bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditions of Formation of α- and β-Modifications of Ge3N4 and Preparation of Germanium Oxynitride Dielectric Films
Authors: Wardosanidze Zurab V. , Nakhutsrishvili Irakli , Kokhreidze Revaz
Published: September 2024

The binary compound of germanium with nitrogen (Ge3N4) is used in various fields of science and technology. Among the experimentally discovered and theoretically predicted crystal modifications of Ge3N4 at ordinary pressures and temperatures, only the α- and β-phases of the nitride are stable. There are conflicting data in the literature on the conditions for the formation of these phases. The main methods for obtaining Ge3N4 are the nitridation of elemental germanium and its dioxide with ammonia. The present work studied the influence of the degree of humidity of ammonia on the possibility of the formation of pure α- and β-phases and their mixtures. It is shown that it is possible to obtain nitride with practically any ratio of these phases by varying degrees of humidity and the temperature of the process. During the process, the formation of germanium nitride is accompanied by its simultaneous evaporation. Oxidation with water vapors also produces volatile monoxide. Simultaneous evaporation of germanium nitride and oxide results in the deposition of a film of germanium oxynitride in the cold zone of the reactor. This film is a germanium oxynitride used in microelectronics as a dielectric layer in Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor systems.
The Centrality of Language and Reading
Authors:   Président de l’Observatoire Européen du Plurilinguisme, Paris, France, Tremblay Christian
Published: September 2024

We’ve set out to explore the notion of “language centrality”, a notion virtually non-existent in linguistics, whose theoretical implications, at linguistic, semiotic and philosophical levels, deserve to be explored, but whose consequences for educational policies seem to us of the utmost importance. On a theoretical level, the notion of “centrality” leads to a radical change of perspective, and an absolute challenge to the semiotic triangle as a mode of representation of the relationships between the real world, ideas and words, a mode of representation that is so well established in people’s minds as to be common sense. At the political level, analysis reveals that many educational policies, by neglecting the importance of language skills in the child’s development process, are in fact dead ends, leading to disastrous social consequences. Decades of effort are needed to reverse the trend and correct errors that have been widely highlighted by advances in neuroscience.
Microtargeting político y vigilancia social masiva: impactos negativos en las democracias occidentales
Authors: Saura García Carlos
Published: September 2024

This article focuses on the dangers to democratic processes of one of the main instruments of political propaganda, the so-called political microtargeting. This type of microtargeting allows you to direct specific content, towards specific people, at specific times and link them directly to their individual characteristics, biases, and vulnerabilities. The objective of this article is to expose the operation and the various types of political microtargeting, show the harmful consequences of this technique on democratic processes and propose solutions to address these negative consequences. To achieve this objective, on the one hand, the extraction, exploitation, and use of large data sets for the creation of various types of personalized political propaganda will be detailed and, on the other hand, the various existing proposals will be analyzed to limit the negative effects that can cause political microtargeting and to enhance the functioning of Western democracies.

Este artículo se centra en los peligros para los procesos democráticos de uno de los principales instrumentos de propaganda política, el llamado microtargeting político. Este tipo de microtargeting permite dirigir contenidos específicos, hacia votantes específicos, en momentos específicos y vincularlos directamente con sus características, sesgos y vulnerabilidades individuales. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer el funcionamiento y los diversos tipos de microtargeting político y mostrar las posibles consecuencias nocivas de esta técnica en los procesos democráticos. Para lograr este objetivo, por una parte, se detallará la extracción, explotación y utilización de grandes conjuntos de datos para la creación de diversos tipos de propaganda política personalizada y, por otra parte, se analizarán las diversas propuestas existentes para limitar los efectos negativos que puede causar el microtargeting político y para mejorar el funcionamiento de las democráticas occidentales.
Termination of Legal Entities and Legal Policy: From Data Analysis to Prediction of Consequences
Authors: Boldyrev Vladimir A.
Published: September 2024

Based on data on the termination of legal entities due to voluntary liquidation, bankruptcy and exclusion of organizations from the register by the decision of the registering authorities, as well as an analysis of judicial practice, the significance and difficulties of interpreting information about relevant legal facts within a narrow (industry) approach are demonstrated. The purpose of the study is to identify patterns observed in the number of terminated legal entities for various reasons, the accounting of which will allow influencing the legal policy in this area. The objectives of the study are: a) identifying the imbalance in the number of legal entities terminated for various reasons; b) describing the range of problems following the identified imbalance; c) establishing the need to take measures aimed at eliminating and mitigating imbalances, as well as determining the categories of such measures, if they are required. The study was carried out using statistical methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as a systematic method of studying civil legislation. The analysis of the data characterizing the termination of legal entities allows us to conclude that the Russian practice of excluding organizations from the register by the decision of the registering authority dominates, which indicates the continuing crisis phenomena of the registration system. The dynamics of the termination of legal entities and the proportion of cases of administrative termination of organizations allow us to count on the stabilization of relations in this area without changing the system of grounds for the termination of legal entities. The rules of tax legislation relating to in-house and on-site audits should be supplemented with a provision according to which tax control measures in relation to limited liability companies should be determined taking into account whether or not former members of corporations terminated by decision of the registering authority are members of the companies. Considering that the activities of registration authorities affect the functioning of the judicial system and change the parameters of a number of relations in the field of economics, the use of available statistical accounting tools in the relevant field should be accompanied by a public interdepartmental discussion involving scientific organizations and entrepreneurs.
Classification of Force Majeure Circumstances in Civil Law in the Digital Society Period
Authors: Smirnova Marina
Published: September 2024

The issue of classification of circumstances excluding liability in civil circulation remains practically unexplored. In practice, due to the lack of a clear definition of the concept of “force majeure”, as well as a coherent classification picture, it is not possible to formulate an appropriate reservation on circumstances excluding liability and avoid forced violation of the norms of current legislation.The purpose of the study is to consider the classification of force majeure circumstances, as well as to develop our own classification of circumstances excluding liability. The main task of the study is to consider classifications of force majeure circumstances developed in civil science.During the research, the methods of analogy, concretization, comparison, analysis, and observation were applied.Conclusions: the issue of classification of force majeure circumstances does not seem to be of primary importance for civil science, however, the development of this issue could facilitate in practice the formation of a reservation on force majeure circumstances in contractual obligations and, as a result, simplify and minimize litigation in the field of circumstances excluding liability, as well as assist in the development of a legal definition of the concept “an irresistible force”.
Forms of State Participation in Civil Turnover: The Experience of Russia, Kazakhstan and China
Authors: Dorozhinskaya Elena
Published: September 2024

In the modern world, the state is becoming an active participant in civil turnover, becoming involved in solving public tasks and ensuring common benefits by establishing legal entities. Unitary forms of legal entities, previously popular in the field of public property management, have faded into the background compared to corporate entities with state participation, the effectiveness and expediency of which are ambiguous. The question is raised about the formation of general trends in the legal regulation of the mechanism and forms of state participation in civil turnover both in Russia and abroad. Using the formal legal method of studying the norms of legislation and doctrine, the mechanisms and forms of the state’s inclusion in civil circulation and the realization of property rights by it are compared. The participation of the state in civil legal relations is investigated indirectly or on special instructions, excluding the direct participation of state bodies in civil turnover. Special attention is paid to the statuses of state corporations and companies, public law companies that occupy a special place in the mechanism of solving state tasks and, as a rule, do not have economic efficiency. The analysis of the legislation and practice of Kazakhstan and China as countries with a peculiar approach to regulating state participation in ensuring public interests through stimulating private participants in turnover and the introduction of special forms of organizations is presented. Commercial and non-commercial joint-stock companies are compared, the prospects of introducing such a form of organizations as social and entrepreneurial corporations are assessed. The article substantiates the absence of a system of organizational and legal forms of legal entities that allow meeting the modern needs of the state and society and fully ensuring effective management of public property to solve state tasks. The prospect of reforming the legal regulation of state participation in the activities of corporations is being determined.
Countering Corruption from the Fundamental Knowledge Standpoint
Authors: Khabrieva Thalia Y.
Published: September 2024

Conceptualization of anti-corruption knowledge occupies a prominent place on the scientific agenda. Observations of its increment, along with undoubted achievements, have shown an imbalance and relative autonomy of the spheres of knowledge about corruption and countering it, as well as the lack of the necessary collaboration of scientists representing various fields of science. The search for ways to overcome the factors hindering the development of this scientific field, as well as responses to new challenges of corruption, led to the confirmation of the conclusions previously made by the author of the article, the expansion of their argumentation, the generation of new proposals and the formulation of promising tasks for the doctrine. In particular, the thesis of interdisciplinarity as the basic principle of research on countering corruption is being developed, on the need for scientists to learn the methodology of interdisciplinary research and create methods for preparing programs for their implementation, on accounting and synthesizing sectoral knowledge. For the purposes of practical overcoming of the “catching up” nature of anti-corruption, it is proposed to use the achievements of synergetics and consider corruption as a complex selfdeveloping system, to focus attention on studying not corruption itself but on the program of its reproduction (and self-regulation). The identification and decoding of this program can open up wide opportunities for control or destroying corruption; through this process qualitatively increase the effectiveness of countering this phenomenon. Such a scientific result is a necessary condition for designing an adequate system of anti-corruption measures. The article assesses the current state of the Russian legislation constitutionalization in terms of its implementation of the anticorruption standard enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The proposals on systematization of the Russian anticorruption legislation are formulated, arguments are given in support of the creation of common regional anti-corruption standards and the development of a unified Eurasian Anti-Corruption Strategy, private scientific tasks are set and directions of practiceoriented research are outlined, with which further prospects for the development and streamlining of scientific knowledge in the field of anti-corruption are associated.
The Role of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation in Countering Corruption in the New Geopolitical Conditions
Authors: Orlova Svetlana
Published: September 2024

The article discusses approaches to countering corruption that the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation applies and plans to apply in the future. The information on the results of control measures of the Accounting Chamber is analyzed. The analysis of normative legal regulation and methodological support of the specified activity is carried out. The international activities of the Accounting Chamber on this issue are highlighted, in particular in the framework of interaction with the supreme audit institutions of foreign states, as well as other international organizations in the context of new geopolitical realities. The purpose of the study is to develop approaches to creating an effective system for countering corruption on the example of the implemented system based on the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. When implementing this goal, special attention is paid to the analysis of previously identified offenses and measures to respond to them, the organization of the education for advanced training in the field of anti-corruption, risk management in this area and methodological support for inspections of the Accounting Chamber. Methodological basis of the research: dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization, as well as special legal methods (comparative legal, logical legal, etc.). Conclusion: the current geopolitical situation objectively requires strengthening anti-corruption measures. The current legislation provides every opportunity to create an effective anti-corruption system in public authorities. In order to create such a system, modern means of informatization should be used, in particular, interdepartmental information systems. High-quality regulatory legal regulation and methodological support should be provided. Equally important are the development of international cooperation and the promotion of educational initiatives.
“Telephone Fraud” (Article 159 of the Russian Criminal Code) and Provocation of Bribery as a New Threat to the Security of the Russian State
Authors: Pomykalova Irina
Published: September 2024

The authors note the similarity of modern Russian crime with the criminal situation in the Western countries in the 1960s—1970s. However, in recent years, the growing confrontation between our country and the collective West has been increasingly affecting the state of crime in Russia. Expert assessments and statistics allow us to conclude that at the moment the state has failed to provide effective counteraction to a number of new forms of criminal activity, including the so-called telephone fraud, the main victims of which are elderly citizens with real estate and relatively large pensions. According to the authors, the low risk of exposure and punishment of participants in organized (often transnational) groups of fraudsters, combined with the high profitability of this criminal business, have become the main factors of its growth. Taking into account the increased responsibility of the state for creating guarantees of property security for the elderly and a number of other categories of citizens who are unable to provide it independently due to age, illness or other circumstances provided for by law, it is proposed to restore the norm in the legislation in relation to this category of citizens (paragraph 3 of Article 30 of the Law of the RSFSR of December 24, 1990 No. 443-I) on compensation by a court decision by the state (i. e. of budgetary funds) damage caused to the owner by a crime, as well as to amend the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 48 dated November 30, 2017 “On judicial practice in cases of fraud, embezzlement and embezzlement” in the part relating to the specifics of the qualification of fraud involving the provocation of bribery or the subject of commercial bribery.
Civil Control in France
Authors: Pilipenko Anatoliy
Published: September 2024

At the heart of civil control lies the idea of the admissibility and necessity of checking by citizens and their associations of the activities of state-power institutions for the proper performance by them of the tasks assigned to them. This idea itself is in conflict with the essence of power itself, its nature is not inclined to tolerate any kind of control over itself in any of its forms and origins. Thus, we have a dilemma: uncontrolled power is arbitrariness; controlled power is no longer power, at least in the sense that it is perceived by its holders. There is no place for civil control in such logic. Any power is hierarchical and built on the principle that the superior controls the inferior. And from this perspective, it is almost impossible to fit civil control into this pyramid. The modern constitutional doctrine is based on the principles of national sovereignty, separation of powers and subsidiarity. The principle of popular sovereignty, i. e. the recognition of the people as the main carrier and source of power, contains certain theoretical grounds for the existence of civil control within the institutions of direct democracy. Direct control of citizens is manifested when voters, by their expression of will, essentially assess the activities of their representatives in elected institutions and give legitimacy to the new composition of the representative corps. The concept of a free mandate excludes the subsequent control of citizens over the activities of their elected representatives. Within the framework of the principles of separation of powers and subsidiarity, there are systems of power and management horizontally and vertically. The normal functioning of this structure of the power organization is supported by the institutions of constitutional, parliamentary and administrative control. Civil control in the form of direct verification actions in the proposed model of a power organization acts as a foreign and even disorganizing element, which does not exclude the initiation of a control procedure by citizens in bodies endowed with control powers.
Interaction of Administrative and Civil Law: The Experience of Russian and German Convergence of Public and Private Law
Authors: Vasilyeva Anna
Published: September 2024

Russian and German law are based on the principle of dividing law into private and public. Such a division of law, on the one hand, is quite customary to these legal systems; on the other hand, the boundaries of public and private law are very mobile. As a result of the mutual penetration of public and private law at each stage of the legal system development, not only the subject of legal regulation “redistributed”, but “mixed” zones appear. Such mixed zones are characterized by private-public (administrative-private) regulation, which generates various theoretical and practical problems of combining two types of legal impact on public relations. The research is aimed at identifying the features of the penetration of public law into civil law (“publicizing” civil law) and civil law into administrative law (“privatization” of administrative law). During the study, the key tools were the intersectoral approach and the comparative legal method, which allowed us to identify “universal” forms of mutual penetration of private and public law in the Russian and German legal systems. Traditionally, in the Russian science of law, the study of the convergence of public and private law is conducted in both directions. It seems that the study of the “publicization” of civil law and the “civilization” of administrative law should be carried out separately, since the causes, goals, types, mechanisms and consequences of such penetration are different. The “publicization” of civil law has significant differences in the ordinary period of the development of the legal system and in conditions of significant social and economic changes. When administrative law borrows civil law instruments for the purposes of public administration, there is both an expansion of the subject of administrative law and a wider use of the dispositive method of legal regulation. For both forms of convergence of public and private law, the key issue from the point of view of the status of subjects of law, the state of their protection, is the boundaries of influence: the boundaries of the impact of public law on civil law; the boundaries of borrowing civil law structures for the implementation of public administration functions.
Criminal Law Measures to Counter Radicalism in the CIS Member States
Authors: Semykina Olga I.
Published: September 2024

The article reveals the trends of updating criminal law measures to counter the spread of radicalism, which develops into extremism and terrorism, in the criminal codes of the CIS member states (for example, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan). In particular, a comparative legal assessment is given of the approaches of legislators of individual CIS integration association partner states to criminalize acts associated with “violent”, “internal” and “ideological” extremism, or committed on the grounds of “hate speech”, xenophobia and other discriminatory preferences. Particular attention is paid to the recognition of the public danger of propaganda of destructive ideology demonstrated by radical subcultural movements using any media methods (in public speeches, with placement on a social network, presentation in films, etc.). The purpose of the study is to highlight the modern vectors of development of the criminal legislation of the CIS member states in the field of criminal law protection of the stability of the functioning of state institutions, public security, cultural sovereignty and civil solidarity from radicalism and new manifestations of “violent”, “internal” and “ideological” extremism. Within the framework of the conducted research, the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods of consistency, determinism, abstraction, modeling, analysis and synthesis, as well as special legal methods — comparative legal, logical—legal, content analysis of documents were used. Based on the results of a comparative legal analysis of scientific approaches, the program documents of the IPA CIS and the norms of the criminal codes of the CIS member states directly aimed at countering radicalism, the author concludes that there are similar trends in establishing responsibility for certain forms of acts of a radical nature. These include the propaganda of destructive ideology aimed at inciting extremist crimes committed on the grounds of “hate speech”, public demonstration of destructive ideology among young people in order to involve radical subcultures in movements, as well as public calls for actions directed against the security of the state. In addition, attention is drawn to the priority importance of documents of interstate cooperation of the CIS member states in the field of countering acts of extremist and terrorist orientation.
Constitutional Oversight in Iraq: Legal Basis and Practice
Authors: Jihad Ammar Raad Ali
Published: September 2024

A well-known problem of Iraqi constitutional system is the fictitiousness of a number of fundamentally important constitutional provisions noted by many authors. As a result, the Constitution of 2005 is directly characterized as sham constitution. However, it is surprising that such a conclusion was made in the context of a clear lack of research on the mechanisms that act as elements of the legal protection of the Constitution of Iraq, one of which is the institution of constitutional control. In this regard, the author attempts to make a comprehensive analysis of the state of constitutional justice in Iraq based on historical data on its formation and development. In addition, the author compares the main features of constitutional control activities in Iraq and states with developed constitutional and judicial traditions. The author consistently analyzes the normative regulation of the Federal Supreme Court of Iraq — the centralized body of constitutional control of the country, including its rules of procedure, and the current practice of the Court. The author comes to the conclusion that constitutional control in Iraq is a fairly affordable remedy. The author identifies the main legal features of Court decisions. By analyzing the arguments and legal doctrines applied by the Court in its practice, the author sheds light on the level of development of the Iraqi legal system as a whole. The author notes a number of fundamental similarities and procedural differences of constitutional legal proceedings in Iraq and in the countries of the continental legal tradition, on the basis of whose experience constitutional control was built in Iraq. The author comes to the conclusion that constitutional control in Iraq already has the necessary tools to help build a rule of law in Iraq.
Integration Processes and Issues of Formation of the International Administrative Law Modern Concept
Authors: Nozdrachev Aleksandr
Published: September 2024

Russia interacts with many states of the world in most diverse areas of life, complementing each other, uniting to solve most significant challenge of our time in the mutual interests. Integration is a legally formalized process. The supranational international normative array, as one of the most important aspects of international integration, exists as an independent international legal phenomenon with a certain structural and normative organization. Since integration associations are organizations, a management element inevitably appears in them, which is subject to regulation by special norms — administrative and legal norms. Experience shows, that the goals and objectives of integration cannot be achieved without the creation of an effective supranational administrative and legal regulation. The article provides a brief overview of the integration associations’ documents such as CIS, EAEU, Union State of Russia and Belarus, SCO, BRICS, the Arctic Council concerning the organizational aspects of cooperation between states and the institutions of interaction created by them. The legal nature of supranational and transnational legal structures and complexes related to interstate integration activities and the formation of the concept of international administrative law is discussed. International administrative law has not yet emerged as a phenomenon of legal reality. The concept of international administrative law should be formed as the organizational (managerial) law of interstate integration relations. The subject of its regulation is the organizational relations of states regarding and in connection with the participation of the Russian Federation in interstate integration processes that go beyond national borders. The nature of organizational relations determines their legal regulation through binding prescriptions based on both the powers of the state (its bodies) and the bodies of interstate associations.
Transnational Corporations as Subjects of Modern International Law and Ensuring Human Rights
Authors: Nigmatov Komron
Published: September 2024

Current norms of international law do not contain a clear definition of the concept of “transnational corporation as a subject of international law”. As a result, in many cases, transnational corporations (hereinafter referred to as TNCs) and their actions unjustifiably remain outside the framework of international legal responsibility, which primarily negatively affects compliance with international standards in the field of protection of human rights. This article analyzes the shortcomings of the traditional concept of state responsibility in international law, discusses various scientific approaches to determining the status and role of TNCs, justifies the need for TNCs to participate in international legal relations to a limited extent. Also, the purpose of the article is to reveal the main approaches to understanding the legal essence of TNCs. Using a logical-structural approach, the main elements of TNCs as a subject of international law are presented in a single structure, logical connections with the current law enforcement practice in the field of human rights protection and expected results are highlighted. Presenting TNCs as a weakly structured object, an attempt is made to systematically analyze the problem under study, including through content-genetic epistemology. The conducted comparative analysis helped to identify the main similarities and differences between TNCs and states, as well as individuals. Taking into account the synthesis and accumulated experience, intuitively through the theory of dimensionality, the latest ideas have been formed regarding the prerequisites and trends for involving TNCs in the process of observing human rights. Based on the structural analysis, the author’s view is formulated, which allows combining numerous existing points of view into a single conclusion regarding the recognition of TNCs as a subject of international law. From a practical point of view, the use of extensive methodological approaches should become a solid basis for regulating all kinds of views and ideas, encouraging the scientific community to form a unified approach to the problem of international legal personality of TNCs. Based on the results of the study, logical conclusions were drawn about the need for a special international legal framework for TNCs in order to establish obligations for them in the field of human rights protection, to recognition of TNCs as a limited subject of international law, to a thorough study of the parent TNC against the background of their observance of fundamental human rights on the territory of its establishment before allowing the activities of their branches and divisions on the territory of developing states, to develop and comply with an international agreement that provides standards for TNCs.
The Treasury Payment System as a New Institute of Budget Law
Authors: Artyukhin Roman
Published: September 2024

The formation of the treasury payments system in 2021 as a new institution of budget law is due to the dynamic development of public relations in the field of cash management. The task of legal regulation of the treasury payments system is to ensure the smooth implementation of payments to and from budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to determine the necessary and sufficient features to identify a group of legal norms governing the treasury payments system as a budgetary and legal institution. The system of treasury payments is considered in two aspects: as a group of public relations that constitute the essence of the phenomenon under consideration, and as a set of legal norms governing these public relations. To achieve this goal, the criteria and principles of allocation of the budgetary and legal institution, formed in the Russian legal doctrine, in relation to relations in the treasury payments system and their legal regulation, are analyzed. The conclusion is made about the possibility of identifying the treasury payment system as a new institution of budget law.
“The Second Birth” of Soviet Criminology in the Second Half 1950s (Forgotten Names, Events, Facts)
Authors: Bakharev Dmitry
Published: September 2024

The resumption of c riminological research in the Soviet Union in the post-Stalinist period is usually dated back to the early 1960s. However, an analysis of archival sources suggests that the Research Department of the General Directorate of Corrective Labour Colonies of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs began to carry out both theoretical developments and field research into the causes of crime much earlier. In 1957—1958, its staff (with the active participation of the department's senior researcher, Professor E. G. Shirvindt, former organiser and first director of the State Institute for the Study of Crime and the Criminal, now the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation) carried out a mass sociological survey of prisoners in correctional labour camps in the Urals, raised the issue of the need to study the “budget” of crime, engaged in a project to establish a research institute under the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Thus, the activities of Research Department staff during this period made an invaluable contribution to the revival of domestic criminological science.
The Contribution of Soviet Academic Science to the Development of the International Criminal Liability Institution in the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: Dorskii Andrei
Published: September 2024

Using the example of the scientific heritage of A. N. Trainin, the article examines the issues of the participation of Soviet lawyers in the formation of international criminal law in general and individual international criminal responsibility in particular in the 1930s and 1940s, when the threat of fascism hung over the world, and later during the Second World War the existence of mankind was in question. The purpose of the article is to determine the contribution that Soviet academic science made to the development of the institute of international criminal responsibility on the eve and during the Second World War, as well as after its end, determining the main directions of the development of international criminal law. Using the chronological method, the sequence of Soviet lawyers' appeals to various aspects of the development of the international criminal responsibility institute is established. The descriptive method made it possible to describe the main directions of A. N. Trainin's research in the field of international criminal law. The formal legal method was applied in the analysis of the content of national normative legal acts of different periods, as well as international treaties regulating the issues of bringing perpetrators to individual international criminal responsibility. The diachronic cross-section was used to identify the evolution of types of international crimes in the 1930s and 1940s, and the synchronous cross-section made it possible to identify common and distinctive positions of researchers from different countries. As a result of the research, the role of representatives of Soviet academic science in the development of international legal, constitutional and criminal law measures to protect peace in the 1930s, as well as the concept of aggression, in the classification of international crimes during World War II and immediately after it, the definition of the crime of genocide, the establishment of the institution of individual international criminal responsibility is shown.
Legal Writing As a General Legal Phenomenon
Authors: Baranova Marina V.
Published: September 2024

The modernization of the social regulation system, caused by vivid political, cultural, and technological changes, determined a new perception of normative institutions in the modern world. Digitalization has ensured the availability of information, including legal information, the acceleration of the event series, and the conditionality of spatial barriers. The law retains the position of the main power regulator, but new realities require the modernization of familiar technical and legal instruments. The intensive development of society, atypical types and forms of activities and relationships require streamlining, and therefore regulatory material is constantly growing in volume, creating difficulties in harmonizing new regulatory regulations with current legislation and problems of legal realization. One of the trends in the development of modern science is the emergence of new areas of scientific knowledge. This process has an objective character, conditioned by the development of society, socio-economic and cultural needs. The emergence of the concept of “legal writing” demonstrates the enrichment of the language of law through the process of terminologization. The phenomenon of legal technology is a manifestation of the dynamics of the system of legal science, its new, full-fledged element requiring doctrinal understanding. Diverse factors allow us to conclude that the theoretical and applied science “legal writing” functions in the system of legal science, combining legal technology, legal technologies, all technical and legal reality, the process and the fruits of its understanding. Legal writing is aimed at improving the quality of law and, in general, allows you to show clear systemic connections with a wide range of diverse elements of legal existence. Legal writing is involved in the process of creating values in the field of law that make up the legal culture, accompanies the qualitative functioning of the entire legal reality, mediates all types of legal practice and areas of power and non-power activities depending on them.
Monitoring of the Foreign Countries Legislation
Authors: Board Editorial
Published: September 2024

The list of the new and amended legislative acts of Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, France is presented.
Monitoring of the Foreign Countries Legislation
Authors: Board Editorial
Published: September 2024

The list of the new and amended legislative acts of Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, France is presented.
SMART PLATFORM FOR BIOMARKER-FREE PRECISION ONCOLOGY WITHOUT THE USE OF BIOMARKERS
Authors: Villar Pedro , Ramos Do Nascimento Ana Beatriz , de Oliveira Salles Paulo Guilherme , Ribeiro Amaral Paulo Henrique , Da Conceição Braga Letícia , Gonzáles Pérez Juan Carlos
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Breast cancer is considered the most common neoplasm among women, with approximately 74,000 cases estimated in Brazil for the year 2023(1,5). Given the complexity of this neoplasm, the therapeutic approach depends on the stage of the disease and the specific type of tumor identified(2). Complete surgical resection with clear margins of the tumor is crucial for a better prognosis for the patient(3-4). Careful evaluation of the margins during surgery is essential for successful treatment and to prevent cancer recurrence. Therefore, there is a need to improve strategies that contribute to the removal of tumors with cancer-free margins.
Objective: This project aims to clinically validate the tumor classification model called “Process for Classifying Cells by Lineage and Use,” which utilizes spectroscopic measurements obtained from the interaction of radiation with biological cell samples. These measurements will be processed by an artificial intelligence model to differentiate cell lineages and detect various cancerous lineages.
Materials and Methods: Tumor tissue will be fixed in buffered formalin and subsequently embedded in paraffin to form blocks. Then, six sections of 3 to 4 micrometers in thickness will be made and placed on slides, with one stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and the others analyzed by spectroscopy(6). Patient data will be collected via electronic medical records and correlated with the obtained analyses. Finally, the data will be analyzed using artificial intelligence and machine learning to generate an intelligent predictive system(7). This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee CAAE: 70737223.0.0000.5121.
Preliminary Results: To date, a biorepository of 22 patients, representative of normal and paired tumor tissue, has been obtained, totaling 132 slides.
Conclusion: Spectroscopy analysis may contribute to optimizing the characterization of surgical margins for breast cancer patients, improving prognosis, and reducing the process costs and time required for diagnosis.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA RESPOSTA IMUNOLÓGICA DE PACIENTES COM GLIOBLASTOMA IDH WILDTYPE ATENDIDOS NO HOSPITAL LUXEMBURGO
Authors: Bortolini Lima Muniz Matheus , Wendling Henriques Leonardo Augusto , De Oliveira Salles Paulo Guilherme , Ferreira Gontijo de Amorim Izabela , Da conceição Braga Letícia , Alencar Ramon
Published: September 2024

O glioblastoma (GBM) é um tumor maligno do sistema nervoso central com alto índice de mortalidade e características como necrose e proliferação vascular. Este estudo avalia a resposta imunológica em pacientes com GBM, focando na imunossupressão mediada pela interação entre PDL-1 e PD-1. Pacientes do Hospital Luxemburgo terão amostras tumorais analisadas por imuno-histoquímica para vários marcadores imunológicos. Espera-se que a caracterização da resposta imune revele mecanismos de evasão no microambiente tumoral e identifique alvos para novas terapias, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de imunoterapias que melhorem o tratamento e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.
AVALIAÇÃO DA MATRIZ EXTRACELULAR COMO POTENCIAL INDICADOR PROGNÓSTICO DE PACIENTES COM GLIOBLASTOMA IDH - WILD TYPE
Authors: Cândida Pereira Karla , Wendling Henriques Leonardo Augusto , De Oliveira Salles Paulo Guilherme , Ferreira Gontijo de Amorim Izabela , Da conceição Braga Letícia , Alencar Ramon
Published: September 2024

Embora a matriz extracelular (MEC) represente 20% do volume cerebral, o colágeno está presente em baixos níveis, principalmente em regiões perivasculares. No SNC, o reparo tecidual ocorre por gliose, sem produção abundante de colágeno. Em glioblastomas (GBM), a expressão do gene do colágeno aumenta e a MEC se altera, influenciando na adesão tumoral, invasividade e recorrência. Assinaturas de colágeno podem ser marcadores de prognóstico em pacientes com GBM. Estudos demonstram que a reorganização do microambiente, incluindo a deposição de colágeno, é crucial para a progressão do GBM.Este estudo, com 50 pacientes com GBM IDH-wild type, visa avaliar o potencial da MEC como indicador de prognóstico. Através da análise de amostras de tumores com colorações para MEC e colágeno tipo III, o impacto da deposição de MEC e da arquitetura de colágeno na sobrevida dos pacientes será avaliado e um modelo preditivo de sobrevida será proposto utilizando esses fatores. Espera-se que a análise da deposição de colágeno permita identificar padrões associados à sobrevida em pacientes com GBM e contribua para a compreensão do papel da MEC na progressão do GBM como potencial biomarcador de prognóstico.
STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI PT. CAHAYA TIMOER PROPERTINDODALAM MEMASARKAN RUMAH DI BEKASIMENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN DAKWAH ISLAM
Authors: Al-Haritsyah Farid Ihkwan , Abdurrazaq Muhammad N.
Published: September 2024

PT. Cahaya Timoer Propertindo merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang Developer, Construction, Agency, dan Consultant. Tujuan penelitian ini (1) Untuk mengetahui strategi komunikasi dalam pemasaran rumah pada PT. Cahaya Timoer Propertindo dengan pendekatan dakwah Islam; (2) Untuk mengetahui dampak implementasi strategi komunikasi dalam pemasaran rumah pada PT. Cahaya Timoer Propertindo dengan pendekatan dakwah Islam bagi para pembeli; (3) Untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam implementasi strategi komunikasi dalam pemasaran rumah pada PT. Cahaya Timoer Propertindo dengan pendekatan dakwah Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini disusun dengan cara mencari dan mengumpulkan data yang ada di lapangan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor, unsur-unsur, dan suatu sifat dari fenomena di masyarakat luas. Hasil penelitian ini: (1) Strategi komunikasi dalam pemasaran rumah pada PT. Cahaya Timoer Propertindo yaitu menggunakan pendekatan dakwah Islam berupa pemaparan dari perspektif lain rumah bagi seorang keluarga; (2) Dampak dari strategi yang digunakan mereka terbukanya wawasannya tentang rumah dan banyaknya penjualan; (3) Faktor pendukung terjadinya transaksi jual beli rumah di perumahan Mansion Hill Sukamekar ialah faktor sarana. Faktor penghambat yaitu pertama perasaan atau mood, kedua anak yang rewel, ketiga simulasi cicilan yang besar, keempat perhatian pihak pembeli.
Kata Kunci : Strategi, Komunikasi, Pemasaran, Dakwah
AI-Based Drug Design: Revolutionizing Drug Discovery through in Silico Analysis
Authors: Deepthimahanthi Yamini Priya , Balu Prakash , Ling Shing Wong , Krishnan Kumar , Manjunathan J. , Ashokkumar K. , Jayanthi M. , Suganthi M. , Abirami G.
Published: September 2024

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and drug design has catalyzed a tectonic shift within the pharmaceutical arena, illuminating a new path towards rapid and efficient drug discovery. This review embarks on an odyssey through the transformative landscape of AI-based drug design, delving into its multifaceted applications and profound implications. By harnessing AI's virtuosity, drug discovery processes are imbued with unprecedented speed and precision. Machine learning algorithms harmonize with intricate biological datasets, unraveling patterns and relationships previously enshrouded in complexity. Deep learning models, akin to modern-day alchemists, sculpt molecular structures and decode binding affinities, accelerating the quest for viable drug candidates. The symphony of AI resonates across the stages of drug discovery, from in silico screening to the hallowed realm of de novo drug design. Virtual libraries become a realm of possibility as AI orchestrates the virtual ballet of compound screening, whittling down the ensemble to a chorus of promising candidates. Moreover, AI's creative fervor burgeons in the crucible of de novo design, forging novel molecules with desired properties. The predictive mastery extends to the realm of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) modeling, where AI's crystal ball reveals the fate of molecules based on their molecular signatures. The harmonious confluence of AI and drug design unfolds as a symphony of innovation, orchestrating the metamorphosis of drug discovery into an elegant and efficacious masterpiece
Forecasting Member Churn in Medical Insurance through Machine Learning Analysis
Authors: Wen Jet Chee , Ching Pang Goh
Published: September 2024

The insurance industry faces an escalating challenge with increasing customer churn, spurred by global advancements in technology. The ease with which customers can compare policies, explore new offers, and switch providers online has intensified industry competition. This phenomenon has led to substantial revenue loss for many companies, as acquiring new customers often incurs higher costs than retaining existing ones. Recognizing the paramount importance of client retention, this research addresses the issue by proposing a Churn Prediction System tailored for the medical insurance sector. The system leverages machine learning models to forecast whether an existing customer is likely to churn, crucial for proactive retention strategies. To determine the most effective algorithm for this task, four models—Logistic Regression, Random Forest Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, and Artificial Neural Network—are tested. The Random Forest Classifier emerges as the optimal performer which achieve accuracy of 90%.