bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bitter tastants induce relaxation of rat thoracic aorta precontracted with high K+
Authors: Sai Wen‐Bo , Yu Meng‐Fei , Wei Ming‐Yu , Lu Zhongju , Zheng Yun‐Min , Wang Yong‐Xiao , Qin Gangjian , Guo Donglin , Ji Guangju , Shen Jinhua , Liu Qing‐Hua
Published: February 2014

It has been reported that bitter tastants decrease blood pressure and relax precontracted vascular smooth muscle. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism underlying the vasorelaxant effect of the bitter tastants.

Thoracic aortic rings were isolated from Wistar rats and contractions were measured using an isometric myograph. Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in single rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle cells was recorded by calcium imaging. Calcium currents in single cells were recorded using patch‐clamp techniques. High K+ (140 mmol/L) induced contractions in rat thoracic aortic rings that were inhibited by 3 mmol/L chloroquine, 3 mmol/L denatonium and 10 μmol/L nifedipine. In single rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle cells, high K+ increased [Ca2+]i and this effect was also blocked by 3 mmol/L chloroquine and 10 μmol/L nifedipine. Under Ca2+‐free conditions, high K+ failed to induce contractions in rat thoracic aortic rings. On its own, chloroquine had no effect on the muscle tension of rat aortic rings and [Ca2+]i. The vasorelaxant effects of chloroquine on precontracted rat thoracic aortic rings were not altered by either 1 μg/mL pertussis toxin (PTX), an inhibitor of Gαo/i ‐protein, or 1 mmol/L gallein, an inhibitor of Gβγ‐protein. The results of patch‐clamp analysis in single cells indicate that 1 mmol/L chloroquine blocks voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca2+ channel (VDLCC) currents from both extracellular and intracellular sides.

Together, the results indicate that chloroquine can block VDLCC, independent of PTX‐ and gallein‐sensitive G‐proteins, resulting in relaxation of high K+‐precontracted thoracic aortic smooth muscle.
The Rise ofChina and Its Implications for the Global Economy: Evidence from a Global Vector Autoregressive Model
Authors: Feldkircher Martin , Korhonen Iikka
Published: February 2014

This paper studies empirically the role ofChina in the world economy. We examine both the way theChinese economy reacts to exchange rate shocks and the repercussions for the world economy of an output shock emanating fromChina. Based on a global vector autoregressive model and a new data set that excels in country coverage and covers the most recent time period including the global financial crisis, our results are threefold: First, we show that a +1% shock toChinese output translates to a permanent increase of 1.1% inChinese realGDPand a 0.1% to 0.5% rise in output for most large economies. Second, to benchmark the shock toChinese output, we examine the response to a +1% shock toUS GDP. The results show that theUSeconomy remains dominant in the world economy, as output rises in other advanced economies by 0.6 to 1%. By contrast,China seems to be little affected by theUSshock. Finally, we are the first to assess the impact of a real appreciation of the renminbi versus theUSdollar in a global model. Our results indicate that real appreciation of the renminbi decreases the level ofChineseGDPslightly and the long‐run effect is also negative for many countries exporting (e.g. raw materials) toChina.
Contribution of the second stage of labour to pelvic floor dysfunction: a prospective cohort comparison of nulliparous women
Authors: Rogers RG , Leeman LM , Borders N , Qualls C , Fullilove AM , Teaf D , Hall RJ , Bedrick E , Albers LL
Published: February 2014

Objective

Maternal expulsive efforts are thought to damage the pelvic floor. We aimed to compare pelvic floor function and anatomy between women who delivered vaginally (VB) versus those with caesarean delivery (CD) prior to the second stage of labour.

Design

Prospective cohort.

Setting

University Hospital Midwifery practice.

Population

Nulliparas.

Methods

Pregnant nulliparas were recruited during pregnancy and women who underwent CD prior to the 2nd stage of labour at birth were recruited immediately postpartum. Both groups were followed prospectively to 6 months postpartum.

Main outcome measures

POPQ, perineal ultrasound (U/S) and Paper Towel Test (PTT), an objective measure of stress incontinence; Incontinence Severity Index (ISI), Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ‐7), Wexner Fecal Incontinence Scale (W) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Results

336/448 (75%) VB and 138/224 (62%) CD followed up. The VB group was younger (23.9 ± 4.9 versus 26.6 ± 6.1 years, P < 0.001) and less overweight/obese (38 versus 56%, P < 0.001); baseline functional measures were similar (all P > 0.05). At follow‐up, urinary incontinence (UI) (55 versus 46% ISI > 0, P = 0.10), fecal incontinence (FI) (8 versus 13% FI on W, P = 0.12), sexual activity rates (88 versus 92%, P = 0.18) and PFIQ‐seven scores were similar. Positive PTT tests (17 versus 6%, P = 0.002) and ≥ Stage 2 prolapse (22 versus 15%, P = 0.03) were higher with VB; differences were limited to points Aa and Ba. U/S findings were not different between groups. Stepwise multivariate analyses controlling for age, body mass index, and non‐Hispanic White race for prolapse of points Aa and Ba did not alter conclusions (all P < 0.004).

Conclusions

VB resulted in prolapse changes and objective UI but not in increased self‐report pelvic floor dysfunction at 6 months postpartum compared with women who delivered by CD prior to the second stage of labour. The second stage of labour had a modest effect on postpartum pelvic floor function.
Response to first‐line chemotherapy of docetaxel combined with platinum predicting the prognosis and subsequent treatment of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Liu Hongbing , Wu Ying , Wang Zhaofeng , Song Yong
Published: February 2014

Background

The aim of this study was to confirm the association between the response to docetaxel combined with platinum as first‐line chemotherapy and prognosis and subsequent treatment for patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

This study enrolled 224 patients with NSCLC diagnosed at our institution between January 2001 and August 2012. All patients received more than two cycles of docetaxel combined with platinum as first‐line chemotherapy and were reassessed after two cycles. The association between the response to first‐line treatment and prognosis and subsequent treatment were statistically analyzed.

Results

Among the 224 patients, 70 (31.25%) achieved partial response (PR), 90 (40.18%) stable disease (SD), and 64 (28.57%) progressive disease (PD). The overall survival (OS) of NSCLC patients with PR, SD and PR+SD was significantly longer than those with PD (P = 0.043; P = 0.000; P = 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in OS between patients with PR and SD (P = 0.174). Cox regression analysis found treatment response was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio = 1.615, 95% confidence interval: 1.121–2.327). Two independent non‐parametric sample tests showed that patients with a good response to first‐line treatment had received further treatment cycles and treatment lines (P = 0.000; P = 0.000).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that the response to docetaxel in combination with platinum as a first‐line chemotherapy was an independent prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC. In addition, patients with a good response to first‐line treatment had received further treatment cycles and treatment lines.
The Association between Use of Serotonergic Antidepressants and Perioperative Bleeding during Total Hip Arthroplasty – A Cohort Study
Authors: Dall Michael , Primdahl Annie , Damborg Frank , Nymark Tine , Hallas Jesper
Published: February 2014

In vitro studies have shown that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors inhibit platelet aggregation. It is well documented that SSRIs cause serious gastrointestinal bleeding, but studies on other bleeding manifestations have been equivocal. Our objective was to determine a possible association between use of serotonergic antidepressants (SA) and perioperative bleeding during hip replacements. We conducted a retrospective study between 1 January 2007 and 30 June 2012 among patients that underwent a primary unilateral uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA). Information was collected on the observed blood loss and the need for blood transfusions among this group. We compared the blood loss between users of SA, users of non‐serotonergic antidepressants (NSA) and non‐users, while adjusting for potential confounders using multivariate linear regression. We indentified 1318 patients that underwent a THA in the study period. The average volume of surgical bleeding was 350 ml. The adjusted incremental blood loss associated with use of SA and NSA was 93, 95% confidence interval (38–147) ml and −50 (−125 to 25) ml compared with non‐use. Only 48 subjects (3.6%) had transfusions. Use of SA was associated with an increased blood loss compared with non‐users. The hypothesis that SA impairs haemostasis is supported by these results.
When idols look into the future: Fair treatment modulates the affective forecasting error in talent show candidates
Authors: Feys Marjolein , Anseel Frederik
Published: February 2014

People's affective forecasts are often inaccurate because they tend to overestimate how they will feel after an event. As life decisions are often based on affective forecasts, it is crucial to find ways to manage forecasting errors. We examined the impact of a fair treatment on forecasting errors in candidates in a Belgian reality TV talent show. We found that perceptions of fair treatment increased the forecasting error for losers (a negative audition decision) but decreased it for winners (a positive audition decision). For winners, this effect was even more pronounced when candidates were highly invested in their self‐view as a future pop idol whereas for losers, the effect was more pronounced when importance was low. The results in this study point to a potential paradox between maximizing happiness and decreasing forecasting errors. A fair treatment increased the forecasting error for losers, but actually made them happier.
Hypoallergenic derivatives of Fel d 1 obtained by rational reassembly for allergy vaccination and tolerance induction
Authors: Curin M. , Weber M. , Thalhamer T. , Swoboda I. , Focke‐Tejkl M. , Blatt K. , Valent P. , Marth K. , Garmatiuk T. , Grönlund H. , Thalhamer J. , Spitzauer S. , Valenta R.
Published: February 2014

Background and objective

The major cat allergen Fel d 1 represents one of the most important respiratory allergens. Aim of this study was to engineer recombinant Fel d 1 derivatives with reduced IgE reactivity and preserved T cell epitopes for vaccination and tolerance induction.

Methods

Seven recombinant mosaic proteins were generated by reassembly of non‐IgE‐reactive peptides of Fel d 1 which contained the sequence elements for induction of allergen‐specific blocking IgG antibodies and T cell epitopes. Mosaic proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli using codon‐optimized synthetic genes and compared with Fel d 1 regarding structural fold by circular dichroism, IgE‐binding capacity, activation of allergic patients' basophils and ability to induce allergen‐specific blocking IgG antibodies upon immunization.

Results

Although each of the mosaic proteins had lost the alpha‐helical fold typical for Fel d 1, a strong reduction in IgE reactivity as well as allergenic activity in basophil activation assays was only obtained for three constructs, two reassembled fragments (Fel d 1 MB, Fel d 1 MC) and a fusion of the latter two (Fel d 1 MF) in which the cysteines of Fel d 1 MC were replaced by serines. Immunization of rabbits with Fel d 1 MB, MC and MF induced high levels of IgG antibodies that inhibited IgE reactivity of cat‐allergic patients to Fel d 1 in a comparable manner as IgG induced with the wild‐type allergen.

Conclusions

We report the development of hypoallergenic reassembled Fel d 1 proteins suitable for vaccination and tolerance induction in cat‐allergic patients.
Cytomegalovirus drives Vδ2neg γδ T cell inflation in many healthy virus carriers with increasing age
Authors: Alejenef A , Pachnio A , Halawi M , Christmas S E , Moss P A H , Khan N
Published: February 2014

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) usually causes lifelong asymptomatic infection, but over time can distort immune profiles. Recent reports describe selective expansion of Vδ2neg γδ T cells in healthy and immunocompromised CMV carriers. Having shown previously that virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses are increased significantly in elderly CMV carriers, probably driven by chronic stimulation, we hypothesized that Vδ2neg γδ T cells may also be expanded with age. Our results show that Vδ2neg γδ T cells are increased significantly in CMV-seropositive healthy individuals compared to CMV-seronegative controls in all age groups. The differences were most significant in older age groups (P < 0·0001). Furthermore, while Vδ2neg γδ T- cells comprise both naive and memory cells in CMV-seronegative donors, highly differentiated effector memory cells are the dominant phenotype in CMV carriers, with naive cells reduced significantly in numbers in CMV-seropositive elderly. Although phenotypically resembling conventional CMV-specific T cells, Vδ2neg γδ T cells do not correlate with changes in magnitude of CMV-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cell frequencies within those individuals, and do not possess ex-vivo immediate effector function as shown by CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, after short-term culture, Vδ2neg γδ T cells demonstrate effector T cell functions, suggesting additional requirements for activation. In summary, Vδ2neg γδ T cells are expanded in many older CMV carriers, demonstrating a further level of lymphocyte subset skewing by CMV in healthy individuals. As others have reported shared reactivity of Vδ2neg γδ T cells towards tumour cells, the composition of γδ T cell subsets may also have implications for risk of developing cancer in elderly people.
Response to pneumococcal vaccination in mannose-binding lectin-deficient adults with recurrent respiratory tract infections
Authors: van Kessel D A , Hoffman T W , van Velzen-Blad H , Zanen P , Rijkers G T , Grutters J C
Published: February 2014

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-deficiency is associated with an increased susceptibility to pneumococcal infections and other forms of disease. Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended in MBL-deficient patients with recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTI). The response to pneumococcal vaccination in MBL-deficient individuals has not yet been studied in detail. An impaired response to pneumococcal polysaccharides in MBL-deficient patients might explain the association between MBL deficiency and pneumococcal infections. This study investigates the antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in MBL-deficient adult patients with RRTI. Furthermore, we investigated whether there was a difference in clinical presentation between MBL-deficient and -sufficient patients with RRTI. Eighteen MBL-deficient and 63 MBL-sufficient adult patients with RRTI were all vaccinated with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and antibodies to 14 pneumococcal serotypes were measured on a Luminex platform. There were no differences observed in the response to pneumococcal vaccination between MBL-sufficient and -deficient patients. Forty-three MBL-sufficient patients could be classified as responders to pneumococcal vaccination and 20 as low responders, compared to 15 responders and three low responders in the MBL-deficient patients. We found no clear difference in clinical, radiological, lung function and medication parameters between MBL-sufficient and -deficient patients. In conclusion, our study suggests that MBL-deficient adults with RRTI have a response to a pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine comparable with MBL-sufficient patients. Moreover, we did not find a clear clinical role of MBL deficiency in adults with RRTI. As MBL deficiency is associated with an increased susceptibility to pneumococcal infections, pneumococcal vaccination might be protective in MBL-deficient patients with RRTI.
Quantifying Ecological Life Support: The Biological Efficacy of Alternative Supplementation Strategies for Imperiled Amphibian Populations
Authors: Kissel Amanda M. , Palen Wendy J. , Govindarajulu Purnima , Bishop Christine A.
Published: February 2014

Global biodiversity loss has prompted diverse efforts to stem or reverse declines for many species. Such efforts are often implemented before the efficacy of alternative management actions is quantified. Here, we use matrix models to compare the effectiveness of two supplementation strategies, head‐starting early life stages and captive breeding for reintroduction, at reducing extinction risk of declining amphibians. We use the imperiled Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) as a case study and find that when supplementation occurs after metamorphosis, captive breeding is more effective at reducing extinction risk than head‐starting, but the difference declines with increasing supplementation effort. We also find that captive breeding with release as larvae yields similar reductions in extinction risk, and is two orders of magnitude more effective at reducing extinction probabilities than head‐starting the same stage. Our results highlight that even basic demographic data can be leveraged to assess tradeoffs among alternative supplementation strategies.
Radiographic diagnosis of craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation in standing equids
Authors: Amitrano F. N. , Gutierrez‐Nibeyro S. D. , Joslyn S. K.
Published: February 2014

Radiographic evaluation of the pelvis in standing horses has been used to diagnose fractures of the pelvis, head and greater trochanter of the femur, and luxations of the coxofemoral joint. Coxofemoral luxation injuries are more common in smaller horse breeds and donkeys, but, due to their size, the standing ventrodorsal projection is not possible, as there is insufficient space to place the radiography equipment under the animal's abdomen. The objective of the study was to report the advantages and limitations of the use of an oblique radiographic projection to diagnose unilateral craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation in 3 ponies and a donkey performed with the animals standing under light sedation. All cases had severe unilateral hindlimb lameness and asymmetry of the gluteal region; 2 also had concurrent intermittent upward fixation of the patella. A standing dorsolateral 20–30° ventral oblique radiograph of the affected coxofemoral joint was performed in all cases to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Radiography of the coxofemoral joint in standing ponies and donkeys can be carried out to identify craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation avoiding the need for general anaesthesia.
Protecting the Rights of Indigenous and Multicultural Children and Preserving their Cultures in Fostering and Adoption
Authors: Anderson Mark
Published: February 2014

This article examines transracial/cultural placement of children for fostering and adoption as discussed within the context of expert evidence in applications for permanent placement. Transracial/cultural placement raises the issues of attachment and identity. The undesirability of the child being raised apart from the natural biological family's culture and ethnicity, the undesirability of disrupting secure attachments, and the significance of birth parents' parenting capacity are placed in stark contrast. The benefits of contact in reducing sense of abandonment and loss of parental care and culture of origin are also examined. The best practice for transracial placements depends upon the cultural prominence determined to be in the child's best interests. Placements favored are those where attachment is secure and parenting capacity is judged superior. The child's best interests may generally be considered by the courts in the short to medium term to be enhanced by placement with the person(s) with whom the child has the strongest attachments. The longer term issue is more problematic and not determined with confidence.

Keypoints

Cultural preservation of children's birth culture in out‐of‐home placements for fostering and adoption

Placement of children—issues for attachment and identity

Best practice and cultural dominance in placement where ethnically and racially diverse environments of origin of placement and child

Best interests principle Considerations for secure attachment and parenting capacity
What's in a Name? Defining and Granting a Legal Status to Grandparents Who are Informal Primary Caregivers of their Grandchildren
Authors: Meara Kathleen
Published: February 2014

The number of grandparents raising their grandchildren informally is increasing in the United States. Without legal recognition, grandparents face problems consenting for their grandchild's educational and medical needs and receiving government financial assistance. Although many of these grandparents live on a fixed or limited income, current government programs are either not applicable or insufficient to provide financial support for grandparents raising grandchildren. Some states have attempted to provide a legal status for grandparents who are primary caregivers, but state solutions are both inadequate and varied. This Note proposes that all states adopt a de facto custodianship statute to create a legal status for grandparents informally raising their grandchildren so they can provide for the child's needs and receive financial assistance. The statute will protect the parental presumption by setting a high standard for de facto custodians and will preserve a temporary opportunity for the child's parents to reassume their parental duties. If the court finds that a grandparent has met the de facto custodian standard, then the grandparents will have legal standing to seek custody of the child.

Keypoints

2.5 million grandparents in the United States are primary caregivers for their grandchildren.

Current forms of legal recognition for grandparents raising grandchildren do not allow grandparents to consent in all medical and educational settings.

A model statute is proposed for all states to adopt that would allow grandparents legal recognition to adequately care for their grandchildren.

Model statute is constitutional because it gives preference to parents and requires grandparents to prove by clear and convincing evidence their ability to seek legal recognition.
Structural and functional effects of two stabilizing substitutions, D137L and G126R, in the middle part of α‐tropomyosin molecule
Authors: Matyushenko Alexander M. , Artemova Natalia V. , Shchepkin Daniil V. , Kopylova Galina V. , Bershitsky Sergey Y. , Tsaturyan Andrey K. , Sluchanko Nikolai N. , Levitsky Dmitrii I.
Published: February 2014

Tropomyosin (Tm) is an α‐helical coiled‐coil protein that binds along the length of actin filament and plays an essential role in the regulation of muscle contraction. There are two highly conserved non‐canonical residues in the middle part of the Tm molecule, Asp137 and Gly126, which are thought to impart conformational instability (flexibility) to this region of Tm which is considered crucial for its regulatory functions. It was shown previously that replacement of these residues by canonical ones (Leu substitution for Asp137 and Arg substitution for Gly126) results in stabilization of the coiled‐coil in the middle of Tm and affects its regulatory function. Here we employed various methods to compare structural and functional features of Tm mutants carrying stabilizing substitutions Arg137Leu and Gly126Arg. Moreover, we for the first time analyzed the properties of Tm carrying both these substitutions within the same molecule. The results show that both substitutions similarly stabilize the Tm coiled‐coil structure, and their combined action leads to further significant stabilization of the Tm molecule. This stabilization not only enhances maximal sliding velocity of regulated actin filaments in the in vitro motility assay at high Ca2+ concentrations but also increases Ca2+ sensitivity of the actin–myosin interaction underlying this sliding. We propose that the effects of these substitutions on the Ca2+‐regulated actin–myosin interaction can be accounted for not only by decreased flexibility of actin‐bound Tm but also by their influence on the interactions between the middle part of Tm and certain sites of the myosin head.
How Cabinet Size and Legislative Control Shape the Strength of Transparency Laws
Authors: Michener Gregory
Published: February 2014

Prevailing thinking surrounding the politics of secrecy and transparency is biased by assumptions regarding single‐party and small coalition governments. Here, the “politics of secrecy” dominates: Leaders delay or resist strong transparency and freedom of information (FOI) policies when they control parliament, and yield to strong laws because of imposition, symbolic ambition, or concessions when they do not. In effect, leaders weigh the benefits of secrecy against gains in monitorial capacity. Their support for strong transparency policies grows as the number of parties in their cabinet rises. So while the costs of surrendering secrecy trump the benefits of strong transparency reforms in single‐party governments, in broad multiparty coalitions leaders trade secrecy for tools to monitor coalition “allies.” Drawing on vivid international examples, patterns ofFOIreform inLatinAmerica, and an in‐depth study ofFOIinBrazil, this article generates new theoretical insights into transparency and the “politics of monitoring.”
Integrins αvβ6, α6β4 and α3β1 are down‐regulated in cholangiolocellular carcinoma but not cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Soejima Yurie , Inoue Masafumi , Takahashi Yoshihisa , Uozaki Hiroshi , Sawabe Motoji , Fukusato Toshio
Published: February 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate integrin expression and immunolocalization of the extracellular matrix proteins in cholangiolocellular carcinoma (CoCC).

Methods

Tissue specimens of 23 CoCC, 28 cholangiocarcinomas (CCC), 42 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and 11 classical type combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinomas (CHC) were immunostained for β6, β4 and α3 integrins, fibronectin and laminin. ITGB6, B4 and A3 mRNA levels in six HCC cell lines, five CCC cell lines and two CHC cell lines were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Little or no positivity for β6, β4 and α3 integrins was shown in 91%, 91% and 52% of CoCC and 100%, 98% and 81% of HCC, respectively, according to immunostaining, whereas intense positive staining for these integrins was demonstrated in 64%, 96% and 75% of CCC, respectively. There was a close correlation between β4 and α3 integrin expression and intracytoplasmic laminin in CoCC, CCC and HCC, but not between β6 expression and its ligand, fibronectin. Integrin mRNA levels were increased in four of five CCC cell lines, but nearly undetectable in five of six HCC cell lines and one CHC cell line. Tubular differentiation of a CHC cell line cultured in collagen gel matrix induced upregulation of these integrins.

Conclusion

Our results first indicated downregulation of αvβ6, α6β4 and α3β1 integrins in CoCC, in contrast to its high expression in CCC, suggesting a diagnostic value of integrins in the differential diagnosis of CoCC and CCC, as well as a useful inducible marker of the intermediate features of CoCC.
Loss of FBXW7 expression is associated with poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Enkhbold Chinbold , Utsunomiya Tohru , Morine Yuji , Imura Satoru , Ikemoto Tetsuya , Arakawa Yusuke , Kanamoto Mami , Iwahashi Shuichi , Saito Yu , Ishikawa Daichi , Shimada Mitsuo
Published: February 2014

Aim

FBXW7 acts as a tumor suppressor gene by targeting several oncogenic regulators of proliferation, growth and apoptosis for proteasomal degradation. However, the significance of this protein is not yet well understood in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC). In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between FBXW7 expression and clinicopathological variables in IHCC patients.

Methods

Thirty‐one patients with IHCC who underwent hepatic resection were enrolled. FBXW7 expression in tumor tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry and patients were divided into two groups, the FBXW7 high expression group (n = 11) and the FBXW7 low expression group (n = 20). We then compared clinicopathological variables including prognosis between the high and low expression groups in tumor tissue.

Results

FBXW7 expression was significantly correlated with staging (P = 0.006), and tended to correlate with lymph node metastasis. The FBXW7 low expression group had significantly poorer prognosis compared with the FBXW7 high expression group (P = 0.020); 3‐year survival rates were 29.4% and 72.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the disease‐free survival rate in the FBXW7 low expression group was significantly worse than in the FBXW7 high expression group (P = 0.022). On multivariate analysis, intrahepatic metastasis (P = 0.006) was a significant independent prognostic factor for disease‐free survival, and FBXW7 low expression tended to be an independent prognostic factor for both overall (P = 0.067) and disease‐free survival (P = 0.083).

Conclusion

Our results confirmed that low expression of FBXW7 in IHCC correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in IHCC.
Effect of mental health nurses' beliefs and knowledge of medication on their use of strategies to improve medication adherence
Authors: Drori Tal , Guetta Hava , Ben Natan Merav , Polakevich Yaakov
Published: February 2014

Despite the proven efficiency of medication for mental illness, research indicates low patient adherence to medication. Nonetheless, only few studies have directly examined the relationship between nurse beliefs and knowledge, and their use of strategies to improve patient adherence to psychiatric medication. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify nurses' views, beliefs about, and knowledge of psychiatric medication affect their inclination to implement various strategies to improve patient adherence. One hundred nurses working at an Israeli psychiatric hospital participated in the study. Self‐completed questionnaires were distributed. The research findings showed that nurses' levels of knowledge of psychiatric medication were moderate, but their beliefs of taking psychiatric medication were positive. The findings also showed that the higher the nurses' age and seniority, as well as their positive beliefs about taking medication, the higher their probability of implementing strategies to improve patient adherence to medication. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between positive beliefs about the nursing staff on taking medication and the staff's utilization of strategies to improve patient adherence to medication. The current study shows that nurses' traits and beliefs affect their use of strategies promoting mental health patient adherence to medication and the enhancement of these strategies.
The Relationship Between Renal Resistive Index, Arterial Stiffness, and Atherosclerotic Burden: The Link Between Macrocirculation and Microcirculation
Authors: Calabia Jordi , Torguet Pere , Garcia Isabel , Martin Nadia , Mate Gerard , Marin Adriana , Molina Carolina , Valles Marti
Published: February 2014

The renal resistive index (RRI) measured by Doppler sonography is a marker of microvascular status that can be generalized to the whole of the arterial tree. Its association with large‐vessel dysfunction, such as arterial stiffness or the atherosclerotic burden, can help to establish physiopathological associations between macrocirculation and microcirculation. The authors conducted a cross‐sectional study of hypertensive patients (n=202) and a healthy control group (n=16). Stiffness parameters, atherosclerotic burden, and determination of the RRI in both kidneys were performed. The average RRI was 0.69±0.08 and was significantly greater in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Renal resistive index positively correlated with age, creatinine, and albuminuria. Positive correlations were found with arterial stiffness parameters (pulse wave velocity, ambulatory arterial stiffness index, and 24‐hour pulse pressure), as well as atherosclerotic burden and endothelial dysfunction measured as asymmetric dimethylarginine in serum. In the multivariate analysis, independent factors for increased RRI were age, renal function, 24‐hour diastolic blood pressure, and arterial stiffness. The authors concluded that there is an independent association between renal hemodynamics and arterial stiffness. This, together with the atherosclerotic burden and endothelial dysfunction, suggests that there is a physiopathologic relationship between macrovascular and microvascular impairment.
Effect of Star Anise (Illicium verum) on the Volatile Compounds of Stewed Chicken
Authors: Sun Lingxia , Chen Jinping , Li Miaoyun , Liu Yanxia , Zhao Gaiming
Published: February 2014

Electronic nose and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to analyze the effect of star anise on the stewed chicken flavor. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the electronic nose data suggested that star anise had effect on the stewed chicken flavor. The electronic nose was able to detect a clearer difference in volatile profile of stewed chicken using LDA than using PCA. GC–MS analysis showed that the composition and proportions of volatile compounds were greatly changed, and a spicy flavor was imparted to the stewed chicken with the addition of star anise. Compared with the control group, the peak area and percentage composition of aldehydes increased with the addition of star anise, whereas that of volatile compounds derived from Maillard reaction decreased. Fourteen and 16 key odor compounds were assigned by relative odor activity value (ROAV) in the control group and the star anise group, respectively, including aldehydes, alcohols, esters and sulfur‐containing compounds. The result of cluster analysis showed that ROAV was practicable to assign the key odor compounds of stewed chicken.

Practical Applications

Pot‐stewed meat products are well‐accepted because of their unique flavors. Spices have significant contributions to the formation of the flavors. Star anise is one of the most widely used spices in traditional Chinese pot‐stewed meat products. However, the effect of spice on meat flavor has not been widely studied, and the mechanism by which spice affects the flavor development is unclear, which limits the modernization of traditional meat products. This study suggested that the addition of star anise just changed the composition and proportions of volatile compounds and imparted a spicy flavor to the stewed chicken. The key odor compounds of meat products have made significant contributions to the overall flavor and determine the overall flavor. In this study, the key odor compounds of stewed chicken were assigned. These results may be helpful for further study of the mechanism whereby spices affect the flavors of traditional Chinese pot‐stewed meat products.
Investigation of Migration Model of Printing Inks on Paper Packaging
Authors: Gao Song , Wang Zhi‐Wei , Hu Chang‐Ying , Wu Yu‐Mei
Published: February 2014

The printed packaging was divided into ink layer and paper layer. The migration model was developed based on penetration and Fick's second law. hm and KF,P at the interface of the paper and the food were considered in the model. After the penetration of the ink, the distribution of the contaminant in the paper layer was discrepant for paper with different thickness. The model could be simplified to be single‐layer or two‐layer packaging model in special cases. Three special cases of the model were validated: (1) special case 1 of the model was a single‐layer model just considering hm at the interface. This special model was compared with the classical model; (2) special case 2 of the model was also a single‐layer model validated by experimental data in reference; and (3) special case 3 was the two‐layer model validated by experimental data in reference. The model was proven to be effective by above validation.

Practical Applications

The use of migration models to evaluate the safety of plastic food packaging is economical and time‐saving compared with the experiments. As the second important packaging material, paper packaging is widely used for its environmental friendliness. However, up until now, there is no general migration model of paper packaging. A migration model of the contaminants from the inks on paper packaging was developed to predict them in different packaged food under certain migration conditions. Diffusion, partition and mass transfer coefficients were introduced to the model for better prediction. The simplified model can be used for other packaging materials and single or multilayer packaging. This model can help to design packages with acceptable migration of the contaminants.
Semi‐Dry Method for Improving Emulsification of Soybean Protein Isolate
Authors: Li Xiangyang , Liu Chuanfu , Dong Haizhou , Zhang Xinwen
Published: February 2014

To increase the emulsifying activity and emulsion stability of soybean protein isolate (SPI), the semi‐dry method was used to modify SPI via cross‐linking with malt dextrin (MD). The central composite design based on the response surface methodology was applied to study the effects of MD content added, water content added, reaction temperature and time on the emulsifying properties of SPI, and the regression models were established between the emulsifying properties and different factors. The results showed that the emulsifying activity of the modified SPI was 71.9 m2/g, and its emulsion stability was 91.2% under the optimum conditions of 39% MD added, 18% water content and modified at 65C for 8.4 h.

Practical Applications

Emulsification of soybean protein isolate (SPI) can improve the food's structure and flavor. However, its emulsibility is low, which restricts its application in the food industry. In this study, the semi‐dry method is first used to improve the emulsibility of SPI, which has the advantages as those of the wet and dry methods, i.e., it has a high productivity and reduces environmental pollution and production costs.
Relationship between hepatitis B virus genotype B and C and response to interferon therapy in HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B patients: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Kong Ling‐Na , Qin Bo , Ma Qian , Li Lin , Yao Yu
Published: February 2014

Background and Aims

Previous studies examining the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B and C and response to interferon therapy in Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chronic hepatitis B patients have yielded conflicting results. We aim to summarize data to reach firm conclusions on the role of HBV genotype B and C in response to interferon therapy.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for relevant articles published up to March 2013. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by fixed‐ or random‐effects models. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were also assessed.

Results

Fifteen studies were identified. All studies except for those evaluating the rate of end‐of‐treatment HBeAg seroconversion exhibited significant heterogeneity. There were significant differences in rates of end‐of‐treatment alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization, HBV DNA negative, and HBeAg seroconversion between the genotype B and genotype C groups, but not in HBeAg clearance. The pooled results showed higher rates of sustained ALT normalization (OR = 2.24, 95%CI 1.53–3.27), HBV DNA negative (OR = 2.60, 95%CI 1.65–4.12), HBeAg clearance (OR = 2.13, 95%CI 1.29–3.52) and HBeAg seroconversion (OR = 1.95, 95%CI 1.27–2.98) in patients with genotype B than those with genotype C. The sensitivity analysis did not alter the effects observed in the primary analysis. There was no evidence of publication bias except for HBeAg clearance rate.

Conclusions

The results of the current meta‐analysis indicate that HBV genotype B patients receiving interferon therapy respond better to treatment compared with genotype C patients, but this needs to be further examined.
Adiponectin polymorphisms and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease risk: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Jun , Guo Xu‐Feng , Yu Shi‐Jie , Song Jia , Zhang Ji‐Xiang , Cao Zhuo , Wang Jing , Ji Meng‐Yao , Dong Wei‐Guo
Published: February 2014

Background and Aim

The adiponectin polymorphism has been implicated in susceptibility to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the results remain inconclusive. The aim of this meta‐analysis is to investigate the association between adiponectin polymorphisms and NAFLD risk.

Methods

All eligible case–control studies published up to September 2013 were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI. Effect sizes of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated by using a fixed‐ or random‐effect model.

Results

A total of 10 case–control studies were included; of those, there were nine studies (1223 cases and 1580 controls) for +45T>G polymorphism, seven studies (876 cases and 989 controls) for +276G>T polymorphism, and three studies (299 cases and 383 controls) for −11337C>G polymorphism. Overall, a significantly increased risk was found for +45T>G and −11377C>G polymorphism (+45T>G: OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.06–2.00 for recessive model, OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.07–2.06 for GG vs TT; −11377C>G: OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.10–2.09 for dominant model, OR = 3.88, 95% CI: 1.29–11.68 for GG vs CC), while for +276G>T polymorphism, we found a significantly decreased risk between them (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.94 for recessive model, OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.40–0.84 for TT vs GG). In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significant association was detected among Asians for +276G>T polymorphism, but not for +45T>G polymorphism. Besides, none of the three adiponectin polymorphisms was associated with the serum adiponectin levels.

Conclusion

This meta‐analysis suggests that adiponectin +45T>G and −11377C>G polymorphisms might be a risk factor for NAFLD, while +276G>T polymorphism may be a protective factor for NAFLD among Asians.
Adolescent and young adult medicine is a special and specific area of medical practice
Authors: Steinbeck Kate , Towns Susan , Bennett David
Published: February 2014

Adolescent and young adult medicine is a concept that has gained traction in the last decade or so. The medical literature has come primarily from oncology. Advances in neuroscience that document continuing brain development into the third decade, and research that shows risk behaviours associated with adolescence both remain and may increase in the third decade, have been two of the drivers in the conversation around linking these two age groups together as a medical practice group. A third driver of importance is transition care in chronic illness, where older adolescents and young adults continue to have difficulties making effective linkages with adult care. The case for specific training in adolescent and young adult medicine, including the developmental concepts behind it, the benefits of the delineation and the particular challenges in the Australian health‐care system, are discussed. On balance, there is a strong case for managing the health issues of adolescents and young adults together. This scenario does not fit easily with the age demarcations that are in place in acute care facilities. However, this is less the case in community services and can work in focused private practice. Such a situation suggests that both paediatric and adult physicians might be interested in adolescent and young adult medicine training and practice.
Growing pains and periodic limb movements of sleep in children
Authors: Wong Man Wai , Williamson Bruce D , Qiu Wen , Champion David , Teng Arthur
Published: February 2014

Aim

To investigate whether there was any association between growing pains (GP) and periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) in children referred for polysomnography (PSG), in light of the possible shared genetic determinants between GP and restless legs syndrome.

Methods

Records of all 903 children who underwent PSG at a paediatric hospital between January 2009 and May 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Children aged 3–16 years, without neuromuscular or neurological/developmental disorders who were seen by a single sleep physician were included in the analysis. Data extracted included: current GP, PLMS index, mixed obstructive apnoea/hypopnoea index and patient demographics. GP was diagnosed in the pre‐PSG consultation.

Results

GP was recorded in 43 of the eligible 230 children referred for PSG of whom 25.6% had a PLMS index ≥5/h, significantly higher than in the children without GP (10.2%) (odds ratio 3.04, χ2 = 6.0, P = 0.014). The adjusted odds ratio for the association between GP and PLMS remained significant at 2.53 (95% CI 1.1–6.1, P < 0.05). A PLMS index ≥5/h was recorded in 30 of the 230 participants. GP and PLMS were also significantly multivariately associated with restlessness as the indication for PSG.

Conclusions

Children with GP were three times more likely to have a PLMS index ≥5/h than children without GP on PSG. These results suggest that GP may be associated with PLMS, giving greater support for the hypothesis that GP might lie on the phenotypic spectrum of restless legs syndrome.
Randomized Controlled Trials in the Journal of Sexual Medicine: A Quality Assessment and Relevant Clinical Impact
Authors: Jo Jung Ki , Chung Jae Hoon , Kim Kyu Shik , Lee Jeong Woo , Lee Seung Wook
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Quality assessment of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is important to prevent the adoption of findings of low-quality trials into clinical practice.

Aim

The aim if this study was to analyze the quality of studies reporting RCTs in the Journal of Sexual Medicine (JSM) and to find relevant clinical impact.

Methods

A quality assessment was conducted in all studies identified as RCTs published in the JSM from 2004 to 2012. The review period was divided into three periods: early (2004–2006), mid (2007–2009), and late (2010–2012).

Main Outcome Measures

The Jadad scale, van Tulder scale, and the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (CCRBT) quality scoring instruments were used. The RCTs were also categorized by country of origin, topic, the inclusion of institutional review board (IRB) approval, funding, citation rate, and impact factor.

Results

A total of 2,418 original articles were published in the JSM during the review period, and 188 were reports of RCTs. There were 39 (14.89%), 70 (7.77%), and 76 (6.29%) RCTs published during the early, mid, and late terms, respectively (P < 0.001). No significant increases in Jadad or van Tulder scale scores were found over time nor were there any significant changes in the number of low-risk articles as assessed by the CCRBT. However, significant differences in quality analysis were found in funding and IRB approval. Citation rates and impact factor were not correlated with RCT quality using any of the tools.

Conclusions

The number of original articles and RCTs published in the JSM increased over time. However, the ratio of RCTs to original articles did not increase significantly. Adequate randomization and blinding methods, IRB review, and financial support are required for the conduct of high-quality RCTs.