bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Psychological Autopsy Interviews on Suicide in Post-Conflict Northern Uganda: The Participants' Perceptions
Authors: Kizza Dorothy , Hjelmeland Heidi , Kinyanda Eugene , Knizek Birthe Loa
Published: August 2011

Participants' perceptions of psychological autopsy interviews were investigated in post-conflict Northern Uganda. Data were derived out of their responses in the debriefing session after the formal interviews. These responses were subjected to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The majority of the participants were positive about the interview as reflected in the two broad themes: positivation of the situation through the possibility of helping others and opportunity for personal development through sharing. To some few participants the interview aroused guilt, self-reproach, and anger and reactivated painful memories. As regards suicide postvention, the findings implied that not much has been done to help the bereaved by suicide in this region, and few resources for such efforts are currently available. However, the bereaved are ready to contribute toward the fight against suicide in their communities. Hence, it is argued that a community-based mental health and Primary Health Care approaches should be encouraged in this context.
Multi-Objective Day-Ahead Real Power Market Clearing with Voltage Dependent Load Models
Authors: Salkuti SurenderReddy , Abhyankar Abhijit R , Bijwe Pradeep R.
Published: August 2011

In this paper, we investigate the influence of voltage dependent load models on day ahead real power market clearing (DA-RPMC). The investigations clearly bring out the unsuitability of conventional single objectives such as production cost minimization (PCM) (or social welfare maximization (SWM)), due to reduction of load served. Hence, the multi-objective optimization is essential in this context. The paper proposes several objectives such as production cost minimization (PCM) (or social welfare maximization (SWM)), load served maximization (LSM), and Voltage Stability Enhancement Index (VSEI); which can be judiciously combined as per the needs of the operating condition. Multi-objective Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA) has been used to solve the DA-RPMC problem. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested on IEEE 30 bus system and the detailed simulation studies have been carried out by considering different operating conditions with voltage dependent load modeling.
Optimisation of Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and MMA in Batch and Semi-batch Reactors
Authors: Wan Ibrahim Wan Hanisah B. , Mujtaba Iqbal M , Alhamad Bassam Mohamed
Published: August 2011

In this work, emulsion copolymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) is studied in batch and semi-batch process. A number of different dynamic optimization problems are formulated and solved for batch process; semi-batch process with and without pre-batch time. In the batch process, the overall monomer conversion (Xn) is maximized for different desired number average molecular weights (Mn). In semi-batch process without pre-batch time Mn is maximized. In semi-batch process with fixed pre-batch time at the beginning of the reaction process, Mn is maximized for different initial initiator concentration (CI0). A process model involving the equations for mass and energy balance, population balance describing the particle evolution in the reactor and diffusion controlled kinetics is incorporated into the optimization framework. The dynamic optimization problems are converted into nonlinear programming problem using the CVP techniques which are solved using efficient SQP (Successive Quadratic Programming) method available within the gPROMS (general PROcess Modelling System) software.
Modelling and Optimization of Crude Oil Hydrotreating Process in Trickle Bed Reactor: Energy Consumption and Recovery Issues
Authors: Jarullah Aysar T. , Mujtaba Iqbal M , Wood Alastair S.
Published: August 2011

Energy consumption is a very important consideration for reducing environmental impact and maximizing the profitability of operations. Since high temperatures are employed in hydrotreating (HDT) processes, hot effluents can be used to heat other cold process streams. The aim of the present paper is to describe and analyze the heat integration (during hydrotreating of crude oil in trickle bed reactor) of a hydrotreating plants process based upon experimental work.In this work, crude oil is hydrotreated upon a commercial cobalt-molybdenum on alumina catalyst presulfided at specified conditions. Detailed pilot plant experiments are conducted in a continuous flow isothermal trickle bed reactor (TBR) in which the main hydrotreating reactions, are hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), hydrodeasphaltenization (HDAs) and hydrodemetallization (HDM). The latter includes hydrodevanadization (HDV) and hydrodenickelation (HDNi). The reaction temperature, the hydrogen pressure, and the liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) are varied within certain ranges, with constant hydrogen to oil ratio (H2/Oil).Experimental information obtained from a pilot plant, together with kinetics and reactor modeling tools,and a commercial process data are employed for heat integration process model. The optimization problem to minimize the overall annual cost is formulated as a Non-Linear Programming (NLP) problem, which is solved using Successive Quadratic Programming (SQP) within gPROMS.
Editorial: Special Issue of CAPE FORUM 2011
Authors: Mujtaba Iqbal M , Wood Alastair S.
Published: August 2011

Process engineering is playing an increasingly vital role in meeting the current and future needs of both Society and the planet Earth, from carbon capture to sustainable energy generation, from water supply to waste management, and from food agrochemicals to pharmaceutical products. Meeting the exponentially growing energy and water demands that are required to improve the Quality of Life, and securing sustainable energy and water supplies, are important challenges for todays process engineers.The School of Engineering, Design and Technology at the University of Bradford hosted the Computer Aided Process Engineering Forum (CAPE FORUM) 2011 on 21st and 22nd March 2011. The event was organised on behalf of the CAPE Working Party of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering. Its aim is to encourage young academic and industrial researchers to present their stimulating research and knowledge transfer ideas in energy, water, and other areas.Over the two days the event saw keynote speakers from Imperial College London, Oxford University and Nottingham University, together with 19 presentations from the University of Bradford, the University of Leeds, Sheffield University, Cranfield University, the University of Newcastle, the Denmark Technical University, and the University of Maribor.This special issue includes 8 contributions from the event that cover a number of important areas: energy, water, nano-materials, refinery planning and risk management, the application of knowledge based and artificial intelligence systems in manufacturing processes, and scheduling and optimisation.
Antibacterial effect of silver-platinum coating for orthodontic appliances
Authors: Ryu Hwang-Sog , Bae In-Ho , Lee Kyung-Gu , Hwang Hyeon-Shik , Lee Ki-Heon , Koh Jeong-Tae , Cho Jin-Hyoung
Published: August 2011

Objective:

To develop a hard coating for stainless surfaces based on silver (Ag)-platinum (Pt) alloys.

Materials and Methods:

Ag-Pt alloys, which have high degree of biocompatibility, excellent resistance to sterilization conditions, and antibacterial properties to different bacteria, are associated with long-term antibacterial efficiency. Approximately 1.03-µm to 2.34-µm–thick coatings, as determined by scanning electron microscopy, were deposited on stainless surfaces by the simultaneous vaporization of both metals (Ag and Pt) in an inert argon atmosphere. The coating was done by physical vapor deposition. Microorganisms and eukaryotic culture cells were grown on these surfaces.

Results:

The coatings released sufficient Ag ions when immersed in phosphate-buffered saline and showed significant antimicrobial potency against Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans strains. At the same time, human gingival fibroblast cells were not adversely affected.

Conclusion:

Ag-Pt coatings on load-bearing orthodontic bracket surfaces can provide suitable antimicrobial activity during active orthodontic treatment.
Protective Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Barutta Federica , Piscitelli Fabiana , Pinach Silvia , Bruno Graziella , Gambino Roberto , Rastaldi Maria Pia , Salvidio Gennaro , Di Marzo Vincenzo , Cavallo Perin Paolo , Gruden Gabriella
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) has protective effects in chronic degenerative diseases. Our aim was to assess the potential relevance of the CB2 receptor in both human and experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

CB2 expression was studied in kidney biopsies from patients with advanced DN, in early experimental diabetes, and in cultured podocytes. Levels of endocannabinoids and related enzymes were measured in the renal cortex from diabetic mice. To assess the functional role of CB2, streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were treated for 14 weeks with AM1241, a selective CB2 agonist. In these animals, we studied albuminuria, renal function, expression of podocyte proteins (nephrin and zonula occludens-1), and markers of both fibrosis (fibronectin and transforming growth factor-β1) and inflammation (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], CC chemokine receptor 2 [CCR2], and monocyte markers). CB2 signaling was assessed in cultured podocytes.

RESULTS

Podocytes express the CB2 receptor both in vitro and in vivo. CB2 was downregulated in kidney biopsies from patients with advanced DN, and renal levels of the CB2 ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol were reduced in diabetic mice, suggesting impaired CB2 regulation. In experimental diabetes, AM1241 ameliorated albuminuria, podocyte protein downregulation, and glomerular monocyte infiltration, without affecting early markers of fibrosis. In addition, AM1241 reduced CCR2 expression in both renal cortex and cultured podocytes, suggesting that CB2 activation may interfere with the deleterious effects of MCP-1 signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

The CB2 receptor is expressed by podocytes, and in experimental diabetes, CB2 activation ameliorates both albuminuria and podocyte protein loss, suggesting a protective effect of signaling through CB2 in DN.
Increased VLDL-Triglyceride Secretion Precedes Impaired Control of Endogenous Glucose Production in Obese, Normoglycemic Men
Authors: Sørensen Lars P. , Søndergaard Esben , Nellemann Birgitte , Christiansen Jens S. , Gormsen Lars C. , Nielsen Søren
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

To assess basal and insulin-mediated VLDL-triglyceride (TG) kinetics and the relationship between VLDL-TG secretion and hepatic insulin resistance assessed by endogenous glucose production (EGP) in obese and lean men.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 12 normoglycemic, obese (waist-to-hip ratio >0.9, BMI >30 kg/m2) and 12 lean (BMI 20–25 kg/m2) age-matched men were included. Ex vivo–labeled [1-14C]VLDL-TGs and [3-3H]glucose were infused postabsorptively and during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to determine VLDL-TG kinetics and EGP. Body composition was determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scanning. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates were measured by indirect calorimetry.

RESULTS

Basal VLDL-TG secretion rates were increased in obese compared with lean men (1.25 ± 0.34 vs. 0.86 ± 0.34 μmol/kg fat-free mass [FFM]/min; P = 0.011), whereas there was no difference in clearance rates (150 ± 56 vs. 162 ± 77 mL/min; P = NS), resulting in greater VLDL-TG concentrations (0.74 ± 0.40 vs. 0.38 ± 0.20 mmol/L; P = 0.011). The absolute insulin-mediated suppression of VLDL-TG secretion was similar in the groups. However, the percentage reduction (−36 ± 18 vs. −54 ± 10%; P = 0.008) and achieved VLDL-TG secretion rates (0.76 ± 0.20 vs. 0.41 ± 0.19 μmol/kg FFM/min; P < 0.001) were impaired in obese men. Furthermore, clearance rates decreased significantly in obese men, but there was no significant change in lean men (−17 ± 18 vs. 7 ± 20%; P = 0.007), resulting in less percentage reduction of VLDL-TG concentrations in obese men (−22 ± 20 vs. −56 ± 11%; P < 0.001). Insulin-suppressed EGP was similar (0.4 [0.0-0.8] vs. 0.1 [0.0-1.2] mg/kg FFM/min (median [range]); P = NS), and the percentage reduction was equivalent (−80% [57–98] vs. −98% [49–100], P = NS). Insulin-mediated glucose disposal was significantly reduced in obese men.

CONCLUSIONS

Basal VLDL-TG secretion rates are increased in normoglycemic but insulin-resistant, obese men, resulting in hypertriglyceridemia. Insulin-mediated suppression of EGP is preserved in obese men, whereas suppression of VLDL-TG secretion is less pronounced in obese men. Compared with EGP, the inability to achieve suppression of VLDL-TG secretions to a level similar to control subjects during hyperinsulinemia seems to be an early manifestation in male obesity.
Total Zinc Intake May Modify the Glucose-Raising Effect of a Zinc Transporter (SLC30A8) Variant
Authors: Kanoni Stavroula , Nettleton Jennifer A. , Hivert Marie-France , Ye Zheng , van Rooij Frank J.A. , Shungin Dmitry , Sonestedt Emily , Ngwa Julius S. , Wojczynski Mary K. , Lemaitre Rozenn N. , Gustafsson Stefan , Anderson Jennifer S. , Tanaka Toshiko , Hindy George , Saylor Georgia , Renstrom Frida , Bennett Amanda J. , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Florez Jose C. , Fox Caroline S. , Hofman Albert , Hoogeveen Ron C. , Houston Denise K. , Hu Frank B. , Jacques Paul F. , Johansson Ingegerd , Lind Lars , Liu Yongmei , McKeown Nicola , Ordovas Jose , Pankow James S. , Sijbrands Eric J.G. , Syvänen Ann-Christine , Uitterlinden André G. , Yannakoulia Mary , Zillikens M. Carola ,   the MAGIC Investigators, Wareham Nick J. , Prokopenko Inga , Bandinelli Stefania , Forouhi Nita G. , Cupples L. Adrienne , Loos Ruth J. , Hallmans Goran , Dupuis Josée , Langenberg Claudia , Ferrucci Luigi , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , McCarthy Mark I. , Ingelsson Erik , Borecki Ingrid B. , Witteman Jacqueline C.M. , Orho-Melander Marju , Siscovick David S. , Meigs James B. , Franks Paul W. , Dedoussis George V.
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

Many genetic variants have been associated with glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes in genome-wide association studies. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is important for β-cell function and glucose homeostasis. We tested the hypothesis that zinc intake could influence the glucose-raising effect of specific variants.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a 14-cohort meta-analysis to assess the interaction of 20 genetic variants known to be related to glycemic traits and zinc metabolism with dietary zinc intake (food sources) and a 5-cohort meta-analysis to assess the interaction with total zinc intake (food sources and supplements) on fasting glucose levels among individuals of European ancestry without diabetes.

RESULTS

We observed a significant association of total zinc intake with lower fasting glucose levels (β-coefficient ± SE per 1 mg/day of zinc intake: −0.0012 ± 0.0003 mmol/L, summary P value = 0.0003), while the association of dietary zinc intake was not significant. We identified a nominally significant interaction between total zinc intake and the SLC30A8 rs11558471 variant on fasting glucose levels (β-coefficient ± SE per A allele for 1 mg/day of greater total zinc intake: −0.0017 ± 0.0006 mmol/L, summary interaction P value = 0.005); this result suggests a stronger inverse association between total zinc intake and fasting glucose in individuals carrying the glucose-raising A allele compared with individuals who do not carry it. None of the other interaction tests were statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that higher total zinc intake may attenuate the glucose-raising effect of the rs11558471 SLC30A8 (zinc transporter) variant. Our findings also support evidence for the association of higher total zinc intake with lower fasting glucose levels.
Continued Postnatal Administration of Resveratrol Prevents Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rat Offspring Born Growth Restricted
Authors: Dolinsky Vernon W. , Rueda-Clausen Christian F. , Morton Jude S. , Davidge Sandra T. , Dyck Jason R.B.
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

A prenatal hypoxic insult leading to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases the susceptibility to develop metabolic syndrome (MetS) later in life. Since resveratrol (Resv), the polyphenol produced by plants, exerts insulin-sensitizing effects, we tested whether Resv could prevent deleterious metabolic effects of being born IUGR.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Pregnant rats were exposed to either a normoxic (control; 21% O2) or a hypoxic (IUGR; 11.5% O2) environment during the last third of gestation. After weaning, male offspring were randomly assigned to receive either a high-fat (HF; 45% fat) diet or an HF diet with Resv (4 g/kg diet) for 9 weeks when various parameters of the MetS were measured.

RESULTS

Relative to normoxic controls, hypoxia-induced IUGR offspring developed a more severe MetS, including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, increased intra-abdominal fat deposition and intra-abdominal adipocyte size, and increased plasma triacylglycerol (TG) and free fatty acids, as well as peripheral accumulation of TG, diacylglycerol, and ceramides. In only IUGR offspring, the administration of Resv reduced intra-abdominal fat deposition to levels comparable with controls, improved the plasma lipid profile, and reduced accumulation of TG and ceramides in the tissues. Moreover, Resv ameliorated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance as well as impaired Akt signaling in the liver and skeletal muscle of IUGR offspring and activated AMP-activated protein kinase, which likely contributed to improved metabolic parameters in Resv-treated IUGR rats.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that early, postnatal administration of Resv can improve the metabolic profile of HF-fed offspring born from pregnancies complicated by IUGR.
Brain GLP-1 Signaling Regulates Femoral Artery Blood Flow and Insulin Sensitivity Through Hypothalamic PKC-δ
Authors: Cabou Cendrine , Vachoux Christelle , Campistron Gérard , Drucker Daniel J. , Burcelin Rémy
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a gut-brain hormone that regulates food intake, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular functions. In the brain, through a currently unknown molecular mechanism, it simultaneously reduces femoral artery blood flow and muscle glucose uptake. By analogy to pancreatic β-cells where GLP-1 activates protein kinase C (PKC) to stimulate insulin secretion, we postulated that PKC enzymes would be molecular targets of brain GLP-1 signaling that regulate metabolic and vascular function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used both genetic and pharmacological approaches to investigate the role of PKC isoforms in brain GLP-1 signaling in the conscious, free-moving mouse simultaneous with metabolic and vascular measurements.

RESULTS

In normal wild-type (WT) mouse brain, the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist exendin-4 selectively promotes translocation of PKC-δ (but not -βII, -α, or -ε) to the plasma membrane. This translocation is blocked in Glp1r−/− mice and in WT mice infused in the brain with exendin-9, an antagonist of the GLP-1R. This mechanism coordinates both blood flow in the femoral artery and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Consequently, in hyperglycemic, high-fat diet–fed diabetic mice, hypothalamic PKC-δ activity was increased and its pharmacological inhibition improved both insulin-sensitive metabolic and vascular phenotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our studies show that brain GLP-1 signaling activates hypothalamic glucose-dependent PKC-δ to regulate femoral artery blood flow and insulin sensitivity. This mechanism is attenuated during the development of experimental hyperglycemia and may contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
On minimal Hausdorff and minimal Urysohn functions
Authors: Cammaroto Filippo , Catalioto Andrei , Porter Jack
Published: August 2011

In this article, we extend the work on minimal Hausdorff functions initiated by Cammaroto, Fedorchuk and Porter in a 1998 paper. Also, minimal Urysohn functions are introduced and developed. The properties of heredity and productivity are examined and developed for both minimal Hausdorff and minimal Urysohn functions.
Changes of platelets’ function in preeclampsia
Authors: Babic Goran , Novokmet Slobodan , Jankovic Slobodan
Published: August 2011

Increased aggregation of platelets during preeclampsia was shown in several studies, yet several others reported no change. The aim of our study was to investigate platelet aggregation in a group of patients suffering from preeclampsia. In a cross-sectional study blood samples were taken from 89 hospitalized patients in the third trimester of pregnancy: 38 were suffering from mild to moderate preeclampsia and 51 patients were without preeclampsia. From the blood samples platelet aggregation, secretion of adenine nucleotides from platelets, concentration of energy-rich adenine compounds and levels of cyclic adenosine-mono-phosphate and cyclic guanosine mono-phosphate in platelets were measured. In the patients with preeclampsia, the adenosine diphosphate threshold for biphasic aggregation [odds ratio (OR):.75; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.55–1.02; p<0.05], total adenine nucleotides concentration in the metabolic pool of platelets (OR:0.99; CI: 0.62–1.57; p<0.01) and cyclic adenosine-mono-phosphate (OR:0.81; CI: 0.57, 1.14; p<0.05) and cyclic guanosine mono-phosphate (OR:.78; CI: 0.55–1.09; p<0.05) levels in platelets were decreased in comparison with the control group, while adenylate energy charge in the metabolic pool of platelets (OR: >100.00; CI: 0.00->100.00; p<0.05) and secretion of adenosine triphosphate (OR:.13; CI: 0.00–14.26; p<0.05) and adenosine diphosphate (OR:.77; CI: 0.08–36.79; p<0.05) were increased. The results of our study show increased activation and aggregation of platelets in pregnant females with preeclampsia.
Stem Cell  A Miraculous Cell Creating a Ray of Future Hope
Authors: Chakraborty Sanjoy Kumar , Banu Laila Anjuman
Published: August 2011

Ultimately, every cell in the human body can be traced back to a fertilized egg that came into existence from the union of ovum and sperm. But the body is made up of over 200 different types of cells, not just one. All of these cell types come from a pool of cells in the early embryo, called stem cells. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v9i1.8138 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 1-4
Length of Vermiform Appendix: A Postmortem Study
Authors: Paul Uttam Kumar , Naushaba Humaira , Alam Md Jahangir , Begum Tahmina , Rahman Ashfaqur , Akhter Jesmin
Published: August 2011

Context: The vermiform appendix is an abdominal organ having variable length and position. It provides immunological function. Vermiform appendix is involved in different disease processes such as appendicitis, carcinoma and diverticulitis. Appendicitis is the most important clinical condition. An appropriate anatomical knowledge about vermiform appendix is important for surgeons, pathologists and other physicians for proper diagnosis and management of appendicitis and carcinoma. Study type : Descriptive type of study. Place and period of the study: Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka from January 2006 to June 2007. Materials and Method: Sixty (60) human postmortem vermiform appendix, age ranging from 0 to 65 years. Fresh samples were collected from the morgue of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into five (5) different age groups. Result: Length of vermiform appendix decreases gradually with increasing age and was highly significant (P<0.001) when compared between the groups. Key words: Length; Vermiform appendix. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bja.v9i1.8140 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 10-12
Evolution in the Presentation of Developmental Anatomy and Genetics in a Commonly Recommended Developmental Anatomy Book Through Analyses its 'Preface's
Authors: Uddin Md Mesbah , Shamim Khondkar Manzare
Published: August 2011

Context: Medical education is a dynamic process and is changing constantly. More and more information is being dealt with everyday. Innovations are being in introduced in teaching-learning methods and tools. As an essential part of undergraduate medical education, the teaching & learning of Developmental Anatomy and Genetics have also gone through remarkable changes in recent years. Some shifts in interest and approach as well in presentation patterns can easily be noticed in the Developmental Anatomy books through their editions. Methodological probing into the situation would bring to light the specific aspects of the issue and benefit the curriculum planners and teachers of Developmental Anatomy in bringing about necessary changes in running the undergraduate courses. Study design: A descriptive observational study involving qualitative analyses. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, between January 2008 to December 2008. Materials: The ‘Preface’s of all ten editions of a commonly recommended Developmental Anatomy book (‘Langman’s Medical Embryology’). Methods: The ‘Preface’s were analysed qualitatively to identify the information and explanations provided and comments made by their author/editor on the approaches taken and the means applied in the books in selecting and presenting topics, text and illustrations. The observations were organised into specific ‘theme’s. Results: Twelve ‘theme’s could be identified from the analyses of the ‘Preface’s of all ten editions of a commonly recommended Developmental Anatomy book (Langman’s Medical Embryology). These include special emphasis in the books on the maintenance of conciseness of the textbooks, on incorporation of new information, on the importance of genetics including molecular regulation and also on the clinical aspects of Developmental Anatomy and Genetics. Addition and improvement regarding illustrations are also evolved remarkably. Conclusion: Incorporating the findings of the present study with the modern ideas and trends in teaching and assessment in Developmental Anatomy and Genetics in the renowned universities of the world, as evident from the available literature, suggestions could be formulated on improving the methods of teaching and assessment in Developmental Anatomy and Genetics in Bangladesh. Key words: Developmental Anatomy Book; Preface; Theme. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bja.v9i1.8141 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 13-20
A Gross and Histomorphological Study of the Umbilical Cord in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Chakraborty Sanjoy Kumar , Yousuf BM Ali , Banu Laila Anjuman , Shamim Khondker Manzare
Published: August 2011

Objective: Clinically the adverse effects of the diabetes on the out come of pregnancy are well established. The present study was designed to look for the impacts of gestational diabetes on the gross and histomorphological features of the umbilical cord. Type of study: A descriptive study having analytical components. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Chittagong Medical College, Chittagong, from May 2006 to April 2007. Materials: Total fifty (50) umbilical cords with the placenta were collected within 36th to 40th weeks of gestation from Chittagong Medical College hospital and Memon maternity hospital of Chittagong City Corporation. Out of them 25 cords were from non diabetic pregnant mother (Control group) and 25 cords from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM group). Method: After proper fixation with 10% formalin the diameter of the umbilical cord were measured with a vernier calipers in millimeters. Circumference, Cross-Sectional Area (CSA) of the umbilical cord and CSA of the Wharton’s jelly were measured by computerized micrometric method in millimeters and sq. millimeters respectively. Number of the umbilical vessels were examined and counted on the cut surface of the umbilical cord, later confirmed by histological examination. Presence or absence of the true knots were noted. Result: Among the gross morphological variables of the umbilical cord, the mean diameter was significantly larger in the GDM group than in the Control group (P< 0.05). Though the mean circumference, mean CSA of the umbilical cord and mean CSA of the Wharton's jelly were found to be higher in the GDM group than in the Control group, but the difference did not reach to the significant level. All the cords of the GDM group, the umbilical cord contained two arteries and one vein, whereas, two cords of the Control group, the umbilical cord had three arteries and one vein and one cord contain four arteries and one vein. No true knots were found in any groups. Pearson’s correlation test revealed significant positive correlation in both GDM and Control groups between mean diameter and circumference of the umbilical cord (r = 0.881, P = 0.000 & r = 0.689, P = 0.000) and between CSA of the umbilical cord and Wharton's jelly (r = 0.988, P = 0.000 & r = 0.990, P = 0.000). Key words: Umbilical cord; Gross and Histomorphology; GDM. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bja.v9i1.8143 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 21-25
Incidence of Presence & Variation in Anatomical Position of Isthmus of Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi Cadaver
Authors: Sultana Seheli Zannat , Khalil Mohsin , Khan Manjurul Karim , Banu Laila Anjuman , Ara Zubaida Gulshan , Banna Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul
Published: August 2011

Context: The thyroid gland is the first endocrine organ to evolve in the vertebrates. It has right and left lobes and connected by narrow median isthmus which lies over the second, third and fourth tracheal rings. A conical pyramidal lobe often ascends towards the hyoid bone from isthmus or the adjacent part of either lobe. It measures about 1.25 cm transversely and vertically. Its size and site vary greatly. Isthmus is topographically related with some important anatomical structures. So this study was carried out to determine the incidence of presence & variation in anatomical position of isthmus of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people of different age groups to establish a normal standard. Study type: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College. from October’2004 to February’2005. Materials: The study was carried out on 60 cadavers of different age groups age ranging from 11 to 70 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in Forensic Medicine Department of Mymensingh Medical College. Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (upto 18 years), group B (18 to 45 years), group C (above45 years). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method. Result: In the present study isthmus was present in 41 (68.33%) cases. In those thyroids which were devoid of isthmus, lobes were found to be merged with each other in the midline but in one case two lobes were found completely separated from each other. It was evident that the posterior relations of isthmus were widely variable. In only 18% cases it was found at its usual position- against the 2nd, 3rd and 4th tracheal rings. In the present study more frequent location of isthmus was found at 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 2nd, 3rd, 4th tracheal rings. In both cases their incidences were 18.3%. Conclusion: The present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones of the country are suggested. Key Word- Isthmus; Human Thyroid gland; Incidence; Posterior relation; Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bja.v9i1.8144 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 26-29
Impact of Momordica Charantia (Karela) on the Fasting Blood Glucose level in the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Mohal S , Mondal DK , Chowdhury PK , Khanom A , Shamim KM
Published: August 2011

Context: Scientific studies revealed the hypoglycaemic properties of momordica charantia. The present study was carried out to find out microscopically whether Momordica charantia (karela) has got any impact lowering of FBG (Fasting Blood Glucose) level in diabetes mellitus. Study type: an experiemental study. Setting: Anatomy department of the then IPGMR (Institute of Post Graduate Medicine and Research) at present BSMMU (Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University) and BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders). Subjects: Sixty five healthy young Long Evans rats of male sex weighing 150 to 280gm aged between 10 to 12 weeks were used in this study. Methods: The rats were divided into four equal groups depending on their different sorts of dietry feeding and drug treatment. Main outcome measures: variation of differential FBG level in different groups of rat. Result: Mean 'initial' and 'final' (on day 7 and day 51 from Streptozotocin/vehicle injection) fasting blood glucose (FBG) level in the control group (Group-A) was 7.872 ± 0.60 and 8.55 ± 0.82 respectively. Therefore the mean (FBG) increased by about 13% (P = 0.022*) which is higher than that of the initial value. In untreated diabetic group the mean initial (FBG) level was 25.95 ± 8.90 and the mean final was 24.02 ± 4.08. So here, the (FBG) level decreased by about 13% (P = 0.557). On the other hand, in the insulintreated diabetic rats the mean initial (FBG) level was 24.35 ± 6.81 and the mean final was 8.38 ± 5.02, which is lower (P = 0.000*) & in the karela–treated diabetic rats, the initial (FBG) level was 23.03 ± 5.70 and the mean final was 5.65 ± 1.29 which is lower* (P = 0.000*). The value in the insulin-treated diabetic rats & in the karela-treated diabetic rats were significantly lower than that of the untreated diabetic rats (P = 0.007) & (P= 0.005) respectively. But there was no significant difference between the insulin-treated diabetic rats & the karela-treated diabetic rats (P = 0.605) in this regard. Conclusion: Karela showed a tendency of acting against hyperglycemic effects of Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. However, further investigations are recommended for establishing karela as a safe, useful effective anti- hyperglycemic agent as well as antidiabetogenic agent. Key words: Diabetes mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Momordica charantia (karela) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bja.v9i1.8148 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 45-48
Angiosarcoma in Spleen - A Case Report
Authors: Rahman Md Mustafizur , Kutubi Afroza , Ghosh Dilip Kumar , Rahim Abdur , Alam Jahangir , Hossain AZM Mostaque
Published: August 2011

Primary angiosarcoma of the spleen is a rare neoplasm with a very poor prognosis. We present here computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of a 65-year-old man with primary splenic angiosarcoma The literature on primary splenic angiosarcoma is reviewed and imaging variability of this rare tumor is discussed. Mr. Hazi Abul Kalam, 65 years non-diabetic normotensive got admitted in Shaheed Suhrawardy medical college hospital with the complaints of anorexia with marked weight loss for last 1 year and feeling of a lump in left upper abdomen for last 10 months. On abdominal examination spleen was enlarged in long axis 10 cm from left costal margin, non tender, margin regular, firm in consistency and all others examinations revealed normal. Ultrasonography reveals cholelithiasis with space occupying lesion in spleen otherwise normal study. FNAC of spleen no malignant cell or caseation necrosis but TB can not be excluded. Computed tomography (CT) scan of abdomen and CT guided FNAC shows adeno carcinoma of spleen. After consultation with oncologist laparotomy & spleenectomy done. Histopathology shows angiosarcoma. Patient were referred to oncologist for further management. Keywords: Spleen; Angiosarcoma; Computed Tomography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bja.v9i1.8151 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 59-62
Professor Dwijendra Chandra Dey (1938-2010)
Authors: Editor The
Published: August 2011

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bja.v9i1.8153 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1 pp 64
Microphotochemistry: 4,4'-Dimethoxybenzophenone mediated photodecarboxylation reactions involving phthalimides
Authors: Shvydkiv Oksana , Nolan Kieran , Oelgemöller Michael
Published: August 2011

A series of 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone mediated intra- and intermolecular photodecarboxylation reactions involving phthalimides have been examined under microflow conditions. Conversion rates, isolated yields and chemoselectivities were compared to analogous reactions in a batch photoreactor. In all cases investigated, the microreactions gave superior results thus proving the superiority of microphotochemistry over conventional technologies.
Homocoupling of aryl halides in flow: Space integration of lithiation and FeCl3 promoted homocoupling
Authors: Nagaki Aiichiro , Uesugi Yuki , Tomida Yutaka , Yoshida Jun-ichi
Published: August 2011

The use of FeCl3 resulted in a fast homocoupling of aryllithiums, and this enabled its integration with the halogen–lithium exchange reaction of aryl halides in a flow microreactor. This system allows the homocoupling of two aryl halides bearing electrophilic functional groups, such as CN and NO2, in under a minute.
Baseline Numbers of Circulating CD28-negative T Cells May Predict Clinical Response to Abatacept in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: SCARSI MIRKO , ZIGLIOLI TAMARA , AIRO’ PAOLO
Published: August 2011

Objective.

To evaluate the number of circulating CD28-negative (CD28–) T cells as a predictor of clinical response to abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

Peripheral blood CD28– T cell subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry at baseline in 32 patients with RA treated with abatacept. Receiver-operator curves were applied to examine the predictive value of T cell populations and to choose the cutoff for the best performance of the test. Remission was defined using the Disease Activity Score 28 based on C-reactive protein.

Results.

The overall predictive values of the CD8+CD28– and CD4+CD28– cells for remission after 6 months of abatacept therapy were 0.802 (SE 0.078) and 0.743 (SE 0.089), respectively. Cutoff values of < 87 CD8+CD28– cells/μl and < 28 CD4+CD28– cells/μl had 80.0% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity (Fisher test: p = 0.001), and 60.0% sensitivity and 77.3% specificity (p = 0.043), respectively, for prediction of remission at 6 months. Patients having low baseline numbers of CD8+CD28– T cells had a more than 4-fold higher probability of achieving remission within 6 months than patients with higher levels of these cells.

Conclusion.

A simple laboratory measure, the baseline number of circulating CD28– T cells, predicted remission after 6 months of abatacept treatment in patients with RA.
La lutte contre les risques mondiaux et la psychosociologie
Authors: Pagès Max
Published: August 2011

Résumé La psychosociologie, en tant que pratique essentielle dans la compréhension des processus de changement, a jusqu’ici été essentiellement expérimentée à l’échelle des individus, des groupes et des organisations. Dans notre monde aux enjeux complexes, temporisation, négociation, médiation sont nécessaires à tous niveaux. L’auteur plaide pour l’investissement de l’action psychosociologique à l’échelle des nations. Constatant que le risque écologique fait actuellement l’objet d’une grande attention, il s’inquiète du fait que le risque atomique par contre ne soulève que peu de mobilisation de la part des médias et des politiques. Le risque est notoire, par exemple, face à l’Iran. Cette situation représente un danger global, résultant d’une situation de pouvoir mondial qui autorise l’intervention des États-Unis. Impérialisme et terrorisme se répondent ainsi l’un à l’autre par la violence et la menace de violence. Par ailleurs, les changements accélérés des économies et des valeurs déstabilisent les individus, les groupes, les institutions. La démarche psychosociologique, faite de radicale modération, évitant le conformisme autant que la révolution, ferme et respectueuse des positions en présence, peut être transposée et est à même d’élargir son action au niveau de la société, notamment pour la régulation des risques mondiaux. Ce texte présente un vaste projet que l’auteur désire communiquer aux jeunes générations de psychothérapeutes et de psychosociologues. Il a fait l’objet d’une communication lors d’un colloque du CIRFP – Centre International de Recherche, de Formation, d’Intervention en Psychosociologie.
Les élections sociales de mai 2000
Authors: Blaise Pierre
Published: August 2011

La treizième édition de ces élections qui ont en principe lieu tous les quatre ans a été organisée en mai 2000, soit cinq ans après le scrutin de mai 1995.
Les résultats des élections provinciales du 8 octobre 2000
Authors: Arcq Étienne
Published: August 2011

Résumé Le 8 octobre 2000 et pour la deuxième fois, les élections pour le renouvellement des conseils provin¬ciaux se sont déroulées en même temps que les élections commu¬nales. Le pouvoir provincial bénéficie d'une stabilité importante. Cependant en 2000 d’importants mouvements de voix sont enregistrés. Ils se traduisent, comme aux élections législatives de 1999, par un nouveau progrès de l’extrême droite en Flandre et par sa quasi-disparition du côté francophone ; par une montée des écologistes ; par un recul de la famille socialiste sauf dans les provinces de Hainaut et de Limbourg ; et par un recul important de la famille sociale chrétienne, qui cesse d’être globalement la première famille politique au niveau provincial au profit de la famille libérale. À l’issue des élections d’octobre 2000, une homogénéité s’observe dans la composition des coalitions : alliances PS - Fédération PRL FDF MCC dans l’ensemble des provinces wallonnes ; alliances CVP - VLD - SP dans toutes les provinces flamandes, à l’exception de la Flandre occidentale, où le VLD n’est pas partie prenante. Les résultats du scrutin provincial du 8 octobre 2000 sont analysés par province. L’examen privilégie le poids respectif des formations politiques en présence et les majorités mises en place dans les conseils provinciaux. Chaque fois, deux séries de données sont fournies. La première donne les résultats en pourcen¬tage des voix des six dernières élections provinciales. La seconde donne la répartition politique des conseillers provinciaux pour toutes les élections d'une période de trente-cinq ans (1965-2000) avec indication des par¬tis en coa¬lition. Des commentaires sur la hiérarchie des partis dans chacune des provinces de même que sur l'évolution de l'implantation des partis dans les différents cantons et districts électoraux accompagnent ces données. Des histogrammes permettent de visualiser des compa¬raisons entre les élections provinciales (1994 et 2000) et les élections de la Chambre des représentants (1995 et 2000) pour l’ensemble des provinces, y compris le Brabant flamand.
Cockerill Sambre (1989-1997).
Authors: Capron Michel
Published: August 2011

Résumé En 1989, soit quelque six ans après la publication du plan Gandois, le groupe Cockerill Sambre a incontestablement acquis le profil d’un groupe sidérurgique intégré. Il se définit comme un producteur de produits plats minces d’acier, spécialisé dans une pluralité de domaines : les tôles minces, laminées à chaud et à froid, le revêtement métallique et organique de la tôle, la transformation de la tôle en produits pour le bâtiment, la distribution de produits métallurgiques et plastiques, la construction de biens d’équipement, les services aux entreprises et aux collectivités. Quelque huit ans plus tard, en 1997, le groupe s’est manifestement recentré sur ses métiers de base. Non seulement ses contours se sont modifiés, mais la question de son avenir se pose en des termes sensiblement différents : fin 1989 des rumeurs faisaient état d’une éventuelle privatisation de Cockerill Sambre ; fin 1997, la recherche d’une large alliance internationale est publiquement évoquée par ses dirigeants comme condition sine qua non pour assurer l’avenir du groupe. Michel Capron continue ainsi la série des Courrier hebdomadaire consacrés à l’histoire de la sidérurgie wallonne. La période de huit ans qu’il étudie aide à mieux comprendre les raisons qui ont poussé les dirigeants de Cockerill Sambre à rechercher une alliance avec un groupe international plus puissant. Le recentrage sur les métiers de base a fait suite à la décision d’adopter prioritairement une stratégie de diversification qui ne sera abandonnée que progressivement, notamment par la réorientation des investissements et la cession progressive d’entreprises ou de divisions se trouvant au cœur du processus de diversification. Ainsi, si dès 1992, la direction de Cockerill Sambre commence à se rendre compte que l’opération Ymos résulte d’une erreur d’appréciation, la cession de la plupart des divisions d’Ymos ne sera terminée qu’en 1998, à un moment où, au-delà du recentrage, il est surtout question d’une alliance internationale.
Démissions gouvernementales et performances électorales des majorités sortantes (1946-1999)
Authors: Dumont Patrick , De Winter Lieven , Dandoy Régis
Published: August 2011

Résumé De récentes recherches indiquent que les circonstances dans lesquelles un gouvernement a démissionné déterminent en partie la formation du suivant. D’où l’intérêt de connaître les causes de démission. C’est l’objet de la première partie de ce Courrier hebdomadaire. En Belgique, on constate que la plupart des démissions de gouvernements ne sont pas liées à des événements extérieurs critiques ni à la fin normale de la législature, ni même au contrôle parlementaire, mais bien à des conflits internes à la coalition sur les deux clivages les plus pertinents depuis 1946, le communautaire et le socio-économique. Dans la deuxième partie, l’analyse des 102 démissions individuelles de ministres et secrétaires d’État de la période permet de faire le lien entre facteurs d’instabilité gouvernementale et d’instabilité ministérielle. La troisième partie est consacrée aux performances électorales des partis qui ont participé à un gouvernement. Les auteurs mettent en lumière l’impact la plupart du temps négatif d’une participation gouvernementale sur les résultats électoraux des partis. Cet impact négatif n’est pas le même pour tous les partis, la famille sociale-chrétienne souffrant plus d’une participation au pouvoir que la famille socialiste et celle-ci plus que la famille libérale. Les partis régionalistes ont quant à eux beaucoup souffert de leur participation ponctuelle à un gouvernement. Mais la perspective électorale souvent peu attrayante d’une participation au pouvoir n’empêche cependant pas les partis qui en ont fait l’expérience de garder une vocation gouvernementale.