bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A question of balance: study–work–life, perspectives from accounting students
Authors: Beatson Nicola J. , de Lange Paul , Oosthuizen Heinrich
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Students have a finite amount of time that they can allocate between commitments of study–work–life. Striking a balance between these competing activities is an individual conundrum and this study aims to explore the impact of extramural activities and paid employment on the academic performance of accounting students.

Design/methodology/approach

Guided by Carroll’s model of school learning, the authors adopt a quantitative approach where they survey (N = 264) and gather responses (n = 195) from students with respect to their choices regarding spare time outside study. These perceptions are then compared to their academic performance. Quantitative responses were subsequently triangulated with interview findings to provide in-depth analysis.

Findings

Findings provide greater understanding for educators of the student lived experience, which reveals that the work, study and life balance is individually nuanced and is largely driven by the individual’s perceived level of interference from work, which is a significant predictor of academic performance.

Originality/value

Analysis of the determinants of student learning includes prior academic achievement, confidence with numbers, critical thinking, gender and prior accounting knowledge. Yet, little is known about the implication of activities outside the formal curriculum. This study addresses this void in the literature and provides a much-needed link back to accounting faculty’s pedagogical approaches as they adapt to a cohort’s learning behaviour. This study also adds to the debate on the need for more discussion with faculty to allow alternate arrangements based on extramural activities and employment commitments. Greater understanding of study–work–life balance for students provides an opportunity for new dialog between faculty and students.
Relative energy production determines effect of repowering on wildlife mortality at wind energy facilities
Authors: Huso Manuela , Conkling Tara , Dalthorp Daniel , Davis Melanie , Smith Heath , Fesnock Amy , Katzner Todd
Published: March 2021

Reduction in wildlife mortality is often cited as a potential advantage to repowering wind facilities, that is, replacing smaller, lower capacity, closely spaced turbines, with larger, higher capacity ones, more widely spaced. Wildlife mortality rates, however, are affected by more than just size and spacing of turbines, varying with turbine operation, seasonal and daily weather and habitat, all of which can confound our ability to accurately measure the effect of repowering on wildlife mortality rates.

We investigated the effect of repowering on wildlife mortality rates in a study conducted near Palm Springs, CA. We controlled for confounding effects of weather and habitat by measuring turbine‐caused wildlife mortality rates over a range of turbine sizes and spacing, all within the same time period, habitat and local weather conditions. We controlled for differences in turbine operation by standardizing mortality rate per unit energy produced.

We found that avian and bat mortality rate was constant per unit of energy produced, across all sizes and spacings of turbines.

Synthesis and applications. In the context of repowering a wind facility, our results suggest that the relative amount of energy produced, rather than simply the size, spacing or nameplate capacity of the replacement turbines, determines the relative rate of mortality prior to and after repowering. Consequently, in a given location, newer turbines would be expected to be less harmful to wildlife only if they produced less energy than the older models they replace. The implications are far‐reaching as 18% of US and 8% of world‐wide wind power capacity will likely be considered for repowering within ~5 years.
A new atypical short‐chain dehydrogenase is required for interfungal combat and conidiation in Trichoderma guizhouense
Authors: Zhu Hong , Zhang Jian , Gao Qi , Pang Guan , Sun Tingting , Li Rong , Yu Zhenzhong , Shen Qirong
Published: March 2021

Hypocrealean Trichoderma are the most extensively studied facultative mycoparasites against phytopathogenic fungi. Aerial hyphae of Trichoderma guizhouense can rapidly proliferate over Fusarium oxysporum hyphae, cause sporadic cell death and arrest the growth of the host. The results of the present study demonstrated that a unique short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), designated as TgSDR1, was expressed at a high level in T. guizhouense challenged by the hosts. Similar to other SDRs family members, the TgSDR1 protein contains a cofactor‐binding motif and a catalytic site. The subcellular localization assay revealed that the TgSDR1::GFP fusion protein translocated to lipid droplets in mycelia and conidia. The data obtained using reverse genetic approach indicated that TgSDR1 is associated with antifungal ability, plays an important role in providing reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH and regulates the amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism in T. guizhouense upon encountering a host. Moreover, the TgSDR1 deletion mutant was defective in conidiation. Thus, TgSDR1 functions as a key metabolic enzyme in T. guizhouense to regulate mycotrophic interactions, defence against other fungi, such as F. oxysporum, and conidiation.
Validity and reproducibility of a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire for Iranian adults
Authors: Mohammadifard Noushin , Haghighatdust Fahimeh , Kelishadi Roya , Bahonar Ahmad , Dianatkhah Minoo , Heidari Hossien , Maghroun Maryam , Dehghan Mahshid
Published: March 2021

Aim

To validate a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) and assess the dietary intake of Iranian adults.

Methods

This study was conducted among 113 healthy adults in Iran. We administered twelve 24‐hour dietary recalls (24DRs) during a year as a reference method. The 165‐item SFFQ was administered twice, along with the first and last 24DRs. To examine validity and reproducibility of SFFQ, the correlation coefficients (r) and de‐attenuated correlation coefficients and intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) between 24DRs and SFFQ were calculated. The Bland‐Altman method was used to assess agreement between the two methods.

Results

De‐attenuated correlations varied from 0.42 (polyunsaturated fatty acids) to 0.62 (energy) (all P < .001) for nutrients and from 0.48 (oils and fats) to 0.65 (sweets) for food groups (all P < .05). We found reasonable reproducibility of SFFQ for both nutrients and food groups. ICC (95%CI) varied from 0.47 (0.15‐0.74) for saturated fatty acids to 0.64 (0.47‐0.76) for energy and from 0.43 (0.15‐0.62) for oils and fats to 0.58 for grains (0.31‐0.69). According to the Bland‐Altman plots, we observed an acceptable level of agreement between the two methods.

Conclusions

We found reasonable relative validity and acceptable reproducibility of SFFQ. This SFFQ can be used to classify individuals based on their dietary intake in our population.
Molecular characterization of chemosensory protein genes in Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Wang Zhao‐Xiang , Qi Zhen‐hua , Chen Jian , Wang Fu‐Lian , Gui Lian‐You , Zhang Guo‐Hui
Published: March 2021

Chemoreception is of great importance for survival of insects. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are believed to be involved in the perireceptor events of chemosensory system in many insect species, but this has not been clarified in the citrus fruit fly, Bactrocera minax, a serious dipteran pest of citrus crops. Previous studies indicated that four CSP genes were identified in many fly speices in Diptera. In the present study, we also identified four CSP genes in B. minax, namely BminCSP1–4, from a transcriptome database. All CSP proteins encoded by these genes bear the typical hallmarks of the CSP family: an N‐terminal signal peptide and the four highly conserved cysteine residues. Phylogenetic analysis comparing with other dipteran CSPs indicated that dipteran CSPs may evolved from three ancestral CSP genes, and revealed the sequence diversities of BminCSPs and showed that BminCSP1–4 are clustered in separate groups, indicating the possibility of their contrasting function in B. minax. Furthermore, the tissue distribution of the four CSP genes in adult B. minax was analyzed by real‐time quantitiative PCR. The results demonstrated that BminCSP3 are significantly transcriptionally enriched in antennae; BminCSP4 expressed primarily in heads; BminCSP1 and BminCSP2 showed high expressions in different tissues, such as antennae, abdomens and wings. Based on these findings, the different implications for the functions of BminCSPs are discussed. This study will offer a significant indication for further functional studies of the CSPs in B. minax.
Desflurane consumption with automated vapour control systems in two different anaesthesia machines. A randomized controlled study
Authors: Mostad Dagmar , Klepstad Pål , Follestad Turid , Pleym Hilde
Published: March 2021

Background

In general anaesthesia practice a fresh gas flow (FGF) of ≥0.5 L/min is usually applied. Automated gas delivery devices are developed to reduce volatile anaesthetic consumption by limiting gas flow. This study aimed to compare desflurane consumption between automated gas control devices compared to conventional low flow anaesthesia in the Flow‐I and Aisys anaesthesia machines, and to compare desflurane consumption between the two automated gas delivery devices. We hypothesised that desflurane consumption would be lower with automated gas delivery compared to conventional low flow anaesthesia, and that desflurane consumption could differ between the different gas delivery devices.

Methods

We allocated 160 patients undergoing robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery into four groups, Flow‐I with automated gas control, Flow‐i with conventional low‐flow (1 L/min), Aisys with end tidal gas control and Aisys with conventional low flow. Patients were maintained at minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) 0.7‐0.8. Desflurane consumption was recorded after 9, 30 and 60 minutes of anaesthesia.

Results

After 60 minutes, compared to conventional low flow anaesthesia, automated gas delivery systems reduced desflurane consumption from 25.8 to 15.2 mL for the Aisys machine (P < .001) and from 22.1 to 16.8 mL for the Flow‐I (P < .001). Time to MAC 0.7 and stable FGF was shorter with Aisys endtidal control compared to Flow‐I automated gas control.

Conclusion

Under clinical conditions, we found a reduction in desflurane consumption when using automated gas delivery devices compared to conventional low flow anaesthesia. Both devices were reliable in use.
17‐a‐estradiol late in life extends lifespan in aging UM‐HET3 male mice; nicotinamide riboside and three other drugs do not affect lifespan in either sex
Authors: Harrison David E. , Strong Randy , Reifsnyder Peter , Kumar Navasuja , Fernandez Elizabeth , Flurkey Kevin , Javors Martin A. , Lopez‐Cruzan Marisa , Macchiarini Francesca , Nelson James F. , Markewych Adrian , Bitto Alessandro , Sindler Amy L. , Cortopassi Gino , Kavanagh Kylie , Leng Lin , Bucala Richard , Rosenthal Nadia , Salmon Adam , Stearns Timothy M. , Bogue Molly , Miller Richard A.
Published: March 2021

In genetically heterogeneous mice produced by the CByB6F1 x C3D2F1 cross, the “non‐feminizing” estrogen, 17‐α‐estradiol (17aE2), extended median male lifespan by 19% (p < 0.0001, log‐rank test) and 11% (p = 0.007) when fed at 14.4 ppm starting at 16 and 20 months, respectively. 90th percentile lifespans were extended 7% (p = 0.004, Wang–Allison test) and 5% (p = 0.17). Body weights were reduced about 20% after starting the 17aE2 diets. Four other interventions were tested in males and females: nicotinamide riboside, candesartan cilexetil, geranylgeranylacetone, and MIF098. Despite some data suggesting that nicotinamide riboside would be effective, neither it nor the other three increased lifespans significantly at the doses tested. The 17aE2 results confirm and extend our original reports, with very similar results when started at 16 months compared with mice started at 10 months of age in a prior study. The consistently large lifespan benefit in males, even when treatment is started late in life, may provide information on sex‐specific aspects of aging.
Online Education in a Pandemic: Stress Test or Fortuitous Disruption?
Authors: Ronkowitz Kenneth , Ronkowitz Lynnette Condro
Published: March 2021

This study explores higher education and the ways in which the shutdown caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic have accelerated the evolution of online education. This movement from face‐to‐face (F2F) education to a virtual environment was forced and unplanned. It can be viewed as a stress test for digital teaching and learning in the higher education system. The study addresses course conversions and the progress of online education in response to the current crisis.
Stanford parameters stratify the risk of recurrence in gynecologic smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential
Authors: Travaglino Antonio , Raffone Antonio , Gencarelli Annarita , Caldarelli Carola , Granata Marcello , Santoro Angela , Zannoni Gian Franco , Mollo Antonio , Zullo Fulvio , Insabato Luigi
Published: March 2021

Smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) is an ill‐defined category of neoplasms, which represent a diagnostic challenge. We aimed to assess whether the Stanford parameters, that is, high mitotic index (≥10/10HPF), significant atypia (moderate‐to‐severe), and coagulative tumor cell necrosis (CTCN), even when focal or ambiguous, may be used to stratify the risk of recurrence in gynecological smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP). Electronic databases were searched from their inception to October 2019. All studies assessing the Stanford parameters in gynecological STUMP series were included. STUMPs were subdivided according to the presence of the three Stanford parameters: high mitotic index, significant atypia, and CTCN. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed for recurrence‐free survival; hazard ratio (HR) was calculated in each category. Fourteen studies with 219 STUMPs were included. In 15.5% of cases, none of the three Stanford parameters were present, with a recurrence risk of 5.9%; 2.7% of cases showed high mitotic index alone, with a recurrence risk of 0% (HR = not calculable); 43.8% of cases showed significant atypia alone, with a recurrence risk of 18.7% (HR = 3.3; p = 0.012); 26.5% of cases showed CTCN alone, with a recurrence risk of 17.2% (HR = 3.1; p = 0.029); and 11.4% of cases showed at least two Stanford parameters, with a recurrence risk of 32% (HR = 7.5; p = 0.003). Stanford parameters may stratify the risk of recurrence of STUMP. Significant atypia and CTCN, but not high mitotic index, may be stand‐alone risk factors for recurrence in STUMP. The presence of at least two Stanford parameters, even if equivocal (e.g., uncertain or focal CTCN, focal significant atypia, mitotic index around 10/10HPF), might still be enough to support a diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma. Further studies are necessary in this field.
Suicide prevention in Japan: Government and community measures, and high‐risk interventions
Authors: Okamura Kazuya , Ikeshita Katsumi , Kimoto Sohei , Makinodan Manabu , Kishimoto Toshifumi
Published: March 2021

Suicide is one of the most critical issues worldwide. In Japan, more than 30 000 people died by suicide every year between 1998 and 2011, and the Japanese government, local governments, and various other agencies have been working on suicide prevention programs to reduce the suicide rate. While the number of suicides is still high (more than 20 000 per year), many specialists are striving to further reduce the number of suicides in Japan. The Japanese government has played a central role in suicide prevention through the enactment of several laws, and in recent years, suicide prevention has shifted from government to community‐specific measures. This review discusses the suicide prevention measures that have been taken so far: (1) policy strategies for suicide prevention by the Japanese government, (2) community suicide prevention, and (3) strategic studies for suicide prevention. Finally, as shown in the ACTION‐J study, we conclude that cooperation among related organizations in the community, not just one institution, is important for future suicide prevention, especially youth suicide prevention.
Zebrafish as a tractable model of human cardiovascular disease
Authors: Bowley George , Kugler Elizabeth , Wilkinson Rob , Lawrie Allan , van Eeden Freek , Chico Tim J. A. , Evans Paul C. , Noël Emily S. , Serbanovic‐Canic Jovana
Published: March 2021

Mammalian models including non‐human primates, pigs and rodents have been used extensively to study the mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. However, there is an increasing desire for alternative model systems that provide excellent scientific value while replacing or reducing the use of mammals. Here, we review the use of zebrafish, Danio rerio, to study cardiovascular development and disease. The anatomy and physiology of zebrafish and mammalian cardiovascular systems are compared, and we describe the use of zebrafish models in studying the mechanisms of cardiac (e.g. congenital heart defects, cardiomyopathy, conduction disorders and regeneration) and vascular (endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, vascular ageing, neurovascular physiology and stroke) pathologies. We also review the use of zebrafish for studying pharmacological responses to cardiovascular drugs and describe several features of zebrafish that make them a compelling model for in vivo screening of compounds for the treatment cardiovascular disease.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Preclinical Models for Cardiovascular disease research (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.5/issuetoc
Vertical bone augmentation utilizing a titanium‐reinforced PTFE mesh: A multi‐variate analysis of influencing factors
Authors: Urban Istvan A. , Saleh Muhammad H. A. , Ravidà Andrea , Forster Andras , Wang Hom‐Lay , Barath Zoltan
Published: March 2021

Objective

To clinically evaluate the use of a titanium‐reinforced PTFE mesh for vertical bone augmentation (VBA) of deficient alveolar ridges.

Materials and methods

This case series documented consecutive patients treated for VBA with a newly developed PTFE mesh. VBA was performed in anterior and posterior, maxillary and mandibular arches using anorganic bovine bone combined with autogenous graft in a 1:1 ratio. Healing time from initial surgery to re‐opening was recorded. Baseline vertical deficiency, absolute bone gain (gross height gained), and relative gain (percentage of defect fill with respect to the baseline deficiency) were registered.

Results

Fifty‐seven patients (65 defects) were included in the analysis. The mean baseline vertical deficiency was 5.5 ± 2.6 mm. The mean absolute bone gain was 5.2 ± 2.4 mm. A relative gain of 96.5 ± 13.9% was achieved. Overall, 89.2% of cases showed complete regeneration, which occurred in all sites with baseline deficiencies of <5 mm, in 95.6% of sites with 5–8 mm deficiencies, and in 89.4% of sites with >8 mm deficiencies. Each 1‐mm addition to the baseline height deficiency increased the likelihood of incomplete bone regeneration by 2.5 times. Defect location had a statistically significant but a limited clinical impact on the bone height gained (<0.5 mm). Complications were observed in three cases (3%).

Conclusions

Vertical bone augmentation with titanium‐reinforced PTFE mesh and a mixture of autologous bone and xenograft is a safe and predictable procedure. The extent of the baseline vertical deficiency influences the percentage of bone gained.
Meta‐analysis of landowner participation in voluntary incentive programs for provision of forest ecosystem services
Authors: Mitani Yohei , Lindhjem Henrik
Published: March 2021

Many voluntary incentive programs for provision of forest ecosystem services (ES) have low participation rates, insufficient enrollment areas, and inefficient ecological outcomes. Understanding participation behavior in such programs has therefore become a crucial part of policy success. We synthesized a large body of literature on the behavior of nonindustrial private forest owners based on surveys of stated (intended) participation or data on actual participation in existing or hypothetical programs. Using metaregression analysis, we examined how methodological, program‐characteristic, and economic‐incentive variables affected participation rate estimates. Participation rates tended to be overestimated when landowner participation was elicited in hypothetical choice situations (compared with real situations) and when dichotomous choice surveys (compared with census data) were used. The marginal effect sizes were quite large, for example, a 31% increase with use of stated choices in hypothetical scenarios, and practitioners should therefore be aware of them. However, use of choice experiment surveys in a modified scenario based on existing programs had no effect on participation when all other determinants were controlled for. Participation rates decreased significantly as length of the contract increased and when there was no withdrawal option. These results suggest that perpetual contracts have a lower negative impact on participation than time‐limited contracts with a duration of over 50 years. We confirmed that as compensation amounts increased, participation increased. One‐time up‐front payments were more effective in increasing initial participation than annual payments for contracts of over 5 years. We identified the robust determinants and the effect sizes of those determinants on landowner participation rate estimates, thereby contributing to a better understanding of forest owner behavior and offering useful insights to enable researchers and resource managers to improve the design and efficiency of new and existing forest ES programs.
Diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of a biomarker and EMR‐based machine learning algorithm for sepsis
Authors: Taneja Ishan , Damhorst Gregory L. , Lopez‐Espina Carlos , Zhao Sihai Dave , Zhu Ruoqing , Khan Shah , White Karen , Kumar James , Vincent Andrew , Yeh Leon , Majdizadeh Shirin , Weir William , Isbell Scott , Skinner James , Devanand Manubolo , Azharuddin Syed , Meenakshisundaram Rajamurugan , Upadhyay Riddhi , Syed Anwaruddin , Bauman Thomas , Devito Joseph , Heinzmann Charles , Podolej Gregory , Shen Lanxin , Timilsina Sanjay Sharma , Quinlan Lucas , Manafirasi Setareh , Valera Enrique , Reddy Bobby , Bashir Rashid
Published: March 2021

Sepsis is a major cause of mortality among hospitalized patients worldwide. Shorter time to administration of broad‐spectrum antibiotics is associated with improved outcomes, but early recognition of sepsis remains a major challenge. In a two‐center cohort study with prospective sample collection from 1400 adult patients in emergency departments suspected of sepsis, we sought to determine the diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of a machine‐learning algorithm based on clinical data and a set of uncommonly measured biomarkers. Specifically, we demonstrate that a machine‐learning model developed using this dataset outputs a score with not only diagnostic capability but also prognostic power with respect to hospital length of stay (LOS), 30‐day mortality, and 3‐day inpatient re‐admission both in our entire testing cohort and various subpopulations. The area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) for diagnosis of sepsis was 0.83. Predicted risk scores for patients with septic shock were higher compared with patients with sepsis but without shock (p < 0.0001). Scores for patients with infection and organ dysfunction were higher compared with those without either condition (p < 0.0001). Stratification based on predicted scores of the patients into low, medium, and high‐risk groups showed significant differences in LOS (p < 0.0001), 30‐day mortality (p < 0.0001), and 30‐day inpatient readmission (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, a machine‐learning algorithm based on electronic medical record (EMR) data and three nonroutinely measured biomarkers demonstrated good diagnostic and prognostic capability at the time of initial blood culture.
Generating data sets for teaching the importance of regression analysis
Authors: Murray Lori L. , Wilson John G.
Published: March 2021

Summary statistics and data visualizations are often used to explore data and draw preliminary conclusions. Although valuable, these tools do not always reveal the underlying patterns and trends in the data and can sometimes be misleading. We describe an approach for teaching the need for more advanced statistical analysis using multiple linear regression. Our approach is based on using a method we developed for generating alternative multivariate data sets where all the variables (both independent and dependent) have the same summary statistics. However, we can deliberately change the statistical significance of one (or more) of the independent variables in the regression to illustrate why it is important to go beyond simple descriptive measures and examine inferential statistics on the inherent relationships in the data. Implementation of this methodology is provided in the R statistical programming language and an add‐in for Excel spreadsheets.
Scoring the 10‐year risk of ambulatory disability in multiple sclerosis: the RoAD score
Authors: Gasperini Claudio , Prosperini Luca , Rovira Àlex , Tintoré Mar , Sastre‐Garriga Jaume , Tortorella Carla , Haggiag Shalom , Galgani Simonetta , Capra Ruggero , Pozzilli Carlo , Montalban Xavier , Río Jordi
Published: March 2021

Background and purpose

Both baseline prognostic factors and short‐term predictors of treatment response can influence the long‐term risk of disability accumulation in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The objective was to develop and validate a scoring system combining baseline prognostic factors and 1‐year variables of treatment response into a single numeric score predicting the long‐term risk of disability.

Methods

We analysed two independent datasets of patients with RRMS who started interferon beta or glatiramer acetate, had an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score <4.0 at treatment start and were followed for at least 10 years. The first dataset (‘training set’) included patients attending three MS centres in Italy and served as a framework to create the so‐called RoAD score (Risk of Ambulatory Disability). The second (‘validation set’) included a cohort of patients followed in Barcelona, Spain, to explore the performance of the RoAD score in predicting the risk of reaching an EDSS score ≥6.0.

Results

The RoAD score (ranging from 0 to 8) derived from the training set (n = 1225), was based on demographic (age), clinical baseline prognostic factors (disease duration, EDSS) and 1‐year predictors of treatment response (number of relapses, presence of gadolinium enhancement and new T2 lesions). The best cut‐off score for discriminating patients at higher risk of reaching the disability milestone was ≥4. When applied to the validation set (n = 296), patients with a RoAD score ≥4 had an approximately 4‐fold increased risk for reaching the disability milestone (p < 0.001).

Discussion

The RoAD score is proposed as an useful tool to predict individual prognosis and optimize treatment strategy of patients with RRMS.
Oral health‐related quality of life among Brazilian adults with mental disorders
Authors: Lopes Alexandre Gomes , Ju Xiangqun , Jamieson Lisa , Mialhe Fábio Luiz
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle, medical conditions, and caries experience with oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a large sample of adults with mental disorders. A sample of 753 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia or depression, who were users of 10 public mental health outpatient clinics located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, participated in the study. Participants provided data on sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric diagnosis, medication use, and health behaviors. Oral examinations to evaluate dental caries (using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth ([DMFT] index) and dental plaque (using the Silness–Löe plaque index) were conducted. Oral health‐related quality of life was evaluated using the 14‐item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) questionnaire. Log‐Poisson regression was used to evaluate associations between the outcome and independent variables. The prevalence of one or more OHIP‐14 impacts occurring fairly often/often was 72.3%. Physical pain was the OHIP domain with the highest prevalence, followed by psychological discomfort. Multivariable analysis showed that higher prevalence of the reponses ‘fairly often/often’ in the OHIP‐14 was associated with being female, aged 35 to 54 years, having a low family income, a diagnosis of depression, a smoking habit, and fewer than 20 teeth. Adults with mental disorders had a high prevalence of impacts on their OHRQoL, which were associated with caries experience, sociodemographic characteristics, type of psychiatric diagnosis, and behavioral risk indicators.
Proteomic profile of the acquired enamel pellicle of professional wine tasters with erosive tooth wear
Authors: Silva Natália Caldeira , Ventura Talita Mendes Oliveira , Oliveira Bethania Paludo , dos Santos Nicole Marchioro , Pelá Vinícius Taioqui , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo , Rodrigues Jonas Almeida
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to compare the acquired enamel pellicle protein profile of professional wine tasters with mild and moderate erosive tooth wear. Twelve professional wine tasters participated (3 from a low tooth wear group; 9 from a high tooth wear group). Acquired enamel pellicle samples were collected and processed for proteomic analysis (nLC‐ESI‐MS/MS). The acquired enamel pellicle proteomic profile was different between the groups. The proteins found exclusively in the low tooth wear group were histatins 1 and 3 and mucins 7 and 21. When comparing the wear groups, proteins with higher levels in the low tooth wear group included neutrophil defensins (1 and 3), lysozyme C, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, and squalene monooxygenase. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the proteins found at higher levels in the low tooth wear group and proteins exclusively found in the low tooth wear group might be protective and, therefore, could be good candidates for further studies regarding their potential to be added to dental products to protect professional wine tasters from extrinsic erosive tooth wear.
Evaluation of masticatory function in patients with cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Cassi Diana , Di Blasio Alberto , Di Benedetto Laura , De Biase Corrado , Pedrazzi Giuseppe , Piancino Maria Grazia
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the masticatory pattern in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) through investigation of the prevalence of reverse sequencing chewing cycles. The study group included 18 patients with CL/P (mean age: 7.4 yr, SD: 1.4 yr), 15 of whom had dental crossbite. The controls included a group of 18 non‐CL/P children with the same types of crossbite as the study group (mean age: 7.2 yr, SD: 1.5 yr) and a group of 18 non‐CL/P subjects with normal occlusion (mean age: 9.8 yr, SD: 1.9 yr). Mandibular movements during chewing of soft and hard bolus were recorded with a kinesiograph. Kinematic signals were analysed using a custom‐made software. A statistical analysis was performed to compare the degree of reverse‐sequencing chewing cycles between patients and controls (Kruskal–Wallis test with Dwass‐Steel‐Critchlow‐Fligner pairwise comparisons post hoc test). A significant difference between patients with CL/P and non‐CL/P subjects with normal occlusion was highlighted on the left side of mastication, which was the side with the higher prevalence of crossbite with both types of bolus. No statistical differences were found between CL/P patients and healthy controls with crossbite. Cleft‐affected patients with posterior crossbite exhibited an anomalous masticatory pattern with increased reverse chewing cycles on the crossbite side.
Effect of ischemic preconditioning on radiation damage to the submandibular gland in rats
Authors: Wu Yan‐Hui , Yao Qing‐Ting , Liu Shao‐Hua , Song Xiao‐Bin , Yakupu Ai‐Pi‐Zi‐Gu‐Li , Lu Li‐Dan , Shi Liang , Xu Hui
Published: March 2021

To investigate the effects of radiation on rat submandibular glands and the possible protective effects of ischemic preconditioning, the submandibular glands of Wistar rats were subjected to in situ radiation after ischemic preconditioning. The glands were exposed to X‐radiation at a single dose of 20 Gy. Ischemic preconditioning was achieved by three min of ischemia and three min of reperfusion, repeated three times before irradiation. Salivary secretion, histological changes, alterations in tight junctions, and the levels of oxidative stress, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and water secretion proteins mediated by the muscarinic acetylcholine M3 subtype receptor were determined at 1 and 12 weeks post‐irradiation. In glands subjected to irradiation only, the secretion, superoxide dismutase activity, tight junction width, acinar cell number, and M3 receptor and aquaporin‐5 levels were lower at 1 and 12 weeks than seen in the ischemically preconditioned irradiated glands. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor‐α, malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase activity, and the expression of the tight junction protein claudin‐4 were significantly higher in the irradiated only glands. Our study revealed that radiation caused a series of injury‐stress responses, especially damage to the water secretion pathway mediated by the M3 receptor that ultimately led to hyposecretion, which might play an important role in the dysfunction of the irradiated only glands. Ischemic preconditioning reduced the radiation‐induced injury to submandibular glands and ameliorated salivary hyposecretion.
Phenotypic heterogeneity, stability and plasticity in tumor‐promoting carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts
Authors: Mezawa Yoshihiro , Orimo Akira
Published: March 2021

Reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are essential for full‐blown tumor development. Carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the TME together with a wide variety of stromal cell types including vascular, inflammatory, and immune cells in the extracellular matrix. CAFs not only promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, but also dampen the efficacy of various therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors. CAFs are composed of distinct fibroblast populations presumably with diverse activated fibroblastic states and tumor‐promoting phenotypes in a tumor, indicating intratumor heterogeneity in these fibroblasts. Given that CAFs have been implicated in both disease progression and therapeutic responses, elucidating the functional roles of each fibroblast population in CAFs and the molecular mechanisms mediating their phenotypic stability and plasticity in the TME would be crucial for understanding tumor biology. We herein discuss how distinct fibroblast populations comprising CAFs establish their cell identities, in terms of cells‐of‐origin, stimuli from the TME, and the phenotypes characteristic of activated states.
Medical aromatherapy in geriatric syndrome
Authors: Ebihara Takae , Yamasaki Miyako , Kozaki Koichi , Ebihara Satoru
Published: March 2021

Geriatric syndromes are symptoms and signs, such as falls, incontinence, delirium, pressure ulcers, dysphagia and so on, that often threaten the independence of older adults, rather than the disease itself. Although the syndromes are very common in older people, it is difficult to treat those by modern medicine due to their complexity. To mitigate the intractable geriatric symptoms, we review the efficacy of aromatherapy, especially for dysphagia, dyspnea, cognitive dysfunction and falls in geriatric syndrome. Olfactory stimulation using a volatile black pepper oil on institutional residents improved the swallowing reflex, which is a crucial risk factor of aspiration pneumonia. Brain imaging study showed that olfactory stimulation using volatile black pepper oil activated cerebral regions of the anterior cingulate and the insular cortex, which play a role in controlling appetite and swallowing. Also, aromatherapy with volatile l‐menthol decreased the sense of dyspnea and improved the efficacy of exercise therapy. The fragrance of the combination of rosemary and lemon oils in the morning, and the combination of lavender and orange oils in the night‐time were reported to improve cognition and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, respectively. Also, the combination of lavender and lemon balm oils was reported to be effective for irritability‐related agitation in older adults. Furthermore, aromatherapy with lavender fragrance could improve both static and dynamic balance, resulting in a reduction in the number of fallers and the incidence rate in older people. Thus, aromatherapy is a promising remedy for geriatric syndrome. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 377–385.
Geophysical monitoring of simulated clandestine burials of murder victims to aid forensic investigators
Authors: Pringle Jamie K. , Stimpson Ian G. , Wisniewski Kristopher D. , Heaton Vivienne , Davenward Ben , Mirosch Natalie , Spencer Francesca , Jervis Jon R.
Published: March 2021

Locating murder victims buried within clandestine graves is one of the most important and difficult challenges for forensic search teams. This article details how applied geoscientists have been geophysically monitoring simulated clandestine burials, using pig cadavers as human proxies, for over 10 years, in order to discover the best geophysical methods to detect cadavers and how this might change over time. Low frequency ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity methods could both locate the burials throughout the survey period, with winter/spring surveys producing better data and the style of burial also found to be important.
Theory of consumption values in consumer behaviour research: A review and future research agenda
Authors: Tanrikulu Ceyda
Published: March 2021

Current marketing philosophy is value‐oriented, whereas marketing theory explaining value from the consumer perspective is limited. The theory of consumption value (TCV) is a marketing theory that provides insight into the motivation for consumers' consumption behaviour through consumption values. Although it offers theoretical explanations about consumer behaviour on a large scale, there is no single article in the literature providing comprehensive and integrated knowledge of TCV and a future research agenda based on a systematic literature review. The main aims of this paper are to present integrated knowledge and provide propositions for future research. This review research covers peer‐reviewed journal articles that used this theory and were published between 1991 and 2020. The major findings in the review demonstrate that this theory has remained up to date in the consumer behaviour literature, has been dynamic and has been comprehensively used to explain choice behaviour. Thus, further understanding has been provided for consumer behaviour related to drivers of consumption, although some issues require further examination. Directions for future research are developed in more detail to encourage and advance the understanding of value through TCV.
Community‐level responses to increasing dryness vary with plant growth form across an extensive aridity gradient
Authors: Ding Jingyi , Eldridge David J.
Published: March 2021

Aim

Perennial plant communities are crucial for regulating ecological processes and maintaining ecosystem functions. Variation in community structure is driven by both biotic and abiotic factors, reflecting adaptation strategies of plant communities to various environments. Although much is known about the response of individual perennial plants to drier climates, empirical evidence of the community‐level responses to increasing dryness is limited.

Location

Eastern Australia; 1500 km gradient.

Taxon

Perennial plants.

Methods

We measured the abundance and size distribution (median, skewness and variance) of perennial plant communities from different growth forms (trees, shrubs and grasses), the spatial arrangement of trees in the overstorey and both biotic (competition) and abiotic (climate, soil properties) factors at 150 sites along an extensive aridity gradient from humid to arid areas. We used regression analyses and linear models to explore variation in community structure with increasing aridity and key driving factors for different perennial plant communities.

Results

Variation in community structure differed with growth form. As aridity increased, trees had wider canopies and were spatially aggregated, shrubs became miniaturised, but highly variable in size, and grasses comprised more larger individuals. Biotic and abiotic factors exerted different effects on different growth forms, with trees and shrubs consistently affected by competition and aridity, respectively, whereas grasses were weakly affected by aridity, summer rainfall and soil texture.

Main conclusions

Our study highlights the idiosyncratic adaptation strategies used by trees, shrubs and grasses in response to drying climates at the community level through their effect on the size distribution or spatial aggregation. The structure of different perennial growth forms was influenced by different effects from either biotic (competition) or abiotic (climate, soil) factors. Under forecasted drier climates, canopy expansion and greater aggregation of trees might enhance resource sinks and shelter for diverse biota, potentially shielding plant communities against predicted aridification.
Characterizing neuroanatomic heterogeneity in people with and without ADHD based on subcortical brain volumes
Authors: Li Ting , van Rooij Daan , Roth Mota Nina , Buitelaar Jan K. ,   The ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, Hoogman Martine , Arias Vasquez Alejandro , Franke Barbara
Published: March 2021

Background

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Neuroanatomic heterogeneity limits our understanding of ADHD’s etiology. This study aimed to parse heterogeneity of ADHD and to determine whether patient subgroups could be discerned based on subcortical brain volumes.

Methods

Using the large ENIGMA‐ADHD Working Group dataset, four subsamples of 993 boys with and without ADHD and to subsamples of 653 adult men, 400 girls, and 447 women were included in analyses. We applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to seven subcortical volumes in order to constrain the complexity of the input variables and ensure more stable clustering results. Factor scores derived from the EFA were used to build networks. A community detection (CD) algorithm clustered participants into subgroups based on the networks.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors (basal ganglia, limbic system, and thalamus) in boys and men with and without ADHD. Factor structures for girls and women differed from those in males. Given sample size considerations, we concentrated subsequent analyses on males. Male participants could be separated into four communities, of which one was absent in healthy men. Significant case–control differences of subcortical volumes were observed within communities in boys, often with stronger effect sizes compared to the entire sample. As in the entire sample, none were observed in men. Affected men in two of the communities presented comorbidities more frequently than those in other communities. There were no significant differences in ADHD symptom severity, IQ, and medication use between communities in either boys or men.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that neuroanatomic heterogeneity in subcortical volumes exists, irrespective of ADHD diagnosis. Effect sizes of case–control differences appear more pronounced at least in some of the subgroups.
The effects of temperature and salinity on the endocrinology in two life stages of juvenile rainbow/steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Giroux Marissa , Schlenk Daniel
Published: March 2021

The San Francisco Bay Delta is experiencing seasonally warmer waters and saltwater intrusion into historically freshwater ecosystems due to climate change. Steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are resident in the Bay‐Delta from juvenile development through the smoltification process. Due to increases in sea level, premature seawater (SW) acclimation may co‐occur with increased temperatures on pre‐smolt juveniles. To evaluate the interactive effects of salinity and temperature on juvenile life stages of salmonids, rainbow trout alevin (3 days post‐hatching) were exposed to 13, 16.4 and 19°C for 10 days and then challenged for 24 h to 18 parts per thousand SW. Similarly, fry (4 weeks post‐hatching) were exposed to 13, 16.4 and 19°C for 2 weeks (14 days) and then challenged to SW. Estradiol‐17β (E2), cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured in whole animal homogenates and muscle tissue using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Transcripts of gill Na+/K+ ATPase β (NKAα1b), brain growth hormone I (gh1) and brain gonadotropin‐releasing hormone receptor 2 (gnrh2) were also measured. Alevin exhibited a significant temperature‐dependent decrease in survival, and fry showed a temperature‐dependent decrease in condition factor. The gene expression of NKAα1b, gh1 and gnrh2 significantly decreased in all SW‐challenged alevin, and a significant decrease in gnrh2 expression was observed in fry with temperature. Alevin T3 and T4 concentrations significantly increased with increasing temperature. There was a temperature‐dependent increase in E2 of fry but not of alevin. The results of this study demonstrate that increasing temperature and SW exposure may adversely affect the survival and SW acclimation of alevin and fry stages of salmonids and that the tolerances of younger juvenile stages should be considered when assessing the response of salmonid populations to climate change stressors.
The prognostic value of modified NUTRIC score for patients in cardiothoracic surgery recovery unit: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zheng Chao , Xie Kai , Li Xiao‐Kun , Wang Gao‐Ming , Luo Jing , Zhang Chi , Jiang Zhi‐Sheng , Wang Yi‐Lin , Luo Chao , Qiang Yong , Hu Li‐Wen , Wang Yan‐Qing , Shen Yi
Published: March 2021

Background

Malnutrition is highly prevalent in critically ill patients. The modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically ill (mNUTRIC) score has been introduced to evaluate the nutritional risk of patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). The mNUTRIC score is a predictive factor of mortality for patients in a medical or mixed ICU, whereas the relationship between mNUTRIC and prognosis of patients in a cardiothoracic surgery recovery unit (CSRU) is unclear and related researches are limited.

Methods

We conducted this retrospective cohort study to explore the value of mNUTRIC score in CSRU patients. We identified totally 4059 patients from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care III (MIMIC III) database.

Results

The optimal cut‐off value of mNUTRIC score was 4 and a total of 1498 (36.9%) patients were considered to be at high nutritional risk (mNUTRIC ≥ 4). A multivariate logistic regression model indicated that patients at high nutritional risk have higher hospital mortality compared to those at low nutritional risk (odds ratio = 2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32‐4.70, p = 0.005]. Furthermore, a Cox regression model was established adjusted for age, white blood cell and body mass index. The Kaplan–Meier curve indicated that patients at high nutritional risk have poorer 365‐days [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.30‐2.37, p < 0.001] and 1000‐days (HR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.87–2.83, p < 0.001) overall survival.

Conclusions

The mNUTRIC score could not only predict hospital mortality, but also be an independent prognostic factor for long‐term survival in CSRU patients. More well‐designed clinical trials are needed to verify and update our findings.