bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Balancing a one‐way corridor capacity and safety‐oriented reliability: A stochastic optimization approach for metro train timetabling
Authors: Yin Jiateng , Yang Lixing , Zhou Xuesong , Tang Tao , Gao Ziyou
Published: May 2019

In urban rail transit systems of large cities, the headway and following distance of successive trains have been compressed as much as possible to enhance the corridor capacity to satisfy extremely high passenger demand during peak hours. To prevent train collisions and ensure the safety of trains, a safe following distance of trains must be maintained. However, this requirement is subject to a series of complex factors, such as the uncertain train braking performance, train communication delay, and driver reaction time. In this paper, we propose a unified mathematical framework to analyze the safety‐oriented reliability of metro train timetables with different corridor capacities, that is, the train traffic density, and determine the most reliable train timetable for metro lines in an uncertain environment. By employing a space‐time network representation in the formulations, the reliability‐based train timetabling problem is formulated as a nonlinear stochastic programming model, in which we use 0‐1 variables to denote the time‐dependent velocity and position of all involved trains. Several reformulation techniques are developed to obtain an equivalent mixed integer programming model with quadratic constraints (MIQCP) that can be solved to optimality by some commercial solvers. To improve the computational efficiency of the MIQCP model, we develop a dual decomposition solution framework that decomposes the primal problem into several sets of subproblems by dualizing the coupling constraints across different samples. An exact dynamic programming combined with search space reduction strategies is also developed to solve the exact optimal solutions of these subproblems. Two sets of numerical experiments, which involve a relatively small‐scale case and a real‐world instance based on the operation data of the Beijing subway Changping Line are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
An accurate and efficient three‐dimensional high‐order finite element methodology for the simulation of magneto‐mechanical coupling in MRI scanners
Authors: Seoane M. , Ledger P.D. , Gil A.J. , Mallett M.
Published: May 2019

Transient magnetic fields are generated by the gradient coils in an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner and induce eddy currents in their conducting components, which lead to vibrations, imaging artefacts, noise, and the dissipation of heat. Heat dissipation can boil off the helium used to cool the super conducting magnets and, if left unchecked, will lead to a magnet quench. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the generation of these vibrations, and the heat being deposited in the cryostat, are key for a successful MRI scanner design. This requires the solution of a coupled physics magneto‐mechanical problem, which will be addressed in this work. A novel computational methodology is proposed for the accurate simulation of the magneto‐mechanical problem using a Lagrangian approach, which, with a particular choice of linearisation, leads to a staggered scheme. This is discretised by high‐order finite elements leading to accurate solutions. We demonstrate the success of our scheme by applying it to realistic MRI scanner configurations.
Efficacy of Tramadol for Pain Management in Patients Receiving Strong Cytochrome P450 2D6 Inhibitors
Authors: Frost Derek A. , Soric Mate M. , Kaiser Ricky , Neugebauer Rachel E.
Published: May 2019

Study Objective

Tramadol is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 to form an active metabolite that exhibits its analgesic effect. Medications that inhibit this enzyme are used often in practice, yet the clinical impact of this interaction on the analgesic effects of tramadol has yet to be fully described. The objective was to determine whether a clinically relevant decrease in pain control is observed in patients taking scheduled tramadol concomitantly with a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Large health care system.

Patients

One hundred fifty‐two adult inpatients who received scheduled tramadol for at least 24 hours with (76 patients) or without (76 patients) a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor between January 1, 2012, and February 28, 2017, were included in the analysis. Patients hospitalized for opioid use disorder or those receiving substandard dosing of tramadol were excluded.

Measurements and Main Results

The primary outcome was mean breakthrough opiate consumption in the presence and absence of CYP2D6 inhibitors. Secondary outcomes included mean pain scores, length of hospital stay, tramadol discontinuation rates, and prespecified subgroup analyses based on patient sex, race, and specific CYP2D6 inhibitor administered. Patients receiving concurrent CYP2D6 inhibitors required significantly more breakthrough morphine milligram equivalents per day compared with patients receiving scheduled tramadol without CYP2D6 inhibitors (geometric mean ± SD 18.2 ± 6.3 vs 5.7 ± 6.7 mg morphine milligram equivalents, p<0.001). No significant differences existed between cohorts for mean pain score, length of hospital stay, or tramadol discontinuation rate.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated a clinically relevant decrease in the efficacy of tramadol when used for pain control in patients receiving a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. These results should encourage clinicians to review medication lists for this interaction and adjust regimens accordingly to ensure adequate pain control.
Polyimide nanohybrid films with electrochemically functionalized graphene
Authors: Yoo Dae‐Geon , Park Sung Soo , Noh Chi‐Woo , Shin Inho , Lim Ki‐Hyun , Son Jinha , Ahn Suk‐kyun , Ha Chang‐Sik
Published: May 2019

Graphite was functionalized electrochemically in a potassium fluoride solution and used to prepare polyimide (PI)/graphene nanohybrid films. The as‐made electrochemically fluorinated graphene (EFG) was used to prepare nanohybrid films with colorless PI, which was synthesized from 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride and bis(trifluoromethyl) benzidine by in situ polymerization. The surface functionalization of graphite was characterized by powder XRD, TEM with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy elemental mapping, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA. The microstructure of the films was characterized by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, XRD and SEM. The film properties were measured using a universal testing machine, TGA, dynamic mechanical analysis, four‐point probe, UV–visible spectroscopy and water contact angle analysis. EFG improved the tensile strength and modulus of the nanohybrid films by 20% and 50%, respectively. The glass transition temperature and electrical conductivity of the nanohybrid films were 12 °C and nine orders of magnitude higher than those of the neat PI film, respectively. The nanohybrid film maintained 80% optical transmittance even after the addition of 0.1 wt% EFG. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Structures of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells for minimizing open‐circuit voltage deficit: Investigation of carrier recombination rates
Authors: Chantana Jakapan , Kato Takuya , Sugimoto Hiroki , Minemoto Takashi
Published: May 2019

Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) solar cell structures are designed to reduce open‐circuit voltage deficit (VOC,def) for the enhancement of power conversion efficiency (η) through the optimizations of conduction band offsets not only between the buffer and absorber (ΔEC‐BA) but also between the transparent conductive oxide and absorber (ΔEC‐TA). Voltage‐independent carrier recombination rates at buffer/absorber interface (Ri0), in space‐charge region (Rd0), and in quasi‐neutral region (Rb0) of the CIGSSe solar cells with different structures are separately extracted. Consequently, the development of device structures with similar CIGSSe quality leads to the primary reduction of Ri0, while Rd0 and Rb0 are not varied very much, thus minimizing the VOC,def. It is disclosed that the solar cell structure of CIGSSe/Cd0.75Zn0.25S/Zn0.8Mg0.2O/Zn0.9Mg0.1O:Al together with K‐treated CIGSSe absorber is appropriate with the ΔEC‐BA of 0.31 eV and ΔEC‐TA of 0.37 eV, thereby significantly decreasing Ri0 and VOC,def to approximately 1.1 × 104 cm−2 s−1 and 0.374 V, respectively, and increasing the η to 21.1%.
Concept and benchmarks for assessing narrow‐sense validity of genetic risk score values
Authors: Yu Hongjie , Shi Zhuqing , Wu Yishuo , Wang Chi‐Hsiung , Lin Xiaoling , Perschon Chelsea , Isaacs William B. , Helfand Brian T. , Lilly Zheng S. , Duggan David , Mo Zengnan , Lu Daru , Xu Jianfeng
Published: May 2019

Background

While higher genetic risk score (GRS) has been statistically associated with increased disease risk (broad‐sense validity), the concept and tools for assessing the validity of reported GRS values from tests (narrow‐sense validity) are underdeveloped.

Methods

We propose two benchmarks for assessing the narrow‐sense validity of GRS. The baseline benchmark requires that the mean GRS value in a general population approximates 1.0. The calibration benchmark assesses the agreement between observed risks and estimated risks (GRS values). We assessed benchmark performance for three prostate cancer (PCa) GRS tests, derived from three SNP panels with increasing stringency of selection criteria, in a PCa chemoprevention trial where 714 of 3225 men were diagnosed with PCa during the 4‐year follow‐up.

Results

GRS from Panels 1, 2, and 3 were all statistically associated with PCa risk; P = 5.58 × 10−3, P = 1 × 10−3, and P = 1.5 × 10−13, respectively (broad‐sense validity). For narrow‐sense validity, the mean GRS value among men without PCa was 1.33, 1.09, and 0.98 for Panels 1, 2, and 3, respectively (baseline benchmark). For assessing the calibration benchmark, observed risks were calculated for seven groups of men with GRS values <0.3, 0.3–0.79, 0.8–1.19, 1.2‐1.49, 1.5‐1.99, 2‐2.99, and ≥3. The calibration slope (higher is better) was 0.15, 0.12, and 0.60, and the bias score (lower is better) between the observed risks and GRS values was 0.08, 0.08, and 0.02 for Panels 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

Conclusion

Performance differed considerably among GRS tests. We recommend that all GRS tests be evaluated using the two benchmarks before clinical implementation for individual risk assessment.
Inflammatory mediators of prostate epithelial cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis promote proliferative and invasive properties of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Han Ik‐Hwan , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Jang Ki‐Seok , Ryu Jae‐Sook
Published: May 2019

Background

Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) is the most common sexually transmitted parasite. It is detected in prostatic tissue of benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer (PCa) and has been suggested to cause chronic prostatitis. Moreover, up to 20% of all cancers worldwide are associated with chronic inflammation. Here, we investigated whether inflammatory mediators produced by normal human prostate epithelial cells (RWPE‐1) stimulated with Tv could promote growth and invasiveness of PCa cells.

Methods

Conditioned medium of RWPE‐1 cells was prepared by stimulating them with Tv (trichomonad‐conditioned medium [TCM]) and without Tv (conditioned medium [CM]). Promotion of PCa cells (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) was assessed by wound healing, proliferation, and invasion assays.

Results

We observed that the production of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, CCL2, CXCL8, prostaglandin‐E2 (PGE2), and COX2 by RWPE‐1 cells was increased by stimulating them with Tv. When PCa cells were incubated with TCM, their proliferation, invasion, and migration increased. Moreover, they showed increased epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related markers by a reduction in epithelial markers and an increase in mesenchymal markers. In vivo, xenograft tumor tissues injected with TCM also showed increased expression of cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, as well as induction of EMT. Receptors and signal molecules of PCa cells increased in response to exposure to TCM, and blocking receptors (CXCR1, CXCR2, C‐C chemokine receptor 2, glycoprotein 130, EP2, and EP4) reduced the proliferation of PCa cells with decreased production of cytokines (CCL2, IL‐6, and CXCL8) and PGE2, and expression of NF‐κB and Snail1.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that Tv infection may be one of the factors creating the supportive microenvironment to promote proliferation and invasiveness of PCa cells.
Structural, Electronic and Vibrational Properties of Al4C3
Authors: Kioseoglou Joseph , Le‐Tran Hoang‐Long , Giaremis Stefanos , Gelard Isabelle , Ouisse Thierry , Chaussende Didier , Sarigiannidou Eirini
Published: May 2019

Al4C3 single crystals are synthesized by the reaction between SiC and aluminum and are structurally verified and analyzed by Raman and X‐ray diffraction spectra. The optical absorption measurements of the Al4C3 crystals indicated that the bandgap is about 2.3 eV, which surprisingly is much higher than the bandgap value from the literature. In order to elucidate the discrepancy between the new experimental results and the literature, an advanced ab initio based investigation on the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of the Al4C3 is performed. Remarkably, the scGW approach arrived at an indirect band gap equal to 2.12 eV while the HSE06 calculated band gap was found even closer to the experimental value equal to 2.27 eV. In addition, the hole effective mass is found to be considerably high due to the flat nature of the valence band at the Γ, indicating low hole mobility. Moreover, phonon calculations indicated that the vibrations of the Al atoms contribute mostly on low frequency acoustic branches, while vibrations from C atoms have a stronger contribution to optical phonons.
Influence of Induced Electrical Polarization on the Magnetoresistance and Magnetoimpedance in the Spin‐Disordered TmxMn1−xS Solid Solution
Authors: Aplesnin Sergey S. , Sitnikov Maksim N. , Kharkov Anton M. , Masyugin Albert N. , Kretinin Vasiliy V. , Fisenko Olga B. , Gorev Mikhail V.
Published: May 2019

The transport properties of the TmxMn1–xS (x ≤ 0.15) solid solutions in the temperature range of 200–600 K have been investigated. The temperatures of lattice polaron pinning accompanied by the lattice strain, condensation of the infrared modes, and thermionic emission have been determined. The change of the carrier sign with temperature has been found from the Hall coefficient data and dragging of electrons by phonons, from the thermopower data. The dependence of the magnetoresistance on the concentration, current, and voltage has been established from the I–V characteristics measured without field and in an applied magnetic field of H = 8 kOe in the temperature range of 300–500 K. The functional temperature dependence of the carrier relaxation time has been determined using the impedance data. The concentration region with the magnetoimpedance sign varying with frequency and temperature has been found. The increase in the relaxation time of the induced electric polarization with increasing concentration of thulium ions has been observed. The experimental data have been interpreted in the framework of the Debye and Maxwell–Wagner models, as well as the theoretical model for the Rashba spin–orbit interaction.
Differentiation and authentication of fishes at the species level through analysis of fish skin by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Bi Hongyan , Zhong Chunyi , Shao Mingke , Wang Chengyu , Yi Jia , Qiao Liang , Zhang Junbo
Published: May 2019

Rationale

Authentication of fish is of importance in the view of toxins, allergen warnings and economic fraud control. Traditional methods in the authentication of fish, e.g. morphological, genetic and proteomic analysis, are either at low throughput or at high‐cost.

Methods

A high‐throughput matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS)‐based approach was developed to analyze biomaterials from fish skin, and mass spectra from different fish species were compared by chemometric methods to differentiate fish species.

Results

A total of 51 fish samples were used to generate more than 150 fingerprinting mass spectra. The fish belonging to the same genus can be identified at species level. A mass spectral database of different fishes can be built as reference for authentication. The analysis can be performed based on micrograms of fish‐skin sample and accomplished in 1–3 hours.

Conclusions

The developed strategy holds potential to be applied to fish authentication in the fishing industry and as a scientific method to avoid mislabeling. It has promise to be practically used for fast and effective identification of closely related fish species to guarantee the quality of fishery products to consumers.
Passivity‐based asymptotic stabilization for switched nonlinear systems using the sampled integral stabilization technique
Authors: Wang Hanmei , Zhao Jun
Published: May 2019

The asymptotic stabilization problem is studied for a cascade connection of passive switched nonlinear systems and a passive switched nonlinear system in this paper. When each subsystem is asymptotically zero state detectable and passive on active time intervals, asymptotic stabilization is achieved via co‐design of switching laws and controllers without damping injection. First, an output‐feedback controller is designed to asymptotically stabilize a cascade connection of two passive switched systems if outputs are measurable. Second, when the output of the first switched system is noisy or unmeasurable, a sampled integral stabilization (SIS) technique is employed to investigate asymptotical stabilization of a cascade connection by measuring only the storage function of the second switched system. Finally, as a special case of a cascade connection, the SIS technique is used to stabilize a passive switched system without damping injection. Under this circumstance, the controller is designed by sampling the integral of the passive output. The two‐link robot manipulator is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the SIS technique.
The growth and nutrient uptake of invasive vines on contrasting riverbank soils
Authors: Rashid M. Harun , Uddin Md Nazim , Sarkar Animesh , Parveen Mahfuza , Asaeda Takashi
Published: May 2019

This study sought to investigate the research question as to whether the growth and nutrient uptake of two invasive vines, Pueraria lobata and Sicyos angulatus, are affected by the heterogeneity of soil characteristics of two riverbank sites with different flooding regimes. Soil, individual ramets of P. lobata and S. angulatus plants were sampled monthly from quadrats set on homogenous stands from two riparian sites along Tama River, Japan for over a year. Soil nutrients, above‐ground (AGB) and below‐ground biomass (BGB), tissue nutrient, and nonstructural carbohydrate contents were estimated, and resource allocations to different organs were calculated. Flooding frequency directly affected the substrate characteristics of the sites; the frequently flooded site had coarser particle and less nutrient content. There were significant differences between the BGB and the AGB of both P. lobata and S. angulatus between the sites. However, the BGB:AGB ratio of these species were statistically similar regardless of the substrate conditions. Although the biomass of S. angulatus were much reduced in coarse habitat, the total amount of nutrient uptake by P. lobata was not affected by habitat the condition. Concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and starch in root tissues of S. angulatus were less in frequently inundated soil. The results of this study suggest that inundation frequency directly affects the substrate condition of a riverbank habitat, which in turn affects plant growth, and invasive plant species growing in such habitat respond differently to substrate condition in terms of growth and nutrient uptake.
Tuning the Optical Properties of Already Crystalized Hybrid Perovskite
Authors: Rahmany Stav , Rai Monika , Gutkin Vitaly , Wierzbowska Małgorzata , Etgar Lioz
Published: May 2019

The optical properties of halide perovskite are already tuned in the initial solution by choosing the preferred precursors. However, it is not obvious that the optical properties change following perovskite crystallization; moreover, the mechanism in this case is not clear. Herein, it is shown that the optical properties are not necessarily “fixed” following perovskite crystallization. The phenomenon using the halide exchange process in the solid phase of an already crystalized perovskite is demonstrated. The effects of formamidinium iodide (FAI) and formamidinium bromide (FABr) are investigated post‐treatment on the physical, optical, and PV properties of Cs0.2FA0.8Pb(I0.75Br0.25)3 perovskite. Various FAI/FABr ratios in the post‐treatment solutions show that a halide exchange occurs in the solid‐state phase following the crystallization of the perovskite film. Energy‐dispersive spectroscopy line scan made on focused ion beam samples show that the bromide is present deep inside the film post‐treatment, which supports the fact that the reaction is not occurring only on the surface. Charge extraction and voltage decay measurements of the complete solar cells support the structural changes due to the halide exchange. This work enhances the knowledge of halide exchange in already crystalized perovskite.
Taming the Combinatorial Explosion of the Formose Reaction via Recursion within Mineral Environments
Authors: Colón‐Santos Stephanie , Cooper Geoffrey J. T. , Cronin Leroy
Published: May 2019

One‐pot reactions of simple precursors, such as those found in the formose reaction or formamide condensation, continuously lead to combinatorial explosions in which simple building blocks capable of function exist, but are in insufficient concentration to self‐organize, adapt, and thus generate complexity. We set out to explore the effect of recursion on such complex mixtures by ‘seeding’ the product mixture into a fresh version of the reaction, with the inclusion of different mineral environments, over a number of reaction cycles. Through untargeted UPLC‐HRMS analysis of the mixtures we found that the overall number of products detected reduces as the number of cycles increases, as a result of recursively enhanced mineral environment selectivity, thus limiting the combinatorial explosion. This discovery demonstrates how the involvement of mineral surfaces with simple reactions could lead to the emergence of some building blocks found in RNA, ribose and uracil, under much simpler conditions that originally thought.
Constraints on disconnected contributions in ππ scattering
Authors: Acharya N. Ripunjay , Guo Feng-Kun , Meißner Ulf-G. , Seng Chien-Yeah
Published: May 2019

Abstract

The accuracy of the lattice QCD computation of hadron-hadron scattering at low isospin depends critically on the ability to compute correlation functions with fermionic disconnected Wick contractions. This happens, for instance, in isospin I = 0 ππ scattering, which receives contributions from rectangular and vacuum types of contractions among other easier calculable ones. Combining Lüscher’s formula and partially-quenched chiral perturbation theory, we provide precise theory predictions of the discrete energy levels extracted from specific linear combinations of lattice correlation functions corresponding to various types of contractions. Expressions are provided for extracting the unphysical low-energy constants in the partially-quenched chiral perturbation theory from the energy levels for these contractions. The predictions for the rectangular and vacuum contractions may serve as solid tests of the accuracy for existing and future lattice studies of ππ scattering.
Hyperinflation generalised: from its attractor mechanism to its tension with the ‘swampland conditions’
Authors: Bjorkmo Theodor , Marsh M. C. David
Published: May 2019

Abstract

In negatively curved field spaces, inflation can be realised even in steep potentials. Hyperinflation invokes the ‘centrifugal force’ of a field orbiting the hyperbolic plane to sustain inflation. We generalise hyperinflation by showing that it can be realised in models with any number of fields (N

f
≥ 2), and in broad classes of potentials that, in particular, don’t need to be rotationally symmetric. For example, hyperinflation can follow a period of radial slow-roll inflation that undergoes geometric destabilisation, yet this inflationary phase is not identical to the recently proposed scenario of ‘side-tracked inflation’. We furthermore provide a detailed proof of the attractor mechanism of (the original and generalised) hyperinflation, and provide a novel set of characteristic, explicit models. We close by discussing the compatibility of hyperinflation with observations and the recently much discussed ‘swampland conjectures’. Observationally viable models can be realised that satisfy either the ‘de Sitter conjecture’ (V
′
/V ≳ 1) or the ‘distance conjecture’ (Δϕ ≲ 1), but satisfying both simultaneously brings hyperinflation in some tension with successful reheating after inflation. However, hyperinflation can get much closer to satisfying all of these criteria than standard slow-roll inflation. Furthermore, while the original model is in stark tension with the weak gravity conjecture, generalisations can circumvent this issue.
Comprehensive analysis of the influence of structural and dynamic parameters on the accuracy of nano-precision positioning stages
Authors: Liang Chengyuan , Yuan Fang , Chen Xuedong , Jiang Wei , Zeng Lizhan , Luo Xin
Published: May 2019

Nano-precision positioning stages are characterized by rigid-flexible coupling systems. The complex dynamic characteristics of mechanical structure of a stage, which are determined by structural and dynamic parameters, exert a serious influence on the accuracy of its motion and measurement. Systematic evaluation of such influence is essential for the design and improvement of stages. A systematic approach to modeling the dynamic accuracy of a nano-precision positioning stage is developed in this work by integrating a multi-rigid-body dynamic model of the mechanical system and measurement system models. The influence of structural and dynamic parameters, including aerostatic bearing configurations, motion plane errors, foundation vibrations, and positions of the acting points of driving forces, on dynamic accuracy is investigated by adopting the H-type configured stage as an example. The approach is programmed and integrated into a software framework that supports the dynamic design of nano-precision positioning stages. The software framework is then applied to the design of a nano-precision positioning stage used in a packaging lithography machine.
White-tailed deer browse preference for an invasive shrub, Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), depends on woody species composition
Authors: Wright Gabrielle A. , Juska Ieva , Gorchov David L.
Published: May 2019

Selective browsing by abundant, generalist herbivores on preferred species could allow less-preferred invasive species to flourish. We tested such an effect by examining rates at which white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianusZimmermann) consume Amur honeysuckle [Lonicera maackii(Rupr.) Herder], an invasive shrub, relative to native woody species across eight forested sites in southwestern Ohio. We tested three hypotheses: (1) deer prefer to browse onL. maackiiversus other woody plants; (2)L. maackiiis not a preferred source of browse, but is consumed where preferred foods are scarce; and (3)L. maackiiprovides an important food resource for deer in early spring when other foods are scarce. We used counts of browsed and unbrowsed twigs of each species to calculate, for each site, both the proportion of each species’ twigs browsed and the degree to which deer selectively favor each species (“electivity”) during early to mid-growing season. Across the eight sites, electivity ofL. maackiicorrelated with the proportion of its twigs browsed, and both measures were negatively associated with the density ofL. maackiitwigs.Lonicera maackiielectivity was negative at most sites, indicating it is generally not preferred, undermining hypothesis 1. The hypothesis that deer consumeL. maackiiwhen more-preferred foods are depleted was not supported, as there was no negative relationship betweenL. maackiibrowse and the density of twigs of more-preferred species. We found a negative relationship between the proportion ofL. maackiitwigs browsed and the density ofL. maackiiamong sites, which supports the third hypothesis. This finding, combined with seasonal patterns of deer browse onL. maackii, indicates that this invasive shrub is an important source of browse for deer during early spring, regardless of its abundance.
Effect of indaziflam on native species in natural areas and rangeland
Authors: Clark Shannon L. , Sebastian Derek J. , Nissen Scott J. , Sebastian James R.
Published: May 2019

Minimizing the negative ecological impacts of exotic plant invasions is one goal of land management. Using selective herbicides is one strategy to achieve this goal; however, the unintended consequences of this strategy are not always fully understood. The recently introduced herbicide indaziflam has a mode of action not previously used in non-crop weed management. Thus, there is limited information about the impacts of this active ingredient when applied alone or in combination with other non-crop herbicides. The objective of this research was to evaluate native species tolerance to indaziflam and imazapic applied alone and with other broadleaf herbicides. Replicated field plots were established at two locations in Colorado with a diverse mix of native forbs and grasses. Species richness and abundance were compared between the nontreated control plots and plots where indaziflam and imazapic were applied alone and in combination with picloram and aminocyclopyrachlor. Species richness and abundance did not decrease when indaziflam or imazapic were applied alone; however, species abundance was reduced by treatments containing picloram and aminocyclopyrachlor. Species richness was only impacted at one site 1 yr after treatment (YAT) by these broadleaf herbicides. Decreases in abundance were mainly due to reductions in forbs that resulted in a corresponding increase in grass cover. Our data suggest that indaziflam will control downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) for multiple years without reduction in perennial species richness or abundance. IfB. tectorumis present with perennial broadleaf weeds requiring the addition of herbicides like picloram or aminocyclopyrachlor, forb abundance could be reduced, and in some cases there could be a temporary reduction in perennial species richness.
Horizontal Human Rights Law
Authors: Knox John H.
Published: May 2019

What duties, if any, does international human rights law establish for individuals, corporations, and other private actors? For many years, the conventional answer has been that it places duties on states to respect the rights of individuals and creates few or no private duties. In other words, human rights law is aligned vertically, not horizontally. But that view has regularly been challenged. Most recently, in 2003, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (Commission), historically the most important incubator of human rights agreements, received two proposed instruments that might appear to realign human rights law horizontally: private actors would have duties as well as rights, and they would owe those duties to society as a whole or to individuals within it. The draft Declaration on Human Social Responsibilities (Declaration) would identify duties that all individuals owe to their societies; and the Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights (draft Norms) would set out duties of businesses under human rights law. The Human Rights Commission did not embrace the proposals before its replacement by the Human Rights Council in 2006, and the Council has not considered them. Both received some support, however, and it seems likely that their proponents will continue to pursue adoption of their principles in one form or another. This article argues that if adopted, those principles would cause serious damage to human rights law.
MALTHUS AND CHINA
Authors: BASHFORD ALISON
Published: May 2019

T. R. Malthus was deeply interested in how his principle of population operated in societies distant to, and different from, his own. In this respect, China served as an intriguing case, already famous in his own time for its large and dense population and the central regulation of a closed economy. Malthus drew on both centuries-old Jesuit material and recent accounts from the Macartney embassy to the Qianlong emperor to assess its past and present food–land–population dynamics. This article explores Malthus's interest in China in the context of British public and private commercial interest in opening its trade, not least interest from his own East India Company. Historiographically, Malthus's China has been critiqued as an early rendition of orientalist demographic transition, posing a dichotomy of East/West fertility and mortality change. In disagreement with this interpretation, this article argues Malthus's key distinction was not East/West but Old World/New World.
The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. By J. N. Thompson, pp. 443. University of Chicago Press, USA, 2005. ISBN 0 226 79762 7. £20 (US$28)
Authors: POULIN ROBERT
Published: May 2019

It could be argued that much of evolution is really coevolution. Organisms do not exist in an ecological vacuum, but as parts of a network of interacting species. A given species may compete with others for access to prey species used as food, while itself serving as food to predator and parasite species. Natural selection will drive reciprocal evolutionary changes between interacting species. Across its geographical range, a species will encounter different local networks, since the same set of species do not co-occur everywhere. Thus, coevolutionary outcomes will vary in space, forming a geographical mosaic shaped by local adaptation and gene flow. This is the theme of John Thompson's new book, in which the author develops a conceptual framework for the study of coevolution.
Religion and heavy metal music in Indonesia
Authors: James Kieran , Walsh Rex
Published: May 2019

We trace the history of Indonesian Islamic metal bands, including Purgatory, Tengkorak and Kodusa, and the One Finger Movement that revolved around these bands (centred mainly on Jakarta). We look at the differences in symbols, heroes, rituals and values between One Finger Movement bands and the Bandung (Indonesia) secular Death Metal scene. We also study Bandung Death Metal band Saffar, which was known for its Islamic lyrics on its debut album but which has been for a few years in something of a limbo owing to the departure of vocalist and lyricist Parjo. We also look at Saffar's positioning of itself as a ‘secular’ band with Islamic and Anti-Zionist lyrical themes rather than as an Islamic bandper se. This dichotomy can be best explained by the phrase ‘a band of Muslims rather than a Muslim band’. The secular Bandung scene context is a significant explanatory factor here.
Dietary resource overlap among three species of frugivorous bat in Costa Rica
Authors: Maynard Lauren D. , Ananda Ariana , Sides Maria Fernanda , Burk Hannah , Whitehead Susan R.
Published: May 2019

The maintenance of biodiversity in tropical forests is thought to be dependent on fine-scale mechanisms of niche partitioning that allow species to coexist. This study examined whether three species of short-tailed fruit bat that co-occur at a lowland tropical forest site in Costa Rica (Carollia castanea,C. perspicillata,C. sowelli) avoid inter- and intraspecific competition through dietary specialization on species in the genusPiper. First, dietary composition was examined using faecal samples (N = 210), which yielded three main findings: (1) bat species and sexes vary in overall reliance on fruits ofPiper, with a higher percentage of seeds ofPiperdetected in the diets ofC. castanea(98.2%) and females (91.5%); (2) adults and juveniles partition species ofPiperby habitat, with a lower percentage of mid- to late-successional species ofPiperdetected in adults (20.8%); and (3) overall, there is a strong dietary overlap among and within the three species ofCarollia. Second, controlled choice experiments were conducted with individual bats (N = 123) to examine preferences for different species ofPiper. These results indicated few differences inPiperpreference based on bat species, sex, age class or reproductive status, suggesting preference is not the primary mechanism shaping the observed differences in dietary composition. Overall, the dietary composition and preference similarities suggest there is strong competition both among and within the three species ofCarolliafor food resources.
Une vieille affaire ? Les « Pâques de sang » d’Ariel Toaff
Authors: Loriga Sabina
Published: May 2019

Avec Pasque di sangue. Ebrei d’Europa e omicidi rituali, le médiéviste Ariel Toaff a proposé à nouveau à l’attention publique la vieille accusation de meurtre rituel contre les juifs. Le livre a suscité des débats nourris et tendus, en Italie d’abord, mais bientôt au-delà : en l’espace de seulement deux mois, plus de cent cinquante articles ont été publiés dans les plus importants journaux italiens, israéliens, américains et même français. À la suite de l’auteur, d’autres protagonistes ont pris la parole : de nombreux historiens, la presse, des maisons d’éditions, des représentants de diverses confessions (juive, catholique, musulmane), des groupes politiques, des commanditaires, l’opinion publique (à travers des pétitions et dans des blogs). L’analyse présentée dans cet article s’emploie à montrer que le débat s’est engagé sur une série de scènes discontinues, désaccordées et superposées, dont il importe de restituer les configurations et les logiques.
La chronique de Jacques ler, une fiction autobiographique. Auteur, auctorialité et autorité au Moyen Âge
Authors: Aurell Jaume
Published: May 2019

La chronique de Jacques Ier d’Aragon, connue d’après la tradition manuscrite comme leLlibre dels fets, est élaborée pendant la seconde moitié du XIIIesiècle à la cour aragonaise. Il s’agit d’un récit à la première personne et en langue catalane, que signe le roi lui-même. Jacques Ier relate ainsi par le menu, à l’aide d’un langage narratif fortement dramatisé, ses propres gestes et ceux de ses chevaliers dans leur lutte contre les musulmans. L’importance du texte dans la mémoire collective des Catalans, tout comme son originalité historiographique et littéraire, poussent l’auteur de l’article à proposer une analyse d’ensemble de son « contenu »et de sa « forme». Jusqu’à quel point leLlibre dels fetsprésente-il une dimension autobiographique au sens actuel de ce « genre littéraire », ou s’agit-il plutôt d’une « fiction autobiographique », dans laquelle le monarque dilue sa paternité littéraire, tout en conservant une autorité plénière en tant qu’auteur. L’analyse interne du processus d’écriture de l’oeuvre nuance sa véritable paternité, que le roi partage avec ses collaborateurs les plus proches. Le roi en est donc l’auctor, le garant, au sens médiéval, mais il n’en est pas l’« auteur »au sens contemporain, ou du moins pas le seul, puisque ce texte a été mis en forme par un ou plusieurs scribes, et qu’il incorpore des textes plus anciens.
Le rire des jésuites
Authors: Havard Gilles
Published: May 2019

Consacré à l’étude du mimétisme entre Français et Amérindiens dans la Nouvelle-France desxviie-xviiie siècles, cet article ne s’interroge pas tant sur les échanges, les transferts culturels et les processus d’acculturation qui caractérisent la rencontre – comme en témoigne l’adoption par certains colons de la pratique autochtone du tatouage –, que sur la façon dont les cultures, avec leurs logiques particulières, se révèlent et s’actualisent en toute spontanéité dans des contextes d’interaction exotique. L’attitude du comte de Frontenac qui, lors d’une conférence à Montréal en 1690, danse et chante la guerre un tomahawk à la main parmi ses alliés autochtones, est ainsi moins analysée comme une forme d’indianisation que comme le réflexe d’un homme de Cour passé maître dans l’art de la représentation. La propension des Amérindiens, dans certains contextes de la rencontre, à mimer les manières, les gestes ou l’esthétique des Français, est quant à elle distinguée de l’acculturation à proprement parler, et interprétée comme une forme ritualisée et spontanée d’appréhension de l’autre dans sa différence. Imiter les Français, pour les autochtones, ne reviendrait pas à les parodier mais à les adopter, à établir avec eux, par la médiation du rituel, une relation d’homologie et de connivence. Il ne s’agirait pas, au fond, en les mimant, de reconnaître les Français, mais d’annihiler toute possibilité d’émergence de l’altérité humaine et toute amorce d’histoire.
L’économie des dépenses sociales dans le temps et l’espace
Authors: Postel-Vinay Gilles
Published: May 2019

Dans un livre marquant – Growing public – Peter Lindert propose d’analyser les dépenses publiques de redistribution en examinant l’économie politique des mesures prises dans un large éventail de pays au cours des trois derniers siècles. L’ambition est de rendre compte de l’histoire des politiques sociales, du rythme de leur développement, de leurs variations d’un pays à l’autre et des effets qu’elles ont eus.

Par l’éclairage nouveau qu’il apporte sur l’histoire de cet ensemble de transferts – des dépenses d’assistance aux pauvres ou d’éducation jusqu’aux formes actuelles de sécurité sociale –, le livre appelle au débat. Comme l’auteur a construit son enquête sur un modèle dont il dégage les éléments à partir de l’examen minutieux des expériences divergentes des pays d’Europe de l’ouest depuis le XVIIIe siècle, une façon de mettre à l’épreuve sa démarche consiste à se demander si ses conclusions sont tributaires des limites spatiales et temporelles qu’il a retenues. C’est ce que tentent ici R. Bin Wong et Gilles Postel-Vinay. L’un déplace l’analyse vers d’autres espaces – en l’occurrence la Chine – l’autre revient sur les expériences européennes soit en les situant dans une durée plus longue soit en faisant varier l’échelle de l’analyse pour se situer au niveau le plus décentralisé auquel sont prises les décisions. Peter Lindert répond à l’un et l’autre.
Les politiques de dépenses sociales avant ou sans démocratie
Authors: Wong R. Bin
Published: May 2019

Dans un livre marquant –Growing public– Peter Lindert propose d’analyser les dépenses publiques de redistribution en examinant l’économie politique des mesures prises dans un large éventail de pays au cours des trois derniers siècles. L’ambition est de rendre compte de l’histoire des politiques sociales, du rythme de leur développement, de leurs variations d’un pays à l’autre et des effets qu’elles ont eus.

Par l’éclairage nouveau qu’il apporte sur l’histoire de cet ensemble de transferts – des dépenses d’assistance aux pauvres ou d’éducation jusqu’aux formes actuelles de sécurité sociale –, le livre appelle au débat. Comme l’auteur a construit son enquête sur un modèle dont il dégage les éléments à partir de l’examen minutieux des expériences divergentes des pays d’Europe de l’ouest depuis le XVIIIesiècle, une façon de mettre à l’épreuve sa démarche consiste à se demander si ses conclusions sont tributaires des limites spatiales et temporelles qu’il a retenues. C’est ce que tentent ici R. Bin Wong et Gilles Postel-Vinay. L’un déplace l’analyse vers d’autres espaces – en l’occurrence la Chine – l’autre revient sur les expériences européennes soit en les situant dans une durée plus longue soit en faisant varier l’échelle de l’analyse pour se situer au niveau le plus décentralisé auquel sont prises les décisions. Peter Lindert répond à l’un et l’autre.
Barry Jacobs. The Emotional Survival Guide for Caregivers. New York: Guilford Press, 2006.
Authors: Lashewicz Bonnie
Published: May 2019

Cet article se veut d'abord un éloge de la façon dont le livre de Barry Jacobs intitulé The Emotional Survival Guide for Caregivers (2006) capture de façon créative la dynamique des familles en rapport avec les soins de santé donnés à quelqu'un qui nous est cher. M. Jacobs crée des soins de santé familiaux hypothétiques à donner à une mère âgée dont le cancer a été récemment diagnostiqué. L'auteur décrit le chemin parcouru par la famille afin de comprendre et de répondre aux besoins en matière de soins, notamment la façon dont les membres de la famille négocient les décisions en rapport avec les soins selon divers styles et points de vue. L'expérience de la famille fournit le cadre de référence pour accompagner les discussions sur les défis présentés par les soins de santé et les questions. Il tire parti de son expérience professionnelle ainsi que de la pratique et de la recherche d'autres personnes en offrant des exemples et des résultats qui élargissent les connaissances sur les points discutés. Le livre comprend aussi, à la fin de chaque chapitre, une section questions et réponses qui permet à l'auteur de traiter des questions sur les soins de santé qui vont au-delà des expériences vécues par la famille hypothétique. Bien que certains sujets, comme la dynamique des sexes en soins de santé, exigent d'être approfondis, The Emotional Survival Guide for Caregivers est, dans l'ensemble, une ressource vivante et concise pour les familles investies dans les soins de santé.
The engineers of human souls & academia
Authors: Healy David
Published: May 2019

Aims – There has been recent concern about interactions between academia and the pharmaceutical industry. This article seeks to explore the basis for the current sense of crisis. Methods – The approach taken is a historical one, outlining the origins of the crisis. Results – The analysis outlines the roles that brands, patents, and the control of the scientific literature play in the current marketing of psychotropic drugs, and describes the processes of guideline capture and brand fascism. Conclusions – The analysis makes it difficult to see current interactions between industry and academia as anything but bad for academia. One option that might restore some balance would be to restrict scientific meetings and journals to communications that made all relevant scientific data available, excluding exercises that restrict access to data.

Declaration of Interest: In recent years I have had consultancies with, or been a chairman or speaker at symposia for, or received support to attend meetings from Astra-Zeneca, and Lundbeck. I have been expert witness for the plaintiff in the past decade in 15 legal actions involving antidepressants and on patent case, and have been consulted on a much greater number of attempted suicide, suicide, and suicide-homicide cases linked to treatment, in which I have offered the view that the treatment was not involved or have declined to give a view.