bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of widescale factors on the cyclic strength of nanocoated metals with a heterogeneous structure
Authors: Turgunov M , Mamatova D , Tukmenov Kh
Published: December 2020

A brief overview of research work in the field of studying the wear resistance and surface strength of die tooling under cyclic loading is given. The peculiarities of deformation and the presence of a limit of physical endurance, which is associated with the course of dynamic deformation aging in metals (Cr,V) are considered. Relatively slow aging is observed under cyclic deformation conditions. The influence of saturation processes with pairs of elemental structure formed in metals with multilayer nanocoating is also considered. The work dedicated to the definition of wear resistance and improvement of die tooling is of great interest and requires a more in-depth study of this problem, thereby developing a new technique as a promising new direction in the automotive industry and mechanical engineering.
Seismic resistance of sludge collector enclosing dams erected from the waste product – phosphogypsum
Authors: Fayziev Kh , Sultanov T , Sharipov R , Salyamova K D
Published: December 2020

The results of experimental studies of the model behavior under seismic effect in a centrifugal testing installation are given in the paper. The goal was to study the deformability and stability of slopes of a given configuration made of phosphogypsum and to substantiate the possibility of using phosphogypsum in erecting enclosing dams of sludge collectors located in seismic regions. The experiments on models are based on the centrifugal modeling method, which involves the change in gravity field of the model. The models were tested at a stabilized and unstabilized state of phosphogypsum. Models stabilization was achieved by centrifugation for 8-25 min. The model was considered stabilized when its deformation did not exceed 0.01 mm. In a stabilized state, a fragment of the dam slope made of phosphogypsum in a water-saturated state at a slope steepness m=2, m=3 and in a dry state at m=2 was investigated. In an unstabilized state, the models of dams made of phosphogypsum were studied in a water-saturated state with a slope steepness m=3, and a dam fragment at m=3 in a water-saturated state with horizontal and vertical sand drainage layers. As a result of studies of seismic stability of dam fragments made of phosphogypsum, the following was established: the overall stability of dams made of phosphogypsum (in a stable state) under seismic effect of up to 9-10 points is fully ensured both in a dry and water-saturated state. Horizontal and vertical interlayers increase the slope stability of the dam model made of phosphogypsum in a water-saturated state; the slopes were stable after a dynamic impact of 9 point even in unstabilized states. Drainage layers accelerate the consolidation of phosphogypsum, and this naturally increases the seismic resistance of dams.
Advanced computer algorithms to simulation of transient dynamics in solids and structures
Authors: Abdukadirov S A
Published: December 2020

The new approach of designing computation algorithms for simulation of transient dynamics in solids and structures is proposed. The algorithms are based on explicit finite-difference scheme built under special conditions imposed on the values of difference mesh parameters. The designed calculation devices possess a minimal influence of spurious effects of numerical dispersion that allows discontinuities and high-gradient components caused by wave fronts and fracture events to be accurately computed. A set of advanced computer algorithms and calculation examples of 1D/2D model and engineering problems are presented: (a) longitudinal impact onto a rod embedded into an elastic medium, (b) propagation of cylindrical and spherical waves with front discontinuities, (c) stress concentrations near a head surface of hard projectile indented into elastic solids and (d) transient wave dynamics and delamination in fiber reinforced composites.
Soil Improvement Using Waste Plastic Bags: A Review Paper
Authors: Iravanian A , Ali Sh
Published: December 2020

Plastic waste is increasing by time that caused huge challenges all over the world. Therefore, there is a need for good ways to solve the environmental challenges. Also, there is another problem which is that many times weak soil faces the projects, the soil needs to be improved. The idea of this paper is to have a thorough review on literature to collect the data on reinforcing soil with waste plastic bags, where the plastic bags strips are reused as a soil stabilizing technique. This solution will be cost effective and eco-friendly and will solve soil weakness problem. This article reviews the works that has been carried out in this issue to find out the functionality of these waste strips as reinforcing material. From this paper the findings were that plastic bags can be used as an effective solution to improve soil strength while being eco-friendly and cost effective. It is noticed that addition of 0-2.5% plastic bags results in getting better property improvements. Regarding the dimensions of the additives it was found that the plastic strips with higher the aspect ratio lead to better test results. Finally, CBR, shear strength parameter and compaction characteristics of stabilized samples were visibly improved comparing to non-stabilized samples.
Performance of One-way Composite Reinforced Concrete Slabs under Explosive-induced Blast Loading
Authors: Anas S M , Alam M , Umair M
Published: December 2020

A finite element model is developed in ABAQUS/CAE to simulate the behavior of one-way reinforced concrete slabs under air-blast loading. Several published empirical equations have been utilized to model air-blast pressure, P(t), for different combinations of the explosive charges and standoff distances. The values of the peak overpressure have been taken from the field explosion tests conducted on four normal reinforced concrete (NRC) slabs of size 2000 mm x 1000 mm x 100 mm in the School of Civil, Environmental, and Mining Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Australia (2009). The slabs were doubly reinforced with HYSD steel re-bars of diameter 12 mm spaced at 100 mm c/c in the major bending plane (ρ = 1.34%) and 200 mm c/c in the other plane (ρ = 0.74%), where “c/c” is the center-to-center distance between two adjacent re-bars. A plasticity-based damage model for concrete and an explicit solver in ABAQUS/CAE are adopted in the finite element (FE) simulation. The available test results and finite element analysis predictions, including maximum mid-span displacement and damage to the RC slabs, are presented and weighed. The computed results are found in good agreement with the experimental ones. The validated model is used to examine the performance of RC slabs with 25% replacement of the conventional steel re-bars by the FRP re-bars of equivalent strength on the compression face only, remote face only, and both faces of the slab. The replacement has been done for higher strength and ductility. Substituted FRP re-bars are of (1) Aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP), (2) Basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP), (3) Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), and (4) Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP). The results are also compared with those obtained with a 50% replacement of the steel re-bars by the FRP re-bars.
Comparative analysis of two gear-lever differential inter-roller transmission mechanisms
Authors: Bahadirov G A , Sultanov T Z , Abdukarimov A
Published: December 2020

A comparative analysis of the kinematics of two gear-lever differential transmission mechanisms is given in this paper. These mechanisms can be used in engineering and agricultural technological roller machines and can solve important technological and agrotechnical problems. The purpose of comparative analysis of gear-lever differential transmission mechanisms is to determine the values and the patterns of gear ratios of the mechanisms with similar geometrical and kinematic parameters; to estimate the additional angular velocities of the driven gear rings of the considered mechanisms depending on geometrical parameters of the mechanisms and kinematic parameters of the driven gear ring, since this additional angular velocitycan lead to geometrical slip between the material being processed and the working rolls. The devices and theoperation principle of the considered mechanisms were described in the paper.First, the levercircuits of the mechanisms were considered. In the lever circuits of the mechanisms, the geometrical parameters of the levers, the position of the lever circuits, as well as the rate and direction of the driving links velocity are known. The kinematic parameters of the lever circuits of the mechanisms were determinedanalytically.Further, using the results of the lever circuits of these mechanisms, the gear circuits of the mechanisms were also investigated analytically. The centroid method was usedin analytical study of the mechanism.The graphs of changes in gear ratios of the mechanisms were plotteddepending on changes in the interaxle distance of the driving and driven links. It was proved that in both gear-lever differential mechanisms under consideration the gear ratio changes with a change in the interaxle distance of the driving and driven links. However, the magnitude of the change in the gear ratio in a gear-lever differential transmission mechanism with a six-link double-circuit lever chain is less than in a gear-lever differential transmission mechanism with a four-link lever chain under the same geometrical and kinematic parameters of the mechanisms.
Effects of agrotechnical and chemical control of weeds in fine-fiber cotton fields
Authors: Dusboev I R , Nasirov B S , Charshanbiev U Y
Published: December 2020

Today, in the world agriculture, especially cotton growing sphere plays an important role in the national economy. In the cultivation of cotton one of the main problems in the fields is weeds. When estimating the damage caused by weeds to cotton fields, it accounted for 75 bln. USD. This scientific article presents data on the effectiveness of pre-and post-application of herbicides against weeds in the areas where the tillage was done with double-toothed plow in the fall before preparing beds in the fine-fiber cotton fields under typical gray soils condition. Effective eradication of annual and perennial weeds (86.8-90.2%) was observed, when a single herbicide Ankosar (3.0, 4.0, 5.0 l/ha) was applied (information of 2017-2019). When the herbicides Step 500 (4.0 l/ha) and Ankosar (4.0 l/ha) were applied consecutively, the effect on annual weeds was noted (90.5-93.0%). Perennial weeds were reduced by 88.9-93.3% when the abovementioned preparations are applied one after another. Cotton yield will increase by 1.8-5.4 c/ha compared to the control variant. It is recommended to apply the herbicides consecutively in the order Ankosar (4.0 l/ha), Step 500 (4 l/ha) and Ankosar (4.0 l/ha) against annual and perennial weeds.
A comprehensive application of fertilizers for growing plantations in forest nurseries: A brief review
Authors: Bahramov R , Mamatyusupov A , Tokhtaboeva F , Khomidov J , Yuldashev H
Published: December 2020

Agricultural sectors must provide, clothe, and feed an increasing world population with energy while mitigating the impact on the atmosphere and on other undesirable factors. The land available to agricultural production in most parts of the world is small. Thus, the only way to increase output is to increase the yield from land currently being used. Crop yields without proper plant nutrition are minimal. Responding to the production challenge in an environmentally friendly manner requires a thorough comprehension of plant nutrition by fertilizers as a component of crop production, which encompasses many critical factors, including improved crop varieties, water management, and integrated pest management, etc. This paper is a state of art on the numerous update and feasible technologies of application of various fertilizers for growing plantations in forest nurseries.
Research of agrochemical and mechanical properties of soils processed with hydrogel
Authors: Sherkuziev D Sh , Aripov Kh Sh , Alimov U K , Maxmudova M A
Published: December 2020

The results of many years of research on the effect of polymer hydrogels for agriculture on soil structure were presented. By sampling soils at various depths, the biological changes of microorganisms that occur under the influence of hydrogels were studied. It was shown that the use of hydrogels leads to an improvement in the basic physicochemical properties of non-irrigated agricultural lands and an increase in soil fertility. The use of hydrogel absorbent on typical non-irrigated lands allowed increasing soil moisture and improving its properties.
Siphon for measuring water at the intake from the tray engineering structures
Authors: Abduraimova D , Ismoilova M
Published: December 2020

Currently, in the context of an increasing shortage of water resources, metering and measurement of water in engineering channel communications is of particular relevance. Especially with water distribution between consumers, there always arises the need for accurate metering of water. This article discusses the issues of water distribution by siphon pipe and determining the actual amount of flow rate. Using the basic equations of hydraulic engineering, a mobile siphon water meter has been developed. The proposed design of the siphon performs two functions: water intake from the trays and water measurement. The paper presents the results of a field study on the use of a siphon water meter for the condition of the tray networks of Uzbekistan. Based on the hydraulic calculation, siphon parameters for abstraction and water measurement are proposed. For each specific case, the siphon throughput is calculated. Water discharge calculation with Siphon determined by vacuum meter a set at the rotating part of it is, depending on the display of the vacuum meter, the water flow rate is determined using the connection diagram of. For this, the graph is built or aggregated graph of. Based on laboratory research, the amount of discharge determined which takes siphon. Based on the research, was obtained a patent from the Intellectual Property Agency for a mobile siphon water meter. By installing this irrigation trays device to the farms through the existing irrigation systems, gotten opportunity to accurately assess the actual water intake and the actual amount of water it receives. According to the results of the work, a graph of the dependence of water flow on pressure is proposed for practical use.
Growth and development of Mung bean (Vigna radiata(L.)) depending on sowing methods
Authors: Ravshanova N A , Usmonov I , Chulliyev A , Isroilov B , Rahimova D , Usmanova Z , Abdumajitov A
Published: December 2020

The article presents the value of the legume crop - mung bean, as a high-protein, nitrogen-fixing, and also gives the results of research work on the study of the influence of the seeding scheme and rate on the growth, development and yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata(L.)). Research results have shown that sowing methods affect the length of the developmental phases, the formation of leaf area, the net productivity of photosynthesis and the yield of mung bean. As a result of an increase or decrease in the seeding rate and changes in the seeding methods, the productivity of plants decreases, and subsequently the yield.
Grinding of the grains according to parameters of hummers in double-staged grinder-crusher
Authors: Astanakulov K D , Fozilov G G , Kurbanov N M , Adashev B Sh , Boyturayev S A
Published: December 2020

Parameters of hummers in double staged grinder-crusher were studied for qualitative grinding of the grains. In order to determine performance indicators, an experimental sample of a grinder-crusher for stepwise grinding of grain was developed. In double stage grinder-crusher when hummers 3-4 mm thick were installed around rotor in 4 rows with 20 mm rotor height the best grinding of the grain was achieved.
The separation of light impurities of safflower seeds in the cyclone of the grain cleaning machine
Authors: Astanakulov K D , Karimov M R , Khudaev I , Israilova D A , Muradimova F B
Published: December 2020

At present, the grain cleaning machines used for cleaning safflower seeds are not effective in cleaning safflower seeds due to the high energy consumption, metal and material content. For this reason, in Uzbekistan an energy and resource-saver grain cleaning machine has been developed which meets the needs of the farms in the cleaning of safflower seeds. When cleaning safflower seeds, the unfamiliar compounds in its content, including 2-3% light impurities should be separated. The quality of safflower seeds cleaning from light impurities depends on the number of fan rotations, the slope and height of the suction pipe and the quenching of the separated light impurities depend on the cyclone parameters. According to the theoretical and experimental studies, light compounds falling into a cyclone with a diameter of less than 20 m/km rise with air and fall with large ones. In addition, the rotation frequency of the fan in the grain cleaning machine is 2200 rpm (air flow rate 5.1 m/s), the height of the suction pipe is 70-130 mm and the slope is in the range of 20-40 degrees and the separation of light impurities of safflower seeds were achieved at around 85 percent.
The implementation of optimized drip irrigation system based on semiconductor sensors
Authors: Sapaev I B , Eshchanova G E , Nullaev U A , Begov F R , Isroilova D A , Babakulova L R
Published: December 2020

This article presents an optimized version of a drip irrigation system based on semiconductor sensors. In this study, the organizational parts of the drip irrigation system based on semiconductor sensors are fully automated, namely: control of the water base, water volume in the pipe, water velocity in the pipe, soil moisture, salinity, temperature, ph of hydrogen content in the soil, pressure regulator valves. The electrical properties of a drip irrigation system based on semiconductor sensors have been proven, on the basis of which a semiconductor material can achieve an optimal result. The system provides economic indicators for one hectare of land and an analysis of the complete replacement of imported products.
Relationship between the concentrations of nitrogen compounds and the water discharge in the Chirchiq River, Uzbekistan
Authors: Karimov B K , Shoergashova S S , Talskikh V N , Salokhiddinov A T
Published: December 2020

The Chirchiq River is one of the most human affected important drinking and municipal water source in the Republic of Uzbekistan. This work aimed to study the level of water pollution in the Chirchiq River by nitrogen compounds (ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate) over the last decade (2008-2018) with the identification of possible correlations between the level of water pollution and discharge. Most common pollutants: ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations in water were determined using generally accepted photometric methods. Correlation analysis of relationships between the river discharge and the concentrations of these compounds was carried out for each of 9 hydropost for each year and multiyear average values of the ten years (2008-2017). The water quality in the upstream part of the river is evaluated as a very good, however, in mid- and down streams due to diversion of nitrogen-containing organic and inorganic wastewater into the river worsening the water quality abruptly and concentrations exceeding MPC for fishery water bodies up to 5-8 times. Fortunately, according to the [NO3¯]: [NO2¯]: [NH4
+] ratio, the river has still enough assimilation capacity to transform hazardous ammonium and nitrite forms into nitrate nitrogen. Obtained results did not confirm the existence of significant interdependencies between the nitrogen compounds and water discharge. The results of the study will provide a theoretical and practical basis in terms of elucidating the mechanism of hydrochemical transformation of nitrogenous compounds along with the river ecosystem and predicting the dynamics of their concentrations in river water.
Feeding farm animals based on the new innovative total mixed ration (TMR) technology
Authors: Nurmatov A A , Allashov B D , Jabborov Sh Sh , Rustamova I , Tursunov Sh
Published: December 2020

The main part of the meat products produced in the country is beef. Currently, the number of cattle is over 12 million, of which 94% are livestock, and 90% are meat products. The efficient use of livestock feed plays an important role in improving digestion and increasing productivity. Feeding the animals with Korean total mixed ration (TMR) technology leads to improved feed efficiency and, at the same time, increased productivity. In this regard, research work on the application and implementation of TMR technology in farms of the population of Uzbekistan for cattle is relevant. This article presents the results of studies of feeding using Korean technology in households.
Study on industrial applications of papain: A succinct review
Authors: Shouket H A , Ameen I , Tursunov O , Kholikova Kh , Pirimov O , Kurbonov N , Ibragimov I , Mukimov B
Published: December 2020

Papain is an enzyme having proteolytic function with cysteine protease activity obtain from papaya having green color and is acquired from latex. It is classified in superfamily. Papain has function essential of proteolysis widely for peptides of amino acid in all living beings. Present review shed light on general properties, structuring features and biological importance of papain, especially its industrial applications for different purposes, which includes food, Pharmaceuticals, Breweries, leather, meat, detergent and other fields, with the help of technological advancement; it is now used to treat lethal diseases and additionally scientist’s are taking benefit of it for drug designing so there are high demands for its export. Papain uncommon properties have been making it more appreciable commercially. Papaya is present or grows in all tropical areas as there are no seasonal limitations for its growth and papain is resistant over wide range of Ph and temperature, so it has high demand for export and there is good prospect of papain marketing. Farmers at lower levels could use this enzyme as high source of income. Through recombinant DNA technology, engineering of proteins and procedures of immobilization papain could be ideal for biotechnological and industrial applications. Researchers could explore more potent applications by understanding detail mechanism and functions of papain. Then there will be novel papain function that would fulfill the massive need for betterment of life.
Fabrication processes and testing of the moderator for irradiating devices of BN reactors. Testing of the moderator
Authors: Polunin K K , Mokrushin A A
Published: December 2020

The work presents the results of studies of zirconium hydride used as the moderator for irradiating devices in fast reactors. Zirconium hydride fabrication process using methods of direct saturation of the source material and powder preparation and compacting has been optimized. Hydrostatic method was used to measure density of the samples: for the samples produced by direct saturation density varies within 5.61 to 5.65 g/cm3, for compacted zirconium hydride - 5.45 to 5.55 g/cm3. Tests to evaluate hydrogen release from zirconium hydride have been conducted. It has been shown that dehydration onset temperature is (420 – 450) °C (powder compaction method) and (500 – 550) °C (direct saturation method). It has been noted that in 20 minutes of the sample heating from 500 to 900 °C, the mass fraction of the hydrogen released is 0.6 %. The results acquired confirm the data on diminished thermal stability of zirconium hydride produced by the powder method in gaseous media.
Investigation of a brazed joint EK-181/V/W obtained by Cu-Sn and Cu-Ti amorphous foils
Authors: Bachurina D , Suchkov A , Gurova Y , Sevryukov O
Published: December 2020

The work presents the results of high temperature brazing of reduced activated ferritic martensitic steel EK-181 with pure tungsten, which is essential for DEMO fusion reactor. Vanadium interlayer was used to reduce thermal stresses. Brazing alloys to be used were rapidly quenched into ribbons Cu-12Sn, Cu-20Sn, Cu-12Sn-0,4P for EK-181/V, Cu-50Ti for V/W. Microstructure investigations, mechanical and thermocycling test were carried out.
Investigation on the structure of beryllium composite containing nanodiamonds
Authors: Kozlova E , Sheverdyaev M , Gorlevsky V , Semenov A , Laushkin A , Chebotarev A , Anikin A
Published: December 2020

The article presents the results of research of the structure of advanced beryllium composite materials for use in X-ray and synchrotron technology. The technique of acquiring beryllium composite containing nanodiamonds is described. The investigation on the structure was carried out using the scanning electron microscope microanalyzer Philips XL-30. The spectral analysis of composites was carried out using an energy-dispersive spectrometer with a Sapphire detector.
Application of 3d technologies for microwave range electronic components creating
Authors: Gadzhiev Kh , Gadzhieva S , Chelushkina T
Published: December 2020

This paper presents the results of the study of microwave radio-electronic components electrophysical parameters manufactured on a 3D printer. Laser sintering technologies for metal semiconductor and ceramic powders were used as experimental research methods. The resonant properties of one-sided surfaces in the form of a Mobius sheet made on the 3D printer are analyzed. An explanation of a traveling and standing wave formation in the oscillatory contours of the microwave range of one-sided surfaces in the form of a Mobius sheet is presented. The possibility to create digital active phased antenna arrays based on onesided surfaces in the form of a Mobius sheet is shown.
Slot-die printed Co3O4 nanolayers
Authors: Koshlakova V , Muratov D
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we report on the possibility of obtaining uniform cobalt oxide nanolayers by slot-die printing of the dispersion onto conductive substrates. Dispersions for printing were obtained as a result of ultrasonic treatment of a mixture of cobalt oxide nanopowder with water. Nanopowder was synthesized by wet chemistry followed by heat treatment at a temperature of 200 °C. The resulting powder has platelet morphology. The chemical composition, uniformity, structure and size of the powder and nanolayers of cobalt oxide were studied using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The proposed easy and cost-effective method of slot-die printing from dispersion can be prospectively used to the production of cobalt oxide nanolayers for development of thin-film electronics and solar cells.
Growth Optimisation of Bacillus subtilis in medium supplemented with prebiotic gum Arabic
Authors: Aziz Norhidayah Abd , Mohd Salleh Noor Hasyierah , Anuar Adilah , Samat Amira Farzana , Lian Ou Li , Mohd Hassan Siti Aminah , Abu Hassan Asrarul Fikri
Published: December 2020

Bacillus subtilis is a type of gastrointestinal bacteria that build up a healthy gut microbiota. The bacterial species has been well documented to involve in maintaining a healthy gut homeostasis in which disruption in it’s microbial composition or “dysbiosis” has recently been linked to obesity. Probiotic in vivo restoration of dysbiosed microbiota have been proved successful in obese CD-1 mice model. However, prebiotic study using Gum Arabic (GA) assessing to optimise an in vitro lumen system specifically targeting to enhance the growth of B. subtilis are still lacking since this bacteria are depleted in obese individuals. Thus, this study aimed to establish the optimal growth conditions in simulated in vitro lumen system and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vitro study attempted to optimize the growth of B. subtilis in medium supplemented with prebiotic GA. Growth screening analysis suggested an optimal dosage of 1.0% and 0.5% glucose and GA, respectively. The highest growth rate was recorded at 0.7995 hours−1 with doubling time of 52.02 minutes with extended period of stationary phase. The optimal GA concentration and fermentation conditions were determined at 0.67%, pH 7.4 and temperature of 37°C. The validated suggested model indicates that the supplementation of GA into an optimal fermentation systems is promising to enhance the growth of gut microflora Bacillus subtilis, for restoration of a dysbiosed gut microbiota in vitro.
Characterization and Kinetic Studies on Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Azaliah Azhari Emi Nor , Ab Rahim Siti Kartini Enche , Duke Alvin , Yong Hoo Peng
Published: December 2020

Recently, many researchers tend to study the performance of hybrid polyoxometalates (HPOM) as photocatalyst due to its greater performance in photocatalytic degradation. The process that based on the light enhanced generation of reactive OH radical that plays an important role in order to convert organic compound completely into water, CO2 and inorganic compounds. In this research, the photocatalytic degradation of phenol was studied using HPOM as photocatalyst. The HPOM was synthesized and used to study its effect on photocatalytic degradation of phenol. The synthesized HPOM were characterized using SEM and FTIR. It was found that the surface morphology of the synthesized HPOM le displayed an irregular spherical-like shape, granular structure with different size and least distribution of non-agglomerated rod-like nanoparticles. The present of WO6 octahedral and PO4 octahedral indicated that Keggin type structure of synthesized hybrid polyoxometalates. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of phenol via hybrid polyoxometalates follows pseudo first order kinetic reaction.
Mini Review: Extraction of Allicin from Allium sativum using Subcritical Water Extraction
Authors: Zaini A S , Putra N R , Idham Z , Md Norodin N S , Mohd Rasidek N A , Che Yunus M A
Published: December 2020

Garlic or Allium sativum have a lot of health benefits, especially on reducing blood pressure, fighting against the common cold and improve cholesterol in which lower the risk of heart attack problem. It is considered as one of the best disease preventive foods as it exhibits high biological activity when the fresh garlic is cut or crushed that attributed to sulfur compounds and thiosulphates. One of the active compounds in thiosulphates group namely allicin. Generally, allicin is not presence in garlic and to produce the allicin, enzyme alliinase is needed to activate with the presence of water. The common technique to extract allicin is using solvent extraction, UAE, PLE and SCCO2. The drawbacks of using these techniques including the use of organic solvent, long extraction time, and required two type of processes which is enzymatic process and extraction process. SWE is introduced to enhance the conventional process with high purity of product, water poses a mimic the properties of organic solvent and the enzymatic and extraction process undergo in one system. Therefore, this mini review aims to discuss the allicin in garlic, the literature on allicin extraction, the principle of SWE, and the application of SWE on allicin extraction.
Preliminary study on immobilization of plant esterase on functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for biosensor application
Authors: Abdullah Nurul Awanis , Yusof Faridah , Ahmad Farah B
Published: December 2020

The functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is extremely important to increase their solubility. This study reported the efficient functionalization of MWCNTs via acid treatment introducing carboxyl group at the side wall of MWCNTs by mixing the concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid. Plant esterase enzyme extracted from wheat flour called alpha naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) was immobilized onto functionalized MWCNTs via covalent attachment of amine group in ANAE and carboxyl group of functionalized MWCNTs. In order to characterize the functionalization of MWCNTs and immobilization of enzyme, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been used to confirm the existence of these functional groups. The FTIR spectrums revealed that the several peaks formed at 1992.39, 2324.14, 2880.85 and 3029.51 cm−1 which can be assigned to the C=O symmetric stretching, O−H stretch from strongly hydrogen-bonded –COOH, H−C stretch modes of H−C=O in the carboxyl group, and O-H stretch from carboxyl groups (O=C−OH and C−OH) respectively. The immobilization of ANAE on functionalized MWCNTs confirmed by observation of the peak at 3646.81 cm−1 and 3850.91 cm−1 introduced the strong amide linkages between carboxylic acid groups and amine group on the MWCNTs. This proposed framework can be applied for fabrication of screen printed electrode as biosensor for detection of pesticide.
Surface Water Treatment with Natural Starches as Coagulant via Coagulation Process
Authors: Zainol N A , Bakar S N S , Zailani S N , Ghani A A , Ahmad Sohaimi K S
Published: December 2020

In this study, natural polymers in the forms of starch from sago and tapioca were used as coagulant. The removal of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) using coagulation process from river water was examined. The treatment on the river water sample was evaluated via a series of Jar Test experimental works with rapid mixing speed of 120 rpm for 1 minute, slow mixing speed of 30 rpm for 20 minutes and settling time of 60 minutes. The tapioca starch removed 93.7% of turbidity at dosage of 1000 mg/L. While, sago starch successfully removed 96.4% of turbidity under optimum dosage of 2000 mg/L. pH 12 was optimum pH for turbidity removal by using sago and tapioca starch whereas the highest percentage of COD removal occurred at pH 4 using sago and tapioca starch. At pH 4, tapioca and sago starch removed 22.5% and 25% of COD respectively. Overall tapioca starch showed better removal percentage of turbidity compared to sago starch throughout the experiment study. Generally, the usage of natural polymers as coagulants is good for turbidity removal; however, it did not work well on COD removal.
Design of Load Control System Using DTMF
Authors: Abdullah MM , Hasan MZ , Muhyiddin Yusof A. , Rahman A S F
Published: December 2020

In agricultural sectors, one of the problems faced by the farmer is the water usage for watering schedule sometimes was wasted. With inefficient irrigation system, the water wastage could occur and resulting the excessive moisture for the soil and damaging the crops. The load control system in agricultural sectors especially for irrigation system is very important since it can affect the efficiency and the productivity of the operationsThe agricultural sectors also have many latest technologies implemented to the system such as irrigation system, temperature and humidity detection system and many other systems in order to operate efficiently so it can give profitable outcome. So, a desired load control system using Dual-Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) will be design for irrigation system in order to overcome the inefficiency of manual irrigation system. By using DTMF to control the irrigation system, it will consume less time and it can be control in a wide range. Firstly, by using Arduino IDE software, the coding for this control system is written with C++ language. Then, it will be compiled to make sure the coding working without any errors before it is uploaded into the Arduino Uno board. The coding will then be uploaded by connecting the Arduino Uno board to the computer via USB. Next, the schematic layout design of this control system will be simulated using Proteus 8 and Fritzing software. After the simulation of the circuit is successful, the construction of the hardware will take place. The hardware of this load control system that be assembled first is connecting the cell phone to the DTMF decoder by using 3.5mm jack. Then, from the DTMF decoder it will be connected to the Arduino Uno board. The 4 channel 12V relay then connected to the output port of the Arduino Uno. In conclusion, this irrigation control system works when the user sent the signal using cell phone and it will be received by the other cell phone that attach to the DTMF decoder
Investigation of Scribing Quality Defect of Thin Film Solar Cell Using Machine Vision
Authors: Shuaimi R , Ismail R C , Hazwan Hadzir M N , Isa M N M , Jambek A B
Published: December 2020

Laser micromachining provide significant effect in thin film solar industrial field especially in determining cell efficiency of each panels. However, there is an issue in determining scribing failure or defect on solar module. This research aims to investigate the defects of laser micromachining process in thin film solar module in manufacturing fields. Machine vision inspection system is used as inspection tools and to investigate the defect of laser micromachining in thin film solar cells. As a result, two major defects is define which is scribe line quality and scribe line position defects in every scribe line. By identifying the defect cause by laser micromachining through machine vision, quality control plan can be taken together to prevent reoccurrence.
Analysis and Identification of Tumor Cells In MRI And CT Images Based On Nanotechnology Using Neuro Fuzzy Image Fusion
Authors: Mary Praveena S , Kanmani R , Kavitha A K
Published: December 2020

Image fusion is a sub field of Medical imaging in which more than one images are fused to create an image where all the objects are in focus. The process of image fusion is performed for multi-sensor and multi-focus images of the same scene. Multi-sensor images of the same scene are captured by different sensors whereas multi-focus images are captured by the same sensor. In multi-focus images, the objects in the scene which are closer to the camera are in focus and the farther objects get blurred. Contrary to it, when the farther objects are focused then closer objects get blurred in the image. To achieve an image where all the objects are in focus, the process of images fusion is performed either in spatial domain or in transformed domain. In recent times, the applications of image processing have grown immensely. Usually due to limited depth of field of optical lenses especially with greater focal length, it becomes impossible to obtain an image where all the objects are in focus. Thus it plays an important role to perform tasks of analysis and identification of tumor cells in MRI and CT images based on neuro fuzzy image fusion. Hence, a novel feature-level multi-focus image fusion technique has been proposed which fuses multi-focus images. Thus the results of extensive experimentation performed to highlight the efficiency and utility of the proposed technique is presented. The proposed work further explores comparison between fuzzy based image fusion and neuro fuzzy fusion technique along with quality evaluation indices. In order to benefit from the highly conformal irradiation of, sophisticated treatment planning and simulation are required to analysis and identify the tumor in MRI and CT Scan images. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of MRI and CT for treatment plan simulation and adaptation using a neuro fuzzy image fusion.
Electronic Nose Testing for Confined Space Application Utilizes Principal Component Analysis and Support Vector Machine
Authors: Bakar M.A.A. , Abdullah A.H. , Mustafa W.A. , Razali Z.B. , Saidi S.A. , Kader M.M.M.A. , Aman M.N.S.B.S.
Published: December 2020

A confined space has a limited space for entry and exit but it is large enough for workers to enter and perform work inside. It is not designed for continuous occupancy because it can contribute atmospheric hazards accidents that threaten the worker safety and industry progress. In this work, we reported the testing an instrument to assist workers for atmosphere testing during pre-entry. An electronic nose (e-nose) using specific sensor arrays is the integration between hardware and software that able to sense different concentrations of gases in an air sample using pattern recognition techniques. The instrument utilizes multivariate statistical analysis which is Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for discriminate the different concentrations of gases and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) to classify the acquired data from the air sample. The instrument was successfully tested using diesel, gasoline, petrol and thinner. The results show that the instrument able to discriminate an air sample using PCA with total variation for 99.94%, while the classifier success rate for SVM indicates at 98.21% for train performance and 95.83% for test performance. This will contribute significantly to acquiring a new and alternative method of using the instrument for monitoring the atmospheric hazards in confined space to ensure the safety of workers during work progress in a confined space.
Performance Analysis of Unipolar SPWM Inverter: Resistive load and Inductive load
Authors: Aihsan M. Z. , Yusof A. M. , Ahmad N.I. , Saifizi M. , Habibah H. M. , Rahman D. H. A. , Mustafa W. A.
Published: December 2020

This paper presents the performance analysis of the Unipolar SPWM Inverter for the resistive and inductive load testing. The common criteria reported in various technical papers where the resistive load will produce a unity power factor correction and lagging power factor behaviour for inductive load. This paper is to demonstrate the performance of both loads that are tested to the single phase Unipolar SPWM inverter under the modulation ratio of 0.8. The performances will be covered in term of the waveform behavior and THDv performance. The project are carried out through the simulation using PSIM software and real implementation to the real hardware. The selection of filter for this paper is the low pass passive LC filter.
Artificial Magnetic Conductor to Enhance Microstrip Patch Textile Antenna Performance for WiMAX Application
Authors: Zahid L , Abu Bakar H , Abdul Rani K N , Sabapathy T , Jamlos M A , Rejab M R A , Musa K S , Hamzah D , Bahari N , Che Yob R
Published: December 2020

A rectangular microstrip patch textile antenna with Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) operated at the center frequency of 5.80 gigahertz (GHz) for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) application was designed and simulated using the CST Microwave Studio 2016 and fabricated in this study. The use of AMC could solve the inflexibility of FR4 substrate that limits human body movement and reduce the radiation scattered on the human body whilst increasing the antenna gain and directivity. The antenna consists of 5×5 square shape gap of AMC unit cells ground layer using ShieldIt Super, five substrate layers using cotton (viscose) fabric as well as patch layer and another ground layer using the same ShieldIt Super. AMC is a metamaterial that imitates the conduct of zero reflection phase of Perfect Magnetic Conductor (PMC) on the resonant frequency not evidently existed in nature. Overall, the antenna with AMC has the significant return loss, S11 below than -30 decibel (dB), gain improved to more than 8 dB, and directivity elevated to more than 9 dBi at resonant frequency near to 5.80 GHz, respectively.
Development of Cloud-based Electronic Nose for University Laboratories Air Monitoring
Authors: Abdullah A.H. , Bakar M.A.A. , Saad F.S.A. , Sudin S. , Ahmad Z.A. , Elshaikh M. , Ismail K.A.
Published: December 2020

Indoor air in area such as house, shopping complex, hospital, university, office and hotel should be monitor for human safety and wellbeing. These closed areas are prone to harmful air pollutants i.e. allergens, smoke, mold, particles, radon and hazardous gas. Laboratories in university are special room in which workers (student, technician, teaching/research assistants, researcher and lecturer) conduct their works and experiments. These activities and the environment will generate air pollutants which concentration depending on their parameters. Anyone in the environment that exposure to these pollutants may have safety and health issue. This paper propose a study of development of a cloud-based electronic nose system for university laboratories air monitoring. The system consists of five dsPIC33-based electronic nose (e-nose) as node which measure main indoor air pollutants along with two thermal comfort variables, i.e. temperature and relative humidity. The nodes are placed at five different laboratories for acquiring air pollutants data in real time. The data will be sent to a web server and the cloud-based system will process, analyse and display by a website in real time. The system will monitor the laboratories main air pollutants and thermal comfort by forecast the contaminants concentration and dispersion in the area. In case of air hazard safety (e.g., gas spills detection and pollution monitoring), the system will alert the security by activate an alarm and through e-mail. The website will display the Air Pollution Index (API) of the area in real-time. Results show that the system performance is good and can be used to monitor the air pollution in the university laboratories.
Development of Smart Incubator Grow System For Plant
Authors: Rosli A.N.C , Irfan M.N. , Nazren A.R.A
Published: December 2020

In the current industrialized food production network, most food suppliers rely on large, mono-crop farms that grow massive amounts of a single product and ship it around the globe. Food may travel thousands of miles over the course of days, weeks, or even months before it reaches our tables. Not only is this system strain on the environment, and on the cost to the consumer, but it also affects the quality of the food we put in our bodies. The objective of this project is to design and develop a smart incubator grow system for plants by developing the open source hardware and software platforms for sensor-controlled hydroponic and aeroponic agriculture systems. Inside of this smart incubator, climate variables such as carbon dioxide, air temperature, humidity, dissolved oxygen, potential hydrogen, electrical conductivity, root-zone temperature, and more can be controlled and monitored. Usage specifications such as operational energy, water use, and mineral consumption can also be monitored and adjusted through electrical meters, flow sensors, and controllable chemical doses throughout the growth period. The complete set of conditions throughout a growth cycle produces unique phenotypic expressions, or physical qualities in different plants. Plants grown under different conditions may vary in colour, size, texture, growth rate, yield, flavour, and nutrient density. The system can be monitor and control through wireless connectivity technology
Development of Ripeness Indicator for Quality Assessment of Harumanis Mango by using Image Processing Technique
Authors: Abu Bakar M.N , Abdullah A.H. , Rahim N.A. , Yazid H. , Saad F.S.A. , Ahmad K.
Published: December 2020

Visual appearance is the main source of information that can be used for quality assessment of mango. In this study, a non-destructive ripeness level estimation for mango of the cultivar Harumanis based on digital image analysis was employed. The changing peel and flesh colour of mango is strongly correlated to ripeness that can be measured as a sensual quality parameter. This measurement of ripeness level has been determined by image analysis technique which needs to attribute external and internal colour feature from image segmentation Multilevel thresholding technique is proposed for colour image segmentation to extract the mango region from the background which every channel of five colour spaces have been applied. Colour analysis technique and Total soluble solids (TSS) is used to compare and evaluate for the prediction. The optimal results were obtained that a* channel from L*a*b colour space has given more logical and better performance of prediction which is more than 92% accuracy.