bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High prevalence of end-stage renal disease of unknown origin in Aguascalientes Mexico: role of the registry of chronic kidney disease and renal biopsy in its approach and future directions
Authors: Gutierrez-Peña Mauricio , Zuñiga-Macias Leslie , Marin-Garcia Ricardo , Ovalle-Robles Itzel , García-Díaz Andrea L , Macías-Guzmán Mariana J , Delgado-Bentites Angel , Macías-Diaz Dulce Maria , Prado-Aguilar Carlos Alberto , Vega de la Rosa Alejandro , Delgadillo-Castañeda Rodolfo , Chew-Won Alfredo , Reyes-Acevedo Rafael , Reyes-Campos Dulce Maria , Martínez-Guevara Marco Antonio , Mendoza-Enciso Emanuel A , Nava-Becerra Bernardo , Piza-Jiménez Miguel Angel , Arreola Guerra José Manuel
Published: October 2020

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the pathologies with the greatest impact on the public health system. Over the last few decades, the relevance of CKD in Mexico has increased, with associated overwhelming costs for care of renal disease. There are no reliable CKD statistics in Mexico.

Methodology

In June 2018, the government of Aguascalientes called on all Health Institutions to create a state registry of treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In the same system, a renal biopsy result registry included all the native kidney biopsies obtained in the state of Aguascalientes since 2012. We herein describe the prevalence, incidence and characteristics of the patients included in the CKD and renal biopsy registry in the state of Aguascalientes.

Results

As of April 2020, the state has documented 2827 patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT), 1877 on dialysis and 950 that have been transplanted. The prevalence of patients on dialysis is 1326 per million population (p.m.p.), and if transplanted individuals are included, it is 1997 p.m.p. The incidence of treated ESRD in 2019 was 336 p.m.p. (n = 474) in individuals with an average age of 45.6 years (standard deviation ±18), and in a higher proportion of men (61%). There is a bimodal distribution of the age at which RRT was initiated. The first and the most significant peaks are between the ages of 20 and 40 years and are usually the result of CKD of unknown cause (73%). The second peak is between 50 and 70 years of age, and CKD is usually the result of diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension (59.6%). Since January 2012, 423 biopsies have been recorded. The patient’s ages were between 20 and 30 years (n = 112), and the most frequent diagnosis was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (54%).

Conclusions

The prevalence of treated ESRD in the state of Aguascalientes is high. The disease mostly afflicts young people between 20 and 40 years of age, and there is a clear male predominance. In this age group, the main clinical diagnosis is CKD of unknown origin, and the most frequent biopsy diagnosis was FSGS.
Triglycerides as a Shared Risk Factor between Dementia and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Study of 125 727 Individuals
Authors: Nordestgaard Liv T , Christoffersen Mette , Afzal Shoaib , Nordestgaard Børge G , Tybjærg-Hansen Anne , Frikke-Schmidt Ruth
Published: October 2020

Background

Risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease such as smoking, hypertension, physical inactivity, and diabetes have also been associated with risk of dementia. Whether hypertriglyceridemia represents a shared risk factor as well remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that hypertriglyceridemia is associated with increased risk of non-Alzheimer dementia, Alzheimer disease, and ischemic stroke.

Methods

Using the Copenhagen General Population Study and the Copenhagen City Heart Study, we examined the association between increased plasma triglycerides and risk of non-Alzheimer dementia, Alzheimer disease, and ischemic stroke with Cox regression.

Results

On a continuous scale, higher concentrations of plasma triglycerides were associated with increased risk of non-Alzheimer dementia and ischemic stroke, but not with Alzheimer disease. In age, sex, and cohort adjusted models, the highest percentile of triglycerides (median 629 mg/dL; 7.1 mmol/L) versus the 1–50th percentiles (median 89 mg/dL; 1.0 mmol/L) was associated with hazard ratios of 1.75 (95% confidence interval: 1.17–2.63) for non-Alzheimer dementia, 1.18 (0.73–1.91) for Alzheimer disease, and of 1.89 (1.50–2.38) for ischemic stroke. Corresponding hazard ratios were 1.62 (1.08–2.44), 1.25 (0.77–2.02), and 1.57 (1.24–1.98) in models adjusted multifactorially, and 1.79 (1.16–2.87), 1.18 (0.73–1.92), and 1.46 (1.10–1.95) in models adjusted multifactorially and additionally for apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, respectively. Results were similar after excluding individuals who had an event within 2 years after study entry.

Conclusions

Moderate hypertriglyceridemia was associated with increased risk of both non-Alzheimer dementia and ischemic stroke, highlighting plasma triglycerides as a shared risk factor between dementia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Effect of statin therapy on SARS-CoV-2 infection-related mortality in hospitalized patients
Authors: Masana Lluís , Correig Eudald , Rodríguez-Borjabad Cèlia , Anoro Eva , Arroyo Juan Antonio , Jericó Carlos , Pedragosa Angels , Miret Marcel·la , Näf Silvia , Pardo Anna , Perea Verónica , Pérez-Bernalte Rosa , Plana Núria , Ramírez-Montesinos Rafael , Royuela Meritxell , Soler Cristina , Urquizu-Padilla Maria , Zamora Alberto , Pedro-Botet Juan
Published: October 2020

Aim

Assessing the effect of statin therapy (ST) at hospital admission for COVID-19 on in-hospital mortality.

Methods and results 

Retrospective observational study. Patients taking statins were 11 years older and had significantly more comorbidities than patients who were not taking statins. A genetic matching (GM) procedure was performed prior to analysis of the mortality risk. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for the cause-specific hazard (CSH) function, and a competing-risks Fine and Gray (FG) model was also used to study the direct effects of statins on risk. Data from reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-confirmed 2157 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients [1234 men, 923 women; age: 67 y/o (IQR 54–78)] admitted to the hospital were retrieved from the clinical records in anonymized manner. Three hundred and fifty-three deaths occurred. Five hundred and eighty-one patients were taking statins. Univariate test after GM showed a significantly lower mortality rate in patients on ST than the matched non-statin group (19.8% vs. 25.4%, χ2 with Yates continuity correction: P = 0.027). The mortality rate was even lower in patients (n = 336) who maintained their statin treatments during hospitalization compared with the GM non-statin group (17.4%; P = 0.045). The Cox model applied to the CSH function [HR = 0.58(CI: 0.39–0.89); P = 0.01] and the competing-risks FG model [HR = 0.60 (CI: 0.39–0.92); P = 0.02] suggest that statins are associated with reduced COVID-19-related mortality.

Conclusions 

A lower SARS-CoV-2 infection-related mortality was observed in patients treated with ST prior to hospitalization. Statin therapy should not be discontinued due to the global concern of the pandemic or in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
Extreme price moves: an INGARCH approach to model coexceedances in commodity markets
Authors: Algieri Bernardina , Leccadito Arturo
Published: October 2020

This study presents a set of integer-valued generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic models to identify possible transmission channels of joint extreme price moves (coexceedances) across a group of agricultural commodities. These models are very useful to identify factors affecting joint tail events and they are superior in terms of goodness of fit to models without autoregressive components. Emerging market demand, crude oil, exchange rate, stock market conditions and credit spread explain extreme joint returns. Psychological factors and the Monday effect play a role in affecting extreme events, while weather anomalies (El Niño and La Niña episodes) do not have explanatory power.
Quantifying habitat preference of bottom trawling gear
Authors: Hintzen N T , Aarts G , Poos J J , Van der Reijden K J , Rijnsdorp A D
Published: October 2020

Continental shelves around the world are subject to intensive bottom trawling. Demersal fish assemblages inhabiting these shelves account for one-fourth of landed wild marine species. Increasing spatial claims for nature protection and wind farm energy suppresses, however, the area available to fisheries. In this marine spatial planning discussion, it is essential to understand what defines suitable fishing grounds for bottom trawlers. We developed a statistical methodology to study the habitat preference of a fishery, accounting for spatial correlation naturally present in fisheries data using high-resolution location data of fishing vessels and environmental variables. We focused on two types of beam trawls to target sole using mechanical or electrical stimulation. Although results indicated only subtle differences in habitat preference between the two gear types, a clear difference in spatial distribution of the two gears was predicted. We argue that this change is driven by both changes in habitat preference as well as a change in target species distribution. We discuss modelling of fisheries’ habitat preference in light of marine spatial planning and as support in benthic impact assessments.
Technical and environmental analysis of photovoltaic and solar water heater cogeneration system: a case study of Saveh City
Authors: Alayi Reza , Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein , Visei Amir Reza , Sharma Shubham , Najafi Atabak
Published: October 2020

The overwhelming growth in energy consumption in Iran is to the extent that in the coming years, it will turn Iran from an energy-exporting country into an energy-importing country. The use of renewable energy is essential to address this threat. In this research, the energy and economic analysis of solar energy-based cogeneration system for a building in Saveh City has been studied. The main purpose of this study is to determine the optimal size of photovoltaic cell and solar water heater by considering environmental parameters and fuel saving. In this regard, the amount of solar radiation intensity and the required loads of the building under study were determined. Then, using the SAM and TSOL relationships and software, results such as the supply of electric and thermal loads of six panels of 327 W and 3.2 m2, respectively, are needed. This system will save more than 75% energy.
Co-cultivation of microbial sub-communities in microfluidic droplets facilitates high-resolution genomic dissection of microbial ‘dark matter’
Authors: Tan James Y , Wang Sida , Dick Gregory J , Young Vincent B , Sherman David H , Burns Mark A , Lin Xiaoxia N
Published: October 2020

While the ‘unculturable’ majority of the bacterial world is accessible with culture-independent tools, the inability to study these bacteria using culture-dependent approaches has severely limited our understanding of their ecological roles and interactions. To circumvent cultivation barriers, we utilize microfluidic droplets as localized, nanoliter-size bioreactors to co-cultivate subsets of microbial communities. This co-localization can support ecological interactions between a reduced number of encapsulated cells. We demonstrated the utility of this approach in the encapsulation and co-cultivation of droplet sub-communities from a fecal sample collected from a healthy human subject. With the whole genome amplification and metagenomic shotgun sequencing of co-cultivated sub-communities from 22 droplets, we observed that this approach provides accessibility to uncharacterized gut commensals for study. The recovery of metagenome-assembled genomes from one droplet sub-community demonstrated the capability to dissect the sub-communities with high-genomic resolution. In particular, genomic characterization of one novel member of the family Neisseriaceae revealed implications regarding its participation in fatty acid degradation and production of atherogenic intermediates in the human gut. The demonstrated genomic resolution and accessibility to the microbial ‘dark matter’ with this methodology can be applied to study the interactions of rare or previously uncultivated members of microbial communities.
Trends in obesity by socioeconomic status among non-pregnant women aged 15–49 y: a cross-sectional, multi-dimensional equity analysis of demographic and health surveys in 11 sub-Saharan Africa countries, 1994–2015
Authors: Wariri Oghenebrume , Alhassan Jacob Albin Korem , Mark Godwin , Adesiyan Oyinkansola , Hanson Lori
Published: October 2020

Background

Global obesity estimates show a steadily increasing pattern across socioeconomic and geographical divides, especially among women. Our analysis tracked and described obesity trends across multiple equity dimensions among women of reproductive age (15–49 y) in 11 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries during 1994–2015.

Methods

This study consisted of a cross-sectional series analysis using nationally representative demographic and health surveys (DHS) data. The countries included were Cameroon, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The data reported are from a reanalysis conducted using the WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit that assesses inter- and intra-country health inequalities across socioeconomic and geographical dimensions. We generated equiplots to display intra- and inter-country equity gaps.

Results

There was an increasing trend in obesity among women of reproductive age across all 11 SSA countries. Obesity increased unequally across wealth categories, place of residence and educational measures of inequality. The wealthiest, most educated and urban dwellers in most countries had a higher prevalence of obesity. However, in Comoros, obesity did not increase consistently with increasing wealth or education compared with other countries. The most educated and wealthiest women in Comoros had lower obesity rates compared with their less wealthy and less well-educated counterparts.

Conclusion

A window of opportunity is presented to governments to act structurally and at policy level to reduce obesity generally and prevent a greater burden on disadvantaged subpopulation groups in sub-Saharan Africa.
Prothrombotic Factors Have Significant Association with Arterial and Venous Strokes in Indian Tamilians
Authors: Narayan Sunil , Chandrasekaran Adithan , Basu Debdatta , Hanumanthappa Nandeesha , Aghoram Rajeswari , Dutta Tarun Kumar , Rejul Venugopalan
Published: October 2020

Background

Prothrombotic factors have been correlated with vascular events in young patients, with recurrent strokes, and with venous thromboembolisms. However, their prevalence in adult strokes, in healthy populations, and in specific ethnic groups is not well defined. We investigated the association of prothrombotic factors with strokes in a South Indian Tamil population.

Methods

In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, plasma homocysteine (Hcys), protein C and protein S activity levels, activated protein C resistance (APCR) as a surrogate for factor V Leiden (FVL), fibrinogen, and antithrombin III (ATIII) were determined from 75 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke (IS), 25 with cortical venous thrombosis (CVT), and 75 healthy control participants. The Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparing prothrombotic factor levels between the stroke and control groups. The χ2 or Fisher exact test was used for comparisons of proportions of thrombophilia and estimation of odds ratios. Mid-P correction was done for multiple estimations.

Results

Hcys levels in patients with IS were significantly higher compared with those in healthy control participants (P = 0.02). Proportions of ATIII deficiency and hyperfibrinogenemia were significantly higher in the IS group, and no healthy control participants had hyperfibrinogenemia. Protein C deficiency was more frequent in those with IS (17%; P < 8 × 10−5) and CVT (P < 10−7) compared with healthy control participants, and protein C activity levels (P = 0.016) were also significantly lower in patients with CVT. Other parameters had no significant associations with IS and CVT. The frequency of protein S deficiency was high in healthy control participants (60%) and in both patients with IS (45%; P = 0.1) and patients with CVT (48%; P = 0.4). No patients or control participants had abnormal APCR.

Conclusions

In Tamilian participants, several prothrombotic factors were associated with IS. Protein C deficiency alone was associated with CVT. Replication of the pattern in genetically linked populations around the world may affect management of stroke in those populations.
User-intervened structured meshing methods and applications for complex flow fields based on multiblock partitioning
Authors: Cai Wen-Hao , Zhan Jie-Min , Luo Ying-Ying
Published: October 2020

Recently, a series of automatic structured grid generation methods for different fields or specific problems have been proposed by various researchers, but these methods still have some disadvantages or limitations. Therefore, in the present study, several user-intervened structured meshing methods for complex flow fields have been introduced for multiblock docking and multiblock splicing based on multiblock structured grid technology. Besides, three applications compared with the other methods or experiments are discussed to illustrate the crucial workflow of the user-intervened partitioning. The successful implementation of these partitioning examples demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the methods described herein. And the techniques and criteria summarized in the present paper are quite practical and helpful for high-quality meshing.
Associations of dwarf galaxies in a ΛCDM Universe
Authors: Yaryura C Yamila , Abadi Mario G , Gottlöber Stefan , Libeskind Noam I , Cora Sofía A , Ruiz Andrés N , Vega-Martínez Cristian A , Yepes Gustavo , Behroozi Peter
Published: October 2020

Associations of dwarf galaxies are loose systems composed exclusively of dwarf galaxies. These systems were identified in the Local Volume for the first time more than 30 yr ago. We study these systems in the cosmological framework of the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model. We consider the Small MultiDark Planck simulation and populate its dark matter haloes by applying the semi-analytic model of galaxy formation SAG. We identify galaxy systems using a friends-of-friends algorithm with a linking length equal to $b=0.4 \, {\rm Mpc}\, h^{-1}$ to reproduce the size of dwarf galaxy associations detected in the Local Volume. Our samples of dwarf systems are built up removing those systems that have one or more galaxies with stellar mass larger than a maximum threshold Mmax. We analyse three different samples defined by ${\rm log}_{10}(M_{\rm max}[{\rm M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}]) = 8.5, 9.0$, and 9.5. On average, our systems have typical sizes of $\sim 0.2\, {\rm Mpc}\, h^{-1}$, velocity dispersion of $\sim 30 {\rm km\, s^{-1}}$, and estimated total mass of $\sim 10^{11} {\rm M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$. Such large typical sizes suggest that individual members of a given dwarf association reside in different dark matter haloes and are generally not substructures of any other halo. Indeed, in more than 90 per cent of our dwarf systems their individual members inhabit different dark matter haloes, while only in the remaining 10 per cent members do reside in the same halo. Our results indicate that the ΛCDM model can naturally reproduce the existence and properties of dwarf galaxies’ associations without much difficulty.
Tracing the evolution of dust-obscured activity using sub-millimetre galaxy populations from STUDIES and AS2UDS
Authors: Dudzevičiūtė U , Smail Ian , Swinbank A M , Lim C-F , Wang W-H , Simpson J M , Ao Y , Chapman S C , Chen C-C , Clements D , Dannerbauer H , Ho L C , Hwang H S , Koprowski M , Lee C-H , Scott D , Shim H , Shirley R , Toba Y
Published: October 2020

We analyse the physical properties of 121 SNR ≥ 5 sub-millimetre galaxies (SMGs) from the STUDIES 450 μm survey. We model their UV-to-radio spectral energy distributions using magphys+photo-z and compare the results to similar modelling of 850 μm-selected SMG sample from AS2UDS, to understand the fundamental physical differences between the two populations at the observed depths. The redshift distribution of the 450-μm sample has a median of z = 1.85 ± 0.12 and can be described by strong evolution of the far-infrared luminosity function. The fainter 450-μm sample has ∼14 times higher space density than the brighter 850-μm sample at z ≲ 2, and a comparable space density at z = 2–3, before rapidly declining, suggesting LIRGs are the main obscured population at z ∼ 1–2, while ULIRGs dominate at higher redshifts. We construct rest-frame ∼180-μm-selected and dust-mass-matched samples at z = 1–2 and z = 3–4 from the 450 and 850-μm samples, respectively, to probe the evolution of a uniform sample of galaxies spanning the cosmic noon era. Using far-infrared luminosity, dust masses, and an optically thick dust model, we suggest that higher redshift sources have higher dust densities due to inferred dust continuum sizes which are roughly half of those for the lower redshift population at a given dust mass, leading to higher dust attenuation. We track the evolution in the cosmic dust mass density and suggest that the dust content of galaxies is governed by a combination of both the variation of gas content and dust destruction time-scale.
IndiGenomes: a comprehensive resource of genetic variants from over 1000 Indian genomes
Authors: Jain Abhinav , Bhoyar Rahul C , Pandhare Kavita , Mishra Anushree , Sharma Disha , Imran Mohamed , Senthivel Vigneshwar , Divakar Mohit Kumar , Rophina Mercy , Jolly Bani , Batra Arushi , Sharma Sumit , Siwach Sanjay , Jadhao Arun G , Palande Nikhil V , Jha Ganga Nath , Ashrafi Nishat , Mishra Prashant Kumar , A. K. Vidhya , Jain Suman , Dash Debasis , Kumar Nachimuthu Senthil , Vanlallawma Andrew , Sarma Ranjan Jyoti , Chhakchhuak Lalchhandama , Kalyanaraman Shantaraman , Mahadevan Radha , Kandasamy Sunitha , B. M. Pabitha , Rajagopal Raskin Erusan , J. Ezhil Ramya , P. Nirmala Devi , Bajaj Anjali , Gupta Vishu , Mathew Samatha , Goswami Sangam , Mangla Mohit , Prakash Savinitha , Joshi Kandarp , Meyakumla  , S. Sreedevi , Gajjar Devarshi , Soraisham Ronibala , Yadav Rohit , Devi Yumnam Silla , Gupta Aayush , Mukerji Mitali , Ramalingam Sivaprakash , B. K. Binukumar , Scaria Vinod , Sivasubbu Sridhar
Published: October 2020

With the advent of next-generation sequencing, large-scale initiatives for mining whole genomes and exomes have been employed to better understand global or population-level genetic architecture. India encompasses more than 17% of the world population with extensive genetic diversity, but is under-represented in the global sequencing datasets. This gave us the impetus to perform and analyze the whole genome sequencing of 1029 healthy Indian individuals under the pilot phase of the ‘IndiGen’ program. We generated a compendium of 55,898,122 single allelic genetic variants from geographically distinct Indian genomes and calculated the allele frequency, allele count, allele number, along with the number of heterozygous or homozygous individuals. In the present study, these variants were systematically annotated using publicly available population databases and can be accessed through a browsable online database named as ‘IndiGenomes’ http://clingen.igib.res.in/indigen/. The IndiGenomes database will help clinicians and researchers in exploring the genetic component underlying medical conditions. Till date, this is the most comprehensive genetic variant resource for the Indian population and is made freely available for academic utility. The resource has also been accessed extensively by the worldwide community since it's launch.
Control of a Nosocomial Outbreak of COVID-19 in a University Hospital
Authors: Harada Sei , Uno Shunsuke , Ando Takayuki , Iida Miho , Takano Yaoko , Ishibashi Yoshiki , Uwamino Yoshifumi , Nishimura Tomoyasu , Takeda Ayano , Uchida Sho , Hirata Aya , Sata Mizuki , Matsumoto Minako , Takeuchi Ayano , Obara Hideaki , Yokoyama Hirokazu , Fukunaga Koichi , Amagai Masayuki , Kitagawa Yuko , Takebayashi Toru , Hasegawa Naoki
Published: October 2020

Background

Nosocomial spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes clusters of infection among high-risk individuals. Controlling this spread is critical to reducing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. We describe an outbreak of COVID-19 in Keio University Hospital, Japan, and its control and propose effective control measures.

Methods

When an outbreak was suspected, immediate isolation and thorough polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of patients and health care workers (HCWs) using an in-house system, together with extensive contact tracing and social distancing measures, were conducted. Nosocomial infections (NIs) were defined as having an onset or positive test after the fifth day of admission for patients and having high-risk contacts in our hospital for HCWs. We performed descriptive analyses for this outbreak.

Results

Between March 24 and April 24, 2020, 27 of 562 tested patients were confirmed positive, of whom 5 (18.5%) were suspected as NIs. For HCWs, 52 of 697 tested positive, and 40 (76.9%) were considered NIs. Among transmissions, 95.5% were suspected of having occurred during the asymptomatic period. Large-scale isolation and testing at the first sign of outbreak terminated NIs. The number of secondary cases directly generated by a single primary case found before March 31 was 1.74, compared with 0 after April 1. Only 4 of 28 primary cases generated definite secondary infection; these were all asymptomatic.

Conclusions

Viral shedding from asymptomatic cases played a major role in NIs. PCR screening of asymptomatic individuals helped clarify the pattern of spread. Immediate large-scale isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing measures were essential to containing outbreaks.
Chapter 4
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Archie Leach’s struggle to establish himself in show business during the years 1922 to 1927 is discussed in Chapter 4. He was able to find work as an acrobat and, now in the Lomas Troupe, he continued touring in vaudeville throughout North America. However, with no experience of speaking on stage, he found it difficult to find any other form of stage work. To make ends meet, he took a job on the Coney Island boardwalk, advertising Steeplechase amusement park by stilt-walking outside the park’s entrance. In 1924, his maturing, handsome good looks caught the eye of writer-producer Jean Dalrymple, who gave him his first speaking role, in the vaudeville playlet The Woman Pays (1924), a show he toured with this show for 14 months. It was also during these years that he became friends with the future costume designer Jack Kelly (who would become known as Orry-Kelly). Drawing on Orry-Kelly’s recently published autobiography, Women I’ve Undressed (2016), the chapter discusses the friendship between Archie and Jack, concluding that it was not, as suggested in the documentary Women He’s Undressed (2015), a romantic or sexual one.
Chapter 6
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

In December 1931, Archie Leach became Cary Grant when he signed a contract with Paramount Studios in Hollywood. This chapter explores the legends behind his star origins, including his reasons for going to Hollywood, his first screen test, and how his new name was chosen. The chapter discusses the nature of the Hollywood studio system generally and Paramount in particular. It reveals that Grant took acting classes alongside Randolph Scott and George Raft at Paramount’s own drama school, and that this training scarcely prepared him for his earliest film roles in This is the Night (1932), Sinners in the Sun (1932), Merrily We Go to Hell (1932), and Devil and the Deep (1932).
Chapter 9
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

Chapter 9 explores the Paramount publicity campaign that cast Cary Grant and Randolph Scott as Hollywood’s most eligible bachelors, and it details Grant’s return visit to Bristol in 1933. While Grant appeared in weak films such as Alice in Wonderland (1933) and Born to Be Bad (1934), the studio attempted to build his name with publicity photographs that pictured him with Scott in the home that they shared. These photographs have been mistaken in recent times (and by previous biographers) as private snapshots revealing that the two men were lovers. In fact, the photographs were commissioned by Paramount, and they were carefully staged to appeal to the many women readers of film fan magazines, where they appeared many times in the mid-1930s. Grant’s return to Bristol, meanwhile, was one of the most tumultuous episodes in his life. The trip was meant to be a triumphant homecoming accompanied by his best friend (Scott) and his fiancé (Virginia Cherrill). However, his father took this opportunity to reveal that his mother was still alive, and that she had been in the asylum for nearly 19 years. Grant himself was hospitalized for several weeks after this revelation, although the nature of his illness remains a mystery. On release, he married Cherrill in a hasty ceremony in London, and returned to Hollywood to resume his career.
Chapter 16
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

In September 1939, the outbreak of war between Britain and Germany placed Cary Grant in a difficult position. He had been living in the USA for all of his adult life, but because he was known to be British, the British press put pressure on him to return and serve in the military. He resisted this, and instead threw himself into his work. Two of his finest comedies were made over the next year. One was My Favourite Wife (1940), which reunited the principal talents behind The Awful Truth. Irene Dunne co-starred, and Leo McCarey produced and co-wrote the film. The result was a very similar yet also very entertaining screwball comedy. The other was The Philadelphia Story (1940), Grant’s third film with director George Cukor and his fourth film with co-star Katharine Hepburn. A marvellously sophisticated screwball comedy, the film also benefits from a third co-star, James Stewart. The Howards of Virginia (1940), a historical film set during the American Revolutionary period, was much less successful, and Grant’s attempt to play a backwoods pioneer was not well received. In his personal life, meanwhile, he began seeing the Woolworths heiress Barbara Hutton, who was well known as the richest woman in the world. Despite their very different backgrounds, they fell in love very quickly, and she established a home in Hollywood in order to be near him.
Chapter 24
Authors: Glancy Mark
Published: October 2020

In later years, Cary Grant would claim that he did retire in the early 1950s. In fact, he had only an 18 month hiatus between films, and during that time he knew that he would return to the screen in Alfred Hitchcock’s To Catch A Thief (1955). Hitchcock not only revived Grant’s career but also brought it into the modern era. All of his future films would be made in Technicolor and in a widescreen format, and all would feature location shooting in a spectacular setting. With To Catch A Thief, he found his favourite leading lady, Grace Kelly, and enjoyed a summer of filming with friends Alfred and Alma Hitchcock on location in the south of France. The Pride and the Passion (1956) was an epic historical drama filmed on location in Spain, where Grant fell deeply in love with his co-star Sophia Loren. The bittersweet love story An Affair to Remember (1957), co-starring Deborah Kerr, was filmed on location in Manhattan. Remarkably, the film’s producers tried to convince Grant that the setting should be changed to San Francisco, but he insisted on filming in Manhattan, citing the scene atop the Empire State Building as a crucial element of the film. He was correct. The scene is now considered iconic, and the film has become a perennially popular classic.
Compounds
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: October 2020

The major part of this chapter surveys how music expresses the ten complex emotions of wonder, the sublime, nostalgia, hope, pride, shame, jealousy, envy, disgust, and boredom. Building on the categorical theory of Chapter 2, it explores the extent that complex emotions compound basic ones, or whether they constitute essential emotions in themselves. The chapter considers issues such as display rules, the reality of basic emotions, and the relationship of emotions to topic theory. The survey of ten complex emotions includes a rehabilitation of wonder, and negative emotions that are normally considered nonaesthetic, such as jealousy and disgust. As in Chapter 2, each of the ten complex emotions is considered in relation to an analysis of music from the common practice period.
Histories
Authors: Spitzer Michael
Published: October 2020

This chapter proposes that the history of musical emotion pivots on a core period of “affective realism,” coterminous with the common practice period and the writings of Descartes, Spinoza, Hume, Smith, Darwin, and William James. In this period of “affective realism,” emotion is objectified, individuated, mimetic of human behavior, and subjective. Prior to 1600, emotion, by contrast, is fluid, relational, transcendent, divine, and the province of theology. The main body of the chapter reviews the seminal work of three historians of emotions: Norbert Elias, Barbara Rosenwein, and William Reddy, together with their concepts of “civilizing,” “emotional community,” and “emotives.” The chapter concludes with a critique of performance theory, focusing on a performance analysis of a Bach violin sonata.
Introduction
Authors: Fesko J. V.
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces the topic of the history of the early modern Reformed doctrine of the covenant of works. It first defines the doctrine and then provides a state of the question through a survey of relevant secondary literature. After the state of the question, the chapter states the book’s main aim, which is to present an overview of the origins, development, and reception of the covenant of works. In contrast to critics of the doctrine, this book stands within another strand of historiography that sees the covenant of works as a legitimate development of ideas present in the early church, middle ages, and Reformation periods. The chapter then lays out the topics of each of following chapters: the Reformation, Robert Rollock, Jacob Arminius, James Ussher, John Cameron and Edward Leigh, The Westminster Standards, the Formula Consensus Helvetica, Thomas Boston, and the Twentieth Century.
The Reformation
Authors: Fesko J. V.
Published: October 2020

This chapter surveys the Reformation views by first tracing the patristic and medieval origins of the doctrine of the covenant of works. It shows that the idea of an Adamic covenant was not an invention of the sixteenth century but has origins in inter-testamental Judaism, which Christian theologians such as St. Augustine picked up. It also originated from translations of Hosea 6:7. It also explores the doctrine’s advocates among sixteenth-century Roman Catholic theologians and then key Reformed theologians. The chapter shows that key building blocks of the doctrine were present in first generation reformers that later developed into the covenant of works. The later tradition did not, therefore, deviate from the earlier tradition but built upon ideas that were originally present.
Robert Rollock
Authors: Fesko J. V.
Published: October 2020

This chapter surveys the contribution of Scottish theologian Robert Rollock through several of his key works. Rollock develops the doctrine of works exegetically but also in likely reliance on insights from a Roman Catholic theologian, Ambrogio Catharinus. Rollock is the first to advocate a fully federal doctrine of the covenant of works that impacted future formulations of the doctrine. The chapter therefore reveals that the doctrine was not purely a Reformed novelty but has broader, catholic, roots—catholic in the sense that Reformed theologians looked to the broader universal church as they wrote theology. The chapter also shows that Rollock was engaged in significant exegetical work, which was a source for his doctrine. Both his exegetical and theological works were influential upon the later Reformed tradition.
Pride
Authors: Mills Claudia
Published: October 2020

Pride is philosophically puzzling because it seems to be both vice and virtue, identified with arrogance and conceit on the one hand and with staunch self-respect on the other. This chapter argues that pride is more justified if it is based on things that are truly valuable and beneficial to others (such as good character) rather than things that are of only (dubious) value for oneself, such as wealth and social position; it is more justified if it is connected with things for which the proud person can claim personal responsibility rather than the accidental products of nature or nurture. An important distinction can also be drawn between relative pride in one’s comparative superiority to others versus absolute pride in one’s dignity as a human being; the former fosters competition and can reinforce political and economic hierarchies; the latter fosters cooperation and challenges oppressive social structures.
Self-Knowledge
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: October 2020

The chapter is a discussion of value of self-knowledge and the role that reflection plays in its acquisition. It employs the title character in Jane Austen’s Emma as an illustration of the importance of reflection in people understanding themselves and developing self-trust. It argues that appropriate self-trust is a virtue in Aristotle’s sense. The person with the virtue of self-trust employs self-doubt effectively, avoiding both insufficient and excessive confidence in her own judgment. The chapter shows how Emma uses reflection as a way of correcting her own tendency toward overconfidence, enabling her to have greater self-knowledge and hence, greater self-trust. The chapter explains how reflection conducive to self-knowledge and self-trust is a skill and argues that it is a skill worth acquiring.
Logic
Authors: Russell Gillian
Published: October 2020

This chapter asks whether there is any such thing as feminist logic. It defines feminism and logic, and then goes on to present and evaluate four possible views, introducing and critiquing the work of Andrea Nye, Val Plumwood, and Susan Stebbing. It argues that Stebbing’s approach—on which feminism is one among many political applications of logic—is correct, but that feminist logic could do more, by providing a formal framework for the study of social hierarchies, much as it presently provides a formal framework for the study of numbers and similarity rankings among possible worlds.
Doubt
Authors: Chung Julianne
Published: October 2020

Might doubt and uncertainty sometimes be good, rather than bad? Is it possible to wonder whether self-confidence, self-knowledge, and decisiveness are really as uniformly excellent as some people make them out to be? Are there times that people shouldn’t be so sure of themselves, or should be uncertain or otherwise skeptical about whether they know what they’re doing and why, or whether they know the things that they think they do? Should they perhaps even be skeptical in this way most, if not all, of the time? This chapter discusses these questions in connection with three types of skeptical arguments discussed in the history of philosophy, elucidating how they can also be used to induce some measure of doubt about (almost) any claim to know that could be imagined. Following that, it concludes by explaining how encouraging extensive—or perhaps even universal—doubt or skepticism might help people to live more flourishing lives.
Science
Authors: Smith Subrena E.
Published: October 2020

Anna Morandi was the foremost anatomist in eighteenth-century Bologna. Although her work was widely recognized as exceptional by the scientists of her day, she was not granted the standing of a scientist. In this chapter, the author uses Morandi as a case study to illuminate aspects of the philosophy of science. In particular, the chapter addresses conceptions of scientific objectivity and the role of social values in science, drawing on the work of Helen Longino. In addition to the phenomena described by Longino, the author argues that social values enter into science and impact scientific research by determining how individuals are positioned in scientific communities, or excluded from them.
Technology
Authors: Zebrowski Robin L.
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores broad questions in the philosophy of technology, situating the discipline among a set of questions and approaches aimed at being understandable by a nonspecialist audience. It begins by inquiring into the very concept of technology, pointing out that many commonplace and mundane items count as technology and are worthy of philosophical examination, but then focuses largely on emerging technologies in the abstract. Some of the questions explored here include ways that human bodies interact with various kinds of technologies, the nature of artificial intelligence, and the political and social effects of various sorts of algorithmic biases. These issues are explored as metaphysical, epistemological, and ethical questions, offering concrete ways that philosophical methods and materials can help make progress on real, pressing problems.
Art
Authors: Locke Patricia M.
Published: October 2020

The philosopher Hannah Arendt carefully distinguishes between labor, which is necessarily repetitious (like doing laundry), and work, which like art-making and philosophical thinking, can be creative and long-lasting. By looking closely at and comparing the paintings of Berthe Morisot and Agnes Martin, it is possible to draw out the philosophical meaning of the experience of art works. Their paintings have an affinity with thinking, with respect to free play and coherent harmony, rather than with cognition, which applies already achieved patterns to problem-solving. By contrast, art offers ways of knowing that make thinking and wordless feelings visible to us. While we look at their practices of making, or one’s practices of attention, the artwork stands as a unique thing that helps make a human world.
Credibility
Authors: Poole Monica C.
Published: October 2020

Credibility is unfairly deflated and inflated in relation to other power dynamics, including misogyny. Various techniques are used to discredit unwelcome truths of women and girls, including dismissing their knowledge as trivial, and discrediting them as too emotional (or hysterical) to be reliable sources. Social credibility deflation can lead to self-doubt; consider gaslighting, where one person erodes another’s confidence in their ability to accurately perceive reality, making them doubt their own credibility. The chapter concludes by discussing feminist epistemologies of resistance, highlighting theories of Patricia Hill Collins, José Medina, and Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui and inviting the reader to take part in a pluralistic dialogue reimagining credibility. This chapter is anchored by the story of Cassandra: the god Apollo gave her the gift of prophecy, then requested that she have sex with him. When she declined, he cursed her credibility: she would speak prophetic truths, but nobody would believe her.
Language
Authors: Camp Elisabeth
Published: October 2020

Words are used for many things: to describe, to plan and promise, to invite and command. They are also used to wound—to demean, insult, and exclude. The fact that words can have such potent, pernicious effects is puzzling, because they are, after all, just words. As the schoolyard chant goes, “Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can never hurt me.” Words do hurt though—not only one’s feelings, but one’s social status, even one’s basic dignity as a human being. How can sounds and shapes do all that? Many philosophers have thought of language as a kind of game. Both games and language are complex, abstract structures that are deployed strategically to achieve serious goals, as well as for fun. Thinking through these similarities can illuminate how something so intangible can have such powerful effects. And seeing how people wield that power for malicious ends can reveal how to turn the tables and fight back.
Gender
Authors: Witt Charlotte
Published: October 2020

What is gender? This chapter addresses this question by drawing on literary and imaginative resources rather than philosophical argument or dictionary definitions. To illuminate gender in the present, the author uses the parable of Height Society where Talls and Shorts stand in for the gender binary. The author also borrows from The Left Hand of Darkness by renowned science fiction writer Ursula LeGuin to spark thinking about future possibilities of gender beyond the binary. Throughout, the author discusses the history of gender binary language and proposes a social constructivist view of gender. Differences between gender and sex are explained, and the author explains the importance of intersexual approaches to the topic of gender as well.
Recognition
Authors: Chu Shanti
Published: October 2020

Being multiracial can be a contradictory experience characterized by misperception and a lack of agency; however, embracing multiple identities can constitute an internal revolution of consciousness. This internal revolution of consciousness cannot occur without a societal recognition of multiracial identity. There needs to be a substantive social understanding of multiracial identity in order for true recognition to occur. Frida Kahlo’s The Two Fridas serves as an opening anecdote to this chapter as it illustrates multiplicity, which can characterize multiracial consciousness. Racial identity and multiracial identity are explored through Linda Alcoff’s Visible Identities, which also establishes the need for a substantive social understanding of mixed-race identity. An internal revolution of consciousness can be developed through Sarah Ahmed’s notion of queerness in Queer Phenomenology and Gloria Anzaldúa’s notion of mestiza consciousness in Borderlands: La Frontera. The parallels between queerness and a mixed-race consciousness are further explored in this chapter to embody new ways of being and seeing the world.
Anger
Authors: Cherry Myisha
Published: October 2020

The Medusa trope depicts women who are angry as having no real reason for being angry, since more often than not, they are not really victims. It also depicts such angry women as dangerous, and society concludes that these angry, blameworthy women must be conquered and controlled through patriarchal norms, laws, expectations, and hostility. This chapter describes the reality of such a trope for many women and girls. It then discusses some implications of it, particularly the urge for women and girls to escape features of the trope in order to escape being conquered and controlled. The author also wonders to what extent it is possible to escape the trope, and offers some reasons for why women should not escape it, even if they could. The chapter concludes by arguing why and how women and girls can embrace the Medusa trope as a form of resistance against sexism and misogyny.
Courage
Authors: Garchar Kimberly K.
Published: October 2020

This chapter attempts to demarcate and specify the virtue of courage. The author begins by providing an explication of what she takes to be aspects of the human condition: relatedness and fallibility. The author then suggests a reconceptualized framework for courage, given the constraints of human nature. She argues that courage works as a foundational virtue, and the practice of courage includes and grounds the practices of other virtues, including care. The author argues that courage has two necessary components: empathetic recognition and active response. A courageous person has practiced and is attuned to the needs of others empathetically, but she also acts to meet those needs. Finally, there is an aspect of justice incorporated in courageous acts; courage often arises to meliorate suffering, which may well be caused by various forms of oppression and require a just response.