bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edgar Sheppard, M.D., F.R.C.S., M.R.C.P., D.C.L
Authors: S. T. C.
Published: August 2008

With the death of Dr. Edgar Sheppard one more of the past generation of Medical Superintendents has disappeared—a group that contained many men of great ability and courage, who at a somewhat critical period in asylum management so directed and established procedure that their successors have inherited the good results of their work in a way that they perhaps scarcely appreciate.
A Note on the Comparative Intellectual Value of the Anterior and Posterior Cerebral Lobes
Authors: Clapham Crochley
Published: August 2008

It would be “flogging a dead horse,” at the present day, to offer arguments against the exploded phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim, which has long been discredited by scientific men.
Insanity in Children
Authors: Beach Fletcher
Published: August 2008

Although ancient writers have given short descriptions of mental diseases affecting children, it was not until the commencement of this century that the subject began to attract attention. Since then Esquirol, Guislain, Delasiauve, and others have written on the matter, and in 1856 Le Paulmier, in a thesis, gave the most complete description of the affection which had previously been published. Numerous authors in England, Germany, and France have since 1856 written on the subject, but still there seems to be a good deal of want of knowledge regarding the mental affections of children.
The Care and Education of Weak-minded and Imbecile Children in Relation to Pauper Lunacy
Authors: Carswell John
Published: August 2008

The care, training, and education of physically and mentally defective children is now an accepted public duty undertaken by the State at the public cost, to the extent at least of providing the necessary schools and institutions, and other needful arrangements. Blind and deaf and dumb children are provided for by legislation, which was passed as the result of the facts of the case relating to the special needs of those children having become apparent by the general enforcement of compulsory education. Imbecile and idiot children have also been provided for by laws passed during recent years; but inasmuch as all the laws relating to those classes of children are either Lunacy Statutes, or have as their object to make provision for weak-mindedness viewed as a special or modified form of insanity, they have been found to be inadequate for providing the necessary facilities for the proper care and education of children of defective intellect, but devoid of those insane characteristics which distinguish true imbecility and idiocy. The probable reason for this hiatus in the legal provision for the education of weak-minded children, is that it has hitherto been assumed that a child who is not a certifiable imbecile is capable of being taught in an ordinary school. That such is a mistaken view many who have had experience among children of defective intelligence have recognised, and the Committee on Defective and Epileptic Children, whose report has just been published, recognise the distinction between the two classes of feeble-minded children and base their recommendations upon it. Indeed, the Committee was appointed to consider the case of such children, because it was found in practice that many children of school age were unable to profit by the instruction of ordinary schools, and yet were not imbeciles or idiots, and the reference to the Committee was limited to that class of children. The Committee say in their report, “the word ‘feeble-minded’ as used in the report denotes only those children who are not imbecile, and who cannot properly be taught in ordinary elementary schools by ordinary methods.” It is clear that if legislative sanction is given to the recommendations of the Committee, a great benefit will be conferred upon non-imbecile feeble-minded children, and upon their parents; and an important step in advance will also be taken in the direction of making more reasonable use of existing facilities for the care and training of imbeciles and idiots.
Remarks on the Giant-cells of the Motor Cortex in the Insane, examined in a fresh state (without hardening). A Contribution to the Pathology of the Nerve-cell
Authors: Turner John
Published: August 2008

Introduction.—In these days of elaborate technique, it may not be without interest to record a method which enables us to demonstrate details of structure in the nerve-cells which have been practically untampered with by hardening fluids or other reagents.
Remarks upon the term “Weakmindedness,” with Observations upon the need of Definite Nomenclature for Cases of Congenital Mental Defect which are not certifiable as Imbecile or Insane
Authors: Douglas A. R.
Published: August 2008

The term “weakmindedness” is a most misleading and ambiguous one, and it is imperative that it should receive early attention. It is confusing from the very comprehensive scope of its significance, and altogether so capable of such extremely varied and general interpretation that it is rendered worthless, and perhaps worse than worthless, for the purposes of actual practice. By some, the slightest departure from the normal mental standard is regarded as “weakmindedness,” although the case in question might be one of mere eccentricity; by others, again, the term is accepted in its full comprehensiveness,—the lunatic and imbecile, the idiot and person of defective intellect (who cannot be classified with either of the above three divisions), are all included together, and in the absence of a qualifying statement, confusion is the result. It is most improbable that any two alienists would be likely to interpret the meaning of the term in the same way, and the Commissioners in Lunacy, who are most strict in the matter of validity of certificate, would certainly not accept it per se on account of its ambiguity.
American Retrospect
Authors: Bond C. Hubert
Published: August 2008

The After-care of the Insane.—The Committee of the American Neurological Association upon the After-care of the Insane have published their report (Journ. of Nerv. and Ment. Disease, November, 1897). Their method of inquiry was to issue a circular letter to about fifty-six leading alienists and neurologists. Fifty replies were received, the large majority of which were decidedly favourable to the principle. Only six were doubtful or positively opposed to it: and the chief objections of these were the paucity of the cases likely to be benefited by such aid; the inexpediency of the project, though admitting its possible desirability; and that, while excellent in theory, it would be impossible in practice. Eighty-eight per cent. of those who were consulted and who replied are of opinion, and some of them very strongly so, that great good would be likely to accrue from a properly organised system of after-care for convalescent or improved cases of mental disease. The majority seem to think that such a system should at first be the outcome of private organisation, and that a successful issue of such would be all the more likely to make out a good case for State aid and recognition at a later date. The number of patients, for whom such provision would be likely to be fruitful of good results, the various superintendents are as yet unable to fix with any certainty, as hitherto it has, of course, not been the custom to inquire into the circumstances. and future surroundings of each patient on his discharge from the asylum. The following is a summary of the Committee's conclusions:—“(i) It is the general and well-nigh unanimous sentiment of those who are the most conversant with the needs of the insane in this country that measures should speedily be inaugurated for the temporary relief of discharged, recovered, convalescent, and improved insane patients of the dependent class by organised outside assistance. (ii) As a preliminary step, inquiry should be made of all such patients before they leave the hospital regarding the mode of life, surroundings, and occupation to which they are returning, and appropriate advice given by a medical officer of the hospital. This precautionary measure is, we believe, too often neglected in large institutions for the insane. (iii) The legal provision whereby an allowance of money and clothing is made in some States to each patient on his discharge should be adopted by all. and (iv) that outside assistance can best be provided, we believe, through the medium of an after-care association, which, until its utility be proven, should be entirely a private undertaking, and should be organised like most existing charitable associations depending upon voluntary contributions. Obviously a large city offers the best field for starting and developing such a system.”
A Case of Chorea Gravis
Authors: Geddes J. W. , Clinch T. Aldous
Published: August 2008

The interest of the following case centres in the severity of the lesions, both macroscopic and microscopic, which were found post mortem.
Acromegaly with Insanity
Authors: Blair David
Published: August 2008

Although the condition of acromegaly existed and was described many years ago, its recognition as a morbid entity practically dates from the year 1886, when Dr. Pierre Marie, of Paris, named and defined it as a disease characterised by great overgrowth of the hands, feet, face, and head. Since then the disease, though rare, has been universally recognised, and more than 200 cases have been reported. Of these some have been typical, some atypical, and some have not been acromegaly at all.
A Degenerative Form of Syphilitic Insanity, with Clinical Types
Authors: Welsh G. A.
Published: August 2008

As an introduction to this paper I have detailed three cases as clinical pictures. My conclusions are based on an examination of sixteen cases, six of which proved recoverable. Case No. I is an example of recovery and illustrates the condition found; but it presented no congestive attacks, which sometimes occur during the course of such a case. Cases Nos. 2 and 3 show in addition confirmed muscular and degenerative lesions precluding any chance of recovery; in both, however, there were distinct remissions.
Seven Hundred Cases of General Paralysis of the Insane; being an analysis of all the cases which have occurred in the Glamorgan County Asylum from 1867 to 1896
Authors: Smith J. G.
Published: August 2008

At the annual meeting of alienists, in Switzerland, in 1888, Wille directed attention to the writings of Felix Plater, who practised at Bâle nearly three centuries before, and in these writings are to be found the first definite descriptions of general paralysis; but it was not till after Willis in 1672, Haslam about 1800, and Bay le twenty years later, had each independently described the disease, that any great interest was awakened in it. Since that time, however, it has furnished a fruitful source of interest and discussion to many physicians, which has not only been abiding, but as the disease began to be better understood, has increased to a wonderful extent.
The Care of the Epileptic
Authors: Lord John R.
Published: August 2008

In introducing the subject upon which I have the honour to address you, I am actuated rather by a desire to raise a discussion than to state any new theory or fact. It is some time since the “Care and Treatment of the Epileptic” was discussed at a meeting of this Association. Since then, and more particularly recently, there has been a further broadening of our ideas as to the sphere of work of alienists, and attention directed to the conditions of life of classes of people with whom we are not in touch in our routine daily labours. This has followed upon, and in some degree been associated with, the widening of our ideas as to the mental states we include under the term “insane,” and certifiable as such, a consideration which is in part answerable for the so-called increase of lunacy.
A Note on the Influence of Maternal Inebriety on the Offspring
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

The object of the following paper is to present the result of a number of observations touching certain aspects of the question of habitual inebriety, notably the rôle of maternal alcoholism as an agent in race degeneracy.
Olfactory Hallucinations in the Insane
Authors: Bullen F. St. John
Published: August 2008

The olfactory organ in man appears in a rudimentary condition as compared with its highly developed state in certain macrosmatic animals. To comprehend the immense change that has taken place in the smell apparatus, together with the development of the higher brain, and which has attained its climax in man (of those animals still possessing a sense of smell), it is necessary to be acquainted with the anatomy of the limbic lobe in macrosmatic animals, and to follow the transitions occurring until the high mammal type of brain be reached. Moreover, in this process is to be found the only means of discerning in the human cerebrum the rudiments of an important organ and of allocating its present site of functional activity. The researches of Kölliker, and, still later, of Elliot Smith, have largely removed the confusion existing in respect to the true limbic lobe, and the definition of this and its constituent parts may now be safely attempted. The extensive and hardly yet completed work of the latter author, contained in a series of valuable contributions to the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, and in the Transactions of the Linnean Society, N.S.W., has been used by the present writer in giving the following sketch of the constitution of the limbic lobe and the cerebral commissures.
Relation of Syphilis to Insanity
Authors: Mott F. W.
Published: August 2008

Dr. Mott.—Before I was intimately associated with lunacy I was astonished to find in my hospital experience that nervous diseases were so frequently due to syphilis. I therefore adopted the treatment of giving mercury and iodide in all doubtful cases. In regard to general paralysis, I agree at first with those authorities which believe that syphilis had little to do with it; but careful examination of the patients and postmortem investigations convinced me that syphilis plays an important rôle in this disease.
Refusal of Food in the Insane, with a method of Artificial Feeding not generally known
Authors: Newth A. H.
Published: August 2008

There are several causes which may induce refusal of food, and these have to be carefully considered before attempting to forcibly feed an insane patient.

Anorexia is one of the earliest and most common symptoms of general bodily disease. It is always present in anæmic conditions and severe affections of the stomach. It may arise from nausea, the food not being properly digested, fœtid eruc–tations are produced, and so the patient loathes the idea of food.
Comparative Lunacy Law
Authors: Renton A. Wood
Published: August 2008

Considering the closeness of the ties which the existence of such bodies as the Medico-Psychological Association have created between alienists throughout the world, it is surprising that so little attention has been paid to the comparative side of the medical jurisprudence of insanity. In the spring of 1898 there was published in New York a treatise by Dr. Clevenger and Mr. Bowlby, an American barrister (Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity, or Forensic Psychiatry, 1898, Lawyers' Co-operating Publishing Company, 2 vols., pp. 1356), in which excellent work in this direction, so far as England and the United States are concerned, was done. The book is a monument of labour. Every conceivable branch of forensic medicine is discussed with learning and ability, and an admirable index, both of cases and of subjects, renders fairly accessible to the reader the otherwise bewildering mass of legal information which the editors have so industriously accumulated. It is not, however, specially of efforts of this kind that it is desired to speak in this paper. The problems of lunacy law and lunacy administration with which civilised countries have to deal are, to a great extent, similar. It would obviously be of immense international importance if the solutions attempted of these problems in different parts of the world and the results of such experiments were systematically chronicled from time to time, so as to give the lunacy authorities, lawyers, and experts of the chief countries of the globe the benefit of each other's experience. It may be of interest to select some instances of the manner in which different countries have dealt with questions that are constantly arising. Take first interdiction and curatory. The voluntary and judicial interdiction of Scots law is sufficiently familiar to alienists (for full information on the subject see Stair, i, 6, 37; iii, 8, 37; Bankt., i, 7, 118; Ersk., i, 7, 53; Bell, Com., 139, Prin., S. 2123; Fraser, P. and C., 554).
Epilepsy associated with Insanity
Authors: White Ernest W.
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to briefly consider the various forms of insanity which are complicated by epilepsy, and for convenience we shall discuss them as they occur during infancy, puberty, adolescence, the climacteric, and the senile periods.
Hysteria and its Relation to Insanity
Authors: Hungerford Geoffrey
Published: August 2008

The term hysteria among the ancient Greeks had reference to a disease primarily due to some abnormal state of the female generative organs. Even yet we assign a foremost place to the sexual elements in hysteria, but more as a symptom than as a cause of the disease. We find that the greater the number of cases we investigate the more we shall be impressed by the fact that a marked element of sexual perversion generally exists, at times so dominating the reasoning powers of the patient that he becomes firmly convinced that unless his sexual desire is indulged the community will suffer in some inexplicable manner. In a recent case I found this symptom strongly marked in connection with the habit of masturbation. As a rule the “delusional errors” of these patients are vague. They generally can be brought to admit that their ideas are erroneous; and their ability or otherwise to do this should, I think, bear much weight with regard to prognosis.
On Epileptic Speech
Authors: Clark A. Campbell
Published: August 2008

The speech faculty of the epileptic has hitherto received very little attention, though passing references to it have been made from time to time by several writers, viz. Kussmaul, Ross, Wylie, and others. Wylie has stated the well-known fact that temporary aphasia appears sometimes as the “aura,” sometimes as an immediate consequence of a fit. Kussmaul confirms this, and Ross writes, “In some cases the warning of an epileptic attack consists of a sudden inability to speak, and it is very probable that word-deafness and word-blindness are by no means uncommon auræ.” While saying so much, Ross admits what is certainly true, that motor aphasia is the more readily noticed, and, as obscuring the question of aphasic auræ, he admits the mental confusion attending the onset of unconsciousness, a factor of some importance. Bradylalia (slow speech) and echolalia (echo speech) have also been noticed by observers at home and abroad. They are, however, so frequently observed in developmental speech, and in other nervous and mental diseases, that too much may be made of their significance.
Motor Mentalisation. (Scot. Med. Surg. Journ., April, 1899.) Bruce, L. C.
Authors: Welsh G. A.
Published: August 2008

A short study of the physiological association of motor and mental activity with clinical deductions.
On Pupillary Anomalies in Paralysed and Non-paralysed Idiot Children, and their Relation to Hereditary Syphilis
Authors: Koenig W. J.
Published: August 2008

I desire in this paper to focus your attention upon certain pupillary anomalies as observed in a class of patients who in this respect have not been the recipients of that amount of attention which to my mind is their due.
The Remodelling of an Old Asylum
Authors: White Ernest W.
Published: August 2008

It not infrequently happens that the senior assistant medical officer of a modern institution for the insane is elected medical superintendent of an old asylum. Such was my lot when early in 1887 I was chosen by the Court of Aldermen of the City of London to fill the post of chief officer to their asylum at Stone, and I entered upon my duties with no light heart, because it was early apparent that many structural and administrative changes would be necessary to bring this institution abreast the times. The asylum is constructed on the gallery or corridor plan, in linear form, extending from east to west, with projections north and south at several points. This linear form is modified by semi-detached laundry and workshop blocks, which are connected by covered ways to the central administration situated midway between these blocks, and at right angles to the line of the wards, which it intersects as it runs north and south. The style of architecture is Gothic, of white brick with Suffolk quoins, stone mullions, and dressings to the gables; the roof is of Broseley tiles. There is a handsome tower of white brick and stone with embattlements; the central portion of the tower is an iron smoke shaft, the part intervening between this and the outer wall being a heated extraction shaft for removing the foul air from the galleries and single rooms. The buildings are of two stories, except to the south of the central administrative block, where there is a third story for the old chapel (now being converted into a recreation hall), and for some of the staff bedrooms of either side. The estate comprised in 1887 thirty-three acres.
A Theory concerning the Physical Conditions of the Nervous System which are Necessary for the Production of States of Melancholia, Mania, etc.
Authors: Turner John
Published: August 2008

Very perplexing to the student of insanity is the question as to how states of exaltation or depression arise. On the physical side to what changes in the nervous system do they correspond? And are these changes localised in different parts of the nervous system in mania and in melancholia; and, if so, what is the site whose disarrangement issues in exaltation or depression?
Inebriety, its Causes and Cure
Authors: Westcott William Wynn
Published: August 2008

We are all prepared to grant that alcohol is a poison in a general sense, and that any use of it for the pleasurable sensations it produces may lead to discomfort, to folly and to disease, and yet the majority of our adults persist in its habitual use, and readily take the risks of future suffering for the sake of present daily enjoyment.
Malignant Tumour and Insanity [Tumeur maligne et aliénation mentale]. (Rev. de Psychiat., No. 5, 1900.) Jacquin, G.
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

There exists still much difference of opinion as to the part played by cancer in the ætiology of insanity. In the case here related by Jacquin, he believes that the malignant tumour was a strong factor in the causation of the insane attack; but it is important to remember that injections into the body of the tumour were made, and that some septic mischief was set up thereby. A woman, æt. 31 years, was admitted into the Hospital de la Croix-Rousse (Lyon) on July 3rd, 1899, with a swelling on the right side of the neck of the size of a walnut, thought to be lymphadenoma. Three days later iodoform with ether was injected into the tumour after incision. After a few days' suppuration the wound healed. Three months later, the patient returned with the tumour a good deal larger—the size of a small fótal head. There was a good deal of pain, and signs of pressure on the right brachial plexus were present. Every third day arsenical injections were made into the tumour without any result. On November 29th, the patient was admitted into Bron Asylum suffering from delusions of persecution, with hallucinations of hearing and sight. From a fistulous opening in the tumour, very fótid blood-stained matter escaped. There was marked cachexia. The delusions and hallucinations persisted, fever set in, the general condition grew worse, and the patient died on February 12th. There was no autopsy.
A Few Cases of Unconscious Wanderings [Quelques cas de fugues inconscientes]. (Rev. de l'Hyp., May, 1900.) Raymond
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

Many of the cases which are now called hysterical wanderings were formerly classified as epileptic. Raymond characterises as epileptic sudden wanderings of short duration. Hysterical wanderings (“fugues”), on the contrary, may take weeks or even months, and are not recognised by those who come in contact with the patient or speak to him. Consecutive amnesia is complete in the two cases. The first case ecorded is that of a man who a few years ago had a wandering lasting eight days, during which he went from Nancy to Brussels. On December 15th, 1899, he had an attack lasting eleven hours; on the 16th, one lasting three days, during which he went to his brother's house, slept and dined there without exciting suspicion, etc. In this case a nervous heredity prepared the soil, intermittent fever weakened his powers of resistance, and the exciting cause of the neurosis was overwork. As a rule, hypnotism helps to reveal the course of these wanderings, and is a means of cure; but this patient is not hypnotisable. The second case is that of a girl æt. 16 years, hasty tempered and difficult to manage. At the age of fourteen years, she had her first attack of wandering. Her last, quite recently, lasted four weeks. She is hysterical and not vicious. Raymond believes hypnotism will cure her.
7. Sociology
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

This is a report of Dr. Macnaughton-Jones' address to the British Gynæcological Society at the close of his year of office as president. The writer points out that the present state of our knowledge only admits of very tentative opinions on the relation of sexual function to psychic processes. The first point dealt with is the influence of menstruation on such processes; the magnitude of the alterations in the entire genital tract at each menstrual period is indicated, and note is taken of recent researches into the effects of ovarian secretion on general and nervous metabolism, especially as illustrated in the pathology of osteomalacia. Having touched on the various minor neuroses which appear to be reflex results of genital disorders, the author discusses briefly the relation of such disorders to the graver neuroses and to mental disease. In this connection, he refers to the published clinical evidence (chiefly by American authors) of insanity and epilepsy associated with pelvic disease and disappearing after the removal of the diseased organs. Per contra, however, attention is drawn to the large number of cases of insanity with pelvic disease where operation produces no good effect on the mental symptoms, and two personal observations of this nature are mentioned. The author leans to the opinion—shared by most of the leading British alienists, whom he quotes—that true sexual insanity is very rare. The experience of a number of operators on this point and on the cognate question of postoperative insanity is then summarised. The general conclusion to be drawn from the available facts would appear to be that disease of the generative organs can produce insanity only in predisposed subjects; and that it is in the same class of subjects that operative interference is likely to cause mental disorder.
Observations on the Condition of the Blood in the Insane, based on One Hundred Examinations
Authors: Mackie F. Percival
Published: August 2008

In the series of observations made, the best marked examples of each type of insanity were taken; great care was taken to exclude the presence of inflammatory and other pathological conditions, and also physiological blood changes were as far as possible excluded, e.g., those resulting from the ingestion of food.
A Plea for Closer Relations between the Medico-Psychological Association and those Medical Men who undertake the Treatment of the Insane in Private Houses
Authors: Daunt Elliot
Published: August 2008

The subject to which I invite your attention is not of a scientific nature, but it is, I venture to submit, of considerable importance to the gentlemen directly interested, to specialists in mental science, and to the public in general.
Remarks upon our usual Methods of investigating the Pathology of Mental Disease, with some Suggestions for Original Research
Authors: Leeper Richard R.
Published: August 2008

In directing your attention to the usual histological methods employed in the investigation of cerebral disease, I have the hope that those who are not already active workers in the field of pathological neurology may be stimulated to become skilled observers, and to encourage others who, like myself, have long been deterred from undertaking work of this character under the misapprehension that such investigations were profitless or impossible to any but the favoured workers in large and costly laboratories.
Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Winter Henry Lyle
Published: August 2008

Mr. Whiteway's paper on this subject in the October (1899) issue of the Journal, and Dr. Mercier's comments thereon in a later (April, 1900) number, are each of considerable interest.
Epilepsy and Crime
Authors: Baker John
Published: August 2008

In studying epilepsy we see and study symptoms only. The pathology of the disease is very obscure, and it is mainly from its clinical features that we are able to assume the presence of detrimental changes in the more highly specialised tissues of the cerebrum. These changes may be primary or developmental as in the idiopathic type; or they may be accidental, and due to toxic agencies or traumatic injury; or they may be senile, as seen in rare cases (not accidental) occurring in late adult life or old age. Whatever the origin, a condition of nervous instability is set up, which may vary in every possible degree, from simple molecular disarrangement, giving rise to perverted functional action for a brief period of time only, to more lasting effects which conduce to morbid energising of a permanent nature.
Unilateral Hallucinations; their Relative Frequency, Associations, and Pathology,
Authors: Robertson Alex.
Published: August 2008

Both in physiology and pathology the study of simple, incomplete, and degenerate forms usually sheds a light, sometimes very clear, on more complex and perfect types. For example, such works as those of Spencer, Maudsley, Laycock, and Carpenter show how much the relation of mind to organisation is elucidated by careful observations of the nervous system in the lower orders of the animal kingdom, and of its condition in the abortive and morbid specimens of the human species. In pathology, more particularly, it is not usually where disease has attained full maturity or has advanced to its last stages that we may expect to find its point of origin, mode of progress, or essential nature; rather it is where pathological change is only beginning, in tissue that deviates but little from the healthy standard, or in function that is but slightly disturbed: so in the special pathology of the nervous system much may be learned regarding the more serious diseases by minutely examining and considering the features of the slighter and less striking disorders.
Post-Influenzal Insanity in the Cumberland and Westmoreland Asylum, with statistics of sixty-eight cases
Authors: Rorie George A.
Published: August 2008

It is a recognised fact that nervous and mental disorders are more frequent after influenza than after any of the other zymotic diseases. Dr. Risien Russell(1) has specially referred to the action of the influenza bacillus and its toxin on the nervous system. Dr. Clouston(2) has expressed the opinion that the effects of influenza on the mental condition of Europe far exceeded in destructive powers all the continued fevers put together. An increase in the admissions of melancholic patients into several of the asylums of this country during the prevalence of influenza has been reported at Edinburgh, Hanwell, Birmingham, Nottingham, and other institutions. Dr. Macpherson(3) and Dr. Farquharson(4) have discussed the pathological aspects of depressed emotions, and the physical reduction caused by influenza, as favourable to the onset of melancholia.
Methods of rendering Golgi-sublimate Preparations permanent by Platinum Substitution
Authors: Robertson W. Ford , Macdonald James H.
Published: August 2008

All histologists who have worked with the silver and sublimate methods of Golgi have experienced the great inconvenience arising from the facts that the preparations are not durable, and that in mounting them a cover-glass cannot be employed in the ordinary way. Preparations by the silver method generally remain in good condition for a somewhat longer period than those by the sublimate method; Golgi has indeed stated he has some which have remained unaltered for nine years. The sublimate method is now most commonly employed in the form of the modification of Cox, in which only one fluid is required instead of two. In preparing sections of tissues that have been kept for the necessary time in this fluid, it is practically essential to blacken the originally steel-grey deposit by one or other of the several methods by which this may now be done. Such preparations, when new, are probably unsurpassed by those obtained by any other Golgi-method; but, unfortunately, when mounted in the orthodox manner without a cover-glass, and in spite of the most careful attention to various other technical details that have been recommended for the purpose of increasing their durability, they almost constantly show disintegration of the black deposit in from four to six months, and are certainly absolutely useless within a year. Ever since Golgi's methods came into use, histologists have been endeavouring to find some means of overcoming this great disadvantage of want of durability of the preparations. The only measure of success that has so far been achieved is that obtained by means of various processes of gold toning. All gold methods are, however, notoriously uncertain in their results. This, of course, simply means that in carrying them out it is necessary to fulfil certain very precise conditions, and that these conditions are as yet imperfectly understood. Certainly the gold toning processes that have been recommended for rendering Golgipreparations permanent are no exception to this rule. Our own observations and experiments have been made chiefly upon sections of tissues preserved in Cox's solution, because we are convinced that Cox's method is for various reasons the most trustworthy process of this class that has yet been devised, and therefore the one most likely to be of service in studying pathological changes. We have tried the methods of Obregia and Golgi for toning sublimate sections with gold. With that of the former we have not had any success. On the other hand, with that of the latter (as briefly described in Jack's translation of Pollack's Methods of Staining the Nervous System) we have obtained some very beautiful purple-black preparations, which have now remained unchanged under a cover-glass for considerably over a year. In the great majority of instances, however, the results have been unsatisfactory, the deposit rapidly undergoing disintegration.
Clinical Studies in Pathological Dreaming
Authors: Pick A. , Middlemass James
Published: August 2008

In the year 1896(1) I directed the attention of my fellow specialists, in the course of details of observations relating to two women, to the subject of pathological dreaming, till now only slightly investigated, and showed how intense hysterical dreaming states had been developed from previous reveries. The literature which has appeared since then contains but few references to this matter.
The Insane Jew. An open letter to Dr. C. F. Beadles
Authors: Benedikt M.
Published: August 2008

My dear Colleague.—Your paper on “The Insane Jew” interested me greatly, for the consulting physicians of Vienna have many opportunities of observing the Jews, not only from Austria generally, but also from Russia, Roumania, and the other Balkan States, and specially because I have been occupied for a number of years in studying nervous diseases amongst these Jews.
A Case of Epileptic Homicide
Authors: Smith R. Percy
Published: August 2008

On March 4th, 1901, Charles Edward Canham was tried at the Nottingham Assizes for the murder of his wife and infant child. The facts were as follows:
Onset of Disseminated Sclerosis in Childhood—Imbecility [Sclérose en plaques ayant débuté dans l'enfance; imbécillité]. (Prog. Méd., May 26th, 1900.) Bourneville
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

Bourneville has only seen four cases of disseminated sclerosis in children at Bicètre between 1879 and 1899. These notes refer to one of them. The family history was bad. The patient had an illness with convulsions at the age of three years which was thought to be meningitis; it was followed by loss of speech, which returned after four months, but was stuttering; weakness of the limbs more marked on the right side, which improved gradually in two months; tremors of hands and head; right squint, nystagmus, cephalalgia, and diminution of intelligence. Between the age of four and nine years the condition was practically unaltered. In 1882, when the child was in his tenth year, attacks of vertigo and wanderings occurred, and a few months later, after a great fright, epileptiform seizures. An analysis of the symptoms, the characteristic intention tremors, the paresis, the gait, the cephalic symptoms (amblyopia, diplopia, nystagmus, cephalalgia, affection of speech), the epileptiform attacks, etc., leads Bourneville to the conclusion that the case is a fairly typical one of early cerebro-spinal disseminated sclerosis.
Visualism and the Study of Languages [à propos du visuélisme et de l'étude des langues]. (Rev. Scient, Aug., 1900.) Saint Paul
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

This is a reply to an article in the Review of July 14th on the teaching of languages in France. It is important that one should fully realise what is aimed at in the study of a language; Saint Paul says that to students should be given the taste for reading what is printed in the foreign country; that they should be able to follow the scientific, literary, artistic movement in the country. He considers Mr. Laudenbach's opinion that the knowledge of a language from reading alone is rough or insufficient, too exacting, and that the view that we might as well not know a language at all as only possess the visual key is obviously an exaggeration. He also joins issue with him when he sets down visualisers as apathetic. Far from unfitting any one for the possession of a full and complete knowledge of a language, the visual method is a useful preparation.
The Working of the Inebriates Act
Authors: Carswell John
Published: August 2008

I propose to deal with this subject under the three following heads:

1.

What the Act was expected to accomplish.

2.

What it is accomplishing.

3.

What an adequate Inebriates Act ought to accomplish.

First, then, what was the Act expected to accomplish?
Progress of Psychiatry in 1901
Authors: Bannister H. M.
Published: August 2008

The record of American psychiatry for the past year is not an eventful one so far as matters of interest to trans-Atlantic readers are concerned. At the beginning of the year the subject of interest was the New York Pathological Institute and the difficulties that involved its management. For a number of months it has been in a state of suspended activity—not dead but sleeping—and now appears to be about to start again on a fresh career of usefulness. A new organisation has been planned, an advisory board appointed, consisting of recognised authorities in their departments, and including representatives of the related specialties of psychology and general biology, as well as those of pathology, neurology, and psychiatry. The gentlemen who have accepted positions on the board are well known, and their interest in the Institute and its aims undoubted. Their names will carry weight; Professor McKeen Cattell holds the chair of psychology in Columbia University, Professors Ewing and Herter represent the two great medical schools of Bellevue and Cornell, Dr. H. A. Hern, of Albany, a well-known neurologist, Dr. Bumpus, of the American Museum of Natural History, Drs. Pilgrim and Macdonald, representing the State Hospitals, and Dr. Frederick Peterson, ex officio, as commissioner of lunacy, complete the board. These gentlemen will exercise a general oversight over the work, and when a new working staff has been appointed, we may look for good work, carried on under more favourable conditions than was formerly the case. It is the intention in their reorganisation not only to carry on original research as in the past, but to utilize the Institute for special instruction of the members of the different asylum staffs in psychiatry and special research work. It will be located in one of the departments of the Manhattan Hospital until such time as a special reception hospital for the insane can be provided.
Holland
Authors: Cowan F. M.
Published: August 2008

An important event in the year has been the meeting of an International Congress for Criminal Anthropology at Amsterdam. I leave the various discussions and papers to be dealt with in another part of this Journal. It is generally admitted that an efficient staff of attendants and nurses is indispensable in the treatment and care of the insane. This important point has been the subject of an exhaustive and lengthy report in our Journal. A number of questions were drawn up and sent to the medical superintendents of several asylums, and the answers received were cast into a very interesting report in which we find a large number of data relating to the training of attendants, their pay, leave of absence, amusements, working hours, board and lodging, etc. The conclusion drawn by the writer of the report is that very great progress has been made; “contrary to what occurred nine years ago, the care for the insane is now everywhere entrusted to a staff well trained for their task, or at least in receipt of thorough training for their onerous duties.” I can hardly believe that these words of the writer will be generally accepted. Undoubtedly great progress has been made, but there is still room for much improvement. The maid-of-all-work, who dons the dress of a nurse and is henceforth styled “Sister Sarah,” does not at the same time acquire the amount of knowledge and training required in a nurse; you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, and in a large number of cases the sow's bristles show through the silk envelope.
Italy
Authors: Ferrari Giulio Cesare
Published: August 2008

Last year, in my epitome of the work accomplished in the fields of psychiatry and neurology, I endeavoured to give a general idea of the geographical distribution of the more important centres of study and work, showing their chief characteristics, their diverse tendencies, and the nature of their publications and journals. I thought that once having accomplished this, I would be enabled, in following years, to deal systematically with the work done, but I feared that in doing so my production would run the risk of being incomplete and not sufficiently precise. I am obliged, therefore, again to follow the plan I adopted last year, but in place of noting mere general tendencies and characteristics, I propose to note the real progress in these branches of science.
Feminine and Atavistic Characters in the Pelvis in Criminals [Caratteri femminili e atavici nei Bacini dei Criminali]. (Arch. di Psichiat., vol. xxii, fasc. 4, 5, 1901.) Coscia
Authors: Sullivan W. C.
Published: August 2008

The authoress has studied the characters of the pelvis in sixteen skeletons of male criminals in Lombroso's museum. In her paper she gives the details of the examination in each case, with tables summarising the results for the whole series. She finds that the pelvis in the criminal tends to approximate to the female type; and, though this type is generally admitted to be morphologically higher than the male type, she argues that the lack of sexual differentiation implied by this resemblance is to be properly regarded as an atavistic character, especially as it is in many cases associated with other peculiarities of a distinctly prehuman kind.
The Exact Histological Localisation of the Visual Area of the Human Cerebral Cortex. (Phil. Trans. B. vol. cxciii, pp. 165—222, 1900.) Bolton, T. S.
Authors: Stoddart W. H. B.
Published: August 2008

The work, which has led to the production of this excellent monograph, has occupied the author for three years. It has finally been brought to a conclusion at Claybury, and is one of the best pieces of work which has yet hailed from that laboratory. Dr. Bolton has bestowed an enormous amount of industry and care upon his work, and it is a difficult task to do justice to it in an epitome.
Contribution to the Study of the Psycho-physiology of the Emotions in Connection with a Case of Ereuthophobia [Contribution à l'Étude de la Psycho-physiologie des Émotions à propos d'un Cas d'Éreuthophobie]. (Rev. de Psychiat., No. 7, 1900.) Vaschide and Marchand
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

In the various cases of ereuthophobia (or morbid blushing) recorded, it appears to be clear that the emotional element is preponderant; but one point has been neglected, that is, the investigation of vaso-motor reflexes. The study of the case here recorded throws some light on this aspect of the question, especially as the patient, being intelligent, ably seconded the authors in the determination of certain points of their experiments.
Materialistic Psychiatry [Materialistische Psychiatrie]. (Monats. f. Psych. und Neur., Bd. ix, H. 1, 1901.) Juliusburger, Otto
Authors: Stoddart W. H. B.
Published: August 2008

Dr. Weygandt, in an article entitled “Psychology and Cerebral Anatomy in Special Relation to Modern Phrenology,” which appeared in Die Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, made the statement that the only true basis for the study of psychiatry is the acceptance of the doctrine of psycho-physical parallelism, and quotes Wundt's definition of this parallelism in support. Dr. Juliusburger feels it his duty to pen a somewhat indignant and scornful reply, and points out, in the first place, that whereas in 1863 Wundt, in his lectures, treated human and animal psychology from a monistic point of view, it is only in later years (1892) that he took up his dualistic standpoint of a psycho-physical parallelism, according to which, although with every psychical act there is a co-existent physical phenomenon, nevertheless these two manifestations are entirely independent of each other and have no causal relationship. Dr. Weygandt agrees with Ebbinghaus that mind and brain are not separable entities—the one a product of the other—but they are an actual combination, varying only according to the point of view from which we regard their manifestations; when viewed from within, these phenomena are psychical, when from without, physical.
The Evolution of Psychology [L'Évolution de la Psychologie]. (Rev. de Psychiat., No. 9, 1900.) Toulouse, Ed
Authors: Macevoy H. J.
Published: August 2008

The author is interested in determining in what direction the spread of our knowledge of psychology tends; what results seem desirable and probable in the struggle going on in the various fields of energy which are thrashing out its problems. For centuries introspection was practically the only means of study employed by philosophers; then came the experimental method. In this connection Toulouse emphasises the importance in our measurements of having physically and chemically defined standards. It is not only necessary to have a number to express our toil measurement, it must be a number determined by precise conditions. The difficulties under which various workers labour are pointed out, especially that of obtaining average subjects for experiments.
Heart and Circulation in the Feeble-minded. (The Amer. Journ. Med. Sc., June, 1901.) Taylor and Pearce
Authors: Wilcox A. W.
Published: August 2008

The writers contribute, in this paper, the results of observations made at the Pennsylvania School for Feeble-minded Children at Elwyn, Pa., but state that this is only a partial representation of their work.