bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMISSION DEPTH DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF Al 2s PHOTOELECTRONS IN Al2O3
Authors: HUCEK S. , ZEMEK J. , JABLONSKI A. , TILININ I. S.
Published: August 2002

The escape probability of Al 2s photoelectrons leaving an aluminum oxide sample (Al2O3) has been studied as a function of depth of origin. It has been found that the escape probability (the so-called emission depth distribution function — DDF) depends strongly on the photoelectron emission direction with respect to that of the incident X-ray beam. In particular, in the emission direction close to that of photon propagation, the DDF differs substantially from the simple Beer–Lambert law and exhibits a nonmonotonic behavior with a maximum in the near-surface region at a depth of about 10 Å. Experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on Monte Carlo simulations of the electron transport and with analytical solution of the linearized Boltzmann kinetic equation with appropriate boundary conditions. Both theoretical approaches take into account multiple elastic scattering of photoelectrons on their way out of the sample. It is shown that the commonly used straight line approximation (SLA), which neglects elastic scattering effects, fails to describe adequately experimental data at emission directions close to minima of the differential photoelectric cross section.
ULTRATHIN FILMS OF Co and Fe on FeRh{001} AND FeRh{110}
Authors: KIM S. K. , JONA F.
Published: August 2002

Ultrathin films of Co and Fe have been grown on two clean surfaces of the binary alloy FeRh, namely the {110} and the {001} surface, and have been studied with quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (QLEED). On FeRh{110}, 25-Å-thick Co films are epitaxial, but not pseudomorphic, and expose the basal (0001) plane of hcp Co. On FeRh{001}, 20-Å-thick Co films are pseudomorphic and assume the structure of strained [Formula: see text] hcp Co — a phenomenon already observed on Co films grown on FeAl{001}. Iron films, by contrast, are pseudomorphic both on FeRh{110} and on FeRh{001}, assuming a strained bcc structure. For all films, QLEED analysis determines both the bulk and the first interlayer spacings.
PERIODIC ORBIT THEORY ANALYSIS OF A FAMILY OF DEFORMED HEMISPHERICAL BILLIARD SYSTEMS
Authors: ROBINETT R. W.
Published: August 2002

We present a periodic orbit theory analysis of a novel three-dimensional billiard system, namely a quasispherical cavity with infinite walls along the conical boundary defined by θ=Θ, where θ is the standard polar angle; for Θ=π/2 this reduces to the special case of a hemispherical infinite well, while for Θ=π it is a spherical well with points along the negative z axis excluded. We focus especially on the connections between subsets of the energy eigenvalue space and their contributions to qualitatively different classes of closed orbits.
RESONANT MAGNETIC SCATTERING OF POLARIZED SOFT X-RAYS
Authors: SACCHI MAURIZIO
Published: August 2002

Resonant elastic scattering of polarized X-rays is a powerful technique for the study of the magnetic properties of solids. Its recent extension to the soft X-ray energy range has been driven by applications in the field of artificially structured magnetic devices, like multilayers and superlattices. This article reviews recent elastic scattering experiments using synchrotron radiation, performed at the 2p core resonances of transition metals in solids, thin films and ordered multilayers.
ACTIVATED STRAIN RELIEF OF Ge/Si(100) ISLANDS
Authors: DRUCKER JEFF , ZHANG YANGTING , CHAPARRO S. A. , CHANDRASEKHAR D. , MCCARTNEY M. R. , SMITH DAVID J.
Published: August 2002

Stress concentration at the boundary of Ge/Si(100) islands drives strain relief mechanisms activated at higher growth temperature, T. Si interdiffusion for T≥ 550° C forms a reduced misfit alloy allowing specific cluster morphologies to exist at sizes greater than those for pure Ge islands. This interdiffusion also affects the pathway for island shape changes. Trenches formed at the island base result from diffusion of the most highly strained material to regions of lower strain and precede dislocation formation for T≥ 600° C .
OBSERVATION OF DIRECT-CURRENT-INDUCED STEP BENDING PATTERNS ON Si(001)
Authors: NIELSEN J.-F. , PELZ J. P. , PETTERSEN M. S.
Published: August 2002

Atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy were used to observe a novel "step bending" instability on vicinal Si(001) surfaces heated with direct current along a <110> direction. This instability occurs on areas where the applied current is parallel to the average step direction and consists of wavy step undulations with a nonzero phase shift between adjacent steps, consistent with theoretical predictions by Liu et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett.81, 2743 (1998)]. The resulting "bands" of high step density run obliquely to the direction of the applied current. These step patterns were observed on spherically dimpled surfaces, which also exhibit a variety of other electromigration-induced instabilities.
ION SCATTERING AND RECOILING SPECTROSCOPY FOR REAL TIME MONITORING OF SURFACE PROCESSES IN A GAS PHASE ATMOSPHERE
Authors: FUJINO T. , KATAYAMA M. , YAMAZAKI Y. , INOUE S. , RYU J.-T. , OURA K.
Published: August 2002

Various surface processes, such as thin film growth or etching, are usually performed by introducing various gases into a vacuum chamber. In order to monitor such surface processes in situ, we have developed an ion scattering and recoiling spectroscopy apparatus equipped with a differential pumping system. The system was applied for real time monitoring of hydrogen-mediated growth of Ge films on Si substrates under a hydrogen gas pressure of 10-4 Torr.
ULNAR TUNNEL SYNDROME — AN UNUSUAL CAUSE
Authors: Fong Eileen P. , Mahaffey Peter J.
Published: August 2002

We describe a case of anomalous muscle belly at Guyon's canal causing ulnar tunnel syndrome with sparing of the motor branch and hypothenar muscles.
Relationship of Less Restrictive Interventions with Seclusion/Restraints Usage, Average Years of Psychiatric Experience, and Staff Mix
Authors: Williams J. Earle , Myers Rachel E.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND: Seclusion and/or restraints (S/R) usage is a legal, moral, and ethical issue of patient rights and safety. Current emphasis is on using lesser restrictive interventions (LRI) in crisis management.

OBJECTIVE: This descriptive/correlational study examined the relationship of LRI with S/R usage, average years of psychiatric experience of nursing staff, and staff mix.

STUDY DESIGN: The sample included 82 events requiring crisis intervention. Data were collected at a state mental health facility using a crisis cycle intervention tool and staff questionnaire.

RESULTS: Data revealed a significant relationship between LRI and S/R usage and a significant positive relationship between percentage of licensed nurses and LRI. However, the relationship between average years of psychiatric experience and LRI was not significant. Fourteen percent of LRI could be predicted by percentage of licensed staff.

CONCLUSION: The findings supported using LRI in crisis management. Using LRI individualized to the crisis event promotes a safer, more therapeutic environment for both parties and staff. The findings revealed the need to evaluate the impact of a change in staff mix on quality of care and desired outcomes. Further research is needed to explore the multiple variables that influence LRI.
Inpatient Group Therapies for People with Bipolar Disorder: Comparison of a Self-Management and an Interactional Model
Authors: Pollack Linda E. , Harvin Sheila , Cramer Roxy D.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND: Although diagnostically homogeneous group therapy is a generally accepted component of the outpatient treatment of persons with bipolar disorder, investigations into the use of this modality in the inpatient setting are preliminary.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the Self-Management Group Model with that of the Interactional Group Model in improving the ability of patients hospitalized with bipolar disorder to care for themselves when discharged.

DESIGN: This study used a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent comparison group design with repeated measures that were administered before the intervention, after the intervention, and 3 months after discharge from the hospital. Instruments elicited data on self-reported mood states, behavior and symptom identification, coping resources, and satisfaction with the group services.

RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two people participated at the first measurement period. No significant total score differences were found between the two groups on any of the four measurements. However, 3 months after hospitalization, Interactional Group Model participants reported significantly less difficulty with behaviors and symptoms at the 3-month measurement period when compared with their admission scores but less satisfaction with the groups than they had at discharge.

CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that each method has advantages; the optimal model may be one that combines elements of both methods within a self-management focus.
Crisis Child Care: Implications for Family Interventions
Authors: Cowen Perle Slavik
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND: Crisis child care programs provide caregiving respite on an emergency basis and counseling and referral services to stressed parents who are at risk for maltreating their children.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe the sociodemographic and stress characteristics of rural parents who accessed crisis child care services and to determine if the utilization of these services would reduce the reported incidence of child maltreatment.

STUDY DESIGN: Parents completed a basic sociodemographic questionnaire and the Parenting Stress Inventory (PSI). Child maltreatment reporting statistics were used to determine if there was a significant decrease in the reported incidence of child maltreatment.

RESULTS: The demographic data painted a portrait of economic disadvantage. The data indicated that parents perceived external stressors, those outside of the parent-child relationship, as the major contributor to their current life crisis. Comparison of child maltreatment rates between rural communities that did and did not receive crisis child care preventive interventions indicated that the programs were effective in preventing child maltreatment.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide support for the ecological model of child maltreatment which posits that availability of social support for families who experience high stress or crisis can decrease the incidence of child maltreatment.
Failure of the Capacity for Self-Soothing in Women Who Have a History of Abuse and Self-Harm
Authors: Gallop Ruth
Published: August 2002

For many women, a history of childhood abuse leaves them vulnerable to intense, overwhelming, and painful emotions. The internal capacity to comfort themselves, or self-soothe, when confronted by these feelings is often lacking. Unfortunately, many women use self-harm behaviors as a form of external self-soothing behavior to provide temporary relief from the pain. This article links the developmental failure of the capacity to self-soothe and the neurobiologic disruptions that can lead from trauma to self-harm. The article considers how nurses can use this knowledge to understand the turbulent and apparently impulsive nature of self-harm behavior and begin to help women who self-harm develop the internal capacities to self-soothe.
Depression and Behavioral Manifestations of Depression in Female Survivors of the Suicide of their Significant Other and Female Survivors of Abuse
Authors: Constantino Rose E. , Sekula L. Kathleen , Lebish Jeanne , Buehner Elizabeth
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND: Depression is one of the most commonly diagnosed and persistent psychiatric disorders among women. Women survivors of the suicide of their significant other and women survivors of abuse appear to be two groups who might likely experience depression. However, little research has been done to identify the psychological implications of both situations.

OBJECTIVE: The study sought to compare psychological implications, specifically depression and behavioral manifestations of depression, among female survivors of the suicide of their significant other and female survivors of abuse.

STUDY DESIGN: A descriptive cohort design was used. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to measure the presence and behavioral manifestations of depression.

RESULTS: The two groups of women did not differ in their overall level of depression. Both groups were moderately to severely depressed. Differences on three BDI items were found: sadness, irritability, and social withdrawal.

CONCLUSIONS: Researchers have only just begun to explore and report information with respect to women’s health in relation to abuse and bereavement. The presence of depression and behavioral manifestations of depression in these two groups of women (survivors of the suicide of their significant other and survivors of abuse) needs to be examined further. Subsequently, psychiatric mental-health interventions may be developed that will impact the outcomes for both groups.
Alcohol Treatment for Women in Rural Areas
Authors: Finfgeld Deborah L.
Published: August 2002

Alcohol abuse problems are as prevalent in rural areas as they are in more urban settings. Despite the similarity in incidence, providing alcohol abuse treatment services is more challenging in rural versus urban settings. There are unique barriers to offering treatment to women in rural locations that are not present in metropolitan locales. These barriers are related to economics, existing health care providers and services, environmental considerations, cultural norms, and personal perceptions. In this article, treatment challenges that are specifically relevant to women in rural areas are explored along with a new three-tiered treatment delivery model.
Regional Inequality in the Provision of Health Care in Spain
Authors: Quadrado Lucia , Folmer Henk , Loman Sudha
Published: August 2002

Whereas studies on regional inequality tend to focus on income disparities, we investigate regional inequality in Spain with respect to health facilities. In this study we examine trends in regional inequality over the period 1964 to 1991 during which fundamental changes in health policies were implemented. We follow a multidimensional approach in the sense that several indicators of health facilities are considered. Regional inequality is measured by means of Theil's second measure of multidimensional inequality. The partial common principal components (PCPC) model is used to construct the weights for this measure whenever appropriate, and principal component analysis (PCA) is used when otherwise. The PCPC model is a generalisation of the classical method of PCA for several samples (years). Component coefficients are estimated by assuming that the first component is common for all years. Spatial inequality between regions as well as within regions is analysed to highlight the role of policy and other regional characteristics. Spatial spillovers are analysed by including the effects of health facilities in neighbouring regions. The analysis shows that the health policies of the Spanish government in the 1980s and decentralisation of power may have helped to reduce regional inequality, although no firm conclusions can be drawn yet.
Regional Polarization under the Socialist-Market System since 1978: A Case Study of Guangdong Province in South China
Authors: Gu Chaolin , Shen Jianfa , Wong Kwan-Yiu , Zhen Feng
Published: August 2002

This paper is an empirical study examining the trends of spatial polarization under the new regime of the socialist-market system in Guangdong province in south China. It was found that a regional polarization process toward the core Zhujiang Delta region has occurred. The roles of old central cities such as Shaoguan, Zhanjiang, and Shantou outside the core region have been gradually weakened while some emerging cities such as Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Zhongshan, Shunde, Nanhai, and Panyu in the core region have become strong growth centers. The dominant role of Guangzhou, established in the prereform planning system, has also been significantly weakened in the postreform period. Among the forces of development from above, below, and outside, local government revenue and savings per capita were found to be the key factors determining the level of development in various localities, confirming the key role of ‘local state corporatism’ in regional development in China.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Diarrheal Disease in Matlab, Bangladesh
Authors: Emch Michael , Ali Mohammad
Published: August 2002

This study analyzes the differences between the spatial and temporal patterns of cholera and noncholera watery diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. Several characteristics were observed in the temporal distribution of 1273 cholera cases and 4984 noncholera watery diarrhea cases, revealing differences between the temporal patterns of the two disease categories. The main cholera peaks were in September and October in each of the three study years. There was an irregular temporal cycle to noncholera watery diarrhea. There were many small, highly dispersed high-risk areas for cholera. In contrast, the high-risk areas for noncholera are clustered in only a few areas. These findings are also consistent with the theory that cholera is a disease for which the spatial distribution is partly controlled by environmental parameters whereas noncholera disease transmission is controlled by other nonenvironmental parameters.
‘Trailing Wife’ or ‘Trailing Mother’? The Effect of Parental Status on the Relationship between Family Migration and the Labor-Market Participation of Married Women
Authors: Cooke Thomas J
Published: August 2002

Numerous studies demonstrate that married women sacrifice their own careers in order to support their husbands' careers by following them as tied migrants, largely independent of their own occupational status. Thus, it appears as if family migration is shaped by the dominant gender roles and gender identities which configure the lives of women and men in married couple families. The motivation for this paper stems from a concern that family migration research has failed to consider that the effects of family migration on the labor-market participation of married women may be contingent on parental status. This research is designed to uncover the individual and joint effects of migration and parental status on married women's labor-market participation. The approach taken in this research is to begin with a very specific type of married couple family—married couple families without children—and to trace how the birth of the first child and migration events independently and jointly determine women's labor-market participation over a 5-year time span. The data for the analysis are drawn from the 1987 through 1992 Family File of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Random effects probit models of labor-force participation and employment indicate a small, short-lived, impact of migration on the employment of married women without children—but for married women with children the negative effects of family migration on both labor force participation and employment are large and endure for many years.
Spatial Flexibility in Job Mobility: Macrolevel Opportunities and Microlevel Restrictions
Authors: van Ham Maarten , Mulder Clara H , Hooimeijer Pieter
Published: August 2002

Disequilibria among regional labour markets persist through spatial inflexibility in job mobility resulting from restrictions in migration and long-distance commuting. This contribution analyses workplace mobility—the acceptance of a job at a great distance from the place of residence—using a direct measure which includes both migration and long commutes as means for covering this distance. Two sources of spatial inflexibility are identified. The first is a low overall chance of general job mobility; the second is a limited search area leading to low workplace mobility. In a two-step analysis we show that workers who find another job are a highly selective group. Within this group the variation in accepting a job at a great distance is wide, because of the individual restrictions that are often gendered. We also show that ample availability of job opportunities stimulates general job mobility and reduces workplace mobility, but only after controlling for individual restrictions. These findings are in line with the spatial mismatch hypothesis.
Positive Theory of Planning: The Social Choice Approach
Authors: Sager Tore
Published: August 2002

Most planning theory is normative and does not aim at explaining the design of planning processes. However, once the relationships between organisational characteristics and the various modes of planning are established, these connections can be used for developing positive planning theory. The problem is to explain why an agency practises a particular mode of planning (synoptic, incremental, etc), or even why it performs a specific variant of such a mode. It is argued that the impossibility theorems of social choice provide a useful platform for attacking such problems. In order to explain the practice of planning agencies, a scheme for linking agency properties and planning modes is combined with alternative strategies for resolving dilemmas of agency decision-making. A brief survey of other theoretical approaches to the construction of positive planning theory opens the discussion and places the social choice analysis in a theoretical context.
Regulatory Constrained Portfolio Restructuring: The US Department Store Industry in the 1990s
Authors: Wood Steve
Published: August 2002

The US department store industry has undergone a recent round of strategic acquisition-based portfolio restructuring. The author analyses one such acquisition, studying how its geography was restructured in the premerger stage to conform to the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC's) ‘fix-it-first’ policy and to improve the strategic fit of the transaction. He then investigates evidence, and analyses the effects, of a new era of stricter FTC enforcement, where divestiture may no longer be sufficient in cases of horizontal market overlap. Fundamentally, the author considers the nature of ‘real regulation’ in action, as rules partially dictate investment decisions.
Situating Communicative Planning Theory: Context, Power, and Knowledge
Authors: McGuirk P M
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to an emerging body of critique of communicative planning theory (CPT). The critiques in the paper are grounded in analysis of situated planning practice in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, where planners were ‘feeling their way towards’ democratising planning practice in line with the normative dimensions of CPT. Two critiques are offered. Both are fundamentally concerned with power and the tendency of CPT to operate as if the workings of power can be temporarily suspended through communicative planning practice to produce new consensual planning discourses. First, it is argued that CPT pays insufficient attention to the practical context of power in which planning is practised, thereby assuming away, rather than engaging with, the politics-laden and power-laden interests that infiltrate planning practice. Second, it is argued that CPT abstracts planners from their positioning in a nexus of power, knowledge, and rationality which validates expert forms of knowing/reasoning/valuing, and thus underestimates the challenges of asserting alternative forms. The paper concludes with a suggestion that any theory aiming at the democratisation of planning practice will need to depart from an orientation to consensus, a defining feature of CPT, and instead account for the irreducible nature of power and difference.
Multilevel Perspectives on Modeling Census Data
Authors: Subramanian S V , Duncan Craig , Jones Kelvyn
Published: August 2002

Since most census data are released for spatial aggregates, the microscale of people and the macroscale of places are confounded in analyses. Although regrettable, this situation is usually tolerated owing to the other obvious attractions of census data. In this paper, we consider how multilevel statistical procedures offer a solution to this problem. Importantly, we show how they allow places to be considered in terms of several different scales simultaneously. As we demonstrate, this provides important connections with recent moves towards performance review in several areas of public policy. An analysis of data on illiteracy from the 1991 Indian Census provides an illustration of multilevel approach and its usefulness.
Time–Space (and Digital) Compression: Software Formats, Musical Networks, and the Reorganisation of the Music Industry
Authors: Leyshon Andrew
Published: August 2002

In this paper I examine the geographical and organisational consequences of the emergence of a new technological assemblage within the music industry. This technological assemblage is organised around software formats and Internet distribution systems. The paper is concerned with the relationship between technological innovation, economic competition, and the contestability of markets for goods and services within an era of digital content. I begin by setting out two opposing discourses currently circulating within the music industry: one that denigrates the emergence of software formats, and another that celebrates it. Both discourses concur that this new technological assemblage will fundamentally reorganise the music industry as it is currently configured, with some doubt being cast over the long-term viability of the industry owing to the problems of protecting the intellectual property rights of music contained within open software formats. I provide a critical analysis of electronic markets and their impact upon economic organisation, and examine the impacts of digital content and electronic markets within the music industry through the concept of the musical network. Four networks with distinctive organisational and spatial characteristics are identified within the musical economy: networks of creativity, of reproduction, of distribution, and of consumption. I argue that all four networks are being reshaped as a result of the impact of software formats and Internet distribution systems. These developments are found to threaten the short-term profitability of some established firms within the industry, but I argue that the industry is already beginning to restabilise around a new technological and regulatory regime designed to protect copyrights in music in software formats.
Theories of Local Economic Growth (Part 1): Concepts, Models, and Measurement
Authors: Plummer Paul , Taylor Mike
Published: August 2002

Contemporary approaches to understanding the mechanisms determining local economic growth tend to be characterized by a dualism between ‘hard’ quantitative and mathematical models derived from economics and the ‘soft’ qualitative models of geographical theory. In this study, we contribute to a ‘third way’ of knowing that is based upon a theoretically informed econometric analysis of the ‘soft’ processes that are hypothesized to drive local economic growth. In this first of two papers, (part 1 of the study) we focus on questions of methodology and measurement. Specifically, six sets of theoretical propositions on the nature of the mechanisms that promote local economic performance are reviewed: the growth-pole, growth-centres model; the product-cycle model; the flexible-production model; the learning-regions model; the competitive-advantage model; and the enterprise-segmentation model. From this review, eight measurable dimensions are developed that cover the main propositions of these models. These dimensions are calibrated using data for Australia, divided into ninety-four regions, for the period 1984–92. We conclude by exploring the limitations of our mapping between theoretical concepts, measurable dimensions, and surrogate variables, and examine the implications of this mapping for testing the validity of ‘soft’ geographical theories. In a subsequent paper (part 2 of the study) we test the validity of these models of local growth in the Australian context.
Bringing the Missing Million Home: Correcting the 1991 Small Area Statistics for Undercount
Authors: Mitchell Richard , Dorling Danny , Martin David , Simpson Ludi
Published: August 2002

The 1991 UK Decennial Census missed about 1.2 million people. These missing individuals present a serious challenge to any census user interested in measuring intercensal change, particularly amongst the most marginalised groups in society who were prominent amongst the missing population. Recently, a web-based system for accessing census data from the 1971, 1981, and 1991 censuses was launched ( www.census.ac.uk/cdu/lct ). The ‘LCT’ package also provides access to a set of 1991 small area statistics (SAS) which have been corrected to compensate for the missing million. The authors explain the methods used for adjusting the SAS counts, provide examples of the differences between analysis with the adjusted and unadjusted data, and recommend the use of the new data set to all those interested in intercensal change.
Institutional Networks for Inclusive Coastal Management in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Tompkins Emma , Adger W Neil , Brown Katrina
Published: August 2002

The authors consider the role of institutional networks in integrated and inclusive coastal-zone management in Trinidad and Tobago. Drawing on theories of social institutions, a framework for understanding the institutional prerequisites for participatory management is developed. In this framework, distinction is made between institutions at the community, formal-organisational, and national regulatory levels and the means by which institutions adapt to and learn about new issues in terms of networks of dependence and exchange are characterised. The immediate networks between actors (their spaces of dependence) are augmented by wider networks between institutions at various scales (their spaces of exchange). This framework is applied to a case study of resource management in Trinidad and Tobago. Semistructured interviews with key government urban and economic planners, fisheries regulators, and other agents in Trinidad and Tobago, and a participatory workshop for resource managers, are used to identify the perceived opportunities and constraints relating to integrated and inclusive resource management within the social institutions. The findings are analysed through an exploration of the spaces of dependence and exchange that exist in the various social networks at the different institutional scales. The prescriptive relevance of this approach is in the demonstration of the nature of change required in social institutions at all scales to facilitate integrated and inclusive resource management.
Relocating Gender and Rural Economic Strategies
Authors: Oberhauser Ann M
Published: August 2002

In recent decades, increasing entrepreneurial activities among women have contributed to shifting livelihood strategies at the household, community, and regional scales. In this paper I examine home-based work in an economic network to highlight the intersection of gender and economic practices in rural Appalachia. The research demonstrates that these livelihood strategies both construct and are shaped by dynamic material conditions and social processes in place. Economic restructuring in the central Appalachian region has led to the reworking of economic strategies, despite a continued reliance by households on homework and informal activities. The case study for this project is an economic network comprised of sixty home-based workers who produce knitwear for regional and national markets. In-depth interviews and extensive fieldwork are used to examine the complexity of shifting economic livelihoods in the rural Appalachian context. The analysis focuses on the (re)negotiation of gender identities by home-based workers in the context of economic restructuring. The discussion also shows how participation in these activities contributes to economic and social empowerment. Overall, this study offers a critical approach to the economy, work, and gender in a way that analyzes diverse economic practices and the construction of gender identity in a rural, economically marginalized region.
Living on Thin Abstractions: More Power/Economic Knowledge
Authors: Allen John
Published: August 2002

Debates over the role of knowledge and know-how as key economic assets in the contemporary economy, although far from new, are now increasingly couched in terms of a new-found economic immateriality which allows for their costless reproduction and widespread geographical dissemination. In the rush to tie down and reproduce economic know-how in abstract codifiable form, it has become almost baffling to argue that our stock of economic knowledge may rest upon affects as much as analysis, expressive symbolism as much as abstract symbolism. This paper is an attempt to think through how such ‘elusive’ economic knowledges may be grasped, yet neither formalized nor codified in abstract terms. It is also a plea to consider the geography of economic knowledge outside of the tacit – explicit distinction.
First World Political Ecology: Lessons from the Wise Use Movement
Authors: McCarthy James
Published: August 2002

The author demonstrates, through a case study of the Wise Use movement, that the insights and tools of political ecology have much to offer in the study of First World resource conflicts. He uses theories and methods drawn from the literature concerning political ecology and moral economies to argue that many assumptions regarding state capacity, individual and collective identities and motivations, and economic and historical relations in advanced capitalist countries are mistaken or incomplete in ways that have led to important dimensions of environmental conflicts in such locales being overlooked. The argument is based mainly on the author's own research on the Wise Use movement in the rural American West of the 1980s and 1990s but also draws on other recent work in political ecology, historical and economic geography, and environmental history.
The Rise and Fall of Discriminatory Zoning in Hong Kongt
Authors: Lai Lawrence W C , Yu Marco K W
Published: August 2002

By using a modified Cheung model of price control, we show that discriminatory zoning is economically an inefficient protectionist alternative to nondiscriminatory zoning. The exclusionary zoning on the Peak of Hong Kong arose in order to give Europeans a housing area free from economic price competition with the Chinese. Documentary evidence is adduced to support this view of the law. Such zoning collapsed after the Second World War when European owners needed to realize their capital. Land-transaction records of certain sites on the Peak are analysed to support this interpretation. Without claiming to offer an exclusive explanation as to the formation of discriminatory law, we advance the case that discrimination is economically inefficient and will be abolished once the favoured group ceases to benefit from its continuation.
Public Participation, GIS, and Cyberdemocracy: Evaluating on-Line Spatial Decision Support Systems
Authors: Carver Steve , Evans Andrew , Kingston Richard , Turton Ian
Published: August 2002

In this paper we describe the development of Internet-based approaches to public participation and on-line spatial decision support systems in particular. Two case studies in developing web-based public participation GIS (PPGIS), one local and one regional, are described in detail. Results from the live testing of these systems are shown. These are discussed in the light of recent developments in ‘cyberdemocracy’ and conclusions are drawn about principles of on-line PPGIS and problems associated with public participation, user interaction, and familiarity with IT, copyright issues, access to the Internet, and relevant political structures.
Governance and Transaction Costs in Planning Systems: A Conceptual Framework for Institutional Analysis of Land-Use Planning and Development Control—The Case of Israel
Authors: Alexander Ernest R
Published: August 2002

Transaction cost theory (TCT), explaining economic institutions, applies to the public sector too. TCT accounts for public land-use planning and development control, and suggests some alternative forms that governance of land development and the property market could take. The basic elements of a conceptual model enabling the institutional analysis of land-use planning and development control systems are: (1) an integrated TCT; (2) a transactions-based representation of the land and real-estate development process; and (3) a repertoire of alternative forms of governance, ranging from statutory planning and regulation to contractual covenants. These elements are developed for application in an institutional analysis of the Israeli statutory planning system.
Zone Separation: A Probit Analysis of Hong Kong Planning Application Statistics
Authors: Lai Lawrence W C , Ho Winky K O
Published: August 2002

In this paper we demonstrate the use of a probit model to evaluate whether two classes of apparently similar/dissimilar zones with identical uses, that may be carried out with planning permissions, are in fact similar (and hence ‘inseparable’) or otherwise. Four empirical hypotheses about comprehensive development area, commercial/residential, and community-use zones in Hong Kong are tested by using nonaggregate planning application statistics of 793 observations. Acknowledgements. We wish to thank Professor Wing Suen of the School of Economics and Finance, The University of Hong Kong for his useful comments. We are also indebted to three anonymous referees who deserve our special thanks for their careful review and thoughtful suggestions. All faults are ours. This paper is partially sponsored by a CRCG grant (Number 10203311) of the University of Hong Kong.
The City and Topologies of Memory
Authors: Crang Mike , Travlou Penny S
Published: August 2002

The relationship of space and time has become a vexed issue in accounts in the postmodern metropolis. Rich and enlivening accounts use spatial categories to describe the interrelationships of elements of the city—moving from historicism to geography, to gloss Jameson's development of cognitive mapping. Postmodern geographies utilising the ideas of cognitive mapping show marked similarities with the accounts of time and space describing classical and medieval arts of memory and the Romantic writings of Flaubert on Athens. However, spatialised accounts of the city often seem to replicate problematic divisions of space and time that also underlay historicist accounts and merely invert the latter's priorities. The work of Bergson offers key insights into how this division occurred and a sense of temporality that may be lost in spatial metaphors. This is a sense of difference and alterity that we trace in the work of Proust and argue can be brought to inform the urban theatre of memories through a careful reworking of ideas suggested by de Certeau and Derrida. In this paper we take the case of Athens, bringing together East and West, ancient and modern, original and copy, as a grounding to discuss these issues. We suggest a sense of time- space as both fragmented and dynamic; a sense of the historical sites as creating instability and displacement in collective memory.
Discovering Nature, Rediscovering the Self: Natural Historians and the Landscapes of Argentina
Authors: Naylor Simon
Published: August 2002

Focusing on a small group of natural historians working in Argentina in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, I argue that the relations between travellers and their fieldsites are particular, complex, and multivalent. In opposition to the suggestion that the writings of all Euro-American travellers during the Age of Empire’ were determined only by a single, superior, and colonising representational economy, I assert that encounters with foreign lands were as important in the formation of travellers' ideas as the theories and preconceptions brought with them from Europe. Although it is argued that the more bombastic rhetoric of the travel texts of European, and particularly British, travellers in Argentina were in part influenced by British financial and technological dominance in Argentina in the 19th century, the importance of other sources of inspiration are also drawn, including the landscapes and natures of Argentina themselves. Focusing particularly on the writings of William Henry Hudson, the prominent Victorian natural historian, the paper lays out the significance of the Patagonian landscape in the development and vindication of his ideas about nature and the human self—summarised in Hudson's theory of ‘animism’. Hudson's combination of Darwinian and eugenicist theories of evolution with Argentine-government-inspired ideas of social development are also noted. In conclusion I argue both for the need to pay attention to the sociocultural and historical processes that engender discourses on particular places and natures, as well as the importance of acknowledging dispersion and multivalence within such discursive formations.
Gathering the Land: The Alice Springs to Darwin Rail Corridor
Authors: Bishop Peter
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses the proposed Alice Springs to Darwin rail, a project that will complete a transcontinental railway linking the southern coast of Australia to the north. It is argued that the railway will constitute a specific kind of place, a corridor, involved in a complex, paradoxical, and, at times, highly contentious gathering, one that embraces both the macrolevel of regional and Federal politics, as well as the microlevel of local concerns and individual experiences. In addition to developing the phenomenology of ‘corridors’, I show that the rail project is deeply implicated in an ongoing resignification of several technologies and their associated cultural regimes. It is also argued that locating the rail proposal within specific historical and social contexts allows numerous crucial inflections and meanings to be understood. In particular, it is suggested that the rail proposal is located at the heart of a contemporary unease and unsettling of Australian national identity and its relationship to the land, an uncertainty that runs hand in hand with a new confidence and, at times, triumphal, rhetoric.
Closing Barts: Community and Resistance in Contemporary UK Hospital Policy
Authors: Moon Graham , Brown Tim
Published: August 2002

Debates concerning the nature and extent of hospital provision in London, England are longstanding. Reviews in the 1990s have focused on a perceived over-provision and recommended rationalisation. This paper explores the representations of place which emerged in the discourses surrounding the possible closure of St Bartholomew's Hospital (Barts), London. Through a discourse analysis of official and unofficial reports, Parliamentary debates, press releases, campaign material and coverage in the London Evening Standard and other newspapers, we assess resistance to closure and the construction of communities dedicated to the retention of Barts. Four different representations of Bart's are identified: as community resource, as a site of expertise, as a heritage symbol and as a site pertinent to the identities of Londoners. The effectiveness of these different strategies is considered and their positioning and use within the ‘Campaign for Barts’ is evaluated. We conclude that, notwithstanding the potential to present the (possibly temporary) retention of Barts as a recognition of its status as a locus of particular medical expertise, the potency of this health care facility as a symbol both of London and of medical tradition was the crucial factor in its reprieve.
Articulation Effects in Lightness: Historical Background and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Gilchrist Alan L , Annan Vidal
Published: August 2002

The concept of articulation was first introduced by Katz [1935 The World of Colour (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co)] to refer to the degree of complexity within a field. Katz, who created the basic research methods for studying lightness constancy, found that the greater the degree of articulation within a field of illumination, the greater the degree of constancy. Even though this concept has been largely forgotten, there is much empirical evidence for Katz's principle, and the effects on lightness are very strong. However, when articulation is increased within a framework that does not coincide with a region of illumination, constancy is weakened. Kardos (1934 Zeitschrift für Psychologie Ergänzungband 23) advanced the concept of co-determination, according to which the lightness of a surface is determined relative to more than one field of illumination. Gilchrist et al (1999 Psychological Review106 795–834) argue that the fields concept should be replaced by the more operational frameworks concept and that a wide variety of lightness errors can be explained by a modification of the Katz principle: the greater the articulation within a perceptual framework, the stronger the anchoring of lightness values within that framework.
Colour Constancy in Goldfish and Man: Influence of Surround Size and Lightness
Authors: Neumeyer Christa , Dörr Saskia , Fritsch Janine , Kardelky Claudia
Published: August 2002

Colour constancy was investigated by using a series of 10 simultaneously presented surface colours ranging in small steps from green through gray to red – purple. Goldfish were trained to select one medium test field when the entire setup was illuminated with white light. In the tests, either red or green illumination was used. Colour constancy, as inferred from the choice behaviour, was perfect under green illumination when the test fields were presented on a gray or a white background, but imperfect on a black background. Under red illumination and a white background, however, colour constancy was overcompensated. Here, a colour contrast effect was observed. The influence of background lightness was also found when the surround was restricted to a narrow annulus of 4 – 11 mm width (test field diameter: 14 mm). By applying colour metrics it could be shown that the von Kries coefficient law can describe the overall effect of colour constancy. For an explanation of the effect of surround size and lightness, lateral inhibitory interactions have to be assumed in addition, which are also responsible for simultaneous colour contrast. Very similar results were obtained in experiments with the same colours in human subjects. They had to name the test field appearing ‘neutral’ under the different illumination and surround conditions, as tested in the goldfish experiment.
Articulation in the Context of Edge Classification
Authors: Logvinenko Alexander D
Published: August 2002

Many researchers believe the human visual system classifies luminance edges into those produced by reflectance edges or those produced by illumination edges, yet this classification process is not completely understood. One suggestion is that heuristics are used for edge classification. For example, specific contrast relationships at the luminance edge (‘codirectional contrast invariance’ and ‘transversal luminance-ratio preserving’) may distinguish an illumination edge from a reflectance edge on the one hand, and from a translucent edge on the other. Distinct from luminance junctions, these features are global characteristics of the luminance pattern that make distinguishing between different types of edge easier with more highly articulated scenes. I demonstrate that apparent translucency, nonreversing X-junctions, and single-reversing X-junctions are insufficient on their own to produce the lightness illusion of Adelson's well-known tile pattern. While tolerating violations of the codirectional contrast invariance and transversal-luminance-ratio preserving without reversing the sign of contrast, the visual system is quite sensitive to such contrast reversal at the luminance edge. I account for this by suggesting that humans process lightness in terms of an ordinal, rather than interval, (or ratio) scale.