bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Role of Emotional Traits in Impression Formation
Authors: Nigro Giovanna , Matarazzo Olimpia
Published: August 2011

280 Italian undergraduates (90 men and 190 women), ages 18 to 30 years, rated a warm, cold, jealous, or envious stimulus person on 15 7-point semantic differential scales. Varying the sex of the stimulus person, 8 different versions of the description were obtained. Factor analysis, carried out to identify a smaller set of non-redundant dimensions, yielded three factors. A multivariate analysis of variance, 4 (warm, cold, jealous, envious) × 2 (male stimulus person, female stimulus person) × 2 (male respondents, female respondents), indicated significant effects for the variable “trait” on the first and second factors, an interaction between the sex of the stimulus person and the sex of the respondent on the first factor, and an effect for the sex of the respondent on the second factor. The traits “envious” and “jealous” acted as central qualities, and the sex of the stimulus person and of the respondent played an important role in impression formation. Further implications of the finding were discussed.
Bulimic Symptoms and Body-Image Characteristics among University Women
Authors: Geissler T. , Kelly I. W. , Saklofske D. H.
Published: August 2011

A nonclinical sample of 102 women students were given the BULIT—R to measure bulimic symptomatology and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, a multidimensional measure of body-image parameters. Statistically significant relationships between Appearance Evaluation, Appearance Orientation, and Illness Orientation subscales of the two inventories were identified. These findings indicate that women university students reporting higher scores on bulimic symptoms are more likely to report a general unhappiness with their physical appearance.
A Computer Program for the Objective Analysis of Style and Emotional Connotations of Prose: Hemingway, Galsworthy, and Faulkner Compared
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: August 2011

An SPSSX computer program was used to score 48 100-word text passages from novels written by Ernest Hemingway, John Galsworthy, and William Faulkner. The program, called TEXT.NLZ, produced more than 50 objective measures of each passage, including several measures of punctuation, word frequency, and emotionality. Passages written by the three authors were easily discriminable in terms of objective measures, and differences among authors with respect to the objective measures accurately reflected the content of subjective critical comments describing the work of each author.
The Structure of Rejection: Implications of Sociometric Theory for Larger Groups
Authors: Muir Donal E.
Published: August 2011

Established principles governing acceptance and rejection in dyads and triads are extended to larger groups by analyzing them as made up of such elements. In this larger-group context, a change in any dyad has direct implications for all triads involving that dyad and indirect implications for all triads containing any of the other dyads of those triads. Consequently, a change in the relationship between two individuals can produce effects cascading through the larger group. Analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation indicates that larger groups are more likely to attain sociometric stability when a preponderance of members are rejected, unless structured to encourage mutual acceptance.
Promoting Ambulation and Object Manipulation in Persons with Multiple Handicaps through the Use of a Robot
Authors: Lancioni G. E. , Oliva D. , Signorino M.
Published: August 2011

A robot was used with a man and a woman affected by blindness, motor disabilities, and mental retardation. The robot was to assist these subjects during their ambulation and allow them to reach a couch (on which to sit) and to transport objects. The data showed that both subjects learned to use the robot, succeeded in transporting and putting away objects, and achieved independent ambulation times of over 22 and 20 min. per session. Staff personnel found the situation in which the subjects were busy with the robot preferable to situations in which the robot was not available.
Changes in Maternal Attitudes and Perceptions and Children's Communication Skills
Authors: Sommers Ronald K. , Fragapane Laura , Schmock Karen
Published: August 2011

The present investigation had two purposes: (a) to assess significant changes in the attitudes and perceptions of mothers of young children who were enrolled in 15 wk. of individual speech-language therapy and (b) to compare changes in mothers' attitudes and perceptions with university supervisors' ratings of children's over-all communication skills and speech intelligibility. 17 children, ages 2;10 to 5;8, and their mothers were participants. Mothers received speech-language services and counseling from graduate-student clinicians and university clinical supervisors but no special counseling was provided to alter their attitudes and perceptions concerning the intervention process. The typical child in the intervention program received 24 individual speech and language therapy sessions. Mothers and supervisors completed questionnaires before and after the 15-wk. intervention. Neither group was made aware of the purpose of the investigation. Analysis showed a pattern of significant changes in mothers' pre- and postrankings of questionnaire items and significant changes in the total communication and speech intelligibility rankings made by supervisors. Significant relationships were found for changes in attitudes and perceptions of mothers and changes in the children's communication skills. The results bolster the need for use of family-based therapy approaches in intervention programs for young children's communication disorders.
Relating Scales on the Children's Personality Questionnaire to Training Time and Belt Rank in ATA Taekwondo
Authors: Kurian Margaret , Verdi Michael P. , Caterino Linda C. , Kulhavy Raymond W.
Published: August 2011

72 boys attending ATA Taekwondo schools were administered the Children's Personality Questionnaire. Primary factors D(+), F(+), I(–), and N(+) were significantly correlated with belt rank in Taekwondo. Canonical analysis indicted that Factors F(+) and I(–) were predictively associated with increases in belt rank.
Burnout of Teachers as Related to Influence Tactics within the College Classroom
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Scudder Joseph
Published: August 2011

Previous research has shown that burnout among college teachers is negatively associated with on-task learning and student-oriented concerns expressed as tactics on influence in class. Using data collected from 142 college teachers, this study examined this relationship. Burnout was measured on Cherniss's measure, and tactics of influence were assessed by the Behavior Alteration Message Technique. Analysis indicated burnout in teachers was positively related to pressure and position tactics on influence and negatively related to exchange of rewards, rational arguments, and feedback tactics of influence.
The Kowa Model: Metric Relations in Geometric Optical Illusions
Authors: Wawzyniak Bernd
Published: August 2011

The Kowa Model Described Here Gives A Parametric Account Of The Geometric Conditions For 6 Optical Illusions From Which Prediction Of Illusory Qualities Of The Figures In Perceptual Judgements May Be Accomplished Using Selected Stimulus Dimensions. The Model Is Designed To Allow Integration Of Visual Information.
Rasch Partial Credit Analysis of Gross Motor Competence
Authors: Zhu Weimo , Kurz Karen A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to introduce a model for measurement of partial credit for the assessment of gross motor competence. Four different striking tasks were administered to a total of 128 children, ages 3 to 9 years, consisting of 64 boys and 64 girls. The partial scores were analyzed using the Rasch Partial Credit model. Satisfactory fit of model and data was obtained for Task 1 and Task 4. Step difficulties estimated for Tasks 1 and 4 ranged from − 5.61 to 5.50. The average ability of the children was 0.09 ( SD = 2.95). The first and second steps of Tasks 1 and 4 were easy for the children and the fourth step was difficult for them. The major advantage of using the Rasch Partial Credit analysis is that motor process measures can be calibrated and analyzed by a quantitative model with advanced test characteristics.
Use of Firearms for Suicide in Canada
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A study over the provinces of Canada in 1980 indicated that, when firearms were less readily available, people used firearms less often for suicide but may have switched more often to other methods for suicide.
Suicide in Immigrant Groups as a Function of Their Proportion in the Country
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Data from 1969 to 1973 in Canada indicated that the male and female suicide rates of immigrants from 22 nations were associated with the suicide rates in the home countries but not with the proportion of immigrants in Canada from the home countries.
Impending Electrical Shock Can Affect Response Force in a Simple Reaction Task
Authors: Jaśkowski Piotr , Wróblewski Marek , Hojan-Jezierska Dorota
Published: August 2011

For 20 subjects reaction times and force of response were measured on a simple reaction time task to visual stimuli while activation was manipulated by occasionally delivering a noninformative electrical shock. In blocks in which shocks were delivered, forces of response were larger than those in control blocks without shocks. The results are discussed in terms of Sanders' mode! of stress.
Cardiorespiratory Responses to Intermittent Exercise and Relaxation as Compared with Continuous Exercise
Authors: Lockhart Barbara Day , Ruffin Tim
Published: August 2011

Cardiorespiratory responses to intermittent exercise and relaxation were comparable to cardiorespiratory responses to continuous exercise. The time of workout and work loads were kept constant in both protocols. Even though in the intermittent exercise and relaxation protocol the 10 subjects rested nearly two-thirds of the duration of the workout, cardiorespiratory responses were similar to those which the same subjects attained while exercising continuously throughout the entire steady state workout at approximately 64% maximal heart rate.
Anhedonia and the Intentional Communication of Emotion
Authors: French Claudia , Schuldberg David
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the accuracy and expressiveness of emotional communication by college students identified as anhedonic or control ( ns = 24), based on their scores on the Physical Anhedonia Scale, using an emotional communication task and self-report indices of emotional expressiveness and self-monitoring. As expected, the anhedonic group reported significantly less emotional expressiveness in real-life social situations. However, contrary to the hypotheses, they did not differ from controls on measures from a laboratory communication task or on self-monitoring.
Longitudinal Change of Ear Advantage for Receptive Language Function in 2½ - to 9-Year-Old Children
Authors: Harper Lawrence V. , Kraft R. Harter
Published: August 2011

In Study I, 24 children at the average ages of 41.1 and 46.1 mo. were presented dichotic digits while another 27 children were tested at average ages of 40.0, 49.6, and 54.6 mo. In Study II, 40 children were tested at average ages of 50.7 and again at 91.8 mo. No significant change in right-ear advantage (REA) appeared across 4- or 9-mo. intervals; however, significant increases were found over the 14-mo. (Study I) and 41-mo. (Study II) intervals. There were no significant effects of sex or phenotypic or family history of handedness.
Facial Emg Responses to Noise
Authors: Kjellberg Anders , Sköldström Björn , Tesarz Maria , Dallner Margareta
Published: August 2011

Tension of the forehead increases as a response to unpleasant stimuli. In three experiments EMG activity in corrugator muscle was measured to test this response as an indicator of noise annoyance. In Exp. 1 ( n = 24) monotonic sound level-response functions were obtained for four levels of 100- and 1000-Hz tones. In Exp. 2 ( n = 20) recordings were made during work with a simple and a difficult task in a group of women and a group of men. Larger responses were obtained during the difficult task, especially during noise exposure. The response was much larger for the women. Exp. 3 ( n = 24) showed that the sex difference was unaffected by a correction for differences in maximum level of corrugator response. Rated annoyance was a linear function of log EMG.
Critical Flicker Frequency of Mentally Retarded and Normal Persons
Authors: Ali M. R. , Al-Shatti A. , Khaleque A. , Khanam M. , Ahmed R. U.
Published: August 2011

Critical flicker frequency (CFF) of 40 men, 20 mentally retarded whose mean age was 22.0 yr. and 20 normal whose mean age was 21.5 yr., was measured under binocular viewing using the Lafayette Visual Perception Control with a display unit. Subjects had been previously tested for visual acuity and color blindness. Analysis showed a significant difference in CFF between mentally retarded persons and normal individuals, the former having lower CFF than the latter. This finding suggests lower perceptual sensitivity of the mentally retarded persons. Further research with provision for EEG recordings is suggested.
The Biasing Influence of a Police Showup: Does the Observation of a Single Suspect Taint Later Identification?
Authors: Behrman Bruce W. , Vayder Lance T.
Published: August 2011

This experiment investigated whether a police showup or presentation of a single suspect to a witness has a biasing effect on later identification at a lineup. All of the subjects viewed a videotape of a simulated crime, ostensibly real and photographed by a surveillance camera. After a short delay, approximately half of the subjects were shown a single photograph of an innocent suspect and told that he had been apprehended by the police. Five to seven days later, all of the subjects, including those who had not observed the showup, viewed a photographic lineup of six people. The proportion of subjects choosing the innocent suspect from the lineup was significantly higher in the group who had viewed the showup than in the control group who had not observed it. Of those subjects who had observed the showup and made a choice from a subsequent lineup, approximately 40% identified the innocent suspect as the perpetrator. These results indicate that a showup procedure is a biasing method of identification.
Identification of Neuropsychological Deficit: Levels of Assessment
Authors: Horton Arthur MacNeill
Published: August 2011

A problem frequently confronting the clinical neuropsychologist is that of adjusting assessment methods to the clinical question asked and available resources of time and technical expertise. Suggestions are made for selecting clinical instruments for neuropsychological assessment at three levels, namely, screening, classification, and selection of treatment. Brief neuropsychological test batteries are proposed for each level.
Concurrent Validity of the Kaufman Hand Movement Test as a Measure of Limb Apraxia
Authors: Neiman Michael R. , Duffy Robert J. , Belanger Steven A. , Coelho Carl A.
Published: August 2011

The concurrent validity of the Kaufman Hand Movement Test as a measure of limb apraxia was investigated. For 23 adult aphasic subjects, a Pearson r of 0.84 was obtained between scores on this test and on the Limb Apraxia Test, a battery of tasks often used in the assessment of limb apraxia. The Kaufman test is a shorter and simpler test to administer than the Limb Apraxia Test. The concurrent validity of the Kaufman test encourages its use in the assessment of limb apraxia.
Differentiated Responses to Different Human Conditions by Chimpanzees
Authors: Itakura Shoji
Published: August 2011

Chimpanzees' responses to human conditions were investigated. In the experimental condition, the experimenter pretended to injure the index finger, and in the control condition, the experimenter smiled and waved her hand to the chimpanzees. Although looking behavior was observed in both conditions, there was a difference in these types of behavior. Subjects seemed to concentrate their gaze on the experimenter's behavior in the experimental condition. The finding suggests the possibility that such different behaviors may be a basis for empathic behavior similar to that of human infants
Signal-Detection Analysis of the Müller-Lyer and the Horizontal-Vertical Illusions
Authors: Brosvic Gary M. , Civale Nancy A. , Long Patricia , Kieley Deborah , Kristoff Kathryn , Memblatt Nicole , Gordon Rachel , Parris Laurell , Giambelluca Carla , Dihoff Roberta E.
Published: August 2011

Perceptual error in the Müller-Lyer and the Horizontal-Vertical illusions was quantified using nonparametric signal-detection measures of sensitivity and response bias. Sensitivity scores were positively related to signal strength with the greatest values observed for the strongest signals. Sensitivity at each signal strength did not differ between the two illusions. Response-bias scores were inversely related to signal strength, with the most conservative biases observed for the strongest signals. Response biases for each signal strength were significantly more conservative for the Horizontal-Vertical than for the Müller-Lyer illusion.
Comparison of Peripheral Visual-Field Differences on a Balance Measure of Contact- and Noncontact-Lens Wearers
Authors: Wenos David L. , Meetz Richard E. , Surburg Paul R. , Suomi Rory
Published: August 2011

Differentiation of peripheral vision measurements and a balance measure between contact- and noncontact-lens wearers was examined in 40 subjects. No significant difference in balance was found between groups; however, differences in measurements for peripheral vision between contact- and noncontact-lens wearers were evident. These differences had no effect on the balance measure even though the peripheral vision of contact-lens wearers was equivalent to that of older adults.
Typical and Atypical Information as Structural Categories in the Instructional Processes
Authors: Pelegrina Manuel , Gallifa Josep , Beltran Francesc S.
Published: August 2011

Research into the acquisition of knowledge incorporated in schema showed that the recognition of typical and atypical events decreases differently over a retention interval. In addition, the models of a priori probability of response have proven useful when applied to recognition memory in the study of schema. The main aim of this research has been to extend the above findings to a classroom situation. The script “Going to school” was compiled by 8- or 9-yr.-old children and the events of the script were divided into typical and atypical. A recognition task was carried out over five retention periods. The recognition scores were calculated as ratios of hits to false alarms, and the probability effects were corrected using the memory score formula ( MS). Analysis confirmed that typical and atypical events are processed in a different manner over different retention periods and permitted suggesting some applications in both learning and instructional processes, especially in initial teaching of subject matter and in planning of activities.
Factors Contributing to Success in a Microcomputer Course
Authors: Seymour Judy , Goings Douglas , Vincent Annette
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to examine whether success can be predicted and what prerequisites contribute to success of 104 students in a business microcomputing course.
Racial Differences in Perceived Leisure Constraints
Authors: Philipp Steven F.
Published: August 2011

This study of a stratified random sample of 171 households in a southern metropolitan area concerned racial differences in perceived constraints affecting participation in leisure activities. Respondents were asked to rank their three most important reasons for nonparticipation in 10 leisure activities. Using a Spearman correlation, African- and Euro-Americans were compared to examine the association between their rankings of leisure constraints. Significant correlations of > .60 between African- and Euro-American rankings of constraints were found for seven (70%) of the leisure activities.
Focal-Attentive and Preattentive Processes in Letter- and Figure-Search Tasks
Authors: Schweizer Karl
Published: August 2011

Evidence for preattentive and focal-attentive processes was obtained with two reaction-time tasks. In each case, effects of preattentive processes were identified by stimulating different proportions of the visual field. By varying the length of the search path, the effects of focal-attentive processes were identified. The first task, which required scanning arrays of letters, yielded short reaction times whereas the second task, which required the location of figures, led to long reaction times. The difference is explained by low automation and the strong demands of the latter task. The data do not indicate an interaction between preattentive and focal-attentive processes.
How DID Police Officers View the Rodney King Incident?
Authors: Lester David , Arcuri Alan F.
Published: August 2011

Police officers ( n = 64) who supported the police in the Rodney King incident in 1992 were more likely to abuse suspects and to become officers for the power and excitement involved.
Psychological Characteristics of Elite Wheelchair Athletes: The Iceberg Profile
Authors: Patten Christi A. , Harris Wayne , Leatherman Douglas
Published: August 2011

Elite wheelchair athletes (13 men, 1 woman) tested on the Profile of Mood States exhibited the “iceberg profile” with T scores below the 50th percentile on Tension, Depression, Anger, Fatigue, and Confusion and above the 50th percentile on Vigor.
Students' Perceptions of Instructors' Style of Communication and Satisfaction with Communication in the Classroom
Authors: Prisbell Marshall
Published: August 2011

Predicting satisfaction with communication in the classroom was examined. Data from 144 undergraduate students indicated that instructors' style of communication predicted their perceptions of satisfaction.
Grip Strength in End Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Bohannon Richard W. , Smith James , Barnhard Robert
Published: August 2011

The grip strength of 110 patients with end stage renal disease was measured. Their grip strength tended to be low compared with published norms. Significant correlations were found between the patients' grip strength and their gender, height, weight, and diabetic status. A regression equation including gender, height, and diabetic status as independent variables explained more than 40% of the variance in patients' grip strength.
Examining the Lüscher Color Test
Authors: Picco Richard D. , Dzindolet Mary T.
Published: August 2011

98 subjects rated the 8 colored cards from the Lüscher Color Test from their most to least preferred colors. Lüscher claimed subjects who select identical color combinations have similar personalities. Statements were formed from Lüscher's descriptors of personalities while ensuring that the social desirability of the statements was equal. Subjects were asked to state the extent to which their personalities matched the descriptive statements. Lüscher suggested that people who favor red and yellow are more extraverted than those who prefer blue and green, but the data did not support Lüscher's predictions. Color preference was not related to self-descriptions when social desirability was controlled. Moreover, people favoring green and blue were not more introverted than those favoring red or yellow.
Severity of Injuries in Trauma Patients
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: August 2011

The present purpose was to illustrate the range of severity scores among trauma patients. A computerised conversion of ICD-9CM injury diagnoses into scores for severity of injury was processed on data of 36,178 trauma patients. More than 94% of the patients had injuries of minor severity. The probability of mortality was .67 when the Injury Severity Score (ISS) was ≥ 16.
Cognitive Complexity and Scanning by Chinese and American Students in an American University
Authors: Huang Jianyi , Sisco Burton R. , Chao Li
Published: August 2011

75 Chinese and 75 American students' perceptual styles of cognitive complexity and scanning (focus versus nonfocus) were analyzed. The American students, 22 Chinese women, and 18 Chinese social science and humanities students scored as more complex than the 53 Chinese men and 57 Chinese natural science and engineering students. It was also observed that the Chinese men and American women scored as more focused than the 22 Chinese women and 43 American men.
College Students' Attitudes toward Anticipated Sport Participation
Authors: Thuot Stephen M.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the recall of sport participation of 100 college students from childhood through adulthood with emphasis on postcollege participation. Response to a questionnaire showed 79% of students planned to continue sport involvement after college. There was a significant shift in participation during the college and postcollege years from a competitive to a recreational sport involvement. During the postcollege years, the difference between team and individual sport participation was nonsignificant. The most frequent reason for postcollege sport involvement was for enjoyment which supports literature on motivation toward sport participation throughout the life cycle. Consequently, sport organizations should develop a fun-based recreational orientation to promote greater involvement.
Creativity and Affective Illness: An Objection
Authors: Rothenberg Albert
Published: August 2011

A good deal of attention has recently been given to two studies purportedly showing a connection between creativity and affective illness. In both cases, there have been inadequate (or absent) controls, biased selection procedures, single interviewer-experimenter bias, and, in one study, misrepresentative use of statistics. We have published contrary experimental results which, on a statistically significant level, differentiate creative thinking and creativity from psychopathological modes of response.
Sit-to-Stand Test for Measuring Performance of Lower Extremity Muscles
Authors: Bohannon Richard W.
Published: August 2011

When the intent is to quantify performance of lower extremity muscles, the sit-to-stand test is a practical alternative to manual muscle testing and various instrumented options. Several procedures for performing the test are presented in this review as is information relevant to test interpretation. Performance variables known to be associated with sit-to-stand performance are noted.
Trail Making Test Norms for Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Hays J. Ray
Published: August 2011

The Trail Making Test was administered to a sample of 661 inpatients in a publicly supported psychiatric hospital. The patients' mean IQ of 83.7 ( SD = 13.0) was in the low end of the low average range. Multiple regression analysis of the scores showed significant IQ and age components of Trail Making Test scores; however, education and gender differences in performance were not significant once IQ and age were factored into the regression equation. Ability-based norms using time in seconds to completion as the score and IQ as a moderator variable are presented. Such norms allow more appropriate evaluation of the differential cognitive functioning of this population than previously published norms. Normal standard score conversions from raw scores, the intercept, regression weights for IQ and age, and standard error of the regression for both the Trails tasks are provided for individuals desiring to write a program to provide scores corrected for IQ and age.
Electrodermal Palmar Asymmetry and Nostril Dominance
Authors: Conesa Jorge
Published: August 2011

The present work tested the usefulness of combined bilateral palmar skin potential and nostril dominance measures as indices of relative hemispheric activation. These measures are easy to obtain and, when used in tandem, may provide inexpensive and quick indices of relative hemispheric activation for the researcher interested in laterality, but with limited resources. Bilateral electrodermal palmar measurements were made and synchronous nostril dominance was recorded for one experienced subject (the author). A total of 760 individual skin-resistance measures were taken for a period of 26 days from 7 a.m. to midnight. Higher right-hand conductance measures were recorded than the left-hand measures. Electrodermal palmar asymmetry was confirmed during the right-nostril condition, whereas more symmetrical palmar recordings were obtained during the left-nostril condition.
Effects of Different Colored Test Environments on Selected Physiological and Psychological Responses during Maximal Graded Treadmill Tests
Authors: Seidler Todd L.
Published: August 2011

The belief that color may have many varied effects on the human organism has been well-established. Very little, however, has been done to look at responses to color during exercise. 15 subjects performed three maximal graded treadmill tests, once in each of three different colored environments. Five physiological and one psychological variables were measured during the three exercise periods. No significant differences were found among conditions.
Does Raters' Homogeneity Enhance Validity?
Authors: Suen Hoi , Williams Bryan L. , Naidoff Lisa
Published: August 2011

Although interrater reliability is important, pooled consistency of ratings of performance enhances validity.
Efficiency and Proficiency of Bimanual Cranking: Differences between Two Cranking Patterns
Authors: Fujii Naoko , Nagasaki Hlroshi
Published: August 2011

The efficiency and motor proficiency of an arm ergometer exercise were evaluated for two different cranking methods, cranking in the forward and reverse directions. 8 young men participated. Their heart rates were measured as an index of energy consumption. The proficiency of elbow-joint motion was assessed in terms of its consistency (intrasubject variability in cycle period, peak velocity, and peak acceleration) and smoothness (jerk cost). Heart rates and jerk costs were lower during exercise in the forward direction than in the reverse direction. These results suggest that improved efficiency accompanied improved motor proficiency in terms of smoothness of movement for arm ergometer exercises under different cranking conditions.
Associations between Academic Performance of Division 1 College Athletes and Their Perceptions of the Effects of Anabolic Steroids
Authors: Perko Michael A. , Cowdery Joan , Wang Min Qi , Yesalis Charles S.
Published: August 2011

Data on the relationship between academic performance (grade point average) of college athletes and their perceptions of the effects of anabolic steroids on their sport and their performance were collected from Division 1 athletes ( N = 1,638) representing 12 varsity sports chosen from five universities nationwide. The response rate was 74%. Analysis yielded differences between athletes with high and low GPAs in perceptions of the effects of anabolic steroids. The lower the GPA, the less likely the athletes were to believe that anabolic steroids are a threat to health, are a problem in their sport, and are addictive. Also, they were more likely to believe that anabolic steroids enhance performance.
Social Perception of Power: A Gender Analysis
Authors: Onyx Jenny , Leonard Rosemary , Vivekananda Kitty
Published: August 2011

A 2×2 factorial design using an open-ended response format examined the social perception of power in terms of the gender of the powerful person and gender of the perceiver. There were 125 men and 140 women, drawn from a variety of university courses (business, leisure studies, communication, humanities). With limited background information provided, women in powerful positions were generally perceived more favourably than men. Powerful women were described more positively by women than by men. The results are discussed in terms of a cultural shift in definitions of leadership and of appropriate role behavior by women.
Does Brief Aikido Training Reduce Aggression of Youth?
Authors: Delva-Tauiliili Jorge
Published: August 2011

Over 2 1/2 weeks, 21 youth trained in beginning principles of Aikido were not rated lower on the Teachers' Self-control Rating Scale and on aggressive behavior than 21 students on a waiting list for a class; however, the several methodological limitations suggested conclusions on the effects of brief Aikido training on youths' aggressive behaviors are premature.
Perceiving Women: Effects of Marital, Parental, and Occupational Sex-Typing Variables
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Hoehn Susan
Published: August 2011

College students (152 women, 80 men) rated personality and job performance characteristics of one of 16 women described as divorced or married, with one or three children, and employed in a low-status, female- or male-dominated occupation. Married women were judged more interpersonally skilled than divorced women. Women in female-dominated jobs were viewed as less well-adjusted but as better skilled interpersonally than those in male-dominated jobs. Among women with three children, those in female-dominated jobs were rated more nurturant than those in male-dominated jobs.
Screening for Child-Reported Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Primary Care Pediatrics
Authors: Merritt Kathy A. , Thompson Robert J. , Keith Barbara R. , Gustafson Kathryn E. , Murphy Laura Bennett , Johndrow David A.
Published: August 2011

In light of the findings that mother-completed checklists do not adequately reflect children's perceptions of their own adjustment, two child-completed questionnaires were assessed as screening measures for behavioral or emotional problems with 50 children seen for well-child examinations. Case criterion was child-reported DSM-III symptoms through a clinical interview. Support was provided for the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale but not the Children's Depression Inventory as a child-reported screening measure. Moreover, the findings indicated that both mother-completed and child-completed measures are needed to screen adequately for behavioral or emotional problems of children seen in a primary care pediatric clinic.
Relation of Frequency to Perception of Gender-Appropriateness in Personal Names
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

In a study of the relationship between the frequency of personal names and their perceived gender-appropriateness, 101 college students rated the perceived masculinity of 60 boys' names or femininity of 60 girls' names. The names on each list of 60 were divided equally into common, less common, dated, and rare names. Over-all analyses of variances indicated that the frequency with which a name appeared related to its perceived gender-appropriateness. Subsequent analyses indicated that rare boys' names were perceived as less masculine, and rare girls' names were perceived as less feminine. Also, dated boys' names were perceived as less masculine than were common and less common boys' names. Apparently a simple frequency principle seems to apply to the perception of gender-appropriateness in personal names.
Effect of Continuous and Intermittent Exercise on Energy Expenditure and on the Cardiorespiratory Response
Authors: Falk B.
Published: August 2011

Continuous exercise and intermittent exercise protocols, which are equated for the total work performed, result in similar energy expenditure and thus, in a similar oxygen consumption. Intermittent exercise-relaxation may enhance enjoyment and thereby increase compliance. However, the composite cardiorespiratory response to the two types of exercise programs is different, and this results in different cardiorespiratory adaptations.
Effects of Subliminally Presented Auditory Suggestions of Itching on Scratching Behavior
Authors: Mitchell Clifton W.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated effects of masked verbal suggestions of itching, utilizing a design closely analogous to commercially available subliminal audiotapes. Students participated in 1 of 3 groups ( n = 21): an experimental group listened to an audiotape with music masking suggestions of itching, Control Group 1 listened to an audiotape with music only, and Control Group 2 listened to suggestions of itching presented supraliminally. Dependent variables included both behavioral and self-report measures of itching. There was no evidence of influence from subliminal suggestion; however, results assessing the influence of supraliminally presented suggestions were mixed for self-report and behavioral measures.
Children's Global Self-Esteem Predicted by Body-Esteem but Not by Weight
Authors: Mendelson Beverley K. , White Donna R. , Mendelson Morton J.
Published: August 2011

Three factors of a body-esteem scale, Appearance, Weight, and Attribution, were inversely related to relative weight in youngsters between 8 and 16 years old (243 girls and 168 boys). Global self-esteem, however, was generally not related to relative weight. Nonetheless, self-esteem covaried with Appearance and Attribution.
Standing Balance, Lower Extremity Muscle Strength, and Walking Performance of Patients Referred for Physical Therapy
Authors: Bohannon Richard W.
Published: August 2011

The purposes of this study of 30 patients referred to physical therapy were to describe the reliability of two measures of impairment and a measure of gait performance and to examine the relationships between the impairment and gait measures. The impairments measured were standing balance and muscle strength of the lower extremities, the former with a seven-level ordinal scale and the latter with a handheld dynamometer. Gait performance was measured using the seven-category scale of the Functional Independence Measure. Interday reliability was acceptable for all three measures, standing balance (weighted Kappa = .905), muscle strength (intraclass correlation coefficients = .871 to .951), and gait (weighted Kappa = .915). A Spearman correlation of .860 was found between balance and gait measures. The correlations between the strengths of various muscle groups and gait were lower (.138 to .581). Multiple regression identified none of the strength scores as offering additional independent explanation of gait performance. Balance, as scored, appears to be a reliable and valid measure worth broader application among hospitalized patients.
Enhancement of Health Locus of Control through Biofeedback Training
Authors: Chen W. William
Published: August 2011

The effects of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback training in enhancing health locus of control were examined. 21 college students were randomly assigned to either biofeedback (BF) group or control group (C). Subjects given biofeedback received 8 sessions of biofeedback training in 4 wk. Analysis indicated these subjects exhibited a greater reduction of muscle tension than control subjects at post-test. They also maintained their low muscle tension at a 1-mo. follow-up. Subjects who received biofeedback training also showed somewhat more internal health locus of control scores, but the change was not significant until the follow-up session. Mean internal locus of control scores also improved significantly for these subjects. No significant correlation between changes in EMG and health locus of control was found.
Language Familiarity in Magnitude-Estimation Scaling of Loudness by Young Adults
Authors: Fucci Donald , Bettagere Ramesh , Gonzales Maria Diana , Reynolds Mary E. , Petrosino Linda
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to examine the effect of language familiarity on magnitude-estimation scaling of loudness by young adults Two groups of subjects participated in this study. Group 1 of 20 subjects ( M age = 23.95 yr.) were familiar with English and not familiar with Hindi. Group 2 of 20 subjects ( M age = 24.30 yr.) were familiar with English as well as Hindi. Two separate magnitude-estimation scaling tasks were performed. On the first scaling task, an English sentence was used as the stimulus, and on the second scaling task, a Hindi semence was used as the stimulus. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in loudness judgments of the English and Hindi sentences. Subjects scaled the loudness of an unfamiliar language in the same manner as they scaled the loudness of a familiar language. The findings suggest that magnitude-estimation scaling is an effective measure of loudness whether the language being listened to is familiar to the listener.
Complex Partial Epileptic-Like Signs Contribute Differential Sources of Variance to Low Self-Esteem and Imaginings
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

64 university men and 55 university women displayed correlations ( r = 0.40) between two psychometric inventories that have been employed to study subclinical complex partial epileptic-like signs in normal and traumatically brain-injured people. Although psychometric inferences of self-esteem and reports of childhood memories and imaginings were not significantly associated, both indicators of complex partial epileptic-like signs showed significantly positive associations with fantasy-prone behavior but significantly negative correlations with self-esteem. Subsequent analyses supported the vectorial hemisphericity model that elevated mesiobasal limbic activity may enhance imaginings while frequent intrusions into awareness of right-hemispheric indicators would be also associated with lower self-esteem. Lower self-esteem was correlated significantly with reported fears and phobias for the women but not for the men.
Perceptual and Conceptual Information Processing in Schizophrenia and Depression
Authors: Dreben Elizabeth K. , Fryer John H. , McNair Douglas M.
Published: August 2011

Schizophrenic patients ( n = 20), depressive patients ( n = 20), and normal adults ( n = 20) were compared on global vs local analyses of perceptual information using tachistoscopic tasks and on top-down vs bottom-up conceptual processing using card-sort tasks. The schizophrenic group performed more poorly on tasks requiring either global analyses (counting lines when distracting circles were present) or top-down conceptual processing (rule learning) than they did on tasks requiring local analyses (counting heterogeneous lines) or bottom-up processing (attribute identification). The schizophrenic group appeared not to use conceptually guided processing. Normal adults showed the reverse pattern. The depressive group performed similarly to the schizophrenic group on perceptual tasks but closer to the normal group on conceptual tasks, thereby appearing to be less dependent on a particular information-processing strategy. These deficits in organizational strategy may be related to the use of available processing resources as well as the allocation of attention.
Factor Analysis of the Model Constructs Suggested by Kolb's Learning Skills Profile
Authors: Kaskowitz Gary
Published: August 2011

Data from 236 MBA and middle-level managers who completed Kolb's Learning Skills Profile were analyzed using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses to assess whether Kolb's model of Experiential Learning Theory could be validated at the performance level. An analysis of the Learning Skills Profile correlation matrix showed that Kolb's proposed four factors could be found although not without significant intercorrelation. The two-factor model suggested by the theory, i.e., Grasping of experience and Transformation of experience, did not appear in a confirmatory analysis. Although some support could be found for the factor loadings suggested by Kolb, an alternative loading scheme was found through exploratory factor analysis, wherein results suggested that other explanations might be found for the underlying latent variables proposed by Kolb.
Coincident Timing by Nondisabled, Mentally Retarded, and Traumatic Brain-Injured Individuals under Varying Target-Exposure Conditions
Authors: Croce Ronald , Horvat Michael , Roswal Glenn
Published: August 2011

Coincident timing by 15 nondisabled individuals, 15 mentally retarded and 15 traumatically brain injured was measured under varying target-exposure conditions. Absolute constant error, constant error, and variable error were analyzed in separate repeated-measures analyses of variance for early performance (first block of practice), late performance (last block of practice), and retention (last block of retention). Subjects with mental retardation displayed the least accurate and most variable coincident-timing responses. Nondisabled subjects were most influenced by target-exposure time; subjects with traumatic brain injury were most influenced by target-viewing distance; and subjects with mental retardation were most influenced by a combination of target velocity and target-viewing distance. Subjects with mental retardation displayed a too-early response bias, while nondisabled subjects tended to have a too-late response bias. Individuals with traumatic brain injury had a variable response bias.
Reading Habits and Academic Achievement of Basotho Children
Authors: Cherian Varghese I. , Thomas Varghese
Published: August 2011

To investigate the reading habits and academic achievement of 509 Form III pupils ( M age, 16.7 yr.), a questionnaire was administered. Analysis gave a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of 0.3 between reading habits and academic achievement.
Remembering Spatial Locations: Effects of Material and Intelligence
Authors: Zucco Gesualdo M. , Tessari Alessandra , Soresi Salvatore
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present work was to test some of the criteria for automaticity of spatial-location coding claimed by Hasher and Zacks, particularly individual differences (as intelligence invariance) and effortful encoding strategies. Two groups of subjects, 15 with mental retardation (Down Syndrome, mean chronological age, 20.9 yr.; mean mental age, 11.6 yr.) and 15 normal children (mean age, 11.5 yr.), were administered four kinds of stimuli (pictures, concrete words, nonsense pictures, and abstract words) at one location on a card. Subsequently, subjects were presented the items on the card's centre and were required to place the items in their original locations. Analysis indicated that those with Down Syndrome scored lower than normal children on the four tasks and that stimuli were better or worse remembered according to their characteristics, e.g., their imaginability. Results do not support some of the conditions claimed to be necessary criteria for automaticity in the recall of spatial locations as stated by Hasher and Zacks.
A Breathing-Retraining Procedure in Treatment of Sleep-Onset Insomnia: Theoretical Basis and Experimental Findings
Authors: Chóliz Mariano
Published: August 2011

Increase in CO2 has a sedative effect upon the central nervous system, and the beginning of sleep coincides with modifications in breathing, decrease in ventilation, and in pCO2 increase. In this paper is described a technique of breathing that is useful in producing drowsiness in a very short time. 46 insomniacs were randomly allocated to either a treatment or control condition. In the former, patients were trained in the breathing process. The control group was taught no breathing process. Latencies to sleep for the insomniacs confirmed that the breathing process was useful in producing drowsiness. Theoretical bases are discussed.
Mobility-Fixity: Further Psychometric Data on the Field Independence of Accountants
Authors: Mills Tina Y.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the performance of 49 accountants on the Group Embedded Figures Test and the Figural Intersections Test and used the two sets of scores to measure not only the accountants' field dependence-independence but also whether they may be mobile or fixed. This combination of test scores led to dividing accountants into one of four cognitive subtypes (field-independent scorers, both fixed and mobile, and field-dependent scorers, both fixed and mobile). The implications of mobility-fixity for accountants are discussed.
The Relationship Orientation Induction Procedure
Authors: Zak Ann
Published: August 2011

Data from 160 undergraduates indicated that exchange and communal orientation can be experimentally induced.