bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity Recognition Using Ubiquitous Sensors
Authors: Liang Yunji , Zhou Xingshe , Guo Bin , Yu Zhiwen
Published: March 2018

With the unprecedented sensing capabilities and the emergence of Internet of things, studies on activity recognition have been hot issues for different application areas, such as pervasive healthcare, industry and commerce, and recommendation systems. Much effort has been devoted to activity recognition using different sensors. Based on the differences of ubiquitous sensors, the authors classify the existing work into approximating sensing, wearable sensing, and video/audio sensing. Generally, methodologies for activity recognition are divided into logical reasoning and probabilistic reasoning. They illustrate the generalized framework and outline the advantages and disadvantages for each algorithm. Despite the research on activity recognition, activity recognition still faces many challenges in many aspects including nonintrusive data collection, scalable algorithms, energy consumption, and semantic extraction from social interaction. Towards those challenging research issues, the authors present their contributions to the field of activity recognition.
Trustworthy Architecture for Wireless Body Sensor Network
Authors: Kanagachidambaresan G. R.
Published: March 2018

Wireless Body Sensor Network is a collection of physiological sensors connected to small embedded machines and transceivers to form a monitoring scheme for patients and elderly people. Intrusion and foolproof routing has become mandatory as the Wireless Body Sensor Network has extended its working range. Trust in Wireless Body Sensor Network is greatly determined by the Encryption key size and Energy of the Node. The Sensor Nodes in Wireless Body Sensor Network is powered by small battery banks which are to be removed and recharged often in some cases. Attack to the implanted node in Wireless Body Sensor Network could harm the patient. Finite State Machine helps in realizing the Trust architecture of the Wireless Body Sensor Network. Markov model helps in predicting the state transition from one state to other. This chapter proposes a Trustworthy architecture for creating a trusted and confidential communication for Wireless Body Sensor Network.
Context-Aware Mobile and Wearable Device Interfaces
Authors: Ahlrichs Claas , Iben Hendrik , Lawo Michael
Published: March 2018

In this chapter, recent research on context-aware mobile and wearable computing is described. Starting from the observation of recent developments on Smartphones and research done in wearable computing, the focus is on possibilities to unobtrusively support the use of mobile and wearable devices. There is the observation that size and form matters when dealing with these devices; multimodality concerning input and output is important and context information can be used to satisfy the requirement of unobtrusiveness. Here, Frameworks as middleware are a means to an end. Starting with an introduction on wearable computing, recent developments of Frameworks for context-aware user interface design are presented, motivating the need for future research on knowledge-based intuitive interaction design.
Wearable Cameras
Authors: Drivet Alessio
Published: March 2018

Wearable Technologies represent an emerging theme. Probably the next emerging market where companies will focus. These devices are replacing entire categories of electronic objects in everyday life and affect the way we live, work and socialize. Among the many applications available, the author limits attention to the field of the smart video cameras. This chapter examines some of the most interesting applications of wearable cameras, with special reference to the Italian situation. In particular, the text traces a summary of the main applications in sports, spying, police, army, education, health, disabilities, and lifelogging. A part is devoted to “wearable extensions” and the concept of augmented reality.
An Overview of Telemedicine Technologies for Healthcare Applications
Authors: Pandian P. S.
Published: March 2018

Medical care generally relies on the face-to-face encounter between patients and doctors. In places where face-to-face encounters are not possible, telemedicine technologies are relied upon to link patients to specialist doctors for consultation and to obtain opinion. The telemedicine technologies provide improved health care to the underprivileged in inaccessible areas at reduced cost. Telemedicine also improve quality of health care and more importantly reduce the isolation of specialists, nurses and allied health professionals. This review papers discusses the telemedicine technologies and its history, the communications technologies that are being used. The paper also covers the advantages and benefits of telemedicine. Also the recent advances that are going on in telemedicine in the areas of m-health, Wearable Physiological Monitoring System (WPMS), Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). Finally, the paper concludes with some of the drawbacks or issues of telemedicine technologies.
Wearables and People With Disabilities
Authors: Paris Damara Goff , Miller Katrina R.
Published: March 2018

Assistive technology including wearables, have a positive impact towards changing the lives of people with disabilities. Advances in glass, electronics, sensors, and a wide range of digital devices are substantially improving how people with disabilities (PWD) navigate the world, and allow greater possibilities for PWD who are competing in today's job market. This chapter explores the following topics related to disabilities: Historical developments changing the lives of people with physical and sensory disabilities, laws pertaining to technology access, technological advances in wearables for individuals who are deaf, blind, paralyzed, or other mobility and speech impairments, socio-cultural and vocational implications of wearables for individuals who are deaf, deaf-blind or speech impaired, and the applications needed for wearables to meet the on-the-job demands.
Wearable ECG Monitoring and Alerting System Associated With Smartphone
Authors: Watanabe Hyuma , Kawarasaki Masatoshi , Sato Akira , Yoshida Kentaro
Published: March 2018

Heart disease has the second high mortality rate behind cancer in Japan, and requires quick treatment. To take a part in emerging mHealth, the authors developed a wearable electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring and alerting system “iHeart”. iHeart continuously monitors patient's ECG in his/her daily activities and issues an alert to the patient as well as surrounding people if it detects abnormal heart behaviour. iHeart consists of a wireless ECG sensor and a smartphone to achieve light-weighted, low-cost system that does not degrade the patient's Quality of Life. In parallel, the authors developed ECG analysis algorithm to detect R-wave as well as arrhythmia, and implemented these algorithms in wireless ECG sensor rather than in smartphone to save power consumption of ECG sensor caused by radio communication. The authors proof the practicality and usefulness of our system in clinical experiment. This paper describes the implementation of iHeart, evaluation experiment, and future requirements of the system.
Employees' Protection
Authors: Chrysochou Chrysi , Iglezakis Ioannis
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes the conflict between employers' legitimate rights and employees' right to privacy and data protection as a result of the shift in workplace surveillance from a non-digital to a technologically advanced one. Section 1 describes the transition from non-digital workplace surveillance to an Internet-centred one, where “smart” devices are in a dominant position. Section 2 focuses on the legal framework (supranational and national legislation and case law) of workplace surveillance. In section 3, one case study regarding wearable technology and the law is carried out to prove that national and European legislation are not adequate to deal with all issues and ambiguities arising from the use of novel surveillance technology at work. The chapter concludes by noting that the adoption of sector specific legislation for employees' protection is necessary, but it would be incomplete without a general framework adopting modern instruments of data protection.
What If Devices Take Command
Authors: Castellet Andreu
Published: March 2018

The new generation of wearables, marketed as consumer electronics products, can be interpreted as a sign of radical innovation leadership from mobile device producers. Since the appearance of the iPhone –and also later of the iPad-, terminal vendors had lost traction as triggers of innovation within the mobile content ecosystem, giving way to the current platform-based paradigm of leadership. This paper proposes examining the innovation potential of wearable devices on the whole mobile set of actors, starting from a two-scenarios premise: one of sustaining innovation, and a second scenario of more prominent influence. The research finds significant innovating potential for the smart kind of wearables, with a range of influence that can modify the course of all current mobile players. Also, it points at the possibility that a strong development of these items can eventually give birth to a new kind of media, specifically conceived for the wearable experience.
Are Wearables Good or Bad for Society?
Authors: Hein Daniel W. E. , Jodoin Jennah L. , Rauschnabel Philipp A. , Ivens Björn S.
Published: March 2018

Recent market research forecasts predict that a new form of wearable devices will soon influence the media landscape: Augmented Reality Smart Glasses. While prior research highlights numerous potentials in personal and professional settings of smart glasses, this technology has also triggered several controversies in public discussions, for example, the risk of violating privacy and copyright laws. Yet, little research addresses the questions of whether smart glasses are good or bad for societies, and if yes, why. This study conducts exploratory research to contribute to narrowing this gap. Based on a survey among consumers, the authors identify several societal benefits and risks that determine consumers' evaluation of the anticipated and desired success of smart glasses. These findings lead to numerous important implications for consumers, scholars, managers, and policy makers.
Conclusions
Authors: Kerr Don , Gammack John
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides a contemporary example of how data from wearable devices can be used for “big data” type research. It then asked the question of data policies for the use of data generated by wearable devices. This is followed by an overview of the chapters in the book and how they fit within the general theme of the book. In addition, each chapter is categorised into whether it is social research or more technical type research. The chapter also includes concluding suggestions on the possible future research agenda for privacy and security within the subject domain of the use of wearables. In addition, insights into the future of wearables in relation to ethical considerations, privacy, security and data ownership is also given.
Undergraduate Nursing Curriculum Content Focuses on Emerging Issues That Influence Health
Authors: Bingham Helen Mary
Published: March 2018

Undergraduate education content could hold the key to nursing workforce development. A professional's attitudes and beliefs are developed during these years, along with the ability to use knowledge and skills to promote mental health and well-being, and work with people experiencing mental health and addiction issues. Historically undergraduate education has targeted the support of illness as opposed to developing and supporting health and well-being. In the past decade research shows there is a close relationship between mental illness and addiction with physical health and early brain development. This chapter explores how the Modern Apprenticeship nursing curriculum prepares undergraduate nurses to critically think about a person or family's health at every encounter using a biopsychosocial framework by understanding that all of health is connected and the development of the brain in the early years is key to health and well-being.
Leadership Behavior Predictor of Employees' Job Satisfaction and Psychological Health
Authors: Lorber Mateja , Treven Sonja , Mumel Damijan
Published: March 2018

Research about relationship between the leadership behavior and the psychological health is still limited. The effect of job dissatisfaction on health is important not only from medical but also from the economic perspective. The association between leadership behavior, job satisfaction and psychological health in nursing was tested. 640 hospital nurses from surgery and internal medicine departments in Slovenian hospitals participated. Data analysis was carried out by using SPSS, 20.0. The transformational leadership style, leaders' characteristics, job satisfaction predicted better psychological health. More frequent exposure to stress and the lack of stress management was associated with poor psychological health. Job satisfaction is at a medium level. The results indicated that 85% of employees in nursing had good psychological health. The psychological health of employees does not affect only on individual, but also on the quality and effectiveness. It is important to monitor employees' job satisfaction and take care for health by providing a healthy work environment.
Reflections on Distributive Leadership for Work-Based Mobile Learning of Canadian Registered Nurses
Authors: Fahlman Dorothy (Willy)
Published: March 2018

The ubiquity, flexibility, and accessibility of mobile devices can transform how registered nurses in Canada learn beyond the confines of traditional education/training boundaries in their work settings. Many Canadian registered nurses have actively embraced mobile technologies for their work-based learning to meet their competency requirements for professional nursing practice. As self-directed learners, they are using these learning tools at point-of-need to access rich online healthcare resources, collaborate, and share information within their communities of practices. Yet, paradoxically, there are Canadian healthcare organizations that have not embraced work-based mobile learning and their contextual factors constrain and/or impede registered nurses' learning. Therefore, the goal of this reflective paper is to stimulate discussion on distributive leadership strategies for embedding this pedagogical mode of learning into Canadian healthcare workplaces for registered nurses' ongoing skills and continuing professional development.
Building a Maturity Framework for Information Security Governance Through an Empirical Study in Organizations
Authors: Maleh Yassine , Zaydi Mounia , Sahid Abdelkbir , Ezzati Abdellah
Published: March 2018

There is a dearth of academic research literature on the practices and commitments of information security governance in organizations. Despite the existence of referential and standards of the security governance, the research literature remains limited regarding the practices of organizations and, on the other hand, the lack of a strategy and practical model to follow in adopting an effective information security governance. This chapter aims to explore the engagement processes and the practices of organizations involved in a strategy of information security governance via a statistical and econometric analysis of data from a survey of 1000 participants (with a participation rate of 83.67%) from large and medium companies belonging to various industries. Based on the results of the survey regarding practices of information security management and governance, a practical maturity framework for the information security governance and management in organizations is presented.
Metamorphic Malware Detection Using Minimal Opcode Statistical Patterns
Authors: Fazlali Mahmood , Khodamoradi Peyman
Published: March 2018

High-speed and accurate malware detection for metamorphic malware are two goals in antiviruses. To reach beyond this issue, this chapter presents a new malware detection method that can be summarized as follows: (1) Input file is disassembled and classified to obtain the minimal opcode pattern as feature vectors; (2) a forward feature selection method (i.e., maximum relevancy and minimum redundancy) is applied to remove the redundant as well as irrelevant features; and (3) the process ends by classification through using decision tree. The results indicate the proposed method can effectively detect metamorphic malware in terms of speed, efficiency, and accuracy.
Olhos de safira: introdução à leitura de O cão de Dürer, um conto de Maria João Cantinho
Authors: Soares Marcelo Pacheco
Published: March 2018

Este ensaio promove uma leitura do conto ‘O cão de Dürer’, da escritora portuguesa Maria João Cantinho, publicado em 2006, evidenciando a sua correspondência com a gravura renascentista Melencolia I, de Albrecht Dürer (1514), além de outras obras do artista. A compreensão do protagonista da narrativa acerca da arte de Dürer se processa em uma viagem para dentro de si mesmo, a fim de acessar a sua própria memória. Por isso, fazemos aqui uso do conceito de ‘memória estética’ de Mario Praz (1982), veiculado em pesquisa sobre a correspondência entre literatura e artes visuais. Em razão da afinidade acadêmica da autora com os estudos acerca da obra de Walter Benjamin, discussões diversas do filósofo alemão igualmente comparecem como instrumento de leitura para o conto.
Marcovaldo, de Ítalo Calvino: sobre a busca e a (im)possibilidade do convívio ecológico
Authors: Cantarin Márcio Matiassi
Published: March 2018

Ao considerar, com Cheryll Glotfelty, que “[...] ecocriticism seeks to evaluate texts and ideas in terms of their coherence and usefulness as responses to environmental crisis” (1996, p. xx), e entendendo que a referida crise diz respeito não apenas à ecologia do meio ambiente, mas também à das relações sociais e da psique, como elucida Félix Guattari (1990), este texto pretende explorar o discurso de Italo Calvino nos contos de Marcovaldo ovvero Le stagioni in città (1963), como resposta à crise ecológica resultante da conjuntura instável que a sociedade humana experimenta na presente fase da modernidade. Além das ideias dos dois teóricos já mencionados, serão utilizadas as de Greg Garrard (2006) e de Michel Serres (1991). Não se pretende, a respeito da obra referida, esgotar qualquer possibilidade de análise; antes, pretende-se dar indicações que possam servir de base a outros estudos, posto que cada conto da coletânea guarda um grande potencial para leitura ecocrítica e, portanto, para uma resposta em termos de conscientização sobre a crise ecológica, advinda senão da crise de percepção do lugar do homem na natureza.
‘I felt pain. Deep pain…’: Experiences of primary caregivers of stroke survivors with aphasia in a South African township
Authors: Masuku Khetsiwe P. , Mophosho Munyane , Tshabalala Muziwakhe
Published: March 2018

Background: Aphasia is an acquired impairment in language and in the cognitive processes that underlie language. Aphasia affects the quality of life of the person with aphasia (PWA) and his or her families in various ways in diverse contexts and cultures. It is therefore important that speech language therapists understand how different contextual and cultural factors may mediate experiences.Purpose: The aim of the study was to describe the caregiving experience of female caregivers of PWA residing in Tembisa, a township situated in the east of Johannesburg.Method: Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with primary caregivers of PWA. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 14 primary caregivers of PWA who were daughters, daughters-in-law or wives of the PWA. The interviews were conducted in participants’ first language and analysed by the researcher, who is proficient in isiZulu. Data were analysed according to the principles of thematic analysis.Results: Findings indicated that caregivers are unfamiliar with aphasia and the support available to them. Participants experienced frustration and found communication to be challenging owing to their lack of communication strategies. The participants’ experiences reflected their context-specific experiences, such as feminisation of caregiving, barriers to healthcare, the influence of low health literacy and contextual perspectives on stroke and aphasia.Conclusions: Contextual factors of caregivers in Tembisa have an influence on the experiences between caregivers and PWA, the feelings of individuals and families and health-seeking behaviours of individuals and families.
Models of disability: A brief overview
Authors: Retief Marno , Letšosa Rantoa
Published: March 2018

Critical reflection on the importance of shaping disability-friendly – or disability-inclusive – congregations has enjoyed increasing attention in the field of practical theology in recent years. Moreover, the development of disability theology is a testament to the fact that practical theologians and the wider church community have taken serious notice of the realities and experiences of people with disabilities in our time. Nevertheless, even before the task of engaging in theological reflection from a disability perspective commences, it is necessary that theologians acquaint themselves with the various models of disability that shape people’s perceptions and ideas about people with disabilities. Guided by the principles of the interpretive task of practical theological investigation and cognizant of the importance of models of disability in shaping perceptions regarding people with disabilities, this article seeks to provide a brief overview of nine of the most dominant models of disability that are prevalent in our time. We shall utilise the typological approach to theoretical analysis in order to outline the basic characteristics of the various models.
Implementation of a Formal Debriefing Program After Pediatric Rapid Response Team Activations
Authors: Aponte-Patel Linda , Salavitabar Arash , Fazzio Pamela , Geneslaw Andrew S. , Good Pamela , Sen Anita I.
Published: March 2018

Background 

Debriefing after pediatric rapid response team activations (RRT-As) in a tertiary care children's hospital was identified to occur only sporadically. The lack of routine debriefing after RRT-As was identified as a missed learning opportunity.

Objective 

We implemented a formal debriefing program and assessed staff attitudes toward and experiences with debriefing after pediatric RRT-As.

Methods 

Real-time feedback for pediatrics residents captured clinical and debriefing data for each RRT-A from July 2014 to June 2016. The debriefing on physiology, team communication, and anticipation of clinical deterioration was introduced in July 2015. To assess debriefing perceptions, residents, intensive care fellows, nurses, and respiratory therapists participated in anonymous preintervention and postintervention surveys. We also developed a workshop to teach residents how to lead debriefing.

Results 

Debriefing after RRT-As increased from 26% preintervention to 46% postintervention (P < .0001). A total of 43 of 76 pediatrics residents (57%) attended at least 1 of 4 debriefing workshops. Both preintervention and postintervention, more than 80% (70 of 78 preintervention and 54 of 65 postintervention) of health professionals surveyed strongly agreed or agreed that there was a benefit to debriefing after RRT-As. Postintervention, 65% (26 of 40) of respondents strongly agreed or agreed that debriefing improved their understanding of the RRT-A process. The rate of debriefing was sustained at 46% (6 months after the end of the study period).

Conclusions 

Debriefing frequency after pediatric RRT-As significantly increased with the introduction of a formal debriefing program. A majority of health professionals and trainees reported this practice was a valuable experience.
Tools for CLIL Teachers
Authors: Ó Dónaill Caoimhín , Gimeno-Sanz Ana
Published: March 2018

The EU-funded Tools for CLIL Teachers project has created a free online service where language teachers can author and share content-rich, multimedia learning units featuring the creator’s own choice of audio, video (e.g. from YouTube), text (e.g. a transcript) and images/graphics.
Readlang
Authors: Ridout Steve
Published: March 2018

No abstract
ADN del Diseño de la artesanía como herramienta de desarrollo y apertura de nuevos mercados.
Authors: Santamaría Jorge Luis , Lecuona Manuel Ramón
Published: March 2018

La artesanía se proyecta como un sector productivo de las Industrias Culturales y Creativas [ICC] con un gran potencial en Ecuador; la artesanía textil en la Provincia de Tungurahua debe buscar potenciar y explotar el valor ancestral y el saber hacer de sus productos; y, a través de la gestión del diseño se plantean salidas estratégicas para la innovación, diversificación, crecimiento y apertura a nuevos mercados de los sectores artesanales. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar los factores que componen un ADN que identifique a la artesanía y sus características particulares en la provincia, desde una visión global de los emprendimientos culturales y creativos. La investigación se desarrolló con una metodología cualitativa basada en la recopilación bibliográfica de datos y la ponderación de los factores importantes que caractericen a los elementos componentes del entorno para ser comparados entre distintas perspectivas de organizaciones a nivel mundial como la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura [UNESCO] y la Comisión Europea; y de Ecuador, la visión del estado a través de la Agenda de Transformación Productiva [ATP]. La triangulación permite una corroboración de los resultados, una comprensión del entorno de la artesanía textil en la Provincia de Tungurahua y las posibilidades de una integración con el diseño para la mejora de los productos y procesos creativos y productivos. A lo largo del artículo se presenta los argumentos que dan origen a la investigación, la metodología utilizada, las etapas realizadas en la investigación y los resultados obtenidos, así también, se concluye con la presentación de los elementos componentes del ADN del diseño de la artesanía textil que conforman la propuesta final, y que se basa en cinco elementos componentes: la sociedad y su entorno, el valor cultural y creativo, el diseño, la estructura de empresa y la estrategia.
Revoluções Científicas e Design Sistêmico : aplicação dos conceitos de sistemas aberto e fechado ao campo do Design
Authors: Straioto Ricardo Goulart Tredezini , Figueiredo Luiz Fernando Gonçalves de
Published: March 2018

Os problemas enfrentados atualmente aumentaram de complexidade e passaram a exigir uma “visão sistêmica” do designer, devendo considerar a solução a ser projetada como um componente integrante de sistemas mais vastos, ou seja, a solução não pode ser vista isoladamente, mas integrada a um contexto mais amplo. Este artigo, portanto, trata da teoria das revoluções científicas e mudança de paradigma de Tomas Kuhn(2005), tecendo considerações sobre a emergência do paradigma sistêmico na ciência, com destaque a Teoria Geral de Sistemas (Bertalanffy,1977). Neste sentido, este estudo  tem como objetivo aplicação dos conceitos de sistema aberto e sistema fechado ao campo do design, incluindo também os sistemas complexos adaptativos - um tipo específico de sistema aberto. Para isso faz-se uso da pesquisa teórica, qualitativa e exploratória sobre os temas com base em fontes secundárias pela qual se buscou compreender a revolução científica em andamento, na qual o paradigma cartesiano vigente, ao poucos sendo sobreposto por um paradigma sistêmico e holístico. Este novo paradigma conecta o design a uma perspectiva que transcende a lógica do produtor e do consumidor ou usuário, e não se limita ao objeto em si, mas o repensa como componente de sistemas mais vastos.O resultado contribui para a compreensão e a discussão da abordagem sistêmica do design. Nesta perspectiva o design inclui projetar e avaliar os produtos não como objeto físico, mas a partir de sua função de uso, de troca, social, cultural e ambiental. Além disso, o design passa ser praticado em equipes interdisciplinares com participação de especialistas e atores ligados ao problema e a solução, apontando para abordagens como a inovação social e o desenvolvimento local sustentável.
Aplicación de la Teoría General de Sistemas al diseño gráfico de una marca
Authors: Tarazona-Belenguer Nereida , González-del-Río Jimena , Ampuero-Canellas Olga , Jorda-Albiñana Begoña
Published: March 2018

La Teoría General de Sistemas se ha venido aplicando con éxito a diversas disciplinas, entre ellas también al diseño. Esta aportación se centra en el diseño gráfico de la marca como elemento visual y representativo de la empresa de gran importancia en la gestión corporativa actual. Utilizando la Teoría General de Sistemas se propone un modelo para el desarrollo gráfico de una marca que facilite y guíe la toma de decisiones en este ámbito. Para ello se analizan los procesos seguidos por el diseñador desde que recibe el encargo hasta su aplicación final, con el objetivo de tener en cuenta todos los factores que influyen en la creación de la identidad visual corporativa y obtener así un resultado eficaz.
Curiosity and Design education
Authors: Martinez Escobedo Eduardo , Vanegas Farfano Minerva Thalia Juno
Published: March 2018

Design education centers and their teachers know that not all users are equal in their needs or interests. User-centered approaches help, within the design process to meet needs, requirements and expectations to enhance the range and acceptance of products (Altay, 2014; Zoltowski, Oakes & Cardella, 2012). To meet this aim, in teaching, different research strategies are imparted for identifying those outcomes that, beyond functionality, includes other variables to the product’s experience. These strategies share a common aim: to identify by direct contact features that if consider, may enhance the resultant product (Altay, 2014.). This kind of formation is usually included in the learner-centered instruction; and is useful when the students expand their knowledge in the needed data and use it for the intended aim.   Programs that teaches the students to develop their natural abilities to help them “think on” design instead of solving specific design problems (Gorgul & Gorgul, 2012) are a reality. And, while as an environment it promotes learning through experimentation as the perfect medium to grow students as innovators; they usually are not designed considering the personal characteristics and traits that may also be needed to be counted to better comprehend how does previous conditions to education are related to the intended individualistic redesign of curricula. The purpose of this proposal is to investigate personal curiosity as an underlying condition to innovation and design education that may alter the results of a design methodology intended to improve the students´ project-based learning. For this correlational study participants were recruited from Technology Exploration & Design, and Analysis of Mechanisms courses, using a convinience sampling method. Respondents were required to complete two rating scales, one assessing curiosity as a trait and the other assessing their creativity style.
Different trends in extreme and median surface aerosol extinction coefficients over China inferred from quality-controlled visibility data
Authors: Li Jing , Li Chengcai , Zhao Chunsheng
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Although the temporal changes in aerosol properties have been
widely investigated, the majority of studies has focused on average conditions without
much emphasis on the extremes. However, the latter can be more important in
terms of human health and climate change. This study uses a previously
validated, quality-controlled visibility dataset to investigate the long-term
trends (expressed in terms of relative changes) in extreme surface aerosol
extinction coefficient (AEC) over China and compares them with the median
trends. Two methods are used to independently evaluate the trends, which
arrive at consistent results. The signs of extreme and median trends are
generally coherent, whereas their magnitudes show distinct spatial and
temporal differences. In the 1980s, an overall positive trend is found
throughout China with the extreme trend exceeding the mean trend, except for
northwest China and the North China Plain. In the 1990s, AEC over northeast
and northwest China started to decline while the rest of the country still
exhibited an increase. The extreme trends continued to dominate in the south
while they yielded to the mean trend in the north. After the year 2000, the extreme
trend became weaker than the mean trend overall in terms of both the
magnitude and significance level. The annual trend can be primarily
attributed to winter and fall trends. The results suggest that the decadal
changes in pollution in China may be governed by different mechanisms.
Synoptic conditions that often result in extreme air quality changes might
have dominated in the 1980s, whereas emission increase might have been the
main factor for the 2000s.
Assessment of emission scenarios for 2030 and impacts of black carbon emission reduction measures on air quality and radiative forcing in Southeast Asia
Authors: Permadi Didin Agustian , Kim Oanh Nguyen Thi , Vautard Robert
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Our previously published paper (Permadi et al. 2018) focused on
the preparation of emission input data and evaluation of WRF–CHIMERE
performance in 2007. This paper details the impact assessment of
the future (2030) black carbon (BC) emission reduction measures for Southeast
Asia (SEA) countries on air quality, health and BC direct radiative forcing
(DRF). The business as usual (BAU2030) projected emissions from the base year
of 2007 (BY2007), assuming “no intervention” with the linear projection of
the emissions based on the past activity data for Indonesia and Thailand and
the sectoral GDP growth for other countries. The RED2030 featured measures to
cut down emissions in major four source sectors in Indonesia and Thailand
(road transport, residential cooking, industry, biomass open burning) while
for other countries the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5)
emissions were assumed. WRF–CHIMERE simulated levels of aerosol species
under BAU2030 and RED2030 for the modeling domain using the base year
meteorology and 2030 boundary conditions from LMDZ-INCA. The extended aerosol
optical depth module (AODEM) calculated the total columnar AOD and BC AOD for
all scenarios with an assumption on the internal mixing state. Under RED2030,
the health benefits were analyzed in terms of the number of avoided premature
deaths associated with ambient PM2.5 reduction along with BC DRF
reduction. Under BAU2030, the average number of the premature deaths per
100 000 people in the SEA
domain would increase by 30 from BY2007 while under RED2030 the premature
deaths would be cut down (avoided) by 63 from
RED2030. In 2007, the maximum annual average BC DRF in the SEA countries was
0.98 W m−2, which would increase to 2.0 W m−2 under BAU2030 and
1.4 W m−2 under RED2030. Substantial impacts on human health and BC
DRF reduction in SEA could result from the emission measures incorporated in
RED2030. Future works should consider other impacts, such as for agricultural
crop production, and the cost–benefit analysis of the measures'
implementation to provide relevant information for policy making.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Impacts of Multiple Temporal-scale Variations in Particulate Matter on its Source Apportionment
Authors: Peng Xing , Gao Jian , Shi Guoliang , Shi Xurong , Huangfu Yanqi , Liu Jiayuan , Zhang Yuechong , Feng Yinchang , Wang Wei , Ma Ruoyu , Ivey Cesunica E. , Deng Yi
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Time series of pollutant concentrations consist of variations at different time scales that are attributable to many processes/sources (data noise, source intensities, meteorological conditions, climate, etc.). Improving the knowledge of the impact of multiple temporal-scale components on pollutant variations and pollution levels can provide useful information for suitable mitigation strategies for pollutant control during a high pollution episode. To investigate the source factors driving these variations, the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter was used to decompose the time series of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) and chemical species into intra-day, diurnal, synoptic, and baseline temporal-scale components (TS components). The synoptic TS component has the largest amplitude and relative contributions (about 50 %) to the total variance of SO42−, NH4+, and OC concentrations. The diurnal TS component has the largest relative contributions to the total variance of PM2.5, NO3−, EC, Ca, and Fe concentrations, ranging from 32 % to 47 %. To investigate the source impacts on PM2.5 from different TS components, four datasets RI (intra-day removed), RD (diurnal removed), RS (synoptic removed), and RBL (baseline removed) were created by respectively removing the intra-day, diurnal, synoptic, and baseline TS component from the original datasets. Multilinear Engine 2 (ME-2) and/or principal component analysis was applied to these four datasets as well as the original datasets for source apportionment. ME-2 solutions using the original and RI dataset identify crustal dust contributions. For the solutions from original, RI, RD, and RS datasets, the total primary source impacts are close, ranging from 35.1 to 40.4 μg m−3 during the entire sampling period. For the secondary source impacts, solutions from the original, RI and RD dataset give similar source impacts (about 30 μg m−3), which were higher than the impacts derived from the RS datasets (21.2 μg m−3).
Simulating the Influence of Primary Biological Aerosol Particles on Clouds by Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation
Authors: Hummel Matthias , Hoose Corinna , Pummer Bernhard , Schaupp Caroline E. , Fröhlich-Nowoisky Janine , Möhler Ottmar
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Primary ice formation, which is an important process for mixed-phase clouds with impact on their lifetime, radiative balance and hence the climate, strongly depends on the availability of ice nucleating particles (INPs). Supercooled droplets within these clouds remain liquid until an INP immersed in or colliding with to the droplet gets reaches its activation temperature. Only a few aerosol particles are acting as INPs and the freezing efficiency varies among them. Thus, the fraction of supercooled water in the cloud depends on the specific properties and concentrations of the INPs. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) have been identified as very efficient INPs at high subzero temperatures, but their very low atmospheric concentrations make it difficult to quantify their impact on clouds. Here we use the regional atmospheric model COSMO-ART to simulate the heterogeneous ice nucleation by PBAPs during a 1-week case study on a domain covering Europe. We focus on three highly ice nucleation active PBAP species, Pseudomonas syringae bacteria cells and spores from the fungi Cladosporium sp. and Mortierella alpina. PBAP emissions are parameterized in order to represent the entirety of bacteria and fungal spores in the atmosphere. Thus, only parts of the simulated PBAP are assumed to act as INP. The ice nucleation parameterizations are specific for the three selected species and are based on a deterministic approach. The PBAP concentrations simulated in this study are within the range of previously reported results from other modelling studies and atmospheric measurements. Two regimes of PBAP INP concentrations are identified: a temperature-limited and a PBAP-limited regime, which occur at temperatures above and below a maximal concentration at around −10 °C, respectively. In an ensemble of control and disturbed simulations, the change in the average ice crystal concentration by biological INPs is not statistically 1significant, suggesting that PBAP have no significant influence on the average state of the cloud ice phase. However, if the cloud top temperature is below −15 °C, PBAP can influence the cloud ice phase and produce ice crystals in the absence of other INPs. Nevertheless, the number of produced ice crystals is very low and it has no influence on the modelled number of cloud droplets and hence the cloud structure.
Retrieval of Desert Dust and Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions over Africa from POLDER/PARASOL Products Generated by GRASP Algorithm
Authors: Chen Cheng , Dubovik Oleg , Henze Daven K. , Lapyonak Tatyana , Chin Mian , Ducos Fabrice , Litvinov Pavel , Huang Xin , Li Lei
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Understanding the role atmospheric aerosols play in the earth-atmosphere system is limited by uncertainties in the knowledge of their distribution, composition and sources. In this paper, we use the GEOS-Chem based inverse modelling framework for retrieving desert dust (DD), black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) aerosol emissions simultaneously from aerosol data retrieved from the polarimetric POLDER/PARASOL Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Aerosol Absorption Optical Depth (AAOD) produced with the GRASP algorithm (hereafter PARASOL/GRASP). First, the inversion framework is validated in a series of numerical tests conducted with synthetic PARASOL-like data. These show that the framework allows for retrieval of the distribution and strength of aerosol emissions. For example, the uncertainty of retrieved daily emissions in error free conditions is bellow 25.8 % for DD, 5.9 % for BC and 26.9 % for OC. In addition, BC refractive index is sensitive to BC emission retrieval, which could produce an additional about 1.8 times differences for total BC emission. The approach is then applied to one-year (December 2007 to November 2008) of data over the African and Arabian Peninsula region using PARASOL/GRASP spectral AOD and AAOD at six wavelengths (443, 490, 565, 670, 865 and 1020 nm). Analysis of the resulting retrieved emissions indicates 1.8 times overestimation of the prior DD online mobilization and entrainment model. For total BC and OC, the retrieved emissions show a significant increase of 209.9–271.8 % in comparison to the prior GEOS-Chem inventory of carbonaceous aerosol emissions. The model posterior simulation with retrieved emissions shows good agreement both with the AOD and AAOD PARASOL/GRASP products used in the inversion. The fidelity of the results is evaluated by comparison of posterior simulations with measurements from AERONET that are completely independent of and more temporally frequent than PARASOL observations. To further test the robustness of our posterior emissions constrained using PARASOL/GRASP, the posterior emissions are implemented in the GEOS-5/GOCART model and the consistency of simulated AOD (prior: R = 0.77, RMSE = 0.14, MAE = 0.09; posterior: R = 0.81, RMSE = 0.10, MAE = 0.06) and AAOD (prior: R = 0.65, RMS = 0.019, MAE = 0.014; posterior: R = 0.69, RMSE = 0.015, MAE = 0.011) with other independent measurements (MODIS and OMI) demonstrates promise in applying this database for modelling studies.
VOCs emission profiles from rural cooking and heating
in Guanzhong Plain, China and its potential effect on
regional O3 and SOA formation
Authors: Sun Jian , Shen Zhenxing , Huang Yu , Cao Junji , Ho Steven Sai Hang , Niu Xinyi , Wang Taobo , Zhang Qian , Lei Yali , Xu Hongmei , Liu Hongxia
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Solid fuels (i.e., biomass fuel and coal) burning for cooking and heating emit large amounts of pollutants into atmosphere including particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, VOCs were directly collected in chimneys of residential cooking and heating stoves in Guanzhong Plain using adsorbent tube approach followed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) analysis. Emission factors (EFs) of targeted VOCs varied from 47.2 ± 19.4 to 3121.3 ± 1592.4 mg kg−1 which had a descending order of biomass straw > woody fuel >> coal fuels. A remarkable finding is that semi-gasifier could not suppress the VOCs emission even though a high efficiency in reduction of PM was demonstrated. In addition, high values of coefficients of divergence (CD) (most > 0.5) support that there were large variations on the VOC profiles with different fuels and stoves. Ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs from solid fuel burning ranged from 50.3 ± 19.6 to 5914.8 ± 1340.5 mg kg−1, contributing ~ 20 % of ozone formation in Guanzhong atmosphere. The values were much larger than the contribution from PM of 6.7 %. However, much lower secondary organic aerosol formation potentials (SOAP) (0.5 ± 0.2–45.6 ± 3.0 mg kg−1) of VOCs emitted from solid fuel burning were estimated. The values were two orders of magnitude lower than OFP and only accounted for 0.23 % of the SOA in Guanzhong in 2013. The results of this study demonstrated that the VOCs emission from solid fuel burning had a strong impact to the ozone pollution in Guanzhong Plain.
Wind-driven transport of fresh shelf water into the Labrador Sea
Basin
Authors: Schulze Lena M. , Frajka-Williams Eleanor
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The Labrador Sea is one of a small number of deep convection sites in the North Atlantic, that contribute to the meridional overturning circulation. Buoyancy is lost from surface waters during winter, allowing the formation of dense deep water. In the recent decades, mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet has accelerated, releasing freshwater into the high latitude North Atlantic. This and the enhanced Arctic freshwater export in the recent years have the potential to add buoyancy to the surface waters, slowing or suppressing convection in the Labrador Sea. However, the impact of freshwater on convection is dependent on whether or not it can escape the shallow, topographically-trapped boundary currents around Greenland and Labrador. Previous studies have estimated the transport of freshwater into the central Labrador Sea by focusing on the role of eddies. Here we use a Lagrangian approach, tracking particles in a global, eddy-permitting (1/12°) ocean model, to examine where and when freshwater enters the Labrador Sea basin in the surface 30 m. We find that most freshwater enters in the east (near the west coast of Greenland), consistent with previous expectations. Seasonally two peaks of freshening are observed. The first peak occurs in the spring and results from a large number of shelf water particles. The second peak, occurring in the fall, is due to the low salinity of the West Greenland current at this time of the year. We find that in these simulations surface wind-driven Ekman transport, rather than eddies, are responsible for the larger year-to-year variability in freshwater transport from the shelves to the central Labrador Sea.