bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TEA: A CODE CALCULATING THERMOCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ABUNDANCES
Authors: Blecic Jasmina , Harrington Joseph , Bowman M. Oliver
Published: July 2016

We present an open-source Thermochemical Equilibrium Abundances (TEA) code that calculates the abundances of gaseous molecular species. The code is based on the methodology of White et al. and Eriksson. It applies Gibbs free-energy minimization using an iterative, Lagrangian optimization scheme. Given elemental abundances, TEA calculates molecular abundances for a particular temperature and pressure or a list of temperature–pressure pairs. We tested the code against the method of Burrows & Sharp, the free thermochemical equilibrium code Chemical Equilibrium with Applications (CEA), and the example given by Burrows & Sharp. Using their thermodynamic data, TEA reproduces their final abundances, but with higher precision. We also applied the TEA abundance calculations to models of several hot-Jupiter exoplanets, producing expected results. TEA is written in Python in a modular format. There is a start guide, a user manual, and a code document in addition to this theory paper. TEA is available under a reproducible-research, open-source license via https://github.com/dzesmin/TEA.
THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF GALACTIC BULGES IN THE SDSS DATABASE
Authors: Kim Keunho , Oh Sree , Jeong Hyunjin , Aragón-Salamanca Alfonso , Smith Rory , Yi Sukyoung K.
Published: July 2016

We present a new database of our two-dimensional bulge–disk decompositions for 14,233 galaxies drawn from Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR12 in order to examine the properties of bulges residing in the local universe (0.005 < z < 0.05). We performed decompositions in the g and r bands by utilizing the galfit software. The bulge colors and bulge-to-total ratios are found to be sensitive to the details in the decomposition technique, and hence we hereby provide full details of our method. The g − r colors of bulges derived are almost constantly red regardless of bulge size, except for the bulges in the low bulge-to-total ratio galaxies (B/T
r ≲ 0.3). Bulges exhibit similar scaling relations to those followed by elliptical galaxies, but the bulges in galaxies with lower bulge-to-total ratios clearly show a gradually larger departure in slope from the elliptical galaxy sequence. The scatters around the scaling relations are also larger for the bulges in galaxies with lower bulge-to-total ratios. Both the departure in slopes and larger scatters likely originate from the presence of young stars. The bulges in galaxies with low bulge-to-total ratios show signs of a frosting of young stars so substantial that their luminosity-weighted Balmer-line ages are as small as 1 Gyr in some cases. While bulges seem largely similar in optical properties to elliptical galaxies, they do show clear and systematic departures as a function of bulge-to-total ratio. The stellar properties and perhaps associated formation processes of bulges seem much more diverse than those of elliptical galaxies.
Enseigner la grammaire du genre : à propos du traitement idéologique de la langue dans les manuels scolaires de CE1
Authors: Chevalier Yannick
Published: July 2016

L'auteur examine plus précisément comment les grammaires scolaires abordent la question du genre grammatical. Constatant son traitement remarquablement uniforme, quels que soient les manuels étudiés : succession canonique des leçons concernant le nom puis l'adjectif, présentation du genre féminin des noms comme le résultat d'une dérivation endocentrique où sur la base nominale au masculin vient s'adjoindre un morphème - e marquant le féminin ou absence de la règle du masculin. Mais aussi dans les leçons sur « l'accord du sujet et du verbe », ou la localisation de la règle du masculin qui l'emporte sur le féminin dans les seuls exemples. Une telle manière de présenter le genre grammatical est singulièrement idéologique et loin d'être sans défaut d'un point de vue linguistique : i) seul le féminin semble être un genre grammatical (le masculin, qui, d'un point de vue systémique, est pourtant son pendant, n'apparait presque jamais) ; ii) présenter le féminin comme un dérivé du masculin relève davantage de la fable adamique que de l'analyse rigoureuse des faits de langue ; iii) le renoncement à expliciter une règle syntaxique d'accord manifeste sans doute une gêne quant aux manières héritées d'expliquer le phénomène. Pourtant, d'autres façons d'aborder le genre grammatical sont possibles, et mieux à même de satisfaire les attendus didactiques et les exigences pédagogiques des enseignant-e-s, afin que les élèves acquièrent une bonne connaissance de la langue française, et élaborent d'autres imaginaires égalitaires réglant les rapports sociaux de sexe.
Danse et lieux de la Nation en Inde. La campagne anti-nauch , vers l'invention d'une tradition
Authors: Louiset Odette
Published: July 2016

Ce texte retrace un épisode de la construction nationale de l'Inde dont l'enjeu fut la définition des contours d'une identité à la fois « moderne et authentique ». Dès la fin du xix e siècle, la campagne anti-nautch a dénoncé la danse rituelle des temples et la consécration des petites filles. Cette campagne qui a mobilisé des forces politiques et des acteurs sociaux très divers « en situation coloniale », aboutit au bannissement des danseuses de temple. Leur disparition s'est accompagnée, toutefois, d'un revival de la danse, une « invention de la tradition ». Le Bharatanatyam est alors constitué comme version authentique, conforme à l'interprétation des textes védiques mais également structurée sur le modèle des académies de danse européennes. Après l'éviction des devadasis , les femmes brahmanes ont assuré le passage à une danse classique, marqueur culturel fort de la Nation en de nouveaux lieux.
Imaginaires post-travail
Authors: Srnicek Nick , Williams Alex , Degoutin Christophe
Published: July 2016

La gauche devrait se mobiliser autour d’un consensus sur le post-travail. Cela lui permettrait de viser non seulement des gains appréciables – tels que la réduction de la corvée et de la pauvreté – mais aussi la construction, chemin faisant, d’une puissance politique. Cela implique au moins trois revendications : l’automation aussi complète que possible, une réduction du temps de travail sans réduction des salaires et l’instauration d’un revenu de base universel.
Tests osseux pour les mineurs étrangers isolés
Authors: Lamarche-Vadel Gaëtane
Published: July 2016

Les tests osseux infligés aux jeunes étrangers isolés pour déterminer leur minorité ou leur majorité représentent un enjeu de taille : être pris en charge par l’aide sociale à l’enfance ou être à la rue. De recommandation, faisant l’objet d’une circulaire, cette notification du test est devenue une loi en novembre 2015 sur la demande du gouvernement contre les autorités et experts de la santé, des droits humanitaires et de l’enfant, et des avis européens consultés. Comment est-ce possible ? Comment le gouvernement et l’assemblée qui l’a votée ont-ils pu prendre une telle mesure ?
La mendicité comme moyen de revendication
Authors: Konan Jacques Kouamé
Published: July 2016

La mendicité, un phénomène très ancien, a connu au fil du temps une évolution et a pris des formes très diverses. Plusieurs études ont été menées sur la mendicité. Celles-ci ont présenté la mendicité comme un phénomène religieux et aussi comme un moyen de survie. Abidjan, la capitale économique de la Côte d’Ivoire n’est pas exempte de ce phénomène. Au-delà des mendiants ordinaires, cette ville connaît une catégorie de mendiantes dont des balayeuses de rue qui suscitent l’intérêt de cette étude. Leur particularité est qu’elles sont des employées d’une entreprise de ramassage d’ordures ménagères. Elles sont donc des salariées. Ainsi, se pose la question du sens de leur mendicité. L’objectif de cette étude est de comprendre le sens de la mendicité pratiquée par ces employées. Les analyses nous montrent que la mendicité apparaît comme un moyen de pression ou de revendication dans un conflit entre employeur et employés.
L’agitation chez les personnes atteintes de démence : examen de la portée des connaissances et mise en perspective du phénomène selon la théorie du confort et le concept de l’attachement
Authors: Schaub Corinne , Morin Diane , von Gunten Armin
Published: July 2016

L’agitation des personnes âgées hospitalisées et atteintes de démence est une manifestation gênante et perturbante aussi bien pour les patients que pour les soignants. La littérature indique que l’agitation est fortement liée à l’inconfort physique ou psychologique et sa récente définition inclut la notion de détresse émotionnelle. Chez une personne avec de grandes difficultés cognitives l’hospitalisation active le besoin d’attachement et de sécurité auquel le personnel soignant doit pouvoir répondre. La présente synthèse traite d’abord des connaissances relatives aux manifestations d’agitation des personnes atteintes de démence et de leur lien avec l’inconfort. Une description des difficultés des soignants à faire face à cette agitation fait suite. Ensuite, la nécessité d’utiliser en priorité des approches non pharmacologiques lors d’agitation pour répondre aux besoins engendrant l’inconfort est développée. Les approches recommandées impliquent le plus généralement un contact relationnel, au risque néanmoins de mobiliser les schèmes d’attachement fréquemment insécuritaires et anxieux de cette population. Une orientation conceptuelle, tracée par la théorie du confort de Kolcaba, positionnera ces connaissances. Un point particulier de cette théorie, relatif aux expériences antérieures des patients, sera analysé à partir des caractéristiques d’attachement des personnes atteintes de démence.
Pourquoi se sentir si mal à l’aise dans un « monde écolo » si idyllique ?
Authors: Bonechi Olivia
Published: July 2016

ce nouveau texte d’Olivia Bonechi s’inscrit dans la lignée de ces récits frontaliers entre sociologie et littérature qui s’efforcent de décrire et de comprendre « socio-logiquement » des expériences vécues plus ou moins (extra)ordinaires de la vie ordinaire de gens ordinaires. Dans le cas présent, l’auteure tente d’expliciter et d’explorer le malaise d’une intellectuelle de première génération dans « un monde écolo » qui peut apparaître de prime abord comme une utopie écologique et sociale réalisée. Il s’avère pourtant que la proximité spatiale n’abolit pas plus aujourd’hui qu’hier, ni ailleurs qu’ici, les distances sociales.
L’étonnement
Authors: Thievenaz Joris
Published: July 2016

Résumé S’il est des notions classiques et même représentatives de la démarche philosophique, nul doute que l’“étonnement” en fait partie. Depuis l’Antiquité, cette notion désigne le mouvement de prise de recul et de remise en question du monde qui nous entoure, à travers lequel s’initient la quête de connaissance et la production de nouveaux savoirs. L’étonnement occupe donc à ce titre une place tout à fait centrale et privilégiée dans la philosophe classique. Mais cette démarche peut également, et selon une perspective pragmatiste proposée par John Dewey, être étudiée en tant que processus situé, jouant une fonction concrète et observable dans l’acquisition de nouvelles connaissances par les sujets à l’occasion de leurs activités ordinaires. Selon cette approche théorique, l’étonnement ne constitue plus seulement une lointaine référence métaphysique et universelle désignant l’origine de la pensée mais aussi un processus effectif à travers lequel tout individu enrichit son expérience tout au long de sa vie.
Modelling flow of subterranean Pivka river in Postojnska jama, Slovenia
Authors: Kaufmann Georg , Gabrovšek Franci , Turk Janez
Published: July 2016

The sub-surface flow path through the Postojnska jama cave system has been monitored with 7 stations distributed along the flow path, monitoring stage and temperature. We have used the stage data to model flow through the cave system with the program package SWMM, simulating the active parts of Postojnska jama with simplified geometry. From the comparison of stage observations and predictions, we identified key sections in the cave, which control the sub-surface flow, such as passage constrictions, sumps and by-passes. Using a formal inverse procedure, we determined the geometry of this key sections by fitting predicted to observed stages, and we achieved a very high degree of correlation.Key words: modelling, hydrology, Postojnska jama.Modeliranje toka podzemeljske Pivke v Postojnski jami, SlovenijaZ avtomatskimi merilniki in registratorji podatkov smo spremljali podzemni tok Pivke v Postojnski jami na sedmih točkah med ponorom in odtočnim sifonom v Pivki jami. Podatke nivojev in pretoka smo obravnavali z modelom EPA SWMM, s katerim smo simulirali tok v poenostavljeni geometriji kanalov. S primerjavo med opazovanji in modelskimi rezultati smo določili ključne odseke (podore, zožitve, sifone, obtoke), ki najbolj vplivajo na dinamiko toka podzemne Pivke. Glavne parametre teh odsekov smo določili z inverzno metodo, ki temelji na algoritmu soseske (Neighbourhood algorithm, NA) in pri tem dobili odlično ujemanje med modelom in podatki.Ključne besede: modeliranje, hidrologija, Postojnska jama.
Determinación rápida del ion cloruro en yesos, arcillas y cementos
Authors: Fernández Paris José M.
Published: July 2016

Not available
A Model for Teacher Training to Improve Students' 21st Century Skills in Online and Blended Learning
Authors: Breddermann Julia , Martínez-Cerdá Juan-Francisco , Torrent-Sellens Joan
Published: July 2016

This chapter presents and develops a model of teacher training considering six socio-technical areas that are currently affecting the K-12 educational environment in both face-to-face, blended and online learning: 1) development of 21st century skills; 2) conducting social innovations; 3) appropriate knowledge management among educators; 4) a renovation of classrooms in pursuit of creative classrooms; 5) effective educational practices; and 6) all these issues under a formal educational context that has its own standard and curricular rules. In this context, a literature review on skills needed in the knowledge based society has been realized together with an analysis of possible film education scenarios for media and web-enhanced classrooms, and an exploratory qualitative research about actual ICT activities at school and their outcomes. The entire research regards teachers' lifelong learning with the aim to acquire regularly new competencies. These new abilities enable them to face new professional challenges.
A ‘bela’ e o ‘gigante’ adormecidos: análise comparativa de dois casos de desindustrialização recente e suas causas – Brasil e Itália
Authors: Araujo Elisangela , Araujo Eliane Cristina , Punzo Lionello
Published: July 2016

Os setores produtivos são indiferentes para o crescimento nos modelos neoclássicos, diferentemente dos keynesianos, que destacam a centralidade da indústria por possibilitar mudanças tecnológicas, crescimento da produtividade, externalidades positivas e sinergias, sustentabilidade do balanço de pagamentos e, nos países em desenvolvimento, se relacionar com processos de catching up. O reconhecimento da centralidade da indústria traz a preocupação com a desindustrialização, tema sobre o qual se debruça este artigo, focando o caso de dois países – Brasil e Itália – objetivando identificar o padrão existente em cada um deles e seus determinantes. Para cumprir com seu objetivo, tem-se inicialmente uma discussão conceitual sobre desindustrialização, seguida pela identificação dos principais ‘fatos estilizados’ dessas economias: i) queda da participação relativa da indústria no PIB; ii) redução do emprego industrial no emprego total e iii) estagnação da produtividade. Por fim, são analisadas as especificidades da desindustrialização brasileira e italiana, observando-se que, no Brasil, esta parece ter sido causada, sobretudo, pelo ambiente macroeconômico pós-abertura comercial, que, associado ao câmbio apreciado, mudou a especialização da indústria e implicou desindustrialização. Na Itália, vincula-se a lei Kaldor-Verdoorn, pois níveis menores de demanda reduziram a produtividade e o investimento, além da deslocalização, que direcionou partes do processo produtivo para outros países.
The frontiers of empirical science: A Thomist-inspired critique of scientism
Authors: Scott Callum
Published: July 2016

Scientistic conceptualisations hold to the positivistic positions that science is limitless in its potential representations of material phenomena and that it is the only sure path to knowledge. In recent popular scientific literature, these presuppositions have been reaffirmed to the detriment of both philosophy and theology. This article argues for the contrary position by a meta-analysis of empirical science from a Thomist perspective. Identifying empirical science as limited in its method and bound to the material sphere of being alone, we posit that rather than standing as the sole path to the knowledge of being, empirical science is constrained at its frontiers. It is subsequently contended that far from empirical science having the explanatory ability to respond to all presenting scientific problems in principle, fundamentals without the grasp of the methodology of empirical science exist. To relate the article’s meta-analysis to scientific praxis, physical cosmology – as the most foundational empirical science – is exemplified in the discussion.Keywords: Philosophy; Religion; Science; Scientism; Thomism; Metaphysics; Epistemology
Recovering core identity, hermeneutical and contextual preaching
Authors: Linden Craig , Nel Malan
Published: July 2016

The church has the privilege of participating with God in his saving mission in a broken and suffering world, also known as the missio Dei (Bosch 1991:8–11, 390–393). This is its core, missional identity. However, many local churches are facing an identity crisis at their very core. The reasons are numerous. This article seeks to define, in a theoretical and theological way, the core identity of the local church and in the light thereof to explore two areas: (1) how the local church and particularly its pastor view the core identity of the local church, and (2) whether the identity of the local church is affected through the ministry of preaching – preaching that takes into specific consideration the aspects of hermeneutics and context. The research indicates that while the church may have an understanding of its core identity – certainly when it answers the questions ‘who are we?’ and ‘what are we called to be and/or do’ – it lacks significantly in its missional identity. Contributing factors are mentioned and remedial action is proposed.
Theological imagination as hermeneutical device: Exploring the hermeneutical contribution of an imaginal engagement with the text
Authors: Viljoen Anneke
Published: July 2016

In the past, biblical scholarship has neglected the hermeneutical contribution that an imaginal engagement with the text may make. The author’s aim in this article was to develop theological imagination as a hermeneutical device. This was done by briefly considering the concurrence in the hermeneutic contributions of three interpreters of biblical texts, with specific regard to their understanding of biblical imagination. These were Walter Brueggemann, Paul Ricoeur and Ignatius of Loyola. Their hermeneutical contributions concur in their understanding of a biblically informed imagination, and it is specifically this aspect of the concurrence of their thought that was explored. An illustration from Proverbs 14:27, which draws on the metaphor and biblical motif of the fountain or source of life, was put forward to demonstrate how the concurrence in the contributions of these biblical interpreters may influence an imaginal engagement with the text.Keywords: Old Testament; Proverbs; Hermeneutics; The fear of the Lord/Yahweh;  Walter Brueggemann; Paul Ricoeur;  Ignatius of Loyola; Imaginal engagement
Myth as metaphor
Authors: Malan Gert
Published: July 2016

Modern Christianity has failed to update its myths and has even eliminated them, thus, excluding the metaphysical experience indispensable to religion (Jung). Myths should be interpreted, not eliminated. Answering the question about how to interpret myths without eliminating them or their intended effect is the object of this paper. The study investigates the possibility of interpreting myths as metaphors, thus, in a non-literal way. Various definitions of metaphor and myth, and theories for their interpretation are discussed, with focus on their relationship to symbolic universes. Finally, a non-mythical symbolic universe structured by root-metaphors is suggested as a framework for the existential interpretation of mythical concepts in the New Testament.Keywords: myth; metaphor; conceptual metaphor; root metaphor; hermeneutics; existential interpretation; demythologising
Anxiety, depression and psychological well-being in a cohort of South African adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ramkisson Samantha , Pillay Basil J. , Sartorius Benn
Published: July 2016

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased at alarming rates globally. South Africa has the second highest number of people in Africa living with DM, with prevalence rates being among the top five countries in Africa. Accordingly, psychological issues associated with DM have been a growing focus of attention. Studies have found that patients with DM have elevated levels of anxiety and depression, and decreased levels of well-being. In South Africa, there is a paucity of studies on the psychological issues associated with DM.

Objectives: The aim of this paper was to explore the prevalence and association of anxiety, depressive features and psychological well-being in patients with Type 2 DM.

 Method: In a cross-sectional survey, patients with Type 2 DM were recruited from public and private facilities. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and WHO-5 Well-being Index (WHO-5) were administered.

 Results: Four hundred and one participants completed the questionnaires. On the WHO-5, 277 (69%) reported good well-being, while 124 (31%) indicated poor well-being and were considered at risk for depressive features. On the HADS, 186 (46%) had mild-to-severe depressive features and 128 (32%) had mild-to-severe anxiety. There was a strong negative correlation between the WHO-5, HADS and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) scales, which indicated that an increase in anxiety and depressive features decreased psychological well-being.

Conclusion: Health-care providers should identify and treat anxiety and depression as a standard part of diabetes care. Patients should also be referred to the appropriate mental health professional as part of the management of diabetes.

Keywords: type 2 diabetes; anxiety;depression;psychological well-being; adults
African same-sexualities and indigenous knowledge: Creating a space for dialogue within patriarchy
Authors: Mkasi Lindiwe P.
Published: July 2016

Current debates on homosexuality claim to give voice to the voiceless but only target the youth whose concern for freedom and rights differ markedly from older, more traditional concerns. Recent debates on same-sexualities are framed in a modern discourse and leave no room for traditional epistemologies. This article argues that knowledge of same-sexualities in African communities requires a far more complex narrative that is inclusive of indigenous knowledge and culture and of the older generations that uphold them. South Africa has gone through many changes and there is a need for new knowledge to face new challenges that come with democracy. The assumption here is that some issues need attention in contemporary societies which have never been properly investigated. One such issue is African same-sexualities. Although there is a need to interrogate the issue of freedom of speech from Western theoretical impositions, same-sexuality research needs to be contextualised and analysed through the eyes of indigenous societies. This could be achieved by creating space for debates between traditional and modern communities.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article addresses African indigenous same-sexualities using indigenous ways of knowing to unpack the practice. The article suggests a different approach on African same-sex practice based on ancestral knowledge found in African traditional religion and in African culture. It will further demonstrate how this practice relates to issues of gender and religion in the South African context. It also disapproves Western discourse on African sexuality based on human rights approaches and transformation that ignore African cultural practice that affirm life.Keywords: African Traditional religion; gender;same sexualities;Indigenous knowlegde
The African Women Theologians� contribution towards the discussion about alternative masculinities
Authors: Dube Zorodzai
Published: July 2016

In a celebratory mood because of the unparalleled, heroine works of the Circle of Concerned African Female Theologians, from hereon the CIRCLE, I pose to assess their use of critical tools such as alternative masculinities. Largely, the CIRCLE writers engaged with the concept of alternative masculinity from the perspective of Christology, associating Jesus with �motherlike� virtues of caring and loving, which also became the basis to critique African hegemonic masculinities and patriarchy. While success has been achieved from a cultural perspective, in this study I suggest that emphasis should be diverted towards exploring strategies that empower women economically.Intradisciplinary and/orinterdisciplinary implications: The study uses theories from cultural studies, critical theory, and contextual and gender studies to locate the voices of African women theologians in their discussion of Alternative masculinity. By using contextual Christologies based on the African woman�s experience, the study adds to knowledge concerning the discussion of gender and alternative masculinities, in the process, highlighting the voices of African women theologians to the discussion.Keywords: Alternative masculinities; racial stereotypes; capitalism; socialisation
Dangling between death and hope: An HIV and AIDS gender-sensitive re-reading of Psalm 6
Authors: Masenya Madipoane , Mtshiselwa V. Ndikhokele N.
Published: July 2016

The genre of laments (both individual and communal) can be traced historically, even up to today, to periods of crisis. The psalms of lament in the Hebrew Bible point to periods both of national crisis such as wars, exile, and individual crisis, namely attacks from enemies and illness among others. The crisis of the exile was typified by death (in the literal and metaphorical sense), pestilence, disease and war. It was also typified by hope as some of the prophets such as Jeremiah could prophesy both doom (read: death) and salvation (read: hope). If there is any crisis that people of African descent, particularly those located within the sub-Saharan continent, have ever come to experience it is the crisis brought by the pandemic of HIV and AIDS. The pandemic is better approached by scholars who hold the view that it is multisectoral. According to the latter view, the pandemic impacts the social, the economic, the religious or spiritual, and the psychological lives of both the affected and the infected. It is a justice issue. It can thus not be relegated to the individual because it is communal. Is it any wonder that in 2002 the members of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians set out to theologise and conduct God-talk that would be both gender- and HIV and AIDSconscious? In this article, we engage the works of Circle theologians and biblical scholars to see what kind of reading could emerge if we re-read the lament psalm, such as Psalm 6, gender and HIV and AIDS consciously.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: In this article, the disciplines of biblical studies, gender studies, and HIV and AIDS studies, among others, converge as the authors draw from Circle theologies and biblical hermeneutics to re-read Psalm 6 through an HIV and AIDS lens. In the process, issues such as patriarchy, poverty and social justice are also dealt with.Keywords: Circle biblical hermeneutica; Psalm 6; HIV and AIDS; Gender-sensitive
Revisiting the legacy of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians today: A lesson in strength and perseverance
Authors: Labeodan Helen A.
Published: July 2016

This article sets out to do a historical review of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians from its inception to date. An appraisal of the challenges of the founding mothers will be critically analysed, how they were able to overcome obstacles as African women theologians in a society that is predominantly patriarchal and how the Circle was able to inspire African women to become subjects of their own histories, lives and stories. This article will reflect on the experiences of the founding mothers and how they were able to identify and reinterpreted some of the oppressive African cultures and strategies for overcoming them. The research methodology for this article will be qualitative. One of the major key players in the founding of the Circle � Mercy Amba Oduyoye � will be interviewed. It is expected that the wealth of experience of the legacy of Circle women theologians will help to resolve the current impasse within the Circle.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: In this article, the author critically reviewed the legacy of African women circle theologians. This was done by examining the history of Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians, their source of strength and how they were able to persevere over the years.Keywords: Legacy; The Circle; women; Theologian
The role of Circle women in curbing violence against women and girls in Africa
Authors: Owusu-Ansah Sylvia
Published: July 2016

The article looks at the role Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians (the Circle) have played in the struggle to end or reduce the rate at which violence against women and girls occurs in West Africa by highlighting the contributions of older Circle women, especially the initiator of the Circle, Mercy Amba Oduyoye. The initiator of the Circle and other older Circle women have left a remarkable legacy that needs to continue by the current and future generations of the Circle. The background information examines the leadership and mentorship of Mercy Amba Oduyoye and the impact she has made in the lives of African women. The essay then looks at the types of violence that women face in West Africa with the specific contributions of Circle women in the struggle to end violence against women and girls. It then argues that Circle women have played very significant roles both in setting the pace and giving the platform for women activities to minimise gender-based violence against women and girls. Circle women have written and presented papers that have addressed many challenges including HIV and/or AIDS, Girl Child trafficking, Marriage of Minors, and almost all kinds of violence against women and girls. Currently, religious violence threatens the fabric of African nations causing insecurity and panic, women and girls being the most vulnerable. The challenge to the present and future Circle members is to contribute in significant ways towards religious harmony in Africa and beyond. The Circle acknowledges the leadership role of women and encourages them to spearhead the liberation of women as well as empower them to be able to aspire to get to the top or become independent. No one understands what someone else feels better than the person experiencing the ordeal. Women can better understand what they go through and also have the passion to strive towards liberation.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: In this article, the discipline of practical theology combines with elements of social science and Gender Studies, bringing out the Circle�s contribution towards the eradication of religious and cultural and gender violence against women and girls in Ghana and Africa.Keywords: Circle; Theology; gender-based violence; Mercy Amba Oduyoye; West Africa
The impact of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians: French zone on church and African theology issues
Authors: Maponda Anastasie M.
Published: July 2016

We can understand that the Circle must work on two dimensions to provide a future for new woman theology in Africa. The first dimension is based on the intuitive fundamental and innovative sense of a woman from Ghana, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, that leads to the creation of the Circle: she impulsed the idea that women should make their own theology from their dailylife experiences and their subjectivity as women, in order to think on faith and Gospel in a different way. It is necessary to question that intuitive sense. The second dimension aims to revisit the great personalities of African woman theologians of the Circle. What are the essential points of their research? How has the research changed African theology? I particularly think of Musimbi Kanyoro, Nyambura Njoroge and Musa Dub� in the Africa English zone and Helene Yinda, Liz Vuadi, Kasa Dovi and Bernadette Mbuyi Beya in Africa French zone. The essence of their thinking is still actual and that is why they are good enough to project in to the future.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article presents the history of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians from creation to now. Issues related to traditional culture, gender and sexual-based violence, gender-based injustice, and HIV and AIDS are discussed under different approaches such as the biblical approach, hermeneutical approach, ethical approach, historical approach and practical approach. The impact of African Women Theologians speaking French will be particularly highlighted.Keywords: theology; women theologians; women empowerment; HIV/AIDS; gender
Gender and sexualities in African contexts and Circle theologies
Authors: Mtshiselwa V. Ndikhokele N. , Masenya Madipoane
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Error Analysis and Adaptive Methods of Least Squares Nonconforming Finite Element for the Transport Equations
Authors: Liu Huipo , Wang Shuanghu , Han Hongbin
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we consider a least squares nonconforming finite element of low order for solving the transport equations. We give a detailed overview on the stability and the convergence properties of our considered methods in the stability norm. Moreover, we derive residual type a posteriori error estimates for the least squares nonconforming finite element methods underH–1-norm, which can be used as the error indicators to guide the mesh refinement procedure in the adaptive finite element method. The theoretical results are supported by a series of numerical experiments.
Coefficient Jump-Independent Approximation of the Conforming and Nonconforming Finite Element Solutions
Authors: Zhang Shangyou
Published: July 2016

A counterexample is constructed. It confirms that the error of conforming finite element solution is proportional to the coefficient jump, when solving interface elliptic equations. The Scott-Zhang operator is applied to a nonconforming finite element. It is shown that the nonconforming finite element provides the optimal order approximation in interpolation, in L2-projection, and in solving elliptic differential equation, independent of the coefficient jump in the elliptic differential equation. Numerical tests confirm the theoretical finding.
Comparative Sensitivity Assessment of Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Digital Radiography for detecting Foreign Bodies
Authors: Shokri Abbas , Lari Sima Sadat , Hosseinipanah Seyyed Mohammad , Rostami Shahin , Sabounchi Shabnam Seyedzadeh
Published: July 2016

Aim

Foreign body detection and determining whether it is adjacent to critical organs has a significant role in its removal. Various imaging techniques have been used to locate foreign bodies. This study aimed to compare cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and digital radiography for detecting foreign bodies in an in vitro model.

Materials and methods

Foreign bodies composed of normal glass, barium glass, wood, and stone with two sizes were placed into three different locations of two sheep heads. Digital radiography [lateral cephalometric, submentovertex (SMV)] and CBCT were compared to investigate their sensitivity for detecting foreign bodies.

Results

Diagnostic sensitivity of digital radiography in lateral cephalometric view, SMV view, and CBCT for detecting all types of foreign bodies was 67.2, 32.3, and 76.6% respectively. None of these techniques were successful in detecting wood satisfactory. Stone was detected relatively higher than other foreign bodies (82.6%). Diagnostic sensitivity of CBCT in detecting foreign bodies was 100%, except for wood. Accuracy of imaging techniques in detecting foreign bodies according to locations in descending order was lip, mandibular angle, and maxillary sinus.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that appropriate amount of radiopacity is enough for CBCT to exactly detect foreign body, regardless of its location or size.

Clinical significance

In maxillofacial traumatic patients, CBCT seems to be a better and cost-effective technique for detecting hidden foreign bodies than other routine techniques.

How to cite this article

Lari SS, Shokri A, Hosseinipanah SM, Rostami S, Sabounchi SS. Comparative Sensitivity Assessment of Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Digital Radiography for Detecting Foreign Bodies. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(3):224-229.
Eddy covariance measurements of the net turbulent methane flux in the city
centre – results of 2-year campaign in Łódź, Poland
Authors: Pawlak Włodzimierz , Fortuniak Krzysztof
Published: July 2016

Abstract. To investigate temporal variability of methane (CH4) fluxes in an urban environment, air–surface exchange fluxes of CH4 were continuously measured using eddy covariance techniques at a city-centre site in Łódź, Poland, from July 2013 to August 2015. In the immediate vicinity of the measurement site, potential methane sources include vehicle traffic, dense sewerage infrastructure and natural gas networks. Sensible and latent heat fluxes have also been measured since 2000 and carbon dioxide fluxes since 2007 at this site. Upward CH4 fluxes dominated during the measurement period, indicating that the city centre is a net source of CH4 to the troposphere. The highest monthly fluxes were observed in winter (2.0 to 2.7 g m−2 month−1) and the lowest in summer (0.8 to 1.0 g m−2 month−1). Fluxes on working days were around 6 % higher than on weekends. The cumulative flux indicates that the city centre emitted a net quantity of nearly 18 g m−2 of CH4 in 2014. Stable values of the FCO2∕ FCH4 ratio in months (minimum 2.41 × 10−3, maximum 5.3 × 10−3) and the lack of a clear annual course suggest comparable magnitude of both fluxes.
Alteration of the microphysical properties of black carbon
through transport in the boundary layer in East Asia
Authors: Miyakawa Takuma , Oshima Naga , Taketani Fumikazu , Komazaki Yuichi , Yoshino Ayako , Takami Akinori , Kondo Yutaka , Kanaya Yugo
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Ground-based measurements of black carbon (BC) were performed near an industrial source region in the early summer of 2014 and at a remote island in Japan in the spring of 2015. We report the temporal variations in the transport, size distributions, and mixing states of the BC-containing particles measured using a continuous soot monitoring system, a single particle soot photometer, and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor. The effects of aging on the growth of BC-containing particles were examined by comparing the ground-based observations between the near-source and remote island sites. Secondary formation of sulfate aerosol through gas- and cloud-phase reactions strongly affected the increases in BC coating (i.e., enhancement of cloud condensation nuclei activity) with air mass aging from the source to the outflow regions. The effects of the wet removal on the BC microphysics were elucidated by classifying the continental outflow air masses depending on the enhancement ratio of BC to CO (ΔBC / ΔCO) ratios as an indicator of the transport efficiency of BC. It was found that ΔBC / ΔCO ratios were controlled mainly by the rainout process during transport in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) on the timescale of 1–2 days. The meteorological conditions and backward trajectory analyses suggested that air masses strongly affected by rainout originated mainly from Southern China region (20º–35º N) during this season. Selective removal of large and thickly-coated BC-containing particles was found in air masses substantially affected by the rainout in the PBL, as predicted by Köhler theory. The size and water-solubility of BC-containing particles in the PBL can be altered by the rainout process as well as the condensation of non-BC materials.
Operation of the Airmodus A11 nano Condensation Nucleus Counter at various
inlet pressures and various operation temperatures, and design of a new inlet
system
Authors: Kangasluoma Juha , Franchin Alessandro , Duplissy Jonahtan , Ahonen Lauri , Korhonen Frans , Attoui Michel , Mikkilä Jyri , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Vanhanen Joonas , Kulmala Markku , Petäjä Tuukka
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Measuring sub-3 nm particles outside of controlled laboratory conditions is a challenging task, as many of the instruments are operated at their limits and are subject to changing ambient conditions. In this study, we advance the current understanding of the operation of the Airmodus A11 nano Condensation Nucleus Counter (nCNC), which consists of an A10 Particle Size Magnifier (PSM) and an A20 Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). The effect of the inlet line pressure on the measured particle concentration was measured, and two separate regions inside the A10, where supersaturation of working fluid can take place, were identified. The possibility of varying the lower cut-off diameter of the nCNC was investigated; by scanning the growth tube temperature, the range of the lower cut-off was extended from 1–2.5 to 1–6 nm. Here we present a new inlet system, which allows automated measurement of the background concentration of homogeneously nucleated droplets, minimizes the diffusion losses in the sampling line and is equipped with an electrostatic filter to remove ions smaller than approximately 4.5 nm. Finally, our view of the guidelines for the optimal use of the Airmodus nCNC is provided.
Solar energetic particle interactions with the Venusian atmosphere
Authors: Plainaki Christina , Paschalis Pavlos , Grassi Davide , Mavromichalaki Helen , Andriopoulou Maria
Published: July 2016

Abstract. In the context of planetary space weather, we estimate the ion production rates in the Venusian atmosphere due to the interactions of solar energetic particles (SEPs) with gas. The assumed concept for our estimations is based on two cases of SEP events, previously observed in near-Earth space: the event in October 1989 and the event in May 2012. For both cases, we assume that the directional properties of the flux and the interplanetary magnetic field configuration would have allowed the SEPs' arrival at Venus and their penetration to the planet's atmosphere. For the event in May 2012, we consider the solar particle properties (integrated flux and rigidity spectrum) obtained by the Neutron Monitor Based Anisotropic GLE Pure Power Law (NMBANGLE PPOLA) model (Plainaki et al., 2010, 2014) applied previously for the Earth case and scaled to the distance of Venus from the Sun. For the simulation of the actual cascade in the Venusian atmosphere initiated by the incoming particle fluxes, we apply the DYASTIMA code, a Monte Carlo (MC) application based on the Geant4 software (Paschalis et al., 2014). Our predictions are afterwards compared to other estimations derived from previous studies and discussed. Finally, we discuss the differences between the nominal ionization profile due to galactic cosmic-ray–atmosphere interactions and the profile during periods of intense solar activity, and we show the importance of understanding space weather conditions on Venus in the context of future mission preparation and data interpretation.
Water level, vegetation composition, and plant productivity explain
greenhouse gas fluxes in temperate cutover fens after inundation
Authors: Minke Merten , Augustin Jürgen , Burlo Andrei , Yarmashuk Tatsiana , Chuvashova Hanna , Thiele Annett , Freibauer Annette , Tikhonov Vitalij , Hoffmann Mathias
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Peat extraction leaves a land surface with a strong relief of deep cutover areas and higher ridges. Rewetting inundates the deep parts, while less deeply extracted zones remain at or above the water level. In temperate fens the flooded areas are colonized by helophytes such as Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex spp., Typha latifolia or Phragmites australis dependent on water depth. Reeds of Typha and Phragmites are reported as large sources of methane, but data on net CO2 uptake are contradictory for Typha and rare for Phragmites. Here, we analyze the effect of vegetation, water level and nutrient conditions on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for representative vegetation types along water level gradients at two rewetted cutover fens (mesotrophic and eutrophic) in Belarus. Greenhouse gas emissions were measured campaign-wise with manual chambers every 2 to 4 weeks for 2 years and interpolated by modelling. All sites had negligible nitrous oxide exchange rates. Most sites were carbon sinks and small GHG sources. Methane emissions generally increased with net ecosystem CO2 uptake. Mesotrophic small sedge reeds with water table around the land surface were small GHG sources in the range of 2.3 to 4.2 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1. Eutrophic tall sedge – Typha latifolia reeds on newly formed floating mats were substantial net GHG emitters in the range of 25.1 to 39.1 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr. They represent transient vegetation stages. Phragmites reeds ranged between −1.7 to 4.2 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1 with an overall mean GHG emission of 1.3 t CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1. The annual CO2 balance was best explained by vegetation biomass, which includes the role of vegetation composition and species. Methane emissions were obviously driven by biological activity of vegetation and soil organisms. Shallow flooding of cutover temperate fens is a suitable measure to arrive at low GHG emissions. Phragmites australis establishment should be promoted in deeper flooded areas and will lead to moderate, but variable GHG emissions or even occasional sinks. The risk of large GHG emissions is higher for eutrophic than mesotrophic peatlands. Nevertheless, flooding of eutrophic temperate fens still represents a safe GHG mitigation option because even the hotspot of our study, the floating tall sedge – Typha latifolia reeds, did not exceed the typical range of GHG emissions from drained fen grasslands and the spatially dominant Phragmites australis reed emitted by far less GHG than drained fens.