bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community-based non-pharmacological interventions for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
Authors: Igwesi-Chidobe Chinonso , Okechi Peace , Emmanuel Grace , Ozumba Benjamin
Published: May 2022

Background Non-pharmacological interventions are the first line of
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) management. Community-based
interventions are cheaper, more accessible, with higher patient
satisfaction. Objectives To systematically review community-based
non-pharmacological interventions and evaluate their effectiveness for
GDM. Search Strategy Twelve bibliographic databases and reference list
of related studies from inception until January 2022. Selection Criteria
All primary studies of community-based non-pharmacological interventions
for GDM reported in English which investigated any behavioural or
clinical outcome(s). Data Collection and Analysis Data were extracted
using modified Cochrane’s data extraction template. Studies were
evaluated using Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool. Narrative
synthesis was used to summarise findings. This study is registered with
PROSPERO (CRD42021257634). Main Results 27 studies involving 6,242
pregnant women with GDM involved self-management programmes, medical
nutrition/diet therapy, exercise/physical activity, combined diet and
exercise, calcium plus vitamin D supplementation, and continuous glucose
monitoring. Self-management programmes were more effective than routine
care in improving self-efficacy, two-hour postprandial blood glucose,
and lifestyle behaviours but were as effective as routine care in
improving infant birth weight. Self-management programmes were superior
to or as effective as usual care in improving fasting blood glucose,
blood glucose control, glycated haemoglobin, macrosomia, and preterm
delivery. Medical nutrition/diet therapy was more effective than usual
care in improving postprandial blood glucose levels. Limited/conflicting
evidence was found for other outcomes and interventions. Conclusions
Community-based non-pharmacological interventions are more effective
than placebo; and are more/as effective as usual care. Self-management
programmes and medical nutrition/diet therapy had the most promising GDM
outcomes.
Statistical optimization of lipase production from oil mill effluent by Acinetobacter sp. KSPE71
Authors: Kumaraswamy Selvapriya , Singaram Jayanthi
Published: May 2022

The present study investigated the valorisation of oil-rich residues of coconut oil mill effluent (COME) as a potential growth medium for the microbial production of extracellular lipase. The bacterial species isolated from oil mill effluent, Acinetobacter sp. KSPE71 was tested for its efficiency to grow and produce lipase in undiluted COME and 0.2 % yeast extract and 0.2 % NH4Cl supplemented COME. In this connection, the process parameters such as pH, temperature, agitation speed, and inoculum size were optimized to maximize the production using a central composite design in the Response surface methodology. At the optimized state of pH 7.5, 35?C, 150 rpm with 0.6 % inoculum size, a maximum of 3.95 U mL-1 activity was obtained, four-fold higher than the basal condition. At this stage, 73 % of the lipid content was degraded. The present work results imply that the oil mill effluent can be used as a cheaper production medium for lipase and the new isolate Acinetobacter sp. KSPE71 as a potential lipase producer. The degradation of oil waste along with the production of the valuable product has multiple advantages of cost reduction of lipase and environmental concern.
Analysis of bulk service queuing system with rework, unreliable server, resuming service and two kinds of multiple vacation
Authors: Karpagam S.
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we discuss a batch arrival bulk service queue with rework for the faculty item, possibility of breakdown, repair, and two kinds of multiple vacation with different threshold policy. The server serves the remaining service after repair completion. This type of queuing model has a lot of applications in the manufacturing/ production industries. Performance measures and stability conditions are obtained. Numerical illustrations are made to examine the validity of analytical results.
Tasso's Il Mondo Creato: Providence and the Created Universe
Authors: Cirillo Albert R.
Published: May 2022

Torquato Tasso's Il Mondo Creato is a theological-contemplative poem which attempts to look at the created world as a way of picturing the synthesis of earth and heaven described by Raphael in Milton's Paradise Lost (VII, 154–61). It is a meditation on the function of the created universe in the providential scheme. The central character of the poem is the human soul for whom God's creation is the ladder by which it returns to eternity. The light which infuses and illuminates all being—and which attracts the soul—is inherent in creation and leads the soul to God. This view of the world—that light, by infusing creation, leads man to God—is similar to Milton's in Paradise Lost, as articulated in Raphael's description of the scale of created nature “whereon / In contemplation of created things / By steps we may ascend to God” (V, 510–12).
Self-Knowledge in Paradise Lost: Conscience and Contemplation
Authors: Jacobus Lee A.
Published: May 2022

The relationship between self-knowledge and the knowledge of God is very carefully developed in Paradise Lost. Milton supports Calvin by treating the two forms of knowledge as wholly reliant on one another and as being forms of conscience and of contemplation. Satan's self-knowledge suffers in direct proportion to his dimming knowledge of God. The war in heaven can be seen as a result of the failure of both these knowledges. Eve's failure of self-knowledge in the pool scene compares with Adam's growth into knowledge. After he is created, he lifts his eyes to heaven for knowledge of who made him; Eve looks down at a liquid plain she thinks is the sky. Unlike Satan, who feels he is self-created, Adam, by knowing God and himself “aright,” knows he did not create himself. Eve's pausing at the pool can also be seen as part of a tradition, developed by the Cambridge Platonists, of the soul's contemplation of itself in search of divinity. Eve is entranced by herself because, as Sterry says, she is looking at a beatifical vision.
Milton's God in Council and War
Authors: Cohen Kitty
Published: May 2022

Milton's presentation of God and Heaven is poetically convincing if various Hebraic elements in the books describing Heaven are closely examined. Hebraic allusions convey the religious and moral justification of God in council and in war and provide the conceptual link between the various scenes in Heaven. The counterpoise of justice and mercy in the dialogue between God and the Son is expressed through verbal echoes from the dialogues of Abraham and Moses with their God. Milton's ironic use of Psalm ii and other Old Testament references enhances the liveliness and dramatic power of the council scene in Book V, and his use of Hebraic figures like the Son's chariot and the angel Abdiel expresses the poet's conception of the war between the heavenly host and the rebel angels in Book VI as a battle in which spirit overcomes force.
The Narrator as Interpreter in “Paradise Regained”
Authors: Sundell Roger H.
Published: May 2022

The speaker of Paradise Regained not only relates but interprets as well the speeches and events of the poem. This interpretive commentary begins in the single prologue, where the speaker explicitly introduces elements of plot, character, and theme, and where he identifies himself, declares the divine authority by which he speaks, and thus establishes with his reader an appropriate mode of communication. His methods of guiding the reader through the intricate events and arguments of the poem vary according to the nature of individual episodes. Those methods range, as in the opening episodes of Book I, from overt judgment of character to the most subtle intimation of theme, and they include the provision of multiple perspectives on major events. Another significant method of internal commentary involves the presentation of the Son of God as the definitive interpreter of demonic temptation and, more generally, of the human condition. In the temptation episodes, then, the narrator shares with the hero the role of interpreter.
Language and the Seal of Silence in “Samson Agonistes”
Authors: Landy Marcia
Published: May 2022

Milton's preoccupation with the nature of language in Samson Agonistes becomes itself a major vehicle for describing psychic processes. He examines language nondiscursively through metaphors relating to words, hearing, seeing, sounds, and silence. By means of these metaphors, he portrays the nature of psychic disintegration and reintegration. He dramatizes this recovery of self in an internalized landscape rather than in the externalized metaphors of time and space found in Paradise Lost. In the various verbal encounters between the characters, who are themselves preoccupied with words, the different levels of discourse symbolize different levels of reality. In the transformation of Samson, the metaphor of hearing rises to prime importance, antecedent even to the ever-important Miltonic metaphor of light. Only after Samson works through the problem of self-definition on a verbal level does he attain insight. When he finally listens with his inner ear, there is no more language, but there is illumination. Paradoxically Milton shows the limitations and the creative possibilities of language for conveying the nature of nonverbal experiences.
Flower, Fruit, and Seed: A Reading of “Paradise Lost”
Authors: Swaim Kathleen M.
Published: May 2022

Milton's predominantly floral prelapsarian cosmos employs imagery relating flowers to character, place, and theme (especially Eve = Eden = flowers). The poem's action and poetry hinge on changes in the meaning of fruit (especially in Book IX); seed and the anticipation of harvest dominate the final books. The postlapsarian cosmos employs metaphor, offering time, history, and human transmutation and fallen potentiality as paradoxical fruit. Diabolical effects center on storms and insects, apparently malign processes by which flowers give way to fruit. Eve is deflowered (IX, 901) to become fruitful. The fall marks the initiation into paradox, metaphor, and potentiality. Prelapsarian praise shifts to postlapsarian prayer. Metaphor's imaginative leap linking apparently disparate realms of experience replaces imagery's wholeness and coherence. Edenic imagery is characteristically lovely, sensuous, physical; postlapsarian metaphor requires interpretation through faith and the reader's greater creative energy. Psychological Imagination corresponds to theological Grace; Christ is the agency of both, teaching Adam and us to read the language of mystery, paradox, and metaphor through faith. Milton's poetry like his fiction shifts from floral to fruitful, from paradise without to paradise within, from innocence to experience, from praise to prayer, from discursive to intuitive apprehension.
Self and Language in the Fall
Authors: Harada Jun
Published: May 2022

Paradise Lost provides for the reader a built-in reading device which, through saving him from a single uncritical reading of the epic, stimulates his self-knowledge as an ignorant sinner. This is fully observed in the function of the form of soliloquy uttered first by Eve and echoed by Adam at the Fall, the traditionally defined epic crisis in the poem. By beguiling the speaker into a selfhood which is nothing but a Satanic appetence, the form of soliloquy betrays itself as the form of self-tempting. Only the reader can fully understand what is taking place in the speaker's mind. As for Adam's fall the need of soliloquy is more crucial because of his conscious self-temptation from the start. The reader witnesses that Edenic language deteriorates into fallen language that is enacted by, and acts on, the speaker who is falling. The once harmonious dialogue ceases to make the couple happy but drives them to face the shame of their nakedness and set them in enmity against each other. The fate of the honest language of their quarrel illustrates Milton's critical attitude toward the contemporary problem of the so-called improvement of the language for the secularistic sake of utility.
“My Native Element”: Milton's Paradise and English Gardens
Authors: Otten Charlotte F.
Published: May 2022

Although Milton's Paradise has classical and pastoral antecedents, it contains many native English elements. The herbals, gardening manuals, and “Paradise” gardens of Milton's day feed his epic, making his Garden more real than the “feigned” gardens of mythology. It is Milton's willingness to incorporate in his “delicious Paradise” some of the features of the actual gardens of his day and the practices of contemporary gardeners that makes him able to bridge the gap between the mythical and the real, between Art and Nature. The comparison of eight horticultural features of Milton's Garden with English garden materials (location, pure air, trees, flowers, furnishings, walks and alleys, bower, gardening) brings out the vitality of his Paradise and shows his epic couple participating in a thoroughly human experience.
Milton's “Comus”: Skill, Virtue, and Henry Lawes
Authors: Baruch Franklin R.
Published: May 2022

In Comus, Milton uses the great tradition of the vir bonus dicendi peritus (“a good man skilled in speaking”) both to pay a masquing compliment to Henry Lawes and to provide central roles for all three Egerton children. He does this by restricting the possession of virtue and both moral and physical skills to the Attendant Spirit and his dramatic extension, Sabrina. The gradations of virtueless skill and unskilled virtue figure forth patterns of both image and meaning, especially when we remember the perceptions and assumptions of the first viewers and readers. As a result, we see Milton fulfilling and using the demands of the masque genre through his complex use of Lawes as both the actual teacher and the dramatic guide of the children. The long dialogue of the brothers has added thematic and dramatic cogency; and the final scene between Comus and the Lady emerges in a new perspective, in which the Lady ultimately becomes Comus’ teacher. This blend of masquing lesson, compliment, and decoration continues in the epilogue: here, the supposedly arcane references help to complete the vision of virtue and skill, and thus offer the final gesture to Lawes.
Milton and Tacitus
Authors: Benjamin Edwin B.
Published: May 2022

The political and historical literature of the seventeenth century was greatly influenced by the study of Tacitus. Milton, though not the Tacitean that some professed to be, drew frequently on this material. In the antiepiscopal and antimonarchical tracts, he presents the Stuart government as trying to establish a repressive and enervating tyranny in England, and consistently draws parallels (not all from Tacitus) with the process by which Roman liberty was extinguished under the empire. In the First Defence, he objects to Salmasius’ interpretation of Tacitus, calling Tacitus much more the republican than the friend of kings. The recovery of Tacitus had increased knowledge of Roman Britain, and, like other English Renaissance historians, Milton uses him in his History of Britain. Milton also appears to have been influenced by the much discussed Tacitean style. His adaptations of passages from Tacitus in the History seem at times to imitate directly the wit and concision of the Latin, and it is likely that some of these features are carried over into the style of the epics.
Milton's Rabbinical Readings and Fletcher
Authors: Stollman Samuel S.
Published: May 2022

Harris Francis Fletcher's pioneering work Milton's Rabbinical Readings has encouraged Milton scholars to seek Milton's primary sources for his rabbinical references and allusions. However, Fletcher's thesis that Milton used the Buxtorf Rabbinical Bible (1619) is without substantiation since almost half of the rabbinical glosses cited by Fletcher have been mistranslated. The mistranslations occur in Fletcher's material purporting to establish the Buxtorf Bible thesis, in the rabbinical hexaemeral parallels for Paradise Lost, and in certain esoteric angelological sources cited by Fletcher. While Milton's knowledge of biblical Hebrew is not disputed and his references to rabbinical literature are a matter of record, it is clear that rabbinical Hebrew, with its unique script, syntax, vocabulary, idiom, and absence of pointing and punctuation, is so different from biblical Hebrew that Fletcher was unable to cope with its complexities and that Milton himself utilized secondary sources for rabbinical citations or read the primary sources with limited comprehension.
THE EPIC AS PSEUDOMORPH: METHODOLOGY IN MILTON STUDIES
Authors: Steadman John M.
Published: May 2022

The range and variety of contemporary critical approaches to Milton's poetry are a healthy corrective to the simplistic readings and stereotyped interpretations that often result from a strictly unilateral approach and too narrow or too rigid a methodology. Although each of these approaches must necessarily be limited by the kind of evidence it can evaluate and organize with authority and probability, they complement one another and thus facilitate a multifaceted, comprehensive vision of Milton's major epic and its total meaning—even though the total meaning is accessible to none of these methods individually and necessarily achieves its fullest expression in and through the poem itself. Inherent in most of these approaches, moreover, is an inevitable (and ultimately unresolvable) tension between subjective and objective factors—between the demand for solid, demonstrable evidence and the pressures of the aesthetic imperative. Overemphasizing the former may desiccate aesthetic experience; overstressing the latter may do violence to the original meaning and value-content of the poem. For such substitute creations ("pseudomorphs") the historical method, in its various forms (history of genres, history of ideas, history of verbal and visual imagery, etc.), may be a useful corrective. It cannot guarantee absolute accuracy, however; and it must function as a complement, not as a substitute, for aesthetic intuition.
THE AESTHETICS OF SELF-DIMINUTION: CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY AND "PARADISE LOST"
Authors: Labriola Albert C.
Published: May 2022

A tree, a garden, and a tableau of figures make up the central setting for much of the action of Paradise Lost. In this setting God created and married Adam and Eve and commanded them to "Be fruitful." In this setting Adam and Eve yielded to temptation and committed sin. As these same events of the Old Testament are depicted in the iconography of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a similar visual context is used. Most importantly, these iconographic depictions tend to interrelate persons and events of the Old Testament with counterparts from the New Testament. In iconography the temptation of Eve, for example, is interrelated with the Annunciation, which is also depicted in a garden setting; and Eve's sinfulness is contrasted with Mary's purity. At times the tree of knowledge of good and evil is visually juxtaposed with the cross, which is often depicted to resemble a tree; and Satan's pride at the Fall of mankind is contrasted with Christ's humility at the Redemption of mankind. When adapted into the literary framework of Paradise Lost, this kind of iconographic conceptualization enables Milton to interrelate the causes and consequences of the Fall with the means and manner by which Redemption is achieved. To a very great extent iconographic conceptualization is reflected in the development of character and action in Paradise Lost, in the elaboration of central themes, and in the selection of imagery.
Poet-Priest: Vocational Tension in Milton's Early Development
Authors: Hill John Spencer
Published: May 2022

Milton's decision to become a poet, like that to become a minister, was taken early; and the vocational streams issuing from these twin and complementary resolves run parallel until at least 1637, when he composed Lycidas. Neither Sonnet VII nor the “Letter to a Friend” (1633) will support a case for Milton's abandoning a priestly, and embracing a poetic, career in 1632; similarly, although the unsettling events of 1637 drove Milton to a reassessment of his plan to take holy orders, the available evidence suggests that he did not take this step in 1637. The combination of his Italian experience and events in England (principally the promulgation of the Laudian Canons of 1640) finally led Milton to the belief that he had been “Church-outed by the Prelats.” The most striking vocational feature of the pre-1639 poetry is its reiterated protestation of unpreparedness; after his Italian trip, however, Milton has a firm sense of poetic direction and purpose, and his recognition that poetry is an extension of the ministerial function resolves any vocational tension between poetry and the pulpit, for Milton believes himself to be a national poet-priest who will serve as God's spokesman and interpreter through poetry.
Milton and the Marprelate Tradition
Authors: Egan James
Published: May 2022

The decorum of seventeenth-century controversy demanded that Milton reply in kind to opponents who had ridiculed the positions he championed in his prose tracts. In the Marprelate tradition he found the appropriate weapon. Milton's Animadversions (1641) and Colasterion (1645) display not only a variety of characteristics identified with the Marprelate genre, but also several Miltonic innovations in that genre. The Animadversions is structured, in Marprelate fashion, as a mock debate. Verbal ploys with moral overtones, mock logic, and a distinctive rhetorical persona find numerous analogues in the Marprelate tradition. However, the apocalyptic imagery of the Animadversions and its occasional stylistic majesty are uniquely Miltonic. Because Milton's intent in the Animadversions is satiric, he spares no pains in castigating the evil of Bishop Hall. Unlike the Animadversions, Colasterion exploits the comic possibilities of the Marprelate idiom. Milton uses Marprelate's rhetorical tricks, in addition to reiterated images and comic “scenes” of his own, to caricature his opponent as a mere scullion unfit for serious debate. The reader is called upon to share in the measure of comic delight Milton derives from rendering a fool an object of ridicule.
“HEE FOR GOD ONLY, SHEE FOR GOD IN HIM”: STRUCTURAL PARALLELISM IN “PARADISE LOST"
Authors: Swaim Kathleen M.
Published: May 2022

Three sections of Paradise Lost—Eve's love song and astronomical query in Book IV and Adam's parallel dealings with Raphael in Book VIII, Adam and Eve's fateful parting and their fallen evaluations of it in Book IX, and the reconciliation and reunion through prayer in Book X—illuminate the thematic relationship of the epistemologies of experience and faith in the poem. Eve's relationship with Adam parallels Adam's with divine agency. The Eve-Adam data provide experiential guidelines for more fully presenting the abstract analogues of Adam's intercourse with a divinity that must remain essentially mysterious. Adam's justification of himself, “I warned thee, I admonish'd thee... force upon Free Will hath here no place,” gives dramatic human narrative form to the divine theory of Book III and to Raphael's lessoning in Books V–VIII, as in Book X Eve's prostration to Adam and redemptive model provide a human equivalent for the mystery of the need, gift, and reception of grace. The Adam-Eve data mirror the God-man relationship in Milton's representation of difficult theological issues for inescapable human comprehension.
"PARADISE REGAINED” AND THE SECOND ADAM
Authors: Jordan Richard Douglas
Published: May 2022

While some modern critics have tried to read Paradise Regained as a psychologically realistic dramatic presentation, the text itself does not support such a reading. The poem is rather an exploration of Christ's role as the second Adam, and it is meant to be read as a sequel to Paradise Lost offering certain typological contrasts between Adam and Christ. The major contrasts are Adam's fallibility as contrasted with Christ's infallibility, the contrasting types of knowledge available to the two heroes, and the differences shown between man under the law and under grace. This last contrast is supported by the numerological structure of Paradise Regained. Thus, the work is not realism, but ritual drama; and the audience identifies with the main character, not as with a limited mortal, but as with a culture hero.
The Mysteries in Milton's “Masque”
Authors: Scoufos Alice-Lyle
Published: May 2022

In Comus, Milton appears to have used both stock characters and stock plot. Taking his cue from the liturgical text which the Book of Common Prayer listed for St. Michael's Day (Revelation xii, 7–13), he turned to the plot of the Woman Wandering in the Wilderness which had been the subject of the Advent plays of medieval drama. The Woman from Revelation, chapter xii, was first dramatized in the twelfth-century Ludus de Antichristo, in which she was named Ecclesia (following the tradition of biblical commentaries). Her two companions were Mercy and Justice, two of the Four Daughters of God. Milton appears to have known the work of Reformation playwrights who exploited the older Advent plays. Thomas Kirchmayer re-created the Wandering Woman as Veritas and adapted the Tempter of the medieval drama into a sophisticated villain. John Foxe developed the mystery characters in his Comoedia Apocalyptica: Ecclesia reappears, accompanied by two boys. Foxe's heroine resists the Tempter and anticipates her marriage to the Heavenly Bridegroom. The Advent plays had ended with the Archangel Michael winging to the rescue. Milton's Attendant Spirit functions in a similar way to confront Comus, who has inherited the attributes of the seductive Antichrist.
The Socratic Dialogue and “Knowledge in the Making” in “Paradise Regained”
Authors: Safer Elaine B.
Published: May 2022

An examination of the dialogue form in Paradise Regained illuminates Milton's method of educating the reader by involving him as an indirect participant in a Platonic-Socratic dialectic between Christ and Satan. Plato's dialogues use (a) an oblique method of suggesting enigmatic answers that arise from surface contradictions; (b) riddles and questions that make the reader unable to distill a set doctrine from them; (c) myth, allegory, and fable to move toward poetic truths. The overall pattern of the dialogues is from darkness to light. In Paradise Regained, the debate between Christ and Satan follows the Platonic pattern. As Christ exposes Satan's definitions, the silent participant in the dialogue (the reader) gradually progresses from ignorance to awareness. That Paradise Regained is in dialogue form helps particularly to elucidate Christ's position in refusing Satan's offering of Athenian wisdom. Christ's sharp rebuff of the temptation is a barbed method of cautioning the reader against yearning for codified wisdom, an anathema to the dialectic process itself. The dialectic encourages us to distinguish between knowledge simply taken over and knowledge which is achieved through “much arguing” and “many opinions.” Involvement in the dialectic process helps us to separate falsity from truth in order to reach the ultimate joy of the good life: a glimpse of paradise regained for mankind.
REALITY OF LINGUISTIC MEANING AND LANGUAGE GAMES
Authors: Суровцев Валерий Александрович
Published: May 2022

Данный текст является репликой на статью В. А. Ладова о платонизированной семантике Г. Фреге и о возможности решить с её помощью проблемы языкового значения. Анализируется критика такой семантики в работах Л. Витгенштейна. Высказывается сомнение, что подход Витгеншштейна может служить основанием для реабилитации новых подходов к семантике, основанных на представлении о реальности языкового значения.

The article contains some considerations on Vsevolod A. Ladov’s reconstruction of the theory of semantics of Gottlob Frege and of the late Ludwig Wittgenstein. The author analyzes some problems of such reconstruction and demonstrates that problems exist. Katz’s new resolve does not eliminate them. Problems remain problems.
Internal Security, Rule of Law and Violations of Human Rights in Nigeria (2013 – 2020): A Contemporary World Perspective
Authors: Oluka Lucas N. , Igwe Elijah O. , Okereka Princewill O.
Published: May 2022

Much as internal security is paramount to a volatile nation-state such as Nigeria, so is respect for human rights which are rights human beings have by virtue of their being human, especially the right to life, dignity of human person, personal liberty, fair hearing, as well as freedom of speech, consciousness and religion. This study, thus, argued that internal security and respect for the rule of law in its entire ramification should run pari passu in order to maintain a stable society irrespective of the circumstances the country finds itself. It is on this premise the study examined the need for highly placed government officials to respect the rule of law. The study, essentially, argued that the law enforcement agencies and the armed forces that are empowered by the law of the land to maintain law and order as well as enforce the laws of the state and fight insurgency and other forms of anti-vices orchestrated by terrorist groups and other criminal elements, are the ones responsible for violations of the laws of the state. To achieve the objectives of this study, historical design which is qualitative and explorative in nature was adopted to examine the variables of internal security and the implications for respect and sustenance of rule of law and human rights which include respect of the rights of the individual citizens by the police and the military while carrying out their constitutional responsibilities to the state. This means that data for the study were collected from secondary source via textbooks, reports from dailies and periodicals, official documents, journal publication and internet materials. The study made some useful recommendations which among others include: the need for the government to always provoke the section of the Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure Rule 2008 for the enforcement of rights under the Constitution of the federal republic; there is the need for government to restructure and reorient officers of the law to change their perceptions of asserting excessive power over the citizens; there is also the need to promote harmonious police-public or community relations, and increase public trust and confidence towards the police in particular.
A Story told through Plena: Claiming Identity and Cultural Autonomy in the Street Festivals of San Juan, Puerto Rico
Authors: Guerrero Paulina
Published: May 2022

Las Fiestas de la Calle de San Sebastián is a four day-long festival in San Juan, Puerto Rico. While the festival comprises music and dance that is a combination of various Caribbean and Latin American aesthetics, there is a small group of local musicians who insist on staying away from the larger throngs to specifically play a Puerto Rican music medium known as plena. By defining a distinct physical space that is separate from the rest of the festival, but also a part of the festival, they sing throughout the night speaking to contemporary issues of American imperialism, class warfare, and corrupt politicians. During the festival the complex power dynamics of Puerto Rico as a United States territory, lacking both independence as a sovereign nation and the same rights as a state, are manifested in festival performance. This performance tries to negotiate how the island remains autonomous while being attached to a more powerful mainland economy.
Entrepreneurship, Tuvalu, development and .tv: a response
Authors: Conway James W.
Published: May 2022

This paper comments on ‘Entrepreneurship and the Dot TV Phenomenon’ by Baldacchino & Mellor (2015) who suggest that state-run entrepreneurship is behind the success of .tv. To examine this, I briefly review the early years of .tv, the government’s administration of .tv, the actual impact of .tv income, and the numerical weight of .tv income compared with other sources of government revenue. I debunk several .tv-related myths and explore the media’s enduring .tv attraction. I also comment on topics covered by the authors that are unrelated to .tv – such as subsistence, exports, development models – identifying inaccuracies, issues in need of clarification, misleading descriptions, or material that I find stretched beyond credibility. Connecting .tv success to entrepreneurship might be a reasonable premise, but I doubt its plausibility. Notions of entrepreneurship, however, can be conceptually different. Perhaps this could be a starting point to re-examine such differences, some of which can be slender, in the context of island- and sovereignty-related assets and income.
Governance of ecosystem services on small islands: three contrasting cases for St. Eustatius in the Dutch Caribbean
Authors: Polman Nico , Reinhard Stijn , van Bets Linde K.J. , Kuhlman Tom
Published: May 2022

Natural ecosystems provide an attractive focus for tourism on small islands. However, at the same time tourism and other human actions can be detrimental to these ecosystems especially because governance of the ecosystem may be difficult due to the limited resilience of small island ecosystems. In this paper, we focus on the conditions under which self-governance will be the appropriate governance mechanism of ecosystem services on small islands. We apply Ostrom’s (2009) framework for common-pool resources in a socialecological system, and select the relevant indicators for small islands. We scored these indicators for three cases (environmental issues) in St. Eustatius, a Caribbean island under Dutch rule. These cases show that self-organization of ecosystem services is not an outcome easily achieved. The unevenly distributed benefits of potential measures are found to decrease community support of measures that could reinforce these ecosystem services.
AFIRMAÇÕES DOS ESTUDANTES SOBRE PESSOA TRANSEXUAL: um estudo comparativo na Universidade Federal de Sergipe (Brasil) e na Universidade da Madeira (Portugal)
Authors: Brazão José Paulo Gomes , Dias Alfrancio Ferreira
Published: May 2022

Este artigo apresenta uma análise do conceito de pessoas trangênero, no decurso de um estudo comparativo na Universidade da Madeira, UMa (Portugal) e na Universidade Federal de Sergipe, UFS (Brasil) sobre “Vozes dos estudantes universitários sobre a diversidade sexual e de gênero, sua relação com a coeducação e com a inovação pedagógica.” Em termos metodológicos foi adotada uma abordagem qualitativa, com aplicação de um questionário com questões abertas e fechadas e o visionamento de um vídeo curto de enquadramento do tema. Foi feita a análise de conteúdo aos dados obtidos. Os resultados comparados mostram que a maioria dos ex-estudantes da UMa como os da UFS conhecem e valorizam o conceito de pessoa transgênera, centrado na construção/ reconstrução subjetiva da identidade. Existe na maioria dos ex-estudantes da UFS uma forte consciência dos constrangimentos acerca da vivência do gênero trans motivada pela influência de padrões sociais estereotipados. Isso é justificado pela experienciação de contextos sociais predominantemente paternalistas, com tabus sobre esta temática. Comparando os resultados, regista-se um envolvimento maior dos ex-estudantes da Universidade Federal de Sergipe na discussão do conceito de pessoa transgênera. As respostas dos ex-estudantes na Universidade da Madeira confirmam menor adesão a essa iniciativa.
Cultura Organizacional y Liderazgo: caso oriental y occidental
Authors: Pérez Plaza Rodrigo
Published: May 2022

En este artículo se analiza el efecto que tiene la cultura sobre los estilos de liderazgo situacional del modelo de Hersey y Blanchard, entendiendo por cultura el constructo abstracto de comportamientos de un individuo o sociedad. Se analizará de qué manera dos culturas opuestas pueden influir en los líderes y en sus elecciones al momento de dirigir a un mismo grupo de seguidores. Para ello, se aplica sobre una empresa multinacional oriental una herramienta de estudio que busca identificar las tendencias principales de cada estilo de liderazgo que coexiste en ella, enmarcado en la cultura social que lo caracteriza. Dicha herramienta también intenta destacar los principales rasgos de cada tipo de líder y analizar cómo se ven afectados por la cultura. Se concluye que la cultura juega un rol muy importante y que, en algunos casos como el estudiado, puede representar una barrera frente a ciertos estilos de liderazgo, dificultando la relación con los subordinados y la forma de dirigirlos hacia el logro de los objetivos, mermando la eficacia del estilo de liderazgo; vale decir, la cultura puede influenciar el estilo de liderazgo y su eficacia.
Skrócona ocena tekstury herbatników z mrożonego ciasta kruchego wzbogaconego prozdrowotnymi dodatkami
Authors: Kozłowicz Katarzyna
Published: May 2022

Pieczywo i ciasta, zawierają błonnik pokarmowy, składniki mineralne (magnez, cynk, mangan) oraz witaminy (głównie z grupy B) i są kwalifikowane do żywności funkcjonalnej. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu prozdrowotnych substancji: mąki orkiszowej, inuliny, syropu daktylowego i sorbitolu w cieście kruchym na teksturę herbatników otrzymanych z mrożonego ciasta. W cieście wg własnej receptury zastępowano cukier inuliną (GAJA), sorbitolem (DAKART) i syropem daktylowym (Futuro CM – żywność naturalna), mąkę pszenną – mąką orkiszową (BIO) oraz kombinacją tych składników. Ciasto zamrażano (–30,0°C) i opakowane w porcjach składowano dwa tygodnie, rozmrażano i prowadzono wypiek (220°C, 15 minut). Teksturę herbatników oceniano testem w urządzeniu BROOKFIELD LFRA TEXTURE ANALYZER (nóż o grubości 3 mm, symetryczne ostrze, kąt 30 stopni, siła kontaktu 0,7 N, posuw noża 0,5 m/s, deformacja 30%) łamiąc próby od góry, prostopadle do powierzchni, określając maksymalną wartość siły przełamującej. Dodatki prozdrowotne do ciasta wpływały istotnie na teksturę herbatników. Zamrażanie i przechowywanie ciasta spowodowały wzrost twardości prób, a najkorzystniej na nie wpłynęła modyfikacja składu ciasta 100% udziałem syropu daktylowego i 100% udziałem mąki orkiszowej.
The effect of microwave radiation on the germination process of stored potato tubers
Authors: Jakubowski Tomasz
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the present paper was to study the effect of microwave radiation on the number and weight of sprouts appearing on potato tubers after its storage. The studies included three early potato cultivars (Felka Bona, Rosara and Velox), whose tubers were radiated with microwaves with the frequency of 2.45 GHz for the period of 10, 20 and 60 s. Results of the experiment show that microwave radiation significantly modifies the germination process of the stored potato tubers.
Investigation on inertia characteristics of corncobs
Authors: Kuzenko Dmytro , Kuzenko Larysa , Vantukh Zenovij
Published: May 2022

The theoretical and experimental characteristics of corncob inertia during its separation was presented. A corncob system presented through its design and movement parameters analysed together with the operating mode of machines for separating of cobs was considered. There were implemented three methods for theoretical simulation and analysis of the separating machine for corncobs application during the research. The formulas with suitable software program facilitating the cob inertia calculation were proposed.
Wpływ wody uzdatnianej magnetycznie na kiełkowanie i wzrost siewek łubinu wąskolistnego (Lupinus angustifolius L.)
Authors: Stankiewicz Tomasz , Kozak Kamila , Podleśny Janusz , Pietruszewski Stanisław
Published: May 2022

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wpływu zastosowania wody uzdatnianej magnetycznie na zdolność kiełkowania nasion łubinu wąskolistnego, a następnie zróżnicowanie morfologicznie siewek we wczesnych fazach rozwojowych roślin. Uzdatnianie magnetyczne wody przeprowadzono na stanowisku pomiarowym, gdzie woda przepływała przez teflonową rurkę umieszczoną pomiędzy nabiegunnikami elektromagnesu prądu stałego. Wodę przepuszczano pomiędzy nabiegunnikami elektromagnesu dla indukcji stałego pola magnetycznego B = 100 mT, 300 mT, 600 mT i 900 mT. Nasiona łubinu najwyższą zdolność kiełkowania osiągnęły po zastosowaniu indukcji 300 mT. Woda o tej samej indukcji magnetycznej dodatkowo wpłynęła na poprawę wartości współczynnika długości korzeń/hypokotyl (root/shoot ratio), stymulowała zwiększenie masy siewek oraz liczby liści. Uzyskane wyniki doświadczeń laboratoryjnych mogą mieć duże znaczenie również dla późniejszych faz rozwojowych roślin, dlatego należy kontynuować badania wpływu oddziaływania wody uzdatnianej magnetycznie na wzrost i plony roślin w warunkach polowych.
Beton modyfikowany pyłami krzemionkowymi
Authors: Rutkowska Gabriela , Sobczak Mateusz
Published: May 2022

Beton jest materiałem o podstawowym znaczeniu w budownictwie. Odgrywa również istotną rolę w technice rolniczej i w przemyśle spożywczym. Celem badań były wybrane właściwości mieszanki betonowej i dojrzałego betonu, w zależności od udziału dodatku pyłu krzemionkowego (mikrokrzemionki). Największe możliwości ponownego zagospodarowania takiego pyłu ma sektor produkcji materiałów budowlanych. Zaprojektowano skład betonu klasy C20/25 bez udziału pyłu krzemionkowego oraz trzy składy zawierające odpowiednio 5, 10, 15% pyłu. Mieszanki betonowe zostały poddane badaniom opadu stożka i zawartości powietrza, natomiast beton – wytrzymałości na ściskanie i zginanie, głębokości penetracji wody pod ciśnieniem, nasiąkliwości i mrozoodporności. Przedstawiono analizę wyników badań mieszanek betonowych i stwardniałych betonów. Badania wykazały przydatność pyłu krzemionkowego, jako surowca do produkcji betonu.
Korozja siarczanowa jako realny problem sieci przewodów kanalizacyjnych
Authors: Podraza Zuzanna
Published: May 2022

W pracy przedstawiono problem korozji siarczanowej w sieciach przewodów kanalizacyjnych. Wskazano, czym jest korozja siarczanowa oraz zaprezentowano jej skutki. Przedstawiono pojęcie korozji biologicznej oraz bakterii redukujących siarczany (SRB) i bakterii utleniających siarkę (SOB) jako dwóch podstawowych grup mikroorganizmów biorących udział w procesie korozji siarczanowej. Następnie scharakteryzowano siarkowodór i przedstawiono etapy przebiegu korozji siarczanowej prowadzące do powstania ettringitu (uwodnionego siarczanoglinianu wapnia). Na koniec podano możliwości zabezpieczeń przed korozją siarczanową. Stwierdzono, że korozja siarczanowa stanowi poważne zagrożenie dla sieci przewodów kanalizacyjnych.
Functional response of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus bagdasarjani (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to protonymphs of Eotetranychus frosti (Acari: Tetranychidae) on four apple cultivars
Authors: Jafarian Fatemeh , Jafari Shahriar , Fathipour Yaghoub
Published: May 2022

The functional response of natural enemies and their interactions may be affected by host plant characters. Functional response of the adult females of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein and Arutunjan to protonymphs of Eotetranychus frosti (McGregor) on four apple cultivars Imperial Gala, Kohanz Golab, Granny Smith and Lebanon Red was investigated. The protonymphs of E. frosti were offered to the adult female of the predator at densities of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 on apple leaf discs (4 cm2). The number and length of trichomes on the lower surface of each apple cultivar were measured. The highest and lowest number of trichomes were observed in Granny Smith and Kohanz Golab, respectively. Typhlodromus bagdasarjani adult females exhibited the type II functional response on E. frosti protonymphs regardless of apple cultivars. Also, the values of attack rate (a) and handling time (Th) were determined using the Rogers's type II model. Adult females of T. bagdasarjani had the highest attack rate (a) (0.0747 h1) and the shortest handling time (0.7005 h) on Kohanz Golab, and the lowest attack rate (0.0334 h1) and the longest handling time (1.1189 h) was on Granny Smith. The theoretical maximum predation rate (T/Th) on Kohanz Golab, Imperial Gala, Lebanon Red and Granny Smith were 34.26, 33.79, 26.85 and 21.45 prey/day, respectively. The estimated value of a/Th indicated that T. bagdasarjani was most effective against E. frosti on Kohanz Golab with lowest number of trichomes. The finding of this study shows that the predation and searching activity of the predator was affected by trichome density and length of the apple leaves.
Postharvest Loss, Causes, and Handling Practices of Fruits and Vegetables in Ethiopia: Scoping Review
Authors: Etefa Obse F. , Forsido Sirawdink F. , Kebede Mathewos T.
Published: May 2022

Fruits and vegetables are the horticultural crops playing a significant role in Ethiopia's food security, livelihood, and economy. However, the postharvest loss results are a severe challenge for the producers, and this review summarizes this problem. The total postharvest loss of horticultural crops, including fruits and vegetables, at various stages: harvesting, storage, transportation, and marketing ranges from 15 to 70%. Postharvest loss of vegetables alone is about 40%. Fruits like mango, banana, papaya, avocado, sweet orange, etc., take the largest share of the total postharvest loss. The postharvest causes of losses are diseases, insects, rodents, thefts, mechanical damage, premature harvesting, harvesting of overmature crops, improper harvesting and storage techniques, shortage of appropriate packaging and marketing system, seasonal fluctuation of the products, and gender inequality. Therefore, applying a possible and convenient loss reduction strategy is imperative to increase the supply of fruits and vegetables in the country.
More insight into the concept of iron plaque formation and its characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Zandi Peiman , Puła Joanna , Xia Xing , Bloem Elke , Darma Aminu , Wang Yaosheng , Turisová Ingrid , Li Qian , Ngoc Sinh Luu , Li Na
Published: May 2022

Trwały i bioakumulacyjny charakter toksycznych metali(oidów) (TM) jest głównym problemem związanym z ich obecnością w środowisku. Skażenie TM w glebie i osadach zwiększa potencjalne ryzyko utraty zdrowia człowieka, przez narażenie na skażenie łańcucha pokarmowego. Odkładanie płytki tlenku żelaza na korzeniach hydrofitowych (np. ryżu) jest wynikiem różnych czynników biotycznych i abiotycznych. Promieniowa utrata tlenu (ROL) odgrywa kluczową rolę w utlenianiu żelaza w ryzosferze, a następnie wytrącaniu nisko- lub wysoko krystalicznych i/lub amorficznych minerałów żelaza na powierzchni korzeni. Biorąc pod uwagę, że każdy gatunek rośliny ma unikalną zdolność tworzenia utlenionej ryzosfery w warunkach beztlenowych gleby, obecność żelaza w ryzosferze ma ogromne znaczenie. Grupy funkcyjne (-OH) i specyficzne powierzchnie reagujące w blaszkach żelaza mają wysokie powinowactwo do adsorpcji różnych metali śladowych (toksycznych/nietoksycznych), wpływając na ich wchłanianie i akumulację w roślinach. W akumulacji różnych pierwiastków ważną rolę odgrywają płytki żelaza (IP). Gatunki roślin o niskim IP na swoich korzeniach mogą lepiej akumulować metale ciężkie, niezależnie od tego, czy IP jest barierą, czy buforem. Rośliny jadalne o wysokim IP są lepszymi fito-remediatorami potencjalnie fitotoksycznych metali(oidów) i mogą być bezpieczniejsze do spożywania przez ludzi. Niniejszy przegląd podsumowuje obecną wiedze dotyczącą czynników związanych z tworzeniem i funkcjami płytki żelaza w zarządzaniu transportem metali w systemie korzeniowym.
Exposition to ticks in the Poprad Landscape Park – short faunistic note
Authors: Koczanowicz Sylwia , Nowak-Chmura Magdalena
Published: May 2022

W Popradzkim Parku Krajobrazowym występują dogodne siedliska dla Ixodes ricinus L. Łącznie na 13 stanowiskach, zlokalizowanych w obrębie dwóch szlaków edukacyjno-turystycznych i  jednej ścieżki turystycznej, znaleziono 213 osobników tego gatunku. W okresie wiosennym jest więcej nimf, a wczesnym latem dorosłych samców i samic. Obecność larw może zależeć od warunków pogodowych, sezonu lub charakterystyki miejsc, w których został przeprowadzony zbiór. Zagadnienia te wymagają jednak dokładniejszych badań. Miejscowa ludność, turyści i strażnicy parków są narażeni na choroby odkleszczowe, które mogą zagrażać ich zdrowiu i życiu.