bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTS IN MINI‐MAX DECISION‐MAKING PROBLEMS
Authors: PASHKOVSKI G.S.
Published: February 2008

The process of decision‐making in a situation of uncertainty is examined; it is assumed that it is possible to obtain additional information with the help of some additional experiments. The cost of performing the experiments and the losses connected with making wrong decisions when there is a lack of information can be measured in the same units (for example, usefulness). The problem of optimum planning of experiment and the problem of decision‐making using the results are considered in order to minimize the above costs. The algorithm of constructing the optimum mini‐max plan is obtained. The special case of the problem is examined and a regular solution for it is obtained.
THE EXTENDED SYSTEM DYNAMICS METHOD AND ITS TOOLS
Authors: KRALLMANN H.
Published: February 2008

The integration of System Dynamics with LP‐ and Input‐Output models is realized by means of simple examples. Aspects of programming techniques as well as the conceptual meaning of this model‐method integration are discussed. By the combination of the stated methods with System Dynamics models an improved flexibility of the System Dynamics method is obtained. The optimization of a Simulation model is represented by the integration of a System Dynamics model into a higher level feedback loop structure. The optimization algorithm, the Razor Search procedure, modifies the parameters of the control vector in order to generate the optimal behaviour of the state vector of the model in relation to an objective function.
THE PROCESS OF DYNAMIC INTERFERENCE IN MEMORY ORGANIZATION
Authors: JUGELI E.P.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents the results of experimental research of short‐ and long‐term memory interaction. The long‐term memory is considered to be an active depository of human knowledge which provides verbal stimuli for organized structure processing. The notion of a dynamic interference process is introduced and the importance of experimental work for brain theory is discussed.
NEUTRALIZING PREJUDICED EVALUATION
Authors: STODOLSKY D.S.
Published: February 2008

Prejudice is a critical problem in education. A linear aggregation rule for use on an automatic mediator is shown to neutralize discrimination, motivate fair evaluation and correct perceptual bias. The mediator combines anonymous inputs using automatic rules to both select speakers and deliver rewards.
FROM ABSOLUTE TO PROBABLE AND FUZZY IN DECISION‐MAKING
Authors: VAN GIGCH JOHN P. , PIPINO L.L.
Published: February 2008

General Systems Theory postulates the existence of many general theories that serve to describe isomorphisms across systems. The theory of Fuzzy Sets can be considered as one particular general theory which describes the phenomenon of ambiguity across all systems displaying this property and its consequences. Fuzzy Set Theory is a mathematical development that holds great promise in becoming the metalanguage of ambiguity, in a way parallel to Statistics and Probability Theory which represent the metalanguage of uncertainty. Fuzzy Sets appear particularly well suited to model ambiguity in the context of the systems paradigm which has been offered as a counterpart to the traditional science paradigm. A decision model is used to discuss the differences between these two paradigms and to show the role which Fuzzy Sets can play in resolving some of the epistemological problems in the domain of the social sciences.
CYBERNETICS AND GENERAL SYSTEMS— A UNITARY SCIENCE?
Authors: McCOOL JOSEPH P.
Published: February 2008

This paper suggests that cybernetics and general systems theory, as a unity science, serve as a unifying language and method in science teaching. As they stand today, our school sciences are taught as separate, and indeed fragmented subjects. Cybernetics and general systems theory have developed a set of transdisciplinary concepts that can be used in a wide range of scientific contexts. Hence, should such a set of concepts be woven into the language of the science teacher, then they would act as common conceptual thread running through science. They would help to present to the student the beautiful unity that is science—a unity of pattern and of structure.
DECISIONS WITH ORDINAL PREFERENCES AND IMPORTANCES
Authors: YAGER R.R.
Published: February 2008

This paper investigates the multi‐criteria decision function in which the information available is just ordinal information on preferences and importance. A procedure is developed to combine the individual objective orderings to form an overall ordering based upon importances of each of the objectives. The theory of fuzzy sets is used as a framework in this paper.
A MODEL OF THE HAEMODYNAMIC ACTION OF CARDIOTONICS
Authors: MAINGUY J.P. , FURIA P. , UHART N.
Published: February 2008

Major cardiotonics are now widely used in reviving patients and we are concerned with shock following cardiac surgery. It is, however, difficult to use the most efficient of them, e.g. isoprenalin, with required accuracy regarding its effects. We describe a model which simulates the haemodynamic response to variable doses of cardiotonics. Firstly, one has to identify the parameters of this model and to test it on experimental data. Then one has to use the resulting model in the frame of optimal control of time‐dependent systems in order to determine some doses nearest the optimum.
MODEL BUILDING IN ECOLOGY—A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH
Authors: dE MALHERBE R. , TRITTO V. , dE MALHERBE M.
Published: February 2008

The necessity and utility of a hierarchical approach to model building in ecology is discussed. Some of the basic properties of hierarchies are described and criteria to discern subsystems are shown. A new approach of measuring the resilience in terms of natural probability of occurrence of a certain perturbation has been suggested, together with a stochastic definition of stability.
ON CHOOSING BETWEEN FUZZY SUBSETS
Authors: YAGER R.R.
Published: February 2008

The problem of selecting the highest grade of membership of fuzzy subsets of type 2 and of choosing the most truthful of a group of fuzzy propositions involve making a choice among fuzzy subsets on the unit interval. A procedure is proposed for the selection of fuzzy subsets on the unit interval. This procedure involves selecting the subset closest to a linear membership function on the unit interval.
VISUALIZING SYSTEMS
Authors: DRYDEN R.J.
Published: February 2008

A method is described by which systems may be represented as a collection of interlocking shells which indicate the boundaries of the components. It is suggested that this method gives a good visual impression of basic systemic properties such as openness, types of interaction, relative power of components, hierarchies and levels of organization.
ADAPTIVE PROBLEM‐SOLVING SYSTEMS
Authors: GLADUN V.P. , VASCHENKO N.D.
Published: February 2008

Three types of adaptation are distinguished in problem‐solving systems: Adaptation to the environment, adaptation to the problem and adaptation to the class of problems. An important class of problem‐solving systems with developed adaptive properties is described. The system APROS, designed to solve R&D problems and problems of robot actions planning, serves as an example of such a system.
ON THE LOGIC OF DISCRETE SYSTEMS DYNAMICS
Authors: NEGOITA C.V. , ROMAN R.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with the area of problems concerning the discrete systems dynamics and is also related to Wonham's principle of internal model. The authors consider the case of systems with an invariant subsystem and use the improved modelling tool of the theory of topoi. By stressing that the description of a system's evolution (change in time) does not require binary but n‐ary logic, they use the term of dynamic membership and underline the connection between local and global invariance. The fact that binary logic is not enough for modelling discrete systems dynamics reveals once more the representation potential offered by the fuzzy systems theory.
FIXED BLOTS IN TOLERANCE AUTOMATA
Authors: WARNER M.W.
Published: February 2008

We prove that every input chain of a finite l‐tolerance automaton with inertia whose state space has a non‐zero Euler characteristic has a fixed blot, i.e. maps to itself a set Σ of states with the property that every state of Σ is within tolerance of, or “indistinguishable” from, a given state.
THE NEURAL BASIS OF EEG WAVES
Authors: NELSON P.P.
Published: February 2008

Using results explained in previous papers, we show how specific properties of great cortical cells give rise to electro‐encephalographic events. Analogies between EEG rhythms and spontaneous retinal rhythms are considered. The regulations shaping the various EEG waves are described.
ECONOMIC CYBERNETICS OF INFORMATION, DECISION AND CONTROL, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LARGE‐SCALE POLICY AND PLANNING
Authors: MYOKEN HAJIME
Published: February 2008

This paper investigates how macroeconomic policy and planning of large‐scale dynamic systems are approached from the cybernetic principle, as can be viewed in the interplay of information, decision and control. Some speculations about directions in large‐scale policy and planning methods are offered.
ECOLOGICAL RATIONALITY BEYOND CYBERNETICS
Authors: NEVITT BARRINGTON
Published: February 2008

Whereas analogical relations characterized preliterate rationality, logical connections mark literate reasoning. As we enter post‐literate cultures via instant electric media, cybernetic concepts that we have increasingly used to describe human individual and social behavior can no longer keep pace with today's reality; they are now superseded by the process patterns of an ecological rationality that perceives existence directly in its own terms.
WHITHER CYBERNETICS: PAST ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: BENEŠ J.
Published: February 2008

Major past achievements of Cybernetics are: the theory of servomechanisms and the information theoretical approach in molecular biology. Aspects of energy are treated in Cybernetics. Future prospects are: 1, automatic configuration control of complex systems using forming devices with computers; 2, automatic organization based upon neighbourhood relations and cellular automata theory. Seven basic operations of organization are given. Two new principles are noted: automatic cooperative control and distributive reflective organization. The concepts of state, situation and information pattern of stochastic systems are elucidated. Some premises for the promotion of Cybernetics are formulated, stressing its interdisciplinary and international character.
WHITHER CYBERNETICS— PAST ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: LAUENROTH H.‐G.
Published: February 2008

The object of research of cybernetics is represented in the concrete field of modelling processes and systems of control and information in economics; it is described in graphic and algorithmic structures. Essential theoretical results are the hitherto unknown possibilities of formalization and simulation of structure, function and behavior of large scale systems to obtain a more exact knowledge of nature and society. Substantial practical results involve new methods of modelling, optimization and automation of processes of management and organization to increase productivity and efficiency in technology and economics. Three future tendencies are visible: To intensify the integration of cybernetic thinking in the special scientific disciplines, to increase the practical use of cybernetic models as an instrument of rationalization and to complete the theory, the models and the methodology of cybernetics. These tendencies are stressed in this paper.
GENERATION OF A STOCHASTIC PROCESS WITH DESIRED FIRST‐ AND SECOND‐ORDER STATISTICS
Authors: ADOMIAN G. , ELROD M.
Published: February 2008

A method is evoked which produces a non‐stationary (and possibly non‐Gaussian) stochastic process with given statistics to second order. The method is useful either for simulation solution of stochastic differential equations or stochastic modeling of system performance.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A LINEAR DECISION RULE
Authors: TAKATSU S.
Published: February 2008

The main objective of this paper is to show an application of general systems thinking to decision theory. The search for isomorphic or homomorphic relations between decision criteria is fundamentally a new approach for clarifying and reconstructing decision models. Hence, the isomorphic relation between a linear decision criterion and an expected utility maximization criterion is established; then this isomorphism is used to characterize the former by the latter. The characterization is complete and the same approach can be applied to many other decision criteria.
A MODEL OF A DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL SYSTEM BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF A SEMANTIC DISJUNCTIVE NORMAL FORM
Authors: RADECKI T.
Published: February 2008

A new method of document retrieval is presented on the basis of fundamental fuzzy set theory operations and the notion of a semantic disjunctive normal form. Concepts of semantic normal forms are defined, i.e. the semantic disjunctive normal form and the semantic conjunctive normal form, and their elementary properties, are presented. The syntax and the semantics of the proposed document retrieval language are given and an algorithm for allocating documents to particular queries is described. The document retrieval strategy based on the concept of a semantic disjunctive normal form is exemplified. A basic advantage of the use of the fuzzy set theory for the document retrieval system description is that it takes, in a simple way, into consideration the differentiation of descriptor importance, document search patterns and the differentiation of formal relevance grades of individual documents to a given query. In an information system the documents of the highest grades of formal relevance to a given query are retrieved by means of the application of simple operations of the fuzzy set theory.
GENERAL INPUT‐OUTPUT RELATIONS FOR THE SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND THE POST‐SYNAPTIC INTEGRATION
Authors: NELSON P.P.
Published: February 2008

We complete our general parametric description of the working of any neuron by furnishing a simple model of the synaptic transmission and a general formula for post‐synaptic integration. We discuss the influence of some synaptic parameters upon the logical functions performed by the neuron. The same ionic and molecular phenomena explain the pre‐synaptic inhibition and the ability to “gestallt” synthesizing huge cortical cells.
ON FUZZY‐FUZZY TEAM DECISION PROBLEMS
Authors: NOJIRI H.
Published: February 2008

This paper is a continuation of our paper10,11 and formulates a fuzzy team decision problem of type 2. The concept of fuzzy sets of type 2 is introduced to formulate the team decision processes which contain fuzzy‐fuzzy states, fuzzy‐fuzzy information functions, fuzzy‐fuzzy information signals, fuzzy‐fuzzy decision functions and fuzzy‐fuzzy actions. After some definitions of fuzzy‐fuzzy relations and fuzzy‐fuzzy mappings, a model of fuzzy team decision of type 2 is proposed.
Contemporary Cybernetics
Authors: RUDALL B.H.
Published: February 2008

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE A great deal of effort has been made over the last 20 years to develop programming languages that are suitable for work in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
A MECHANISM OF FUNCTIONAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VARIABLE VALUES: THE ROI DE RATS
Authors: CAYROL M. , DURIEUX J.‐L. , FARRENY H.
Published: February 2008

The notion of Roi de rats corresponds to a functional association between values of variables. The causality relations between the more diversified properties of objects (concrete on abstract objects) can be easily represented and automatically dealt with. It was first introduced in the framework of the production rules system, ARGOS‐II; this notion is also implemented in TLISP. After preliminary remarks about variables, evaluation and assignment, we define direct variables and partitioned/tied variables and we give some examples of Roi de rats. Then the implementation of the Roi de rats by the TLISP interpreter is briefly described. We present three types of applications: Updating process of a data‐basis, checking of a variable and definition of a generator variable. In concluding remarks we observe that the RDR mechanism can be naturally expressed in PLASMA.
THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF GENUINELY SELF‐STEERING MACHINES: A FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM ON ACTOR‐SYSTEMS
Authors: AULIN‐AHMAVAARA A.
Published: February 2008

It is proved that the separation of internal state from external input, characteristic of automata, machines and machine‐like systems, is impossible in genuinely self‐steering systems. This excludes the man‐machine analogy and the automaton‐ or machine‐oriented approaches in General System Theory (e.g. that of Mesarovic and Takahara) as possible complete explanations of human action. A new approach based on a mathematical notion of actor‐system is suggested, and a fundamental theorem concerning the general form of state‐transition in such systems is derived.
A NEW APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF CONTINUOUS SPECTRA
Authors: TZANNES N.S. , AVGERIS T.G.
Published: February 2008

In the first part of this paper a new method of applying the Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) is presented, which makes use of a “frequency related” entropy, and which is valid for all stationary processes. The method is believed valid only in the case of discrete spectra. In the second part of the paper, a method of estimating continuous spectra in the presence of noise is presented, which makes use of the Mutual Information Principle (MIP). Although the method proceeds smoothly in mathematical terms, there appear to be some difficulties in interpreting the physical meaning of some of the expressions. Examples in the use of both methods are presented, for the usual practical problem of estimating a power spectrum for a process whose autocorrelation function is partially known a priori.
PROTOTYPICAL VALUES FOR FUZZY SUBSETS
Authors: YAGER R.R.
Published: February 2008

We introduce a general definition for prototypical operators, such as the mean of a set of elements. We investigate the properties of this operator. We extend the definition to find prototypical elements of fuzzy sets. We study this operators effect on Zadeh's definition of “very.”
Contemporary Cybernetics
Authors: RUDALL B.H.
Published: February 2008

In a paper to be published in Cybernetics and Systems Research, IX (Published by Hemisphere Press, Washington D.C., 1981), Dr. Trappl of the Department of Medical Cybernetics, at the University of Vienna, discusses Computer Psychotherapy and questions whether it is “acceptable, feasible, advisable?”.
A FRAMEWORK FOR CHARACTERIZING THE LEARNING PROCESS OF A DATABASE
Authors: FUNG K.T.
Published: February 2008

A framework based on the entropy concept for characterizing the learning process of a database is developed. Such a framework can prove to be useful not only in analyzing existing databases and the design of self‐adaptive databases, but also in providing a basis for a unified approach to tackling a variety of related database problems.
FUZZY SETS AND PROBABILITY
Authors: MUIR A.
Published: February 2008

An attempt is made to save the law of excluded middle in fuzzy set theory. This is done by mapping the sentences of axiomatic set theory to a Boolean algebra, prior to assigning numerical values. With a simple choice of Boolean algebra a probability interpretation emerges.
CONCEPTUAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN THE ELECTRONIC CONTROL OF LEARNING
Authors: SANTESMASES J.G. , GIRON SIERRA J.M. , MIRA MIRA J.
Published: February 2008

This paper reports on the basis of an analysis of the systems developed in our laboratory the conceptual and technological evolution of automatic control of learning behaviour in rats. Basically, there are two main conceptual frames in our approach: finite deterministic automaton and some over‐simplified high‐level programming strategies. Nevertheless, the physical implementation offers different levels according to the technological evolution of integrated electronics: S.S.I., M.S.I. and L.S.I.‐microprocessors. Part I presents a formalized methodology of learning experiments and a first system developed for operant and classical conditioning. Its implementation is based on the direct automata approach. Part II refers to the second approach: definition of a behavioural language for the description of the experiments, and the related design of a system for its interpretation in operational experimental terms, with multiprocessing on a program‐shared principle.
CONCEPTION TOPOGRAPHY
Authors: MAZLACK LAWRENCE J.
Published: February 2008

It is often argued that anything observable may be simulated on a computer. Using this as a basis, workers in artificial intelligence (AI) often go forward to maintain that machines can be made intelligent by machine simulation of human intelligence processes. There are two difficulties with this concept. The first difficulty lies in the knowledge of human intelligence processes that we have presently obtained and may possibly obtain in the near future. A more basic question is of the sufficiency of the concept itself. Simulation in itself is not sufficient to produce intelligent action where perhaps modelling might be. There are fundamental difficulties in the problem of establishing an adequate mapping function. It is held that there is insufficient correspondence between human and machine intelligence processes to allow human intelligence modelling on existing digital computers.
PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: CHERRUAULT Y. , GUILLEZ A.
Published: February 2008

Many bio‐medical models leads to differential systems. Some coefficients (exchange parameters,…) must be identified from partial observation on the system's solution. We suggest methods to study the existence and unicity of the identification problem. Applications to numerical identification are also given, in particular when unicity is not ensured. Physiological systems, like respiratory system, are concerned with the identification of parameters.
CRITERIA AND LINEAR ORDERINGS OF FUZZY SETS
Authors: DI NOLA A. , VENTRE A.G.S.
Published: February 2008

Our aim is to define a linear ordering of the set of all fuzzy sets in the universal set X, i.e. the set of the whole descriptions on X by means of suitable criteria. Thus it will be possible to compare different descriptions of the set X by means of interpretations arising from the criteria acting on the set of the predicates on X. In particular, a linear ordering can be obtained in the fuzzy sets via energy functions and entropy functions.
Contemporary Cybernetics
Authors: RUDALL B.H.
Published: February 2008

Computer‐Aided Design (CAD) is now no longer a novelty. It has been used successfully in many major projects in the United Kingdom and in many parts of the world. The use, for example, of computer graphics has spread rapidly providing the architect and the engineer with a valuable tool. CAD is still bringing fundamental changes to the design of industrial plant.
CYBERNETIC AND SYSTEM CONCEPTS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES
Authors: LOU GER
Published: February 2008

Uncertainty as a whole in our knowledge about reality is stressed. Redundancy as the factor to counterbalance the impact of uncertainty as a whole, is discussed and recognized in the real world. The interpretation of the quantum mechanical wave function in connection with uncertainty as a whole is put forward. The third law of thermodynamics and the principles of quantum mechanics are found to be at one, embodying the principle of the relativity of truth. Information feedback and negentropy for generating order are related, and the algorithmic approach to the definition of information contained in individual objects is mentioned.
CYBERNETICS AND SYSTEM CONCEPTS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES
Authors: BYKHOVSKY V.K.
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY An attempt is made to reveal the prospects for an interaction between cybernetics and the natural sciences on the basis of molecular cybernetics, a synthetic discipline that takes into account both informational and physical aspects of the systems. In this paper: 1) A quantum‐theory‐based concept of organization (concept of a system) is formulated; 2) the unification of a number of concepts of cybernetics, a physics to build the concepts of molecular cybernetics is suggested, and 3) a concept or organization in molecular cybernetics based on concepts of a universal unit of organization, a Bion, of a coherent electron graph system and of electromagnetic natural control, is discussed. Prospects for the implementation of molecular cybernetics' devices for optimization control are also briefly discussed.
COST AUTOMATA, OPTIMALITY AND TOLERANCE
Authors: WARNER M.W.
Published: February 2008

A simple adaption of Dijkstra's algorithm for finding a minimum weight path on a weighted directed graph serves to solve the optimal control problem posed by Arbib for tolerance automata with cost function. Cumulative cost automata and the application of network theory to cost automata are also discussed.
A THERMODYNAMIC MODEL FOR THE TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF BODIES DISSOLVED IN BLOOD
Authors: GUILLEZ A.
Published: February 2008

This paper presents here a simulation model, the circulatory system being modelled on a heat installation. This installation is a heating system based on a distribution of dissolved fuel and removal of waste. One writes local equations for heat and chemical exchanges and for hydrodynamics; then one produces a thermodynamic synthesis, using a theorem of a constant output.
CURRENT SOCIAL PROBLEMS ANALYSED BY CONTROL AND SYSTEMS THEORY
Authors: BRIX V.H.
Published: February 2008

At the Silver Anniversary meeting of the General Systems Research Society in 1979 several speakers showed acute disappointment at the lack of progress within recent years in the matter of practical application of Systems Theory and Cybernetics. Research was gradually floundering to a halt through lack of new ideas. Since novelty is the quintessence of systems thinking this was indeed serious criticism. In this paper two (at least) new concepts are presented which, by their novelty, might well pull Systems Theory out of the morass. These are the concepts of (1) Unchange, applied to live systems and bureaucracies, and (2) Net reciprocal dependence between members of groups, systems etc. The latter concept leads to alternative percepts of human behaviour within and outside bureaucratic settings. The psychological concept of the ego fits neatly within the model proposed.
CYBERNETICS AND SOCIETY
Authors: NEGOITA C.V.
Published: February 2008

The problem of human systems is a difficult and fascinating one. The author believes that in future cybernetics will play an important part in helping to unravel this problem. The aim of this work is to survey some possibilities for a cybernetics of society, and this has been done principally through the investigation of a model offered by the theory of fuzzy systems.
FUZZY PATTERN MATCHING
Authors: CAYROL M. , FARRENY H. , PRADE H.
Published: February 2008

Pattern‐directed inference systems (P.D.I.S.) are among the most largely used tools in A.I. to‐day in order to represent and exploit knowledge. Generally, P.D.I.S.'s use production rules triggered by matching between rule patterns and elements of the data base. However, the lack of flexibility in the matching remains a drawback in this kind of system. In the framework of the communication in natural language with robots, approximate descriptions of real world situations and approximately specified rules are needed; furthermore, similarity in the matching process does not always need to be perfect. Thus, the pervading fuzziness of natural language can be taken into account. The following levels, belonging to the real interval [0,1], are evaluated: The possibility of similarity between referents designated in the data and in the pattern respectively; the necessity that a referent designated in the data is similar to a referent designated in the pattern. Designations are fuzzy when the pattern or the data are fuzzy, which is usual with words of a natural language.
NUMERICAL RESOLUTION OF A RESPIRATION MODEL
Authors: BROCAS J. , CHERRUAULT Y. , GUILLEZ A. , FROMAGEOT C.
Published: February 2008

We demonstrate an efficient numerical method for the solution of partial differential equations arising from a model suggested by BROCAS and CHERRUAULT and completed by CHERRUAULT and GUILLEZ.
COMPLEXITY AS AN ELEMENTARY FACTOR IN CYBERNETIC BIOPHYSICS
Authors: Bogdanski Charles
Published: February 2008

Biophysics is considered as the physics of ultra‐complex systems. “Complexity” is defined on the levels of architecture, structure and form. The paper studies degrees of complexity and preliminary conditions for the organization of complex systems. Examples are given and favorable factors for inauguration of the complexificatory mechanisms enumerated.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF HIERARCHY
Authors: SCHOLZ C.
Published: February 2008

Hierarchy is a concept which has been in use in General System Theory since Bertalanffy. Even though isolated principles of hierarchy exist, an integrated concept of hierarchy is needed covering the various aspects of hierarchy both for descriptive (“what viable systems look like”) and normative (“what artificial systems should look like”) purposes. Tentative hints (control hierarchy, computer hierarchy) are given in order to show what artificial systems designed according to the hierarchy of the Theorem of Hierarchy would look like. Connections to hierarchical restructuring and to the hemisphere concepts are discussed.
A PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING THE MINIMUM INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF A WORD IN CONTEXT
Authors: THEODORIDIS GEORGE C. , SCHOENY ZAHRL G.
Published: February 2008

A simple procedure is used to determine the minimum amount of information required in order to identify a word when contextual information is provided in the form of a sentence with a blank spot into which the word fits. A population of subjects are presented with the sentence and are required to guess at the word which belongs in the blank spot. From the probability with which the expected word is guessed, one can determine the minimum additional information required for the identification of the missing word.
THE PROBABILISTIC—INFORMATIONAL CONCEPT OF AN OPACITY FUNCTIONAL: NEW PROOF OF ITS MAIN PROPERTIES
Authors: MUGUR‐SCHÄCHTER M. , HADJISAVVAS N.
Published: February 2008

A new compact proof is given for the main properties of a previously defined and studied probabilistic—informational concept, the functional of opacity of a statistics with respect to the underlying probability law.
EVALUATING THE COMPATABILITY OF SIMULATION MODEL OUTPUT AND OBSERVED DATA
Authors: THOMAS J.M. , EBERHARDT L.L. , HANSON W.C.
Published: February 2008

With the increasing popularity of computer simulation models as tools for environmental management and assessment, there is often a need to consider how well the output from such models represent reality. Statisticians evaluate the basic assumptions of least‐squares regression models by either computing statistics from or graphically evaluating residuals (observed minus predicted values). Even though there are usually a priori assumptions about residuals from simulation models we have found that their graphical or statistical evaluation can suggest model deficiencies. In this paper residuals from three simulation models were examined with the objective of suggesting limitations or desirable changes. The ability of simulation models to mimic observed data were used to provide support for visual appraisals.
DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT OF PROMPTNESS AND COHERENCE OF A DISTRIBUTED DATABASE: THE DATABASE ENTROPY APPROACH
Authors: FUNG K.T.
Published: February 2008

A framework based on the database entropy concept developed for characterizing the learning process of a database is applied to the dynamic measurement of the promptness and coherence of a distributed database. The results can be of great value in the design and implementation of self‐adaptive distributed databases.
ASSOCIATING CURRENT KNOWLEDGE WITH THAT OF PAST EXPERIENCE BASED ON KNOWLEDGE ABOUT AUTOMATA
Authors: KOENIG ELDO C.
Published: February 2008

Important to the performance of interactive systems is the ability of its members to associate current knowledge with knowledge of past experience. Knowledge association discussed here results in greater detail of a current knowledge and is demonstrated through the use of examples. It is based on knowledge about automata and the knowledge structures are in the form of graphs.
CYBERNETIC ALGORITHM DESIGN FOR FINITE DOMAINS
Authors: JONES BUSH , JONES LESLIE
Published: February 2008

A general model descriptive of many algorithms on finite domains is developed. Properties of the model are investigated. Systematic principles are presented for constructing an algorithm specific to a problem. The theory is demonstrated by examples from sorting and searching. Indeed, efficient algorithms can be easily and automatically generated for virtually any sorting or searching problem. However, the theory is general, and applications go far beyond the example areas given.
BANG‐BANG CONTROL OF A SECOND‐ORDER NON‐LINEAR UNSTABLE PLANT WITH SECOND‐ORDER NONLINEARITY
Authors: VAKILZADEH I. , KESHAVARZ A.A.
Published: February 2008

In this paper the design of a controller for a relay‐controlled second‐order non‐linear unstable plant with second‐order nonlinearity will be considered. The task of the controller is the simultaneous reduction of output and output derivative to zero with the input being at zero. If the initial values of error and error derivative fall in a “controllable region”, then it is possible to reduce error and error derivative to zero, simultaneously and in the shortest possible time with at most “one” switching reversal of the relay. It will also be shown that, through simple transformation of error and error derivative, the equation of switching curve can be made independent of any constant gain of the plant, as well as the coefficient of non‐linear term.
SOME ASPECTS OF FUZZY DECISION‐MAKING
Authors: PEDRYCZ WITOLD
Published: February 2008

The paper deals with some problems of decision‐making by the use of fuzzy set theory. The application of different operators from a wide class of intersection connectives makes it possible to modelize the process of decision‐making in a very flexible manner. The method of calculation of final non‐fuzzy decision from fuzzy set of decision D is discussed in detail and the problem of the choice of a threshold level presented as appropriate to the intersection operator applied before. The notion of sensitivity of any of intersection operators discussed is introduced and considered in detail.
PARTITION OF SYSTEMS' BEHAVIORS
Authors: TAKATSU SHINZO
Published: February 2008

The general problem to be considered in this paper is as follows: Given a general system defined by m attributes, find a meaningful partition of systems’ behaviors. Using an order preserving mapping from a space of m attributes into an m‐dimensional Euclidean space, a partitioning criterion of systems' behaviors is defined. Then, its mathematical properties are studied, on the basis of the usual hyperplane separation theorem and of the existence theorem of ton Neumann and Morgenstern's utility function.
MODELING METHOD OF QUEUEING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: AVGERIS THEODORE G.
Published: February 2008

The problem of modeling the performance distributions of queueing systems, on the basis of partial knowledge of the service time distribution, is examined from an information theory point of view. A new method is proposed, based on the Mutual Information Principle (MIP) which generalizes the Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) approach proposed by Shore. An example is given to illustrate the method and its advantages are discussed.
FORMULATING DATA DISTRIBUTION AND SEARCH PROBLEMS AS ENTROPY MAXIMIZATION PROBLEMS
Authors: FUNG K.T.
Published: February 2008

The relationship between the search problem and entropy identified by Pierce is used to show that the entropy maximization technique can also be applied to the data distribution problem. An immediate result is that a previously validated entropy model for the data distribution problem can now be more formally developed.
ON THE ENTROPY OF FUZZY EVENTS
Authors: KRUSE RUDOLF
Published: February 2008

Entropy measures of fuzzy events of a set X with a (not necessary finite) positive measure µ defined on a σ‐algebra of subsets of X are studied. Using fuzzy measures and fuzzy integrals, a theorem is presented, which gives a sufficient condition for the existence of entropy measures under a list of reasonable axioms. The result is used to define entropy measures for fuzzy numbers.
ON A COMPUTER‐BASED THEORY OF STRATEGIES
Authors: FINDLER NICHOLAS V.
Published: February 2008

Some of the objectives and working tools of a new area of study, tentatively called Theory of Strategies, are described. It is based on the methodology of artificial intelligence, decision theory, operations research and digital gaming. The latter refers to computing activity that incorporates model building, simulation and learning programs in conflict situations. We also discuss three long‐term projects which aim at automatically analyzing and synthesizing strategies.
AXIOMATIC DERIVATION OF THE MUTUAL INFORMATION PRINCIPLE AS A METHOD OF INDUCTIVE INFERENCE
Authors: AVGERIS T.G.
Published: February 2008

The Mutual Information Princip le (MIP) has already been used in various areas, as a generalization of the Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP), in the very common situation where our measurements of a random variable contain errors having some known average value. An axiomatic derivation of the MIP is given below, in order to place it in a rigorous mathematical framework with the least possible intuitive arguments. The procedure followed is similar to the one proposed by Shore and Johnson for the Minimum Cross‐entropy Principle, and some relationships between the two methods of inductive inference are pointed out.
CYBERNETIC ANTHROPOPHYSICS AND MEDICAL SCIENCES
Authors: BOGDANSKI C.
Published: February 2008

The paper begins with a description of some cybernetic aspects of Anthropophysics. This is concerned with a formal treatment of man's system under both its possible states: The normal one and the one perturbed by disease, the latter being the object of studies in medicine.
EMERGENT NOVELTY AND THE MODELING OF SPATIAL PROCESSES
Authors: CASTI J.
Published: February 2008

In this paper we consider the complementary questions: in what sense do local dynamics prescribe global spatial patterns and to what extent does a global pattern impose constraints on local interactions. From the standpoint of results from mathematical system theory, it is argued that a modeling approach starting from observed patterns and passing to local dynamics is vastly to be preferred to proceeding in the opposite direction, the usual approach mimicking the procedure followed in the physical sciences. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of anticipatory decision making and adaptation in the stabilization of certain properties of dynamical spatial processes.
EPISTEMICS AND THE FRAME CONCEPTION OF KNOWLEDGE
Authors: JOHNSON L.
Published: February 2008

Minsky's frame conception of knowledge and its two precursors (Kuhn's “paradigms” and Bartlett's “schemata”) are considered. Against this background, a theory of knowledge is developed. This theory of knowledge draws on a model of argumentation. This model is illustrated by discussing the notion of “defeasibility” in law. The model is shown to capture the concepts of presumption and plausibility and these notions are shown to capture the diverse features of both precursors to the frame conception of knowledge.
ON THE BIOLOGICAL FORMAL COUNTERPARTS OF LOGICAL MACHINES
Authors: MORENO‐DÍAZ R. , HERNÁNDEZ GUARCH F.
Published: February 2008

The significance of the McCulloch‐Pitts formal neural net theory is still nowadays frequently misunderstood at present, and their basic units are wrongly considered as factual models for neurons. As a consequence, the whole original theory and its later addenda are unreasonably criticized for their simplicity. But, as it was proved then and since, the theory is after the modular neurophysiological counterpart of logical machines, so that it actually provides biologically plausible models for automata, Turing Machines etc and not viceversa. In its true context, no theory has surpassed its proposals. In McCulloch and Pitts Memoriam and for the sake of future theoretical research, we stress this important historical point, including also some recent results on the neurophysiological counterparts of modular arbitrary probabilistic automata.
SOME CLOSED FORM SOLUTIONS TO THE MUTUAL INFORMATION PRINCIPLE
Authors: CYRANSKI J.F. , TZANNES N.S.
Published: February 2008

The Mutual Information Principle (MIP) was proposed as a method of inferring the pdf of a continuous random variable based on discrete observations. Its main disadvantage has been the unavailability of closed form solutions. The purpose of this paper is to present some new, easily obtainable closed form solutions, which are based on a new result in Rate Distortion Theory (RDT). The solutions shed new light on the workings of the MIP, but are not unique. This lack of uniqueness is explained and its effects are discussed.
SELF‐STEERING AND SOCIAL HIERARCHY; THE SOCIOCYBERNETICS OF ARVID AULIN
Authors: VAN DER ZOUWEN JOHANNES
Published: February 2008

The Finnish social philosopher Arvid Aulin has made an attempt to develop a theory of social progress based on cybernetic principles. In his sociocybernetics two fundamental concepts are “self‐steering” of actors and “hierarchy” in social systems. Emancipation processes are directed towards an increase of self‐steering and a decrease of outside steering of human actors. In his “Law of the Requisite Hierarchy”, Aulin formulates a negative relationship between the production level of a society and its optimal level of hierarchy; the higher the production per capita, the lower the necessary amount of hierarchy for that society; democracy flourishes as the economy grows. In this paper his arguments for and the consequences, especially for developing countries, of this fundamental law of sociocybernetics, are discussed.
EXPLANATION, PREDICTION AND PROBLEM‐SOLVING IN SOCIAL SYSTEMS: A SOCIAL CYBERNETIC ANALYSIS OF ETHNIC TENSIONS IN NATIONAL SOCIETIES (Part 1)
Authors: RASTOGI P.N.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes the interrelated nature of explanation, prediction and problem‐solving in social systems. Cybernetic analysis of social phenomena provides a unifying framework in this context. The analytic framework is briefly considered with reference to the problem of ethnic tensions in national societies. The first part of the paper discusses the conceptual apparatus of analysis and develops an integrated multi‐feedback loop model of the complex social phenomenon of ethnic tensions.
SYNTHESIS WITH RESPECT TO FUZZY ENTROPY
Authors: DI NOLA ANTONIO , VENTRE ALDO G.S.
Published: February 2008

Summary—A synthesis process of a multiple description is defined on a lattice of fuzzy sets which differs from the usual one. Connections between these lattices are stated. Mathematical definitions are correlated with concepts of decision and system theory.
EXPLANATION, PREDICTION AND PROBLEM‐SOLVING IN SOCIAL SYSTEMS: A SOCIAL CYBERNETIC ANALYSIS OF ETHNIC TENSIONS IN NATIONAL SOCIETIES (Part 2)
Authors: RASTOGI P.N.
Published: February 2008

The second part of this paper briefly discusses the nature of analysis for problem‐solving and verifiable predictive inferences based on the multi‐loop model. Themes of empirical research and validation are outlined in this context. Cybernetic model of the dynamics of ethnic tensions is briefly illustrated with reference to the problem of Hindu‐Sikh tensions in the northern Indian state of Punjab. Examples of predictive inferences are given.
MODELLING ‐CHART UNDER NON‐NORMALITY AND INSPECTOR ERRORS
Authors: RAHIM M.A. , RAOUF A.
Published: February 2008

This paper investigates the effect of non‐normality errors on the economic design of x‐control charts. The measurable quality characteristic of the product is assumed to be non‐normally distributed random variable. The process is subject to a single assignable cause with exponentially distributed occurrence time. This assignable cause shifts the process from in‐control state to out‐of‐control state. The economic design of x‐chart involves optimal determination of the design parameters so as to minimize the expected total cost. The optimal value of the design parameters are obtained using a computerized search technique. Consequently, the effect of non‐normality parameters and errors on the design parameters and on the loss‐cost function is explained through numerical examples.
A SYSTEMIC MODEL OF BIOFEEDBACK LEARNING
Authors: GALLEGO J. , LAURENTI‐LIONS L.
Published: February 2008

Mathematical models of biofeedback learning provide empirical laws of these processes and could be used in order to improve experiments. The systemic approach provides a well‐adapted framework, in which learning is studied as a control problem. The model proposed here is a system of recurrence equations involving the successive measurements of the subject's physiological activity collected by the biofeedback device, and also the performance index presented to the subject. A parameter identification method is described and tested on a computer simulated process.
BANG‐BANG CONTROL OF A SECOND‐ORDER NON‐LINEAR STABLE PLANT WITH THIRD‐ORDER NONLINEARITY
Authors: VAKILZADEH I. , KESHAVARZ A.A.
Published: February 2008

In this paper the design of a controller for a relay‐controlled second‐order non‐linear stable plant with third‐order nonlinearity is considered. The task of the controller is the simultaneous reduction of output and output derivative to zero with the input being at zero. It will be shown that for all initial values of output and output derivative it would be possible to bring them to zero, simultaneously and with at most one switching reversal of the relay. It will also be shown that, through simple transformation of error and error derivative, the equation of the switching curve can be made independent of any constant gain of the plant and also of the coefficient of the non‐linear term.
BEYOND GESTALT
Authors: PEARLMAN WOLF
Published: February 2008

Cybernetics has been defined, as ‘the art of effective action’. Yet architecture in developing countries tends to emulate the configurations familiar to the industrialized world forsaking ‘the hidden dimension of culture’ a sure recipe for alienation—the affliction of populations of many urban housing solutions. Intention: ‘to investigate the isomorphy of concepts, laws and models in various fields’ and review design strategy which may ‘enable us to integrate our knowledge of mind with our knowledge of the physical world’. In the search for coherent theory, or ‘the four deep structures at the roots of architecture’ are involved Hillier and Pearlman (1967, 1973, 1977, 1979) with their isomorphic ‘four function’ paradigms. Adoption of the research approach of Pask's ‘redundant holist’, searching for and attending to diverse types of information, led to the revelation of an isomorphy between a particular set of ‘four functions’ devoped by Pearlman (1977) and the ‘four principles’ of Gestalt thereby advancing the understanding of the intentions and processes that cause forms to exist and give them their significance and meaning.