bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caribbean nurses migrating to the UK: a gender‐focused literature review
Authors: Jones A.D. , Bifulco A. , Gabe J.
Published: August 2009

Background:  International nurse recruitment is an integral part of government health care strategy in many countries. However, the gendered implications of nurse migration have been little explored despite the fact that the nursing workforce is predominantly made up of women.

Aim:  Based on the migration of nurses from the English‐speaking Caribbean region to the UK, this paper explores the significance of gender at both the macro and micro levels.

Methods:  Four strands of inquiry were explored: nurse migration, impact on development, work experiences and family life. Key terms were used to search the electronic databases SSCI, EBSCO and JSTOR. An interpretative framework based on the feminist theory of intersectionality was used to systematically review the 15 studies that met the inclusion criteria.

Findings:  Gender issues are significant across all aspects of the migratory process. Migrant nurses contribute to social progress through remittances and knowledge gained abroad although overall, nurse migration negatively impacts development and there are hidden implications for women. For some Caribbean nurses, migration reflects increased economic freedom; however, for others, gender inequality lies at the centre of the decision to relocate. Gender inequality also permeates the lives of many migrant nurses even in countries where economic and work conditions are improved.

Conclusions:  The ramifications of nurse migration cannot be fully understood without attention to gender inequalities and the specific socio‐economic contexts in which they exist. There is need for a gender‐centred approach to international nursing recruitment policy that takes account not only of the impact on developing countries, but also of the well‐being of migrant nurses themselves.
Sin City? Why is the Divorce Rate Higher in Urban Areas?*
Authors: Gautier Pieter A. , Svarer Michael , Teulings Coen N.
Published: August 2009

Divorce rates are higher in cities. Based on Danish register data, this paper shows that of the marriages formed in the city, those couples who remain in the city have a 23% higher divorce rate than those who move out. In this paper, we test whether this observation is due to sorting of more stable marriages into rural areas or if there exists a causal effect of living in urban areas on marriage instability. Our identification strategy supplements the timing‐of‐events approach with an instrumental variable. Our findings suggest that the effect of living in an urban area on the divorce risks drops substantially and loses statistical significance once we address sorting.
Migration Effects of Welfare Benefit Reform
Authors: Edmark Karin
Published: August 2009

This study tests for a migration response to the implementation of stricter rules for receiving welfare benefits (means‐tested social assistance for individuals who lack sufficient work‐related income), in the form of mandatory participation in activation programmes in Stockholm town districts. The results give no indications that activation programmes affect the moving choices of recipients of welfare benefits.
International Comparisons of Living Standards by Equivalent Incomes*
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc , Gaulier Guillaume
Published: August 2009

We propose a measure of living standards for international comparisons. Based on GDP per capita, the measure incorporates corrections for international flows of income, labor, risk of unemployment, healthy life expectancy, household demography and inequalities. The method for comparing populations that differ in some non‐income dimension consists of computing the equivalent variation of income that would make each population indifferent between its current situation and a reference situation with respect to the non‐income dimension. This is applied to 24 OECD countries. The obtained ranking of countries differs substantially from the GDP ranking.
Rethinking observational cinema
Authors: Grimshaw Anna , Ravetz Amanda
Published: August 2009

‘Observational cinema’ has long been central to debates in visual anthropology. Although initially hailed as a radical breakthrough in ethnographic filmmaking, the genre was subsequently criticized as naïvely empiricist and lacking in reflexive sophistication. In this article, we make a new case for observational cinema. It grows out of a renewed attention to practice. We argue that observational work be understood not as preliminary to anthropological proper but as a distinctive form of anthropology in its own right.

Le « cinéma d'observation » est depuis longtemps un sujet de controverse dans l'anthropologie visuelle. Saluéà ses débuts comme une révolution dans l'acquisition d'images ethnographiques, le genre a été critiqué par la suite comme entaché d'un empirisme naïf et dépourvu d'élaboration réflexive. Les auteures plaident ici pour le cinéma d'observation, à partir d'une attention renouvelée pour cette pratique. Elles demandent que le travail d'observation soit considéré non pas comme un préliminaire au travail anthropologique proprement dit, mais comme une forme distincte d'anthropologie à part entière.
Time Preferences and Job Search: Evidence from France
Authors: Ben Halima Bassem , Ben Halima Mohamed Ali
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  Increasing impatience reduces search efforts of unemployed job seekers and therefore decreases the exit rate from unemployment. Also, impatience reduces reservation wage and increases the exit rate. To determine the overall effect of impatience on the exit rate from unemployment, we distinguish between exponential and hyperbolic time preferences. Search effort dominates the reservation wage and decreases the exit rate from unemployment if individuals have hyperbolic, rather than exponential, preferences. Using the French sample of the European Household Panel Survey, we found that search effort has a strong effect on the duration of unemployment, whereas the reservation wage is not significant. This result shows that the job seekers have hyperbolic preferences. Hyperbolic preferences affect problems associated with job search and policies aimed at reducing unemployment.
Long‐term Effects of Cash for Childcare on Mothers' Labour Supply
Authors: Rønsen Marit
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  In 1998–99 a cash benefit for 1‐ to 2‐year‐olds who do not use subsidized childcare on full‐time basis was introduced in Norway. A large‐scale appraisal shortly after introduction concluded that the effects on mothers' labour supply were surprisingly small. The more long‐term effects reported in this paper suggest that this conclusion may need modification. Almost 4 years after the reform the employment probability had declined significantly, and employed mothers were much more likely to be on leave. All in all the reduction in labour supply is estimated to be 3¾ hours per week or almost 20 per cent.
The Rationality of Under‐employing the Best‐performing Soccer Players
Authors: Garcia‐del‐Barrio Pedro , Pujol Francesc
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  This paper analyses the influence of sport performance (productivity) and other variables measuring the economic contribution of soccer players, upon the coach's decision of selecting a particular player. Using as dependent variable the proportion of time that individuals play in the Spanish professional soccer league, the paper concludes that players' economic market value does significantly affect the coach's choice, revealing the existence of other aims different from maximizing sport performance. We also examine the type of discrimination associated with lower chances of playing, which leads to smaller earnings and poorer career opportunities. The empirical evidence does not support discrimination due to nationality.
An Empirical Analysis of Strike Durations in Ghana from 1980 to 2004
Authors: Baah Anthony Y. , Reilly Barry
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  This paper provides a seminal analysis of strike activity for an African country in investigating the determinants of strike durations in Ghana over the period 1980–2004. The empirical approach uses a set of well‐known parametric accelerated failure time strike duration models. There is a broad consensus among the different empirical models about the role exerted on average strike duration by strike size, the rate of inflation, enterprise ownership, and political governance. However, evidence on the relationship between strike durations and business cycle activity in Ghana is less clear‐cut.
Matching Inefficiencies, Regional Disparities, and Unemployment
Authors: Hynninen Sanna‐Mari , Kangasharju Aki , Pehkonen Jaakko
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  In this paper we apply a stochastic frontier approach to examine how matching inefficiencies and regional disparities in structural factors contribute to regional and aggregate unemployment. Our results suggest that there would be a substantial decline in aggregate unemployment if (i) all local labour offices operated with full efficiency or (ii) they shared the same structure of job seekers and vacant jobs as the most favourable office. In the former case an increase in hirings would lower the average unemployment rate by 2.4 percentage points. In the latter case the decrease would be 1.4 percentage points. Further, we find that fixed effects are positively correlated with both a more favourable structure and higher efficiency. This suggests that the fixed effects may capture some part of time‐invariant features in the structure and inefficiency. Thus, the role of structural factors and inefficiency in regional unemployment disparities may be higher than estimated.
Regulation of Technology Transfer to Developing Countries: The Relevance of Institutional Capacity*
Authors: DAVIS KEVIN E.
Published: August 2009

This article revisits the debate over appropriate approaches to the regulation of technology transfer to developing countries. It begins by contrasting two stylized approaches, labeled for convenience the “New International Economic Order” model and the “Globalization” model, which have historically struggled for acceptance. It then explores the implications for the choice between these or alternative models of the fact that many developing countries presently lack the institutional capacity required to provide optimal regulation of technology transfer. Existing discussions appear either to assume that developing countries possess sufficient institutional capacity to design and implement sophisticated regulatory regimes, or to take the opposite approach and assume a drastic shortage of institutional capacity. Both approaches ignore the intermediate category of countries that do face constraints upon institutional capacity but are striving to overcome them. The analysis here is intended to demonstrate the general point that a country's present and future institutional capacity ought to be considered highly relevant to the design of central aspects of the regime that it uses to regulate technology transfer. The analysis is also designed to highlight the specific need for attention to the distinctive questions of regulatory design which arise in countries that are in the process of enhancing their institutional capacity in this and other regulatory contexts.
Identification, Meaning, and the Normativity of Social Roles
Authors: Sciaraffa Stefan
Published: August 2009

Abstract: We are all familiar with the way in which social roles, such as mother, father, professor, club football coach, citizen, and so on, confront us with clusters of duties that purport to bind us. Though we generally experience these role‐duties as normatively binding, we might question this. What reason do role‐occupants have for conforming to the duties that define their roles? I argue that the agent who identifies with her role thereby has a weighty and important justificatory reason for conforming to the role's defining duties: namely, the identifying agent realizes the fundamental goods of meaning and self‐determination by doing so. This is an important normative ground of role‐duties because it, unlike the grounds of natural duty or voluntary assumption, ensures that the duties it grounds are not alien impositions but rather are elements of the identifying agent's wellbeing. I also argue that role‐identification provides a reason that shares many of the characteristics of a moral reason, and I argue that role‐identification in tandem with the principle of fair play grounds a moral duty to conform to one's role‐duties.
Massively parallel 454 sequencing indicates hyperdiverse fungal communities in temperate Quercus macrocarpa phyllosphere
Authors: Jumpponen A. , Jones K. L.
Published: August 2009

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03042.xCommentary p 279
Towards a consistent classification scheme for geochemical environments, or, why we wish the term ‘suboxic’ would go away
Authors: CANFIELD D. E. , THAMDRUP B.
Published: August 2009

It is our opinion that the nomenclature used to define geochemical environments is inconsistent and confusing, and in particular the use and meaning of the term ‘suboxic’, which is widely applied in the geochemical and ecological literature. Our purpose here is to review the redox zonation of natural systems and the nomenclature used to designate this. Finally, we will outline what we feel is a straightforward and non‐contradictory scheme for classifying metabolic zones and geochemical environments.
Relation between Door‐to‐Balloon Time and Microvascular Perfusion as Evaluated by Myocardial Blush Grade, Corrected TIMI Frame Count, and ST‐segment Resolution in Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: LEE CHI‐HANG , TAI BEE‐CHOO , LAU CINDY , CHEN ZHAOJIN , LOW ADRIAN F. , TEO SWEE‐GUAN , TAN HUAY‐CHEEM
Published: August 2009

Background:

The role of microvascular perfusion in relation to door‐to‐balloon time and mortality remains unknown. We sought to compare microvascular perfusion in patients who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention with door‐to‐balloon time ≤90 minute versus >90 minutes.

Methods:

Using myocardial blush grade (MBG), corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC), and ST‐segment resolution, microvascular perfusion was assessed in 297 patients who underwent successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2007 and April 2008.

Results:

Door‐to‐balloon time was ≤90 minutes in 199 (67%) patients and >90 minutes in 98 (33%) patients. Univariate analysis showed that door‐to‐treatment >90 minutes was associated with MBG 0/1 and CTFC >28. However, it was not associated with ST‐segment resolution ≤70%. After adjustment for baseline confounding factors, door‐to‐balloon time >90 minutes was still associated with MBG 0/1 (adjusted OR 3.20, 95% CI 1.87 to 5.49, P < 0.001) and CTFC >28 (adjusted OR 6.30, 95% CI 3.56 to 11.17, P < 0.001). Thirty‐day mortality was higher in patients with longer door‐to‐balloon time (adjusted OR 2.87, 95% CI 0.94 to 8.77, P = 0.064).

Conclusion:

We found that door‐to‐balloon time >90 minutes, compared with ≤90 minutes, was independently associated with MBG 01/2 and CTFC >28, both suggesting microvascular obstruction. However, such association was not found in ST‐segment resolution. Patients with door‐to‐balloon time >90 minutes also had higher 30‐day mortality.
Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on TiO2 Coatings with Dual Size‐Scale Porosity
Authors: Qi Lai , Sorge Judith D. , Birnie III Dunbar P.
Published: August 2009

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC) with efficiencies greater than 4% were produced with templated “inverse opal” titania coatings. A novel one‐step method produces uniform and crack‐free coatings made using commercially available titania nanoparticles with high reproducibility and uniformity. In this research, a volatile solvent electrolyte was tested; however, it shows proof‐of‐concept that larger pore volumes can be created for increased penetration of more viscous electrolytes that can be utilized in high‐efficiency cells. This dual size‐scale porosity film is a promising structure for DSSC applications, especially for those solid‐state or quasi‐solid‐state cells that require polymer electrolytes.
Aqueous Tape Casting of Zirconium Diboride
Authors: Lü Zhihui , Jiang Dongliang , Zhang Jingxian , Lin Qingling
Published: August 2009

Aqueous tape casting of ZrB2 powder with sintering additives was investigated. The dispersion of ZrB2 suspensions in aqueous media was studied and characterized in terms of zeta potential, sedimentation, and rheological measurements. A well‐stabilized suspension with a high solid content (up to 45 vol%) was prepared in the alkaline pH region with 0.4 wt% Lopon 885 as the dispersant. Several suspensions with different compositions of binder and plasticizer were prepared for comparison. Crack‐free green tapes with a maximum thickness of approximately 250 μm were obtained with a binder content of 18–23 wt%. The green tapes had high qualities, such as homogeneity, good flexibility, and a smooth surface. Results showed that the slurries at selected formulations met the needs of the tape‐casting process.
Preparation of Necklace‐Structured TiO2/SnO2 Hybrid Nanofibers and Their Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wu Hui , Lin Dandan , Pan Wei
Published: August 2009

TiO2/SnO2 nanonecklace‐structured hybrid nanofibers have been prepared via an electrospinning method. These hybrid nanofibers are characterized with SnO2‐rich beads and pure TiO2 chains. It is found that TiO2 in the beads shows a rutile structure, and the one in the chains is entirely composed of anatase phase. This novel microstructure enhanced the photocatalytic activity, as well as its ideal recyclable character. We believe that this fire‐new type of nanofiber may potentially serve as a new generation photocatalyst in environmental remediation.
Microwave Dielectric Properties and Low‐Temperature Sintering of Ba0.60Sr0.40TiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Jiang Haitao , Zhai Jiwei , Zhang Jingji , Yao Xi
Published: August 2009

In the present work, the sintering behaviors and dielectric properties of Ba0.60Sr0.40TiO3 (BST) ceramics with the addition of BaCu(B2O5) were investigated in detail. The results indicated that the addition reduced the sintering temperature of BST by about 500°C. It was suggested that a liquid phase BaCu(B2O5) assisted the densification of BST ceramics at lower temperatures. For a low‐level BaCu(B2O5) addition (2.0 mol%), the BST sample sintered at 950°C for 5 h displayed good dielectric properties, with a moderate dielectric constant (ɛ=2553) and a low dielectric loss (tan δ=0.00305) at room temperature and at 10 kHz. The sample showed 45.9% tunability at 10 kHz under a dc electric field of 30 kV/cm. At the frequency of 0.984 GHz, BST‐added 2.0 mol% BaCu(B2O5) possessed a dielectric constant of 2204 and a Q value of 146.7.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Kalsilite: A Simple and Economical Method
Authors: Becerro Ana Isabel , Mantovani Marco , Escudero Alberto
Published: August 2009

This study reports a simple method to synthesize pure kalsilite (KAlSiO4) using readily available precursors, kaolinite and KOH solution, after only 12 h of hydrothermal treatment in mild conditions. A structural refinement has been carried out using the Rietveld method to obtain unit cell parameters, and the 29Si and 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have shown the purity and complete Si/Al ordering of the kalsilite structure obtained. Finally, the morphology of the particles has been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Barium Tungstate Crystallites with Different Morphologies: Effect of Electrolyte Components
Authors: Song Zuwei , Ma Junfeng , Sun Huyuan , Sun Yong , Wang Wei , Fang Jingrui , Liu Zhengsen , Gao Chang
Published: August 2009

Barium tungstate crystallites with different sizes and morphologies were successfully synthesized using a simple electrochemical technique by varying the components of electrolyte solutions. XRD analysis evidenced that the as‐prepared samples were a pure tetragonal‐phase of BaWO4 with a scheelite structure. Scanning electron microscopy images and PL spectra of BaWO4 crystallites revealed that the presence of OH− ions and the incorporation of absolute ethanol into the electrolyte solution would have important effects on their particle sizes, morphologies, and optical properties.
A Simple Method for the Preparation of Nanostructured Aluminate Coatings
Authors: Krnel Kristoffer , Kocjan Andraz , Kosmac Tomaz
Published: August 2009

A simple method for the preparation of nanostructured aluminate coatings based on the hydrolysis of aluminum nitride powder is described. The coatings were successfully deposited on a sintered yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y–TZP) ceramic substrate. The nanocrystalline coating formed using this method consists of γ‐AlOOH (boehmite) in the form of 6‐nm‐thick and 240‐nm‐long interconnected lamellas. During a subsequent heat treatment in the temperature range from 900° to 1200°C, this coating was transformed to various transient aluminas without any noticeable change in the morphology.
Synthesis of Y‐Doped BaTiO3–(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 Lead‐Free Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity Ceramics and Their PTC Effects
Authors: Leng Senlin , Li Guorong , Zheng Liaoying , Wang Tianbao , Yin Qingrui
Published: August 2009

As a lead‐free positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) material, (1–x mol%) BaTiO3–x mol% (Bi1/2K1/2) TiO3–y mol% Y2O3–0.5 mol% TiO2 (BT–xBKT–2yY–0.5TiO2) systems were prepared by the conventional solid‐state reaction method. All samples containing <2 mol% BKT sintered in air possessed relatively low room‐temperature resistivity (ρ25) and high positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect. However, when the BKT content exceeded 2 mol%, the sample was not semiconductive after sintering in air. The effects of sintering schedule on the properties of PTCR ceramics were discussed. The results showed that the optimum composition of BT–1BKT–0.2Y–0.5TiO2, sintered at 1330°C for not‐soaking and then fast quenched in air, achieved rather low ρ25 of 28 Ω·cm and a high jump of resistivity (maximum resistivity [ρmax]/minimum resistivity [ρmin]) of 4.0 orders of magnitude with Tc about 155°C. The ρ25 of the as‐sintered sample could be further reduced to about 10 Ω·cm by annealing in N2 at 450°C for 30 min, accompanied decrease on the PTC effect.
Hot Embossing of Parallel v‐Groove Microstructures on Glass
Authors: Hsu Ray‐Quen , Wang Hsing‐Bun , Liang Da‐Lan
Published: August 2009

A series of parallel v‐groove microstructures was embossed on glass at an elevated temperature. The effects of glass temperature, applied pressure, holding time, and demold temperature on the conformity between the product and the tool were studied. We found that very precise microstructures can be fabricated on glass at temperatures about 35°–55°C above the glass transition temperatures. However, careful attention should be paid to the demold temperature and the mold release agent in order to prevent the tool from sticking to the glass.
Temperature Dependent Luminescence of Yellow‐Emitting α‐Sialon:Eu2+ Oxynitride Phosphors for White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Liu Lihong , Xie Rong‐Jun , Hirosaki Naoto , Takeda Takashi , Li Jiguang , Sun Xudong
Published: August 2009

Yellow‐emitting α‐sialon:Eu2+ phosphors have been reported as interesting down‐conversion luminescent materials in white LEDs. In this work, the thermal quenching of α‐sialon:Eu2+ with the compositions of Mval+(m/val+)Si12−(m+n)Alm+nOnN16−n (M=Ca, Mg, Lu) is studied by investigating the effects of chemical composition, activator concentration, and substitution cation on the temperature‐dependent luminescence. The chemical composition of α‐sialon:Eu2+ was varied in a wide range (0.5≤m≤2.0, 1≤n≤1.8). It shows that the m value significantly affects the thermal quenching of α‐sialon, whereas the n value hardly does. This difference is ascribed to the obvious lattice expansion and the increase of absolute activator concentration as m increases. The thermal quenching increases with increasing the Eu2+ concentration, which is due to enhanced Stokes shift. The type of substitution cation also has an influence on thermal quenching. Among the substitution cations in this work, Lu‐α‐sialon:Eu2+ exhibits largest thermal quenching. Photoionization is considered as the mechanism for the thermal quenching of Lu‐α‐sialon: Eu2+.
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of YVO4 Nanoparticles and their Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Liu Ye , Ma Junfeng , Dai Changhong , Song Zuwei , Sun Yong , Fang Jingrui , Gao Chang , Zhao Jingang
Published: August 2009

Yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) nanoparticles with nearly spherical shape were successfully synthesized via a molten salt method at a low temperature of 200°C. The as‐prepared powders were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and UV‐Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that increasing salt amount and/or elevating calcining temperature can greatly promote the crystallization and growth of YVO4 phase. UV‐Vis absorption spectra suggested that YVO4 nanoparticles with the smaller particle size have the stronger UV absorption, and the sequent photocatalytic degradation data also confirmed their higher photocatalytic activity.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: Gender Ratio Distortion in Abortuses and Live Births From Patients with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Kano Takashi , Mori Takahide , Kimura Akinori
Published: August 2009

Problem  Gender ratio of live birth in humans is approximately 1.05 and males are born a slightly more, while gender ratio of fertilization should be 1.00, suggesting that female fetus might be more sensitive to abortion than male fetus during pregnancy.

Method of study  We examined karyotype of abortuses from patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), who had at least one live birth before or after the treatment of RSA.

Results  Chromosomal abnormality was not frequent (14.6%) in the abortuses from the RSA patients. Among abortuses without chromosomal abnormality, male karyotype was rare (9.2%), and this gender ratio distortion was more prominent in RSA cases not carrying autoantibodies (3.5%) than that in the RSA cases carrying autoantibodies (26.3%), with statistical significance (P = 0.009).

Conclusion  These observations suggested that the aborted fetuses from RSA of unknown etiology, i.e. no chromosomal abnormality and no autoantibody, were preferentially female.
What do we know of post‐thrombotic syndrome? Current status of post‐thrombotic syndrome in adults
Authors: Reich‐Schupke Stefanie , Altmeyer Peter , Stücker Markus
Published: August 2009

The post‐thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a common but not completely understood and rarely studied sequela of an acute deep vein thrombosis. The influence of several risk factors on the incidence or severity of PTS is controversial. The therapeutic options for PTS are still limited. Appropriate medical compression stockings can reduce the incidence (–50 %) as well as the severity of PTS. In the case of severe, symptomatic PTS, they should be worn lifelong. As PTS is a chronic and often progressive disease, patients need regular clinical follow‐up and encouragement to continuously wear their compression therapy. New strategies for treating PTS are needed.
Effect of amine fluoride–stannous fluoride preparations on oral yeasts in the elderly: a randomised placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Meurman Jukka H. , Pärnänen Pirjo , Kari Kirsti , Samaranayake Lakshman
Published: August 2009

Objectives:  Oral yeast infections are an emerging problem among medically compromised and frail elderly. Antifungal drug resistance is also increasing because of an increase in non‐albicans Candida strains in these populations. We therefore set out to study, in the randomised‐controlled trial setting if the use of a topical amine fluoride–stannous fluoride combination (AmF–SnF2) could control oral Candida growth in the elderly. The hypothesis was based on earlier findings showing that in vitro this combination had antifungal efficacy.

Methods:  A total of 194 nursing home residents were randomised to receive either the test mouth rinse and toothpaste or a placebo twice daily for 8 months. Of these, 136 completed the trial. Saliva samples were taken using the oral rinse method, cultivated and the strain level identified with routine microbial methods. Compliance and use of preparations was assessed by a nurse.

Results:  Significantly at the end of the trial, less mucosal lesions were observed in the test group in comparison to controls. Total bacterial count decreased in both the groups during the trial. Candida albicans was the most prevalent strain detected both at baseline and 8 months later. Only a few subjects carried non‐albicans strains. The AmF–SnF2 did not significantly affect mean oral Candida counts, but median Candida counts were reduced in the AmF–SnF2 group while an increase was seen in the placebo group. However, the differences observed were not statistically significant. Compliance among the regular elderly users slightly increased during the trial for both the groups.

Conclusion:  The number of subjects with high Candida counts decreased in the AmF–SnF2 group. Hence, the fluoride combination might be useful as a support therapy for oral candidiasis. Prevalence of non‐albicans Candida strains was low in this population.
Timing of Dose Relative to Sexual Intercourse Attempt in Previous Sildenafil Citrate Users Treated with Tadalafil: A Geographical Comparison from a Single Arm, Open-Label Study
Authors: Rubio-Aurioles Eusebio , Glina Sidney , Abdo Carmita H.N. , Hernandez-Serrano Ruben , Rampazzo Claudia , Sotomayor Mariano , West Teena M. , Gallagher Gabrielle L. , Lenero Enrique
Published: August 2009

Introduction

Previous research has demonstrated that sildenafil citrate users alter dosing-sexual attempt behavior when switched to tadalafil. The impact of geography and culture on sexual behavior with phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor treatment has not been fully investigated.

Aim

To describe and compare the changes in dosing-sexual attempt behavior with sildenafil citrate vs. tadalafil treatment across four distinct geographies: Asia, Australia/New Zealand (ANZ), Central Eastern Europe/Middle East (CEE/ME), and Latin America (LA).

Methods

Data from a single-arm, open-label clinical trial conducted in 21 countries from November 2002 to May 2004 were used in this analysis. Men with erectile dysfunction and a history of ≥6-week prior sildenafil citrate use continued sildenafil citrate treatment for 4 weeks then switched to tadalafil for 8 weeks. Dosing instructions were provided.

Main Outcomes Measures

Timing of dose and sexual intercourse was assessed through patient diaries for the final 4 weeks of each treatment period.

Results

A total of 2,760 men were enrolled: Asia 15.8%; ANZ 29.4%; CEE/ME 19.7%; LA 35.1%. The median time from dosing to intercourse was significantly increased during tadalafil treatment across all geographical regions; however, the magnitude of increase differed significantly by geography (P < 0.0001). The Asian cohort demonstrated the shortest duration between dosing and sexual intercourse attempts (irrespective of drug), and altered sexual behavior the least upon switching to tadalafil. The ANZ cohort demonstrated the longest duration between dosing and sexual intercourse attempts (irrespective of drug), and altered sexual behavior the most upon switching to tadalafil.

Conclusion

Men with a history of established sildenafil citrate use alter their dose-attempt behavior when treated with tadalafil irrespective of geography. However, the extent to which sexual behavior alters is not uniform across geographical regions, suggesting that dosing instructions and duration of drug effectiveness, in combination with personal and cultural preferences, may determine sexual behavior with PDE5 inhibitor use.
Erectile Dysfunction in Heart Failure: Correlation with Severity, Exercise Performance, Comorbidities, and Heart Failure Treatment
Authors: Apostolo Anna , Vignati Carlo , Brusoni Denise , Cattadori Gaia , Contini Mauro , Veglia Fabrizio , Magrì Damiano , Palermo Pietro , Tedesco Calogero , Doria Elisabetta , Fiorentini Cesare , Montorsi Piero , Agostoni Piergiuseppe
Published: August 2009

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is frequent in males with chronic heart failure (HF) with a severe impact on quality of life for many individuals. The correlation of ED with age and HF severity, comorbidity, and treatment is unclear.

Aim

We evaluated the correlation between ED and HF severity, treatment, and comorbidity.

Methods

One hundred one HF patients aged ≤70 years, with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%, and stable clinical condition took part in the study. We measured: (i) hemoglobin, glycemia, glicated hemoglobin, creatinine, cholesterol, thyroid-stimulating-hormone, C-reactive-protein, total/free testosterone; (ii) ED, depression, urological symptoms, and signs of low testosterone by means of questionnaires; and (iii) HF severity by means of echo, brain natriuretic peptide, and cardiopulmonary exercise test.

Main Outcome Measures

ED was measured by means of International Index of Erectile Function-5 questionnaire and its score was correlated with exercise cardiopulmonary test parameters, HF severity, treatment and HF comorbidities.

Results

ED prevalence was 69.3%, 81.1%, and 56% in total population and in patients with and without coronary artery lesions, respectively. ED was absent in 31 while it scored mild, mild to moderate, moderate and severe in 15, 18, 12, 25 individuals, respectively. Sexual activity requires, in the orgasmic phase, an oxygen consumption (VO2) between 10 and 14 mL/min/kg. In none of the individuals with peakVO2 < 10 mL/min/kg was sexual function normal or slightly impaired, while in 10/29 of patients with peakVO2 between 10 and 14 mL/min/kg there was a normal or slightly reduced sexual performance. On monovariable analysis, several parameters were correlated with ED, but at multivariable analysis only age (P = 0.002), hemoglobin (P = 0.042), diabetes (P = 0.040), and use of diuretics (P = 0.052) remained so.

Conclusions

ED is frequent in HF. A normal or only slightly impaired sexual activity is possible with peakVO2 > 10 mL/min/kg. On multivariable analysis, only age, diabetes, use of diuretics, and hemoglobin are related to ED.
Erectile Dysfunction: Initial Symptom of a Patient with Lung Cancer
Authors: Haliloglu Ahmet Hakan , Haliloglu Nuray , Akpinar Evrim Eylem , Ataoglu Omur
Published: August 2009

Introduction

Penile metastases are rare and represent the advanced stage of the primary tumor. The patients usually have a history of a previously diagnosed malignancy and when metastasis to penis occurs, the most common findings would be priapism, pain, and difficulty in voiding.

Aim

We aimed to present a patient who had erectile dysfunction as the initial symptom of lung cancer. Besides the unusual clinical presentation, the sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the penile metastasis were also not typical.

Methods

A 57-year-old man with erectile dysfunction was admitted to the Department of Urology. On physical examination, there was a rigid, smooth, immobile, and painless mass at the base of the corpora cavernosa. Ultrasonography and MRI were performed in order to delineate the nature of the lesion.

Results

Radiological findings could not lead to a certain diagnosis and the lesion could not be resected completely during the surgery. Therefore, biopsy of the corpus cavernosum penis was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was metastatic malignant epithelial tumor consistent with nonsmall cell carcinoma. Further investigations revealed a metastatic lung cancer.

Conclusions

Penile metastasis may rarely be the initial presentation of a malignancy and erectile dysfunction may be a seldom symptom.
Analysis of high‐resolution HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐Cw, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 alleles and haplotypes in 718 Chinese marrow donors based on donor–recipient confirmatory typings
Authors: Hei A.‐L. , Li W. , Deng Z.‐H. , He J. , Jin W.‐M. , Du D. , Zhou X.‐Y. , Xiao Y. , Zhang Z.‐X. , Cai J.‐P.
Published: August 2009

High‐resolution human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A, ‐B, ‐Cw, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 alleles and haplotype frequencies were analysed from 718 Chinese healthy donors selected from the Chinese Marrow Donor Program registry based on HLA donor–recipient confirmatory typings. A total of 28 HLA‐A, 61 HLA‐B, 30 HLA‐Cw, 40 HLA‐DRB1 and 18 HLA‐DQB1 alleles were identified, and HLA‐A*1101, A*2402, A*0201, B*4001, Cw*0702, Cw*0102, Cw*0304, DRB1*0901, DRB1*1501, DQB1*0301, DQB1*0303 and DQB1*0601 were found with frequencies higher than 10% in this study population. Multiple‐locus haplotype analysis by the maximum‐likelihood method revealed 45 A–B, 38 Cw–B, 47 B–DRB1, 29 DRB1–DQB1, 24 A–B–DRB1, 38 A–Cw–B, 23 A–Cw–B–DRB1, 33 Cw–B–DRB1–DQB1 and 22 A–Cw–B–DRB1–DQB1 haplotypes with frequencies >0.5%. The most common two‐, three‐, four‐ and five‐locus haplotypes in this population were: A*0207–B*4601 (7.34%), Cw*0102–B*4601 (8.71%), B*1302–DRB1*0701 (6.19%), DRB1*0901–DQB1*0303 (14.27%), A*3001–B*1302–DRB1*0701 (5.36%), A*0207–Cw*0102–B*4601 (7.06%), A*3001–Cw*0602–B*1302–DRB1*0701 (5.36%), Cw*0602–B*1302–DRB1*0701–DQB1*0202 (6.12%) and A*3001–Cw*0602–B*1302–DRB1*0701–DQB1*0202 (5.29%). Presentation of the high‐resolution alleles and haplotypes data at HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐Cw, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 loci will be useful for HLA matching in transplantation as well as for other medical and anthropological applications in the Chinese population.
Genetic mutation of transforming growth factor beta type II receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lee Eun Ha , Bae Kyung Jin , Kim Tae Kyu , Park Hye‐Seo , Lee Eun Ju , Kim Jin
Published: August 2009

Background and aim: The deregulation of transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) action and its signaling function has been a widely accepted concept in carcinogenesis. However, its dual roles, as a tumor suppressor gene and oncogene, have interfered in applying TGF‐β signaling to cancer therapeutics. To evaluate its role in the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we performed mutational analysis of the TGF‐β type II receptor (TβRII). Methods: Eighteen cases of OSCC were used for mutational analysis of TβRII. Normal surgical margin, dysplastic lesion, invasive carcinoma and metastatic cancer cells into lymph node tissue were used. Exon‐specific spanning primers of exon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of TβRII were used for the mutational analysis. Results: A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the codon 191 was found in 8 cases. The genetic mutations were mainly found in exon 4 through dysplastic areas, carcinoma and metastatic areas, which induced the structural change or the alteration of hydrophobicity of the amino acid. Conclusions:TβRII mutations occur frequently in exon 4 in OSCC and their functional significance should be proven.
Fatal pulmonary complications associated with activated charcoal: An autopsy case
Authors: Do Sung‐Im , Park Sohyung , Ha Hongil , Kim Hyoung‐Joong
Published: August 2009

Activated charcoal is commonly used in the treatment of patients experiencing an oral overdose of drugs and is considered to be a safe, inert agent. However, various complications associated with the use of activated charcoal have been reported, with acute respiratory failure being a fatal one. In the presenting case, a 29‐year‐old female arrived at an emergency room having taken an overdose of drugs. When a nasogastric tube was inserted for gastric lavage and charcoal administration, she vomited and respiration ceased. The patient subsequently developed acute respiratory failure and died 19 days after admission. Charcoal deposition in the trachea, bronchi and lungs was observed on the postmortem examination.
Genetic analysis of NOD2 in patients with intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease in Korea
Authors: Chong Yosep , Lee Mi Jung , Jung So Young , Kim Joon Mee , Cho Mee‐Yon
Published: August 2009

Background and aims:
Nod2 is an intracellular pathogen sensor found to be associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD) in Western countries. However, the results from Asian population including Koreans showed discordant findings. Meanwhile, a recent study demonstrated significant associations between NOD2 polymorphisms and tuberculosis (TB). However, in Korea, no studies on NOD2 mutations in TB patients have been conducted as of yet. Methods: We collected the surgically resected intestines confirmed as TB with more than one positivity among TB‐polymerase chain reaction, Ziehl‐Neelsen stain, and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CD was confirmed on the basis of usual clinico‐pathological criteria with all negativity for aforementioned tests and without other infectious causes. DNA extracted from the formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues of patients with intestinal TB (14), CD (19), and controls (18) were amplified by PCR using five primers for Ala140Thr, Pro268Ser, Arg702Trp, Arg708His, Ala725Gly, Gly908Arg, and Leu1007fs. DNA sequencing was then performed. Results: Histologically, well‐defined granulomas with caseous necrosis were found in all TB but not in any CD. We found no mutations related to CD as well as TB in DNA sequencing. Conclusions: This result reconfirmed that the molecular changes associated with CD in Asian populations might differ from Western populations. Furthermore, the genetic change associated with TB in Korea is still remains to be clarified.
Single port surgery: Review of the literature and our initial experience
Authors: Yasuda Kazuhiro , Kitano Seigo
Published: August 2009

This review summarizes the published data regarding single port surgery (SPS) in order to evaluate the current status of SPS. SPS is a rapidly evolving technique in minimally invasive surgery. A wide variety of SPS have been performed since 1992, including appendectomy, cholecystectomy, colectomy, inguinal hernia repair, liver cyst fenestration, and bariatric surgery, and the technical feasibility has been demonstrated. Further advancements in technology and technique may allow the broad acceptance of this new method. Prospective randomized trials comparing SPS to laparoscopic surgery are essential to further determine the advantages and disadvantages of SPS.
Laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery: Japanese experience
Authors: Konishi F , Kawamura Y , Kitano S , Kimura T , Watanabe M
Published: August 2009

In Japan, laparoscopic colectomy for cancer started in 1992. A national survey has revealed that, since that time, the number of cases that have undergone this procedure has steadily increased, and by 2007, there were over 9000 cases. This figure includes an increase in the percentage of more advanced cases, which has occurred due to technical improvements in lymph node dissection.

A Japanese randomized controlled trial comparing laparoscopic to open surgery started in November 2004, with enrollment ending in April 2009 with 1050 cases. For this study, preoperative stage T3 and T4 cases were selected for inclusion, and D3 dissection was required.

To assess the technical skill of surgeons, the Japan Society of Endoscopic Surgery established the Endoscopic Surgical Skill Qualification System to encourage high‐level surgical techniques. Assessment is conducted by reviewing unedited videos. The success rate for colon and rectal surgeries has ranged between 37%–40%. The Endoscopic Surgical Skill Qualification System has contributed to the establishment of standard technical skills in laparoscopic surgery, the development of an educational system for laparoscopic surgeons, and a reduction in the number complications. Technical difficulties still exist in laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery, but with the technical progress in laparoscopic colorectal surgery, the number of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgeries has been gradually increasing in number.

A multicentric phase II study on the feasibility and long‐term outcome for stage I and II rectal cancer started in 2008. In this study, the short‐term outcomes including anastomotic leakage rate and long‐term survival, will be clarified.

Combined with continuously improved technologies, training techniques and surgical standards, laparoscopic colorectal surgery is steadily progressing in Japan.
Should Non‐Financial Performance Information be Audited? The Case ofPublic Service Agreements in UK Government
Authors: Bowerman Mary , Humphrey Christopher
Published: August 2009

A growing level of controversy surrounds the right of the UK National Audit Office (NAO) to audit public service agreements (PSAs) – documents which detail the performance, against targets, of central government departments. The NAO has not been granted a statutory role, although an independent official review of accountability and audit in UK central government has recently concluded that the external validation of departmental information systems is a crucial first step towards validation of key published data. In the context of growing academic concern over the scale and achievements of (public) audit, it is pertinent to ask whether such a potential extension in the rights and scope of the NAO's audit work is necessary or likely to enhance public accountability and improve the performance of government departments and audit bodies.
Defining Ethical Investment and its Demography in Australia
Authors: Tippet John , Leung Philomena
Published: August 2009

While ethical investment is relatively new in Australia, it is a well defined phenomenon in the United States and United Kingdom, subject to variations in interpretation in its practical implementation. Characteristics of ethical investment decision‐making suggest ethical investors may be demographically different from “ordinary” investors. This descriptive paper reports on a survey of equity investors in Australia, comparing the average investor and an ethical investor. The main findings are that there is evidence of a strong gender effect, with females predominating among ethical investors, and that these investors are relatively young, highly educated and possessing small portfolios.
Liquidation Distributions to Members in Worlds With and Without Par Values
Authors: Jubb Peter B.
Published: August 2009

Although par values of shares were abolished by the Corporations Law Reform Act 1998, they continue in use where agreements predating this Act, or legal doctrine underpinning the agreements, depend on them. One such doctrine, the principle of equality, is invoked in winding‐up if agreements about distributions to members fail or do not exist. This paper examines how the principle of equality may be implemented in the post‐commencement period. It considers shares that had par values, now abolished but potentially revivable, and no‐par shares issued after commencement. The major theme is that par value abolition has undermined the case law on the equality principle, and that oncesettled law has become uncertain.
Accrual Output‐Based Budgeting Systems in Australia — A Great Leap Backwards?
Authors: Carlin Tyrone M.
Published: August 2009

The widespread and increasing adoption of accrual output‐based budgeting (AOBB) systems has often been preceded by considerable rhetorical fanfare. However, little convincing evidence has been produced to support claims made in favour of this budgeting technique. This paper argues that idealised portrayals of AOBB systems are unlikely to reflect operational reality, and that there are grounds for concern that in some jurisdictions what is painted as a reform may in fact be a retrograde step.
Harmonisation of Government Finance Statistics and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Authors: Challen Don , Jeffery Craig
Published: August 2009

Harmonisation between the Australian accounting standards applicable to the public sector and Government Finance Statistics is the highest priority for Australian public‐sector reporting. The objective of harmonisation is to achieve a standard for a single set of government reports which are auditable, comparable between jurisdictions, and in which the outcome statements are directly comparable with the relevant budget statements. The result will be an improvement in the quality, clarity and transparency of government financial statements, and will remove the source of confusion as to which set of financial reports presents a more reliable portrayal of financial results.