bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A1 Adenosine Receptor Signaling ReducesStreptococcus pneumoniaeAdherence to Pulmonary Epithelial Cells by Targeting Expression of Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor
Authors: Bhalla Manmeet , Yeoh Jun Hui , Lamneck Claire , Herring Sydney E. , Tchalla Essi Y. I. , Leong John M. , Ghanem Elsa N. Bou
Published: June 2019

Extracellular adenosine production is crucial for host resistance againstStreptococcus pneumoniae(pneumococcus) and is thought to affect antibacterial immune responses by neutrophils. However, whether extracellular adenosine alters direct host-pathogen interaction remains unexplored. An important determinant for lung infection byS. pneumoniaeis its ability to adhere to the pulmonary epithelium. Here we explored whether extracellular adenosine can directly impact bacterial adherence to lung epithelial cells. We found signaling via A1 adenosine receptor significantly reduced the ability of pneumococci to bind human pulmonary epithelial cells. A1 receptor signaling blocked bacterial binding by reducing the expression of platelet-activating factor receptor, a host protein used byS. pneumoniaeto adhere to host cells.In vivo, A1 was required for control of pneumococcal pneumonia as inhibiting it resulted in increased host susceptibility. AsS. pneumoniaeremain a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly, we explored the role of A1 in the age-driven susceptibility to infection. We found no difference in A1 pulmonary expression in young versus old mice. Strikingly, triggering A1 signaling boosted host resistance of old mice toS. pneumoniaepulmonary infection. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism by which extracellular adenosine modulates resistance to lung infection by targeting bacterial-host interactions.
Altered m6A modification of specific cellular transcripts affects Flaviviridae infection
Authors: Gokhale Nandan S. , McIntyre Alexa B.R. , Mattocks Melissa D. , Holley Christopher L. , Lazear Helen M. , Mason Christopher E. , Horner Stacy M.
Published: June 2019

The RNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m6A) can modulate mRNA fate and thus affect many biological processes. We analyzed m6A modification across the transcriptome following infection by dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). We found that infection by these viruses in the Flaviviridae family alters m6A modification of specific cellular transcripts, including RIOK3 and CIRBP. During viral infection, the addition of m6A to RIOK3 promotes its translation, while loss of m6A in CIRBP promotes alternative splicing. Importantly, we found that activation of innate immune sensing or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response by viral infection contributes to the changes in m6A modification in RIOK3 and CIRBP, respectively. Further, several transcripts with infection-altered m6A profiles, including RIOK3 and CIRBP, encode proteins that influence DENV, ZIKV, and HCV infection. Overall, this work reveals that cellular signaling pathways activated during viral infection lead to alterations in m6A modification of host mRNAs to regulate infection.
Analysis and application of shroud wall optimization to an axial compressor with upstream boundary layer to improve aerodynamic performance
Authors: Lu Hanan , Li Qiushi , Pan Tianyu , Agarwal Ramesh
Published: June 2019

Purpose

For an axial-flow compressor rotor, the upstream inflow conditions will vary as the aircraft faces harsh flight conditions (such as taking off, landing or maneuvering) or the whole compressor operates at off-design conditions. With the increase of upstream boundary layer thickness, the rotor blade tip will be loaded and the increased blade load will deteriorate the shock/boundary layer interaction and tip leakage flows, resulting in high aerodynamic losses in the tip region. The purpose of this paper is to achieve a better flow control for tip secondary flows and provide a probable design strategy for high-load compressors to tolerate complex upstream inflow conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents an analysis and application of shroud wall optimization to a typical transonic axial-flow compressor rotor by considering the inlet boundary layer (IBL). The design variables are selected to shape the shroud wall profile at the tip region with the purpose of controlling the tip leakage loss and the shock/boundary layer interaction loss. The objectives are to improve the compressor efficiency at the inlet-boundary-layer condition while keeping its aerodynamic performance at the uniform condition.

Findings

After the optimization of shroud wall contour, aerodynamic benefits are achieved mainly on two aspects. On the one hand, the shroud wall optimization has reduced the intensity of the tip leakage flow and the interaction between the leakage and main flows, thereby decreasing the leakage loss. On the other hand, the optimized shroud design changes the shock structure and redistributes the shock intensity in the spanwise direction, especially weakening the shock near the tip. In this situation, the shock/boundary layer interaction and the associated flow separations and wakes are also eliminated. On the whole, at the inlet-boundary-layer condition, the compressor with optimized shroud design has achieved a 0.8 per cent improvement of peak efficiency over that with baseline shroud design without sacrificing the total pressure ratio. Moreover, the re-designed compressor also maintains the aerodynamic performance at the uniform condition. The results indicate that the shroud wall profile has significant influences on the rotor tip losses and could be properly designed to enhance the compressor aerodynamic performance against the negative impacts of the IBL.

Originality/value

The originality of this paper lies in developing a shroud wall contour optimization design strategy to control the tip leakage loss and the shock/boundary layer interaction loss in a transonic compressor rotor. The obtained results could be beneficial for transonic compressors to tolerate the complex upstream inflow conditions.
Alternate PCM with air cavities in LED heat sink for transient thermal management
Authors: Ben Salah Sana , Ben Hamida Mohamed Bechir
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to optimize the configuration of a heat sink with phase change material for improving the cooling performance of light emitting diodes (LED).

Design/methodology/approach

A numerical three-dimensional time-dependent model is developed with COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the phase change material melting process during both the charging and discharging period.

Findings

The model is validated with previously published works. It found a good agreement. The difference between filled cavities with phase change materials (PCM) and alternate cavities air-PCM is discussed. The last-mentioned showed a good ability for reducing the junction temperature during the melting time. Three cases of this configuration having the same total volume of PCM but a different number of cavities are compared. The case of ten fins with five PCM cavities is preferred because it permit a reduction of 21 per cent of the junction temperature with an enhancement ratio of 2:4. The performance of this case under different power input is verified.

Originality/value

The use of alternate air-PCM cavities of the heat sink. The use of PCM in LED to delay the peak temperature in the case of thermal shock (for example, damage of fan) An amount of energy is stored in the LED and it is evacuated to the ambient of the accommodation by the cycle of charging and discharging established (1,765 Joule stored and released each 13 min with 1 LED chip of 5 W).
Numerical simulation of shock wave – dense particles cloud interaction using Godunov solver for Baer–Nunziato equations
Authors: Utkin P.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to clarify some aspects of the application of the Godunov method for the Baer–Nunziato equations solution on the example of the problem of shock wave – dense particles cloud interaction.

Design/methodology/approach

The statement of the problem corresponds to the natural experiment. Mathematical model is based on the Baer–Nunziato system of equations with algebraic right-hand side source terms that takes into account the interphase friction force. Two numerical approaches are used: Harten-Lax-van Leer method and Godunov method.

Findings

For the robust simulation using Godunov method, the application of the pressure relaxation procedure is proposed. The comparative analysis of the simulation results using two methods is carried out. The Godunov method provides significantly smaller numerical diffusion of the solid phase volume fraction in the cloud that leads to the much better agreement of the pressure curves on transducers and the dynamics of the cloud motion with the experimental data.

Originality/value

Godunov method for the Baer–Nunziato equations is applied for the simulation of the natural experiment on the shock wave particles cloud interaction. Up to now, the examples of the application of the Godunov method for the Baer–Nunziato equations to the investigation of the practical problems have been limited by the works of the authors of the method and the field of detonation in the heterogeneous explosives. For the robust simulations in the presence of interphase boundaries, it is proposed to use the Godunov method together with the pressure relaxation procedure.
Inter-organisational knowledge spillovers: attracting talent in science and technology parks and corporate social responsibility practices
Authors: González-Masip Jaime , Martín-de Castro Gregorio , Hernández Adolfo
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to propose that firms located in science and technology parks (STP) developing corporate social responsibility practices can attract talented workers as an effective knowledge management spillover mechanism.

Design/methodology/approach

A longitudinal study has been carried out from the Spanish Panel of Technological Innovation database (PITEC). The statistical method used for data treatment has been a logistic regression for panel data.

Findings

Empirical results show a positive moderating effect of corporate social responsibility practices on the relationship between the firm’s belonging to a STP and talent attraction.

Originality/value

This research follows previous claim for additional research on the phenomenon of talent management and clusters and STP. In that sense, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no previous empirical research about the complementarily effect of corporate social responsibility practices and the belonging to a STP in talent attraction.
Achieving selves
Authors: Todres Mathew , Reveley James
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Arguably, how psychohistorians treat entrepreneur life-writing interiorizes the autobiographer’s self, thereby limiting the extent to which self can be accessed by researchers. By advocating a different approach, based on socio-narratology, this paper provides insight into how entrepreneurs in both the distant and recent past construct narrative identities – the textual corollary of “storied selves” – within their autobiographies.

Design/methodology/approach

The object of analysis is the failed entrepreneur autobiography, straddling two sub-genres – “projective” and “confessional” – which both serve to rehabilitate the author.

Findings

Narratological analysis of Nick Leeson’s Rogue Trader autobiography reveals how the author deftly draws upon the culturally recognizable trope of the “rogue as trickster” and “rogue as critic” to contextualize his deceptive and illegal activities, before signaling his desire for rehabilitation by exiting banking and futures trading – thereby enacting the “rogue as family man”.

Practical implications

The application of a narratological methodology opens up new avenues for understanding the interplay between Western cultural institutions, entrepreneur selves, and autobiographical writing.

Originality/value

This paper shows that narratology provides a new methodological window through which management historians can view entrepreneur autobiographies.
Damage evaluation of a full-scale RC frame exposed to multiple extreme loads
Authors: Kumar Virendra
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The occurrence of multiple hazards in extreme conditions is not unknown nowadays, but the sustainability of the reinforced concrete structures under such scenarios form competitive challenges in civil engineering profession. Among all, fire following earthquake (FFE) is categorized under multiple extreme load scenarios which causes sequential damages to the structures. This paper aims to experiment a full-scale RC frame sub-assemblage for the FFE scenario and assess each stage of damage through the nondestructive testing method.

Design/methodology/approach

Two levels of simulated earthquake damages, i.e. immediate occupancy (IO) level and life safety (LS) level of structural performance were induced to the test frame and then, followed by a realistic compartment fire of 1 h duration. Also, the evaluation of damage to the RC frame after the fire subsequent to the earthquake was carried out by obtaining the ultimate capacity of the frame. Ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer test were conducted to assess the structural endurance of the damaged frame. Cracks were also marked during mechanical damages to the test frame to study the nature of its propagation.

Findings

Careful visual inspection during and after the fire test to the test frame were done. To differentiate between concrete chemically affected by the fire or physically damaged is an important issue. In situ inspection and laboratory tests of concrete components have been performed. Concrete from the test frame was localized with thermo-gravimetric analysis. The UPV results exhibited a sharp decrease in the strength of the concrete material which was also confirmed via the DTA, TGA and TG results. It is important to evaluate the residual capacity of the entire structure under the FFE scenario and propose rehabilitation/retrofit schemes for the building structure.

Research limitations/implications

The heterogeneity in the distribution of the damage has been identified due to variation of fire exposure. The study only highlights the capabilities of the methods for finding the residual capacity of the RC frame sub-assemblage after an occurrence of an FFE.

Originality/value

It is of find kind of research work on full-scale reinforced concrete building. In this, an attempt has been made for the evaluation of concrete structures affected by an FFE through nondestructive and destructive methods.
Measurement of innovation resource allocation efficiency in civil–military integration enterprises
Authors: Wang Zilong , Zhang Zhiwen , Jhony Ng Choon Yeong
Published: June 2019

Purpose

As a transition economy, China is interested in allocating its limited innovation resources economically, reasonably and efficiently to produce as many outputs as possible with its limited financial and human resources. Nonetheless, what is the efficiency of the allocation of innovative resources for civil–military integration enterprises, and what factors hinder its efficiency improvement? The purpose of this paper is to explore these problems.

Design/methodology/approach

The improved two-stage network data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is used to measure the overall efficiency and stage efficiency of the innovation resource allocation of 58 Chinese civil–military integration listed companies from 2010 to 2016. Tobit model is used to analyze the influencing factors of resource allocation efficiency.

Findings

The results indicate that the overall efficiency and stage efficiency of innovation resource allocation fluctuate in varying degrees during the period. The optimization of overall efficiency is restricted by lower efficiency of innovation achievement transformation. Enterprise scale was found to have a significant negative impact on both overall and two-stage efficiencies. Proportion of research and development (R&D) personnel had a positive effect on the overall and two-stage efficiency. Government support had a significant positive effect on the stage of innovation resource development and overall efficiency.

Originality/value

Previous research studies have used either the DEA or stochastic frontier analysis method to measure the efficiency of innovation activities as a whole and ignored the stage of initial investment to final output in innovation activities. That is, the process in which initial input of R&D resources becomes innovation output, and then becomes economic benefits. Therefore, this paper studies the efficiency of innovation resource allocation of civil–military integration listed companies. The improved two-stage chain network DEA method and Tobit model were used.
Identifying the optimal initial adopters and adoption paths of the internet-based intangible network goods
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Qingpu
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Internet-based intangible network good (IING) has undergone rapid developments, even revolutionized multiple industries in recent years. IING is highly dependent on the rapid diffusion rates for development success. For firms, how to select the initial targets or “seeding points” to accelerate the adoption process is critical in network marketing campaigns. The purpose of this study is to provide a new method to identify the optimal initial adopters and adoption paths.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the author generalize three aspects influencing IING’s adoption, namely, innovation attributes, customer’s personality and word-of-mouth. Next, we establish a modified gravity model to describe how social interactions affect consumer’s adoption behavior. Then, simulate the adoption process by setting each agent as the initial adopter to identify the optimal initial adopters. Finally, trace the information flow to forecast the adoption paths.

Findings

The model reveals how individual interactions (micro level) aggregate into the diffusion process (macro level). The optimal initial adopters are determined by a combination of factors as follows: IING’s attributes, the adopter’s diffusion ability, the potential-adopter’s personality and the trust degree between adopters and potential-adopters. Among all these factors, trust degree plays a most important role.

Originality/value

This study proposes the conceptual model of IING’s adoption from a perspective of dyadic influence, in which an adopter’s influence on its peers depends on pairwise characteristics of both parties. The authors propose a new method to identify the optimal initial adopters and adoption paths based on the gravity model. It is the first time to introduce the gravity model to describe IING’s adoption, which is a creative application of social physics. The findings provide new insights in IING’s adoption and identifying the key nodes in networks.
Understanding joint bids for international large-scale sport events as strategic alliances
Authors: Byun Jinsu , Leopkey Becca , Ellis Dana
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical analysis that examines joint bids that unite multiple cities or nations in a bid for hosting international large-scale sport events from the perspective of strategic alliances.

Design/methodology/approach

Using previous strategic alliance research and examples of joint sport event bids, this study discusses how joint event bids can be understood as strategic alliances.

Findings

Motivations of bidders and driving forces behind the formation of joint bids are identified and analyzed. By integrating theories used in the area of strategic alliances, this study provides an agenda for moving research on joint bids forward as the practice continues to expand.

Originality/value

As a conceptual paper, the findings of this study can be a starting point for future research not only on joint bids but also on inter-organizational relationships in the context of sport event bidding.
Performance simulation and testing of capacitive micro-machined ultrasonic transducer
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhao Lei , Xie Dan , Song Jinlong , Zhang Wendong , Pan Lihu , Zhang Yanhua
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This study aims to simulate and test the performance of a transmitting and receiving capacitive micro-machined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT). Aimed at detecting demand of the CMUT, a matched integrated adjustment circuit was designed through analyzing processing methods of transducer’s weak echo signal.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the analysis of CMUT array structure and work principle, the CMUT units are designed and the dynamic performance analysis of SIMULINK is given according to the demand of underwater detecting. A transceiver isolation circuit is used to make transmission mode and receiving mode separate. A detection circuit is designed based on the transimpedance amplifier to achieve extraction of high-frequency and weak signal.

Findings

Through experimentation, the effectiveness of the CMUT performance simulation and the transceiver integrated adjustment circuit were verified. In addition, the test showed that CMUT with 400 kHz frequency has wider bandwidth and better dynamic characteristics than other similar transducers.

Originality/value

This paper provides a theoretical basis and design reference for the development and application of CMUT technology.
Fatty acids, health indices and sensory properties of Ricotta cheese from sheep fed three different diets
Authors: Fusaro Isa , Giammarco Melania , Chincarini Matteo , Odintsov Vaintrub Michael , Formigoni Andrea , Mammi Ludovica Maria Eugenia , Vignola Giorgio
Published: June 2019

The study evaluates the healthy fatty acid profile and sensorial characteristics of Ricotta obtained from ewes fed three different diets: diet enriched with linseed (L), un‐supplemented diet (F) and pasture (P). Omega‐3 fatty acid (n‐3 FA) levels in Ricotta from grazing sheep and from animals that received the supplemented diet were notably higher than those that received un‐supplemented feed. The L‐ and P‐groups had lower levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and more favourable health indices. Sensorial tests showed that among the diet groups, the Ricotta obtained from the supplementation group scored the highest with respect to greasiness, spreadability and acceptability.
Technological, Regulatory, and Ethical Aspects of In Vitro Meat: A Future Slaughter‐Free Harvest
Authors: Bhat Zuhaib F. , Morton James D. , Mason Susan L. , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din A. , Bhat Hina F.
Published: June 2019

Defined as meat cultured in a laboratory within a bioreactor under controlled artificial conditions, in vitro meat is a relatively recent area that has opened a whole universe of possibilities and opportunities for the meat sector. With improved chemical and microbial safety and varied options, in vitro meat has been proposed as a green, healthy, environmentally friendly, and nutritionally better product that is free from animal suffering and death. Cell culture and tissue culture are the most probable technologies for the development of this futuristic muscle product. However, there are many challenges in the production of a suitable product at an industrial scale under a sustainable production system and a great body of research is required to fill the gaps in our knowledge. Many materials used in the product development are novel and untested within the food industry and demand urgent regulatory and safety assessment systems capable of managing any risks associated with the development of cultured meat. The future of this product will depend on the actions of governments and regulatory agencies. This article highlights emerging biotechnological options for the development of cultured meat and suggests ways to integrate these emerging technologies into meat research. It considers the problems and possibilities of developing cultured meat, opportunities, ethical issues as well as emerging safety and regulatory issues in this area.
Toxic effects of 12 pesticides on green lacewing,Chrysoperla nipponensis(Okamoto) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Ham Eun Hye , Lee Jun Seok , Jang Mi Yeon , Park Jong Kyun
Published: June 2019

In this study, we formulated pesticides from 12 products, namely machine oil EC, imidacloprid WP, thiamethoxam WP, acetamiprid WP, methidathion EC, acequinocyl WP, clothianidin WP, deltamethrin EC, mancozeb WP, benomyl WP, difenoconazole WP, and bitertanol WP. These 12 pesticides were selected to determine their toxicity to green lacewing,Chrysoperla nipponensis,at the maximum field recommended dosage under laboratory conditions. Machine oil EC had extremely detrimental effects on eggs ofC. nipponensis,resulting in 99% mortality (categorized as Class IV) when eggs were treated with machine oil EC by dipping. Mean larval corrected mortalities (%) for methidathion EC and deltamethrin EC were 62.5% (categorized as Class II) and 87.5% (categorized as Class III) respectively, when larvae were topically treated. As a result of dipping treatments of pupae with pesticides, machine oil EC and thiamethoxam WP were classified as slightly harmful (categorized as Class II). Methidathion EC showed high toxicity, resulting in a total effect index rate 100% (categorized as Class IV). Taxonomical notes of the genusChrysoperlaandC. nipponensisare reviewed here.
Heroin delay discounting and impulsivity: Modulation by DRD1 genetic variation
Authors: Moses Tabitha E.H. , Burmeister Margit , Greenwald Mark K.
Published: June 2019

Background

Dopamine D1 receptors (encoded by DRD1) are implicated in drug addiction and high‐risk behaviors. Delay discounting (DD) procedures measure decisional balance between choosing smaller/sooner rewards vs larger/later rewards. Individuals with higher DD (rapid discounting) are prone to maladaptive behaviors that provide immediate reinforcement (eg, substance use). DRD1 variants have been linked with increased DD (in healthy volunteers) and opioid abuse. This study determined whether four dopaminergic functional variants modulated heroin DD and impulsivity.

Methods

Substance use, DD, and genotype data (DRD1 rs686 and rs5326, DRD3 rs6280, COMT rs4680) were obtained from 106 current heroin users. Subjects completed an array of DD choices during two imagined conditions: heroin satiation and withdrawal. Rewards were expressed as $10 heroin bag units, with maximum delayed amount of 30 bags. Delays progressively increased from 3 to 96 hours.

Results

DRD1 rs686 (A/A, n = 25; G/A, n = 56; G/G, n = 25) was linearly related to the difference in heroin DD (area under the curve; AUC) between the heroin satiation and withdrawal conditions; specifically, G/G homozygotes had a significantly smaller (satiation minus withdrawal) AUC difference score had higher drug‐use impulsivity questionnaire scores, relative to A/A homozygotes, with G/A intermediate. DRD3 and COMT variants were not associated with these DD and impulsivity outcomes.

Conclusion

DRD1 rs686 modulated the difference in heroin DD score between pharmacological states and was associated with drug‐use impulsivity. These data support a role of DRD1 in opioid DD and impulsive behaviors.
The exposome in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Stefanovic Nicholas , Flohr Carsten , Irvine Alan D.
Published: June 2019

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory disorder with multiple interactions between genetic, immune and external factors. The sum of external factors that an individual is exposed to throughout their lifetime is termed the exposome. The exposome spans multiple domains from population to molecular levels and, in combination with genetic factors, holds the key to understanding the phenotypic diversity seen in AD patients. Exposomal domains are categorized into nonspecific (human and natural factors affecting populations), specific (eg humidity, ultraviolet radiation, diet, pollution, allergens, water hardness) and internal (cutaneous and gut microbiota and host cell interaction) exposures. The skin, as the organ that most directly interacts with and adapts to the external environment, is a prime target for exploration of exposomal influences on disease. Given the well‐recognized physical environmental influences on AD, this condition could be much better understood through insightful exposomal research. In this narrative review, we examine each domain in turn, highlighting current understanding of the mechanisms by which exposomal influences modulate AD pathogenesis at distinct points in time. We highlight current approaches to exposome modification in AD and other allergic disease and propose future directions for exposome characterization and modification using novel research techniques.
Brain iron transport
Authors: Qian Zhong‐Ming , Ke Ya
Published: June 2019

Brain iron is a crucial participant and regulator of normal physiological activity. However, excess iron is involved in the formation of free radicals, and has been associated with oxidative damage to neuronal and other brain cells. Abnormally high brain iron levels have been observed in various neurodegenerative diseases, including neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. However, the key question of why iron levels increase in the relevant regions of the brain remains to be answered. A full understanding of the homeostatic mechanisms involved in brain iron transport and metabolism is therefore critical not only for elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for excess iron accumulation in the brain but also for developing pharmacological interventions to disrupt the chain of pathological events occurring in these neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted, but to date no effort to synthesize these studies and ideas into a systematic and coherent summary has been made, especially concerning iron transport across the luminal (apical) membrane of the capillary endothelium and the membranes of different brain cell types. Herein, we review key findings on brain iron transport, highlighting the mechanisms involved in iron transport across the luminal (apical) as well as the abluminal (basal) membrane of the blood–brain barrier, the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and iron uptake and release in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia within the brain. We offer suggestions for addressing the many important gaps in our understanding of this important topic, and provide new insights into the potential causes of abnormally increased iron levels in regions of the brain in neurodegenerative disorders.
Experimental colitis in IL-10-deficient mice ameliorates in the absence of PTPN22
Authors: Jofra T , Galvani G , Cosorich I , De Giorgi L , Annoni A , Vecchione A , Sorini C , Falcone M , Fousteri G
Published: June 2019

Interleukin (IL)-10 plays a key role in controlling intestinal inflammation. IL-10-deficient mice and patients with mutations in IL-10 or its receptor, IL-10R, show increased susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) controls immune cell activation and the equilibrium between regulatory and effector T cells, playing an important role in controlling immune homoeostasis of the gut. Here, we examined the role of PTPN22 in intestinal inflammation of IL-10-deficient (IL-10–/–) mice. We crossed IL-10–/– mice with PTPN22–/– mice to generate PTPN22–/–IL-10–/– double knock-out mice and induced colitis with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). In line with previous reports, DSS-induced acute and chronic colitis was exacerbated in IL-10–/– mice compared to wild-type (WT) controls. However, PTPN22–/–IL-10–/– double knock-out mice developed milder disease compared to IL-10–/– mice. IL-17-promoting innate cytokines and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells were markedly increased in PTPN22–/–IL-10–/– mice, but did not provide a protctive function. CXCL1/KC was also increased in PTPN22–/–IL-10–/– mice, but therapeutic injection of CXCL1/KC in IL-10–/– mice did not ameliorate colitis. These results show that PTPN22 promotes intestinal inflammation in IL-10-deficient mice, suggesting that therapeutic targeting of PTPN22 might be beneficial in patients with IBD and mutations in IL-10 and IL-10R.
The Growth Machine across the United States: Business Actors’ Influence on Communities’ Economic Development and Limited–Government Austerity Policies
Authors: Adua Lazarus , Lobao Linda
Published: June 2019

The growth machine (GM) perspective has long guided urban research. Our study provides a new extension of this perspective, focusing on local business actors’ influence on communities across the United States. We question whether GM–oriented business actors remain widely associated with contemporary local economic development policies, and further, whether these actors influence the use of limited–government austerity policies. Conceptually, we extend the GM framework by bringing it into dialogue with the literature on urban austerity policy. The analysis draws from the urban–quantitative tradition of large–sample studies and assesses localities across the nation using the empirical case of county governments. We find local real estate owners, utilities, and other business actors broadly influence U.S. localities’ economic development policies. We also find some evidence that these actors’ influences in local governance are related to the use of such cutback policies as hiring freezes, capping of social services, expenditure cutbacks, and sale of public assets. Local Chambers of Commerce are particularly associated with cutback policies. Overall, the findings suggest that where local GM actors are influential, communities are more likely to adopt business–oriented economic development policies, limit the growth of social services for the less affluent, and scale–down the public sector.
Withdrawn: A preliminary understanding of hybrid models in timebanking and volunteering
Authors: Dash Bibhu , Sandhu Namrata
Published: June 2019

The above article from Development Policy Review, published as Accepted Article online on 12 June 2019 in Wiley Online Library (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been withdrawn by agreement among the authors, the Journal Editor‐in‐Chief Annalisa Prizzon and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. on behalf of Overseas Development Institute. The withdrawal has been agreed because the paper was published inadvertently as the result of an administrative error.
Helminthosporiella stilbacea associated with African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Brazil
Authors: Rosado André Wilson Campos , de Jesus Boari Alessandra , Custódio Fábio Alex , Quadros Ayane Fernanda Ferreira , Batista Izabel Cristina Alves , Pereira Olinto Liparini
Published: June 2019

African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is considered the most productive oleaginous crop due to its high oil production per hectare. In April 2015, E. guineensis leaves showing elliptical necrotic spots with yellowish halo were observed in a commercial plantation in Moju, Pará state, Brazil. A synematous fungus was consistently observed associated with the necrotic spots. The aim of this study was to identify this fungus associated with E. guineensis in Brazil. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA, the fungus was identified as Helminthosporiella stilbacea. Helmintosporiella stilbacea has been reported associated with leaf spots on E. guineensis in Africa, Ghana, Sudan and Zambia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of H. stilbacea associated with E. guineensis in Brazil.
Effects of partial root‐zone irrigation and nitrogen forms on the movement of nitrate in deep subsoil and its utilization by tomato plants
Authors: Wang Chunhui , Shu Liangzuo , Yu Hongmei , Zhu Pengfei , Tang Junhong , Zhou Qingwei
Published: June 2019

The fate of residual nitrogen (N) in specific soil layers under partial root‐zone irrigation (PRI) and fertilized with different N forms was studied using a soil column experiment with 15N‐labelled N (K15NO3) applied to 110‐cm‐deep soil layers. We found that alternate PRI (APRI) saved 34.3% more irrigation water but only decreased yield by an average of 6.2%, whereas fixed PRI (FPRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) reduced fruit yield by an average of 25.5 and 35.0%, respectively, compared to conventional sufficient irrigation (CI). Using the same irrigation mode, nitrate‐N application significantly promoted 15N‐utilization by the tomato fruit and crops for all irrigation modes. Compared to ammonium‐N application, nitrate‐N application increased the recovery rate of 15N‐labelled N in plants by 30.6% under CI, 14.3% under APRI, 22.8% under FPRI, and 10.6% under DI. The 15N accumulation peak was found at a depth of 40–60 cm, corresponding to an upward 15N migration distance of 65 cm for all treatments. However, a significant difference in the amount of residual N in the crop root zone (0–100 cm) was observed between CI and the other irrigation methods.

Highlights

Effects of PRI on the fate of residual nitrate studied with the15N tracer technique and simulated soil column.

APRI could save 34.3% irrigation water without significant effects on tomato yield.

Nitrate‐N application significantly promoted the growth of tomato.

The residual nitrate in deep subsoil mainly moved upward under all irrigation modes.
FROM VAGUE SYMBOLS TO CONTESTED CONCEPTS: PEIRCE, W. B. GALLIE, AND HISTORY
Authors: VIOLA TULLIO
Published: June 2019

This article explores Walter Bryce Gallie's notion of “essentially contested concepts” from a viewpoint that has hitherto been neglected, namely its relation to the philosophy of Charles S. Peirce. As a matter of fact, Gallie was an authoritative reader of the American philosopher. All areas of his work are influenced by his attempt to take up and further articulate a major insight of Peirce's semiotics, namely the idea that symbols are inherently vague, and that their meaning is in a state of perpetual growth. At the same time, Gallie rejected another crucial tenet of Peirce's philosophy, that is, the idea that the growth of signs is regulated by the possibility of a final agreement among sign‐users. Examining this ambivalent relation between the two authors will help us shed light on a question that was of crucial importance for Gallie: to what extent should we let our appreciation of concepts or beliefs depend on a historical examination of their meaning?
IF: COUNTERFACTUAL AND CONDITIONAL HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: Hughes‐Warrington Marnie
Published: June 2019

Conditionals are a feature of historiography. Despite this, historiographical research is focused predominantly on one kind of conditional, counterfactuals. New trans‐Atlantic contributions to this research by Catherine Gallagher and Richard J. Evans highlight the rich history of counterfactuals in Western thought, and their use by individuals and groups to imagine a present and a future that addresses regrets about the present. Their intimation of a flattening out of history through counterfactual nostalgia is not supported by the artistic expression of Tacita Dean, and new contributions to the philosophy of conditionals, building relations, and causal relations by Karen Bennett and Anthony Kwame Appiah. This review teases out the layered, causally tainted, and metaphysically agnostic world posited by Karen Bennett and conjoins it with David Lewis's reflections on possible worlds to suggest that conditional and counterfactual operators in historiography are building restrictors. This takes us away from Niall Ferguson's argument for the use of counterfactuals as a recognition of the underdetermination of history, and reminds us of the need to—as Appiah argues so succinctly—understand the pervasive role that idealizations play in helping us to manage the world and ourselves. The review rounds out by highlighting the computational implications of our conditional world, inviting historians to be at the table as fairness is debated and coded. In this way, the gap in research on the ethical need for historiographical conditionals in the twenty‐first century is highlighted.
EXPERIENCE AND HISTORY: THE REACH AND LIMITS OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO HISTORY
Authors: Grethlein Jonas
Published: June 2019

Experience and History: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Historical World presents the summa of David Carr's phenomenological approach to history. I acknowledge the value of this perspective, but I find it doubtful that a phenomenological account can replace the paradigms of memory and representation against which Carr pits it. The concept of historicity is, rather, complementary in that it alerts us to the prethematic presence of history. Phenomenologically, Carr's attempt to tie history closely to experience runs into problems as it is based on a questionable use of Husserl's notion of retention and risks blurring the distinct temporality of history. At the same time, the central concepts of Carr's approach, both experience and narrative, could be deployed in further ways. As literary scholars have come to emphasize, narrative triggers experiences in its readers. Thus, even if it is impossible to recreate the experiences of historical protagonists, narrative lends itself to giving readers a sense of the experiential dimension of the past. In this sense, narrative is not only a medium of representation, but also a means of presence.
Microstructure and flexural strength of the Y:TZP/BG composite
Authors: de Paula Miranda Ranulfo Benedito , Borges Roger , Marchi Juliana , de Lima Nelson Batista , Cesar Paulo Francisco
Published: June 2019

The addition of bioactive glasses to a Y:TZP matrix represents a feasible alternative to provide bioactivity to this material and optimize osseointegration. This work evaluated the effect of the BG concentration (0 and 10 wt%) and the sintering temperature (1200°C and 1300°C) on the microstructure, relative density, and flexural strength of the composite Y:TZP/BG. The Y:TZP and Y:TZP/BG powders were uniaxially pressed and sintered at 1200°C or 1300°C for 1 h. The microstructure was characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy. Relative density was calculated from density values obtained using the Archimedes’ principle. For the flexural strength, specimens (n = 6) were fractured in a biaxial flexural setup using a piston‐on‐three‐balls fixture in a universal testing machine. Bioactivity test was performed in simulated body fluid solution. The results suggested that BG addition decreased the grain size of the composite, increased porosity and caused a significant decrease in the relative density and flexural strength. Crystalline phases of calcium stabilized cubic zirconia and sodium zirconium silicate were formed after the addition of BG. Finally, it was concluded that composite specimens sintered at 1300°C showed the highest density values and larger grains compared to those sintered at 1200°C.
Are new variants of psoriasis therapy (IL‐17 inhibitors) safe?
Authors: Wcisło‐Dziadecka Dominika , Kaźmierczak Agata , Grabarek Beniamin , Zbiciak‐Nylec Martyna , Brzezińska‐Wcisło Ligia
Published: June 2019

Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory, and proliferative skin disease. Its etiology has not yet been fully assessed, but undoubtedly it is a multifaceted disease. The key role in its pathomechanism is played by genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors and stress. If traditional methods of psoriasis treatment (phototherapy, methotrexate, retinoids, cyclosporine A) fail, we reach for the following biopharmaceuticals – infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, or ustekinumab. However, genetic engineering progress discovers new possibilities – the pending clinical trials involve IL‐17, IL‐23 antagonists, PDE4 and ‐3 and ‐1. Psoriasis etiopathogenesis mainly involves the IL‐17A, IL‐17F, and IL‐17A/F subtypes, which affect the keratinocytes. The biological therapy molecularly oriented with the antagonists of interleukin 17 is based mainly on the influence onto the cytokine in the manner that prevents it from binding with the receptor. Three biopharmaceuticals are currently under third phase studies: two fully humanized antibodies neutralizing IL‐17 – ixekizumab and secukinumab, and one human monoclonal antibody, brodalumab. The below work will be devoted to the analysis of possible undesirable symptoms, which were observed during the studies. We will try to review the latest literature concerning the most important clinical trials conducted in many centers.
14‐Month‐olds anticipate others’ actions based on their belief about an object's identity
Authors: Buttelmann Frances , Kovács Ágnes Melinda
Published: June 2019

Past research has accumulated evidence regarding infants’ false‐belief understanding, measuring their gaze patterns or active helping behaviors. However, the underlying mechanisms are still debated, specifically, whether young infants can compute that others represent the world under a certain aspect. Such performance requires holding in mind two representations about the same object simultaneously and attributing only one to another person. While 14‐month‐olds can encode an object under different aspects when forming first‐person representations, it is unclear whether infants at this very age could also predict others’ behavior based on their beliefs about an object's identity. Here, we investigate this question in a novel eye‐tracking‐based unexpected‐identity task. We measured 14‐month‐olds’ anticipatory looks combined with their looking time, using a violation‐of‐expectation paradigm. Results show that 14‐month‐olds look longer to an actor's reach that is incongruent with her false belief about the identity of an object compared to a congruent reach. Furthermore, infants correctly anticipated the actor's reach based on her false belief. Thus, as soon as infants represent dual identities they can integrate them in belief attributions and use them for consequent behavioral predictions. Such data provide evidence for the flexibility of false‐belief attributions and support proposals arguing for infants’ rich theory‐of‐mind abilities.
An overview of a biopsychosocial model of epigenetics and pain catastrophizing
Authors: Brecht Danielle M. , Gatchel Robert J.
Published: June 2019

In an earlier Special Issue in the Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research (JABR), Gatchel (Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 2017, 22[1], e12088) addressed the construct of pain catastrophizing (PC). The present article is meant to extend those reviews within a biopsychosocial context, as well as update recent research on PC with a specific concentration on genetic factors. An overview of biological factors as they relate to PC and epigenetics are reviewed first (brain areas associated with pain and how they adapt neurochemically to chronic noxious stimuli, polymorphism of various genes, etc.), proceeded by the discussion of psychological (depression, anxiety, and the genomic link to neuroticism) and social influences (reason people engage in PC, age's impact on neuronal restructuring) as they corroborate the argument of PC's link to genetic factors. Finally, this article concludes by providing future directions for research concerning PC such as examining the efficacy of Pain Neurobiology Education, as well as gene therapy.