bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Smectites: I – Mass Attenuation Calculations for Smectite Analyses
Authors: Chen H. , Davis B. L.
Published: July 2019

In smectite analyses, the investigation of the attenuation contribution to quantitative x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is a most important topic, including Fe content and distribution. This is the first part of a comprehensive study on smectite analysis addressing the nature and location of Fe atoms within the octahedral sites, interlayer regions, and intergranular interfaces. This first paper treats the mass attenuation measurements and calculations (Davis and Johnson, 1987). Additional reports will be made in the future on Fe studies involving measured and calculated reference intensity ratio measurements and structural studies based on SEM and TEM analysis.
JCPDS-lnternational Centre for Diffraction Data Low-Angle Powder Diffraction Study of Silver Behenate
Authors: Blanton T. , Huang T. , Toraya H. , Hubbard C. , Robie S. , Louër D. , Göbel H. , Will G. , Gilles R. , Raftery T.
Published: July 2019

As a result of interest in the characterization of materials with large d-spacings and layer periodicities, it has become necessary to develop a low-angle diffraction material which has welldefined diffraction peaks down to very small 2θ angles. The use of silver behenate, CH3(CH2)20COO-Ag, was introduced by one of the authors (TB) at the 1991 International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) Annual Meeting and was shown to have a set of well-defined (001) diffraction peaks down to 1.5° 2θ when using CuKα radiation. The silver behenate diffraction peaks were observed to be slightly asymmetric with relatively long tails at the low angle side of the peaks. The average crystallite size along the c-axis was estimated using the Scherrer equation and was found to be 900 Å.

A task group of the JCPDS-ICJDD Data Collection and Analysis Subcommittee was established with the charge of investigating the use of silver behenate as a possible low-angle calibration material for diffraction applications. Utilizing several data collection and data analysis techniques, d001 long-period spacings in the range of 58.219-58.480 Å were obtained. Using the same collected data and one data analysis refinement calculation method resulted in long-period spacing with a range of 58.303-58.425 Å. Data collected using a silicon internal standard and the same singular data analysis calculation method provided d001 values with a range of 58.363-58.381 Å.

The formation of a full-range 2θ diffraction sample was also investigated. Silver behenate and inorganic powders were mixed with an epoxy binder to form a permanent sample which provides diffraction peaks over the entire 2θ range of a powder diffractometer.
Nondestructive Characterization of Multilayer Thin Films by X-ray Reflectivity
Authors: Huang T. C.
Published: July 2019

The X-ray reflectivity technique was used to study the annealing effect on layer structure of Ta/FeMn/NiFe/Cu/NiFe/Ta multilayer thin films on Si substrates. High-resolution specular reflectivity data were collected and analyzed by least-squares refinement. Results on layer thickness, density and roughness were obtained and correlated with the magnetic properties of the films.
Application of Line Modified-Asymmetric Crystal Topography for Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Integrated Circuits
Authors: Green K. A. , Beard W. T. , Zhang X. J. , Armstrong R. W.
Published: July 2019

X-ray diffraction topography is the name given to several x-ray diffraction techniques where large area x-ray beams diffracted from a crystal provide detailed information about the surface structure and internal perfection of crystal microstructures. Since x-ray topographic techniques are based on Bragg (reflection) or Laue (transmission) diffraction from a crystal lattice, they are extremely sensitive to any atomic lattice imperfections and strains. Alterations of the interplanar spacing as small as one part in ten thousand extending over a reasonable number of atomic ce11 lengths can be recorded as a corresponding change in the diffracted beam intensity. Line Modified-Asymmetric Crystal Topography (LM-ACT) is one such reflection technique that shows particular promise in Che field of microelectronics. The LM-ACT system is designed with low angular divergence in the x-ray beam probe. Low probe beam divergence allows details of device geometries on the order of microns to be resolved in the recorded x-ray intensity variation of the diffracted beam.

The LM-ACT system was applied here to the study of integrated circuits (IC) after specific processing steps were accomplished during IC fabrication and in the final product condition. Topographs obtained from specular crystal surfaces that were implanted through a patterned mask showed contrast variations between the implanted and non-implanted regions; details of the mask patterns have been resolved on the order of a few microns. LMACT topographs from annealed, and unannealed, Implanted specimens showed marked differences and as a result it is suggested that LM-ACT would be beneficial in optimizing the processing schedule for a particular wafer/electronic system. A significant feature of the LM-ACT technique is the capability for producing high resolution stereo-pair topographs that provide quantitative information through the depth of individual process layers in an integrated circuit.
Determination of Z-Profiles of Diffraction Data from τ-Profiles Using a Numerical Linear Inversion Method
Authors: Zhu Xiaojing , Ballard Benjamin , Predecki Paul
Published: July 2019

A numerical procedure known as the constrained linear inversion method is employed for obtaining the z-profiles of diffraction data from their τ-profiles. The method was first tested with known z-profiles and gave good agreement with the starting z-profiles even with up to 5% random noise introduced into the τ-profile or up to 10% error in specimen thickness. The procedure was then applied to an experimentally obtained strain profile and a non-oscillatory z-profile was calculated. Although the z-profile obtained could not be verified by an independent method, the success of tests with known z-profiles leads to increased confidence in the numerical method described.
Effect of X-ray Tube Window Thickness on Detection Limits for Light Elements in XRF Analysis
Authors: Whalen Daniel J. , Turner D. Clark
Published: July 2019

Widespread interest in light element analysis using XRF has stimulated the development of thin x-ray tube windows. Thinner windows enhance the soft x-ray output of the tube, which more efficiently excite the light elements in the sample. A computer program that calculates the effect of window thickness on light element sample fluorescence has been developed. The code uses an NIST algorithm to calculate the x-ray tube spectrum given various tube parameters such as beryllium window thickness, operating voyage, anode composition, and take-off angle. The interaction of the tube radiation with the sample matrix is modelled to provide the primary and secondary fluorescence from the sample. For x-rays in the energy region 30 - 1000 eV the mass attenuation coefficients were interpolated from the photo absorption data compilation of Henke, et al. The code also calculates the x-ray background due to coherent and incoherent scatter from the sample, as well as the contribution of such scatter to the sample fluorescence. Given the sample fluorescence and background the effect of tube window thickness on detection limits for light elements can be predicted.
Development of a High Sensitivity TXRF with a Novel Monochromator Having Three Selectable Crystals
Authors: Yamada T. , Shoji T. , Funabashi M. , Utaka T. , Arai T. , Wilson R.
Published: July 2019

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis of “low Z” elements, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and “high Z” elements, Zr, W, Au, Pb, are required for micro scale semiconductor device production processes. In the past, the W–Lβ X-rays have been used for the analysis of S to Zn.

This paper describes a new three crystal monochromator coupled with a gold direct-drive rotating anode target. This development has produced significant improvements in the sensitivities and LLD's for all measured elements. The monochromator makes the Au Lα (9.71 keV), Au Lβ (11.44 keV) and Au Lγ (13.33 keV) available for routine use in TXRF analyses. The Au Lα X-ray is best used for the lower Z elements, Na to Cu. The best result for W, Cu and Zn are obtained with the Au Lβ X-ray. This is the result of both increased peak intensity and lower background. For the heavier elements, such as Au and Pb, the Au L X-ray yields intensities 100 times higher than what has been achieved in the past.
Total Electron Yield (TEY) A New Approach for Quantitative X-ray Analysis
Authors: Ebel Horst , Svagera Robert , Ebel Maria F. , Zagler Norbert
Published: July 2019

An irradiation of solid samples with x-rays causes an electron emission from the sample surface, owing to photoabsorption. These electrons can be detected under vacuum conditions and are photo, Auger and secondary electrons. Due to inelastic collisions most of these electrons have lost some of their original kinetic energy along the path from the atom of origin to the surface. With nondispersive electron detection the total electron yield (TEY) is observed.

For measurements performed with a tunable x-ray monochromator information on the qualitative composition can be obtained by the following procedure. The photon energy has to be timed from below to above of one of the absorption edges of a given element. In case of its presence in the specimen an increase of the TEY-signal can be observed.
A New High Dynamic Range X-ray Detector
Authors: Cockerton S. , Tanner B. K.
Published: July 2019

We describe the design and application to X-ray diffractometry of a new X-ray detector based on a fast, non-hygroscopic, rare earth scintillator. The detector has a background count of 0.1 c.p.s. and a peak count rate in excess of 3 x 106 c.p.s. A good fit is found to the theoretical curve of measured against real count rate for a paralysable detector with 160 ns dead-time.
X-ray Fractographic Study on Fracture Surface of New Light Metal
Authors: Matsuoka Hideaki , Hirose Yukio , Takahashi Shigenobu , Yajima Zenjiro , Kishi Yoichi
Published: July 2019

New materials in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-La alloy system have been proposed for improving corrosion resistance in a study by Kishi et al, because Lanthanum, La, has a storage capability for hydrogen. Hydrogen is a problem in the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth mechanism. Zinc, Zn, Magnesium, Mg, and Copper, Cu, in the alloy have influenced the extrusion, strength and other properties; however, in the case of putting this material to use, it is also necessary to evaluate it from the viewpoint of fracture mechanics. The stress intensity factor, K, obtained from fracture mechanics is a necessary parameter for the evaluation of various materials.

The first part of this study deals with the measurement of fatigue crack growth in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-La alloy system. The second part evaluates the fracture surface obtained from tests of these materials by the application of x-ray fractography.
Residual Stress in Ion Implanted Titanium Nitride Studied by Parallel Beam Glancing Incidence X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Geist Daniel E. , Perry Anthony J. , Tireglio James R. , Valvoda Vaclav , Rafaja David
Published: July 2019

Ion implantation is known to increase the lifetime of cutting tools. Current theories are the increase in lifetime is caused by an increase in the residual stress, or by work hardening of the surface associated with the implantation. In this work the effect of ion implantation on the residual stress in titanium nitride coatings made by the standard industrial methods of chemical and physical vapor deposition (CVD and PVD) is studied. It is found in the as-received condition (unimplanted), the residual stress levels are near zero for CVD materials and highly compressive, of the order of 6 GPa, for PVD materials. Ion implantation has no effect on the residual stress: in the coatings made by CVD. Nitrogen does increase the compressive residual stress by some 10% in the near surface regions of PVD coatings, while nickel-titanium dual metal ion implantation does not have any effect. It appears that the lifetime increase is not associated with residual stress effects.
Development of Bone-Lead Reference Materials for Validating In Vivo Xrf Measurements
Authors: Parsons Patrick J. , Zong Yan Y. , Roland Matthews M.
Published: July 2019

A number of biological reference materials (RM) have been prepared in our laboratory specifically for validating analytical methods for the determination of Pb in biological matrices (e.g. blood, urine, liver, and bone). The RM's were developed using animal (goats and cows) that are routinely dosed with lead acetate to produce proficiency test samples for blood lead (and erythrocyte protoporphyrin). In cases where an animal becomes injured or infirm, the veterinarian in charge may recommend that the animal be euthanized. In such cases, samples of bone, brain, liver, and other tissues containing lead are removed at autopsy.

Currently, we have collected bone samples from nine goats and one cow that were dosed with lead over periods ranging from 1 to 10 years, During the autopsy, the epiphyses (bone joints) are separated from each long bone. Skin, muscle, and other adhering tissues are dissected or scraped from each bone. Bone marrow is also removed. All bare bones are currently stored at -70°C until analyses for Pb are conducted.

The only certified reference materials for bone Pb are those available from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD. Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1486 Bone Meal has a certified Pb concentration of only 1.335 μg/g. This is close to normal for humans, but is too low to be of practical use for in vivo X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) equipment, SRM 1400 Bone Ash has a certified Pb concentration of 9.07 μg/g. Neither SRM is optimal for validating in vivo XRF equipment, but they are both very useful in validating other analytical methods for bone Pb such as Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS).

We have developed an accurate, precise, and sensitive method for determining Pb in bone using GFAAS with Zeeman background correction. Using this method, we have analyzed the animal bones for Pb. Bone samples were divided into smaller pieces using a diamond-disc saw, freeze dried, and homogenized in a tantalum ball mill. Samples of bone powder were digested in nitric acid using a closed vessel microwave digestion system. Lead was determined using aqueous Pb standards in a chemical modifier optimized for the bone matrix. The method was validated using NIST SRM Bone Meal and Bone Ash. The detection limit is 0.6 μg/g based on 3 SD. Results for Pb in our animal bone range from approximately 5 to 50 μg/g dry weight. The results indicate that the intact bare bones would be excellent candidates for interlaboratory studies of in vivo XRF measurements of bone Pb. They are stable, well-characterized, easily transported between sites, and cover the clinically relevant range of bone lead concentrations likely to be encountered in the field. It is proposed that these materials be circulated as part of an interlaboratory comparison to interested centers using in vivo XRF After the XRF analyses, the bone samples will be analyzed for Pb by GFAAS for comparison purposes.
Characterization of the Tin Diffusion into Float Glass Using Glancing Angle X-Ray Characterization
Authors: LaPuma P. J. , Snyder R. L. , Zdzieszynski S. , Brückner R.
Published: July 2019

Using x-ray reflectometry the surface of float glass samples of different Fe content and thickness were studied. The patterns needed an oil/water layer to be modeled correctiy. The maximum Sn concentration was found to reside in the top 10-20Å of the material and the Sn concentration decreased into the bulk. It was also found that increased Fe content decreased the Sn concentrations in the surface and bulk of the glass.
FPXRF, EDXRF and ICP Comparison of Pb Contaminated Soils From Leadville, Colorado
Authors: Kuharic C.A. , Cole W.H.
Published: July 2019

Field portable x-ray fluorescence (FPXRF) has been used as a tool in the environmental industry to characterize metals contaminated soils for about 10 years. Initially, due to the level of sophistication of the equipment (ambient temperature detectors and empirical calibration spectral processing), and the complexity of soil matrices, it was generally believed that the instrumentation could only produce semiquantitative data. As the level of instrument sophistication increased (cooled solid-state detectors and Fundamental Parameters), that perception of FPXRF changed. However, not all users have access to the latest, state-of-the-art instrumentation. Work performed at Leadville, Colorado provides an example of how properly used older instrumentation can produce data of good quality (Kuharic, et al., 1993).
Single-Center Complication Analysis Associated with Surgical Replacement of Implantable Pulse Generators in Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Narváez-Martínez Yislenz , Roldán Ramos Pedro , Hoyos John Alexander , Culebras Diego , Compta Yaroslau , Cámara Ana , Muñoz Esteban , Martí María-Jose , Valldeoriola Francesc , Rumià Jordi
Published: July 2019

Background/Aims: Internal pulse generator (IPG) replacement is considered a relatively minor surgery but exposes the deep brain stimulation system to the risk of infectious and mechanical adverse events. We retrospectively reviewed complications associated with IPG replacement surgery in our center and reviewed the most relevant publications on the issue. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all the IPG replacements performed in our center from January 2003 until March 2018 was performed. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors associated with IPG infections at our center. Results: A total of 171 IPG replacements in 93 patients were analyzed. The overall rate of replacement complications was 8.8%, whereas the rate of infection was 5.8%. IPG removal was required in 8 out of 10 infected cases. An increased risk of infection was found in patients with subcutaneous thoracic placement of the IPG (OR 5.3, p = 0.016). The most commonly isolated germ was Staphylococcus coagulase negative (60%). We found a non-significant trend towards increased risk of infection in patients with more than 3 replacements (p = 0.07). Conclusions: Infection is the most frequent complication related to IPG replacement. Staphylococcus coagulase negative is the most commonly isolated bacteria causing the infection. According to our results, the subcutaneous thoracic placement represents a greater risk of infection compared to subcutaneous abdominal placement.
An Assessment of Circulating Chromogranin A as a Biomarker of Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Malczewska Anna , Kidd Mark , Matar Somer , Kos-Kudła Beata , Bodei Lisa , Oberg Kjell , Modlin Irvin M.
Published: July 2019

Background: Management of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN; pulmonary carcinoids [PCs], small-cell lung cancer [SCLC], and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma) is hampered by the paucity of biomarkers. Chromogranin A (CgA), the default neuroendocrine tumor biomarker, has undergone wide assessment in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Objectives: To evaluate CgA in lung NEN, define its clinical utility as a biomarker, assess its diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive efficacy, as well as its accuracy in the identification of disease recurrence. Methods: A systematic review of PubMed was undertaken using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. No language restrictions were applied. Overall, 33 original scientific papers and 3 case reports, which met inclusion criteria, were included in qualitative analysis, and meta-analysis thereafter. All studies, except 2, were retrospective. Meta-analysis statistical assessment by generic inverse variance methodology. Results: Ten different CgA assay types were reported, without consistency in the upper limit of normal (ULN). For PCs (n = 16 studies; median patient inclusion 21 [range 1–200, total: 591 patients]), the CgA diagnostic sensitivity was 34.5 ± 2.7% with a specificity of 93.8 ± 4.7. CgA metrics were not available separately for typical or atypical carcinoids. CgA >100 ng/mL (2.7 × ULN) and >600 ng/mL (ULN unspecified) were anecdotally prognostic for overall survival (n = 2 retrospective studies). No evidence was presented for predicting treatment response or identifying post-surgery residual disease. For SCLC (n = 19 studies; median patient inclusion 23 [range 5–251, total: 1,241 patients]), the mean diagnostic sensitivity was 59.9 ± 6.8% and specificity 79.4 ± 3.1. Extensive disease typically exhibited higher CgA levels (diagnostic accuracy: 61 ± 2.5%). An elevated CgA was prognostic for overall survival (n = 4 retrospective studies). No prospective studies evaluating predictive benefit or prognostic utility were identified. Conclusion: The available data are scarce. An assessment of all published data showed that CgA exhibits major limitations as an effective and accurate biomarker for either PC or SCLC. Its utility especially for localized PC/limited SCLC (when surgery is potentially curative), is limited. The clinical value of CgA remains to be determined. This requires validated, well-constructed, multicenter, prospective, randomized studies. An assessment of all published data indicates that CgA does not exhibit the minimum required metrics to function as a clinically useful biomarker for lung NENs.
Uterine Artery Pulsatility Index Assessment at <11 Weeks’ Gestation: A Prospective Study
Authors: Taylor Tracey J. , Quinton Ann E. , de Vries Bradley S. , Hyett Jonathon A.
Published: July 2019

Objective: Mean uterine artery pulsatility index (meanUAPI) is commonly measured at 11–13+6 weeks to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes including hypertensive disorders and small-for-gestational age. The aims of this study were to establish a population-specific reference range for meanUAPI at <11 weeks, to determine if an abnormal meanUAPI at <11 weeks was associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, and to assess changes in meanUAPI between <11 weeks and 11–13+6 weeks. Methods: A prospective cohort was examined at <11 weeks and at 11–13+6 weeks to develop reference ranges for meanUAPI. Based on these regression models, meanUAPI Z-scores were compared between outcome groups using a two-sample t test. Longitudinal changes in the meanUAPI between <11 and 11–13+6 weeks were assessed by two-way mixed ANOVA. Results: Prior to 11 weeks, there was no significant difference in meanUAPI between normal (n = 622) and adverse (n = 80) outcomes (mean [95% CI]: 2.62 [2.57–2.67] and 2.67 [2.50–2.84], respectively; p = 0.807). At 11–13+6 weeks, meanUAPI was significantly higher in the adverse (n = 66) compared with the normal (n = 535) outcome group (mean [95% CI]: 1.87 [1.70–2.03] and 1.67 [1.63–1.72], respectively; p = 0.040). There was a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in meanUAPI between the two time points. Conclusion: MeanUAPI measured at <11 weeks’ gestation does not appear to be a useful marker for the prediction of placental-related adverse pregnancy outcomes, supporting an argument for the prediction of risk at 11–13+6 weeks’ gestation.
Leitura crítico-filológica de Resolução de 1822: revoltas, vigilância, violência e punição na Bahia do século XIX
Authors: Gonçalves Eliana Correia Brandão
Published: July 2019

O artigo apresenta um estudo crítico-filológico, a partir da edição semidiplomática e dos comentários paleográficos, da Resolução de 1822, procedente de Cachoeira – Bahia, que registra a necessidade de gestão do controle social da população negra no Brasil, com vistas à repressão dos movimentos de revoltas escravas. Cachoeira foi um dos núcleos urbanos mais importantes do Recôncavo Baiano no século XIX e, portanto, palco de constantes sublevações de escravos. Decerto, os nossos heróis negros deixaram, nos registros jurídicos, vestígios de luta e resistência, visto que representavam um problema de segurança, que demandava vigilância e medidas legais por parte do governo imperial e provincial. Essas medidas legais dialogam com as reivindicações sociais e políticas, por parte daqueles que executavam ações violentas e punitivas, em relação aos frequentes atos de enfrentamento e resistência promovidos pelo povo negro. Nesse viés, a atividade filológica de editar textos sobre as revoltas na Bahia requer uma pesquisa criteriosa e argumentativa. E, portanto, é preciso escavar a memória dos grupos oprimidos e lembrar os corpos dissidentes, descontentes e silenciados pelos contextos de escravatura, propondo a reflexão dessas narrativas a partir da crítica-filológica.filológica.
O espólio epistolar de Hermes Fontes: considerações e proposta de edição
Authors: Costa Renata Ferreira , Sá José Douglas Felix de
Published: July 2019

Hermes Fontes nasceu em Boquim (SE), em 1888, e foi considerado, desde a publicação de sua primeira obra – Apoteoses (1908), um dos mais importantes poetas brasileiros de sua geração. Em seu espólio, salvaguardado no museu Raimundo Fernandes da Fonseca, localizado em sua cidade natal, encontra-se um conjunto significativo de correspondências enviadas a parentes e amigos, as quais já foram objeto de pesquisa. Revisitar seu espólio epistolar, considerando as condições materiais de produção e de salvaguarda, a circulação e o acesso aos seus escritos, além do conteúdo dos textos, torna possível proceder à crítica interna e externa dos documentos e lançar questionamentos que contribuirão para a chamada crítica genética, que visa interpretar e sistematizar os sucessivos estágios de construção de uma obra, ressignificando, assim, a importância da obra de Hermes Fontes e o seu lugar na literatura brasileira. Desta forma, este trabalho, fundamentado nos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da Filologia, visa apresentar considerações sobre o espólio epistolar de Hermes Fontes e propor uma edição semidiplomática justalinear de um conjunto de 44 cartas manuscritas produzidas pelo poeta entre 1903 e 1930.
Circular / comunicar / contactar o espaço público como índice de transformação da cidade
Authors: Ferrara Lucrecia D'Alessio
Published: July 2019

Este trabalho estuda os processos interativos que tem como cenario e ator o espago publico ao agasalhar distintas caracteristicas culturais, comunicativas e semioticas e sofrer impactos sociais e tecnologicos que o levam a ultrapassarsua dimensao fisica e territorial. Nesse percurso, o espago publico e teatro e cenografia da cidade cosmopolita, desloca-se com a midia eletronica e virtualiza-se com a midia digital.
Stroke Laterality Did Not Modify Outcomes in the HERMES Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data of 7 Trials
Authors: Almekhlafi Mohammed A. , Hill Michael D. , Roos Yvo M. , Campbell Bruce C.V. , Muir Keith W. , Demchuk Andrew M. , Bracard Serge , Gomis Meritxell , Guillemin Francis , Jovin Tudor G. , Menon Bijoy K. , Mitchell Peter , White Philip , van der Lugt Aad , Saver Jeffrey , Brown Scott , Goyal Mayank
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—

There is contradictory evidence on the impact of the stroke side (hemisphere) on outcomes. We investigated any effect modification by laterality on stroke patients’ outcomes in recent endovascular trials.

Methods—

Individual patient-level data were combined in this meta-analysis of all patients included in randomized trials comparing endovascular thrombectomy predominantly done with stent retrievers with standard care in anterior circulation ischemic patients with stroke (HERMES [Highly Effective Reperfusion Using Multiple Endovascular Devices] Collaboration). We stratified the 90-day functional outcome assessed by ordinal analysis of the modified Rankin Scale according to the stroke side of patients treated with endovascular therapy versus standard care, adjusted for important prognostic variables.

Results—

The meta-analysis included 1737 patients (871 right hemispheric strokes and 866 left hemispheric) from 7 trials. Baseline median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores were significantly higher in left (20) versus right (16) hemispheric strokes (
P
<0.001). Other clinical and radiological baseline characteristics were similar. The beneficial response to endovascular therapy assessed by 90-day modified Rankin Scale shift was not modified by the side of the stroke. There were no significant differences between right and left hemispheric stroke in the 90-day functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2; 40.7% [95% CI, 37.4%–44.1%] versus 37.6% [95% CI, 37.4%–44.1%];
P
=0.19), median final infarct volumes (45 versus 39.5 mL,
P
=0.51), nor 90-day mortality (15.1% vs 16.8%,
P
=0.31).

Conclusions—

Stroke side was not a prognostic factor and did not modify the treatment effect among patients treated in the endovascular or control groups in recent endovascular thrombectomy trials.
Analysis of the (μ/μI,λ)-CSA-ES with Repair by Projection Applied to a Conically Constrained Problem
Authors: Spettel Patrick , Beyer Hans-Georg
Published: July 2019

Theoretical analyses of evolution strategies are indispensable for gaining a deep understanding of their inner workings. For constrained problems, rather simple problems are of interest in the current research. This work presents a theoretical analysis of a multi-recombinative evolution strategy with cumulative step size adaptation applied to a conically constrained linear optimization problem. The state of the strategy is modeled by random variables and a stochastic iterative mapping is introduced. For the analytical treatment, fluctuations are neglected and the mean value iterative system is considered. Nonlinear difference equations are derived based on one-generation progress rates. Based on that, expressions for the steady state of the mean value iterative system are derived. By comparison with real algorithm runs, it is shown that for the considered assumptions, the theoretical derivations are able to predict the dynamics and the steady state values of the real runs.
Garments of Shame, Garments of War: Clothing Imagery in 1 Maccabees 1:25-28, 14:9
Authors: Livneh Atar
Published: July 2019

Two poetic passages in 1 Maccabees depict historical circumstances via the use of apparel. 14:9 portrays the young men as wearing “glories and garments of war” as a marker of the peace and prosperity characterizing Simon’s reign. These contrast with the “shame” that shrouds the people following Antiochus Epiphanes’ desecration of the temple in 1:28. This paper explores the biblical background of the dress imagery, suggesting that the Maccabean author transformed the “robe of righteousness” in Isa 61:10 into “garments of war” on the basis of a gezerah shava with Isa 59:17. The biblical metaphor of “being clothed with shame” in 1 Macc 1:28, on the other hand, refers to the “putting on of mourning dress”—a practice also alluded to in v. 26.
Interactions with humans impose time constraints on urban-dwelling rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Kaburu Stefano S.K. , Beisner Brianne , Balasubramaniam Krishna N. , Marty Pascal R. , Bliss-Moreau Eliza , Mohan Lalit , Rattan Sandeep K. , Arlet Małgorzata E. , Atwill Edward R. , McCowan Brenda
Published: July 2019

Time is a valuable but limited resource, and animals’ survival depends on their ability to carefully manage the amount of time they allocate to each daily activity. While existing research has examined the ecological factors affecting animals’ activity budgets, the impact of anthropogenic factors on urban-dwelling animals’ time budgets remains understudied. Here we collected data through focal animal sampling from three groups of rhesus macaques in Northern India to examine whether interactions with humans decrease macaques’ resting and social time (time constraints hypothesis), or whether, by contrast, foraging on anthropogenic food, that is potentially high in calories, leads macaques to spend more time resting and in social interactions (free time hypothesis). We found that macaques who interacted more frequently with people spent significantly less time resting and grooming, supporting the time constraints hypothesis. We argue that these time constraints are likely caused by the unpredictability of human behaviour.
Three New fossil-species of Pteroceltis (Cannabaceae) from East Asia
Authors: WONG WILLIAM OKI , DILCHER DAVID L. , UEMURA KAZUHIKO
Published: July 2019

Pteroceltis (Cannabaceae) is a monotypic genus endemic to China, and relatively little is known about its fossil record. Here, we describe three new fossil-species of Pteroceltis from the early Oligocene Hoengyeong Formation of Kungshim, North Korea and the Miocene Shanwang Formation of Shandong Province, eastern China. Pteroceltis kungshimensis comb. nov. and P. taoae sp. nov. from North Korea and China possess sub-orbicular, thin-stipitate, and bilaterally winged fruits, but the former is noticeably smaller in size. Pteroceltis shanwangensis sp. nov. from the Shanwang Formation is characterized by its ovate simple leaves bearing one order of teeth and brochidodromous secondary veins including an exposed basal pair. This study shows that Pteroceltis was distributed in China, North Korea, Germany and the United States during the Paleogene. It might have become regionally extinct in North America, Europe and Northeast Asia after the Oligocene and was gradually restricted to East Asia by the Miocene. China is a living museum for Pteroceltis.
New species of Cirratulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from abyssal depths of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, North Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: BLAKE JAMES A.
Published: July 2019

Abyssal polychaetes of the family Cirratulidae were collected as part of reconnaissance and benthic impact experimental surveys at Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone manganese nodule sites in 1984 and 1993–1994. All specimens were collected from the 4500–4900 m depth range. Twelve species of Cirratulidae were identified, of which 11 are new to science. Aphelochaeta abyssalis n. sp., A. clarionensis n. sp., A. clippertonensis n. sp., A. spargosis n. sp., A. tanyperistomia n. sp., A. wilsoni n. sp., Caulleriella bathytata n. sp., Chaetozone akaina n. sp., C. grasslei n. sp., C. truebloodi n. sp. and Tharyx hessleri n. sp. Most of these species are small deposit-feeding threadlike worms that reside in the upper 5 cm of the sediment and represent a unique assemblage of abyssal taxa.
The Cephenniini of China. IX. Cephennomicrus Reitter of Yunnan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: July 2019

Only two genera of the cosmopolitan tribe Cephenniini are known to occur in the People's Republic of China: Cephennodes Reitter and Cephennomicrus Reitter. The former is species-rich and abundant, especially in subtropical and sub-Himalayan areas, and so far nearly 80 species have been recorded in China. Cephennomicrus is rare, and only two species have been found in this vast country, in the south-eastern province of Fujian. Two new species are reported to occur in Yunnan: Cephennomicrus yunnanicus sp. n. and C. andreasi sp. n.
A catalog of Anisopodidae (Diptera) from Chile
Authors: GONZÁLEZ CHRISTIAN R , ELGUETA MARIO , AMORIM DALTON DE SOUZA
Published: July 2019

A catalog of the Anisopodidae from Chile is provided. All valid names and synonyms are presented, summing up five species in two genera for the country. All references known to us from the taxonomic and biological literature are provided, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality, distribution, and references. We keep Tonnoirina Amorim & Tozoni as a synonym of Sylvicola and Neomesochria Amorim & Tozoni as a synonym of Mycetobia.
Stabilization via output feedback for a type of uncertain time-varying port-controlled Hamiltonian system based on linear matrix inequality approach
Authors: Zhao Tianyi , Duan Guangren
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the control of a type of uncertain time-varying port-controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) systems is investigated. As a matter of fact, the control method proposed in this paper is not based on passivity of PCH systems, but a general output equation is introduced inspired by the measured “information” in the systems in traditional control system theory and the problem of output feedback is considered. In this paper, a conception of p-quadratic stability of the type of PCH system is introduced, and the relationship between p-quadratic stability and Lyapunov stability is pointed out. Then, the problem for p-quadratic stabilization of the proposed system via static output feedback is solved in the following two cases, respectively. For the case of unperturbed output equation, a necessary and sufficient condition for the problem is derived in terms of two groups of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs); for the general case that the output equation also has time-varying perturbations, a sufficient condition for p-quadratic stable of closed-loop system is also given in terms of LMIs. It is also shown that conservatism can be greatly reduced when the perturbation variables in the uncertain PCH systems are restricted to vary within certain intervals. Finally, a numerical example is proposed in the end followed by a simulation to verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.
Limit cycles in relay systems with fractional order plants
Authors: Yüce Ali , Tan Nusret , Atherton Derek P
Published: July 2019

In this paper, limit cycle frequency, pulse width and stability analysis are examined using different methods for relay feedback nonlinear control systems with integer or fractional order plant transfer functions. The describing function (DF), A loci, a time domain method formulated in state space notation and Matlab/Simulink simulations are used for the analysis. Comparisons of the results of using these methods are given in several examples. In addition, the work has been extended to fractional order systems with time delay. Programs have been developed in the Matlab environment for all the theoretical methods. In particular, Matlab programs have been written to obtain a graphical solution for the A loci method, which can precisely calculate the limit cycle frequency. The developed solution methods are shown in various examples. The major contribution is to look at finding limit cycles for relay feedback systems having plants with a fractional order transfer function (FOTF). However, en route to this goal new assessments of limit cycle stability have been done for a rational plant transfer function plus a time delay.
The Degree of Stress in Patients With Empty Nose Syndrome, Compared With Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Kim Chang Hoi , Kim Jooyeon , Song Ji Ah , Choi Gil Soon , Kwon Jae Hwan
Published: July 2019

Background:

Depression is a mental health disease of growing public health concern because depressive mood affects the sufferer’s daily life and is also associated with productivity decline. Depression that is caused by other diseases or substances is referred to as secondary depression, which is an important distinction because curing the underlying cause could subsequently regulate depressive mood. Empty nose syndrome (ENS), also known as “paradoxical obstruction of the nose,” is a condition in which the major symptom is difficulty breathing, despite having sufficient breathing space in the nose. Empty nose syndrome has been increasing in prevalence in Korea. We found that patients with this ENS have a tendency toward depressive mood, which can escalate so far as to lead to suicide attempts. Thus, herein, we aimed to investigate the psychological burden on patients with ENS.

Methods:

We divided patients into 4 groups: ENS (group A), chronic rhinosinusitis with polyp (CRS c polyp, group B), chronic rhinosinusitis without polyp (CRS s polyp, group C), and allergic rhinitis (AR, group D). We estimated and compared Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores among the 4 groups, and we investigated the relationship between depression index and nasal cavity area in patients with ENS.

Results:

The ENS group (A) had depression prevalence of 71% with varying severity, which was much higher than group B (19%), group C (15%), and group D (27%). The correlation between nasal cavity volume and BDI score for the ENS group was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

The degree and severity of depression in patients with ENS was higher than in patients with CRS or AR. Furthermore, there was no relationship between depression severity and nasal cavity volume in the patients with ENS. Thus, physicians should be careful not to dismiss the accompanying mental health problems of patients with ENS.
Beyond the confines of the law: Foucault’s intimations of a genealogy of the modern state
Authors: Braeckman Antoon
Published: July 2019

The general claim advanced in this article is that Foucault’s genealogy of the modern state traces two ideal-typically different power arrangements at the origin of the modern state, roughly referred to as ‘sovereign power’ and ‘governmentality’. They are ideal-typically different in that they operate according to a different logic, including different ends, means and modi operandi. The more specific claim, then, is that due to this different logic, their ever changing interpenetration on the level of the state is imbalanced. In order for ‘governmentality’ to operate according to the law, it must be backed by the juridical frameworks provided by sovereign power, but then again these juridical frameworks prove inadequate and insufficient to curb ‘governmentality’s’ operational procedures as well as the modalities and intensities of its implementation. In other words, in his genealogy of the modern state, Foucault tracks down ‘governmentality’ as a distinctive form of power which, although intertwined with the state, cannot juridically be contained by the state. It cannot be appropriately restrained by its legal regulations and, as such, constitutes an excess vis-à-vis those regulations.
Evaluating the Influence of Self-Efficacy, Trepidation of Stigma, and Previous Counseling Experience on University Students’ Attitudes Toward Psychological and Social Counseling: Implications for Intervention
Authors: Yedemie Yordanos Yibeltal
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence that self-efficacy, trepidation of stigma, and previous counseling experience had on university students’ attitudes toward counseling. Participants’ data were examined separately for students with earlier counseling experience and no earlier counseling experience. One-way analyses of variance showed the group that had no previous counseling reported more concerns of being stigmatized by counseling, rated themselves as more encouraged individuals, and had lower perceptions of self-efficacy than the group with previous counseling experience. These results suggest that students who have not experienced counseling are a varied group, ranging from very encouraged individuals to those doubting their own capabilities. Pearson Product–Moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships between stigma, self-efficacy, and attitude toward counseling for student participants. Results indicated that more optimistic attitudes toward counseling were positively related to female. These analyses also revealed that self-efficacy was associated with being male and with higher levels of encouragement. Two multiple regressions were calculated to investigate which of the variables listed earlier were the best predictors of participants’ attitudes toward counseling. Among participants who had previous counseling experience, gender and age were the significant predictors of attitude toward counseling. An analysis of covariance revealed that the majority of the variance in attitudes toward counseling was accounted for previous counseling experience. Findings suggest that although the trepidation of being stigmatized may not affect students’ attitudes toward counseling, it remains an important variable in the decision to seek or not seek counseling services.
Guide Hook to Prevent Trauma to Soft Tissues by Retraction Element Used with TAD
Authors: Ratre Ramkishore , Jain Sandhya , Chourse Sunny
Published: July 2019

We do retraction of anterior teeth as routine part of our orthodontic practice, and for this retraction to happen, we apply some form of retraction element. This retraction element runs straight on a curved arch from molars or temporary anchorage device (TAD) anteriorly, which contacts the soft tissues on most prominent part and causes trauma. This article gives a simple remedy to this problem by applying “guide hook” to the main archwire, which prevents the soft tissue trauma.
Data as promise: Reconfiguring Danish public health through personalized medicine
Authors: Hoeyer Klaus
Published: July 2019

‘Personalized medicine’ might sound like the very antithesis of population science and public health, with the individual taking the place of the population. However, in practice, personalized medicine generates heavy investments in the population sciences – particularly in data-sourcing initiatives. Intensified data sourcing implies new roles and responsibilities for patients and health professionals, who become responsible not only for data contributions, but also for responding to new uses of data in personalized prevention, drawing upon detailed mapping of risk distribution in the population. Although this population-based ‘personalization’ of prevention and treatment is said to be about making the health services ‘data-driven’, the policies and plans themselves use existing data and evidence in a very selective manner. It is as if data-driven decision-making is a promise for an unspecified future, not a demand on its planning in the present. I therefore suggest interrogating how ‘promissory data’ interact with ideas about accountability in public health policies, and also with the data initiatives that the promises bring about. Intensified data collection might not just be interesting for what it allows authorities to do and know, but also for how its promises of future evidence can be used to postpone action and sidestep uncomfortable knowledge in the present.
Futurelessness, Risk Perceptions, and Commitment to Institutional Rules Among a Sample of Incarcerated Men and Women
Authors: Abderhalden Frances P. , Baker Thomas , Gordon Jill A.
Published: July 2019

Using self-reported surveys of a sample of 2,927 incarcerated men and women from correctional facilities of varying security levels in the United States, this study explores the interrelationship of futurelessness, perceived certainty and celerity of punishment, and commitment to institutional rules. Incarcerated individuals’ commitment to rules with an adult sample has not been explored with consideration to emotionality. Findings suggest that futurelessness and risk perceptions are directly and significantly associated with commitment to institutional rules after controlling for several importation and deprivation factors associated with institutional misconduct. Contrary to the suggestions of prior research, risk perceptions did not mediate the futurelessness–commitment to institutional rules relationship. Direct quotes from study participants are included to contextualize and frame the policy implications of the findings. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are also discussed.
Anaesthesia in Hong Kong and the Faculty of Anaesthetists: 25 Years of Co-operation
Authors: Lett Z. , Cass N.
Published: July 2019

The development of anaesthetic services in Hong Kong started about five years after the Faculty of Anaesthetists, RACS, was founded. A nucleus of trained anaesthetists there sought assistance from the Faculty to establish adequate training posts and courses of instruction, and hence to provide consultants with an internationally accepted qualification. This paper describes the major features of the early decades of this development.