bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining Meaningful Differences for SMACEX Eddy Covariance Measurements
Authors: Meek D. W. , Prueger J. H. , Kustas W. P. , Hatfield J. L.
Published: January 2006

Two eddy covariance instrument comparison studies were conducted before and after the Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) field campaign to 1) determine if observations from multiple sensors were equivalent for the measured variables over a uniform surface and to 2) determine a least significant difference (LSD) value for each variable to discriminate between daily and hourly differences in latent and sensible heat and carbon dioxide fluxes, friction velocity, and standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity from eddy covariance instruments placed in different locations within the study area. The studies were conducted in early June over an alfalfa field and in mid-September over a short grass field. Several statistical exploratory, graphical, and multiple-comparison procedures were used to evaluate each daily variable. Daily total or average data were used to estimate a pooled standard error and corresponding LSD values at the P = 0.05 and P = 0.01 levels using univariate procedures. There were no significant sensor differences in any of the daily measurements for either intercomparison period. Hourly averaged data were used to estimate a pooled standard error and corresponding LSD values at the P = 0.05 and P = 0.01 levels using mixed model procedures. Sensor differences for pre- and post-intercomparisons were minimal for hourly and daily values of CO2, water vapor, sensible heat, friction velocity, and standard deviation for vertical wind velocity. Computed LSD values were used to determine significant daily differences and threshold values for the variables monitored during the SMACEX campaign.
Relationship of Soil Respiration to Crop and Landscape in the Walnut Creek Watershed
Authors: Parkin T. B. , Kaspar T. C. , Senwo Z. , Prueger J. H. , Hatfield J. L.
Published: January 2006

Soil respiration is an important component of the carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. Many factors exert controls on soil respiration, including temperature, soil water content, organic matter, soil texture, and plant root activity. This study was conducted to quantify soil respiration in the Walnut Creek watershed in central Iowa, and to investigate the factors controlling this process. Six agricultural fields were identified for this investigation: three of the fields were cropped with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and three were cropped with corn (Zea mays L.). Within each field, soil respiration was measured at nine locations, with each location corresponding to one of three general landscape positions (summit, side slope, and depression). Soil respiration was measured using a portable vented chamber connected to an infrared gas analyzer. Soil samples were collected at each location for the measurement of soil water content, pH, texture, microbial biomass, and respiration potential. Field respiration rates did not show a significant landscape effect. However, there was a significant crop effect, with respiration from cornfields averaging 37.5 g CO2 m−2 day−1 versus an average respiration of 13.1 g CO2 m−2 day−1 in soybean fields. In contrast, laboratory measurements of soil respiration potential, which did not include plant roots, showed a significant landscape effect and an insignificant cropping system effect. Similar relationships were observed for soil organic C and microbial biomass. Additional analyses indicate that corn roots may be more important than soybean roots in their contribution to surface CO2 flux, and that root respiration masked landscape effects on total soil respiration. Also, the failure to account for soil respiration may lead to biased estimates of net primary production measured by eddy covariance.
Effects of Land Use and Meteorological Conditions on Local and Regional Momentum Transport and Roughness for Midwestern Cropping Systems
Authors: Kustas William P. , Prueger John H. , MacPherson J. Ian , Wolde Mengistu , Li Fuqin
Published: January 2006

Eddy covariance measurements of wind speed u and shear velocity u* from tower- and aircraft-based systems collected over rapidly developing corn- (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields were used in determining the local and regional (effective) surface roughness length zo and 〈zo〉, respectively. For corn, canopy height increased from ∼1 to 2 m and the leaf area index changed from ∼1 to 4 during the study period, while for soybean, canopy height increased from ∼0.1 to 0.5 m and the leaf area index increased from ∼0.5 to 2. A procedure for the aggregation of local roughness values from the different land cover types based on blending-height concepts yielded effective surface roughness values that were from ∼1/2 to 1/4 of the magnitude estimated with the aircraft data. This indicated additional kinematic stress caused by form drag from isolated obstacles (i.e., trees, houses, and farm buildings), and the interaction of adjacent corn- and soybean fields were probably important factors influencing the effective surface roughness length for this landscape. The comparison of u* measurements from the towers versus the aircraft indicated that u* from aircraft was 20%–30% higher, on average, and that u* over corn was 10%–30% higher than over soybean, depending on stability. These results provide further evidence for the likely sources of additional kinematic stress. Although there was an increase in zo and 〈zo〉 over time as the crops rapidly developed, particularly for corn, there was a more significant trend of increasing roughness length with decreasing wind speed at wind speed thresholds of around 5 m s−1 for the aircraft and 3 m s−1 for the tower measurements. Other studies have recently reported such a trend. The impact on computed sensible heat flux H using 〈zo〉 derived from the aggregation of zo from the different land cover types, using the blending-height scheme, and that estimated from the aircraft observations, was evaluated using a calibrated single-source/bulk resistance approach with surface–air temperature differences from the aircraft observations. An underestimate of 〈zo〉 by 50% and 75% resulted in a bias in the H estimates of approximately 10% and 15%, respectively. This is a relatively minor error when considering that the root-mean-square error (rmse) value between single-source estimates and the aircraft observations of H was 15 W m−2 using the aircraft-derived 〈zo〉, and only increased to approximately 20 and 25 W m−2 using the 1/2 and 1/4 〈zo〉 values, as estimated from the blending-height scheme. The magnitude of the excess resistance relative to the aerodynamic resistance to heat transfer was a major contributing factor in minimizing the error in heat flux calculations resulting from these underestimations of 〈zo〉.
Retrieval of Soil Moisture and Vegetation Water Content Using SSM/I Data over a Corn and Soybean Region
Authors: Wen Jun , Jackson Thomas J. , Bindlish Rajat , Hsu Ann Y. , Su Z. Bob
Published: January 2006

The potential for soil moisture and vegetation water content retrieval using Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperature over a corn and soybean field region was analyzed and assessed using datasets from the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02). Soil moisture retrieval was performed using a dual-polarization 19.4-GHz data algorithm that requires the specification of two vegetation parameters—single scattering albedo and vegetation water content. Single scattering albedo was estimated using published values. A method for estimating the vegetation water content from the microwave polarization index using SSM/I 37.0-GHz data was developed for the region using extensive datasets developed as part of SMEX02. Analyses indicated that the sensitivity of the brightness temperature to soil moisture decreased as vegetation water content increased. However, there was evidence that SSM/I brightness temperatures changed in response to soil moisture increases resulting from rainfall during the later stages of crop growth. This was partly attributed to the lower soil and vegetation thermal temperatures that typically followed a rainfall. Comparisons between experimentally measured volumetric soil moisture and SSM/I-retrieved soil moisture indicated that soil moisture retrieval was feasible using SSM/I data, but the accuracy highly depended upon the levels of vegetation and atmospheric precipitable water; the standard error of estimate over the 3-week study period was 5.49%. The potential for using this approach on a larger scale was demonstrated by mapping the state of Iowa. Results of this investigation provide new insights on how one might operationally correct for vegetation effects using high-frequency microwave observations.
Evaluation of AMSR-E-Derived Soil Moisture Retrievals Using Ground-Based and PSR Airborne Data during SMEX02
Authors: McCabe M. F. , Gao H. , Wood E. F.
Published: January 2006

A Land Surface Microwave Emission Model (LSMEM) is used to derive soil moisture estimates over Iowa during the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02) field campaign, using brightness temperature data from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Radiometer (AMSR)-E satellite. Spatial distributions of the near-surface soil moisture are produced using the LSMEM, with data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS), vegetation and land surface parameters estimated through recent Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface products, and standard soil datasets. To assess the value of soil moisture estimates from the 10.7-GHz X-band sensor on the AMSR-E instrument, retrievals are evaluated against ground-based sampling and soil moisture estimates from the airborne Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) operating at C band. The PSR offers high-resolution detail of the soil moisture distribution, which can be used to analyze heterogeneity within the scale of the AMSR-E pixel. Preliminary analysis indicates that retrievals from the AMSR-E instrument at 10.7 GHz using the LSMEM are surprisingly robust, with accuracies within 3% vol/vol compared with in situ samples. Results from these AMSR-E comparisons also indicate potential in determining soil moisture patterns over regional scales, even in the presence of vegetation. Assessment of soil moisture determined through local-scale sampling within the larger-scale AMSR-E footprint reveals a consistent level of agreement over a range of meteorological and surface conditions, offering promise for improved land surface hydrometeorological characterization.
Utility of Remote Sensing–Based Two-Source Energy Balance Model under Low- and High-Vegetation Cover Conditions
Authors: Li Fuqin , Kustas William P. , Prueger John H. , Neale Christopher M. U. , Jackson Thomas J.
Published: January 2006

Two resistance network formulations that are used in a two-source model for parameterizing soil and canopy energy exchanges are evaluated for a wide range of soybean and corn crop cover and soil moisture conditions during the Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX). The parallel resistance formulation does not consider interaction between the soil and canopy fluxes, whereas the series resistance algorithms provide interaction via the computation of a within-air canopy temperature. Land surface temperatures were derived from high-resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) scenes and aircraft imagery. These data, along with tower-based meteorological data, provided inputs for the two-source energy balance model. Comparison of the local model output with tower-based flux observations indicated that both the parallel and series resistance formulations produced basically similar estimates with root-mean-square difference (RMSD) values ranging from approximately 20 to 50 W m−2 for net radiation and latent heat fluxes, respectively. The largest relative difference in percentage [mean absolute percent difference (MAPD)] was for sensible heat flux, which was ≈35%, followed by a MAPD ≈ 25% for soil heat flux, ≈10% for latent heat flux, and a MAPD < 5% for net radiation. Although both series and parallel versions gave similar results, the parallel resistance formulation was found to be more sensitive to model parameter specification, particularly in accounting for the effects of vegetation clumping resulting from row crop planting on flux partitioning. A sensitivity and model stability analysis for a key model input variable, that is, fractional vegetation cover, also show that the parallel resistance network is more sensitive to the errors vegetation cover estimates. Furthermore, it is shown that for a much narrower range in vegetation cover fraction, compared to the series resistance network, the parallel resistance scheme is able to achieve a balance in both the radiative temperature and convective heat fluxes between the soil and canopy components. This result appears to be related to the moderating effects of the air temperature in the canopy air space computed in the series resistance scheme, which represents the effective source height for turbulent energy exchange across the soil–canopy–atmosphere system.
Effects of Vegetation Clumping on Two–Source Model Estimates of Surface Energy Fluxes from an Agricultural Landscape during SMACEX
Authors: Anderson Martha C. , Norman J. M. , Kustas William P. , Li Fuqin , Prueger John H. , Mecikalski John R.
Published: January 2006

The effects of nonrandom leaf area distributions on surface flux predictions from a two-source thermal remote sensing model are investigated. The modeling framework is applied at local and regional scales over the Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) study area in central Iowa, an agricultural landscape that exhibits foliage organization at a variety of levels. Row-scale clumping in area corn- and soybean fields is quantified as a function of view zenith and azimuth angles using ground-based measurements of canopy architecture. The derived clumping indices are used to represent subpixel clumping in Landsat cover estimates at 30-m resolution, which are then aggregated to the 5-km scale of the regional model, reflecting field-to-field variations in vegetation amount. Consideration of vegetation clumping within the thermal model, which affects the relationship between surface temperature and leaf area inputs, significantly improves model estimates of sensible heating at both local and watershed scales in comparison with eddy covariance data collected by aircraft and with a ground-based tower network. These results suggest that this economical approach to representing subpixel leaf area hetereogeneity at multiple scales within the two-source modeling framework works well over the agricultural landscape studied here.
Intercomparison of Spatially Distributed Models for Predicting Surface Energy Flux Patterns during SMACEX
Authors: Crow Wade T. , Li Fuqin , Kustas William P.
Published: January 2006

The treatment of aerodynamic surface temperature in soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models can be used to classify approaches into two broad categories. The first category contains models utilizing remote sensing (RS) observations of surface radiometric temperature to estimate aerodynamic surface temperature and solve the terrestrial energy balance. The second category contains combined water and energy balance (WEB) approaches that simultaneously solve for surface temperature and energy fluxes based on observations of incoming radiation, precipitation, and micrometeorological variables. To date, few studies have focused on cross comparing model predictions from each category. Land surface and remote sensing datasets collected during the 2002 Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) provide an opportunity to evaluate and intercompare spatially distributed surface energy balance models. Intercomparison results presented here focus on the ability of a WEB-SVAT approach [the TOPmodel-based Land–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (TOPLATS)] and an RS-SVAT approach [the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model] to accurately predict patterns of turbulent energy fluxes observed during SMACEX. During the experiment, TOPLATS and TSEB latent heat flux predictions match flux tower observations with root-mean-square (rms) accuracies of 67 and 63 W m−2, respectively. TSEB predictions of sensible heat flux are significantly more accurate with an rms accuracy of 22 versus 46 W m−2 for TOPLATS. The intercomparison of flux predictions from each model suggests that modeling errors for each approach are sufficiently independent and that opportunities exist for improving the performance of both models via data assimilation and model calibration techniques that integrate RS- and WEB-SVAT energy flux predictions.
A Lagrangian Analysis of the Atmospheric Branch of the Global Water Cycle. Part II: Moisture Transports between Earth’s Ocean Basins and River Catchments
Authors: Stohl Andreas , James Paul
Published: January 2006

A diagnostic Lagrangian method to trace the budgets of freshwater fluxes, first described in Part I of this article, is used here to establish source–sink relationships of moisture between earth’s ocean basins and river catchments. Using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART, driven with meteorological analyses, 1.1 million particles, representing the mass of the atmosphere, were tracked over a period of 4 yr. Via diagnosis of the changes of specific humidity along the trajectories, budgets of evaporation minus precipitation (E − P) were determined. For validation purposes, E − P budgets were calculated for 39 river catchments and compared with climatological streamflow data for these rivers. Good agreement (explained variance 87%) was found between the two quantities. The E − P budgets were then tracked forward from all of earth’s ocean basins and backward from the 39 major river catchments for a period of 10 days. As much previous work was done for the Mississippi basin, this basin was chosen for a detailed analysis. Moisture recycling over the continent and moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico were identified as the major sources for precipitation over the Mississippi basin, in quantitative agreement with previous studies. In the remainder of the paper, global statistics for source–sink relationships of moisture between the ocean basins and river catchments are presented. They show, for instance, the evaporative capacity of monsoonal flows for precipitation over the Ganges and Niger catchments, and the transport of moisture from both hemispheres to supply the Amazon’s precipitation. In contrast, precipitation in northern Eurasia draws its moisture mainly via recycling over the continent. The atmospheric transport of moisture between different ocean basins was also investigated. It was found that transport of air from the North Pacific produces net evaporation over the North Atlantic, but not vice versa. This helps to explain why the sea surface salinity is higher in the North Atlantic than in the North Pacific, a difference thought to be an important driver of the oceans’ thermohaline circulation. Finally, limitations of the method are discussed and possible future developments are outlined.
The Rural World of an Agricultural Text
Authors: Furui Ryosuke
Published: January 2006

This article aims at exploring the potential of the Krsiparāśara, a Sanskrit agricultural work, for understanding the rural society of early medieval eastern India through dense readings by refixing it into its social context. The structure shows the character of the text as an agricultural manual. The composer and intended audience of the text may have been local brāhmanas or similar local literate groups with a rural social background and involvement in agriculture, placed at the confluence of both local and supra-local knowledge. The image of a homogeneous agrarian society in the text is a constructed one. Though it is difficult to reconstruct the rural social structure directly from such an image, it is possible to access some aspects of social reality by detecting breaches within the text in which social diversity is recognizable. On the other hand, considering the logic of the construction of such an image, the intention of the composer to gloss over social diversity becomes discernible. It indicates the existence of such diver-sity, which corresponds to images deduced from other contemporary sources. The present case, thus, offers the prospect of a better understanding of rural society through a dense reading of the text.
Changing Frontiers and Spaces
Authors: Misra Sanghamitra
Published: January 2006

This article is an attempt to understand the transition to colonial rule in the region of Goalpara, a historically transitional space between the colonial provinces of Assam and Bengal. It does this through an examination of the confrontation between local and colonial notions of space, power and authority that was initiated by the construction of the region into a politically and economically unified territory. In the mid-nineteenth century Goalpara was a ‘frontier’ on the subcontinental mainstream in terms of social norms, settled production, forests and fields, long-distance trade and communication, centralized political power, law and taxation, as well as already being liminal in regional terms between ‘proto-Bengal’ and ‘proto-Assam’. What makes its transition from a divergent and peripheral economic and political space, which had mobility as a defining feature, to a unit of a modern state with permanent boundaries and an undivided sovereignty, more significantly, was its fairly rapid (and documented) move from fluid to the normative, from jhum (shifting) to settled cultivation, from local to interregional (trade, power and law), and so on. The article, therefore, defends the region as a unit of analysis for studying the extraordinary impact of colonialism, for it uses specific examples from Goalpara to demon-strate larger propositions about colonial rule, including the ways in which colonial knowledge and power worked in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Molecular Classification Identifies a Subset of Human Papillomavirus–Associated Oropharyngeal Cancers With Favorable Prognosis
Authors: Weinberger Paul M. , Yu Ziwei , Haffty Bruce G. , Kowalski Diane , Harigopal Malini , Brandsma Janet , Sasaki Clarence , Joe John , Camp Robert L. , Rimm David L. , Psyrri Amanda
Published: January 2006

Purpose

We sought to determine the prevalence of biologically relevant human papillomavirus (HPV) in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Retinoblastoma (Rb) downregulation by HPV E7 results in p16 upregulation. We hypothesized that p16 overexpression in OSCC defines HPV-induced tumors with favorable prognosis.

Methods

Using real-time polymerase chain reaction for HPV16, we determined HPV16 viral load in a cohort of 79 OSCCs annotated with long-term patient follow-up. A tissue microarray including these cases was also analyzed for p53, p16, and Rb utilizing in situ quantitative protein expression analysis. Seventy-seven tumors were classified into a three-class model on the basis of p16 expression and HPV-DNA presence: class I, HPV–, p16 low; class II, HPV+, p16 low; and class III, HPV+, p16 high.

Results

Sixty-one percent of OSCCs were HPV16+; HPV status alone was of no prognostic value for local recurrence and was barely significant for survival times. Overall survival was improved in class III (79%) compared with the other two classes (20% and 18%; P = .0095). Disease-free survival for the same class was 75% versus 15% and 13% (P = .0025). The 5-year local recurrence was 14% in class III versus 45% and 74% (P = .03). Only patients in class III had significantly lower p53 and Rb expression (P = .017 and .001, respectively). Multivariable survival analysis confirmed the prognostic value of the three-class model.

Conclusion

Using this system for classification, we define the molecular profile of HPV+ OSCC with favorable prognosis, namely HPV+/p16 high (class III). This study defines a novel classification scheme that may have value for patient stratification for clinical trials testing HPV-targeted therapies.
Association of Activated Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor κB With Chemoradiation Resistance and Poor Outcome in Esophageal Carcinoma
Authors: Izzo Julie G. , Malhotra Usha , Wu Tsung-Teh , Ensor Joe , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Lee Jeffrey H. , Swisher Stephen G. , Liao Zhongxing , Chao K.S. Clifford , Hittelman Walter N. , Aggarwal Bharat B. , Ajani Jaffer A.
Published: January 2006

Purpose

The lack of effective treatment for localized esosphageal cancer leads to poor patient outcome. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a transcriptional factor, is constitutively activated or treatment induced in esophageal cancer and may influence treatment outcomes.

Patients and Methods

Pre- and post-treatment cancer specimens from patients enrolled onto a clinical trial were studied for the expression of activated NF-κB protein and it was correlated with histologic features, pathologic response, metastatic potential, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS).

Results

Forty-three patients undergoing the same therapy on a protocol were studied. Twenty-one (72%) of 29 patients achieving less than complete pathologic response (pathCR) had NF-κB positive cancer, but only one (7%) of 14 patients achieving pathCR had NF-κB positive cancer (P = < .001). Activated NF-κB was significantly associated with aggressive pathologic features such as perineural, lymphatic, and/or vascular invasion (P = .0004). Eight (38%) of 21 NF-κB positive patients developed metastases compared to none of 22 NF-κB negative patients (P = .001). At a median follow-up of 23 months, 10 (48%) of 21 NF-κB positive patients had died compared to only one (5%) of 22 NF-κB negative patients (P = .0013). Observations were similar for DFS (P = .0006). In a multivariate model (using baseline stage, pathCR or less than pathCR, age, presence of metastatic lymph nodes in the surgical specimen, and NF-κB expression) NF-κB activation was the only independent predictor of DFS (P = .010) and OS (P = .015).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that esophageal cancers with activated NF-κB have aggressive clinical biology and poor treatment outcome. Additional understanding of NF-κB regulated pathways may uncover potential therapeutic targets.
Sulfated HNK-1 Epitope in Developing and Mature Kidney: A New Marker for Thin Ascending Loop of Henle and Tubular Injury in Acute Tubular Necrosis
Authors: Allory Yves , Commo Frédéric , Boccon-Gibod Liliane , Sibony Mathilde , Callard Patrice , Ronco Pierre , Debiec Hanna
Published: January 2006

The HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope is a 3-sulfo-glucuronyl residue attached to lactosamine structures on glycoproteins, proteoglycans, or glycolipids mostly expressed in the nervous system. Here, using monoclonal antibodies against the sulfated HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope, we first examined its distribution in developing and adult kidneys, then its expression in kidneys with tubular necrosis and renal neoplasms. This HNK-1 epitope was expressed in the human, rabbit, and rat, but not mouse kidney. It was detected within a subset of epithelial cells in the renal vesicle and in comma- and S-shaped bodies during early stages of nephrogenesis. In ureteral bud derivatives, the epitope was present transiently in the area where the collecting duct fused with the nephron. In the adult kidney, expression of the HNK-1 epitope became mainly restricted to the thin ascending loop of Henle where this epitope was carried by heparan- and chondro-proteoglycan. In pathological conditions, HNK-1 epitope expression increased dramatically in proximal epithelial tubule cells in kidneys with acute tubular necrosis. In tumors, the HNK-1 epitope was expressed in the epithelial component of nephroblastomas and in a subgroup of papillary renal cell carcinomas. These data suggest that molecules carrying the sulfated HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope may play an important role in critical stages of renal development and in the physiology of thin ascending loop of Henle. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:575-584, 2006)
Sensory Consonance
Authors: Schön Daniele , Regnault Pascaline , Ystad Sølvi , Besson Mireille
Published: January 2006

THE AIM OF THIS SERIES OF experiments was to determine whether consonant and dissonant chords elicit similar or different electrophysiological effects out of a musical context and whether these effects are similar or different for musicians and nonmusicians. To this end, w e recorded t he e vent-related b rain potentials (ERPs) elicited by the different intervals of the chromatic scale that were classified into three categories: perfect consonances, imperfect consonances, and dissonances. Participants were to decide, on a six-point scale, whether the intervals evoked pleasant or unpleasant feelings. To test the hypothesis that the perception of dissonance results from the superposition of the partials of close frequencies (Helmholtz, 1877), two notes were either played together (harmonic intervals) or successively (melodic intervals). Since, in this latter case, the two notes are played at different points in time, the perception of roughness, if any, should be weaker than for harmonic intervals. In line with Helmholtz's hypothesis, results showed larger differences for harmonic than for melodic intervals, which were mainly found on the N1-P2 complex for musicians, on the N2 component for nonmusicians, and on a later negative component for both musicians and nonmusicians. However, these results also point to the influence of expertise and cultural factors, since different results were obtained when ERPs were averaged as a function of music theory and according to the participants' responses.
Cues for Key Perception of a Melody
Authors: Matsunaga Rie , Abe Jun-Ichi
Published: January 2006

STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PITCH SET, which refers to a set of pitches of constituent tones of a melody, is a primary cue for perceiving the key of a melody. The present study investigates whether characteristics other than pitch set function as additional cues for key perception. In Experiment 1, we asked 13 musicians with absolute p itch t o select k eys for 60 stim ulus t one sequences consisting of the same pitch set differing in pitch sequence. In Experiment 2, we asked 31 nonmusicians to select tonal centers for the 60 stimulus tone sequences. Responses made by the musicians and the nonmusicians yielded essentially equivalent results, suggesting that key perception is never unique to musicians. The listeners' responses were limited to a few keys/tones, and some tone sequences elicited agreement among the majority of the listeners for each of the keys/tones. These findings confirm that key perception is not only defined by pitch set but also influenced by characteristics other than pitch set such as pitch sequence.
"Rien de la tonalite usuelle": Edmond de Polignac and the Octatonic Scale in Nineteenth-Century France
Authors: Kahan Sylvia
Published: January 2006

The reification and theorization of the octatonic scale, arguably one of the principal organizational devices of twentieth-century music, have been long in coming. Rimsky-Korsakov was the first to describe the scale, in an 1867 letter, discussing its use as a Leitmotiv in the symphonic poem Sadko. Stravinsky used the collection as the basis for many of his groundbreaking works, especially The Rite of Spring, but never acknowledged the fundamental role that the "Rimsky-Korsakov scale" played in his compositional technique. It took another thirty years for Messiaen to identify the collection as one of the "modes of limited transposition." And another twenty years would pass before Arthur Berger, in a 1963 article, coined the name "octatonic scale."The post-Berger generation of scholars, beginning with van den Toorn and Taruskin, have continued to shed light on the functional and formal uses of the octatonic scale. Taruskin has traced the influence of Schubert's and Liszt's use of harmonic progressions based on mediant and diminished-seventh relations on Rimsky-Korsakov, who in turn influenced a whole generation of early modernist Russians. However, the fact that Rimsky-Korsakov never wrote down in any systematic way the theory underlying the scale that bore his name--in the same way that he codified his theories of orchestration--meant that its presence in early modernist compositions, although used frequently and conspicuously by his followers, remained obscure to those outside his circle. Therefore, the presence of the octatonic collection in the music of non-Russian early modernist composers cannot be easily explained, and the sources of influence are harder to trace. Interestingly, it appears that an important historical link between nineteenth- and twentieth-century octatonic composition--a link with particular implications for the presence of octatonicism in early modernist French music--is found in the music and theoretical writings of Prince Edmond de Polignac (1834--1901), an aristocrat and amateur French composer, who, in 1879, penned not only the first pervasively octatonic composition, but also what appears to be the first treatise on octatonic theory; he went on to write several other compositions based on the "gammes chromatico-diatoniques." In 1894 one of PolignacÕs contemporaries, musicologist Alexandre de Bertha, wrote and lectured extensively about his "discovery" of the "gammes enharmo-niques." In this article, I examine the reception of the works and ideas of Polignac and Bertha by contemporary critics and composers, and PolignacÕs role as an important precursor of modern octatonic theory.
The Two Sophistics of Philostratus
Authors: Côté Dominique
Published: January 2006

Abstract The overview of Sophistic proposed by Philostratus in the introduction to the Lives of the Sophists creates a serious problem of interpretation. The system of two Sophistics: Old Sophistic and Second Sophistic as the author of the Lives defines them, appears to involve weaknesses and contradictions which bring into question the credibility of Philostratus. One might therefore believe that the Philostratean sysem of two Sophistics, through its apparent incoherence, in no way clarifies the question of the definition of a sophist. This article proposes, in contrast, to make visible the conception of Sophistic that hides behind the opposition between Old Sophistic and Second Sophistic, by analysing the introduction and the preface of the Lives of the Sophists.
An Organon for Theology: Whately's Rhetoric and Logic in Religious Context
Authors: Poster Carol
Published: January 2006

Abstract This essay argues that Whateley's rhetorical and logical theories are systematically related to his religious thought and the religious controversies in which he was involved. It analyzes Whately's works on reasoning in light of his pertinent religious notions, namely, a distinction between true and nominal Christianity; rejection of idolatry; abrogation of Mosaic Law; the relationship of the empirical facts of God's Creation and Revelation to human speculations; the priesthood of all believers; and the concomitant necessity of private judgment.
Sleep habits, sleepiness and accidents among truck drivers
Authors: Souza José Carlos , Paiva Teresa , Reimão Rubens
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of sleep, shift work, alcohol and psychostimulant drug use, and the prevalence of accidents among truck drivers. METHOD: Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Student t, chi-square, Pearson and Fisher tests. RESULTS: 43.2% of the drivers drove over 16 h a day, and 2.9% worked shifts. Mean number of sleep hours/day was 5.97±1.47; 23.8% slept <5 hours; 50.9% made use of alcohol, 95.6% of caffeine, and 11.1% of amphetamines. Mean PSQI was 4.95±2.56; 35.4% had a PSQI >5; 23 subjects snored more than three times a week (11.1%). Mean ESS was 6.56±4.2; 21.7% had a score >10. In the preceding five years, 27 drivers (13.1%) were involved in accidents, 5 of which resulted in injuries and 3 in deaths. CONCLUSION: Results showed a high prevalence of sleep disorders, use of alcohol and psychostimulant drugs, and accidents.
Facial sensory symptoms in medullary infarcts
Authors: Conforto Adriana Bastos , Yamamoto Fábio Iuji , Leite Cláudia da Costa , Scaff Milberto , Marie Suely Kazue Nagahashi
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between facial sensory abnormalities and lesional topography in eight patients with lateral medullary infarcts (LMIs). METHOD: We reviewed eight sequential cases of LMIs admitted to the Neurology Division of Hospital das Clínicas/ São Paulo University between July, 2001 and August, 2002 except for one patient who had admitted in 1996 and was still followed in 2002. All patients were submitted to conventional brain MRI including axial T1-, T2-weighted and Fluid attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) sequences. MRIs were evaluated blindly to clinical features to determine extension of the infarct to presumed topographies of the ventral trigeminothalamic (VTT), lateral spinothalamic, spinal trigeminal tracts and spinal trigeminal nucleus. RESULTS: Sensory symptoms or signs were ipsilateral to the bulbar infarct in 3 patients, contralateral in 4 and bilateral in 1. In all of our cases with exclusive contralateral facial sensory symptoms, infarcts had medial extensions that included the VTT topography. In cases with exclusive ipsilateral facial sensory abnormalities, infarcts affected lateral and posterior bulbar portions, with slight or no medial extension. The only patient who presented bilateral facial symptoms had an infarct that covered both medial and lateral, in addition to the posterior region of the medulla. CONLUSION: Our results show a correlation between medial extension of LMIs and presence of contralateral facial sensory symptoms.
Trends of stroke subtypes mortality in Sao Paulo, Brazil (1996-2003)
Authors: Lotufo Paulo A. , Benseñor Isabela M.
Published: January 2006

The decline of stroke mortality rates has been described in Brazil; however, there is no data about stroke subtypes. We described the changes of stroke mortality rates in the city of Sao Paulo (1996-2003) emphasizing intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. We categorized mortality data by gender and 10-year age-strata from 30 to 79 years-old. For men, an annual reduction of all types of stroke (-3.9%), and of stroke subtypes as intracerebral hemorrhage (-3.0%) and cerebral infarction was observed (-2.7%) as well as, a decline of ill-defined stroke (-7.4%). For women, a decline was observed for all types of stroke (-3.3%) and for ill-defined stroke (-12%). However, the switch of ill-defined cases to stroke subtype categories due to a better clinical diagnosis blurred a real decline of both cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke among women.
Unusual magnetic resonance findings in two children with sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Gasparetto Emerson L. , Carvalho Neto Arnolfo de , Warszawiak Danny , Bruck Isac , Antoniuk Sérgio , Santos Lúcia H.C. dos
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE: To describe the MRI findings of two pediatric patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL). CASE REPORTS: Two male patients (two-year and three-months-old, and one year and four-months-old) presented with sudden dumbness. Physical and neurological examinations were unremarkable besides bilateral hypoacusia. All the laboratory investigation was negative, and brain stem auditory evoked potentials showed deep bilateral deafness in both cases. MRI studies revealed normal inner ears and multifocal white matter areas of slight low signal on T1-weighted images and high signal on FLAIR images. The follow-up MRI studies and neurological examinations did not demonstrate alterations in the previous findings. CONCLUSION: Pediatric patients with SSHL may present cerebral white matter signal abnormalities at the MRI as the only finding. Further studies with larger casuistics need to be conducted to elucidate these findings.
Lovastatin reduces neuronal cell death in hippocampal CA1 subfield after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus: preliminary results
Authors: Rangel Pauline , Cysneiros Roberta Monterazzo , Arida Ricardo Mario , Albuquerque Marly de , Colugnati Diego Basile , Scorza Carla Alessandra , Cavalheiro Esper Abrão , Scorza Fulvio Alexandre
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE: To further characterize the capacity of lovastatin to prevent hippocampal neuronal loss after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) METHOD: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (A) control rats, received neither pilocarpine nor lovastatin (n=5); (B) control rats, received just lovastatin (n=5); (C) rats that received just pilocarpine (n=5); (D) rats that received pilocarpine and lovastatin (n=5). After pilocarpine injection (350mg/kg, i.p.), only rats that displayed continuous, convulsive seizure activity were included in our study. Seizure activity was monitored behaviorally and terminated with an injection of diazepam (10 mg/kg, i.p.) after 4 h of convulsive SE. The rats treated with lovastatin received two doses of 20mg/kg via an oesophagic probe immediately and 24 hours after SE induction. Seven days after pilocarpine-induced SE, all the animals were perfused and their brains were processed for histological analysis through Nissl method. RESULTS: The cell counts in the Nissl-stained sections performed within the hippocampal formation showed a significant cell loss in rats that received pilocarpine and presented SE (CA1= 26.8 ± 13.67; CA3= 38.1 ± 7.2; hilus= 43.8 ± 3.95) when compared with control group animals (Group A: CA1= 53.2 ± 9.63; CA3= 63.5 ± 13.35; hilus= 59.08 ± 10.24; Group B: CA1= 74.3 ± 8.16; CA3= 70.1 ± 3.83; hilus= 70.6 ± 5.10). The average neuronal cell number of CA1 subfield of rats that present SE and received lovastatin (44.4 ± 17.88) was statically significant increased when compared with animals that just presented SE. CONCLUSION: Lovastatin exert a neuroprotective role in the attenuation of brain damage after SE.
Statistical voxel-wise analysis of ictal SPECT reveals pattern of abnormal perfusion in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Amorim Bárbara Juarez , Etchebehere Elba Cristina Sá de Camargo , Camargo Edwaldo Eduardo , Rio Pablo Augusto , Bonilha Leonardo , Rorden Chris , Li Li Min , Cendes Fernando
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pattern of perfusion abnormalities in ictal and interictal brain perfusion SPECT images (BSI) from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHOD: It was acquired interictal and ictal BSI from 24 patients with refractory TLE. BSIs were analyzed by visual inspection and statistical parametric mapping (SPM2). Statistical analysis compared the patients group to a control group of 50 volunteers. The images from patients with left-TLE were left-right flipped. RESULTS: It was not observed significant perfusional differences in interictal scans with SPM. Ictal BSI in SPM analysis revealed hyperperfusion within ipsilateral temporal lobe (epileptogenic focus) and also contralateral parieto-occipital region, ipsilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, occipital lobes and ipsilateral basal ganglia. Ictal BSI also showed areas of hypoperfusion. CONCLUSION: In a group analysis of ictal BSI of patients with TLE, voxel-wise analysis detects a network of distant regions of perfusional alteration which may play active role in seizure genesis and propagation.
Hemodynamic parameters and neurogenic pulmonary edema following spinal cord injury: an experimental model
Authors: Leal Filho Manoel Baldoino , Morandin Rosana C. , Almeida Amanda R. de , Cambiucci Elizabeth C. , Metze Konradin , Borges Guilherme , Gontijo José Antonio Rocha
Published: January 2006

Neurogenic pulmonary edema is a serious and always life-threatening complication following several lesions of the central nervous system. We report an experiment with 58 Wistar-Hanover adult male rats. Two groups were formed: control (n=4) and experimental (n=54). The experimental group sustained acute midthoracic spinal cord injury by Fogarty’s balloon-compression technique containing 20µL of saline for 5, 15, 30 or 60 seconds. The rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal (i.p.) sodium pentobarbital (s.p.) 60 mg/Kg. The quantitative neurological outcome was presented at 4, 24 and 48 hours from compression to characterize the injury graduation in different groups. Poor outcome occurred with 60 seconds of compression. Six animals died suddenly with pulmonary edema. Using the procedure to investigate the pulmonary edema during 60 seconds of compression, followed by decompression and time-course of 60 seconds, 20 rats were randomly asigned to one of the following groups: control (1, n=4, anesthetized by i.p. s.p., 60 mg/Kg but without compression) and experimental (2, n=7, anesthetized by i.p. xylazine 10 mg/Kg and ketamine 75 mg/Kg) and (3, n=9, anesthetized by i.p. s.p., 60 mg/Kg). The pulmonary index (100 x wet lung weight / body weight) was 0.395 ± 0.018 in control group, rose to 0.499 ± 0.060 in group 2, and was 0.639 ± 0.14 in group 3. Histologic examination of the spinal cord showed parenchymal ruptures and acute hemorrhage. Comparison of the pulmonary index with morphometric evaluation of edema fluid-filled alveoli by light microscopy showed that relevant intra-alveolar edema occurred only for index values above 0.55. The results suggest that the pulmonary edema induced by spinal compression is of neurogenic nature and that the type of anesthesia used might be important for the genesis of lung edema.
Laminoplastia expansiva: uma alternativa no tratamento da mielopatia espondilótica cervical
Authors: Andrade Gustavo Cardoso de , Silveira Roberto Leal da , Arantes Jr Aluízio Augusto , Pinheiro Jr Nilson , Melo Rocha Eckstânio Marcos
Published: January 2006

Descreve-se a técnica de laminoplastia expansiva cervical e analisam-se os resultados cirúrgicos obtidos em 28 pacientes portadores de mielopatia espondilótica cervical tratados através desse método e com seguimento mínimo de seis meses. Vinte e quatro pacientes (86%) apresentaram melhora clínica, segundo a escala de Nurick, três (10%) permaneceram estáveis e uma paciente faleceu no pós-operatório imediato. Os bons resultados alcançados indicam que essa técnica é simples, eficaz e tem baixo índice de complicações no tratamento da mielopatia espondilótica.
Craniotomia dirigida por tomografia computadorizada com reconstrução tridimensional: nota técnica
Authors: Pereira Edmundo Luís Rodrigues , Yamaki José Takao , Oliveira Marcelo Botelho de , Carneiro Neto Walmir Sebastião
Published: January 2006

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a utilidade do exame de tomografia computadorizada com reconstrução tridimensional no planejamento da craniotomia. MÉTODO: Oito pacientes portadores de lesões neoplásicas subcorticais próximas da convexidade cerebral foram operados segundo os parâmetros obtidos em exame de tomografia computadorizada (TC) com reconstrução tridimensional (3D). RESULTADOS: O método empregado permitiu a aplicação de craniotomias de dimensões adequadas e localização precisa, permitindo remoção segura e eficaz da neoplasia. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstra a utilidade da TC 3D como recurso auxiliar no planejamento pré-operatório, otimizando o acesso cirúrgico e reduzindo a ocorrência de abordagens restritas ou inadequadas na remoção de lesões subcorticais.