bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kayser-Fleischer-Ring – kann eine frühe Diagnosestellung den Krankheitsverlauf von Morbus Wilson verbessern?
Authors: Bigdon Eileen , Feuerstacke Jana , Steinhorst Nils Alexander , Spitzer Martin
Published: July 2019

Morbus Wilson ist eine seltene genetische Erkrankung des Kupferstoffwechsels, die zu einer erhöhten Kupferansammlung im Körper führt. Ablagerungen finden sich vor allem in Leber, zentralem Nervensystem, Niere und Auge. Unbehandelt kann die Erkrankung zu Bewegungsstörungen, Persönlichkeitsveränderungen, Leberversagen bis hin zum Tod führen. Differenzialdiagnostisch kommen viele Erkrankungen infrage. Eine Diagnosefindung ist nur durch spezifische Testverfahren möglich. Der Augenarzt hat somit eine besondere Rolle in der Früherkennung eines Morbus Wilson. In unserer Klinik stellte sich eine 19-jährige Patientin mit einem schwachen, im Verlauf entstehenden Kayser-Fleischer-Kornealring mit sonst unauffälligem ophthalmologischen Befund vor. Die Patientin hatte ein progredientes Leberversagen und erhielt 2 Monate nach Erstvorstellung in der Augenklinik eine Lebertransplantation. Eine frühzeitige augenärztliche Mitbeurteilung mit gründlicher Untersuchung ist von entscheidender
Bedeutung für eine schnelle Diagnosestellung. Die Kupferablagerungen finden sich in der Descemet-Membran und beginnen in der Schwalbe-Linie. Der sog. Kayser-Fleischer-Ring zeigt sich an der Descemet-Membran bis zu 5 mm vom Limbus entfernt. Andere mögliche ophthalmologische Manifestationen stellen eine Chalkose der gesamten Descemet, ein Ikterus der Skleren oder eine Sonnenblumenkatarakt dar. Bei fehlenden Kupferablagerungen im Spaltlampenbefund sollte bei einem Verdacht auf einen Morbus Wilson immer auch eine Gonioskopie des Kammerwinkels erfolgen. Eine frühe Diagnosestellung kann Patienten vor unnötigen Komplikationen und Operationen schützen. Behandelt hat der Morbus Wilson eine gute Prognose.
Photorefraktive Keratektomie (PRK) zur Korrektur der Restfehlsichtigkeit nach radiärer Keratotomie
Authors: Filev Filip S. , Kromer Robert , Frings Andreas , Dragneva Darina , Mitov Tosho , Mitova Daniela
Published: July 2019

Hintergrund In den 80er- und 90er-Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts wurde eine Großzahl myoper Patienten mit radiärer Keratotomie (RK) behandelt. Obwohl in vielen Fällen anfangs gut wirksam, ist dieses Verfahren durch schlechte Vorhersagbarkeit der Langzeitergebnisse gekennzeichnet. Dabei kann es sowohl zur Regression der Myopie als auch zur konsekutiven Hyperopie kommen. In dieser retrospektiven Fallserie präsentieren wir den mittel- und langfristigen postoperativen Verlauf einer Patientengruppe, die mit topografiegesteuerter photorefraktiver Keratotomie (PRK) nach RK behandelt wurde.

Material und Methoden In dieser retrospektiven Fallserie wurde der Verlauf von Visus und Refraktion über einen postoperativen Zeitraum von mindestens 6 Monaten (41 Monate im Durchschnitt, Min. 9 Max. 96) bei 16 konsekutiven Patienten (16 Augen) nach PRK zur Korrektur einer Restfehlsichtigkeit nach RK erfasst.

Resultate Bei 100% der Augen zeigte sich im Verlauf ein Anstieg des unkorrigierten (UDVA) und bei 56% ein Anstieg des bestkorrigierten Visus (CDVA). Bei keinem der Patienten wurde eine schwere oder visuslimitierende Komplikation dokumentiert. Die Refraktion blieb stabil im Rahmen des Beobachtungszeitraums.

Schlussfolgerung Die PRK erwies sich als effektive Methode zur Reduktion einer Restfehlsichtigkeit nach RK. Entscheidend neben der regelrechten Umsetzung der Behandlung ist eine gute Aufklärung der Patienten bez. des zu erwartenden funktionellen Ergebnisses.
Current Status of Segmental Colectomy in Select Crohn's Disease Patients
Authors: Heriot Alexander , Smart Philip
Published: July 2019

Crohn's disease is a complex disease with a varying clinical and anatomical spectrum. One-third of patients with Crohn's will have disease confined to the colon. In this article, the authors review the surgical treatment options for colonic Crohn's disease including the current status of performing segmental colectomy in colonic Crohn's, the pros and cons of segmental versus subtotal colectomy, and the influence of biologics on recurrence rates following segmental colectomy.
Management of Complex Anorectal and Perianal Crohn's Disease
Authors: Bolshinsky Vladimir , Church James
Published: July 2019

Perianal symptoms occur in up to 50% of patients with Crohn's disease in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and in 5% of patients it is the first manifestation of the disease. The perianal area is often under stress in patients with Crohn's disease, because of the diarrhea, and the fecal urgency, frequency, and incontinence caused by proximal disease. Symptomatic perianal disease can therefore be due to the effects of the stress on an otherwise normal anus, or the result of Crohn's disease in the low rectum and/or perianal tissues themselves. This key distinction should drive the investigation and management of anal and perianal symptoms in patients with Crohn's disease. In this review, the evaluation and management of the various manifestations of Crohn's disease in the perineum and perianal tissues will be described.
Chondromesenchymal Hamartoma in Ectopic Thyroid Tissue in a Neonate
Authors: Szepesi Agnes , Juhasz Zsolt , Kover Anna , Kajtar Bela , Benedek Noemi , Kalman Endre , Kovesi Tamas , Imre Marianna , Vajda Peter
Published: July 2019

A full-term male neonate presented with a left sided cervical lump at the level of the thyroid gland. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a benign heterogeneous solid mass with lobulated margins. The tumor underwent complete excision. Histology revealed the diagnosis of chondromesenchymal hamartoma in ectopic thyroid tissue.
Apixaban Suppresses the Release of TF-Positive Microvesicles and Restrains Cancer Cell Proliferation through Directly Inhibiting TF-fVIIa Activity
Authors: Featherby Sophie , Madkhali Yahya , Maraveyas Anthony , Ettelaie Camille
Published: July 2019

The activation of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 by factor Xa (fXa) promotes the release of tissue factor-positive microvesicles (TF+MV), and contributes to proliferation in cancer cells. This study examined the ability of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), apixaban and rivaroxaban, to inhibit the release of TF+MV from two cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and AsPC-1) as well as cell proliferation.

Activation of the cells with fXa (10 nM) enhanced the release of TF+MV but was suppressed in the presence of either DOAC. These MVs were found to contain fVIIa, but not fXa. Incubation of cell lines with apixaban (1.8 µM) but not rivaroxaban (1.8 µM), in the absence of fXa decreased the release of TF+MV below that of resting cells, in a PAR2-dependent manner. Furthermore, incubation with apixaban reduced the proliferation rate in both cells lines. Incubation of purified fVIIa with apixaban but not rivaroxaban resulted in complete inhibition of fVIIa proteolytic activity as measured using two fVIIa chromogenic substrates. Pre-incubation of the cells with an inhibitory anti-fVIIa antibody, with apixaban or the blocking of PAR2 suppressed the release of TF+MV to a comparable level, and reduced cell proliferation but the effect was not cumulative.

This study has established that the activation of PAR2 by TF–fVIIa complex is the principal mediator in augmenting the release of TF+MV as well as cancer cell proliferation. Importantly, for the first time we have shown that apixaban selectively inhibits the proteolytic activity of fVIIa as well as the signalling arising from the TF–fVIIa complex.
Shall not be infringed: how the NRA used religious language to transform the meaning of the Second Amendment
Authors: Dawson Jessica
Published: July 2019

Understanding the deep meaning of the Second Amendment is critical to understanding American gun culture. The centrality of the Second Amendment in American culture can be better understood through the intersection of American nationalism with Protestant Christianity. This paper argues that the National Rifle Association (NRA) has capitalized on the religious nationalism that arose in the late 1970s alongside the Moral Majority and has increasingly used religious language to shape the discourse surrounding the Second Amendment. Understanding the transformation of the Second Amendment from an important Constitutional amendment to an article of faith in religious nationalism provides new insight about the meaning of guns for American identity. The use of religious rhetoric, such as references to evil combined with references to civic obligation, illustrates the merging of American civic religion with the New Christian Right’s rhetoric. Using issues of the American Rifleman to investigate the changing discourse since the mid-1970s, this paper demonstrates how the NRA increased its use of religious language to frame the political debate about gun rights through a religious nationalist lens.
Optimizing propagating spin wave spectroscopy
Authors: Lucassen Juriaan , Schippers Casper F. , Rutten Luuk , Duine Rembert A. , Swagten Henk J. M. , Koopmans Bert , Lavrijsen Reinoud
Published: July 2019

The frequency difference between two oppositely propagating spin waves can be used to probe several interesting magnetic properties, such as the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). Propagating spin wave spectroscopy is a technique that is very sensitive to this frequency difference. Here, we show several elements that are important to optimize devices for such a measurement. We demonstrate that for wide magnetic strips, there is a need for de-embedding. Additionally, for these wide strips, there is a large parasitic antenna-antenna coupling that obfuscates any spin wave transmission signal, which is remedied by moving to smaller strips. The conventional antenna design excites spin waves with two different wave vectors. As the magnetic layers become thinner, the resulting resonances move closer together and become very difficult to disentangle. In the last part, we therefore propose and verify an alternative antenna design that excites spin waves with only one wave vector. We suggest to use this antenna design to quantify the DMI in thin magnetic layers.
Analysis of sheet cavitation with bubble/bubble interaction models
Authors: Adama Maiga M. , Coutier-Delgosha O. , Buisine D.
Published: July 2019

A new cavitation model based on bubble/bubble interactions has been recently proposed by the authors Adama Maiga, Coutier-Delgosha, and Buisine [“A new Cavitation model based on bubble-bubble interactions,” Phys. Fluids 30, 123301 (2018)]. It includes all nonlinear interaction terms between two bubbles, and the only input is the local velocity divergence, while the classical Rayleigh-Plesset or Gilmore models only take into account the linear interaction terms and require the local pressure evolution. In this previous publication, the model has been validated against cases of single bubbles growths and collapses. In the present paper, the same model is applied to configurations of high-speed cavitating flow on a Venturi profile and a two-dimensional foil section, where experiments based on X-ray imaging have been recently conducted. Based on the flow velocity fields available in the two cases, the local velocity divergence is calculated, and a one-dimensional mean divergence evolution from the leading edge to the wake of the cavity is extracted and used as an input for the model validation. The evolutions of the biggest bubble and the volume of vapor are both found in good agreement with the experiments. A typical velocity divergence evolution is then defined, and our model is compared to the modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation that includes the interactions between multiple bubbles. It confirms that the radius evolution of the biggest bubble is systematically better estimated by the new model due to its capability to continuously take into account the interactions of big bubbles with smaller bubbles. Eventually, the model is used to investigate the scale effect, by applying 6 different time scales of cavitation development covering more than 5 orders of magnitude. It is shown that the bubble size does not vary proportionally to the scale, but according to a law that is empirically determined.
Stability and bifurcation analysis of stagnation/equilibrium points for peristaltic transport in a curved channel
Authors: Ullah Kaleem , Ali Nasir
Published: July 2019

The stability of equilibrium points and their bifurcations for a peristaltic transport of an incompressible viscous fluid through a curved channel have been studied when the channel width is assumed to be very small as compared to the wavelength of peristaltic wave and inertial effects are negligible. An analytic solution for the stream function has been obtained in a moving coordinate system which is translating with the wave velocity. Equilibrium points in the flow field are located and categorized by developing a system of nonlinear autonomous differential equations, and the dynamical system methods are used to investigate the local bifurcations and corresponding topological changes. Different flow situations, encountered in the flow field, are classified as backward flow, trapping, and augmented flow. The transition of backward flow into a trapping phenomenon corresponds to the first bifurcation, where a nonsimple degenerate point bifurcates under the wave crest and forms a saddle-center pair with the homoclinic orbit. The second bifurcation appears when the saddle point further bifurcates to produce the heteroclinic connection between the saddle nodes that enclose the recirculating eddies. The third bifurcation point manifests in the flow field due to the transition of trapping into augmented flow, in which a degenerate saddle bifurcates into saddle nodes under the wave trough. The existence of second critical condition is exclusive for peristaltic flow in a curved channel. This bifurcation tends to coincide with the first one with a gradual reduction in the channel curvature. Global bifurcation diagrams are utilized to summarize these bifurcations.
Driving mechanisms of ratchet flow in thin liquid films under tangential two-frequency forcing
Authors: Sterman-Cohen Elad , Bestehorn Michael , Oron Alexander
Published: July 2019

In a recent paper, we demonstrated the emergence of ratchet flows in thin liquid films subjected to tangential two-frequency vibrations [E. Sterman-Cohen, M. Bestehorn, and A. Oron, “Ratchet flow of thin liquid films induced by a two-frequency tangential forcing,” Phys. Fluids 30, 022101 (2018)], and asymmetric forcing was found to be a sole driving mechanism for these ratchet flows. In this paper, we consider other two-frequency excitations and reveal an additional driving mechanism of an emerging ratchet flow when the acceleration imparted by forcing is symmetric with respect to a certain moment of time within the forcing period (this type of forcing referred to as “symmetric forcing”). This driving mechanism exhibits an intricate interaction between forcing, capillarity, and gravity. We find that in contradistinction with the case of asymmetric forcing where the flow intensity reaches a constant value in the large-time limit, in the case of symmetric forcing the flow intensity exhibits oscillatory variation in time. We also discuss the flow intensity variation of the emerging ratchet flows with the fundamental wavenumber of the disturbance.
Numerical investigation on behaviors of interlaced jets and their interaction with bath in BOF steelmaking
Authors: Liu Guangqiang , Liu Kun , Han Peng , Chen Yaoshuang
Published: July 2019

The jet behavior of interlaced multiple nozzles and the impingement of multiple jets onto the surface of the molten metal bath in a steelmaking converter are numerically studied. The interlaced jet hydrodynamic behaviors such as jet profile, coalescence characteristics, and dynamic parameter distributions penetration depth and impact area, as well as time-dependent evolution of liquid bath are discussed. The results are compared with traditional nozzles. It is found that the single nozzle characteristics of staggered jet are similar to those of traditional jet. However, two sets of staggered nozzles with different flow rate and inclination angle having a less disturbance flows, cause weaker coalescence of the jets and larger area surrounded by isovelocity in the molten pool. In the initial stage of the interaction between the interlaced nozzles and the molten pool, the “low stirring zone” is more likely to concentrate in the outer side near the furnace wall than in the center of the molten pool. Two cavities, one deep and one shallow, are formed on the bath surface. The average depth of the two cavities is similar to traditional nozzles, and the diameter of the cavity is increased by about 11% compared to traditional nozzles.
The spatial filtering method of particle velocity measurement based on linear electrostatic sensor matrix
Authors: Gao Heming , Fan Bingyan , Chang Qi
Published: July 2019

An electrostatic sensor is a powerful tool for measuring flow parameters of gas-solid flow. In this study, a linear electrostatic sensor matrix (LESM) is designed to measure local particle average velocity within pipeline. The 3D simulation model of the LESM is built, and its spatial filtering effect is analyzed by the finite element method. The quantitative relational expression between peak frequency of the LESM and particle velocity is obtained. Then, the LESM-based particle velocimeter is further developed and its performance is verified on a gravity transport test rig. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the measurement method is capable of eliminating the effect of particle size and particle spatial position on velocity measurement and measuring velocity with a relative error not greater than 7.5%, while the standard deviation of the consecutive velocity measurement is within ±9.96% over the velocity range of 2.34–4.75 m/s.
Numerical studies of the flow structure and aerodynamic forces on two tandem square cylinders with different chamfered-corner ratios
Authors: Shang Jingmiao , Zhou Qiang , Alam Md. Mahbub , Liao Haili , Cao Shuyang
Published: July 2019

Three-dimensional large eddy simulations were carried out to investigate the flow over two tandem square cylinders for a fixed spacing ratio of L/D = 4 and a Reynolds number of 5.3 × 103, where L is the cylinder center-to-center distance between the cylinders and D is the cylinder width. The corners of each cylinder were chamfered with a ratio of ξ = B/D = 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, where B is the chamfered corner dimension. The focus is given on how ξ influences the flow structure, wake recirculation bubble, flow separation bubble, Strouhal number (St), aerodynamic force, and phase lag (ϕ) between vortex sheddings from the cylinders. With increasing ξ, the recirculation bubble length and minimum velocity in the wake of the upstream cylinder remain more or less constant and are close to those of a single cylinder, while the minimum velocity in the wake of the downstream cylinder dramatically drops between ξ = 0% and 5%. While the flow over the downstream remains attached on the side surfaces, that over the upstream cylinder forms primary and secondary side-surface bubbles on the side surface, and both shrink with increasing ξ. In addition, the leading chamfered corners are accompanied by corner bubbles that play an important role in the flow structure modification. Therefore, the time-mean drag and fluctuating lift of the upstream cylinder remarkably decrease for 0% ≤ ξ ≤ 5% and remain almost unchanged for 5% < ξ ≤ 15%, whereas those on the downstream cylinder diminish in the whole range of 0% ≤ ξ ≤ 15%. The Strouhal number (St) being identical for the two cylinders grows from 0.104 to 0.132 when ξ is increased from 0% to 15%. Overall, the influence of ξ on the wake structure and aerodynamics is remarkable for 0% ≤ ξ ≤ 5% because of the corner bubbles and is less for 5% < ξ ≤ 15%.
A lattice Boltzmann method for simulating viscoelastic drops
Authors: Wang Di , Tan Danielle , Phan-Thien Nhan
Published: July 2019

We report some numerical simulations of multiphase viscoelastic fluids based on an algorithm that employs a diffusive-interface lattice Boltzmann method together with a lattice advection-diffusion scheme, the former used to model the macroscopic hydrodynamic equations for multiphase fluids and the latter to describe the polymer dynamics modeled by the Oldroyd-B constitutive model. The multiphase model is validated by a simulation of Newtonian drop deformation under steady shear. The viscoelastic model is validated by simulating a simple shear flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid. The coupled algorithm is used to simulate the viscoelastic drop deformation in shear flow. The numerical results are compared with the results from conventional methods, showing a good agreement. We study the viscosity (density) ratio effect on the bubble rising in viscoelastic liquids and demonstrate a nonmonotonic relation between the length of the bubble tail and the polymer relaxation time.
Self-assembly and properties of domain walls in BiFeO3 layers grown via molecular-beam epitaxy
Authors: Mei Antonio B. , Tang Yongjian , Schubert Jürgen , Jena Debdeep , Xing Huili (Grace) , Ralph Daniel C. , Schlom Darrell G.
Published: July 2019

Bismuth ferrite layers, ∼200-nm-thick, are deposited on SrRuO3-coated DyScO3(110)o substrates in a step-flow growth regime via adsorption-controlled molecular-beam epitaxy. Structural characterization shows the films to be phase pure with substrate-limited mosaicity (0.012° x-ray diffraction ω-rocking curve widths). The film surfaces are atomically smooth (0.2 nm root-mean-square height fluctuations) and consist of 260-nm-wide [11¯1]o-oriented terraces and unit-cell-tall (0.4 nm) step edges. The combination of electrostatic and symmetry boundary conditions promotes two monoclinically distorted BiFeO3 ferroelectric variants, which self-assemble into a pattern with unprecedentedly coherent periodicity, consisting of 145 ± 2-nm-wide stripe domains separated by [001]o-oriented 71° domain walls. The walls exhibit electrical rectification and enhanced conductivity.
Quantifying the transmission dynamics of MRSA in the community and healthcare settings in a low-prevalence country
Authors: Di Ruscio Francesco , Guzzetta Giorgio , Bjørnholt Jørgen Vildershøj , Leegaard Truls Michael , Moen Aina Elisabeth Fossum , Merler Stefano , Freiesleben de Blasio Birgitte
Published: July 2019

Significance

Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), traditionally associated with hospitals, is increasingly circulating in the community. This imposes, in turn, a potential burden on hospital infection control due to a more frequent hospitalization of colonized patients. We developed an individual-based model, reproducing community and healthcare settings, to understand the epidemiological drivers of MRSA and the connections between the society and the healthcare institutions. We show that in Norway, a low-prevalence country, the rise of infections is driven by an increasing inflow of cases from abroad rather than by an ongoing epidemic. We demonstrate the major role played by households in transmitting MRSA and show that the burden on hospitals from the growing community circulation is still limited thanks to aggressive infection-control protocols.
Pandemic fluoroquinolone resistant
Escherichia coli
clone ST1193 emerged via simultaneous homologous recombinations in 11 gene loci
Authors: Tchesnokova Veronika , Radey Matthew , Chattopadhyay Sujay , Larson Lydia , Weaver Jamie Lee , Kisiela Dagmara , Sokurenko Evgeni V.
Published: July 2019

Significance

Global growth in antibiotic resistance is a major social and health problem. The most common mechanism of high resistance to fluoroquinolones is the sequential acquisition of 3 mutations in 2 DNA topoisomerases, GyrA and ParC. We show that
Escherichia coli
ST1193 acquired the mutant variants of
gyrA
and
parC
not by a conventional stepwise evolution but rather all at once. This was likely a result of a single transfer of about 1 Mb of chromosomal DNA from a phylogenetically distant donor
E. coli
strain, followed by 11 homologous recombination events involving the transferred DNA. Thus we describe a highly effective mechanism of acquisition of antimicrobial resistance by pathogenic bacteria, which led to the emergence of pandemic
E. coli
clone ST1193.
Strong quantum fluctuations in a quantum spin liquid candidate with a Co-based triangular lattice
Authors: Zhong Ruidan , Guo Shu , Xu Guangyong , Xu Zhijun , Cava Robert J.
Published: July 2019

Currently under active study in condensed matter physics, both theoretically and experimentally, are quantum spin liquid (QSL) states, in which no long-range magnetic ordering appears at low temperatures due to strong quantum fluctuations of the magnetic moments. The existing QSL candidates all have their intrinsic disadvantages, however, and solid evidence for quantum fluctuations is scarce. Here, we report a previously unreported compound,

N
a

2

B
a
C
o

(

P
O

4

)

2

, a geometrically frustrated system with effective spin-1/2 local moments for Co
2+
ions on an isotropic 2-dimensional (2D) triangular lattice. Magnetic susceptibility and neutron scattering experiments show no magnetic ordering down to 0.05 K. Thermodynamic measurements show that there is a tremendous amount of magnetic entropy present below 1 K in 0-applied magnetic field. The presence of localized low-energy spin fluctuations is revealed by inelastic neutron measurements. At low applied fields, these spin excitations are confined to low energy and contribute to the anomalously large specific heat. In larger applied fields, the system reverts to normal behavior as evident by both neutron and thermodynamic results. Our experimental characterization thus reveals that this material is an excellent candidate for the experimental realization of a QSL state.
A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic
Authors: Parkinson Claire L.
Published: July 2019

Significance

A newly completed 40-y record of satellite observations is used to quantify changes in Antarctic sea ice coverage since the late 1970s. Sea ice spreads over vast areas and has major impacts on the rest of the climate system, reflecting solar radiation and restricting ocean/atmosphere exchanges. The satellite record reveals that a gradual, decades-long overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with subsequent rates of decrease in 2014–2017 far exceeding the more widely publicized decay rates experienced in the Arctic. The rapid decreases reduced the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record, both on a yearly average basis (record low in 2017) and on a monthly basis (record low in February 2017).
Selective targeting of PARP-2 inhibits androgen receptor signaling and prostate cancer growth through disruption of FOXA1 function
Authors: Gui Bin , Gui Fu , Takai Tomoaki , Feng Chao , Bai Xiao , Fazli Ladan , Dong Xuesen , Liu Shuai , Zhang Xiaofeng , Zhang Wei , Kibel Adam S. , Jia Li
Published: July 2019

Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor and a key driver of prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression. Understanding the factors influencing AR-mediated gene expression provides new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) is a family of enzymes, which posttranslationally modify a range of proteins and regulate many different cellular processes. PARP-1 and PARP-2 are two well-characterized PARP members, whose catalytic activity is induced by DNA-strand breaks and responsible for multiple DNA damage repair pathways. PARP inhibitors are promising therapeutic agents that show synthetic lethality against many types of cancer (including PCa) with homologous recombination (HR) DNA-repair deficiency. Here, we show that, beyond DNA damage repair function, PARP-2, but not PARP-1, is a critical component in AR transcriptional machinery through interacting with the pioneer factor FOXA1 and facilitating AR recruitment to genome-wide prostate-specific enhancer regions. Analyses of PARP-2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels show significantly higher expression of PARP-2 in primary PCa tumors than in benign prostate tissues, and even more so in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tumors. Selective targeting of PARP-2 by genetic or pharmacological means blocks interaction between PARP-2 and FOXA1, which in turn attenuates AR-mediated gene expression and inhibits AR-positive PCa growth. Next-generation antiandrogens act through inhibiting androgen synthesis (abiraterone) or blocking ligand binding (enzalutamide). Selective targeting of PARP-2, however, may provide an alternative therapeutic approach for AR inhibition by disruption of FOXA1 function, which may be beneficial to patients, irrespective of their DNA-repair deficiency status.
The phonological word in the Ningbo dialect
Authors: Lyu Xiang
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the domain of the prosodic word in the Ningbo dialect. The goal of this paper is to provide a critical review of the studies on the prosodic word (PW) in various languages of the world, and to investigate the phonological phenomena within the domain formed by morpho-syntactic words in the Ningbo dialect as well as discussing the role that the prosodic word plays in the phonological rule application in the Ningbo dialect.

This paper provides a complete survey on various types of morpho-syntactic formation in the Ningbo dialect as well as examining the application of phonological phenomena with reference to the different types of morpho-syntactic words. It will show that the lexical tone sandhi rule (LTS) applies within the domain formed by the major types of morpho-syntactic words in Ningbo dialect. However, pure phonological information may also affect the application of LTS.
Do speech registers differ in the predictability of words?
Authors: Bentum Martijn , ten Bosch Louis , van den Bosch Antal , Ernestus Mirjam
Published: July 2019

Previous research has demonstrated that language use can vary depending on the context of situation. The present paper extends this finding by comparing word predictability differences between 14 speech registers ranging from highly informal conversations to read-aloud books. We trained 14 statistical language models to compute register-specific word predictability and trained a register classifier on the perplexity score vector of the language models. The classifier distinguishes perfectly between samples from all speech registers and this result generalizes to unseen materials. We show that differences in vocabulary and sentence length cannot explain the speech register classifier’s performance. The combined results show that speech registers differ in word predictability.
Stability of hidden stories
Authors: Kuncewicz Dariusz , Kuncewicz Dorota , Kruszewski Wojciech
Published: July 2019

We refer to the concept of the hidden story as a story about one’s own life, internalized in the mind and knowable “indirectly”, through a monologue and inference, using linguistic and literary theory tools. The aim of the study was to determine whether the hidden story thus reconstructed would be stable in time. A twenty-one-year-old woman was asked to deliver a ten-minute monologue on her upbringing. After two years the test was repeated. Both monologues were transcribed, analyzed and interpreted to isolate a hidden story from each of them. We reconstructed the earlier and later stories. Two threads: “rebellion” and “heritage” appeared in both stories, but they combined to form a more coherent narrative only in the later one. The “closeness with parents” thread, present in the earlier story, was replaced with the “marital love” thread. The character and pattern of the changes illustrate changes that result from developmental factors.
Narrative assessments with first grade Spanish-English emergent bilinguals
Authors: Lucero Audrey , Uchikoshi Yuuko
Published: July 2019

This study used qualitative analyses to investigate similarities and differences in narrative production across two task conditions for four first grade Spanish-English emergent bilingual children. Task conditions were spontaneous story generation and retelling using the same story. Spanish stories from two children were compared on the basis of similarity in vocabulary, while English stories from two children were compared on the basis of similarity in overall discourse skills. Results show that when the total number of words used was similar across Spanish narratives, the retell included more different words and higher quality story structure than the spontaneous story. When overall discourse scores in the English examples were similar, the spontaneous story required more words than the retell, but also included more central events and greater detail. Yet, the retell included more advanced narrative components. This study contributes to our understanding of narrative skills in young Spanish-English bilinguals across task conditions.
Digital storytelling
Authors: Barrett Ashley K.
Published: July 2019

This paper extends Pentland and Feldman’s (2007) narrative network
method and uses it to more clearly understand how new technology affordances and digital spaces impact storytelling and enactment
during and immediately after a crisis. To do this, I (a) examine the meaningful roles human motivation and feelings play in online
storytelling and enactment, and (b) analyze how context impacts storytelling and enactment, and therefore the construction of
narrative networks. Specifically, I analyze a series of Facebook messages exchanged during a recent, very publicized campus crisis
to reveal the nonlinear digital stories that are co-constructed online to keep others informed. I demonstrate how crisis-affected
populations capitalize on the affordances offered by social media to enact stories, correct stories, and ultimately to aid in
sensemaking and sense-giving after a crisis event. Implications of new technology affordances for creating and updating narratives
throughout times of high uncertainty are provided.
With and without Zanzibar
Authors: Piazza Roberta
Published: July 2019

This paper explores discursive narratives as inextricably linked to the construction of identity, place and history by a number of interviewed individuals. From an interactional sociolinguistics (cf.De Fina & Georgakopoulou, 2012) perspective, the study explores the context of the East African diaspora (Georgiou, 2006;Manger & Assal, 2006among many others) as the interviewed participants are all Zanzibar-born individuals for whom the relationship with the island and its history is crucial to their construction of selfhood. The study analyses the narrative voices (De Fina & Georgakopolou, 2008) of those individuals who decided to leave Zanzibar at the time of the 1964 violent political upheaval never to return and those who, on the contrary, decided to go back after a lengthy period abroad. However, more than establishing a division between these two groups, the paper highlights how these individuals take a different positioning (Bamberg, 1997) towards Zanzibar and its history and construct a range of identities in the context of the interview.
Peculiarities of transforming diasporas: the case of the Armenian Diaspora
Authors: Torosyan Tigran , Vardanyan Arax
Published: July 2019

The article proposes the methodology of studying the changes in diasporas evolved from the former post-Soviet space after the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the results of the research based on this methodology. The article draws upon the case of the Armenian Diaspora, which is considered as classical or historical diaspora. It is argued that during the evolution of diasporas, the changes in the prerequisite for their replenishment affect their nature and characteristics. Even significant differences may arise between the communities forming the same diaspora. Thus, there is a need to make a comparative analysis of the communities forming the same diaspora. The article presents a four-stage model of periodization of the Armenian Diaspora. It proposes to supplement the classification of diasporas suggested by Cohen with the transforming type of diaspora. This will allow for more accurate description of the developments taking place in diasporas for almost three decades, resulting from the post-Soviet transformation, as well as the collapse of the old world order and formation of a new one.
Sustaining Ghana’s cocoa sector through environmentally smart agricultural practices: an assessment of the environmental impacts of cocoa production in Ghana
Authors: Takyi Stephen Appiah , Amponsah Owusu , Inkoom Daniel K. B. , Azunre Gideon Abagna
Published: July 2019

The sustainability of the cocoa industry in the developing world depends heavily on the preservation of the natural environment. There is, therefore, an urgent need for more research, policies and strategies that will help address and minimize the environmental impacts of cocoa production. This study was conducted using both secondary and primary data sources. The secondary data were collected from documentary sources such as reports from the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and the Cocoa Pests and Diseases Control Programme (CODAPEC). On the other hand, the primary data involved an interview of 15 field officers of the Ghana Cocoa Board. These field officers were purposively selected to help ascertain some of the effects of cocoa production on the environment. The study showed that the environmental impact of cocoa production manifest in the clearance of virgin forests for the expansion of cocoa farms (clearance of 117,240 hectares of forest resources between 2010 and 2015), the clearance of forest for the construction of feeder roads (3000 kilometres of new feeder roads constructed to link cocoa farms to the various marketing outlets) and pollution from the use of pesticides and insecticides. In order to address this problem, there is the need for effective and efficient environmental impact assessment system for large scale agricultural production and the construction of feeder roads to farms. Adequate measures should be put in place by the relevant regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency to ensure that the mitigation measures proposed in the environmental assessment process are implemented to minimize the environmental footprint of cocoa production.
Phage therapy administered noninvasively could be effective in thin tubes subject to episodic flow despite washout: a simulation study
Authors: Blanco Celia , Chen Irene A
Published: July 2019

Bacteriophages (phages) have been proposed as candidates for the treatment of bacterial infections in light of emerging antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Bacterial growth within thin tubes is a particular concern, such as in urinary tract infections and colonization of catheters. However, it is not clear whether phage administration to the urinary tract or in catheters could be effective in the context of flow to the outside (i.e. voiding or saline flush). Here, we adapt a previous model of phage infection to a thin tube geometry mimicking the spatial organization of the urinary tract, including bacterial motility and episodic flow during which phages are washed out of the system. We show that density-dependent dynamics permit propagation of the phage infection and that washout has little effect on the timing of bacterial clearance. In addition, instillation of phage at the bottom ~0.1 mm of the tract is effective in our computational model, suggesting that therapeutic phage introduced non-invasively could be efficacious in such situations.
Mechanical properties of a G/h-BN heterobilayer nanosheets coupled by interlayer sp3 bonds and defects
Authors: Fan Lei , Yao Wenjuan
Published: July 2019

The mechanical properties of graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (G/h-BN) heterobilayer nanosheets coupled by interlayer sp3 bonds and defects have been investigated by using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. For this purpose, interlayer sp3 bonds and two kinds of geometric imperfection (including rhombus and square nanopore) are formed in the G/h-BN heterobilayer nanosheets. The effects of adding the nanopore diameter, interlayer sp3 bonds fraction, and the influence of different position of geometric imperfection in heterobilayer nanostructure on mechanical properties have been investigated. The result shows that when sp3 bonds and nanopore coexist, the mechanical properties of defective graphene layer are higher than that of defective hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) layer. Meanwhile, the negative effect of rhomboid nanohole on mechanical properties of heterostructure is weaker than that of square nanohole. It is observed that that interlayer sp3 bonds have greatest influence on the fracture strain of G/h-BN heterobilayer nanostructure, followed by fracture stress, and finally Young’s modulus. Another important point is that interlayer sp3 bonds can be regarded as a special defect, and its value seems to outweigh the intrinsic defects.
Development of a community–academic collaborative pharmacy residency program
Authors: Mnatzaganian Christina L , Morello Candis M , Sarino Lord , Kuo Grace M
Published: July 2019

Purpose

To describe the development of a collaborative community–academic postgraduate year 1 pharmacy residency program in San Diego that provides a hybrid experience of opportunities in community practice, ambulatory care, and teaching.

Residency training programs are being developed to better match the evolving role of the community pharmacist. In 2016, the University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences partnered with Ralphs Pharmacy, a division of the Kroger Co., to launch a 1-year community residency to develop community-based pharmacists with diverse patient care, leadership, and education skills. Learning experiences include pharmacy operations, clinical services focusing on chronic disease management and education, teaching, and practice-based research. Training settings include community pharmacy, corporate pharmacy, ambulatory care, and academia. Graduates are prepared to work in these settings as well as capitalize on advanced training opportunities, including postgraduate year 2 residencies and professional certifications. The program has been successfully accredited, and graduates have completed the program: one completed a postgraduate year 2 residency, and both have obtained a management or clinical pharmacist position.

Conclusion

An innovative community—academic residency program preparing postgraduate year 1 learners for careers in community-based pharmacy, corporate, ambulatory care, and academic settings was developed, with positive preliminary outcomes.
Cisatracurium dosing in a patient with hyperthermia
Authors: Lim Jin , Cox Jenna , Nguyen Thai , Arya Rohan
Published: July 2019

Purpose

A case report involving varying cisatracurium dosing requirements in a hyperthermic patient undergoing prone ventilation who subsequently received active cooling as part of targeted temperature management is presented.

Cisatracurium is known to be primarily metabolized via pH- and temperature-dependent Hofmann elimination. Previous reports in the literature described cases of decreased dosing requirements for both cisatracurium and its parent compound, atracurium, for patients in hypothermic states. While augmented atracurium dosing requirements in hyperthermic states have been reported, a literature search found no such reports concerning cisatracurium administration. In the case described here, a patient was initiated on cisatracurium for treatment of symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock. An initial dosing requirement of 12 µg/kg/min (adjusted to a goal of 2–4 twitches per train-of-four monitoring) was needed to achieve adequate paralysis while the patient remained hyperthermic (a bladder temperature of 40.1°C). This cisatracurium infusion rate exceeded maximum reported and maximum institutional infusion rates (10 µg/kg/min). After initiation of cooling and lowering of the bladder temperature to 37.8°C, the cisatracurium rate requirement decreased to 5 µg/kg/min.

Conclusion

A hyperthermic patient thought to have ARDS and septic shock required a high rate of cisatracurium infusion for adequate paralysis during mechanical ventilation. The cisatracurium did not appear to cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade.
ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: Monitoring and patient education—2018
Authors: Pedersen Craig A , Schneider Philip J , Ganio Michael C , Scheckelhoff Douglas J
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The results of the 2018 ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings are presented.

Methods

Pharmacy directors at 4,897 general and children’s medical–surgical hospitals in the United States were surveyed using a mixed-mode method of contact by mail and email. Survey completion was online using Qualtrics. IMS Health supplied data on hospital characteristics; the survey sample was drawn from IMS’s hospital database.

Results

The response rate was 16.6%. The percentage of hospitals that routinely have pharmacists assigned to provide drug therapy management has increased. Transitions-of-care processes have generally increased over the last 6 years. The percentage of hospitals with pharmacists in a wide variety of clinic types and clinical practice areas has increased over the last 2 years. Opioid stewardship programs are emerging in many U.S. hospitals, with pharmacists participating or taking the lead in program implementation. Outsourcing of compounded sterile product preparation is common. The proportion of hospitals not using any technology when compounding sterile preparations has declined. Pharmacy departments commonly track and monitor trends for administrative, operational, quality, and outcome metrics.

Conclusion

Pharmacists continue to improve drug therapy monitoring for patients in U.S. hospitals. They are also responding to public health issues related to medication use. These advancements include taking an active role in opioid stewardship programs, safe compounding of sterile medications for patients, and reducing the need for hospital-based care.
Genetic divergence outpaces phenotypic evolution among threespine stickleback populations in old freshwater habitats
Authors: Currey Mark C , Bassham Susan L , Cresko William A
Published: July 2019

Species such as threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that inhabit divergent selective environments and that have diversified on different time scales can be of value for understanding evolutionary processes. Here we synthesize high-resolution genotypic and phenotypic data to explore a largely unstudied distribution of threespine stickleback populations living in oceanic and freshwater habitats along coastal and inland regions of Oregon. Many inland aquatic habitats of Oregon remained unglaciated during the last ice age, meaning that some extant Oregon lake and river stickleback may have descended from freshwater populations established long before more well-studied, post-glacial freshwater populations. To address the degree of congruence between genetic and phenotypic divergence, we directly compared Oregon stickleback to much younger (post-glacial) Alaskan populations. We found phenotypic variation in Oregon stickleback to be primarily partitioned between oceanic and freshwater habitats, as has been documented in other stickleback systems. However, the main axis of genetic divergence was between coastal and inland regions regardless of habitat type. Furthermore, when comparing patterns between Oregon and Alaska we found similar levels of phenotypic divergence, but much greater genetic divergence among Oregon’s populations. The Oregon stickleback system therefore appears well suited for future studies linking genotypic and phenotypic change, further extending the utility of this small fish to provide general insights into evolutionary processes.