bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Quality of Obsession Considerably Further East: The Holocaust in the Cinema of Stanley Kubrick
Authors: Cocks Geoffrey
Published: April 2011

The Shining (1980) is the prime instance among Stanley Kubrick's films of a curious, conflicted, and creative approach-avoidance syndrome with regard to the Holocaust. Kubrick's family origins in the shtetl of Eastern Europe, together with his upbringing and movie-going in New York City in the 1930s and 1940s, produced a lifelong obsession with human evil and the capacity of modern film art to portray and mitigate it. Kubrick's open narrative style of filmmaking leaves issues unresolved and ambiguous not only as a reflection of the world but also as a means toward audience reflection. In The Shining there is a deeply laid visual and aural subtext that locates the Holocaust as the benchmark for modern evil in a way that reflects not only Kubrick's own personal and artistic struggle with the subject but also his habitual method of bringing the world to artistic expression.
Gazing at the Beast: Describing Mass Murder in Deepa Mehta's Earth and Terry George's Hotel Rwanda
Authors: Uraizee Joya
Published: April 2011

Deepa Mehta's Earth (1998) deals with the 1947 partition of India, and Terry George's Hotel Rwanda (2004) concerns the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Earth depicts violence through two sets of looks that are exchanged between the main characters and us. Hotel Rwanda depicts it through three motifs that utilize dark visuals, white spaces, and repeated images. In Earth , the first set of looks are those of horror and despair in the gang violence scene; in Hotel Rwanda , the first motif is that of witnessing, as seen in the mass grave sequence. In Earth , the second set of looks involves fear and betrayal in the scene in which Ayah is dragged off to be gang raped and brutalized; in Hotel Rwanda the second motif is the betrayal pictured in the foreigners' evacuation sequence. The third motif in Hotel Rwanda is compassion, as revealed in the bribing sequence. Overall, Earth is less successful in educating about violence and more successful in generating voyeuristic pleasure, whereas Hotel Rwanda avoids overt voyeurism, relies on the audiences' powers of imagination, and conveys how individuals and groups can respond to genocide.
After Postmemory: Holocaust Cinema and the Third Generation
Authors: Bayer Gerd
Published: April 2011

This essay argues that some recent Holocaust films introduce a new attitude towards memory that moves beyond the notion of postmemory while remaining committed to the project of remembering the past and creating an ethical response. The films by Marceline Loridan-Ivens and Robert Thalheim focus on future generations and their ability to relate to the Holocaust in an ethical way that avoids the problems of traumatization and commodification that mark earlier Holocaust film and commercial cinema, respectively.
Portrayals of Christians in Holocaust Movies: Priests in Dachau and Volker Schlöndorff's The Ninth Day
Authors: Bartrop Paul R.
Published: April 2011

This article considers the motion picture The Ninth Day (2004, dir. Volker Schlöndorff), and the manner in which Father Jean Bernard's experience in Dachau has been portrayed in the film. It looks at the experience of one Christian (or rather, one group of Christians, the Catholic priests at Dachau) against the backdrop of a Nazi concentration camp that has become symbolic of the Nazi period and the Holocaust it spawned. By examining the singular experience of this Catholic priest in Dachau, we can begin to arrive at newer appreciations of how historical memory of a shared Christian and Jewish past can be understood by current and future generations.
Breaking the Post-War Goose-Step: Three Films by Michael Verhoeven
Authors: Paehler Katrin
Published: April 2011

This article evaluates three movies by Michael Verhoeven— The White Rose (1981), The Nasty Girl (1990), and My Mother's Courage (1995)—as an accidental but coherent trilogy. Focusing on their narratives, cinematic styles, and historical contexts, it argues that these movies represent German society and German ambiguities towards its memory of the past more perceptively than is commonly acknowledged. The trilogy reflects the cultural shifts in German society over the last thirty years in a unique way while simultaneously, albeit with differing success, attempting to engender these shifts. Thus, Verhoeven's movies pushed the proverbial envelope and challenged German audiences to question the comfortable consensus which attempted to "draw a line under the past."
Without Impediment: Crossing Racial Boundaries in Colonial Mexico
Authors: Frederick Jake
Published: April 2011

On April 18, 1773, in the town of Teziutlán in the eastern mountains of Mexico, Captain don Raphael Padres participated in the baptism of his godson in the local church. He stood watching as Father Francisco Flandes leaned over the baptismal font to daub oil on the head of Joseph Philipe. As the priest performed the sacrament, reciting the script of baptism, the boy's parents, don Cristóbal Hernández and doña Isabel Pérez, followed along. After anointing the child, Father Flandes turned to the militia captain to inform him of his responsibilities as godfather, explaining the spiritual kinship that Padres now had with the boy. After the rite was completed, the priest recorded his actions in the church's book of baptisms. He noted the boy's age and that he had been legitimately born the previous day. He also listed the names of the boy, his parents, the godfather, and the godfather's wife, doña Josepha Fernández. The priest also pointed out that all the adults were españoles (of pure Spanish ancestry).
Disorder, Wild Cattle, and a New Role for the Missions: The Banda Oriental, 1776–1786
Authors: Sarreal Julia
Published: April 2011

Upon assuming office in 1784, Viceroy Nicolás del Campo, Marqués de Loreto, observed that ruin threatened the Guaraní missions in the viceroyalty of Río de la Plata. Scholars concur that after the Jesuit expulsion in 1768, the missions fell into disrepair and lost their important role in regional affairs. This change marked a significant shift. Until the late eighteenth century, the Guaraní missions attracted the largest indigenous population of all of Spain's Catholic missions and served an important economic and political role in the Río de la Plata region. During the last third of the century, the Guaraní missions declined as a result of Crown reforms that spurred transatlantic trade and reshaped the missions. Expenses far surpassed revenues, buildings and infrastructure deteriorated, distributions of material goods to the Indians decreased, and fewer Guaraní inhabited the missions.
Immune Complexome Analysis of Serum and Its Application in Screening for Immune Complex Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Ohyama Kaname , Ueki Yukitaka , Kawakami Atsushi , Kishikawa Naoya , Tamai Mami , Osaki Makoto , Kamihira Shimeru , Nakashima Kenichiro , Kuroda Naotaka
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND

Analysis of circulating immune complexes (CICs) produced during an immune response may be useful in elucidating some aspects of this process. Identification of antigens incorporated into CICs provides information that may be helpful in developing diagnostic and treatment strategies for autoimmune diseases, infection, cancer, and transplantation therapy, and such information might be more relevant than information on free antigens. Because CICs may contain many antigens, comprehensive identification and profiling of such antigens is more effective than immunoblotting detection.

METHODS

We developed a novel proteomic strategy (immune complexome analysis) in which immune complexes (ICs) are separated from serum, digested directly with trypsin, and then subjected to nano-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for identifying and profiling antigens in CICs. We applied this strategy to the analysis of CICs in 21 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Serum samples from 13 healthy donors and 8 osteoarthritis patients were used as controls.

RESULTS

CICs containing thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) were found in the serum of 81% and 52% of RA patients, respectively, and in none of the controls.

CONCLUSIONS

The ICs in the serum of a majority of the RA patients contained TSP-1 or PF4, and these ICs may have potential as alternative biomarkers. Our technique for immune complexome analysis uses routine clinical samples, simple protocols, and widely available equipment. This method may be generally applicable to the study of the relationship between CICs and certain diseases associated with the immune response in animals and humans.
Die Freiheit der Mittelfeldabfolge im Deutschen. Ein modernes Phänomen
Authors: Speyer Augustin
Published: April 2011

Modern German is a language with relatively ›free‹ word order, i. e.: the serialization of constituents is dependent not only on syntactic requirements, but determined also by information structural or cognitive factors. As the same is true for Proto-Indoeuropean, it is tempting to assume that German perpetuates the PIE word order freedom. A corpus study of the relative order of accusative and dative object, using several Early New High German texts from the time between 1350 and 1550, stemming from 4 different dialect areas, shows that this assumption is wrong: German underwent a period of strictly syntactically governed constituent order (dative object before accusative object) which began before the Old High German period and lasted into the 16th century. Information structural or cognitive factors do not play a role for serializastion in this period. The relative position of the objects must be separated from the question of ›scrambling‹ in the sense that material is moved to the left of the subject, as we find examples of constituent order dative object before subject early on.
Überlegungen zu einer Neuausgabe des ›Wartburgkriegs‹. Mit Editionsproben zum Rätselstreit
Authors: Wachinger Burghart
Published: April 2011

A new edition of ›Wartburgkrieg‹ being prepared under the direction of Beate Kellner and Peter Strohschneider strictly concentrates on the texts of single manuscripts. The following study outlines the plan of a different edition, an edition that tries to show for each of the poems the complete manuscript tradition combining synoptic print with apparatus criticus, calling special attention to the most meaningful text by typographical means and, whereever necessary, cautiously going back behind the leading manuscript not necessarily to an original, but at least to a more meaningful text. For the ›Rätselspiel‹, the most complicated part of ›Wartburgkrieg‹, the study goes into more details and presents samples of an edition with commentary.
Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression in leukocytes and their association with polymorphisms and bone markers in diabetic individuals treated with pioglitazone
Authors: Himelfarb Silvia T. , Silva Fernanda A. , Arazi Simone S. , Farjado Cristina M. , Garofalo Adriana , Bertolami Marcelo C. , Bertolami Adriana , Faludi Andre , Sampaio Marcelo F. , Rezende Adriana A. , Hirata Rosario D.C. , Hirata Mario H.
Published: April 2011

Background: Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activator used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (DM2) patients and it has been suggested that can induce bone loss. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression in blood leukocytes and the relationship with polymorphisms and bone markers in DM2 treated with pioglitazone were investigated.

Methods: DM2 (n=53) and normoglycemic (NG, n=52) individuals were included. DM2 patients were treated with pioglitazone (45 mg/day/16 weeks). mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TNFA -308G>A and IL6 -174G>C polymorphisms were detected by PCR-RFLP and high resolution melting polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR).

Results: Pioglitazone reduced bone specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP) and increased TNFα in DM2 group (p<0.001). DM2 or pioglitazone did not influence TNFα and IL-6 expression (p>0.05). TNFA -308A allele was associated with reduced basal TNFα mRNA levels in NG and DM2 and reduced alkaline phosphatase (tALP) after treatment (p<0.05). IL6 -174C allele was associated with decreased oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-2 h in DM2 individuals (p<0.05).

Conclusions:
TNFA -308G >A polymorphism appear to be involved in regulation of gene expression independently of hyperglycemia and its interaction with pioglitazone may modify tALP, a important bone marker. IL6 -174G>C variant is related with reduced risk of postprandial hyperglycemia but not with mRNA expression or bone markers.
The cholinergic system in rat testis is of non-neuronal origin
Authors: Schirmer S U , Eckhardt I , Lau H , Klein J , DeGraaf Y C , Lips K S , Pineau C , Gibbins I L , Kummer W , Meinhardt A , Haberberger R V
Published: April 2011

The cholinergic system consists of acetylcholine (ACh), its synthesising enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (CHAT), transporters such as the high-affinity choline transporter (SLC5A7; also known as ChT1), vesicular ACh transporter (SLC18A3; also known as VAChT), organic cation transporters (SLC22s; also known as OCTs), the nicotinic ACh receptors (CHRN; also known as nAChR) and muscarinic ACh receptors. The cholinergic system is not restricted to neurons but plays an important role in the structure and function of non-neuronal tissues such as epithelia and the immune system. Using molecular and immunohistochemical techniques, we show in this study that non-neuronal cells in the parenchyma of rat testis express mRNAs forChat,Slc18a3,Slc5a7andSlc22a2as well as for the CHRN subunits in locations completely lacking any form of innervation, as demonstrated by the absence of protein gene product 9.5 labelling. We found differentially expressed mRNAs for eight α and three β subunits of CHRN in testis. Expression of the α7-subunit of CHRN was widespread in spermatogonia, spermatocytes within seminiferous tubules as well as within Sertoli cells. Spermatogonia and spermatocytes also expressed the α4-subunit of CHRN. The presence of ACh in testicular parenchyma (TP), capsule and isolated germ cells could be demonstrated by HPLC. Taken together, our results reveal the presence of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in rat TP suggesting a potentially important role for non-neuronal ACh and its receptors in germ cell differentiation.
Long-term Subcutaneous Protein C Replacement in Neonatal Severe Protein C Deficiency
Authors: de Kort Ellen H. M. , Vrancken Sabine L. A. G. , van Heijst Arno F. J. , Binkhorst Mathijs , Cuppen Marcel P. J. M. , Brons Paul P. T.
Published: April 2011

We describe here the case of a boy who presented 2 days after birth with purpura fulminans on his feet and scalp. Laboratory investigations revealed signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation. An underlying coagulation disorder was suspected, and therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, fresh-frozen plasma, and unfractionated heparin was started. On the basis of plasma protein C activity and antigen levels of 0.02 and 0.03 IU/mL, respectively, after administration of fresh-frozen plasma, a diagnosis of severe protein C deficiency was established, and therapy with intravenous protein C concentrate (Ceprotin [Baxter, Deerfield, IL]) was started. Because of difficulties with venous access, we switched to subcutaneous administration after 6 weeks. The precise dosing schedule for subcutaneously administered protein C concentrate is unknown. In the literature, a trough level of protein C activity at >0.25 IU/mL is recommended to prevent recurrent thrombosis. During 1 year of follow-up our patient frequently had protein C activity levels at <0.25 IU/mL. Clinically, however, there was no recurrent thrombosis, and we kept the dosage unchanged. This report highlights 2 important points: (1) subcutaneously administered protein C concentrate is effective in treating severe protein C deficiency; and (2) in accordance with previous studies, after the acute phase trough levels of protein C activity at >0.25 IU/mL may not be necessary to prevent recurrent thrombosis. However, further research on the dosing, efficacy, and safety of protein C concentrate for prophylaxis and treatment of severe protein C deficiency is needed.
Vitamin D Status in Abused and Nonabused Children Younger Than 2 Years Old With Fractures
Authors: Schilling Samantha , Wood Joanne N. , Levine Michael A. , Langdon David , Christian Cindy W.
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To examine vitamin D levels in children with (1) suspected abusive and accidental fractures, (2) single and multiple fractures, and (3) fracture types highly associated with inflicted trauma.

DESIGN AND METHODS:

A study of children younger than 2 years of age with fractures admitted to a large children's hospital was performed. Bivariate analysis and test for trend were performed to test for the association of vitamin D status and biochemical markers of bone health with the primary outcomes of fracture etiology, number, and type.

RESULTS:

Of 118 subjects in the study, 8% had deficient vitamin D levels (<20 ng/mL; <50 nmol/L), 31% were insufficient (≥20 < 30 ng/mL; ≥50 < 78 nmol/L), and 61% were sufficient (≥30 ng/mL; ≥78 nmol/L). Lower vitamin D levels were associated with higher incidences of hypocalcemia (P = .002) and elevated alkaline phosphatase (P = .05) but not hypophosphatemia (P = .30). The majority of children sustained accidental fractures (60%); 31% were nonaccidental and 9% were indeterminate. There was no association between vitamin D levels and any of the following outcomes: child abuse diagnosis (P = .32), multiple fractures (P = .24), rib fractures (P = .16), or metaphyseal fractures (P = .49).

CONCLUSIONS:

Vitamin D insufficiency was common in young children with fractures but was not more common than in previously studied healthy children. Vitamin D insufficiency was not associated with multiple fractures or diagnosis of child abuse. Nonaccidental trauma remains the most common cause of multiple fractures in young children.
Educational Effectiveness of an HIV Pretest Video for Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Calderon Yvette , Cowan Ethan , Nickerson Jillian , Mathew Sheba , Fettig Jade , Rosenberg Michael , Brusalis Christopher , Chou Katherine , Leider Jason , Bauman Laurie
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE:

The goal of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a youth-friendly HIV video with in-person counseling in conveying HIV knowledge and obtaining consent for HIV testing among adolescent patients of an urban emergency department.

METHODS:

A 2-armed, randomized controlled trial was conducted on a convenience sample of 200 stable, sexually active people aged 15 to 21 years in an urban emergency department. Participants in both the in-person counseling group and the video intervention group completed preintervention and postintervention HIV knowledge measures. HIV knowledge was the primary outcome measure, and consent for HIV testing was the secondary outcome. Characteristics associated with voluntary HIV testing were identified.

RESULTS:

Of 333 eligible people, 200 agreed to participate. There was no difference in preintervention HIV knowledge scores between groups. Mean postintervention knowledge scores differed significantly between the video (78.5% correct) and the counselor (66.3% correct) (P < 0.01) groups. Overall, 51% of the video group accepted HIV testing compared with 22% in the control group (P < .01). Watching the video (OR: 3.6 [95% CI: 1.8–7.2]), being female (OR: 2.1 [95% CI: 1.0–4.2]), engaging in oral sex (OR: 2.8 [95% CI: 1.4–5.9]), and being older than 18 years (OR: 3.8 [95% CI: 1.8–7.8]) were all positively associated with testing.

CONCLUSIONS:

A youth-friendly HIV educational video improved adolescents' HIV knowledge and increased their participation in HIV testing more than in-person counseling. video-based HIV counseling can perform as well or better than in-person counseling for adolescents in the ED.
Reference Values for Amplitude-Integrated EEGs in Infants From Preterm to 3.5 Months of Age
Authors: Zhang Dandan , Liu Yunfeng , Hou Xinlin , Zhou Congle , Luo Yuejia , Ye Datian , Ding Haiyan
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVES:

Amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) is a valuable tool for the continuous evaluation of functional brain maturation in infants. The amplitudes of the upper and lower margins of aEEGs are postulated to change with maturation and correlate with postmenstrual age (PMA). In this study we aimed to establish reliable reference values of aEEG amplitudes, which provide quantitative guidelines for assessing brain maturation as indicated by aEEG results in neonates and young infants.

METHODS:

aEEGs from healthy infants (n = 274) with PMAs that ranged from 30 to 55 weeks were divided into 10 groups according to their PMAs. Two 5-minute segments were selected from each aEEG and were used to automatically calculate the upper and lower margins and bandwidths of the aEEG tracings.

RESULTS:

Interobserver agreement was achieved with an overall correlation of 0.99. The upper and lower margins of the aEEGs in both active and quiet sleep clearly rose in infants after the neonatal period. The bandwidth defined as the graphic distance decreased almost monotonically throughout the PMA range from 30 to 55 weeks. The lower margin of the aEEG was positively correlated with PMA, with a larger rank correlation coefficient during quiet sleep (r = 0.89) than during active sleep (r = 0.49).

CONCLUSIONS:

Reference values of aEEG amplitudes were obtained for infants with a wide range of PMAs and constituted the basis for the quantitative assessment of aEEG changes with maturation in neonates and young infants. The normative amplitudes of aEEG margins, especially of the lower margin in quiet sleep, are recommended as a source of reference data for the identification of potentially abnormal aEEG results.
Maternal Periodontitis Treatment and Child Neurodevelopment at 24 to 28 Months of Age
Authors: Michalowicz Bryan S. , Hodges James S. , Lussky Richard C. , Bada Henrietta , Rawson Twila , Buttross L. Susan , Chiriboga Claudia , DiAngelis Anthony J. , Novak M. John , Buchanan William , Mitchell Dennis A. , Papapanou Panos N.
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND:

Some maternal infections are associated with impaired infant cognitive and motor performance. Periodontitis results in frequent bacteremia and elevated serum inflammatory mediators.

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to determine if periodontitis treatment in pregnant women affects infant cognitive, motor, or language development.

METHODS:

Children born to women who had participated in a previous trial were assessed between 24 and 28 months of age by using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Third Edition) and the Preschool Language Scale (Fourth Edition). Information about the pregnancy, neonatal period, and home environment was obtained through chart abstractions, laboratory test results, and questionnaires. We compared infants born to women treated for periodontitis before 21 weeks' gestation (treatment group) or after delivery (controls). In unadjusted and adjusted analyses, associations between change in maternal periodontal condition during pregnancy and neurodevelopment scores were tested by using Student's t tests and linear regression.

RESULTS:

A total of 411 of 791 eligible mother/caregiver-child pairs participated. Thirty-seven participating children (9.0%) were born at <37 weeks' gestation. Infants in the treatment and control groups did not differ significantly for adjusted mean cognitive (90.7 vs 91.4), motor (96.8 vs 97.2), or language (92.2 vs 92.1) scores (all P > .5). Results were similar in adjusted analyses. Children of women who experienced greater improvements in periodontal health had significantly higher motor and cognitive scores (P = .01 and .02, respectively), although the effect was small (∼1-point increase for each SD increase in the periodontal measure).

CONCLUSION:

Nonsurgical periodontitis treatment in pregnant women was not associated with cognitive, motor, or language development in these study children.
Possible evidence of male dispersal in common woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha)
Authors: Maldonado Angela , Botero Sergio
Published: April 2011

No abstract
Field observation of predation of a slate-colored hawk, Leucopternis schistacea, on a juvenile saddle-back tamarin, Saguinus fuscicollis
Authors: Lledo-Ferrer Y. , Hidalgo A. , Heymann E. W. , Peláez F.
Published: April 2011

No abstract
Contribuição à distribuição do gênero Mico, (Callitrichidae, Primates) no médio Teles Pires, Jacareacanga, Pará
Authors: Fialho Marcos Souza
Published: April 2011

No abstract
An incident of swimming in a large river by a mantled howling monkey (Alouatta palliata) on the north coast of Honduras
Authors: Gonzalez-Socoloske Daniel , Snarr Kymberley Anne
Published: April 2011

No abstract
Plant feeding patches: patterns of use by associating Callimico goeldii, Saguinus labiatus, and S. fuscicollis
Authors: Rehg Jennifer Alexis
Published: April 2011

No abstract
Extensión de rango de distribución del mono lucachi Callicebus aureipalatii (Pitheciidae) para el Departamento de La Paz, Bolivia
Authors: Martínez Omar
Published: April 2011

No abstract
On advantage of seeing text and hearing speech
Authors: Zivanovic Jelena , Filipovic-Djurdjevic Dusica
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of congruence between the
sensory modality through which a concept can be experienced and the modality
through which the word denoting that concept is perceived during word
recognition. Words denoting concepts that can be experienced visually (e.g.
?color?) and words denoting concepts that can be experienced auditorily (e.g.
?noise?) were presented both visually and auditorily. We observed shorter
processing latencies when there was a match between the modality through
which a concept could be experienced and the modality through which a word
denoting that concept was presented. In visual lexical decision task, ?color?
was recognized faster than ?noise?, whereas in auditory lexical decision
task, ?noise? was recognized faster than ?color?. The obtained pattern of
results can not be accounted for by exclusive amodal theories, whereas it can
be easily integrated in theories based on perceptual representations.

 This article has been corrected. Link to the correction 10.2298/PSI1602211E
The so-called "Athonite" type of church and two Shrines of the Theotokos in Constantinople
Authors: Tantsis Anastasios
Published: April 2011

The textual descriptions of alterations carried in the two most important
Theotokos? churches in Constantinople, the Blachernae and the Theotokos in
Chalkoprateia, focus on the addition of lateral apses to the buildings. This
type is very likely the source of influence and also the basis for the
transference of the concept of lateral apses in Athonite katholika.
The dialogue of the iconoclasts with the iconophiles
Authors: Puric Jovan,
Published: April 2011

The study represents an analytical review of iconoclasm, a Christological
heresy that appeared in Byzantium and lasted for two centuries. After the
first section The possibilities of expressing Jesus Christ and the holy
servants of God by means of icons, which describes the historical and
theological background of the said problem, explanations are given of the
kinds of "icons" and the different dimensions of the notion of an "icon" -
the natural and hand-made icon, and subsequently, of the relationship of the
image and the original, along with the dogmatic foundation of all hypotheses
and claims. This two-part study, in addition to using the relevant sources,
explains the relationship of the iconoclasts and the iconophiles, at that
time in Byzantium and throughout history, right up to the present day
The evaluation of old Serbian art during the formation of Serbian art history
Authors: Dragojevic Predrag
Published: April 2011

The paper sheds light on the development of the theoretical and
methodological layer in Serbian texts about the art created during the
nineteenth century and recognises the gradual change in the system of
values, which was the precondition for the interpretation of medieval art.
Using Online Surveys in Vietnam
Authors: Vu Phuong H. , Hoffman Jonas
Published: April 2011

Although online surveys have become an important quantitative research method throughout the world, thanks to their relative low cost and high speed, their application in marketing research in emerging countries is still limited due to infrastructure and sociocultural barriers. This exploratory study assesses the potential for the deployment and use in the South-East Asian emerging country of Vietnam. Results suggest that the potential use of online surveys for marketing research in Vietnam is at the moment limited to companies, and to young and high-income social classes. All things being equal, the conditions necessary for online surveys to be successfully used in a country such as Vietnam are still five to seven years in the future. The paper discusses the difficulties in applying this survey method, and gives recommendations on how to adapt the online surveys method for use in present-day Vietnam.
Canine distemper in Siberian tiger cubs from Zagreb ZOO: case report
Authors: Konjević Dean , Sabočanec Ruža , Grabarević Željko , Zurbriggen Andreas , Bata Ingeborg , Beck Ana , Kurilj Andrea Gudan , Cvitković Denis
Published: April 2011

Canine distemper is a contagious, potentially lethal disease of mainly domestic and wild canids, but also of many other mammalian species including large felids. In February 2004, two Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) cubs at the age of six months died at the Zagreb ZOO. The animals were presented for necropsy with two days history of severe digestive disorders, characterized mainly by haemathemesis. Dissections revealed catarrhal to pseudomembranous gastroenteritis (depending on the animal) accompanied with haemorrhagic oedema of the lungs. Necrotic tonsillitis and disseminated depletion of the lymphocytes were the most prominent histological findings in both examined animals, while intranuclear and intracytoplasmatic inclusion bodies were found in the samples of the tongues and intestines. Representative portions of the livers, intestines, tonsils and lymph nodes were submitted for bacteriological and mycological analysis. The presence ofClostridiumspp.,Campylobacter coliandEscherichia coliwas detected in gut samples, coli-like bacteria were found in samples of liver, tonsils and lymph nodes, whileCandidasp. was found in the gut and pharynx samples. Toxicological analysis excluded anticoagulant and organophosphorous intoxication as the cause of death. Immunohistochemical analysis was positive for canine distemper virus. Based on all this, epizootiological, clinical and additional findings, canine distemper was recognized as the cause of the observed condition in these animals.
Phosphorylation of histone H2AX as an indicator of received dose of gamma radiation after whole-body irradiation of rats
Authors: Havelek Radim , Řezáčová Martina , Šinkorová Zuzana , Zárybnická Lenka , Tichý Aleš , Vávrová Jiřina
Published: April 2011

The aim of our study was to determine whether phosphorylation of histone H2AX can be used as an indicator of received dose of gamma radiation after whole-body irradiation of rats. Wistar rats were irradiated by 1-10 Gy of gamma radiation by60Co source. Value LD50/60 was 7.37 (4.68-8.05) Gy. Histone H2AX is phosphorylated by ATM kinase on serine 139 (γH2AX) quickly after the irradiation. It forms microscopically visible foci in the site of double strand breaks of DNA. Flow-cytometric method was used for quantitative detection. This study is the first one that evaluated dose-dependency of H2AX phosphorylation in peripheral lymphocytes of rats irradiated by whole-body dose 1-10 Gy. Our data show a dose-dependent increase in γH2AX in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes 1 h after whole-body irradiation by the dose of 1-10 Gy. We proved that phosphorylation of histone H2AX is a prompt and reliable indicator of the received radiation dose suitable for rapid measurement before the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood starts to decrease. It can be used already 1 h after the irradiation for an estimation of the received dose of radiation. Blood samples can be stored in 4 °C for 23 h without significantly affecting the result.
Planning a system of permanent sample plots for integrated long-term studies of community-based forest management
Authors: Meilby H , Puri L , Christensen M , Rayamajhi S
Published: April 2011

To monitor the development of four community-managed forests, networks of permanent sample plots were established in 2005 at sites in Chitwan, Kaski and Mustang Districts, Nepal. This research note documents the procedures used when preparing for establishment of the plot networks, evaluates the applied stratification of the forest on the basis of data gathered in pilot surveys conducted in the early 2005, and provides a discussion on the implications of the choices made.

Key words: Community-managed forests; permanent sample plots; stratification; allocation; estimates

Banko Janakari Vol.16(2) 2006 pp.3-11
Agroforestry practices in leasehold forests in Tanahun, a Mid-hill district of Western Nepal
Authors: Shakya R , Baral SK , Basukala R , Khanal S
Published: April 2011

(Author of this paper, S Khanal was omitted in error - added on 29-3-2010)Leasehold forestry in Nepal has sought to address both poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. The major agroforestry practices observed in the leasehold forests were silvopasture, hortisilviculture and Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP) cultivation. The most prominent problem to the users in adopting agroforestry practices was the lack of technical information. Some successful insights observed suggest that agroforestry has a notable potential to address dual objectives of poverty alleviation and conservation. The need to evolve sustainable mechanism for promoting agrofrorestry in degraded lands through the dissemination of useful traditional knowledge, innovative practices and improved technologies was identified. Key words: Leasehold forest; agroforestry; silvopasture; hortisilviculture; NTFP Banko Janakari Vol.16(2) 2006 pp.45-49
Vegetation restoration and root morphological features of colonized plants observed at a landscape scar, Matatirtha, Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Devkota Bimala Devi , Omura H , Kubota T , Paudel P , Acharya KP
Published: April 2011

In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the vegetation recovery state and morphological features of some colonized plants observed in a four years old landslide scar occurred at Matatirtha, Kathmandu, Nepal. The morphological characteristics of plants like root features, root/shoot ratio, pullout resistive force for individual grass species are investigated. The pullout resistive forces of colonized plants were ranged in between 22-99 Newton. It was revealed that about 30-80% of landslide scare area was covered by naturally grown herbaceous and tree species during four years. The Important Value Index (IVI) of an individual plant was identified to know the relative dominance. The pullout resistive force was influenced by morphological parameters such as shoot height, diameter, length and numbers of roots.

Key words: Vegetation recovery; landslide; pullout resistive force; plant morphology

Banko Janakari Vol.16(2) 2006 pp.71-78
Editorial Notes Vol.4 2010
Authors: Editors The
Published: April 2011

DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4509Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010
Problems of Participation and Issues of Sustainability in the Public Irrigation System in the Context of Management Transfer: Some Sociological Observations from Eastern Terai, Nepal
Authors: Uprety Laya Prasad
Published: April 2011

It has been ascertained that participatory processes did not involve learning component from both agency and water users’ association for institutional and technical sustainability. The overall process of participation was superficial. There was a need of participation that underscored the empowerment of WUA with accountability. As Vermillion (2005) shares that empowerment with partnership is an emergent institutional paradigm for the irrigation sector development that places water users in the role of irrigation system governance, and government in the roles of regulator and provider of support services. There is a need to re-train the irrigation staff on the emergent institutional paradigm to empower the water users. For the empowerment with accountability, water users are to be provided enough institutional strengthening. There is the need to promote user-agency relationship positively and develop faith and confidence of the users and agency in the regime of transparency. Social scientists point out potential benefits of building successful local organizations. These benefits, for the local people, are in aspects such as empowerment, confidence-building, forming social capital, and reduction of dependency. Given the fact that participation is a process, it cannot be achieved in a short span of time with little institutional inputs. Sustainability of the management transferred irrigation systems/sub-systems definitely hinges on the broad-based and inclusive participatory processes. Keywords: participation; sustainability; management transfer; social capital and empowerment DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4512 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.41-64
Global and Local Discourses on Climate Change: A Perspective from the Concept of Embeddedness
Authors: Rai Jailab Kumar
Published: April 2011

Climate change has been becoming a major order of business of all including researchers and academics. This is known that global, national and local organizations, institutions and even the individuals are partaking into the issues with their own perspectives and skills of negotiations. Despite the series of international efforts and attempts, there are also a series of national concerns, efforts and attempts in combating against the effects of global climate change. This paper is an attempt to draw on the overview of contexts and concerns of international communities for combating global climate change and its discursive influence in national policy discourses. Moreover, the paper attempts to assess the local socio-cultural discourses and dynamics of climate change in relation to global and national discourses. Finally the paper highlights on how global and local climate change knowledge networks and epistemic communities either from political processes or the socio-economic fabrics are interrelated and determinant to each other. Keywords: climate change; discourses; embeddeness; dynamics; global; local DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4518 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.143-180
Urban Poverty: A Sociological Study of Shankhamul Squatter
Authors: Acharya Bala Ram
Published: April 2011

The paper aims to identify the nature of poverty of squatter of Kathmandu valley in the context of exploring urban poverty. It has conceptualized poverty, urbanization, slum, and squatter. It has explored the social, economic and political background of squatter people. This paper also explores the nature of access of squatter people to basic requirements. It has discussed that squatter is a social formation formed by rural-urban migration of poor people to search options of livelihood. Keywords: Poor; slum area; migration; urbanization; livelihood DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4519 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.179-192
Wives, Husbands and Sharing of Household Works in Indian Villages
Authors: Rajendran K , Raya RP
Published: April 2011

There is a general belief that nowadays men share household works and there is a change from the tradition. The main objective of the paper is to analyse whether husbands shares the household works in rural areas and the study was conducted with 450 respondents in 26 villages in India. The study reports that the findings are not encouraging as projected or anticipated and suggests NGOs NGOs and SHGs should take role in sensitising men to assist in the household works since sharing of household works by men is considered as an indicator of women empowerment. Keywords: Households-sharing; SHGs; NGOs; HDI; GDI DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v4i0.4521 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 2010 pp.211-222
In vitro Regeneration of the Medicinal Herb of Nilgiri shola, Acmella calva L. from Leaf Derived Callus
Authors: Senthilkumar P. , Paulsamy S. , Vijayakumar K. K. , Kalimuthu K.
Published: April 2011

Callus culture was initiated from leaf discs on MS supplemented with BAP, NAA and Kn. The highest frequency (95%) of organogenic callus induction was observed in MS containing BAP at 3.0 mg/l and NAA at 0.3 mg/l. Development of adventitious shoots occurred when the calli were subcultured on MS supplemented with BAP alone at the rate of 3.0 mg/l (80%) and BAP with NAA at the rate of 3.0 and 0.3 mg/l, respectively (95%) and BAP with Kn at the rate of 3.0 and 0.3 mg/l, respectively (70%). The root initiation and the rate of growth were higher in the basal medium containing BAP at 3.0 and 2.5 mg/l. The plantlets were establish successfully in the hardening medium composed by coir pith and soil (1 : 1).Key words: Acmella calva, Leaf derived callus, Nilgiris, IndiaÂ Â Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(2): 109-114, 2007Â DOI: 10.3329/ptcb.v17i2.2566
In vitro Shoot Multiplication of Bupleurum disticho-phyllum Wight - A Native Medicinal Plant of Southern India
Authors: Karuppusamy S. , Pullaiah T.
Published: April 2011

Shoot multiplication of Bupleurum distichophyllum was achieved from the nodal and shoot tip explants of mature plants using MS with different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. Maximum explant response was from axillary shoots and the highest number of shoots per explant was obtained on MS fortified with 1.0 mg/l BAP. The highest degree of axillary shoot proliferation was found to be 74 and 70% for nodal- and shoot tip explants, respectively on the medium containing 1.0 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l NAA. The combination of BAP and GA3 was also found to be effective for both type of explants. The degree of shoot formation was affected by explant types and the exogenous hormonal regime in the medium. The regenerated shoots were successfully rooted on MS supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IBA, after sequential hardening, survival rate was 71%. Key words: Bupleurum distichophyllum, Medicinal plant, Micropropagation, Conservation Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(2): 115-124, 2007 (December) DOI: 10.3329/ptcb.v17i2.2574
Determining Genetic Diversity of Some Jute Varieties and Accessions Using RAPD Markers
Authors: Haque Samiul , Begum Selina , Sarker R.H. , Khan Haseena
Published: April 2011

The genetic diversity of 18 jute genotypes of the two cultivated species Corchorus capsularis L. and C. olitorius L. which include released varieties and collected races, referred to as accessions was evaluated. DNA profiling was generated using sequence independent RAPD markers. A total of 140 scorable loci were observed and a dendrogram was constructed with these markers. The relationship that is portrayed by this clustering also agreed with the available pedigree information on jute. Two major clusters representing the two species were resolved among the genotypes that were examined in the study. This genetic distance information could be useful in breeding programs in order to introduce agronomically important traits such as short field duration, low temperature tolerance, snow white fibre, higher harvest index etc. From the study one C. olitorius and two C. capsularis varieties were found more suitable for their selection as seed parent against different accessions for improvement because of their higher genetic distant relationship within species. However, more extensive molecular data are needed in order to reach a general conclusion about the relationship between jute genotypes.  Key words: Jute, Polymorphism, Genetic diversity, RAPD D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v17i2.3239 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(2): 183-191, 2007 (December)
Re-evaluation of Mature Seed-derived Callusing and Regeneration Potential of Nine Orchardgrass (Dactylis golomerata L.) Cultivars
Authors: Lee Sang-Hoon , Ahsan Nagib , Lee Ki-Won , Lee Dong-Gi , Alam Iftekhar , Kim Kyung-Hee , Park Choong-Hoon , Kim Ki-Yong , Lee Byung-Hyun
Published: April 2011

A suitable callus induction and efficient regeneration protocol for orchardgrass (Dactylis golomerata L.) was developed. It consisted of 3 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/l BA + 1 g/l CH + 300 mg/l L-proline + 40 mg/l L-cysteine + 30 g/l sucrose in MS showed the highest percentage of callus induction. Maltose exhibited better in regeneration than other types of carbon sources. Highest (71%) regeneration was obtained from N6 medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 3 mg/l BA + 1 g/l CH + 300 mg/l L-proline + 40 mg/l L-cysteine + 30 g/l maltose. Among the nine cultivars of orchardgrass (Dactylis golomerata L.), genotypic variation was observed in both callus induction and regeneration. Overall callus induction and regeneration rates were 23 - 73 and 17 - 71%, respectively.  Key words: Dactylis golomerata, Orchardgrass, Mature seeds, Additives, Regeneration, Maltose. D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v17i2.3240 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 17(2): 193-207, 2007 (December)
Avulsion fracture of tibial insertion of PCL - operative management and outcome
Authors: Ali M , Agrawal P , Katakdhond N , Arshadullah M
Published: April 2011

There are controversies about the management of the PCL injuries among the Orthopaedic surgeons. We present our result of 14 cases that underwent surgical management for the avulsion fracture of the tibial insertion of the PCL. Open reduction and internal fixation of the avulsion fracture of the tibial insertion of the PCL were done and results were analyzed.  The study group consisted of 13 males and 1 female; the mean age was 27 years. The avulsion fractures of more than 3 weeks old were excluded. The result showed that there were no instability in any of the patients and each patient obtained pain free, full range of movement for the affected knee within a mean follow-up period of 11 months. Therefore it is recommended to take up surgical management for avulsed PCL if presented within 3 weeks of injury.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pulse.v4i1.6957Pulse Vol.4 January 2010 p.14-15
Fibrosarcoma of the chest wall: A case report
Authors: Kabir SF
Published: April 2011

An 85 year old man presented with a large swelling over the right side of the chest wall of 3 years duration. Patient had no complaints other than a swelling which looked aggressive. On the 1st instance it looked malignant. Histopathology of the specimen confirmed that it is a case of fibrosarcoma. Excision of the tumor done with 2cm healthy margin and the patient was referred to radiotherapist for possible adjuvant therapy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pulse.v4i1.6962Pulse Vol.4 January 2010 p.30-31