bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State Formation and Ideological Conflict in Multiethnic Countries
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep K. , Verma Rahul
Published: September 2018

The standard narrative of what defines an ideological conflict for electoral politics is not applicable to multiethnic countries like India. We develop two alternative ideological scales, the politics of statism and the politics of recognition, which we argue frame the Indian party system. Debates around class conflict, and about divisions between church and state, cities and rural areas, and the center and the periphery, were less central to the formation of the Indian state than were the state’s role in development and its efforts to accommodate marginalized groups. An ideological divide should not merely be the province of a political elite but should also be stable over time—it must be found in partisan differences across decades and there must be a mechanism by which the ideas associated with this divide are transmitted from the elite to the voters.
Ideology, Identity, and the 2014 National Elections
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep K. , Verma Rahul
Published: September 2018

The 2014 national elections were an ideological showdown between the main political parties with distinctly different visions offered to Indian voters. The BJP advocated a de-emphasis on statism and recognition whereas the Congress and many regional parties favored the status quo. Voter surveys of the 2014 election provide clear evidence of this ideological divide both among party members and voters of particular parties. The divide was furthered by Narendra Modi, the chief campaigner for the BJP, whose personal appeal was important to the electoral success of the BJP. Consistent with theoretical expectations ideologically motivated voters were more likely to participate in political activity around election time. They are also able to distinguish between the ideological vision offered by the various parties and coalitions.
Transformational Leaders and Ideological Shifts
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep K. , Verma Rahul
Published: September 2018

The role of leadership in Indian politics is not well understood. Often Indian politicians, in line with the thesis that India is a patronage democracy, are presented as transactional leaders who win votes and elections by promising voters private or club goods. Transactional leaders are important to help citizens navigate an opaque state and deeply hierarchical bureaucracy, but their ability to mobilize votes on the national canvas is overstated as is their impact on the party system. We show that leaders who succeed in projecting themselves as transformational politicians who offer clear and distinct ideological visions with respect to the politics of statism and the politics of recognition, have been responsible for the large shifts in India’s party system. Transformational leaders are important because they can hold the party organization, make cross-cutting coalitions, energize vote mobilizers and increase turnout for the party.
Transmitting Ideology
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep K. , Verma Rahul
Published: September 2018

Ideology is transmitted to citizens through multiple pathways, each of which provide heuristic cues to ordinary voters. Citizens form their political views through the efforts of political parties and the political elite; their socialization, especially the kind of education they receive; the media; and through their activities in the social organization including religious associations. In India, those who are more religiously active, get their news from local and vernacular media, and do not speak English language are less likely to support either an active role for the state in transforming social norms or making special provision for some groups. Indians who are members of civil society, consume English-language media, and speak English are more likely to favor statism and recognition.
Introduction
Authors: Pioske Daniel
Published: September 2018

The intent of this introduction is to signpost how the various studies of this book unfold. The thread that binds the chapters that follow consists of two questions: what did the biblical scribes know about the past referred to in their narratives? And how did they come to know it? This work responds to these questions by triangulating biblical references with a wider constellation of archaeological evidence unearthed from the era in which the biblical stories are set, thus enabling us to examine the relationship between the past attested by these archaeological remains and that past represented within the biblical writings. What comes to light through this manner of investigation, this study argues, are meaningful details concerning the past knowledge made available to Hebrew scribes through information handed down to them, including insights into the underlying frameworks and modes of knowing that would have made narrating a past in prose writing possible.
Hebrew Prose and Stories of an Early Iron Age Past
Authors: Pioske Daniel
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 examines two crucial theoretical questions for the study that follows: when did the writing of Hebrew prose emerge in the ancient world, and what type of knowledge informed the creation of prose texts that recounted past occurrences? This chapter begins by addressing the historical question of when? by drawing on recent epigraphic evidence from the Iron Age period and connecting this evidence to considerations surrounding the rise of vernacular writing and its interface with older, oral forms of discourse. After establishing a rough terminus post quem for the emergence of written Hebrew prose, this chapter then transitions into a study of the type of knowledge that would have been available to those scribes who created these prose writings. Drawing on the insights of Foucault, this chapter concludes by drawing attention to what is termed an episteme of memory that informed biblical storytelling.
A Past No Longer Remembered
Authors: Pioske Daniel
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 examines the phenomenon of absence in the Hebrew Bible, or why certain early Iron Age locations do not appear in the stories told about this time period in the biblical writings. This study focuses on six locations from the early Iron Age that were of substantial significance during this era, but which are nevertheless not referred to in the Hebrew Bible. After surveying the archaeological evidence from these sites, it is maintained that the absence of these places from the biblical narrative was likely the outcome of Hebrew scribes not having access to information about these settlements, rather than an intentional act of suppressing what knowledge they had. This manner of forgetting was occasioned, it is argued here, because these particular locations had lost their cultural and political significance by the time in which past memories were being textualized by Hebrew scribes into stories of narrative prose.
Divine Words, Female Voices
Authors: Lamptey Jerusha Tanner
Published: September 2018

Interreligious feminist engagement is a legitimate and vital resource for Muslim women scholars seeking to articulate egalitarian interpretations of Islamic traditions and practices. Acknowledging very real challenges within interreligious feminist engagement, Divine Words, Female Voices: Muslima Explorations in Comparative Feminist Theology uses the method of comparative feminist theology to skillfully navigate these challenges, avoid impositions of absolute similarity, and propose new, constructive insights in Muslima theology. Divine Words, Female Voices reorients the comparative theological conversation around the two “Divine Words,” around the Qur’an and Jesus Christ, rather than Prophet Muhammad and Jesus Christ, or the Qur’an and the Bible. Building on this analogical foundation, it engages diverse Muslim and Christian feminist, womanist, and mujerista voices on a variety of central theological themes. Divine Words, Female Voices explores intersections, discontinuities, and resultant insights that arise in relation to divine revelation; textual hermeneutics of the hadith and Bible; Prophet Muhammad and Mary as feminist exemplars; theological anthropology and freedom; and ritual prayer, tradition, and change.
Enacting Equality
Authors: Lamptey Jerusha Tanner
Published: September 2018

This final chapter contextualizes woman-led prayer within broader discussions of authority, tradition, and change. It first analyzes Islamic feminist discourse on woman-led prayer, female leadership, and androcentric ritual norms, emphasizing theological and social assumptions. It then engages with Christian feminist approaches from Delores S. Williams, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Traci C. West that grapple with notions of community, male imagery of God, tradition, and ritual. The chapter concludes with Muslima theology and argues for the necessity of embodied egalitarian ritual, a dynamic view of tradition, and reassertion of the transformative space between ideal and real community (umma).
Conclusion
Authors: Hintz Lisel
Published: September 2018

The final chapter encapsulates the usefulness of the inside-out approach developed in the book for future research. It outlines how the book fills a gap in existing scholarship by analytically linking the “inside-out” spillover of national identity debates into foreign policy with the changes in the contours of these debates produced by their contestation in this alternative arena. The chapter also suggests insights into the recent backlashes arising against the AKP’s identity project, with a focus on the 2013 Gezi protests and the Kurdish issue. In doing so, it considers the domestic and foreign policy ramifications of a possible hybrid identity proposal arising out of mutual contestation against Ottoman Islamism, as well as the red lines that might obstruct any such collaboration.
Instances of Radicalization, Extremism, and Terrorism
Authors: Van Den Bos Kees
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 discusses relevant instances of Muslim, right-wing, and left-wing radicalization, extremism, and terrorism, particularly as they pertain to people’s perceptions that things are not fair. The chapter also introduces how people’s feelings of threatening personal uncertainty and rigidity of people’s thoughts are known to impact instances of radicalization, extremism, and terrorism. The chapter argues that when we really want to be able to prevent and counter violent extremism and terrorism, we should systematically analyze how radicalizing persons interpret the world. We also should respect the observation that people value the experience of fairness so much because they want to be taken seriously as full-fledged members of society whose views are genuinely valued. Importantly, taking people seriously implies that we should point people not only to their rights but also to their responsibilities and their duties, which go together with being a mature grown-up and full-fledged citizen of society.
Uncertainty and Other Threats
Authors: Van Den Bos Kees
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 proposes that when the experience of unfairness is coupled with uncertainty and other threatening information, this is likely to exacerbate the radicalization process. The chapter introduces the concept of uncertainty and reviews evidence that suggests that under conditions of uncertainty, people are more in need of reassurance that their views on how the world works are valid and that their culture is viewed positively. The chapter distinguishes between people being uncertain about themselves (personal uncertainty or insecurity) and people not having enough relevant information available (informational uncertainty). Personal uncertainty is an alarming experience with strong affective and emotional reactions and can be linked to the human alarm system, a basic system that people use to make sense of their worlds and that this book relates to processes of radicalization (see Figure 5.1). Being uncertain about whether one can trust important authorities in delayed-return cultures also plays an important role.
Rigidity of Thoughts
Authors: Van Den Bos Kees
Published: September 2018

Rigidity of thoughts or “cognitive rigidity” is an important component of how radical people reason, perhaps even more so than is commonly realized. Black-and-white thinking or rigidity of human thoughts manifests itself in different ways. Chapter 7 examines how people can be tempted to become rigid in their solving of various non-social tasks, how social rigidity can play up in people’s personal beliefs and their need for social structure, how rigidity is related to people’s need to shield themselves from unwanted thoughts and their need to know and understand things, sometimes culminating in illusions of, and how all this can culminate in rigid radicalization. The chapter also discusses how radical thinking may lead to radical doing.
Implicit Jury Bias
Authors: Roberts Anna
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to consider whether educational methods are—or could be—an effective way of tackling the implicit jury biases that threaten the fairness of trials. First, the chapter introduces the key ingredients of implicit bias, focusing particularly on their consequences for juries. It then reviews the efforts that have been made to use educational interventions to address implicit jury bias, as well as others that have been proposed. These existing and proposed interventions include jury orientation, jury instructions, expert testimony, individuation, and race salience. The chapter concludes by reviewing some of the primary obstacles to these kinds of efforts.
The Fate of Nations Is the Work of Genius
Authors: McMahon Darrin M.
Published: September 2018

The French Revolution is often thought of as a crucible of modern mass politics, an event that led to the emergence of the people as an agent and actor of social change. Less often remarked, however, is the fact that the Revolution also witnessed the crystallization of a very different narrative and myth—that the single individual of genius and power, “the great man,” was the true motor of history. Although dismissed today as simplistic and naïve, the “great man theory of history” enjoyed widespread currency in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, feeding an ideology that depicted the historical process, as Thomas Carlyle famously remarked, as the “biography of great men.” This ideology, too, is a feature of modern political culture, the strange offspring of a Revolution intended to substitute the rule of the many for the rule of the few.
Equal Citizenship and Public Reason
Authors: Hartley Christie , Watson Lori
Published: September 2018

This book is a defense of political liberalism as a feminist liberalism. The first half of the book develops and defends a novel interpretation of political liberalism. It is argued that political liberals should accept a restrictive account of public reason and that political liberals’ account of public justification is superior to the leading alternative, the convergence account of public justification. In the second half of the book, it is argued that political liberalism’s core commitments restrict all reasonable conceptions of justice to those that secure genuine, substantive equality for women and other marginalized groups. Here it is demonstrated how public reason arguments can be used to support law and policy needed to address historical sites of women’s subordination to advance equality; prostitution, the gendered division of labor and marriage, in particular, are considered.
Social Norms, Choice, and Work
Authors: Hartley Christie
Published: September 2018

In modern liberal democracies, the gendered division of labor is partially the result of men and women making different choices about work and family life, even if such choices stem from social norms about gender. The choices that women make relative to men’s disadvantage them in various ways: such choices lead them to earn less, enjoy less power and prestige in the labor market, be less able to participate in the political sphere on an equal basis, make them to some degree financially dependent on others, and leave them at a bargaining disadvantage and vulnerable in certain personal relationships. This chapter considers if and when the state should intervene to address women’s disadvantage and inequalities that are the result of gender specialization. It is argued that political liberals can and sometimes must intervene in the gendered division of labor when persons’ interests as free and equal citizens are frustrated.
Conclusion
Authors: Hartley Christie
Published: September 2018

The conclusion stresses that the argument for the view that political liberalism is a feminist liberalism depends on claims made about the substantive content of free and equal citizenship and how this conception of citizenship limits and shapes what kinds of state action can be justified to others. Some may charge that the position defended in the book is actually a comprehensive liberalism, not a political liberalism. This objection is addressed in the conclusion as well as the inability of political liberalism to address certain egalitarian commitments that may be part of some feminist comprehensive doctrines. It is argued that our view does not amount to a partially comprehensive liberalism, as the view rests on political values that are part of the idea of constitutional democracy and the demands of citizenship within such societies.
Coda
Authors: Szczepaniak-Gillece Jocelyn
Published: September 2018

This coda briefly describes the end of Schlanger’s life and the loss of his personal archives. It then points to later examples of neutralization’s impact in screen technologies such as IMAX of the early 1980s. Finally, it argues that neutralization helped shape not only the movie theater at mid-century, but an entire dimension of twenty-first-century spectatorship that insists on a disappearing space to privilege a screen. The coda gestures toward the abiding relevance of Schlanger’s theatrical ideals and the aporia of the optical vacuum they present: at once an every space, everywhere, and a no space, nowhere. To make a house for this still confusing and new thing of the cinema meant also imagining its eventual demise.
Nature Behind Barbed Wire
Authors: Chiang Connie Y.
Published: September 2018

The mass imprisonment of over 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry during World War II was one of the most egregious violations of civil liberties in US history. Removed from their homes on the temperate Pacific Coast, Japanese Americans spent the war years in ten desolate camps in the nation’s interior. Although scholars and commentators acknowledge the harsh environmental conditions of these camps, they have turned their attention to the social, political, or legal dimensions of this story. Nature Behind Barbed Wire shifts the focus to the natural world and explores how it shaped the experiences of Japanese Americans and federal officials who worked for the War Relocation Authority (WRA), the civilian agency that administered the camps. The complexities of the natural world both enhanced and constrained the WRA’s power and provided Japanese Americans with opportunities to redefine the terms and conditions of their confinement. Even as the environment compounded their feelings of despair and outrage, they also learned that their willingness (or lack thereof) to transform and adapt to the natural world could help them endure and even contest their incarceration. Ultimately, this book demonstrates that the Japanese American incarceration was fundamentally an environmental story. Japanese Americans and WRA officials negotiated the terms of confinement with each other and with a dynamic natural world.
Introduction
Authors: Chiang Connie Y.
Published: September 2018

While many scholars and commentators have written about the Japanese American incarceration, few have adopted an explicit environmental focus. The introduction explains why using an environmental lens is important to understanding this notorious episode in US history. Environmental history examines how the environment influenced humans and how humans interacted with and transformed the natural world. Nature Behind Barbed Wire applies this approach and demonstrates that the Japanese American incarceration was an environmental process that was connected to the lands and waters of the Pacific Coast and the camps in the inland American West. The introduction also suggests that the incarceration was part of a longer history of Japanese American exclusion and discrimination.
Outdoor Recreation
Authors: Chiang Connie Y.
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on outdoor recreation and how Japanese Americans’ engagement with nature through leisure helped to strengthen their resolve and contribute to a sense of freedom. While they initially decried the barren environment of the camps and their surroundings, they soon transformed and forged intimate ties to the camp lands and waters. In the process, they beautified their surroundings, experienced renewal, or simply passed the time. Recognizing the value of outdoor recreation, WRA officials often supported these activities. However, they sometimes met with resistance as detainees moved beyond camp boundaries and used finite resources. Topics include hiking, fishing, swimming, camping, and ornamental gardening.
Dispersal, Resettlement, Return
Authors: Chiang Connie Y.
Published: September 2018

It would be easy to conclude with the end of the war, the closing of the camps, and the departure of the last detainees. However, the environmental history of the incarceration extended into the postwar years. This chapter explores the postwar experiences of Japanese American farmers as they left the camps toward the end of the war. Some started anew in the inland West and cultivated land there, while other tried to pick up their lives back on the Pacific Coast. In both cases, they encountered numerous environmental challenges, from unfamiliar growing conditions to neglected, overgrown land. They also confronted hostile or suspicious neighbors and land and housing shortages. Postwar resettlement was yet another environmental process to which Japanese Americans had to adapt.
The Argument from Collections
Authors: Menzel Christopher
Published: September 2018

Very broadly, an argument from collections is an argument that purports to show that our beliefs about sets imply—in some sense—the existence of God. Plantinga (2007) first sketched such an argument in “Two Dozen” and filled it out somewhat in his 2011 monograph Where the Conflict Really Lies: Religion, Science, and Naturalism. This chapter reconstructs what strikes the author as the most plausible version of Plantinga’s argument. While it is a good argument in at least a fairly weak sense, it doesn’t initially appear to have any explanatory advantages over a non-theistic understanding of sets—what the author calls set theoretic realism. However, the author goes on to argue that the theist can avoid an important dilemma faced by the realist and, hence, that Plantinga’s argument from collections has explanatory advantages that realism does not have.
The Argument from Counterfactuals
Authors: Pruss Alexander R.
Published: September 2018

It seems that counterfactuals and many other statements are subject to semantic underdetermination. Classical logic pushes one to an epistemicist account of this underdetermination, but epistemicism seems implausible. However epistemicism can be made plausible when conjoined with a divine institution account of meaning. This gives us some reason to accept that divine institution account, and hence some reason to think that God exists. This chapter evaluates the arguments for epistemicism and divine institution, including objections, and incorporates Plantinga’s consideration of counterfactuals when it comes to theism. In particular, an analogy is drawn with divine command and natural law theories in ethics.
The Ontological Argument
Authors: Burns Elizabeth D.
Published: September 2018

William Rowe claims that Anselm’s ontological argument, as restated by Alvin Plantinga, begs the question because, in order to know the truth of the key premise—“It is possible that God exists in reality”—we must know, independently of the argument, that God exists in reality. This chapter argues that Rowe focuses on Plantinga’s restatement of Anselm’s argument at the expense of Plantinga’s own version of the argument, and that Plantinga anticipates and addresses Rowe’s objection. Although Plantinga concedes that a rational person could reject his argument’s central premise, it might be possible to build on Plantinga’s argument by adding a further step derived from Iris Murdoch, which shows that the existence of God is not only possible but necessary, and therefore actual. This reconstruction is not an ontological argument in its purest form, but a fusion of elements from ontological, moral, and cosmological arguments for the existence of God.
Justice, Acknowledgment, and Collective Memory
Authors: Valls Andrew
Published: September 2018

In regime transitions, a number of mechanisms are utilized to memorialize the past and to reject the ideas associated with human rights abused of the prior regime. This is often done through truth commissions, apologies, memorials, museums, changes in place names, national holidays, and other symbolic measures. In the United States, some efforts along these lines have been undertaken, but on the whole they have been very limited and inadequate. In addition, many symbols and memorials associated with the past, such as Confederate monuments and the Confederate Battle Flag, continue to be displayed. Hence while some progress has been made on these issues, much more needs to be done.
Common Schools and Black Schools
Authors: Valls Andrew
Published: September 2018

Integration of public schools has been thought of as a primary means to achieve racial equality, yet the Supreme Court has made it more difficult to use race to achieve integration. The Court is wrong to do so, but scholars who place too much faith in integration are also mistaken. While integration of schools is one viable means to achieve equality of educational opportunity, it also often involves serious costs for African Americans. At the same time, predominantly black schools offer benefits that are too often ignored. Any approach to racial justice in schooling must keep these costs and benefits in mind, and a flexible and pragmatic approach is better than one that relies heavily on integration.
Prologue
Authors: Phillips Jason
Published: September 2018

This introduction explains that looming, a nineteenth-century term for a superior mirage, shows us how visions of the future war affected antebellum America. First, some spark, an event or object, captured people’s attention. Second, a unique atmosphere elevated and enlarged that spark, making it loom greater than reality. Before the Civil War was fought or remembered, it was imagined by thousands of Americans who peered at the horizon through an apocalyptic atmosphere. Third, observers focused on it and reported what appeared to be beyond the horizon. Popular forecasts rose from leaders but also women, slaves, immigrants, and common soldiers. These imaginings shaped politics, military planning, and the economy. The prologue identifies the two prevailing temporalities of antebellum America, anticipations and expectations, and calls for more historical attention to the diverse temporalities of past people.
Rumors
Authors: Phillips Jason
Published: September 2018

Focusing on the Harpers Ferry raid, this chapter explains how rumors of abolitionist conspiracies and slave revolts intensified sectional divisions during the 1860 election campaign. John Brown haunted the South after his execution. Stories spread about Brown appearing in southern towns years earlier and preparing future slave revolts across the South. Dark rumors and commentaries spread among political leaders, but also among southern yeomen, women, and African Americans, an unsettling social development for southern harmony and order. Talk of bloodshed and secret societies pervaded the election campaign as Wide Awakes in the North and Minute Men in the South used military garb and rhetoric to project the future war.
Epilogue
Authors: Phillips Jason
Published: September 2018

This conclusion explains how American temporalities changed after the war and sketches how expectations and anticipations of the future have alternated as the dominant view in American culture through the twentieth century to today. This chapter also shows how the short war myth, the story that Civil War Americans expected a short, glorious war at the outset, gained currency with the public and consensus among scholars during the postwar period. It contrasts the wartime expectations of individuals with their postwar memories of the war’s beginning to show how the short war myth worked as a tool for sectional reconciliation and a narrative device that dramatized the war by creating an innocent antebellum era or golden age before the cataclysm. It considers why historians still accept the myth and showcases three postwar voices that challenged it.
Summer
Authors: Bomberger E. Douglas
Published: September 2018

Before air conditioning became the norm, concerts in the summer months were seldom given indoors. Muck, Samaroff, and other classical musicians vacationed in Seal Harbor, Maine, a small town that attracted a disproportionate number of musical vacationers. Their activities were closely observed by the newly established Military Intelligence Section. The Fifteenth Regiment Band continued to hone its skills during training stints at Camp Whitman and Camp Dix as the army brass debated what to do with black recruits in a segregated army. The summer of 1917 saw a flurry of new jazz records as well as numerous articles purporting to explain the popular phenomenon.
Afterword
Authors: Bomberger E. Douglas
Published: September 2018

Examining the aftermath of 1917, this section traces the impact of the year’s events on future US musical directions. Recording technology advances made the spread of jazz possible, led to heightened fidelity of sound reproduction in classical music, and eventually altered the entire culture of live performance. Classical music did not disappear, but the advent of jazz presaged the coming dominance of popular music. World War I’s aftermath spawned a culture war between rural and urban Americans, and gains made by African American servicemen encountered a backlash of racial violence and discrimination in the 1920s. The negative stereotypes of the war years hastened German American assimilation. World War II saw different cultural and musical responses, and American classical composers benefited from World War II patriotism in ways their predecessors had not. Finally, the ability of “The Star-Spangled Banner” to unite and divide Americans is an ongoing legacy of World War I.
1989: Conclusion and Epilogue
Authors: Patton Raymond A.
Published: September 2018

The conclusion condenses the book’s argument that punk developed through networks that crossed all three worlds through intertwined phenomena of immigration, postmodernism, and globalization; that punks and societies’ reactions to it defied and subverted the fundamental assumptions and categories of the Cold War era; and that punk provoked a realignment away from sociopolitical, ideological categories and toward a new framework emphasizing identities as conservatives and progressives. It briefly examines the post-1989 punk scenes of the East and West; many punks felt as dissatisfied with the global neoliberal order as they were with the Cold War world and often joined the new antiglobalization movements of the East and West. It concludes with the example of Pussy Riot in Russia, which shows that punk retained its power to consolidate forces of reaction (Putin, the Orthodox Church, and conservative public opinion) and cultural progressives alike long after the end of the Cold War.
China's Digital Nationalism
Authors: Schneider Florian
Published: September 2018

China’s Digital Nationalism explores online networks and their nationalist discourses in digital China. It asks what happens to national community sentiments when they go digital. Nationalism, in China as much as elsewhere, is today shared through digital information and communication technologies. It is adopted, filtered, transformed, enhanced, and accelerated through digital networks, and it interacts in complicated ways with nationalism ‘on the ground’. Understanding these processes is crucial if we hope to make sense of the social and political complexities that shape the twenty-first century. In China’s Digital Nationalism, Florian Schneider analyses digital China first-hand, by empirically examining what search engines, online encyclopaedias, websites, hyperlink networks, and social media accounts can tell us about the way that different actors construct and manage a crucial topic in contemporary Chinese politics: the protracted historical relationship with neighbouring Japan. Using two cases, the infamous Nanjing Massacre of 1937 and the ongoing disputes over islands in the East China Sea, Schneider shows how various stake-holders in China construct networks and deploy power to shape nationalist discourses for their own ends. These dynamics in an emerging great power, this book argues, provide crucial lessons on how nation states adapt to the shifting terrain of the digital age.
Introduction
Authors: Schneider Florian
Published: September 2018

This chapter establishes the relevance of nationalism in the digital age, and it discusses the importance of contemporary China in this regard, not merely as a simple case, but as a vast laboratory for social, cultural, and political change. The chapter introduces the ambiguities and contradictions that characterize digital politics in China today, and it outlines the themes that shape scholarly debates about digital China. This prominently includes discussions about the potential of digital technologies like the internet to empower Chinese citizens against the state and the ruling Chinese Communist Party. The introduction questions such interpretations of digital technologies as inherently democratizing. Instead, it makes the case that digital politics should not be viewed as simple struggles between state and society, but rather as complex negotiations, collaborations, and persuasions that benefit various stake-holders. Nationalist discourses in digital China, and particularly Chinese online representations of Japan, are a case in point.
Filtering Digital China
Authors: Schneider Florian
Published: September 2018

The third chapter of China’s Digital Nationalism discusses a common access route into digital networks: the search engine. The chapter first presents scholarship on web queries and their social relevance, including state-of-the-field research on the world’s most ubiquitous search engine, Google, but also on China’s search engines. It then takes a tour through China’s search engine environment, experimenting with various platforms to see what happens when users search for Sino-Japanese issues. As this chapter shows, China’s search engines reproduce many of the biases that scholars have identified for other search engines, but they also generate additional biases through the commercial imperatives under which they labour. The chapter concludes that this outcome is owed to a ‘digital bias’ that is produced when algorithms draw from material, social, as well as subjective factors to generate effective search results for users, which in China actively contributes to the construction of the Chinese nation.
The Mediated Massacre
Authors: Schneider Florian
Published: September 2018

This chapter turns to the Nanjing Massacre on China’s web and discusses how digital resources allow national communities to collectively ‘remember’ their past. The analysis of these processes starts with the online encyclopaedias that China’s major search companies maintain online. How do these information repositories present knowledge on the Nanjing Massacre? Next, the chapter discusses the discourses that websites on this issue construct and the digital features that such websites deploy. As this chapter shows, the Nanjing Massacre discourse draws mostly from authoritative, vetted sources in a static way that offers very little space for discussion and that treats this episode of modern history as a shrine rather than a forum. This outcome offers an intriguing glimpse into how China’s web works on established, political issues, and how it is today essentially an info-web: a traditional mass-communication space in which established stake-holders shape nationalist discourse for their own purposes.
The Cultural Governance of Digital China
Authors: Schneider Florian
Published: September 2018

Chapter 8 examines information and communication governance in the People’s Republic of China, a topic that is closely linked to broader debates about Chinese politics in the twenty-first century. The chapter reviews discussions about authoritarian politics, arguing that ongoing debates about authoritarianism underemphasize important aspects of Chinese politics and ultimately obscure how communication governance and political legitimacy work in general. This is in part because discussions about authoritarianism potentially draw attention away from the degree of participation and collaboration that takes place in Chinese politics. It is in part because such a focus creates unwarranted boundaries between authoritarian China and an ostensibly democratic ‘West’. Such boundaries fail to acknowledge how politics around the world are increasingly intertwined with information management and control, and how the Chinese case is not as peculiar as it is often made out to be.
Libertarian Paternalism, Manipulation, and the Shaping of Preferences
Authors: Hanna Jason
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers libertarian paternalism, or “nudging,” as championed by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein. It focuses especially on the objection that such intervention is wrongly manipulative. The chapter begins by arguing that the charge of manipulation is most likely to be made against preference-shaping paternalism, which aims to influence behavior by operating on a person’s desires from the inside. It then argues that manipulation typically involves one person’s affecting another person’s deliberation for the worse: the victim of manipulation is typically led to act on bad reasons or ignore or downplay relevant considerations. This rough account of manipulation, it is argued, vindicates most of the preference-shaping strategies favored by Thaler and Sunstein. The chapter concludes by examining more problematic means of influence, such as subliminal messaging, and argues that they do not pose any distinctive threat to a pro-paternalist view.
Two-Times-Three Dead Mother Texts
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

Against the backdrop of three of Freud’s rare texts that address the topic of dead mothers, chapter 3 treats in counterpoint three dead mother texts from the Mahābhārata. All three feature Kuntī, but she is the only one alive among a line of really dead or divine past mothers in the Pāṇḍava lineage. It introduces other women, including the fish-born Satyavatī and the goddess Gaṅgā. The most important dead mother text is the third, in an episode during the Pāṇḍavas’ year in concealment. Arjuna directs Nakula to hide their weapons in a śamī tree, then they spread the rumor of having put the stinky corpse of their 180-year-old mother in the tree to hide the weapons and repel others. The chapter considers which mother is meant by this and discusses it as an example of Vedic ritual humor, as well as what Freud describes as “uncanny.”
Introduction
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the work’s methodology and evidence. Earlier approaches to Rome’s architecture and topography are discussed, as are recent developments in the wider study of the Roman economy. The chapter emphasizes the importance of structures of labor in characterizing Rome’s urban economy, and then reviews archaeological and textual evidence as it pertains to Mid-Republican construction. Discussion closes with a short overview of the book.
Rome from the Sack of Veii to the Gallic Sack
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: September 2018

Romans held that the Republican city was built almost instantly following the earlier city’s catastrophic destruction by Gauls in 390 BCE. Furthermore, the huge costs of rebuilding were held to cause socioeconomic frictions, effacing any gains made by Rome’s conquest of Veii in 396. While Rome’s economy appears stagnant and limited through the mid-fourth century, the reality of the Gauls’ total destruction of Rome is unacceptable, even accounting for an up-to-date view of the archaeology. Thus, it becomes necessary to find another explanation for Rome’s failure to follow up on the conquest of Veii. Looking closely at economic structures at the time, the chapter suggests that Rome faced an increasingly thin labor supply after expanding production into Veii’s territory. Labor became a real point of economic tension, but not because of the supposed labor-costs of rebuilding Rome from the ground up after the Gallic sack.
The Nobilitas and Economic Innovation
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: September 2018

The period around 300 BCE was one of dramatic change in the structure of the Republican economy. This chapter details the chronological convergence of three developments relevant to Rome’s production of large-scale infrastructure: the appearance of coinage, the expansion of public contracting, and attachment of the censor to the maintenance and construction of the city’s buildings. Together, these trends allowed speak to a broad shift in the logic of Rome’s urban economy towards more market-based ways of organizing major productive activity. To explain this change, I focus on the rising attachment of some Roman elites in this period to more liquid wealth gained from trade and market production. This period has drawn significant interest for the emergence of a new ruling order, the patricio-plebeian nobilitas, and economic change is interpreted within this dynamic political context.
Technological Change in Roman Stonemasonry before Concrete
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: September 2018

The neglected topic of Mid-Republican building technology prior to the advent of concrete in the mid-second century is treated here. A close reading of Vitruvius’ De Architectura in combination with study of archaeological remains helps document two major technological changes: the strategic blending of building stones according to each stone’s physical properties, and the proliferation of lifting machines to raise heavy loads at building sites. Such developments depended upon close knowledge of building stones imported from Central Italy to Rome, and there are reasons to think that knowledge traveled with masons themselves. Thus, technological change speaks to labor migration, and relates similar shifts in the urban labor supply during the third and early-second century as those described by the previous chapter.
Genesis Remix
Authors: Hicks-Keeton Jill
Published: September 2018

The divine title “(the) living God” in Joseph and Aseneth is used in conjunction with the narrative’s other language and imagery of “life” and “living” to construct a totalizing paradigm of life-versus-death that initially excludes Aseneth but ultimately, because of her shift in cultic loyalty and subsequent transformation by God, embraces her. Chapter 2 presents manuscript evidence in order to show that each of the earliest families of witnesses to Joseph and Aseneth employs creation language and imagery from Genesis 1–2 LXX to represent Aseneth’s transformation as a re-creation by the life-giving, creator God. Aseneth’s story draws on the inaugural Genesis creation narratives as it constructs an ideology of Israel’s “living God” which allows for, and even hopes for, gentile inclusion in the people of this God.
Spoken Language and Language Impairment in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: Sahlén Birgitta , Hansson Kristina , Lyberg-Åhlander Viveka , Brännström Jonas
Published: September 2018

Despite medical, technical, and pedagogical advances, the risk for language impairment is still much higher in deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children than in hearing peers. Research on linguistic, cognitive, and communicative development in DHH children has found a range of basic spoken language deficits. Twenty percent to 50% of deaf children still meet criteria for language impairment. Tests of nonword repetition and verb inflection are markers that improve early identification of children at risk for persistent language problems. DHH children are typically mainstreamed today, and poor listening conditions in the classroom severely jeopardize learning in children with weak perceptual and cognitive skills. In this chapter we report on our own and others’ studies exploring the interaction of factors, both external and internal to the child, that influence spoken language and communication. The focus is on intervention projects aiming to improve language learning environments through teacher education.
Reading Development in Deaf Children
Authors: Kyle Fiona E.
Published: September 2018

Reading is a complex and multifaceted skill, the development of which is the cornerstone of education. Many deaf children show delays in reading achievement compared to their hearing peers. Despite recent advances in technology that might be expected to support deaf children’s literacy development, overall reading levels do not appear to have made commensurate improvement. This chapter explores this issue by examining studies that try to account for the huge individual differences observed in deaf children and adolescents’ reading skills. The roles of vocabulary and phonological skills in reading ability are discussed with reference to theoretical models of reading development. Implications for teachers and practitioners are explored.
Between Gold and Bronze
Authors: Van Raalte Theodore G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter contrasts the perspective of Antoine de Chandieu’s contemporaries regarding his importance with the perspective of scholarship since that time. Whereas at Theodore Beza’s death, poets represented Chandieu with silver, John Calvin with gold, and Beza with bronze, since then Chandieu has been forgotten. Yet Chandieu wrote six “theological and scholastic” treatises in the 1580s that were highly influential in Reformed theology and were responded to by opponents repeatedly. His Opera Theologica went through five editions after his death. He was also highly instrumental in the formation of the French Reformed Churches as a federation with a unique church order, one later copied by many other Reformed churches. Besides, as a French baron, he played a noteworthy role in the politics of France. The argument, plan, and outline of the book are found at the close of this chapter.
Theology as a Science That Benefits from a Scholastic Method
Authors: Van Raalte Theodore G.
Published: September 2018

Chandieu considered theology to be a “science” in the classical sense of the term, much like Thomas Aquinas. In this chapter Chandieu’s important introduction to his programmatic treatise of 1580 is subjected to careful scrutiny. Its importance is underlined by the fact that he expanded it before his death for inclusion in his Opera Theologica. Here he roots his reasons for using scholastic method in the needs of pedagogy, the nature of Scripture as truth, and the importance of the certainty of faith for the believer. He carefully distinguishes Scripture as that which provides the foundation and content for one’s theological positions, while philosophy (logic) provides the instrument or tool by which one moves from the foundation to further necessary conclusions. He also distinguishes the senses in which he approves and disapproves of the medieval schoolmen.