bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A dissipative discretization scheme for a nonlocal phase segregation model
Authors: Gajewski H. , Gärtner K.
Published: August 2005

I want to thank H. Gajewski for many years of fruitful collaboration and his continuous encouragement, K. Gärtner

We are interested in finite volume discretization schemes and numerical solutions for a nonlocal phase segregation model, suitable for large times and interacting forces. Our main result is a scheme with definite discrete dissipation rate proportional to the square of the driving force for the evolution, i. e., the discrete antigradient of the chemical potentialv. Steady states are characterized by constantvand satisfy a nonlocal stationary equation. A numerical bifurcation analysis of that stationary equation explains the observed global behavior of numerically computed trajectories of the evolution equation. For strong interaction forces the model shows steady states distinguished by small deformations of the 'mushy region' or 'interface states'. One essential open question in the discrete case is the global boundedness ofv.
hUNC‐93B1, a novel gene mainly expressed in the heart, is related to left ventricular diastolic function, heart failure morbidity and mortality in elderly men
Authors: Ärnlöv Johan , Sundström Johan , Lind Lars , Andrén Bertil , Andersson Maria , Reneland Richard , Berglund Lars , Kashuba Vladimir , Protopopov Alexei , Zabarovsky Eugene , Lithell Hans
Published: August 2005

Aims:

The hUNC‐93B1 gene has the highest expression in the heart. We aimed to explore relationships between the hUNC‐93B1 gene and cardiac function, morbidity and mortality in elderly men.

Methods and results:

Two sub‐samples of the population‐based ULSAM‐cohort (n=330, mean age 71 years and n=152, mean age 75 years, respectively) were used to explore and validate relationships between genotypes of the hUNC‐93B1 gene and cardiac phenotypes (ejection fraction, E/A‐ratio, left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness). In the two samples, subjects homozygous for haplotype H3 had 34% and 35% higher level of E/A‐ratio compared to non‐carriers (p=0.0002 and 0.017, respectively) independent of cardiovascular disease and medication. Using national cause‐of‐death and hospital‐discharge register data with 29 years of follow‐up, no heart failure patients homozygous for haplotype H3 were hospitalised for heart failure before the age of 75 years, compared to 25% for heterozygous and 55% for non‐carriers (p<0.03). No homozygous subjects died during follow‐up while 17% of the heterozygous and 15% of the non‐carriers died (p=0.01).

Conclusion:

Haplotype H3 of the hUNC‐93B1 gene seems related to E/A‐ratio in elderly men. The relationship between the hUNC‐93B1 gene and the age at onset of heart failure and mortality support a view of a clinically relevant impact of the gene.
Gravity Requirements for Compensation of Ultra-Precise Inertial Navigation
Authors: Kwon Jay Hyoun , Jekeli Christopher
Published: August 2005

Precision inertial navigation depends not only on the quality of the inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyros), but also on the accuracy of the gravity compensation. With a view toward the next-generation inertial navigation systems, based on sensors whose errors contribute as little as a few metres per hour to the navigation error budget, we have analyzed the required quality of gravity compensation to the navigation solution. The investigation considered a standard compensation method using ground data to predict the gravity vector at altitude for aircraft free-inertial navigation. The navigation effects of the compensation errors were examined using gravity data in two gravimetrically distinct areas and a navigation simulator with parameters such as data noise and resolution, supplemental global gravity model noise, and on-track interpolation method. For a typical flight trajectory at 5 km altitude and 300 km/hr aircraft speed, the error in gravity compensation contributes less than 5 m to the position error after one hour of free-inertial navigation if the ground data are gridded with 2 arcmin resolution and are accurate to better than 5 mGal.
Quasiclassical trajectory calculations to evaluate a kinematic constraint on internal energy in suprathreshold collision energy abstraction reactions
Authors: Shuman Nicholas S. , Mihok Morgan , Fistik Margaret , Valentini James J.
Published: August 2005

Experimentally observed product quantum state distributions across a wide range of abstraction reactions at suprathreshold collision energies have shown a strong bias against product internal energy. Only a fraction, sometimes quite a small fraction, of the energetically accessible product quantum states are populated. Picconatto et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 114, 1663 (2001)] noted a simple mathematical relationship between the highest-energy rovibrational states observed and the kinematics of the reaction system. They proposed a reaction model based on reaction kinematics that quantitatively explains this behavior. The model is in excellent agreement with measured quantum state distributions. The assumptions of the model invoke detailed characteristics of reactive trajectories at suprathreshold collision energies. Here we test those assumptions using quasiclassical trajectory calculations for the abstraction reactions H+HCl→H2+Cl, D+HCl→HD+Cl, and H+DCl→HD+Cl. Trajectories were run on a potential-energy surface calculated with a London-Eyring-Polyani-Sato function with a localized 3-center term (LEPS-3C) previously shown to accurately reproduce experimentally observed product state distributions for the H+HCl abstraction reaction. The trajectories sample collision energies near threshold and also substantially above it. Although the trajectories demonstrate some aspects of the model, they show that it is not valid. However, the inadequacy of the proposed model does not invalidate the apparent kinematic basis of the observed energy constraint. The present results show that there must be some other molecular behavior rooted in the reaction kinematics that is the explanation and the source of the constraint.
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Resonance-enhanced ionization spectroscopy of a state-selected beam of OH radicals
Authors: Greenslade Margaret E. , Lester Marsha I. , Radenović Dragana Č. , van Roij André J. A. , Parker David H.
Published: August 2005

A state-selected beam of hydroxyl radicals is generated using a pulsed discharge source and hexapole field. The OH radicals are characterized by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy via the nested DΣ−2 and 3Σ−2 Rydberg states. Simplified spectra are observed from the selected ∣MJ∣=3∕2 component of the upper Λ-doublet level of the lowest rotational state (J=3∕2) in ground (v″=0) and excited (v″=1–3) vibrational levels of the OH XΠ3∕22 state. Two-photon transitions are observed to the DΣ−2(v′=0–3) and 3Σ−2(v′=0,1) vibronic levels, extending previous studies to higher vibrational levels of the Rydberg states. Spectroscopic constants are derived for the Rydberg states and compared with prior experimental studies. Complementary first-principle theoretical studies of the properties of the DΣ−2 and 3Σ−2 Rydberg states [see M. P. J. van der Loo and G. C. Groenenboom, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 074310 (2005), following paper] are used to interpret the experimental findings and examine the utility of the (2+1) REMPI scheme for sensitive detection of OH radicals.
Stability of Landau-Ginzburg branes
Authors: Walcher Johannes
Published: August 2005

We evaluate the ideas of Π-stability at the Landau-Ginzburg (LG) point in moduli space of compact Calabi-Yau manifolds, using matrix factorizations to B-model the topological D-brane category. The standard requirement of unitarity at the IR fixed point is argued to lead to a notion of “R-stability” for matrix factorizations of quasihomogeneous LG potentials. The D0-brane on the quintic at the Landau-Ginzburg point is not obviously unstable. Aiming to relate R-stability to a moduli space problem, we then study the action of the gauge group of similarity transformations on matrix factorizations. We define a naive moment maplike flow on the gauge orbits and use it to study boundary flows in several examples. Gauge transformations of nonzero degree play an interesting role for brane-antibrane annihilation. We also give a careful exposition of the grading of the Landau-Ginzburg category of B-branes, and prove an index theorem for matrix factorizations.
Discrete vakonomic mechanics
Authors: Benito Roberto , Martín de Diego David
Published: August 2005

Discretizations of vakonomic mechanics are developed by using the methodology of variational integrators. The resulting algorithms are symplectic (in some sense that we will explain) and preserve the momentum map associated with a Lie group of symmetries. A specific example illustrating the theory is tested numerically.
Ultrahigh strength and high ductility of bulk nanocrystalline copper
Authors: Youssef Khaled M. , Scattergood Ronald O. , Murty K. Linga , Horton Joseph A. , Koch Carl. C.
Published: August 2005

We have synthesized artifact-free bulk nanocrystalline copper samples with a narrow grain size distribution (mean grain size of 23nm) that exhibited tensile yield strength about 11 times higher than that of conventional coarse-grained copper, while retaining a 14% uniform tensile elongation. In situ dynamic straining transmission electron microscope observations of the nanocrystalline copper are also reported, which showed individual dislocation motion and dislocation pile-ups. This suggests a dislocation-controlled deformation mechanism that allows for the high strain hardening observed. Trapped dislocations are observed in the individual nanograins.
Transcription coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-binding protein/mediator 1 deficiency abrogates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
Authors: Jia Yuzhi , Guo Grace L. , Surapureddi Sailesh , Sarkar Joy , Qi Chao , Guo Dongsheng , Xia Jun , Kashireddi Papreddy , Yu Songtao , Cho Young-Wook , Rao M. Sambasiva , Kemper Byron , Ge Kai , Gonzalez Frank J. , Reddy Janardan K.
Published: August 2005

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-binding protein (PBP), also known as thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 220/vitamin D receptor-interacting protein 205/mediator 1, an anchor for multisubunit mediator transcription complex, functions as a transcription coactivator for nuclear receptors. Disruption of the PBP gene results in embryonic lethality around embryonic day 11.5 by affecting placental and multiorgan development. Here, we report that targeted deletion of PBP in liver parenchymal cells (PBP
Liv-/-
) results in the abrogation of hypertrophic and hyperplastic influences in liver mediated by constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) ligands phenobarbital (PB) and 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, and of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. CAR interacts with the two nuclear receptor-interacting LXXLL (L, leucine; X, any amino acid) motifs in PBP in a ligand-dependent manner. We also show that PBP interacts with the C-terminal portion of CAR, suggesting that PBP is involved in the regulation of CAR function. Although the full-length PBP only minimally increased CAR transcriptional activity, a truncated form of PBP (amino acids 487-735) functioned as a dominant negative repressor, establishing that PBP functions as a coactivator for CAR. A reduction in CAR mRNA and protein level observed in PBP
Liv-/-
mouse liver suggests that PBP may regulate hepatic CAR expression. PBP-deficient hepatocytes in liver failed to reveal PB-dependent translocation of CAR to the nucleus. Adenoviral reconstitution of PBP in PBP
Liv-/-
mouse livers restored PB-mediated nuclear translocation of CAR as well as inducibility of CYP1A2, CYP2B10, CYP3A11, and CYP7A1 expression. We conclude that transcription coactivator PBP/TRAP220/MED1 is involved in the regulation of hepatic CAR function and that PBP deficiency in liver abrogates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity.
Rituals of Christian Initiation
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary
Published: August 2005

The history and meaning of the Christian rituals of baptism and confirmation are presented, with special emphasis on the problem of infant baptism. The ritual of baptism, with its attendant symbolism as it is presently performed in the Roman Catholic Church, is described in detail.
Rituals of Reconciliation
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary
Published: August 2005

An important part of Jesus’ ministry was his forgiveness of sin with an accompanying offer of reconciliation. Christians continued that ministry through rituals of reconciliation for those members of the Christian community who had failed to live the life to which they had pledged themselves. Over the centuries, Christians practiced both public and private forms of confession and of penance. This chapter explores the theology behind these practices, and offers an overview of the history and present practice of Christian reconciliation.
Issues in Church Architecture
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: August 2005

Beginning in the years after World War II, church building in much of the Christian world experienced a reaction against various perceived abuses: extravagance, use of revival styles, use of distinctively ecclesiastical forms, a spirit of withdrawal from the world, ornamentalism, and monumentalism. But toward the end of the twentieth century a traditionalist countermovement arose, insisting that traditional forms were important in design of churches to inspire a sense of the sacred, to maintain linkage with the heritage of particular religious communities, and as a hedge against banality. Voices for reform of church design appealed also for fuller congregational participation in worship (a theme in the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council), but traditionalists have questioned whether the reforms carried out have actually led to greater participation. The rise of the multi-use or multi-purpose church also sparked a controversy over sacrality: use of a church for purposes other than worship seemed to many a violation of sacred space, although reformers had shown that segregation of sacred space from secular use is a relatively recent phenomenon. On all these points, the book argues against dogmatic positions and suggests a distinction between dogmatism and orthodoxy (which it takes to be opposites).
Witness to the Apocalypse
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson
Published: August 2005

The primary work that readers ascribe to Left Behind is evangelistic. This chapter describes how readers speak of that evangelistic work and the urgency that they believe the rapture narrative gives it. Then the chapter examines the possibility of conversion through the reading of fiction. Looking at the publishers’ and authors’ accounts of these conversions, how conversion is depicted in the narrative, and how readers describe their own religious conversions, this chapter suggests that religious conversion through reading Left Behind is a very rare event indeed and one that only comes about in a particular kind of supportive social environment.
Extracting Epistemic Lessons from Ameliorative Psychology
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D.
Published: August 2005

This chapter introduces the three central features of the epistemological framework that guides the prescriptions of Ameliorative Psychology (robust reliability, a cost-benefit approach to reasoning, and the importance of significance). It is argued that this framework offers a new way to think about applied epistemology. In particular, it suggests that there are four and only four ways for people to improve their reasoning.
Strategic Reliabilism: The Costs and Benefits of Excellent Judgment
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D.
Published: August 2005

Strategic Reliabilism addresses resource allocation considerations within a cost-benefit framework. However, there are serious reasons to worry about the feasibility of a cost-benefit approach to epistemology. First, there are serious general objections to cost-benefit analyses; and second, it is not clear how we can identify the costs and benefits of reasoning. This chapter addresses these two concerns. It is argued that although many of the deep general concerns about cost-benefit analysis are legitimate, flawed cost-benefit analyses can be very useful, especially if we are clear about the ways in which such analyses are flawed. It is further argued that there are measurable proxies for the costs and benefits of reasoning we can employ in a cost-benefit approach to epistemology.
The Troubles with Standard Analytic Epistemology
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D.
Published: August 2005

This chapter compares the authors' naturalistic approach to epistemology to that of SAE. It is argued that the theories of SAE are structurally analogous to the naturalistic approach — they have at their core a descriptive theory, and from that descriptive theory, proponents of SAE draw normative, epistemological prescriptions. The prospects for the theories of SAE overcoming the is-ought gap are not good. The chapter also argues for the superiority of Strategic Reliabilism over any extant theory of Standard Analytic Epistemology.
Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment: Assessment of the Cross‐Country Evidence
Authors: Baker Dean , Glyn Andrew , Howell David R. , Schmitt John
Published: August 2005

Chapter 3 takes up the question of the robustness of the cross-country evidence for the orthodox claim that labor market institutions explain the pattern of unemployment across the affluent countries. A detailed survey of the most influential cross-country statistical studies finds a wide range of results that are highly sensitive to the nature of the variables, the time period, and the econometric method employed. Simple scatter plots of unemployment against six standard measures of labor market institutions for five-year periods between 1980 and 1999 show no significant relationships. In their multivariate tests, which follow standard approaches, the authors find weak and even perverse effects of the standard institutional variables. They conclude that “the empirical case has not been made that could justify the sweeping and unconditional prescriptions for labor market deregulation which pervade much of the policy discussion.”
Labor Market Success and Labor Market Reform: Lessons from Ireland and New Zealand
Authors: Glyn Andrew
Published: August 2005

Ireland and New Zealand are often acclaimed as 1990s labor market success stories. Andrew Glyn shows that Ireland achieved this extraordinary improvement in labor market performance without adopting the OECD’s neo-liberal labor market policy prescription. Irish employment took off and unemployment collapsed without an increase in wage inequality at the bottom, without significant changes in employment protection regulations, and without major changes in the unemployment benefit system. He attributes Ireland’s success not to deregulation, but to cooperative and regulated wage bargaining. In contrast, New Zealand’s policy makers were early and enthusiastic converts to the OECD’s labor market deregulation prescription, and the effects, particularly on labor unions, were substantial. But New Zealand’s unemployment performance was quite mediocre in the 1990s, fluctuating between 7.8 and 10.3% between 1990 and 1994, and from 6.3 and 7.5% between 1995 and 1999. The lesson Glyn draws from this Ireland-New Zealand comparison is that “extensive labor market deregulation is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for a radical improvement in employment.”
Establishing Pension Investment Policy
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the key elements of investment policy as they relate to asset pools of pension plans and the goals of funding pension liabilities in a cost-efficient manner for defined benefit plans, and of accumulation of wealth and providing retirement income for defined contribution plans. Pension investment policies should be put in writing to serve as guidelines for prudent decision-making. The most important policy that must be determined is the plan’s (or portfolio’s) tolerance for risk.
Accounting for Defined Benefit Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

This chapter outlines the basics of accounting to help pension fund decision makers understand the accounting data typically provided in financial statements. The first section reviews the basics of pension fund accounting and illustrates the key components of pension fund accounting data. The second section examines some of the critical assumptions that are made in pension accounting and how those assumptions may differ from economic reality. Finally, the chapter examines the investment and pension fund management implications of pension fund accounting and shows how accounting-based decisions can be suboptimal for sponsors, plans, and beneficiaries.
Managing Costs
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

The effective management of a pension plan requires managing the costs of asset management. This means understanding and controlling investment costs such as the costs of trading, custody, and so forth. Transaction costs erode portfolio value. Thus, a trade must be motivated by an investment idea that adds more value than is destroyed or by a constraint such as liquidity that overrides the cost of the trade. Pension boards and senior management must understand the costs incurred in trading and how they may be controlled to ensure that more value is added than destroyed.
People and the Psychology of Pension Fund Decisions
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S.
Published: August 2005

Pension fund decision makers must make complex decisions — decisions that are made in a such way that maximizes a sound objective function (such as maximizing the probability that promised benefits will materialize), and which should be based on information that is as complete as possible and processed correctly. This chapter discusses what the field of behavioral finance says about the decision-making process, the potential pitfalls in that process, and the potential systematic mistakes and methods for avoiding them. Decision makers who are aware of the psychology of investing should be able to improve performance by avoiding mistakes and exploiting the mistakes of others.
The Age of Electricity
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: August 2005

No other technical innovation had such a far-reaching impact on modern civilization as the creation of an admirably reliable system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion. Thomas A. Edison was its bold initiator but soon came improvements and extensions, most notably the steam turbine of Charles A. Parsons and electric motor of Nikola Tesla. The system became technically mature within a generation after its introduction and it continues to provide the most versatile, as well as the most convenient form of energy whose conversions range from increasingly efficient lighting to every kind of manufacturing, mass transportation and the vast realm of electronic devices.
Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: August 2005

Invention and commercialization of automotive internal combustion engines was a multistranded process that began during the 1880s in Germany with design by Benz, Daimler and Maybach, and then received critical contributions from France, the UK, and the United States. Otto-cycle gasoline engines became the dominant prime movers in passenger cars as well as in the first airplanes, while diesel engines were initially limited to heavy-duty maritime and railroad applications. Line assembly introduced by Henry Ford provided a long-lasting solution to the mass manufacturing. The car industry eventually became the leading sector of modern economies and car culture has had a profound effect on many facets of modern life.
New Materials and New Syntheses
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: August 2005

Steel became a ubiquitous and inexpensive material thanks to the introduction of basic Siemens-Martin open-hearth furnaces and high-performance specialty alloys. Invention of the Hall-Héroult process of aluminum production introduced a new lightweight metal whose massive use subsequently revolutionized transportation and many areas of manufacturing. Powerful new explosives, starting with Nobel’s dynamite, and Haber-Bosch synthesis of ammonia from its elements (without which it would be impossible to feed the 20th-century population) were the key revolutionary advances in chemical syntheses.
Public Reason and Democracy
Authors: DeLue Steven M.
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the difficulties associated with deriving a consensus — through a public discussion — about the moral issues associated with scientific investigations in the modern enlightened world, where traditional views remain strong, and where, as a result of the Enlightenment idea of respect for persons, these views must be carefully considered. To address this concern, this essay is framed around the quest for consensus on moral controversies arising from science in the context of a liberal democratic state, particularly in terms of Rawls’s view of public reason. The latter is seen as the foundation for public discussion among people who hold diverse moral views, but who nonetheless adhere to the shared tenets of a liberal democracy that is open to science, and thus open to the freedoms and moral values — termed civic virtues — needed to make science possible.
The Rise and Fall of Emil Konopinski's Theory of β Decay
Authors: Franklin Allan
Published: August 2005

In 1934, Enrico Fermi proposed a theory of beta decay. Although it was supported by existing experimental evidence, a more detailed examination revealed discrepancies. Emil Konopinski and George Uhlenbeck proposed an alternative theory that better fit the results and was accepted by the physics community. It was later realized that both the experimental results and the experiment-theory comparison were incorrect. When both problems were corrected, in part by the work of Konopinski and Uhlenbeck themselves, Fermi’s theory was supported. As Konopinski publicly stated in a 1943 review article, “Thus, the evidence of the spectra, which has previously comprised the sole support for the K-U theory, now definitely fails to support it”.
Are Postmodernist Universities and Scholarship Undermining Modern Democracy?
Authors: Sullivan Philip A.
Published: August 2005

This chapter argues that the encroachment of advocacy in certain disciplines has undermined their credibility, and that this trend is largely due to uncritical acceptance of relativist epistemologies such as social constructivism. Examples are cited from anthropology, educational theory, law, the sociology of science, and women’s studies. It is suggested that practices in the natural and historical sciences, as contrasted to the attributes of pseudoscience, provide guidelines for both university scholarship and the public debate essential to democracy.
The Wedge of Intelligent Design
Authors: Forrest Barbara , Gross Paul R.
Published: August 2005

The rejection of evolution in favor of creation by a supernatural deity is not the only feature of intelligent design creationism that marks it as a religious movement. Its integral but lesser known features include anti-modernism, anti-secularism, religious exclusionism, and anti-rationalism. The intelligent design movement, following a Wedge Strategy, seeks not only to return American education to a premodern understanding of science, but to move the country culturally and politically away from secular democracy and toward a premodern, Christian commonwealth. The movement’s leader, Phillip Johnson, brands secular academics as apostates and warns Christian students against relying on “your own thinking”. Scientists must join concerned citizens in stopping the advance of intelligent design in the public school science class.
The New Mass Media
Authors: Nord David Paul
Published: August 2005

This chapter explores the interplay of economics and religion in the publishing efforts of the early Bible and tract societies. It describes how religions publishers found ways to deal with the central economic problem: how to run a successful marketing and manufacturing business whose goal was to give a away rather than sell a product; a business whose most needy customers were least likely to desire the product. The economic nature of the new mass media, as well as the special economic nature of religion itself are examined. Emphasis is given to the pioneering work of the New England Tract Society (1814-1825) and the Bible Society of Philadelphia (1808-1815).
Introduction
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

Boston might seem an unlikely place for studying fundamentalism, but it was in fact home to nationally recognized conservative Protestant leaders A.J. Gordon, J.C. Massee, and Harold Ockenga; and churches, particularly Tremont Temple Baptist and Park Street Congregational. The movement’s history in Boston falls into two stages, one spanning the 1880s through World War I, and the other ending in 1950. The first period was intensely confrontational, drawing conservative Protestants together into sharp conflict with Roman Catholics; the second was characterized by slow accommodation, as political conflict shifted toward a more abstract war of cultural symbols, a process illustrated by three major urban revivals between 1909 and 1950.
Civic Revivalism
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

Revivalist J. Wilbur Chapman’s “simultaneous crusade”, held in the winter of 1909, used the Progressive-era language of civic uplift to save the city of Boston. The campaign was broad and inclusive, incorporating coordinated efforts by the revivalist and hundreds of assistants fanning out into Boston-area churches. Aimed primarily at the city’s businessmen, the Chapman crusade invoked a language of cultural masculinity to energize the city’s evangelical Protestants in a new, positive effort to remake Boston along more godly lines. The crusade also signaled a shift among evangelical Protestants that mirrored changes taking place in Boston’s political institutions, then dominated by the powerful figures of James Michael Curley and Cardinal O’Connell. In both religion and politics, the specific local attachments of ward politics and denomination were being replaced by new more diffuse, symbolic allegiances to popular leaders and causes.
Vaudeville Revivalism
Authors: Bendroth Margaret Lamberts
Published: August 2005

Evangelist Billy Sunday’s arrival in Boston demonstrated both the ephemeral nature of urban revivals and their complex role in constructing fundamentalist resistance. Dubbed the “Vaudeville revivalist” by his critics, Sunday’s moralistic, combative rhetoric quickly threatened to divide the city’s Protestants into pro- and anti-revivalist camps. But in the end, the Sunday campaign demonstrated the relative weakness of evangelicals in Boston — a prohibition vote in the midst of the campaign went down in defeat — and the relative resilience of liberal Protestants, as the city’s Unitarians launched a vigorous revival of their own in the wake of Sunday’s departure.
Physical Chemistry and Economics: 1933–1937
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

In response to the Nazi anti-Jewish policies, Polanyi resigned from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute and moved to the University of Manchester in 1933. Even as he brought his work in reaction kinetics to a climax with the publication of Atomic Reactions in 1935, he was deeply immersed in economic studies and philosophical reflection on the nature of a freedom in science and in society, which led in turn to the production of two movies on the economic cycle. Polanyi worked with his colleagues on reaction rates, hydrogen catalysis, proton transfer reactions, ionogenic reactions, pyrolysis, and bond energies.
The Philosophy of Freedom: 1938–1947
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

The Second World War gave Polanyi time and incentive to write about the foundations of freedom in economics, scientific inquiry, and socio-political organization. He felt that developing a satisfactory philosophy of freedom was the greatest contribution he could make to the war effort; in 1944, he rounded out his work on Keynesian economic theories with the publication of Full Employment and Free Trade. Because of his commitment to science as a model of free but responsible inquiry, he helped John Baker found the Society for Freedom in Science, an organization that opposed socialist philosophies of science as a tool that could and should be subordinated to the interests of the state.
Merton College, Oxford: 1959–1961
Authors: Scott William Taussig , Moleski Martin X.
Published: August 2005

Through his appointment as Senior Research Fellow at Merton, Polanyi found the home that would serve him for the rest of his life. His post-critical philosophy clashed with the logical positivism and linguistic analysis that dominated the Oxford scene, but the intellectual and cultural life were very satisfying for him and Magda. In these years, Polanyi capitalized on his previous work and lectured extensively on the need to broaden our understanding of the tacit and personal foundations of knowledge in order to overturn the nihilism generated by too narrow a view of the grounds of objectivity in science.
The Process of Mythmaking
Authors: Tumminia Diana G.
Published: August 2005

Living myth is explored as a sacred narrative that is made and elaborated upon through a process of charismatic labor or interactional storytelling between leaders and followers of spiritual groups. The author considers the theories of Max Weber, Carl Jung, Rene Girard, Emile Durkheim, and Mircea Eliade. This mythmaking process is illustrated with examples from Unarius in the spiritual careers of Ernest Norman, Uriel the Archangel, Antares, and certain students. In addition to channeling messages and having visions, the filming of unscripted psychodramas helps produce and maintain myths in the group.
Locke and the Nature of Matter
Authors: Woolhouse Roger S.
Published: August 2005

Descartes's unequivocal statement that the “nature of body consists ... simply in extension” (Principles 2:4) met with some disagreement in Locke's Essay. In the early draft A (1671) of the Essay Locke shows no concern about the possible narrowness of the Cartesian conception. However, in the later draft, draft B, of the same year Locke expresses dissatisfaction with “some [who] have made the whole essence of body to consist in extension”. From draft B of 1671, through draft C of 1685, and on to the 1690 Essay itself, Locke's list of characterizations of matter involve far more than Descartes's. This chapter discusses this list's relation to the other features of matter of which Locke makes it the foundation.
God and Matter in Locke
Authors: Bennett Jonathan
Published: August 2005

Margaret Wilson and the author of this book share an interest in and enthusiasm for the tenth chapter in Locke's Essay 4, entitled “Of Our Knowledge of the Existence of a GOD”. This chapter expounds on this deep, subtle, intricate, flawed chapter. It attempts to clarify what happens in those nineteen sections, which is referred to by their numbers alone.
Kant on Causality
Authors: Longuenesse Béatrice
Published: August 2005

This chapter is divided into three sections. The first considers Kant's formulation of the problem of causality. It argues that Kant's questioning of the causal principle and his analysis of the concept of cause are best approached in light of his conception of logic, and more particularly in light of his conception of hypothetical judgments and hypothetical syllogisms. The second section considers Kant's proof of the causal principle in the Second Analogy of Experience. This relation provides an indispensable foundation for understanding Kant's argument on the conditions of time perception. However, the argument Kant provides does not appear to support the strong causal principle he claims to prove. This apparent discrepancy between Kant's claim and his actual argument in the specific context of the Second Analogy is a primary reason for the persisting disagreements about the meaning of the Second Analogy. The third section argues that Kant does provide an answer to the difficulty raised. This answer, however, relies not only on the discursive model of thought laid out in the first and second sections but also on Kant's conception of space and time as forms of intuition, as it emerges from the Transcendental Aesthetic and the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories.
Israel and Empire
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: August 2005

From 63 BC until the Jewish War of 66, Israel was under Rome’s control. Following the deposition of Herod’s son Archelaus in AD 6, there were two phases. From 6 to 39 there was direct Roman rule of Judea, while Galilee continued under Herod’s son Herod Antipas. From 44 to 66 there was direct Roman rule of Galilee and Judea. The two phases were separated by a brief period of united rule from 41 to 44 under Agrippa I, Herod the Great’s grandson. Throughout the period, there were disturbances and protests, but their extent and significance is impossible to estimate. Among possible Jewish attitudes to foreign imperium we may note: (1) acceptance of Roman rule, (2) acceptance of Roman rule, with willingness on occasion to question non-violently its actions, (3) non-violent rejection of Roman rule, and (4) violent rejection of Roman rule. Following the war of 132–135 the rabbis maintained the second option, insisting that in all things not directly contravening God’s law, the empire’s laws must be obeyed.
Jesus and Empire
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: August 2005

Jesus suffered crucifixion by the Romans. Is this because he was a rebel against Rome? Not according to the evangelists, who claim that the Sanhedrin under Caiaphas initially arraigned Jesus on a capital charge of blasphemy. References to Jesus’ death in Jewish sources (notably Josephus and the Talmud) also claim primary responsibility for the Jerusalem authorities. Having condemned Jesus, the Sanhedrin referred the case to Pilate, as would be necessary, given Rome’s normal practice of reserving the death penalty to itself. For Pilate’s benefit, the charge was restated in terms of maiestas laesa —high treason. The gospels describe Pilate as initially unconvinced and prepared to deal with Jesus of Nazareth as Albinus would later deal with Jesus ben Hananiah. Then, perhaps because he fears a riot, Pilate is persuaded to apply the death penalty. There is no good reason to doubt the essential truth of this record.
Method and Metaphysics
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay argues that semantics provides a method for metaphysics. If we have the semantics of a language right, the objects that we assign to the expressions of the language must exist. Two problems are explored. The first is the inscrutability of reference, the fact that there is an endless number of ways an interpreter can assign objects to the expressions of an interpretant’s language, all of which do equally well. The second problem is that in describing the semantics and hence the ontology of a language, we must appeal to the entities we think exist, which are just the entities that belong to the ontology of our language.
Thinking Causes
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay discusses a common criticism of the Davidson’s theory of Anomalous Monism, namely, that according to this theory the mental is causally inert. It is argued that this criticism stems from a misunderstanding of the use of the concept of supervenience, which implies ontological monism, but not definitional or nomological reductionism. The criticism also fails to appreciate that causal relations are extensional relations which hold between singular events no matter how they are described.
Aristotle's Action
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: August 2005

This essay discusses Aristotle’s theory of action, and the changes in how philosophers think about action in the present and future. It highlights areas in which contemporary philosophy of action has moved to positions different from Aristotle. In the future, the study of action will continue to contribute to the breakdown of the administratively ordained boundaries between the various fields of philosophy.
Theological Trajectories In the Early Fourth Century: II
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

Initially discusses two more theological trajectories. The first is that of Marcellus of Ancyra. Discusses the possible relations of Marcellus to ‘Monarchianism’ and to Eustathius of Antioch. The second is that of Latin theology c.300. Argues against the idea that Latin theology in this period focuses on the unity of God and is simply a reiteration of Tertullian. Through an examination of Lactatntius, Novatian, and the early Hilary, the author argues for a context shaped by anti-adoptionism. The end of the chapter turns to whether we can speak of ‘orthodoxy’ c.300.
The Creation Of ‘Arianism’: AD 340–350
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

Focuses on the period between 340 and 350. It begins by considering how Athanasius drew on some previous tradition to create the category ‘arian.’ Also considers the theology of Athanasius’ Orations Against the Arians and the success of Athanasius in getting some significant support in the West. The categories ‘east’ and ‘west’ are brought under suspicion, however, in discussion of the council of Serdica in 343. The ‘western’ members present included a large number of Greek and Balkan bishops. Ends by considering attempts at rapprochement between ‘east’ and ‘west’ in the later 340s and the ‘Macrostich’ creed.
Shaping the Alternatives: AD 350–360
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2005

Considers the period between 350 and 360. It begins with a consideration of the Emperor Constantius II and his influence on this decade. Consideration of his support for the gradually emerging ‘Homoian’ movement and its direct critique of ousia language is followed by an account of Athanasius’s initial defence of Nicaea’s terminology in the 350s. Offers an account of Aetius and Eunomius, showing how their theology helped to define the theological conflict of this decade. Discussion of Basil of Ancyra and the Homoiousians is followed by an account of the theoogy of Cyril of Jerusalem. Cyril possibly stands as an example of the theology of many eastern bishops who found themselves caught between more polemic options.
Error Components
Authors: Arellano Manuel
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the use of panel data to separate out permanent from transitory components of variation. It analyses models of variance decomposition and error-components regression, and models with information in levels. It then presents estimations of error components distributions.
Autoregressive Models With Individual Effects
Authors: Arellano Manuel
Published: August 2005

This chapter discusses the specification and estimation of autoregressive models with individual specific intercepts. It focuses on first order processes, since the main insights generalise in a straightforward way to high-order and multivariate cases. It discusses the role in short panels of assumptions about initial conditions, homoskedasticity, and whether the parameter space includes the possibility of unit roots; alternative representations of restrictions that can be obtained by transformation; and the various aspects of inference with VAR panel data models.
The Declining Labour Force and Immigration
Authors: Rebick Marcus
Published: August 2005

Examines Japan’s rapid ageing and the impact of demography and population decline on the labour market. Examines the attitudes of Japanese and the authorities towards immigration and concludes that it is unlikely that Japan will allow mass in-migration in the near future. Looks at alternative ways of dealing with the fall in the working-age population, including outward direct foreign investment, raising of labour productivity in non-traded goods industries, and the potential for increased labour force participation and longer working hours for women. Concludes that although Japan faces problems in financing its social welfare programmes and will suffer from shortages of labour in some sectors, the country should be able to manage its demographic decline.
A Comparative Analysis of Capitalism
Authors: Amable Bruno
Published: August 2005

This chapter presents comparative analysis of capitalism based on the theory of institutions as political equilibriums and concepts of institutional complementarity and hierarchy discussed in chapter 2. It presents five possible models of capitalism (market-based economies, Social-Democratic economies, Asian capitalism, Continental European capitalism, and South European capitalism), and the set of institutional complementarities between five institutional forms that these models are based on. It argues that no single developed economy is accurately described by any of the five models of capitalism, which are ideal types. They may possess characteristics which make them close to one or the other model, without being fully identifiable with the model itself.
The Diversity of Economic Models
Authors: Amable Bruno
Published: August 2005

This chapter gathers the results of the analyses of chapter 4, and proposes a cluster analysis of types of capitalism. Empirical clustering patterns are discovered that are interpretable in terms of the typology of chapter 3. Specific characteristics concerning political systems, specialization in scientific, technological, and industrial activity, as well as macroeconomic performance are shown to be associated with particular types of capitalism.
LOGIC AND RATIONAL BELIEF
Authors: Christensen David
Published: August 2005

Sets up parameters for the book's approach — focuses on epistemic (rather than pragmatic) rationality; looks at conditions on simultaneous rational beliefs (rather than on rational changes of belief); and concentrates on global rationality—conditions for an agent's whole system of beliefs (rather than on local conditions for the rationality of particular beliefs). These choices are designed to focus the inquiry where formal logic is most likely to be useful in characterizing ideal rationality.
International Trade
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

Brings theoretical arguments and empirical evidence to the effect that international trade may reduce child labour in countries endowed with a comparatively well educated labour force, and increase it elsewhere. Lowering trade barriers can thus help reduce child labour only if educational and other policies have created the right initial conditions. An international ban on goods produced with child labour can be effective if it is applied on a multilateral basis, and accompanied by compensatory payments to the countries exporting such goods.
Health Effects of Child Labour
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo
Published: August 2005

The link between child labour and health is difficult to disentangle because of problems due to two-way causality, household and individual level unobservables. Aims to establish whether there is a negative health impact of work during childhood controlling for observable and unobservable confounding factors. As far as we are aware, we are the first to take account these confounding factors in a study of the health effects of child work. That is made possible by the use of a particularly rich two-wave panel data set, the 1992/3 and 1997/8 Vietnam Living Standards Surveys, and of the retrospective information contained in the 2000 Guatemalan National Survey on Living Conditions (NSLC).
Crisis Costs and Incentives to Repay Sovereign Debt
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna
Published: August 2005

Examines the willingness of sovereign debtors to repay their debts and the penalties that creditors can impose on debtors to encourage repayment. The seminal models of Eaton and Gersovitz (1981) and Bulow and Rogoff (1989) are discussed and the role played by reputation and sanctions in encouraging repayment is considered.