bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recursos informacionais: importante aliado no processo de elaboração dos planos de aulas
Authors: Costa Wilse Arena da , Silva Edileusa Regina Pena da , Pinheiro Mariza Inês da Silva , Campos Nelison Dias
Published: July 2011

Sabendo da importância dos recursos informacionais no setor educacional, especialmente para elaboração do plano de aulas pelos professores das séries iniciais, realizou-se uma pesquisa na Escola Municipal Anfilófio de Souza Campos - EMASC, na cidade de Itiquira, Mato Grosso – MT. Procurou-se identificar os recursos informacionais utilizados pelos professores para enriquecer o conteúdo de suas disciplinas e dinamizar o processo ensino/aprendizagem. Enfatizou-se também, a partir de uma abordagem teórico-referencial, o papel do bibliotecário como agente nucleador da biblioteca como instituição viva e participante do conhecimento e das práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas pelo professor. De forma peremptória, os resultados mostraram a prioridade dada ao livro didático e o uso reduzido ou inadequado da biblioteca, dos recursos eletrônicos e dos sites direcionados à Educação. Porém, um fator constatado que faz muita diferença em qualquer instituição escolar, nos dias atuais, é a ausência de um bibliotecário na EMASC.
January/February 2010
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A.
Published: July 2011

Vol. 5, No. 1
Pediatric issues in disaster management, Part 1: The emergency medical system and surge capacity
Authors: Mace, MD Sharon E. , Sharieff, MD Ghazala , Bern, MD Andrew , Benjamin, MD Lee , Burbulys, MD Dave , Johnson, MD Ramon , Schreiber, PhD Merritt
Published: July 2011

Although children and infants are likely to be victims in a disaster and are more vulnerable in a disaster than adults, disaster planning and management has often overlooked the specific needs of pediatric patients. The authors discuss key components of disaster planning and management for pediatric patients, including emergency medical services, hospital/facility issues, evacuation centers, family separation/reunification, children with special healthcare needs (SHCNs), mental health issues, and overcrowding/ surge capacity. Specific policy recommendations and an appendix with detailed practical information and algorithms are included.The first part of this three-part series on pediatric issues in disaster management addresses the emergency medical system from the field to the hospital and surge capacity including the impact of crowding.The second part addresses the appropriate setup and functioning of evacuation centers and family separation and reunification.The third part deals with special patient populations: children with SHCNs and mental health issues.
Ethics and oil: Preventing the next disaster
Authors: Schneider, PhD Robert O.
Published: July 2011

This analytical paper assesses the BP Deepwater Horizon 2010 oil well explosion in the Gulf of Mexico in the context of ethical theory in the field of emergency management. It reviews the relevant literature that pertains to the ethical dimensions of decision making in relation to industrial disasters. Once the theoretical framework is established, a descriptive presentation of features common to Deepwater Horizon and past oil disasters is presented. The analysis suggests that the BP disaster in the Gulf of Mexico was, as much as anything else, the product of a systemic ethical failure on the part of both the oil industry and public officials. In addressing this failure, principles consistent with the theory presented are identified along with some preliminary action steps to stimulate and guide ongoing discussion and evaluation pertaining to the application of ethical theory to the important tasks of risk reduction and safety.
Aging and disaster: Coping in the wake of Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Day, PhD Christine L. , Jencik, PhD Alicia N.
Published: July 2011

Objectives: Understanding people’s resources and vulnerabilities is important to ongoing policymaking efforts in emergency management and disaster resilience. This study examines the self-reported experiences, psychological effects, and evacuation behaviors of New Orleanians across age groups, hypothesizing that older people are more likely to experience property losses and physical difficulties, but less likely to experience negative psychological effects.Design: Data from a series of surveys between 2006 and 2009 of New Orleans residents after the 2005 flood caused by levee breaches in the wake of Hurricane Katrina are analyzed using logistic and ordered probit regression techniques.Results: Respondents aged 65 years and older were significantly less likely than other respondents to report lost possessions; to worry about the future; to experience sadness, sleep loss, irritability, and lack of focus; and to have difficulties getting medical care and home repairs in the months following the storm, even when controlling for socioeconomic status, gender, and race.Conclusions: Although it is important to note that the respondents represent those who had made it back to the city, rather than the entire pre-Katrina population, the results indicate that old age can be more of a resource than a weakness in the face of disaster. Disaster policy should not only consider and plan for older people’s vulnerabilities but also prepare to benefit from older people’s life experiences and resilience.
National emergency training systems in the United States and Korea
Authors: Ha, PhD, CEM Kyoo-Man
Published: July 2011

This study aims to improve national emergency training systems in the United States and Korea by comparing their governments and policies, nongovernment partners and their roles, and other issues while drawing related implications to contribute to emergency management. The major tenet of this study is as follows: the US training system is decentralized and covers all kinds of hazards, whereas the Korean system is centralized and focuses on a civil engineering viewpoint besides fire fighting. As a result, the US government needs to support training in business more actively. On the other hand, the Korean National Emergency Management Agency, as a central government, needs to expand its emergency training into governments at lower levels, and at the same time covering all aspects of emergencies in their training programs. To have better output, two national leaders should check out the aforementioned implications realistically as well as theoretically.
Seasonal observations of OH and HO2 in the remote tropical marine boundary layer
Authors: Vaughan S. , Ingham T. , Whalley L. K. , Stone D. , Evans M. J. , Read K. A. , Lee J. D. , Moller S. J. , Carpenter L. J. , Lewis A. C. , Fleming Z. L. , Heard D. E.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Field measurements of the hydroxyl radical, OH, are crucial for our understanding of tropospheric chemistry. However, observations of this key atmospheric species in the tropical marine boundary layer, where the warm, humid conditions and high solar irradiance lend themselves favourably to production, are sparse. The Seasonal Oxidant Study at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory in 2009 allowed, for the first time, seasonal measurements of both OH and HO2 in a clean (i.e. low NOx), tropical marine environment. It was found that concentrations of OH and HO2 were typically higher in the summer months (June, September), with maximum daytime concentrations of ~9 × 106 and 4 × 108 molecule cm−3, respectively – almost double the values in winter (February, early March). HO2 was observed to persist at ~107 molecule cm−3 through the night, but there was no strong evidence of nighttime OH, consistent with previous measurements at the site in 2007. HO2 was shown to have excellent correlations (R2 ~ 0.90) with both the photolysis rate of ozone, J(O1D), and the primary production rate of OH, P(OH), from the reaction of O1D) with water vapour. The analogous relations of OH were not so strong (R2 ~ 0.6), but the coefficients of the linear correlation with J(O1D) in this study were close to those yielded from previous works in this region, suggesting that the chemical regimes have similar impacts on the concentration of OH. Analysis of the variance of OH and HO2 across the Seasonal Oxidant Study suggested that ~70 % of the total variance could be explained by diurnal behaviour, with ~30 % of the total variance being due to changes in air mass.
Selecting the optimal method to calculate daily global reference potential evaporation from CFSR reanalysis data
Authors: Sperna Weiland F. C. , Tisseuil C. , Dürr H. H. , Vrac M. , van Beek L. P. H.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Potential evaporation (PET) is one of the main inputs of hydrological models. Yet, there is limited consensus on which PET equation is most applicable in hydrological climate impact assessments. In this study six different methods to derive global scale reference PET time series from CFSR reanalysis data are compared: Penman-Monteith, Priestley-Taylor and original and modified versions of the Hargreaves and Blaney-Criddle method. The calculated PET time series are (1) evaluated against global monthly Penman-Monteith PET time series calculated from CRU data and (2) tested on their usability for modeling of global discharge cycles. The lowest root mean squared differences and the least significant deviations (95 % significance level) between monthly CFSR derived PET time series and CRU derived PET were obtained for the cell specific modified Blaney-Criddle equation. However, results show that this modified form is likely to be unstable under changing climate conditions and less reliable for the calculation of daily time series. Although often recommended, the Penman-Monteith equation did not outperform the other methods. In arid regions (e.g., Sahara, central Australia, US deserts), the equation resulted in relatively low PET values and, consequently, led to relatively high discharge values for dry basins (e.g., Orange, Murray and Zambezi). Furthermore, the Penman-Monteith equation has a high data demand and the equation is sensitive to input data inaccuracy. Therefore, we preferred the modified form of the Hargreaves equation, which globally gave reference PET values comparable to CRU derived values. Although it is a relative efficient empirical equation, like Blaney-Criddle, the equation considers multiple spatial varying meteorological variables and consequently performs well for different climate conditions. In the modified form of the Hargreaves equation the multiplication factor is uniformly increased from 0.0023 to 0.0031 to overcome the global underestimation of CRU derived PET obtained with the original equation. It should be noted that the bias in PET is not linearly transferred to actual evapotranspiration and runoff, due to limited soil moisture availability and precipitation. The resulting gridded daily PET time series provide a new reference dataset that can be used for future hydrological impact assessments or, more specifically, for the statistical downscaling of daily PET derived from raw GCM data.
Optical method for measuring bed topography and flow depth in an experimental flume
Authors: Limare A. , Tal M. , Reitz M. D. , Lajeunesse E. , Métivier F.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. We describe an optical method known as moiré for acquiring quasi-simultaneous measurements of bed topography and flow depth in laboratory experiments. The moiré method is based on projecting a fringe pattern (grating) on the bed and analyzing the deformation of the pattern caused by the topography with respect to a reference plane. The height of the object is encoded in the phase of the pattern and can be retrieved either through Fourier transform or phase shifting algorithms. The methodology enables image-based non-contact measurements over a continuous surface at very high spatial and temporal resolutions. We use a commercial software package of a moiré method called Light3D to map bed topography and flow depth in an experimental braided channel and demonstrate how the method can be used to characterize a full range of statistics not previously possible.
Basal crevasses in Larsen C Ice Shelf and implications for their global abundance
Authors: Luckman A. , Jansen D. , Kulessa B. , King E. C. , Sammonds P. , Benn D. I.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Basal crevasses extend upwards from the base of ice bodies and can penetrate more than halfway through the ice column under conditions found commonly on ice shelves. As a result, they may locally modify the exchange of mass and energy between ice shelf and ocean, and by altering the shelf's mechanical properties could play a fundamental role in ice shelf stability. Although early studies revealed that such features may be abundant on Antarctic ice shelves, their geometrical properties and spatial distribution has gained little attention. We investigate basal crevasses in Larsen C Ice Shelf using field radar survey, remote sensing and numerical modelling. We demonstrate that a group of features visible in MODIS imagery are the surface expressions of basal crevasses in the form of surface troughs, and find that basal crevasses can be generated as a result of stresses well downstream of the grounding line. We show that linear elastic fracture mechanics modelling is a good predictor of basal crevasse penetration height where stresses are predominantly tensile, and that measured surface trough depth does not always reflect this height, probably because of snow accumulation in the trough, marine ice accretion in the crevasse, or stress bridging from the surrounding ice. We conclude that all features visible in MODIS imagery of ice shelves and previously labelled simply as "crevasses", where they are not full thickness rifts, must be basal crevasse troughs, highlighting a fundamental structural property of many ice shelves that may have been previously overlooked.
Acetabular Impaction Grafting in Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Rigby Michael , Kenny Paddy J. , Sharp Rob , Whitehouse Sarah L. , Gie Graham A. , Timperley John A.
Published: July 2011

Background and purpose

Acetabular impaction grafting has been shown to be very effective, but concerns regarding its suitability for larger defects have been highlighted. We report the use of this technique in a large cohort of patients, and address possible limitations of the technique.

Methods

We investigated a consecutive group of 339 cases of impaction grafting of the cup with morcellised impacted allograft bone for survivorship and mechanisms for early failure.

Results

Kaplan Meier survival was 89.1% (95% CI 83.2 to 95.0%) at 5.8 years for revision for any reason, and 91.6% (95% CI 85.9 to 97.3%) for revision for aseptic loosening of the cup. Of the 15 cases revised for aseptic cup loosening, nine were large rim mesh reconstructions, two were fractured Kerboull-Postel plates, two were migrating cages, one was a medial wall mesh failure and one had been treated by impaction alone.

Interpretation

In our series, results were disappointing where a large rim mesh or significant reconstruction was required. In light of these results, our technique has changed in that we now use predominantly larger chips of purely cancellous bone, 8–10 mm3 in size, to fill the cavity and larger diameter cups to better fill the aperture of the reconstructed acetabulum. In addition we now make greater use of i) implants made of a highly porous in-growth surface to constrain allograft chips and ii) bulk allografts combined with cages and morcellised chips in cases with very large segmental and cavitary defects.
Shear Bond Strength of Ormocer-Based Restorative Material Using Specific and Nonspecific Adhesive Systems
Authors: Hamouda Ibrahim M. , Shehata Salah H.
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of
ormocer-based restorative material bonded to tooth structure using
specific ormocer and nonspecific resin-based adhesives. Human
molars were prepared to obtain flat buccal enamel surfaces and
flat occlusal dentin surfaces. Admira bond, and Prime & Bond NT,
Excite, AdheSE, and Prompt-L-Pop were applied to the prepared
enamel and dentin surfaces. Ormocer restorative material was
inserted into a mold fixed onto the prepared tooth surfaces. The
restorative material was applied and cured. The shear bond
strength was measured using a universal testing machine. The
highest bond strength was recorded for Admira bond. The
non-specific adhesives (AdheSE and Prompt-L-Pop) were recorded the
lowest bond strength. Etch & Rinse (Prime & Bond NT and Excite)
adhesives were recorded an intermediate values. Admira bond
usually showed cohesive failure in the material with enamel and
cohesive and mixed failure with the dentin. Etch & Rinse adhesives
showed mixed failure with the enamel and, mixed and adhesive
failures with the dentin. Self-etching adhesives commonly
exhibited adhesive mode of failure. So, Etch & Rinse, non-specific
bonding agents can be used with Admira ormocer-based restorative
material when the specific adhesive is depleted.
The Diagnostic Value of the Vacuum Phenomenon during Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: Rath Ehud , Gortzak Yair , Schwarzkopf Ran , Benkovich Vadim , Cohen Eugene , Atar Dan
Published: July 2011

The diagnostic value of the vacuum phenomenon between the femoral head and the acetabulum, and time frame of its occurrence after application of traction is an important clinical question. The resulting arthrogram may outline the shape, location, and extent of cartilage lesions prior to arthroscopy of the hip joint.
The presence, duration, and diagnostic information of the vacuum phenomenon were evaluated in 24 hips that underwent arthroscopy. The operative diagnosis was compared to the results of imaging studies and to findings obtained during a traction trial prior to arthroscopy. Indications for arthroscopy included avascular necrosis, labral tears, loose bodies, osteoarthrosis, and intractable hip pain. In 22 hips the vacuum phenomenon developed within 30 seconds after application of traction. The most important data obtained from the vacuum phenomenon was the location and extent of femoral head articular cartilage detachment and the presence of nonossified loose bodies. The vacuum phenomenon did not reveal labral or acetabular cartilage pathology in any of these patients. The vacuum phenomenon obtained during the trial of traction can add valuable information prior to hip arthroscopy. Femoral head articular cartilage detachment was best documented by this method. The hip arthroscopist should utilize this diagnostic window routinely prior to hip arthroscopy.
Residual vein thrombosis for assessing duration of anticoagulation after unprovoked deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs: The extended DACUS study
Authors: Siragusa Sergio , Malato Alessandra , Saccullo Giorgia , Iorio Alfonso , Di Ianni Mauro , Caracciolo Clementina , Coco Lucio Lo , Raso Simona , Santoro Marco , Guarneri Francesco Paolo , Tuttolomondo Antonino , Pinto Antonio , Pepe Iliana , Casuccio Alessandra , Abbadessa Vincenzo , Licata Giuseppe , Battista Rini Giovan , Mariani Guglielmo , Di Fede Gaetana
Published: July 2011

The safest duration of anticoagulation after idiopathic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is unknown. We conducted a prospective study to assess the optimal duration of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy considering the risk of recurrence of thrombosis according to residual vein thrombosis (RVT). Patients with a first unprovoked DVT were evaluated for the presence of RVT after 3 months of VKA administration; those without RVT suspended VKA, while those with RVT continued oral anticoagulation for up to 2 years. Recurrent thrombosis and/or bleeding events were recorded during treatment (RVT group) and 1 year after VKA withdrawal (both groups). Among 409 patients evaluated for unprovoked DVT, 33.2% (136 of 409 patients) did not have RVT and VKA was stopped. The remaining 273 (66.8%) patients with RVT received anticoagulants for an additional 21 months; during this period of treatment, recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding occurred in 4.7% and 1.1% of patients, respectively. After VKA suspension, the rates of recurrent thrombotic events were 1.4% and 10.4% in the no‐RVT and RVT groups, respectively (relative risk = 7.4; 95% confidence interval = 4.9–9.9). These results indicate that in patients without RVT, a short period of treatment with a VKA is sufficient; in those with persistent RVT, treatment extended to 2 years substantially reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of recurrent thrombosis. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethics, Chemistry, and Education for Sustainability
Authors: Frank Hartmut , Campanella Luigi , Dondi Francesco , Mehlich Jan , Leitner Erich , Rossi Giuseppe , Ndjoko Ioset Karine , Bringmann Gerhard
Published: July 2011

Why do scientists avoid considerations about ethics and categorically deny precautionary principles? Is it because they do not adequately understand the emotional needs and fears of the general public? The authors argue that a central challenge in chemical education is conveying the philosophy of empathy; without it, the exclusively intellectual training of chemists results in heartless individuals who forget human needs and dreams. In addition, concrete examples are given from a course in applied ethics for chemistry students and a scholarship program in the Congo.
Reduction of the shrinkage–swelling potential with polymer nanocomposite stabilization
Authors: Azzam W. R.
Published: July 2011

This article describes the application of using polymer stabilization to create a new hydrophobic (nanocomposite) material with swollen clay. A series of tests were performed with different polymer contents to study the effect of using polypropylene as a partial soil stabilizer and a shrinkage–swelling modifier for expansive soils. The effect of the obtained clay–polymer nanocomposites on the shear strength of swelling soils was also investigated. The tests showed that the resulting nanocomposites acted as nanofiller materials and decreased both the plasticity index and permeability. The optimum moisture content and dry density decreased relatively with increasing polymer content. The polymer inclusions significantly reduced the free swelling and swelling pressure values. In addition, the produced nanocomposites reduced the volumetric shrinkage of the expansive soils and created isotropic and compressible materials. The unconfined compressive strength of the soil increased significantly with increasing polymer content. The proposed stabilized technique increased the bearing capacity under the model footing and modified the stress settlement relationship. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Accelerated aging of elastomeric composites with vulcanized ground scraps
Authors: Carli Larissa N. , Bianchi Otávio , Mauler Raquel S. , Crespo Janaina S.
Published: July 2011

The aim of this work is to study the effect of thermal aging on the mechanical, dynamic‐mechanical, and chemical properties of SBR (styrene‐butadiene rubber) composites filled with SBR industrial rubber scraps. Eight composites with varying proportions (10–80 phr) of the SBR ground scraps (SBR‐r) were prepared and subjected to accelerated aging in an air‐oven. The composites were evaluated, and the results were compared with a control sample (base formulation with 0 phr of SBR‐r), before and after thermal aging. The accelerated aging led to a decrease in the mechanical properties as a result of an increase in the stiffness of the material, related to an increase in the crosslink density. However, these properties were not affected by the addition of rubber scraps up to 50 phr, either before or after aging. The increase in the glass transition temperature of the composites after aging, measured using dynamic mechanical analysis, confirmed the occurrence of a postcrosslinking process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and crosslink density revealed that the aging mechanism was dependent on the SBR‐r content. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and properties of acrylic melamine hard coating
Authors: Nishino Go , Sugimoto Hideki , Nakanishi Eiji
Published: July 2011

Melamine resin polymers exhibit high transmittance, high pencil hardness, and high refractive index. However, high temperatures and long reaction times are required to obtain the desired condensation products. In this study, acrylic‐modified melamine resins were synthesized that were cured by irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. The synthesized acrylic‐modified melamine resins could be cured rapidly due to the radical reaction of the acrylic groups and retained high transparency and high refractive index as features of the melamine resin polymers. The polymerized film by UV curing had low shrinkage and high refractive index. Compared with general multifunctional moiety‐type acrylic monomers such as pentaerythritol triacrylate and dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, the acrylic‐modified melamine resins had the same degree of hardness. In addition, flexibility, a feature of the urethane moiety, was imparted to the polymer by the reaction of residual hydroxyl groups with isocyanate. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 000: 000–000, 2010
New thermoplastic segmented polyurethanes with hard segments derived from 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate and methylenebis(1,4‐phenylenemethylenethio)dialcanols
Authors: Kultys Anna , Rogulska Magdalena , Pikus Stanisław
Published: July 2011

New thermoplastic poly(ether–urethane)s and poly(carbonate–urethane)s were synthesized by a one‐step melt polymerization from poly(oxytetramethylene) diol (PTMO) and poly(hexane‐1,6‐diyl carbonate) diol (PHCD) as soft segments, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 2,2′‐[methylenebis(1,4‐phenylenemethylenethio)]diethanol, 3,3′‐[methylenebis(1,4‐phenylenemethylenethio)]dipropan‐1‐ol or 6,6′‐[methylenebis(1,4‐phenylenemethylenethio)]dihexan‐1‐ol as unconventional chain extenders. The effects of the kind and amount of the polymer diol and chain extender used on the structure and properties of the polymers were studied. The polymers were examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), TGA coupled with FTIR spectroscopy, and Shore hardness and tensile testing. The obtained high‐molecular‐weight polymers showed elastomeric or plastic properties. Generally, the PTMO‐based polymers exhibited significantly lower glass‐transition temperatures (up to −48.1 vs −1.4°C), a higher degree of microphase separation, and ordering in hard‐segment domains in comparison with the corresponding PHCD‐based ones. Moreover, it was observed that the polymers with the PTMO soft segments showed poorer tensile strengths (up to 36.5 vs 59.6 MPa) but higher elongations at break. All of the polymers exhibited a relatively good thermal stability. Their temperatures of 1% mass loss were in the range 270–320°C. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Investigation on the miscibility of the blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)
Authors: Ren L. , Zhang M. Y. , Wang Y.R. , Na H. , Zhang H. X.
Published: July 2011

The miscibility was investigated in blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and styrene‐acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers with different acrylonitrile (AN) contents. The 50/50 wt % blends of PMMA with the SAN copolymers containing 5, 35, and 50 wt % of AN were immiscible, while the blend with copolymer containing 25 wt % of AN was miscible. The morphologies of PMMA/SAN blends were characterized by virtue of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the miscibility of PMMA/SAN blends were in consistence with the morphologies observed. Moreover, the different morphologies in blends of PMMA and SAN were also observed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis, characterization and micellization of heterograft copolymers based on phosphoester functionalized macromonomers via “grafting through” method
Authors: Zhu Wei‐Pu , Sun Shuai , Xu Ning , Gou Peng‐Fei , Shen Zhi‐Quan
Published: July 2011

Novel amphiphilic heterograft copolymers consisting of phosphoester functionalized PEG (phosPEG) and PCL (phosPCL) were synthesized by the ring‐opening polymerization via “grafting through” method. The heterograft structure and thermal properties of these copolymers with various compositions were characterized by 1H‐NMR, 31P NMR, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in detail. These amphiphilic copolymers could self‐assemble into micellar structures in aqueous solution, and their critical micellization concentrations (CMC) were determined to be 0.69–1.25 mg/L by fluorescence technique. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements show that these heterograft copolymer micelles are spherical in shape with the particle size ranging from 20 to 60 nm, which has potential in biomedical application. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Efficiency of 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone for the photopolymerization of methacrylate monomers in thick sections
Authors: Mucci Veronica , Vallo Claudia
Published: July 2011

The efficiency of 2,2‐Dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPA) for the photopolymerization of methacrylate monomers in thick sections was assessed. DMPA is an efficient photoinitiator for thick sections (≈2 mm) because a fast reaction and high conversions are obtained with concentrations as low as 0.25 wt % DMPA. The polymerization rate increased when the DMPA content increased from 0.125 wt % to 0.25 wt %. However, the conversion versus irradiation time profiles in resins containing 0.25 wt % or 0.5 wt % DMPA were similar. This is attributed to the screening effect caused by excessive levels of DMPA. In addition, the consumption of DMPA under UV irradiation was accompanied by the appearance of light absorbing photoproducts. Because the absorbing species nearest to the light source absorb part of it, the light fails to reach the deeper layers of the sample. The overall effect of light screening is a reduced photoinitiation rate and double bond conversion along the irradiation path. This effect was compensated by the use of irradiation sources of higher intensity; which increased the initiation rate by increasing the production of primary radicals. DMPA is colorless and it does not require the presence of amine as coinitiator. These properties make DMPA attractive as photoinitiator of dental composites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Evaluation of the confinement effect of nanoclay on the kinetics of styrene atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Najafi Mohammad , Salami‐Kalajahi Mehdi
Published: July 2011

The grafting through method was employed to study the effect of nanoclay confinement on the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. An ammonium salt containing a double bond on its structure was used as a clay modifier. Employing ATRP to polymerize styrene in the presence of modified montmorillonite resulted in a finely well‐defined polystyrene nanocomposite. The gas chromatography (GC) results showed the linear increase of ln(M0/M) versus time, which indicated the controlled behavior of the polymerization. Another confirmation of the living nature of the polymerization was the linear increase of molecular weight against monomer conversion concluded from the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) data. Nanoclay exerted acceleration on the polymerization of free polystyrene chains. The polydispersity indexes of polymer chains increased by the addition of nanoclay. In the case of clay‐attached polystyrene chains, number and weight‐average molecular weights were lower than that of freely dispersed polystyrene chains. The polydispersity index of the clay‐attached chains was higher in respect to the freely dispersed polystyrene chains. The living nature of polymer chains was more elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Exfoliation of the clay layers in the polymer matrix of polystyrene nanocomposite containing the lowest amount of nanoclay has proven by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Guidelines for standard photography in gross and clinical anatomy
Authors: Barut Cagatay , Ertilav Hakan
Published: July 2011

Photography has a widespread usage in medicine and anatomy. In this review, authors focused on the usage of photography in gross and clinical anatomy. Photography in gross and clinical anatomy is not only essential for accurate documentation of morphological findings but also important in sharing knowledge and experience. Photographs of cadavers are supposed to demonstrate the required information clearly. Thus, photographs should be taken with certain techniques in order to obtain high quality and standardization. Camera, lens, lighting, background, and certain photographic techniques are among the factors to achieve precise images. A set of suggested guidelines for accomplishing these standards are given for anatomists. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Label‐free electrochemical aptasensor for thrombin detection with platinum nanoparticles and blocking reagent horseradish peroxidase as enhancers
Authors: Sun Tao , Wang Li , Li Na , Gan Xianxue
Published: July 2011

A sensitive label‐free electrochemical aptasensor was successfully fabricated for thrombin detection with platinum nanoparticles (Pt) and blocking reagent horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as enhancers. A Nafion®–graphene‐coated electrode was first modified with an electrochemical probe of methylene blue (MB) through electrostatic interaction. Then Pt was electrodeposited onto an electrode for immobilization of the thrombin aptamer (TBA). Subsequently, HRP served as blocking reagent instead of bovine serum albumin (BSA). With the synergistic effect between Pt and HRP, the prepared aptasensor showed a superior catalytic efficiency toward H2O2 in the presence of MB. After the combination of target thrombin on electrode surface, the TBA–thrombin complex made a barrier for electrocatalysis of Pt and HRP and inhibited the electrotransfer, resulting in a greater decrease in MB signals. As a result, the proposed approach showed a high sensitivity and a much wider linearity to thrombin in the range from 0.005 to 50 nM with a detection limit of 1 pM.
Transformation of chenodeoxycholic acid by thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Afzal Mohammad , Oommen Sosamma , Al‐Awadi Samira
Published: July 2011

We performed a series of experiments with Geobacillus stearothermophilus, a thermophile isolated from oil‐contaminated soil in the Kuwaiti desert. The organism has a good potential for the transformation of a broad spectrum of organic molecules such as steroids, amino acids, and aromatic hydrocarbons. In the present study, we tested its potential for the transformation of a bile component, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Five transformed products, namely, cholic acid, methylcholate, methylchenodeoxycholate, 3α‐hydroxy‐7‐oxo‐5β‐cholanic acid, and 7α‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐5β‐cholanic acid, were the major transformation products catalyzed by G. stearothermophilus. Under aerobic conditions, no evidence of side chain degradation, ring cleavage, or dehydrogenation was found among the metabolites of CDCA. CDCA transformation by a thermophile is reported for the first time.
Talking about a Black Man: The Influence of Defendant and Character Witness Race on Jurors' Use of Character Evidence
Authors: Maeder Evelyn M. , Hunt Jennifer S.
Published: July 2011

To determine whether anti‐Black bias influences mock jurors' use of character evidence (i.e., information about a defendant's personality), this study manipulated the race (Black, White) of the defendant and character witness and the type of character evidence presented in a fictitious criminal trial. Two hundred six predominantly White participants read a trial transcript, then made verdicts and trial judgments. Results confirm previous findings that positive character evidence has a limited impact on jurors' judgments, but negative character evidence is misused to evaluate the defendant's guilt. However, participants were more influenced by character evidence that was inconsistent with racial stereotypes. Specifically, positive character evidence had a stronger effect for Black defendants, whereas negative rebuttal evidence had a stronger influence for White defendants. The race of the character witness did not affect judgments. Thus, defendant race may provide a framework that influences how mock jurors process character evidence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brand signal quality of products in an asymmetric online information environment: An experimental study
Authors: Tsao Hsiu‐Yuan , Berthon Pierre , Pitt Leyland F. , Parent Michael
Published: July 2011

Previous research regarding the effectiveness of brand name signalling has focused mainly on when and how marketers will recover costs. This study reverses this trend by examining how buyers may interpret signals via the brand name, the effectiveness of signalling via brand name in terms of buyer‐value perspectives and how buyers' reactions to signals affect sellers' decisions to adopt a signalling strategy. Signalling theory and concepts from consumer‐based branding research are used to suggest how to evaluate the effectiveness of signalling via brand name in the context of the consumer market – a market in which information is asymmetric. Findings from a number of repeated experiments, using the methodology of experimental economics, demonstrate that the function of a brand fluctuates according to which market conditions prevail for brand and price, the extent of brand differentiation and the magnitude of brand‐building costs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The value of value: Further excursions on the meaning and role of customer value
Authors: Gallarza Martina G. , Gil‐Saura Irene , Holbrook Morris B.
Published: July 2011

Grounded on fundamental marketing principles, the concept of customer value has been revisited and refined by academicians and practitioners for the last 30 years. However, research devoted to achieving a consistent theoretical and conceptual development of value‐related concepts has proceeded apace without ever reaching full closure. The present essay seeks reasons behind remaining deficiencies in value‐related research and offers a review intended to move our understanding of customer value toward what promises to become a more enlightened future. The topic of value is approached by theoretical analysis and conceptual development. First, “the challenge” of value research is presented: the researcher faces a topic that is central to the marketing discipline but that suffers from various conceptual and methodological difficulties. Second, among the literature on value from the last three decades, two main research areas are selected: the conceptual delimitation and the methodological links between quality, satisfaction, and value. Third, as a conclusion, we identify several streams of research that promise to expand future knowledge in the area of customer value. Several tables and figures that provide a systematic and structured review of value‐related knowledge support this inventory of the state‐of‐the‐art in value research. Even the most patient theoretical development of value‐related concepts tends to resist full conceptual closure. The breadth of customer value and its richness for marketing implications encourage novel and refreshing approaches. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sentiment toward marketing: Should we care about consumer alienation and readiness to use technology?
Authors: Mady Tarek T.
Published: July 2011

Consumer sentiment toward marketing has been extensively addressed in the marketing literature. However, while most existing studies provide contributions regarding the levels of consumer perceptions of the marketing function, most fall short of providing significant insights into the antecedents of these sentiment levels. That is to say, little is offered to help marketers understand why consumers perceive the marketing function the way they do. In this study, a conceptual framework is developed in an attempt to explore consumer sentiment toward marketing in light of the increasing technological tendencies of today's marketplace. Alienation from the marketplace is assumed to be an exogenous variable that affects the degree to which individuals are ready to embrace new technologies in everyday life. The model is empirically tested using structural equation modeling. Alienation from the marketplace is found to be negatively associated with sentiment toward marketing and the drivers of technology readiness, but positively associated with the inhibitors of technology readiness. More significantly, readiness to embrace technology is found to exhibit a strong and consistent relationship with sentiment toward marketing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pmarg‐Pearlin is a Matrix Protein Involved in Nacre Framework Formation in the Pearl OysterPinctada margaritifera
Authors: Montagnani C. , Marie B. , Marin F. , Belliard C. , Riquet F. , Tayalé A. , Zanella‐Cléon I. , Fleury E. , Gueguen Y. , Piquemal D. , Cochennec‐Laureau N.
Published: July 2011

The shell of pearl oysters is organized in multiple layers of CaCO3crystallites packed together in an organic matrix. Relationships between the components of the organic matrix and mechanisms of nacre formation currently constitute the main focus of research into biomineralization. In this study, we characterized the pearlin protein from the oysterPinctada margaritifera(Pmarg); this shares structural features with other members of a matrix protein family, N14/N16/pearlin.Pmargpearlin exhibits calcium‐ and chitin‐binding properties.Pmargpearlin transcripts are distinctively localized in the mineralizing tissue responsible for nacre formation. More specifically, we demonstrate thatPmargpearlin is localized within the interlamellar matrix of nacre aragonite tablets. Our results support recent models for multidomain matrix protein involvement in nacreous layer formation. We provide evidence here for the existence of a conserved family of nacre‐associated proteins in Pteriidae, and reassess the evolutionarily conserved set of biomineralization genes related to nacre formation in this taxa.
ANOVA–principal component analysis and ANOVA–simultaneous component analysis: a comparison
Authors: Zwanenburg Gooitzen , Hoefsloot Huub C.J. , Westerhuis Johan A. , Jansen Jeroen J. , Smilde Age K.
Published: July 2011

ANOVA–simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) is a recently developed tool to analyze multivariate data. In this paper, we enhance the explorative capability of ASCA by introducing a projection of the observations on the principal component subspace to visualize the variation among the measurements. We compare the significance of experimental effects for ASCA and ANOVA–principal component analysis (PCA), a similar tool to explore multivariate data, by using permutation tests. Furthermore, we quantify the quality of the loadings estimate obtained with ASCA and compare this with the loadings estimate obtained with ANOVA–PCA. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porous Interpenetrated Zirconium–Organic Frameworks (PIZOFs): A Chemically Versatile Family of Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Schaate Andreas , Roy Pascal , Preuße Thomas , Lohmeier Sven Jare , Godt Adelheid , Behrens Peter
Published: July 2011

We present the synthesis and characterization of porous interpenetrated zirconium–organic frameworks (PIZOFs), a new family of metal–organic frameworks obtained from ZrCl4 and the rodlike dicarboxylic acids HO2C[PE‐P(R1,R2)‐EP]CO2H that consist of alternating phenylene (P) and ethynylene (E) units. The substituents R1,R2 were broadly varied (alkyl, Oalkyl, oligo(ethylene glycol)), including postsynthetically addressable substituents (amino, alkyne, furan). The PIZOF structure is highly tolerant towards the variation of R1 and R2. This together with the modular synthesis of the diacids offers a facile tuning of the chemical environment within the pores. The PIZOF structure was solved from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The PIZOFs are stable under ambient conditions. PIZOF‐2, the PIZOF prepared from HO2C[PE‐P(OMe,OMe)‐EP]CO2H, served as a prototype to determine thermal stability and porosity. It is stable up to 325 °C in air as determined by using thermogravimetry and powder X‐ray diffraction. Argon sorption isotherms on PIZOF‐2 revealed a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 1250 m2 g−1 and a total pore volume of 0.68 cm3 g−1.
Liquid Phase Hydrogenolysis of Biomass‐derived Lactate to 1,2‐Propanediol over Silica Supported Cobalt Nanocatalyst
Authors: Xue Jingjing , Cui Fang , Huang Zhiwei , Zuo Jianliang , Chen Jing , Xia Chungu
Published: July 2011

Liquid phase hydrogenolysis of ethyl lactate to 1,2‐propanediol was performed over silica supporting cobalt catalysts prepared by two different methods: precipitation‐gel (PG) technique and deposition‐precipitation (DP) procedure. The cobalt species (Co3O4/cobalt phyllosilicate) present in the corresponding calcined PG and DP catalysts were different as a consequence of the preparation methods, and CoOHCo olation and SiOCo oxolation molecular mechanisms were employed to elucidate the chemical phenomena during the different preparation procedures. In addition, the texture (BET), reduction behavior (TPR and in‐situ XRD), surface dispersion and state of cobalt species (XPS), and catalytic performance differ greatly between the samples. Because of small particle size, high dispersion of cobalt species and facile reducibility, the Co/SiO2 catalyst prepared by precipitation‐gel method presented a much higher activity than the catalyst prepared by deposition‐precipitation method. Metallic cobalt is assumed to be the catalytically active site for the hydrogenolysis reaction according to the catalytic results of both cobalt samples reduced at different temperatures and the structure changes after reaction.
Thermodynamic Study of the Extraction of Inorganic Mercury Compounds in Fish Species of the International Anzali Wetland, Iran
Authors: Astani Elahe , Vahedpour Morteza , Dolatyari Leila
Published: July 2011

Inorganic mercury concentration was measured in the muscle tissues of four types of fish in the aquatic international Anzali Wetland ecosystem in Guilan. In the same ecosystem, the northern pike is able to concentrate inorganic mercury in its body more than other fish. In each species, a fish with the highest amount of inorganic mercury was selected for determination of thermodynamic parameters of inorganic mercury extraction using calculation of the equilibrium constant and fitting of ln Kc versus inverse temperature at the atmospheric pressure. The origins of thermodynamic parameters were discussed. The extraction processes were done in the range of temperatures from 331.15 to 365.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Results show that the extraction of mercury compounds from SH groups of sulfhydryl proteins in fish muscle tissue is an endothermic process with a positive value for entropy and Gibbs free energy changes at room temperature.
New Insights on the Mechanism of Thermal Cleavage of Unsaturated Bicyclic Diaziridines: A DFT Study
Authors: Arshadi S. , Bekhradnia A. R. , Ahmadi S. , Karami A. R. , Pourbeyram S.
Published: July 2011

A DFT calculations are carried out at UB3LYP/6‐311++G (3df, 2p) levels of theory to study electrocyclic thermal cleavage of four (R) derivatives of unsaturated bicyclic diaziridines, 1X‐R, to produce corresponding (Z) and (E) azomethine imides (2X‐Z, 2X‐E, 3X‐Z and 3X‐E), where X=H, Me, t‐Bu and Ph. Cleavage of 1X‐R series to form the most stable 3X‐Z product, (path 2) is found the favored procedure because of delocalized negative charge on five atoms and lower steric effect in related transition state. According to IRC calculations in paths 1 and 2, C6N1 bond is cleaved before the rate determinating step (transition state). The stability of unsaturated bicyclic diaziridines and their corresponding (Z) and (E) azomethine imides is in the following order in gas phase and chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone solvents: 3X‐Z<3X‐E<2X‐Z<2X‐E<1X‐R<1X‐S.