bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is screening for abnormal ECG patterns justified in long‐term follow‐up of childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines?
Authors: Pourier Milanthy S. , Mavinkurve‐Groothuis Annelies M. C. , Loonen Jacqueline , Bökkerink Jos P. M. , Roeleveld Nel , Beer Gil , Bellersen Louise , Kapusta Livia
Published: September 2016

Background

ECG and echocardiography are noninvasive screening tools to detect subclinical cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer survivors (CCSs). Our aims were as follows: (1) assess the prevalence of abnormal ECG patterns, (2) determine the agreement between abnormal ECG patterns and echocardiographic abnormalities; and (3) determine whether ECG screening for subclinical cardiotoxicity in CCSs is justified.

Procedure

We retrospectively studied ECG and echocardiography in asymptomatic CCSs more than 5 years after anthracycline treatment. Exclusion criteria were abnormal ECG and/or echocardiogram at the start of therapy, incomplete follow‐up data, clinical heart failure, cardiac medication, and congenital heart disease. ECG abnormalities were classified using the Minnesota Code. Level of agreement between ECG and echocardiography was calculated with Cohen kappa.

Results

We included 340 survivors with a mean follow‐up of 14.5 years (range 5–32). ECG was abnormal in 73 survivors (21.5%), with ventricular conduction disorders, sinus bradycardia, and high‐amplitude R waves being most common. Prolonged QTc (>0.45 msec) was found in two survivors, both with a cumulative anthracycline dose of 300 mg/m2 or higher. Echocardiography showed abnormalities in 44 survivors (12.9%), mostly mild valvular abnormalities. The level of agreement between ECG and echocardiography was low (kappa 0.09). Male survivors more often had an abnormal ECG (corrected odds ratio: 3.00, 95% confidence interval: 1.68–5.37).

Conclusions

Abnormal ECG patterns were present in 21% of asymptomatic long‐term CCSs. Lack of agreement between abnormal ECG patterns and echocardiographic abnormalities may suggest that ECG is valuable in long‐term follow‐up of CCSs. However, it is not clear whether these abnormal ECG patterns will be clinically relevant.
The incidence of Kawasaki disease after vaccination within the UK pre‐school National Immunisation Programme: an observational THIN database study
Authors: Hall Gillian C , Tulloh Robert MR , Tulloh Louise E
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To provide expected incidence rates of Kawasaki disease after vaccination in routine clinical practice and as recommended within a pre‐school National Immunisation Programme (NIP).

Methods

A post‐immunisation risk period when Kawasaki disease onset might be associated with vaccination was defined as 28 days. Immunisation records for children under 6 years were identified from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database of electronic UK primary health care records (2008–2012) and linked to previously validated cases of Kawasaki disease with an assigned date of onset. Kawasaki disease incidence in the risk period after a complete NIP recommended set of vaccinations was estimated for five vaccination stages individually and in total.

Results

A total of 642 170 complete pre‐school immunisation stages from 275 986 children were included. Six cases of Kawasaki disease had onset in the risk period after any NIP stage providing an incidence of 12.8 per 100 000 person years (95%CI 5.7, 28.4). The incidence after any single immunisation stage ranged from 0 to 27.4 (95%CI 8.8, 84.8) per 100 000 person years.

Conclusion

There were few cases of Kawasaki disease in the risk period after any NIP vaccination combination. The incidence rates will aid in the interpretation of clinical trials and post‐marketing surveillance of new vaccines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Underlying non‐Hermitian character of the Born rule in open quantum systems
Authors: García‐Calderón Gastón , Chaos‐Cador Lorea
Published: September 2016

The absolute value squared of the probability amplitude corresponding to the overlap of an initial state with a continuum wave solution to the Schrödinger equation of the problem, has the physical interpretation provided by the Born rule. Here, it is shown that for an open quantum system, the above probability may be written in an exact analytical fashion as an expansion in terms of the non‐Hermitian resonance (quasinormal) states and complex poles to the problem which provides an underlying non‐Hermitian character of the Born rule.
Theory of zero‐phonon decay luminescence of semiconductor excitons
Authors: Koch Thomas , Semkat Dirk , Stolz Heinrich , Fehske Holger
Published: September 2016

We present a theoretical approach to the zero‐phonon decay luminescence of excitons. In a two‐step approach, the weakly interacting condensed exciton gas is Bogolyubov transformed before the resulting quasiparticles are coupled to the photon field. The field–field correlation function, which gives the luminescence intensity and first‐order coherence, is calculated in the framework of real‐time Green's functions of the photons. The resulting spectrum of the new, so‐called bogolariton, quasiparticles is discussed.
Paving the way for solution‐ processable perovskite lasers
Authors: Sarritzu Valerio , Cadelano Michele , Sestu Nicola , Marongiu Daniela , Piras Roberto , Chang Xueqing , Quochi Francesco , Saba Michele , Mura Andrea , Bongiovanni Giovanni
Published: September 2016

Trihalide perovskites have been studied quite extensively as light‐harvesting media in photovoltaic devices and have shown a peculiar blend of optoelectronic properties, particularly remarkable carrier mobilities, diffusion lengths comparable to those of inorganic semiconductors and band gap tuneability. Only limited research effort, though, has been devoted so far to leveraging such properties for light emission, and many related processes remain unclear. Here, we identify organic‐inorganic metal halide perovskites as promising candidates for replacing a variety of raw materials at risk of supply shortage, currently used in manufacturing gain media for commercial lasers. We investigate the dynamics of light emission by transient photoluminescence spectroscopy and on the grounds of our findings we identify the challenges ahead on the way to engineering perovskite‐based lasers. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Robust adaptive output feedback control for uncertain nonlinear systems with quantized input
Authors: Xing Lantao , Wen Changyun , Liu Zhitao , Lai Guanyu , Su Hongye
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we study the input quantization problem for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems. The quantizer adopted belongs to a class of sector‐bounded quantizers, which basically include all the currently available static quantizers. Different from the existing results, the quantized input signal, rather than the input signal itself, is used to design the state observers, which guarantees that the state estimation errors will eventually converge to zero. Because the resulting system may be discontinuous and non‐smooth, the existence of the solution in the classical sense is not guaranteed. To cope with this problem, we utilize the non‐smooth analysis techniques and consider the Filippov solutions. A robust way based on the sector bound property of the quantizers is used to handle the quantization errors such that certain restrictive conditions in the existing results are removed and the problem of output feedback control with input signal quantized by logarithmic (or hysteresis) quantizers is solved for the first time. The designed controller guarantees that all the closed‐loop signals are globally bounded and the tracking error exponentially converges towards a small region around zero, which is adjustable. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma pretreatment of polycarbonate substrates for indium zinc oxide film deposition
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Lang Jianlin , Yan Yue , Zhang Xiaofeng , Zhong Yanli , Li Lei
Published: September 2016

The influence of plasma treatment of polycarbonate (PC) substrates on the morphological, electrical, and adhesion properties of deposited amorphous transparent indium zinc oxide (IZO) by direct current magnetron sputtering was investigated by analyzing atomic force microscopy, contact angles, Hall, and nano‐scratch measurements. The surfaces of PC substrates were performed by plasma treatment at various processing times in Ar/O2mix atmosphere. The atomic force microscopy images indicated that the microstructure of the substrates considerably influenced the surface morphology of deposited IZO films, and the least surface roughness of IZO was obtained after 5‐s plasma treatment. The IZO film deposited on PC with 5‐s plasma treatment presented an improved electrical conductivity and thermal stability after annealing at 120 °C in air, whereas the significant decrease in carrier concentration and increase in resistivity with extending plasma treatment time were observed, which was attributed to the elevated oxygen adsorption during annealing for a loosely packed structure. Moreover, the adhesion properties of IZO films with PC substrates decreased after 30‐s plasma treatment because of the significant difference on the surface polarity between the PC and thin films and the increased roughness caused by plasma etching. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Models of neuromodulation for computational psychiatry
Authors: Iglesias Sandra , Tomiello Sara , Schneebeli Maya , Stephan Klaas E.
Published: September 2016

Psychiatry faces fundamental challenges: based on a syndrome‐based nosology, it presently lacks clinical tests to infer on disease processes that cause symptoms of individual patients and must resort to trial‐and‐error treatment strategies. These challenges have fueled the recent emergence of a novel field—computational psychiatry—that strives for mathematical models of disease processes at physiological and computational (information processing) levels. This review is motivated by one particular goal of computational psychiatry: the development of ‘computational assays’ that can be applied to behavioral or neuroimaging data from individual patients and support differential diagnosis and guiding patient‐specific treatment. Because the majority of available pharmacotherapeutic approaches in psychiatry target neuromodulatory transmitters, models that infer (patho)physiological and (patho)computational actions of different neuromodulatory transmitters are of central interest for computational psychiatry. This article reviews the (many) outstanding questions on the computational roles of neuromodulators (dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and noradrenaline), outlines available evidence, and discusses promises and pitfalls in translating these findings to clinical applications. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1420. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1420

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction

Neuroscience > Computation

Neuroscience > Plasticity
Application of high‐energy polarized energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry to the determination of trace levels of As, Hg, and Pb in certifiable color additives
Authors: Hepp Nancy M. , James India C.
Published: September 2016

Advances in x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) using high‐energy polarized energy‐dispersive (ED)XRF spectrometry (PEDXRF) were applied to the determination of trace As, Hg, and Pb in various color additives subject to batch certification by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The objectives of this study were to simplify sample preparation for quantitative determination of these elements and, if possible, to achieve improved sensitivity and detection limits compared to techniques currently used for certification. PEDXRF was compared with wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) for the analysis of trace levels of As, Hg, and Pb in certifiable color additives. For these light matrices, PEDXRF provided better signal‐to‐noise and allowed quantitation in smaller amounts of color additive relative to WDXRF and equal or better precision to ICP‐MS. Determination of these trace elements in a variety of color additives was possible relative to calibrations generated from one color additive using specimens prepared simply by pouring the color additive powder into an XRF sample cup. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Rhenium (Re) – Osmium (Os) Geochronology of the Proterozoic Sirban Limestone Formation, NW Himalaya
Authors: Hakhoo Naveen , Thusu Bindra , Bhat Ghulam M. , Craig Jonathan , Thurow Juergen , Hafiz Mateen
Published: September 2016

The Proterozoic Sirban Limestone Formation (SLFm) exposed in a number of inliers in Jammu (India), NW Himalaya is a potential target for hydrocarbon and ore mineral exploration. The structural complexity not only makes correlation of the SLFm with coeval hydrocarbon producing Proterozoic formations in the neighbouring Salt Range in Pakistan and elsewhere in the world extremely difficult, but also limits the understanding of the genesis of sedimentary hosted mineral deposits. The base of the SLFm inliers is not exposed anywhere in the region and the age of this sequence has been suggested to range from Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic.

Important age diagnostic palynomorphs have been repeatedly recovered from different sections of the SLFm. To place the palynomorph bearing intervals into stratigraphic order is important for correlation of these sections. However, structural complexity and the monotonous nature of the lithology limit the scope for correlation. This problem can only be resolved by geochronology and dating of the important marker horizons in the SLFm. In the absence of tuff horizons the Rhenium (Re) – Osmium (Os) geochronology data can provide a direct date. Within the SLFm an important sedimentary marker horizon (black shale bed) was selected for the Re-Os geochronology.

Re-Os isotope dating is a reliable geochronometer. However, in the present study this method yielded a Re-Os date of 607 ± 330 Ma, indicating that the Re-Os system was interrupted in response to hydrothermal fluid flow associated with the thrust tectonics in the region. Additionally, the decay of the total organic carbon (TOC) seems to have had an adverse effect on the Re–Os mobility and concentration. Since, relative abundance of Re and Os is sufficient enough to attempt Re-Os geochronology of these shale samples. The analysis of the deep drilling cores would give reliable results and provide a dependable correlation tool to place the SLFm in context of the Peri-Gondwana margin successions with proven petroleum systems.
Charnockite Bedrock, Chennai Coast, Tamil Nadu: Micromorphology and Geochemical Signatures in Stages of the Weathering Processes
Authors: Malarvizhi A. , Hema Achyuthan , Gobichandhru D.
Published: September 2016

Mineral weathering of bedrock in the context of landscape evolution provides useful insights in understanding the physico-chemical and climate processes. In this paper, we report mineral and petrographical features supported by geochemical results on the weathering of charnockite rocks exposed along the east coast, Chennai. The exposed rocks consist of medium to fine grained charnockite and are intensely weathered, fractured with weathering rind. Micromorphology of the unweathered charnockite core rock, weathering rind and soil show that the weathering processes are characterised by progressive physical and chemical attack on the labile minerals with the formation of neoformed clay minerals substituting the original rock fabric. The alteration of minerals has produced Fe oxides and clay minerals such as halloysite and kaolinite. Ferruginous oxides etch and impregnate into the plagioclase and othropyroxene microcracks and fractures during the advanced weathering stage. Microfabric alterations in microfractures and its variations occur in the weathering rind thereby, affect the chanrnockite weathering landscape. Geochemical data and chemical weathering indices (CIA, CIW, PIA and CWI) indicate insitu weathering due to stronger physical weathering compared to chemical alteration. UCC and chondrite normalized trace and REE data of the core rock, weathering and soil show similar spider spectra again pointing to insitu weathering with minor recycling. Negative Eu anomaly is due to the alteration of the alkali feldspars. Weathering of the core rock to soil grades towards the increase of quartz grains and Fe oxides in the weathering rind and soils. Weathering rind exhibits formation of clays such as kaolinite, halloysite and gibbsite formed under the humid, alternate dry and wet conditions.
Geochemical Processes Controlling Fluoride-bearing Groundwater in the Granitic Aquifer of a Semi-arid Region
Authors: Rao N. Subba , Dinakar A. , Rao P. Surya , Rao P. N. , Madhnure Pandith , Prasad K. M. , Sudarshan G.
Published: September 2016

The aim of the present study is to identify the geochemical processes responsible for higher fluoride (F–) content in the groundwater of the Yellareddigudem watershed located in Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh. The basement rocks in the study area comprise mainly of granites (pink and grey varieties), which contain F-bearing minerals (fluorite, biotite and hornblende). The results of the study area suggest that the groundwater is characterized by Na+: HCO facies. The F– content varies from 0.42 to 7.50 mg/L. In about 68% of the collected groundwater samples, the concentration of F– exceeds the national drinking water quality limit of 1.5 mg/L. The weathering of the granitic rocks causes the release of Na+ and HCO ions, which increase the solubility of ions. Ion exchange between Na+ and Ca2+, and precipitation of CaCO3 reduce the activity of Ca2+. This favours dissolution of CaF2 from the F-bearing minerals present in the host rocks, leading to a higher concentration of F– in the groundwater. The study further suggests that the spatial variation in the F– content appears to be caused by difference in the relative occurrence of F-bearing minerals, the degree of rock-weathering and fracturing, the residence time of water in the aquifer materials and the associated geochemical processes. The study emphasizes the need for appropriate management measures to mitigate the effect of higher F groundwater on human health.
A Proposed New Approach for Groundwater Resources Assessment in India
Authors: Chatterjee Rana , Ray Ranjan Kumar
Published: September 2016

Assessment of groundwater resources in India is guided by National Water Policy (1987, 2002) which states that groundwater resources can be exploited only up to its recharge limit. The methodology for groundwater resources assessment in India is broadly based on Ground Water Resources Estimation Methodology, 1997 and it involves assessment of annual replenishable groundwater resources (recharge), annual groundwater draft (utilization) and the percentage of utilization with respect to recharge (stage of development). The assessment units (blocks/watersheds) are categorized based on stage of groundwater development (utilization) and the long term water level trend. The present methodology though useful in identification and prioritization of areas for groundwater management, falls short of addressing several critical issues like spatial and temporal variation of groundwater availability within the aquifer, accessibility of groundwater resources and quality of groundwater. This paper introduces a new categorisation scheme considering the above issues. The proposed scheme takes into account four criteria, viz. (i) stage of exploitation, (ii) extractability factor, (iii) temporal availability factor and (iv) quality factor. In comparison to the existing method used for categorisation, the proposed approach is more inclusive. The methodology is also equally suitable for both alluvial and hard rock terrain since it takes into consideration the variable characteristics of different types of aquifers and convergence of quantitative and qualitative assessment. The categorisation proposed here involves GIS based integration of different parameters/themes. This allows better representation of spatial variability. The proposed methodology is demonstrated in this paper taking a case study from a hard rock terrain in central India.
Geochemistry of the Sandstones of Punagarh Basin: Implications for Two Source Terranes and Arabian - Nubian Connection of Aravalli Craton?
Authors: Khan Tavheed , Khan M. Shamim
Published: September 2016

Sandstones of Punagarh basin of Trans Aravalli region, NW Indian shield were analyzed for their major and trace element contents in conjunction with petrographic modes. The Punagarh basin comprises four formations (Sojat, Bambolai, Khamal and Sowania), amongst which the Sojat Formation in uncoformable contact with overlying formations, is significantly older and enjoys separate status as rest of the formations constitute Punagarh Group. Petrographic attributes suggest that Sojat sandstones contain distinct modal abundances like high content of quartz and low content of feldspar, mica, matrix, rock fragments and cement. In general there is a decrease in the average modal abundance of quartz and mica with concomitant increase of feldspar, chert and rock fragments from base to top in Punagarh sandstones. Sojat sandstones are also geochemically distinct as they possess high SiO2/Al2O3, Th/U and Cr/Th ratios coupled with lowest Na2O/K2O ratio and Zr content, least fractionated LREE, more fractionated HREE and largest Eu* anomaly compared to Punagarh sandstones. The weathering indices suggest intense chemical weathering for Sojat sandstones and low to moderate for Punagarh sandstones. Compositionally all the sandstones of the Punagarh basin come under the category of quartzarenite. Compared to PAAS and UCC, both suite of sandstones are generally depleted in REE, HFSE (with exception of Zr, Hf and Ta), and enriched in ferromagnesian trace elements particularly Cr and Co. The chemical data indicate that the sediments were derived from the source(s) of mixed felsic - mafic composition, with the former being dominant. The source rocks were granites, TTG, basalts, and rhyolites. The Sojat sandstones owe their source form Archean crust while Punagarh sandstones got detritus from Mesoproterozic crust. Immobile element ratios and REE abundances of Sojat sandstones closely match with Paleoproterozoic metagreywackes of Ghana of African craton while Punagarh sandstones show near geochemical characteristic with Gogunda, Kumbalgarh and Vindhyan quartzites of Aravalli craton. This geochemical similarity of Sojat sandstones provides credence to the hypothesis that Trans – Aravalli region of India had been an integral part of Arabian - Nubian shield. The chemical data advocate the deposition of these sandstones in a tectonic setting comparable to modern back arc setting.
The Right to Liberty in European Union Law and Mutual Recognition in Criminal Matters
Authors: MANCANO Leandro
Published: September 2016

This article analyses the interaction between the application of mutual recognition in criminal matters and the right to liberty. The main argument is that the current content of the right to liberty in EU law is unsuitable for mutual recognition procedures. As for the structure of this article, firstly, the main features of mutual recognition as a method of inter-state cooperation in criminal matters are outlined. Secondly, the approach of the European Union (especially the Court of Justice) to the right to liberty is clarified. Thirdly, four mutual recognition instruments are analysed in light of the right to liberty: namely, the Framework Decisions on the European Arrest Warrant; the Transfer of Prisoners; the Probation Measures; and the European Supervision Order (ESO). The assessment confirms that the higher level of automaticity in judicial cooperation introduced by mutual recognition requires a rethink of the existing understanding of the right to liberty in EU law.
Trends in Medication Use Over 11 Years in Patients Presenting to a Rural and Remote Memory Clinic
Authors: Verity Ryan , Kirk Andrew , Morgan Debra , Karunanayake Chandima
Published: September 2016

Background: Anticholinergic and sedating medications are generally contraindicated in those with cognitive decline. We examined trends in medication use by patients at initial presentation to a rural and remote memory clinic (RRMC) between March 2004 and June 2015 to determine whether patterns of medication use have changed. Methods: The first 444 patients seen at the RRMC between 2004 and 2015 were included in this analysis. Medication lists were collected at the patient’s initial visit, and it was noted whether patients were taking anticholinergic or potentially sedating drugs. Statistical analysis (Spearman’s correlation) was conducted to examine trends in medication use over time. Results: Patients were on a mean of 5.18 medications (standard deviation, 3.46). Ninety-one patients (20.5%) were taking at least one anticholinergic medication. There was a decline (25.0% in 2004 to 12.5% in 2014) in percentage of patients presenting with anticholinergic medications over the 11 years of this study (Spearman’s correlation coefficient =−0.64, p=0.035). The prevalence of drugs acting on the central nervous system trended toward an increase, but this was not statistically significant. Sixty-three patients (14.2%) presented to the RRMC already taking a cholinesterase inhibitor. Conclusions: The most encouraging statistic to come from this study is a decline in anticholinergic medication use in this rural population. Prescribers must be properly informed to ensure that the number of medications per patient does not continue to rise, that medications are used only as necessary, and that potentially deleterious medications are avoided.
Spontaneous Thrombosis of an Unruptured Saccular Aneurysm Causing MCA Infarction
Authors: Fomenko Anton , Kaufmann Anthony M.
Published: September 2016

Spontaneous complete thrombosis of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm leading to ischemic stroke is rare. We present a case of a 56-year-old man who suffered an acute left middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction, attributable to complete thrombosis of an unruptured saccular MCA bifurcation aneurysm with occlusion of the parent artery. The presenting hemiparesis and aphasia partially improved over a long hospital rehabilitation stay. Follow-up imaging demonstrated no recanalization of the aneurysm or parent vessels. To the best of our knowledge this is the first documented case of isolated MCA territory infarction due to complete spontaneous thrombosis of a saccular aneurysm.
The Entrepreneurial Multiplier Effect
Authors: GALAMBOS LOUIS , AMATORI FRANCO
Published: September 2016

Since the Keynesian revolution in economics, a standard part of the profession’s analytical framework, and an argument for government support for investment, has been the multiplier concept. This classical multiplier works through consumption in an equilibrium model. Our contention is that there is also an entrepreneurial multiplier that works directly through investment by incentivizing or forcing investments in innovation in a dynamic, disequilibrium model. These investments have been analyzed as “spill-overs,” or responses to “bottlenecks,” or Schumpeterian examples of emulation. We suggest that the surges of innovation in capitalism were even broader than Schumpeter did, and that they can best be explored using a multiplier paradigm. We start that exploration by briefly examining selected patterns of entrepreneurship in the first, second, and third industrial revolutions. Our emphasis is on the sequences of innovations; the manner in which they are multiplied; and their economic, cultural, and political consequences. We delve into the first Industrial Revolution in New England and in Lombardy, Italy; the second Industrial Revolution in the United States and France, and the third Industrial Revolution in America and Europe. In all three of these dramatic capitalist transitions, there is evidence of the entrepreneurial multiplier at work, broadening, deepening, and extending the impact of the major innovations.
Overall recession and mass budget of Gangotri Glacier, Garhwal Himalayas, from 1965 to 2015 using remote sensing data
Authors: BHATTACHARYA ATANU , BOLCH TOBIAS , MUKHERJEE KRITI , PIECZONKA TINO , KROPÁČEK JAN , BUCHROITHNER MANFRED F.
Published: September 2016

Thinning rates for the debris-covered Gangotri Glacier and its tributary glaciers during the period 1968–2014, length variation and area vacated at the snout from 1965 to 2015, and seasonal variation of ice-surface velocity for the last two decades have been investigated in this study. It was found that the mass loss of Gangotri and its tributary glaciers was slightly less than those reported for other debris-covered glaciers in the Himalayan regions. The average velocity during 2006–14 decreased by ~6.7% as compared with that during 1993–2006. The debris-covered area of the main trunk of Gangotri Glacier increased significantly from 1965 until 2015 with the maximum rate of increase (0.8 ± 0.2 km2 a−1) during 2006–15. The retreat (~9.0 ± 3.5 m a−1) was less in recent years (2006–2015) but the down-wasting (0.34 ± 0.2 m a−1) in the same period (2006–2014) was higher than that (0.20 ± 0.1 m a−1) during 1968–2006. The study reinforced the established fact that the glacier length change is a delayed response to climate change and, in addition, is affected by debris cover, whereas glacier mass balance is a more direct and immediate response. Therefore, it is recommended to study the glacier mass balance and not only the glacier extent, to conclude about a glacier's response to climate change.
Flavonoid intake from vegetables and fruits is inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk: a case–control study in China
Authors: Xu Ming , Chen Yu-Ming , Huang Jing , Fang Yu-Jing , Huang Wu-Qing , Yan Bo , Lu Min-Shan , Pan Zhi-Zhong , Zhang Cai-Xia
Published: September 2016

Flavonoids may play an important role in the protective effects of vegetables, fruits and tea against colorectal cancer. However, associations between flavonoids and colorectal cancer risk are inconsistent, and a few studies have evaluated the effect of flavonoids from different dietary sources separately. This study aimed to evaluate associations of flavonoids intake from different dietary sources with colorectal cancer risk in a Chinese population. From July 2010 to December 2015, 1632 eligible colorectal cancer cases and 1632 frequency-matched controls (age and sex) completed in-person interviews. A validated FFQ was used to estimate dietary flavonoids intake. Multivariate logistical regression models were used to calculate the OR and 95 % CI of colorectal cancer risk after adjusting for various confounders. No significant association was found between total flavonoids and colorectal cancer risk, with an adjusted OR of 1·06 (95 % CI 0·85, 1·32) comparing the highest with the lowest quartile. Anthocyanidins, flavanones and flavones intakes from total diet were found to be inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. Compared with the lowest quartile, the adjusted OR for the highest quartile were 0·80 (95 % CI 0·64, 1·00) for anthocyanidins, 0·28 (95 % CI 0·22, 0·36) for flavanones and 0·54 (95 % CI 0·43, 0·67) for flavones. All subclasses of flavonoids from vegetables and fruits were inversely associated with colorectal cancer. However, no significant association was found between tea flavonoids and colorectal cancer risk. These data indicate that specific flavonoids, specifically flavonoids from vegetables and fruits, may be linked with the reduced risk of colorectal cancer.
A New Deal, a New Updike: The Decline of New Deal Liberalism in John Updike'sThe Poorhouse Fair
Authors: FROMER YOAV
Published: September 2016

This paper challenges the prevailing notions that John Updike's fiction was mostly apolitical by offering a fresh and unorthodox reading of his debut novelThe Poorhouse Fair(1958). It argues that Updike's application of political metaphor to an ostensibly placid plot that revolves around a New Jersey retirement home illuminates mounting disagreements within the New Deal order regarding power, liberty, democracy, and religion. Unlike conventional narratives that attribute the decline of liberalism in the 1960s to external factors such as Vietnam, racial strife, counterculture, and postindustrialism, this counterintuitive reading of Updike reveals that latent internal philosophical tensions were embedded within liberalism long before these formidable challenges materialized.
The Museum of Safety: Responsibility, Awareness and Modernity in New York, 1908–1923
Authors: WILSON ROSS
Published: September 2016

This article examines the construction, the development and the denouement of the Museum of Safety in New York during the early twentieth century. Through a detailed assessment of the institution's own bulletin, newspapers and accompanying literature, the manner in which the museum served its visitors, promoted its cause and failed to secure its own future will be examined. The significance of this institution has been overlooked despite the way its role and responsibilities in exhibiting safety devices and procedures to industry, workers and the public reflect important trends within late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century society. The Museum of Safety also emerged as the effects of capitalism, immigration and industrialization began to be addressed. Examining the history of this “lost museum” will, therefore, reveal how responsibility, awareness and modernity were encountered in New York.
Effects of discourse on control
Authors: JANKE VIKKI , BAILEY LAURA R.
Published: September 2016

This study examined discourse effects on obligatory and non-obligatory control interpretations. Seventy participants undertook three online forced-choice surveys, which monitored preferred interpretations in complement control, verbal gerund subject control, long-distance control and sentence-final temporal adjunct control. Survey 1 ascertained their baseline interpretations of the empty category in these constructions. Survey 2 primed the critical sentences used in survey 1 with a weakly established topic of discourse and survey 3 primed them with a strongly established one. Reference assignment in complement control remained consistent across all three conditions, illustrating that pragmatics does not infiltrate this structurally regulated and syntactically unambiguous construction. Changes in interpretation were found in the remaining three constructions. An accessibility-motivated scale of influence, combining three independent discourse factors (topichood, competition and linear distance) was created to model reference determination in verbal gerund subject control and long-distance control. The results for temporal adjunct control are novel. They revealed a much stronger susceptibility to pragmatic interference than that reported in the literature yet the construction behaved differently from non-obligatory control under discourse pressure. We propose a structural account for sentence-final temporal adjunct control, which permits the evident interpretation shift while still excluding arbitrary and sentence-external interpretations.
Cognitive–behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress in schizophrenia. A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Steel C. , Hardy A. , Smith B. , Wykes T. , Rose S. , Enright S. , Hardcastle M. , Landau S. , Baksh M. F. , Gottlieb J. D. , Rose D. , Mueser K. T.
Published: September 2016

Background

There is limited evidence for effective interventions in the treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms within individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Clinicians have concerns about using exposure treatments with this patient group. The current trial was designed to evaluate a 16-session cognitive restructuring programme, without direct exposure, for the treatment of post-traumatic stress symptoms specifically within individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Method

A multicentre randomized controlled single-blinded trial with assessments at 0 months, 6 months (post-treatment) and 12 months (follow-up) was conducted. A total of 61 participants diagnosed with schizophrenia and exhibiting post-traumatic stress symptoms were recruited. Those randomized to treatment were offered up to 16 sessions of cognitive–behaviour therapy (CBT, including psychoeducation, breathing training and cognitive restructuring) over a 6-month period, with the control group offered routine clinical services. The main outcome was blind rating of post-traumatic stress symptoms using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Schizophrenia. Secondary outcomes were psychotic symptoms as measured by the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale and the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale.

Results

Both the treatment and control groups experienced a significant decrease in post-traumatic stress symptoms over time but there was no effect of the addition of CBT on either the primary or secondary outcomes.

Conclusions

The current trial did not demonstrate any effect in favour of CBT. Cognitive restructuring programmes may require further adaptation to promote emotional processing of traumatic memories within people diagnosed with a psychotic disorder.
Susceptibility to interference: underlying mechanisms, and implications for prediction
Authors: KAAN EDITH
Published: September 2016

Over the years, models proposed for second-language (L2) processing have been remarkably parallel to those proposed for Broca's aphasia. Differences between agrammatic and unaffected language processing have been explained, e.g., in terms of lack of detailed syntactic structure building (Grodzinsky, 1995), resource deficits (Haarman, Just & Carpenter, 1997), slow syntactic processing (Burkhardt, Avrutin, Piñango & Ruigendijk, 2008), or slowed lexical access (Love, Swinney, Walenski & Zurif, 2008). Each of these approaches have their homolog in L2 processing (e.g., Clahsen & Felser, 2006; McDonald, 2006; Dekydtspotter, Schwartz & Sprouse, 2006; Hopp, 2013, respectively). It is therefore not surprising that Cunnings's proposal (Cunnings, 2016) parallels another idea in aphasia and aging research, namely that deviations from healthy young adult monolingual sentence processing can be attributed to an increased susceptibility to interference (e.g., Sheppard, Walenski, Love & Shapiro, 2015).
‘Getting with the (troubled families) programme’: a review
Authors: Lambert Michael , Crossley Stephen
Published: September 2016

The commitment of the appointed Director General of the Troubled Families Unit, Louise Casey, that the Troubled Families Programme (TFP) was ‘an opportunity not to repeat the failed attempts of the past’ masks several enduring continuities (Casey, 2012: 3). This review article argues that the TFP should be seen as part of a wider spectrum of policies which locates ‘troubles’ or ‘problems’ in the family itself and emphasises behaviour as the target of action without regard to wider social or economic considerations. This policy process must be understood within a wider context of not only historical efforts ‘to constrain the redistributive potential of state welfare’ (Macnicol, 1987: 316) but also of contemporary forms of neoliberal governance of ‘the family’ (Butler, 2014; Crossley, 2016a; Gillies, 2014).
AGU-Sponsored Workshop Targets Sexual Harassment in the Sciences
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: September 2016

During the past 2 years, scientific societies and universities have faced increasing pressure to address a problem that has grown more visible.
What explains rare and conspicuous colours in a snail? A test of time-series data against models of drift, migration or selection
Authors: Johannesson K , Butlin R K
Published: September 2016

It is intriguing that conspicuous colour morphs of a prey species may be maintained at low frequencies alongside cryptic morphs. Negative frequency-dependent selection by predators using search images (‘apostatic selection’) is often suggested without rejecting alternative explanations. Using a maximum likelihood approach we fitted predictions from models of genetic drift, migration, constant selection, heterozygote advantage or negative frequency-dependent selection to time-series data of colour frequencies in isolated populations of a marine snail (Littorina saxatilis), re-established with perturbed colour morph frequencies and followed for >20 generations. Snails of conspicuous colours (white, red, banded) are naturally rare in the study area (usually <10%) but frequencies were manipulated to levels of ~50% (one colour per population) in 8 populations at the start of the experiment in 1992. In 2013, frequencies had declined to ~15–45%. Drift alone could not explain these changes. Migration could not be rejected in any population, but required rates much higher than those recorded. Directional selection was rejected in three populations in favour of balancing selection. Heterozygote advantage and negative frequency-dependent selection could not be distinguished statistically, although overall the results favoured the latter. Populations varied idiosyncratically as mild or variable colour selection (3–11%) interacted with demographic stochasticity, and the overall conclusion was that multiple mechanisms may contribute to maintaining the polymorphisms.
A conserved influenza A virus nucleoprotein code controls specific viral genome packaging
Authors: Moreira Étori Aguiar , Weber Anna , Bolte Hardin , Kolesnikova Larissa , Giese Sebastian , Lakdawala Seema , Beer Martin , Zimmer Gert , García-Sastre Adolfo , Schwemmle Martin , Juozapaitis Mindaugas
Published: September 2016

Packaging of the eight genomic RNA segments of influenza A viruses (IAV) into viral particles is coordinated by segment-specific packaging sequences. How the packaging signals regulate the specific incorporation of each RNA segment into virions and whether other viral or host factors are involved in this process is unknown. Here, we show that distinct amino acids of the viral nucleoprotein (NP) are required for packaging of specific RNA segments. This was determined by studying the NP of a bat influenza A-like virus, HL17NL10, in the context of a conventional IAV (SC35M). Replacement of conserved SC35M NP residues by those of HL17NL10 NP resulted in RNA packaging defective IAV. Surprisingly, substitution of these conserved SC35M amino acids with HL17NL10 NP residues led to IAV with altered packaging efficiencies for specific subsets of RNA segments. This suggests that NP harbours an amino acid code that dictates genome packaging into infectious virions.
Spin–orbit coupled molecular quantum magnetism realized in inorganic solid
Authors: Park Sang-Youn , Do S.-H. , Choi K.-Y. , Kang J.-H. , Jang Dongjin , Schmidt B. , Brando Manuel , Kim B.-H. , Kim D.-H. , Butch N. P. , Lee Seongsu , Park J.-H. , Ji Sungdae
Published: September 2016

Molecular quantum magnetism involving an isolated spin state is of particular interest due to the characteristic quantum phenomena underlying spin qubits or molecular spintronics for quantum information devices, as demonstrated in magnetic metal–organic molecular systems, the so-called molecular magnets. Here we report the molecular quantum magnetism realized in an inorganic solid Ba3Yb2Zn5O11 with spin–orbit coupled pseudospin-½ Yb3+ ions. The magnetization represents the magnetic quantum values of an isolated Yb4 tetrahedron with a total (pseudo)spin 0, 1 and 2. Inelastic neutron scattering results reveal that a large Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction originating from strong spin–orbit coupling of Yb 4f is a key ingredient to explain magnetic excitations of the molecular magnet states. The Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction allows a non-adiabatic quantum transition between avoided crossing energy levels, and also results in unexpected magnetic behaviours in conventional molecular magnets.
The ONDRISeq panel: custom-designed next-generation sequencing of genes related to neurodegeneration
Authors: Farhan Sali M K , Dilliott Allison A , Ghani Mahdi , Sato Christine , Liang Eric , Zhang Ming , McIntyre Adam D , Cao Henian , Racacho Lemuel , Robinson John F , Strong Michael J , Masellis Mario , St George-Hyslop Peter , Bulman Dennis E , Rogaeva Ekaterina , Hegele Robert A ,   ONDRI Investigators
Published: September 2016

The Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI) is a multimodal, multi-year, prospective observational cohort study to characterise five diseases: (1) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or amnestic single or multidomain mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) (AD/MCI); (2) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); (3) frontotemporal dementia (FTD); (4) Parkinson’s disease (PD); and (5) vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The ONDRI Genomics subgroup is investigating the genetic basis of neurodegeneration. We have developed a custom next-generation-sequencing-based panel, ONDRISeq that targets 80 genes known to be associated with neurodegeneration. We processed DNA collected from 216 individuals diagnosed with one of the five diseases, on ONDRISeq. All runs were executed on a MiSeq instrument and subjected to rigorous quality control assessments. We also independently validated a subset of the variant calls using NeuroX (a genome-wide array for neurodegenerative disorders), TaqMan allelic discrimination assay, or Sanger sequencing. ONDRISeq consistently generated high-quality genotyping calls and on average, 92% of targeted bases are covered by at least 30 reads. We also observed 100% concordance for the variants identified via ONDRISeq and validated by other genomic technologies. We were successful in detecting known as well as novel rare variants in 72.2% of cases although not all variants are disease-causing. Using ONDRISeq, we also found that the APOE E4 allele had a frequency of 0.167 in these samples. Our optimised workflow highlights next-generation sequencing as a robust tool in elucidating the genetic basis of neurodegenerative diseases by screening multiple candidate genes simultaneously.
Beyond patient-centered care: person-centered care for Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Buetow Stephen A , Martínez-Martín Pablo , Hirsch Mark A , Okun Michael S
Published: September 2016

Interest has grown in centering Parkinson’s disease (PD) care provision on the welfare of the patient with PD. By putting the welfare of patients first, this patient-centric focus tends to subordinate the welfare of others including clinicians and carers. A possible solution is person-centered care. Rather than remove the spotlight from the patients, it widens that light to illuminate moral interests of all healthcare participants as persons whose welfare is interdependent. It assumes that unwellness among clinicians, for example, can impact the quality of the PD care they provide, such that caring for clinicians may also optimize the welfare of persons with PD. For PD, we suggest how the two models differ and why these differences are important to understand and act on to optimize benefit for participating stakeholders.