bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Segmentation of Craft Workers by Race in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Figart Deborah M. , Mutari Ellen
Published: March 2007

Unpublished data from the CPS were used to compare the rates of change in women's employment and female representation in craft occupations during periods of growth and recession in the 1970s and 1980s. Separate rates of change were computed for white and black women. Contrary to the expectations of "reserve army" or "buffer' theories, integration of elite blue-collar occupations continued despite economic downturn and the erosion of state support for affirmative action and nontraditional training. In fact, during the recession of the early 1980s, the pace of integration increased for both white and black women. Nevertheless, there was evidence of segmentation of women by race within skilled blue-collar work.
Toward a Durable Future: Countering Popular Dogma
Authors: de Kadt Maarten
Published: March 2007

Popular dogma are both a guide and a hindrance. Two dogma are reviewed in this essay. The first offers a hierarchy of solid waste management as a guide to municipal policy makers in their management of household waste, but is mistaken by its inclusion of valuable resources as waste. The second represents organizations as environmental bad actors, but is mistaken by its disregard of individuals who peruse environmental protection.
A Pure Insider Theory of Hysteresis in Employment and Unemployment
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto
Published: March 2007

A hysteresis equation is proposed in which changes in inflation depend on the rate of change of employment. To justify this equation it is assumed that wage claims are fixed by insiders, that the workers' bargaining strength is inversely related to the fear of losing their Jobs, and that the latter increases when employment decreases. Then it is argued that the NAIRU need be neither unique nor stable. It is also shown that if trade unions exist which strive to stabilize the rate of unemployment, the workers' militancy can be influenced in such a way that a stable inflation is compatible with a constant and path-dependent rate of unemployment. Lastly the Keynesian implications of the analysis, both theoretical and political, are highlighted.
Traverse, Hysteresis, and Normal Rates of Capacity Utilization in Kaleckian Models of Growth and Distribution
Authors: Lavoie Marc
Published: March 2007

The paper deals with the main objection addressed against the Kaleckian model of growth and distribution, i.e., the endogenous rate of utilization need not be equal to its normal rate in the long run. Various mechanisms are introduced to bring the Kaleckian model to a fully adjusted position, where the realized and normal rates of capacity utilization are equated. When hysteresis effects are considered, Kaleckian results may be sustained even in fully adjusted long-run positions.
The Academic Jungle: Social Practice and the Survival of Economic Ideas
Authors: Palley Thomas I.
Published: March 2007

This paper uses an evolutionary model to analyse the replication of points of view within the economics profession. The model is capable of two very different interpretations regarding the production of knowledge claims. One is labelled the "social practice" approach, while the other is labelled the "intellectual appeal" approach. These competing interpretations have profound implications for understanding the intellectual composition of the economics profession, which in turn has ramifications for the understanding of economic knowledge and economic policy recommendations.
Downsizing and the New American Workplace: Rethinking the High Performance Paradigm
Authors: Biewener Judith
Published: March 2007

This article considers the way new work practices associated with the high performance work model are being combined with downsizing measures as part of contemporary competitive strategy in American workplaces. In general, downsizing measures and high performance practices are treated as mutually exclusive trajectories of corporate reorganization. Yet in the current economy companies may, in fact, use a mix of approaches as they develop strategies for work reorganization. The case study presented here, based on research in the telecommunication industry, suggests that practices such as cross-functional teaming and multi-skilling can be intimately linked to a strategy oriented toward down-sizing. As such, these practices are not always associated with broad skill enhancement; rather, they can result in a more general tendency toward skill erosion and automation. At the same time, downsizing itself can be used to weaken traditional structures of employment relationships, thereby facilitating the use of high performance practices which emphasize cross-functional flexibility and broad job tasks.
Management and Organization in Chinese Industry: From Mao to Deng
Authors: Liew Leonrg H.
Published: March 2007

This paper compares Maoist with Dengist approaches to industrial management and organization. The Maoist model emphasizes selflessness and collectivism, but failed because of an inconsistency between means and ends, and the insurmountable problem of asymmetric information on motive. In contrast, the Dengist model emphasizes individualism, is consistent between means and ends, and will enable widespread increases in living standards in the short to medium term. In the long run, however, it is likely to lead both increases in income inequality and stagnant living standards for low income earners. A compromise model based on self-interested cooperation is likely to reduce income inequalities and allow a continuous rise in general living standards. The disadvantages of this model are limited labor mobility, and extensive and intrusive collective labor discipline.
Group Process in the Resolution of Ethnonational Conflicts: The Case of Estonia
Authors: Apprey Maurice
Published: March 2007

The dimension of alterity as process and trajectory between absolute alterity and relative alterity is the subject of this article. The dimension of alterity as process of engagement between Self and Other that can potentially make continuity out of the antinomies of absolute and relative alterity will be shown to reveal itself in the arena of conflict enactment and resolution between two feuding factions. I propose that Self as agency is an approximation, the Other as absolute a misnomer; and that when Self and Other engage in a process of resolution of conflict, an ambiguous play space opens up fostering an exchange of representations of Self and Other.
Group Analysis and Aesthetic Equilibrium
Authors: Cortesdo Eduardo Luis
Published: March 2007

This beautiful paper was written after my last meeting with Eduardo Cortesão. That was in May 1989 when I took part in the First Portuguese Congress of Group Analysis, held in celebration of Dr Cortesão's career as Professor of Psychiatry at Lisbon University and his achievement in bringing group analysis to Portugal, and to mark the publication in Portuguese of his book on group analysis. The well-attended group, which included delegates from Latin America, France, Germany, Italy and Spain, demonstrated the significance of the Portuguese group-analytic movement and the respect that Eduardo Cortesão merited. Malcolm Pines
Projective Identification as a Regulator in the Group Process: The Three Levels of Interaction in Analytic Groups
Authors: Battegay Raymond
Published: March 2007

Three levels of interrelationship have been found in therapeutic groups. The first is the basic narcissistic-fusional level, which brings about the cohesion and closeness of group members. The second is marked, on the one hand, by the archaic form of ego-perfornance, projective identification, which leads to distancing and therefore has a regulating function, and, on the other hand, by higher forms of active egoperformance such as identification, projection, transference, differentiation from objects and so on. The third level is that off free decision. Level one processes, however, continue to operate beneath the other two levels.
Borderline Distortions of Mirroring in the Group
Authors: Zinkin Louis
Published: March 2007

Mirroring, thought to be of therapeutic value in group analysis, can lead to great difficulties when people see each other in distorted ways. This process, which I have called `malignant mirroring', can reflect borderline features in the individuals concerned, who together maintain a mutually destructive pattern. With the help of a clinical example, this process is examined in this short panel contribution.
The Presence of God in the Group: A Neglected Dimension
Authors: Sandison Ronald
Published: March 2007

When people gather in small groups they are often aware of an indefinable supra-personal dimension. Anyone who has taken part in a camp-fire sing-song will have experienced this. The group setting at sundown was the time and place when folk-tales and fairy stories were woven. It was the time when the elders met to discuss the events of the day, when evensong or compline was sung or said in churches. There is something `special' about this conjunction of the group and the `going down of the sun'. In this article I develop the idea that to take part in a small group can be, and often is, a spiritual experience. In giving a name to this experience I consider the proposition that God, or Spirit, is ever present in the group. I view the matrix as not only nurturing and holding but also as a dynamic container, and perhaps even generator, of spiritual force.
Love and Hate in Supervision Groups
Authors: Sternberg Tamara
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the supervision of group therapy of schizophrenic patients. Working for many years in various clinics, I was intrigued by the fact that in some supervision groups an open and trusting atmosphere prevailed, while in others learning could not take place because a mistrustful, rivalrous and `hateful' atmosphere prevailed. Members were reluctant to come, used defence mechanisms, even archaic ones such as splitting and projection, and felt supervision was useless.

I was the supervisor who came from the outside and was not involved in the hierarchy of the institution, its conflicts and intrigues among staff members. I discuss such difficult groups, and analyse why some groups developed as trusting and enabling, and others as `hating' groups that brought the discussions to a standstill.
Learning about Management: An Analytic Large Group in a Management Development Programme
Authors: Vince Russ
Published: March 2007

The author describes the use of a Group-analytic approach within a local government management development programme, in particular during the `large-group' sessions. Large-group sessions seem particularly effective in demonstrating the extent to which a manager is both committed to and able to understand and work with change.
The Place of the Training Group Analyst and the Problem of Personal Group Analysis in Block Training
Authors: Hilpert Hermann R.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the place of the training group analyst in a block training scheme. It stresses that the training institute is an outstanding and inestimable transference object, which thrusts itself into the relationship between training group and group conductor. The article discusses the dynamics of the system `group-conductor-institute' with its effects on the transference/countertransference field, the boundaries and the principle of abstinence.
Further Thoughts on Group-Analytic Training
Authors: Tsegos Ioannis K.
Published: March 2007

The author reproaches Group-analytic training for not paying enough attention to the intrusion of ideological (psychoanalytic) elements into the Group-analytic approach. He considers block training to be an offshoot of the method-demonstration conference and therefore bound to adopt a particularly authoritarian structure, function and content. Reference is made to other issues of Group-analytic training and practice (the concept of the `person', the presence of patients and so on) in order to underline the difference and contradictions between group analysis and psychoanalysis. Training community practice within a Group-analytic training organization could remedy some of the problems.
Psychosocial Compromise Formation: Understanding Defence and Coping in Group Analysis
Authors: Heigl-Evers A. , Heigl F.
Published: March 2007

Psychosocial compromise formation is discussed in relation to defence and coping in group analysis. This concept is based on the fundamental assumption of psychoanalysis that in early development of the individual unbearable conflictual needs and desires of instinctive or narcissistic origin are withdrawn from conscious experience by suppression or other kinds of defence. The structure of the ego, also a result of the individual's experience organization, mediates between the conflictual components of the ego and superego.

Since object-relations belong phylogenetically to the species humana and ontogenetically to the interests of the ego, individual compromises have to be adapted into social systems, such as the therapeutic group, so that relationships can develop and be maintained and regulated. The results of such efforts of reciprocal adaptation are psychosocial compromises, which, as relatively time-stable configurations of dealing with each other in groups, serve among other things to keep the group sufficiently coherent and are in the interest of members seeking healing change.
Handling Violence in Child Group Therapy
Authors: Woods John
Published: March 2007

Aggressive and disruptive behaviour by children is a perennial problem for carers and the child care services. The problem runs deep since it touches on wider questions about human destructiveness. S. H. Foulkes held an optimistic view about the natural capacity of a therapy group to contain and transform destructive impulses. Acute practical problems arise, however, when a children's group gets caught up with anxiety and aggression. Adults under stress will tend to resort to `good/bad' splitting and the scapegoating of individuals can occur. A group is described where these difficulties were developing. When cotherapists supported each other sufficiently the group weathered the storm of an individual's unmet emotional need. Work on the disruption of the group enabled all to reach a better stage of integration of their destructive impulses.
Group Dynamics in a Painting Workshop for Children
Authors: Magagnini Leonella , Facci Licia , Vitrano Adriana
Published: March 2007

The authors describe an analytical psychotherapy group for children, making use of a `painting workshop' technique derived from teaching practice. This technique facilitates children's recognition of emotion hitherto frozen and repressed behind a false Self; and allows expression and communication.
Traversing the Psychoanalytic Pathway: From Phobias to Chung Yung — the Confucian Golden Mean
Authors: Rustomjee Sabar
Published: March 2007

The position of the father in the formation of totems, in religion, in philosophy (Confucian and neo-Confucian) and in psychoanalysis is described in a Freudian/Lacanian framework. The application of this in understanding the psychodynamics of both phobic and obsessional neurosis is demonstrated through the study of two of Freud's case histories. The use of Group-analytic psychotherapy in the management of patients is then described, highlighting the nature of specific resistances encountered in therapy groups where the majority of members predominantly suffer from obsessional and phobic neuroses.
Mirroring of Psychogenic Autistic Barriers and Neurotic Boundaries in Group Process
Authors: Urlić Ivan
Published: March 2007

During a group psychotherapeutic process, many layers of inner and outer worlds are mirrored through constant interaction. The author follows up part of the group analysis of a small group of patients who, through projections and projective identifications, dreams and fantasies, slowly disclose their deep inner conflicts, up to the barriers that all of them avoid. `Going around' the projection of one patient opens a path through these psychogenic autistic encapsulations, enabling the whole group to develop the analysis of the group process. The author conceptualizes this situation as a phase preceded by high tensions and resistances and followed by new insights into the psychodynamics of each member and the group as a whole. Barriers are understood and well defended as nuclei of pregenital conflicts, disclosing early fixations, which imply autistic qualities, while neurotic `boundaries' are seen as conflictual lines against which one uses defence mechanisms, and which are generally more accessible to exposition and confrontation, and are of either oedipal or pre-oedipal origin.
Work-life Balance Among Croatian Employees: Role Time Commitment, Work-home Interference and Well-being
Authors: Šverko Branimir , Arambašić Lidija , Galešić Mirta
Published: March 2007

This study explores whether work-life imbalance due to long working hours exists among employees in Croatia, and examines some of its antecedents and consequences. In studying the consequences, joint effects of the time spent at work and in home roles are considered in a broader conceptual framework which incorporates the concept of work-life interference. A questionnaire assessing individual and contextual variables, time spent at work and in home activities, intensity of work-home conflicts, and subjective well-being was applied via an on-line survey of Internet users (N = 188), and via personal interviews (N = 319). Since the two data sets did not differ significantly, they were merged in the final analysis. The results show that 75 percent of the respondents work more than 40 hours a week and 30 percent in excess of 48 hours per week. Hours spent at work and in home activities were not significantly related to subjective well-being (defined as low levels of stress symptoms and high levels of life satisfaction), thus questioning the common assumption that more hours mean worse well-being. Work-home interference variables, in particular the work-to-home conflict, account for a major part of the well-being variance.
A Detailed Examination of the Role of Education in Intergenerational Social-class Mobility
Authors: van de Werfhorst Herman G.
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the role of education, particularly fields of study, in intergenerational class mobility in the Netherlands. In highly educated societies, children of all social classes need to invest in education to avoid downward mobility. We argue that members of the various social classes aim primarily for class maintenance, and apply educational strategies to realize this aim. Children of manual working-class families tend to prefer technical fields of study, in order to reach at least their parents' social class or probably even higher. Children of the self-employed or of small employers need financial and commercial skills to be able to take over the business. Children from farming backgrounds benefit from agricultural training in getting to work on a farm themselves. These strategies equip them with valuable types of skills and knowledge, even if they drop out of school early. Children of service-class origins tend to opt for general types of training at secondary school, and prestigious fields like law and medicine in tertiary education. Empirical results of analyses on two Dutch nationally representative surveys (N = 1566 men) generally support these claims. Because of these rather conservative strategies, relatively low mobility rates are found, which impedes upward mobility of working-class children.
Social Representations of Psychological Problems: Contents and Transformations
Authors: Krause Mariane
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results from a study of social representations of psychological problems.¹ Knowledge of these representations is important because of their role in understanding both the acceptance and effectiveness of psychological help. The research was conducted in a low socio-economic area of Santiago, Chile. Discrepancies have been found between the social representations of psychological problems held by professionals and those held by community members in such settings. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used, gathering data from 15 individual interviews, two group interviews, and a questionnaire survey using open-ended questions on a sample of 203 individuals. Information provided by the mass media was also analyzed. The results obtained refer to social representations of psychological problems, problems requiring psychological treatment, labeling of psychological problems and sources of influence in the maintenance or transformation of these representations. Analysis of the main sources of influence and comparison between individuals with and without experience regarding psychological help lead to the conclusion that this social representation is undergoing a change, in that its contents are evolving from more pathological elements to more everyday problems.
The Tradition of Greek Democracy
Authors: Vidal-Naquet Pierre
Published: March 2007

Moses Finley's reflections on ancient and modern democracy, explicitly directed against the liberal mainstream of political science, but also - avant la lettre - against the belittling of Greek democracy that has become fashionable among post-Marxist radicals, can be taken as a starting point for further discussion of historical as well as theoretical questions. The points at issue have to do with the belated recognition of democracy as a part of the Greek tradition, but also with the divided and contested modern tradition that grew out of this new perspective on the past. The French Revolution is crucial to both aspects of the problem. Although it can be shown that the well-known attempts of the revolutionaries to appropriate classical models did not - in the short run - radically alter the image of ancient Greece, the very experience of the revolution - both as an exceptionally dramatic historical event and as a key episode in a more long-term process - was bound to change modern perceptions of the classical world. The new understanding of Greek democracy, made possible by the revolution but not inspired by it, was first articulated by the radical wing of 19th-century liberalism; but it could, in due course, serve to develop a critique of liberalism.
Enlightenment as Tragedy: Reflections on Adorno's Ethics
Authors: Gandesha Samir
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the figure of Oedipus lies at the heart of Horkheimer and Adorno's Dialectic of Enlightenment. Oedipus is the prototypical Aufklärer as no one can rival him in his courageous attempt to employ his own autonomous reason `without direction from another'; yet self-knowledge remains beyond his grasp. Indeed, Oedipus' obsessive drive to bring the truth to light ultimately leads him to put out his own eyes because he is unable to bear the sight of the catastrophe that this drive engenders. Oedipus' demise represents in allegorical form the self-destruction of enlightenment itself. Enlightenment is similarly driven to illuminate the world in its totality by reducing it to philosophical concepts. In the process, however, it becomes blind to the question of its dependence upon that which it purports to possess. In its attempt at total illumination, therefore, enlightenment does not effectuate an exit or Ausgang from the opacity of myth, as Kant had held, but rather is blinded, paradoxically, by the radiance of its own projections. Reading the dialectic of enlightenment through the tragedy of Oedipus leads back to the enigmatic question of art as the means by which the rationalization and disenchantment of the world can be reflected upon critically.
The Perpetuation of the State of Nature: on the Cognitive Content of Elias Canetti's Crowds and Power
Authors: Honneth Axel
Published: March 2007

In memoriam Hinrich Fink-Eitel
Philosophy and Sublimation
Authors: Gourgouris Stathis
Published: March 2007

Cornelius Castoriadis's theory of sublimation is not only innovative within the Freudian tradition, but opens up the domain of inquiry as to society's process of radical social institution. Sublimation is indeed socialization, not merely aesthetic cathexis. A specific sort of sublimation that may be said to mobilize the project of autonomy is linked to philosophy both because it is implicated in a process of interminable interrogation, and because it involves the psyche's practical and poetic engagement with the creation of new imaginary forms. Philosophy's task, in this sense, is to consider thought from the standpoint of the unthought, a daring task that cannot ultimately take place without one's fully-fledged acceptance of one's own finitude.
Anthropology, Philosophy, Politics
Authors: Castoriadis Cornelius
Published: March 2007

The question of man is a question of philosophical anthropology. It raises a particular problem because man is both the subject and object of any knowledge of man. This question has ontological consequences, because man is the one being that can have knowledge of himself and can change himself and the laws of his existence. Such knowledge and change, however, are not innate to man but are creations that have both psychical and social-historical presuppositions and implications. The question of de jure validity arises with the creation of politics and philosophy and can be made more precise in the question: How can the valid be effective and the effective be valid? Politics, as the lucid and reflective activity that interrogates itself about society's institutions and attempts to change them, is a creation of a new anthropological type: reflective and deliberative subjectivity. Today's `liberal oligarchies', falsely labelled `democratic', proclaim liberty and equality, but an analysis of the present heteronomous situation of a majority of the world's population and of the compromise nature of liberal oligarchic regimes shows how partial has been their realization.
Agnes Heller: Politics and Philosophy
Authors: Rivero Ángel
Published: March 2007

The article tracks the development of Agnes Heller's political philosophy as it evolves through the Marxism and reform communism of her years as a dissent Hungarian intellectual, followed by the period of her encounters with the Western Left and with the currents of postmodern liberalism.
Reduced-Hours Employment
Authors: BARNETT ROSALIND CHAIT , GAREIS KAREN C.
Published: March 2007

Although reduced-hours work is widely thought to decrease distress, empirical literature relating absolute number of hours worked to distress outcomes is inconsistent. Perhaps the trade-off between giving up some aspects of work for more nonwork time is more stressful for some employees than for others. The authors tested the hypothesis that difficulty of trade-offs is a more powerful predictor of quality-of-life indicators (i.e., symptoms of anxiety and depression, job-role quality, and intention to turnover within 1 year) than is number of hours worked per se in a non-random sample of 141 reduced-hours physicians in dual-earner couples. Results supported the hypothesis.
Poverty and Work Effort among Urban Latino Men
Authors: HAUAN SUSAN M. , LANDALE NANCY S. , LEICHT KEVIN T.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the extent of poverty among working men in urban labor markets and analyzes differences in the risk of working poverty among Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and non-Latino White men. Using data from the 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample, the research documents sizable ethnic differences in rates of working poverty and ascertains the extent to which those differences are explained by labor market attachment, human capital, employment position, and labor market context. Labor force attachment clearly reduces the risk of poverty for men, but levels of attachment do not explain ethnic differences in poverty among workers.
Features of Service Relationships and Encounters
Authors: GUTEK BARBARA A. , CHERRY BENNETT , BHAPPU ANITA D. , SCHNEIDER SHERRY , WOOLF LOREN
Published: March 2007

This article explores the experiences of customers who receive service in relationships (customers who return to the same provider for service), pseudorelationships (the same organization but a different provider), and encounters (neither a regular provider nor a regular firm). We examined interactions with hairstylists, auto mechanics, and physicians to test hypotheses about customers' reactions to service delivery. Although customers respond particularly well to service relationships, based on our results for auto mechanics, it appears possible for firms to design pseudorelationships that also are relatively high in trust.
Sociology of Work in Latin America
Authors: CAVALCANTI H. B.
Published: March 2007

Research on work in Latin America has in many ways followed the region's struggles with economic development. As countries deal with globalization pressures, switching from import substitution state-driven development to export policies sustained by privatization, much has changed in the workplace of Latin Americans. Recently, that has translated into a growing body of literature on work in the region, with much of it reflecting the efforts of a new generation of Latin American scholars. Unfortunately, most of their work is yet to be circulated among scholarly circles in the United States. This article is an effort to provide U.S. researchers in the area with an overview of what is being done in sociology of work in Latin America, especially the research lines that have developed in the past 20 years.
A Dual Process Model of Organizational Commitment
Authors: YOON JEONGKOO , THYE SHANE R.
Published: March 2007

The authors propose and test a new dual-process model of organizational commitment that connects organizational practices and specific job characteristics to the emotions and cognitions of employees. In turn, emotional reactions and cognitive processes are theorized to be the proximate cause of organizational commitment. Specifically, the model stipulates that overall job satisfaction and perceptions of organizational support are key emotional and cognitive processes that mobilize commitment in the workplace. The theoretical model was estimated with a sample of employees drawn from two large Korean organizations (N = 2,443). Overall, the results provide strong support for the model. The main findings are that feelings of job satisfaction and perceptions of organizational support operate through independent channels to mediate the impact of work experiences on organizational commitment. The authors discuss the implications of these findings in light of current theory and research on commitment.
Empowerment and Managerial Labor Strategies
Authors: EDWARDS PAUL , COLLINSON MARGARET
Published: March 2007

Hopes that senior managers attach to programs of empowerment are often dashed in practice. Yet, little research has been conducted into whether lower level managers embrace the language of empowerment, and if not, how they view efforts to develop employee commitment. Case study research in six named organizations in the United Kingdom reveals that managers did not use the term empowerment and that they distinguished its claims to give substantial freedom to employees from more meaningful concepts such as autonomy and involvement. Empowerment meant little because of the financial and other constraints on autonomy, whereas more specific efforts to improve involvement had clear effects on employee behavior. The language of empowerment is not used to mislead workers and hence theories that see empowerment as an insidious form of labor control are not sustained.
Women's Work and Women's Education
Authors: Fritschner Linda Marie
Published: March 2007

The most common explanation of educational change hinges on a "technical-function" theory. Technical-functionalists explain educational expansion primarily in terms of preparation for jobs newly created by technological innovation and economic transformations. This case study raises questions about that simple and direct interpretation of the relationship between educational and occupational change. The shifting occupational patterns of women, changing immigration patterns, and increasing emigration from farms to cities affected the midwest, northeast, south, and west differently. Although women's education, which was synonymous with home economics education, arose at different times and took different forms in each of these regions, in all of them it was a formula to preserve a passing order and control change. Home economics education was to divert women from employment outside the home by upgrading the status of housework, thus, placing the home at a competitive advantage with the alternative employment opening to women in the 1870-1920 period.
Women's Employment and Changes in Family Structure
Authors: Ericksen Julia A. , Klein Gary
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact on women's employment of the changing demographic structure of the family. Using log linear techniques and data from the 1960 and 1970 censuses, our findings modify earlier research and have implications for the future. Key findings include a decline in the effect of marital status on women's employment; no decline in the effect of child status; a more complicated relationship between race and employment status than previously realized; and clear evidence that rates are increasing not only because of changes in family structure, but because of changes in the employment patterns of successive cohorts of women.
Control Structures in Religious Organizations
Authors: Szafran Robert F.
Published: March 2007

Based on data from 80 Catholic dioceses, the distribution of control in these organizations is primarily affected by the bishop's progressivism and to a lesser extent by the local religious composition. The size of the diocese and characteristics of its clergy had no effect on the control structure. Based on the responses of almost 3000 Catholic priests, individual differences m the perception of a diocese's control structure are only slightly affected by the priest's rank, theological modernity, professionalism, seniority, or discontent. Organization's control structure as measured by the aggregate report of the organization's members is the best predictor of the individual's perception.
Accountability and Productivity
Authors: TAUSKY CURT , CHELTE ANTHONY F.
Published: March 2007

Based on a nonobtrusive count of output, productivity in a metal-working shop is examined before implementing individual accountability, during intensified accountability, and after the accountability program was terminated. The data show quite clearly that when individual accountability was introduced, productivity rose steeply and then subsided along with accountability. Some implications of accountability are suggested.
Everett Cherrington Hughes
Authors: HOLMSTROM LYNDA LYTLE
Published: March 2007

This article pays tribute to Everett Cherrington Hughes. The focus is on Hughes the person as opposed to Hughes the scholar. However, for Everett there was no arbitrary separation of the two. The hallmark of his career was his endless curiosity. He never tired of observing, and drew upon sources as diverse as members of his family and peoples around the world. He insisted on analysis grounded in data gathered with an open mind. Although he made numerous contributions to the substantive area of work and occupations, he prided himself on being a generalist; he saw studying occupations as a way of studying society.
Work, Ritual Structures, and the Legitimation of Alternative Communities
Authors: MILLER GALE
Published: March 2007

The symbolic interpretation of work as a part of the legitimating process found in alternative communities is explored. This is done through a critique of Kanter's (1972) structural functional approach and the development of a dialectical perspective within which legitimacy is treated as a product of the efforts of community members to ritualistically reconcile contradictions between their public claims about themselves and the practical problems found in daily life. Central to this process is the rise of ritual structures through which seemingly mundane features of everyday life are given symbolic meaning. The implications of this perspective for analyzing time conventions and legitimation crises are also discussed.
The Labor Force Attachment of Discouraged Workers
Authors: STEVANS LONNIE K. , REGISTER CHARLES A. , GRIMES PAUL W.
Published: March 2007

Since the 1960s policymakers have been concerned with the question of whether the discouraged worker should be considered unemployed. Previous researchers have argued that only those groups of the discouraged who exhibit a “distinctive attachment” to the labor force should be counted among the unemployed. This study differs by defining “distinctive attachment” as a long-run, not merely short-run, sensitivity to economic fluctuations. Using this criteria, it is determined that only those discouraged due to their inability to find work exhibited an attachment significant enough to warrant their inclusion in the category of the unemployed. Also of interest is a finding suggesting that minority females are increasingly playing the same economic role as nonminority males. Each of these groups exhibits a long-run attachment to the labor force, whereas the attachment of minority males and nonminority females tends to be relatively more transitory.
Women's Views in Ireland on Unions
Authors: TONER BILL
Published: March 2007

This article examines male-female differences in Ireland in attitudes toward unions. ANOVA and multiple classification analysis, applied to a survey of school-leavers' attitudes, show more favorable attitudes toward unions among females. A factor analysis is used to identify the different aspects of unions to which females show more favorable attitudes. A review of union membership statistics reveals that Irish females are joining unions at an increasing rate and are now organized to almost the same extent as males.
The Sociology of Traditional Economic Problems
Authors: HAGE JERALD
Published: March 2007

The structural problem of wage or salary differentials as discussed in this article has been decomposed into four separate components: the differences in the mean wages/salaries between occupations; the differences in the standard deviations of wages/salaries between occupations; the mean wages/salaries within occupations across firms and industries; and the standard deviation across occupations within firms and industries. A fourfold typology of labor markets is suggested, and a number of hypotheses are offered as to why means and standard deviations vary. Market power is used to explain the differences among occupations across firms and industries. A typology of product markets and several hypotheses are suggested to indicate which firms and industries are more likely to have greater market power.
A Prospective Look at the Specialty of Medical Management
Authors: MONTGOMERY KATHLEEN
Published: March 2007

Using theories of occupational boundary maintenance and expansion, the article identifies the structural conditions and resource-mobilization processes which facilitate the development of emerging occupational groups, especially specialties within the medical profession. Data from several sources, including a recent comprehensive survey of over 1,000 physicians in medical management, are presented to augment a discussion of the motivations for, and state of development of, the movement to achieve formal specialty recognition on behalf of this group.
Multiple Gender Contexts and Employee Rewards
Authors: MARTIN PATRICIA YANCEY , HARKREADER STEVE
Published: March 2007

The authors explore the effects of multiple gender contexts on the material and social psychological rewards of men and women in one organization, a U. S. military depot. By multiple gender contexts is meant that employees are situated in departments, job ladders (internal labor markets), and hierarchical ranks (civil service paygrades) with varying gender compositions or proportions of women and men. Five hypotheses are tested that concern women's and men's dispersion in the depot and the influence of multiple gender contexts on their earnings and satisfaction. The results indicate that women are less broadly dispersed than are men with the result that many job ladder and hierarchical locations have many or few women; and that, net of their human capital and responsibility, women and men who are situated in job ladders or at hierarchical levels with more women earn less. Tests for Kanter's, Blalock's, and Blau/Skvoretz's theories about the effects of relative proportions on intergroup relations and satisfaction show less support for Kanter and Blalock than for Blau/Skvoretz. The authors find that women enjoy working in woman-populous departments and job ladders. Men are less satisfied when their hierarchical level contains more women but they are more satisfied when their job ladder contains more women. The implications of the authors' findings for future research are discussed.
Occupational Gender Desegregation in the 1980s
Authors: COTTER DAVID A. , DeFIORE JOANN M. , HERMSEN JOAN M. , KOWALEWSKI BRENDA MARSTELLER , VANNEMAN REEVE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the change in occupational gender segregation in the 1980s using 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples data. This research reveals a continuing decline in occupational gender segregation in the 1980s, but at a somewhat slower pace than in the 1970s. About three quarters of the overall desegregation was due to the changing gender composition of occupations, and about one quarter was due to the faster growth of more integrated occupations. Further analyses confirm the importance of women's but not men's changing occupational distribution in promoting desegregation.
The Sociology of Work in Latin America
Authors: ABRAMO LAÍS
Published: March 2007

This article on the development of the sociology of work in Latin America addresses changes in the main themes, interdisciplinary relationships, and research methodologies during three periods, beginning in the 1950s. During this era, the themes shifted from modernization, to working-class organization under democracy and dictatorship, and, most recently, to structural adjustment and economic globalization. The sociology of work has become increasingly linked to other social sciences, history, management, and industrial engineering. Researchers use an array of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. Current challenges for the discipline in Latin America include the relationships between the labor process and labor markets, and between intrafirm processes and interfirm connections, and the introduction of gender and labor culture perspectives into the analysis of new production paradigms.
Accelerated Testing of Composites
Authors: Papazian Harold A.
Published: March 2007

A survey of literature results shows that Zhurkov's phenomenological method of the strength of solids can be used to devise accelerated tests of static and dynamic tension as well as cyclic failure of composites.
Reduction of Flexural Properties in an SMC Composite Due to Impact
Authors: Gu Z.L. , Sun C.T.
Published: March 2007

Thickness change in SMC-R50 composite panels was used as a parameter to gauge impact-induced damage. Relations between thickness change and reductions in bending rigidity and bending strength were determined experimentally. These relations were then used in a finite element analysis to predict residual flexural stiffness and strength of SMC panels after impact. Analytical predictions were compared with experimental data.
Friction and Wear Behavior of 2-D and 3-D Fiber Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Majidi Azar P. , Pipes R. Byron , Reese Eggert D.
Published: March 2007

An experimental characterization of the abrasive wear behavior of three-dimensionally braided alumina fiber/Al-Li composites has been presented. The friction and wear proper ties of the braided composite have been compared with those of unidirectional alumina fiber/Ali-Li composite and the unreinforced matrix material. The effects of fiber volume fraction, fiber orientation, contact pressure, and the abrasive particle size on the rate and mechanism of wear as well as the coefficient of friction of composites have been ex amined.
Tensile Fatigue of Notched Carbon/Epoxy Specimens "Search for Optimum Model"
Authors: Diamantakos C. , Fritz R.J.
Published: March 2007

A wealth of experimental data on fatigue of metals as well as on reinforced plastics is currently available to designers. Much of this relates to unidirectionally-reinforced materials, but there is also a great deal of information on the behaviour of laminates of varying degrees of complexity.
Different Types of Amplitude Distributions in Composite Materials
Authors: Berthelot J.M. , Rhazi J.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this work was to study the amplitude distributions of acoustic emission signals, and their evolutions during mechanical tests, in composites. Discontinuous distri butions, continuous distributions and intermediate distributions are observed according to sort of composite and type of mechanical test. Discontinuous distributions are associated with the development of the basic failure modes in composites. Whereas continuous distri butions are characteristic of development of complex failure modes.
Non-Isothermal, Multi-Layer Coextrusion Flow in Circular and Annular Dies
Authors: Shu Y.H. , Chen S.J. , Cheng J.S.
Published: March 2007

Numerical simulations of non-isothermal multi-interface flow of polymer fluids in circular and annular dies have been carried out. The present finite difference scheme was formulated based on control volume approach to solve the transformed gov erning equations. The stream function was used as the cross-stream coordinate in these equations. The fluid viscosity is described by a truncated power law with Arrhenius type temperature dependency. Comparisons were made among single phase, two-layer, and three-layer flow in a circular die to demonstrate that the center layer structure difference among them does not make a significant difference in viscous dissipation and nominal shear rate. Also included is the analysis of non-isothermal four-layer concentric coextru sion flow in an annular die.
Decomposition of the Strain Energy of a Single-Ply Laminate to Orthonormal Components
Authors: Theocaris P.S.
Published: March 2007

The extension of the procedure of decomposition of elastic strain-energy density into basic elements in transversely isotropic materials which constitute laminae under plane stress conditions was derived, based on the theory used for three-dimensional bodies. For this purpose the spectral decomposition of the compliance tensor S for a trans versely isotropic body was used and its characteristic values were found in the principal strength space of the material. Then energy orthogonal states of stress were calculated and the corresponding energy components were shown to be separable in discrete entities.
Failure Behaviour of Paper Sheets
Authors: Theocaris P.S.
Published: March 2007

An experimental analysis was undertaken to establish the failure strengths in tension and compression along the strong direction (machine direction) and the weak transverse plane of isotropy (cross direction) for a typical paperboard. The principal strengths of the material along the strong machine direction and on the transverse plane which may be assumed to be approximately isotropic allowed the possibility of forming the elliptic paraboloid failure locus corresponding to this type of material. It was shown that papers in general are tension strong materials having the infinite part of their parabo loid failure surface turned toward the tension-tension-tension octant in the principal stress space.