bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrial Conflict and Resolution in Canada and Britain
Authors: Haiven Larry
Published: May 2006

Approaches to industrial conflict resolution in
Canada and Britain are examined. The Canadian
policy to regulate industrial conflict through a
discrete interventionist formula, as opposed to
British government′s “hands‐off” approach in
dealing with industrial disputes, would suggest a
much greater volume in strike activity and
incidence of strikes in Britain than in Canada. But
this is not the case; the reverse is true. A “politics
of production” approach, concentrating on three
key loci of workplace struggle between
management and labour in the two countries, is
presented, concentrating on areas of discipline,
regulation of the internal labour market and job
control. It is argued that rather than reducing
industrial conflict, the Canadian policy may actually
be a major cause.
New Product Development: Theory into Practice
Authors: Barclay Ian , Benson Mark
Published: May 2006

A two‐year experimental programme to apply the research findings of
a research programme into the practice and organisation of new product
development is described. It was conducted within a large manufacturing
subsidiary of a major international organisation. The results from the
past research work were converted into a usable form and applied through
a planned programme of analysis and change. It describes how the work
covering all levels of personnel from general manager to the shop floor
staff, was initiated directed and controlled.
Doubts: Some Thoughts on the Practice of Creative Problem
Solving
Authors: Brown Mark
Published: May 2006

Being both in the academic and management consultancy worlds, one
can be haunted by questions about the validity and integrity of what is
sometimes done in the name of “stimulating creativity and
innovation”. Here are expressed some private, even perhaps
“darker” thoughts, doubts and concerns – not
necessarily with a view to providing answers – but by way of
increasing one′s own and, perhaps, others′ awareness of these issues.
How to Succeed in Employee Development – The Politics
Authors: Moorby Ed
Published: May 2006

Advises on development of political acumen in employee development:
limitations of analytical approach; politics as an art; categories of
ideologies; top management checks and balances on power and
self‐interest; impact of functional interests; role and limitations of
personnel function; how to analyse and chart political reality in an
organisation.
Quantifying the Campaign Performance: A Case Study
Authors: Hughes Tim J.
Published: May 2006

Financial services companies are in a unique
position to measure the performance of their
marketing activities. Marketing is still relatively
new in this sector and marketers need to support
their case with figures. A case study of how a
Building Society sold an investment bond is given
to demonstrate how sales can be measured through
different channels. The sales channels were:
branches, direct mail, newspaper advertising and
telesales. Examples of pro formas are given to
demonstrate what information can be gained with
the benefit of forward planning. Some information
may be needed on a daily basis while more detailed
information may be weekly or monthly. Every
method by which sales can be measured and
attributed to advertising should be examined for
every campaign. TV advertising is sometimes
difficult to quantify. However, with a regional branch
network often sales results can be judged, and an
example of a method of calculating this is given.
Revitalising Organisations in Developing Countries: The
Case of an Administrative Training Institute
Authors: Sanwal Mukul
Published: May 2006

The dynamics of revitalisation of training institutes in developing
countries is examined. The analysis is based on experience as director
of a state training institute. A set of prescriptive guidelines of what
heads should do to share information, through the process of developing
training material, for a team approach to joint problem solving is
presented.
What Price Ethics?
Authors: Cartwright Dean
Published: May 2006

The problem of how a business can be ethical and still make a
profit is outlined. A solution structure is provided and an example of
how a company can resolve the problem is given.
WHAT A WASTE! WOMEN IN THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE
Authors: Alimo‐Metcalfe Beverly
Published: May 2006

Although they represent an increasing proportion of the UK
workforce, the number of women occupying senior positions is still very
low, and nowhere more so than in the National Health Service. Particular
occupational groups within the NHS are researched here: nursing,
medicine, pharmacy, clinical chemistry laboratories, and management. The
findings reveal that women suffer disproportionately compared with men
in their aspirations for the top jobs. Prevalent attitudes militate
against this, such as stereotyping, opposition by management to women
workers taking career breaks (which is an absolute necessity for some
career‐minded mothers but to management suggests lack of commitment) and
male‐dominated social concepts (”one of the boys”). It is
concluded that NHS management must show greater flexibility in
addressing the problems of women, their most valuable resource, before
much needed recognition of women′s right to be treated fairly can be
achieved.
Industrial Placements in Hospitality Management Courses
Authors: Huyton Jeremy R.
Published: May 2006

The industrial placement is a crucial part of any
hotel and catering sandwich course. The article
examines the views of college staff, students and
industry about such placements.
Dietary Awareness of Primary School Children
Authors: Tilston C.H. , Gregson K. , Neale R.J. , Douglas C.J.
Published: May 2006

The dietary awareness of primary school children towards selected
food items and components including bread, potatoes, dairy products,
fat, fish, meat, fresh fruit, salt, sugar and sweets was evaluated using
an interview technique. The children were asked whether they ought to
eat more, the same or less of each food and the results are presented
for the sample of younger and older children. The results indicate that
these selected food items can be broken down into three main areas.
First there are those where the majority of children thought we ought to
increase consumption; bread, potatoes, dairy products, fish, meat and
fresh fruit. Second there is a group of food components including salt,
fat and sugar in which there is closer similarity in those advocating
more or less consumption. Third there are the food products such as
sweets where there are significant differences between age groups, and
changes in attitude occur in a limited age span. A discussion of the
implications of this work for nutrition education, new food product
development and socio‐economic policy is presented together with
recommendations for future research.
Should Britain Have a National Food Policy?
Authors: Darrall J.M.
Published: May 2006

The need for, and objectives of, a food policy and Ministry of Food
are considered by reference to research investigating the views of the
food chain, and the relevant literature. It is suggested that over half
of the food chain would welcome a food policy and Ministry of Food, the
reasons for these views and the possible effects of these suggestions
being discussed. A number of contradictions in Government policy
relating to food are considered. Even if the need for a food
policy/Ministry of Food is agreed, their objectives and roles need to be
clearly established, and this could be a major stumbling‐block to their
implementation. These conclusions are based on research involving 683
farmers, companies and retailers in the food chain.
Marketing with Music
Authors: Tom Gail
Published: May 2006

Discusses the use of hit music, parodies of hit music, and
originally scored music for products advertised in television
commercials. Examines the results of a study undertaken to determine the
role of music as a memory factor. Summarizes that music created
specifically for a product is a more effective retrieval cue than a
parody, which is in turn more effective than the use of original hits.
Reducing Sales Manager Job Stress
Authors: Sager J.K.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the results of a study designed to investigate how sales
managers experience job stress. Considers the particular extra job
responsibilities of managers compared with salespeople as stress
factors. Concludes that over‐involvement and general dissatisfaction
with life are more important job stress factors for sales managers than
are personal characteristics.
Expert Systems for Site Location Decisions
Authors: Curry Bruce , Moutinho Luiz
Published: May 2006

Considers the scope for applying expert system techniques to assist
in decisions regarding site location. Begins with a review of the
theoretical literature and assesses the progress made in developing
computer models. Its central theme is that the next step forward in this
area is to develop expert systems. Addresses the question of the design
of an expert system which would improve the decision‐making process.
Concludes that such a system is well within the scope of current
technology, as long as developers can avoid being overambitious and as
long as the end result is highly user friendly.
THE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN RETAIL DISTRIBUTION ON A
PERIPHERAL REGION: THE CASE OF SCOTLAND
Authors: Fernie John , McKinnon Alan
Published: May 2006

This research examines recent changes in retail distribution and
the implications of such changes on the logistical support to stores in
Scotland. As increasing volumes of stock are channelled through
warehouses controlled by retailers, stock is being centralised in large
regional distribution centres (RDCs) serving wide geographical markets.
Scotland is geographically marginal to the mainstream operations of most
British retailers; the research therefore focused upon the current
pattern of retail distribution facilities in Scotland and the future
demand for sites by retailers and third party contractors acting on
their behalf. Data were collected by personal interview and postal
questionnaire from a total of 63 multiple retailers and 23 distribution
companies. Most retail multiples supply their Scottish outlets from RDCs
in England, either by a direct trunk haul or via intervening
transhipment or demountable points. There has been a tendency for both
manufacturers and retailers to withdraw stockholding from Scotland and
serve the Scottish market from warehouses in England. Many of these
companies, however, continue to require a break‐bulk operation north of
the border. While the main phase of RDC development appears to be over,
particularly in the grocery trade, it is likely that significant new
investment in distribution facilities in Scotland will occur in the near
future. Seventeen of the retailers in the survey expected to undertake
some form of distribution development by 1995, eight of them anticipated
setting up an RDC. In aggregate terms this translates into warehouse
demand for around 80,000 square metres and approximately 20‐25 hectares
of land. Although this and past investment has created thousands of
jobs, job losses have also occurred through various displacement
effects, most notably the rationalisation of retailers′ supply systems,
the decimation of manufacturers′ depot networks and the closure of
contractors′ common user depots.
Developments in the Netherlands
Authors: Costers L
Published: May 2006

Discusses the voluntary and co‐operative basis of interlibrary
lending among libraries in the Netherlands. Outlines the co‐operative
development of an automated Union Catalogue and ILL system. Examines the
country′s involvement in international work on ILL system and moves
towards further co‐operation in international interlending.
Executives and retirement
Authors: Hughes Keith
Published: May 2006

Discusses retirement benefits, phased retirement and pre‐retirement
preparation. Outlines six ingredients for successful retirement and
concludes that it needs to be efficiently considered, planned and acted
upon.
How to be an effective business writer
Authors: Blake Gary
Published: May 2006

Notes that most business people struggle to write well. Provides a
checklist of 44 tips aimed at improving business writing. Emphasises the
need for clarity, brevity and plain English.
Fatty acid profiles of wild brown trout and Atlantic salmon juveniles in the Nivelle basin
Authors: Kaushik S.J. , Corraze G. , Radunz‐Neto J. , Larroquet L. , Dumas J.
Published: May 2006

Samples of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar 0+ year parr and brown trout Salmo trutta 1+ year juveniles, and 2+ and 3+ year sub‐adults were obtained from nine sites of the Nivelle River, France, located at the southern edge of the species distribution area. Fatty acid composition of the different samples were analysed. Within the same river basin, the fatty acid profiles appeared to vary among samples from different locations. Based on cluster analysis, fatty acid signatures of both species appeared to discriminate samples from different locations.
Impact of resection margin status after nephron‐sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: BERDJIS NAVID , HAKENBERG OLIVER W. , ZASTROW STEFAN , OEHLSCHLÄGER SVEN , NOVOTNY VLADIMIR , WIRTH MANFRED P.
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether the negative‐margin width after nephron‐sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with tumour recurrence.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 121 patients had nephron‐sparing surgery for non‐metastatic RCC for elective (85 cases) and imperative (36 cases) indications. Intraoperative frozen sections were routinely obtained and revealed negative margins in all patients. The tumour size and the shortest distance of normal parenchyma around the tumour were assessed.

RESULTS

After a mean (range) follow‐up of 49.3  (12‐113) months, six patients had disease progression (three with local recurrence, two of whom also had distant metastases and pure metastatic disease in three). The mean (range) width of the negative margins was 0.56 (0.1–2.3) cm. The width of the resection margin did not correlate with disease progression, while tumour size was a strong predictor of progression (P < 0.02). The mean tumour size was 5.1 cm in patients with progression and 3.1 cm in patients who remained recurrence‐free.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that the width of the resection margin, unlike tumour size, does not influence the risk of tumour recurrence.
Location of interstitial cells and neurotransmitters in the mouse bladder
Authors: LAGOU MAGDALINI , DE VENTE JAN , KIRKWOOD THOMAS B. , HEDLUND PETTER , ANDERSSON KARL‐ERIK , GILLESPIE JAMES I. , DRAKE MARCUS J.
Published: May 2006

INTRODUCTION

To investigate whether interstitial cells (ICs) are present in the adult mouse bladder, and what transmitters characterize adjacent nerve fibres, as ICs in human and guinea‐pig bladder lie close to nerve fibres but transmitters present in these nerves have not yet been reported.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sections of the bladder wall from 12 adult male mice (six each, aged 3–4  or 18–24 months) were incubated in carboxygenated Krebs’ solution containing isobutyl‐methyl‐xanthene (1 mm), followed by the nitric oxide (NO) donor diethylamino‐NONOate; control tissues remained in Krebs’ solution. Samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and processed for immunofluorescence histochemistry for cGMP, neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), vesicular acetylcholine transferase (VAChT), calcitonin gene‐related polypeptide (CGRP) and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5. ICs were identified as non‐neuronal cells of appropriate morphology manifesting an increase in cGMP after exposure to the NO donor.

RESULTS

ICs were apparent in the outer muscle, but not the inner muscle or suburothelial region. nNOS‐ and CGRP‐immunoreactive fibres were close to and alongside IC processes. In contrast, nerve fibres containing VAChT were only occasionally found close to ICs and rarely running alongside them. ICs showed no immunoreactivity to c‐kit. There was no overt difference in IC cell distribution between young and aged adult specimens. Older mice showed patchy denervation of the detrusor, but ICs were not specifically affected.

CONCLUSIONS

ICs are confined to the outer part of the bladder wall in the mouse and may receive peptidergic and nitrergic innervation, which might serve to modulate their putative functional role. Alterations in the overall IC population do not appear to underlie ageing‐related changes in lower urinary tract function.
The Climbié Inquiry ‐ Context and Critique
Authors: Masson Judith
Published: May 2006

The inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbié was portrayed as the most wide‐ranging inquiry into failure to protect a child. It was instrumental in the development of the new safeguarding agenda and joined‐up children's services in the Children Act 2004. Both its process and outcome appear to fit with New Labour's agenda for joined‐up government. A social constructionist analysis reveals it as a narrower project which ignored key issues and failed to make links between government policy, the law, and local authority action. Three issues ‐i) parental responsibility, ii) treating intra‐family child abuse as a crime, and Hi) local authorities' responsibilities for family support ‐exemplify the inquiry's restrictive approach and the impossibility of joined‐up services if central government seeks to retain authority without taking responsibility. Despite its success in changing policy, the Climbie Report shows again the inadequacy of such inquiries as a basis for reform.
Caught in the Act? Prevalence, Predictors, and Consequences of Physician Detection of Unannounced Standardized Patients
Authors: Franz Carol E. , Epstein Ron , Miller Katherine N. , Brown Arthur , Song Jun , Feldman Mitchell , Franks Peter , Kelly‐Reif Steven , Kravitz Richard L.
Published: May 2006

Objective. To examine the prevalence, predictors, and consequences of physician detection of unannounced standardized patients (SPs) in a study of the impact of direct‐to‐consumer advertising on treatment for depression.

Data Sources. Eighteen trained SPs were randomly assigned to conduct 298 unannounced audio‐recorded visits with 152 primary care physicians in three U.S. cities between May 2003 and May 2004.

Study Design. Randomized controlled trial using SPs. SPs portrayed six roles, created by crossing two clinical conditions (major depression or adjustment disorder) with three medication request scripts (brand‐specific request, general request for an antidepressant, or no request).

Data Collection. Within 2 weeks following the visit, physicians completed a form asking whether they “suspected” conducting an office visit with an SP during the past 2 weeks; 296 (99 percent) detection forms were returned. Physicians provided contextual data, a Clinician Background Questionnaire. SPs filled in a Standardized Patient Reporting Form for each visit and returned all written prescriptions and medication samples to the laboratory.

Principal Findings. Depending on the definition, detection rates ranged from 5 percent (unambiguous detection) to 23.6 percent (any degree of suspicion) of SP visits. In 12.8 percent of encounters, physicians accurately detected the SP before or during the visit but they only rarely believed their suspicions affected their clinical behavior. In random effects logistic regression analyses controlling for role, actor, physician, and practice factors, suspected visits occurred less frequently in HMO settings than in solo practice settings (p<.05). Physicians more frequently referred SPs to mental health professionals when visits aroused high suspicion (p<.05).

Conclusions. Trained actors portrayed patient roles conveying mood disorders at low levels of detection. There was some evidence for differential treatment of detected standardized patients by physicians with regard to referrals but not antidepressant prescribing or follow‐up recommendations. Systematic assessment of detection is recommended when SPs are used in studies of clinical process and quality of care.
Differences in Actual and Perceived Online Skills: The Role of Gender*
Authors: Hargittai Eszter , Shafer Steven
Published: May 2006

Objective. The literature on gender and technology use finds that women and men differ significantly in their attitudes toward their technological abilities. Concurrently, existing work on science and math abilities of students suggests that such perceived differences do not always translate into actual disparities. We examine the yet‐neglected area concerning gender differences with respect to Internet‐use ability. In particular, we test how self‐perceived abilities are related to actual abilities and how these may differ by gender.

Methods. We use new data on web‐use skill to test empirically whether there are differences in men's and women's abilities to navigate online content. We draw on a diverse sample of adult Internet users to investigate the questions raised.

Results. Findings suggest that men and women do not differ greatly in their online abilities. However, we find that women's self‐assessed skill is significantly lower than that of men.

Conclusions. Women's lower self‐assessment regarding their web‐use skills may affect significantly the extent of their online behavior and the types of uses to which they put the medium. We discuss the implications of these findings for social inequality.
Investigation of Interface Agent for Investment Casting With Ice Patterns
Authors: Liu Qingbin , Leu Ming C.
Published: May 2006

Investment casting with ice patterns is similar to that with wax patterns but with significant process differences. A major difference in our developed method is that an interface agent needs to be coated around the ice pattern to protect it from damage during the process. We have studied the criteria for choosing the interface agent and discovered that the most important factor is the cohesion parameter. The thickness of the interface agent affects the dimensional accuracy of the generated metal casting. To compensate for this, mathematical models have been constructed to predict the thickness of the interface agent for a large cylindrical part and for a small part. The interface layer thickness and the temperature distribution within the ice part and the solidifying interface agent have been investigated. For solid ice cylinders, both the immersion time and the cylinder diameter affect the interface layer thickness. For small parts, the interface thickness is mainly dependent upon the ratio between the volume and surface area of the ice part and to a lesser extent upon the physical properties of the materials. Superheat has little influence on the interface layer thickness. Based on the analysis, the dimensional accuracy of the metal castings for small parts can be much improved by compensating the interface layer thickness. The analytical results agree well with experimental observations.
Characterization of microwave photonic band-gap structures with bandpass filter applications
Authors: Wu J. H. , Shih I. , Qiu S. N. , Qiu C. X.
Published: May 2006

Microwave photonic band-gap (PBG) structures are well known for their superior ability to generate a band stop effect at a certain frequency range. Together with the microstrip transmission line structure, PBG can be utilized as a filter exceptionally well since the periodic perforation patterns can be implemented easily in the ground plane. In this research work, square perforations of different dimensions are constructed in the ground plane of a microstrip transmission line to achieve a double band stop PBG structure. Thus, the transmission ability of the microstrip line is being blocked at different frequency ranges to create a bandpass filter. It is found that the bandpass frequency is strongly dependent on the dimension to period distance ratio. It is demonstrated in both simulation and measurement that the bandpass region can be created at high frequency above 10GHz.
Observation of resonant tunneling through a self-assembled InAs quantum dot layer
Authors: Aslan B. , Liu H. C. , Gupta J. A. , Wasilewski Z. R. , Aers G. C. , Raymond S. , Buchanan M.
Published: May 2006

We report on the study of resonant tunneling through a self-assembled InAs quantum dot (QD) layer using the following design: The QD layer surrounded by undoped GaAs barriers is clad by two GaInNAs∕GaAs short-period superlattice regions which serve as injector and collector of electrons. A clear observation of three- to zero-dimensional resonant tunneling is presented in electrophotoluminescence measurement results and supported with current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics.
Very low-voltage operation capability of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor ring oscillators and logic gates
Authors: Jamal Deen M. , Naseh Sasan , Marinov Ognian , Kazemeini Mehdi H.
Published: May 2006

Operation of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) logic gates at low supply voltages down to 100mV and ring oscillators down to 67mV is experimentally investigated. The measured voltage transfer characteristics of CMOS inverters and logic gates are explained using the subthreshold operation of MOS transistors. Robust control of ring oscillators allows for a tuning range of six decades in frequency with excellent sensitivity as low as 75mV per frequency decade at low voltages in the range from 0.2 to 0.5V, when body biasing of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) is also used. For the present state-of-the-art CMOS, the simple digital CMOS cells can operate properly at supply voltages down to 0.2V, but to achieve operation at lower voltages, additional circuitry is needed to maintain the matching between p- and n-MOSFETs, and the circuit complexity increases. Nevertheless, the experiments with ring oscillators demonstrated good performance of CMOS circuits down to the physical limit of two to three times the thermal voltage, while logic gates with stacked transistors need a supply of approximately four to six times the thermal voltage.
Performance and potential of germanium on insulator field-effect transistors
Authors: Yu D. S. , Kao H. L. , Chin A. , McAlister S. P.
Published: May 2006

The performance of field-effect transistors may be improved by increasing the channel mobility. Strained Si can accomplish this but Ge is another option. Here we show data for germanium-on-insulator (GOI) devices and also describe the simple bonding process which was used in the device fabrication. The GOI devices show better mobilities than their Si counterparts. We also show data for some metal-gate/high-κ dielectric devices on a GOI layer fabricated on a processed Si wafer. Here the GOI structure and processing does not alter the underlying Si devices and yet gives devices whose mobilities exceed those of Si devices. Simulations support the view that the improved performance results from the mobility enhancement and that the performance should also hold for submicron devices.
Improvement of electrical and optical properties of p-GaN Ohmic metals under ultraviolet light irradiation annealing processes
Authors: Chae S. W. , Yoon S. K. , Kwak J. S. , Park Y. H. , Kim T. G.
Published: May 2006

We report the improvement of electrical and optical properties of p-GaN Ohmic metals, ZnNi(10nm)∕Au(10nm), by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. After UV light irradiation, the specific contact resistance of p-GaN decreased slightly from 2.99×10−4to2.54×10−4Ωcm2, while the transmittance of the contact layer increased form 75% to 85% at a wavelength of 460nm. In addition, the forward voltage of InGaN∕GaN light-emitting diode chip at 20mA decreased from 3.55to3.45V, and the output power increased form 18to25mW by UV light irradiation. The low resistance and high transmittance of the p-GaN Ohmic metals are attributed to the reduced Shottky barrier by the formation of gallium oxide and the increased oxidation of p-Ohmic metals, respectively, due to ozone generated form oxygen during UV light irradiation.
Stable a-Si:H circuits based on short-term stress stability of amorphous silicon thin film transistors
Authors: Chaji G. Reza , Safavian Nader , Nathan Arokia
Published: May 2006

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) technology is interesting for large-area active matrix structure due to its good uniformity over large-area, low-temperature, and low-cost fabrication, and its industrial accessibility. However, the circuits implemented in this technology suffer from the instability of the material under prolonged bias stress. To improve the circuit stability, we present a circuit design technique based on the stability of a-Si:H thin film transistors (TFTs) under short-term bias stress. Here, an a-Si:H local current source (LCS) is used to adjust the circuit current bias. Since the LCS circuit is under stress for a small fraction of operation time, its current remains stable. The measurement and analysis of the LCS circuit indicate that the a-Si:H TFT is stable under short-term bias stress for over 50000h. Also, we present a pixel circuit based on this technique for active matrix organic light emitting diode displays.
Ultrawideband radar imaging system for biomedical applications
Authors: Jafari H. M. , Liu W. , Hranilovic S. , Deen M. J.
Published: May 2006

Ultrawideband (UWB) (3–10GHz) radar imaging systems offer much promise for biomedical applications such as cancer detection because of their good penetration and resolution characteristics. The underlying principle of UWB cancer detection is a significant contrast in dielectric properties, which is estimated to be greater than 2:1 between normal and cancerous tissue, compared to a few-percent contrast in radiographic density exploited by x rays. This article presents a feasibility study of the UWB imaging of liver cancer tumors, based on the frequency-dependent finite difference time domain method. The reflection, radiation, and scattering properties of UWB pulses as they propagate through the human body are studied. The reflected and back-scattered electromagnetic energies from cancer tumors inside the liver are also investigated. An optimized, ultrawideband antenna was designed for near field operation, allowing for the reduction of the air-skin interface. It will be placed on the fat-liver tissue phantom with a malignant tumor stimulant. By performing an incremental scan over the phantom and removing early time artifacts, including reflection from the antenna ends, images based on the back-scattered signal from the tumor can be constructed. This research is part of our effort to develop a UWB cancer detection system with good detection and localization properties.
Direct evidence of “spring softening” nonlinearity in micromachined mechanical resonator using optical beam deflection technique
Authors: Zhao J. H. , Bridges G. E. , Thomson D. J.
Published: May 2006

In this article the dynamic behavior of clamped-clamped micromachined mechanical resonators working at a frequency of 150kHz was characterized by electrostatic excitation and detection via both capacitive coupling and optical methods. The experimental results by optical measurement show that this system behaved very much like a simple harmonic oscillator at low actuation levels while significant nonlinearity was observed at higher actuation levels. The nonlinearity identified as “spring softening” type occurred when the product of the dc bias voltage and the ac driving voltage exceeded 0.04V2. Dependence of resonance frequency on dc bias voltage was investigated and the experimental results are in agreement with theoretical predictions. This work also demonstrated that optical detection is much less susceptible to parasitic interference than motion detection via capacitive coupling. Therefore, optical techniques will yield better characterization of the mechanical properties of the resonators.
Use of 1H NMR chemical shifts to determine the absolute configuration and enantiomeric purity for enantiomers of 3,3′-disubstituted-MeO-BIPHEP derivatives
Authors: Gorobets Evgueni , Parvez Masood , Wheatley Bronwen MM , Keay Brian A
Published: May 2006

The absolute configuration of a series of 3,3′-disubstituted-MeO-BIPHEP derivatives can be determined by the 1H NMR chemical shift of the methoxyl group when the 3,3′-disubsituted-MeO-BIPHEP derivative is mixed with ()-(2R,3R)-dibenzoyltartaric acid (()-DBTA) (1:2) and its NMR spectrum is run in CDCl3. The chemical shift of the methoxyl group in the Sax enantiomer always occurred at higher field than the corresponding Rax enantiomer. Integration of the corresponding methoxyl signals provides the enantiomeric purity of any mixtures.Key words: assignment of absolute configuration, 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-biaryls, MeO-BIPHEP derivatives, asymmetric Heck reaction, 1H NMR chemical shifts.
Preparation of hydrido(vinyl)iridium(III) complexes from functionalized olefins by CH activation
Authors: Papenfuhs Bernd , Dirnberger Thomas , Werner Helmut
Published: May 2006

The four-coordinate iridium(I) precursor trans-[IrCl(N2)(PPh3)2] (1) reacts with functionalized olefins RCH=C(R′)C(O)R′′ by displacement of the dinitrogen ligand and oxidative addition of the CH bond to the metal center to give six-coordinate hydrido(vinyl)iridium(III) complexes [IrH(Cl){κ2(C,O)-C(R)=C(R′)C(R′′)=O}(PPh3)2] (212) in good to excellent yields. The reaction of [IrH(Cl){κ2(C,O)-CH=CHC(Me)=O}(PPh3)2] (2) with AgClO4 affords the cationic compound [IrH{κ2(C,O)-CH=CHC(Me)=O}(PPh3)2]ClO4 (15), which in solution equilibrates with the uncharged isomers [IrH(OClO3){κ2(C,O)-CH=CHC(Me)=O}(PPh3)2] (15a and 15b). In contrast, five-coordinate [IrH{κ2(C,O)-CH=CHC(Et)=O}(PPh3)2]ClO4 (16), prepared from 3 and AgClO4, is stable and undergoes addition reactions with CO, PPh3, C2H4, CH3C≡CH, MeCN, and PhCN to give the six-coordinate complexes [IrH(L){κ2(C,O)-CH=CHC(Et)=O}(PPh3)2]ClO4 (1722). The neutral hydrido(thiolato) compound [IrH(SPh){κ2(C,O)-CH=CHC(Et)=O}(PPh3)2] (23) was obtained on treatment of 21 with NaSPh. Key words: iridium, CH activation, hydrido complexes, vinyl complexes, phosphine complexes.
The series Os4(µx-η2-C2Ph2)(CO)14n(n = 0, 1, 2;x = n+ 2)  Models for site-specific surface catalysts
Authors: Canal John P , Jennings Michael C , Yap Glenn PA , Pomeroy Roland K
Published: May 2006

The cluster Os4(µ-η2-C2Ph2)(CO)14(1) has been prepared from the reaction of Os4(CO)14and C2Ph2in CH2Cl2at 25 °C. Other minor products include the known clusters Os3(µ3-η2-C2Ph2)(CO)10and Os3(µ-η4-C4Ph4)(CO)9. The structure of 1 reveals an approximately planar C2Os4skeleton with a dimetallacyclobutene ring (CC = 1.32(4) Å) and a flat butterfly Os4unit (OsOs range = 2.859(2)2.916(2) Å). The13C{1H} NMR spectrum of 1 indicates the carbonyl ligands are rigid at room temperature. Stirring 1 in CH2Cl2for 2 days (ambient temperature) afforded Os4(µ3-η2-C2Ph2)(CO)13(2). The Os atoms in 2 also have an almost flat butterfly arrangement (OsOs range = 2.7392(7)2.8947(6) Å) with the alkyne ligand located over one of the Os3triangles. The13C NMR data for 2 are consistent with rapid rotation on the NMR timescale of the hinge Os(CO)3units at 21 °C, but slow rotation at 50 °C. Heating 2 at 40 °C gave Os4(µ4-η2-C2Ph2)(CO)12(3) after 2 days. Cluster 3 has the common butterfly arrangement of Os atoms with the C2Ph2bound to all four metal atoms (OsOs range = 2.7457(5)2.8742(5) Å). The13C{1H} NMR spectra of 3 at 21 and 90 °C indicate there is rapid CO exchange of the carbonyls of the two types of Os(CO)3units, but not between the units. The spectrum at 90 °C indicates one of the rotations (presumed to be that involving the carbonyls of the wingtip Os(CO)3units) is slowed on the NMR timescale. Compounds 13 form a unique series of clusters that have an alkyne ligand bound to two, three, and four metal atoms. Compound 1 is a model for a corner, compound 2 for a planar surface, and compound 3 a step site, in site-specific surface catalysts.Key words: osmium cluster, diphenylacetylene, dimetallacyclobutene, carbonyl exchange, surface catalysis.
Reaction of H2S with MoRu(CO)6(dppm)2 to give H2 and a bridged-sulfide product via hydrido-sulfhydryl intermediates (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2)
Authors: Khorasani-Motlagh Mozhgan , Safari Nasser , Pamplin Craig B , Patrick Brian O , James Brian R
Published: May 2006

Oxidative addition of H2S to MoRu(CO)6(µ-dppm)2 (1) at ~20 °C in toluene yields an isolable complex formulated as Mo(CO)3(µ-SH)(µ-CO)(µ-dppm)2RuH(CO) (2) via the possible intermediate Mo(CO)3(µ-H)(µ-CO)(µ-dppm)2Ru(SH)(CO) (4) (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) that is detectable at lower temperatures. Over 2 days, species 2 in toluene loses H2 (and CO) to yield the bridged-sulfide product, Mo(CO)2(µ-CO)(µ-S)(µ-dppm)2Ru(CO) (5) that is also formed directly from the reaction of 1 with elemental sulfur. The solid-state molecular structure of 5 is determined by X-ray crystallography. A further hydrido-sulfhydryl species, possibly Mo(CO)3(µ-SH)(µ-H)(µ-dppm)2Ru(CO)2 (3), is in equilibrium with 2 at ambient temperature.Key words: molybdenum, ruthenium, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, hydrogen sulfide, hydrido-sulfhydryl species, carbonyl complexes, bridged-sulfide complex.
Molecular shape effects on electron and ion behavior in dielectric liquids: cis- and trans-butene-2 between the freezing and critical points
Authors: Sasakaki Shinichi , Freeman Gordon R.
Published: May 2006

Radiolysis free ion yields, electron mobilities, and ion mobilities were measured as functions of applied electric field strength in the liquids cis- and trans-butene-2 at temperatures from near their freezing points to near their critical points. The dielectric permittivities were also measured, to permit extraction of electron thermalization distances from free ion yield data. The thermalization distance distribution in each liquid was found to be the Gaussian YGP, rather than the exponential YE or YEP. This indicates that electrons are not captured before thermalization in either liquid. The density-normalized thermalization distances bGPd were ∼40% larger in cis- than in trans-butene-2; this correlates with the more globular structure of the cis- molecules, which decreases the efficiency of electron energy loss collisions in the liquid phase. Electron mobilities were not appreciably different from those reported earlier. Cation mobilities in the liquids from the freezing points (T/Tc ≈ 0.35, d/dc ≈ 3.2 ) up to ∼400 K (T/Tc ≈ 0.92, d/dc ≈ 2.0) are adequately described by the free-volume model. At densities d/dc < 2.0 the mobilities are smaller than predicted by the free-volume model.
Structural studies of organoboron compounds LXI. Synthesis of (alkylideniminoxy)- diarylboranes and crystal and molecular structure of dimeric (ethylideniminoxy)-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)borane [3,3,6,6-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,5-diethylidene-1,4-dioxa-2,5-diazonia-3,6-diboratacyclohexane]
Authors: Kliegel Wolfgang , Nanninga Dierk , Riebe Ulf , Rettig Steven J. , Trotter James
Published: May 2006

Oxime diarylborinates, 4, were obtained from several aliphatic and aromatic aldoximes as well as from cyclic ketoximes by acylation with a diarylborinic acid or anhydride (R2B-X, R = aryl, X = OH or OBR2). Compounds 4 could also be synthesized by condensation of an (aminoxy)-diarylborane, which supposedly has a cyclodimeric BONBON structure, with an aldehyde or with a ketone. Crystals of 3,3,6,6-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,5-diethylidene-1,4-dioxa-2,5-diazonia-3,6-diboratacyclohexane, 4b, are monoclinic, a = 7.9182(9), b = 19.7582(9), c = 9.6779(8) Å, β = 91.598(8)°, Z = 2, space group P21/n. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to R = 0.033 and Rw = 0.034 for 2344 reflections with I ≥ 3σ(F2). A dimeric structure featuring a central six-membered BONBON ring has been established for the oxime diarylborinate 4b. This represents the first structurally characterized example of a monocyclic BONBON ring.
First transannular Diels–Alder reactions involving tetrasubstituted non-activated dienophiles
Authors: Roberge Jacques Y. , Giguere Pierre , Soucy Pierre , Dory Yves L. , Deslongchamps Pierre
Published: May 2006

Transannular Diels–Alder reactions of four 14-membered macrocyclic trienes (27, 28, 43, and 44) possessing a dimethyl tetrasubstituted dienophile have been investigated. Macrocycles having a cis-trans-cis (CTC) (27), a CTT (43), and a TTT (44) geometry produced the predicted trans-syn-cis (TSC) (45), cis-anti-cis (CAC) (48), and TAC (49) tricycles, respectively. The TTC macrocycle (28) gave exclusively the TST tricycle (46), no CSC tricycle (47) being observed. TTT macrocycle (44) underwent macrocyclization at a lower temperature than the TTC isomer (28).
Porphyrin chemistry pertaining to the design of anti-cancer drugs; part 1, the synthesis of porphyrins containing meso-pyridyl and meso-substituted phenyl functional groups
Authors: Meng Guangzhen G. , James Brian R. , Skov Kirsten A.
Published: May 2006

Condensation of pyrrole with a benzaldehyde and 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde mixture yields the six possible meso-substituted phenyl or pyridyl porphyrins. Nitration of four of these has yielded 13 other porphyrins containing one to four 4-nitrophenyl moieties, and SnCl2 reduction of eight of these nitrophenylporphyrins gives the corresponding 4-aminophenyl(phenyl)- or 4-aminophenyl(phenyl)(4-pyridyl)-porphyrins. Twelve of the porphyrins are new, but all 27 are fully characterized by 1H NMR; resonances for every proton within each of the phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrrole rings are assigned. Trends in UV–VIS data are discussed, while IR and mass spectral data are noted for selected porphyrins.
The cyclization of 2-substituted imidazolines in sulfuric acid
Authors: Cox Robin A. , Moore David B. , McDonald Robert S.
Published: May 2006

A study of the rates of the cyclizations 1 → 3 and 2 → 4 as a function of medium acidity and temperature in aqueous sulfuric acid has been performed. The latter reaction is five times faster at all acidities. An excess acidity kinetic analysis reveals the probable involvement of a water molecule in the reaction in both cases. Mechanistic possibilities suggested by the observations are discussed; it is proposed that the water molecule acts as a base catalyst during the rate-determining ring closure.
Heterocyclic analogs of nucleosides: synthesis and biological evaluation of novel analogs of puromycin
Authors: Hultin Philip G. , Szarek Walter A.
Published: May 2006

The diastereomeric 1-(piperidin-3′-yl)uracil compounds 20a, b, and the N6-dimethyl-9-(piperidin-3′-yl)adenine compounds 21a, b, have been prepared as analogs of the naturally occurring aminoacyl nucleoside antibiotic puromycin. The diastereomers were separated using high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the absolute configuration of the more mobile diastereomer 20a was assigned as (3′S,5′R) by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and by molecular modelling. Therefore, the less mobile diastereomer 20b had the (3′R,5′S) configuration. The configurations of 21a and 21b were assigned by analogy with 20a and 20b. These puromycin analogs have been tested for anti-HIV and antitumor activity in vitro.
1994 R.U. Lemieux Award Lecture Hydrolysis of acetals and ketals. Position of transition states along the reaction coordinates, and stereoelectronic effects
Authors: Deslongchamps Pierre , Dory Yves L. , Li Shigui
Published: May 2006

Past and recent experimental results on the formation or hydrolysis (or isomerization) of various acetals and ketals including α-and β-glycoside models are presented. Ab initio investigations of simple acetals are also briefly reviewed as well as recent experimental and theoretical support evidence for a synperiplanar effect. A detailed study using the semi-empirical Hamiltonian AM1 defining the reaction pathway in the hydrolysis of various acetals and ketals is reported. This overall study shows that the hydrolysis of acetals and ketals is controlled by powerful stereoelectronic effects.
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of monocyclic aziridines with dimethyl 1-cyclobutene-1,2-dicarboxylate
Authors: Matsumoto Kiyoshi , Iida Hirokazu , Uchida Takane , Yabe Yoshimi , Kakehi Akikazu , Lown J. William
Published: May 2006

The thermally induced [2 + 3] cycloadditions of certain monocyclic aziridines to dimethyl 1-cyclobutene-1,2-dicarboxylate are described. The structures of the resulting bicyclic adducts were established unambiguously by X-ray analyses. The stereochemistries of the [2 + 3] adducts were interpreted in terms of dipole–dipole interactions and secondary orbital interactions. In certain cases an initial thermal conrotatory ring opening of the cyclobutene to 2,3-di(methoxycarbonyl)-1,3-butadiene precedes the [2 + 3] cycloaddition, affording the unexpected pyrrolidine adducts 12a and 12b. The structures and stereochemistries of the latter established by X-ray analysis strongly suggest that secondary orbital interactions between the phenyl and ester groups control and stereochemistry of the reactions.
Évolution thermique et photochimique des triazolines résultant de l'addition des diazocomposés aux esters d'oximino-malonodinitriles, oximino-cyanoacétates et oximino-malonates de méthyle
Authors: Perrocheau Jacques , Carrié Robert , Fleury Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2006

Thermolysis of 1,2,3-triazolines 4, 5, 6 leads to the corresponding aziridines only when X = Y = CO2Me, and then with a very low yield. However, photolysis or evolution in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid gives good results when carried out at sufficiently low temperature. The thermolysis study of 4–6 shows a new route to 1,2,3-triazoline decomposition that has not yet been mentioned in the literature. The easy elimination of the paratoluenesulfonate or benzoate group explains this particular behaviour.
Studies on the interaction of selenite and selenium with sulphur donors. Part 2. A kinetic study of the reaction with 2-mercaptoethanol
Authors: Amaratunga Wimal , Milne John
Published: May 2006

Selenous acid is reduced by 2-mercaptoethanol in water to elemental selenium in two stages.[Formula: see text]The reactions have been followed by spectrophotometry and by proton and 77Se NMR spectroscopy. The mechanism of the first stage parallels that proposed for butyl thiols in 60% dioxane but nucleophilic attack by RS− rather than RSH on the Se(IV) intermediate, RSSeO2−, is of greater significance for 2-mercaptoethanol than for n-butylthiol. The signals of three intermediates are observed in the Se-77 NMR spectra of a mixture undergoing the first reaction stage. These arise from, HOC2H4SSeO2−, (HOC2H4S)2SeO, and an asymmetric intermediate that chemical shift evidence suggests is the sulfinic acid ester, HOC2H4S(O)SeSC2H4OH. The second stage involves coordination of the bis(thio)selenide by thiolate followed by decomposition to disulfide and selenium. Evidence is presented to support a reaction mechanism involving nucleophilic attack exclusively at Se(II) and not at S(II) as suggested in previous work. This stage is strongly accelerated at basic pH and, at pH 8.3 and above, both the first and second stages can take place simultaneously.
Br+ Transfer to reactive alkenes from the bromonium ion of adamantylideneadamantane
Authors: Neverov A. A. , Brown R. S.
Published: May 2006

The transfer of Br+ from the bromonium ion of adamantylideneadamantane (1-Br+/CF3SO3−) to the reactive alkenes cyclohexene, ω-alken-1-ols, 3a–c, and 4-pentenoic acid, 4, in 1,2-dichloroethane at 25 °C has been investigated. 1H NMR analysis of the reactions of equimolar 1-Br+/CF3SO3− and olefin indicates the products to be the expected cyclic ones in the cases of 3a–c and 4, and trans-2-bromocyclohexyltrifluoromethane sulfonate in the case of cyclohexene, along with adamantylideneadamantane (Ad=Ad). Detailed kinetic analysis shows that the reaction rates are suppressed by the addition of free Ad=Ad, suggestive of a common species rate depression. In the case of certain of the cyclization reactions such as that of 4-penten-1-ol, 3a, the cyclization reaction is bimolecular in acceptor olefin. A primary deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 2.0 on the cyclization of 3a-OH relative to 3a-OD exists. The role of the second molecule appears to be that of a general base in assisting the cyclization of an intermediate ω-hydroxy cyclic bromonium ion. A general mechanistic scheme for Br+ transfer from 1-Br+ to the reactive alkenes is proposed.