bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Structural Origin of Chiroptical Properties in Perovskite Nanocrystals with Chiral Organic Ligands
Authors: Kim Young‐Hoon , Song Ruyi , Hao Ji , Zhai Yaxin , Yan Liang , Moot Taylor , Palmstrom Axel F. , Brunecky Roman , You Wei , Berry Joseph J. , Blackburn Jeffrey L. , Beard Matthew C. , Blum Volker , Luther Joseph M.
Published: March 2022

The authors investigate how chiral ligands attached to perovskite nanocrystal (PNC) surfaces structurally distort the perovskite lattice. Chiral electro‐optical properties of the resulting PNCs are demonstrated through the fabrication of a circularly polarized light (CPL) detector with a discrimination of up to 14% between left‐ and right‐handed CPL. Both experimental and electronic‐structure‐based simulations are combined to provide insights into the interactions (both structural and electronic) between chiral organic ligands and PNCs. The major finding is a centro‐asymmetric distortion of the surface lattice that penetrates up to five atomic unit cells deep into the PNCs, which is the likely cause of the chiral‐optical properties. Spin‐polarized transport through chiral‐PNCs results from the chiral‐induced spin selectivity effect and amplifies the discrimination between left and right‐handed CPL as is experimentally demonstrated in the detectors.
Deep‐Ultraviolet Micro‐LEDs Exhibiting High Output Power and High Modulation Bandwidth Simultaneously
Authors: Li Duo , Liu Shangfeng , Qian Zeyuan , Liu Quanfeng , Zhou Kang , Liu Dandan , Sheng Shanshan , Sheng Bowen , Liu Fang , Chen Zhaoying , Wang Ping , Wang Tao , Rong Xin , Tao Renchun , Kang Jianbin , Chen Feiliang , Kang Junjie , Yuan Ye , Wang Qi , Sun Ming , Ge Weikun , Shen Bo , Tian Pengfei , Wang Xinqiang
Published: March 2022

Deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) solar‐blind communication (SBC) shows distinct advantages of non‐line‐of‐sight propagation and background noise negligibility over conventional visible‐light communication. AlGaN‐based DUV micro‐light‐emitting diodes (µ‐LEDs) are an excellent candidate for a DUV‐SBC light source due to their small size, low power consumption, and high modulation bandwidth. A long‐haul DUV‐SBC system requires the light source exhibiting high output power, high modulation bandwidth, and high rate, simultaneously. Such a device is rarely reported. A parallel‐arrayed planar (PAP) approach is here proposed to satisfy those requirements. By reducing the dimensions of the active emission mesa to micrometer scale, DUV µ‐LEDs with ultrahigh power density are created due to their homogeneous injection current and enhanced planar isotropic light emission. Interconnected PAP µ‐LEDs with a diameter of 25 µm are produced. This device has an output power of 83.5 mW with a density of 405 W cm−2 at 230 mA, a wall‐plug efficiency (WPE) of 4.7% at 155 mA, and a high −3 dB modulation bandwidth of 380 MHz. The remarkable high output power and efficiency make those devices a reliable platform to develop high‐modulation‐bandwidth wireless communication and to meet the requirements for bio‐elimination.
Local Plasmon Phase Delay Effect in Plasmon–Exciton Coupling
Authors: Hu Aiqin , Zhang Weidong , Liu Wenjing , Jiang Hong , Ye Lulu , Gu Ying , Xue Zhaohang , Lin Hai , Tang Jinglin , Gong Qihuang , Lu Guowei
Published: March 2022

Manipulating plasmon–exciton coupling is a pivotal desire for many potential applications. Here, it is found that the plasmonic phase delay can modulate the interference‐induced asymmetrical spectrum line shape of the plasmon–exciton coupling system considerably. The phase effect in a hybrid system consisting of monolayer WSe2 and an individual gold nanorod is demonstrated. The phase delay can modulate the relative intensities of the coupling modes but not the splitting energy, effective in both weak and strong coupling regimes. There is an excellent agreement between the numerical calculations and the experimental results. The findings reveal that the local phase delay can act as an effective way to manipulate plasmon−exciton coupling properties at the nanoscale.
Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Alkyl Formamide Activation: Tandem Oxidative Coupling Approach for the Construction of C−N and C−O Bonds to Synthesize 3‐Alkyl‐1,3‐Benzoxazine‐2,4‐Dione and 4‐Methylene‐3‐Alkyl‐1,3‐Benzoxazine‐2‐One Derivatives
Authors: Srinivasulu A. , Vani D. , Kumar G. Sathish , Shantharjun B. , Chahal Kapil , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Reddy K. Rajender
Published: March 2022

N‐alkyl formamide activation by using of copper/oxidant system via tandem/domino reaction pathway to construct C−N/C−O bond formation is reported. This protocol elucidated a method for the synthesis of pharmaceutically interested 3‐alkyl‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4‐dione and 1,3‐methylene‐3‐alkyl‐benzoxazine‐2‐one derivatives without the aid of toxic chemicals such as phosgene or its derivatives.

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Morphological correlates of distal fibular morphology with locomotion in great apes, humans, and Australopithecus afarensis
Authors: Marchi Damiano , Rimoldi Andreas , García‐Martínez Daniel , Bastir Markus
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Recent studies highlighted the importance of the fibula to further our understanding of locomotor adaptations in fossil hominins. In this study, we present a three‐dimensional geometric morphometric (3D‐GM) investigation of the distal fibula in extant hominids and Australopithecus afarensis with the aim of pointing out morphological correlations to arboreal behavior.

Methods

Three‐dimensional surface meshes of the distal fibula were obtained using computer tomography for 40 extant hominid specimens and laser scanner for five A. afarensis specimens. Distal fibula morphology was quantified positioning 11 fixed landmarks, 40 curve semilandmarks, and 20 surface landmarks on each specimen. A generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) was carried out on all landmark coordinates followed by Procrustes ANOVA. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the GPA‐aligned shape coordinates. Kruskal‐Wallis tests and Mann–Whitney test were performed on scores along PCs.

Results

Great apes are characterized by a shorter subcutaneous triangular surface (STS), more downward facing fibulotalar articular facets, more anteriorly facing lateral malleolus and wider/deeper malleolar fossa than humans. Within great apes, orangutans are characterized by more medially facing fibulotalar articular facets. Australopithecus afarensis shows a unique distal fibular morphology with several traits that are generally associated more to arboreality and less to bipedalism such as a short STS, a more anteriorly facing, laterally pointing malleolus and deeper and larger malleolar fossa.

Conclusions

The distal fibula morphology is indicative of locomotor patterns within extant hominids. The 3D‐GM method presented here can be successfully used to further our understanding of arboreal adaptations in fossil hominins.
Furcate umbilical cord insertion with a bilobed placenta identified on prenatal ultrasonography
Authors: Smith Megan , McCullum Bethany
Published: March 2022

A furcate cord insertion is a rare finding, which increases the risk of adverse fetal outcomes. There are few reports of prenatal detection in the literature. We present a case of prenatally detected furcate cord insertion, diagnosed at 39 weeks’ gestation and delivered by elective caesarean section. The neonate was small for dates, but this finding was non‐specific due to smoking during pregnancy. No other adverse effects to the fetus were found. The placenta required manual removal after attempted cord traction resulted in vessel avulsion at the furcate cord insertion site. Further research is required to develop recommendations for the safe management of this condition.
Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Crivelli Lucia , Palmer Katie , Calandri Ismael , Guekht Alla , Beghi Ettore , Carroll William , Frontera Jennifer , García‐Azorín David , Westenberg Erica , Winkler Andrea Sylvia , Mangialasche Francesca , Allegri Ricardo F. , Kivipelto Miia
Published: March 2022

Introduction

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the cognitive effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in adults with no prior history of cognitive impairment.

Methods

Searches in Medline/Web of Science/Embase from January 1, 2020, to December 13, 2021, were performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.  A meta‐analysis of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) total score comparing recovered COVID‐19 and healthy controls was performed.

Results

Oof 6202 articles, 27 studies with 2049 individuals were included (mean age = 56.05 years, evaluation time ranged from the acute phase to 7 months post‐infection). Impairment in executive functions, attention, and memory were found in post‐COVID‐19 patients.  The meta‐analysis was performed with a subgroup of 290 individuals and showed a difference in MoCA score between post‐COVID‐19 patients versus controls (mean difference = −0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.59, −0.29; P = .0049).

Discussion

Patients recovered from COVID‐19 have lower general cognition compared to healthy controls up to 7 months post‐infection.
Tripartite Quantum Correlations under Power‐Law and Random Telegraph Noises: Collective Effects of Markovian and Non‐Markovian Classical Fields
Authors: Rahman Atta Ur , Haddadi Saeed , Pourkarimi Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2022

The collective effects of Markovian and non‐Markovian classical fields on the dynamics of entanglement, coherence, and quantum state mixing in a three‐qubit mixed entangled state are examined. Three independent local fields are considered to be influenced by the decoherence effects of two different mixed noisy models: Markovian maximized and non‐Markovian maximized local random configurations. Power‐law noise characterizes two classical environments in the first case, whereas random telegraph noise governs the third. Random telegraph noise rules two classical environments in the latter example, whereas power‐law noise governs the third. In classical fields, non‐Markovian effects are more robust and have a stronger character than Markovian effects, yet both are driven by relevant noises. Non‐Markovianity vanishes at the upper bound of the Markovian noise parameters. Markovian effects are found to be vulnerable to the environments non‐Markovianity and longer memory features. The strength of Markovianity and non‐Markovianity is only moderately affected by the type of environment, but noise parameter optimization has a significant impact. Initial and final limits are provided for the restriction and relaxation in Markovianity and non‐Markovianity of the classical fields for the actual deployment of non‐local protocols.
Investigation of Carboxylic Acid Isosteres and Prodrugs for Inhibition of the Human SIRT5 Lysine Deacylase Enzyme**
Authors: Rajabi Nima , Hansen Tobias N. , Nielsen Alexander L. , Nguyen Huy T. , Bæk Michael , Bolding Julie. E. , Bahlke Oskar Ø. , Petersen Sylvester E. G. , Bartling Christian R. O. , Strømgaard Kristian , Olsen Christian A.
Published: March 2022

Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) is a protein lysine deacylase enzyme that regulates diverse biology by hydrolyzing ϵ‐N‐carboxyacyllysine posttranslational modifications in the cell. Inhibition of SIRT5 has been linked to potential treatment of several cancers but potent compounds with activity in cells have been lacking. Here we developed mechanism‐based inhibitors that incorporate isosteres of a carboxylic acid residue that is important for high‐affinity binding to the enzyme active site. By masking of the tetrazole moiety of the most potent candidate from our initial SAR study, we achieved potent and cytoselective growth inhibition for the treatment of SIRT5‐dependent leukemic cancer cell lines in culture. Thus, we provide an efficient, cellularly active small molecule that targets SIRT5, which can help elucidate its function and potential as a future drug target. This work shows that masked isosteres of carboxylic acids are viable chemical motifs for the development of inhibitors that target mitochondrial enzymes, which may have applications beyond the sirtuin field.
Organische Vier‐Elektronen Redox‐Systeme basierend auf Bipyridin‐ und Phenanthrolin‐Carben‐Architekturen
Authors: Antoni Patrick W. , Golz Christopher , Hansmann Max M.
Published: March 2022

Neuartige organische Redoxsysteme, die ein mehrstufiges Redoxverhalten aufweisen, sind für eine Reihe von Anwendungen von besonderem Interesse, wie z. B. organische Batterien oder elektrochrome Materialien. Hier beschreiben wir eine einfache Synthesestrategie, um bekannte zwei‐Elektronen redoxaktive Bipyridine in stark reduzierende vier‐Elektronen Redox‐Systeme zu überführen. Diese zeichnen sich durch eine vollständig reversible Redoxchemie sowie bis zu fünf isolierbare Oxidationsstufen aus. Wir geben strukturelle und spektroskopische Einblicke in die Redox‐Ereignisse begleitenden Änderungen und präsentieren Charakterisierungsdaten zu allen isolierten Oxidationszuständen. Die Redoxsysteme weisen starke UV/Vis/NIR polyelektrochrome Eigenschaften auf, wie z. B. ausgeprägte, intensive NIR‐Absorptionen in den gemischtvalenten Zuständen. Zwei‐Elektronen Ladungs/Entladungs‐Studien weisen auf eine hohe elektrochemische Stabilität bei stark negativen Potentialen hin, was die neuen Redox‐Architekturen zu vielversprechenden Leitstrukturen für Multi‐Elektronen Anolyt‐Materialien macht.
Synthesis and properties of new siloxane with terminal azodyes functions based on eugenol
Authors: Ryzhkov Aleksei I. , Drozdov Fedor V. , Cherkaev Georgij V. , Buzin Mihail I. , Svidchenko Evgeniya A. , Muzafarov Aziz M.
Published: March 2022

Currently, there is little literature data about the production of colored siloxanes with covalently bound dyes. However, the demand for such products remains very high. Colored siloxanes are needed in various fields: microfluidic devices, sensors, photosensitive materials. In this work, two azo dyes based on commercially available natural phenol, eugenol, were obtained: phenylazoeugenol (AE) and bis(phenylazo)eugenol (BAE). The dyes were introduced into the hydrosilylation reaction with siloxanes of different chain lengths (trisiloxane, pentasiloxane, and polysiloxanes). The siloxanes functionalized with dyes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, GPC, TGA, and DSC. The optical properties of the resulting compounds were investigated. It has been shown that high‐molecular colored siloxanes mix perfectly with organosilicon liquids and have an intense color even with the addition of small amounts of dye (1 wt. %), which makes these products very promising for producing colored damping fluids that will make it possible to detect the leakage of PMS in the machines and eliminate the problem in time.
The psychological impacts of community‐based protected areas
Authors: Yasué Maï , Kockel Alessia , Dearden Philip
Published: March 2022

This cross‐sectional and mixed‐methods study uses Self‐Determination Theory and the Theory of Basic Human Values to investigate changes in motivations, attitudes, beliefs and values following the establishment of community‐based marine protected areas (MPAs).

Open‐ended and retrospective questions, as well as survey instruments, were used in six communities with different‐aged (new: 1–3 years old, medium‐aged: 5–11 years old and old: 20–25 years old) MPAs in the Philippines. Respondents included both community members either involved (n = 101) or not involved (n = 108) in MPA management.

Respondents reported increased appreciation for the benefits of MPAs and more positive attitudes about MPAs over time. In comparison to respondents from communities with new MPAs, respondents in communities with medium‐aged and old MPAs identified a wider range of MPA impacts on themselves (e.g. new friendships, learning and greater pro‐environmental values), their community (e.g. increased fish catch, social capital), and on ecosystems (e.g. different species and ecosystems‐types). Similarly, respondents from medium‐aged and old MPAs had fewer non‐autonomous motivations (i.e. motivations arising externally, such as social status or pay) to engage in MPA management and also had higher self‐transcendence values, such as caring for nature.

These results suggest that community‐based MPAs may encourage psychological shifts in communities such as greater autonomous motivation to care for nature and enhanced self‐transcendence values, both of which may support conservation. By developing a more holistic approach to assessing the multi‐faceted impacts of community‐based conservation, this type of psychological research helps to identify and prioritize timely actions in the establishment and maintenance of resilient and sustainable community‐based MPAs.
Atypical sensory processing features in children with autism, and their relationships with maladaptive behaviors and caregiver strain
Authors: Griffin Zoe A. M. , Boulton Kelsie A. , Thapa Rinku , DeMayo Marilena M. , Ambarchi Zahava , Thomas Emma , Pokorski Izabella , Hickie Ian B. , Guastella Adam J.
Published: March 2022

Atypical sensory processing occurs in up to 97% of children on the autism spectrum. Children who are on the autism spectrum also commonly demonstrate challenging behaviors, and their caregivers report increased levels of strain in daily life. The aim of this study was to explore four sensory processing features; seeking, avoiding, sensitivity, and registration, and their relationships with maladaptive behaviors in children with autism, as well as with caregiver strain. Participants comprised 75 children with autism aged 7–12 years (M = 7.81). Caregivers completed three questionnaire measures examining child sensory processing, maladaptive behaviors, and perceptions of caregiver strain. We found avoiding significantly associated with irritability. Avoiding also displayed the strongest relationship with global caregiver strain. Avoiding and seeking were strongly related to hyperactivity/noncompliance (components of maladaptive behavior). A multiple regression was performed to explore how atypical sensory processing features and maladaptive behaviors together predicted caregiver strain. Together, maladaptive behaviors and sensory features accounted for 58% of the variance in total caregiver strain. The only significant individual predictor of total caregiver strain was sensory avoiding, which uniquely accounted for 5.76% of the variation. The findings suggest that atypical sensory processing is associated with overall caregiver strain, above that explained by maladaptive behaviors. Implications for targeted support for the benefit of the child, parents and family unit are discussed.

Lay summary

Children who are on the autism spectrum often have differences in sensory processing. These children also tend to show challenging behaviors, and their caregivers can experience increased stress. This study looked at how sensory processing difficulties relate to such behaviors and caregiver stress. We found that both sensory processing and challenging behaviors were related to the amount of stress caregivers felt. This suggests that interventions may benefit from looking at sensory processing features when considering how to help reduce challenging behaviors and caregiver stress.
Issue framing and public willingness to pay water and sewer rate increases
Authors: Teodoro Manuel P.
Published: March 2022

This study uses an embedded survey experiment to evaluate the effects of issue framing on willingness to pay water and sewer rate increases. Government‐owned utilities require public support for financial resources, and so managers must communicate the value of their services to their customers. Water and wastewater utilities provide several benefits; little systematic evidence exists on which resonate with the public. In this study, respondents in a U.S. national survey were randomly assigned to one of four framing treatments in a question about support for a hypothetical rate increase: reduced pollution, safer drinking water, better tasting drinking water, and low‐income affordability. Compared with the other treatments, the safer drinking water framing yielded 11.2% greater average willingness to pay a rate increase. Multivariate analysis shows that Republican partisans and women responded especially positively to safe drinking water framing. Results have important implications for utilities' outreach and public communications efforts.
Improved HPLC method for the determination of ribavirin concentration in red blood cells and its application in patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Liu Liang , Guo Sixun , Che Chunli , Su Quanming , Zhu Deqiu , Hai Xin
Published: March 2022

Ribavirin is a synthetic, broad‐spectrum antiviral drug. Ribavirin is recommended as an antiviral drug in the Interim Guidance for Diagnosis and Treatment (the seventh edition) of COVID‐19. The ribavirin levels in red blood cells may be closely related to both its efficacy and adverse drug reactions. In this study, a simple and fast HPLC–UV method was established to determine the concentrations of total ribavirin in the red blood cells of 13 patients with COVID‐19. Phosphorylated ribavirin was dephosphorylated by phosphatase incubation to obtain the total amount of ribavirin in red blood cells. The chromatographic column was an Atlantis C18. The recoveries were 85.45–89.05% at three levels. A good linear response was from 1 to 200 μg/ml, with a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.9991. The concentration of total ribavirin in the red blood cells of the patients ranged from 30.83 to 133.34 μg/ml. The same samples without phosphatase incubation ranged from 4.07 to 20.84 μg/ml. About 85% of ribavirin was phosphorylated in red blood cells. In addition, we observed changes in these patients' hematological parameters and found that the erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit declined to the lowest levels on the fifth day after discontinuation of ribavirin (p < 0.05).
Effects of different physical training protocols on inflammatory markers in Zymosan‐induced rheumatoid arthritis in Wistar rats
Authors: Damasceno de Lima Robson , Pedersen Matheus , Costa do Bomfim Fernando Russo , Chiarotto Gabriela Bortolança , Canciglieri Paulo Henrique , Pauli José Rodrigo , Felonato Maíra
Published: March 2022

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and involvement of the synovial membrane, causing joint damage and deformities. No effective drug treatment is available, and physical exercise has been utilized to alleviate the inflammatory processes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise training protocols on Zymosan‐induced RA inflammatory markers in the right knee of Wistar rats. The rodents were subjected to aerobic, resisted, and combined physical training protocols with variations in the total training volume (50% or 100% of resistance and aerobic training volume) for 8 weeks. All physical training protocols reduced cachexia and systemic inflammatory processes. The histological results showed an increase in the inflammatory influx to the synovial tissue of the right knee in all physical training protocols. The rats that underwent combined physical training with reduced volume had a lower inflammatory influx compared to the other experimental groups. A reduction in the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes and an increase in anti‐inflammatory gene expression were also observed. The physical training protocol associated with volume reduction attenuated systemic and synovial inflammation of the right knee, reducing the impact of Zymosan‐induced RA in rats.
Structural Properties Dictating Selective Optotracer Detection of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Butina Karen , Lantz Linda , Choong Ferdinand X. , Tomac Ana , Shirani Hamid , Löffler Susanne , Nilsson K. Peter R. , Richter‐Dahlfors Agneta
Published: March 2022

Optotracers are conformation‐sensitive fluorescent tracer molecules that detect peptide‐ and carbohydrate‐based biopolymers. Their binding to bacterial cell walls allows selective detection and visualisation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Here, we investigated the structural properties providing optimal detection of S. aureus. We quantified spectral shifts and fluorescence intensity in mixes of bacteria and optotracers, using automatic peak analysis, cross‐correlation, and area‐under‐curve analysis. We found that the length of the conjugated backbone and the number of charged groups, but not their distribution, are important factors for selective detection of S. aureus. The photophysical properties of optotracers were greatly improved by incorporating a donor‐acceptor‐donor (D‐A‐D)‐type motif in the conjugated backbone. With significantly reduced background and binding‐induced on‐switch of fluorescence, these optotracers enabled real‐time recordings of S. aureus growth. Collectively, this demonstrates that chemical structure and photophysics are key tunable characteristics in the development of optotracers for selective detection of bacterial species.
Trichoderma‐Derived Pentapeptides from the Infected Nest Mycobiome of the Subterranean Termite Coptotermes testaceus
Authors: Oberpaul Markus , Brinkmann Stephan , Spohn Marius S. , Mihajlovic Sanja , Marner Michael , Patras Maria A. , Toti Luigi , Kurz Michael , Hammann Peter E. , Vilcinskas Andreas , Glaeser Jens , Schäberle Till F.
Published: March 2022

Termites live in a dynamic environment where colony health is strongly influenced by surrounding microbes. However, little is known about the mycobiomes of lower termites and their nests, and how these change in response to disease. Here we compared the individual and nest mycobiomes of a healthy subterranean termite colony (Coptotermes testaceus) to one infected and ultimately eradicated by a fungal pathogen. We identified Trichoderma species in the materials of both nests, but they were also abundant in the infected termites. Methanolic extracts of Trichoderma sp. FHG000531, isolated from the infected nest, were screened for secondary metabolites by UHPLC‐HR MS/MS‐guided molecular networking. We identified many bioactive compounds with potential roles in the eradication of the infected colony, as well as a cluster of six unknown peptides. The novel peptide FE011 was isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The function of this novel peptide family as well as the role of Trichoderma species in dying termite colonies therefore requires further investigation.
Ultra‐stable Molecular Interface SiW12Ox/TiO2 Catalyst Derived from Keggin‐type Polyoxometalates for Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane to Oxygenates
Authors: Sun Helong , Hu Lufa , Li Zhangyang , Lang Junyu , Wang Chunling , Liu Xiaohao , Hang Hu Yun , Jin Fangming
Published: March 2022

The interface and surface acidity of heterogeneous catalysts are widely applied to manipulate the catalytic performance. However, the interface structure prepared by traditional synthesis processes required multistep procedures, which was still lack of controllability and stability. Here, we show a general synthetic approach to fabricate ultra‐stable heterogeneous catalysts with tailored molecular interfacial structure and super acidity in one step. The as‐synthesized SiW12Ox/TiO2 catalyst was used for photo‐catalytic conversion of methane to value‐added oxygenates. We propose that the formed molecular interface W12−OH−Ti coupled with the introduced Brønsted acid sites of POMs, results in enhancing the photocatalytic performance. Namely, the addition of SiW12Ox can reduce the recombination of electrons and holes for triggering charge separation owing to the photoelectron capturing by proton, improving electron transfer to reactants and thereby promoting catalytic activity. This fabrication method provides a way to build molecular interface photo‐catalyst by POMs with super acidity and ultra‐stable structure.
Nondiagnostic category of Milan System for Reporting Pediatric Salivary Gland Cytopathology: outcomes and root cause analysis
Authors: Wang Huiying , Liang Jiancong , Belcher Ryan H. , Compton Margaret L. , Weiss Vivian Lee , Ely Kim A. , Johnson Joyce E. , Coogan Alice C.
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) results classified as the nondiagnostic category of the Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology (MSRSGC) may be infrequently encountered in children. Clinical management may be challenging due to lack of data regarding outcomes and underlying causes.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 106 consecutive pediatric salivary gland FNAs (2000‐2020; 45% performed under image guidance). The outcomes of patients with nondiagnostic results were analyzed. Clinical parameters, FNA procedural parameters, and histopathologic parameters were compared between diagnostic and nondiagnostic cases. A root cause analysis was performed using the fishbone diagram and the 5 Whys method.

RESULTS

A total of 103 initial FNAs were identified. The nondiagnostic rates for initial and repeat biopsy were 16% (16/103) and 67% (2/3), respectively. Initial nondiagnostic FNAs were most frequently managed by clinical/radiologic follow‐up only (56%, 9/16), followed by direct surgery (19%, 3/16) and repeat FNA (19%, 3/16). By histologic and clinical/radiologic follow‐up, the risk of malignancy for nondiagnostic cases was zero. Palpation guidance (P < .05), inadequate sampling determined by rapid on‐site evaluation (P < .01), and lesions with cystic, vascular, or diffuse nature (P < .05) were significantly associated with nondiagnostic results. By root cause analysis, proceduralist sampling error and lack of ultrasound guidance were the most common primary and secondary causes, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Pediatric salivary gland lesions of the nondiagnostic MSRSGC category have minimal risk of malignancy and may be successfully managed by clinical/radiologic follow‐up. The root causes for nondiagnostic results were often multifactorial and primarily related to proceduralist sampling, characteristics of the lesions, and lack of ultrasound guidance.;
Tumour endothelial cells for translational research and therapeutics
Authors: Xie Linshan , Guo Peipei , Xiang Meng , Song Yuanlin , Wang Xiangdong , Powell Charles A. , Bai Chunxue , Yang Dawei
Published: March 2022

Tumour vascularization plays an important role in tumour development and progression. Tumour endothelial cells (TECs) form the inner lining of tumour blood vessels. TECs are mainly derived from endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs); however, it is increasingly evident that in some tumours, TECs are also transformed from cancer stem cells. TECs are different from normal endothelial cells (NECs) in many aspects. On the one hand, the hierarchy of TECs is disorganized, leading to perturbed blood flow, and creating a hypoxic microenvironment in the tumour tissues, which stimulates tumour blood vessels to grow into the tumour tissues. However, the normal endothelial structure is intact, and blood flow is smooth. On the other hand, TECs are more dependent on glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and fatty acid metabolism, so there are many potential targets for anti‐angiogenesis therapy. TECs and NECs differ in their gene expressions; biological function experiments have demonstrated that TECs and NECs have different phenotypes. This is essentially caused by gene mutations in TECs. Previous reports mostly described TECs as endothelial cells covering the inner surface of tumour blood vessels. Up to now, there is no clear definition of a group of cells as TECs. Based on this, we summarize the characteristics of TECs as follows. (1) They are derived from EPCs or tumour stem cells. (2) They have up‐regulation of glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and fatty acid metabolism. (3) They secrete different cytokines. (4) Some TECs highly express epidermal growth factor receptor and interleukin‐4 receptor. (5) They are distributed around or in tumours and play an important role in the processes of tumour growth, development, and metastasis.
An efficient framework for processing big data in internet of things enabled cloud environments
Authors: N Sai Lohitha , Kumar Pounambal Muthu
Published: March 2022

Internet of Things (IoT) is a platform which connects the objects through the Internet. The IoT devices have limited processing capabilities. This makes the processing and analyzing huge amount of data as a challenging task in IoT environment. Due to this disadvantage of IoT devices, it cannot be used in many useful applications where they are mostly required. Hence, a technique which helps in overcoming this disadvantage is mostly desired. One of the desired technologies is the cloud computing. The cloud computing has rich set of resources, and it is efficient in processing and analyzing data irrespective of its type and quantity. The services of the cloud will be provided by a cloud service provider (CSP). Selecting an appropriate cloud service provider is a major issue in an integrated environment of IoT and Cloud. Therefore, the focus of this paper is on cloud collaboration with IoT environment with suitable CSPs. A multi‐objective genetic algorithm to find the optimized solution is proposed in this paper. The Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm 2 (NSGAII) and Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) are used to analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm. The Profit Information (PI) to the individual and Trust Relationship (TR) value are considered as the objectives for selecting the CSPs. The results demonstrated that the proposed Multi‐objective Genetic Algorithm (MGA) algorithm along with NSGAII performs more efficiently than MGA algorithm with SPEA2.
An appraisal of anticancer activity with structure–activity relationship of quinazoline and quinazolinone analogues through EGFR and VEGFR inhibition: A review
Authors: Haider Kashif , Das Subham , Joseph Alex , Yar M. Shahar
Published: March 2022

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Globally a huge number of deaths and new incidences are reported annually. Heterocyclic compounds have been proved to be very effective in the treatment of different types of cancer. Among different heterocyclic scaffolds, quinazoline and quinazolinone core were found versatile and interesting with many biological activities. In the discovery of novel anticancer agents, the Quinazoline core is very effective. The FDA has approved more than 20 drugs as an anticancer bearing quinazoline or quinazolinone core in the last two decades. One prime example is Dacomitinib, which was newly approved for non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma treatment in 2018. These drugs work by different pathways to prevent the spread of cancer cell progression, including inhibition of different kinases, tubulin, kinesin spindle protein, and so forth. This review presented recent developments of quinazoline/quinazolinone scaffold bearing derivatives as anticancer agents acting as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and dual EGFR/VEGFR inhibitors.
Long‐term stability of frontal electroencephalogram alpha power and asymmetry at rest in adults born at extremely low or normal birth weight: A 10‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Schmidt Louis A. , Poole Kristie L. , Krzeczkowski John , Van Lieshout Ryan J. , Saigal Saroj , Mathewson Karen J.
Published: March 2022

The idea that individual differences in resting frontal EEG alpha activity have “trait‐like” features that are associated with stress vulnerabilities presumes that these physiological patterns should be stable across time. We know, however, relatively little regarding the very long‐term (i.e., ≥10 years) stability of resting frontal EEG alpha power and asymmetry in typically or atypically developing populations. Here, we examined the long‐term stability of regional electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha (8–13 Hz) power and asymmetry at rest across a decade in the oldest known prospectively followed cohort of extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) adult survivors and normal birth weight (NBW; >2500 g) controls. Regional EEG was collected at rest from the left and right frontal (F3, F4) and parietal (P3, P4) scalp sites using a stretchable cap during baseline eyes‐open and eyes‐closed conditions in young adulthood (ages 21–25 years) and again in adulthood (ages 30–35 years). We found moderate stability in regional EEG absolute alpha spectral power measures across all scalp sites for each birth weight group between the young adulthood and adulthood assessments. As well, we found the frontal alpha asymmetry measure was stable, albeit weakly, between the two assessment periods only in the NBW group. However, parietal alpha asymmetry was weak‐to‐moderately stable for each birth weight group across the 10‐year period. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding associations between individual differences in frontal and parietal brain activity at rest and long‐term stress vulnerability in typical and atypical development.
Use of an exotic host plant shifts immunity, chemical defense, and viral burden in wild populations of a specialist insect herbivore
Authors: Muchoney Nadya D. , Bowers M. Deane , Carper Adrian L. , Mason Peri A. , Teglas Mike B. , Smilanich Angela M.
Published: March 2022

Defense against natural enemies constitutes an important driver of herbivore host range evolution in the wild. Populations of the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas phaeton (Nymphalidae), have recently incorporated an exotic plant, Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), into their dietary range. To understand the tritrophic consequences of utilizing this exotic host plant, we examined immune performance, chemical defense, and interactions with a natural entomopathogen (Junonia coenia densovirus, Parvoviridae) across wild populations of this specialist herbivore. We measured three immune parameters, sequestration of defensive iridoid glycosides (IGs), and viral infection load in field‐collected caterpillars using either P. lanceolata or a native plant, Chelone glabra (Plantaginaceae). We found that larvae using the exotic plant exhibited reduced immunocompetence, compositional differences in IG sequestration, and higher in situ viral burdens compared to those using the native plant. On both host plants, high IG sequestration was associated with reduced hemocyte concentration in the larval hemolymph, providing the first evidence of incompatibility between sequestered chemical defenses and the immune response (i.e., the “vulnerable host” hypothesis) from a field‐based study. However, despite this negative relationship between IG sequestration and cellular immunity, caterpillars with greater sequestration harbored lower viral loads. While survival of virus‐infected individuals decreased with increasing viral burden, it ultimately did not differ between the exotic and native plants. These results provide evidence that: (1) phytochemical sequestration may contribute to defense against pathogens even when immunity is compromised and (2) herbivore persistence on exotic plant species may be facilitated by sequestration and its role in defense against natural enemies.
Harnessing NEON to evaluate ecological tipping points: Opportunities, challenges, and approaches
Authors: Muthukrishnan Ranjan , Hayes Katherine , Bartowitz Kristina , Cattau Megan E. , Harvey Brian J. , Lin Yang , Lunch Claire
Published: March 2022

The combination of continuing anthropogenic impact on ecosystems across the globe and the observation of catastrophic shifts in some systems has generated substantial interest in understanding and predicting ecological tipping points. The recent establishment and full operation of NEON has created an opportunity for researchers to access extensive datasets monitoring the composition and functioning of a wide range of ecosystems. These data may be uniquely effective for studying regime shifts and tipping points in ecological systems because of their long time horizon, spatial extent, and most importantly the coordinated monitoring of many biotic and abiotic components of focal ecosystems. The variety of these data can capture a range of potential community shifts while also monitoring an extensive set of environmental drivers. This combination is critical for assessing whether changes are a result of external forcings or internal dynamics. Here, we present an overview of regime shift dynamics; describe a variety of approaches to identify tipping points with data from time series, spatial patterns, or frequency distributions of community states across environmental conditions; and suggest a number of NEON data products that may be appropriate for such analyses.
Detection of a cryptic terrestrial insect using novel eDNA collection techniques
Authors: Campbell Catriona D. , Gleeson Dianne M. , Furlan Elise M. , Muirhead Kate A. , Caron Valerie
Published: March 2022

Sensitive detection techniques are key to inform management practices for invasive and pest species by identifying the pest species’ distribution or identifying the presence of biological control agents that may negate the need for chemical control. Environmental DNA (eDNA) can be detected to infer the presence of rare, cryptic, and invasive species. This study provides a method that expands the application of eDNA techniques within terrestrial systems. Our study is focused on a cryptic biological control agent of the pointed snail Cochlicella acuta, the fly parasitoid Sarcophaga villeneuveana, which remains within the snail shell for most of its lifecycle, making it difficult to detect. Three sites were sampled using traditional surveys and three types of eDNA sampling 1/ crushing live snails, 2/ water washing live snails, old snail shells or vegetation, and 3/ vacuuming live snails or vegetation. An assay was developed to amplify a 129 bp fragment of S. villeneuveana, with positive detections recorded in crushed snail samples, water washed live snail, water washed vegetation, and laboratory vacuumed vegetation. Presence of the endoparasitoid was validated by traditional survey techniques conducted at the same time, indicating that all techniques tested are comparable for detection of the parasitoid. The new technique which only requires a small vegetation sample from the field post‐harvest and a portable vacuum has great potential to be applied to other insects and environments, particularly cryptic species, pests, and biological control agents in crops.
Low‐Coordinated Iron(II) Siloxide Complexes – Structural Diversity and Reactivity Towards O2 and Oxygen Atom Transfer Reagents
Authors: Yelin Stefan , Cula Beatrice , Limberg Christian
Published: March 2022

The coordination chemistry of Fe2+ ions in combination with a monodentate siloxide ligand Ph3SiO− (L) was investigated. Using a Fe/L stoichiometry of 1 : 3 the complex [Na(DME)][FeL3], 2, with the iron center in a trigonal ligand environment was isolated and through decreasing the siloxide amount fraction 2 was shown to form via a unique example of a dinuclear complex, where one of the iron ions has a quasi‐trigonal and the other one a tetrahedral coordination sphere, namely [Na(DME)][Fe2L5], 1. If, however, 4 equivalents of L are employed, the tetrasiloxido ferrate(II) anion with a tetrahedral structure is generated, so that the product [Na(DME)]2[FeL4], 3, can be isolated. 2 reacts instantly with O‐atom transfer reagents, also at low temperatures, but no reaction intermediate could be identified. From the product mixture the iron(III) siloxide complex [Na(DME)3][FeL4], 4, could isolated by crystallization as the main product. Likewise, the reaction with dioxygen proceeded rather fast and added substrates did not intercept any intermediate upon its formation. However, in the presence of cyclohexene oxidation products were observed. They correspond to the typical radical‐chain‐derived products of cyclohexene suggesting, that initially a reactive FeOx species is generated that via an H atom abstraction from cyclohexene triggers its autoxidation.
Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Hydrazines into 2‐Tetrazenes
Authors: Renault Anne , Joucla Lionel , Lacôte Emmanuel
Published: March 2022

We report a catalytic formation of 2‐tetrazenes by copper (ii) promoted oxidation of hydrazines in the presence of bipyridine ligands, that uses air or dioxygen as terminal oxidant. The method was applied to a series of hydrazines, delivering symmetrical tetrazenes, which were previously prepared using toxic or stoichiometric oxidants. The catalytic reaction could be used for the formation of a cyclic tetrazene from a bis‐hydrazine, presumably with the help of a chelation of the substrate to the catalytic metal, which favored cyclization over oligomerization. Finally, the method could be used to prepare dissymmetric structures, albeit in the presence of an excess of one of the hydrazines.
Performance analysis of non‐orthogonal multiple access assisted cooperative maritime communication system over two‐wave with diffuse power fading
Authors: Makkar Rahul , Soni Sandhya , Rawal Divyang , Sharma Nikhil , Garg Parul
Published: March 2022

Non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and millimeter‐wave (mmWave) communication are two promising technologies to fulfill the high throughput and reliable communication requirements. Maritime communication systems use a generalized fading at near‐sea‐surface channels (for seashore to ship/boat/fishing fleet communication) to provide reliable communication due to atmospheric turbulence. Experimental research on generalized two‐wave diffuse power (TWDP) fading reveal the footprints of mmWave. This article proposes novel exact and asymptotic closed‐form expressions of average symbol error probability (ASEP) of NOMA users for cooperative maritime communication systems over TWDP fading with the different modulations. The end‐to‐end closed‐form expressions are derived in terms of Appell's and Lauricella's hypergeometric functions. Also, the ASEP is shown using the power allocation factor for different modulation schemes. The proposed system provides better transmission reliability using generalized TWDP fading. Further, the outage probability of the system described above is analyzed using the distance, path loss exponent, transmission rate, and Rician factor as performance metrics for both the NOMA users. Effects of fading outage parameters on the system performance are studied. The end‐to‐end exact numerical results have been verified with the Monte‐Carlo simulations that validate with asymptotic results at a high SNR regime.
Investment traps and resilience to shocks: An experimental study of Central Asian collective water governance
Authors: Amirova Iroda , Petrick Martin , Djanibekov Nodir
Published: March 2022

We theoretically and empirically investigate the investments of water users in a stylized local irrigation system. We model irrigation self‐management as an interdependent interaction of users in an evolutionary game and study the resilience of the irrigation system. The theoretical model implies multiple stable equilibria at different efficiency levels. Users may be trapped in a low level of collective investment or succeed by being locked in a high collective investment level, implying an irrigation system resilient against external shocks. The study seeks to empirically identify such lock‐ins in experimental interactions among Central Asian farmers. Furthermore, we inquire into whether a pre‐play cheap talk opportunity with peer‐monitoring or sanctioning treatments influence the self‐reinforcing dynamic. Our findings revealed several stable states. Among these states, there are both low and high levels of efficiency, which we measure in the size of public good. Communication among users results in higher collective investment levels. However, this does not guarantee the complete elimination of inferior conventions from best‐response play. Penalties crowded out the intrinsic motivation to cooperate as they reduced collective investment in both low‐ and high‐level equilibria. Our findings imply that institutional settings tailored to each community can improve resilience to climate‐driven perturbations in water resources.