bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconnaissance sub-bottom acoustic profiling survey at Swan Lake, Ontario
Authors: Brooks G R
Published: April 2017

As part of a reconnaissance sub-bottom acoustic profiling (SAP) survey, 25 profiles were collected at Swan Lake, Ontario, on August 17, 2015. The quality of the returns ranges from good to no penetration, probably reflecting variations in the present of methane
gas in the sediments. Three facies are present within the SAP returns that represent lacustrine, glaciolacustrine and subaqueous mass transport deposits. The profiles collected from Swan Lake demonstrate the presence of mass transport deposits within this basin.
Reconnaissance sub-bottom acoustic profiling at Lac Taschereau, Quebec
Authors: Brooks G R , Grenier A
Published: April 2017

As part of a reconnaissance sub-bottom acoustic profiling (SAP) survey, 22 profiles were collected at Lac Taschereau, Quebec, on August 21, 2015. There generally is good penetration into the sub-bottom along most profiles, except in the central and northern
portions of the basin where there was no penetration. Three depositional facies are present within the SAP returns that represent lacustrine, glaciolacustrine and mass transport deposits. The survey of Lac Taschereau demonstrates that multiple stratigraphic occurrences of mass transport deposits are
present within this basin.
Exploring structural violence in the context of disability and poverty in Zimbabwe
Authors: Muderedzi Jennifer T. , Eide Arne H. , Braathen Stine H. , Stray-Pedersen Babill
Published: April 2017

Background: While it is widely assumed that disability, poverty and health are closely linked, research falls short of fully understanding the link. One approach to analysing the links between disability and poverty is through the concept of structural violence, referring to social structures that contribute to the impoverishment of individuals or communities. These structures can be political, ecological, legal and economic, among others.Objective: To explore structural violence and how it affects families of children with cerebral palsy among the Tonga ethnic group living in poor rural communities of Binga in Zimbabwe.Method: This is a longitudinal, qualitative and ethnographic study. Data were collected over a period of eight years from 2005 to 2013. Data collection techniques were in-depth interviews, participant observation and focus group discussions. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 53 informants.Results: Structural violence was noted through four themes: internal displacement and development, food and politics, water and sanitation, and social services. Poverty was noted in the form of unemployment, lack of education, healthcare, food and shelter. The concept of structural violence inflicted social suffering on the informants. Politics played a major role in activities such as food withdrawal, lack of water, development and allocation of local resources to ‘the people of the city’, leaving the informants struggling with care.Conclusion: Political and economic forces have structured risks and created a situation of extreme human suffering. The capabilities approach brings out the challenges associated with cerebral palsy in the context of development challenges.
Assessing newly introduced climate change adaptation strategy packages among rural households: Evidence from Kaou local government area, Tahoua State, Niger Republic
Authors: Tabbo Ali M. , Amadou Zakou
Published: April 2017

This research discusses new strategies developed and introduced by national and international partners to help farmers in building adaptative capacity against the negative externalities of climate change. The purpose of this study is to determine and to assess the most important adaptation strategies introduced by development partners. Based on the recognition interview with farmers and synthesis of previous research, 13 strategies were compiled and included in the study. Thus, an advance in the balanced incomplete block design was used to design the questionnaire served as data collection tools. For each question, respondents were asked to choose their best and their worst strategies. Thus, the difference between the best and worst strategies consistent with random utility theory was used for the modelling. Results show that herd rebuilding, human capacity building, introduction of fishing, water and soil conservation activities, introduction of leafy vegetable such as Moringa oleifera, financial credit, forage seed marketing and introduction of agriculture inputs were the most important strategies, while the support to vegetable production, income-generating activities, the use of agricultural improved seed varieties, anti-fire band making and cereal bank introduction were the least important adaptation strategies for farmers. These results are therefore essential for the dissemination of adaptation strategies, thereby stimulating and maintaining sustainability development actions in the study area.
The effect of phlebotomy training on blood sample rejection and phlebotomy knowledge of primary health care providers in Cape Town: A quasi-experimental study
Authors: Abbas Mumtaz , Mukinda Fidele K. , Namane Mosedi
Published: April 2017

Background: There is an increasing amount of blood sample rejection at primary health care facilities (PHCFs), impacting negatively the staff, facility, patient and laboratory costs.Aim: The primary objective was to determine the rejection rate and reasons for blood sample rejection at four PHCFs before and after a phlebotomy training programme. The secondary objective was to determine whether phlebotomy training improved knowledge among primary health care providers (HCPs) and to develop a tool for blood sample acceptability.Study setting: Two community health centres (CHCs) and two community day centres (CDCs) in Cape Town.Methods: A quasi-experimental study design (before and after a phlebotomy training programme).Results: The sample rejection rate was 0.79% (n = 60) at CHC A, 1.13% (n = 45) at CHC B, 1.64% (n = 38) at CDC C and 1.36% (n = 8) at CDC D pre-training. The rejection rate remained approximately the same post-training (p > 0.05). The same phlebotomy questionnaire was administered pre- and post-training to HCPs. The average score increased from 63% (95% CI 6.97‒17.03) to 96% (95% CI 16.91‒20.09) at CHC A (p = 0.039), 58% (95% CI 9.09‒14.91) to 93% (95% CI 17.64‒18.76) at CHC B (p = 0.006), 60% (95% CI 8.84‒13.13) to 97% (95% CI 16.14‒19.29) at CDC C (p = 0.001) and 63% (95% CI 9.81‒13.33) to 97% (95% CI 18.08‒19.07) at CDC D (p = 0.001).Conclusion: There is no statistically significant improvement in the rejection rate of blood samples (p > 0.05) post-training despite knowledge improving in all HCPs (p < 0.05).
Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sub-tropical riverine sediments using geoaccumulation index
Authors: Silva Patrícia Pedreira da , Santos Leila Thaise Santana de Oliveira , Jesus Taise Bomfim de
Published: April 2017

Heavy metal determination in surface sediment allows pollutant assessment when the detection in the water column is not possible. Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) were used to quantitatively evaluate the degree of heavy metal contamination in fluvial sediments. Both of these methods had already been used by several authors and the generated indexes allowed a good comparison parameter. In the present study, heavy metal in sediments (Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni) were analyzed in 14 sampling points, distributed in the upper watercourse of Subaé river, Feira de Santana – BA, in two field campaigns in order to compare dry and wet seasons. The quantification of heavy metal contents was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The heavy metal levels in the sampling points were low when compared to the global reference values for world sediments. Cadmium concentrations were always below the detection limit of the used spectrometer, and the relative abundance of the studied metals was the following: Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni. The variation range of each element concentrations was: Mn 69.3 and 266 mg Kg-1; Zn 30.7 and 426 mg Kg-1; Pb 6.00 and 63.6 mg Kg-1; Cu 4.26 and 66.2 mg Kg-1; Cr 3.24 and 52.9 mg Kg-1; Ni 1.96 and 24.7 mg Kg-1. These results are indicating low contamination risk to biota, despite of the fact that some points presented moderate risk of toxicity. The Igeo ranged from unpolluted (Zn, Mn, Cr, and Ni) to slightly polluted (Pb and Cu) in the assessed sediments. The different approaches to geochemical information treatment allow a wide and coherent debate about the environmental risk of heavy metals from anthropogenic diffuse sources.
Space-based observation of volcanic iodine monoxide
Authors: Schönhardt Anja , Richter Andreas , Theys Nicolas , Burrows John P.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions inject substantial amounts of halogens into the atmosphere. Chlorine and bromine oxides have frequently been observed in volcanic plumes from different instrumental platforms such as from ground, aircraft and satellites. The present study is the first observational evidence that iodine oxides are also emitted into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. Large column amounts of iodine monoxide, IO, are observed in satellite measurements following the major eruption of the Kasatochi volcano, Alaska, in 2008. The IO signal is detected in measurements made both by SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY) on ENVISAT (Environmental Satellite) and GOME-2 (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2) on MetOp-A (Meteorological Operational Satellite A). Following the eruption on 7 August 2008, strongly elevated levels of IO slant columns of more than 4 × 1013 molec cm−2 are retrieved along the volcanic plume trajectories for several days. The retrieved IO columns from the different instruments are consistent, and the spatial distribution of the IO plume is similar to that of bromine monoxide, BrO. Details in the spatial distribution, however, differ between IO, BrO and sulfur dioxide, SO2. The column amounts of IO are approximately 1 order of magnitude smaller than those of BrO. Using the GOME-2A observations, the total mass of IO in the volcanic plume injected into the atmosphere from the eruption of Kasatochi on 7 August 2008, is determined to be on the order of 10 Mg.
Is increasing ice crystal sedimentation velocity in geoengineering simulations a good proxy for cirrus cloud seeding?
Authors: Gasparini Blaž , Münch Steffen , Poncet Laure , Feldmann Monika , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The complex microphysical details of cirrus seeding with ice nucleating particles (INPs) in numerical simulations are often mimicked by increasing ice crystal sedimentation velocities. So far it has not been tested whether these results are comparable to geoengineering simulations in which cirrus clouds are seeded with INPs. We compare simulations where the ice crystal sedimentation velocity is increased at temperatures colder than −35 °C with simulations of cirrus seeding with INPs using the ECHAM-HAM general circulation model. The radiative flux response of the two methods shows a similar behaviour in terms of annual and seasonal averages. Both methods decrease surface temperature but increase precipitation in response to a decreased atmospheric stability. Moreover, simulations of seeding with INPs lead to a decrease in liquid clouds, which counteracts part of the cooling due to changes in cirrus clouds. The liquid cloud response is largely avoided in a simulation where seeding occurs during night only. Simulations with increased ice crystal sedimentation velocity, however, lead to counteracting mixed-phase cloud responses. The increased sedimentation velocity simulations can counteract up to 60 % of the radiative effect of CO2 doubling with a maximum net top-of-the-atmosphere forcing of −2. 2 W m−2. They induce a 30 % larger surface temperature response, due to their lower altitude of maximum diabatic forcing compared with simulations of seeding with INPs.
The HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) – an overview
Authors: Macke Andreas , Seifert Patric , Baars Holger , Barthlott Christian , Beekmans Christoph , Behrendt Andreas , Bohn Birger , Brueck Matthias , Bühl Johannes , Crewell Susanne , Damian Thomas , Deneke Hartwig , Düsing Sebastian , Foth Andreas , Di Girolamo Paolo , Hammann Eva , Heinze Rieke , Hirsikko Anne , Kalisch John , Kalthoff Norbert , Kinne Stefan , Kohler Martin , Löhnert Ulrich , Madhavan Bomidi Lakshmi , Maurer Vera , Muppa Shravan Kumar , Schween Jan , Serikov Ilya , Siebert Holger , Simmer Clemens , Späth Florian , Steinke Sandra , Träumner Katja , Trömel Silke , Wehner Birgit , Wieser Andreas , Wulfmeyer Volker , Xie Xinxin
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE) was performed as a major 2-month field experiment in Jülich, Germany, in April and May 2013, followed by a smaller campaign in Melpitz, Germany, in September 2013. HOPE has been designed to provide an observational dataset for a critical evaluation of the new German community atmospheric icosahedral non-hydrostatic (ICON) model at the scale of the model simulations and further to provide information on land-surface–atmospheric boundary layer exchange, cloud and precipitation processes, as well as sub-grid variability and microphysical properties that are subject to parameterizations. HOPE focuses on the onset of clouds and precipitation in the convective atmospheric boundary layer. This paper summarizes the instrument set-ups, the intensive observation periods, and example results from both campaigns. HOPE-Jülich instrumentation included a radio sounding station, 4 Doppler lidars, 4 Raman lidars (3 of them provide temperature, 3 of them water vapour, and all of them particle backscatter data), 1 water vapour differential absorption lidar, 3 cloud radars, 5 microwave radiometers, 3 rain radars, 6 sky imagers, 99 pyranometers, and 5 sun photometers operated at different sites, some of them in synergy. The HOPE-Melpitz campaign combined ground-based remote sensing of aerosols and clouds with helicopter- and balloon-based in situ observations in the atmospheric column and at the surface. HOPE provided an unprecedented collection of atmospheric dynamical, thermodynamical, and micro- and macrophysical properties of aerosols, clouds, and precipitation with high spatial and temporal resolution within a cube of approximately 10  ×  10  ×  10 km3. HOPE data will significantly contribute to our understanding of boundary layer dynamics and the formation of clouds and precipitation. The datasets have been made available through a dedicated data portal. First applications of HOPE data for model evaluation have shown a general agreement between observed and modelled boundary layer height, turbulence characteristics, and cloud coverage, but they also point to significant differences that deserve further investigations from both the observational and the modelling perspective.
Drivers for spatial, temporal and long-term trends in atmospheric ammonia and ammonium in the UK
Authors: Tang Yuk S. , Braban Christine F. , Dragosits Ulrike , Dore Anthony J. , Simmons Ivan , van Dijk Netty , Poskitt Janet , Dos Santos Pereira Gloria , Keenan Patrick O. , Conolly Christopher , Vincent Keith , Smith Rognvald I. , Heal Mathew R. , Sutton Mark A.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. A unique long-term dataset from the UK National Ammonia Monitoring Network (NAMN) is used here to assess spatial, seasonal and long-term variability in atmospheric ammonia (NH3: 1998–2014) and particulate ammonium (NH4+: 1999–2014) across the UK. Extensive spatial heterogeneity in NH3 concentrations is observed, with lowest annual mean concentrations at remote sites (
The Influence of Environmental Variability on the Biogeography of
Coccolithophores and Diatoms in the Great Calcite Belt
Authors: Smith Helen E. K. , Poulton Alex J. , Garley Rebecca , Hopkins Jason , Lubelczyk Laura C. , Drapeau Dave T. , Rauschenberg Sara , Twining Ben S. , Bates Nicholas R. , Balch William M.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The Great Calcite Belt (GCB) of the Southern Ocean is a region of elevated summertime upper ocean calcite concentration derived from coccolithophores, despite the region being known for its diatom predominance. The overlap of two major phytoplankton groups, coccolithophores and diatoms, in the dynamic frontal systems characteristic of this region, provides an ideal setting to study environmental influences on the distribution of different species within these taxonomic groups. Water samples for phytoplankton enumeration were collected from the upper 30 m during two cruises, the first to the South Atlantic sector (Jan–Feb 2011; 60 °W–15 °E and 36–60 °S) and the second in the South Indian sector (Feb–Mar 2012; 40–120 °E and 36–60 °S). The species composition of coccolithophores and diatoms was examined using scanning electron microscopy at 27 stations across the Sub-Tropical, Polar, and Sub-Antarctic Fronts. The influence of environmental parameters, such as sea-surface temperature (SST), salinity, carbonate chemistry (i.e., pH, partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon), macro-nutrients (i.e., nitrate + nitrite, phosphate, silicic acid, ammonia), and mixed layer average irradiance, on species composition across the GCB, was assessed statistically. Nanophytoplankton (cells 2–20 μm) were the numerically abundant size group of biomineralizing phytoplankton across the GCB, the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and the diatoms Fragilariopsis nana, F. pseudonana and Pseudonitzschia sp. were the most dominant and widely distributed species. A combination of SST, macro-nutrient concentrations and pCO2 were the best statistical descriptors of biogeographic variability of biomineralizing species composition between stations. Emiliania huxleyi occurred in the silicic acid-depleted waters between the Sub-Antarctic Front and the Polar Front, indicating a favorable environment for this coccolithophore in the GCB after spring diatom blooms remove silicic acid to limiting levels. After full consideration of variability in carbonate chemistry and temperature on the distribution of nanoplankton in the GCB, we find that temperature remains the dominant driver of biogeography in a large proportion of the modern Southern Ocean.
Collection/aggregation algorithms in Lagrangian cloud microphysical models: rigorous evaluation in box model simulations
Authors: Unterstrasser Simon , Hoffmann Fabian , Lerch Marion
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Recently, several Lagrangian microphysical models have been developed which use a large number of (computational) particles to represent a cloud. In particular, the collision process leading to coalescence of cloud droplets or aggregation of ice crystals is implemented differently in various models. Three existing implementations are reviewed and extended, and their performance is evaluated by a comparison with well-established analytical and bin model solutions. In this first step of rigorous evaluation, box model simulations, with collection/aggregation being the only process considered, have been performed for the three well-known kernels of Golovin, Long and Hall. Besides numerical parameters, like the time step and the number of simulation particles (SIPs) used, the details of how the initial SIP ensemble is created from a prescribed analytically defined size distribution is crucial for the performance of the algorithms. Using a constant weight technique, as done in previous studies, greatly underestimates the quality of the algorithms. Using better initialisation techniques considerably reduces the number of required SIPs to obtain realistic results. From the box model results, recommendations for the collection/aggregation implementation in higher dimensional model setups are derived. Suitable algorithms are equally relevant to treating the warm rain process and aggregation in cirrus.
A framework for expanding aqueous chemistry in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.1
Authors: Fahey Kathleen M. , Carlton Annmarie G. , Pye Havala O. T. , Baek Jaemeen , Hutzell William T. , Stanier Charles O. , Baker Kirk R. , Appel K. Wyat , Jaoui Mohammed , Offenberg John H.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. This paper describes the development and implementation of an extendable aqueous-phase chemistry option (AQCHEM − KMT(I)) for the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, version 5.1. Here, the Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP), version 2.2.3, is used to generate a Rosenbrock solver (Rodas3) to integrate the stiff system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that describe the mass transfer, chemical kinetics, and scavenging processes of CMAQ clouds. CMAQ's standard cloud chemistry module (AQCHEM) is structurally limited to the treatment of a simple chemical mechanism. This work advances our ability to test and implement more sophisticated aqueous chemical mechanisms in CMAQ and further investigate the impacts of microphysical parameters on cloud chemistry. Box model cloud chemistry simulations were performed to choose efficient solver and tolerance settings, evaluate the implementation of the KPP solver, and assess the direct impacts of alternative solver and kinetic mass transfer on predicted concentrations for a range of scenarios. Month-long CMAQ simulations for winter and summer periods over the US reveal the changes in model predictions due to these cloud module updates within the full chemical transport model. While monthly average CMAQ predictions are not drastically altered between AQCHEM and AQCHEM − KMT, hourly concentration differences can be significant. With added in-cloud secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biogenic epoxides (AQCHEM − KMTI), normalized mean error and bias statistics are slightly improved for 2-methyltetrols and 2-methylglyceric acid at the Research Triangle Park measurement site in North Carolina during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) period. The added in-cloud chemistry leads to a monthly average increase of 11–18 % in cloud SOA at the surface in the eastern United States for June 2013.
Statistical analysis of hydrological response in urbanising catchments based on adaptive sampling using inter-amount times
Authors: ten Veldhuis Marie-Claire , Schleiss Marc
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Urban catchments are typically characterised by a more flashy nature of the hydrological response compared to natural catchments. Predicting flow changes associated with urbanisation is not straightforward, as they are influenced by interactions between impervious cover, basin size, drainage connectivity and stormwater management infrastructure. In this study, we present an alternative approach to statistical analysis of hydrological response variability and basin flashiness, based on the distribution of inter-amount times. We analyse inter-amount time distributions of high-resolution streamflow time series for 17 (semi-)urbanised basins in North Carolina, USA, ranging from 13 to 238 km2 in size. We show that in the inter-amount-time framework, sampling frequency is tuned to the local variability of the flow pattern, resulting in a different representation and weighting of high and low flow periods in the statistical distribution. This leads to important differences in the way the distribution quantiles, mean, coefficient of variation and skewness vary across scales and results in lower mean intermittency and improved scaling. Moreover, we show that inter-amount-time distributions can be used to detect regulation effects on flow patterns, identify critical sampling scales and characterise flashiness of hydrological response. The possibility to use both the classical approach and the inter-amount-time framework to identify minimum observable scales and analyse flow data opens up interesting areas for future research.
Purity monitoring in medical gas supply lines with quantum cascade laser technology
Authors: Zimmermann Henrik , Wiese Mathias , Fiorani Luigi , Ragnoni Alessandro
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Because of their direct impact on patients, medical supply lines are under strict regulations and have to be monitored in terms of purity on a regular basis. State-of-the-art measurement solutions do not allow for continuous bedside monitoring. The aim of the presented project is to provide a compact multispecies monitoring system based on the latest quantum cascade laser technologies.
Uncertainty assessment in 3-D geological models of increasing complexity
Authors: Schweizer Daniel , Blum Philipp , Butscher Christoph
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The quality of a 3-D geological model strongly depends on the type of integrated geological data, their interpretation and associated uncertainties. In order to improve an existing geological model and effectively plan further site investigation, it is of paramount importance to identify existing uncertainties within the model space. Information entropy, a voxel-based measure, provides a method for assessing structural uncertainties, comparing multiple model interpretations and tracking changes across consecutively built models. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of data integration (i.e., update of an existing model through successive addition of different types of geological data) on model uncertainty, model geometry and overall structural understanding. Several geological 3-D models of increasing complexity, incorporating different input data categories, were built for the study site Staufen (Germany). We applied the concept of information entropy in order to visualize and quantify changes in uncertainty between these models. Furthermore, we propose two measures, the Jaccard and the city-block distance, to directly compare dissimilarities between the models. The study shows that different types of geological data have disparate effects on model uncertainty and model geometry. The presented approach using both information entropy and distance measures can be a major help in the optimization of 3-D geological models.
Eurasian snow depth in long-term climate reanalyses
Authors: Wegmann Martin , Orsolini Yvan , Dutra Emanuel , Bulygina Olga , Sterin Alexander , Brönnimann Stefan
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Snow cover variability has significant effects on local and global climate evolution. By changing surface energy fluxes and hydrological conditions, changes in snow cover can alter atmospheric circulation and lead to remote climate effects. To document such multi-scale climate effects, atmospheric reanalysis and derived products offer the opportunity to analyze snow variability in great detail far back to the early 20th century. So far only little is know about their quality. Comparing snow depth in four long-term reanalysis datasets with Russian in situ snow depth data, we find a moderately high daily correlation (around 0.6–0.7), which is comparable to correlations for the recent era (1981–2010), and a good representation of sub-decadal variability. However, the representation of pre-1950 inter-decadal snow variability is questionable, since reanalysis products divert towards different base states. Limited availability of independent long-term snow data makes it difficult to assess the exact cause for this bifurcation in snow states, but initial investigations point towards representation of the atmosphere rather than differences in assimilated data or snow schemes. This study demonstrates the ability of long-term reanalysis to reproduce snow variability accordingly.
Linking pollen deposition and snow accumulation on the Alto dell'Ortles glacier (South Tyrol, Italy) for sub-seasonal dating of a firn temperate core
Authors: Festi Daniela , Carturan Luca , Kofler Werner , dalla Fontana Giancarlo , de Blasi Fabrizio , Cazorzi Federico , Bucher Edith , Mair Volkmar , Gabrielli Paolo , Oeggl Klaus
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Dating of ice cores from temperate non-polar glaciers is challenging and often problematic. However, a proper timescale is essential for a correct interpretation of the proxies measured in the cores. Here, we introduce a new method developed to obtain a sub-seasonal timescale relying on statistically measured similarities between pollen spectra obtained from core samples and daily airborne pollen monitoring samples collected in the same area. This approach was developed on a 10 m core retrieved from the temperate-firn portion of Alto dell'Ortles glacier (Eastern Italian Alps), for which a 5-year annual/seasonal timescale already exists. The aim was to considerably improve this timescale, reaching the highest possible temporal resolution and testing the efficiency and limits of pollen as a chronological tool. A test of the new timescale was performed by comparing our results to the output (date of layer formation) of the mass balance model EISModel, during the period encompassed by the timescale. The correspondence of the results supports the new sub-seasonal timescale based on pollen analysis. This comparison also allows us to draw important conclusions on the post-depositional effects of meltwater percolation on the pollen content of the firn core as well as on the climatic interpretation of the pollen signal.
The Factors Influencing Technical University Students’ Hospitality and Tourism English Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Li Chiung-Li , Lin Yi-Chieh , Hsieh Chienyan
Published: April 2017

The purposes of the study were to examine technical university students’ tourism and hospitality English vocabulary learning achievement and the factors influencing their hospitality and tourism English vocabulary learning. The subjects were 62 students from a technical university in southern Taiwan. The instruments included one questionnaire called TARGETT questionnaire consisting of seven factors about learning motivation on hospitality and tourism English vocabulary and one English test called Professional Vocabulary Quotient Credential (PVQC) on hospitality and tourism. The subjects accepted a 40-hour vocabulary learning training course. Then, the subjects took a 50-minute PVQC test and 10-minute TARGETT questionnaire on December 22, 2015; the researchers collected the data from the questionnaire and PVQC test and analyzed the data by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results revealed that most of the subjects liked to learn hospitality and tourism English vocabulary, and found that learning hospitality and tourism English vocabulary was important for the subjects. The results also showed that male subjects had significantly different opinions from female ones in some factors of learning motivation. Moreover, female and male subjects significantly showed that teaching tasks, grouping activities, and evaluation had more effects on their hospitality and tourism English vocabulary learning. Finally, the researchers drew a conclusion based on the results and provided some teaching and research implications for the future.
Recruitment Strategies, Matrices, and Techniques Used in Hiring Veterans
Authors: Agard Christine
Published: April 2017

Successful transition to civilian employment is a challenge for veterans. The purpose of this single case study was to explore critical aspects of hiring managers’ decision-making process and to understand how these strategies and techniques affect the hiring of veterans. Tajfel and Turner’s social identity theory and Lewin’s organizational change model formed the conceptual framework for the study. The participants for this study were 8 hiring managers from a midsized company in the Upper Hudson Valley Region, New York. Data were collected using semistructured interviews. The data were analyzed and coded and 4 themes emerged: strategies used to fill open positions, specific recruitment and interview protocols, veterans’ skills from military training, and lack of experience with hiring veterans. The study results may contribute to veteran’s awareness of the skills that employers are seeking that veterans may be able to fulfill. The results of the study could create an opportunity for hiring managers to recognize that veterans represent a trained, ready-made talent pool. The social impact of the study could help hiring managers identify and design the required job description criteria to include the transferable skills of veterans.
The Liminal Space: Suburbs as a Demonic Domain in Classical Literature
Authors: Doroszewska Julia
Published: April 2017

This article explores the potential significance of the suburbs as a liminal space in both ancient Greek and Roman literature, focusing on literature from the imperial period. It will be demonstrated that in these texts the suburbs recur as a setting of preternatural stories, such as those found in The Life of Apollonius of Tyana by Philostratus, in Lucian's Philopseudes, and in Petronius's Satyricon, as well as in many other loci. In all of them, the “demonic” in various forms operates on the outskirts of town. Such a setting is no coincidence. The suburbs comprise a specific area that both literally and figuratively constitutes the limen of the city, and demons are commonly regarded as liminal beings; hence, by virtue of this symbolic connection, the urban periphery appears as an ideal location for the demonic.
Why Sea Monsters Surround the Northern Lands: Olaus Magnus's Conception of Water
Authors: Starkey Lindsay J.
Published: April 2017

Olaus Magnus (1490–1557), archbishop of Uppsala from 1544, created a 1539 map, the Carta marina, and wrote two map explanatory keys and a 1555 text, Description of the Northern Peoples. All featured depictions and discussions of sea monsters in the water surrounding northern Europe. Analyzing these works, this article argues that Olaus conceptualized both sea monsters and the water that contained them as wonders or marvels. It extends the insights of modern scholarship on wonder and wonders to the topic of water. In doing so, it also claims that these findings suggest that scholars should analyze sixteenth-century European conceptions of water more broadly. If Olaus's contemporaries viewed the water through which they traveled as a wonder, then this conception of water could have drawn Europeans to investigate and dominate the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, even as they wondered at the locations, objects, animals, and peoples to which they led.
Structure removal: An argument for feature-driven Merge
Authors: Müller Gereon
Published: April 2017

Assuming that it needs to be decided at some point whether a given Merge(α,β) operation is legitimate, there are two basic options. The first possibility is that one of the two categories is equipped with an intrinsic formal property (typically encoded as a feature) requiring the other one to combine with it. The second possibility is that Merge applies freely throughout, and that filters check the output representation and decide about the legitimacy of the operation. The two approaches are often extensionally equivalent. In this paper, I provide an argument for the first view that is based on the hypothesis that in addition to the Merge operation that builds structure, there is also a mirror image operation Remove that removes structure: If such an operation exists, the legitimacy of the original Merge operation cannot be checked by output filters anymore. Empirical evidence for an elementary syntactic operation Remove is drawn from four domains of German syntax: passive, applicative, restructuring, and complex prefields.This article is part of the special collection: What drives syntactic computation?
Resíduo piritoso provoca toxicidade aguda e crônica em Collembola e Oligochaeta
Authors: Oliveira Filho Luís Carlos Iuñes , Baretta Dilmar , Zortéa Talyta , Oliveira Jaqueline Pereira Machado , Santos Julio Cesar Pires
Published: April 2017

A presença de resíduo piritoso no solo afeta negativamente a meso e macrofauna edáfica. Ainda assim, há uma falta de conhecimento sobre como resíduo pode afetar a biota do solo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as respostas crônicas e agudas em Folsomia candida e Eisenia andrei, após exposição ao resíduo piritoso (carvão mais a pirita) nas doses de 0; 2,5; 5; 10 e 20% em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo e um Nitossolo Háplico. Para tal, foram realizados testes de fuga e sobrevivência e reprodução com os organismos. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o valor do pH diminuiu com a aplicação do resíduo piritoso. A menor dose do resíduo aplicada no solo afetou negativamente os organismos testados. Todas as concentrações avaliadas levaram a fuga de F. candida e E. andrei de ambos os solos contaminados. Os valores de CF50 (concentração estimada que origina 50% de fuga) ficaram abaixo de 5,3% para F. candida e de 8,5% para E. andrei. A sobrevivência de F. candida foi afetada no Argissolo e no Nitossolo, enquanto E. andrei foi afetada no Argissolo, mas não no Nitossolo. Ambos organismos obtiveram uma baixa reprodução e em alguns casos não ocorrendo reprodução. Nos testes de sobrevivência e reprodução de F. candida o valor de CL50 (concentração estimada que pode causar efeitos negativos na sobrevivência em 50% de um grupo de organismos) ficou abaixo 6,9% e CE50 (efeitos negativos na reprodução) foi inferior que 2,5%. Para as E. andrei, os valores de CL50 18,7% no Argissolo e >20% no Nitossolo e o valor de CE50 abaixo de 5,5%. Concentrações testadas neste estudo causaram efeitos negativos e representam informações ecotoxicológicas importantes para avaliações de risco ecológico de áreas ligadas a mineração de carvão.
BALANÇO HÍDRICO CLIMATOLÓGICO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA PARA O MUNICÍPIO DE BALSAS-MA
Authors: Passos Mádilo Lages Vieira , Zambrzycki Geraldo Cesar , Pereira Reginaldo Sérgio
Published: April 2017

O balanço hídrico climatológico (BHC) é uma das formas de monitorar o armazenamento de água no solo, sendo ferramenta essencial no planejamento estratégico agrícola. Objetivou-se com este estudo desenvolver o BHC de acordo com a metodologia proposta por Thornthwaite e Mather (1955), para o município de Balsas-MA e a classificação climática segundo Thornthwaite (1948). Nesse estudo foi utilizada uma série de dados históricos entre os anos de 1976 (início de operações da estação meteorológica no município) a 2015, contendo a precipitação pluvial média mensal e temperatura. Foram desconsiderados dados que, por alguma razão, não foram registrados. Para o cálculo do BHC foi adotado o valor de 100 mm para a capacidade de água disponível (CAD). A classificação climática foi obtida por meio dos valores do índice hídrico (Ih), índice de aridez (Ia) e índice de umidade (Iu). A evapotranspiração real atingiu 1099 mm e verificou-se um déficit hídrico anual de 621 mm, distribuído em sua totalidade entre os meses de abril e novembro, indicando a necessidade de irrigação nessa época para os cultivos agrícolas. O código climático da região pela metodologia de Thornthwaite foi C1dA’a’.
UTILIZAÇÃO DE LODO DE CURTUME EM COMPLEMENTAÇÃO AO SUBSTRATO COMERCIAL NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE PIMENTA BIQUINHO
Authors: Almeida Rafael Nunes , Ferraz Diego Rogério , Silva Arildo Sebastião , Cunha Erivelton Gonçalves , Vieira Josean Castro , Souza Tássio Da Silva , Berilli Sávio Da Silva
Published: April 2017

A utilização de resíduos industriais, como o lodo de curtume, em substratos para produção de mudas é uma alternativa para redução de custos de produção, e para destinação dos resíduos industriais. O cultivo de pimentas tem ganhado espaço no mercado brasileiro favorecendo principalmente a agricultura familiar, onde um dos desafios é diminuir o custo de produção. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de lodo de curtume bovino adicionado ao substrato comercial na germinação, desenvolvimento e qualidade de mudas de pimenta biquinho. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados com 7 tratamentos, sendo dois substratos comerciais: Provaso® (TP) e Bioplant® (TL0); e cinco diferentes proporções de lodo desidratado (10, 30, 50, 70 e 90%) misturados ao substrato Bioplant®. Avaliou-se nesse experimento o percentual de germinação, características de desenvolvimento e Índice de Qualidade de mudas de Dickson (IQD). O potencial germinativo foi maior para os tratamentos com adição de lodo de curtume ao substrato comercial Bioplant®. Os melhores resultados para as características de desenvolvimento das mudas ocorreram com a adição de lodo desidratado ao substrato Bioplant® nos intervalos de 30 a 70% de lodo no substrato. O índice de qualidade de mudas foi maior para a mistura de 30% de lodo de curtume desidratado com Bioplant®.
A Model for Teaching Large Classes: Facilitating a “Small Class Feel”
Authors: Lynch Rosealie P. , Pappas Eric
Published: April 2017

This paper presents a model for teaching large classes that facilitates a “small class feel” to counteract the distance, anonymity, and formality that often characterize large lecture-style courses in higher education. One author (E.P.) has been teaching a 300-student general education critical thinking course for ten years, and the other (R.L.) has assisted in the administration and instruction of said course for four years. Detailed here is an instructional model, developed over a period of ten years, for teaching large classes that is more active, conversational, and characterized by stronger relationships between students and instructors than is typically found in large courses offered in higher education. This model relies on the role of teaching assistants and graders, small group work, instructor presence, writing skills support, student mentoring, and large class discussion, among others.
Cartilage Restoration Techniques for the Patellofemoral Joint
Authors: Brophy Robert H. , Wojahn Robert D. , Lamplot Joseph D.
Published: April 2017

Symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the patellofemoral joint are clinically challenging to manage because of the limited healing potential of articular cartilage; the complex morphology of the patellofemoral joint; the heterogeneity of the articular surface between patients; and high stresses across the joint, which can be altered by malalignment, tilt, or maltracking. Indications for surgery include traumatic lesions, osteochondritis dissecans, and high-grade chondromalacia in association with persistent pain despite a course of nonsurgical management. Various techniques have been described for managing symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the patellofemoral joint, including microfracture, osteochondral autograft transplantation, and biologic cell transplantation, including autologous chondrocyte implantation. Salvage techniques (eg, fresh allograft) may provide satisfactory outcomes after a failed attempt at surgical management. Irrespective of the surgical technique used, outcomes are generally worse in the patellofemoral compartment than in the tibiofemoral joint. The concomitant management of associated pathology, including patellar malalignment, is recommended because it has been shown to improve the success of cartilage restoration procedures.
Bone Loss in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: Evaluation and Management
Authors: Sheth Neil P. , Bonadio Marcelo Batista , Demange Marco Kawamura
Published: April 2017

With the increasing number of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures being performed annually, the burden of revision surgery is also expected to increase. Addressing bone loss during revision TKA is a considerable challenge that requires proper preoperative evaluation and surgical planning. In addition to an assessment of femoral and tibial bone loss, a systematic approach to the management of bone loss associated with TKA includes careful implant selection, adherence to the general principles of revision TKA, and an understanding of the available reconstruction options. These options include cement with screws, morcellized allograft, bulk structural allograft, modular wedges, block augments, porous metal cones or sleeves, and megaprostheses.
Assessment of Himalayan Nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) Value Chain Development Interventions: Evidences from Rural Households in the Far Western Nepal
Authors: Shah Ghulam-Muhammad , Khadka Manbar S. , Ahmad Farid , Budhathoki Nandakaji , Shrestha Anu Joshi
Published: April 2017

The Himalayan nettle (Note 1) is a fiber yielding non-timber forest product that has cultural, economic and medicinal values to many ethnic communities residing in the hill and mountain areas of Nepal and India. If the nettle value chain can be strengthened at each node of the chain, then it has high potentiality to uplifting the livelihoods of many poor households in those areas. With this objective, the Himalayan nettle value chain development interventions in the form of promotion of local institutions, enterprise development, product value addition and development, capacity building at the community level and promotion of linkages through private sector engagement were initiated in Darchula, one of the remote districts in far-western Nepal. This paper essentially analyzes the impact of Himalayan nettle value chain development interventions on households’ income from the sale of nettle products. Using propensity score matching (PSM) technique in a cross-sectional data, this study finds that participation in the Himalayan nettle value chain development intervention has positive and significant impact on the households’ annual income from the sale of nettle products. The participating households’ annual income from the Himalayan nettle increases by NPR (Note 2) 2265-2410 than that of non-participating households with similar socio-economic characteristics. The study therefore argues that capacity building and facilitation activities on product development and market linkages are important to help increase productivity and decrease per unit production cost of non-timber forest products like the Himalayan nettle. Value chain development and concentrated market linkages are hence essential to diversify livelihood options for natural resource dependent rural communities.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 9, No. 5
Authors: Brown Anne
Published: April 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 9, No. 5, 2017.
The Fibonacci Life Chart Method as a Predictor of Spiritual Experience
Authors: Sacco Robert G.
Published: April 2017

The Fibonacci Life Chart Method (FLCM) provides a framework linking development and spirituality. This study addressed the need for empirical research to test the hypotheses proposed by Sacco (Sacco, 2016). To address this problem, this study used case reports (N = 196) from the Alister Hardy Religious Experience Research Centre. The dynamical aspects of ages 11, 18, and 30 were examined as predictors of increased spiritual experience in adolescents and young adults. Results showed only ages 17 and 18 predicted a higher frequency of spiritual experience between ages 11 and 35. Age 18 was associated with a higher effect size (r = .27). This finding provides some empirical support for the FLCM as a predictor of spiritual experience, but not all hypotheses found support. Limitations to the study’s design are discussed along with implications for future research.
Bullying: University Students Bring a Moral Perspective to Middle School Students
Authors: Webber May A.
Published: April 2017

The prevalence of bullying and cyber-bullying in younger age groups has led to the inclusion of bullying in school-level curricula to address the seriousness of this issue and the prevention of these types of behavior. Higher education in its philosophy curricula can play a significant role in this regard as well. Proposed in this paper is an undergraduate ethics course Bullying and Moral Responsibility in which bullying is addressed from a moral perspective. This course has an academic-service learning component whereby this moral perspective is introduced to middle school students by university students. Peer learning of this sort might be of assistance in anti-bullying efforts.