bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Um barnafræðslu í Strandasýslu og Húnavatnssýslu 1887-1905
Authors: Guðmundsson Bragi
Published: November 2021

Rannsóknin sem hér er kynnt byggir aðallega á skýrslum sveitakennara í Strandasýslu og Húnavatnssýslu frá árunum 1887–1905. Í þeim eru dýrmætar upplýsingar um ungmenni sem nutu formlegrar fræðslu á þessum tíma.Meðal niðurstaðna er að hlutfall barna sem fengu formlega fræðslu fór smám saman hækkandi en sýslurnar tvær voru samt vel undir landsmeðaltali þegar kom að hlutfallslegri skólasókn. Barnafræðslunni var misskipt. Minnst var hún norðan Steingrímsfjarðar, á austurströnd Hrútafjarðar og í ytri hluta Vindhælishrepps á Skaga. Allmikill munur var á milli sókna og/eða hreppa. Börn og systkini húsbænda voru 71% heildarinnar fræðsluárið 1894–1895 en fjölgaði í 78% áratug síðar. Hlutfall pilta og stúlkna var tiltölulega jafnt og aldursbil nemenda breitt.Heimiliskennsla var ríkjandi fræðsluform og fá börn gengu til kennslu milli bæja. Kennslustaðir voru 70 veturinn 1894–1895 og 78 áratug síðar. Nokkrir vitnisburðir eru um hvernig komið var til móts við börn fátækra. Litlar upplýsingar eru um húsakynni og aðrar ytri aðstæður. Ekkert fast skólahús var við Húnaflóa uns heimavistarskólinn á Heydalsá tók til starfa 1897 og ekkert slíkt reis næsta áratuginn. Lítið er vitað um kennsluaðferðir. Sumir kennaranna lýsa utanbókarlærdómi og yfirheyrslum en einnig voru nemendur æfðir í að skrifa eftir upplestri. Námstími var yfirleitt skammur og áhersla á að kenna ófermdum börnum skyldunámsgreinarnar fjórar: lestur, kristinfræði, skrift og reikning, að viðbættri réttritun. Eldri nemendur lásu fleira, helst náttúrufræði, landafræði og dönsku. Byggðirnar við Húnaflóa stóðu höllum fæti í þróun uppfræðslu og skólamála miðað við það sem best gerðist annars staðar. Þar réð líklega mestu dreifð búseta en einnig mögulega efnalegar aðstæður og íhaldssöm viðhorf til skólagöngu.
ESTRUTURAS DE GOVERNANÇA NO SISTEMA AGROINDUSTRIAL DO LEITE NO OESTE DO PARANÁ: CUSTOS DE TRANSAÇÃO E FORMAS PLURAIS
Authors: Ferreira Diniz Victoria Maria , Schmidt Carla Maria , Cielo Ivanete Daga
Published: November 2021

O objetivo do estudo é analisar as estruturas de governanças adotadas nas transações entre laticínios e fornecedores de leite na região Oeste do Paraná sob a ótica dos Custos de Transação e Formas Plurais. A pesquisa possui caráter qualitativo, sendo empírica com análise descritiva. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 12 laticínios do Oeste do Paraná, que possuem registro no Sistema de Inspeção Federal (SIF). Esses respondem por 85% da quantidade total de laticínios da região. Observa-se nos resultados a presença de contrato informal marcada por incertezas quanto ao fornecimento de leite, renegociações de contrato mensais e variações no preço pago ao produtor. Referente à estrutura de governança predominante na região Oeste, evidenciaram-se as formas híbridas e que 66% dos laticínios adotam formas plurais para transacionar com fornecedores de leite, em que as estruturas de governança mais utilizadas são os contratos relacionais e o mercado spot, estratégias adotadas para mitigar os gargalos enfrentados nas transações.
Homelessness and Access to Health Care: Policy Options and Considerations
Authors: Byng Danalyn
Published: November 2021

This paper was prepared for a course on Canadian health policy. It analyses the current health situation of the homeless population in Canada, along with the characteristics of health care use among members of this group. A focus is placed on the barriers to accessing health care that are often experienced by homeless individuals. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the various policy options that may work to effectively address the unique health issues of the homeless population. There are severe inequalities in the experiences of health of this group – and with a growing population of homeless individuals in Canada comes a growing need to work towards creating interventions that will reduce homelessness and improve health. This paper will highlight that action cannot only come from those in the health policy sector for results to be lasting – efforts need to come from actors involved in all sectors.
IMPROVING THE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE LIMAU MANIH MUSHROOM FARMER GROUP ABOUT DIVERSIFICATION OF PROCESSED OYSTER MUSHROOM PRODUCTS
Authors: Dewi Kurnia Harlina , Fiana Risa Meutia , Derosya Vioni , Permata Deivy Andhika , Hasbullah Hasbullah , Awalina Rahmi
Published: November 2021

Mushroom Cultivation is one of the government programs aimed at triggering the economy of the people who need guidance not only in the cultivation of saj, but also requires guidance for processing into more economically valuable products. Low knowledge and skills of mushroom farmers about raw materials, processing technology and product packaging. The method of activities consists of the delivery of counseling material about the nutritional content and properties of oyster mushrooms, the delivery of material about the processing technology of various oyster mushroom based products, the delivery of material about product packaging and product manufacturing practices. The results of the activity showed an increase in the knowledge and skills of oyster mushroom farmers after the extension activities. Oyster mushroom farmers who initially did not know (score 1) became little know (score 2) and knew better and were very knowledgeable about various science and technology related to raw materials, processes and products (packaging).
EMPOWERMENT OF SIAMESE CITRUS FARMERS KAMANG NAGARI KAMANG HILIR, KAMANG MAGEK DISTRICT, AGAM REGENCY
Authors: Mutiara Vonny Indah , Hariance Rika
Published: November 2021

Siam Kamang citrus farmers, who are known for their JESIKA products in Nagari Kamang Hilir, Kamang Magek District, Agam Regency, have been cultivating oranges since 1962. During its development, Siamese citrus farming experienced a period of production failure due to the CVPD virus attack. Excessive use of pesticides has affected the development of Siamese orange agribusiness in Nagari Kamang. Community service activities in the form of disseminating research results on prospects for developing Siamese orange agribusiness and the financial feasibility of Siamese citrus business are carried out in an effort to empower farmers to develop Siamese citrus farming. From the FGD activities carried out, farmers finally realized that farming patterns that use pesticides as an effort to prevent pests and diseases incur large costs and have a negative impact on the development of JESIKA agribusiness. Farmers are advised to cultivate JESIKA in accordance with the recommended SOP and apply a polyculture cropping pattern with an organic farming system to increase production more optimally.
COMMUNITY SERVICE- DISASTER COVID-19 (PKM-BC19) IN ALAI PARAK KOPI AND SWEET WATER BEACH, PADANG CITY, WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE
Authors: Sayuti Kesuma , Putra Prima Nagara
Published: November 2021

Community Service for the Covid-19 Disaster (PKM-BC) is an activity carried out by students accompanied by supervisors which aims to help the government to overcome the spread of the Covid-19 outbreak, in this service activity students act as providers of education to the community, regarding the symptoms of Covid-19 and cleanliness to prevent the transmission of Covid-19 and also help provide basic material assistance for people in need during this pandemic, so that people are expected to be more assisted and alert in responding to the spread of Covid-19. This activity was carried out in several areas in the city of Padang, especially in Alai Parak Kopi and the Air Manis Beach area, Padang City, West Sumatra Province. The work program carried out includes main activities, supporting and additional activities. The main activity of this service is the distribution of basic necessities, hand sanitizer and masks. As well as supporting activities from this service, in collaboration with Perumda PSM in the water sweet beach area, the work program is the enforcement of the Covid-19 protocol, spraying disinfectants and cleaning the sweet water beach. Supporting activities are making videos of making chlorophyll juice by utilizing local water spinach in the Alai Parak Kopi area.
Source studies within the structure of the history of political and legal doctrines: subject, goal, functions, and role
Authors: Kodan Sergei Vladimirovich
Published: November 2021

The subject of this research is determination of the place and role of source studies within the structure of the history of political and legal doctrines. The questions of source studies in the indicated legal science have not been previously studied, at best designated as such in works of the thinkers. Further research of the political-legal thought requires elaboration of the theoretical problems of source studies of the history of political and legal doctrines, first and foremost, determination of the initial parameters of the section of source studies of this legal science. The modern development of the theory of source studies in social sciences and humanities creates the prerequisite for its highlight and description. It is also necessary to consider the experience of studying the sources in the history of sociopolitical thought and the history of philosophy, in which the section of source studies of the specified sciences develop dynamically. This article is first within the works on history of political and legal doctrines explores the characteristics of the section of source studies of this science, i.e. its subject, goal, and functions. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of studying sources as the foundation for acquiring new knowledge on the history of political-legal thought, the need to work with the sources and lean on the achievements of other sciences of social-humanistic orientation.
The Constitution of “developed Socialism” as an instrument of political-legal construction of reality
Authors: Pletnikov Viktor Sergeevich
Published: November 2021

This article discusses the quality of constitutional-legal regulation and nature of the state of “developed socialism” based on comprehensive analysis of the text of the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union. The subject of this research is the target points enshrined in the Basic Law of the country and used for construction of the essential, institutional, functional-activity, normative-regulatory, and effective principles of the model of the state of "developed socialism". Such material allowed classifying the objectives specified in the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, and determining the integrity of target-setting of the legislator in terms of state-building at the new stage of development of Soviet society. Using the model of the state as an instrument for cognizing state-legal life tailored to the needs of goal-setting of human activity, it is concluded that the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union is not qualitative instrument that ensures state-legal development of the country. A range of goals stated stipulated in the Basic Law of the country of 1977 duplicate similar provisions enshrined in the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, and do not reflect the needs of the state of “developed socialism”. In view of the progressive goal reflected in the preamble of the 1977 Constitution, it has turned into the instrument of political-legal construction of reality.
PROFIL KECEMASAN PERILAKU SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI
Authors: Lestari Chyntia Anggita , Noor Dini Islami , Nurhidayanti Melly
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil kecemasan perilaku peserta didik dalam pembelajaran biologi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan teknik sampel stratified random sampling. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas XI MIA 3 dan kelas XII MIA 3 . Pengambilan data dilakukan pada peserta didik kelas XI MIA 3 dan peseerta didik kelas XII MIA 3 sebanyak 15 peserta didik dari masingmasing kelas sehingga jumlah sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 30 peserta didik dengan menggunakan instrumen berupa angket atau kuisioner yang dalam bentuk skala Likert, sebanyak 14 butir pertanyaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peserta didik kelas  XII MIA 3 mengalami kecemasan dengan kategori berat mendapat skor sebesar 28-34 sebanyak 9 siswa, dan kategori sangat berat mendapat skor ≥ 35 sebanyak 6 siswa. Sedangkan, peseerta didik kelas XI MIA 3 mengalami kecemasan dengan kategori berat mendapat skor 28-34 sebanyak 8 siswa, dan kategori sangat berat mendapat skor ≥ 35 sebanyak 7 siswa. Kata kunci : Biologi, Kecemasan Perilaku; Peserta Didik
Hubungan Antara Motivasi Belajar dengan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Pelajaran Biologi di Kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) Tasikmalaya
Authors: Irsyad Fawaz Mohamad , Fauzi Sahrul
Published: November 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara motivasi belajar dengan hasil belajar siswa, Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriftif Korelasional. Variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah motivasi belajar sedangkan variable terikat adalah hasil belajar. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas X MAN Tasikmalaya sebanyak 326 orang dari keseluruhan 7 kelas, pengambilan sampel di amibil dari salah satu kelas yang berjumlah 32 Orang siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan pemberian angket yang berisi pernyataan motivasi belajar dengan menggunakan skala likert dan dokumen hasil belajar siswa pada pelajaran Biologi, objek siswa kelas X MAN Tasikmalaya. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis korelasi person product momen dan Uji Regres linear sederhana. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam uji korelasi person produc momen sebesar 0,592  yang menunjukan bahwa tingkat korelasi berada pada tingkatan sedang, sedangkan dari hasil uji regresi linear sederhana memperoleh R squere sebesar o,351 yang menunjukan pengaruh motivasi terhadap hasil belajar sebesar 35,1 %. Instrument penelitian telah di uji validitas dan reliabilitasnya.. Analisis data menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson produc moment dan uji regresi sederhana dengan bantuan spss for window 26.. Dengan demikinan hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat hubungan antara motivasi belajar dengan hasil belajar. Kata Kunci : Motivasi Belajar dan Hasil Belajar
PROFIL KETERAMPILAN LITERASI SAINS PESERTA DIDIK KELAS VIII SMP PADA KONSEP PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN
Authors: Ridwan Muhammad , Ramdhan Fachrul
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil keterampilan literasi sains peserta didik pada konsep pencemaran lingkungan di salah satu sekolah menengah pertama di Kota Tasikmalaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh kelas VIII  berjumlah 8 kelas di salah satu SMP di Kota Tasikmalaya. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dengan total sampel 2 kelas yang berjumlah 55 peserta didik . Keterampilan literasi sains diukur dengan  indikator yang dikembangkan oleh Gormally. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum, nilai rata-rata keterampilan literasi sains peserta didik adalah 36% dalam kategori kurang sekali. Hasil dari masing-masing indikator keterampilan literasi ilmiah adalah sebagai berikut: (1) mengidentifikasi argument  ilmiah yang valid sebesar 34% dalam kategori kurang sekali, (2) mengevaluasi validasi sumber sebesar 18% dalam kategori kurang sekali, (3) mengevaluasi penggunaan dan penyalahgunaan informasi ilmiah sebesar 14% dalam kategori kurang sekali, (4) memahami elemen-elemen desain penelitian sebesar 64% dalam kategori cukup, (5) menunjukkan grafik secara tepat yang diberikan sebesar 42% dalam kategori kurang sekali, (6) membaca dan menginterpretasikan representasi grafik sebesar 65% dalam kategori cukup, (7) memecahkan masalah menggunakan kesimpulan kuantitatif sebesar 42% dalam kategori kurang sekali, (8) memahami dan menginterpretasikan statistik dasar sebesar 22% dalam kategori kurang sekali, (9) melakukan inferensi,prediksi dan penarikan kesimpulan sebesar 36% dalam kategori kurang sekali.  Kata Kunci: Keterampilan Literasi Sains, Pencemaran Lingkungan, Peserta Didik SMP
ANALISIS BERBAGAI STRATEGI DAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN YANG DAPAT MEMBERDAYAKAN KEMAMPUAN METAKOGNITIF PADA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI
Authors: Erlin Euis , Rahmat Adi , Redjeki Sri , Purwianingsih Widi
Published: November 2021

Pada saat ini salah satu permasalahan yang ditemukan dalam dunia pendidikan adalah hasil belajar siswa yang masih rendah. Harapan para siswa untuk memiliki kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi masih belum terealisasi.Salah satu faktor penyebab masalah ini adalah tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk membuat pengaturan yang tepat dalam belajar. Hal ini tentu terkait dengan kemampuan metakognitif yang dimiliki siswa tersebut. , yaitu komponen pengaturan (regulation ) dalam metakognitif yang meliputi aspek  perencanaan sebelum belajar (planning), pemantauan selama belajar (monitoring), dan melakukan evaluasi setelah belajar (evaluating) dalam setiap kegiatan belajar. Kajian ini bertujuan memberikan gambaran dari hasil-hasil penelitian tentang   berbagai strategi atau model pembelajaran yang dapat memberdayakan kemampuan metakognitif pada bidang sains. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu analisis jurnal-jurnal Nasional dan Internasional tentang pembelajaran metakognitif. Berdasarkan hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa jenis strategi dan model pembelajaran dapat memberdayakan kemampuan metakognitif, hanya pada beberapa jurnal tersebut tidak memberikan penjelasan yang spesifik tentang aspek-aspek sebagai instruksi yang melatih siswa untuk memiliki kemampuan metakognitif.  Kata Kunci : Metakognitif, model pembelajaran, strategi pembelajaran
Assessment of a Novel Bioflavonoids and Phytonutrient Formulation in Enhancing Cellular Aerobic Glycolysis, Immunity, Sports Performance, and Mitigating Inflammation
Authors: Downs Bernard W , Banik Samudra P. , Bagchi Manashi , Morrison Bruce S. , Piacentino Matt , Kushner Steve W. , Bagchi Debasis
Published: November 2021

Metabolic competence in conjunction with well-balanced nutritional support is extremely important for normal biochemical and physiological functions, as well as for enhanced athletic performance. Research-affirmed nutraceuticals enriched in structurally diverse phytonutrients including bioflavonoids may help to boost athletic, functional, and biophysiological competence. Occurrence of chronic degenerative disorders is associated with an increase in anaerobic events, namely, the inability to effectively use oxygen and water, and inability to use nutrients for cellular energy production and management, metabolic homeostasis, and waste removal. Earlier clinical studies in our laboratories using the WADA compliant bioflavonoid-enriched Prodosomed VMP35 Multinutrient Complex (“Prodovite®”) demonstrated that it boosted aerobic metabolic competence and provided protection against diverse chronic degenerative anaerobic disorders. We hypothesized that Prodosomed VMP35 may serve as a novel supplement to boost athletic performance. The objective of the study was to conduct selected focused pilot studies to demonstrate the efficacy of a WADA compliant Prodosomed VMP35 to improve athletic competence and performance in a variety of sports activities. The efficacy of VMP35 was assessed in different models of sports performance/athletic competence including power lifting, resistance training, cycling, and selected case studies. VMP35 supplementation restored aerobic metabolic events, minimized oxidative stress, and improved athletic performance, recovery, and immune competence. These pilot clinical studies demonstrate that iron-free VMP35 restores aerobic metabolism by restoring iron-dependent hemoglobin to red blood cells, bolstering neutrophils in the blood (immune support), and significantly improving performance output in a diverse range of athletic activities.
Caenorhabditis elegans: A promising contrivance to study neurotoxicity and oxidative stress
Authors: Singh Kiran , Yadav Shweta
Published: November 2021

Owing to ubiquitous distribution, high abundances and ecological relevance, Caenorhabditis elegans has strong potential interest as barometer of environment and human health. Ecotoxicological methods are used to evaluate the effect of various anthropogenic contaminants on the ecosystems that circumscribe both in-vivo and in-vitro toxicities to explore the pathways and mechanisms of toxicity and to set precise toxicity thresholds. The interest in C. elegans, as a model organism in toxicological studies, has increased over the past few decades. The enticement of C. elegans comes from the ease of metabolically active digestive, sensory, endocrine, neuromuscular, reproductive systems and genetic manipulation along with the ability to ﬂuorescently label neuronal subtypes. The study reviews the competence of Caenorhabditis elegans as a potential model organism in various toxicity assays specifically neurotoxicity and oxidative stress.
Structure of Aedes aegypti procarboxypeptidase B1 and its binding with Dengue virus for controlling infection
Authors: Gavor Edem , Choong Yeu Khai , Tulsian Nikhil Kumar , Nayak Digant , Idris Fakhriedzwan , Sivaraman Hariharan , Ting Donald Heng Rong , Sylvie Alonso , Mok Yu Keung , Kini R Manjunatha , Sivaraman J
Published: November 2021

Metallocarboxypeptidases play critical roles in the development of mosquitoes and influence pathogen/parasite infection of the mosquito midgut. Here, we report the crystal structure of Aedes aegypti procarboxypeptidase B1 (PCPBAe1), characterized its substrate specificity and mechanism of binding to and inhibiting Dengue virus (DENV). We show that the activated PCPBAe1 (CPBAe1) hydrolyzes both Arg- and Lys-substrates, which is modulated by residues Asp251 and Ser239. Notably, these residues are conserved in CPBs across mosquito species, possibly required for efficient digestion of basic dietary residues that are necessary for mosquito reproduction and development. Importantly, we characterized the interaction between PCPBAe1 and DENV envelope (E) protein, virus-like particles, and infectious virions. We identified residues Asp18A, Glu19A, Glu85, Arg87, and Arg89 of PCPBAe1 are essential for interaction with DENV. PCPBAe1 maps to the dimeric interface of the E protein domains I/II (Lys64–Glu84, Val238–Val252, and Leu278–Leu287). Overall, our studies provide general insights into how the substrate-binding property of mosquito carboxypeptidases could be targeted to potentially control mosquito populations or proposes a mechanism by which PCPBAe1 binds to and inhibits DENV.
Quantum Many-Body Theory
Authors:   , Henderson James Robert
Published: November 2021

This thesis is a collection of theoretical investigations into different aspects of the broad subject of quantum many-body theory. The results are grouped into three main parts, which in turn are divided into separate self-contained sections. Some of the work is presented in the form of published papers and papers that have been submitted for publication. The first section of Part A introduces some of the concepts involved in many-body problems, by developing methods to evaluate expectation values of the form . In the rest of Part A I consider collective excitations of finite quantum systems. The calculations are confined to nuclei because the results can then be compared with the extensive investigations that have been made into collective nuclear modes. In Section AII, wavefunctions are proposed for rotational excitations of even-even nuclei. Both isoscalar and isovector nuclear modes are discussed. In particular, the l2,m> isoscalar states are investigated for both spherical and deformed even-even nuclei, and the simplest isovector wavefunction is shown to give a good description of the giant dipole resonance. In section AIII wavefunctions are proposed for compressional vibrational states of spherical nuclei. Section AIV discusses sum rules for nuclear transitions of a given electric multipolarity. It is found that the 2+ and 1- states investigated in section AII and all but one of the vibrational states discussed in AIII each exhaust a large part of the appropriate sum rule. In Part B I consider the problem of how to describe flow in quantum fluids. In particular, we want to be able to identify the physical motion represented by any given many-body wavefunction. Section BI derives a guantum mechanical velocity field for a many-body system, paying special attention to the need for a quantum continuity equation. It is found that when the wavefunction has the usual time dependence e-iwt , that the quantum velocity formula averages over all oscillatory motion, so that much of the physical nature of the flow field is lost. In section BII a particular wavefunction is proposed to represent the quantum excitation corresponding to any given potential flow field. The results obtained by considering specific examples are very encouraging. In Part C I investigate the properties of surfaces. Section CI presents a theoretical description of the tension, energy and thickness of a classical liquid-vapour interface. In section CII the classical results are extended to describe the surface of a quantum system, namely superfluid helium four. Problems occur for the quantum system if the correlations arising from the zero-point-motion of the phonon modes are included in the ground state wavefunction. Finally, in section CIII discuss generalized virial theorems that give the change in the free energy of a system undergoing an infinitesimal deformation. For example, a particular deformation gives the expression used in CII, for the surface tension of a plane quantum surface.
Neutron Cross Section Measurement Using the Associated Particle Technique
Authors:   , Johnson Peter B
Published: November 2021

The associated particle technique is applied to the D(d.n) He3 reaction, in order to produce a tagged neutron beam of accurately known energy, flux, and direction. The incident deuteron beam is obtained from a 400 Kv positive ion Van de Graaff accelerator. A description is given of the design of a uniform field sector magnet and other equipment associated with the stabilization and calibration of the energy of the incident deuteron beam. A versatile n-He3 coincidence system is described. The use of a silicon surface barrier detector with a thin nickel foil window enables complete resolution of the He3 peak with consequent improved neutron flux determination. The tagged neutron beam is used to measure the absolute neutron cross sections of the K39 (n,p) A39 and K39 (n, alpha) Cl36 reactions at a neutron energy of 2.46 Mev. The results obtained, (95 plus-minus 4) mb and (6.2 plus-minus 1) mb respectively, are compared with values obtained by other workers, and with theoretical predictions.
Public Expenditure Planning in New Zealand
Authors:   , Aitken Judith Estranna
Published: November 2021

It is argued in this thesis that over the past 15 years planning - and in particular expenditure planning - has had three main functions in New Zealand central government: as a survival mechanism for elites; as a means to cope with the problems and deficiencies of organised knowledge; and as a symbolic act of reassurance in the face of economic and fiscal uncertainty. Expenditure planning is regarded in this work as a learning process. However, the thesis describes historical developments which illustrate that the imperative need to contain and manage conflict inside central government is such that real executive learning is effectively precluded. Dissonance between the political implications of significant information and the rational action that might be dictated by that information inhibits effective communication and control. The cybernetic malfunctioning of the central system arises not so much from political debate over the fiscal issues as from the need of certain elites to retain their pre-eminence in the planning process - most notably, the Treasury and its associated ministers. It is concluded that a less historically-bound system of power-sharing is called for if the executive agents - officials and ministers - are to react more sensitively to adverse fiscal circumstances and prepare more efficiently for future uncertainties than they have in the past.
A Temporal Model of Aural Frequency Discrimination
Authors:   , McAulay Kaye
Published: November 2021

The importance of temporal information versus place information in frequency analysis by the ear is a continuing controversy. This dissertation developes a temporal model which simulates human frequency discrimination. The model gives guantitative measures of performance for the discrimination of sinusoids in white gaussian noise. The model simulates human frequency discrimination performance as a function of frequency and signal-to-noise ratio. The model's predictions are based on the temporal intervals between the positive axis crossings of the stimulus. The histograms of these temporal intervals were used as the underlying distributions from which indices of discriminability were calculated. Human freguency discrimination data was obtained for five observers as a function of frequency and signal-to-noise ratio. The data were analysed using the method of Group-operating-characteristic (GOC) Analysis. This method of analysis statistically removes unique noise from data. The unique noise was removed by summing observers' ratings for identical stimuli. This method of analysis gave human frequency discrimination data with less unigue noise than any existing frequency data. The human data were used for evaluating the model. The GOC Analysis was also used to study the improvement in d' as a function of stimulus replications and signal-to-noise ratio. The model was a good fit to the human data at 250 Hz, for two signal-to-noise ratios. The model did not fit the data at 1000 Hz or 5000 Hz. There was some evidence of a transition occuring at 1000 Hz. This investigation supported the idea that human frequency discrimination relies on a temporal mechanism at low frequencies with a transition to some other mechanism at about lO00 Hz.
Isolation of New Secondary Metabolites from New Zealand Marine Invertebrates
Authors:   , Wojnar Joanna M
Published: November 2021

This study describes the isolation and structure elucidation of several known and 13 new compounds from New Zealand marine organisms. Furthermore, it describes the development of a digital mask program for the analysis of HSQC spectra of crude sponge extracts. This was used as a screening tool to identify secondary metabolite producers that warranted further analysis. As reports of metabolites from New Zealand nudibranchs are poorly represented in the literature, a study of five New Zealand nudibranch species was undertaken. These coloured and seemingly undefended nudibranchs are known to concentrate or sequester toxic metabolites from their prey, facilitating rapid isolation and structure elucidation of these metabolites. This study resulted in the isolation of a variety of metabolite classes; two new compounds, 13alpha- acetoxypukalide diol (30) and lopholide diol (31) from the nudibranch Tritonia incerta, are described. Examination of the sponge Raspailia agminata resulted in the isolation of a novel family of partially acetylated glycolipids which contain up to six glucose residues. The chromatographic separation of these compounds was a challenge due to the similarity of the congeners and their lack of a chromophore. MSguided isolation eventually led to the purification of agminosides A-E (145-149). An unidentified sponge of the order Dictyoceratida was found to contain a new isomer (186) of the known sesterterpene variabilin. As variabilin-type compounds are predominantly found from sponges of the family Irciniidae, the unidentified sponge is most likely an irciniid. In addition, the sponge contained two prenylated quinones, one of which, 189, is a new isomer of a known sponge metabolite. The sponge Darwinella oxeata contained four new nitrogenous diterpenes of the aplysulphurane (rearranged spongian) skeleton, oxeatamide A (214), isooxeatamide A (215), oxeatamide A 23-methyl ester (216) and oxeatamide B (217).
Set in Perception
Authors:   , Gribben John Alasdair
Published: November 2021

When a person is set, he is said to be prepared for narrowed range of possible events. Instead of being equally prepared for all possible contingencies, he expects only a few. The general notion has been variously expressed as selective attention, specific expectancies or hypotheses, relative sensitisation, abstraction, perceptual bias, and in many other ways. Set, as a result of such preparation, is said to lead to greater efficiency of perception, and to greater efficiency of any later behaviour dependent upon the perception.
Seeing God and the Poetry of Ursula Bethell
Authors:   , Flinn Marit
Published: November 2021

Mary Ursula Bethell's poems are almost exclusively celebrations of natural beauty. What, then, is the significance of the beauty within the world to the poet? This question is central to Bethell's poetry and this thesis attempts to answer it. Beauty, for Bethell, is the invisible shining through the visible. It is the glory of God shown in the physical world. As Bethell searches for and celebrates beauty, she is in fact searching for and celebrating the face of God.  Bethell's first collection, From a Garden in the Antipodes, introduces the role of beauty in the poet's life: a role of revealing the world as a point of connection between herself and her God. Time and Place continues with this theme. Here the focus is on Christ as the ultimate Being - the foundation of all things, who is revealed most perfectly through the beauty of the world. Day and Night holds the climax of the revelation of God. It unveils the Holy Spirit as the 'Spirit of Beauty', so creating a direct link between the poet and her God - a link which is made evident by the beauty of the world.
Emergency Department Re-Presentations Following Intentional Self-Harm
Authors:   , Kuehl Silke
Published: November 2021

Repeat intentional self-harm (ISH) episodes are strongly correlated to suicide. Intentional self-harm for this thesis includes suicide attempts, deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation. The aim was to describe what factors contribute to people re-presenting to the emergency department (ED) within one week of a previous visit for intentional self-harm. Objectives identified were to describe the people using demographic and clinical features; describe and evaluate ED management; and identify possible personal or system reasons as to why people re-present to ED within one week. A retrospective observational design was selected for a period of one year. The data was collected from electronic clinical case notes. The sample consisted of 48 people with 73 presentations and re-presentations. Descriptive and inferential analyses were undertaken using the Statistical Programme for Social Science (SPSS). Missing data limited the number of inferential analyses. Outcome measures were divided into information regarding the person and the presentation. This study made several discoveries: many representations (55%) occurred within one day; the exact number of people who represented many times to ED is unknown, but is far higher than reported in other studies; fewer support people were present for the second presentation; the documentation of triage and assessments by ED staff was often minimal, though frequently portrayed immense distress of this population; cultural input for Maori was missing; physical health complaints and psychosis were found with some intentional self-harm presentations; challenging behaviours occurred in at least a quarter of presentations; and the medical and mental health inpatient admission rates were approximately 50% higher for second presentations. Recommendations in regard to the use of a triage assessment tool, the practice of reviewing peoples' past presentations and the need for a mental health consultation liaison nurse in ED are made. Staff education, collaboration between services with consumer involvement and further research of this group are required. This study supports the need for holistic and expert care for people who present ED with intentional self-harm. Such care needs to be provided in a safe way with the intent on reducing the distress experienced by people who intentionally self-harm.
At your Cervix Madam: a Socio-Historical Study of Cervical Cancer from the Late Nineteenth Century to the Late Twentieth Century
Authors:   , Hyde Pamela
Published: November 2021

This thesis is a socio-historical study of cervical cancer from the late nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. It explores the ways in which discourses have constituted knowledge, social practices and subjectivities in relation to cervical cancer. It also explores the ways in which power has operated on the bodies of New Zealand women. In doing so it criticises orthodox histories of medicine, problematises the knowledge claims of medicine and argues for a sociological account of medical knowledge. In this thesis discourses on cervical cancer have been subjected to a feminist-Foucauldian analysis which reveals their historical specificity and their social location. The gendered bodies of women are placed at the centre of this analysis. This thesis challenges constructionist accounts of medicine which do not pay sufficient attention to the role of gender relations in the construction of bodies. This thesis also develops against feminist theorists a view of women as actively constituting their bodies by responding to and challenging medical discourses whilst at the same time being shaped by these discourses. In this study, cervical cancer is subjected to a sociological analysis which problematises its existence as an unalloyed biological phenomenon. It is argued that women's bodies have been the contested sites for knowledge/power and that the cervix and its diseases have been constituted as variable medical artifacts throughout specific historical periods from the 1890s to the 1990s. The study also shows however, the ways in which women have been active participants in the disciplining of their bodies. In this thesis, the medical profession, state actors and feminists are shown to interact in an interweave of power. In doing so the socially negotiated status of medical knowledge of cervical cancer is revealed.
A Feminist Critique of Clinical Psychology Training Programmes in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors:   , Barnett Heather Anne
Published: November 2021

This thesis provides a feminist critique of clinical psychology training programmes in Aotearoa New Zealand. Taking a feminist standpoint epistemological position I argue that most clinical psychology training programmes do not adequately incorporate analyses of gender, or convey an understanding of the connection between women's sociopolitical positioning and psychological health. The central focus of the thesis is to examine the way analyses of gender and other relations of power are included in clinical psychology curricula. The curriculum is important because it reflects and reproduces dominant psychological knowledge and impacts on the way clinical psychology is practiced. To examine these issues, questionnaires were administered to fifty clinical psychology students and twelve academic clinical psychology staff in six Aotearoa New Zealand universities. Some of these participants also completed a further interview. Additional interviews were undertaken with eleven feminist clinical psychologists. Taking a feminist methodological position, my research involved systematic thematic analysis using a constant comparative approach, as well as the use of quantitative analysis. The research findings, in conjunction with attention to the broader ontological, epistemological, theoretical and methodological foundations of the clinical psychology curriculum, highlight the ways in which psychology's dominant discourses minimise the effects of gendered structural relations and continue to marginalise women's experiences, realities and material lives. As such, an underlying argument of this thesis is that clinical psychology participates in the reproduction of gender inequities, and may perpetuate rather than alleviate the 'psychological' difficulties women experience. The thesis concludes by offering ideas for the future development of clinical psychology training which takes a critical-realist approach to the construction of knowledge, offers multi-level epistemological analyses grounded in the diverse experiences of women and other marginalised groups, and locates gender and other analyses of power as central to the clinical curriculum.
Aspects of the Feeding Ecology of Mallard and Black Swan in a Small Freshwater Lake
Authors:   , Potts Kerry John
Published: November 2021

Section 1. Limnological and waterfowl food supply characteristics of Pukepuke Lagoon are described. Emphasis is placed on describing how the balance between macrophytes and phytoplankton is established (these two forms of vegetation tend to dominate alternately in the lagoon). The question of whether heavy swan grazing may potentially shift this balance in favour of phytoplankton dominance is examined. Section 2. The year-round patterns of feeding exhibited by mallards are described on the basis of scan counts taken at one or two-hourly intervals from dawn to dusk. These feeding patterns, graphically depicted, are then interpreted and discussed against the background of what is known of the food content of the lagoon. Reference is made to the behavioural and physiological adaptability of the birds, and to the reserve capacity of the wetland complex - not just Pukepuke Lagoon - to sustain them. The relevance of these findings and interpretations, to New Zealand in general is discussed. Section 3. An hypothesis is developed to account for the way in which black swans use various waters in the Pukepuke-centred wetland complex.
Comparative Local Governance: Lessons from New Zealand for Japan
Authors:   , Shiba Harufumi
Published: November 2021

This study concerns local governance in Japan and whether lessons can be derived from New Zealand and other countries. There are significant differences in the constitutional arrangements of Japan and New Zealand and the history and cultural influences that shape local governance in each country. The case studies, which compare three different policy areas in both countries, confirm, however, the usefulness of the comparative analysis.

This is not a parallel comparison; the focus is more on lesson learning from different systems and styles of local administrations. The Japanese local government sector is more subject to control and guidance from the centre. A premise of this study is that that a greater degree of autonomy for local government in Japan will be beneficial.

 ‘Governance’ is a term used in different ways in many contexts. In this study emphasis is placed on the ‘means for achieving direction, control and coordination of individual or organizational units on behalf of their common interests’ (Hill and Lynn Jr, 2004, p. 6). It is associated with the notion of ‘steering’ rather than ‘rowing (Osborne and Gaebler, 1993). Governance is not synonymous with government. In a decentralised environment, local governance concerns the way different interests are settled among, broadly, central government, local authorities and communities.

 The power balance among central government, local authorities and communities is at the centre of analysis in this study. Six case studies in roading administration, environmental management and emergency management identify characteristics of the so-called ‘strong’ Japanese state while revealing both positives and potential pitfalls of autonomous local governance in New Zealand. Each of the cases is assessed against five criteria ― local capability, responsiveness, coordination, sustainability and financial/economic viability ― and classified as one of eight hypothetical governance ‘types’. Imposed relationships are often observed in Japan, which is contrasted with more consensual multilateral interactions in New Zealand. Constituents of the Japanese power balance include constant administrative guidance (gyosei shido), human resource management (including amakudari) and other ‘informal enforcement’, whereas devolution, contracts and strategic guidance are more conspicuous in New Zealand.

Breaking the inertia of age-old practices in Japan would not be an easy task as unsuccessful attempts to reform local government in the past indicate. Political and administrative interests at both agent and institutional levels are inevitably involved. The power balance results not only from strict hierarchy and longstanding institutional influences from the centre, but also from the passiveness of local authorities and communities. Altering the power balance and the nature of local governance can be triggered and sustained in various ways: New Zealand experiences through policy transfer examined in this study can provide useful insights.
Mental Health Nurses' Knowledge and Views on Talking Therapies in Clinical Practice
Authors:   , Dent Geertrui Wilhelmina
Published: November 2021

Nurses consider that their training, knowledge and skills in evidence-based talking therapy models are essential for competent mental health nursing practice. Using a qualitative descriptive research design this study explored nurses' knowledge and views on their talking therapy training and skills in practice. The study examined the use of talking therapies, or specialised interpersonal processes, embodied within the Te Ao Maramatanga: New Zealand College of Mental Health Nurses Inc (2004) Standards of Practice for Mental Health Nurses in New Zealand. A survey questionnaire was sent to 227 registered nurses from a District Health Board (DHB) Mental Health Service and a sample of eight nurses participated in a semi-structured interview. Content analysis based on the headings " knowledge views, skill acquisition and skill transfer" established the major themes from the data collection processes. The findings of this study confirmed that nurses believe their knowledge and skills in evidence-based talking therapies to be vitally important in mental health nursing practice. Nurses identified that talking therapy training courses needed to be clinically relevant and that some learning strategies were advantageous. The identification of some knowledge gaps for, nurses with limited post graduate experience, and for nurses who currently work in inpatient areas suggests that further consideration must be given to ensure that a cohesive, sustainable approach is ensured for progression of workforce development projects relevant to training in talking therapies for mental health nurses in New Zealand.
Pacific Community Mental Health Nurses' Experiences of Working for a District Health Board in New Zealand
Authors:   , Apelu Jacinta
Published: November 2021

As meeting the mental health needs of the Pacific people living in New Zealand has become a major focus for providers and District Health Boards since deinstitulisation, so is the significance of mental health care delivery for the Pacific minority. Pacific community mental health (PCMH) nursing as a means of healthcare delivery is a fairly new and unknown practice domain. The fact that no studies have been carried out to explore nursing in this field makes this an area that requires an understanding. This understanding will, in turn, enhance knowledge embedded in PCMH nursing and helps reduce practice constraints. This study explored the perspectives of Pacific nurses on what it is like for them to work in a PCMH service within a District Health Board. Five Pacific Island nurses who worked in the three Pacific Community Mental Health services based in the Auckland region participated in the project. The study employed narrative inquiry to gather data through focused storytelling method. The results of the study have indicated that PCMH nursing is a unique nursing field as well as highlight significant practice issues for nurses. Complex service infrastructure and language have been found to be the major contributing practice constraints. The findings suggest the need for District Health Board authorities, Pacific Mental Health service management, professional nursing education and development programs to consider addressing these practice issues to prevent further increase in the problem of PCMH nurses shortage and enhance recruitment and retention of these nurses.