bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE WITHIN FIELD SPATIAL PATTERN OF THE LARVAL EGYPTIAN ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA BRUNNEIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): AN APPLICATION OF PARAMETER ESTIMATES IN SIMULATION
Authors: Christensen Jerrel B. , Gutierrez Andrew P. , Cothran Warren R. , Summers Charles G.
Published: December 2009

The spatial distribution of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil larvae using Iwao’s index of dispersion was examined in a California alfalfa field. The changing dispersion patterns with time were found to be influenced by both density induced competition for food and varying spatial distribution of host plants. values characteristic for both years quickly stabilized. This made possible a method for estimating leaf consumption rates by larval populations with an aggregated distribution, k being derived from . Field sampling decision rules were also determined.
LOW WINTER TEMPERATURES AND THE POTENTIAL FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EGG PARASITE ANASTATUS DISPARIS (HYMENOPTERA: EUPELMIDAE) IN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE GYPSY MOTH
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Griffiths K. J. , Wallace D. R.
Published: December 2009

The overwintering mature larva of the parasite Anastatus disparis Ruschka within the intact gypsy moth, Lymantria (= Porthetria) dispar L., egg chorion is susceptible to freezing and has a mean supercooling point of −28.8±0.14°C. This level of cold hardiness is not increased by exposure to sublethal low temperatures. Over 85% of larvae survived 10 months at 0°C and 4 days at −12° or −18°C, both followed by an additional 2–3 months at 0°C, but over half of the survivors went into prolonged diapause which was not fulfilled by subsequent rearing at room temperature. The parasite is apparently capable of surviving winter conditions over the same geographic area in Canada as the gypsy moth, and the introduction of A. disparts into locations in Canada where gypsy moth is now present is recommended.
THE LIFE HISTORY OFGERRIS REMIGIS(HETEROPTERA: GERRIDAE) IN A SMALL STREAM IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Galbraith D. F. , Fernando C. H.
Published: December 2009

Nymphs and adults ofGerris remigisSay were collected for 7 months from a stream with only this species of Gerridae. The colour markings of the nymphal stadia are described and illustrated. Measurements of antennal and hind limb segments are given and these can be used to distinguish successive instars.
ÉTUDE DU COMPLEXE HÉMOCYTAIRE POSTEMBRYONNAIRE DE LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau G. , Perron J.-M.
Published: December 2009

Hemocytes of Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.) were examined as suspended cells or as slides from a culot. Five types of hemocytes were identified: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular hemocytes, spherule cells, and oenocytoids. The low numbers of prohemocytes and oenocytoids, the significant decrease in the number of plasmatocytes in last larval stages, and the corresponding increase in granular and spherule cells have been compared with existent literature. Total hemocyte counts were also made.
CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA, IN SHIPMENTS OF HARVESTED POTATOES
Authors: Bond E. J. , Svec H. J.
Published: December 2009

Adults and pupae of the Colorado potato beetle were controlled by treatment with methyl bromide at levels that did not injure new potatoes at 25°C. At lower temperatures the tolerance of the new potatoes was slightly reduced. A dosage schedule that will control adults and pupae without injury to the potatoes is given.
RESPONSE OF EASTERN LARCH BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN ALASKA TO ITS NATURAL ATTRACTANT AND TO DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE PHEROMONES
Authors: Baker Bruce H. , Hostetler Bruce B. , Furniss Malcolm M.
Published: December 2009

In tests conducted in the McKinley River drainage, Alaska, seudenol combined with α-pinene attracted the most eastern larch beetles, Dendroctonus simplex LeConte. The next most attractive treatments included tamarack log sections infested with either unmated female D. simplex or unmated female Douglas-fir beetles, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, Neither frontalin nor trans- verbenol with α-pinene was attractive. Addition of niethylcyclohexenone (MCH) to the seudenol + α-pinene treatment repressed its attraction by 83%. Sex ratios of simplex responding to logs infested with female simplex or pseudotsugae were equal or favored females, but favored males in the case of seudenol + α-pinene. Addition of MCH shifted the sex ratio in favor of females. Two other scolytid species, Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff) and Ips perturbatus (Eichhoff), were trapped, but were too few to relate to treatments. Two species of clerids were caught on traps: Thanasimus undatulus Say and Thanasimus dubius (L.); the latter is a new Alaskan record.
SOME CANADIAN POPLAR APHID GALLS
Authors: Alleyne E. H. , Morrison F. O.
Published: December 2009

Ten galls and pseudogalls caused by poplar gall aphids are described, their development discussed, and a key to their identification presented. Nine of these malformations are from Quebec poplars and one from Crystal Springs on Pigeon Lake, Alberta. All of the aphids involved belong to the family Eriosomatidae and sub-family Pemphiginae. Seven species are members of the genus Pemphigus Hartig, and of these P. bursarius (L.) and P. populitransversus Riley are well recognized economic vegetable pests in the United States. A monoecious species P. spirothecae Passerini is reported for the first time in North America. P. monophagus Maxson was collected from balsam poplars in Alberta. Other genera represented are Thecabius Koch (two species) and Asiphum Koch (one species).
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND LIPID CONTENT OF LATE LARVAL AND PUPAL STAGES OF THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Dunphy Gary B. , Keough Kevin M. W. , Nolan Richard A.
Published: December 2009

A total of 14 known fatty acids and one unknown fatty acid were detected in the third instar, fourth instar, prepupa, and female and male pupae of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria. The C8:0,3 C10:0, C22:1, and C24:0 fatty acids and an unknown fatty acid were not detected in the third instar larvae, and the unknown was also absent from the fourth instar larvae. The C24:0 fatty acid was absent from the prepupae and both the male and female pupae. The C22:1 fatty acid was absent from the prepupae. Otherwise, developmental stages contained the C8:0, C10:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3,C20:0, C20:1, C22:0, C22:1, and the C24:0 fatty acids and the unknown fatty acid. In general, the level of a given fatty acid decreased with succeeding developmental stages. The lipid level was also determined for each developmental stage.
SEX ATTRACTANT FOR CLOVER CUTWORM, SCOTOGRAMMA TRIFOLII: FIELD TESTS WITH VARIOUS RATIOS OF Z-11-HEXADECEN-1-YL ACETATE AND Z-11-HEXADECEN-1-OL, AND WITH VARIOUS QUANTITIES OF ATTRACTANT ON TWO TYPES OF CARRIERS
Authors: Struble D. L. , Swailes G. E.
Published: December 2009

Catches of male clover cutworm moths with Z-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate containing 10.8 to 25.0% Z-11-hexadecen-1-ol decreased linearly as the percentage of alcohol increased. The largest catches were with the acetate containing 10.8% alcohol, and at a concentration of 5 mg/rubber carrier. This bait was effective in the field for at least 4 weeks Catches of moths with the attractant on polyethylene carriers were independent of the attractant concentrations, and were significantly less (P < 0.01) than with the same attractant concentrations on rubber carriers.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AS A MEANS OF CONTROL FOR THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER, THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE)
Authors: McNeil J. N. , Smirnoff W. A. , Letendre M.
Published: December 2009

To date no entirely satisfactory control method has been developed for the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.), which was first introduced into North America in London, Ont., around 1910 (Saunders 1916) and has since spread throughout much of Canada and northern United States (Arthur 1966; Burns 1966; McNeil et al. 1975). In Quebec this insect has reached epidemic proportions in several areas (McNeil et al. 1975) and while Sevin® has been utilized, its application causes certain undesirable off-target effects. It is therefore essential to develop a means of control which does not cause these ecological problems.
EFFICIENCY OF BERLESE-TULLGREN FUNNELS FOR REMOVAL OF THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS, FROM WHEAT SAMPLES
Authors: Smith L. B.
Published: December 2009

The efficiency of Berlese-Tullgren funnels in removing the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), from wheat samples was tested by adding adults and larvae to wheat samples. The recovery of adults from 300 g samples was 79% at 12.3% moisture content (m.c.) and 49% at 16% m.c.; from 150 g samples the recovery was 84% at 16% m.c. The number of adults recovered represented at least 98% of those that did not escape from the top of the samples. The number that escaped varied with sample size and moisture content. The recovery of fourth instar larvae was 78% from samples of 300 g at 16% m.c. The percentage of first and second instar larvae recovered was 5.8 when larvae alone were mixed with the wheat sample and left for 65 h, 10.6 when larvae in flour were added to the surface of the wheat sample, and 27.9 when larvae in flour were added to the centre of the wheat sample.
NEW SYNONYMY, NEW COMBINATIONS, AND NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN PITYOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE). I
Authors: Bright Donald E.
Published: December 2009

New synonymies and new combinations affecting North American Pityophthorus are proposed as follows: Pityophthorus Eichhoff (= Myeloborus Blackman and Ctenyophthorus Schedl) n. syn.; Araptus obsoletus (Blandford) n. comb.; A. poricollis (Blandford) n. comb.; Gnatholeptus epistomalis (Schedl) n. comb.; G. semiermis (Nunberg) n. comb.; G. shannoni (Blackman) n. comb. (= Pityophthorus gentilis Schedl); G. subscribratus (Schedl) n. comb. (= Pityophthorus zeteki Blackman); Pityophthorus absonus Blackman (= demissus Blackman and inyoensis Bright); P. blandus Blackman (= singularis Bright); P. carinulatus Swaine (= aquilus Blackman, caelator Blackman and opimus Blackman); P. comosus Blackman (=foratus Wood); P. digestus Le Conte (= idoneus Blackman, hopkinsi Blackman and ponderosae Blackman); P. diglyphus Blandford (= leiophyllae Blackman and auctor Blackman); P. guatemalensis Blandford (= quercinus Wood); P. infulatus Blackman (= mollis Blackman and hubbardi Blackman); P. intextus Swaine (= shepardi Blackman, cascoensis Blackman, tonsus Blackman, kenti Blackman, and pilifer Schedl); P. nitidus Swaine (= borealis Swaine, anceps Blackman, alpinensis Hopping and aquilonius Bright); P. nocturnus Schedl (= hidalgoensis Blackman); P. opaculus Le Conte (= abietis Blackman, albertensis Blackman and exiguus Blackman); P. rhois Swaine (= natalis Blackman); P. solus Blackman (= cribratus Blackman); P. toralis Wood (= collinus Bright); P. venustus Blackman (= artifex Blackman); P. virilis Blackman (= fortis Blackman). New species are: P. aciculatus (Guatemala, Mexico), apachae (Arizona), aztecus (Mexico), blackmani (Mexico), chiapensis (Mexico), clivus (Mexico), cortezi (Mexico), culminicolae (Mexico), declivisetosus (Mexico), lecontei (Arizona, New Mexico), lepidus (Mexico), montivagus (Mexico), mormon (Utah), separatus (South Carolina), sulcatus (Arizona), viminalis (Mexico), and woodi (New Mexico).
NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE RED-BACKED SAWFLY, ERIOCAMPA OVATA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Mackay Patricia A. , Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

Techniques for successfully rearing an alder sawfly, Eriocampa ovata (L.), are reported, along with measurements of several developmental and reproductive characteristics, and observations on the insect’s behavior and ecology. Individuals with 7 instars, and those which ultimately diapause, had longer larval stages than individuals with only 6 instars, or those which were diapause-free. There was more diapause in low than in high humidities.

As the summer progressed, the length of the larval stage decreased in laboratory-reared individuals, but the length of the cocoon stage of the same individuals increased. Total leaf consumption per individual varied with rearing density, being greatest in groups of 10 larvae per leaf.
A NEW SPECIES OF MIDEOPSIS (NUDOMIDEOPSIS) (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: MIDEOPSIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Male and female adults of Mideopsis (Nudomideopsis) magnacetabula n. sp. are described. This is the first species of this subgenus described from the New World, and knowledge of the new species necessitates modification of the subgeneric concept.
THE WORLD RHYPAROCHROMINAE (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE): XVI. THE STATUS OF TETHALLOTRUM SCUDDER AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ALLOCENTRUM BERGROTH FROM MADAGASCAR
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

This paper resurrects the genus Tethallotrum Scudder 1962 from synonymy and compares it with Allocentrum Bergroth 1894. A new species Allocentrum impunctatum is described from Madagascar.
A NEW SPECIES OF SPALANGIOPELTA MASI IN NORTH AMERICA (CHALCIDOIDEA: PTEROMALIDAE, CEINAE)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Spalangiopelta ciliata n. sp. is described and represents a new record for the subfamily Ceinae (Pteromalidae) in North America.
THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). STERILIZATION OF ADULTS BY EXPOSURE OF PREPUPAL–PUPAL STAGES TO 25°C
Authors: Bucher G. E. , Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

Exposure of the prepupal and pupal stages of the bertha arrnyworm to 25°C during development had no obvious effect on pupal or adult survival, but reduced the incidence both of attempted mating and of spermatophore transfer and caused mated females with spermatophores to lay only a small number of eggs, all of which were sterile. Pupae are formed in the soil of rape fields during the latter part of August at depths up to 15 cm, and the frequency of their exposure to 25°C may influence population density the following year. Temperature profiles in the soil of rape fields are unknown, but an analysis of soil temperature records under sod from nine meteorological stations in the rape growing area indicated that they frequently reached 25°C. Thus there is sufficient probability that soil temperatures in rape reach a sterilizing temperature to warrant specific studies on temperature profiles in rape and their correlation with published meteorological data and with the fecundity of natural populations of the insect.
PARASITISM OF NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) BY EXENTERUS SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN ONTARIO, 1962–1972, WITH NOTES ON THE PARASITES
Authors: Lyons L. A.
Published: December 2009

Four species of Exenterus were reared from the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.), in Ontario. An introduced species, E. abruptorius (Thunb.), last reported in Ontario in 1948, was recovered in very small numbers at one location. The native E. affinis Roh. (= E. walleyi Cush.) parasitized a small proportion of N. sertifer but was the main species attacking feeding larvae. The native E. nigrifrons (formerly called E. canadensis Prov.) and the introduced E. amictorius (Panz.) occurred at all sampled locations. Both species were more numerous in high than in low density populations of N. sertifer, but E. nigrifrons was more destructive, and E. amictorius less destructive, at high than at low density.

About 60% of adults of E. amictorius and 6% of those of E. nigrifrons eclosed in the same summer that attack occurred. Most were unlikely to have reproduced, owing to the scarcity of hosts. In both species females were more frequent in female than in male hosts.

Samples of N. sertifer cocoons in July were superior to larval samples in June and cocoon samples in August and the following May for measuring the rate of parasitism and the relative abundance of Exenterus spp. However, because of mortality of Exenterus before and after sampling, data based on the rearing of cocoons seriously underestimated the impact of the parasites.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ONTOGENY AND HABITS OFLYTTA NUTTALLI,L.VIRIDANA, ANDL.CYANIPENNIS(COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE): THE ADULTS AND EGGS
Authors: Church N. S. , Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

Mixed colonies of adults ofLytta nuttalliSay andL.viridanaLe Conte, and ofL.cyanipennis(Le Conte) andnuttalli, and colonies containing only one of these three species have been seen in various parts of the Canadian prairies, usually in aggregations and most commonly near bodies of water. The flight period ofnuttalliextends from early June to early August, ofviridanafrom late May to late June, and ofcyanipennisfrom mid-June to early July. The natural food plants of these three species are a variety of wild legumes, though they prefer certain cultivated legumes when present.Nuttalliandviridanawill eat some non-leguminous plants, including species ofIris,Delphinium, andBrassica, and such crops as sugar beets, oats, barley, and wheat. In captivity, males and females ofnuttalliandviridanamated more than once and females deposited more than one batch of eggs. Egg batches ofnuttalli,viridana, andcyanipenniscontained an average of 320, 340, and 390 eggs each, respectively. Cross-mating betweennuttalliandviridanaandnuttalli–viridanahybrids were observed in the field. Fournuttallifemales were seen ovipositing in an area that contained the remains of nesting cells of leafcutter bees (Megachilesp.); these are the first recorded observations ofLyttaspecies ovipositing in the field. The beetles preferred moist, firm soil for oviposition, and the eggs desiccated very quickly when not in contact with moisture. The eggs of these three species developed fairly uniformly at temperatures from 15° to 30 °C, and it appeared to take about 2 to 3 weeks to complete embryological development at temperatures normally encountered during June through August. Relationships among these three species suggested by their behaviour and biology are discussed.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ADULT GRASSHOPPERS (ACRIDIDAE) IN CROPS IN ALBERTA, 1918–1975
Authors: Smith D. S. , Holmes N. D.
Published: December 2009

Annual surveys of the adults show that outbreaks of grasshoppers in cultivated crops in Alberta have occurred in 32 of 58 years. Five outbreaks have occurred, lasting from 3 to 14 years, interspersed by periods of low infestation lasting from 3 to 9 years. Some control measures, however, were required every year even during periods of low infestation. The highest recorded adult populations occurred in 1933, 1936, and 1962, and the lowest in 1952 and 1969.

During most periods with low populations, infestation were confined mainly to the area south of the Bow and South Saskatchewan rivers. When high populations occurred, the infested areas increased in size and extended north to the Battle River. The largest infested area covered 48,600 sq. miles and the smallest was 300 sq. miles.

Two species of grasshoppers, Camnula pellucida (Scudder) and Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.), generally predominated in separate regions. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) predominated only during periods of low grasshopper infestation. Melanoplus packardii Scudder was restricted in its range and became noticeable when the grasshopper outbreaks were declining.
TRENDS IN POPULATIONS OF THREE SPECIES OF SAWFLIES INFESTING TAMARACK IN SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDEVIDAE)
Authors: Ives W.G.H.
Published: December 2009

Seasonal distributions of adult emergence and larval drop for Anoplonyx luteipes (Cresson), A. canadensis Harrington, and Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) are compared. Larval populations of A. luteipes have a significant positive correlation with those of P. erichsonii, while A. canadensis adult populations show a significant negative correlation with P. erichsonii larval populations.
HOST SPECIFICITY OF TINGIS AMPLIATA (TINGIDAE: HETEROPTERA): A CANDIDATE FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE)
Authors: Peschken D. P.
Published: December 2009

The only confirmed host plant of Tingis ampliata H.-S. (Tingidae: Heteroptera) is Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.). For this and other reasons, T. ampliata appeared to be a promising biocontrol agent for use in Canada. However, in the laboratory, T. ampliata developed fertile eggs while feeding on the two economic plants globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and nymphs developed to adults on globe artichoke. Therefore, T. ampliata should not be released in Canada.
TWO SPECIES OF PALPITA HÜBNER DESCRIBED BY JANSE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PYRAUSTINAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Lectotypes are designated for Margaronia curvilinea Janse, 1924, and Margaronia pratti Janse, 1924. These species are referred to Palpita Hübner, [1808], as new combinations. They are redescribed and differentiated from certain closely related species. Phalaena Geometra annulata Fabricius, 1794, and Botys partialis Lederer, 1863, are treated as species inquirenda in the absence of type material. Glyphodes celsalis Walker, 1859, and Margaronia inusitata Butler, 1879, are treated as distinct species and are transferred to Palpita as new combinations. Margaronia warrenalis Swinhoe, 1894, is transferred to Palpita as a new combination; a lectotype is designated for this species and its characters are compared with those of P. curvilinea. Palpita varii n. sp., from Manusela, Ceram, and P. jansei n. sp., from the Island of Mioswar, Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, are described from holotypes drawn from the type-series of P. pratti; characters differentiating these three species are given.
ATTACK BY GNATHOTRICHUS SULCATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON STUMPS AND FELLED TREES BAITED WITH SULCATOL AND ETHANOL
Authors: McLean J. A. , Borden J. H.
Published: December 2009

Ethanol and sulcatol (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol), primary attractant and population aggregation pheromone, respectively, for Gnathotrichus sulcatus, were deployed alone or in combination on stumps and felled trees in the University of British Columbia Research Forest, Maple Ridge, B.C. On 18 April 1974, four Douglas-fir trees were felled at each of three locations, and four western hemlock trees were felled at each of three other locations. Felled trees and their respective stumps were baited on 26 April. Attacks by G. sulcatus and bark beetles were recorded at weekly intervals until 25 October. G. sulcatus attacks increased rapidly, reaching a maximum in June and July, followed by a steady decrease to October. Attacks by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Pseudohylesinus nebulosus, and P. tsugae showed characteristic seasonal trends, but were not correlated to any of the treatments. Over half the G. sulcatus attacks were on stumps, in which attack densities reached 683.5/m2. The greatest numbers of attacks were on stumps and logs baited with sulcatol or sulcatol plus ethanol. There was a significant interaction between sulcatol and ethanol on Douglas-fir but not on western hemlock. Significantly more G. sulcatus attacked ethanol-baited western hemlock stumps and logs than unbaited controls. However, there was no difference between the level of attack on ethanol-baited Douglas-fir and the controls. The role of ethanol is hypothesized to be more of a boring stimulant than a major attractant. Stumps baited with sulcatol and then treated with ethanolic solutions of systemic insecticide could be used to trap and kill field populations, thus reducing numbers of G. sulcatus being transported to log-booming grounds, dryland sorting areas, and sawmills.
EFFECTS OF DATE OF SOIL DISTURBANCE ON NUMBERS OF ADULT FIELD CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE), IN FLORIDA
Authors: Kay Carol A. Rolph , Veazey Joyce Naffziger , Whitcomb W. H.
Published: December 2009

Adults ofGryllus rubensScudder,G.firmusScudder, andG.ovisopisWalker were collected for 4 years from plots disked annually on one of six dates and from undisturbed plots to examine effects of date of soil disturbance on field cricket populations. Adults of the two field-inhabiting species,G.rubensandG.firmus, were most numerous from plots disked in February or April and least numerous from the plots disked in October and from the undisturbed (control) plots. Adults ofG.ovisopis, a species that normally inhabits forests, were most numerous from the undisturbed plots and least numerous from the plots disked in August.
PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIDAE), IN LOW TO MODERATE POPULATIONS IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
Authors: Dahlsten D. L. , Luck R. F. , Schlinger E. I. , Wenz J. M. , Copper W. A.
Published: December 2009

Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), populations were studied on white fir at four areas in central Sierra Nevada mountains of California during 1971–73. Life tables were constructed for four populations in El Dorado County. The number of eggs per egg mass decreased and the percentage eggs parasitized doubled with declining moth populations. Hymenopterous parasitoids were collected from all immature stages of the moth: one egg parasitoid, Telenomus californicus Ashmead, six species of larval parasitoids, principally, Hyposoter sp., and 13 species of larval–pupal parasitoids. Tachinids were predominant and accounted for 73% of the parasitoidism of the cocoons in 1971. The apparent mortality of female pupae due to the parasitoid complex was greater than 97% in 1971 and 75% in 1972. One population in Placer County collapsed in 1971 apparently due to a combination of heat exhaustion and low levels of virus infection. Other defoliators, spiders, and several predatory insect species were collected from the foliage samples simultaneously with the tussock moth during larval sampling. Twelve species of "free living" spiders which could be capable of preying on the defoliator complex of white fir were collected. Parasitoids and predators appear to be potentially important biotic factors at low to moderate host population levels. This is the first recorded case where an agent other than the nucleopolyhedrosis virus has been responsible for the collapse of a Douglas-fir tussock moth population.
PREDATOR–PREY MODELS WITH ADDED MORTALITY
Authors: Barclay H. , van den Driessche P.
Published: December 2009

Several predator–prey models are examined to assess the generality of Volterra’s contention that an external mortality imposed simultaneously on both predators and prey results in a decrease in predators and an increase in prey equilibrium numbers. The models indicate that this phenomenon occurs mainly as a result of the lack of predator crowding. If predator crowding occurs, a strong functional response of predators to prey density, or light prey mortality relative to predator mortality, is required for Volterra’s phenomenon to occur. In increasing populations away from equilibrium, numerical results indicate conditions for Volterra’s phenomenon to occur.
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF PHEROMONE-BAITED TREES ON A SPRUCE BEETLE POPULATION (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Dyer E. D. A. , Safranyik L.
Published: December 2009

Frontalin, a synthetic pheromone, induces attacks by the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) on baited standing trees, in which most broods fail. The impact of baiting 100 randomly chosen trees was determined by estimating the beetle population in a 766-ha spruce forest. Attack density in infested bark was similar for wind-thrown and baited trees; however, 95% of attacks occurred on the former, which were more numerous and had greater attacked surface areas. In this forest, it is estimated that 34 frontalin-baited trees would have been required for each windfall to trap 90% of the beetle population.
POPULATIONS OF SOME MAJOR PESTS AND THEIR NATURAL ENEMIES ON YOUNG AND SEMIDWARF APPLE TREES IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: December 2009

The population densities of several major apple pests and their natural enemies were studied in an insecticide-free young bearing orchard and in an older orchard of semidwarf trees on an integrated control program. In mature orchards of standard size trees, greater natural mortality occurs than that reported in this study. Over a 5-year period most pests, with notable exceptions, increased rapidly under insecticide-free conditions whereas occasional numerical surges of certain pest species occurred under the mild insecticide program. Insect damage on fruit at harvest averaged 24% in the insecticide-free orchard and 8% in the integrated control orchard which had 2.4 times more harvested fruit.
SPATIAL PATTERN AND DENSITY OFCTENICERA DESTRUCTORANDHYPOLITHUS BICOLOR(COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) IN SOIL IN SPRING WHEAT
Authors: Doane J. F.
Published: December 2009

Determination of the spatial pattern and estimation of the density of egg, larval, and adult populations ofCtenicera destructor(Brown) andHypolithus bicolorEschscholtz were made by soil sampling, and forC.destructoradults, also by cages that collected the emerging adults in the spring. Eggs of both the above species and also those ofAeolus mellillus(Say), which were also found in the samples, were highly aggregated. SmallC.destructorlarvae were most highly aggregated and medium larvae less so; large larvae were usually randomly distributed. UnlikeC.destructor, largeH.bicolorlarvae were more highly aggregated than either the small or mediumbicolorlarvae. Sampling by emergence cages showed thatC.destructoradults were aggregated while sampling by soil cores showed them to be randomly distributed. The different result obtained by the two methods was attributed to the difference in the size of the sampling unit. Aggregation was detected in 29% of theH.bicoloradult population sampled by soil cores only.

Larval densities ofC.destructorranged from a low of 0.25 to a high of 1.46 per sample unit (81 cm2) over the 14-year period that samples were taken; densities ofH.bicolorranged from 0.16 to 0.64. Densities ofC.destructorandH.bicoloradults averaged about 6 (range 1–16) % and 12 (0–27) % of the total population of larvae and adults for each respective species. Population composition, in terms of adults and larvae of different sizes, and population fluctuations are discussed.

The relation between density and the number of sampling units required to achieve four levels of margin of error at four levels of statistical significance was determined.

No satisfactory transformation was found for data of individual samples with a mean less than 1. Several common transformations, including Taylor’s power transformation, were satisfactory for stabilizing the variance of pooled samples.
AN UNUSUAL SENSE RECEPTOR IN INTERNAL ANTENNAL VESICLES OFPTOMAPHAGUS(COLEOPTERA: LEIODIDAE)
Authors: Peck Stewart B.
Published: December 2009

Cleared slide mounts of antennae of 30 species ofPtomaphagusbeetles showed two internal sensory vesicles in segments 7, 9, and 10. The vesicles were of similar size in each segment except in segment 7 of cavernicolous species. SEM study showed a narrow circular opening in the distal face of segments 7, 9, and 10 which opens into a widened circular canal inside of and under the segment’s distal surface. Sensory vesicles are pockets in the bottom of this canal. The canal and vesicles are predominantly lined with a unique type of fluted sensilla basiconicum. These sensilla are more elongated and more numerous in cavernicolous species. The origin and evolution of the sensilla and vesicles are discussed.
LARVAL COCOONS IN EUKIEFFERIELLA CLARIPENNIS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Madder M. Catherine A. , Rosenberg David M. , Wiens Allen P.
Published: December 2009

Formation of cocoons by larval Chironomidae has been reported in Endochironomus spp. (Sæther 1962), Hydrobaenus pilipes (Malloch) (as Trissocladius pilipes) (Hudson 1971), and Parakiefferiella sp. (Hudson 197 1). This is the first report of larval cocoons formed by a species of Eukiefferiella.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AERIAL APPLICATIONS OF VIRUS–FENITROTHION COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: December 2009

Spruce budworm infested stands of white spruce and balsam fir were aerially sprayed with an entomopox virus, a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), a low dose of fenitrothion, and the two virus–chemical insecticide combinations. Long-term assessment of the efficacy of the treatments showed that NPV + a low dose of fenitrothion suppressed the budworm population density particularly on balsam fir below that causing economic damage for 3 years due mainly to transmission of the virus from one generation to the next and maintenance of natural control agents in the population.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE TREE-HOLES OF POINT PELEE NATIONAL PARK, ONTARIO: II. FIRST RECORD OF TOXORHYNCHITES RUTILUS SEPTENTRIONALIS IN CANADA (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Parker D. J.
Published: December 2009

The mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (Dyar and Knab) is recorded for the first time in Canada. The species was found breeding in a water-filled rot cavity in a tree in the deciduous forest of Point Pelee National Park. The distribution of the species for which this record represents an extension of the range is discussed.
INFLUENCE OF RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE MAIZE INBRED LINES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), AFTER NATURAL OVERWINTERING CONDITIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Hudon M. , Chiang M. S.
Published: December 2009

Forty exotic maize inbred lines from 10 countries with known resistance or susceptibility to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), were used to study the effect of plant resistance on borer survival from natural overwintering conditions and particularly the fecundity of the female moth during the following summer. Also, additional information was obtained on different biological characters of the insect. Resistant and susceptible lines were grouped according to their leaf feeding ratings (antibiosis), per cent borer survival at pollination time or at harvest (tolerance). Each specimen observed was kept on the same plant tissue until pupation. The number of eggs and egg masses/female was significantly higher only when lines are grouped according to their leaf feeding ratings. No significant differences were obtained in most biological characters of borers fed on resistant or susceptible maize lines: spring pupation, pupal parasitism, mortality and weight, moth emergence and sex ratio.
A PARTIAL LIFE TABLE FOR THE DOUGLAS-FIR CONE MOTH, BARBARA COLFAXIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Nebeker T. Evan
Published: December 2009

A population of the Douglas-fir cone moth, Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.), was studied on the Buckhead Seed Production Area, Lowell Ranger District, Willamette National Forest, Oregon, during 1971. Factors contributing to the mortality of B. colfaxiana are presented in a partial life table and discussed. The egg – instar I was identified as the critical age interval and resinosis the critical factor.
HOST RESISTANCE TO THE FIR ENGRAVER BEETLE, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): 2. REPELLENCY OF ABIES GRANDIS RESINS AND SOME MONOTERPENES
Authors: Bordasch Robert P. , Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

Cortical blister and wound reaction resin vapors from Abies grandis, and some of their monoterpene fractions, were quantitatively bioassayed for attractiveness and repellency to the fir engraver beetle, Scolytus ventralis. All were found to be repellent.

Quantitative differences between liquid resins and vapors were examined. Wound reaction resin vapors contained higher percentages of the more repellent monoterpenes than cortical blister resin vapors. It is hypothesized that α-pinene is the most important monoterpene in the insects’ perception of a resistant host.
LARVAL GROWTH IN BUMBLE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Plowright R. C. , Pendrel B. A.
Published: December 2009

Larval growth in B. terricola Kirby was measured from daily photographs of the combs of colonies. The growth rate of well-fed larvae was exponential until the commencement of cocoon spinning. No difference between the instantaneous growth rates of physiologically determined workers and queens developing in the same larval clump could be detected. Queen morphogenesis consisted principally of an extended stadial duration as compared with workers. Larvae which were starved regained their former growth rates once they were again fed plentifully. As a general feature of larval growth in Bombus it is suggested that the capacity to resume growth at an invariant maximal rate is retained under widely varying trophic regimes. Thus larval growth in bumble bees is interpreted as a succession of bursts of maximum proportional increase separated by periods of temporary starvation induced both by irregularities in colony food intake and the inherent stochasticity of worker feeding behaviour.
EFFECT OF A PHENYL-BENZOYL UREA [l-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)-3-(2,6-DIFLUOROBENZOYL)-UREA] ON DIPRION SIMILIS (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Fogal W. H.
Published: December 2009

Ingestion of a phenyl-benzoyl urea [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea] by Diprion similis (Hartig) interferes with molting. At the highest concentration (1% solution) tested, it prevents ecdysis but does not prevent apolysis. The Cuticle of pharate larvae is thinner than normal but the formation of melanin in the cuticle is not inhibited. At a concentration of.01%, ecdysis is usually completed but many survivors fail to feed following the molt. This failure is associated with the accumulation of a fibrous material in the midgut. Prior to the molt, food consumption as measured by faecal output is not impaired.
THE EFFECTS OF BENOMYL ON THE INCIDENCE OF MICROSPORIDIA AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Harvey G. T. , Gaudet P. M.
Published: December 2009

Benomyl or MBC phosphate incorporated into the meridic diet of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), reduces the incidence of infection of adults by the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thom.). Some reduction in microsporidian levels is produced by 25 ppm benomyl; higher concentrations are more effective but even 250 ppm failed to reduce the incidence of microsporidia below 29% in a heavily infected stock. At benomyl concentrations of 75 ppm and above, budworm growth and fertility were reduced. The most notable effect of benomyl was the reduction of fertile matings and of percentage eclosion of eggs. Males were more sensitive to benomyl than females.
DEVELOPMENT, HATCH DATES, OVERWINTERING SUCCESS, AND SPRING EMERGENCE OF A “NON-DIAPAUSING” GYPSY MOTH STRAIN (LEPIDOPTERA: ORGYIIDAE) IN FIELD CAGES
Authors: Hoy Marjorie A. , Knop Nancy Fike
Published: December 2009

Newly-hatched larvae from a selected (S) “non-diapausing” gypsy moth strain and larvae from field-collected wild (W) eggs were reared in field cages in Connecticut, U.S.A. beginning May 1976 to determine developmental rates and interbreeding potential. Reciprocal and inter se matings between S and W moths were monitored to determine if hatch occurred during the fall and if S and reciprocal F1 hybrid (SW, WS) eggs could successfully overwinter and hatch at an appropriate time the following spring. Hatch of S eggs did occur in the fall. Survival of SW, WS, and some S eggs over the Connecticut winter demonstrated that this non-diapause colony is not suitable for a genetic control program in which the non-diapause trait is expected to act as a conditional lethal.
A NEW SPECIES OF TINOCALLIS MATSUMURA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM THAILAND
Authors: Danielsson R. , Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Tinocallis khonkaenensis n. sp. from Lagerstroemia macrocarpa Wall., collected in Thailand, is described. Distinguishing characters are given to separate it from other species of the genus.
THE IMPACT OF AERIAL FENITROTHION SPRAYING UPON THE POPULATION BIOLOGY OF BUMBLE BEES (BOMBUS LATR.: HYM.) IN SOUTH-WESTERN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Plowright R. C. , Pendrel B. A. , McLaren I. A.
Published: December 2009

Aerially sprayed fenitrothion (0.21 kg/ha) caused mortalities from 100% among experimentally caged bees in exposed habitats to 47% in cages placed under dense forest canopy. Bumble bees found foraging in sprayed areas during the days immediately following the spray suffered significantly higher subsequent mortality than those in unsprayed areas.

Long-term effects were investigated by comparing late summer Bombus population densities among sites representing various spray histories. For all species combined, abundances in unsprayed areas averaged 3 times higher than in fenitrothion treated areas. Population recovery appeared to be complete within a few years after discontinuation of spraying.

Foraging performance by laboratory reared colonies was significantly higher in sprayed areas with reduced bee populations than in a control area, possibly because of relaxation of competitive stress. The diversity of plant species used for pollen collection was nearly twice as great in the control as compared with sprayed areas, suggesting that the effect of fenitrothion spraying on cross-pollination may be greatest for plants which are subdominant in the hierarchy of bee preference In one such plant, red clover, reduced seed-set was demonstrated.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF WITHIN-TREE COLONIZATION BY DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Fargo W. Scott , Coulson Robert N. , Pulley Paul E. , Pope Don N. , Kelley Claude L.
Published: December 2009

Within-tree colonization by Dendroctonus frontalis infesting loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., was investigated. Two components of the colonization process were studied: the establishment of attacking adults (ATK) and the ensuing construction of egg galleries (GL). Data on the two variables were taken from standing trees beginning at the time of initial attack and continuing for 14 consecutive days.

The spatial and temporal sequence of ATK was described for 1.5 m intervals along the infested bole for the duration of the process. A three parameter nonlinear function was used to describe the data. The pattern of attack was also described as an average process for the entire tree using the same model. A frequency histogram encompassing the range in variation for peak ATK from 134 trees was prepared to provide starting values for simulation purposes.

The spatial and temporal sequence of GL construction was described using essentially the same approach as employed for ATK. The modeling process was complicated by loss or obscuring of GL from the radiograph by omission errors and foraging by Monochamus spp. and other associates. GL construction was also described as an average function for the entire tree and the rate of GL construction was defined. A frequency histogram of peak GL was prepared from data on 54 trees for use in selecting starting values for simulation purposes.

Numerical relationships between ATK and GL were defined by combining the data on ATK and cumulative expected GL.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF AERIALLY-APPLIED SPRAY DEPOSITS IN SPRUCE TREES
Authors: Armstrong J. A. , Yule W. N.
Published: December 2009

A plot of 6 m tall white spruce trees was treated with an aerial application of an oil-base spray containing a non-toxic compound, Tris (2 ethyl hexyl) phosphate (referred to as TOF), which was amenable to gas-liquid chromatographic analysis The spray was formulated and applied at a rate to approximate the eastern Canadian operational spruce budworm control sprays. Meteorological measurements were made in the airspace from mid-crown height to the height of spray emission for the period of spray application and deposition. Spray deposit collection units (kromekote cards and glass plates) were used to record spray deposit at ground level.

Foliage samples and complete branches were taken from each of three trees at a series of heights and each of the four compass quadrants and returned to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Spray deposit was determined in terms of ppm TOF on the foliage. The kromekote cards provided information from which the drop size characteristics of the spray cloud and the deposit in terms of drops/cmK were determined; a colorimetric analysis of spray deposit on the glass plates indicated the volume of spray deposited.

Analysis of the spray deposits on the foliage indicated gradients in deposits with most on the upper, outer, upwind portions of the trees and least on the lower, inner, downwind portions. These differences were significant. These gradients can be attributed to two weather factors (a) the prevailing wind drifting the pesticide cloud through the forest canopy resulting in a filtering to produce a decreasing gradient from upwind to downwind side of the tree, and (b) air eddies around the tree tops resulting in an increased deposit and slight penetration of the spray cloud on the outer downwind portions of the tree.

This study demonstrates that a finely atomized spray applied to a white spruce forest under suitable weather conditions will give a deposit on the outer portions of the tree with a variation of only about 50% in spray deposit but with significantly less deposit on the inner, lower portions of the tree.
ECOLOGY OF STORED GRAIN IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES: I. THE DISTRIBUTION AND SIZE OF A LOW DENSITY POPULATION OF CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: Smith L. B.
Published: December 2009

Two metal granaries each containing 27.3 tonnes of dry wheat (13–14% m.c.) were artificially infested with Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and sampled for up to 4 years to determine fluctuations in insect density as influenced by changes in grain temperature and moisture content during storage. Density remained low (fewer than 5 insects/kg) throughout the period of study. Most insects were found at the floor near the wall on the south side of the granary. The temperature in the centre of the grain mass ranged from −5° to 22 °C during the 4 years. During a single season, moisture content varied as much as 5% at the centre near the surface of each grain mass, but did not vary more than 1% at other locations. In the first year of storage, the viability of the wheat ranged from 80% to 96%, and after 3 years in storage, 68% to 100%. Since no significant change was recorded in the temperature, moisture content, or germination of the wheat in the granaries, it was concluded that the biological activity of a low density population of C. ferrugineus does not initiate heating that occasionally occurs in farm-stored grain in Canada.
STUDIES ON NEARCTICCRASPEDOLEPTAENDERLEIN, 1921 (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLOIDEA): EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Journet Alan R. P. , Vickery V. R.
Published: December 2009

In this paper, a discussion of aspects of the external morphology of NearcticCraspedoleptaEnderlein, 1921 (Homoptera: Psylloidea) is presented. The discussion concerns those structures of the head, thorax, abdomen, and genitalia which were investigated during the course of a systematic and taxonomic study of the genus. It includes, where appropriate, reference to and comparison with other publications on psyllid morphology, especially where the current study illuminates previous discussions of psyllids.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVORSHIP OF THE CITRUS BLACKFLY (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)
Authors: Dowell Robert V. , Fitzpatrick George E.
Published: December 2009

Survivorship of the citrus blackfly was greatest at 25.6 °C and decreased in either direction from this temperature. A series of linear equations were derived to describe stadium length in thermal units for each development stage of the citrus blackfly and for the complete life cycle. There was no significant difference between the calculated stadium lengths and those observed in the field using linear thermal units.