bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of LIBOR
Authors: McDonald Oonagh
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a brief history of LIBOR, the London Interbank Offered Rate, tracing both market developments and the macro-economic and regulatory environment in which it was created. Beginning as an informal measure used in the London Eurodollar market of the 1960s, LIBOR made the transition to a formal benchmark in the mid-1980s, eventually becoming the most widely used benchmark in the world by the late-1990s.
A rapidly changing foreign exchange market
Authors: McDonald Oonagh
Published: September 2019

This chapter shows how much the Forex market has changed and developed over the years. It also reveals what goes on behind the scenes when buying foreign exchange at a bureau de change, paying bills to a company in another country or booking a hotel using a credit card on the internet or by telephone. The days of noisy trading floors where dealers shouted at each other have long gone, to be replaced by computers and people tapping at keyboards or talking quietly to each other. When did the Forex market start to change and why does it matter?
Manipulating the foreign exchange market
Authors: McDonald Oonagh
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses evidence collected by regulators to demonstrate how dealers’ practice of acting as principals rather than agents put their clients at risk. Containing extensive excerpts from traders’ communications, it demonstrates how they managed their manipulations and in what environment it all took place.
Framing political campaigns
Authors: Dekavalla Marina
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores framing as a broader theory of understanding media content and political communication in general. It reviews key themes in frame analysis and discusses previous work on the framing of political campaigns in different contexts. It also explores existing research on the generic frames commonly found in the coverage of political campaigns, and particularly of elections. Research exploring the conditions that give rise to such generic frames is also reviewed, with a view to establishing what may be learned from this research for the analysis of referendum campaigns.
The recovery of tradition
Authors: Ealy Lenore T.
Published: September 2019

Scholars have increasingly conceptualized American civil society as a realm of mediating structures that humanize our lives by shielding us from the power of society’s megastructures (whether the State or multinational corporations).  This focus on structural position and the work of “mediation” has tended to crowd out an alternative exploration of the family, faith communities, clubs, and voluntary associations rooted in an exploration of their custodial and creative functions in relationship to the traditions through which American society persists.  This chapter draws upon Edward Shils’ seminal work, Tradition, to argue that the essential function of these social institutions is to renew the patterns of belief and conduct that guide human action and enable the re-enactment of such patterns across generations.  It highlights the importance of Shils’ understanding of the intrinsic value and authority of traditionality in light of the ultimate frailty and insufficiency of rationality by itself in enabling human beings to solve the important problems that confront them individually and as participants in a shared culture.
Shils and Oakeshott
Authors: Podoksik Efraim
Published: September 2019

Michael Oakeshott and Edward Shils are thinkers similar in many respects. They both belonged to the intellectual current of the post-war anti-totalitarianism that was characterised by the opposition to the idea of regulating society by planning, by the rejection of ideological politics, and by the perception of similarity, if not identity, between the left-wing and right-wing radicalisms. They both occupied the conservative-liberal slot within the broad anti-totalitarian spectrum, combining their adherence to freedom and minimal state with their deep appreciation of tradition. At the same time, their different intellectual temperaments led them to opposite directions. Beneath Oakeshott’s apparent conservatism one often discovers an emancipatory and optimistic disposition grounded in his Romantic appreciation of radical individuality. Shils’ respectable liberalism, by contrast, often results in cultural pessimism and social conservatism.
Edward Shils: defender of the traditional university
Authors: Altbach Philip G.
Published: September 2019

Universities and science policy were key areas of Edward Shils’ concerns. His commitment to the research university ideal as the central institution for the production and dissemination of knowledge and the essential role of higher education for social and economic development led him to establish the journal Minerva. This journal became central for research on higher education and for debates on science policy. Shils wrote thoughtfully on the role of the research university, and was one of the first scholars to focus on universities in developing countries, pointing out their centrality for emerging economies. Shils belief in the Weberian ideal of the research university led him to analyse the history of universities in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and defend the traditional ideal of faculty autonomy and governance.
Adrian Piper’s textual address
Authors: Lamm Kimberly
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 begins by analysing Adrian Piper’s engagement with the textual dimensions of Conceptual Art in the late 1960s and the ways in which it aligned with her work in Kantian philosophy to develop the aesthetic and perceptual conditions that allow for an encounter with what she identifies as the ‘singular reality of the “other.”’ The chapter then turns to the artwork Piper produced after 1970, a year of political upheaval in which she began to work with text and writing to expose the visual pathologies of racism and sexism, which she identifies as ‘defensive rationalizations’. By tracing the transformations of her oeuvre across the 1970s, this chapter demonstrates how Piper’s artwork enacts the ways in which racism and sexism call black women into narrow forms of visibility while also exposing the historically entrenched habits for projecting fears and fantasies on to black women’s bodies. To bring the black feminist stakes of Piper’s artwork into relief, I read it through Hortense Spillers’s (1987) concepts of ‘telegraphing’ – the means by which iconic images of black women have been transmitted across American culture – and ‘ungendering’ – the specific form of abjection inflicted upon black women in the transatlantic slave trade that reverberates into the present..
National: Jews in Britain – a historical overview
Authors: Alderman Geoffrey
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides the national context, tracing the history of Jewry from medieval England to modern Britain. It stresses the importance of immigration, of different sorts in different period and from different countries. The emergence of the office of Chief Rabbi and of the United Hebrew congregation is an important feature of contemporary British Jewry.
Local: Leeds in the age of great cities
Authors: Fraser Derek
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores Leeds as one of the shock cities of the Industrial Revolution, which experienced massive population growth in the nineteenth century. The new industrial classes challenged the old merchant elite and sought political power. The 1832 election, the first time Leeds gained parliamentary representation, was an important statement about the new urban society. The building of the Town Hall was an expression of civic pride and Queen Victoria opened it.
The Second World War
Authors: Vellins Ian
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the Jewish community during the difficult wartime years, when many families suffered the tensions of absent fathers in the armed services and children removed through evacuation. The latter was in the event relatively short-lived and children returned to their schools which were soon reopened. The remarkable story of the Kindertransport is reviewed and life stories given of successful relocation to Leeds. The reception given to those fleeing from Nazi persecution was not always wholly welcoming. The impact of rationing is discussed and the difficulties both housewives and servicemen had in keeping to their kosher dietary rules.
The influence of personalities
Authors: Meadowcroft Michael
Published: September 2019

This chapter adopts a biographical approach and identifies a number of leading figures who made a contribution to the community and the city. These include philanthropic figures, such as Victor Lightman; municipal ‘giants’, such as Hyman Morris; academics, such as Selig Brodetsky and retail entrepreneurs, such as Montague Burton. The only woman included, Fanny Waterman, is a musical pioneer who established the Leeds Piano Competition. It is admitted that the choice was subjective and others might have been included.
Reluctant cities: how London and Birmingham said no to dispersal
Authors: Esteves Olivier
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, the local situations of Birmingham and London are analysed. Although these were the two conurbations accommodating by far the largest number of immigrant children, they were reluctant to introduce dispersal. In Birmingham, some key Labour figures (Denis Howell, Roy Hattersley) campaigned actively in favour of it, and were dissatisfied when the city refused to operate it, afraid as it was of its detrimental effects. There, dispersal was a major bone of contention, until a voluntary type of dispersal was finally decided upon, which proved ineffective against ethnic-minority clustering in schools. In the Inner London Education Authority, dispersal was more massively rejected, mostly owing to a neighbourhood-school-based approach and to the specific resources London enjoyed. Lastly, this chapter studies the debate on the introduction of ‘banding’ in Haringey, which was presented as an IQ-based type of dispersal. This caused a major controversy after Alderman Doulton locally suggested West Indians had lower IQs than autochthonous pupils.
Conclusion
Authors: Esteves Olivier
Published: September 2019

That the end of bussing in the years 1980–81 coincided with a multicultural U-turn in approaches to education and with the emergence of new demographic dynamics in inner-city schools is fully evidenced in Bradford’s case. In 1982, a local memorandum stated that the West Yorkshire city had “a multi-racial and multi-cultural population and … all sections of the community have an equal right to the maintenance of their distinctive identities and loyalties of culture, language, religion and custom”. Race Awareness Training for teachers was also introduced....
Introduction
Authors: Moss Jonathan
Published: September 2019

The Introduction discusses the study of women’s workplace protest for earlier periods. It outlines the book’s conceptual framework and indicates the book’s position relative to existing literature on women and work, women and the labour movement, and second-wave feminism. It also provides a brief discussion of the broader historical context in which these disputes took place. Finally, it discusses the sources and methods used in the book and explains why each case study was chosen, who was interviewed, and why.
Contextualising women’s workplace activism in post-war England
Authors: Moss Jonathan
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an overview of how women’s growing presence in the workforce was understood by contemporaries. It demonstrates that female workers, trade unions, social scientists, and WLM activists were increasingly drawing public attention to the poor conditions and inequalities working-class women were likely to experience in the workplace. At the same time, there was a growing commitment from policy makers and the main political parties to understanding and addressing gender inequality as a political issue. This chapter argues the growing politicisation of gender inequality in the workplace was part of a broader transition in public understandings of gender roles taking place in post-war Britain. It concludes that women’s workplace activism should be understood within this context.
Sexton’s shoe factory occupation and Fakenham Enterprises, Norfolk, 1972–77
Authors: Moss Jonathan
Published: September 2019

Chapter Four focuses on the 1972 occupation of Sexton’s shoe factory organised by female workers fighting to save their jobs in Fakenham, Norfolk. The occupation lasted 18 weeks before the women involved established their own co-operative that traded with varied levels of success until it entered receivership in 1977. This chapter revisits Fakenham Enterprises from the perspective of women who were involved at the time. The Fakenham occupation moves the book onto a different track away from the equal pay debates considered in the previous two chapters, towards working-class women’s fight against factory closures and unemployment. This case study is particularly distinguished by its local context (rural Norfolk) and illustrates how women were taking similar action to one another across England, in a range of industries and both urban and rural locations.
Conclusion
Authors: Moss Jonathan
Published: September 2019

The conclusion summarises the book’s main findings, arguing that labour force participation was often experienced or viewed as claim to political citizenship in late modern England. Women’s workplace protest was not simply a direct response to women’s heightened presence in trade unions and ‘second-wave’ feminism. The women involved in these disputes were more likely to understand their experiences of workplace activism as an expression of the economic, social and subjective value of their work and an assertion of their personal autonomy. They possessed specific skills and ability, which were closely tied to their sense of self. Revisiting women’s workplace protest from an historical perspective enables one to see how these women were both indirectly influenced by and contributed towards the development of British feminism. Women’s attempts to redefine how their work was valued and to speak with their own voice within the labour movement challenged gender norms and can be described as feminist. However, it is crucial to recognise that the majority of women interviewed did not view themselves or their behaviour as either feminist or political, and stressed their ‘ordinariness’ or individuality instead. The conclusion explains this tension and suggests the women believed they were practicing ethics rather than politics.
Introduction
Authors: Peplow Simon
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter introduces the main themes of the book, which locate the anti-police collective violence that spread throughout England in 1980–1 within a longer struggle against racism and disadvantage faced by black Britons that had seen a growth in more militant forms of resistance since World War II. This chapter provides introductory overviews of the existing literature related to race and immigration, collective violence, spread of disorder, and the disturbance of 1980–1 themselves. The history of public inquiries is briefly examined, demonstrating their perceived importance within the British legal system and initiating discussion of why they have proven controversial. The chapter ends with a note on the work’s use of a number of key terms, and a brief overview of the book’s structure.
‘Who the hell’s defending if they’re going to walk out of here?’ The Moss Side Defence Committee
Authors: Peplow Simon
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides detailed discussion of the Moss Side Defence Committee, through local and understudied national records and original interviews, which is often overlooked in discussions of 1980–1. The Defence Committee, formed to aid those arrested in relation to the disturbances, vehemently opposed the Greater Manchester County Council-established local inquiry into the Moss Side disturbances, and organised a boycott. It was later suggested that dichotomous local responses to state mechanisms allowed progress: that radical groups, such as the Defence Committee, ‘being noisy’ allowed moderates previously unattainable access to the authorities – but the extent to which this was a conscious tactic is debatable. The chapter ends by exploring unstudied interviews with residents and inquiry proceedings, demonstrating the high level of accusations of police misconduct not appearing in the inquiry report, and the continued discontent created by such exclusions.
Epilogue: ‘Turning point’ or ‘opportunity lost’? The legacy of 1980–81
Authors: Peplow Simon
Published: September 2019

This closing chapter initially examines the nature of and differing reactions to the events of 1980–1, before providing an overview of the subsequent developments since, in terms of race, policing, protest, and public inquiries. It shows how the legacy of 1980–1 had a differing impact upon various aspects: for example, it cannot be said to have vastly altered authorities’ views on racial issues or the police’s attitudes towards accountability and policing by consent – other than increasingly hardening views towards combatting public disorder. While there have been a number of advancements – such as municipal antiracist programmes, increasing presence for black and minority ethnic politicians, widespread acknowledgement of police ‘institutional racism’ – recent statistics regarding the policing of minority ethnic groups and deaths in police custody demonstrate many of the issues remain unresolved.
City wastelands: creating places of vernacular democracy
Authors: Gawryszewska Beata J. , Łepkowski Maciej , Wilczyńska Anna
Published: September 2019

Based on eighteen case studies the chapter discusses social values of urban wasteland areas. Therefore, it presents contemporary, post-human theories of vernacular models of democracy. Based on non-participatory observation, inventory of territorial markers and free-form interviews: processes, functions, users and possible development of urban wastelands are shown. The role of these places is perceived in two aspects, either as a substitute for the deficit of green areas or as their necessary functional complementation. Consequently, the main functions of these areas are informal activities, community gardening, extreme sports, inhabiting place for homeless, etc. Concluding, the authors state that in a development of urban wastelands, a new and open design approach is required. Future development of these spaces should preserve their values such as: inclusiveness, freedom of creation, creative attitudes and social participation processes.
Is urban gardening a source of wellbeing and just freedom? A Capability Approach based analysis from the UK and Ireland
Authors: Clavin Alma
Published: September 2019

The production of urban space and associated neoliberalisation of urban governance limits opportunities for individual and collective freedoms. Such a socio-spatial approach to uneven urban development has influenced a number of authors in their examination of urban community gardens. The research has shown both positive agency and wellbeing benefits of these spaces and also more critical accounts of how the spaces are limited in their ability to truly enhance political freedoms, overcoming asymmetric power relations. In addition to ongoing issues of insecurity of tenure, such well-intentioned community garden initiatives may be seen as light green, weak approaches to urban sustainability rather than a true oppositional discourse of practice, therefore seen to continue neoliberal forms of both unsustainable and uneven development. Using qualitative, visual methods, the chapter focuses on the potential of community gardens to enhance both human agency and ecological sustainability of passive adult users, and active youth and child users in urban areas. The sites chosen are specifically designed with ecological principles and associated features. In order to examine the freedoms valued within these sites, Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach (CA) is operationalized in five such sites in the UK and Ireland. Various critiques of the CA are addressed, and a particular approach to evaluating human wellbeing, linking the sustainable and just use of urban resources is developed. Such a re-conceptualisation of the CA is significant in realizing the potential role of the sites in enhancing a more expressive mode of being for individuals, along with the enhancement of participative and critical capacity in urban areas.
West Sussex and the rural south
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: September 2019

West Sussex was a classic zone on the receiving end of the increasing economic divisions in the national story. Turmoil in rural Sussex had been rife at the turn of the century, marked by harvest failures, disorder and protest about food monopolies and inflated prices. Emigration from Sussex to remote Australia was riskier. Sometimes a local Sussex parish intervened and provided assistance to poor emigrants, in effect to paupers. Emigration was only one of many solutions to the problem of rural poverty in the district and across the nation. Much more common in the years before 1830 were certain initiatives taken to promote the emigration of poor people from Sussex, mainly to Canada and the United States. These schemes were led by local philanthropists and landowners seeking to diminish the burdens of poor relief.
Agrarian turmoil and the activation of mass mobility
Authors: Richards Eric
Published: September 2019

The turmoil in the agrarian and demographic foundations of life reached across the British archipelago. They were on display most critically in Ireland where, in 1821, the population was more than half that of England and three times greater than Scotland’s, and also growing very rapidly. The emigration question was interconnected with the way in which the labour supply for the industrialisation of the British economy was achieved. The state of mobility and the transfer of labour out of rural England was becoming much clearer by mid-Victorian times. The beginnings of modern mobility were essentially rural, the origins are found in country cottages and villages, and along the very long and tortuous paths which, for a minority, led to the emigration ships. Only later did mass emigration become an overwhelmingly urban and industrial phenomenon.
Sensational cinema
Authors: MacDougall David
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the role of the senses and the evocation of physical sensations in the cinema. These evocations go well beyond the five primary senses, for combinations of images and sounds are capable of evoking a much wider range of sensations, including those of movement, pressure, nearness and distance, wetness and dryness, viscosity, and so on. Citing Michel Chion, the author examines how the sound-image becomes a new phenomenon that produces a heightened sense of material presence. Although some of our responses are innate, others are dependent on context and prior experience, which may explain why films are more effective at evoking sensations of touch than those of taste and smell. The aesthetic profile of different cultures is another determining factor. The cinema can be coercive in forcing us to see what we would ordinarily avoid, challenging our moral and cultural assumptions. On the other hand, its very technology often misrepresents our seeing, leading to an anodyne version of reality. The sensations and emotions of the filmmaker while filming are also important, and for filmmakers the cinema can become a way of reaching out to the subjects of their films. But ‘sensory’ cinema, the author argues, should not become an end in itself; it only achieves value within the context of other human relations.
Documentary and its doubles
Authors: MacDougall David
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a critical overview of the history of documentary cinema, arguing that it gradually lost sight of its early inspiration in the cinema of the Lumière brothers, adopting many of the features of fiction film production and modelling itself increasingly on didactic texts and journalism. In the sound era, British documentary films made under the aegis of John Grierson, despite his celebration of the ‘actual’, turned towards mass education and an idealised vision of collective humanity, and away from recording actual events in human lives. Italian Neorealist fiction films and changes to camera technology in the post-war period inspired a return to these objectives, but this found little space in television, which remained firmly fixed on journalism, entertainment, and public issues. Reactions took many forms, including experimental documentaries, social advocacy, biography and autobiography, and films exploring the relationship of film to reality, as in the work of Jean Rouch and Errol Morris. The rise of observational films gave promise of a return to the more modest aim of giving audiences shared access to what the filmmaker had witnessed, despite the challenges of manipulative ‘reality’ television and designer-packaged documentaries. The essay refers to a host of influences and commentaries, including those of Edward Said, Bill Nichols, Dai Vaughan, Robert Flaherty, Jean Rouch, Colin Young, and Grierson himself.
After Grenfell: safe and secure homes for all
Authors: Hodkinson Stuart
Published: September 2019

This chapter is the conclusion of the book. It sets out a vision of immediate and gradual reforms needed for ending the era of unsafe regeneration and housing provision in the outsourced state. A first section sets out the scale of the housing safety and insecurity crisis that confronts us. A second section then sets out three policy lessons raised by Grenfell and my own research on outsourced regeneration under PFI still being ignored by government to ensure that all homes are secure and safe to live in and that residents’ voices are democratically enshrined in housing governance: the need to restore accountability and power to residents; the need to re-regulate construction and housing provision in the interests of safety; and the need to end the privatisation disaster through a programme of gradual reforms that will gradually phase out PFI and outsourcing, push back the financialisation of housing and land, and restore a reinvented public housing model based on the Bevanite principle of treating housing as ‘a social service’ and not a commodity that is democratically accountable to its residents.
Discrimination and the development of general practice
Authors: Simpson Julian M.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 shows how a discriminatory professional environment limited doctors’ professional options and how their responses to this context contributed to defining the nature of British general practice. The entry of medical migrants into general practice was unplanned both by central government and doctors themselves. Understanding how doctors ended up working as GPs and being overrepresented in industrial parts of Britain involves developing an appreciation of the environment that the NHS provided at the time. Doctors’ decisions to stay in Britain were made in a professional context which was characterised by racism and what Albert Memmi has termed ‘heterophobia’ (i.e. the fear of difference). Being marked as non-white, and more generally as different directed South Asian doctors towards less prestigious roles in medicine, such as being a GP. A second layer of discrimination occurred within general practice, resulting in migrant doctors being disadvantaged when it came to obtaining GP positions in the more desirable areas.
From ‘pairs of hands’ to family doctors
Authors: Simpson Julian M.
Published: September 2019

The professional options of South Asian doctors who decided to stay in Britain were limited, notably as a result of racism and heterophobia. The presence of significant numbers of South Asian doctors in general practice in industrial and inner-city areas in nevertheless partly ascribable to their agency: they actively decided to remain in Britain and forge careers as GPs even though this was not the type of work they envisaged doing initially. The entry of a significant number of South Asian doctors into the profession of general practice was not officially orchestrated or even encouraged at a national level by the British government or the leaders of the medical profession. The individual choices to become GPs made by thousands of South Asian doctors had a major structural impact on the development of British primary care. By the early 1990s, around 30% of GPs in major cities such as Birmingham and Manchester had qualified in South Asia and in some parts of the country (for instance Walsall in the Midlands) South-Asian trained doctors made up more than half of the NHS’ GP population.
Adding to the mosaic of British general practice
Authors: Simpson Julian M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between South Asian doctors and what has been termed the ‘renaissance’ of general practice in the post- war years. Changes in British General practice from the 1960s onwards coincided with the entry into the field of substantial numbers of South Asian doctors. These two historical processes should be seen as interconnected.
I, Claudius (1976)
Authors: Magerstädt Sylvie
Published: September 2019

This section contains a case study of BBC production I, Claudius (1976).
The Eagle of the Ninth (1977)
Authors: Magerstädt Sylvie
Published: September 2019

This section contains a case study of six-part television series The Eagle of the Ninth, a BBC adaptation of Rosemary Sutcliff’s popular children’s novel, first published in 1954.
Starz Spartacus (2010–13)
Authors: Magerstädt Sylvie
Published: September 2019

This section contains a case study of the HBO–BBC co-production STARZ Spartacus (2010-13).
Untangling the Companies’ Motives and Actions
Authors: Milosevic Tijana
Published: September 2019

An analysis of the policies and mechanisms that social media companies have developed to address bullying on their platforms is provided in this chapter. Relying on an analysis of texts and an examination of specific platforms, as well as on in-depth interviews with social media companies, e-safety experts and NGO representatives, the chapter documents what is missing in the policies and what the implications of such wording are. The companies’ moderation systems are examined, what can be known about their effectiveness and the consequences of such mechanisms for child protection and empowerment on the one hand and users’ freedom of speech on the other. The pattern of how the policies tend to evolve, and how this development can affect the perceptions of regulators, is considered as well.
The Roles of NGOs in Search of Transparency and Effectiveness
Authors: Milosevic Tijana
Published: September 2019

This chapter consists of an analysis of bullying-prevention, primarily digital citizenship-based educational initiatives that e-safety NGOs develop with companies for the companies’ Safety Centers, and which constitutes an important component of the multi-stakeholder self-regulatory process. NGOs and companies operate in a tightly knit inter-dependent ecology and this section analyzes the benefits and the downsides of this system for the regulatory process, companies, NGOs, children, parents and educators. Companies’ adoption of the concept of “digital citizenship” as an “e-safety product” is examined as well and concerns voiced by some of the interviewees that “digital citizenship” may lose its potential as an empowering policy for youth, as some actors in the multi-stakeholder process use the term merely as a more appealing substitute for the term “e-safety.” E-safety education is said to largely fail to resonate with youth because of its prescriptive messages that children tend not to find convincing.
Toward a Culture of Dignity
Authors: Milosevic Tijana
Published: September 2019

This chapter functions as a conclusion to the results presented in the book by applying the dignity framework to the findings, and placing the policy in the context of broader social and cultural context –showing how bullying is a form of humiliation and dignity deprivation that is by no means unique to youth. This less discussed aspect of the issue is nonetheless of key relevance to policy development. A policy framework that balances the need for child protection with child
participation and empowerment, is proposed, thus honoring the full spectrum of children’s human rights. The proposed lens through which the issue can be approached is not so much about “protecting children from what happens on the platforms” but rather about finding a way to protect the vulnerable while ensuring participation in digital spaces that is necessary for children’s development.
Passion for Machines (1940–1944)
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins with Ovshinsky’s early work experiences as a machinist and toolmaker, at Akron Standard Mold while he finished high school and continued afterwards at Goodrich Rubber. There he continued to master his craft, but his involvement in labor union activism made him the target of violent hostility from the Goodrich management, leading to a series of job changes. With the entrance of the U.S. into World War II, Ovshinsky tried to enlist but was rejected for both health and political reasons. After marrying his high school sweetheart, Norma Rifkin, he moved to Arizona, where while working in a Goodyear aircraft plant he became intent on going into business for himself and began planning an innovative lathe, his first major invention.
Smarter Machines (1944–1952)
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces Ovshinsky’s transition from machinist to inventor. It deals mainly with his first important invention, an innovative automatic lathe. After returning to Akron, he started his own company, Stanford Roberts, where he built the prototype of his Benjamin center drive lathe, followed by more advanced models. The lathe’s superior performance led to expansion of the company, but financial difficulties eventually led Ovshinsky to sell Stanford Roberts to the New Britain Machine Tool Company, where his lathe was spectacularly successful in machining artillery shell cases for use in the Korean War. Intent on further automating his lathe, he studied cybernetics and applied its principles of using sensors and feedback to the automation of other devices, like a self-guided tractor.
The ECD Community: A Social Invention (1965–2007)
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

This chapter portrays the ways Stan and Iris Ovshinsky made ECD an expression of their progressive social values as well as an advanced R&D organization. A social democratic enclave sustained by capitalism, ECD tried to maintain an egalitarian, supportive culture even as it grew to over a thousand employees. ECD enabled staff members to develop unsuspected talents, with support for continuing education and the appointment of women and minorities to important positions. Its democratic corporate culture also enabled it to develop a flexible research community, where scientists moved among concurrent programs to contribute wherever they were needed. Its research staff was joined by a distinguished group of consultants, which included Nobel laureates like I. I. Rabi, Sir Nevill Mott, and John Bardeen, as well as several talented younger scientists. ECD also reached out into the larger community with its Institute for Amorphous Studies, which sponsored public talks on many subjects.
Solar Energy: Working at the Edge of Feasibility (1979–2007)
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

Ovshinsky was not the inventor of thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells, but under his direction ECD greatly improved their efficiency and dramatically lowered their cost through Ovshinsky’s invention of a system for mass-producing the cells “roll-to-roll” in a continuous process. While Ovshinsky conceived of this process, it was the job of his talented staff to solve the incredibly challenging engineering problems involved in roll-coating the multi-layered solar panels without cross-contamination. Over nearly three decades, ECD scientists built a series of progressively larger solar cell production machines delivering higher and higher annual power wattage (eventually 30 megawatts), drawing on support first from ARCO and later from Sohio, Sharp, Canon, Sovlux, and Bekaert. ECD’s United Solar division eventually became the leading US producer of thin-film solar panels.
Conclusion
Authors: Hoddeson Lillian , Garrett Peter
Published: September 2019

The conclusion reviews Ovshinsky’s accomplishments and historical significance. Ovshinsky is now gaining mare recognition. In May 2015 he was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. During his lifetime he “saw the future” because he envisioned new possibilities and consequences that others were unable to imagine. His innovations, which began with new amorphous and disordered materials, became the basis for new technological systems capable of changing society for the better. Although he made important scientific discoveries, his work was never a part of normal science, and his inventions were aimed not just at incremental technological advances but at transformational social change. Finally, while the conclusion considers how his career spanned, and to some extent helped bring about, the transition from the industrial to the information age, it also notes his continuing ties with the social and economic culture of his youth.
Introduction
Authors: Hoffmaster Barry , Hooker Cliff
Published: September 2019

An example of real decision making is presented to illustrate two different accounts of rationality. Women who are at risk of having a child with a genetic condition must decide, after receiving genetic counselling, whether they will try to get pregnant. The genetic counsellors believe the women should use the principle of maximizing expected utility – multiply the probabilities of the outcomes (provided by geneticists) with the values of those outcomes (provided by each woman) and choose the option with the greatest expected utility. This principle manifests the formal rationality of moral philosophy. The women discarded it, however, because they knew that, regardless of the probability, they could have an affected child. Instead, they imagined scenarios of what it could be like living with an affected child to assess whether they could be able to live with their worst scenarios. The process of deliberation these women used to make their decisions is eminently rational, an exemplar of non-formal rationality. This book is about the rationality of deliberation and the judgments that result. The lesson is that we can only appreciate intelligent problem solving in ethics if we embrace a richer, more expansive conception of rational decision making.
The Process of Ethical Resolution: Using the Resources of Nonformal Reason
Authors: Hoffmaster Barry , Hooker Cliff
Published: September 2019

Real examples illustrate how the resources of non-formal reason are used practically. The first example is taken from an ethnographic study of children with leukemia. These children desperately wanted to know what was wrong with them, but their parents and the health care staff remained silent. The children used the four resources of non-formal reason to discover that they were dying. The other examples come from four cases that were presented in Chapter 2. The resources of non-formal reason were also used by Ms. B, Ms. F, K’Aila’s parents, and Mrs. Smith to illuminate their plights.
Designing Practices, Institutions, and Processes
Authors: Hoffmaster Barry , Hooker Cliff
Published: September 2019

Ethics is embedded in the practices and institutions of society. Three examples illustrate the communal importance of ethical design. First is the distinction between Fights, Games, and Debates as successively more ethical and more intelligent institutional designs for handling conflict. The second is the Prisoner’s Dilemma in game theory, whose best solution is to step outside the game and change the surrounding institutional design. The third is an account of the ethical and effective institutional design solutions for various situations, especially of mediation for those that invoke the notion of ‘polycentric’ problems.
Designing Policies
Authors: Hoffmaster Barry , Hooker Cliff
Published: September 2019

Designing ethical policies is illustrated with two real examples. The first, allocating cadaver kidneys for transplantation, needs to develop a policy that satisfies the two conflicting fundamental values of equality and efficiency. Equality would require a lottery or a first-come, first-served policy. Efficiency would allocate kidneys to the candidates who would benefit the most. Because neither value may be dismissed, the values must be compromised. That compromise happens in two ways: by compromising the values of equality and efficiency within a policy at a time, and by cycling across policies over time, shifting the preference given to the two values back-and-forth. The second example is an illuminating account of how the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in England and Wales designed a deliberative process for assessing the cost effectiveness of health care technologies.
What Kind of Press Freedom Does Democracy Need?
Authors: Ananny Mike
Published: September 2019

This chapter constructs a normative case for press freedom grounded in the idea of a public right to hear, a little examined cornerstone of democratic life. It develops this claim in four ways. First, it argues that the idea of democratic autonomy requires seeing individual freedom as a product of social relationships. Second, it reviews the demands that this view of autonomy makes on free speech, arguing that autonomy requires more than individual expression in marketplaces of speech. Third, it describes a structural, institutional model of the press, grounded in an affirmative interpretation of the First Amendment and a review of relevant U.S. Supreme Court cases to show that there is a basis in law for seeing the press as an institution that could be dedicated to ensuring a public right to hear. Finally, it uses recent literature on the democratic value of listening to argue that the thoughtful absence of speech can be part of a rich system of public communication.
How Has the Press Historically Made Its Freedom?
Authors: Ananny Mike
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that the press has never been a single, stable entity but instead has been an ever-changing product of a field of dynamic forces. The press is not a solitary entity that has freedom from anything but is an ongoing product of separations and dependencies. Press freedom is better thought of as a network state whose legitimacy depends on its normative conceptions of publics. Instead of asking whether a static model of the press deserves its freedom from an unknown set of influences to pursue a right to speak, this question should be flipped on its head: what subset of relationships making up the press creates a public we want to defend normatively, and how can we redefine press freedom as the separations and dependencies that make those relationships and those publics possible?
Conclusion
Authors: Ananny Mike
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents the author's reflections on how the model of networked press autonomy discussed in the previous chapters might be used by journalists, technologists, regulators, designers, educators, and audiences. The networked press is infrastructure that touches on nearly all aspects of society, so any reforms that are made to the press will require engaging with a wide range of actors and various types of power. It is argued that democratic autonomy and self-governance mean more than individuals being free from unreasonable constraints. To realize ourselves more fully, we need not only the right to access information, share opinions, and choose associations. We also need to see ourselves as publics—and question whether our publics have capacities to hear people and ideas that we would not choose to encounter.
The Passive and Its Participle
Authors: Ramchand Gillian
Published: September 2019

The passive participle is discussed in the context of the previous literature on the different stative and eventive uses of this form. An explicit semantic and morphological analysis of the passive participle in EN/ED is proposed that unifies both stative and eventive uses.
Modals and the Spatiotemporal Domain
Authors: Ramchand Gillian
Published: September 2019

A summary of the previous work on the syntax and semantics of modality. A proposal is made for the analysis of circumstantial modals, which parallels the semantics offered for the perfect in the previous chapter. Negation is also treated in this chapter because of its interaction with modality.
Modals and Generalized Anchoring
Authors: Ramchand Gillian
Published: September 2019

Previous research on the interaction of tense and modality are discussed and the relevant generalizations extracted. Tense is treated as an anchoring relation between situations and speech events that is either indexical or anaphoric. Modal anchoring properties are discussed and integrated into the analysis for temporal anchoring. Epistemic readings of modal are treated as operators of speech properties.
Introduction: From French Fries to Planetary Salvation
Authors: Goldstein Jesse
Published: September 2019

Let’s begin at the 88th session of the NY Cleantech Funders Forum.1 It is 9 a.m. in a windowless conference room on the 31st floor of a skyscraper in midtown Manhattan. Fifteen cleantech professionals—investors, lawyers, entrepreneurs, brokers—sit around a large table, at the head of which stand two entrepreneurs, ready to make an investment pitch for their product, the Vegawatt. The Vegawatt is a waste-to-energy technology targeting small, fast food restaurants. It converts used fry grease into fuel for a combined heat and power diesel generator, which in turn produces hot water and electricity. Waste in, energy out. The graphic on the first slide in the presentation shows a green electrical cord plugged into a French fry, which is positioned next to their sales line: “Out of the deep fryer, into your pocket!”...
Making an Impact: Entrepreneurial Approaches to Environmentalism
Authors: Goldstein Jesse
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 contextualizes planetary improvement within the rise of business environmentalism over the latter half of the 20th century. Through the re-appropriation of well-established critiques of the industrial economy, any lingering anti-systemic orientations (as well as any interest in appropriate technologies) are recast in terms of a creative, Schumpeterian entrepreneurialism focused on deploying clean technologies at a planetary scale. The surprisingly obtuse concept of “impact” reveals an emotional and aspirational force underlying participants’ commitment to cleantech entrepreneurialism. Impact refers both to the possibility of socio-ecological disruption, or the ability to make an impact-beyond-capital, as well as the possibility of market disruption, or the ability to make an impact-as-capital. In a series of vignettes, startup entrepreneurs, consultants, and investors explain why they do what they do, how their work is entrepreneurial, and why they have not chosen to pursue four distinctly less impactful alternatives: boring industries represent participation in the status quo of a not-clean business-as-usual; small business represents a scale of operation that is inconsequential relative to planetary-scale problems; hippies represent the irrational excesses of “too much” environmentalism detached from practical business sense; and Wall Street represents a narrow focus on money-making that blinds people to important nonfinancial considerations.