bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Atlanto-Scandian Herring(Clupea Harengus)Populations Using Allozymes and Mitochondrial Dna Markers
Authors: Turan Cemal , Carvalho Gary R. , Mork Jarle
Published: May 2009

Allozymes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's) in genes of the NADH dehydrogenase complex (ND 5/6 genes) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to investigate the spatial genetic structure of Atlanto-Scandian herring(Clupea harengus).Samples (sample size=46–50/site) comprised Icelandic summer spawners, Norwegian spring spawners, and two fjord populations, Balsfjord and Trondheimsfjord, on the Norwegian coast. Fifty enzymes were assayed, and samples were routinely examined at 18 enzymes comprising 28 putative allozyme loci. Significant genetic differentiation(P <0.001) was detected between Trondheimsfjord herring and all other samples, with apparent genetic homogeneity among remaining samples, including the Balsfjord; a region shown previously to contain an allozymically distinct population. Herring from the Balsfjord were shown allozymically to represent the Norwegian spring spawning group, suggesting the presence of two stocks, a deeper resident spawning (Balsfjord) and a shallower, non-native feeding population (Norwegian spring spawning). Variation at the ND5/6 genes using six restriction enzymes revealed 96 composite haplotypes in 196 fish. Mean haplotype diversity was high (0.92), though nucleotide divergence between samples was small (highest=0.00029, between Trondheimsfjord and Balsfjord samples; lowest=0.00003, between Icelandic summer and Balsfjord samples). Monte-Carlo %2analysis of haplotype frequencies revealed no significant geographic heterogeneity among samples, thus revealing a discordant pattern of genetic differentiation produced by allozymes and mtDNA markers. The detection of a genetically divergent population in deeper waters of the Trondheimsfjord supports the existence of distinct deep-water resident populations in the Norwegian fjords.
Cold Induced Abnormal Catches of Sole
Authors: Horwood J.W. , Millner R.S.
Published: May 2009

Large catches of sole (Solea solea) were made in early 1996 from the south-western North Sea. Sole suffer physiological damage in waters below 3–4 C. In February 1996 cold water of 3–4 C unusually extended from the Continental coast onto the Dogger Bank. It is likely that the increased catches were due to the consequential distribution and behaviour of the sole, making them more susceptible to capture.

Exceptionally large catches of mature sole (Solea solea (L.)) were made in February 1996 by Lowestoft fishermen from the south-western North Sea. Surprisingly this was not welcome. The UK allocation of the North Sea sole is -4 % of the EU Total Allowable Catch (TAC), and fishermen are restricted nationally, and by the fishing companies, to a tightly managed ration. The Lowestoft Journal (8 March 1996) reported the suspension of a local fishing skipper for not throwing back 5000 kg of sole caught in the Silver Pits. We will show that the abnormal catches were due to exceptionally cold waters.

Sole in the North Sea are at the northern extremity of their range, with sole seldom living in waters below 5°C (Horwood, 1993). In fact, North Sea sole were successfully introduced into Lake Quarun, Egypt, where they lived in temperatures in excess of 30°C (El-Zarka, 1965). Young sole migrate from their shallow inshore nursery grounds, such as the Waddensea, as winter approaches (Creutzberg & Fonds, 1971).
Metabolism of zinc in the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.): a combined ultrastructural and biochemical study
Authors: George Stephen G. , Pirie Brian J. S.
Published: May 2009

The uptake, transport, storage and excretion of zinc has been studied in Mytilus edulis. Zinc accumulates in the soft tissues in proportion to its concentration in sea water whilst the concentration in the haemolymph is little above that in the environment. Uptake is via the gut, mantle and gills. The zinc is transported from the gills and gut (t½ ≈ 8 days) via the haemolymph, either as a high molecular weight complex or in the granular amoebocytes, to the kidney. Most of the body zinc is present in the granular amoebocytes (which are found in all the body tissues) or in the gut and kidney. The kidney forms the major storage organ for many trace metals, containing 30% of the body zinc and a concentration of about 1000 μg/g. Zinc is localized as insoluble granules in membranelimited vesicles occupying some 20% of the cell volume. Excretion of zinc is by defaecation, exocytosis of the kidney granules into the urine and diapedesis of the amoebocytes. A multicompartmental model for zinc metabolism which correlates the ultrastructural and kinetic data is proposed.
Osmotic and hydrostatic permeability of the integument of the starfishAsterias rubensL.
Authors: Binyon J.
Published: May 2009

The hydrostatic permeability of the aboral integument of the starfishAsterias rubensL. was found to be 5·1 ± 2·1 × 10−6cm3/cm2/s/cm H2O. A sudden increase in permeability around 5 cm water pressure was found to coincide with the bursting of the dermal branchiae.

The area of protracted dermal branchiae per cm2of aboral integument has been estimated and, if only this region represents the permeable areas of the skin, the above figure may well rise to 1 × 10−5cm3/cm2/s/cm H2O.
Morphology of the utricular recess in the sprat
Authors: Best A. C. G. , Gray J. A. B.
Published: May 2009

In the sprat the utricular receptors are closely associated with the bullae, structures which convert pressures into liquid displacements, and with other structures concerned with detecting vibrating sources. This paper considers morphological features which relate to questions of mechanical coupling between utriculus and bulla, and of the number and orientation of the receptors.
Freeze-Branding of flatfish: flounder, Platichthys flesus, and plaice, Pleuronectes platessa
Authors: Dando P. R. , Ling R.
Published: May 2009

The use of freeze-branding as a field-marking technique for flatfish is described. Similar recapture rates were obtained for flounders marked on the coloured, or eyed, side and for those marked on the white, or blind, side during the first two years after marking. Brands on adult flounders were still identifiable more than four years after release of the fish. The branding technique is also applicable to plaice.
Composition and origin of milky water in the North Sea
Authors: Volkman J. K. , Gatten R. R. , Sargent J. R.
Published: May 2009

An occurrence of ‘milky water’ which covered a wide area of the North Sea in June 1975 is described. The water contained 20 mg/1 of an oil which was shown by capillary GC-MS to consist mainly (> 80%) of two wax esters 34:1 and 36:1. Analysis of the acids and alcohols released by hydrolysis, and interpretation of the wax ester mass spectra, indicated that the 34:1 ester was almost entirely composed of the alcohol-acid combination 20:1–14:0 and the 36:1 ester was composed of 22:1–14:0 (75%) and 20:1–16:0 (19%). Wax esters of virtually the same composition predominate in the lipids of the copepodCalanus finmarchicuswhich has the implication that the ‘milky water’ was caused by ageing of the oil released following a mass mortality of copepods. The lack of polyunsaturated wax esters and of astaxanthin is ascribed to oxidative degradation of these labile lipids following release into the sea. A copepod origin for the milky water is further supported by its containing small amounts of cholesterol and pristane, both of which are common toCalanus species.
Seasonal changes in the biochemical composition of the adult barnacle,Balanus balanoides,and the possible relationships between biochemical composition and cold-tolerance
Authors: Cook P. A. , Gabbott A.
Published: May 2009

Seasonal changes in cold-tolerance ofBalanusbalanoidesare correlated with the seasonal changes in free glycerol level in the body parts of adult barnacles and with the degree of unsaturation (iodine number) of the body lipids. Glycerol levels and iodine values were highest in the winter when the barnacles were most cold-tolerant and lowest in the summer when they were least tolerant. There was no correlation between the seasonal changes in cold-tolerance and seasonal changes in free amino acid level or triglyceride: total lipid ratio.

Under laboratory conditions barnacles kept without food at 5 °C over the summer to winter period became cold-tolerant and had high, winter levels of glycerol and high iodine values. Winter barnacles kept at shore temperatures and fedAnemianauplii until mid-summer lost their cold-tolerance and had low, summer levels of glycerol and low iodine values. In contrast, winter barnacles kept for the same period without food at 5 °C remained cold-tolerant and had high glycerol levels and high iodine values.

The maximum level of free glycerol in the winter corresponded to a concentration in the body tissues of 1 ·06 mM. This is 1000—fold lower than the concentration of glycerol in the pupal haemolymph of glycerol-forming insects and is far below the level necessary to promote general supercooling of the body water. Itis suggested that the mechanism of cold-tolerance inB. balanoidesis one oftolerance to freezing, or frost resistance, rather than avoiding ice formation.

Triglycerides and phospholipids are the main lipid components inB. balanoides.
Seasonal variations in the component fatty acid distributions of the lipids of Balanus balanoides
Authors: Gardner Doris , Riley J. P.
Published: May 2009

A study has been made of the seasonal variations in the component acids of the lipid fractions ofBalanus balanoides.The relative proportions of the polyenoic acids in the triglycerides drop sharply during the winter. They reach a minimum in the early spring and then gradually rise to a maximum in the late autumn. These changes are largely balanced by increases in the saturated acids, principally 16:0 and 18:o.1During the winter there is a marked decrease in the triglyceride to phospholipid ratio as the depot fats are mobilised as food reserves. The proportions of the polyethenoid acids in the phospholipids decline slowly during the winter and spring and attain their minimum in June-July. This fall is mainly counterbalanced by increases in the amounts of saturated acids, principally 14:0 and 16:0. It seems likely that the observed decreases in the polyenoic acids are brought about by selective utilization of these compounds as reserves during the winter when food is scarce and depot lipid has been depleted.
Wave-induced circulation in submerged sands
Authors: Webb J. E. , Theodor J. L.
Published: May 2009

Pressure waves moving across the sand beds at 3 m depth at Le Racou caused circulation of water in the unconsolidated sand layer. The pattern of circulation apparently depended on the depth of the unconsolidated layer and the form of the sand ripples. The rate of flow was determined by the height of the surface waves and the permeability of the deposit. The physical properties of the sands at the crests and in the troughs of the ripples were in part determined by the organic component which in turn would have been governed largely by the patterns and flow rates of the interstitial currents supplying organic material and nutrients to the sand. Differences in the physical properties of the sediment at the crest and in the trough of a ripple due to the organic component were such as would have affected substantially the prevalence of Branchiostoma lanceolatum and harpacticoid copepods. Sand properties dependent on the organic component would clearly be subject to change in accordance with the prevailing weather conditions and hence the supply of organic material. The role of irrigated sands in the removal of organic material from shallow seas is discussed.
A note on further changes of sea temperature in the plymouth area
Authors: Southward A. J. , Butler E. I.
Published: May 2009

Monthly sea temperatures are tabulated for Station E1 from 1960 and for Plymouth Sound from 1958. The 70-year series now available shows that annual means increased by 0·75°C up to the 1950s. Since 1960 inshore temperatures have fallen 0·5°C and E1 surface temperatures 0·4°C. Sea-bottom temperatures at E1 increased 0·4°C between 1920 and the 1950s, and have fallen 0·4°C since 1960. The changes have been most marked in the second half of the year, but the last quarter (October-December) is still somewhat warmer than in 1920 and earlier.
Dinoflagellate cyst distribution around the British Isles
Authors: Reid Philip C.
Published: May 2009

Rich assemblages of acid-resistant microfossils occur in intertidal sediment from the British Isles and are here reported, for the first time, to contain large numbers of dino-flagellate cysts. These cysts provide evidence to show that the distribution of certain dino-flagellate cysts is different from that of the motile stage, that the coastal distribution of cysts appears to be controlled by currents and that their occurrence within bays is possibly related to localized temperature and salinity conditions. Further, they present evidence that potential conditions for a red tide of Gonyaulax polyedra Stein may be present in the east Irish Sea.
A method for determination of the total dissolved free fatty-acid content of sea water
Authors: Treguer Paul , Le Corre Pierre , Courtot Pierre
Published: May 2009

A new method is proposed for the determination of total dissolved free fatty acids (FFA) in sea water. After preliminary extraction by chloroform, a copper complex is formed which is then extracted by a chloroform-heptane solution. Copper concentration is measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The method is particularly adapted to the determination of long chain FFA (longer than C10) and dissolved organic matter usually present in sea water gives no interference. At the 30 μ/l. level the standard deviation is 1 μ/l. for seven determinations.
Mapping a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi from airborne thematic mapper (ATM) data
Authors: Garcia-Soto Carlos , Sinha Bablu , Pingree Robin D.
Published: May 2009

The fine-scale structure of a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi has been mapped for the first time with an airborne thematic mapper (ATM) scanner (visible bands at 420–450 nm, 450–520 nm, 520–600 nm, 605–625 nm and 630–690 nm). The airborne results are in close agreement with simultaneous satellite observations from the visible band (580–680 nm) of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR
The distribution, growth and reproduction ofPontocrates arenariusandP. altamarinus(Crustacea: Amphipoda) at Millport, Scotland
Authors: Beare D. J. , Moore P. G.
Published: May 2009

Results of a comparative study on the distribution, growth and reproductive bionomics of two species of sand-dwelling oedicerotid amphipod,Pontocrates arenariusandP. Altamarinusare presented.Pontocrates arenariusis a littoral species with highest population densities between mean tide level (MTL) and low water springs (LWS) whileP. altamarinuslives in the immediate sublittoral between LWS and -2 m Chart Datum. Both species are iteroparous, have female biased sex ratios, year-round breeding and life cycles largely based on two generations per year. The percentage of ovigerous females in the total population indicates breeding activity, and temporal changes in this percentage (arcsin transformed) have been tested for correlations against seasonal variation in five environmental factors (mean maximum weekly air temperature, mean minimum weekly air temperature, mean weekly sea temperature, day length, and mean weekly windspeed). Based on these analyses, differences in the timing of peak reproductive activity between these two species are interpreted as indicating the operation of different mortality agents, i.e. abiotic factors in the littoralP. arenariusand biotic effects (e.g. predation by fish) inP. altamarinusfrom the sublittoral.
A new genus and species of caridean shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alvinocarididae) from North Atlantic hydrothermal vents
Authors: Vereshchaka A. L.
Published: May 2009

Iorania concordia gen. nov., sp. nov. (Crustacea: Decapoda) belonging to the family Alvinocarididae is described from the Mid Atlantic Ridge, TAG location (26°09'N 44°50'W). The taxonomic position in the family and distinguishing characters (rostrum, armature of telson, form of first maxilliped) of the new genus are presented, and a possible evolutionary feeding hierarchy within the family is suggested. A key is given to the genera of the Alvinocarididae.
Recent studies on the crawfish Palinurus elephas in South Wales and Cornwall
Authors: Hunter E. , Shackley S. E. , Bennett D. B.
Published: May 2009

From May 1993 until January 1994, 788 male and 1604 female crawfish, Palinurus elephas in total, were examined from the South Wales and Cornish fisheries. Mean carapace length (CL) of Cornish crawfish was 125.6 mm for males, 132.4 mm for females and 135.0 mm for berried females, while mean CL for Welsh crawfish was 155.8 mm for males, 138.7 mm for females and 138.6 mm for berried females. The overall size distribution of male Welsh crawfish differed significantly from that observed in the Cornish population. An analysis of variance gave significant (P<0.05) differences for the factors; Site, Sex and the Sex/Site and Month/Sex interactions. Male crawfish reached greater overall size than female crawfish, but for specimens of equal CL, total lengths (TL) of females were longer than those of males. Males were heavier than females of equal CL or TL.
Ecology and systematics of the north European species ofRissoaandPusillina(Prosobranchia: Rissoidae)
Authors: Warén Anders
Published: May 2009

Five, possibly six, north European species are confirmed in the prosobranch generaRissoaandPusillina: R. parva(Da Costa);R. lilacinaRécluz;R. membranacea(Adams) (types A & B);P. inconspicua(Alder) andP. sarsi(Lovén).

The five species differ ecologically in salinity tolerances, withR. membranaceaandP. sarsibeing the most tolerant and regularly occurring at salinities of 7–10%0, whileR. parva, R. lilacina, andP. inconspicuatolerate salinities down to 20%0(for shorter periods 15%0). There are also differences in the ability to survive occasional, short exposures to highly reduced salinity with 50% survival forR. membranaceaafter 80 h;R. lilacina, 30 h;P. sarsi, 25–30 h; and for P.inconspicuaafter 15 h exposure to freshwater at 8°C. At higher temperatures the survival is lower. There is a difference in the requirements on water circulation, withR. parvaandR. lilacinapreferring more current-swept and exposed environments.

Rissoa membranaceaoccurs in two types, possibly species, with planktotrophic and lecithotrophic larval development respectively. In Scandinavia, populations with lecithotrophic development have a restricted occurrence between Sjaelland and Jylland in Denmark, but may be more common in the UK and France. Such specimens are always accompanied by the planktotrophic form, and it can not be excluded that the two forms are conspecific and this is a case of poecilogony. There is also a possibility thatP. sarsiactually constitutes a series of populations ofP. inconspicuaadapted to local, more brackish conditions by larger egg size and veligers, but the two are regarded as distinct species.
Size selectivity in the diet of Loligo forbesi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)
Authors: Collins M. A. , Pierce G. J.
Published: May 2009

The size of fish and squid prey of Loligo forbesi was investigated using otoliths, beaks and statoliths collected from stomach contents analysis of samples obtained from Scottish and Irish waters between 1990 and 1993. Loligo forbesi was found to consume a large range of prey sizes, but prey size was always less than the predator size. Season was shown to significantly influence the predator size-prey size relationship for sprat and sandeel prey, but this itself could be influenced by seasonal changes in the size of prey. Fish prey size increased with increased predator size up to a mantle length (ML) of 200 mm. Loligo forbesi of mantle length >200 mm consumed a range of prey sizes, with no clear increase in the size of prey. For most prey taxa the relationship between prey size and squid size was similar, the exceptions being dragonets and silvery pout. Cannibalism by L. forbesi was mostly limited to larger L. forbesi (>150 mm ML) feeding on smaller (20–50 mm ML) conspecifics.
Geographical variation in growth and maturation of the squid illex coindeth (Oegopsida, Ommastrephidae) off the north-west African coast
Authors: Arkhipkin Alexander
Published: May 2009

Statolith microstructure was studied in 162 specimens of Illex coindetii (mantle length ranging from 48 to 300 mm) captured on the shelves of Sierra Leone and Western Sahara between May and November 1987. Growth increments were revealed in all statoliths studied, but they were not well-resolved as in other congeneric species Illex illecebrosus and Illex argentinus. Age and growth rates were estimated assuming that growth increments within statoliths were produced. In both regions, differences in growth rates between sexes (females become larger than males) occurred first in length and then in weight. Geographical differences in sex-specific growth (Western Sahara squid grow faster and attain larger sizes than Sierra Leone squid) was apparent after 150 d in females and 120 d in males. Illex coindetii in Sierra Leone started maturing at smaller sizes but at approximately the same age as the Western Sahara squid. Small sized early maturing groups of I. coindetii with a life span of ~0.5 y occurred in both regions. However, large sized late maturing squid with a life span of ~1 y were encountered only in the Western Sahara. In waters of the west African shelf, I. coindetii spawn throughout the year.
Tintinnid cysts
Authors: Reid Phili P C. , John Anthony W. G.
Published: May 2009

Distinctive flask-shaped cysts have been observed within the loricae of the tintinnidsFavella serrata(Mobius),Helicostomella subulata(Ehrenberg),Parundella caudata(Ostenfeld) andLeprotintinnus pellucidus(Cleve) from samples taken by the Continuous Plankton Recorder. Similar cysts occur as a common element in palynological preparations of intertidal sediments from the British Isles. Encystment in tintinnids is now known for over 20 species and appears to be a more important process in the tintinnid life-cycle than previously believed. A possible relationship between tintinnid cysts and the extinct microfossil order Chitinozoa is proposed.
On the nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton XII. Measurements by radioimmunoassay of the levels of a steroid in Calanus
Authors: O'Hara S. C. M. , Corner E. D. S. , Kilvington C. C.
Published: May 2009

A steroid that binds with mammalian oestradiol-17β antibody has been detected in Calanus helgolandicus Claus, collected from Plymouth Sound, and in Calanus finmarchicus Gunnerus captured off the coast of Norway. The specificity of the antibody, together with the chromatographic behaviour of the steroid on Sephadex LH-20, supports the view that the compound is the sex hormone oestradiol-17β (E2). The antibody has been used in measuring the amounts of E2 in the animals by radioimmunoassay, a technique not previously employed in studies with zooplankton and therefore described in detail.
Menestho diaphana(Gastropoda) andMontacuta phascolionis(Lamellibranchia) in association with the sipunculanPhascolion strombiin British waters
Authors: Gibbs P. E.
Published: May 2009

The sipunculanPhascolion strombi(Montagu) is well known for its habit of sheltering in empty mollusc shells. In European waters, a variety of animals are to be found associated with this sipunculan in its shelter (see Kristensen, 1970), including the pyramidellid gastropodMenestho diaphana(Jeffreys) and the erycinacean bivalveMontacuta {Tellimya) phascolionisDautzenberg & Fischer. Neither of these two species has been recorded as living in association withP. strombiin British waters but a recent examination ofP.strombi-inhabited shells in the vicinity of Plymouth has shown both to be present in the area.

Like all pyramidellids,M. diaphanais an ectoparasite although for many years after its description by Jeffreys (1848, asOdostomia)from Exmouth, Devon, its host animal(s) remained unknown. It was first discovered associated withP. strombiby Perez (1924, 1925) at Roscoff, Brittany, and subsequently described by Dautzenberg & Fischer (1925) under the nameOdontostomia (Auristomia) perezi.The possibility ofO. perezibeing synonymous with the speciesdiaphana,placed in the genusMenesthoby Fretter & Graham (1962), was first suggested by Thorson (Thorson, in Robertson & Orr, 1961), a view supported by Ockelmann (Ockelmann, in Ankel & Christensen, 1963) and Kristensen (1970). Recently, Rodriguez-Babio & Thiriot-Quievreux (1974) demonstrated that the protoconchs of the' free-living' individuals (M.diaphana-type)are similar to those of individuals living withP. strombi(O.perezi-xype).In shell shape, specimens associated withP. strombiat Plymouth closely resemble the holotype ofO. diaphana,now in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution (V. Fretter, personal communication). Thus & Fischer named O. perezi without reference to it would appear that Dautzenberg O. diaphana material, or perhaps were impressed sufficiently by its regular association strombi as to regard it as a distinct species. In either case, it seems to have been now established that perezi is a synonym of diophana.
Growth of the queen scallop, Chlamys opercularis, from the Clyde Sea area
Authors: Taylor A. C. , Venn T. J.
Published: May 2009

The growth of Chlamys opercularis from three sites in the Firth of Clyde has been studied. A relationship exists between the different dimensions of the shell, but, because growth is allometric, these relationships do not remain constant throughout the life of the animal. In contrast to the rectilinear relationship between the shell dimensions, the cavity volume and the weight of the shell and the weight of the soft tissues increases exponentially with increasing shell height. The growth rings on the shell of Chlamys were shown to be truly annual and are deposited primarily during the period from April to June, providing a convenient and reasonably accurate technique for assessing the age of individual animals. The size range of the height of the first ring was quite large, with a bimodal frequency distribution. The bimodality is lost in the second and subsequent years due to differential rates of growth between large and small first-year animals. The rate of growth of Chlamys from the Clyde Sea area was determined from values for the mean height of each annual ring, and has been compared to the rates shown by Chlamys from other sites around the British Isles.
An annual cycle of vitellogenesis in the elasmobranch Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Craik J. C. A.
Published: May 2009

Plasma vitellogenin synthesis in adult female Scyliorhinus canicula L. continued throughout the year but the rate of synthesis was significantly lower between March and August than during the rest of the year. The hepatosomatic index (liver weight as percentage of body weight) underwent annual variation in both sexes but this variation was considerably more pronounced in the female. Increase in hepatosomatic index in the female was accompanied by increase in the percentage of lipid in the liver and was largely caused by increase in the total lipid content of the liver. Comparison of livers of males and females showed that the percentage of lipid was not significantly different while the percentage of solids insoluble in water and organic solvents was greater in the female. Oviposition, as indicated by the percentage of females with eggs in the oviducts, continued throughout the year, reaching a minimum in September-October. Between July and October, parameters associated with vitellogenesis began recovery from their respective annual minima in the following order: plasma oestradiol level, hepatosomatic index, rate of synthesis of plasma vitellogenin, gonosomatic index, plasma vitellogenin level, rate of oviposition.
Acid and alkaline phosphatases in the lymphomyeloid tissues of elasmobranch fish
Authors: Fänge Ragnar
Published: May 2009

Activities of phosphomonoesterases were measured at acid and at alkaline reaction (pH 4–5 or 9–65) in homogenates of elasmobranch tissues especially lymphomyeloid structures. The animals were dogfish(Scyliorhinus caniculd)and two species of ray(Raja brachyura, R. naevus).Acid phosphatase activity was high in the epigonal tissue, Leydig's organ, the spleen and the thymus. High activity was also found in the pancreas and the kidney, whereas skeletal and cardiac muscle showed low values. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was very high in the kidney and relatively low in other tissues. Ultrasonification of homogenates from the dogfish resulted in increase of acid phosphatase activity but had little effect on alkaline phosphatase activity. The high activity of acid phosphatase in lymphomyeloid tissue may be due to the presence of large numbers of various types of leucocytes.
Territorial behaviour of male dragonets (Callionymus Lyra)
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

Citadel Hill, Plymouth (Plates I–II) The sexual display and mating of the dragonet (Callionymus lyra L.) were well described by Holt in 1898 from observations of the behaviour in a relatively small tank in the Plymouth aquarium. When in 1959 numerous dragonets werekept in a much larger tank mature males established territories within which they displayed tofemales. The more pugnacious males maintained larger territories than less pugnacious males. Maintenance was mainly by display against rivals without physical contact, but occasionally there were direct attacks in which minor damage was inflicted.

In his long and detailed account of the sexual display and mating of the dragonet (Callionymus lyra L.), based on observations in the Association's aquarium at Plymouth, Holt (1898) makes no mention of males defending specific areas and states that there was 'no evidence of serious combat among mature males' (p. 312). 'Occasionally the two males meet in full splendour. Then one lowers his colours and flies ingloriously; but I have never seen anything in the shape of a fight, and have never found wounds that might have been inflicted when I was not watching' (p. 288). Holt records (p. 286) that his dragonets inhabited a tank on the south side of the aquarium and it was in that tank that breeding displays took place. He also put large males into a very much larger tank, though only to watch their reactions in the presence of large turbot (p. 295): one was eaten, others disappeared not to be seen again.
Notes on the retina and tapetum lucidum of Howella (Teleostei: Cheilodipteridae)
Authors: Best A. C. G. , Nicol J. A. C.
Published: May 2009

The structure of the retina and tapetum lucidum of the teleost Howella is described. The tapetum is a diffuse reflector composed of lipid spheres. The photoreceptor layer of the retina contains only rods; in section the rods appear segmented, perhaps arranged in stacks but their precise arrangement remains to be determined.
Steady-state energetics of a planktonic herbivore
Authors: Droop M. R. , Scott J. M.
Published: May 2009

The marine rotiferBrachionus plicatilisMüller was grown bacteria-free in a chemostat with the algaBrachiomonas submarina,labelled with Co vitamin B 12, as the limiting nutrient.
Copper inhibition of carbon fixation in coastal phytoplankton assemblages
Authors: Davies Anthony G. , Sleep Jillian A.
Published: May 2009

The effect of copper upon carbon fixation in coastal phytoplankton assemblages has been studied in relation to both the metal concentration in the water and the levels taken up by the plant cells. The phytoplankton populations were those present in water samples collected from Station L4 in the English Channel in the late autumn of 1979. The lowest copper concentrations causing detectable inhibition of photosynthesis lay in the range 1–25 μg/1, well below the levels which have been reported to be present in some sea areas around the British Isles; metal pollution may thus be influencing primary production in these contaminated regions.
The distribution of dinoflagellates around the british isles in july 1977: a multivariate analysis
Authors: Holligan P. M. , Maddock Linda , Dodge J. D.
Published: May 2009

Data on the distribution of dinoflagellates in the surface waters around the British Isles in July 1977 were analysed by correspondence analysis. Four communities of dinoflagellates were recognized, and the occurrence of each was related to various environmental parameters. The vertical stability of the water column is considered to be the most important factor in determining the relative abundance of individual species.
The admission of nutrients from the digestive system into the haemal channels in the sea-starAsterias rubens(L.)
Authors: Broertjes J. J. S. , Posthuma G. , Beijnink F. B. , Voogt P. A.
Published: May 2009

Mucus, leaving the pyloric duct in a continuous flow, is conveyed over the epithelium of the aboral part of the pyloric stomach. There nutrients are resorbed and concentrated into the haemal system, which is in close contact with this part of the stomach. It is supposed that this material consists of nutrients in complex form especially destined for the use of gonad development.
Functional morphology of the coelomocytes of the larval oysters (Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea gigas)
Authors: Elston Ralph
Published: May 2009

The functional morphology of the coelomocytes of larval oysters, Crassostrea virginica and C. gigas, based on observations of live animals and histological and ultrastructural examination of tissues, is presented. Two predominant types of coelomocytes were found in the larval oysters. One, the SER cell, not found in the adult oyster, is large with a spheroidal nucleus, and exhibits basophilic cytoplasm which consists of abundant smooth endoplastic reticulum. This cell appears to participate in metabolic conversion processes. The other predominant cell type, the phagocyte, appears identical to the phagocyte observed in the adult oyster. Both differential cell types were observed from one day post fertilization to metamorphosis, the oldest stage studied.
The distribution of metacercariae ofMaritrema arenaria(Digenea: Microphallidae) in the barnacleBalanus balanoidesat three sites on the east coast of Northern Ireland
Authors: Irwin S. W. B. , Irwin B. C.
Published: May 2009

Overall incidence of metacercariae ofMaritrema arenariadiffered substantially at each of the three sites investigated. In each case, however, numbers were higher than those previously observed in the British Isles. Results indicate that gulls rather than waders are the more important final hosts of this parasite in the areas investigated. At one site where a more detailed survey was carried out metacercariae were more abundant on the upper half of the shore and they displayed a marked preference for barnacles on living Littorina littorea shells as compared to barnacles on rocks. Evidence would suggest that the two most likely molluscan hosts of this trematode areLittorina saxatilisandNucella lapillus.
The significance of dissolved organic compounds in the nutrition ofSiboglinum ekmaniand other small species of Pogonophora
Authors: Southward A. J. , Southward Eve C.
Published: May 2009

Siboglinum ekmanican accumulate labelled alanine, glycine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, galactose, glucose, mannose, acetic acid, palmitic acid, lactic acid and glycollic acid from sea water at concentrations between 1 and 100 μM/1. Uptake of fructose and mannitol was not detected. The neutral amino acids were absorbed against a concentration gradient, probably by a carrier-mediated transport mechanism, and similar mechanisms may exist for acidic amino acids and glucose. Most of the compounds entered into the metabolism, but 90% of the glycine accumulated was retained as free amino acid. The presence of glucose appeared to depress uptake of alanine, but uptake of glucose was stimulated by alanine.
Spatial distribution of the copepod parasiteLernanthropus kroyerion the gills of bass,Dicentrarchus labrax(L.)
Authors: Davey J. T.
Published: May 2009

Young estuarine bass of the 1976 and 1977 year classes were examined for gill parasites between February 1978 and June 1979. 344 specimens of the copepodLernanthropus kroyeriwere recovered from 177 of 289 fish. The distribution of the copepods on the gills showed clear preferences for site of attachment. With 48 such sites delineated per fish, 143 of 183 female copepods favoured a single site – the internal face of the medial sector of the posterior hemibranch of the second gill arch. 57 of 161 male copepods chose attachment to the external face of the medial sector of the anterior hemibranch of the second gill arch. Only seven copepods in all were found attached at any of the twelve possible sites on the first gill arch, and none at all at the six possible sites on the posterior hemibranch of the fourth gill arch. Explanations for the observed distribution are discussed in terms of the strength of the branchial ventilation currents over the different gills coupled with observations on the special respiratory adaptations of these parasites.
Mortalities of fauna of rocky substrates in south-west ireland associated with the occurrence of Gyrodinium aureolum blooms during autumn 1979
Authors: Cross T. F. , Southgate T.
Published: May 2009

Dinoflagellate blooms, chiefly of Gyrodiniwn aureolum Hulburt, occurred along the south and south-west coasts of Ireland in August and September 1978 and mortalities of shore animals and of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri held in sea cages were described from Dunmanus Bay (Parker, 1980). Since May 1978 four rocky shore sites in Bantry Bay and one in Dunmanus Bay have been monitored monthly (Myers, Cross & Southgate, 1978, 1979). At each site a permanently marked transect is monitored, limpet shell lengths are measured in marked quadrats at M.H.W.N., M.T.L. and M.L.W.N. and settlement, growth and mortality of barnacle species are studied on vertical rock faces. Discoloration of the water was observed at all five monitoring sites in August 1978 but no effects on the littoral or sub-littoral fauna and flora were detected (Cross & Southgate, 1980).

In 1979 a reddish-brown discoloration of the water in Bantry and Dunmanus Bays was first observed in early September. Surface water samples taken at the regular sampling sites between 5 and 10 September revealed very high densities of Gyrodinium aureolum. Slight discoloration of the water persisted at Eagle Point until October and at Glengariff Castle until early November. During this period mortalities of shore fauna were observed at four of the regular sampling sites. Highest mortalities were observed at Pointabulloge in Dunmanus Bay. When visited on 8 September many Patella spp. on the transect were either dead or, if alive, could easily be removed. An estimated 75% of Gibbula umbilicalis were lying inverted in rock crevices with partially opened opercula which they could close only slowly.
A Broad Review of Variability and Persistence in the Northumberland Benthic Fauna – 1971–85
Authors: Buchanan John B. , Moore J. Jonathan
Published: May 2009

The long-term monitoring of two stations, 55 and 80 m depth, from 1971 to 1985 shows clear evidence of periods of stability interspersed with periods of change. These periods were identified by several different multivariate methods and persistence stability was quantified by the use of a between years similarity index. A short period of change at the shallow station, 1972–3, was followed by a prolonged period of stability 1974–80. The period 1981–3 witnessed a second period of change with rising total numbers and biomass with some evidence of a downward reversal in 1984–5. The deep station exhibited an essentially similar response except that the stable period 1974–80 was broken into two sub-periods 1974–6 and 1978–80 due to sequential changes in the dominant species which were regarded as evidence of biological interaction with the activities of the polychaete Ophelina acuminata possibly playing a key role. The shallow station showed little evidence of biological interaction and the majority of the species have exhibited similar responses throughout. The general rise in numbers and biomass at both stations is regarded as evidence of intermittent changes in organic flux to the bottom from the water column. The winter temperature fluctuations were shown to have short-term, but significant, effects on the diversity of the communities, bringing about year to year changes in the equitability and dominance.
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Dogfish Scyliorhinus Canicula: A Light Microscopic Study
Authors: Hart S. , Wrathmell A. , Harris J. E.
Published: May 2009

The alimentary tract of the common dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula L. was examined for the presence of gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT was present in the buccal cavity, oesophagus, pyloric stomach, intestine containing the spiral valve, rectum and cloaca, but absent from the cardiac stomach. In the intestine containing the spiral valve the highest levels of GALT were recorded. The GALT occupied three tissue niches: as individual leucocytes in the lamina propria as accumulations in the lamina propria and as individual leucocytes in the ephithelium. Four leucocyte types were identified lymphocytes, granular cells, macrophages and plasma cells. The presence of lymphoid tissue at such high levels in the gut suggests it has a potentially important immunological function.
Enzyme variation inChthamalus stellatusandChthamalus montagui(Crustacea: Cirripedia): evidence for the presence ofC. montaguiin the Adriatic
Authors: Dando P. R. , Crisp A. J.
Published: May 2009

The electrophoretic mobilities of 13 enzymes in two species ofChthamalus, C. stellatusPoli and C. montagui Southward, were compared. These species differed absolutely for eight of the enzymes and exhibited some species-specific allozymes for a further four enzymes. No evidence of hybridization was found. The observed mean heterozygosity was 0087 forC. stellatusand 0179 forC. montagui.

A sample of ‘C. montagui’ from Venice differed from two samples from south-west England in external shell characters and in allozyme frequency for two enzymes. These differences are thought to be the result of a geographical cline rather than a distinct separation of subspecies.
Mucus production and its role in the feeding behaviour of Diarthrodes nobilis (Copepoda: Harpacticoida)
Authors: Hicks Geoffrey R. F. , Grahame John
Published: May 2009

Using light microscope histology and scanning electron microscopy, the secretion, storage and discharge of copious quantities of mucus has been demonstrated in the algadwelling harpacticoid copepod Diarthrodes nobilis (Baird). The mucus is secreted by cells closely associated with large haemocoelomic reservoirs, located in the cephalothorax and urosome, which store the mucus prior to its discharge through large integumental vents (up to 38 μm in greatest dimension). A denned behavioural sequence is recognized whereby the animal utilizes discharged mucus to construct an enmeshing capsule. Late stage nauplii are also capable of capsule fabrication.

The mucus bag presumably, acts as a rich and rapidly degradable substrate to marine prokaryotes and is therefore rapidly colonized; suspended organic and inorganic materials are also trapped by the mucus. Observations on gut contents and browsing activity of capsule inhabitants indicate a direct trophic dependence of D. nobilis on the bacteria and organic agglutinations that adhere to the mucus. Utilization of such nutritive materials supports a ‘mucus-trap’ hypothesis recently proposed as a feeding strategy in meiobenthic nematodes.
The incidence of autotomy in an estuarine population of the crabCarcinus maenas
Authors: McVean Alistair , Findlay Ian
Published: May 2009

The incidence of autotomy is described for a discrete population ofCarcinus maenasin the Yealm Estuary over a period of one year. During this time the crabs showed seasonal trends in distribution whereby during the summer months they congregated at the top of the estuary. This seasonal migration up and down the estuary corresponded with peak rates in the rate of change in temperature of the bottom water. Recruitment occurred in June, July and August. Overall, there were more female than male crabs although the ratio varied throughout the year. All sizes and sexes of crabs autotomized limbs but although autotomy increased with the size of the crabs it showed no obvious relationship with other population parameters. Significantly more chelipeds than walking limbs were lost. There were more multiple autotomies than would be expected if autotomy was a random event. Autotomy is shown to be a rare event for sexually matureCarcinusbut essential to the survival of immature crabs. The means by which crabs may regulate the incidence of autotomy is discussed.
Patterns of spermatophore distribution in Euchaeta norvegica: a further analysis
Authors: Schweder Tore
Published: May 2009

In a study of the breeding biology of Euchaeta norvegica (Boeck), Hopkins & Machin (1977) analysed the placement and frequency distribution of spermatophores on females. They found the number of spermatophores on sampled females to be underdispersed relative to the Poisson distribution and concluded that ‘virgin’ females are more attractive to males than females with spermatophores attached. They fitted the Greenwood & Yule (1920) model but drew no conclusions.

The type of question which may be studied by fitting such a model is whether the attraction of males to ‘non-virgins’ is independent of the time since the first spermatophore was attached and also independent of the number of spermatophores already attached. This problem has been further investigated by fitting a version of the Greenwood & Yule model based on asynchronous recruitment of mature females. This version of the model is fully described in Schweder (1979); in this paper the results and biological implications are discussed.
The incidence of the nemertine Malacobdella grossa in the bivalve Cerastoderma edule in Shetland
Authors: Jones A. M. , Jones Y. M. , James J. L.
Published: May 2009

Malacobdella grossa is recorded from a new host, Cerastoderma edule, and the association appears to be confined to the Shetland Islands. Infection rates were high at five of the seven sites studied and double infections were very common. The commensal population was dominated by large individuals.
The proboscis ciliation of the echiuran Bonellia viridis
Authors: Jaccarini V. , Schembri P. J.
Published: May 2009

Special club-shaped cilia with an expanded tip are seen by both light and electron microscopy on the proboscis of Bonellia viridis in addition to the usual filamentous cilia. Using transmission electron microscopy the club tip is seen to consist of a distally curled axoneme enclosed within a sac-like expansion of the ciliary membrane. The axoneme may describe up to two complete loops inside the membrane sac or may occasionally follow an S-shaped course.

A quantitative analysis of the distribution on the proboscis of both filamentous and club cilia is made. No discrete ciliary tracts are present. However, there is a definite pattern of ciliary density distribution. The cilia are densest on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the distal fringe of the proboscis. The dorsal fringe cilia are concerned with locomotion and the ventral cilia with food particle uptake. The club cilia are confined to the terminal lobes and neck region of the proboscis. The dorsal surface of the proboscis posterior to the fringe is virtually non-ciliated. The functional significance of the club cilia is discussed.