bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hyaena on stilts: comparison of the limb morphology of Ictitherium ebu (Mammalia: Hyaenidae) from the Late Miocene of Lothagam, Turkana Basin, Kenya with extant Canidae and Hyaenidae
Authors: van der Hoek Julien , Werdelin Lars
Published: June 2024

The long, gracile morphology of the limb bones of the Late Miocene hyaenid Ictitherium ebu has led to the hypothesis that this animal was cursorial. The forelimb and femur of the holotype were compared with specimens of extant Hyaenidae and Canidae. Two morphometric methods were used. The first used measurements to calculate indices of different morphological characters. The second method involved capturing photographs of the anterior distal humerus of each specimen, mapping six landmarks on them, and calculating truss distances. These distances represent a schematic reproduction of the elbow. Multivariate statistical analysis primarily separated the data based on taxonomy, yet locomotor and habitat categories were also considered. Ictitherium ebu has an overall morphology similar to that of the maned wolf and a distal humerus reminiscent of that of the aardwolf. The long, gracile limb bones of I. ebu are suggested to be adaptations for pouncing on prey, for locomotor efficiency, and for looking over the tall grass of the open environments the animal lived in, much like the present-day maned wolf.
In vivo Studies on the Effect of Warburgia ugandensis Crude Extracts Against Bacterial wilt in Tomato
Authors: Lideke Oliver Libese , G. Mworia Eric , Mwenda Cynthia N. Mugo
Published: June 2024

Tomato plants are susceptible to Ralstonia solanacearum, a pathogen responsible for bacterial wilt, a severe soil-borne disease with no available cure. Warburgia ugandensis crude extract has shown biocontrol capabilities against pathogenic fungi and bacteria in animals, but data on its effectiveness in plants is limited. The current study was done to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of W. ugandensis crude extracts against R. solanacearum in tomato plants. W. ugandensis leaf and stem bark crude extracts were obtained using ethanol, methanol, hexane, and dichloromethane. The obtained crude extracts were tested against R. solanacearum in tomato at the greenhouse in triplicate. The data collected on bacterial wilt incidence, severity, stem diameter, height, and the number of branches and fruits set were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level. Tukey’s test was employed to determine significant differences between means at the same significance level. Tomato plants established in soil inoculated with R. solanacearum and treated with dichloromethane crude extract of W. ugandensis stem bark showed no sign of bacterial wilt disease and were comparable to the positive control. Tomato plants established in soil inoculated with R. solanacearum but treated with W. ugandensis leaf ethanol crude extract had the highest average height of 62.50 cm which was similar to positive control. Tomato plants grown in R. solanacearum-inoculated soils and treated with methanol crude extracts from W. ugandensis stem bark produced a significantly higher average number of fruits, 22.00, compared to those treated with crude extracts from other solvents. The study proposed that W. ugandensis crude extract has the ability to be used as antibacterial biocontrol against R. solanacearum. Further research is important to determine the bioactive compounds against R. solanacearum.
Association between Physical Activity Levels and Perceived Barriers among Overweight and Obese Adults at Lagos University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Adeyemi Samuel Sogo,
Published: June 2024

Background: Physical inactivity is a major global health issue and a major risk factor for death, accounting for over 3.2 million deaths annually. Obesity is linked to low levels of physical activity and runs a vicious cycle with physical inactivity.
Research Aim: The study examined the association between level of physical activity and perceived barriers to physical activity among Overweight and Obese adults attending General Out-Patient Clinic (GOPC), Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH).
Research Methods: The study included Overweight and Obese adults aged 18-64 years attending the GOPC who gave consent to participate in the study. Based on their BMI, participants were classified as overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥ 30 kg/m2).  The sample size for the study was a total of 285 Overweight and Obese adults attending general (GOPC), (LUTH). The sample was recruited through systematic random sampling. Data was collected by means of a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using Chi-square and Fischer exact test to assess the association between categorical variables. Multiple binary logistic regression was used to determine the independent predictors of low physical activity and high level of barriers to physical activity among the respondents.
Results: The study discovered that there is an association between physical activity levels and the levels of perceived barriers to physical activity among the respondents. Also, high levels of perceived barriers to physical activity significantly and independently predicted physical inactivity among the Overweight and Obese adults in this study. This suggests that obese people perceive more barriers to physical activity than others due to their lower levels of physical activity. The study recommended that awareness should be created by health organisations, Non-Governmental Organisations and health professionals on the relevance of active participation in physical activity especially among Overweight and Obese adults.
Parent Institutions and Innovations in School Library Management in Nigeria: A Conceptual Review
Authors: CLN Nse Emmanuel Akwang,
Published: June 2024

School libraries have become vital resources of information that assist pupils, students, and staff in primary, secondary, and other non-tertiary institutions to appropriately respond to their varied information needs. They can be seen as indispensable facilities established with the objective of providing learning resources to enrich curriculum, supplement textbooks and classroom instruction and give users unlimited opportunities for learning. For any school library to remain relevant in this digital age and current climate, it has to be innovative. It has to the concern of parent institutions, “owners” to adopt cutting-age strategies to instill innovation into the management of school libraries. It is obvious that when school libraries receive proper attention from parent institutions, the school library resources, services, facilities, and physical environment, etc will be adequately innovated for desired patronage. This paper presents the conceptual description of school library and its imperatives. Innovation elements and roles of parent institutions in the school library management are highlighted. Implications, tools, and skills for innovation in school library management are extensively examined. The paper reveals factors affecting parent institutions and innovations in school library management. In conclusion, the paper establishes that for school libraries take their pride of place as learning hub, innovation must be embrace with all seriousness and sincerity by all stakeholders, especially the parent institutions. This study recommends among others, adequate funding of public school libraries in Nigeria and retooling of school librarians for effective implementation of innovative strategies.
Comparative Outcomes of Propranolol Monotherapy and Combined Therapy with Intralesional Triamcinolone in Infantile Hemangioma
Authors: Rashedi Shabnam , Islam Md. Tawhidul , Talukdar Manash , Moharer Emon Kanti , Das Dibendu Kumar
Published: June 2024

Background: Infantile Hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common vascular tumors of infancy. Oral propranolol has achieved great success in treating IHs since 2008. Recently combined oral propranolol with intralesional injection of Triamcinolone acetonide is the effective method of treatment for infantile Hemangioma with minimal adverse effects.
Objectives: To observe the outcome of Propranolol monotherapy and combined therapy with intralesional Triamcinolone in Infantile Hemangioma.
Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, during the period from January 2018 to December 2019. It included 42 infantile hemangioma patients divided into two groups: Group A (21) treated with oral propranolol, and Group B (21) treated with oral propranolol plus intralesional triamcinolone acetonide. Patients were followed up at regular intervals for 6 months.
Results: The data of two groups of patients with IH were compared in the study. The demographic variables, including median age, sex, size, type, and site of IH, were comparable between the two groups. This showed that pre-treatment complications were slightly higher in Group B but not significantly different. Superior size reduction was observed in Group B (71.4% vs. 38.1%), though the difference was not significant statistically. Group B had excellent color regression, which was significantly higher compared to the other group (90.5% vs. 9.5%, p < 0.001). The mean treatment cost was higher in Group B, which was 187.86. taka compared to 124.76. taka in Group A (P value was <0.001). In summary, Group B had better color regression of the pinprick but at a higher cost of treatment as compared to Group A, and other parameters were almost equal in both groups.
Conclusion: Combined propranolol and intralesional Triamcinolone is more effective compared to propranolol alone in the treatment of IHs.
Risk Factors Associated with COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Older Adult Patients
Authors: Gabriela Anguiano-Velazquez Tabata , Arturo Granados-Kraulles Jorge , Benita Santiago-Sanchez , Mauricio Salcedo-Vargas , Margot Delgadillo-Urban Yerendira , Angel Herrerias-Colin Luis , Cristhian Huato-Andrade , Victor Chilpa-Garibay Angel , Angelica Garcia-Gonzalez , Miguel Hernandez-Salinas , Eduardo Lopez-Ramirez , Luisa Gutierrez-Salcido Ana , Judith Téllez-Guzman Irene , Daniel Perez-Juarez Luis , Exequiel Salmeron-Hilario , Airym Ruiz-Martinez , Daniel Lopez-Hernandez
Published: June 2024

Aims: To establish the association of gastrointestinal symptoms and possible risk factors with COVID-19 in older adults.
Study Design: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective study was designed using secondary sources, with a quantitative approach and non-probability convenience sampling.
Place and Duration of Study: The study included a population of 312 records of individuals aged 18 and over with COVID-19. The population was divided into two groups: one consisting of individuals aged 18 to 59 and the other of individuals aged 60 and over.
Methodology: Possible risk factors and gastrointestinal manifestations associated with COVID-19 in older adults were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.
Results: In older adults, the main gastrointestinal manifestation was diarrhea (OR=2.086, 95% CI 1.007-4.322, p=0.048). The risk of COVID-19 increased in older adults with type 2 diabetes (OR=2.053, 95% CI 1.149-3.671, p=0.015), hypertension (OR=2.34, 95% CI 1.191-4.596, p=0.014), and respiratory diseases (OR=8.049, 95% CI 1.913-33.868, p=0.004).
Conclusion: In older adults, diarrhea is a symptom associated with COVID-19, and the primary risk factors were diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory diseases.
Stability-indicating Reverse Phase-HPLC Method Development and Method Validation for Quantitative Determination of Degradation Products in Favipiravir API and Drug Product
Authors: Soujanya Varada , Nalanda Revu Baby
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Favipiravir is an antiviral medication shown to be broad spectrum activity against RNA viruses, and potentially treating the COVID-19.
Methodology: In this study, the HPLC method for the quantification of degradation impurities (Favipiravir Acid Impurities) were developed and validated for Favipiravir in Tablet dosage form. The specificity of the method was achieved in analytical column Agilent HPLC-C18, 5µm, (4.6 x250) mm. using a suitable mobile phase was 10 mM Phosphate buffer (pH 3.5 with orthophosphoric acid) and Acetonitrile in the Isocratic more of 70:30 v/v. The flow rate is 1.0 mL/min. the injection volume is 10 µL, detection at 320 nm in UV and total run time is 8.0 minutes. The samples were made for forced degradation under hydrolysis, oxidation, photolytic and thermal conditions. The method was validated for specific, selective, linear, robust and accurate as per the ICH guidelines.
Results and Conclusion: The linearity of the method for Impurities and the analytes was found from 25 to 150 % concentration level with the correlation coefficient (r2) > 0.999. The accuracy for impurity and the analytes was performed from 50 to 150% level concentration, and mean recovery was found from 98-102%. The analytical degradation and validated study results indicate its unstable nature in acidic, basic and thermal conditions. Therefore, this method is simple, selective and sensitive, this method can be used in pharmaceutical research and development and quality control departments.
Assessment of Microplastic Pollution in Surface Water and Sediments of Otammiri River, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Chidimma Adamma Nduka-Chukwudi, , Nwabueze Okereke, Josephat , Ifeyinwa Mgbemena, , Uchechukwu Ezeji, Ethelbert , Peter Chukwudi,
Published: June 2024

This study analyzed the physicochemical and heavy metal status and also quantified microplastics from Otammiri River, Imo state, Nigeria. The physicochemical and heavy metal analysis were carried out using procedures of Federal Environmental Protection Agency. The quantification of the microplastics from Otammiri River was carried out according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) protocol for surface water trawling for microplastics. The microplastics quantified in this study were at the range of 0.3 mm to 5mm that were resistance to wet oxidation and exhibited flotation in a 5M NaCl. The result of the physicochemical parameters showed that the parameters were within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEV) permissible limits with exception to lead and mercury. The microplastics concentrations at the surface water of Otammiri River was between 0.12 g to 2.50 g and in sediments samples, between 0.01 g to 1.37 g.
Damage Control Resuscitation: Evidence-based Systematic Review for Treating Traumatized Patients
Authors: Souza Lucas Pessoa , Ribeir Pedro Figueiredo Martins , Santos Roberto Cesar Lima , Moreira Rodolfo Feitosa de Figueiredo , Lima Petrus Moura Andrade , Araujo Leslie Clifford Noronha
Published: June 2024

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze concepts and updates on Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR), focusing on critical patient approaches, therapeutic failures identification, and the relevance of damage control in trauma.
Methods: This article presents a systematic review of damage control resuscitation in trauma, encompassing both consolidated and emerging literature, using informative tables in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Conducted between March 2023 and March 2024, using the research descriptor "Resuscitation for damage control" in PubMed. Studies published between 2016 and 2023, freely accessible in English and Portuguese, were included, while those not aligning with the objective were excluded. Out of 979 articles found, 10 were selected after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR) is based on three pillars: permissive hypotension, minimization of crystalloid use, and balanced resuscitation. This approach aims to maintain adequate blood pressure, limit crystalloid use to avoid complications, and balance blood product transfusion. Hypocalcemia has emerged as a new challenge in the lethal triad of trauma, impacting coagulation and mortality. New techniques, such as REBOA and viscoelastic tests (TEG and ROTEM), are being explored to improve resuscitation in severe trauma cases. Tranexamic acid (TXA) also stands out as an effective treatment for excessive bleeding in trauma situations. The importance of pre-hospital care and early interventions is emphasized to optimize bleeding control and resuscitation in traumatized patients.
Conclusion: Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR) is an evidence-based strategy for treating traumatized patients, focusing on permissive hypotension, reduced crystalloid use, and balanced transfusion. In resource-limited settings, alternatives such as whole blood use can be adopted. Pre-hospital care and early interventions are crucial for better outcomes and survival.
Research Progress on Frost Durability of Rubber Recycled Concrete
Authors: Ding Nan
Published: June 2024

Rubber recycled concrete is a new type of green concrete material that partially replaces natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate and partially replaces fine aggregate with rubber. Recycled rubber concrete not only improves the problem of poor frost durability of recycled concrete, but also solves the problem of large amounts of waste concrete and rubber difficult to deal with, as well as a series of ecological and environmental problems caused by this. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out the research on the frost resistance of rubber recycled concrete to promote its application in cold regions. In this paper, based on the current status of domestic and international research on the freeze-thaw damage of rubber recycled concrete, the freeze-thaw damage mechanism of rubber recycled concrete is introduced, and its influencing factors and improvement measures are discussed, so as to provide a favorable basis for the research on the freeze-thaw damage of rubber recycled concrete.
Presseleistungsschutzrecht: Der Schlüssel zum Schutz KI-generierter Erzeugnisse?
Authors: Baumann Malte
Published: June 2024

Presseveröffentlichungen können Mischerzeugnisse aus menschlich- journalistischen Textbeiträgen und KI-generierten Zusatzinhalten sein. KI-generierte Inhalte genießen zwar nur urheberrechtlichen Werkschutz, wenn der Mensch detaillierte Vorgaben macht und die konkrete Ausgestaltung nicht der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung überlässt. Die KI-generierten Bestandteile wie Texte und Bilder partizipieren aber am Leistungsschutzrecht, das für die Gesamtkomposition der Presseveröffentlichung gewährt wird.
Anspruch von Journalisten auf vertrauenswürdige Informationstechnik
Authors: Weichert Thilo
Published: June 2024

Unsere freiheitliche Demokratie profitiert von unabhängigen Journalisten, die als „vierte Gewalt“ eine Korrektivfunktion gegenüber den staatlichen Gewalten wahrnehmen. Voraussetzung hierfür ist, dass sie vertraulich kommunizieren und die Rechercheergebnisse vertraulich bearbeiten können. Die Einschaltung von IT-Dienstleistern durch Medienunternehmen bei der Kommunikation und Datenverarbeitung kann diese Vertraulichkeit gefährden bzw. beeinträchtigen. Dies müssen Journalisten nicht hinnehmen.
Influence of Rehabilitation on Language Skills in Aphasic Patients
Authors: Basso Anna , Capitani Erminio , Vignolo Luigi A.
Published: November 2011

•The influence of language rehabilitation on specific language skills (speaking, understanding, writing, and reading) was investigated in 281 aphasic patients (162 reeducated and 119 controls) who were subjected to a second examination no less than six months after the first. The relationship of the following factors to improvement was studied: (a) time between onset of aphasia and first examination; (b) type of aphasia; (c) overall severity of aphasia on first examination; (d) presence or absence of rehabilitation between first and subsequent examination. It was found that rehabilitation had a significant positive effect on improvement in all language skills. Time between onset and first examination and overall severity of aphasia were negatively related to improvement. The relationship of type of aphasia to improvement was not significant. Additional evidence of the efficacy of rehabilitation is provided by experience with patients who began language therapy several months or years after the onset of their language disorder.
Triangular Flap for Atypical Cleft Lip
Authors: Isshiki Nobuhiko
Published: November 2011

• Standardized steps or criteria for designing a triangular flap do not always fit for all types of cleft lip repair. Some compromise among the criteria is required, especially for atypical cases, such as those with a long vertical height on the noncleft side and a short lateral lip element.

In order to secure symmetry in the horizontal length of vermilion, or in the distance from the peak of the cupid's bow to the mouth corner, E' should be located as high as allowable. The ratio of the length of the vertical incision to that of the triangular base affects the final shape of the repaired lip in many ways. Since the bottom of the cupid's bow is generally gradual, slight horizontal asymmetry in the cupid's bow is usually acceptable, as compared with that of the other components.
Pseudoforeign Bodies of the Cervical Region
Authors: Lulenski Gary C. , Guilford Frederick T.
Published: November 2011

• Previous reports have enumerated a large variety of foreign bodies in the upper airway and digestive passages. Clinical emphasis has stressed diligence in detecting any possible foreign object. Three cases are presented in which a diagnosis of a foreign body in the cervical region was made and endoscopy advised. In each case, there was some discrepancy between the physical findings and the location of the foreign body. Further study revealed these presumed objects to be ossification centers within one of the laryngeal cartilages. The existence of these centers is stressed as a reminder in the evaluation of a patient with a history suggesting foreign-body ingestion.
Biomarkers in sickle cell disease
Authors: Rees David C. , Gibson John S.
Published: November 2011

More than 100 different blood and urine biomarkers have been described in sickle cell disease (SCD), with the number increasing rapidly as analytical techniques develop. Nearly all of these biomarkers are abnormal in the steady state, and become more so during complications. The range of abnormalities demonstrates the multisystem nature of SCD and the complex pathophysiology. Some biomarkers indicate damage to specific organs, such as urine albumin:creatinine ratio in nephropathy, whereas others indicate more systemic processes. Biomarkers have been useful in identifying various interrelated pathological mechanisms, including haemolysis, inflammation, hypercoagulability, oxidative stress, reperfusion injury, vasculopathy and endothelial dysfunction. However, most biomarkers correlate closely with other more routine measurements, and also with each other. It is not clear that any provide specific prognostic or clinical information beyond that given by the simple measurement of haemoglobin concentration. The identification of prognostically validated biomarkers in prospective clinical trials would be useful.
Functional validation of the carbon dioxide receptor genes inAedes aegyptimosquitoes using RNA interference
Authors: Erdelyan C. N. G. , Mahood T. H. , Bader T. S. Y. , Whyard S.
Published: November 2011

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important long‐range chemosensory cue used by blood‐feeding female mosquitoes to find their hosts. The CO2receptor inDrosophila melanogasterwas previously determined to be a heterodimer comprised of two gustatory receptor (Gr) proteins, DmGr21a and DmGr63a. In the mosquitoAedes aegypti, two putative orthologous genes,AaGr1andAaGr3, were identified in the genome database, along with an apparent paralogue ofAaGr1,AaGr2. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated gene knockdown of eitherAaGr1orAaGr3resulted in a loss of CO2sensitivity in both male and female mosquitoes, suggesting that these two proteins, like theDrosophilaorthologues, function as a heterodimer. RNAi‐mediated knockdown ofAaGr2expression had no impact on CO2reception. All threeGrgenes were expressed in the maxillary palps of bothAe. aegyptiand the West Nile virus vector mosquito,Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. Interestingly, expression of the two CO2receptor genes was not equivalent in the two sexes and the implications of differential sex expression of the CO2receptor in different species are discussed. The functional identification of the CO2receptor in a mosquito could prove invaluable in the strategic design of compounds that disrupt the mosquito's ability to find hosts.
Improving Airline Revenues with Variable Opaque Products: “Blind Booking” at Germanwings
Authors: Post David , Spann Martin
Published: November 2011

Airlines often confront the challenge of determining how to profitably sell their distressed inventory (i.e., seats that their revenue management systems forecast will remain unsold). One solution to this problem is to sell this distressed inventory as opaque products via either the airline's own channels or a third party. An extension of the opaque product is the variable opaque product (VOP), whereby the customer can vary the amount of opaqueness in one or more attributes. Germany's leading low-cost airline, Germanwings, tested this concept during a period of more than three years with very encouraging results; the airline experienced a significant increase in revenues. Furthermore, competing airlines have not reacted to this new initiative; thus, it appears that Germanwings has generated a new set of customers. In this paper, we describe the significant results achieved by combining revenue management and marketing insights in the development of a VOP at Germanwings, present business metrics generated by the VOP, and offer insights on the use of VOPs in other industries.
Herniation of the Singular Nerve Into the Round Window Niche
Authors: Okano Yasumasa , Myers Eugene N.
Published: November 2011

• We report two cases of herniation of the singular nerve into the round window niche and one case of bony dehiscence without herniation between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla.

It is believed that the middle ear and the inner ear are completely separate. However, in the temporal bone of a 10- to 15-week-old human fetus, a communication between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla is observed. Later, the mesenchymal tissue in the communication is replaced by cartilage from near the posterior canal ampulla.

If the communication does not fill with cartilage, ossification is not able to begin behind the posterior canal crista. When there is bony dehiscence behind the crista, the singular nerve fibers are easily pressed out by ossified endosteal bone and herniated into the round window niche.
Dissolution Modeling and Experimental Measurement of CaS‐H2O Binary System
Authors: Zekker Ivar , Tenno Toomas , Selberg Aare , Uiga Kalev
Published: November 2011

CaS formed during the retorting process of oil shale has a hazardous influence on surface water quality. Interaction of retorted oil shale with water generates highly alkaline leachate with a high content of sulfur due to the CaS component. A theoretical model describing the behavior of solid calcium sulfide in contact with water was developed. The model was consistent with the measurements showing change in dissolution behavior when solid CaS remained in the solution. Experimental measurements of pH and concentrations of ions were carried out in oxygen‐free water at 25°C using CaS concentrations from 24.2–131.5 mg·L−1 (0.335–1.823 mmol/L). Analysis of pH and concentrations of ions in the solution and calculations by the developed model showed that the solubility of CaS was estimated as 125.0 mg·L−1 (1.733 mmol/L), and therefore the solubility product of CaS is 3.41×10−10 (mo·L−1)2 at a temperature of 25°C.
Rate Acceleration of the Baylis‐Hillman Reaction within Microreactors
Authors: Yang Jun , Qi Li , Qiao Juan , Chen Yi , Ma Huimin
Published: November 2011

Based on microreactors, the representative Baylis‐Hillman reaction of cyclopent‐2‐enone coupled with 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of imidazole could be accelerated by manipulating the temperature and electric field. Furthermore, the electric field was used in promoting Baylis‐Hillman reaction for the first time with the rate acceleration approximately 5.2‐fold higher than that carried out in conventional vessels as well as 4.0‐fold under control of temperature. Meanwhile, the products of Baylis‐Hillman reaction at every time point could be collected and then determined by capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
Asymmetric Reduction of 2‐Chloro‐3‐oxo Esters by Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Bai Jinjin , Miao Shifeng , Wu Yun , Zhang Yawen
Published: November 2011

Asymmetric reduction of 2‐chloro‐3‐oxo esters was achieved by catalytic transfer hydrogenation using [RuCl2(p‐cymene)](S,S)‐TsDPEN as the chiral catalyst and HCOOH‐Et3N as the hydrogen source. Moderate to good yields (up to 85%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) were obtained.
A high‐speed, high‐accuracy optical position sensor integrated with an analog and digital signal‐processing circuit
Authors: Ohtani Kozo , Baba Mitsuru
Published: November 2011

This paper describes a high‐speed and high‐accuracy optical position sensor that detects the positions of multiple light spots illuminated by various types of light sources, such as a light‐emitting diode and a laser diode. The applications using these systems usually require the measurement performance to be fast, of high accuracy, and capable of simultaneously detecting multiple points. The applications should also have some intelligence function, such as adaptation of the detection procedure to the environment being measured. We designed a new sensor system using an optical two‐dimensional sensor array, an analog parallel scan circuit, and a neural network implemented on a field‐programmable gate array (FPGA), which satisfied the above requirements. The experimental results with the prototype sensor system were as follows: (1) the relative error was at most 1.4%; (2) the sampling frequency was about 20 kHz; and (3) the sensor system reduced the influence of background light on the position detection by the neural network. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(12): 12–21, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10360
Effects of harvest period, nitrogen fertilization and mycorrhizal fungus inoculation on triticale (×TriticosecaleWittmack) forage yield and quality
Authors: Cazzato E. , Laudadio V. , Tufarelli V.
Published: November 2011

The practice of grazing winter cereals before heading and subsequently harvesting the forage is common in some countries. Triticale (×TriticosecaleWittmack) is particularly interesting due to its nutritional characteristics, and forage yield and quality are strongly influenced by agronomic techniques. The effect of two modes of utilization (cut at heading stage and cut during winter grazing simulation with regrowth cut at heading stage), three nitrogen (N) fertilization levels [0 and 100 kg ha−1split in two phases; and 100 kg ha−1before sowing, using a fertilizer with 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) as a nitrification inhibitor (NI)] and mycorrhizal fungus inoculation (mixed inoculation ofGlomus intraradicesandGlomus moseae) on forage yield and quality, protein fractions andin vitrodigestibility of triticale was determined in southern Italy. Mode of utilization and fertilization affected significantly forage yield and quality, while mycorrhizal fungus inoculation influenced positively some quality parameters. Cutting at heading stage of triticale led to high dry matter (DM) production compared to the winter cut simulating grazing, but no differences in protein yield (PY). N fertilization increased total DM and PYs, but no differences were reported among the application modalities of N fertilizers. Triticale protein fractions and protein and fiber digestibility were improved by N fertilization. Mycorrhizal fungus inoculation positively influenced forage quality at heading stage, which resulted in more digestible fiber and protein. As a result, when triticale was grown under Mediterranean conditions, mode of utilization and N fertilization resulted in greater forage yield and quality, while mycorrhizal fungus inoculation influenced positively forage nutritional quality parameters.
Validation of the Dutch Version of the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ-NL)
Authors: Ehring Thomas , Raes Filip , Weidacker Kathrin , Emmelkamp Paul M. G.
Published: November 2011

Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) has been shown to be involved in the maintenance of a variety of emotional problems. In addition, earlier research found that different forms of RNT such as worry and rumination show very similar characteristics. It was therefore suggested that RNT is best conceptualized as a transdiagnostic process. The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ) was developed as a content-independent measure of RNT to allow research into this process from a transdiagnostic perspective. In a recent study, good psychometric properties were established for the original German and English versions of the measure. The current study describes the crossvalidation of the PTQ in two Dutch-speaking samples, one from the Netherlands and one from Belgium (total N = 1,845). The factor structure of the original PTQ with one higher-order factor and three lower-order factors was replicated for the Dutch-language version of the measure (PTQ-NL) using confirmatory factor analyses. In addition, the PTQ-NL showed good internal consistency and satisfactory stability. The validity of the measure was supported by substantial correlations with existing measures of RNT as well as with symptom levels of depression and anxiety.
Immune regulation by histone deacetylases: a focus on the alteration of FOXP3 activity
Authors: Zhang Hongtao , Xiao Yan , Zhu Zhiqiang , Li Bin , Greene Mark I
Published: November 2011

Several histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in the regulation of forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) expression and function by affecting features of FOXP3 protein stability. FOXP3, a forkhead family transcription factor specially expressed in regulatory T (Treg) cells, controls the expression of many key immune‐regulatory genes. Treg cells are a population of T lymphocytes that have critical roles in the immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self and foreign antigens, the body's response to cancer and infectious agents. FOXP3 forms oligomeric complexes with other proteins, the components of which are believed to be regulated dynamically. In addition, HDAC activities influence FOXP3 interactions with other partners to form transcriptional regulatory complexes. By understanding the details of the biochemical and structural basis of the regulation of FOXP3 acetylation, therapeutic strategies for diseases related to Treg cells may emerge.
HDAC inhibitors in parasitic diseases
Authors: Andrews Katherine T , Haque Ashraful , Jones Malcolm K
Published: November 2011

Parasitic diseases cause significant global morbidity and mortality, particularly in underdeveloped regions of the world. Malaria alone causes ∼800 000 deaths each year, with children and pregnant women being at highest risk. There is no licensed vaccine available for any human parasitic disease and drug resistance is compromising the efficacy of many available anti‐parasitic drugs. This is driving drug discovery research on new agents with novel modes of action. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are being investigated as drugs for a range of diseases, including cancers and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and several parasitic diseases. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge of HDAC inhibitors targeted to the major human parasitic diseases malaria, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis. Insights are provided into the unique challenges that will need to be considered if HDAC inhibitors are to be progressed towards clinical development as potential new anti‐parasitic drugs.
Dendrite growth in annealed polymer blends for use in bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Akogwu Onobu , Akande Wali , Tong Tiffany , Soboyejo Wole
Published: November 2011

This paper presents the evidence of growth of dendrites during the annealing of poly (3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) blends that are being explored for potential applications in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. These dendrites were observed in high resolution scanning electron microscopy to have morphologies that depend on the annealing temperature. Consistent with a recent eutectic phase diagram, the dendrites were not observed at 200 °C. The observations were explained by considering the effects of temperature on the kinetics of phase nucleation and growth in P3HT: PCBM blends. The implications of the results are also discussed for the stability of electrical properties in bulk heterojunction solar cells.
Nonlinear effects in the combined Rayleigh-Taylor/Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
Authors: Olson Britton J. , Larsson Johan , Lele Sanjiva K. , Cook Andrew W.
Published: November 2011

The combined Rayleigh-Taylor/Kelvin-Helmholtz (RT/KH) instability is studied in the early nonlinear regime. Specifically, the effect of adding shear to a gravitationally unstable configuration is investigated. While linear stability theory predicts that any amount of shear would increase the growth rate beyond the Rayleigh-Taylor value, numerical (large eddy) simulations show a more complex and non-monotonic behavior where small amounts of shear in fact decrease the growth rate. A velocity scale for the combined instability is proposed from linear stability arguments and is shown to effectively collapse the growth rates for different configurations. The specific amount of shear that minimizes the peak growth rate is identified and the physical origins of this non-monotonic behavior are investigated.
Manipulation of kinase signaling by bacterial pathogens
Authors: Krachler Anne Marie , Woolery Andrew R. , Orth Kim
Published: November 2011

Bacterial pathogens use effector proteins to manipulate their hosts to propagate infection. These effectors divert host cell signaling pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and frequently target kinase signaling cascades. Notable pathways that are usurped include the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and p21-activated kinase (PAK) pathways. Analyzing the functions of pathogenic effectors and their intersection with host kinase pathways has provided interesting insights into both the mechanisms of virulence and eukaryotic signaling.
The cell biology of receptor-mediated virus entry
Authors: Grove Joe , Marsh Mark
Published: November 2011

The cell imposes multiple barriers to virus entry. However, viruses exploit fundamental cellular processes to gain entry to cells and deliver their genetic cargo. Virus entry pathways are largely defined by the interactions between virus particles and their receptors at the cell surface. These interactions determine the mechanisms of virus attachment, uptake, intracellular trafficking, and, ultimately, penetration to the cytosol. Elucidating the complex interplay between viruses and their receptors is necessary for a full understanding of how these remarkable agents invade their cellular hosts.
At‐home disaster preparedness of elderly people in Hong Kong
Authors: Loke Alice Yuen , Lai Claudia KY , Fung Olivia Wai Man
Published: November 2011

Aim:  The present study aims to explore the concerns relating to disasters among the elderly in Hong Kong, as well as the extent and predictive factors of their preparedness for disasters. The elderly are considered a vulnerable population, without the ability to protect themselves during disasters. Their accurate perception and preparedness for disasters can minimize damage to their health or threats to their lives when disasters strike.

Methods:  Elderly people who had installed an emergency call service in Hong Kong were contacted by telephone for an interview between the months of June to September 2010.

Results:  A total of 1137 questionnaires were analyzed for the present study. Elderly people considered major transport accidents (54.3%), fires (47.9%) and storms/flooding (41.5%) as the disasters most likely to occur in Hong Kong. In preparing for disasters, many of the elderly reported having a survival pack easily accessible (86.9%), knowing how to shut down the water, gas and electricity (79.2%), and knowing how to contact their family members (54%). A total of 255 (22.4%) elderly people were classified as being prepared for disaster. Those who were born in Hong Kong (OR = 1.471), living with other family members (OR = 1.742), had neighbors to provide support (OR = 2.92) and perceived themselves as having the ability to help themselves (OR = 1.34) were more prepared for disasters.

Conclusion:  The majority of elderly people are not prepared for disasters. Health professionals working with the elderly should recognize their characteristics and develop strategies to cater to their special needs in preparing for disasters. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 524–531.
A single series representation of multiple independent ARMA processes
Authors: Bowden Ross S. , Clarke Brenton R.
Published: November 2011

This article shows that multiple independent time series from the same ARMA process can be represented by a single univariate ARMA time series through an interleaving of the original series. Using this result, existing univariate modelling software can be used to fit a single ARMA time series model simultaneously to multiple independent realizations of the same ARMA process. The interleaving approach and its properties will be presented and compared with alternative estimation options. It will be applied to the modelling of 66 years of daily maximum temperatures for Perth, Western Australia and to other time series models.
Heart rate variability in free diving athletes
Authors: Christoforidi Vassiliki , Koutlianos Nikolaos , Deligiannis Pantazis , Kouidi Evangelia , Deligiannis Asterios
Published: November 2011

The aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiac autonomic activity in free diving (FD) athletes. Thirteen Greek male free divers (group I, aged 33·4 ± 6·3 years, 6·6 ± 4·5 years of training experience) volunteered to participate while 13 age‐matched sedentary subjects served as control group (group II). All subjects were submitted to ambulatory 24‐h ECG recording for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis on a day of regular activities with no exercise or training. The results showed that group I had significantly lower minimum and mean heart rate by 23·9% (P<0·001) and 20·6% (P<0·001), respectively. All the measured time and frequency domain indices of HRV which reflect cardiac parasympathetic activity were higher in group I than in group II by 37·6% to 146% (P<0·001). Conclusively, the resting cardiac autonomic activity and especially the parasympathetic branch was significantly increased in free divers compared to untrained subjects. This finding should be rather attributed to the accumulated effect of both exercise training and frequent exposure to FD stimulus.
Estimating Bird Damage to Rice in Africa: Evidence from the Senegal River Valley
Authors: de Mey Yann , Demont Matty , Diagne Mandiaye
Published: November 2011

Granivorous birds, mainly the Red‐billed Quelea, have subsisted on cereal crops in Africa for centuries and have caused substantial damage. There is, however, limited recent evidence on their impact. We propose an indirect method to estimate bird‐inflicted crop losses by fitting a production function with a damage abatement component and pest intensity slope dummies on a panel database of rice farmers in the Senegal River Valley. This allows us to estimate both bird damage and marginal productivity of bird control at different levels of bird pressure. Annual bird damage is found to average around 13.2% of the potential rice production during the wet seasons of 2003–2007, which translates into an average annual economic loss of 4.7 billion FCFA (€7.1 million). Our results are consistent with farmers’ perceived bird‐inflicted crop losses, averaging 15.2%. More alarmingly, we observe declining marginal productivities of bird control under increasing bird pressure. Farmers indicate that at high bird pressure, the efficacy of traditional bird scaring methods is inadequate, which suggests that predictive (monitoring), preventive (population control) and protective (insurance) measures against massive invasions are more urgent than improving the average efficacy of curative measures (pest control). These findings are especially relevant to farmers and policy‐makers who are currently struggling to implement an ambitious food self‐sufficiency programme in Senegal.
Human investigations into the exercise pressor reflex
Authors: Secher Niels H. , Amann Markus
Published: November 2011

During exercise, neural input from skeletal muscles reflexly maintains or elevates blood pressure (BP) despite a maybe fivefold increase in vascular conductance. This exercise pressor reflex is illustrated by similar heart rate (HR) and BP responses to electrically induced and voluntary exercise. The importance of the exercise pressor reflex for tight cardiovascular regulation during dynamic exercise is supported by studies using pharmacological blockade of lower limb muscle afferent nerves. These experiments show attenuation of the increase in BP and cardiac output when exercise is performed with attenuated neural feedback. Additionally, there is no BP response to electrically induced exercise with paralysing epidural anaesthesia or when similar exercise is evoked in paraplegic patients. Furthermore, BP decreases when electrically induced exercise is carried out in tetraplegic patients. The lack of an increase in BP during exercise with paralysed legs manifests, although electrical stimulation of muscles enhances lactate release and reduces muscle glycogen. Thus, the exercise pressor reflex enhances sympathetic activity and maintains perfusion pressure by restraining abdominal blood flow, while brain, skin and muscle blood flow may also become affected because the reflex ‘resets’ arterial baroreceptor modulation of vascular conductance, making BP the primarily regulated cardiovascular variable during exercise.
Oestrogen upregulates L‐type Ca2+ channels via oestrogen‐receptor‐α by a regional genomic mechanism in female rabbit hearts
Authors: Yang Xiaoyan , Chen Guojun , Papp Rita , DeFranco Donald B. , Zeng Fandian , Salama Guy
Published: November 2011

Non‐technical summary  Women during their child‐bearing years have longer QT intervals in their electrocardiograms than men and are more susceptible to lethal arrhythmias elicited by drugs that delay repolarization. Current theories posit that women have a reduced ‘repolarization reserve’ due to reduced potassium currents resulting in longer QT and greater repolarization delays. We proposed an alternative mechanism of  higher calcium currents in women which would likewise prolong QT intervals, delay repolarization while increasing the force of contractions and intracellular calcium load. Here, we show that physiological concentrations of oestrogen increase the calcium current only in cells from the base of the heart, by increasing messenger RNA and proteins levels that encode for the calcium current. Moreover, oestrogen acts by interacting with oestrogen receptors (ER)α but not ERβ which may explain why hormone replacement therapy increases the risk of arrhythmia and offers a possible protective solution of using an oestrogen mimetic that selectively binds to ERβ.