bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New species of Triplocania Roesler with forewing M3 forked (Psocodea: ’Psocoptera’: Ptiloneuridae), from Brazil
Authors: DA SILVA NETO ALBERTO MOREIRA , RAFAEL JOSÉ ALBERTINO , ALDRETE ALFONSO N. GARCÍA
Published: July 2014

Four new Brazilian species of Triplocania with forewing M3 forked are described and illustrated based on male specimens, namely: Triplocania lamasi n.sp. (Mato Grosso: Brazil), Triplocania mariateresae n.sp. (Rio de Janeiro: Brazil), Triplocania newi n.sp. (Tocantins: Brazil) and Triplocania plaumanni n.sp. (Santa Catarina: Brasil). They differ from all the other species in the genus, in which the males are known, by the hypandrium and phallosome structures.
Evaluating the Antarctic Observational Network with the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS)
Authors: Bumbaco Karin A. , Hakim Gregory J. , Mauger Guillaume S. , Hryniw Natalia , Steig Eric J.
Published: July 2014

Station siting for environmental observing networks is usually made subjectively, which suggests that the monitoring goals for the network may not be met optimally or cost effectively. In Antarctica, where harsh weather conditions make it difficult to install and maintain stations, practical considerations have largely guided the development of the staffed and automated weather station network. The current network coverage in Antarctica is evaluated as a precursor to optimal network design. The Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) 0000 UTC analysis is used for 4 years (2008–12) with 15-km horizontal grid spacing, and results show that AMPS reproduces the daily correlations in surface temperature and pressure observed between weather stations across the continent. Temperature correlation length scales are greater in East Antarctica than in West Antarctica (including the Antarctic Peninsula), implying that more stations per unit area are needed to sample weather in West Antarctica compared to East Antarctica. There is variability in the temperature correlation length scales within these regions, emphasizing the need for objective studies such as this one for determining the impact of current and new stations. Further analysis shows that large regions are not well sampled by the current network, particularly on daily time scales. Observations are particularly limited in West Antarctica. Combined with the shorter temperature correlation length scales, this implies that West Antarctica is a compelling location for implementing an objective, optimal network design approach.
Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Base of the Tongue
Authors: Watanabe Kenichi , Okumura Yuri , Hashimoto Ken , Suzuki Takashi
Published: July 2014

Objective:

Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is a rare, low-grade malignant neoplasm of minor salivary glands. Clear cell carcinoma is composed of monomorphic clear cells that contain glycogen within a hyalinized stroma. The microscopic diagnosis can be challenging, and the treatment strategy has not been established.

Methods:

We report a case of a 56-year-old woman with CCC in the base of the tongue. A literature review, including 22 published cases and our case, was performed to clarify the clinical characteristics of CCC in the base of the tongue.

Results:

The exophytic tumor showed no infiltration to the neighboring tissues. She underwent a local excision en bloc transorally and is free of the disease 15 months after surgery. In our review of 23 cases of CCC in the base of the tongue, 21 cases received surgical excision for the purpose of the primary treatment modality. The fact that the distinctive features of restricted site-related symptoms and the rare presentation of pain emerged was similar to previously reported cases of CCC. A relatively good prognosis was still indicated.

Conclusion:

We reveal the features of the unusual occurrence of CCC in the base of the tongue and consider the appropriate surgical approach for primary treatment.
Building Psychological Capital With Appreciative Inquiry
Authors: Verleysen Bert , Lambrechts Frank , Van Acker Frederik
Published: July 2014

Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is growing in popularity as a strength-based approach to organization and whole system development. Despite numerous accounts on AI’s outcomes positively impacting on organizations and persons, a dearth of quantitative studies exists measuring AI’s impact on individual-level outcomes. This quantitative study investigates how participating in AI impacts on individuals’ psychological capital (PsyCap) through fulfilling their basic psychological needs (BPN) for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Results, based on data from 213 participants who worked in social profit organizations and either belonged to a group with AI experience or without AI experience, indicate that satisfying the need for competence mediates the relationship between participating in AI and the PsyCap dimensions self-efficacy, optimism, resilience, and hope. Furthermore, results show that participating in AI satisfies the three BPN. Next to theoretical implications, the article provides insights into how leaders of change can build organizations in which people thrive.
Police wars and state repression in South Africa
Authors: McMichael Christopher
Published: July 2014

This article presents an analysis of police violence in contemporary South Africa and it is argued that this violence is aimed at upholding an unequal social order. Recent years have seen an alarming rise in the number of deaths and assaults at the hands of the police. Much academic, media and civil society commentary has blamed this on an apparent program of police ‘remilitarization’. Despite its critical tone much of this commentary upholds that the police should be an apolitical force of good in society, but has been led astray by bad policy. In contrast, more radical voices have suggested that the police are a brutal mechanism of state violence, targeted primarily against the black poor. This article will build on this growing critique by discussing recent theory on the links between police institutions, war and capitalist society. It will be argued that state violence and control, of which police brutality is a key force, are not aberrations but in fact are central to the upholding of the post-apartheid liberal order.
National Construction Work and Hierarchies of Empathy in Postwar Austria
Authors: Knight Robert
Published: July 2014

This article seeks to link Austrian policy and attitudes towards Displaced Persons and refugees with the postwar project of establishing a national identity which was clearly demarcated from National Socialist Germany. Building on critical views of Austria as a ‘reluctant country of exile’ it goes back to postwar Austrian perceptions of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) as an organization which, though providing welcome relief, was also tarnished through association with criminality and the black market. It then examines Austria’s demarcation from ‘ethnic Germans’ on the one hand and Jewish Displaced Persons on the other, which reflected an informal ‘heirarchy of empathy’ but also indicated the potential of both groups, in very different ways, to disrupt the national demarcation project. An analysis of the treatment of anti-communist DPs and refugees in the Cold War questions the claim that Austrians sympathized with them. The article concludes that while the perception of Austrian humanitarianism towards DPs and refugees became part of the Austrian self-image as a victim of Nazi rule and a potential victim of the Soviet Union, the historical record is much less clear-cut.
When the State Stepped into the Arena: The Swedish Welfare State, Refugees and Immigrants 1930s–50s
Authors: Byström Mikael
Published: July 2014

Immediately after the Second World War, the Swedish Social Democratic government launched a number of far-reaching social and economic programmes which led to the development of a modern welfare state. At the same time that social policy was increasingly focused towards developing a welfare system, its foreign policy developed in a new direction. The Swedish wartime refugee policy has been characterized as restrictive. But by the time the war had ended, there were approximately 185,000 refugees in Sweden. Most of those refugees went ‘home’ in 1945 but some of them stayed and in the early postwar years, foreigners were also ‘imported’ as workers as a result of labour shortages. One could say that Sweden's development into a country of immigration was contemporaneous with its development into a welfare state.
Can We Identify a Successful Teacher Better, Faster, and Cheaper? Evidence for Innovating Teacher Observation Systems
Authors: Gargani John , Strong Michael
Published: July 2014

Teacher observations have become a national education phenomenon, mandated by federal policies and promoted by philanthropists. They are crucial components of teacher evaluation systems that often have high stakes for teachers and school systems, but have sparked little innovation. Recent calls to make teacher evaluations better, faster, and cheaper have been challenged as sitting outside the research evidence. In response, we present new evidence from experimental studies of the Rapid Assessment of Teacher Effectiveness (RATE) that suggests that innovation of that kind is possible. Using a six-item rubric after 4 hr of training, raters were able to identify effective teachers from just 20 min of one lesson as well or better than raters using popular evidence-based instruments with 10 times the items. We discuss our approach, the potential time and cost savings it may provide, and how better, faster, cheaper observation instruments may change how school districts choose to implement state and federal policies.
A study on the influence of a surface-contacting spinning strand on yarn appearance during sirofil spinning
Authors: Xia Zhigang , Liu Hui , Huang Jingjing , Gu Shaojin , Xu Weilin
Published: July 2014

Ring spun yarn hairiness can be reduced by such methods as spinning with a contact surface and Z-twisting the staple strand in a “left diagonal” yarn path (denoted as LDP). Actually, the LDP method already exists in sirofil spinning technology. In this study, mechanism analysis of controlling and trapping staple fibers is conducted theoretically for sirofil spinning with a contact surface. Analysis reveals that contacting with a rubber surface leads to deformation of the straight sirofil spinning strand; this can better the tension and twist distribution on the right-hand component of the sirofil spinning triangle to improve LDP sirofil yarn appearance. Related experiments are also carried out to validate the theoretical analysis. Online pictorial investigation confirms the deformation of the straight sirofil composite yarn once it contacts with a rubber surface. Experimental results show that the lower weight loss and smoother appearance are bestowed upon LDP sirofil yarn spun with a rubber contact surface, which agrees well with corresponding theoretical analysis.
This is Sparta! Mediated Mythology as Pedagogy in 300
Authors: Tyma Adam W.
Published: July 2014

Popular films continue to replace history courses as the source of truth with regard to important events or eras. 300, in its interpretation of the Battle of Thermopylae, based on the graphic novel by Frank Miller, is an example of this trend. Rather than adhering to the presented historical facts of the event, 300 offers a hyperreal interpretation of the battle and the societies that surrounded it, infusing contemporary hegemonic ideologies regarding sexuality, classism, and race into a mediated discourse that presents the spectacle of the film as reality. This essay examines the narratives that are presented within the film, paying particular attention to how each narrative moves away from historical documentation and toward a hyperreality that glorifies violence, misogyny, and domination. How these narratives can potentially become the historical reality that individuals internalize is of particular concern here.
Glenoid Bone Loss in the Setting of an Anterior Labroligamentous Periosteal Sleeve Avulsion Tear
Authors: Bernhardson Andrew S. , Bailey James R. , Solomon Daniel J. , Stanley Mark , Provencher Matthew T.
Published: July 2014

Background:

Glenoid bone loss is a factor that has been inversely associated with the success of shoulder instability repair. Recently, patients with an anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesion have also been identified as having a higher failure rate after surgical repair.

Purpose:

To determine differences in the amount of glenoid bone loss and to compare demographic factors of instability in patients with and without ALPSA tears.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Over a 3-year period, all patients (N = 83) who were treated for anterior shoulder instability at a single institution were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 39 (47%) were identified as having an ALPSA lesion and 44 (53%) as having no ALPSA tear. Glenoid bone loss was determined in 2 ways: (1) radiographically by 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) (humeral head digitally subtracted by 3 blinded observers) and (2) with arthroscopic techniques at the time of surgery. Demographic data such as the time from the initial instability event to advanced imaging and surgery were noted. These data were then analyzed with the Student t test to determine any significant differences between the 2 groups.

Results:

The patients with an ALPSA lesion had more preoperative instability events than those without (8.2 vs 3.6, respectively; P = .04). The mean glenoid bone loss measured by 3D CT was 12.7% (range, 0%-22.3%) for those with ALPSA tears versus 6.25% (range, 0%-23.1%) for those without ( P = .002). The mean duration of total instability for those with ALPSA tears was 42.9 months versus 46.3 months for those without ( P = .95). Lastly, the mean bone loss based on arthroscopic measures was 11.4% for patients with ALPSA tears and 4.3% for those without ALPSA tears ( P = .017). From the existing magnetic resonance imaging/arthrography scans reviewed, 82% of patients could be correctly identified as having an ALPSA lesion.

Conclusion:

Patients with anterior shoulder instability who have an ALPSA lesion have nearly twice the amount of glenoid bone loss as those with a standard Bankart tear (no ALPSA lesion). Patients with ALPSA lesions had statistically more instability events, and this may be an additional factor in either developing an ALPSA lesion or glenoid bone loss or both.
Hybrid green nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid) reinforced with banana fibre and nanoclay
Authors: Sajna VP , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K
Published: July 2014

Green nanocomposites of poly(lactic acid)/banana fibre/nanoclay were successfully prepared using melt-blending technique followed by injection moulding. Untreated and chemically modified banana fibres and organically modified nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) were used as reinforcing agent within the poly(lactic acid) matrix. The banana fibres were subjected to various chemical modifications such as mercerization, silane treatment, sodium lauryl sulphate treatment, permanganate treatment and combination of mercerization and silane treatment. The biocomposites and bionanocomposites were subjected to characterization tests i.e. mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, heat deflection temperature (HDT), morphological properties using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope and water-absorption studies to evaluate the effect of chemical modification of banana fibre and incorporation of nanoclay. Silane-treated fibre-reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites and its bionanocomposites displayed optimum tensile and flexural properties than that of virgin poly(lactic acid) resin, whereas the impact strength of composites showed a reverse order due to the brittle nature of matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis result shows that the storage modulus of the bionanocomposites increases with respect to the virgin poly(lactic acid) and biocomposites. Differential scanning calorimetry results revealed that the glass transition was not significantly changed; however, the incorporation of both silane-treated fibre and C30B nanoclay enhanced the nucleation of poly(lactic acid) crystallites as well as increased the melting temperatures. The results of thermogravimetric analysis depicted that fibre modification and incorporation of nanoclay can improve the degradation temperature of the composites. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated improper dispersion of untreated fibres and proper dispersion of treated fibres within the poly(lactic acid) matrix, thereby revealing the interfacial adhesion between the fibres and matrix. Additionally, the composites were subjected to water-absorption studies, which revealed that bionanocomposites exhibited better water resistance than biocomposites.
Moving from recycling to waste prevention: A review of barriers and enables
Authors: Bartl Andreas
Published: July 2014

Current European waste policy does not mainly aim to treat waste streams but rather place in the foreground of interest the complete supply chain of a product. Waste prevention and re-use do have the highest priority and they take effect before the end-of-life phase of a product or a material is reached. Recycling only takes the third place whereas recovery and disposal represent the least favourable options. Recycling can help to decrease the consumption of primary resources but it does not tackle the causes but only the symptoms. In principle, recycling processes require energy and will generate side streams (i.e. waste). Furthermore, there are insuperable barriers and the practice is far from 100% recycling. The philosophy of waste prevention and re-use is completely different since they really tackle the causes. It is self-evident that a decrease of waste will also decrease the consumption of resources, energy and money to process the waste. However, even if European legislation is proceeding in the right direction, a clear decrease in waste generation did not occur up to now. Unfortunately, waste generation represents a positive factor of economic growth. Basically, waste generation is a huge business and numerous stakeholders are not interested to reduce waste. More sophisticated incentives are required to decouple economic growth from waste generation.
ZEB2 Gene Mutation and Duplication of 22q11.23 in Mowat-Wilson Syndrome
Authors: Buraniqi Ersida , Moodley Manikum
Published: July 2014

Mowat-Wilson syndrome is a recently delineated multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by a distinctive facial appearance in association with intellectual disability, microcephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, seizures, congenital heart disease, Hirschsprung disease, short stature, and genitourinary anomalies. We report a 2-year-10-month-old white female with this syndrome caused by mutations in the ZEB2 gene, and in addition a duplication of the 22q11.23, a previously undocumented occurrence.
Early Modified Functional Hemispherectomy in a Young Infant with Ohtahara Syndrome and Hemimegalencephaly
Authors: Nachanakian Antoine , Hmaimess Ghassan , El-Helou Antonios , Alaywan Moussa , Adem-Hachem Carmen , Kadhim Hazim
Published: July 2014

We report on the youngest infant treated with modified functional hemispherectomy at the age of 5 months for Ohtahara syndrome and hemimegalencephaly as underlying pathology, and we depict the favorable outcome regarding seizure control and psychomotor development. These results highlight the potential usefulness of early surgery in such conditions.
West Syndrome in a Patient With Schinzel-Giedion Syndrome
Authors: Miyake Fuyu , Kuroda Yukiko , Naruto Takuya , Ohashi Ikuko , Takano Kyoko , Kurosawa Kenji
Published: July 2014

Schinzel-Giedion syndrome is a rare recognizable malformation syndrome defined by characteristic facial features, profound developmental delay, severe growth failure, and multiple congenital anomalies. The causative gene of Schinzel-Giedion syndrome, SETBP1, has been identified, but limited cases have been confirmed by molecular analysis. We present a 9-month-old girl affected by West syndrome with Schinzel-Giedion syndrome. Congenital severe hydronephrosis, typical facial features, and multiple anomalies suggested a clinical diagnosis of Schinzel-Giedion syndrome. Hypsarrhythmia occurred at 7 months of age and was temporarily controlled by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) therapy during 5 weeks. SETBP1 mutational analysis showed the presence of a recurrent mutation, p.Ile871Thr. The implications in management of Schinzel-Giedion syndrome are discussed.
Mechanical, degradation and cytocompatibility properties of magnesium coated phosphate glass fibre reinforced polycaprolactone composites
Authors: Liu Xiaoling , Hasan Muhammad S , Grant David M , Harper Lee T , Parsons Andrew J , Palmer Graham , Rudd Chris D , Ahmed Ifty
Published: July 2014

Retention of mechanical properties of phosphate glass fibre reinforced degradable polyesters such as polycaprolactone and polylactic acid in aqueous media has been shown to be strongly influenced by the integrity of the fibre/polymer interface. A previous study utilising ‘single fibre’ fragmentation tests found that coating with magnesium improved the fibre and matrix interfacial shear strength. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a magnesium coating on the manufacture and characterisation of a random chopped fibre reinforced polycaprolactone composite. Short chopped strand non-woven phosphate glass fibre mats were sputter coated with degradable magnesium to manufacture phosphate glass fibre/polycaprolactone composites. The degradation behaviour (water uptake, mass loss and pH change of the media) of these polycaprolactone composites as well as of pure polycaprolactone was investigated in phosphate buffered saline. The Mg coated fibre reinforced composites revealed less water uptake and mass loss during degradation compared to the non-coated composites. The cations released were also explored and a lower ion release profile for all three cations investigated (namely Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) was seen for the Mg coated composite samples. An increase of 17% in tensile strength and 47% in tensile modulus was obtained for the Mg coated composite samples. Both flexural and tensile properties were investigated and a higher retention of mechanical properties was obtained for the Mg coated fibre reinforced composite samples up to 10 days immersion in PBS. Cytocompatibility study showed both composite samples (coated and non-coated) had good cytocompatibility with human osteosarcoma cell line.
Peatland succession and long-term apparent carbon accumulation in central and northern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Holmquist James R , MacDonald Glen M
Published: July 2014

Despite their importance as globally significant carbon (C) stores, basic knowledge of post-glacial peatland history and C accumulation are lacking for the Canadian Boreal Shield and James Bay Lowland (JBL) of central and northern Ontario, Canada. Radiocarbon dates, plant macrofossil analysis, and soil C estimates from an eight-core transect of the JBL and surrounding regions are used to reconstruct the timings and patterns of fen to bog transitions, and the ranges and patterns of long-term apparent rate of C accumulation (LARCA). Peatland initiation lagged the retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet, the drainage of glacial lakes, and isostatic uplift by 810–6050 years. Transition from Carex-dominated fen to Sphagnum-dominated bog had a median timing of 3500 years following peatland establishment and ranged from 640 to 6970 years. LARCA was variable geographically and over time with median values ranging from 13.4 to 31.6 g C/m2/yr. LARCA anomalies were generally high ~6.1 kyr (kyr = 1000 calibrated years before present (cal. yr BP)) for southern sites, and ~2.5 kyr for the most northern sites, and may be associated with elevated moisture as inferred from a brief review of regional proxy reconstructions. Some sites displayed high LARCA anomalies, changes in plant ecology, or southern site initiation, which may have also been driven by a moist Hypsithermal Period occurring ~4.5 kyr. LARCA increases were not generally associated with high-temperature anomalies during the warm ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ compared with the cooler ‘Little Ice Age’; however, there is evidence that the establishment of modern permafrost during the late-Holocene negatively affected C accumulation.
Examining Family Responses to Family Systems Nursing Interventions
Authors: Östlund Ulrika , Persson Carina
Published: July 2014

To add to the small, but growing, number of literature reviews of family interventions in health care, a systematic literature search of Family Systems Nursing intervention research resulted in the inclusion of 17 empirical research reports. Family Systems Nursing intervention research to date has primarily used qualitative methods and a few quasi-experimental designs using pre–post outcome measures. Families’ responses to Family Systems Nursing interventions were categorized in this integrative review using the cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains of family functioning proposed by Wright and Leahey. Family response in the cognitive domain found improved understanding, capability, and enhanced coping. The affective response categories showed caring more about each other and the family, improved family emotional well-being, and improved individual emotional well-being. Finally, family responses in the behavioral domain comprised caring more for each other and the family, improvement in interactions within and outside family, and healthier individual behavior. These findings may guide the design of future family nursing intervention research and the selection of family outcome measures to examine the usefulness of Family Systems Nursing interventions. More intervention research using experimental and quasi-experimental designs is needed to strengthen the evidence for Family Systems Nursing practice.
Patient–Physician Role Relationships and Patient Activation
Authors: Alexander Jeff , Hearld Larry , Mittler Jessica N.
Published: July 2014

The goals of this article were to empirically describe how racial and ethnic minorities compare with Whites in terms of their role relationships with physicians and examine how differences in those relationships are associated (positively or negatively) with patient activation for minority groups, relative to Whites. Based on analysis of survey data collected from a random sample of 8,140 individuals with chronic illness, we found that both Blacks and Hispanics generally perceive their role relationships with physicians to be less equitable than do Whites and that the benefits to minorities from more equitable role relationships with physicians are not uniform across dimensions of patient–physician relationships or racial and ethnic subgroups. Based on these findings, we submit that race and ethnicity should be considered in the development and assessment of tailored interventions to improve activation.
Effects of Aerobic Exercise During Hemodialysis on Physical Functional Performance and Depression
Authors: Liu Yueh-Min , Chung Yu-Chu , Chang Jung-San , Yeh Mei-Ling
Published: July 2014

Previous studies have concluded that exercise training is beneficial to patients on hemodialysis (HD). Results, however, have shown that differences in the type, intensity, and frequency of physical exercise lead to variability in its effects on physical functional performance and depression. Further research is thus warranted. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise on physical functional performance and depression during HD. Using a pretest–posttest control group design, we recruited HD patients and nonrandomly assigned them to an exercise group ( n = 13) that completed a 12-week aerobic exercise program during HD or a control group ( n = 11) that did no exercise during HD. The primary outcome measures were physical functional performance, as evaluated by the 6-min walk test and the sit-to-stand test, and depression, as evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory II. The secondary outcome measures were albumin and triglyceride levels and hematocrit. Results revealed significant between-group differences in physical functional performance and depression but not in albumin level, hematocrit, or triglyceride level. Findings suggest that exercise may play a critical role in physical functional performance and may decrease depression. Exercise should be encouraged and performed during HD in HD centers.
The decolonial challenge: Framing post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe within transnational feminist studies
Authors: Koobak Redi , Marling Raili
Published: July 2014

The article explores the location of Central and Eastern Europe in transnational feminist studies. Despite the acknowledgement of the situatedness of knowledge, feminist theorising nevertheless seems to continue to be organised around a limited number of central axes and internalised progress narratives. The authors argue that there is a pressing need for theories which can approach the near absence of Central and Eastern European perspectives from transnational feminist theorising, and challenge the limited number of discursive tropes associated with post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe – especially that of a ‘lag’, where difference is translated into a temporal distance. Instead, the authors suggest that a more inclusive vision of transnational feminist studies can be achieved by applying the decolonial framework to the post-socialist context, as explicated in the work of Madina Tlostanova.
Gender diversities – practising intersectionality in the European Union
Authors: Agustín Lise Rolandsen , Siim Birte
Published: July 2014

This article analyses the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion (2010) (EY 2010) with the aim of identifying the nature of gender diversities in European Union policies. We argue that the European Union handles issues related to gender and diversity in particular ways; this approach is characterised by non-citizen/citizen and redistribution/recognition divisions. Employing intersectionality as the methodological approach to gender diversities, the article shows how gender and ethnicity are articulated in the policy-making process which led to the adoption of EY 2010, the activities undertaken during EY 2010 and the evaluation of EY 2010. The case study is suitable for developing a dynamic multi-level model for analysing gendered diversities at the transnational level: It illustrates how the EU policy framework interacts with particular national contexts in promoting or hindering the advancement of policy contents which pay attention to the intersection between gender and diversity.
The diversities of Europe: From European modernity to the making of the European Union
Authors: Kraus Peter A. , Sciortino Giuseppe
Published: July 2014

Looking for a concept that condenses the normative added value that the European Union may claim to embody vis-à-vis its member states, diversity would appear to be a first-rate candidate. For more than four decades, European institutions have endorsed a complex discourse about diversity that sharply differentiates the European project from the historical experiences of its member-states. The paper stresses the discontinuity inherent in the European Union project and the ways in which diversity is used in European Union discussions. It highlights the existence of several, and only partly overlapping, notions of diversity embedded in the European project: as an acknowledgement of the historical and cultural diversity of member states; as protection of individual and group diversity within a putatively shared and egalitarian European public sphere; as an instrument for achieving political stabilization, market competitiveness, territorial cohesion and economic growth. As an introduction to the special issue on the diversities of Europe, the paper provides the general conceptual framework for the analyses of the four types of diversities analysed: language, religion, foreignness and gender.
A note on adjusted responses, fitted values and residuals in Generalized Linear Models
Authors: Lovison Gianfranco
Published: July 2014

Adjusted responses, adjusted fitted values and adjusted residuals are known to play in Generalized Linear Models the role played in Linear Models by observations, fitted values and ordinary residuals. We think this parallelism, which was widely recognized and used in the early literature on Generalized Linear Models, has been somewhat overlooked in more recent presentations. We revise this parallelism, systematizing and proving some results that are either scattered or not satisfactorily spelled out in the literature. In particular, we formally derive the asymptotic dispersion matrix of the (scaled) adjusted residuals, by proving that in Generalized Linear Models the fitted values are asymptotically uncorrelated with the raw residuals and hence deriving the asymptotic dispersion matrix of these latter residuals. Also, we show that an orthogonal decomposition of the error vector between adjusted response and true linear predictor, parallel to the familiar decomposition in Linear Models, holds approximately. Finally, we provide some new perspective, both in Linear and Generalized Linear Models, on adjusted residuals for model comparison, and their relationships with test-statistics used to compare the fit of nested models.
Gang membership transitions and its consequences: Exploring changes related to joining and leaving gangs in two countries
Authors: Weerman Frank M , Lovegrove Peter J , Thornberry Terence
Published: July 2014

This study explores how gang membership transitions among adolescents are related to changes with regard to peers, conventional social bonds and problem behaviour. The data come from two longitudinal studies, one conducted in the United States (the Rochester Youth Development Study) and one in the Netherlands (the NSCR School Study). In both countries, gang membership appears to be relatively short-lived, with one year as the modal length of gang membership. Also, in both countries, the results show a consistent pattern in which joining a gang is related to an increasing exposure to negative peer influences, a weakening of conventional bonds and increasing levels of delinquency and substance use. Leaving a gang is associated with the opposite pattern of change.
The Destructiveness of Laissez-Faire Leadership Behavior
Authors: Buch Robert , Martinsen Øyvind L. , Kuvaas Bård
Published: July 2014

This study examined the mediating role of economic leader–member exchange (ELMX) on the negative associations between laissez-faire leadership and affective commitment, self-reported work effort, and self-reported organizational citizenship behavior. Two samples were used. Study 1 consisted of 199 employees from an international high-technology manufacturing organization. Study 2 consisted of 197 employees from an international private security firm. Both studies supported a positive association between laissez-faire leadership and an ELMX relationship. Study 1 showed that ELMX fully mediated the negative association between laissez-faire leadership and affective commitment. Study 2 showed that ELMX fully mediated the negative association between laissez-faire leadership and self-reported work effort and partially mediated the negative association between laissez-faire leadership and self-reported organizational citizenship behavior. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The representation of September 11th and American Islamophobia in non-Western cinema
Authors: Al-Rawi Ahmed
Published: July 2014

This article investigates the way some non-Western films viewed the 9/11 attack and the impact it generated on the lives of Muslims living in the West and in their own homelands. Six films from India, Pakistan, Turkey and Egypt are studied. The results show that they all demonstrate how Eastern and Western cultures share similar principles and aspirations. Similar to Fred Halliday’s claim on the myth of a ‘shared Muslim identity’, the films assert that Islam is not the same across all Muslim countries. The 9/11 events are used as a background for delving into the problematic issue of militant Islam in various local contexts that differ from one country to another, stressing that it is of significant domestic concern. All the films focus on the high degree of fear that Muslims living in the West felt after 11th September and emphasize that Islam cannot be equated with terrorism as ignorance and political interests rather than religious or cultural differences are the main causes of discord.
Principles of Nutrition in Islamic and Traditional Persian Medicine
Authors: Nimrouzi Majid , Zare Manijhe
Published: July 2014

Nutrition has a crucial role in maintaining body health. Eating and drinking has a special place in Islamic doctrine and traditional Persian medicine. Traditional Persian medicine is a holistic medicine and provides great attention to the spiritual aspects of life as well as somatic aspects to maintain human health. In this view, people are not going to eat and drink for pleasure but to maintain a good life and physical health, due to daily tasks, as well as observing moral aspects of a human life and spiritual satisfaction.
Polygenic Risk for Externalizing Disorders
Authors: Salvatore Jessica E. , Aliev Fazil , Bucholz Kathleen , Agrawal Arpana , Hesselbrock Victor , Hesselbrock Michie , Bauer Lance , Kuperman Samuel , Schuckit Marc A. , Kramer John R. , Edenberg Howard J. , Foroud Tatiana M. , Dick Danielle M.
Published: July 2014

In this project, we aimed to bring large-scale gene-identification findings into a developmental psychopathology framework. Using a family-based sample, we tested whether polygenic scores for externalizing disorders—based on single nucleotide polymorphism weights derived from genome-wide association study results in adults ( n = 1,249)—predicted externalizing disorders, subclinical externalizing behavior, and impulsivity-related traits among adolescents ( n = 248) and young adults ( n = 207) and whether parenting and peer factors in adolescence moderated polygenic risk to predict externalizing disorders. Polygenic scores predicted externalizing disorders in adolescents and young adults, even after we controlled for parental externalizing-disorder history. Polygenic scores also predicted subclinical externalizing behavior and impulsivity traits in the adolescents and young adults. Adolescent parental monitoring and peer substance use moderated polygenic scores to predict externalizing disorders. This illustrates how state-of-the-science genetics can be integrated with psychological science to identify how genetic risk contributes to the development of psychopathology.
Āyurveda: Origins and evolution—the texts
Authors: Kochhar Rajesh
Published: July 2014

The major texts of Āyurveda are here described with a view to reconstructing the outlines of the development of Āyurveda as a medical science.
Book Review: Irfan Habib and Faiz Habib, Atlas of Ancient Indian History
Authors: Jha D.N.
Published: July 2014

Irfan Habib and Faiz Habib, Atlas of Ancient Indian History (New Delhi: Oxford University Press), 2012, pp. 133 + 12 maps, ₹ 4,350
Screening for hemoglobin Bart’s disease among fetuses at risk at mid-pregnancy using the fetal cardiac diameter to biparietal diameter ratio
Authors: Thathan Nopamas , Traisrisilp Kuntharee , Luewan Suchaya , Srisupundit Kasemsri , Tongprasert Fuanglada , Tongsong Theera
Published: July 2014

Background

All sonomarkers used to screen for fetal hemoglobin (Hb) Bart’s disease need high expertise, preventing them from being widely used. Fetal cardiac diameter to biparietal diameter (C/B) ratio is a simple marker which has never been evaluated for its effectiveness. Therefore, we conducted this study to evaluate the effectiveness of C/B ratio in predicting fetal Hb Bart’s disease among fetuses at risk.

Methods

Fetuses at risk of Hb Bart’s disease scheduled for diagnostic cordocentesis at 18 to 22 weeks of pregnancy were prospectively enrolled. All underwent ultrasound for fetal biometry and cardio-STIC acquisition for subsequent off-line analysis. Cardio-STIC volume datasets (VDS) were analyzed for cardiac diameter measurement and C/B ratio was calculated by the authors who did not know the fetal diagnosis. Final diagnosis of Hb Bart’s disease was based on fetal blood Hb typing.

Results

Of 131 pregnancies enrolled to the study, 11 were excluded because of poor quality VDS. The remaining 120 were available for analysis. C/B ratio was significantly higher in the fetuses with Hb Bart’s disease than that in the unaffected ones (53.16% vs 41.68%, P < 0.001). C/B ratio could detect fetuses with Hb Bart’s disease with sensitivity of 91.5% and specificity of 77.6% (AUC ROC 0.929), using a cut-off point of greater than 45%.

Conclusions

Among fetuses at risk, C/B ratio measurement at mid-pregnancy, using cut-off point of 45%, could effectively differentiate fetuses with Hb Bart’s disease from unaffected fetuses.
A training sequence parallel detection technology based on timeslot sliding window
Authors: Shi Jian , Huang Jianfeng , Liu Kaihua
Published: July 2014

The Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) radio network's latest development status and its prominent interference problems were discussed. The limitations of the cellular radio network analysis using the traditional drive test and frequency scanning technology were discussed, which led to the inaccurate interference location and inefficient interference optimization. A new training sequence parallel detection technology base on timeslot sliding window was proposed. The timeslot sliding window mechanism and the training sequence parallel correlative detection algorithms were discussed in detail, and the advantage of these technologies was discussed though comparative analysis. With the successful application cases of the engineering practice in Zhejiang Province of China, the important value of the new technology proposed in this paper in the radio network planning and optimization engineering applications was proved.
Nanotechnology in drug delivery: the need for more cell culture based studies in screening
Authors: Kura Aminu Umar , Fakurazi Sharida , Hussein Mohd Zobir , Arulselvan Palanisamy
Published: July 2014

Advances in biomedical science are leading to upsurge synthesis of nanodelivery systems for drug delivery. The systems were characterized by controlled, targeted and sustained drug delivery ability. Humans are the target of these systems, hence, animals whose systems resembles humans were used to predict outcome.

Thus, increasing costs in money and time, plus ethical concerns over animal usage. However, with consideration and planning in experimental conditions,in vitropharmacological studies of the nanodelivery can mimic thein vivosystem. This can function as a simple method to investigate the effect of such materials without endangering animals especially at screening phase.
Effects of educational intervention based on PRECEDE model on self care behaviors and control in patients with type 2 diabetes in 2012
Authors: Dizaji Mahboobeh Borhani , Taghdisi Mohammad Hosein , Solhi Mahnaz , Hoseini Seyed Mojtaba , Shafieyan Zahra , Qorbani Mostafa , Mansourian Morteza , Charkazi Abdurrahman , Rezapoor Aziz
Published: July 2014

Background

Diabetes is a chronic disease and its control requires essential change in patients' life style. The aim of this study was survey of effects of educational intervention based on PRECEDE Model on self care behaviors and control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

This was a quasi-experimental study carried out in 78 patients with type 2 diabetes who have referred to Minoodasht clinic of diabetes. The educational program has been designed according to the PRECEDE Model. Prior to perform the educational intervention, the patients filled a questionnaire which was designed according to the structure of PRECEDE Model for type 2 diabetes patients. The diabetes education program was performed on three target groups (patients, their families and Health care personnel). After four weeks, the effects of the educational program have been evaluated through the same questionnaire. The findings were analyzed by SPSS version 16 and p-value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.

Results

The mean age of participants was 49 years, 87.2% were married and 19.2% was illiterate. The rate of income of 44.9% was low. 66% had a family history of diabetes and 64% had been afflicted with diabetes more than 5 years. The Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between formation of a file in diabetes clinic and on-time presence to receive services and participation in the educational classes with the marital status variable. The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between observing food diet and job. The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, practice, reinforcing factors and enabling factors has increased after educational intervention. The Chi-square test shows a significant difference before and after of education intervention in stages of the model.

Conclusion

The obtained results based on PRECEDE Model would support the positive effect of the educational intervention and its major elements (predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors) on diabetes self-care behaviors.
All capacities modular cost survivable network design problem using genetic algorithm with completely connection encoding
Authors: Binh Huynh Thi Thanh , Ngo Son Hong
Published: July 2014

We study the survivable network design problem (SNDP) for simultaneous unicast and anycast flows in networks where the link cost follows All Capacities Modular Cost (ACMC) model. Given a network modeled by a connected, undirected graph and a set of flow demands, this problem aims at finding a set of connections with a minimized network cost in order to protect the network against any single failure. This paper proposes a new Genetic Algorithm with an efficient encoding to solve the SNDP in networks with ACMC model (A-SNDP). Our encoding scheme is simple and allows large search space. Extensive simulation results on real large topology instances show that the proposed algorithm is much more efficient than the Tabu Search and other conventional Genetic Algorithm in terms of minimizing the network cost.
Resonant-frequency tuning of angular vertical comb-driven microscanner
Authors: Eun Youngkee , Kim Jongbaeg , Lin Liwei
Published: July 2014

The resonant-frequency tuning of a self-aligned angular vertical comb-driven electrostatic microscanner is demonstrated by the electromechanical spring effect. The microscanner is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator wafer using the plastic deformation of silicon. A tuning electrode is fabricated to be electrically separated from the actuation electrode to tune the resonant frequency by adjusting the applied direct-current voltage bias. The experimentally obtained maximum resonant-frequency shift was 3.2% when the resonant frequency of 3167 Hz is reduced to 3066 Hz when a tuning voltage of 30 V was applied while maintaining the actuation voltage. The method enables facile frequency tuning without any permanent geometrical modification to the microscanner.