bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction between NH2NO and H2O2: A quantum chemistry study
Authors: Roohi Hossein , Nowroozi Alireza , Bavafa Sadegh , Akbary Fahemeh , Eshghi Fazlola
Published: November 2009

The H‐bonded complexes formed from interaction between NH2NO (NA) and H2O2(HP) have been investigated by using B3LYP and MP2 methods with a wide range of basis sets. We found six H‐bonded complexes in which three of them have cyclic structure. Calculations carried out at various levels show that the seven‐membered cyclic structure with O···HO and O···HN hydrogen bonding interactions is the most stable complex. The large binding energy obtained for A1 complex probably results from a more linear arrangement of the O···HN and OH···OH‐bonds in the seven‐membered structure A1. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and the Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules have been used to elucidate the interaction characteristics of the NA‐HP complexes. The NBO results reveal that the charge transfer energy corresponds to the H‐bond interactions for A1 complex is grater than other complexes. The electrostatic nature of H‐bond interactions is predicted from QTAIM analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
An alternative approach to designing stabilizing compensators for saturating linear time‐invariant plants
Authors: Roy Sandip , Wan Yan , Saberi Ali , Malek Babak
Published: November 2009

We present a new methodology for designing low‐gain linear time‐invariant (LTI) controllers for semi‐global stabilization of an LTI plant with actuator saturation, which is based on the representation of a proper LTI feedback using a pre‐compensator‐plus‐static‐output‐feedback architecture. We also mesh the new design methodology with time‐scale notions to develop lower‐order controllers for some plants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotic equivalence and contiguity of some random graphs
Authors: Janson Svante
Published: November 2009

We show that asymptotic equivalence, in a strong form, holds between two random graph models with slightly differing edge probabilities under substantially weaker conditions than what might naively be expected.

One application is a simple proof of a recent result by van den Esker, van der Hofstad, and Hooghiemstra on the equivalence between graph distances for some random graph models. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2010
Protocol oblivious classification of multimedia traffic
Authors: Fan Jieyan , Wu Dapeng , Nucci Antonio , Keralapura Ram , Gao Lixin
Published: November 2009

Voice and video over IP are becoming increasingly popular and represent the largest source of profits as consumer interest in online voice and video services increases, and as broadband deployments proliferate. In order to tap the potential profits that VoIP and IPTV offer, carrier networks have to efficiently and accurately manage and track the delivery of IP services. The traditional approach of using port numbers to classify traffic is infeasible due to the usage of dynamic port number. In this paper, we focus on a statistical pattern classification technique to identify multimedia traffic. Based on the intuitions that voice and video data streams show strong regularities in the packet inter‐arrival times (IATs) and the associated packet sizes when combined together in one single stochastic process, we propose a system, called VOVClassifier, for voice and video traffic classification. VOVClassifier is an automated self‐learning system that classifies traffic data by extracting features from frequency domain using Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis and grouping features using Subspace Decomposition. We applied VOVClassifier to real packet traces collected from different network scenarios. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach that is capable of achieving a detection rate of up to 100% for voice and 96.5% for video while keeping the false positive rate close to 0%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of incentives and communication in strategic alliances: an experimental investigation
Authors: Agarwal Rajshree , Croson Rachel , Mahoney Joseph T.
Published: November 2009

This paper experimentally examines the determinants of the deviation betweenpotentialandrealizedvalue creation in strategic alliances. To better understand how decision making in alliances may influence success, we use an experimental design that juxtaposes two important factors that affect alliance members' decisions: economic incentives and communication. The evidence from our experiment sheds light on the relative impact of each, and more importantly, how both factors interact to explain successful outcomes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sturges' rule
Authors: Scott David W.
Published: November 2009

Histograms are among the most important graphical objects in statistical practice, providing a consistent estimate of any continuous density function with very few assumptions. Restricting attention to bins of equal width, the histogram is sometimes presented as a frequency chart or normalized to be a true density. The construction of a histogram may be specified by either its bin width or by the number of bins. Sturges' rule gives a number‐of‐bins formula. The formula was the first rule given in the literature and is still widely implemented in software today. This article reviews the underlying rationale for the rule and indicates when it is most appropriate to use in practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Density Estimation
The collected algorithms of the ACM
Authors: Hopkins Tim
Published: November 2009

The collected algorithms of the ACM (CALGO) is now the longest running journal‐published series of algorithms. After placing CALGO in the context of other journal algorithm series, we discuss the factors that we believe have made CALGO the well respected means of publishing mathematical software that it is today. We report on how moving with the times and technology has ensured the survival of CALGO, and we look briefly at how we may continue this in the near future. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Organizations and Publications
Liver transplantation for HCC: its role
Authors: Hwang Shin , Lee Sung‐Gyu , Belghiti Jacques
Published: November 2009

Liver transplantation (LT) is the only treatment that offers a chance of cure for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying liver cirrhosis simultaneously, but the availability of liver grafts and the aggressiveness of tumor recurrence are critical limiting factors of LT for patients with HCC. In most Asian countries, the serious shortage of deceased donors and the strong demand for LT has lead to the development of living‐donor LT (LDLT) as a practical alternative replacing deceased‐donor LT (DDLT). Grafts in Western countries are issued from DDLT and graft allocations are under the responsibilities of state agencies which apply strict rules based on the MELD (model for end‐stage liver disease) score. Considering that HCC recurrence is the most common cause of post‐transplant patient death, recipient candidates should be prudently selected through objectively established criteria. Points in addition to the MELD score can be allotted to patients with HCC providing that the HCC remains within the Milan criteria. The increasing number of LT candidates with HCC results in increasing waiting periods, which necessitate the consideration of pretransplant treatment of HCC, including partial liver resection. Both specific Western units and some Asian major LDLT centers have challenged the Milan criteria. The eligibility criteria of both DDLT and LDLT for HCC are likely to be expanded more than before, but this still requires further qualified risk–benefit analyses. The development of new effective treatment modalities before LT and for HCC recurrence might expand the selection criteria further without incurring an increased recurrence rate.
The Hospital for Special Surgery 1955 to 1972: T. Campbell Thompson Serves as Sixth Surgeon-in-Chief 1955–1963 Followed by Robert Lee Patterson, Jr. the Seventh Surgeon-in-Chief 1963–1972
Authors: Levine David B.
Published: November 2009

After two decades as the fifth Surgeon-in-Chief (1935–1955) of The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), Philip Duncan Wilson, MD (1886–1969) retired, having implemented, during his administration, major changes in the hospital. The first most important accomplishment was finalizing a formal affiliation with New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in 1955 and moving adjacent to the medical campus at 535 East 70th Street. The second was changing the name of the Hospital in 1940 from The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled to The Hospital for Special Surgery. During the two decades as Surgeon-in-Chief, Dr. Wilson was able to reestablish the hospital as a foremost hospital in the orthopedic world. The Board of Managers of the New York Society for the Relief of the Ruptured and Crippled appointed T. Campbell Thompson, MD (1902–1986), as the sixth Surgeon-in-Chief of The Hospital for Special Surgery. He assumed that office on July 1, 1955. During the previous year, Dr. Thompson served as President of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Philip D. Wilson, upon his retirement as Surgeon-in-Chief, took on a newly created role as Director of Research at HSS. In 1962, adverse relations between The Hospital for Special Surgery and New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center seriously threatened the continued affiliation agreement between the two hospitals. Because of difficulties over a faculty and staff appointment, Dr. Thompson resigned from the office of Surgeon-in-Chief. He was replaced in1963 by Robert Lee Patterson, Jr., MD (1907–1994), who had first joined the staff of The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled in 1936 as a Visiting Surgeon.
Prognosis following neonatal brachial plexus palsy: An evidence-based review
Authors: Foad Susan L. , Mehlman Charles T. , Foad Mohab B. , Lippert William C.
Published: November 2009

Purpose

The spontaneous recovery rate of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) is often cited as 75–95%. However, recent reports have found the recovery rate to be much lower. The purpose of this study was to perform an evidence-based review aimed at summarizing the available English language information regarding prognosis following NBPP based on the Narakas classification.

Methods

A Medline database search was performed to identify articles that focused on the natural history, outcome, prognosis, or conservative treatment of neonatal brachial plexus birth injury from 1966 to 2006. Twenty-four articles were identified. The articles were graded according to the Oxford Evidence Based Grading Scale and data regarding sample size, follow up, study purpose, Narakas grouping, Mallet scale, and recovery of function at 3 and 6 months were extracted. Of the 24 articles, 11 were included for review. Data analysis included odds ratios and percent recovery.

Results

Of the 11 studies, only one was given a grade of a Level I study, three were given a grade of Level II, and seven were given a grade of Level IV. Sixty-four percent of infants classified as Narakas I and II had spontaneous recovery of biceps function at 3 months of age and only 9% of the Narakas III and IV group had recovery. Sixty-five percent of the Narakas I and II group had complete recovery at 6 months of age and only 14% of the Narakas III and IV group had recovery. The odds of biceps recovery at 3 months of age for the Narakas I and II group was 19 times higher compared to the III and IV group. The odds of complete recovery were 11 times higher for the Narakas I and II group compared to the III and IV group.

Conclusion

The quality of the literature regarding the prognosis of neonatal brachial plexus injury is poor. Based on the Narakas classification, recovery better for NBPP classified as Narakas I and II.
Emerging new roles of the pre‐Golgi intermediate compartment in biosynthetic‐secretory trafficking
Authors: Saraste Jaakko , Dale Hege A. , Bazzocco Sarah , Marie Michaël
Published: November 2009

The intermediate compartment (IC) between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus appears to constitute an autonomous organelle composed of spatially and functionally distinct, but interconnected, vacuolar and tubular subdomains. In mammalian cells the IC network is stably anchored at the cell center, communicating directly with the endocytic pathway via a pericentrosomal membrane system (PCMS). This finding suggests that the secretory pathway divides at the level of the IC, which functions as a sorting station both in Golgi‐dependent and ‐independent trafficking. The tubular subdomain of the IC is capable of expansion in accordance with its proposed biosynthetic functions such as cholesterol synthesis.
Curcumin suppresses p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, reduces IL-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-3 and enhances IL-10 in the mucosa of children and adults with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Epstein Jenny , Docena Guillermo , MacDonald Thomas T. , Sanderson Ian R.
Published: November 2009

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a major source of morbidity in children and adults. Its incidence is rising, particularly in young people. IBD carries a lifelong risk of cancer, which is proportional to disease duration. Drug and surgical treatments rarely offer cure and often carry a high side effect burden. Dietary therapy is highly effective in Crohn's disease. For these reasons, there is much interest in developing novel dietary treatments in IBD. Curcumin, a component of the spice turmeric, and an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent, shows preclinical and clinical potential in IBD. Its mechanisms of action are unknown. Our aim was to assess the effect of curcumin on key disease mediators p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), IL-1β, IL-10 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in the gut of children and adults with IBD. Colonic mucosal biopsies and colonic myofibroblasts (CMF) from children and adults with active IBD were culturedex vivowith curcumin. p38 MAPK, NF-κB and MMP-3 were measured by immunoblotting. IL-1β and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. We show reduced p38 MAPK activation in curcumin-treated mucosal biopsies, enhanced IL-10 and reduced IL-1β. We demonstrate dose-dependent suppression of MMP-3 in CMF with curcumin. We conclude that curcumin, a naturally occurring food substance with no known human toxicity, holds promise as a novel therapy in IBD.
Serum adipokine profile and fatty acid composition of adipose tissues are affected by conjugated linoleic acid and saturated fat diets in obese Zucker rats
Authors: Martins Susana V. , Lopes Paula A. , Alfaia Cristina M. , Rodrigues Pedro O. , Alves Susana P. , Pinto Rui M. A. , Castro Matilde F. , Bessa Rui J. B. , Prates José A. M.
Published: November 2009

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported as having body fat lowering properties and the ability to modulate the inflammatory system in several models. In the present study, the effects of CLA added to saturated fat diets, from vegetable and animal origins, on the serum adipokine profile of obese Zucker rats were assessed. In addition, the fatty acid composition of epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues was determined and a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess possible relationships between fatty acids and serum metabolites. Atherogenic diets (2 % cholesterol) were formulated with palm oil and ovine fat and supplemented or not with 1 % of a mixture (1:1) ofcis-9,trans-11 andtrans-10,cis-12-CLA isomers. CLA-fed animals exhibited lower daily feed intake, final body and liver weights, and hepatic lipids content. Total and LDL-cholesterol levels were increased in CLA-supplemented groups. CLA also promoted higher adiponectin and lower plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) serum concentrations. In contrast to palm oil diets, ovine fat increased insulin resistance and serum levels of leptin, TNF-α and IL-1β. Epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues had similar deposition of individual fatty acids. The PCA analysis showed that thetrans-10,cis-12-CLA isomer was highly associated with adiponectin and PAI-1 levels. Summing up, CLA added to vegetable saturated enriched diets, relative to those from animal origin, seems to improve the serum profile of adipokines and inflammatory markers in obese Zucker rats due to a more favourable fatty acid composition.
Water waves over a random bottom
Authors: CRAIG W. , GUYENNE P. , SULEM C.
Published: November 2009

This paper gives a new derivation and an analysis of long-wave model equations for the dynamics of the free surface of a body of water which has random bathymetry. This is a problem of hydrodynamical significance to coastal regions and to global-scale propagation of tsunamis, for which there may be imperfect knowledge of the detailed topography of the bottom. The surface motion is assumed to be in a long-wavelength dynamical regime, while the bottom of the fluid region is given by a stationary random process whose realizations vary over short length scales and are decorrelated on the longer principal length scale of the surface waves. Our basic conclusions are that coherent solutions propagating over a random bottom maintain basic properties of their structure over long distances, but however, the effect of the random bottom introduces uncertainty in the location of the solution profile and modifies the amplitude by random factors. It also gives rise to a random scattered component of the solution, but this does not result in the dispersion of the principal component of the solution, at least over length and time scales considered in this regime. We illustrate these results with numerical simulations.

The mathematical question is one of homogenization theory in the long-wave scaling regime, for which our work is a reappraisal of the paper of Rosales & Papanicolaou (Stud. Appl. Math., vol. 68, 1983, pp. 89–102). In particular, we derive appropriate Boussinesq and Korteweg–deVries type equations with random coefficients which describe the free-surface evolution in this regime. The derivation is performed from the point of view of perturbation theory for Hamiltonian partial differential equations with a small parameter, with a subsequent analysis of the random effects in the resulting solutions. In the analysis, we highlight the distinction between the effective equations for a fixed typical realization, for which there are coherent solitary-wave solutions, and their ensemble average, which may exhibit diffusive effects. Our results extend the prior analysis to the case of non-zero variance σ2β > 0, and furthermore the analysis identifies the canonical limit random process as a white noise with covariance σβ2δ(X − X′) and quantifies the variations in phase and amplitude of the principal and scattered components of solutions. We find that the random topography can give rise to an additional linear term in the KdV limit equations, which depends upon a skew property of the random process and whose sign affects the stability of solutions. Finally we generalize this analysis to the case in which the bottom has large-scale deterministic variations on which are superposed random fluctuations with slowly varying statistical properties.
Temporal, diel and spatial variability of decapod larvae from St Paul's Rocks, an equatorial oceanic island of Brazil
Authors: Koettker Andrea G. , Freire Andrea S. , Sumida Paulo Y.G.
Published: November 2009

Temporal, spatial and diel variation in the distribution and abundance of organisms is an inherent property of ecological systems. The present study describes these variations and the composition of decapod larvae from the surface waters of St Paul's Rocks. The expeditions to the archipelago were carried out in April, August and November 2003, March 2004 and May 2005. Surface plankton samples were collected during the morning and dusk periods, inside the inlet and in increasing distances around the archipelago (~150, 700 and 1500 m). The identification resulted in 51 taxa. Seven species, six genera and larvae of the families Pandalidae and Portunidae were identified for the first time in the area. The mean larval density varied from zero to 150.2±69.6 individuals 100 m−3 in the waters surrounding the archipelago and from 1.7±3.0 to 12,827±15,073 individuals 100 m−3 inside the inlet. Significant differences on larval density were verified between months and period of the day, but not among the three sites around the archipelago. Cluster and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis indicated that the decapod larvae community was divided into benthic and pelagic assemblages. Indicator species analysis (ISA) showed that six Brachyura taxa were good indicators for the inlet, while three sergestids were the main species from the waters around the archipelago. These results suggest that St Paul's Rocks can be divided into two habitats, based on larval composition, density and diversity values: the inlet and the waters surrounding the archipelago.
Fecundity and effects of bopyrid infestation on egg production in the Caribbean sponge-dwelling snapping shrimpSynalpheus yano(Decapoda: Alpheidae)
Authors: Hernáez Patricio , Martínez-Guerrero Betel , Anker Arthur , Wehrtmann Ingo S.
Published: November 2009

SeveralSynalpheusspecies have been reported as hosts of bopyrid parasites; however, the impact of infestation on egg production is still unknown. Therefore, the present work studied reproductive aspects and the effect of parasitism on fecundity of the alpheid shrimpSynalpheus yanofrom Bocas del Toro, Caribbean coast of Panama. Un-infested females (N = 84) ranging from 3.7 to 9.6 mm carapace length, produced between 5 and 246 eggs (average: 98±64.6), and egg number increased significantly with female size. The eggs were relatively large (0.6–1.3 mm in diameter), but within the range of otherSynalpheusspecies, and egg size did not differ significantly between un-infested and infested females. Despite these large eggs, the morphological characteristics of hatching larvae indicate a planktotrophic development. During the incubation period, the egg volume increased from 0.100 to 0.218 mm3, representing an overall increase of 118%. A total of 18 females (16% of all ovigerous individuals) were infested, and the occurrence of parasitic infestation was more pronounced in larger females. Infested females ranging from 4.6 to 9.4 mm carapace length, produced between 22 and 166 eggs (average: 81±44.4). Egg-bearing females infested by parasitic bopyrids carried on average 41% fewer eggs than similar-sized females without parasites. The co-occurrence of parasites and developing eggs, however, indicates that the bopyrid parasite does not necessarily castrate its host. Therefore, we encourage more comparative intraspecific studies on egg production in infested and un-infested females to assess the impact of infestation on fecundity in caridean shrimp.
WHAT ARE YOU READING?
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2009

It's Easter and, two years out of three, that means it is also the annual meeting of the Shakespeare Association of America, this time at the appropriately named Renaissance Hotel (in the absence of a chain of Early Modern Hotels) in Washington, D.C. Never mind about the plenaries and panels and seminars, many of which were outstanding; all conferencegoers, whether Shakespeareans or not, know that the real excitement is to be found at the book display. Was this what King Lear was talking about when he suggested to Cordelia they would spend time in prison talking about “Who loses and who wins, who's in, who's out”? And the unseemly scenes on the last morning, when many publishers reduce their prices rather than ship the books back to the warehouse, are remarkably reminiscent of Harrods's china department on the first day of the sales.
The trend towards habitat fragmentation is the key factor driving the spread of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
Authors: ESTRADA-PEÑA A. , VATANSEVER Z. , GARGILI A. , ERGÖNUL Ö.
Published: November 2009

We aimed to characterize an environmental niche driving the distribution of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Turkey, using a georeferenced collection of cases reported between 2003 and 2008 and a set of climate and vegetation features. We used mean monthly air temperatures and Normalized Derived Vegetation Index (NDVI) values, at a resolution of 0·1°, as well as climate features at and below the surface. We computed significant differences in monthly variables between positive and negative sites, within the range of distribution of the tick vector. Seasonal climate (growth season and summer length, accumulated temperatures in winter) and vegetation components (anomalies in NDVI data) were analysed. Fragmentation of habitat was obtained from NDVI monthly data at a resolution of 1 km. Neither single climate or vegetation variables, nor any individual seasonal component, accounted in both space and time for the delineation of areas of disease although accumulated temperatures in winter consistently showed lower values in areas where the disease was reported. Coherent and significant differences between disease-containing and disease-free sites were found when habitat fragmentation and connectivity were examined. High fragmentation and connectivity were unambiguously associated with sites where disease is reported and accounted for the spatial spread of cases in 2003–2008. CCHF cases were always associated with areas of highly fragmented and well-connected patches within the range of the tick vector, while there were no reports from areas with low fragmentation. There was a linear relationship between degree of fragmentation and case incidence. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the concept of disease spread through networks of connected spots with high densities of infected vectors and social factors driving different human activities in sites of high fragmentation.
Measles transmission in immunized and partially immunized air travellers
Authors: COLEMAN K. P. , MARKEY P. G.
Published: November 2009

Most cases of measles in Australia are associated with travel or acquired from travellers from overseas. This study presents a series of three secondary cases of measles acquired through contact with a case of infectious measles acquired in China. Two of the cases were fully immunized siblings sitting eight rows behind the index case on a 4½-h flight from Singapore. The third case was acquired in the airport where the index case was in transit. The report highlights the travel-associated risk of measles and discusses the heredity of vaccine-induced measles immunity.
Differential accumulation of abscisic acid and its catabolites in drought-sensitive and drought-tolerant sunflower seeds
Authors: Andrade Andrea , Vigliocco Ana , Alemano Sergio , Alvarez Daniel , Abdala Guillermina
Published: November 2009

Eleven sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) inbred lines were evaluated in field and laboratory studies under drought and irrigation. In the field, lines B59, R419 and B67 had reduced seed and oil yield under drought, while no reduction was observed for R432, HAR4 and B71. Lines HA89, R415, R049, RHA274 and R423 presented intermediate responses. In laboratory tests, seeds of line B59 had reduced germination percentages at 200 and 400 mM mannitol, while germination of seeds of lines R432, B71, HAR4, RHA274 and HA89 was reduced only at 400 mM mannitol. Drought-sensitive B59 and drought-tolerant B71 grown under irrigation and drought conditions in the field were selected for hormone assays. Abscisic acid (ABA) and its catabolites in pericarp, embryonic axis and cotyledons of dry and germinated seeds of B59 and B71 were determined. ABA was the major component of the pericarp of dry seeds from B71 and B59 plants grown under drought. The embryonic axis of B71 dry seeds from drought-grown plants also showed high ABA content. The major findings from this study are: (1) the drought-sensitive and -tolerant lines exhibited different ABA and catabolite profiles; (2) water environment during maternal plant growth affected ABA content and the composition of catabolites in mature and germinated seeds; (3) ABA content did not affect germination performance in our conditions; and (4) the dry and germinated seed parts showed different ABA and catabolite profiles.
The heterogeneity of mild cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological analysis
Authors: LIBON DAVID J. , XIE SHARON X. , EPPIG JOEL , WICAS GRAHAM , LAMAR MELISSA , LIPPA CAROL , BETTCHER BRIANNE M. , PRICE CATHERINE C. , GIOVANNETTI TANIA , SWENSON ROD , WAMBACH DENENE M.
Published: November 2009

A group of 94 nondemented patients self-referred to an outpatient memory clinic for memory difficulties were studied to determine the incidence of single versus multi-domain mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using Petersen criteria. Fifty-five community dwelling normal controls (NC) participants without memory complaints also were recruited. Tests assessing executive control, naming/lexical retrieval, and declarative memory were administered. Thirty-four patients exhibited single-domain MCI, 43 patients presented with multi-domain MCI. When the entire MCI sample (n = 77) was subjected to a cluster analysis, 14 patients were classified with amnesic MCI, 21 patients with dysexecutive MCI, and 42 patients were classified into a mixed/multi-domain MCI group involving low scores on tests of letter fluency, “animal” fluency, and delayed recognition discriminability. Analyses comparing the three cluster-derived MCI groups versus a NC group confirmed the presence of memory and dysexecutive impairment for the amnesic and dysexecutive MCI groups. The mixed MCI group produced lower scores on tests of letter fluency compared with the amnesic MCI and NC groups and lower scores on tests of naming and memory compared with the NC group. In summary, multi-domain MCI is quite common. These data suggest that MCI is a highly nuanced and complex clinical entity. (JINS, 2010, 16, 84–93.)
COMPONENTS AND PHASES: MODELLING PROGRESSIVE HYDROTHERMAL ERUPTIONS
Authors: MCKIBBIN ROBERT , SMITH THOMASIN A. , FULLARD LUKE
Published: November 2009

This is a review of progress made since [R. McKibbin, “An attempt at modelling hydrothermal eruptions”, Proc. 11th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 1989 (University of Auckland, 1989), 267–273] began development of a mathematical model for progressive hydrothermal eruptions (as distinct from “blasts”). Early work concentrated on modelling the underground process, while lately some attempts have been made to model the eruption jet and the flight and deposit of ejected material. Conceptually, the model is that of a boiling and expanding two-phase fluid rising through porous rock near the ground surface, with a vertical high-speed jet, dominated volumetrically by the gas phase, ejecting rock particles that are then deposited on the ground near the eruption site. Field observations of eruptions in progress and experimental results from a laboratory-sized model have confirmed the conceptual model. The quantitative models for all parts of the process are based on the fundamental conservation equations of motion and thermodynamics, using a continuum approximation for each of the components.
ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS AND ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS—A RANDOM VARIABLE INTERPRETATION
Authors: WITHERS C. S.
Published: November 2009

There are advantages in viewing orthogonal functions as functions generated by a random variable from a basis set of functions. Let Y be a random variable distributed uniformly on [0,1]. We give two ways of generating the Zernike radial polynomials with parameter l, {Zll+2n(x), n≥0}. The first is using the standard basis {xn,n≥0} and the random variable Y1/(l+1). The second is using the nonstandard basis {xl+2n,n≥0} and the random variable Y1/2. Zernike polynomials are important in the removal of lens aberrations, in characterizing video images with a small number of numbers, and in automatic aircraft identification.
EFFECTIVE SLIP LENGTH OF NANOSCALE MIXED-SLIP SURFACES
Authors: LUND NAT J. , HENDY SHAUN C.
Published: November 2009

We present an approximate relation for the effective slip length for flows over mixed-slip surfaces with patterning at the nanoscale, whose minimum slip length is greater than the pattern length scale.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF WAIRAKEI GEOTHERMAL FIELD
Authors: GRANT MALCOLM A.
Published: November 2009

Mathematical modelling of Wairakei geothermal field is reviewed, both lumped-parameter and distributed-parameter models. In both cases it is found that reliable predictions require five to ten years of history for calibration. With such calibration distributed-parameter models are now used for field management. A prudent model of Wairakei, constructed without such historical data, would underestimate field capacity and provide only general projections of the type of changes in surface activity and subsidence.
Forest history and the Great Divergence: China, Japan, and the West compared
Authors: Saito Osamu
Published: November 2009

This article surveys changing interrelationships between humans and the earth's forest cover over the past few centuries. The focus is on the interplay between population increase, deforestation, and afforestation at both ends of Eurasia. Through the consideration of long-term changes in population and woodland area, Japan is compared with Lingnan in south China, and the East Asians with two European countries, England and France. Based on East–West comparisons and also on somewhat more detailed intra-Asian comparisons with respect to market linkages and the role of the state, the article examines the proposition made by Kenneth Pomeranz that, although both ends of Eurasia were ecologically constrained at the end of the early modern period, East Asia's pressure on forest resources was ‘probably not much worse’ than that in the West.
National aspirations on a global stage: concepts of world/global history in contemporary China
Authors: Spakowski Nicola
Published: November 2009

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, China has witnessed a surge in world history research and a reorientation towards what is called a ‘global view on history’. This article will demonstrate, however, that the ‘global’ in these discussions is not regarded as the substance of the historical process but merely as the context for the development of the nation-state as the uncontested historical unit. This specific orientation is caused by a persistent nationalism, discursive traditions, and alliances of world history writing with contemporary political discourse. Three major concepts will be discussed: integration/interaction as a response to China's ‘open door’ policy and in connection with discourse on globalization; ‘modernization’ in its relation to the Four Modernizations of state ideology; and the ‘rise of the great powers’ as related to discussions of ‘China's rise’. Particular attention will be given to the problem of Eurocentrism in Chinese world history writing.
Hyponatriämie bei zentralnervöser Pathologie – SIADH oder zerebrales Salzverlustsyndrom?
Authors: Frey Felix J.
Published: November 2009

Die inappropriierte Sekretion von Antidiuretischem Hormon (SIADH) und das Zerebrale Salzverlustsyndrom [Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome (CSWS)] sind zwei Ursachen der Hyponatriämie bei Patienten mit neurologischen, meist neurochirurgischen Leiden. Die Unterscheidung der beiden Erkrankungen ist schwierig und in vielen Situationen nicht ganz klar. Die Entitäten unterscheiden sich durch den Volumenstatus. SIADH ist charakterisiert durch Volumenexpansion als Folge einer ADH-mediierten renalen Wasserretention. CSWS ist die Folge von renalem Salzverlust, wahrscheinlich als Folge einer erhöhten Freisetzung von Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) und Artrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). Die Unterscheidung ist praktisch wichtig, denn die Therapie ist unterschiedlich: Salz- und Wasserersatz beim CSWS und Flüssigkeitsrestriktion beim SIADH.
Ereigniskorrelierte Potenziale und auditives sensorisches Gedächtnis
Authors: Glass Elisabeth
Published: November 2009

Fragestellung: Defizite im auditiven Kurzzeitgedächtnis werden als Ursache u. a. für Sprachentwicklungs- und Lese-Rechtschreibstörungen diskutiert. Für die ersten Lebensjahre fehlen bislang jedoch aussagefähige Untersuchungen zum Kurzzeitgedächtnis. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, bei jüngeren Kindern die Dauer des auditiven sensorischen Gedächtnisses mit objektiven Methoden zu bestimmen. Methodik: In Gruppen unauffällig entwickelter, zwei- (n = 37) bzw. sechsjähriger (n = 52) Kinder wurden mit einem passiven auditiven Oddball-Paradigma und variablem Interstimulusintervall (ISI: 0.5–5 s, je nach Gruppe) ereigniskorrelierte Potenziale (EKP) abgeleitet. Ergebnisse: Bei kurzem ISI waren eine Mismatch Negativity (MMN) und eine Late Discriminative Negativity (LDN) und bei langem ISI eine P3a zu beobachten. Eine ISI-Abhängigkeit war für die MMN und LDN statistisch zu belegen. Die Änderung der EKP-Komponentenstruktur trat bei den sechsjährigen Kindern bei einem deutlich längeren ISI als bei den zweijährigen ein. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Punkte des Verschwindens von MMN und LDN bei ISI–Verlängerung sprechen dafür, dass die Dauer des auditiven sensorischen Gedächtnisses bei zweijährigen Kindern etwa 1–2 s und bei sechsjährigen 3–5 s beträgt. Allerdings scheinen an der Kurzzeitspeicherung akustischer Signale verschiedene Mechanismen mit unterschiedlicher Dauer der Speicherung beteiligt zu sein, da eine P3a auch nach Verschwinden von MMN und LDN noch ableitbar ist.
Deletion 22q11.2
Authors: Briegel Wolfgang , Schneider Marco , Schwab K. Otfried
Published: November 2009

Fragestellung: Wie schätzen Hauptbezugspersonen von 2- bis 16-jährigen Patienten mit Deletion 22q11.2 Handicap-bedingte Probleme ein und welche Coping-Strategien nutzen sie? Methodik: Die Hauptbezugspersonen aller 2–16jährigen Patienten, die der deutschen Selbsthilfegruppe bekannt waren, wurden anonymisiert per Post befragt, u. a. mittels Handicap-Related Problems for Parents Inventory und dem Fragebogen «Soziale Orientierungen von Eltern behinderter Kinder (SOEBEK)». Ergebnisse: 96 von 153 befragten Hauptbezugspersonen sandten ausgefüllte Fragebögen zurück. 53 Patienten waren männlichen, 43 weiblichen Geschlechts, das Patientenalter lag zwischen 2;1 und 16;11 Jahren (Mittelwert: 7;0 Jahre). Als wichtigster Handicap-bedingter Problembereich wurde «Verhalten und Gehorsam» genannt, signifikant korrelierten Patientenalter und Probleme in der Beziehung des Kindes zur Hauptbezugsperson (ρ = 0.228; p = .029) bzw. zu den übrigen Familienmitgliedern (ρ = 0.293; p = .004). Verglichen mit anderen Eltern körperlich oder mehrfach behinderter Kindern wurde eine etwas niedrigere Stressbelastung ermittelt. Je stärker die Coping-Strategien «Selbstbeachtung» bzw. «Intensivierung der Partnerschaft» genutzt wurden, umso niedriger war die Stressbelastung der Hauptbezugsperson (p = .012 bzw. .025), während «Fokussierung auf das behinderte Kind» positiv mit der Stressbelastung korrelierte (p = .000). Schlussfolgerungen: Da Handicap-bedingte familiäre Beziehungsprobleme mit dem Alter der Patienten zunehmen, kann bei den betroffenen Familien von einem wachsenden Beratungs- und Behandlungsbedarf ausgegangen werden.
Modeling the coupling of ocean ecology and biogeochemistry
Authors: Dutkiewicz S. , Follows M. J. , Bragg J. G.
Published: November 2009

We examine the interplay between ecology and biogeochemical cycles in the context of a global three‐dimensional ocean model where self‐assembling phytoplankton communities emerge from a wide set of potentially viable cell types. We consider the complex model solutions in the light of resource competition theory. The emergent community structures and ecological regimes vary across different physical environments in the model ocean: Strongly seasonal, high‐nutrient regions are dominated by fast growing bloom specialists, while stable, low‐seasonality regions are dominated by organisms that can grow at low nutrient concentrations and are suited to oligotrophic conditions. In the latter regions, the framework of resource competition theory provides a useful qualitative and quantitative diagnostic tool with which to interpret the outcome of competition between model organisms, their regulation of the resource environment, and the sensitivity of the system to changes in key physiological characteristics of the cells.
Assessing the role of stress transfer on aftershock locations
Authors: Lasocki Stanislaw , Karakostas Vassilis G. , Papadimitriou Eleftheria E.
Published: November 2009

The influence of the static stress changes caused by the Mw 6.5 Kozani‐Grevena (Greece) earthquake of 13 May 1995 on aftershock locations is investigated. A three‐fault rupture model for the main shock, aftershock relocations, and fault plane solutions for the aftershocks is available. We have developed a testing method, which tests whether the proportions of aftershocks located inside areas determined by a selected criterion on the static stress change could be attained if there were no effect of the stress change due to the main shock on aftershock locations. The areas of stress change are determined at the focus of every aftershock. The analysis is performed separately for areas defined by a positive stress change greater than or equal to 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 bar and by a negative change less than or equal to −0.1, −0.3, −1.0, −5.0, and −10.0 bar. The tests have confidently indicated a rise in probability to locate aftershocks inside areas of positive static stress change, which supports the hypothesis on the triggering effect in these areas. The analysis has not evidenced the existence of stress shadows inside areas of larger negative stress change. On the contrary, the tests have indicated a significant increase of the probability of event location in the areas of a change less than or equal to −5.0 and −10.0 bar. For areas of larger absolute stress change this probability increases regardless of the sign of the change though distinctly more in areas of positive than of negative change.
Laboratory measurements of the water vapor continuum in the 1200–8000 cm−1 region between 293 K and 351 K
Authors: Paynter D. J. , Ptashnik I. V. , Shine K. P. , Smith K. M. , McPheat R. , Williams R. G.
Published: November 2009

Laboratory Fourier transform spectroscopy of pure water vapor and water vapor mixed with air has been conducted between 1200 and 8000 cm−1 and at temperatures between 293 and 351 K with the purpose of detecting and characterizing the water vapor continuum. The spectral features of the continuum within the major water absorption bands are presented and compared where possible to those from previous experimental studies and to the commonly used MT_CKD and CKD models. It was observed that in the main, both models adequately capture the general spectral form of the continuum; however, there were a number of exceptions. Overall, there is no evidence to indicate that MT_CKD is an improvement upon the older CKD model in these spectral regions. There was generally good agreement between our results and those of other experimental investigators. The general mathematical forms of the self‐continuum temperature dependence, given by both Roberts et al. (1976) and CKD/MT_CKD, fit well to the experimental continuum in these spectral regions. However, the range of temperatures over which we made measurements is not sufficient to discriminate between these two forms or to exclude the possibility of other forms of temperature dependence being more appropriate. At the same time, the actual parameters currently used in CKD/MT_CKD to describe the temperature dependence in many spectral regions cannot reproduce the observed strong spectral variation in the temperature dependence. It has not been possible to make definitive conclusions about the magnitude of the continuum absorption in the far wings of the absorption bands investigated here.
Valles Marineris cloud trails
Authors: Clancy R. Todd , Wolff Michael J. , Cantor Bruce A. , Malin Michael C. , Michaels Timothy I.
Published: November 2009

Distinctive cloud trails are identified in Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Color Imager (MARCI) images over specific locations associated with Valles Marineris and Noctis Labyrinthus and at perihelion solar longitudes (LS = 230°–260°). High‐contrast surface shadows are well defined, as cast from their eastern margins, supporting altitude and optical depth determinations. These relatively high altitude clouds (40–50 km) exhibit narrow latitudinal widths (25–75 km) in comparison to extended longitudinal dimensions (400–1000 km). MARCI multispectral imaging of cloud surface shadows in five wavelength channels (260, 320, 437, 546, and 653 nm) yields the wavelength dependence of cloud extinction optical depth, revealing a range of small cloud particle sizes (reff = 0.2–0.5 μm) and moderate cloud optical depths (0.03–0.10 visible and 0.1–0.2 ultraviolet). Local time and temporal sampling characteristics of MARCI cloud images indicate that these clouds develop very rapidly in afternoon hours (1300–1500 LT), reach their full longitudinal extents within <2 h time scales, and often reoccur on successive afternoons. Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbital Camera imaging in previous Mars years indicates these clouds are annually repeating. These observed characteristics suggest a cloud formation mechanism that is specific to ∼50 km horizontal and vertical scales, transports water vapor and dust upward from lower levels, exists during the afternoon, and is likely associated with the mesoscale atmospheric circulations induced by the near‐equatorial canyons of Mars. Cloud particles formed in such updrafts would then be rapidly transported westward in the strong retrograde zonal circulation of the subsolar middle atmosphere in this season.
Multicomponent reactive transport in multicontinuum media
Authors: Donado Leonardo David , Sanchez‐Vila Xavier , Dentz Marco , Carrera Jesus , Bolster Diogo
Published: November 2009

Multicomponent reactive transport in aquifers is a highly complex process, owing to a combination of variability in the processes involved and the inherent heterogeneity of nature. To date, the most common approach is to model reactive transport by incorporating reaction terms into advection‐dispersion equations (ADEs). Over the last several years, a large body of literature has emerged criticizing the validity of the ADE for transport in real media, and alternative models have been presented. One such approach is that of multirate mass transfer (MRMT). In this work, we propose a model that introduces reactive terms into the MRMT governing equations for conservative species. This model conceptualizes the medium as a multiple continuum of one mobile region and multiple immobile regions, which are related by kinetic mass transfer processes. Reactants in both the mobile and immobile regions are assumed to always be in chemical equilibrium. However, the combination of local dispersion in the mobile region and the various mass transfer rates induce a global chemical nonequilibrium. Assuming this model properly accounts for transport of reactive species, we derive explicit expressions for the reaction rates in the mobile and immobile regions, and we study the impact of mass transfer on reactive transport. Within this framework, we observe that the resulting reaction rates can be very different from those that arise in a system governed by an ADE‐type equation.