bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transpirational Cooling of Greenhouse Crops
Authors: Seginer Ido , Willits Daniel H. , Raviv Michael , Peet Mary M.
Published: December 2021

Background Transplanting vegetable seedlings to final spacing in the greenhouse is common practice. At the time of transplanting, the transpiring leaf area is a small fraction of the ground area and its cooling effect is rather limited. A preliminary modeling study suggested that if water supply from root to canopy is not limiting, a sparse crop could maintain about the same canopy temperature as a mature crop, at the expense of a considerably higher transpiration flux per leaf (and root) area. The objectives of this project were (1) to test the predictions of the model, (2) to select suitable cooling methods, and (3) to compare the drought resistance of differently prepared seedlings.   Procedure Plants were grown in several configurations in high heat load environments, which were moderated by various environmental control methods. The difference between the three experimental locations was mainly in terms of scale, age of plants, and environmental control. Young potted plants were tested for a few days in small growth chambers at Technion and Newe Ya'ar. At NCSU, tomato plants of different ages and planting densities were compared over a whole growing season under conditions similar to commercial greenhouses.   Results Effect of spacing: Densely spaced plants transpired less per plant and more per unit ground area than sparsely spaced plants. The canopy temperature of the densely spaced plants was lower. Air temperature was lower and humidity higher in the compartments with the densely spaced plants. The difference between species is mainly in the canopy-to-air Bowen ratio, which is positive for pepper and negative for tomato. Effect of cooling methods: Ventilation and evaporative pad cooling were found to be effective and synergitic. Air mixing turned out to be very ineffective, indicating that the canopy-to-air transfer coefficient is not the limiting factor in the ventilation process. Shading and misting, both affecting the leaf temperature directly, proved to be very effective canopy cooling methods. However, in view of their side effects, they should only be considered as emergency measures. On-line measures of stress: Chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to accurately predict photosynthesis. This is potentially useful as a rapid, non-contact way of assessing canopy heat stress. Normalized canopy temperature and transpiration rate were shown to correlate with water stress. Drought resistance of seedlings: Comparison between normal seedlings and partially defoliated ones, all subjected to prolonged drought, indicated that removing about half of the lowermost leaves prior to transplanting, may facilitate adjustment to the more stressful conditions in the greenhouse.   Implications The results of this experimental study may lead to: (1) An improved model for a sparse canopy in a greenhouse. (2) A better ventilation design procedure utilizing improved estimates of the evaporation coefficient for different species and plant configurations. (3) A test for the stress resistance of transplants.
Endoreduplication in Maize Endosperm: An Approach for Increasing Crop Productivity
Authors: Grafi Gideon , Larkins Brian
Published: December 2021

The focus of this research project is to investigate the role of endoreduplication in maize endosperm development and the extent to which this process contributes to high levels of starch and storage protein synthesis. Although endoreduplication has been widely observed in many cells and tissues, especially those with high levels of metabolic activity, the molecular mechanisms through which the cell cycle is altered to produce consecutive cycles of S-phase without an intervening M-phase are unknown. Our previous research has shown that changes in the expression of several cell cycle regulatory genes coincide with the onset of endoreduplication. During this process, there is a sharp reduction in the activity of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and activation of the S-phase CDK. It appears the M-phase CDK is stable, but its activity is blocked by a proteinaceous inhibitor. Coincidentally, the S-phase checkpoint protein, retinoblastoma (ZmRb), becomes phosphorylated, presumably releasing an E2F-type transcriptional regulator which promotes the expression of genes responsible for DNA synthesis. To investigate the role of these cell cycle proteins in endoreduplication, we have created transgenic maize plants that express various genes in an endosperm-specific manner using a storage protein (g-zein) promoter. During the first year of the grant, we constructed point mutations of the maize M-phase kinase, p34cdc2. One alteration replaced aspartic acid at position 146 with asparagine (p3630-CdcD146N), while another changed threonine 161 to alanine (p3630-CdcT161A). These mutations abolish the activity of the CDK. We hypothesized that expression of the mutant forms of p34cdc2 in endoreduplicating endosperm, compared to a control p34cdc2, would lead to extra cycles of DNA synthesis. We also fused the gene encoding the regulatory subunit of the M- phase kinase, cyclin B, under the g-zein promoter. Normally, cyclin B is expected to be destroyed prior to the onset of endoreduplication. By producing high levels of this protein in developing endosperm, we hypothesized that the M-phase would be extended, potentially reducing the number of cycles of endoreduplication. Finally, we genetically engineered the wheat dwarf virus RepA protein for endosperm-specific expression. RepA binds to the maize retinoblastoma protein and presumably releases E2F-like transcription factors that activate DNA synthesis. We anticipated that inactivation of ZmRb by RepA would lead to additional cycles of DNA synthesis.
Temperature Stress and Turkey Reproduction
Authors: El Halawani Mohamed , Rozenboim Israel
Published: December 2021

High temperature stress is of major concern to turkey producers in Israel and the United States. The decline in the rate of egg production at high environmental temperature is well recognized, but the neuroendocrinological basis is not understood. Our objectives were: 1) to characterize the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis involvement in the mechanism(s) underlying the detrimental effect of heat stress on reproduction, and 2) to establish procedures that alleviate the damaging effect of heat stress on reproduction. Heat stress (40oC, Israel; 32oC, U.S.) caused significant reduction in egg production, which was restored by VIP immunoneutralization. The decline in egg production did not appear to be entirely related to the expression of incubation behavior due to the rise in circulating PRL in stressed birds. Heat stress was found to increase circulating PRL in ovariectomized turkeys independent of the reproductive stage. Active immunization against VIP was shown for the first time to up-regulate LHb and FSHb subunit mRNA contents. These findings taken together with the results that the heat stress-induced decline in egg production may not be dependent upon the reproductive stage, lead to the suggestion that the detrimental effect of heat stress on reproductive performance may be in part mediated by VIP acting directly on the GnRH/gonadotropin system. Inhibin (INH) immunoneutralization has been shown to enhance FSH secretion and induces ovulation in mammals. It is hypothesized that immunization of heat-stressed turkeys against INH will increase levels of circulating FSH and the number of preovulating follicles which leads to improved reproductive performance. We have cloned and expressed turkey INH-a and INH-bA. Active immunization of turkey hens with rtINH-a increased pituitary FSH-b subunit mRNA and the number of non-graded preovulatory yellow follicles, but no significant increase in egg production was observed.
Molecular Tagging of Drought Resistance in Wheat: Osmotic Adjustment and Plant Productivity
Authors: Blum Abraham , Nguyen Henry T.
Published: December 2021

Drought stress is a major limitation to bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) productivity and its yield stability in arid and semi-arid regions of world including parts of Israel and the U.S. Currently, breeding for sustained yields under drought stress is totally dependent on the use of yield and several key physiological attributes as selection indices. The attempt to identify the optimal genotype by evaluating the phenotype is undermining progress in such breeding programs. Osmotic adjustment (OA) is an effective drought resistance mechanism in many crop plants. Evidence exists that there is a genetic variation for OA in wheat and that high OA capacity supports wheat yields under drought stress. The major objective of this research was to identify molecular markers (RFLPs, restriction fragment length polymorphisms; and AFLPs, amplified fragment length polymorph isms) linked to OA as a major attribute of drought resistance in wheat and thus to facilitate marker-assisted selection for drought resistance. We identified high and low OA lines of wheat and from their cross developed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) used in the molecular tagging of OA in relation to drought resistance in terms of plant production under stress. The significant positive co-segregation of OA, plant water status and yield under stress in this RIL population provided strong support for the important role of OA as a drought resistance mechanism sustaining wheat production under drought stress. This evidence was obtained in addition to the initial study of parental materials for constructing this RIL population, which also gave evidence for a strong correlation between OA and grain yield under stress. This research therefore provides conclusive evidence on the important role of OA in sustaining wheat yield under drought stress. The measurement of OA is difficult and the selection for drought resistance by the phenotypic expression of OA is practically impossible. This research provided information on the genetic basis of OA in wheat in relations to yield under stress. It provided the basic information to indicate that molecular marker assisted selection for OA in wheat is possible. The RIL population has been created by a cross between two agronomic spring wheat lines and the high OA recombinants in this population presented very high OA values, not commonly observed in wheat. These recombinants are therefore an immediate valuable genetic recourse for breeding well-adapted drought resistant wheat in Texas and Israel. We feel that this work taken as a whole eliminate the few previous speculated . doubts about the practical role of OA as an important mechanism of drought resistance in economic crop plants. As such it should open the way, in terms of both concept and the use of marker assisted selection, for improving drought resistance in wheat by deploying high osmotic adjustment.
Fine Mapping and Genetic Interactions of Nearly-Isogenic Allelic Series Representing Yield and Quality QTLs Derived from Wild Tomato Species
Authors: Zamir Dani , Tanksley Steven
Published: December 2021

Wild germplasm represents a rich source of QTLs capable of enhancing productivity of crop plants. Using the molecular linkage map of tomato in conjunction with novel population structures, we have identified QTLs from five Lycopersicon species that improve key yield and quality associated traits of processing tomatoes. In this research we employed multi-testing sites for fine mapping analysis of the different components of the affected traits combined with genetic interaction studies. Our results demonstrate that 'exotic libraries', which comprise of marker-defined genomic regions taken from wild species and introgressed onto the background of elite crop lines, provide an important opportunity for improving of the agricultural performance of modem crop varieties. Furthermore, we showed that these genetic resources can also serve as reagents for the discovery and characterization of genes that underlie traits of agricultural value. The results set the stage for using the QTLs in marker assisted programs and for applying map-based cloning of the targeted QTL/genes. The cloning of QTLs revealed genes that control pathways for agricultural yield in tomato that may be common for other crop species.
Creating an Ally from an Adversary: Genetic Manipulation of Citrus Tristeza
Authors: Dawson William O. , Bar-Joseph Moshe
Published: December 2021

Citrus is one of the major agricultural crops common to Israel and the United States, important in terms of nutrition, foreign exchange, and employment. The economy of both citrus industries have been chronically plagued by diseases caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). The short term solution until virus-resistant plants can be used is the use of mild strain cross-protection. We are custom designing "ideal" protecting viruses to immunize trees against severe isolates of CTV by purposely inoculating existing endangered trees and new plantings to be propagated as infected (protected) citrus budwood. We crossed the substantial technological hurdles necessary to accomplish this task which included developing an infectious cDNA clone which allows in vitro manipulation of the virus and methods to then infect citrus plants. We created a series of hybrids between decline-inducing and mild CTV strains, tested them in protoplasts, and are amplifying them to inoculate citrus trees for evaluation and mapping of disease determinants. We also extended this developed technology to begin engineering transient expression vectors based on CTV as tools for genetic improvement of tree crops, in this case citrus. Because of the long periods between genetic transformation and the ultimate assay of mature tree characteristics, there is a great need for an effective system that allows the expression or suppression of target genes in fruiting plants. Virus-based vectors will greatly expedite progress in citrus genetic improvement. We characterized several components of the virus that provides necessary information for designing virus-based vectors. We characterized the requirements of the 3 ’-nontranslated replication promoter and two 3 ’-ORF subgenomic (sg) mRNA controller elements. We discovered a novel type of 5’-terminal sgRNAs and characterized the cis-acting control element that also functions as a strong promoter of a 3 ’-sgRNA. We showed that the p23 gene controls negative-stranded RNA synthesis and expression of 3 ’ genes. We identified which genes are required for infection of plants, which are host range determinants, and which are not needed for plant infection. We continued the characterization of native dRNA populations and showed the presence of five different classes including class III dRNAs that consists of infectious and self-replicating molecules and class V dRNAs that contain all of the 3 ’ ORFs, along with class IV dRNAs that retain non-contiguous internal sequences. We have constructed and tested in protoplasts a series of expression vectors that will be described in this proposal.
Synchrotron CMT-measured soil physical properties influenced by soil compaction
Authors: Gantzer Clark J. , Assouline Shmuel , Anderson Stephen H.
Published: December 2021

Methods to quantify soil conditions of pore connectivity, tortuosity, and pore size as altered by compaction were done. Air-dry soil cores were scanned at the GeoSoilEnviroCARS sector at the Advanced Photon Source for x-ray computed microtomography of the Argonne facility. Data was collected on the APS bending magnet Sector 13. Soil sample cores 5- by 5-mm were studied. Skeletonization algorithms in the 3DMA-Rock software of Lindquist et al. were used to extract pore structure. We have numerically investigated the spatial distribution for 6 geometrical characteristics of the pore structure of repacked Hamra soil from three-dimensional synchrotron computed microtomography (CMT) computed tomographic images. We analyzed images representing cores volumes 58.3 mm³ having average porosities of 0.44, 0.35, and 0.33. Cores were packed with < 2mm and < 0.5mm sieved soil. The core samples were imaged at 9.61-mm resolution. Spatial distributions for pore path length and coordination number, pore throat size and nodal pore volume obtained. The spatial distributions were computed using a three-dimensional medial axis analysis of the void space in the image. We used a newly developed aggressive throat computation to find throat and pore partitioning for needed for higher porosity media such as soil. Results show that the coordination number distribution measured from the medial axis were reasonably fit by an exponential relation P(C)=10⁻C/C0. Data for the characteristic area, were also reasonably well fit by the relation P(A)=10⁻ᴬ/ᴬ0. Results indicates that compression preferentially affects the largest pores, reducing them in size. When compaction reduced porosity from 44% to 33%, the average pore volume reduced by 30%, and the average pore-throat area reduced by 26%. Compaction increased the shortest paths interface tortuosity by about 2%. Soil structure alterations induced by compaction using quantitative morphology show that the resolution is sufficient to discriminate soil cores. This study shows that analysis of CMT can provide information to assist in assessment of soil management to ameliorate soil compaction.
Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater
Authors: Chefetz Benny , Chorover Jon
Published: December 2021

Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
Suppression of RNA Silencing by TYLCV During Viral Infection
Authors: Citovsky Vitaly , Gafni Yedidya
Published: December 2021

The Israeli isolate of Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV-Is) is a major tomato pathogen, causing extensive (up to 100%) crop losses in Israel and in the south-eastern U.S. (e.g., Georgia, Florida). Surprisingly, however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of TYLCV-Is interactions with tomato cells. In the current BARD project, we have identified a TYLCV-Is protein, V2, which acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing, and showed that V2 interacts with the tomato (L. esculentum) member of the SGS3 (LeSGS3) protein family known to be involved in RNA silencing. This proposal will use our data as a foundation to study one of the most intriguing, yet poorly understood, aspects of TYLCV-Is interactions with its host plants – possible involvement of the host innate immune system, i.e., RNA silencing, in plant defense against TYLCV-Is and the molecular pathway(s) by which TYLCV-Is may counter this defense. Our project sought two objectives: I. Study of the roles of RNA silencing and its suppression by V2 in TYLCV-Is infection of tomato plants. II. Study of the mechanism by which V2 suppresses RNA silencing. Our research towards these goals has produced the following main achievements: • Identification and characterization of TYLCV V2 protein as a suppressor of RNA silencing. (#1 in the list of publications). • Characterization of the V2 protein as a cytoplasmic protein interacting with the plant protein SlSGS3 and localized mainly in specific, not yet identified, bodies. (#2 in the list of publications). • Development of new tools to study subcellular localization of interacting proteins (#3 in the list of publications). • Characterization of TYLCV V2 as a F-BOX protein and its possible role in target protein(s) degradation. • Characterization of TYLCV V2 interaction with a tomato cystein protease that acts as an anti-viral agent. These research findings provided significant insights into (I) the suppression of RNA silencing executed by the TYLCV V2 protein and (II) characterization some parts of the mechanism(s) involved in this suppression. The obtained knowledge will help to develop specific strategies to attenuate TYLCV infection, for example, by blocking the activity of the viral suppressor of gene silencing thus enabling the host cell silencing machinery combat the virus.
Genomic Approach to the Improvement of Fruit Quality in Melon (Cucumis melo) and Related Cucurbit Crops II: Functional Genomics
Authors: Katzir Nurit , Giovannoni James , Binzel Marla , Lewinsohn Efraim , Burger Joseph , Schaffer Arthur
Published: December 2021

Background: Genomics tools for enhancement of melon research, with an emphasis on fruit, were developed through a previous BARD project of the PIs (IS -333-02). These included the first public melon EST collection, a database to relay this information to the research community and a publicly available microarray. The current project (IS-3877- 06) aimed to apply these tools for identification of important genes for improvement of melon (Cucumis melo) fruit quality. Specifically, the research plans included expression analysis using the microarray and functional analyses of selected genes. The original project objectives, as they appeared in the approved project, were: Objective 1: Utilization of a public melon microarray developed under the existing project to characterize melon transcriptome activity during the ripening of normal melon fruit (cv. Galia) in order to provide a basis for both a general view of melon transcriptome activity during ripening and for comparison with existing transcriptome data of developing tomato and pepper fruit. Objective 2: Utilization of the same public melon microarray to characterize melon transcriptome activity in lines available in the collection of the Israeli group, focusing on sugar, organic acids and aroma metabolism, so as to identify potentially useful candidates for functional analysis and possible manipulation, through comparison with the general fruit development profile resulting from (1) above. Objective 3: Expansion of our existing melon EST database to include publicly available gene expression data and query tools, as the US group has done with tomato. Objective 4: Selection of 6-8 candidate genes for functional analysis and development of DNA constructs for repression or over-expression. Objective 5: Creation of transgenic melon lines, or transgenic heterologous systems (e.g. E. coli or tomato), to assess putative functions and potential as tools for molecular enhancement of melon fruit quality, using the candidate gene constructs from (4).
Optimization and field-testing of synthetic sex attractants for two psyllid pests of pears (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
Authors: Horton David R. , Soroker Victoria , Landolt Peter , Millar Jocelyn
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES OVERVIEW Improve field activity of pheromone Evaluation of the seasonality of psylla reproduction Evaluate the seasonality of female attractiveness (pheromone production) Evaluate seasonality of male response to synthetic pheromone components Develop practical use for pheromone Test psylla trapping by synthetic pheromone impregnated in rubber septa (provided by J. Millar, cooperator in USA). Test a sprayable formulation of pheromone developed by D. Horton (USA cooperator) SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS No consistent seasonality in female attractiveness was observed. Female attractiveness was observed in winter forms in the end December and in May-June in summer forms. C. bidenshas a very distinct but short period of low mating rate, that is associated with low ovarian development. This short period of low ovarian development and low mating rate cannot be considered as a reproductive diapause. Ovarian development is inhibited by short day photoperiod especially in presence of low temperatures. Male attraction to individual synthetic putative pheromone components is not strong and fluctuates seasonally. While 7MeC27was attractive to males of the winter form, it was not attractive to the summer forms in the beginning of the summer. These data are in accordance with differences in cuticular profiles of winter and summer attractive females vs non attractive ones. Cuticular profile of females shows significant seasonality and difference according to their attractiveness to males especially in summer time. Differences between attractive and non-attractive females is based on several compounds . Female attraciveness in summer and winter is apparently based on a different combination of chemical cues, but 7meC27 is one of the common components to both mixtures. These two last findings are likely to be the main reason for our failure to have consistent success in trapping C. bidensin the field. It seems that a sprayable formulation of pheromone on the pear is better way of pheromone application to attract psyllid then the impregnated rubber septa, but additional trials are needed.
Unstable Flow in Repellent and Sub-critically Repellent Soils: Theory and Management Implications
Authors: Wallach Rony , Steenhuis Tammo , Graber Ellen R. , DiCarlo David , Parlange Yves
Published: December 2021

Water repellency causes unstable wetting fronts that result in water moving in preferential flowpaths through homogeneous soils as well in structured soils where macropores enhance the preferential flow pattern. Water repellency is typically associated with extended water ponding on the soil surface, but we have found that repellency is important even before the water ponds. Preferential flow fingers can form under conditions where the contact angle is less than 90o, but greater than 0o. This means that even when the soil is considered wettable (i.e., immediate penetration of water), water distribution in the soil profile can be significantly non-uniform. Our work concentrated on various aspects of this subject, with an emphasis on visualizing water and colloid flow in soil, characterizing mathematically the important processes that affect water distribution, and defining the chemical components that are important for determining contact angle. Five papers have been published to date from this research, and there are a number of papers in various stages of preparation.
Fusion of Hyper-Spectral and Thermal Images for Evaluating Nitrogen and Water Status in Potato Fields for Variable Rate Application
Authors: Cohen Yafit , Rosen Carl , Alchanatis Victor , Mulla David , Heuer Bruria , Dar Zion
Published: December 2021

Potato yield and quality are highly dependent on an adequate supply of nitrogen and water. Opportunities exist to use airborne hyperspectral (HS) remote sensing for the detection of spatial variation in N status of the crop to allow more targeted N applications. Thermal remote sensing has the potential to identify spatial variations in crop water status to allow better irrigation management and eventually precision irrigation. The overall objective of this study was to examine the ability of HS imagery in the visible and near infrared spectrum (VIS-NIR) and thermal imagery to distinguish between water and N status in potato fields. To lay the basis for achieving the research objectives, experiments in the US and in Israel were conducted in potato with different irrigation and N-application amounts. Thermal indices based merely on thermal images were found sensitive to water status in both Israel and the US in three potato varieties. Spectral indices based on HS images were found suitable to detect N stress accurately and reliably while partial least squares (PLS) analysis of spectral data was more sensitive to N levels. Initial fusion of HS and thermal images showed the potential of detecting both N stress and water stress and even to differentiate between them. This study is one of the first attempts at fusing HS and thermal imagery to detect N and water stress and to estimate N and water levels. Future research is needed to refine these techniques for use in precision agriculture applications.
Characterization of the Or regulatory network in melon for carotenoid biofortification in food crops
Authors: Li Li , Burger Joseph , Katzir Nurit , Tadmor Yaakov , Schaffer Ari , Fei Zhangjun
Published: December 2021

The general goals of the BARD research grant US-4423-11 are to understand how Or regulates carotenoid accumulation and to reveal novel strategies for breeding agricultural crops with enhanced β-carotene level. The original objectives are: 1) to identify the genes and proteins in the Or regulatory network in melon; 2) to genetically and molecularly characterize the candidate genes; and 3) to define genetic and functional allelic variation of these genes in a representative germplasm collection of the C. melo species.  Or was found by the US group to causes provitamin A accumulation in chromoplasts in cauliflower. Preliminary genetic study from the Israeli group revealed that the melon Or gene (CmOr) completely co-segregated with fruit flesh color in a segregating mapping population and in a wide melon germplasm collection, which set the stage for the funded research.   Major conclusions and achievements include: 1). CmOris proved to be the gene that controls melon fruit flesh color and represents the previously described gflocus in melon. 2). Genetic and molecular analyses of CmOridentify and confirm a single SNP that is responsible for the orange and non-orange phenotypes in melon fruit. 3). Alteration of the evolutionarily conserved arginine in an OR protein to both histidine or alanine greatly enhances its ability to promote carotenoid accumulation. 4). OR promotes massive carotenoid accumulation due to its dual functions in regulating both chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid biosynthesis. 5). A bulk segregant transcriptome (BSRseq) analysis identifies a list of genes associated with the CmOrregulatory network. 6). BSRseq is proved to be an effective approach for gene discovery. 7). Screening of an EMS mutation library identifies a low β mutant, which contains low level of carotenoids due to a mutation in CmOrto produce a truncated form of OR protein. 8). low β exhibits lower germination rate and slow growth under salt stress condition. 9). Postharvest storage of fruit enhances carotenoid accumulation, which is associated with chromoplast development.   Our research uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying the Or-regulated high level of carotenoid accumulation via regulating carotenoidbiosynthetic capacity and storage sink strength. The findings provide mechanistic insights into how carotenoid accumulation is controlled in plants. Our research also provides general and reliable molecular markers for melon-breeding programs to select orange varieties, and offers effective genetic tools for pro-vitamin A enrichment in other important crops via the rapidly developed genome editing technology. The newly discovered low β mutant could lead to a better understanding of the Or gene function and its association with stress response, which may explain the high conservation of the Or gene among various plant species.
УПРАВЛІННЯ МІЖНАРОДНОЮ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНІСТЮ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА
Authors: Касич Алла , Асцатрян Аніта
Published: December 2021

У статті розкрито поняття «міжнародна конкурентоспроможність» ознаки та контекст, який його характеризує. Розглянуто міжнародну конкурентоспроможність підприємства з позиції відповідності діяльності підприємства вимогам міжнародних ринків та його основні детермінанти. Виокремлено основні методи аналізу конкурентоспроможності та представлені шляхи досягнення лідируючих позицій підприємств на міжнародному ринку. Проаналізовано зміни світової економіки через вплив пандемії та було виявлено формування бар’єрів, нових вимог та критеріїв, які потребують переосмислення основних критеріїв та переоцінювання бізнес-моделі конкурентоспроможності у більш посиленому режимі. Визначено, що комплексний підхід до управління підвищить якість та продуктивність, що вважається важливим фактором для досягнення переваг в області ефективності, адаптації до технологічних змін та конкурентоспроможності.
УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ПОДАТКОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ПОШИРЕННЯ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19
Authors: Назаркевич Ігор , Вовк Вікторія , Корпан Андріана
Published: December 2021

В статті розглянуто необхідність удосконалення вітчизняної податкової політики в умовах поширення негативних соціально-економічних наслідків зумовлених пандемією COVID-19. Проаналізовано динаміку податкових надходжень у структурі державного бюджету в умовах корона кризи. Детерміновано перелік змін до нормативно-правових актів в податковій сфері спрямованих на покращення інвестиційного клімату у національній економіці. Запропоновано низку податкових заходів, спрямованих на підтримку підприємницького сектору в умовах пандемічних обмежень, зокрема обґрунтовано необхідність скорочення кількості податків, відтермінування податкових зобов'язань і строків подання податкових декларацій, вироблення графіків платежів, що дадуть змогу роботодавцям сплачувати внески частинами, покращення податкових цифрових сервісів тощо.
АНАЛІЗ РОЗВИТКУ ДІЛОВОГО ТУРИЗМУ В ХАРКІВСЬКІЙ ОБЛАСТІ
Authors: Радіонова Ольга , Бражник Никита
Published: December 2021

У статті проведено аналіз статистичних даних, що надає уявлення про стан та тенденції розвитку ділового туризму в Харківській області. Проаналізовано динаміку кількості туристів з діловою, службовою і навчальною метою. Визначено колективні засоби розміщення, що мають конференц-зали, які відповідають сучасним вимогам для проведення ділових заходів. Надано SWOT-аналіз сильних і слабких сторін для розвитку ділового туризму в Харківській області. Встановлено, що основними сильними сторонами області є розвинений комплекс інфраструктурних об’єктів: колективні засоби розміщення, ресторани, парки, зони відпочинку, тощо; є необхідний інструментарій для проведення виставок, семінарів, фестивалів для розвитку MICE, ділового виду туризму. Слабкими сторонами є мала інформованість про діловий туристичний ринок Харківського регіону; зношеність доріг; відсутність маркетингової кампанії турпродуктів Харківської області як на зовнішньому ринку так і на внутрішньому ринках.
ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ БУХГАЛТЕРСЬКОГО АУТСОРСИНГУ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВІ
Authors: Ромашко Ольга , Шушакова Ірина , Слободяник Анастасія
Published: December 2021

Стаття присвячена дослідженню особливостей організації бухгалтерського аутсорсингу. Метою статті є дослідження організаційних аспектів бухгалтерського аутсорсингу на підприємстві. Наведено переваги та недоліки бухгалтерського аутсорсингу. Проаналізовано ринок бухгалтерського аутсорсингу в Україні та світі. Визначено групи підприємств, для яких аутсорсинг бухгалтерського обліку є ефективною формою організації бухгалтерського обліку на підприємстві. Визначено етапи практичного впровадження бухгалтерського аутсорсингу. Визначено види відповідальності, права, повноваження та обов’язки сторін за договором про надання бухгалтерських аутсорсингових послуг. Розглянуто програмні продукти, які доцільно використовувати в процесі бухгалтерського аутсорсингу. Охарактеризовано горизонтальну (американську), пірамідальну (японську) та змішану моделі бухгалтерського аутсорсингу.
Pengaruh Hubungan Kerja Terhadap Motivasi Kerja (Studi Empiris Pegawai Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Solok)
Authors: Indrawati Netti
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan hubungan kerja berpengaruh terhadap motivasi kerja pada Dinas Pariwisata Kota Solok. Jenis Penelitian menggunakan metode kausatif. Varibel pada penelitian ini yaitu hubungan kerja dan motivasi kerja. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dalam bentuk kuesioner yang berisikan pernyataan variabel penelitian. Pegawai dinas pariwisata kota Solok merupakan populasi dari penelitian ini. Total sampling digunakan dalam teknik pengambilan sampel, sehingga jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 69 orang. Analisa data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisa regresi berganda, dan uji T. Persamaan regersi linear berganda dari hasil penelitian yaitu Y = 3.645 + 0.124X1 + e artinya apabila terjadi peningkatan 1% variabel hubungan kerja (X1), faktor lain tetap sehingga motivasi kerja meningkat sebesar nilai koefisien regresi. Hasil uji T didasarkan pada t hitung> t tabel atau dengan sig < α 0,05 menyebabkan hipotesis diterima. t tabel dengan α 0,05 diperoleh sebesar 1,513 dan t hitung adalah 2.043, signifikansi sebesar 0,043. t hitung lebih tinggi dari t tabel 2,043 >1,513 sedangakan signifikan 0,042 < α 0,05 sehingga H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima, artinya hubungan kerja berpengaruh terhadap motivasi kerja pegawai Dinas pariwisata Kabupaten Solok
Розробка регулюючого керівництва із застосування та обґрунтування ризик-інформованого технічного обслуговування
Authors: Ilina A. , Ponochovnyy O. , Pustovit V. , Gumenyuk D. , Vyshemirskyi M.
Published: December 2021

У статті наведено результати робіт з розробки проєкту Регулюючого керівництва із застосування та обґрунтування ризик-інформованого технічного обслуговування і ремонтів, положення якого будуть використовуватись як додаткові до нормативного документа з ядерної та радіаційної безпеки НП 306.2.217‑2017 «Вимоги до ризик-інформованого прийняття рішень з безпеки атомних станцій» і застосовуватись разом з положеннями інших регулюючих керівництв під час впровадження та застосування ризик-інформованих підходів в експлуатаційну діяльність АЕС України.

Зазначене Регулююче керівництво містить рекомендації з виконання державної експертизи (технічної оцінки) ядерної та радіаційної безпеки матеріалів обґрунтування впровадження та застосування ризик-інформованих підходів для оптимізації технічного обслуговування і ремонтів систем, важливих для безпеки, на енергоблоках атомних електростанцій України. Після погодження та введення в дію у встановленому порядку Державною інспекцією ядерного регулювання України Регулююче керівництво буде використовуватися посадовими особами інспекції та експертами організації її технічної підтримки (Державного підприємства «Державний науково-технічний центр з ядерної та радіаційної безпеки»).
Justicia Ambiental, Justicia Territorial y Justicia Epistémica. Chile, Zona de Sacrificio
Authors: Enrique Villasana Pedro , Ibáñez Rodrigo , Estay-Sepúlveda Juan Guillermo , Monteverde Sánchez Alessandro
Published: December 2021

La Justicia o Injusticia Ambiental, se manifiesta como fenómeno socio-histórico subsumida a la Justicia o Injusticia Epistémica, en relación recursiva con las desigualdades en la distribución social de los impactos en la salud, los modos y calidad de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo es colaborar desde el análisis crítico-hermeneútico del fenómeno, a visibilizar condiciones de posibilidad e imposibilidad para la Justicia Ambiental en Chile. Para esto hacemos una contrastación del Modelo de Desarrollo Neoliberal, el Marco Legal que lo hace posible, y su correlato empírico en Chile caracterizado como Zonas de Sacrificio; con los principios y lógicas de Mercado que lo orientan y sus incontestables impactos negativos sobre la naturaleza y la vida de la población; y, desde ese contraste logramos visibilizar posibles horizontes y perspectivas para Modelos Civilizatorios alternativos, para una/otra Justicia Epistémica y Ambiental fundada en la lógica del Buen Vivir, la Solidaridad y el Bien Común, de cara al Proceso Constituyente en marcha en el Chile del 2021.
Meio Século de Pesquisa Geográfica sobre o Brasil
Authors: Theis Ivo Marcos
Published: December 2021

Book Review

Gerd Kohlhepp, Brasilien: Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeographie aus über 50 Jahren Brasilien-Forschung (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2021. 617p.).
PEMBUATAN DISPENSER DESTILASI AIR LAUT SEBAGAI SARANA SUMBER AIR TAWAR UNTUK DAERAH PESISIR PANTAI
Authors: Koswara Engkos , Nasim Nasim
Published: December 2021

Kebutuhan air nasional saat ini terkonsentrasi di Pulau Jawa dan Bali, dengan tujuan penggunaannya terutama untuk air minum, rumah tangga, perkotaan, industri, pertanian, dan lainnya. Dari data neraca air tahun 2003 dapat dilihat bahwa kebutuhan air pada musim kemarau di Pulau Jawa dan Bali yang sebesar 38,4 miliar meter kubik, hanya terpenuhi sekitar 25,3 miliar kubik atau hanya sekitar 66 persen. Defisit ini diperkirakan akan semakin tinggi pada tahun 2020, dimana jumlah penduduk dan aktifitas perekonomian meningkat secara signifikan. (Direktorat Pengairan dan Irigasi Bappenas, 2006).

Tanpa terkecuali daerah pesisir pantai juga sangat membutuhkan air bersih. Karena posisinya yang berada dengan laut, sangat mungkin terjadi intrusi air laut sehingga sumber air tawar akan terpengaruh oleh air laut. Oleh karena itu, daerah pesisir pantai sangat membutuhkan air tawar.

Dalam penelitian ini akan dikaji bagaimana membuat Dispenser Destilasi Air Laut sederhana yang dapat dimiliki oleh masing ? masing rumah. Diharapkan dengan cara ini, tiap warga mempunyai fasilitas untuk penyedia air bersih.

Temperature tertinggi dari reaktor adalah 70
ANALISIS PRODUKTIVITAS PENGEBORAN TANAH MENGGUNAKAN ALAT RCD (REVERSE CIRCULATION DRILLING)
Authors: Sutjahjo Kusumo , Sari Tri Wulan , Hawari Ghaisani
Published: December 2021

Proyek Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung merupakan mega proyek kereta cepat pertama di Indonesia. Kondisi tanah terdapat batu cadas yang keras, alat yang sudah tua dengan pemakaian yang terus menerus menyebabkan mesin mati tiba – tiba dan jenis tanah yang menjadi lengket bila bertemu dengan air yang dapat memperlambat proses pengeboran tanah. Berbagai cara pekerjaan pengeboran tanah dilakukan oleh kontraktor, salah satunya menggunakan alat RCD pada pier P 238. Tujuan dari karya ilmiah ini menganalisis produktivitaspengeboran tanah dengan menggunakan  alat RCD. Langkah pengeboran dimulai dari pembersihan lapangan dan pembuatan dua buah kolam. Untuk mempermudah pengeboran tiang bor digunakanlah casing. Tinggi casing yang digunakan 4 m dan 6 m. Setelah itu melakukan pengeboran dengan tekanan air 0,2 Kg/cm2 atau dengan kecepatan aliran 7,5 cm/detik sehingga air akan keluar bersama dengan material lumpur melalui pipa di tengah alat bor . Hasil endapan lumpur (padatan) akan dibuang menggunakan truck sedangkan cairan akan dimasukan kembali kedalam lubang bor. Pruduktivitas alat bergantung pada empat faktor yaitu volume pekerjaan, waktu siklus, efisiensi alat dan kapasitas peoduksi. Pada pier 238 memiliki 8 borepile dengan diameter 1,25 meter dan kedalaman 90 meter dengan rata – rata produktivitas sebesar 2,851 m/jam.
PENENTUAN JURUSAN PADA PROSES PENERIMAAN MAHASISWA DENGAN PENDEKATAN LOGIKA FUZZY
Authors: Wahyu Ari Purno , Hayati Umi
Published: December 2021

Choosing a major is not an easy matter. There are many factors that must be taken into account and carefully thought out so that in choosing a major, it will cause big losses. There are many ways to determine the selection of majors, one of which is by using fuzzy logic. Determination of majors is determined from the results of the selection test in the academic field with the subjects of Mathematics, English and Computer Knowledge. With the aim of recommending the selection of the right major according to academic abilities and improving quality. By using the fuzzy inference model Mamdani max-min method. The system simulation was tried using the MATLAB Fuzzy Toolbox software. The system design is carried out in several stages, namely: (1) formation of fuzzy sets, (2) formation of rules, (3) determination of the composition of rules, and (4) confirmation (defuzzification). Defuzzification is carried out using the Composite Moment method, with the types of membership functions used are mf-triangular, mf-trapezoid and mf-gaussian. From the results of the tests carried out, it shows that the mf-triangular and mf-trapezoid membership function types produce almost the same level of accuracy. While the membership function type mf-gaussian produces a high level of accuracy for mathematics by 87.50%, English 100% and computer knowledge 81.58%.
FUZZY TAKAGI-SUGENO-KANG FOR MENTAL HEALTH CONSULTATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Nawindah Nawindah , Lydiani Saskia
Published: December 2021

The condition of students experiencing trauma makes consultation a necessity, there is no mental health examination that can be accessed by students, parents, psychologists, student affairs using the fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno-Kang method so it is necessary to be able to create a recommendation system for student mental health consultations by using fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno-Kang. In accordance with the case given, each student with a neurosis score of 8, psychoactive substances 11, psychotic 10 and post stress trauma disorder 13 had a mental health symptom level of 24.28, meaning they were at a moderate level. With a mental health recommendation system, it can be handled earlier so that learning activities can run according to the desired achievements.