bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IS ILIOLUMBAR LIGAMENT PATHOLOGY A CONTINUUM?
Authors: Yurkovskiy A. M.
Published: September 2022

Purpose: to determine the validity of the concept of a continuum of pathological lesions in the iliolumbar ligament. Materials and methods: publications containing information on the histopathology of radiation and the semiotics of ligament injuries, in particular, the iliolumbar ligament, found in the Resource PubMed. Results. The main beam and histological signs of corresponding stages of reactive changes, phase changes and reversible stage of irreversible change are highlighted. Conclusion. It is concluded that the usefulness of the concept of a pathological continuum in relation to the iliolumbar ligament is undoubted.
Hubungan Pekerjaan Ibu Dengan Efikasi Diri Dalam Pemberian Asi Eksklusif
Authors: Putri Humairah Sari
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT

Mother's milk is the best given to babies until the age of 6 months . One of the factors causing the low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is the status of working mothers, this is because working mothers have little time so that it can affect the mother's self-efficacy in breastfeeding . This study aims to determine the relationship between mother's work and self-efficacy in breastfeeding. This study was a descriptive quantitative research correlation with the approach of cross sectional. The data were collected using a self-efficacy questionnaire consisting of 14 questions to 98 respondents using the Technique accidental sampling of working mothers in the working area of ​​the Sidomulyo Health Center, Pekanbaru City. Data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test .Mothers who work >7 hours have moderate self-efficacy (50.0%) and there is a significant relationship between mother's work and self-efficacy in exclusive breastfeeding with p value 0.000 < (0.05). Mother's occupation has a significant relationship with self-efficacy in exclusive breastfeeding.

Keywords: Mother job, self-efficacy , breastfeeding exclusive

 

ABSTRAK

Air susu ibu (ASI) merupakan terbaik yang diberikan kepada bayi sampai usia 6 bulan. Salah satu faktor penyebab rendahnya cangkupan pemberian ASI eksklusif adalah status ibu yang bekerja hal ini karenakan ibu bekerja memiliki sedikit waktu sehingga dapat mempengaruhi efikasi diri ibu dalam menyusui. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pekerjaan ibu dengan efikasi diri dalam pemberian ASI. Desain penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner efikasi diri yang terdiri dari 14 pertanyaan terhadap 98 responden dengan menggunakan teknik Teknik accidental sampling pada ibu bekerja di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sidomulyo, Kota Pekanbaru. Analisa data menggunakan analisa univariat dan analisa bivariate dengan uji Chi-Square. Ibu yang bekerja > 7 jam memiliki efikasi diri yang sedang (50,0%) dan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pekerjaan ibu dan efikasi diri dalam mmemberikan ASI eksklusif dengan p value 0,000 < (0,05). Pekerjaan ibu memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan efikasi diri dalam memberikan ASI eksklusif.

Kata kunci: Pekerjaan ibu, efikasi diri , ASI eksklusif
The recent dynamical past of the low perihelion NEO population
Authors: Toliou Athanasia , Granvik Mikael
Published: September 2022

The NEO population model derived by Granvik et al. (2016,2017,2018) suggested that there is an overestimate of objects in low perihelion distance (q) orbits when compared to the observed population. The remedy to this discrepancy was to include a super-catastrophic disruption of objects when they crossed an average disruption distance, defined as q*=0.076 au. The mechanism responsible for destroying such objects is not determined yet, but it is believed to be thermal in nature.

In this study, we aim to determine which members of the known NEO population have approached close to the Sun in their recent past and may exhibit signs of disintegration. These can be the targets of more detailed studies ranging from Earth-based observations to space missions for in-situ measurements.

 

We have selected all NEOs that have q<0.5 au and have been observed for at least 28 days. This resulted in a set of 842 both numbered and unnumbered objects. Next, we extracted the astrometry data for all objects from the MPC database. We used OpenOrb to compute the orbits of all the selected NEOs and generated 49 additional clones. We modified swift_rmvs3 to be able to perform integrations backward in time. The orbits of all objects were then  integrated for -0.5 Myr, including all the planets, Pluto and the Moon in the simulations. For each object, we determined how far back in time we can trust the evolution of q, before the effects of chaos kick in. We then determined the minimum q (qmin) that every object has acquired during that time span. 

 

Most of the asteroids observed close to the Sun are typically bright, since dark asteroids are more likely to be destroyed farther from the Sun as a result of thermal effects. For a number of objects, we have information about the corresponding albedos from NEOWISE and SpitzerNEOs, as well as the taxonomic types from Binzel et al. (2009), Devogèle et al. (2019) and Perna et al. (2018)

 

We select the best candidates for showing signs of the effect of extreme solar irradiation and present them in a list that includes their absolute magnitude (H), the reliable time span of the backward integration, the qmin during that time, the standard deviation of qmin, and albedo, spectral slope and spectral type, where available.
Long-Baseline Observations with JunoCam
Authors: Eichstädt Gerald , Orton Glenn , Hansen-Koharcheck Candice
Published: September 2022

Introduction

During almost all of Juno's past perijove flybys, JunoCam took images that allowed us to derive cloud velocity field data from cloud feature displacements.
During more recent Jupiter flybys, JunoCam observed distinct cloud top features with very different emission angles within less than ten minutes. These images also show relative cloud feature displacements. These newly observed displacements fields, however, appear to be parallel to vector fields that would be expected from parallaxes induced by long-baseline observations of the cloud top topography rather than primarily from cloud motion.
Based on this assumption, we show stereo images to make these observations intuitive. For this purpose, we project a pair of JunoCam images to the same trajectory position.
The pair of trajectory positions the JunoCam images have actually been taken from can be used to derive a quantitative displacement field in terms of pixels per km altitude offset. Stereo correspondence ís simplified to a one-dimensional search. Observed relative displacements can then be divided by the previously derived scaling in order to retrieve a digital elevation map of relative heights of the cloud tops.
Digital elevation maps can further be rendered in 3D.

Example image pair

This cross-eyed stereo pair is derived from JunoCam images JNCE_2022099_41C00024_V01 and JNCE_2022099_41C00026_V01. The time span between the two images is less than four minutes. For observers trained to cross-eyed vision, the three-dimensional effect of the distinct cloud-top features is well-visible. The image pair can also be transformed into a blink gif or into an anaglyph.
Strengthening Pro-Am Comet Community Cooperation: Report on Europlanet Pro-Am Workshop (10-12 June 2022)  
Authors: Usher Helen , Snodgrass Colin , Biver Nicolas , Kargl Günter , Tautvaišienė Gražina , James Nick , Walter Filip , Černý Jakub
Published: September 2022

Comet observation and analysis is an area where amateur observers can make a significant contribution.  Their observations allow regular monitoring of comets, alerting the professional community to interesting events, and providing raw data to supplement professional data.  The links between the professional and amateur communities are therefore very important.  

Comet analysis is challenging.  Encouraging the community to agree consistent methodologies, and parameters for analysis, will result in a more robust data set for monitoring and analysis.

The last comet workshop was held in 2015 and the comet community welcomed the opportunity to meet again.  

The main aims and objectives of the workshop were agreed, following consultation, to be:

To foster stronger working relationships and cooperation within the professional and amateur comet community, based on a shared understanding of the challenges and opportunities.

To take stock of where cometary science stands post-Rosetta and how Pro-Am observations fit into potential future research. 

To draw together the various strands of work currently going on within the community, particularly on coordination, techniques, standards and archiving and agree the way forward.

To consider how best to encourage, and equip, more people to become involved in the study of comets, whether directly through observation (including access to the Europlanet Telescope Network), or through analysis of online data sources.  

To explore how cometary science can be used in outreach and education.

It was also agreed that speakers should include a wide range of amateurs, students and professional astronomers, and that allowing ample time for panel-led discussions was very important.  The panels should include specialists and society representatives.

An accessible location was chosen, the Stefanik Observatory in Prague, along with online access. 

We will report on the outcomes from the hybrid workshop and the proposed next steps.

 

Acknowledgements

The workshop has been organised in cooperation with Europlanet 2024 Research Infrastructure (RI), the British Astronomical Association, Planetum Prague, and the Czech cometary community SMPH. 

Europlanet 2024 RI has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 871149.  
Togo under the stars: a science outreach tour for the Togolese
Authors: de Assis Peralta Raphael , Berard Diane
Published: September 2022

From March 16th to 26th 2022, for the first time in Togo, we organized an astronomy outreach event: “Togo under the stars”. This event is the result of a collaboration between the French association SpaceBus France and the Togolese association SG2D (Science Géologique pour un Développement Durable). 

During two weeks, four French astronomers and six Togolese geologists traveled the country to reach a wide public. We visited schools, villages, and public squares and gave astronomy workshops in six cities: Kara, Sokodé, Atakpamé, Kpalimé, Aného and Lomé. 

At each occasion, we proposed activities created by SpaceBus France, designed to be fun and interactive. These activities include a presentation of the Solar system using a scaled 3D printed model, a hands-on exercise on meteorites with different kinds of meteorites and terrestrial rocks to recognize them, an introduction to space travel and rocket science using lego models, and observations of both the Sun and the night sky using several telescopes. 

In Lomé, we also provided an astronomy training for teachers of all levels, giving them educational tools and teaching resources developed by research institutions such as Europlanet Society, Paris Observatory, CNES, ESA, etc. These free resources and available on the internet can easily used to teach astronomy in classroom.

Togo under the stars has been a great success, reaching over 10.000 Togolese in total, with extremely positive feedback. This project, which was possible thanks to financial support from Europlanet, thus allowed the Togolese to have their first major astronomy outreach event. It offered a unique opportunity for the students to meet and exchange with astrophysicists and geologists, while the interaction with teachers insured a long-lasting impact on future generations.

More information : https://www.spacebusfrance.fr/le-togo-sous-les-etoiles
Calibration of the Thermal Infrared Imager TIRI onboard Hera
Authors: Okada Tatsuaki , Tanaka Satoshi , Sakatani Naoya , Shimaki Yuri , Arai Takehiko , Senshu Hiroki , Demura Hirohide , Sekiguchi Tomohiko , Kouyama Toru , Kanamaru Masanori , Ishizaki Takuya
Published: September 2022

Thermal Infrared Imager TIRI onboard Hera is now being developed for the investigation of the binary asteroid Didymos and Dimorphos in the European Space Agency Hera mission. This instrument uses a heritage from the Thermal Infrared Imager TIR on Hayabusa2, which observed the C-type asteroid 162173 Ryugu. In the Hera mission, its updated version of instrument is based on Lynred PICO 1024 Gen2 bolometer array (1024 x 768 effective pixels) with almost 4 times higher spatial resolution than TIR. The wavelength range shows 8-14　µm for the thermal average images, as well as 7.8, 8.6, 9.6, 10.6, 13.0 deg for multi-bands). Its FOV covers 13.3 x 10.0 deg with the spatial resolution of 0.013 deg/pixel.

TIRI is now in the test process to check its full functions and performances as well. The calibration for TIRI is to check its focus, to conduct radiometric and geometrical corrections, identification of materials (like terrestrial rocks and meteorites). A set of apparatus were prepared by the TIRI PI team using the collimator (Aperture: 200mm dia., temperature range of -20 to 150℃, Focal position is 60 deg or higher), the flat cavity blackbody ( 175 x 175　mm, -20 to 125 ℃ for fact change of temperature), and a cold plate plus the cryocooler for the target sample (room temperature to -123 deg). There are some rocks and meteorites to be set as the multiband test samples at the target material, With these information and the presentation, details of the TIRI preparation and development are shown. The test results for TIRI will be presented with some data set and physical properties using the sample.
How do planetary bodies lose volatiles? 
Authors: Brouwers Marc , Bonsor Amy , Harrison John , Shorttle Oliver , Malamud Uri
Published: September 2022

In order to form a rocky, potentially habitable planet, like Earth, the planet’s building blocks must loose volatiles. White dwarfs that have accreted planetary material provide the perfect opportunity to study the volatile content of planetary building blocks. The unique behaviour of Mn and Na depending on the conditions under which volatiles are lost means that planetary material in the atmospheres of white dwarfs can tell us how planetary building blocks lost volatiles [1]. This talk will summarise some recent results regarding observations of volatiles in the atmospheres of white dwarfs, models that describe how white dwarfs accrete volatiles and evidence from white dwarfs for volatile loss both early, in the hot, inner regions of a planet-forming disc and late, when large-scale melting is induced following impacts. 
The Semi-major Axis Dips as the Activity Triggers in Centaurs and Distant Jupiter Family Comets
Authors: Lilly Eva , Jevčák Peter , Schambeau Charles
Published: September 2022

Centaurs are small bodies orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune that were scattered inwards from their sources in the trans-Neptunian region, and which will eventually feed the JFC population. A small fraction of Centaurs display comet-like activity, of which the drivers and triggers are not well understood. The range of heliocentric distances where the active Centaurs have been observed, and their median lifetime in the region, suggest this activity is neither driven by water-ice sublimation, nor entirely by super-volatiles. Here we present a dynamical study of 55 active Centaurs and high-perihelion JFCs and compare their dynamical behaviors to those of more than 260 known inactive objects in the region. Our results show there is a common feature present in the orbital evolution of active bodies - a sudden rapid decrease in semi-major axis aligned with decrease in eccentricity, which typically occurred less than several hundred years in the past. This 'a-dip', is in most cases not correlated with a substantial change in perihelion distance, and with a few exceptions it is not present in the orbital history known inactive Centaurs. Our thermodynamical modeling suggests the sudden decrease in semi-major axis could act as a trigger for the cometary activity on Centaurs due to the rapid change of thermal environment. Moreover, the lag between the a-jump and some recently observed active Centaurs could be used to constraint the volatiles and processes driving the cometary activity beyond the orbit of Jupiter. We have identified fourteen Centaur candidates with no observed prior periods of activity for possible future outbursts based on their recent a-dips, which are similar in magnitude to those observed in other active Centaurs and distant JFCs. These objects should be targets of high interest for observational activity monitoring.

Figure 1: Comparison of the a-dips observed in orbital history of several known active Centaurs (left) compared to (right) a-dips of the identified inactive Centaurs – possible candidates for future outbursts. The dotted lines on the right panel show typical fluctuation of semi-major axis in the vast majority of inactive Centaurs.
NoRCEL and its Outreach in Sub Saharan Africa
Authors: Jheeta Sohan
Published: September 2022

Currently there are low levels of access to high quality education and learning facilities in certain developing nations, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. For example, at best, some university facilities there are barely comparable to western high school levels and, at worse, they don’t even have modern laboratory equipment; the basics that they do have being relics from the 1960’s and 70’s. In addition, I know of at least one secondary school in Malawi where there are two “sittings” —a morning session for one set of pupils and an afternoon for the second. Both with the same teachers. That is to say, there is both the lack of qualified teachers and they cannot afford to expand the school. During the last six years I myself have been promoting science throughout parts of the developing world, principally through astronomy because this is one science which is common to humanity.

I have given numerous oral presentations on space in general, astrochemistry, astrobiology and astrophysics as well as helping to promote an interest in these subjects by holding specific workshops. Until now, I have been operating as a “one-man band” and the challenge is to encourage students to become involved and active in astronomy, astrophysics, astrochemistry and astrobiology (the astroscience) and then to support them should they wish to progress further and take up a career in these fields. There are many difficulties to overcome, including lack of awareness and inclusion with the wider world, as well as a severe lack of funding. The many talented and able students who could become assets in the field of astronomy are missing out and if only they had the opportunity, they could really develop their capabilities and become excellent researchers and astronomers. In order to even stand a chance of making this happen, we need liaison with European established organisations that can deliver both expertise, funding and definitive, quantifiable schemes which will raise the expectations of these students as well as the universities. The ultimate goal is to put astronomy on the curriculum. The interest I have so far been able to generate amongst students is intense and I have been inspired by their enthusiasm, so the time is now right to develop and widen these activities in a more organised and proactive manner and this is where NoRCEL comes into force.
Detecting Europa’s water plumes with JUICE’s particle instruments
Authors: Huybrighs Hans L.F. , Dayton-Oxland Rowan , Winterhalder Thomas , Mahieux Arnaud , Goldstein David , Vorburger Audrey , Galli André , Wurz Peter
Published: September 2022

The repeated eruptions of water plumes on Europa have been suggested based on Hubble observations, Keck observations and in-situ magnetic field data from Galileo (Roth et al., 2014; Sparks et al., 2016, 2017, 2019; Jia et al., 2018; Arnold et al., 2019; Paganini et al., 2019). The possibility that such plumes could transport material from Europa’s subsurface, or from water reservoirs contained in the ice layer (Vorbuger and Wurz 2021), creates an unprecedented opportunity to sample Europa’s subsurface environment and investigate its habitability. The JUpiter ICy moon Explorer (JUICE) is scheduled to make two flybys of Europa, one over the Northern and one over the Southern hemisphere, with the closest approach at 400 km altitude.

In this work we investigate the detectability of such water plumes using the Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NIM) and the ion mass spectrometer Jovian Dynamics and Composition analyser (JDC) of the Particle Environment Package (PEP) on JUICE. Using a Monte Carlo particle tracing model we simulate the density distribution of the plume and simulate the measured signature with NIM and JDC along the two JUICE flyby trajectories.

We show that H2O molecules and H2O+ ions of the plume can be detected during the JUICE flybys. We also investigate the detectability of the plume source as a function of location on the surface of Europa and as a function of the plume mass flux.  We find that the plume reported by Roth et al., 2014 is the most likely to be detected, even at the lowest mass fluxes, and that the first JUICE flyby has the best coverage of all the presumptive plume sources. Using a DSMC simulation of the plume we comment on the effect of intermolecular collisions in the plume and demonstrate that such collisions will reduce the detectability of the plume.

Lowering the altitude of this flyby will contribute to an increased chance of detecting the presumptive plume sources, and should be prioritized over lowering the other flybys if any deltaV is available. Furthermore, we also investigate the separability of the plume from Europa’s asymmetric water atmosphere and discuss the influence of the instrument pointing and operations on the plume detectability.
Abiotic chemical routes towards the phosphine synthesis in the atmosphere of Venus
Authors: Ferus Martin , Cassone Giuseppe , Rimmer Paul , Saija Franz , Mráziková Klaudia , Knížek Antonín , Civiš Svatopluk
Published: September 2022

Several of the Venera, Vega and Pioneer probe data as well as ground based observation support the presence of so-called Redox Disequilibrium Pairs (RDPs) in atmosphere of so hostile world as Venus (Greaves 2021). State of the art chemical networks cannot explain origin of an important RDP, phosphine, in oxidized atmosphere of Venus by a conventional processes (Bains 2021). We used the hybrid Density Functional Theory (DFT) for investigation of a series of chemical reaction pathways leading to the reduction of phosphate monoxide to phosphine. Our calculations indicated that a reaction network similar to photochemical synthesis of methane from carbon monoxide over acidic surfaces suggested for Mars (Civiš 2019) can also occur in clouds of Venus. As a seminal step, we have explored – via state-of-the-art quantum-based calculations – the a priori energetic feasibility of the following reaction:

HCO(radical) + PO = CO2 + PH (biradical).

Our calculations have shown that chemical conversion is constituted of three steps. Two of them are energetically favoured, however, the final conversion to phosphine is hardened by a significant activation barrier. This barrier can be overcome by a reaction of OPH radical with hydrogen radical. For assessing the potential of the newly introduced reaction mechanisms, models of the Venus and early Earth atmospheres in ARGO code and modified STAND chemical network were created and verified. Comparison of reaction yields suggests that this pathway is potentially effective enough and could be the source of phosphine recently discovered on Venus. 

We acknowledge the support provided by the Czech Science Foundation within the project reg. no. 21-11366S and by ERDF/ESF "Centre of Advanced Applied Sciences" (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000778). We acknowledge support of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Strategy AV21, project VP16. The Czech team is part of the VenSpec-H Consortium onboard the ESA EnVision mission.

References:

Civiš S. et al.: Formation of Methane and (Per)Chlorates on Mars. ACS Earth Space Chem. 2019, 3, 2, 221–232.

Bains W. et al.: Phosphine on Venus Cannot Be Explained by Conventional Processes. Astrobiology 2021, 10 (21), 1277-1304.

Greaves J. S. et al.:  Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus. Nature Astronomy 2021, 5, 655–664.
Theoretical perspective on early planet formation
Authors: Drazkowska Joanna
Published: September 2022

With the increasing observational capabilities of the young stars and their surrounding disks bringing new constraints on the planet formation process, planet formation theory is undergoing major changes. One of the significant paradigm shifts is the belief that the first planetary cores start forming early, possibly during the circumstellar disk buildup process.

I will review the current understanding of planet formation, including dust growth to pebbles, formation of the first gravitationally bound planetesimals, and the growth of planetary cores by accretion of planetesimals and pebbles. I will highlight the possible pathways to early planet formation, stressing that the planet formation process may not be spatially uniform in the disk and that there are preferential locations for the formation of the early planetesimals and planets, such as the water snow line or dust traps. 
What the JADE electron and ionospheric measurements told us about the aurora and atmosphere of Ganymede
Authors: Waite J. Hunter , Valek Philip , Greathouse Thomas , Allegrini Frederic , Ebert Robert , Gladstone Randall , Bolton Scott
Published: September 2022

Measurements by Juno as the spacecraft flew by Ganymede on June 7th of 2021 from the JADE instrument when combined with images from UVS of the aurora can be used to significantly advance our knowledge of the atmosphere and ionosphere. JADE measures the ion outflow composition that results from downgoing plasma electrons in the polar cap region and also measures the downward electrons associated with the reconnection at the boundary of Ganymede’s magnetosphere with the Jupiter magnetosphere. Modeling can help to check the consistency between the electron energy influx in the polar cap and the resulting ionospheric outflow and can also be used to set constraints on how reconnected electrons form the auroral atmosphere and the auroral emissions measured by UVS.
Is it time for the human data analyst to retire in the era of artificial intelligence (AI)? A critical examination in scientific data analysis.
Authors: Mall Urs , Kloskowski Daniel
Published: September 2022

On the way to robotic exploration on the Moon AI is going to play an increasingly important role in geomorphological studies. With the fast-growing amount of available data to be processed a direct human analysis is becoming steadily more difficult to achieves. Machine learning is a branch of AI and computer science which through the use of statistical methods utilize data and algorithms to simulate human learning behavior, characterized by the ability to automatically improve accuracy through experience. The success of these methods together with the readily available machine learning codes has resulted in an increasing deployment of this approach in all fields of geoscience, in particular for image recognition and classification tasks.  Independent verification of the gained results from these studies is often difficult to achieve, partly due to the enormous amount of data to be handled, partly because the AI methods have features that make them hard to check (Szegedy et al., 2014). The effect of data bias is well known (Torralba et al., 2011) but other factors can also play a role. To exemplify and investigate the question of the trustworthiness of AI-based results in remote sensing we confront results from a recent AI-driven research study in planetary geomorphological science which analyzed a staggering data set of high-resolution lunar images with the help of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to construct a global lunar boulder map (Bickel et al. 2020) with a human-based analysis approach. We show which factors are crucial when preparing such studies and discuss the implications.

 

References:

Bickel et al., 2020, Impacts drive lunar rockfalls over billions of years, Nature Communications, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16653-3

Szegedy et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1312.6199

Torralba et al., 2011, Unbiased Look at Dataset Bias, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011
Climate Change and Education on the Africa Continent
Authors: Jheeta Sohan
Published: September 2022

Nowadays, it is universally accepted that the exodus of the peoples from the African continent all those millenia ago gave the rest of the world our populations; it is a historical fact that it is they are the ones who migrated across the globe in the great human diasporas. It is a pitiful shame that the very same continent which spawned the original trailblazing migrations is hit by a double whammy. First, the descendants of those earliest peoples invaded Africa continent to enslave, pillage and plunder which ostensibly caused a halt in the advancement of Africa as a global contender and resulted in an apparent lack of comparable education for the surviving local populace; this is still all too obvious across the African continent. Second, it is largely the actions of the developed nations which brought about the climate change which is now having a profound effect on the African continent. My presentation will focus on the outcomes from NoRCEL’s recent Blue Earth Project (BEP2022) interactive event which illustrates the relevance of the need for a more improved level of climate change education in Africa. 
Ganymede paterae: a priority target for JUICE
Authors: Solomonidou Anezina , Malaska Michael , Stephan Katrin , Soderlund Krista , Valenti Martin , Lucchetti Alice , Kalousova Klara , Lopes Rosaly
Published: September 2022

The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE), the first large-class of the European Space Agency (ESA), is planned to launch in 2023, and one of its main goals is to make detailed observations of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede. The mission will investigate the past and/or recent cryovolcanic and tectonic activity of the moon and the exchange processes with the subsurface and possibly with the ocean. Recently, the science team defined “potential cryovolcanic regions” as a category of high interest for observation by JUICE (Stephan et al., 2021). For preparation of the scientific return of the mission, it is important to study in detail the regions that are considered to be good candidates for past/present activity. Light material areas on Ganymede imaged by Voyager have been suggested to represent dark terrain resurfaced by cryovolcanic flows (e.g., Parmentier et al., 1982), while the dark terrain’s speculated cryovolcanic origin was later disputed based on higher-resolution images of the Galileo mission. Additional Galileo data showed the significant role of tectonism in the formation of the light material areas, while the role of cryovolcanism remained inconclusive. Currently, small, isolated depressions called ‘paterae’, are the best candidate regions for cryovolcanic activity on Ganymede and suggested to be potential caldera-like cryovolcanic source vents (e.g., Spaun et al., 2001). Their nature has been interpreted as “possible cryovolcanic source vents for extrusion of clean icy material to form light material units” (Collins et al., 2013), and their small size is consistent with a cryovolcanic origin that operates on a local scale. The high-resolution JUICE camera, JANUS, in combination with other remote sensing instruments, is expected to resolve many of the mysteries concerning cryovolcanism on Ganymede and the origin of the moon’s varied geologic features. The “potential cryovolcanic regions” identified by the JUICE team includes 19 out of 30 paterae mapped by Collins et al., (2013) using Voyager and Galileo images. In this study, with the aim to enhance the preparation of the JUICE mission and its science return, we present: a thorough view of all 19 paterae regions; a detailed geomorphological characterization and comparison between the Ganymede paterae with paterae from other planetary bodies; and a spectral assessment using Galileo NIMS data.
Identical Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection Signatures with Wide Angular Separation
Authors: Carcaboso Fernando , Dumbović Mateja , Temmer Manuela , Gómez-Herrrero Raúl , Heinemann Stephan , Nieves-Chinchilla Teresa , Veronig Astrid , Jercic Veronika , Rodríguez-Pacheco Javier , Dissauer Karin , Podladchikova Tatiana
Published: September 2022

On March 12, 2012, a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) was released from the Sun with a speed of ~2000 km/s. The CME source region was surrounded by three different coronal holes (CHs), located to the East (negative polarity), South-West (positive polarity) and West (positive polarity). Its interplanetary counterpart (ICME) impacted Earth and was in-situ measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) / Wind at L1 and the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory Ahead (STEREO)-A on March 15th. During this period, the angular separation between the two locations was greater than 100 degrees. Nevertheless, the in-situ measurements revealed almost identical profiles with clear markers of ICME signatures, which is evidence of one of the widest reported multi-spacecraft detection of an ICME, having STEREO-A crossing the west flank and Earth the east flank. Supra-thermal electrons show signatures of bidirectionality and isotropy/simple strahl as  the ICME crosses the different spacecraft, providing information about the eroded parts of the ICME. Certain parts might have been  eroded, possibly due to the interaction with the fast solar wind produced by the nearby CHs. We analysed the propagation of the ICME structure using remote-sensing observations from both STEREOs and Earth together with different in-situ instrumentation at ~1 au, and performed a comparison between the physical properties derived at multiple spacecraft. This study shows the importance of multi-spacecraft observations to understand the large-scale structures of ICMEs, their evolution and interaction, as well as their implications for the space-weather discipline.
Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling study at Jupiter Based on Juno First 30 Orbits and Modeling Tools
Authors: Al Saati Sariah , Clément Noé , Louis Corentin , Blanc Michel , Wang Yuxian , André Nicolas , Lamy Laurent , Gérard Jean-Claude , Bonfond Bertrand , Mauk Barry , Clark George , Allegrini Frédéric , Bolton Scott , Gladstone Randy , Connerney John , Kotsiaros Stavros , Kurth William
Published: September 2022

The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere is controlled by the complex interplay of the planet’s fast rotation, its solar-wind interaction and its main plasma source at the Io torus, mediated by coupling processes involving its magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. At the ionospheric level, these processes can be characterized by a set of key parameters including conductances, field-aligned and horizontal currents, electric fields, transport of charged particles along field lines, including the fluxes of electrons precipitating into the upper atmosphere which trigger auroral emissions, as well as the particle and Joule heating power dissipation rates into the upper atmosphere. Determination of these keys parameters makes it possible to estimate the net transfer of momentum and energy between Jovian upper atmosphere and equatorial magnetosphere. A method based on a combined use of Juno multi-instrument data and three modeling tools was developed by Wang et al. (2021) and applied to an analysis of the first nine orbits to retrieve these key parameters along the Juno magnetic footprint. In this article, we extend this method to the first thirty Juno science orbits and to both north and south auroral crossings. Our results reveal a large variability of these parameters from orbit to orbit and between the two hemispheres, but they also show dominant trends. Southern current systems are consistent with the generation of a region of sub-corotating ionospheric plasma flows, while both super-corotating and sub-corotating plasma flows are found in the north. These results are discussed in the light of the previous space and ground-based observations and currently available models of plasma convection and current systems, and their implications on our understanding of MIT coupling at Jupiter are assessed.
Small-ELF: a propotype for the future ExoLife Finder hybrid optical telescope
Authors: Lodieu Nicolas , Kuhn Jeff , Moretto Gil , Rebolo Rafael , Zhou Ye , Langlois Maud , Lewis Kevin
Published: September 2022

Technology now exists to enable large optical 
systems that are capable of resolving and measuring faint sources not 
accessible with current remote sensing instruments and detectors. The possibility 
of creating ground-based telescopes at the 50m-scale with sufficient wavefront control 
to both fully overcome the effects of the atmosphere, but with exquisite coronagraphic 
capability starting at the telescope entrance pupil, means we may solve some of the most 
fundamental cross-cutting scientific questions: like, "is there life outside of the solar system?".

The IAC is part of a consortium with the University of Hawaii and Universities in Lyon 
to develop the technologies needed for the next generation telescopes aimed at direct 
imaging of exoplanets around bright stars: the "ExoLife Finder (ELF)" telescope.
We have a detailed design for a 3.5-m diameter prototype, nicknamed Small-ELF, to
be built and installed at Teide Observatory by 2025. I will present the technological
and scientific challenges of such telescope.
Locations where the cold thermal pressure balances the magnetic pressure in the Martian ionosphere
Authors: Shaver Skylar , Andersson Laila , Thaller Scott
Published: September 2022

 

An investigation of the locations where the bulk thermal pressure is balanced by magnetic pressure in the Martian ionosphere is reported on. We present a statistical study in which we characterize the location where the plasma and magnetic pressures are equal to one another. The data, recorded by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission, have been analyzed from the transition altitude in which the ionospheric ions become magnetized, up to an altitude of ~800km. The electron temperature and density measurements for the plasma thermal pressure were made by the Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW) instrument, and the magnetic field strength for determining the magnetic pressure was measured by the Magnetometer (MAG) instrument. The three major trends in this pressure balance are: (a) the magnetic pressure is always larger, (b) a clear transition at low altitudes from thermal pressure to magnetic pressure is observed, and (c) the dominant pressure is changing back and forth between the two over a range of altitudes. The findings are studied in congruence with orbital parameters of the MAVEN satellite (including solar local time, latitude, location with respect to crustal fields) to divulge possible explanations of the transition between pressures.
Sorvegliati Spaziali:an innovative outreach project on Planetary Defense
Authors: Guidetti Daria , Boccato Caterina , Coero Borga Davide , Galliani Marco , Gardiol Daniele , Soletta Paolo
Published: September 2022

The aim of this talk i s to present “Sorvegliati Spaziali – know the Space to protect the Planet”, a public dissemination project of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) dedicated to the Planetary Defense: from near Earth asteroids and comets to space weather, from meteors and meteorites to space debris, as well as prevention/mitigation strategies of their possible effects on the Earth environment.
Sorvegliati Spaziali represents one of the first coordinated public outreach initiatives on such topics by a research body and its main objective is to provide scientific and cultural knowledge to convey how our Planet is exposed to various natural and man-made threats in Space, as well as our current plans for response to them, meanwhile rowing against the many fake news about Planetary Defense that has biased the collective imagination.
The core of the project is the Italian entirely graphic and multimedia website  sorvegliatispaziali.inaf.it available online since October 2021 (translation in English in progress), which intends to become a national point of reference for information and in-depth content on Planetary Defense, timely disseminating scientific and cultural knowledge through a variety of original state-of-the-art multimedia information products, meanwhile relaunching news from other national and international research bodies.
INAF original products, including the project website, are characterized by a strong and consistent visual identity and are: educational video-clips, interviews to scientists, geolocalized map with live satellites tracking, augmented reality and 3D computer graphic content, video-recorded theatrical pills, solar and Near Earth objects bulletins, infographics, a glossary.
It is moreover foreseen the organization of a multimedia public event on the occasion of the Asteroid Day 2022 including a round table, movie screenings and a meteorites exhibition.
The project is developed in collaboration with external research institutions, web design and professional theatrical companies and is endorsed by the Outreach Office of the NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Office.

The figure below illustrates part of the homepage of the website sorvegliatispaziali.inaf.it

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Definition of scientific targets of interest for BepiColombo in the eastern Eminescu (H9) quadrangle
Authors: Tognon Gloria , Massironi Matteo
Published: September 2022

Data from NASA MESSENGER spacecraft highlighted that Mercury’s surface and composition are more varied than previously thought. Despite being the closest planet to the Sun, indeed, Mercury is rich in volatiles and its surface shows evidence of volatile-driven processes such as the formation of hollows and explosive volcanism. Even MESSENGER’s color-derived basemaps, moreover, highlight relevant color variations of the hermean surface possibly indicating age and compositional differences between adjacent materials.

The ongoing mapping for the eastern H9 Eminescu quadrangle (22.5°N-22.5°S, 108°E-144°E) [1] led to a thorough knowledge of the area that allowed the definition of scientific targets of interest to be investigated by the SIMBIO-SYS cameras [2] onboard the ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission [3] coupled with other instruments such as MERTIS, BELA, MGNS and MIXS.

Proposed targets range from hollows to volcanic features, from craters and deformational structures and specific terrains and aim at shedding light on scientific questions concerning Mercury’s origin and evolution [4]. In particular, proposed targets aim to i) determine the abundance and distribution of key elements, minerals and rocks on the hermean crust, ii) characterize and correlate geomorphological features with compositional variations, iii) investigate the nature, evolution, composition and mechanisms of effusive and explosive events, iv) determine the formation and growth rates of hollows, the nature of processes related with volatile loss and their mineralogical and elemental composition of volatiles, v) determine the displacement and kinematics of tectonic deformations and the mechanisms responsible for their formation and vi) verify the occurrence of any detectable change in and around hollows and pyroclastic deposits since MESSENGER observations.

Acknowledgements: We acknowledge support from the Italian Space Agency (ASI) under ASI-INAF agreement 2017-47-H.0.

References: [1] El Yazidi et al., 2021, EPSC. [2] Cremonese et al., 2020, Sp. Sci. Rev. [3] Benkhoff et al., 2010, Plan. Sp. Sci. [4] Rothery et al., 2020, Sp. Sci. Rev.
Angular Momentum Transfer in Titan’s Stratosphere
Authors: Leung Cecilia , Tamppari Leslie , Newman Claire , Lian Yuan
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study is to identify the dominant atmospheric wave modes driving and maintaining superrotation on Titan, by using a combination of space-time cross spectral wave analysis and spherical harmonic wave analysis techniques.

A defining feature of Titan’s atmospheric circulation is the presence of strong, planet-wide superrotation in the stratosphere. To achieve and sustain equatorial superrotation, angular momentum must be transported up the angular momentum gradient, which can only be accomplished by wave transport [2]. Newman et al. (2011)  showed that equatorial superrotation can be maintained via episodic “transfer events,” in which barotropic instability leads to the generation of planetary-scale waves that carry angular momentum and speed-up the equatorial flow [3]. Yet the origin and nature of these waves in the real atmosphere, and the exact mechanisms driving superrotation and upper atmospheric wave forcing, remain unknown.

We simulated the Titan atmosphere using the Titan Weather Research and Forecasting (TitanWRF) model and evaluated the temperature and momentum perturbations at different times during one full Titan year of simulation output. Fourier transforms of the temperature and wind fields showed that a strong correlation can be established between wave amplitude and angular momentum transfer events. Power spectral density for eddy heat and eddy momentum as a function of altitude, latitude, and phase speed or zonal wavenumber further emphasized the correlation. In our simulation, the largest angular momentum transfer event occurred around Ls~261°. Two additional transfer events were found at Ls~116° and Ls~192°, along with a number of smaller events occurring throughout the year.

References: [1] Charnay et al. (2015) Nature Geosci, 8, 362–366. [2] Gierasch (1975) J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1038–44. [3] Newman et al. (2011) Icarus, 213, 636–654.

 
Hiding Signatures of Gravitational Instability in Protoplantery Discs with Planets
Authors: Rowther Sahl , Nealon Rebecca , Meru Farzana
Published: September 2022

We carry out three dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations to study the impact of planet-disc interactions on a gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disc. We find that the impact of a planet on the disc's evolution can be described by three scenarios. If the planet is sufficiently massive, the spiral wakes generated by the planet drive the evolution of the disc and gravitational instabilities are completely suppressed. If the planet's mass is too small, then gravitational instabilities are unaffected. If the planet's mass lies between these extremes, gravitational instabilities are weakened. We present mock Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) continuum observations showing that the observability of large-scale spiral structures is diminished or completely suppressed when the planet is massive enough to influence the disc's evolution. Our results show that massive discs that would be expected to be gravitationally unstable can appear axisymmetric in the presence of a planet. Thus, the absence of observed large-scale spiral structures alone is not enough to place upper limits on the disc's mass.