bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a Magnetic Reconnection Origin of Plasma Outflows along Post-CME Rays
Authors: Chae Jongchul , Cho Kyuhyoun , Kwon Ryun-Young , Lim Eun-Kyung
Published: May 2017

Bright rays are often observed after coronal mass ejections (CMEs) erupt. These rays are dynamical structures along which plasmas move outward. We investigated the outflows along the post-CME rays observed by the COR2 on board STEREO Behind on 2013 September 21 and 22. We tracked two CMEs, two ray tips, and seven blobs using the NAVE optical flow technique. As a result, we found that the departure times of blobs and ray tips from the optimally chosen starting height of

0.5

R

☉

coincided with the occurrence times of the corresponding recurrent small flares within 10 minutes. These small flares took place many hours after the major flares. This result supports a magnetic reconnection origin of the outward flows along the post-CME ray and the importance of magnetic islands for understanding the process of magnetic reconnection. The total energy of magnetic reconnection maintaining the outflows for 40 hr is estimated at

1.4
×

10

30

erg. Further investigations of plasma outflows along post-CME rays will shed much light on the physical properties of magnetic reconnection occurring in the solar corona.
Shocks and Tides Quantified in the “Sausage” Cluster, CIZA J2242.8+5301 Using N-body/Hydrodynamical Simulations
Authors: Molnar S. M. , Broadhurst T.
Published: May 2017

The colliding cluster, CIZA J2242.8+5301, displays a spectacular, almost 2 Mpc long shock front with a radio based Mach number

, that is puzzlingly large compared to the X-ray estimate of

. The extent to which the X-ray temperature jump is diluted by cooler unshocked gas projected through the cluster currently lacks quantification. Here we apply our self-consistent N-body/hydrodynamical code (based on FLASH) to model this binary cluster encounter. We can account for the location of the shock front and also the elongated X-ray emission by tidal stretching of the gas and dark matter between the two cluster centers. The required total mass is

with a 1.3:1 mass ratio favoring the southern cluster component. The relative velocity we derive is

initially between the two main cluster components, with an impact parameter of 120 kpc. This solution implies that the shock temperature jump derived from the low angular resolution X-ray satellite Suzaku is underestimated by a factor of two, due to cool gas in projection, bringing the observed X-ray and radio estimates into agreement. Finally, we use our model to generate Compton-y maps to estimate the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect. At 30 GHz, this amounts to

mJy/arcmin2 and

mJy/arcmin2 at the locations of the northern and southern shock fronts respectively. Our model estimate agrees with previous empirical estimates that have inferred the measured radio spectra of the radio relics can be significantly affected by the SZ effect, with implications for charged particle acceleration models.
Postures du chercheur dans les processus mémoriels et patrimoniaux des migrations. Réflexivité revisitée
Authors: Dos Santos Irène
Published: May 2017

Résumé Le rôle des chercheurs dans les processus de valorisation des « mémoires » des migrations qu’ils étudient a fait l’objet d’analyses réflexives dans différents types de recherches relevant de l’histoire de l’immigration, de l’anthropologie des migrations et de la socio-anthropologie du patrimoine. Elles montrent des visées et postures épistémologiques diverses et posent notamment la question de l’engagement du chercheur. Revenant sur une recherche ethnographique menée il y a dix ans sur la migration portugaise en France, l’auteur met en perspective sa relation à l’objet de recherche en tant que fille d’immigrés et une approche critique de la mémoire.
Ce que commémorer veut dire. Le dispositif mémoriel du « cinquantième anniversaire de l’installation définitive du bachaga Saïd Boualam et ses harkis » en France
Authors: Fabbiano Giulia
Published: May 2017

Résumé La commémoration pour le « cinquantième anniversaire de l’installation définitive du bachaga Saïd Boualam et ses harkis » qui a eu lieu le 18 mai 2012 à Mas Thibert (Arles) donne à voir les torsions auxquelles le passé est soumis lorsqu’il est encodé. En associant les trajectoires des harkis et de leurs familles à celles du bachaga et de ses proches, cette commémoration ne se limite en effet pas à investir le passé mais contribue à le produire. C’est ainsi un dispositif mémoriel de construction d’un événement dont l’évocation est en elle-même un acte d’institution.
Patrimonialiser l’immigration via les témoignages : enjeux et embûches
Authors: Chauliac Marina , Venel Nancy
Published: May 2017

Résumé À partir d’une recherche menée sur une institution culturelle singulière, le Rize à Villeurbanne, il s’agit de questionner la manière dont un établissement municipal contribue à apporter une qualification particulière et durable aux mémoires des groupes migrants via le témoignage et la constitution d’archives orales. La question du témoignage est ici abordée en miroir à travers sa construction par l’institution et par le témoin afin de mieux cerner les enjeux et les décalages possibles autour de la mémoire collective et son éventuelle patrimonialisation.
Reconnaissances situées et pluralisation du « nous ». Effets et portée des mémoires des migrations
Authors: Bertheleu Hélène
Published: May 2017

Résumé Quels sont les effets des multiples initiatives mémorielles qui portent sur les migrations ? Comment saisir la portée des projets et des engagements pour cette « cause » ? Au-delà du profil de l’« entrepreneur de mémoire », les effets sont incertains mais parfois perceptibles en termes de patrimonialisation, de reconnaissance et finalement de citoyenneté.
L’Afrique de l’Est et les réseaux d’échanges océaniques entre les Ier et XVe siècles
Authors: Beaujard Philippe
Published: May 2017

L’Afrique de l’Est a été connectée à des réseaux d’échange océaniques depuis le IIe millénaire av. J.-C. et incluse dans un système-monde afro-eurasien où elle forma une périphérie depuis le début du premier millénaire de l’ère chrétienne, puis une semi-périphérie à partir du xe siècle. Comme le montrent les divers articles de ce numéro de la revue Afriques, la côte est-africaine – curieusement négligée par des ouvrages comme celui de K. Chaudhuri (1975) ou J. Abu-Lughod (1989) – a joué un rôle actif dans ce système, y compris après l’arrivée des Portugais au xvie siècle.
MEMS NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE MICROCOIL
Authors: Ghasemi Mir Majid , Bahrami Manouchehr
Published: May 2017

NMR is one of the important analytic tools which is used to obtain certain information such as metabolic concentrations in neural or muscular tissues. In some other important applications such as proton decoupling, it is necessary to design NMR transmitters/receivers capable of operating at multiple frequencies, while maintaining a good performance at each frequency. In this work, a new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) receiver microcoil based on MEMS technology is proposed. The designed structure uses MEMS microswitches with low contact resistance and NMR-based actuation mechanism. The proposed device can detect carbon (13C), proton (1H), and phosphorus (31p) nucleus with larmor frequencies of 96.36[Formula: see text]MHz, 383[Formula: see text]MHz, and 155.11[Formula: see text]MHz at 9 T magnetic field, respectively. The designed microcoil achieves three important goals:

(1) Getting high SNR, high Q and high filling factor which are key parameters in NMR performance, by changing number of turns. (2) Turning into the array of microcoils to obtain better SNR. (3) Turning into two or three microcoils inside of each other for simultaneous detection.

The MEMS microswitch in this paper uses static magnetic field of the NMR for its operation ([Formula: see text]T) which simplifies the switch mechanism. This switch is small (150[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]50[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]6[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m), scattering parameters of 43.2[Formula: see text]db isolation and 0.0059 insertion loss and maximum displacement of 2.03[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m due to the magnetostatic actuation. In this work, the models and investigations are conducted using finite element simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics. The switch scattering parameters are obtained by HFSS 12.0.
Categorize Readmitted Patients in Intensive Medicine by Means of Clustering Data Mining
Authors: Veloso Rui , Portela Filipe , Santos Manuel Filipe , Machado José , Abelha António da Silva , Rua Fernando , Silva Álvaro
Published: May 2017

With a constant increasing in the health expenses and the aggravation of the global economic situation, managing costs and resources in healthcare is nowadays an essential point in the management of hospitals. The goal of this work is to apply clustering techniques to data collected in real-time about readmitted patients in Intensive Care Units in order to know some possible features that affect readmissions in this area. By knowing the common characteristics of readmitted patients it will be possible helping to improve patient outcome, reduce costs and prevent future readmissions. In this study, it was followed the Stability and Workload Index for Transfer (SWIFT) combined with the results of clinical tests for substances like lactic acid, leucocytes, bilirubin, platelets and creatinine. Attributes like sex, age and identification if the patient came from the chirurgical block were also considered in the characterization of potential readmissions. In general, all the models presented very good results being the Davies-Bouldin index lower than 0.82, where the best index was 0.425.
Resource Efficient Clustering and Next Hop Knowledge Based Routing in Multiple Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Ranjan Priya , Ramaswami Radhakrishnan , Tripathy Malay Ranjan
Published: May 2017

Wireless sensor networks are useful in various industrial, commercial, Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and many important tracking purpose applications. Energy is a limited and not replaceable. Hence it is the most focused research area in the field of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, Cluster Based Energy Resource Efficient & Next Hop Knowledge based Routing Protocol (CBERERP) is proposed for multiple heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. For any routing protocol, energy resources generally depend on number of message exchanges, transmission of data and control packets among the various sensor nodes to reach an agreement. CBERERP uses distributed concept for selection of cluster head among of heterogeneous nodes and intelligent cluster formation to minimize the energy consumption. Further, the proposed protocol reduces energy using a routing technique which minimizes the hop distance, the number of transmission of data and the number of control packets.
Data Replication in Cloud Systems
Authors: Tabet Khaoula , Mokadem Riad , Laouar Mohamed Ridda , Eom Sean
Published: May 2017

This paper presents a survey of data replication strategies in cloud systems. Based on the survey and reviews of existing classifications, we propose another classification of replication strategies based on the following five dimensions: (i) static vs. dynamic, (ii) reactive vs. proactive workload balancing, (iii) provider vs. customer centric, (iv) optimal number vs. dynamic adjustment of the replica factor and (v) objective function. Ideally, a good replication strategy must simultaneously consider multiple criteria: (i) the reduction of access time, (ii) the reduction of the bandwidth consumption, (iii) the storage resource availability, (iv) a balanced workload between replicas and (v) a strategic placement algorithm including an adjusted number of replicas. Therefore, selecting a data replication strategy is a classic example of multiple criteria decision making problems. The taxonomy we present can be a useful guideline for IT managers to select the data replication strategy for their organization.
IT Project Success
Authors: Stevenson Deborah , Starkweather Jo Ann
Published: May 2017

Investigation into the causes for low IT project success rates has dominated both the IT project management literature and the focus of IT project management professionals for decades. Many factors, including a variety of hard skills and soft skills, have been proposed to have an effect on IT project success. This study presented 142 such factors, collected from the IT project management literature over the past 25 years, to members of the Project Management Institute in an effort to ascertain which of these factors had the most impact on IT project success in their respective organizations. Factors were classified into 5 groups: Communication Group, Project Manager/Team Group, Project Group, Organization Group and User Group. Results indicated that 71.8% of respondents agreed that Ability to Communicate at Multiple Levels from the Project Manager/Team Group was the most important factor critical to IT project success of the 142 factors under consideration.
Student Voice in the Mobile Phone Environment
Authors: Daher Wajeeh
Published: May 2017

Student voice is recently attracting educational researchers' attention for its influence on various aspects of student lives and futures, as well as social life in general. Mobile technologies are proliferating in social and practical life. This article studies student voice in carrying out outdoor activities with mobile phones. Thirty middle school students participated in outdoor activities related to real life phenomena with the mobile phone. The research results indicate that the teacher's decisions and intentions to utilize the mobile technologies in the learning of mathematics outdoors set the stage for student voice in the mobile context. Furthermore, teacher support, the availability of the mobile phone and the outdoor activities facilitated student voice through enabling various students' actions and interactions: Freedom, autonomy, equality, participation, collaboration, decision making, sharing of ideas and taking the responsibility of the teacher. The consequences of students' learning in the outdoor mobile context included affective as well as social consequences.
The Use of Reusable Learning Objects to Enhance the Delivery of Veterinary Education
Authors: Chapman-Waterhouse Emily , Silva-Fletcher Ayona , Whittlestone Kim
Published: May 2017

The increased demand from learners in higher education to access resources flexibly has resulted in considerable development in the use of Reusable Learning Objects (RLO) via a blended learning format across the sector. This critical review sets out to identify what is currently known about RLO and how those concepts can be applied to veterinary-related degree courses. The review provides an insight into an aspect of blended learning which is currently limited in terms of published research. The effect of computer confidence, students' choice to use and the impact on student performance are some of the variables which have been measured to date. The approach to RLO by students from different courses may vary, but prior experience of technology, alignment of content and availability of technical support are some of the key drivers for usage and reuse. A positive effect is likely to occur following RLO use because those students have adopted a process of active engagement, which the authors know can bring about a deeper approach to learning.
“We Had a Blast!”
Authors: Asunka Stephen
Published: May 2017

As many important issues pertaining to blended learning within the Sub-Saharan African context remain unexplored, this study implemented a blended learning approach in a graduate level course at a private university in Ghana, with the objective of exploring adult learners' attitudes, experiences and behaviors towards this learning approach, as well as their perceptions towards blended learning in general. Forty-eight graduate students participated in the study as they engaged in a six-week long blended learning course. Qualitative research methods were used to gather data which were analysed using grounded theory coding techniques, descriptive statistics and content analysis. Findings reveal high levels of student engagement and satisfaction with the learning processes, and an overwhelming endorsement of blended learning as a preferred mode of learning. Implications of these findings for further research and practice are discussed within the context of technology adoption and use in the Ghanaian and Sub-Saharan African higher education contexts.
Improved Secure Data Transfer Using Video Steganographic Technique
Authors: Reddy V. Lokeswara
Published: May 2017

Information security using data hiding in video provides high embedding capacity and security. Steganography is one of the oldest data protecting methodologies deals with the embedding of data. Video Steganography hides secret information file within a video. Present day communications are treated to be “un-trusted” in terms of security, i.e. they are relatively easy to be hacked. The proposed technique is invented to hide secret information into a video file keeping two considerations in mind which are size and security of the cover video file. At the sender side, the secret information which is to be hidden is encoded into cover video file. Double layered security for the secret data can be achieved by encrypting confidential information and by embedding confidential information into cover video file frames using encrypted embedding technique.
A Novel Call Admission Control Algorithm for Next Generation Wireless Mobile Communication
Authors: Chavan T. A. , Saras P.
Published: May 2017

Wireless communication technology is progressing very vastly. With this change in technology customer services for multimedia and non-multimedia are increasing day by day. But due to limited resources of the wireless network, we need to design an efficient CAC algorithm to enhance QoS levels for end users. The Quality of service (QoS) enhancement in the wireless network is related to making an efficient use of current network resources and the optimization of the users. Call acceptance in CAC is one of the challenge in mobile cellular networks to ensure that the acceptance of a new call into a resource limited wireless network should not deviate the service level Agreement (SLAs) at the time of conversations. In the next generation wireless network, CAC has the direct impact on QoS for user calls & overall system performance. To handle handoff calls and new calls in cellular network channel reservation scheme have been already proposed to reserve system bandwidth for higher priority call for CAC. This earlier proposed scheme is not as per the required level of satisfaction because the available reversed bandwidth is not allocated properly in case of least handoff rate. In this, the authors like to present a new channel borrowing scheme where new non real time (NRT) calls can make use of reserved channels. It can borrow this reserved channel on a temporary basis and after this immediately if any handoff call enters the current cell and no any other channels are available, then it will pre-empt the channel from an earlier borrowed NRT user if exists. This pre-empted NRT call is kept in the priority queue to consider its service when any channel becomes free. The number of NRT calls in the queue should not be large to avoid delayed service. The fundamental objective of the proposed scheme to design of the system for evaluating the results and comparing with the results of the existing system. From the results of current research work, it is observed that proposed scheme decreases call dropping probability which increase slightly in call blocking rate over high-density handoff call rate.
Mathematical Representation of Quality of Service (QoS) Parameters for Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors: Mahamure Sandesh , Railkar Poonam N. , Mahalle Parikshit N.
Published: May 2017

Now we are in the era of ubiquitous computing. Internet of things (IoT) is getting matured in various parts of the world. In coming few years' billions and trillions of things will be connected to the internet. To deal with these huge number of devices in a network we need to consider Quality of Service (QoS)parameters so that system operations can be performed in a smoother way. Mathematical modelling of these QoS parameters gives an idea about which factors are needs to consider while designing any IoT-enabled system at the same time it will give the performance analysis of the system before implementation. In this paper comprehensive literature survey is done to discuss various issues related to QoS and gap analysis is also done for IoT Enabled systems. This paper proposes general steps to build a mathematical model for a system. It also proposes the mathematical model for QoS parameters like reliability, communication complexities, latency and aggregation of data for IoT. To support proposed mathematical model proof of concept also given.
FHR-1 Binds to C-Reactive Protein and Enhances Rather than Inhibits Complement Activation
Authors: Csincsi Ádám I. , Szabó Zsóka , Bánlaki Zsófia , Uzonyi Barbara , Cserhalmi Marcell , Kárpáti Éva , Tortajada Agustín , Caesar Joseph J. E. , Prohászka Zoltán , Jokiranta T. Sakari , Lea Susan M. , Rodríguez de Córdoba Santiago , Józsi Mihály
Published: May 2017

Factor H–related protein (FHR) 1 is one of the five human FHRs that share sequence and structural homology with the alternative pathway complement inhibitor FH. Genetic studies on disease associations and functional analyses indicate that FHR-1 enhances complement activation by competitive inhibition of FH binding to some surfaces and immune proteins. We have recently shown that FHR-1 binds to pentraxin 3. In this study, our aim was to investigate whether FHR-1 binds to another pentraxin, C-reactive protein (CRP), analyze the functional relevance of this interaction, and study the role of FHR-1 in complement activation and regulation. FHR-1 did not bind to native, pentameric CRP, but it bound strongly to monomeric CRP via its C-terminal domains. FHR-1 at high concentration competed with FH for CRP binding, indicating possible complement deregulation also on this ligand. FHR-1 did not inhibit regulation of solid-phase C3 convertase by FH and did not inhibit terminal complement complex formation induced by zymosan. On the contrary, by binding C3b, FHR-1 allowed C3 convertase formation and thereby enhanced complement activation. FHR-1/CRP interactions increased complement activation via the classical and alternative pathways on surfaces such as the extracellular matrix and necrotic cells. Altogether, these results identify CRP as a ligand for FHR-1 and suggest that FHR-1 enhances, rather than inhibits, complement activation, which may explain the protective effect of FHR-1 deficiency in age-related macular degeneration.
Mandated High School Concussion Education and Collegiate Athletes' Understanding of Concussion
Authors: Carroll-Alfano Miriam
Published: May 2017

Context: 

Concussions in student-athletes are a serious problem. Most states have enacted legislation mandating concussion education for student-athletes, under the assumption that education leads to better self-reporting of concussions and improved knowledge of symptoms.

Objectives: 

(1) To determine the effect of state-based concussion legislation on the proportion of student-athletes receiving concussion education and to assess the moderation of this effect by gender and sport and (2) to assess the effect of concussion education on student-athletes' knowledge of concussion symptoms and likelihood of seeking treatment after a concussion.

Design: 

Cross-sectional study.

Setting: 

Private university.

Patients or Other Participants: 

A total of 249 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics collegiate athletes attending St Xavier University; 160 were surveyed prelegislation and 89 were surveyed postlegislation.

Main Outcome Measure(s): 

Participants completed an anonymous survey that assessed previous involvement in concussion-education programs, degree of self-reporting after a concussion, and ability to enumerate symptoms.

Results: 

The number of athletes who reported having received education increased after the implementation of concussion legislation; however, almost 25% still reported not having received education. Athletes who played football were more likely to report having received education than those who played volleyball. The student-athletes' ability to name a diversity of concussion symptoms or to report seeking medical attention after a concussion did not improve in the postlegislation period relative to the prelegislation period.

Conclusions: 

Legislation has been passed in all 50 states to address concussions in student-athletes; however, improvements are still needed. Concussion education must be delivered in a uniform, effective manner to all student-athletes across sports and genders. Concussion education should emphasize the diversity of symptoms, especially cognitive and behavioral symptoms. We must develop and disseminate evidence-based educational programs that are clinically proven to be effective in improving athletes' knowledge and behaviors.
What does kαθεξῆς in Luke 1:3 mean? Discovering the writing order of the Gospel of Luke
Authors: Fung Benjamin W.W. , Spencer Aida B. , Viljoen Francois P.
Published: May 2017

In the preface of his Gospel Luke says that he is going to write ‘in an orderly account’ (καθεξῆς). However, scholars have no consensus about the kind of order Luke is seeking. This article aims to ascertain the meaning of καθεξῆς through a detailed study of this word, which includes a study of its usages in the Bible, its etymology, related words, and its meaning in contemporary Greek usages. This article proposes that καθεξῆς most likely refers to chronological order.
Integrating systemic module inference with attract method excavates attractor modules for cyclophosphamide contributing to prostate cancer
Authors: Sun Guodong , Zhang Wenjing , Wang Jing
Published: May 2017

Objective:

The complete molecular mechanism that cyclophosphamide (CPA) induces the cell death is still unknown. To further reveal the mechanism of CPA contributing to prostate cancer, we conducted analysis on gene expression profile of E-GEOD-42913 to identify attractor modules by integrating systemic module inference with attract method.

Methods:

First, case and control protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were inferred based on Spearman correlation coefficient; then clique merging algorithm was performed to explore modules in the reweighted PPI network, and these modules were compared with each other so as to select similar modules; in the following, attractor modules were identified via attract method; finally, pathway enrichment analysis of genes in attractor modules was carried out.

Results:

A total of 11,535 genes were gained. A novel PPI network with 4698 nodes (20,541 interactions) was established via mapping the genes of the gene expression profile onto the original PPIs. Then, 1635 and 1487 interactions (P < 0.05) were selected to construct the destination network for CPA group and control group, respectively. Moreover, under the threshold value of overlap -threshold value of each two modules ≥ 0.5, 42 and 56 modules were separately determined for CPA group and control group. Twenty-six pairs of similar modules ([J (Sn, Tm)] ≥0.7) were gained. In the following, an attractor module which contained six nodes (15 interactions) (P < 0.05) was identified. Finally, two pathways with terms of DNA replication (P = 0.000137) and nucleotide excision repair (P = 0.024) were identified, and RFC4, POLE2 enriched in both of the pathways.

Conclusions:

We predicted that during the process of chemotherapy, CPA mainly affected the pathways of DNA replication and nucleotide excision repair to induce the cancer cell's death.
Assessing stratospheric transport in the CMAM30 simulations using
ACE-FTS measurements
Authors: Kolonjari Felicia , Plummer David A. , Walker Kaley A. , Boone Chris D. , Elkins James W. , Hegglin Michaela I. , Manney Gloria L. , Moore Fred L. , Pendlebury Diane , Ray Eric A. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Stiller Gabriele P.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Stratospheric transport in global circulation models and chemistry-climate models is an important component in simulating the recovery of the ozone layer as well as changes in the climate system. The Brewer-Dobson circulation is not well constrained by observations and further investigation is required to resolve uncertainties related to the mechanisms driving the circulation. This study has assessed the specified dynamics mode of the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM30) by comparing to the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) profile measurements of CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), and N2O. In the CMAM30 specified dynamics simulation, the meteorological fields are nudged using the ERA-Interim Reanalysis and a specified tracer was used for each species, with hemispherically-defined surface measurements used as the boundary condition. A comprehensive sampling technique along the line-of-sight of the ACE-FTS measurements has been employed to allow for direct comparisons between the simulated and measured tracer concentrations. The model consistently overpredicts tracer concentrations in the lower stratosphere, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere winter and spring seasons. The three mixing barriers investigated, including the polar vortex, the extratropical tropopause, and the tropical pipe, show that there are significant inconsistencies between the measurements and the simulations. In particular, the CMAM30 simulation exhibits too little isentropic mixing in the June-July-August season.
Assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour
and ozone in reanalyses as part of S-RIP
Authors: Davis Sean M. , Hegglin Michaela I. , Fujiwara Masatomo , Dragani Rossana , Harada Yayoi , Kobayashi Chiaki , Long Craig , Manney Gloria L. , Nash Eric , Potter Gerald L. , Tegtmeier Susann , Wang Tao , Wargan Krzysztof , Wright Jonathon S.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Reanalysis data sets are widely used to understand atmospheric processes and past variability, and are often used to stand in as “observations” for comparisons with climate model output. Because of the central role of water vapour (WV) and ozone (O3) in climate change, it is important to understand how accurately and consistently these species are represented in existing global reanalyses. In this paper, we present the results of WV and O3 intercomparisons that have been performed as part of the SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate) Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP). The comparisons cover a range of timescales and evaluate both inter-reanalysis and observation-reanalysis differences. We also provide a systematic documentation of the treatment of WV and O3 in current reanalyses to aid future research and guide the interpretation of differences amongst reanalysis fields. The assimilation of total column ozone (TCO) observations in newer reanalyses results in realistic representations of TCO in reanalyses except when data coverage is lacking, such as during polar night. The vertical distribution of ozone is also relatively well represented in the stratosphere in reanalyses, particularly given the relatively weak constraints on ozone vertical structure provided by most assimilated observations and the simplistic representations of ozone photochemical processes in most of the reanalysis forecast models. However, significant biases in the vertical distribution of ozone are found in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in all reanalyses. In contrast to O3, reanalysis estimates of stratospheric WV are not directly constrained by assimilated data. Observations of atmospheric humidity are typically used only in the troposphere, below a specified vertical level at or near the tropopause. The fidelity of reanalysis stratospheric WV products is therefore mainly dependent on the reanalyses' representation of the physical drivers that influence stratospheric WV, such as temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer, methane oxidation, and the stratospheric overturning circulation. The lack of assimilated observations and known deficiencies in the representation of stratospheric transport in reanalyses result in much poorer agreement amongst observational and reanalysis estimates of stratospheric WV. Hence, stratospheric WV products from the current generation of reanalyses should generally not be used in scientific studies.
Ozone Comparison between Pandora #34, Dobson #061, OMI, and OMPS at Boulder
Colorado for the period December 2013–December 2016
Authors: Herman Jay , Evans Robert , Cede Alexander , Abuhassan Nader , Petropavlovskikh Irena , McConville Glenn , Noirot Brandon
Published: May 2017

Abstract. A co-located Pandora Spectrometer Instrument (Pan #034) has been compared to a well calibrated Dobson spectroradiometer (Dobson #061) in Boulder, Colorado and with two satellite instruments over a 3-year period. The results show good agreement between Pan#034 and Dobson #061 within their statistical uncertainties after both records are corrected for ozone retrieval sensitivity to stratospheric temperature variability obtained from the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA2) model calculations. Pandora#034 and Dobson#061 differ by an average of 2.2 % when both instruments use their standard ozone absorption cross sections in the retrievals algorithms. The results demonstrate the stability of Pandora observations against NOAA Dobson in Boulder, CO over a three year period of continuous operation. The relative drift between two systems is 0.6 % per year.
Flooding-related increases in CO2 and N2O emissions from a temperate coastal grassland ecosystem
Authors: Gebremichael Amanuel W. , Osborne Bruce , Orr Patrick
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Given their increasing trend in Europe, an understanding of the role that flooding events play in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be important for improved assessments of local and regional GHG budgets. This study presents the results of an analysis of the CO2 and N2O fluxes from a coastal grassland ecosystem affected by episodic flooding that was of either a relatively short (SFS) or long (LFS) duration. Compared to the SFS, the annual CO2 and N2O emissions were 1.4 and 1.3 times higher at the LFS, respectively. Mean CO2 emissions during the period of standing water were 144 ± 18.18 and 111 ± 9.51 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1, respectively, for the LFS and SFS sites. During the growing season, when there was no standing water, the CO2 emissions were significantly larger from the LFS (244 ± 24.88 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1) than the SFS (183 ± 14.90 mg CO2–C m−2 h−1). Fluxes of N2O ranged from −0.37 to 0.65 mg N2O–N m−2 h−1 at the LFS and from −0.50 to 0.55 mg N2O–N m−2 h−1 at the SFS, with the larger emissions associated with the presence of standing water at the LFS but during the growing season at the SFS. Overall, soil temperature and moisture were identified as the main drivers of the seasonal changes in CO2 fluxes, but neither adequately explained the variations in N2O fluxes. Analysis of total C, N, microbial biomass and Q10 values indicated that the higher CO2 emissions from the LFS were linked to the flooding-associated influx of nutrients and alterations in soil microbial populations. These results demonstrate that annual CO2 and N2O emissions can be higher in longer-term flooded sites that receive significant amounts of nutrients, although this may depend on the restriction of diffusional limitations due to the presence of standing water to periods of the year when the potential for gaseous emissions are low.
Reviving the “Ganges Water Machine”: where and how much?
Authors: Muthuwatta Lal , Amarasinghe Upali A. , Sood Aditya , Surinaidu Lagudu
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Runoff generated in the monsoon months in the upstream parts of the Ganges River basin (GRB) contributes substantially to downstream floods, while water shortages in the dry months affect agricultural production in the basin. This paper examines the potential for subsurface storage (SSS) in the Ganges basin to mitigate floods in the downstream areas and increase the availability of water during drier months. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to estimate sub-basin water availability. The water availability estimated is then compared with the sub-basin-wise unmet water demand for agriculture. Hydrological analysis reveals that some of the unmet water demand in the sub-basin can be met provided it is possible to capture the runoff in sub-surface storage during the monsoon season (June to September). Some of the groundwater recharge is returned to the stream as baseflow and has the potential to increase dry season river flows. To examine the impacts of groundwater recharge on flood inundation and flows in the dry season (October to May), two groundwater recharge scenarios are tested in the Ramganga sub-basin. Increasing groundwater recharge by 35 and 65 % of the current level would increase the baseflow during the dry season by 1.46 billion m3 (34.5 % of the baseline) and 3.01 billion m3 (71.3 % of the baseline), respectively. Analysis of pumping scenarios indicates that 80 000 to 112 000 ha of additional wheat area can be irrigated in the Ramganga sub-basin by additional SSS without reducing the current baseflow volumes. Augmenting SSS reduces the peak flow and flood inundated areas in Ramganga (by up to 13.0 % for the 65 % scenario compared to the baseline), indicating the effectiveness of SSS in reducing areas inundated under floods in the sub-basin. However, this may not be sufficient to effectively control the flood in the downstream areas of the GRB, such as in the state of Bihar (prone to floods), which receives a total flow of 277 billion m3 from upstream sub-basins.
Real-time prediction of rain-triggered lahars: incorporating
seasonality and catchment recovery
Authors: Jones Robbie , Manville Vern , Peakall Jeff , Froude Melanie , Odbert Henry
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Rain-triggered lahars are a significant secondary hydrological and geomorphic hazard at volcanoes where unconsolidated pyroclastic material produced by explosive eruptions is exposed to intense rainfall, often occurring for years to decades after the initial eruptive activity. Previous studies have shown that secondary lahar initiation is a function of rainfall parameters, source material characteristics and time since eruptive activity. In this study, probabilistic rain-triggered lahar forecasting models are developed using the lahar occurrence and rainfall record of the Belham River Valley at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat collected between April 2010 and April 2012. In addition to the use of peak rainfall intensity as a base forecasting parameter, considerations for the effects of rainfall seasonality and catchment evolution upon the initiation of rain-triggered lahars and the predictability of lahar generation are also incorporated into these models. Lahar probability increases with peak one-hour rainfall intensity throughout the two-year dataset, and is higher under given rainfall conditions in year one than year two. The probability of lahars is also enhanced during the wet season, when large-scale synoptic weather systems (including tropical cyclones) are more common and antecedent rainfall and thus levels of deposit saturation are typically increased. The incorporation of antecedent conditions and catchment evolution into logistic regression-based rain-triggered lahar probability estimation models is shown to enhance model performance and displays the potential for successful real-time prediction of lahars, even in areas featuring strongly seasonal climates and temporal catchment recovery.
Nitrate retention capacity of milldam-impacted legacy sediments and relict A horizon soils
Authors: Weitzman Julie N. , Kaye Jason P.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. While eutrophication is often attributed to contemporary nutrient pollution, there is growing evidence that past practices, like the accumulation of legacy sediment behind historic milldams, are also important. Given their prevalence, there is a critical need to understand how N flows through, and is retained in, legacy sediments to improve predictions and management of N transport from uplands to streams in the context of climatic variability and land-use change. Our goal was to determine how nitrate (NO3−) is cycled through the soil of a legacy-sediment-strewn stream before and after soil drying. We extracted 10.16 cm radius intact soil columns that extended 30 cm into each of the three significant soil horizons at Big Spring Run (BSR) in Lancaster, Pennsylvania: surface legacy sediment characterized by a newly developing mineral A horizon soil, mid-layer legacy sediment consisting of mineral B horizon soil and a dark, organic-rich, buried relict A horizon soil. Columns were first preincubated at field capacity and then isotopically labeled nitrate (15NO3−) was added and allowed to drain to estimate retention. The columns were then air-dried and subsequently rewet with N-free water and allowed to drain to quantify the drought-induced loss of 15NO3− from the different horizons. We found the highest initial 15N retention in the mid-layer legacy sediment (17 ± 4 %) and buried relict A soil (14 ± 3 %) horizons, with significantly lower retention in the surface legacy sediment (6 ± 1 %) horizon. As expected, rewetting dry soil resulted in 15N losses in all horizons, with the greatest losses in the buried relict A horizon soil, followed by the mid-layer legacy sediment and surface legacy sediment horizons. The 15N remaining in the soil following the post-drought leaching was highest in the mid-layer legacy sediment, intermediate in the surface legacy sediment, and lowest in the buried relict A horizon soil. Fluctuations in the water table at BSR which affect saturation of the buried relict A horizon soil could lead to great loses of NO3− from the soil, while vertical flow through the legacy-sediment-rich soil profile that originates in the surface has the potential to retain more NO3−. Restoration that seeks to reconnect the groundwater and surface water, which will decrease the number of drying–rewetting events imposed on the relict A horizon soils, could initially lead to increased losses of NO3− to nearby stream waters.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis in a Kitten
Authors: Pera Julie , Palma Douglas , Donovan Taryn A.
Published: May 2017

A 4 mo old intact male kitten was presented for chronic regurgitation and failure to thrive after weaning to dry food. Esophageal dilatation and severe diffuse proliferative lesions of the esophageal mucosa were found via radiography and esophagoscopy, respectively. Histopathologic examination revealed severe, chronic, diffuse, hyperplastic eosinophilic and mastocytic esophagitis. Eosinophilic infiltrates were prominent, with a mean of 29.8 eosinophils per high power field, supportive of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Significant clinical improvement was seen with dietary modification using a hydrolyzed diet. The addition of glucocorticoids did not result in further improvement in clinical signs. Repeat histopathology showed near resolution of eosinophilic infiltration. EoE is an uncommon and rarely reported condition in dogs and cats. Diagnosis involves histopathologic confirmation and exclusion of other causes of eosinophilic infiltration within the esophagus. This case report demonstrates the importance of biopsy in identification of EoE and the efficacy of dietary modification in the treatment of this disease in a kitten.
Los retos para la calidad del quehacer de la universidad
Authors: ¡Arríen Juan Bautista
Published: May 2017

La educación superior en general y la universidad más en particular, han vivido en la última mitad de este siglo una vasta transformación que se asocia principalmente a cuatro procesos: la multiplicación y diferenciación de las instituciones, la creciente participación del sector privado, la ampliación y diversificación del cuerpo docente, y el aumento del número y variedad de los graduados.
La universidad en la postmodernidad: tendencias y desafíos
Authors: Duncan Lionel S.
Published: May 2017

La postmodernidad es considerada como un período de cambios rápidos e imprevisibles en el que todo lo asumido o tomado como dado, está siendo cuestionado, desplazado o destruido. Estos cambios, relacionados con la globalización, la flexibilidad transnacional del capital y los mecanismos del mercado, han afectado los marcos conceptuales y las prácticas de la universidad contemporánea. Los valores, los propósitos y las competencias de la universidad se han convertido en temas de intensa discusión y controversia. El incremento de estudiantes de ambos sexos pertenecientes a dl versos grupos étnicos y raciales, confrontan a la universidad con una serie de preguntas nuevas y complejas sobre su identidad y su misión.
Hacia un sistema financiero alternativo con perspectiva de género
Authors: Kidder Thalia
Published: May 2017

Hacia un sistema financiero alternativo con perspectiva de género El diseño del sistema financiero actual se basa en la teoría económica predominante, que no contempla dimensiones amplias del proceso de desarrollo económico y de la redución de la pobreza. Para la autora de este artículo, estas dimensiones han sido planteadas por las teorías económicas alternativas y feministas, y deberían ser incorporadas en el diseño de las instituciones financieras, sobre todo de las no convencionales. Pero la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en los programas de micro-crédito, no debe traducirse solamente en la preocupación por ofrecer más crédito a más mujeres 0 en la evaluación del impacto que dichos programas tienen sobre las vidas de las mujeres, sino también en una concepción más amplia de lo que son las mismas instituciones financieras.
La temperatura ambiental en Managua y el efecto invernadero, 1989-1998
Authors: López de la Fuente Julio
Published: May 2017

En este trabajo se presentan datos de temperatura medio-ambiental diurna y nocturna para Managua durante el período 1989-98. Se obtiene la correlación lineal entre estos dos componentes térmicos diarios y Se presenta la correlación entre la temperatura matutina y vespertina con respecto a la radiación solar diaria. Se aborda el Efecto Invernadero Natural y el Efecto Invernadero Antropogénico, en relación con el incremento de 3.400C que ha experimentado la temperatura ambiental diurna desde 1944. Los fuegos, quemas y humos sobresalen entre sus principales causantes.
Tilapia africana en el Lago de Nicaragua: ecosistema en transición
Authors: McCrary Jeffrey K. , R yan Joseph D. , Stauffer Jay R. , López Peréz Lorenzo , Vega Gabriel L. , Van den Berghe Eric P. , McKaye Kenneth R.
Published: May 2017

Los grandes lagos de Nicaragua, son comparables con el sistema de grandes lagos africanos. Contienen una gran diversidad de peces, incluyendo varios peces endémicos de la familia Cichlidae. La captura de peces en el Lago de Cocibolca, estandarizada en 100 metros de red, promedió 4.34 kilogramos en el área de Ometepe, en donde la tilapia constituyó el 1.50/0 el peso total de la captura. Este promedio fue 0.80 kilogramos en la costa septentrional, donde la tilapla constituyó 54% del peso total de la captura. Un estudio ruso efectuado en 1983 y desarTollado en todo el Lago, demostró que el promedio era de 4.66 kilogramos. Los autores del presente aflículo recomiendan que en el Lago Cocibolca se implemente un plan de manejo adecuado para controlar la población de tilapia y rescatar un ecosistema en peligro de colapso.