bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical demonstration of NPMc+ acute myeloid leukemia: biological and clinical features related to cytoplasmic nucleophosmin expression
Authors: Bedekovics Judit , Rejtő László , Telek Béla , Udvardy Miklós , Újfalusi Anikó , Oláh Éva , Hevessy Zsuzsa , Kappelmayer János , Kajtár Béla , Méhes Gábor
Published: May 2009

A nucleophosmin gén (NPM1) 12-es exonjának mutációja, jelenlegi ismereteink szerint, a leggyakoribb genetikai eltérés akut myeloid leukaemiában. Az eddigi beszámolók alapján kimutatásával a betegség sajátos biológiájú és kedvező lefolyású formája határozható meg, amely a leukaemiák WHO-osztályozásában 2008-tól külön csoportként kerül említésre. A mutáció hatására megváltozik a kódolt fehérje sejten belüli eloszlása, és az NPM fehérje a sejtmag helyett a citoplazmában halmozódik fel (NPMc+). Ez a jelenség, amely a kizárólag mutáns géntermék kapcsán figyelhető meg, szövettani vizsgálat keretében immunhisztokémiával is kimutatható. Jelen tanulmányunkban hazai körülmények között először vizsgáltuk az NPM-mutáció előfordulását felnőttkori AML-ben immunhisztokémia módszerével. A 2005 és 2008 között diagnosztizált összesen 41 eset részletes kiértékelése során 6 esetben (14,6%) észleltünk citoplazmikus reakciót, valamennyi
de novo
jelentkező és jellegzetes citogenetikai eltérést nem mutató AML-esetek közül került ki (6/23, 26,1%), egy kivételével nőbetegekben. A blasztsejtek alacsony CD34-, c-kit- és HLA-DR-expressziója alapján a NPMc+ AML a nem érintett esetektől jól elkülöníthetőnek bizonyult, ezek a markáns jellegzetességek az eddig közölt külföldi adatokkal teljes mértékben megegyeznek. Tapasztalataink alapján az NPM-mutáció immunhisztokémiai vizsgálata egyszerűen beépíthető a hétköznapi hematológiai diagnosztikai gyakorlatba.
Colonoscopic Findings and Tumor Site Do Not Predict Bowel Obstruction During Medical Treatment of Stage IV Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ballian Nikiforos , Mahvi David M. , Kennedy Gregory D.
Published: May 2009

Learning Objectives

Appraise the indications for and outcomes of primary tumor resection in stage IV colorectal cancer to avoid unnecessary resection. Evaluate the role of symptoms and colonoscopic findings in selecting stage IV colorectal cancer patients for primary tumor resection. Assess the effects of primary tumor-related complications on medical treatment in stage IV colorectal cancer.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Genetic Aspects of Familial Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Morrison Patrick J. , Atkinson A. Brew
Published: May 2009

Learning Objectives

Apply the principles of genetics to heritable aspects of thyroid cancer. Explain and discuss presymptomatic gene testing with family members of patients with familial thyroid cancer. Proactively manage patients presenting with a family history of thyroid cancer.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Ferrol outer port: experimental and in situ design studies
Authors: Grassa Garrido J. M. , Gutiérrez Serret R. , Martín Soldevilla M. J. , Ruiz Mateo A. , Santás López J. C.
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a synthesis of the work undertaken by the Centro de Estudios y Experimentación de Obras Públicas (Cedex) at its Centre for Harbours and Coastal Studies, with a view to designing and developing a new port in the north-west of Spain: the enlargement to the Port of Ferrol in the outer part of the Ferrol estuary. This activity has been selected as the subject matter for the paper, not only because of its relevance and the size of the new port but also owing to the interesting nature of the activities performed, which included measurements in situ, numerical and physical models, ship manoeuvring simulation and environmental studies. The various activities are, to a large extent, an indication of the contribution that Cedex can make to the development of new port facilities, as well as the coordination that it is advisable to have between the institutions and companies participating, when carrying out such a major project. In this particular case the participants included the Spanish state ports body, the Ferrol–San Ciprían Port Authority, the engineering consultancy and the university, among other organisations and companies.
Pandemic Influenza and Pregnancy: An Opportunity to Reassess Maternal Bioethics
Authors: Farrell Ruth M. , Beigi Richard H.
Published: May 2009

Large-scale infectious epidemics present the medical community with numerous medical and ethical challenges. Recent attention has focused on the likelihood of an impending influenza pandemic caused by the H5N1 virus. Pregnant women in particular present policymakers with great challenges to planning for such a public health emergency.

By recognizing the specific considerations needed for this population, we can preemptively address the issues presented by infectious disease outbreaks. We reviewed the important ethical challenges presented by pregnant women and highlighted the considerations for all vulnerable groups when planning for a pandemic at both the local and the national level.
Gel Pig Technology Applications in Pipeline Servicing
Authors: Uzu Obi , Napier Roy , Ngwuobia Kalu
Published: May 2009

Pigging is one of the basic techniques used by the pipeline engineers to maintain line efficiency and aid in the control of corrosion. A diverse range of pigs are available, they are metal-bodied, polyurethane, foam or inflatable. While most pigs are inert, some can ‘see’, some can ‘speak’, and others are ‘intelligent’. However, not one of them will do all these things: -

pass line restrictions, instrument probes perform effectively in extended lines of varying diameter maintain a good seal over very long distances generate data to support the degree of cleanliness, and move large amounts of solid debris without sticking or plugging.

Gel pigs can do all of these things. They will perform most of the functions of conventional pigs, have additional chemical capabilities, and can be injected into a pipeline through a 2-inch. valve. Most important, they do not fail in services, as do mechanical pigs. However, for gas displacement, a mechanical pig must be used to propel the gel pig. Gel pig technology has been used in the Nigeria, North Sea, Saudi Arabia, North and South America and other regions with excellent results. The case history presented in this paper describes the successful desanding/debris removal of a major SPDC export pipeline using gel pig technology.
Environmental Risk Assessment of Compost Prepared from Salvinia, Egeria densa, and Alligator Weed
Authors: Dorahy C. G. , Pirie A. D. , McMaster I. , Muirhead L. , Pengelly P. , Chan K. Y. , Jackson M. , Barchia I. M.
Published: May 2009

Approximately 70,000 m3 of salvinia (Salvinia molesta) was removed from the Hawkesbury‐Nepean River, New South Wales (NSW), Australia, during 2004. This study assessed the risks associated with applying compost prepared from aquatic weeds (AWC) to land, namely, survival and spread of aquatic and terrestrial weeds, eutrophication of waterways, accumulation of heavy metals and phytotoxicity. The results demonstrate composting is an effective method of reducing the viability of aquatic and terrestrial weeds. However, mortality of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), which was used as an indicator plant, was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with the temperature within the windrows and the length of time the material was subjected to composting. Conditions within the central core of the windrow were sufficient to kill the alligator weed, although not all of the aquatic weed material was exposed to the windrows' central core. This resulted in alligator weed continuing to grow at the base of the windrow. To reduce the risk of weeds surviving and spreading in aquatic and terrestrial environments it is suggested compost windrows should be located on an appropriate hard pad to enable complete mixing of the material and ensure all material is exposed to temperatures >55°C for greater than three consecutive days. The likelihood of other risks associated with the AWC was low. If composting is selected as the preferred method for managing organic material harvested from waterways, then ongoing monitoring and evaluation is required to validate the composting process and ensure consumer confidence in the final product.
Nitrate‐Nitrogen, Land Use/Land Cover, and Soil Drainage Associations at Multiple Spatial Scales
Authors: Floyd William C. , Schoenholtz Stephen H. , Griffith Stephen M. , Wigington Parker J. , Steiner Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2009

Managing non–point‐source pollution of water requires knowledge of land use/land cover (LULC) influences at altering watershed scales. To gain improved understanding of relationships among LULC, soil drainage, and dissolved nitrate‐N dynamics within the Calapooia River Basin in western Oregon, we selected 44 watersheds ranging in size between 3 and 33 km2 for monthly synoptic sampling of surface water quality between October 2003 and September 2004. Seasonal associations were examined between dissolved nitrate‐N and proportion of woody vegetation or poorly drained soils at differing scales (10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 150, 300 m, and entire watershed), which we defined as influence zones (IZs), surrounding stream networks. Correlations between nitrate‐N and proportion woody vegetation or poorly drained soil at each IZ were analyzed for differences using the Hotelling‐Williams test. We observed negative correlations (r = −0.81 to −0.94) between nitrate‐N and proportion of woody vegetation during winter and spring. Poorly drained soils had positive correlations (r = 0.63–0.87) with nitrate‐N. Altering the scale of analysis significantly changed correlations between nitrate‐N and woody vegetation, with IZs <150 m being stronger than the watershed scale during winter. However, absolute differences in correlation values were small, indicating minimal ecological consequence for significant differences among scales. In contrast, nitrate‐N correlations with poorly drained soil were stronger at the watershed scale than the 10‐ through 90‐m IZs during winter and spring, and absolute differences were sufficient to suggest that scale is ecologically important when determining associations between dissolved nitrate‐N and poorly drained soils.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Urban Lake Sediments from Wuhan, Central China: Occurrence, Composition, and Sedimentary Record
Authors: Yang Zhifeng , Shen Zhenyao , Gao Fan , Tang Zhenwu , Niu Junfeng , He Ya
Published: May 2009

Nine surface sediments and a dated sediment core collected from urban lakes in Wuhan, Central China, were analyzed to investigate the concentrations, occurrence, composition, and depositional fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations of ΣPCB (the sum of 39 congeners) in surface sediments ranged from 0.90 to 46.14 ng g−1 dry weight. Only in Longyang Lake and Nantaizi Lake did concentrations of ΣPCB exceed the effects range low value. The concentrations of ΣPCB in the sediment core varied from 1.3 to 43.1 ng g−1 The profile of ΣPCB concentrations closely reflected the changes in production and usage of PCBs in this region, and the profiles of ΣPCB fluxes were similar to those of ΣPCB concentrations, except for a distinct decrease in ΣPCB fluxes after about 1998. This was possibly due to more large‐scale cases of land use and increasingly rapidly urban development occurring in China since 2000, resulting in increased lake sediment fluxes but reduced ΣPCB fluxes. The results suggest that urban run‐off and wet deposition leaching PCBs off the land and into the lake may be the most important source of PCBs in Donghu Lake. Sedimentary profiles for PCB congeners showed a decrease in concentrations in the following order: penta∼hexa‐ > tetra‐ > tri‐ > hepta‐PCBs. The relative abundances of tri‐ and tetra‐PCBs in the core accounted for more than 80% of the total PCBs detected in sediments deposited before their first commercial use, suggesting the post‐depositional mobilization of less chlorinated PCB congeners in the sediment core. This is the first study to estimate the spatial and historical trends of PCBs in subtropical urban lakes.
Aerating Recycled Water on Mushroom Composting Sites Affects Its Chemical Analysis and the Characteristics of Odor Emissions
Authors: Noble Ralph , Dobrovin‐Pennington Andreja , Wright Carole , Hobbs Philip J. , Williams Jon
Published: May 2009

Recycled water (RW) containing compost leachate can be a potent source of foul odor on mushroom composting sites. Samples of RW were repeatedly collected from storage tanks and pits of 14 mushroom composting sites in England and Ireland. Relationships between the effects of submerged aeration of the RW, the chemical and microbial characteristics of the RW, and the odors emitted were investigated. Recycled water samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), redox potential, and dissolved oxygen concentration after 7 to 14 d cold storage. Freeze‐dried material from the RW samples was chemically profiled by pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and the content of odor precursor compounds was determined by the ninhydrin colorimetric method. The headspace air of containerized RW samples was analyzed by thermal desorption GC‐MS and with gas detection tubes and assessed for odor intensity (OI) and concentration by panelists and serial dilution olfactometry. The predominant odorants in the headspace and freeze‐dried residues of RW samples were volatile sulfur‐containing compounds and carboxylic acids. The headspace OI, EC, dry matter content, and redox potential of RW were interrelated. The headspace OI and combined concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) + dimethyl sulfide of RW were correlated (R2 = 0.635; P < 0.001). Prediction of the OI of RW by measuring RW EC and the concentration of headspace sulfides using gas detector tubes enables rapid and low‐cost monitoring of RW from mushroom composting sites. Submerged aeration of RW in storage tanks or pits reduced the RW headspace air OI and the combined H2S + dimethyl sulfide concentration by 88%.
Biodegradation of Methane and Halocarbons in Simulated Landfill Biocover Systems Containing Compost Materials
Authors: Scheutz Charlotte , Pedersen Gitte B. , Costa Giulia , Kjeldsen Peter
Published: May 2009

The attenuation potential of methane (CH4) and of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was compared in four types of compost materials using dynamic flow column experiments over a period of 255 d. Garden waste compost mixed with wood chips showed the highest steady‐state CH4 oxidation rate (161 g m−2 d−1), followed by a commercial compost product Supermuld (110 g m−2 d−1). In the column containing the highest fraction of compost (compost/sand mixed in 1:1), CH4 oxidation declined significantly during the period of operation, probably due to clogging by formation of exopolymeric substances. After 40 d of operation, CH4 production was observed. All the VOCs tested were degraded. CFC‐11 (CCl3F) and HCFC‐21 (CCl2FH) were anaerobically degraded by reductive dechlorination, generating HCFC‐31 (CClFH2) and HFC‐41 (CFH3), which were both aerobically degraded in the oxic portion of the columns. Overall, the highest removal of VOCs was observed in the column containing the compost/wood chip mixture. This study demonstrates that biocovers consisting of compost materials have the potential to attenuate trace gas emissions from landfills.
Sorption of High Explosives to Water‐Dispersible Clay: Influence of Organic Carbon, Aluminosilicate Clay, and Extractable Iron
Authors: Dontsova Katerina M. , Hayes Charolett , Pennington Judith C. , Porter Beth
Published: May 2009

Explosives in soils can present environmental problems for military installations. Fine, mobile particles represent the most reactive fraction of the soil and, therefore, are expected to adsorb explosives and potentially facilitate their transport. The objective of this study was to determine the relative significance of phyllosilicate clay, organic matter, and two forms of extractable iron in adsorption of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) by the colloidal water‐dispersible clay (WDC) fraction of the soil. The WDC fraction of two mineral and one organic soil was separated and then treated to remove organic carbon (OC) and several forms of iron (Feo, oxalate extractable, and Fed, dithionite‐citrate extractable). Adsorption coefficients were determined for whole soils, untreated, and treated WDC. For mineral soils, adsorption of TNT and RDX on the WDC was greater than on the whole soil. The presence of OC increased explosives sorption by WDC. When OC was removed, iron interfered with TNT sorption. In the presence of OC, removal of Feo decreased RDX adsorption and increased TNT adsorption indicating different adsorption mechanisms. Organic carbon was a more significant indicator of explosives adsorption by WDC than clays or iron oxides and hydroxides. Therefore, OC is the most likely medium for facilitated transport of TNT and RDX.
Nutrient Variation in an Urban Lake Chain and its Consequences for Phytoplankton Production
Authors: Roach W. John , Grimm Nancy B.
Published: May 2009

In the Central Arizona–Phoenix (CAP) ecosystem, managers divert mixed stream water and groundwater to maintain an artificial lake chain in Indian Bend Wash (IBW), a historically flashy, ephemeral, desert stream. Nutrient concentrations in the CAP ecosystem's groundwater, stream water, and floodwater differ: stream water has low concentrations of both inorganic N and P, while groundwater is low in inorganic P but rich in nitrate (NO3−). Consequently, groundwater contribution drives inorganic N concentrations in the lake chain. In contrast, floodwater typically has high P concentrations while remaining low in N. Thus we expected N and P concentrations in IBW lakes to vary with the mix of water flowing through them. Elevated NO3− and low inorganic P concentrations were predicted when groundwater pumping was pronounced and this prediction was supported. We hypothesized that these predictable changes in water chemistry would affect nutrient limitation of phytoplankton. Laboratory nutrient‐addition bioassays demonstrated that phytoplankton growth was P‐limited throughout the summer of 2003 when N/P was high. However, after a late‐season flood drove N/P below 31:1, the expected threshold between N and P limitation, N limitation was observed. Our results indicate that effects of floods, the preeminent historic drivers of Sonoran Desert stream biogeochemistry, are mitigated in urban ecosystems by decisions about which spigots to turn. Consequently, nutrient limitation of urban streams is driven as much by management decisions as by natural hydrologic variation.
Recovery of Nitrogen Pools and Processes in Degraded Riparian Zones in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Walker John T. , Vose James M. , Knoepp Jennifer , Geron Christopher D.
Published: May 2009

Establishment of riparian buffers is an effective method for reducing nutrient input to streams. However, the underlying biogeochemical processes are not fully understood. The objective of this 4‐yr study was to examine the effects of riparian zone restoration on soil N cycling mechanisms in a mountain pasture previously degraded by cattle. Soil inorganic N pools, fluxes, and transformation mechanisms were compared across the following experimental treatments: (i) a restored area with vegetation regrowth; (ii) a degraded riparian area with simulated effects of continued grazing by compaction, vegetation removal, and nutrient addition (+N); and (iii) a degraded riparian area with simulated compaction and vegetation removal only (‐N). Soil solution NO3− concentrations and fluxes of inorganic N in overland flow were >90% lower in the restored treatment relative to the degraded (+N) treatment. Soil solution NO3− concentrations decreased more rapidly in the restored treatment relative to the degraded (‐N) following cattle (Bos taurus) exclusion. Mineralization and nitrification rates in the restored treatment were similar to the degraded (‐N) treatment and, on average, 75% lower than in the degraded (+N) treatment. Nitrogen trace gas fluxes indicated that restoration increased the relative importance of denitrification, relative to nitrification, as a pathway by which N is diverted from the receiving stream to the atmosphere. Changes in soil nutrient cycling mechanisms following restoration of the degraded riparian zone were primarily driven by cessation of N inputs. The recovery rate, however, was influenced by the rate of vegetation regrowth.
Leaching and Utilization of Nitrogen During a Spring Wheat Catch Crop Succession
Authors: Herrera Juan M. , Liedgens Markus
Published: May 2009

An experiment covering a 2‐yr spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) catch crop succession was conducted in lysimeters to account for the losses of N due to leaching. We sought to relate these losses to the N uptake of the main crop and to integrate the estimated N loss and uptake into a balance. The non‐winter hardy catch crops [yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)] as well as bare soil fallow were studied at low and high N input levels of 4 and 29 g N m−2 yr−1, respectively. Catch crops allowed for an effective reduction of N leaching of 0.33 to 1.67 g N m−2 yr−1 compared to fallow. Reductions in N leaching were achieved mainly by avoiding the fallow period during autumn and winter while the catch crop species grown had little impact. During the spring wheat growing season, N leaching losses were highest after yellow mustard, the most effective catch crop for the entire crop succession. A balance of N indicated that the reductions in N leaching exerted by the catch crops did not result in a higher overall utilization of N by spring wheat. Thus, the efficacy shown by catch crops in reducing N leaching during growth is relatively lower when considering the entire crop succession. In addition, the N saved by growing catch crops does not increase N utilization by succeeding spring wheat.
Photosynthetic Pigment Concentrations, Gas Exchange and Vegetative Growth for Selected Monocots and Dicots Treated with Two Contrasting Coal Fly Ashes
Authors: Yunusa Isa A. M. , Burchett Margaret D. , Manoharan V. , DeSilva D. Lionel , Eamus Derek , Skilbeck C. Greg
Published: May 2009

There is uncertainty as to the rates of coal fly ash needed for optimum physiological processes and growth. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that photosynthetic pigments concentrations and CO2 assimilation (A) are more sensitive than dry weights in plants grown on media amended with coal fly ash. We applied the Terrestrial Plant Growth Test (Guideline 208) protocols of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to monocots [barley (Hordeum vulgare) and ryegrass (Secale cereale)] and dicots [canola (Brasica napus), radish (Raphanus sativus), field peas (Pisum sativum), and lucerne (Medicago sativa)] on media amended with fly ashes derived from semi‐bituminous (gray ash) or lignite (red ash) coals at rates of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, or 20 Mg ha−1 The red ash had higher elemental concentrations and salinity than the gray ash. Fly ash addition had no significant effect on germination by any of the six species. At moderate rates (≤ 10 Mg ha−1) both ashes increased (p < 0.05) growth rates and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b, but reduced carotenoid concentrations. Addition of either ash increased A in radish and transpiration in barley. Growth rates and final dry weights were reduced for all of the six test species when addition rates exceeded 10 Mg ha−1 for gray ash and 5 Mg ha−1 for red ash. We concluded that plant dry weights, rather than pigment concentrations and/or instantaneous rates of photosynthesis, are more consistent for assessing subsequent growth in plants supplied with fly ash.
Enhancing Soil Infiltration Reduces Gaseous Emissions and Improves N Uptake from Applied Dairy Slurry
Authors: Bhandral R. , Bittman S. , Kowalenko G. , Buckley K. , Chantigny M.H. , Hunt D.E. , Bounaix F. , Friesen A.
Published: May 2009

Rapid infiltration of liquid manure into the soil reduces emissions of ammonia (NH3) into the atmosphere. This study was undertaken to assess the effects of two low‐cost methods of assisting infiltration of applied dairy slurry on emissions of NH3, nitrous oxide (N2O), and on crop N uptake. The two methods were removing of solids by settling‐decantation to make the manure less viscous and mechanically aerating the soil. Ammonia emissions were measured with wind tunnels as percentage of applied total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) while emissions of N2O were measured with vented chambers. Mechanically aerating the soil before manure application significantly reduced emissions of NH3relative to the nonaerated soil in spring (38.6 to 20.3% of applied TAN), summer (41.1 to 26.4% of applied TAN) and fall (27.7 to 13.6% of applied TAN) trials. Decantation of manure had no effect on NH3emissions in spring, tended to increase emissions in summer and significantly decreased emissions in fall (30.3 to 11.1% of applied TAN). Combining the two abatement techniques reduced NH3emission by 82% in fall, under cool weather conditions typical of manure spreading. The two abatement techniques generally did not significantly affect N2O emissions. Uptake of applied N by Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) was generally significantly greater with decanted than from whole manure but the effect of aeration was generally small and not significant. The study shows that low cost methods that assist manure infiltration into the soil may be used to greatly reduce ammonia loss without increasing N2O emissions, but efficacy of abatement methods is affected by weather conditions.
Banding of Urea Increased Ammonia Volatilization in a Dry Acidic Soil
Authors: Rochette Philippe , MacDonald J. Douglas , Angers Denis A. , Chantigny Martin H. , Gasser Marc‐Olivier , Bertrand Normand
Published: May 2009

Volatilization of ammonia following application of urea contributes to smog formation and degradation of natural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of (i) incorporation and banding of urea and (ii) surface broadcast of slow‐release urea types on NH3 volatilization in a dry acidic soil. Volatilization was measured using wind tunnels for 25 d after standard urea (140 kg N ha−1) was broadcast, broadcast and incorporated (0–5 cm), or incorporated in shallow bands (3–5 cm) to a conventionally tilled silty loam soil. Urea supplemented with a urease inhibitor or coated with a polymer was also broadcast at the soil surface. Little N diffused out of the polymer‐coated granules and ammonia losses were low (4% of applied N). Use of a urease inhibitor also resulted in a low NH3 loss (5% of applied N) while maintaining soil mineral N at levels similar to plots where untreated urea was broadcast. The rate of hydrolysis of urea broadcast at the soil surface was slowed by the lack of moisture and NH3 loss (9% applied N) was the lowest of all treatments with standard urea. Incorporation of broadcast urea increased emissions (16% applied N) by increasing urea hydrolysis relative to surface application. Furthermore, incorporation in band also increased emissions (27% applied N) due to a localized increase in soil pH from 6.0 to 8.7. We conclude that incorporating urea in bands in a dry acidic soil can increase NH3 volatilization compared to broadcast application followed by incorporation.
Trace Metal Dynamics in Floodplain Soils of the River Elbe: A Review
Authors: Schulz‐Zunkel Christiane , Krueger Frank
Published: May 2009

This paper reviews trace metal dynamics in floodplain soils using the Elbe floodplains in Germany as an example of extraordinary importance because of the pollution level of its sediments and soils. Trace metal dynamics are determined by processes of retention and release, which are influenced by a number of soil properties including pH value, redox potential, organic matter, type and amount of clay minerals, iron‐, manganese‐ and aluminum‐oxides. Today floodplains act as important sinks for contaminants but under changing hydraulic and geochemical conditions they may also act as sources for pollutants. In floodplains such changes may be extremes in flooding or dry periods that particularly lead to altered redox potentials and that in turn influence the pH value, the mineralization of organic matter as well as the charge of the pedogenic oxides. Such reactions may affect the bioavailability of trace metals in soils and it can be clearly seen that the bioavailability of metals is an important factor for estimating trace metal remobilization in floodplain soils. However as bioavailability is not a constant factor, there is still a lack of quantification of metal mobilization particularly on the basis of changing geochemical conditions. Moreover, mobile amounts of metals in the soil solution do not indicate to which extent remobilized metals will be transported to water bodies or plants and therefore potentially have toxicological effects. Consequently, floodplain areas still need to be taken into consideration when studying the role and behavior of sediments and soils for transporting pollutants within river systems, particularly concerning the Water Framework Directive.
Effects of Co‐Application of Biosolids and Water Treatment Residuals on Corn Growth and Bioavailable Phosphorus and Aluminum in Alkaline Soils in Egypt
Authors: Mahdy A. M. , Elkhatib E. A. , Fathi N. O. , Lin Z.‐Q.
Published: May 2009

The co‐application of biosolids and water treatment residuals (WTRs) has been previously trialed to reduce excessive bioavailable P in the soil treated with biosolids. However, uncertainty still exists regarding the environmental consequences of the co‐application of biosolids and WTRs, especially in alkaline soils in Egypt or the Middle East region. A greenhouse pot study was conducted with Egyptian alkaline soils to (i) quantify the effects of co‐application of biosolids and drinking WTRs on biomass production of corn (Zea maysL. cultivar single hybrid 10), (ii) determine the co‐application effects on Olsen‐P and KCl‐extractable Al in relation to their accumulation in plant tissues, and (iii) optimize the co‐application ratio of biosolids to WTRs for the best yield and effective reduction of soil bioavailable P. The results show that, among the studied soils treated with 1% biosolids along with various rates of WTRs, the corn yield increased significantly (P< 0.01) with increasing WTR application rate from 0 to 3% (w/w), but decreased at 4% application rate. The corn yield also significantly correlated with soil water holding capacity that increased with the addition of WTRs. Phosphorus uptake by plants significantly (P< 0.01) increased when the biosolid application rate was increased from 1 to 3% in the three studied soils that were treated with 1, 2, or 3% WTRs. The application of 4% WTRs in the biosolid‐amended soils resulted in a significant reduction in soil Olsen‐P values, but without having observable phytotoxicity of metals (such as Al) to corn during the growth period. The effective co‐application ratio of biosolids to WTRs, for increasing corn yield and minimizing the potential for bioavailable P in runoff, was approximately 1:1 at the application rate of 3% biosolids and 4% WTRs in the alkaline soils.
Impact of Gypsum Applied to Grass Buffer Strips on Reducing Soluble P in Surface Water Runoff
Authors: Watts D. B. , Torbert H. A.
Published: May 2009

The threat of P transport from land applied manure has resulted in water quality concerns. Research was conducted to evaluate gypsum as a soil amendment applied to grass buffer strips for reducing soluble P in surface runoff. A simulated concentrated flow was created in an established tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pasture. Poultry litter (PL) was applied at a rate of 250 kg N ha−1 to the upper 3.05 m of each plot, while gypsum was applied at rates of 0, 1, 3.2, and 5.6 Mg ha−1to the lower 1.52 m of the plot functioning as a grass buffer strip. Two 30‐min runoff events (∼4 L min−1) were conducted, immediately after PL application and 4 wk later to determined soluble P concentration in the surface water samples. The greatest concentration of soluble P was in the runoff event occurring immediately after the PL application. Gypsum applied to grass buffer strips was effective in reducing soluble P concentrations (32–40%) in surface runoff, while the untreated buffer strip was somewhat effective in reducing soluble P (18%). No significant differences were observed between gypsum rates, suggesting that land managers would achieve the greatest benefit from the lowest application rate (1Mgha−1). In the second runoff event, although concentrations of soluble P in the surface water runoff were greatly reduced, the effect of gypsum had disappeared. Thus, these results show that gypsum is most effective in reducing the initial P losses from PL application when applied to grass buffer strips. The information obtained from this study may be useful in aiding land managers in developing management practices that reduce soluble P loss at the edge of a field.
The Speciation of Silver Nanoparticles in Antimicrobial Fabric Before and After Exposure to a Hypochlorite/Detergent Solution
Authors: Impellitteri Christopher A. , Tolaymat Thabet M. , Scheckel Kirk G.
Published: May 2009

Because of their antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles are often used in consumer products. To assess environmental and/or human health risks from these nanoparticles, there is a need to identify the chemical transformations that silver nanoparticles undergo in different environments. Thus an antimicrobial sock material containing Ag nanoparticles was examined by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy to identify the speciation of Ag. The material was exposed to a hypochlorite/detergent solution and subjected to agitation. An elemental Ag nanopowder was also exposed to the hypochlorite/detergent solution or to a 1 mol L−1 NaCl solution. Results showed that the sock material nanoparticles consisted of elemental Ag. After exposure to the hypochlorite/detergent solution, a significant portion (more than 50%) of the sock nanoparticles were converted, in situ, to AgCl. Results from exposures to elemental Ag nanopowder suggest that an oxidation step is necessary for the elemental Ag nanoparticles to transform into AgCl as there was no evidence of AgCl formation in the presence of chloride alone. As a result, if Ag ions leach from consumer products, any chloride present may quickly scavenge the ions. In addition, the efficacy of Ag, as an antimicrobial agent in fabrics, may be limited, or even negated, after washing in solutions containing oxidizers as AgCl is much less reactive than Ag ion.
Reduction of Odor and Odorant Emissions from Slurry Stores by Means of Straw Covers
Authors: Blanes‐Vidal Victoria , Hansen Martin N. , Sousa Patricia
Published: May 2009

Swine (Sus scrofa) slurry stored in open storages is a source of airborne contaminants. A customary practice for ammonia and odor control consists of covering the surface of the slurry with floating materials, such as straw. Although straw covers have been proven to generally reduce gaseous emissions, more knowledge is needed regarding how age, moisture content, and microbiological development of the straw cover affect the emissions of odor and odorants to develop recommendations for the practical use of straw covers. This study compiles data on odor concentration and odorants above swine slurry covered by straw of different ages and moisture contents, during a 9 wk laboratory scale study. The results showed that aged straw covers significantly reduced emissions of ammonia (by 99%), dimethyl sulfide (by 81%), phenol (82%), p‐cresol (by 95%), skatole (by 98%), and benzylalcohol (by 97%), while no significant differences were found between uncovered and covered slurry for emission of odor, hydrogen sulfide, volatile fatty acids, dimethyl disulfide, and indole. The moisture content of the straw cover neither affected emissions of odor nor odorants. This study suggests that the main mechanism for odor and odorants emission reduction from straw covered slurry is as a physical barrier and not as a biofilter. However, the reduction in emissions of specific gases (such as ammonia, dimethyl sulfide, p‐cresol, and benzyl alcohol) appears to be also caused by the straw cover acting as a biofilter.
Impacts of Chemical Amendment and Plant Growth on Lead Speciation and Enzyme Activities in a Shooting Range Soil: An X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure Investigation
Authors: Hashimoto Yohey , Matsufuru Hiroki , Takaoka Masaki , Tanida Hajime , Sato Takeshi
Published: May 2009

In situ chemical immobilization is a practical remediation technology for metal‐contaminated soils because of its capability to reduce cost and environmental impacts. We assessed the immobilization effects of poultry waste amendment and plant growth (Panicum maximum Jacq.) on Pb speciation and enzyme activities in shooting range soils. Soil contaminated with Pb was obtained from the top 20 cm of a shooting range. To evaluate Pb mobility in the soil profile treated with plants and immobilizing amendment, we used large columns filled with Pb‐contaminated soil (0–20 cm, surface soils) and non‐contaminated soil (20–75 cm, subsurface soils). The column study demonstrated that the amendment reduced the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure–extractable Pb in the surface soil by 90% of the Control soil. Lead mobility from the surface to subsurface profiles was significantly attenuated by plant growth but was promoted by the amendment without plant application. The extended X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis revealed that the amendment reduced the proportion of PbCO3 and Pb‐organic complexes and transformed them into a more geochemically stable species of Pb5(PO4)3Cl with 30 to 35% of the total Pb species. Applications of plant and amendment increased activities of dehydrogenase and phosphatase in the surface soil with 2.7‐ and 1.1‐fold greater than those in Control, respectively. The use of amendments in combination with plant growth may have potential as an integrated remediation strategy that enables Pb immobilization and soil biological restoration in shooting range soils.
Effectiveness of a Depression Disease Management Program in Improving Depression and Work Function—A Pilot Study
Authors: Zivin Kara , Kerber Kevin , Kuebler Julie , Jiang Qingmei , Walters Heather , Klinkman Michael , McInnis Melvin , Valenstein Marcia
Published: May 2009

Objective:

We examined whether there were differences in depression and work function outcomes among primary care and specialty mental health patients treated by the Michigan Depression Outreach and Collaborative Care (M-DOCC), a depression care management program, developed by the University of Michigan Depression Center. In addition, we examined the relationship between depressive symptoms and workplace functioning among M-DOCC enrollees over time.

Method:

We used mixed model and logistic regression analyses.

Results:

Despite baseline differences in patient characteristics between primary care and specialty care patients, the location of treatment setting was not a significant predictor of depression or work function outcomes over time among patients enrolled in a depression care management program. Patients in both treatment settings showed significant decreases in depressive and functional impairment over time, with improvements in these symptoms occurring concurrently. Patients with greater case severity were less likely to demonstrate depression and work function improvements over time, and more severe side effects were associated with fewer depression symptom improvements over time.

Conclusions:

Both depression and work function outcomes improved over time among patients enrolled in a depression care management program, and this improvement did not differ based on whether a patient was treated in a primary or specialty care setting.
Culture-Bound Syndromes in Hispanic Primary Care Patients
Authors: Bayles Bryan P. , Katerndahl David A.
Published: May 2009

Introduction:

We sought to document Hispanic primary care patients' knowledge and experience of five culture-bound syndromes (CBS), as well as the basic socio-cultural correlates of these disorders.

Methods:

A convenience sample of 100 adult Hispanic patients presenting in an urban South Texas primary care clinic was recruited to complete a brief cross-sectional survey, presented in an oral format. Interviews sought information concerning five culture-bound syndromes— susto, empacho, nervios, mal de ojo, and ataques de nervios. Additional demographic, socio-economic, and acculturation data was collected. Descriptive and bivariate statistics (chi square, Fisher's) were used to assess relationships among variables and experience with each CBS. A multivariate logistic analysis was conducted to determine the possible contributions of age, gender, acculturation, and education to the personal experience of a culture-bound syndrome.

Results:

Results indicate that 77% of respondents had knowledge of all five syndromes, with 42% reporting having personally experienced at least one CBS. Nervios was the most commonly suffered disorder, being reported by 30 respondents. This was followed, in declining order of prevalence, by susto, mal de ojo, empacho, and ataques de nervios. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that higher education beyond high school was associated with a slightly decreased likelihood of reporting having suffered from any culture-bound syndrome. While co-occurrence among these disorders occurred, the patterns of predictors suggest that the co-occurrence is not a reflection of mislabeling of one common syndrome.

Conclusion:

Knowledge of and experience with culture-bound syndromes is common among Hispanic primary care patients in South Texas. Healthcare providers ought to consider discussing these illnesses in a non-judgmental manner with patients who present with symptoms that are consistent with these syndromes. Future studies, with larger sample sizes, are warranted to elucidate the nature of culture-bound disorders and their relationships with conventional diagnostic entities and treatment-seeking behaviors.
Medically Unexplained Symptoms Presenting at Secondary Care—A Comparison of White Europeans and People of South Asian Ethnicity
Authors: Mangwana Sonia , Burlinson Sarah , Creed Francis
Published: May 2009

Objective:

To assess whether, among new out-patients at secondary care medical clinics, people of South Asian origin have a higher proportion of medically unexplained symptoms, and receive different care compared to white Europeans.

Method:

A retrospective case note study was performed in a district general hospital with a high proportion of ethnic minorities in the local population. We examined the notes of 100 people each of South Asian and white European origin who were in the 20–39 years age range and attending as new medical out-patients. We recorded the presenting symptoms, investigation results, and management plan, and from this we classified them as either explained by recognized organic disease or medically unexplained. We also recorded the number of investigations and whether psychosocial factors were mentioned in the letter to the referring doctor.

Results:

Complete data were available for 93 people of South Asian origin and 98 white Europeans. The proportion of each who had medically unexplained symptoms was 52% and 49% respectively. The mean number ( SD) of investigations in each was 1.8 (1.5) and 1.7 (1.6). Psychosocial factors were mentioned in correspondence of 42% and 45% respectively.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of medically unexplained symptoms, in this UK clinic, is similar among younger adults of South Asian and white European origin. South Asians undergo similar investigation and psychosocial inquiry to their white counterparts, suggesting that younger South Asians are managed similarly to white Europeans with respect to this aspect of medical care.
Repetition of Suicide-Related Behavior: A Study of the Characteristics, Psychopathology, Suicidality and Negative Life Events in Iran
Authors: Sheikholeslami Homayoun , Kani Camellia , Kani Kayvan , Ghafelebashi Hossein
Published: May 2009

Objective:

Repetition of suicide-related behavior (SRB) is a risk factor for further suicidal behavior and death. The purpose of this study was to compare characteristics of patients with and without repeated episodes of SRB to determine whether characteristics of suicide attempt, psychopathology, and psychiatric comorbidity differ between groups, and if specific aspects of core suicidality may help guide screening of individuals at risk of further suicidal behaviors.

Methods:

Thirty-five patient with repeated episodes of SRB and 49 with a single episode who came to the emergency room of two Qazvin referral hospitals after an episode of SRB were compared on demographic and background characteristics, the circumstances of the suicide attempts, levels of suicidality (i.e., ideation), and psychological characteristics.

Results:

Patients with repeated episodes were more depressed, hopeless, and impulsive, had higher scores on factors associated with expected outcome and planning activities of the Suicide Intent Scale. They displayed greater suicidality, psychiatric comorbidity, and reported more negative life events, dissatisfaction with life, and poorer perceive social support.

Conclusions:

Some of the characteristics of patients with repeated suicide-related behavior propose major clinical challenges that should be addressed in an endeavor to reduce suicide risk.
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Quality of Life in Obese Patients. Results from a Case-Control Study
Authors: Carpiniello Bernardo , Pinna Federica , Pillai Gianluca , Nonnoi Valentina , Pisano Enrica , Corrias Silvia , Orrù Maria Germana , Orrù Walter , Velluzzi Fernanda , Loviselli Andrea
Published: May 2009

Objective:

The authors sought to evaluate psychiatric comorbidity, subjective quality of life, and impact of psychopathology on quality of life measures in a clinical sample of patients attending a center for the diagnosis and treatment of obesity compared to a matched sample of non-obese subjects.

Methods:

Two hundred ninety-three consecutive obese patients (48 males, 245 females, mean age 45.41 α 13.55 yrs; mean BMI 35.60 α 6.20) were compared with a control group made of 293 non obese subjects (48 males, 245 females, mean age 45.66 α 13.86 yrs; mean BMI 21.8 α 2.06); all subjects were interviewed by means of SCID I and SCID II and completed the WHO-QoL-Bref, a self-administered instrument for evaluation of subjective quality of life.

Results:

Obesity was associated with a significant lifetime major risk both for axis I (OR = 3.47, p = 0.000) and axis II disorders (OR = 2.27, p = 0.000); obesity was also associated with significantly lower measures of subjective quality of life on physical, social, and psychological domains; comorbidity with axis I/II disorders was associated with lower QoL measures on WHO-QoL-Bref, in particular among obese patients.

Conclusions:

Obesity is significantly associated with a significant major risk of psychiatric comorbidity and poor quality of life; comorbid mental disorders play a significant role in worsening quality of life of obese patients; a multimodal approach to the treatment of obesity, including psychiatric evaluation and intervention, is needed to improve quality of life of patients.