bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medidas de desempenho escolar: avaliação formal e opinião de professores
Authors: Capellini Simone Aparecida , Tonelotto Josiane Maria de Freitas , Ciasca Sylvia Maria
Published: March 2009

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o desempenho de escolares em relação à avaliação formal e a opinião de professores. Participaram 164 escolares de ensino fundamental de cidade do interior paulista, sendo 81 do sexo masculino e 83 do sexo feminino. Foi utilizado o Teste de Desempenho Escolar e foram definidos 2 grupos, segundo a opinião da professora quanto ao desempenho normal e abaixo da média. Os resultados revelaram diferença significativa indicando que o menor desempenho foi verificado para o sexo masculino e para a quarta série. As médias do grupo definido pela professora com desempenho inferior foram abaixo do esperado e diferiram significativamente. A opinião da professora neste estudo foi fundamental para a identificação dos problemas relacionados à escolaridade.
Mulheres fora de lugar?
Authors: Blass Leila Maria da Silva
Published: March 2009

Este texto trata da estreita relação entre a presença das mulheres na pré-montagem e montagem final dos veículos e os novos paradigmas produtivos. Ao contrário do que se poderia supor, as mulheres não estão fora de lugar nas indústrias automobilísticas, como revela um estudo comparativo, sobre essas indústrias, em Portugal e no Brasil.
Fatores de risco e profilaxia para tromboembolismo venoso em hospitais da cidade de Manaus
Authors: Andrade Edson de Oliveira , Bindá Fábio Arruda , Silva Ângela Maria Melo da , Costa Thais Ditolvo Alves da , Fernandes Marcélio Costa , Fernandes Márcio Costa
Published: March 2009

OBJETIVO: Identificar e classificar os fatores de risco para tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) em pacientes internados, avaliando as condutas médicas adotadas para a profilaxia da doença. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, de corte transversal no período de janeiro a março de 2006, envolvendo uma população de pacientes internados em três hospitais na cidade de Manaus (AM). A estratificação do risco para TEV foi feita com base nos critérios da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular e da International Union of Angiology. Foram avaliados variáveis sobre os fatores de risco clínicos, cirúrgicos e medicamentosos, assim como os métodos profiláticos para TEV. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, adotando-se um alfa de 5% e IC95%. Os dados qualitativos foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado e os dados quantitativos pelo teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 1.036 pacientes num total de 1.051 internações, sendo 515 (49,7%) homens e 521 (50,3%) mulheres. Um total de 23 de fatores de risco para TEV foram identificados (número total de eventos, 2.319). O risco estratificado para TEV foi de 50,6%, 18,6% e 30,8% das internações para risco alto, moderado e baixo, respectivamente. Em 73,3% das internações, não foram adotadas medidas profiláticas não-medicamentosas durante o período do estudo, e em 74% das internações que apresentavam risco moderado ou alto, não foram adotadas quaisquer medidas terapêuticas medicamentosas. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo evidenciou que, na população estudada, os fatores de risco foram frequentes e que medidas profiláticas não foram utilizadas para pacientes com riscos potenciais de desenvolverem TEV e suas complicações.
Características de pacientes com câncer de pulmão na cidade de Manaus
Authors: Westphal Fernando Luiz , Lima Luis Carlos de , Andrade Edson Oliveira , Lima Netto José Corrêa , Silva Andrei Salvioni da , Carvalho Bruna Cecília Neves de
Published: March 2009

OBJETIVO: Analisar as características de pacientes com câncer de pulmão. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo e descritivo dos pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico de câncer de pulmão entre 1995 e 2002 em Manaus (AM). Os dados dos pacientes foram coletados nos arquivos médicos de três hospitais. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas, e as curvas de sobrevida geradas a partir do estimador atuarial. RESULTADOS: Dos 352 pacientes selecionados, 262 (74,4%) eram do sexo masculino e 90 (25,6%) do feminino. A média de idade foi de 62 anos. Os seguintes tipos histológicos foram encontrados: carcinoma de células escamosas, 62,8%; adenocarcinoma, 24,7%; carcinoma de pequenas células, 9,1%; e carcinoma de grandes células, 3,4%. Os estádios IIIB e IV foram os mais comuns, com uma frequência de 45% e 21,5%, respectivamente. Da amostra total, 73,4% foram submetidos a tratamento. Desses, 51,4% foram submetidos à radioterapia; 16,6%, à cirurgia; 15,8%, à quimioterapia; e 16,2%, à radioterapia associada à quimioterapia. Os níveis de sobrevida acumulada foram baixos: a sobrevida em três anos foi de 6,5% e a sobrevida em cinco anos foi de 3,5%. CONCLUSÕES: Este grupo de pacientes com câncer de pulmão apresentou uma sobrevida muito pequena, divergindo dos resultados encontrados na literatura. Isto é provavelmente decorrente da dificuldade de acesso ao sistema de saúde especializado e do estágio avançado do diagnóstico.
It's All About the Teacher
Authors: Flynt E. Sutton , Brozo William G.
Published: March 2009

The most important element in the content literacy classroom is the teacher. Effective content literacy teachers engage their students through insistence, make connections across content areas, adapt instruction and are keenly aware of their students' out of class literacy interests. They are successful because they view themselves as learners too.

إن أهم عنصر في صف محتوى معرفة القراءة والكتابة هو المعلم. إذ أن معلمي محتوى معرفة القراءة والكتابة الفعالين يتصلون بطلابهم من خلال إصرارهم ويجعلون روابط بين مجالات المحتوى ويكيفون التعليم ويدرون باهتمام طلابهم الأدبي خارج الصف حق الدراية. وإنهم ناجحون لأنهم يعتبرون أنفسهم طلاب العلم أيضاً.

在学科读写文化的课堂教学中，教师是最重要的元素。高效能的学科读写文化教师，会透过他们坚持的指导，建立跨学科读写文化的连接，采用切合学生需要的教学，以及他们对学生在课堂外的读写文化兴趣的敏锐觉察，帮助学生投入学习。这些教师之所以成功是因为他们都认为自己也是学习者。

L'élément le plus important dans une classe où l'on enseigne une discipline est le professeur. Les professeurs efficaces dans une discipline donnée impliquent leurs élèves du fait de leur insistance, font des liens d'une discipline à l'autre, adaptent leur enseignement et ont une conscience aigüe de ce qui intéresse les élèves en dehors de la classe. Ils réussissent parce qu'ils se considèrent eux‐mêmes également comme des apprenants.

Важнейшей составляющей при обучении предметной грамотности является сам учитель. Хорошие специалисты работают с учащимися системно и настойчиво, предлагают им сравнивать различные предметные области, адаптируют учебные методы к конкретной ситуации и хорошо представляют, какие виды грамотности привлекают учеников вне стен школы. Эти учителя успешны, потому что никогда не устают учиться.

El elemento más importante en el aula de materia de contenido es el maestro. Tales maestros logran sus metas porque ocupan la atención de sus estudiantes por medio de la insistencia, hacen conexiones entre las materias de contenidos, adaptan su instrucción y están muy conscientes de los intereses de los estudiantes fuera del salón de clase. Tienen éxito porque se ven a sí mismos como aprendices también.
Early Senonian radiolarian microfauna and biostratigraphy from the Western Vardar Zone (Western Serbia)
Authors: Djerić Nevenka , Gerzina Nataša , Gajić Violeta , Vasić Nebojša
Published: March 2009

Early Senonian radiolarian microfauna and biostratigraphy from the Western Vardar Zone (Western Serbia)

The studied deposits represent the sedimentary cover of ophiolitic mélange of the Western Vardar Zone Belt. An association of sediments that correspond to a primary pyroclastic material occurs in the Upper Cretaceous carbonate sediments near the village of Struganik (Western Serbia). This is an interlayer within mainly carbonate sediments represented by limestone, clayey limestone and marlstone. It is made of the following succession: a lamina made of crystalline quartz, sanidine, plagioclase and biotite and a layer of clay. The clay is of the smectite type, highly crystalline. The age of the radiolarian assemblage from the clay layer is assigned to Early Senonian, based on the co-occurrence of radiolarian taxa:Dictyomitra formosaSquinabol,Dictyomitra koslovaeForeman,Dictyomitra torquataForeman,Alieviumsp. cf.A. superbum(Squinabol) andPseudoaulophacussp. cf.P. venadoensisPessagno. The pyroclastic material was brought into the water environment by a cloud that was formed after an explosive eruption whose exact location cannot be determined at the moment. According to geological data, there are no indications of volcanic activity before the Late Cretaceous in the wider studied area. Marine sedimentation continued after gravitational differentiation of pyroclastic material. The results of petrological and sedimentological investigations reveal that Struganik Limestone originated in a deep-water environment and that the sedimentation area was on the continental slope.
Late Badenian foraminifers from the Vienna Basin (Central Paratethys): stable isotope study and paleoecological implications
Authors: Kováčová Patrícia , Hudáčková Natália
Published: March 2009

Late Badenian foraminifers from the Vienna Basin (Central Paratethys): stable isotope study and paleoecological implications

Paleoecological interpretations based on stable isotope study of benthic (Uvigerina semiornata) and planktonic (Globigerina bulloides, Globigerinoides trilobus) foraminiferal shells from the Paratethys Vienna Basin (southwestern Slovakia) are presented. The study was performed on sediments of the Devínska Nová Ves-clay pit deposited during the Middle and Late Badenian (Middle Miocene). Our δ13C data show an enhanced nutrient input to the water column and the organic matter accumulation at the bottom of the Vienna Basin. The remineralization of accumulated organic matter on the sea floor resulted in the formation of oxygen-depleted zones, where no oxic indicators but the oxygen-deficiency tolerant species were found. Positive benthic δ18O signal can be attributed to the influence of the global cooling recognized in the world-ocean during the Middle Miocene. At the same time, variations observed in the water column are interpreted as reflecting the local temperature and salinity changes resulting from the fluvial and rain inflow. The differences between surface and bottom water temperature reflect the stratification of the water column. Such stratification might be related to the isolation process of Central Paratethys in the Badenian. This study confirms that δ13C and δ18O are not always in isotopic equilibrium with the ambient water but are also influenced by vital effects (respiration, symbiont photosynthesis …). The vital effects led to the incorporation of isotopically light metabolic CO2intoGlobigerina bulloidesresulting in high similarity between δ13C values ofUvigerinaandGlobigerina. It has been shown that the extremely high δ13C and very low δ18O ofGlobigerinoides trilobusclearly imply the influence of algal photosymbionts.
Syntheses and Biological Activity of the HDAC Class I Inhibitor Largazole
Authors: Seiser Tobias , Cramer Nicolai
Published: March 2009

Histone deacetylase inhibitors are an emerging class of antiproliferative agents that have the potential to combat cancer on an epigenetic level. The recently reported marine natural product largazole has been recently isolated in trace amounts from cyanobacteria and displays a very
potent and selective antiproliferative activity towards a number of cell lines. Several lines of evidence suggested it might act as a histone deacetylase inhibitor. These compelling properties have generated considerable interest in the synthetic community which resulted in several total syntheses
of largazole. The present review offers a brief overview of the synthetic routes and some early structure–activity relationships.
Synthesis of Stable Phosphorus Ylides from 6-Chloro-2-Benzoxazolinone and Kinetic Investigation of the Reactions by Uv Spectrophotometry
Authors: Kazemian Mohammad Amin , Karimi Pouya , Habibi-Khorassani Sayyed Mostafa , Ebrahimi Ali , Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Milani Forough Jalili
Published: March 2009

Stable crystalline phosphorus ylides were obtained in excellent yields from the 1:1:1 addition reactions between triphenylphosphine and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, in the presence of an NH-acid, such as 6-chlorobenzoxazolinone. These stable ylides exist in solution as a mixture of two geometrical isomers as a result of restricted rotation around the carbon-carbon partial double bond resulting from conjugation of the ylide moiety with the adjacent carbonyl group. To determine the kinetic parameters of the reactions, they were monitored by UV spectrophotometry. The second order fits were drawn and the values of the second order rate constant ( k2) were calculated automatically using standard equations within the program. Over the temperature range studied, the dependence of the second order rate constant (Ln k2) on reciprocal temperature was in a good agreement with the Arrhenius equation, leading to the activation energies of all reactions. Furthermore, useful information was obtained from studies of the effect of solvent, the structure of reactants (different alkyl groups within the dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates) and also the concentration of reactants on the rate of reactions. The proposed mechanism is consistent with the results obtained and the steady state approximation, and the first step ( k2) of reaction was recognized as the rate-determining step on the basis of experimental data.
Studies on the Substitution and Temperature Effects in the Insertion Reactions of Singlet State Aluminium Monohalides (1Alx) with Hydrogen Halides (Hx) (X = F, Cl, Br)
Authors: Yin Ping , Zhang Yanbin Xu Jiang , Xu Qiang , Jiang Wei , Chen Lei , Bao Chongrong
Published: March 2009

The insertion reactions of singlet aluminium monohalides 1(AlX) (X = F, Cl, Br) with hydrogen halides (HX) have been investigated by the DFT/B3LYP method at the B3LYP/6-311 + G( d, p) level, which involve three-membered ring transition states (TS). In addition, general statistical thermodynamics and Eyring transition state theory with the Wigner correction were used to study the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of these reaction channels within the temperature range of 200-1200 K. It is concluded that with increasing temperature, the reaction equilibrium constant K decreases sharply, while the reaction rate constant k increases gradually for all these insertion reactions. The orders are K(F) > K(Cl) > K(Br) and k(Br) > k(Cl) > k(F) over the entire temperature range of 200-1200 K, while the differences of lg K and lg k at low temperature are larger than those at high temperature.
Dietary Protection Against Free Radicals: A Case for Multiple Testing to Establish Structure-activity Relationships for Antioxidant Potential of Anthocyanic Plant Species
Authors: Philpott Martin , Lim Chiara Cheng , Ferguson Lynnette
Published: March 2009

DNA damage by reactive species is associated with susceptibility to chronic human degenerative disorders. Anthocyanins are naturally occurring antioxidants, that may prevent or reverse such damage. There is considerable interest in anthocyanic food plants as good dietary sources, with the potential for reducing susceptibility to chronic disease. While structure-activity relationships have provided guidelines on molecular structure in relation to free hydroxyl- radical scavenging, this may not cover the situation in food plants where the anthocyanins are part of a complex mixture, and may be part of complex structures, including anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). Additionally, new analytical methods have revealed new structures in previously-studied materials. We have compared the antioxidant activities of extracts from six anthocyanin-rich edible plants (red cabbage, red lettuce, blueberries, pansies, purple sweetpotato skin, purple sweetpotato flesh and Maori potato flesh) using three chemical assays (DPPH, TRAP and ORAC), and the in vitro Comet assay. Extracts from the flowering plant, lisianthus, were used for comparison. The extracts showed differential effects in the chemical assays, suggesting that closely related structures have different affinities to scavenge different reactive species. Integration of anthocyanins to an AVI led to more sustained radical scavenging activity as compared with the free anthocyanin. All but the red lettuce extract could reduce endogenous DNA damage in HT-29 colon cancer cells. However, while extracts from purple sweetpotato skin and flesh, Maori potato and pansies, protected cells against subsequent challenge by hydrogen peroxide at 0oC, red cabbage extracts were pro-oxidant, while other extracts had no effect. When the peroxide challenge was at 37oC, all of the extracts appeared pro-oxidant. Maori potato extract, consistently the weakest antioxidant in all the chemical assays, was more effective in the Comet assays. These results highlight the dangers of generalising to potential health benefits, based solely on identification of high anthocyanic content in plants, results of a single antioxidant assay and traditional approaches to structure activity relationships. Subsequent studies might usefully consider complex mixtures and a battery of assays.
Side-chain Liquid Crystal Polymers (SCLCP): Methods and Materials. An Overview
Authors: Ganicz Tomasz , Stańczyk Włodzimierz
Published: March 2009

This review focuses on recent developments in the chemistry of side chain liquid crystal polymers. It concentrates on current trends in synthetic methods and novel, well defined structures, supramolecular arrangements, properties, and applications. The review covers literature published in this century, apart from some areas, such as dendritic and elastomeric systems, which have been recently reviewed.
PNEGers in Portland
Authors: DeSilets Lynore D.
Published: March 2009

Continuing education and academic and staff development educators participated in an annual American Nurses Association (ANA) Council on Continuing Education conference for many years. When ANA eliminated its councils, the conference was continued by the Professional Nurse Educators Group (PNEG). Each fall, PNEG hosts a conference targeting educators in academia, continuing education, and staff development roles. It is the only conference where common issues can be discussed. This column focuses on the value of participating in PNEG as a way to connect with other educators.
Autism: Part I. Deficits, Prevalence, Symptoms, and Environmental Factors
Authors: Ray-Mihm Rita
Published: March 2009

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is gaining the attention of public health, educators, and health care providers. This column reviews the deficits, prevalence, symptoms, and environmental factors.
Concept Mapping: An Educational Strategy to Improve Graduate Nurses’ Critical Thinking Skills During a Hospital Orientation Program
Authors: Wilgis Michele , McConnell Joy
Published: March 2009

Novice graduate nurses (GNs) are often deficient in the critical thinking skills needed to assess and handle patient problems and life-threatening situations. Concept mapping is an effective teaching strategy for developing critical thinking and clinical decision-making skills. This small descriptive comparison study was undertaken to determine whether concept mapping improved critical thinking skills in GNs during a hospital orientation program. Schuster’s (2002) Concept Map Care Plan Evaluation Tool was adapted to measure GNs’ critical thinking in concept maps based on case studies at the beginning and end of orientation. A paired t test was computed on pre- and post-mean map scores of 14.071 and 16.428, respectively. Concept mapping was a valuable teaching and evaluation strategy for this group that could be used by nursing educators to improve critical thinking and identify and correct areas of theoretical and clinical deficiency.
E-Mentoring in Public Health Nursing Practice
Authors: Miller Louise C. , Devaney Susan W. , Kelly Glenda L. , Kuehn Alice F.
Published: March 2009

Attrition in the public health nursing work force combined with a lack of faculty to teach public health prompted development of a “long-distance” learning project. Practicing associate degree nurses enrolled in an online course in population-based practice worked with experienced public health nurse “e-mentors.” Student-mentor pairs worked through course assignments, shared public health nursing experiences, and problem-solved real-time public health issues. Nursing faculty served as coordinators for student learning and mentor support. Over 3 years, 38 student-mentor pairs participated in the project. Students reported they valued the expertise and guidance of their mentors. likewise, mentors gained confidence in their practice and abilities to mentor. Issues related to distance learning and e-mentoring centered around use of technology and adequate time to communicate with one another. E-mentoring is a viable strategy to connect nurses to a learning, sharing environment while crossing the barriers of distance, agency isolation, and busy schedules.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(9):394–399.
A Descriptive Inquiry of the Definitions of Critical Thinking and Enhancers and Barriers Reported by Nurses Working in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Raterink Ginger
Published: March 2009

Critical thinking has been an outcome of nursing education since the 1980s. There remains a lack of agreement on definitions, methods of teaching, and methods of evaluation among practicing nurses. This study asked practicing nurses to define critical thinking. It also asked nurses to describe what work-related factors enhanced or posed barriers to the use of critical thinking in practice. Elements of the definitions presented were found to be consistent with current nursing definitions of critical thinking. Enhancers and barriers overlapped and were found to be consistent among the nurses at all facilities studied, with implications for continuing education and staff development.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(9):407–412.
A Process of Becoming: The Stages of New Nursing Graduate Professional Role Transition
Authors: Duchscher Judy Boychuk
Published: March 2009

Newly graduated nurses are entering the work force and finding that they have neither the practice expertise nor the confidence to navigate what has become a highly dynamic and intense clinical environment burdened by escalating levels of patient acuity and nursing workload. This research used qualitative methods to build on and mature aspects of the new nurse's transition experience into acute care. The theory of transition presented in this article incorporates a journey of becoming where new nursing graduates progressed through the stages of doing, being, and knowing. The whole of this journey encompassed ordered processes that included anticipating, learning, performing, concealing, adjusting, questioning, revealing, separating, rediscovering, exploring, and engaging. Although this journey was by no means linear or prescriptive nor always strictly progressive, it was evolutionary and ultimately transformative for all participants. The intense and dynamic transition experience for these newly graduated nurses should inspire educational and service institutions to provide preparatory education on transition as well as extended, sequential, and structured orientation and mentoring programs that bridge senior students' expectations of professional work life with the reality of employment.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(10):441–450.
Impacting the Changing Health Care Environment Through Collaboration and Continuing Education: The Nursing 2015 Initiative Example
Authors: DeSilets Lynore D. , Dickerson Pamela S. , Scholz Jean , Lanier Jan
Published: March 2009

A collaborative initiative among three Ohio health care groups is focusing its efforts on change to enhance the practice of nursing. Continuing education enables currently practicing nurses to advocate for the advancement of nursing and participate in creating change in their practice environments. This collaborative model could be used by other states to enhance nursing practice.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(12):528–529.
Family Presence During Resuscitation
Authors: Twedell Diane , Engelhardt Eric
Published: March 2009

Family presence during resuscitation is becoming an increasingly well-known and sometimes controversial issue among health care providers. Institutional support in the form of position statement and guideline development can assist in the implementation of a family presence program; however, more research is needed into all areas of the practice. Nurses can play an integral role in a practice that demonstrates exceptional attention to the needs of the family and, ultimately, the patient.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(12):530–531.
Health Disparities in Military Veterans with PTSD: Influential Sociocultural Factors
Authors: Nayback Ann Marie
Published: March 2009

Health disparities based on sociocultural factors such as gender, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, culture, and access to health care can potentially complicate the early diagnosis and effective management of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research indicates that among those individuals affected by health disparities, there is a greater burden of illness and disability, higher morbidity and mortality rates, and increased behavioral risk factors. The purpose of this article is to highlight the sociocultural factors that affect the development of PTSD and to publicize health disparities in military combat veterans.
Cyber Child Sexual Exploitation
Authors: Burgess Ann Wolbert , Mahoney Meghan , Visk Julie , Morgenbesser Leonard
Published: March 2009

A 2-year review of 285 child cyber crime cases reported in the newspaper revealed how the Internet offenders were apprehended, the content of child pornography, and crime classification. A subsample of 100 cases with data on offender occupation revealed 73% of cases involved people in positions of authority. The dynamics of child cyber crime cases direct the implications for nursing practice in terms of evidence-based suspicion for reporting, categorizing the content of Internet images, referral of children for counseling, and treatment of offenders.
Effect of Physical Property and Chemistry of Water on Cracking of Stainless Steels in Sub-Critical and Supercritical Water
Authors: Watanabe Yutaka , Abe H. , Daigo Yuzo , Fujisawa R. , Sakaihara M.
Published: March 2009

It was previously demonstrated by the authors that density of water and the density-related physical properties of water are ones of the major governing factors of corrosion of metals in supercritical aqueous solutions. The water density is expected to have significant effects also on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of metals in supercritical water. In this study, we have looked into cracking behavior of sensitized and non-sensitized stainless steels in water under various pressures
and at fixed temperatures above and below the critical point by using SSRT technique, and discussed its correlation with dielectric constant of water. The experimental results have suggested two different cracking mechanisms of 316(L) stainless steels as follows;
For sensitized 316 SS - pure water system; (1) Effects of phase state of water and applied pressure, more essentially, physical property of water, were clearly observed. (2) SCC did not occur in the oxygenated 'gas-like', supercritical water at 400°C/25MPa. (3) Cracking occurred at 400°C/30MPa and the cracking severity was more pronounced as applied pressure was increased up to 60MPa at the same temperature. (4) This variation in cracking susceptibility being dependent on pressure was understood from dielectric constant of water. (5) The results give a strong evidence of the dissolution mechanism. For non-sensitized 316L SS - sulfuric acid water system; (1) Non-sensitized 316L SS severely cracked with IG even in a 'gas-like' supercritical water. (2) Dielectric constant did not affect cracking severity. (3) Cracking was more enhanced at higher temperature. (4)
The results suggested oxidation cracking.
Early Detection of the Material Degradation Based on the Integrated Analysis of Diverse Measurement Techniques
Authors: Kimura Tomokazu , Tamaki Yuji , Takahashi Makoto , Kitamura Masaharu
Published: March 2009

The diverse techniques for condition monitoring of the test material have been applied in the material test loop (System Safety Benchmark Facility: SSBF) simulating the water condition that of the boiling water reactor. In this paper, two methods of condition monitoring are mainly described. One is a thinning process monitoring of material wall by using pulse echo methods with ultrasonic sensors. The other is early detection of a leakage by measuring and analyzing the SSBF parameter and the temperature and humidity in the protector. Although the experiment is still going on, the validity of the proposed methods of condition monitoring has been confirmed.
Control Effect on Fatigue Crack Propagation of TiNi Fiber Reinforced / Polycarbonate Composite Material
Authors: Lee Cheong Cheon , Shimamoto Akira
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the TiNi fiber reinforced / PC composite material was developed, and then control of the fatigue crack growth due to the shape memory effect was studied. Enhancement of mechanical properties and resistance of deformation of the TiNi fiber reinforced / PC composite were investigated by fatigue experiments. The fatigue behavior and crack propagation were in-situ observed with a SEM servo-pulser (fatigue testing instrument with scanning electron microscope) while increasing temperature. As the results, the fatigue life was improved, and the effectiveness of fatigue resistance was confirmed. The shape memory effect and expansion behavior of the matrix caused by temperature increasing examined the effect of the fatigue crack propagation control. It was verified that the control of fatigue crack growth is attributed to the compressive stress field in the matrix due to shrinkage of the TiNi fibers above austenitic finishing temperature (Af).
Effect of Si Content on the Creep Properties of Ti-6Al-4Fe-xSi Alloys
Authors: Yoon Jong Won , Kim E.H. , Jeong Hi Won , Hyun Yong Taek , Kim Seung Eon , Lee Yont Tai
Published: March 2009

Effect of silicon content on the creep properties of Ti-6Al-4Fe-xSi was studied. Creep resistance of Ti-6Al-4Fe-xSi alloys was superior to that of Ti-6Al-4V. Ti-6Al-4Fe-0.5Si alloy exhibited the highest rupture strength and creep resistance among the Ti-6Al-4Fe-xSi alloys investigated. The minimum creep rate of the alloys decreased with increasing silicon content up to 0.5wt.% and then it increased again when the silicon content was higher than 0.5wt.%. TiFe precipitates were formed
mainly at the β phase area of Ti-6Al-4Fe-xSi alloys by consuming titanium and iron in β phase, when the alloys were thermally exposed at 500 and 600°C during the creep test. During the creep test, microvoids were induced at the TiFe/α phase interfaces and the cracks were formed along the TiFe/α phase interfaces by the coalescence of the voids. Those cracks were finally connected each other through the α phase.
Effect of High Temperature Air-Exposure on Room Temperature Fatigue Crack Growth of Ni-Base Single Crystal Superalloy CMSX-10
Authors: Iino Y.
Published: March 2009

Room temperature fatigue crack growth behaviour of un-exposed(as-received) and high temperature air-exposed(at 1100°C for 24 to 1000 h) CMSX-10 was investigated. A small compact tension specimen with [001] loading direction and [110] fatigue crack growth direction was used. The fatigue crack growth results were analyzed using a stress intensity parameter K . It is shown that the air-exposure has no deteriorative effect on the crack growth behaviour, even though the
microstructure has changed by the exposure(coarsening of γ' ). The crystallographic facet fracture of (1-11) and (-111) planes appeared and the intersection of the planes forms sets of lines(ridge and valley) parallel to [110] direction. The fatigue crack tip front is schematically shown.
Fatigue Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels with Different Nitrogen
Authors: Hattori Nobusuke , Nishida S.
Published: March 2009

The fatigue properties of austenitic stainless steels become inevitably important when using in structural materials. The authors have performed fatigue tests to investigate the effect of nitrogen content on fatigue properties of typical austenitic stainless steels (SUS304) and two kinds of nitrogen-contained SUS304 (SUS304N and YUS170). The main results obtained in this study are as
follows; (1) The knee point in S-N curves exists for SUS304 and SUS304N, but does not exist for YUS170. (2) The fatigue limit of SUS304N is higher than that of SUS304. On the other hand, the fatigue strength by 107 cycles of YUS170 is lower than those of SUS304 and SUS304N. (3) For SUS304, the transformation ratio increases with increase in stress amplitude. On the other hand, the transformation ratio of SUS304N is very small and that of YUS170 remains essentially zero.
Mechanical and Fatigue Properties of the SiCp/Al Composites
Authors: Ahn J.J. , Ochiai Shouichi , Kwon Jae Do
Published: March 2009

Mechanical and fatigue properties of the SiCp/Al with three different SiC particle volume fractions: 5%, 7.5% and 10% as well as Al6061 alloy were examined with tensile test, hardness measurement and fatigue crack propagation test. Tensile strengths and hardness of the SiCp/Al increased together with SiC particle volume fraction. It was checked that tensile strengths of the SiCp/Al had a certain relation with the corresponding hardness. On the other hand, fatigue crack propagation behavior (FCPB) of the SiCp/Al was faster than that of the AA6061. Besides, difference of the FCPB among SiC particle volume fractions was not pronounced. However, The FCPB slightly increased together with SiC particle volume fraction. It was noted that fatigue properties of the SiCp/Al was more affected by local volume fraction in front of crack tip than bulk volume fraction. In addition, the presence of SiC particles delayed fatigue crack initiation effectively because the percentage of fatigue crack initiation life to the whole fatigue life was a maximum of 38%, larger than that of ordinary structural materials.
Super-Long Life Fatigue Behavior of Structural Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Wang Qing Yuan , Kawagoishi Norio , Yan Nu , Chen Q.
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study is to determine very long life fatigue and near threshold fatigue crack growth behaviors of 7075/T6 and 6061/T6 Al-alloys using piezoelectric accelerated fatigue at 19.5KHz. The experimental results show the fatigue failure can occur beyond 107, even 109 cycles, and endurance limits could not be obtained in the Al-alloys until 109 cycles. Fatigue voids are noticed on fatigue fracture in both alloys. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the crack initiation and propagation behaviors have been examined. Fatigue crack growth rates of small cracks in the Al-alloys are found to be greater than those of large cracks at the same stress intensity factor range.
Development of Flaw Evaluation System for Creep-Fatigue Crack Propagation of High-Temperature
Authors: Fujishita K. , Miura Noriko , Takahashi Y. , Nakayama Yukihiro
Published: March 2009

Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) has been conducting a research project on the verification of evaluation method for structural integrity of high-temperature components. As a part of the framework, we developed a flaw evaluation system on PC to predict creep-fatigue crack propagation, which was considered to be an essential crack driving force at high temperature especially in case where stresses caused by thermal loading were significant. The system is featured by easy and dialogical operation with graphical user interface. Fatigue and creep crack propagation behavior can be predicted using fatigue J-integral range and creep J-integral, respectively, which are the variations of the non-linear fracture mechanics parameter, J-integral. Both fatigue J-integral range and creep J-integral are calculated by the reference stress method with revised solutions developed by detailed finite element analysis.
Evaluation of the Damage for Gettering in Silicon Wafer Introduced by a Cavitating Jet
Authors: Kumano H. , Soyama H. , Saka Masumi
Published: March 2009

Damage for gettering can be introduced by a high speed submerged water jet with cavitation, i.e., a cavitating jet, into a silicon wafer. Gettering is an important technique for removing unwanted impurities from the surface of the silicon wafer that is active device region. Metal contaminations diffuse in bulk of the wafer and adhere to the defects through the thermal treatments in semiconductor processes. If the damage was intentionally introduced into the silicon wafer, these contaminations can be gathered within the intended region. Consequently, the surface of the wafer can be kept free from impurities. The method presented here utilizes cavitation impacts to introduce the damage for gettering. By using cavitation impacts, the damage can be introduced without the use of particles which form sources of contamination during farther wafer handling, as in shot blasting that is a popular technique. The cavitation impacts caused by a cavitating jet were used since the intensity of cavitation impacts can easily be controlled by controlling hydraulic parameters. The gettering effect of the damage introduced by the cavitating jet was already confirmed, but the detail information of the introduced damage has not been obtained. After applying thermal treatment to the wafer treated by the cavitating jet, there are Oxidation-induced stacking faults (OSF) which would be gettering sites. However, the source of OSF is not yet confirmed. In this paper, the damage on the silicon wafer surface introduced by the cavitating jet for gettering is observed to evaluate the source of OSF.
Gettering of Cu in Silicon Wafer by Using Cavitation Impacts
Authors: Kumano H. , Soyama H. , Saka Masumi
Published: March 2009

A novel gettering method using cavitation impacts is presented. Gettering is very important technique for IC manufacturing. Silicon wafers used as a substrate for semiconductors are often exposed to contamination during the device processes. If crystal defects are intentionally introduced into back-side of silicon wafer, metal impurities such as Cu and Fe in the wafer are trapped in the defects and gather into the region during heat cycles. As a result, the zone near the surface of the wafer that is used as active device region is kept off unwanted impurities. This technique is called gettering. In this paper, to introduce backside damage, which is one of the gettering techniques, cavitation impacts are utilized. Cavitation bubbles produce high-pressure impacts upon collapsing. The suitable damage can be introduced by controlling the intensity of cavitation impacts. The high speed submerged water jet with cavitation, i.e., a cavitating jet, was used to cause cavitation impacts. The cavitating jet can introduce backside damage without the use of particles, as in shot blasting that is popular technique. In order to confirm the gettering effectiveness of the damage introduced by a cavitating jet, an experimental study was carried out. The silicon wafer treated by the cavitating jet was intentionally contaminated with solution of Cu(NO3)2. The wafer was then thermally treated. The surface was observed after etching that makes defects on the surface observable. On the surface of the wafer having no gettering effectiveness, defects which were induced by contamination are observed. If the wafer has gettering effectiveness, defects are not observed on the surface. Gettering effectiveness of the damage introduced by the cavitating jet was shown.
The Hygrothermal Degradation on Mechanical Properties of Short-Fiber Reinforced Nylon
Authors: Lee Dong Joo , Lee In Seop
Published: March 2009

The hygrothermal degradation of glass fiber/nylon composite was investigated after aged at 25°C, 50°C, 75°C and 100°C up to 1 month of total exposure in aqueous solution. The effects of moisture absorption and thermal aging on mechanical properties are compared as functions of temperature, fiber volume and concentration of sodium chloride. The amount of water absorption increases when
the aging temperature is increased and the concentration of NaCl is lowered. In general, the mechanical properties decrease with amount of water absorption. The degradation rate of various mechanical properties is different depending on the temperature, fiber volume and the concentration of NaCl. The diffusion mechanisms of water in short-fiber reinforced nylon are discussed as functions of fiber volume, molding conditions and concentration of sodium chloride.
Effects on Inorganic Binder to Improve Strength and Hardness of α+ Al18B4O33w/AC4CH Alloy Composites
Authors: Choi Yong Bum , Jung Jae Woong , Park Won Jo , Huh Sunchul , Lee Kwang Yong , Yoon Han Ki , Sasaki Gen
Published: March 2009

20 vol.% aluminum borate whisker (Al18B4O33w) reinforced AC4CH alloy composite was fabricated by squeeze casting method. The matrix is controlled its impurities, which make metal alloys, especially AC4CH alloy that is made by restraining 0.2% Iron and aluminum to make a matrix material. The perform of composite materials was made from Al18B4O33w with 5% regulated
three kinds of inorganic binders, SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 sol, respectively and then sintered at 1373K. The composites were obtained by squeeze cast infiltration of the molten alloy to the perform. Then
it was squeeze casting into the matrix. The status of adhesions of whisker perform was Observed by SEM. Micro-Vickers hardness and tensile properties at the room temperature were estimated.
Al18B4O33w/AC4CH composites containing TiO2 sol has excellent properties on tensile properties and micro-vickers hardness compared with the other composites without inorganic binder,
containing SiO2 and Al2O3 sol inorganic binder.
Behaviors of Shape Memory Alloy Wire Embedded Smart Composite Skins and Actuators
Authors: Kim Chul , Hyun S. , Cho M.H.
Published: March 2009

The shape changes by bending and twisting of a SMA/composite panel with embedded SMA wire actuators controlled by both electric resistive heating and passive elastic tailoring are investigated to realize the morphing wing of unmanned aerial vehicles. Three-dimensional finite element formulations are derived and used to analyze the behaviors of the SMA/composite smart structures. The numerical results show that the shapes of the SMA/composite panels can be controlled by judicious choices of control temperatures, SMA angles, and elastic tailoring. To
validate the analytical results, two SMA-embedded curved panels are fabricated and then, their changes in shape are measured by a laser optical sensor when SMA is activated by electrically resistive heating. Both results show excellent correlation.
Theoretical, Numerical and Experimental Study of Deformation and Failure Process of Rock
Authors: Tang Chun An , Yang Chien Hsin , Xu Tao , Yang Tian Hong
Published: March 2009

In this paper, theoretical constitutive model, numerical tool, viz., RFPA code and servo-type testing machine, viz., RMT-150B rock testing systems were briefly described, respectively. Then, based on theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental tests for rock specimens in uniaxial compression, the relations and differences between theoretical, numerical and experimental results, especially the complete stress-strain curves, were contrastively analyzed and investigated. The reason for these relations and differences among results was also proposed in this paper.
Analysis of Weak Stress Aging in Earth Dam
Authors: Ma Xiu Yuan , Bai Yong , Song Xiu Guang
Published: March 2009

The earth dam type is widely used in the dam engineering. According to the investigation, the earth dam would suffer problems after running 100 to 200 years in good filling quality. However, in China, for many reasons, it would only need 30 to 40 years when problems occur. This essay study the problems about weak stress of earth dam by the site investigations, theoretic analysis and finite element analysis and put forward the theory of earth dam aging induced by stress weakening.
Surface Effect for Different Types of Materials in Nanoindentation
Authors: Xu Wei Hua , Zhang Tong Yi
Published: March 2009

This paper studies surface effects on the depth-dependent hardness and proposes a novel method to estimate the apparent surface stress from nanoindentation tests. Good agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and experimental data of the depth-dependent hardness, thereby indicating that the apparent surface stress plays an important role in the depth-dependent hardness for various types
of materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers.
Evaluation of Pipe Fracture Characteristics for SA312 TP304L Stainless Steel
Authors: Park Jae Sil , Seok Chang Sung
Published: March 2009

In order to perform elastic-plastic fracture mechanical analyses, fracture resistance curves for concerned materials are required. A standard CT specimen was used to obtain fracture resistance curves. However the fracture resistance curve by the standard CT specimen was very conservative to evaluate the integrity of the structure. Also the fracture resistance curve was affected by the specimen geometry, crack plane orientation, reverse cyclic loading and dynamic strain aging. The objective of this paper is to be certain the conservativeness of the fracture resistance curve by the standard CT specimen. For these purpose, fracture tests using the real-scale pipe specimen and standard CT specimen test were performed. A 4-point bending jig was manufactured for the pipe test and the direct current potential drop method was used to measure the crack extension and the length for the pipe test. From the result of the pipe and the standard CT specimen tests, it was
observed that the fracture resistance curve of the standard CT specimen test was conservative compare to that of the pipe specimen test.
Fracture Analysis of Thick Plate for Partial Penetration Multi-Pass Weldment Using Ĵ-Integral
Authors: Han M.S. , Kim S. , Ham Kyung Chun , Song J.I.
Published: March 2009

Partial penetration welding joint defines the groove welds that applies the one side welding which does not use steel backing and both side welding without back gouging, that is, the partial penetration welding joint leaves an unwelded portion at the root of the welding area. In this study, we analyzed the residual stress and fracture on the thick metal plates that introduced the partial penetration welding method. We performed the fracture behavior evaluation on the partial penetration multi pass welding with 25.4mm thick plate by using the Ĵ-integral, which finally led us the conclusion that the partial penetration multi-pass welding method is more applicable and effective in handling the root face with less than 6.35mm.
The Brittle-Ductile Transition Character of Rocks and Its Effect on Rockbursts
Authors: Zhang Guang , Chen Jing Xi , Hu Bin
Published: March 2009

The brittle-ductile character is one of the important mechanical indexes of rocks and also one of the important affecting factors of rockburst. Both conventional and true triaxial tests have shown that the brittle-ductile character of rocks varies with the variation in rocks stress state and stress path, but these two kinds of tests have revealed totally different laws of brittle-ductile transition. This present paper analyses the results from two tests firstly and then summarizes the effect of rock’s brittle-ductile transition character on rockburst and finally points out the deficiency in present studies of rockburst.