bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Lesson in Boosterism: The Contest for the Alberta Provincial Capital, 1904-1906
Authors: Kilpatrick Alexander Bruce
Published: May 2014

Although 1905 marked a major transition in the political life of the old Northwest Territories, attention in Alberta's urban centres was focused not upon the larger questions raised by the granting of provincial status to the area, but rather upon the issue of which of the several competing communities would capture the title of provincial capital. Ambitious boosters in Red Deer, Calgary, Edmonton, Medicine Hat and a host of smaller settlements (such as Banff) coveted capital status for their particular city, town or even village as a symbol of its swelling importance and as an aid to further promotion. Many elements were called into play during the bitter capital campaign that followed the 1904 federal election including the geographical location, the future prospects and the business activities of the various aspirants. None of these factors proved to be critical in the final decision. The victor, Edmonton, emerged triumphant due in almost equal part to the persistent and aggressive actions of its boosters and to the inadequacy or failure of the urban promoters in rival centres. As boosters in Red Deer, Banff, Medicine Hat and Calgary discovered, success in the capital quest was dependent on much more than desire. By utilizing their advocates in both the federal and provincial political arenas and by thrusting their city into the public eye, Edmonton's community boosters gave their competitors an instructional session they would not soon forget.
Okotoks: From Trading Post to Suburb
Authors: Thomas Lewis G.
Published: May 2014

In spite of a growing interest in urban history, Canadian scholars have paid little attention to small towns. In this article a small town in southern Alberta is examined during the years 1890-1950, with particular attention paid to the decade of the 1920s. The author.argues that a closer examination of such small centres might throw new light on the complex patterns of Canadian development. Small towns like Okotoks provided a means whereby the first generation of Alberta settlers, predominantly English-speaking, Protestant and British oriented, asserted their peculiar values in the life of the province in spite of the arrival after 1896 of new waves of settlers from the United States and continental Europe.
Land Ownership and Urban Growth: The Experience of Two Quebec Towns, 1840-1914
Authors: Rudin Ronald
Published: May 2014

The Quebec towns of Sherbrooke and Sorel both offered certain attractions for economic development in 1840. Sorel was located at the junction of two major rivers, while Sherbrooke offered considerable water power to industry. Nevertheless, between 1840 and 1914 Sherbrooke grew much more rapidly than Sorel. The nature of land ownership was an important factor in differentiating the experiences of the two towns. Sorel1 s most valuable lands were tied up by a succession of government agencies, while the best lands in Sherbrooke were owned by a private land company eager to encourage development.
"The Lumber Piles Must Go"
Authors: Fear Jon
Published: May 2014

Ottawa's great fire of 1900 destroyed much of a lumber manufacturing and working class area. The conflagration also revealed a set of tensions that pitted public safety against both the workers' need for cheap homes, safe from fire, and industry's needs for piling grounds for lumber. Politicians and the public agonized at length over the problem, but they achieved only deadlock and changed nothing.
Disease, Fire and Water in the Nineteenth Century city
Authors: Taylor John H.
Published: May 2014

Disease, fire and water have received little historical treatment in the development of the Canadian city. For fire, perhaps the only good material, confined to eastern Canada and the nineteenth century, is John Weaver and Peter De Lottinville, "The Conflagration and the City: Disaster and Progress in British North America during the Nineteenth Century,11 unpublished paper delivered at the Canadian Historical Association, Annual Meeting, London, June, 1978. Water is served somewhat better, though one of the best single items is also unpublished: Elwood Jones and Douglas McCalla, "Toronto Waterworks, 1840-77: Continuity and Change in Nineteenth Century Toronto Politics," unpublished paper delivered at the Canadian Urban History Conference, Guelph, May, 1977. Fortunately material on Winnipeg is published. See Alan F. J. Artibise, Winnipeg: A Social History of Urban Growth, 1874-1914 (Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1975) Chapter 12. Among the published material, see also, Louis P. Cain, "Water and Sanitation Services in Vancouver: An Historical Perspective," BC Studies, No. 30 (Summer 1976), pp. 27-43; and F. L. Small, The Influent and the Effluent: The History of Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Saskatoon: Modern Press, 1974). The latter contains some Canadian material, though the perspective is global. For Ottawa, a solid, though largely technical manuscript is available: Roxroy West, "The Ottawa Water Works: Queen Street Pumphouse, 1859-1876 and 1876-1949," Report presented to the Canadian Engineering Heritage Record, 30 March 1975.
Histoire urbaine et histoire de l’urbanisation au Québec
Authors: Germain Annick
Published: May 2014

L'histoire urbaine comme branche de la science historique ou comme champ d'investigation exploré par plusieurs sciences sociales est une aventure récente au Québec. Le premier bilan effectué ici même par P.-A. Linteau en 1972, " ne faisait mention que d'un très petit nombre de publications. La plupart de ces travaux relevaient encore de ce qu'on a appelé "l'histoire dans la ville," c'est-à-dire de perspectives saisissant la ville comme un lieu où se déroule l'histoire. Aujourd'hui, on aura plutôt tendance à réserver le terme d'"histoire urbaine" aux études qui éclairent les processus et agents historiques de la production de l'espace urbain. Ces études sont encore peu nombreuses et ne sont pas toutes menées par des historiens.
The Vancouver Park System, 1886-1929: A Product of Local Businessmen
Authors: McKee William C.
Published: May 2014

The men who shaped early English industrial cities forged centres with large manufacturing districts and expanding railway and wharfage facilities for moving their products to market. They made little or no provision for facilities such as community centres and public parks, and programmes such as work safety campaigns, from which they would apparently derive little direct financial gain. In Canada, the capitalists who founded industrial Montreal during the nineteenth century adopted the same narrow attitude. While a wide range of forces, from climate, topography and relative location, to cultural traditions and even the personalities of individual leading citizens help shape the urban environment, the image of the function of a city held by those dominant in city life ultimately determined the form and function of many features of city life. Therefore, public facilities such as street networks, parks and beaches may evolve in response to the wishes of a select few rather than the relatively impotent populace.
First International Conference on the History of Urban and Regional Planning: A Report
Authors: Gaskell S. M.
Published: May 2014

The first international conference on the history of urban and regional planning was held at Bedford College, University of London, September 14-18, 1977. It was promoted by the History of Planning Group which has been meeting at the University of Birmingham under the direction of Professor G. Cherry and has provided both a forum for discussion and a means of contact between scholars working in this field. Organised by Dr. A. Sutcliffe, the conference brought together academics and practising planners from Europe, North America and Japan for five days of lectures, discussions and excursions. The proceedings were opened by Sir John Summerson who examined "The Sources of John Nashfs Plans for Regent's Park.11 He not only reminded the conference that it was often necessary to delve back in time and search widely for the origins of town planning concepts and models, but also introduced visitors to the immediate urban environment in which the conference would be taking place. The relationship between such individual schemes and the general growth of planning traditions and attitudes, and the parallelism of such developments in different countries was the theme of the second of the introductory addresses from Professor G. Albers. In his lecture on "Town Planning in Germany: Change and Continuity Under Conditions of Political Turbulence," he reflected on these parallels which he saw as emanating from the common experiences affecting the industrial nations, notably the economic depression of the 1930s, the strength of planning1s professional and technical tradition and the growing international exchange of ideas and information. In the subsequent discussion it became clear that consideration of these international differences and parallels would provide the dominating themes of the conference.
Introduction
Authors: Weaver John C.
Published: May 2014

The historiography of reform in North America permits a clear distinction between Canada and the United States. Reform occupied for thirty years a vital position in the writing of the Republic's history. It is tempting to attribute the emphasis to ideological considerations with "pursuit of happiness" and an unabashed sense of triumph generating works like Eric Goldman's Rendezvous with Destiny (1952) and a host of studies on the Progressive Era and the New Deal. Goldman's thesis that "the modern American reformer has been the gadfly and the conscience . . . of the only nation in man's history which has dared to live by the credo that any individual's rendezvous with destiny is a rendezvous with a better tomorrow" reflected a wholly American proposition. A provocative contrast is provided by humourist T. C. Haliburton's skepticism: "changing one thing for another is not always reform." Whether such individual views describe broad cultural distinctions or not, the fact remains that controversy about a reform tradition has been a prime ingredient in American historical writing and a peripheral feature in Canadian work. Yet, the urban centres of the Dominion experienced the same fascination with new forms of municipal government, public ownership, planning and even social engineering, particularly from 1890 to 1930. Aside from an ideological explanation, historiographie emphasis has paralleled national issues. Regionalism, national unity and identity crowd centre stage in Canadian debate while the working out of New Deal promise continues to absorb American attention. National self-perception influences the historian's use of the past; a converse relationship holds true as well. In both countries, historians have ventured forth as myth-makers, apologists and pundits. What prevents a narrow intellectual and political environment are new traumas in search of 2 explanation or the injection of convincing- ideas from the outside.2
Maddick, Heather, ed. County Maps: Land Ownership of Maps in Canada in the 19th Century
Authors: Artibise A. F. J.
Published: May 2014

County and ownership maps were among the most significant maps produced in eastern Canada in the second half of the nineteenth century. Of the 58 maps known to have been made, 32 are of Ontario counties, 4 of Quebec counties, 3 of New Brunswick counties, 18 of Nova Scotia counties and 1 of Prince Edward Island. These county maps were large wall maps which usually covered only one county and included information on the survey grid, roads, railroads, towns, buildings and even names of rural residents. Views of local residences and businesses, numerous insets of towns and villages, and a business or subscribers' directory were also included. For urban historians, the principal usefulness of these maps will be the information contained in the insets, views, and directories, as well as in the mapping of areas contiguous to urban areas at the time. These areas, which were then rural, have now often become part of a settlement's built-up area. Studies of transportation networks linking urban areas should also be aided by the use of these county maps. Fortunately, the catalogue includes an excellent introductory essay by Joan Winearls (Map Librarian, University of Toronto), which discusses the research possibilities of the maps.
The Canadian Settlements Sampler: Innovative programs that make communities liveable
Authors: Artibise A. F. J.
Published: May 2014

This booklet, produced under the auspices of the Canadian National Committee for Habitat, suggests more than 200 potentially valuable solutions to issues facing Canadian communities from coast to coast. The Sampler is organized into three main sections: "Planning Ahead", "Bettering the Built World", and "Social Interchange", Innovations in land use, transportation, environment protection and public participation as well as housing, utilizing public spaces, health care delivery, and creation of employment and learning opportunities are described. The individual articles provide wide-ranging and practical suggestions for improving the quality of the living environment. Sources of further information, including groups and organizations concerned with the projects, are identified in each article.
Gertler, Leonard O. Urban Issues
Authors: Wilson J. Donald
Published: May 2014

Considering the widespread interest in urban problems, it is a pity this book is so badly conceived and written. Many urban issues are indeed discussed, but so little context is given that one is obliged to search for meaning beneath the vagueness and verbiage. It is true there is reference to such questions as land costs, public versus private development, control of land for public benefit, and protection of recreational corridors. But, for example, at the beginning of Chapter IV, three "new communities within metropolitan areas" are discussed in the space of only three paragraphs, one per community. In the same chapter, Helsinki's Tajnola is cited with approval and Stockholm's approach to an integrated region is praised, but the description of each is so sketchy and incomplete that one is obliged to take the author's word for it that these are innovative solutions to contemporary urban problems.
Coal Town in Wheat Country: Lethbridge, Alberta, 1885-1905
Authors: Otter A. A. Den
Published: May 2014

One settlement in western Canada which will probably receive only passing attention from urban historians is Lethbridge, Alberta, a city which in 1971 had a population of only 41,217 people. My own work on Lethbridge, too, was only part of a dissertation on the entrepreneurial activities of the Gaits in western Canada. Yet, Lethbridge is worthy of study because as a coal-mining centre, containing an unusually large proportion of skilled workers, it was in a sense western Canada's first 'industrial' community. While in many ways its development was similar to other prairie communities, it also experienced some unique problems.
Sources for the History of Urban Planning in Canada, 1890-1939
Authors: van Nus Walter
Published: May 2014

By 1912, there was widespread recognition in Canada of an acute shortage of decent housing. A national town planning movement developed because many in the housing reform movement became convinced that the servicing of suburban lots could become so much more efficient through preventive planning, that large numbers of families currently doomed to slum conditions would become able to afford sanitary suburban dwellings. The movement manifested itself in such national conferences as the "First Canadian Housing and Town Planning Conference" held in Winnipeg in 1912, and the separate meeting of Canadian delegates to the National Conference 2 on City Planning convention held at the University of Toronto in 1914. Soon two national organizations devoted to town planning were formed: the Civic Improvement League of Canada (founded in late 1915) and the Town Planning Institute of Canada (T.P.I.C), begun in 1919. By the 1920fs, town planning consultants such as Horace Seymour, Norman Wilson, A.G. Dalzell, and A.E.K. Bunnell were doing work for cities and towns throughout the country. Moreover, Canadian planners were advocating planning principles which, they believed, might be applied throughout urban Canada.
Canadian Issues
Authors: Taylor John H.
Published: May 2014

A year ago the first number of Canadian Issues was produced by the Association for Canadian Studies. The theme of this number was "The Canadian Urban Experience" and, apart from one article, comprised papers delivered at the annual A.C.S. conference in Toronto in 1975. The theme is thus cast within a broader context of "providing a forum" for discussion of "interdisciplinary material organized around a single theme", and for "making available textual material for many of the newly emerging interdisciplinary courses appearing on Canadian campuses."
Bender, Thomas, Toward an Urban Vision: Ideas and Institutions in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: May 2014

This book examines intellectual and institutional responses to unprecedented urban and industrial growth in nineteenth-century America. In the rapid urban and industrial growth of this period, ideas inherited from Jefferson's generation no longer enabled men and women to make sense of their increasingly urban experiences. New ideologies were therefore sought to supply the meaning that older patterns of belief no longer produced. Professor Bender argues that the cultural crisis produced by urban industrialism was felt by a wide spectrum of Americans - ranging from sophisticated thinkers and middle-class gentlemen to reformers and the "mill girls" of Lowell, Massachusetts. By the mid-nineteenth century a new urban vision had developed out of the interplay of a New England version of early American agrarian ideals and the modernizing forces associated with the industrial city. It sought to bring city and country, and the values they respectively stand for, into a contrapuntal relationship.
Teaford, Jon C. The Municipal Revolution in America: Origins of Modern Urban Government, 1650-1825
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: May 2014

This study is an examination of the transformation in the political structure, function, and external relationships of the American municipality between 1650 and 1825, the period when Americans discarded the model of urban government inherited from medieval Europe and substituted an ideal which determined the course of municipal development up to the present. At the beginning of the period under study, Professor Teaford argues, urban rule rested with those admitted to the commerce of the city and this limited body of commercial participants expected the municipal corporation to devote the largest portion of its time and effort to regulating and promoting trade. Such a government could not survive in the age of Locke, Jefferson, and Adam Smith, however, and gradually the lawmakers changed their viewpoint and paid more attention to measures dealing with public health, safety, and such public works as street lighting, waterworks, paving, and drainage. In the face35 of the oncoming wave of laissez-faire sentiment, the municipal corporation abandoned its extensive body of measures regulating commercial endeavour.
Edmonton's Perilous Course, 1904-1929
Authors: Weaver John C.
Published: May 2014

In that golden year of the prairie urban boom, 1912, Edmonton consisted of as much fancy as fact. The city maps, bait for real estate speculators, sketched in streets that did not exist - some never would. Patches of green denoted parks, both real and fictitious, and to oversee the network the ambitious city had hired a German-trained 2 landscape professional, Paul von Âueberg. Boosters of this "St. Louis of the North" extolled its vistas - equal to any in scenic Tacoma. They predicted a major avenue soon to rival Winnipeg's Main Street and they boasted of an unmatched array of public-owned utilities. Nonetheless, the Medical Health Officer disclosed quite another city, one with chronic overcrowding in summer tent towns and year-round shack dwellings as well as a water supply of dubious quality. Edmonton, chartered as a city in 1904, had become the scene of vital contrasts: speculation and real growth, boosterism and tangible achievement, blatant self-interest and commitment to principles, failure and opportunity. Together they impelled Edmonton along an innovative and exceedingly precarious course, for as 1913 unfolded three decades of relative stagnation and long periods of deep crisis awaited. Yet, when surge of investment returned in the 1940fs Edmonton had an enviable commitment to public utilities, a unique structure of government and reserves of city-owned land. All of these attributes had evolved from decisions and circumstances occurring in the city's first two decades. The course of events was far from a linear progression designed by wise city fathers, but Edmonton realized its promise.
Calgary: The City and the Petroleum Industry since World War Two
Authors: Breen David H.
Published: May 2014

In the relatively short span of 100 years Calgary has expanded from a lonely police post into a burgeoning metropolis with a population of close to one half million. This remarkable growth has in fact been .of a sufficiently interesting character and extent to have marked the foothill city as a subject of much scholarly interest over the past decade and a half. With the exception of Vancouver and Edmonton no other Canadian city has grown so rapidly to such a size. But Vancouver's enlargement has not been so substantially concentrated in the post World War II period, nor has it been as closely associated with the development of a single industry. Clearly it is the Leduc-generated oil boom and the almost continuously buoyant Alberta economy that accounts for the spectacular urbanization of that province. However, while the petroleum based economy has underpinned the development of both Calgary and Edmonton, it is argued here that the character of the impact varies in a way that has reinforced those features that have always distinguished the southern city from the provincial capital. In large part this has to do with the fact that Calgary's intimate connection with the oil industry began a generation before this enterprise made much of an impact upon Edmonton. The consequences of this longer direct connection with the developing petroleum industry were of both social-cultural and economic significance and to gain some perspective on the remarkable growth that commenced with the major oil discovery at Leduc in 1947, some aspects of Calgary's earlier development must first be considered. Within a few weeks of the arrival of the police the dominant trading company on the southwestern high plains, the I.G. Baker Company of Fort Benton Montana, constructed a company store, to be joined later the same year by the patriarch of western commercial enterprise, the Hudson's Bay Company. Located well south of the traditional western trade route that linked Fort Garry (Winnipeg) to Fort Edmonton, Calgary did not advance beyond being a minor local trade centre. Though the post did develop as an important stop on the Old North Trail that linked Fort Benton on the Missouri with Fort Edmonton on the North Saskatchewan, even here the focus of the trade was on the larger and longer established community of Edmonton.
"Canada's Urban Past": A Report on the Canadian Urban History Conference
Authors: Knight David , Taylor John
Published: May 2014

"Canada" Urban Past11 was the first conference of its kind to be held in Canada. More than 200 people gathered for sessions devoted to the study of the Canadian city. Participants represented numerous academic (and non-academic) disciplines, and all but the main banquet speaker, H. J. Dyos, were from Canadian institutions. The conference, at the University of Guelph, May 12 to 14, was organized under the guidance of Gilbert Stelter and Terry Crowley (both History, Guelph). Fifteen formal sessions were held, but there were also many opportunities for informal exchanges during receptions, banquets and walking tours. The Guelph meeting thus served the usual conference functions of exchange of ideas, information and techniques. But being the first, it also served as an insight into or a reflection of the "state of the art" of retrospective urban studies in Canada.
Conducting Urban Heritage Surveys: A case Study of London, Ontario
Authors: Lutman John H.
Published: May 2014

In Ontario, under the terms of the 1975 Heritage Act, each municipality may set up a Local Architectural Conservation Advisory Committee which is empowered to recommend the designation of buildings as architectural or historical monuments by the city council. One of the chief duties of such committees is preparing the background information on which such recommendations can be made.
THE DUN AND BRADSTREET COLLECTION: A REPORT
Authors: Muise D.A.
Published: May 2014

Located at the Baker Library of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, the records of the credit agency, Dun and Bradstreet, represent a relatively unique but unfortunately little-used source for the exploration of Canadian Urban History, To date the records have been used successfully by a number of American urban and business historians. To my knowledge, only one Canadian scholar, Michael Katz of York University, has utilized the material for any published report.
CURRENT RESEARCH IN CANADIAN URBAN HISTORY
Authors: STELTER GILBERT A.
Published: May 2014

The growth of interest in Canada's urban past is evident by the number of publications and completed theses in several disciplines that have recently appeared. And yet, judging by the amount of research currently underway, we have seen only the tip of the iceberg. The following is a preliminary list of researchers and projects partly based on a questionnaire I sent out last July. It is certainly far from complete; I would estimate it includes no more than two-thirds of those working in the field. Publication here hopefully will remind those whose names do not appear to submit their research topics to me for inclusion in subsequent years.
Artibise, Alan F.J, Winnipeg: A Social History of Urban Growth, 1874-1914
Authors: Lithwick N.H.
Published: May 2014

Research into urban growth has followed two quite distinct paths in Canada, Social scientists have tended to concern themselves with the more general issue of the evolution of a system, including either the purely urban or the urban-regional, or a synthesis of both. This has been facilitated, and therefore encouraged, by the availability of Census data essentially at such an aggregative level. The lack of data of comparable quality at the local level has made the study of urban growth in the small less amenable to quantitative research, and thus most of our knowledge is the result of what the author chooses to call "local history".
Tilley, Charles, Louise and Richard. The Rebellious Century, 1830-1930.
Authors: Fitzgerald E.P.
Published: May 2014

During the late 60Ts and early 70's several articles and mimeographed working papers provided specialists with a glimpse of Charles Tilly's ambitious researches into violence and collective action in modern European history. In this book that research is supplemented by the expertise of his wife, a specialist in Italian social history, and their son, a specialist in German economic history. The Rebellious Century describes and analyzes the incidence and function of collective nongovernmental violence in three nations undergoing the crucial structural changes of modernization. It also puts forward hypotheses about linkages between socio-economic change and political conflict on the one hand and collective action —non-violent as well as violent — on the other.
McCormack, A.R., and MacPherson, I., Cities in the West; Papers of the Western Canada Urban History Conference.
Authors: Armstrong Frederick H.
Published: May 2014

Urban history sessions have been a regular feature at the Canadian Historical Association meetings in recent years, however, the Western Canadian Urban History Conference at Winnipeg in 1974 broke new ground as the first purely urban history conference in Canada dealing entirely with Canadian topics. Held to celebrate the centenary of the incorporation of the city, and organized by the History Department of the University of Winnipeg, the choice of the western Canadian city as the theme was a natural one. It was also a very fortunate one, for the Canadian cities in the West have been rather neglected in the still underdeveloped field of Canadian urban studies.
Urban Development in Canada
Authors: Careless James Maurice Stockford
Published: May 2014

It will come as no surprise that my approach to urban development in Canada may be labelled metropolitanism. That really makes me both less and more than an urban historian—but more or less an urban historian anyway. On the one hand, many major themes in urban history do not come into a metropolitan analysis, except in a subsidiary way. On the other, much of its concern lies outside the city, and in the area of the hinterland. For a metropolitan approach essentially seeks to relate town and country, or better, to study the complex of reciprocal relationships between the concentrated population centre and the extended community beyond it. Any "reciprocal" surely should suggest that both sides need equal billing.
Canadian Urban Development
Authors: Clark S. D.
Published: May 2014

In a paper presented at the World Congress of Sociology in 1966 I argued that while the ecological structure of the Canadian society appeared urban, the society as such remained still essentially rural. The point there that was made was that the large influx of population into urban centres from disadvantaged rural areas had led to the creation on the periphery of the urban community of a society in which the population, in outlook, way of life, aspirations and values was no different from the population back in rural areas. The industrial communities of Northern Ontario and Quebec were offered as an example of where within the confines of the company town a highly urban type of society developed but where, outside these confines, there had grown up large sprawling shacktown type areas housing a population which had moved15 off the marginal farm lands of the north to seek employment in the industrial centres but which in no way had become integrated into the industrial-urban society.
Introduction
Authors: Stelter Gilbert A.
Published: May 2014

Urbanization on a major scale is a 20th century phenomenon in Canada. The proportion of the population which lived in urban places rose from 13% in 1851 to 35% in 1901 and approached 50% only by 1921. These figures are roughly similar to those for the United States but are far lower than those for Great Britain or in that most urbanized of colonies, Australia. Statistics outlining the degree of urbanization, however, may give an overly negative impression about the place of cities and the urban dimension in 19th century Canada. Some of the basic essentials of the urban system in central eastern Canada were established by the middle of the 19th century. By 1851 the nine largest cities—Montreal (with a population of over 50,000), Quebec City, Saint John (including Portland), Toronto, Halifax, Hamilton, Kingston, Ottawa, and London—had developed into dynamic commercial centers and had won metropolitan hegemony over sizeable hinterlands.
Saint John, New Brunswick (1800-1900)
Authors: Wallace C. M.
Published: May 2014

Canada's oldest incorporated city is Saint John, New Brunswick, that distinction having been granted by an enthusiastic Governor Thomas Carleton on May 18, 1785, and reluctantly approved by the Colonial Office. The city also claims Champlain as its discoverer (June 24, 1604), General Robert Monckton as its British liberator (Sept. 20, 1758), and the "Loyalist City" as its title in honour of the instant population it began to receive on May 18, 1783. Even with those credentials, Saint John was not selected as the provincial capitol and was deprived of the official, the military, and the educational establishments, all of which went to tiny Fredericton. The Church of England Cathedral also went to Fredericton, though the Roman Catholics did select Saint John for their Bishop. Despite this lack of official encouragement, to say nothing of official obstruction, Saint John achieved by mid-nineteenth century "a prominent role in an Atlantic communications system extending to Liverpool and London in one direction, Boston and New York in another,ff and it was not until the end of the century that rival Halifax began to establish clear dominance.
Montréal 1850-1914
Authors: Linteau Paul-André
Published: May 2014

Au moment où s'amorce la Révolution Industrielle à Montréal, la ville a déjà un peu plus de deux siècles d'existence. Capitale de la traite des fourrures, Montréal avait connu, tout au cours du 18e siècle, une croissance relativement lente. Les choses changent au début du 19e siècle. Le peuplement systématique de la plaine du Saint-Laurent et la colonisation du Haut-Canada créent un hinterland qui faisait défaut jusque là et assurent une croissance rapide de la ville. Montréal devient alors un centre de commerce de première importance et au cours des décennies 1820 et 1830 elle supplante définitivement Québec comme métropole de la vallée du Saint-Laurent.
Some Reflections on a Conference on the Historical Urbanization of North America
Authors: Knight David B. , Clarke John
Published: May 2014

It was refreshing and stimulating to be able to attend the conference at York University, January 24-26, 1973, with historians, historical geographers, and others, to discuss research problems and findings involved with the theme of historical urbanization in North America.
"Boosterism" and Locational Analysis or One Man's Swan is Another Man's Goose
Authors: Knight David
Published: May 2014

Why is "something" (be it a railway, government office, factory, housing development, or whatever else) located where it is? This simple question can be explored numerous ways although Geographers generally approach it from the standpoint of location theory in which emphasis is placed on economic factors. Non-economic factors not heretofore given adequate consideration include what I call "boosterism", or the exaggerated proclamation of worth of a particular place over all others. The development of "boosterism" probably begins with one or two individuals but then may grow, especially if newspapers are involved. Of course, the aggressive proclamation of worth of one place over all others is not universally accepted, hence the subtitle of this paper -"one man's swan is another man's goose".
The Records of Business and the Urban Historian
Authors: Ogden R. Lynn
Published: May 2014

The Records of Business and the Urban Historian The nascent National Business Archives Program, part of the Systematic National Acquisitions Program (SNAP) at the Public Archives of Canada will soon release several new collections of manuscript and other materials of interest to urban historians. The business archives program was officially announced to the business community via the Financial Post in early February of this year, although unofficially begun before hand. Dominion Archivist Dr. Wilfred I. Smith said in the announcement that business records were obtained in the past by a hit-or-miss process and declared that this very weak area of acquisition would be considerably enhanced if the business community would co-operate in helping the Public Archives acquire and preserve records of firms and individuals of national importance. Dr. Smith noted that "an individual or a company whose records are not preserved, or are not available and accessbile, is going to be forgotten." His appeal provoked a generous response and as a result the negotiations for several significant collections are presently nearing completion. But for successful continuation of the program, it is important that the scholarly community assist in the location and acquisition of other significant collections of business materials. It is particularly appropriate that this appeal be directed to urban historians.
Urban History Resources in the Paintings, Drawings and Prints Section
Authors: Bell M.
Published: May 2014

In the past few years, especially since the Centennial, which generated a spate of illustrated books, the illustrated history or the history written by pictures alone has gradually become more plausible. The Kerr and Davidson book A Visual history of Canada is one example and W.K. Lamb's recent foray into the genre, Canada's Five Centuries, is another. But in the desire for maximum and most effective illustration from the book marketing point of view, the most appropriate document often has been passed over for the best picture in terms of print quality, the best known picture or the most curious picture. In addition little account was taken of the peculiarities of the engraving, lithography and photography processes which generate, by the token of the medium, distortions and omissions. Similarly in using original water-colours and drawings, little account was taken of the effects of such movements as the Picturesque and classicism which had a decided effect on the way people saw the world in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Sources for the Study of Urban History in the Manuscript Division of the Public Archives of Canada
Authors: Gillis Peter
Published: May 2014

The impact of urban growth on the development of Canada is just beginning to be appreciated by historians. In a similar fashion the archivist has perceived the need for research materials in this relatively new field and has begun to investigate potential sources of documentation. This short note does not pretend to give a comprehensive survey of the records available in the Manuscript Division for the study of urban history; rather it will only mention a few more outstanding examples of reference resources and suggest what sort of information is contained in them.
Researching Winnipeg
Authors: Artibise Alan A. J.
Published: May 2014

If the example of Winnipeg is any indication of the availability of source material for Canadian urban studies, the student of recent urban history has at his disposal a mass of sources. Indeed, the very prodigality of source materials bars completeness and the student of Canadian urban development can only sample the wide variety before him and compensate by the judiciousness of his choices for the inevitable omissions.
Settlement Abandonment
Authors: Riis Nelson
Published: May 2014

Many settlements in Western Canada have failed. To date, most research has tended to ignore these urban failures and has concentrated on those centers which eventually evolved into thriving communities. Much has been written to explain the factors responsible for the growth of successful communities. But, failure factors are certainly as valid as success factors in attempting to understand the processes involved in urban development. The ethnic community of Walhachin, near Kamploops, British Columbia, was selected as a case study.
The Urban Development of Winnipeg, 1874-1914
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: May 2014

In an effort to partially meet the long-felt need for urban biographies of Canada's major cities, this study examines the City of Winnipeg for the period 1874-1914. It attempts to provide a reasonably detailed social history of Winnipeg; to describe - or reconstruct - the evolvement of an urban area. This description includes a characterization of Winnipeg during a particular time period and an analysis of the nature, directions, and magnitude of the changes occurring in the various facets of the City's social and physical structure. It also endeavours to identify and analyze the events, personages, trends, and movements which have played a key role in the development of Winnipeg. This "biography" of Winnipeg does not in any way attempt to be definitive; such subjects as economic development and metropolitanism, for example, are given but scant attention.
L’Histoire urbaine au Québec : bilan et tendances
Authors: Linteau Paul-André
Published: May 2014

Les études urbaines suscitent depuis quelques années un vif intérêt au Québec comme ailleurs. Ce mouvement touche plusieurs disciplines scientifiques. Il ne saurait être question de rendre compte ici de tous les travaux en ce domaine, nous nous en tiendrons à ceux qui ont abordé les questions urbaines dans leur perspective historique. Quant au reste, nous renvoyons le lecteur au bilan qu'avait dressé Yves Martin en 1962.
The Use of Selected Quantifiable Sources in Canadian Urban History
Authors: Stelter Gilbert A.
Published: May 2014

Historians who attempt to study urban development in any systematic manner are faced with the necessity not only of learning new techniques, but of using previously neglected sources. Traditional literary sources are either inadequate or do not exist for dealing with questions involving social structure and mobility or the changing spatial distribution of groups within cities. This is especially true when one studies the development of working-class sections of a city whose residents were not particularly articulate in the middle class sense. The problem is further compounded if one deals with urban development in the late nineteenth or twentieth centuries, for the manuscript census after 1871 simply is not open to researchers.
Some Aspects of Canadian Urbanization from 1850 to 1921
Authors: Goheen Peter G.
Published: May 2014

The urbanization of Canada is measured from several perspectives: the growth of urban population from 18 per cent of the total in 1871 to 47 per cent by 1921; the policies of private and government agencies, which stimulated industrialization in central Canada and tied the West and the Atlantic regions to central Canada through a transcontinental railway system; and the rise of large cities such as Montreal and Toronto, which dominated the emerging national system, which in turn was subject to international influences.
De la peur de la surpopulation à celle de la sous-population : réflexions sur la dimension apocalyptique dans la pensée démographique
Authors: Charton Laurence
Published: May 2014

La peur de la surpopulation et de la sous-population n’est pas une problématique nouvelle. Régulièrement, elle resurgit dans les discours démographiques, écologistes, etc. Cet article présente une brève rétrospective d’études surtout anglo-saxonnes mettant en évidence la dimension apocalyptique dans la pensée démographique. Il met en relief les arguments utilisés à travers la présentation d’un certain nombre de discours qui se fondent sur des concepts et paramètres démographiques et leurs répercussions sur l’avenir de l’humanité, des régions ou des États. Il souligne notamment, la force narrative des représentations apocalyptiques, bien que laïcisées, à travers l’habillement des discours par des arguments de type scientifique et des données quantitatives qui fondent les scénarios catastrophiques dont l’occurrence est toujours repoussée.
Apocalypses et fins de monde : enjeux de santé mentale
Authors: Lew Viviane Annie
Published: May 2014

La problématique apocalyptique n’est pas sans interpeller le champ de la santé mentale. Les idéologies dans de nombreuses sectes s’appuient sur des images et des interprétations bibliques mais aussi des représentations post-modernes faisant référence aux extraterrestres et aux OVNI. Leurs leaders charismatiques présentent aussi des profils psychologiques problématiques qui peuvent les entraîner, tout comme leurs adeptes, à des conduites extrêmes. Les inquiétudes liées aux innovations technologiques comme les armes nucléaires, la détérioration de l’environnement de même que les annonces médiatiques peuvent entrainer des réactions anxiogènes qui affectent le bien-être des personnes. Les délires incluant des références apocalyptiques et de fin de monde se retrouvent aussi chez des patients souffrant de troubles psychotiques. Ces enjeux sont discutés en s’appuyant sur des exemples historiques et contemporains.
Aspects historiques et analytiques de l’appel en matière civile
Authors: Morissette Yves-Marie
Published: May 2014

Une première partie historique sur les origines lointaines des droits anglais et français évoque les raisons institutionnelles et intellectuelles de la lente émergence de l’appel en Angleterre avant 1875. On observe le contraire en France. D’abord conçue comme sanction infligée à des juges fautifs, cette voie de recours s’est transformée en un moyen de corriger des erreurs dans les décisions de justice. Mais cette notion d’erreur évoluera sensiblement à travers le temps. Au Québec, l’appel prend forme entre 1763 et 1849, année de la création d’une véritable cour générale d’appel. La seconde partie du texte aborde certaines difficultés analytiques que soulève l’appel en droit moderne. Une utilisation sensée des ressources judiciaires dans un système de souche anglo-américaine implique que l’appel serve à autre chose que refaire les procès. Aussi le droit positif use-t-il de diverses techniques pour qu’un dosage optimal s’opère entre trop ou trop peu de pourvois. La distinction entre le droit et le fait sert ici de notion régulatrice. Elle a inspiré d’intéressants travaux théoriques que commente l’auteur. Au vingtième siècle, sous l’impulsion du mouvement American Legal Realism, une nouvelle conception de l’appel s’impose et permet de préciser le rôle des cours d’appel dans l’élaboration et l’ordonnancement du droit. Un objectif prospectif de consolidation de la cohérence normative se substitue à l’idée évanescente d’erreurs à réformer. Mais, s’agissant de la technique de l’appel, des différences de taille demeurent entre systèmes de droit occidentaux, comme le démontre par exemple la place faite à l’oralité dans les débats.
La voie des images. Valeur documentaire, puissance spectrale
Authors: Lindeperg Sylvie
Published: May 2014

Cet article retrace l’histoire de trois tournages au printemps-été 1944 : dans Paris insurgé et dans les camps de transit de Terezín, en Tchécoslovaquie, et de Westerbork, aux Pays-Bas. Il met en pratique une « vision rapprochée » des images d’archives, inspirée du modèle établi par Daniel Arasse pour la peinture lorsqu’il préconise « une pratique rapprochée du pinceau et du regard ». Cette méthode suppose l’attention aux détails et exige de longs retours devant l’image. La remontée vers le point d’origine de la prise de vue permet d’entrevoir l’univers mental de ceux qui filmèrent, d’interroger leurs gestes et leurs choix. Ces plans d’archives recueillent aussi l’impensé d’une époque, la part inintelligible de l’histoire pour les contemporains. Ils conservent ce qui échappa au regard de l’opérateur dans l’enregistrement mécanique d’une portion de réel. Les images analysées ouvrent ainsi la voie à une histoire du sensible inscrite au plus près des corps de ceux qui firent l’événement ou qui en furent les victimes. Elles engagent des questions telles que la place de l’art au coeur de la barbarie, les ambivalences de la « collaboration artistique », la capacité du cinéma à devenir un instrument de libération ou de résistance.