bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Chancen nutzen
Authors: Fritz Rüdiger , Ohliger Rainer
Published: September 2019

Die Debatte über die Aufnahme von Asylsuchenden in Deutschland ist zuletzt ein wenig ruhiger geworden. Die Frage, wie die Integration der Menschen, die in Deutschland bleiben werden, besser gestaltet werden kann, ist dagegen weiterhin hoch aktuell. Dabei geht es auch darum, wo Integration besser gelingen kann: In den vielfältigen Metropolen oder in Kreisen mit günstigen Mieten und Wohnungsleerstand. Über ein entsprechendes Modellprojekt berichten Rüdiger Fritz (Foto rechts) vom Deutschen Roten Kreuz und Rainer Ohliger (Foto links) von der Robert Bosch Stiftung.
In the News
Authors: Free David
Published: September 2019

Welcome to the September 2019 issue of C&RL News. In this month’s Scholarly Communcation column, Yasmeen Shorish and Nathan Hall give an overview of the process that went into “Creating the ACRL research agenda for scholarly communication.” Among other topics, the agenda looks at the scholarly communciation system through the lens of equity, diversity, and inclusion.
Capitalizing on short-term collaborative projects: A special collections case study
Authors: Passehl-Stoddart Erin , Velte Ashlyn
Published: September 2019

After the University of Idaho (UI) Library Special Collections and Archives (SPEC) received an unexpected bequest of approximately 340 boxes of science fiction books and manuscript materials, faculty and staff had to think creatively about how to appraise, clean, preserve, and provide basic access to the collection within a short time frame.Embracing the idea that short-term collaborative projects require less formality, which makes them “low-hanging fruit” and more likely to succeed than long-term collaborative projects, SPEC implemented successful strategies such as cross-training library student employees from other units, applying for use of temporary space on campus, and creative use of available technology. Short-term projects require different approaches and resources than a long-term project. Lessons about flexibility, student learning, and using available technology can be used by other academic libraries facing short-term projects that can at first seem overwhelming.
INTRODUÇÃO À FILOSOFIA EM TEMPOS DE ASCENSÃO FASCISTA: UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA
Authors: Cortes Rafael Da Silva
Published: September 2019

Esse relato de experiência visa expor a metodologia e o referencial teórico das aulas de “Introdução à filosofia”, ministradas em turmas do Ensino Médio do Colégio de Aplicação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo das aulas foi promover a compreensão dos estudantes de que a Filosofia é uma atividade reflexiva autônoma, portanto, antagônica a preconceitos e ao cerceamento do pensamento.
Análise do gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde de uma instituição de ensino superior em odontologia
Authors: Terres Micaela Piccoli , Nazari Mateus Torres , Gonçalves Carolina da Silva , Silva Pamela Lais Cabral , Diesel Tatiana Nunes , Corrêa Érico Kunde , Corrêa Luciara Bilhalva
Published: September 2019

Os resíduos de serviços de saúde (RSS) necessitam de cuidados especiais devido à presença de agentes químicos e biológicos, que são potencialmente prejudiciais à saúde pública e ambiental. Uma das fontes geradoras de RSS são os serviços odontológicos, cujos resíduos causam risco à saúde pública e ocupacional. É de responsabilidade dos estabelecimentos prestadores de serviços de saúde o gerenciamento dos resíduos por eles gerados através de um Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (PGRSS). Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o gerenciamento dos RSS e o PGRSS de uma Faculdade de Odontologia vinculada à uma instituição de ensino superior (IES). Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados foram o estudo documental do PGRSS da unidade; a observação direta na fonte geradora; e a observação participante. Todos os instrumentos seguiram um roteiro de estudos baseado nas recomendações da legislação brasileira. Os resultados encontrados apontam à existência de falhas tanto no processo de elaboração do PGRSS quanto em sua aplicação na prática das atividades diárias realizadas na unidade geradora. Em vista disso recomenda-se que a gestão de RSS seja parte integrante da formação continuada de professores, técnicos e demais funcionários da faculdade, de forma integrada nas atividades de ensino, pesquisa e extensão, de modo que esse tema seja incluído na rotina da comunidade acadêmica, inclusive como parte da formação acadêmica dos futuros profissionais.
Dynamics of activity of energy supply enzymes of rat brain against the background of exposure to stress factors
Authors: Rashidova A. M.
Published: September 2019

Aim. The aim of this work was to give a review of own studies of dynamics of the activity of energy metabolism enzymes in the brain during postnatal ontogenesis which characterizes the functional relations within the analysers, the destruction of their functions and the impact of adverse environmental factors on the body as well. Methods. The methods for the determination of the activity of energy metabolism enzymes in the brain of animals under the impact of adverse environmental factors and dysfunction of the analysers have been used. Results. It has been stated that the enzyme activity is regionally different in the tissues and sub cellular fractions of the brain depending on the animal species and the degree of the intensity of the stress factors, age and sex of the animal, circadian rhythms, season andmoreover, the resulting changes in the enzyme activity in most casesare irreversible. Conclusions. The data allow the dynamics of the activity of the energy supply enzymes to be considered as a determinant of cell reaction in response to exposure to adverse environmental factors and disturbance of sensory impulsation, which results in temporary increasing in the protection of intracellular energy metabolism through the development of an adaptive brain response.Key words: ontogenesis, brain, analysers, enzymes, environmental factors.
Revegetation pattern affecting accumulation of organic carbon and total nitrogen in reclaimed mine soils
Authors: Zhang Ping P , Zhang Yan L , Jia Jun C , Cui Yong X , Wang Xia , Zhang Xing C , Wang Yun Q
Published: September 2019

Selecting optimal revegetation patterns, i.e., patterns that are more effective for soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) accumulation is particularly important for mine land reclamation. However, there have been few evaluations of the effects of different revegetation patterns on the SOC and TN in reclaimed mine soils on the Loess Plateau, China. In this study, the SOC and TN stocks were investigated at reclaimed mine sites (RMSs), including artificially revegetated sites (ARSs) (arbors [Ar], bushes [Bu], arbor-bush mixtures [AB], and grasslands [Gr]) and a natural recovery site (NRS), as well as at undisturbed native sites (UNSs). Overall, the SOC and TN stocks in the RMSs were lower than those in the UNSs over 10–13 years after reclamation. Except for those in Ar, the SOC and TN stocks in the ARSs were significantly larger than those in the NRS. Compared with those in the NRS, the total SOC stocks in the 100 cm soil interval increased by 51.4%, 59.9%, and 109.9% for Bu, AB, and Gr, respectively, and the TN stocks increased by 33.1%, 35.1%, and 57.9%. The SOC stocks in the 0 – 100 cm soil interval decreased in the order of Gr (3.78 kg m –2) > AB (2.88 kg m–2) ≥ Bu (2.72 kg m–2), and the TN stocks exhibited a similar trend. These results suggest that grasslands were more favorable than woodlands for SOC and TN accumulation in this arid area, especially in Ar. Thus, in terms of the accumulation of SOC and TN, grassland planting is recommended as a revegetation pattern for areas with reclaimed mine soils.
On 1-rotational decompositions of complete graphs into tripartite graphs
Authors: Bunge Ryan C.
Published: September 2019

Consider a tripartite graph to be any simple graph that admits a proper vertex coloring in at most 3 colors. Let \(G\) be a tripartite graph with \(n\) edges, one of which is a pendent edge. This paper introduces a labeling on such a graph \(G\) used to achieve 1-rotational \(G\)-decompositions of \(K_{2nt}\) for any positive integer \(t\). It is also shown that if \(G\) with a pendent edge is the result of adding an edge to a path on \(n\) vertices, then \(G\) admits such a labeling.
Deep generative models for T cell receptor protein sequences
Authors: Davidsen Kristian , Olson Branden J , DeWitt William S , Feng Jean , Harkins Elias , Bradley Philip , Matsen Frederick A
Published: September 2019

Probabilistic models of adaptive immune repertoire sequence distributions can be used to infer the expansion of immune cells in response to stimulus, differentiate genetic from environmental factors that determine repertoire sharing, and evaluate the suitability of various target immune sequences for stimulation via vaccination. Classically, these models are defined in terms of a probabilistic V(D)J recombination model which is sometimes combined with a selection model. In this paper we take a different approach, fitting variational autoencoder (VAE) models parameterized by deep neural networks to T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. We show that simple VAE models can perform accurate cohort frequency estimation, learn the rules of VDJ recombination, and generalize well to unseen sequences. Further, we demonstrate that VAE-like models can distinguish between real sequences and sequences generated according to a recombination-selection model, and that many characteristics of VAE-generated sequences are similar to those of real sequences.
Costos médicos directos de las infecciones del tracto urinario por bacilos Gram negativos resistentes a betalactámicos en un hospital de alta complejidad de Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Vargas-Alzate Carlos Andrés , Higuita-Gutiérrez Luis Felipe , Jiménez-Quiceno Judy Natalia
Published: September 2019

Introducción. Las infecciones del tracto urinario son muy frecuentes en el ámbito hospitalario. Debido a la aparición de la resistencia antimicrobiana, la complejidad de los procesos de atención ha aumentado y, con ello, la demanda de recursos.Objetivo. Describir y comparar el exceso de los costos médicos directos de las infecciones del tracto urinario por Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a betalactámicos.Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte en una institución de tercer nivel de Medellín, Colombia, entre octubre del 2014 y septiembre del 2015. Se incluyeron los pacientes con infección urinaria, unos por bacterias sensibles a los antibióticos betalactámicos, y otros por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación y a los antibióticos carbapenémicos. Los costos se analizaron desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud. La información clínico-epidemiológica se obtuvo de las historias clínicas y los costos se calcularon utilizando los manuales tarifarios estándar. El exceso de costos se estimó mediante análisis multivariados.Resultados. Se incluyeron 141 pacientes con infección urinaria: 55 (39 %) por bacterias sensibles a los betalactámicos, 54 (38,3 %) por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas y 32 (22,7 %) por bacterias resistentes a los carbapenémicos. El exceso de costos totales ajustado de los 86 pacientes con infecciones del tracto urinario por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas y a los carbapenémicos, fue de USD$ 193 (IC95% -347 a 734) y USD$ 633 (IC95% -50 a 1.316), respectivamente comparados con el grupo de 55 pacientes por bacterias sensibles a los betalactámicos. Las diferencias se presentaron principalmente en el uso de antibióticos de amplio espectro, como el meropenem, la colistina y la fosfomicina. Conclusión. Los resultados evidenciaron un incremento sustancial de los costos médicos directos de los pacientes con infecciones del tracto urinario por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas o a los carbapenémicos. Esta situación genera especial preocupación en los países endémicos como Colombia, donde la alta frecuencia de infecciones del tracto urinario y de resistencia a los betalactámicos puede causar un mayor impacto económico en el sector de la salud.
La importancia de investigar Mycobacterium bovis en muestras clínicas de procedencia humana
Authors: Martínez Julio César , Llerena Claudia , Valbuena Yanely Angélica
Published: September 2019

Introducción. La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa que continúa siendo un problema mundial de salud pública. Es la principal causa de mortalidad en personas con HIV.Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de Mycobacterium bovis como agente etiológico de tuberculosis humana en muestras de esputo con baciloscopia positiva, mediante la prueba Genotype MTBC™.Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de 88 muestras de esputo remitidas al Grupo de Micobacterias del Instituto Nacional de Salud entre enero y noviembre de 2015. Se hizo el análisis microbiológico convencional y se empleó la prueba molecular de Genotype MTBC™ para diferenciar las especies del complejo M. tuberculosis.Resultados. Sesenta y dos casos (70,5 %) correspondían a pacientes de sexo masculino; los grupos más afectados fueron el de 24 a 34 años, el de residentes en las cabeceras municipales, y el de afiliados al régimen subsidiado. En el 50 % (44) de las muestras con resultados en la prueba de identificación de la especie, se detectó el complejo M. tuberculosis.Conclusiones. La mayor carga de la enfermedad se registró en la población masculina y en edad productiva. La prueba de identificación para especies del complejo, solo demostró la presencia de M. tuberculosis. Sin embargo, con estos datos no es posible descartar M. bovis en humanos con tuberculosis en Colombia. La identificación diferencial de la especie debería implementarse de forma rutinaria en los casos de tuberculosis en los grupos de riesgo y en las zonas donde se conoce la circulación de esta micobacteria en bovinos.
Expanding walls and shrinking beaches: loss of natural coastline in Okinawa Island, Japan
Authors: Masucci Giovanni Diego , Reimer James D.
Published: September 2019

Okinawa is the largest and most populated island of the Ryukyu Archipelago in southern Japan and is renowned for its natural resources and beauty. Similar as to what has been happening in the rest of the country, Okinawa Island has been affected by an increasing amount of development and construction work. The trend has been particularly acute after reversion to Japanese sovereignty in 1972, following 27 years of post-war American administration. A coastline once characterized by extended sandy beaches surrounded by coral reefs now includes tracts delimited by seawalls, revetments, and other human-made hardening structures. Additionally, part of coastal Okinawa Island was obtained by land-filling shallow ocean areas (land reclamation). Nevertheless, the current extension of the artificial coastline, as well as the level of fragmentation of the natural coastline are unclear, due to the lack of both published studies and easily accessible and updated datasets. The aims of this research were to quantify the extension of coastline alterations in Okinawa Island, including the amount of land-filling performed over the last 41 years, and to describe the coastlines that have been altered the most as well as those that are still relatively pristine. The analyses were performed using a reference map of Okinawa Island based on GIS vector data extracted from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) coastline dataset (average node distance for Okinawa Island = 24 m), in addition to satellite and aerial photography from multiple providers. We measured 431.8 km of altered coastline, equal to about 63% of the total length of coastline in Okinawa Island. Habitat fragmentation is also an issue as the remaining natural coastline was broken into 239 distinct tracts (mean length = 1.05 km). Finally, 21.03 km2 of the island’s surface were of land reclaimed over the last 41 years. The west coast has been altered the most, while the east coast is in relatively more natural conditions, particularly the northern part, which has the largest amount of uninterrupted natural coastline. Given the importance of the ecosystem services that coastal and marine ecosystems provide to local populations of subtropical islands, including significant economic income from tourism, conservation of remaining natural coastlines should be given high priority.
Current Status and Future Perspectives of Biofortification in Wheat
Authors: Umar Muhammad , Nawaz Rida , Sher Aalam , Ali Asad , Hussain Raza , Khalid M. Waleed
Published: September 2019

Wheat is the main cereal crop worldwide and about 2 billion people suffer from Zn and Fe deficiency because of their dependence just on cereal crops. Three Billion people are malnourished suffering from mild to severe physical and mental disabilities. Vast genetic diversity of Wheat exists in nature that differs in their mineral compositions. Main deficient micronutrients are Provitamin-A, Zn & Fe which deficiencies cause serious physical and mental abnormalities. Different methods of enhancing mineral contents of plants products have been used, out of which biofortification has proved more promising and economical. Bacterial phytoene synthase gene (crtb) and carotene desaturase gene (crti) has been transferred in wheat that has increased carotenoid content but darker colour has less public acceptance.GPC-B1 gene is found to be associated with increase micronutrients but it lowers the overall yield of the plant. Several new methodologies such as oligo-directed mutagenesis, reverse breeding, RNA directed DNA methylation and genome editing have been used for increasing micronutrient composition and their bioavailability. But the combination of Plant Breeding methods with Molecular Techniques will be more useful for advancement in this field.
Floristic Analysis and Phytosociology in an Area of Caatinga, Brazil
Authors: Vasconcelos Alexandro Dias Martins , Ramos Gabriela Gomes , Oliveira Robson José de , Leite Maria José de Holanda , Henriques Ikallo George Nunes , Ribeiro Naiara Maria de Araújo Rios , Vasconcelos Géssica dos Santos
Published: September 2019

Studies on the composition and structure of vegetation can provide important information for decision-making and the application of forest-management techniques. The aim of this research was to analyse an area of ​​Caatinga using vegetation characterisation and forest inventory in the Rocha Eterna Community, in the district of São João do Piauí, Brazil. Simple Random Sampling was used, installing 17 sampling units of 20 x 20 m. The phytosociological parameters of the horizontal and vertical structure, the floristic diversity of the species and the timber production in the area were evaluated. Fabaceae was the most representative family. The three most representative species in the area were Senna acuruensis (Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T. D. Penn. and Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H') for the area was 1.74 nats.ind-1. The estimated basal area for the area was 8.68 m².ha-1. The estimated actual volume was 36.56 m³.ha-1. Species diversity in the fragment under study was considered low.
Flocculating Properties of a Bioflocculant Purified from Bacillus Subtilis Isolated from the Stream Sediments of Onyearugbulem Market, Akure, Nigeria
Authors: Ekundayo F. O. , Omiyale F. B. , Omomo E. R.
Published: September 2019

Soil samples (sediments of stream, its bank and abattoir soil) were collected from Onyearugbulem market abattoir, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated from the above soil samples by dilution and pour plate methods. Screening for best bioflocculating bacteria was also performed. Effects of metal ions (such as Mg2+, Ca2+ and Al3+), temperature and pH on flocculating activities of the bioflocculant were also determined. Six bacterial isolates producing flocculating substances were isolated and the isolate with the best flocculating property was selected. The identified bioflocculant producing bacteria are Bacillus anthracis, B. subtilis, B. thuringiensis, B. cereus, Streptomyces griseus and S. somaliensis. The best bioflocculant producing bacterium was Bacillus subtilis and the flocculating activity of its bioflocculant was stimulated in the presence of Mg2+, Ca2+and Al3+. This bioflocculant was thermostable and retained more than 80% of its flocculating activity after being heated at 100ºC for 25 minutes. It had the highest flocculating activity of 85% at pH 6 with optimum bioflocculant dosage of 0.8 mL. This study suggests soil samples from Onyearugbulem market abattoir as a potential source of bioflocculant-producing bacteria with good bioflocculating properties.
Structural analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi periplasmic lipoprotein BB0365 involved in Lyme disease infection
Authors: Brangulis Kalvis , Akopjana Inara , Petrovskis Ivars , Kazaks Andris , Jekabsons Atis , Jaudzems Kristaps , Viksna Arturs , Bertins Maris , Tars Kaspars
Published: September 2019

The periplasmic lipoprotein BB0365 of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi is expressed throughout mammalian infection and is essential for all phases of Lyme disease infection; its function, however, remains unknown. In the current study, our structural analysis of BB0365 revealed the same structural fold as that found in the NqrC and RnfG subunits of the NADH:quinone and ferredoxin:NAD+ sodium‐translocating oxidoreductase complexes, which points to a potential role for BB0365 as a component of the sodium pump. Additionally, BB0365 coordinated Zn2+ by the His51, His55, His140 residues, and the Zn2+‐binding site indicates that BB0365 could act as a potential metalloenzyme; therefore, this structure narrows down the potential functions of BB0365, an essential protein for B. burgdorferi to cause Lyme disease.
Single‐cell RNA‐seq reveals the invasive trajectory and molecular cascades underlying glioblastoma progression
Authors: Pang Bo , Xu Jinyuan , Hu Jing , Guo Fenghua , Wan Linyun , Cheng Mingjiang , Pang Lin
Published: September 2019

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, in which GBM stem cells (GSCs) were identified to contribute to aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis. Yet, how GSCs progress to invasive cells remains largely unexplored. Here, we revealed the cell subpopulations with distinct functional status and the existence of cells with high invasive potential within heterogeneous primary GBM tumors. We reconstructed a branched trajectory by pseudotemporal ordering of single tumor cells, in which the root showed GSC‐like phenotype while the end displayed high invasive activity. Thus, we further determined a path along which GSCs gradually transformed to invasive cells, called the ‘stem‐to‐invasion path’. Along this path, cells showed incremental expression of GBM invasion‐associated signatures and diminishing expression of GBM stem cell markers. These findings were validated in an independent single‐cell data set of GBM. Through analyzing the molecular cascades underlying the path, we identify crucial factors controlling the attainment of invasive potential of tumor cells, including transcription factors and long noncoding RNAs. Our work provides novel insights into GBM progression, especially the attainment of invasive potential in primary tumor cells, and supports the cancer stem cell model, with valuable implications for GBM therapy.
Which Beauty Will Guide Us? Seeking a Reflective, Sustainable, Socially Engaged Visual Culture
Authors: Chinchilla Izaskun , Luque Emilio
Published: September 2019

Should beauty be discarded in the face of a global imperative for architecture to engage with sustainability and heightened social consultation? Izaskun Chinchilla and Emilio Luque argue that this is not the case, and that beauty can be rearticulated and used as a way to achieve these goals. They illustrate their ideas through the recent work of Madrid‐based Izaskun Chinchilla Architects.
The Primacy of Relationships and the Reclamation of Beauty Jeanne Gang: Observed and Interviewed
Authors: Cook Peter
Published: September 2019

Jeanne Gang choreographs her designs like ballets to produce architectures of clefts, swells and flares. She has a radically different approach to architecture than some of her more rationalist peers, and this gets her Chicago‐based practice Studio Gang noticed. In conversation with Peter Cook, she describes the studio's design methods and aesthetic predilections.
Beauty is in the Back Story: Diversity, Complexity and Collaborative Making in the Australian Condition
Authors: Watson Fleur , Hook Martyn , Wardle John
Published: September 2019

Curator and author Fleur Watson and Martyn Hook, Dean of the School of Architecture and Urban Design at RMIT University in Melbourne, talk to John Wardle, principal of John Wardle Architects. Wardle explains that his conception of beauty is in understanding where an object has been made, by whom, when and why. His practice therefore works very closely with craftsmen, even in these technology‐enhanced, post‐digital times.
In Search of the Unseen: Towards Superhuman Intuition
Authors: Andrasek Alisa
Published: September 2019

Alisa Andrasek is a professor at RMIT University in Melbourne and previously director of Wonderlab at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London. Her work is a restless search for the beauty of novel architectural forms and techniques utilising autonomous agents, architectonic algorithms, machine learning and robotics.
In Part Whole: The Aesthetics of the Discrete
Authors: Retsin Gilles
Published: September 2019

The parts of a building are no longer in thrall to the whole. Computational technology has evolved sufficiently to establish a new discrete architecture. Gilles Retsin, London‐based architect and designer, explains how and why.
Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials as Emerging Tools for Materials Science
Authors: Deringer Volker L. , Caro Miguel A. , Csányi Gábor
Published: September 2019

Atomic‐scale modeling and understanding of materials have made remarkable progress, but they are still fundamentally limited by the large computational cost of explicit electronic‐structure methods such as density‐functional theory. This Progress Report shows how machine learning (ML) is currently enabling a new degree of realism in materials modeling: by “learning” electronic‐structure data, ML‐based interatomic potentials give access to atomistic simulations that reach similar accuracy levels but are orders of magnitude faster. A brief introduction to the new tools is given, and then, applications to some select problems in materials science are highlighted: phase‐change materials for memory devices; nanoparticle catalysts; and carbon‐based electrodes for chemical sensing, supercapacitors, and batteries. It is hoped that the present work will inspire the development and wider use of ML‐based interatomic potentials in diverse areas of materials research.
Recent Progress on Exciton Polaritons in Layered Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Hu Fengrui , Fei Zhe
Published: September 2019

Exciton polaritons (EPs) are half‐light, half‐matter quasiparticles formed due to the coupling between photons and excitons in semiconductors. Their uniqueness lies at the strong light–matter interactions and long‐distance transport, thus promising for many novel applications in photonics, information, and quantum technologies. Recently, EPs in group‐VI transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted a lot of research interest due to their room‐temperature stability, long‐distance propagation, and controllability through electric gating, valley‐selective optical pumping, and precise thickness control. In this progress report, recent studies of EPs in TMDs are reviewed, highlighting their key properties and functionalities, and then discussing the potential directions for future research.
An Efficient Ni/Pd Catalyzed Chemoselective Synthesis of 1,3,2‐Benzodiazaborininones from Boronic Acids and Anthranilamides
Authors: Wang Hao‐Jie , Zhang Mo , Li Wen‐Jing , Ni Yu , Lin Jin , Zhang Zhan‐Hui
Published: September 2019

An efficient Ni/Pd catalyzed chemoselective synthesis of 1,3,2‐benzodiazaborininones from boronic acids and anthranilamide has been developed. This protocol allows for the rapid and straightforward access to a wide range of 1,3,2‐benzodiazaborininones at roomtemperature with excellent functional group tolerance.

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Telomere Length Is Associated with Disability Progression in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Krysko Kristen M. , Henry Roland G. , Cree Bruce A. C. , Lin Jue ,   University of California, San Francisco MS‐EPIC Team, Caillier Stacy , Santaniello Adam , Zhao Chao , Gomez Refujia , Bevan Carolyn , Smith Dana L. , Stern William , Kirkish Gina , Hauser Stephen L. , Oksenberg Jorge R. , Graves Jennifer S.
Published: September 2019

Objective

To assess whether biological aging as measured by leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is associated with clinical disability and brain volume loss in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

Adults with MS/clinically isolated syndrome in the University of California, San Francisco EPIC cohort study were included. LTL was measured on DNA samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as telomere to somatic DNA (T/S) ratio. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and 3‐dimensional T1‐weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging were performed at baseline and follow‐up. Associations of baseline LTL with cross‐sectional and longitudinal outcomes were assessed using simple and mixed effects linear regression models. A subset (n = 46) had LTL measured over time, and we assessed the association of LTL change with EDSS change with mixed effects models.

Results

Included were 356 women and 160 men (mean age = 43 years, median disease duration = 6 years, median EDSS = 1.5 [range = 0–7], mean T/S ratio = 0.97 [standard deviation = 0.18]). In baseline analyses adjusted for age, disease duration, and sex, for every 0.2 lower LTL, EDSS was 0.27 higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13–0.42, p < 0.001) and brain volume was 7.4mm3 lower (95% CI = 0.10–14.7, p = 0.047). In longitudinal adjusted analyses, those with lower baseline LTL had higher EDSS and lower brain volumes over time. In adjusted analysis of the subset, LTL change was associated with EDSS change over 10 years; for every 0.2 LTL decrease, EDSS was 0.34 higher (95% CI = 0.08–0.61, p = 0.012).

Interpretation

Shorter telomere length was associated with disability independent of chronological age, suggesting that biological aging may contribute to neurological injury in MS. Targeting aging‐related mechanisms is a potential therapeutic strategy against MS progression. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:671–682
Conical Diffraction from Approximate Dirac Cone States in a Superhoneycomb Lattice
Authors: Kang Yongfeng , Zhong Hua , Belić Milivoj R. , Tian Yiqing , Jin Kaichao , Zhang Yanpeng , Li Fuli , Zhang Yiqi
Published: September 2019

Superhoneycomb lattice is an edge‐centered honeycomb lattice that represents a hybrid fermionic and bosonic system. It contains pseudospin‐1/2 and pseudospin‐1 Dirac cones, as well as a flat band in its band structure. In this paper, we cut the superhoneycomb lattice along short‐bearded boundaries and obtain the corresponding band structure. The states very close to the Dirac points represent approximate Dirac cone states that can be used to observe conical diffraction during light propagation in the lattice. In comparison with the previous literature, this research is carried out using the continuous model, which brings new results and is simple, direct, accurate, and computationally efficient.
Ringkontraktion durch NHC‐induzierte Pnictogen‐Abstraktion
Authors: Piesch Martin , Reichl Stephan , Seidl Michael , Balázs Gábor , Scheer Manfred
Published: September 2019

Die Reaktion von [Cp′′′Co(η4‐P4)] (1) (Cp′′′=1,2,4‐tBu3C5H2) mit MeNHC (MeNHC=1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) führt über eine NHC‐induzierte Phosphorkationen‐Abstraktion zum Ringkontraktionsprodukt [(MeNHC)2P][Cp′′′Co(η3‐P3)] (2), welches das erste Beispiel eines anionischen CoP3‐Komplexes repräsentiert. Solche von NHCs induzierten Ringkontraktionsreaktionen lassen sich ebenfalls auf Tripeldecker‐Sandwich‐Komplexe anwenden. So werden die Komplexe [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η6:6‐E6)] (3 a, 3 b) (Cp*=C5Me5; E=P, As) zu den Komplexen [(MeNHC)2E][(Cp*M)2(μ,η3:3‐E3)(μ,η2:2‐E2)] (4 a, 4 b) transformiert, wobei 4 b das erste strukturell charakterisierte Beispiel eines NHC‐substituierten AsI‐Kations darstellt. Darüber hinaus führt die Reaktion des Vanadium‐Komplexes [(Cp*V)2(μ,η6:6‐P6)] (5) mit MeNHC zur Bildung der neuartigen Komplexe [(MeNHC)2P][(Cp*V)2(μ,η6:6‐P6)] (6), [(MeNHC)2P][(Cp*V)2(μ,η5:5‐P5)] (7) bzw. [(Cp*V)2(μ,η3:3‐P3)(μ,η1:1‐P{MeNHC})] (8).
An Efficient Strategy for Boosting Photogenerated Charge Separation by Using Porphyrins as Interfacial Charge Mediators
Authors: Ning Xingming , Lu Bingzhang , Zhang Zhen , Du Peiyao , Ren Hongxia , Shan Duoliang , Chen Jing , Gao Yunjing , Lu Xiaoquan
Published: September 2019

Surface recombination at the photoanode/electrolyte junction seriously impedes photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance. Through coating of photoanodes with oxygen evolution catalysts, the photocurrent can be enhanced; however, current systems for water splitting still suffer from high recombination. We describe herein a novel charge transfer system designed with BiVO4 as a prototype. In this system, porphyrins act as an interfacial‐charge‐transfer mediator, like a volleyball setter, to efficiently suppress surface recombination through higher hole‐transfer kinetics rather than as a traditional photosensitizer. Furthermore, we found that the introduction of a “setter” can ensure a long lifetime of charge carriers at the photoanode/electrolyte interface. This simple interface charge‐modulation system exhibits increased photocurrent density from 0.68 to 4.75 mA cm−2 and provides a promising design strategy for efficient photogenerated charge separation to improve PEC performance.
CuII‐Containing 1‐Aminocyclopropane Carboxylic Acid Oxidase Is an Efficient Stereospecific Diels–Alderase
Authors: Ghattas Wadih , Dubosclard Virginie , Tachon Sybille , Beaumet Morane , Guillot Régis , Réglier Marius , Simaan A. Jalila , Mahy Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2019

In the context of developing ecofriendly chemistry, artificial enzymes are now considered as promising tools for synthesis. They are prepared in particular with the aim to catalyze reactions that are rarely, if ever, catalyzed by natural enzymes. We discovered that 1‐aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid oxidase reconstituted with CuII served as an efficient artificial Diels–Alderase. The kinetic parameters of the catalysis of the cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene and 2‐azachalcone were determined (KM=230 μm, kapp=3 h−1), which gave access to reaction conditions that provided quantitative yield and >99 % ee of the (1S,2R,3R,4R) product isomer. This unprecedented performance was rationalized by molecular modeling as only one docking pose of 2‐azachalcone was possible in the active site of the enzyme and this was the one that leads to the (1S,2R,3R,4R) product isomer.
An Illumination‐Assisted Flexible Self‐Powered Energy System Based on a Li–O2 Battery
Authors: Yang Xiao‐yang , Feng Xi‐lan , Jin Xin , Shao Ming‐zhe , Yan Bao‐lin , Yan Jun‐min , Zhang Yu , Zhang Xin‐bo
Published: September 2019

The flexible Li‐O2 battery is suitable to satisfy the requirements of a self‐powered energy system, thanks to environmental friendliness, low cost, and high theoretical energy density. Herein, a flexible porous bifunctional electrode with both electrocatalytic and photocatalytic activity was synthesized and introduced as a cathode to assemble a high‐performance Li‐O2 battery that achieved an overpotential of 0.19 V by charging with the aid of solar energy. As a proof‐of‐concept application, a flexible Li‐O2 battery was constructed and integrated with a solar cell via a scalable encapsulate method to fabricate a flexible self‐powered energy system with excellent flexibility and mechanical stability. Moreover, by exploring the evolution of the electrode morphology and discharge products (Li2O2), the charging process of the Li‐O2 battery powered by solar energy and solar cell was demonstrated.
Inhibiting VOPO4⋅x H2O Decomposition and Dissolution in Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc Batteries to Promote Voltage and Capacity Stabilities
Authors: Shi Hua‐Yu , Song Yu , Qin Zengming , Li Cuicui , Guo Di , Liu Xiao‐Xia , Sun Xiaoqi
Published: September 2019

VOPO4⋅x H2O has been proposed as a cathode for rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries. However, it undergoes significant voltage decay in conventional Zn(OTf)2 electrolyte. Investigations show the decomposition of VOPO4⋅x H2O into VOx in the electrolyte and voltage drops after losing the inductive effect from polyanions.PO43− was thus added to shift the decomposition equilibrium. A high concentration of cheap, highly soluble ZnCl2 salt in the electrolyte further prevents VOPO4⋅x H2O dissolution. The cathode shows stable capacity and voltage retentions in 13 m ZnCl2/0.8 m H3PO4 aqueous electrolyte, in direct contrast to that in Zn(OTf)2 where the decomposition product VOx provides most electrochemical activity over cycling. Sequential H+ and Zn2+ intercalations into the structure are revealed, delivering a high capacity (170 mAh g−1). This work shows the potential issue with polyanion cathodes in zinc batteries and proposes an effective solution using fundamental chemical principles.
Synergistic Doping and Intercalation: Realizing Deep Phase Modulation on MoS2 Arrays for High‐Efficiency Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Deng Shengjue , Luo Mi , Ai Changzhi , Zhang Yan , Liu Bo , Huang Lei , Jiang Zheng , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Lin Shiwei , Wang Xiuli , Yu Lei , Wen Jianguo , Wang Jiaao , Pan Guoxiang , Xia Xinhui , Tu Jiangping
Published: September 2019

A synergistic N doping plus PO43− intercalation strategy is used to induce high conversion (ca. 41 %) of 2H‐MoS2 into 1T‐MoS2, which is much higher than single N doping (ca. 28 %) or single PO43− intercalation (ca. 10 %). A scattering mechanism is proposed to illustrate the synergistic phase transformation from the 2H to the 1T phase, which was confirmed by synchrotron radiation and spherical aberration TEM. To further enhance reaction kinetics, the designed (N,PO43−)‐MoS2 nanosheets are combined with conductive vertical graphene (VG) skeleton forming binder‐free arrays for high‐efficiency hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Owing to the decreased band gap, lower d‐band center, and smaller hydrogen adsorption/desorption energy, the designed (N,PO43−)‐MoS2/VG electrode shows excellent HER performance with a lower Tafel slope and overpotential than N‐MoS2/VG, PO43−‐MoS2/VG counterparts, and other Mo‐base catalysts in the literature.
Relationship between Pt particle size and catalyst activity for catalytic oxidation of ultrahigh‐concentration formaldehyde
Authors: Ma Luyao , Liu Chenxin , Guan Qingxin , Li Wei
Published: September 2019

The effects of particle size and kinetics of Pt/activated carbon (AC) catalysts on catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO) were investigated. AC, f‐SiO2 and MCM‐41 were used as supports to prepare low‐Pt‐content catalysts using H2 reduction. Pt/AC catalyst shows the highest activity with the largest Pt particle size. By contrast, 0.1 wt% Pt/AC reduced using KBH4 has much higher activity than that reduced using H2, which can oxidize HCHO completely over 6000 ppm at 60°C in a fixed bed reactor. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that Pt/AC‐KBH4 has larger Pt particles and lower valence state than Pt/AC‐H2, which may be attributed to the ligand effect between Pt4+ and the AC support. The result of O2 temperature‐programmed oxidation suggests that highly dispersed Pt4+ ions have stronger interaction with AC support and thus are harder to be reduced by H2. Furthermore, Pt/AC is structure‐sensitive and larger‐sized Pt particles result in a high conversion of HCHO. Investigation of kinetics indicated that it is a zero‐order reaction for such a high HCHO concentration condition for Pt/AC‐KBH4.
Stochastic modeling of quality of systems operating in a heterogeneous environment
Authors: Cha Ji Hwan , Finkelstein Maxim
Published: September 2019

We consider systems that are subject to an external mixed Poisson shock process. Each shock can result in a failure of a system with a given probability and is survived with the complementary probability. Each shock additionally decreases the quality function that describes the performance of a system, thus forming the corresponding stochastic process. Expectations (unconditional and conditional on survival) and relevant variability characteristics for the stochastic quality function are derived. Some monotonicity properties of the conditional quality function are investigated and the future values of this function are derived.
“Hungry for Knowledge”: Towards a Meso‐History of the Environmental Sciences
Authors: Güttler Nils
Published: September 2019

In recent years, cultural studies and cultural theory have experienced a new wave of ecological thought. Despite the engagement with the Anthropocene the history of ecology and the environmental sciences has remained somewhat of a puzzle. This goes especially for the 20th century, a period when the sciences of the environment came to matter on a broader scale. Why do we actually know so little about the environmental sciences in the 20th century? And what could a history of the environmental sciences in that period look like? This article answers these questions with two interrelated arguments. First, by reflecting on different approaches to write the history of ecology since the 1970s, it uncovers crucial entanglements between the history of science and ecological thought that created blind spots regarding the environmental sciences in the 20th century. Second, it argues for a shift in scales of analysis—towards meso‐scales. With a more regional approach historians can engage with the often‐neglected aspects of the political and economic history of the environmental sciences in the 20th century and thereby also reveal their fundamental infrastructural dimension. Because at its core, the article claims, the environmental sciences were and are essentially infrastructural sciences.
A microtitre chemiluminescence sensor for detection of pyrethroids based on dual‐dummy‐template molecularly imprinted polymer and computational simulation
Authors: Huang Jing Jie , Liu Jing , Liu Ju Xiang , Wang Jian Ping
Published: September 2019

The residues of pyrethroids in foods of animal origin are dangerous to the consumers, so this study presented a chemiluminescence sensor for determination of pyrethroids in chicken samples. A dual‐dummy‐template molecularly imprinted polymer capable of recognizing 10 pyrethroids was synthesized. The results of computation simulation showed that the specific 3D conformations of the templates had important influences on the polymer' recognition ability. The polymer was used to prepare a sensor on conventional 96‐well microplates, and the sample solution was added into the wells for direct absorption. The absorbed analytes were initiated with the bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)oxalate–H2O2–imidazole system, and the chemiluminescence intensity was used for analyte quantification. Results showed that one assay was finished within 12 min, and this sensor could be reused four times. The limits of detection for the 10 analytes were in the range o0.3–6.0 pg/ml, and the recoveries from the standards of fortified blank chicken samples were in the range 70.5–99.7%.
Bioprocessing in the Digital Age: The Role of Process Models
Authors: Narayanan Harini , Luna Martin F. , von Stosch Moritz , Cruz Bournazou Mariano Nicolas , Polotti Gianmarco , Morbidelli Massimo , Butté Alessandro , Sokolov Michael
Published: September 2019

In this age of technology, the vision of manufacturing industries built of smart factories is not a farfetched future. As a prerequisite for Industry 4.0, industrial sectors are moving towards digitalization and automation. Despite its tremendous growth reaching a sales value of worth $188 billion in 2017, the biopharmaceutical sector distinctly lags in this transition. Currently, the challenges are innovative market disruptions such as personalized medicine as well as increasing commercial pressure for faster and cheaper product manufacturing. Improvements in digitalization and data analytics have been identified as key strategic activities for the next years to face these challenges. Alongside, there is an emphasis by the regulatory authorities on the use of advanced technologies, proclaimed through initiatives such as Quality by Design (QbD) and Process Analytical Technology (PAT). In the manufacturing sector, the biopharmaceutical domain features some of the most complex and least understood processes. Thereby, process models that can transform process data into more valuable information, guide decision‐making, and support the creation of digital and automated technologies are key enablers. This review summarizes the current state of model‐based methods in different bioprocess related applications and presents the corresponding future vision for the biopharmaceutical industry to achieve the goals of Industry 4.0 while meeting the regulatory requirements.
Permeabilized Escherichia coli Whole Cells Containing Co‐Expressed Two Thermophilic Enzymes Facilitate the Synthesis of scyllo‐Inositol from myo‐Inositol
Authors: Li Yuan , Liu Shan , You Chun
Published: September 2019

Scyllo‐inositol (SI), a stereoisomer of inositol, is regarded as a promising therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease. Here, an in vitro cofactor‐balance biotransformation for the production of SI from myo‐inositol (MI) by thermophilic myo‐inositol 2‐dehydrogenase (IDH) and scyllo‐inositol 2‐dehydrogenase (SIDH) is presented. These two enzymes (i.e., IDH and SIDH from Geobacillus kaustophilus) are co‐expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and E. coli cells containing the two enzymes are permeabilized by heat treatment as whole‐cell catalysts to convert MI to SI. After condition optimizations about permeabilized temperature, reaction temperature, and initial MI concentration, about 82 g L−1 of SI is produced from 250 g L−1 of MI within 24 h without any cofactor supplementation. This final titer of SI produced is the highest to the authors’ limited knowledge. This study provides a promising method for the large‐scale industrial production of SI.
Taking a holistic view of PEST‐containing nuclear protein (PCNP) in cancer biology
Authors: Afzal Attia , Sarfraz Muhammad , Li Guang‐Lei , Ji Shao‐Ping , Duan Shao‐Feng , Khan Nazeer Hussain , Wu Dong‐Dong , Ji Xin‐Ying
Published: September 2019

Polypeptide sequences enriched with proline (P), glutamic acid (E), aspartic acid (D) and serine (S)/ threonine (T) (PEST) have been reported to be the most abundant and frequently distributed at the cellular level. There is growing evidence that PEST sequences act as proteolytic recognition signals for degradation of residual proteins which is critical for activation or deactivation of regulatory proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways of cell growth, differentiation, stress responses and physiological death. A PEST containing nuclear protein (PCNP) was demonstrated as a tumor suppressor in a neuroblastoma cancer model and tumor promoter in lung adenocarcinoma cancer model. Its unique properties like ubiquitination by NIRF, co‐localization with NIRF in nucleus and tumor progression attract the attention of researchers. PCNP was reported to be ubiquitinated by ring finger protein NIRF in E3 ligase manner and as modulator of MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize PCNP linked DNA damage response, Post translational modifications, and transportation to address initiation, prognosis, and resistance of tumor cells in terms of cell cycle regulation, transcription and apoptosis. Hence, we demonstrate PCNP as a novel target in cancer diagnosis and treatment.