bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EVOLUTION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION IN UKRAINE AS A SEPARATE SCIENTIFIC AREA IN THE 1940-1960'S
Authors: Sheremet Mariia , Kovalchuk Zhanna
Published: March 2021

The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions for the development of the theoretical foundations of special education and speech therapy in Ukraine during the 1940–1960's in the light of the decisions made by the pro-government bodies of the Ukrainian SSR.
The article focuses on the need for critical analysis of the historical and pedagogical conditions for the development of speech therapy as a science in Ukraine as a definite experience for creative reflection in the course of modernization of special education in the current socio-economic, socio-political and cultural situation. A number of factors have been identified that have influenced the development of the special education system in different historical periods, such as: socio-economic conditions in the country; activity of the state towards people with various impairments in psychophysical development; legislation in the field of education and human rights; the state of special education as an integral branch of scientific

knowledge. It was determined that the significant development of scientific and methodological work in the field of speech therapy at the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century was facilitated by the increase in the number of children with severe speech disorders, who needed vocational guidance and special forms of training and upbringing and by inconsistency of the existing network of pre-school and school education establishments for the specified category of children.
The analysis of archival documents reflects important governmental decisions on the provision of professional correctional assistance to children with disorders of psychophysical development and the organization of scientific and methodological activities of scientists in the field. It is determined that scientific work in the field of special education and speech therapy in particular at different age periods was conducted by the staff of the Research Institute of Defectology, department, and later the laboratory of speech therapy of the Research Institute of Pedagogy, Defectology Faculty of the Kiev State Pedagogical Institute named after O. Gorky.
As a result of the analysis of the problem, the peculiarities of scientific activity of state institutions were regarded through the prism of the state policy in the field of training and education of children with various disorders of psychophysical development.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF STUDYING THE SOCIAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE BOARDING TYPE
Authors: Hordiienko Nataliia
Published: March 2021

In the article the human capital of boarding schools is regarded as a network of social connections that form a space consisting of interdependent social positions. The essence of the concept «socialization potential of society» is defined as a set of opportunities that society has for exercising socialization influence on an individual in order to form his/her social qualities. It is stated that the social resource potential of boarding schools consists in the ability of the actors involved in the interaction to ensure the accumulation of all components of these educational institutions‘ social resources in order to implement a system of measures for education, socialization, rehabilitation, social protection, promotion of normal life arrangement of foster children.
The author conducted the study of social and cultural aspects of boarding schools on the basis of socio-systematic analysis of social organization, characterized the vectors of boarding schools interaction with the external social environment. The complex characteristic of the social and cultural model of educational organization of boarding schools is given. The reputational issues of residential institution in the eyes of the public were analyzed.
The scientific novelty of the obtained results consists in the fact that it conceptualizes for the first time in the Ukrainian sociological science the accumulation process of society‘s socialization potential in the activity of boarding schools with the use of human capital theories. This enabled to achieve certain scientific results, in particular: boarding schools were researched in the new conceptual framework as agents of accumulation of society‘s social potential; the concept «social resource potentials of educational institutions» was substantiated; the activity, relational and value components of the model of social resource potential of boarding schools was conceptualized and empirically verified; the social model of a boarding school as a modern open system was conceptualized.
The following points got their further development: the provisions of G. Becker's theory of human capital regarding the explication of the concept «human capital» as a resource that pupils of boarding schools receive in the process of education and upbringing in these special social institutions that affect relations between people and the way they later use them in their life goals; the vision of a boarding school as an open system from the standpoint of provisions for group social inclusion, inclusive education and as a social institution through the justification of its explicit and latent functions.
The provisions of the article can be used in the development of conceptual bases for work of institutions in the sphere of labor and social protection of people, education and science, health care, in public organizations, mass media and educational institutions, as well as in the process of training specialists to work with people who have functional disabilities.
МODERN METHODOLOGY OF EDUCATION SCIENCE: IMPORTANCE, ROLE AND POSITION OF REFLECTION THEORY
Authors: Pavlenko Anatolii
Published: March 2021

The article covers the correlation between methodology of education science and theory of reflection. It defines the importance, role and position of reflection in educational research cognition and educational practice. The comprehensive analysis of the idea of reflection in philosophy, psychology, scientology and education science is carried out.
It was established that reflection is considered from the perspectives of many aspects in educational research cognition: at the level of cognitive phenomenon, cognitive activity, cognitive process, method of scientific cognition, at the thematic and metatheoretic levels, as the tool and form of cognition.
It was shown that in pedagogical cognition reflection plays an important role in methodology of education science. Currently it is an integral part of educational researches and systemic educational practice. The theory of reflection, its methods and reflective activity provide opportunities to show the actual pedagogical reality and pedagogical activity directly and indirectly, to gain and explain new scientific pedagogical knowledge, components and structure of pedagogical theory, to study own scientific nature and status of education science, to apply improvements for the system of training and education and educational process. Moreover, it has a direct relationship to education science methodology and is systemically important for it. The reflective activity and its capacity is a part of the scientific and pedagogical, teaching and cognitive activity of each participant of the educational process. It is also included in the educational objective and planned educational results. It was concluded that the components of the theory of reflection can be found at all four levels of general system of methodological knowledge in education science: philosophical, general scientific, specific scientific and technological. The capacity for organization and arrangement of pedagogical conditions for the reflection of students’ cognitive activity along with the reflection of own pedagogical activity is an essential component of methodological competence and methodological culture of a teacher. The theory of reflection should be presented completely and integrally in the very definition, content and structure of modern methodology of education science.
THE STATE OF SCHOOL PRACTICE ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL

INTERACTION OF STUDENTS WITH THE OBJECTS OF THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Topuzov Oleh , Tsymbalaru Anzhelika
Published: March 2021

The results of the analysis of recent studies on the creation of educational environment in the institution of general secondary education (classification, typology, structural components) has shown the need for its detailed analysis regarding the consideration of personal orientation. To this time, the state of school practice was studied in terms of the organization of educational interaction between education applicants and the objects of the school educational environment. In particular, such aspects as psychological comfort, focus on maintaining health, taking into account the individual psychological and physiological characteristics of students. As demonstrated by the results of scientific research in institutions of general secondary education, the free choice of pupils from different fields of study, with a conscious choice of objects, methods and types of educational interaction not only in accordance with the inclinations and abilities, but also individual psychological and physiological features, is not fully ensured. Particular attention

is paid by the authors of the educational environment towards the creation of

psychological comfort for students, primarily with the help of humanization of relations between the participants in the educational process, the strengthening of the ties between school and family, personalization of the school environment, creation of favorable training environment and the structure of the school year, taking into account the volume and distribution of the amount of hours according to the state of health, the initial levels of school readiness, the age range of engagement in learning for a particular contingent of students, their individual psychological and age characteristics, activity periods at certain times of day, week, month, year, etc., as well as active involvement of students into this activity. It is also important to harmonize both internal and external educational and social environment, which is formed at school. This is evidenced by the volume of school-based learning material that remains unclaimed in the life of the education applicants.
Prospects for further research on effective organization of educational interaction of
students with objects of the school educational environment are also outlined along with the process of harmonization of objective and subjective determinants of its effectiveness.
ANALISIS PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MODAL KERJA DAN BIAYA PRODUKSI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN USAHA KECIL MENENGAH DI DESA PONGKAR KECAMATAN TEBING KABUPATEN KARIMUN (TAHUN 2014 – 2018)
Authors: Fauzan Haqiqi  , Rahma Dewi Susanti  , Ferawati
Published: March 2021

Pada penelitian ini variabel yang diteliti adalah Pemberian Modal Kerja dan Biaya Produksi yang mana keduanya merupakan variabel independent. Sedangkan Pendapatan merupakan variable dependent. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data panel karena gabungan antara cross section data 7 Usaha Kecil Menengah di Desa Pongkar Kecematan Tebing Kabupaten Karimun yang sifatnya time series yaitu Kerpuk Udang Super, Bangkit Hazanah, Bolu Bakar, Kue Lepis Legit, Kencana Snack Kerupuk Tenggiri, Industri Keripik Pisang, dan Kerupuk Udang Mentah pada tahun 2014 – 2018. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif analisis deskriptif dengan metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah model Regresi Data Panel.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan Pemberian Modal Kerja dan Biaya Produksi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan Usaha Kecil Menengah di Desa Pongkar Kecematan Tebing Kabupaten Karimun

Kata Kunci      : Pemberian Modal Keja, Biaya Produksi dan Pendapatan.
ENSINO REMOTO EMERGENCIAL UMA NOVA REALIDADE PARA EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR
Authors: Lima Maria Nádia Alencar
Published: March 2021

O ensino remoto ou a EaD estão sendo lançados mãos pelas universidades federais em medida emergencial por causa da pandemia provocada pelo COVID-19 e que resultou no distanciamento social em todas as redes de ensino pública e privada do país, com isso surgiu a necessidade não menos urgente da ressignificação da prática pedagógica dos professores para o extrapolar da sala de aula rumo as plataformas educacionais digitais como ferramentas mobilizadoras do processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Neste sentido para o presente estudo foi aplicada a pesquisa bibliográfica e utilizada a abordagem qualitativa que foi realizada através da revisão de literatura com a finalidade de trazer a luz conhecimentos disponíveis e reflexões sobre o assunto em pauta, no que refletiu o marco conceitual do estudo que foi estruturado ao se fazer o entrelaçamento entre adaptação dos professores as tecnologias digitais como mediadoras do ensino remoto e as dificuldades de acesso dos alunos as estas tecnologias. Indispensável nas bibliografias revisitadas foi o levantamento do campo teórico para identificar e sustentar os principais desafios encontrados tanto pelos professores quanto pelos alunos para o desenvolvimento da dinâmica propulsora da ensinagem por transmissão de dispositivos digitais capazes de promover conceitos significativos de aprendizagem no ensino superior.
PROJETOS PEDAGÓGICOS PARA A EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL: PRINCIPAIS DESAFIOS EM SUA FORMULAÇÃO NO SISTEMA EDUCACIONAL BRASILEIRO
Authors: Santos Marcus Vinicius Peralva
Published: March 2021

Para um adequado processo de ensino-aprendizagem da criança durante o período escolar recomenda-se que todos os membros da comunidade escolar participem de todas as etapas que norteiam a idealização, elaboração, construção e execução do projeto político pedagógico. No que se refere ao projeto pedagógico da educação infantil, recomenda-se uma atenção especial no seu processo de idealização, uma vez que ele será a base inicial para a construção do saber na criança, de modo que o presente artigo teve por objetivo descrever os principais desafios no processo de formulação de um projeto pedagógico na educação infantil. A metodologia empregada consistiu na realização de uma revisão bibliográfica descritiva quanti-qualitativa que contemplou trabalhos publicados, em especial, nos últimos 20 anos (1999 a 2019). Verificou-se que cinco grandes problemas norteiam o processo de construção dos projetos na educação infantil, mas que a pesar disso, as fontes de dados online apresentam um quantitativo de obras publicadas sobre o tema bastante expressivo, o que mostra a preocupação dos pesquisadores sobre o tema. Com o avançar dos estudos sobre o tema acredita-se que a construção do projeto pedagógico pouco a pouco consiga superar tais desafios, o que em parte já vem se tornando realidade, em especial, por meio da inclusão de projetos voltados a realidade das crianças com necessidades especiais.
Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento Regional: a relação entre os repasses públicos e o desenvolvimento brasileiro
Authors: Ternoski Simão , Gazolla Marcio , Junior Marini Marcos , Perondi Miguel Angelo
Published: March 2021

Momentos de maior fragilidade social, como o atual cenário de pandemia do Covid19 evidenciam a indispensável e necessária atuação do Estado, garantindo renda mínima e defesa dos mais vulneráveis, apesar disso, o cenário brasileiro dos últimos quatro anos intensificou o embate entre as forças sociais, algumas apregoando o corolário do Estado mínimo e, outras, reforçando a importância das políticas públicas na equalização das desigualdades. Este processo social bipolar, instiga ao objetivo de monitorar as relações de efeito no repasse de políticas públicas sobre o Produto Interno Bruto – PIB e o Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Municipal – IFDM, analisados no período de 2005-2016, a partir dos dados em painel de todos os municípios brasileiros. As políticas avaliadas explicam o PIB e o IFDM no cenário macro, mas, regionalmente, o Fundo de Participação dos Municípios e o Benefício de Prestação Continuada geram maiores efeitos na equalização da renda e bem-estar entre as regiões.
RECURSOS DESENVOLVIMENTAIS E DESENVOLVIMENTO JUVENIL POSITIVO (PYD): UMA REVISÃO
Authors: Melo Carla Assis dos Santos , Martins Islane Cristina
Published: March 2021

Introdução: Independente da condição socioeconômica, os jovens estão sujeitos às situações de risco e o desenvolvimento positivo da juventude – PYD - priorizando a integralidade do jovem, busca potencializar suas capacidades combinando com os recursos desenvolvimentais. Objetivo: Objetivou-se realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura a fim de discutir os recursos desenvolvimentais e PYD. Materiais e Métodos: Buscou-se referências nas bases Periódicos CAPES e Google Scholar em setembro de 2020. A investigação permitiu identificar 27 artigos que se adequaram aos critérios estabelecidos. Resultados: Observou-se que 100% dos artigos mencionaram ao menos um dos 40 recursos de desenvolvimento do modelo de Benson comprovando intensa relação entre tais recursos desenvolvimentais e PYD. Conclusão: Tanto os recursos desenvolvimentais (criatividade, autoeficácia, estrutura escolar, vínculos familiares, etc.) quanto PYD, baseado em princípios que contemplam todo o ser do jovem, suas capacidades e forças, são proposições que dialogam entre si, promovendo comportamentos positivos e o próprio bem-estar.
A PEDAGOGIA E O SISTEMA PRISIONAL: A EDUCAÇÃO EM AMBIENTE NÃO ESCOLAR
Authors: Quaresma Nívea Maria Pimentel , Rocha Rafael dos Santos , Cruz Luzilene Alves
Published: March 2021

O presente artigo faz uma análise sobre A Pedagogia e o Sistema Prisional, assim, a pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar sua contribuição para o processo de ressocialização. Histórico da Educação Prisional no Brasil, Eca e Direito humanos: Educação Presidiária, Pedagogia social e a sua importância na ressocialização carcerária. Tendo como embasamento teórico Foucalt e Eliane Vasquez. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa cuja coleta de dados foi bibliográfica, documental. Assim, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho confirmam que a Pedagogia social auxilia na reinserção do indivíduo a sociedade. É uma forma de promover o direito a educação a todos, independentemente de onde o indivíduo se encontra. Numa perspectiva interdisciplinar, além de ajudar na construção da identidade social do apenado.
O EXCESSO BATAILLEANO COMO FATOR DE COERÊNCIA ENTRE PROCESSOS: UMA HIPÓTESE DE RESPOSTA AO OBJETIVO WHITEHEADIANO À FILOSOFIA DA CIÊNCIA
Authors: Martins Rafael Ferreira
Published: March 2021

Este artigo apresenta uma resposta ao propósito de Whitehead à filosofia da ciência, buscar por um relato de coerência entre eventos. A hipótese levantada foi a de que o conceito de Excesso, conforme apresentado por George Bataille em A Parte Maldita, pode ser um excelente recurso para relatar a coerência entre os eventos no Universo. Para corroborar tal hipótese, desenvolve-se cientificamente o conceito batailleano escolhido e, por fim, aplica-o a processos discriminados na natureza, de modo a testar se é possível encontrar o Excesso como um processo essencial neles e no conjunto deles. Dados os casos estudados nesta pesquisa, conclui-se que o Excesso pode ser um fator para relatar a coerência entre séries de eventos (processos) distintos.
SÍNDROME DE ASPERGER: A SINGULARIDADE DA CRIANÇA E A IMPORTÂNCIA ATIVA DO PSICOPEDAGOGO NA EDUCAÇÃO
Authors: Chrysostomo Helen Beatriz Marques
Published: March 2021

As investigações e evidências científicas apontam para necessidade de expandir o conhecimento acerca da síndrome de Asperger. Esta pesquisa objetivou esclarecer como é a criança portadora da síndrome de Asperger bem como, quais são as suas necessidades e peculiaridades. A metodologia utilizada é bibliográfica, de autores que discutem e contribuem com seus resultados sobre o tema abordado que é de extrema relevância para os educadores, profissionais de saúde, familiares e para as próprias crianças que passam a ser compreendidas e respeitadas em sua singularidade. Por fim, e não menos importante, deve-se considerar a atuação do psicopedagogo na educação infantil, como um profissional que auxiliará nas intervenções precoces promovendo a interação social satisfatória, viabilizando o ensino aprendizagem e potencializando o bem-estar de todos envolvidos dentro contexto.
VALUATION DA TESLA: UMA ANÁLISE DO PERÍODO DE 2008 A 2020
Authors: Martins João Victor da Silva
Published: March 2021

Este trabalho é dedicado ao processo de avaliações de empresas, suas principais abordagens, assim como o detalhamento por etapas do modelo utilizado com o objetivo de encontrar o valor intrínseco da ação da empresa Tesla. Baseando-se na premissa de que, o valor de uma empresa corresponde ao valor de seus fluxos de caixa no futuro, usaremos o método do fluxo de caixa descontado para calcular o valor presente dos fluxos de caixa livre futuros ao acionista descontados por uma taxa encontrada através do modelo de precificação de ativos de capital (CAPM). Nesta pesquisa, são utilizados os trabalhos do professor Aswath Damodaran, os relatórios divulgados pela Tesla em seu site oficial e artigos online.
ENSINO DE BIOLOGIA EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA: CRIATIVIDADE, EFICIÊNCIA, ASPECTOS EMOCIONAIS E SIGNIFICADOS
Authors: Soares Mônica Dias , Santos Antônia Nádia Brito dos , Farias Francielly Rodrigues de , Lima Filipe Gutierre Carvalho de
Published: March 2021

A pandemia causada pelo vírus (SARS-COV-2) desencadeou um novo panorama educacional, mesmo diante de inúmeros fatores, como, por exemplo: financeiros e de infraestrutura, a questão emocional advinda do isolamento social tornou-se um desafio para professores e estudantes. Visto que, grande parte das pesquisas publicadas até hoje estão focadas apenas no aluno, ressaltar a visão dos professores da rede pública é essencial para a sociedade reconhecer a importância destes e a experiência vivida no ensino remoto. O objetivo do estudo foi mostrar, através dos discursos dos professores, de que forma o isolamento social interferiu/contribuiu no ensino de Biologia, compreendendo em que aspecto o período de pandemia corroborou na inovação das aulas, na interação do professor/aluno e no aprendizado significativo, por fim, a postura dos professores quanto a formação continuada, aspectos emocionais e eficiência. Para isto, foram entrevistados professores de Biologia da rede pública do nível médio da região Norte do Ceará. Os resultados demonstraram que o ambiente virtual passou a ser o espaço de aprendizagem possível para o processo de formação, houve uma dificuldade em separar as atividades domiciliar e profissional. Outro desafio vivenciado foi a necessidade de desenvolver competências e habilidades para as tecnologias educacionais, nem sempre trabalhadas durante a formação inicial. Momento oportuno de uma reflexão crítica sobre o sistema de educação e de como superar as falhas existentes.
Waves, jets and vortices: Regime transitions in shallow water turbulence
Authors: Bakas Nikos
Published: March 2021

Forced-dissipative beta-plane turbulence in a single-layer shallow-water fluid has been widely considered as a simplified model of planetary turbulence as it exhibits turbulence self-organization into large-scale structures such as robust zonal jets and strong vortices. In this study we perform a series of numerical simulations to analyze the characteristics of the emerging structures as a function of the planetary vorticity gradient and the deformation radius. We report four regimes that appear as the energy input rate ε of the random stirring that supports turbulence in the flow increases. A homogeneous turbulent regime for low values of ε, a regime in which large scale Rossby waves form abruptly when ε passes a critical value, a regime in which robust zonal jets coexist with weaker Rossby waves when ε passes a second critical value and a regime of strong materially coherent propagating vortices for large values of ε. The wave regime which is not predicted by standard cascade theories of turbulence anisotropization and the vortex regime are studied thoroughly. Wavenumber-frequency spectra analysis shows that the Rossby waves in the second regime remain phase coherent over long times. The coherent vortices are identified using the Lagrangian Averaged Deviation (LAVD) method. The statistics of the vortices (lifetime, radius, strength and speed) are reported as a function of the large scale parameters. We find that the strong vortices propagate zonally with a phase speed that is equal or larger than the long Rossby wave speed and advect the background turbulence leading to a non-dispersive line in the wavenumber-frequency spectra.
Detecting cold pools from soundings during EUREC4A
Authors: Touzé-Peiffer Ludovic , Vogel Raphaela , Rochetin Nicolas
Published: March 2021

We develop a novel method to detect cold pools from atmospheric soundings over tropical oceans and apply it to sounding data from EUREC4A. The proposed method exploits the fact that the air in a cold pool is denser than the air above it. It leads us to define cold pool soundings as those for which the mixed-layer height is smaller than 400 m. We first test this criterion by verifying its consistency with surface temperature and precipitation in a realistic high-resolution simulation over the western tropical Atlantic. Applying to EUREC4A data, we then identify 7 % of EUREC4A dropsondes and radiosondes as cold pool soundings. In two selected case studies, we find that cold pool soundings coincide with mesoscale cloud arcs and temperature drops in the surface time series. Statistics for the entire campaign further characterize the signature of cold pools in temperature, humidity and wind profiles. In the presence of wind shear, we show in particular that the spreading of cold pools is favored downshear, suggesting downward momentum transport by unsaturated downdrafts. These results support the robustness of our simple method in different environmental conditions and illustrate the new insights it offers for the characterization of cold pools and their environment. 
Spatio-temporal changes in water demand of urban greenery
Authors: Chavoshi Borujeni Sattar , Nouri Hamideh , Nagler Pamela , Barreto-Muñoz Armando , Didan Kamel
Published: March 2021

Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and water demand of urban green spaces (UGS) remain critical, especially in water-limited cities. Measuring ET helps decision‐makers, urban planners and urban water managers formulate strategies and plans for sustainable green cities worldwide. In this study, we used three satellites, WorldView2, Landsat (OLI, TM5 and ETM+), and MODIS to measure the greenness and ET of a 780‐ha public green space, the Adelaide Parklands in Australia. Different satellite‐based vegetation indices (VIs) including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index 2 (EVI2) were assessed. The VI-based ET from these three satellites were estimated. We then validated these remote sensing-based ET with a field-based method of Soil Water Balance (SWB) using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Inter‐ and intra‐annual changes of VIs and their relevant ET were mapped and analyzed during 2010-2018. Our study, using multi-sensor remote sensing data fusion, systematic methods and machine learning techniques confirmed the suitability and feasibility of remote sensing-based ET as accurate long‐term monitoring mean for ET trends over large UGS. Our techniques rely on public and free-access satellite images, and therefore, can be adapted to other water-limited cities.
Global synthesis of subglacial lakes and their changing role in a warming climate
Authors: Livingstone Stephen , Björnsson Helgi , Bowling Jade , Chu Winnie , Dow Christine , Fricker Helen , Li Yan , McMillan Malcolm , Mikucki Jill , Ng Felix , Ross Neil , Rutishauser Anja , Sanderson Rebecca , Siegert Martin , Siegfried Matthew , Sole Andrew , Winter Kate
Published: March 2021

Subglacial lakes provide habitats for life and can modulate ice flow, basal hydrology, biogeochemical fluxes and geomorphic activity. They have been identified widely beneath the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland, and detected beneath the ice caps on Devon Island and Iceland, and beneath small valley glaciers. Past investigations focussed on lakes beneath individual ice masses. A scientific synthesis of different lake populations has not been made, so a unified understanding of the mechanisms controlling subglacial lake formation, dynamics, and interaction with other parts of the Earth system is lacking. Here, we integrate existing, often disparate data into a global database of subglacial lakes, enabling subglacial lake characteristics and dynamics to be classified. We use this assessment to evaluate how subglacial lakes shape microbial ecosystems and influence ice flow, subglacial drainage, sediment transport and biogeochemical fluxes. Through our global perspective, we examine how subglacial lake characteristics and function depend on the hydrologic, dynamic and mass balance regime of the ice mass beneath which they are located. By applying this synoptic understanding and perspective, we propose a conceptual model for how subglacial lakes and their impacts on the broader environment will change in a warming world. 
A common model to explain similarities between injection-induced and natural earthquake swarms
Authors: Danre Philippe , De Barros Louis , Cappa Frédéric
Published: March 2021

Fluid injections at depth can trigger seismic swarms and aseismic deformations. Similarly, some natural sequences of seismicity occur clustered in time and space, without a distinguishable mainshock. They are usually interpreted as driven by fluid and/or aseismic processes. Those seismic swarms, natural or injection-induced, present similarities in their behavior, such as a seismic front migration. The effective stress drop, defined as a ratio between seismic moment and cluster size, is also weak for all swarms, when compared to usual earthquakes values. However, the physical processes that drive both types of swarms, and that can explain such similarities are still poorly understood. Here, we propose a mechanical model in which the fluid primarily induces an aseismic slip, which then triggers and drives seismicity within and on the edges of the active zone. This model is validated using a global and precise dataset of 16 swarms, from natural or induced origins, in different geological contexts. Consequently, our measurements of the migration velocity of the seismicity front, and of the effective stress drop for our swarms can be related to the seismic-to-aseismic moment. Using our model, we are then able to compute an estimate of the volume of fluids circulating during natural earthquake swarms, assuming the total moment is related to the volume of fluids. Our study highlights common characteristics and novel insights into the physical processes at play during seismic swarms.
Modelling the effects of normal faulting on alluvial river morphodynamics.
Authors: Woolderink Hessel , Weisscher Steven , Kleinhans Maarten , Kasse Cornelis , Van Balen Ronald
Published: March 2021

Normal faulting acts as a forcing on the morphodynamics of alluvial rivers by changing the topographic gradient of the river valley and channel around the fault zone. Normal faulting affects river morphodynamics either instantaneously by surface rupturing earthquakes, or gradually by continuous vertical displacement. The morphodynamic responses to normal faulting range from longitudinal bed profile adjustments to channel pattern changes. However, the effect of faulting on river morphodynamics and morphology is complex, as they also depend on numerous local, non-tectonic characteristics of flow, river bed/bank composition and vegetation cover. Moreover, river response to faulting is often transient. Such time-dependent river response is important to consider when deriving relationships between faulting and river dynamics from a morphological and sedimentological record. To enhance our understanding of river response to tectonic faulting, we used the physics-based, two-dimensional morphodynamic model Nays2D to simulate the responses of a laboratory-scale alluvial river to various faulting and offset scenarios. Our model focusses on the morphodynamic responses at the scale of multiple meander bends around a normal fault zone. Channel sinuosity increases as the downstream meander bend expands as a result of the faulting-enhanced valley gradient, after which a chute cutoff reduces channel sinuosity to a new dynamic equilibrium that is generally higher than the pre-faulting sinuosity. Relative uplift of the downstream part of the river due to a fault leads to reduced fluvial activity upstream, caused by a backwater effect. The position along a meander bend at which faulting occurs has a profound influence on channel sinuosity; fault locations that enhance flow velocities over the point bar result in a faster sinuosity increase and subsequent chute cutoff than locations that cause increased flow velocity directed towards the outer floodplain. Our study shows that inclusion of process-based reasoning in the interpretation of geomorphological and sedimentological observations of fluvial response to faulting improves our understanding of the natural processes involved and, therefore, contributes to better prediction of faulting effects on river morphodynamics.
Validation of calibrated GOCE gravity gradients GRD_SPW_2 by least-squares spectral weighting   
Authors: Pitoňák Martin , Šprlák Michal , Ophaug Vegard , Omang Ove , Novák Pavel
Published: March 2021

The Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) was the first mission which carried a novel instrument, gradiometer, which allowed to measure the second-order directional derivatives of the gravitational potential or gravitational gradients with uniform quality and a near-global coverage. More than three years of the outstanding measurements resulted in two levels of data products (Level 1b and Level 2), six releases of global gravitational models (GGMs), and several grids of gravitational gradients (see, e.g., ESA-funded GOCE+ GeoExplore project or Space-wise GOCE products). The grids of gravitational gradients represent a step between gravitational gradients measured directly along the GOCE orbit and data directly from GGMs. One could use grids of gravitational gradients for geodetic as well as for geophysical applications. In this contribution, we are going to validate the official Level 2 product GRD_SPW_2 by terrestrial gravity disturbances and GNSS/levelling over two test areas located in Europe, namely in Norway and former Czechoslovakia (now Czechia and Slovakia). GRD_SPW_2 product contains all six gravity gradients at satellite altitude from the space-wise approach computed only from GOCE data for the available time span (r-2, r-4, and r-5) and provided on a 0.2 degree grid. A mathematical model based on a least-squares spectral weighting will be developed and the corresponding spectral weights will be presented for the validation of gravitational gradients grids. This model allows us to continue downward gravitational gradients grids to an irregular topographic surface (not to a mean sphere) and transform them into gravity disturbances and/or geoidal heights in one step. Before we compared results obtained by spectral downward continuation, we had to remove the high-frequency part of the gravitational signal from terrestrial data because in gravitational gradients measured at GOCE satellite altitude is attenuated. To do so we employ EGM2008 up to d/o 2160 and the residual terrain model correction (RTC) has been a) interpolated from ERTM2160 gravity model, b) synthesised from dV_ELL_Earth2014_5480_plusGRS80, c) calculated from a residual topographic model by forward modelling in the space domain.  
A new low-cost approach to 3-D water temperature monitoring
Authors: Loerke Eva , Wilkinson Mark E. , Pohle Ina , Drummond David , Geris Josie
Published: March 2021

Water temperature is one of the key factors controlling aquatic ecosystems and influencing physical, chemical and biological processes. Detailed observations of spatial and temporal patterns in water temperature are important for assessing e.g. variations in thermal refugia, impacts of climate change and for developing appropriate management strategies. Freshwater  temperatures are still mostly analysed based on single point measurements, but these do not reflect the spatial thermal variability within waterbodies (i.e. stream and lake) and therefore could lack information on thermal refugia. 2-D images of freshwater temperature in varying spatial resolution are increasingly obtained by space- and airborne methods such as UAV (unmanned aircraft vehicles). While these UAV methods offer the necessary spatial resolution at the surface, they require in situ measurements to obtain absolute temperature values and don’t provide information on vertical thermal variability. Approaches that bridge this gap do exist (e.g. fibreoptic cables), but high demand on resources and high costs limit widespread use.

The aim of this work was to develop a low-cost, custom-build, fully flexible 3-D temperature sensor system that can be used for calibration and validation of thermal UAV observations, but also adds information on water temperature with depth. The design of our floating sensor system (with a maximum of 72 sensors) offers high flexibility in horizontal/vertical spacing and logging time intervals (ms to h). Here we present the first results of our prototype, which was calibrated using Solinst Leveloggers (accuracy ± 0.05ºC) and tested under various ambient conditions, both in the laboratory and in a lab-in-field experiment in a relatively shallow lake (maximum measurement depth of 1.50 m) in NE Scotland. We also evaluated the use of this system with UAV imagery at the lake.

The results show a quick response of the individual sensors to temperature changes and indicate suitability of the system for validating and calibrating thermal UAV images. For a set-up with 12 vertical arrays (6 sensors at different depths for each array) and arranged as a grid, preliminary data indicated the value for a 3-D approach as not all thermal patterns at depth were captured by surface measurements. Next, the transferability of the sensor system to a stream will be tested and applied to a stream water management case. Together with UAV thermal imagery, the new sensor system could have the potential for a wide range of research and management applications (e.g. thermal habitats, groundwater upwelling, infiltration of cooling water).
Numerical Study on the Effects of Vegetation on the Intradelta Lobe Avulsion
Authors: Li Dongxue
Published: March 2021

Coastal wetlands play an important role for both human society and coastal ecosystems. The intradelta lobe avulsion, which causes channel shift inside the delta lobe, can create new coastal wetlands and benefit wetland restoration. Previous studies suggest that intradelta lobe avulsion is controlled by the river mouth bar stagnation that results in back filling of the river channel, which further increases the overbank flow at the natural levees and eventually leads to the avulsion. However, the natural levees are commonly colonized by vegetation, and its relevant effects on the avulsion at the levees are still elusive. In this study, we aim to quantify the effects of vegetation on the occurrence of intradelta lobe avulsion at the natural levees through numerical experiments using Delft3D. Numerical simulations of vegetated and non-vegetated scenarios were conducted with different combination of vegetation height and density, river discharge, suspended-sediment concentration and Chezy coefficient. The model results show that the existence of vegetation results in shorter levee length and river mouth bar distance relative to those of non-vegetated scenarios. The levee length and the river mouth bar distance are primarily dictated by the Chezy coefficient and the representative Chezy coefficient for non-vegetated and vegetated scenarios, respectively. In addition, the time scales of river mouth bar stagnation and the intradelta lobe avulsion tend to be shorter for vegetated scenarios, which is presumably due to the shorter river mouth bar distance that leads to a smaller accommodation space for back filling of the river channel. Our findings have important implications for predicting the future avulsion of intradelta lobe and improving the management of deltas and estuaries.
Using Machine Learning to reduce uncertainty in historical ocean temperature measurements
Authors: Haddad Stephen , Killick Rachel , Palmer Matt , Webb Mark
Published: March 2021

Historical ocean temperature measurements are important in studying climate change due to the high proportion of heat absorbed by the ocean. These measurements come from a variety of sources, including Expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs), which are an important source of such data. Their measurements need bias corrections which are dependent on the type of XBT used, but poor metadata collection practices mean the type is often missing, increasing the measurement uncertainty and thus the uncertainty of the downstream dataset. 

 

This talk will describe efforts to fill in missing instrument type metadata using machine learning techniques so better bias corrections can be applied and the uncertainty in ocean temperature datasets reduced. I will describe the challenge arising from the nature of the dataset in applying standard ML techniques to the problem. I will also describe how we have used this project to explore the benefits of different platforms for ML and what open reproducible science looks like for Machine Learning projects.
Climate change projections for the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East based on CORDEX-CORE simulations
Authors: Zittis George , Hadjinicolaou Panos , Lelieveld Jos
Published: March 2021

Many observation-based and modelling studies have identified the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region as a prominent climate change hot-spot. During the last half century, the region has warmed faster than the global mean, while at the same time changes in the hydrological cycle have been observed. Several studies suggest that these trends are projected to continue and intensify throughout the 21st century, depending on greenhouse gas emission scenarios. To assess climate change impacts on a regional and local level, future climate information of high quality and spatial resolution is required. To provide such information is the objective of CORDEX. The latest advancement of this World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) initiative includes the CORDEX-CORE set of regional experiments that aims at global coverage and was designed to provide regional-level information to the upcoming Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This state-of-the-art dataset is available at a spatial resolution of 0.22° (about 25 km). We have complemented this ensemble model data with those from two experiments of the MENA-CORDEX initiative that are available at the same resolution. Here, we have analyzed monthly data from 1971 to the end of the current century. We have adopted a multi-domain and multi-model ensemble approach that is found to add value by addressing shortcomings and reducing uncertainties. Our results corroborate and update existing estimations on the transition to drier and hotter conditions in the EMME region. Under a business-as-usual pathway (RCP8.5), the region-average warming at the end of the current century is expected to exceed 5 °C (with respect to the 1986-2005 reference temperature). On the contrary, under a strong mitigation pathway (RCP2.6) this warming can be limited to less than 1.5 °C. Summer warming is projected to exceed these values by 2-3 °C, favoring the conditions for unprecedented heatwaves. On average, precipitation changes are less robust and significant and range between 0 to -15% of the reference values, while locally stronger drying can occur, particularly under RCP8.5.
Real-world rogue wave probabilities
Authors: Häfner Dion , Gemmrich Johannes , Jochum Markus
Published: March 2021

Despite several strong hypotheses on how rogue waves can be generated in idealized conditions, the real-world causes of these waves are still largely unknown. We credit this to insufficient amounts of observational data and a missing robust probabilistic framework to analyze the available data.

We address these issues by processing over 1 billion wave measurements from offshore buoys and organizing them into a comprehensive catalogue. Through a robust, machine-learning driven analysis, we then identify several characteristic sea conditions that lead to significantly higher risks to encounter a rogue wave. This yields quantitative evidence on the relative importance of the underlying physical mechanisms.

Specifically, we find that by far the most important factor is crest-trough correlation, a parameter related to spectral bandwidth, with other parameters acting as minor corrections. This has profound implications on the nature of "everyday" rogue waves, and suggests a path towards a more reliable extreme wave forecast.
Vulnerability of Northern Adriatic to Warming and Intensification of Marine Heat Waves
Authors: Licer Matjaz , Malej Alenka
Published: March 2021

Northern Adriatic Shelf (NAS) is a shallow, semi-enclosed northern part of the Adriatic basin, and as such rapidly responds to climate change. Multidecadal satellite and in-situ sea surface temperature (SST) time series on the NAS indicate a warming trend. During 1995-2015, SST in the Gulf of Trieste increased at a rate of 0.08°C ± 0.01°C per year (amounting to 1.6°C in 20 years), a trend indicative of the entire NAS shelf.

We use a centennial SST time series from Trieste (Raicich and Colucci, 2019) to construct a climatological year as a base for SST day-of-year anomaly estimation. We show that yearly number of discrete periods of extreme warming (Marine Heat Waves - MHW) and extreme cooling (Marine Cold Spells - MCS) exhibit clear seasonality. Both positive and negative anomalies from climatological SST manifest maximum variance in the summer months. The frequency of MHW has increased, while the number of Marine Cold Spells (MCS) is declining.

Sea warming and MHW intensification are potent agents of disturbance, particularly for sessile taxa and species residing near their warm range edges. In the NAS extreme events may force regression of habitat-forming species such as seagrass Zostera marina and increase bleaching episodes of coral Cladocora caespitosa. Warming events may be associated with the inflow of invasive non-indigenous species and expand the period of occurrence, such as harmful gelatinous invader Mnemiopsis leidyi. In contrast, a reduced number of MCS during winter may enhance survival of Aurelia polyps generating through strobilation more intense jellyfish blooms.