bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relação do uso prolongado de hidroclorotiazida com o melanoma: uma revisão de literatura
Authors: Chaves Calabria André , Spaniol Claudia , Társis Araujo Carvalho Graziela , Limas de Souza Luana
Published: September 2020

Estudos recentes apontam forte relação entre o uso da hidrocloratiazida (droga diurética e anti-hipertensiva) com o risco de desenvolver melanoma devido a sua característica fotossensibilizadora sobre a pele. O objetivo desse trabalho é evidenciar a associação entre o uso de hidrocloratiazida e o aumento do risco de aparecimento do melanoma. A metodologia foi um levantamento bibliográfico com artigos publicados no período de 2016 a 2019 nas bases de dados eletrônicos de confiabilidade científica PubMed, Medline, Science Direct e revistas especializados no assunto. Foram encontrados 4 estudos pertinentes sobre o tema, onde identificou-se que a hidroclorotiazida é classificada como um medicamento carcinogênico pela Agência Internacional de Pesquisa sobre o Câncer. À medida que a exposição à luz ultravioleta aumenta os danos das células da pele, a administração concomitante a longo prazo da hidroclorotiazida conduz a um aumento da probabilidade de malignidade cutânea, incluindo o desenvolvimento de melanoma. A população total do estudo foi de 19.273 casos e 192.730 controles; entre esses, 413 casos (2,1%) e 3.406 controles (1,8%) foram classificados como usuários de altas doses cumulativas de hidroclorotiazida (≥ 50.000 mg), resultando em odds ratio (OR) ajustado de 1,22 para melanoma. Portanto, sugere-se que o uso de hidroclorotiazida está associado ao aparecimento de melanoma. Mais estudos de grandes proporções, principalmente nacionais, são necessários para confirmar os achados. Portanto, a indicação de que o uso de hidroclorotiazida aumenta o risco de melanoma pode ter relevância clínica relacionada à escolha medicamentosa, particularmente para pacientes com fatores de risco para melanoma.
Tripanossomíase americana e transfusão de sangue: uma perspectiva em áreas endêmicas e não endêmicas na América
Authors: Silva Kelly Oliveira Galvão da , Nascimento Maikiane Aparecida , Carvalho Valéria Moura de , Oliveira Gabriela Cavalcante , Albuquerque Camila Aparecida Nunes de , Silva Savyla Franciele Soares , Oliveira Ellen Synthia Fernandes de
Published: September 2020

Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar um breve histórico da doença e seu potencial risco de transmissão pós-erradicação do vetor em banco de sangue, bem como abordar propostas de monitoramento e prevenção em bancos de sangue para impedir a disseminação da doença. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura com manuais, livros, teses, monografias e periódicos científicos publicados em português e inglês, nas bibliotecas abertas e virtuais da BIREME (Biblioteca Regional de Medicina), LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde) e SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) por meio dos descritores: tripanossomíase, doença de Chagas e hemoterapia. Em toda a América Latina, a taxa de incidência da doença de Chagas era de 6,8% na década de 1980 e diminuiu para 1,3% em 2006, o que representa uma mudança significativa no perfil epidemiológico. Tanto no Brasil quanto em outros países, os serviços de hemoterapia vêm adotando novas tecnologias para minimizar a disseminação de agentes infecciosos durante a transfusão.
Millet survival submitted to associated stress using generalized gamma and Burr XII distribution
Authors: Lucena Leandro Ricardo Rodrigues de , Leite Maurício Luiz de Mello Vieira , Almeida Mirna Clarissa Rodrigues de , Simões Vicente José Laamon Pinto , Costa Álefe Chagas de Lima , Oliveira Antonio Dennys Melo de , Caraciolo João Pedro Soares
Published: September 2020

Water and saline stresses are the main factors affecting agricultural production. Millet is tolerant to these abiotic stresses and cultivated in regions with scarcity of rain and used for the production of grains and pastures. The knowledge of the lifetime of forage plants provides very useful information on cultivation and management of populations. The objective was to evaluate the lifetime of millet under conditions of water and saline stress using survival analysis. The experiment was carried in 48 millet plants submitted the water and saline deficit, for 4 cycles of 105 days. To estimate the lifetime of the millet, we used the survival functions of the probability distributions: exponential, Weibull, Gumbel, log-normal, Gompertz, logistics, Gamma, generalized Gamma, Burr XII and Birnbaum-Saunders and the Kaplan-Meier estimator. The lifetime of 64.6% of the plants was less than 105 days. Using the Kaplan-Meier estimator, 50% of plants survive up to 65th day, using the generalized Gamma and Burr XII survival function this rate occurs on the 75th day. The generalized Gamma and Burr XII survival function are alternatives to estimate the lifetime of millet submitted to conditions of water and saline stress.
Elongated styloid process in a dry human skull and its relation to the Eagle’s Syndrome: case report and biometrical assessment
Authors: Silva Jaiurte Gomes Martins da , Oliveira Glícia Maria de , Silva Ewerton Fylipe de Araújo , Silva Adriane Barbosa Fernandes , Pereira Edla Vitória Santos , Santos Anthony Marcos Gomes dos , Oliveira Neto Olavo Barbosa de , Magalhaes Carolina Peixoto
Published: September 2020

The purpose of the present study was to report a case of an elongated styloid process in a dry human skull and present its biometrical values. The styloid processes of the skull from an 80-year-old Brazilian female individual were inspected and 10 measures were performed bilaterally. Despite small differences between the right and left styloid processes regarding the antero-posterior and lateral-medial widths on the three thirds measured, one must highlight the considerable differences showed on the total length of the styloid process (left side: 65.94; right side: 28.90) and on the length of the sheath of the styloid process, which was of 30.01mm on the left side and it was not acquired on the right side because of its small dimensions.  The paper discusses its findings from an anatomical and clinical perspectives, providing anatomical basis for a better understanding of the Eagle’s syndrome.
The Use of Discourse Markers in Written Discourse by the Students at Aviation Polytechnic of Surabaya
Authors: Kusumayati Lusiana Dewi
Published: September 2020

Abstract. This research aims at investigating the use of DMs in expository essays written by Indonesian EFL learners with different levels of English language proficiency. 10 students from the second semester of Civil Airport Engineering Program at Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya (Aviation Polytechnic of Surabaya) were taken as the sample. They were divided into two groups, high and low competence of writing skill. To represent the targeted DMs, it relies on Fraser’s taxonomy. The result of students’ writing indicates that students with high and low competence of writing skill employed comparable rates of discourse markers in their essays. Those who have lower competence of writing skill were found using more limited sets of discourse markers than those who have higher competence of writing skill. The students having low competence of writing skill were also found using these DMs in narrow range of functions and in a more limited set of positions. Moreover, the discourse markers that are used by the students having low competence of writing skill were found more redundant from the point of view of syntactic categories. On the other hand, the DMs used by the high competence of writing skill were found more varieties. It could be concluded that the use of discourse markers is affected by the levels of writing competence of EFL learners. Keywords: discourse markers, EFL learners, English language proficiency, written discourse.
What Does Not Get Counted: Misogynistic Terrorism
Authors: Gentry Caron E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter creates an academically grounded argument for ‘misogynistic terrorism.’ It traces out a historical trajectory for this idea. It builds upon a much older legacy of ‘patriarchal terrorism,’ which examines a particular type of domestic abuse, one that is enduring, controlling, and dependent upon patriarchal structures. Overtime, different scholars have morphed the term and definition from patriarchal to intimate to everyday terrorism. With each turn, the idea of this form of terrorism broadened to include other forms of gender-based violence. Nevertheless, all of these violence were still dependent upon patriarchal structures and misogynist ideology. Misogynist terrorism goes even further by including the mass shootings in the US, where women are the disproportionate victims, and the rise of Incel violence.
Intermedially Emotional: Musical Mood Cues, Disembodied Feelings in Contemporary Hungarian Melodramas
Authors: Király Hajnal
Published: September 2020

In contemporary Hungarian cinema some melodramas presenting struggling female protagonists like Ágnes Kocsis's Fresh Air (2006) and Adrienn Pál (2010), Kornél Mundruczó's Johanna (2005), Peter Strickland's Katalin Varga (2009) and Károly Ujj-Mészáros's Liza, the
Fox Fairy (2015), seem to resist Linda William's definition of melodrama as ‘body genre’, offering the spectacle of a body caught in the grip of intense sensation or emotion, triggering the emotional mimicry of the spectator. In the Hungarian films in question, female protagonists remain expressionless and their emotions are ‘translated’ into visual and aural stylisation. Instead of spectacular representations of emotions, these films operate with mood cues, visual and auditory (mostly musical) figurations of melancholic sense of loss and helplessness. In these films audiovisual stylisation is not only portraying the character's moods, but it compensates for the lack of bodily excess and ensures spectatorial embodiment with an intermedial figuration based on congruency, contrast or competition between image and sound.
Photographic Passages to the Past in Eastern European Non-Fiction Films
Authors: Blos-Jáni Melinda
Published: September 2020

There is a tendency in recent nonfiction film to recontextualise archival photographs in creative ways. In films like Felvidék. Caught In-Between (Vladislava Plančíková, 2014) photographs are part of a collage work, while films like Crulic. The Path to Beyond (Anca Damian, 2011) use photographs in animated environments. At the other extreme is Radu Jude's Dead Nation (2017) presenting a series of photographs as a film that paradoxically demonstrates the lack of images of the Romanian Holocaust. These films open up new possibilities for the medium of photography, redefining through cinema the complex relationship between photography/the indexical trace and history. This chapter builds upon the phenomenological approach to images by George Didi-Hubermann and László Tarnay in order to discuss intermedial relations of nonfiction films and to present what the photographic image means in the post-media age documentary.
Trauma, Memorialisation and Intermediality in Jasmila Žbanić’s For Those Who Can Tell No Tales
Authors: Sándor Katalin
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses cinematic intermediality in Jasmila Žbanić's film, For Those Who Can Tell No Tales (2013) as a modality of addressing the traumatic memory of atrocities and mass rapes committed during the 1992–1995 Bosnian war. Traumatic memory is not primarily formed through symbols or narratives but rather resembles ?a wounded body’ (Broderick–Traverso), and therefore it may disrupt cultural strategies of memorialisation, narrativization and representation through which personal, collective or historical trauma is approached. In Žbanić's film, intermediality becomes a mode of addressing collective trauma by ‘acknowledging’ the unrepresentable within representation and by foregrounding the interstitial and corporeal aspect of traumatic memory. The intermedial cinematic discourse that incorporates photofilmic pictures, fragments of performance art and practices of non-cinematic image-making (such as amateur video diary) performs an irresolute and affective memorialisation of war trauma engaging the viewer in potentially transformative memory work.
An Immersive Theatrical Journey through Media and Time in Alexander Sokurov’s Russian Ark
Authors: Chinita Fátima
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that Russian Ark is a rare intermedial achievement because of the quantity of media involved and, more importantly, the theatrical nature of the enterprise, which contributes to an intense feeling of immersion on the viewers’ part. The film is structured as a walk through the recesses of the Hermitage, undertaken by the two protagonists, a nineteenth-century French Marquis and an anonymous present-day man. Their motion in space and their interactions (or lack thereof) with other figures − either historical or contemporary – emulate an act of space-based immersive theatre. Characters and spaces are gradually discovered in theatrical tableaux by the protagonists and film viewers alike, with the resulting feeling of being ‘there’, transported into other eras. Russian Ark is meant to be fully experienced, holistically perceived by the film viewers as a spatial and sensual journey of discovery. Ultimately, the viewers long for the eternity of the spectacle, performed as a rite against death.
This is Not Magritte: Corneliu Porumboiu’s Theory of Representation
Authors: Gyenge Zsolt
Published: September 2020

The chapter attempts to provide an analysis of Porumboiu's body of work in a way that goes beyond the notions of Realism that is usually discussed in relation to the New Romanian Cinema. Theories of visual and verbal representation are identified that seem to be central to several of his Porumboiu's films from Foucault's seminal discussion of Magritte through Barthes's analysis of the Panzani commercial, Gadamer's description of the differences between signs, images and symbols, to Mitchell's notion of metapicture. Two important issues are highlighted: the mediality of representations and their relation to the represented reality. The author contends that although these theoretical issues are clearly brought up in the stories and dialogues of the films, Porumboiu fails to make them an intrinsic part of his own filmic form of expression.
Charles Bernstein’s Walter Benjamin, Among Other Things
Authors: Jaeger Peter
Published: September 2020

This hybrid creative-critical chapter considers the work of American poet and scholar Charles Bernstein. The chapter is modelled formally on Walter Benjamin’s The Arcades Project and its use of found text to construct a critical montage. Benjamin’s influence on Bernstein can be dated to the late 1970s; the chapter begins with Bernstein’s early interest in Benjamin, and then tracks that interest throughout his poetry and poetics. The chapter also includes a discussion of Bernstein’s 2004 opera libretto Shadowtime, written for the music of English composer Brian Ferneyhough. This opera is based on Benjamin’s life and work.
Towards a Renewed Vision of Imperial Authority
Authors: Leonte Florin
Published: September 2020

The chapter discusses how Manuel Palaiologos’ texts reveal not only the emperor’s standpoints in his attempts to answer political challenges, but also a long-term imperial project that sought to establish a system of effective political communication by exhibiting his fatherly concern for his son and co-emperor. This project involved two stages with changing approaches. In the first stage, the emperor strengthened his connections with the literati and frequently chaired theatra. The letters and the dialogic mode of his text on marriage point to the fact that during the last decade of the fourteenth century, the emperor did not have at his disposal too many possibilities of circulating his political messages except for the rather informal meetings in the framework of theatra. In a second stage, which chronologically coincided with the years following the emperor’s return from the West, Manuel attempted to consolidate his ruling position by highlighting in the Foundations and the Orations that he appointed his son, John, as successor. In the absence of a more substantial body of court rhetoricians, the emperor undertook the role of a social-political commentator and accordingly put forward a personal discourse on imperial authority.
Robert Burns and ‘Circling Time’
Authors: McKeever Gerard Lee
Published: September 2020

Featuring an extended reading of ‘The Cotter’s Saturday Night’, this chapter finds new parallels between Robert Burns’s handling of the religious and socio-economic dimensions of improvement. It argues that the poem maps a model of spiritual renewal rooted in New Licht Presbyterianism on to the crisis of laissez-faire modernisation. That vision of improvement is signalled in the work by a complex overlaying of linear and cyclical models of time, a dialectical vision of history in which – finally – poetry ascends to a powerful role as a medium of secular belonging. ‘The Cotter’ thus instantiates a complex cultural politics, rather than being a conservative outlier in Burns’s oeuvre. It is contextualised here within the poet’s wider negotiation of improvement in his 1786 Poems, which develops a carefully managed ‘simple’ aesthetics. Burns emerges as a transitional figure between the improving civic activity of the Scottish Enlightenment (‘cultivating’) and an aesthetic vocabulary of nationhood driven by the consumption of canonical literature (‘culture’).
Short Fictions of Improvement by James Hogg and Walter Scott
Authors: McKeever Gerard Lee
Published: September 2020

This chapter reads James Hogg and Walter Scott within a new, revisionist history of short fiction that is particularly interested in the genre of the ‘tale’. Focusing on the half-decade between 1827 and 1831, the chapter highlights a selection of Hogg’s mature contributions to Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine alongside Scott’s Chronicles of the Canongate (first series). These years were marked by literary experimentation, when a confident improving persuasion in Scottish culture was threatening to unravel. The formal logic of these short fictions, defined by a curiously focused spontaneity, exacerbates a pluralistic handling of the collision between improvement and tradition. Different models of time (progress, renewal, disruption) and belief (suspension, scepticism, credulity) serve to interrogate improvement in a wide range of contexts around commercial modernisation. The chapter unpacks two specific literary innovations in this context. The first looks to acts of transmission in the literary marketplace which by turns sustain, contain and defer the dialectics of improvement. The second sees the emergence of a fully fledged aesthetic vocabulary of culture in Scott’s writing.
‘The Great Moral Object’ in Joanna Baillie’s Drama
Authors: McKeever Gerard Lee
Published: September 2020

This chapter offers a new reading of Joanna Baillie’s path-breaking drama and dramatic theory, suggesting that it is working through the dialectical logic of improvement. Baillie attempts to counter what she finds to be pernicious aspects of commercial modernisation and politeness with an alternative vision of moral improvement. She presents the drama as uniquely placed to engender moral growth because of its capacity to invoke ‘sympathetick curiosity’ in reader or audience. This volatile force is explored in Count Basil (1798), read as a model example of historical dialectic; in The Family Legend (1810), an important approach to the ‘primitive’ past; and in The Alienated Manor (finally published in 1836), a satire of improvement’s pitfalls. With roots in the Enlightenment science of man, Baillie’s writings sustain a powerful sense of the individual’s contribution to networks of social power and the involvement of this contribution in grand narratives of improvement. Yet, while Baillie seeks to repurpose the enlarged patent theatres into instruments of moral improvement, the pessimism of her social diagnosis threatens to infect her didactic project.
The Story of John Galt’s Scottish Novels
Authors: McKeever Gerard Lee
Published: September 2020

This chapter unearths a sweeping account of the Age of Improvement in John Galt’s brand of non-fictional fiction (‘theoretical history’). It finds Galt exploring the capacity of a modernising society to cope with localised, historically rooted and distinctive cultural forms. His narrative of improvement draws on the first Statistical Account of Scotland in both formal and thematic terms. In Annals of the Parish (1821) and The Entail (1823), local and national cultures can function as cohesive agents that remedy the destabilising effects of rapid change, yet they can also be perverted into a dark influence working to misdirect the effect of global market forces. Galt presents history as a contest over the volatile substance of ‘story’, which his novels rhetorically disavow. His analysis of the law of unintended consequences is permeated by a dry sense of humour. Yet by The Entail, Scottish history has become a catalogue of tragic failures, as the changes wrought by improvement fracture the nation into incompatible alternatives.
Coda: ‘There is no end to machinery’
Authors: McKeever Gerard Lee
Published: September 2020

Following a brief summary of the preceding arguments in the book, the coda turns to a trilogy of essays by Thomas Carlyle written in the final years of the 1820s – ‘State of German Literature’ (1827), ‘Burns’ (1828) and ‘Signs of the Times’ (1829). These works postulate a Britain riven between the inhuman mores of Enlightenment and a degraded popular culture, looking to ideal truth (‘pure light’) and its secular expression in poetry as a means of salvation. ‘Signs of the Times’, notably, was published in the last issue of the Edinburgh Review edited by Francis Jeffrey and provides a subversive counterpoint to and unravelling of the journal’s Whig ideology. Taking up a critique of the Scottish Enlightenment that had been made by John Gibson Lockhart in Peter’s Letters to his Kinsfolk (1819) and in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, Carlyle attempts to recover a sense of ideal truth from what he viewed as a culture of dry rationalism. Improvement, in this account, had suffocated Scotland. Carlyle’s analysis of what he calls the ‘mechanical’ and the ‘dynamical’ in opposition to one another (rather than dialectical tension) effectively performs an elision of Enlightenment and Romanticism. This provides a counterpoint for the book’s very different reading of literary texts that are adapting cultures of improvement within a set of changing historical circumstances.
The leges regiae in Livy: Narratological and Stylistic Strategies
Authors: Rocco Marco
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses how Livy in his first book presents the leges regiae (some of which can be found exclusively in Ab Urbe condita) in light of the following categories: religious life; civitas’ fundamental institutions; political life; war and army; agrarian laws; granting of citizenship. It appears that in Livy the leges are straightforward and detailed when they are related to the religious sphere, while they appear more concise and vague when they are measures of a heterogeneous nature. Livy also systematically adjusts his narrative technique on the basis of the function assigned to a law. He shows particular care in reporting technical formulas when he wishes to emphasize the sacredness and longevity of laws concerning founding traditions and “constitutional norms”; on the other hand, Livy emphasizes those aspects of the laws that would appear in line with the characteristics that he wants to attribute to the kings.
Niebuhr and Bachofen: New Forms of Evidence on Roman History
Authors: Colognesi Luigi Capogrossi
Published: September 2020

In 1816, B.G. Niebuhr, having already published his important History of Rome, was appointed by his king to be the Prussian ambassador in Rome, where he remained for some years in that office. In that period he had the opportunity to acquire a good knowledge of the Roman Campagna. With reference to the Roman (and Greek) archaeological remains which he came across in his journeys, he proposed the hypothesis that the remains of ancient centuriatio could be found in that part of Italy. Some years later, in his Italienische Reise, J.J. Bachofen, for the first time, began to consider the symbolic elements in the Roman tombs as the evidence of a stadium of ancient civilisations older than that of Roman and Greek patriarchal societies in classical times. Some years later he published his famous Mutterrecht, one of the first important works of modern anthropology.
Introduction
Authors: Barradas Jorge Nuno
Published: September 2020

The introductory chapter of this volume maps some of the main discussions around Portuguese filmmaker Pedro Costa, as well as providing context to his work. It also argues for the strategic competence that Pedro Costa refined over the years. The approach followed here is to organise the understanding of such competence as an evolving working process or, in other words, as a narrative of production. The term narrative of production offers a possible definition of the constantly negotiated artistic and labour practices carried on by Costa within a variety of contexts – authorial, industrial, economic, cultural and social – which often merge between professional and personal spheres.
Conclusion
Authors: Barradas Jorge Nuno
Published: September 2020

The concluding chapter of this volume provides further clues about Pedro Costa’s creative and technical competence by discussing other of his professional activities, such as curator and “recuperation agent” of the work of other filmmakers. It also discusses how Costa’s cinema provides both an aesthetic and a filmmaking blueprint for international young filmmakers working with low budgets and using digital video.
Images of Insurgency: Reading the Cuban Revolution through Military Aesthetics and Embodiment
Authors: Tynan Jane
Published: September 2020

A growing global visual culture in the 1950s and 1960s made image and self-presentation techniques critical to the transnational impact of the Cuban revolution. This chapter explores how popular culture shaped the interpretation of events by photographers, journalists and designers, who were often inspired by the anarchic forms of militarism the rebels adopted. When the rebels came into view, they were hypermasculine, complete with cowboy hats, long hair, cigars, and a cheerful contempt for uniformity; they created images of insurgency that were a compelling form of cultural exchange for revolutionary Cuba. They appeared to highlight creativity and subversive visual practices, but their performances were also raced and gendered. The chapter draws on a range of primary sources to consider the significance of aesthetics and embodiment to understanding the images, textures and experiences that characterised the Cuban revolution, but also what it reveals about the shape of twentieth century military insurgencies.
The Reformist State and the Universalist Orientation
Authors: al-Azmeh Aziz
Published: September 2020

This chapter sketches state-reformist initiatives in the late Ottoman empire, considered as systemic transformations in a global context of modern state forms with associated forms of social engineering and state intervention in culture and law-making. It proposes that the consequence of these changes and transformations were secularising, intended as well as unintended. The chapter discusses the beginnings of educational and cognitive transformation, the rise of a new class and type of senior bureaucrats, the emergence of a modern intelligentsia, the appearance and spread of new forms of dress. Also discussed are counter-vailing, conservative reactions, both by religious institutions, resistant to reform and the attrition of authority, and conservative milieu more broadly. The issue of women’s education, dress and public visibility emerges as a site of contestation.
Neoclassical Compounds between Borrowing and Word Formation
Authors: Panocová Renáta , Hacken Pius ten
Published: September 2020

In assessing the status of neoclassical compounding, we take into account the generative insight that language is ultimately based in the individual speaker’s competence and the European structuralist insight that new words are a response to naming needs. Two central questions that arise for neoclassical compounding are whether it constitutes a separate system and whether it is productive. We argue that what can be perceived as degrees of productivity and fluctuations in status can in fact be analysed as a consequence of differences between speakers in the same speech community. Speakers that are familiar with a domain in which neoclassical compounding is frequent, e.g. medicine, will be more likely to process new instances as rule-based formations. Considering the origins of neoclassical compounding, we note that borrowing has two different roles. On one hand, it is the reanalysis of borrowings from classical languages that leads to the emergence of a system. On the other hand, new neoclassical formations are borrowed between different languages. Comparing English and Russian, we argue that only for English is there evidence of a substantial set of speakers who have such as system. In Russian, neoclassical compounds are generally borrowings.
Borrowed Compounds, Borrowed Compounding – Portuguese Data
Authors: Villalva Alina
Published: September 2020

Morphological compounding patterns in Portuguese are quite recent. This innovation was triggered by a particular case of language contact, which yielded a peculiar kind of borrowing, both lexical (neoclassical roots) and structural (neoclassical compounding). The introduction of this ‘innovative’ word formation resource may have found a smooth path into Portuguese through the similarity with prefixation, but the key to success was that the same kind of language contact probably took place simultaneously in many European languages. In the case of Portuguese, French (particularly during the 1700s and 1800s) and English (more recently) were the main source languages. The sudden abundance of data that produced a parallel neoclassical lexicon may have increased the pressure that favoured the emergence of root compounding in Portuguese. Beyond the language-specific situation, this case is also relevant for the reassessment of a general theory of borrowing and borrowing typologies (such as Thomason and Kaufman 1988), since it involves pairs of languages (like Ancient Greek and Portuguese) that were never in direct contact, because they existed in different synchronies, and belong to two different branches of the Indo-European family.
Philosophy’s Joy
Authors: Berressem Hanjo
Published: September 2020

The chapter first follows Deleuze’s theory of crystal individuation into his reading of Hume. After returning to the motif of lightning, and in light of Deleuze’s reading of Kant, it then explicates Deleuze’s notion of the three syntheses in Difference and Repetition, which complicates Deleuze’s notion of the complementarity of virtual intensity and actual extensity, and which can be read as a sustained argument against the notion of a natural light in philosophy. From there, the chapter turns to Deleuze’s reading of Spinoza’s luminist expressionism, which sets an immanent, expressive light against an emanating, representational light, and which conceptualizes substance as a simultaneously white and diffracted light: lux and lumen. After following Deleuze’s reading of Proust, the chapter conceptualizes a Deleuzian historical studies by way of his formal distinction between events and matters-of-fact, the notion of the informal diagram in Francis Bacon’s paintings, and in Max Ernst’s strategy of frottage.
Conclusion: White Light, White Life
Authors: Berressem Hanjo
Published: September 2020

Shortly before his suicide, Deleuze writes “Immanence: A Life”; a short text that, like “The Actual and the Virtual,” has the feel of both testament and legacy. Unlike the former, however, it stresses the decomposition rather than the composition of crystals, and it proposes a purely transcendental plane of anonymous life; a purely virtual, white plane that lacks nothing, not even its actualization. Entering its pure glow is to enter the white-out of a fully virtual, non-actualized storm of light. However, as ‘a life is everywhere, in all the moments that a given living subject goes through’, this white life and white death are also part of actualized, refracted life. ‘Dying is the figure which the most singular life takes on in order to substitute itself for me’ Deleuze notes. In both life and death, to reach both philosophy’s and life’s luminous ‘point-at-infinity’ means to literally ‘step into the light.’
Ecosophic Times and Spaces
Authors: Berressem Hanjo
Published: September 2020

The chapter deals with the conceptualization of time and space in Schizoanalytic Cartographies. It first shows how Guattari ecologizes the pair of chronic and aionic time by squaring it within the diagram. It then illustrates this squaring by way of Guattari’s notion of time in his reading of Proust, his idea of the speed of determinability, and the deeply ecological time of kairos as the opportune moment to intervene into and to administer a situation. To conclude this section, it explains Guattari notions of affective and synaptic time. In its second section, the chapter develops, referencing Mandelbrot’s notion of fractal space and Leibniz’ notion of integration, the topological, projective space that is adequate to the space of the world. From within this space, urgent ecological questions can be posed. How to live in this world? How to inhabit its spaces? How to construct spaces that are adequate to the world?
Introduction
Authors: Fishman Louis A.
Published: September 2020

[and] on the wrapper of the oranges … there is not one word in Turkish or in Arabic … if Hebrew and the Star of David are exhibited [on the orange wrappers] and propagated in this way, this forgotten language will be added to the already many languages which are used in the Ottoman lands and the addition of the Star of David will sooner or later be added to the struggle of the Cross and the Crescent....
‘We Must Hang Together’: The English Appropriation of Esprit de Corps in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: de Miranda Luis
Published: September 2020

This chapter narrates the English propagation of the phrase, initiated by Voltaire’s friend Lord Chesterfield. It demonstrates the importance of discussions about ‘esprit de corps’ in the English and American leading societies, for example in the British Parliament or among the US Founding Fathers. At the end of the eighteenth century, esprit de corps was a notion that infiltrated the political debate at the highest level. In the newly born United States of America, the official discourse on esprit de corps reproduced the ambivalence of French utterances. A relatively new idea in the nineteenth-century occidental world, connected with the notions of civil society and public service, was that the rights of a people — and sometimes of humanity altogether — were to be guarded by a ‘universal class’ of enlightened and educated officials. Social control in nineteenth-century English-speaking geopolitical zones relied on religion and ‘science’ to present a version of esprit de corps as a natural and familial quality.
The Way of Hilton: Esprit de Corps in the UK and the USA in the Twentieth Century
Authors: de Miranda Luis
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows how and why English uses of the idiom ‘esprit de corps’ in the twentieth century were not only increasingly frequent, but also dominantly laudative. The English version of the phrase tended to forget the pejorative political meaning invented by the Philosophes in the eighteenth century. If esprit de corps continued to thrive in several discourses (military, political, intellectual and theoretical, corporate, sports...), it was with a meaning that was increasingly generic and standard, often close to the idea of team spirit with a bellicose and enthusiastic twist. American managerial discourse reinvented esprit de corps in the twentieth century as an anthem of what the author proposes to call regimental capitalism,an alternative to trade-unionism The chapter also narrates the case of Conrad Hilton, the founder of the international chain of hotels, who explicitly transplanted his experience of military esprit de corps in France during WWI into his philosophy and practice of management.
Europe in Crisis: The History, the Players and the Stakes
Authors: Smith Dennis
Published: September 2020

The post-1945 European movement was partly moulded by the interests of American corporate business, which supported multi-party democracy managed in ways that maintained strong checks on its political rivals, especially Soviet-style state socialism. The EU maintained the historical European pattern of a rough balance between a loose framework of rules and cultural understandings and a diversity of politico-economic tendencies in different parts of the continent. This was possible because it was a relatively sheltered arena hemmed in both east and west by the supporting and containing walls provided by the two main Cold War players. Since 1989 the surrounding ‘outworks’ of the EU in North Africa, Central Eurasia, and the Middle East have substantially crumbled. The EU’s stability is buttressed by the integrated Eurozone which partially compensates for the decline of socio-political integration as EU membership has increased; and by the interlocking effect of cross-cutting rivalries and collaborations within the EU.
Sovereign Outlaws: Shakespeare’s Second Tetralogy
Authors: McCarthy Conor
Published: September 2020

This chapter asks whether the sovereign can (and perhaps must) act outside the law in a reading of the second tetralogy of Shakespeare’s history plays. The discussion opens with an examination of the notion of sovereign immunity, contrasted with a competing line of discourse against tyranny. It then argues that questions around the king’s status relative to the law constitute an important set of issues within Shakespeare’s Richard II,where both individuals (Richard and Bolingbroke) and events (Richard’s deposition) may be read as existing outside of the law in various senses. The chapter proceeds to consider the remaining plays in the tetralogy, arguing that Henry V, a sort of quasi-outlaw before gaining the throne, finds as king that he must act outside the law to defend the interests of his state. The discussion surveys a range of legal questions in Henry V, from his claim to the throne of France to his threats before Harfleur and his killing of prisoners at Agincourt. The chapter concludes with a brief glance at espionage in Elizabethan England, and the Elizabethan state’s recourse to methods of invisible power.
Conclusion
Authors: McCarthy Conor
Published: September 2020

The Conclusion restates the book’s four key arguments. Firstly, legal exclusion in various related forms is a tactic of power. Secondly, legal exclusion is an enduring phenomenon, alive and well in disturbing new combinations in the twentieth and twenty-first century West. Thirdly, exclusion from law is a shared concern for the literature of outlawry and the literature of espionage, and hence a key theme in a range of writings about the state and its actions from the Middle Ages to the present day. Finally, the role of literature here is often to offer critique: in offering such critique it shares with law a demand for justice.
Does the Camera Lie? Or, How to Document the Wall
Authors: Paul Drew
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the problem of depicting the border on screen, and in particular the limits of the ability of an emerging genre of wall documentaries to expose the “reality” of borders in the region. In light of cinema studies scholarship on how documentaries construct truth claims, and studies of filmic and literary representations of the wall, Chapter 5 focuses on two films that examine critically the Israeli-built wall in the West Bank. The first, Mur (2004), directed by Simone Bitton, juxtaposes rhetoric and image to interrogate official narratives of the wall. It shows the border to be a deceptive space and reveals the danger of letting the border speak for itself. The second, Five Broken Cameras (2011) by Emad Burnat and Guy Davidi, questions the truth claims of documentaries, particularly the notion that the camera can produce a cohesive depiction of the border. Instead, filming the border is a process of constant interruption.
Anna Barbauld’s Poetic Career in Script and Print
Authors: Levy Michelle
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 takes the long view of Anna Barbauld’s career as a dynamic example of the interactions between media, gender, and genre over nearly seven decades, from the 1760s, when she began composing verse, to the mid-1820s, when she died and a significant quantity of her unpublished writing came to light. Barbauld’s considerable fame as a poet rested on the social verse she published in the 1770s – poems she had written a decade earlier for her domestic circle and which she reluctantly published. For reasons we only imperfectly understand, she never printed another collection of her poems, even after the enormous success of her 1773 volume, reviews of which compared her to both Milton and Shakespeare, and even though she continued to write poetry for the next five decades of her life. She did strategically print some of her poems in magazines, whereas others she circulated in manuscript. This chapter points to the sociable and political nature of many of Barbauld’s poems, as well as to the satiric vein that runs throughout, to understand her reluctance to publish poetry and her willingness to publish in other genres, from political and religious tracts to educational and children’s books.
Lord Byron, Manuscript Poet
Authors: Levy Michelle
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 considers the most popular and commercially successful of the English Romantic poets, Lord Byron, to explicate his continuous and deep engagement with manuscript culture. It begins by offering a quantitative assessment of his use of print publication and manuscript dissemination. Throughout, from his earliest poetic efforts to his last, we find that Byron encountered difficulty in preparing his verse for print and relied on manuscript to circulate his poetry, particularly his short verse. The chapter considers his earliest four verse collections, and then studies the manuscript revisions to the poem that launched his fame – Cantos I and II of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Both examples demonstrate Byron’s early struggle to transition from narrower to wider audiences without compromising his poetic candour. Afterwards, Byron avoided these time-consuming processes of rearrangement and revision by separating his writing into two categories: the handwritten short poems he entrusted to members of his coterie and the longer poems he wrote for the public. This chapter demonstrates Byron’s use of manuscript at all stages of his career, confounding the notion that he can be regarded exclusively as a print author and elucidating the sources of his discomfort with print.
Jane Austen’s Fiction in Manuscript
Authors: Levy Michelle
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 examines the novelist’s scribal practices through a study of her surviving manuscripts. It deconstructs the separation that has been assumed between her early fiction in manuscript and her later novels in print, demonstrating how elements of and impulses from the early writing survive into print. Austen presents a provocative case of a canonical and beloved novelist whose fiction manuscripts languished en route to print, as she laboured to conform to the demands of the print novel. The nature of Austen’s confrontation with print can be discerned by examining her later manuscripts – those written near the end of her life and at the height of her career in print. These manuscripts reveal the continued pleasure she took in her confidential manuscript writing and infer the challenges she faced in transitioning her fiction into print. A common thread running through this chapter and the previous two case-study chapters is the extensive accommodations made by authors to make their writing publishable. Nevertheless, by bringing into print culture some of the confidentiality more easily expressed by them in manuscript, these authors challenged the rigid conceptions of print propriety under which they wrote.
The Politics of Worldlessness
Authors: Végső Roland
Published: September 2020

The chapter examines Hannah Arendt’s critique of martin Heidegger and concentrates on the way Arendt tries to subvert the Heideggerian paradigm of worldlessness. While for Heidegger, the ontological paradigm of worldlessness was the lifeless stone, in Arendt’s book biological life itself emerges as the worldless condition of the political world of publicity. The theoretical challenge bequeathed to us by Arendt is to draw the consequences of the simple fact that life is worldless. The worldlessness of life, therefore, becomes a genuine condition of impossibility for politics: it makes politics possible, but at the same time it threatens the very existence of politics. The chapter traces the development of this argument in three of Arendt’s major works: The Origins of Totalitarianism, The Human Condition, and The Life of the Mind.
The Ruler’s Justice: The Maẓālim Institution
Authors: Lev Yaacov
Published: September 2020

The mazalim institution was a complex institution which combined both judicial and administrative functions. The chapter examines how subjects approached the state and what they could realistically expect from the state. The chapter argues that in order to be successful, the petitioner had to create ‘common ground’ with the state. How ‘common ground’ was created and what it consisted of are extensively discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Rhodes Gary D. , Singer Robert
Published: September 2020

In this book, we have sought to reimagine the historical and aesthetic parameters of the television commercial, to be placed now within the broader context of Film Studies. The intertextual framework we suggest indicates an ongoing, dynamic interrelationship among narrative media, and whether thirty or sixty seconds in length, multiple examples of the historical and contemporary advertising commercial demonstrate that each is, in fact, a short-film narrative, informed by ideologies and technologies of the past and present cultural time. In ...
Etic Concepts and Emic Terms
Authors: Talmon-Heller Daniella
Published: September 2020

This chapter briefly surveys the definitions of 'sacred', as offered by leading scholars of religion. Whereas these accentuate the dichotomy between sacred and profane, the Arabic emic terms describe far-ranging degrees of holiness that were attributed to places and times.
Excursus: Ibn Taymiyya on the Veneration of the Head of al-Husayn
Authors: Talmon-Heller Daniella
Published: September 2020

Ibn Taymiyya, a well known critic of saint and tomb veneration, devoted several fatwas and polemical treatises to disparage the cult of the head of al-Husayn and the sacredness of his shrines in Ascalon and Cairo. He argues that the erection of shrines and the rites of ziyara originate in Shiʿi and Christian polytheistic ways, that the cult is a bidʿa, and that the relic is not authentic.
Rajab in Pre-Islamic Arabia and in Early Islam
Authors: Talmon-Heller Daniella
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents Rajab as one of the three holy months of pre-Islamic Arabia. The taboo on manslaughter during Rajab allowed safe travel, fairs, and the performance of the pilgrimage known as ʿumra. Rajab's sanctity survived the transition from Jahiliyya to Islam, but remained contested for centuries. Muslims commemorated it by fasting, ritual slaughter, supplications, iʿtikāf in mosques, and special sermons. Devotional works, written by Shiʿis and Sunnis from the ninth-century onwards, promise the remittance of sins and other great rewards, for rites performed in Rajab.