bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bouleutic Ostracism Again
Authors: Develin R.
Published: July 2016

Since I published my views on the remarkable Vaticanus Graecus, the process of examination has been developed in greater depth. There have been an article from McCargar, comments from Lehmann and an extensive treatment by Longo. The latter in particular has taken into consideration my own arguments, which are presented fairly, even if sometimes the impression is given that I wrote with more assurance than was the case. I admit to the assessment that my views were hypothetical and fragile — they could be no more — and I do not intend simply to defend them. The essential difference between our approaches is that I was not prepared to accept the evidence of Vat. Gr. as it stood and so attempted to provide an explanation to account for error, while Longo can accept the evidence and so goes about trying to explain why it is credible, where it comes from and where it fits in. Let me say that in treating her views I fully realize that she appreciates the conjectural nature of much that she says.
The Rise of Hiero II: Chronology and Campaigns 275-264 B.C.
Authors: Hoyos B.D.
Published: July 2016

In the 270’s and 260’s B.C. Syracuse found an energetic new leader, Hiero son of Hierocles, fought her last victorious war under his leadership and rewarded him with the title of king. How this came about has a more than Sicilian importance, for the same war indirectly and unexpectedly brought the Romans onto the scene and launched them on the First Punic War. But understanding Hiero’s first ten years is not easy. The sources are scrappy where they are not terse, and modern reconstructions vary widely, above all on the chronology — with crucial implications for his policies and position (not to mention for the run-up to the First Punic War) and for the reliability or the opposite of the main source, Polybius. The solutions in this paper will, I hope, help clarify a difficult period in Sicilian history, as well as throwing some light on the compositional method of Polybius.
The Pattern of Phaenomena 367-385
Authors: Kidd D.A.
Published: July 2016

I print the passage without a full stop until the last line, to avoid interrupting the unity of its structure:

‘The stars of slight magnitude and slight brilliance between the Rudder and the Sea-monster, lying beneath the flanks of the grey Hare, are nameless in their course; they are not cast in a resemblance to the structure of any specific figure, like the numerous constellations that pass in ordered ranks along the same paths year after year, constellations that someone in a past generation observed and thought of calling all by names, after giving them definite shapes; he could not, of course, have named or identified all the stars taken individually, because they are too numerous all over the sky, many of them are alike in magnitude and in colour, and all of them have a circling movement; therefore it seemed best to him to make the stars into groups, so that different stars arranged in conjunction with each other could represent figures; and that is how the named constellations came into being, and no star-rising is a surprise nowadays; but while the stars in general are fixed in clear-cut figures when they appear, those beneath the hunted Hare are all very dim and nameless in their course.’
The Kingdom of Asia and the Persian Throne
Authors: Hammond N.G.L.
Published: July 2016

In order to appreciate the originality of Alexander in his policy in Asia, we may note that the actions of Philip in the Balkan area were described in terms of traditional Greek imperialism. ‘Philip made Macedonia mistress of many great tribes and city-states’, wrote Diodorus in a Proem which was probably an abbreviated form of the Proem of Ephorus XXVIII (Diod. 16.1.3 ). In 349 B.C. Demosthenes remarked that ‘the Paeonian, the Illyrian and in a word all those folk, it should be realised, would gladly be self-governing and free rather than be slaves ; for they are unaccustomed to being anyone’s subject’ (1.23). In addressing the Macedonians at Opis, Alexander pointed out that thanks to Philip the Macedonians had become masters and not slaves and subjects of those very barbarians who used to plunder their possessions and carry off their persons; and that Philip ‘added to Macedonia the greater part of Thrace’ (Arr. An. 7.9.3).
M. Ulpius Appuleius Eurykles of Aezani: Panhellene, Asiarch and Archiereus of Asia
Authors: Kearsley R.A.
Published: July 2016

The public career of M. Ulpius Appuleius Eurykles spanned most of the second half of the second century. He is recorded as a representative of his native city Aezani at the Panhellenion in Athens for the year 156/7. This was probably the last year of his four-year term. During that period Eurykles distinguished himself in the eyes of both his fellow Panhellenes and Athenian society for, after he left Athens and returned to Asia, four letters of commendation were sent on his behalf: two to Aezani and two to the koinon of Asia. A fifth letter was also directed by the Panhellenion to the emperor Antoninus Pius in which the virtues of Eurykles were drawn to his attention.
The Medism of Pausanias: Two Versions
Authors: Evans J.A.S.
Published: July 2016

The medism and death of Pausanias, the son of Kleombrotos, is an old problem that is still with us. The chief source is Thucydides, who devotes a digression (1.128-38) to the parallel lives of Pausanias and Themistokles. Thucydides generally repressed his interest in biography, as Gomme once observed, remarking that in this, more than anything else, he showed his determination not to write like Herodotus, and not to beguile his readers with what was merely attractive. But at 1.128-38, he writes in a Herodotean vein, employing a style which shows marked differences with the rest of the History, and some lack of critical judgement in evaluating his evidence. There is much truth in Meiggs’ remark that ‘had Thucydides’ account been written by any other Greek historian, it would not have been taken seriously.’
The Battle between Philip and Bardylis
Authors: Hammond N.G.L.
Published: July 2016

The defeat of Bardylis ‘the king of the Illyrians‘ was one of the decisive battles of ancient history. It ended forty years of military ascendancy by the Illyrians, during which huge losses had been inflicted on the Molossians, Amyntas III had twice been driven out of Macedonia, and Perdiccas III and 4,000 Macedonians had been killed ‘in a great battle’ of359B.C.(Diod. 16.2.5). One reason for that ascendancy was that the Illyrians adopted Greek hoplite equipment and tactics earlier than their opponents. The victory of Philip marked the beginning of Macedonia’s progress to a military supremacy, of which the marks were the infantry fighting with the pike (sarissa) and the cavalry exploiting a break in an enemy line. Evidence about the battle is provided only by Diodorus and Frontinus, and there are uncertainties about the background to the affair. I think that progress can be made if we ask the appropriate questions.
Five Notes on Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum
Authors: Adams J.N.
Published: July 2016

The text of the De Mortibus Persecutorum, which is transmitted by just one manuscript, the Codex Colbertianus (C; BN 2627), can still be tidied up in places. In these notes I propose two new emendations, revive two old emendations, and support the transmitted text in one place against editors.
The Archaeological Career of Sophia Schliemann
Authors: Traill D.A.
Published: July 2016

Sophia Schliemann is a familiar figure. The name readily conjures up a determined young Greek woman, who shared with her older German husband a passion for Homer and archaeology. We see her gamely putting up with the inconvenient realities of living at the site of an excavation — uncomfortable lodgings, often shared with exotic and undesirable fauna, blazing sun, freezing cold, rain and mud at
Mycenae, and the relentless wind and dust of Troy. In recent years we have come to admire a woman who seemed easily to transcend the limitations imposed on her sex by the era and society in which she lived. She commanded groups of workmen at Troy, Mycenae and Orchomenos. Above all, we see her playing a crucial supporting role at the climactic moments of Heinrich’s excavations. At Troy she stood by his side and wrapped up Priam’s Treasure in her shawl. At Mycenae she got down on her hands and knees in the Shaft Graves and extricated the gold jewellery and masks from the mud.
An Early Incuse Stater of Kroton Overstruck on a Pegasus
Authors: Bicknell P.J.
Published: July 2016

The Corinthian piece belongs to the early series of pegasi with incuse pattern reverse. Due to the flattening of the under-type, a confident identification with one of the obverses illustrated by Ravel is impossible.

It has been claimed that there are no examples of overstriking of the earliest wide-flan staters of Magna Graecia on pegasi. This contention is now invalidated as far as Kroton is concerned.
The Poet Cn. Naevius, P. Cornelius Scipio and Q. Caecilius Metellus
Authors: Jocelyn H.D.
Published: July 2016

It was many years after the last premiere of a Terentian comedy that the first attempts to write the history of Latin poetry appeared. Scholars had available little documentary material regarding the poets of the late third and early second centuries except the texts of poems, dates of performance of so-called carmina in priestly archives and of so-called fabulae in magisterial archives, and inscriptions on tombstones. These poets were without exception slaves or non-Roman clients of the great aristocratic families and their persons were not well regarded in the community at large. Neither the attitude to poetry of Roman society nor the example of Greek historiography permitted the chroniclers of Roman public life to take account of them. The poets who wrote for the theatre of fifth-century Athens came for the most part from well-regarded citizen families and practised an honoured craft. Although those of them who wrote comedies had much to say about Athenian public life and although their prejudices tended to correspond with his own the great Thucydides had ignored them. Their first biographers found themselves as badly off for contemporary documentary material as Roman writers were to be and yet by the exercise of judgement and fancy in interpreting the extant texts succeeded in constructing extensive narratives. The Roman writers took over Greek methods here as in other areas.
Manilius iv 681-95
Authors: Shackleton Bailey D.R.
Published: July 2016

In his article ‘Notes and Conjectures on the Astronomica of Manilius’, Antichthon ii (1968), 63 ff., of which he has been kind enough to send me a copy, Mr D. B. Gain discusses the following passage:

iv 681 quod superest Europa tenet….

686 maxima terra viris et fecundissima doctis

artibus: in regnum florentes oris Athenae;

Sparta manu, Thebae divis, et rege vel uno

princeps Pella domus, Troiani gratia belli;

Thessalia Epirosque potens vicinaque utrisque

Illyris et Threce Martem sortita colonum,

et stupefacta suos inter Germania partus;

Gallia per census, Hispania maxima bellis;

Italia in summa, quam rerum maxima Roma

695 imposuit terris caeloque adiungitur ipsa.

687 artibus Housman, urbibus Ω 689 Pella Schrader, ilia Ω 690 utrisque Gain, ripis Ω
The Authorship and Purpose of Lucian’s Demosthenis encomium
Authors: Baldwin B.
Published: July 2016

Virtually all modern editors and commentators regard this dialogue as non-Lucianic, despite its presence in the best manuscripts. The three most distinguished Lucianic scholars of this century, Helm, Bompaire, and Macleod are all of this persuasion. Their usual objections are based on the alleged inferiority of the Greek style and language employed in the piece, and on the grounds of its inferior satirical qualities and general lack of inspiration. By contrast, I hope to show in this paper that these objections can be rebutted, and that there is no good reason to reject the work. I believe that the dialogue does contain some of Lucian’s best characteristics, and that it fits into the general context of second-century discussions of Demosthenes very effectively.
The Second Assembly of the Gods in the Odyssey
Authors: Dyson M.
Published: July 2016

Odyssey v opens with an assembly of the gods which has been much criticized, because one of the main speeches it contains is composed of whole sentences found elsewhere in the early books of the Odyssey, and because the entire assembly appears to repeat the assembly of the first book in a way that is unnecessary and alien to epic practice. I shall argue that some of the objections raised (including the most important) cannot be sustained, and that there are strong reasons for holding that this second assembly is not detachable from our existing Odyssey. That is, though not perhaps flawless, the opening of the fifth book is an integral part of the whole poem and cannot be a late addition.
Manilius iv 681-95: A Reply
Authors: Gain D.B.
Published: July 2016

In his article ‘Manilius iv 681-95’, Antichthon iii (1969), 52-3, D. R. Shackleton Bailey (hereafter S.B.) defends certain statements made in his ‘Maniliana’, CQ vi (1956), 81-6, which I impugned in ‘Notes and Conjectures on the Astronomica of Manilius’, Antichthon ii (1968), 63-7. They concern the following passage:

iv 681 quod superest Europa tenet . . .

686 maxima terra uiris et fecundissima doctis artibus: in regnum florentes oris Athenae; Sparta manu, Thebae diuis, et rege uel uno princeps Pella domus, Troiani gratia belli;

690 Thessalia Epirosque potens uicinaque utrisque Illyris, et Threce Martem sortita colonum, et stupefacta suos inter Germania partus; Gallia per census, Hispania maxima bellis; Italia in summa, quam rerum maxima Roma inposuit terris caeloque adiungitur ipsa.

687 artibus Housman, urbibus Ω 689 Pella Schrader, ilia Ω

690 utrisque conieci, ripis Ω
A New Approach to Juvenal’s First Satire
Authors: Martyn J.R.C.
Published: July 2016

Francis Bacon, in his unfinished dialogue entitled ‘An Advertisement touching an Holy War’, ends a fierce attack on unnatural social orders with these words: ‘For these cases, of women to govern men, (and) slaves (to govern) free men, are total . . . perversions of the laws of nature and nations.’ In Bacon’s dialogue, Zebedaeus was in fact referring these two cases of perversion to the mythical Amazons and to the slaves of the Sultanry of the Mamaluches. However, his words could equally well apply to the two major themes of Juvenal’s early satires, themes which are skilfully foreshadowed in his programmatic poem, Sat. i. For I suggest that ‘perversion’ is the key theme in this satire, its two main examples being, first, the unnatural roles of the two sexes and, secondly, the servitude of free-born Roman clients to ex-slave patrons and their lackeys; the sexual perversion being emphasized throughout the second section of Sat. i (vv. 22-86), and the clientela anomaly being the dominant theme in the balancing section, vv. 87-146. And I suggest that these two forms of perversion are then fully worked out in the first three books of Juvenal’s Satires, the former, sexual perversion, in Sat. ii and vi, the latter, the clientela paradox, in Sat. iii and v, and both of them in the ironical self-exposure of the client-cumprostitute, Naevolus, in Sat. ix.
Horace,Odesi 12. 33-6
Authors: Jocelyn H.D.
Published: July 2016

Romulum post hos prius an quietum

Pompili regnum memorem an superbos

Tarquini fascis, dubito, an Catonis

nobile letum.

Ancient readers of this stanza perhaps usually took Tarquinius as being the last of Rome’s seven kings and Cato as the praetorian governor of Utica who died by his own hand after Julius Caesar’s defeat of the Senate’s forces at Thapsus in 49. Some found L. Tarquinius ‘Superbus’ unsuitable company for the other Roman worthies listed by Horace and suggested that L. Tarquinius ‘Priscus’, the fifth king, was meant. Richard Bentley created worry in modern readers by pointing out the oddity of Cato’s position in Horace’s list—after threeregesand before eight Republicanprincipes—and by arguing that Cato’s presence in a poem designed to compliment Julius Caesar’s adopted son was even odder. In a recent volume of this journal, A. Treloar defended Cato’s presence against the efforts of Bentley and others to extrude him by emendation and made a new suggestion about the identity of Tarquinius, namely that he was L. Tarquinius ‘Collatinus’, one of Brutus’ succession of colleagues in the first consulship. The issues which Treloar raised are interesting and will repay further discussion.
Frustration of Anticipation in Vergil, Eclogue vi?
Authors: McKay K.J.
Published: July 2016

When your friends within and without the A.S.C.S. were invited to contribute to the Festschrift planned in your honour, my Hellenistic Muse blanched at the fields chosen, Cicero and Vergil. It was, moreover, not enough to have new thoughts; they must, at least if the thinker had profited from your guidance at Melbourne both as student and colleague, make an effort to measure up to the quality of that guidance. Now in more co-operative mood my Muse, quae sera tamen respexit inertem, offers you some methodological comments, speculative in the nature of things, but I hope not too remote from a poetic application of your oft-voiced injunction to ‘Follow the argument’, which stood me in good stead from the Phaedo to the De Officiis.
The City and Inland Trittyes of Phyle VIII Hippothontis
Authors: Bicknell P.J.
Published: July 2016

ΔεȖρ’ [’ Eλε

υσινίον [τρ

ιττύς τελ[ε

υτāɩ, Περαι

õν δἑ τριττ

ύς ἄρχεται

ThusIGI2897, a trittys marker from the Peiraieus. It is likely that I2885, a horos from the Agora with the same formula, listed the same two trittyes in the same order.

IGI2901, a Peiraieus marker of earlier date and written from right to left, also names a trittys of Hippothontis. Wade-Gery restored the first four lines as follows.

ΔεȖρε Η[ɩπποθο

ν[τί]ς φυ[λέ τελε

υτᾱι Τε (or Ζε) [---ο

[ν] δέ τριτ[τύς

Eleusis was the largest coastal deme of Hippothontis and Peiraieus the largest city deme. Therefore the trittyes Eleusis and Peiraieus must be coastal and city respectively. Accordingly, it was taken for granted by Wade-Gery thatIGI2901 contained the name of Hippothontis’ inland trittys. Since no deme of Hippothontis starts with either zeta or with tau, it apparently follows, if Wade-Gery’s restoration is correct, that inland Hippothontis was not named after one of its constituent demes. Nor, like some other trittyes, can it have been named after one of the twelve poleis settled, according to Athenian tradition, by Kekrops. Although a parallel would exist (the inland trittys of the phyle Oineis was called Pedieis) an appropriate or even remotely plausible name for inland Hippothontis does not readily come to mind and one is puzzled thatDekeleia, the name both of the tribe’s largest inland deme and one of Kekrops’ poleis, was not chosen.
Silvanus and the Emperor Constantius II
Authors: Nutt D.C.
Published: July 2016

The sources which refer to Silvanus and his abortive usurpation are few and varied. They include a secular historian with a military background (Ammianus Marcellinus), a Roman emperor (Julian) and a lesser group composed of secular and ecclesiastical historians, orators and priests. Epigraphical evidence is slight. These sources are not of equal merit or value nor are they in absolute agreement. Indeed, the two major sources, Ammianus and Julian, differ substantially.
Euripides’Andromache: Observations on Form and Meaning
Authors: Lee K.H.
Published: July 2016

It is not certain that the ten annotated plays of Euripides came to be grouped by a process of selection based on some definite critical principle. In any case, it is something of a paradox that theAndromache, which has a long history of negative criticism, finds itself alongside plays, the reception of which has been much more favourable. The remark found in the second, probably Aristophanean, hypothesis: τό δέ δρμα τν δευτέρων has met with the agreement of several scholars who have found the play unsatisfactory. Verrall believed that on a straightforward reading the drama was worthless and unintelligible; Wilamowitz came to the conclusion that the play is ‘euripideisch in Gutem und Bösem und verdient die Zensur τν δευτέρων, die Aufnahme in eine Auswahl schwerlich’. According to Schmid-Stählin Euripides himself was not unaware of the drama’s shortcomings, for, as can be deduced from the scholium on 1. 445, he was too ashamed to produce it in Athens, and he did not, it seems, produce it in his own name.
Jordanes’ Understanding of the Usurpation of Eugenius
Authors: Croke Brian
Published: July 2016

The sixth-century bishop Jordanes was actually in the process of writing, in Constantinople, his de summa temporum vel origine actibusque gentis Romanorum (Romana, after Mommsen) when he was exhorted by his friend Castalius to undertake a summary of Cassiodorus’ Gothic history, de origine actibusque Getarum (Getica, after Mommsen). When he had completed the Getica Jordanes turned his attention once again to the Romana and soon finished it off, publishing it after the Getica in A.D. 551.
Odyssey 11. 90-4: Scholia, Text, Interpretation
Authors: Apthorp M.J.
Published: July 2016

In this article I shall argue that Od. 11.92, omitted by nearly all our MSS., is an interpolation. This position is far from being a new one, but a return to the question may perhaps be justified by the fact that the line was defended by M. van der Valk in 1949, printed by W.B. Stanford in his text without comment in 1959 and unquestioningly accepted as genuine by D.J. Stewart in 1976. However, the main purpose of this article will be to emend the V scholium on Od. 11.91 and to show that – whatever its precise text – it provides further testimony against line 92.
’HΔI∑TO∑ ΔAIMΩN
Authors: Descoeudres J.-P.
Published: July 2016

A curious scene (fig. 1) decorates the Attic lekythos BS 423 in the Antikenmuseum at Basel. It was drawn not long before 480 B.C. by the Diosphos Painter, a fairly prolific craftsman who rarely devoted to his pictures as much care and imagination as he did in this case. Specializing in the decoration of small vases such as lekythoi, alabastra and small neck-amphorae he is among those conservative painters in Athens’ Kerameikos of the earlier fifth century who continued to use the old black-figure technique which most workshops had by then abandoned in favour of the new red-figure technique invented around 530 B.C. But while the bulk of his work is in black-figure, most of his better pieces are in so-called Six’s technique. This technique is named after the Dutch scholar Jan Six who first studied it and involves drawing the figures on an all-black background by combining incised lines and added colours (mostly white, but for more elaborate scenes also pink and red). Of East Greek origin it came to Athens at the same time red-figure was invented, probably introduced by Nikosthenes whose workshop appears to have been instrumental in its promotion during the last decades of the sixth century. To take full advantage of the possibilities offered by it was, however, left to the Sappho and above all to his colleague, the Diosphos Painter, who improved its decorative appeal by achieving a more balanced distribution between added colours and incised lines. Substantial parts of his pictures are left in incised outline, without any colour added, and he is particularly fond of compositions in which an all-black figure drawn in pure outline contrasts with one that is painted in added white.
Some Deceptive Oracles: Sophocles,Electra32-7
Authors: Hester D.A.
Published: July 2016

Oracles, and especially the Delphic oracle, are notorious for the ambiguous and deceptive nature of their responses. Fontenrose has recently suggested that this notoriety is undeserved, firmly labelling ‘quasi-historical’ the celebrated anecdotes of Herodotus on which, above all, the reputation of the Delphic oracleis based. I do not intend to enter into controversy on the historical Delphic oracle; this paper deals exclusively with the literary Delphic oracle, enshrined in the pages of Herodotus; of its reputation there can be no doubt.
A Peculiar Restriction on Candidacy for Plebeian Office
Authors: Develin R.
Published: July 2016

It seems that not just anyone, however qualified by age and distinction, could sue for plebeian office. I have interpreted the lex Atinia (perhaps about the time of the Hannibalic War or shortly thereafter) as removing the prohibition on members of the senate becoming tribunes. That regulation, I would conjecture, had been operative since the early days of plebeian consulates, reflecting perhaps a tension between the popular office and the aristocratic council. But at the same time that this restriction was probably becoming out-moded or dysfunctional, another, more peculiar one was still alive and well.
Emerging Agricultural Problems for the Decade Ahead
Authors: Maddox James G.
Published: July 2016

Perhaps the first important question is, “Will the next few years be significantly different from those of the past decade”? Assuming that the world is not again engulfed in a war of major magnitude, it is probably safe to conclude that many of the agricultural problems of the 1960's will continue to be of importance well into the 1970's. The problems associated with a highly competitive industry in which output per man-hour of labor is increasing rapidly while the demand for its output is both inelastic and expanding slowly are not likely to disappear at an early date.

First let us focus attention on problem areas which may not be “new” in any basic sense of that word, but which are likely to be of increasing importance in the years immediately ahead.
Toward Farm Policy Requirements for the 1970's to Improve the Well-Being of Rural America
Authors: Schaller W. Neill , Hildreth R. J.
Published: July 2016

In past decades, agricultural policy was always thought of as policy toward farmers who produce our food and fiber or other rural people who depend on farmers for their livelihood. Accordingly, past policies were translated into programs of research, education, electrification, price supports, and related commodity programs.

After a time, it was realized that many farmers did not benefit from price and income programs in particular. They lacked the resources to enter the commercial market through which price programs operated. It was decided that the problems facing these people called for credit and other special programs to help them graduate into the commercial field.
Morphology, Modes of Behavior, and Measures of Market Power: A Framework for Evaluating the Impact of Industrialization of Southern Agriculture on Markets and Market Structure
Authors: King Richard A.
Published: July 2016

In spite of the volume of literature produced over the years reflecting concern over the present state of the arts, the situation is likely to continue. However, there are several new ideas that offer some promise for improving our understanding and ability to project new relationships in the agribusiness sector of the Southern region.

Although the title of this article implies a one-way set of forces working from agricultural industrialization to market structure, some of our colleagues regard this relationship as a two way process with forces at work in each sector having strong impacts on the other. It is these interdependencies that make the task of model building so difficult and empirical analysis so complex.
General Cropland Retirement: Effects on the South of Retiring Low-Net-Return Acreage vs. Retiring High-Cost Production
Authors: Zepp Glenn A. , Sharples Jerry A.
Published: July 2016

Recently renewed interest has been shown in new programs for United States Agriculture. Long-term cropland retirement is one of the proposals that has received serious consideration.

This report presents for consideration some insight gained on only one facet of general cropland retirement. Selecting which cropland to retire and its effect on the South in particular, have been considered under two different criteria. Both criteria retire cropland and production but the emphases differ.
The Federal Role in Small Area Planning
Authors: Cook Neil R.
Published: July 2016

Water resource planning is accomplished at several levels—individual projects and small watersheds, sub-basins, regional framework plans, and finally, national planning at the Water Resource Council and congressional committee levels, in ascending geographic scope. All planning efforts are in some measure guided by the statement in Senate Document 97 that, “All viewpoints (national, regional, state and local) shall be fully considered and taken into account in planning resource use and development”. However, the consideration of various viewpoints does not necessarily make them compatible. A plan once formulated favors a particular point of view over others. The local point of view generally carries more weight than the national point of view because: (1) more projects can be justified on the basis of their net value to local interests rather than the public at large, and (2) the local economic effects of a project are more readily identifiable and more easily analyzed than are the net national effects.
Quarterly Egg Production Estimators
Authors: Hoffman Robert G.
Published: July 2016

Egg production is a continuous process determined by the number of layers in the nation's flock and the rate at which they produce. Annual production usually varies little from year to year. However, economic and biological factors with accompanying management considerations cause production to vary seasonally with peaks usually occurring in the second quarter.

Total egg production statistics include eggs produced for human consumption as well as hatching purposes. The impact of changes in total egg production on farm prices is difficult to assess since eggs used for hatching (primarily broilers) and table eggs are influenced by different economic and structural factors.
Systems Analysis Approach to Selection of Farm Equipment
Authors: Osborn James E. , Barrick Wendell C.
Published: July 2016

Farming practices in the United States have been shifting from labor intensive to relatively more capital intensive methods with simultaneous development of larger implements and more powerful tractors. In 1956, the largest general purpose farm tractor available was about 57 horsepower, but by 1969 several tractors in excess of 130 horsepower were available. Estimates by the United States Department of Agriculture indicate that by 1970 the average tractor sold will be about 80 horsepower compared with approximately 68 horsepower in 1967.
Data and Models for Effective Research and Development in Pollution Control
Authors: North Ronald M.
Published: July 2016

The quality of our environment is of great concern in our society today. Hence, we are personally and academically concerned. One general topic is directed toward “The Economics of Pollution Control.” I much prefer to approach this subject from the point of view of the optimist and define our orientation as that of opportunity and positive attitude toward our environment. Thus, we approach the subject in terms of the quality of our environment, rather than in terms of pollution control. The shock effects, from discussing pollution, have registered with most of us so we can proceed with the opportunity to improve the quality of our environment.
Negative Income Taxes, Childrens' Allowances and the Family Assistance Plan-Benefits to People with Farm Earnings
Authors: Reinsel Edward I.
Published: July 2016

Our society has demonstrated distaste for the poverty that exists in our midst and dissatisfaction with present welfare programs. Though numerous plans have been suggested, there is as yet no comprehensive measure to alleviate income problems and replace current welfare programs. Among suggested programs are various negative income tax plans, childrens' allowances and the Family Assistance Plan. The negative tax plans examined include variations from those originally proposed, but will be identified by the name of the original author whose plan they are most like. The Family Assistance Plan was outlined by President Nixon in August 1969.
Cattle Cycles Revisited
Authors: Franzmann John R.
Published: July 2016

In general, investigations of the cattle cycle have concentrated on the cyclical fluctuations in inventories based on the number of head of cattle on farms as of January 1. The emphasis in studies of the cycle in numbers appears to be on providing a system of logic to explain why a cycle could or even should exist. Very little attention has been given to describing in any precise manner, the characteristics of “the cycle.”
Actual Versus Potential Growth of a Farm Firm: An Ex Post Analysis
Authors: Humberd D. R.
Published: July 2016

As agriculture adapts to the seventies, farm businesses are faced with several adjustment problems. Many farm firms must grow into a more viable economic unit or be forced to exit from farming. For some firms, growth will require gaining control over additional land resources, while for others, expansion will require a more intensive use of presently controlled resources.
Economic Implications of Alternative Allocations of an Exhaustible Irrigation Water Supply
Authors: Lacewell Ronald D. , Grubb H. W.
Published: July 2016

Groundwater is the predominant source of water for the 7,969 thousand acres of irrigated agriculture in Texas [5, p. 4.5]. Over 65 percent of Texas' irrigated acreage is watered from the Ogallala formation of the Texas High Plains. As opposed to conditions in other aquifers, the Ogallala does not receive appreciable recharge. Although the aquifer underlies virtually all of the 28,125 square mile High Plains land area, in many areas the aquifer is relatively thin (less than 100 feet) and in all areas the underlying water supply is expected to be exhausted in the foreseeable future. The average annual decline of the water table underlying irrigated acres of the High Plains has been approximately 3.5 feet.
Estimating Intercounty Employment Linkages in a Multi-County Development District
Authors: Schreiner Dean , Muncrief George , Davis Bob
Published: July 2016

Association of costs and benefits from rural development is becoming more important as we become more knowledgeable about the actual processes of economic growth. Measuring the geographic distribution or multiple-level benefits is hypothesized as being important for the purpose of creating incentives for further development and growth. This may be necessary, in part, because certain jurisdictional groups are unaware of the benefits and hence do not show initiative in investing (i.e., bearing the costs) in rural development.
Quality of Schooling in Rural Areas
Authors: West Jerry G. , Osburn Donald D.
Published: July 2016

The report of the President's Commission on Rural Poverty stressed the need for improvement in rural schools. Numerous studies have pointed to this need for improvement and have identified ways in which rural schools are inferior to urban schools. The current stress on rural development and improved infrastructure in rural areas further supports the importance of this topic. But what is a good measure of quality when schooling is being considered?
Educational Programs for Commercial Agriculture and Agribusiness
Authors: Holt John , Pugh Charles R. , Brant William L.
Published: July 2016

Selected problems and opportunities inherent in educational work with large Agricultural and Agribusiness firms are examined in this paper. The problems arise largely because of the increasing size and complexity of today's large firms; the nature of their requests for assistance; and existing means of teaching the personnel of those firms. The opportunities lie in helping solve their problems in a manner which retains University contact with this important audience without disrupting academic budgets and faculty relationships.
The Use of Extraneous Information in the Development of a Policy Simulation Model
Authors: Ray Daryll E.
Published: July 2016

A number of highly aggregated policy simulation models have been developed for the U.S. agricultural sector. While these models are useful in providing broad-stroke sketches of the effects of alternative farm policies, they have been criticized for their lack of commodity detail. Individuals, organizations and congressmen from a cattle producing state, as an example, are more interested in the impact of a changed agricultural policy on cattle prices and incomes than its effect on the income of all farmers. The reason most often given for not disaggregating by commodity groups is the researcher's reluctance to quantify opportunities for substitution among commodities in production and consumption. However, there may be more agreement on the relative magnitudes of supply and demand elasticities for individual commodities than the price elasticities of supply and demand for all farm output. Hence, a disaggregated model may distort reality much less than a highly aggregated model and at the same time provide detail on indirect effects of proposed policies that is so often sought by policy makers.
The Incompatibility of the Average Investment Method for Calculating Interest Costs with the Principle of Alternative Opportunities
Authors: Walrath Arthur J.
Published: July 2016

“The rate of interest charged should be … the amount the money could earn in an alternative investment. Interest is commonly charged at 6 percent on the average value of the machinery. …” This is a quotation taken from a bulletin published in 1965. Similar statements can be found in many publications. That bulletin has recently been revised. In the revision, the first part of that statement is still recognized, but the average investment method is not used to calculate interest costs.

In the first sentence, the principle of alternative opportunities is accepted, i.e., the minimum acceptable rate of return is that which the investor can obtain in an alternative investment that he would be willing to make. In general, economists agree that this is the rate that should be used in analyzing investment opportunities.
Cash Flows and Financing in Texas Agriculture
Authors: Robison Lindon J. , Barry Peter J. , Hopkin John A.
Published: July 2016

The rapid increase of real estate debt and nonreal estate debt outstanding in the farm sector at the national level is well documented [e.g., 2, 4, 6]. Reasons for these increases include the rapid consolidation of land ownership, continuing adoption of capital intensive technology, greater off-farm purchases of operating inputs, increases in land values, and other such factors. On the one hand the ability of the farm sector to attract this debt is encouraging. Yet, serious questions arise concerning agriculture's liquidity position, repayment capacity, and the actual performance of its finance market. Much of the increased debt came from land sellers, other individuals, and merchants and dealers. None of these are specialized lenders.
The Use of Economic Analysis in the Tennessee Valley Authority: The Case of the Duck River Project
Authors: Shabman Leonard A.
Published: July 2016

In September, 1968 the Tennessee Valley Authority recommended construction of two dams on the Duck River in middle Tennessee. Subsequently, an environmental impact statement (EIS) was prepared which further described the plan and provided a summary of the national economic efficiency justification for its implementaion. Table 1 summarizes the EIS justification. However, the accuracy of the EIS analysis may be subject to question. This paper evaluates the sensitivity of the EIS national economic analysis to changes in expansion benefit estimates, reconsideration of cost estimates and their use, and the discount rate used for analysis. Also discussed is the consideration given to alternatives to the Duck River Project, and institutional limitations on the TVA's mission that affect the use of economic analysis.
Determinants of Rural Property Values in Georgia
Authors: Drummond H. Evan , White Fred C.
Published: July 2016

Recent patterns of rural land use in Georgia have stressed urban aggrandizement and the transformation of a significant portion of the available rural land into forests. The area covered by commercial forests in Georgia has increased 21 percent over the past quarter century to the point where two out of every three acres in Georgia are presently growing tree crops. During the 1958-68 decade the proportion of land in farms in Georgia fell from 31.3 percent to 27.0 percent, representing a withdrawal of approximately 1.6 million acres from farm use. As a partial consequence of this shift in rural land use patterns, the price of farm land over the past ten years has increased more rapidly in Georgia than in any other state but one.
An Economic Analysis of Policies Protecting Small Business in the Milk Industry
Authors: Harris H. M. , Knutson R. D. , French C. E.
Published: July 2016

Regulatory activity to maintain the status of the independent milk company as a viable competitive force in the milk industry has been a central focus of regulatory policy since the 1930's. Some authorities question the degree of emphasis on preservation under the law, but most feel that there is an important element of protection embodied in regulatory activity affecting the industry. We feel that this aspect of the law is important and is the focus of this article.

Legal protection of the independent dairy is afforded from three sources. The Robinson-Patman Act, which prohibits firms from discriminating in price where the effect may be to substantially lessen competition, has been enforced extensively by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) on behalf of independent milk companies. For example, of 53 complaints filed by the FTC from June 1950 to June 1964, nine were against dairy companies. Independent firms have protected their own position under the law in treble damage private litigation. As a group, the national and regional dairy concerns have been involved in almost continuous treble damage litigation on charges of discriminatory pricing in recent years.
Spatial Price Differences During Market Trade Transitions
Authors: Ikerd John E.
Published: July 2016

Interregional trade and associated price differences between regions has been the subject of extensive economic analysis. Trade patterns reflect intraregional supply and demand conditions and transfer cost among regions. Once patterns of trade are established, price differences among regions simply reflect transfer cost from exporting to importing regions. But, patterns of trade do not necessarily remain stable over time.
Marketing Efficiency and Equity: A Case Study of an Area's Cotton Ginning Industry
Authors: Fuller Stephen , Eastman Clyde , Dewbre Joe
Published: July 2016

Applied economists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to document the social rates of return to investment in research and to analyze how the benefits and costs brought about by the adoption of a research product are distributed among affected groups. Relatively little empirical work has been done on these interrelated topics. Griliches made an early contribution to the subject of social rates of return in his essay dealing with the hybridization of corn.
Interregional and Interseasonal Competition in the U. S. Beef Industry: An Application of Reactive Programming
Authors: Pendse Dilip , Youde James
Published: July 2016

Interregional and interseasonal competition in the U.S. beef industry have been studied extensively during the past decade. Linear programming, quadratic programming, simulation, and various other econometric models have formed the analytical frameworks in these studies.

Reactive programming was first introduced as a useful tool in analyzing interregional competition problems by Tramel and Seale in 1959. Since that time, it has been utilized on a limited basis in spatial analyses in general, and the beef sector in particular. Goodwin used reactive programming in analyzing feeder cattle distribution patterns in the Southwest. In 1972, King and Ho reported a revised reactive programming algorithm and three illustrations of its applicability.
Effect on Milk Production and Income Over Feed Cost from Following Less than Optimum Management Strategies Related to Dairy Cow Replacement
Authors: Rundell Richard W.
Published: July 2016

Dairy farmers, as profit maximizers, are constantly striving to expand the income producing ability of their dairy herds. As managers of their business, their direct concern is to attain high production per cow and enhance the average quality of their herd by removal of the unprofitable producers. They are also striving to earn a large income above feed costs, since feed costs comprise 50 percent or more of the costs of production. This value must be high enough to pay for the other costs of production, including a return to capital and operators labor, to return a profit. Proper culling or the identification and subsequent removal of the lower producing cows from a herd is important because of the increased average milk production and the resulting increased income above feed costs.
Determining Locations for Rural Medical Clinics: A Model and Its Use
Authors: Hardy William E. , Marshall J. Paxton , Faris J. Edwin
Published: July 2016

One of the nation's most serious problems is the lack of uniform access to health and medical care for all members of the population. This problem is most prominent in inner city and rural areas.

The existing inequities in the health care system are often blamed on a national shortage of medical manpower and associated facilities. The distribution of these limited resources intensifies this apparent shortage. For example, the doctor per person ratio is 1:518 in New York, 1:1,340 in Mississippi, and 1:1,448 in Arkansas. Even wider differences exist within some state boundaries. In Virginia, the ratio is 1:558 in metropolitan areas and 1:2,243 in rural areas.
Rural Industrialization: A Local Income Analysis
Authors: Shaffer Ron E.
Published: July 2016

Rural industrial development is advocated as a means of improving the economic status of residents in lagging rural areas. A recent USDA report stated, “One of the main problems in Rural America is the lack of employment opportunities. With advances in agricultural technology, farm-related jobs are decreasing and other forms of employment must be found”.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the economic impact of industrial expansion in rural areas. The specific emphasis will be the potential effect on locally disadvantaged people – the poor and underemployed. The question is not are jobs and income opportunities created, but for whom are they created. Ideally, those who benefit are the underemployed, poor and near poor; but this need not be the case.
Entropy Measures of Spatial Concentration in Poultry Processing
Authors: Sporleder Thomas L.
Published: July 2016

The theory of industrial organization provides a conceptual base for investigation of the market structure of specialized industries. A number of measures of concentration exist which have been applied to market structure investigations. These measures are utilized to quantify seller concentration in an effort to classify individual markets with respect to relative competitiveness.
Application of a Plant Location Model to an Area's Cotton Ginning Industry
Authors: Fuller Stephen , Washburn Monty
Published: July 2016

The conventional cotton marketing system includes characteristics that impair its efficiency. This paper reports on a study which examined the potential operational efficiency gains in that portion of the system which involved the flow of seed cotton from the field through the ginning process. Up to 70 percent of the annual production is harvested in three to four weeks; the rest is harvested and processed during the remaining 3 1/2 to 4 months of the ginning season.