bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental factors and megafauna spatio‐temporal co‐occurrence with purse‐seine fisheries
Authors: Escalle Lauriane , Pennino Maria Grazia , Gaertner Daniel , Chavance Pierre , Delgado de Molina Alicia , Demarcq Hervé , Romanov Evgeny , Merigot Bastien
Published: June 2016

Tropical tuna purse‐seine fisheries spatially co‐occur with various megafauna species, such as whale sharks, dolphins and baleen whales in all oceans of the world. Here, we analyzed a 10‐year (2002–2011) dataset from logbooks of European tropical tuna purse‐seine vessels operating in the tropical Eastern Atlantic and Western Indian Oceans, with the aim of identifying the principle environmental variables under which such co‐occurrence appear. We applied a Delta‐model approach using Generalized Additive Models (GAM) and Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) models, accounting for spatial autocorrelation using a contiguity matrix based on a residuals autocovariate (RAC) approach. The variables that contributed most in the models were chlorophyll‐a concentration in the Atlantic Ocean, as well as depth and monsoon in the Indian Ocean. High co‐occurrence between whale sharks, baleen whales and tuna purse‐seine fisheries were mostly observed in productive areas during particular seasons. In light of the lack of a full coverage scientific observer on board program, the large, long‐term dataset obtained from logbooks of tuna purse‐seine vessels is highly important for identifying seasonal and spatial co‐occurrence between the distribution of fisheries and megafauna, and the underlying environmental variables. This study can help to design conservation management measures for megafauna species within the framework of spatial fishery management strategies.
Importance of estuarine nursery areas for the adult population of the temperate seabass Lateolabrax japonicus, as revealed by otolith Sr:Ca ratios
Authors: Fuji Taiki , Kasai Akihide , Ueno Masahiro , Yamashita Yoh
Published: June 2016

Otolith Sr:Ca ratios were used to evaluate the contribution of estuarine nursery areas to the temperate seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) population in Tango Bay, the Sea of Japan. Otolith Sr:Ca ratios of juveniles collected from freshwater, brackish and coastal areas were analysed to determine a criterion for distinguishing whether individuals used estuarine or coastal areas as nurseries. Otolith Sr:Ca ratios of adult seabass collected around Tango Bay were also analysed to detect the records of salinity that juveniles experienced and to estimate the contribution of each habitat. Sr:Ca ratios of the edges of otoliths of juveniles from freshwater areas were 2.4 × 10−3 in average, which were significantly lower than those of juveniles collected from a coastal area (4.9 × 10−3 in average) owing to differences in salinity conditions among these areas. Based on the threshold criterion determined by this difference, 39 out of 107 (36%) adult seabass were estimated to have used the estuary as a nursery during their juvenile stage according to their Sr:Ca chronologies. Despite the small area covered by estuarine nurseries compared with coastal waters, the Yura River estuary contributed considerably to the adult seabass population. This indicates estuaries play an important role as nurseries for seabass juveniles, and it should be noted that the estuaries are important nurseries to conserve the stocks of coastal fishes.
First‐year survival of North East Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from 1998 to 2012 appears to be driven by availability of Calanus, a preferred copepod prey
Authors: Jansen Teunis
Published: June 2016

Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) is one of the ecologically and economically most important fish species in the Atlantic. Its recruitment has, for unknown reasons, been exceptional from 1998 to 2012. The majority (75%) of the survivors in the first winter were found north of an oceanographic division at approximately 52°N, despite the fact that mackerel spawns over a wide range of latitudes. Multivariate time series modelling of survivor abundance in the north revealed a significant correlation with the abundance of copepodites (stage I–IV) of Calanus sp. in the spawning season (April to June). The copepodites were a mix of C. helgolandicus (dominating) and C. finmarchicus. The growth of mackerel larvae is known to be positively related to the availability of nauplii and copopodites of preferred prey species, namely, large calanoid copepod species such as Calanus. The statistical relationship between mackerel survivors and abundance of Calanus, therefore, most likely, reflected a causal relationship: high availability of Calanus probably reduced starvation, stage‐specific predation and cannibalism (owing to prey switching). The effects of other abundant, but less preferred zooplankton taxa, (Acartia sp., Branchiopoda spp. and Echinodermata spp. larvae), as well as stock size, temperature and wind‐induced turbulence were not found to be significant. However, stock size was retained in the final model because of a significant interaction with Calanus in oceanic areas west of the North European continental shelf. This was suggested to be a consequence of a density driven expansion of the spawning area that increased the overlap between early life stages of mackerel and food (Calanus) in new areas.
Extending Moran's Index for Measuring Spatiotemporal Clustering of Geographic Events
Authors: Lee Jay , Li Shengwen
Published: June 2016

Moran's Index for spatial autocorrelation and localized index for spatial association have been widely applied in many research fields as the first step to explore and assess the spatial dependency in a set of geographic events. This article presents extensions to the equations for calculating global and localized spatial autocorrelation so to include the temporal attribute values of the geographic events being analyzed. The extended equations were successfully implemented and tested with a real world data set. In addition, simulated data sets were used to reveal how the extended equations performed. Beyond the usefulness of the extended equations, we suggest that care be taken with regard to assessing spatiotemporal patterns under the normality and randomization assumptions as different outcomes from different assumptions would require different approaches for interpretation.
Maintenance of blood flow rate on dialysis with self‐centering CentrosFLO catheter: A multicenter prospective study
Authors: Agarwal Anil K. , Ash Stephen R. ,   Principal Investigators of the CentrosFLO Trial
Published: June 2016

Introduction Chronic central venous catheters (CVC) for dialysis lose patency and deliver lower blood flow over time, often due to fibrous sheathing that covers the lumen tips. The CentrosFLO central venous catheter has a shape that directs the arterial and venous tips away from the walls of the vena cava and right atrium, making sheathing of the tips less likely.

Methods A prospective, multicenter, single arm, non‐controlled, observational study was conducted at eight sites in the United States. All consenting dialysis patients receiving CentrosFLO catheters through the right or left internal jugular veins were accepted in the study, as long as the catheter was expected to be used for 45 days and was not an over‐the‐wire replacement for a previous CVC. Data were automatically collected on initial and average dialysis blood flow rate and initial arterial and venous pressures, for up to 26 weeks of dialysis therapy.

Findings 75 patients were enrolled. Kaplan‐Meier analysis indicated that 87% of patients maintained blood flow rate over 300 mL/min throughout 26 weeks of follow‐up. There was no decline in average dialysis blood flow rate and no significant change in hydraulic resistance of the arterial or venous lumens of the catheters during the study.

Discussion The CentrosFLO catheter demonstrates long term patency with good flow rates on dialysis, which, by comparison with previous studies, shows a clinically significant improvement in blood flow rate vs. other catheters. Stable hydraulic resistance of the catheter lumens showed no evidence of tip encroachment by fibrous sheaths.
Predialysis volume overload and patient‐reported sleep duration and quality in patients receiving hemodialysis
Authors: Abreo Adrian P. , Dalrymple Lorien S. , Chertow Glenn M. , Kaysen George A. , Herzog Charles A. , Johansen Kirsten L.
Published: June 2016

Introduction:Previous studies of patients with end‐stage renal disease have examined the role of fluid shifts on apnea‐hypopnea episodes, but the association between volume overload and patient‐reported sleep quality or duration has not been well‐established.Methods:We studied the association between predialysis bioimpedance spectroscopy‐derived volume estimates and self‐reported sleep quality and duration in 638 patients in the United States Renal Data System ACTIVE/ADIPOSE study receiving hemodialysis from 2009 to 2011. We used questionnaires to assess self‐reported sleep duration and quality. We used relative hydration status (fluid overload/extracellular water; FO/ECW) as the primary predictor and examined associations with hours of sleep duration using linear regression. We used multivariable ordinal logistic regression to determine the association between categories of relative hydration status (normal hydration [FO/ECW < 6.8%], mild overhydration [FO/ECW 6.8%–15%], and hyperhydration [FO/ECW > 15%]) and four levels of difficulty with falling asleep, waking, and returning to sleep.Findings:Higher relative hydration status was associated with fewer hours of sleep (−0.31 hours per 10%, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.49 to −0.13). Compared to the normal hydration group, there was a statistically significant association between higher relative hydration status category and more frequent nighttime waking (OR: mild overhydration 1.92 [95% CI 1.23–2.99], hyperhydration 1.87 [95% CI 1.16–2.99]), a trend toward more difficulty returning to sleep (OR: mild overhydration 1.46 [95% CI 0.94–2.27], hyperhydration 1.52 [95% CI 0.95–2.43]), and no association between relative hydration category and difficulty falling asleep.Discussion:Hydration status was associated with self‐reported sleep duration in patients on dialysis. Future studies should prospectively examine the effects of optimizing fluid status on sleep duration and quality.
Diagnostic dilemmas of high‐grade transformation (Richter's syndrome) of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: results of the phase II National Cancer Research Institute CHOP‐OR clinical trial specialist haemato‐pathology central review
Authors: Soilleux Elizabeth J , Wotherspoon Andrew , Eyre Toby A , Clifford Ruth , Cabes Maite , Schuh Anna H
Published: June 2016

Aims

Richter's syndrome (RS) refers to high‐grade transformation of B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), usually to diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, as assessed according to strict World Health Organization (WHO)‐defined histological criteria. Although this is a relatively evidence‐poor area, the recommended clinical management of high‐grade transformation differs considerably from that of relapsed CLL. The ‘CHOP‐OR’ trial was a single‐arm, multicentre, non‐randomized phase II National Cancer Research Institute trial in patients with newly diagnosed RS, recruited from across the UK from April 2011 to December 2014. Forty‐three patients were enrolled, of whom 37 were ultimately evaluable for response. The aim was to verify the presence of RS in the trial patients and identify pitfalls in the diagnosis of RS.

Methods and results

Two independent, specialist haematopathologists reviewed histological material from 40 available cases enrolled in the CHOP‐OR trial to determine whether the submitted diagnosis of RS was correct. Three cases were unavailable for central review. This series represents the largest central review of RS within a prospective trial in the literature to date. Thirty‐three of the 40 (82.5%) submitted cases showed features consistent with WHO‐defined RS. Reasons for diagnostic uncertainty in discrepant cases included large proliferation centres, variably confluent and serpiginous proliferation centres, and an apparently high proliferation index, sometimes attributable to a thick section or associated normal bone marrow proliferation.

Conclusions

We discuss the importance of high‐quality histological and immunohistochemical sections and strict adherence to WHO criteria in the diagnosis of RS. This study further reinforces the importance of centralized review of cases of haematological malignancy.
Age‐associated decrease in GDNF and its cognate receptor GFRα‐1 protein expression in human skin
Authors: Adly Mohamed A. , Assaf Hanan A. , Hussein Mahmoud Rezk Abdelwahed
Published: June 2016

Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its cognate receptor (GFRα‐1) are expressed in normal human skin. They are involved in murine hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling control. We hypothesize that ‘GDNF and GFRα‐1 protein expression in human skin undergoes age‐associated alterations. To test our hypothesis, the expression of these proteins was examined in human skin specimens obtained from 30 healthy individuals representing three age groups: children (5–18 years), adults (19–60 years) and the elderly (61–81 years). Immunofluorescent and light microscopic immunohistologic analyses were performed using tyramide signal amplification and avidin–biotin complex staining methods respectively. GDNF mRNA expression was examined by RT‐PCR analysis. GDNF mRNA and protein as well as GFRα‐1 protein expressions were detected in normal human skin. We found significantly reduced epidermal expression of these proteins with ageing. In the epidermis, the expression was strong in the skin of children and declined gradually with ageing, being moderate in adults and weak in the elderly. In children and adults, the expression of both GDNF and GFRα‐1 proteins was strongest in the stratum basale and decreased gradually towards the surface layers where it was completely absent in the stratum corneum. In the elderly, GDNF and GFRα‐1 protein expression was confined to the stratum basale. In the dermis, both GDNF and GFRα‐1 proteins had strong expressions in the fibroblasts, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and blood vessels regardless of the age. Thus there is a decrease in epidermal GDNF and GFRα‐1 protein expression in normal human skin with ageing. Our findings suggest that the consequences of this is that GFRα‐1‐mediated signalling is altered during the ageing process. The clinical and therapeutic ramifications of these observations mandate further investigations.
miR‐376c inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation and invasion by targeting BMI1
Authors: Deng Youping , Xiong Yan , Liu Yingjuan
Published: June 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in cancer development and progression. The purposes of this study were to explore the role of miR‐376c in cervical cancer and to clarify the regulation of BMI1 by miR‐376c. Quantitative RT‐PCR was used to measure miR‐376c expression in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines. The cell proliferation, cell cycle and Transwell invasion assays were performed. A luciferase reporter assay was conducted to confirm the target gene of miR‐376c, and the results were validated in cervical cancer cell lines and tissues. MiR‐376c was significantly downregulated in cervical cancer cell lines and clinical tissues. Upregulation of miR‐376c impaired cell proliferation, blocked G1/S checkpoint of cell cycle and suppressed cell invasion in vitro. BMI1 was verified as a direct target of miR‐376c, which was further confirmed by the inverse expression of miR‐376c and BMI1 in patient specimens. The newly identified miR‐376c/BMI1 pathway provides an insight into cervical cancer progression and may represent a novel therapeutic target.
Public and parental perceptions of and concerns with advertising to preschool children
Authors: Watkins Leah , Aitken Robert , Robertson Kirsten , Thyne Maree
Published: June 2016

Despite the increasing attention paid by advertisers to preschool children as consumers, little academic attention has been paid to its implications or its consequences. To address this, the following article reports on two independent New Zealand studies of public and parental concerns about the nature and extent of television advertising to preschool children. Results show high levels of concern with the effects of advertising on preschool children and considerable support for its regulation. Importantly, the findings also reveal a fundamental concern with the normalisation of consumption values and promotion of material culture as consequences of advertising exposure not previously identified in the literature. The findings provide useful evidence to inform public policy recommendations and suggestions for future research.
Chemotherapy for metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer
Authors: Parimi Sunil , Chi Kim N
Published: June 2016

Incorporation of docetaxel into metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer treatment has added a new treatment option to a disease state that had previously not seen change for decades. Early attempts of a chemo‐hormonal approach for castration‐sensitive prostate cancer were not successful. With the demonstration of survival benefits using docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer, this encouraged continued research with docetaxel given earlier in the disease course. Three randomized phase III trials have defined the benefits of docetaxel in the metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer setting; however, there remain questions and controversies on the appropriate and optimal patient selection.
Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke: a real‐world experience
Authors: Cappelen‐Smith C. , Cordato D. , Calic Z. , Cheung A. , Wenderoth J.
Published: June 2016

Background

Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke due to proximal vessel occlusions in the anterior cerebral circulation within 6 h of stroke onset is now recognised as highly beneficial. Five randomised controlled trials in 2015 showed significant improvement in functional outcome at 90 days compared with intravenous thrombolysis alone. Liverpool Hospital is a tertiary referral centre with an acute stroke service, including 24/7 intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy.

Aim

To determine whether good functional outcomes with endovascular thrombectomy are achievable in patients with acute ischaemic stroke under ‘real‐world conditions’ at an Australian tertiary referral centre.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of functional outcomes and mortality of 33 consecutive patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke in the anterior circulation at Liverpool Hospital over 24 months (2014–2015), including 13 ‘drip and ship’ patients transferred from other centres.

Results

Functional outcomes defined as 90‐day modified Rankin scale (mRS) were similar to published trials with a good outcome noted in 39.4% (mRS 0–2) of patients. Lower admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and shorter time to recanalisation from stroke onset correlated with good outcome (P < 0.05). Outcomes were not statistically different between the local and transferred cases. Mortality was not higher than historical rates for anterior circulation strokes due to proximal vessel lesions.

Conclusions

This cohort of patients with anterior cerebral circulation occlusions was treated outside the well‐resourced situation of clinical trials and good functional outcomes are similar. The study translates endovascular thrombectomy to a ‘real‐world’ situation.
The Position of Museum and Gallery Educators in Spain: Some Paradoxes
Authors: Amengual‐Quevedo Irene
Published: June 2016

This article presents some of the reflections articulated in the author's doctoral thesis: Saberes y aprendizajes en la construcción de la identidad y la subjetividad de una educadora de museos: El caso del proyecto Cartografiem‐nos en el museo Es Baluard. (Knowledge and learning in the construction of the identity and the subjectivity of a gallery educator: The case of ʻMapping ourselvesʼ at Es Baluard Museum), produced at the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Barcelona (2012). The author deals with the question of the professional development of museum and gallery educators, exploring some of the paradoxes that operate in the discourses and practices that surround this collective. The second part of the article is dedicated to demonstrating the knowledge and learning implicated in the experiences of museum and gallery educators. Offering a view from the inside of the professional sphere will serve to counteract more official descriptions, in which museum and gallery education is usually understood as an artisan profession which requires little training or qualifications. Finally, this article poses questions regarding the research of educational practice within the field of museums and galleries.
Recovery after lung transplantation from a patient perspective – proposing a new framework
Authors: Lundmark Martina , Lennerling Annette , Almgren Matilda , Forsberg Anna
Published: June 2016

Aims

The aims of this study were two‐fold:

to develop the concept analysis by Allvin et al. from lung recipients’ perspective of their post‐transplant recovery process and

to identify the recovery trajectories including critical junctions in the post‐transplant recovery process after lung transplantation.

Background

Lung transplantation is an established treatment for patients with end‐stage lung disease. The recovery process after lung transplantation is very demanding. Today, patients are expected to play an active role in their own recovery but require ongoing support during the process.

Design

A deductive, retrospective interview study using directed content analysis and Allvin′s recovery concept analysis.

Method

Fifteen adult lung transplant recipients who were due their 12‐month follow‐up were consecutively included and interviewed during 2015. Patients who were medically unstable or had difficulties speaking Swedish were excluded from this multi‐centre study.

Findings

Allvin's concept analysis is partly applicable to the context of lung transplantation. The recipients’ experience of the post‐transplant recovery process could be confirmed in the main dimensions of the concept analysis, while several sub‐dimensions were contradictory and were excluded. Six new sub‐dimensions emerged; symptom management, adjusting to physical restraints, achieving an optimum level of psychological well‐being, emotional transition, social adaptation and reconstructing daily occupation.

Conclusion

The concept analysis by Allvin et al. was possible to expand to fit the lung transplantation context and a new contextual definition of post‐transplant recovery after solid organ transplantation was developed. Recovery and health were viewed as two different things.
Fluctuating emotions: relating emotional variability and job satisfaction
Authors: Xu Shi , Martinez Larry R. , Van Hoof Hubert , Eljuri Maria Isabel , Arciniegas Liliana
Published: June 2016

This study focuses on the relation between emotional variability and job satisfaction and examines emotional exhaustion as a potential explanation forwhyvariability may result in lower satisfaction. In addition, this study examines organizational identification as a potential moderator of the relation between emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. A total of 244 nonacademic staff in two universities in Ecuador responded to the surveys. The results demonstrated that emotional exhaustion mediated the relation between emotional variability and job satisfaction and that organizational identification weakened the negative relation between emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. This research is among the first to investigate emotional variability in organizations and examine the role of organizational identification in buffering the negative effect of emotional variability.
Annual predictions of the peak numbers of Sitobion avenae infesting winter wheat
Authors: Honek A. , Martinkova Z. , Dixon A. F. G. , Saska P.
Published: June 2016

Sitobion avenae is the most abundant aphid that infests the ears of winter wheat in central Europe. Control of this pest will benefit from prediction of its maximum abundances on ears. We attempted to predict the maximum numbers of this species infesting the ears using earlier counts of this species in ears and on leaves using data collected in the Czech Republic in 2002–2014. The numbers of aphids on particular leaves and the ears were recorded at weekly intervals. The maximum numbers infesting the ears were significantly related to aphid counts on the ears made 1 week, 2 weeks and even 3 weeks before the peak. A regression based only on plots where there were aphids (non‐zero aphid counts) recorded 3 weeks prior to the peak resulted in a critical number of ≥0.44 aphids/ear, which if exceeded resulted in a harmful maximum abundance of ≥5 aphids/ear at the peak. We also regressed maximum numbers infesting ears on numbers of S. avenae on leaves recorded 1, 2 and 3 weeks after earing, which all resulted in reliable predictions. Regression of maximum abundance on non‐zero aphid counts on the leaves in week 3 after earing revealed a critical number of ≥0.59 aphids/tiller. Zero aphid counts resulted in only 3% of cases of a harmful maximum abundance in ears. Using records of the numbers on flag leaves, which make up 58% of the S. avenae population present on the foliage, also provided reliable predictions of maximum abundance in ears. Predicting maximum numbers of aphids from earlier records of the numbers of aphids on leaves or ears is thus possible. The prediction may be further improved by increasing the precision with which the numbers of aphids initially infesting the crop are estimated.
First description of the neuro‐anatomy of a larval coral reef fish Amphiprion ocellaris
Authors: Jacob H. , Metian M. , Brooker R. M. , Duran E. , Nakamura N. , Roux N. , Masanet P. , Soulat O. , Lecchini D.
Published: June 2016

The present study described the neuro‐anatomy of a larval coral reef fish Amphiprion ocellaris and hypothesized that morphological changes during the transition from the oceanic environment to a reef environment (i.e. recruitment) have the potential to be driven by changes to environmental conditions and associated changes to cognitive requirements. Quantitative comparisons were made of the relative development of three specific brain areas (telencephalon, mesencephalon and cerebellum) between 6 days post‐hatch (dph) larvae (oceanic phase) and 11 dph (at reef recruitment). The results showed that 6 dph larvae had at least two larger structures (telencephalon and mesencephalon) than 11 dph larvae, while the size of cerebellum remained identical. These results suggest that the structure and organization of the brain may reflect the cognitive demands at every stage of development. This study initiates analysis of the relationship between behavioural ecology and neuroscience in coral reef fishes.
Multimorbidity in Heart Failure: Effect on Outcomes
Authors: Manemann Sheila M. , Chamberlain Alanna M. , Boyd Cynthia M. , Gerber Yariv , Dunlay Shannon M. , Weston Susan A. , Jiang Ruoxiang , Roger Véronique L.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To investigate the effect of the number and type of comorbid conditions on death and hospitalizations in individuals with incident heart failure (HF).

Design

Population‐based cohort study.

Setting

Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Participants

Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with incident HF from 2000 to 2010 (mean age 76 ± 14, 56% female) (N = 1,714).

Measurements

The prevalence of 16 chronic conditions obtained at HF diagnosis classified into three groups: cardiovascular (CV) related, other physical, and mental.

Results

The mean number of conditions per participant was 2.6 ± 1.5 for CV‐related conditions, 1.3 ± 1.1 for other physical conditions, and 0.30 ± 0.61 for mental conditions. After a mean follow‐up of 4.2 years, 1,073 deaths and 6,306 hospitalizations had occurred. After adjustment for age, sex, ejection fraction, in‐ or outpatient status, and number of other conditions, an increase of one other physical condition was associated with a 14% (HR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.08–1.20) greater risk of death and a 26% (HR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.20–1.32) greater risk of hospitalization, and an increase of one mental condition was associated with a 31% (HR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.19–1.44) greater risk of death and an 18% (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.07–1.29) greater risk of hospitalization. In contrast, an increase of one CV‐related condition was not associated with greater risk of death and was associated with a 10% (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.06–1.15) greater risk of hospitalization.

Conclusion

CV‐related conditions are the most common type of comorbid conditions in individuals with HF, but other physical and mental conditions are more strongly associated with death and hospitalizations. This underscores the effect of non‐CV conditions on outcomes in HF.
Merchant Capitalism, Peasant Households and Industrial Accumulation: Integration of a Model
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: June 2016

My paper underscores the theoretical contribution of an early essay by Henry Bernstein, ‘Notes on Capital and Peasantry’, published in 1977. It uses the ideas in that essay to construct a general argument about the ways in which capitalism dominates household producers. The first section summarizes the arguments of Bernstein's essay and relates them to key passages of A.V. Chayanov's work. The second section builds a model of how commercial capitalism worked in the produce trades of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The third section proposes a wider taxonomy, where the differences between commercial and industrial capital and their respective forms of domination of the countryside are laid out. The key category here is vertical integration as a form/strategy of accumulation chiefly characteristic of the latter. The fourth section suggests that we need to take merchant capitalism more seriously as a historical category as well as one of theory, rejecting the idea that merchant's capital ‘exclusively inhabits the circulation sphere’.
Introduction to the Special Issue The Political Economy of Agrarian Change: Essays in Appreciation of Henry Bernstein
Authors: Campling Liam , Lerche Jens
Published: June 2016

This special issue presents five essays and an interview in appreciation of Henry Bernstein. The essays – by major scholars in the field of agrarian political economy – engage with different aspects of Bernstein's oeuvre: from direct critical reflections on his approach to the peasantry and the agrarian question through to arguments developed in connection to his work on commercial capitalism, landed property and the relationship between petty production and accumulation. This introduction briefly sets out some of the major aspects of Bernstein's distinctive editorial, pedagogical and theoretical contributions. It suggests that his most crucial and lasting contribution is in his absorption and ability to apply Marx's theory and method as a living theoretical and analytical approach to the study of agrarian political economy.
Patients’ experiences of enhanced recovery after surgery: a systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Sibbern Tonje , Bull Sellevold Vibeke , Steindal Simen A , Dale Craig , Watt‐Watson Judy , Dihle Alfhild
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To aggregate, interpret and synthesise findings from qualitative studies to further our knowledge regarding patients’ pre‐ and postoperative experiences when participating in an enhanced recovery after surgery.

Background

Numerous quantitative studies have documented benefits of participation in enhanced recovery after surgery programmes. Randomised control trials show that enhanced recovery after surgery reduce patient morbidity and shorten hospital length of stay. However, we presently have only sparse knowledge regarding patients’ experiences of participating in these programmes.

Design

A qualitative systematic review and meta‐synthesis.

Methods

A systematic literature search of databases (Cinahl, Medline, PsycINFO, Ovid Nursing, and EMBASE) for qualitative studies published between 2000–2014 were undertaken. The identified studies were critically evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program, and patient experiences were synthesised into new themes by a team of researchers, using qualitative content analysis.

Results

Eleven studies were included. Upon analysis, four main themes emerged: information transfer, individualised treatment vs. standardised care, balancing burdensome symptoms and expectations for rapid recovery, and sense of security at discharge. Information helped patients feel secure and prepared for surgery. Patients reported being motivated to participate in their recovery process. However, this became challenging when they faced symptoms such as pain, nausea, and weakness. Professional support fostered a feeling of security that was important in helping patients continue their regimen, recover, and be discharged as early as planned.

Conclusions

Patients in enhanced recovery after surgery programmes desired more consistency between pre‐ and postoperative information. Important opportunities exist to improve symptom management and help patients feel more secure about recovery postoperatively.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses are in a unique position to improve communication of standardised regimens and enhance symptom management across the perioperative period. Clinical outreach, such as follow‐up visits or phone calls, could target older adults who need additional assistance to meet enhanced recovery after surgery programme goals and derive benefit.
Predicting family health and well‐being after separation from an abusive partner: role of coercive control, mother's depression and social support
Authors: Broughton Sharon , Ford‐Gilboe Marilyn
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

Drawing on the Strengthening Capacity to Limit Intrusion theory, we tested whether intrusion (i.e. unwanted interference from coercive control, custody and access difficulties and mother's depressive symptoms) predicted family health and well‐being after separation from an abusive partner/father, and whether social support moderated intrusion effects on family health and well‐being.

Background

Experiences of coercive control and the negative consequences related to those experiences have been documented among women who have separated from an abusive partner.

Design

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 154 adult, Canadian mothers of dependent children who had separated from an abusive partner and who participated in Wave 2 of the Women's Health Effects Study.

Methods

We used hierarchical multiple regression to test whether intrusion predicts family health and well‐being as well as whether social support moderated this relationship.

Results

Families were found to experience considerable intrusion, yet their health and well‐being was similar to population norms. Intrusion predicted 11·4% of the variance in family health and well‐being, with mother's depressive symptoms as the only unique predictor. Social support accounted for an additional 9% of explained variance, but did not buffer intrusion effects on family health and well‐being.

Conclusions

Although women had been separated from their abusive partners for an average of 2·5 years, the majority continued to experience coercive control. On average, levels of social support and family functioning were relatively high, contrary to public and academic discourse.

Relevance to clinical practice

In working with these families postseparation, nurses should approach care from a strength‐based perspective, and integrate tailored assessment and intervention options for women and families that address both depression and social support.
COPING SKILLS OF IRANIAN FAMILY CAREGIVERS’ IN CARETAKING OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING HAEMODIALYSIS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Eslami Ahmad Ali , Rabiei Leili , Abedi Heidar Ali , Shirani Majid , Masoudi Reza
Published: June 2016

Background

Coping skills enable caregivers to establish and maintain supportive relationships with the haemodialysis patients they care for. These skills are very important in terms of social support, promotion of mental health and social and family relations. The aim of this study is to investigate the coping skills of Iranian family caregivers as they take care of patients undergoing haemodialysis.

Methods

Twenty participants were selected for the study through purposive sampling. The data gathering techniques used for the research were in‐depth and unstructured interviews. The researchers used an inductive thematic analysis approach to analyse the data generated from the interviews.

Results

Four main themes emerged from the data: help‐seeking skills, self‐nurturing skills, time management skills and stress management skills.

Conclusion

The focus of attention was on the stress management coping skills of the caregivers of haemodialysis patients together with their ability to cope with complex problems. Healthcare providers, by taking into account these skills and strategies of empowerment, can help other caregivers of haemodialysis patients cope with their heavy care conditions and better define their purposes in caretaking.
What if Variable Annuity Policyholders With Guaranteed Lifelong Withdrawal Benefit Were Rational?
Authors: Piscopo Gabriella , Rüede Philipp
Published: June 2016

This article examines the lapse risk inherent to the guaranteed lifelong withdrawal benefit option embedded in a variable annuity product valuated from a pure derivatives perspective, that is, as a Bermudian option given to the policyholder. We assume rational behavior and quantify the potential impact of the lapse risk, defined as the difference between no lapse and optimal lapsing. We develop a sensitivity analysis that shows how the value of the product varies with the key parameters, and calculate the fair fee using Monte Carlo simulations. Empirical analyses are performed and numerical results are provided.
Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir in dialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C: pilot study
Authors: Kawakami Y. , Imamura M. , Ikeda H. , Suzuki M. , Arataki K. , Moriishi M. , Mori N. , Kokoroishi K. , Katamura Y. , Ezaki T. , Ueno T. , Ide K. , Masaki T. , Ohdan H. , Chayama K.
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of daclatasvir (DCV) and asunaprevir (ASV) dual therapy in haemodialysis patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Eighteen haemodialysis patients and 54 patients with normal renal function were treated with DCV and ASV dual therapy for 24 weeks. We evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles of DCV and ASV and examined the rate of sustained virological response 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12) and incidence of adverse events during treatment of haemodialysis patients infected with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. To adjust for potential differences in baseline characteristics between haemodialysis patients and patients with normal renal function, we used propensity scores case–control matching methods. Area under the plasma concentration time curve from 0 to 6 h (AUC0–6 h) of DCV was slightly lower in haemodialysis patients than in patients with normal renal function (P > 0.6). AUC0–6 h of ASV was significantly lower in haemodialysis patients (P = 0.012). SVR12 rates were 100% (18/18) for haemodialysis and 96.2% (52/54) for patients with normal renal function. Changes in mean log10 HCV RNA levels and viral response were higher in haemodialysis patients compared to patients with normal renal function. No discontinuations due to adverse events occurred. In conclusion, DCV and ASV dual therapy for HCV infection is effective and safe with similar results in haemodialysis patients compared to patients with normal renal function.
Decrease in tooth count in melon‐headed whales
Authors: Kurihara N. , Amano M. , Yamada T. K.
Published: June 2016

A total of 62 skulls from two herds of melon‐headed whales stranded on Japanese coasts were examined. Although the species originally had around 22 teeth in each tooth row, older specimens (30–35 years old) possessed only an average of 9.2 teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Significant shortening of the root caused the tooth loss observed in this species. In addition, we observed the following trends with respect to the pattern of tooth loss: (1) teeth are lost from the posterior to the anterior part of the tooth row, (2) the loss of teeth in the upper jaw precedes that in the lower jaw, and (3) tooth count decreases with age. The above‐mentioned tendencies were found in both herds. Bony tissues at the alveoli seem to push out the teeth: the bottom of the tooth socket rises both during the root‐shortening process and after the tooth falls out. There were no signs of accidental tooth loss such as resorption of alveolar bones due to gingival disease or injuries on alveolar bones by physical impacts. Therefore, the postnatal tooth count decrease is considered an ontogenetic event of this species. The ontogenetic decrease in tooth count coincides with the tendency of evolutionary tooth number reduction in odontocetes at two particular points, the secondary reduction from polyodontia and the more progressed decrease in teeth in the upper jaw than in the lower jaw. Therefore, the evolutionary tooth count reduction seems to be repeated in the lifetime of the melon‐headed whale.
Hospital readiness for undertaking evidence‐based practice: A survey
Authors: Nguyen Thi Ngoc Minh , Wilson Anne
Published: June 2016

Despite the fact that evidence‐based practice has increasing emphasis in health care, organizations are not always prepared for its implementation. Identifying organizational preparedness for implementing evidence‐based practice is desirable prior to application. A cross‐sectional survey was developed to explore nurses’ perception of organizational support for evidence‐based practice and was implemented via a self‐enumerated survey completed by 234 nurses. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Nurses reported that implementation of evidence‐based practice is complex and fraught with challenges because of a lack of organizational support. A conceptual framework comprising three key factors: information resources, nursing leadership, and organizational infrastructure was proposed to assist health authorities in the implementation of evidence‐based practice. Suggestions of how organizations can be more supportive of research utilization in practice include establishing a library, journal clubs/mentoring programs, nurses’ involvement in decision‐making at unit level, and a local nursing association.
Immunologic environment influences macrophage response to Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Papadopoulos G. , Shaik‐Dasthagirisaheb Y.B. , Huang N. , Viglianti G.A. , Henderson A.J. , Kantarci A. , Gibson F.C.
Published: June 2016

Macrophages adapt both phenotypically and functionally to the cytokine balance in host tissue microenvironments. Recent studies established that macrophages contribute an important yet poorly understood role in the development of infection‐elicited oral bone loss. We hypothesized that macrophage adaptation to inflammatory signals encountered before pathogen interaction would significantly influence the subsequent immune response of these cells to the keystone oral pathobiont Porphyromonas gingivalis. Employing classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) murine bone‐marrow‐derived macrophage (BMDMø), we observed that immunologic activation of macrophages before P. gingivalis challenge dictated phenotype‐specific changes in the expression of inflammation‐associated molecules important to sensing and tuning host response to bacterial infection including Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4, CD14, CD18 and CD11b (together comprising CR3), major histocompatibility complex class II, CD80, and CD86. M2 cells responded to P. gingivalis with higher expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted, and KC than M1 cells. M1 BMDMø expressed higher levels of interleukin‐10 to P. gingivalis than M2 BMDMø. Functionally, we observed that M2 BMDMø bound P. gingivalis more robustly than M1 BMDMø. These data describe an important contribution of macrophage skewing in the subsequent development of the cellular immune response to P. gingivalis.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Left Atrial Reentrant Tachycardias in Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease: A Case Series
Authors: PRABHU MUKUND A. , THAJUDEEN ANEES , VK AJIT KUMAR , J THARAKAN , B.V PRASAD SRINIVAS , NAMBOODIRI NARAYANAN
Published: June 2016

Background

Left atrial (LA) reentrant tachycardias are not uncommon in regions where rheumatic heart disease is prevalent. Some of these arrhythmias may be curable by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). However, there are limited data pertaining to this in existing literature.

Case Report

Three patients who had rheumatic mitral valve disease with past history of surgical‐/catheter‐based intervention and having no significant residual disease had symptomatic atrial flutter despite optimal medical management. An electrophysiological study confirmed an LA focal/micro‐reentrant mechanism in all. There was patchy scarring of the LA, and successful RFA of these arrhythmias could be achieved.

Conclusion

The focal nature of the scar in these patients may suggest that the rheumatic involvement of the atrium or the hemodynamic consequence of the vulvar lesion causes nonuniform insult to the atrial tissue and limited scar. At least in some patients with limited scarring, early RFA may help in the maintenance of sinus rhythm.
Metamizole (Dipyrone) as an Alternative Agent in Postoperative Analgesia in Patients with Contraindications for Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Konijnenbelt‐Peters Jorieke , van der Heijden Charlotte , Ekhart Corine , Bos Jacqueline , Bruhn Jörgen , Kramers Cornelis
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in multimodal pain management. In patients with a contraindication for NSAIDs, pain management is challenging. A recent Dutch anesthesiology guideline propagates the use of metamizole (dipyrone) in these patients. Metamizole is a controversial drug, its use being previously discouraged because of the risk for agranulocytosis. We discuss whether metamizole could be an alternative to classical NSAIDs and opioids in postoperative pain management despite this drawback.

Method

Literature review and pharmacovigilance research based on World Health Organization adverse effect registrations.

Results

Metamizole causes fewer gastric and duodenal ulcers than other nonselective NSAIDs, and the risk for bleeding is limited. It is unknown whether it is safer than a nonselective NSAID combined with a proton pump inhibitor. Although the drug appears to be safe for renal function in healthy volunteers, data in high‐risk patients (eg, those with heart or renal failure) are lacking. The incidence of metamizole‐induced agranulocytosis is controversial, but the risk is likely to be limited with short‐term postoperative use in this selected group of patients.

Conclusion

Although firm evidence is lacking, metamizole may be safer for the upper intestinal tract and kidneys than other NSAIDs, and could alternatively be used in patients with an increased risk for stomach or renal problems. Hereby, improved postoperative pain relief can potentially be achieved. The risk for metamizole‐induced agranulocytosis is judged to be acceptable.