bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Closed Structure
Authors: Fritz Peter , Lederman Harvey , Uzquiano Gabriel
Published: May 2021

According to the structured theory of propositions, if two sentences express the same proposition, then they have the same syntactic structure, with corresponding syntactic constituents expressing the same entities. A number of philosophers have recently focused attention on a powerful argument against this theory, based on a result by Bertrand Russell, which shows that the theory of structured propositions is inconsistent in higher order-logic. This paper explores a response to this argument, which involves restricting the scope of the claim that propositions are structured, so that it does not hold for all propositions whatsoever, but only for those which are expressible using closed sentences of a given formal language. We call this restricted principle Closed Structure, and show that it is consistent in classical higher-order logic. As a schematic principle, the strength of Closed Structure is dependent on the chosen language. For its consistency to be philosophically significant, it also needs to be consistent in every extension of the language which the theorist of structured propositions is apt to accept. But, we go on to show, Closed Structure is in fact inconsistent in a very natural extension of the standard language of higher-order logic, which adds resources for plural talk of propositions. We conclude that this particular strategy of restricting the scope of the claim that propositions are structured is not a compelling response to the argument based on Russell’s result, though we note that for some applications, for instance to propositional attitudes, a restricted thesis in the vicinity may hold some promise.
Chameleonic knowledge: a study of ex ante analysis in large infrastructure policy processes
Authors: Dorren Lars , Van Dooren Wouter
Published: May 2021

Using ex ante analysis to predict policy outcomes is common practice in the world of infrastructure planning. However, accounts of its uses and merits vary widely. Advisory agencies and government think tanks advocate this practice to prevent cost overruns, short-term decision-making and suboptimal choices. Academic studies on knowledge use, on the other hand, are critical of how knowledge can be used in decision making. Research has found that analyses often have no impact at all on decision outcomes or are mainly conducted to provide decision makers with the confidence to decide rather than with objective facts. In this paper, we use an ethnographic research design to understand how it is possible that the use of ex ante analysis can be depicted in such contradictory ways. We suggest that the substantive content of ex ante analysis plays a limited role in understanding its depictions and uses. Instead, it is the process of conducting an ex ante analysis itself that unfolds in such a manner that the analysis can be interpreted and used in many different and seemingly contradictory ways. In policy processes, ex ante analysis is like a chameleon, figuratively changing its appearance based on its environment.
Massive MIMO Systems for 5G Communications
Authors: Khwandah Sinan A. , Cosmas John P. , Lazaridis Pavlos I. , Zaharis Zaharias D. , Chochliouros Ioannis P.
Published: May 2021

Massive MIMO will improve the performance of future 5G systems in terms of data rate and spectral efficiency, while accommodating a large number of users. Furthermore, it allows for 3D beamforming in order to provide more degrees of freedom and increase the number of high-throughput users. Massive MIMO is expected to provide more advantages compared to other solutions in terms of energy and spectral efficiency. This will be achieved by focusing the radiation towards the direction of the intended users, thus implementing simultaneous transmission to many users while keeping interference low. It can boost the capacity compared to a conventional antenna solution, resulting in a spectral efficiency up to 50 times greater than that provided by actual 4G technology. However, to take full advantage of this technology and to overcome the challenges of implementation in a real environment, a complicated radio system is required. The purpose of this work is to present the MIMO technology evolution and challenges in a simple introductory way and investigate potential system enhancements.
Combined application of pharyngeal volume and minimal cross-sectional area may be helpful in screening persons suspected of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
Authors: Zhao Yuliang , Li Xinyu , Ma Jiangang
Published: May 2021

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that seriously affects human health and daily life. However, the gold standard for its diagnosis, polysomnography (PSG), is expensive resulting in inadequate diagnosis of this disease in primary clinics. Therefore, a simple and rapid method for initial screening for OSA is needed. Acoustic pharyngometry (APh) is an FDA-approved noninvasive method that is gradually being applied to screening for OSA.

Materials And Methods

In this study, we applied analysis with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to explore how APh may play a greater role in the screening of subjects with suspected OSA. Patients admitted into the departments of otolaryngology at our hospital from March 2017 to May 2019 were recruited into the study. All subjects underwent PSG monitor and were separated into two groups according to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) from the PSG results: OSA group (AHI ≥ 5) and control group (AHI < 5). APh measurements and other indicators of the subjects, including age, height, and weight; Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score; and the pharynx examination, including the degree of tonsil enlargement and tongue hypertrophy, were also be recorded.

Results

Thet-test results showed that almost all indicators except age and height have significant differences between the OSA group and control group. Subjects with OSA had greater weight, BMI, ESS, higher degree of tonsil enlargement, and tongue hypertrophy, while they had smaller minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA) and pharyngeal volume than the subjects in control group. The correlation analysis revealed that pharyngeal volume and mCSA were two helpful indicators to screen for OSA. Furthermore, we established the ROC curve and calculated the combining predictors (combining predictors = pharyngeal volume + mCSA * (− 2.347)/(− 0.225)). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of combining predictors was 0.917 (95% CI 0.842–0.991,P< 0.001), which was higher than combinations of other two independent indicators. The cutoff point of combining predictors was found to be 59.84 (AUC = 0.917, sensitivity = 0.80, 1-specificity = 0.06,P< 0.001).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that APh is a simple, rapid, and economical detection method which may be useful in screening for OSA, especially in communities and primary clinics where PSG cannot be performed.
Weight Loss Results and Compliance with Follow-up after Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Reiber Beata M. M. , Leemeyer Anna-Marie R. , Bremer Marjolein J. M. , de Brauw Maurits , Bruin Sjoerd C.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The importance of follow-up (FU) for midterm weight loss (WL) after bariatric surgery is controversial. Compliance to this FU remains challenging. Several risk factors for loss to FU (LtFU) have been mentioned. The aim was therefore to evaluate the association between WL and LtFU 3 to 5 years postoperatively and to identify risk factors for LtFU.

Materials and Methods

A single-center cross-sectional study in the Netherlands. Between June and October 2018, patients scheduled for a 3-, 4-, or 5-year FU appointment were included into two groups: compliant (to their scheduled appointment and overall maximally 1 missed appointment) and non-compliant (missed the scheduled appointment and at least 1 overall). Baseline, surgical, and FU characteristics were collected and a questionnaire concerning socio-economic factors.

Results

In total, 217 patients in the compliant group and 181 in the non-compliant group were included with a median body mass index at baseline of 42.0 and 42.9 respectively. Eighty-eight percent underwent a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The median percentage total weight loss for the compliant and non-compliant groups was 30.7% versus 28.9% at 3, 29.3% versus 30.2% at 4, and 29.6% versus 29.9% at 5 years respectively, all p>0.05. Age, persistent comorbidities and vitamin deficiencies, a yearly salary <20,000 euro, no health insurance coverage, and not understanding the importance of FU were risk factors for LtFU.

Conclusion

Three to 5 years postoperatively, there is no association between LtFU and WL. The compliant group demonstrated more comorbidities and vitamin deficiencies. Younger age, not understanding the importance of FU, and financial challenges were risk factors for LtFU.

Graphical abstract
Personality trait differences across types of entrepreneurs: a systematic literature review
Authors: Salmony Florentine U. , Kanbach Dominik K.
Published: May 2021

The personality traits that define entrepreneurs have been of significant interest to academic research for several decades. However, previous studies have used vastly different definitions of the term “entrepreneur”, meaning their subjects have ranged from rural farmers to tech-industry start-up founders. Consequently, most research has investigated disparate sub-types of entrepreneurs, which may not allow for inferences to be made regarding the general entrepreneurial population. Despite this, studies have frequently extrapolated results from narrow sub-types to entrepreneurs in general. This variation in entrepreneur samples reduces the comparability of empirical studies and calls into question the reviews that pool results without systematic differentiation between sub-types. The present study offers a novel account by differentiating between the definitions of “entrepreneur” used in studies on entrepreneurs’ personality traits. We conduct a systematic literature review across 95 studies from 1985 to 2020. We uncover three main themes across the previous studies. First, previous research applied a wide range of definitions of the term “entrepreneur”. Second, we identify several inconsistent findings across studies, which may at least partially be due to the use of heterogeneous entrepreneur samples. Third, the few studies that distinguished between various types of entrepreneurs revealed differences between them. Our systematic differentiation between entrepreneur sub-types and our research integration offer a novel perspective that has, to date, been widely neglected in academic research. Future research should use clearly defined entrepreneurial samples and conduct more systematic investigations into the differences between entrepreneur sub-types.
Current Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Heterozygote and Homozygous FH Children and Adolescents
Authors:   and The Mighty Medic Satellite Research Group for Pediatric Dyslipidemia, Cohen Hofit , Stefanutti Claudia
Published: May 2021

Purpose of Review

To elucidate the current approach of care in pediatric patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). We sought an answer to the question whether the advances and major changes in lipid management are relevant and apply to children and adolescents.

Recent Findings

Latest research findings clearly demonstrate that lowering cholesterol levels at a young age prevents vascular atherosclerotic changes and decreases cardiovascular events in adulthood and emphasizes the importance of early detection and intervention in the pediatric FH patients group.

FH is a common genetic disease caused by mutations in genes associated with the metabolism of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). The hallmark of FH is elevated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels from birth and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Often FH is either undiagnosed or diagnosed with a considerable delay, leading to vascular atherosclerotic changes and cardiovascular disease. Prompt identification of FH subjects is essential, to initiate early preventive measures. Safe and efficient pharmacological agents are approved for use in children and adolescents. Statins are the first line of therapy, in combination of ezetimibe. Unfortunately, these drugs do not warrant the achievement of therapeutic target, especially in HoFH patient. In the latter, lipoprotein apheresis (LA), which has been shown to be safe and effective, is strongly recommended. Finally, the new drugs still under study will allow a multimodal customized treatment. Lowering cholesterol levels at a young age hinders vascular atherosclerotic changes decreasing cardiovascular events in adulthood. Therefore, early detection, diagnosis, and intervention in FH patients are priority objectives.
Abdominal Massage Alleviates Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance by Regulating the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway
Authors: Han Yiran , Lu Zeyuan , Chen Shaotao , Zhong Chongwen , Yan Minghui , Wang Heran , Meng Meng , Liu Mingjun
Published: May 2021

Abdominal massage (AM), a traditional Chinese medicine-based treatment method, has received considerable attention in the recent years. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of AM on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance (IR) in comparison with resveratrol (RSV) treatment. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: standard chow diet (control group), high-fat diet (model group), HFD + abdominal massage (AM group), and HFD + resveratrol (RSV group). A rat model of IR was established by feeding HFD to rats for 8 weeks followed by treatment with AM or RSV for 4 weeks. The underlying HFD-induced IR molecular mechanisms were studied in rat serum and skeletal muscles. RSV and AM significantly improved glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia, obesity, and significantly reduced lipid accumulation [triglyceride (TC), total cholesterol (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)], adipocytokine [free fatty acids (FFA), adiponectin (ADPN)] and serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) secretion. In addition, AM activated the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway in rat skeletal muscle. In conclusion, our results showed that AM could improve IR by regulating the secretion of adipocytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as related signaling pathways in the skeletal muscle of rats, which might provide insights into development of new treatment methods for the clinical treatment of IR.
Polymorphism in BACH2 gene is a marker of polyglandular autoimmunity
Authors: Fichna Marta , Żurawek Magdalena , Słomiński Bartosz , Sumińska Marta , Czarnywojtek Agata , Rozwadowska Natalia , Fichna Piotr , Myśliwiec Małgorzata , Ruchała Marek
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Genetically predisposed individuals may develop several autoimmune diseases—autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS). APS types 2–4, are complex disorders, which combine various organ-specific autoimmune conditions. Recent reports support the considerable role of the BACH2 gene in immune cell differentiation and shifting the T-cell balance towards regulatory T-cells. BACH2 polymorphisms are associated with autoimmune disorders, including Addison’s disease (AD), Graves’ disease (GD), and probably type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our study was aimed to investigate the BACH2 variant, rs3757247, in endocrine autoimmunity in the Polish population.

Methods

The analysis comprised 346 individuals with APS, 387 with T1D only, and 568 controls. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan chemistry.

Results

APS type 2 was found in 219 individuals, type 3 in 102, and type 4 in 25 subjects. Overall, AD was diagnosed in 244 subjects, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis—in 238, T1D—in 127, GD—in 58, vitiligo and chronic gastritis each in 40 patients, celiac disease—in 28, premature menopause in 18, and alopecia in 4 patients. Minor T allele at rs3757247 was found in 56.4% APS vs. 44.1% control alleles (OR 1.59; 95%CI: 1.30–1.95, p < 0.0001). The distribution of genotypes revealed excess TT homozygotes in the APS cohort (33.2 vs. 20.1% in controls, p < 0.0001). The frequencies of rs3757247 alleles and genotypes in T1D patients did not present significant differences vs. controls (p-values > 0.05).

Conclusions

These results provide evidence of the association between BACH2 polymorphism and polyglandular autoimmunity. Since carriers of rs3757247 display increased risk for additional autoimmune conditions, this variant could identify individuals prone to develop APS.
Correction to: Urban Spatial Structure in Barcelona (1902–2011): Immigration, Spatial Segregation and New Centrality Governance
Authors: Garcia-López Miquel-Àngel , Nicolini Rosella , Sabaté José Luis Roig
Published: May 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s12061-021-09378-3
Interactions between simultaneous aerobic exercise and mental rotation
Authors: Jost Leonardo , Weishäupl Andreas , Jansen Petra
Published: May 2021

While the effects of aerobic exercise during a cognitive task on the performance of said cognitive task have been extensively studied, it has not been investigated whether cognitive performance during aerobic exercise influences the physical performance. For this, it is the main goal of the study to investigate the physical and cognitive performance during a simultaneous conduction of aerobic exercise and mental rotation. Forty-one German sport students cycled at 60% intensity while simultaneously performing a mental rotation task. In a within-subject design, both physical and cognitive performances were compared with isolated cycling and mental rotation as control conditions using both objective (heart rate and pedal cadence in the cycling task, reaction time and accuracy in the mental rotation task) and subjective (RPE) cognitive and physical measures. The results analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling revealed no effect of either simultaneous cognitive tasks on objective (heart rate) or subjective (RPE) physical effort, nor of simultaneous exercise on reaction time or accuracy in cognitive performance. However, we have found lower cadence during cognitive tasks, which was also stable in time compared to an increase in cadence during exercise control. Furthermore, our results demonstrated increased cognitive effort during exercise. Our findings suggest that increased effort, both physiological and cognitive, is required during combined physical and cognitive work in support of neurological resource conflicts caused by the differing demands of exercise and executive function.
Subjective experience of time in dementia with Lewy bodies during COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Torboli Dylan , Mioni Giovanna , Bussé Cinzia , Cagnin Annachiara , Vallesi Antonino
Published: May 2021

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive, behavioral and motor symptoms and has a more challenging clinical management and poorer prognosis compared to other forms of dementia. The experience of lockdown leads to negative psychological outcomes for fragile people such as elderly with dementia, particularly for DLB, causing a worsening of cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Since an individual’s feeling of time passage is strongly related to their cognitive and emotional state, it is conceivable to expect alterations of this construct in people with DLB during such a difficult period. We therefore assessed the subjective experience of the passage of time for present and past time intervals (Subjective Time Questionnaire, STQ) during the lockdown due to coronavirus disease (COVID−19) in 22 patients with DLB (17 of which were re-tested in a post-lockdown period) and compared their experience with that of 14 caregivers with similar age. Patients showed a significantly slower perception of present and past time spent under lockdown restrictions. We argue that these alterations might be related to the distinctive features of DLB and their exacerbation recorded by the patients’ caregivers during the period of lockdown, though our results show that the patients’ experience of time passage in a post-lockdown period remained similarly slow. Overall, we show an impairment of the subjective perception of time passage in DLB tested during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Producing High-Dose Liqui-Tablet (Ketoprofen 100 mg) for Enhanced Drug Release Using Novel Liqui-Mass Technology
Authors: Lam Matthew , Nokhodchi Ali
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Liqui-Tablet is a dosage form derived from Liqui-Mass technology. It has proven to be a promising approach to improve drug dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. So far, Liqui-Tablet is feasible for low-dose drugs. In this study, an attempt was made to produce high-dose Liqui-Tablet, whilst maintaining ideal physicochemical properties for ease of manufacturing.

Methods

Liqui-Tablets containing 100 mg of ketoprofen were produced using various liquid vehicles including PEG 200, Span 80, Kolliphor EL, PG, and Tween 85. Investigations that were carried out included saturation solubility test, dissolution test, tomographic study, and typical quality control tests for assessing flowability, particle size distribution, friability, and tablet hardness.

Results

The weight of these Liqui-Tablets was acceptable for swallowing (483.8 mg), and the saturation solubility test showed PEG 200 to be the most suitable liquid vehicle (493 mg/mL). Tests investigating physicochemical properties such as flowability, particle size distribution, friability, and tablet hardness have shown no issue concerning quality control and manufacturability. The drug release test of the best formulation has shown extremely rapid drug release at pH 7.4 (100% after 5 min). At pH 1.2 the drug release was reasonable considering the formulation was yet to be optimized.

Conclusion

Despite the high amount of API and liquid vehicle, it is possible to produce a high-dose dosage form with acceptable size and weight for swallowing using the novel Liqui-Mass technology. This has the potential to diversify the technology by removing the restriction of high dose drug that has been seen in liquisolid technology.
A Case Series of Life-Threatening Hemorrhagic Events in Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Hajian Abbas
Published: May 2021

Since venous microthrombotic and thromboembolic events in end organs have been pathophysiologically confirmed as a component of thrombo-inflammatory cascade in COVID-19 syndrome, anticoagulant prescription with prophylactic or therapeutic goal is recommended. Different guidelines for the above are introduced; however, there is no general consensus on any neither the type of anticoagulant nor for the dosage and duration of prescription. In our medical center, adopted internal guideline was considered for patients COVID-19. We consulted patients with COVID-19 who suffered from concurrent hematoma. Appropriate surgical approach was considered. Finally autopsy study was performed for patients. In this article, we presented a series of seven SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases faced with bleeding complication following initiation of anticoagulation protocol. The rectus sheath hematoma with extension to pelvic and/or retroperitoneal space, even involving bowel mesentery was seen most commonly. Despite receiving appropriate surgical care, all seven cases died. Finally, in all cases, autopsy studies revealed no evidence for confirmation of DIC/SIC or organ failure as the reason of death although pulmonary involvement with SARS-CoV-2 and bleeding phenomena were approved. The nature of the COVID-19 syndrome makes patients vulnerable to hemorrhagic events following anticoagulant administration which relatively causes or accelerates patient’s expiration.
Students’ attitudes towards somatic genome editing versus genome editing of the germline using an example of familial leukemia
Authors: Vajen Beate , Ronez Joelle , Rathje Wiebke , Heinisch Laura , Ebeling Smilla , Gebhard Ulrich , Hößle Corinna , Schlegelberger Brigitte
Published: May 2021

Although the discussion on possibilities and pitfalls of genome editing is ever present, limited qualitative data on the attitudes of students, who will come into contact with this technology within a social and professional context, is available. The attitude of 97 medical students and 103 students of other subjects from Hannover and Oldenburg, Germany, was analyzed in winter 2017/18. For this purpose, two dilemmas on somatic and germline genome editing concerning familial leukemia were developed. After reading the dilemmas, the students filled out a paper-and-pencil test with five open questions. The qualitative evaluation of the answers was carried by a deductive-inductive procedure of content analysis. There was a high approval for the use of somatic genome editing. When it came to germline genome editing, concerns were raised regarding enhancement, interventions in nature, and loss of uniqueness. The students recognized that somatic genome editing and germline genome editing prove different ethical challenges and need to be judged separately. Many students expressed not feeling fully informed. The results of this project show the importance of educating the public about the possibilities, limitations, and risks of somatic and germline genome editing. We recommend that this should already be addressed in schools in order to optimally prepare students and adults for participation in public discourse. Especially for patients affected by genetic diseases, it is of great importance that the treating physicians and geneticists are sufficiently informed about the method of genome editing to ensure good counseling.
Application of gold nanoparticles for improvement of analytical characteristics of conductometric enzyme biosensors
Authors: Soldatkin O. O. , Soldatkina O. V. , Piliponskiy I. I. , Rieznichenko L. S. , Gruzina T. G. , Dybkova S. M. , Dzyadevych S. V. , Soldatkin A. P.
Published: May 2021

In the work, the possibility of using nanoparticles of gold (AuNPs) to upgrade bioselective elements of biosensors in order to improve their analytical characteristics is considered. The bioselective elements of biosensors based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE) and glucose oxidase (GOD) were used as an experimental model. Immobilization of enzymes on the surfaces of conductometric transducers was performed by the crosslinking of corresponding enzymes using glutaraldehyde. The conditions of immobilization of AChE with gold nanoparticles were optimized. Thus, we determined the optimal values of concentration of crosslinking agent (glutaraldehyde), duration of immobilization, the enzyme to AuNPs ratio, the AuNPs concentration and size. The performance characteristics of the biosensors based on enzymes and AuNPs were investigated and compared with the characteristics of biosensors based on enzymes only. It was also examined how the addition of AuNPs to the bioselective element of biosensors affects the biosensor stability. In particular, the reproducibility of preparation and continuous operation of biosensors was tested as well as their stability at storage. It was shown that the presence of AuNPs in the composition of bioselective elements can improve some characteristics of biosensors, which may be promising for further study and use.
Intangible cultural heritage: a benefit to climate-displaced and host communities
Authors: Aktürk Gül , Lerski Martha
Published: May 2021

Climate change is borderless, and its impacts are not shared equally by all communities. It causes an imbalance between people by creating a more desirable living environment for some societies while erasing settlements and shelters of some others. Due to floods, sea level rise, destructive storms, drought, and slow-onset factors such as salinization of water and soil, people lose their lands, homes, and natural resources. Catastrophic events force people to move voluntarily or involuntarily. The relocation of communities is a debatable climate adaptation measure which requires utmost care with human rights, ethics, and psychological well-being of individuals upon the issues of discrimination, conflict, and security. As the number of climate-displaced populations grows, the generations-deep connection to their rituals, customs, and ancestral ties with the land, cultural practices, and intangible cultural heritage become endangered. However, intangible heritage is often overlooked in the context of climate displacement. This paper presents reflections based on observations regarding the intangible heritage of voluntarily displaced communities. It begins by examining intangible heritage under the threat of climate displacement, with place-based examples. It then reveals intangible heritage as a catalyst to building resilient communities by advocating for the cultural values of indigenous and all people in climate action planning. It concludes the discussion by presenting the implications of climate displacement in existing intangible heritage initiatives. This article seeks to contribute to the emerging policies of preserving intangible heritage in the context of climate displacement.
Simple cyclic covers of the plane and the Seshadri constants of some general hypersurfaces in weighted projective space
Authors: Küronya Alex , Rollenske Sönke
Published: May 2021

Let$$X \subset {\mathbb P}(1,1,1,m)$$X⊂P(1,1,1,m)be a general hypersurface of degreemdfor some for$$d\ge 2$$d≥2and$$m\ge 3$$m≥3. We prove that the Seshadri constant$$\varepsilon ( {\mathcal O}_X(1), x)$$ε(OX(1),x)at a general point$$x\in X$$x∈Xlies in the interval$$\left[ \sqrt{d}- \frac{d}{m}, \sqrt{d}\right] $$d-dm,dand thus approaches the possibly irrational number$$\sqrt{d}$$dasmgrows. The main step is a detailed study of the case whereXis a simple cyclic cover of the plane.
Diversity and Sources of Airborne Eukaryotic Communities (AEC) in the Global Dust Belt over the Red Sea
Authors: Aalismail Nojood A. , Díaz-Rúa Rubén , Geraldi Nathan , Cusack Michael , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: May 2021

Airborne eukaryotic communities (AEC), rank among the least studied aerobiological components, despite their adverse impacts on human health and the environment. Here, we describe the AECs in the global dust belt, the area between the west coast of North Africa and Central Asia, which supports the highest dust fluxes on the planet. We sampled atmospheric dust over 14 months (fall 2015–fall 2016) from onshore and offshore locations of the Red Sea, the only waterbody that entirely encompassed in the global dust belt. We also sampled surface water samples to determine the potential transfer of taxa across the air-sea interface. To target the eukaryotes, we performed Miseq sequencing of atmospheric dust and surface water samples. Analysis of amplicon sequencing indicates a total pool of 18,816 sequence variants (SVs). Among 33 unique eukaryotic phyla in the AEC over the Red Sea, the most dominant taxa were Streptophyta, Apicomplexa, and Ascomycota. Aerosol eukaryotes originated from various sources and formed more diverse communities than eukaryotic communities of the Red Sea surface water. AECs were dominated by phylotypes released from plant material and soils, and including taxa reported to be harmful to human health. The AEC composition was significantly influenced by sampling locations and seasonal conditions but not by the origin of the air masses nor dust loads. This work is original and uses state-of-the-art methods and very powerful NGS- bioinformatics and statistical approaches. The selected study site has high interest and it has been well chosen because of the unique combination of high loads of dust deposition, being the only fully contained seawater body in the area acting as a sink for the atmospheric dust, and the lack of riverine inputs and watershed effects empathizing the role of atmospheric inputs in the ecology of the system.
Executive function as a mechanism linking socioeconomic status to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents
Authors: McNeilly Elizabeth A. , Peverill Matthew , Jung Jiwon , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

The association between low socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood and increased risk for psychopathology is well established, but the mechanisms explaining this relationship are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the potential role of difficulties in executive functioning (EF) as a mechanism linking childhood and adolescent SES with externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.

Methods

We examined whether difficulties with EF mediated the association between SES and externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in two cross‐sectional samples of children and adolescents (Study 1: N = 94, ages 6–18, 51.1% male; Study 2: N = 259, ages 8–16, 54.1% male) from diverse SES backgrounds in the United States. EF was measured through behavioral tasks and parent‐reported behavioral regulation (BR).

Results

In both samples, children and adolescents from lower SES families were more likely to experience both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology than youth from more advantaged backgrounds and exhibited greater EF difficulties – they had lower performance on a task measuring inhibitory control and lower parent‐rated BR. Reduced inhibitory control and BR, in turn, were associated with higher externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. In Study 1, difficulties with BR mediated the association of low‐SES with both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. In Study 2, low inhibitory control mediated the association between low‐SES and externalizing psychopathology. These findings largely persisted after adjusting for exposure to violence, a form of adversity that is common in children from low‐SES backgrounds.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that reduced EF may be an underlying mechanism through which low‐SES confers risk for psychopathology in children and adolescents.
Inkbit Q&A – Taking 3D printing to the next level
Authors: McGuire Callum , Marini Davide
Published: May 2021

Reinforced Plastics sat down with Davide Marini – Inkbit’s Co-founder and CEO, to discuss the evolving world of additive manufacturing and their new flagship 3D printer.
Coaches’ Attitudes Toward Campus Board Training in Adolescent Climbers in the United States
Authors: McMullen Christopher W. , Mugleston Brian J. , Booker Lyndsey N.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Campus board training in adolescent climbers is controversial. Evidence, albeit limited, suggests this type of training may lead to the development of finger epiphyseal stress fractures. The purpose of the present study was to investigate coaches’ attitudes toward campus board training in the United States.

Methods

Surveys were sent to 116 coaches at gyms across the United States with affiliated adolescent climbing teams. Outcomes collected included demographic information, training time, campus board use prevalence, coaches’ attitudes toward campus board use, and willingness to participate in future research.

Results

Seventy-three coaches representing 3090 adolescent climbers completed the survey. Forty-six coaches (63%) reported using full weight (no foot contact) campus board training in some or all of their climbers. A variety of factors were cited by coaches when deciding which climbers should or should not use the campus board, including physical maturity, climbing ability, and age, among others.

Conclusions

Climbing coaches in the United States disagree on the use of campus board training in adolescent climbers. Some coaches avoid using this training modality entirely, whereas others believe certain climbers can use it safely. There is lack of consensus in determining who those certain climbers are.
The Seasonality of VLF Attenuation Through the Ionosphere Verified by DEMETER Satellite
Authors: Greninger Paul T. , Colman Jonah J.
Published: May 2021

We constructed a program, we call “Iriatten,” to calculate using parameters from the International Reference Ionosphere, attenuation of Very Low Frequency (VLF) radiation transiting the ionosphere. The calculations are performed as function of latitude, longitude, year, month, day, and hour and based upon the quasi‐longitudinal approximation put forth by Helliwell, where the wave vector k, is in the direction of propagation, and follows the Earth's magnetic field lines. The best values of various parameters are taken from the literature. Attenuation occurs through electron neutral collisions. In his seminal 1965 text, Helliwell presented atmospheric attenuation curves for day and night, 2 and 20 kHz, as a function of latitude. Program Iriatten is used to re‐calculate Helliwell's curves and then to fully exercise access to seasonality. High power VLF transmitters are utilized as a reference signal and two physical models are used to represent them. In the Vertically Inclined model, the attenuation is assumed to occur “straight up” from the location of the VLF transmitter. In the Crary model waves are launched from a dipole source and ionospheric attenuation is applied where the wave is turned up in the Earth‐ionospheric waveguide. Both representations reveal a seasonality that is unmistakable. Using the two models the ionospheric attenuation is calculated for four VLF transmitters and compared to observations by the DEMETER. Results from the Crary transmitter model more realistically portray seasonal variations exemplified by DEMETER satellite data. Crary model errors, which are within 11 dB, are lower than or comparable to Vertically Inclined errors.
Cusp Dynamics and Polar Cap Patch Formation Associated With a Small IMF Southward Turning
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Sadler F. B. , Varney R. H. , Gilles R. , Zhang S. R. , Coster A. J. , Nishitani N. , Otto A.
Published: May 2021

We present high‐resolution Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR) measurements in the cusp region during an IMF southward turning. The simultaneous RISR‐N and RISR‐C operation provided 3‐D observations of the dayside polar region, and offered an opportunity to identify the cusp dynamics and polar cap patch formation. Associated with the IMF southward turning, the F‐region density and temperature increased in the cusp, and the increase was particularly evident in the topside ionosphere. The high‐density plasma drifted into the polar cap by an enhanced poleward convection, and became a polar cap patch. The patch plasma was initially dominated by density originating in the cusp, and then later the subauroral ionospheric plasma also contributed to the density enhancement. Weak upflows were present but their contribution within the RISR altitude range was minor. We suggest that the patch source region switches due to dynamic variations of the cusp precipitation and convection from lower latitudes. RISR also detected a flow vortex embedded in the large‐scale convection, which is likely a poleward moving auroral form (PMAF) signature. Joule heating peaked in the cusp E and lower F‐regions. The F‐region Pedersen conductivity increased more than the Hall conductivity, and the high conductivity region extended poleward associated with the patch density enhancement. A 1‐D cusp simulation reproduced the density and temperature enhancements by soft electron precipitation, indicating the importance of soft electron precipitation for the cusp dynamics and the initial part of the patch formation.
Thermochemical State of the Upper Mantle Beneath South China From Multi‐Observable Probabilistic Inversion
Authors: Yang Xiaoyu , Li Yonghua , Afonso Juan Carlos , Yang Yingjie , Zhang Anqi
Published: May 2021

We present an upper mantle model of seismic velocities, temperature, density, and bulk composition for the South China Block (SCB) and adjacent areas by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave phase and group dispersion data, absolute elevation, geoid height, and surface heat flow using a probabilistic inversion method. The lithospheric structure of this region is dominated by a thick root (200–240 km) under the western Yangtze and thinner lithosphere (70–120 km) under the eastern SCB, in agreement with independent xenolith data. We reveal for the first time the extent of metasomatism/refertilization in the lithospheric mantle beneath the Yangtze Craton (YC). Our results show pervasive refertilization of the lithospheric mantle associated with the basaltic lavas of the Emeishan large igneous province. We also show that the refertilized mantle identified in the northern boundaries of the YC extends into the interior of the craton further than previously recognized, reaching at least parts of the Sichuan basin. The only region that preserve a depleted mantle signature is the central segment of the Yangtze craton. In contrast, the eastern SCB lithosphere is characterized by an alternating pattern of fast/slow seismic and depleted/fertile anomalies, supporting the hypothesis that the lithospheric mantle has been partly replaced/modified by deep mantle processes during the Phanerozoic. Also, we found no evidence for a linear plume track associated with the Hainan plume that can be used to independently constrain the plate motion history of the SCB.
Bayesian Inversion for a Stress‐Driven Model of Afterslip and Viscoelastic Relaxation: Method and Application to Postseismic Deformation Following the 2011 MW 9.0 Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake
Authors: Fukuda Junichi , Johnson Kaj M.
Published: May 2021

Postseismic deformation following great subduction earthquakes is commonly modeled as the sum of the contributions from afterslip on the megathrust and viscoelastic relaxation of the coseismic stress changes in the mantle. However, it is generally difficult to separate the contributions of these mechanisms to geodetically observed postseismic deformation. Here we develop an inversion method for estimating the parameters of a stress‐driven postseismic deformation model that incorporates velocity‐strengthening afterslip and viscoelastic mantle relaxation governed by a biviscous Burgers rheology using coseismic and postseismic geodetic data. We assume that afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation are driven by coseismic stress changes and interact mechanically with each other. The unknown parameters to be estimated include the coseismic slip distribution that drives the postseismic processes, and the fault frictional and mantle viscosity parameters. We present a Bayesian formulation of the inverse problem and an algorithm for estimating the posterior probability density function. This approach allows us to quantify the uncertainties of the model parameters. We apply the method to the coseismic displacements and postseismic displacement time series of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. Our results show that the observations place tight constraints on the model parameters, with the estimated model effectively reproducing the first‐order spatial and temporal patterns of horizontal and vertical postseismic deformation. We find that the relative contributions of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation to horizontal and vertical postseismic deformation vary in space. We suggest that our method may potentially provide a way to objectively separate the contributions of these two mechanisms to postseismic deformation.
Variability of Deep Water in Jordan Basin of the Gulf of Maine: Influence of Gulf Stream Warm Core Rings and the Nova Scotia Current
Authors: Du Jiabi , Zhang Weifeng G. , Li Yizhen
Published: May 2021

As the nutrient‐rich subsurface slope water intruding into the deep basin of the Gulf of Maine (GoM) supports the high biological productivity in the semi‐enclosed gulf, it is important to understand the process and time scale of such slope water intrusion. This study focuses on variations of the GoM deep water on seasonal to interannual time scales and the influences of open ocean processes on the temporal variation of the deep water properties. Based on long‐term monitoring data, it is found that the deep water at Jordan Basin (one of three major basins in the GoM) is persistently warmer in winter than in summer, which is distinctly different from the seasonality of surface water in the basin and the deep water on neighboring shelf seas. The unique seasonality in the deep GoM reflects a time‐lagged response to shoreward intrusion of the subsurface slope water off the GoM. Both observation‐based lag‐correlation analyses and numerical simulations confirm a timescale of approximately 3 months for the intruding subsurface slope water to flow from Northeast Channel to Jordan Basin. Properties of the intruding slope water at the Northeast Channel were significantly correlated with the Gulf Stream position and dramatically impacted by episodic warm‐core rings shed from Gulf Stream. Inside the deep GoM, the intruding slope water was also indirectly affected by the fresher water input from Nova Scotia Current. Spreading of the fresher water inside the gulf strengthens near‐surface stratification, suppresses deep convection, and preserves heat and salt in the deep GoM during the wintertime.
Multisensor and Multimodel Monitoring and Investigation of a Wintertime Air Pollution Event Ahead of a Cold Front Over Eastern China
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Ming , Hu Jun , Gao Lan , Cai Changjie , Jiang Yujun , Xue Ming , Zhao Tianliang , Crowell Sean M. R.
Published: May 2021

Given the limitations in pollutant measurements (e.g., coverage, observation errors) and air quality model uncertainties (e.g., with parameterizations and emissions), a multisensor and multimodel approach offers additional benefits compared to a single‐instrument and deterministic approach for monitoring, investigating, and predicting air pollution events. In this study, we use multisensors (including the spaceborne MODIS, OCO‐2, AIRS, and OMPS instruments as well as surface instruments) and multimodels (including WRF‐Chem and WRF‐CO2) to investigate a severe air pollution event on December 9, 2016 over eastern China. During this episode, a strong cold front moved southward. At the leading edge of the front, WRF‐CO2 simulates an enhanced XCO2 belt while WRF‐Chem simulates a belt of high PM2.5 concentration. The XCO2 and PM2.5 belts are generally colocated, due to coemission of CO2 and pollutants (or their precursors). Satellite observations including MODIS AOD, OCO‐2 XCO2, OMPS NO2, AIRS CO, and surface data confirm the simulated pollution and XCO2 belts. Later on, the front became distorted due to terrain blocking and mountain channel flows. Both observations and simulations show that the channel winds between Mountains Dabie and Huang transport the haze plume into Jiangxi province, enhancing pollution in the region. It is concluded that the multisensor (including space‐based and ground‐based instruments) and multimodel (e.g., WRF‐CO2, WRF‐Chem) approach can be used to collectively monitor and investigate air pollution events, given that emissions of the involved species have generally similar spatial distributions.