bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of three-dimensional displacements by radial shearing interferometer
Authors: Wang Jia , Liu Rong-Ming , Wang Jia-Chao , Wu Shen-Jiang ,   School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China
Published: December 2020

 Moiré patterns formed by overlapping two circular gratings of slightly different pitches have been extensively used for measuring the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) displacements. However, in the existing applications, Moiré patterns are analyzed based on geometric superposition, by which the 3D displacements cannot be instantaneously or simultaneously measured with a high accuracy. In this paper, radial shearing interferometry with double circular gratings of slightly different pitches is presented to realize the simultaneous measurement of 3D displacements.

 The measurement is based on the principle that Moiré patterns produced by radial shearing interferometry are determined not only by the 2D in-plane displacements, but also by the out-of-plane displacement that brings about a phase shift between Moiré patterns of +1 and –1 diffraction orders. First, the production mechanism of Moiré patterns by radial shearing interferometry is studied based on the scalar diffraction theory and the intensity distribution of Moiré fringes of +1 and –1 orders is derived to establish the exact analytic relations between Moiré patterns and 3D displacements. Second, on the basis of spectrum characteristics of circular grating, a semicircular ring filter is proposed for spatial filtering to realize the simultaneous imaging of Moiré fringes of +1 and –1 orders. Then, the algorithm to quantitatively extract 3D displacements from Moiré patterns is proposed and demonstrated by numerical simulation. In the algorithm, Moiré patterns in the rectangular coordinate system are transformed into the polar coordinate system and skeletons are extracted to determine the feature points of the bright fringes. The in-plane displacements can be solved by feature points of +1 or –1 diffraction order, and the out-of-plane displacement can be computed by the feature points of +1 and –1 diffraction orders in the same bright fringe. Finally, experimental results prove that the maximum absolute error and mean error for in-plane displacements are 4.8 × 10–3 mm and 2.0 × 10–4 mm respectively, and 0.25 mm and 8.6 × 10–3 mm for out-of-plane displacement.

 In conclusion, by using the Moiré patterns of +1 and –1 diffraction orders imaged by radial shearing interferometer with double circular gratings of slightly different pitches, the 3D displacement can be simultaneously measured. The method has the advantages of simple device, high measurement accuracy, non-contact and instantaneous measurement, which provides an important guidance for practically measuring the 3D displacements.
Layer 6 ensembles can selectively regulate the behavioral impact and layer-specific representation of sensory deviants
Authors: Voigts Jakob , Deister Christopher A , Moore Christopher I
Published: December 2020

Predictive models can enhance the salience of unanticipated input. Here, we tested a key potential node in neocortical model formation in this process, layer (L) 6, using behavioral, electrophysiological and imaging methods in mouse primary somatosensory neocortex. We found that deviant stimuli enhanced tactile detection and were encoded in L2/3 neural tuning. To test the contribution of L6, we applied weak optogenetic drive that changed which L6 neurons were sensory responsive, without affecting overall firing rates in L6 or L2/3. This stimulation selectively suppressed behavioral sensitivity to deviant stimuli, without impacting baseline performance. This stimulation also eliminated deviance encoding in L2/3 but did not impair basic stimulus responses across layers. In contrast, stronger L6 drive inhibited firing and suppressed overall sensory function. These findings indicate that, despite their sparse activity, specific ensembles of stimulus-driven L6 neurons are required to form neocortical predictions, and to realize their behavioral benefit.
Functional partitioning of a liquid-like organelle during assembly of axonemal dyneins
Authors: Lee Chanjae , Cox Rachael M , Papoulas Ophelia , Horani Amjad , Drew Kevin , Devitt Caitlin C , Brody Steven L , Marcotte Edward M , Wallingford John B
Published: December 2020

Ciliary motility is driven by axonemal dyneins that are assembled in the cytoplasm before deployment to cilia. Motile ciliopathy can result from defects in the dyneins themselves or from defects in factors required for their cytoplasmic pre-assembly. Recent work demonstrates that axonemal dyneins, their specific assembly factors, and broadly-acting chaperones are concentrated in liquid-like organelles in the cytoplasm called DynAPs (Dynein Axonemal Particles). Here, we usein vivoimaging inXenopusto show that inner dynein arm (IDA) and outer dynein arm (ODA) subunits are partitioned into non-overlapping sub-regions within DynAPs. Using affinity- purification mass-spectrometry of in vivo interaction partners, we also identify novel partners for inner and outer dynein arms. Among these, we identify C16orf71/Daap1 as a novel axonemal dynein regulator. Daap1 interacts with ODA subunits, localizes specifically to the cytoplasm, is enriched in DynAPs, and is required for the deployment of ODAs to axonemes. Our work reveals a new complexity in the structure and function of a cell-type specific liquid-like organelle that is directly relevant to human genetic disease.
Fitness variation across subtle environmental perturbations reveals local modularity and global pleiotropy of adaptation
Authors: Kinsler Grant , Geiler-Samerotte Kerry , Petrov Dmitri A
Published: December 2020

Building a genotype-phenotype-fitness map of adaptation is a central goal in evolutionary biology. It is difficult even when adaptive mutations are known because it is hard to enumerate which phenotypes make these mutations adaptive. We address this problem by first quantifying how the fitness of hundreds of adaptive yeast mutants responds to subtle environmental shifts. We then model the number of phenotypes these mutations collectively influence by decomposing these patterns of fitness variation. We find that a small number of inferred phenotypes can predict fitness of the adaptive mutations near their original glucose-limited evolution condition. Importantly, inferred phenotypes that matter little to fitness at or near the evolution condition can matter strongly in distant environments. This suggests that adaptive mutations are locally modular — affecting a small number of phenotypes that matter to fitness in the environment where they evolved — yet globally pleiotropic — affecting additional phenotypes that may reduce or improve fitness in new environments.
Zinc shapes the folding landscape of p53 and establishes a pathway for reactivating structurally diverse cancer mutants
Authors: Blanden Adam R , Yu Xin , Blayney Alan J , Demas Christopher , Ha Jeung-Hoi , Liu Yue , Withers Tracy , Carpizo Darren R , Loh Stewart N
Published: December 2020

Missense mutations in the p53 DNA-binding domain (DBD) contribute to half of new cancer cases annually. Here we present a thermodynamic model that quantifies and links the major pathways by which mutations inactivate p53. We find that DBD possesses two unusual properties—one of the highest zinc affinities of any eukaryotic protein and extreme instability in the absence of zinc—which are predicted to poise p53 on the cusp of folding/unfolding in the cell, with a major determinant being available zinc concentration. We analyze the 20 most common tumorigenic p53 mutations and find that 80% impair zinc affinity, thermodynamic stability, or both. Biophysical, cell-based, and murine xenograft experiments demonstrate that a synthetic zinc metallochaperone rescues not only mutations that decrease zinc affinity, but also mutations that destabilize DBD without impairing zinc binding. The results suggest that zinc metallochaperones have the capability to treat 120,500 patients annually in the U.S.
Hashtag Construction as Product of Symbolic Convergence: Berger and Luckmann’s Approach
Authors: . Rewindinar , Triputra Pinckey , Napitupulu Frengki
Published: December 2020

Social media refers to technology in which organizations and individuals interact with their audiences. Organizations and individuals interact through messages that each can produce. On the Twitter platform, conversation occurs through its special characteristic, namely the hashtag symbol. This interaction is interestingly analyzed through Berger and Luckmann's view that interpersonal social interaction is a social construction of reality. A view through this objective, symbolic, and subjective reality can then be a way for public relations to overcome the initial stage of a crisis. This research aimed to explore symbolic convergence process on Twitter hashtags in the construction of the reality of Berger and Luckmann as a mechanism for crisis communication management. This research used a constructivist paradigm with a netnographic method. The interactions observed at #BUMNdukungUMKM on August 16, 2020, were then analyzed with the Berger and Luckmann social constructionist approach. The results of this research are able to answer the research objectives where symbolic convergence is a process in social construction of reality. Hashtags are dynamic processes that can lead to social discourses. Hashtag construction is product of symbolic convergence on social media as a mechanism for crisis management.
Clinical utility of circulating tumor cells: an update
Authors: Vasseur Antoine , Kiavue Nicolas , Bidard François‐Clément , Pierga Jean‐Yves , Cabel Luc
Published: December 2020

The prognostic role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been clearly demonstrated in many types of cancer. However, their roles in diagnostic and treatment strategies remain to be defined. In this review, we present an overview of the current clinical validity of CTCs in nonmetastatic and metastatic cancer, and the main studies or concepts investigating the clinical utility of CTCs. In particular, we focus on breast, lung, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Two major topics concerning the clinical utility of CTC are discussed: treatment based on CTC count or CTC variations, and treatment based on the molecular characteristics of CTCs. Although some of these studies are inconclusive, many are still ongoing, and their results could help to define the role of CTCs in the management of cancers. A summary of published or ongoing phase II‐III trials is also presented.
Impact of sickle cell disease on patientsʼ daily lives, symptoms reported, and disease management strategies: Results from the international Sickle Cell World Assessment Survey (SWAY)
Authors: Osunkwo Ifeyinwa , Andemariam Biree , Minniti Caterina P. , Inusa Baba P. D. , El Rassi Fuad , Francis‐Gibson Beverley , Nero Alecia , Trimnell Cassandra , Abboud Miguel R. , Arlet Jean‐Benoît , Colombatti Raffaella , de Montalembert Mariane , Jain Suman , Jastaniah Wasil , Nur Erfan , Pita Marimilia , DeBonnett Laurie , Ramscar Nicholas , Bailey Tom , Rajkovic‐Hooley Olivera , James John
Published: December 2020

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder, characterized by hemolytic anemia and vaso‐occlusive crises (VOCs). Data on the global SCD impact on quality of life (QoL) from the patient viewpoint are limited. The international Sickle Cell World Assessment Survey (SWAY) aimed to provide insights into patient‐reported impact of SCD on QoL. This cross‐sectional survey of SCD patients enrolled by healthcare professionals and advocacy groups assessed disease impact on daily life, education and work, symptoms, treatment goals, and disease management. Opinions were captured using a Likert scale of 1‐7 for some questions; 5‐7 indicated “high severity/impact.” Two thousand one hundred and forty five patients (mean age 24.7 years [standard deviation (SD) = 13.1], 39% ≤18 years, 52% female) were surveyed from 16 countries (six geographical regions). A substantial proportion of patients reported that SCD caused a high negative impact on emotions (60%) and school achievement (51%) and a reduction in work hours (53%). A mean of 5.3 VOCs (SD = 6.8) was reported over the 12 months prior to survey (median 3.0 [interquartile range 2.0‐6.0]); 24% were managed at home and 76% required healthcare services. Other than VOCs, fatigue was the most commonly reported symptom in the month before survey (65%), graded “high severity” by 67% of patients. Depression and anxiety were reported by 39% and 38% of patients, respectively. The most common patient treatment goal was improving QoL (55%). Findings from SWAY reaffirm that SCD confers a significant burden on patients, epitomized by the high impact on patientsʼ QoL and emotional wellbeing, and the high prevalence of self‐reported VOCs and other symptoms.
Biomimetic mineralization of chitosan/gelatin cryogels and in vivo biocompatibility assessments for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Öfkeli Fatma , Demir Didem , Bölgen Nimet
Published: December 2020

The objective of this study is to develop biomimetic chitosan: gelatin (CH:Gel) cryogels for bone tissue engineering, combining the biological recognition of natural polymers with the distinguished interconnected porosity of cryogels, and biomimicking properties of bone like hydroxyapatite. The control of the biomineralization process onto biomaterials should be evaluated before clinical application. Therefore, the effect of chitosan and gelatin ratios on the final properties of the cryogels were investigated. FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis indicated that the SBF coating exhibited similar characteristics to hydroxyapatite. The cryogels showed good biocompatibility with L929 mouse fibroblasts. Clinical outcomes and gross pathological examination showed that neither necrosis nor foreign body reaction was noted at the end of implantation. The biomimetically mineralized scaffold was found to be non‐irritant and non‐toxic for bone tissue. The biological performance and favorable properties demonstrated that the SBF coated CH:Gel cryogel can be a promising biomimetic scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications.
Fishing and trade of devil rays (Mobula spp.) in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: Insights from fishers’ knowledge
Authors: Haque Alifa Bintha , D'Costa Nidhi Gloria , Washim Mahi , Baroi Amit Robert , Hossain Nazia , Hafiz Mashrur , Rahman Sumaiya , Biswas Karabi Farhana
Published: December 2020

Devil rays (Mobula spp.) are globally threatened cartilaginous fishes that have attracted global conservation concern owing to their high extinction risk and lack of protection in many countries. Limited resources and data on threatened marine species, including devil rays, impede conservation actions, particularly in developing countries, many of which have high biodiversity.

Devil ray catch is a component of artisanal fisheries in Bangladesh, but data on their fisheries and trade are limited. To characterize devil ray fishing practices, fishers’ perception and trade, 230 fishers and traders were interviewed between 4 June 2018 and 22 June 2019, in four areas of south‐east Bangladesh. Catch data were also opportunistically collected at landing sites.

Six devil ray species were documented, caught in an array of gill nets, set‐bag nets and longlines. All interviewed fishers reported life‐long devil ray bycatch in some numbers, and also noted a decline in catch over the last decade. Bottom trawling, increased bycatch levels, increased demand for devil ray products and, in some cases, ecosystem changes were identified by fishers as threats to devil ray populations.

Unregulated and undocumented trade and retained bycatch, especially by gill nets and set‐bag nets, are fuelled by local consumption of devil ray meat and international trade in meat and gill rakers. Compliance with international trade control treaties for all Mobula spp. or the Bangladeshi law protecting Mobula mobular was low, with the majority of fishers (87%, n = 174) unaware of their existence.

To manage devil ray fisheries, and prevent possible population declines, we propose a combination of legally enforced gear modifications, and catch and trade control through community‐owned implementation strategies. Additionally, we propose the simultaneous implementation of inclusive, community‐based awareness and stewardship projects in conjunction with a coast‐wide ray monitoring programme. Finally, we emphasize that more research and action rooted in a sustainable fishery model is urgently needed to protect Bangladeshi devil ray populations.
Reaching the price conscious consumer: The impact of personality, generational cohort and social media use
Authors: Eastman Jacqueline K. , Iyer Rajesh , Eastman Kevin L. , Gordon‐Wilson Sianne , Modi Pratik
Published: December 2020

This research examines the impact of the Big Five personality traits and social media usage on price consciousness and determines if this impact is influenced by generational cohort by comparing 215 millennials with 300 baby boomers. The survey research with a national panel of U.S. consumers utilizes established scales along with asking about hours per week spent on social media. While the study found no generational differences in price consciousness, it did find differences in the Big Five personality traits as millennials are more open, but baby boomers are more conscientious, agreeable, and neurotic. The results suggest for millennials, extroverts are more price conscious and open individuals are less price conscious. The amount of social media usage does impact the level of price consciousness with those spending more time on social media being more price conscious. When comparing social media usage by cohort, there is no significant difference in terms of time spent on Facebook, but there are significant differences in time spent on Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat as millennials use all three of these sites more. Marketers can utilize social media to reach price conscious consumers and encourage extroverts to share/repost their business' price deals so their reference groups are aware of them. If businesses are trying to reach a broad target market including millennials and baby boomers, Facebook would be the best option, given its popularity across the cohort groups. If marketers are focusing on millennials, they may also want to have a presence on Instagram and Snapchat.
Microstructure and distribution of oil, protein, and starch in different compartments of canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.)
Authors: Perera Suneru P. , Hucl Pierre , L'Hocine Lamia , Nickerson Michael T.
Published: December 2020

Background and objectives

The aim of this study was to understand seed microstructure and oil, protein, and starch distribution in brown and yellow canaryseed that could provide an understanding of potential use of solvent‐free technologies for protein fractionation purposes.

Findings

Varying thickness of the bran was observed from the ventral to the dorsal side of the seed. The aleurone layer is mostly a single‐cell layer; however, it could occasionally be a double‐cell layer. The germ, endosperm, and aleurone layer contain oil. However, more oil is distributed in the endosperm area (3.88 g of oil in roller‐milled white flour) than in the germ and aleurone layer (2.83 g of oil in roller‐milled bran fraction). The endosperm also contains varying sizes of compound starch granules (~4–7 µm to 20 µm) and individual starch granules (~2–4 µm). Protein is widely distributed in the endosperm compared to the germ, aleurone layer, and bran.

Conclusions

Microstructural differences in different regions of the canaryseed were observed. The presence of higher oil content in the endosperm suggests that the application of solvent‐free technologies could be challenging for protein fractionation.

Significance and novelty

This study revealed microstructural and chemical differences in different regions of the seed. Especially, it showed the spatial distribution of oil, which is crucial in designing industrial processes, for “clean‐labeled” protein ingredients.
Changes in the subcutaneous tissue of catheterization site from the precatheterization state to the onset of anticancer drug‐induced induration: A case report
Authors: Abe‐Doi Mari , Murayama Ryoko , Komiyama Chieko , Sanada Hiromi
Published: December 2020

This case showed that anticancer drug administration induces unhealthy subcutaneous tissue (thrombus or edema) without subjective symptoms, abnormal sign by palpation, or inspection, which have an extravasation risk.
Bilateral external carotid artery stenting in symptomatic patient with complete occlusion of both internal carotid arteries
Authors: Elsharkawi Mohamed , Ghoneim Baker , Elsherif Mohamed , Sultan Sherif
Published: December 2020

Completely occluded ICA should not always turn a symptomatic patient down for surgical intervention especially if medical treatment fails. Where bilateral ECA intervention is required, endovascular approach should be considered if feasible.
Parametric Sensitivity of Municipal Solid Waste Integrated Power Plant: CO2 Footprint and Energy Analysis
Authors: Khan Ashim Kumar , Chowdhury Ranjana
Published: December 2020

The performance of an integrated gasification combined cycle based power plant using a mixture of municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal was evaluated. The parametric sensitivities of avoidance in CO2 emission (ACE) and the energy return on energy investment (EROEI) were analyzed by MSW‐coal ratio, gasifier temperature, and the air supplied for gasification as the independent variables. The data on ACE and EROEI simulated by Aspen Plus at different combinations of input parameters, pre‐set using the Box‐Behnken type design of experiments, were employed. Through response surface methodology, a valid model demonstrating the strong influence of MSW‐coal ratio and gasifier temperature on both the ACE and EROEI was developed.
The Kinetics of Intestinal Permeability in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Weaver Jessica L.
Published: December 2020

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among trauma patients. Increased intestinal permeability plays an important role in the inflammatory process that accompanies TBI, and therapies that prevent this permeability change may improve outcomes in TBI patients. Different animal models have been developed to test permeability changes, but there has been no agreement on when permeability should be tested after TBI. Here, we describe a method for creating the TBI mouse model and for measuring intestinal permeability. We also detail our permeability measurements at different time points after TBI to help guide future experimental design. The TBI is made using a controlled cortical impact model with the cortical impactor set to speed 6 m/s, depth 3 mm, dwell time 0.2 s, and tip size 3 mm to produce a severe TBI. Permeability is measured at 2, 4, 6, and 24 hr after TBI by removing a piece of terminal ileum, tying the ends, filling the lumen with FITC‐labeled dextran, and then measuring how much of the dextran moves into the surrounding solution bath over time using a fluorescent plate reader. Our results show that peak permeability occurs between 4 and 6 hr after TBI. We recommend that future experiments incorporate permeability measurements 4 to 6 hr after TBI in order to take advantage of this peak permeability. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Mouse CCI traumatic brain injury model and intestinal permeability measurement
Predicting Parameters for Successful Weaning from Veno‐Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Sawada Kenichiro , Kawakami Shoji , Murata Shunsuke , Nishimura Kunihiro , Tahara Yoshio , Hosoda Hayato , Nakashima Takahiro , Kataoka Yu , Asaumi Yasuhide , Noguchi Teruo , Sugimachi Masaru , Fujita Tomoyuki , Kobayashi Junjiro , Yasuda Satoshi
Published: December 2020

Aims

Percutaneous veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA‐ECMO) is utilized for patients with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. However, the procedure protocol for weaning from VA‐ECMO has not been well established. The present study aimed to determine the usefulness of echocardiographic and pulmonary artery catheter parameters for predicting successful weaning from VA‐ECMO in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock.

Methods and results

We retrospectively studied 50 patients who were hospitalized and supported by VA‐ECMO for >48 h between January 2013 and March 2017. Patients successfully weaned from VA‐ECMO without reintroduction of VA‐ECMO or left ventricular assist device implantation were defined as 30 day survivors. Echocardiographic and pulmonary artery catheter parameters were evaluated when ECMO flow was limited to a maximum of 1.5–2.0 L/min. Twenty‐four patients were successfully weaned from VA‐ECMO, whereas 26 were not. Fractional shortening, corrected left ventricular ejection time (LVETc, defined as LVET divided by the square root of heart rate), left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral, and LVETc divided by pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) were significantly larger in the 30 day survivor groups. Multivariable analysis revealed LVETc∕PAWP as a significant independent predictor of successful weaning (LVETc∕PAWP, odds ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.71–0.94, P = 0.005). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed 15.9 as the optimal LVETc∕PAWP for predicting successful weaning (area under the curve 0.82).

Conclusions

The present findings indicate that LVETc∕PAWP is a potential predictor of successful weaning from VA‐ECMO.
Complication analysis of three different designs of temporary mandibulotomy in tongue cancer treatment
Authors: Chiu Ting‐Han , Marchi Filippo , Huang Shiang‐Fu , Kang Chung‐Jan , Liao Chun‐Ta , Hung Shao‐Yu , Cheong David Chon‐Fok , Tsao Chung‐Kan
Published: December 2020

Background

Mandibulotomy helps access posterior oral cavity tumors. If osteotomy designs affect postoperative and postradiotherapy complications, needs to be tested clinically.

Methods

Two hundred and eighteen patients who underwent midline mandibulotomy for primary tongue cancer wide excision and flap reconstruction at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital during 2014‐2019.

Results

There were 114 straight, 54 notched, and 50 stair‐stepped osteotomy cases. Stair‐stepped osteotomy had less advanced tumor stages (P = .009) and notched osteotomy more common single‐plate fixations (P = .012). The former showed higher mandibular heights (P = .000) and more intact midline teeth (P = .011) than notched and straight ones. Straight osteotomy cases showed lower early infection rates (P = .039). Single‐plate fixation was related to more flap dehiscence (P = .001) and oro‐cutaneous fistulas (P = .035).

Conclusions

Complex osteotomy does not offer long‐term benefits in midline mandibulotomies for primary tongue cancers and has higher early infections. Single‐plate fixation increases postoperative complications.
Fabrication of multilayered electrospun poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone + poly(ethylene oxide) scaffolds and biocompatibility evaluation
Authors: Chen Jiao , Li Xuanze , Liu Qin , Wu Ying , Shu Liping , He Zhixu , Ye Chuan , Ma Minxian
Published: December 2020

Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone + poly(ethylene oxide) [PLGA/(PVP + PEO)] scaffolds with different polymer concentrations were fabricated using multilayered electrospinning, and their physicochemical properties and biocompatibility were examined to screen for scaffolds with excellent performance in tissue engineering (TE). PLGA solution (15% w/v) was used as the bottom solution, and a mixed solution of 12% w/v PVP + PEO was applied as the surface layer solution. The mass ratios of PVP vs. PEO in each 10 ml surface layer mixed solution were 1.08 g: 0.12 g; 0.96 g: 0.24 g; and 0.84 g: 0.36 g. Compared to the conventional electrospinning method used to fabricate the pure PVP + PEO (0.96 g: 0.24 g, Group A) scaffold and pure PLGA (Group E) scaffold, the multilayer electrospinning technique of alternating sprays of the bottom layer solution and the surface layer solution was adopted to fabricate multilayer nanofiber scaffolds, including PLGA/(PVP + PEO) (1.08 g: 0.12 g, Group B), PLGA/(PVP + PEO) (0.96 g: 0.24 g, Group C), and PLGA/(PVP + PEO) (0.84 g: 0.36 g, Group D). The morphology and characteristics of the five scaffolds were analyzed, and the biocompatibilities of the cell‐scaffold composites were assessed through methods including Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK8) analysis, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, with a PVP‐to‐PEO mass ratio of 0.96 g: 0.24 g, an optimal multilayer nanofiber scaffold was fabricated by the multilayer electrospinning technique. The excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties of the scaffold were confirmed by in vitro experiments, which demonstrated the scaffold's promising application potential in the field of TE.
Investigation of antibiotic use in patients with acute pancreatitis in a Vietnamese hospital
Authors: Thong Vo Duy , Anh Trinh Thi Hong , Quynh Bui Thi Huong , Quyt Ngo Thi Thanh
Published: December 2020

Background and Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotics used in patients with acute pancreatitis and evaluate their appropriateness.

Methods

We conducted a descriptive cross‐sectional study on 136 patients aged 18 years or older who were diagnosed with acute pancreatitis and admitted to a national hospital in Ho Chi Minh City from January 2017 to December 2018. Medical records of patients were reviewed for data analysis, including epidemiological characteristics, pathological characteristics, treatment methods, and treatment effectiveness.

Results

There were 69.9% men and 30.1% women with a median age of 49.9 years. The most common etiologies included alcohol (21.3%), gallstones (23.6%), and hypertriglyceridemia (19.9%). The proportions of mild, moderate, and severe disease were 54.4, 39.0, and 6.6%, respectively. Antibiotics were given in 52.2% of patients. Although antibiotic prophylaxis was not recommended, 23.5% of cases used prophylactic antibiotics when there were no suspicion or evidence of infection.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that it is necessary to optimize the appropriateness of antibiotic indications for patients with acute pancreatitis.
Pharmacokinetic comparison of 15 active compositions in rat plasma after oral administration of raw and honey‐processed Aster tataricus extracts
Authors: Yang Dongyue , Wang Songrui , Huang Xuhua , Ma Wenjuan , Xue Zixiang , Zhao Lulu , Ouyang Huizi , He Jun
Published: December 2020

A sensitive ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to clarify pharmacokinetic properties of 15 compounds (quercetin, isorhamnetin, chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, caffeic acid, scopoletin, 7‐hydroxycoumarin, shionone, ferulic acid, kaempferol‐7‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside, methyl caffeate, luteolin, kaempferol, epifriedelinol, and protocatechuic acid) in raw and honey‐processed Aster tataricus. Separation was carried out on an ACQUITY UPLC®BEH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) using a gradient elution with mobile phase constituting 0.1% formic acid‐water and 0.05% formic acid‐methanol. Quantitative analysis was performed using multiple reaction monitoring detection in both positive and negative ionization modes. Calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 > 0.991) over the corresponding concentration range. The intra‐ and interday precisions were within 10.1%, and accuracy ranged from −11.4 to 12.4%. The extraction recoveries and matrix effects were 78.1–100.0% and 81.1–113.7%, respectively. The analytes were stable under four storage conditions with relative standard deviations less than 12.6%. The validated method was successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetic behaviors of raw and honey‐processed Aster tataricus for the first time. The results indicated that the areas under the curve (AUCs) of shionone, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid in honey‐processed A. tataricus group were significantly lower than that of raw A. tataricus group.
Neuroimaging of Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Carey Guillaume , Görmezoğlu Meltem , de Jong Joost J.A. , Hofman Paul A.M. , Backes Walter H. , Dujardin Kathy , Leentjens Albert F.G.
Published: December 2020

Background

The aim of this systematic review was (1) to identify the brain regions involved in anxiety in Parkinson's disease (PD) based on neuroimaging studies and (2) to interpret the findings against the background of dysfunction of the fear circuit and limbic cortico‐striato‐thalamocortical circuit.

Methods

Studies assessing anxiety symptoms in PD patients and studies using magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, or single‐photon emission computed tomography were included.

Results

The severity of anxiety was associated with changes in the fear circuit and the cortico‐striato‐thalamocortical limbic circuit. In the fear circuit, a reduced gray‐matter volume of the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); an increased functional connectivity (FC) between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and hippocampus and between the striatum and the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), temporal cortex, and insula; and a reduced FC between the lateral PFC and the OFC, hippocampus, and amygdala were reported. In the cortico‐striato‐thalamocortical limbic circuit, a reduced FC between the striatum and ACC; a reduced dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity in striatum, thalamus, and locus coeruleus; and a reduced serotoninergic activity in the thalamus were reported.

Conclusion

To conclude, anxiety is associated with structural and functional changes in both the hypothesized fear and the limbic cortico‐striato‐thalamocortical circuits. These circuits overlap and may well constitute parts of a more extensive pathway, of which different parts play different roles in anxiety. The neuropathology of PD may affect these circuits in different ways, explaining the high prevalence of anxiety in PD and also the associated cognitive, motor, and psychiatric symptoms. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Characterization of interventional photoacoustic imaging (iPAI) capabilities in biological tissues
Authors: Bhagavatula Sharath K. , Li Li , Tearney Guillermo J.
Published: December 2020

Background

Interventional photoacoustic imaging (iPAI) could improve ultrasound‐guided minimally invasive procedures by enabling high precision needle steering, target detection, and molecular and physiologic tissue assessment. However, iPAI capabilities including visualization field, imaging depth, and spatial resolution are not well understood in biological tissues commonly encountered in clinical practice. Therefore, the potential clinical utility of iPAI remains unclear. We aim to experimentally determine iPAI capabilities in a variety of biological tissues, to assess its potential for clinical translation.

Methods

We constructed an iPAI system capable of simultaneous real‐time ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic imaging. This system delivers light directly into tissues using optical fiber integrated into a 16‐gauge needle and detects photoacoustic signals with an external linear array ultrasound probe. iPAI’s geometric visualization field, maximum imaging depth, and spatial resolution were experimentally determined in fat, muscle, kidney, and liver tissues by processing photoacoustic signal intensities of reference targets placed circumferentially around the fiber tip. The maximum detection depths of blood and indocyanine green (ICG), important common endogenous and exogenous contrast agents, respectively, were estimated in each tissue type by comparing their signal intensities with the reference target signal.

Results

iPAI could be performed in real‐time concurrently with US and achieved a nearly spherical visualization field centering around the optical fiber tip in all tissues. Maximum imaging depths from the fiber tip were 54.1 ± 1.3, 50.0 ± 1.5, 32.7 ± 1.1, and 16.9 ± 1.3 mm in fat, muscle, kidney, and liver tissues, respectively. Calculated maximum detection depths for blood were 41.5 ± 3.0, 39.5 ± 2.1, 24.4 ± 4.0, and 8.6 ± 2.0 mm and detection depths for ICG at 0.05  mg/mL concentration were 46.6 ± 2.5, 42.6 ± 1.4, 28.2 ± 3.9, and 12.1 ± 1.5 mm in fat, muscle, kidney, and liver, respectively. Sub‐100μ m axial resolution and submillimeter lateral resolution were achieved in all tissues, and resolution did not significantly vary with distance from the fiber tip.

Conclusions

Interventional photoacoustic imaging (iPAI) allows real‐time visualization of a circumferential volume of tissue around an optical fiber tip, with submillimeter spatial resolution and tissue‐dependent imaging depth. Our data strongly support further development of clinical iPAI systems as they could improve needle steering, target detection, and molecular and physiologic tissue assessment during minimally invasive procedures.
Electrical and Structural Dual Function of Oxygen Vacancies for Promoting Electrochemical Capacitance in Tungsten Oxide
Authors: Huang Zi‐Hang , Li Hao , Li Wen‐Han , Henkelman Graeme , Jia Baohua , Ma Tianyi
Published: December 2020

Intrinsic defects, including oxygen vacancies, can efficiently modify the electrochemical performance of metal oxides. There is, however, a limited understanding of how vacancies influence charge storage properties. Here, using tungsten oxide as a model system, an extensive study of the effects of structure, electrical properties, and charge storage properties of oxygen vacancies is carried out using both experimental and computational techniques. The results provide direct evidence that oxygen vacancies increase the interlayer spacing in the oxide, which suppress the structural pulverization of the material during electrolyte ion insertion and removal in prolonged stability tests. Specifically, no capacitive decay is detected after 30 000 cycles. The medium states and charge storage mechanism of oxygen‐deficient tungsten oxide throughout electrochemical charging/discharging processes is studied. The enhanced rate capability of the oxygen‐deficient WO3−x is attributed to improved charge storage kinetics in the bulk material. The WO3−x electrode exhibits the highest capacitance in reported tungsten‐oxide based electrodes with comparable mass loadings. The capability to improve electrochemical capacitance performance of redox‐active materials is expected to open up new opportunities for ultrafast supercapacitive electrodes.
Effect of corrosion in reinforced concrete frame components on pushover behavior and ductility of frame
Authors: Kordtabar Behrouz , Dehestani Mehdi
Published: December 2020

Chloride‐induced corrosion of reinforced concrete (RC) is one of the main reasons for decreasing the seismic performance level of RC structures over their lifetime. In the present study, base shear capacity and ductility were considered as criteria for evaluating seismic performance of the RC frame. The impact of corrosion on the ductility and base shear capacity of a two‐dimensional single‐story single‐span RC frame was investigated using nonlinear static analysis considering the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the rebar and concrete. The corrosion damage model was implemented using fiber sections and nonlinear elements, and then pushover analysis over 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 years of life was performed. The strain penetration effect was considered in the fiber model at the column‐footing joints. The accuracy of modeling was validated with experimental data of the RC frame subject to cycle loading. The final results showed that by decreasing the water‐to‐cement ratio and increasing the cover thickness, the seismic performance of the RC frame is preserved over a lifetime. The time‐dependent ductility of the RC frame was evaluated at two structural and cross‐sectional levels. The results revealed that the corroded RC frame has a lower base shear capacity, ultimate drift, and ductility than the intact RC frame. Also, the corrosion‐induced deterioration of rebar and concrete significantly decreases the seismic performance of the corroded RC frame.
Biomechanics and clinical outcome after posterior stabilization of mid-thoracic vertebral body fractures: a systematic literature review
Authors: Spiegl Ulrich J. , Osterhoff Georg , Bula Philipp , Hartmann Frank , Scheyerer Max J. , Schnake Klaus J. , Ullrich Bernhard W.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The aim of this review is to systematically screen the literature for clinical and biomechanical studies dealing with posterior stabilization of acute traumatic mid-thoracic vertebral fractures in patients with normal bone quality.

Methods

This review is based on articles retrieved by a systematic search in the PubMed and Web of Science database for publications up to December 2018 dealing with the posterior stabilization of fractures of the mid-thoracic spine.

Results

Altogether, 1012 articles were retrieved from the literature search. A total of 960 articles were excluded. A total of 16 articles were dealing with the timing of surgery in polytraumatized patients, patients suffering of neurologic deficits after midthoracic fractures, and the impact of concomitant thoracic injuries and were excluded. Thus, 36 remaining original articles were included in this systematic review depicting the topics biomechanics, screw insertion, and outcome after posterior stabilization. The overall level of evidence of the vast majority of studies is low.

Conclusion

High quality studies are lacking. Long-segmental stabilization is indicated in unstable midthoracic fractures with concomitant sternal fractures. Generally, long-segmental constructs seem to be the safer treatment strategy considering the relative high penetration rate of pedicle screws in this region. Thereby, navigated insertion techniques and intraoperative 3D-imaging help to improve pedicle screw placement accuracy.
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Gu Bin , Chu Jianhong , Wu Depei
Published: December 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapies have achieved unprecedented efficacy in B-cell tumors, prompting scientists and doctors to exploit this strategy to treat other tumor types. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a group of heterogeneous myeloid malignancies. Relapse remains the main cause of treatment failure, especially for patients with intermediate or high risk stratification. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation could be an effective therapy because of the graft-versus-leukemia effect, which unfortunately puts the patient at risk of serious complications, such as graft-versus-host disease. Although the identification of an ideal target antigen for AML is challenging, CAR T therapy remains a highly promising strategy for AML patients, particularly for those who are ineligible to receive a transplantation or have positive minimal residual disease. In this review, we focus on the most recent and promising advances in CAR T therapies for AML.
Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engines: Challenges and Concepts for an Efficient Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment System
Authors: Lott Patrick , Deutschmann Olaf
Published: December 2020

High engine efficiency, comparably low pollutant emissions, and advantageous carbon dioxide emissions make lean-burn natural gas engines an attractive alternative compared to conventional diesel or gasoline engines. However, incomplete combustion in natural gas engines results in emission of small amounts of methane, which has a strong global warming potential and consequently makes an efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment system imperative. Palladium-based catalysts are considered as most effective in low temperature methane conversion, but they suffer from inhibition by the combustion product water and from poisoning by sulfur species that are typically present in the gas stream. Rational design of the catalytic converter combined with recent advances in catalyst operation and process control, particularly short rich periods for catalyst regeneration, allow optimism that these hurdles can be overcome. The availability of a durable and highly efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment system can promote the widespread use of lean-burn natural gas engines, which could be a key step towards reducing mankind’s carbon footprint.
Spiral trajectories induced by radial thrust with applications to generalized sails
Authors: Bassetto Marco , Quarta Alessandro A. , Mengali Giovanni , Cipolla Vittorio
Published: December 2020

In this study, new analytical solutions to the equations of motion of a propelled spacecraft are investigated using a shape-based approach. There is an assumption that the spacecraft travels a two-dimensional spiral trajectory in which the orbital radius is proportional to an assigned power of the spacecraft angular coordinate. The exact solution to the equations of motion is obtained as a function of time in the case of a purely radial thrust, and the propulsive acceleration magnitude necessary for the spacecraft to track the prescribed spiral trajectory is found in a closed form. The analytical results are then specialized to the case of a generalized sail, that is, a propulsion system capable of providing an outward radial propulsive acceleration, the magnitude of which depends on a given power of the Sun-spacecraft distance. In particular, the conditions for an outward radial thrust and the required sail performance are quantified and thoroughly discussed. It is worth noting that these propulsion systems provide a purely radial thrust when their orientation is Sun-facing. This is an important advantage from an engineering point of view because, depending on the particular propulsion system, a Sun-facing attitude can be stable or obtainable in a passive way. A case study is finally presented, where the generalized sail is assumed to start the spiral trajectory from the Earth’s heliocentric orbit. The main outcome is that the required sail performance is in principle achievable on the basis of many results available in the literature.
Profile of entrectinib in the treatment of ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Araujo Jhajaira M. , Gomez Andrea C. , Pinto Joseph A. , Rolfo Christian , Raez Luis E.
Published: December 2020

ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROSI) encodes a type I integral membrane protein with tyrosine kinase activity and whose activating alterations are involved in the aggressiveness of several tumor types. Fusions involving ROSI gene are present in 1–2% of lung adenocarcinomas and other solid tumors. Entrectinib, also known as RXDX-101, is a potent second-generation, multitarget oral inhibitor against NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, ALK, and ROS1 with the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Results of Phase I and II trials have led the Food and Drug Administration to grant approval to entrectinib for the treatment of patients with metastatic, ROSI-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this review, we will describe the biology of ROSI, as well as results of the efficacy and safety of different clinical trials evaluating entrectinib in ROSI-positive NSCLC.
Religious Language
Authors: Vainio Olli-Pekka
Published: December 2020

What does it mean to use language religiously? How does religious language differ from our ordinary linguistic practices? Can religious language have meaning? Among others, these questions are part of the so-called problem of religious language, which originates from the peculiar object of many religious claims, that is, the transcendent, or more precisely, God.