bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of murine norovirus by chemical biocides on stainless steel
Authors: Magulski Thomas , Paulmann Dajana , Bischoff Birte , Becker Britta , Steinmann Eike , Steinmann Jörg , Goroncy-Bermes Peter , Steinmann Jochen
Published: July 2009

Background

Human norovirus (NoV) causes more than 80% of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in Europe and the United States. NoV transmission via contaminated surfaces may be significant for the spread of viruses. Therefore, measures for prevention and control, such as surface disinfection, are necessary to interrupt the dissemination of human NoV. Murine norovirus (MNV) as a surrogate for human NoV was used to study the efficacy of active ingredients of chemical disinfectants for virus inactivation on inanimate surfaces.

Methods

The inactivating properties of different chemical biocides were tested in a quantitative carrier test with stainless steel discs without mechanical action. Vacuum-dried MNV was exposed to different concentrations of alcohols, peracetic acid (PAA) or glutaraldehyde (GDA) for 5 minutes exposure time. Detection of residual virus was determined by endpoint-titration on RAW 264.7 cells.

Results

PAA [1000 ppm], GDA [2500 ppm], ethanol [50% (v/v)] and 1-propanol [30% (v/v)] were able to inactivate MNV under clean conditions (0.03% BSA) on the carriers by ≥ 4 log10 within 5 minutes exposure time, whereas 2-propanol showed a reduced effectiveness even at 60% (v/v). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in virus reduction whatever interfering substances were used. When testing with ethanol, 1- and 2-propanol, results under clean conditions were nearly the same as in the presence of dirty conditions (0.3% BSA plus 0.3% erythrocytes).

Conclusion

Products based upon PAA, GDA, ethanol and 1-propanol should be used for NoV inactivation on inanimate surfaces. Our data provide valuable information for the development of strategies to control NoV transmission via surfaces.
Test-retest variability of high resolution positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cortical serotonin (5HT2A) receptors in older, healthy adults
Authors: Chow Tiffany W , Mamo David C , Uchida Hiroyuki , Graff-Guerrero Ariel , Houle Sylvain , Smith Gwenn S , Pollock Bruce G , Mulsant Benoit H
Published: July 2009

Background

Position emission tomography (PET) imaging using [18F]-setoperone to quantify cortical 5-HT2Areceptors has the potential to inform pharmacological treatments for geriatric depression and dementia. Prior reports indicate a significant normal aging effect on serotonin 5HT2Areceptor (5HT2AR) binding potential. The purpose of this study was to assess the test-retest variability of [18F]-setoperone PET with a high resolution scanner (HRRT) for measuring 5HT2AR availability in subjects greater than 60 years old. Methods: Six healthy subjects (age range = 65–78 years) completed two [18F]-setoperone PET scans on two separate occasions 5–16 weeks apart.

Results

The average difference in the binding potential (BPND) as measured on the two occasions in the frontal and temporal cortical regions ranged between 2 and 12%, with the lowest intraclass correlation coefficient in anterior cingulate regions.

Conclusion

We conclude that the test-retest variability of [18F]-setoperone PET in elderly subjects is comparable to that of [18F]-setoperone and other 5HT2AR radiotracers in younger subject samples.
Ascending aortic aneurysm in a patient with bicuspid aortic valve, positive history of systemic autoimmune diseases and common genetic factors: a case report
Authors: Foffa Ilenia , Festa Pier Luigi , Ait-Ali Lamia , Mazzone Annamaria , Bevilacqua Stefano , Andreassi Maria Grazia
Published: July 2009

The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and specific systemic autoimmune diseases are associated with cardiovascular manifestation, including aortic aneurysm. We reported a case of 64 year-old patient with BAV and a history of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and who developed ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm. The patient presented also the homozygosity for genetic variants of MMP9, ACE, MTHFR and PAI-1 genes. Gene-environmental interactions may represent an additional pathogenetic dimension in the still challenging management of the abnormalities of the aortic wall, including dilatation, aneurysm and dissection.
High-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy for monitoring ovarian structures in mice
Authors: Jaiswal Rajesh S , Singh Jaswant , Adams Gregg P
Published: July 2009

Background

Until recently, the limit of spatial resolution of ultrasound systems has prevented characterization of structures <1 mm. Hence, the study of ovarian follicular development in rodents has been based on one-time histological examination of excised tissues; i.e., longitudinal study of day-to-day ovarian changes has not been possible in mice and rats. The objective was to establish an ultrasonographic approach to study follicular and luteal dynamics in mice and rats.

Methods

Experiment 1 was a pilot study to develop methods of immobilization (physical restraint vs. general anesthesia) and determine technical factors affecting ovarian images using ultrasound bio-microscopy in rats vs. mice. The hair coat was removed over the thoraco-lumber area using depilation cream, and a highly viscous acoustic gel was applied while the animals were maintained in sternal recumbency. In Experiment 2, changes in ovarian structures during the estrous cycle were monitored by twice daily ultrasonography in 10 mice for 2 estrous cycles.

Results

Ovarian images were not distinct in rats due to attenuation of ultrasound waves. Physical restraint, without general anesthesia, was insufficient for immobilization in mice. By placing the transducer face over the dorsal flank, the kidney was visualized initially as a point of reference. A routine of moving the transducer a few millimetres caudo-laterally from the kidney was established to quickly and consistently localize the ovaries; the total time to scan both ovaries in a mouse was about 10 minutes. By comparing vaginal cytology with non-anesthetized controls, repeated exposure to anesthesia did not affect the estrous cycle. Temporal changes in the number of follicles in 3 different size categories support the hypothesis that follicles ≥ 20 microns develop in a wave-like fashion.

Conclusion

The mouse is a suitable model for the study of ovarian dynamics using transcutaneous ultrasound bio-microscopy. Repeated general anesthesia for examination had no apparent effect on the estrous cycle, and preliminary results revealed a wave-like pattern of ovarian follicle development in mice.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-pretreated lignocellulosic materials with Trichoderma atroviride enzymes produced in-house
Authors: Kovacs Krisztina , Macrelli Stefano , Szakacs George , Zacchi Guido
Published: July 2009

Background

Improvement of the process of cellulase production and development of more efficient lignocellulose-degrading enzymes are necessary in order to reduce the cost of enzymes required in the biomass-to-bioethanol process.

Results

Lignocellulolytic enzyme complexes were produced by the mutant Trichoderma atroviride TUB F-1663 on three different steam-pretreated lignocellulosic substrates, namely spruce, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse. Filter paper activities of the enzymes produced on the three materials were very similar, while β-glucosidase and hemicellulase activities were more dependent on the nature of the substrate. Hydrolysis of the enzyme preparations investigated produced similar glucose yields. However, the enzymes produced in-house proved to degrade the xylan and the xylose oligomers less efficiently than a commercial mixture of cellulase and β-glucosidase. Furthermore, accumulation of xylose oligomers was observed when the TUB F-1663 supernatants were applied to xylan-containing substrates, probably due to the low β-xylosidase activity of the enzymes. The efficiency of the enzymes produced in-house was enhanced by supplementation with extra commercial β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase. When the hydrolytic capacities of various mixtures of a commercial cellulase and a T. atroviride supernatant produced in the lab were investigated at the same enzyme loading, the glucose yield appeared to be correlated with the β-glucosidase activity, while the xylose yield seemed to be correlated with the β-xylosidase level in the mixtures.

Conclusion

Enzyme supernatants produced by the mutant T. atroviride TUB F-1663 on various pretreated lignocellulosic substrates have good filter paper activity values combined with high levels of β-glucosidase activities, leading to cellulose conversion in the enzymatic hydrolysis that is as efficient as with a commercial cellulase mixture. On the other hand, in order to achieve good xylan conversion, the supernatants produced by the mutant have to be supplemented with additional β-xylosidase activity.
Increased levels of active c-Src distinguish invasive from in situ lobular lesions
Authors: Zou Donghui , Yoon Han-Seung , Anjomshoaa Ahmad , Perez David , Fukuzawa Ryuji , Guilford Parry , Humar Bostjan
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Mounting molecular evidence suggests that invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is developing from in situ lesions, atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). However, little is known about the mechanisms promoting the progression of lobular breast cancer (LBC) to invasive disease. Here, we investigated whether c-Src kinase, an established inducer of invasive states, contributes to the progression from ALH/LCIS to ILC.

Methods

Immunochemistry for c-Src and other cancer-related molecules was performed on archived tissue specimens from 57 LBC patients. Relative c-Src activity was estimated by comparing fluorescence intensity of ILC with that of adjacent ALH/LCIS and nonneoplastic epithelia after staining with an antibody against active c-Src. Expression of active c-Src was correlated with markers of invasion and malignancy and with relapse among LBC patients.

Results

Levels of activated c-Src were increased in ILC relative to ALH/LCIS (1.63-fold ± 0.24 SD) and nonneoplastic epithelia (1.47 ± 0.18 SD). Increased c-Src levels correlated with the activation of c-Src downstream targets (Fak, Stat-3) and the expression of mesenchymal markers. ILC cells with activated c-Src co-expressed metastatic markers (Opn, Cxcr4) and included cells positive for the cancer stem cell marker Aldh1. A tendency for high c-Src levels (P = 0.072) was observed among the seven LBC patients with relapsed disease.

Conclusions

Our data indicate elevated c-Src activity in ILC relative to noninvasive neoplastic tissue. The associated molecular changes suggest that c-Src promotes LBC invasiveness by inducing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, c-Src antagonists might counteract the acquisition of invasiveness during LBC progression. Inhibition of c-Src may also affect ILC cells thought to have a high metastatic potential and to be capable of initiating/maintaining tumor growth. Together with the possible association between high c-Src levels and disease recurrence, our findings encourage the evaluation of c-Src antagonists for the treatment of LBC.
Alternative use of multiple exons 1 of aromatase gene in cancerous and normal breast tissues from women over the age of 80 years
Authors: Honma Naoko , Takubo Kaiyo , Sawabe Motoji , Arai Tomio , Akiyama Futoshi , Sakamoto Goi , Utsumi Toshiaki , Yoshimura Noriko , Harada Nobuhiro
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Peripherally localized aromatase, which converts circulating androgens into estrogens, is important in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal breast carcinomas. We have previously shown that aromatase mRNA levels are higher in elderly breast carcinomas (EldCa) than breast carcinomas of the control group (ContCa) or normal breast tissues. Aromatase expression has been reported to be regulated through the alternative use of multiple exons 1 (exons 1a-1f and so on); however, the preferential usage of exons 1 in elderly breast tissue has never been systematically examined. In order to properly treat and protect against EldCa, the regulation mechanism of aromatase expression in elderly breast tissues should be elucidated. The aim of the present study is to elucidate whether there are any specific patterns in use of multiple exons 1 in elderly breast tissue.

Methods

Usage of multiple exons 1 of the aromatase gene and mRNA levels of aromatase were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis in breast tissues of 38 elderly patients with breast cancer (age 80–99), and the results were compared with those in 35 patients of the control group (age 37–70). One-factor analysis of variance and the Scheffé test were used for the comparison of aromatase mRNA levels. Patterns of preferential utilization of multiple exons 1 of the aromatase gene were compared by χ2 test for independence or Fisher exact test for independence using a contingency table.

Results

Exon 1d was utilized much more frequently in elderly tissue than in the control group irrespective of cancerous or normal tissue (EldCa, 36/38, 95% versus ContCa, 7/35, 20%, P < 0.0001; normal tissue of the elderly, EldNorm, 30/34, 88% versus normal tissue of controls, ContNorm, 2/29, 7%, P < 0.0001). Twenty EldCa (53%) and 12 EldNorm (35%) used both exons 1c and 1d; however, their dominance was reversed (EldCa, all 1d > 1c; EldNorm, all 1c > 1d).

Conclusions

Elderly breast tissues exhibited specific patterns in use of multiple exons 1, which at least partly explained the higher aromatase levels in EldCa. The mechanisms of how these specific patterns occur during aging and carcinogenesis should be further examined.
Early down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory potential of monocytes is correlated to organ dysfunction in patients after severe multiple injury: a cohort study
Authors: Kirchhoff Chlodwig , Biberthaler Peter , Mutschler Wolf E , Faist Eugen , Jochum Marianne , Zedler Siegfried
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Severe tissue trauma results in a general inflammatory immune response (SIRS) representing an overall inflammatory reaction of the immune system. However, there is little known about the functional alterations of monocytes in the early posttraumatic phase, characterized by the battle of the individual with the initial trauma.

Methods

Thirteen patients with severe multiple injury; injury severity score (ISS) >16 points (17 to 57) were included. The cytokine synthesis profiles of monocytes were characterized on admission, and followed up 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after severe multiple injury using flow cytometry. Whole blood was challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subsequently analyzed for intracellular monocyte-related TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. The degree of organ dysfunction was assessed using the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)-score of Marshall on admission, 24 hours and 72 hours after injury.

Results

Our data clearly show that the capacity of circulating monocytes to produce these mediators de novo was significantly diminished very early reaching a nadir 24 hours after severe injury followed by a rapid and nearly complete recovery another 48 hours later compared with admission and controls, respectively. In contrast to the initial injury severity, there was a significant correlation detectable between the clinical signs of multiple organ dysfunction and the ex vivo cytokine response.

Conclusions

As our data derived from very narrow intervals of measurements, they might contribute to a more detailed understanding of the early immune alterations recognized after severe trauma. It can be concluded that indeed as previously postulated an immediate hyperactivation of circulating monocytes is rapidly followed by a substantial paralysis of cell function. Moreover, our findings clearly demonstrate that the restricted capacity of monocytes to produce proinflammatory cytokines after severe injury is not only an in vitro phenomenon but also undistinguishable associated with the onset of organ dysfunction in the clinical scenario.
The role of circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells (fibrocytes) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Strieter Robert M , Keeley Ellen C , Hughes Molly A , Burdick Marie D , Mehrad Borna
Published: July 2009

Bone marrow-derived fibrocytes review as key cellular players in the promotion of the pathogenesis of variety of fibroproliferative disorders, including pulmonary fibrosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with a number of disorders that affect the lung. Although there are several cellular types that are involved in the pathogenesis pulmonary fibrosis, the resident lung fibroblast has been viewed traditionally as the primary cell involved in promoting the deposition of ECM that culminates in pulmonary fibrosis. However, recent findings demonstrate that a circulating cell (i.e., the fibrocyte) can contribute to the evolution of pulmonary fibrosis. Fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells that express a variety of cell-surface markers related to leukocytes, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and fibroblasts. Fibrocytes are unique in that they are capable of differentiating into fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, as well as adipocytes. In this review, we present data supporting the critical role these cells play in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
Phase II Trial of Conformal Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Low-Grade Glioma
Authors: Merchant Thomas E. , Kun Larry E. , Wu Shengjie , Xiong Xiaoping , Sanford Robert A. , Boop Frederick A.
Published: July 2009

Purpose

The use of radiotherapy in pediatric low-grade glioma (LGG) is controversial, especially for young patients. We conducted a phase II trial of conformal radiation therapy (CRT) to estimate disease control by using a 10-mm clinical target volume (CTV) margin.

Materials and Methods

Between August 1997 and August 2006, 78 pediatric patients with LGG and a median age of 8.9 years (range, 2.2 to 19.8 years) received 54 Gy CRT by using a 10-mm CTV and by targeting with systematic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) registration. Tumor locations were diencephalon (n = 58), cerebral hemisphere (n = 3), and cerebellum (n = 17). Sixty-seven patients had documented or presumed WHO grade 1 tumors, 25 patients had prior chemotherapy, and 13 patients had neurofibromatosis type 1.

Results

During a median follow-up of 89 months, 13 patients experienced disease progression. One patient experienced marginal treatment failure, eight experienced local failures, and four experienced metastatic failure. The mean and standard error 5- and 10-year event-free (87.4% ± 4.4% and 74.3% ± 15.4%, respectively) and overall (98.5% ± 1.6% and 95.9% ± 5.8%, respectively) survival rates were determined. The mean and standard error cumulative incidences of local failure at 5 and 10 years were 8.7% ± 3.5% and 16.4% ± 5.4%, respectively. The mean and standard error cumulative incidence of vasculopathy was 4.79% ± 2.73% at 6 years, and it was higher for those younger than 5 years of age (P = .0105) at the time of CRT.

Conclusion

This large, prospective series of irradiated children with LGG demonstrates that CRT with a 10-mm CTV does not compromise disease control. The results suggest that CRT should be delayed in young patients to reduce the risk of vasculopathy.
Late Effects of Conformal Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Patients With Low-Grade Glioma: Prospective Evaluation of Cognitive, Endocrine, and Hearing Deficits
Authors: Merchant Thomas E. , Conklin Heather M. , Wu Shengjie , Lustig Robert H. , Xiong Xiaoping
Published: July 2009

Purpose

We conducted a prospective trial to evaluate late effects in pediatric patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) treated with conformal radiation therapy (CRT).

Patients and Methods

Between August 1997 and August 2006, 78 pediatric patients with LGG (mean age, 9.7 years; standard deviation, ±4.4 years) received 54 Gy of CRT with a 10-mm clinical target volume margin. Tumor locations were diencephalon (n = 58), cerebral hemisphere (n = 3), and cerebellum (n = 17). Baseline and serial evaluations were performed to identify deficits in cognition, endocrine function, and hearing. Deficits were correlated with clinical factors and radiation dose within specific normal tissue volumes.

Results

Cognitive effects of CRT through 5 years after CRT correlated with patient age, neurofibromatosis type 1 status, tumor location and volume, extent of resection, and radiation dose. The effect of age exceeded that of radiation dose; patients younger than 5 years experienced the greatest decline in cognition. Before CRT, growth hormone (GH) secretion abnormality was diagnosed in 24% of tested patients, and 12% had precocious puberty. The 10-year cumulative incidence of GH replacement was 48.9%; of thyroid hormone replacement, 64.0%; of glucocorticoid replacement, 19.2%; and of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy, 34.2%. The mean ± standard errors of the cumulative incidence of hearing loss at 10 years did not exceed 5.7% ± 3.3% at any frequency.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the largest series of prospectively followed children with LGG to undergo irradiation. Adverse effects are limited and predictable for most patients; however, this study provides additional evidence that CRT should be delayed for young patients and identifies the potential benefits of reducing radiation dose to normal brain.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Guidance Statement: The Cost of Cancer Care
Authors: Meropol Neal J. , Schrag Deborah , Smith Thomas J. , Mulvey Therese M. , Langdon Robert M. , Blum Diane , Ubel Peter A. , Schnipper Lowell E.
Published: July 2009

Advances in early detection, prevention, and treatment have resulted in consistently falling cancer death rates in the United States. In parallel with these advances have come significant increases in the cost of cancer care. It is well established that the cost of health care (including cancer care) in the United States is growing more rapidly than the overall economy. In part, this is a result of the prices and rapid uptake of new agents and other technologies, including advances in imaging and therapeutic radiology. Conventional understanding suggests that high prices may reflect the costs and risks associated with the development, production, and marketing of new drugs and technologies, many of which are valued highly by physicians, patients, and payers. The increasing cost of cancer care impacts many stakeholders who play a role in a complex health care system. Our patients are the most vulnerable because they often experience uneven insurance coverage, leading to financial strain or even ruin. Other key groups include pharmaceutical manufacturers that pass along research, development, and marketing costs to the consumer; providers of cancer care who dispense increasingly expensive drugs and technologies; and the insurance industry, which ultimately passes costs to consumers. Increasingly, the economic burden of health care in general, and high-quality cancer care in particular, will be less and less affordable for an increasing number of Americans unless steps are taken to curb current trends. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) is committed to improving cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and eliminating disparities in cancer care through support of evidence-based and cost-effective practices. To address this goal, ASCO established a Cost of Care Task Force, which has developed this Guidance Statement on the Cost of Cancer Care. This Guidance Statement provides a concise overview of the economic issues facing stakeholders in the cancer community. It also recommends that the following steps be taken to address immediate needs: recognition that patient-physician discussions regarding the cost of care are an important component of high-quality care; the design of educational and support tools for oncology providers to promote effective communication about costs with patients; and the development of resources to help educate patients about the high cost of cancer care to help guide their decision making regarding treatment options. Looking to the future, this Guidance Statement also recommends that ASCO develop policy positions to address the underlying factors contributing to the increased cost of cancer care. Doing so will require a clear understanding of the factors that drive these costs, as well as potential modifications to the current cancer care system to ensure that all Americans have access to high-quality, cost-effective care.
The Human Lipodystrophy Gene Product Berardinelli-Seip Congenital Lipodystrophy 2/Seipin Plays a Key Role in Adipocyte Differentiation
Authors: Chen Weiqin , Yechoor Vijay K. , Chang Benny Hung-Junn , Li Ming V. , March Keith L. , Chan Lawrence
Published: July 2009

Mutations in the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy 2 gene (BSCL2) are the underlying defect in patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2. BSCL2 encodes a protein called seipin, whose function is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Bscl2 in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. Bscl2 mRNA is highly up-regulated during standard hormone-induced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells in vitro. However, this up-regulation does not occur during mesenchymal stem cell (C3H10T1/2 cells) commitment to the preadipocyte lineage. Knockdown of Bscl2 by short hairpin RNA in C3H10T1/2 cells has no effect on bone morphogenetic protein-4-induced preadipocyte commitment. However, knockdown in 3T3-L1 cells prevents adipogenesis induced by a standard hormone cocktail, but adipogenesis can be rescued by the addition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist pioglitazone at an early stage of differentiation. Interestingly, pioglitazone-induced differentiation in the absence of standard hormone is not associated with up-regulated Bscl2 expression. On the other hand, short hairpin RNA-knockdown of Bscl2 largely blocks pioglitazone-induced adipose differentiation. These experiments suggest that Bscl2 may be essential for normal adipogenesis; it works upstream or at the level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, enabling the latter to exert its full activity during adipogenesis. Loss of Bscl2 function thus interferes with the normal transcriptional cascade of adipogenesis during fat cell differentiation, resulting in near total loss of fat or lipodystrophy.
Functional and phylogenetic analysis shows thatFgf8is a marker of genital induction in mammals but is not required for external genital development
Authors: Seifert Ashley W. , Yamaguchi Terry , Cohn Martin J.
Published: July 2009

In mammalian embryos, male and female external genitalia develop from the genital tubercle. Outgrowth of the genital tubercle is maintained by the urethral epithelium, and it has been reported that Fgf8 mediates this activity. To test directly whether Fgf8 is required for external genital development, we conditionally removed Fgf8 from the cloacal/urethral epithelium. Surprisingly, Fgf8 is not necessary for initiation,outgrowth or normal patterning of the external genitalia. In early genital tubercles, we found no redundant Fgf expression in the urethral epithelium,which contrasts with the situation in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the limb. Analysis of Fgf8 pathway activity showed that four putative targets are either absent from early genital tubercles or are not regulated by Fgf8. We therefore examined the distribution of Fgf8 protein and report that, although it is present in the AER, Fgf8 is undetectable in the genital tubercle. Thus, Fgf8 is transcribed, but the signaling pathway is not activated during normal genital development. A phylogenetic survey of amniotes revealed Fgf8 expression in genital tubercles of eutherian and metatherian mammals, but not turtles or alligators, indicating that Fgf8expression is neither a required nor a conserved feature of amniote external genital development. The results indicate that Fgf8 expression is an early readout of the genital initiation signal rather than the signal itself. We propose that induction of external genitalia involves an epithelial-epithelial interaction at the cloacal membrane, and suggest that the cloacal ectoderm may be the source of the genital initiation signal.
Investigation of external restraining force effects on welding residual stresses using three-dimensional thermal elastic—plastic multi-body coupling finite element model
Authors: Liu C , Zhang J X
Published: July 2009

A three-dimensional multi-body coupling thermal elastic—plastic finite element (FE) model — in which clamp, clamping strip, worktable, and welding plate are included — is developed to simulate the external restraining force effects on welding residual stresses. Welding experiments are also carried out to measure the restraining forces and transient distortions to validate the model. Simulated results from the multi-body model and the displacement constraints model are compared, the effect of restraints release on welding residual stresses is also analysed. The analysis results show that the simulated transverse residual stresses with the displacement constraints model are larger than those of the multi-body coupling model; the transverse welding residual stress at the welding centre-line clearly varies with increasing restraining force: it decreases on the top surface and increases on the bottom surface after restraints release as the restraining force is small, and will not be released after restraints release provided that a large restraining force is located close to the weld line.
Theoretical and experimental studies on the steady-state performance of low-speed high-torque hydrostatic drives. Part 1: Modelling
Authors: Mandal S K , Dasgupta K , Pan S , Chattopadhyay A
Published: July 2009

In this article the steady-state models of an open-circuit and a closed-circuit hydrostatic transmission (HST) drive have been developed to study their performances. A low-speed high-torque multi-stroke cam plate type radial piston motor is considered for both HST drives. Bondgraph simulation technique has been used to model the drives. The multi-bondgraph representation of the HST drives is presented; it takes into account the compression and expansion phases, which occur sequentially in the hydraulic motor. A reduced bondgraph model of the drives has been proposed, where various losses are lumped into suitable resistive elements. The relationships of the loss coefficients with other state variables, obtained from the reduced model, are identified through experimental investigation. The loss coefficients are found to have a non-linear relationship with the load torque and the supply flowrate. Using the characteristics of these loss coefficients, the steady-state performances of the hydrostatic drives are studied in Part 2 of this article (pg. 2675 of this issue).
Predicting spontaneous termination of atrial fibrillation based on the RR interval
Authors: Sun R-R , Wang Y-Y
Published: July 2009

It is important to characterize conditions under which atrial fibrillation (AF) is likely to terminate spontaneously. A novel method is proposed here. Eleven features are first extracted to characterize RR interval and Poincaré plot from a statistical viewpoint and a geometric viewpoint respectively. Then sequential forward search (SFS) algorithm is utilized for feature selection. Finally, a fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) with a new fuzzy membership is applied for AF termination prediction. The method is studied with an AF database of electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings provided by PhysioNet for the Cardiology Challenge 2004. It is divided into a training set and two testing sets (A and B). Experiment results show that 100 per cent of testing set A and 100 per cent of testing set B are correctly classified, together with 92.3 per cent of non-terminating and soon-terminating AF correctly classified. It demonstrates that the proposed method can predict spontaneous termination of AF effectively.
An investigation of low pressure turbine blade—vane interaction noise: Measurements in a 1.5-stage rig
Authors: Moser M , Tapken U , Enghardt L , Neuhaus L
Published: July 2009

This article presents the investigation of the acoustical features of a 1.5-stage low pressure (LP) turbine rig, designed in cooperation with MTU Aero Engines Munich. The rig diameter and the rotating speed are approximately half of those of a commercial aeroengine LP turbine. The acoustic measurements were performed in a rotatable measurement section downstream the last blade row. The measurement section was equipped with microphones flush mounted at both the inner and the outer duct walls. This set-up enables the decomposition of the sound field into azimuthal and radial duct modes up to a frequency of 17 kHz. Thus the dominant sound generation mechanisms, caused by the aerodynamic interaction of rotor blades with the fixed blade rows, could be identified and the amount of sound power transported in and against the flow direction evaluated.
Large-eddy simulations of tip leakage and secondary flows in an axial compressor cascade using a near-wall turbulence model
Authors: Borello D , Delibra G , Hanjalić K , Rispoli F
Published: July 2009

This paper reports on the application of unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier—Stokes (U-RANS) and hybrid large-eddy simulation (LES)/Reynolds averaged Navier—Stokes (RANS) methods to predict flows in compressor cascades using an affordable computational mesh. Both approaches use the ζ— f elliptic relaxation eddy-viscosity model, which for U-RANS prevails throughout the flow, whereas for the hybrid the U-RANS is active only in the near-wall region, coupled with the dynamic LES in the rest of the flow. In this ‘seamless’ coupling the dissipation rate in the k-equation is multiplied by a grid-detection function in terms of the ratio of the RANS and LES length scales. The potential of both approaches was tested in several benchmark flows showing satisfactory agreement with the available experimental results. The flow pattern through the tip clearance in a low-speed linear cascade shows close similarity with experimental evidence, indicating that both approaches can reproduce qualitatively the tip leakage and tip separation vortices with a relatively coarse computational mesh. The hybrid method, however, showed to be superior in capturing the evolution of vortical structures and related unsteadiness in the hub and wake regions.
Robust quadratic finite-horizon optimal controllers design of uncertain active suspension systems
Authors: Chen S-H , Ho W-H , Chou J-H , Lin S-K
Published: July 2009

By integrating the robust stabilizability condition, the orthogonal functions approach (OFA), and the hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm (HTGA), an integrative method is presented in this paper to design a robust-stable and quadratic optimal controller such that (a) the active suspension system with elemental parametric uncertainties can be robustly stabilized, and (b) a quadratic finite-horizon integral performance index for the nominal active suspension system can be minimized. In this paper, the robust stabilizability condition is proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Based on the OFA, an algebraic algorithm involving only algebraic computation is derived in this paper for solving the nominal active suspension feedback dynamic equations. By using the OFA and the LMI-based robust stabilizability condition, the dynamic optimization problem for the robust-stable and quadratic optimal control design of the linear uncertain active suspension system is transformed into a static-constrained optimization problem represented by algebraic equations with the constraint of the LMI-based robust stabilizability condition; thus greatly simplifying the robust-stable and quadratic optimal control design problem of the linear uncertain active suspension system. Then, for the static-constrained optimization problem, the HTGA is employed to find the robust-stable and quadratic optimal controllers of the linear uncertain active suspension system. A design example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed integrative approach.
Robust sliding mode control for a class of underactuated systems with mismatched uncertainties
Authors: Qian D W , Liu X J , Yi J Q
Published: July 2009

Based on the sliding mode control methodology, this paper presents a robust control strategy for underactuated systems with mismatched uncertainties. The system consists of a nominal system and the mismatched uncertainties. Since the nominal system can be considered to be made up of several subsystems, a hierarchical structure for the sliding surfaces is designed. This is achieved by taking the sliding surface of one of the subsystems as the first-layer sliding surface and using this sliding surface and the sliding surface of another subsystem to construct the second-layer sliding surface. This process continues till the sliding surfaces of all the subsystems are included. A lumped sliding mode compensator is designed at the last-layer sliding surface. The asymptotic stability of all of the layer sliding surfaces and the sliding surface of each subsystem is proven. Simulation results show the validity of this robust control method through stabilization control of a system consisting of two inverted pendulums and mismatched uncertainties.
Melting and Crystallization Behaviors of an Ionic Liquid, 1-Isopropyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide, Studied by Using Nanowatt-Stabilized Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Nishikawa Keiko , Wang Shaolan , Endo Takatsugu , Tozaki Ken-ichi
Published: July 2009

We studied the melting and crystallization behaviors of 1-isopropyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([i-C3mim]Br) using a laboratory-made differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) with nanowatt stability and sensitivity. In addition to common behaviors for many ionic liquids such as premelting over a wide temperature range and excessive supercooling, we observed unique thermal phenomena: reversible phase transitions of domains in the premelting region, rhythmic crystallization and melting, and intermittent crystallization. The latter two phenomena were observed in the returning experiments from the premelting region at a cooling rate as slow as 0.05 mK s−1. It is considered that these phenomena occurred because an [i-C3mim]+ ion is capable of taking plural stable conformations and the conformational changes occurred linking with melting and crystallization. We interpret these curious phenomena as the phase changes of the locally melted domains composed of different conformers, which significantly hindered the overall phase changes.
Colorimetric Recognition of d10 Metal Ions through an Adenine-Based ICT Probe
Authors: Upadhyay K K , Kumar Ajit , Mishra Rakesh K , Prasad Rajendra
Published: July 2009

We report hereby use of p-nitrophenyltriazenopurine, (PNTP) as a colorimetric receptor for recognition of d10 metal ions in DMSO through visible color changes. All the chosen metal ions showed 1:1 stoichiometry with PNTP. Among the chosen metal ions HgII was most preferred by PNTP.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of N-Arylcarbazolophanes
Authors: Shimizu Hideyuki , Kakinoya Yasuhiko , Takehira Kazuyuki , Yoshihara Toshitada , Tobita Seiji , Nakamura Yosuke , Nishimura Jun
Published: July 2009

Two carbazolophanes bearing benzene or naphthalene rings on the nitrogen atoms of carbazole were successfully synthesized by the intramolecular etherification of the precursor tetraols, and their photophysical properties were investigated in detail based on the absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, fluorescence lifetimes, quantum yields, phosphorescence spectra, and transient absorption spectra. It was concluded that the carbazolophane bearing benzene rings forms carbazole excimer in both excited singlet and triplet states, while the carbazolophane bearing naphthalene rings forms carbazole excimer only in the excited singlet state and has a locally excited state of naphthalene in the excited triplet state. These results are reasonably explained by the relationship of excitation energies between carbazole and benzene (or naphthalene) and their arrangement such as the extent of overlap. The introduction of aromatic rings on the carbazole nitrogen atoms was found to affect the electronic and photophysical properties of carbazolophanes sensitively.
Preparation, Structures, and Properties of New Monocarbenium Ion Compounds Stabilized by a 3-Guaiazulenyl Group and an Azobenzene Unit: Comparative Studies on Three Delocalized π-Electron Systems
Authors: Takekuma Shin-ichi , Fukuda Kenji , Kawase Yasuko , Minematsu Toshie , Takekuma Hideko
Published: July 2009

Reaction of guaiazulene (=7-isopropyl-1,4-dimethylazulene) with 4′-hydroxyazobenzene-4-carbaldehyde in methanol in the presence of hexafluorophosphoric acid at 25 °C for 2 h gives as high as 94% yield of a new monocarbenium ion compound (3-guaiazulenyl)[4-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)phenyl]methylium hexafluorophosphate. Similarly, reactions of guaiazulene with 4′-methoxyazobenzene-4-carbaldehyde and 4′-(dimethylamino)azobenzene-4-carbaldehyde under the same reaction conditions as the above afford the corresponding new (3-guaiazulenyl)[4-(4-methoxyphenylazo)phenyl]methylium and {4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenylazo]phenyl}(3-guaiazulenyl)methylium hexafluorophosphates in 97 and 95% yields. Along with an efficient preparation of the target monocarbenium ion compounds, comparative studies on spectroscopic, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the unique products, indicating different delocalized π-electron systems, are reported. Moreover, crystal structure of {4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenylazo]phenyl}(3-guaiazulenyl)methylium tetrafluoroborate with an equiv of HBF4 molecule is documented.
Highly Coplanar Polythiophenes with –C≡CR Side Chains: Self-Assembly, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties, and Piezochromism
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Sato Takao , Iijima Takayuki , Abe Masahiro , Fukumoto Hiroki , Koizumi Take-aki , Usui Motoaki , Nakamura Yoshiyuki , Yagi Takehiko , Tajima Hiroyuki , Okada Taku , Sasaki Shintaro , Kishida Hideo , Nakamura Arao , Fukuda Takashi , Emoto Akira , Ushijima Hirobumi , Kurosaki Chisato , Hirota Hiroshi
Published: July 2009

Self-assembly of polythiophenes with –C≡CR (R = alkyl, phenyl, etc.) side chains has been investigated. Seven new polymers consisting of head-to-head and tail-to-tail 2,2′-bithiophenes with –C≡CR side chains were synthesized. The new polymers include alternating copolymers between bithiophenes with –C≡C–alkyl side chains and thiophene and those between bithiophenes with –C≡C–alkyl side chains and 2,2′-bithiophene. The polythiophene main chain is considered to be coplanar because of the absence of steric repulsion between the main chain and the –C≡CR side chain. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations indicated that the head-to-head- and tail-to-tail-2,2′-bithiophenes with –C≡CR side chains were coplanar. The polythiophenes with –C≡CR side chains showed a strong tendency to self-assemble, and assumed edge-on alignment and side-on alignment on the surface of substrates. Self-assembly caused a decrease in the π–π* transition energy of the polymers by 0.3–0.4 eV. A copolymer of thiophene and dialkoxy-p-phenylene showed analogous self-assembly. The polythiophenes with –C≡CR side chains showed piezochromism, with a decrease in the π–π* transition energy by about 0.2 eV at 10 GPa. Head-to-head-P3(C≡C–Dec)Th with a –C≡C–decyl side chain gave a larger optical third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) than regio-regular poly(3-hexylthiophene)s.
The facilitatory effect of negative feedback on the emergence of analogical reasoning abilities
Authors: Ball Linden J. , Hoyle Alison M. , Towse Andrea S.
Published: July 2009

This paper focuses on the development of analogical reasoning abilities in 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children. Our particular interest relates to the way in which analogizing is influenced by the provision of task‐based feedback coupled with a self‐explanation requirement. Both feedback and self‐explanation provide children with opportunities to engage in self‐reflective thinking about the process of analogical reasoning. To examine the role of such metacognitive factors in analogical strategy development the reported study combined a proportional analogy paradigm with a small‐scale microgenetic approach involving multiple testing sessions over a restricted time period. The key manipulation involved exposing participants either to the correct or incorrect analogy completions of another reasoner that they were then asked to explain. The data revealed that the development of an effective analogizing strategy embodying a ‘relational shift’ from superficial to relational responding was modulated by the feedback condition that the child was placed in, with a negative feedback intervention providing the greatest developmental benefit. We suggest that the value of negative feedback for the acquisition of analogical reasoning abilities derives from the way in which a self‐reflective analysis of the reasons for erroneous responses sensitizes the child to a deeper understanding of how to make effective relational mappings.
Wie soll man Neidhart-Lieder edieren? Zur Salzburger Neidhart-Ausgabe
Authors: Wachinger Burghart
Published: July 2009

Neidhart's songs were rewritten, varied and imitated for more than two centuries. In modern scholarship the search for the original for a long time blocked interest for and editions of possibly unauthentic texts. Now the new Salzburg edition presents the complete material, in large parts in synoptic layout. The article reviews this edition and discusses its principles. One text is edited in revised form.
Implizite Performativität. Zum medialen Status des Donaueschinger Passionsspiels
Authors: Toepfer Regina
Published: July 2009

This article focuses on the mediality of the Donaueschinger passion play, oscillating between textuality and performativity, rituality and theatrality. It argues that the play is composed as a reading text, regarding the speech, style and the narrative, poetological and exegetical character of its stage directions. In spite of its being intended to be read the passion play exhibits theatralic and liturgical elements, that allow to identify its literary genre. The detailed description of décor and actions on stage and even of the audience helps to imagine a performance, that exceeds the textual status of the manuscript. The text's performative dimension invites the reader to participate in contemplating Christ's passion and in worshiping him.
Gutglaubenserwerb und Gesellschafterdarlehen bei Finanzinvestitionen – Vom Kapitalersatz zum Kapitalverkehrsschutz im neuen GmbH-Recht
Authors: Herrmann Harald
Published: July 2009

Der Verfasser gibt einen Überblick über die neuen Regelungen zum gutgläubigen Erwerb von GmbH-Anteilen und zum Gesellschafterdarlehen, die das MoMiG v. 1.11.2008 getroffen hat, und versucht zu zeigen, dass es dabei im Kern um Normzwecke der Transparenz auf den Kredit- und Anteilsmärkten geht. Es handelt sich um einen tiefgreifendenWandel vom Gläubigerschutz zur marktadäquaten Risikobegrenzung, der im Zusammenhang mit kapitalmarktrechtlichen Vorschriften, wie dem AnSVG 2004, interpretiert werden muss. Aus der Entwicklung werden Folgerungen zu praktisch wichtigen Fragen des Handels mit GmbH-Anteilen, insbesondere bei der heute wie nie zuvor wichtigen Umfinanzierung durch Finanzinvestoren abgeleitet.
Strafrechtliche Konsequenzen durch die BGH-Rechtsprechung zur inkongruenten Deckung
Authors: Skauradszun Dominik
Published: July 2009

Der Beitrag erörtert, dass die umstrittene Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofs zur inkongruenten Deckung für Urheber, gegen die in der kritischen Zeit vor der Eröffnung des Insolvenzverfahrens vollstreckt wird, sogar zu einer Strafbarkeit nach § 283 c StGB führen kann, obwohl das Urheberrechtsgesetz dem Urheber das hier untersuchte Verhalten ausdrücklich erlaubt. Der Beitrag zeigt überdies, welche Folgen der Meinungsstreit zur Rechtsnatur der Insolvenzanfechtung auf diese Strafbarkeit hat und nimmt schließlich zu der umstrittenen Frage Stellung, ob das Urheberrecht Teil der Insolvenzmasse sein kann.