bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Content Analysis to Explore Conversations between School Teacher Mentors and Student Teachers
Authors: Haggarty Linda
Published: June 2007

This paper describes research carried out within a school‐based model of teacher education and provides a case study of the use of content analysis as a research method. Mentors in school and tutors in a university planned in partnership a structured and integrated programme and within this, mentors agreed to discuss quite formally with pairs of student teachers their developing thinking on predetermined issues. These conversations were taped and subsequently analysed using content analysis. What was discovered from this quantitative analysis about conversations between school teacher mentors and student teachers was that whilst mentors seemed able to talk about their own practice, they seemed less successful in talking about practicability concerns they used in their decision‐making; in persuading student teachers to examine a range of sources to develop their thinking and in moving beyond ‘politeness’ to explore any lack of consensus between themselves and the student teachers.
A New Conceptualisation of Adult Participation in Education
Authors: Blair Amy , McPake Joanna , Munn Pamela
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a new conceptualisation of adults' process of return to formal education, arising from an in‐depth qualitative study of 50 Scottish adult returners to various institutional settings. The new way of thinking developed because existing explanations proved ill‐equipped to reflect the complex and diverse data gathered in interview about adults' reasons for returning to education. The paper begins by describing the context of the study, the study itself and the questions it raises about participation issues. It goes on to consider three conceptualisations of participation that may be found in the literature, the main barriers to participation and the challenges presented to them by data from the research. The new conceptualisation is then introduced and discussed further with reference to relevant data. The paper closes with some issues prompted by this idea for institutions and policy‐makers in adult education.
Student Roles and Perspectives in Antiracist Education: a crisis of white ethnicity?
Authors: Gillborn David
Published: June 2007

Writing on race and education has tended to neglect questions of pedagogy and lived experience at the school and classroom level. The paper begins to redress this by using qualitative research to examine secondary schools that have given antiracism a high priority. In particular, the paper focuses on the roles and experiences of students (aged 11‐16) and explores their pivotal role in supporting and extending antiracist developments. The position of white students in these schools highlights dilemmas in antiracist theory and practice. The paper examines white students’ reactions to antiracist change and describes the schools’ attempts to involve them positively in the developments—forcing teachers to re‐evaluate their assumptions about the nature of race and racism. The paper concludes with a discussion of the concept of white ethnicity. Antiracism is opening up new and important debates about ethnicity and identity in education—debates that can sometimes seem to exclude white students. Constructions of whiteness are often constrained by rightist, nationalist and racist discourses. If antiracism is to challenge these ideologies, a pressing task is critically to address the idea of whiteness itself and to identify new emancipatory discourses such that white students can find a legitimate voice and role in antiracist struggles.
Exploring the Educational Experiences of Muslim Girls: tales told to tourists — should the white researcher stay at home?
Authors: Haw Kaye F.
Published: June 2007

The title for this paper is partly taken from a book chapter by Anne Seller (1994), ‘Should the feminist philosopher stay at home?’ I use it because it encapsulates the ethical issues that arose for me as I did my research on the educational experiences of Muslim girls in a private Muslim girls’ school and a single‐sex state school with a high percentage of Muslim students. The paper considers the methodological and ethical issues involved in doing a piece of cross‐cultural research. It is a personal exploration of how I, as a white, non‐Muslim and not formally religious person, worked with two different Muslim communities. It argues for a feminist and post‐structural approach to the research process so that the subjectivity of the researcher is explicitly placed in any piece of research and the limitations of the research are then openly acknowledged. It further argues that using the Foucauldian notion of discourse as an analytical tool, allows for an explanation for the discursive framework in which the researcher operates but does not suggest that this is ‘set in stone’. On the contrary, through a personal and critical engagement with the discursive positionings of the researcher (and those of others), an exploration is possible which means that perhaps these limitations can be negotiated and even transcended. It further argues that, although the ‘stories’ I listened to and analysed are inevitably ‘coloured’ by both my own positionings and resultant interactions with the positionings of the participants, this can add to, and place another perspective on those told to other researchers in the area who differ in age, ethnic background, religious faith, class, sexuality etc. Such different perspectives can then be put into the theoretical ‘melting pot’ so that they can be critically examined, reworked and reinterpreted and in this way add to debate in the area.
The Use of Mental, Written and Calculator Strategies of Numerical Computation by Upper Primary Pupils within a ‘Calculator‐aware’ Number Curriculum
Authors: Ruthven Kenneth
Published: June 2007

The study reported in this article examines the use of mental, written and calculator strategies of numerical computation by 56 upper primary (Year 6) pupils, forming a sample structured by number‐concept attainment, sex, attitude to calculator use, and curricular experience. Pupils were drawn from neighbouring schools with very different traditions in the teaching of number. The ‘calculator‐aware’ approach employed in one group of schools encouraged pupils, from an early age, to develop informal methods of calculation, and to use calculators to explore number and execute demanding computations. Such pupils were found to make greater use of mental computation, particularly of multiplication strategies based on distribution and compensation. These aspects of performance were found to be more strongly associated with curricular experience than with number‐concept attainment. Findings and observations from the study raise important questions about the model of numerate thinking and learning underpinning current policy and practice in Britain.
Classroom Practice and the National Curriculum in Small Rural Primary Schools
Authors: Galton Maurice , Hargreaves Linda , Comber Chris
Published: June 2007

With the introduction of the National Curriculum primary teachers have come under increasing pressure from the Office for Standards in Education and other government agencies to change the ways they teach. However, the research evidence is equivocal as to the changes which have taken place at Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2 over the last 5 years. This article argues that part of the problem stems from the way that characteristics of classroom organisation, such as whole‐class teaching, have been defined in various studies. From case studies of nine rural schools in which systematic observation and pupils’ diary records were collected, an attempt is made to chart the changes in classroom practice over a decade and to compare these findings with other recent studies.
Peer Education: the unauthorised version
Authors: Frankham Jo
Published: June 2007

Peer education — where people are equipped to educate their contemporaries — is an increasingly popular strategy amongst providers of personal and health education in the UK, especially amongst those who work with teenagers and young adults. This article takes an irreverent look at the premises on which peer education has been founded and considers whether the approach is the panacea that so many claim.
Parents’ and Teachers’ Interventions in Children's Reading
Authors: Greenhough Pamela , Hughes Martin
Published: June 2007

The practice of children reading school books with their parents at home is being widely advocated as a means of raising literacy standards in the UK. However, little is known about what parents actually do when listening to their children read. This paper describes a study in which 32 children (mean age 6 years 4 months) were observed reading with a parent at home and with their teacher at school. Three analyses are reported. The first analysis showed that parents were more likely to intervene in children's reading to support their decoding of the text, while teachers were more likely to read to the children or to discuss the text with them—an activity we termed ‘conversing’. This analysis also found large differences between parents in the amount of conversing in which they engaged. The second analysis described in more detail four main Junctions of conversing—responding to the text, labelling and identifying, making sense, and priming. The third analysis showed systematic differences in parents’ views on literacy according to their levels of conversing: parents in the high‐conversing group were more likely to regard reading as a valuable and enjoyable activity for its own sake, while parents in the low‐conversing group were more likely to see literacy in instrumental terms. These findings are discussed in terms of their relation to previous research and their implications for policy and practice.
Mathematical Modelling of Angiogenesis in Wound Healing: Comparison of Theory and Experiment
Authors: Byrne H. M. , Chaplain M. A. J. , Evans D. L. , Hopkinson I.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we present a simple mathematical model for angiogenesis in wound healing and then compare the results of theoretical predictions from computer simulations with actual experimental data. Numerical simulations of the model equations exhibit many of the characteristic features of wound healing in soft tissue. For example, the steady propagation of the wound healing unit through the wound space, the development of a dense band of capillaries near the leading edge of the unit, and the elevated vessel density associated with newly healed wounds, prior to vascular remodelling, are all discernible from the simulations. The qualitative accuracy of the initial model is assessed by comparing the numerical results with independent clinical measurements that show how the surface area of a range of wounds changes over time. The model is subsequently modified to include the effect of vascular remodelling and its impact on the spatio‐temporal structure of the vascular network investigated. Predictions are made concerning the effect that changes in physical parameters have on the healing process and also regarding the manner in which remodelling is initiated.
A New Deterministic Spatio‐Temporal Continuum Model for Biofilm Development
Authors: Eberl Herman J. , Parker David F. , Van Loosdrecht Mark C. M.
Published: June 2007

A new mathematical model for the development of spatially heterogeneous biofilm structures is presented. Unlike previous hybrid discrete/continuum models it is a continuum model throughout, describing the interaction of nutrient availability and biomass production. Spatial biomass spreading is described by a nonlinear density‐dependent diffusion mechanism. The diffusion operator degenerates for small biomass densities and is singular at the biomass density bound. The model can be interpreted as a predator‐prey model for biomass and nutrients. First numerical simulations show that the model is able to predict experimentally observed cluster‐and‐channel biofilm structures. The results are reliable and in qualitatively good agreement with experimental expectations.
Illicit Use of Opioids: Is OxyContin® a “Gateway Drug”?
Authors: Grau Lauretta E. , Dasgupta Nabarun , Harvey Alison Phinney , Irwin Kevin , Givens Anthony , Kinzly Mark L. , Heimer Robert
Published: June 2007

This study examines whether individuals who engage in illicit, non‐medical use of OxyContin® are distinguishable from other non‐medical users of opioids and whether OxyContin serves as a “gateway” to heroin and/or injection drug use. The study sample included active nonmedical users of opioids, who are 16 years or older and residents of Cumberland County, Maine. Possible associations between type of opioid used and behavioral and descriptive variables were assessed. The study sample was predominantly urban‐dwelling, male, Caucasian, and economically disadvantaged. OxyContin users could only be distinguished from heroin users (cf non‐heroin opioid users). Polyopioid use within the first year of initiation was associated with quicker progression to heroin and injection drug use.
Spirituality in Alcoholics during Treatment
Authors: Piderman Katherine M. , Schneekloth Terry D. , Pankratz V. Shane , Maloney Shaun D. , Altchuler Steven I.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to measure spiritual well‐being (SWB), private religious practices (PRP), positive religious coping, abstinence self‐efficacy (AASE), affiliation with AA (AAA), and their associations with alcoholics in treatment. Seventy‐four adults in a three‐week outpatient addiction treatment program were assessed at admission and discharge. Wilcoxon signed rank and t tests demonstrated significant increases in all variables. Spearman correlation coefficients detected significant associations between the spiritual variables, SWB and AASE, as well as PRP and AAA. Findings suggest that spiritual variables can change during treatment and that there may be connections between spiritual variables and variables associated with longer‐term recovery.
Soil erosion control measures on degraded sloping lands: A case study in Midlands of Nepal
Authors: Higaki Daisuke , Karki Kishor Kumar , Gautam Chandra Sekhar
Published: June 2007

This paper presents the results of inserting erosion control works in a degraded river terrace slope of Midlands, Nepal. Gully surface erosion was monitored. Countermeasures adopted for gully erosion were check dams, channel protection and plantation works. They reduced the gully head retreats by 14 to 73 percent in three studied gullies after the countermeasures were fully functional. Gully head expansion takes place by the formation of cracks in the dry season followed by block collapse in the wet season. Surface erosion rate on laterite slopes varied from 0.03 to 1.53 cm y−1 depending on land cover and slope gradient. Conservation works such as terrace construction combined with compost application was found to be effective for the vegetation recovery on the degraded slope. Conservation works should be based on the use of local materials and techniques that can yield direct benefit to the local population.
Kinetic Relationship between the Voltage Sensor and the Activation Gate in spHCN Channels
Authors: Bruening-Wright Andrew , Elinder Fredrik , Larsson H. Peter
Published: June 2007

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are activated by membrane hyperpolarizations that cause an inward movement of the positive charges in the fourth transmembrane domain (S4), which triggers channel opening. The mechanism of how the motion of S4 charges triggers channel opening is unknown. Here, we used voltage clamp fluorometry (VCF) to detect S4 conformational changes and to correlate these to the different activation steps in spHCN channels. We show that S4 undergoes two distinct conformational changes during voltage activation. Analysis of the fluorescence signals suggests that the N-terminal region of S4 undergoes conformational changes during a previously characterized mode shift in HCN channel voltage dependence, while a more C-terminal region undergoes an additional conformational change during gating charge movements. We fit our fluorescence and ionic current data to a previously proposed 10-state allosteric model for HCN channels. Our results are not compatible with a fast S4 motion and rate-limiting channel opening. Instead, our data and modeling suggest that spHCN channels open after only two S4s have moved and that S4 motion is rate limiting during voltage activation of spHCN channels.
Mate Choice and Hybridization in Lake Malawi Cichlids, Sciaenochromis fryeri and Cynotilapia afra
Authors: Gerlai Robert
Published: June 2007

Lake Malawi is home to hundreds of cichlid species, most of which are endemic to the lake. Several of these species exhibit a remarkably similar behavioural repertoire including territorial and reproductive behaviours. Despite their diverse anatomy and body colouration, hybridization among Malawi cichlids has been observed in captivity and has also been reported to occur in nature. Here, possible factors underlying hybridization between two species, Sciaenochromis fryeri, a large piscivore, and Cynotilapia afra (Jalo reef), a small planktivore biocover grazer, were investigated in captivity. In a series of experiments the size of the territory, the size of the males and the availability of conspecific mates were manipulated. It was found that mate selection in these two species under semi‐natural conditions is dependent not only upon species‐specific cues but also upon the status of the male. Larger male body size and larger territory size was generally preferred by females and when these attributes characterized a heterospecific male they also increased the probability of heterospecific courtship. Given that spawning between the above‐mentioned species resulted in fertile offspring and that their geographical location and habitat overlap in nature, the effect of their mate‐choice strategies on hybridization and speciation is considered.
Headache prevalence related to diabetes mellitus. The Head‐HUNT Study
Authors: Aamodt A. H. , Stovner L. J. , Midthjell K. , Hagen K. , Zwart J.‐A.
Published: June 2007

In patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), there are changes in vascular reactivity and nerve conduction that may be relevant for migraine pathophysiology. However, previous studies on the relationship between headache and DM have shown conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible association between headache and DM in a large population‐based cross‐sectional study. Associations were assessed in multivariate analyses, estimating prevalence odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Prevalence OR of migraine was lower amongst persons with DM compared with those without DM, the OR being 0.4 (95% CI: 0.2–0.9) for type 1 and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.5–0.9) for type 2 DM. Furthermore, OR of headache were lower amongst those with duration of DM ≥ 13 years compared with those who had got DM the last 3 years, OR 0.6 (95% CI: 0.4–0.9). The analyses revealed no clear associations between non‐migrainous headache and DM. The reason for the inverse relationship between migraine and DM is unknown, but might be related to pathophysiological abnormalities in patients with DM that protect against migraine.
Cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of growing pig cranial sutures
Authors: Sun Zongyang , Lee Eugenia , Herring Susan W.
Published: June 2007

Bone growth at the cranial sutures relies on proliferation of osteogenic progenitor cells and/or differentiation of osteoblasts. The current study was undertaken to assess these events in relation to suture growth and fusion. A total of 21 pigs, divided into three age groups (0.5–1.5 months, 3–4 months and 5–7 months), were used for immunohistochemical evaluation of cell proliferation (BrdU) and osteogenic differentiation (Cbfa1/Runx2) in the interfrontal and interparietal sutures. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were both more prominent near the bone fronts than in the central zone. With age, both proliferation and osteogenic differentiation diminished. Proliferation ceased on the endocranial (dura mater) side by the age of 3–4 months. Proliferation on the pericranial side was accompanied by active bone formation and initiation of suture fusion from this side. In conclusion, (1) decreased suture bone growth with age reflects decreased cell proliferation and probably also osteogenic differentiation, and (2) suture fusion occurs from the pericranial side where activity remains relatively high.
Impure marbles from the UHP Brossasco‐Isasca Unit (Dora‐Maira Massif, western Alps): evidence for Alpine equilibration in the diamond stability field and evaluation of theX(CO2) fluid evolution
Authors: CASTELLI D. , ROLFO F. , GROPPO C. , COMPAGNONI R.
Published: June 2007

Two impure ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) marbles, a calcite marble with the peak assemblage Grt + Phe + Cpx + Rt + (Arg) and a dolomite marble with the peak assemblage Crn + Chl + Rt + Dol (±Arg), from the same lens from the polymetamorphic complex of the Brossasco‐Isasca Unit (BIU) (southern Dora‐Maira Massif) have been petrologically investigated and modelled by calculatingP–Tphase‐diagram projections for H2O–CO2mixed‐volatile systems. Thermobarometric data obtained from the calcite marble suggest Alpine peak conditions in the diamond stability field (4.0 GPa at 730 °C), and allow reconstruction of the earlier portion of the Alpine retrogradeP–Tpath, which is characterized by a significant decompression coupled with a moderate and continuous cooling to 650 °C at 2.50 GPa. The modelled fluid compositions at peak conditions point to 0.025 ≤ X(CO2) ≤ 0.10 andX(CO2) ≤ 0.0012 in the calcite marble and dolomite marble, respectively, suggesting fluid heterogeneity at the local scale and an internally buffered fluid evolution of the studied impure marbles. The lack of micro‐diamond in the BIU marbles is explained by the very‐lowX(CO2) values, which favoured relatively highfO2‐conditions, preventing the formation of diamond at the UHP peak metamorphic conditions.
A Snapshot of Children's Postoperative Tonsillectomy Outcomes at Home
Authors: Huth Myra Martz , Broome Marion English
Published: June 2007

PURPOSE.  To describe home outcomes of pain, medication use, fluid intake, and emesis 24 hr after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The theory of unpleasant symptoms provided a conceptualizing framework.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  A secondary analysis was conducted. Outcomes for 76 children were recorded on a home diary that included: self‐reported pain, analgesic use, fluids ingested, and emesis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used.

RESULTS.  Children reported moderate pain. Children who received analgesics received less than recommended standards. Only 11% of the children drank the recommended fluids, and 31% of the children vomited at home.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Parents need to become partners in pain management. Recommend multimodal discharge teaching and follow‐up phone call at home to ensure adequate analgesic administration and fluid intake.
Acceleration Methods for Coarse-Grained Numerical Solution of the Boltzmann Equation
Authors: Al-Mohssen Husain A. , Hadjiconstantinou Nicolas G. , Kevrekidis Ioannis G.
Published: June 2007

We present a coarse-grained steady-state solution framework for the Boltzmann kinetic equation based on a Newton-Broyden iteration. This approach is an extension of the equation-free framework proposed by Kevrekidis and coworkers, whose objective is the use of fine-scale simulation tools to directly extract coarse-grained, macroscopic information. Our current objective is the development of efficient simulation tools for modeling complex micro- and nanoscale flows. The iterative method proposed and used here consists of a short Boltzmann transient evolution step and a Newton-Broyden contraction mapping step based on the Boltzmann solution; the latter step only solves for the macroscopic field of interest (e.g., flow velocity). The predicted macroscopic field is then used as an initial condition for the Boltzmann solver for the next iteration. We have validated this approach for isothermal, one-dimensional flows in the low Knudsen number regime. We find that the Newton-Broyden iteration converges in O(10) iterations, starting from arbitrary guess solutions and a Navier-Stokes based initial Jacobian. This results in computational savings compared to time-explicit integration to steady states when the time to steady state is longer than O(40) mean collision times.
The Anthropology of Organized Labor in the United States
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: June 2007

Anthropological research has produced a number of robust findings about organized labor. National and state policies are the chief determinates of unions' power to organize workers for concerted action to redress the imbalance between those who provide labor and those who control its use through ownership or management of capital. Unions are effective when workers do not accept management paradigms of shared interest; the organization of production promotes worker self-organization; discussion among workers is possible; unions show members how to address problems with space, ideology, and management manipulations of emotions; and unions draw on community contacts and social relations beyond the workplace. Unions are ineffective when they are corrupt, racist, and inattentive to change. Servicing and organizing functions of unions are contradictory. These and other findings leave many topics that anthropologists have not ethnographically explored and define an agenda for future research.
Acoustic Detection of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Semmlow John , Rahalkar Ketaki
Published: June 2007

Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when the arteries to the heart (the coronary arteries) become blocked by deposition of plaque, depriving the heart of oxygen-bearing blood. This disease is arguably the most important fatal disease in industrialized countries, causing one-third to one-half of all deaths in persons between the ages of 35 and 64 in the United States. Despite the fact that early detection of CAD allows for successful and cost-effective treatment of the disease, only 20% of CAD cases are diagnosed prior to a heart attack. The development of a definitive, noninvasive test for detection of coronary blockages is one of the holy grails of diagnostic cardiology. One promising approach to detecting coronary blockages noninvasively is based on identifying acoustic signatures generated by turbulent blood flow through partially occluded coronary arteries. In fact, no other approach to the detection of CAD promises to be as inexpensive, simple to perform, and risk free as the acoustic-based approach. Although sounds associated with partially blocked arteries are easy to identify in more superficial vessels such as the carotids, sounds from coronary arteries are very faint and surrounded by noise such as the very loud valve sounds. To detect these very weak signals requires sophisticated signal processing techniques. This review describes the work that has been done in this area since the 1980s and discusses future directions that may fulfill the promise of the acoustic approach to detecting coronary artery disease.
SigB-Dependent General Stress Response in Bacillus subtilis and Related Gram-Positive Bacteria
Authors: Hecker Michael , Pané-Farré Jan , Uwe Völker
Published: June 2007

One of the strongest and most noticeable responses of Bacillus subtilis cells to a range of stress and starvation stimuli is the dramatic induction of about 150 SigB-dependent general stress genes. The activity of SigB itself is tightly regulated by a complex signal transduction cascade with at least three main signaling pathways that respond to environmental stress, energy depletion, or low temperature. The SigB-dependent response is conserved in related gram-positive bacteria but is missing in strictly anaerobic or in some facultatively anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. It covers functions from nonspecific and multiple stress resistance to the control of virulence in pathogenic bacteria. A comprehensive understanding of this crucial stress response is essential not only for bacterial physiology but also for applied microbiology, including pathogenicity and pathogen control.
ChREBP, a Transcriptional Regulator of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Postic Catherine , Dentin Renaud , Denechaud Pierre-Damien , Girard Jean
Published: June 2007

Dysregulations in hepatic lipid synthesis are often associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and therefore a perfect understanding of the regulation of this metabolic pathway appears essential to identify potential therapeutic targets. Recently, the transcription factor ChREBP (carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein) has emerged as a major mediator of glucose action on lipogenic gene expression and as a key determinant of lipid synthesis in vivo. Indeed, liver-specific inhibition of ChREBP improves hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in obese ob/ob mice. Since ChREBP cellular localization is a determinant of its functional activity, a better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in regulating its nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling and/or its post-translational activation is crucial in both physiology and physiopathology. Here, we review some of the studies that have begun to elucidate the regulation and function of this key transcription factor in liver.
Virus-Induced Disease: Altering Host Physiology One Interaction at a Time
Authors: Culver James N. , Padmanabhan Meenu S.
Published: June 2007

Virus infections are the cause of numerous plant disease syndromes that are generally characterized by the induction of disease symptoms such as developmental abnormalities, chlorosis, and necrosis. How viruses induce these disease symptoms represents a long-standing question in plant pathology. Recent studies indicate that symptoms are derived from specific interactions between virus and host components. Many of these interactions have been found to contribute to the successful completion of the virus life-cycle, although the role of other interactions in the infection process is not yet known. However, all share the potential to disrupt host physiology. From this information we are beginning to decipher the progression of events that lead from specific virus-host interactions to the establishment of disease symptoms. This review highlights our progress in understanding the mechanisms through which virus-host interactions affect host physiology. The emerging picture is one of complexity involving the individual effects of multiple virus-host interactions.
Challenges in Tropical Plant Nematology
Authors: De Waele Dirk , Elsen Annemie
Published: June 2007

A major challenge facing agricultural scientists today is the need to secure food for an increasing world population. This growth occurs predominantly in developing, mostly tropical countries, where the majority of hungry people live. Reducing yield losses caused by pathogens of tropical agricultural crops is one measure that can contribute to increased food production. Although plant-parasitic nematodes are often not as important as some other biotic and nonbiotic constraints on crop production in the tropics, they can nevertheless cause extensive damage and substantial yield losses. The effects of agricultural, environmental, socioeconomic, and policy changes on the occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes in the tropics and the losses these pathogens cause are largely undocumented. Recent developments pose new challenges to tropical nematology. The increased application of molecular diagnostics may widen the knowledge gap between nematologists working in developed countries and in the tropics. Uncertainties concerning the validity of nematode species will lead to practical problems related to quarantine measures and nematode management. The study of interactions between nematodes and other pathogens in disease complexes provide opportunities for multidisciplinary research with scientists from other disciplines but remain underexploited. Difficulties in recognizing emerging nematode threats prevent the timely implementation of management strategies, thus increasing yield losses. Research is needed to address these challenges. Examples are presented mainly but not exclusively from banana, peanut, and rice nematology.
From the Margins to the Mainstream? Disaster Research at the Crossroads
Authors: Tierney Kathleen J.
Published: June 2007

The sociology of disasters has developed in ways that have weakened its ties with mainstream sociology. It has remained remarkably resistant to changes in the broader sociological landscape, and its strong applied focus has been a barrier to theoretical innovation. This situation is changing, as indicated by critiques of traditional ways of conceptualizing and explaining disasters; greater acceptance of constructivist formulations; willingness to acknowledge that disasters are accompanied by both social solidarity and social conflict; and recognition of the significance of the interaction of disasters and risk with gender, class, and other axes of inequality. However, the field is unlikely to overcome its marginal status without significant efforts to link the sociology of disasters with the related fields of risk and environmental sociology and, more broadly, to focus on core sociological concerns, such as social inequality, diversity, and social change.
Avaliação de duas classificações para excesso de peso em adolescentes brasileiros
Authors: Vitolo Márcia Regina , Campagnolo Paula Dal Bó , Barros Maria Elisa , Gama Cíntia Mendes , Ancona Lopez Fábio
Published: June 2007

Estudo transversal com 418 adolescentes entre dez e 19 anos, de escola particular da cidade de São Paulo, em 1998. O objetivo foi avaliar os valores críticos propostos para diagnóstico de excesso de peso de adolescentes brasileiros. O percentual de gordura corporal foi medido pela absorção de duplo feixe de energia. Utilizou-se como ponto de corte para excesso de adiposidade 25% para meninos e 30% para meninas. O índice de massa corporal foi classificado de acordo com Cole et al e Conde & Monteiro. O referencial brasileiro apresentou maior sensibilidade entre as meninas de menor (44,2% vs. 32,6%) e maior faixa etária (18,9% vs. 17%), assim como entre os meninos de maior faixa etária (83,3% vs 50%). A proposta de Conde & Monteiro apresentou maiores valores preditivos positivos e negativos e predisse com maior sensibilidade o excesso de adiposidade na população estudada.
Evolução do aleitamento materno em uma capital da Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil entre 1999 e 2004
Authors: Silva Solanyara Maria da , Brunken Gisela Soares , França Giovanny Vinícius Araújo de , Escuder Maria Mercedes , Venancio Sonia Isoyama
Published: June 2007

Um estudo de caráter transversal foi realizado durante o primeiro dia da Campanha Nacional de Vacinação de 2004, em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil, com o objetivo de conhecer a evolução do aleitamento materno entre 1999 e 2004, no primeiro ano de vida. A determinação da amostra seguiu dois passos, considerando o número de unidades de vacinação e as crianças em cada unidade. Um inquérito nutricional contendo um recordatório alimentar de 24 horas foi aplicado a 921 acompanhantes das crianças menores de um ano. Houve incremento positivo em todas as faixas etárias na modalidade de aleitamento materno exclusivo. Observou-se, ao final dos 180 dias, baixo percentual de crianças em aleitamento materno exclusivo, sendo menos de 5% (em 1999) e de 10% (em 2004). A prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo dobrou em cinco anos nas crianças menores de 120 dias, passou de 17,7% para 28,5%. As ações realizadas para promoção do aleitamento materno foram efetivas, porém, insuficientes para a grave situação. Mais ações são necessárias, bem como o aperfeiçoamento dos programas existentes.
Perfil epidemiológico dos casos de tuberculose multirresistente do Espírito Santo
Authors: Vieira Rafael da Cruz Araújo , Fregona Geisa , Palaci Moisés , Dietze Reynaldo , Maciel Ethel Leonor Noia
Published: June 2007

Estudo retrospectivo de perfil dos casos de TBMR do Espírito Santo, entre 2000 e 2004. Identificou-se 61 pacientes com TBMR, sendo a amostra composta por 57 casos, que tiveram seus prontuários revisados para obtenção das variáveis estudadas. Estimou-se como prevalência para a TBMR combinada 0,87% (0,66 - 1,13; IC95%). O teste anti-HIV foi feito em 78,9% dos casos, sendo 11,1% positivos. Investigando co-morbidades, destacaram-se etilismo e tabagismo. Encontrou-se 11 casos de resistência primária (RI) e 46 de resistência adquirida (RA), com média de 2,3 ± 1,3 tratamentos anteriores. Em 35,1% dos casos houve relato de contato prévio conhecido com doente de tuberculose, enquanto em 67,9% não houve ou nega-se ter havido. Dez pacientes (17,5%) foram tratados com o esquema de 1ª linha, 18 (31,6%) com o de 2ª linha e 27 (47,4%) com o de 3ª linha. Dezoito (31,6%) tiveram tratamento auto-administrado, e 39 (68,4%) supervisionado. Quanto ao desfecho, houve cura em 33 casos (71,7%), abandono em 7 (15,2%) e óbito em 5 (10,9%), 1 caso de falência e 11 (19,3%) estão em tratamento. Dos 10 casos encerrados de RI, 80% (8/10) foram curados, contra 69,4% (25/36) dos casos de RA. Concluímos que a prevalência de TBMR é baixa no ES. A cura foi alcançada em 70% dos casos. As co-morbidades podem ser importante fator interveniente para um desfecho satisfatório do tratamento. Os resultados enfatizam a necessidade de busca, diagnóstico e realização de TSA para identificação da RI e a supervisão do tratamento de todos os casos de tuberculose.
Automedicação em idosos na cidade de Salgueiro-PE
Authors: Sá Mirivaldo Barros e , Barros José Augusto Cabral de , Sá Michel Pompeu Barros de Oliveira
Published: June 2007

OBJETIVOS: identificar os determinantes associados ao perfil da automedicação na população de idosos de 60 anos e mais, no município de Salgueiro/Pernambuco/Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo de corte transversal realizado na zona urbana no município de Salgueiro - PE. Entre 01/05 a 10/06/2004, foram aplicados questionários em uma amostra de 355 indivíduos da população de 60 anos e mais. Os dados foram processados e analisados no EPIINFO 6.04 após digitação em dupla entrada e validação. RESULTADOS: 44,9% dos entrevistados encontravam-se na faixa etária de 60-70 anos, 247 (69,8%) eram do sexo feminino, 188 (53,1%) eram analfabetos e 145 (40,7%) tinham o primeiro grau incompleto, sendo 276 (77,7%) aposentados. Entre os que faziam uso de medicamentos sem receita médica houve predomínio de analgésicos (30%) e antipiréticos (29%). Entre os motivos mais freqüentes apresentados, e que levavam os indivíduos a tomar remédios por conta própria, a dor tem o maior índice (38,3%), seguida de febre (24,4%), diarréia (8,0%), pressão alta (8,0%) e tosse (5,2%). Houve associação entre a ausência de atividade física e automedicação (x² =14,44, p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: existe grande prevalência da automedicação neste grupo, sendo os analgésicos e os antipiréticos os mais utilizados; a dor é o sintoma que mais leva à automedicação; os idosos sedentários se automedicam mais que os praticantes de atividade física.
Tandem Exploitation of Helix pomatia Glycosyltransferases: Facile Syntheses of H‐Antigen‐Bearing Oligosaccharides
Authors: Bretting Hagen , Buck Friedrich , Jacobs Günter , Meinke Sebastian , Scheppokat Angela M. , Thiem Joachim
Published: June 2007

Snails from the family Helicidae produce in their albumen glands a highly branched galactan, which consists almost exclusively of D‐ and L‐galactose. The D‐Gal residues are glycosydically β(1→6)‐ or β(1→3)‐linked, whereas the L‐Gal moieties are attached α(1→2). Up until the present time, two β(1→6)‐D‐galactosyl transferases and one α(1→2)‐L‐galactosyl transferase have been identified in a membrane preparation of these glands. These were used to synthesise various oligosaccharides by successive addition of the NDP‐activated (NDP=nucleoside‐5′‐diphosphate) D‐Gal or L‐Fuc moieties, up to a heptasaccharide by starting from the disaccharide D‐Gal‐β(1→3)‐D‐Gal‐β(1→OMe. Even larger oligosaccharides up to a tridecasaccharide were obtained by starting with the hexasaccharide D‐Gal‐[β(1→3)‐D‐Gal]4‐β(1→4)‐D‐Glc as an acceptor substrate. This tandem exploitation process has high potential for the easy introduction of D‐Gal and L‐Fuc residues into a great variety of oligosaccharides, which can be used in ligand/acceptor studies.
Adrenal–kidney–gonad complex measurements may not predict gonad‐specific changes in gene expression patterns during temperature‐dependent sex determination in the red‐eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Ramsey Mary , Crews David
Published: June 2007

Many turtles, including the red‐eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) have temperature‐dependent sex determination in which gonadal sex is determined by temperature during the middle third of incubation. The gonad develops as part of a heterogenous tissue complex that comprises the developing adrenal, kidney, and gonad (AKG complex). Owing to the difficulty in excising the gonad from the adjacent tissues, the AKG complex is often used as tissue source in assays examining gene expression in the developing gonad. However, the gonad is a relatively small component of the AKG, and gene expression in the adrenal‐kidney (AK) compartment may interfere with the detection of gonad‐specific changes in gene expression, particularly during early key phases of gonadal development and sex determination. In this study, we examine transcript levels as measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction for five genes important in slider turtle sex determination and differentiation (AR, ERα, ERβ, aromatase, and Sf1) in AKG, AK, and isolated gonad tissues. In all cases, gonad‐specific gene expression patterns were attenuated in AKG versus gonad tissue. All five genes were expressed in the AK in addition to the gonad at all stages/temperatures. Inclusion of the AK compartment masked important changes in gonadal gene expression. In addition, AK and gonad expression patterns are not additive, and gonadal gene expression cannot be predicted from intact AKG measurements. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:463–470, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary and comparative anatomical investigations of the autonomic cardiac nervous system in the African cercopithecidae
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Akita Keiichi , Sato Kenji , Sasaki Hiroshi
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to clarify the general architecture and morphological variations of the autonomic cardiac nervous system (ACNS) in the African Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), and to discuss the evolutionary changes between this system in African/Asian Cercopithecidae and humans. A detailed macroscopic comparative morphological investigation of the ACNS was performed by examining the left and right sides of 11 African cercopithecid specimens, including some previously unreported species (Abyssinian colobus, Angola pied colobus, Savanna monkey, and lesser white‐nosed guenon). The common characteristics of the ACNS in the African Cercopithecidae are described in detail. Consequently, homologies of the ACNS between Asian (macaques) and African Cercopithecidae, and differences between the Asian/African Cercopithecidae and humans, were found. In particular, differences in the sympathetic (cardiac) systems of the Cercopithecidae and humans were recognized, despite the similar morphology of the parasympathetic vagal (cardiac) system. These differences include the composition of the cervicothoracic ganglion, the lower positions of the middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglia, and the narrow range for the origin of the cardiac nerves in the Cercopithecidae, compared with that in humans. In conclusion, these findings are considered with regard to the morphology of the last common ancestors of the Cercopithecidae. J. Morphol., 2007 © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional properties of oat‐based beverages as affected by processing and storage
Authors: Zhang Huanmei , Önning Gunilla , Triantafyllou Angie Öste , Öste Rickard
Published: June 2007

Oat‐based beverages enriched with vitamins and minerals were produced with common hydrothermal treatments and stored at 22 °C for 64 weeks. The effects of decanting on the retention of native vitamins, minerals and fatty acids, and different UHT holding time (5 s or 20 s) at 140 °C on vitamins were investigated. Fatty acid profile, vitamin retention and dissolved oxygen concentration were monitored during storage. The decanting process caused a 47% increase of vitamin B6 and a 45–74% loss of phosphorus, zinc, calcium and iron. The steam‐injection UHT treatment caused a 60% loss of vitamin D3 for both holding times and a 30% loss of vitamin B12 for 20 s. During 1 year of storage, oleic and linoleic acids were stable, whereas linolenic acid decreased only slightly, even in the iron‐enriched variety. The dissolved oxygen concentration increased to a low value of 0.71 mg L−1 and reached a balance after 16 weeks. Most enriched vitamins except vitamins A, D3 and B12 were stable during ambient storage. Oat‐based beverages with highly retained vitamins can be manufactured by adding vitamins prior to direct UHT treatment with a shorter holding time. Additionally, iron enrichment of such beverages, without affecting the fatty acid profile, can be achieved by filter sterilisation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Consequence analysis to humans from bursting cylindrical vessels
Authors: Ferradás Enrique G. , Alonso Fernando D. , Miñarro Marta D. , Aznar Agustín M. , Gimeno José R. , Alonso Jesús M.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this paper is to describe a methodology to facilitate a consequence analysis for a pressure wave from a cylindrical vessel burst; however, this methodology can be used for other accident scenarios. The main PROBIT equations to evaluate the direct damage on humans include eardrum rupture, death due to skull fracture, death due to whole body impact, and lung damage. The results are evaluated and the most suitable PROBIT equations are selected. A new methodology is developed to relate the characteristic overpressure–impulse–distance curves for a cylindrical vessel burst, from a previous paper (González Ferradás et al., Process Saf Progr 25 (2006), 250‐254), with the selected PROBIT equation results. This methodology allows the determination of damage in one step, using explosion energy and distance to the accident's origin. Equations are also developed for using this methodology in a computer program or spread sheet calculations. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Bayesian predictive power for interim adaptation in seamless phase II/III trials where the endpoint is survival up to some specified timepoint
Authors: Schmidli Heinz , Bretz Frank , Racine‐Poon Amy
Published: June 2007

Integration of a phase II and a phase III clinical trial into a single confirmatory study aims to shorten the development time without compromising the chance of success for a development program. These seamless phase II/III trials involve complex adaptations at the interim analysis, such as treatment selection, sample size reassessment, and stopping for futility. Bayesian methods can support these interim adaptations, and make this decision process more transparent. Use of a frequentist combination test for the final evaluation ensures that the type I error is controlled regardless of the adaptation rule employed at the interim analysis. In this paper, an adaptive seamless phase II/III trial design is proposed for studies where the endpoint is survival up to some specified timepoint and where Bayesian predictive power (PP) guides interim adaptations. For the evaluation of PP at the interim analysis, the event time is modelled as a piecewise exponential distribution, with informative priors for the hazard rates. As an illustrative example, regimen selection at interim in a four‐arm trial with an active control is
considered, where both non‐inferiority and superiority to the control arm are tested. Frequentist properties of the adaptation criterion based on Bayesian PP are assessed by simulations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.