bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbiological and Chemical Analysis of Bamboo Textile Materials and Leathers Modified with Bamboo Extract at the Tanning Stage
Authors: Ławińska Katarzyna , Serweta Wioleta , Popovych Nataliia , Sieczyńska Katarzyna , Decka Sebastian , Woźnicki Dominik , Ogrodowczyk Dominika , Rostocki Andrzej , Sprynskyy Miroslaw
Published: April 2022

In this paper, microbiological and chemical analysis were carried out in the case of bamboo textile materials and leathers modified by bamboo extract at the tanning stage. Microbiological resistance was examined for some fungi, i.e.: Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans and some bacteria strains: Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In parallel, a safety analysis was conducted through the determination of heavy metals, certain aromatic amines and dimethyl fumarate. The main goal of the above-mentioned research was a comprehensive examination of materials which will be used as footwear components i.e.: linings, uppers and insoles. These issues are very important from the footwear manufacture point of view because of the opportunity to find new solutions in the field of hygienic and healthy materials which can be applied as footwear elements. The anti-microbial and anti-fungal resistance of materials are features important for the reduction of the probability of dermatosis. For this reason, they should be taken into account when the improvement of hygienic properties is pursued.
Characterisation of Two Direct Covers Made of PP and HDPE in the Organic Production of Zucchini
Authors: Bucki Piotr , Siwek Piotr , Ojeda Alfonso Luis Mora
Published: April 2022

The aim of the research conducted in 2016-2018 at the University of Agriculture in Krakow was to assess the effect of the direct covering of ʻPartenonʼ F1 zucchini plants with polypropylene nonwoven fabric (PP 20 g/m-2) and polyethylene netting (HDPE 38 g/m-2). While the covers were in place, measurements of environmental factors were taken. The air temperature and humidity during that period were on average by 2.1 °C and 13% and by 1.4 °C and 7.9% higher on the plots covered with the nonwoven and the net, respectively, compared to the control. Uncovered plants formed the smallest number of leaves and produced the lowest marketable yield. Weed infestation was greater on the plots with the covers by 43% and 56% for the HDPE net and the PP nonwoven, respectively, compared to the control. Laboratory analyses of the zucchini fruit did not show any significant differences in its chemical composition.
Characterisation of Interlock Knitted Fabric with Different Feed Patterns to Improve Thermal and Sensorial Comfort
Authors: Jamshaid Hafsa , Rajput Abdul Waqar , Zahid Bilal , Hussain Sajid
Published: April 2022

This study reports an investigation of the effect of different cellulose materials and yarn feeding patterns on thermo-physiological comfort, sensorial comfort, serviceability/pilling and ultraviolet properties. An interlock structure with a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic material was developed in such a way that each material was prominent in consecutive wales or courses. The yarn feed pattern in interlock fabric overcomes the limitation of plaited single jersey fabrics. Cellulose – based hydrophilic natural and regenerated fibres were used i.e cotton, model and viscose rayon, as well as hydrophobic synthetic fibre i.e. polyester for manufacturing fabric samples. By comparing the results, it became clear that wale-wise alternate yarns provide better overall moisture management properties than course-wise. Similarly, for fabric handle and pilling properties, wale-wise alternate yarn provides better properties. Interlock fabrics with the TransDRY® Technology effect are liable for use in protective textiles, medical textiles and in other functional textiles/children’s clothing.
Colour Difference Classification for Dyed Fabrics Based on Differential Evolution with Dynamic Parameter Selection to Optimise the Output Regularisation Extreme Learning Machine
Authors: Zhou Zhiyu , Liu Dexin , Zhang Jianxin , Zhu Zefei , Yang Donghe , Jiang Likai
Published: April 2022

A novel optimisation technique based on the differential evolution (DE) algorithm with dynamic parameter selection (DPS-DE) is proposed to develop a colour difference classification model for dyed fabrics, improve the classification accuracy, and optimise the output regularisation extreme learning machine (RELM). The technique proposed is known as DPS-DE-RELM and has three major differences compared with DE-ELM: (1) Considering that the traditional ELM provides an illness solution based on the output weights, DE is proposed to optimise the output of the RELM. (2) Considering the simple parameter setting of the traditional algorithm, the DE algorithm with DPS is adopted. (3) For DPS, an optimal range of parameters is chosen, and the efficiency of the algorithm is significantly improved. This study analyses the colour difference classification of fabric images captured under standard lighting based on the DPS-DE-RELM algorithm. First, the colour difference of the fabric images is calculated and six color-difference-related features extracted, and second the features are classified into five different levels based on the perception of humans. Finally, a colour difference classification model is built based on the DPS-DE-RELM algorithm, and then the optimal classification model suitable for this study is selected. The experimental results show that the output method with regularisation parameters can achieve a maximum classification accuracy of 98.87%, which is higher compared with the aforementioned optimised original ELM algorithm, which can achieve a maximum accuracy of 84.67%. Therefore, the method proposed has the advantages of greater convergence speed, high classification accuracy, and robustness.
Investigation of Open End Yarn Tension Using an Elastic Yarn-Guide
Authors: Shukhratov Sharof , Milašius Rimvydas , Gafurov Jakhongir , Mardonov Batir , Gafurov Kabuljon , Repon Md. Reazuddin
Published: April 2022

This paper presents the results of Open End (OE) yarn tension investigation using a yarn-guide funnel with an elastic element. Obtained were the dependencies of tension change on such factors as body mass, elastic element rigidity, yarn coordinates on the funnel surface, and the speed of yarn moving. The values of these factors cause fluctuations in yarn tension and, consequently, in yarn structure and characteristics. On the basis of experiments, it was shown that due to using of a yarn-guide funnel with an elastic element, a decrease in yarn unevenness is achieved. It is easily regulated by the funnel mass, the rigidity rate of the elastic element, and the spinning speed.
Research on the Influence of the Mechanism of Technology Convergence on China’s Textile Industry Performance
Authors: Xu Qian , Cheng Hua , Yu Yabin
Published: April 2022

Technology convergence (TC) can integrate new technologies, methods and processes into traditional industries. It can accelerate the transformation and upgrading of these industries, and is of great significance to their development. The purpose of our research is to reveal the impact of the mechanism of technology integration on the textile industry and conduct empirical research. This study firstly builds the linear and non-linear mechanism of the impact of TC on the development of China’s textile industry. Empirical research is conducted based on the panel fixed effect model and panel threshold model. The results are as follows: (1) TC significantly contributes to the performance of China’s textile industry, as endogenous convergence can significantly promote industrial performance, while the effect of exogenous convergence is insignificant; (2) TC has a double-threshold effect, with its coefficient being largest at a medium level; and (3) TC has an enterprise scale threshold, in which its effect indicates that only when the scale exceeds the threshold can TC more effectively foster industry performance. The significance of these results for the development of China’s textile industry is that they strengthen the level of TC for it to be convergent with emerging industries, as well as increase the size and absorptive capacity of enterprises.
Performance Evaluation of Upholstery Fabric Developed from Recycled Fibres
Authors: Jamshaid Hafsa , Zahid Bilal , Rajput Abdul Waqar , Hussain Sajid , Hussain Uzair
Published: April 2022

The aim of this work was to investigate the properties of upholstery fabric produced from recycled hard waste of coloured fabric clippings. Mélange yarns were formed with the combination of red, green, black and yellow in different ratios. Five yarn samples of 5 Nec linear density were produced from each blend ratio using the rotor spinning technique. These yarns were used to develop fabric samples in a satin weave. These yarn and fabric samples were investigated for different quality parameters, especially the abrasion resistance, pilling resistance, absorbency and light fastness of the fabrics as per standard test methods. The abrasion test is important for the durability and longer-lasting performance of upholstery fabric. From the analysis of test results, it is concluded that all the serviceability properties are in a good range, and these fabrics can be used for waiting room area upholstery fabric
Innovative Knitted Fabrics Containing Lateral Propagation Optical Fibres Designed for Children with Autism – Preliminary Stud
Authors: Nowak Iwona
Published: April 2022

The article presents an analysis of preliminary research on the functionalisation of knitted fabrics in such a way that they can perform a therapeutic function and be used as a chromotherapy tool for children with autism. Knitted fabric with optical fibres comprisesan innovative approach to the topic of helping the sick and their families, where colour therapy treatment can be performed at home, following the recommendations of the attending physician or therapist.
Ergonomic and Olfactometric Assessment of Anti-Odour Filtering Half-Masks under Real-Life Workplace Conditions
Authors: Brochocka Agnieszka , Nowak Aleksandra , Okrasa Małgorzata
Published: April 2022

The presence of vapours and gases of chemical compounds in the atmospheric air contributes to mental discomfort as well as irritation of the respiratory tract and eyes. The technical solutions applied, such as collective protection measures, namely the encapsulation of processes or local ventilation equipped with appropriate air filters, are often insufficient. In such a case, respiratory protective equipment (RPE) is the basic and, in many cases, the only technical means that protects humans against the harmful effects of this type of harmful substance. The study evaluated the ergonomic and anti-odour properties of a novel filtering half-mask model with an oxygen indicator in functional workplace tests. In addition, the subjective anti-odour assessment results from functional tests were statistically compared with the results of olfactometric tests. The differences identified are attributable to the fact that the olfactometric method excludes subjects with olfactory impairments. Moreover, statistical analysis indicated significant differences in anti-odour properties between a reference half-mask and the filtering half-mask model with a nonwoven adsorbent layer (91% odour reduction). The filtering half-mask developed was found to provide high and very high levels of user comfort and exhibited excellent protective and functional properties, with a filtration performance of 96% and breathing resistance of 147 Pa. Those parameters qualify the filtering half-mask presented for protection class FFP2. In addition, the half-mask effectively absorbed the vapours of malodorous substances up to 3 h and displayed oxygen concentration in the breathing zone. It should be noted that currently no such device is commercially available either in Poland or in the European Union.
Influence of Temperature on the Properties of Cellulose Iβ based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Huang Shuang , Wu Xin , Li Peixing
Published: April 2022

Natural plants, such as cotton and linen, are rich in cellulose Iβ. The properties of cellulose Iβ under different temperatures was studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Firstly, the crystal of cellulose Iβ was built. To verify the model, the X-ray fibre diffraction and thermal expansion coefficients were calculated, which were found to agree with experimental results. Then the Mulliken population of the bonds were computed and the movement of the centre chain and hydrogen bonds studied over the range 300-550 K using a PCFF force field. The results of the Mulliken population reveal the three steps of pyrolysis. The higher the temperature is, the more intensely the movement of the centre chain is. However, the impact of temperature on the movement of the centre chain is not obvious. From 300 K to 550 K, the total number of hydrogen bonds decreased by only 20%. Moreocer, the rupture of intrachain hydrogen bonds and the formation of interchain hydrogen bonds at 400 K ~ 450 K temperature occurred.
Effects of Foliar Sulfur Applications on the Quality of Cotton Plant Fibre Under Water Stress Conditions
Authors: Kazgöz Candemir Derya , Odemis Berkant
Published: April 2022

The research was conducted to determine the effects of Sulfur foliar applications on the fibre quality of cotton plants exposed to water stress at different growth stages in the Amik Plain (Hatay province, Turkey) in 2015 and 2016. Cotton plants were studied in three different developmental stages (vegetative growth period (VG); flowering and boll development period (FB) and boll opening period (BO)) and full irrigation was applied in some periods, while deficit irrigation was applied in the others. Sulfur fertiliser from foliar was applied in different doses (S0: 0 ml da-1, S1: 150 ml da-1, S2: 250 ml da-1, S3: 350 ml da-1). The study was carried out with three replications according to the split plot design. In the research, the effects of the water deficit and sulfur dose applications on gin turnout and fibre quality characteristics at different growth stages were investigated. Results showed that the average spinning consistency index (SCI) decreased by 11.75% due to the water deficit (compared to the treatment of TTT, irrigation in all three crop developmental stages). Similar effects were observed in the fibre length, micronaire, fibre strength and uniformity index values, which were decreased by 7.31%, 4.07%, 5.89% and 2.17%, respectively. The average gin turnout of the irrigated treatment (TTT), in which there is no deficit irrigation, decreased by 2.5% compared to the control treatment (OOO). Similar effects were observed in fibre elongation and short fibre content values which were decreased by 8.43% and 14.60%, respectively. The average S1 and S3 sulfur doses increased the gin turnout by 0.44% and 0.35%, respectively, and the S2 dose decreased it by 0.79%.
Characterisation of CVC Yarn with Different Drafting Ratios in Vortex Spinning
Authors: Repon Md. Reazuddin , Islam Tarikul , Rahman Mahbubur , Malek Abdul , Jalili Mohammad Abdul
Published: April 2022

This study focuses on the impacts of the draft on the characteristics of MVS produced CVC blended yarn. The output of a finisher drawn sliver with a linear density of 3.54 ktex was converted into yarns of 18.45 tex (32 s/1 Ne) with the help of two separate delivery speeds: 350 and 410 m/min when possessing all constant spinning parameters. The properties of the yarn such as yarn anomaly, imperfections, tensile behaviour, and hairiness were investigated. The significance of independent variables and their relations with the physico-mechanical characteristics of CVC yarn was examined using two-way ANOVA at a 95% level of confidence.
Comparative Study on the Water Vapour Permeability of Textile by a Standard and Novel device
Authors: Mazari Adnan , Havelka Antonin , Naeem Jawad , Adamek Karel
Published: April 2022

Thermo-physiological properties are very much connected to water vapour and air permeability. There are multiple standards with different working principles to determine the exact performance of any textile material. However, most of these tests are time-consuming and work on the steady state principle, whereas few devices work on heat flux, where results can be obtained much more quickly. The research article covers the testing of 8 unique shirt samples on these devices compared that on a novel device created by the author to see how much the results differ from each other. Lastly, a theoretical approach was used to determine any correlation between air permeability and water vapour permeability. The research work helps in understanding the working of different devices used for water vapour permeability and allows a reduction in time by using a predictive approach with just the results from the air permeability machine.
Effect of Industrial Washing and Laundering on the Colour Values of Knitted Denim
Authors: Mezarcıöz Serin
Published: April 2022

One of the most distinctive features of denim is that the warp yarn is dyed with indigo dye and the weft yarns are not dyed, i.e. white. Although warp yarns dyed with indigo dye are woven with different woven fabric weaves, classical denim fabrics weave are produced with 3/1 Z twill weave. The search for new products in denim has led businesses to produce denim-looking knitted fabrics. Denim-looking knitted garments are subjected to industrial washing at the production phase and repetitive household washing processes in daily life. Repeated washing and drying processes cause changes that can affect user satisfaction in terms of losing the colour of the fabric. Therefore, in this study, the colour values of knitted denim fabrics produced as an alternative to denim fabrics manufactured by traditional methods after various industrial (rinse, enzyme and stone washing) and home washes (5, 10, 20 times) were examined. For this, the CIELab colour system was taken as the basis for colour analysis on a spectrophotometer device. As a result of the washing processes performed on each fabric sample (household washing and rinse, enzyme, stone washing applications), it was observed that there were differences in colour values depending on the fibre type, loop yarn length, fabric construction and washing process.
Innovative Management Strategies in the Rental System for the Example of a Professional Manufacturer of Protective Clothing and Workwear
Authors: Pinar Anna , Czajkowski Tomasz , Syska-Stasik Matylda , Zasępa Marta
Published: April 2022

The article presents selected issues from the field of management and organisation methods in the sector of professional clothing production, with respect to rental and servicing in the rental system. Logistics solutions were described for the example of ORK POLAND Sp. z o.o., a leading producer of protective clothing in the European market, known under the ORK Wear trademark. The country’s leading enterprises are among the clothing recipients, who also provide professional services in the dynamically developing laundry service for work and protective clothing as a rental service. Evaluation of the influence of industrial washing procedures on the properties of materials and clothing products was performed in laboratory conditions according to the EN ISO 15797 standard and with the use of a testing station that was implemented by ORK POLAND Sp. z o.o., as the first and only company in Poland, under project cooperation with Łukasiewicz Research Network – Textile Research Institute.
Effect of Waste Fines and Fibers on the Strength and Durability Performance of Silica Fume Based Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Renisha M. , Sakthieswaran N.
Published: April 2022

The demand and consumption of conventional concrete materials is increasing day by day, which in turn leads to the extinction of natural resources. Certain researchers tend to draw a circle to solve this global problem by finding alternative materials satisfying all aspects, mainly efficiency, eco-friendly and economical. The present research work aimed to study the combined use of coal bottom ash (CBA) and waste concrete powder (WCP) in silica fume based reactive powder concrete (SF-RPC) subjected to thermal curing. The replacement of cement by silica fume was limited to 20% and the fine aggregate quartz sand replaced by CBA and WCP varied from 5% to 25% each. The material composition of SF-RPC involves the exclusion of coarse aggregates and the inclusion of finer materials with micro-steel fibers. The steel fibers played a significant role in order to obtain a ductile and stable product of SF-RPC. The experimental investigation on SF-RPC comprised of the determination of fresh concrete properties such as slump flow and the compaction factor, as well as mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength and split-tensile strength. The study was also extended to investigate durability properties such as water absorption, sorptivity and resistance to acid attack. The results showed that silica fume proves to be a feasible alternative to partially replace cement and also that optimum incorporation of pre-treated and processed CBA and WCP attains better mechanical and durability performance without compromising the necessary qualities.
Process and Design of Jacquard Warp Knitted Spacer Fabric
Authors: Wen Zhang , Liu Shuai
Published: April 2022

Due to the rapid production of warp knitted jacquard spacer fabric in recent years, as well as physical properties of light, heat conduction, buffering effect, compression resistance, moisture permeability and air permeability, warp knitted spacer fabric has been used more and more widely in clothing, shoes and hats, as well as in fields such as medical care, construction engineering, safety protection and others. The design demand for different patterns and functions is also increasing gradually. Jacquard designers established a complete design model which plays a certain guiding role in the design of warp knitted spacer fabric. It brings innovative design to the surface pattern and structure of the fabric, making it more functional. The adoption of computer aided design also has a certain guiding role in the design process. Taking the CAD pattern design of warp knitted spacer fabric as an example, which combines the functional characteristics of the fabric and the jacquard pattern. Thus, we design fabric products that meet the market demand and initiate fashion trends.
Inheritance and Innovation of Folk Textile Mending Techniques under the Traditional Concept of Cherishing Things
Authors: Wu Xin , Shen Yu
Published: April 2022

Economised, thorough and skilful utilisation with the concept of cherishing things as its core thought is the basic design concept of traditional creation activities, implying profound philosophical thinking and life philosophy. This article, based on a theoretical interpretation of the traditional concept of cherishing things and combining methods including documents, material objects, manual restoration, etc., firstly expounds the influence and meaning of traditional Chinese folk textile mending in carrying out the concept of cherishing things in the contemporary era; secondly, it focuses on summarising the origin and development of the textile mending industry, pointing out the application prospects of hand darning techniques in nowadays market; and finally, via interpreting the comprehensive design of materials technology, pro-phase protection of preventive mending “smart creation” mode innovation of textiles, etc., this study specifically analyses the inheritance and innovation of folk textile mending techniques, so as to provide references for relevant industries and handicraft enthusiasts in the future.
Establishment of Stable Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing Codon-Optimized Human Interferon-β Gene
Authors: Rezakhani Taleghani Maryam , Ghasemi Fahimeh , Tabandeh Fatemeh
Published: April 2022

Background: Codon optimization is an efficient approach to achieve a higher level of heterologous gene expression and generate productive recombinant mammalian cell lines. In our previous work, based on the codon usage preference of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, a codon-optimized human interferon-beta (opt-hIFN-β) gene was redesigned and transiently expressed in a suspension-adapted CHO (CHO-s) cell line. Our results indicated a 2.8-fold increase in the expression level of the codon-optimized gene compared to the unmodified sequence. Objectives: In the current work, based on our previous results, a stable CHO-K1 cell line expressing the opt-hIFN-β gene was engineered, in which the opt-hIFN-β gene expression was confirmed by dot and western blotting analyses. Methods: The designed opt-hIFN-β sequence was digested and cloned into a pcDNA3.0 shuttle vector downstream to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The verified recombinant plasmid was then linearized and transfected into a CHO-K1 cell line to integrate the opt-hIFN-β gene into the CHO-K1 genome. The transfected cells were then grown under the selective pressure of 450 µg/mL of G418 to develop a stable CHO-K1 cell line expressing the opt-hIFN-β gene. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot and western blotting analyses were carried out to verify hIFN-β protein expression. Results: ELISA and dot and western blotting analyses confirmed the expression of hIFN-β in the stably-transfected CHO-K1 cells. Conclusions: Stable expression of the opt-hIFN-β gene in the CHO-K1 cell line was verified by ELISA and dot and western blotting analyses. This study was a pioneering work for further production of recombinant hIFN-β in the bioreactor.
La ep. 84 de san Agustín, ¿un diácono que habla púnico o latín?
Authors: Eguiarte B. Enrique A. ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the topic of the deacons in Saint Augustine’s time, and the role they played within the Church of Hippo, focusing in the deacon Lucillus (ep. 84) and wondering if he was a native punic speaker, since St. Augustine gives a lot of importance to him.
Agustín sobre el matrimonio. Una comparación del De bono coniugali y De nuptiis et concupiscentia
Authors: Lamberigts Mathijs , Eguiarte B. Enrique A. ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: April 2022

In recent literature, it has regularly been suggested that, in his later years, Augustine of Hippo became more and more pessimistic with regard to marriage and sexuality. At the same time, Augustine was praised for his nuanced view on this issue in about 401, when he developed a middle position between the optimistic approach of Jovinian and the rather denigrating view of Jerome with regard to marriage. While Jovinian was of the opinion that (because of baptism) a life in abstinence and marriage were equally meritorious, Jerome developed an outspoken and negative view on marriage in favor of the consecrated life. For his part, Augustine considered a life of abstinence as superior in comparison to marriage but explicitly stated that marriage was a bonum in its own right. In this contribution, it is made clear that the positions of Augustine in De bono coniugali (about 401) and De nuptiis et concupiscentia (418/19) are substantially the same. In other words, qualifications such as being wise or pessimistic do not really do justice to Augustine’s position, which remained the same through the years. In De nuptiis et concupiscentia, in the midst of the Pelagian controversy, Augustine made much more use of Scriptural texts in order to underpin his view on marriage and concupiscence in relation to the doctrine of original sin: in the controversy with Julian of Aeclanum he had to defend himself against accusations such as innovation and heresy. In the two works, the ethical criterion par excellence for the evaluation of human beings moral behavior remained the propter Deum attitude.
The axial skeleton of Brachyodus onoideus (Mammalia, Anthracotheriidae): taxonomic and functional implications
Authors: Pickford Martin
Published: April 2022

Vertebrae of Brachyodus onoideus from Europe have never been described, yet several specimens have been curated in diverse museums for more than a century. The importance of the cervical vertebrae lies in the fact that they reveal that this species possessed a moderately elongated neck that in neutral posture was oriented upwards, somewhat as in some extant artiodactyls (Okapi, Eland and camels), unlike the low-slung head and neck posture of the two extant genera of hippopotamuses. The sacrum of Brachyodus is markedly different from those of Hippopotamus and Choeropsis. In morpho-functional terms it is closer to those of large ruminants and equids, indicating the possession of a less muscular tail than in hippos which wag their tails energetically during defecation.
Reconstruction of half-space boundary impedance and sound source direct radiation based on reflection coefficient estimation
Authors: Zhou Da-Ren , Lu Huan-Cai , Cheng Xiang-Le , McFarland D. Michael  ,   College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
Published: April 2022

When implementing the reconstruction of the sound field radiated directly from a source located in a half-space, the half-space basis functions need to be formulated with boundary impedance as a parameter. The boundary impedance is usually obtained via in situ acoustic impedance measurement techniques. In a reconstruction method based on expansion in half-space spherical wave basis functions, a hologram surface and a single reference microphone placed in the near-field are used to collect sound pressures. The sound pressure at the reference microphone is first reconstructed and the error of the reconstructed pressure relative to the measured pressure is then calculated. The sound pressure reflection coefficient corresponding to the minimum error is chosen as the estimated value of the reflection coefficient at each of the measurement points. Thus, this method is applicable to reconstructing the directly radiated sound pressures without knowledge of the boundary impedance, without the in situ acoustic impedance measurements necessary for conventional methods. The purpose of this work is to discuss the various parameters affecting the accuracy of reconstruction. Moreover, the boundary impedance is reconstructed based on the estimation of the reflection coefficient. In this way, an acoustic impedance measurement technique implemented via the near-field acoustical holography is proposed. Taking the source to be spherical, numerical simulations are conducted to verify the proposed method of reconstructing the boundary impedance and the directly radiated sound pressures. The influences of reference microphone coordinates, the effective flow resistivity of the boundary, and the rate of decrease of porosity with depth of the boundary on the accuracy of reconstruction are quantitatively analyzed.
MR relaxation times of agar‐based tissue‐mimicking phantoms
Authors: Antoniou Anastasia , Georgiou Leonidas , Christodoulou Theodora , Panayiotou Natalie , Ioannides Cleanthis , Zamboglou Nikolaos , Damianou Christakis
Published: April 2022

Agar gels were previously proven capable of accurately replicating the acoustical and thermal properties of real tissue and widely used for the construction of tissue‐mimicking phantoms (TMPs) for focused ultrasound (FUS) applications. Given the current popularity of magnetic resonance‐guided FUS (MRgFUS), we have investigated the MR relaxation times T1 and T2 of different mixtures of agar‐based phantoms. Nine TMPs were constructed containing agar as the gelling agent and various concentrations of silicon dioxide and evaporated milk. An agar‐based phantom doped with wood powder was also evaluated. A series of MR images were acquired in a 1.5 T scanner for T1 and T2 mapping. T2 was predominantly affected by varying agar concentrations. A trend toward decreasing T1 with an increasing concentration of evaporated milk was observed. The addition of silicon dioxide decreased both relaxation times of pure agar gels. The proposed phantoms have great potential for use with the continuously emerging MRgFUS technology. The MR relaxation times of several body tissues can be mimicked by adjusting the concentration of ingredients, thus enabling more accurate and realistic MRgFUS studies.
A Dendrite‐Free Lithium‐Metal Anode Enabled by Designed Ultrathin MgF2 Nanosheets Encapsulated Inside Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene‐Like Hollow Nanospheres
Authors: Li Shang‐Qi , Zhang Ling , Liu Ting‐Ting , Zhang Yao‐Wen , Guo Chaofei , Wang Yong , Du Fei‐Hu
Published: April 2022

Uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth and dramatic volume change during cycling have long been severely impeding the practical applications of Li metal as the ultimate anode. In this work, ultrathin MgF2 nanosheets encapsulated inside nitrogen‐doped graphene‐like hollow nanospheres (MgF2 NSs@NGHSs) are ingeniously fabricated to address these problems by a perfect combination of atomic layer deposition and chemical vapor deposition. The uniform and continuous Li–Mg solid‐solution inner layer formed by the MgF2 nanosheets can reduce the nucleation overpotential and induce selective deposition of Li into the cavities of the NGHSs. Furthermore, the Li deposition behavior and mechanism of the hybrid host are comprehensively explored by in situ optical microscopy at the macroscopic level, in situ transmission electron microscopy at the microscopic level, and theoretical calculations at the atomic level, respectively. Benefiting from a synergistic modulation strategy of nanosheet seed‐induced nucleation and Li‐confined growth, the designed composite demonstrates an endurance of 590 cycles for asymmetric cells and a lifespan over 1330 h for corresponding symmetric cells. When applied in LiFePO4 full cells, it provides a reversible capacity of 90.6 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1 C.
Extraction of Inherent Polarization Modes from an m‐Order Vector Vortex Beam
Authors: Weng Xiaoyu , Miao Yu , Zhang Qingli , Wang Guanxue , Li Yue , Gao Xiumin , Zhuang Songlin
Published: April 2022

Superposition of two independent orthogonally polarized beams is a conventional principle of creating a new light beam. Herein, it is intended to achieve the inverse process, namely, extracting inherent polarization modes from a single light beam. However, inherent polarization modes within a light beam are always intertwined so that a stable polarization is maintained during propagation in free space. To overcome this limitation, an approach that breaks the modulation symmetry of an m‐order vector vortex beam is reported, thereby unbinding the inherent polarization modes. Using polarization mode competition along with an optical pen, polarization modes within m‐order vector vortex beam are extracted at will in the focal region of an objective lens. This work treats the light beam as a treasure box, and polarization mode extraction is just like the key of the box. Whatever it is, one can just take it directly from the box. This physical thought conveys an entirely new principle of polarization modulation and paves the way for multidimensional manipulation of light fields.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Oxathiazine 2‐Oxide Scaffolds as Sulfinyl Transfer Agents
Authors: Quintavalla Arianna , Veronesi Ruben , Zambardino Demetra , Carboni Davide , Lombardo Marco
Published: April 2022

An efficient diastereoselective route for the preparation of chiral oxathiazine 2‐oxide scaffolds as sulfinyl transfer agents, using tert‐butanesulfinamide (tBSA) both as the source of chirality and as the precursor to the required nitrogen electron withdrawing group on the scaffold, was developed. This methodology allows the introduction of different substituents on the chiral scaffold, using commercially available reagents and standard synthetic transformations. The synthesized scaffolds were tested in the preparation of enantioenriched sulfinamides, providing results comparable to the sulfinyl transfer agents so far proposed in the literature, and opening the possibility to further elaborate these scaffolds, with the aim to support them on solid phases so to facilitate their recovery and reuse.

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Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition Between Dienecarbamates and 2‐Benzothioazolimines
Authors: Ma Wei‐Yang , Montinho‐Inacio Emeric , Iorga Bogdan I. , Retailleau Pascal , Moreau Xavier , Neuville Luc , Masson Géraldine
Published: April 2022

An enantioselective chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed formal [4+2] cycloaddition between 2‐benzothiazolimines and N‐H‐1,3‐dienecarbamates is described. A divergence in reaction pathways was observed depending on the dienes employed. The reaction performed with 4‐substituted dienes produced benzothiazolopyrimidines as major product in yields ranging from 42 to 67%, as single diastereoisomer and with enantioselectivity between 93 and 99%. The same reaction performed with 3‐substituted dienes, however, gave highly enantioenriched 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines as the major products albeit with moderate diastereoselectivity.

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Integrated agronomy for high yield and stable flax production in Canada
Authors: Benaragama Dilshan I. , Johnson Eric N. , Gulden Robert H. , Willenborg Christian J.
Published: April 2022

Integrating agronomic practices can be useful in increasing flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) yield under biotic or abiotic constraints. A study was conducted to determine the combined effect of seeding density, row spacing, fertilizer, and fungicide application on no‐till flax yields at three locations (7 site‐years) in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. The four treatments were plant density; low (190 plants m–2) vs. moderate (320 plants m–2), row spacing; narrow (20 cm) vs. wide‐row (40 cm), N rate; 65 vs. 130% of soil test recommendation, and foliar fungicide; pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad vs. no fungicide. No individual treatment parameter significantly affected yield; however, several combinations of treatments did. The combination of moderate density, narrow row spacing, 130% N, and fungicide application showed a 23% mean yield increase across all environments compared with the lowest‐yielding combination. Still, yield ranking differed across different growing environments. The overall high‐yielding combination was not productive under low‐yielding environments. The same high‐yielding combination, but with wide row spacing and the same combination with low density provided the most stable and moderate yield across all environments tested. Considering seed cost, yield advantage, and yield stability, the best combination was low density, narrow row spacing with 130% N and fungicide application. Among all practices, the combined application of 130% N and fungicide application significantly increased crop yield by 11% under all growing conditions. In the absence of negative interactions, producers can combine these four practices to increase flax yields depending on the cost.
RETRACTED: Theoretical research on rice and wheat lodging detection based on artificial intelligence technology and a template matching algorithm
Authors: Wang Guoqiang , Li Yaoming
Published: April 2022

Traditional detection of lodging in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mostly uses statistical methods or routine ground surveys. These methods have a low degree of automation and poor accuracy. In order to improve the detection of rice and wheat lodging, this study combined artificial intelligence technology and a template matching algorithm to construct a rice and wheat lodging detection system. Moreover, this study used perceptual hash technology for image matching processing, built an intelligent recognition model on the basis of improved algorithms, and combined this with camera technology to build the system's functional framework. The constructed system could perform image matching for rice and wheat, and detected rice and wheat lodging on the basis of image matching. Finally, this study analyzed the system's function structure based on the actual situation of rice and wheat lodging, and designed experiments to verify the effect of the system. The experimental research results showed that the system constructed in this study can play an effective role in the detection of rice and wheat lodging.
The influence of anthropogenic noise on the behavior of male mantled howler monkeys
Authors: Gómez‐Espinosa Eréndira , Dias Pedro A. D. , Rangel‐Negrín Ariadna
Published: April 2022

Anthropogenic noise is increasingly disturbing natural soundscapes and affecting the physiology, behavior, and fitness of wildlife. However, our knowledge about the impact of anthropogenic noise on wild primates is scant. Here, we assess the effects of anthropogenic noise on the behavior of male mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Specifically, we describe the types, rates, and sound pressure level (SPL) of anthropogenic noise that occurs in areas inhabited by mantled howler monkeys and determine if the behavioral responses of males to anthropogenic noise are influenced by noise attributes. For 1 year (1753 h), we characterized anthropogenic noise in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve (Veracruz, Mexico) and studied the behavior of males belonging to five groups. Anthropogenic noise was common, diverse, and varied among areas in terms of rate, type, and SPL. Males did not display behavioral responses toward most (60%) anthropogenic noises, but were more likely to respond to certain noise types (e.g., aerial traffic) and toward noise with high SPL. Group identity influenced the likelihood of displaying behavioral responses to noise. The most common behavioral responses were vocalizations and vigilance. Males vocalized in response to noise with high SPL, although this relationship depended on group identity. The effect of the number of noises on vocalizations also varied among groups. Males were more likely to display vigilance toward high SPL and infrequent noise, but, again, these relationships varied among groups. In sum, anthropogenic noise is pervasive in areas inhabited by mantled howler monkeys and influences male behavior. Experience and frequency of exposure may modulate the behavioral responses of male mantled howler monkeys to noise and explain the group differences.
The small HDL particle hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Martinez Ashley E. , Weissberger Gali , Kuklenyik Zsuzsanna , He Xulei , Meuret Cristiana , Parekh Trusha , Rees Jon C. , Parks Bryan A. , Gardner Michael S. , King Sarah M. , Collier Timothy S. , Harrington Michael G. , Sweeney Melanie D. , Wang Xinhui , Zlokovic Berislav V. , Joe Elizabeth , Nation Daniel A. , Schneider Lon S. , Chui Helena C. , Barr John R. , Han S. Duke , Krauss Ronald M. , Yassine Hussein N.
Published: April 2022

We propose the hypothesis that small high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) particles reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by virtue of their capacity to exchange lipids, affecting neuronal membrane composition and vascular and synaptic functions. Concentrations of small HDLs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma were measured in 180 individuals ≥60 years of age using ion mobility methodology. Small HDL concentrations in CSF were positively associated with performance in three domains of cognitive function independent of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 status, age, sex, and years of education. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between levels of small HDLs in CSF and plasma. Further studies will be aimed at determining whether specific components of small HDL exchange across the blood, brain, and CSF barriers, and developing approaches to exploit small HDLs for therapeutic purposes.
Application of zebrafish in the study of the gut microbiome
Authors: Zhong Xiaoting , Li Jinglin , Lu Furong , Zhang Jingjing , Guo Lianxian
Published: April 2022

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have attracted much attention over the past decade as a reliable model for gut microbiome research. Owing to their low cost, strong genetic and development coherence, efficient preparation of germ‐free (GF) larvae, availability in high‐throughput chemical screening, and fitness for intravital imaging in vivo, zebrafish have been extensively used to investigate microbiome‐host interactions and evaluate the toxicity of environmental pollutants. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of zebrafish for studying the role of the gut microbiome compared with warm‐blooded animal models are first summarized. Then, the roles of zebrafish gut microbiome on host development, metabolic pathways, gut‐brain axis, and immune disorders and responses are addressed. Furthermore, their applications for the toxicological assessment of aquatic environmental pollutants and exploration of the molecular mechanism of pathogen infections are reviewed. We highlight the great potential of the zebrafish model for developing probiotics for xenobiotic detoxification, resistance against bacterial infection, and disease prevention and cure. Overall, the zebrafish model promises a brighter future for gut microbiome research.
NIR‐I‐Responsive Single‐Band Upconversion Emission through Energy Migration in Core–Shell–Shell Nanostructures
Authors: Ding Mingye , Cui Songsong , Fang Liang , Lin Zixia , Lu Chunhua , Yang Xiaofei
Published: April 2022

Here we report a new strategy to tune both excitation and emission peaks of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) into the first infrared biowindow (NIR‐I, 650–900 nm) with high NIR‐I‐to‐NIR‐I upconversion efficiency. By introducing the sensitizer Nd3+, activator Er3+, energy migrator Yb3+ and energy manipulator Mn2+ into specific region to construct proposed energy migration processes in the designed core–shell–shell nanoarchitecture, back energy transfer (BET) from activator to sensitizer or migrator can be greatly blocked and the NIR‐to‐red upconversion emission can be efficiently promoted. Consequently, BET‐induced photon quenching and the undesired green‐emitting radiative transition are entirely eliminated, leading to high‐efficiency single‐band red upconversion emission upon 808 nm NIR‐I laser excitation. Our findings provide insights into fundamental lanthanide interactions and advance the development of UCNPs for bioapplications with techniques that overturn traditional limitations.
Continuous Flow Preparation of Benzylic Sodium Organometallics
Authors: Harenberg Johannes H. , Reddy Annapureddy Rajasekar , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Knochel Paul
Published: April 2022

We report a lateral sodiation of alkyl(hetero)arenes using on‐demand generated hexane‐soluble (2‐ethylhexyl)sodium (1) in the presence of TMEDA. (2‐Ethylhexyl)sodium (1) is prepared via a sodium packed‐bed reactor and used for metalations at ambient temperature in batch as well as in continuous flow. The resulting benzylic sodium species are subsequently trapped with various electrophiles including carbonyl compounds, epoxides, oxetane, allyl/benzyl chlorides, alkyl halides and alkyl tosylates. Wurtz‐type couplings with secondary alkyl halides and tosylates proceed under complete inversion of stereochemistry. Furthermore, the utility of this lateral sodiation is demonstrated in the synthesis of pharmaceutical relevant compounds. Thus, fingolimod is prepared from p‐xylene applying the lateral sodiation twice. In addition, 7‐fold isotopically labeled salmeterol‐d7 and fenpiprane as well as precursors to super linear alkylbenzene (SLAB) surfactants are prepared.