bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the use of information theory metrics for detecting DDoS attacks and flash events: an empirical analysis, comparison, and future directions
Authors:   Dept. of CSE, Shaheed Bhagat Singh State University, Ferozepur, Punjab, India, Singh Jagdeep , Jyoti Navjot ,   Dept. of CSE, Shaheed Bhagat Singh State University, Ferozepur, Punjab, India, Behal Sunny ,   Dept. of CSE, Shaheed Bhagat Singh State University, Ferozepur, Punjab, India
Published: August 2021

A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is one of the lethal threats that can cripple down the computing and communication resources of a web server hosting Internet-based services and applications. It has motivated the researchers over the years to find diversified and robust solutions to combat against DDoS attacks and characterization of flash events (a sudden surge in the legitimate traffic) from HR-DDoS (High-Rate DDoS) attacks. In recent times, the volume of legitimate traffic has also magnified manifolds. It results in behavioral similarities of attack traffic and legitimate traffic that make it very difficult and crucial to differentiate between the two. Predominantly, Netflow-based techniques are in use for detecting and differentiating legitimate and attack traffic flows. Over the last decade, fellow researchers have extensively used distinct information theory metrics for Netflow-based DDoS defense solutions. However, a comprehensive analysis and comparison of these diversified information theory metrics used for particularly DDoS attack detection are needed for a better understanding of the defense systems based on information theory. This paper elucidates the efficacy and effectiveness of information theory-based various entropy and divergence measures in the field of DDoS attack detection. As part of the work, a generalized NetFlow-based methodology has been proposed. The proposed detection methodology has been validated using the traffic traces of various real benchmarked datasets on a set of detection system evaluation metrics such as Detection rate (Recall), Precision, F-Measure, FPR, Classification rate, and Receiver-Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves. It has concluded that generalized divergence-based information theory metrics produce more accuracy in detecting different types of attack flows in contrast to entropy-based information theory metrics.
An integrated approach to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of Jurassic Samana Suk Formation in Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan.
Authors:   Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Miraj Muhammad Armaghan F. , Ali Abid ,   Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Javaid Hassan ,   Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Rathore Pal Washa S. ,   Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Ahsan Naveed ,   Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Saleem Rana F. ,   Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Afgan Sher ,   Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Malik Muhammad B. Malik ,   Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Published: August 2021

The Indus Basin is considered as prolific hydrocarbon-bearing province of Pakistan. The study area is located in the Middle Indus Basin. Two wells (Bagh-X-01 and Budhuana-01) were drilled in the vicinity of the study area to determine the hydrocarbon potential of the area. Both wells show no hydrocarbon reserves and are thus abandoned. The present study emphasizes two-dimensional subsurface seismic interpretation and rock physics evaluation to estimate reservoir properties of the Jurassic Samana Suk Formation. Data from nine 2-D seismic lines and two wells have been utilized to evaluate the potential. The time contour maps indicate the existence of subsurface structural features in the study area. With the help of the 3-D geological model, the faults are marked in the Samana Suk Formation and the structure is identified as a monocline. The 3-D geological modeling results also reveal that Samana Suk Formation tends to become thin in the northeast, and thick in the southwest. The petrophysical interpretation was performed to find the hydrocarbon potential of the Formation. The cross plot between P-impedance and Vp/Vs ratio shows that the lithology cannot be differentiated by the logs. Rock physics parameters such as Poisson’s ratio, bulk modulus, shear modulus, shear wave velocity, primary wave velocity, Vp/Vs ratio, and density indicate that there are no considerable hydrocarbon reserves in the Samana Suk Formation.
Performance evaluation of an adopted model based on big-bang big-crunch and artificial neural network for cloud applications
Authors:   Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering ,Uttarakhand Technical University, India, Rawat Pradeep Singh , Bhadoria Robin Singh ,   Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, India, Gupta Punit ,   Dept. of Computer and Communication Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, India, Saroha G. P. ,   Computer Center, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
Published: August 2021

High-performance computing is changing the way we compute. In the past decade, the cloud computing paradigm has changed the way we compute, communicate, and technology. Cover real-world problems. There are still many complex challenges in the cloud computing paradigm. Improving effective planning strategies is a complex problem in the service-oriented computing paradigm.In this article, our research focuses on improving task scheduler strategies to improve the performance of cloud applications. The proposed model is inspired by an artificial neural network-based system and astrology base scheduler Big-Bang Big-Crunch. The results show that the proposed strategy based on BBBC and neural network is superior to the method based on astrology (BigBang BigCrunch costaware), genetic cost and many other existing methods.The proposed BB-BC-ANN model is validated using standard workload file (San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) Blue Horizon logs). The results show that the proposed BB-BC-ANN model performs better than some of the existing approaches using performance indicators like total completion time (ms), average start time (ms), average finish time(ms), scheduling time(ms), and total execution time(ms).
On the motion of a triple pendulum system under the influence of excitation force and torque
Authors:   Mathematics Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt., Amer T. S. , Galal A. A. ,   Physics and Engineering Mathematics Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31734, Egypt., Abolila A. F. ,   Physics and Engineering Mathematics Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31734, Egypt.
Published: August 2021

In this article, a nonlinear dynamical system with three degrees of freedom (DOF) consisting of multiple pendulums (MP) is investigated. The motion of this system is restricted to be in a vertical plane, in which its pivot point moves in a circular path with constant angular velocity, under the action of an external harmonic force and a moment acting perpendicular to the direction of the last arm of MP and at the suspension point respectively. Multiple scales technique (MST) among other perturbation methods is used to obtain the approximate solutions of the equations of motion up to the third approximation because it is authorizing to execute a specific analysis of the system behaviour and to realize the solvability conditions given the resonance cases. The stability of the considered dynamical model utilizing the nonlinear stability analysis approach is examined. The solutions diagrams and resonance curves are drawn to illustrate the extent of the effect of various parameters on the solutions. The importance of this work is due to its uses in human or robotic walking analysis.
Production of microbial keratinase using a newly isolated strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and its characterization and applications.
Authors:   Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Computer Education & Applied Sciences B/H P.T. Science College, M.T.B. College Campus, Athwalines, Surat-395001, Gujarat, India, Parmar Bhavika N. , Trivedi Dr. Sneha H. ,   Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Computer Education & Applied Sciences B/H P.T. Science College, M.T.B. College Campus, Athwalines, Surat-395001, Gujarat, India
Published: August 2021

Biodegradation of keratin containing wastes viz. bird feathers, nails, hairs, animalwool is a low-cost, nutrient-rich biotechnological process that turns this plentiful waste into a low-cost, nutrient-rich substance. It is a sustainable green approach towards the solution of environmental threats created by these wastes. This study aimed to screen for potential keratinase-producing microorganisms and to optimize physicochemical parameters to produce keratinase and its characterization. Samples were collected from various poultry farms of Surat (India). Screening for keratinase-production was carried using a feather basal medium. Among these samples, 16 isolates showed keratinolytic activity in primary screening using skim milk agar medium among which, nine isolates showed keratinolytic activity using keratin agar medium. Isolate KA1a gave the highest yield of keratinase and was identified as a strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (NCBI Accession number MT478451), based on 16S rRNA sequencing. It delivered highest enzyme production (108 U/ml) in the medium with feathers (2.2%), NaCl (0.5%), K2HPO4(0.3%), KH2PO4(0.4%), pH7, with 10% inoculum of young cell mass, at 37°C for 24 h under shaking conditions. Optimum temperature for keratinase activity was 40°C and pH 7.0. Enzyme showed stability over different temperature and pH for up to 90 min. It showed potential applications as a detergent additive, animal feed, and organic fertilizer.
Otros cuerpos, otras miradas: Formas de la violencia de género en Montacerdos de Cronwell Jara (1981) y “Sangre coagulada” de Mónica Ojeda (2020)
Authors: Salazar Jiménez Claudia
Published: August 2021

La cultura necropolítica de las sociedades latinoamericanas continúan discriminando a las subjetividades que escapan de la matriz colonial y de dominación, de todos aquellos que no son hombre, blanco, de clase media/alta y heterosexual. La literatura, como un modo resistencia frente a las distintas violencias que atacan a las mujeres, trabaja formas de representación que visibilizan las dinámicas de género y sus intersecciones con la clase social y la raza. Este artículo se enfoca en dos textos narrativos que representan subjetividades femeninas frente a la violencia de género: La novela Montacerdos del escritor peruano Cronwell Jara (1981) y el cuento “Sangre coagulada” de la ecuatoriana Mónica Ojeda (parte de la colección Las voladoras, de 2020). A pesar las cuatro décadas que separan la publicación de ambos textos, este análisis nos permitirá encontrar algunos puntos en común en sus estrategias narrativas y modos de representación de las subjetividades femeninas: la mirada de las niñas como narradoras, uso de las repeticiones, comparaciones y metaforizaciones entre lo humano y lo animal, la representación de la violencia sexual y el aborto, la creación y sostenimiento de vínculos afectivos frente a una sociedad que los ataca, así como la presentación de otras formas de saber. Estas estrategias dan cuenta de otros cuerpos y otras miradas que revelan y visibilizan las formas en que la violencia de género destruye y precariza la vida de las mujeres en América Latina.
Pedagogías de la crueldad, feminicidio y régimen de autorización discursiva en relatos de Legna Rodríguez Iglesias: sobre las dificultades del des-aprender las lógicas(violencias) patriarcales
Authors: Bustamante Escalona Fernanda
Published: August 2021

En este artículo propongo una lectura de tres relatos de la escritora cubana Legna Rodríguez Iglesias (Camagüey, 1984) -“Reírse de todo”, “Estúpida” y “Wanda”- centrándome en las estrategias estilísticas empleadas por la autora a la hora de (d)enunciar las violencias patriarcales contra las mujeres, físicas y psicológicas, y el feminicidio, como acto cúlmine de esta violencia. Parto de la base de que Rodríguez se inclina por representar mujeres vulneradas que no necesariamente se empoderan o poseen un posicionamiento crítico ante la violencia machista, sino que más bien, mujeres vulneradas que tienen enquistadas las prácticas patriarcales en sus propios cuerpos, participando de ellas activamente, pero desde la indefensión y la ausencia de una toma de conciencia de la violencia a las que están sujetas. Es decir, a partir de ellas la autora abre paso a la reflexión en torno a las dificultades, complejidades y dolores presentes a la hora de des-disciplinar los cuerpos, de des-aprender los patrones de sociabilización patriarcales.
A SAÍDA TÉCNICA COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS DA NATUREZA: UM RELATO DE CASO SOBRE A IDA DE ESTUDANTES AO CENTRO ARQUEOLÓGICO DE LAGOA SANTA – MG
Authors: Freitas Thays Cristina Rodrigues Cangussu De , Oliveira Jonilson Dos Santos
Published: August 2021

Introdução: Fundada em 1972, o Centro Arqueológico de Lagoa Santa, foi criado por Mihály Bányai, a partir dos artefatos coletados, adquiridos e estudado por ele na região. Atualmente, o Museu possui cerca de 8.000 peças, formando um acervo composto por ossadas humanas, artefatos cerâmicos e líticos, fósseis, minerais e animais taxidermizados. Neste local há intensa visitação de pessoas de todo mundo, que vêm em busca de conhecer a história de nossos antepassados, que viviam nesta região inóspita de MG. O local recebe inclusive, estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas afim de dialogar com os mesmos sobre paleontologia e arqueologia, ministrando palestras e visitas guiadas por todo o espaço. Objetivo: Por este motivo objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a participação e envolvimento dos estudantes do ensino fundamental II, em uma saída de campo realizada ao centro arqueológico de Lagoa Santa – MG. Ressalta-se que esta saída de campo foi realizada antes da Pandemia do Covid 19. Material e métodos: Para tanto, foi agendada e organizada a saída dos discentes pelos professores de Matemática e Ciências da escola. Resultados: Cerca de 80 estudantes participaram da saída técnica proposta. No centro arqueológico os estudantes receberam uma palestra inicial, onde foi apresentada a função deste local, sua história, e sua importância para a sociedade e ciência em geral. Após a palestra, os alunos puderam visitar as salas do museu, as grutas da Lapinha e da Macumba, o Museu Peter Lund, além do mirante presente no Parque Estadual do Sumidouro. Conclusão: A proposta de construir aprendizagem significativa no ensino de Ciências da natureza através de saídas de campo, se fez importante, uma vez que gerou no público alvo um grande estímulo para aprender os conteúdos de arqueologia e paleontologia, presentes nas disciplinas de Ciências e Geografia. Portanto, tendo em vista a dificuldade de ensinar alguns conteúdos relacionados a estas disciplinas, e da importância de sempre buscar por outras estratégias didáticas de ensino, saídas técnicas como esta, demonstraram ser uma alternativa possível, proporcionando dessa maneira, um método alternativo para o ensino, para se atingir maior êxito na aprendizagem dos estudantes participantes.
IMPORTÂNCIA DE AULAS PRÁTICAS NUMA PERSPECTIVA DOS ALUNOS DO ENSINO MÉDIO DO COLÉGIO CASTRO ALVES DE TUCURUÍ/PA
Authors: Silva Larissa De Souza Da , Silva Matheus Souza Da
Published: August 2021

Introdução: As práticas pedagógicas são de suma importância em todos os estágios de aprendizado do aluno, principalmente para relacionar a teoria e prática. A aula prática agrega importância no processo de ensino e aprendizagem para os alunos e existem diversos meios e recursos que podem tornar a aula mais atrativa, e que, desde que sejam bem utilizados, contribuem para que aluno tenha interesse pelo conteúdo trabalhado e assim construa conhecimentos. Objetivo: Esse trabalho busca dar ênfase à importância de aulas práticas laboratoriais realizadas na disciplina de Biologia no ensino Básico. Material e métodos: Foi elaborado um questionário on-line, através do Google Docs, neste questionário as perguntas eram direcionadas para a abordagem e importância das práticas durante a disciplina. O presente questionário foi repassado aos alunos por meio de redes sociais, após isso, um gráfico foi criado demonstrando a opinião dos envolvidos nessas atividades e se elas foram de fato necessárias. Resultados: De 42 alunos que responderam as perguntas, 64,3% afirmaram que o desenvolvimento das aulas práticas irá contribuir para sua formação enquanto profissionais e que foi produtivo o desenvolvimento das práticas no decorrer da disciplina; 28,6% desses alunos disseram que irão usar os conhecimentos que foram adquiridos por meio das atividades práticas, tanto na sua vida profissional, quanto pessoal e 42,9% conseguiram relacionar a teoria com a prática desenvolvida. Conclusão: Por tanto, o uso de metodologias e recursos diferentes proporcionam aos alunos ganhos significativos no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, os mesmos sentem-se motivados e se mostram mais interessados quando neles é despertado a vontade da construção de conhecimento. Também é importante que essas abordagens práticas sejam transversais em todos os segmentos da vida escolar.
Connecting technology and sensory design : a collaborative approach to designing university learning environments in a digital age
Authors:   , Parker Megan
Published: August 2021

This study explores how technology-enhanced learning (TEL) environments may be designed to stimulate the human senses. The research examines how interior designers can improve the design of learning environments to integrate seamlessly with emerging technologies, focusing specifically on how to provide students with an embodied and improved learning experience. The research challenges the notion that a need exists to connect technology and sensory design. The aim was to discover how a collaborative design approach could be used to assist interior designers to overcome the challenges they face when accommodating technology and the senses in university learning environments. The study followed an action research approach, situated in the interpretative inquiry paradigm. The sample population was comprised of various professional specialists from South Africa and the United States of America. Online interviews, focus group discussions, reflection questionnaires and an academic research journal were used to gather data. The findings describe and illustrate the challenges which interior designers face when designing learning environments in the digital age. To connect technology and the senses effectively, interior designers need to find a balance between integrating technology, stimulating the senses and encouraging collaborative learning. The study makes a strong case for a collaborative design approach when designing TEL environments, as the wider range of knowledge and skills leads to more informed decisions.
QUANTUM JOURNALISM: PRINCIPLES OF METHODOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION
Authors:   Vasil Stefanik Carpathian National University, Kholod Oleksandr
Published: August 2021

The study aimed to formulate the basic principles of methodological formulation of quantum journalism concept (Latin –«quantum journalism», abbreviated –QJ with the pronunciation [k’udzei]; in Ukrainian –«kudzhei»).Methodology.In the group of general methods, the method of monistic idealism was chosen, this presupposes the primacy of the spirit. In line with monistic idealism, we rely on the concept of quantum infinity. Among the empirical methods, the axiomatic method and the hypothetical-deductive method were used. The first, the axiomatic method, allowed to put forward positions that did not require proof. On their basis, the theses that formed the axiomatic theory of the functioning of quantum journalism were derived. The hypothetical-deductive method became the basis for making a hypothesis and further proving its validity by deduction.Conclusions.According to the results of the research, the basic principles of methodological systemization of quantum journalism were formulated. When studying the theoretical foundations of quantum journalism, it is necessary to use the potential of quantum theory (mainly its Copenhagen interpretation). The study of practical activities within quantum journalism is carried out based on the position that the trends recorded in the field of the micro-world have their transformations in the macro world. Quantum journalism is considered a social institution, which is a theoretical and practical form of social activity of specialists in social communications and is based on ideas that are hypothetically formulated in mathematics and quantum mechanics. In quantum journalism, the unit of analysis (as well as the unit of measurement) is a synergetic-convergent and cross-transmedia unity, the elements of which alone (in isolation) cannot represent the total action, on the one hand, and which alone do not represent the characteristics of the set, on the other. Keywords: quantum journalism, methodological institutionalization, quantum mechanics, institutionalization.
MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF RAW HERBAL DRUG MAMAJJAKA [ENICOSTEMA AXILLARE SUBSP. LITTORALE (BLUME) A. RAYNAL]
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Kumar Bushan , Gairola Sumeet
Published: August 2021

Enicostema axillare subsp. littorale (Blume) A. Raynal belonging to the family Gentianaceae, known as Mamajjaka in Ayurveda, is a medicinally important plant used to treat Madhumeha or diabetes mellitus. The plant has high demand in the Indian herbal drug market and is used in various herbal preparations. The present study was conducted to characterize dried herbal samples of E. axillare subsp. littorale botanically. The botanical characterization involved macroscopic and microscopic studies on the herbal samples. Qualitative and quantitative microscopic characters were studied, and digital photographs of transverse sections (T.S.) and powder cell structures were taken. In T.S. of the stem, the vascular region characters such as the appearance of xylem tissue, lumen diameter of xylem vessels, and powder characters of aerial parts such as abundance and size of starch grains, prismatic crystals, presence of stomata, and trichomes were studied. The characters identified in the present study can be used to identify the herbal samples of E. axillare subsp. littorale in fresh as well as in dry forms.
Indonesia’s AI Promise in Perspective
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Goode Kayla , Kim Heeu Millie
Published: August 2021

The United States and China are keeping an eye on Indonesia’s artificial intelligence potential given the country’s innovation-driven national strategy and flourishing AI industry. China views Indonesia as an anchor for its economic, digital, and political inroads in Southeast Asia and has invested aggressively in new partnerships. The United States, with robust political and economic relations rooted in shared democratic ideals, has an opportunity to leverage its comparative advantages and tap into Indonesia’s AI potential through high-level agreements.
Is Dementia Becoming a Global Health Concern?
Authors:   Wentzville Liberty High School, Anand Sanjana
Published: August 2021

Dementia, a collective term used to characterize a group of conditions such as memory loss and the deterioration of problem-solving abilities, is caused by the impairment of brain functions, and is becoming increasingly prevalent around the world. The World Health Alzheimer’s Report estimates that the number of dementia cases “will increase with an ageing population and will reach 66 million by the year 2030 and 115 million by 2050” (Wortmann, 2012). Currently, there are 35.6 million people that have dementia, and it is stressful for both the individual affected and those who care for them. It also has an enormous economic and psychological impact on these people, and in many countries, there are not sufficient efforts taken to spread awareness about dementia (WHO). Dementia has devastating consequences and is becoming a serious challenge and threat to global health.
Labour force dynamics and the obesity gap in female unemployment in Finland
Authors: Härkönen Juho
Published: August 2021

In this paper we analyse the obesity gap in female unemployment in Finland. A growing body of research has documented that women suffer from obesity penalties in the labour market, whereas men do not. In this paper, we focus on the link between obesity and female unemployment. Since the obesity gap in unemployment may be due to both worker and employer behaviour, our approach provides an interesting test case for analysing various hypotheses put forward to explain the obesity gap in labour market rewards. With data from the Finnish component of the European Community Household Panel, we start by decomposing the obesity gap in unemployment rates to transitions between labour market statuses. The results show that the difference in transitions from unemployment to employment is the most important component of the difference in unemployment rates. We further analyse this transition by performing event-history analyses of the transitions from unemployment to employment and by looking into the job search behaviour of obese versus non-obese women. The obesity gap in transitions from unemployment to employment remains after controlling for human capital and demographic features. Neither do obese women differ from their non-obese peers in job search behaviour. We conclude that employer discrimination is an important explanation of the obesity gap in female unemployment.
The Others as impediments to ‘integration’ into Finnish society: the case of exchange students in higher education
Authors: Dervin Fred
Published: August 2021

Very few studies have tackled the case of exchange students in Finnish society, though their increasing presence is valued and urged by Finnish authorities. This article deals with the intricate concept of “integration” through a discourse analysis of what exchange students in Finland have to say about Otherness. Based on a critical approach to the concepts of integration and politics of differences, the study demonstrates how discourses on the Same, the foreign other and the local (Finns) point to certain patterns in the ways psychological integration is conceptualized by French exchange students in Finland. The study shows how these Others represent impediments to ‘integration’ into Finnish society. Finally, I ask if the predominance of differentialist discourses of integration in this context could be replaced by an alternative vision based on a mélange or mixing understanding of differences.
Social Differentiation of Musical and Literary Taste Patterns in Finland
Authors: Purhonen Semi , Gronow Jukka , Rahkonen Keijo
Published: August 2021

Music and literature are analysed in terms of liking different cultural genres following a three-step analytical strategy. First, the distributions of likes/dislikes of different music and literary genres are examined. Second, we examined how the genres are interrelated. Third, we investigated how interrelating genres condensed into different taste patterns can be explained by five background variables: gender, age, education, income and residential area. In addition, there is a short analysis of the connections among taste patterns across the two cultural areas. The results suggest clear social differentiation in tastes, both in music and in literature, in Finland. Age and especially gender proved to be at least as important as education in explaining musical and literary taste patterns in general and highbrow tastes in particular. Three major correlations representing ‘highbrow’, ‘popular folk’ and ‘popular action’ tastes across the two cultural areas were found, indicating clear homologies between musical and literary taste.
An Econometric Examination on the Share of Land Value of Single-family Housing Prices in Helsinki
Authors: Oikarinen Elias
Published: August 2021

This study brings empirical evidence on the importance of land value on housing prices in Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA). Utilizing econometric analysis and a quarterly dataset over 1988Q1-2008Q2, the results show that the value of land accounts for a significant fraction of single-family housing prices in HMA. In 2000-2007 the share of the land value component is estimated to be almost 50% of housing prices, on average. In line with prior expectations, the results also suggest that the land value component of housing has increased over time. The notable role and increase of the land value component has implications regarding housing price volatility. Since land prices appear to be more volatile than construction costs, it is anticipated that greater share of the land value component leads to more volatile housing prices. Given the significant role that housing wealth appears to play in the overall economy, this is of importance also for the economic policy makers.
The intergenerational correlation of social assistance and selection bias in the Finnish population data
Authors: Moisio Pasi , Kauppinen Timo M.
Published: August 2021

Using the social assistance register we were able to study intergenerational correlations of social assistance recipiency in Finland and how the length of the observation window for identifying recipiency affects on the correlation coefficients. Parents’ social assistance was observed in 1990, and that of their children aged 18–32 was observed in 2005. The intergenerational correlation was .15 on average when the observation window was a calendar year for both parents and children. The correlation varied substantially according to the length of the observation window, the gender and the age of child. The intergenerational correlation was stronger in the early twenties (.20), and substantially lower (.10) in the early thirties. The correlation was stronger for boys (.19) than for girls (.12). As expected from the theory and previous studies, a shorter observation window for parents yielded higher estimates for the intergenerational correlation, and a shorter observation window for children yielded lower estimates. There are two sources of bias when using a shorter observation window. The downward identification bias results when households receiving social assistance for a short spell outside the observation window are classified as non-recipients. The upward selection bias results when households receiving long-term social assistance are over-represented as compared to parents who receive social assistance only for a short spell. These two sources of bias operate in a complex way and the direction of bias they cause for the intergenerational correlation is essentially an empirical question. Hence, when drawing (policy) conclusions from studies on intergenerational correlations, one should keep in mind that the correlation estimates are very sensitive to the length for the observation windows and to the life stage when the children’s social assistance recipiency is observed.
Attributions for poverty in Finland: a non-generic approach
Authors: Niemelä Mikko
Published: August 2021

This article analyses three specific categories of the poor – immigrants, families with children and the retired – and compares the perceptions gained from this analysis to generic attributions of the causes of poverty. It examines whether different explanations can be attributed to certain socio-economic characteristics and political ideologies. The data derive from a survey conducted in Finland in 2008. The results indicate that the public shares distinctive causal beliefs when it comes to the different categories of the poor. When moving from the retired to families with children and to immigrants, support for explanations that blame the individual increases and support for explanations that blame structural conditions decreases. In addition, when the poor are divided into specific categories the dominant three-tier typology of poverty explanations does not seem to hold. Instead, the public is more likely to distinguish between internal and external reasons for non-generic poverty. The results suggest that the hypotheses of in-group favouritism and self-interest are supported. In addition, political ideology is strongly associated with attributions for poverty.
The sources of generalized trust and institutional confidence in Europe
Authors: Kouvo Antti
Published: August 2021

Besides the exponential growth of written pages on social capital and trust, we have seen a considerable increase in empirical comparative studies on the topic. Despite that, it is not always clear how differences between individual and aggregate level factors are taken into account when exploring the sources of trust. The purpose of the article is to find out a) what the explanatory power of individual and country level factors is when explaining generalized and institutional trust among the Europeans and b) what the most essential differences are in the determinants of social capital between different types of European welfare states. The data come from the European Social Survey (ESS 2004). Multilevel analyses are accomplished in order to combine different levels of data and explanations. The results reveal many similarities but also remarkable differences in the generation of horizontal and vertical trust between different types of welfare states and support hypotheses emphasizing institutional characteristics of the states in the generation of trust.
To vote or not to vote? A macro perspective. Electoral participation by immigrants from different countries of origin in 24 European countries of destination
Authors: André Stéfanie , Dronkers Jaap , Need Ariana
Published: August 2021

Electoral participation of immigrants is an important issue in Europe, particularly because immigrants vote less often than natives. This may suggest a lack of political integration and might result in proportionally lower representation in parliament, in turn affecting democratic legitimacy. This research analyses 8,132 immigrants in 24 European countries. We find that although the largest differences are at the level of the country of destination, the measured characteristics of the country of origin offer more powerful explanations. We conclude that immigrants from countries with more political and socio-economic opportunities have a higher propensity to vote. Immigrants who live in countries with a higher economic development level also vote more often.
Distance as a cost of cross-border voting
Authors: Peltoniemi Johanna
Published: August 2021

Globalisation and European integration have led to increased mobility, and a growing number of countries have enfranchised their emigrant citizens. However, the political participation of Nordic emigrants has hitherto been a scantly investigated issue. This article examines which factors influence the voting likelihood of emigrants; does distance influence as a cost of crossborder voting, and how does time lived abroad influences emigrants’ decision to vote in the parliamentary elections, both in homeland and in the country of residence. The statistical analyses are based on data collected from 1,067 Finnish emigrants in 2014. The results suggest that distance to the nearest polling station plays a significant role in the emigrant voting decision. Furthermore, we find that emigrants’ probability to vote in the homeland elections decline with time, whereas the probability to vote in the country of residence increases. This study provides a new understanding of voter behaviour in globalised world, and the findings of this article can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at ameliorating transnational political participation.
Declaring, shepherding, managing: The welfare state ethos in Finnish government programmes, 1950-2015
Authors: Hellman Matilda , Monni Marjukka , Alanko Anna
Published: August 2021

This study is concerned with the Finnish government’s political programmes (N=42) from the 1950s to the present. Its objective is to examine how conceptions of the welfare state have changed over the past 65 years. The analysis concentrates on the social and health care sectors as indicators of the content and nature of the ambitions set for the welfare system by the highest political leadership. The programmes were examined for their aims, character and concepts. The governments’ changing position towards its welfare political mandate emerges in three distinct periods: 1) 1950 through the 1970s, when the welfare state was being constructed; 2) the 1980s and 1990s, as the concept was further developed and internally synchronized; and 3) 2000 to 2015, a time of increasing estrangement from universal notions. The study shows that as late as 2014, the welfare state’s aims of inclusion and universalism were dramatically toned down to an absolute minimum in the government programmes. The article shows that in contemporary times, the coalition government system may have strengthened the welfare state ethos. This is a finding of great significance for a structural-political perspective on the support of welfare state ideas.
LA EXTENSIÓN AGRÍCOLA, UNA OPORTUNIDAD PARA LA CONSOLIDACIÓN SOLIDARIA CON ENFOQUE TERRITORIAL
Authors: Cabrera Otálora Martha Isabel , Sánchez Jiménez Wilson , Giraldo Díaz Reinaldo
Published: August 2021

Desde una revisión documental a la noción de extensión agrícola, con el objetivo de identificar aquellos ejes conductores que la sostienen como agente constante e histórico en los procesos de desarrollo rural, se adelanta una reflexión sobre lo que significa hablar de extensión rural con enfoque territorial. Se encontró que la extensión es dinamizada igualmente con enfoque territorial con fines de lograr capacidades territoriales para el desarrollo económico y, por tanto, su escenario de actuación, a pesar de tener una apertura hacia tratamientos multisectoriales, está convocada a desarrollar actividades vinculadas a promover cambio técnico en los diferentes pasos de la cadena productiva. En el contexto de formar extensionistas, se observa la oportunidad para lograr aprendizajes que confluyan en la superación de formación de capacidades técnicas para el desarrollo económico y, más bien, se constituya oportunidad para el reconocimiento de la ruralidad y el fortalecimiento de la participación comunitaria en la construcción de planes de vida.
Raman spectroscopy reveals variation in free OH groups and hydrogen bond strength in ultrahigh dilutions
Authors: Konar Atheni , Sarkar Tandra , Chakraborty Indrani , Sukul Nirmal Chandra , Majumdar Dipanwita , Singha Achintya , Sukul Anirban
Published: August 2021

Objective: To decipher the nature of water structure in two ultrahigh diluted (UHD) homeopathic drugs by Laser Raman Spectroscopy.

Method: Two homeopathic drugs Calcarea carbonica (Calc.) and Sepia officinalis (Sep.) in 8cH, 202cH, and 1002cH and their diluent medium 90% ethanol in 8cH and 202cH were used in the present study. Laser Raman spectra of all the samples were obtained in the wave number region of 2400 â€“ 4200 cm-1. The intensity ratio at vibration frequencies between 3200 and 3420 (R1) and that between 3620 and 3420 (R2) were calculated for each UHD of the samples.

Results: The spectra show a marked difference in intensities in the stretching vibrations of CH and OH groups of all the samples. R1 values for three UHDs of Calc. and Sep. show negative and positive relationships, respectively. In the case of R2 values, the relationship in three UHDs is 81002 for Calc., and 8> 202 < 1002 for Sep. In the case of control (ethanol UHDs) both R1 and R2 show a negative relationship.

Conclusion: R1 denotes a relative number of OH groups with strong and weak hydrogen bonds. R2 indicates the relative number of OH groups with broken and weak H-bonds. Therefore, the UHDs of the two drugs and the control are different from each other with respect to hydrogen bond strength of OH groups and the number of free OH groups or non-hydrogen bonded water molecules.
Plant Tissue culture and Ultra High Diluted studies: suggesting a novel model using in vitro techniques
Authors: Barreto Carolina Santos , Homsani Fortune , Holandino Carla , Da Silva Nina Claudia Barboza
Published: August 2021

Plant tissue culture techniques have been used to evaluate the effects of many different substances and/ or conditions in plant growth and development. It provides information of great value about problems related to basic and applied aspects of plant as well as contributed to understanding of factors responsible for growth, metabolism, synthesis of secondary compounds, stress response. Considering all this wide range of applications and as all plant tissue culture techniques are undergone under axenic and controlled conditions (culture medium composition, light and temperature, for instance), it seems to be a value model for Ultra High Diluted (UHD) studies. Lippia alba is a Brazilian plant that tissue cultures protocols and in vitro essential oil production have already been described in scientific literature. None of all scientific papers evaluated the effects of UHD substances on in vitro development or secondary metabolic production. The main goal was to evaluate the use of plant tissue culture to investigate the effects of UHD benzilaminopurine (BA) on Lippia alba shoot culture. Nodal segments obtained from plants growth in vitro was subcultured to Murashigue & Skoog semi-solid medium added with 2ml of these different solutions: BA 3Âµmol, BA 12CH (10-24), water 12CH and water (no dilution and succussion). Weekly 1 ml of solutions were added to cultures. The experiment was repeated twice and each one consisted in 3 culture vessel with 5 nodal segments per treatment (n=30). All plants were maintained in growth room under controlled temperature (25Â°C), light and photoperiod (16L/8D). The tested substances were prepared according to the method of stepwise dilution and succussion as describe in Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. The experiment was blinded all the time. After 60d, plantlets were evaluated for number of shoots, shoot length, rooted plants (%), callus development (%) and fresh biomass. Data were submitted to ANOVA following by Duncanâ€™s and t-test. Plants from water 12CH and BA 12CH increased the number of new shoots and promoted the highest shoot length. By adding BA 3Âµmol the organogenetic response was inhibited since neither shoot nor root were developed. However, it was observed a significant basal callus development. Plant tissue culture could be adapted for UHD studies. More studies are being conducted in way to analyze other experimental conditions and biochemical/phytochemical parameters.
Full latitudinal marine atmospheric measurements of iodine monoxide
Authors: Takashima Hisahiro , Kanaya Yugo , Kato Saki , Friedrich Martina M. , Van Roozendael Michel , Taketani Fumikazu , Miyakawa Takuma , Komazaki Yuichi , Cuevas Carlos A. , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso , Sekiya Takashi
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Iodine compounds destroy ozone (O3) in the global troposphere and form new aerosols, thereby affecting the global radiative balance. However, few reports have described the latitudinal distribution of atmospheric iodine compounds. This work reports iodine monoxide (IO) measurements over unprecedented sampling areas from Arctic to the Southern Hemisphere and spanning sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of approximately 0 °C to 31.5 °C. The highest IO concentrations were observed over the Western Pacific warm pool (WPWP), where O3 minima were also measured. There, negative correlation was found between O3 and IO mixing ratios at extremely low O3 concentrations. This correlation is not explained readily by the “O3-dependent” oceanic fluxes of photolabile inorganic iodine compounds, the dominant source in recent global-scale chemistry-transport models representing iodine chemistry, and rather implies that “O3-independent” pathways can be similarly important in the WPWP. The O3-independent fluxes result in a 15 % greater O3 loss than that estimated for O3-dependent processes alone. The daily O3 loss rate related to iodine over the WPWP is as high as approximately 2 ppbv despite low O3 concentrations of ~10 ppbv, with the loss being up to 100 % greater than that without iodine. This finding suggests that warming SST driven by climate change may affect the marine atmospheric chemical balance through iodine–ozone chemistry.
Observation and modeling of the historic “Godzilla” African dust intrusion into the Caribbean Basin and the southern US in June 2020
Authors: Yu Hongbin , Tan Qian , Zhou Lillian , Zhou Yaping , Bian Huisheng , Chin Mian , Ryder Claire L. , Levy Robert C. , Pradhan Yaswant , Shi Yingxi , Song Qianqian , Zhang Zhibo , Colarco Peter R. , Kim Dongchul , Remer Lorraine A. , Yuan Tianle , Mayol-Bracero Olga , Holben Brent N.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. This study characterizes a massive African dust intrusion into the Caribbean Basin and southern US in June 2020, which is nicknamed the “Godzilla”
dust plume, using a comprehensive set of satellite and ground-based observations (including MODIS, CALIOP, SEVIRI, AERONET, and EPA Air Quality
network) and the NASA GEOS global aerosol transport model. The MODIS data record registered this massive dust intrusion event as the most intense
episode over the past 2 decades. During this event, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) observed by AERONET and MODIS peaked at 3.5 off the coast of
West Africa and 1.8 in the Caribbean Basin. CALIOP observations show that the top of the dust plume reached altitudes of 6–8 km in West Africa
and descended to about 4 km altitude over the Caribbean Basin and 2 km over the US Gulf of Mexico coast. The dust intrusion event degraded the
air quality in Puerto Rico to a hazardous level, with maximum daily PM10 concentration of 453 µg m−3 recorded on
23 June. The dust intrusion into the US raised the PM2.5 concentration on 27 June to a level exceeding the EPA air quality standard in
about 40 % of the stations in the southern US. Satellite observations reveal that dust emissions from convection-generated haboobs and other
sources in West Africa were large albeit not extreme on a daily basis. However, the anomalous strength and northern shift of the North Atlantic
Subtropical High (NASH) together with the Azores low formed a closed circulation pattern that allowed for accumulation of the dust near the African
coast for about 4 d. When the NASH was weakened and wandered back to the south, the dust outflow region was dominated by a strong African easterly
jet that rapidly transported the accumulated dust from the coastal region toward the Caribbean Basin, resulting in the record-breaking African dust
intrusion. In comparison to satellite observations, the GEOS model reproduced the MODIS observed tracks of the meandering dust plume well as it was
carried by the wind systems. However, the model substantially underestimated dust emissions from haboobs and did not lift up enough dust to the
middle troposphere for ensuing long-range transport. Consequently, the model largely missed the satellite-observed elevated dust plume along the
cross-ocean track and underestimated the dust intrusion into the Caribbean Basin by a factor of more than 4. Modeling improvements need to focus on
developing more realistic representations of moist convection, haboobs, and the vertical transport of dust.