bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antagonistic activity of dominant strains of bacteria of spring barley rhizosphere against phytopathogenic micromycetes
Authors:   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kiroiants M.O. , Patyka M.V. ,   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Patyka T.I. ,   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the work. The aim of the study was to conduct research on the manifestation of the dominant representatives of the bacterial biome of the rhizosphere of spring barley antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic micromycetes. Research methods. The standard diffusion method of double culture in Petri dishes was used to study the antagonistic properties of the dominant strains of rhizosphere bacteria. The level of antagonistic activity of microorganisms was assessed by the indicator (%) of inhibition of growth and development of the mycelium of micromycetes Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. 23.2, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. 3.45, Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch. 18.77. Results and scope of their application. Studies have shown that Bacillus methylotrophicus 10 had an inhibitory effect on Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. 23.2 ‒ 77,4%, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. 3.45 – 66,6% and Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch. 18.77 – 86,7%, while the bacteria Phyllobacterium ifriqiyense 1 showed activity against phytopathogens by 45,1%, 63,1% and 65,0%, respectively. Conclusions. Thus, both strains of rhizosphere dominant bacteria have high antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic micromycetes, which gives grounds for their further study.
ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM AND CELLULAR-HUMORAL PARAMETERS IN DRY COWS
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Minnibayev I.R. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Zaripov R.U. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Klenova A.A. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Alimov A.M. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

Studies of the state of the antioxidant system and cellular-humoral parameters in dry cows were carried out. They showed a tendency to develop anemia, a decrease in the respiratory function of the blood and an increase in free radical oxidation, which was expressed in a decrease in the level of ceruloplasmin, an increase in catalase activity, the content of total lipids and malondialdehyde.
TIME LIMITS FOR VETERINARY WORK IN FISH FARMING
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Ananev I.S. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

Building a modern system of veterinary services for fish farms is impossible without evaluat-ing the personnel, rationing the work of veterinary specialists, and scientifically-based planning of their staffing levels. We have developed 45 time standards for veterinary work carried out in the conditions of fish farms, including determining the average weight of undergrown juveniles in the control batch, catching yearlings and two-year-olds from a half-lowered pond with manual loading on transport, conducting diagnostic autopsy of fish, applying bleach in the form of a solution to the pond from the shore, sanitary and preventive treatment with ammonia solution of yearlings and yearlings in antiparasitic baths, etc. They are recommended for use in the calculation of scientifical-ly-based prices when servicing fish farming enterprises by third-party public or private veterinary institutions, as well as when planning the number of veterinary staff on the farms themselves.
CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL BLOOD PARAMETERS IN DOGS OF DWARF BREEDS DURING THE PERIOD OF TOOTH CHANGE
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Morozova D.D. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Krasnikov A.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Michurinsk State Agrarian University", Krasnikova E.S. ,   FSBEI HE "Michurinsk State Agrarian University", Galimzyanov I.G. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Valiullina D.F. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

Diseases of the oral cavity make up a large group among all pathologies. The process of changing teeth is complex and poorly studied. Various changes in the oral cavity are accompanied by changes in blood parameters. We analyzed the clinical and morphological parameters of the blood of dogs of dwarf breeds during the period of tooth change. According to our research, we found that dogs with physiological and untimely tooth changes have differences in clinical and morphological parameters. It was found that during the period of changing teeth in dogs of dwarf breeds with physiological and non-timely change of teeth, clinical, morphological and biochemical blood parameters were included in the reference range. In dogs of dwarf breeds with untimely change of teeth, the hemoglobin level is 7.4 % higher, the hematocrit is 16.2 % higher, and the number of lymphocytes is 17.9 % lower, compared to dogs with a physiological change of teeth.
BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BEES OF THE CENTRAL RUSSIAN BREED OF PEDIGREE TYPE TATAR BALTASINSKY POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN IN BEEHIVES FROM EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Munkov A.N. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Mikhaylova R.I. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

The article provides information regarding the biological features of Central Russian bees and the analysis of the external signs of apiary bees of the Baltasinsky population of the Republic of Tatarstan in beehives from expanded polystyrene.
BLOOD INDICATORS IN TURKEYS INFECTED WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF INVASION
Authors:   Azerbaijan Veterinary Research Institute, Nasibova G.R. , Gasanov A.S. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Andriyanova K.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

The article talks about mono- and mixed invasions and the intensity of parasites in the body of turkeys, causing changes in various forms in blood parameters. Blood tests of naturally infected birds show that although the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in sick birds increased, there was a decrease in leukocytes and an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. And this was more prominently shown in birds infected with mixed two and three helminths, compared with birds infected with monoinvasions.
A CLINICAL CASE OF SEMINAL CARCINOMA IN A GERMAN SHEPHERD MALE
Authors:   OOO ", Perletzkay O.V. ,   VetLife", Konopeltsev I.G. ,   FSBEI HE "Vyatka State Agrotechnological University"
Published: September 2021

The article describes a clinical case of testicular neoplasia – seminal carcinoma in male German shepherd. This neoplasia was found in annually medical checkup of working dogs. An indurated, space-occupying, non-tender mass was found in the ill testicle by touch. An ultrasound investigation of the testicles and prostatic gland was made as differential diagnostics and according to the results provisional diagnosis was made – testicular neoplasia. The dog was successfully operated on, and during the orchiectomy, material was collected for histological examination to make a final diagnosis. Morphological diagnosis: the histology pattern is most consistent with the classical seminal carcinoma with lymphocytic infiltration.
REPRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF BOARS PRODUCED BY DUROC AND HAILIN MAXGRO BREEDS
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Rakhmatov L.A. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Sushentsova M.A. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Asrutdinova R.A. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Yarullina G.M. ,   LLC "TATMIT Agro"
Published: September 2021

Evaluation of the reproductive qualities of Duroc boars (DanBred genetics) and Hailyn Maxgraw of Hermitage Genetics, used as paternal lines in ООО «TATMIT Agro» of the Republic of Tatarstan, showed that higher multiplication, business piglet yield, increased average daily gains in suckling and fattening period can be obtained when using Duroc boars, and better results of insemination, farrowing and the number of weaned sows-when using khryakov Hylin Mcsgraw. It was also found, that three-breed hybrids obtained from the Maxgraw breed, are more resistant to weaning stress and show a high growth rate during the rearing period.
EFFICIENCY OF THE PUBLIC URETHROSTOMIA IN CIRCULAR URETHRAL CANAL OBSTRUCTION IN CATS
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Sergeev M.A. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Shorkina O.I. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

Absolute indications for performing pubic urethrostomy in cats are recurrent stenosis and overgrowth of the urogenital canal fistula after its formation in the perineal region of the excretory system. Pubic urethrostomy, with the removal of the genitourinary canal outside the pelvic cavity in cats, is the best option for surgical treatment with significant traumatic damage and perforation of the genital part of the urethra and soft tissues in the perineum area.
THE INFLUENCE OF "PROTECTED" AMINO ACIDS ON THE AMOUNT OF NITRIC OXIDE (II), REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN THE BODY OF COWS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Sibgatullin I.T. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Gilmutdinov R.Ya. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

Feeding of a cow with protected amino acids is accompanied by the increase of the estrogen and progesterone, a slight decrease in nitric oxide (II) in the blood serum. It is worth noting that the reproductive cycle, fertility, and general condition of the cows of the experimental group improved.
THE INFLUENCE OF NEW BEDDING MATERIAL ON MORPHOBIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF BLOOD OF GOSLINGS OF BROILERS
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Sofronov V.G. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Fayzrakhmanov R.N. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Danilova N.I. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Kuznetsova E.L. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Beloglazova O.A. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Zajcev A.V. ,   LLC "Omega"
Published: September 2021

The harmlessness of the new hygienic bedding material and the effect of broilers on the body have been studied. During the experiment, it was found that the new hygienic litter material, representing waste from the woodworking industry, treated with thermochemical and biotechnological methods, does not have an irritating effect on the skin, does not irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes and allergic reactions in rabbits, but, on the contrary, improves certain morphobiochemical and immunological parameters of the body’s blood are goslings. Ultimately, this was reflected in an increase in red blood cells by 7.04 %, hemoglobin – 5.20 %, total protein – 6.3 %, total calcium – 5.8 %, inorganic phosphorus – 5.1 %, glucose – 5,4 % compared with the control.
INFLUENCE OF IMMUNOMODULATORS ON NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE AND PRODUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE (II) IN THE ORGANISM OF CALVES
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Tukhvatullina L.A. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Karimova R.G. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

The article presents data on the dynamics of bactericidal activity of blood serum against St. aureus and E. coli, and the lysozyme activity of calf blood serum against Micrococcus lisodeicticus, as well as nitrate and nitrite anions when immunomodulators are administered. It has been established that administration of «Fosprenil» increases bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum, whereas, Imunophane increases nonspecific resistance without affecting lysozyme activity. Nitric oxide (II) has been shown to be directly involved in the mechanism of non-specific immunity. At the same time, the stimulation of serum lysozyme activity requires nitric oxide (II) formation in high concentrations (above 50 µmol/l).
ANTISOCIAL DOGS: SOCIALIZATION AND REDUCTION OF THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS FACTORS DURING VETERINARY MANIPULATIONS
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Butova A.A. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

Socialization is the development of new information by the dog, adaptation to the surrounding world. Teaching a dog to get along with its environment is quite a difficult task, especially if we are talking about a neglected animal living in a shelter. The socialization of dogs and the correct behavior of veterinary specialists when receiving such animals is fundamental in adapting to the surrounding world, and an adequate response of animals increases the chances of finding new owners for them. The process of socialization of a dog in human society depends on the frequency of its contacts with a person. It is important that volunteers and volunteers of different ages come to shelters for socialization and communicate with the animal in different conditions for them - in aviaries and on the street. Basically, communication between a dog and a person consists of three links: vocal communication, body signals, and ritual behavior. The socialization of dogs living in shelters has a complex structure and consists of several stages. The most important and simple thing that a person can offer a dog is to get used to the hands, learn how to wear a collar and walk on a leash. Veterinary specialists should be vigilant and careful when working with asocial animals. Compliance with a number of rules and taking into account the conditions of their detention and mental state will help to effectively carry out all the necessary manipulations, without harming the specialist, assistants and the animal.
VASCULARIZATION OF THE HEART IN THE AMERICAN MINK
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Tyaglova I.Yu. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Sitdikov R.I. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Karimova A.Z. ,   Kazan Cooperative Institute (branch) ANOO VO Tsentrosoyuz of the Russian Federation "Russian University of Cooperation"
Published: September 2021

The heart of the American mink is oval in shape, it receives blood supply from the coronal right (d=2 mm) and left arteries (d=1 mm) coming from the ascending part of the aortic arch. The cranial border of the heart is located at the level of 6-7 ribs, and its tip is directed to the left, lies in the region of 8-10 intercostal space. By the nature of the branching of the coronary arteries, the heart of the mink has a left-ventricular type of vascularization, since the left coronary artery feeds most of the organ with blood.
THE CREATION AND USE OF BREEDING ACHIEVEMENT IS A TATAR BREED OF HORSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Khaertdinov R.A. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Kamaldinov I.N. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Zakirova G.M. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

The Tatar breed of horses is a historical heritage of the Tatar nation, its national pride, so the revival of the Tatar breed is of great importance for the entire Tatar people and is the national policy of the Republic of Tatarstan. Breeding Tatar horses has a great future and high demand of the population.
BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF PROTEINS OF MILK OF SIMMENTAL COWS PRODUCED UNDER CONDITIONS OF INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY
Authors:   Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I ", Khromova L.G. , Bailova N.V. ,   Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I ", Sychev A.I. ,   Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I "
Published: September 2021

Taking into account modern requirements, the biological value of the protein component of the Simmental breed Krov milk produced under intensive technology has been studied. The amino acid composition of milk proteins was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. To analyze the biological value of proteins, calculated indicators were used: the amino acid index and the amino acid number (skor) of essential amino acids, taking into account the true digestibility of each of them. As a result of the research, all the essential and interchangeable amino acids and a fairly high concentration of many of them were identified. Among the essential amino acids, the largest amount in the milk samples contained phenylalanine+tyrosine, leucine, lysine, valine, and the smallest-tryptophan, methionine+cysteine. In the aggregate of interchangeable amino acids, the highest saturation was noted for glutamic acid+glutamine, arginine, proline, and the lowest-glycine, alanine. The predominance of interchangeable amino acids was noted in the protein component, which caused a low amino acid index (0.61). The amount of assimilated essential amino acids was higher relative to the reference protein. However, the amino acid score had a wide oscillation amplitude: from 149.6 % for the amino acids phenylalanine + tyrosine to 61.2 and 87.8 %, respectively, for tryptophan and methionine+cysteine, which indicated their imbalance. The essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine+cysteine were limiting, since their amino acid number (skor) is below 100 %.
VETERINARYSANITARYEXAMINATIONOFRABBITMEATWHENUSINGYANTOVETINTHEDIET
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Yakupova L.F. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Arkhipova S.P. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Gracheva O.A. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

The introduction of «Yantovet» into the diet of rabbits at a dose of 0.33 ml per 1 kg of live weight does not adversely affect the organoleptic, physicochemical and bacterioscopic parameters of rabbit meat. Rabbit products, when used in the Yantovet diet, can be used for food without restrictions, since they fully meet the requirements for high-quality meat obtained from healthy animals. The test agent is recommended for use in drinking water.
INFLUENCE OF SELENIUM-CONTAINING PREPARATIONS ON COW'S MILK WITH INCREASED TECHNOGENIC LOAD ON AGROSYSTEMS
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Volkov R.А. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Portnov D.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Larina Yu.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

Feeding experimental animals with supplements containing selenium in various forms and doses did not have a significant effect on milk productivity and the qualitative composition of milk. However, when using «Sel-Plex», there is a tendency to increase the average daily milk yield in terms of basic fat content by 0.9-4.4 % and an increase in the protein content in milk by 1.2-2.3 % compared to control.
MILK PRODUCTIVITY AND MILK QUALITY OF TATARSTAN-TYPE COWS WITH DIFFERENT GENOTYPES ACCORDING TO THE LOCI FOR PROLACTIN AND SOMATOTROPIN GENES
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Gilemhanov I.Yu. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Zagidullin L.R. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Ahmetov T.M. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Tyulkin S.V. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Agrarian University", Gilmanov Kh.Kh. ,   FGBNU "FNTS Food Systems named after V.M. Gorbatov "RAS, Vafin R.R. ,   FGBNU "FNTS Food Systems named after V.M. Gorbatov "RAS, Shaydullin R.R. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Agrarian University"
Published: September 2021

As numerous studies of scientists show, the genotype for prolactin (PRL) and somatotropin (GH) genes of cows affects the milk productivity and the quality of their milk. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to study the milk productivity and qualitative composition of milk in Tatarstan-type cows with different genotypes of prolactin and somatotropin in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. The analysis of the milk productivity of the first heifers of the Tatarstan type with different genotypes according to the loci of the prolactin and somatotropin genes showed that the highest indicators for milk yield, the amount of milk fat and protein had the genotypes PRL/AA, GH/LL and GH/LV compared with analogues of other genotypes.
PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE ORGANS OF A CAT WITH ADENOCARCINOMA
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Zalyalov I.N. ,   Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Bulatova E.N. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman ", Konstantinova I.S. ,   FSBEI HE "Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman "
Published: September 2021

Oncological diseases of unproductive animals are becoming increasingly common in veterinary practice, especially in large cities. The basis of tumor growth is the unlimited uncontrolled reproduction of cells by the body, which leads to a complex of structural and functional disorders. Despite the significant achievements of modern veterinary medicine in the field of diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors in animals, the issues of histological and cytological diagnosis of the forms of manifestation of this pathology remain problematic. Long-term statistical data show that there is a tendency to increase the incidence of oncological pathology in domestic carnivores, especially in the malignant form.
Current development trends in global financial architecture: fintech, digital technologies and cryptocurrencies
Authors: Andrianov Vladimir
Published: September 2021

The article discusses the main trends in the transformation of the global financial infrastructure. Structural changes in the global banking system, the emergence of cryptocurrencies,  crypto banks, and the development of fintech and digital technologies are analyzed.
State support for startups
Authors: Kuzenkova Victoria
Published: September 2021

The authors maintain that low sustainability level of startups in Russia has its roots in the lack of financial support from the government.
The hypothesis is put forward that a more developed system of state support could increase the “survival rate” of small innovative companies. Both traditional measures of state financial support for startups and new, more effective ones are noted. The authors come to the conclusion that the present-day government backing of innovative enterprises is inadequate.
The internationalization of the chinese rmb: road to the status of a world currency
Authors: Kondratov Dmitriy
Published: September 2021

The economic successes achieved by the PRC in recent years naturally raised the question of the possibility of converting the national monetary unit (yuan) into an international currency, which would play a significant role in servicing the country's foreign trade and investment relations, and in the turnover of global currency and financial markets. An effective solution to this problem can provide China with a number of long-term geopolitical and economic advantages; in particular, it would significantly increase the competitiveness of the financial system and the inflow of foreign capital into it.
The basic prerequisites for the internationalization of the yuan have already been established: in terms of GDP and exports of goods and services, the PRC is one of the leading countries in the world, with significant foreign exchange assets accumulated, that ensure the stability of the financial system. For the successful promotion of the national currency abroad, there are still some obstacles, in particular, the free convertibility of the yuan has not been introduced and the capacity of the financial market is insufficient, which reduces the interest of foreign investors in the yuan.
The emergence of the Chinese national currency as a full-fledged international currency implies a significant increase in its role in foreign trade operations of the PRC, an increase in the use of yuan financial instruments for placement by non-residents of private savings and official reserves, a further increase in volumes and diversification of conversion operations with the yuan in the domestic and foreign currency markets.
Adolescent suicide: an overview
Authors: BÜLBÜL Selda , KOCAGÖZOĞLU Sevim Gonca , DOĞAN Sevgi
Published: September 2021

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15-19 year-olds globally. Recent years suicidal thoughts and attempts have increased in adolescents. While Turkey is among the countries with a low suicide rate, the last ten-year statistics show that suicide attempts have steadily increased especially among young people. The aim of this review is to determine the factors that cause suicide, the characteristics of suicide and to identify the necessary measures to prevent suicide in the adolescent period.
Investigation of the patients’ perception on dental treatment and their anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic process
Authors: KARAGÖZOĞLU İrem , PARLAR ÖZ Özge
Published: September 2021

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anxiety levels of patients against dental treatment during the pandemic process and to get some information about the level of awareness, perceptions and attitudes of patients applying for dental treatment. Also to determine the relationship between anxiety levels and sociodemographic variables of individuals.

Materials and Methods: 300 patients who applied to the dentistry faculty were included in this study and a questionnaire form was applied to these patients. The survey consist of three parts; in the first part patients' sociodemographic variables were asked, secondly State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-STAI developed by Spielberger was used to measure the level of anxiety and in the last part a questionnaire form about the perceived sensitivity to Covid-19 developed by the authors was applied. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for Windows version 24.0 and a P value < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. The normality of distribution of continuous variables was tested by Shaphiro Wilk test. Mann whitney u test for and Kruskal Wallis test and Dunn multiple comparison tests were for used to compare non-normal data across 2 or more than 2 groups.

Results: A total of 300 patients, 155 men and 145 women, participated in the study. The mean state anxiety score was 43.38 ± 8.34. Significant differences were not found among the independent variables affecting the level of anxiety, age, gender, marital status, education, whether individuals have had Covid-19. When the questions evaluating the patients perception on dental treatment were compared with the anxiety scores, statistically significant differences were found.

Conclusion: Although dentistry has the highest risk of contamination, it has been determined that dentists' care with protective equipment does not have a problem for patients. It has been determined that the anxiety level of the patients is high in places such as dental hospitals where many patients are treated, but they are aware of the preventive measures to be taken against the pandemic process.
Predictors of Quality of Life Among Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: McKinley Lauren E. , Hua Sabrina , Stal Julia , D'Eon Maya S. , Afari Niloofar , Cronan Terry A.
Published: September 2021

Over 3.1 million women living in the U.S. have been diagnosed with breast cancer. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether stage of cancer, psychological distress, cognitive fusion (fusion of one’s thoughts and emotions), mindfulness, and resilience were related to quality of life among breast cancer patients. Participants were 24 women, aged 41-71, diagnosed with stage 0-3 breast cancer, recruited to participate in a pilot intervention study. All data for this study were collected at the baseline assessment. A multiple linear regression analysis explained 79.1% of the total variance in quality of life, F(5, 14) = 15.400, p < .001, Adjusted R2 = .791. Higher resilience significantly predicted higher quality of life (b = 2.392, p = .002), whereas higher stage of cancer (b = -8.068, p = .030) and higher levels of psychological distress (b = -1.737, p < .001) significantly predicted lower quality of life. Contrary to the hypotheses, higher levels of mindfulness significantly predicted lower quality of life (b = -0.612, p = .022). Cognitive fusion did not significantly predict quality of life (p > .05). More research is needed to determine how various factors predict quality of life among breast cancer patients.
On the development of the verb infinitive phrase in Yoruba
Authors: Awoyale Yiwola
Published: September 2021

This paper will concentrate on a type of verb complement structure referred to as the HTS construction in Yoruba, essentially to show four points: a. that it is an older form of the verb-infinitive phrase in Yoruba, out of which the infinitival gerunds, the a-ti complements, and (by a historical change) the serial verbal constructions originate; b. that the HTS construction is different from (and should not be confused with) the infinitival gerunds, since they are demonstrably distinct constructions; the infinitival gerunds which do not have HTS equivalents number in the hundreds, far too many to be exceptions; c. that the HTS constructions show Yoruba to be related to neighboring Kwa languages like Igbo, Itsekiri and Efik. Furthermore, the serial verb constructions will be shown to be far more productive and economical than the HTS constructions, the infinitival gerunds, and the a-ti complements; hence the former's gradual replacement of the latter, probably to suggest a direction of change (from relative complexity to relative simplicity and productivity); and lastly d. that it will become necessary to modify a portion of the orthography of the language to accomodate these new facts.
Discourse strategies in Pulaar the use of focus
Authors: Fagerberg Sonja
Published: September 2021

This paper uses the concept of discourse cohesion as a basis for looking at certain sentence emphasis patterns in Pulaar (Fula). In particular, four patterns of focus are examined, first syntactically and then pragmatically. Focus in Pulaar can be divided according to clefting and pseudo-clefting patterns for subject and non-subject focus. These four patterns are discussed in depth. Then, I suggest that the idea of discourse connectedness provides a model for explaining the choice of a focus pattern in a given environment. Examples of this are drawn from a transcription of the story of Gelaajo Ham Bod'eejo, performed by Mammadu Non Gii se, a griot from northern Senegal.
The synchronic behavior of basic color terms in Tswana and its diachronic implications
Authors: Schaefer Ronald P.
Published: September 2021

The synchronic distributional pattern of potential basic color terms in one dialect of Tswana is examined in a wide range of construction types. From this pattern the non-basic status of the term lephutsi emerges, as well as a constraint requiring the exclusion of animals from the semantic extension of basic terms designating hue. Accepting lephutsi as non-basic, however, leaves a pattern of semantic reference violating a widely assumed universal constraint governing historical stages in the evolution of color names. To resolve this dilemma, a comparative analysis of color term reference in the Sotho languages is undertaken. Based on this analysis, the semantic reference for one basic color term in Tswana is hypothesized to have undergone a historical change, whereby the universal constraints on color naming give way to the constraint governing basic terms for hue.
The Semantics of tense in Kinyarwanda
Authors: Botne Robert D.
Published: September 2021

Tense is one of those verbal categories relatively unexplored in Bantu languages. In this study the author endeavors to differentiate and describe the temporal functions of those verbal prefixes directly or indirectly relevant to the expression of tense in Kinyarwanda. These morphemes are shown to constitute diverse semantic (temporal) systems-labeled vector and segmental-which, when juxtaposed, determine the particular tense of any verbal expression. Of particular significance, the analysis demonstrates that these morphemes do not, in all cases, have a unique, absolute meaning or function, but shift according to the semantic context in which they are used. 1.
Ergativity and the active-stative typology in Loma
Authors: Rude Noel
Published: September 2021

Ergativity would seem to be non-existant or at least quite rare in Africa. This lack, however, may be related to another continent-wide areal phenomenon: there is a paucity of morphological NP case marking according to either ergative or accusative typologies. It is thus possible that other more subtle attributes of the ergative organization of syntax are what should be sought in Africa. For example, in the Mande languages, as also in Celtic, phonological decay has produced a series of word initial consonant alternations. In Celtic these have come to function as part of a nominative-accusative case marking strategy. The situation is quite similar in Mande, but as this paper details for Lorna, the noun case system is ergative-absolute. And, accordingly, the pronoun system has active-stative characteristics.
Vowel harmony and the consonant I in Chumburung
Authors: Snider Keith L.
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a synchronic description of the realization of /l/ in Chumburung, a Kwa language of Ghana. In this description I attempt to demonstrate that the influence of the feature advanced tongue root is not restricted to the vowel harmony system, but also spreads to influence the realization of the consonant /l/. Following from this synchronic description is evidence suggesting that native speakers of Chumburung require more than phonetic information in order to choose the appropriate allophone of /l/.
Ethonyms in Hausa
Authors: Newman Paul
Published: September 2021

Hausa ethnonyms, terms indicating a person's origin, ethnic affiliation, or professional or social position, are formed with a prefix ba-in the singujlar and a suffix -aawaa in the plural. This paper provides a detailed specification of the segmental and tonal characteristics of "these ethnonyms and a comprehensive list of currently acceptable forms. The paper illustrates the semi-productive nature of the construction and the imperfect pairing of forms with ba--/-aawaa. The use of ethnonyms to indicate 'supporters or followers of a person' is documented as well as the overlooked functioning of ethnonyms as adjectival qualifiers. The paper explores the relationship between the suffix and the identical suffix found with names of towns and villages. The major conclusion is that ba- and -aawaa are suppletive derivational markers, the former originally denoting 'person ... ', the latter indicating 'community ... '.
The verb in Akoose
Authors: Hedinger Robert
Published: September 2021

Akoose has a comparatively complex verb morphology for a Bantu language. Underlying forms for the different morphemes making up the verb are proposed, as well as a set of segmental and tonal rules necessary to account for the surface forms. The derivation of certain verb forms is discussed. Verbs have three different forms: and the "dependent non-subject form". The contexts in which these are used are described. This is followed by an overview of the grammatical categories (tense, aspect, mood, negation) present in the verb and the combination of these categories in individual verb forms. Finally, meanings and usages of all verb forms are presented. the "free form", the "dependent subject form",
Les emplois du curseur Koo en Hawsa
Authors: Attouman Mahaman Bachir
Published: September 2021

Nous avons essaye de montrer que les divers emplois de la se ramenent a une seule operation: particule hawsa koo (prefixe a des morphemes d'origine premiere section ou koo interrogative) marque Ie parcours individue qui consiste a passer en revue tous les elements d'un domaine, sans s'arreter sur un seul. Avec Ie parcours avec valuation (deuxieme section) un element mais n'importe lequel constitue la bonne valeur. Mais cette derniere est impossible a determiner, ce qui place toutes les valeurs a un meme niveau d'equipossibilite. Dans Ie cas des interrogatives, deux cas se presentent: (1) les deux valeurs sont formulees dans l'enonce, i.e. elles sont equiponderees; (2) une seule valeur est exprimee, l'une des valeurs est distinguee et/ou preconstruite et est Ie representant de tout Ie domaine sur lequel s'opere Ie par­cours. En fin, dans la quatrieme section, l'emploi de koo permet de parcourir Ie domaine, d'introduire une valeur condiree initialement comme exterieur au domaine et de l'y integrer comme dernier point du parcours.
A multi-tiered approach to Silt'i verb morphology
Authors: Gutt Ernst-August
Published: September 2021

The replacement of the familiar linear phonological representations of the SPE-type by the multi-tiered configurations proposed in autosegmental phonology has enriched the theoretical apparatus available to the linguist and has opened the way for a better understanding of the workings of phonology. One particular strength of this theory is that it predicts the existence of distinct subsystems within a phonological system and offers a principled account of their interactions. Applied to the aspectual inflection of Silt'i verbs, the multi-tiered approach proves its potential by accommodating two distinct subsystems of inflection, viz. CV-pattern inflection and ablaut inflection, in a unified, principled description. From a more , general point of view, this paper sketches one possible way of integrating syllable theory as a distinct subsystem into an autosegmental system of phonology.
Complex verbs in Nupe and Yoruba
Authors: Madugu Isaac S.
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the structural behaviour of various types of complex verbs in Nupe and Yoruba in relation to causative constructions. When such verbs occur in simplex non-agentive causative sentences as well as in agentive non-causative sentences, they freely permit sentence embedding, resulting in biclausal causative structures. But in the case of non-agentive causatives, it is only Yoruba which allows the verbs to be irregularly embedded into causative matrix sentences in such a way that the biclausal causative structure constitutes input to Causative Clause Union, which compresses it into a uniclausal agentive causative sentence. Functionally, Yoruba uniclausal and biclausal agentive causatives are intercharigeable in many cases. On the other hand, only uniclausal agentive causatives are attested in Nupe, as Causative Clause Union has disappeared from its grammar. It is concluded that causative constructions in these languages demonstrate clearly that the CCU rule is motivated by a diachronic process of moving from a pragmatic mode of expression to a syntacticized one, and where a particular target has been hit, the rule ceases to function.
Factitivity presupposition and the relativised predicate in Krio
Authors: Nylander Dudley K.
Published: September 2021

After a brief review of the literature on factivity and presupposition, the paper examines a case of asymmetry in the interpretation of a construction known as the relativised predicate (RP). Whenever the main verb of the sentence with RP is mek (= 'make'), the sentence may be interpreted in two ways, including one with "the fact that". However, if the matrix verb is other than mek, there is only one interpretation possible-without "the fact that". It is concluded that the dual interpretation is possible because the relative particle (which is also a complementizer linked to factive verbs) associates with the factive mek.
Discourse disctance and the swahili demonstratives
Authors: Wilt Timothy
Published: September 2021

Proximity is the key concept for understanding a speaker's choice of Swahili demonstrative forms. The alternative approach in Leonard [1985] that proposes a speaker's concentration of attention as the key concept overlooks significant aspects of text structure. Proximity must not be conceived of, as does Leonard, only in terms of spatial distance between the speaker and a referent. Temporal, narrative, and anaphoric distance must also be considered.
Indirect objects in Siswati
Authors: De Guzman Videa P.
Published: September 2021

Contrary to the view that in Bantu languages the two unmarked nominals following the verb in ditransitive constructions need not be distinguished because both possess the same object properties, this paper shows the necessity of making a distinction between the direct object and the indirect object relations. Evidence comes from SiSwati, the language of Swaziland, and the analysis of the data is cast in the Relational Grammar framework. The arguments presented refer to word order, object concord (or pronominal copy) and the interaction between object concord and some syntactic phenomena such as passivization, topicalization, relativization, and clefting. By distinguishing the direct object from the indirect object in Siswati, the grammar is able to provide a more natural account for a number of related double object constructions.
Consonant gradation in Fula suffixes the ugly truth
Authors: Churma Donald G.
Published: September 2021

In this paper, I will argue that Skousen's account of the differences between stems and suffixes requires substantial revision and elaboration. I will argue further that the complexities of the behavior of suffixes preclude the possibility of providing an insightful analysis in terms of auto segmental phonology/morphology (contra Lieber [1983, 1984], Marantz [n.d.]). Instead, the alternations found in suffix-initial consonants, like those in stem-initial consonants [Churma 1986b], require a fairly extensive use of morphophonological diacritics. Indeed, it would appear that an optimal account of gradation phenomena (or at least those that have been heavily grammaticized, such as in Fu1a and Celtic), will never crucially make use of autosegmental tier-separation and association (cf. Churma [1986b], Willis [1986]), although I will not be able to address this issue here.
Morphologically based agreement in Swahili
Authors: Reynolds Karl H. , Eastman Carol M.
Published: September 2021

In this paper we argue that to a great extent noun class agreement in Swahili is based on inflectional features. Yet where inflectional features are not present, a derivational feature of inherent noun class controls agreement. Swahili, then, is seen as having a dual noun class system in which agreement is controlled by a hierarchical set of features ranging from inflectional to derivational. The evidence from Swahili indicates that Anderson's [1982] claim that inflectional morphology alone is relevant to syntax may be too strong and supports a weaker version admitting some interaction of derivational morphology with syntax.
A re-examination of the 9th vowel phoneme in Igbo
Authors: Monye Ambrose Adikarnkwu
Published: September 2021

In this study the author provides some linguistic evidence to support his argument that I~!is an autonomous vowel phoneme in the Enuani dialect. First, he uses some minimal pairs to show instances where it contrasts with both lei and la/. In addition, he compares the Enuani vowel harmony set with the eastern Igbo set, pointing out that whereas the fonner has 9 vowel phonemes with the vowel phoneme I~I inclusive, the latter has 8 without it. Finally, he uses unitary words to show instances where I~/, lei, and lal either co-occur or do not co-occur in the Enuani dialect. With the above points he conclusively argues that I~!is a vowel phoneme in the Enuani dialect.
The reality of Hausa low tone raising a response
Authors: Schuh Russell G.
Published: September 2021

Paul Newman and Philip Jaggar in an article in this issue of Studies in African Linguistics argue that a rule of Low Tone Raising (L TR), proposed in Leben [1971] is not a synchronic rule in Hausa. This rule, as originally fonnulated in Leben [1971], raises a final low tone (L) of a word if the syllable bearing the L (1) follows a L and (2) has a long vowel. I agree with them that L TR is not a rule; indeed, contrary to their assumption (first paragraph of §2), I would claim that it never has been a rule. The question which I wish to raise is whether there is any synchronic (and/or historical) reality to the phenomenon which originally attracted Leben's attention.
Tone in Abidji morphology
Authors: Tresbarats Chantal
Published: September 2021

This article is a description of the morphology of the regular verbs in Abidji. It shows how segmental and tonal rules interact to produce the realization of 14 tense-aspect combinations in 2 different classes of verbs. Each tense or aspect is represented by a specific tone pattern on the verb root and causes the occurrence of a certain tone on the prefix. I start with the description of the verbal structure and the presentation of the various tense-aspect combinations and of the 3 classes of verbs. Then I describe the tonal realization of each tense-aspect combination on the stems of Class 1 and Class 2 verbs Oeaving out the third class of irregular verbs). Finally, I describe the phonological rules that create the tone-pattern found on the prefix.
Internal evidence for final vowel lowering in Hausa
Authors: Newman Paul
Published: September 2021

Internal factors involving phonotactic asymmetries and irregular morphological alternations suggest that final */uu/ in Hausa historically lowered to /oo/ when the preceding syllable contained /aa/, e.g. *kwaacfoo 'frog' < *kwaacfuu. (Note: L tone is indicated by a grave accent, H tone is left unmarked. Long vowels are indicated by double letters.) The aim of this paper is to present evidence supporting this proposal and to suggest implications of the historical vowel change for one of Hausa's many plural formations, the ablaut plural. (For background studies on the history of vowels in Hausa and Chadic, see Barreteau [1987], Frajzyngier [1986], Newman [l979b], Parsons [1970], Schuh [1984], and Wolff [1983].)
Local and metrical tone shift in Nguni
Authors: Downing Laura J.
Published: September 2021

In this paper I argue that the Nguni languages have both a metrical tone shift rule and a non-metrical (local) tone shift rule which precedes and feeds assignment of metrical prominence (accent). As Goldsmith, Peterson, and Drogo [1986] and Peterson [1989b] have argued, a metrical tone shift rule best accounts for the fact that the rightmost high tone in most words surfaces on the antepenult. Not all high tones shift to the antepenult, however; instead, they shift one syllable to the right. Earlier metrical analyses accounted for (some) of these cases by proposing rules of accent shift. The present analysis accounts for all these cases by a local tone shift rule ordered before accent assignment. This approach not only is more general and more natural than the accent shift analyses, but it also straightforwardly accounts for a number of tonal phenomena which were inadequately treated in earlier analyses.