bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O3‐Type Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives
Authors: Li Xinghan , Fan Yameng , Johannessen Bernt , Xu Xun , See Khay Wai , Pang Wei Kong
Published: February 2024

Over recent decades, rapid advancements in energy technology have transformed human life. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have played a pivotal role nevertheless concerns about limited lithium resources and price fluctuations underscore the need for sustainability. Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), operating on principles akin to LIBs, have emerged as promising candidates for rechargeable batteries in the next generation of energy storage systems, primarily due to their cost‐effectiveness and sustainable attributes. Analogous to LIBs, the cathode in SIBs assumes a critical role in dictating the electrochemical performance of the battery. Therefore, the research and development of cathode materials for SIBs take on paramount significance. O3‐type SIB cathodes, inspired by the successful O3‐type LIB cathodes (e. g., LiCoO2 and NMC variants), hold promise for commercial applications. This comprehensive overview offers an in‐depth exploration of various unary‐metal oxide cathode materials characterized by an O3‐layered structure. Subsequently, nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and Ni/Mn‐based O3 cathode materials are conducted a comprehensive study, assessing the effects of element substitution and doping on capacity, phase transitions, and cycle life. In light of the current challenges, advancing SIB cathode materials of future directions will propose, addressing key considerations in the pursuit of enhanced performance and sustainable energy storage solutions.
Li4Zn(PO4)2:Mn2+ thermosensitive phosphor with dual luminescent centres for optical thermometry
Authors: Li Jie , Fu Jie , Lin Jianhua , Chen Yanling , Wen Yinuo , Han Mingxiao , Chen Shuyang , Deng Degang
Published: February 2024

An optical thermometry strategy based on Mn2+‐doped dual‐wavelength emission phosphor has been reported. Samples with different doping content were synthesized through a high‐temperature solid‐phase method under an air atmosphere. The electronic structure of Li4Zn(PO4)2 was calculated using density functional theory, revealing it to be a direct band gap material with an energy gap of 4.708 eV. Moreover, the emitting bands of Mn2+ at 530 and 640 nm can be simultaneously observed when using 417 nm as the exciting wavelength. This is due to the occupation of Mn2+ at the Zn2+ site and the interstitial site. Further analysis was conducted on the temperature‐dependent emission characteristics of the sample in the range 293–483 K. Mn2+ has different responses to temperature at different doping sites in Li4Zn(PO4)2. Based on the calculations using the fluorescence intensity ratio technique, the maximum relative sensitivity at a temperature of 483 K was determined to be 1.69% K−1, while the absolute sensitivity was found to be 0.12% K−1. The results showed that the Li4Zn(PO4)2:Mn2+ phosphor has potential application in optical thermometry.
Unlocking a Sustainable Future for Plastics: A Chemical‐Enzymatic Pathway for Efficient Conversion of Mixed Waste to MHET and Energy‐Saving PET Recycling
Authors: Li Anni , Wu Luxuan , Cui Haiyang , Song Yibo , Zhang Xing , Li Xiujuan
Published: February 2024

The heterogeneous monomers obtained from plastic waste degradation are unfavorable for PET recondensation and high‐value derivative synthesis. Herein, we developed an efficient chemical‐enzymatic approach to convert mixed plastic wastes into homogeneous mono‐2‐hydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHET) without downstream purification, benefiting from three discovered BHETases (KbEst, KbHyd, and BrevEst) in nature. Towards the mixed plastic waste, integrating the chemical K2CO3‐driven glycolysis process with the BHETase depolymerization technique resulted in an MHET yield of up to 98.26 % in 40 h. Remarkably, BrevEst accomplished the highest BHET hydrolysis (~87 % efficiency in 12 h) for yielding analytical‐grade MHET compared to seven state‐of‐the‐art PET hydrolases (18 %–40 %). In an investigation combining quantum theoretical computations and experimental validations, we established a MHET‐initiated PET repolymerization pathway. This shortcut approach with MHET promises to strengthen the valorization of mixed plastics, offering a substantially more efficient and energy‐saving route for PET recycling.
Determinants of spring migration departure dates in a New World sparrow: Weather variables reign supreme
Authors: Byrd Allison J. , Talbott Katherine M. , Smiley Tara M. , Verrett Taylor B. , Gross Michael S. , Hladik Michelle L. , Ketterson Ellen D. , Becker Daniel J.
Published: February 2024

Numerous factors influence the timing of spring migration in birds, yet the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic variables on migration initiation remains unclear. To test for interactions among weather, migration distance, parasitism, and physiology in determining spring departure date, we used the Dark‐eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis) as a model migratory species known to harbor diverse and common haemosporidian parasites. Prior to spring migration departure from their wintering grounds in Indiana, USA, we quantified the intrinsic variables of fat, body condition (i.e., mass ~ tarsus residuals), physiological stress (i.e., ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes), cellular immunity (i.e., leukocyte composition and total count), migration distance (i.e., distance to the breeding grounds) using stable isotopes of hydrogen from feathers, and haemosporidian parasite intensity. We then attached nanotags to determine the timing of spring migration departure date using the Motus Wildlife Tracking System. We used additive Cox proportional hazard mixed models to test how risk of spring migratory departure was predicted by the combined intrinsic measures, along with meteorological predictors on the evening of departure (i.e., average wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and temperature). Model comparisons found that the best predictor of spring departure date was average nightly wind direction and a principal component combining relative humidity and temperature. Juncos were more likely to depart for spring migration on nights with largely southwestern winds and on warmer and drier evenings (relative to cooler and more humid evenings). Our results indicate that weather conditions at take‐off are more critical to departure decisions than the measured physiological and parasitism variables.
Environmental DNA reveals temporal variation in mesophotic reefs of the Humboldt upwelling ecosystems of central Chile: Toward a baseline for biodiversity monitoring of unexplored marine habitats
Authors: Saenz‐Agudelo Pablo , Ramirez Paula , Beldade Ricardo , Campoy Ana N. , Garmendia Vladimir , Search Francesca V. , Fernández Miriam , Wieters Evie A. , Navarrete Sergio A. , Landaeta Mauricio F. , Pérez‐Matus Alejandro
Published: February 2024

Temperate mesophotic reef ecosystems (TMREs) are among the least known marine habitats. Information on their diversity and ecology is geographically and temporally scarce, especially in highly productive large upwelling ecosystems. Lack of information remains an obstacle to understanding the importance of TMREs as habitats, biodiversity reservoirs and their connections with better‐studied shallow reefs. Here, we use environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples to characterize the community composition of TMREs on the central Chilean coast, generating the first baseline for monitoring the biodiversity of these habitats. We analyzed samples from two depths (30 and 60 m) over four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) and at two locations approximately 16 km apart. We used a panel of three metabarcodes, two that target all eukaryotes (18S rRNA and mitochondrial COI) and one specifically targeting fishes (16S rRNA). All panels combined encompassed eDNA assigned to 42 phyla, 90 classes, 237 orders, and 402 families. The highest family richness was found for the phyla Arthropoda, Bacillariophyta, and Chordata. Overall, family richness was similar between depths but decreased during summer, a pattern consistent at both locations. Our results indicate that the structure (composition) of the mesophotic communities varied predominantly with seasons. We analyzed further the better‐resolved fish assemblage and compared eDNA with other visual methods at the same locations and depths. We recovered eDNA from 19 genera of fish, six of these have also been observed on towed underwater videos, while 13 were unique to eDNA. We discuss the potential drivers of seasonal differences in community composition and richness. Our results suggest that eDNA can provide valuable insights for monitoring TMRE communities but highlight the necessity of completing reference DNA databases available for this region.
Spatial distribution dynamics for Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. from 1970 to 2020
Authors: Li Yunfeng , Wang Yan , Du Xiaojuan , Zhao Chunying , He Ping , Meng Fanyun
Published: February 2024

At different time scales, a species will experience diverse distribution changes. For Epimedium brevicornum Maxim, the phenomenon is obvious, but the understanding of the spatial dynamics of E. brevicornum under distinct time scales is poor. In this study, we modeled the potential distribution for E. brevicornum for five time scales, 1970–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2009, and 2010–2019, with different occurrence data, and the Kuenm package was used to optimize the parameter combination. Then, SDM tools and a Venn diagram were utilized to simulate the changes in highly suitable areas and spatial dynamics, respectively. Comprehensive results show that temperature seasonality (BIO4, 37.54%) has the greatest effect on the distribution of E. brevicornum, followed by minimum temperature (TMIN, 21.42%). The areas of distribution for E. brevicornum are 35.06 × 105 km2, 25.7 × 105 km2, 67.64 × 105 km2, 27.29 × 105 km2, and 9.87× 105 km2, which are mainly concentrated in Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan, respectively. In addition, the largest regions for expansion, stability, and contraction under various time scales are 5.6 × 105 km2, 3.54 × 105 km2, and 3.47 × 105 km2, respectively. These changes indicate that approximately 7.96% of the regions are highly stable, and three critical counties, Wanyuan, Chenggu, and Hechuan, and Xixiang, have become significant areas for migration. Overall, our results indicate that there are different spatial distribution patterns and dynamics for E. brevicornum for different time scales. Given these results, this study also proposes comprehensive strategies for the conservation and management of E. brevicornum, which will further improve the current resource utilization status.
The influence of climate oscillations and geological events on population differentiation of Camponotus japonicus in the Chinese mainland
Authors: Ma Ruoqing , Zhang Liangliang , Xu Yang , Wei Cong , He Hong
Published: February 2024

Camponotus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is an omnivorous social insect which builds sizable colonies in sparse woodlands or cropland and spreads across multiple climatic zones in the Chinese mainland. This study aims to reveal the role of climate changes and geological events in driving the genetic structure of social insect populations by investigating the phylogenetics and historical demography of C. japonicus in the Chinese mainland. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on the mitochondria DNA dataset using MrBayes and IQ‐TREE. We constructed a haplotype network, calculated analyses of molecular variance, estimated the divergence time, and reconstructed the maximum clade credibility tree. Mismatch distribution and Bayesian skyline plots were used to infer historical population fluctuations. Additionally, ecological niche modeling was employed to predict the potential distribution of the species during the present, mid‐holocene, and last glacial maximum periods in the Chinese mainland. The phylogenetic tree and median‐joining network analyses support the presence of four distinct lineages in C. japonicus. These lineages exhibit significant genetic differentiation and limited gene flow. The divergence among the four lineages began in the early Pleistocene, approximately 1.41 million years ago (Ma). Subsequently, the central lineage diverged from both the northern and southern lineages around 1.16 Ma, while the northern and southern lineages diverged from each other at approximately 1.07 Ma. Population expansion was observed in the southern, central, and northern lineages prior to the last glacial maximum, while the Yunnan‐Sichuan lineage experienced a slight increase in population size in more recent times. The predicted distribution of the species corresponds well with the actual distribution. Furthermore, the current suitable habitat areas in northern Xinjiang, southern Tibet, and the southeast coastal regions have significantly decreased compared to the last glacial maximum and the mid‐holocene periods. Our results suggest that climate oscillations and geological events play an important role in driving genetic patterns and differentiation of C. japonicus. Mountain barriers isolate populations from each other, hinder the flow of genes, and effectively prevent the spread of this species. But at the same time, it also formed refugia at low altitudes areas such as Qinling‐Bashan Mountains and Yanshan‐Taihang Mountains and provide suitable habitats during glaciation. This study provides a good model for understanding how complex climate changes and geological events affect population genetic differentiation of social insects in the Chinese mainland.
Enhanced potency of immunotherapy against B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia by combination of an Fc‐engineered CD19 antibody and CD47 blockade
Authors: Schewe Denis M. , Vogiatzi Fotini , Münnich Ira A. , Zeller Tobias , Windisch Roland , Wichmann Christian , Müller Kristina , Bhat Hilal , Felix Elisa , Mougiakakos Dimitrios , Bruns Heiko , Lenk Lennart , Valerius Thomas , Humpe Andreas , Peipp Matthias , Kellner Christian
Published: February 2024

CD19‐directed immunotherapy has become a cornerstone in the therapy of B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP‐ALL). CD19‐directed cellular and antibody‐based therapeutics have entered therapy of primary and relapsed disease and contributed to improved outcomes in relapsed disease and lower therapy toxicity. However, efficacy remains limited in many cases due to a lack of therapy response, short remission phases, or antigen escape. Here, BCP‐ALL cell lines, patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) samples, human macrophages, and an in vivo transplantation model in NOD.Cg‐PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice were used to examine the therapeutic potency of a CD19 antibody Fc‐engineered for improved effector cell recruitment (CD19‐DE) and antibody‐dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), in combination with a novel modified CD47 antibody (Hu5F9‐IgG2σ). For the in vivo model, only samples refractory to CD19‐DE monotherapy were chosen. Hu5F9‐IgG2σ enhanced ADCP by CD19‐DE in various BCP‐ALL cell line models with varying CD19 surface expression and cytogenetic backgrounds, two of which contained the KMT2A‐AFF1 fusion. Also, the antibody combination was efficient in inducing ADCP by human macrophages in pediatric PDX samples with and adult samples with and without KMT2A‐rearrangement in vitro. In a randomized phase 2‐like PDX trial using seven KMT2A‐rearranged BCP‐ALL samples in NSG mice, the CD19/CD47 antibody combination proved highly efficient. Our findings support that the efficacy of Fc‐engineered CD19 antibodies may be substantially enhanced by a combination with CD47 blockade. This suggests that the combination may be a promising therapy option for BCP‐ALL, especially in relapsed patients and/or patients refractory to CD19‐directed therapy.
Evaluation of the hematological inflammatory parameters in the patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: A case–control study
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein , Maleknia Mohsen , Khoshbakht Reza , Rezaeeyan Hadi
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Inflammation is one of the immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)'s aggravating elements due to inflammatory cells' function. This study aims to identify and evaluate hematological inflammatory parameters, including neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and hemoglobin‐to‐platelet ratio (HPR), in patients with ITP compared to the control group.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the profile of 190 ITP patients from August 2019 to January 2021 at Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, along with 100 healthy individuals who had no ITP‐related clinical or laboratory symptoms. Immune cell counts, NLR, PLR, and HPR were calculated using the complete blood count at the time of diagnosis and after the treatment. The results were analyzed through MedCalc, SPSS software, and the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

The result showed that white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts were higher in ITP patients (WBC: p: 0.001, neutrophil: p: 0.001), and conversely, platelet and lymphocyte counts were higher in the control group compared to ITP patients (platelets: p: 0.001, lymphocytes: p: 0.001). The indices analysis between the two groups revealed that NLR was significantly increased in ITP patients (p: 0.001), but PLR was significantly reduced in ITP patients (with the mean platelet count of 23.44 ± 35.26 × 109/L) compared to the control group (with the mean platelet count of 234.04 ± 55.88 × 109/L). The HPR index also significantly increased in ITP patients (p: 0.001).

Conclusion

An increase in NLR, PLR, and a decrease in HPR can be considered a valuable diagnostic algorithm in patients with ITP.
Micronutrients status as a contributing factor in secondary burning mouth syndrome: A review of the literature
Authors: Gholizadeh Narges , Sheykhbahaei Nafiseh
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) experience an annoying feeling without clinical evidence of any mucosal lesion. Deficiency or excess of micronutrients is a common feature in secondary BMS. There is limited knowledge among oral healthcare providers regarding the significance of micronutrients in oral health, so the current review focuses on the critical role of these elements in oral health implications as secondary BMS.

Methods

For the data collection, the authors searched for key terms without time limitation (1900–2021) in databases comprised of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science (SCI), and Embase.

Results

The total number of matched articles with inclusion criteria involved in this review article was 59 original articles. Among these, 20 randomized clinical trials (RCT), 31 case‐control or Crossectional, and 8 case reports/series are reviewed in this review article.

Conclusion

One of the important etiological factors in patients with secondary BMS is micronutrient imbalance. The iron, zinc, vitamin B family, vitamin D deficiency and increased levels of homocysteine and oxidant agents were examined in secondary BMS patients. In addition, oral medicine specialists must consider the possible toxic effects of some elements in restorations and dental prostheses. Further studies, such as RCTs in the future, are recommended.
Sucrase‐Isomaltase Deficiency: Changing Pattern over Two Decades
Authors: Baudon J. J. , Veinberg F. , Thioulouse E. , Morgant G. , Aymard P. , Charritat J. L.
Published: February 2024

Twenty‐two cases of sucrase‐isomaltase deficiency (SID) were observed over a period of 20 years. Since 1977 delay of introduction of sucrose and its decrease in infants' diets have modified the symptomatology. In general, onset of diarrhea has not taken place immediately but 15 days to 2 months after introduction of sucrose. Out of 12 cases with dehydration, five occurred 3 to 7 months after the beginning of sucrose diet. Hypotrophy was not constant (11 of 22 cases), thus diagnosis was delayed in 17 of 22 cases. A yellow complexion due to rising carotene levels in the blood is a striking feature. Because of falsely positive sucrose load tests (four out of 14 nonSID infants) and failure of the hydrogene breath test (one out of five studied cases), disaccharidase determination remains the key to diagnosis. Despite the genetic difference symptoms seem to depend on infant feeding practices.
Frequency and Clinical Pattern of Celiac Disease Among Siblings of Celiac Children
Authors: Bonamico M. , Mariani P. , Mazzilli M. C. , Triglione P. , Lionetti P. , Ferrante P. , Picarelli A. , Mesturino A. , Gemme G. , Imperato C.
Published: February 2024

To investigate the prevalence and clinical and genetic patterns of celiac disease (CD) among siblings of CD patients, 103 siblings and one twin of 80 celiac children were evaluated by means of their clinical history, physical examination, blood indices of nutritional status, and antigliadin antibodies (AGA). Antiendomysium antibody (AEA) levels were determined in 70 patients and 85 subjects were human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typed. On the basis of clinical or laboratory data or both, 21 siblings (20.2%) were submitted to intestinal biopsy, whereas intestinal biopsy in six siblings with positive serologic screening (AGA lgA or AEA or both) was not performed because of parental refusal. In a high percentage of cases (18%), all on a gluten‐containing diet, the intestinal mucosa was atrophic, and CD was subsequently diagnosed. Because we could not submit all the siblings to intestinal biopsy, this figure could underestimate the real prevalence of the disease in our series; consequently, it was not possible to calculate accurately the sensitivity and specificity of AGA and AEA. Nevertheless, AEA (positive in all the nine siblings with mucosal atrophy), followed by AGA IgA, proved to be the best screening for CD. Eighteen of 19 CD siblings showed HLA‐predisposing antigens. Among the 19 CD siblings, one showed a typical form with gastrointestinal symptoms, two had short stature, one suffered from recurrent vomiting, and in 15, the disease was clinically silent. On the contrary, among siblings who were first diagnosed (index cases), the majority (73.7%) had a typical from of CD, and no clinically silent cases were observed. We did not find any difference between index cases and CD siblings in food habits and distribution of HLA antigens. In 15 of 18 cases, the sibling diagnosed subsequently was the older one. Finally, the typical form of CD was significantly more frequent among the younger brother than the older. In conclusion, the high prevalence of the silent form of CD in our cases indicates that siblings of CD subjects should always be screened for CD. The combination of AGA IgA and AEA represent a good screening method to use in selecting children for the intestinal biopsy.
Treatment of Intractable Constipation in Children: Experience with Cisapride
Authors: Nurko Samuel , Garcia‐Aranda Jose Alberto , Guerrero Vania Yolena , Worona Liliana Beatriz
Published: February 2024

To establish whether cisapride is beneficial in children with intractable constipation, an open trial was performed. Chronically constipated children who had failed at least 12 weeks of medical therapy received cisapride at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg/dose TID for 12 weeks. Children with pelvic floor dyssynergia were excluded. Patients were followed prospectively for at least 12 months. Thirty children were initially enrolled, and 27 (14 boys, 13 girls) completed the study. At the end of 12 weeks of cisapride treatment, there was a significant increase in the number of bowel movements per week (1.43 ± 0.52 to 6.48 ± 4.16; p < 0.05) and significant decreases in the number of accidents per day (2.86 ± 2.71 to 0.52 ± 1.23; p < 0.05) and doses of laxatives used per week (14.33 ± 5.84 to 3.37 ± 7.10; p < 0.05). Encopresis disappeared in 65.2% of cases (p < 0.0001) and improved in 26%. Sixtynine percent of the patients stopped using laxatives (p < 0.001). After 12 weeks 18 patients (66.6%) were asymptomatic, seven (25.9%) showed some improvement in bowel movement frequency and number of accidents, and two (7.4%) showed no improvement. The cisapride was well tolerated. After long‐term follow‐up (20 ± 9.8 months), 37% of patients had recovered (asymptomatic and off laxatives and cisapride) and 29.6% were still asymptomatic but were using laxatives or cisapride. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between recovered and nonrecovered patients. We conclude that cisapride is effective in the treatment of some children with intractable constipation without pelvic floor dyssynergia.
Colonoscopy Preparation in Children: Safety, Efficacy, and Tolerance of High‐ Versus Low‐Volume Cleansing Methods
Authors: da Silva Mary M. , Briars Graham L. , Patrick Mark K. , Cleghorn Geoffrey J. , Shepherd Ross W.
Published: February 2024

Background:

The use of large‐volume electrolyte balanced solutions as preparation for colonoscopy often results in poor patient compliance and acceptance. The tolerance, safety, and efficacy of high‐versus low‐volume colon‐cleansing methods as preparation for colonoscopy in children were compared by randomized operator‐blinded trial.

Methods:

Twenty‐nine children ages 3.6‐14.6 years had either high‐volume nasogastric balanced polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage (20 ml/kg/h) until the effluent was clear (n = 15), or two oral doses of sodium phosphate solution (22.5‐45 ml) separated by oral fluid intake (n = 14).

Results:

Both preparations were equally effective. The low‐volume preparation was better tolerated and caused less discomfort that the high‐volume preparation, judging by serial nurse observations. The incidence of abdominal symptoms, diarrhea, sleep disturbance, and vomiting was not significantly different between the two groups. Both groups had a small reduction in mean hematocrit and serum calcium levels. The sodium phosphate preparation caused increases in mean serum sodium concentrations from 140 to 145 mmol/L and serum phosphate concentrations from 1.41 to 2.53 mmol/L. Ten hours after the commencement of the preanesthetic fast, these concentrations had returned to normal.

Conclusions:

There are advantages in terms of tolerance, discomfort, and case of administration with acceptable colonic cleansing with the use of the less‐invasive oral sodium phosphate low‐volume colon‐cleansing preparation in children. Safe use requires ensuring an adequate oral fluid intake during the preparation time and avoidance of use in patients with renal insufficiency.
Use of Barbiturates in the Treatment of Cyclic Vomiting During Childhood
Authors: Gokhale Ranjana , Huttenlocher Peter R. , Brady Lynda , Kirschner Barbara S.
Published: February 2024

Background:

Cyclic vomiting is an uncommon disorder that can be described as recurrent, self‐limiting, fairly uniform episodes of intractable nausea and vomiting with no identifiable organic cause, separated by symptom‐free intervals. There is no established therapeutic regimen for this disorder.

Methods:

Fourteen children referred to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic were diagnosed with cyclic vomiting from May 1984 to January 1995. Vomiting, the predominant symptom, was present in all children and was severe enough to require hospitalization in 11. Associated symptoms included abdominal ain, headache, nausea, aura, and fever. Diagnostic studies were done to rule out organic causes as indicated in individual patients. Daily phenobarbital was prescribed in all 14 patients. The dose ranged from 30 to 120 mg/hr (mean 2 mg · kg‐1 · day‐1), with a median dose of 60 mg/hr. Prior therapy with propranolol (3 patients) and butalbital (2 patients) had been ineffective.

Results:

Eleven patients had complete resolution of their symptoms, and 3 patients had marked improvement in their symptoms with infrequent attacks of reduced severity. The only side effects associated with long‐term phenobarbital therapy were behavioral in nature, namely hyperactivity and disruptive behavior at school.

Conclusions:

The results of our series of 14 patients, all of whom received barbiturates, support the usefulness of this therapeutic approach. Hence we feel that daily low‐dose phenobarbital therapy is a safe and effective therapy in preventing episodes of cyclic vomiting in children.
Increased Levels of Prostaglandins and Nitric Oxide in Esophageal Mucosa of Children with Reflux Esophagitis
Authors: Zicari Alessandra , Corrado Giovanni , Cavaliere Marisa , Frandina Giuseppe , Rea Patrizia , Pontieri Giuseppe , Cardi Ettore , Cucchiara Salvatore
Published: February 2024

Background:

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is said to be both protective and detrimental for esophageal mucosal integrity. Nitric oxide (NO) controls several esophageal neuromuscular functions, including relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. The purpose of this study was to verify PGE2 and NO levels in esophageal mucosa of children with reflux esophagitis.

Methods:

The patients were 10 children, age range 7 to 12 years, affected by reflux esophagitis. The control subjects were 10 children, age range 6 to 11 years, with recurrent abdominal pain. Tissue fragments obtained by esophageal biopsies were placed in a culture medium and processed to obtain a cell suspension. Cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C. Thereafter, supernatants were collected and divided into aliquots to determine the amounts of PGE2 and NO metabolites.

Results:

Esophageal cells obtained from reflux esophagitis patients synthesize and release a significantly higher (p < 0.01) amount of PGE2 and NO (PGE2 1.9 ± 0.56 ng/106 cells per 24 hours; NO 124.94 ± 18.36 μM/106 cells per 24 hours) than did the control group (PGE2 0.66 ± 0.14 ng/106 cells per 24 hours; NO 68.03 ±12.3 μM/106 cells per 24 hours).

Conclusions:

These results suggest that in esophageal mucosa, PGE2 and NO, in low concentrations, are protective, whereas, at high doses, they can be harmful. Higher amounts of PGE2 and NO in the esophageal mucosa of reflux esophagitis patients suggest that similar noxious stimuli trigger the inducible forms of the respective enzyme.
Autoantibodies in Celiac Disease: Importance of Fibroblasts
Authors: Sulkanen Satu , Halttunen Tuula , Marttinen Aulis , Leivo Eeva‐Liisa , Laurila Kaija , Mäki Markku
Published: February 2024

Background:

Serum reticulin and endomysium autoantibodies are highly celiac disease‐specific, and the autoantigens have been shown to be derived from human fibroblasts. Among human tissues, the umbilical cord also expresses these antigens. This study was conducted to compare different autoantibody tests and especially to elucidate whether human umbilical cord is a suitable substrate in tests and whether the cord jelly‐derived fibroblasts express the antigens.

Methods:

The indirect immunofluorescence method was used to detect the tissue and Wharton's jelly‐derived fibroblast antibodies in 334 celiac disease and control sera samples. Affinity chromatography studies were used to show the correlation between human fibroblast‐derived autoantigens and tissue and gliadin antibodies. The jelly‐derived fibroblasts were used as antigen in a whole‐cell enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:

Celiac disease patient sera showed IgA‐class human umbilical cord antibody with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (99%). All celiac disease patient sera tested showed in indirect immunofluorescence the molecules expressed by Wharton's jelly‐derived fibroblasts. The whole‐cell fibroblast autoantibody enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 81%. Human fibroblast‐derived celiac disease autoantigens absorbed most of the IgA responsible for human umbilical cord antibodies but not the IgA responsible for gliadin antibodies in the same sera.

Conclusions:

Wharton's jelly‐derived fibroblast autoantibodies tested in a novel whole‐cell enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay correlated well with the human umbilical cord but not with gliadin antibodies.
Ultrasound Appearance of the Endometrium Post‐Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: Carrel‐Lammert Meredith , Parikh Shivani , Devaiah C. Ganga , Patel Nima R. , Crisp Catrina C.
Published: February 2024

Objective

To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the post‐ablative endometrium to improve knowledge of its sonographic findings.

Methods

This was an Institutional Review Board approved prospective study of patients who underwent second‐generation endometrial ablation from 2016 to 2019 at a single health system. Patients had postoperative transvaginal ultrasounds at 2, 6, and 12 months. Ultrasound reports were analyzed for endometrial thickness, description of the endometrium and myometrium, presence of uterine fibroids, and uterine size. Statistical tests for repeated measures were utilized.

Results

There were 68 patients with the average age of 42 (SD 6) years and a BMI of 33 (SD 8). Preoperatively the average endometrial thickness was 10 mm, uterine length was 9.7 cm, and 38.2% had leiomyoma. The average endometrial thickness decreased at each ultrasound: 8.4 mm (SD 3.4), 7.2 mm (SD 3.0), and 5.8 mm (SD 2.5) at 2, 6, and 12 months, respectively. When comparing endometrial thickness postoperatively there was a significant difference at 2 and 12 months (P = .041), and 6 and 12 months (P = .031). There was no change during the postoperative period in the presence of leiomyoma, hyperechoic endometrium, hypoechoic endometrium, heterogeneous endometrium, and cystic endometrium on the ultrasounds.

Conclusion

After ablation with a second‐generation device, the endometrial thickness on ultrasound decreases with time following surgery. Additional studies correlating these findings to clinical outcomes would be useful.
Treatment and referral patterns of patients with atopic dermatitis from the Danish primary care system to the tertiary care system
Authors: Danielsen Anna Kathrine , Frølunde Anne Sofie , Heilskov Sofine , Deleuran Mette , Laust Thomsen Janus , Vestergaard Christian
Published: February 2024

Background

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are mostly managed by general practitioners (GPs) and practicing dermatologists (PDs) in Denmark. In cases of severe and refractory AD, the primary physician can refer the patient to a specialised dermatology department.

Objectives

Aim of the study was to investigate treatment at the time of referral to a specialised dermatology department and the cause stated by the GP in a Danish cohort of AD patients referred to the Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital from 2019 to 2021.

Methods

One hundred and thirty cases were randomly selected via diagnosis codes for AD. Information regarding the cause for referral and treatment given at time of referral was obtained from medical records. 18 cases were excluded due to missing referral in the patients' medical records, other diagnosis than AD or treatment initiation before 2019. The final cohort consisted of 112 cases. Differences between patients referred from GP and PD were analysed with Fisher's exact test.

Results

Most cases were referred by PDs (45.5%) and GPs (24.1%). GPs primarily referred due to acute flare‐ups in need of treatment (40.7%), and PDs due to lacking disease control (64.7%), (p‐values < 0.0018). GPs generally included more descriptive information in their referrals than PDs, however, only the difference in mentioning sleep disturbance was significant (p‐value = 0.0144). Topical corticosteroids were the preferred treatments before referral regardless of the referring doctor, with no statistical differences. Topical calcineurin inhibitors were significantly more used among PD‐referred patients compared to GP‐referred patients (p‐value = 0.0018). Systemic therapy was initiated in 45 patients (40.2%) at the tertiary hospital with no differences between referral from either GPs or PDs.

Conclusions

The study identified few differences in the referral pattern of AD to a tertiary treatment center from GPs and PDs. No major deviations from Danish guidelines were found.
Implementation of AI Based Model for Identification of Different Soil Types Using Tensorflow
Authors: Mavi Sheetal , Mittal Neetu , Sarangi Pradeepta Kumar
Published: February 2024

The agricultural industry is among the most important industry in the world and playing a critical part in human growth. Soil classification is becoming incredibly valuable, and recent study reveals that classification of images is proven as the preferred way of soil information for farmers. The testing of soil is the first step in construction planning to determine whether the plot of land is suitable for constructing any structure in order to prevent future disasters. In this work, the model has been proposed to address the visual classification of types of soil using the deep neural network (DNN) and tensor flow framework. Further, AI based sequential model has been created in python to classify the soil. This has been analyzed that with the use of proposed technique five types of soil viz. black, cinder, laterite, peat, and yellow soil has been classified while keeping the practical simplicity of the images. Far superior accuracy has been achieved using the CNN model on the above dataset. The model is useful for farmers to increase the crop production after identification of the appropriate soil type for respective crops.
To Study the Effect of Nanoparticle TiO2 on Sodium (Na+) – Ion Conducting Solid Polymer Electrolyte System: [80PEO:20NaPF6]
Authors: Sahu Manju , Kumar Niranjan , Agrawal R. C. , Mahipal Y. K.
Published: February 2024

To study the effect of nanofiller particle TiO2 on sodium (Na+) – ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) film: [80PEO:20NaPF6] and nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (NCPE): [80PEO:20NaPF6] + xTiO2, where x = 1–9 wt. (%) have been prepared. SPE film composition: [80PEO:20NaPF6] selects as Ist‐phase host and nano‐sized (<100 nm) filler materials TiO2 as IInd‐phase dispersoid. Both SPE and NCPE films have been prepared by the hot‐press technique. Filler particle‐dependent conductivity study reveals the NCPE system: [80PEO:20NaPF6] + 8TiO2 as the highest conducting composition with σrt − 3.53 × 10−6 S cm−1, which is approximately one order of magnitude higher than the SPE optimum conducting composition (OCC) (σrt) ≈ 7.78 × 10−7 S cm−1. Ion transport properties for both SPE and NCPE system have been evaluated in terms of ionic conductivity (σ) and total ionic (tion)/cationic (t+) transference numbers using combined AC/DC techniques in order to evaluate its usefulness in all‐solid‐state battery applications. Structural/thermal properties have been characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. A cyclic voltammetry (CV) study has been performed in SPE and NCPE OCC film to evaluate the electrochemical performance for battery application.
Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease – An Overview
Authors: Tyagi Uma , Tripathy Divya Bajpai , Gupta Anjali , Bisht Kiran , Nain Anurag
Published: February 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with a significant global impact on public health. The emergence of atypical clinical phenotypes challenges traditional diagnostic approaches, necessitating a deeper exploration of biomarkers for accurate identification. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classification of biomarkers and their integration into different stages of AD provide a structured framework for their application in research and clinical settings. Within the context of AD drug development, biomarkers are essential for participant selection, target engagement evaluation, and assessment of pathological hallmarks, including Aβ and tau protein abnormalities. The incorporation of nanoparticles with a biodegradable approach introduces innovative strategies to address the complexities of AD. This paper extensively discusses biomarkers associated with synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and glial activation, recognizing their significance in elucidating disease mechanisms. Common pathologies such as synuclein and TDP‐43 further underscore the multifaceted nature of AD. Current biomarkers for AD diagnosis, encompassing cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and various imaging modalities, reflect the ongoing efforts to enhance early detection and monitoring. Intriguingly, novel biomarkers continue to emerge, offering promising avenues for improved understanding and intervention. Current review provides a comprehensive survey of biomarkers for AD, elucidating their diverse roles across different aspects of the disease. By highlighting their contributions to diagnosis, drug development, and mechanistic insights, this overview underscores the importance of biomarker research in the pursuit of effective AD management and treatment strategies.
Microwave‐Mediated Modification of Selected Limonoids with DMAB Reagent and Antibacterial Studies
Authors: Jayakumar S. Venkatesan , Saxena Amit , Tomar Divya Rana
Published: February 2024

N,N‐Dimethylaniline.borane (DMAB) is a stable, multifaceted electrophilic boron agent that displays hydroboration of C = C as well as selective reduction of functional groups under reflux, microwave, and ultrasound conditions. Natural products contain a plethora of functional groups that govern the specific bioactivity. It will be interesting to correlate the change in a functional group with the concern for change in bioactivity. Current research emphasizes the influence of microwave irradiation on moderately reactive DMAB reagent towards the functional group modification of selected limonoid‐phytochemicals of Meliaceae family viz. cedrelone, azadirone, nimbin, and azadiradione. DMAB conveniently reduces the ketone, epoxide group into alcohol, and does a hydroboration reaction on the C = C bond. It does not show interest to reduce the ester group irrespective of 30 min of MW irradiation. Except for these reducing properties, the reagent DMAB unveils chemo‐selective nature in respect of different functional groups and utilizes in an asymmetric synthesis. The coalescence of amine.borane with microwave irradiation brings forth a commodious and prompt method for the selective reduction of functional groups. The bioactive efficacy of modified phytochemicals is further taken for the antimicrobial studies.
Review on Application of Lightweight Cenosphere in Construction Material
Authors: Zanjad Nilesh , Pawar Shantanu , Nayak Chittaranjan
Published: February 2024

There are many industrial waste products used in the construction industry like rice husk ash, fly ash phosphogypsum, marble powder, cenosphere, silica fume, copper slag, granulated blast furnace slag, etc. It is observed that the use of all waste materials is beneficial for improving the properties of cement concrete and also making a hunk of lightweight cement concrete. In that material, the cenosphere is the most economical material in the construction industry, so both waste materials are used in most of the experimental works. This review focuses on the concrete prepared by replacing cement and fine aggregate with the cenosphere at various percentages for the preparation of lightweight cement concrete. The usual way to use cenosphere is up to 30% replacement as fine aggregate or 20% replacement of cement gives good results. These reviews discuss the usability and extraction of cenosphere from fly ash, its properties, and applications. Also observed are the final optimum percentages for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7, 14, and 28 days.
Preparation and Characterization of CuCrO2 Prepared by Solid State Reaction Method
Authors: Katariya Nitu , Songara Isha , Venkatesh Radha Krishnan , Ganesan Vedachalaiye
Published: February 2024

Recently, delafossite materials have captured the interest of numerous researchers due to their unique characteristics of p‐type conductivity and transparency. These materials exhibit promising potential in various applications such as photovoltaics, sensors, and transparent electronics. This paper presents a detailed account of the preparation of CuCrO2 delafossite via the solid‐state reaction method. The structural properties of the sample are analyzed using XRD which confirms rhombohedral crystal structure with R‐3m space group. The optical band gap was determined to be 3.39 eV through UV‐visible spectroscopy. The morphology is studied using Laser Confocal scanning optical microscopy and the estimated grain size is found to be within the range of 7 µm.
Effect of Boundaries on Pattern Formation in a Monolayer of Interacting Dipoles
Authors: Raghunatha C. , Chirania Nishant R. , Niranjan M. , Devi A. R. Usha , Rangwala S. A. , Bhattacharya Sarbari
Published: February 2024

Self‐organization can be defined as a process of arrangement of entities that start out in an irregular arrangement and evolve into a stable, regular pattern without the aid of an external agent. A system of magnetic particles that are constrained to move only in a plane is reported. The individual components in the system have dipole moments in an orientation perpendicular to the plane of motion and the interaction between components is purely repulsive. For such a system, it is attempted to understand the influence of the boundary of the monolayer on the patterns that emerge. A system with a small number of magnets is found where the range of the magnetic interactions is of the size of the boundary; the symmetry of the boundary imposed on the monolayer plays a crucial role in determining the pattern types, the number of different pattern types, and the frequency of appearance of a particular pattern type. The effect of scaling up the size of the system while maintaining the characteristics of individual components as well as the component areal density is also discussed.
Eggshell Nanosheets: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Forensic Applications in Latent Friction Ridges Development
Authors: Sankhla Mahipal Singh , Verma Rohit Kumar , Nagar Varad , Sharma Vaibhav , Jain Divyansh , Sharma Anuj , Kumar Sanjay , Awasthi Kumud Kant , Pandey Harsh , Pandey Kamakshi
Published: February 2024

Since waste materials are used to identify, individualize, and evaluate evidence like fingerprints, palmprints, footprints, etc. that are found at a crime scene, they have a substantial impact on the field of forensic science. Many waste powders have recently been employed in fingerprint recognition. Nanosheets made up of eggshells have been put forward as an application in friction ridge development. Eggshell is a biochemical substance made up of chemical compounds like calcium carbonate, which is considered as a waste product. For the formation of an eggshell nanosheet (ESN), shells are dried and crushed into a fine powder and to get this powder in the form of a nanosheet, the Ball milling technique is used. The synthesis of pure ESN is confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The size of nanosheets ranged from 30 to 90 nm as shown in SEM images. Developed powder is then used for the application of fingerprint development and it provides excellent results on all porous, non‐porous, and semi‐porous surfaces. Thus, this newly synthesized ESN powder can be used as a significant powder method in latent fingerprint technology.