bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Vasodilator Action of Adenosine Triphosphate
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN
Published: December 2008

ATP is a potent vasodilator agent, the minimal active doses amounting to 1/5–1/15 of those of acetylcholine when calculated as equiniolar concentrations. The vasodilator action seems to be due to a direct action on the vessels. On intravenous injection ATP is rapidly destroyed, presumably in the lungs.
Liberation of Adrenaline from the Suprarenals Caused toy Bile Salts
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , MUREN ANDERS
Published: December 2008

Bile salts, injected into the central stump of the coeliac artery in an eviscerated cat cause an output of adrenaline from the suprarenal medulla. This effect, which is not abolished by previous injections of nicotine or antihistamine compounds, is supposed to be due to a lytic action of the bile salts on the cells of the suprarenal medulla.
The Action of Corticotropic and Adrenal Cortex Hormones on the Mammary Gland
Authors: JACOBSOHN DORA
Published: December 2008

The action of adrenocorticotrophin and the adrenal cortex hormones on the mammary gland is studied on parabiotic rats.

The main findings supporting the view that neither adrenocorticotrophin nor the adrenal cortex hormones are essential for the normal growth and development of the mammary gland are:

 In spite of a persistent atrophy of the adrenals, mammary gland growth can be promoted in the hyp. ect. co‐twin of a partner with intact hypophysis injected with estrogens.

 Ablation of the adrenal glands does not inhibit the hypertrophy of the mammary glands of the co‐twin of a castrated mate.

 When a hyp. ect. rat is joined in parabiosis with an adrenalec‐tomized, castrated partner, the atrophy of the adrenal glands otherwise occurring after hyp. ect. is prevented. In spite of persistent hypertrophic ovaries growth and development of structures normally present in a well developed mammary gland do not occur. However, a peculiar hyperplasia of the epithelium surrounding large ducts of the mammary gland is observed. The significance of the changes induced in the epithelium is obscure.

The expenses of this investigation were defrayed in part by a grant from Medicinska Fakulteten, Lund. The author extends thanks to Miss Gunhild Hansson and Miss Inga Lundberg for skilful technical assistance in support of this work.
The Influence of Anoxia on Lactate Utilization in Man after Prolonged Muscnlar Work
Authors: STRÖM GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

A slight modification of Barker and Summerson's method of lactic acid determination is described.

The rates of lactate utilization, urinary lactate excretion and blood glycolysis during recovery from prolonged muscular exercise were studied in two subjects working on a bicycle ergometer. The results indicate that under the specified conditions

 the rate of lactate utilization is not significantly altered by anoxia caused by inhalation of low percentage oxygen mixtures.

 the rate of blood glycolysis is low compared with the utilization rate of lactate and is independent of the blood lactate level.

 the rate of urinary lactate excretion is very low compared with the utilization rate of lactate. and is independent of anoxia. The difficulties in determining the chemical order of the lactate utilization processes are discussed.
Studies on Local Anesthetics. Pharmacological Properties of Homologaes and Isomeres of Xylocnin (Alkyl Amino‐Acyl Derivatives)
Authors: GOLDBERG LEONARD
Published: December 2008

Pharmacological properties of fifteen homologues and isonieres of xylocain, being alkyl‐amino‐acyl derivatives (table 1) were investigated. All compounds were tested in a 2 % solution, pH adjusted to 5.8–5.9.

The convulsive dose (CD50) varied between 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg, the lethal dose (LD50) between 0.3 and 2 g/kg; both were established in white mice.

All compounds caused a fall in the rabhit's blood pressure. In combination with adrenaline a concentration of more than 1: 333,000 (3 μg/ml) increased blood pressure.

The compounds were potent local anesthetics, causing a surface anesthesia on the rabbit's eye with an absolute duration of 12–70 minutes and a total demotion of 4–7 hours.

The infiltration anesthesia in dermal wheals in guinea‐pigs lasted in a 1 % and 2 % solution up to 300 minutes; addition of adrenaline 1: 50,000 (20 μg/ml) caused a marked increase, showing the compatibility with adrenaline.

The irritant effect varied for the different compounds, xylocain and LL 31 (2,4,6) being not irritant neither in the rabbit's ear nor in man.

A relation between chemical constitution and pharmacological action was assumed and varied for each property studied.
Interruption of Afferent Pain Paths from the Stomach by Nerve and Root Sections in the Cat
Authors: INBERG K. R.
Published: December 2008

A constant form of stimulation was obtained through distension of the stomach by means of a thin‐walled rubber bag inflated to a certain pressure. A different grade of distension was used. Recording of carotid blood pressure and respiration was carried out according to well‐known physiological methods.

 A typical response in its general course followed the distension under light chloralose anesthesia. The absolute blood pressure figures showed considerable variations. A trans‐hial subdiaphrag‐matic resection of both vagi caused no inhibition of the vascular and respiratory response. Cutting the 6th to 12th dorsal roots bilaterally abolished the respiratory response and the immediate blood pressure rise. Some rise of blood pressure occurring slowly often remained.

 Consequently the splanchnic nerves seems not to be the only path for pain from the stomach. Pain impulses may be transmitted by cerebro‐spinal fibres ending in the lesser omentum. A dual transmission of pain from the stomach is only assumed in anatomical sense. A physiological distinction is not justified.

 Pulling the stomach may cause a rise in carotid pressure by intact splanchnics. A fall in blood pressure could be noted after the same procedure when a number of important paths for pain from the stomach had been interrupted by section of this nerve.
Some Observations Concerning the Pathophysio‐logical Effects on the Human Skin Caused by the Stinging Jellyfish (Cynnea Cnpillata)
Authors: KRISTENSON ANDERS
Published: December 2008

It appears that there is a special organ in the skin which gives rise to this burning sensation, heat, and which as a rule is topographically‐anatomically closely connected with the organs of perception of warmth and cold. The toxin from the active tentacles of the so‐called stinging jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) causes hypersensitivity in this organ, but does not noticeably affect other skin sensations. Then this organ is hypersensitive owing to the effect of jellyfish toxin, it reacts to inconsiderable variations in temperature for 12–24 hours afterwards. Chloroform can eliminate the perception of cold, but the normal sensation of heat, and sensations of heat arising from small changes in temperature, when the organ is stimulated by jellyfish toxin, remain. In some cases the toxin also has a local effect on the palomino muscles manifesting itself in their spastic contraction. This effect of the toxin explains the subjective sensations after contact with the jellyfish.
Citric Acid in Calcareons Depositions and Similar Formations in Non‐Vertebrates
Authors: THUNBERG T.
Published: December 2008

Citric acid, which is a metabolite regularly occurring in the tissues and fluids of the vertebrates, has also been found in certain non‐vertebrates and in larger concentrations, particularly in concernments containing calcium phosphate. Citric acid can be demonstrated in crayfish stones in an average concentration of 8,100 p. p. m. and in os sepias in an average concentration of 123 p. p. m.
Antihistamine and Respiration
Authors: LILJESTRAND ÅKE
Published: December 2008

Cats were treated with doses of legation intravenously that suppressed the blood pressure action of moderate histamine doses. The responses of respiration to inhalation of gas mixtures poor in oxygen or rich in carom dioxide were undiminished.
A Method for Reducing the Variation in Metabolism Tests, with Application to the Effects of Temperature, Sex and Weight on the Oxygen Consumption in Guinea‐pigs
Authors: LUNDHOLY LENNART
Published: December 2008

The variations found in determining the basal metabolisms are so considerable both as between different individuals and in the same individual on different occasions that it often involves considerable labour to show statistically the effects of drugs or other factors on the metabolism.

In order to diminish the labour involved in such attempts, the author indicates a procedure in which, after setting out from determination of the total metabolism of several animals taken together, a mean value for the individual animals is found by dividing the total metabolism by the number of animals. This will apparently reduce the variation. The advantages and drawbacks of this procedure are discussed.

The effects of temperature, sex and weight on the oxygen consumption of guinea‐pigs were investigated in the way thus indicated. The oxygen consumption per sq. metre, as we found, increased by 9–15 % when the temperature fell from 32° C to 26° C, it being noted that the oxygen consumption of small animals increased relatively more than that of larger animals.

If the body surface was estimated according to Vierordt's formula: body surface = K weight 2/3, the result indicated that males had a higher oxygen consumption per sq. metre than females; that at 26° C as well as at 32° the oxygen consumption per sq. metre diminished with increasing weight.

If, however, the body surface was computed by experimentally found formulae, no difference between the relative oxygen consumption of males and females could be noted. Nor at 32° were there any statistically significant differences between the oxygen consumption/m2 of animals at different weights. At thermo‐neutrality, therefore, the oxygen consumption/m2 appears to be practically constant in guinea‐pigs weighing between 250 and 1,110 grams.
The Effect of Two Wave‐Lengths of Light upon the Same Retinal Element
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR
Published: December 2008

Well isolated elements picked out by the micro‐electrode technique from the dark adapted retina of the cat have been stimulated with one or two wave‐lengths of a spectrum and the discharge of spikes counted at ‘on’ and ‘off’.

In many isolated elements the log intensity—spike frequency curves have been shown to run a different course for different wave‐lengths. When this is so two wave‐lengths can be shown to elicit different relative frequencies at ‘on’ and ‘off’ within a large range of variation in the energy ratio of the two wave‐lengths. The pure on‐elements and a considerable number of on/off‐elements do not have these properties; wave‐lengths equated for equal visual purple activation at one energy level then remain equated at all intensity levels.

When two wave‐lengths, which can be differentiated by their relative spike frequencies at ‘on’ and ‘off’, are acting simultaneously on the same element it is generally found that either of the two is proponent and succeeds in maintaining its off/on‐ratio in the sum whilst the properties of the other one are suppressed.

By making such comparisons in equal retinal visual purple units the contribution of visual purple stimulation can be kept constant for all wave‐lengths to be combined. By these means contributions from other types of receptors to the interaction patterns of two wave‐lengths can be distinguished.

Several examples of interaction between the effects of two wave‐lengths upon the same element are given. They substantiate the conclusion that interaction can take place when one wavelength simultaneously stimulates two photochemical substances with ordinates overlapping the same spectral region.

For the experiments support has been received from the Rocker‐feller Foundation and the Swedish Medical Research Council.
Regeneration of the Motor and Sensory Fibres in the Sciatic Nerve and the Suralis Nerve of the Cat
Authors: INBERG K. R.
Published: December 2008

The regeneration of motor or sensory fibres after cutting and suturing the sciatic nerve was examined histologically. By previous denervation one kind of fibre was eliminated in each set of operation. By obsenving the behaviour of both classes of regenerated fibres towards a sensory branch (suralis) with a confirmed normal composition morphological signs of an orientation mechanism can be studied without the injurious effect of a more direct esperimentation technique.

 The reappearance of the regenerated motor fibres in a normal group‐formation in the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve may be recognized at a comparable level.

 A normal fibre number, a uniform growth and an electro‐physiologically confirmed conductivity in the suralis nerve was obtained only when sensory fibres were available in the sciatic nerve. In two cats with a previous sensory denervation of the sciatic neive only a very limited number of small fibres in the suralis was in a late stage found. In an experiment with a shorter duration the number of fibres was somewhat larger. Consequently there must be an absorption of fibres which have grown into an unsuitable branch.

 There were no signs of an attractive effect combined with fibre degeneration dich was not followed by a regeneration of the same class of fibres.

 An abnormal growth of a number of what were probably motor fibres into the suralis was connected with the cutting and suturing of the sciatic nerve with a previous sensory denervation a few millimeters above the branching point of the suralis. It is probable that fibres which have made unsuitable connections are not always absorbed. Therefore also the idea of a central reorganization may prove valid.
Inactivation of Thrombin by the Blood of Different Mammnls
Authors: UDVARDY MIKLÓS D. F.
Published: December 2008

Esperiments carried out with low thrombin concentrations show that sera of different species under similar conditions inactivate different quantities of thrombin.

 The course of the thrombin inactivation by sera of 12 mammalian species, during the initial phase, is calculnted.

 Sera of horse, cattle, rabbit, sheep and goat absorb thrombin, and the fermentative inactivation has A constant velocity during the initial phase. Another group of sera (rat, mice, dog, guinea‐pig, pig, hedpehog) shows no absorption, the inactivation is more rapid. and the reaction velocity is not constant.
“Adrenergic Blocking” Substances (Quaternary Derivatives of N,N‐Dibenzyl‐β‐Chloroethylamine)
Authors: NYMAN EBBE , FLANTIN LARS‐OLOF
Published: December 2008

An account is given of the preparation of some quaternary‐derivatives of the Dibenamine series, one of which is stated to have a very high activity, which will be discussed in detail in a following paper.
The Effect of Transection of the Hypophysial Stalk on the Mammary Glands of Lactating Babbits
Authors: JACOBSOHN DORA
Published: December 2008

The effect of transection of the hypophysial stalk on lactation is investigated in rabbits.

Morphologically intact lactating mammary glands are found until 20 days after transection of the hypophysial stalk. Mammary glands studied 24 to 33 days after transection of the hyp. stalk presented persistent lactating acini but a reduction of the parenchyma.

In spite of the presence of morphologically intact mammary glands lactation is interfered with. The sucklings do not receive the material necessary for maintaining their lives.

The expenses of this investigation were defrayed in part by a grant from Medicinska Fakulteten, Lund. The author extends thanks to Miss Gunhild Hansson and Miss Inga Lundberg for skilful technical assistance in support of this work.
On the Regeneration of Serum Polysaccharide and Serum Proteins in Normal and Intoxicated Rabbits
Authors: WERNER IVAR
Published: December 2008

The changes in the serum proteins and the serum polysaccharide after blood and plasma losses have been studied in normal and poisoned rabbits.

In normal rabbits there is a relative as well as an absolute increase of the α‐ and β‐globulins and a decrease of the albumin and γ‐globulin after bleeding. The absolute increase of the β‐globulin is largest.

After bleedings, single or repeated for long periods, there is an increase of the glucosamine content of serum. This increase does not parallel any of the main fractions of the serum proteins. The analysis figures indicate that there is a subfraction more rich in carbohydrate than the α2‐globulin. This subfraction will increase more rapidly the first few days of bleeding than the other components of the α‐ and β‐globulins.

In animals given phosphorus or benzene perorally there is also an increase of the α‐ and β‐globulins after bleeding. Here the increase in α‐globulin is largest.

In these animals there is no increase of the glucosamine content.

Severely poisoned animals may produce highly abnormal electrophoretic patterns.

Poisons of the bone marrow such as lead and benzene given parenterally do not considerably affect the regeneration picture of the serum proteins. There is also a normal rise in the glucosamine content after bleeding in bone marrow poisoned animals.

The poisoning experiments indicate that the liver is the site of formation of the serum polysaccharide.

The probable physiological rôle of the bound carbohydrate of the serum proteins is discussed.
Cytological and Fractionation Studies on the Cytoplasmic Constituents of Tissue Mast Cells.
Authors: JULÉN CHRISTINA , SNELLMAN OLLE , SYLVEN BENGT
Published: December 2008

Cytological investigations and data obtained by differential centrifugation of suspensions of ox liver capsule mast cells provide the following conclusions as to the nature and topography of the cytoplasmic constituents of tissue mast cells:

The large mast granules are heavy elements, easily sedimentable at low‐speed centrifugation. They are not particularly water soluble. Nothing is so far known about their composition. In contradiction to previous claims the statement seems justified that these granules do not contain heparin. Their pronounced basophilia suggests that some acid material is present, and in addition they are probably rich in protein, lipids, and enzymes.

The easily water soluble metachromatic and oxyphilic anticoagulant is located in the intergranular cytoplasm of tissue mast cells, and is provisionally regarded as a microsome structure. This material is made up of minute particles with a diameter below 10 mμ, which have a strong tendency to form aggregates. The native anticoagulant constitutes a heparin‐protein complex with a molecular weight of about 100,000. Other chemical data on this newly isolated native substance are briefly discussed.

Previous conceptions regarding the variable metachromatic staining reactions of the large mast granules are explained by the observation that microsome material is adhering to the surface of the granules under question. A reconstruction of the submicro‐scopic structure of mast cytoplasm is presented.
The Metabolism of Uterine Muscle Studied with Radioactive Phostphorus P32.
Authors: WALAAS OTTO , WALAAS EVA
Published: December 2008

The incorporation of radioactive p32 into uterine and skeletal muscle has been studied on castrated rats without and with injection of estradiolbenzoate.

The specific activity of inorganic phosphate was significantly higher in uterine than in skeletal muscle both in castrated and in estradiolbenzoate injected rats.

Injection of estrogenic hormone increased the incorporation of Pas in the acid soluble fraction of uterine muscle (marginal statistical significance). No effects on the inorganic phosphate or acid insoluble fraction were found.

Estradiolbenzoate had no effect on the phosphate turnover in skeletal muscle or in blood.

The results indicate an increased metabolic rate in uterine muscle after estrogenic injection.
The Autogenetic Inhibition During Strech and Contraction of the Muscle.
Authors: HAGBARTH K. E. , NAESS K.
Published: December 2008

The inhibitory effect of simultaneous stretch and contraction has been investigated by means of the monosynaptic reflex. In some supplementary experiments the effect of the stretch and the contraction has been examined separately.

The rehactoriness of the motoneurons, as set up by a discharge, may play a considerable rô1e in producing “the silent period” seen during stretch reflexes, and together with the autogenetic inhibition must be taken into consideration in explaining the effects obtained by stretch and contraction.

The inhibitory effect due to stimulation of the small motor fibres (gamma efferents) has been studied and the results discussed with reference to the cross‐excitation of the afferent fibres and refractoriness.

Combination of stretch and contraction produces a very rapidly developing inhibition, even if the two processes separately only give facilitation.

Rebound is seen after strong and rapidly developing inhibition. It is greater the greater the preceding inhibition.

Cyclic activity of motoneurons responding to stretch has been found in the absence of efferent connexions, and has been associated with clonus.
On the Behavior of Electrolytes in Gastric Juice Indued by Histamine.
Authors: LINDE S. , OBRINK K. J.
Published: December 2008

Acidity, chloride, sodium and potassium were determined in gastric juice obtained a t constant rates. The relation of the concentrations of H+, Cl‐ and Na+ to the secretion rate was found to be in accordance with the diffusion theory of TEORELL. The relation between the concentration of potassium and various secretion rates was, however, practically uninfluenced. The total amount of K+ was directly proportional to the volume secreted. This was considered to suggest that potassium appears in the gastric juice as a result of the HCI secretory process. This did not contradict a diffusibility of K+ through the gastric mucosa.
The Effect of the Centrifugal Force upon the Nerve Discharge from the Horizontal Canal.
Authors: GERNANDT BO
Published: December 2008

The effect of the centrifugal force during rotation on the position of the cupula was recorded by needle electrodes in the vestiular nerve.

The experiments were performed on decerebrate cats which were rotated with the head removed from the axis of rotation 40 and 10 cm., respectively. The rotational effect on the labyrinth was measured by recording the impulse activity from single cells in the vestibular nerve. When the cat was placed with its head farthest from the axis of rotation, the centrifugal force acted on the cupula which also was acted on indirectly by the flow, due to inertia, of endolymph. Depending on the rotational direction, the centrifugal force and inertia either supplemented or counteracted each other. With the shorter distance between the labyrinth and the axis of rotation (10 cm.), this effect of centrifugal force was of much less significance.

The results have been discussed and related to the labyrinthine overstimulations that may occur in modern aviation.

This work has been supported by a grant from “ADOLF ROBBERTS fond”.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Action of Alloxan
Authors: BRUNFELDT K. , IVERSEN M.
Published: December 2008

Following the administration of alloxan to untreated and to insulin‐treated, alloxan‐diabetic animals, only slight fluctuations of the blood sugar curve are observed as compared to those seen after administration of alloxan to the intact animals. In perfusion of cat's liver, only a faint influence of alloxan on the glycogenolysis is observed; on the other hand, a massive injury of the liver tissue is seen. The results confirm the supposition of the presence of intact beta cells as a necessary condition for the occurrence of the typical phases of the blood sugar curve after the administration of alloxan.
Pyruvate and Lactate Content of the Blood During and After Muscular Work
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING
Published: December 2008

Determinations of the pyruvate and lactate content of capillary blood during the steady state of heavy muscular work showed, that both substances are found in increasing amounts with increasing severity of work. At cessation of work the lactate concentration immediately began to decrease, whereas the pyruvate concentration showed a further increase with its maximum 3–5 minutes after cessation of work, before it began to decline.

The ratio lactate pyruvate consequently has different values during pyruvate work and at different times after work.

It is assumed that the increased amount of pyruvate found in the blood during and after work is formed by the oxidative elimination of the lactic acid,

We are greatly indebted to dr JENS HALD of the Biological Laboratories of Medicinalco Ltd. who kindly provided us with hard to get chemicals and valuable advice.
Changes in the Ascorbic Acid Content of the Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy in the Rabbit after Gonadotrophs Stimulation1
Authors: HOKFELT BERNT
Published: December 2008

A study is made of the changes in the ascorbic acid content of the corpus luteum of pregnancy in the rabbit (12th day of pregnancy) at varying times (45 minutes to 48 hours) after the intravenous administration of 450 I. U. of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophn (PMS).

Gonadotrophic stimulation gives rise to changes in the weight of the corpus luteum (+ 39 per cent after 12 hours, – 18 per cent after 48 hours). This fact must be taken into consideration in the calculations of the ascorbic acid content.

Gonadotrophic stimulation causes a rapid, relatively considerable fall in the ascorbic acid content, i. e. 10 per cent after 45 minutes, 22 per cent after 11 /2 hours and 25 per cent after 3 hours. This is followed by a considerable increase, with a maximum 24 hours after stimulation.

Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin is considered to affect the corpus luteum either directly or indirectly.
Observations into the Diuresis of Rats after Period Ingestion of Massive Doses of Water1
Authors: MØLLER‐CHRISTENSEN E.
Published: December 2008

By repeated administrations of large doses of water it is possible to increase the resistance of rats to water intoxication.

Seven tests showed that the animals had acquired a capacity for increasing their diuresis.

Two tests showed an ability to reduce the excretion of NaCl in the urine.

The role of the adrenocortical hormones in protecting against water intoxication is discussed.
Do Adrenergic Vasodilator Nerves Exist?
Authors: FOLKOW BJÖRN , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Cholinergic sympathetic vasodilator fibres supply the muscles of the hindlimbs of the cat.

The chemical transmission at sympathetic vasodilator nerve endings is discussed. The suggestion is made that the chemical transmission is exclusively cholinergic. The existence of adrenergic vasodilator fibres is seriously questioned. No support was found for the view that histaminergic vasodilator fibres occur in the sympathetic outflow of the cat.

This study was supported by a grant to one of the authors (B. U.) from the Swedish Medical Research Council. The authors are indebted to Sandoz A. G., Basel for a generous supply of di‐hydroergotamine.
The Ratio β‐Hydroxybutyric Acid/Acetoacetic Acid In the Blood under Various Experimental Conditions
Authors: GAMMELTOFT ALLAN
Published: December 2008

The two components in the reversible reduction‐oxidation system, β‐hydroxybutyric acid/acetoacetic acid and their proportionate changes in the blood under experimental conditions have been examined:

1: in fasting humans after ingestion of glucose and during exercise.

2: in perfused liver‐ and muscle‐tissue of the cat.

The pronounced variations in the reduction‐oxidation ratio of the ketone bodies in humans in these experiments might be explained by interaction between the β‐hydroxybutyric acid/acetoacetic acid system and the lactic acid/pyruvic acid system.

In perfusion of liver‐ and muscle‐tissue reproducible changes take place in the reduction‐oxidation system of the ketone bodies, progressing with the duration of the perfusion. Attempts to influence on these changes by adding other reduction‐oxidation systems to the system of ketone bodies gave no indication of a reaction between the different systems.

Unknown factors are still to be considered in the interpretation of in vitro experiments to the metabolism of the living cell.
Carbonic Anhydrase in the Anterior Urea of the Rabbit
Authors: WISTRAND PER J.
Published: December 2008

Carbonic anhydrase has been demonstrated in the iris + ciliary processes of the rabbit.
Acetylcholine and Respiration
Authors: LILJESTRAND G.
Published: December 2008

In the non‐atropinized cat small doses of acetylcholine stimulate respiration practically only by lowering the blood pressure, thereby causing local oxygen want within the carotid and aortic bodies. With somewhat larger doses (0.2 mg) there is also a direct stimulation of the chemoreceptors as well as an inhibition of the centre and a restriction of the amplitude of the single respirations.

After atropinization large amounts of acetylcholine which increase the blood pressure call forth a number of alterations in respiration. At first there is a short respiratory standstill, due to flushing of the centre by the drug. A short phase of increased breathing, caused by stimulation of the chemoreceptors, then sets in. It is followed by an apnoea, which is analogous to adrenaline apnoea, i. e. is mainly the result of decreased activity of the chemoreceptors in consequence of the better blood flow; the preceding period of increased respiration prolongs the apnoea and sometimes leads to Cheyne‐Stokes respiration. When the blood pressure has again reached its normal level, a small increase of ventilation may be noted, in the main due to stimulation of the chemoreceptors.

Local application of eserine on the carotid bodies increases the respiratory response to oxygen deficiency and carbon dioxide accumulation. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the chemoreceptors to these stimuli as well as to lobeline is diminished or abolished by local treatment with atropine, whereas clamping of the carotids induces the typical rise in blood pressure. These results are interpreted as evidence that acetylcholine is the chemical mediator within the carotid body.
The in Titro Formation of Carbon Monoxide in Blood.
Authors: SJÖSTRAND TORGNY
Published: December 2008

Earlier observations of an endogenous formation of carbon monoxide in man have been analysed with reference to the possibility that the carbon monoxide is formed in the blood by the breakdown of haemoglobin. The following results were obtained. The COHb concentration of blood calculated from determinations of the CO pressure in alveolar air, agrees with the COHb concentration determined directly from blood. The partial pressure of carbon monoxide in the alveolar air is, however, considerably greater than that of ordinary atmospheric air, which means that carbon monoxide is constantly exhaled during respiration.

If blood is incubated at 38o C for 20–24 hours, an increase of 40–165 % can be shown in the COHb concentration, this increase being particularly pronounced after haemolysis. This apparent formation of carbon monoxide in blood is considerably increased at acid or alkaline pH's or by addition of sodium azide.

If the blood is shaken with carbon monoxide before incubation at 38o C, the carboxyhaemoglobin concentration after 20 hours is decreased. If sodium azide is added to samples containing 5–30 % COHb. before incubation, the concentration is however increased, and at higher COHb‐concentrations there is a decrease, less than that observed without azide.

The formation of carbon monoxide was found to parallel the spontaneous formation of methaemoglobin on alteration of the pH or addition of sodium azide.

Addition of ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide greatly increases the CO formation. The amount of CO produced corresponds to a conversion of up to 15 per cent of the haemoglobin to COHb, calculated from the original haemoglobin concentrations.

The formation of CO seems to be parallel to the breakdown of haemoglobin to choleglobin (verdoglobin). This observation can be explained by the assumption that the opening of the tetra‐pyrrole ring occurs with the liberation of the a‐C‐atom after oxidation to CO.

It was possible to demonstrate in one subject that the amounts of CO produced and haemoglobin decomposed bear a quantitative relation of approximately 1 molecule CO: 1 haemin group.
The Influence of Electrolytes on the Rate of Tiscosity Drop in ATP‐Actomyosin Mixtures.
Authors: BáRáNY ERNST H. , EDMAN K. A. PAUL , PALIS ASTA
Published: December 2008

The rate of viscosity drop in a mixture of actomyosin and ATP has been studied by means of an electronic recording vis‐cosimeter. The rate is the same in phosphate as in veronal‐acetate buffer; is almost constant in the pH interval 6.5–7.8 and is not markedly influenced by substitution of nitrate ions for up to about 50 per cent of the chloride ions of the solution. The rate is proportional to the ATP‐concentration in the interval 0.5–2 10‐4 M. In a solution of washed actomyosin the rate is much slower than with unwashed actomyosin and is increased by magnesium ions up to 0.03 M. When acting in the absence of magnesium, calcium inhibits in low and augments in higher concentrations. In the presence of magnesium, calcium only inhibits in higher concentration.
The Analgcsic and Antipyretic Action of the Combination of Acetophenetidin and Barbital.
Authors: BOREUS LARS‐OLOF , SANDBERG. FINN
Published: December 2008

The analgesic and antipyretic effect of acetophenetidin and its combinations with barbital, carbromal and 1‐bensyl‐5‐allyl‐5‐isopropyl‐barbituric acid were studied for three dose levels.

A new modification of the Ercoli‐Lewis technique for determination of the analgesic effect was elaborated.

At the dose levels examined, the hypnotics tested exerted an antagonistic influence on the analgesic effect of acetophenetidin.

Barbital had an antagonistic effect on the antipyretic action of acetophenetidin. Carbromal had this property only in the lowest dose.

1‐bensyl‐5‐allyl‐5‐isopropyl‐barbituric acid produced an antagonism at the lowest dose level and a synergism at the higher ones.
Gluconeogenesis from Oleic Acid: In the Perfused Cat's Liver.
Authors: BARFOD. BENT
Published: December 2008

Cats livers were perfused with the addition of an emulsion of glycerol trioleate to the perfusion blood. Before the fat addition, during the perfusion, and at the end of the experiment samples of the blood and the liver were taken for determination of glucose, glycogen, lactic acid, fat, ketone bodies, and urea. A “balance calculation” was drawn up, in which the amount of the various metabolic products in the perfusion system was calculated at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, and it was deduced that in four of seven experiments there was a formation of carbohydrate which exceeded the maximum amount which could be formed from the metabolized protein and the glycerol part of the fat. At the same time there was a decrease of the fatty acids.

In the control experiments made with the same technique but without addition of fat only a moderate production of carbohydrate was seen. This formation could be completely accounted for by the protein metabolism during these experiments.

It is suggested that oleic acid was the source of carbohydrate found in the experiments with added fat.
Colonic Motility in the Cat IV. Peripheral Pathways Mediating the Effects Induced by Hypothalamic and Mesencephalic Stimulation
Authors: Rostad Hans
Published: December 2008

Rostad, H. Colonic motility in the cat. IV. Peripheral pathways mediating the effects induced by hypothalamic and mesencephalic stimulation. Acta physiol. scand. 1973. 89. 154–168.

The peripheral pathways by which the hypothalamus and mesencephalon influence the motility of the colon have been studied by combining brain stimulation and peripheral nerve sectioning, and by use of autonomic blocking agents. Excitatory colonic effects induced from the hypothalamic sympatho‐inhibitory area with concomitant blood pressure falls were found to be mediated through the sympathetic lumbar colonic nerves, whereas excitatory responses with associated blood pressure rises were conveyed through the latter as well as through the parasympathetic pelvic nerves. On the other hand, the augmentatory colonic effects usually associated with blood pressure rise evoked from the mesencephalon were conveyed through the lumbar colonic nerves only. The responses through the lumbar colonic and pelvic nerves were blocked by guanethidine and atropine, respectively. The augmentatory colonic responses from the hypothalamic sympatho‐inhibitory area were blocked by the beta‐adrenergic blocking agent propranolol, whereas the effects from the other responsive hypothalamic areas, transmitted through the lumbar colonic nerves, were blocked by alpha‐blocker (phenoxybenzaminc), but not by propranolol. This finding support the presence of alpha‐excitatory receptors in the colonic wall.

Inhibition of colonic motility induced by hypothalamic and mesencephalic stimulation, weir found to be mediated through the lumbar colonic as well as through the splanchnic nerves. The effects were blocked by guanethidine, and those from the responsive hypothalamic zones were also blocked by propranolol.
An Autoradiographic Study on the Uptake of Se75‐Labelled Sodium Selenate by Different Organs of the Adult Rat.
Authors: BOSTRÖM HARRY , JORPES ERIK , ODEBLAD. ERIK
Published: December 2008

The uptake of radioselenium after injection of Se75‐labelled sodium selenate in some tissues known to contain sulpho‐muco‐Polysaccharides was studied by means of autoradiography. When the results obtained were compared to what is known about the distribution of S35 after administration of labelled sodium sulphate, it was found that the selenate ion behaves in a quite dif‐ferent way than the sulphate ion.

This investigation has been aided by grants from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Therese and Johan gndersson Foundation and the Vitrum Company, Stockholm.
The Combiriation of Barbiturates with an Emetic as a Method for the Prevention of Suicide.
Authors: SANDBERG. FINN
Published: December 2008

The combined administration of barbiturates and an emetic was investigated in cats as a possible method of preventing suicide by overdosage of sedatives.

The locally acting zinc sulphate was used as an emetic together with phenobarbital and three barbiturate mixtures containing two components, one with a short induction time and duration of action, the other with intermediate ones.

In sedative as well as in lethal doses, the barbiturates examined exerted an inhibitory effect on the vomiting produced by zinc sulphate.

When emesis occurred, gastric emptying was not complete and there was no definite influence on the fatal effect of barbiturates. It was found in 40 per cent of the animals which died that the vomitus was aspirated into the bronchi with resulting signs of pneumonia.

I am indebted to Pharmacia Ltd., Uppsala, for financial support of the investigation.
The Deployment of Sensory Nerve Endings at the Knee Joint of the Cat.
Authors: ANDREW B. L. , DODT. E.
Published: December 2008

Nerve impulses in the medial articular nerve to the knee joint of the cat have been studied. The responses of sensory nerve endings located in the knee to position and movement of the tibia are described. The endings are slowly adapting and seem to be arranged sothat each has an arc of maximum sensitivity covering a few degrees of angular movement but these ranges are different for individual endings. The significance of this is discussed.

The medial femoro‐tibial and the patellar ligaments were found to be equipped with endings which signalled tension. The responses of these endings to steady tensions were measured.

An increased intracapsular pressure was produced by injecting fluid into the synovial cavity. Simultaneous recordings of pressure and impulse traffic show that a raised pressure was a potent stimulus to slowly adapting endings in the capsule.

The articular surfaces and the synovial membrane were found insensitive to moderate mechanical and thermal stimulation.
On the Influence of Beer and a Purine Derivative on the Renal Clearance of Crentinine, Inulin and Pnrn‐Amino‐Hippuric Acid (PAH)
Authors: EK JAN , JOSEPHSON. BERTIL
Published: December 2008

Neither the drinking of 666 ml beer, water or 2.7 per cent alcohol nor the continuous injections of 17.5 mg per min. of theophyl‐line‐1‐aminopropanol (“oxyphylline”) had any measurable influence on the renal plasma flow in man as examined with the PAH clearance.

During beer‐ and “oxyphylline” diuresis the inulin clearance was significantly increased in comparison to the clearance during water diuresis or after drinking of the corresponding amount of 2.7 per cent alcohol.

Beer and “oxyphylline” were without measurable effect on the “endogenous” creatinine clearance.
A Study of Chemoceptor Activity in Animals Exposed to Prolonged Hypoxia.
Authors: ÅSTRAND PER‐OLOF
Published: December 2008

The present experiments were performed with the purpose to record the chemoceptor impulse activity in animals which have been exposed t o prolonged hypoxia.
Insulin and Glucose Uptake by the Liver
Authors: LUNDSGAARD E.
Published: December 2008

The rate of glucose uptake by the tissues after a large insulin dose has heen determined in normal, hepatectoniized and eviscerated cats. No difference in the rate of uptake, or in the dependence of the rate of uptake on the glucose concentration, was found among the three groups of experiments.

Apparently in the cat the liver takes no part in the glucose uptake by the tissues under the influence of insulin.

The inahility to induce a net glucose uptake in the isolated cat liver by means of insulin is consequently scarcely due to an impairment of the liver caused by the perfusion technique.
The Effect of Increasing Concentrations of Tween 20 (Polyoxyalkylene Sorbitan Laurate) on the Surface Tension of Plasma
Authors: ORMA ESKO
Published: December 2008

The action of viirious concentrations of the non‐ionic surface active agent. Tween 20. on the surface tension of plasma was studied. It was observed that plasma contains a factor tending to suppress the action of the Surface active agents on the surface tension. The possible causes of the phenomenon are discussed.
On the Vibrational Sensitivity in Different Regions of the Body Surface
Authors: WILSKA ALVAR
Published: December 2008

Vibratory thresholds in different parts of the body were determined with an electro‐dynamic apparatus. The lowest threshold amplitudes were found within the frequency range 200—450 Hz. In the finger‐tips these may be as small as 0.02 μp. Hands and the soles of the feet are most sensitive, whereas the vibratory thres‐hold values are highest in the abdominal and the gluteal regions.
A Method for Determination in Vivo of the Rate of Ciliary Best and Mucous Flow in the Trachea
Authors: DALHAMN TORE
Published: December 2008

A method is described by which simultaneous determination can be made of the rate of ciliary beat and that of the tracheal flow of mucus in small living mammals (rats and guinea pigs). The body temperature and the temperature and humidity of the environmental air can be varied. All influence of foreign substances such as saline solutions is avoided. The various phases of a single ciliary cycle are registered with a special camera. The method also permits study of the acute and chronic effects on the mucosa of different substances. Some experiments with SO2 are briefly reported.
A Study on the Relation between the Duration of a Shock Wave and the Severity of the Blast Injury Produced by It.
Authors: CELANDER HJÖRDIS , CLEMENDSON CARL‐JOHAN , ERICSSON ULF A. , HULTMAN HOLTER ESON
Published: December 2008

The injurious effect of shock waves of various durations was studied on mice exposed to shock waves in a compressed air operated shock tube.

It was found that the longer the duration of the shock wave the more severe was the injury inflicted. The influence of the duration is most pronounced in cases where an only moderate maximum pressure per se would cause only a moderate injury. Of the two factors, the maximum pressure and the duration, the first one is the most important as far as injurious effect is concerned.
Observations on the Water and Electrolyte Metabolism in the Goat.
Authors: ANDERSSON BENGT
Published: December 2008

A study was made of some features of the water and electrolyte metabolism of the goat.

Plasma Na+ concentration was normally found within the range of 145–151 m Eq/l, plasma K+ within 4–5 m Eq/l. Larger variations were found in the plasma C1– concentration.

Water up to 20% of their body weight was administered in a single dose on various occasions into the rumen of the goats without causing any signs of water intoxication.

The urinary excretion of such big doses of water took more than 13 hours, and the water diuresis remained during the first 6 hours at a fairly constant level.

5–10 milliunits of “Pituitrin” was not found to have any obvious natriuretic or chlormetic effect on these animals.

During mild emotional stress the animals often developed a marked polyuria simultaneous with characteristic changes in their extra cellular electrolyte pattern. This phenomenon was most frequently observed in goats on a low dietary intake of NaCl.

The intravenous injection of adrenaline (0.5 mg) and that of ephedrine (5 cg) caused a marked polyuria. A big rise in the urinary excretion of Na+ and C1– and an increase of inulin clearance were observed during this polyuria.

The urinary excretion of C1– and especially that of Na+ was extremely low in animals which had been fed for more than three months without access to extra NaC1. Thus Uk/UNa ratios of up to 300 were found in these animals.

The rate of urinary excretion of K+ was high and remained fairly constant during the experiments, but, as a consequence of variations in the rate of urine flow, variations of Uk/Pk ratios between 2 and 70 were observed. When potassium/inulin clearance ratios were measured these were within the range of 0.5–0.7.
Influence of Yisual Cortex on Light Impulses in the Brain Stem of the Unanesthetized Cat
Authors: INGVAR DAVID H. , HUNTER JOHN
Published: December 2008

1. Stereotaxic explorations have been carried out in the brain stem of unanesthetized cats of the topography and latencies of responses to optic stimulation. In one series intact preparations have been used and in a second group animals with chronic bilateral ablation of the visual cortex.

2. In both the intact and the ablated preparations, visual inipulses were found to have a wide‐spread distribution in the brain stem, a fact which, in principle, confirms the observations of others by the fact that afferent responses in “unspecific” regions are not unconditionally dependent upon the cortical projection area of the modality tested.

3. In the ablated preparations it was possible to trace a central diencephalic pathway for light responses which coincides topographically with the thalamic reticular system as well as with recently demonstrated fiber systems in intralaminar parts of the thalamus. The latencies of responses along this pathway which was followed to the gyrus cinguli indicated a slow contluction velocity. This pathway could not be distinguished in the intact preparations.

4. The latencies of the visuil brain stem responses in the intact preparatious were generally shorter than those in the ablated series. This observation has been interpreted as an effect of corticofugal influences from the visual cortex upon the brain stem.

5. The results suggest that the visual cortex (in the cat) is capable of controlling events elicited by visual stimulation in other (phylogenetically older) parts of specific visual structures as well as in unspecific visual pathways of the brain stem.
Effeet of Irradiation with X‐Rays on the Catabolism of Ethylalcohol in the Mouse
Authors: HEVESY G.
Published: December 2008

The rate of oxidation of ethylalcohol by control mice and such exposed to a dose of 1,500 r of roentgen rays was compared by administering with alcohol‐l‐C14 labelled ethanol and collecting the C14O2 exhaled. No significant difference was found in the amount of C11O2 exhaled by the controls and the irradiated animals.