bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dual Anion Chemistry‐Based Superionic Glass Enabling Long‐Cycling All‐Solid‐State Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lin Xiaoting , Zhao Yang , Wang Changhong , Luo Jing , Fu Jiamin , Xiao Biwei , Gao Yingjie , Li Weihan , Zhang Shumin , Xu Jiabin , Yang Feipeng , Hao Xiaoge , Duan Hui , Sun Yipeng , Guo Jinghua , Huang Yining , Sun Xueliang
Published: November 2023

Glassy Na‐ion solid‐state electrolytes (GNSSEs) are an important group of amorphous SSEs. However, the insufficient ionic conductivity of state‐of‐the‐art GNSSEs at room temperature lessens their promise in the development of all‐solid‐state Na‐ion batteries (ASSNIBs) with high energy density and improved safety. Here we report the discovery of a new sodium superionic glass, 0.5Na2O2‐TaCl5 (NTOC), based on dual‐anion sublattice of oxychlorides. The unique local structures with abundant bridging and non‐bridging oxygen atoms contributes to a highly disordered Na‐ion distribution as well as low Na+ migration barrier within NTOC, enabling an ultrahigh ionic conductivity of 4.62 mS cm−1 at 25 °C (more than 20 times higher than those of previously reported GNSSEs). Moreover, the excellent formability of glassy NTOC electrolyte and its high electrochemical oxidative stability ensure a favourable electrolyte‐electrode interface, contributing to superior cycling stability of ASSNIBs for over 500 cycles at room temperature. The discovery of glassy NTOC electrolyte would reignite research enthusiasm in superionic glassy SSEs based on multi‐anion chemistry.
Enzymatische Peptid‐ und Proteinbromierung: Der BromoTrp Tag
Authors: Montua Nicolai , Thye Paula , Hartwig Pia , Kühle Matthias , Sewald Norbert
Published: November 2023

Bioorthogonale Reaktionen von Proteinen und ungeschützten Peptiden sind von hohem Wert für die chemische Biologie. Die Kombination aus enzymatischer Halogenierung und übergangsmetallkatalysierter Kreuzkupplung bietet einen praktikablen Ansatz zur Modifizierung von Proteinen und ungeschützten Peptiden. Durch semirationales Protein Engineering, wurden Varianten der Tryptophan 6‐Halogenase Thal identifiziert, welche die Bromierung von Peptiden mit einem C‐terminalen Tryptophanrest ermöglichen. Das Substratspektrum wurde anhand von Di‐, Tri‐ und Tetrapeptid‐Bibliotheken charakterisiert, und ein optimierter Peptid‐Tag identifiziert, dem wir den Namen BromoTrp‐Tag gegeben haben. Dieser Tag wurde in drei Modellproteine eingeführt. Deren präparative, posttranslationale Bromierung mit nur einem Kultivierungs‐ und Aufreinigungsschritt wurde durch das bromierende E. coli Koexpressionssystem Brocoli ermöglicht. Pd‐katalysierte Suzuki–Miyaura Kreuzkupplung war mittels Pd‐Nanopartikeln als Katalysator bei 37 °C möglich, was das vielversprechende Potential dieser Strategie zum Zweck bioorthogonaler Funktionalisierung und Konjugation demonstriert.
Preserving Structurally Labile Peptide Nanosheets After Molecular Functionalization of the Self‐Assembling Peptides
Authors: Chen Xin , Xia Cai , Guo Pan , Wang Chenru , Zuo Xiaobing , Jiang Yun‐Bao , Jiang Tao
Published: November 2023

A significant challenge in creating supramolecular materials is that conjugating molecular functionalities to building blocks often results in dissociation or undesired morphological transformation of their assemblies. Here we present a facile strategy to preserve structurally labile peptide assemblies after molecular modification of the self‐assembling peptides. Sheet‐forming peptides are designed to afford a staggered alignment with the segments bearing chemical modification sites protruding from the sheet surfaces. The staggered assembly allows for simultaneous separation of attached molecules from each other and from the underlying assembly motifs. Strikingly, using PEGs as the external molecules, PEG400‐ and PEG700‐peptide conjugates directly self‐associate into nanosheets with the PEG chains localized on the sheet surfaces. In contrast, the sheet formation based on in‐register lateral packing of peptides does not recur upon the peptide PEGylation. This strategy allows for fabrication of densely modified assemblies with a variety of molecules, as demonstrated using biotin (hydrophobic molecule), c(RGDfK) (cyclic pentapeptide), and nucleic acid aptamer (negatively charged ssDNA). The staggered co‐assembly also enables extended tunability of the amount/density of surface molecules, as exemplified by screening ligand‐appended assemblies for cell targeting. This study paves the way for functionalization of historically challenging fragile assemblies while maintaining their overall morphology.
New Reaction Pathway of Superoxide Disproportionation Induced by a Soluble Catalyst in Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Jiang Zhuoliang , Wen Bo , Huang Yaohui , Guo Yihe , Wang Yuzhe , Li Fujun
Published: November 2023

Aprotic Li‐O2 battery has attracted considerable interest for high theoretical energy density, however the disproportionation of the intermediate of superoxide (O2−) during discharge and charge leads to slow reaction kinetics and large voltage hysteresis. Herein, the chemically stable ruthenium tris(bipyridine) (RB) cations are employed as a soluble catalyst to alternate the pathway of O2− disproportionation and its kinetics in both the discharge and charge processes. RB captures O2− dimer and promotes their intramolecular charge transfer, and it decreases the energy barrier of the disproportionation reaction from 7.70 to 0.70 kcal mol−1. This facilitates the discharge and charge processes and simultaneously mitigates O2− and singlet oxygen related side reactions. These endow the Li‐O2 battery with reduced discharge/charge voltage gap of 0.72 V and prolonged lifespan for over 230 cycles when coupled with RuO2 catalyst. This work highlights the vital role of superoxide disproportionation for Li‐O2 battery.
Internal Dynamics and Modular Peripheral Binding in Stimuli‐Responsive 3 : 2 Host:Guest Complexes
Authors: Yin Hang , Rosas Roselyne , Viel Stéphane , Giorgi Michel , Monnier Valerie , Charles Laurence , Siri Didier , Gigmes Didier , Nassar Youssef , Chevallier Floris , Bucher Christophe , Wang Ruibing , Kermagoret Anthony , Bardelang David
Published: November 2023

Now that the chemistry of 1 : 1 host:guest complexes is well‐established, it is surprising to note that higher stoichiometry (oligomeric) complexes, especially those with excess host, remain largely unexplored. Yet, proteins tend to oligomerize, affording new functions for cell machinery. Here, we show that cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles combined with symmetric, linear di‐viologens form unusual 3 : 2 host:guest complexes exhibiting remarkable dynamic properties, host self‐sorting, and external ring‐translocation. These results highlight the structural tunability of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) based 3 : 2 host:guest complexes in water and their responsiveness toward several stimuli (chemicals, pH, redox).
Structure and Defect Engineering Synergistically Boost High Solar‐to‐Chemical Conversion Efficiency of Cerium oxide/Au Hollow Nanomushrooms for Nitrogen Photofixation
Authors: Li Hua , Zhang Junwei , Deng Xia , Wang Yantao , Meng Genping , Liu Ruitong , Huang Junfeng , Tu Mudong , Xu Cailing , Peng Yong , Wang Baodui , Hou Yanglong
Published: November 2023

Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation using solar illumination under ambient conditions is a promising strategy for production of the indispensable chemical NH3. However, due to the catalyst‘s limitations in solar energy utilization, loss of hot electrons during transfer, and low nitrogen adsorption and activation capacity, the unsatisfactory solar‐to‐chemical conversion (SCC) efficiencies of most photocatalysts limit their practical applications. Herein, cerium oxide nanosheets with abundant strain‐VO defects were anchored on Au hollow nanomushroom through atomically sharp interfaces to construct a novel semiconductor/plasmonic metal hollow nanomushroom‐like heterostructure (denoted cerium oxide‐AD/Au). Plasmonic Au extended the absorption of light from the visible to the second near‐infrared region. The superior interface greatly enhanced the transfer efficiency of hot electrons. Abundant strain‐VO defects induced by interfacial compressive strain promoted adsorption and in situ activation of nitrogen, and such synergistic promotion of strain and VO defects was further confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The judicious structural and defect engineering co‐promoted the efficient nitrogen photofixation of the cerium oxide‐AD/Au heterostructures with a SCC efficiency of 0.1 % under simulated AM 1.5G solar illumination, which is comparable to the average solar‐to‐biomass conversion efficiency of natural photosynthesis by typical plants, thus exhibiting significant potential as a new candidate for artificial photosynthesis.
Construction of Bridged Benzazepines via Photo‐Induced Dearomatization
Authors: Song Ting‐Ting , Mei Yong‐Kang , Liu Yan , Wang Xiao‐Yu , Guo Shi‐Yu , Ji Ding‐Wei , Wan Boshun , Yuan Weiming , Chen Qing‐An
Published: November 2023

Bridged benzazepine scaffolds, possessing unique structural and physicochemical activities, are widespread in various natural products and drugs. The construction of these skeletons often requires elaborate synthetic effort with low efficiency. Herein, we develop a simple and divergent approach for constructing various bridged benzazepines by a photocatalytic intermolecular dearomatization of naphthalene derivatives with readily available α‐amino acids. The bridged motif is created via a cascade sequence involving photocatalytic 1,4‐hydroaminoalkylation, alkene isomerization and cyclization. Interestingly, the diastereoselectivity can be regulated through different reaction modes in the cyclization step. Moreover, aminohydroxylation and its further bromination have also been demonstrated to access highly functionalized bridged benzazepines. Preliminary mechanistic studies have been performed to get insights into the mechanism. This method provides a divergent synthetic approach for construction of highly functionalized bridged benzazepines, which have been otherwise difficult to access.
Ultralight Ultrafast Enzymes**
Authors: Zhang Xuepei , Meng Zhaowei , Beusch Christian M. , Gharibi Hassan , Cheng Qing , Lyu Hezheng , Di Stefano Luciano , Wang Jijing , Saei Amir A. , Végvári Ákos , Gaetani Massimiliano , Zubarev Roman A.
Published: November 2023

Inorganic materials depleted of heavy stable isotopes are known to deviate strongly in some physicochemical properties from their isotopically natural counterparts. Here we explored for the first time the effect of simultaneous depletion of the heavy carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen isotopes on the bacterium E. coli and the enzymes expressed in it. Bacteria showed faster growth, with most proteins exhibiting higher thermal stability, while for recombinant enzymes expressed in depleted media, faster kinetics was discovered. At room temperature, luciferase, thioredoxin and dihydrofolate reductase and Pfu DNA polymerase showed up to a 250 % increase in activity compared to the native counterparts, with an additional ∼50 % increase at 10 °C. Diminished conformational and vibrational entropy is hypothesized to be the cause of the accelerated kinetics. Ultralight enzymes may find an application where extreme reaction rates are required.
Size‐ and charge‐matching effect between porphyrin core and central metal on the stability of cuprous ion
Authors: Liu Qiuhua , Gao Junhao , Lin Qin , Liao Borong , Zhang Qian , Zhou Zaichun
Published: November 2023

Cuprous(I) catalysts have been widely used in the coupling reaction of forming C‐X bond. The core‐modified porphyrins are known to stabilize the unusual oxidation state of many metals. Thus, in this work, a 21‐oxaporphyrin was obtained under the improved Adler–Longo condensation condition and successfully used for complexing the cuprous ion. It is found that the synergy of the two factors, the diameter expansion and the univalent form of the N₃O core in the ligand, plays a decisive role in stabilizing the metastable ion; the former effectively stabilizes the electron pair of the equatorial d orbital by aiding the d‐π interaction, and the latter exactly balances the single charge of the ion. A size axis of copper species in porphyrinate systems is established by comparing with two previously reported distorted copper(II) porphyrin series.
Characterization of polar groups in polyvinyl chloride–ethyl vinyl acetate blends using coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy
Authors: Ghasemifard Mahdi , Ghamari Misagh
Published: November 2023

Coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy (CDBS), known for its exceptional precision, is extensively employed in examining the electronic states of polymers. In this study, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)–ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) polymers blends were prepared using conventional techniques, following specific ratios (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75, respectively). Spectroscopic analysis reveals that the longitudinal component of linear momentum surpasses the momentum unit (i.e., 10−3 m0c) when considering the ratio curve associated with the participation of oxygen core electrons. When compared to non‐polymer samples, the PVA polymer and PVA–EVA polymer blend exhibit greater free volume voids in contrast to non‐polymer structural defects. Furthermore, the annihilation of ortho‐positronium with core electrons, likely EVA oxygen core electrons, contributes to the measured free volume voids. An increased annihilation of positrons or positroniums by oxygen in the CDBS spectrum leads to higher calculated W parameter values. Conversely, as the PVC content increases, the W parameter decreases, suggesting reduced ortho‐positronium annihilation and consequently, enhanced formation of para‐positronium in the overall annihilation process. In summary, this investigation demonstrates the utility of CDBS in elucidating the electronic states and free volume voids in PVC and EVA polymers.
Selective analysis of resistance and susceptibility to duck hepatitis A virus genotype 3 in Pekin duck
Authors: Liang Suyun , Zhang Jiaojiao , Wang Xiaoyan , Xing Guangnan , Guo Zhanbao , Zhang Qi , Huang Wei , Xie Ming , Hou Shuisheng
Published: November 2023

Duck viral hepatitis (DVH), mainly caused by duck hepatitis A virus genotype 3 (DHAV‐3) in China, is an important disease affecting Pekin ducks. Using artificial selection breeding based on genealogical and phenotypic observations, a susceptible line (Z7) and a resistant line (Z8) of Pekin ducks to DHAV‐3 were identified. Here, we performed a genome‐wide analysis to identify selected genes in the genomes of Pekin ducks underlying resistance/susceptible breeding. Following selection, the mortality rate of the Z8 line reduced from 59.2% to 7.8% in the fourth generation (Z8G4), whereas the death rate of the Z7 line increased from 67.5% to 81% in the third generation (Z7G3). Moreover, directed breeding caused the allele frequencies of Z8 and Z7 changing in opposite direction, accompanied by declines in genomic genetic diversity. With the G0 generation as the reference group, a total of 49 selected genes were identified in the Z7‐susceptible population and 109 selected genes in the Z8‐resistant population based on the top 5% FST and PI ratio, and two candidate key genes were further fine‐mapped. Susceptibility selection led to 17 mutations in the LRIG3 gene in the Z7 population (chr1: 169,757,982–169,772,687), and resistance selection led to 134 mutations in the CRHR2 gene in the Z8 population (chr2: 4,190,154–4,273,970). Our results provide new insights into the resistance and susceptibility to DHAV‐3 and lay a theoretical foundation for further research on the mechanism of resistance/susceptibility of Pekin ducks to DHAV‐3.
Coordination Chemistry of Bis‐Cyclic Alkyl(Amino) Carbene (cAAC)‐Supported Di‐Phosphorus (P2): An Efficient Route to Donor Base‐Stabilized Elusive Di‐Phosphorus‐Monoxide(P2O)‐Gold Complex
Authors: Francis Maria , Nag Ekta , Roy Sudipta
Published: November 2023

The stability and reactivity studies of heavier di‐atomic group‐15 congeners of alkynes, e. g., the di‐phosphorus (P≡P) compounds have been the topic of huge interest because of their contrasting transient properties and lower stability compared to those of the stable molecular di‐nitrogen (N≡N). Herein, we depict the reactivity studies of the bis‐cAAC‐stabilized di‐phosphorus (P2) having an inversely polarized phosphaalkene nature featuring the C=P double bonds with Au(I)Cl. Both the mono‐, and the di‐aurated phosphaalkenes with the formulae [(Me2‐cAAC=P)2(AuCl)] (2), and [(Me2‐cAAC=P)2(AuCl)2] (3), respectively have been isolated in the solid state. Moreover, for the first time, we have been able to isolate the cAAC‐stabilized tetra‐aurated elusive di‐phosphorus‐monoxide (P2O) with the formula [(Cy‐cAAC=P)−O−(P=cAAC−Cy)(AuCl)4] (5) in presence of oxygen. Complexes 2–3, 5 have been structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, and further studied by NMR spectroscopy. Our findings reveal significant elongation of the CcAAC−P bonds in 2–3, 5, and the presence of aurophilic interaction in 5. Quantum chemical calculations, including density functional theory (DFT), and energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA‐NOCV) have been performed to study the electron densities distribution and nature of bonding in 2–3, 5.
Lung patterning: Is a distal‐to‐proximal gradient of cell allocation and fate decision a general paradigm?
Authors: Zhang Kuan , Aung Thin , Yao Erica , Chuang Pao‐Tien
Published: November 2023

Recent studies support a model in which the progeny of SOX9+ epithelial progenitors at the distal tip of lung branches undergo cell allocation and differentiation sequentially along the distal‐to‐proximal axis. Concomitant with the elongation and ramification of lung branches, the descendants of the distal SOX9+ progenitors are distributed proximally, express SOX2, and differentiate into cell types in the conducting airways. Amid subsequent sacculation, the distal SOX9+ progenitors generate alveolar epithelial cells to form alveoli. Sequential cell allocation and differentiation are integrated with the branching process to generate a functional branching organ. This review focuses on the roles of SOX9+ cells as precursors for new branches, as the source of various cell types in the conducting airways, and as progenitors of the alveolar epithelium. All of these processes are controlled by multiple signaling pathways. Many mouse mutants with defective lung branching contain underlying defects in one or more steps of cell allocation and differentiation of SOX9+ progenitors. This model provides a framework to understand the molecular basis of lung phenotypes and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of lung patterning. It builds a foundation on which comparing and contrasting the mechanisms employed by different branching organs in diverse species can be made.
Origin and development of primary animal epithelia
Authors: Doerr Sophia , Zhou Phillip , Ragkousi Katerina
Published: November 2023

Epithelia are the first organized tissues that appear during development. In many animal embryos, early divisions give rise to a polarized monolayer, the primary epithelium, rather than a random aggregate of cells. Here, we review the mechanisms by which cells organize into primary epithelia in various developmental contexts. We discuss how cells acquire polarity while undergoing early divisions. We describe cases where oriented divisions constrain cell arrangement to monolayers including organization on top of yolk surfaces. We finally discuss how epithelia emerge in embryos from animals that branched early during evolution and provide examples of epithelia‐like arrangements encountered in single‐celled eukaryotes. Although divergent and context‐dependent mechanisms give rise to primary epithelia, here we trace the unifying principles underlying their formation.
Removing barriers to plastic waste valorisation in Africa: Towards policies for value creation and capture in business ecosystems
Authors: Derks Milou , Romijn Henny
Published: November 2023

Stimulating plastic waste valorisation is suggested as an important way to address the growing waste problem in low‐income countries. However, policy interventions have not led to substantial waste valorisation, and the reasons for this have not been thoroughly analysed. We address this through a qualitative study of plastic waste in urban Zambia, which is representative of the policy and practice challenges in African plastic waste management. Using extensive data gathered through interviews, site visits and stakeholder meetings, we first conduct a business ecosystem analysis which provides a holistic view on value creation, capture, and destruction processes across all actors involved in the plastics lifecycle. Next, we map the barriers to value creation and capture by the system's main actors. Aggregation of these barriers reveals a low‐value trap, in which individual actors are disincentivized to increase waste valorisation activities. Finally, we analyse the reasons why policies aimed at waste valorisation have failed to break through this status quo. We find that policies have insufficiently addressed the barriers that keep the low‐value trap in place. Hence, they have not acted effectively on the root causes of systemic stagnation. By combining a business ecosystems analysis with an identification of barriers facing the individual actors in that ecosystem, our study is able to show why substantial plastic waste valorisation has not emerged despite policy incentives. Our analysis points toward concrete policy actions aimed at value redistribution and value increase, as key leverage points in the system to increase valorisation.
A pilot RCT of an online mindfulness‐based cognitive intervention for chemsex
Authors: Banbury Samantha , Lusher Joanne , Chandler Chris , Zervoulis Karyofyllis
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Chemsex is a term used to describe sex acts using psychoactive substances to enhance the sexual experience/arousal and predominates among men who have sex with men (MSM). Chemsex drugs predominantly include γ‐hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and analogues, methamphetamine, mephedrone and erectile dysfunction agents (e.g., Sildenafil). Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) combines cognitive therapy and mindfulness and has been shown to help support both sexual functioning and methamphetamine use. However, limited clinical trials have evaluated the use of cognitive mindfulness for chemsex in MSM. The present study assessed the effectiveness of an online mindfulness‐based cognitive intervention (MBCI) among 29 MSM aged 18–30 years engaged in chemsex.

Design and Setting

A mixed methods approach consisted of a randomised waitlist‐controlled trial and a content analysis reviewing participants' feedback on MBCI. The design of the intervention was based on a behavioural taxonomy mapped to selected behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to support the reliability of MBCI in its delivery.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants completed assessments measuring levels of chemsex, mindfulness, sexual self‐efficacy and well‐being, taken at Weeks 0, 8 and 12 (follow‐up).

Results

Participants reported lower levels of chemsex and higher levels of cognitive mindfulness, sexual self‐efficacy and well‐being postintervention and at the 12‐week follow‐up. The content analysis feedback responses yielded favourable outcomes, suggesting that participants developed a sense of self‐compassion, confidence and positive identity.

Conclusions

The MBCI effectively reduced chemsex; however, this study warrants replication with a larger, more diverse group of participants.
Impacts of Graphene Nanoribbon Production Methods on Oxygen‐Reduction Electrocatalysis in Different Environments
Authors: Cardoso Eduardo S. F. , Fortunato Guilherme V. , Rodrigues Clauber D. , Júnior Fausto E. B , Ledendecker Marc , Lanza Marcos R. V. , Maia Gilberto
Published: November 2023

Graphene‐based materials have emerged as highly promising catalysts for enhancing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), a pivotal process in diverse energy conversion applications and the production of eco‐friendly oxidants like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). To design exceptionally efficient catalysts tailored to specific applications, it is essentially crucial to have a thorough understanding of their electrocatalytic behaviour. This involves ascribing functions to structural characteristics like defects and exploring heteroatom doping in graphene matrices. In this work, we study the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) derived from multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and their doping with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). We investigate how edge defects and oxygenated groups retained from the MWCNT opening process impact both the doping process and GNR electrocatalytic characteristics, with a focus on their relevance to ORR. Our findings underscore the need to optimize GNR structures and doping strategies for specific reaction conditions. We demonstrate how GNR characteristics are effectively influenced by varying MWCNT opening methods, ultimately affecting ORR performance and H2O2 selectivity. The findings show that when MWCNTs are opened to create GNRs with a broader distribution of oxygen atoms across the basal plane and fewer exposed edges, N‐insertion enhances catalytic activity, resulting in improved ORR performance. However, this alteration reduces H2O2 selectivity in both acidic and alkaline media. On the other hand, generating GNRs with abundant edges and widespread oxygen functional groups on both the basal plane and edges yields a high oxygen group concentration. This configuration not only facilitates phosphorus insertion at the edges but also plays a crucial role in enhancing ORR performance, leading to selectivities of over 92 % for H2O2 production in alkaline media. This study not only advances our understanding of graphene‐based catalysts but also offers meaningful contributions and insights into the development of more efficient and sustainable electrochemical technologies in the realm of energy conversion.
Effect of Iron Impurities on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Glycerol on Ni(OH)2/NiOOH Electrodes
Authors: Santana Cássia S. , Gjonaj Elvisona , Garcia Amanda C.
Published: November 2023

Herein, the effect of iron (Fe) ions impurities in alkaline electrolyte is investigated for enhancing the activity of nickel‐oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) for electrochemical oxidation of glycerol (EOG). Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry analyses show that Fe impurities have a significant effect on both EOG activity and product distribution. We found the presence of Fe impurities in the electrolyte enhance the C−C cleavage bonds within glycerol and its intermediates, thereby favoring the formation of C2 and C1 products. Our results deviate from the conventional observations in Ni‐based catalysis for EOG, which instead of the anticipated glycolate and formate products resulting from the C−C scission of glycerate, we observe the generation of oxalate (C2) and formate (C1), therefore suggesting the involvement of aldehyde intermediates in the reaction mechanism, providing a novel perspective on the higher faradaic efficiency of formic acid compared to glycolic acid. These results show the importance of eliminating iron ions from the electrolyte solution, as this step is pivotal in comprehending the cation effect on the electrochemical oxidation of glycerol in alkaline environments.
Diindolocarbazole‐Based Rigid Donor‐Acceptor TADF Molecules for Energy and Electron Transfer Photocatalysis**
Authors: Sharma Sushil , Sengupta Sanchita
Published: November 2023

The design and synthesis of four twisted donor‐acceptor (D‐A) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules CBZ‐IQ, CBZ‐2FIQ, DI‐IQ and DI‐2FIQ is reported in this work based on diindolocarbazole (DI) and phenyl carbazole as donor and indoloquinoxalines as acceptor. These compounds serve as photocatalysts for organic transformations. Theoretical calculations and experimental data showed reasonable singlet and triplet energy gaps of 0.17‐0.26 eV for all compounds. All molecules showed increase in fluorescence quantum yields after degassing the solution and the transient photoluminescence decay showed two components: shorter prompt components (11.4 ns to 31 ns) and longer delayed components (36.4 ns to 1.5 μs) which further indicate the occurrence of TADF process. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicated well‐suited excited state redox potentials of all compounds to catalyze organic transformations such as heteroarene arylation. Accordingly, photocatalytic C−H arylation of heteroarenes were performed using these compounds with excellent isolated yields of upto 80 %. Due to their suitable efficient triplet energy levels, all the emitters were also employed as energy transfer photocatalysts in E to Z isomerization of stilbene with the excellent conversion of ~90 %.
Randomized phase 2 trial of tremelimumab and durvalumab in combination versus sequentially in recurrent platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer
Authors: Hinchcliff Emily M. , Knisely Anne , Adjei Naomi , Fellman Bryan , Yuan Ying , Patel Ami , Xu Cai , Westin Shannon N. , Sood Anil K. , Soliman Pamela T. , Shafer Aaron , Fleming Nicole D. , Gershenson David M. , Vikram Raghunandan , Bathala Tharakeswara , Vining David , Ganeshan Dhakshina M. , Lu Karen H. , Sun Charlotte C. , Meyer Larissa A. , Jazaeri Amir A.
Published: November 2023

Background

Single‐agent immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated limited responses in recurrent ovarian cancer; however, 30%–40% of patients achieve stable disease. The primary objective was to estimate progression‐free survival (PFS) after sequential versus combination cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed death ligand 1 ICIs in patients with platinum‐resistant high‐grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC).

Methods

Patients were randomized to a sequential arm (tremelimumab followed by durvalumab on progression) or a combination arm (tremelimumab plus durvalumab, followed by durvalumab) via a Bayesian adaptive design that made it more likely for patients to be randomized to the more effective arm. The primary end point was immune‐related PFS (irPFS).

Results

Sixty‐one subjects were randomized to sequential (n = 38) or combination therapy (n = 23). Thirteen patients (34.2%) in the sequential arm received durvalumab. There was no difference in PFS in the sequential arm (1.84 months; 95% CI, 1.77–2.17 months) compared with the combination arm (1.87 months; 95% CI, 1.77–2.43 months) (p = .402). In the sequential arm, no responses were observed, although 12 patients (31.6%) demonstrated stable disease. In the combination arm, two patients (8.7%) had partial response, whereas one patient (4.4%) had stable disease. Adverse events were consistent with those previously reported for ICIs. Patient‐reported outcomes were similar in both arms.

Conclusions

There was no difference in irPFS for combination tremelimumab plus durvalumab compared to tremelimumab alone (administered as part of a sequential treatment strategy) in a heavily pretreated population of patients with platinum‐resistant HGSOC. Response rates were comparable to prior reports, although the combination regimen did not add significant benefit, as has been previously described.
Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae Extracellular Polysaccharides
Authors: Khadka Saroj , Ring Brooke E. , Pariseau Drew A. , Mike Laura A.
Published: November 2023

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a clinically significant, Gram‐negative pathogen in which the production of extracellular polysaccharides is a key virulence factor. Extracellular polysaccharides such as the capsule and its mucoviscosity play a significant role in K. pneumoniae infection. In this article, we explain several standard protocols used to characterize the extracellular polysaccharides of K. pneumoniae. Several of these protocols are adapted specifically for K. pneumoniae and describe methods to purify and quantify the extracellular polysaccharide of K. pneumoniae. We also present a standardized protocol to quantify K. pneumoniae mucoviscosity, a unique feature of K. pneumoniae extracellular polysaccharide. These protocols will help create uniformity in standard protocols used in K. pneumoniae extracellular polysaccharide studies. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Extracellular polysaccharide isolation and purification

Basic Protocol 2: Large‐scale isolation and purification of extracellular polysaccharide

Basic Protocol 3: Uronic acid quantification of extracellular polysaccharide

Basic Protocol 4: Extracellular polysaccharide visualization by SDS‐PAGE

Basic Protocol 5: Klebsiella pneumoniae mucoviscosity measurement by sedimentation resistance assay

Alternate Protocol 5: 96‐well plate‐based Klebsiella pneumoniae sedimentation resistance assay

Support Protocol 5: Determination of plate to cuvette conversion factor
Human resource management and sustainability: Bridging the 2030 agenda
Authors: Campos‐García Irene , Alonso‐Muñoz Sara , González‐Sánchez Rocío , Medina‐Salgado María‐Sonia
Published: November 2023

The scientific literature related to human resource management (HRM) and sustainability has increased since 2015, coinciding with the establishment of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This article combines a bibliometric approach, using VOSviewer and SciMat software, with a systematic literature review to assess and identify the scientific production in this domain. During the period studied (1996–2023), the results reveal the role of HR in achieving corporate sustainability but also the responsibility of companies to apply sustainable principles to HRM practices. Based on the findings and the less developed issues related to the SDGs and HRM a model of research proposals is provided, focusing on mental health (SDG 3), gender equality (SDG 5), collaboration towards climate action and responsible production and consumption (SDGs 12 & 13), and more emphasis on SDG 1 regarding the social sustainability of organisations.
Morphological changes of the limbic system associated with acute and chronic low‐back pain: A UK biobank imaging study
Authors: Sacca Valeria , Chai‐Zhang Thalia Celeste , Hodges Sierra , Amores Judith , Guler Seyhmus , Todorova Nevyana , McDonald Caroline Merritt , Ge Tian , Kong Jian
Published: November 2023

Background

Low back pain (LBP) is a major public health issue that influences physical and emotional factors integral to the limbic system. This study aims to investigate the association between LBP and brain morphometry alterations as the duration of LBP increases (acute vs. chronic).

Methods

We used the UK Biobank data to investigate the morphological features of the limbic system in acute LBP (N = 115), chronic LBP (N = 243) and controls (N = 358), and tried to replicate our findings with an independent dataset composed of 45 acute LBP participants evaluated at different timepoints throughout 1 year from the OpenPain database.

Results

We found that in comparison with chronic LBP and pain‐free controls, acute LBP was associated with increased volumes of the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus, and increased grey matter volumes in the hippocampus and posterior cingulate gyrus. In the replication cohort, we found non‐significantly larger hippocampus and thalamus volumes in the 3‐month visit (acute LBP) compared to the 1‐year visit (chronic LBP), with similar effect sizes as the UK Biobank dataset.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that acute LBP is associated with dramatic morphometric increases in the limbic system and mesolimbic pathway, which may reflect an active brain response and self‐regulation in the early stage of LBP.

Significance

Our study suggests that LBP in the acute phase is associated with the brain morphometric changes (increase) in some limbic areas, indicating that the acute phase of LBP may represent a crucial stage of self‐regulation and active response to the disease's onset.
Adaptive Guided Differential Evolution‐based Slime Mould Algorithm‐based efficient Multi‐objective Task Scheduling for Cloud Computing Environments
Authors: Nithiavathy R. , Janakiraman Sengathir , Deva Priya M.
Published: November 2023

In a Cloud Computing (CC) environment, users are charged based on on‐demand resource utilization and expected Quality of Service (QoS). Multi‐Objective‐based Task Scheduling (MOTS) problem formulated for achieving the expected QoS in a CC scenario is always NP‐complete. The majority of existing Task Scheduling (TS) algorithms are not efficient in determining global optimal solutions due to huge space offered by large‐scale problem instances and characteristics inherent in NP‐complete problems. In this article, an Adaptive Guided Differential Evolution‐based Slime Mould Algorithm (AGDESMA) is proposed for dealing with the problem of Multi‐Objective large‐scale TS optimization over Infrastructure‐as‐a‐Service (IaaS) CC environment. The proposed AGDESMA is formulated with the merits of Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA) and Adaptive Guided Differential Evolution (AGDE) for achieving a proper balance amid exploitation and exploration phases and preventing the solutions from getting trapped into minimum local regions. It specifically adopts the method of AGDE for preventing premature convergence with maximized diversity of population and local search of swarm agents. The experimental validation of the proposed AGDESMA is conducted using CloudSim based on the synthesized and standard workload traces with larger instances up to a maximum of 5000. The results confirm the predominance of the proposed AGDESMA scheme over benchmarked schemes based on computational overhead and trade‐off between makespan and financial cost.
Clearance of β‐amyloid mediated by autophagy is enhanced by MTORC1 inhibition but not AMPK activation in APP/PSEN1 astrocytes
Authors: García‐Juan Marta , Ordóñez‐Gutiérrez Lara , Wandosell Francisco
Published: November 2023

Proteostasis mechanisms mediated by macroautophagy/autophagy are altered in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and their recovery/enhancement has been proposed as a therapeutic approach. From the two central nodes in the anabolism–catabolism balance, it is generally accepted that mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1 (MTORC1)_ activation leads to the inhibition of autophagy, whereas adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) has the opposite role. In AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) production disturbs the optimal neuronal/glial proteostasis. As astrocytes are essential for brain homeostasis, the purpose of this work was to analyze if the upregulation of autophagy in this cell type, either by MTORC1 inhibition or AMPK activation, could modulate the generation/degradation of β‐amyloid. By using primary astrocytes from amyloid beta precursor protein (APP)/Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mouse model of AD, we confirmed that MTORC1 inhibition reduced Aβ secretion through moderate autophagy induction. Surprisingly, pharmacologically increased activity of AMPK did not enhance autophagy but had different effects on Aβ secretion. Conversely, AMPK inhibition did not affect autophagy but reduced Aβ secretion. These puzzling data were confirmed through the overexpression of different mutant AMPK isoforms: while only the constitutively active AMPK increased autophagy, all versions augmented Aβ secretion. We conclude that AMPK has a significantly different role in primary astrocytes than in other reported cells, similar to our previous findings in neurons. Our data support that perhaps only a basal AMPK activity is needed to maintain autophagy whereas the increased activity, either physiologically or pharmacologically, has no direct effect on autophagy‐dependent amyloidosis. These results shed light on the controversy about the therapeutic effect of AMPK activation on autophagy induction.
Toward inclusive and identity safe learning for supporting racialized student achievement
Authors: Holden LaTasha R. , Tanenbaum Gabriel J. , Ashley Austin E.
Published: November 2023

Students racialized as Black often experience forms of marginalization and encounter unique obstacles in their educational paths. As a result, more inclusive and tailored forms of support should be developed. Working to better support Black students should be initiated through two complementary sides—through that of the instructor and the scientist. First, we consider the importance of identity‐safety and detail identity‐based barriers Black students experience in their learning environments. We then define the notion of cognitive universals and discuss how it limits the effectiveness of science and its translation to more inclusive practices. We argue that to strengthen tailored forms of student support, we must move beyond focusing only on cognitive universals and more carefully consider heterogeneity of effects. To support our argument, we present evidence‐based strategies from cognitive and learning science and educational interventions research to combat identity‐based barriers and boost learning gains. Overall, we urge instructors and scientists to consider a variety of techniques to create more identity‐safe and inclusive learning environments for Black students.
The impact of extreme precipitation on nutrient runoff
Authors: Skidmore Marin , Andarge Tihitina , Foltz Jeremy
Published: November 2023

Agriculture remains a leading source of water pollution in the United States, and climate change may exacerbate this relationship. We quantify increases in nutrient runoff following extreme precipitation events, showing that spikes are higher in regions with crop and livestock production. The spike per head is smaller around large‐scale livestock production, relative to small‐scale, and cover crops mitigate runoff. Legacy nutrients enter the surface water following extreme precipitation, regardless of current activity. We shed light on practices to protect water quality with more frequent extreme precipitation events and demonstrate the importance of including these events in empirical models of water quality.
Oxybutynin ameliorates LPS‐induced inflammatory response in human bladder epithelial cells
Authors: Chen Cheng , Li Jiangtao , Wang Juan , Zhang Mao , Zhang Lei , Lin Zhihua
Published: November 2023

Urinary tract infection (UTI) mainly results from bacterial infections in the urinary tract and markedly impacts the normal lives of millions of patients worldwide. The infection and damage to urethral epithelial cells is the first and key step of UTI development and is a critical target for treating clinical UTI. Oxybutynin, an agent for treating urinary incontinence, is recently claimed with protective effects on bladder ultrastructure. Our study will assess the impact of Oxybutynin on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated bladder epithelial cells. Bladder epithelial T24 cells were treated with 1 μg/mL LPS with or without 10 and 20 μM Oxybutynin for 24 h. Increased levels of oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers, such as reactive oxygen species, 8‐hydroxy‐2'‐deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, as well as upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase and promoted release of nitric oxide, were observed in LPS‐managed T24 cells, all of which were signally suppressed by Oxybutynin. Furthermore, severe inflammatory responses, including enhanced release of cytokines, upregulated matrix metallopeptidase‐2 (MMP‐2) and MMP‐9, and raised monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 level, were found in LPS‐challenged T24 cells, which were markedly reversed by Oxybutynin. Moreover, the activated toll‐1ike receptor 4/nuclear factor‐κB pathway observed in LPS‐managed T24 cells was repressed by Oxybutynin. Collectively, Oxybutynin mitigated LPS‐induced inflammatory response in human bladder epithelial cells.
Performance evaluation of sperm concentration, motility, and morphological analysis for GSA‐810 series of sperm quality analysis system
Authors: Ge Yan‐Mei , Lu Jin‐Chun , Tang Shan‐Shan , Xu Yuan‐Hua , Liang Yuan‐Jiao
Published: November 2023

Background

The performance evaluation of each computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system may provide a basis for the interpretation of clinical results and further improvement of the CASA system.

Methods

The accuracy of the GSA‐810 CASA system was evaluated by detecting latex bead quality control products. The precision of sperm concentration, morphology, and percentages of progressively motile sperm (PR) were evaluated by coefficient of variation (CV). Three samples with sperm concentration of about 100 × 106/mL were diluted to evaluate the linear range.

Results

The detection values of latex beads were within the range of target values. The CVs of sperm concentration and PR were significantly and negatively correlated with sperm concentration (r = −0.561, p = 0.001) and PR value (r = −0.621, p < 0.001), respectively. The R2 values of the linear range of sperm concentration were ≥0.99. There was no significant difference in sperm motility and PR within 1–10 min at 36.5°C ± 0.5°C. The coincidence rates of sperm morphology and sperm head morphology for 36 semen samples analyzed by the GSA‐810 system and manual method were 99.40% and 99.67%, respectively. The CVs of the percentage of sperm with abnormal morphology and percentage of sperm with abnormal head morphology were less than 5%.

Conclusion

The GSA‐810 system can accurately analyze normal semen samples, but the repeatability of the results is poor for oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia samples. The future CASA system for analyzing sperm morphology should focus on recognizing the middle and tail segments of a spermatozoon.
Primary cilium participates in radiation‐induced bystander effects through TGF‐β1 signaling
Authors: Qu Pei , Shao Zhiang , Zhang Yanan , He Jinpeng , Lu Dong , Wei Wenjun , Hua Junrui , Wang Wei , Wang Jufang , Ding Nan
Published: November 2023

Many studies have indicated that tumor growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) signaling mediates radiation‐induced bystander effects (RIBEs). The primary cilium (PC) coordinates several signaling pathways including TGF‐β signaling to regulate diverse cellular processes. But whether the PC participates in TGF‐β induced RIBEs remains unclear. The cellular levels of TGF‐β1 were detected by western blot analysis and the secretion of TGF‐β1 was measured by ELISA kit. The ciliogenesis was altered by CytoD treatment, STIL siRNA transfection, IFT88 siRNA transfection, or KIF3a siRNA transfection, separately, and was detected by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. G0/G1 phase cells were arrested by serum starvation and S phase cells were induced by double thymidine block. The TGF‐β1 signaling was interfered by LY2109761, a TGF‐β receptor 1 (TβR1) inhibitor, or TGF‐β1 neutral antibody. The DNA damages were induced by TGF‐β1 or radiated conditional medium (RCM) from irradiated cells and were reflected by p21 expression, 53BP1 foci, and γH2AX foci. Compared with unirradiated control, both A549 and Beas‐2B cells expressed and secreted more TGF‐β1 after carbon ion beam or X‐ray irradiation. RCM collected from irradiated cells or TGF‐β1 treatment caused an increase of DNA damage in cocultured unirradiated Beas‐2B cells while blockage of TGF‐β signaling by TβR1 inhibitor or TGF‐β1 neutral antibody alleviates this phenomenon. IFT88 siRNA or KIF3a siRNA impaired PC formation resulted in an aggravated DNA damage in bystander cells, while elevated PC formation by CytoD or STIL siRNA resulted in a decrease of DNA damage. Furthermore, TGF‐β1 induced more DNA damages in S phases cells which showed lower PC formation rate and less DNA damages in G0/G1 phase cells which showed higher PC formation rate. This study demonstrates the particular role of primary cilia during RCM induced DNA damages through TGF‐β1 signaling restriction and thereby provides a functional link between primary cilia and RIBEs.