bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resveratrol affects in vitro rumen fermentation, methane production and prokaryotic community composition in a time‐ and diet‐specific manner
Authors: Ma Tao , Wu W. , Tu Y. , Zhang N. , Diao Q.
Published: April 2020

This study aimed to investigate the effect of resveratrol on methane production, rumen fermentation and microbial composition under high‐concentrate (HC) and high‐forage (HF) diets using the in vitro fermentation system. A total of 25 mg of resveratrol was supplemented into 300 mg of either HC or HF diet. Methane production, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, molar proportion of VFA, metabolites of resveratrol and prokaryotic community composition were measured after 12 and 24 h of in vitro fermentation. Resveratrol reduced methane production (ml per mg of dry matter degraded) by 41% and 60% under both HC and HF diets (P < 0.001), respectively, and this result could be associated with the lower abundance of Methanobrevibacter (P < 0.001) in response to resveratrol. The molar proportion of propionate was significantly higher in the resveratrol group only under the HC diet (P = 0.045). The relative abundance of 10 bacterial genera was affected by the three‐way interaction of treatment, diet and time (P < 0.05). Resveratrol was partly converted to dihydroresveratrol after 24 h of fermentation, and its degradation could be associated with microbes belonging to the order Coriobacteriales. Our results suggest that multiple factors (e.g. diet and time) should be considered in animal experiments to test the effect of polyphenol or other plant extracts on rumen fermentation, methane emission and microbial composition.
Non‐pesticide alternatives for reducing feeding damage caused by the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.)
Authors: Lalík Michal , Galko Juraj , Nikolov Christo , Rell Slavomír , Kunca Andrej , Modlinger Roman , Holuša Jaroslav
Published: April 2020

The large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) is an important pest of young forest stands in Europe. Larvae develop under the bark of freshly cut pine and spruce stumps, but maturing weevils feed on the bark of coniferous seedlings. Such seedlings frequently die because of bark consumption near the root collar. We tested the effect of three treatments (the insecticide alpha cypermethrin, a wax coating and a glue coating) on the feeding damage caused by H. abietis on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings under semi‐natural conditions. In two experiments (one in 2016 and another in 2017) seedlings in cages were subjected to pine weevil feeding for 16 weeks under shaded outdoor conditions. The experiment in 2016 compared insecticide and wax treatments and an untreated control on Douglas fir and Norway spruce, and the experiment in 2017 compared insecticide, wax and glue treatments and an untreated control on Norway spruce. In both experiments, all treatments significantly reduced H. abietis feeding damage at week 8 at the end of both experiments (week 16); the effect of treatments was significant only on spruce seedlings. The damages on Douglas fir seedlings was less on treated seedlings than on untreated control seedlings but differences were not significant. Coating stems with glue and especially with wax was generally effective at reducing weevil damage and in most cases provided control that was not significantly different from that provided by insecticide treatment. Our results suggest that a wax coating has the potential to replace the protection of seedlings provided by insecticides.
Factors associated with receipt of the 5As model of brief intervention for smoking cessation among hospitalized patients
Authors: Martínez Cristina , Feliu Ariadna , Castellano Yolanda , Fu Marcela , Fernández Paz , Cabrera‐Jaime Sandra , Puig‐Llobet Montse , Galimany Jordi , Guydish Joseph , Fernández Esteve ,   ETHIF Research Group
Published: April 2020

Background and Aims

Guidelines recommend the 5As model of brief intervention for providing smoking cessation support in clinical settings. This study assessed patient and hospital characteristics associated with self‐reported receipt of the 5As (ask, advise, assess, assist and arrange).

Design

Multi‐center cross‐sectional study.

Setting and participants

Adult inpatients (n = 1047) were randomly selected from 13 hospitals in the Barcelona province of Spain in 2014–2015.

Measurements

We explored participants’ receipt of the 5As through a questionnaire. Given the progressiveness of the 5As, we recoded the fulfillment of the intervention as: A0: no intervention; A1: ask; A2: ask and advise; A3: A2 and assess; A4: A3 and assist; and A5: A4 and arrange a follow‐up. We explored patient (e.g. age, sex, comorbidities) and hospital (e.g. type of hospital, unit) characteristics. We adjusted multi‐level robust Poisson regression models to estimate the adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) of the association between the recoded 5As intervention received.

Findings

A total of 60.4% (n = 624) of patients had been asked (A1) about their smoking status. Among smokers, 46.5% (n = 90) were advised (A2), 26.6% (n = 48) assessed (A3) and 4.6% (n = 10) received all the components of the 5As (A5). Middle‐aged smokers [aPR = 3.63; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.69–7.79] with a respiratory disease (aPR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.11–4.34) were most likely to have been asked, advised and assessed (A3). The cessation intervention was most frequently performed by physicians.

Conclusions

In the Barcelona province of Spain, it appears that fewer than half of hospitalized patients who smoke were advised to quit and few received the full ‘five As’ brief intervention for smoking cessation.
Phospholipase C zeta profiles are indicative of optimal sperm parameters and fertilisation success in patients undergoing fertility treatment
Authors: Kashir Junaid , Mistry Bhavesh V. , BuSaleh Lujain , Abu‐Dawas Reema , Nomikos Michail , Ajlan Ahmed , Abu‐Dawud Raed , AlYacoub Nadya , AlHassan Saad , Lai F. Anthony , Assiri Abdullah M. , Coskun Serdar
Published: April 2020

Background

Oocyte activation is driven by intracellular calcium (Ca2+) oscillations induced by sperm‐specific PLCζ, abrogation of which causes oocyte activation deficiency in humans. Clinical PLCζ investigations have been limited to severe male infertility conditions, while PLCζ levels and localisation patterns have yet to be associated with general sperm viability.

Materials and Methods

PLCζ profiles were examined within a general population of males attending a fertility clinic (65 patients; aged 29‐53), examining PLCζ throughout various fractions of sperm viability. Male recruitment criteria required a minimum sperm count of 5 × 106 spermatozoa/mL, while all female patients included in this study yielded at least five oocytes for treatment. Sperm count, motility and semen volume were recorded according to standard WHO reference guidelines and correlated with PLCζ profiles examined via immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Appropriate fertility treatments were performed following routine clinical standard operating protocols, and fertilisation success determined by successful observation of second polar body extrusion.

Results and Discussion

Four distinct PLCζ patterns were observed at the equatorial, acrosomal + equatorial regions of the sperm head, alongside a dispersed pattern, and a population of spermatozoa without any PLCζ. Acrosomal + equatorial PLCζ correlated most to sperm health, while dispersed PLCζ correlated to decreased sperm viability. Total levels of PLCζ exhibited significant correlations with sperm parameters. PLCζ variance corresponded to reduced sperm health, potentially underlying cases of male sub‐fertility and increasing male age. Finally, significantly higher levels of PLCζ were exhibited by cases of fertilisation success, alongside higher proportions of Ac + Eq, and lower levels of dispersed PLCζ.

Conclusions

PLCζ potentially represents a biomarker of sperm health, and fertilisation capacity in general cases of patients seeking fertility treatment, and not just cases of repeated fertilisation. Further focused investigations are required with larger cohorts to examine the full clinical potential of PLCζ.
Is the primary AZFc duplication a potential risk for male infertility?: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xie Shengyu , Zhang Yangwei , Yang Yuan
Published: April 2020

Background

Numerous studies have been performed to investigate the association between the primary AZFc duplication and male infertility risk; however, the sample sizes have been small and the results have been controversial. A meta‐analysis was performed to assess these associations.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted to identify all relevant studies from the PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, CNKI, and Wanfang databases up to October 22, 2019. The odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of associations. All of the statistical analyses were conducted by using RevMan 5.3.

Results

Eleven studies were identified that involved 3140 infertile men and 2280 fertile men. Overall, there was a statistically significant association between the primary AZFc duplication and male infertility (OR = 1.66, 95% CI  = 1.29‐2.14, P < .0001). In the subgroup analysis by ethnic group, a statistically significant association between the primary AZFc duplication and male infertility was observed in Asian men (OR  =  2.26, 95% CI  = 1.64‐3.12, P < .00001), but not in European men (OR  =  0.90, 95% CI = 0.59‐1.38, P = .64). For subtypes of the primary AZFc duplication, a statistically significant association was observed between the gr/gr duplication‐only (OR  = 2.71, 95% CI  = 1.38‐5.32, P = .004) and infertility in Asian men. Asian men with the primary AZFc duplication resulting in more than four DAZ genes were found to be at an increased risk for infertility (OR  = 2.70, 95% CI  = 1.49‐4.89, P = .001).

Conclusion

Our meta‐analysis provides an unprecedented illustration of how the association between the primary AZFc duplication and male infertility may be dependent on ethnicity or geographic location. Furthermore, gr/gr duplication or increased DAZ copy number can be detrimental to spermatogenesis in Asian men.
Effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab induction therapy for 103 patients with ulcerative colitis: a GETAID multicentre real‐world cohort study
Authors: Amiot Aurélien , Filippi Jérôme , Abitbol Vered , Cadiot Guillaume , Laharie David , Serrero Melanie , Altwegg Romain , Bouhnik Yoram , Peyrin‐Biroulet Laurent , Gilletta Cyrielle , Roblin Xavier , Pineton de Chambrun Guillaume , Vuitton Lucine , Bourrier Anne , Nancey Stephane , Gornet Jean‐Marc , Nahon Stephane , Bouguen Guillaume , Viennot Stephanie , Pariente Benjamin , Fumery Mathurin ,   UC‐USK‐GETAID Study Group
Published: April 2020

Background

Phase III trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis (UC), but few real‐world data are currently available.

Aim

To assess short‐term effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab in patients with UC.

Methods

From January to September 2019, all patients with UC treated with ustekinumab in 20 French GETAID centres were retrospectively included. The primary outcome was steroid‐free clinical remission (partial Mayo Clinic score ≤2) at weeks 12‐16 without a rectal bleeding subscore >1.

Results

Among the 103 patients included, 70% had been previously exposed to ≥2 anti‐TNF agents and 85% to vedolizumab. At weeks 12‐16, steroid‐free clinical remission and clinical remission rates were 35.0% and 39.8% respectively; the absence of rectal bleeding with normal stool frequency was noted in 19.4% of patients. Two patients discontinued ustekinumab before the week 12‐16 visit and underwent surgery. In multivariable analysis, a partial Mayo Clinic score >6 at inclusion (18.6% vs 46.7%, P = 0.003) and a history of both exposure to anti‐TNF and vedolizumab therapies (27.3% vs 80.0%, P = 0.001) were negatively associated with steroid‐free clinical remission at weeks 12‐16. Adverse events occurred in 7.8% of patients and serious adverse events in 3.9% of patients.

Conclusion

In a cohort of highly refractory patients with UC with multiple prior drug failures, ustekinumab provided steroid‐free clinical remission in one‐third of cases at weeks 12‐16. Clinical severity and previous use of anti‐TNF and vedolizumab therapies were associated with ustekinumab failure at weeks 12‐16.
A sex‐specific, COX‐derived/thromboxane receptor activator causes depolarization and vasoconstriction in male mice mesenteric resistance arteries
Authors: Chen Hua , Simonsen Ulf , Aalkjaer Christian
Published: April 2020

We investigated whether sex differences exist in cyclooxygenase‐dependent effects on membrane potential and relaxation in mice mesenteric resistance arteries. Mesenteric small arteries of 9‐ to 12‐week‐old, male and female, wild‐type mice, db/+ mice and diabetic db/db mice were mounted in myographs for measurements of isobaric diameter and smooth muscle cell membrane potential. Acetylcholine caused smaller dilation of arteries from male db/+ mice compared to arteries from female db/+ mice. In the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), acetylcholine‐induced dilation of arteries from males increased in the presence of indomethacin and the COX‐1‐specific inhibitor FR122047. The presence of indomethacin was also associated with a more negative membrane potential in arteries from males. In arteries from db/db mice, no sex differences were seen. In arteries from male but not female wild‐type mice, the thromboxane receptor blocker SQ29,548 increased relaxation to acetylcholine. In contrast to arteries from female mice, COX (most likely COX‐1)‐derived prostanoids and activation of thromboxane receptors counteract acetylcholine vasodilatation probably through increased smooth muscle depolarization in arteries from male mice. In mice with diabetes and pronounced endothelial dysfunction, inhibition of COX did not enhance acetylcholine vasodilatation.
An orally available hypoglycaemic peptide taken up by caveolae transcytosis displays improved hypoglycaemic effects and body weight control in db/db mice
Authors: Lu Weisheng , Tian Hong , Qian Peng , Li Ying , Wang Yongkang , Ge Yang , Sai Wenbo , Gao Xiangdong , Yao Wenbing
Published: April 2020

Background and Purpose

Type 2 diabetes is one of the most severe chronic diseases and is an increasingly important public health problem worldwide. Several agonists of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor have been developed to treat Type 2 diabetes but most of them are administered by injection. This mode of administration seriously reduces patient compliance and increases the risk of infection. Here, we describe the actions of a novel, orally available, GLP‐1 receptor agonist ‐ oral hypoglycaemic peptide 2 (OHP2) ‐ derived from exendin‐4 by replacing amino acids. We have also investigated its pharmacokinetic profiles, therapeutic effects and absorption mechanism.

Experimental Approach

Healthy Wistar rats were used for pharmacokinetic analyses. In diabetic db/db mice. OHP2 was given for 8 weeks to evaluate its effects on hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, basal metabolism and tissue injury. Possible endocytosis and transcytosis mechanisms of OHP2 uptake were explored in Caco‐2 cell monolayers.

Key Results

In rats, the absolute bioavailability of orally administered OHP2 was 20‐fold greater than that of orally administered exendin‐4. In db/db mice, OHP2 dose‐dependently exhibits good potential in glucose‐lowering and weight loss after oral administration. OHP2 also alleviated hyperlipidaemia, ameliorated energy metabolism and promoted tissue repair in diabetic mice. Furthermore, uptake of OHP2 by Caco‐2 cells was dependent on caveolae‐mediated transcytosis rather than endocytosis mediated by GLP‐1 receptors.

Conclusions and Implications

OHP2 is a potential, orally bioavailable, candidate drug for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Its transcytosis mechanism of uptake could help in the development of absorption enhancers of OHP2.
Voltage modulates the effect of μ‐receptor activation in a ligand‐dependent manner
Authors: Ruland Julia G. , Kirchhofer Sina B. , Klindert Sebastian , Bailey Chris P. , Bünemann Moritz
Published: April 2020

Background and Purpose

Various GPCRs have been described as being modulated in a voltage‐dependent manner. Opioid analgesics act via activation of μ receptors in various neurons. As neurons are exposed to large changes in membrane potential, we were interested in studying the effects of depolarization on μ receptor signalling.

Experimental Approach

We investigated potential voltage sensitivity of μ receptors in heterologous expression systems (HEK293T cells) using electrophysiology in combination with Förster resonance energy transfer‐based assays. Depolarization‐induced changes in signalling were also tested in physiological rat tissue containing locus coeruleus neurons. We applied depolarization steps across the physiological range of membrane potentials.

Key Results

Studying μ receptor function and signalling in cells, we discovered that morphine‐induced signalling was strongly dependent on the membrane potential (VM). This became apparent at the level of G‐protein activation, G‐protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir3.X) currents and binding of GPCR kinases and arrestin3 to μ receptors by a robust increase in signalling upon membrane depolarization. The pronounced voltage sensitivity of morphine‐induced μ receptor activation was also observed at the level of Kir3.X currents in rat locus coeruleus neurons. The efficacy of peptide ligands to activate μ receptors was not (Met‐enkephalin) or only moderately ([D‐Ala2, N‐Me‐Phe4, Gly5‐ol]‐enkephalin) enhanced upon depolarization. In contrast, depolarization reduced the ability of the analgesic fentanyl to activate μ receptors.

Conclusion and Implications

Our results indicate a strong ligand‐dependent modulation of μ receptor activity by the membrane potential, suggesting preferential activity of morphine in neurons with high neuronal activity.
We listed patients and we should transplant them
Authors: Howard Richard J.
Published: April 2020

Twenty percent of kidneys recovered for transplantation are discarded. The most common reason for not transplanting these kidneys is to organ quality and biopsy findings. Yet, organ quality measures are not associated with discard rates and kidneys with poorer quality measures lead to greater life span for the recipient compared to staying on dialysis. Biopsy findings are not correlated with graft survival in most cases. The risk aversion of transplant centers from using “high‐risk” kidneys can be, in part at least, attributed to negative consequences of poor graft survival with possible program sanctions or possible loss of insurance contracts. CMS has taken a first step by eliminating short‐term graft survival as a performance measure for transplant centers. Many of the discarded kidneys will provide good results if transplanted and would recognize that patients value getting a transplant above graft survival.
Role of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours
Authors: Domanski Henryk. A.
Published: April 2020

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely accepted safe, simple and rapid diagnostic procedure used in the examination of neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions of various locations. Since its introduction, FNAC has developed into an effective diagnostic tool practiced in a large majority of medical centres evaluating and treating oncological patients. The role of FNAC has been limited in the examination of primary soft tissue lesions, however, as many physicians working in this area recommended against using FNAC. An increasing use of minimally invasive diagnostic procedures in the last decade has resulted in a better acceptance of FNAC as a first‐line approach or as a complementary tool to core needle biopsy in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal lesions. This review discusses the role and value of FNAC in the evaluation and treatment of soft tissue tumours based on the experience gathered over the course of 48 years at the Sarcoma Center in Lund, Sweden. FNAC reports most often provide diagnostic information allowing the initiation of treatment or, when definitive diagnosis cannot be rendered from a cytological examination, guiding the continued diagnostic investigation. The main advantages of soft tissue FNAC are good sensitivity and specificity, low morbidity, speed of diagnosis, and low cost/benefit ratio. The most important disadvantages stem from limited experience in cytological diagnosis of soft tissue tumours and a lack of standardised and uniform reporting system for soft tissue FNAC.
Die Linienmuster der Haut und ihre Dermatosen
Authors: Senner Sonja , Eicher Laurie , Nasifoglu Suzan , Wollenberg Andreas
Published: April 2020

Die Kenntnis der Linienmuster der Haut stellt eine Schlüsselkompetenz für jeden Dermatologen dar. Vier Hauptgruppen von Linienmustern sind relevant: Langer‐Linien, Dermatome, Blaschko‐Linien und exogene Muster. Die Langer‐Linien markieren die Richtung der geringsten Spannung der Haut und sind diagnostisch wichtig für einige exanthematische Hauterkrankungen. Die thorakodorsale Manifestation der Langer‐Linien wurde als christmas tree pattern herausgestellt. Dermatome sind Hautfelder, die von den sensiblen Spinalnerven innerviert werden. Hauterkrankungen mit neuronaler Pathogenese folgen diesem Muster. Blaschko‐Linien sind kutane Manifestationen genetischer Mosaike, die während der Embryogenese entstehen. Exogene lineare Muster werden durch äußere Faktoren verursacht.

Im Folgenden werden einerseits primär in diesen Mustern auftretende Dermatosen besprochen und andererseits Hauterkrankungen aufgezeigt, die sekundär durch Mechanismen der Anbindung (wie Köbner‐Phänomen, Renbök‐Phänomen oder isotope Reaktion) diesen Mustern folgen oder diese aussparen.
Improving the peri‐operative pathway of people with diabetes undergoing elective surgery: the IP3D project
Authors: Page E. , Allen R. , Wensley F. , Rayman G.
Published: April 2020

Aim

To determine whether outcomes for people with diabetes undergoing elective surgery improve following the introduction of innovations in the peri‐operative care pathway.

Methods

Following a baseline audit of 185 people with diabetes listed for elective surgery (July to December 2017) with a length of stay > 24 hours, a number of changes in practice were implemented. These included dissemination of a ‘diabetes peri‐operative passport’ to participants preoperatively, formation of a diabetes surgery working group, recruitment of surgical diabetes champions and the roll‐out of surgical diabetes study days. Crucial was recruitment of a diabetes peri‐operative nurse, whose role included engaging and educating others and supporting individuals throughout their peri‐operative diabetes care. Records of 166 individuals listed for surgery during the implementation period (July to December 2018) were then audited using the same methodology.

Results

The availability of a recent HbA1c measurement significantly increased (63% vs 92%; P ≤ 0.001). The mean HbA1c of those seen for optimizations by the diabetes peri‐operative nurse significantly decreased [84 mmol/mol (9.8%) vs 62 mmol/mol (7.8%); P ≤ 0.001]. Recurrent hypoglycaemia significantly decreased (7.0% vs 0.6%; P = 0.002) and the mean number of hyperglycaemic events in people experiencing hyperglycaemia almost halved (3.0 vs 1.7; P=0.007). The mean length of hospital stay significantly decreased (4.8 vs 3.3 days; P=0.001) and, crucially, 30‐day readmissions did not increase (12% vs 9%; P=0.307). Postoperative complications significantly decreased (28% vs 16%; P=0.008), including a composite of dysglycaemic complications, poor wound healing, wound infection and other infections (12% vs 5.4%; P=0.023).

Conclusion

The new pathway improved important peri‐operative outcomes for people with diabetes undergoing elective surgery with the potential for cost savings. These findings could have important implications for peri‐operative care on a wider scale.
High‐protein meals require 30% additional insulin to prevent delayed postprandial hyperglycaemia
Authors: Paterson M. A. , Smart C. E. M. , Howley P. , Price D. A. , Foskett D. C. , King B. R.
Published: April 2020

Aim

To determine the amount of additional insulin required for a high‐protein meal to prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy.

Methods

In this randomized cross‐over study, 26 participants aged 8–40 years, HbA1c < 65 mmol/mol (8.1%), received a 50 g protein, 30 g carbohydrate, low‐fat (< 1 g) breakfast drink over five consecutive days at home. A standard insulin dose (100%) was compared with additional doses of 115, 130, 145 and 160% for the protein, in randomized order. Doses were commenced 15‐min pre‐drink and delivered over 3 h using a combination bolus with 65% of the standard dose given up front. Postprandial glycaemia was assessed by 4 h of continuous glucose monitoring.

Results

The 100% dosing resulted in postprandial hyperglycaemia. From 120 min, ≥ 130% doses resulted in significantly lower postprandial glycaemic excursions compared with 100% (P < 0.05). A 130% dose produced a mean (sd) glycaemic excursion that was 4.69 (2.42) mmol/l lower than control, returning to baseline by 4 h (P < 0.001). From 120 min, there was a significant increase in the risk of hypoglycaemia compared with control for 145% [odds ratio (OR) 25.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5–206; P < 0.001) and 160% (OR 103, 95% CI 19.2–993; P < 0.001). Some 81% (n = 21) of participants experienced hypoglycaemia following a 160% dose, whereas 58% (n = 15) experienced hypoglycaemia following a 145% dose. There were no hypoglycaemic events reported with 130%.

Conclusions

The addition of 30% more insulin to a standard dose for a high‐protein meal, delivered using a combination bolus, improves postprandial glycaemia without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia.
Phylogenetic conservatism and biogeographic affinity influence woody plant species richness–climate relationships in eastern Eurasia
Authors: Su Xiangyan , Shrestha Nawal , Xu Xiaoting , Sandanov Denis , Wang Qinggang , Wang Siyang , Dimitrov Dimitar , Wang Zhiheng
Published: April 2020

Mechanisms underlying species richness patterns remain a central yet controversial issue in biology. Climate has been regarded as a major determinant of species richness. However, the relative influences of different evolutionary processes, (i.e. niche conservatism, diversification rate and time for speciation) on species richness–climate relationships remain to be tested. Here, using newly compiled distribution maps for 11 422 woody plant species in eastern Eurasia, we estimated species richness patterns for all species and for families with tropical and temperate affinities separately, and explored the phylogenetic signals in species richness patterns of different families and their relationships with contemporary climate and climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We further compared the effects of niche conservatism (represented by contemporary‐ancestral climatic niches differences), diversification rate and time for speciation (represented by family age) on variation in the slopes of species richness–climate relationships. We found that winter coldness was the best predictor for species richness patterns of most tropical families while Quaternary climate change was the best predictor for those of most temperate families. Species richness patterns of closely‐related families were more similar than those of distantly‐related families within eudicots, and significant phylogenetic signals characterized the slopes of species richness–climate relationships across all angiosperm families. Contemporary‐ancestral climatic niche differences dominated variation in the relationships between family‐level species richness and most climate variables. Our results indicate significant phylogenetic conservatism in family‐level species richness patterns and their relationships with contemporary climate within eudicots. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying large‐scale species richness patterns and suggest that ancestral climatic niche may influence the evolution of species richness–climate relationships in plants through niche conservatism.
Nest box contentions: Are nest boxes used by the species they target?
Authors: Goldingay Ross L. , Rohweder David , Taylor Brendan D.
Published: April 2020

Nest boxes have grown in popularity as a habitat management tool in Australia during the last decade. This management use remains contentious because some studies suggest nest boxes are ineffective. There are three recent contentions: (i) nest boxes mostly benefit common species, (ii) exotic species may be dominant users of nest boxes, and (iii) species of conservation concern use nest boxes infrequently. We address these contentions using data from 1865 nest boxes involving eight nest box designs. These nest boxes were installed predominantly <200 m from a road in association with highway duplication and re‐alignment across 16 projects in New South Wales. The Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the species of most relevance to contention 1. It used 9% of boxes overall including 26% of ‘possum’ designated boxes. The most frequent nest box users were small petaurid gliders (mostly Sugar Gliders, Petaurus breviceps) which used 63% of ‘small glider’ designated boxes. This nest box and another suited to the Sugar Glider comprised 40% of all boxes installed, so it is not surprising that this species might be a common user. Exotic species were uncommon users of the nest boxes enabling contention 2 to be rejected. Active hives of Feral Honeybees (Apis mellifera) occupied just 1% of boxes, and another 1% of boxes were used by introduced rodents and birds. The Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) is the species most relevant to contention 3. It was seen in 80 boxes across 11 projects, representing 7% of the three types most frequently used. These observations are not consistent with the third contention. Nest boxes can provide many important insights about the requirements and interactions of hollow‐dependent fauna. However, they are not intended as an alternative to retaining hollow‐bearing trees.
Molecular analysis and clinical diversity of distal hereditary motor neuropathy
Authors: Liu X. , Duan X. , Zhang Y. , Sun A. , Fan D.
Published: April 2020

Background and purpose

Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMNs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic distribution of dHMNs in a large cohort of Chinese patients and provide insight into the underlying common pathophysiology of dHMNs.

Methods

Multi‐gene panel testing or whole‐exome sequencing was performed in 70 index patients with clinically diagnosed dHMN between January 2007 and December 2018. The clinical features, Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) neuropathy scores and electrophysiological data at diagnosis were recorded.

Results

Twenty‐four causative mutations were identified in 70 index patients with dHMN (34.3%). Mutation in the HSPB1 gene was the most common cause of dHMN. Some CMT genes (MPZ, SH3TC2, GDAP1) were found to be related to dHMN with minor sensory involvement. Patients with a dHMN‐plus phenotype (distal motor neuropathy and additional neurological deficits) carried variants in genes related to hereditary spastic paraplegia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy (FUS, KIF5A, KIF1B, ZFYVE26, DNAJB2).

Conclusions

Comprehensive genetic testing of dHMN patients allows for identification of the pathogenic mutation in one‐third of cases. Pure motor neuropathies and motor neuropathies with minor sensory involvement share many genes with CMT disease. Causes for dHMN‐plus phenotypes overlap with motor neuron disease.
Positive Relational Transformation in Religious Families: Supports and Catalysts for Meaningful Change
Authors: Spencer Ashley Tuft , Marks Loren D. , Dollahite David C. , Kelley Heather H.
Published: April 2020

Objective

The purpose of this article is to qualitatively explore how religion can be a catalyst or support for positive, spontaneous transformations in families and the timing of these transformations.

Background

There is a paucity of empirical literature that discusses how positive change or transformation occurs within families independent of professional intervention. Research has shown that religion can have many positive influences on family relationships, but more research is needed that explores religion and religiosity as a transformative agent in familial relationships.

Method

Using interviews from 198 racially diverse, marriage‐based families (N = 476 participants) from Abrahamic faiths (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam), we employed a team‐based methodology to code and analyze accounts of positive relational transformation.

Results

Two themes relating to the timing of transformation, gradual and sudden, along with supports and catalysts for these transformations were identified from qualitative data analysis. These themes are presented with supportive illustrations.

Conclusion

For some families, religious experiences did reportedly help inspire and transform their marriages and family relationships.

Implications

This study suggests that religion can lead to positive transformation in families, and thus religion may be an effective tool families, religious leaders, and therapists can use to improve and transform family relationships.
Microstructure and properties of porous anorthite/mullite whiskers ceramics with high porosity
Authors: Wu LingHao , Li CuiWei , Li Hao , Li ShiBo , Wang Chang‐an
Published: April 2020

Porous anorthite/mullite whiskers ceramics with high porosity (>91%) and high strength (>0.45 MPa) have been successfully prepared by foam gel‐casting method. Effects of extra mullite whiskers on properties including thermal conductivity and compressive strength at different temperatures were investigated and discussed in terms of microstructure observed through SEM and TEM. The results showed that the addition of extra mullite whiskers in certain content could effectively reduce thermal conductivity, improve the compressive strength both at room and high temperature at same time. When the mullite whiskers content was 20 mol%, the porosity was as high as 91.6 ± 0.19%, the thermal conductivity was low to 0.034 ± 0.003 W/(m·K), and the compressive strength at 1000°C was high to 0.64 ± 0.11 MPa three times to the pure one. Small pores, small grains, and more phase interface or grain boundary caused by the addition of extra mullite whiskers were the main factors for low thermal conductivity. Meanwhile, small pores, closely bonded small grains, and the stable three‐dimension network formed by mullite whiskers helped to improve strength.
Correlations between trans isomers of α‐linolenic acid and polar components in linseed oil during heating
Authors: Shao Linya , Song Huiyu , Li Xu , Huang Jianhua , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo
Published: April 2020

During heating of oils, trans fatty acids can be formed via various chemical reactions, which are not treated as free fatty acids but as part of triglycerides. The factors that influence the formation of trans isomers of α‐linolenic acid (TALAs) and the correlation between TALAs and total polar components were studied by heating linseed oil. Both heating temperature and time affected TALA formation. Increasing temperature from 170 °C to 200 °C for 2 h produced more TALAs than conducting 14 h heating at 170 °C. Pumping air promoted oxidation of α‐linolenic acid, reducing the content of TALAs, especially c9, c12, t15‐C18:3. TALA contents were positively correlated with total polar components, triglyceride oligomer, triglyceride dimer and diglyceride (DG) (r = 0.456–0.813), but negatively correlated with free fatty acids (r = −0.650–‐0.469). No correlation was found between TALAs and oxidised triglyceride monomer. Compared with di‐TALAs, mono‐TALAs had stronger correlation with DG.
Plasticity of borosilicate glasses under uniaxial tension
Authors: Lee Kuo‐Hao , Yang Yongjian , Ding Linfeng , Ziebarth Benedikt , Davis Mark J. , Mauro John C.
Published: April 2020

The mechanical response of multicomponent borosilicate glasses has drawn significant attention in the design of damage‐resistant glasses. In this work, we investigate the plasticity of two borosilicate glasses, Borofloat®33 (Boro33) and N‐BK7®, by implementing a uniaxial tension test using molecular dynamics simulations. A bond‐switching mechanism is found to be responsible for the plastic response of both glasses and is governed by the increasing rate of non‐bridging oxygen (NBO) production during the uniaxial tension. We found that the amount of B4OSi4 linkages in the glass governs the stress drop after yielding, due to its higher tendency to create NBOs compared to Si4OSi4. Also, the initial existence of NBOs weakens the critical stress for breaking the B4‐O bond in B4OSi4, which in turn lowers the yield strength of the glass. The local atomic constraints are analyzed in the two glasses, and high anti‐correlation between the concentration of rigid constraints and plastic deformation is observed.
Catheter ablation is preferred over surgery for persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Anannab Alisara , Gianni Carola , Della Rocca Domenico G , Sahore Salwan Anu , Natale Andrea , Al‐Ahmad Amin
Published: April 2020

There are important limitations that can hinder outcomes of surgical ablation in nonparoxysmal patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the typical AF population undergoing concomitant cardiac surgery for valve or ischemic heart disease. Incomplete lesions with recovered conduction or gaps as well as arrhythmias originating from areas not targeted by surgical ablation are commonly seen at the time of recurrence. Therefore, while it might be reasonable to perform AF surgery in this cohort, it is important to know these limitations and establish adequate postoperative rhythm monitoring to detect recurrences, which can be effectively addressed by catheter ablation.
Ischaemic post‐conditioning in rats: Responder and non‐responder differ in transcriptome of mitochondrial proteins
Authors: Schreckenberg Rolf , Klein Johann , Kutsche Hanna Sarah , Schulz Rainer , Gömöri Kamilla , Bencsik Péter , Benczik Bettina , Ágg Bence , Sághy Éva , Ferdinandy Péter , Schlüter Klaus‐Dieter
Published: April 2020

Ischaemic post‐conditioning (IPoC) is a clinical applicable procedure to reduce reperfusion injury. Non‐responsiveness to IPoC possibly caused by co‐morbidities limits its clinical attractiveness. We analysed differences in the expression of mitochondrial proteins between IPoC responder (IPoC‐R) and non‐responder (IPoC‐NR). Eighty rats were randomly grouped to sham, ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), IPoC or ischaemic pre‐conditioning (IPC, as positive cardioprotective intervention) in vivo. Infarct sizes were quantified by plasma troponin I levels 60 minutes after reperfusion. After 7 days, rats were sacrificed and left ventricular tissue was taken for post hoc analysis. The transcriptome was analysed by qRT‐PCR and small RNA sequencing. Key findings were verified by immunoblots. I/R increased plasma troponin I levels compared to Sham. IPC reduced troponin I compared to I/R, whereas IPoC produced either excellent protection (IPoC‐R) or no protection (IPoC‐NR). Twenty‐one miRs were up‐regulated by I/R and modified by IPoC. qRT‐PCR analysis revealed that IPoC‐R differed from other groups by reduced expression of arginase‐2 and bax, whereas the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)‐2 was induced in IPC and IPoC‐R. IPoC‐R and IPoC‐NR synergistically increased the expression of non‐mitochondrial proteins like VEGF and SERCA2a independent of the infarct size. Cardiac function was more closely linked to differences in mitochondrial proteins than on regulation of calcium‐handling proteins. In conclusion, healthy rats could not always be protected by IPoC. IPoC‐NR displayed an incomplete responsiveness which is reflected by different changes in the mitochondrial transcriptome compared to IPoC‐R. This study underlines the importance of mitochondrial proteins for successful long‐term outcome.
PRIME‐HF: Novel Exercise for Older Patients with Heart Failure. A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Giuliano Catherine , Levinger Itamar , Vogrin Sara , Neil Christopher James , Allen Jason David
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVES

To test the hypothesis that (1) older patients with heart failure (HF) can tolerate COMBined moderate‐intensity aerobic and resistance training (COMBO), and (2) 4 weeks of Peripheral Remodeling through Intermittent Muscular Exercise (PRIME) before 4 weeks of COMBO will improve aerobic capacity and muscle strength to a greater extent than 8 weeks of COMBO.

DESIGN

Prospective randomized parallel open‐label blinded end point.

SETTING

Single‐site Australian metropolitan hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

Nineteen adults (72.8 ± 8.4 years of age) with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

INTERVENTION

Participants were randomized to 4 weeks of PRIME or COMBO (phase 1). All participants subsequently completed 4 weeks of COMBO (phase 2). Sessions were twice a week for 60 minutes. PRIME is a low‐mass, high‐repetition regime (40% one‐repetition maximum [1RM], eight strength exercises, 5 minutes each). COMBO training involved combined aerobic (40%‐60% of peak aerobic capacity [VO2peak], up to 20 minutes) and resistance training (50‐70% 1RM, eight exercises, two sets of 10 repetitions).

MEASUREMENTS

We measured VO2peak, VO2 at anaerobic threshold (AT), and muscle voluntary contraction (MVC).

RESULTS

The PRIME group significantly increased VO2peak after 8 weeks (2.4 mL/kg/min; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .7‐4.1; P = .004), whereas the COMBO group showed minimal change (.2; 95% CI −1.5 to 1.8). This produced a large between‐group effect size of 1.0. VO2 at AT increased in the PRIME group (1.6 mL/kg/min; 95% CI .0‐3.2) but not in the COMBO group (−1.2; 95% CI −2.9 to .4), producing a large between‐group effect size. Total MVC increased significantly in both groups in comparison with baseline; however, the change was larger in the COMBO group (effect size = .6).

CONCLUSION

Traditional exercise approaches (COMBO) and PRIME improved strength. Only PRIME training produced statistically and clinically significant improvements to aerobic capacity. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that PRIME may have potential advantages for older patients with HFrEF and could be a possible alternative exercise modality.
Older Sepsis Survivors Suffer Persistent Disability Burden and Poor Long‐Term Survival
Authors: Mankowski Robert T. , Anton Stephen D. , Ghita Gabriela L. , Brumback Babette , Cox Michael C. , Mohr Alicia M. , Leeuwenburgh Christiaan , Moldawer Lyle L. , Efron Philip A. , Brakenridge Scott C. , Moore Frederick A.
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Sepsis has been called a “disease of the elderly,” and as in‐hospital mortality has decreased, more sepsis survivors are progressing into poorly characterized long‐term outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe the current epidemiology of sepsis in older adults compared with middle‐aged and young adults.

Design

Prospective longitudinal study with young (≤45 years), middle‐aged (46‐64 years), and older (≥65 years) patient groups.

Setting

University tertiary medical center.

Participants

A total of 328 adult surgical intensive care unit (ICU) sepsis patients.

Measurements

Patients were characterized by (1) baseline demographics and predisposition, (2) septic event, (3) hospital outcomes and discharge disposition, (4) 12‐month mortality, and (5) Zubrod Performance Status, physical function (Short Physical Performance Battery and handgrip strength), and cognitive function (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, and Mini‐Mental Status Examination) at 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐up. Loss to follow‐up was due to death (in 68), consent withdrawal (in 32), and illness and scheduling difficulties: month 3 (in 51), month 6 (in 29), and month 12 (in 20).

Results

Compared with young and middle‐aged patients, older patients had (1) significantly more comorbidities at presentation (eg, chronic renal disease 6% vs 12% vs 21%), intra‐abdominal infections (14% vs 25% vs 37%), septic shock (12% vs 25% vs 36%), and organ dysfunctions; (2) higher 30‐day mortality (6% vs 4% vs 17%) and fewer ICU‐free days (median = 25 vs 23 vs 20); (3) more progression into chronic critical illness (22% vs 34% vs 42%) with higher poor disposition discharge to non‐home destinations (19% vs 40% vs 62%); (4) worse 12‐month mortality (11% vs 14% vs 33%); and (5) poorer Zubrod Performance Status and objectively measured physical and cognitive functions with only slight improvement over 12‐month follow‐up.

Conclusion

Compared with younger patients, older sepsis survivors suffer both a higher persistent disability burden and 12‐month mortality.
Skin infections by Mycobacterium chelonae following mesotherapy: A report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Veraldi Stefano , Spigariolo Cristina Beatrice , Cusini Marco , Nazzaro Gianluca , Gianotti Raffaele
Published: April 2020

Mesotherapy is sometimes responsible for dermal and subcutaneous infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Mycobacterium chelonae, M abscessus, and M fortuitum are usually involved. We present two cases of deep skin infections caused by M chelonae following mesotherapy. A review of the literature is included.
Measuring coverage of infant and young child feeding counselling interventions: A framework and empirical considerations for survey question design
Authors: Choufani Jowel , Kim Sunny S. , Nguyen Phuong Hong , Heidkamp Rebecca , Grummer‐Strawn Laurence , Saha Kuntal Kumar , Hayashi Chika , Mehra Vrinda , Alayon Silvia , Menon Purnima
Published: April 2020

Most countries implement nutrition counselling interventions as part of programmes to support breastfeeding and complementary feeding. However, data to track coverage of counselling interventions are rarely available. As a result, little is known about the coverage of counselling on infant and young child feeding (IYCF). Survey‐based data collection systems generally collect data on IYCF practices but do not collect data on coverage of interventions to support IYCF, and those surveys that do collect this information do not do so consistently. We present a framework to guide the design of survey questions to measure IYCF counselling coverage. We provide examples of how large‐scale surveys for programme evaluation and national monitoring have included survey questions to address these data gaps. Our review suggests that elements relevant to designing survey questions to capture coverage of counselling interventions include timing of contact, target behaviour and message content, place of contact, type of service provider, frequency of contact and mode of intervention. Application of this framework may help strengthen harmonized measurement of IYCF counselling coverage to enable better tracking of programme investments, document progress in scaling up nutrition services and allow for cross‐country comparisons. Thus, improving measurement of counselling coverage may lead to improved reach of programmes to support optimal IYCF practices.