bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Timing of Dosing on the Severity of UNC569-Induced Ultrastructural Changes in the Mouse Retina
Authors: Sayama Ayako , Okado Keiko , Yamaguchi Mayu , Samata Naozumi , Imaoka Masako , Kai Kiyonori , Mori Kazuhiko
Published: June 2020

Mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MerTK), expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), regulates the phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments. To investigate the influence of dosing time on MerTK inhibitor UNC569-induced retinal toxicity, UNC569 at 100 mg/kg was orally administered to male mice at 2 different Zeitgeber times (ZT5.5 or ZT22) for 28 days. Electron microscopy was conducted at ZT2 after the final dosing. Additionally, the visual cycle components (11-cis-retinal, all-trans-retinal, all-trans-retinol, and 11-cis-retinol), which play an important role in maintaining retinal homeostasis, were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Under electron microscopic examination, the number of phagosomes and phagolysosomes in the RPE increased in both the ZT5.5 and ZT22 administered groups, while endoplasmic reticulum dilatation in the RPE and chromatin aggregation of photoreceptor nuclei were observed only in the ZT22 administered group. No change was observed in any of the visual cycle components. These results suggest that the timing of the dosing in relation to the physiological MerTK phosphorylation affected the severity of changes in the RPE, leading to the apoptosis of the photoreceptor cells.
Epilogue: The Language Opportunities for the 21st Century
Authors: Pitts Margaret J.
Published: June 2020

This epilogue to the Special Issue on Language Challenges in the 21st Century offers commentary on the current state of social scientific inquiry in the field of language and social psychology. Inspired by the seven articles that make up this Special Issue, I became curious about what we would find if we sought language opportunities instead of language challenges in the 21st century. I recommend future scholarship at the intersections of global and linguistic diversity include a positive social science approach in order to consider the full spectrum of challenges and assets. I conclude with a note about the direction of future research related to COVID-19.
Attentional Biases to Bullies and Bystanders and Youth’s Coping With Peer Victimization
Authors: McConnell Leanna , Troop-Gordon Wendy
Published: June 2020

Effectively coping with peer victimization may be facilitated by deploying attention away from threat (i.e., bullies, reinforcers) and toward available support (e.g., defenders). To test this premise, 72 early adolescents (38 girls; Mage = 11.67, SD = 8.14 months) watched video clips of youth actors portraying a bully aggressing against a victim in front of a reinforcer and a defender. Coping was assessed using self-reports, and peer victimization was assessed through peer-, teacher-, and parent-reports. At high levels of peer victimization, attention to the bully was associated with less seeking of adult support and greater retaliation. Contrary to predictions, at high levels of victimization, attention to defenders was associated with an internalizing coping profile for boys and a retaliatory profile for girls. Thus, attentional biases may contribute to poor coping responses among victimized youth, underscoring the need to study how attention to cues is translated into actionable coping strategies.
Linguistic Inclusion: Challenging Implicit Classed Communication Bias in Interview Methods
Authors: Gist-Mackey Angela N. , Kingsford Abigail N.
Published: June 2020

Social class influences communication behaviors in a variety of ways, including, for example, norms regarding volume, silence, and language use. Communication typical of white-collar backgrounds is often privileged in social life, while communication common to blue-collar backgrounds is marginalized. However, organizational scholars rarely discuss such tendencies and their impact on research methods and findings. Indeed, as scholars, we are often trained that verbose, rich interview data is ideal for all qualitative organizational communication research, even as these standards implicitly privilege white-collar communication norms. In this study, scholars are called to reimagine the most commonly used method of qualitative data collection, interviews, in order to address implicit classed communication biases in qualitative organizational communication scholarship. As knowledge about discourse, materiality, and organizing continues to evolve in organizational communication, it is imperative that scholars develop more inclusive methods. We propose and discuss more inclusive methods of data collection that can involve unlearning biased approaches to methods, and consider specific techniques such as photovoice, linguistic pilot tests, and conscientious fieldwork.
On the Relationship between Hearing and Cognitive Limitations: Evidence from 51 Countries
Authors: Cutler Stephen J. , Ilinca Corina
Published: June 2020

Objective: This study extends prior findings by looking at the relationship between hearing acuity and cognitive difficulties in 51 nations. Methods: We draw on data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata International Series available at the Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation at the University of Minnesota. For all countries where data are available, bivariate relationships between hearing and cognitive problems are examined using correlation coefficients ( Rs) and multivariate relationships using linear regression techniques (betas), controlling for age, gender, marital status, and education. Results: For all 51 countries, the R between hearing problems and cognitive problems is 0.334 ( p < .001); the multivariate beta is 0.316 ( p < .001). Regional results are also statistically significant. Discussion: The relationship between hearing and memory appears to be universal, and practitioners must carefully assess and treat their client’s hearing disabilities before they can expect them to remember any information.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Self-Rated Health and Sense of Control for Older Adults Receiving Publicly Funded Home- and Community-Based Services
Authors: Shippee Tetyana P. , Duan Yinfei , Olsen Baker Mary , Angert Julie
Published: June 2020

Objectives: This study examines racial/ethnic differences in self-rated health (SRH) and sense of control among older adults receiving publicly funded home- and community-based services (HCBS) and tests the mediating role of functional, emotional, and financial stressors. Methods: Data are from 2015 National Core Indicators—Aging and Disability Survey collected from face-to-face interviews with 1936 older adults aged 65 years or older receiving HCBS in Minnesota. Path analysis based on logistic regression was used. Results: Racial/ethnic minority HCBS users had lower SRH and sense of control than white participants, with Asian participants reporting the lowest scores. Whereas functional impairment was a common explanatory factor for the racial/ethnic differences, negative mood and financial strain were mediators for Asian and Hispanic/Latino participants, respectively. Discussion: Racial/ethnic disparities in well-being exist among older HCBS users, with different mediators at play. Customized services are needed to meet diverse needs of older adults of different racial/ethnic groups.
The interaction between academia and industry and its impact on national innovation capacity: The case of Algeria
Authors: Saad Mohammed , Guermat Cherif , Boutifour Zohra
Published: June 2020

The role of higher education institutions (HEIs) in developing the innovative capacity of societies is well recognised. That role is accomplished through the creation and dissemination of knowledge, the success of which is dependent on the types and extent of interactions that can exist between HEIs and industry. Yet this topic remains insufficiently explored in African countries. This paper investigates the extent of the role of Algerian HEIs in cooperating with industry. The main enablers and inhibitors of such activity are also examined.
Frontier of control struggles in British and Irish public transport
Authors: Hughes Emma , Dobbins Tony
Published: June 2020

Few contemporary studies of change in industrial relations use Carter Goodrich’s classic concept of the ‘frontier of control’ (FoC), especially in cross-national comparative research. Our study maps FoC struggles in two public transport organizations in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Qualitative methods generate significant insights into complex day-to-day workplace control patterns in these two cases. Despite changes in the frontier of control in both organizations over time, it is observed that employment relations in the Irish case are more cooperative than in the British. The frontier of control still matters, because workplace control regimes shape managerial ability to secure worker consent and are always potentially contestable terrains.
Lay and scientific categorizations of new breeding techniques: Implications for food policy and genetically modified organism legislation
Authors: Debucquet Gervaise , Baron Régis , Cardinal Mireille
Published: June 2020

The rapid development of new genetic breeding techniques is accompanied by a polarized debate around their risks. Research on the public perception of these techniques lags behind scientific developments. This study tests a method for revealing laypeople’s perceptions and attitudes about different genetic techniques. The objectives are to enable laypeople to understand the key principles of new genetic breeding techniques and to permit a comparison of their modes of classification with those of scientific experts. The combined method of a free sorting task and focus groups showed that the participants distinguished the techniques that did not induce any change in DNA sequence, and applied two different logics to classify the other breeding techniques: a Cartesian logic and a naturalistic logic with a distinct set of values. The lay categorization differed substantially from current scientific categorizations of genetic breeding techniques. These findings have implications for food innovation policy and genetically modified organism legislation.
Complexities of Leading Rural Schools in South Africa: Learning from Principals’ Voices
Authors: Myende Phumlani Erasmus , Maifala Selaelo
Published: June 2020

This article reports the findings of a qualitative study that examined what it means to be a principal in the context of rurality. We argue that principals in the 21st century encounter complex work situations that make it hard for them to manoeuvre. Furthermore, for principals in the context of rurality, such complexities pose multiple dilemmas, given that rurality exposes principals to multiple challenges. Using a case study within an interpretive paradigm, we interviewed and observed five principals from rural schools in the Limpopo province. The study found that principals’ leadership focuses dominantly on administrative tasks. It further identified social and institutional complexities that principals encounter and argues that these complexities compel to treat rural schools as systems. While we hail this view of schools, it emerged that some units of the system appear to be thwarting the progress of principals in leading rural schools. We conclude that, at times, principals’ leadership in the context of rurality can be defined as a leadership that shuns policies and issues of social justice for the purpose of finding what works in their contexts.
The comparison of PECARN, CATCH, AND CHALICE criteria in children under the age of 18 years with minor head trauma in emergency department
Authors: Gizli Gizem , Durak Vahide Aslihan , Koksal Ozlem
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Minor head traumas constitute a significant part of childhood injuries. The incidence of intracranial pathologies in children with minor head trauma varies in the range of 3%–5%, but it is higher among younger infants. The criteria of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network, Canadian Assessment of Tomography for Childhood Head Injury, and Children's Head Injury Algorithm for the Prediction of Important Clinical Events are the most frequently accepted clinical decision‐making criteria that were developed for selective computerized tomography requests. This study was conducted to assess the diagnostic performances of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network, Canadian Assessment of Tomography for Childhood Head Injury, and Children's Head Injury Algorithm for the Prediction of Important Clinical Events criteria in Turkish society, determine their validity, and find the most suitable algorithm for cranial imaging in children with minor head trauma.

Methods:

This study retrospectively examined the data of patients under the age of 18 years who were admitted to the Emergency Medicine Department of Uludağ University Medical Faculty due to minor head trauma; 530 patients were included as they complied with the criteria. The exclusion criteria were being any trauma patients above the age of 18 years, Glasgow Coma Scale <13, pregnant patients, hemorrhagic diathesis, using anticoagulants, patients with penetrant trauma, patients with priorly known brain tumor, and patients with neurological diseases. The patients were divided into group based on the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network, Canadian Assessment of Tomography for Childhood Head Injury, and Children's Head Injury Algorithm for the Prediction of Important Clinical Events Criteria.

Results:

Among all patients, 37.40% were female and 62.60% were male. Abnormal computed tomography findings such as epidural bleeding, subdural bleeding, and skull fractures were detected in 44 of the patients. The sensitivity of the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network criteria was 72.4%, the specificity was 54.5%, the sensitivity of the Canadian Assessment of Tomography for Childhood Head Injury criteria was 57.8%, the specificity was 50%, the sensitivity of the Children's Head Injury Algorithm for the Prediction of Important Clinical Events criteria was 87.7%, and the specificity was 20%.

Conclusion:

Given the populations to which the rules apply, it is understood that the Children's Head Injury Algorithm for the Prediction of Important Clinical Events criteria is more determinative in detecting pathological computed tomography outcomes compared to Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network and Canadian Assessment of Tomography for Childhood Head Injury.
The benefits of participation in a choir and an exercise group on older adults’ wellbeing in a naturalistic setting
Authors: Maury Susan , Rickard Nikki
Published: June 2020

As populations age, it is critical to understand how psycho-social wellbeing supports successful ageing. The health sector is increasingly asking how best to improve social connection and affective state because of their positive influence on overall health. Choral participation has been proposed as a particularly effective way to improve socio-emotional wellbeing, due to benefits of music exposure, social opportunities, and the act of singing. It may be, however, that improvements in wellbeing are also dependent on individual attitudes towards participation, including preference, motivation, and exercising agency. There is a need for studies that account for the influence of choice and preference as they may predict benefits for wellbeing. Findings are presented here from a quasi-experimental study exploring whether choral participation yields greater benefits for wellbeing in the long term (seven months) than does participation in an exercise group that shares some of the nonspecific characteristics of choirs such as social interaction and exposure to music. Emotional wellbeing increased for both groups, while there was a small but significant decrease in mental wellbeing for both groups between the first and second time points; no other statistically significant changes were observed. Analysis of qualitative data indicated that members of choirs found the act of singing to be intrinsically rewarding, while members of exercise groups relied instead on the benefits of social interaction to keep them committed to an exercise regime; however, themes such as the importance of social connection, confidence, improved mental and emotional state, and overall improved wellbeing were common to both groups. Effects on the wellbeing of the members of the two kinds of group did not differ significantly despite differences in their self-reported motivation for joining and participating. No changes were observed in measures of social connection or empathy across the length of the study.
When Does Oil Harm Child Mortality?
Authors: Bellinger Nisha , Fails Matthew D.
Published: June 2020

When is oil a curse for health outcomes? This paper addresses the question by analyzing the effect of oil wealth on child mortality rates in nondemocratic countries. We argue that oil is particularly likely to harm child mortality when leaders have short time horizons. Such leaders are more likely to use oil revenues to finance private goods and patronage which builds their support coalition at the expense of public goods that benefit the broader population. We test this argument using panel regression and a global sample of nondemocratic regimes, supplemented with a case study of Cameroon. Results from both empirical approaches are consistent with our argument. These findings identify some specific conditions under which oil can be detrimental to child mortality, and thus explain some of the variation in health outcomes across oil-producing states.
A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Trauma-Informed Care Within Outpatient and Counseling Health Settings for Young People
Authors: Bendall Sarah , Eastwood Oliver , Cox Georgina , Farrelly-Rosch Anna , Nicoll Helen , Peters Wilma , Bailey Alan P. , McGorry Patrick D. , Scanlan Faye
Published: June 2020

There is growing consensus that outpatient health services for young people (aged 12–25 years) need to deliver trauma-informed care to ameliorate the effects of trauma, offer safe treatments, and avoid retraumatization. Trauma-informed care has become a familiar term for many professionals; however, its operating definition lacks clarity. MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO were systematically searched to clarify what trauma-informed care is, and what it should achieve in these settings. We reviewed 3,381 unique records, of which 13 met criteria for inclusion. Content analysis identified 10 components of trauma-informed care as it has been operationalized in practice: seven of these occurred at the system-level (interagency collaboration; service provider training; safety; leadership, governance and agency processes; youth and family/carer choice in care; cultural and gender sensitivity; youth and family/carer participation), and three involved trauma-specific clinical practices (screening and assessment; psychoeducation; therapeutic interventions). There is a need for greater consensus regarding an operating definition of trauma-informed care and further research into outcomes for young people and their families/carers.
Reduced algebraic conditions for plane or axial tensorial symmetries
Authors: Olive M , Desmorat B , Kolev B , Desmorat R
Published: June 2020

In this article, we formulate necessary and sufficient polynomial equations for the existence of a symmetry plane or an order-two axial symmetry for a totally symmetric tensor of order [Formula: see text]. These conditions are effective and of degree [Formula: see text] (the tensor’s order) in the components of the normal to the plane (or the direction of the axial symmetry). These results are then extended to obtain necessary and sufficient polynomial conditions for the existence of such symmetries for an elasticity tensor, a piezo-electricity tensor or a piezo-magnetism pseudo-tensor.
Discharge to inpatient care facilities following hip fracture surgery: incidence, risk factors, and 30-day post-discharge outcomes
Authors: Malik Azeem Tariq , Jain Nikhil , Frantz Travis L , Quatman Carmen E , Phieffer Laura S , Ly Thuan V , Khan Safdar N
Published: June 2020

Background:

Discharge to an inpatient care facility (skilled-care or rehabilitation) has been shown to be associated with adverse outcomes following elective total joint arthroplasties. Current evidence with regard to hip fracture surgeries remains limited.

Methods:

The 2015–2016 ACS-NSQIP database was used to query for patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty and open reduction internal fixation for hip fractures. A total of 15,655 patients undergoing hip fracture surgery were retrieved from the database. Inpatient facility discharge included discharges to skilled-care facilities and inpatient rehabilitation units. Multi-variate regression analysis was used to assess for differences in 30-day post-discharge outcomes between home-discharge versus inpatient care facility discharge, while adjusting for baseline differences between the 2 study populations.

Results:

A total of 12,568 (80.3%) patients were discharged to an inpatient care facility. Discharge to an inpatient care facility was associated with higher odds of any complication (OR 2.03 [95% CI, 1.61–2.55]; p < 0.001), wound complications (OR 1.79 [95% CI, 1.10–2.91]; p = 0.019), cardiac complications (OR 4.49 [95% CI, 1.40–14.40]; p = 0.012), respiratory complication (OR 2.29 [95% CI, 1.39–3.77]; p = 0.001), stroke (OR 7.67 [95% CI, 1.05–56.29]; p = 0.045, urinary tract infections (OR 2.30 [95% CI, 1.52–3.48]; p < 0.001), unplanned re-operations (OR 1.37 [95% CI, 1.03–1.82]; p = 0.029) and readmissions (OR 1.38 [95% CI, 1.16–1.63]; p < 0.001) following discharge.

Conclusion:

Discharge to inpatient care facilities versus home following hip fracture surgery is associated with higher odds of post-discharge complications, re-operations and readmissions. These results stress the importance of careful patient selection prior to discharge to inpatient care facilities to minimise the risk of complications.
Intraoperative frozen section histopathology for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection in hip revision surgery: the influence of recent dislocation and/or periprosthetic fracture
Authors: Luyckx Lucas , Somers Jan F A , Cokelaere Kristof , Deloose Stijn , Delrue Gaétan , Hermans Lore
Published: June 2020

Aims:

To evaluate the accuracy of intraoperative frozen section histopathology for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) during hip revision surgery, both for patients with and without recent trauma to the hip.

Patients and methods:

The study included all revision total hip replacement procedures where intraoperative frozen section histopathology had been used for the evaluation of infection in a single institution between 2008 and 2015. Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria were used to define infection. 210 hips were included for evaluation. Prior to revision surgery, 36 hips had a dislocation or a periprosthetic fracture (group A), and 174 did not (group B).

Results:

The prevalence of infection was 14.3% (5.6% in group A and 16.1% in group B). Using Feldman criteria, the sensitivity of histopathology was 50.0%, specificity 47.1%, positive predictive value 5.3% and negative predictive value 94.1% in group A. The sensitivity of frozen section histopathology was 75.0%, specificity 96.5%, positive predictive value 85% and negative predictive value 95.3% in group B.

Conclusions:

Intraoperative frozen section histopathology is reliable for the diagnosis of PJI if no dislocation or periprosthetic fracture has occurred prior to hip revision surgery.
Dual-chambered venous access port as alternative access for extracorporeal apheresis therapy
Authors: Michell Hans , Nezami Nariman , Morris Christopher , Hong Kelvin
Published: June 2020

Purpose:

To evaluate the use of a dual-chambered venous access port for extracorporeal apheresis therapy.

Methods:

This was a single-center retrospective analysis of all patients who received a dual-chambered venous access port for apheresis therapy over a 36-month period. Clinical success was defined as successful completion of at least one round of apheresis via the venous access port. Major complications were defined as any event requiring elevation of patient care and/or venous access port removal or repositioning. Minor complications were defined as venous access port issues resolved with clinical intervention.

Results:

Forty-four patients had a venous access port placed at the time of this study. Patients underwent red cell exchange (n = 33), therapeutic plasma exchange (n = 6) or extracorporeal photopheresis (n = 5). Forty (90%) patients had autoimmune diseases and four (10%) had neoplastic processes. Clinical success was achieved in 42 (95.5%) patients. Average venous access port dwell time was 632 days (range = 42–1191 days). All therapies through the venous access ports were well tolerated and no patients reported pain or discomfort. Major complications were seen in nine (20.5%) patients–the majority (n = 7) of which were due to venous access port malfunction–and resolved with catheter revision. One (2.27%) major complication involved an infected venous access port, and one involved a large hematoma at the venous access port site. Minor complications were seen in eight (18.2%) patients, where simple flushing of the catheter with saline or tissue plasminogen activator resolved the issue.

Conclusion:

The dual-chambered venous access port was successfully used for sustained blood flow in apheresis therapy with a moderate, yet correctable complication rate.
Effect of Tree Nuts Consumption on Serum Lipid Profile in Hyperlipidemic Individuals: A Systematic Review
Authors: Altamimi Mohammad , Zidan Souzan , Badrasawi Manal
Published: June 2020

Many epidemiological studies have regularly connected nuts intake with decreased risk for coronary heart disease. The primary mechanism by which nuts protect against cardiovascular disease is through the improvement of lipid and apolipoprotein profile. Therefore, numerous dietary intervention studies investigated the impact of nut consumption on blood lipid levels. Many studies have shown that nut intake can enhance the lipid profile in a dose-response way among individuals with increased serum lipids. This systematic review examines the effectiveness of nuts on the lipid profile among patients with dyslipidemia from different age groups. A total of 29 interventional studies from 5 databases met the inclusion criteria. In all, 20 studies were randomized controlled clinical trials, whereas 9 were crossover-controlled clinical trials. Participants included in the studies were different in terms of age, sex and, serum lipid profile. The studies were inconsistent in the type of tree nuts, duration, dose, and the nut forms. All studies indicated changes in the lipid profile after the intervention particularly on the total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein. Interventional periods ranged from 3 weeks up to 12 months with doses ranged from 15 to 126 gm. In conclusion, this review provides an evidence of favorable effect of nuts consumption of serum lipid profile.
The association of different interoceptive dimensions with functional gastrointestinal symptoms
Authors: Gajdos Panna , Chrisztó Zita , Rigó Adrien
Published: June 2020

The aim of the current cross-sectional studies was to investigate the association of interoceptive dimensions with irritable bowel syndrome-related functional gastrointestinal symptoms using a multimethod approach. Two studies were conducted in Hungarian volunteers. Study 1 involved questionnaires regarding interoceptive sensibility. In Study 2, an experimental task was additionally used for the measurement of interoceptive accuracy.

Reporters of high functional gastrointestinal symptoms were characterised by an increased perception of different somatic sensations together with a reduced trust in bodily signals. Our results support the hypothesis that there are interactions between interoceptive dimensions in the production of functional somatic symptoms. A data accessibility statement is included.
Artificial fusion: The curious case of Macaronic Latin
Authors: Demo Šime
Published: June 2020

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions:

The present paper aims to situate Macaronic Latin, a peculiar type of linguistic mixture that was used in literary works in early modern Europe, within the context of phenomena such as code-switching and borrowing, as well as mixed and constructed languages. The main objective is to see whether and how it can be compared to various instances of linguistic structures originating from more than one source language.

Design/Methodology/Approach:

After a description of its historical background and sociolinguistic features, main linguistic traits of Macaronic Latin are sketched and, finally, compared to other language contact phenomena, with particular reference to the fusion hypothesis.

Data and Analysis:

The main data for the analysis are sixty samples from macaronic works belonging to eleven language pairs. The analysis shows that mixed words in Macaronic Latin have properties of both borrowings and loans, being very similar to nonce formations. When compared to mixed and constructed languages, Macaronic Latin shows peculiarities that set it apart from either group.

Findings/Conclusions:

Although individual structural aspects of Macaronic Latin align its individual aspects with various outcomes of linguistic contact, the sociolinguistic pattern of its creation and later development make it a rather untypical case of linguistic mixing.

Originality:

Latin served as the main language of learned communication in medieval and early modern Europe; yet, this paper is the first study devoted to putting it in the context of mixed language debate.

Significance/Implications:

The study suggests that the preservation of the widespread use of a language with no native speakers requires sociolinguistic forces so strong so as to override many trends of what has been established as regular linguistic development. This implies that in investigating such cases we might need a modified research methodology and an extended terminology.
Border patrol: The rise and role of fact-checkers and their challenge to journalists’ normative boundaries
Authors: Singer Jane B
Published: June 2020

Although most research to date has focused on leading US fact-checkers, similar initiatives are gaining strength all over the world. This study draws on a globally disseminated questionnaire, plus interviews with fact-checkers on four continents, to examine their role and reach in relation to other journalistic enterprises, as well as the challenges they face. A conceptual framework of journalistic boundary-setting helps guide the exploration.
To Speak to Me, Address Us: Insights From LGBT Young Adults to Inform Public Education Campaigns
Authors: Hoffman Leah , Delahanty Janine
Published: June 2020

Draft advertising concepts were tested in a series of focus groups among 140 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) young adults aged 18 to 24 in seven U.S. cities in 2015. In this secondary analysis of focus group transcripts, young adult responses to tested concepts belie deeper lessons that have broader application for public education campaigns among LGBT young adult audiences. Respondents valued seeing both individuals who were like them and also unlike them, preferring a diverse portrayal of the fuller spectrum of LGBT communities, a finding which has implications for campaign segmentation of LGBT audiences. More broadly tailored communications for LGBT audiences can be appropriate as long as portrayals are diverse. These young adults expressed the desire to see nuanced, humanizing content that avoids playing into existing stereotypes. These findings also show how qualitative research can benefit segmentation and how research and communications can address the needs of subgroups within diverse segments.
Neuroprotective Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Bone Marrow–Derived Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Li Chang , Chen Yu-Hua , Zhang Ke
Published: June 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, which is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline and senile plaques formed by amyloid β (Aβ). Microglia are the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have proposed 2 types of microglia, namely, the resident microglia and bone marrow–derived microglia (BMDM). Recent studies suggested that BMDM, not the resident microglia, can phagocytose Aβ, which has a great therapeutic potential in AD. Bone marrow–derived microglia can populate the CNS in an efficient manner and their functions can be regulated by some genes. Thus, methods that increase their recruitment and phagocytosis could be used as a new tool that clears Aβ and ameliorates cognitive impairment. Herein, we review the neuroprotective functions of BMDM and their therapeutic potential in AD.
Purinergic Receptors of the Central Nervous System: Biology, PET Ligands, and Their Applications
Authors: Zarrinmayeh Hamideh , Territo Paul R.
Published: June 2020

Purinergic receptors play important roles in central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are involved in cellular neuroinflammatory responses that regulate functions of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Based on their endogenous ligands, purinergic receptors are classified into P1 or adenosine, P2X and P2Y receptors. During brain injury or under pathological conditions, rapid diffusion of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or uridine triphosphate (UTP) from the damaged cells, promote microglial activation that result in the changes in expression of several of these receptors in the brain.

Imaging of the purinergic receptors with selective Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioligands has advanced our understanding of the functional roles of some of these receptors in healthy and diseased brains. In this review, we have accumulated a list of currently available PET radioligands of the purinergic receptors that are used to elucidate the receptor functions and participations in CNS disorders. We have also reviewed receptors lacking radiotracer, laying the foundation for future discoveries of novel PET radioligands to reveal these receptors roles in CNS disorders.
A novel solution of inverse kinematic for 6R robot manipulator with offset joint based on screw theory
Authors: Liao Zhiwei , Jiang Gedong , Zhao Fei , Mei Xuesong , Yue Yang
Published: June 2020

This article proposes a novel inverse kinematic approach with translation transformation matrix based on screw theory to solve the inverse kinematic problem for 6R robot manipulator with offset joint. The translation transformation matrix is introduced to convert the 6R robot manipulator with offset joint to a new configuration with intersecting axes, and the mapping relationship from the end effector to the joint angle is established along with the Paden–Kahan subproblems. The eight closed solutions of the specific configuration are deduced, which automatically eliminate the singularity solutions. Moreover, the precision and efficiency of the proposed method are verified through a numerical example. Unlike other approaches, the presented algorithm not only inherits the superior accuracy of the other geometric approaches but also exhibits an outperform efficiency. Finally, the method is generalized to other 6R robots, which has closed-form solutions to further verify its versatility. The presented study provides some basis for further investigations, such as trajectory planning and motion control, which provides a new tool on the analysis and application of this kind of robot manipulator.
Naltrexone during pain conditioning: A double-blind placebo-controlled experimental trial
Authors: Pontén Moa , Fust Jens , Kosek Eva , Guterstam Joar , Jensen Karin
Published: June 2020

Naltrexone reversibly blocks the effects of opioids and has been shown to decrease placebo analgesia. However, it is not clear (1) to what extent naltrexone affects pain modulation in a nontreatment context, for example, in response to pain cues or (2) how naltrexone given prior to pain-cue learning shapes pain responses. In a double-blind procedure prior to pain-cue conditioning, 30 healthy participants were randomized to receive an oral dose of naltrexone (50 mg) or inert pill. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, high and low pain pressures were paired with two different visual cues: a high pain cue and a low pain cue (learning sequence). During a test sequence, medium levels of pressure were used for both cues and the difference in subjective pain ratings following high and low pain cues was calculated. Results showed significant conditioned pain responses across groups ( P <  .001); however, no significant difference between participants receiving naltrexone or inert pill ( P =  .193). There was a significant correlation between the difference in high and low pain ratings during the learning sequence and the effect of high and low pain cues during the test sequence (r = .575, P =  .002). Functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed no significant difference in brain activation between groups. Here, we demonstrate comparable learning of pain responses in participants treated with naltrexone or inert pill. The results point to the possibility that associative learning, and conditional responding to pain cues, is not dependent on endogenous opioids. Our results, using pain-cue conditioning to create reduced pain responses, contrast previous studies where opioid antagonists significantly reduced the placebo effect in treatment of pain.
Competition, stakes, and falling electoral participation in Central Asia and the Caucasus: A comparative analysis
Authors: Lioy Alberto , Dawson Stephen
Published: June 2020

Between 2005 and 2015, a drastic wave of decline in voter turnout affected a series of presidential elections in Central Asia and the Caucasus. To explain this phenomenon, we perform an innovative comparative study using news coverage of four electoral case studies in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, and Armenia. This analysis is then used to build a new theory, which explains significant falls in participation as outcomes of a composite process of strengthening of incumbent regimes, weakening of oppositions, and generally reduced electoral stakes. Common patterns are identified across all four cases, suggesting that the willingness of the people to refuse to turn out to vote appears largely independent of the level of democracy. We maintain that, across the region, citizens chose to spurn the ballot box because of reduced electoral competition.
Happiness From Treating the Weekend Like a Vacation
Authors: West Colin , Mogilner Cassie , DeVoe Sanford E.
Published: June 2020

Americans are time-poor. They work long hours and leave paid vacation days unused. An analysis of over 200,000 U.S. workers reveals that not prioritizing vacation is linked to lower happiness. Many people, however, do not feel they can take vacation due to financial and temporal constraints. How might people enjoy the emotional benefits of vacation without taking additional time off or spending additional money? Three preregistered experiments tested the effect of simply treating the weekend “like a vacation” (vs. “like a regular weekend”) on subsequent happiness—measured as more positive affect, less negative affect, and greater satisfaction when back at work on Monday. Although unable to definitively rule out the role of demand characteristics, the study results suggest that treating the weekend like a vacation can increase happiness, and exploratory analyses show support for the underlying role of increased attention to the present moment.
Cognitive Biases in Link Sharing Behavior and How to Get Rid of Them: Evidence from the 2019 Spanish General Election Twitter Conversation
Authors: Morales-i-Gras Jordi
Published: June 2020

After a few years focusing on issues such as electoral prediction through social media data, many analysts turned their attention toward fake news spreading and misinformation. A coherent next step in elections research through social media data would be identifying what makes communities and individuals less open to manipulation. Misinformation is not simply bad or false information but selective information circulated among isolated and unconnected groups. Here, I will discuss common cognitive biases in link sharing behavior and its effects on politically shaped communities in the Twitter public debate on the 2019 Spanish general election campaign. Finally, I will present and discuss some data-driven mechanisms that may contribute to the mitigation of mass manipulation.
The Effect of Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation on Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Meiring Rebecca Mary , Tanimukai Kento , Bradnam Lynley
Published: June 2020

Objective: Adequate physical activity following cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is required to reduce secondary cardiovascular disease risk. The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to determine the effect of exercise-based CR on objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) comparing pre- to postintervention, pre- to postchange compared to a control group, and in a longer term follow-up. Methods: Five databases were searched (PubMed, MEDLINE [OVID], Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and CINAHL) from inception to January 2019. Two reviewers screened and selected 15 studies involving 1434 participants. Data were synthesized descriptively and by meta-analyses. Results: CR resulted in an improvement in activity behaviors compared with preintervention levels (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.50, 95% CI 0.25-0.55, P < .0001). CR resulted in a greater improvement in activity behaviors in the intervention compared with the control group (SMD 0.25, 95% CI 0.02-0.49, P = .04). Increased PA was maintained (SMD 0.32, 95% CI 0.22-0.41, P < .0001). Eight out of 15 studies showed an improvement in PA outcomes while 7 reported that objectively measured PA did not change immediately following the intervention compared to preintervention levels and/or compared with the control group. Of the 7 studies that reported changes in SB, 4 observed a reduction following CR while 3 reported no change. Conclusion: Participation in exercise-based CR programs is effective in improving PA and SB. However, our descriptive synthesis indicates that only half the studies were successful in improving activity behaviors following exercise-based CR. Standard guidelines for the assessment of activity behaviors following CR would be valuable in understanding of the effects of CR on long-term activity participation.
Are Neoclassic Internationalization Models Enduring? A Case-Review of the Uppsala Paradigm
Authors: Abrantes Bruno F.
Published: June 2020

Internationalization is a theme of great interest to practitioners worldwide, intensified by the increasing business environmental turbulence in last decades. The latter led to the proliferation and expanding of research into new areas, while neoclassic archetypes were conversely dubbed as, supposedly “old-fashioned.” In this context, a review article aims at breaking with such dogma, rejuvenating prior knowledge, and contextualizing it in current time. Hence, this research focus on a seminal framework, the well-known Uppsala Model, purposively selected as being an exception, as it keeps capturing the interest of scholars and is still one of the most cited frameworks in this area. Thus, a theoretical review addresses the evolution of the model in the aftermath of more than 40 years of research, and contextualizes it within the state-of-the-art of internationalization-related theories. An integrative review process is applied to a purposeful selection of descending frameworks of the model, circumscribed to the last decade (2009–2019). An enduring utility is positively observed, grounded on a reactive adaption purpose. In parallel, a shift is assisted from the neoclassic paradigm to a behavioral paradigm pillared on a capability-building logic for the adaption toward volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous environments. This led to the extension of the Uppsala paradigm from a pure internationalization process model to enter the realm of the international capabilization framework.
Is There an Association Between Metformin Exposure and Frailty?
Authors: Baskaran Dhanya , Aparicio-Ugarriza Raquel , Ferri-Guerra Juliana , Milyani Raneem , Florez Hermes , Ruiz Jorge G.
Published: June 2020

Frailty is a state of vulnerability to stressors resulting in higher morbidity, mortality, and utilization in older adults. Frailty and type 2 diabetes mellitus share similar pathophysiological mechanisms which metformin may target. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to metformin is associated with frailty in veterans. This is a cross-sectional study of veterans 65 years and older with type 2 diabetes who were screened for frailty between January 2016 and August 2017. We constructed a 44-item Frailty Index including multiple variables using a deficit accumulation framework. After adjustment for covariates, the association was calculated using binomial logistic regression models with frailty status as the outcome variable, and metformin exposure as the independent variable. Patients were 98.3% male and 56.7% White with a mean age of 72.9 ( SD = 6.8) years. The proportion of robust, prefrail and frail patients was 2.9% ( n = 22), 46.7 % ( n = 356) and 50.5% ( n = 385), respectively. In binomial logistic regression, exposure to metformin was associated with lower risk for frailty, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = .55 (95% confidence interval [CI] = .39–.77), p ≤ .001. This study shows that exposure to metformin was associated with lower risk for frailty in community-dwelling veterans.
Knowledge technologies based on fabrication process composite materials and remote sensing applications
Authors: Mustafa Faten A , Bayat Oguz
Published: June 2020

The aim of this work concentrates on utilizing powerful MATLAB programming (software version R2016a) to evaluate the impact of environmental variations of water case in the Mosul Dam reservoir and observed its receding impact on human life activities based on composite image processing applications. Furthermore, composite materials of different temporal remote sensing data increase powerfully the estimation of environmental variables of relevance to human health. Thus, temporal remote sensing data trends to enhance the efficiency of detecting receding water resources effect of human life impacts over different years. Two steps were implemented, which focuses on the estimation of changes in the water surface of the lake over 31 years. Preprocessing step concentrates on composite data materials from different Landsats to be more suitable for next step by utilizing color composite image processing and postprocessing step implemented the coastline detection of the reservoir and recognition of the quality of clear water in the lake due to the variation of water spectral reflectivity by hybrid classification method. The performance of this study is based on statistics measurements on the surface area of water level and overall accuracy, which indicated that hybrid classification method improves the capacity of integrating two classification methods, which gained highly identification water lake classes regarding its quality and more. The obtained results achieved the desired purpose of this study to investigate the high power application through implementing composite different image processing techniques with temporal satellite data to conversance the amount of water level changes in Mosul Dam reservoir and its impact on storage quantity over years.