bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MULTISPECIES AND SINGLE‐SPECIES MODELS OF FISH POPULATION DYNAMICS: COMPARING PARAMETER ESTIMATES
Authors: KINZEY DOUGLAS , PUNT ANDRÉ E.
Published: August 2010

AbstractPopulation features inferred from single‐species, age‐structured models are compared to those inferred from a multispecies, age‐structured model that includes predator‐prey interactions among three commercially harvested fish species—walleye pollock, Atka mackerel, and Pacific cod—on the Aleutian Shelf, Alaska. The multispecies framework treats the single‐species models and data as a special case of the multispecies model and data. The same data from fisheries and surveys are used to estimate model parameters for both single‐species and multispecies configurations of the model. Additionally, data from stomach samples and predator rations are used to estimate the parameters of the multispecies model. One form of the feeding functional response, predator pre‐emption, was selected using AIC from seven alternative models for how the predation rate changes with the densities of prey and possibly other predators. Differences in estimated population dynamics and productivity between the multispecies and single‐species models were observed. The multispecies model estimated lower mackerel population sizes from 1964–2003 than the single‐species model, while the spawning biomass of pollock was estimated to have declined more than three times faster since 1964 by the multispecies model. The variances around the estimates of spawning biomass were smaller for mackerel and larger for pollock in the multispecies model compared to the single‐species model.
Photoluminescence and Photoacoustic Investigations of U and Th in Nuclear Waste Glass
Authors: Dhobale Ashok R. , Mohapatra Manoj , Godbole Shrikant V. , Mishra Raman K. , Kaushik Chetan P.
Published: August 2010

Photoluminescence (PL) and photoacoustic spectroscopic (PAS) studies were performed on uranium oxide and uranium oxide and thorium oxide immobilized in sodium barium borosilicate glasses. The glass composition was similar to that of the proposed Advanced Heavy Water Reactor nuclear waste glass. These investigations were aimed at understanding the oxidation state and coordination behavior of the uranium ion in the glass matrix and the effect of Th codoping on them. The PL spectrum of both the glasses showed a green emission band at 538 nm without any vibronic structure along with excitation peaks at 275, 323, 348, and 412 nm. These data indicated the presence of uranium as uranate (UO6)6− in the glass matrix. On codoping with Th, PL emission output as well as the lifetime was reduced. PAS utilizing nonradiative energy transfer revealed absorption peaks at 348 and 412 nm, similar to those in the excitation spectrum indicating the stabilization of uranium in the hexavalent state. No absorbance peak corresponding to tetravalent U was observed. In accordance with the PL data, the PAS data revealed that the incorporation of ThO2 produces additional defect centers in the glass structure.
Mod-2 Wind Turbine Loads Test Correlations
Authors: Zimmerman D. K. , Shipley S. A.
Published: August 2010

The Boeing Company, under contract to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), has completed a test program on the Mod-2 wind turbines at Goodnoe Hills, Washington. The objectives were to update fatigue load spectra for different sites, to measure vortex generator effects, and to evaluate rotational sampling techniques. This paper presents the results of these tests and assesses the adequacy of prediction techniques.
Pulsar Discovery by Global Volunteer Computing
Authors: Knispel B. , Allen B. , Cordes J. M. , Deneva J. S. , Anderson D. , Aulbert C. , Bhat N. D. R. , Bock O. , Bogdanov S. , Brazier A. , Camilo F. , Champion D. J. , Chatterjee S. , Crawford F. , Demorest P. B. , Fehrmann H. , Freire P. C. C. , Gonzalez M. E. , Hammer D. , Hessels J. W. T. , Jenet F. A. , Kasian L. , Kaspi V. M. , Kramer M. , Lazarus P. , van Leeuwen J. , Lorimer D. R. , Lyne A. G. , Machenschalk B. , McLaughlin M. A. , Messenger C. , Nice D. J. , Papa M. A. , Pletsch H. J. , Prix R. , Ransom S. M. , Siemens X. , Stairs I. H. , Stappers B. W. , Stovall K. , Venkataraman A.
Published: August 2010

Einstein@Home, a distributed computing project, discovered a rare, isolated pulsar with a low magnetic field.
Inadequate pain management: myth, stigma and professional fear
Authors: Notcutt William , Gibbs Gerda
Published: August 2010

The ability to effectively relieve pain has been available to health professionals for generations. It should be a primary concern in treating patients but is still often given a low priority or ignored completely. Apathy toward the suffering experienced may be mixed with a fear of the use of the common analgesics. Our own prejudices and ignorance can also contribute. Failures in the primary education of health professionals may be the single most important cause and the identity of the remedy. Raising the profile of pain as an essential educational topic and, more broadly, realising that this is a major public health matter are the way forward.
Freezing of gait in older people: associated conditions, clinical aspects, assessment and treatment
Authors: Thanvi Bhomraj , Treadwell Sean D
Published: August 2010

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling condition in older people. It is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other parkinsonian syndromes. The assessment of this condition poses challenges due to its episodic and transient nature and its frequent association with cognitive impairment. The pathophysiology of FOG is complex and poorly understood. Morphological brain imaging is of limited value in the evaluation of FOG, and functional imaging techniques are currently being developed to study the phenomenon. The treatment of ‘off’ time FOG in PD is relatively straight forward, but ‘on’ freezing in PD and FOG associated with other conditions may be difficult to treat. FOG is a strong risk factor for falls and adversely affects the quality of life of patients and carers. A multidisciplinary team approach is essential for optimum management.
Vitiligo: concise evidence based guidelines on diagnosis and management
Authors: Gawkrodger David J , Ormerod Anthony D , Shaw Lindsay , Mauri-Sole Inma , Whitton Maxine E , Watts M Jane , Anstey Alex V , Ingham Jane , Young Katharine
Published: August 2010

Vitiligo is a common disease that causes a great degree of psychological distress. In its classical forms it is easily recognised and diagnosed. This review provides an evidence based outline of the management of vitiligo, particularly with the non-specialist in mind. Treatments for vitiligo are generally unsatisfactory. The initial approach to a patient who is thought to have vitiligo is to make a definite diagnosis, offer psychological support, and suggest supportive treatments such as the use of camouflage cosmetics and sunscreens, or in some cases after discussion the option of no treatment. Active therapies open to the non-specialist, after an explanation of potential side effects, include the topical use of potent or highly potent steroids or calcineurin inhibitors for a defined period of time (usually 2 months), following which an assessment is made to establish whether or not there has been a response. Patients whose condition is difficult to diagnose, unresponsive to straightforward treatments, or is causing psychological distress, are usually referred to a dermatologist. Specialist dermatology units have at their disposal phototherapy, either narrow band ultraviolet B or in some cases photochemotherapy, which is the most effective treatment presently available and can be considered for symmetrical types of vitiligo. Depigmenting treatments and possibly surgical approaches may be appropriate for vitiligo in selected cases. There is no evidence that presently available systemic treatments are helpful and safe in vitiligo. There is a need for further research into the causes of vitiligo, and into discovering better treatments.
INVARIANT SOLUTIONS OF EINSTEIN FIELD EQUATION FOR NONCONFORMALLY FLAT FLUID SPHERES OF EMBEDDING CLASS ONE
Authors: KUMAR SACHIN , PRATIBHA  , GUPTA Y. K.
Published: August 2010

In the present paper, nonconformal spherical symmetric perfect fluid solutions to Einstein field equations are obtained by using the invariance of the equations under the Lie group of transformations and some new solutions of this category are obtained satisfying the reality conditions like ρ ≥ p ≥ 0, ρr< 0, pr< 0 (p and ρ being pressure and energy-density respectively) in the region 0 < r < a. Such fluids do not represent isolated fluid spheres as pressure free interface is not possible for nonconformally perfect fluids of class one.
A NOTE ON KERR/CFT AND FREE FIELDS
Authors: RASMUSSEN JØRGEN
Published: August 2010

The near-horizon geometry of the extremal four-dimensional Kerr black hole and certain generalizations thereof has an SL (2, ℝ) × U (1) isometry group. Excitations around this geometry can be controlled by imposing appropriate boundary conditions. For certain boundary conditions, the U(1) isometry is enhanced to a Virasoro algebra. Here, we propose a free-field construction of this Virasoro algebra.
STUDY OF THE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF CrO2 USING DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY
Authors: GHIMIRE M. P. , SANDEEP  , THAPA R. K.
Published: August 2010

CrO 2 has a wide band gap for "down" spins and the Fermi level lies in the middle of the band gap. Calculations based on the local-spin density approximation (LSDA) has been performed to investigate the electronic and physical properties of CrO 2 in the rutile structure (P42/mnm). We considered the semicore electrons as valence electrons and found that CrO 2 appears to be half-metallic with a direct band gap of 1.8 eV in spin-down and has metallic behavior in spin-up configurations.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF Cd2+ SUBSTITUTED Li–Zn FERRITES
Authors: MAISNAM MAMATA , PHANJOUBAM SUMITRA , PRAKASH CHANDRA
Published: August 2010

Cd 2+ substituted Li – Zn ferrite with compositional formula Li 0.4-x/2 Zn 0.2 Cd x Fe 2.4-x/2 O 4 with x = 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 were prepared by the conventional double sintering ceramic technique. XRD technique confirmed the formation of single phase with spinel structure. The substitution causes an increase in the lattice constant, density and DC resistivity, while the Curie temperature and dielectric constant decreases with Cd 2+ substitution. The mechanisms involved are discussed.
ANALYSIS OF THE OPTICAL MULTISTABILITY BEHAVIOR IN A FOUR-LEVEL ATOMIC SYSTEM WITH AN ASSISTING MICROWAVE-DRIVEN FIELD
Authors: WANG ZHI-PING , ZHANG SHUANG-XI
Published: August 2010

We show the steady-state optical multistability (OM) behavior in a four-level atomic system inside a unidirectional ring cavity. We find that the intensity and the detunings of the fields can affect the optical multistability behavior dramatically, which can be used to control the transition from OM to OB or vice versa without the need to resort to the effect of spontaneously generated coherence (SGC). The effect of the atomic cooperation parameter on OM is also studied. Our scheme may be used for building more efficient all-optical switches and logic-gate devices for optical computing and quantum information processing.
DIMENSIONING OF ORTHOTROPICALLY STIFFENED CFRP SHELLS OF LARGE LAUNCH VEHICLES FOR LOAD INTRODUCTION AND STABILITY
Authors: RITTWEGER ANDREAS , CHRISTIANSON SUSANNE , ÖRY HUBA
Published: August 2010

The dimensioning of an orthotropically stiffened cylindrical CFRP shell subjected to the introduction of concentrated axial loads using rapid analytical methods is presented. For stress calculation the shell equations are simplified by applying the semibending theory and integrated by employing the transfer matrix method. Analytical approaches are used for stability verification. The dimensioning considers required constraints in the force flux distribution, strength of the laminate, general instability, panel instability (from ring frame to ring frame) and local instability. The rapid analytical methods allow mass optimization. The final design is confirmed by detailed FE analysis. A comparison of the FE analysis with the analytical results is shown.
EVALUATION OF THE PERTURBATION SENSITIVITY OF COMPOSITE LAMINATED SHELLS
Authors: DINKLER DIETER , PONTOW JENS
Published: August 2010

Imperfection sensitivity and its influence on the limit loads of shells are widely discussed phenomena. Both phenomena may be classified with respect to the type of imperfection, which may be generalized to a perturbation. As perturbations influence the stability of shells, the identification of unfavorable perturbations is essential for the design of shells. The perturbation energy concept enables one to identify unfavorable perturbations of different kinds and to evaluate the sensitivity of fundamental states against buckling by the perturbation energy. This paper discusses the perturbation sensitivity of unstiffened composite laminated cylindrical shells consisting of unidirectional layers. Moreover, an approach for a load-level-specific modification of the perturbation sensitivity is introduced.
DESIGN, TESTING AND VALIDATION OF A COMPOSITE BOX UNDER COMBINED LOADING UP TO COLLAPSE
Authors: CORDISCO POTITO , BISAGNI CHIARA
Published: August 2010

This paper presents part of the activities performed by Politecnico di Milano within the European research project COCOMAT, consisting of the design, testing and validation of a closed box structure made up of CFRP stringer-stiffened curved panels. The design phase is carried out using ABAQUS/Explicit with the purpose of obtaining a structure with a ratio between the collapse and the buckling load that is greater than 3 under axial compression and greater than 2 under torque. The box is manufactured by Agusta/Westland and tested at Politecnico di Milano. The first test results are used to validate the FE model, removing some restrictive hypothesis formulated during the design process. Finally, a comparison between the results under combined axial compression and torque loads obtained in the collapse test and in the FE analysis reproducing the collapse is shown. A good correlation is obtained, both in the buckling and postbuckling behavior and in the collapse modality, demonstrating the capability of the dynamic explicit analyses to capture the highly nonlinear response of the aeronautical panels. The results also show the possibility of CFRP structures working deeply in the postbuckling region if properly designed and, consequently, the possibility of a weight reduction of aerospace structures thanks to the possibility of moving up the ultimate load toward the collapse load without any loss in the structural safety.
A BENCHMARK EXAMPLE FOR COLLAPSE ANALYSIS OF STIFFENED COMPOSITE PANELS
Authors: JARLAS ROLF
Published: August 2010

Eight different finite element implementations used by the partners within the COCOMAT consortium are employed to simulate the behavior of curved stiffened composite panels loaded in compression. The aim is to define a suitable benchmark example and compare the abilities of the different finite element codes to simulate the structural behavior in the postbuckling range. The benchmark example is defined and presented together with the results and conclusions. It is found that the results obtained with an imperfection-free model are sensitive to differences in the finite element implementation. On the other hand, when a realistic geometry imperfection is introduced it is found that the load-shortening curve varies in a fairly narrow band, depending on the program used. Comparing the curves from the analysis with the experimental data, it is concluded that no program or method is superior to the others, or that any program gives poor or inaccurate results compared to the others. The results obtained give some information about the expected accuracy in results when experienced users choose different software to analyze this benchmark problem. The partners also observe a lack of convergence in some cases and conclude that understanding how damping parameters and time steps should be chosen is very important.
Phase I Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Combined Valproic Acid/Doxorubicin Treatment in Dogs with Spontaneous Cancer
Authors: Wittenburg Luke A. , Gustafson Daniel L. , Thamm Douglas H.
Published: August 2010

Purpose: Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are targeted anticancer agents with a well-documented ability to act synergistically with cytotoxic agents. We recently showed that the HDACi valproic acid sensitizes osteosarcoma cells to doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. As there are no published reports on the clinical utility of HDACi in dogs with spontaneous cancers, we sought to determine a safe and biologically effective dose of valproic acid administered prior to a standard dose of doxorubicin.

Methods: Twenty-one dogs were enrolled into eight cohorts in an accelerated dose-escalation trial consisting of pretreatment with oral valproic acid followed by doxorubicin on a three-week cycle. Blood and tumor tissue were collected for determination of serum valproic acid concentration and evaluation of pharmacodynamic effects by immunofluorescence cytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Serum and complete blood counts were obtained for determination of changes in doxorubicin pharmacokinetics or hematologic effects.

Results: All doses of valproic acid were well tolerated. Serum valproic acid concentrations increased linearly with dose. Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics were comparable with those in dogs receiving doxorubicin alone. A positive correlation was detected between valproic acid dose and histone hyperacetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. No potentiation of doxorubicin-induced myelosuppression was observed. Histone hyperacetylation was documented in tumor and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Responses included 2 of 21 complete, 3 of 21 partial, 5 of 21 stable disease, and 11 of 21 progressive disease.

Conclusions: Valproic acid can be administered to dogs at doses up to 240 mg/kg/day prior to a standard dose of doxorubicin. In addition, we have developed the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic tools necessary for future studies of novel HDACi in the clinical setting of canine cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 16(19); 4832–42. ©2010 AACR.
DNA Damage Links Mitochondrial Dysfunction to Atherosclerosis and the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Mercer John R. , Cheng Kian-Kai , Figg Nichola , Gorenne Isabelle , Mahmoudi Melli , Griffin Julian , Vidal-Puig Antonio , Logan Angela , Murphy Michael P. , Bennett Martin
Published: August 2010

Rationale:

DNA damage is present in both genomic and mitochondrial DNA in atherosclerosis. However, whether DNA damage itself promotes atherosclerosis, or is simply a byproduct of the risk factors that promote atherosclerosis, is unknown.

Objective:

To examine the effect of DNA damage on atherosclerosis, we studied apolipoprotein (Apo)E
−/−
mice that were haploinsufficient for the protein kinase ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), which coordinates DNA repair.

Methods and Results:

ATM
+/−
/ApoE
−/−
mice developed accelerated atherosclerosis and multiple features of the metabolic syndrome, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, steatohepatitis, and glucose intolerance. Transplantation with ATM
+/+
bone marrow attenuated atherosclerosis but not the metabolic syndrome. ATM
+/−
smooth muscle cells and macrophages showed increased nuclear DNA damage and defective DNA repair signaling, growth arrest, and apoptosis. Metabolomic screening of ATM
+/−
/ApoE
−/−
mouse tissues identified metabolic changes compatible with mitochondrial defects, with increased β-hydroxybutyrate but reduced lactate, reduced glucose, and alterations in multiple lipid species. ATM
+/−
/ApoE
−/−
mouse tissues showed an increased frequency of a mouse mitochondrial “common” deletion equivalent and reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Conclusions:

We propose that failure of DNA repair generates defects in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This in turn leads to ketosis, hyperlipidemia, and increased fat storage, promoting atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome. Prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction may represent a novel target in cardiovascular disease.
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Confers Long-Term Neuroprotection Against Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischemic Brain Injury Through Anti-Inflammatory Actions
Authors: Zhang Wenting , Hu Xiaoming , Yang Wei , Gao Yanqin , Chen Jun
Published: August 2010

Background and Purpose—

Current available therapies for neonatal hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) brain injury are rather limited. Here, we investigated the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain damage and long-term neurological function after H/I in neonates.

Methods—

Female rats were treated with or without an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched diet from the second day of pregnancy until 14 days after parturition. Seven-day-old neonates were subjected to H/I and euthanized 5 weeks later for evaluation of tissue loss. Neurological impairment was assessed progressively for 5 weeks after H/I by grid walking, foot fault, and Morris water maze. Activation of microglia and production of inflammatory mediators were examined up to 7 days after H/I.

Results—

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced brain damage and improved long-term neurological outcomes up to 5 weeks after neonatal H/I injury. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids exerted an anti-inflammatory effect in microglia both in an in vivo model of H/I and in in vitro microglial cultures subjected to inflammatory stimuli by inhibiting NF-κB activation and subsequent release of inflammatory mediators.

Conclusions—

Our results suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids confer potent neuroprotection against neonatal H/I brain injury through, at least partially, suppressing a microglial-mediated inflammatory response.
Correlation of Femoral Intima-Media Thickness and the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Kirhmajer Majda Vrkić , Banfić Ljiljana , Vojković Marina , Strozzi Maja , Bulum Joško , Miovski Zoran
Published: August 2010

The carotid artery intima—media thickness (IMT) is an established surrogate marker of vascular risk. We assessed the common femoral artery IMT and its correlation with coronary artery disease (CAD). We also assessed the influence of vascular risk factors on the femoral IMT. Patients (n = 180; mean age 60.4 ± 10.5 years) who had undergone coronary angiography due to symptoms of CAD were enrolled in this study. We found significantly higher values of femoral IMT in patients with CAD than in those without CAD (P = .0000). A strong positive correlation between femoral IMT and the severity of CAD expressed by the Gensini Score (P = .0000) was observed. There was a positive correlation between femoral IMT and levels of triglycerides (P = .017), body mass index (BMI; P = .036), male gender (P = .0000), and smoking (P = .028). There was a negative correlation between femoral IMT and the level of high-density lipoprotein—cholesterol (P = .001). Femoral IMT could be a novel cardiovascular risk marker.
Optimal Strength Design for Fiber-Metal Laminates and Fiber-reinforced Plastic Laminates
Authors: Wenjie Peng  , Jianqiao Chen  , Junhong Wei  , Wenqiong Tu
Published: August 2010

Optimal strength design of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) laminates and fiber-metal laminates (FML) is studied in this article. An optimization approach that integrates the particle swarm optimization algorithm and a general finite element code ANSYS was developed. ANSYS is utilized to obtain the failure index as fitness function and the optimum fitness is obtained by altering the fiber orientations. The strength behavior of FRP and FML under in-plane load and out-of-plane load is compared based on the optimization results. Results show that for in-plane load, due to the substituting of metal alloy sheet for prepreg layer, the strength behavior in transverse direction is enhanced and FML has better resistance to biaxial load. For out-of-plane point load, FML offers strength performance superior to that of FRP and is more stable for all the boundary conditions investigated.
A low cost, easily fabricated radiation shield for temperature measurements to monitor dry bulb air temperature in built up urban areas
Authors: Cheung Henry KW , Levermore Geoff J , Watkins Richard
Published: August 2010

Temperature measurements for UK and world cities are often taken at local airports. These are usually on the outskirts of the urban areas and so not subject to the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Hence they are not representative of urban and city area temperatures. As most buildings are built in urban and city areas, designers need to know these temperatures. It is therefore very important to study the UHI effect and adjust the weather data used for design to include the UHI effect. This paper emanates from a project to measure the UHI effect in Greater Manchester, UK. With the advent of miniature temperature sensors and data loggers a simpler and cheaper shield was designed and produced. This paper describes the construction and testing of a new, low cost radiation shield that can accommodate a new, low cost combined miniature temperature sensor and data logger. The shield and data loggers are both tested and shown to give very reliable results.

Practical application: The low cost, easily fabricated radiation shield with its miniature sensor—logger was designed to measure the dry bulb air temperature in Greater Manchester to investigate the UHI effect. The shield is designed to be mounted, with two stainless steel bands, on a lamppost column, typically at 4 m height. A telescopic pole can be used to unhook the sensor—logger for data collection. The shield can also be used to measure the dry bulb air temperature around buildings by fixing it to an external wall. Tests have shown the shield to perform well in comparison to a Stevenson screen and to greatly reduce any influence of solar irradiance.
The reciprocal relation between children’s attachment representations and their cognitive ability
Authors: Stievenart Marie , Roskam Isabelle , Meunier Jean Christophe , van de Moortele Gaelle
Published: August 2010

This study explores reciprocal relations between children’s attachment representations and their cognitive ability. Previous literature has mainly focused on the prediction of cognitive abilities from attachment, rarely on the reverse prediction. This was explored in the current research. Attachment representations were assessed with the Attachment Story Completion Task (Bretherton, Ridgeway, & Cassidy, 1990); the IQ was measured with the WPPSI-III (Wechsler, 2004). Data were collected twice, at a two-year interval, from about 400 preschoolers. Reasoning IQ was found to influence the development of secure attachment representations, while attachment security and disorganization influenced later verbal IQ. The implications of the findings for both clinical and research purposes are discussed in the light of the interactions between cognitive abilities and attachment representations.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and cardiac surgery
Authors: Dogra N. , Puri GD , Rana SS
Published: August 2010

Cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in its conventional form involves many processes leading to free radical production, such as perioperative ischemia, reperfusion, circulation of whole body blood through the CPB circuit, hypothermia and acidosis. The red blood cells of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient person are unable to scavenge these free radicals, resulting in haemolysis. Here, we describe the successful anaesthetic management of two G6PD-deficient children who underwent cardiac surgery, on and off CPB, without any obvious haemolytic reaction, followed by a discussion of the disorder, with specific consideration of perioperative management of such cases.
Financing, accounting and accountability in colonial New Zealand: The case of the Nelson School Society (1842-52)
Authors: Fowler Carolyn
Published: August 2010

Little is known about accounting activities within early colonial New Zealand settlements. This article investigates the financing, accounting and accountability practices instituted by Nelson settlers between 1842 and 1852, when providing education for the children of the settlement. This archival-based history, viewed through the lenses of stakeholder theory and human accountability, provides insights into these practices by using the Nelson School Society (NSS) as a case study. The Nelson community provided the capital and revenue required to establish and operate schools. Later, application was made to the Government for help to defray continuing losses. Audited accounting records were kept to record the money owing to the treasurer and to demonstrate to stakeholders the need for further resources to cover this debt and expand the NSS. The NSS accounted to the capital providers and other stakeholders through annual public meetings, published reports and public oral examinations. Overall, this archival history suggests that organizations in colonial Nelson used financing, accounting and accountability practices to meet the expectations of stakeholders to obtain the resources necessary to provide education and not to account for individual performance and behaviour (Hoskin & Macve, 1986).
Behavioral and Psychosocial Program Needs of Young Adult Cancer Survivors
Authors: Rabin Carolyn , Simpson Norah , Morrow Kathleen , Pinto Bernardine
Published: August 2010

Behavioral interventions for cancer survivors have historically targeted older adults or young adult survivors of childhood cancer. In this study, 18- to 39-year-olds diagnosed with cancer during young adulthood were interviewed to identify the types of behavioral and psychosocial programs needed. These young adult cancer survivors were also asked to identify potential barriers to program utilization. Participants expressed interest in programs targeting physical activity, relaxation, emotional support, provision of cancer-related and other information, and nutrition/weight loss. Emergent themes included the importance of choice, flexibility, convenience, and similarity to other program participants. Barriers to participation included practical barriers (e.g., limited time), lack of awareness of programs, health issues (e.g., fatigue), and psychosocial barriers (e.g., low motivation). Results highlight a range of unmet psychosocial and behavioral needs among young adult cancer survivors. This information can be used to develop interventions for this population.
The Praxis Safety and Accountability Audit: Practicing a “Sociology for People”
Authors: Sadusky Jane M. , Martinson Rhonda , Lizdas Kristine , McGee Casey
Published: August 2010

Ellen Pence has crafted the Praxis Safety and Accountability Audit (Safety Audit) on the social change foundation of the battered women’s movement, the idea of a coordinated community response to domestic violence, and institutional ethnography’s emphasis on asking questions from the standpoint of people in their everyday lives. Conducted by an interagency team of advocates and practitioners, the Safety Audit uses interviews, observations, and text analysis to examine the ways in which institutions standardize and coordinate workers’ actions to produce interventions and outcomes that enhance or diminish safety for battered women and their children. With the Safety Audit, Pence has provided a new and distinctive tool for community change.
Ellen Pence Appreciation: Letters From Britain and Europe
Authors: Dobash Rebecca Emerson , Dobash Russell
Published: August 2010

Letters from Britain and Europe were compiled and edited by Rebecca Emerson Dobash and Russell Dobash and includes contributions from the following: Scotland—Monica Wilson, formerly codirector of CHANGE and now Advisor to the Caledonian System, currently being developed by the Scottish government; Dave Morran, former codirector of CHANGE, now Lecturer in Social Work, University of Stirling, Scotland; Dorothy Anderson, previous Administrator of CHANGE. England —Neill Blacklock, Development Director, Respect, London. Respect is the national association for professionals working with people to end their abusive behavior. Europe—Rosa Logar (Austria) and Ute Roesemann (Germany), WAVE network -Women Against Violence Europe.
Ellen’s Hand
Authors: Wynn Mark
Published: August 2010

This essay offers reflections, both personal and professional, on the contributions of Ellen Pence to changes in law enforcement responses to domestic violence victims and offenders.
Antioxidant Potential of Chestnut (Castanea sativa L.) and Almond (Prunus dulcis L.) By-products
Authors: Barreira J.C.M. , Ferreira I.C.F.R. , Oliveira M.B.P.P. , Pereira J.A.
Published: August 2010

The antioxidant properties of almond green husks (Cvs. Duro Italiano, Ferraduel, Ferranhês, Ferrastar and Orelha de Mula), chestnut skins and chestnut leaves (Cvs. Aveleira, Boa Ventura, Judia and Longal) were evaluated through several chemical and biochemical assays in order to provide a novel strategy to stimulate the application of waste products as new suppliers of useful bioactive compounds, namely antioxidants. All the assayed by-products revealed good antioxidant properties, with very low EC50 values (lower than 380 μg/mL), particularly for lipid peroxidation inhibition (lower than 140 μg/mL). The total phenols and flavonoids contents were also determined. The correlation between these bioactive compounds and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in pig brain tissue through formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, was also obtained. Although, all the assayed by-products proved to have a high potential of application in new antioxidants formulations, chestnut skins and leaves demonstrated better results.
Antibacterial and Physical Properties of Poly(vinyl chloride)-based Film Coated with ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Li X.H. , Xing Y.G. , Li W.L. , Jiang Y.H. , Ding Y.L.
Published: August 2010

Nanoparticles of ZnO and their application in coating systems have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years because of its multifunction property, especially antibacterial activity. In this study, antibacterial and physical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) based film coated with ZnO nanoparticles were investigated. It was found that the antibacterial action should be attributed to the killing effect property of ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnO-coated films treated by shaking for 10 h exhibited a similar high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as the untreated ZnO-coated films. This result indicated that the ZnO nanoparticles adhered very well to the plastic film. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO-coated film to inactivate E. coli or S. aureus was improved by UV irradiation. The analysis of physical properties of the ZnO-coated films revealed that the nano-ZnO particles showed less effects on the tensile strength and elongation at break of the film. The ultraviolet (UV) light fastness of the ZnO-coated PVC film was improved, which may be attributed to the absorption of ZnO nanoparticles against UV light. Water vapor transmission of the ZnO-coated film decreased from 128 to 85 g/m 2 · 24 h, whereas the thickness of film increased from 6.0 μm with increasing the amount of nano-ZnO particles coated from 0 to 187.5 μg/cm 2. This research revealed that the PVC film coated with nano-ZnO particles has a good potential to be used as an active coating system for food packaging.
Emulsifying Properties of Chemically Deamidated Corn (Zea Mays) Gluten Meal
Authors: Flores I. , Cabra V. , Quirasco M.C. , Farres A. , Galvez A.
Published: August 2010

Corn gluten meal is a by-product of starch production that is readily available. Corn protein isolates have limited applications due to their hydrophobic nature, low solubility and limited functionality as emulsifiers. In this study, a mild acidic treatment of corn gluten meal was performed in order to achieve deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues and modify the interfacial behavior of this byproduct. A 0.1 N HCl treatment for 6 h at 70 °C rendered a deamidation degree of 20.4%, which increased the emulsification activity index of corn gluten meal from 6.8 to 16.8 m2/g protein, with a remarkable increase in emulsion stability from 0 to 90.6% oil retention. Proteins participating in the emulsion were separated by SDS-PAGE and the main polypeptides were identified as alpha and beta-zeins. After deamidation, protein dissociation and unfolding due to the obtained negative charges resulted in enhanced functionality.
Production of High Fructose Syrup from Cassava and Sweet Potato Flours and their Blends with Cereal Flours
Authors: Johnson Regy , Moorthy S.N. , Padmaja G.
Published: August 2010

Despite being a rich source of starch, root crops such as cassava and sweet potato have not been widely exploited for the production of high fructose syrup (HFS), which is a highly valued sweetener for the food and beverage industries. The major factors contributing to the cost of production of HFS are the cost and labor-intensive steps in the production of starch, different processing temperatures and pH for the enzyme reactions, poor extractability of starch, etc. With the objective of overcoming the cost associated with the preparation of starch, the feasibility of using native cassava/sweet potato flours and their blends with rice flour and wheat flour, as the raw material for HFS production was investigated. The saccharified slurry from cassava-rice flour blends contained 70-72 g reducing sugars/100 g, which was higher than that released from native cassava flour (∼69%). Blends of sweet potato with rice or wheat yielded saccharified mash with lower content of reducing sugars (60-66%). Although the percentage conversion to fructose after isomerization was similar for cassava/sweet potato or their blends with cereal flours (42-43%), fructose yield was higher in native cassava flour and cassava-rice blends (28-29 g/100 g) than the other flour blends.
Evolutionary considerations in the framing of social norms
Authors: Skyrms Brian , Zollman Kevin J.S.
Published: August 2010

In this article, we aim to illustrate evolutionary explanations for the emergence of framing effects, discussed in detail in Cristina Bicchieri’s The Grammar of Society. We show how framing effects might evolve which coalesce two economically distinct interactions into a single one, leading to apparently irrational behavior in each individual interaction. Here we consider the now well-known example of the ultimatum game, and show how this ‘irrational’ behavior might result from a single norm which governs behavior in multiple games. We also show how framing effects might result in radically different play in strategically identical situations. We consider the Hawk-Dove game (the game of chicken) and also the Nash bargaining game. Here arbitrary tags or signals might result in one party doing better than another.
Social norms as choreography
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: August 2010

This article shows that social norms are better explained as correlating devices for a correlated equilibrium of the underlying stage game, rather than Nash equilibria. Whereas the epistemological requirements for rational agents playing Nash equilibria are very stringent and usually implausible, the requirements for a correlated equilibrium amount to the existence of common priors, which we interpret as induced by the cultural system of the society in question. When the correlating device has perfect information, we need in addition only to posit that individuals obey the social norm when it is costless to do so. When the correlating device has incomplete information, the operation of the social norm requires that individuals have a predisposition to follow the norm even when this is costly. The latter case explains why social norms are associated with other-regarding preferences and provides a basis for analyzing honesty and corruption.
A Community-Participatory Approach to Adapting Survey Items for Deaf Individuals and American Sign Language
Authors: Graybill Patrick , Aggas Julia , Dean Robyn K. , Demers Susan , Finigan Elizabeth G. , Pollard Robert Q
Published: August 2010

Deaf individuals are underrepresented in survey research. Participation is impeded by telephone access, literacy, language, and sociocultural factors in the Deaf community. Knowledge regarding deaf population health disparities is limited by participation barriers in health surveillance surveys. A linguistically and culturally accessible survey of health and health risks was recently developed for deaf individuals who use American Sign Language (ASL), through adherence to the principles and practices of community-based participatory research (CBPR). During that effort, Deaf community representatives and hearing researchers formed a Translation Work Group (TWG) that adapted English health survey source material into ASL. Film clips of the translated items and answer choices were incorporated into a touch screen computer interface. The organization, philosophies, and procedures of the TWG are detailed, as are translation challenges the authors faced and lessons learned. The experiences of the TWG may inform other researchers engaged in cross-cultural, cross-linguistic translation work.
How Do Families Matter? Age and Gender Differences in Family Influences on Delinquency and Drug Use
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Lee Van Horn M. , Antaramian Susan , Hawkins J. David
Published: August 2010

Parenting practices, age, and gender all influence adolescent delinquency and drug use, but few studies have examined how these factors interact to affect offending. Using data from 18,512 students in Grades 6, 8, 10, and 12, this study found that across grades, parents treated girls and boys differently, but neither sex received preferential treatment for all practices assessed, and younger children reported more positive parenting than older students. Family factors were significantly related to delinquency and drug use for both sexes and for all grades. However, particular parenting practices showed gender and age differences in the degree to which they were related to outcomes, which indicates complexities in parent/child interactions that must be taken into account when investigating the causes of adolescent offending and when planning strategies to prevent the development of problem behaviors.
Developing the Emotionally Intelligent Leader: Instructional Issues
Authors: Kruml Susan M. , Yockey Mark D.
Published: August 2010

This study generates evidence that participants who completed a specific leadership development curriculum increased their emotional intelligence (EI). This study also fills a gap in the literature by providing evidence that (a) there are no differences in the effectiveness between a face-to-face and hybrid (online and face-to-face) curriculum, or (b) between a 7-week and 16-week curriculum, and that (c) participants with initial low or average EI experience improvements in their EI, whereas those with initial high EI do not.
Leadership as art - leaders coming to their senses
Authors: Springborg Claus
Published: August 2010

In this article I explore the idea that leadership as art is characterized by leaders staying with their senses, rather than drawing on yesterday’s sense-making, and by sense-making being received through the senses rather than produced through an analytical process. Two simple models illustrating these opposing processes are suggested, showing how drawing sense-making from present sensing allows for greater flexibility in the assumptions we base our decisions on, and that this process cannot be done by using our conceptual mind. Key elements in this exploration are the distinction between sense-making and describing sense-making, and placing sensing at the centre of sense-making. I compare leaders to conceptual artists due to similarities in the mediums with which they work, and I discuss some practical implications for leadership.
Notes on the public sphere on a national and post-national axis
Authors: Christensen Miyase
Published: August 2010

Since Turkey became a candidate for the European Union in 1999, democratic rights and freedom of expression have been key issues in discourses surrounding EU—Turkey relations. Discussions on these questions often centre on state censorship and legislative constraints. The role of the media themselves, however, and the deeply-ingrained elements and historically-contingent norms and practices within public culture that shape the public sphere, have received a significantly lower level of attention. Despite recent legislative changes towards greater freedom of expression, major hurdles that limit democratic rights and freedoms persist in practice, as highlighted by the judicial trial (and the subsequent murder in January 2007) of the Armenian-Turkish journalist Hrant Dink. The police raid of Nokta magazine in 2007 is another case in point. The purpose of this article is to discuss current questions related with freedom of expression and tolerance of diversity in the Turkish media based on in-depth interviews with journalists and with the Dink and Nokta cases as examples; and to offer critical reflections on the public sphere in Turkey in its current state.
The pragmatic politics of media reform: Media movements and coalition-building in Latin America
Authors: Waisbord Silvio
Published: August 2010

This article analyzes the strategies and the impact of two ‘media movements’ in Latin America — the experiences of civic coalitions working on media policy reform in Uruguay, and advocacy journalism about tobacco control in Argentina — through interviewing the principle actors involved in these movements and reviewing the literature relevant to them. Media movements refer to a broad set of civic initiatives to transform media structures, practices, and content. The analysis aims to discuss the goals and tactics of civic actions to promote media democracy. The cases show a critical yet pragmatic sensitivity among progressive actors who use advocacy and legislative mechanisms to catalyze changes in media systems. The article has three implications for the study of global media democracy. First, to assess the impact of media movements, it is necessary to understand the press as a field that ‘refracts’ the influence of external forces. The successes and setbacks of media movements suggest the need to understand the conditions that make the media susceptible to civic efforts. Second, the findings bolster the case for conceptualizing the role of the state as an arena for competing interests struggling to influence media systems. Third, the state remains a crucial actor for media democracy in a globalized world. Key decisions affecting media structures and news content remain closely linked to the state.