bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archaic Epistemology
Authors: Evans Matthew
Published: July 2023

In her new book, Jessica Moss defends a radical version of the ‘distinct objects’ (DO) reading of Plato’s epistemology—one according to which the attitudes he classifies under the heading of epistēmē and the attitudes he classifies under the heading of doxa differ systematically in the sort of things they are about. This paper raises a number of textual problems for this version of the DO reading and then proposes an alternative one according to which the ‘object’ of a given attitude of yours is to be understood not as the topic or subject matter of that attitude, but as the thing your acquaintance with which grounds that attitude. Upon closer examination, this alternative version of the DO reading turns out to be superior, both exegetically and philosophically, to the one Moss defends. It also allows us to accommodate, rather than dismiss, a number of Plato’s central epistemological convictions and thus to confirm his continuing relevance to contemporary debates about how we ought to conduct ourselves as thinkers.
Mediating Women’s Writing
Authors: Orr Leah
Published: July 2023

This chapter analyzes various types of mediators who helped women’s writing reach print, including friends, family members, booksellers, and other writers. It argues that mediators influenced the final form of a book, so they are participants in the construction of the woman writer and often had different agendas of their own. It examines the means of print publication, including subscription publishing and the phenomenon of publication without consent, to show how publishers, patrons, and even potential readers mediated between the original manuscript and the printed form of the book. Finally, it concludes with a case study of Catharine Trotter/Cockburn, who employed several types of mediators to publish her work. The chapter shows how she re-made her authorial persona from that of a young woman playwright to a more mature writer of philosophy.
Mirabai
Authors: Martin Nancy M.
Published: July 2023

This book traces the narrative genealogy of the immensely popular Indian saint Mirabai from the earliest manuscript references to her through colonial and nationalist formations to scholarly and popular portrayals in the decades leading up to Indian independence. This iconic sixteenth-century woman is renowned for her unwavering love of God, her disregard for social hierarchies and gendered notions of honor and shame, and her challenge thereby to familial, feudal, and religious authorities. Though verifiable historical facts regarding her life are few, stories about her have multiplied across social, linguistic, regional, and religious boundaries. With attention to who is telling which story and why, this book examines her place in the developing strands of devotional Hinduism and her role in the gendered and contested terrain of nineteenth- and twentieth-century debates around the education and independence of women and the crafting of Indian and Hindu identities. Consideration is given not only to elite voices but also to those marginalized by caste, class, and gender who find in her a source of solidarity and dignity, shared suffering and resistance, and a precedent for pursuing lives outside of or in addition to normative social expectations, particularly for women. Highlighting the impact also of key individuals from Rabindranath Tagore and Gandhi to Mahadevi Varma and Subbulakshmi on perceptions of the saint, the book offers a comprehensive and multilayered portrait of this remarkable and still controversial woman who continues to be a source of inspiration for so many both in India and around the world.
Cultural Icon for a Nation in the Making
Authors: Martin Nancy M.
Published: July 2023

In the decades leading to up to India’s Independence the Hindu woman saint Mirabai emerges as a national saint and cultural icon, capturing peoples’ imaginations as scholarship, biographies, dramas, and films about her proliferated. This chapter explores these divergent portrayals and Mirabai’s multiple roles therein. Theosophist James Cousins and international Sufi leader Hazrat Inayat Khan would compose radically different plays, with Mira embodying divergent religious ideals. The saint would also be drawn into a battle for the hearts and minds of Indian youth with Annie Besant championing her as an inspiration and source of pride while British children’s textbook author Eleanor Lucia Turnball would create a drama designed to do just the opposite, as the nationalist struggle intensified. Some women would find in the saint precedent for unorthodox lives, religious and otherwise, while other people sought to mobilize her for to school girls and young women in service and devotion to husband and home. The spiritual biography composed by advocate and respected philosopher Bankey Behari, weaving together nationalist, rajput and devotional accounts would have the most lasting impact, picked up by Gita Press to serve its agenda of fostering a broad socially conservative Hindu orthodoxy. Mira’s life and character also enter the realm of film in complex ways from the silent era, drawn into negotiations of Indian identity, tradition and modernity, gender relations, the freedom struggle, and much more, culminating in the saint’s iconic portrayal by M. S. Subbulakshmi, released on the cusp of Independence and introducing Mira to global audiences.
Conclusion
Authors: Martin Nancy M.
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that surveying the nature of the array of narratives associate with the saint Mirabai, from hagiography and oral traditions to historical, popular and scholarly accounts, makes clear that the alleged “historical biography” emerging from nationalist, rajput and orthodox Hindu sources, need not be taken as the “truth” about the saint. Instead the many circulating narrative traditions surrounding the saint reveal the multiple ways people have experienced the saint and employed her narrative to speak about many other issues from devotion to God in a woman’s body to the proper behavior of women, arranged marriage, and the suffering caused by caste and gender oppression. Understanding the nature of these narratives provides a necessary foundation for further analysis of the songs attributed to the saint, many composed by others in her name, and for examining her continued relevance in post-colonial and global contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Olyan Saul M.
Published: July 2023

The Introduction presents the reasons why the book was written: first, experts in the biblical field have mainly ignored the question of animal rights, while non-specialists in law or philosophy who argue on behalf of animals have tended to read the Hebrew Bible superficially and in an overly generalizing manner; second, the Hebrew Bible has much to contribute to current debate in the academy, in the courts, in the public square, and in religious communities. The Introduction also treats a number of topics and themes that will be relevant throughout the work: defining what constitutes legal personhood and the legal rights of animals, animal rights and animal welfare, the use of the Hebrew Bible in contemporary animal advocacy, the critical-contextual approach that sees the Hebrew Bible as an anthology of literature spanning centuries and bearing witness to multiple viewpoints and voices, and the biblical notion of rights.
Animal Culpability and Its Ramifications for Legal Status
Authors: Olyan Saul M.
Published: July 2023

In a number of biblical texts—Gen 6:11–13; Gen 9:5–6; Exod 19:12–13; and Exod 21:28–32—animals, often together with human beings, are subject to sanctions for infractions they themselves commit. In other biblical passages, animals must die or suffer because of crimes committed by humans. In this chapter, the author argues that texts of the first type imply that animals are ascribed a form of legal personhood, given that they are punished for forbidden acts that they themselves perpetrate, in contrast to texts of the second type, which do not assume any kind of legal personhood for animals. Furthermore, texts of the first type imply that animals are assumed to bear duties as a component of their legal personhood and can be held responsible for not fulfilling those duties, in contrast to much contemporary law. The very fact that several biblical texts ascribe duties to animals is a most striking and surprising finding.
Role Induction
Authors: Swift Joshua K. , Penix Elizabeth A. , Li Ailun
Published: July 2023

Role induction is a pantheoretical method that can be used in the initial phase of psychotherapy to prepare clients for treatment. This chapter defines and illustrates the clinical use of role induction. It then presents the results of an original meta-analysis on role induction that includes data from 17 experimental studies with adult individual psychotherapy clients. The results from the meta-analysis suggest that role induction can have a positive impact on reducing premature termination and improving immediate within-session outcomes and post-treatment outcomes, but not mid-treatment outcomes. This research evidence informs the diversity considerations, training implications, and therapeutic practices presented in this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Križ Katrin , Petersen Mimi
Published: July 2023

This chapter introduces the aims of the book and describes its concepts and questions. It discusses why the book is significant, describes how the editors selected the book chapters, and explains how the book is organized. The book’s primary goal is to highlight different pathways to children’s and young people’s participation in child protection. The secondary aim is to analyze a variety of participatory practices and research approaches in an international context. The book chapters address these questions: What are the pathways to children’s and young people’s participation that children, youth, and adults forge? What are their advantages and benefits? What are the difficulties in creating opportunities for children’s participation, and what are strategies to overcome them? Are there unique challenges to developing and implementing participation in practice and research depending on children and young people’s experiences, identities, and social positions? What are the outcomes of children and young people’s participation?
The Change Factory’s Participation in Social Work Education in Norway
Authors: Sundby Roar
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes an initiative by children and young people involved with the public child welfare systems in Norway called “My Life Education.” My Life Education is a cooperation between the child welfare programs at the University of South-Eastern Norway (USN), the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), and the Change Factory (Forandringsfabrikken). The Change Factory is made up of children and young people with lived experience in the public child welfare system who seek to improve the public child welfare system based on their experiences and recommendations. The My Life Education project aims to include the lived experiences of children and young people in university-level child welfare training and education. It seeks to improve the participatory competencies of future child welfare workers by developing pedagogical tools to enhance children’s participation. The chapter shows that the experiences of the children and young people and the students participating in the initiative are overwhelmingly positive. The main challenge in academia is for children’s knowledge to be considered equally important as evidence-based scientific knowledge.
Children Claiming the Right to Live Without Violence in Nicaragua
Authors: Shier Harry
Published: July 2023

All children have the inalienable right to live without violence, and this chapter shows how children themselves can organize to claim and defend this right. Drawing on case studies from Nicaragua in Central America, the chapter shows how transformations occur throughout communities, leading to a safer, less violent society when children are informed and empowered as rights holders and recognized as active citizens. This chapter focuses on children’s role in social change. It contains three parts. The first part introduces and unpacks the concept of a rights-based approach to keeping children safe, drawing on specific rights established in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The second part presents ten examples of how children and youth have taken practical action to defend their right to live without violence, all drawn from the author’s experience supporting child workers on the coffee plantations of northern Nicaragua between 2001 and 2012. Lastly, the author reflects on these experiences and shares some of the lessons he learned along the way.
The Beginnings of American English
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

Chapter 1 explores early sources of American vocabulary, including Native American languages, contributions from other European languages, and repurposed English, as well as expressions that grew out of the land, such as blaze a trail and pull up stakes. It describes the Early Modern English spoken by the seventeenth-century colonists, and traces the changes that took place in the language between the earliest colonial settlements and the Revolutionary War. These affected not only vocabulary, but also pronunciation and grammar. The chapter also discusses the beginnings of awareness that American English was identifiably different from the English of Great Britain.
Attitudes in a Polarized World
Authors: Repetto Angelita , Albarracín Dolores
Published: July 2023

This chapter reviews the sociological and psychological processes that reinforce polarization in social and political attitudes. Although, the academic literatures have remained separate, sociological and psychological factors must be integrated to provide a comprehensive understanding of how attitudes are formed and protected. Social segregation is the primary sociological mechanism that creates attitudinal and ideological boundaries between groups of different socioeconomic status, education level, and race or ethnicity. These attitudes are then maintained by the psychological processes of selective exposure, selective judgment, and selective dissemination of information. Evidence concerning each process is reviewed, with particular attention to social and political attitudes, as well as evaluations of ethnic minorities and immigrants and opinions about social policies.
Introduction
Authors: Wong Amy
Published: July 2023

The Introduction identifies the intended reader audience and provides data on suicides in the United States. It highlights the high rates of suicide ideation and low rates of suicide deaths among Asian American college students. It also reviews the theoretical orientation of Emile Durkheim and Thomas Joiner to help explain risk factors and suicide vulnerability. In addition, it reviews the theoretical lens of resiliency to help explain the protective factors and suicide resiliency. It further explains how the data were collected by using narrative research or the process of storytelling. The Introduction also presents data on the ethnicity and national origin of the Asian American population, major depressive symptoms, and the suicide death rate.
Women in Islam
Authors: Keles Ozcan
Published: July 2023

As the second of the two empirical chapters, Chapter 4 looks at how and why Hizmet’s practice produced Islamic knowledge on human rights by bringing about social and scriptural change (ijtihad) in relation to women’s rights—one of the two most contested issues in the context of Islam and human rights. It does so by examining the processual interplay within and between Hizmet’s doings and sayings over an expansive temporospatial axis to explore how Hizmet’s position and practice on four issues (education, headscarf, segregation, and role) pertaining to women’s rights evolved organically, unintentionally, and, at times, counter-intentionally, from being deeply conservative in the 1980s to becoming increasingly progressive towards the turn of the century and beyond. In so doing, this chapter shows how this form of practice-based knowledge production eschews the duality problem, as discussed in Chapter 1, by combining both facets (formalised/experiential) of religious knowledge in the performance of practice.
Realignments
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that Suharto called an end to his Cold War in the early 1980s. Both within Indonesia and on the global stage, political Islam displaced Chinese communism as the key threat facing the New Order. Meanwhile in Southeast Asia, the outbreak of the Third Indochina War discredited the idea of a coherent communist threat facing the region. The Cold War ceased to provide a meaningful framework for the Suharto regime’s national and international policy. Suharto altered his approach to governance and worked to anchor the New Order in the Indonesian body politic by refashioning Golkar into a cadre party with a base of mass support, implementing a program of large-scale ideological indoctrination, and cultivating a pribumi capitalist class. He acquiesced to international pressure to release Indonesia’s political prisoners and embraced a tacit alliance with China against Vietnam. The New Order would survive for nearly two decades, but anticommunism was no longer its animating impulse.
Suffering in Acute and Critical Care
Authors: Broden Elizabeth G. , Foxwell Anessa
Published: July 2023

The inpatient context presents a profound shift from everyday routines, connections, and community. This chapter explores the specific ways in which people and their families of choice may experience suffering as a result of a hospital admission to an acute or intensive care unit. Example cases including patient, family, and nursing perspectives illustrate suffering in multiple domains, including environmental, physical, psychological/emotional, existential, and social. Situation-specific considerations, including different patient populations, potential barriers, and challenging circumstances, are especially important for nurses to be aware of. Lastly, a guiding framework is proposed to help bedside nurses identify, assess, and holistically respond to suffering amid the busyness of acute and critical care settings.
Ungovernable Factories
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

The militancy of US industrial workers reached a peak in the early 1970s in terms of the number and severity of strikes. Many worker actions were conducted autonomously, independent of and antagonistic to the established labor unions. The chapter highlights, in particular, the organizing activities of revolutionary Black workers in Detroit’s auto industry. Business and political leaders feared that the factories were becoming ungovernable and that social order, consequently, would be eroded. In response to the crisis of factory governability, management and ownership sought the means to transform the US economy to be less reliant on industrial production and industrial workers.
Introduction
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J.
Published: July 2023

The Introduction presents an overview of the main themes covered throughout this book including the racist origins of family separations in the United States during the time of chattel slavery and the racist origins of the child welfare system, referred to in this book as the family policing system, which emerged just following the abolition of slavery. Since that time, the modern child welfare system has been designed with the specific intent of maintaining the oppression of Black children and families through the continued use of forcible family separations. The Introduction then argues that the immense harm that results from these separations should be the catalyst that leads to calls for abolition of the child welfare system, just as the harms of family separations were the catalyst that led to the abolition of slavery.
A Racist Transformation
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 3 presents the origins of the modern child welfare system, which evolved from a system of support for White families living in extreme poverty in the early 1900s to a system of surveillance and punishment of mostly poor Black families by the late 1960s. This evolution included changing public sentiments toward “welfare,” the “discovery” of child abuse in the early 1960s, and the racial unrest that accompanied the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. These events culminated in the passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 1974, an early piece of child welfare policy that established the concept of “neglect” as “child maltreatment,” permanently associating poverty with child abuse, and significantly shifting the direction and purpose of the modern child welfare system. This chapter argues that this shift, which led to the significant overrepresentation of Black children and families, was by design.
Manifestations of Surveillance, Regulation, and Punishment in the Afterlife of Slavery
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 4 presents an overview of the carceral logic that undergirds today’s child welfare system and the functions of surveillance, regulation, and punishment that emerge from this carceral logic. This chapter describes the ways in which these functions of surveillance, regulation, and punishment are rooted in the mechanisms used to maintain the oppression of Black people during the era of slavery and have since evolved to achieve this same purpose through today’s child welfare system. This chapter describes the ways in which family separations and the threat of family separations are used to punish and control Black families and communities, all for the purpose of maintaining their oppression. It concludes with a call to action to resist the anti-Blackness and oppression that exist in today’s child welfare system and to demand something better.
Is It Really Worse to Kill Humans?
Authors: Wendler David S.
Published: July 2023

In light of the conclusion that there are no degrees of moral status, this chapter reconsiders whether it really is worse to kill humans than animals. It distinguishes between killing, dying, and being dead and argues that a comprehensive account needs to consider whether it is worse for humans to die and whether it is worse to kill them. The reason why death is worse in humans is because it sets back our contribution interests. In contrast, animals either do not have contribution interests, or their contribution interests are less significant. Killing humans is also worse because it conflicts with their claim to determine the course of their lives. Animals’ claims in this regard are less stringent.
A World Without Degrees of Moral Status
Authors: Wendler David S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter considers the implications of the conclusion that there are no degrees of moral status for seven important issues: (1) the differences between a world that includes degrees of moral status and one that doesn’t; (2) our obligations to help animals; (3) animal rights; (4) raising animals and eating them; (5) animal experimentation; (6) humans who lack superior cognitive capacities; and (7) genetically enhanced human beings, human-animal chimeras, and robots. It argues that the conclusion that there are no degrees of moral status is consistent with a range of our beliefs and behaviors. For example, it is still worse to kill human beings than animals, and it is more important to respect us. In other ways, this conclusion changes things significantly. It suggests that animals have some rights, although not the same rights as human beings, and regulations governing animal experimentation should be changed in fundamental ways.
Consciences and the Reformation
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R.
Published: July 2023

This book examines the contentious relationship between oath-taking, confessional subscription, and the binding of the conscience in John Calvin’s reform. Calvin and his closest Reformed colleagues routinely distinguished what they believed were impious rules and constitutions in the Roman Church—human traditions claiming to bind the consciences of the faithful by putting them in fear of losing their salvation—and legitimate church observances, such as oaths and formal subscription to Reformed confessional standards. Doctrinal and moral reform in the cities became especially difficult, however, when friends and foes alike accused Calvin and his partners of burdening consciences with extra-Scriptural statements of faith composed by human authorities—a claim that, if true, would necessarily shape the assessment of the integrity of Calvin’s Reformation. In light of these conflicts, Consciences and the Reformation offers a close reading of the texts and controversies surrounding Calvin’s struggle for reform, especially as they reveal the unique challenges Calvin and his pastoral colleagues encountered in their attempts to employ oath-swearing and formal confession of faith as a means to consolidate the reformation of church and society. The principal goal of this study is to demonstrate how oaths and vows were used to shape confessional identity, secure social order, forge community, and promote faithfulness in public and private contracts, as well as to illustrate the complex and difficult task of simultaneously protecting the individual conscience as part of bringing a new take on Christian freedom to Reformed communities.
Confession, Conscience, and Christian Freedom in the Later Anti-Nicodemite Writings of Calvin and the Reformers, 1540–1562
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R.
Published: July 2023

This chapter offers a close reading of select letters and treatises composed by anti-Nicodemite reformers—including Calvin, Farel, Viret, and Vermigli—following their initial rebuke of Nicodemism during the 1530s. The overarching purpose of this chapter is to develop some of the themes explored in Chapter 3, which retraced the timeline of events precipitating the Nicodemite controversy. Though accounting for matters of epistolary history and context, the following study primarily aims to show how the anti-Nicodemite views of Calvin and his allies took shape in the aftermath of this controversy and displayed remarkable continuity over the course of several decades. As will be seen, the interwoven themes of ritual confession, conscience, and Christian liberty formed a nexus of concerns that elicited the reformers’ ongoing anti-Nicodemite polemic.
Introduction
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox, and Jonathan , Zellman Ariel
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents an overview of the book. In this chapter we broadly address the current state of the literature on religion and conflict as well as the general domestic conflict, violence, and civil war literature. We argue that the study presented in this book, which examines the conflict behavior of 771 religious minorities in 183 countries, provides a major advance over previous analyses of the conflict behavior of minorities in general. We also argue that our two-stage model—which first looks at the influence of discrimination, deprivation, and inequality (DDI) on grievances, then the influence of grievances on mobilization and conflict behavior by religious minorities—is the best model to understand religious minority conflict behavior.
Seeing Circles
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter aims to establish dignity as a public health issue. It discusses population health in contrasting ways: average health across a population and variation in health by different social circles. The chapter begins by conceptualizing suicide as a social problem. Rising tides do not lift all boats, and individuals each inhabit multiple social circles that shape their dignity, rather than a so-called average life. Specific murders or injustices teach about society’s ongoing conflicts. To gain finer resolution on social injustice, the chapter turns to the idea of status characteristics, which are attachments of social value to social categories: gender, class, race, age, ability, and other demographic characteristics. Given this hierarchical backdrop, the chapter defines the relationship between dignity and population health as one of social endurance: preserving and defining individuality against the social violence that group-based inequalities imply.
Measuring Dignity Subjectively
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter outlines the measurement strategy for subjective dignity and its justification. Subjective dignity is measured, as introduced above, through whether people think they have dignity in their own lives. By comparing dignity to the gold standard measure of self-rated health—one of the most important measures across the social sciences—what to expect from a comprehensive, subjective measure can be learned. Just as self-rated health is predicted by but not reducible to objective health information such as symptoms or conditions, the authors expect that dignity should overlap somewhat with important social and moral processes such as respect, discrimination, and mattering, as well as objective social class or demographic differences, while not being reducible to any one of these predictors. The chapter gives background information on the dignity survey items and subjective dignity scale construction and addresses key strengths and limitations of the subjective dignity measurement approach from the standpoints of quantification of people and conducting cross-sectional survey research into health.
A Resource-Based Framework for Analyzing Levels of Dignity
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter tests a framework that analyzes dignity variation in terms of differences in economic, psychological, and social resources possessed by individuals. As individuals accumulate more of these resources, they also report higher levels of subjective dignity. At the same time, particular resources vary considerably in their degree of overlap with dignity, and the resource model shows varying degrees of fit across different demographic groups. Meanwhile, the chapter documents that a four-year college degree is a powerful social determinant of numerous resource differences. Finally, it lends complexity to the nature of social connectedness, by allowing it to take digital and in-person forms. The chapter finds that individuals who integrate digital and in-person connectedness show the highest levels of subjective dignity.
One Polarized Nation
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Andersson Matthew A.
Published: July 2023

Separating dignity losses by political ideology, this chapter finds that liberals lost more dignity from 2017 to 2021 than conservatives or moderates. Across these ideological lines, the importance of respect to dignity is consistently emphasized, and dignity’s relationship to a variety of health issues is quite consistent as well. The resource model of dignity finds considerable support across ideology as well, but this support varies depending on year and ideology. Specific psychological, economic, and social resources also show divergent associations with dignity across ideology. What unites political parties is that they all report polarization. Thus, the chapter concludes by looking at how polarization relates to subjective dignity levels. Increased polarization, measured in terms of feeling threatened by a greater number of groups in society, is linked to indignity in the American population.
Writing the Ethics
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

With the Korte Verhandeling completed in 1661 or at the start of 1662 at the latest, Spinoza spent most of his stay at Rijnsburg and the early part of his period in Voorburg writing the larger part, rather more than half, of his Ethics. The first part of the five constituting the Ethics, entitled De Deo [About God], it seems clear was written in 1662. By 1665, we know Spinoza was well into Part III. In terms of setting out his philosophy as a comprehensive system and organizing it as a body of text, the Ethics is thus essentially a product of the years 1662–5, though it is important to recognize that its basic themes and connections were already largely formed in his mind by 1660 and what he was essentially doing during 1662–5 was formulating and working out the implications of conclusions and insights arrived at late in the 1650s and at the beginning of the 1660s. After 1665, it took another twelve years, until late 1677, before the Ethics appeared in print but during that lengthy period the first two-thirds or so of the work, though certainly revised and further refined, stood largely complete.
Mysterious Trip to Utrecht (July–August 1673)
Authors: Israel Jonathan I.
Published: July 2023

This chapter recounts Spinoza’s trip to, and discussions in Utrecht which occurred in late July and August 1673, and considers the episode’s significance in the philosopher’s life-story and thought, explaining the relevance of the intricately fraught background and timing. Spinoza received a formal request to come arranged by Stouppe following the intercession of Graevius who had apparently originally projected the visit during a meeting with Bouwmeester in Amsterdam in May or early June. On 18 June, began the diplomatic congress at Cologne that formalized the emerging continental alliance headed by the Habsburg emperor and Spanish crown aimed at blocking Louis XIV’s expansionism “together with the Dutch between comes and move it back to come after “crown”. Other wise it sounds as if the alliance was fighting Louis together with the Dutch: “Spanish crown, together with the Dutch, aimed at blocking…”. At the point Spinoza travelled to Utrecht, supposedly to meet the Prince de Condé, the United Provinces’ strategic position and prospects had, in recent weeks, almost miraculously improved. The chapter details Spinoza’s stay in Utrecht and his discussions with Stouppe, Graevius, Velthuysen, and others.
Methods, Processes, and Knowledge
Authors: Lyons Jack C.
Published: July 2023

Methods have been a controversial element in theories of knowledge since the early 1980s. Recent developments in theories of justification, concerning the identification and individuation of belief-forming processes, and originally aimed at solving the famous generality problem for reliabilism, can shed new light on methods, solving some longstanding problems in the theory of knowledge. We needn’t and shouldn’t shy away from methods. Rather, methods, construed as psychological processes of belief-formation, need to play a central role in any credible theory of knowledge. In this chapter I give an overview of what I think is the right way to individuate processes and therefore methods, and I apply this theory to sensitivity, safety, competence, and adherence views about knowledge.
Knowledge, Evidence, and Naked Statistics
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn
Published: July 2023

Many who think that naked statistical evidence alone is inadequate for a trial verdict think that use of probability is the problem, and something other than probability—knowledge, full belief, causal relations—is the solution. I argue that the issue of whether naked statistical evidence is weak can be formulated within the probabilistic idiom, as the question whether likelihoods or only posterior probabilities need to be taken into account in our judgment of a case. This question also identifies a major difference between the Process Reliabilist and Probabilistic Tracking views of knowledge and other concepts. Though both are externalist, and probabilistic, epistemic theories, Tracking does and Process Reliabilism does not put conditions on likelihoods. So Tracking implies that a naked statistic is not adequate evidence about an individual, and does not yield knowledge, whereas Reliabilism implies that it gives justified belief and knowledge.
Preserving Purity
Authors: Stevens Crawshaw Jane L.
Published: July 2023

Chapter three considers the infrastructure of water supply (including canals, drains, the Genoese aqueduct, fountains, and wells). The management of these elements had important social and moral ramifications. Access to water was believed to be a vital charitable enterprise and was one of the Christian works of mercy. If water sources were damaged, society as a whole was affected but the poor most acutely. Water infrastructure also had significant social and political associations. The forms of water infrastructure in Genoa and Venice were distinct but the importance of adequate access to clean water for washing, the care of animals, artisanal processes, and also drinking, was common. This chapter considers how governments responded to the strain on water supplies caused by demographic growth, urban change, and periods of drought when existing systems were extended.
Discourse
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna
Published: July 2023

At the outset, there were a number of epoch-making events, i.e. a decade-long Maoist insurgency, an unprecedented popular movement of 2006, and the Constituent Assembly elections of 2008 and 2013 which altogether brought out a sea change in the landscape of Nepali politics. In the changed context of transformation of Nepal from monarchy to republic, unitary to federal, and Hindu to secular state, the country has been facing a new challenge on choice of an appropriate path of nation-building. The key question is how to acknowledge, address, and manage ethnic diversity of the country. This country specific question is largely examined with a narrative on global experiences and experiments through literature review on (1) two major contesting concepts—nation-state and or state-nation; (2) comparative experiences of federal countries, South Asian states in particular; and (3) discourse in Nepal on two major contesting proposals, administrative federalism and/or identity-based federalism.
New Horizon
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna
Published: July 2023

Restructuring the Nepali state in the form of inclusive democracy—the national mission set for the post-Maoist insurgency and the post-2006 popular uprising time—contributed to boosting the confidence of hitherto excluded groups of the country, Janajatis in particular. At the outset, there was ethnic awareness/movements under democratic dispensation (restored in 1990); the Maoist insurgency which blended class ideology and minorities’ aspiration; and international declarations and initiatives for the protection and promotion of the rights of Indigenous peoples, that all worked together as ‘drivers for change’ to gear up the Janajatis’ agendas, from a quest for recognition of their cultural identity to an assertion for territorial ethno-political space under federal arrangement. The Constituent Assembly-I (2008–2012)—by its State Restructuring Committee and a High-Level Commission—streamlined the Janajatis’ new aspiration with its recommendation for an identity-based federalism. But unfortunately, the Constituent Assembly-I expired without giving birth to a new constitution.
Missing Social Contract
Authors: Hachhethu Krishna
Published: July 2023

It seems that the new constitution was framed with the premise that ethnicity-building and nation-building are mutually exclusive. Though it entertains much non-territorial inclusive content—e.g. women rights, Dalit rights, rights of proportional representation of Janajatis, Madheshis, and other excluded groups, etc.—these are but feeble, vague, ambiguous, and tokenistic provisions. Apart from their reservations on several constitutional provisions, the Janajati organizations and the Madheshi parties disowned the seven-province federal arrangement. So the new constitution lacks a component of social contract among the major ethnic groups of the country. To broaden the ownership of the Charter, constitution amendment is sensible but all attempts made for this purpose were foiled due to the lack of political will amongst the major political parties of the country. So the ground remains fertile for the revival of the Janajati the Madheshi movements.
A Trio of Unconventional Friends
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

Dürer’s life as he took on the commission was highly charged with his own ambitions and hopes. This chapter sets out more fully what it meant for him to work in Nuremberg and as he built two close friendships to the scholar Willibald Pirckheimer and canon Lorenz Behaim. These two German Renaissance humanists at this time were interested in classical writing, satire, and astrology, as well as in alchemical experiment. They were also deeply interested in each other’s bodies and in sexuality. The chapter argues that Dürer’s life and art needs to be contextualized in relation to ideas about masculinity and rivalry, but also companionship and mutual experiment.
Wilhelm V, Duke of Bavaria
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

Part Two ends with the story of how the Wittelsbachs’ commitment to courtly display and collecting, and their links to the Fuggers as financial backers, finally led to a remarkable achievement. Munich’s cabinet of curiosities was among the most significant in Europe. Yet soon after it opened, and not long after he had succeeded his father as duke, Wilhelm V abdicated because of his unsustainable debts. It has often been assumed that he then dedicated himself first and foremost to spiritual exercises. Yet, to the contrary, Wilhelm joined Europe’s movement of art lovers who from the late sixteenth century onwards skilfully conducted diplomacy and politics through the exchanges of rarities.
Art and Life in a Time of Crisis
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: July 2023

The Thirty Years’ War created an unparalleled fluidity in the art market, and the making and unmaking of European collections. English collectors now entered the art market in force. Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, used his diplomatic missions to the German lands to source Dürer paintings and he bought Willibald Pirckheimer’s library, most of which remains in London today. A love of the arts became ever more fully integrated into elite behaviour across Europe as a mark of civility, yet it similarly fuelled a desire to loot and plunder artefacts, and to speculate on the price of rarities including master paintings as much as tulip bulbs.
Iurisdictio in Practice
Authors: Zenobi Luca
Published: July 2023

This chapter lays the foundations for the remainder of the book. It does so by outlining the ideas which shaped people’s attitudes towards territoriality, thus guiding the politics of space. Reading a variety of public records in the light of intellectual treatises, the chapter traces these ideas to the work of medieval jurists and highlights their underpinning of a shared territorial culture, one based on the notion of iurisdictio. It then shows how the polities of the time employed a jurisdictional discourse to legitimize their authority, while also framing the coexistence of semi-autonomous communities within their territories—all equipped with their own borders: from townships and city-republics to small villages and large federations. The chapter argues that this reflected a contingent understanding of power over space, one that saw all territories (and their borders) as fundamentally modular, composite, and non-exclusive.
Conclusion
Authors: Zenobi Luca
Published: July 2023

The Conclusion draws out the significance of the book’s findings for three broad fields. The first is the history of medieval borders. These are often judged by modern standards, which inevitably leads to their characterization as muddled lines surrounding the territories of inattentive polities. In the case of medieval Italy, however, borders are shown to have been widely understood, carefully located, and strictly controlled—just not in the way in which we understand, locate, and control borders today. The second field is the study of human territoriality. By investigating the contingent nature of borders—and that of the territories they bounded—in the context of the politics and culture that shaped them, a new understanding of pre-modern forms of territorial control is gained. This reveals that, like power, territoriality not only took many forms but was also constantly challenged and reimagined at different levels and by a variety of actors. The third field concerns the process of state formation. In Italy, this is typically associated with the rise of a number of large polities, also known as regional or territorial states. The book concludes that these polities might be best understood not as territories themselves but as networks: systems of territories whose enduring boundaries would continue to frame political and social life for years to come.
The Normativity of Aesthetics
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: July 2023

The “default” view of aesthetics is that it is a domain of value, as works of art, for instance, can be good or bad and so can our reactions to them. But the default view is also that there are great differences between moral normativity and aesthetic normativity. This chapter considers three aspects of normativity: norms or rules, virtues, and obligations. The chapter argues against the default view, by showing that there are genuine aesthetic norms or rules, aesthetic virtues, and aesthetic obligations. They are aesthetic in virtue of their connection to aesthetic values, and they have a similar force to moral norms, virtues, and obligations. So there is no deep or fundamental distinction between moral and aesthetic normativity.
Robust Ontology
Authors: Ingram Stephen
Published: July 2023

There are three broad ways to flesh out the commitment to stance-independent, categorical, and non-natural moral normativity. These are expressivistic quasi-realism, relaxed realism (also known as quietism), and robust realism. After explaining the similarities and differences between these three interpretations of moral realism, this chapter argues that expressivistic quasi-realism falls foul of a (surprising) normative deficit charge, that relaxed realism falls foul of a privilege charge, and that robust realism is therefore our best hope of vindicating the non-arbitrariness of moral choice. It supports a ‘non-Archimedean’ view of the robustness in robust realism, and in doing so offers an explanation of moral supervenience. It concludes that a robustly realistic moral ontology shows promise as an understanding of moral reality.
COVID-19 Oral Sequelae: Persistent Gustatory and Saliva Secretory Dysfunctions after Recovery from COVID-19
Authors: Tsuchiya Hironori
Published: July 2023

Diverse manifestations have been recognized to last for a long time in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, understanding of oral sequelae after recovery from COVID-19 is relatively poor compared to that of oral symptoms in the acute phase of COVID-19 and other COVID-19 sequelae. The aim of the present study was to characterize persistent gustatory and saliva secretory dysfunctions and to speculate on their pathogenic mechanisms. Articles were retrieved by searching scientific databases with a cutoff date of September 30, 2022. The literature search indicated that ageusia/dysgeusia and xerostomia/dry mouth are reported by 1–45% of COVID-19 survivors at follow-ups of 21–365 days and by 2–40% of COVID-19 survivors at follow-ups of 28–230 days, respectively. The prevalence of gustatory sequelae partly depends on difference in ethnicity, gender, age, and disease severity of subjects. Co-occurring gustatory and saliva secretory sequelae are pathogenically related to either or both of the following: expression of SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry-relevant receptors in taste buds and salivary glands, and SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced deficiency in zinc that is essential for normality of taste perception and saliva secretion. Given the long-term oral sequelae, hospital discharge is not the end of the disease; therefore, careful attention should be continuously paid to oral conditions of post-COVID-19 patients.