bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling photooxidation of CdSe‐ZnS nanocrystals
Authors: Kohary K. , Gibson G. A.
Published: May 2011

We model the blueshift of the photoluminescence spectra of CdSe‐ZnS nanocrystals under ultraviolet irradiation. The model is based on photo‐assisted oxygen diffusion into the CdSe nanocrystal structure, which is believed to have a primary role in the observed blueshift of the photoluminescence peak wavelength by reducing the confinement core radius of the exciton wavefunction inside the CdSe nanocrystal core. We compare the predictions of this model with experimental data (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acousto‐optic materials for special applications with ultra‐short optical pulses
Authors: Maák Pál , Veress Máté , Rózsa Balázs , Szipőcs Róbert , Richter Péter
Published: May 2011

We report here new acousto‐optic designs dedicated for applications in the edge of today's research: generation and spatially scanning of highly stable femtosecond laser pulse trains possibly with variable repetition rate, to provide optimal circumstances for a variety of applications: pump‐probe experiments, laser spectroscopy, laser microscopy. The design of new interaction geometries and device configurations serves the fulfillment of criteria like minimization of material and angular dispersion and maximization of diffraction efficiency, acoustic bandwidth and optical phase stability. We summarize experimental results obtained during pulse picking a femtosecond optical pulse train, actively stabilizing a laser oscillator with 20 MHz pulse repetition rate and implementing an acousto‐optic scanner for two‐photon laser microscope using dedicated devices with parameters optimized for the given application (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Template‐assisted fabrication and characterization of photoluminescent polymer nanopillars
Authors: Palacios Raquel , Formentín Pilar , Santos Abel , Martínez‐Ferrero Eugenia , Ferré‐Borrull Josep , Pallarès Josep , Marsal Lluís F.
Published: May 2011

Photoluminescent nanopillars are fabricated by replication from nanoporous anodic alumina via template wetting using polymer from different chemical families: polyfluorenes, PPV derivatives and thiophenes. The experimental process entails infiltration of a polymeric solution into the pores of the template with an average pore diameter of 225 nm and a pore depth of 500 nm. The geometric features of the resulting structures are characterized with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The influence of nanostructure in the photophysical properties of the polymer is investigated by UV‐Vis absorbance and photoluminescence measurements. Polarized Raman spectroscopy characterization is also performed in order to study the different polymer conformation into the nanoporous template. The nanopillars obtained are interesting in many applications such as nanostructured solar cells and polymer light emitting diodes. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical study with rovibrational and dipole moment calculation of sextet states of the CrCl molecule
Authors: Alaa Hamdan , Mahmoud Korek
Published: May 2011

The potential energy curves have been investigated for the 13 lowest sextet electronic states in the
$ \ ^{ 2{\rm s} + 1} \bigwedge \ ^{(\pm )}$
representation below 53,000 cm−1 of the molecule CrCl via CASSCF and MRCI (single and double excitation with Davidson correction) calculations. The harmonic frequency ωe, the internuclear distance re, the rotational constant Be, the electronic energy with respect to the ground state Te, and the permanent dipole moment μ have been calculated. By using the canonical functions approach, the eigenvalues Ev, the rotational constant Bv, and the abscissas of the turning points rmin and rmax have been calculated for the considered electronic states up to the vibrational level v = 16. Nine electronic states have been studied theoretically here for the first time. The comparison of these values with the theoretical and experimental results available in the literature shows a good agreement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Effect of Sampling Methods on N Detection in High Nitrogen Steel
Authors: Li Jichao , Chu Shaojun
Published: May 2011

The effect of sampling methods on the detection of N content in the high nitrogen steel (HNS) was studied by variance analysis method. In the experiments, two kinds of samples (rod sample and chip sample) were chosen. It was showed that when the N content was in the range of 0.06%∼0.4%, the results obtained by two methods were almost the same, indicating that both were suitable to identify the N in the steel. However, when the N content was higher than 0.4%, the result obtained using chips as sample was lower than that using rod. The N2 bubble in the rod sample might cause error since it didn't comprise the N content. Hence, the N content could be reflected more accurately by the chip samples. Based on the difference of N content detected by two methods, the shrinkage rate was analyzed theoretically and found to be inversely proportional to the pressure of N2 bubbles in steel.
Regression test suite prioritization using system models
Authors: Tahat Luay , Korel Bogdan , Harman Mark , Ural Hasan
Published: May 2011

During regression testing, a modified system is often retested using an existing test suite. Since the size of the test suite may be very large, testers are interested in detecting faults in the modified system as early as possible during this retesting process. Test prioritization attempts to order tests for execution so that the chances of early detection of faults during retesting are increased. The existing prioritization methods are based on the source code of the system under test. In this paper, we present and evaluate two model‐based selective methods and a dependence‐based method of test prioritization utilizing the state‐based model of the system under test. These methods assume that the modifications are made both on the system under test and its model. The existing test suite is executed on the system model and information about this execution is used to prioritize tests. Execution of the model is inexpensive as compared with execution of the system under test; therefore, the overhead associated with test prioritization is relatively small. In addition, we present an analytical framework for evaluation of test prioritization methods. This framework may reduce the cost of evaluation as compared with the framework that is based on observation. We have performed an empirical study in which we compared different test prioritization methods. The results of the empirical study suggest that system models may improve the effectiveness of test prioritization with respect to early fault detection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenethyl isothiocyanate promotes immune responses in normal BALB/c mice, inhibits murine leukemia WEHI‐3 cells, and stimulates immunomodulations in vivo
Authors: Tsou Mei‐Fen , Tien Ni , Lu Chi‐Cheng , Chiang Jo‐Hua , Yang Jai‐Sing , Lin Jing‐Pin , Fan Ming‐Jen , Lu Jang‐Jih , Yeh Su‐Peng , Chung Jing‐Gung
Published: May 2011

Enhanced cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with the reduction of cancer incidence as shown in epidemiological studies. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), one of the important compounds in cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to induce apoptosis in many types of human cancer cell lines, but there is no available information addressing the effects on normal and leukemia mice in vivo. The purpose of this study is to focus on the in vivo effects of PEITC on immune responses of normal and WEHI‐3 leukemia BALB/c mice in vivo. Influences of PEITC on BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with WEHI‐3 cells and normal mice were investigated. In normal BALB/c mice, PEITC did not affect the body weight when compared to the olive oil treated animals. Moreover, PEITC promoted phagocytosis by macrophages from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and peritoneal cavity, increased the levels of CD11b and Mac‐3, decreased the level of CD19 and promoted natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity, but it did not alter the level of CD3. Also, PEITC enhanced T cell proliferation after concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation. Otherwise, PEITC increased the body weight, but decreased the weight of liver and spleen as compared to the olive oil‐treated WEHI‐3 leukemia mice. PEITC also increased the level of CD19, decreased the levels of CD3 and Mac‐3 rather than influence in the level of CD11b, suggesting that the differentiation of the precursor of macrophages and T cells was inhibited, but the differentiation of the precursor of B cells was promoted in leukemia mice. Furthermore, PEITC enhanced phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages from PBMC and peritoneal cavity, and also promoted the NK cell cytotoxic activity in comparison with the group of leukemia mice. Based on these observations, the biological properties of PEITC can promote immune responses in normal and WEHI‐3 leukemia mice in vivo. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Retinoic acid influences the embryoid body formation in mouse embryonic stem cells by induction of caspase and p38 MAPK/JNK‐mediated apoptosis
Authors: Huang Fu‐Jen , Lan Kuo‐Chung , Kang Hong‐Yo , Lin Pin‐Yao , Chan Wen‐Hsiung , Hsu Yu‐Cheng , Liu Yen‐Chih , Huang Ko‐En
Published: May 2011

Although all‐trans retinoic acid (RA), the oxidative metabolite of vitamin A, is essential for normal development, high levels are teratogenic in many species. RA results in immediate effects on the preimplantation embryo and on blastocyst development in vitro and in vivo. To further elucidate the cellular mechanisms of early postimplantation embryo development induced by RA, we present an embryonic cell line, B5, as a candidate system for the investigation of these processes. We used undifferentiated ES cells as the model, which is from the undifferentiated status to differentiated status [embryoid body (EB) formation] mimicking postimplantation embryo development (egg‐cylinder stage of embryo formation) to clarify the cellular mechanism of action of RA in the implanted blastocysts and cell apoptosis following the series of exposures to differing RA concentrations. Using an in vitro model, we identified the impact of RA on undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells, including inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell apoptosis. JNK, P‐38 and caspase activation were shown in the nature of RA‐triggered apoptotic signaling in ES cells. The carry‐on influences of RA on the ES cell were shown in the formation of EB from the pretreated ES cells. RA resulted in apparent impact on undifferentiated ES cells in vitro, with increased numbers of apoptotic cells initially and inhibited cell proliferation, which led to decreased size of EB. The process of EB formation (mimicking the early postimplantation embryo development) is regulated by RA‐induced apoptosis through the activation of caspase and P38 MAPK/JNK pathway. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Influence of increasing temperature and salinity on herbicide toxicity in estuarine phytoplankton
Authors: DeLorenzo Marie E. , Danese Loren E. , Baird Thomas D.
Published: May 2011

Ecological risk assessments are, in part, based on results of toxicity tests conducted under standard exposure conditions. Global climate change will have a wide range of effects on estuarine habitats, including potentially increasing water temperature and salinity, which may alter the risk assessment of estuarine pollutants. We examined the effects of increasing temperature and salinity on the toxicity of common herbicides (irgarol, diuron, atrazine, and ametryn) to the phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta. Static 96‐h algal bioassays were conducted for each herbicide under four exposure scenarios: standard temperature and salinity (25°C, 20 ppt), standard temperature and elevated salinity (25°C, 40 ppt), elevated temperature and standard salinity (35°C, 20 ppt), and elevated temperature and elevated salinity (35°C, 40 ppt). The endpoints assessed were algal cell density at 96 h, growth rate, chlorophyll a content, lipid content, and starch content. Increasing exposure temperature reduced growth rate and 96‐h cell density but increased the cellular chlorophyll and lipid concentrations of the control algae. Exposure condition did not alter starch content of control algae. Herbicides were found to decrease growth rate, 96 h cell density, and cellular chlorophyll and lipid concentrations, while starch concentrations increased with herbicide exposure. Herbicide effects under standard test conditions were then compared with those observed under elevated temperature and salinity. Herbicide effects on growth rate, cell density, and starch content were more pronounced under elevated salinity and temperature conditions. To encompass the natural variability in estuarine temperature and salinity, and to account for future changes in climate, toxicity tests should be conducted under a wider range of environmental conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Inhibition of PP2A and the consequent activation of JNK/c‐Jun are involved in tributyltin‐induced apoptosis in human amnionic cells
Authors: Zhang Yali , Liang Jing , Sun Lijun , Guo Zonglou , Xu Lihong
Published: May 2011

Tributyltin (TBT), a highly toxic environmental contaminant, has been shown to induce mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis in several mammalian cells. However, the upstream signal transduction pathways involved in TBT‐induced apoptosis are still not fully elucidated. In this study, the protein phosphatase (PP) 2A, microtubule organization, and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including JNK, p38 and their downstream transcription factors, c‐Jun and ATF‐2, respectively, were investigated in human amnionic cells treated by TBT. Furthermore, the activation of procaspase‐3 after blocking either one of these MAPK pathways was also observed. The results showed that TBT effectively induced apoptosis characterized by caspase‐3 activation. In apoptotic cells, the inhibition of PP2A activity and microtubule depolymerization was detected. Additionally, JNK and p38, as well as their downstream targets, c‐Jun and ATF‐2, were activated. Moreover, a JNK inhibitor, but not p38 inhibitor, significantly reduced caspase‐3 activation. It can be concluded that the inhibition of PP2A may (1) play as a role in the activation of JNK and c‐Jun and the concomitant promotion of microtubule depolymerization and (2) lead to the activation of caspase‐3 in TBT‐induced apoptotic cells. The results of this study suggest a critical role of PP2A in the TBT toxicity mechanism. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
A Prospective Study of Religiousness and Psychological Distress Among Female Survivors of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
Authors: Chan Christian S. , Rhodes Jean E. , Pérez John E.
Published: May 2011

This prospective study examined the pathways by which religious involvement affected the post‐disaster psychological functioning of women who survived Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The participants were 386 low‐income, predominantly Black, single mothers. The women were enrolled in the study before the hurricane, providing a rare opportunity to document changes in mental health from before to after the storm, and to assess the protective role of religious involvement over time. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that, controlling for level of exposure to the hurricanes, pre‐disaster physical health, age, and number of children, pre‐disaster religiousness predicted higher levels of post‐disaster (1) social resources and (2) optimism and sense of purpose. The latter, but not the former, was associated with better post‐disaster psychological outcome. Mediation analysis confirmed the mediating role of optimism and sense of purpose.
Numerical study of flow through and around a circular array of cylinders
Authors: NICOLLE A. , EAMES I.
Published: May 2011

This paper describes a study of the local and global effect of an isolated group of cylinders on an incident uniform flow. Using high resolution two-dimensional computations, we analysed the flow through and around a localised circular array of cylinders, where the ratio of array diameter (DG) to cylinder diameter (D) is 21. The number of cylinders varied fromNC= 7 to 133, and they were arranged in a series of concentric rings to allow even distribution within the array with an average void fraction φ =NC(D/DG)2, which varied from 0.016 to 0.30. The characteristic Reynolds number of the array wasReG= 2100. A range of diagnostic tools were applied, including the lift/drag forces on each cylinder (and the whole array), Eulerian and Lagrangian average velocity within the array, and the decay of maximum vorticity with distance downstream. To interpret the flow field, we used vorticity and the dimensionless form of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor. A mathematical model, based on representing the bodies as point forces, sources and dipoles, was applied to interpret the results. Three distinct flow regimes were identified. For low void fractions (φ < 0.05), the cylinders have uncoupled individual wake patterns, where the vorticity is rapidly annihilated by wake intermingling downstream and the forces are similar to that of an isolated cylinder. At intermediate void fractions (0.05 < φ < 0.15), a shear layer is generated at the shoulders of the array and the force acting on the cylinders is steady. For high void fractions (φ > 0.15), the array generates a wake in a similar way to a solid body of the same scale. For low void fraction arrays, the mathematical model provides a reasonable assessment of the forces on individual bodies within the array, the Eulerian mean velocity and the upstream velocity field. While it broadly captures the change in the rate of decay of the maximum vorticity magnitude Ωmaxdownstream, the magnitude is underpredicted.
Latin Down Under: Latin American migrant musicians in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Bendrups Dan
Published: May 2011

The global significance of Latin American popular music is well documented in contemporary research. Less is known about Latin American music and musicians in Australia and New Zealand (collectively termed ‘Australasia’): nations that have historically hosted waves of migrants from the Americas, and which are also strongly influenced by globalised US popular music culture. This article presents an overview of Latin American music in Australasia, drawing on ethnographic research, with the aim of providing a historical framework for the understanding of this music in the Australasian context. It begins with an explanation of the early 20th-century conceptualisation of ‘Latin’ in Australasia, and an investigation into how this abstract cultural construction affected performance opportunities for Latino/a migrants who began to arrive en masse from the 1970s onwards. It then discusses the performance practices that were most successfully recreated by Latin American musicians in Australia and New Zealand, especially ‘Andean’ folkloric music, and ‘tropical’ dance music. With reference to prominent individuals and ensembles, this article demonstrates how Andean and tropical performance practices have developed over the course of the last 30 years, and articulates the enduring importance of Latin American music and musicians within Australasian popular music culture.
Típico, folklóricoorpopular? Musical categories, place, and identity in a transnational listening community
Authors: Hutchinson Sydney
Published: May 2011

The study of popular music often loses something in translation. The musical categories used by scholars and musicians in different locations vary widely in meaning, complicating both analysis and disciplinary divisions. Genre classifications also create blind spots which leave styles falling between the cracks out of the picture, impoverishing analysis and even denying musicians certain benefits. This paper examines the use of terms such asfolklórico, tradicional, popularandtípicoby both lay people and scholars in Latin America, then turns to Dominicanmerengue típicoas a case study showing how musical categories are often intensely local. I argue that – because it relies more on notions of place than on the ideas of time, class, race or production that inform other categorisations – the concept oftípicois useful in examining transnational ‘roots’ musics which bridge nations, classes and modes of production. In addition, using musicians' and listeners' own categories can help us to question the canons of musical scholarship, musical nationalism and music marketing, thus creating new possibilities for both scholars and musicians.
Legislating from a Radical Hague: The United Nations Special Tribunal for Lebanon Invents an International Crime of Transnational Terrorism
Authors: SAUL BEN
Published: May 2011

In 2011, the Appeals Chamber of the UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon purported to identify a customary international crime of transnational terrorism and applied it in interpreting domestic terrorism offences under Lebanese law. This article argues that the Tribunal's decision was incorrect because all the sources of custom relied upon by the Appeals Chamber – national legislation, judicial decisions, regional and international treaties, and UN resolutions – were misinterpreted, exaggerated, or erroneously applied. The Tribunal's laissez-faire attitude towards custom formation jeopardizes the freedom from retrospective criminal punishment, subjugating the human rights of potential defendants to the Tribunal's own moralizing conception of what the law ought to be. The decision is not good for international law or public confidence in its institutions and processes.
Typed quote/antiquote or: Compile-time parsing
Authors: HINZE RALF
Published: May 2011

Haskell (Peyton Jones, 2003) is often used as a host language for embedding other languages. Typically, the abstract syntax of the guest language is defined by a collection of datatype declarations; parsers and pretty-printers convert between the concrete syntax and its abstract representation. A quote/antiquote mechanism permits a tighter integration of the guest language into the host language by allowing one to use phrases in the guest language'sconcrete syntax.
Balancing weight-balanced trees
Authors: HIRAI YOICHI , YAMAMOTO KAZUHIKO
Published: May 2011

A weight-balanced tree (WBT) is a binary search tree, whose balance is based on the sizes of the subtrees in each node. Although purely functional implementations on a variant WBT algorithm are widely used in functional programming languages, many existing implementations do not maintain balance after deletion in some cases. The difficulty lies in choosing a valid pair of rotation parameters: one for standard balance and the other for choosing single or double rotation. This paper identifies the exact valid range of the rotation parameters for insertion and deletion in the original WBT algorithm where one and only one integer solution exists. Soundness of the range is proved using a proof assistant Coq. Completeness is proved using effective algorithms generating counterexample trees. For two specific parameter pairs, we also proved in Coq that set operations also maintain balance. Since the difference between the original WBT and the variant WBT is small, it is easy to change the existing buggy implementations based on the variant WBT to the certified original WBT with a rational solution.
Compositional Analysis with Atomic Column Spatial Resolution by 5th-Order Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hernández-Maldonado David , Herrera Miriam , Alonso-González Pablo , González Yolanda , González Luisa , Gazquez Jaume , Varela María , Pennycook Stephen J. , Guerrero-Lebrero María de la Paz , Pizarro Joaquín , Galindo Pedro L. , Molina Sergio I.
Published: May 2011

We show in this article that it is possible to obtain elemental compositional maps and profiles with atomic-column resolution across an InxGa1−xAs multilayer structure from 5th-order aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) images. The compositional profiles obtained from the analysis of HAADF-STEM images describe accurately the distribution of In in the studied multilayer in good agreement with Muraki's segregation model [Muraki, K., Fukatsu, S., Shiraki, Y. & Ito, R. (1992). Surface segregation of In atoms during molecular beam epitaxy and its influence on the energy levels in InGaAs/GaAs quantums wells. Appl Phys Lett61, 557–559].
A comparison of imaging schedules for prostate radiotherapy including online tracking techniques
Authors: Baker A , Fenwick JD , Mayles WP , Syndikus I , Wong H
Published: May 2011

Background and purpose: Repeat imaging protocols, specifying imaging frequency and action levels for movement correction, can be used to achieve more accurate targeting of the prostate gland during radiotherapy. We have carried out a study comparing the accuracies of online versus off-line correction strategies which use implanted marker seeds to localize the prostate.

Material and methods: Data have been analysed for 60 prostate patients, verified using an online imaging technique. Systematic and random errors have been calculated for a daily imaging protocol and for other common imaging schedules. Resource requirements have been assessed for the daily imaging technique by analysing the in-room timings performed on 10 patients.

Results: Daily imaging is beneficial for the majority of patients, an online imaging schedule with a 2 mm action level significantly reducing systematic and random errors. The online imaging can be performed with a 2-minute increase in the standard treatment slot.

Conclusions: Online imaging tracking techniques can facilitate margin reduction, which may help to reduce rectal toxicities. The impact on departmental time and resource requirements is modest for the online daily tracking technique with marker seeds and kilovoltage planar imaging.
Synthetic geomicrobiology: engineering microbe–mineral interactions for space exploration and settlement
Authors: Cockell Charles S.
Published: May 2011

Synthetic geomicrobiology is a potentially new branch of synthetic biology that seeks to achieve improvements in microbe–mineral interactions for practical applications. In this paper, laboratory and field data are provided on three geomicrobiology challenges in space: (1) soil formation from extraterrestrial regolith by biological rock weathering and/or the use of regolith as life support system feedstock, (2) biological extraction of economically important elements from rocks (biomining) and (3) biological solidification of surfaces and dust control on other planetary surfaces. The use of synthetic or engineered organisms in these three applications is discussed. These three examples are used to extract general common principles that might be applied to the design of organisms used in synthetic geomicrobiology.
The tinnitus sufferer—the responsibility of the professional
Authors: Shulman A.
Published: May 2011

Our clinical experience based upon N-944 cases of tinnitus seen in the interval between November, 1977 and 30 December, 1982 has taught us the importance of the responsibility of the professional to the patient who presents with a chief complaint of the symptom of tinnitus. The primary goal is to attempt to control the tinnitus. The patient afflicted with this symptom is seeking a professional who can cure this complaint. The experienced professional(s) involved realize that no cure exists at this time. Multiple discipline(s) have become involved in this effort. All share common responsibility (ies).
Models of the Auditory System and Tinnitus
Authors: Levitt Harry
Published: May 2011

Models play a crucial role in the development of our understanding of the auditory (or any other) system. They provide new insights from both a theoretical and practical point of view as well as providing a framework for summarizing existing knowledge. Most important of all, they provide predictions which can be tested experimentally. These experimental observations, in turn, will either serve to strengthen a specific model or, if theory and observation differ significantly, will provide new information leading to the development of improved models and hence an improved understanding of the processes being studied.
Does tinnitus originate from hyperactive nerve fibers in the cochlea?
Authors: Tyler Richard S.
Published: May 2011

This paper discusses the possibility of a localized peripheral origin of tinnitus. A working hypothesis is that tinnitus represents either aperiodic or periodic hyperactivity in the spontaneous activity of nerve fibers originating from a restricted place on the basilar membrane. The limited physiological data available support both hyperactive and hypoactive nerve fiber. Psychophysical data are not easy to interpret. Subjective descriptions and category scaling are too dependent on individual experience. Pitch matching can be reliable, but cannot distinguish between peripheral or central tinnitus. In one experiment we compared the masking of tinnitus to the masking of a pure tone, where the signal frequency and level were obtained from the tinnitus pitch and loudness matching. The results indicate that the broad tinnitus masking patterns are not typically due to the poor frequency resolution observed in sensorineural hearing loss. However, in a few subjects there was some correspondence between the shape of the tuning curve and the tinnitus masking pattern. In another study, we masked tinnitus with narrowband noises of different bandwidths. In some patients, there was a ‘critical bandwidth’ effect; wider masker bandwidths required greater overall sound pressures to mask the tinnitus. We conclude that the results from these studies taken together indicate that there are different types of tinnitus, some of which may have a localized peripheral origin.
Identification of Tinnitus: A Plea for Standardization
Authors: Vernon Jack , Fenwick James
Published: May 2011

The subjective nature of tinnitus is not the only feature which imposes difficulties upon the identification of tinnitus. The patients who must provide information about their tinnitus are greatly handicapped in this task and for the simple reason that there is very little vocabulary available to them. Thus it is not only important that the clinician listen very carefully to the patient but it is increasingly important thatstandardizedtests be used to identify, measure and classify tinnitus.
Masking-Mechanisms (IPSI, Contralateral Masking)
Authors: Feldmann H.
Published: May 2011

Masking of tinnitus by acoustic stimuli seems to be a very simple phenomenon, reflecting everyday experience. The buzzing of a mosquito is drowned by the noise of a jet-plane. That is self-evident and does not need any explanation. It seems to be a perfect analogue to the masking of tinnitus. But if we look into these two situations more closely we find fundamental differences between them, which ask for interpretation.
Tinnitus ‘Loudness’ as Indicated by Masking Levels with Environmental Sounds
Authors: Vernon Jack , Fenwick James
Published: May 2011

The lack of loudness of tinnitus, as first pointed out by Fowler (1942), has been an item of confused concern ever since. The point being this: How can so weak a sensation produce such severity of stress? The present article deals with this item by attempting to provide a more objective psychological measure of severity of tinnitus. The U.S. Health Survey, which estimated that one out of five patients with tinnitus have it in its severe form, is but one example of differentiating mild vs. severe tinnitus. In the severe group, there are some for whom the tinnitus is constant and unrelenting, while for others the bad spells come and go without warning or reason. Whether constant or fluctuating, these patients perceive their tinnitus as a severe affliction which greatly degrades the quality of their life. We accept these subjective statements and ratings of their distress; however, there is a serious need for an objective measure of severity. The present report attempted such a measure by using the degree to which tinnitus was maskable by environmental sounds. The results correlated no better with ratings of severity than do the measures of loudness of tinnitus.
Tinnitus: Critical Bandwidth-Masking Bands
Authors: Johnson Robert M. , Mitchell Curtin R.
Published: May 2011

The concept of the critical band was first described in 1937 when Fletcher and Manson (1937) reported the results of an experiment conducted at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in which they used a random noise that had been shown to produce uniform masking throughout the frequency spectrum as the masking stimulus. From the results of this initial experiment, Fletcher (1940) was able to make two important assumptions concerning the masking of pure tones by thermal noise. The first assumption states that only the energy in a narrow band around the test frequency is instrumental in the masking of that pure tone and the energy outside this small band is superfluous. This small band of noise, Fletcher referred to as the ‘critical band’. Secondly, he assumed that at its masked threshold the energy of the tone and overall energy in the critical band were exactly equivalent. Using these assumptions, Fletcher computed critical bandwidths for several different frequencies. He found the critical band to be approximately 63 Hz for a 1000 Hz tone, to remain relatively constant for the lower frequencies, and to increase rather rapidly for high frequencies, reaching a width of about 500 Hz for a tone of 8000 Hz.
Noise Exposure, Hearing Loss, Speech Discrimination and Tinnitus
Authors: Miller Maurice H. , Jakimetz John R.
Published: May 2011

Noise exposure in the workplace and the recreational environment probably accounts for more new cases of tinnitus and hearing loss than all other causes combined. To an increasing degree, preemployment audiograms of late teenagers and those in their early twenties show noise-induced, sensorineural ‘notches’ greatest at 4000 or 6000 Hz with partial or complete recovery at 8000 Hz. Word discrimination tests, as typically evaluated in a clinical situation, show essentially normal findings although more difficult measures of consonant discriminations such as the California Consonant Test or conventional speech tests in a background of noise often demonstrate impaired word discrimination ability.
Sub-Clinical Tinnitus: Non-Auditory Tinnitus
Authors: Shulman A.
Published: May 2011

In the course of our clinical experience with tinnitus, the concepts of sub-clinical tinnitus; non-auditory tinnitus have developed. This has been an outgrowth of the critical emphasis placed upon the clinical history; and the attempt to objectivize the subjective tinnitus using auditory brainstem response recording (ABR). These concepts developed from observations and its correlation with the results of the neurotologic evaluation of our cases. These concepts are separate but can overlap.
Objective Pulsatile Tinnitus: Vascular Basis
Authors: Arenberg L. Kaufman , Balkany Thomas J.
Published: May 2011

Objective pulsatile tinnitus on a vascular basis is a relatively uncommon auditory phenomenon. There are other forms of objective tinnitus which will not be covered in this discussion. The most common lesions are arteriovenous malformations near the temporal bone which are branches of the external carotid artery, such as the occipital artery, to the transverse or sigmoid sinus. Diagnostically, a patient can be entirely asymptomatic except for a pulse-synchronous objective tinnitus in one ear. There is usually no associated hearing loss, vertigo, imbalance or pressure. A sense of fullness may not be a constant problem but may be intermittent. The objective pulsatile tinnitus may not be a constant problem but may come and go for no apparent reason.
Tinnitus in Patients with Chronic Mastoiditis and Cholesteatoma
Authors: Parisier Simon C. , Chute Patricia M. , Kramer Sharon , Gold Scott
Published: May 2011

Tinnitus is a common symptom in a variety of otologic diseases and is frequently accompanied by loss of hearing. In recent years, the pervasiveness of the problem of subjective tinnitus has stimulated research with the following goals: to determine the frequency of tinnitus in certain diseases; to identify the anatomical source of ‘the noise’; to discover the neural mechanisms which generate this auditory pheonomena; and to find appropriate treatments.
A surface recorded vestibular evoked response to acceleration in cats
Authors: Elidan J. , Sohmer H. , Nitzan M.
Published: May 2011

Vestibular evoked responses to repetitive acceleration stimuli were recorded by skin electrodes in cats using filtering and averaging techniques. The response is made up of six—eight waves during the first 10 msec following the stimulus. Longer latency myogenic responses had large amplitude and disappeared following the paralysis of the animals. The neurogenic waves disappeared after the destruction of both inner ears or the excision of both eighth nerves and following death. Destruction of the inner ear, or excision of the VIIIth nerve on one side leads to response patterns of excitation vs. inhibition when appropriate excitatory and inhibitory acceleration stimuli are applied. The possible generators of the evoked responses are discussed in the light of the physiology of the vestibular pathways, and the results of the present experiments suggest that the generators of the first and second waves are the vestibular nerve and vestibular nucleus respectively. In addition, the vestibular evoked response seemed to be more sensitive to ischemia of the brain than the auditory brainstem evoked response and may therefore reflect better changes in brain function.
Suppression of tinnitus by electrical stimulation: A contribution to the history of medicine
Authors: Feldmann H.
Published: May 2011

A few weeks ago I came across a very remarkable old book. I should like to tell you about it as a contribution to the history of medicine regarding the treatment of tinnitus.
Auditory coding mechanisms
Authors: Tonndorf Juergen
Published: May 2011

One of the first things one should do when trying to understand the origin of tinnitus (TI) is to take a look at signal transmission in the auditory system in general and at the coding mechanisms in particular.
External electrical stimulation—tinnitus suppression-hearing preliminary results
Authors: Shulman A.
Published: May 2011

A non-invasive method of external electrical stimulation has been used in 13 patients in an attempt to control the subjec-tive tinnitus. This investigation has been part of an on-going project on electrical stimulation for tinnitus suppression-auditory stimulation by the Division of Otolaryngology—Center for Communica-tion Sciences, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
Neurotologic Classification and Tinnitus
Authors: Shulman Abraham , Goldstein Barbara
Published: May 2011

The primary goals of the physician to be achieved for the tinnitus patient are: (a) Exclusion of disease entity(ies) benign and/ or malignant which may be the cause of tinnitus by performing a complete neuroto-logic examination, (b) Control/treatment of tinnitus based upon a classification of the tinnitus. In both cases, an attempt is made to objectivize the subjective symptom of tinnitus. Both classification and evaluation of tinnitus are fundamental for treatment.
Some observations on the masking and post-masking effects of tinnitus
Authors: Tyler Richard S. , Babin Richard W. , Niebuhr Diane P.
Published: May 2011

The symptom of tinnitus is likely shared by several underlying pathologies. It is funda-mental to the investigation and treatment of tinnitus to be able to reliably quantify different types of tinnitus. In one experi-ment we required patients to increase the level of a broadband noise until it just masked their tinnitus. Regardless of where in the head they perceive their tinnitus, in most patients the minimum level (in sound pressure level or sensation level) required to mask the tinnitus is similar in both ears. In a few other patients, the tinnitus cannot be masked or requires high levels in the contra-lateral ear. We have found this masking procedure valuable in measuring tinnitus following the administration of tocainide. In some patients the tocainide seemed to reduce the magnitude of the tinnitus (required lower masker levels to mask the tinnitus) whereas in others there was some evidence that the tinnitus got worse (higher masker levels were required). In another experiment, we quantified tinnitus percep-tion following the termination of a masker. Several different patterns were evident. After the termination of the masker, the tinnitus either (a) returned to normal immediately, (b) returned immediately but was at a softer loudness, (c) was absent for a time before gradually returning to normal, (d) was absent for a time before abruptly returning to normal, or (e) was louder than normal before gradually returning to normal. Increasing masker duration and masker level prolonged the effects.
Tinnitus masking curves (updates and review)
Authors: Feldmann H.
Published: May 2011

A classification of tinnitus may use the following scheme (Fig. 1): There are spon-taneous attributes of tinnitus, which can easily be explored or evaluated more or less accurately by comparison with calibrated external sounds.
Tinnitus and impedance audiometry
Authors: Clemis Jack D.
Published: May 2011

Tinnitus is a symptom of many disorders affecting the auditory system. While Impedance Audiometry provides no specific etiologic information about tinnitus, it is a useful diagnostic tool to localize various types of auditory dys-function. This paper sketches usefulness of impedance testing in diagnosis of retro-cochlear lesions, in otosclerosis and in objective tinnitus.
Tinnitus evaluations: Aids to diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Rubin Wallace
Published: May 2011

Patients presenting with complaints of tinnitus had extensive neurotological test-ing. The purpose was to determine:

1. Which tests could be of topographic diagnostic capability.

2. Which tests could be of value in therapeutic management.
Vestibular test battery correlates and tinnitus
Authors: Shulman A.
Published: May 2011

Computerized Ocular Tracking (PTT) and Rotary Testing (SHA) are being performed as part of the neurotologic evaluation of patients with a chief complaint of tinnitus. The results which I shall report today are presented as observations and a follow-up to a preliminary report presented 25 July 1982. They support our clinical impression of a significant incidence of involvement of the vestibular system in the tinnitus patient.
Diagnostic correlations between tinnitus and Menière's disease as determined by the computerized rotary chair
Authors: Pappas Dennis G.
Published: May 2011

This paper is to attempt to show an objective correlation between the symptoms of tinnitus and the subsequent, if any, onset of symptoms consistent with those of Menière's disease. Tinnitus associated with Menière's disease is low frequency in quality and characterized as roaring and buzzing. The tinnitus and fluctuant hearing loss may precede the attack of vertigo by days, months, or even years (Hester, 1982). These correlations seem to center around the frequency of the tinnitus. Since pitch matching is tonal in character (McFadden, 1982), accuracy of this procedure is of questionable value. Pitch matching procedures are subject to octave errors—that is, settings for a match that are actually twice or one-half the frequency of the sound being matched (Vernon, 1982). Clinical historical judgement and pitch match testing were combined to identify the frequency of tinnitus below 4000 Hz, between 4000 and 8000 Hz, and above 8000 Hz. Clinical observations have led to the subjective conclusions that in many cases, but not all, tinnitus is the harbinger of Meniere's disease.
Personality characteristics of tinnitus patients
Authors: Reich Gloria E. , Johnson Robert M.
Published: May 2011

A short form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was administered to 146 clinical patients who were assigned to one of four groups: Group I, tinnitus only; Group II, hearing loss and tinnitus, tinnitus primary; Group III, hearing loss and tinnitus, hearing loss primary; and Group IV, hearing loss only. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there were measurable characteristics unique to the tinnitus patient. Elevations were noted for all four groups on Scales 8, 6, 3, and 2, showing significant differences between the groups who suffered from tinnitus as opposed to those whose primary complaint was hearing loss. The tinnitus patients, especially those with only tinnitus, had social adjustment problems that were not evidenced for patients with impaired hear-ing. Indications are that the patient with an inveterate hearing loss is better able to cope with tinnitus than the patient who is suddenly and unaccountably afflicted with tinnitus.
Personality of the tinnitus patient
Authors: House Patricia R.
Published: May 2011

Personality and coping mechanisms are related to a patient's perception of his tinnitus. Although the occurrence of tinnitus is not unusual, the nature of tinnitus varies in patients from infrequent, barely noticeable sound to an unrelenting, absorbing disturbance of critical significance. Tinnitus is a subjective complaint. The same level of tinnitus may be described by one patient as intolerable and by another as barely noticeable.
Alcohol and dietary influences on tinnitus
Authors: Ronis M.
Published: May 2011

An intact central nervous system and its integration with organs of special sense are the basis for our being able to function in our environment. The modification of the function of either component by the ingestion of food stuffs or chemicals (organic or inorganic) puts the organism at a disadvantage.
The effect of several doses of oral tocainide HC1 on tinnitus: a dose-finding study
Authors: Hulshof Jan H. , Vermey Pieter
Published: May 2011

From all methods of the treatment of tinnitus, medical, masking, surgery, electrical stimulation and psychological, we believe a reliable medical treatment would be preferable because it is easy to apply. An immense variety of drugs have been used for the treatment of tinnitus (Vernon, 1977). The most reliable drugs so far on tinnitus are intravenous procaine and lidocaine (Bárány, 1935; Lewy, 1937; Melding et al., 1978; Martin and Colman, 1980; Israel et al., 1982). The fact that these drugs cannot be given orally because of the poor biological availability after oral administration, is a great disadvantage. In view of the important pharmaco-therapeutic role of lidocaine as an anti-arrhythmic drug, considerable research has been devoted to drugs with comparable anti-arrhythmic properties but permitting oral administration. This work produced tocainide (Smith, 1981), which showed a certain degree of effect on tinnitus as well (Emmett and Shea, 1980; Cathcart, 1982). Before starting a randomized double-blind controlled trial to assess the effect on tinnitus of tocainide, we studied the effect of several doses of tocainide HCl on tinnitus in order to select an appropriate dosage. Nineteen patients with obstructive tinnitus of various aetiologies were admitted to the study. There were 10 women and nine men. Their mean age was 54 years (range 22–67 years). Tocainide was administered in five different doses in a single-blind controlled trial. To be able to judge the effect under steady conditions, each dose was given for four days, as shown in Table I. On the fourth day of each period the patients had to record the degree of impediment caused by the tinitus on a six-point scale (Table II). They were also asked to report all sideeffects.