bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microdomain Formation, Oxidation, and Cation Ordering in LaCa2Fe3O8+y
Authors: Price Patrick M. , Browning Nigel D. , Butt Darryl P.
Published: March 2015

The compound LaCa2Fe3O8+y, also known as the Grenier phase, is known to undergo an order–disorder transformation (ODT) at high temperatures and oxidation has been observed when the compound is cooled in air after the ODT. In this study, we have synthesized the Grenier compound in air using traditional solid‐state reactions and investigated the structure and composition before and after the ODT. Thermal analysis showed that the material undergoes an ODT in both oxygen and argon atmospheres with dynamic, temperature dependent, oxidation upon cooling. Results from scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) suggest that the Grenier phase has preferential segregation of Ca and La on the two crystallographic A sites before the ODT, but a random distribution above the ODT temperature. Furthermore, STEM images suggest the possibility that oxygen excess may exist in La‐rich regions within microdomains rather than at microdomain boundaries.
Low‐Temperature Sintering of Bi0.5(Na,K)0.5TiO3 for Multilayer Ceramic Actuators
Authors: Ahn Chang Won , Kim Hee Sung , Woo Won Seok , Won Sung Sik , Seog Hae Jin , Chae Song A , Park Bong Chan , Jang Ki Bong , Ok Yun Po , Chong Hyon Ho , Kim Ill Won
Published: March 2015

We investigated the influence of CuO amount (0.5–3.0 mol%), sintering temperature (900°C–1000°C), and sintering time (2–6 h) on the low‐temperature sintering behavior of CuO‐added Bi0.5(Na0.78K0.22)0.5TiO3 (BNKT22) ceramics. Normalized strain (Smax/Emax), piezoelectric coefficient (d33), and remanent polarization (Pr) of 1.0 mol% CuO‐added BNKT22 ceramics sintered at 950°C for 4 h was 280 pm/V, 180 pC/N, and 28 μC/cm2, respectively. These values are similar to those of pure BNKT22 ceramics sintered at 1150°C. In addition, we investigated the performance of multilayer ceramic actuators made from CuO‐added BNKT22 in acoustic sound speaker devices. A prototype sound speaker device showed similar output sound pressure levels as a Pb(Zr,Ti)O3‐based device in the frequency range 0.66–20 kHz. This result highlights the feasibility of using low‐cost multilayer ceramic devices made of lead‐free BNKT‐based piezoelectric materials in sound speaker devices.
Skipping‐type migration in a small Arctic wader, the Temminck's stint Calidris temminckii
Authors: Lislevand Terje , Hahn Steffen
Published: March 2015

By using morphometric data and geolocator tracking we investigated fuel loads and spatio‐temporal patterns of migration and non‐breeding in Temminck's stints Calidris temminckii. Body masses in stints captured at autumn stopover sites from Scandinavia to northern Africa were generally not much higher than during breeding and did not vary geographically. Thus, we expected migrating stints to make several stopovers and either circumventing the Sahara desert with low fuel loads or fuelling at north African stopover sites before desert crossing. Geolocation revealed that birds (n = 6) departed their Norwegian breeding site in the last part of July and all but one migrated south‐west over continental western Europe. A single bird headed south‐east to the Balkan Peninsula where the geolocator died. As predicted, southbound migration proceeded in a typical skipping manner with 1–4 relatively short stopovers (median 4 d) during 10–27 d of migration before reaching north‐west Africa. Here birds spent 11–20 d before crossing the Sahara. The non‐breeding sites were located at or near the Niger River in Mali and were occupied continuously for more than 215 d with no indications of itinerancy. Spring migration commenced in late April/early May when birds crossed the desert and used stopover sites in the western Mediterranean basin in a similar manner as during autumn. The lowest body masses were recorded in spring at islands in the central Mediterranean basin, indicating that crossing the Sahara and Mediterranean barriers is exhausting to these birds. Hence, the skipping‐type pattern of migration revealed by geolocators is likely to be natural in this species and not an effect of instrumentation.
The Quest for Societal ROI in the Midst of the Perfect Storm: Can SCM Set the Standard for Twenty‐First Century Business Education?
Authors: Fawcett Stanley E. , Waller Matthew A.
Published: March 2015

The Academy's dual role is to discover and disseminate knowledge. For most of our tenure, we have focused on research's role in fulfilling this societal mandate. We continue that discussion here by calling for more “actionable” research—something that the supply chain discipline is particularly well positioned to do. We now extend the discussion to pedagogy. As the two epigraphs denote, society is looking for a return on its investment—even a reinvention of the university. Increased costs, poor student achievement, and disruptive technology create an environment perfect for disruption. Yet, if we do our job well, current and foreseeable technologies cannot provide the same kind of transformative education that can be cultivated through community‐engaged experiential learning. The good news: The supply chain discipline is perfectly positioned to set the standard for twenty‐first century business education.
Preferential Pathway Pacing within the Aortic Sinus of Valsalva: Strong Evidence for the Existence of Preferential Conduction with Different Exit Sites Traversing the Ventricular Septum
Authors: SHIRAI YASUHIRO , GOYA MASAHIKO , ISOBE MITSUAKI , HIRAO KENZO
Published: March 2015

Preferential Pathway Pacing within the Aortic Sinus of Valsalva

A 57‐year‐old male who presented with frequent ventricular premature contraction (VPC) was referred for catheter ablation. Two different QRS morphologies (VPC1 and VPC2) were recorded. Pace mapping at the right ventricular outflow (RVOT) was identical to VPC1 without latency. During the mapping within the right sinus of Valsalva where the RF applications were successful for elimination of VPC, discrete prepotential was recorded and the pace mapping produced both VPC1 and VPC2 morphology with different latency. These electrophysiological findings were thought to prove the existence of preferential pathway traversing the ventricular outflow septum with different exit sites.
Do Obese Individuals With Hypertension Have More Difficult‐to‐Control Blood Pressure and End Organ Damage Than Their Nonobese Counterparts?
Authors: Jesky Mark David , Hayer Manvir Kaur , Thomas Mark , Dasgupta Indranil
Published: March 2015

The authors assessed whether individuals with elevated body mass index (BMI) and hypertension had more difficult‐to‐control blood pressure (BP) and more evidence of end organ damage using data collected prospectively over 11 years from a secondary care hypertension clinic. A total of 1114 individuals were divided by BMI criteria into normal (n=207), overweight (n=440), and obese (n=467). Mean daytime, nighttime, and 24‐hour systolic BP and diastolic BP were similar in all groups. There was less nocturnal dip in obese compared with overweight groups (P=.025). Individuals with a normal BMI were taking fewer antihypertensive medications than those in the obese group (P=.01). Individuals classified as obese had a higher left ventricular mass index than those with a normal BMI (female, P=.028; male, P<.001); this relationship remained after multivariate linear regression. Obese individuals with hypertension required more medication to achieve similar mean ambulatory BP values, had less nocturnal dip in BP, and had a higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy. As such, obese patients are at potentially increased risk of cardiovascular events.
Increased Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients With Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Belen Erdal , Sungur Aylin , Sungur Mustafa Azmi , Erdoğan Güney
Published: March 2015

Resistant hypertension (RHT) is an important disease that causes an increase in cardiovascular risk, yet its etiology remains unclear. The authors aimed to investigate neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an inflammation marker in patients with RHT. A total of 150 patients were included in the study and grouped according to their office and ambulatory blood pressure measurements. They were classified as having normotension (NT), controlled hypertension (CHT), or RHT. The RHT group had a significantly higher NLR than the CHT group (P=.03), and NLRs of both hypertension groups were significantly higher than those in the NT group (P<.001, for both). NLR and neutrophil count were found to be independent correlates for RHT in multivariate analysis (P<.001). NLR and neutrophil count are increased in RHT patients than both CHT and NT patients. This finding, which is defined for the first time in patients with RHT, may imply the importance of inflammation in blood pressure control.
Antimicrobial photodynamic effect to treat residual pockets in periodontal patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Carvalho Verônica F. , Andrade Priscila V. C. , Rodrigues Michelle F. , Hirata Mario H. , Hirata Rosario D. C. , Pannuti Claudio M. , De Micheli Giorgio , Conde Marina C.
Published: March 2015

Aim

A randomized controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of residual pockets of chronic periodontitis patients.

Material and Methods

Thirty‐four patients with at least four residual periodontal pockets undergoing maintenance care were included and randomly assigned to test group (PDT, n = 18) or control group (sham procedure, n = 16). The intervention was performed at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Clinical parameters such as pocket probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP) and plaque index (PI) were measured before intervention and after 3, 6 and 12 months. Subgingival samples were obtained at baseline, and after 7 days, 3, 6 and 12 months to quantify Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia by real‐time polimerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

All clinical variables showed significant improvement during the study, but there was no significant difference between test and control groups. The microbiological analyses showed no differences between groups at any time during the study.

Conclusion

Within the limits of this clinical trial and considering the laser and photosensitizer protocol used, PDT failed to demonstrate additional clinical and bacteriological benefits in residual pockets treatment.
Early life stress is associated with default system integrity and emotionality during infancy
Authors: Graham Alice M. , Pfeifer Jennifer H. , Fisher Philip A. , Carpenter Samuel , Fair Damien A.
Published: March 2015

Background

Extensive animal research has demonstrated the vulnerability of the brain to early life stress (ELS) with consequences for emotional development and mental health. However, the influence of moderate and common forms of stress on early human brain development is less well‐understood and precisely characterized. To date, most work has focused on severe forms of stress, and/or on brain functioning years after stress exposure.

Methods

In this report we focused on conflict between parents (interparental conflict), a common and relatively moderate form of ELS that is highly relevant for children's mental health outcomes. We used resting state functional connectivity MRI to examine the coordinated functioning of the infant brain (N = 23; 6–12‐months‐of‐age) in the context of interparental conflict. We focused on the default mode network (DMN) due to its well‐characterized developmental trajectory and implications for mental health. We further examined DMN strength as a mediator between conflict and infants’ negative emotionality.

Results

Higher interparental conflict since birth was associated with infants showing stronger connectivity between two core DMN regions, the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (aMPFC). PCC to amygdala connectivity was also increased. Stronger PCC‐aMPFC connectivity mediated between higher conflict and higher negative infant emotionality.

Conclusions

The developing DMN may be an important marker for effects of ELS with relevance for emotional development and subsequent mental health. Increasing understanding of the associations between common forms of family stress and emerging functional brain networks has potential to inform intervention efforts to improve mental health outcomes.
Anatomic relationship of the proximal nail matrix to the extensor hallucis longus tendon insertion
Authors: Palomo López P. , Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R. , López López D. , Prados Frutos J.C. , Alfonso Murillo González J. , Losa Iglesias M.E.
Published: March 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to delineate the relationship of the terminal extensor hallucis longus tendon insertion to the proximal limit of the nail matrix of the great toe.

Material and methods

Fifty fresh‐frozen human cadaver great toes with no evidence of trauma (average age, 62.5 years; 29 males and 21 females) were used for this study. Under 25X magnification, the proximal limit of the nail matrix and the terminal bony insertion of the extensor hallucis longus tendons were identified. The distance from the terminal tendon insertion to the nail matrix was ascertained using precision calipers, an optical microscope, and autocad® software for windows. Twenty‐five great toes were placed in a neutral formalin solution and further analysed by histological longitudinal‐sections. The specimens were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined microscopically to determine the presence of the extensor hallucis longus tendon along the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx of each great toe.

Results

The main result we found in great toes was that the extensor tendon is between the matrix and the phalanx and extends dorsally to the distal aspect of the distal phalanx in all, 100%, specimens. The nail matrix of the great toe is not attached to the periosteum of the dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx as is the case for fingers, because the extensor hallucis tendon is plantar or directly underneath the nail matrix and the tendon is dorsal to the bone.

Conclusions

We have found that the extensor tendon is between the matrix and the phalanx and extends dorsally to the distal aspect of the distal phalanx. The nail matrix of the great toe is not attached to the periosteum of the dorsal aspect of the base of distal phalanx as is the case in fingers, because the extensor hallucis tendon is plantar or directly underneath the nail matrix and the tendon is dorsal to the bone. Our anatomic study demonstrates that the proximal limit of the matrix and nail bed of the human great toe are dorsal and overlapping the terminal extensor hallucis longus tendon until its distal bony insertion in all specimens.
Bridging barriers to health promotion: a feasibility pilot study of the ‘Promoting Aging Migrants' Capabilities study’
Authors: Lood Qarin , Gustafsson Susanne , Dahlin Ivanoff Synneve
Published: March 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Improving the possibilities for ageing persons to take control over their health is an increasingly important public health issue. Health promotion has previously been visualized to succeed with this goal, but research has primarily focused on ageing persons who are native‐born, leaving the generalizability to persons who are foreign‐born unexplored. Therefore, as part of the development of a larger health promotion initiative for ageing persons who have experienced migration, this study aimed to assess the feasibility of an adapted protocol. The specific feasibility objectives were to assess recruitment procedure, retention rates, study questionnaire administration and variability of collected data.

Method

Forty persons who were ≥70 years, and who had migrated from Finland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro or Serbia to Sweden were randomly allocated to a health promotion programme or a control group. The programme was linguistically adapted with regard to translated information material, bilingual health professionals and evaluators, and a person‐centred approach was applied to both programme development and provision. The data analysis was explorative and descriptive.

Results

The results visualized structural and linguistic barriers to recruitment and study questionnaire administration, and describe strategies for how to bridge them. Retention rates and data variability were satisfying.

Conclusions

Calling for iterative and pragmatic programme design, the findings describe how to move towards a more inclusive health care environment. Person‐centred and bilingual approaches with attention to the possibilities for building authentic relationships between participants and providers are emphasized, and a structured methodology for developing study questionnaires is suggested.
Morphological and morphometric aspects of early life stages of piabanhaBrycon gouldingi(Characidae)
Authors: Faustino F. , Makino L. C. , Neumann E. , Nakaghi L. S. O.
Published: March 2015

Adult specimens of piabanhaBrycon gouldingiwere collected from Rio das Mortes (Mato Grosso, Brazil), adapted to captivity and induced to spawn at Buriti Fisheries (Nova Mutum,MT, Brazil). The early developmental stages ofB. gouldingiwere then characterized. Samples were collected at pre‐determined times from oocyte extrusion to total yolk absorption. Oocyte diameter, total larval length (LT) and yolk‐sac volume were measured. The mean ±s.d. duration of embryo developmental ofB. gouldingiwas 13·90 ± 0·06 h at 26·40 ± 1·13° C. The mean ±s.d. oocyte diameter was 1·13 ± 0·06 mm with 54% of oocytes ranging from 1·11 to 1·20 mm. Seven stages characterized the early developmental phase of this species: zygote, cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula, histogenesis–organogenesis and hatching, with unique features related to each stage. At hatching, the larvae measured 3·40 ± 0·07 mm, presented an elongated shape with yolk‐sac volume of 0·46 ± 0·08 µl, non‐pigmented eyes and exhibited swimming ability. When the yolk was completely absorbed at 55 h post‐hatch, mean ± larvalLTwas 6·68 ± 0·65 mm, the eyes were highly pigmented and the teeth were visible. These are the first reported findings on the initial developmental stages ofB. gouldingiand could be used to improve captive breeding management and conservation practices.
Using biological variables and reproductive strategy of the undulate ray Raja undulata to evaluate productivity and susceptibility to exploitation
Authors: Serra‐Pereira B. , Erzini K. , Figueiredo I.
Published: March 2015

The present work provides a detailed analysis of the reproductive strategy of the undulate ray Raja undulata in Portuguese mainland waters. The species was found mostly between 30 and 40 m deep on sandy bottoms. Egg‐laying sites were observed in the north, centre and south‐west regions, mainly at depths below 30 m. The peak of the reproductive season occurred from December to May. Asynchrony between reproductively active females and males appeared to occur, although most adult males were capable of reproducing throughout the year. The estimated length at 50% maturity was 86·2 cm (8·7 years) and 76·8 cm (7·6 years) total length for females and males, respectively. The maximum potential fecundity was estimated to be 69·8 follicles per female per reproductive season, which are released in 4·7 batches of 15 follicles. The life‐history and demographic parameters of R. undulata are similar to those of other skate species, while the potential rate of population increase (0·49) is above the published values for other elasmobranch species. With these new findings, this study makes an important contribution to the understanding of the life history of R. undulata, and provides a first evaluation of the productivity and susceptibility of the species to exploitation.
Mucous contribution to gut nutrient content in American gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum
Authors: Holley L. L. , Heidman M. K. , Chambers R. M. , Sanderson S. L.
Published: March 2015

This study developed and applied an approach to calculate the proportion of fish gut content composed of mucus secreted by the oropharyngeal cavity and gut. The amount of nitrogen in the contents of the foregut (oesophagus and gizzard) and the epibranchial organs of suspension‐feeding American gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum was significantly higher than the nitrogen in the homogeneous food source. Using data collected from suspension‐feeding experiments and the nitrogen content of D. cepedianum mucus, a series of equations illustrated that mucus constituted c. 10% of D. cepedianum foregut content and 12% of epibranchial organ content by dry mass. Future quantification of fish feeding selectivity and absorption efficiency can use this approach to take into account the contribution of fish mucus to the nutrients in the gut contents. This study supports the conclusion that suspension‐feeding D. cepedianum in a heterogeneous environment selectively ingest nutrient‐rich particles, even when gut nutrient content is adjusted to take into account the contribution of mucus.
Defective macrophage handling of Escherichia coli in Crohn's disease
Authors: Elliott TR , Hudspith BN , Rayment NB , Prescott NJ , Petrovska L , Hermon‐Taylor J , Brostoff J , Boussioutas A , Mathew CG , Sanderson JD
Published: March 2015

Background and Aim

 Escherichia coli can be isolated from lamina propria macrophages in Crohn's disease (CD), and their intramacrophage persistence may provide a stimulus for inflammation. To further determine the contributions of macrophage dysfunction and E. coli pathogenicity to this, we aimed to compare in vitro functioning of macrophages from patients with CD and healthy controls (HC) in response to infection with CD‐derived adherent‐invasive E. coli (AIEC) and less pathogenic E. coli strains.

Methods

 Monocyte‐derived macrophages were cultured from patients with CD and HC. Intramacrophage survival of E. coli strains (CD‐derived adherent‐invasive [AI] and non‐AI strains and laboratory strain K‐12) was compared. Macrophage cytokine release (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin [IL]‐23, IL‐8 and IL‐10) and monocyte phagoctyosis and respiratory burst function were measured after E. coli infection. For CD patients, laboratory data were correlated with clinical phenotype, use of immunomodulation, and CD risk alleles (NOD2, IL‐23R, ATG16L1 and IRGM).

Results

 Attenuated TNFα and IL‐23 release from CD macrophages was found after infection with all E. coli strains. There was prolonged survival of CD‐derived AIEC, CD‐derived non‐AIEC and E. coli K‐12 in macrophages from CD patients compared to within those from HC. No abnormality of monocyte phagocytosis or respiratory burst function was detected in CD. Macrophage dysfunction in CD was not influenced by phenotype, use of immunomodulation or genotype.

Conclusions

 CD macrophage responses to infection with E. coli are deficient, regardless of clinical phenotype, CD genotype or E. coli pathogenicity. This suggests host immunodeficiency is an important contributor to intramacrophage E. coli persistence in CD.
Typology of Couples Entering Alcohol Behavioral Couple Therapy: An Empirical Approach and Test of Predictive Validity on Treatment Response
Authors: Ladd Benjamin O. , McCrady Barbara S.
Published: March 2015

This study aimed to examine whether classification of couples in which one partner has an alcohol problem is similar to that reported in the general couples literature. Typologies of couples seeking alcohol behavioral couple therapy (ABCT) were developed via hierarchical cluster analysis using behavioral codes of couple interactions during their first ABCT session. Four couples types based on in‐session behavior were established reliably, labeled avoider, validator, hostile, and ambivalent‐detached. These couple types resembled couples types found in previous research. Couple type was associated with baseline relationship satisfaction, but not alcohol use. Results suggest heterogeneity in couples with alcohol problems presenting to treatment; further study is needed to investigate the function of alcohol within these different types.
Major involvement of Na+‐dependent multivitamin transporter (SLC5A6/SMVT) in uptake of biotin and pantothenic acid by human brain capillary endothelial cells
Authors: Uchida Yasuo , Ito Katsuaki , Ohtsuki Sumio , Kubo Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Takashi , Terasaki Tetsuya
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this study was to clarify the expression of Na+‐dependent multivitamin transporter (SLC5A6/SMVT) and its contribution to the supply of biotin and pantothenic acid to the human brain via the blood–brain barrier. DNA microarray and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that SLC5A6 is expressed in microvessels of human brain. The absolute expression levels of SLC5A6 protein in isolated human and monkey brain microvessels were 1.19 and 0.597 fmol/μg protein, respectively, as determined by a quantitative targeted absolute proteomics technique. Using an antibody‐free method established by Kubo et al. (2015), we found that SLC5A6 was preferentially localized at the luminal membrane of brain capillary endothelium. Knock‐down analysis using SLC5A6 siRNA showed that SLC5A6 accounts for 88.7% and 98.6% of total [3H]biotin and [3H]pantothenic acid uptakes, respectively, by human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. SLC5A6‐mediated transport in hCMEC/D3 was markedly inhibited not only by biotin and pantothenic acid, but also by prostaglandin E2, lipoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, indomethacin, ketoprofen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, and flurbiprofen. This study is the first to confirm expression of SLC5A6 in human brain microvessels and to provide evidence that SLC5A6 is a major contributor to luminal uptake of biotin and pantothenic acid at the human blood–brain barrier.

image

In humans, it was unclear (not concluded) about what transport system at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is responsible for the brain uptakes of two vitamins, biotin and pantothenic acid, which are necessary for brain proper function. This study clarified for the first time that the solute carrier 5A6/Na+‐dependent multivitamin transporter SLC5A6/SMVT is responsible for the supplies of biotin and pantothenic acid into brain across the BBB in humans. DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; NSAID, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug; PGE2, prostaglandin E2.
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification induces the conversion of recombinant prion protein to PrP oligomers causing neuronal apoptosis
Authors: Yuan Zhen , Yang Lifeng , Chen Baian , Zhu Ting , Hassan Mohammad Farooque , Yin Xiaomin , Zhou Xiangmei , Zhao Deming
Published: March 2015

The formation of neurotoxic prion protein (PrP) oligomers is thought to be a key step in the development of prion diseases. Recently, it was determined that the sonication and shaking of recombinant PrP can convert PrP monomers into β‐state oligomers. Herein, we demonstrate that β‐state oligomeric PrP can be generated through protein misfolding cyclic amplification from recombinant full‐length hamster, human, rabbit, and mutated rabbit PrP, and that these oligomers can be used for subsequent research into the mechanisms of PrP‐induced neurotoxicity. We have characterized protein misfolding cyclic amplification‐induced monomer‐to‐oligomer conversion of PrP from three species using western blotting, circular dichroism, size‐exclusion chromatography, and resistance to proteinase K (PK) digestion. We have further shown that all of the resulting β‐oligomers are toxic to primary mouse cortical neurons independent of the presence of PrPC in the neurons, whereas the corresponding monomeric PrP were not toxic. In addition, we found that this toxicity is the result of oligomer‐induced apoptosis via regulation of Bcl‐2, Bax, and caspase‐3 in both wild‐type and PrP−/− cortical neurons. It is our hope that these results may contribute to our understanding of prion transformation within the brain.

image

We found that β‐state oligomeric PrPs can be generated through protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) from recombinant full‐length hamster, human, rabbit, and mutated rabbit PrP. β‐oligomers are toxic to primary mouse cortical neurons independent of the presence of PrPC in the neurons, while the corresponding monomeric PrPs were not toxic. This toxicity is the result of oligomers‐induced apoptosis via regulation of Bcl‐2, Bax, and caspase‐3. These results may contribute to our understanding of prion transformation within the brain.
Neuropsychological predictors of conversion to probable Alzheimer disease in elderly with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: García‐Herranz Sara , Díaz‐Mardomingo M. Carmen , Peraita Herminia
Published: March 2015

In the field of neuropsychology, it is essential to determine which neuropsychological tests predict Alzheimer's disease (AD) in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and which cut‐off points should be used to identify people at greater risk for converting to dementia. The aim of the present study was to analyse the predictive value of the cognitive tests included in a neuropsychological battery for conversion to AD among MCI participants and to analyse the influence of some sociodemographic variables – sex, age, schooling – and others, such as follow‐up time and emotional state. A total of 105 participants were assessed with a neuropsychological battery at baseline and during a 3‐year follow‐up period. For the present study, the data were analysed at baseline. During the follow‐up period, 24 participants (22.85%) converted to dementia (2.79 ± 1.14 years) and 81 (77.14%) remained as MCI. The logistic regression analysis determined that the long delay cued recall and the performance time of the Rey figure test were the best predictive tests of conversion to dementia after an MCI diagnosis. Concerning the sociodemographic factors, sex had the highest predictive power. The results reveal the relevance of the neuropsychological data obtained in the first assessment. Specifically, the data obtained in the episodic verbal memory tests and tests that assess visuospatial and executive components may help to identify people with MCI who may develop AD in an interval not longer than 4 years, with the masculine gender being an added risk factor.
Evaluation of autoimmune thyroid disease in melasma
Authors: Rostami Mogaddam Majid , Iranparvar Alamdari Manouchehr , Maleki Nasrollah , Safavi Ardabili Nastaran , Abedkouhi Selma
Published: March 2015

Melasma is one of the most frequently acquired hyperpigmentation disorders clinically characterized by symmetrical brown patches on sun‐exposed areas. To date, few studies have been conducted about the relationship between thyroid autoimmun‐ity and melasma. To evaluate the thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in nonpregnant women with melasma. A total of 70 women with melasma and 70 age‐matched healthy women with no history of melasma were enrolled in the study. We studied the thyroid hormone profile in both groups. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Patients with melasma had 18.5% frequency of thyroid disorders, and 15.7% had positive anti‐TPO, while subjects from the control group had a 4.3% frequency of thyroid abnormalities, and only 5.7% had positive anti‐TPO. There was a significantly higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in women with melasma compared with control group (P = 0.008). This study suggests that there is a relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and melasma. However, to make recommendations on screening for thyroid disease in patients with melasma, future research of good methodological quality is needed.
Long‐term outcome of native tissue reconstructive vaginal surgery for advanced pelvic organ prolapse at 86 months: Hysterectomy versus hysteropexy
Authors: Lo Tsia‐Shu , Pue Leng Boi , Hung Tai‐Ho , Wu Pei‐Ying , Tan Yiap Loong
Published: March 2015

Aim

To evaluate and compare the long‐term outcome of sacrospinous ligament fixation (SSF) in combination with various other compartment defect native tissue repairs with hysterectomy or hysteropexy.

Methods

Medical records of 159 patients who underwent surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) between April 2004 and August 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were assessed at baseline and at 5‐year postoperative follow‐up. SSF, anterior (AC) and posterior colporrhaphy (PC), both with and without hysterectomy, were performed. Primary outcome was objective cure (POP quantification system [POP‐Q] ≤1) and subjective cure (negative response to questions 2 and 3 on Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory 6 [POPDI‐6]). Subanalysis was done on patients who had uterus preserved compared with those with vaginal hysterectomy.

Results

Postoperative data were available for 146 patients: 120 in the hysterectomy group and 26 in the hysteropexy group. Mean age, parity, postmenopausal status and mean operating time in the hysterectomy group were significantly higher than in the hysteropexy group. At median follow‐up of 86 months, objective cure at overall compartments for all patients was 67.8%, and for subjective cure, this was 64.4%. There was no difference in the adjusted odds ratio for objective and subjective cure rates in both groups, but the hysterectomy group had a significantly lower mean total POPDI‐6 score.

Conclusion

SSF plus AC and PC have a low reoperation rate despite a moderate success rate at 7‐year follow‐up. There was no difference in the adjusted objective, subjective success rates and sexual function between sacrospinous hysteropexy and hysterectomy. The hysterectomy group, however, had fewer bothersome prolapse symptoms.
Perinatal morbidity and mortality for extremely low‐birthweight infants: A population‐based study of regionalized maternal and neonatal transport
Authors: Kaneko Masatoki , Yamashita Rie , Kai Katsuhide , Yamada Naoshi , Sameshima Hiroshi , Ikenoue Tsuyomu
Published: March 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to clarify the mortality and long‐term outcomes of extremely low‐birthweight infants according to the process of maternal or infant transport and indications for maternal transport.

Material and Methods

We conducted a population‐based study between 2005 and 2009. The collected data included the process and indications for maternal or neonatal transport, maternal and infant characteristics and the prognosis of extremely low‐birthweight infants. Intergroup comparisons were made using the Mann–Whitney U‐test, while multiple group comparisons were made using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the post‐hoc paired t‐test according to the Dunn procedure. Comparisons of the cumulative survival rates based on postnatal age according to the process of maternal or neonatal transport were performed using a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and the log–rank test.

Results

The study subjects included 195 infants from 189 mothers following 50 632 deliveries during the study period. Overall, 32 (16.4%) infants died and 33 (20.2%) infants had neurological impairments. The rates of mortality and handicaps among the infants in the maternal transport group were 15.2% and 23.2%, respectively, compared to 25% and 44%, respectively, in the neonatal transport group. There were no differences in the prognoses of the infants according to the process of maternal transport, although more premature neonates were managed in the tertiary center. There were no differences in the cumulative survival rates based on the institution that managed the neonate. The incidence of a poor prognosis was significantly higher among the infants born from mothers transported to the tertiary center due to bulging membranes (P = 0.047). All mothers with placental abruption were transported to the nearest secondary center.

Conclusion

The morbidity and mortality of extremely low‐birthweight infants demonstrated a low incidence following the regionalization of high‐risk pregnancies in our region. Further reductions in severe neonatal morbidities may depend on reducing the rate of neonatal transport.
Effects of dual identification and interteam conflict on multiteam system performance
Authors: Cuijpers Maarten , Uitdewilligen Sjir , Guenter Hannes
Published: March 2015

In this study, we investigate how multiteam system (MTS) and component team identification influence interteam conflict and MTS performance. On the basis of resource allocation theory and social identity theory, we build a model to examine dual identification and its effects in MTSs. We use a real‐time computer simulation to test our hypotheses and measure our focal constructs in three consecutive performance episodes. Using random coefficient modelling, we find that MTS identification is associated positively with MTS performance, and interteam task and relationship conflict mediate this relationship. Team identification influenced interteam conflict at the start of the study, but this influence decreased over time. Although the effect of MTS identification appears to be more prominent than the effect of team identification, our results point at the importance of investigating the identification with the MTS relative to that of the team. We discuss implications for MTS theory and practice.

Practitioner points

Although organizations increasingly rely on multiteam systems to accomplish work, the drivers of multiteam system performance remain understudied.

This study establishes multiteam system identification as the principal determinant of interteam conflict and multiteam system performance.

For multiteam system members, it is critical to engage in practices that make them quickly identify with the multiteam system.
Continuous measurement of intra‐oral pH and temperature: development, validation of an appliance and a pilot study
Authors: Choi J. E. , Loke C. , Waddell J. N. , Lyons K. M. , Kieser J. A. , Farella M.
Published: March 2015

To describe a novel approach for continuous measurement of intra‐oral pH and temperature in individuals carrying out normal daily activities over 24 h. We designed, validated and constructed a custom‐made appliance fitted with a pH probe and a thermocouple. Six subjects wore the appliance over a 24‐h period for two non‐consecutive days, while the intra‐oral pH and temperature were measured continuously and recorded. Intra‐oral pH and temperature were very similar across different recording days, the difference being not statistically significant (P ≥ 0·14). There was a noticeable difference in the pattern of variation of pH between day and night. During the day, the mean pH was 7·3 (±0·4) and dropped markedly only after consumption of acidic food and drinks. The intra‐oral pH decreased slowly during sleep with an average pH of 6·6 (±0·4) being recorded. The difference between day and night was statistically significant (P = 0·002). The mean intra‐oral temperature was 33·9 °C (±0·9) during daytime and 35·9 °C (±0·5) during sleep (P = 0·013) with minor fluctuations occurring over 24 h. The continuous and simultaneous intra‐oral pH and temperature measurement system described in this report is reliable, easy to construct, able to measure variables over a sustained period and may serve as a future diagnostic tool in a number of applications.
The World at 7:00: Comparing the Experience of Situations Across 20 Countries
Authors: Guillaume Esther , Baranski Erica , Todd Elysia , Bastian Brock , Bronin Igor , Ivanova Christina , Cheng Joey T. , de Kock François S. , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Gallardo‐Pujol David , Halama Peter , Han Gyuseog Q. , Bae Jaechang , Moon Jungsoon , Hong Ryan Y. , Hřebíčková Martina , Graf Sylvie , Izdebski Paweł , Lundmann Lars , Penke Lars , Perugini Marco , Costantini Giulio , Rauthmann John , Ziegler Matthias , Realo Anu , Elme Liisalotte , Sato Tatsuya , Kawamoto Shizuka , Szarota Piotr , Tracy Jessica L. , van Aken Marcel A. G. , Yang Yu , Funder David C.
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this research is to quantitatively compare everyday situational experience around the world.

Local collaborators recruited 5,447 members of college communities in 20 countries, who provided data via a Web site in 14 languages. Using the 89 items of the Riverside Situational Q‐sort (RSQ), participants described the situation they experienced the previous evening at 7:00 p.m.

Correlations among the average situational profiles of each country ranged from r = .73 to r = .95; the typical situation was described as largely pleasant. Most similar were the United States/Canada; least similar were South Korea/Denmark. Japan had the most homogenous situational experience; South Korea, the least. The 15 RSQ items varying the most across countries described relatively negative aspects of situational experience; the 15 least varying items were more positive. Further analyses correlated RSQ items with national scores on six value dimensions, the Big Five traits, economic output, and population. Individualism, Neuroticism, Openness, and Gross Domestic Product yielded more significant correlations than expected by chance.

Psychological research traditionally has paid more attention to the assessment of persons than of situations, a discrepancy that extends to cross‐cultural psychology. The present study demonstrates how cultures vary in situational experience in psychologically meaningful ways.
Beyond Collective Supervision: Informal Social Control, Prosocial Investment, and Juvenile Offending in Urban Neighborhoods
Authors: Leech Tamara G. J.
Published: March 2015

This article examines prosocial investment and supervision of youth as separate indicators of informal social control. Data from 599 survey respondents in 90 Indianapolis, IN, block groups indicate that, at the neighborhood level, the relationship between these two variables and delinquency during early and middle adolescence varies by severity of offense. Specifically, negative binomial models reveal an inverse relationship between supervision and both status offenses and misdemeanors, but the relationship with misdemeanors is stronger in areas with higher levels of prosocial investment. In contrast, prosocial investment has an inverse association with felony charges. Overall, these results call for future quantitative scholarship that contextualizes neighborhood‐level supervision and that is attentive to neighborhood support and empowerment assets in models of urban adolescent delinquency.
Phaseolus lunatus, a New Host of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in Iran
Authors: Osdaghi Ebrahim , Zademohamad Ali Akbar
Published: March 2015

Common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) is one of the most destructive diseases limiting the production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Iran. The disease has previously been described on common bean and mung bean from several regions of Iran, including the central plain and south‐western provinces. In this study, lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus cv. Christmas) plants are being reported as a new natural host of Xap in East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan Provinces, northwestern Iran. Disease symptoms consisted initially of water‐soaked spots that progressed to irregular necrotic lesions with chlorotic margins. Infection was observed to affect up to 40% of plants in the field. Identification of the pathogen was based on the biochemical and molecular characteristics, as well as the pathogenicity tests. To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli causing common bacterial blight on lima bean plants in Iran.
Demonstration of uniformity of calcium absorption in adult dogs and cats
Authors: Mack J. K. , Alexander L. G. , Morris P. J. , Dobenecker B. , Kienzle E.
Published: March 2015

A meta‐analysis was conducted to understand quantitative aspects of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) absorption in adult dogs and cats. 34 studies in dogs and 14 studies in cats met the criteria for inclusion in the meta‐analysis. Intake and faecal excretion values of Ca and P were subjected to a modified Lucas test and subsequent regression analyses. According to the current scientific consensus, Ca true digestibility (absorption) should increase at low Ca intake and decrease at high Ca intake. If true, this should result in a nonlinear relationship between the percentage of Ca excreted and dietary Ca intake. The present meta‐analysis showed a highly significant linear relationship (p < 0.0001) between Ca intake and Ca excretion suggesting a lack of systematic quantitative adaptation in true Ca digestibility. This finding suggests either that the time period covered by standard digestion trials is too short to induce adaptation mechanisms or that dogs and cats at maintenance will not efficiently alter quantitative Ca absorption percentage according to the amount ingested. If the latter is true, a dietary Ca supply differing greatly from the recommended dietary intake might impair the health of cats and dogs when fed long term. The data plots for P intake and faecal excretion were less uniform suggesting other factors not just dietary intake influence faecal P excretion. In adult cats, the dietary Ca:P ratio strongly influenced the true digestibility of P, whereas this effect was less marked in adult dogs. Faecal P excretion was significantly correlated to faecal Ca excretion in both species (p < 0.0001), and surprisingly, the level of P intake did not appear to be an important determinant of true digestibility of P.
Effects of different sulphur amino acids and dietary electrolyte balance levels on performance, jejunal morphology, and immunocompetence of broiler chicks
Authors: Nikoofard V. , Mahdavi A. H. , Samie A.H. , Jahanian E.
Published: March 2015

As alterations of dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) can influence amino acid metabolism via changes the ions incur in their configurations, performance and immunological responses of broiler chicks might be affected. So, the current study was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of sulphur amino acids (SAA) and DEB on performance, jejunal morphology and immunocompetence of broiler chicks. A total of 360 1‐day‐old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to nine experimental treatments with four replicates of 10 birds each. Experimental treatments consisted of three levels of SAA (100, 110, and 120% of NRC recommendation, provided by methionine supplementation in diets with the same cysteine level) and three levels of DEB (150, 250, and 350 mEq/kg) that were fed during the entire of trial in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Results showed that the relative weights of intestine and abdominal fat were decreased markedly (p < 0.001) with increasing levels of SAA and DEB respectively. Antibody titre against sheep red blood cell was neither individually nor in combination influenced by supplementation of SAA or DEB. Nevertheless, a decrease in DEB level led to a suppression in heterophile (p < 0.05) and an increase in lymphocyte counts (p = 0.06); consequently, heterophile to lymphocyte ratio was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by decremental levels of DEB. Albumin to globulin ratio was increased after inclusion of at least 10% SAA (p < 0.001) and 150 mEq DEB/kg in the diet (p = 0.11). Although feeding high‐DEB level led to a remarkable decrease in villus height (p < 0.01) and goblet cell numbers (p < 0.001), supplementing the highest level of SAA improved the height of jejunal villus. During the entire trial period, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was increased by incremental SAA levels (p < 0.05). However, inclusion of 150 mEq/kg led to not only a remarkable increase (p < 0.0001) in both ADFI and average daily weight gain (ADWG) but also to improved (p < 0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) both during the growing and over the entire trial periods. The present findings indicated that inclusion of low DEB decreased the heterophile to lymphocyte ratio and improved both the albumin to globulin ratio and intestinal health indices. The best growth performance was obtained with 150 mEq DEB/kg in the diet for each level of SAA.