bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parent‐ and teacher‐rated emotion regulation strategies in relation to preschoolers’ attachment representations: A longitudinal perspective
Authors: Stefan Catrinel A. , Negrean Diana
Published: July 2021

The current study's aim was to investigate longitudinally the extent to which individual differences in attachment influence children's general and emotion‐specific (anger, sadness, fear) regulatory skills. A sample of 229 preschool‐age children participated in this study. Children's internal working models of attachment and verbal abilities were assessed at baseline, whereas parents and teachers reported on children's use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies at both baseline and 7 months follow‐up. The results indicated that: (1) parent and teacher ratings of children's use of ER strategies exhibited low cross‐informant correlations; and (2) significant longitudinal patterns of attachment representation effects on ER were found in relation to co‐regulation and under‐regulation, but not for self‐regulation and over‐regulation. More precisely, securely attached children more frequently used teachers as a source of co‐regulation, particularly for anger and sadness, compared to avoidantly attached children. Furthermore, secure children were less likely to exhibit under‐regulation compared to preschoolers classified as disorganized or insecure avoidant, especially in relation to anger. These findings may be informative for designing parent and teacher trainings focused on enhancing children's ER skills and reducing the risk of psychopathology.
Advancements in observing behavior in preschool classrooms: A new audiovisual approach
Authors: Thibodeau‐Nielsen Rachel B. , White Rachel E. , Palermo Francisco
Published: July 2021

This article outlines a new method for collecting observational data in preschool classrooms using a combination of state‐of‐the‐art audio and visual equipment, including omnidirectional cameras. This audiovisual recording method capitalizes on the advantages of existing in‐person and mechanical observational designs. For example, the technique presented in this paper allows researchers to seamlessly follow multiple children as they move throughout their classroom and clearly hear conversations among children in noisy settings without having to be present in the observation environment. In addition to providing a step‐by‐step, practical guide for how researchers can use this observational technique in their own work, we give evidence that this method will allow researchers to obtain an incredibly detailed picture of children's behaviors and activities in a fraction of the time and with fewer personnel than is typically required of existing observational designs.
Children manage their reputation by caring about gossip
Authors: Shinohara Asami , Kanakogi Yasuhiro , Okumura Yuko , Kobayashi Tessei
Published: July 2021

Individuals engage in reputation management by adjusting their behaviour in front of others. As gossip plays an important role in human society, individuals need to concern themselves with not only a present observer's evaluations but also non‐present people's impressions. In this study, we investigated whether 4‐ and 8‐year‐old children (N = 144) would adjust their sharing behaviours when presented with the possibility of an observer's gossiping. We manipulated whether the receiver of gossip could identify the child being gossiped about by using real‐life group boundaries. The children shared their treats with an anonymous peer in front of an observer under three conditions. In the same‐group gossip condition, the observer told the children that she would report their behaviour to their friends. In the different‐group gossip condition, the children's behaviours were to be reported to an unknown peer (from a different kindergarten or elementary school). In the no‐gossip condition, the observer would not gossip. Children from both age groups shared more treats in the two gossip conditions than in the no‐gossip circumstance, regardless of whether the gossip receiver could identify them. These findings suggest that 4‐ and 8‐year‐old children attempt to manage their reputation when they could be a target of gossip.
The delivery of palliative and end-of-life care to adolescents and young adults living with cancer: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Drake Emily K. , Weeks Lori E. , van Manen Michael , Curran Janet , McKibbon Shelley
Published: July 2021

Objective:

This review will provide an overview of the evidence on the delivery of palliative and end-of-life care to adolescents and young adults living with cancer, by identifying knowledge gaps and discussing the key characteristics and types of evidence in this field.

Introduction:

Adolescents and young adults receive their diagnoses at an important stage of development, and often access health systems that are ill-equipped to deal with them, leading to many unmet needs. Some of these needs can be addressed by holistic palliative care services. A better understanding of the literature in this area is needed to identify what is known about the delivery of care to adolescents and young adults.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider studies that pertain to the delivery of palliative and end-of-life care for adolescents and young adults living with cancer. Relevant research may be in the context of ambulatory services, advance care planning, palliative care units, home care, hospices, and end-of-lifecare facilities. Studies that concern other oncology populations will be excluded.

Methods:

CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), APA PsycINFO (EBSCO), and Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index; Clarivate Analytics) databases will be searched, along with other sources of gray literature. No date limit will be set. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts for studies that meet the review's inclusion criteria and the fulltext of eligible studies will be reviewed. Data from studies that are eligible for inclusion will be extracted using two independent reviewers and presented in a tabular form with an accompanying narrative summary.
Characteristic Law of Borehole Deformation Induced by the Temperature Change in the Surrounding Rock of Deep Coalbed Methane Well
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Jie , Li Cuinan , Chen Weilin , He Jingbin , Zheng Yundong , Li Rongxin
Published: July 2021

The borehole stability of the coalbed methane (CBM) well has always been vital in deep CBM exploration and development. The borehole instability of the deep CBM well is due to many complicated reasons. The change in the surrounding rock temperature is an important and easily overlooked factor among many reasons. In this research, we used methods that include experiment and numerical simulation to study the characteristic law of the borehole deformation induced by the changes in the surrounding rock temperature of deep CBM well. The experimental results of the stress–strain curves of five sets of experiments show that when the experimental temperature rises from 40 °C to 100 °C, the average stress when coal samples are broken gradually decreases from 81.09 MPa to 72.71 MPa. The proportion of plastic deformation in the entire deformation stage gradually increases from 7.8% to 25.7%. Moreover, the characteristics that some key mechanical parameters of coal samples change with the experimental temperature are fitted, and results show that as the experimental temperature rises from 40 °C to 100 °C, the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and main crack length of coal samples show a gradually decreasing trend. By contrast, Poisson’s ratio and primary fracture angle show a gradually increasing trend. Moreover, the relativity of the linear equations obtained by fitting is all close to 1, which can accurately reflect the corresponding change trend. Numerical simulation results show that a high temperature of the surrounding rock of the deep CBM well results in a high range of stress concentration on the coal seam borehole and high deformation.
The FDTD Analysis of Near-Field Response for Microgroove Structure With Standing Wave Illumination for the Realization of Coherent Structured Illumination Microscopy
Authors: Guan Yizhao , Kume Hiromasa , Kadoya Shotaro , Michihata Masaki , Takahashi Satoru
Published: July 2021

Microstructures are widely used in the manufacture of functional surfaces. An optical-based super-resolution, non-invasive method is preferred for the inspection of surfaces with massive microstructures. The structured illumination microscopy (SIM) uses standing-wave illumination to reach optical super-resolution. Recently, coherent SIM is being studied. It can obtain not only the super-resolved intensity distribution but also the phase and amplitude distribution of the sample surface beyond the diffraction limit. By analysis of the phase-depth dependency, the depth measurement for microgroove structures with coherent SIM is expected. FDTD analysis is applied for observing the near-field response of microgroove under the standing-wave illumination. The near-field phase shows depth dependency in this analysis. Moreover, the effects from microgroove width, the incident angle, and the relative position between the standing-wave peak and center of the microgroove are investigated. It is found the near-field phase change can measure depth until 200 nm (aspect ratio 1) with an error of up to 20.4 nm in the case that the microgroove width is smaller than half of the wavelength.
Additive Manufacturing of Porous Ceramics With Foaming Agent
Authors: Guo Zipeng , An Lu , Lakshmanan Sushil , Armstrong Jason N. , Ren Shenqiang , Zhou Chi
Published: July 2021

The macro-porous ceramics has promising durability and thermal insulation performance. As porous ceramics find more and more applications across many industries, a cost-effective and scalable additive manufacturing technique for fabricating macro-porous ceramics is highly desirable. Herein, we reported a facile additive manufacturing approach to fabricate porous ceramics and control the printed porosity. Several printable ceramic inks were prepared, and the foaming agent was added to generate gaseous bubbles in the ink, followed by the direct ink writing and the ambient-pressure and room-temperature drying to create the three-dimensional geometries. A set of experimental studies were performed to optimize the printing quality. The results revealed the optimal process parameters for printing the foamed ceramic ink with a high spatial resolution and fine surface quality. Varying the concentration of the foaming agent enables the controllability of the structural porosity. The maximum porosity can reach 85%, with a crack-free internal porous structure. The tensile tests showed that the printed macro-porous ceramics possessed enhanced durability with the addition of fiber. With a high-fidelity three-dimensional (3D) printing process and the precise controllability of the porosity, we showed that the printed samples exhibited a remarkably low thermal conductivity and durable mechanical strength.
Reaction-Diffusion Modeling of Photopolymerization During Femtosecond Projection Two-Photon Lithography
Authors: Pingali Rushil , Saha Sourabh K.
Published: July 2021

Two-photon lithography (TPL) is a polymerization-based direct laser writing process that is capable of fabricating arbitrarily complex three-dimensional (3D) structures with submicron features. Traditional TPL techniques have limited scalability due to the slow point-by-point serial writing scheme. The femtosecond projection TPL (FP-TPL) technique increases printing rate by a thousand times by enabling layer-by-layer parallelization. However, parallelization alters the time and the length scales of the underlying polymerization process. It is therefore challenging to apply the models of serial TPL to accurately predict process outcomes during FP-TPL. To solve this problem, we have generated a finite element model of the polymerization process on the time and length scales relevant to FP-TPL. The model is based on the reaction-diffusion mechanism that underlies polymerization. We have applied this model to predict the geometry of nanowires printed under a variety of conditions and compared these predictions against empirical data. Our model accurately predicts the nanowire widths. However, accuracy of aspect ratio prediction is hindered by uncertain values of the chemical properties of the photopolymer. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate that the reaction-diffusion model can accurately capture the effect of controllable parameters on FP-TPL process outcome and can therefore be used for process control and optimization.
Hybrid-Light-Source Stereolithography for Fabricating Macro-Objects With Micro-Textures
Authors: Jia Wenxuan , Leung Yuen-Shan , Mao Huachao , Xu Han , Zhou Chi , Chen Yong
Published: July 2021

Microscale surface structures are commonly found on macroscale bodies of natural creatures for their unique functions. However, it is difficult to fabricate such multi-scale geometry with conventional stereolithography processes that rely on either laser or digital micromirror device (DMD). More specifically, the DMD-based mask projection method displays the image of a cross section of the part on the resin to fabricate the entire layer efficiently; however, its display resolution is limited by the building area. In comparison, the laser-based vector scanning method builds smooth features using a focused laser beam with desired beam-width resolution; however, it has less throughput for its sequential nature. In this paper, we studied the hybrid-light-source stereolithography process that integrates both optical light sources to facilitate the fabrication of macro-objects with microscale surface structures (called micro-textures in the paper). The hardware system uses a novel calibration approach that ensures pixel-level dimensional accuracy across the two light sources. The software system enables designing the distribution and density of specific microscale textures on a macro-object by generating projection images and laser toolpaths for the two integrated light sources. Several test cases were fabricated to demonstrate the capability of the developed process. A large fabrication area (76.8–80.0 mm) with 50 μm micro-features can be achieved with a high throughput.
Influence of Temperature-Dependent Physical Properties on Liquid Metal Droplet Impact Dynamics
Authors: Chowdhury Akash , Bhattacharya Anandaroop , Bandyopadhyay P. P.
Published: July 2021

The dynamics of a metal droplet impacting on a substrate surface has been studied numerically in this report. Numerical solutions of the Navier–Stokes and energy equations show the evolution of the droplet as it spreads upon impact with the substrate while simultaneously undergoing solidification. The interplay of different forces including inertia, viscous, and surface tension, coupled with solidification of the molten material in layers lead to complex flow dynamics. The change in density and viscosity owing to a change in temperature resulting from the cooling process is found to influence the spreading of the droplet significantly. The model was exercised for three different materials, namely, aluminum, copper, and nickel to determine the final splat radius as well as the spreading time. The surface tension forces as well as solidification rates were found to be the dominant factors in determining the above parameters as well as the shape of the splat during spreading. The results were found to be in good agreement with an existing analytical model.
Resource Letter RP-1: Race and physics
Authors: Rosa Katemari , Blue Jennifer , Hyater-Adams Simone , Cochran Geraldine L. , Prescod-Weinstein Chanda
Published: July 2021

This Resource Letter introduces theory, frameworks, research, and historical information that connect the experiences of people from ethnic/racial groups that have been minoritized and marginalized in science with a focus on physics. This resource is intended for all physicists who teach, advise, work in research groups with, and interact with other people. We start this report with an introduction to orient the audience and situate the resources to follow. We hope this Resource Letter will not only provide resources for the audience to review, but additionally generate conversation and discussions that can serve as a catalyst for making needed changes in physics and physics education.
Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome: A Diagnostic Enigma. Case Report and Current Concepts Review
Authors: Miller Timothy L. , Backs Rose
Published: July 2021

Presented here is the case of a 16-year-old male cross-country runner with chronic leg pain who was diagnosed with popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. An extensive workup was performed on the athlete that eventually included a postexercise arteriogram to reach the diagnosis. Ultimately the athlete’s symptoms required him to undergo bilateral leg surgeries to decompress the popliteal arteries. Extensive collaboration between athletic trainers, physical therapists, orthopedic surgery, sports medicine, and vascular surgery was required to treat the athlete’s condition and return him to distance running.
The Utility of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire to Detect Markers Consistent With Low Energy Availability-Related Conditions in a Mixed-Sport Cohort
Authors: Rogers Margot A. , Drew Michael K. , Appaneal Renee , Lovell Greg , Lundy Bronwen , Hughes David , Vlahovich Nicole , Waddington Gordon , Burke Louise M.
Published: July 2021

The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) was validated to identify risk of the female athlete triad (triad) in female endurance athletes. This study explored the ability of the LEAF-Q to detect conditions related to low energy availability (LEA) in a mixed sport cohort of female athletes. Data included the LEAF-Q, SCOFF Questionnaire for disordered eating, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived body composition and bone mineral density, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, blood pressure, and blood metabolic and reproductive hormones. Participants were grouped according to LEAF-Q score (≥8 or <8), and a comparison of means was undertaken. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the overall score and subscale scores were calculated in relation to the triad and biomarkers relevant to LEA. Fisher’s exact test explored differences in prevalence of these conditions between groups. Seventy-five athletes (18–32 years) participated. Mean LEAF-Q score was 8.0 ± 4.2 (55% scored ≥8). Injury and menstrual function subscale scores identified low bone mineral density (100% sensitivity, 95% confidence interval [15.8%, 100%]) and menstrual dysfunction (80.0% sensitivity, 95% confidence interval [28.4%, 99.5%]), respectively. The gastrointestinal subscale did not detect surrogate markers of LEA. LEAF-Q score cannot be used to classify athletes as “high risk” of conditions related to LEA, nor can it be used as a surrogate diagnostic tool for LEA given the low specificity identified. Our study supports its use as a screening tool to rule out risk of LEA-related conditions or to create selective low-risk groups that do not need management as there were generally high negative predictive values (range 76.5–100%) for conditions related to LEA.
CYP1A2 Genotype Modifies the Effects of Caffeine Compared With Placebo on Muscle Strength in Competitive Male Athletes
Authors: Wong Oriana , Marshall Keiko , Sicova Marc , Guest Nanci S. , García-Bailo Bibiana , El-Sohemy Ahmed
Published: July 2021

Caffeine is commonly used to improve athletic performance across a variety of sports. Previously, the CYP1A2 gene has been shown to modify the effects of caffeine on endurance performance. The effect of caffeine on strength and power activities is unclear and may differ depending on an individual’s CYP1A2 genotype. A randomized controlled trial was used to determine whether caffeine impacts strength and power, determined by the handgrip and vertical jump tests, respectively, and whether CYP1A2 genotype modifies any effects. Competitive male athletes (age = 25 ± 4 years) completed vertical jump (n = 97), and handgrip tests (n = 102) under three conditions: 0 (placebo), 2, or 4 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body mass (in milligrams per kilogram). CYP1A2 (rs762551) genotype was determined from saliva samples. No differences between caffeine doses and placebo were observed for strength or power; however, significant Caffeine × Gene interactions were observed for all exercise tests. Individuals with the CC genotype experienced a 12.8% decrease in handgrip strength with 4 mg/kg of caffeine compared with placebo (53 ± 11 kg vs. 61 ± 17 kg, p = .02). No differences were observed in those with the AC or AA genotypes. Despite observing a significant Caffeine × Gene interaction for vertical jump performance, no differences were observed between caffeine doses and placebo for all genotypes. In summary, caffeine (4 mg/kg) worsened handgrip strength performance in those with the CC genotype, but no differences were observed in those with the AC or AA genotypes. Athletes may want to consider their CYP1A2 genotype prior to using caffeine to improve muscle strength.
A recombinant spike protein subunit vaccine confers protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in hamsters
Authors: Wu Yangtao , Huang Xiaofen , Yuan Lunzhi , Wang Shaojuan , Zhang Yali , Xiong Hualong , Chen Rirong , Ma Jian , Qi Ruoyao , Nie Meifeng , Xu Jingjing , Zhang Zhigang , Chen Liqiang , Wei Min , Zhou Ming , Cai Minping , Shi Yang , Zhang Liang , Yu Huan , Hong Junping , Wang Zikang , Hong Yunda , Yue Mingxi , Li Zonglin , Chen Dabing , Zheng Qingbing , Li Shaowei , Chen Yixin , Cheng Tong , Zhang Jun , Zhang Tianying , Zhu Huachen , Zhao Qinjian , Yuan Quan , Guan Yi , Xia Ningshao
Published: July 2021

A SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit vaccine induced humoral and cellular immune responses that protected hamsters against infection and prevented transmission.
Persister Escherichia coli Cells Have a Lower Intracellular pH than Susceptible Cells but Maintain Their pH in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
Authors: Goode Olivia , Smith Ashley , Zarkan Ashraf , Cama Jehangir , Invergo Brandon M. , Belgami Daaniyah , Caño-Muñiz Santiago , Metz Jeremy , O’Neill Paul , Jeffries Aaron , Norville Isobel H. , David Jonathan , Summers David , Pagliara Stefano
Published: July 2021

Persister and VBNC cells can phenotypically survive environmental stressors, such as antibiotic treatment, limitation of nutrients, and acid stress, and have been linked to chronic infections and antimicrobial resistance. It has recently been suggested that pH regulation might play a role in an organism’s phenotypic survival to antibiotics; however, this hypothesis remains to be tested.
Engineered Type Six Secretion Systems Deliver Active Exogenous Effectors and Cre Recombinase
Authors: Hersch Steven J. , Lam Linh , Dong Tao G.
Published: July 2021

Delivery of protein-based drugs, antigens, and gene-editing agents has broad applications. The type VI protein secretion system (T6SS) can target both bacteria and eukaryotic cells and deliver proteins of diverse size and function.
Absence of CD28-CTLA4-PD-L1 Costimulatory Molecules Reduces Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Reactivation
Authors: Matundan Harry H. , Jaggi Ujjaldeep , Yu Jack , Akbari Omid , Ghiasi Homayon
Published: July 2021

Costimulatory molecules play an important role in activation of T cell responses, and T cells contribute to HSV-1-induced eye disease in the host. Similar to HSV-1 ICP22, the cellular costimulatory molecules CD28, CTLA4, and PD-L1 also bind to CD80.
Evolutionary Tracking of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variants Highlights an Intricate Balance of Stabilizing and Destabilizing Mutations
Authors: Jacob Jobin John , Vasudevan Karthick , Pragasam Agila Kumari , Gunasekaran Karthik , Veeraraghavan Balaji , Mutreja Ankur
Published: July 2021

Since its initial isolation in Wuhan, China, large numbers of SARS CoV-2 genome sequences have been shared in publicly accessible repositories, thus enabling scientists to do detailed evolutionary analysis. We investigated the evolutionarily associated mutational diversity overlaid on the major phylogenetic lineages circulating globally, using 513 representative genomes. We detailed the phylogenetic persistence of key variants facilitating global expansion of the PANGOLIN variant B.1, including the recent, fast-expanding, B.1.1.7 lineage.
Visualization and Analysis of the Dynamic Assembly of a Heterologous Lantibiotic Biosynthesis Complex in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Chen Jingqi , van Heel Auke J. , Kuipers Oscar P.
Published: July 2021

Nisin is a model antimicrobial peptide for LanBC-modified lantibiotics that are modified and transported by a membrane synthetase complex. Although the subcellular localization and the assembly process of such a complex in
L. lactis
have been described in our recent work J.
Near-Pan-neutralizing, Plasma Deconvoluted Antibody N49P6 Mimics Host Receptor CD4 in Its Quaternary Interactions with the HIV-1 Envelope Trimer
Authors: Tolbert William D. , Nguyen Dung N. , Tehrani Zahra Rikhtegaran , Sajadi Mohammad M. , Pazgier Marzena
Published: July 2021

Binding to target cell CD4 is the first crucial step required for HIV-1
infection. Thus, the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) is one of the most accessible
sites for antibodies (Abs).
Cysteine Mutants of the Major Facilitator Superfamily-Type Transporter CcoA Provide Insight into Copper Import
Authors: Khalfaoui-Hassani Bahia , Trasnea Petru-Iulian , Steimle Stefan , Koch Hans-Georg , Daldal Fevzi
Published: July 2021

Copper (Cu) is a redox-active micronutrient that is both essential and toxic. Its cellular homeostasis is critical for supporting cuproprotein maturation while avoiding excessive oxidative stress. The Cu importer CcoA is the prototype of the widespread CalT subfamily of the MFS-type transporters. Hence, understanding its molecular mechanism of function is significant. Here, we show that CcoA undergoes a thiol:disulfide oxidoreduction cycle, which is important for its Cu import activity.
Superhydrous hematite and goethite: A potential water reservoir in the red dust of Mars?
Authors: Chen Si Athena , Heaney Peter J. , Post Jeffrey E. , Fischer Timothy B. , Eng Peter J. , Stubbs Joanne E.
Published: July 2021

Water can be stored in nominally anhydrous minerals as substitutional hydroxyl, generating vast but commonly unrecognized H2O reservoirs in ostensibly dry regimes. Researchers have long known that hematite (α-Fe2O3) can accommodate small concentrations of hydroxyl through the substitution of Fe3+ by 3H+. Our study of natural hematite has demonstrated the occurrence of “hydrohematite” phases that are 10–20 mol% deficient in Fe and accordingly contain 3.6–7.8 mol% structural water. Intergrown with natural hydrohematite samples were superhydrous goethite-like phases exhibiting an Fe deficiency of 10–20 mol% relative to end-member goethite (α-FeOOH). We synthesized hydrohematite in alkaline solutions (pH 9–12) at low temperatures (T < 200 °C) using fresh ferrihydrite as the transient precursor, and we observed a nonclassical crystallization pathway involving vacancy inoculation by Fe as nanocrystals evolved. The high level of incorporation of H2O in iron (hydr)oxides dramatically alters their behaviors as catalysts and pigments, and the presence of hydrohematite in rocks may rule out high-T diagenesis. We propose that hydrohematite is common in low-T occurrences of Fe oxide on Earth, and by extension it may inventory large quantities of water in apparently arid planetary environments, such as the surface of Mars.
First identification of a Cathaysian continental fragment beneath the Gagua Ridge, Philippine Sea, and its tectonic implications
Authors: Qian Shengping , Zhang Xiaozhi , Wu Jonny , Lallemand Serge , Nichols Alexander R.L. , Huang Chiyue , Miggins Daniel P. , Zhou Huaiyang
Published: July 2021

The tectonic history of the Philippine Sea plate is an essential piece in understanding the tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia, but it is still unclear and controversial. We present the first geochemical data obtained from lavas from the Gagua Ridge (GR) within the Philippine Sea. The GR lavas exhibit geochemical signatures typical of subduction-related arc magmatism. Plagioclase Ar-Ar ages of ca. 124–123 Ma and subduction-related geochemical signatures support the formation of GR lavas in the vicinity of an arc during the Early Cretaceous induced by subduction of the oceanic plate along East Asia. The ages of trapped zircon xenocrysts within the GR lavas cluster at 250 Ma, 0.75 Ga, and 2.45 Ga and match well the ages of zircons recovered from the Cathaysian block, southern China. Our results imply that the GR basement is partially composed of continental material that rifted away from the Eurasian margin during opening and spreading of the Huatung Basin. The depleted mantle wedge-derived magmas evolved and picked up the continental zircons during ascent. The youngest zircon ages and the GR lava Ar-Ar ages (ca. 124–123 Ma) presented in this study newly constrain an Early Cretaceous age for the Huatung Basin. Our study provides further evidence that the Huatung Basin is a remnant of a Mesozoic-aged ocean basin that dispersed from southern China during the Cretaceous. Transport of continental slivers by growth and closure of marginal seas along the East Asia margin may have been more prevalent than previously recognized.
Skarn fluid sources as indicators of timing of Cordilleran arc emergence and paleogeography in the southwestern United States
Authors: Gevedon M. , Lackey J.S. , Barnes J.D.
Published: July 2021

Oxygen isotope ratios of garnet provide well-established means to investigate crustal fluid histories. Traditionally, δ18O values from skarn garnets have been used to track the hydrothermal evolution of an individual skarn body through time. We, however, use garnet from 14 skarns from the Jurassic (ca. 175 to ca. 148 Ma) Cordilleran margin arc (southwestern United States) to provide regional tectonic context to arc magmatism and hydrothermal activity. We document arc-wide garnet δ18O variability of ~19‰ (−8.9‰ to +10.3‰, n = 159), providing a record of contrasting meteoric fluid ingress between northern (Sierra Nevada) and southern (Mojave Desert) arc segments. Strongly negative garnet δ18O values (≤−3‰) are limited to the Mojave Desert arc segment and can only form in the presence of meteoric fluid, requiring shallow formation in subaerial crust. When combined with U-Pb garnet ages, the δ18O data provide a minimum radiometric age of local subaerial arc emergence and temporal constraint on the migration of the Jurassic paleoshoreline in the Mojave Desert section of the arc.
Supplemental Material: The impact of postdepositional alteration on iron- and molybdenum-based redox proxies
Authors: Eroglu Sümeyya , al. et
Published: July 2021

Scientific background, methodology, and supplemental figures and tables.
Supplemental Material: Efficient release of bromine by super-eruptions
Authors: Waelkens Clara M. , al. et
Published: July 2021

Expanded methodology, information on calibration standards, data table, and comments on calculations.
Supplemental Material: Distinguishing volcanic from impact glasses—The case of the Cali glass (Colombia)
Authors: Ferrière Ludovic , al. et
Published: July 2021

Additional information on methods, Figures S1–S3, and Tables S1–S4.
Supplemental Material: Coupled magmatic and host rock processes during the initiation of the Tuolumne Intrusive Complex, Sierra Nevada, California, USA: A transition from ephemeral sheets to long-lived, active magma mushes
Authors: Memeti Valbone , al et.
Published: July 2021

Thermobarometry data table, LA-ICP-MS ages, element and isotope data tables.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunisation in Colombia
Authors: Moreno-Montoya Jose , Ballesteros Silvia Marcela , Rojas Sotelo Jaid Constanza , Bocanegra Cervera Clara Lucia , Barrera-López Pedro , De la Hoz-Valle José A
Published: July 2021

Objective

To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood vaccination coverage in Colombia by age group, rural/urban residence, state and vaccine type.

Design

Ecological study of official monthly vaccination records.

Setting

Vaccination records from the Colombian Ministry of Health (March–October 2019 and 2020).

Participants

Aggregated data for Colombian children (<12 months, n=676 153; 12–23 months, n=700 319; and 5 years, n=734 295) participating in the Expanded Program on Immunization.

Main outcome measures

Proportion of eligible population receiving vaccination.

Results

Vaccination coverage showed an overall decline of approximately 14.4% from 2019 to 2020 (2019 coverage=76.0, 2020 coverage=61.6%). The greatest reduction in proportion vaccinated was observed in children <12 months of age for pneumococcal vaccine (second dose) (2019 coverage=81.4%; 2020 coverage=62.2%; 2019–2020 absolute difference, 19.2%; 95% CI 14.8% to 23.7%). For children aged 12–23 months, the proportion vaccinated for yellow fever declined by 16.4% (12.4% to 20.9%) from 78.3% in 2019 to 61.8% in 2020. Among children 5 years of age, the biggest decrease occurred for the oral polio vaccine (second dose), with a difference of 11.4% (7.1% to 15.7%) between 2019 and 2020 (73.1% and 61.7% for 2019 and 2020). We observed a statistically significant effect on vaccine coverage in rural versus urban areas for children <12 months and 5 years of age.

Conclusions

Reduced uptake of immunisations during the COVID-19 pandemic poses a serious risk of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks. Colombia and other middle-income countries need to continue to monitor immunisation programme coverage and disease outbreaks at the national and subnational levels and undertake catch-up vaccination activities.
Ictal asystole: an uncommon but significant cause of transient loss of consciousness—a case series
Authors: Wright Emily Cecilia , Mitchell Lara , Hewett Russell , Anderton Lesley
Published: July 2021

Ictal bradycardia and asystole are rare, but potentially serious complications of epileptic seizures. We present a case series of three such patients diagnosed through our syncope service. For two patients, treatment with anticonvulsant therapy alone achieved symptom control. The third patient was initially managed with permanent pacemaker insertion due to detection of a significant ventricular pause. He subsequently developed more pronounced symptoms suggestive of seizure.

Ictal asystole can cause significant diagnostic challenge and management strategies remain controversial due to the overlap in presentation to cardiology and neurology services. The number of patients affected is low, impeding the formulation of an evidence base for treatment. We propose multidisciplinary working facilitated by a specialist syncope service as a means of recognising and treating this condition more effectively.
COVID-19 complicated by immune thrombocytopaenic purpura and internal jugular vein thrombosis
Authors: Bucke Danielle , Alizadeh Katrin , Hallam Simon
Published: July 2021

A 61-year-old woman who had tested positive for COVID-19 in the community 5 days prior to admission presented with new onset severe headache and mild shortness of breath. She had an acute reduction in her platelet counts from 153×10⁹/L to 5×10⁹/L. She was diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenia purpura and after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, her platelet count increased to 15×10⁹/L. Due to nonresolving headache, she had a magnetic resonance venogram, which showed bilateral internal jugular vein thrombosis. She was discharged from hospital and followed up in Haematology and Neurology clinics. Her platelet count returned to normal range 7 days later. She was commenced on anticoagulation for thrombosis.
Fracture of tissue dilator in the femoral vein during insertion of temporary dialysis catheter: a stitch in time can save nine
Authors: Yadavalli Sai Divya , Pol Manjunath Maruti , Vyas Surabhi , Venkatesh Meghana
Published: July 2021

A 48-year-old man presented to the surgery casualty with 1-day history of broken foreign body during the insertion of dialysis catheter and a failed surgical retrieval. A Doppler ultrasonography of the right groin and lower limb and a noncontrast CT of abdomen and pelvis were performed. Eventhough no intravascular foreign body could be identified on imaging, a decision to re-explore the wound was taken in view of definitive clinical history. A 9.5 cm-long, broken piece of tissue dilator was found inside the right external iliac vein, which was removed through venotomy of the femoral vein. Postoperative recovery was uneventful.
Pleomorphic liposarcoma of the male breast: lessons from a rare malignancy during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Singh Brijesh Kumar , Pol Manjunath Maruti , G A Toshib , Barwad Adarsh Wamanrao
Published: July 2021

A 52-year-old man presented with a recurrent right side breast lump. He had undergone excision of a lump on the right breast followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy 1 year ago for a diagnosis of pleomorphic liposarcoma. Imaging revealed a 47×36 mm lesion on the right side of the chest wall involving the pectoralis muscle. The patient underwent right radical mastectomy. Histology of the specimen showed an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma infiltrating into the underlying skeletal muscle. Therefore, he was planned for chemoradiotherapy. But due to lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, he was lost to follow-up and later presented with malignant pleural effusion. This case emphasises the impact of COVID-19 pandemic over such rare malignancies.
A systematic review on ethical challenges of ‘field’ research in low-income and middle-income countries: respect, justice and beneficence for research staff?
Authors: Steinert Janina Isabel , Atika Nyarige David , Jacobi Milan , Kuhnt Jana , Kaplan Lennart
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Primary data collection in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is associated with a range of ethical complexities. Considerations on how to adequately ensure the well-being of research staff are largely neglected in contemporary ethics discourse. This systematic review aims to identify the ethical challenges that research staff across different hierarchical levels and scientific disciplines face when conducting research in LMICs.

Methods

We searched 13 electronic databases and handsearched publications in six selected journals as well as the reference lists of all included studies. No restrictions were applied with respect to the publication date, research design, and target population.

Results

23 151 studies were retrieved, 183 of which met our inclusion criteria. We identified nine different types of ethical challenges that research staff may be exposed to during field research, including (1) role conflicts that can emerge from participants’ help requests and the high level of deprivation found in certain study settings, (2) feelings of guilt and (3) detrimental mental health impacts. Further challenges were (4) sexual harassment (5) safety risks and (6) political repression, particularly in postconflict, disaster-ridden or autocratic study contexts. Additionally, studies reported (7) inadequate working conditions and (8) power imbalances within research teams, while (9) ethics boards were found to be ill equipped to anticipate and address emerging risks, thus increasing the ethical liability of researchers.

Conclusion

This review revealed several complex ethical challenges that research staff may face during data collection. In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 8.8 on ‘safe and secure working environments’ and to protect research staff from harm, amendments must urgently be made to current ethical standards.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019131013
Protocol for the economic evaluation of the China Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS)
Authors: Li Ka-Chun , Tian Maoyi , Neal Bruce , Huang Liping , Yu Jie , Liu Yishu , Yin Xuejun , Zhang Xinyi , Wu Yangfeng , Li Nicole , Elliott Paul , Yan Lijing , Labarthe Darwin , Hao Zhixin , Shi Jingpu , Feng Xiangxian , Zhang Jianxin , Zhang Yuhong , Zhang Ruijuan , Zhou Bo , Li Zhifang , Sun Jixin , Zhao Yi , Yu Yan , Si Lei , Lung Thomas
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Reducing dietary salt consumption is a potentially cost-effective way to reduce blood pressure and the burden of CVD. To date, economic evidence has focused on sodium reduction in food industry or processed food with blood pressure as the primary outcome. This study protocol describes the planned within-trial economic evaluation of a low-sodium salt substitute intervention designed to reduce the risk of stroke in China.

Methods and analyses

The economic evaluation will be conducted alongside the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study: a 5-year large scale, cluster randomised controlled trial. The outcomes of interest are quality of life measured using the EuroQol-5-Dimensions and major adverse cardiovascular events. Costs will be estimated from a healthcare system perspective and will be sought from the routinely collected data available within the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses will be conducted, resulting in the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio expressed as cost per cardiovascular event averted and cost per quality-adjusted life year gained, respectively.

Ethics and dissemination

The trial received ethics approval from the University of Sydney Ethics Committee (2013/888) and Peking University Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052-13069). Informed consent was obtained from each study participant. Findings of the economic evaluation will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at international conferences.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT02092090).
Impact of dietary aflatoxin on immune development in Gambian infants: a cohort study
Authors: Xu Ya , Moore Sophie , Chen Gaoyun , Nshe Patrick , Faye-Joof Tisbeh , Prentice Andrew , Gong Yun Yun , Routledge Michael
Published: July 2021

Background

Chronic aflatoxin (AF) exposure has been shown to occur at high levels in children from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and has been associated with growth retardation and immune dysfunction. Our objective was to investigate the impact of AF exposure on immune development in early infancy using thymic size and antibody (Ab) response to vaccination as indicators of immune function.

Methods

A total of 374 infants born between May 2011 and December 2012 were enrolled into the current study. These infants were recruited from a larger, randomised trial examining the impact of nutritional supplementation of mothers and infants on infant immune development (the Early Nutrition and Immune Development Trial). Thymic size (Thymic Index, TI) was measured by sonography at 1 week, 8 weeks, 24 weeks and 52 weeks of infant age. Infants were given the diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) vaccine at 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks of age, and Ab responses to each vaccine measured at 12 weeks and 24 weeks of age. AF-albumin (AF-alb) adduct levels in infant blood were measured by ELISA as the biomarker of AF exposure.

Results

The geometric mean (GM) level of AF-alb increased with age. Only half of infants had detectable AF-alb with a GM of 3.52 pg/mg at 24 weeks, increasing to 25.39 pg/mg at 52 weeks, when 98% of infants had AF-alb >limit of detection. Significant negative association of AF-alb level with TI was seen in infants during the first 24 weeks, especially at 8 weeks of age (p<0.001), which is the time point of fastest thymus growth. There were no associations between AF exposure level and Ab response to pertussis and tetanus, but a significant positive correlation was observed between AF-alb level and Ab titre to diphtheria (p<0.005).

Conclusions

High levels of AF exposure during early infancy may impact on infant immune development.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN49285450.
Household cooking fuel type and childhood anaemia in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of cross-sectional surveys of 123, 186 children from 29 countries
Authors: Amadu Iddrisu , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Afitiri Abdul-Rahaman , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Yaya Sanni
Published: July 2021

Objective

This study sought to investigate the joint effect of household cooking fuel type and urbanicity (rural–urban residency) on anaemia among children under the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa.

Design

We analysed cross-sectional data of 123, 186 children under the age of five from 29 sub-Saharan African countries gathered between 2010 and 2019 by the Demographic and Health Survey programme. Bivariate (χ2test of independence) and multilevel logistic regression were used to examine the effect of urbanicity-household cooking fuel type on childhood anaemia. Results were reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% CIs at p<0.05.

Outcome measures

Anaemia status of children.

Results

More than half (64%) of children had anaemia. The percentage of children who suffered from anaemia was high in those born to mothers in Western Africa (75%) and low among those born in Southern Africa (54%). Children from rural households that depend on unclean cooking fuels (aOR=1.120; 95% CI 1.033 to 1.214) and rural households that depend on clean cooking fuels (aOR=1.256; 95% CI 1.080 to 1.460) were more likely to be anaemic as compared with children from urban households using clean cooking fuel. Child’s age, sex of child, birth order, perceived birth size, age of mother, body mass index of mother, education, marital status, employment status, antenatal care, wealth quintile, household size, access to electricity, type of toilet facility, source of drinking water and geographic region had significant associations with childhood anaemia status.

Conclusions

Our study has established a joint effect of type of household cooking fuel and urbanicity on anaemia among children under the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa. It is therefore critical to promote the usage of clean cooking fuels among households and women in rural areas. These should be done taking into consideration the significant child, maternal, household, and contextual factors identified in this study.