bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sea surface circulation in the Baltic Sea: decomposed components and pattern recognition
Authors: Barzandeh Amirhossein , Maljutenko Ilja , Rikka Sander , Lagemaa Priidik , Männik Aarne , Uiboupin Rivo , Raudsepp Urmas
Published: August 2024

By decomposing the total sea surface current into its geostrophic and ageostrophic components, we examined the contribution of each to the long-term variability of the total sea surface current. Our findings demonstrate the importance of geostrophic currents in Baltic Sea gyre formations. Additionally, ageostrophic currents contribute significantly to the flow across the region. Quantifying the difference between total sea surface current fields has revealed two dominant general sea surface circulation patterns in the Baltic Sea, whose characteristics correspond to the monthly mean climatology of sea surface current fields in May and December. Subsequently, a machine learning technique was employed to effectively detect the types of sea surface circulation patterns using wind vectors and sea level anomaly fields. This underscored the combined influence of sea level anomaly-driven and wind-driven components in shaping surface current vectors in the Baltic Sea, consistent with geostrophic and ageostrophic decompositions.
Optical coherence tomography quantifies gradient refractive index and mechanical stiffness gradient across the human lens
Authors: Kling Sabine , Frigelli Matteo , Aydemir M. Enes , Tahsini Vahoora , Torres-Netto Emilio A. , Kollros Leonard , Hafezi Farhad
Published: August 2024

Background

As a key element of ocular accommodation, the inherent mechanical stiffness gradient and the gradient refractive index (GRIN) of the crystalline lens determine its deformability and optical functionality. Quantifying the GRIN profile and deformation characteristics in the lens has the potential to improve the diagnosis and follow-up of lenticular disorders and guide refractive interventions in the future.

Methods

Here, we present a type of optical coherence elastography able to examine the mechanical characteristics of the human crystalline lens and the GRIN distribution in vivo. The concept is demonstrated in a case series of 12 persons through lens displacement and strain measurements in an age-mixed group of human subjects in response to an external (ambient pressure modulation) and an intrinsic (micro-fluctuations of accommodation) mechanical deformation stimulus.

Results

Here we show an excellent agreement between the high-resolution strain map retrieved during steady-state micro-fluctuations and earlier reports on lens stiffness in the cortex and nucleus suggesting a 2.0 to 2.3 times stiffer cortex than the nucleus in young lenses and a 1.0 to 7.0 times stiffer nucleus than the cortex in the old lenses.

Conclusions

Optical coherence tomography is suitable to quantify the internal stiffness and refractive index distribution of the crystalline lens in vivo and thus might contribute to reveal its inner working mechanism. Our methodology provides new routes for ophthalmic pre-surgical examinations and basic research.
Phthalate content in toy samples available on the market of the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Ivanovic Nevena , Milenkovic Milan , Protic Ana , Jovanovic Verica , Djordjevic Brizita , Dodevska Margarita
Published: August 2024

Phthalates are a family of synthetic chemicals commonly used as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride-based polymers, used in a variety of commercial consumer products, including toys.
Glowing discoveries: Schiff base-cyanostilbene probes illuminating metal ions and biological entities
Authors: A Afrin , Swamy P Chinna Ayya , Rose Angel
Published: August 2024

Schiff bases featuring cyanostilbene units have emerged as versatile and highly effective probes for the selective detection of various metal ions as well as biologically important species.
Prioritization before dereplication, an effective strategy to target new metabolites in whole extracts: ghosalin from Murraya paniculata root
Authors: Kumari Sanju , Chakrabarty Sanheeta , Kumar Sanjay , Kumar Sanjeev , Agastinose Ronickom Jac Fredo , Jain Shreyans K.
Published: August 2024

Re-discovery of known metabolites is a common challenge in natural product-based drug discovery, and to avoid re-discovery, dereplication has been proposed for identifying known metabolites at the early stage of isolation.
Modulation of the isomerization of iminothioindoxyl switches by supramolecular confinement
Authors: Doellerer Daniel , Rückert Ann-Kathrin , Doria Sandra , Hilbers Michiel , Simeth Nadja A. , Buma Wybren Jan , Di Donato Mariangela , Feringa Ben L. , Szymanski Wiktor , Crespi Stefano
Published: August 2024

Confining iminothioindoxyl photoswitches within a supramolecular coordination cage imparts a bifurcation of the excited state isomerization pathway.
Direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode materials assisted with a bifunctional organic lithium salt
Authors: Yang Lu , Zhang Baichao , Chen Shuo , Pan Qing , Li Wenyuan , Gan Chaolun , Deng Wentao , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Yang Li , Ji Xiaobo
Published: August 2024

Herein, assisted with a thermodynamically favourable reaction involving a bifunctional organic lithium salt, the single-step regeneration of spent LFP (S-LFP) is successfully achieved.
Construction of imine–hydrazone dual linkage covalent organic frameworks
Authors: Lan Yubao , Gong Yufeng , Pang Xiaoya , Feng Yanjun , Ran Yi , Guo Huixia , Lu Xiaoquan
Published: August 2024

Herein, imine–hydrazone dual linkage covalent organic frameworks (DL-COFs) were developed for the first time.
Investigation of visible emission and luminescence center evolution in Pr–La:CaF2 single crystals for laser application
Authors: Xu Chonglei , Ma Fengkai , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Zhonghan , Kou Huamin , Su Liangbi
Published: August 2024

The study presents Pr,La:CaF2 single crystals grown using the temperature gradient technique, showing distinct Pr3+–La3+ cluster types, with two types of centers showing cubic symmetry.
IR spectrum of SiH3OH2+SiH4: cationic OH⋯HSi dihydrogen bond versus charge-inverted SiH⋯Si hydrogen bond
Authors: George Martin Andreas Robert , Dopfer Otto
Published: August 2024

IR spectroscopy reveals the competition between two nonconventional hydrogen bonds involving Si: SiH⋯HO dihydrogen bond (DHB) versus SiH⋯Si charge inverted hydrogen bond (CIHB).
Performance deviation analysis and reliability improvement during experimental development of lab-scale solid oxide single cells
Authors: Luo Zhixin , Wang Zehua , Zhu Tianjiu , Song Yufei , Lin Zezhou , Jiang San Ping , Zhu Zhonghua , Shao Zongping
Published: August 2024

A comprehensive performance deviation analysis of different methods and their impacts during lab-scale solid oxide single cell experiments, along with recommendations for improving reliability.
Rapid and efficient mechanosynthesis of alkali and alkaline earth molybdates
Authors: Lara-Contreras Andres , Julien Patrick , Scott Jennifer , Corcoran Emily C.
Published: August 2024

Mechanochemistry provides a convenient and efficient route for synthesizing high purity alkali and alkaline earth heptamolybdates and trimolybdates in high yields.
The construction of novel pyrrole-4H-chromene-embedded vinyl sulfonyl fluorides via a three-component process
Authors: Ajisafe Monday Peter , Fayad Eman , Ali Ola A. Abu , Qin Hua-Li
Published: August 2024

A synthetic strategy involving salicylaldehyde, 2-chloroprop-2-ene-1-sulfonyl fluoride (CESF), and pyrrole has been developed to construct novel pyrrole-4H-chromene-embedded vinyl sulfonyl fluoride derivatives with exclusive regioselectivity.
The optical and tunable electronic properties of BAs/ZnSe heterostructures under the influence of strain and electric field
Authors: Dai Zhuangzhuang , Wei Xing , Sun Yue , Zhang Yan , Yang Yun , Liu Jian , Tian Ye , Li Ziyuan , Wei Shijie , Duan Li
Published: August 2024

The development of two-dimensional materials is currently rapid due to their outstanding electronic and optical properties, and research on them has never ceased.
Laser patterning captured in real-time: surface modifications of multilayer thin-films under nanosecond laser heating
Authors: Isik Tugba , Freund Mason , Linthicum Will , Huey Bryan D. , Ortalan Volkan
Published: August 2024

Rapid formation and evolution of nanoscale wrinkling in multilayer thin films was captured using ultrafast transmission electron microscopy.
Bright-rimmed clouds in IC 1396
Authors: Okada Yoko , Kabanovic Slawa , Güsten Rolf , Ossenkopf-Okada Volker , Schneider Nicola , Simon Robert , Buchbender Christof , Higgins Ronan , Yanitski Craig , Röllig Markus , Stutzki Jürgen , Ishihara Daisuke , Tanaka Kunihiko , Chambers Edward , Honingh Netty , Justen Matthias , Riquelme Denise
Published: August 2024

Aims. We investigate the dynamical and physical structures of bright-rimmed clouds (BRCs) in a nearby H II region. We focused on carbon- and oxygen-bearing species that trace photon-dominated regions (PDRs) and warm molecular cloud surfaces in order to understand the effect of UV radiation from the exciting stars on the cloud structure.

Methods. We mapped four regions around the most prominent BRCs at scales of 4–10 arcmin in the H II region IC 1396 (IC 1396A, B, D, and E) in [C II] 158 µm with (up)GREAT on board SOFIA. IC 1396 is predominantly excited by an O6.5V star. Toward IC 1396A, we also observed [O I] 63 µm and 145 µm. We combined these observations with JCMT archive data, which provide the low-J transitions of CO, 13CO, and C18O. All spectra are velocity-resolved.

Results. The line profiles in the four mapped regions show a variety of velocity structures, which we investigated in detail for all observed emission lines. IC 1396B and D show clearly distinct velocity components that overlap along the line of sight. We find no clear sign of photoevaporating flows in the [C II] spectra, although the uncertainty in the location of the BRCs along the line of sight makes this interpretation inconclusive. Our analysis of the [13C II] emission in IC1396 A, which has the best signal-to-noise ratio, suggests that the [C II] is likely mostly optically thin. The heating efficiency, measured by the ([C II]+[O I] 63 µm)/far-infrared intensity ratio, is higher in the northern part of IC 1396A than in the southern part, which may indicate a difference in the dust properties of the two areas.

Conclusions. The complex velocity structures identified in the BRCs of IC 1396, which is apparently a relatively simple H II region, highlight the importance of velocity-resolved data for disentangling different components along the line of sight and thus facilitating a detailed study of the dynamics of the cloud. We also demonstrate that the optically thin [13C II] and [O I] 145 µm emission lines are essential for a conclusive interpretation of the [C II] 158 µm and [O I] 63 µm line profiles.
eROSITA (eRASS1) study of the Canis Major overdensity: Developing a multi-wavelength algorithm for classifying faint X-ray sources
Authors: Saeedi Sara , Sasaki Manami , Knies Jonathan , Robrade Jan , Heindl Theresa , Zainab Aafia , Hämmerich Steven , Reh Martin , Wilms Joern
Published: August 2024

Context. Using data from eROSITA (extended Roentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array) on board Spektrum-Roentgen- Gamma (Spektr-RG, SRG) taken during the first eROSITAall-sky survey (eRASS1), we performed the first X-ray classification and population study in the field of the Canis Major overdensity (CMa OD), which is an elliptical-shaped stellar overdensity located at l = -240°, b = −80°.

Aims. This study aims to identify the X-ray sources in CMa OD. We developed a classification algorithm using multi-wavelength criteria as a preliminary method for the classification of faint X-ray sources, specifically in regions with a high source number density.

Methods. We used the brightness of the multi-wavelength counterparts (mainly from infrared and optical catalogues), along with the X-ray flux and X-ray hardness ratios (HRs) to classify the sources.

Results. Out of a total number of 8311 X-ray sources, we classified 1029 sources as Galactic stars and binaries in the foreground, 946 sources as active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and galaxies in the background, and 435 sources with stellar counterparts that may belong to either the MW or CMa OD. Among the sources with a stellar counterpart, we identified 34 symbiotic star candidates, plus 335 sources, of which the infrared (IR) counterparts have properties of M-giants in CMa OD. Moreover, there is a known high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB, 4U 0728-25) in the field of our study; according to the Gaia parallax of its companion, it appears to be a member of CMa OD. There is also a recently detected transient low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB, SRGt J071522.1-191609) is also present; it may be a member of CMa OD based on its companion, which is most likely highly absorbed and is thus located behind the Galactic disk. In addition, we present the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of members and candidate members of CMa OD. It is dominated by sources with luminosities of <2 × 1032–1033 erg s−1 in the energy range of 0.2–2.3 keV. These sources are expected to be either accreting white dwarfs or quiescent LMXBs.
Boundary feedback control for hyperbolic systems
Authors: Herty Michael , Thein Ferdinand
Published: August 2024

We are interested in the feedback stabilization of general linear multi-dimensional first order hyperbolic systems in ℝd. Using a Lyapunov function with a suited weight function depending on the system under consideration we show stabilization in L2 for the studied system using a suitable feedback control. Therefore the controllability of the studied system is related to the feasibility of an associated linear matrix inequality.We show the applicability discussing the barotropic Euler equations.
Numerical analysis of a class of penalty discontinuous Galerkin methods for nonlocal diffusion problems
Authors: Du Qiang , Ju Lili , Lu Jianfang , Tian Xiaochuan
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we consider a class of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for one-dimensional nonlocal diffusion (ND) problems. The nonlocal models, which are integral equations, are widely used in describing many physical phenomena with long-range interactions. The ND problem is the nonlocal analog of the classic diffusion problem, and as the interaction radius (horizon) vanishes, then the nonlocality disappears and the ND problem converges to the classic diffusion problem. Under certain conditions, the exact solution to the ND problem may exhibit discontinuities, setting it apart from the classic diffusion problem. Since the DG method shows its great advantages in resolving problems with discontinuities in computational fluid dynamics over the past several decades, it is natural to adopt the DG method to compute the ND problems. Based on [Q. Du, L. Ju, J. Lu and X. Tian, Commun. Appl. Math. Comput. 2 (2020) 31–55], we develop the DG methods with different penalty terms, ensuring that the proposed DG methods have local counterparts as the horizon vanishes. This indicates the proposed methods will converge to the existing DG schemes as the horizon vanishes, which is crucial for achieving asymptotic compatibility. Rigorous proofs are provided to demonstrate the stability, error estimates, and asymptotic compatibility of the proposed DG schemes. To observe the effect of the nonlocal diffusion, we also consider the time-dependent convection–diffusion problems with nonlocal diffusion. We conduct several numerical experiments, including accuracy tests and Burgers’ equation with nonlocal diffusion, and various horizons are taken to show the good performance of the proposed algorithm and validate the theoretical findings.
Zementaustritt nach Augmentation osteoporotischer Wirbelkörper
Authors: Aziz Mina , Kniep Inga , Ondruschka Benjamin , Püschel Klaus , Hessler Christian
Published: August 2024

Der Zementaustritt ist die häufigste Komplikation bei der Zementaugmentation von Wirbelkörpern. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Zementaustrittsraten bei Zementaugmentationen an der Wirbelsäule untersucht und potenzielle Risikofaktoren für einen Zementaustritt identifiziert.

Es wurden 140 Fälle von 131 Patienten und Patientinnen und 9 Verstorbenen ausgewertet. Insgesamt wurden 258 zementaugmentierte Wirbelkörper untersucht. Die Daten dafür stammen aus den Krankenhausdokumentationen von 131 Patienten und Patientinnen, die sich in 2 orthopädisch-unfallchirurgischen Kliniken in der BRD solchen Operationen unterzogen, sowie aus den Untersuchungen von 9 Sterbefällen im Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universitätsklinikums Hamburg-Eppendorf.

Zementaustritte wurden in 64 der 140 Fälle (45,7%) ermittelt. Lokale Zementaustritte waren mit 73,4% (n = 47) die häufigste Austrittsart. Venöse Austritte wurden in 15 Fällen (23,4%) und Lungenzementembolisationen in 2 Fällen (3,1%) evaluiert. Innerhalb des Kollektivs der retrospektiv untersuchten Fälle (n = 131) erlitt lediglich 1 Patient (0,8%) einen symptomatischen Zementaustritt. Als Risikofaktoren für Zementaustritte konnten Zementaugmentationen von Frakturen an Lendenwirbelkörpern sowie eine hohe applizierte Zementmenge identifiziert werden.

Sowohl die Daten in der assoziierten Literatur als auch die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit belegen eine hohe Inzidenz von Zementaustritten nach Wirbelkörperaugmentationen. Trotz des geringen prozentualen Anteils symptomatischer Fälle sollten bei der Planung und Durchführung von Zementaugmentationen an Wirbelkörpern die möglichen Einflussfaktoren für einen Zementaustritt berücksichtigt und in die OP-Planung einbezogen werden.
Metabolic Profiling Analysis of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia via an
Untargeted Metabolomics Strategy
Authors: Liu Fangling , Kang Chongxin , Hu Zheng , Luo Xiaoping , Wu Wei , Tao Qiuying , Chi Quan , Yang Jing , Wang Xian
Published: August 2024

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) manifests as an autosomal recessive disorder
characterized by defects in the enzymes responsible for steroid synthesis. This
work aims to perform metabolic profiling of patients with CAH, screen key
differential metabolites compared to the control group, and discover the
associated metabolic pathways implicated in CAH. Serum samples obtained from 32
pediatric male patients with CAH and 31 healthy control group candidates were
subjected to analysis using non-targeted metabolomics strategy using ultra
performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total
of 278 differential metabolites were identified and annotated in KEGG. Operating
characteristic curves (ROC) measurement exhibited 9 metabolites exhibiting high
efficacy in differential diagnosis, as evidenced by an area under ROC curve
(AUC) exceeding 0.85. Pathway analysis uncovered notable disruptions in steroid
hormone biosynthesis (p <0.0001), purine metabolism and irregularities in
lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism, including tyrosine and alanine, in
CAH patients. These findings demonstrate that metabolic pathways of purine,
amino acid and lipid metabolism, apart from steroid hormone biosynthesis, may be
disrupted and associated with CAH. This study helps provide insight into the
metabolic profile of CAH patients and offers a new perspective for monitoring
and administering follow-up care to CAH patients.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Tofacitinib, a JAK Inhibitor, in
Alleviating Sepsis-Induced Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Singh Vaishnavi , Joshi Kavita , Chatterjee Samit , Qureshi Sameer , Siddh Snigdha , Nunia Vandana
Published: August 2024

Sepsis, a life-threatening condition triggered by an uncontrolled response to
infection, results in a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and the
failure of multiple organs leading to multiple organ dysfunction (MODS). In the
present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of tofacitinib (TOFA),
an FDA-approved inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK3 against sepsis, using a mouse model
induced by cecal ligation puncture (CLP). Swiss albino mice were employed to
replicate the CLP-induced sepsis model and were randomly divided into four
groups: control, CLP, 150 mg/kg TOFA, and 300 mg/kg TOFA. Six hours after the
last TOFA dose, we collected blood and tissue samples from the liver, lungs,
kidneys, and spleen for histological analysis. Blood samples were used to assess
granulocyte and lymphocyte percentages. Throughout the experiment, we monitored
body weight and short-term survival. Our comparative histological analysis
revealed that 150 mg/kg TOFA had a protective effect against multiple organ
damage. Conversely, the study highlighted the harmful effects of 300 mg/kg TOFA,
primarily due to liver and renal toxicity within this group. In summary, our
findings demonstrate that tofacitinib at an optimal dose of 150 mg/kg showed
promise as a potential therapeutic intervention for sepsis-induced multiple
organ failure. However, caution is warranted when considering higher
dosages.
Diabetes Mellitus and its Association with Work Patterns and
Characteristics: A Narrative Review
Authors: Eleftheriou Anna , Rokou Aikaterini , Nena Evangelia , Papanas Nikolaos
Published: August 2024

Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of disability with adverse effects on the
quality of life. It also affects occupational health by impacting several
work-related parameters. This review discusses the relationship between diabetes
and absenteeism, presenteeism, work impairment and unemployment. The association
between work and diabetic complications such as neuropathic pain, diabetic foot,
psychological issues and hypoglycemia due to treatment is also examined.
Evidence points to a relationship between diabetes and absenteeism, reduced work
productivity, and, thus, overall work impairment. A stronger negative impact on
work performance is mediated by painful diabetic neuropathy and diabetic foot.
In addition, psychological distress has been positively correlated with total
workdays lost and frequency of absence. Depression in the diabetic population
has also been linked with increased absenteeism, presenteeism, and work
disability. Moreover, hypoglycaemia induced by antidiabetic medication may
affect work attendance and performance. Finally, diabetes has been associated
with inequality in the work environment, lower job satisfaction and higher
unemployment rates, mainly because of its complications.
NiCo2O4-Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Microwave-Assisted Dehydrogenative Direct Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids under Oxidant-Free Conditions
Authors: Banerjee Subhash , Anchal Kumari , Patel Ashok R.
Published: August 2024

Here, we report the NiCo2O4-nanoparticle-catalyzed dehydrogenative direct oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acid in the presence of KOH under microwave irradiation in the absence of any oxidant in good to excellent yields (75–99%) within a short reaction time (5–10 min). The polycrystalline cubic spinel phase of NiCo2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of 25 nm were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and analyzed properly by using powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The NiCo2O4 NPs were stable under the reaction conditions and reused for up to eight cycles without appreciable loss in the yield of benzoic acid. According to mechanistic insight, the KOH acts as a second oxygen source and is essential for the synthesis of carboxylic acid from alcohols. The hydrogen gas was found to be the only byproduct of this method detected by chemical reactions.
Activating Methanol for Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Chalcones Using an SNS-Ruthenium Complex
Authors: Srimani Dipankar , Mohar Kailash , Phukan Hirak Jyoti , Mondal Avijit , Soni Kaushik
Published: August 2024

Methanol is gaining popularity as a transfer-hydrogenating agent in catalytic reduction reactions because of its bulk-scale production and inexpensive nature. Current research interests include the utilization of methanol as a safe and sustainable hydrogen source for chemical synthesis and drug development. In particular, the chemoselective reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones is of great interest because of their prevalence in many natural products. We investigated the potential application of acridine-derived SNS-Ru pincer complexes in methanol activation for chemoselective reduction of chalcones. Our developed catalytic system showed broad substrate tolerance, including substrates containing reducible functional groups. Control experiments and postsynthetic applications are also highlighted.
Ketocalixarenes: Versatile yet still Unexplored Macrocycles
Authors: Biali Silvio E. , Shalev Ori
Published: August 2024

Ketocalix[n]arenes can be prepared via oxidation of the methylene groups of protected calix[n]arenes. The presence of carbonyl groups at the bridges alters the preferred conformation and reactivity of the macrocycle and provides an entry point (via nucleophilic additions reactions) to a wide array of methylene-substituted derivatives as well as calix[n]radialenes.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of Ketocalix[n]arenes

2.1 Ketocalix[4]arene Derivatives

2.2 Systems Possessing both Carbonyl and Bromomethane Bridges

2.3 Pentaoxoketocalix[5]arene and Hexaoxoketocalix[6]arene Derivatives

2.4 Monooxo- and Dioxoketocalix[6]arenes

3 Conformation of Ketocalixarenes

4 Reactions of Ketocalixarenes

4.1 Alkylation of the OH Groups

4.2 Intramolecular Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution

4.3 Reduction of the Carbonyl Groups

4.4 Reaction of 5c with PhLi

4.5 Reaction with tert-Butyllithium

5 From Ketocalix[n]arenes to Calix[n]radialenes and Calix[n]rotanes

6 Summary and Outlook
Introduction to the special issue “environmental criminology in crime prevention: theories for practice”
Authors: Ceccato Vania , Ioannidis Ioannis
Published: August 2024

In this special issue, five articles demonstrate the impact of contemporary Environmental Criminology theory on the understanding of crime and the development of crime prevention practices in both urban and rural contexts. The articles exemplify the development of Environmental Criminology as a field that extends beyond crime in physical spaces to encompass offenses in cyberspace, illustrating the field’s adaptability and relevance in an increasingly digital world. Authored by environmental criminologists from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, these articles offer a range of international perspectives, thereby contributing to the field of security while addressing broader social issues.
Waves in cosmological background with static Schwarzschild radius in the expanding universe
Authors: Yagdjian Karen
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we prove the existence of global in time small data solutions of semilinear Klein–Gordon equations in space-time with a static Schwarzschild radius in the expanding universe.
Frequency-selective valley-edge transmission and channeling in phononic-crystal plates with dual topological modulations
Authors: Hsu Jin-Chen , Wei Chun-Hao , Huang Che-Ting
Published: August 2024

In this numerical study, we propose dual-modulated topological pillared phononic crystal (PnC) plates and demonstrate their application in achieving frequency-selective waveguiding of Lamb-wave valley-edge states. We show that both the radius and the height of the pillars in the honeycomb unit cell can be varied, allowing a generalized parameter space to obtain the complete topological bandgaps and two groups of distinct valley Hall phases for designing topological waveguides operating in different frequency ranges. Accordingly, we construct different types of phase domain walls to support valley-edge states using the dual-modulated PnC plates with a lattice constant of 2000 μm and with topological bandgaps opened around the Dirac cone frequency of 426 kHz. The numerical results show that the valley-edge states emerge to cover different frequency ranges and exhibit robust backscattering immunity when propagating along zigzag paths with sharp corners. Furthermore, the transport path of the valley-edge states can be designed to be highly dependent on the operating frequency in different domain walls. Consequently, we design a straight waveguide and three multichannel waveguides to demonstrate frequency-dependent switchable transmission and selective channeling of valley-edge states, respectively. The results of this study pave the way for the development and optimization of topological acoustic circuits using the generalized parameter space approaches and are expected to find promising applications in frequency-controlled and signal-division devices.
The high dust density regime of dusty plasma: Theory and simulations
Authors: Avinash K. , Kalita S. J. , Ganesh R. , Kaur P.
Published: August 2024

It is shown that the dust density regimes in the dusty plasma are characterized by two complementary screening processes: (i) the low dust density regime where the Debye screening is the dominant process and (ii) the high dust density regime where the “Coulomb screening” is the dominant process. The Debye regime is characterized by a state where all dust particles carry an equal and constant charge. The high dust density regime or the “Coulomb plasma” regime is characterized by (a) “Coulomb screening” where the dust charge depends on the spatial location and is screened by other dust particles in the vicinity by charge reduction, (b) “asymptotic freedom” where dust particles, which on an average carry minimal electric charge, are asymptotically free in the high dust density limit, (c) uniform dust charge density and plasma potential, (d) dust charge neutralization by a uniform background of hot ions, and (e) dust is weakly coupled due to strong Coulomb screening. Thus, the dusty plasma is essentially a weakly coupled, one-component plasma with screening in the high dust density limit. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations verify these properties. The MD simulations are performed, using a recently proposed Hamiltonian formalism to study the dynamics of Yukawa particles carrying variable electric charge. A hydrodynamic model for describing the collective properties of Coulomb plasma and its characteristic acoustic mode called the “Coulomb acoustic mode” arising due to imperfect Coulomb screening is given.
Effective and robust quantum state tomography of electron-nuclear spins in diamond by time-resolved fluorescence
Authors: Zhang Rujian , Ye Yuhang , Liu Fei , Geng Jianpei , Zhu Baiqiang , Qian Peng , Chen Bing
Published: August 2024

Quantum state tomography (QST) of electron-nuclear spins of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond commonly requires a sequence of population flipping operations and frequent calibration of basis states by fluorescence photon-counting. Here, we realize an effective and robust quantum state tomography of electron-nuclear spins based on time-resolved fluorescence, which can enhance the signal-to-noise ratio between different basis states up to 29.6% compared to the photon-counting method. Meanwhile, our method can directly obtain the population of four basis states with only one measurement, which significantly improves the efficiency of tomography. Furthermore, the photon count rate fluctuation of time-resolved fluorescence can be reduced to the standard quantum limit by normalization operation, indicating that the time-resolved method is calibration-free. This method could be easily applied to multi-nuclear spins of NV center in diamond and extended to other solid-state spin systems.
A deep learning-based convolutional spatiotemporal network proxy model for reservoir production prediction
Authors: Chen Qilong , Xu Yunfeng , Meng Fankun , Zhao Hui , Zhan Wentao
Published: August 2024

Accurate production prediction is crucial in the field of reservoir management and production optimization. Traditional models often struggle with the complexities of nonlinear relationships and high-dimensional data, which hinders their ability to capture the variability of the production process efficiently and results in time-consuming calculations. To overcome these limitations, this paper introduces an innovative proxy modeling technique employing a convolutional spatiotemporal neural network. This method utilizes convolutional neural networks to extract spatial features from high-dimensional data, while the Transformer is used to model and predict complex temporal dynamics in production. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed proxy model, two case studies involving four injection and nine production wells within two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) non-homogeneous reservoirs were conducted, with the R2 coefficient serving as the primary evaluation metric. As the number of training iterations and data volume increase, the proxy model demonstrates rapid convergence. In tests conducted on the 2D and 3D datasets, the average R2 value exceeded 0.96 and 0.94. These results confirm the accuracy and stability of the proxy model. It also shows that the proxy model can accurately describe the geological and fluid seepage characteristics of the reservoir, which in turn can achieve a highly accurate match with the real data. In addition, the computational time is reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to traditional models. Compared with the long short-term memory method, the accuracy of the prediction results is increased by 30%, which greatly enhances efficiency and accuracy. To some extent, the presented proxy model can provide some guidance for the efficient history match of production data.
All-dielectric meta-surface transmission-mode ultra-thin GaAs negative electron affinity photocathode
Authors: Peng Xincun , Zhong Chaoyan , Zou Jijun , Deng Wenjuan
Published: August 2024

Transmission-mode (t-mode) GaAs negative electron affinity photocathodes (NEA-PCs) can be integrated with the optical focusing lenses and microchannel plates to produce high-quality electron beams and high-sensitive detectors. Quantum efficiency (QE) of ∼40% has been reported for the t-mode thick (>1000 nm) GaAs NEA-PCs. Nevertheless, practical applications of these devices have been seriously restricted by their long response time (tens of picoseconds). In this work, the all-dielectric meta-surfaces (ADMS) were designed as the light managers for the t-mode ultra-thin GaAs NEA-PCs. For the 500–850 nm waveband, high light absorption (>80%) can be obtained through coupling the electromagnetic dipole moments of ADMS into the leaky optical modes in 100 nm ultra-thin GaAs NEA-PC layer, which leads to enhanced QE higher than that of the thick ones, the response time less than 5 ps, and the mean transverse energy less than 60 meV, respectively. Given these properties, ADMS t-model ultra-thin NEA-PCs represent a promising photocathode to provide the high-brightness short-pulse spin-polarized electron beams and high-sensitive fast-response detectors for the electron accelerator and low-light-level photodetection applications, respectively.
Direct numerical simulation of supercritical carbon dioxide oxy-methane combustion
Authors: Mishra Rohit , Jarrahbashi Dorrin
Published: August 2024

Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) oxy-methane combustion is a key component of zero-carbon technologies in direct-fired sCO2 power cycles, i.e., the Allam cycle which offers promising solutions for clean and sustainable energy production. The use of sCO2 as both working fluid and diluent to moderate the combustor exit temperature at high pressure and high preheat temperature in the Allam cycle poses a unique combustion behavior. The effects of high sCO2 dilution on sCO2 oxy-methane combustion behavior, flame propagation, and flame stability are not fully resolved due to experimental challenges at such extreme conditions. This study addresses this major challenge by providing an understanding of the effect of sCO2 dilution on supercritical mixing and the combustion behavior in sCO2 oxy-methane combustion. A direct numerical simulation (DNS) integrated with the real-fluid equation of state is developed to provide the first DNS dataset for the realistic operating conditions of sCO2 oxy-methane combustors designed by Southwest Research Institute. The combustion behavior shows that sCO2 dilution has a major impact on mixing, heat release rate, temperature, and flame thickness. A peak in the heat release rate is identified for a given air–fuel ratio and the lowest CO production for 75%–80% CO2 dilution which results in a maximum temperature of 2000 K. By comparing the results obtained from ideal- and real-fluid equation of state, this study shows that real-fluid effects can significantly affect density gradient distribution and heat release rate, impacting supercritical mixing and flame dynamics under high sCO2 dilution. The results provide crucial insight for designing future sCO2 oxy-combustors.
In situ growth of silver nanoparticles on carbon fiber by plasma–liquid interaction to improve performance of epoxy composites
Authors: Wu Yao , Zhang Yuhan , Yang Zefeng , Huang Xuefei , Chen Shijie , Li Jie , Huang Guizao , Wei Wenfu , Gao Guoqiang , Wu Guangning
Published: August 2024

Grafting nanomaterials on the carbon fiber (CF) surface is considered an effective strategy for enhancing the interfacial properties of CF-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs). However, the mechanical properties of the CFs are often compromised during treatment. A new method for in situ growing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the CF surface is proposed in this study. The CFs are first immersed in a low-viscosity silver nitrate solution to form a thin liquid film on the surface. Subsequently, using the abundant active particles in the plasma, the silver ions are reduced to silver atoms and grown into AgNPs on the CF surface. The tensile strength of CF@Ag was 38.74% greater than that of untreated CF, potentially due to the reparative action of AgNPs on defects in CF. The CF showed an evident improvement in surface wettability because of the AgNPs. Furthermore, the interfacial properties were noticeably improved, with the interfacial shear strength of CF@Ag increasing to 91.59 MPa, which was about twice that of pristine CF. Thus, the mechanical properties of composites are significantly improved (flexural strength increased by 190.74%). This study presents a non-destructive and convenient method for growing nanoparticles onto CF to establish a robust interface in CFRPs.
2D core ion temperature and impurity density measurements with Coherence Imaging Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CICERS) at Wendelstein 7-X (invited)
Authors: Lopez-Cansino R. , Perseo V. , Viezzer E. , Ford O. P. , Kriete M. , Romba T. , Rueda-Rueda J. , Poloskei P. Z. , Reimold F. ,   W7-X Team
Published: August 2024

Coherence Imaging Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CICERS) is an imaging diagnostic installed in Wendelstein 7-X from which 2D maps of ion temperature (Ti) and impurity density (nZ) are obtained. The improved spatial resolution and coverage, as compared to standard Charge eXchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS), with which these parameters can be assessed, come at the expense of spectral resolution, requiring the development of new strategies to isolate the active charge exchange contribution from passive and Bremsstrahlung radiation. In this work, a new approach based on the modeling of background radiation is presented and applied to the derivation of 2D Ti maps. These are compared to the Ti profiles derived from standard CXRS, which found excellent agreement up to the edge (ρ > 0.8). The CICERS view is implemented in the pyFIDAsim code, which is used to provide further insight into the spatial localization of the radiation as measured by the diagnostic. Moreover, an absolute intensity calibration is carried out, and, coupled with pyFIDAsim, the first 2D nC maps are obtained and validated against CXRS data.
Upgrade of the Lyman-alpha diagnostic system on DIII-D for main chamber edge neutral studies
Authors: Horvath L. , Mauzey D. , Bortolon A. , Laggner F. M. , Nagy A. , Gerrú R. , Kennedy J. , Wilks T. M. , Hughes J. W. , Rosenthal A. M. , Balbin-Arias J.
Published: August 2024

The LLAMA (Lyman Alpha Measurement Apparatus) pinhole camera diagnostic had previously been deployed on DIII-D to measure radial profiles of the Lyman-α (Ly-α) deuterium neutral line brightness across the plasma boundary in the lower chamber to infer neutral deuterium density and ionization rate profiles. This system has recently been upgraded with a new diagnostic head, named ALPACA, that also encloses two pinhole cameras and duplicates the LLAMA views in the upper chamber. Similar to LLAMA, ALPACA provides two times 20 lines of sight, viewing the plasma edge on the inboard and outboard sides with a radial resolution of ∼2.5 cm (FWHM) and an effective time resolution of ∼1 ms that allows for the investigation of inter-ELM dynamics. The extended Ly-α system provides better coverage to study neutrals in experiments with various plasma shapes utilizing both the upper and lower divertors. Furthermore, post-campaign calibration of the LLAMA diagnostic has successfully been demonstrated for the first time. This was facilitated by various upgrades to the calibration set-up and detailed measurements of the emissivity distribution of the Ly-α calibration source using a pinhole collimator. It was found that the sensitivity of the inboard LLAMA pinhole camera was reduced by a factor of 2.0 ± 0.2 over the course of six months of plasma operation in 2021. The upgraded Ly-α system, equipped with improved absolute calibration, will provide key input for neutral fueling and pedestal particle transport studies and for 2D edge transport code validation on the DIII-D tokamak.
Numerical study of cavitation bubble dynamics in a flowing tube
Authors: Wang Nian , Odumosu Odumuyiwa A. , Wang Tianyou , Che Zhizhao
Published: August 2024

Cavitation in tubes is a common occurrence in nature and engineering applications. Previous studies of cavitation bubble dynamics mainly consider bubbles in stagnant-water tubes, but the dynamics of cavitation bubbles in tubes with flow is not clear. This study investigates the dynamics of cavitation bubbles in tubes with flow by numerical simulations. The results show that, unlike bubbles in stagnant-water tubes, bubbles under the combined effects of water inflow and tube wall confinement exhibit asymmetric behavior along the axis of the tube. The inflow suppresses the development of the bubble interface near the tube inlet, causing that side of the interface to move with the inflow. In contrast, the expansion and contraction of the bubble and the generation of liquid jets occur on the side near the outlet. This feature results in significant asymmetry in the bubble interface; therefore, we introduce a skewness parameter to characterize the difference in length between the left and right parts of the bubble during the bubble evolution. The evolution of the bubble significantly affects the mass flow rate at the outlet of the tube, and even leads to backflow during the bubble contraction process.
Boltzmann’s H-function for molecules with orientational degrees of freedom: Emergence of unique features
Authors: Kumar Shubham , Bagchi Biman
Published: August 2024

Boltzmann’s H-function H(t), often regarded as an analog of time-dependent entropy, holds a venerable place in the history of science. However, accurate numerical evaluation of H(t) for particles other than atoms is rare. To remove this lacuna, we generalize Boltzmann’s H-function to a gas of molecules with orientational degrees of freedom and evaluate H(t) from the time-dependent joint probability distribution function f(p, L, t) for linear (p) and angular (L) momenta, evolving from an initial nonequilibrium state, by molecular dynamics simulations. We consider both prolate- and oblate-shaped particles, interacting via the well-known Gay–Berne potential and obtain the relaxation of the generalized molecular H(t) from initial (t = 0) nonequilibrium states. In the long-time limit, the H function saturates to its exact equilibrium value, which is the sum of translational and rotational contributions to the respective entropies. Both the translational and rotational components of H(t) decay nearly exponentially with time; the rotational component is more sensitive to the molecular shape that enters through the aspect ratio. A remarkable rapid decrease in the rotational relaxation time is observed as the spherical limit is approached, in a way tantalizingly reminiscent of Hu–Zwanzig hydrodynamic prediction with the slip boundary condition. In addition, we obtain H(t) analytically by solving the appropriate translational and rotational Fokker–Planck equation and obtain a modest agreement with simulations. We observe a remarkable signature of translation–rotation coupling as a function of molecular shape, captured through a physically meaningful differential term that quantifies the magnitude of translation–rotation coupling.
RealTimeTransport: An open-source C++ library for quantum transport simulations in the strong coupling regime
Authors: Nestmann Konstantin , Leijnse Martin , Wegewijs Maarten R.
Published: August 2024

The description of quantum transport in the strong system–reservoir coupling regime poses a significant theoretical and computational challenge that demands specialized tools for accurate analysis. RealTimeTransport is a new open-source C++ library that enables the computation of both stationary and transient transport observables for generic quantum systems connected to metallic reservoirs. It computes the Nakajima–Zwanzig memory kernels for both dynamics and transport in real-time, going beyond traditional expansions in the bare system–reservoir couplings. Currently, several methods are available as follows: (i) A renormalized perturbation theory in leading and next-to-leading order, which avoids the low-temperature breakdown that limits the traditional theory. (ii) Starting from this well-behaved reference solution, a two- and three-loop, self-consistent renormalization-group transformation of the memory kernels is implemented. This allows refined quantitative predictions even in the presence of many body resonances, such as the Kondo enhancement of cotunneling. This paper provides an overview of the theory, the architecture of RealTimeTransport, and practical demonstrations of the currently implemented methods. In particular, we analyze the stationary transport through a serial double quantum dot and showcase for the T = 0 interacting Anderson model the complete time-development of single-electron tunneling (SET), cotunneling-assisted SET, and inelastic cotunneling resonances throughout the entire gate-bias stability diagram. We discuss the range of applicability of the implemented methods and benchmark them against other advanced approaches.
The electron resistance of a single skyrmion within ballistic approach
Authors: Useinov Artur , Raj Ravish Kumar , Verma Ravi Shankar , Kumar Mohit , Kaushik Brajesh Kumar
Published: August 2024

An alternative way of skyrmion quasi-particle detection is simulated at low voltage bias. The point contact (PC), attached to the strip with a Néel-type skyrmion, can detect it with a higher efficiency than a magnetic tunnel junction. The method is based on detecting the skyrmion via the ballistic magnetoresistance ratio (BRR). PC's resistance with skyrmion significantly differs from the one without it. BRR is estimated in the framework of the point contact model for two directions of spin-polarized current: perpendicular to the transport direction (case 1) and along one (case 2). Skyrmion's size is assumed to be around 3.6 nm in diameter—smaller, or comparable, to the mean free path of electrons, allowing it to utilize the ballistic transport approach. As a result, resistance values for the considered Néel type skyrmion within the related size are estimated as 157 Ω for case 1 and 452.2 Ω for case 2 with optimistic BRR 101.3% and 291.7%, respectively. BRR for case 2 is higher due to the spin-filtering effect. The method also has the potential to detect the skyrmion type, or other magnetic nano structures such as bimeron, domain wall (DW), etc.