bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Resistance Assessment of Slurry Coating Steel Substrate Compounds under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Anthymidis K.G. , David Kostas , Tsipas D.N.
Published: March 2009

Slurry coatings have been used for the protection of gas turbine materials in power plants
during the last years. These coatings can be applied by spaying, brushing or dipping. The main
constituent elements are silicon, chromium, potassium, borium, carbon and zirconium. They are
characterized by high hardness and very good resistance against corrosion, erosion, abrasive and
adhesive wear. To guarantee the reliability of coated steam turbines components used in power
plants, the lifetime assessment of the coatings and their failure prediction become very important.
Microhardness, scratch, adhesion and pin-on-disk sliding tests are commonly used for rapid
evaluation of the mechanical properties of these coatings [F. Loeffler: Thin Solid Films, Vol. 339
(1999), p. 181]. However, the above testing methods do not model the dynamic cyclic fatigue. In
this paper we evaluate the fatigue resistance of slurry coatings working under cyclic loading
conditions by the impact testing method. The coating failure mode and its extent were assessed by
SEM observations and EDX analysis. From the experimental results it was concluded that the
Si,Cr,O,B,C coatings deposited on P91 steel substrate showed an improved fatigue strength
compared to that of Si,Cr,O deposited on the same substrate.
Far Field Solution of SH-Wave Scattered by a Circular Cavity and a Mode III Crack in Half Space
Authors: Sun Bai Tao , Yan Pei Lei , Yang Zai Lin
Published: March 2009

Based on Green’s function, complex function and multi-polar coordinate system, the far
field solution of SH wave scattered by an elastic half space with a circular cavity and a crack at an
arbitrary position and orientation is investigated. First, a suitable Green’s function is constructed,
which is the fundamental solution of the displacement field for a half space with a circular cavity
subjected to an out-plane time-harmonic line force at an arbitrary position in half space. Second, by
means of crack-division technique, a crack with any location and orientation can be constructed in
the region of the half space. The displacement field and stress field are established in the situation
of coexistence of circular cavity and crack. At last expressions of far field, such as displacement
mode of scattering wave are deduced. Some examples and numerical results are illustrated. The
influences of the combination of different media parameters on solutions of far field are discussed.
Investigation into Damage of Aluminum Multi-Wall Shield under Hypervelocity Projectiles Impact
Authors: Guan Gong Shun , Pang Bao Jun , Chi Run Qiang , Cui Nai Gang
Published: March 2009

In order to study the hypervelocity impact of space debris on spacecraft through
hypervelocity impact on aluminum alloy multi-wall structure, a two-stage light gas gun was used to
launch 2017-T4 aluminum alloy sphere projectiles. The projectile diameters ranged from 2.74mm to
6.35mm and impact velocities ranged from 1.91km/s to 5.58km/s. Firstly, the advanced method of
multi-wall shield resisting hypervelocity impacts from space debris was investigated, and the effect
of amount and thickness of wall on shield performance was discussed. Finally, by regression
analyzing of experiment data, the experience equations for forecasting the diameter of the penetration
hole on the first wall and the diameter of the damaged area on the second wall of aluminum multi-wall
shield under hypervelocity normal impact of Al-spheres were obtained. The results indicated that the
performance of multi-wall shield with more amount of wall is excellent when area density is constant.
At the same time, intensity of the first wall and protecting space play the important roles.
Micromechanics Method to Evaluate Fatigue Life of Ni-Based Superalloys during Morphological Evolution
Authors: Wu Wen Ping , Guo Ya Fang , Wang Yue Sheng
Published: March 2009

A quantitative life prediction method has been proposed to evaluate fatigue life during morphological evolution of precipitates in Ni-based superalloys. The method is essentially based on Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion theory and Mori-Tanaka’s mean field method. The shape stability and life prediction are discussed when the external stress and matrix plastic strain are applied. The calculated results show that the fatigue life is closely related with microstructures evolution of precipitates. The magnitude and sign of the external stress and matrix plastic strain have an important effect on fatigue life of Ni-based superalloys during the morphological evolution of precipitates.
Non-Linear Step-by-Step Seismic Response and the Push-Over Analysis Comparison of a Reinforced Concrete of Ductile Frames 15 Level Building
Authors: Avila Jorge A. , Martínez Eduardo
Published: March 2009

Based on a ductile frames 15 level building, a non-linear analysis with increased
monotonically lateral loads (Push-Over) was made in order to determine its collapse and its
principal responses were compared against the elastic and inelastic time-history seismic responses
determined with the SCT-EW-85 record. The seismic-resistance design and faced to gravitational
loads was made according to the Complementary Technical Norms of Concrete Structures Design
(NTC-Concrete) and the NTC-Seismic of the Mexico City Code (RDF-04), satisfying the limit
service states (relative lateral displacement between story height maximum relations, story drifts ≤
0.012) and failure (seismic behavior factor, Q= 3). The compressible (soft) seismic zone IIIb and
the office use type (group B) were considered. The non-linear responses were determined with
nominal and over-resistance effects. The comparison were made with base shear force–roof lateral
displacement relations, global distribution of plastic hinges, failure mechanics tendency, lateral
displacements and story drift and its distribution along the height of the building, local and global
ductility demands, etc. For the non-linear static analysis with increased monotonically lateral loads,
it was important to select the type of lateral forces distribution.
Reliability Analysis of Structure System Considering Failure Modes of Strength, Fatigue and Buckling
Authors: An Wei Guang , An Hai , Zhang Yong Yi
Published: March 2009

There could be multi-failure modes in the course of working of the structure system
including slender bar members. For example, strength failure, fatigue failure and buckling failure,
especially sudden buckling failure would bring large disaster to structure. In this paper, according to
Fatigue and Damage Mechanics theory, safe margin expression of the different failure mode of
structure (static strength, fatigue and buckling) is given firstly, then by analyzing different failure
mode of structural element under static and fatigue loads, and failure mode of the calculating
element is confirmed by comparing the failure probability value of different failure mode. In the
course of searching for significant failure paths, not only is failure mode that stiffness matrix of
structure is zero considered, but also buckling failure mode of compressed residual structure is
considered too, so that failure analysis is more reasonable. In the end, the reliability calculating
method of the structural system is given, and the validity of the method proposed in this paper is
explained combining an example.
Study on Restrained Expansive Deformation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Stressing Concrete
Authors: He Huan An , Huang Cheng Kui
Published: March 2009

A new sort of high performance concrete is introduced which combines most advantages
of prestressed concrete and steel fiber concrete, named steel fiber reinforced self-stressing
concrete(SFFRSSC for short). Self-stressing concrete is actually a kind of expansive concrete which
self-stresses, namely pre-compressive stresses, are induced by dint of some restrictions generally
provided by steel bars to concrete expansion after hydration of expansive cement. As a result of
chemical reaction, concrete archived prestresses by itself different from mechanical prestressed
concrete, so called self-stressing concrete. By distributing short-cut steel fibers into self-stressing
concrete at random, prestresses( self-stress) are created in concrete under combined restriction of
steel bars and steel fibers. Thank to the pre-stresses tensile strength of concrete are significantly
increased as well as cracking strength. In addition, expansive deformation of SFFRSSC can
compensate the shrinkage of concrete to decrease shrinkage crack, and the steel fibers play an
important role in post-crack behavior. On the other hand, self-stressing concrete can avoid the
troubles of construction compared with conventional mechanical prestressed concrete. For purpose of
understanding the properties of SFFRSSC, in this paper some researches were carried out to
investigate the special expansive behaviors of restrained expansive deformation with restriction of
steel bar as well as steel fiber. The test results indicated that steel bar and steel fiber both provide
effective restrict to self-stressing concrete as result of forming prestresses in concrete.
An Analysis of Aging Characteristics of Tilting Train under Accelerated Aging Environment
Authors: Nam Jeong Pyo , Yoon Sung Ho , Hwang Young Eun , Li Hong , Li Qing Fen
Published: March 2009

In this study, the effect of combined environmental factors such as ultraviolet ray, high
temperature and high moisture on mechanical and thermal analysis properties of glass fabric and
phenolic composites are evaluated through a 2.5KW accelerated environmental aging tester. The
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and ultraviolet ray applied of specimens. A
xenon-arc lamp is utilized for ultraviolet light and exposure time of up to 3000 hours are applied.
Several types of specimens - tensile, bending, and shear specimens that are warp direction and fill
direction are used to investigate the effects of environmental factors on mechanical properties of the
composites. Mechanical degradations for tensile, bending and shear properties are evaluated
through a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Also, storage shear modulus, loss shear modulus and
tan δ are measured as a function of exposure time through a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA).
From the experimental results, changes in material properties of glass fabric and phenolic
composites are shown to be slightly degraded due to combined environmental effects.
Comparison of Impact Properties of Sn-9Zn and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu Lead-Free Solder Ball Joints
Authors: Shohji Ikuo , Shimoyama Satoshi , Ishikawa Hisao , Kojima Masao
Published: March 2009

Impact properties of solder ball joints with Sn-9mass%Zn and Sn-3mass%Ag-
0.5mass%Cu lead-free solders were investigated under aging at 423 K. In the case of the joints with
Cu electrodes, both Sn-9Zn and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu joints have similar impact forces before aging. For the
Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu joint, fracture occurred in an intermetallic compound (IMC) layer formed in a joint
interface regardless of aging, and thus the impact force was stable upon aging at 423 K for 500 h. For
the Sn-9Zn joint, fracture mode changed from solder fracture to other fracture upon aging and thus
this change led a decrease in the impact force.
In the Sn-9Zn joint with an electroless Ni/Au plated electrode, fracture occurred in the solder
regardless of aging, and thus impact properties improved compared with the joint using the Cu
electrode. The impact properties are superior to those of the Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu joints with the Cu and the
electroless Ni/Au electrodes.
Mechanical Properties of Scandia Stabilised Zirconia with Alumina Addition
Authors: Araki Wakako , Norigoe Hiroyuki , Adachi Tadaharu
Published: March 2009

Zirconium oxide doped with scandium oxide is one of the most promising materials for electrolytes of solid oxide fuel cells because of its high ionic conductivity. In this study, temperature dependence of mechanical property, especially strength, of 9 mol% scandia doped zirconia polycrystalline samples with 0 to 30 wt% of alumina additions was examined at temperatures from 293 to 1273 K. Ionic conductivity was also measured by AC impedance analysis. From both mechanical and electrical standpoints, the experimental results were discussed in terms of alumina addition.
Thin Liquid Crystal Film for Corrosion Sensing
Authors: Kossivas F. , Kyprianou Andreas
Published: March 2009

The anchoring energy of Liquid Crystals (LCs) is influenced by several parameters. Many
scientists have exploited LCs anchoring in order to develop several LC based optical sensors. This
paper proposes and proves a new principle of operation for corrosion sensing based on the
anchoring energy of liquid crystals. For the work of this paper 5CB (4-cyano-4-n-pentylbiphenyl)
nematic LCs were used to coat iron substrates forming films of about 7µm thickness. Both corroded
and non-corroded iron substrates were coated and the differences in LC anchoring between the two
substrates are reported. These differences were studied experimentally using the atomic force
microscope (AFM) and the laser profilometer.
Experimental Investigation on Fracture and Tensile Characteristics of Micro-Surfacing Containing Crumb Rubber
Authors: Chen Zheng , Wu Shao Peng , Zhang Tao , Pang Ling
Published: March 2009

The major objective of this research was to evaluate the tensile and fracture properties of
micro-surfacing, which as a preventive maintenance surface treatment on asphalt pavement, that
formed the basis for the ISSA recommendation of an optimum micro-surfacing design incorporating
crumb rubber. The research involved a full-factorial experiment with different rubber contents (0, 2
and 5%) and different polymer modified asphalt emulsion contents ranged from 10 to 13% by total
weight of crushed aggregate in micro-surfacing. Fracture and indirect tension tests were performed
on micro-surfacing beams and Marshall test samples, respectively, at two different test temperatures
of 25 and -10°C. The variables studied were indirect tensile strength, peak center-point load carried,
and load-point displacement. The results show that higher mean values of indirect tensile strength
were obtained corresponding to the highest modified asphalt emulsion content (13%), irrespective of
rubber contents, particularly at lower temperatures. A statistical analysis of the test results reveals that
there are no significant differences among the means of most of the variables studied corresponding
to different rubber contents. However, the differences are significant for different asphalt emulsion
contents.
Characteristics of Deformation-Induced Transformation in Steel 2.25Cr1Mo
Authors: Li Qing Fen , Chen Hong Bin
Published: March 2009

Characteristics of deformation-induced transformation (DIT) in the refractory low alloy
steel 2.25Cr1Mo were experimentally studied. Effect of different controlled-rolling and
controlled-cooling process on the steel microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated
and the mechanism was discussed. Results show that the grain size and the ferrite volume fraction
were obviously affected by the rolling and cooling processes. Proper DIT technique may
significantly accelerate the transformation of austenite to ferrite in the steel and improve the steel
strength.
Experimental Study on the Development of New Corrosion Inhibitor Contained a lot of Ca(No2)2 Using Concrete Structure
Authors: Moon Byung Chul , Lee Han Seung , Kim Young Jin
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrate as a corrosion inhibitor in mortar containing chloride. In the experiment, test specimens of mortar to which chloride and nitrite had been added, were subjected to accelerated corrosion by means of repeated drying and wetting on condition of high temperature. This study concerns the assessment of the inhibition effect of nitrite-based corrosion inhibitor using a polarization method and its influence on the chloride transport, compressive strength and setting time of concrete. From the results of the experiments, it was confirmed that the lithium, calcium nitrite corrosion inhibitor and new corrosion inhibitor over dosage 0.6 (NO2-/Cl-) molar ratio is very effective in protecting reinforcement from corrosion in mortar in which chloride ions have contained.
Structural Similitude for Buckling of Delaminated Beams
Authors: Rezaeepazhand Jalil
Published: March 2009

A significant amount of research has been conducted on the buckling behavior of
delaminated composite laminates. However, none of the investigations has been focused on
establishing similarity and scaling laws for buckling response of composite laminated with
delamination. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the applicability of similitude
theory in designing scaled down models for predicting the buckling behavior of delaminated
laminated beam subjected to uni-axial compression. The results presented herein indicate that, for
buckling response of delaminated beam-plates, based on structural similitude, a set of scaling laws
can be found which use to develop design rules for small scale models. For models with the same
material properties and stacking sequence as prototype, distorted models with different number of
delaminations, delamination length and depth than those of the prototype can predict the behavior
of the prototypes with good accuracy.
An Analysis of the Behavior of Small Fatigue Cracks Emanating from Stress Concentrators
Authors: Ikeda Satoshi , Koyanagi Daisuke , Endo Masahiro , Sakamoto Yuki
Published: March 2009

The plastic zone size (PZS) at the tip of a crack emanating from stress concentrators
subjected to uniform tension was calculated based upon the Dugdale model. A method was proposed
for the prediction of fatigue notch effects in terms of the McEvily method that has widely been used
for the analysis of small fatigue crack growth. In modifying this method, the elastic-plastic effects due
to stress concentration were taken into account using the values of PZS calculated in this study. The
results predicted by this method accounted successfully for the behavior of small fatigue cracks near
the threshold levels observed in the fatigue tests conducted using notched steel specimens.
Analysis of Chloride Diffusion in Cracked Concrete
Authors: Wang Xiao Yong , Lee Han Seung
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a model for chloride diffusion in cracked concrete. This numerical model includes two parts: hydration model and chloride diffusion model. The hydration model starts with mix proportion of concrete and considers both Portland cement hydration and pozzolanic activity. By hydration model, the evolution of properties of cement paste is described as function of curing age. Furthermore, based on general effective media theory and composite spheres assemblage model, the effective diffusivity of chloride ions in concrete without crack is obtained. Finally based on crack distribution in cracked concrete and finite element methods, the diffusion of chloride ions in cracked concrete is predicted. The prediction results agree well with experiment results.
Computational Fracture Analyses of a Compact Tension Shear (CTS) Specimen with an Inclined Crack Plane
Authors: Li Qing Fen , Qi Gui Ying , Yan Sheng Yuan , Buchholz Friedrich G.
Published: March 2009

In this paper some results of 3D-finite element analyses of a modified CTS-specimen with an inclined crack plane are presented. It will be shown, that through the inclination of the crack plane, even under pure tension loading of the specimen, a superposition of all fracture modes I, II and III can be generated along the straight crack front of the inclined crack plane. Furthermore, mixed-mode I, II and III loading conditions can also be generated if this modified CTS-specimen is subject to an in-plane tension/shear loading. The computational fracture analysis is based on the calculation of separated energy release rates GI, GII and GIII along the crack front by the numerically highly effective modified virtual crack closure integral(MVCCI)-method and for the finite element(FE)-modelling the commercially available FE-code ANSYS is utilized.
Weibull Stress Analysis for an Embedded Crack in Reactor Pressure Vessels under Pressurized Thermal Shock
Authors: Qian Xu Dong , Dodds Jr. Robert H.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the Weibull stress approach in predicting the cumulative probability
of cleavage fracture for an axially embedded crack in the wall of a reactor pressure vessel (RPV)
subjected to a thermal-mechanical transient typical for an accidental, pressurized thermal shock
(PTS) event. This study demonstrates the need for detailed elastic-plastic analyses in the integrity
assessment of RPVs under PTS loadings, and proposes both a simplified approach and a refined
approach to assess the probability of fracture for RPVs subjected to such events.
Reinforcement of Aluminum by TiB Dissolution
Authors: Agrianidis P. , Anthymidis K.G. , David Kostas
Published: March 2009

Interactions between solid materials and liquid aluminum lead to a dissolution of solid
elements into aluminum, which in turn results in a subsequent growth of intermetallic and
intermediate phases. It was established that the growth of the intermetallic phases could be governed
by chemical reactions at the interfaces and by interdiffusion of the reacting elements through the
different phases. Dissolution on the other hand mainly depends on thermodynamic conditions,
experimental parameters such as temperature, stirring time, and reacting holding time and on the
degree of the saturation of aluminum as well as on the chemical composition of the solid materials
in the reaction zone.
The above-mentioned factors play also an important role in the formation of the different phases
during dissolution. Nevertheless, a non-uniform distribution of the solute elements may causes a
local concentration of these elements into the liquid aluminum, which practically delays the process
or alters the equilibrium of the growth of the phases. Thus it is crucial to control the dissolution
conditions so that the instabilities induced at the solid materials/aluminum interface are limited.
The main objective of this study was to investigate both the formation of intermetallic and
intermediate phases in the reaction zone and to examine the development of the diffusion structures
of pure aluminum reinforced with TiB particles and to investigate the mechanical properties of the
as-produced composite materials.
Shape Optimization of Metal Welded Bellows Seal Based on the Turing Reaction-Diffusion Model Coupled with FEM
Authors: Gheni Mamtimin , Kikuchi Masanori
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the Turing reaction-diffusion model coupled with Finite Element Method
(FEM) is implemented first by considering the biomechanical model iBone (Imitation Bone). Then
the shape optimization of Metal Welded Bellows Seal (MWBS) is conducted based on the
biomechanical bone forming process by considering the osteoclasts and osteoblasts process. The
MWBS mass and shape is changed by changing the initial boundary condition, then some
reasonable results are obtained by keeping the required forming value, and the new S type wave of
metal welded bellow of mechanical seal are obtained. Finally, the strength evaluations are
conducted for new optimized S type model and original V and S type models by using the FEM
software.
Damage Identification of Mechanical System with Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Cao Li Juan , Li Shou Ju , Shangguan Zi Chang
Published: March 2009

The inverse problem of structure damage detection is formulated as an optimization
problem, which is then solved by using artificial neural networks. Based on the hybrid optimization
strategy, the parameter identification algorithm was presented according to the measured data of
vibrating frequency and mode shapes in the damaged structure. The proposed algorithm combines
the local optimum method having fast convergence ability with the neural networks having global
optimum ability. By doing this, the local minimization problem of the local optimum method can be
solved, and the convergence speed of the global optimum method can be improved. The
investigation shows that to identify the location and magnitude of the damaged structure by using
an artificial neural network is feasible and a well trained artificial neural network by
Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm reveals an extremely fast convergence and a high degree of
accuracy.
Crack Analysis of 3D Functionally Graded Materials by a BEM
Authors: Wang Jing , Gao Xiao Wei , Zhang Chuan Zeng
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an elastostatic crack analysis in three-dimensional (3D), isotropic,
functionally graded and linear elastic solids. A boundary element method (BEM) based on
boundary-domain integral equations is applied. A multi-domain technique and discontinuous
elements at the crack-front are adopted. To show the effects of the materials gradients on the crackopening-
displacements (CODs) and the stress intensity factors (SIFs), numerical results for a pennyshaped
crack are presented and discussed.
Crack Spacing and the Flow Stress in NiTi Thin Films Deposited on Cu Substrate
Authors: Li Yong Hua , Meng F.L. , Liu Chang Sheng , Wang Y.M.
Published: March 2009

Ti-51.45at.%Ni thin films were deposited onto copper substrates by magnetron sputtering.
The copper substrates were pre-punched into dog-bone specimens with 4.5mm×30mm(gauge portion)
×35µm( thickness). The substrate temperature was about 673K. The thin films were about 20µm thick.
The as-deposited films were first solution treated at 1073K for 1h, and then aged at 773K for 30min.
The grain size was estimated to be 1.5µm from scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Tensile
tests were carried out on CSS-44100 electron universal test-machine. The strain rate was 1.1×10-4 s-1.
The stress-strain curves of the free-standing film were obtained from the experimental stress-strain
curves of copper substrate together with the thin film adherent to the substrate compared with the
curves of copper substrate without film. The Hall-Patch coefficient was calculated, k=205Mpa.µm1/2.
It seems that the Hall-Patch coefficient decreases with increasing film thickness. The experimental
results showed that a series of parallel cracks grew in a concerted fashion across the thin film and the
cracks were equally spaced. The cracks were more closely spaced if the film stress was increased. The
fracture toughness of the film was estimated, c KΙ =0.96MPa·m1/2. Therefore, the minimum crack
spacing is predicted by the film stress given.
Damage Analysis of the SRHSHPC Frame Columns under Low Cyclic Reversed Horizontal Loading
Authors: Zheng Shan Suo , Zhang Liang , Wang Bin , Li Lei , Zeng Lei
Published: March 2009

Based on tests under low cyclic reversed horizontal loading, damage behaviors of steel
reinforced high strength and high performance concrete (SRHSHPC) frame columns are analyzed.
The strength attenuation that considered as damage variable is figured out, and the influence of axial
compression ratio, shear span ratio, stirrup ratio and concrete strength on the strength attenuation is
discussed. The accumulative damage model, which can reveal the effect of cyclic loading and
maximum deformation, is established for the SRHSHPC frame columns. The different phases of
damage growth and their features for the SRHSHPC frame columns are analyzed, and the relation of
damage and displacement is ascertained. Furthermore, the influence of axial compression ratio, shear
span ratio, stirrup ratio and concrete strength on the damage development is also discussed. The
results show that the damage model could give a rational description for damaging process of the
SRHSHPC frame columns.
Ferromagnetic Properties in Co-Substituted Titania Nanosheets
Authors: Osada Minoru , Ebina Yasuo , Takada Kazunori , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: March 2009

Two-dimensional (2D) Ti1-xCoxO2 nanosheet, a recently discovered ferromagnic nanomaterial, has
been investigated by magnetic and magneto-optical measurements. The multilayer films of
Ti0.8Co0.2O2 nanosheets exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism with magnetic moment of 1.4
μ B/Co. We also observe robust magnetic circular dichroism near the absorption edge at 4 eV,
indicating a strong spin polarization in this 2D system. The first-principles study of Ti1-xCoxO2
nanosheet characterizes the ferromagnetic state with a spin-orbit-induced anisotropy.
Three-Dimensional TEM Tomography Analysis of Epitaxially Assembled Perovskite Oxide Nanocrystalline Particles
Authors: Iwaji Naoki , Takebe Hiromichi , Kuwabara Makoto
Published: March 2009

We investigated epitaxial assembly in aggregates of CaTiO3 nanoparticles, which were synthesized under a hydrothermal condition at 150°C using water/ethanol solvent, by transmission electron microscopy analysis combined with a three-dimensional tomography technique. The obtained results indicate that epitaxial assembly is involved in the crystal growth of CaTiO3 nanoparticles, and that in aggregates of CaTiO3 nanoparticles epitaxial assembly occur on their {101} planes.
Fundamental Study on High-Frequency Ultrasound Probes Fabricated by Aerosol Deposition Method and Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Endo Akito , Akedo Jun , Takeuchi Shinichi
Published: March 2009

The ultrasound probes utilized in this study were fabricated using lead zirconium titanate (PZT), which was deposited using two different methods—the aerosol deposition (AD) method and the hydrothermal method. The fabricated ultrasound probes had the same structure wherein an electrode and an acoustic backing block were attached to each transducer. In this study, we have compared the acoustic characteristics of a high-frequency ultrasound probe fabricated by the AD method with those of a probe fabricated using the hydrothermal method; further, we have studied and hence determined the optimal process that can be used in the fabrication of high-frequency ultrasound probes with a resonance frequency of 40 MHz. As a result, when the pickup voltage was compared, the ultrasound probes fabricated by the AD method exhibited a value 9.5 times higher than that of the probes fabricated by the hydrothermal method. Moreover, the ultrasound probes fabricated by the AD method were found to transmit pulses at resonance frequencies of 28 MHz, 45–50 MHz, and 82–88 MHz.
Changes in the Electrical Conduction Mechanism with the Electrical Degradation of BaTiO3-Based Ceramics
Authors: Nakano Makito , Saito Akira , Wada Nobuyuki
Published: March 2009

The electrical degradation mechanisms of BaTiO3-based ceramics were investigated by
measuring the dependence of leakage current on high electric fields. Before the degradation, the
leakage current predominately obeyed Ohm’s law and Poole-Frenkel relation. As the degradation
progressed, the Poole-Frenkel emission current increased. Moreover, the total current at the high
electric fields also comprised Schottky emissions between cathodes and dielectric layers.
Growth Condition and Ferroelectric Property of Mn-Doped Na0.5K0.5NbO3 Crystal
Authors: Inagaki Yumi , Kakimoto Kenichi , Ohsato Hitoshi
Published: March 2009

Mn-doped Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) crystals have been grown by self-flux method under several
heat-treatment conditions. The cooling rate affected the quality of Mn-doped NKN crystals
significantly. When the cooling rate was 0.5 oC/min at temperatures ranging from 1050 to 950 oC,
the synthesized Mn-doped NKN crystal exhibited a single nucleation growth, compared with
multinucleation growth when the cooling rate was 0.25 oC/min at temperatures ranging from 1050
to 950 oC. The frequency dependence on the ferroelectric P-E hysteresis loop of the Mn-doped
NKN crystal was not observed at measurement frequency of 0.1 – 25 Hz. The annealed 0.5 mol%
Mn-doped NKN crystal exhibited excellent P-E hysteresis loop with Pr of 45.0 μC/cm2 and Ec of 7.2
kV/cm.
Dielectric Properties in the Insoluble Compositions of BaTiO3-CaTiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Banno Koichi , Koga Tomomi , Takeda Toshikazu , Sano Harunobu , Morimoto Tadashi , Takagi Hiroshi
Published: March 2009

A conventional solid phase reaction method was followed to prepare (1−x)BaTiO3-xCaTiO3 based
ceramics with content fractions ranging from x = 0.00 to 1.00. Phase segregation was observed
when x exceeded 0.10. DC breakdown voltage (DC-BDV) abruptly changed at x = 0.30 and 0.85.
Furthermore, the DC-BDV values of insoluble compositions (x = 0.30−0.85) were much higher than
those of solubility limit (x = 0.20 and 0.90). Results obtained by investigation of the amount of
absorbed current and the dependence of the rate of voltage increase for DC-BDV and AC-BDV
confirmed the formation of space charge in insoluble compositions. This suggests that the
dependence of the DC-BDV value for (1−x)BaTiO3-xCaTiO3 based ceramics was affected by the
formation of space charge.
Effect of Pore Structures on the Humidity Sensitivity of TiO2-Based Ceramic Humidity Sensors
Authors: Aoki Hideji , Asaka Takashi , Higuchi Masashi , Azuma Yasuo , Asaga Kiyoshi , Katayama Keiichi
Published: March 2009

TiO2-based ceramic humidity sensors containing small amounts of Li2O and V2O5 were prepared by a solid-reaction method. The relationship between the pore structures of the sensors and one of the most important humidity properties, hysteresis in humidity sensitivity, was studied. The humidity sensitivity was investigated by measuring the impedance of the sensors under various conditions of humidity, and the pore-size distribution was measured by mercury-intrusion porosimetry and by the nitrogen-adsorption method. The hysteresis property of the sensors was shown to be significantly dependent on their microstructure, particularly the volume ratio of mesopores to all pores in the sensor elements. Nitrogen adsorption was found to be more useful than mercury porosimetry for determining the proportion of mesopores in the samples.
(Mg,Zn)O/ZnO Heterostructures Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Adachi Yutaka , Ohashi Naoki , Sakaguchi Isao , Osawa Takeo , Ryoken Haruki , Yoshikawa Hideki , Ueda Shigenori , Kobayashi Keisuke , Haneda Hajime
Published: March 2009

(Mg,Zn)O films were grown on Zn- and O-face ZnO single crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The surface morphologies of the films grown on the Zn- and O-face substrates were quite different, indicating that no domain inversion occurred in both films. The films showed markedly different features for valence band spectra obtained by hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. This suggests that the effect of film polarity should be considered in X-ray photoemission spectroscopy.
Prediction of Grinding Force Distribution in Wheel and Workpiece Contact Zone
Authors: Shi Zhong De , Srinivasaraghavan Madhusudhan , Attia Helmi
Published: March 2009

A novel method is reported for predicting the distribution of normal and tangential
grinding forces in wheel and workpiece contact zone or along their contact arc. This work was
motivated by the need to obtain the maximum force acting on individual active abrasive grains for
establishing the probability of grain fracture and pullouts due to this force. Horizontal and vertical
forces measured in the transient cut-in or cut-out stage of a grinding pass are utilized in this method
to predict the horizontal and vertical forces acting on each portion of the contact arc. And then these
forces are subsequently converted to tangential and normal forces per unit length along the arc to
obtain the force distribution. To illustrate the application of this method, forces measured in the
transient cut-out stage in the grinding of tungsten carbide with electroplated diamond wheels were
employed to predict the force distribution, which was further applied to predicting the transient
grinding power at the cut-in and cut-out stages. The predicted power was found to match very well
with the measured power.
Geometrical Simulation of Surface Finish Improvement in Helical Scan Grinding Method by Means of 3D-CAD Model
Authors: Suzuki Kiyoshi , Shiraishi Yoichi , Ninomiya Shinichi , Iwai Manabu , Uematsu Tetsutaro
Published: March 2009

Estimation of mechanism of surface finish improvement in helical scan grinding, a method
in which a good surface finish is obtained besides keeping a high grinding efficiency, is performed
based on the virtual grinding trace using a 3D-CAD model. In three grit models, (a) a single grit on a
wheel, (b) plural grits arrangement on a helical line on the wheel circumference, and (c) multiple grit
arrangement in a triangular pattern, virtual grinding traces and their unevenness or surface roughness
are investigated. The virtual grinding trace in helical scan grinding is made by interference of grit
trajectories, and the results of the analysis are very similar to experimental results.
Study on Abrasive Geometry of Quick-Point Grinding
Authors: Yuan Suo Xian , Xie Dong Na , Gong Ya Dong
Published: March 2009

Quick-point grinding is more advanced and more efficiency as a method of high and
super-high speed grinding. Its main grinding properties are low grinding forces and temperature. Its
basic characteristic is the axis of wheel and workpiece are not parallel and not contained by the
same plane. That makes the geometrical property of the quick-point grinding different from
conventional cylindrical grinding. This paper emphasizes particularly on the abrasive geometry
analysis on the quick-point grinding. After founding a model, this paper has educed equivalent
wheel diameter, maximum contact length, undeformed chip thickness and so on. In this paper the
quick-point-grinding angle is made use of to find a model of grinding force and deduce an
expressions.
Simulation of Dynamic Performance for Hydro-Hybrid Spindle-Bearing System of Superhigh Speed Grinder
Authors: Wang Wan Shan , Zhu L.D. , Yu Tian Biao , Shi Jia Shun , Li He
Published: March 2009

Spindle-bearing system plays a crucial role in superhigh speed grinding, which directly
affects machining precision, but it is complex and difficult to get the dynamic performance in
experiment. This leads to study how to accurately simulate dynamic performance of spindle-bearing
system. So a method which springs and damping units imitate bearing support is proposed in this
paper. The proposed method can predict the regular pattern which bearing stiffness and damping ratio
affect natural frequency and harmonic response. The research demonstrates that the method predicts
well the dynamic performance of the spindle-bearing system and it is close to actual condition,
therefore, it can be a reference for dynamic optimization design of spindle-bearing system in
superhigh speed grinding.
Model Based Characterization of the Grinding Wheel Effective Topography
Authors: Kramer Niklas , Wangenheim C.
Published: March 2009

In this paper the geometry of the grinding wheel effective topography is analyzed. Existing and newly developed abrasive grain geometry models are investigated. Further, different abrasive distribution systems are developed and the grinding wheel surface is generated. The 3D stereomicroscopy at the Scanning Electron Microscope offers the opportunity to measure a three-dimensional profile of the grinding wheel. Hence, the investigations of the real grinding wheel surface can be used as a verification of the developed surface model. Abbott-Firestone-Curves are used as a comparison of the model based topography and the real grinding wheel surface. The variation of the grain geometry and distribution offers the opportunity to adapt the simulation to the grinding wheel specification.
Synchronous Finish Processes Using Grinding and Ultrasonic Electrochemical Finishing on Hole-Wall Surface
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2009

The current study using ultrasonic energy transmitted into the electrolyte to assist in
discharging of electrolytic product and cuttings out of the machining gap in the synchronous finish
processes of grinding and electrochemical finishing on hole-wall surface beyond traditional process
of holes machining instead of conventional hand or machine polishing. The design finish-tool
includes a grinding-tool and an electrode as a hole-wall surface finish improvement that goes beyond
traditional rough boring. In the experiment, the finish-tool is completely inserted to the hole; the
electrode is used with continuous or pulsed direct current. The electrode form and the machining
process are obviously different from electrochemical grinding (ECG). The experimental results show
that the large supply of current density is effectively to reach the amount of the material removal and
is advantageous to the finish processes. The finish effect is better with a high rotational speed of the
finish-tool because the dregs and cuttings discharge of electrochemical finishing and grinding
becomes easier and is also advantageous to the finish. The average effect of the ultrasonics is more
better than the pulsed current while the machining time needs not to be prolonged by the off-time. The
synchronous processes of grinding and ultrasonic electrochemical finishing just require a short time to
make the hole-wall surface smooth and bright.
The Correlation and Spectrum Research on Cylindrical Surface Lapping Machined with Abrasive Jet Finishing Restricted by Grinding Wheel
Authors: Liu Feng , Gong Ya Dong , Shan Yu Qiao , Cai Guang Qi
Published: March 2009

With the correlation in stochastic process applied to the experimental results, the surface
during grinding and further lapping with abrasive jet finishing (AJF) restricted by grinding wheel was
investigated with respect to auto correlation function (ACF) , cross correlation function (CCF) and
power spectral density (PSD) analysis. The results indicated that AJF made the surface contour
formed periodicity in a small range and removed fluctuation of the surface contour in low frequency
greatly. The average spacing of the surface contour decreased and the machined surfaces changed
from continuous parallel micro-groove and plough to randomly distributed discontinuous micro-pit
with the increase of machining circles. The surface texture became fine and surface roughness was
obviously improved. Furthermore, the isotropy surface and uniformity veins both parallel and
perpendicular machining direction was attained by the finishing process to improve greatly the
wearable capability of the workpiece.
Design of Double Nozzle Type Powder Jet Device Optimized for PJD
Authors: Shibuya Toshihiko , Sepasy Mohammad Saeed , Mizutani Koichi , Yoshihara Nobuhito , Yan Ji Wang , Kuriyagawa Tsunemoto
Published: March 2009

Thick films are needed in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) as insulation,
piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials. To form the thick film, powder jet deposition (PJD) method
has been proposed. In the PJD process, microparticles are sprayed out from nozzle under the
conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and make a film on the substrate. We have
developed a new jet mechanism of double-nozzle type, and reported its results previously [1]. In this
study, we optimized the shape of the nozzle through investigating the influence of different
dimensions and shape of the nozzle on the particles blasting velocity. As a result, it is found that
nozzle diameter has a large affect on particles velocity.
Experimental Trial of Fullerene Wheel Fabrication
Authors: Tanaka Takeshi
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study is to fabricate a wheel using fullerenes with nano-scaled particles, and to
investigate the polishing performance of fullerene wheel. A super smooth surface was formed on a silicon wafer
by polishing the wafer with metal-bonded diamond wheels using a diamond abrasive grit of 0-0.125 μm and
fullerenes with a diameter of 0.7 nm. We used two kinds of metal-bonded diamond wheels for pre-polishing
and a metal-bonded fullerene wheel for the finishing process. Though the surface roughness after polishing with
the fullerene wheel was almost equal to that obtained by polishing with the metal-bonded diamond wheel using
diamond abrasive grit of 0-0.125 μm, the chemical-mechanical polishing process was clarified by AFM
(atomic force microscope) observation when we used a metal-bonded fullerene wheel with 5wt% KOH
(potassium hydroxide) solution. The greater number of smoothed portions on the surface of the silicon wafer
indicated that the fullerenes provided the same polishing ability as that of the abrasive grit.
CAD/CAPP Research and Practice of Special Welding Shell Parts
Authors: Wu X.G. , Li Xi , Zuo X.Y.
Published: March 2009

This paper adopts the parameterized designing method of feature assembled and feature
unit. For the feature of non-conventional parts, such as welding box and bearer, using the Visual C++
and AutoCAD as soft tools, the system successfully carries out the basic function of feature
assembling, the processing of two-dimensional figure, the building of three-dimensional feature, the
automatic producing of technical papers, and so on. The integration idea and design methods of this
system can be served as the preference to CAD/CAPP integration for other non-conventional parts.
Key Techniques and Advances of Grinding/Milling Spiral Flutes on NC Machines with Multi-Axis Linkage
Authors: Xiang Chun Jiang , Gu Li Zhi
Published: March 2009

Introduced systematically the forming principles and mathematical modeling of grinding/ milling spiral flutes with numeric control machines, overviewed the functions of multi-axis linkage and the determination technique of the number of the linkage axes, discussed the conversion technique of NC—STEP-NC code in programming with EXPRESS, presented advances of controlling systems with high performance. Much attention was paid to the explanation of the error modeling and the tool interference in the real machining with the error-compensation techniques. Trends were envisioned on key technique study of the forming principles for the spatial spiral flutes, function of multi-axes, tool interference in the real machining and simulation of the operation processing, as well as automatic generation of NC codes and the connection /compatibility of the codes with the mainline NC systems, in future.
Study on Torque Sensor System Used in Torque Rheometer Based on Virtual Prototyping Simulation
Authors: Cui Si Hai , Li Y. , Ren Sheng Le
Published: March 2009

A new type of torque sensor system used in torque rheometer is designed. Precision and
reliability is analyzed by virtual prototyping simulation. Simulation shows that the system error
increases with the backlash increasing. So the gearhead must have some certain precision demand.
The torque sensor components are developed on the basis of simulation. The experiment shows that
this measure system does not use active part, so it does not need to maintenance, and the reliability
is high. The temperature and outside stress influence and hysteresis error are eliminated. The torque
sensor system measure precision is better than 0.1% F.S.
A Platform Establishment Method for Auto Driving Simulation Based on EON Studio
Authors: Xue Kai , Yang F.
Published: March 2009

The factors of outline appearance, colors and interior decorations in vehicle design have
direct influence on consumers. How to express these factors rapidly and vividly by using virtual
reality (VR) technology has been researched in the paper. Firstly, the design scheme has been
presented out of virtual driving platform. Secondly, the vehicle models and its exterior scenes have
been built. In addition, the virtual driving platform has been established based on EON Studio, the
Cg advanced rendering and the collision detection are developed of vehicle body and exterior
scenes. Finally, the human-machine interactive operations have been realized, which provides
virtual environment for designers and customers to observe and experience freely in the virtual
driving platform.