bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antoine Meillet, slaviste
Authors: Fontaine Jacqueline
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Dans Le slave commun, gros ouvrage qui a assis la réputation de Meillet comme slaviste, la reconstruction de cette langue entraîne un enchaînement de substitutions d'un état linguistique à un autre, tout en maintenant l'indifférenciation des langues à l'intérieur du groupe slave. Ce qui reste surtout de l'œuvre de Meillet slaviste est dû au souci d'exigence critique propre à une saine philologie. D'autre part, il faut évoquer le rôle de maître à penser qu'a endossé Meillet, spécialement dans le milieu des slavistes à cause des charges officielles qu'il y a exercées.
Meillet et son disciple japonisant Hagenauer
Authors: Villard Masako
Published: October 2010

RESUME : Antoine Meillet (1866-1936) fut avant tout un comparatiste et son œuvre entière constitue un modèle d'application de sa méthode. L'un des rares japonisants du début de ce siècle, Charles Haguenauer ( 1 896-1976) fut formé à l'école d' Antoine Meillet dans le domaine de la linguistique. A travers ses connaissances philologiques, ses principes de rigueur, son utilisation des faits dialectaux et des parlers locaux dans leurs rapports réciproques avec une langue commune, ses applications d'une linguistique sociologique et ses études de l'étymologie du vocabulaire, on voit combien Charles Haguenauer doit, dans ses études, à l'enseignement d'Antoine Meillet.
Antoine Meillet et les langues de l'Europe : l'affaire hongroise
Authors: Perrot Jean
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : L'ouvrage de Meillet Les Langues dans l'Europe nouvelle (V éd. 1918, 2e éd. 1928) fait du hongrois et de la Hongrie une présentation très négative : le hongrois est une langue compliquée, pleine d'emprunts, trop européanisée pour être proteuse d'une civilisation originale ; maintenue au cours de l'histoire par une oligarchie dominatrice, cette langue est condamnée à la disparition dans le monde nouveau. Ce tableau a suscité une réplique très acerbe du grand écrivain hongrois Kosztolânyi. On tente ici d'interpréter les vues de Meillet en fonction du système d'idées qui a déterminé ses prises de position politiques et linguistiques.
Catégories grammaticales et opérations cognitives
Authors: Desclés Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Grammatical meanings are the meanings of inflexional morphemes, prepositions, conjonctions, and other devices, such as word order. Each grammatical category is defined as a 4-tuple : 1. a system of grammatical forms ; 2. a system of meanings ; 3. a system of rules relating forms and meanings ; 4. a set of strategies that ensures the choice of the semantic value associatedwith the occurrence of a grammatical form in a specific context. Meanings of grammatical categories are defined by means of "mental operations". Some of these operations (identification, différenciation and ruption) are the same for different grammatical categories such as person, aspect and tense, deictic spaces. These operations are used for organizing general cognitive categories that are related to other representations (linguistic and metalinguistic representations) in a general cognitive edifice.
Contribution de la psychologie aux sciences du langage
Authors: Dubois Danièle
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This paper outlines the evolution of the psychological approach of language (psychology of language, psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology) since 50 years. It focuses on the theoretical and conceptual dependancy of this field on linguistic and computational models, which mainly developped the syntactical analysis of language. However, experimental results concerning language processing (specifically lexical processing) tend to prove the inadequacy of a single, unifying model to take account of the variety of psycholinguistic phenomenon. It is argued that the psychological study of language is at stake within cognitive sciences inasmuch it imposes to account both for linguistic universality and for determinants of meaning.
Épistémologie spontanée des traitements automatiques du langage
Authors: Prince Violaine
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Computers are the tools by which language is processed. The constraints of computer science play a role which hasn't been highlighted in writings about the subject The goal of this paper is to show how the machines ' limitations, no less than their capabilities, have influenced research in man -machine communication via written natural language. It also hopes to understand the more general role of computer science : this time as an indépendant subject, within the domain of Artificial Intelligence, where it encounters thus Linguistics and Psychology.
Connaissance du cerveau et sciences du langage
Authors: Lavorel Pierre
Published: October 2010

RESUME : Une évaluation de l'évolution passée et présente de la recherche en neurolinguistique et en neuropsychologie du langage mène à quelques conjectures concernant l'avenir des sciences du langage. La connaissance des sous-systèmes fonctionnels de la performance langagière dépend beaucoup de l'avancement des travaux sur les processus neurocybernétiques sous-jacents aux opérations mentales qui permettent les représentations référentielles et la planification ou la régulation des actes symboliques et moteurs.
Traitement connexionniste du langage
Authors: Béroule Dominique
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This paper is concerned with an information processing approach - so-called connexionism - for modelling linguistic treatment and implementing sentence processing devices. This approach is first introduced from a general, historical, and critical point of view, before focusing on its present outcomes in language processing. Then, a new solution to a major problem encountered in this field, the problem of symbol manipulation, is proposed.
Énonciation, interaction, conversation : les théories du langage entre le psychique et le social
Authors: Chiss Jean-Louis , Puech Christian
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The notion of interaction is omnipresent today in the various works that are attempting to restore to linguistic exchanges their social or micro- social dimension, or to provide a linguistic dimension for conceptions of the « social bond » that lack it ; this notion inevitably encounters the themes of enunciation, dialogue, language intersubjectivity, and linguistic sociality, the systemacity of which is problematic. The article therefore attempts, in an essentially exploratory and programmatic way, to place in question the widely accepted idea that formal linguistics - the linguistics which descends from Saussure and Chomsky - only came into being by radically repressing these questions. Symptomatic is the fact that Benveniste and Jakobson alluded to (without further developing) the necessity of shifting the traditional transcendental framework of linguitics towards a fundamentally intersubjective one. It is suggested that, starting in the last third of the 19th century, one can find traces of a broadly transdisciplinary cognitive interest organized around two main themes ; these latter the study endeavors to define. What is on the one hand the question of interior language, which, moving from V. Egger to Benveniste, and from psychology to linguistics, opens up the field of an intra-mental space in which the dialogic and the dialogal interconnect. On the other hand there is the theme of the linguistic essence of sociality, which is represented in a particularly suggestive way in G. Tarde's rough sketch of an analysis of conversation ; here, through, the metaphor of the « link », that is, in the terms used by H. Kelsen, the spatialization of inter-psychic phenomena, the relationships between psychology, sociology and linguistics are partly played out. In addition to the research orientations suggested here, the idea of a clear-cut division in the linguistic tradition between an abstract rationalism and an unprincipled empiricism, should doubtlessly be reconsidered. The dynamic of certain recent works, whether they associated with symbolic interactionism (Goffman) or with a pragmatics « of the third kind » (Berrendonner), suggests that the future of the notion of interaction will depend as much on the ability of theoreticians to accept the history of their cognitive interests, as on the rigorousness and inventiveness with which they will succeed in formalizing the experience of speaking subjects within the community.
Du sens. Le (post-)saussurisme et son autre
Authors: Tatsukawa Kenji
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Saussurian and post-saussurian theories of language have as their epistemological presupposition the understanding of meaning by the hearing subject. He tries to catch in any and all circumstances the unique meaning of the discourse of the orthers. Dynamic theories called « post-structuralist », which study the self-differenciation of system of meanings, are also dependent upon this hearing position. To defend this type of theories, we need a fundamental definition of meaning like that of Bloomfield. But there is another type of language theory based on an epistemology of the seducing position.
Le Cours de linguistique générale de Saussure et la philosophie
Authors: Bouquet Simon
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : In this paper we try to outline the topography of « a philosophical point of view » in Saussure' s linguistic teaching in the Cours de linguistique générale, its manuscript sources and the linguist's personal notes. We try, as well, to situate this « philosophical point of view » in its relations also to a « psychological point of view ».
Pichon et Lacan : quelques lieux de rencontre
Authors: Arrivé Michel
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : In collaboration with Jacques Damourette, Edouard Pichon, one of France's more noteworthy psychoanalists between the two world wars, produces a monumental work in linguistics, as seen in particular in the seven volumes of the Essai de Grammaire de la langue française. The points of contact between the author's linguistic theories and Lacan's conceptions of « the inconscious structured like a language » are numerous. The paper emphasizes the following four points : 1/ the relations between « sysémie homophonique » and the concept of « lalangue » ; 2/ the theory of « empersonnement ténu et étoffé » and Lacan's theory of the subject of the unconscious ; 3/ Lacan's analysis of the negation in « discordance » and « forclusion » ; 4/ the problems of metalanguage and its questioning ; here again the two linguists and the psychoanalist encounter one another.
Le retour des textes et la saisie de l'antique. Tite-Live et Quintilien à la Renaissance
Authors: Lardet Pierre
Published: October 2010

RESUME : Le retour aux sources qui caractériserait la Renaissance est à interroger en fonction des disciplines qu'elle privilégie et des corpus qu'elle restaure : ainsi l'histoire avec Tite-Live, la rhétorique avec Quintilien. Les opérations (commentaire, traduction...) menées sur ces auteurs, les conflits auxquels elles donnent lieu, engagent des enjeux contemporains auxquels il s'agit de proportionner une méthode. De Bruni à Machiavel, de Pétrarque à Valla, une herméneutique neuve se développe, chargée de préoccupations d'ordre esthétique et politique. Plus qu'à un retour aux textes, c'est à un retour des textes qu'on assiste : le crédit considérable qui leur est fait ne s'explique pas par la seule nostalgie.
Quelques alphabets hébraïques du XVIe siècle
Authors: Kessler-Mesguich Sophie
Published: October 2010

RESUME : La vogue que connaissent les études hébraïques au x vj* siècle se marque, entre autres, par la parution de nombreuses grammaires, mais aussi d'ouvrages d'initiation : les alphabets. Ces derniers; qui existent aussi pour le grec, remportent en France un succès tout particulier. Peu originaux dans leur contenu, et se bornant le plus souvent à une simple description, ils ne s'élèvent presque jamais au niveau d'une véritable réflexion grammaticale ; cependant, on les voit évoluer au fil du siècle dans le sens d'une présentation plus rigoureuse et complète de la phonétique de l 'hébreu. Un soin tout particulier est accordé à la prononciation correcte des différents sons, pour laquelle on n'hésite pas à interroger les contemporains juifs. A travers ces rudiments, se dessine ainsi la pratique pédagogique des humanistes, tout comme le processus par lequel ils s'approprient les théories élaborées par les grammairiens juifs du moyen âge.
Les livres populaires yiddish dans les communautés juives d'Europe
Authors: Baumgarten Jean
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : One of the main transformations in the Jewish communities in Central and Eastern Europe during the Renaissance was the emergence of yiddish as a vernacular and the diffusion of popular literature in yiddish. This helped to reduce the disparity between the religious* culture of the elite and of the Jewish people. The most important Jewish sacred texts were diffused among "illiterati" who possessed an imperfect knowledge of Hebrew. The observances and customs of Judaism were spread among the Jewish people. Within the rich production in yiddish, we find translations, adaptations and glossaries of the Bible. We also find liturgical textes (collections of Tefrines, prayers of supplication) and books on morality (Muser seforim). Popular texts in yiddish are precious documents by which to observe the internal changes in Jewish society in the xvi-xvii centuries.
Some seventeenth-century grammatical descriptions of Hebrew
Authors: Klijnsmit Anthony J.
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The first grammarians of Hebrew were living in Arabic territory, hence Jewish grammarians wrote their grammars in Arabic and according to Arabic principles of language description. Since 1506, the year when Johannes Reuchlin published his Rudimenta linguae hebraeae, grammar of Hebrew became an art practised by Christians also and was strongly influenced by the grammatical description of Latin and Greek although the Christian hebraists were very dependent on their Jewish predecessors. In the seventeenth century many grammars of Hebrew were published, mainly for religious reasons. Most grammars we know of are written by Christian authors and they were written in Latin because they were meant for academic use. Jewish grammarians wrote in their vernaculars because their works were used in Jewish schools. Both Christian and Jewish grammars have much in common: they can best be characterized as reframing traditional Judeo-Arabic grammar into the scheme of grammatical description of Latin and Greek while elements of traditional Hebrew grammar were maintained because they were considered to be correct. In this paper I will demonstrate this by presenting some grammatical works by Christian hebraists as Amama, Buxtorf and Erpenius, and some grammars by Jewish authors as Menasseh ben Israel, d' Aguilar and Spinoza.
D'étranges gymnastiques : poétique et philosophie à la Renaissance
Authors: Meerhoff Kees
Published: October 2010

RESUME : L'auteur entend montrer l'importance du contexte et de l'intertexte dans l'étude des textes de poétique. Il illustre son propos à l'aide de quelques textes du xvnr* et surtout du xvr* siècle. Parmi ces derniers, l'attention est attirée sur des textes où l'influence de la spéculation néo-platonicienne est très marquée. Celle-ci n 'exclut pas, selon l'auteur, des acrobaties terminologiques de toutes sortes, bien au contraire.
La gnoséologie et son influence sur la théorie linguistique chez Gustave Guillaume
Authors: Laurendeau Paul
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The underlying gnoseology of the French linguiste Gustave Guillaume (1883-1960) is very important in the formulation of his linguistic theory. His conception of a thinking Ego, able to probe its own mind and to penetrate the system of the en langue determined almost all his linguistic methodology and epistemology. Our purpose is to demonstrate the importance of this key aspect of Guillaume's underlying philosophy and also to show that a dialectical negation of such a gnoseological framework tends to emerge from his own thought.
Note sur la correspondance Meillet/Lévy-Bruhl
Authors: Merllié Dominique
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The issue of Histoire Épistémologie Langage that is devoted to Antoine Meillet contains two letters by him to Lucien Lévy-Bruhl. To this matter I should like to add some details and a rectification.
L'Art Mineur français et le curriculum grammatical
Authors: Merrilees Brian
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : There are eight extant versions of Donatus's Ars minor in Old and Middle French, all intended for the teaching of Latin. This Art mineur is preserved in seven manuscripts, four of which (and in part a fifth) contain a grouping of texts which point to a planned and coherent grammatical program. The grammatical texts can be divided into two instructional levels, the elementary which is mostly in French and based on Donatus, the advanced which is in Latin and reflects the influence of Priscian and a growing interest in theory. Elementary and advanced reading texts are also part of the program.
Ad auctorum expositionem: Syntactic theory and interpretative practice in the twelfth century
Authors: Reynolds Suzanne
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Syntactical glosses on literary texts provide an excellent means of situating and characterising the role of literature in the art of grammar. In the twelfth century, glosses and grammars shared the same syntactical concerns of word order (ordo) and government (regimen). Complex word order is dealt with by glossators and grammarians through the explanatory model of proximity. Syntax glosses extend the grammarians' strict notion of regimen to include a wide range of syntactical relationships. This expansion is a function of the glosses' operation at the data-oriented levels of grammatical teaching.
The Priscian commentary from the second half of the twelfth century: Ms Leiden BPL 154
Authors: Fredborg Karin Margareta
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Th MS Leiden, Univ. Bibl., BPL 154, contains an interesting anonymous Parisian commentary from c. 1168-80, dealing with both grammatical and logical problems : the difference between the purely grammatical subject and the extra-linguistic subject of discourse, between the reference of pronouns (PRONOMINATIO) and their signification. It draws parallels to the vernacular French, without accepting an universel grammar in Roger Bacon's terms.

It belongs both to the humanist tradition with its profound knowledge of classical authors and to the scholastic tradition, keen on precise semantic and truth -related problems- including an overt launch of attack on the school of Gilbert de la Porrée.
Arts du discours et sacra pagina dans le De tropis loquendi de Pierre le Chantre
Authors: Valente Luisa
Published: October 2010

RESUME : Pierre le Chantre (+ 1197) utilise dans le De tropis loquendi des instruments d'analyse textuelle empruntés aux arts libéraux afin de résoudre les contradictions apparentes et les ambiguïtés des textes bibliques et liturgiques aussi bien que celles des propositions théologiques. Le traité suit l'articulation de lafallacia d'équivocation (homonymie) telle qu'elle se présente dans les traités logiques du Xlle siècle sur les raisonnements fallacieux, en y intégrant des subdivisions dérivées des traditions grammaticale et rhétorique. Parmi les points traités se trouvent : la varia significatio, i.e. la distinction entre les différents sens du même terme (y compris les termes syncatégorématiques, par exemple les prépositions) ; la varia demonstratio et la vario relatio, i.e. les cas de déixis et d'anaphore ambiguës, analysés au moyen de notions rhétoriques (les tropes) ; la varia cotisignificaîio , i.e. la même forme phonétique avec des valeurs morphologiques distinctes ; la varia suppositio, i.e. les différentes dénotations du même mot dans des contextes différents.
De que trata a lingüística, afinal ?
Authors: Dascal Marcelo , Borges Neto José
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Any attempt at determining "what is the object of linguistics" is inherently normative, in that it amounts to selecting a particular class of observable data, which will be the focus of linguistic inquiry. This creates theoretical objects whose ontological status can be disputed. The well-known trichotomy between nominalism, conceptualism and realism is surely not sufficient (for instance, Popperian realism should not be confused with Plato's realism). From a historical viewpoint, it is interesting to distinguish between two traditions, respectively characterized by a "notional" or a "philological" option. During the 19th and the 20th centuries, two innovative traditions appeared : the first one is historical ; the second one, which was initiated by Saussure, aims at defining an autonomous field of research. Finally, linguistic theories can be grouped into families (according to the primacy they give to a systemic, a psychological or a sociological orientation). For instance, Chomsky is a realist who belongs to the psychological tradition while maintaining the autonomy of linguistics.
What is methodology (and history) of linguistics good for, epistemologically speaking?
Authors: Itkonen Esa
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This paper tries to answer the question that figures in its title : What is methodology (and history) of linguistics good for, epistemologically speaking ? An answer is sought for, in turn, in the following areas : grammatical theory (also known as 'autonomous linguistics1), causal linguistics, historiography of linguistics, and the study of language and mind. The paper concludes with some remarks on the recent discussion concerning the nature of linguistics.
À propos de la grammaire générative. Quelques considérations intempestives
Authors: Ruwet Nicolas
Published: October 2010

RESUME : Ni bilan, ni apologie, cet article discute certains problèmes qui se posent dans la pratique des générativistes (au sens large du terme) : le recours aux jugements des sujets parlants pourrait être plus systématique, et les recherches taxinomiques plus poussées ; les multiples interférences entre la forme et le sens sont trop souvent éludées. L'auteur suggère de combiner (en grammaire comparée notamment) la syntaxe autonome et l'étude sémantique. Il discute brièvement le réductionnisme de Chomsky, et suggère que la linguistique risque d'être longtemps habitée par une tension fondamentale entre une approche "galiléenne" et une approche "phénoménologique" .
Sur l'épistémologie de la poétique
Authors: Dominicy Marc
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The aim of this paper is to provide an epistemological analysis of Jakobson' s poetics. I claim that, although poetics deals with norms, it is no more committed to any variety of subjectivism than Gricean pragmatics. I also claim that Jakobsonian poetics was originally reductionist, in that the basic dichotomy between metaphor and metonymy was assumed to account for the two artistic uses of verbal structures, namely literary prose and poetry. This reduction is shown to be illusory, since it relies on a confused notion of "parallelism". However, Jakobson' s failure sheds some light on the (historical and conceptual) relationships between formalism and functionalism, and in particular on the controversial notion of "dominant".
Le test en grammaire générative. L'exemple de la structure de la phrase
Authors: Godard Danièle
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The word « test » is used in two different ways by generative grammarians : first, it denotes the process by which one checks the adequacy between the hypothesis and the data (adequacy test) ; second, it denotes the process by which, on the basis of previous results, one compares the properties of the sequence under study with those which define a certain category (test-criterion). Taking the sentence structure as an example, we will show how the requirement of adequacy together with the exigency of generalization lead the researchers to modify their analysis. Comparing analyses cast in the generative transformational grammar with analyses cast in non-transformational generative grammars, we observe that, while some proposals are dependent upon the model, others are valid across different models and, thus, have good chances to represent properties of the linguistic structure. Finally, it appears that the tests-criteria do not always lead to clear results : some are based on necessary and sufficient properties, others on tendencies of a given linguistic category.
Terminologie transparente et formalisme caché
Authors: Chevillard Jean-Luc
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : In order to become a scholar in classical Tamil (South India), one had to master a grammatical system, which included being able to translate poetical texts in an artificial language, used for paraphrases. Theoretical discourse displays an innovative linguistic activity, when it coins a terminology and when it designates complex entities. While some descriptions of grammatical traditions deal mostly with their results (classifications, rules, etc.), this paper is more concerned with their means, i.e. with their practical component.
Latin declensions and conjugations: from Varro to Priscian
Authors: Taylor Daniel J.
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Declensions and conjugations are easily the most recognizable components of Latin grammar, but such was not always the case. Moreover, their evolution in Roman language science contains a number of significant discrepancies in enumeration, linguistic analysis, and terminology. In other words, declensions and conjugations do have a history, and this paper surveys that history. Thanks to the efforts of the many grammarians and scholars who collectively comprise the Roman ars grammatica, which culminates in Priscian's monumental tome, the embryonic declensions and conjugations first formulated by Varro are transformed into the declensions and conjugations with which we are so familiar today.
Lingua teutonum victrix ? Landmarks in German Lexicography (1500-1700)
Authors: Jones William Jervie
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : German lexicography has a long and many-stranded history which is as yet largely unwritten, despite a number of general and more specific studies in the field. With the demise of the late medieval Latin- German vocabularies about 1500, various types of lexicon gradually assume prominence, for example the Latin-German school dictionary, the dictionary of 'foreign words', bilingual German-French and German-Italian dictionaries, and glossaries of specialised language. A series of works bears witness to the increasingly intensive contact of German with other languages, a widespread concern for the status and purity of German, the growing autonomy of the German component, and an approach that is generally prescriptive, at times also consciously neologistic. This essay offers a concise characterisation of four prominent contributions, those of Petrus Dasypodius (1535-36), Josua Maaler (1561), Kaspar Stieler (1691) and Matthias Kramer (1700-02), with particular attention to the last two.
Le discours introuvable : Marxisme et linguistique (1965-1985)
Authors: Courtine Jean-Jacques
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This article is an attempt to analyse the success and the decline of the project of research on discourse, which developped in French linguistics from the late sixties to the late seventies, in the context of the end of both marxism and structuralism. The type of theoretical relation which was then established between marxism and linguistics in the French tradition of discourse analysis is examined. Its epistemological foundations and institutional strategies, as well as the role it played as marxist politics within humanities are questioned, especially through the critical survey of works by M. Pêcheux and L. Althusser. A possible redefinition of the question of discourse in a post-marxist and post-structuralist perspective is at last suggested.
L'adjectif dans la tradition grammaticale grecque
Authors: Lallot Jean
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Greek grammarians treat adjectives (epilheta) in a way which reveals that they are doubly indebted to Aristotle, who describes epithela as superfluous words in the Rhetoric and who makes a distinction between quality and substance in the Categories. This Aristotelian legacy is enriched and redirected in the grammarians' works, where qualifying adjectives tend to be distinguished from substantives on account of their morphology (variation of gender and degree), their syntax (dependent position) and their semantic function (denoting a distinctive quality) ; however, the emergence of these features does not call into question the status of the adjective as a species of noun.
Sur l'adjectif dans la tradition grammaticale tamoule
Authors: Chevillard Jean-Luc
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The Tamil tradition does not recognise adjectives among its morphological classifications, even if it is concerned with a certain number of problems which I would describe as adjectival. Such problems can be grouped : 1. in relation to a common semantic problem (see the term panpu), and 2. in relation to paraphrastic strategies which vary from grammarian to grammarian, and which link the different elements of what I would term the adjectival paradigm.
Le statut de l'adjectif dans la tradition grammaticale arabe
Authors: Guillaume Jean-Patrick
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Although the Arabie grammarians never considered the adjective as an autonomous part of speech, they recognized the specific status of « nouns which denote a certain manner of being of the substance », as opposed to substantives proper. This status was nevertheless somewhat ambiguous, because the term « qualificative » (sifa), which was commonly used to designate this particular class of « adjectival nouns », refers strictly speaking to a sentence component which roughly corresponds to the epithet. However, many different fields of grammatical analysis calls for a distinction between a « noun » (i.e. the substantive) and a qualificative. A central notion emerges from these analyses, which is that the qualificative is a kind of « middle term » between the noun and the verb ; this enables us to shed light on certain aspects of the system of parts of speech within the Arabic tradition, notably its capacity to accomodate heterogeneous data.
Quelques aspects de la diversité des discussions médiévales sur l'adjectif
Authors: Rosier-Catach Irène
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The opposition between substantive and adjective stabilizes in the Middle Ages. The two main sources of medieval thinking explain the variety of areas in which it occurs : the opposition between the two constituants of the noun, substance and quality, as defined by Priscian, and the theory of paronyms developped by Boethius, in his commentary on Aristotle's Categories. The opposition between substantive and adjective plays a central role in solving various problems, concerning semantics, reference, function, syntax but also theology. From these various contexts, one can appreciate the operational efficacity of such notions as connotation, dependency, oblique signification or referential restriction.
L'épithète entre rhétorique, logique et grammaire aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Berlan Françoise
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Three traditions contnbute to the way the adjective is described in the XVlIth and XVIIlth centuries : the Rhetorical tradition where the term 'epithet' (< the Greek epilheloh) is still used, the traditon of general grammar and logico- semantic analysis which employs the term 'adjective', and, lastly, that of 'correct use' which also has recourse to the exclusive use of 'adjective'. But, in spite of their specificity, these traditions link up, and, in the second half of the XVIIlth century, attention is brought to bear on the two terms and their content in the respective writings of Dumarsais, Roubaud and Marmontel. While Marmontel emphasises the necessity of adapting epithets to the constraints of situation, Roubaud 's remarks on the place of the epithet can be considered as the first tentative formulation of presupposition.
L'adjectif dans la tradition grammaticale russe
Authors: Archaimbault Sylvie
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Russian grammars have traditionally been reluctant to grant proper autonomy to adjectives. They have remained locked in the framework of the adjective/substantive relationship. This is essentially due to respect for classical grammatical tradition and, to a lesser degree, to the form and status of the adjective in the language. In fact, the presence of an autonomous flexion of the long adjective might have promoted its autonomy, while the existence in Russian of a predicative adjective justified attempts to establish links with the verbal category. Finally, it appears that up until Lomonosov's Grammar (1755), grammatical treatises offered only morphological and syntactical definitions of adjectives, any form of semantic definition being restricted to dictionaries.
Le problème de la définition d'une classe d'adjectifs ; verbes-adjectifs ; langues sans adjectifs
Authors: Lemaréchal Alain
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Not all languages have adjectives as a separate part of speech, but all present 1) epithetical structures, given the ability of languages to condense information, 2) ways of expressing stative properties. This situation leads us to ask 1) on a descriptive level what criteria are to be used to define an adjectival class, 2) on a theoretical and interpretative level, what kind of syntactic constants exist (relations between adjectives and the epithetical function, the predicative function, between adjectives and verbs vs nouns, embedding or agreement features), what sort of semantico-logical constants (expression of properties vs substances, stativity, gradability , status of abstract terms), and so on, beyond the various types of languages.
Some Remarks on the role of mental sentence in medieval semantics
Authors: Nuchelmans Gabriel
Published: October 2010

RÉSUME : Après avoir présenté la notion de langage mental comme elle a été élaborée notamment par Guillaume d'Ockham, cette communication se concentre sur le rôle des propositions mentales dans l'interprétation logique d'attributions de croyance. D'abord, les positions divergentes soutenues par Frege et Searle sont esquissées. Ensuite la question est posée comment le logicien Parisien Jean Buridan (XIVe siècle) traiterait les énoncés du type 'Le shérif croit que M. Howard est un homme honnête'. Il est conclu que malgré maintes différences superficielles au fond la théorie de Buridan a une ressemblance remarquable avec l'analyse proposée par Searle. En particulier, les deux auteurs sont d'avis que dans le discours indirect les mots 'M. Howard est un homme honnête' gardent leur signification ordinaire quant à la référence et la prédication.
Interjections et expression des affects dans la sémantique du XIIIe siècle
Authors: Rosier-Catach Irène
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : L'interjection suscite d'étonnantes discussions chez les grammairiens du milieu du XIIIe siècle. Sur le plan sémiotique d'abord, elle occupe une place intermédiaire entre signes conceptuels et signes naturels. Ce classement lui-même relève d'une analyse des affects, empruntée à des sources théologiques et philosophiques : il fait intervenir en effet, toute une philosophie de l'action, à partir de la dialectique entre les passions et la raison et la volonté. Ce sont toutes ces discussions qui interviennent dans l'établissement de différents systèmes de classification des types d'interjections.
Sémiotique et problématique corps-esprit chez Leibniz et les occasionnalistes
Authors: Auletta Gennaro
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Leibniz, when he opposed the occasionalists's conception of the relationship between the body and the mind, entered into a debate that was deeply to influence him when he evolved his theory of the sign. The studies devoted to Leibniz's work have not so far made full use of this line of interpretation. Besides, the examination of the debate between Leiniz and the occasionalists makes it possible to draw a (to my mind, fruitful) parallel between the theories of language and the theories on the mind-body relationship in 17 th century philosophy. This paper is meant to be the first step towards the reconstruction of the links between the two domains at the time.
« Filum meditandi »: Semiotics and Scientific Knowledge in the thought of G. W. Leibniz
Authors: Gensini Stefano
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Cet essai étudie la théorie leibnizienne de la characteristica universalis dans le contexte des théories gnoséologiques du philosophe. On fait allusion en particulier à la notion de 'pensée aveugle ou symbolique' et à la fonction de l'imagination. Après une comparaison avec les différentes conceptions de Bacon et de Descartes, on définit la nature proprement sémiotique de la théorie de Leibniz. Les considérations finales sont consacrées à son projet de réorganisation des sciences exposé dans le dernier chapitre des Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain.
How pure is pure reason ? Language, Empirical Concepts, and Empirical Laws in Kant's Theory of Knowledge
Authors: Dascal Marcelo , Senderowitcz Taro
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Quel est le rapport entre langage et pensée dans la théorie de la connaissance de Kant ? Quelle fonction a ou doit avoir le langage dans cette théorie ? Comment la communication est-elle possible d'après Kant, et quel est son rôle dans la formation des connaissances ? Le bien connu silence de Kant sur ces questions est d'autant plus surprenant que le débat philosophique sur le langage était plus intense dans son temps. Le but de cet article est de montrer que ces questions ne pourraient pas être indifférentes à Kant. En explorant leur place dans sa théorie de la connaissance, il est possible de découvrir des difficultés de cette théorie qui, autrement, resteraient bien cachées. L'importance du langage et les difficultés que son explication posent à Kant peuvent être mis en relief par un examen des rapports entre langage, concepts empiriques et lois empiriques. Nous essayons de montrer que l'explication des concepts et des lois empiriques au sein de la théorie kantienne du jugement n'est pas possible sans faire appel au langage — ce que Kant lui même a implicitement reconnu. En même temps, l'effort pour
Opérations mentales et théories sémantiques : le rôle du kantisme
Authors: Formigari Lia
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : A semantic theory can be constructed out of passages scattered in the writings of Kant, but his transcendental approach to philosophy remains inconsistent with a study of the historical and empirical strategies underlying natural languages. However, his appeal to the formal elements of experience has contributed to a deep transformation of the notion of representation as it had been worked out in the 17th century, and to a clearer insight into its possible applications to semantic theories. Herder, in his Metacritics (1799), develops Kant's suggestions when he stresses the formative side of semantic operations ; but, at the same time, he refutes the very foundations of Kant's transcendentalism. The activity of even the most elementary among mental powers can, in his opinion, explain the birth of formal representations such as time, space and the categories. Such forms, far from being a priori, are conditioned by experience and deeply embodied in natural languages. This implies a passage to an enlarged notion of representation overcoming the metaphysics of vision of classical empiricism. Representation, as a cognitive non-verbal structure, not necessarily connected with physical, not to say figurative, aspects of things and events, also plays an important role in the semantic theory of Heymann Steinthal, who stresses the formative import of representational operations at all levels, their nature as symbolic forms, as Cassirer will later style them.
Pathologies et philosophies du langage
Authors: Pennisi Antonio
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This paper is devoted to the resumption of the debate over the pathological disorders that affect language between the end of the 17th century and the middle of the 19th century. The first part deals with the history of the rehabilitation of the deaf and dumb according to the two most influent therapeutic schools : the advocates of sign language and the advocates of oral re-training. The second part bears on the history of aphasia and on the theories of the localize» and of the Unitarians in clinical practice. The aim of this work is to lay the foundations of a reconstructive analysis of the history of linguistics based on the relationship between linguistics, the neurosciences and the science of simulation (both mechanical and non mechanical). The reconstruction will then be used to examine the field of theorical debates in 20th century linguistics, where a comparison with the pioneering cognitivist sciences is growing more and more necessary.
Linguistic meaning and perceptual acquaintance : Paul and Husserl on 'occasional expressions'
Authors: Spinicci Paolo
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Dans les Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichle de Paul la théorie des expressions occasionnelles représente un des thèmes sur lequel il faut s'arrêter pour mieux comprendre la dynamique psychologique du changement de la signification des mots.

La psychologie du langage des Prinzipien s'inspire de Herbart, mais c'est à la théorie du jugement de Sigwart que Paul se rapporte pour résoudre le problème des expressions occasionnelles. La théorie des expressions occasionnelles est discutée par Husserl dans ses « Recherches logiques ».

Dans ses analyses, Husserl est surtout guidé par un intérêt logique ; cependant dans ses pages on retrouve aussi une description phénoménologique des actes de conscience impliqués dans la compréhension et la réalisation d'expressions occasionnelles.
Du travail de l'esprit à la danse de la coordination
Authors: Trabant Jürgen
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Criticizing the traditional representationism of the standard theory of the cognitive sciences according to which cognition is a representation of the outside world and language represents this representation in order to communicate it to others, the Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela have developed a language theory which is in many respects close to Humboldt's. The paper tries to confront Humboldt's conception of the « labor of the spirit » with Maturana and Varela's theory a vision of language as « a dance of behavioral coordination ».
Représentations de mot et représentations de chose chez Freud : pour une métaphychologie du langage
Authors: Assoun Paul-Laurent
Published: October 2010

RESUME : La thématique des « representations de choses » et des « représentations de mots », centrale dans la « métapsychologie » freudienne — c'est-à-dire la super-structure théorique de la psychanalyse — constitue un apport déterminant à la problématique de la pensée et du langage. L'examen de la genèse de ce couple notionnel chez Freud — depuis l'essai sur les aphasies de la période pré-psychânalytique (1891) jusqu'aux elaborations de la méla-psychologU proprement dite des années 1915-1923 — permet de juger de la contribution freudienne aux enjeux centraux des < théories mentales » et des < opérations linguistiques ». Conception dépendante des débats autour de l'associationisme logique du XIXe siècle (cf. l'influence de John Stuart Mill) qui conquiert progressivement son originalité en référence à l'expérience « clinique » : cf. le lien entre psychose, rêve et pensée. La confrontation de la conception freudienne à la
Sprechhandlung und Sprachbedeutung in der Sprachpyschologie um 1930
Authors: Knobloch Clemens , Schallenberger Stefan
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The starting point for this article is the 'action-chapter' in Karl Bûhler's Axiomatics for the science of language. In this chapter converge various ideas to form an interesting conception of language as action which would deserve to be further developed. In making explicit the influences from various disciplines, only hinted at in the Axiomatics, it is intended to reconstruct the process of theory formation, leading up to the central idea that a conception of language should be established in which 'action' functions as a higher order concept of symbolic action — be it as direct practical action, fully developed speech or work-oriented poesis. This conception, which still remains to be tested for its implications, stands therefore in opposition to the intellectualist principle of expression and a pure theory of structure.
Des deux côtés de la sémantique structurale : sémantique historique et sémantique cognitive
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : From a methodological point of view, Cognitive Semantics can be considered a return to the position of the prestnicturalist tradition of diachronic semantics. If this is correct, the epistemological objectivity of semantic analysis becomes one of the major issues for contemporary lexical semantics, which then appears to be characterized by a double tension. First, there is a tension between the objectivist desire for formalisation that is the driving force of Cognitive Science, and the hermeneutic strand in Cognitive Semantics that opposes such objeclivist tendencies. Second, to the extent that the hermeneutic aspects of semantics are recognized, there is a tension between the original hermeneutic desire for faithful interpretations, and the danger of extreme relativism that could be derived from the recognition of the perspectival nature of all interpretative positions.
Réflexions sémantiques d'un romaniste : Léo Spitzer (1887-1960) sur le changement de sens
Authors: Hülzer-Vogt Heike
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Although Spitzer investigated language, especially its change through ordinary language use or artistic manipulation, his work went almost unnoticed in the linguistic circles of the first three decades of this century. One can give three reasons for this situation, especially insofar as Spitzer's reflections on semantics, the allocation and the change of meaning are concerned : Firstly, it is not easy to assemble Spitzer's thoughts on these matters, as one has to glean them from widely different essays, although the general structure of his position is stated in the Essays in Historical Semantics. Secondly, Spitzer himself pointed out that the linguists of his time neglected the aesthetic and stylistic side of language. Thirdly, the pugnacious tone of his texts and the eccentricity of his judgments did not make it easy to appreciate his thoughts. But in the light of a closer collaboration between linguistics and the history of linguistics regarding phenomena such as semantic change, a reappraisal of Spitzer's heritage seems to be called for. His conception of language change can briefly be characterised as follows : he stands in the tradition of context-theory, according to which meanings are seen as dependent on socio- cultural factors, but also determined by biographically conditioned structures of motifs (in the sense of leitmotifs or themes) and by voluntary acts (e.g. in name- giving). He also stressed the accidental nature of the 'right' or appropriate meaning of a word, which to his mind cannot be justified in any way.
La sémantique cognitive. Éléments d'histoire et d'épistémologie
Authors: Rastier François
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Despite the fact that it is difficult to write the history of a field that is still developing, one can put forward some elements for a periodisation which indicates how cognitive semantics has emerged from Artificiel Intelligence and cognitive psychology (rather than from generative semantics). In these disciplines formal semantics has been contested and has been replaced by a general mentalism. Cognitive semantics is based on the principle that linguistic meaning consists in representations or mental processes, which led to it being aborbed either into psychology or into a spontaneous philosophy. In either case the fact of relating something linguistic with something mental has led to aporetical difficulties. The domain of space which is favoured by cognitive semantics offers an illustration hereof which sheds light on its links with transcendental esthetics.