bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triggering of p38 MAPK and JNK Signaling is Important for Oleanolic Acid‐Induced Apoptosis via the Mitochondrial Death Pathway in Hypertrophic Scar Fibroblasts
Authors: Chen Jian‐Yu , Zhang Lei , Zhang Hong , Su Li , Qin Lu‐Ping
Published: April 2014

Hypertrophic scarring is characterized by collagen overproduction and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. No consensus arises currently about the best therapeutics to produce complete and permanent improvement of scars with few side effects. In the present study, the mechanism of oleanolic acid (OA)‐induced apoptosis in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs) was investigated for the first time. OA activated the protein phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK but not ERK. OA did not antagonize the inhibitory effects of SB203580 on p38 MAPK pathway activity but sharply enhanced JNK phosphorylation when HSFs were pretreated with SB203580. Similarly, the inhibition of JNK signal pathway activation by pretreatment with SP600125 facilitated the protein phosphorylation of p38 MAPK caused by OA. Inhibition of p38 MAPK and/or JNK by inhibitors significantly enhanced cell viability and OA only partially depressed the increased cell viability. Moreover, OA increased Bax translocation, MMP loss, mitochondrial cytochrome c and AIF release, Bax and caspase‐3 protein expression and the ratio of Bax to Bcl‐2, decreased Bcl‐2 protein expression, and elevated the mRNA expression of Apaf‐1, caspase‐9, and capase‐3. These results suggest that OA elicits apoptosis through triggering of p38 MAPK and JNK signaling and activation of the mitochondrial death pathway. OA might be a good and useful natural drug against hypertrophic scars. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PD‐like controllers for delayed bilateral teleoperation of manipulators robots
Authors: Slawiñski Emanuel , Mut Vicente
Published: April 2014

This paper proposes a compensated PD‐like controller for delayed bilateral teleoperation of a manipulator robot. The scheme has a PD‐like remote controller, a damping into the master, and a compensation strategy. The proposed compensation removes part of potential energy of the user's command depending on the difference between the situation on the remote site and the situation as perceived by the human operator. In addition, the stability of the delayed teleoperation system is analyzed, and a comparison based on experiments is carried out in order to analyze the advantages of using the proposed compensation. Finally, results of a bilateral teleoperation including the proposed control scheme, where the master and slave exchange information by using a low‐cost connection of mobile Internet, are shown. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards secure identity management for the smart grid
Authors: Baumeister Todd , Dong Yingfei
Published: April 2014

The emerging smart grid incorporates modern information systems with traditional power delivery systems to achieve better control, efficiency, and reliability. However, it also brings potential cyber security risks into the essential power system. Therefore, we need a large‐scale framework to address the basic security issues such as identity management in the smart grid. While public key infrastructures (PKIs) have been developed for large‐scale distributed information systems, the existing PKI solutions cannot meet the unique requirements of the electrical power grid. In this paper, we first identify those unique requirements and discuss how the existing PKI trust models may be adapted to meet these requirements; we further evaluate the existing certificate revocation models; we then discuss various PKI adaptations for the smart grid. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical α‐MnO2 Nanowires@Ni1‐xMnxOy Nanoflakes Core–Shell Nanostructures for Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Hsin‐Yi , Xiao Fang‐Xing , Yu Le , Liu Bin , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: April 2014

A facile two‐step solution‐phase method has been developed for the preparation of hierarchical α‐MnO2 nanowires@Ni1‐xMnxOy nanoflakes core–shell nanostructures. Ultralong α‐MnO2 nanowires were synthesized by a hydrothermal method in the first step. Subsequently, Ni1‐xMnxOy nanoflakes were grown on α‐MnO2 nanowires to form core–shell nanostructures using chemical bath deposition followed by thermal annealing. Both solution‐phase methods can be easily scaled up for mass production. We have evaluated their application in supercapacitors. The ultralong one‐dimensional (1D) α‐MnO2 nanowires in hierarchical core–shell nanostructures offer a stable and efficient backbone for charge transport; while the two‐dimensional (2D) Ni1‐xMnxOy nanoflakes on α‐MnO2 nanowires provide high accessible surface to ions in the electrolyte. These beneficial features enable the electrode with high capacitance and reliable stability. The capacitance of the core–shell α‐MnO2@Ni1‐xMnxOy nanostructures (x = 0.75) is as high as 657 F g−1 at a current density of 250 mA g−1, and stable charging‐discharging cycling over 1000 times at a current density of 2000 mA g−1 has been realized.
Customer Satisfaction with Retail Banking Services in Ghana
Authors: Narteh Bedman , Kuada John
Published: April 2014

Recent studies indicate high competitiveness of the Ghanaian banking industry, making it difficult for banks to satisfy and retain customers. However, little empirical knowledge exists on the determinants of customer satisfaction toward the services delivered by the banks. This article reports a study of the determinants of customer satisfaction of retail bank services in Ghana. An extensive review of the extant literature was used to identify the theoretical determinants of customer satisfaction in retail banking and their measurement scales. These were adapted to build a conceptual framework for the empirical investigation conducted. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered through personal interviews to 650 customers of retail banks, and the results were factor analyzed and regressed. The empirical results indicated that relational, core, and tangible dimensions of service were positively associated with customer satisfaction in retail banks in Ghana. The study discusses the strategic implications of the findings for the management of customer satisfaction for retail banks operating in Ghana. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isomerization of DADNBF – A DFT Treatment
Authors: Türker Lemi
Published: April 2014

This study concentrates on the isomerization process of the explosive material 5,7‐diamino‐4,6‐dinitrobenzofuroxan (CL‐14). It has a benzofuroxan core, which is capable of isomerization via ring opening and closure reactions. To investigate the course of this process, some mechanisms are proposed and certain density functional calculations were carried out at the restricted levels of B3LYP using 6‐31G(d) and 6‐31G(d,p) basis sets. The stabilities and some other quantum chemical properties of the isomers were obtained. Additionally, the calculated IR and UV/Vis spectra of the structures are presented.
Hörmander Class of Pseudo-Differential Operators on Compact Lie Groups and Global Hypoellipticity
Authors: Ruzhansky Michael , Turunen Ville , Wirth Jens
Published: April 2014

In this paper we give several global characterisations of the Hörmander class

$$\Psi ^m(G)$$

Ψ
m

(
G
)

of pseudo-differential operators on compact Lie groups in terms of the representation theory of the group. The result is applied to give criteria for the ellipticity and the global hypoellipticity of pseudo-differential operators in terms of their matrix-valued full symbols. Several examples of the first and second order globally hypoelliptic differential operators are given, in particular of operators that are locally not invertible nor hypoelliptic but globally are. Where the global hypoelliptiticy fails, one can construct explicit examples based on the analysis of the global symbols.
Gain-of-function mutation in Gnao1: A murine model of epileptiform encephalopathy (EIEE17)?
Authors: Kehrl Jason M. , Sahaya Kinshuk , Dalton Hans M. , Charbeneau Raelene A. , Kohut Kevin T. , Gilbert Kristen , Pelz Madeline C. , Parent Jack , Neubig Richard R.
Published: April 2014

G protein-coupled receptors strongly modulate neuronal excitability but there has been little evidence for G protein mechanisms in genetic epilepsies. Recently, four patients with epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE17) were found to have mutations in GNAO1, the most abundant G protein in brain, but the mechanism of this effect is not known. The GNAO1 gene product, Gαo, negatively regulates neurotransmitter release. Here, we report a dominant murine model of Gnao1-related seizures and sudden death. We introduced a genomic gain-of-function knock-in mutation (Gnao1
+/G184S) that prevents Go turnoff by Regulators of G protein signaling proteins. This results in rare seizures, strain-dependent death between 15 and 40 weeks of age, and a markedly increased frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges. Mutants on a C57BL/6J background also have faster sensitization to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling. Both premature lethality and PTZ kindling effects are suppressed in the 129SvJ mouse strain. We have mapped a 129S-derived modifier locus on Chromosome 17 (within the region 41–70 MB) as a Modifer of G protein Seizures (Mogs1). Our mouse model suggests a novel gain-of-function mechanism for the newly defined subset of epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE17). Furthermore, it reveals a new epilepsy susceptibility modifier Mogs1 with implications for the complex genetics of human epilepsy as well as sudden death in epilepsy.
Propionate represses the dnaA gene via the methylcitrate pathway-regulating transcription factor, PrpR, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Masiewicz Paweł , Wolański Marcin , Brzostek Anna , Dziadek Jarosław , Zakrzewska-Czerwińska Jolanta
Published: April 2014

During infection of macrophages, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes tuberculosis, utilizes fatty acids as a major carbon source. However, little is known about the coordination of the central carbon metabolism of M. tuberculosis with its chromosomal replication, particularly during infection. A recently characterized transcription factor called PrpR is known to directly regulate the genes involved in fatty acid catabolism by M. tuberculosis. Here, we report for the first time that PrpR also regulates the dnaA gene, which encodes the DnaA initiator protein responsible for initiating chromosomal replication. Using cell-free systems and intact cells, we demonstrated an interaction between PrpR and the dnaA promoter region. Moreover, real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis revealed that PrpR acts as a transcriptional repressor of dnaA when propionate (a product of odd-chain-length fatty acid catabolism) was used as the sole carbon source. We hypothesize that PrpR may be an important element of the complex regulatory system(s) required for tubercle bacilli to survive within macrophages, presumably coordinating the catabolism of host-derived fatty acids with chromosomal replication.
Assets and African Americans: Attempting to Capitalize on Hopes for Children through College Savings Accounts
Authors: Shanks Trina R. Williams , Nicoll Kerri Leyda , Johnson Toni
Published: April 2014

Although some racial inequalities have lessened in the half-century since the passage of the first major civil rights legislation, the racial wealth gap remains and in recent years seems to be widening. Households with children are the least likely to be asset secure or have sufficient resources to enable investment in opportunities for mobility. Viewing inequality from this perspective indicates that what households are able to save and invest for the future might have a more lasting impact on the life chances of children than their current income and consumption. Summarizing data from the Saving for Education, Entrepreneurship, and Downpayment (SEED) Initiative, a quasi-experimental study that is part of a national demonstration of Child Development Accounts (CDAs) in the United States, this paper describes how African-American households engage with one important investment opportunity – college savings accounts for their pre-school children. Combining account monitoring, survey, interview and focus group data, we explore the reasons that many households chose not to open accounts or invest their own money. We offer suggestions for making asset development programs viable for low-income African-American families and their children.
Regional Economic Resilience: A Schumpeterian Perspective
Authors: Simmie James
Published: April 2014

This paper takes up the Schumpeterian argument that innovations drive economic recovery following cyclical phases of recession and depression. The performance of the regional innovation systems of two contrasting regions in England is examined in the light of this argument. It is shown that the long-term development of the regions’ respective innovation systems contributed significantly to the long-run adaptation and consequential economic resilience of their economies in the face of periodic external economic shocks. It is also argued that regional innovation systems policies can contribute to the adaptation of regional economies and therefore their economic resilience.
Asymptotic analysis of solutions to a gauged
\( O\left(\right.3\left.\right) \) sigma model
Authors: Bartolucci Daniele , Lee Youngae , Lin Chang-Shou , Onodera Michiaki
Published: April 2014

We analyze an elliptic equation arising in the study of the gauged

\mathrm{O}(3)

sigma model with the Chern–Simons term. In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of solutions and apply it to prove the uniqueness of stable solutions. However, one of the features of this nonlinear equation is the existence of stable nontopological solutions in

\mathbb{R}^{2}

, which implies the possibility that a stable solution which blows up at a vortex point exists. To exclude this kind of blow up behavior is one of the main difficulties which we have to overcome.
Standardized decision support in next generation sequencing reports of somatic cancer variants
Authors: Dienstmann Rodrigo , Dong Fei , Borger Darrell , Dias-Santagata Dora , Ellisen Leif W. , Le Long P. , Iafrate A. John
Published: April 2014

Of hundreds to thousands of somatic mutations that exist in each cancer genome, a large number are unique and non‐recurrent variants. Prioritizing genetic variants identified via next generation sequencing technologies remains a major challenge. Many such variants occur in tumor genes that have well‐established biological and clinical relevance and are putative targets of molecular therapy, however, most variants are still of unknown significance. With large amounts of data being generated as high throughput sequencing assays enter the clinical realm, there is a growing need to better communicate relevant findings in a timely manner while remaining cognizant of the potential consequences of misuse or overinterpretation of genomic information. Herein we describe a systematic framework for variant annotation and prioritization, and we propose a structured molecular pathology report using standardized terminology in order to best inform oncology clinical practice. We hope that our experience developing a comprehensive knowledge database of emerging predictive markers matched to targeted therapies will help other institutions implement similar programs.
Entrainment and mixing in a laboratory model of oceanic overflow
Authors: Odier Philippe , Chen Jun , Ecke Robert E.
Published: April 2014

We present experimental measurements of a wall-bounded gravity current, motivated by characterizing natural gravity currents such as oceanic overflows. We use particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence to simultaneously measure the velocity and density fields as they evolve downstream of the initial injection from a turbulent channel flow onto a plane inclined at$10^\circ $with respect to horizontal. The turbulence level of the input flow is controlled by injecting velocity fluctuations upstream of the output nozzle. The initial Reynolds number based on the Taylor microscale of the flow,$R_{\lambda }$, is varied between 40 and 120, and the effects of the initial turbulence level are assessed. The bulk Richardson number$\mathit{Ri}$for the flow is${\sim }$0.3 whereas the gradient Richardson number$\mathit{Ri}_g$varies between 0.04 and 0.25, indicating that shear dominates the stabilizing effect of stratification. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability results in vigorous vertical transport of mass and momentum. We present baseline characterization of standard turbulence quantities and calculate, in several different ways, the fluid entrainment coefficient$E$, a quantity of considerable interest in mixing parameterization for ocean circulation models. We also determine the properties of mixing as represented by the flux Richardson number$\mathit{Ri}_f$as a function of$\mathit{Ri}_g$and diapycnal mixing parameter$K_{\rho }$versus the buoyancy Reynolds number$\mathit{Re}_b$. We find reasonable agreement with results from natural flows.
Tunable fall velocity of a dense ball in oscillatory cross-sheared concentrated suspensions
Authors: Blanc Frédéric , Lemaire Elisabeth , Peters François
Published: April 2014

The fall velocity of a dense large ball in a suspension of neutrally buoyant non-Brownian particles subjected to horizontal oscillatory shear is studied. As the strain amplitude is increased, the velocity increases up to a maximum value before decreasing to the value that it would have in a resting suspension. The higher the frequency is, the stronger the effect is. The falling ball velocity can be largely increased in the presence of the oscillatory cross-shear flow. For instance, for a particle volume fraction of$\varPhi =0.47$it reaches four times the value it has in the unsheared suspension. At small strain amplitudes, it turns out that the velocity of the falling ball is determined by a balance between the steady drag flow, which drives the apparent suspension viscosity toward a high value, and the oscillatory cross-shear, which lessens it. A simple model is proposed to explain the experimental observations at small strain amplitude. The velocity decrease observed at larger amplitude is not completely understood yet.
Moffatt vortices induced by the motion of a contact line
Authors: Kirkinis E. , Davis S. H.
Published: April 2014

A recent hydrodynamic theory of liquid slippage on a solid substrate (Kirkinis & Davis, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 110, 2013, 234503) gives rise to a sequence of eddies (Moffatt vortices) that co-move with a moving contact line (CL) in a liquid wedge. The presence of these vortices is established through secular equations that depend on the dynamic contact angle $\alpha $ and capillary number Ca. The limiting case $\alpha \rightarrow 0$ is associated with the appearance of such vortices in a channel. The vortices are generated by the relative motion of the interfaces, which in turn is due to the motion of the CL. This effect has yet to be observed in experiment.
The Construct of Relationship Quality
Authors: Farooqi Saif R.
Published: April 2014

Relationships form the essence of personality and contribute to the individual's wellbeing. Keeping in view the significance that relationships may have on an individual, it becomes compelling to examine relationship quality, the central guiding force of relationships. Relationship quality — the positive or negative feelings about a relationship — is termed an ambiguous concept. The purpose of this article is to review the literature of relationship quality to develop a deep understanding of the construct, by exploring its various determinants. The article begins with a description of the construct followed by a detailed exploration of the factors that determine relationship quality. Research suggests that a wide range of factors have an influence on relationship quality. These include, among others, self-verification and self-enhancement, personality, emotional intelligence, interaction patterns, and partner support. Economic factors also play an important role in determining relationship quality. Previous research also suggests that most of the research on relationship quality has been done on either marital relationships or dating relationships. Further, the determinants of relationship quality may be different with respect to different types of relationships. Additionally, research suggests that relationship quality has been examined using multiple methods, which strengthens the claim of relationship quality being a complex and ambiguous construct.
Love and Death: Relational Metaphors Following the Death of a Child
Authors: Umphrey Laura R. , Cacciatore Joanne
Published: April 2014

Recognised as one of the most painful human experiences, the purpose of this study was to uncover the relational and metaphorical themes embodied in bereaved parent narratives following the death of a child. Using a grounded approach, 420 narratives were analysed. Results of the study found (a) relational trajectory, (b) grief/coping, and (c) communication as prominent relational themes. In the present study, bereaved parents often described their conjugal relationship metaphorically as being in motion, as a living organism, and as on a journey. Grief was primarily described metaphorically as a type of journey. Communication was metaphorically described in terms of being open or closed. Discovering the experiences of bereaved parents adds to our knowledge about how the stress of child death impacts relational resiliency. Implications are discussed.
Candidate Ethnicity and Vote Choice in Britain
Authors: Fisher Stephen D. , Heath Anthony F. , Sanders David , Sobolewska Maria
Published: April 2014

This article develops and tests a set of theoretical mechanisms by which candidate ethnicity may have affected the party vote choice of both white British and ethnic minority voters in the 2010 British general election. Ethnic minority candidates suffered an average electoral penalty of about 4 per cent of the three-party vote from whites, mostly because those with anti-immigrant feelings were less willing to vote for Muslims. Ethnic minority voter responses to candidate ethnicity differed by ethnic group. There were no significant effects for non-Muslim Indian and black voters, while Pakistani candidates benefited from an 8-point average electoral bonus from Pakistani voters.
The Legal History of Public Land in Liberia
Authors: Stevens Caleb J
Published: April 2014

This article demonstrates that there has never been a clear definition of public land in Liberian legal history, although in the past the government operated as if all land that was not under private deed was public. By examining primary source materials found in archives in Liberia and the USA, the article traces the origins of public land in Liberia and its ambiguous development as a legal concept. It also discusses the ancillary issues of public land sale procedures and statutory prices. The conclusions reached have significant implications for the reform of Liberia's land sector.
Does the Disposition Effect Matter in Corporate Takeovers? Evidence from Institutional Investors of Target Companies
Authors: Ye Pengfei
Published: April 2014

This paper examines whether one of the most important participants in the takeover market, the institutional investors of target companies, suffers from the disposition effect and, if so, how this selling bias influences the takeover outcomes. I report robust evidence that target institutional investors are reluctant to realize losses. This bias further allows their sunk cost to affect both the takeover price and the deal success. My results are explained by neither the undervalued targets nor the 52-week-high price effect. They are most pronounced among targets whose investors have a strong propensity to hold on to loser stocks.
Human–tiger Panthera tigris conflict and its perception in Bardia National Park, Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Babu R. , Fischer Klaus
Published: April 2014

Human–wildlife conflict is a significant problem that often results in retaliatory killing of predators. Such conflict is particularly pronounced between humans and tigers Panthera tigris because of fatal attacks by tigers on humans. We investigated the incidence and perception of human–tiger conflict in the buffer zone of Bardia National Park, Nepal, by interviewing 273 local householders and 27 key persons (e.g. representatives of local communities, Park officials). Further information was compiled from the Park's archives. The annual loss of livestock attributable to tigers was 0.26 animals per household, amounting to an annual loss of 2% of livestock. Livestock predation rates were particularly high in areas with low abundance of natural prey. During 1994–2007 12 people were killed and a further four injured in tiger attacks. Nevertheless, local people generally had a positive attitude towards tiger conservation and were willing to tolerate some loss of livestock but not human casualties. This positive attitude indicates the potential for implementation of appropriate conservation measures and we propose mitigation strategies such as education, monetary compensation and monitoring of tigers.
Cognitive variability in psychotic disorders: a cross-diagnostic cluster analysis
Authors: Lewandowski K. E. , Sperry S. H. , Cohen B. M. , Öngür D.
Published: April 2014

Background.

Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of psychotic disorders; however, substantial variability exists both within and between subjects in terms of cognitive domains of dysfunction, and a clear ‘profile’ of cognitive strengths and weaknesses characteristic of any diagnosis or psychosis as a whole has not emerged. Cluster analysis provides an opportunity to group individuals using a data-driven approach rather than predetermined grouping criteria. While several studies have identified meaningful cognitive clusters in schizophrenia, no study to date has examined cognition in a cross-diagnostic sample of patients with psychotic disorders using a cluster approach. We aimed to examine cognitive variables in a sample of 167 patients with psychosis using cluster methods.

Method.

Subjects with schizophrenia (n = 41), schizo-affective disorder (n = 53) or bipolar disorder with psychosis (n = 73) were assessed using a battery of cognitive and clinical measures. Cognitive data were analysed using Ward's method, followed by a K-means cluster approach. Clusters were then compared on diagnosis and measures of clinical symptoms, demographic variables and community functioning.

Results.

A four-cluster solution was selected, including a ‘neuropsychologically normal’ cluster, a globally and significantly impaired cluster, and two clusters of mixed cognitive profiles. Clusters differed on several clinical variables; diagnoses were distributed amongst all clusters, although not evenly.

Conclusions.

Identification of groups of patients who share similar neurocognitive profiles may help pinpoint relevant neural abnormalities underlying these traits. Such groupings may also hasten the development of individualized treatment approaches, including cognitive remediation tailored to patients' specific cognitive profiles.
A matter of timing: Developmental theories of romantic involvement and psychosocial adjustment
Authors: Furman Wyndol , Collibee Charlene
Published: April 2014

The present study compared two theories of the association between romantic involvement and adjustment: a social timetable theory and a developmental task theory. We examined seven waves of longitudinal data on a community based sample of 200 participants (Wave 1 mean age = 15 years, 10 months). In each wave, multiple measures of substance use, externalizing symptoms, and internalizing symptoms were gathered, typically from multiple reporters. Multilevel modeling revealed that greater levels of romantic involvement in adolescence were associated with higher levels of substance use and externalizing symptoms but became associated with lower levels in adulthood. Having a romantic partner was associated with greater levels of substance use, externalizing symptoms, and internalizing symptoms in adolescence but was associated with lower levels in young adulthood. The findings were not consistent with a social timetable theory, which predicts that nonnormative involvement is associated with poor adjustment. Instead, the findings are consistent with a developmental task theory, which predicts that precocious romantic involvement undermines development and adaptation, but when romantic involvement becomes a salient developmental task in adulthood, it is associated with positive adjustment. Discussion focuses on the processes that may underlie the changing nature of the association between romantic involvement and adjustment.
A prospective study of body image dissatisfaction and BMI change in school-age children
Authors: Duchin Ofra , Marin Constanza , Mora-Plazas Mercedes , Mendes de Leon Carlos , Lee Joyce M , Baylin Ana , Villamor Eduardo
Published: April 2014

Objective

Body image dissatisfaction (BID) in school-age children is positively associated with weight status in cross-sectional studies; however, it is uncertain whether BID is a risk factor for the development of adiposity over time. The aim of the present study was to examine the association of BID with changes in BMI in school-age children.

Design

Longitudinal study. At recruitment, children were asked to indicate the silhouette that most closely represented their current and desired body shapes using child-adapted Stunkard scales. Baseline BID was calculated as the difference of current minus desired body image. Height and weight were measured at recruitment and then annually for a median of 2·5 years. Sex-specific BMI-for-age curves were estimated by levels of baseline BID, using mixed-effects models with restricted cubic splines.

Setting

Public primary schools in Bogotá, Colombia.

Subjects

Six hundred and twenty-nine children aged 5–12 years.

Results

In multivariable analyses, thin boys who desired to be thinner gained an estimated 5·8 kg/m2more BMI from age 6 to 14 years than boys without BID (P= 0·0004). Heavy boys who desired to be heavier or thinner gained significantly more BMI than boys without BID (P= 0·003 andP= 0·007, respectively). Thin girls who desired to be heavier or thinner gained significantly less BMI than girls without BID (P= 0·0008 andP= 0·05, respectively), whereas heavy girls who desired to be heavier gained an estimated 4·8 kg/m2less BMI than girls without BID (P= 0·0006). BID was not related to BMI change in normal-weight children.

Conclusions

BID is associated with BMI trajectories of school-age children in a sex- and weight-specific manner.
The International Court of Justice in Asia: Interpreting the Temple of Preah Vihear Case
Authors: CHESTERMAN Simon
Published: April 2014

This essay examines the 2013 Decision by the International Court of Justice interpreting its 1962 Judgment in the Temple of Preah Vihear case between Cambodia and Thailand, situating the more recent decision in the context of the Court's evolving role in Asia. Only eight Asian states have accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court; only nine have ever appeared before it. The narrowness of the recent decision is of interest in part because of the modest role it ascribes to judicial institutions, but also for what this modesty heralds for the Court's status in Asia. A key conclusion is that Asian states are likely to retain a general preference for bilateral resolution of disputes. For smaller disputes, however, especially those concerning subjects that cannot be divided or traded—such as a temple (and, as we shall see, an island)—the ICJ may play an important role.
Parent-reported behavioural and emotional problems in Albanian Kosovar children
Authors: Shahini M. , Rescorla L. A. , Ahmeti A. Pronaj , Begovac I. , Dobrean A. , Markovıć J. , Rudan V. , Wancata J. , Wolanczyk T. , Zhjeqi V. , Zukauskiene R.
Published: April 2014

Aims.

Because no epidemiological study has been conducted of children's mental health problems in Kosova, which experienced a traumatic war in 1998–99, we conducted the first national epidemiological survey of children's mental health ever undertaken in Kosova.

Methods.

Participants were 1374 Kosovar children ages 6–18 recruited through schools (60% from urban areas). Parent-reported behavioural and emotional problems were assessed using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL/6–18). Kosovar findings were compared with findings from five other Central and Eastern European societies (Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Serbia and Croatia), plus the US.

Results.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the CBCL 8-syndrome model manifested good fit to the Kosovar data. Mean item ratings and Cronbach's alphas were very similar to those of the other six societies. Kosova's mean Total Problems score fell in the middle of the range of the seven societies compared. CBCL scores were higher for adolescents (12–18), urban children, and those whose parents had limited education compared with younger (6–11), rural, and more socially advantaged children.

Conclusions.

Strong consistency was found between Kosovar findings and those for neighbouring countries with respect to CFA results, mean item ratings, alphas and problem score levels. Results of this epidemiological survey highlight the utility of the CBCL for identifying Kosovar Albanian children with mental health service needs.
Effect of La/Gd ratios on phase, morphology, and fluorescence properties of LaxGd1−xF3:Nd3+ nanocrystals
Authors: Liang Chen , Wang Zhongyue , Zhang Yanyan , Duan Weikuan , Yue Weiyan , Ding Yin , Wei Wei
Published: April 2014

Phase transition from orthorhombic GdF3 (nanorods) to nearly monodisperse hexagonal La0.3Gd0.7F3 (nanospheres) solid solution was achieved by 30% La3+-doping.
Metal–organic frameworks based on flexible ligands (FL-MOFs): structures and applications
Authors: Lin Zu-Jin , Lü Jian , Hong Maochun , Cao Rong
Published: April 2014

This review presents the recent developments on FL-MOFs, including their structures and applications in gas adsorption, catalysis and proton conduction.
Novel polyoxometalate silica nano-sized spheres: efficient catalysts for olefin oxidation and the deep desulfurization process
Authors: Nogueira Lucie S. , Ribeiro Susana , Granadeiro Carlos M. , Pereira Eulália , Feio Gabriel , Cunha-Silva Luís , Balula Salete S.
Published: April 2014

A novel method to prepare silica nano-sized particles incorporating polyoxometalates was developed leading to a new efficient heterogeneous oxidative catalyst.
Emerging capabilities of mass spectrometry for natural products
Authors: Jarmusch Alan K. , Cooks R. Graham
Published: April 2014

Mass spectrometry has a rich history in natural products research. This is likely to grow as new in situ methods of bioprospecting, structure analysis, molecular imaging, and rapid small-scale MS synthesis take hold.
Building a Fab on a Chip
Authors: Imboden Matthias , Han Han , Stark Thomas , Lowell Evan , Chang Jackson , Pardo Flavio , Bolle Cristian , del Corro Pablo G. , Bishop David J.
Published: April 2014

Source–writer–sensor components of the Fab on a Chip.
Facile synthesis of hierarchical dendritic PtPd nanogarlands supported on reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrocatalytic properties
Authors: Li Shan-Shan , Zheng Jie-Ning , Ma Xiaohong , Hu Yuan-Yuan , Wang Ai-Jun , Chen Jian-Rong , Feng Jiu-Ju
Published: April 2014

A facile method is developed for one-pot preparation of hierarchical dendritic PtPd nanogarlands supported on RGO, which shows superior electrocatalytic performances for electrooxidation of methanol and ethanol.
Unusual morphologies of reduced graphene oxide and polyaniline nanofibers-reduced graphene oxide composites for high performance supercapacitor applications
Authors: Diggikar Rahul S. , Late Dattatray J. , Kale Bharat B.
Published: April 2014

The unique morphologies of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and RGO–PANI nanofibers (NF) composites have been demonstrated. The enhanced electrochemical performance was observed for honeycomb like RGO–PANI NFs composites.
Ultrasensitive dual amplification sandwich immunosensor for breast cancer susceptibility gene based on sheet materials
Authors: Ren Xiang , Yan Tao , Zhang Sen , Zhang Xiaoyue , Gao Picheng , Wu Dan , Du Bin , Wei Qin
Published: April 2014

A new electrochemical dual amplification sandwich immunosensor (DASI) was designed for ultrasensitive and accurate detection of the breast cancer susceptibility gene based on the combination of N-doped graphene, hydroxypropyl chitosan and Co3O4 mesoporous nanosheets.
Ion-pair assisted liquid–liquid extraction for selective separation and analysis of multiclass pesticide residues in environmental waters
Authors: Gure Abera , Megersa Negussie , Retta Negussie
Published: April 2014

Ion-pair-assisted liquid–liquid extraction method, using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent, for the quantitative determination of ten multiclass pesticides in environmental water.
Determination of iodinated X-ray contrast agents in pharmaceutical formulations and artificial urine samples by differential pulse voltammetry
Authors: Markowski Piotr , Piwowar Katarzyna , Baranowska Irena
Published: April 2014

This manuscript shows how to quickly detect the concentration of three iodinated X-ray contrast agents (iopromide, iodixanol and amidotrizoic acid) using differential pulse voltammetry.
A CdTe–MPA quantum dot fluorescence enhancement flow method for chlorhexidine determination
Authors: Barbosa João A. C. , Abreu Vera L. R. G. , Rodrigues S. Sofia M. , Frigerio Christian , Santos João L. M.
Published: April 2014

In this work the fluorescence enhancement that water-soluble CdTe quantum dots (QDs) capped with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) exhibit in the presence of a biguanide compound, chlorhexidine, was investigated.
Environmentally-benign catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOxfrom diesel engines: structure–activity relationship and reaction mechanism aspects
Authors: Liu Fudong , Yu Yunbo , He Hong
Published: April 2014

The structure–activity relationship of vanadium-free NH3-SCR catalysts and the HC-SCR reaction mechanism over the Ag/Al2O3catalyst are comprehensively summarized.
Designer macrocyclic organo-peptide hybrids inhibit the interaction between p53 and HDM2/X by accommodating a functional α-helix
Authors: Smith Jessica M. , Frost John R. , Fasan Rudi
Published: April 2014

Side-chain-to-C-end-bridged organo-peptide macrocycles provide a new scaffold for accommodating an α-helical protein-binding motif.
Anisotropic growth of the thiophene-based layer on Si(111)–B
Authors: Rochefort A. , Makoudi Y. , Maillard A. , Jeannoutot J. , Blier J. , Chérioux F. , Palmino F.
Published: April 2014

Large scale STM simulation of an anisotropic array of thiophene-based molecules on Si(111)–B.
Tunable light emission from co-assembled structures of benzothiadiazole molecules
Authors: Balakrishnan Kaushik , Hsu Wei-Liang , Mataka Shuntaro , Pau Stanley
Published: April 2014

Tunable light emission (∼510–690 nm) achieved from co-localized, co-assembled structures of two different 4,7-substituted benzothiadiazole molecules.
Chemical vapour deposition of epitaxial rhombohedral BN thin films on SiC substrates
Authors: Chubarov M. , Pedersen H. , Högberg H. , Czigany Zs. , Henry A.
Published: April 2014

Epitaxial growth of rhombohedral boron nitride (r-BN) on different polytypes of silicon carbide (SiC) is demonstrated using thermally activated hot-wall chemical vapour deposition and triethyl boron and ammonia as precursors.
Gas phase dynamics of triplet formation in benzophenone
Authors: Spighi Gloria , Gaveau Marc-André , Mestdagh Jean-Michel , Poisson Lionel , Soep Benoît
Published: April 2014

Benzophenone is a prototype molecule for photochemistry in the triplet state through its high triplet yield and reactivity.
Structures of ionic liquid–water mixtures investigated by IR and NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Cha Seoncheol , Ao Mingqi , Sung Woongmo , Moon Bongjin , Ahlström Bodil , Johansson Patrik , Ouchi Yukio , Kim Doseok
Published: April 2014

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids having different anions 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM]X: X = Cl−, Br−, I−, and BF4−) and their aqueous mixtures were investigated by IR absorption and proton NMR spectroscopy.
Combining experiment and theory to elucidate the role of supercritical water in sulfide decomposition
Authors: Kida Yuko , Class Caleb A. , Concepcion Anthony J. , Timko Michael T. , Green William H.
Published: April 2014

Supercritical water is observed to react with alkyl sulfides, forming H2S, CO, and alkanes. Quantum chemistry calculations show this occurs via a multistep mechanism involving both free radical and pericyclic reactions, with water acting as both a reagent and a catalyst.
The theoretical account of the ligand field bonding regime and magnetic anisotropy in the DySc2N@C80 single ion magnet endohedral fullerene
Authors: Cimpoesu Fanica , Dragoe Nita , Ramanantoanina Harry , Urland Werner , Daul Claude
Published: April 2014

Methodological advances for the treatment of electron structure and properties of the f-type ions embedded in fullerenes are presented.
The activation strain model and molecular orbital theory: understanding and designing chemical reactions
Authors: Fernández Israel , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias
Published: April 2014

In this Tutorial Review, we make the point that a true understanding of trends in reactivity (as opposed to measuring or simply computing them) requires a causal reactivity model.
Soft templates in encapsulation complexes
Authors: Ajami Dariush , Liu Lijuan , Rebek Jr. Julius
Published: April 2014

The ethanolamide of arachidonic acid (anandamide) nucleates the assembly of a capsule incorporating 8 spacer units.
Formation of cyanates in low-valent uranium chemistry: a synergistic experimental/theoretical study
Authors: Kefalidis Christos E. , Frey Alistair S. P. , Roe S. Mark , Cloke F. Geoffrey N. , Maron Laurent
Published: April 2014

Cyanate formation appears to occur at a monometallic species but is also shown to induce possible formation of a mix-valence complex.
Insertion of alkynes into Pt–X bonds of square planar [PtX2(N^N)] (X = Cl, Br, I) complexes
Authors: Benedetti Michele , Lamacchia Vincenza , Antonucci Daniela , Papadia Paride , Pacifico Concetta , Natile Giovanni , Fanizzi Francesco P.
Published: April 2014

New [PtX(Me2phen)(η1-E-CHCHX)] and [PtX(Me2phen)(η1-E-CHCHX)(η2-CHCH)] complexes were discovered by studying the reactivity of [PtX2(N–N)] (X = Br, I) with acetylene.
Charting the mechanism and reactivity of zirconium oxalate with hydroxamate ligands using density functional theory: implications in new chelate design
Authors: Holland Jason P. , Vasdev Neil
Published: April 2014

DFT studies on Zr-oxalate reactivity with hydroxamic acids reveals new insight into the mechanism and coordination requirements of89Zr4+ions.
Design of a downscaling method to estimate continuous data from discrete pollen monitoring in Tunisia
Authors: Orlandi Fabio , Oteros Jose , Aguilera Fátima , Ben Dhiab Ali , Msallem Monji , Fornaciari Marco
Published: April 2014

Data provided by continuous Hirst air sampling are used to reconstruct discrete Cour air sampler data using an interpolation method for the potential use of Cour databases for scientific purposes.
Study of chemical stability of lemon oil components in sodium caseinate–lactose glycoconjugate-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography
Authors: Sabik Hassan , Achouri Allaoua , Alfaro Maria , Pelletier Marylène , Belanger Denis , Britten Michel , Fustier Patrick
Published: April 2014

A method was developed to quantify lemon oil components and their degradation products in oil-in-water emulsions.
LA-ICP-MS Pb–U dating of young zircons from the Kos–Nisyros volcanic centre, SE Aegean arc
Authors: Guillong M. , von Quadt A. , Sakata S. , Peytcheva I. , Bachmann O.
Published: April 2014

Dating of zircons in the 100 ka range is possible with LA-ICP-MS applying Th-disequilibrium correction.
Slicing – a new method for non destructive 3D elemental sensitive characterization of materials
Authors: Radtke Martin , Buzanich Günter , Curado Jessica , Reinholz Uwe , Riesemeier Heinrich , Scharf Oliver
Published: April 2014

The measurement of thin slices with a color X-ray camera allows the 3D reconstruction of elemental distributions with X-ray fluorescence.
Integrating microfluidic generation, handling and analysis of biomimetic giant unilamellar vesicles
Authors: Paterson D. J. , Reboud J. , Wilson R. , Tassieri M. , Cooper J. M.
Published: April 2014

Integrated microfluidic manufacture and analysis of biomimetic vesicles, demonstrated by a high-throughput dye leakage experiment, using antimicrobial peptides.
Design and synthesis of membrane-targeting antibiotics: from peptides- to aminosugar-based antimicrobial cationic amphiphiles
Authors: Herzog Ido M. , Fridman Micha
Published: April 2014

Infections caused by drug resistant and/or slow-growing bacteria are increasingly becoming some of the greatest challenges of health organizations worldwide.
Gold nanoparticle-based enhanced ELISA for respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Zhan Lei , Wu Wen Bi , Yang Xiao Xi , Huang Cheng Zhi
Published: April 2014

A highly sensitive colorimetric immunoassay for the detection of RSV by adopting AuNPs as multienzyme carriers was developed.
A simple approach towards nitrogen-doped graphene and metal/graphene by solid-state pyrolysis of metal phthalocyanine
Authors: Xue Wei-Dong , Zhao Rui
Published: April 2014

Nitrogen-graphene and metal/nitrogen-graphene were obtained in bulk by pyrolysis of copper phthalocyanine in an Ar atmosphere at 800 °C.
Wafer-scale, three-dimensional helical porous thin films deposited at a glancing angle
Authors: Huang Zhifeng , Bai Fan
Published: April 2014

Helical porous thin films obliquely deposited are reviewed in terms of fabrication, growth mechanism, physical properties and applications in green energy.
Localized plasmon assisted structured illumination microscopy for wide-field high-speed dispersion-independent super resolution imaging
Authors: Ponsetto Joseph Louis , Wei Feifei , Liu Zhaowei
Published: April 2014

Fluorescent imaging resolution down to 51 nm is shown by generating tunable localized plasmon excitations on a nano-antenna array.
Interaction of nanoparticles with lipid membranes: a multiscale perspective
Authors: Montis Costanza , Maiolo Daniele , Alessandri Ivano , Bergese Paolo , Berti Debora
Published: April 2014

Interaction between nanoparticles and model lipid membranes from the molecular to the mesoscale domains.
Improving the efficiency of organic photovoltaics by tuning the work function of graphene oxide hole transporting layers
Authors: Stratakis Emmanuel , Savva Kyriaki , Konios Dimitrios , Petridis Constantinos , Kymakis Emmanuel
Published: April 2014

Photochlorinated graphene oxide with an increased work function of 5.23 eV as a hole transporting layer in highly efficient organic photovoltaic devices.
Cyclisation reactions of N-cinnamoyl-9-aminoanthracenes
Authors: King Frank D. , Aliev Abil , Caddick Stephen , Tocher Derek
Published: April 2014

N-Cinnamoyl-9-aminoanthracenes cyclise with PPA or triflic acid to form novel 2-azahexacyclo[10.6.6.01,5.06,11.013,18.019,24]tetracosa-6(11),7,9,13,15,17,19(24),20,22-nonaen-3-ones.
sp3 C–H oxidation by remote H-radical shift with oxygen- and nitrogen-radicals: a recent update
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke , Chen Hui
Published: April 2014

This review updates on recent advances in aliphatic sp3 C–H bond oxidation by remote H-radical abstraction with oxygen- and nitrogen-radicals classifying by the type of the radical precursors.
Beneficial metal ion insertion into dandelion-like MnS with enhanced catalytic performance and genetic morphology
Authors: Mi Liwei , Chen Yuanfang , Zheng Zhi , Hou Hongwei , Chen Weihua , Cui Shizhong
Published: April 2014

Large-scale novel hierarchical dandelion-like MnS was successfully synthesized with manganese complex as a template under mild reaction conditions.