bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Woman Artist in Edna St. Vincent Millay’s Poetry
Authors: Nikèeviæ-Batriæeviæ Aleksandra , Kneževiæ Marija
Published: January 2021

Edna Millay, a legendary personality, a virtuous and independent woman built her world referring to the complicated issues that have troubled the humanity in the course of the entire history – woman-man relations, sympathy towards the one next to you, devotion towards one’s homeland, etc. These notions underwent transformations and turned into a lyrical world with a universal value consistent with emotions. As Daniel Mark Epstein claims this woman-artist revolts against patterns, hypocrisy, fake eloquence and sentimentalism declaring a violent war against traditional forms of poetry. Through the analysis of several poems selected from the best collections of Edna Millay, the article reveals the hidden world of the woman-artist, her struggle and world vision.
Comparative Analysis of English Prepositions and Armenian Case Endings
Authors: Avetisyan Ruzanna
Published: January 2021

The present article offers a comparison of the English prepositions and Armenian case endings. The examples illustrate the correspondence between different Armenian cases and English prepositions. The topic of the article is not conclusive and calls for further research since the information provided in the article can serve as solid material for further investigations of the correspondence between English prepositions and Armenian case endings. Such investigations can lead to the creation of certain grammar rules which will naturally help make the work of translation from Armenian into English and vice versa easier.
Phraseological Units with the Component “Heart” Expressing Love and Devotion
Authors: Ghazaryan Hasmik
Published: January 2021

The present article aims to study, analyze and compare phraseological units with the component “heart” expressing love and devotion in Armenian, Russian and English. These phraseological units in the languages mentioned have structural, grammatical, stylistic, as well as semantic similarities and differences. The similarities reflect the peculiarities of the linguistic thinking of the language bearers, whereas the differences witness the peculiarities of the mentality of the given nation.
Stylistic Peculiarities of Contextual Hyperbole in Sherwood Anderson’s “The Book of the Grotesque” and “Godliness”
Authors: Kojoyan Ani
Published: January 2021

The article aims to investigate the stylistic characteristics of hyperbole in Sherwood Anderson’s short stories. The examination of the theoretical part of the given material and the analysis of the examples make it possible to distinguish three major types of contextual hyperbole in the short stories – mixed hyperbole, non-mixed hyperbole and biblical allusive hyperbole.
Benefits of Implementing Group Work into the EFL Classroom
Authors: Hovhannissyan Syuzi , Karapetyan Lili
Published: January 2021

The paper focuses on the role of group work in the foreign language class as an effective technique for developing language learners’ analytical thinking, as well as communication skills. The paper states that despite the cognitive, psychological and social benefits that group work provides, it is hardly ever used in the Armenian formal educational setting where the whole studying process is teacher-centered rather than learning-centered. The authors strongly believe that implementing group work into the Armenian educational establishments will stimulate effective learning and teaching. Group work will provide Armenian EFL students with opportunities for developing skills like organization, negotiation, team work and co-operation which they very often lack.
Self-assessment in Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: Markaryan Arus
Published: January 2021

The method of self-assessment can be effectively applied in foreign language teaching. It ensures the diversity of checking and evaluating by raising interest among students, increasing their responsibility towards their own performance, concentrating attention on the mistakes rather than on the grade. If applied correctly self-assessment provides students with an opportunity to review and revise the material, to correct the mistakes independently with the help of dictionaries and textbooks thereby enhancing the knowledge and adding more information.
The Use of Advertisements and Adbusters in the Course of Business English
Authors: Mkhitaryan Karine
Published: January 2021

The use of ads and adbusters is a most effective tool in the Business English teaching since it supposes the ability to analyze linguistic and inter-cultural situations which is a necessary precondition for creating ads and adbusters in the given language. It is noteworthy, that the efficiency of a foreign language teaching is first and foremost ensured in case inter-disciplinary relations have been considered, i.e. the ones that exist between the given foreign language and the professional field the student is engaged in. Future specialists of business should be competent in linguostylistic and psychological peculiarities of ads and adbusters. From the methodological perspective they should also be able to create ads, adbusters and resumes using various communicative methods and forms.
The Turkification of Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
Authors: Sahakyan Lusine
Published: January 2021

The present article examines the methods and stages of the policy of Turkification of the non-Muslim toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. Being stable linguistic facts, toponyms supply valuable material for topography and studies of dialects, ethnography, history and geography. They also contain important linguistic facts which can confirm the national belonging of a given settlement. Hence, realizing the strategic value of toponyms, the Turkish authorities have changed, distorted and have tried to get hold of the Armenian, Greek, Assyrian, Laz toponyms through translations ascribing them Turkish and at times Kurdish origins. The article contains the translated version of Enver Pasha’s decree on Turkification of toponyms issued on January 5, 1916 – a document which aims to conceal the traces of the Armenian Genocide. The article also examines the political aims of the Turkish authorities to replace the term Western Armenia with Eastern Anatolia as well as the dangerous consequences of the use of this term we could face. The Armenian toponyms that have been around since ancient times do not serve as linguistic evidence only. Rather, they provide unbiased historical evidence that reveals the whole truth of the real native masters of the Armenian Highland. Therefore, the protection, preservation and restoration of the Armenian toponyms is of great strategic significance for us.
Oral and Written Academic Discourse: Models of Investigation
Authors: Gasparyan Seda , Chubaryan Astghik , Karapetyan Ruzanna
Published: January 2021

The growth in inter-cultural relations among global academic circles and the globalization of scientific thought it entails, have led to a conflict between various cultures and languages, which is more evident at the language level. English has become a universal language of communication and serves as a tool to disseminate the results of scientific research conducted in various countries, to exchange ideas, to accept or decline hypotheses. One could suppose that English used in a given branch of science includes cultural and linguistic characteristics of scholars of various nationalities which need to be specified and investigated thereby contributing to the further development of scientific communication in the field. The present article offers two models of written and oral academic discourse.
On the Interrelation between Cognitive and Emotional Minds in Speech
Authors: Paronyan Shushanik , Rostomyan Anna
Published: January 2021

The present article investigates the interrelation between cognitive and emotional expressions in human mind, as well as the characteristics of their verbal and non-verbal expressions in modern English discourse. Cognitive and pragmatic concepts have been applied to carry out the analysis of the factual material. The role of emotions in the process of speech creation and perception is paid special attention to. The latter are viewed not only as emotional phenomena, but also as components of fundamental knowledge which highly affect the cognitive system of speech.
The Psycholinguistic Study of Language Acquisition and Communicative Processes
Authors: Arakelyan Rouzanna
Published: January 2021

The article investigates the psycholinguistic characteristics of language acquisition and communicative processes. To this end, the natural process of speech articulation and the role of the creation of speech intention, situational factors of speech activity as well as different theories underlining the peculiarities of foreign language acquisition have undergone comprehensive examination in the first place. Neurolinguistic, linguistic and psycholinguistic approaches describing the process of language acquisition have been studied with utmost care and attention. The article highlights the necessity of entering the data of psycholinguistic investigations into the theoretical generalization of the questions discussed.
On Some Peculiarities of Bilingual Children’s Speech Development
Authors: Avakyan Naira
Published: January 2021

The article examines the stages and characteristics of speech development among bilingual children. Such phenomena as late speech and mixture of languages can be observed in the process of the speech development of bilingual children. The examples provided demonstrate the important role of the family in the development of bilingual children’s speech.
How to Avoid Discriminatory Words in Modern English
Authors: Harutyunyan Naira
Published: January 2021

The semantic modifications words undergo in the course of time sometimes cause misunderstanding. This can be accounted for by the fact that many words change their meanings and become less frequent in their use, or their previous meanings may sound offensive and vulgar. To avoid such problems the author of the article suggests studying the use of the given word by native speakers taking into consideration certain cultural and traditional shades. The article attempts to find possible ways to avoid such words or to substitute them for more suitable ones.
Logical Coherence in Persuasive Writing
Authors: Karapetyan Marina
Published: January 2021

Logical coherence is one of the most important standards of a persuasive speech. The article investigates the components of coherent mentality in persuasive writing based on the analysis of essay samples. The analysis proves that logical coherence and combination of thoughts provide the reader with certain information which contributes to an easier perception of the message developing trust towards the author and his opinion. In this regard, essays written by students possess a number of errors which hinder the grounded narration of the thought making the essay less persuasive.
Equivalence in Translation
Authors: Ghanooni Ali Reza
Published: January 2021

The author of the article refers to the theory of equivalence of the original and the target texts. The author mentions that though the problem of equivalence in translation was widely discussed in the second half of the previous century, it has caused much controversy. Discussing the existing controversial viewpoints the author of the article criticizes each of them and specifies his own viewpoint on the issue discussed.
Evaluation Criteria for Literary Translation
Authors: Hakobyan Anna
Published: January 2021

As a form of human spiritual activity, literary translation is diverse in nature, therefore it can be evaluated in terms of its equivalence to the original text as well as the communicative value of translation. What is more, the opinions may vary depending on the positions of the translator and the evaluator. The one who evaluates a literary translation faces a number of problems whose solution requires objective criteria for its evaluation. Nevertheless, the evaluation of translation is also dependent on subjective human perception and in order to overcome the inevitable subjectivism it is necessary to turn the standards underlying the subjective judgments objective rather than replace them with objective ones. The degree of equivalence is one of the standards of evaluating the results of the process. The knowledge of the two languages makes it possible for the translator to work more accurately, demonstrating the types of changes that are possible and permissible in the process of translation. At the level of the form these changes result in morphological and syntactic modifications. Changes at the semantic level prove harder. However, they can be distinguished, too, since they lead to logical links between different notions – broadening and narrowing, adjacent and opposite relations, transfer of metaphors and metonymies.
Directive Speech Acts: a Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Chubaryan Astghik , Sargsyan Lilit
Published: January 2021

Linguistic communication is one of the underlying ways of human interaction. Every day we carry out numerous speech acts trying to interpret others’ speech acts in an attempt to find out whether they suggest, advise, warn or threaten something. Things get more complicated when we deal with people representing other cultures. Particularly in the 21st century when we witness and participate in expansion of intercultural relations in the process of globalization, the role of intercultural pragmatics gets more important. Thus, our investigation is another attempt to compare directive speech acts in the context of the norms of Anglo-Saxon and Armenian cultures. The results of our research give us a chance to claim that the differences of the aforementioned speech acts in Armenian and English are conditioned by different attitudes towards the cultural values rooted deep in the given linguoculture.
English as a “Shared Code” for International Scientific Communication
Authors: Poghosyan Ofelia
Published: January 2021

Active Communication between countries contributes to solving diverse problems in the spheres of politics, economy, science, culture and others. Evidently, knowing English or rather scientific English under such circumstances becomes an imperative. The present article attempts to specify the linguistic and stylistic means the knowledge of which can make it possible for scholars of various nationalities to take part in international scientific communication.
Linguostylistic Peculiarities of US Medical Leaflets
Authors: Gasparyan Naira
Published: January 2021

US medical leaflets are made in accordance with the US legislation. They differ from those of Armenian and European leaflets on their use since they contain information about the patent of the given medicine, individual cases of its use. Besides, they provide answers to possible questions that might arise during its use. Being formal by nature, these leaflets, however, do not use a vocabulary characteristic of official documents. The document is recognized due to specific cognitive structures and medical terms. The Armenian version of the text, as such, acts as a new text which is compiled in accordance with the corresponding Armenian legislation.
An Iranian View on Linguistic Competence in Using a Foreign Language
Authors: Karapetyan Karo , Nargesy Heidar
Published: January 2021

Throughout the recent three decades no major changes have been observed in the Iranian educational curricula and textbooks of foreign language teaching. Nor has there been any significant change in the teaching methods while numerous reforms can be traced in the field of foreign language teaching in the world. The current research attempts to study various aspects of language competence of several graduates of secondary schools who have not taken language courses in private institutions. The research aims to find out the capacity of the academic educational system of Iran to teach students English appropriately.
ESP/EAP as a Specific Register of Scientific English
Authors: Khamesian Minoo
Published: January 2021

The article studies the theoretical bases, origin and key development trends of EAP/ESP as a separate discipline. The research includes numerous and various modern approaches. Albeit there is disagreement and discrepancy among scholars, the definitions put forward in their theories show the way ESP/EAP have developed since they were first spoken of at the initial stage of their formation. The research shows that to equip learners with appropriate knowledge to be able to perform effectively in the target community it is always important to employ the content-relevant approach and take the target situation into consideration.
Establishing and Developing Critical Thinking in the Courses of Educational Institutions
Authors: Manukyan Ani
Published: January 2021

The article attaches importance to the establishment and development of critical thinking in educational courses in the current age. It is mentioned that the traditional educational tactics which are based on the passive learner, the theory and the transfer of information, are no longer efficient. It is necessary to develop the critical attitude of the learner towards various issues placing an emphasis on realistic, multi-sided and comprehensive thinking and analysis.
Taboos: Universalities and Differences
Authors: Harutyunyan Kristine
Published: January 2021

Taboos which exist in all languages represent the language layer reflecting the culture of the given society. Currently, the use of taboos is conditioned by the context in which they are used.
The present article attempts to examine the use of taboos by English and Armenian native speakers. The results of the experiment once again prove the dependence of taboos on the cultural environment the person lives in. The study of the appearance and disappearance of taboos in various languages can demonstrate the social and cultural developments in the societies where the given language is used.
Maritime Memorates and Contemporary Legends of Storm Apparitions and Storm Making in Folklore Traditions of Ireland and Scotland*
Authors: Fomin Maxim
Published: January 2021

The present article examines the folklore genre of maritime memorates of Irish and Scottish origin. It describes the maritime traditions of Gauls when various supernatural creatures and inanimate objects appeared from the sea, as well as the spells and magic tricks producing winds. The article studies contemporary legends which tell about omens and visions bewitching a storm.

* This contribution is based upon the findings of the research project ‘Stories of the Sea: A Typological Study of Maritime Memorates in Modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic Folklore Traditions’ supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC, UK).
A Sociolinguistic Approach to the Problem of Anglicisms in Armenian
Authors: Galstyan Anahit , Galstyan Hayk
Published: January 2021

A sociolinguistic analysis has been conducted among Armenians living in the USA and the Republic of Armenia with an aim to find out the attitude of the Armenian-speaking community to the use of English words and expressions in Armenian written and oral speeches. Two methods have been applied – an interview and questionnaires. 320 Armenians living in the USA and 564 Armenian citizens have participated in the experiment. The findings obtained demonstrate the following: Armenians who were born in a foreign country are more inclined to struggle to keep the language unaffected by foreign borrowings than Armenian citizens and the Armenians who have emigrated to the USA. The latter are more concerned about learning English than preserving the Armenian language and culture pure.
Gender and Positive Politeness in Facebook Communication
Authors: Dąbrowska Marta
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes a number of linguistic strategies which act as bearers of positive politeness (in male and female communications) in Facebook social network. Summing up the results of the investigation the author concludes that linguistic expressions among male and female users differ significantly not only in everyday or semi-formal contexts, but in modern computer language at large.
The Introduction of Academic Articles on Civil Engineering and Its Linguostylistic Analysis
Authors: Khamesian Minoo
Published: January 2021

The article discusses some characteristic linguostylistic peculiarities in the introductory parts of the articles published in the International Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture which condition and ensure the communication in the given scientific style. The importance of the language and style of the introduction is conditioned by the fact that it presents the overall content of the whole article providing the specialists   and scholars with scientific information and an opportunity to master the specificities of written speech in civil engineering texts.
Lexicalization Patterns of English and Armenian Verbs of “Speech Activity”
Authors: Badalyan Lilit
Published: January 2021

The article studies the relation between the lexicalization patters of English and Armenian verbs of speech activity and their syntactic characteristics based on L. Talmy’s typology. The latter distinguishes between two types of languages – the so-called “satellite-framed” languages where the semantic component of manner of the action is lexicalized in the meaning of motion verbs, and the direction of the action is expressed by other means and “verb-framed” languages where the meaning of the verb comprises the component of the direction of the action. An attempt has been made to apply Talmy’s theory to a semantic group of English and Armenian verbs of speech activity choosing 80 English and 60 Armenian verbs which contain the semantic component of the manner of action. For a clearer picture 2000 sentences from the National British Corpus and 1500 sentences from Eastern Armenian corpus have been studied since the syntactic possibilities of verbs are largely conditioned by various combinations of the semantic components of the meaning of verbs.
Falsehood in Speech and Some Means of Its Expression
Authors: Mnatsakanyan Lusine
Published: January 2021

The current article investigates the psychological-linguistic characteristic of falsehood in speech.  Different types of falsehood are introduced, and their application in specific speech situations are discussed.  Linguistic as well as extralinguistic means of falsehood in speech have been examined to reveal the role of movements/gestures in falsehood identification.
Emotions in the Teaching/Learning Process
Authors: Shmavonyan Gayane , Karapetyan Lili
Published: January 2021

Emotions play a great role in our daily life, as well as in the teaching process which is closely connected with the emotional sphere of life since teaching is an emotional practice involving emotional understanding, as well as emotional labor. Being in the center of the teaching process, emotions should be paid due attention to in the language classroom since they lead to a better understanding of classroom interactions and more satisfying educational experiences for both language teachers and students. The paper explores the role and significance of students’ and teachers’ emotions in language teaching and learning, as well as the emotional factors that influence the teaching/learning process. It also suggests some strategies for enhancing positive emotions.
On Foreigner Talk
Authors: Arakelyan Ruzanna
Published: January 2021

The article sums up the main functions and characteristics of the use of a foreign language. The importance of certain changes that contribute to the perception of a foreign language has been addressed. These include slowing speech tempo, the number of pauses, clearer pronunciation, the simplification of the vocabulary, the use of the basic syntactic structures, repetition, etc. The investigation of a foreign speech is directly linked with simplification of the foreign language. Three main functions related to foreign speech are distinguished. It assists the communication process, the learning of the foreign language subconsciously and points out the attitude of the speaker towards the learners.
The Azerbaijani Version of History of National Literature
Authors: Mirzoyan Hrachik , Gonchar Natalia
Published: January 2021

The article provides a thorough and detailed examination of the thick collection titled “The Astral Cluster. Folklore and Monuments of Azerbaijan’s Literature” published in Moscow by the publishing house Fiction (Khudozhestvennaya literatura). The authors of the article provide irrefutable evidence to prove that the collection contains numerous and various obvious mistakes, illogical and anti-scientific claims, conscious and unconscious falsifications, explicit aspirations to seize the literary and cultural values of other nations and many other phenomena which are not appropriate for the scientific investigation of the history of culture. And most importantly all this is done with a low language culture. The authors of the article strongly believe that the Azerbaijani scholars showed similar approaches back in the Soviet years. While this is not a new and unexpected incident, it is quite surprising and saddening that all this was allowed in the book published by the famous publishing house Fiction with the support of the Interstate Fund of Humanitarian Co-operation of the CIS member states.
Correlation as a Means of Expressing Syntactic Connections of Parenthetical Construction with Main Sentence
Authors: Yaghubyan Marine
Published: January 2021

Parenthetical constructions are connected with the sentence by means of a special type of grammatical connection – correlation. The characteristic feature of this type of grammatical connection is that between the parenthetical construction and the sentence there exists a lexical connection, the grammatical expression of which is the insertion of parenthetical constructions within the sentence structure. The specific character of this type of grammatical connection is that parenthetical construction is independent of the sentence part it defines and has an independent grammatical shaping. The special type of the connection of parenthetical construction with the main sentence distinguishes the parenthetical construction from the part of the sentence which depends on its head-word. Correlation shapes the syntactic isolation of parenthetical constructions within the sentence. It is one of the main features of parenthetical construction as an independent syntactic category.
Sound Symbolism and Onomatopoeia
Authors: Khachatryan Armine
Published: January 2021

The function, realization and the role of sound-symbolic phenomenon can vary in some languages. The study of sound symbolism and onomatopoeia in Armenian, Russian and English showed that highly expressive forms of language occur not only in daily conversation, advertising, newspapers and magazines, but also in creative literature: children’s poems, stories and great works of art. As a powerful stylistic device they realize an impact upon the reader or listener and evoke certain emotional expressively evaluative reactions. The comparative analysis of this phenomenon demonstrates that the word is heard differently in different cultures.
On Questioned Document Examination in Forensic Linguistics
Authors: Khachatryan Robert
Published: January 2021

The overarching objective of this article is to contemplate on the significance of questioned document examination in forensic linguistics. Questioned document examination (QDE) is a forensic linguistics discipline pertaining to disputed documents and applying a variety of linguistic methods and tools to answer questions about a disputed document. More specifically, this article elaborates on the categorization of legal documents that are instrumental in the process of establishing the authenticity of documents in dispute.
The Interrelation Between the Author, Characters and the Reader in Cloud Howe by L.G. Gibbon
Authors: Madoyan Gohar
Published: January 2021

One of the key features of belles-lettres style – polyphony, makes a piece of writing not only worthy literature but rather a challenge for general readers and text interpreters, in particular. The interplay of the voices of various characters in the novel requires absolute concentration and deep insight in order to be able to get the message of the story. Is this a mere technique to capture the attention of the reader or does it pursue a more important purpose? The heteroglossia in the novel entails a confusion of “voices”, but at the same time helps make the story more complete. Cloud Howe by L.G. Gibbon is an example of a polyphonic novel which represents an intricate fusion of the voices of the author, the narrator and the characters. The linguistic analysis of the novel demonstrates the role of polyphony in the overall expressiveness of the work.
Forced Migration: The Case of Armenia – 1915 and beyond
Authors: Gasparyan Seda
Published: January 2021

The article aims to discuss the question of deportations as part of the genocidal process, accomplished in western Armenia by the Turks particularly in 1915. Allegations intentionally pushed forward by the Turkish rulers of the period claiming that Armenians were treacherous separatists served as a “well-grounded” justification for them to administer the wholesale deportation of the Armenian population first from eastern and south-eastern provinces, then the capital city Constantinople and other major cities of the empire. The investigation of documented facts as well as the results of other researches shows that the idea of the deportations was conceived and promulgated in 1915 to mask the pre-planned genocidal actions which had come into full swing long before. The Ottoman authorities were somewhat taken aback after they received the joint declaration issued by Great Britain, Russia and France laying the responsibility of the horrendous actions against humanity and civilization taking place in Turkey to the charge of the members of the Ottoman government. They hoped the Deportation Law could rid them of responsibility.
A Valuable Publication
Authors: Gasparyan Seda
Published: January 2021

Much More than MetaphorMaster Tropes of Artistic Language and ImaginationElzbieta Chrzanowska-KluczewskaFrankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2013, 196 pp.
Artistic Concept in the Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Gasparyan Seda , Sargsyan Mariana , Melik-Karamyan Astghik
Published: January 2021

The present article aims at studying the phenomenon of artistic concept by providing a detailed analysis of linguistic choices and patterns in the text with a systematic consideration of the mental processes and representations that are involved in the process of interpretation. The tools provided by the recent developments in cognitive approach are applied to enlarge the scope of studies in artistic concepts in general and also to highlight the major features that make the artistic concept distinct from the general cultural concepts. The practical study is based on alienation – one of the key concepts exploited in the contemporary literature.
The Question of the Armenian Genocide in Taner Akçam’s Intrpretation
Authors: Gasparyan Seda
Published: January 2021

The present paper aims to reveal the standpoint of the Turkish scholar Taner Akçam in the recognition and condemnation of the Armenian Genocide. The linguistic approach to the study of his considerations of the question, as well as his firm belief concerning the responsibility of the present Turkish government for the shameful actions of their predecessors helps to bring out interesting facts and implied meanings.
Legal English. The UN Convention on Genocide as a Domain-Specific Text
Authors: Gasparyan Seda , Kharatyan Lilit
Published: January 2021

The question of the interaction of language and law is one of the main issues occupying the minds of both the linguists and jurists of our time. The study of the intersection of these scientific fields acquires even more importance nowadays as expansion of economic and cultural cooperation between countries and within countries requires legal regulation, qualified assistance of lawyers and their participation in negotiations, business meetings and in the preparation of documentation. Accordingly, linguistic and translation activities in the sphere of legal relations turn out to be of special significance. Like other functional styles of speech, which are independent systems, the style of official documents has certain communicative goals as well as its own consistent patterns and language characteristics common to the given style. The latter are the subject of the present article.
FEKO™ Simulation of Radar Scattering from Objects in Low Earth Orbit for ISAR Imaging
Authors: Brandewie Aaron , Burkholder Robert
Published: February 2021

Objects in low earth orbit such as CubeSats and the International Space Station (ISS) move with constant velocity along a linear trajectory when viewed from a ground-based radar.
The small change in attitude of the object as it flies overhead permits the generation of an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image. In this paper, Altair’s FEKO™ software is used to model the monostatic radar scattering from the ISS as a function of frequency and aspect angle. The computed data is used for generating a simulated ISAR image from a ground-based radar. The system design requirements for the radar are calculated from the radar equation.
Using Near Field Equivalent Sources in Combination with Large Element Physical Optics to Model a Slant 45 Degree Omni Directional Antenna over Ground
Authors: Snyder Keith
Published: February 2021

This paper compares the theoretical and measured antenna patterns of a slant 45-degree antenna on a rolled edge ground plane. Advantages of using sampled nearfield currents in
combination with large element physical optics in determining the reflected far fields will be described.
Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve Finansal Gelişme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği
Authors: OK ERGÜN Hilal , ERGÜN Tolga
Published: February 2021

Bu araştırmada, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde finansal gelişmenin Ar-Ge harcamalarına olan etkisinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, 11 ülkenin 2000-2016 arasındaki 17 yıllık dönemi panel veri analizi ile incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda oluşturulan araştırma modelinde, Ar-Ge harcamaları bağımlı değişken, finansal gelişmenin göstergesi olarak da özel sektöre verilen yurt içi krediler ve geniş anlamda para arzı bağımsız değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Ekonometrik analizde ilk olarak, analizin varsayımları test edilmiştir. Daha sonra da tahmin yöntemini belirlemek üzere Hausman ve Wald testi yapılmıştır. Analizden elde edilen bulgulara göre Ar-Ge harcamaları ile finansal gelişme arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer bir ifade ile finansal gelişme düzeyi arttıkça gelişmekte olan ülkelerin Ar-Ge harcamalarına ayırdıkları kaynak da artmaktadır.
Efecto crónico del C-HIIT sobre la calidad del sueño y atención selectiva en jóvenes TDAH (Chronic effect of C-HIIT on the quality of sleep and selective attention in young ADHD)
Authors: Suárez-Manzano Sara , López-Serrano Sebastián , Abu-Helaiel Jadallah Khader , Yela Pantoja Liliana Yadira
Published: February 2021

El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento Cooperative-High Intensity Interval Training (C-HIIT) de 10 semanas, 2 sesiones/semana, y 16 minutos cada sesión, sobre la calidad del sueño y la atención selectiva en niños diagnosticados con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH). Participaron 52 escolares diagnosticados TDAH (10.13 ± 2.68 años). Se asignaron 24 al grupo de control (11 niñas) y 28 al grupo experimental (17 niñas). La calidad del sueño se midió con la prueba de Pittsburg y la atención selectiva con el test d2. Tras el programa de intervención, el grupo C-HIIT mejoró significativamente la calidad del sueño frente al grupo de control (2.93 ± 1.762 vs. 6.88 ± 2.643, p< 0.001). El grupo C-HIIT mejoró significativamente su nivel de atención selectiva (pre: 42 ± 30.21 vs. post: 64.21 ± 30.57; p< 0.001), mejorando un 21.16% respecto al inicio del estudio. Se concluye, que un programa de C-HIIT aplicado durante al menos 10 semanas en jóvenes con TDAH mejora significativamente su calidad de sueño y la medida de atención, sin embargo, los efectos sobre la concentración y el índice de variación no son concluyentes. Se sugiere incorporar programas específicos de estímulo cooperativo y de alta intensidad en jóvenes TDAH ya que podría ser una herramienta eficaz para mejorar la calidad de sueño y sus niveles de atención selectiva. 
Abstract. The objective of this study was to know the effects of a Cooperative-High Intensity Interval Training (C-HIIT) training program of 10 weeks, 2 sessions/week, and 16 minutes each session, on the quality of sleep and selective care in children diagnosed with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Fifty-two schoolchildren were diagnosed with ADHD (10.13 ± 2.68 years). Twenty-four were assigned to the control group (11 girls) and 28 to the experimental group (17 girls). The quality of sleep was measured with the Pittsburgh test and selective attention with the d2 test. After the intervention program, the C-HIIT group significantly improved sleep quality compared to the control group (2.93 ± 1.762 vs. 6.88 ± 2.643, p< 0.001). The C-HIIT group significantly improved its level of selective care (pre: 42 ± 30.21 vs. post: 64.21 ± 30.57; p< 0.001), improving 21.16% with respect to the beginning of the study. It is concluded that a C-HIIT program applied for at least 10 weeks in young people with ADHD significantly improves their quality of sleep and the measure of attention, however, the effects on concentration and the rate of variation are not conclusive. It is suggested to incorporate specific programs of cooperative and high intensity stimulation in young ADHD as it could be an effective tool to improve the quality of sleep and their levels of selective care.
Evolución de hábitos saludables en estudiantes universitarios en ciencias del deporte (Evolution of healthy habits in undergraduate students in sports sciences)
Authors: Vila Suarez Helena , Ayán Carlos , Gutiérrez-Santiago Alfonso , Cancela José Mª
Published: February 2021

Estudios recientes indican que en el paso de la adolescencia a los primeros años de la adultez registra un descenso de los niveles de actividad física y adquisición de estilos de vida poco saludables. Esta investigación tiene por objetivo analizar la evolución de hábitos saludables a lo largo de tres años en el Grado de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. Un total de 251 estudiantes (76.9% hombres) participaron en este estudio longitudinal de tres años (91, 85 y 75 estudiantes durante el primero, segundo y tercer año respectivamente). Se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA), estratificado por sexo, y un enfoque estadístico de regresión múltiple para cada año estudiado. Los datos confirman que los estudiantes durante el primer curso realizan menos AF y pasaron más tiempo sentados que los siguientes dos cursos académicos. Se registra un aumento en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco desde el primer año a los siguientes. El alumnado evaluado fue menos sedentario, y su AF aumentó a lo largo de los tres cursos, pero se ha registrado el aumento del consumo de tabaco, bebidas alcohólicas y de otras drogas.
Abstract. Recent research has indicated that from adolescence to adulthood, people show a decline on the amount of physical activity performed and they tend to adopt an unhealthy lifestyle. Consequently, this research aims at analysing the evolution of the healthy habits showed by undergraduate students in sports sciences during three years. A total of 251 students (76.9% men), took part in this three-year longitudinal study (91, 85 and 75 students during the first, second and third year respectively). An analysis of variance (ANOVA), stratified by gender, and a multiple regression statistical approach for each year studied, were carried out. The data indicates that during the first year, students perform less physical activity and show a greater sitting time, than during the following two academic years. An increase in alcohol and tobacco consumption is observed from the first year onwards. The group of students analysed was less sedentary, and the amount of physical performed by them increased during the three academic years. An increased tobacco, alcohol consumption as well as an increased drug use, was observed.
La promoción y la enseñanza de las habilidades del pensamiento profundo y visible en las sesiones de Educación Física en Educación Primaria (The promotion and teaching of deep and visible thinking skills in Physical Education sessions in Primary Educat
Authors: Cañas Encinas Manuel , Pinedo González Ruth , García Martín Noelia
Published: February 2021

El siglo XXI demanda desarrollar en el alumnado competencias vinculadas con el pensamiento crítico, la resolución de problemas, la creatividad, etc. Por ello, enseñar a pensar de forma eficaz debe ser el eje vertebrador de la acción educativa para conseguir que el alumnado desarrolle aprendizajes profundos. Diversas herramientas metodológicas se pueden emplear para la consecución de este fin, entre ellas el enfoque del pensamiento visible. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la percepción del profesorado sobre la promoción y la enseñanza del pensamiento en Educación Física (EF, en adelante) de Educación Primaria. Se ha seguido un diseño cualitativo fenomenológico mediante la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesores de EF vinculados con la etapa de Educación Primaria. Los principales resultados reflejan que el profesorado considera necesario potenciar el pensamiento del alumnado en EF, aunque a veces no se le otorga demasiada importancia debido a la herencia negativa del área, a la falta de formación docente y a la inseguridad del profesorado. Asimismo, predomina el desconocimiento del pensamiento visible, el cual puede convertirse en un marco global desde el cual instaurar una cultura del pensamiento en las sesiones de EF, a la vez que se enseña al alumnado a pensar de forma eficaz. Por ello, se finaliza el artículo realizando diversas recomendaciones para introducir el enfoque señalado en las sesiones de EF.
Abstract. A competence-based education model for 21st century requires to develop critical thinking, problem solving and creativity. A principal objective of a quality curriculum is teaching to think effectively to develop deep learnings. Several methodologies and strategies can promote deeper learnings in schools, as the visible thinking approach. In light of this, the present study aims to explore teachers' perceptions of the promotion and teaching of thinking in Physical Education (PE) in Primary Education. The research involved a qualitative phenomenological design that employed semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample of experienced teachers linked to Primary Education level. Overall, teachers consider it necessary to strengthen the thinking of the students in EF, although sometimes it is not given much importance due to the negative legacy of the area, the lack of teacher training and the insecurity of the teaching staff. The majority of teachers reported that they were unaware of the visible thinking approach. This approach could become a global framework to promote a culture of thinking in EF.  Therefore, the article finishes with recommendations to introduce the visible thinking approach into EF sessions.
Analysis of stress level and recovery of formative football coaches. Case studies (Análisis del nivel de estrés y recuperación de los entrenadores de fútbol formativo. Estudios de caso)
Authors: Pinheiro Guilherme De Sousa , Mello Marco Túlio de , Santos Felipe Gustavo dos , Fiorese Lenamar , Costa Varley Teoldo da
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to monitor and compare the levels of stress and recovery in elite football coaches of youth teams at different moments of one sports season. A descriptive study with longitudinal characteristics was conducted. Twenty-six coaches (37.60±7.37 years old) with experience time (7.20±5.37 years) from the categories U-15, U-17 and U-20 of the main Brazilian elite football teams were evaluated. The coaches filled out the demographic data questionnaire and the RESTQ-Coach in three periods of the sports season: vacation, training and competition. The stress levels were higher in competition periods, as well as during training moments, compared to the vacation period. The recovery levels showed a decrease in the competition period compared to the vacation period. The stress values were not higher than the recovery values of the coaches evaluated at different times of the sports season. Stress and recovery levels oscillate during a sports season. However, recovery levels have remained higher than stress. It seems that the elite football coaches are adapted and support the work pressures to which they are submitted in the sports context over one season. 
Resumen. El objetivo de este estudio era identificar y comparar los niveles de estrés y recuperación de los entrenadores de fútbol de élite de los equipos juveniles en diferentes momentos de una temporada deportiva. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con características longitudinales. Se evaluaron 26 entrenadores (37,60±7,37 años) con tiempo de experiencia (7,20±5,37 años) de las categorías sub-15, sub-17 y sub-20 de los principales equipos de fútbol de élite de Brasil. Los entrenadores rellenaron el cuestionario de datos demográficos y el RESTQ-Coach en tres periodos de la temporada deportiva: vacaciones, entrenamiento y competición. Los niveles de estrés fueron más altos en los períodos de competición, así como en los momentos de entrenamiento, en comparación con el período de vacaciones. Los niveles de recuperación mostraron una disminución en el período de competición en comparación con el período de vacaciones. Los valores de estrés no fueron superiores a los valores de recuperación de los entrenadores evaluados en diferentes momentos de la temporada deportiva. Los niveles de estrés y recuperación oscilan durante la temporada deportiva. Sin embargo, los niveles de recuperación se han mantenido más altos que el estrés. Parece que los entrenadores de fútbol de élite están adaptados y soportan las presiones laborales a las que están sometidos en el contexto deportivo durante una temporada.