bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of the Automobile Industry in Japan and Korea
Authors: LEE SANG MIN
Published: November 2011

This study utilized sociological perspectives to explain the relationships between institutional arrangements (government’s role, social dimensions of indigenous business organizations, and consumption culture) and non-tariff trade barriers embedded in Japan and Korea. A comparative study of institutional arrangements and the automobile industry reveals that there have been visible and invisible trade barriers in the Japanese and Korean automobile industries.
The Changing Role of Dialogue in the International Relations of Southeast Asia
Authors: JONG KIM HYUNG , PING LEE POH
Published: November 2011

ASEAN’s dialogue mechanism has been evolving from consensus-seeking to strategic means, to use the Habermas distinction. This consensus norm was maintained during the Cold War because of rapport among ASEAN leaders and the presence of an external threat. However, ASEAN expansion to 10 countries, the emergence of non-traditional threats to security, and democratization have weakened this norm.
The Political Rise of the Prosperous Justice Party in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia
Authors: HAMAYOTSU KIKUE
Published: November 2011

This article explains distinctive patterns of Islamist mobilization in Indonesia by focusing on the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). It argues that the relatively solid party-mass relations and broad spatial penetration of PKS are conditioned by its organizational ability to deliver welfare services to strategically targeted constituencies to help construct a community base.
Music Training and Nonmusical Abilities: Introduction
Authors: Glenn Schellenberg E. , Winner Ellen
Published: November 2011

the objective of this special issue of Music Perception, which includes contributions from researchers based in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, and the US, is to present the best new research on associations between music training and nonmusical abilities. Scholarly interest in associations between music training and nonmusical cognitive functioning has sparked much research over the past 15–20 years. The study of how far associations between music training and cognitive abilities extend, and whether such associations are more likely for some domains of cognition than for others, has theoretical relevance for issues of transfer, modularity, and plasticity. Unlike most other areas of scientific inquiry, there is parallel interest on the part of the public, the media, and educators who want to know if nonmusical intellectual and academic benefits are a welcome by-product of sending children to music lessons. Indeed, some educators and arts advocates justify music training in schools precisely because of these presumed and desired nonmusical associations.
Associations Between Length of Music Training and Reading Skills in Children
Authors: Corrigall Kathleen A. , Trainor Laurel J.
Published: November 2011

previous research has found that music training in childhood is associated with word decoding, a fundamental reading skill related to the ability to pronounce individual words. These findings have typically been explained by a near transfer mechanism because music lessons train auditory abilities associated with those needed for decoding words. Nevertheless, few studies have examined whether music training is associated with higher-level reading abilities such as reading comprehension, which would suggest far transfer. We tested whether the length of time children took music lessons was associated with word decoding and reading comprehension skills in 6- to 9-year-old normal-achieving readers. Our results revealed that length of music training was not associated with word decoding skills; however, length of music training predicted reading comprehension performance even after controlling for age, socioeconomic status, auditory perception, full-scale IQ, the number of hours that children spent reading per week, and word decoding skills. We suggest that if near transfer occurs, it is likely strongest in beginning readers or those experiencing reading difficulty. The strong association in our data—between length of music training and reading comprehension—is consistent with mechanisms involving far transfer.
Music Lessons, Emotional Intelligence, and IQ
Authors: Glenn Schellenberg E.
Published: November 2011

musically trained and untrained participants were administered tests of emotional intelligence and IQ. As in previous research, trained participants scored higher than untrained participants on the IQ Composite score and on its Verbal and Nonverbal subtests. The advantage for the trained group on the Composite score and on the Nonverbal subtest was evident even when gender, parents' education, family income, and first language were held constant. The groups performed similarly, however, on the test of emotional intelligence, and scores on the IQ test were only weakly correlated with scores on the emotional intelligence test. The results imply that (1) associations between music lessons and nonmusical abilities are limited to intellectual abilities, and/or (2) associations between music lessons and emotional intelligence are not evident on visual- and/or text-based tests of emotional intelligence such as the one used here.
Music Lessons and Intelligence: A Relation Mediated by Executive Functions
Authors: Degé Franziska , Kubicek Claudia , Schwarzer Gudrun
Published: November 2011

the present study investigated whether the association between music lessons and intelligence is mediated by executive functions. Intelligence and five different executive functions (set shifting, selective attention, planning, inhibition, and fluency) were assessed in 9- to 12-year-old children with varying amounts of music lessons. Significant associations emerged between music lessons and all of the measures of executive function. Executive functions mediated the association between music lessons and intelligence, with the measures of selective attention and inhibition being the strongest contributors to the mediation effect. Our results suggest that at least part of the association between music lessons and intelligence is explained by the positive influence music lessons have on executive functions, which in turn improve performance on intelligence tests.
Channeling a Tantric Guru
Authors: Crovetto Helen
Published: November 2011

Ananda Seva Mission (Blissful Service Mission) is an international Hindu tantric organization that resulted from a schism within Ananda Marga (Path of Bliss), a million-member, international socio-spiritual organization that teaches a type of Hindu tantra yoga. Ananda Marga’s founder and guru is Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (1921–1990). The ostensible cause of Ananda Seva Mission’s formation was the purported ability of one of its co-founders to channel the spirit of Sarkar and the subsequent acceptance of this claim by some Ananda Margiis. However, Ananda Seva’s rapid establishment internationally should be partially attributed to its reformist agenda addressing some former Margiis’ dissatisfaction with what has been described as Ananda Marga’s control by a monastic order dominated by male renunciates. Ananda Seva created a more egalitarian organization based on Ananda Marga’s ideology, which gives married individuals a greater decision-making role and increases social opportunities available to women.
Effect of Zn and Mg doping on CuInS thin films and solar cells
Authors: Enzenhofer Tobias , Unold Thomas , Scheer Roland , Schock Hans-Werner
Published: November 2011

Solar cells based on CuInS2 still suffer from Voc limitation compared to the value expected from the bandgap. The open circuit voltage can be enhanced via controlled doping of small amounts of Zinc or Magnesium (< 1 at. %), however the underlying physical reason for this improvement is not understood so far. We have systematically studied the effect of diffusion of Zn and Mg into the absorber layers with photoluminescence and quantum efficiency measurements. ZnO (ZnMgO, MgF2) has been deposited onto the absorber layers and photoluminescence (PL) spectra at room temperature were recorded as a function of the annealing temperature. The modified emission spectra reveal a defect related transition with a strong luminescence signal. At the same time the open-circuit voltage of the Zn (Mg) doped CuInS2 cells are around 100 mV higher than the values found for the undoped cells from the same device process. We interpret these results as a reduced defect state density at the surface and an increased bulk defect concentration induced by the incorporation of Zn or Mg. Comparison of external quantum efficiency (EQE) and I/U measurements with the PL results support observed changes of the interface/bulk properties.
High-Efficiency CdTe Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cells with an Ultra-Thin CuxTe Transparent Back-Contact
Authors: Wu X. , Zhou J. , Duda A. , Keane J. C. , Gessert T.A. , Yan Y. , Noufi R.
Published: November 2011

To fabricate a high-efficiency polycrystalline thin-film tandem cell, the most critical work is to make a high-efficiency top cell (>15%) with high bandgap (Eg=1.5-1.8 eV) and high transmission (T>70%) in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region. The CdTe cell is one of the candidates for the top cell, because CdTe state-of-the-art single-junction devices with efficiencies of more than 16% are available, although its bandgap (1.48 eV) is slightly lower for a top cell in a dual-junction device. In this paper, we focus on the development of an ultra-thin, low-bandgap CuxTe transparent back-contact to produce high-efficiency CdTe cells with high NIR transmission. We have achieved an NREL-confirmed 13.9%-efficient CdTe transparent solar cell with an infrared transmission of ~50% and a CdTe/CIS polycrystalline mechanically stacked thin-film tandem cell with an NREL-confirmed efficiency of 15.3%.
Simulation of Polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells in Two Dimensions
Authors: Gloeckler Markus , Metzger Wyatt K. , Sites James R.
Published: November 2011

The extent to which grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline materials may be detrimental, benign, or even beneficial is explored with numerical simulations in two dimensions. We focus on the effects of GB recombination in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells and its effects on solar-cell performance. The simulations predict that (1) for device effciency exceeding 17%, the effective GB recombination velocity must be less than 104 cm/s; (2) grain boundaries within the space-charge region (SCR) lower the open-circuit voltage, whereas the short-circuit current is reduced by grain boundaries in the bulk material; and (3) horizontal GBs are relatively benign unless they are located in the SCR. Modifications to the electronic structure near grain boundaries show that charge-induced band-bending at grain boundaries will most likely have a negative effect on device performance, whereas a down-shift in the valence-band energy at the grain surface can effectively passivate the GBs and reduce the effective recombination velocity. For the models considered, GBs generally have a deleterious effect on effciency, and GBs alone can not explain the apparent superiority of polycrystalline over single-crystalline CIGS materials.
Effect of Stresses in Molybdenum Back Contact Film on Properties of CIGSS Absorber Layer
Authors: Kadam Ankur A. , Jahagirdar Anant H. , Dhere Neelkanth G.
Published: November 2011

Analysis of CuIn1-x Gax Se2-y Sy (CIGSS) absorber and molybdenum back contact layer was carried out to understand the changes in the microstructure of CIGSS layer as a function of the deposition conditions and the nature of stress in the underlying Mo film. All the depositions were carried out on 10 cm x 10 cm glass substrates. Compressive and tensile stressed molybdenum films were prepared with combinations of deposition parameters; power and pressure. CIGSS absorber layer was prepared by depositing metallic precursors using DC magnetron sputtering followed by selenization and sulfurization. Molybdenum layer deposited at 300 W and 3 x 10 Torr pressure produced compressive stress with compact, well adherent and lower sheet resistance as compared to the tensile stressed film deposited at 200 W and 5 x 10 Torr. The crystallinity of the CIGSS film was found not to depend on the stress in the underlying molybdenum film. However, the adhesion at the Mo/CIGSS as well as gallium profile at the Mo/CIGSS interface were affected by the stress.
Growth Mechanisms of Electrodeposited CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Determined by Cyclic Voltammetry
Authors: Calixto M. Estela , Dobson Kevin D. , McCandless Brian E. , Birkmire Robert W.
Published: November 2011

Electrodeposition (ED) of CuInSe2-based thin films from a buffered single-bath on dcsputtered Mo layers has been investigated. In order to understand the film growth, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to identify mechanisms leading to the formation of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2. Similar CV data were observed for deposition from Cu-Se, Cu-In-Se, Cu-Ga-Se, and Cu-In-Ga-Se baths. A preliminary mechanism for CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 film growth has been proposed from CV, composition and glancing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) data. Incorporation of In into the growing films occurs via reaction with H2Se, formed by reduction of the initially deposited Cu3Se2, to form In2Se3, which is in turn rapidly assimilated into the film by reaction with copper selenides to form CuInSe2. The incorporation of Ga may occur via a similar mechanism, however, the precipitation of Ga(OH)3 can not be ruled out as a possible route for Ga uptake. All as-deposited ED CuInSe2–based films have poor crystallinity and require annealing in H2Se prior to device processing. Preliminary device results are presented, reporting a conversion efficiency of 6.5% and 6.2% for electrodeposited CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2, respectively.
High-Efficient ZnO/PVD-CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cells: Formation of the Buffer-Absorber Interface and Transport Properties
Authors: Rusu Marin , Glatzel Thilo , Kaufmann Christian A. , Neisser Axel , Siebentritt Susanne , Sadewasser Sascha , Schedel-Niedrig Thomas , Lux-Steiner Martha Ch.
Published: November 2011

For preparation of ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells, physical vapor deposition (PVD) was employed to deposit CdS buffer layers in ultrahigh vacuum on Se-decapped absorber surfaces, thus realizing an all ‘dry' fabrication process of the device. An 14.1% total area and 14.5% active area efficient ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell under AM1.5 conditions was achieved after annealing the as-prepared solar cells in air. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements were carried out in-situ to monitor the initial growth of the CdS buffer layer on the absorber, as well as its electronic properties, in particular, the work function. It was observed that the PVD-CdS growth is initially inhibited at the absorber grain boundaries. Quantum efficiency measurements allowed us to suppose that during the initial growth stage a passivation of the grain boundaries occurs. The latter explains the higher short-circuit currents of the cells with PVD-CdS compared to their references with CdS grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD). The beneficial effect of the annealing seems to originate from a formation of a region with higher band gap than that of the absorber bulk and inverted conductivity type at the absorber surface, close to the CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface, leading to a dramatic change in the electronic transport properties and finally, to a significant enhancement of the open-circuit voltage. Annealing of the ZnO/PVD-CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells provides formation of PVDCdS/ Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface with properties similar to that of reference samples with CBD-CdS.
Wide-gap CIGS solar cells with Zn1-yMgyO transparent conducting film
Authors: Matsubara K. , Yamada A. , Ishizuka S. , Sakurai K. , Tampo H. , Kimura Y. , Nakamura S. , Yonemura M. , Nakanishi H. , Niki S.
Published: November 2011

Zn1-yMgyO bandgap controllable transparent conducting films were used for the wide-gap Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 thin film solar cells. Undoped Zn1-yMgyO and Al doped Zn1-yMgyO films were deposited by co-sputtering using a carousel type sputtering apparatus. Zn1-yMgyO films with Mg content y of up to 0.10 were examined. For Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 with band gap energy ˜1.38 eV, the cell performance was slightly improved by using Zn1-yMgyO and Al doped Zn1-yMgyO instead of ZnO and Al doped ZnO. An unexpected improvement of short circuit current density was observed.
In Situ Sensors for CIGS Deposition and Manufacture
Authors: Repins I.L , Gomez N. , Simpson L. , Joshi B.
Published: November 2011

In situ sensors are an important tool for process control, optimization, and documentation, both in the laboratory and industrial environments. Their further application to deposition of CuInxGa1-xSe2 (CIGS) for photovoltaics is particularly important, as record device efficiencies produced in the laboratory have yet to be replicated in manufacturing. This paper provides an overview of the current state of the art of in situ diagnostics for devices based on coevaporated CIGS.
Cu K-edge EXAFS Studies Of CdCl2 Effects On CdTe Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Xiangxin , Compaan Alvin D. , Terry Jeff
Published: November 2011

The highest performance CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells are generally completed with a Cucontaining back contact. The copper appears to be critical for achieving heavy p-type doping of the CdTe at the contact to permit the formation of a low resistance contact. In previous extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) work we have inferred that most of the Cu in CdTe films resides as Cu2O at the boundaries of CdTe grains in films that have received a chloride treatment in the presence of oxygen, a critical step needed to improve the performance of all CdTe thin-film cells. This has suggested a mechanism for grain boundary passivation in thinfilm CdTe solar cells. We believe most of the diffused Cu decorates grain boundaries as oxides, consistent with the low doping densities typically observed in CdTe solar cells. The significance for grain boundary passivation will be discussed. We also find evidence that the grain-boundary Cu2O in CdCl2 treated CdTe films is unstable and tends to transform to CuO under some stress conditions.
Nonequilibrium Charge Carrier Generation - Recombination Mechanisms in CdMnTe Thin Films
Authors: Caraman Iuliana M. , Vatavu Sergiu A. , Nicorici Valentina Z. , Gasin Petru A.
Published: November 2011

The absorption, photoconductivity and photoluminescence spectra of Cd0.5Mn0.5Te thin films, deposited by “flash” evaporation and vapor phase deposition have been analyzed. The energy gap and the energetic position of the recombination levels in CdMnTe thin films for different substrate temperatures have been determined. The investigation results have been compared with the same parameters for CdMnTe single crystals used as evaporation material.
Effects of Ge-Implantation on the Photoluminescence of CuGaSe2 Thin Films
Authors: Doka Serge , Rusu Marin , Meeder Alex , Arushanov Ernest , Fabre Norbert , Fiechter Sebastian , Schedel-Niedrig Thomas , Lux-Steiner Martha Ch.
Published: November 2011

Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of as grown Ga-rich, and Ga-rich plus Ge-doped and annealed CCSVT (Chemical Close-Spaced Vapor Transport) — CuGaSe2 thin films have been investigated. Visible (514.5 nm) and Ultra- Violet (351.1 nm) excitation energies of the laser have been used in order to determine intrinsic and extrinsic defects created due to the implantation as well as separating near surface from bulk recombination.

Both visible and UV-PL spectra of the undoped films show the well known luminescence of Ga-rich CuGaSe2, which can be described by the widely accepted model of fluctuating potentials. Unlike the visible- and UV-PL emissions of Ge- implanted and annealed films differ strongly. Obviously, Ge-implantation in combination with the thermal treatment results in an extrinsic doping of the material producing so far unknown states in the CuGaSe2 band gap. Comparing the visible- and the UV-PL spectra we found an accumulation of these extrinsic doping levels in the near-surface-region of the films.
Conduction-Band-Offset Rule Governing J-V Distortion in CdS/CI(G)S Solar Cells
Authors: Kanevce A. , Gloeckler M. , Pudov A.O. , Sites J.R.
Published: November 2011

A type-I (“spike”) conduction-band offset (CBO) greater than a few tenths of an eV at the n/p interface of a solar cell can lead to significant distortion of the current-voltage (J-V) curve. Such distortion has been observed in CdS/CIS cells, low-gallium CdS/CIGS cells, and CIGS cells with alternative windows that increase the CBO. The basic feature is reduced current collection in forward bias. The distortion is mitigated by photoconductivity in the CdS or other window layer, and it is therefore more severe if the illumination contains no photons with energies greater than the band gap of the window layer. The device-physics analysis of such distortion is numerical simulation incorporating a three-layer [TCO/CdS/CI(G)S] approximation for the solar cell. The parameters that influence the barrier height, and hence the distortion, are the magnitude of the CBO, the doping of the p- and n- layers, the defect density of the CdS, and the thicknesses of the CdS and TCO layers. The key value, however, is the energy difference between the quasi-Fermi level for electrons and the conduction band at the CdS/CIS interface. Thermionic emission across the interface will limit the current collection, if the difference exceeds approximately 0.48 eV at 300 K and one-sun illumination. This constraint is consistent with experiment, and strategies to satisfy the 0.48-eV rule when designing solar cells are enumerated.
Investigating Minority-Carrier Traps in p-type Cu(InGa)Se2 Using Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy
Authors: Johnston Steven W. , AbuShama Jehad A. M. , Noufi Rommel
Published: November 2011

Measurements of p-type Cu(InGa)Se2 (CIGS) using deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) show peaks associated with minority-carrier traps, even though data were collected using reverse bias conditions not favorable to injecting minority-carrier electrons. These DLTS peaks occur in the temperature range of 50 to 150 K for the rate windows used and correspond to electron traps having activation energies usually in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 eV for alloys of CIS, CGS, and CIGS. The peak values also depend on the number of traps filled. For short filling times of 10 μs to 100 μs, a small peak appears. As the DLTS filling pulse width increases, the peak increases in response to more traps being filled, but it also broadens and shifts to lower temperature suggesting that a possible series of trap levels, perhaps forming a defect band, are present. The peaks usually saturate in a timeframe of seconds. These filling times are sufficient for electrons to fill traps near the interface from the n-type side of the device due to a thermionic emission current. Admittance spectroscopy data for the same samples are shown for comparison.
Defects and interfaces in Cu(In,Ga)Se2–based thin-film solar cells with and without Na diffusion barrier
Authors: Heinrich Helge , Senapati Sephalika , Kulkarni Shripad R. , Halbe Ankush R. , Rudmann Dominik , Tiwari Ayodhya N.
Published: November 2011

To characterize the influence of sodium diffusion on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) layer, samples with and without an A12O3 diffusion barrier were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The soda lime glass acts as a sodium source for samples without diffusion barrier while a post deposition treatment with NaF adds sodium to the CIGS layer for samples with diffusion barrier. For low deposition temperatures in the three-stage growth process for CIGS slightly columnar CIGS grains near the Mo back contact are found and larger grains near the top surface. Samples subject to high-temperature post deposition treatments show slightly larger grain sizes in the CIGS layer than samples prepared at the same temperature but with sodium from the soda lime glass. The surface smoothness of the CIGS layer and therefore the continuity of the following layers is improved for samples with higher deposition temperature. Occasional defects are found on the surface of the ZnO layer which can locally alter reflectivity and absorption properties of these solar cells. Despite the high CIGS surface roughness, the CdS layer with an average thickness of only 50 nm appears continuous and even fills trenches between CIGS grains near the interface.
Interfaces in CdTe Solar Cells: From Idealized Concepts to Technology
Authors: Jaegermann Wolfram , Klein Andreas , Fritsche Jochen , Kraft Daniel , Späth Bettina
Published: November 2011

In thin film solar cells interfaces between lattice mismatched or dissimilar materials are used for the front and the back contact. A p-i-n device structure should be possible as most simple but ideally suited thin film solar cell. In contrast the interfaces in CdTe solar cells are found to be much more complex containing interdiffused phase boundaries at the front as well as at the back contact. By comparison to non-interdiffused interfaces using contact phases of adapted work functions it can be shown that the contact potentials of the front contact but also of the back contact are dominated by Fermi level pinning. The pinning states are evidently due to dislocation defects at the boundary of CdTe to the contact phases. Based on these results it is concluded that interdiffused phase boundaries or appropriate passivation layers are a precondition for efficient solar cells whenever strongly lattice mismatched or dissimilar materials are combined.
Transparent Conducting Oxide Sculptured Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Podraza N. J. , Chen Chi , Sainju D. , Ezekoye O. , Horn M. W. , Wronski C. R. , Collins R. W.
Published: November 2011

Optical losses in thin film solar cells arise due to reflections at the top interfaces where dielectric discontinuities may be significant, e.g., between the glass and transparent conducting oxide (TCO) contact and between the TCO and semiconductor structure. Advanced optical engineering approaches are needed to minimize such losses. One approach is to incorporate multilayered or graded-index TCO films designed to act as broad-band anti-reflectors. Thus, it is important to be able to modulate the near-infrared/visible index of refraction of the TCO over a relatively wide range (e.g., 1.3 < n < 2.0) without increasing its extinction coefficient k or significantly degrading its electrical conductance. Here we report an investigation of SnO2 and ZnO sculptured thin films (STFs) under development for this purpose Sculptured thin films are deposited under low surface mobility conditions using stepwise or continuous variations in the polar and/or azimuthal angles of the deposition flux impinging on the surface. Deposition at a glancing polar angle leads to columnar growth, optical anisotropy, and low ordinary indices of refraction, whereas normal incidence deposition under the same conditions leads to dense isotropic films and high indices. In this study, we explore the dependence of the optical properties of SnO2 and ZnO, including index and birefringence spectra, on the polar deposition angle. Optical modeling reported here assesses the ability of the STF concept to provide tailored TCOs for advanced optical engineering of CdTe solar cell structures.
Dependence of the MoSe2 Formation on the Mo Orientation and the Na Concentration for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cells
Authors: Abou-Ras Daniel , Mukherji Debashis , Kostorz Gernot , Brémaud David , Kälin Marc , Rudmann Dominik , Döbeli Max , Tiwari Ayodhya N.
Published: November 2011

The formation of MoSe2 has been studied on polycrystalline Mo layers and on Mo single crystals in dependence of the Mo orientation, the Na concentration, and also as a function of the Se source and the substrate temperatures. The Mo substrates were selenized by evaporation of Se. The samples were analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, elastic recoil detection analysis, and by conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the crystal structure and orientation of the MoSe2 layer change with increasing substrate temperature. However, the texture of MoSe2 does not depend on the orientation of the Mo substrate. It was also found that the MoSe2 growth is significantly influenced by the Na concentration at substrate temperatures of 450°C and 580°C.
Direct Current Electric Stimulation in Implant Osseointegration: An Experimental Animal Study With Sheep
Authors: Dergin Guhan , Akta Mustafa , Gürsoy Bahar , Devecioglu Yalçin , Kürkçü Mehmet , Benlidayi Emre
Published: November 2011

In an effort to obtain a high-quality bone-implant interface, several methods involving alteration of surface morphological, physicochemical, and biochemical properties are being investigated. The aim of our study was to increase the osseointegration rate and quality and decrease the waiting period of dental implants before loading by using a microelectric implant stimulator device. It imitates microelectrical signals, which occur in bone fractures described in terms of piezoelectric theory. A single dental implant (Zimmer Dental), 3.7 mm in diameter, was inserted into the tibia of sheep bilaterally. Twenty-four dental implants were inserted into 12 sheep. Implant on the tibia of each sheep was stimulated with 7.5 μA direct current (DC), while the other side did not receive any stimulation and served as a control. Animals were sacrificed 1, 2, and 3 months after implantation. Bone segments with implants were processed with unclassified method. The determination of new bone formation and osseointegration around the dental implants was investigated by means of undecalcified method, histomorphologically. No statistically significant difference in bone-to-implant contact (BIC) ratio, osteoblastic activity, and new bone formation was found between the stimulation group and the control group at the late phase of healing (4, 8, and 12 weeks). No evidence was found that electric stimulation with implanted 7.5 μA DC is effective at late phase implant osseointegration on a sheep experimental model.
A Simplified Technique for Solving the Transfer Problem of Implant-Supported Fixed Partial Dentures for Patients With Microstomia
Authors: Uludag Bulent , Polat Serdar , Sahin Volkan , Tokar Emre , Ertug Omer
Published: November 2011

Techniques for treating a fully or partially edentulous patient with microstomia have been developed to overcome the challenge of accessing the oral cavity. Management of the problems associated with providing implant-supported fixed partial dentures for patients with microstomia has not been well reported. This article describes a solution for the transfer problem that occurs when making an impression of an implant-supported fixed partial dentures for patients with microstomia.
Altered Position of the Medial Lingual Nutritional Foramina at Different Stages of Alveolar Ridge Atrophy
Authors: Lautner Nora Valerie , Bernauer Erwin , Krenkel Christian , Gaggl Alexander
Published: November 2011

To determine the altered location of the medial lingual nutritional foramina in different stages of bone resorption, 55 cadaveric mandibles were selected for this study from a total of 1532. Prevalence, location of the foramen (lingual, cranial, labial), application of Atwood classification (grades 1–6), and macroanatomic dissections were tools of this examination. An increasing grade of atrophy leads to a shift in position of the medial lingual nutritional foramen.
Fundo público e políticas sociais na crise do capitalismo
Authors: Salvador Evilasio
Published: November 2011

A característica comum a todas as crises financeiras dos últimos trinta anos é o comparecimento do fundo público para socorrer instituições financeiras falidas durante as crises bancárias, à custa dos impostos pagos pelos cidadãos. Com a financeirização da riqueza, os mercados financeiros passam a disputar cada vez mais recursos do fundo público, impedindo a expansão dos direitos sociais. Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a crise do capital a partir do papel exercido pelo fundo público e seus rebatimentos no financiamento da seguridade social no Brasil.
Estrutura social no Brasil: mudanças recentes
Authors: Pochmann Marcio
Published: November 2011

O estudo busca identificar o novo padrão de mobilidade social que se encontra em curso no Brasil. Para isso, recupera brevemente seus principais elementos determinantes, assim como procura destacar as características centrais observadas nos segmentos populacionais.
Fatores associados ao abandono de acompanhamento ambulatorial em um serviço de assistência especializada em HIV/aids na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ
Authors: Schilkowsky Louise Bastos , Portela Margareth Crisóstomo , Sá Marilene de Castilho
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: Este estudo visou a identificar fatores associados ao abandono do serviço de saúde por pacientes com HIV/aids. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi desenvolvido no Serviço de Assistência Especializada de um hospital universitário do Rio de Janeiro, considerando uma amostra estratificada de pacientes adultos, incluindo todos os casos de abandono (155) e 44,0% dos 790 casos em acompanhamento regular. Análises bivariadas visaram a identificar associações entre o abandono do serviço de saúde e variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e clínicas. Um modelo de regressão logística e um modelo de Cox foram utilizados para a identificação dos efeitos independentes das variáveis explicativas sobre o risco de abandono, no segundo caso incorporando a informação sobre a ocorrência do desfecho no decorrer do tempo. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tinham em média 35 anos, sendo predominantemente do sexo masculino (66,4%) e de nível socioeconômico baixo (45%). Em ambos os modelos, mostraram-se consistentemente associados ao risco de abandono estar desempregado ou possuir vínculo instável, usar drogas ilícitas e ter antecedentes psiquiátricos - associação positiva; e idade, ter o diagnóstico de aids e ter usado vários esquemas antirretrovirais - associação negativa. Na regressão logística, mostrou-se também positivamente associado à ocorrência de abandono o tempo entre o diagnóstico e a primeira consulta, enquanto no modelo Cox, o hazard de ocorrência de abandono mostrou-se positivamente associado a ser solteiro e negativamente associado a ter nível de escolaridade mais elevado. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste trabalho permitem a identificação de pacientes com HIV/aids mais vulneráveis ao abandono do serviço de saúde.
Enfoque familiar e orientação para a comunidade no controle da tuberculose
Authors: Nogueira Jordana de Almeida , Trigueiro Débora Raquel Soares Guedes , Sá Lenilde Duarte de , Silva Cybelle Alves da , Oliveira Luana Carla Santana , Villa Tereza Cristina Scatena , Scatena Lucia Marina
Published: November 2011

Este estudo objetivou descrever as ações de controle da tuberculose no contexto de Equipes de Saúde da Família, segundo as dimensões "enfoque familiar" e "orientação para comunidade". Pesquisa avaliativa seccional, realizada em 2008, que envolveu 84 profissionais de saúde. Utilizou-se o instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool, validado e adaptado para atenção à tuberculose no Brasil. Os entrevistados responderam as questões segundo possibilidades produzidas por escala intervalar tipo Likert, à qual foi atribuído um valor entre zero e cinco. Os dados foram inseridos no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences e analisados segundo freqüência e mediana. Na primeira dimensão avaliada, 67,9% dos profissionais de saúde investigam os contatos domiciliares dos casos de tuberculose; 63,1% realizam exame radiológico; 64,3% incluem a família no enfrentamento da doença; 77,4% identificam fatores de riscos; 41,7% envolvem outros setores na resolução dos problemas. Na segunda dimensão, 73,8% realizam busca de casos na comunidade; 40,5% dispõem de insumos para coleta de escarro; 50% desenvolvem trabalhos educativos e 14,3% reconhecem participação social no controle da tuberculose. A eficiência da utilização dos serviços exigirá a incorporação de ações que privilegiem a atenção à família e à comunidade, e o desenvolvimento de habilidades que ampliem os espaços de atuação dos profissionais e fortaleçam a articulação intersetorial.
Satisfação de médicos com o cuidado às doenças cardiovasculares em municípios de Minas Gerais: Escala Cardiosatis-EQUIPE
Authors: Oliveira Graziella Lage , Cardoso Clareci Silva , Ribeiro Antonio Luis Pinho , Caiaffa Waleska Teixeira
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as qualidades psicométricas de validade e confiabilidade da Escala CARDIOSATIS-Equipe, elaborada especificamente para avaliar a satisfação dos médicos com o atendimento pré-hospitalar às doenças cardiovasculares em municípios participantes de um projeto em Telessaúde e mensurar a satisfação dos médicos antes e depois da implantação do Projeto. MÉTODO: Aplicação do instrumento na linha de base e pós-implantação de um sistema de telecardiologia em 82 municípios de Minas Gerais. O estudo das qualidades psicométricas da escala incluiu: Validade de construto, por meio de análise fatorial; Análise de consistência interna pelo Alfa de Cronbach; Correlação de Pearson entre os itens; Correlação de Spearman entre os domínios e a escala Global; e Validade discriminante. RESULTADOS: A análise fatorial por meio da extração de componentes principais indicou a distribuição dos itens da escala em dois fatores que explicaram 66,5% da variância dos escores de satisfação, identificados como Estrutura de atendimento e diagnóstico e Satisfação com o cuidado prestado. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach mostrou valores elevados para a escala Global (0,92) e para os fatores (0,84). As correlações item-domínio e item-escala global também se mostraram adequadas, variando de 0,59 a 0,89 e de 0,73 a 0,85, respectivamente. A escala mostrou boa capacidade de discriminar os dois momentos da aplicação (antes e depois), mostrando um aumento significativo da satisfação dos médicos para a maioria dos itens avaliados pelo instrumento (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: pode-se concluir com este estudo que a introdução do sistema de telecardiologia melhorou a satisfação dos profissionais avaliados e que a Escala CARDIOSATIS-Equipe é um bom instrumento para se mensurar a satisfação dos profissionais com o atendimento às DCV. As boas características de validade e confiabilidade da escala colaboram para sua utilização em outros estudos.
Utilização de genéricos em área de atuação da equipe de Saúde da Família em município do sul do Brasil
Authors: Vosgerau Milene Zanoni da Silva , Souza Regina Kazue Tanno de , Soares Darli Antonio
Published: November 2011

Esta pesquisa transversal objetivou estimar a prevalência do uso de genéricos na população total e entre os usuários de medicamentos; verificar as classes medicamentosas mais consumidas entre os genéricos; avaliar o nível de conhecimento dos genéricos pela população; e identificar os fatores associados ao uso de genéricos entre adultos de 20 a 59 anos. A amostra foi composta por 374 indivíduos da área de abrangência de uma Unidade Saúde da Família de Ponta Grossa, PR. A coleta de dados foi feita por entrevistas domiciliares. Foram consideradas três categorias de variáveis: sociodemográficas, condição de saúde e uso de serviços de saúde. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado. A prevalência de consumo de genéricos foi de 9,9%. Dos entrevistados, 96,5% afirmaram conhecer os genéricos; 64,3% acreditam que estes têm a mesma qualidade e 88,9% relataram que são mais baratos. Os grupos mais utilizados foram os do sistema nervoso e do aparelho cardiovascular. A quase totalidade (96,2%) dos genéricos foi adquirida em farmácias comerciais. Após análise univariada, as variáveis estatisticamente significativas foram classificação econômica, situação de trabalho, plano de saúde, presença de doenças crônicas, consulta nos últimos 3 meses e internação nos últimos 12 meses. A baixa prevalência de utilização aponta para a necessidade do fortalecimento de políticas de disponibilização de genéricos na rede pública, em especial na Estratégia Saúde da Família, como principal forma de acesso a esses medicamentos à população como a estudada.
Qualidade de vida e saúde física e mental de médicos: uma autoavaliação por egressos da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP
Authors: Torres Albina Rodrigues , Ruiz Tânia , Müller Sérgio Swain , Lima Maria Cristina Pereira
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: O presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar resultados de autoavaliações em termos de qualidade de vida (QV), saúde física (SF) e saúde mental (SM) realizadas por ex-alunos do curso de medicina de uma universidade pública brasileira, associando-se tais indicadores a dados demográficos e diversas dimensões da atuação profissional. MÉTODOS: estudo de corte transversal que teve como população-alvo todos os egressos da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP) no período de 1968 a 2005, utilizando-se um questionário autoaplicável, respondido por correio ou internet. RESULTADOS: Dos 2.864 questionários enviados, 1.224 (45%) foram respondidos. Tanto a QV como SF e SM foram avaliadas como boa ou muito boa por 67,8%, 78,8% e 84,5% dos participantes, respectivamente. Nos modelos finais de regressão logística, associaram-se a avaliação favorável de QV: ter boa SF e SM, frequentar congressos regulamente, ter tempo suficiente de lazer e estar satisfeito com a profissão. SF boa ou muito boa associou-se independentemente com QV e SM positivas, faixa de renda mais alta, prática regular de atividades físicas e nunca ter fumado. SM favorável permaneceu associada com satisfação profissional, tempo para lazer, e boa avaliação da QV e da SF. CONCLUSÕES: Entre os médicos egressos da UNESP, SF e SM foram aspectos indissociáveis e também relacionados à QV. Bons hábitos, como praticar atividades físicas, ter tempo para lazer e não fumar foram associados à melhor avaliação da saúde em geral e devem ser incentivados. A satisfação profissional teve um peso importante no bem-estar emocional relatado pelos participantes.
Validade de estimativas obtidas por inquérito telefônico: comparação entre VIGITEL 2008 e inquérito Saúde em Beagá
Authors: Ferreira Aline Dayrell , César Cibele Comini , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Souza Andrade Amanda Cristina de , Ramos Cynthia Graciane Carvalho , Proietti Fernando Augusto , Bernal Regina Tomie Ivata , Caiaffa Waleska Teixeira
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: Verificar a validade externa das estimativas obtidas por inquérito telefônico, e o impacto do uso do fator de ponderação pós-estratificação na correção das estimativas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas informações de moradores das regiões Oeste e Barreiro de Belo Horizonte (MG), obtidas por inquérito telefônico VIGITEL 2008 (n=440) e por inquérito domiciliar, realizado face a face, Saúde em Beagá (SB) (n=4.048). Estimativas de variáveis relevantes para vigilância epidemiológica foram comparadas entre os estudos, por meio das estatísticas de teste. Inicialmente, compararam-se grupos segundo a posse de linha telefônica fixa e em seguida as estimativas do VIGITEL, com e sem a utilização de peso pós-estratificação, com as estimativas do SB. RESULTADOS: Indivíduos que possuíam telefone fixo residencial apresentaram marcadores de melhores condições econômicas (local de moradia, escolaridade e cor de pele), maior prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT), menor exposição a fatores de risco para DCNT e maior acesso/utilização de serviços de saúde, quando comparados aos demais. A maioria das estimativas do VIGITEL (sem o uso do peso pós-estratificação) foi semelhante às estimativas para a amostra do SB que referiu ter telefone fixo residencial, demonstrando não haver grande impacto da metodologia utilizada na obtenção dos dados (reduzido viés de informação). Mesmo sem utilizar o fator de pós-estratificação, as estimativas do VIGITEL se assemelharam às do SB; após a ponderação, as poucas estimativas viciadas (número de moradores, cor de pele e atividade física) não diferiram mais das obtidas pelo inquérito face a face exceto para a variável "ter plano de saúde", cuja correção da estimativa reduziu a diferença observada, e para as variáveis "consumo de verduras/legumes" e "tabagismo atual", em que não foi possível corrigir as estimativas. CONCLUSÃO: Recomenda-se a vigilância epidemiológica de DCNT por meio de inquéritos telefônicos porque fornecem estimativas aproximadas do que seria esperado para a população total, com menores investimentos financeiros e menor tempo.
Práticas preventivas de detecção de câncer em mulheres: comparação das estimativas dos inquéritos de saúde (ISA - Capital) e vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico (VIGITEL - São Paulo)
Authors: Segri Neuber José , Francisco Priscila Maria S. Bergamo , Alves Maria Cecília Goi Porto , Azevedo Barros Marilisa Berti de , Cesar Chester Luiz Galvão , Goldbaum Moisés , Malta Deborah Carvalho
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar estimativas obtidas em inquéritos domiciliar e telefônico, da realização dos exames de Papanicolaou e mamografia em mulheres residentes no município de São Paulo em 2008, segundo características sociodemográficas, bem como dimensionar as diferenças observadas. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados do ISA - Capital 2008, inquérito domiciliar realizado no município de São Paulo pela Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) e Secretaria de Estado da Saúde com apoio da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo, e do VIGITEL - São Paulo, inquérito telefônico realizado pelo Ministério da Saúde para Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas. Estimativas da realização do exame de Papanicolaou e mamografia na vida, bem como a realização no último ano foram comparadas segundo o tipo de inquérito (domiciliar/telefone) por meio de regressão de Poisson ajustada por idade e escolaridade. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as estimativas obtidas pelo VIGITEL e ISA - Capital para as prevalências de realização de mamografia no último ano. No entanto, para as estimativas globais de realização do exame de Papanicolaou alguma vez na vida e no último ano e da mamografia na vida, foi possível verificar diferenças estatisticamente significantes, com prevalências de cobertura superiores entre as entrevistadas pelo inquérito telefônico. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sinalizam a tendência de superestimação de alguns indicadores de cobertura de mamografia e de exame de Papanicolaou nos dados de pesquisa via telefone, apontando a necessidade de novos estudos que também contribuam para o melhor entendimento das diferenças observadas com o uso de diferentes modalidades de inquéritos.