Authors: Liebel Frank , Petersen Stephanie , Grove Gary , Houser Tim
Published: August 2024

Background

It is known that tropospheric ozone (O3) generated from pollutants reacting with UV forms lipid peroxidation products and induces oxidative stress to the skin. With the ever‐increasing consumer awareness of the effects pollution has on skin, more testing methods will be needed to evaluate cosmetic ingredients. Recently, others have shown how antioxidants are able to reduce the effects from ozone on skin through in vitro, ex vivo and clinical studies where human subjects place their arms into large stationary chambers.

Aims

To develop a small, easy to use ozone exposure module (OEM) that can be used on various sites of the body and to validate this device for use in testing the ability of topical products to mitigate the effects of ozone exposure on the skin.

Materials and Methods

We have produced an OEM which can generate levels of ozone in excess of 1000 ppb and can be set to achieve the equivalent exposure to what is found in polluted environmental conditions. After exposure we used D‐squame discs to remove the sebum and analytically quantitate squalene depletion. Squalene, which is very sensitive to ROS, easily oxidizes into early metabolite squalene monohydroperoxide (SQOOH) with ozone exposure.

Results

We were able to show decreases in squalene levels after exposure and protective effects from a topical formulation.

Conclusion

This generator will be a useful tool for researchers to easily create a small and safe exposure from ozone for clinical testing.
Fabrication of Si3N4 ceramic balls by SPS method with SiC powder bed
Authors: Liang Zhen‐Quan , Liang Jia‐Ji , Yu Jun‐Jie , Cai Pei‐Bin , Guo Wei‐Ming , Lin Hua‐Tay
Published: August 2024

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an ultrafast sintering method for the preparation of ceramics and ceramic composites with simple geometrical shapes, with the combined application of uniaxial pressure. This study aims to propose an SPS densification method for Si3N4 ceramic balls without necessitating alterations to tools and equipment. The Si3N4 ceramic balls intended for sintering are positioned within a SiC powder bed inside the conventional die used in SPS. The study systematically investigates the effects of presintering temperature (1400°C, 1500°C, and 1600°C) and SPS temperature (1600°C, 1700°C, and 1800°C) on the sphericity, relative density, phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Si3N4 ceramic balls. Experimental findings reveal that Si3N4 ceramic balls exhibiting an optimal combination of sphericity (0.94 ± 0.02), relative density (98.4%), and mechanical properties (Vickers hardness: 17.5 ± 0.4 GPa, fracture toughness: 6.4 ± 0.1 MPa·m1/2) were successfully achieved at a pre‐sintering temperature and SPS temperature of 1600°C, coupled with the use of a SiC powder bed and SPS method. Consequently, the SPS method demonstrates its capability to fabricate Si3N4 ceramic balls with excellent performance.
Triadic oral peer feedback: Does EFL learners’ L2 proficiency pairing play a role?
Authors: Zhao Na , Tian Lili , Carhill‐Poza Avary
Published: August 2024

While peer feedback has been a staple in second and foreign language (FL) writing for decades, most research explicitly examines the role of second language (L2) proficiency in written feedback among reviewer–writer pairs. The impact of L2 proficiency pairing in oral peer feedback remains under‐researched as does research on peer review among writer–reviewer triads, a commonly practiced peer review activity in FL classrooms. In the present study, 62 undergraduates participated in an oral peer feedback group discussion in an English as an FL writing context, providing and receiving oral peer feedback on two drafts of an argumentative essay topic. A rotary triadic role design was adopted to allow each group member to experience the role of both writer and reviewer, receiving two reviewers’ oral feedback as a writer and giving feedback for two writers as a reviewer in the same group. Self‐initiated L2 proficiency pairing was then examined from a reviewer–writer perspective in relation to the quantity and quality of oral feedback given and incorporated. Results showed significant differences in feedback quantity and uptake between different reviewer–writer pairings. Writers of high proficiency levels would receive and incorporate significantly more oral feedback when paired with reviewers of the same proficiency levels, compared to when paired with reviewers of different proficiency levels. Low‐level reviewers offered significantly more total oral feedback for low‐level writers than high‐level writers. Pedagogical implications could then be drawn as to how to pair learners of different L2 proficiency levels in oral peer feedback activity.
How strong is the democratic defence of ‘defence spending?’ Consequence of military expenditure for democracy in OECD countries
Authors: Zafirovski Milan
Published: August 2024

The article identifies and seeks to abridge a gap in the literature consisting of the problem of relations between military expenditure and democracy, especially the consequences of the first for the second. It specifically investigates the consequences that military expenditure produces for democracy among contemporary Western and comparable societies such as OECD countries during 2006–2017. It first surveys the relevant pertinent literature about the relationship of military expenditure and militaristic processes with democracy and political, civil and individual liberties. Then it proposes a theoretical sociological framework for approaching the problem of military expenditure and democracy, focusing on the consequences of the first for the second variable. It develops this framework by formulating testable hypotheses regarding the nature of consequences that military expenditure has for democracy. Next, it specifies data and their sources, the method and variables that the study uses. It reports empirical findings such as descriptive and proximately causal (regression) results. It infers that these findings for the most part support the theory and hypotheses that large and increasing military expenditure has adverse consequence for liberal democracy in general, and in OECD countries in particular.
Comprehending the disruptive influence of workplace gaslighting behaviours and mobbing on nurses' career entrenchment: A multi‐centre inquiry
Authors: Atta Mohamed Hussein Ramadan , Waheed Elzohairy Nadia , Abd Elaleem Alaa El Din Moustafa Hamed , Othman Ahmed Abdellah , Hamzaa Huda Gaber , El‐Sayed Ahmed Abdelwahab Ibrahim , Zoromba Mohamed Ali
Published: August 2024

Aim

To explore the disruptive influence of workplace gaslighting behaviours and mobbing on nurses' career entrenchment across multiple healthcare centres.

Design

A multi‐centre cross‐sectional.

Methods

Data were collected from 483 nurses from various healthcare settings in Egypt, spanning from January 2024 to February 2024. The Gaslighting at Work Questionnaire, Luxembourg Workplace Mobbing Scale and Career Entrenchment Scale were employed for data collection.

Results

The study revealed moderate levels of gaslighting, mobbing and nurses' career entrenchment. Also, there is a negative correlation between nurses' career entrenchment and both gaslighting and mobbing, while gaslighting and mobbing exhibit a positive correlation. The study also highlighted regional disparities in the prevalence of these phenomena, with the highest incidences noted in urban healthcare settings.

Conclusion

The findings underscore the critical impact of workplace gaslighting and mobbing on nurses' career entrenchment.

Reporting Method

The relevant reporting method has been adhered to, that is, STROBE.

Implication for the Profession

The future of the nursing profession requires building productive nurses who can cope with negative workplace experiences. This could be achieved by cultivating a workplace culture that has zero tolerance for these experiences. Offering counselling services or employee assistance programmes to help nurses cope with the emotional toll of these negative experiences is a promising strategy.

Impact

This study is the first to examine serious workplace practices like gaslighting and mobbing in a nursing context, emphasizing their effect on nursing‐sensitive indicators like career entrenchment. It is one of the important initiatives geared towards upgrading the competitiveness and magnetism of healthcare organizations in the era of green human resources management. Results provide valuable insights for nurse leaders to control nursing turnover and shortage crises in different endeavours.

Patient or Public Contribution

In our study, nurses from diverse geographical regions and varied specialties actively participate, offering a rich tapestry of experiences and perspectives.