bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Defense of Metrics: Metrics Sufficiently Encode Typical Human Preferences Regarding Hydrological Model Performance
Authors: Gauch Martin , Kratzert Frederik , Gilon Oren , Gupta Hoshin , Mai Juliane , Nearing Grey , Tolson Bryan , Hochreiter Sepp , Klotz Daniel
Published: October 2022

Building accurate rainfall-runoff models is an integral part of hydrological science and practice. The variety of modeling goals and applications have led to a large suite of evaluation metrics for these models. Yet, hydrologists still put considerable trust into visual judgment, although it is unclear whether such judgment agrees or disagrees with existing quantitative metrics. In this study, we tasked 622 experts to compare and judge more than 14,000 pairs of hydrographs from 13 different models. Our results show that expert opinion broadly agrees with quantitative metrics and results in a clear preference for a Machine Learning model over traditional hydrological models. The expert opinions are, however, subject to significant amounts of inconsistency. Nevertheless, where experts agree, we can predict their opinion purely from quantitative metrics, which indicates that the metrics sufficiently encode human preferences in a small set of numbers. While there remains room for improvement of quantitative metrics, we suggest that the hydrologic community should reinforce their benchmarking efforts and put more trust in these metrics.
Identifying the bridge between depression and mania: A machine-learning and network approach to bipolar disorder
Authors: Zavlis Orestis , Matheou Andreas , Bentall Richard
Published: October 2022

Objectives: Although the cyclic nature of bipolarity is almost by definition a network system, no research to date has attempted to specifically scrutinize the relation of the two bipolar poles, using network psychometrics. We used state-of-the-art network and machine-learning methods to identify symptoms, as well as relations thereof, that bridge depression and mania. Methods: Observational study that made use of mental health data (in particular, 12 symptoms for depression and 12 for mania; all binary) from a large, representative Canadian sample (i.e., Canadian Community Health Survey of 2002). Complete data (N=36,557; 54.6% female) were analysed using network psychometrics, in conjunction with a random forest algorithm, so as to examine the bidirectional interplay of depressive and manic symptoms. Results: Centrality analyses pointed to symptoms relating to emotionality and hyperactivity as being the most central aspects to depression and mania, respectively. The two syndromes were spatially segregated in the bipolar model and four symptoms appeared crucial in bridging them: sleep disturbance (insomnia and hypersomnia), anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and impulsivity. Our machine-learning algorithm validated the clinical utility of central and bridge symptoms (in the prediction of lifetime episodes of mania and depression), and further suggested that the centrality metrics map almost perfectly onto a data-driven measure of diagnostic utility. Conclusions: Our results replicate key findings from previous clinical network investigations on bipolar disorder; but also extend them by highlighting symptoms that bridge the two bipolar poles, as well as demonstrating their clinical utility. If replicated, these endophenotypes could prove fruitful targets for prevention/intervention strategies on bipolar disorder.
Preliminary Psychometric Scale Development Using the Mixed Methods Delphi Technique
Authors: Dragostinov Yavor , Harðardóttir Daney , McKenna Peter , Robb David , Nesset Birthe , Ahmad Muneeb , Romeo Marta , Demiris Yiannis , Rajendran Gnanathusharan
Published: October 2022

This study implemented a Delphi Method, a systematic technique which relies on a panel of experts to achieve consensus, to evaluate which questionnaire items would be the most relevant for developing a new Propensity to Trust scale. Two surveys were administered to academic lecturers, professors and Ph.D. candidates specialising in the fields of either individual differences, human robot interaction, or occupational psychology. Results from 28 experts produced 33 final questionnaire items that were deemed relevant for evaluating trust. We discuss the importance of content validity when implementing scales, while we also emphasise the need for more documented scale development processes in psychology. Furthermore, we propose that the Delphi approach could be utilised as an effective and economical method for achieving content validity while also providing more transparency of a scale’s creation.
Unveiling Double Consciousness and Unsettling Hegemonic Economies in the Iraqi Free Verse Poetry of Badr Shaker al-Sayyāb’s The Blind Prostitute
Authors: Baaqeel Ghosun Ahmad
Published: October 2022

This paper seeks to explore DuBois’ concept of double consciousness as it applies to colonized Iraq, using Badr Shaker al-Sayyab’s poem, The Blind Prostitute, as an example. When viewed as an allegory of Iraq after the colonization of Great Britain, the poem gives the reader a significant sense of how to double consciousness affects the Iraqi mindset and economy. In The Blind Prostitute, the main character is exploited like the colonial oppressors who exploited Iraq and its resources. The prostitute’s name is Salima, but when she becomes blind, her name changes to Sabah, which reflects the double consciousness of the main character as well as the nation of Iraq, whose people see themselves through their own eyes but also the lenses of their oppressors. This paper brings awareness to the plight of Iraq and its capitalistic exploitation by exploring the concept of double consciousness by analyzing The Blind Prostitute.
Derivation between English and Arabic with Reference to Translation: A Contrastive Analysis Study
Authors: Alolaywi Yasamiyan
Published: October 2022

The current study aimed to explore derivation as a linguistic phenomenon between the English and Arabic languages and to identify its most prominent characteristics and divisions. It also sought to deduce the main similarities and differences between the two languages in this regard from both typological and contrastive perspectives. To achieve the main aim, this study adopted a descriptive analytical approach. In fact, the analysis of morphological phenomenon across disparate languages is of linguistic value, as it enriches the linguistic repertoire with some insights from comparative studies, which are considered scarce in this field. Findings of this study shows that the common features between the Arabic and English languages is that they derive new forms of words from a single root word with an association in meaning between the produced words. However, the derivation process in Arabic is more complex and diverse compared with English, in which derivation can mainly be archived through affixation. Additionally, this study revealed that the distinction between the two languages may result in some translation problems, as some derived words in Arabic have no equivalent in the English language. Accordingly, some solutions to this dilemma were suggested throughout this research, including the application of established translation techniques proposed by Newamark (1988) and other translation scholars, such as paraphrasing, transference, notes, and synonymy. Finally, it is worth noting that exploring the similarities and differences between languages has important pedagogical implications, as this might contribute to facilitating the learning and teaching process of a foreign language.
Failure of Multi-Layer Suspension Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings in the Presence of Na2SO4 and NaCl at 900° C
Authors: Jonnalagadda Krishna Praveen , Kramer Stephanie , Zhang Pimin , Peng Ru Lin , Mahade Satyapal , Curry Nicholas , Li Xin-Hai
Published: October 2022

The current investigation focuses on understanding the influence of a columnar microstructure and a sealing layer on the corrosion behavior of suspension plasma sprayed (SPS) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Two different TBC systems were studied in this work. First is a double layer made of a composite of gadolinium zirconate + yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) deposited on top of YSZ. Second is a triple layer made of dense gadolinium zirconate deposited on top of gadolinium zirconate + YSZ over YSZ. Cyclic corrosion tests were conducted between 25 °C and 900 °C with an exposure time of 8h at 900 °C. 75 wt. % Na2SO4 + 25 wt.% NaCl were used as the corrosive salts at a concentration of 6 mg/cm2. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the samples’ cross-sections showed that severe bond coat degradation had taken place for both TBC systems and the extent of bond coat degradation was relatively higher in the triple layer system. It is believed that the sealing layer in the triple layer system reduced the number of infiltration channels for the molten salts which resulted in overflowing of the salts to the coating edges and caused damage to develop relatively more from the edge.
Segmented Thermal Barrier Coatings for ID and OD Components Using the SinplexPro Plasma Torch
Authors: Chen Dianying , Rocchio-Heller Riston , Dambra Christopher , Metco Oerlikon
Published: October 2022

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with high thermal strain tolerance and erosion resistance are commonly applied onto the inner and outer diameters of hot sections of gas turbine engine components. In this work, strain tolerant, segmented TBCs with a variety of crack densities and porosities were developed using the SinplexPro cascaded torch. Design of experiments were carried out to study the effect of process variables such as plasma power, powder feeding rate, spraying distance and surface speed on the coating microstructure and properties. Optimized process parameters for the segmented coating microstructures at shorter spray distance (<75mm) and longer spray distance (>114mm) are achieved, which are targeted for spraying inner diameter and outer diameter engine components, respectively. The plasma torch hardware life was evaluated by torch cycle duration runs. Examples of highly strain tolerant TBCs onto the ID and OD engine components were demonstrated, highlighting the wide versatility and process range of the SinplexPro.
Mechanical Properties and CMAS Corrosion Resistance of La2Ce2O7/YSZ Composite Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Kang Y.X. , Bai Y. , Bao C.G. , Fan W. , Zhang L.
Published: October 2022

50 vol. % La2Ce2O7 (LC)/yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) composite thermal barrier coating (TBC) was deposited by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying (SAPS). The mixture of LC and YSZ can effectively eliminate the sudden decrease of thermal expansions coefficients of LC. The results of CMAS corrosion tests indicated that the LC/YSZ composite coating reveals high resistance to the penetration of CMAS with reprecipitation of La-Ce apatite, CaAl2Si2O8, MgAl2O4 and t-ZrO2. Furthermore, compared to YSZ coating, the LC/YSZ composite coating can obviously improve the thermal cycling lives under CMAS corrosion.
Effect of YSZ Thickness on the Thermal Cyclic Fatigue Performance of Gadolinium Zirconate/YSZ Double Layered TBCs
Authors: Mahade Satyapal , Markocsan Nicolaie , Curry Nicholas
Published: October 2022

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) play a vital role in allowing the gas turbine engines to operate at high temperatures. With higher operating temperatures (>1200°C), the standard TBC material, 7-8wt. % Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), is susceptible to CMAS (Calcium Magnesium Alumino Silicates) degradation and undesirable phase transformation. New TBC materials such as gadolinium zirconate (GZ) have shown to be capable of overcoming the challenges faced by YSZ. However, GZ has inferior fracture toughness relative to YSZ. In this work, three double layered TBC variations with different GZ and YSZ thickness respectively (400GZ/100YSZ, 250GZ/250YSZ and 100GZ/400GZ respectively, where the prefix numbers represent thickness in ìm) were produced by suspension plasma spray (SPS) process. In all the three double layered TBC variations, the overall TBC thickness with GZ as the top layer and YSZ as the base layer was kept the same (500 μm). The objective was to investigate the influence of YSZ thickness on the thermal cyclic fatigue performance of GZ/YSZ double layered TBC. The as sprayed TBCs were characterized by SEM, XRD and porosity measurements and later subjected to thermal cyclic fatigue test at 1100°C. It was observed that the GZ/YSZ double layered TBC with lowest YSZ thickness (400GZ/100YSZ) showed higher thermal cyclic lifetime whereas the TBC with thicker YSZ layer (100GZ/400YSZ) showed lowest thermal cyclic fatigue lifetime. The failure analysis of the thermally cycled TBCs revealed similar failure modes, i.e. spallation of the top coat due to horizontal crack propagation within the thermally grown oxide (TGO). Furthermore, the ceramic top coats in all the three TBC variations after failure showed the widening of column gaps.
Mechanisms on Vacuum Heat Treatment Promoting the Adhesion Strength of Thermal Sprayed Metallic Coatings
Authors: Meng Guo-Hui , Zhang Bang-Yan , Liu Hong , Xu Tong , Yang Guan-Jun , Li Cheng-Xin , Li Chang-Jiu
Published: October 2022

In this study, the mechanisms responsible for enhancing the adhesion strength of thermally sprayed metallic coatings subjected to vacuum heat treatment were investigated using atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) CoNiCrAlY coatings as an example. The formation of metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate, which determined the increase in the adhesion strength of the coatings, was studied by analyzing the effect of morphological changes of the oxide film in the coating. The results showed that during the vacuum heat treatment process, the oxide film formed during the coating deposition gradually broke down and subsequently shrank into round oxides. After vacuum heat treatment, the adhesion strength of the coating improved significantly, and there was a positive nonlinear relationship between the treatment time and the adhesion strength. The increase in the adhesion strength was caused by the formation of metallurgical bonding between the coating and the substrate. However, the prerequisite for the formation of metallurgical bonding was that the oxide film had to break during the vacuum heat treatment process. A thermodynamic 2D model based on the thermal grooving theory was proposed to explore the essential conditions for the breaking and shrinking of the oxide film.
Cold Spraying of Mixed Sn-Al Powders onto Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers
Authors: Liberati Andre , Che Hanqing , Yue Stephen , Vo Phuong
Published: October 2022

Pure metal coatings have successfully been cold sprayed on to carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) in previous studies at McGill University. As a means to improve coating conductivity for lightning-strike protection (LSP) purposes, coatings with mixed metal powders were sprayed. There is also the possibility of improving the deposition efficiency (DE) since single component tin coatings previously had a maximum DE of only 20%. The studied coatings were based on a mix of tin and aluminum powders, the latter being a metal commonly used in the aerospace industry for its lightweight properties. The different coatings were characterized and compared to results on pure tin coatings and on mixed Sn-Cu and Sn-Zn coatings. The DE was measured for different conditions and compared to those of previous studies. Mixing tin and aluminum powders is discussed and various mechanisms related to cold spraying mixed powders on CFRPs are explored.
Anisotropic Response of Cold Sprayed Copper Deposits
Authors: Yang Kang , Li Wenya
Published: October 2022

Cold spray (CS) is characterized as a solid-state process of high deposition efficiency for metallic coatings as well as additive manufacturing of metals. However, due to high velocity impact and extensive deformation of particles during CS, the as-received coatings or deposits may present anisotropic characteristics which could influence the performance of deposits. Hence this study aims to investigate the anisotropic behaviors of CS copper deposits in a systematic way. The microstructure and micromechanical properties of the deposits both in the cross-section (v-face) and in the parallel plane to the surface (p-face) were characterized. Tensile tests were performed at various loading angles with respect to the nozzle moving direction in the p-face. It is revealed that there exist strong microstructural and mechanical anisotropies in CS deposits. Different interparticle interaction results in more severe particle impact deformation in v-face than p-face, with larger elastic modulus and microhardness values. The tensile tests show an unexpected anisotropy in both ultimate tensile strength and elongation, with the highest performance occurring at the angle of 20°. The in-plane tensile anisotropy could be attributed to the parallel multiple passes. Therefore, a novel weave-spraying method was proposed, which can greatly reduce the tensile anisotropy of CS deposits.
Investigation of Particle/Substrate Bonding Between Copper Powder and Different Substrates in Cold Spray
Authors: Chen Chaoyue , Xie Yingchun , Xie Xinliang , Deng Sihao , Liao Hanlin , Huang Renzhong , Ren Zhongming
Published: October 2022

In this work, the bonding mechanism between Cu particle and substrates of Mg, Cu and stainless Steel (SS) was investigated by the direct observation of bonding interface on detached particle and substrate crater. In the cases of Cu/Cu and Cu/SS, dimple-like fractures were found on the detached Cu particle and substrate crater for the first time. Accompanying with EDS line scan and mapping results, such dimple fractures can be considered as the signs of strong metallurgical bonding. However, the bonding interface in case of Cu/Mg is smooth without signs of metallurgical bonding. Finite element analysis results revealed a ring of high contact pressure zone on the surface of particle and substrate, which is exactly the place where metallurgical bonding was observed. It can suggest that the high contact pressure zone is the dominant factor for the formation of metallurgical bonding on the oxide-free interface. The evolution of maximum contact pressure in different cases shows that the substrate hardness plays an important role during the single particle bonding. The present study provides a profound insight into the bonding mechanism of a single cold sprayed particle, which can give the guidance to the full deposition of cold sprayed coating.
An Optical Emission Spectroscopy Study of Plasma-Precursor Interactions in Solution Precursor Plasma Spray
Authors: Menneveux Jérôme , Veilleux Jocelyn
Published: October 2022

In this work, optical emission spectroscopy is used to study plasma-liquid precursor interactions in a plasma spray process. A mapping of the plasma jet is performed with a bundle of seven optical fibers while injecting various liquid precursors. Two suspensions containing a titania (TiO2) powder in different solvents and one solution containing titanium butoxide are analyzed. For each precursor, the evolution of both temperature and spectral line intensities along the plasma jet are observed. Comparing these results brings a new understanding of the precursor decomposition inside the plasma, while the noted contrasts between water and ethanol as solvent, and between the use of a powder and that of an alkoxide as a source of titanium, help to assess the effect of these parameters on the plasma spray process.
On the Premise of Polymer Coating Modelling for Cold-Spray Process
Authors: Bernard C.A. , Ogawa K. , Cavaillé J.-Y. , Lame O. , Ravi K. , Deplancke T.
Published: October 2022

Cold-spray process (CS) showed suitable properties to weld together compatible and incompatible materials. Since it has been intensively studied as additive technique using metallic powders on metallic surfaces, and only recently with polymeric powders, we compare, in a very preliminary attempt, simulated data of the impact of an aluminum particle onto aluminum substrate, with the case of an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particle on the same substrate. It is noteworthy that such polymer cannot be processed by classical means (extrusion, injection molding, etc.), and CS appears to be very promising as alternative technique to powder sintering (applicability on large surface area, surface curvature).
Characterization of Powder-Precursor HVOF-Sprayed Al2O3-ZrO2 Coatings
Authors: Kiilakoski Jarkko , Puranen Jouni , Koivuluoto Heli , Vuoristo Petri
Published: October 2022

Enhancing mechanical and chemical properties of ceramic coatings is a perpetual objective in the thermal spray community. Utilizing either novel feedstock or thermal spray process modifications are the most plausible ways to achieve enhancements such as improved corrosion resistance or damage tolerance. Quasi-plasticity and ultrahigh yield strength can be obtained with ceramic coatings by increasing the number of nanoscale features in the as-sprayed coating. Currently, thermal spraying using liquid feedstock can produce coatings with very fine microstructures, either by utilizing submicron particles in the form of a suspension or through in-situ synthesis. The focus of this work was to obtain a bimodal microstructure by using simultaneous powder-precursor HVOF spraying. Nanostructure was achieved from YSZ and ZrO2 solution-precursors and the microstructural features were obtained from using a conventional Al2O3 spray powder. The microstructure of the coatings revealed some clusters of unmelted nano-sized ZrO2 embedded in a generally dense matrix of Al2O3. The phase compositions consisted of γ- and α-Al2O3 and tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 with the former being dominant. The mechanical strength of the coatings was evaluated by Vickers hardness test and cavitation erosion. The addition of the nanostructured ZrO2 into the coating was found to deteriorate the structural cohesion of the coatings, leading to degraded durability when compared to a conventional HVOF-sprayed Al2O3-coating.
Deposition of Multiphase Coatings from Liquid Feedstock using Hybrid Water-Stabilized (WSP-H) Plasma Torch
Authors: Tesar Tomas , Musalek Radek , Medricky Jan , Cizek Jan , Lukac Frantisek , Chraska Tomas
Published: October 2022

Recently, hybrid water-stabilized plasma technology (WSP-H) was successfully adapted for the deposition of tailored single-layer coatings using liquid feedstocks (i.e. suspensions or solutions). High enthalpy of the WSP-H torch enables efficient deposition of the coatings with high feed rates and novel microstructures. In this study, concurrent and consecutive deposition of alumina-titania, YAG and YSZ suspensions was carried out in order to demonstrate the possibility of depositing multiphase coatings having layered, intermixed or even functionally graded (FGM) microstructures. Successful deposition of all three types of microstructures proves the feasibility of further development of the next generation of suspension plasma-sprayed coatings using WSP-H technology.
New Material Concepts for Thermally Sprayed Hydrodynamic Bearings
Authors: Bobzin K. , Öte M. , Königstein T. , Wietheger W. , Schröder T. , Jacobs G. , Bosse D.
Published: October 2022

Hydrodynamic bearings have to fulfill different requirements, depending on the operating conditions. Yet, conventional hydrodynamic bearings could not be used in critical operating conditions such as permanent start / stop operations. This is the reason why rolling bearings are currently used for frequent starting operations and low circumferential velocities, as they occur in wind turbines. In order to operate hydrodynamic bearings in a fail-safe manner even under these increased requirements, new bearing materials are needed. Within this study two new bearing material concepts are developed and deposited by thermal spraying as coatings to interact in this tribological system. On the one hand, matrix materials containing friction-reducing solid lubricants and on the other hand, multilayer systems, which can be used in as-sprayed condition, are investigated. The aim of both concepts is to improve the operation properties under critical conditions. The coating concepts are therefore tested on a modified high-load ring-on-disc tribometer and are compared to a reference plain bearing material produced by conventional casting. In this way, it is shown whether these new concepts can meet the requirements of slow-moving and highly loaded hydrodynamic bearings.
Development of Protective Thermal Spray Coatings for Lightweight Al Brake Rotor Discs
Authors: Poirier Dominique , Legoux Jean-Gabriel , Irissou Eric , Gallant Danick , Jiang Jimmy
Published: October 2022

This paper reports on the performance evaluation of stainless steel (SS) thermal spray coatings aimed at shielding lightweight aluminum (Al) brake rotor disks from excessive heat and providing an adequate tribological surface in contact with brake pads. Coating wear, corrosion and heat resistance performances were evaluated using pin-on-disk, cyclic corrosion tests and thermal cycling using a custom laser rig, respectively. Arc spray optimized coatings displayed lower or equivalent wear rates when compared with the baseline gray cast iron disks, with similar frictional behavior. However, arc spray coating exhibited low adhesion which limits the maximum coating thicknesses achievable and leads to early coating spalling after about 1000 thermal cycles. Arc sprayed coatings also corroded and delaminated under corrosion tests. Optimized cold spray coatings present high corrosion resistance and could resist above 10,000 thermal cycles without spalling. However, cold spray coatings exhibit wear rates at least 4 times those of the cast iron. Taking advantage of both types of coatings, it was found that the production of a duplex coating made of a cold spray bond coat and an arc spray top coat could meet the requirements for protecting Al disks, with near 50% weight reduction.
GROB Advances in Thermal Spray Technology Development for Cylinder Bore Applications in Mass Production
Authors: Gand Bernhard , Wörfel Andreas
Published: October 2022

In times of duality of combustion engine and electric motor propulsion the automotive industry is developing both powertrain systems. Weight reduction and enhancement of efficiency plays a vital role in the conception of combustion engine for passenger cars. The thermal spray technology therefore is trend-setting as it achieves both aims. GROB-WERKE have, as reported previously, developed and integrated their GTS (GROB Thermal Spray) process for steel deposits in aluminum cylinder bores into their production lines. Further effort was now made to improve performance and versatility. The application of measurement and simulation technics hand in hand with extensive experimental investigation in spray deposit diagnostics as well as plasma and particle jet analysis led to highly developed and advanced deposit microstructure and cylinder bore topographies. Complex and extensive CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation of the gas and particle flow gave the thermal spray process the highest performance, efficiency and product cleanliness.
High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Spraying of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite on Magnesium Alloy Substrate for Biomedical Application
Authors: Mardali Marzieh , Salimijazi Hamidreza , Karimzadeh Fathallah , Coyle Tom
Published: October 2022

Magnesium light weight alloys are currently being studied as implants due to their biodegradability. However, its applications are limited by high rate hydrogen evolution during corrosion. Coating on this substrate is one of the ways to reduce the rate of corrosion and increase the life of this type of implant. Hence, hydroxyapatite (HA) was coated on the substrates by using high velocity oxy- fuel (HVOF) spraying. The main purpose of such coatings is increasing bioactivity as well as corrosion resistance of the Mg alloy. Crystal structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crystallinity of the coating was about 70% in which HA is dominant phase. The amounts of hydrogen gas released during magnesium corrosion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) were measured to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the coated samples. This coating could decrease hydrogen evolution from 100 per cm2.mL to about 15 per cm2.mL after 29h of immersion time.
Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Gray Cast Iron Components by Surfacing with Gas Metal Arc Welding
Authors: Oechsner M. , Andersohn G. , Ellermeier J. , Heider B. , Reisgen U. , Sharma R. , Wieland S. , Gonzalez E.
Published: October 2022

The degradation of pump components by corrosion and complex damage mechanisms, e.g. erosion and cavitation leads to high costs through replacement and maintenance of parts. To increase the lifetime of cost-efficient components with superior casting properties, gray cast iron parts are surfaced with duplex stainless steel using an inert shielding gas metal arc welding process. The dilution of the surfacing increases with both increasing heat input and increasing thermal conductivity of the shielding gas. The microstructure is highly affected by the cooling conditions that may enhance diffusion processes and eventually lead to precipitation of deleterious carbides. Higher heat input and prolonged cooling duration during surfacing lead to high dilution and a pronounced carbide network and thus, substantially reduced corrosion resistance in artificial seawater. The corrosion of the surfacings in the potentiodynamic polarization test is driven by selective corrosion of the phase boundary between carbides and chromium-depleted austenite. Passive behavior is observed for coatings with low dilution and higher cooling rates, which showed homogeneous chromium distribution and no interconnected carbide networks. In conclusion, the corrosion behavior of gray cast iron was improved by surfacing with duplex stainless steel.
Ultrafine Powder Feeding in Cold Spray and FAPS Applications
Authors: Desaulniers Sylvain , Bessette Eric , Breton Jessica
Published: October 2022

This research looks at the work of Polycontrols in the field of additive manufacturing. Several technological breakthroughs are presented. We mainly draw upon tests performed with the ultrafine powder feeder at the National Research Council of Canada, and data gathered from different systems operating worldwide in aerospace facilities. This paper outlines the very unique capabilities of the feeder in the field of cold spray and finely-dispersed-particle air plasma spray (FAPS).
Comparison of TiO2 Targets Manufactured by APS and Sintering Processes for PAPVD Coatings Suitable in Technological and Medical Applications
Authors: Jaramillo Raquejo D. , Palacio C. C. , Ageorges H.
Published: October 2022

In surface science of functional oxides, Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most investigated crystalline systems either in rutile or anatase phases. Rutile phase is widely used in microelectronic, tribological applications and in the conversion of solar energy. Anatase phase is used in self-cleaning, antifogging, photo-catalytic and biomedical technologies. This work focuses on studying the required process conditions to obtain TiO2 targets by APS onto metallic substrates using commercial TiO2 powders (Oerlikon Metco in Switzerland) with suitable physical and chemical properties for technological and medical applications as PAPVD coatings. APS targets were compared to sintered ones. The raw powders were characterized by laser diffraction, SEM, XRF and XRD while the characteristics of the APS-deposited targets as well as the sintered ones were determined by SEM and XRD to identify the constituent phases. This work allowed confirming the advantages and limitations of both processes in terms of grain size, chemical composition, microstructural homogeneity and density in order to choose the best option to manufacture targets for PAPVD coatings for technological and medical applications.
Microstructural Analysis of Aluminum Coatings Deposited by HVOF Process on Complex Surfaces
Authors: Vanat Karen Juliana , Paredes Ramón Sigifredo Cortés , Pukasiewicz Anderson Geraldo Marenda
Published: October 2022

Aluminum coatings applied by thermal spraying are widely used for protection against marine corrosion. The HVOF process produces aluminum coatings with high particle velocity, at a higher temperature for longer, permitting a high adhesion among the deposited particles. The objective of this work was to analyze how the microstructure of the aluminum coating sprayed by HVOF was formed on different complex surfaces. The influence of different deposition process parameters on the coating, varying the angle of incidence during deposition, substrate preheating and nitrogen flow was studied. Outer corner and convex surfaces presented greater uniformity in the formed microstructures. The angle of incidence was the most influential parameter on the coatings, filling complex profiles better, with 60° of incidence, although the 90° of incidence increased the adhesion. The potentiodynamic polarization test was performed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of coatings. The higher preheating and lower angle of incidence increased the corrosion resistance of coatings. Corrosion tests in salt spray are in progress in order to compare with continuous results.
Macroline – New Solutions to Improve Abrasive Wear Resistance
Authors: Lanz Oliver , Scrivani Andrea
Published: October 2022

Highly wear resistant overlays for abrasive environments can be provided by welding technologies such as Plasma Transferred Arc Welding (PTAW) or Laser Cladding. Therefore, these overlays can contain higher amounts of hard particles with a desired homogeneous distribution through the weld overlay, all embedded in a metal matrix. Depending on the welding technology, the dissolution of the hard particles has to be considered as result of heat input and chemical reaction between hard particles and metal matrix while welding. Cast Tungsten Carbides (CTC) in self-fluxing Ni based alloys are widely used and accepted compositions and allow to target requirements such as hardness, impact toughness and/or corrosion resistance if required. This investigation compares CTC with Macroline Tungsten Carbide regarding abrasive wear resistance in Ni, Co and Fe based alloys applied by PTAW and Laser cladding and gives an outlook on potential new solutions for wear resistance in abrasive conditions. Beside the relative wear resistance, this investigation also focusses on the seam thickness as reaction zone between the carbide particles and the metal matrices. A first SEM and EDX analysis of a worn surface and precipitated phases provides an explanation regarding wear behavior in abrasive conditions.
Characterizations and Properties of Titanium Nitride Composited Coatings Deposited by Very Low Pressure Reactive Plasma-Spraying
Authors: Fan Xiujuan , Darut Geoffrey , Planche Marie Pierre , Liao Hanlin , Montavon Ghislain
Published: October 2022

The objective of this work is to investigate the microstructure, composition and hardness of reactive titanium nitride coatings manufactured by Reactive Very Low Pressure Plasma Spraying (R-VLPPS) process. Pure titanium powder is injected into the plasma and a reactive gas is added to generate a reaction with the molten particles /vapors. Firstly the plasma-jet properties were analyzed by means of optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Then titanium nitride coatings were manufactured with a F4-VB low-power plasma gun under a working pressure of 150Pa. Investigations show that according to the radial position of the substrates compared to the plasma jet axis, the resulting coatings microstructures are different (mix of semi-molten particles, liquid spat, clusters and vapors). In addition, the coatings composition is modified with an evolution of TiN0.3 and TiN phase crystalline phases. Finally, the hardness of the coatings is examined.
Characteristics of Stainless Steel Powder of SUS316 Treated by Plasma Spheroidization using DC-Arc Plasma Spray Gun
Authors: Itagaki Hirotomo , Hanada Kotaro , Hirose Shingo
Published: October 2022

Plasma spheroidization utilizing a plasma spray gun has been demonstrated for water-atomized stainless steel SUS316L powder. The angular particles were successfully spheroidized, and the D50 size of particles were decreased from 35 μm to 24 μm with 9 kW of processing power and to 15 μm with 17 kW of processing power. It was found that the high processing power of 17 kW generates a significant number of fine particles with the size of under 1 μm. By contrast, the powder formed on low processing power of 9 kW has better flow-ability and low cohesiveness, suggesting that an appropriate processing power exists to form the spherical powder suited for additive manufacturing
Development of Thermal Sprayed Thin Copper Coatings
Authors: Tailor Satish , Modi Ankur , Modi S. C.
Published: October 2022

Thermal spraying technologies are widely used to fabricate quality thick metallic and ceramic coatings for various applications. In all sectors of the industry today, demands better, faster and cheaper methods of production, as it seems that manufacturing demands are ever-increasing. However, if the coating thicknesses below 50 microns are demanded as the result of economic or technological requirements, this often constitutes a challenge for the established thermal spraying processes. For this purpose, in the present work, an attempt has been made to deposit a thin metallic coating below 40 microns by thermal spraying through wire feedstock materials rather than using an expensive powder as feedstock. For a broad spectrum of copper (Cu) applications, Cu is deposited on the low carbon steel substrates using fast, easy and economical Wire-High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (W-HVOF) thermal spray system (trade name-HIJET 9610). As-sprayed coatings were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for phase and microstructural analysis respectively. Coating surface roughness and porosity were also measured. Adhesion strength tests were conducted to determine the bond strength of the as-sprayed coatings. Results show that the coating deposited by W-HVOF has acceptable properties and gain a direct economic advantage and time-saving process, often over established thin coating techniques like plating.
A Corpus-Based Comparative Analysis of Dedikodu and Gıybet in Turkish
Authors: AYTAÇ DEMİRÇİVİ Kadriye
Published: October 2022

This study compares the frequency, connotations and collocations of the words dedikodu and gıybet in Turkish. Turkish National Corpus and Spoken Turkish Corpus were utilized as the data source. Frequency analysis reveals that dedikodu is more frequently used compared to gıybet and several formulaic expressions were observed for dedikodu. With regards to the domains, gıybet is only used in written discourse and mostly in religious sources whereas dedikodu was observed in a variety of domains including prose, biography, scientific and non-scientific sources. Based on the discourse analysis that was carried out by a meticulous analysis and coding of the contexts of each occurrence, remarkable connotational differences were found out between dedikodu and gıybet. These words were also analysed with reference to their semantic prosody by an examination of their collocations. Collocational analysis unveils that gıybet always co-occurs with negative words. Although mostly negative, dedikodu is collocated with both positive and negative words.
Turkish EFL Teacher Candidates’ Research Article Reading: A Two-pronged Approach
Authors: YAYLI Demet
Published: October 2022

This qualitative study reports on how 107 English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher candidates have read and interpreted research articles (RAs) in a course they took in a teacher education program in Turkey. By using the basic principles of sociocognitive views of literacy, I analyzed the interview data to have a descriptive analysis of my students’ (i.e., teacher candidates who are pre-service EFL teachers) engagements and also challenges with research article (RA) reading. The findings revealed a two-pronged approach toward RA reading by the participants. While the participants have found this engagement new and edifying, at the same time they have complained of their challenges in several parts. Similarly, while most of them found reading RAs useful, they also claimed that they could not a see a real value in reading them. The findings obtained therefore call for a detailed scrutiny and design of pre-service teachers’ academic text reading.
Autocontrole ético sob efeitos cumulativos diferentes no Jogo do Dilema dos Comuns
Authors: Rabelo David Lima , Borba Aécio
Published: October 2022

O esgotamento de recursos naturais é um problema que pode ser descrito envolvendo a recorrência de múltiplas contingências individuais com consequências individuais mais imediatas e de maior magnitude, mas produzindo um efeito cumulativo deletério para o grupo. Esta concorrência tem sido chamada de autocontrole ético, e pode ser afetado pela natureza do recurso comum. Neste estudo, um experimento manipulou a natureza dos recursos, itens escolares a serem doados ou fichas trocáveis por dinheiro, sobre a frequência de respostas de autocontrole ético. Quatro trios escolheram linhas numeradas em uma matriz. Escolhas pares produziam três fichas para o indivíduo, e as ímpares uma. As escolhas afetavam uma reserva de itens comuns formada por fichas, itens para doação ou ambas, sendo variada em cada condição. Os resultados indicam que a natureza do recurso comum não modifica as respostas de autocontrole ético, sugerindo que a variável mais relevante é a própria concorrência.
PENGARUH PERLAKUAN KADAR AIR PADA BUAH KETUMBAR DAN ASPEK BIOLOGI Stegobium paniceum (L) (Coleoptera : Anobiidae)
Authors: Kurniawan Hazen Arrazie , Bangun Imam Hartono , Nurhajijah Nurhajijah
Published: October 2022

The use of coriander seeds as acooking spice in a number of food processing is widely found and damage to coriander is known to be cause by Stegobium paneceum (L), which cause a decrease in a decreased fruid weigth, an unattractive fruit shape, and a musty smell, which is a form of decreased fruit weight, qulity and quantity of coriander seeds. Based on the observation of the biological aspect, the egg phase is 6-12 days, larvae is 10-140 days, pupa is 7-12 days, and 25-37 days. In the treatment of differences in water content to coriander, the mortality value of Z1 was 16,2%, Z2was 12,6%, Z3 was 5%, and Z4 was 1% at 30 day after observation. The shrinkage that occurred in coiander seeds was 0,14% (Z4), 0,04% (Z3), 0,02% (Z2), and 0,02% (Z1).
PENGARUH KOMBINASI BIOSLURRY DAN AIR KOTORAN LELE TERHADAP TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Sudiarta I Made , Prabowo Ady , Gubali Sarintan , Buheli Aprianus , Sirajuddin Zulham
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of different mixtures of bioslurry and catfish manure on the growth and production of hybrid maize. This research was conducted on the experimental field of the Technical Implementation Unit (UPT) of Agricultural Innovation, Universitas Ichsan Gorontalo, for 4 months from February to May 2022, which was conducted to examine the best formula for a mixture of organic fertilizer made from bioslurry and catfish wastewater manure through experiments. The field experiment design was arranged based on a Randomized Block Design (RAK) which consisted of 5 treatments and 3 replications, resulting with 15 experimental plots. The results of this study showed that the combination of treatment of bioslurry with catfish wastewater manure had a significant effect on the variable length of corn cobs in treatment B1 (75% bioslurry combined with catfish wastewater 25%), and was the best treatment for the variable number of leaves, cob length, cob diameter, wet shelled weight and dry shelled weight of corn.
KARAKTER AGRONOMI VARIETAS BAWANG MERAH PADA PERBEDAAN JARAK TANAM DI LAHAN SAWAH
Authors: Rajiman Rajiman , Megawati Sari , Adiwijaya I Made Pika , Permata Nurmala Devi
Published: October 2022

The study aimed to determine the adaptability of varieties and spacing of shallots in the rice fields of Sleman Regency to yield. The study used a Factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with 5 replications. The first factor is Variety (V), consisting of V1 = Head, V2 = Crok Kuning, and V3 = Srikayang. The second factor is Planting Distance (J) consisting of J1 = 15 x 15 cm2, J2 = 15 x 20 cm2, J3 = 20 x 20 cm2, and J4 = 25 x 20 cm2.  The results showed that the spacing of plants did not significantly interact with all parameters. The use of shallot varieties significantly affected plant height at 3 and 5 WAP, tuber diameter, and stover productivity in wet and dry conditions but had no significant effect on the number of tillers per clump and stover weight per clump in wet and dry conditions. Spacing treatment significantly affected agronomic characteristics, especially weight of stover per clump in wet and dry conditions; stover productivity in wet and dry conditions, but had no significant effect on plant height 3 and 5 WAP, number of tillers per clump, and diameter. The Srikayang variety produced lower productivity than the Crok Kuning and Tajuk varieties. Increasing the width of the spacing will reduce the productivity of shallots.
KAJIAN STATUS KERUSAKAN LAHAN UNTUK PRODUKSI BIOMASSA DI KECAMATAN MARANGKAYU KABUPATEN KUTAI KARTANEGARA
Authors: Zulkarnain Zulkarnain
Published: October 2022

The objectives of the study of land degradation status for biomass production are: (1) to collect data and information on initial soil conditions on land use for biomass production; (2) to determine land damage status for biomass production on land use for biomass production; and (3) mapping the status of land damage in Marangkayu sub-District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency.The research was carried out for 4 months, the research location was in Semangkok and Sebuntal Villages, Marang Kayu sub District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. Research activities carried out include: preparation, field observations, soil sampling, soil sample preparation, soil analysis in the laboratory, data processing, and interpretation, and reporting. The results showed that: (1) Land with undamaged status was found in wetlands at Semangkok 4 location; (2) Dry land with mild damage status occurred at Semangkok 5, Semangkok 6, Sebuntal 5, and Sebuntal 6 locations, while wetlands with mild damage status occurred at Semangkok 1, Semangkok 2, Semangkok 3, Sebuntal 1 and Sebuntal 2 locations; (3) Wetlands with moderate damage occurred at Sebuntal 3 and Sebuntal 4 locations, not dry lands with moderate and heavy damage; and (4) Land damage for biomass production mostly occurs in dry land caused by damage to the basic properties of the soil which includes soil erosion, fraction composition, and soil pH, while in wetlands that are damaged with damaged soil properties are soil pH. and the depth of the pyrite layer.
KOMPOSISI ASAM LEMAK PADA DAGING SAPI RANCAH DAN PERANAKAN ONGOLE
Authors: Hilmia Nena , Rahmat Dedi , Edianingsih Primiani , Faisal Yurleni
Published: October 2022

Local beef is known for its low-fat content/lean meat. The fatty acid profile of beef could affect the meat quality, related to its texture, taste, and nutritional value. This study aims to determine the fatty acid profile of Rancah and Ongole Grade beef. This study used fourteen samples of meat from Rancah cattle 1.5 – 2.5 years, which were extensively reared with forage feed, and nine samples of Ongole Grade beef with forage and concentrate feeding as much as 2.5% dry matter of body weight.  A fatty acid profile was analyzed from the longissimus dorsi muscle area, between the 12th and 13th ribs. The fatty acid profiles identified are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA). The fatty acid analysis used is the Gas Chromatography (GCMS) method. The data were analyzed descriptively and fatty acid composition differences of Rancah and Ongole grade beef were analyzed by T-test. The results showed that the fatty acid composition of Rancah and Ongole grade beef is relatively the same as the beef of other breeds. Saturated fatty acid in Ongole Grade beef is higher than Rancah beef, but the content of unsaturated fatty acids, PUFA/MUFA: SFA ratio in Rancah beef is higher than Ongole Grade.