bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Manuscript of the Despote Andronicus Ducas
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey C.
Published: January 2011

REB 37 1979 France p. 229-238

J. C. Anderson, A Manuscript of the Despote Andronicus Ducas. — Owing to the presence of a set of gilt monograms, the author is able to identify the portraits on fol. 14 of Milan, Bibl. Ambros., cod. B. 80. sup. as those of Constantius, Michael VII and Andronicus Ducas. The work is dated to the period 1068-1078 and brief remarks are made on the painting style of the manuscript.
Le Commentaire sur les Psaumes de Nicétas David (début du 10e siècle). Une œuvre inconnue dans un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque de Leyde
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: January 2011

REB 39 1981 France p. 251-300

G. Dorival, Le Commentaire sur les Psaumes de Nicétas David (début du 10e siècle). — L'auteur a découvert dans un manuscrit de Leyde (Hollande) un Commentaire sur les Psaumes inconnu, attribué à Nicétas David ; ce Commentaire peut être daté des premières années du 10e siècle; il est fortement influencé par la tradition patristique de l'exégèse spirituelle; il met en œuvre des méthodes scolaires bien attestées dans toute l'Antiquité tardive ; il présente des thèmes byzantins caractéristiques, ainsi la critique de la musique instrumentale. Il est écrit sous le double patronage du Pseudo-Denys et de Basile de Césarée. Son originalité consiste dans sa thématique et dans une innovation, la parénèse éthique, qui permet de fusionner le genre de l'hypomnèma avec le genre de l'homélie. Nicétas David doit sans doute être identifié avec Nicétas le Paphlagonien, l'ami d'Aréthas. L'auteur édite et traduit l'argument qui inaugure le Commentaire, ainsi que le commentaire sur le psaume 1. Deux index complètent l'édition.
The Date of a Circus Dialogue
Authors: Baldwin Barry
Published: January 2011

REB 39 1981 France p. 301-306

B. Baldwin, The Date of a Circus Dialogue. — This dialogue, the so-called Acclamations against Calopodius, preserved by Theophanes, is attached by the latter, and by most modern scholars, to the Nika Revolt. For historical and prosopographical reasons, the author concludes that the dialogue probably belongs to the later years of Justinian's reign, some time between 547 and 565.
Un décret d'Isaac II Angélos
Authors: Darrouzès Jean
Published: January 2011

REB 40 1982 France p. 135-155

J. Darrouzes, Un décret d'Isaac II Angeles. — Le Mutinensis 240 contient un prostagma, dont il est l'unique témoin et que l'on a supposé être une taxis des métropoles (notifia). Le décret concerne en réalité la préservation des biens patrimoniaux des évêques après leur décès ; il adopte une forme assez insolite en reproduisant trois décrets antérieurs sur le même sujet. Après une brève introduction le texte est édité et traduit.
Pachymeriana quaedam
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 40 1982 France p. 187-199

A. Failler, Pachymeriana quaedam. — Quatre problèmes posés par autant de passages de l'Histoire de Georges Pachymère sont examinés successivement : 1. La parenté de Jean IV Laskaris avec Michel VIII Palaiologos et avec sa femme Theodora (Jean IV Laskaris était le petit-cousin de Theodora Doukaina et le fils du petit-cousin de Michel Palaiologos) ; 2. La comète de 1264 (l'historien décrit correctement la trajectoire de la comète) ; 3. Mésèmbria ou Mésembreia (à propos des deux graphies de ce toponyme) ; 4. Kéraméas d'Achrida (l'ancien archevêque d'Achrida doit être identifié avec Théodore Kéraméas, dont le testament, signé en avril 1284, est conservé au monastère athonite de Lavra).
L'enregistrement du chrysobulle de 1192 aux Pisans
Authors: Otten-Froux Catherine
Published: January 2011

REB 42 1984 France p. 241-248

Catherine Otten-Froux, L'enregistrement du chrysobulle de 1192 aux Pisans. — Édition des notices situées au dos de la version grecque du chrysobulle émis en février 1111 par Alexis Ier Comnène au bénéfice des Pisans. Il s'agit des marques de collage comportant la signature du logothète du drome Dèmètrios Tornikès et la date, février 1111, et des marques d'enregistrement portées en mai 1111 par l'administration des finances, c'est-à- dire par le bureau du génikon et celui du mégas sakellarios ; le nom d'un seul fonctionnaire, Théodoros Promountènos, apparaît en face des deux bureaux.
Toparque, tep'ci (topotèrètès) et dad en Croatie au 11e siècle
Authors: Margetić Lujo
Published: January 2011

REB 44 1986 France p. 257-262

L. Margetic, Toparque, tep'ci (topotèrètès) et dad en Croatie au 11e siècle. — L'auteur étudie la position juridique de Dobronas, un toparque de Dalmatie connu par le récit de Kékauménos ; il montre qu'il s'agit d'un roi du royaume de Croatie, dont le centre se trouvait aux environs de Jader et de Salona. En outre, l'auteur étudie deux titres de fonctionnaires du royaume croate au 11e siècle : le tep'ci, qui n'est qu'une distorsion du titre byzantin de topotèrètès ; le dad, qu'on peut étymologiquement rapprocher du duddus bénéventain.
Trois particularités syntaxiques chez Georges Pachymérès
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 45 1987 France p. 183-197

A. Failler, Trois particularités syntaxiques chez Georges Pachymérès. — Georges Pachymérès a écrit un ouvrage d'histoire dans le style de la rhétorique. Trois particularités syntaxiques de ce style recherché sont examinées dans l'article : 1. Proposition infinitive en construction indépendante ; 2. Proposition non dépendante introduite par μή καί ; 3. Protase sans apodose. Si la deuxième et la troisième forme sont régulières malgré leur rareté dans les textes, la première pose au contraire un problème d'interprétation, dont la solution n'apparaît pas de manière évidente.
The Megala Allagia and the Tzaousios : Aspects of Provincial Military Organization in Late Byzantium
Authors: Bartusis Mark C.
Published: January 2011

REB 47 1989 France p. 183-207

M.C. Bartusis, The Megala Allagia and the Tzaousios : Aspects of Provincial Military Organization in Late Byzantium. — After a survey of the use of the word allagion in the 13-15th centuries, the author argues that the Thessalonikaion, Serriotikon and Vizyetikon megala allagia were military units that included various types of soldiers and operated within large quasi-thematic regions during the second half of the 13th and first half of the 14th century. Further, the role of the tzaousios within a mega allagion is examined.
Un ouvrage méconnu de Maurice David sur la chronologie de Georges Pachymérès
Authors: Failler Albert
Published: January 2011

REB 48 1990 France p. 247-253

A. Failler, Un ouvrage méconnu de Maurice David sur la chronologie de Georges Pachymérès. — Paru à Dijon en 1679, un opuscule de Maurice David (Animadversiones in observationes chronologicas B.P. P. Possini ... ad Pachymerem) rectifie, sur plusieurs points importants, la chronologie établie par P. Poussines dans la première édition de l'Histoire de Georges Pachymérès, dont les deux volumes furent publiés en 1666 et 1669. Cet opuscule, qui a été ignoré par les historiens des siècles suivants, mérite mention.
Congenital 4th Nerve Palsy
Authors: Olitsky Scott E. , Strominger Mitchell B. , Tien David Robbins
Published: January 2011

Nelson: We are going to discuss congenital 4th nerve palsies. To begin, a 6-month-old girl comes to your office with 10 degrees of right head tilt. Dr. Tien, how do you evaluate that child?
Turning a Corner: Kansas State University Seeks to Meaningfully Address Green Building and the Sustainable Use of Energy and Resources on Campus and in the Broader Community
Authors: Skabelund Lee R , Gabbard R. Todd , Anderson Barbara G , Champion Benjamin L
Published: January 2011

Kansas State University (KSU) is a land-grant institution, with nine colleges and 23,000 students. The 668-acre main campus is located within the City of Manhattan, Kansas, which has a population of approximately 45,000. Through a bottom-up process the university has been seeking to integrate sustainability in student life, curriculum, operations, research, and engagement.
A2B Adenosine Receptor Blockade Enhances Macrophage-Mediated Bacterial Phagocytosis and Improves Polymicrobial Sepsis Survival in Mice
Authors: Belikoff Bryan G. , Hatfield Stephen , Georgiev Peter , Ohta Akio , Lukashev Dmitriy , Buras Jon A. , Remick Daniel G. , Sitkovsky Michail
Published: January 2011

Antimicrobial treatment strategies must improve to reduce the high mortality rates in septic patients. In noninfectious models of acute inflammation, activation of A2B adenosine receptors (A2BR) in extracellular adenosine-rich microenvironments causes immunosuppression. We examined A2BR in antibacterial responses in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. Antagonism of A2BR significantly increased survival, enhanced bacterial phagocytosis, and decreased IL-6 and MIP-2 (a CXC chemokine) levels after CLP in outbred (ICR/CD-1) mice. During the CLP-induced septic response in A2BR knockout mice, hemodynamic parameters were improved compared with wild-type mice in addition to better survival and decreased plasma IL-6 levels. A2BR deficiency resulted in a dramatic 4-log reduction in peritoneal bacteria. The mechanism of these improvements was due to enhanced macrophage phagocytic activity without augmenting neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria. Following ex vivo LPS stimulation, septic macrophages from A2BR knockout mice had increased IL-6 and TNF-α secretion compared with wild-type mice. A therapeutic intervention with A2BR blockade was studied by using a plasma biomarker to direct therapy to those mice predicted to die. Pharmacological blockade of A2BR even 32 h after the onset of sepsis increased survival by 65% in those mice predicted to die. Thus, even the late treatment with an A2BR antagonist significantly improved survival of mice (ICR/CD-1) that were otherwise determined to die according to plasma IL-6 levels. Our findings of enhanced bacterial clearance and host survival suggest that antagonism of A2BRs offers a therapeutic target to improve macrophage function in a late treatment protocol that improves sepsis survival.
Presentation of Acquired Peptide-MHC Class II Ligands by CD4+ Regulatory T Cells or Helper Cells Differentially Regulates Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Response
Authors: Zhou Gang , Ding Zhi-Chun , Fu Jie , Levitsky Hyam I.
Published: January 2011

Activated T cells can acquire membrane molecules from APCs through a process termed trogocytosis. The functional consequence of this event has been a subject of debate. Focusing on transfer of peptide-MHC class II (MHC-II) complexes from APCs to CD4+ T cells after activation, in this study we investigated the molecule acquisition potential of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD4+ Th cells. We show that acquisition of membrane molecules from APCs is an inherent feature of CD4+ T cell activation. Triggering of the TCR enables CD4+ T cells to acquire their agonist ligands as well as other irrelevant membrane molecules from the interacting APCs or bystander cells in a contact-dependent manner. Notably, trogocytosis is a continuous process during cell cycle progression, and Th cells and Tregs have comparable capacity for trogocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. The captured peptide–MHC-II molecules, residing in sequestered foci on the host cell surface, endow the host cells with Ag-presenting capability. Presentation of acquired peptide–MHC-II ligands by Th cells or Tregs has either stimulatory or regulatory effect on naive CD4+ T cells, respectively. Furthermore, Th cells with captured peptide–MHC-II molecules become effector cells that manifest better recall responses, and Tregs with captured ligands exhibit enhanced suppression activity. These findings implicate trogocytosis in different subsets of CD4+ T cells as an intrinsic mechanism for the fine tuning of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell response.
Ion Transport across Nonexcitable Membranes
Authors: Reuss Luis
Published: January 2011

Membrane transport proteins can perform either active or passive ion transport. Active transport, in the absence or against the prevailing electrochemical gradient, can be either primary (ion pumps such as ATPases) or secondary (carriers performing cotransport or exchange). Passive transport of ions, down the electrochemical gradient, is largely mediated by ion channels. In a cell in the steady state, plasma‐membrane active and passive transport processes result in equal and opposite ion fluxes. The ion gradients generate an electrical potential difference (membrane voltage) across the cell membrane because the latter exhibits selective ionic permeability. The resting membrane potential in most cells is largely determined by the K
+
equilibrium potential, with the cell being negative to the extracellular solution. Ion channels participate in numerous cell functions and their mutations can result in diseases whose manifestations depend on the organs and systems in which these proteins are expressed.

Key Concepts:

The difference in composition between intracellular and extracellular fluids depends on the
barrier
and
transport
functions of the plasma membrane.

Transport across the plasma membrane can be by
solubility‐diffusion
(via the lipid bilayer) or
mediated
(via membrane proteins). Ion transport is mediated via membrane proteins (channels, carriers or pumps).

The differences in ion concentrations across the plasma membrane determine the membrane potential difference (membrane voltage), according to the magnitude of the concentration gradients and the ion permeability.

Active transport is thermodynamically uphill (in the absence of or against the electrochemical gradient). It can be primary (pumps), for example, driven by ATP hydrolysis, or secondary (carriers), driven by the electrochemical gradient for one of the substrates.

Passive transport can occur by solubility‐diffusion via the lipid bilayer or be mediated by carriers or channels. In the case of ions passive transport is largely via channels.

The ion current through channels of one kind depends on the number of channels per cell or unit surface area, their open probability, their conductance and the electrochemical driving force.

Ion channels are classified by their selectivity to ions. The most important ion channels expressed on the plasma membrane of nonexcitable cells are selective for K
+
, Na
+
, Ca
2+
, H
+
, Cl
−
, cations or anions.

Numerous genetic diseases of ion channels have been identified. They involve gain‐ or loss‐of‐function mutations that alter the function of one or more organs.
Numerical Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Diseases
Authors: Storchova Zuzana
Published: January 2011

Numerical aberrations (whole chromosomal aneuploidy) represent a significant proportion of chromosomal changes found in humans. These aberrations can occur as a consequence of chromosome segregation defects during cell division. Segregation errors arising during reductive cell division, or meiosis, are upon fertilisation and subsequent embryo development constitutively present in all cells, resulting in whole organismal aneuploidy. Missegregation in mitosis leads to a mosaic distribution of aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is associated with pathological states in most organisms. Numerical aberrations represent a significant cause of pregnancy loss as well as abnormalities found in live births. Moreover, numerical aberrations are frequently found in ageing tissues or in tumour cells. Although the association of aneuploidy and cancer is known for almost a century, the dispute is still ongoing whether this is a cause or a consequence of cell transformation. Recently, new evidence is emerging that numerical aberrations significantly alter the physiology of eukaryotic cells and might indeed directly contribute to tumorigenesis.

Key Concepts:

Numerical chromosomal aberrations result from errors in chromosome segregations.

Trisomy, monosomy and polyploidy are among the major causes of spontaneous human abortions.

Trisomies compatible with survival often result in multiple defects.

Numerical chromosomal aberrations significantly alter physiology of eukaryotic cells.

Numerical chromosomal aberrations are frequently found in cancer cells and can contribute to tumorigenesis.
Animal Cell Separation and Subcellular Fractionation
Authors: Bird R Curtis , Bird Allison E Church , DeInnocentes Patricia
Published: January 2011

Cell populations isolated from tissues or from blood are remarkably complex containing many different types that can be dissociated and separated based on cell phenotype. Sorting and separation strategies differ widely as do the resulting cell populations in terms of both parameters upon which the sort is based and sample purity. Separation strategies can be simple or complex and based on culture characteristics or gene expression profiles. Each cell population itself contains many functionally different subcellular compartments that can also be selectively fractionated into subcellular components. Fractionation strategies must be tailored to provide the highest quality enrichment of the fraction of cells, organelles or complexes sought and after careful assessment of the target cell or molecule and the uses to which the final enriched fraction will be put.

Key Concepts:

Complex populations of cells from tissues or blood can be liberated and then sorted or separated for culture or subcellular fractionation.

Sorted cell populations can be fractionated into organelle compartments based on differential use of dilute detergents and differential centrifugation.

Sorted cell populations can be fractionated into functional subcellular compartments based on affinity of different molecules for the membrane and fibre systems within cells.

Careful evaluation of the purity and authenticity of each cell and molecular fraction is required before use or biological evaluation.
Adaptive Gene Loss in Vertebrates: Photosensitivity as a Model Case
Authors: Davies Wayne L
Published: January 2011

Current evolutionary thinking aims to amalgamate the conjectures first set out in Darwin's
The Origin of Species
with modern genetics to form a unified theory of phylogenetic change that explains the mechanisms mediating the diversity of life. With the advent of molecular biology, it has been shown that the mechanics of evolution fundamentally exert their effect at the molecular level and any genetic modification ultimately becomes fixed in the host genome if the resultant phenotype allows an organism to become better adapted to its ecology. The vertebrate colour visual sensory system, and the photopigment genes that form the first step in light detection, represents an ideal model to illustrate the influence of evolution at a molecular level, which through gene loss, duplication and genome rearrangement may allow an organism to adapt to an ever changing (and spectrally unique) environment.

Key Concepts:

Modern evolutionary thought seeks to amalgamate a multitude of scientific disciplines to produce a unified theory of phylogenesis.

Evolution fundamentally exerts its influence at the molecular level of genomes, genes, RNAs and proteins.

Evolutionary mechanic is a continuous process and specific genetic changes become selectively fixed if the resultant phenotype allows an organism to be better suited to a particular environment.

Adaptive evolution is the result of an ongoing interaction between an organism's physiology, its drive to survive and reproduce and its immediate ecology.

The mechanisms that mediate molecular adaptation have permitted the multiplicity of ecological niches to be colonised by a myriad of diverse life forms.

Sophisticated sensory systems ultimately form the interface that mediates the complex interactions between organisms and varied environments.

The vertebrate visual system is a model case for determining the mechanics of adaptive evolution.

In addition to gene duplication, genome rearrangement and genetic drift, gene loss is a major player in shaping the genetic substrate on which molecular adaptation may act.
Theory of Organocopper‐Mediated Reactions
Authors: Nakamura Eiichi , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Structure and Reactivity of Organocopper Compounds

Conjugate Addition versusSN2 Alkylation Reactions

Allylation, Alkenylation and Acylation Reactions

Effect ofLewis Acid andLewis Base

Concluding Remarks
Structural Organocopper Chemistry
Authors: van Koten Gerard , Jastrzebski Johann T. B. H.
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Alkyl‐ and Arylcopper(I) Compounds

Organocopper(I) Copper(I)‐XAggregates (X = Monoanionic Group)

Cyclopentadienylcopper(I) Compounds

Copper Carborane Compounds

Copper(I) Acetylides

Organocuprates

Organocopper(II) and Organocopper(III) Compounds

Copper Carbene Complexes

Conclusions
Thermochemistry of Organocopper Compounds
Authors: Liebman Joel F. , Slayden Suzanne W.
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Hydrocarbyl Derivatives of Copper

The Thermochemistry of Binary Copper–Carbon Species,
Cu

x

C

y

Copper Complexes with Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
N‐Functionalized Organocuprates
Authors: Dieter R. Karl , Watson Rhett T.
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Organocuprates with aNCuBond

Organocuprates with an α‐N‐Substituent

Organocuprates with a β‐N‐Substituent
Improvement of NiTi Shape Memory Actuator Performance Through Ultra‐Fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Microstructures
Authors: Frenzel Jan , Burow Juri A. , Payton Eric J. , Rezanka Stefan , Eggeler Gunther
Published: January 2011

Ultra‐fine grain sizes have been shown to enhance some key mechanical and functional properties of engineering materials, including shape memory alloys. While the effect of ultra‐fine and nanocrystalline grain sizes on pseudoelastic shape memory materials is well‐appreciated in medical device engineering, the effect of such microstructures on actuators has not been sufficiently characterized. In the present work, it is demonstrated that NiTi spring actuators with ultra‐fine grained microstructures can be obtained by conventional wire drawing in combination with heat treatments and that the final grain size can be controlled by varying the final annealing temperature. Annealing at 400 °C for 600 s allows for the evolution of microstructures with median grain sizes of about 34 nm, while annealing at 600 °C for the same length of time results in median grain sizes of about 5 µm. It is observed that the grain size strongly affects the elementary processes of the martensitic phase transformation. Small austenite grain sizes inhibit twinning accommodation of transformation strains, such that a higher driving force is required to nucleate martensite. This increase in the martensite nucleation barrier decreases the martensite transformation temperatures such that only partial transformation to martensite is possible upon cooling to room temperature. The incomplete martensitic transformation reduces the exploitable actuator stroke; however, a reduction in grain size is shown to improve the functional stability of the material during thermal and thermomechanical cycling by reducing the irreversible effects of dislocation plasticity.
Highly Bioactive 8 nm Hydrothermal TiO2Nanotubes Elicit Enhanced Bone Cell Response
Authors: Brammer Karla S. , Kim Hyunsu , Noh Kunbae , Loya Mariana , Frandsen Christine J. , Chen Li‐han , Connelly Laura S. , Jin Sungho
Published: January 2011

The TiO2passivation layer on the Ti surface has positive bone‐interface qualities including bioactivity and chemical composition that aids in the integration of orthopedic implants, known as osseointegration. New research designs have focused on the topographic structure of the TiO2oxide layer with a large surface area for optimizing osseointegration properties for improved implant performance. We have utilized a hydrothermal process to further refine the TiO2structure to an 8 nm diameter nanotube geometry and evaluated its effect on bone cell growth. Interestingly these small diameter TiO2nanotubes, unlike the anodized TiO2nanotubes, exhibit mostly multiwalled nanotube configuration with about 2–6 parallel walls along the length of the elongated nanotubes. It has been found that these multiwall nanotubes significantly enhance osteoblast cell response compared to unmodified, control Ti. The nanotube structure provided significantly up‐regulated bone forming ability with ≈ 2–3 fold increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity levels, and induced the formation of abundant amounts of bone matrix deposition predominantly consisting of calcium and phosphorous. Biomedical implications of such bone cell and nanotube interface behavior on bone formation and bone bonding of titanium implants are discussed.
Enhanced Photostability of Fluoroquinolone Antibacterials Capped on Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Giuffrida Salvatore , Sortino Salvatore
Published: January 2011

The photolabile and phototoxic fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibacterial drugs norfloxacin and rufloxacin have been used as capping agents for 25 nm Ag nanoparticles, exploiting the noncovalent interaction between the cationic piperazinyl ring of both FQs and the negatively charged metal surface. The resulting FQ‐protected silver nanoclusters (Ag@FQs), ca. 80 nm in diameter, are dispersible in phosphate buffer at physiological pH and their response to light excitation has been studied by steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic and photochemical techniques. The fluorescence emission of the FQs chromophores is not extensively quenched in the Ag@FQs. In contrast, both Ag@FQs exhibit a photochemical stability more than one order of magnitude larger than that of the free drugs. This is the result of significant and differentiated quenching effects by the Ag surface on the kinetic and population of the excited triplet states of FQs, which are the key intermediate in the drugs photodecomposition. In view of the well‐known antimicrobial properties of the Ag nanoparticles, the Ag@FQs could represent intriguing nanohybrids in the perspective multifunctional nanodrugs.
Cu2O Nanocrystal‐Templated Growth of Cu2S Nanocages with Encapsulated Au Nanoparticles and In‐Situ Transmission X‐ray Microscopy Study
Authors: Kuo Chun‐Hong , Chu Yi‐Ting , Song Yen‐Fang , Huang Michael H.
Published: January 2011

Cubic and octahedral Cu2O nanocrystals and Au–Cu2O core–shell heterostructures are used as sacrificial templates for the growth of Cu2S nanocages and Au–Cu2S core–cage structures. A rapid sulfidation process involving a surface reaction of Cu2O nanocrystals with Na2S, followed by etching of the Cu2O cores with HCl solution for ≈5 sec, results in the fabrication of Cu2S cages with a wall thickness of 10–20 nm. Transmission electron microscopy characterization reveals the formation of crystalline walls and the presence of ultrasmall pores with sizes of 1 nm or less. Formation of Cu2O–Cu2S core–shell structures and their conversion into Cu2S cages is verified by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. X‐ray photoelectron spectra further confirm the composition of the cages as Cu2S. The entire hollowing process via the Kirkendall effect is recorded using in‐situ transmission X‐ray microscopy. After shell formation, continuous ionic diffusion removes the interior Cu2O. Intermediate structures with remaining central Cu2O portions and bridging arms to the surrounding cages are observed. The nanocages are also shown to allow molecular transport: anthracene and pyrene penetration into the cages leads to enhanced fluorescence quenching immediately upon adsorption onto the surfaces of the encapsulated gold nanocrystals.
A proposal for a policy on the ethical care and use of cadavers and their tissues
Authors: Champney Thomas H.
Published: January 2011

Recent events have occurred that indicate the need for policies on the ethical care and use of cadavers and their tissues in the United States. At present, there are policies that address the procurement, handling and disposition of cadavers, but there are no national or society sponsored policies that clearly state the ethically appropriate use of cadavers. The ethical issues presented in this manuscript are meant to encourage thought and discussion on this topic. A proposed outcome would be the development of specific ethical guidelines that would be sponsored by national organizations, such as the American Association of Anatomists and/or the American Association of Clinical Anatomists, and would be adopted by institutions that use cadavers or their tissues. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
pH‐Responsive Poly(methacrylic acid)‐Grafted Hollow Silica Vesicles
Authors: Lay Chee Leng , Tan Hui Ru , Lu Xuehong , Liu Ye
Published: January 2011

Poly(methacrylic acid)‐grafted hollow silica vesicles (PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles) were obtained through a grafting‐from approach. PMAA brushes were formed by performing atom‐transfer radical polymerisation of sodium methacrylate with an initiator attached to the hollow silica spheres. PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles were characterised by using TEM, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and FTIR spectroscopy. pH‐dependent ξ potential and 1H NMR spectra of PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles were measured, and the results indicated that MAA brushes in PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles had a lower ionisation degree and low solubility in acidic aqueous solution, for example, pH 3.4, but a higher ionisation degree and high solubility when the pH was higher than 7. Also it was demonstrated that calcein blue and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled dextran (Mn: 10 kDa) could be encapsulated in the interiors of the PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles with a negligible amount in PMAA brushes at pH 2, and pH‐triggered release of calcein blue and FITC‐labelled dextran from PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles was observed at pH 7.4.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Synthesis of Fluorinated Molecules
Authors: Valero Guillem , Companyó Xavier , Rios Ramon
Published: January 2011

The enantioselective synthesis of fluorinated molecules has drawn much attention within the chemical community due to its unique stereoelectronic properties. The main aim of this review is to cover the most important organocatalytic enantioselective methodologies to obtain them. The review is divided into three parts: first, the direct introduction of a fluorine atom studied in the early 2000s. Second, the later use of Michael reactions to introduce fluorine‐containing synthons. Finally, the simultaneously‐developed trifluoromethylation reactions, giving the catalysts, mechanisms and reagents that have been used.
Mechanism of the Dehydrogenative Silylation of Alcohols Catalyzed by Cationic Gold Complexes: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Labouille Stéphanie , Escalle‐Lewis Aurélie , Jean Yves , Mézailles Nicolas , Le Floch Pascal
Published: January 2011

The catalytic activity both of cationic [(XDPP)Au][X] (XDPP=bis‐2,5‐diphenylphosphole xantphos X=BF4) and of the isolated gold hydride complex [(XDPP)2Au2H][OTf] in the dehydrogenative silylation process is presented. A parallel theoretical study using density functional theory revealed a mechanism involving the counter anion as a co‐catalyst, which was experimentally confirmed by testing various counterions (X=OTf, NTf2, PF6). Finally, a “Au2H+” species was determined as the intermediate during the catalytic cycle, which correlates well with the experimental findings on the first example of catalytic activity of an isolated “AuH” complex.
Photochromic and Reductive Electrochemical Switching of a Dithiazolylethene with Large Redox Modulation
Authors: Léaustic Anne , Anxolabéhère‐Mallart Elodie , Maurel François , Midelton Stéphanie , Guillot Régis , Métivier Rémi , Nakatani Keitaro , Yu Pei
Published: January 2011

A new dipyridylthiazolylethene (1 a) and its dicationic analogue (2 a), with two N‐methylated pyridyl rings, have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Due to the N‐methylation of the pyridyl rings, 2 a displays not only very different photochromic properties, but also undergoes a reductive ring‐closing reaction to generate its closed‐ring isomer 2 b. Careful electrochemical studies coupled with EPR spectroscopy show that this reductive ring‐closing reaction takes place when 2 a is two‐electron reduced. DFT calculations suggest that such a ground‐state electrocyclization is driven by a very large stabilization of the reduced closed‐ring isomer 2 b relative to the reduced open‐ring isomer 2 a. In addition, 2 b exhibits two successive and reversible one‐electron reductions at half‐wave potentials of 0.04 and −0.14 V versus SCE and a redox modulation as large as 1 V is achieved when passing from 2 a to 2 b.
PdII and PtII Complexes of 2‐(2′‐Pyridyl)‐4,6‐diphenylphosphinine: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity
Authors: Campos‐Carrasco Ariadna , Broeckx Leen E. E. , Weemers Jarno J. M. , Pidko Evgeny A. , Lutz Martin , Masdeu‐Bultó Anna M. , Vogt Dieter , Müller Christian
Published: January 2011

The coordination chemistry of the bidentate P,N hybrid ligand 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐4,6‐diphenylphosphinine (1) towards PdII and PtII has been investigated. The molecular structures of the complexes [PdCl2(1)] and [PtCl2(1)] were determined by X‐ray diffraction, representing the first crystallographically characterized λ3‐phosphinine–PdII and –PtII complexes. Both complexes reacted with methanol at the P=C double bond at an elevated temperature, leading to the corresponding products [MCl2(1H⋅OCH3)]. The molecular structure of [PdCl2(1H⋅OCH3)] was determined crystallographically and revealed that the reaction with methanol proceeds selectively by syn addition and exclusively to one of the P=C double bonds. Strikingly, the reaction of [PdCl2(1H⋅OCH3)] with the chelating diphosphine DPEphos at room temperature in CH2Cl2 led quantitatively to [PdCl2(DPEphos)] and phosphinine 1 by elimination of CH3OH and rearomatization of the phosphorus heterocycle.
Assembly of a Self‐Complementary Monomer: Formation of Supramolecular Polymer Networks and Responsive Gels
Authors: Su Yong‐Sheng , Liu Jia‐Wei , Jiang Yi , Chen Chuan‐Feng
Published: January 2011

Self‐complementary monomer 1, which combines a macrotricyclic polyether and two dibenzylammonium ions together, was synthesized, and its self‐assembly into supramolecular polymer networks by host–guest interactions was studied. For the purpose of comparative study, two model molecules 2 and 3 were also prepared. It was found that model molecule 2 and dibenzylammonium ion 4 form a 1:2 complex in solution and in the solid state, which afforded a model system for the investigation of the assembly behavior of monomer 1. Consequently, the 1H NMR spectrum of 1 in CD3CN showed characteristic proton signals similar to the model system, which suggested that 1 self‐assembles into a supramolecular polymer network. Formation of the supramolecular polymer was further evidenced by the MALDI‐TOF MS spectrum, viscometry, and dynamic light‐scattering (DLS) experiments. Moreover, it was found that the decomposition and re‐formation of the supramolecular polymer could be chemically controlled by the use of triethylamine and trifluoroacetic acid. Interestingly, the supramolecular polymer forms an organogel both in CD3CN and in 1:1 (v/v) CDCl3/CD3CN, and reversible thermo‐ and pH‐induced gel–sol transitions were also found. The presented work will provide a new strategy for the construction of supramolecular polymers with specific structures and properties.
Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Zn/Co Carbamates: Single‐Source Precursors of Nanosized Magnetic Oxides Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Domide Dan , Walter Olaf , Behrens Silke , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: January 2011

Tetrameric Zn alkyl carbamates [ZnR(O2CNR′2)]4 (R = Me or Et, R′ = iPr) have been synthesized from alkylzinc amides and CO2. The reaction of these carbamates with specially designed CoII complexes afforded new heterobimetallic (Zn/Co) carbamate complexes. The thermal decomposition of these single‐source precursors under mild conditions (200–300 °C) led to magnetic mixed‐metal oxide nanoparticles. Two phases were identified that are isostructural with ZnO (wurtzite phase) and CoO (cubic rock salt structure), but both contain Zn and Co in varying molar ratios. The particles with the ZnO‐type structure have a mean average size of 7.7 nm, whereas the particles with the CoO‐type structure are much larger (ca. 48 nm).
Function‐Oriented Synthesis of a Didesmethyl Triazacryptand Analogue for Fluorescent Potassium Ion Sensing
Authors: Carpenter Richard D. , Verkman Alan S.
Published: January 2011

Triazacryptand (TAC)‐based fluorescent K+ sensors have broad biomedical utility, yet their advancement has been hindered because of their challenging synthesis. Herein, an efficient synthesis is reported that delivers a didesmethyl triazacryptand (ddTAC) K+ sensor in twofold fewer steps and ninefold higher overall yield than the original TAC synthesis. Our synthesis utilizes a C–O dianionic oxidative macrocyclization and reports new examples of aminoarylations and a microwave route to xanthythilium chromophores. The K+ sensitivity and selectivity of the ddTAC‐based sensor are comparable to the TAC‐based sensor.
Emulsion Drops with Complex Interfaces: Globular Versus Flexible Proteins
Authors: Erni Philipp , Windhab Erich J. , Fischer Peter
Published: January 2011

This study focuses on the flow behavior of emulsion drops with complex interfaces. The experimental approach includes three different length scales: (i) interfacial rheology is discussed for adsorbed proteins with different molecular structure (compact and globular for beta‐lactoglobulin versus flexible and random coil for beta‐casein); (ii) the flow of single drops with macromolecular adsorption layers is studied using optical flow cells; (iii) dilute emulsions are investigated using rheology and rheo‐small angle light scattering (rheo‐SALS). Different hydrodynamic models for drops with and without interfacial viscoelasticity are assessed. For the case of rigid interfacial layers, a comparison with capsule suspension models suggests that drops stabilized by adsorbed particles or globular proteins behave like “soft capsules” surrounded by a jammed shell. Their behavior on the single drop level is similar to the mechanics of red blood cells or vesicles.

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On the phi and psi transforms of Frazier and Jawerth
Authors: Bui Huy‐Qui , Paluszyński Maciej
Published: January 2011

In this article we study the phi and psi transforms of Frazier and Jawerth when either phi or psi is not band‐limited. Our main result concerns the invertibility of these transforms and is used to show that certain affine system generated by the Mexican hat function is complete in Lebesgue and Hardy spaces. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Azide/Alkyne‐“Click”‐Reactions of Encapsulated Reagents: Toward Self‐Healing Materials
Authors: Gragert Maria , Schunack Marlen , Binder Wolfgang H.
Published: January 2011

The successful encapsulation of reactive components for the azide/alkyne‐“click”‐reaction is reported featuring for the first time the use of a liquid polymer as reactive component. A liquid, azido‐telechelic three‐arm star poly(isobutylene) ($\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ = 3900 g · mol−1) as well as trivalent alkynes were encapsulated into micron‐sized capsules and embedded into a polymer‐matrix (high‐molecular weight poly(isobutylene), $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ = 250 000 g · mol−1). Using (CuIBr(PPh3)3) as catalyst for the azide/alkyne‐“click”‐reaction, crosslinking of the two components at 40 °C is observed within 380 min and as fast as 10 min at 80 °C. Significant recovery of the tensile storage modulus was observed in a material containing 10 wt.‐% and accordingly 5 wt.‐% capsules including the reactive components within 5 d at room temperature, thus proving a new concept for materials with self‐healing properties.

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Hypoxic stress and cancer: imaging the axis of evil in tumor metastasis
Authors: Avni Reut , Cohen Batya , Neeman Michal
Published: January 2011

Tumors emerge as a result of the sequential acquisition of genetic, epigenetic and somatic alterations promoting cell proliferation and survival. The maintenance and expansion of tumor cells rely on their ability to adapt to changes in their microenvironment, together with the acquisition of the ability to remodel their surroundings. Tumor cells interact with two types of interconnected microenvironments: the metabolic cell autonomous microenvironment and the nonautonomous cellular–molecular microenvironment comprising interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma. Hypoxia is a central player in cancer progression, affecting not only tumor cell autonomous functions, such as cell division and invasion, resistance to therapy and genetic instability, but also nonautonomous processes, such as angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and inflammation, all contributing to metastasis. Closely related microenvironmental stressors affecting cancer progression include, in addition to hypoxia, elevated interstitial pressure and oxidative stress. Noninvasive imaging offers multiple means to monitor the tumor microenvironment and its consequences, and can thus assist in the understanding of the biological basis of hypoxia and microenvironmental stress in cancer progression, and in the development of strategies to monitor therapies targeted at stress‐induced tumor progression. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the early stages of solvent evaporation and relaxation in solvent‐cast polymer thin films by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: López García Í. , Keddie J. L. , Sferrazza M.
Published: January 2011

The formation of solvent‐cast, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films from dilute bromobenzene solutions was studied using an ellipsometry technique. Bromobenzene has a relatively high refractive index (compared to PMMA), which provides contrast in ellipsometry, allowing the concentration to be determined. The solvent also has a relatively low evaporation rate, which makes the film formation slow enough to capture via the technique. The formation of the glassy film is thus studied in situ, and information on solvent and void concentration in the thin film during the film formation process is obtained. There is evidence that nanovoids (representing intramolecular space) develop in the film when solvent evaporates. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic antidot arrays on alumina nanoporous membranes: Rutherford backscattering and magnetic characterization
Authors: Prieto P. , Pirota K. R. , Climent‐Font A. , Vazquez M. , Sanz J. M.
Published: January 2011

Highly ordered antidot arrays of permalloy have been prepared by sputtering onto different nanoporous alumina membranes (NAMs) and characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), SEM and Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). RBS spectrometry combined with SEM image analysis provides information on the in‐depth composition and porosity of the different magnetic antidot nanostructures. The coercivity increases in the antidot nanostructures as compared with that of its parent continuous film. The saturation magnetization values of the antidot nanostructures are observed to increase with increasing pore size. Our results suggest an enhanced magnetization at the Fe20Ni80/Al2O3 interface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mobility Evaluation of <110> Twist Grain Boundary Motion from Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Zhou J. , Mohles V.
Published: January 2011

With a new approach of driving force application, the relationship between grain boundary migration rate and driving force was found to be nonlinear as to be expected from rate theory for extremely large applied driving forces in molecular dynamics simulations. By evaluating grain boundary mobility non‐linearly, the simulated mobilities at different temperatures reveal that grain boundary migration is a thermally activated process. For a series of <110> twist grain boundaries, the resultant mobilities demonstrate that high‐angle grain boundaries move much faster than low‐angle grain boundaries.
Exact solution to the antiplane problem of doubly periodic conducting rigid line inclusions of unequal size in piezoelectric materials
Authors: Xiao J.H. , Xu Y.L. , Jiang C.P.
Published: January 2011

The problem of a doubly periodic array of conducting rigid line inclusions in piezoelectric materials under far‐field antiplane mechanical load and inplane electric load is investigated, where the fundamental cell contains four rigid line inclusions of unequal size. An exact solution to the problem is presented by employing the conformal mapping technique and the elliptical function theory. The closed form formulae for the stress and electrical displacement intensity factors at the rigid line inclusion tip and the effective electroelastic moduli of such composites are derived. Many new and existing solutions can be regarded as the special or degenerated cases. Numerical examples are provided to show the interesting electroelastic interaction phenomenon induced by multiple rigid line inclusions. The present work is helpful in understanding the optimization mechanism of some naturally occurring composites and in designing novel materials by direct engineering of their microstructure.
Conclusions from a dynamic population model for tsetse: response to comments
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. , Vreysen Marc J. B.
Published: January 2011

The critique by Hargrove et al. (Popul Ecol, 2011) of our recently published paper on a tsetse population model (Barclay and Vreysen in Popul Ecol 53:89–110, 2011) has made some good points but has also misinterpreted the intent of some of our results as we presented them. Hargrove et al. rightly say that there is a mismatch between the size of the unit cells in the model (1 ha) and the iteration rate of the model (every 5 days), yielding too low a dispersal rate to simulate reality. However, they have misconstrued several of our results that we presented as examples to imply that those results were a necessary condition for control of tsetse, especially using traps and targets.
GETTING READY FOR THE MARRIAGE MARKET? A RESPONSE
Authors: LUNDBORG PETTER , NYSTEDT PAUL , LINDGREN BJÖRN
Published: January 2011

Overweight and obesity constitute a major and increasing health and welfare problem throughout the world. Assessing the multifaceted mechanisms – biological, environmental and behavioural – behind this development is a crucial task in medical, social and economic sciences. We are, therefore, grateful to have been given the opportunity to, once again, discuss whether the risk of divorce may be one of the factors influencing the incentives of becoming overweight or obese and, hence, ultimately the physical appearance among the married. In this Debate, colleagues Schneider and Grimps present the results of a multilevel analysis, in which they could not identify any statistically significant association between body mass index (BMI) and divorce risk among married people. Thus, they question the findings, previously published in this Journal (Lundborget al., 2007). The Schneider and Grimps arguments are not convincing, however. So, we still claim that the statistical material at hand does, indeed, imply that divorce risk at the national level may well influence the weight of the married.