bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential of primary kidney cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer mediated transgenesis in pig
Authors: Richter Anne , Kurome Mayuko , Kessler Barbara , Zakhartchenko Valeri , Klymiuk Nikolai , Nagashima Hiroshi , Wolf Eckhard , Wuensch Annegret
Published: November 2012

Background

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is currently the most efficient and precise method to generate genetically tailored pig models for biomedical research. However, the efficiency of this approach is crucially dependent on the source of nuclear donor cells. In this study, we evaluate the potential of primary porcine kidney cells (PKCs) as cell source for SCNT, including their proliferation capacity, transfection efficiency, and capacity to support full term development of SCNT embryos after additive gene transfer or homologous recombination.

Results

PKCs could be maintained in culture with stable karyotype for up to 71 passages, whereas porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) and porcine ear fibroblasts (PEFs) could be hardly passaged more than 20 times. Compared with PFFs and PEFs, PKCs exhibited a higher proliferation rate and resulted in a 2-fold higher blastocyst rate after SCNT and in vitro cultivation. Among the four transfection methods tested with a GFP expression plasmid, best results were obtained with the NucleofectorTM technology, resulting in transfection efficiencies of 70% to 89% with high fluorescence intensity, low cytotoxicity, good cell proliferation, and almost no morphological signs of cell stress. Usage of genetically modified PKCs in SCNT resulted in approximately 150 piglets carrying at least one of 18 different transgenes. Several of those pigs originated from PKCs that underwent homologous recombination and antibiotic selection before SCNT.

Conclusion

The high proliferation capacity of PKCs facilitates the introduction of precise and complex genetic modifications in vitro. PKCs are thus a valuable cell source for the generation of porcine biomedical models by SCNT.
Novel antiviral activity of baicalein against dengue virus
Authors: Zandi Keivan , Teoh Boon-Teong , Sam Sing-Sin , Wong Pooi-Fong , Mustafa Mohd Rais , AbuBakar Sazaly
Published: November 2012

Background

Dengue is a serious arboviral disease currently with no effective antiviral therapy or approved vaccine available. Therefore, finding the effective compound against dengue virus (DENV) replication is very important. Among the natural compounds, bioflavonoids derived mainly from plants are of interest because of their biological and medicinal benefits.

Methods

In the present study, antiviral activity of a bioflavonoid, baicalein, was evaluated against different stages of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) replication in Vero cells using focus forming unit reduction assay and quantitative RT-PCR.

Results

Baicalein inhibited DENV-2 replication in Vero cells with IC50= 6.46 μg/mL and SI= 17.8 when added after adsorption to the cells. The IC50against DENV-2 was 5.39 μg/mL and SI= 21.3 when cells were treated 5 hours before virus infection and continuously up to 4 days post infection. Baicalein exhibited direct virucidal effect against DENV-2 with IC50= 1.55 μg/mL and showed anti-adsorption effect with IC50= 7.14 μg/mL.

Conclusions

Findings presented here suggest that baicalein exerts potent antiviral activity against DENV. Baicalein possesses direct virucidal activity against DENV besides its effects against dengue virus adsorption and intracellular replication of DENV-2. Baicalein, hence, should be considered forin vivoevaluation in the development of an effective antiviral compound against DENV.
Cost-effectiveness of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Turkey: a decision analytical model
Authors: Bakır Mustafa , Türel Özden , Topachevskyi Oleksandr
Published: November 2012

Background

Streptococcus pneumoniaeinfections, which place a considerable burden on healthcare resources, can be reduced in a cost-effective manner using a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7). We compare the cost effectiveness of a 13-valent PCV (PCV-13) and a 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeableHaemophilus influenzaeprotein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) with that of PCV-7 in Turkey.

Methods

A cost-utility analysis was conducted and a decision analytical model was used to estimate the proportion of the Turkish population <10 years old that would experience 10 mutually exclusive outcomes over the course of 1 year from a perspective of a healthcare system. Model outcomes were adjusted according to the population demographics and region-specific serotype distribution in Turkey. Health outcomes and direct healthcare costs were simulated for PCV-7, PCV-13 and PHiD-CV.

Results

PCV-13 and PHiD-CV are projected to have a substantial impact on pneumococcal disease in Turkey versus PCV-7, with 2,223 and 3,156 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and 2,146 and 2,081 life years, respectively, being saved under a 3+1 schedule. Projections of direct medical costs showed that a PHiD-CV vaccination programme would provide the greatest cost savings, offering additional savings of US$11,718,813 versus PCV-7 and US$8,235,010 versus PCV-13. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that PHiD-CV dominated PCV-13 in terms of QALYs gained and cost savings in 58.3% of simulations.

Conclusion

Under the modeled conditions, PHiD-CV would provide the most cost-effective intervention for reducing pneumococcal disease in Turkish children.
Cancer and non-cancer health effects from food contaminant exposures for children and adults in California: a risk assessment
Authors: Vogt Rainbow , Bennett Deborah , Cassady Diana , Frost Joshua , Ritz Beate , Hertz-Picciotto Irva
Published: November 2012

Background

In the absence of current cumulative dietary exposure assessments, this analysis was conducted to estimate exposure to multiple dietary contaminants for children, who are more vulnerable to toxic exposure than adults.

Methods

We estimated exposure to multiple food contaminants based on dietary data from preschool-age children (2–4 years, n=207), school-age children (5–7 years, n=157), parents of young children (n=446), and older adults (n=149). We compared exposure estimates for eleven toxic compounds (acrylamide, arsenic, lead, mercury, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, endosulfan, dieldrin, chlordane, DDE, and dioxin) based on self-reported food frequency data by age group. To determine if cancer and non-cancer benchmark levels were exceeded, chemical levels in food were derived from publicly available databases including the Total Diet Study.

Results

Cancer benchmark levels were exceeded by all children (100%) for arsenic, dieldrin, DDE, and dioxins. Non-cancer benchmarks were exceeded by >95% of preschool-age children for acrylamide and by 10% of preschool-age children for mercury. Preschool-age children had significantly higher estimated intakes of 6 of 11 compounds compared to school-age children (p<0.0001 to p=0.02). Based on self-reported dietary data, the greatest exposure to pesticides from foods included in this analysis were tomatoes, peaches, apples, peppers, grapes, lettuce, broccoli, strawberries, spinach, dairy, pears, green beans, and celery.

Conclusions

Dietary strategies to reduce exposure to toxic compounds for which cancer and non-cancer benchmarks are exceeded by children vary by compound. These strategies include consuming organically produced dairy and selected fruits and vegetables to reduce pesticide intake, consuming less animal foods (meat, dairy, and fish) to reduce intake of persistent organic pollutants and metals, and consuming lower quantities of chips, cereal, crackers, and other processed carbohydrate foods to reduce acrylamide intake.
Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: a malignancy associated with recurrent epididymitis?
Authors: Yen Ching-Heng , Lee Chun-Te , Su Chung-Jen , Lo Hua-Cheng
Published: November 2012

A 53-year-old Taiwanese male had several episodes of left epididymitis with hydrocele refractory to antibiotic treatment. Partial epididymectomy plus preventive vasectomy were planned, and, incidentally, an ill-defined nodule was found lying on the tunica vaginalis near the epididymal head. The pathological diagnosis was malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. Radical orchiectomy with wide excision of the hemi-scrotal wall was performed. So far, there is no evidence of recurrence after more than 3 years of follow-up. Malignant tumor should be considered in the case of recurrent epididymitis refractory to empirically effective antibiotic treatment. Although the nature of this tumor is highly fatal, the malignancy can possibly be cured by early and aggressive surgical treatment.
Contamination of nanoparticles by endotoxin: evaluation of different test methods
Authors: Smulders Stijn , Kaiser Jean-Pierre , Zuin Stefano , Van Landuyt Kirsten L , Golanski Luana , Vanoirbeek Jeroen , Wick Peter , Hoet Peter HM
Published: November 2012

Background

Nanomaterials can be contaminated with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) during production or handling. In this study, we searched for a convenient in vitro method to evaluate endotoxin contamination in nanoparticle samples. We assessed the reliability of the commonly used limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and an alternative method based on toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 reporter cells when applied with particles (TiO2, Ag, CaCO3 and SiO2), or after extraction of the endotoxin as described in the ISO norm 29701.

Results

Our results indicate that the gel clot LAL assay is easily disturbed in the presence of nanoparticles; and that the endotoxin extraction protocol is not suitable at high particle concentrations. The chromogenic-based LAL endotoxin detection systems (chromogenic LAL assay and Endosafe-PTS), and the TLR4 reporter cells were not significantly perturbed.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that nanoparticles can interfere with endotoxin detection systems indicating that a convenient test method must be chosen before assessing endotoxin contamination in nanoparticle samples.
Overexpression of chemokine ligand 7 is associated with the progression of canine transmissible venereal tumor
Authors: Chiang Hsin-Chien , Wang Yu-Shan , Chou Chung-Hsi , Liao Albert Taiching , Chu Rea-Min , Lin Chen-Si
Published: November 2012

Background

Chemokines play multiple roles in the development and progression in a variety of tumors. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 (CXCL7) has been found associated with pro-inflammatory responses, but its role in cancer growth remains unclear. Our previous study showed that R phase tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) produced large amounts of interleukin (IL)-6 which antagonized transforming growth factor (TGF)-β derived from CTVT to diminish the immune-suppressive microenvironment. Now we intend to determine the expression pattern of CXCL7 and the role of IL-6/TGF-β in CXCL7 induction during spontaneous progressive (P) and regressive (R) phases in canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT).

Results

We have demonstrated that CXCL7 expressed at high level in P phase and down-regulated in R phase by western blot and real-time PCR. This suggested that CXCL7 expression was negatively correlated with the tumor growth. Co-culturing TILs with CTVT cells was found to reduce CXCL7 expression, while adding IL-6 blocking antibody reversed it. Moreover, in P phase CTVT, while IL-1β and TGF-β had no obvious effect on CXCL7 expression, IL-6 was found significantly to reduce CXCL7 expression in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression results of CXCL7 receptor, CXCR2, further confirmed the effects of IL-6 concentration on the CXCL7 expression.

Conclusion

CXCL7 overexpression might be associated with the progressive growth of CTVT. The results shown here also suggest the role of CXCL7 in cancer development and the potential as the anti-cancer therapeutic target.
Breast Self-Examination and breast cancer awareness in women in developing countries: a survey of women in Buea, Cameroon
Authors: Suh Mary Atanga Bi , Atashili Julius , Fuh Eunice Asoh , Eta Vivian Ayamba
Published: November 2012

Background

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Cameroon, breast cancer causes as many as 10.7 deaths per 100,000 women making it the second cause of cancer mortality. Better documenting women’s knowledge and practices on breast cancer and breast self-exam (BSE) would be useful in the design of interventions aimed at preventing breast cancer. This study sought to 1. describe Cameroonian women’s knowledge of breast self-examination (BSE); 2. assess their impression on the practice of BSE and 3. describe their perceptions on the causes, risk factors and prevention of breast cancer.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a volunteer sample of 120 consenting women in Buea, Cameroon. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire self-administered by study participants.

Results

The sample was fairly educated with close to three quarters (70.83%) having completed high school. Nearly three quarters (74.17%) of participants had previously heard about BSE, however as many as 40% had never done a BSE. Although 95% of participants believed that breast cancer could be prevented, only 36.67% recognized breast examination as a prevention method. A substantial 13.33% thought that breast cancer could be prevented with a vaccine while 45% thought that dieting or exercising would prevent breast cancer. Similarly, 70% of participants thought that breast cancer could be treated, with 35.83% thinking that it could be treated medically while 34.17% thought it could be treated traditionally or spiritually.

Conclusions

The practice of BSE while perceived as being important is not frequent in these women in Buea, Cameroon. Health education campaigns are imperative to elucidate the public on the causes, risk factors and prevention of breast cancer. Further studies need to explore what interventions could be best used to improve the uptake and practice of BSE.
Introduction into PPPM as a new paradigm of public health service: an integrative view
Authors: Bodrova Tatiana A , Kostyushev Dmitry S , Antonova Elena N , Slavin Shimon , Gnatenko Dmitry A , Bocharova Maria O , Legg Michael , Pozzilli Paolo , Paltsev Mikhail A , Suchkov Sergey V
Published: November 2012

In the present state of healthcare, usual medical care is generally given to the already diseased person, while the key link—personal health monitoring underlain by predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine (PPPM) techniques that are being intensively elaborated worldwide—is simply missing. It is this link, based on the recognition of subclinical conditions, prediction, and further preventive measures, that is capable of regulating morbidity and diminishing the rates of disability among able-bodied population, thus significantly cutting the traditionally high costs of treating the already diseased people. To achieve the above-mentioned goal—the elaboration of the PPPM concept and its practical implementation—it is necessary to create a fundamentally new strategy based upon the subclinical recognition of the signs—bioindicators of cryptic abnormalities long before the disease clinically manifests itself. The implementation of PPPM programme requires an adjusted technology for the proper interpretation of diagnostic data, which would allow for the current ‘physician-patient’ model to be gradually replaced by a novel model, ‘medical advisor-healthy men-at-risk’. This is the reason for an additional need in organising combinatorial scientific, clinical, training and educational projects in the area of PPPM to elicit the content of this new branch of medicine.
Inhibition of meningitis-associated neutrophil apoptosis by TNF-α depends on functional PI3-kinase in monocytes
Authors: Recher Mike , Malipiero Ursula , Schaer Dominik J , Koedel Uwe , Pfister Hans-Walter , Birchler Thomas , Petrausch Ulf , Claus Heike , Gast Heidemarie , Fontana Adriano
Published: November 2012

Neutrophil apoptosis in meningococcal meningitis is controlled by TNF-α and depends on functional PI3-kinase signaling in monocytes.

In bacterial meningitis, neutrophils cope with bacterial infection but also lead to tissue damage. The balance of beneficial and harmful effects may depend on the lifespan of the neutrophils in the CNS. Here, we show that CSF of patients with meningococcal meningitis contains a neutrophil apoptosis-inhibiting capacity that correlates with TNF-α content. In vitro experiments show that Neisseria meningitidis as well as LPS derived from these bacteria regulated neutrophil apoptosis mainly by stimulating TNF-α production in monocytes. Whereas LPS-induced PI3K-dependent survival signals in monocytes are critical for neutrophil survival, PI3K signaling in granulocytes did not contribute to the increased lifespan of neutrophils. We conclude that LPS-driven PI3K signaling in monocytes regulates neutrophil apoptosis and thereby, may be crucial in the initiation of secondary brain damage in bacterial meningitis.
Disease burden and mental health system capacity: WHO Atlas study of 117 low- and middle-income countries
Authors: McBain Ryan , Salhi Carmel , Morris Jodi E. , Salomon Joshua A. , Betancourt Theresa S.
Published: November 2012

Background

Treatment coverage for mental disorders ranges from less than 10% to more than 90% across low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries. Studies have yet to examine whether the capacity of mental health systems might be adversely affected by the burdens of unrelated conditions such as HIV/AIDS.

Aims

To examine whether the magnitude of disease burden from communicable, perinatal, maternal and nutritional conditions - commonly referred to as Group 1 diseases - is inversely associated with mental health system capacity in LAMI countries.

Method

Multiple regression analyses were undertaken using data from 117 LAMI countries included in the 2011 World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Atlas. Capacity was defined in terms of human resources and infrastructure. Regressions controlled for effects of political stability, government health expenditures, income inequality and neuropsychiatric disease burden.

Results

Higher Group 1 disease burden was associated with fewer psychiatrists, psychologists and nurses in the mental health sector, as well as reduced numbers of out-patient facilities and psychiatric beds in mental hospitals and general hospitals (t= −2.06 to −7.68, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Evidence suggests that mental health system capacity in LAMI countries may be adversely affected by the magnitude of their Group 1 disease burden.
Inverse Correlation of miRNA and Cell Cycle-Associated Genes Suggests Influence of miRNA on Benign Thyroid Nodule Tumorigenesis
Authors: Ferraz Carolina , Lorenz Stephan , Wojtas Bartosz , Bornstein Stefan R. , Paschke Ralf , Eszlinger Markus
Published: November 2012

Context:

The molecular etiology of cold and benign thyroid nodules (CBTNs) is largely unknown. Increased thyroid epithelial cell proliferation is a hallmark of CBTNs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are prominent regulators of cell proliferation.

Objective:

Our objective was to assess the influence of miRNAs on the increased proliferation and thus the molecular etiology of CBTNs.

Design:

By using microarrays, we defined the molecular pattern of increased proliferation of CBTNs as a differential expression of cell-cycle-associated genes and miRNAs. In silico integration of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs showed an inverse correlation between the expression of 59 miRNAs and 133 mRNAs. Inverse correlations between cell-cycle-associated genes such as CDKN1C and miR-221, CCND1 and miR-31, GADD45A and miR-130b, or CDKN1A and let-7f suggest a modulation of proliferation in CBTNs by miRNAs. Their expression was validated using quantitative RT-PCR and functionally characterized in cell line models.

Results:

Comparative quantitative RT-PCR of 20 samples of CBTNs and their surrounding tissue revealed an 11-fold down-regulation of miR-31 with a 2.6-fold up-regulation of CCND1, and a 2.6-fold up-regulation of miR-130b with a 2.3-fold down-regulation of its target GADD45A. Using HTori and FTC-133 cell lines, we analyzed proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis after transfection of miRNA-31 and miRNA-130b mimic and inhibitors. Overexpression of miR-31 and the resultant down-regulation of CCND1 led to an arrest in the cell cycle phase G1. Overexpression of miR-130b led to an increase of apoptosis and necrosis within 72 h.

Conclusion:

miR-31 and miR-130b may have an effect on tumorigenesis of CBTNs by regulating proliferation and apoptosis and the cell cycle through cyclin D1.
Vitamin D Status and Coronary Flow Reserve Measured by Positron Emission Tomography: A Co-Twin Control Study
Authors: Karohl Cristina , Vaccarino Viola , Veledar Emir , Goldberg Jack , Tangpricha Vin , Bellasi Antonio , Raggi Paolo
Published: November 2012

Context:

Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular events in the general population. Additionally, low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is associated with endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. However, little is known about the association between serum 25(OH)D level and myocardial blood flow.

Objective:

Our objective was to examine the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and coronary flow reserve (CFR) measured by 13N-positron emission tomography in asymptomatic middle-aged male twins.

Design:

The Emory Twin Study is a cross-sectional study of soldiers from the Vietnam Era Registry.

Setting:

The study was conducted at the General Clinical Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.

Participants:

A total of 368 middle-aged male twins were enrolled for the study. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured in all subjects and classified as vitamin D insufficiency [25(OH)D <30 ng/ml] or sufficiency [25(OH)D ≥30 ng/ml]. Positron emission tomography with [13N]ammonia was used to evaluate myocardial blood flow at rest and after adenosine stress. CFR was measured as the ratio of maximum to rest myocardial blood flow.

Main Outcome Measure:

Primary outcome was CFR measurement.

Results:

Mean overall serum 25(OH)D concentration was 37.0 ± 21.4 ng/ml; 167 twins (45%) were vitamin D insufficient. CFR was significantly lower in subjects with vitamin D insufficiency compared with subjects with vitamin D sufficiency (2.41 vs. 2.64; P = 0.007), even after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, serum PTH, calcium, and phosphorus levels, and season. An abnormal CFR (CFR <2) was more prevalent in subjects with vitamin D insufficiency than with vitamin D sufficiency (31 vs. 20%; P = 0.03). In addition, in vitamin D status-discordant twin pairs, CFR was significantly lower in the vitamin D-insufficient twin than in the vitamin D-sufficient co-twin (2.35 vs. 2.58; P = 0.037).

Conclusion:

Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with lower CFR in men. This association may help explain some of the increased cardiovascular risk reported in individuals with vitamin D insufficiency.
CuO Nanoparticles Supported on Silica: A Simple, Efficient, and Recyclable Catalyst for Hydroacylation Reactions of Aldehydes with Azodicarboxylate
Authors: Inamdar Suleman M , More Vinod K , Mandal Sisir K
Published: November 2012

We describe a green and efficient procedure for the hydroacylation of aldehydes with diisopropyl azodicarboxylate, using CuO nanoparticles supported on silica (CuO-np/SiO2) as a catalyst, in good to excellent yields. A wide range of aldehydes, including aromatic and aliphatic compounds, were considered. The catalyst is found to be truly heterogeneous in the reaction mixture and can be reused without loss of catalytic activity.
Photocatalytic Energy Storage over Surface-modified WO3 Using V5+/V4+ Redox Mediator
Authors: Miseki Yugo , Kusama Hitoshi , Sayama Kazuhiro
Published: November 2012

Photocatalytic V5+ reduction accompanied by O2 evolution over WO3 is reported for the first time. Water oxidation reaction utilizing VO2+ ion as an electron acceptor proceeded photocatalytically over WO3. The activity of WO3 was remarkably enhanced by the presence of Fe3+/2+ ion at the ion-exchange site on WO3 surface, and its apparent quantum yield (AQY) was 22% at 420 nm. Moreover, the AQY was raised to about 78% when a small amount of formic acid was added to reactant solution.
Carbon Nanotube–Polypyrrole Hybrid Films as Potentiometric Peroxide Biosensors
Authors: Yu Aimin
Published: November 2012

Nanostructured composite films of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polypyrrole (MWCNT/PPy) were prepared, and their potential as potentiometric biosensors was studied. MWCNT and PPy were alternately assembled on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes via a solution-based layer-by-layer self-assembly technique, which provided a good matrix for the immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The resulting MWCNT/PPy/HRP composite films exhibited excellent potentiometric response to hydrogen peroxide while the thickness and composition of the multilayer were found to affect the performance of the biosensor.
Fabrication of Polycarbonate and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Blend Monolith via Non-solvent-induced Phase Separation Method
Authors: Xin Yuanrong , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: November 2012

A blend monolith of polycarbonate and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) with a three-dimensional continuous interconnected porous structure is fabricated through a non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method. By tuning the solvent composition for NIPS, the monolith of the two immiscible polymers is obtained successfully. The blend monolith, with its large surface area and high thermal stability, may find use in various potential applications of porous materials.
Highly Densified Mesoporous Bulk Silica Prepared with Colloidal Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles toward a New Low-k Material
Authors: Suzuki Norihiro , Huang Yu-Tzu , Nemoto Yoshihiro , Nakahira Atsushi , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: November 2012

We report the fabrication of highly densified mesoporous bulk silica consisting of colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) by using a hydrothermal hot-pressing method. No cracks or voids are found in the synthesized bulk. The mesoporous structure of the bulk is maintained as well as that of the original MSNs. The MSN-based bulk with large pore volume shows potential as a low-k material.
One-pot Chemical Synthesis of Zinc Antimonide Nanoparticles as Building Blocks for Nanostructured Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Mai Nguyen T , Mott Derrick M , Higashimine Koichi , Maenosono Shinya
Published: November 2012

We report a novel one-pot chemical synthesis of zinc antimonide (Zn–Sb) nanoparticles (NPs) via the sequential reduction of metal precursors and subsequent compositional redistribution. Chemically synthesized Zn–Sb NPs are expected to be promising building blocks for nanostructured thermoelectric materials.
Formation of Unique Platinum–Silyl Complexes by the Reactions of a Zero-valent Platinum Complex with Various Trisilanes
Authors: Arii Hidekazu , Takahashi Makiko , Takahashi Hideyuki , Mochida Kunio , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: November 2012

Trisilanes bearing hydrogen atoms at two more silicon atoms reacted with a zero-valent platinum complex [Pt(dppe)(η2-C2H4)] to give various types of mononuclear and dinuclear platinum–silyl complexes. Interestingly, in the case of 1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyltrisilane, the Si–Si bond was uniquely activated, resulting in the formation of the diplatinum complex [Pt2(dppe)2(µ-1,4-SiMe(SiMe2)2SiMe)].
Fast Photorefractive Response in Triphenylamine-based Molecular Glass
Authors: Cao Zhenbo , Tsuchiya Kousuke , Ogino Kenji
Published: November 2012

A new bifunctional photorefractive active succinate (TPD-2DCVA) consisting of a tetraphenyldiaminobiphenyl (TPD) unit and 4-dicyanovinylaniline (DCVA) moieties was prepared, which forms stable molecular glass. The glass-transition temperatures (Tg’s) of TPD-2DCVA-based composites were efficiently controlled by the doping of small amount of plasticizers. The compound possesses a high photoconductivity of 2.1 × 10−9 cm Ω−1 W−1 at 50 V µm−1. A gain coefficient of 56.7 cm−1 at electric field of 56 V µm−1 was achieved. Fast response times of 29–37 ms were also obtained at low electric fields for these composites.
Adhesion Properties of Fluidized Bed Particles on the Surface of Char Derived from Woody Biomass Samples in Rapid Pyrolysis
Authors: Iwasaki Toshiyuki , Suganuma Hideki , Kato Shigeru , Yamasaki Akihiro , Satokawa Shigeo , Kojima Toshinori
Published: November 2012

Woody biomass samples were pyrolized at different temperatures and heating rates in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). Only under the conditions of rapid pyrolysis between 600 and 1000 °C, porous alumina particles as the bed material adhered on the surface of the obtained char. The amount of particles adhering on the char derived from softwood was larger than that derived from hardwood.
F18-FDG PET-CT analyses of small peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung
Authors: Takahashi Yoshiyuki , Takashima Shodayu , Watanabe Shinichiro , Tomita Yasuhiko , Hakucho Tomoaki , Miyake Chie , Morimoto Daisuke , Hosoki Takuya , Nakanishi Katsuyuki , Higashiyama Masahiko
Published: November 2012

Background

Radiological discrimination of histologic subtypes of small peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung is clinically important. Although there are many articles in which CT findings were used for this purpose, there are only a few reports on the capability of FDG PET-CT findings for histologic classification of this tumor.

Purpose

To investigate the correlation between visual assessment or maximum standard uptake values (SUVmax) on F18-FDG PET-CT and histology grading of small peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Material and Methods

Proportions of positive PET-CT diagnoses and SUVmax were retrospectively reviewed on 96 solitary pulmonary nodules of ≤2 cm in 90 consecutive patients. Tumors were classified into four groups according to Noguchi's classification (group 1 [ n = 10], atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and type A tumors; group 2 [ n = 12], type B tumors; group 3 [ n = 42], type C tumors; group 4 [ n = 32], types D, E, and F tumors). Proportions of positive PET-CT diagnoses and mean SUVmax of lesions among four groups were compared using trend tests to examine if there is a significant linear correlation with the progression of the histology grading of tumors. Then, an optimal threshold of SUVmax was proposed to best discriminate tumors of poor (groups 3 and 4) from good (groups 1 and 2) prognosis.

Results

There was a significant linear trend for both visual assessment ( P < 0.01) and SUVmax ( P < 0.01). A SUVmax of 0.42 showed the highest accuracy of 84% with 95% sensitivity and 50% specificity for predicting tumors of poor prognosis. A SUVmax of 2.05 showed 100% specificity with 49% sensitivity, and 60% accuracy. Positive visual diagnoses showed accuracy of 83% with 90% sensitivity and 59% specificity.

Conclusion

Visual assessment and SUVmax on PET-CT correlated well with the histology grading of small peripheral adenocarcinoma of the lung.
A rare case of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient from sub-Himalayan India
Authors: Verma G K , Verma Santwana , Shanker Vinay , Singh Gagandeep , Tegta G R
Published: November 2012

Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) characterised by multiple (≥10), widespread, slowly progressive, cosmetically disfiguring, non-ulcerating nodules without visceral involvement. The disease is resistant to chemotherapy and characterized by relapses. We present a rare case of a patient with DCL who had extensive lesions (282) and who was HIV negative from a new focus of leishmaniasis in sub-Himalayan India. A favourable response with a regression of the lesions was observed after a month of treatment with intravenous and intralesional sodium stibogluconate with oral pentoxiphyline. Familiarity with such exceptional cases in immunocompetent individuals may facilitate diagnosis and a promising treatment outcome.
From Use to Effective Use: A Representation Theory Perspective
Authors: Burton-Jones Andrew , Grange Camille
Published: November 2012

Information systems must be used effectively to obtain maximum benefits from them. However, despite a great deal of research on when and why systems are used, very little research has examined what effective system use involves and what drives it. To move from use to effective use requires understanding an information system's nature and purpose, which in turn requires a theory of information systems. We draw on representation theory, which states that an information system is made up of several structures that serve to represent some part of the world that a user and other stakeholders must understand. From this theory, we derive a high-level framework of how effective use and performance evolve, as well as specific models of the nature and drivers of effective use. The models are designed to explain the effective use of any information system and offer unique insights that would not be offered by traditional views, which tend to consider information systems to be just another tool. We explain how our theory extends existing research, provides a rich platform for research on effective use, and how it contributes back to the theory of information systems from which it was derived.
Multicommunicating: Juggling Multiple Conversations in the Workplace
Authors: Cameron Ann-Frances , Webster Jane
Published: November 2012

As a result of newer communication technologies and an increase in virtual communication, employees often find themselves multicommunicating, or participating in multiple conversations at the same time. This research seeks to explore multicommunicating from the perspective of the person juggling multiple conversations at the same time—the focal individual. To better understand this phenomenon, we extend previous theorizing by including the concepts of the episode initiator (whether the second conversation was focal or partner initiated), the fit of the set of media used in the episode, one process gain (conversation leveraging), and process losses. Employing a series of pilot studies and a main study, the resulting model was analyzed using structural equation modeling, finding overall support for the model. Findings suggest that experienced intensity is an important factor influencing process losses experienced during multicommunicating, whereas episode initiator influences process losses and the process gain. Further, media fit moderates the relationship between intensity and process losses. The importance of multicommunicating in the workplace is discussed, the theoretical and practical contributions of this research are described, and limitations and suggestions for future research are outlined.
On Risk Management with Information Flows in Business Processes
Authors: Bai Xue , Krishnan Ramayya , Padman Rema , Wang Harry Jiannan
Published: November 2012

This article investigates the economic consequences of data errors in the information flows associated with business processes. We develop a process modeling-based methodology for managing the risks associated with such data errors. Our method focuses on the topological structure of a process and takes into account its effect on error propagation and risk mitigation using both expected loss and conditional value-at-risk risk measures. Using this method, optimal strategies can be designed for control resource allocation to manage risk in a business process. Our work contributes to the literature on both ex ante risk management-based business process design and ex post risk assessments of existing business processes and control models. This research applies not only to the literature on and practice of process design and risk management but also to business decision support systems in general. An order-fulfillment process of an online pharmacy is used to illustrate the methodology.
High urinary ACE2 concentrations are associated with severity of glucose intolerance and microalbuminuria
Authors: Park Se Eun , Kim Won Jun , Park Sung Woo , Park Ji Woo , Lee Namseok , Park Cheol-Young , Youn Byung-Soo
Published: November 2012

Objective

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays an important role in glucose metabolism and renal function. However, the relationship between ACE2 and hyperglycemia or microalbuminuria has not been established in humans. We investigated whether urinary ACE2 levels are associated with abnormal glucose homeostasis and urinary albumin excretion.

Methods

We developed an ELISA for quantifying ACE2 in urine. The ELISA was used to measure urinary ACE2 levels in 621 subjects with: normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n=77); impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (n=132); and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, n=412). Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and urinary albumin excretion by urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Other biochemical and anthropometric parameters were measured.

Results

Urinary ACE2 levels were significantly higher in insulin-resistant subjects with IFG, IGT, and T2DM than in the NGT group (P<0.001). Urinary ACE2 concentrations appeared to correlate with HOMA-IR, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum creatinine, urinary ACR, and systolic blood pressure (all P<0.05). After adjustment for impaired renal function and other metabolic parameters, urinary ACE2 concentration was still associated with a higher risk for T2DM (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.05–3.08, P=0.02). In addition, urinary ACE2 levels were highly predictive of microalbuminuria after adjusting for clinical risk factors (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.55–4.64, P<0.001).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that the urinary ACE2 level is closely associated with T2DM and is an independent risk factor for microalbuminuria.
Temperature capacitance effect of carbon fibre sulfoaluminate cement composite
Authors: Wang Shoude , Lu Lingchao , Cheng Xin
Published: November 2012

A carbon fibre sulfoaluminate cement composite was prepared by a casting process. The temperature capacitance effects of carbon fibre on the sulfoaluminate cement composite with different carbon fibre content were investigated, and the stability and reversibility of the temperature capacitance effect were discussed. The experimental results indicated that the fractional change amplitude in capacitance of the composite with 0·5% carbon fibre by weight was greatest when the temperature increased from −40°C to 60°C. The fractional change in capacitance with increasing temperature was determined by the change of electron and ion relaxation polarisation. It was found that the reversibility of the temperature capacitance was very good in the heat cycle experiment, and the stability of the temperature capacitance effect was also very good in the constant temperature experiment. Therefore, it was concluded that carbon fibre sulfoaluminate cement composite with 0·5% carbon fibre had the advantage of developing temperature-controlled apparatus, based on its temperature capacitance effect.
Effects of sodium tripolyphosphate on the rheology and hydration rate of Portland cement pastes
Authors: Ltifi Mounir , Guefrech Achraf , Mounanga Pierre
Published: November 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on the early-age behaviour of cementitious matrices. Different concentrations of STPP were considered (1–50 g/l). Rheological tests, setting time measurements, microcalorimetry and compressive strength tests were performed on Portland cement pastes. The main results showed that the effect of STPP on the early-age cement paste properties strongly depends on its concentration. Rheological tests showed an increase of viscosity for the higher STPP dosage. Microcalorimetric measurements revealed an increasing delay in early-age cement hydration as the STPP concentration increased. This delay was also recorded on setting times for the lower STPP dosages. The effect was inverted in the case of the higher STPP concentrations, for which a false set phenomenon was observed. In spite of the delay on hydration rate, the differences recorded between the compressive strength values of the different mixtures remained low.
How Eurocode 7 has affected geotechnical design: a review
Authors: Orr Trevor L. L.
Published: November 2012

Eurocode 7, the new European standard for geotechnical design, together with the other Eurocodes for structural design, was implemented in 2010, and relevant parts of British Standards that covered the same ground were withdrawn. Since it is a single code covering all aspects of the design of all types of geotechnical structure, including geotechnical investigations and the determination and selection of geotechnical parameters, and since it is based on the limit state design method with partial factors, its implementation has resulted in many changes to geotechnical design practice. These changes to geotechnical design caused by the introduction of Eurocode 7 are reviewed, including the new terminology, the new associated European investigation, testing and execution standards, the way geotechnical parameters are selected, the way geotechnical calculations are carried out and the way safety elements are introduced. Some of the issues that have arisen and difficulties that have been encountered with the introduction of Eurocode 7 are identified, and the plans for the future development of Eurocode 7 are discussed.
Modification of clay adhesion to improve tunnelling excavation
Authors: Spagnoli Giovanni , Feinendegen Martin , Rubinos David
Published: November 2012

Mechanical tunnel driving by means of tunnel boring machines through clayey soils often leads to clogging problems which cause delays in tunnel construction and economic issues. Taking into account the diffuse double-layer theory, two very well-known clay formations, namely the Ypresian and Boom clays were investigated. Several geotechnical tests and a new adhesion test (cone pull-out test) were performed using water and solutions with different sodium chloride concentration as pore fluids. The results showed a reduction of the liquid limit for both clays when salt solutions were used instead of water. Undrained shear strength of the Ypresian clay progressively increased as the sodium chloride concentration of the pore fluid increased, whereas that of the Boom clay, which contains less smectite, was less sensitive to the chemical composition of the pore fluids. Cone pull-out tests, developed to detect the adhesive properties of clays, showed a drastic drop of clogging for the Ypresian clay when mixed with sodium chloride solutions within the entire consistency range studied, whereas in the case of Boom clay the variation was less evident and a clear effect was only observed at low consistencies. The results are promising for improving tunnelling excavation performance by adding sodium chloride solutions to avoid problems derived from adhesion of clayey soils.
Applicability of single and double phase mid-block crossings
Authors: Lao Yunteng , Wu Yao-Jan , Wang Yinhai , Yang Xiaoguang
Published: November 2012

With the goal of improving pedestrians' convenience and safety, signalised mid-block crossings are commonly installed in highly-populated areas lacking convenient intersection crossings. However, few studies have sought to provide standards for the application of single- and double-phase crossings in highly-populated areas. Moreover, previous studies have not addressed the design capacities of single- or double-phase crossings with their associated vehicle lanes. This paper proposes an approach to determining the applicability of single- and double-phase crossings based on the relationships between control cycles, green time and clearance time at mid-block crossings. Single- and double-phase crossing efficiency along with several key crossing design parameters, such as crossing width, crossing length, traffic demand, are discussed in this paper. The research findings show that double-phase crossings provide superior flexibility for highly populated areas. Findings also show that the design crossing capacity is affected more by the crossing width than by length, while the design lane capacity is affected more by the crossing length than width. Finally, the paper provides a guideline for determining the applicability of single- and double-phase crossings in highly-populated areas.
Rail track costs management for efficient railway charges
Authors: Calvo Francisco , de Oña Juan , López Griselda , Garach Laura , de Oña Rocío
Published: November 2012

A part of track maintenance costs is directly related to train traffic, and therefore they are marginal costs in the short term. Track renewal costs over a longer period of time also increase with traffic, so they could be considered long-term marginal costs. Many different problems can arise when applying maintenance and renewal costs to railway undertakings. With regard to the costs as such, problems arise with their magnitude, the availability and quality of data, and the service life of maintenance and renewal operations. With regard to transferring costs, problems are related to cost recovery, the relationship between track charges and the costs they intend to recover, and the level of the service the infrastructure manager gives the railway operator. A system based on a differentiated approach to maintenance cost and renewal cost depreciation is proposed as a tool for track cost processing. Cost planning and the subsequent levying the costs on railway undertakings are both based on a single concept: the theoretical traffic load. Track usage charges that promote improvements in the activity of infrastructure managers and railway undertakings alike are arrived at by combining the differentiated approach to depreciation, the theoretical traffic load, actual cost data and short-term traffic estimates.
A global safety analysis and best practice for metro railways
Authors: Kyriakidis Miltos , Hirsch Robin C. d'A. , Majumdar Arnab
Published: November 2012

Fatalities due to railway accidents occur rarely and some railways identify risks from potential accident precursors. By lowering precursor frequency, the probability of more serious incidents and accidents may be reduced, following the idea of a reverse pyramid between precursors, top events, injuries and deaths. This paper analyses precursors, top events, injuries and deaths and their relationships both to each other and to incidents and accidents for a set of 17 major global metro railways. The 27 precursors analysed, for the period 2002–2008, fall into six categories: human performance, technical failures, passenger actions, fires, malicious action and management action. Statistical analysis indicates a positive correlation between injuries and top events as well as between injuries and precursors. Using these results, this paper proposes a number of measures to improve metro railway safety in each precursor category based on the experience of best practice observed among the metros.