bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting interpretability of metabolome models based on behavior, putative identity, and biological relevance of explanatory signals
Authors: Enot David P. , Beckmann Manfred , Overy David , Draper John
Published: September 2006

Powerful algorithms are required to deal with the dimensionality of metabolomics data. Although many achieve high classification accuracy, the models they generate have limited value unless it can be demonstrated that they are reproducible and statistically relevant to the biological problem under investigation. Random forest (RF) generates models, without any requirement for dimensionality reduction or feature selection, in which individual variables are ranked for significance and displayed in an explicit manner. In metabolome fingerprinting by mass spectrometry, each metabolite can be represented by signals at several
m
/
z
. Exploiting a prior understanding of expected biochemical differences between sample classes, we aimed to develop meaningful metrics relevant to the significance both of the overall RF model and individual, potentially explanatory, signals. Pair-wise comparison of related plant genotypes with strong phenotypic differences demonstrated that robust models are not only reproducible but also logically structured, highlighting correlated
m
/
z
derived from just a small number of explanatory metabolites reflecting the biological differences between sample classes. RF models were also generated by using groupings of samples known to be increasingly phenotypically similar. Although classification accuracy was often reasonable, we demonstrated reproducibly in both
Arabidopsis
and potato a performance threshold based on margin statistics beyond which such models showed little structure indicative of either generalizibility or further biological interpretability. In a multiclass problem using 25
Arabidopsis
genotypes, despite the complicating effects of ecotype background and secondary metabolome perturbations common to several mutations, the ranking of metabolome signals by RF provided scope for deeper interpretability.
Biological formation of ethane and propane in the deep marine subsurface
Authors: Hinrichs Kai-Uwe , Hayes John M. , Bach Wolfgang , Spivack Arthur J. , Hmelo Laura R. , Holm Nils G. , Johnson Carl G. , Sylva Sean P.
Published: September 2006

Concentrations and isotopic compositions of ethane and propane in cold, deeply buried sediments from the southeastern Pacific are best explained by microbial production of these gases
in situ
. Reduction of acetate to ethane provides one feasible mechanism. Propane is enriched in
13
C relative to ethane. The amount is consistent with derivation of the third C from inorganic carbon dissolved in sedimentary pore waters. At typical sedimentary conditions, the reactions yield free energy sufficient for growth. Relationships with competing processes are governed mainly by the abundance of H
2
. Production of C
2
and C
3
hydrocarbons in this way provides a sink for acetate and hydrogen but upsets the general belief that hydrocarbons larger than methane derive only from thermal degradation of fossil organic material.
Origins and Legacy of the Kharijites
Authors: Kenney Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2006

To establish why and how modern Muslim thinkers were able to evoke and use the image of the Kharijite this chapter explores the historical, literary process by which the early Kharijites were transformed into a mythic symbol of rebellion. It argues that individuals find themselves recipients of a theology/ideology that was ordered in, and is sanctioned by, the past. However, the “givenness” with which such a tradition is received by later generations masks the fact that over time it has changed. It required interpretation and codification. In other words, the particulars of a tradition, such as those of the Kharijites in Islam, were made particular by a historical and historicizing process that is the very basis of the tradition.
The Muslim Brothers and the Neo‐Kharijite Challenge
Authors: Kenney Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2006

The evocation of Kharijism first occurred in connection with the activities and ideas of the Society of Muslim Brothers. On two separate occasions, in 1948 and 1954, the Muslim Brothers were accused of being Kharijite. These isolated episodes adumbrate the trend toward accusations of Kharijism that came to inform a range of political and religious rival groups in Egypt — government, official al-Azhar, conservative, Islamist, and secular. This chapter examines the first wave of accusations of Kharijism as they were applied in general to the Society of Muslim Brothers, and in particular to the writing and figure of Sayyid Qutb, a one-time literary critic who became the voice of Islamist militancy.
The New Politics of Anti‐Extremist Rhetoric
Authors: Kenney Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2006

This chapter explores the political discourse on extremism in the 1980s and 1990s, a time when Egyptians began to explore the causes of extremism in more critical and nuanced ways. It argues that by participating in the new anti-extremist politics and the debate over the meaning of Kharijism that accompanied it, Islamists were trying to win over the public and make a stronger case against the existing regime. But, in the process, they conceded the importance of the very middle-class demands that informed the new politics; and those demands were not for a religious transformation of Egypt — the creation of an Islamic government or the implementation of Islamic law — but rather for workable social institutions, a more open political process, and a healthy economy. In the political discourse of late-20th-century Egypt, the end of violence, the end of the problem of Kharijism, entailed a new political beginning shorn of absolutist politics of any kind.
Conclusion
Authors: Kenney Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2006

This chapter argues that although cultural symbols such as that provided by the Kharijites matter in Muslim societies, they are not fixed in the mind of believers compelling them to think and behave in specific ways. The meaning of such symbols may be informed by a historical tradition that weighs on individuals and the larger society, but this tradition is changed by individuals and institutions through time. In modern Egypt, the idea of Kharijism was reawakened to deal with a new environment, one driven by the modernizing forces of the nation-state and the global economy. Over time, however, this environment produced different interpretive readings of Kharijism.
Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives on Mentalizing
Authors: Goldman Alvin I.
Published: September 2006

A brief overview and mini-history of the subject of mindreading are presented. Philosophers were the first to worry about the folk understanding of other minds and the distinctive nature of self-knowledge. They advanced the view that “folk psychology” presupposes a naive theory of mind. Empirical evidence about young children’s poor performance on false-belief tasks and about the link between autism and “mindblindness” spurred interest among developmental psychologists and psychopathologists. The central questions for a comprehensive theory of mindreading are (1) how people mindread others, (2) how they mindread themselves, (3) how they acquire their mindreading abilities, and (4) what is the content of mental-state concepts.
Conceptualizing Simulation Theory
Authors: Goldman Alvin I.
Published: September 2006

This chapter clarifies the notion of simulation and explores the relationship between simulating and theorizing. Generic simulation is the resemblance or imitation of one thing by another, so mental simulation is the resemblance or imitation of one mental process by another. For example, visual imagery may simulate vision by using much of the same neural machinery that vision uses. The main empirical question here is whether third-person mindreading is substantially based on attempts to simulate selected processes and states in the head of a target. The possibility of limited compatibility between simulation and theorizing undercuts arguments that mental simulation inevitably “collapses” into theorizing, and the prospects for simulation-theory hybrids are explored.
High‐Level Simulational Mindreading
Authors: Goldman Alvin I.
Published: September 2006

Simulation is first examined in the domains of visual and motor imagery, where brain imaging confirms that many of the same regions are activated in both visual imagery and vision, and in motor imagery and motor execution. An analogous use of simulation characteristically occurs in high-level mindreading. Since an important stage of simulation for mindreading requires reflection on one’s own current states, it is confirming evidence that neuroimaging studies find loci of activation in mindreading tasks that are also found in self-reflective thought. A distinctive feature of simulation is that it invites the risk that one’s own genuine states will contaminate the process; so it is further confirming evidence that mindreading studies consistently find pronounced egocentric errors. High-level mindreading involves assignment of contentful states, and content assignment follows the procedure predicted by simulation theory, viz., default use of one’s own concepts and combinatorial operations in assigning contents to others.
The Fabric of Social Life
Authors: Goldman Alvin I.
Published: September 2006

Many of our distinctively human social traits are interwoven with simulational propensities. A stroll through simulation-related topics includes the psychological underpinnings of social bonds, our fascination with fiction, and the relevance of simulation and empathy to moral theory. The “chameleon effect”, which involves unconscious mimicry of facial expressions, postures, and mannerisms, promotes cohesion and liking within a group. Enactment imagination and empathy lie at the core of our experience of fiction. Emotional empathy, i.e., affective contagion, is a crucial determinant of the quality of life, and high-level empathy, or perspective taking, plays a critical role in moral motivation and moral principles, especially universalization principles like the golden rule.
Introduction
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner
Published: September 2006

This chapter provides a preview of the rest of the book, concentrating on the concept of morality. It distinguishes between a moral system and a moral theory, and gives a preliminary account of rationality and irrationality. It discusses the content of morality, showing that the avoidance of causing harms and the preventing of harms, rather than the promoting of benefits, is central to morality. It explains why, in addition to the general moral rules and ideals, there are particular moral rules and special duties that are part of the ethics of every profession.
Morality
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner
Published: September 2006

This chapter distinguishes between morality, the informal public system that people use when making moral decisions, and a moral theory, which provides an explanation and justification of morality. It presents some examples of mistaken accounts of morality, shows the relation between morality and rationality, and provides an account of impartiality. It gives an account of moral rules and moral ideals, and of the morally relevant features that are used when justifying a violation of a moral rule.
Malady
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner
Published: September 2006

This chapter introduces the technical term “malady” as a genus term that includes as species: diseases, disorders, injuries, allergies, illnesses, etc., and can be taken as meaning that something is wrong with the person. It provides a definition of malady that includes the following features: it is a condition of the individual, it involves significantly increased risk of suffering nontrivial harms, and there is no distinct sustaining cause. The role of abnormality in the defining malady and some difficult cases such as pregnancy, short stature, old age, and various genetic conditions are discussed.
Mental Maladies
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner
Published: September 2006

This chapter shows that the book’s account of malady generates the objective account of mental disorders that has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from DSM III R to DSM IV TR. It defends this definition from the criticisms of Jerome Wakefield and others, and explains why the DSM account of the paraphilias continues to change from DSM III R to DSM IV TR. An account of volitional disabilities and a classification of actions that distinguishes between intentional, voluntary, and free actions are also provided.
Adequate Information, Competence, and Coercion
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner
Published: September 2006

This chapter discusses what information doctors should be morally required to give to patients, and whether it should include the new kinds of information that doctors must know. Showing that the task a patient must be competent to perform is that of making a rational decision clarifies the relationship between rationality and competence, and explains the inadequacy of all previous accounts of competence. The chapter also explains why what counts as coercion with regard to research volunteers is not the same as what counts as coercion with regard to patients.
Ecological Thinking
Authors: Code Lorraine
Published: September 2006

Arguing that ecological thinking can animate an epistemology capable of addressing feminist, multicultural, and other post-colonial concerns, this book critiques the instrumental rationality, hyperbolized autonomy, abstract individualism, and exploitation of people and places that western epistemologies of mastery have legitimated. It proposes a politics of epistemic location, sensitive to the interplay of particularity and diversity, and focused on responsible epistemic practices. Starting from an epistemological approach implicit in Rachel Carson’s scientific projects, the book draws, constructively and critically, on ecological theory and practice, on (post-Quinean) naturalized epistemology, and on feminist and post-colonial theory. Analyzing extended examples from developmental psychology, from medicine and law, and from circumstances where vulnerability, credibility, and public trust are at issue, the argument addresses the constitutive part played by an instituted social imaginary in shaping and regulating human lives. The practices and examples discussed invoke the responsibility requirements central to this text’s larger purpose of imagining, crafting, articulating a creative, innovative, instituting social imaginary, committed to interrogating entrenched hierarchical social structures, en route to enacting principles of ideal cohabitation.
NEGOTIATING EMPIRICISM
Authors: Code Lorraine
Published: September 2006

In this chapter, an analysis of “statements of fact” in two domains of natural knowledge-making — medicine and law — shows how they enact sedimented assumptions about women, blacks, and other so-called social minorities. Hence, judgments and diagnoses alike reproduce structures of asymmetrical social power and privilege. The analysis recommends a negotiated empiricism: an empirically based and evidence-respecting position that takes observational evidence seriously, yet contends that evidence does not speak for itself in its claims to count as evidence or in its meanings and implications. The argument shows how experiential, testimonial reports claim an enhanced, if not uncontested, credibility and authority in this approach to knowledge. The chapter concludes with a critical reading of Donna Haraway’s “situated knowledges” as a principal contributor to the conceptual apparatus that frames ecological thinking.
ECOLOGICAL SUBJECTIVITY IN THE MAKING
Authors: Code Lorraine
Published: September 2006

This is the first of three chapters that develop the conception of subjectivity on which the book’s argument relies. It shows that the model of developmental psychology, originating with Jean Piaget and persisting in Lawrence Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral development, is embedded in assumptions about achieved rational mastery as the mark of moral and cognitive maturity. Not only does it overlook the part played by sociality and affect in child development, it pays scant attention to the constitutive role of situational factors — cultural, class, racial, gendered, sexual — in the production of human subjectivities. Taking as its point of departure Valerie Walkerdine’s critique of Piaget in The Mastery of Reason, and reading Walkerdine together with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s remarks about “the child”, the chapter argues for an approach to developmentality that is socially and ecologically aware in its conception of subjectivity, sociality, citizenship, and of knowledge as a power-saturated social institution.
PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE, PUBLIC TRUST
Authors: Code Lorraine
Published: September 2006

Taking its point of departure from the suppression of research findings by a Canadian drug company with a vested interest in keeping them from the public eye, this chapter reads the ambiguous gendered implications of the positioning of Dr. Nancy Olivieri, a scientist and physician, as the principal player in the story. Issues of credibility, answerability, academic freedom, and the role of trust in knowledge figure centrally in the analysis. It shows how ecological thinking allows for the development of a productive reading of responsibility, rooted neither in individualism nor in an implausible voluntarism; and attentive to the climatic conditions in which much scientific research in the 21st century takes place. It extends the discussion of collective responsibility that begins in chapter six to raise questions about ecologically sound research practices, justice, and citizenship.
Women Recovering Our Clothes
Authors: Young Iris Marion
Published: September 2006

This essay contends that one of the privileges of femininity in rationalized instrumental culture is an aesthetic freedom — the freedom to play with shape and color on the body, don various styles and looks — and through them exhibit and imagine unreal possibilities. Such female imagination has liberating possibilities because it subverts and unsettles the order of respectable, functional rationality in a world where that rationality supports domination. In the context of patriarchal consumer capitalism, however, such liberating aspects of clothing fantasy are intertwined with oppressing moments. This essay asks how women’s pleasure in clothes can be described. It adopts a method derived from Luce Irigaray in an attempt to extricate the liberating and valuable in women’s experience of clothes from the exploitative and oppressive.
Breasted Experience:
Authors: Young Iris Marion
Published: September 2006

This essay explores some aspects of the cultural construction of breasts in a male-dominated society, seeking a positive women’s voice for breasted experience. It begins with a discussion of the dominant culture’s objectification of breasts. Relying on Irigaray’s suggestive ideas about women’s sexuality and an alternative metaphysics not constructed around the concept of object, an experience of breast movement and sensitivity from the point of view of the female subject is presented. It asks how women’s breasts might be experienced in the absence of an objectifying male gaze, and discusses how breasts are a scandal for patriarchy because they disrupt the border between motherhood and sexuality. Finally, the question of objectification is revisited through reflections on a woman’s encounter with the surgeon’s knife at her breast.
A Room of One's Own:
Authors: Young Iris Marion
Published: September 2006

Many old people who need nursing care live in residences that routinely deprive them of privacy in the sense of a secure personal space where one dwells according to one’s own habits with things of one’s own. It is argued that old people should not have to do without a home in this sense just because they have become unable to live independently, or because their relatives are unable or unwilling to make a home for them in their own dwellings. Services and institutions offering shelter and care to needy persons often fail to appreciate what is required for individuals not simply to stay alive, physically well, and nourished, but to have the life of a person. A room of one’s own or its equivalent should be understood not as a luxury that social services can ill afford, but rather as a basic element of the value of privacy.
“I Want to Be Ready!”
Authors: Smith Yolanda Y.
Published: September 2006

This chapter introduces four teaching strategies that emerge from the characteristics of a triple-heritage model of Christian education that is grounded in the African American spirituals. The model consists of the following: communal, creative, critical, and cooperative. The teaching strategies that emerge from these characteristics include communal dialogue, creative engagement, critical reflection, and cooperative action. The chapter then discusses various aspects of a course called “Christian Education in the African American Experience” and details how these strategies have shaped and informed the teaching of the course. The primary purpose of this chapter is to examine the teaching/learning process that emerges throughout the course.
Rethinking the Core
Authors: Aponte Edwin David
Published: September 2006

This chapter explores some pedagogical challenges, responses to, and strategies for the inclusion of African and African American cultural perspectives into the required core curriculum courses at a graduate theological seminary. This chapter represents the author's longstanding personal interest in African and African American religions and cultures — an interest that was deepened through participation in the workshop “Mining the Motherlode of African American Religious Life”. This personal commitment is used to develop seminary courses that draw on African American religious life. In the teaching context, part of the challenge of rethinking the core curriculum lies in the particular nature of theological education.
Acknowledging Diversity in the American Catholic Experience
Authors: McNary-Zak Bernadette
Published: September 2006

This chapter focuses on the question of how a course on the history of American Catholicism might be framed for a non-Catholic, Protestant, and Southern context. The author of this book has developed an entirely new course, “Histories of American Catholicism”, which strives to address diversity by problematizing American Catholic identity. This chapter discusses several methodological issues with a particular focus on how they have shaped the author's thinking about how to teach this course. Since the course has not yet been taught in either a Catholic or a non-Catholic context, this chapter is a working proposal that offers a preliminary road map. It will require adjustment as it is tested out.
Teaching African American Religions as Learning to Resist Racism
Authors: Gathje Peter R.
Published: September 2006

This chapter discusses two strategies that have proven to be helpful in building trust and creating a transformative understanding of African American religions in relation to resistance to racism. The first strategy helps students to see diversity within African American religion (and thus also the African American experience) by providing methods for analysing arguments, persons, and events from the history of African American religions. The second strategy helps students see how their own experiences and perspectives on racism are related to racism in the United States. Used together, these strategies can empower students in their analysis of racism and the variety of ways African American religions have resisted racism. This, in turn, may help students to consider their own relationship to racism and their resistance to it.
Teaching African Religions at a Traditionally White Institution in the South
Authors: Watkins Ralph C.
Published: September 2006

Teaching “African American Religions” is an intense experience. Teaching the course calls on the teacher to observe the students changing as the students go through a transition during the course. This course has to be seen as a journey. It must be framed as a process of reunification and reconstruction. The teacher needs to feel compassion as he or she works in the community reconciling students to their roots as they explore the foundations of African American religiosity.
Energy Conversions
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: September 2006

Our civilization is based on massive consumption of fossil fuels. This chapter begins by examining technical advances of energy industries, before turning to energy transitions and the process of decarbonization of global energy supply. The second section deals with electricity production in general, and with nuclear generation (as well as nuclear weapons) in particular. The last section traces the invention and deployment of the only two new prime movers introduced during the 20th century: gas turbines and rocket engines.
New Realities and Counterintuitive Worlds
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: September 2006

Technical advances based on unprecedented levels of energy use brought a new phenomenon of mass consumption as well as many obvious gains in the typical quality of life. However, they have not substantially reduced economic inequality. They also introduced new risks (ranging from car accidents to nuclear weapons) and some worrisome environmental changes, especially the possibility of relatively rapid global warming.
A New Era or an Ephemeral Phenomenon?
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: September 2006

While the accomplishments of (and the existing problems with) 20th century ingenuity are clear, their implications for the future are highly contested as techno-optimists clash with critics of technical advances. In this context, it is useful to remember that even the most destructive technical advances were not responsible for most of the man-made deaths during the 20th century. There is nothing inevitable about the long-term survival of civilization based on technical ingenuity and high energy consumption: openness and uncertainty best describe our prospects.
Bioethics and Women
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: September 2006

This book deals with bioethical issues relevant to women across the life span. “Gender justice” is the starting point and the end point of the author’s approach to the issues addressed. The first section offers an overview of bioethics, critiques prevalent approaches to bioethics and models of the physician-patient relationship, and sketches distinguishing aspects of women’s health care. Classical pragmatists and feminist standpoint theorists are enlisted in support of “an egalitarian perspective”, and positions on the moral status of fetuses and those already born are examined. The second section identifies topics that are directly or indirectly related to women’s health; these include prenatal testing, childbirth and newborn decisions, treatment of minors and the elderly, assisted reproduction, abortion, eating disorders, domestic violence, breast and gynecological cancer, end of life care, and research on women. Brief cases illustrate variables related to each topic. Empirical and theoretical considerations follow each set of cases; these are intended to precipitate more expansive and critical examination of the questions raised. The book concludes with discussion of an egalitarian ideal to be pursued through an ethic of virtue or supererogation rather than obligation. By embracing this ideal, according to the author, moral agents support a more demanding level of morality than guidelines or laws require.
Distinguishing Features of Women's Health Care
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: September 2006

Sex and gender differences in women’s health care are delineated. Models of the physician-patient relationship and casuistic and principlist methods of moral reasoning are critiqued on grounds of their lack of conformity with an egalitarian approach to bioethical issues. The question of “who is the patient” in health care of pregnant women is discussed. Ethically relevant similarities and differences between professional guidelines and regulatory statutes regarding health care are also examined.
Decisions at Parturition and Birth
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: September 2006

Cases illustrating variables relevant to the decisions of pregnant women about methods of childbirth, elective cesarean delivery, impaired newborns, and sex assignment at birth are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”. Implications of different positions about moral status of fetuses and newborns are also considered.
Preventing Pregnancy and Birth
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: September 2006

Cases illustrating variables relevant to women’s choices about contraception, sterilization, and abortion are presented. With regard to abortion, these include duration of gestation, condition of the fetus, methods of termination, availability and cost of the procedure, medical risks to the woman or potential child, capacity for parenting, responsibilities based on relationships to others, and different positions about the moral status of the fetus. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an egalitarian perspective that privileges women’s standpoint vis-à-vis men’s not only on grounds of nondominance but also on grounds that women, not men, are directly affected by pregnancy.
Violence and Discrimination toward Women and Children
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: September 2006

Cases illustrating variables relevant to violence toward children, pregnant women, and the elderly, as well as gender discrimination and sexual harassment are presented, stressing the impact of these situations on women’s health. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”, i.e., women as patients. With regard to pregnant women, implications of different positions about moral status of fetuses are also considered.
Nonreproductive Health Issues
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: September 2006

Cases illustrating variables that arise in the health care of women who are HIV positive or have AIDS, women with breast or gynecological cancer, and the use of hormone replacement therapy for treatment of menopausal symptoms are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of women as patients.
From the Council of Trent to “Tridentinism”
Authors: Alberigo Giuseppe
Published: September 2006

This chapter describes the emergence of the system called “Tridentinism” following the Council of Trent. The Council incorporated, redefined, and updated the norms of the previous centuries to such an extent that it became preferable to view these norms through the lens of the Council's decrees. The body of Tridentine decrees increasingly edged all previous sources out of ecclesiastical use. Thus, it became obligatory to refer to Trent for solutions to every problem that arose, doctrinal or institutional. As a result, post-Tridentine Catholicism gradually took on a uniformity that nobody would have dared to think possible during the acute phase of the Protestant schism. This “Tridentinism” even managed to penetrate, in important ways, certain parts of the Protestant world.
Moral Theology
Authors: Keenan James F.
Published: September 2006

Few explicit references regarding moral theology can be found in the documents of either the Council of Trent or the Second Vatican Council. Still, moral theology before and after the two councils went through extraordinary changes regarding method, its standard of authority, and its understanding of moral truth. This chapter is divided into two sections. First, it explores two major works, one thirty years before and the other thirty years after the Council of Trent. Second, it examines developments before and after Vatican II.
The Laity
Authors: Lakeland Paul
Published: September 2006

This chapter explores the role of the laity in the Catholic Church. The Trent and Vatican II councils' views about the laity are discussed. It is argued that a theological understanding of the laity is an entire ecclesiology, and one that cannot be healthily constructed without honestly facing the problems that a cultic understanding of priesthood has bequeathed to the Church.
Christian Marriage
Authors: Roberts William P.
Published: September 2006

This chapter explores the shifts in the theological understanding of Christian marriage, from the Tridentine and post-Tridentine era, to the Vatican II and post-Vatican II period. The analysis is divided into five main parts. The first summarizes the main points of the Council of Trent's position on marriage. The second considers the post-Tridentine understanding of the meaning of marriage as reflected in the 1917 Code of Canon Law. The third considers the principal developments of the Church's perception of marriage as presented by the bishops at the Second Vatican Council. The fourth explores some of the practical implications emanating from this change of understanding. The final section explores further questions that emerge from this new perception of marriage, questions that the hierarchical magisterium has not yet sufficiently addressed.
Korea under Siege, 1876-1945
Authors: Chung Young-Iob
Published: September 2006

This book examines the transformation of the independent and isolated Korean economy into a dependent colonial economy during the period between 1876 and 1945, focusing on capital formation, economic development, and structural changes. During this 70-year period, Korea underwent three distinct stages of economic transformation: the traditional economy before the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876, the transitional economy between 1876 and 1904 under its own sovereignty, and the colonial economy under Japan from 1905-1945. This book studies the combination of changing circumstances, approaches, and experiences in the country, such as the propensities to work, produce, invest, save, and entrepreneurship, as well as institutional and economic reforms that took place during the three stages of development. It also investigates the level and distribution of income and consumption (standard of living), which reveal a number of significant patterns and characteristics of capital formation, economic development, and structural changes in the Korean economy.
The Transitional Economy, 1876–1904
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2006

This chapter investigates how foreign influences through trade, investment, and other forms of interaction affected the capital formation and economic transformation of Korea during the 30-year transitional period between the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876 and when it became a Japanese protectorate in 1904. It examines the extent to which the infusion of foreign resources, Western technology, and education from foreign countries played a major role as the purveyors of Western thought, technology, investment, and the forces of change and innovation. Korea's responses to the encroaching new foreign forces in terms of domestic institutional reforms and public investments including investment in human capital are assessed. The responses of the private sector, including the Korean people (e.g., society's elites (yangban), merchants, craftsmen, and common citizens) during the transitional period are analyzed. The chapter also examines the question of whether Korea had the motivation to transform into a modern economy. The last part of the chapter assesses Korea's national income, consumption, and savings during the transitional period as a result of foreign incursion.
Mobilization of Savings for Investment
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2006

This chapter examines the mobilization of the savings/resources of both foreign and domestic sources for investment in both the public and private sectors. The foreign sources of resources/savings examined are foreign direct investment, Japanese government grants, and foreign loans, which were largely supplied by Japan, in addition to the savings of both the Japanese and Koreans in Korea. The domestic savings examined are the sources of owners' equity and loans of financial institutions, which may be traced to the savings of both Japanese and Koreans. These have increased over time partly due to the enforcement of the government savings policy. The credit policies of the financial institutions are examined, which directed the mobilized savings to certain targeted industries under the government's guidance. Other facets of mobilization of savings for investment analyzed include: Who supplied the most resources/savings for investment, and to what extent? Who were the borrowers and in what sectors? What were the terms of loans? Who financed them? These analyses may provide insight to capital formation and motives for financing investment in Korea.
Economic Growth and Structural Changes
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2006

This chapter analyzes the impact of investment on Korea's economic growth and structural changes relative to aggregate production — which is measured in terms of gross domestic product — during the 40 years of Japanese rule. This is followed by an assessment of structural changes in industry, mining, transportation, communications, commerce, finance, agriculture, forestry, and fishing, together with changes in industrial and agricultural organizations, which transformed the Korean economy from agrarian to semi-industrial. This chapter also analyzes the rise of the modern sector, the expansion of businesses, the monopolistic tendency in the industrial sector, changes in the make-up of land ownership, the rise in the scale of landholding, the enlargement of land tenancy, and the worsening status of working farmers, which affected both income and wealth distribution in Korea. The type of goods produced in the manufacturing is examined, particularly between the heavy, chemical, and light industries; the extent of “manufactured goods”; and the rise of the service sectors. The increased volume and changing patterns of foreign trade are also assessed, including the kinds of goods and services traded, Japanese dominance over the Korean economy, and Korea's economic dependency on Japan.
Income Distribution, Consumption, and Saving
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2006

This chapter assesses the impact of capital formation and economic development under Japanese rule on income distribution, consumption (standard of living), and savings in Korea, focusing those of Koreans and Japanese in Korea. This allows the evaluation of the ultimate beneficiaries of economic growth and transformation in the country relative to various economic sectors (e.g., industry and agriculture), income groups (e.g., landlords, farmers, businesses, and wage earners), and different nationalities (i.e., Koreans and Japanese). Similar analyses have been performed relative to personal consumption and savings, as well as business savings based on economic/income sectors/groups and nationality.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Damian
Published: September 2006

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of existing academic theories of millenarianism, some of which reflect, and may even help shape, popular misconceptions of apocalyptic believers. It is argued that the most important factor distinguishing extreme from moderate millenarianism is the imminence of the End, not its violent character. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Kensington Temple
Authors: Thompson Damian
Published: September 2006

This chapter introduces Kensington Temple and its senior pastor, Colin Dye. It shows how the life of the congregation reflects the religious trends discussed in chapters 2 and 3, such as the increasing role of consumer choice in the everyday spirituality of born-again Christians. Kensington Temple also reproduces the conflicting demands of high- and low-tension religion. The second half of the chapter shows how Dye and his flock attempt to reconcile these demands by engaging in the rational management of charisma.
Millenarians
Authors: Thompson Damian
Published: September 2006

This chapter focuses on the small number of textbook millenarians in the congregation — people who were confident that Jesus would return in their lifetimes. It presents the story of Maureen, a woman in her early sixties who not only provided a full account of how she was introduced to the concept of the End Times, but also claimed to have received an apocalyptic message from Jesus. Interview data are used to explore the social and psychological factors that might dispose a member of Kensington Temple to move beyond explanatory millenarianism to belief in an imminent parousia. It is shown that apocalyptic beliefs were influenced by conversion experiences, individual psychology, and degree of subcultural immersion.
Conclusions
Authors: Thompson Damian
Published: September 2006

This chapter is divided into two sections. The first examines the wider lessons to be drawn from the study of millenarianism at Kensington Temple. The second section argues that although the Problem of the End has manifested itself throughout the history of millenarianism, it is becoming more acute. It concludes that secularization weakens millenarianism in a more direct way than it weakens other forms of religious consensus.
Introduction
Authors: Guinn David E.
Published: September 2006

This introductory chapter lays some of the groundwork for the discussion of religion and public bioethics. It attempts to raise the questions commonly cited by the critics of public religion and provide a preliminary response that has been built on and elaborated by many of the contributors to this book. An overview of the topics covered in this volume is presented.
A History of Religion and Bioethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R.
Published: September 2006

“Bioethics began in religion, but religion has faded from bioethics.” This interpretation is commonplace among many who have an opinion on bioethics. This chapter examines this.
Theology's Role in Public Bioethics
Authors: Cahill Lisa Sowle
Published: September 2006

For at least two decades, the role of theology in public matters has been governed by what might be termed a “liberal consensus”. This consensus, shared by policymakers, theologians, philosophers, and the public, has two parts. First, that law and public policy need to be considered in terms of individual liberties and rights. Second, that the only appropriate “public” language in which to justify, qualify, and reconcile liberties and rights should be neutral, secular, and rational. The thesis of this chapter is that such a framing of the issues is outmoded. To begin with, the “secular” sphere is not neutral, since all participants inevitably come from communities which have identity. Therefore, it is appropriate to use religious narratives and language, or those of any moral tradition (which includes liberalism), as long as they are not propounded dogmatically or in a way that undermines democratic process and participatory politics.
Bioethics, Religion, and Linguistic Capital
Authors: Chambers Tod
Published: September 2006

Linguistic capital is what is at issue when we ask who can speak for a religion. But asking who has the linguistic capital to speak for a religious community in public policy forums is different from asking who has linguistic capital within the religious community. The first question forces us to examine the acquisition of linguistic capital in three separate — yet overlapping — fields of social discourse: academia, religion, and government. Each of these requires distinctive ways of earning the necessary social capital to be authorized to speak. The issue of who has the status to speak for a religion in a political forum is essentially a question of what types of linguistic capital gained in one field are deemed legal tender within another field.
Religion, Public Reason, and Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B.
Published: September 2006

This chapter argues that although there are certain limits on how religious bodies and their members should attempt to insert their beliefs into public policy matters, religiously based arguments should, as a matter of principle, be allowed to enter into public debate. This is the case even when many participants in these debates do not accept the premises on which the arguments of religious believers are constructed. The first part of the chapter considers the stances that various religious bodies and commentators have taken publicly regarding embryonic stem cell research and the ways in which they have justified their views in the course of public discussion. It then examines why critics of religious bodies object to the introduction of religious views into public policy debates and offer several responses to these critics, using the responses of religious bodies and thinkers to embryonic stem cell research as examples. Finally, the chapter sets out an alternative view that offers a system for allowing religious bodies to present their views in the public sphere, provided that they follow certain practices that allow fair and open debate.
“These and Those Are the Words of the Living God”
Authors: Dorff Elliot N.
Published: September 2006

This chapter argues that American public policy discussions should follow the Jewish model — which encourages open, frank, and even heated debate within an atmosphere of mutual respect. It further argues that religious views should be part of the American public discussion. This is a departure from a long-standing belief in a strong wall of separation between church and state.
Law and Bioethics in Rodriguez v. Canada
Authors: Guinn David E. , Keyserlingk Edward W. , Morton Wendy
Published: September 2006

This chapter argues that ethics plays an extremely important role in decision making and lawmaking in bioethics issues. These decisions are not simple case-by-case judgments; rather, they rest upon deeply considered ethical opinions. It also discusses the implications of this epistemic grounding for bioethics and its use of case law materials as an ethical resource. Finally, since many people base their moral judgments on religious beliefs, the religious implications of this legal-moral relationship are considered.
Ethics of Ambiguity
Authors: Nakasone Ronald Y.
Published: September 2006

This chapter examines the structure and role of ambiguity in the Japanese Organ Transplant Law by looking at the Chinese Huayen Buddhist doctrine of dharmadhatu-pratityasamutpada (fajie yuanqi shuo) or universal dependent “coarising”, a major interpretation of the Buddha's pratityasamutpada, dependent-coarising or interdependence. Specifically, it will examine the nature of ambiguity through the zhuban yuanming jude men or “the attribute of the complete accommodation of principal and secondary dharmas” that Fazang (643-712) formulated. The interdependent and evolving Buddhist vision of reality causes ambiguity in decision making and action.