bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sociology of the Prison Classroom
Authors: Parrotta Kylie L. , Thompson Gretchen H.
Published: April 2011

The authors use sociology of the college classroom to analyze their experiences as feminists teaching sociology courses in the “unconventional setting” of prison. Reflective writing was used to chronicle experiences in the classes. They apply the concepts of doing gender, interaction order, and emotion work to the prison classroom. Based on their analysis, the authors examine the challenges and opportunities for critical education in prison. They aimed to use their teaching efforts to reach out to marginalized students and develop students’ sociological imaginations to assist them through the challenges of confinement and reentry. The authors’ analysis has implications for both prison education and higher education more broadly. They conclude that the success of prison education is dependent on establishing democratic classrooms that can enable students to see themselves as something more than inmates.
Love to Teach, but Hate Assessment?
Authors: Chin Jeffrey , Senter Mary Scheuer , Spalter-Roth Roberta
Published: April 2011

The authors provide context for the three articles in the special section of this issue of Teaching Sociology on the topic of assessment. They provide a brief discussion of assessment in higher education today, supported by research conducted by the American Sociological Association from a survey of department chairs. These data indicate that most sociology departments are in fact conducting some form of assessment, although faculty members often are critical of these activities. The authors argue that sociologists are well situated to play a major role in carrying out assessment plans by virtue of their disciplinary training and skills in analyzing data. Further, the authors appeal to readers of Teaching Sociology that assessment and the scholarship of teaching and learning are inextricably linked and that it requires only a small step from conducting research on the scholarship of teaching and learning to doing assessment.
“My Understanding Has Grown, My Perspective Has Switched”
Authors: Hudd Suzanne S. , Smart Robert A. , Delohery Andrew W.
Published: April 2011

The use of informal writing is common in sociology. This article presents one model for integrating informal written work with learning goals through a theoretical framework known as concentric thinking. More commonly referred to as “the PTA model” because of the series of cognitive tasks it promotes—prioritization, translation, and analogy (PTA)—concentric thinking practiced through PTA provides a basis for structuring students’ informal writing over the course of a semester. The authors present data in which students use PTA to assess their journal entries as text at the end of the semester. The students’ informal responses to their own writing demonstrate the achievement of an important course goal—the development of sociological mindfulness—while they also reveal a deeper understanding of the important features of written work. The authors conclude that when informal writing is purposefully linked to a set of thinking goals and learning outcomes that are necessary to complete formal course requirements, it can serve as a powerful teaching tool to enhance both thinking and the ability to convey thoughts in writing. Structured in this way, informal written work can enable us to observe and assess changes in students’ learning that would otherwise remain invisible, and it can alter our pedagogy in fundamental ways.
Practicing Social Movement Theory in Case Study Groups
Authors: Ormrod James S.
Published: April 2011

This article evaluates the use of a “case study group” method for teaching social movement theory. The aim was to give students the opportunity to practice theorizing actively rather than simply learning theory passively. The method provides this by requiring students to undertake case studies on social movements of their choice for the duration of the course, to complete tasks that require them to apply different theoretical ideas and concepts to these case studies, and then to discuss this process in small supportive groups of their peers. In line with existing literature, student evaluations identified four major benefits to learning in this way: forcing active participation, working collaboratively, being able to “practice” ideas, and developing a better understanding of theory through its application to “the real world.”
‘Extraordinary renditions’: tales of Guantánamo, a review article
Authors: Harlow Barbara
Published: April 2011

The opening of Guantánamo as a US detention centre in the initial phase of the ‘war on terror’ in January 2002 and its continuing existence almost a decade later have spawned a vast body of literature and cultural production: political commentary, personal accounts of detainees, memoirs, fiction, legal analysis, film, documentary, reconstruction, and so on. In this major review of Guantánamo literature, which foregrounds work by Moazzam Begg, Victoria Brittain and Gillian Slovo, Mahvish Rukhsana Khan, Anna Perera and Clive Stafford Smith, the author analyses the whole field to shed light not simply on the interconnections and disjunctions between the various modes of representation, but also on how the works serve, in different ways, the aim of closing Guantánamo for good, and what they reveal about the nature, imperatives and relationship to international law of the US state.
Taking Baghdad: some US Marine memoirs of the invasion of Iraq
Authors: Newsinger John
Published: April 2011

The figure of the marine is not only the embodiment of US militarism, but also a major icon of popular culture. The Marine Corps was prominently deployed in the invasion of Iraq, as it has been in all major US military enterprises. But while there has been much and ongoing discussion about that war, less attention has been paid to its increasing impact on mainstream American culture. In this groundbreaking account, the author reviews and analyses the ever-growing body of literature produced by marines themselves. The article reveals a disturbing picture of pornographic violence, certainty in US military right and, crucially, an increasing turn to rightwing Christian fundamentalism as both imperative and justification for the war.
Everyday violence, institutional denial and struggles for justice in Kashmir
Authors: Duschinski Haley , Hoffman Bruce
Published: April 2011

In the summer of 2009, the apparent murder and rape of two young women in the small town of Shopian sparked a year of popular protest in heavily militarised Kashmir Valley expressing outrage at the everyday forms of violence that accompany Indian occupation in the contested region. Here, the authors analyse the case by drawing on ethnographic field research conducted via research visits in 2009—2010, to show how the state has exercised occupational authority through practices of denial and cover-up that are built into the legal systems that claim to protect the rights and interests of Kashmiris. They demonstrate how various local actors have worked to establish alternative forums to challenge state violence and the institutionalised denial of justice, illuminating the ways in which they have sought justice in this context of intense militarisation, characterised by routine state violence through legal and criminal justice processes. The event, and the responses to it, reshaped the interplay between legal authority, social protest and political power under conditions of occupation, with implications for future formations of popular resistance against Indian rule in Kashmir.
How voluntary are voluntary returns?
Authors: Webber Frances
Published: April 2011

‘Voluntary returns’ for rejected asylum seekers, foreign national prisoners, illegal entrants and overstayers are increasingly being promoted by European governments without due regard for the safety and preparedness of the returnee. In addition, the voluntariness of such returns has to be questioned. Among the UK schemes examined here are the Voluntary Assisted Return and Reintegration Programme (VARRP), Assisted Voluntary Return of Irregular Migrants (AVRIM), Assisted Voluntary Return for Families and Children (AVRFC), the Facilitated Returns Scheme (FRS) and the now discontinued ‘Explore and Prepare’ schemes.
Sociology as a Quest for a Good Society
Authors: Giri Ananta Kumar
Published: April 2011

Quest for a good society has a long pedigree in sociological thought and critical reflections. It vibrates with many themes of liberation, morality and justice in classical sociology as pioneered by thinkers such as Marx and Durkheim and themes of decent society and creative society in recent theoretical discourses. The present essay discusses this quest for a good society in contemporary social sciences with a detailed discussion of the work of Robert N. Bellah, the pre-eminent sociologist of our times. It discusses Bellah’s quest for a good society in Japan and the US and in the process it discusses related themes such as dynamic harmony and dynamic sunyata.
Social and Environmental Responsibility
Authors: Shah Shashank
Published: April 2011

Since the times of yore, the Indian culture has always laid importance on service to society as an important responsibility of the business/trader community. The society and local community is the resource pool from which any organization gets its manpower and also so to say ‘the license to operate’. The society is the entity to which an organization owes its existence. Any organization must pay its due in various ways to this important constituency. Though a number of models and frameworks have been identified by experts for Corporate Social Responsibility, the author has found a dearth of real-life cases of leading organizations (especially in the Indian context) and their endeavours towards societal welfare and environmental protection. The author has used the case of Hindustan Unilever Ltd (HUL), a leading company in the FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) sector in India for the past seven decades, to highlight their best practices towards the society, local community, NGOs and the natural environment. In spite of being a multinational organization, the Company has lived up to the Indian values of service to society. The case follows a descriptive research design and the findings include diverse, innovative and landmark initiatives undertaken by the Company to contribute to societal welfare through rural and women’s empowerment, livelihood generation, rehabilitation and natural environment protection and preservation. The data collection for this case has been done by the author through personal interviews with top executives of the Company and supplemented through other information available in the public domain.
Panchsheela Model of Leadership
Authors: Jain Neetu
Published: April 2011

In the realm of Indian philosophical speculation, the contribution of Jainism is significant. As we are searching for effective leadership in organizations, we can get insights from Jaina scriptures. One such model of leadership is Panchsheela, which is the fundamental principle of Jainism. ‘Panchsheela’ means five principles or vows which form a practical code of conduct for a leader in an organization. These five principles also known as Panchmahavrata are (a) Satya, (b) Ahimsa, (c) Asteya, (d) Aparigraha and (e) Brahmacharaya. If a leader follows these five principles, it can help him manage his organization in right and fair manner and will lead to its growth and development and eventually bring success to the organization. Therefore, these principles need to be imbibed in organizational culture by formulating policies and procedures based on them. An attempt has been made in this article to discuss managerial implications of these vows along with cases of companies where these principles are observed or transgressed.
A Simplified Framework to Simulate the Impact of a Merger
Authors: Gupta Sudip
Published: April 2011

In this expository article we describe the proportional calibration technique to simulate the potential impact of an association (merger) in a differentiated product price competitive industry. The procedure is forward-looking and implementable with minimal data and computational requirement. We describe the procedure in detail with examples and perform a sensitivity analysis of the predictions with respect to the input parameters.
Evaluating Public Procurement
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Bappaditya
Published: April 2011

In this article we present various issues that underline public procurement, critically evaluate some of the procurement practices and discuss the role of the regulator.1 The objective of the study is to bring forth various issues that dominate public procurement, identify the challenges and suggest framework to address them. We lay particular emphasis on public procurement regarding IT and ITES. We evaluate the literature on public procurement as well as evaluate various procurement practises that are practised globally.
Protecting Intellectual Property Rights and Promoting Economic Growth
Authors: Khan Amir Ullah , Bharadwaj Aarti
Published: April 2011

The recent economic downturn and the ensuing reordering of the global economic order has underlined beyond doubt the value of innovation in driving sustained growth. India now is firmly established as a player in the knowledge economy. Since the economic reforms began nearly two decades ago, the Indian economy has been undergoing an important transition—from a closed to an open one; to one where knowledge-based production of goods and services is commanding a significant portion of the output. India has also moved away from a static economy that was characterised by a status quo-ist government control to one where economic liberalism is the driving force, and one where innovation in products, processes, technologies and systems is critical for the profitable sustenance of productive entities. This structural transformation of the Indian economy is the result of many factors, and each has involved the interplay of international forces, influences, domestic abilities and efforts. The role of government, domestic industry, international firms, research institutions, non-government organisations, and, of course, private individuals has changed significantly in the past few years, and one expects this to continue in the future. The direction is towards lower government command and control in all sectors and the greater role of the market-place in creating the right set of incentives. All this is in the context of an economy that is becoming more and more integrated with the international economy, and where free movement of knowledge and technology goes hand in hand with the flow of financial and human capital. This article aims to look at the role that intellectual property rights play in promoting innovation and driving growth in the knowledge economy.
Registration and social work education: A golden opportunity or a Trojan horse?
Authors: van Heugten Kate
Published: April 2011

• Summary: The Social Workers Registration Act (2003) introduced a system of voluntary statutory registration of the social work occupation in Aotearoa New Zealand. This was hailed as a measure that would protect the public from unsafe practices, and enhance the status of the profession. More recently, however, commentators have noted that these positive effects may not necessarily be forthcoming. This article explores the impact of registration on educational programmes, by placing regulation of the occupation in the context of hegemonic neoliberalism.

• Findings: Neoliberal approaches to social care not only constrain the delivery of services, but attempt to shape the perspectives of the social care workforce. Education is a potentially powerful tool for achieving that shaping. Where statutory regulation of social work is in force, competency based training threatens to supplant critical analysis, which is a hallmark of higher education. To retain viability as an academic discipline, social work educators must champion social work’s continuing role in analysing and theorizing the distribution of power in social welfare and social care.

• Application: Social work educators have a role in supporting practitioners, who struggle to maintain disciplinary integrity whilst employed within 21st-century human services, by continuing to engage in critical debates, and advancing knowledge about the theory—practice nexus. In advancing such knowledge, they also have much to offer other disciplines in institutions of higher education that are looking to explicate their utility in the ‘real world’.
Equality and fairness: Linking social justice and social work practice
Authors: O'Brien Michael
Published: April 2011

• Summary: Social justice lies at the heart of social work practice and is used by practitioners to describe their practice. That practice is primarily described at the individual level.

• Findings: Equality and fairness are core aspects of social justice and are drawn on extensively by social work practitioners in this research project to define social justice and are reflected in their practice. The two terms are, however, given a range of diverse meanings by practitioners. Those meanings are translated into and reflected in their practice.

• Application: There are important implications for social work education, the social work profession and social work practice in the diverse ways in which the terms are understood and used.
Theoretical pathways to the future: Globalization, ICT and social work theory and practice
Authors: West Deborah , Heath David
Published: April 2011

• Summary: Society has changed substantially and rapidly with the advent of globalization where technology is both a catalyst for and a response to globalization. Concurrently and connected to these trends has been the advent of neo-liberalism, new managerialism and postmodernism. Globalization, technological change and neo-liberalism underpin and are driven by each other in a continual cycle. This rapidly changing, globally connected and technologically based society is the context for clients and social workers alike. This article explores the connections between globalization, ICT and neo-liberalism. This forms the basis for critical reflection on theories, models and modes of practice in light of the changing context allowing a proactive response to the challenges that face the profession and our clients.

• Findings: Irrespective of the agency of employment, social workers are faced with challenges that arise out of an ideology of outsourcing, reductionism, speed of response, accountability and cost effectiveness with a decreased value on practice wisdom and holistic approaches. However, many of our theories and models were developed at a time when social structure, political ideology and economic underpinnings were different. As such workers are left being reactive to situations with limited opportunities to influence the core issues. This has contributed to the decreasing role and value of social workers.

• Application: To remain relevant social work needs to continue to influence systems for the benefit of society while reviewing and updating theories and models to reflect current lifestyles, modes and patterns of communication and the impact of globalization.
Educating Australian social workers in the post-Apology era: The potential offered by a ‘Whiteness’ lens
Authors: Young Susan , Zubrzycki Joanna
Published: April 2011

• Summary: The Australian Prime Minister’s 2008 historic Apology to the Stolen Generations gives Australian social work an opportunity to confront its past complicity in Australian Indigenous disadvantage and embrace the development of Indigenous social work as central for practice. Critical Whiteness1 theory in social work curricula could assist the development of Indigenous social work as a core approach by challenging the ongoing and largely un-reflexive practices emanating from social work’s Euro-centric heritage with its often taken-for-granted knowledges and principles which negatively affect Indigenous peoples.

• Findings: Recent professional and theoretical attention on critical Whiteness highlights race privilege, questions the invisibility and continuing invisibilization of race, critiques previously taken-for-granted Western knowledges and practices, and facilitates the development of countering practice approaches. Research studies reveal some practitioners to be aware of the need for different practices as well as some who practice differently without realizing they are using critical Whiteness principles.

• Application: Critical Whiteness theory in the social work curriculum offers a strong conceptual and practical opportunity for students and practitioners to become more racially cognizant in their work with Indigenous people, allowing this work to be more effective in the profession’s social justice mission as well as decreasing some of the extant colonizing practices.
Strategies to target molecules that control the acquisition of a mesenchymal-like phenotype by carcinoma cells
Authors: Palena Claudia , Fernando Romaine I , Litzinger Mary T , Hamilton Duane H , Huang Bruce , Schlom Jeffrey
Published: April 2011

The switch of carcinoma cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal-like phenotype, via a process designated ‘epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT),’ has been recognized as a relevant step in the metastasis of solid tumors. Additionally, this phenotypic switch of carcinoma cells has been associated with the acquisition of tumor resistance mechanisms that reduce the antitumor effects of radiation, chemotherapy and some small-molecule-targeted therapies. As multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators that play a role in this phenotypic switch are being identified, novel strategies can be designed to specifically target tumor cells with this metastatic and resistant phenotype. In particular, this review focuses on the potential use of cancer vaccine strategies to target tumor cells that exhibit a mesenchymal-like phenotype, with an emphasis on the characterization of a novel tumor antigen, Brachyury, which we have identified as a critical regulator of EMT in human cancer cells.
Further Evidence of the Effectiveness of Phonological Instruction with Oral-Deaf Readers
Authors: Guardino Caroline , Syverud Susan M. , Joyner Amy , Nicols Heather , King Sarah
Published: April 2011

The effectiveness of phonological instruction with 6 deaf students in an oral program was investigated. In a previous investigation (Syverud, Guardino, & Selznick, 2009), promising results had been obtained in a case study in which the Direct Instruction curriculum titled Teach Your Child to Read in 100 Easy Lessons (Engelmann, Haddox, & Bruner, 1983) was used with an oral-deaf child. Given these results, Syverud and Guardino were asked to replicate the procedures with additional struggling readers. A multiple case study design was implemented for a period of 10 weeks. Tests of nonsense words were administered to monitor weekly progress in phonological decoding. Intervention journals were completed for each tutoring session to provide qualitative information. Although the results were mixed, all 6 participants showed gains in phonological decoding skills. Suggestions for both practitioners and researchers are offered.
The Modes of Communication Used by Children With Cochlear Implants and Role of Sign in Their Lives
Authors: Hyde Merv , Punch Renée
Published: April 2011

In a mixed-methods study, which included surveys of 247 parents and 151 teachers, the researchers investigated the modes of communication used by children with cochlear implants and the role of signed communication in the children's lives. Findings indicated that 15%–20% of the children in the parent surveys and approximately 30% of the children in the teacher surveys were using some form of signed communication. Qualitative findings from interviews with parents, teachers, and children with cochlear implants elaborated on the quantitative findings. While the development of spoken-language communication was the main aim of their children's cochlear implantation for the large majority of parents, many valued the use of either Signed English or Australian Sign Language, which they felt supported their children's personal, social, and academic development. Young people who used sign switched comfortably between communication modes according to their communication partners, topics, and settings.
Deaf Clubs Today: Do They Still Have a Role to Play? The Cases of Cyprus and Greece
Authors: Hadjikakou Kika , Nikolaraizi Magda
Published: April 2011

The present study investigated the current functions of Deaf clubs in Cyprus and in Greece. The researchers conducted in-depth semistructured interviews with 24 Cypriot and 22 Greek deaf individuals ages 19–54 years. The researchers found that the Deaf clubs in both countries provide a gathering place for deaf people, organize social and sport activities, and promote their demands through legislation. In addition, Deaf clubs maintain and transmit Deaf culture and history to future generations, offer Deaf role models to young deaf children and their families, and provide Deaf awareness to hearing people (e.g., through sign languages classes). The study participants also stressed the role of Deaf clubs in deaf people's lives, unity, and prospects for future progress.
Development and Testing of an Antitobacco School-Based Curriculum for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Youth
Authors: Berman Barbara A. , Guthmann Debra S. , Crespi Catherine M. , Liu Weiqing
Published: April 2011

A tobacco use prevention curriculum tailored for deaf/hard of hearing youth was tested using a quasi-experimental design. Two schools for the deaf received the curriculum; two served as noncurriculum controls. Surveys assessed changes in tobacco use, tobacco education exposure, and tobacco-related attitudes and knowledge among students in grades 7–12 over 3 school years ( n = 511–616). Current (past month) smoking decreased significantly at one intervention school (23% to 8%, p = .007), and current smokeless tobacco use at the other (7.5% to 2.5%, p = .03). Tobacco education exposure and antitobacco attitudes and knowledge increased significantly at one or both intervention schools. At one control school, reported tobacco education exposure decreased ( p < .001) and antitobacco attitudes increased ( p = .01). The results indicate that the curriculum increased perceived tobacco education exposure and significantly affected tobacco-related practices, attitudes, and knowledge.
Impact of Early Intervention on Expressive and Receptive Language Development Among Young Children with Permanent Hearing Loss
Authors: Meinzen-Derr Jareen , Wiley Susan , Choo Daniel I.
Published: April 2011

Along with early detection, early intervention (EI) is critical for children identified with hearing loss. Evidence indicates that many children with sensorineural hearing loss experience improved language abilities if EI services were initiated at an "early" age. The present study's objectives were to determine the impact of a state EI program on language over time of children with permanent hearing loss and evaluate the association of EI enrollment by age 6 months with early language skill development. Young children in a state EI program were included in this longitudinal study. Results indicate that children enrolled prior to age 6 months were more likely to have age-appropriate language skills at baseline than children enrolled at or after 6 months, and maintained age-appropriate skills over time. Children enrolled at or after 6 months had lower baseline skills but made significant language progress, irrespective of hearing loss severity.
Holding Court in Republican Rome (105-44)
Authors: Potter David
Published: April 2011

Given that in any Roman aristocratic household during the Republic elements of the future imperial court can be found, what were the key features that enabled the latter to emerge and grow? Drawing upon Elias' analysis of court societies, this chapter maintains that the transition depends upon extraordinary religious charisma, access to renewable sources of immense wealth, and the development of integrative structures linking provincial and Roman supporters in a hierarchy dependent upon an individual rather than tenure of office.
Ceremony and the Emergence of Court Society in the Augustan Principate
Authors: Sumi Geoffrey
Published: April 2011

Court ceremony in the Augustan Principate served to ease the underlying tension that existed between the new form of government and Republican tradition by creating a place for consuls and ex-consuls in the imperial court. In particular, Augustus seems to have established a hierarchy of military honors, reserving the ovatio and triumph proper for members of his own family, but allowing ex-consuls to earn triumphal honors. Ultimately, court ceremony, as manifested in this hierarchy of honors, showed the proximity of members of the imperial court to the center of power and thus was a dramatization of the new political culture of the Principate.
Vespasian and the Social World of the Roman Court
Authors: Acton Karen
Published: April 2011

This article considers the Roman imperial court under the rule of Vespasian. His senatorial career began in the courts of Claudius and Nero; as successor to the Julio-Claudians, he established himself at the center of the imperial court by manipulating its physical space, its degree of formality, and his own accessibility to senators and to the public. In particular, his interactions with the imperial freedman Phoebus before and after his accession provide insight into both this court and imperial courts in general, with particular reference to how status was determined extra-institutionally, and to how highly the imperial elite valued presence at, and absence from, court.
Court, Chora , and Culture in Late Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Moyer Ian S.
Published: April 2011

Indigenous Egyptian elites who held titles in the late Ptolemaic court hierarchy offer a counterpoint to the typical model of Hellenistic court society as a culturally and ethnically exclusive social space. Though underrepresented in standard accounts, several Egyptians held the honorific title of "kinsman" of the king ( syngenes ). Statues of these men wearing the mitra of the syngenes in the forecourts of temples, together with Greek and Egyptian epigraphic evidence, show that indigenous elites who circulated between Alexandria and Upper Egypt contributed to the creation of a transcultural space that was critical for maintaining the power of the Ptolemaic state in the Egyptian chora during the troubled conditions of the second and first centuries B.C.E.
The Rise and Fall of Cowrie Shells: The Asian Story
Authors: Yang Bin
Published: April 2011

This article sketches the rise and fall of the use of cowrie shells in eastern Eurasia from the archaeological period to the nineteenth century. Originating in the sea, especially in the region of the Maldive islands, cowrie shells migrated to various parts of Asia as precious goods in the prehistoric era and later became a commodity and currency. By focusing on their experiences in Chinese, Indian, and Southeast Asian societies, this article illustrates the significance of these shells in a cross-regional context, analyzes the transformation of their functions over the longue durée , and discusses some local and global issues, such as why cowrie shells failed to develop into a common currency in early China.
Provincializing Rome: The Indian Ocean Trade Network and Roman Imperialism
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P.
Published: April 2011

In conquering Egypt, the Roman Empire secured direct access to the centuries-old Indian Ocean trade network that in Roman times brought together China, India, Southeast Asia, Parthia, Arabia, and Africa as well as the Roman Mediterranean. Far from being a product of Schumpeterian objectless expansion, Rome's conquest of Egypt fit into a broader strategic logic that sought to extend Roman control over eastern entrepôts. Despite its centrality to the Mediterranean wing of the world economy and its ability to extract surplus from its own provinces, the hub of this global economy remained India, whose linchpin emporia were able to extract surplus from the Roman Empire.
A Silk Road Legacy: The Spread of Buddhism and Islam
Authors: Liu Xinru
Published: April 2011

Many great processes of world history had their origins in Central Asia. This article explores the religious and social life of Central Asian peoples both before and after Islamization, relying on historical records written in Arabic, Persian, and Chinese, as well as modern scholarship in art history and archaeology. It demonstrates that Central Asian peoples have survived numerous calamities and thrived in a constantly changing environment, particularly in the transitional phase from a predominantly Buddhist to a predominantly Muslim region.
Finding the Pacific World
Authors: Gulliver Katrina
Published: April 2011

Defining the Pacific for historical scholarship has presented particular challenges. This article argues that it is possible to define the "Pacific World" as a temporal and geographical category during the period ca. 1770–1941. This period witnessed a philosophical and cultural consciousness of the Pacific, as demonstrated by trade, cultural connections, and deliberate international affiliation based on shared Pacific location. The idea that there was indeed a Pacific World, in a specific historical period, then offers a starting point for closer analysis of the networks that existed within it.
Rethinking Brazil's Place within Latin Americanist Geography
Authors: Marcus Alan P.
Published: April 2011

Pesquisas geográficas recentes focam desporporcionalmente na América espanhola. Esse artigo mostra que há um preconceito hispano-cêntrico na literatura e que o Brasil tem sido ofuscado ou omitido nela, a pesar de estudos importantes sobre a região amazônica. Minha avaliação consiste na análise para cada país latino americano das histórias de geografias latino americanas, de 17 revistas acadêmicas de geografia que são publicadas em inglês, do Journal of Latin Americanist Geography , do número de geógrafos brasilianistas que são membros de três associações acadêmicas e do número de doutorados obtidos nos Estados Unidos. A intelligentsia de fala espanhola baseada nos Estados Unidos, também contribui para esse preconceito. O Brasil lusófono tem de ser repensado em seus próprios termos para encontar o seu lugar na geografia latino americana.
Dendezeiro : African Oil Palm Agroecologies in Bahia, Brazil, and Implications for Development
Authors: Watkins Case
Published: April 2011

O dendê é o óleo comestível mais produzido. Normalmente cultivada em monocultura nos trópicos desmatados, práticas de cultivo do dendezeiro ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) convidaram críticas dos pesquisadores e ambientalistas. Pesquisas recentes sugerem a agrofloresta do dendezeiro como uma alternativa sustentável à monocultura. Com uma série de entrevistas e observações de campo, este artigo examina as agroecologias do dendezeiro da Bahia nos contextos do Mundo Atlântico e o desenvolvimento agrícola modernista. A análise revela como bosques subespontâneos de dendezeiros da Bahia e seus sistemas de gestão etnoecológico representam uma contribuição Africana importante à transformação colonial das paisagens e também o primeiro passa de um modelo da agricultura sustentável.
De Aztlán a Tenochtitlán: cartografía actual de los lugares señalados en la Tira de la Peregrinación
Authors: de MacGregor Ma. Teresa Gutiérrez , Sánchez Jorge González
Published: April 2011

This work reconstructs, based on the current cartography, a portion of Mexico's pre-Columbian past, by interpreting the data recorded in the Pilgrimage Strip or Boturini Codex, which illustrates the steps in the migration route of the Mexica people. The map reconstructs the period from the Mexica's entrance into the basin of Mexico up to their arrival at Xochimilco, prior to the foundation of the city of Tenochtitlan.
Geographic Narratives in the South American Travelogues of Harry A. Franck: 1917-1943
Authors: Driever Steven L.
Published: April 2011

Los viajes y la literatura de viajes tienen una larga historia como contribuciones referentes de obras de no-ficción o de otro tipo. La que apareció entre 1900 y el comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial es lo mejor del género, con la crítica social gradualmente reemplazando el relato de aventura. El libro de viajes moderno, rico en experiencias personales que tienen lugar en entornos reales, merece más atención por parte de los geógrafos. Harry Franck fue un escritor prolífico durante la primera mitad del pasado siglo, llegó a tener un conocimiento profundo de la América del Sur y escribió extensamente sobre su gente y lugares. En este ensayo nos ocupamos de varios temas prominentes en sus libros sobre Sudamérica: la lucha contra la naturaleza, la apreciación del paisaje y el problema de la otredad. Aunque los escritos de Franck se hallen en parte superados en el momento actual, no dejan de excitar nuestra imaginación para transportarnos a lugares distantes. Sus escritos constituyen una especie de geografía informal, un huerto del que pueden recogerse restos que fertilicen y vivifiquen una geografía más formal y científica.
Estimación de un índice de calidad ambiental para la Ciudad y Provincia de Buenos Aires
Authors: Celemín Juan Pablo , Velázquez Guillermo Ángel
Published: April 2011

The development and use of indicators and indices is increasingly necessary to understand and adequately measure the living conditions of the population at different scales. In Argentina, however, there has been a delay in the production of environmental indices in relation to others associated with social and economic variables. To fill this gap this paper proposes the development of an environmental quality index for the Province of Buenos Aires and the Federal Capital of Argentina. For its implementation twenty-three variables are grouped into two broad dimensions called a) scenic, recreational or amenity resources, and b) environmental problems. The spatial configuration shows that municipalities located in attractive natural areas and with a medium population component have the best scores in contrast to large urbanizations that share various environmental problems.
The Spatial Patterns of Miskitu Hunting in Northeastern Honduras: Lessons for Wildlife Management in Tropical Forests
Authors: Dunn Marc Andre , Smith Derek A.
Published: April 2011

El siguiente artículo presenta los patrones espaciales de la cacería indígena en dos comunidades Miskitu en el noreste de Honduras. La caza fue documentada a través de cuestionarios locales, mientras que las zonas de caza fueron registradas por medio de mapeo participativo, mapeo de campo y entrevistas. Durante diez semanas, 58 cazadores capturaron 1,607 kg de animales dentro de una zona delimitada de 336 km 2 . Tres sub-zonas pudieron ser distinguidas en base a diferentes tipos de hábitat, especies y cantidades cazadas, así como las estrategias y herramientas empleadas. La conservación de la fauna se podría beneficiar de la integración de tales patrones espaciales en sus modelos existentes. La investigación participativa provee, desde el inicio, una oportunidad de involucrar a los habitantes locales en el desarrollo de programas comunitarios de manejo de vida silvestre.
A New Solution to a Persistent Problem: Addressing Tropical Deforestation with Carbon Forestry Offset Projects
Authors: Sabelli Andrea
Published: April 2011

La deforestación de los bosques tropicales se ha convertido en una parte integral en las políticas de negociación sobre cambio climático. Los proyectos forestales de carbono se presentan a la comunidad internacional como un nuevo mecanismo para mitigar el cambio climático pero también para aumentar la cobertura de bosques y contribuir al desarrollo rural. En el Perú amazónico el cambio de uso del suelo por prácticas agrícolas es la principal causa de deforestación. Este estudio identifica los factores que influyen en las prácticas del uso del suelo y las implicaciones para los proyectos forestales de carbono. No obstante, antes de que estos proyectos puedan ser implementados, es esencial que los factores claves de deforestación como los problemas asociados a la legitimidad de la tenencia de la tierra, la debilidad de la aplicación de políticas forestales y la falta de iniciativas financieras para la adopción de alternativas de uso de la tierra, sean analizados con profundidad.
Rhetoric and the Origins of the Canadian Medicare System
Authors: Conrad Charles , Cudahy Chris
Published: April 2011

During the last half of the twentieth century, every developed country embarked on efforts to provide affordable, high-quality health care to its citizens. For both cultural and structural reasons, these efforts were especially challenging for Canada. In this essay we employ a combination of traditional rhetorical analysis and Sophistic conceptions of mētis (or apatê) to examine the origins of the Canadian Medicare system. We focus on the key rhetorical acts that transformed the rhetorical situations faced by policymakers and on the complex processes through which all sides maneuvered around and through the structural and ideational factors that guided and constrained their rhetoric.
Rehumanization through Reflective Oscillation in Jarhead
Authors: Wilz Kelly
Published: April 2011

This essay uncovers rhetorical processes devoted to rehumanizing the enemy Other as an antidote to the virulent rhetoric of war. With an eye toward disrupting a problematic process of national identity construction based on othering and dehumanization, this essay examines Jarhead as a case study that challenges current ideologies of soldiers and their enemies. Using Kenneth Burke's concept of consubstantiality and Linda Hutcheon's discussion of reflective oscillation, this essay examines Jarhead as a case of rhetoric working to rehumanize enemies, thus providing an example of how film can work against war culture.
Remembering Matthew Shepard: Violence, Identity, and Queer Counterpublic Memories
Authors: Dunn Thomas R.
Published: April 2011

More than ten years after his death, Matthew Shepard is still remembered prominently in LGBT discourse. This discourse has been used to defy heteronormative characterizations of violence, confirm gay and lesbian identity, and to "queer" rigid notions of community. Tracing Shepard's memory through three contested memory frames, I argue for an expanded perspective of queer counterpublic memories and the strategic use of public memories by counterpublics.
Portable Shakespeare: Exigencies and "Magic" in Five-Actor Productions
Authors: Dessen Alan C.
Published: April 2011

Since the mid-1970s, five-actor troupes have been touring US campuses, teaching classes and performing Shakespeare's plays (in part or, from 1983 onwards, in whole) as part of the AFTLS (formerly ACTER) programme. This extensive article details the particular challenges, opportunities and insights found within these five-actor productions, from the difficulty of working on the road without a director, sets, or many props and costumes, to the creative steps taken to embody multiple characters within one actor, frequently in the space of a single scene. The 'magic' of the title applies not only to the performance of Shakespeare's supernatural elements (for which many an inventive solution is here to be found), but also to the 'theatrical magic' conjured when the exigencies of a five-actor production become an asset rather than a limitation. On these occasions, a creative necessity (such as a mimed prop, invisible character, or doubled role) may resonate beyond the usual effect of a fully-equipped production, thanks to the trust built between the small cast, their audience, and the text.
The Intergalactic Final Solution: Nazism and Genocide in Paul Verhoeven's Starship Troopers
Authors: Crim Brian E.
Published: April 2011

The 1997 release of Paul Verhoeven's Starship Troopers generated controversy for its obvious Nazi imagery and ironic endorsement of a fascist future. Based on Robert Heinlein's equally controversial novel in which a militarized Earth is engaged in a war of annihilation against a race of insects, Verhoeven's film portrays a society that embraces the logic of extermination and uses Nazi language and signifiers to express eliminationist rhetoric at every turn. Schools, the media, and the future military consisently invoke Nazi terminology and allusions to frame the conflict against the "Arachnids." From the blatant mimicry of Triumph of the Will to the twisted use of Frank Capra's Why We Fight series, Verhoeven cleverly mixes Nazi imagery with the patriotic fervor promoted in American propaganda films from the Second World War. Verhoeven attempts to seduce the audience into accepting and even cheering for genocide on a galactic scale. The irony of this approach was lost on most of the audience and reviewers.
Screening the Armenian Genocide: Atom Egoyan's Ararat between Erasure and Suture
Authors: Heckner Elke
Published: April 2011

While some sci-fi epics such as Avatar draw on issues of genocidal conflict, their presentation of the genocidal scenario is packaged as sutured family entertainment, thus sparing the audience feelings of discomfort and alienation that cinematic representations of historical genocides tend to elicit from them. This article argues that the post-Spielberg saturation of popular culture with risk-free genocidal narratives calls for a critical analysis of how hi/stories about genocide are produced, reenacted, and transmitted. Atom Egoyan's Ararat (2002), a film about trans-generational responses to the memory of the Armenian genocide and the ongoing struggle for its recognition, is uniquely suited to exploring these concerns. Ararat stages the epistemological conundrums and familial psychodramas that accompany protagonists' multi-faceted attempts to capture and represent historical memory. By showing how the denial of the Armenian genocide lives on in the seemingly safe spaces of the diaspora, Ararat investigates the complicated racial and sexual dynamics that inform the struggle for recognition.
Use of Text Messaging by Deaf Adolescents in Japan
Authors: Okuyama Yoshiko , Iwai Mariko
Published: April 2011

This article discusses a survey study that drew on seventy-five high school students at a residential deaf school in Japan. The aim of the survey was to examine the various ways in which deaf adolescents use text messaging and to determine whether they use the technology differently from the hearing high school students surveyed in our previously published study. The present study found that deaf high school students use texting for different purposes than do their hearing counterparts. Contrary to the media hype about text messaging, the difficulties associated with the language of technology-mediated communication are identified in the deaf student data. The results of the current study raise questions about modern technology's much-claimed empowerment of individuals with a hearing impairment. In addition, this article reports on the methodological issues of conducting a survey with a linguistic minority, including the choice of wording.
A Segmental Framework for Representing Signs Phonetically
Authors: Johnson Robert E. , Liddell Scott K.
Published: April 2011

The arguments for dividing the signing stream in signed languages into sequences of phonetic segments are compelling. The visual records of instances of actually occurring signs provide evidence of two basic types of segments: postural segments and trans-forming segments. Postural segments specify an alignment of articulatory features, both manual and nonmanual. In contrast, during trans-forming segments at least some of the articulatory features are changing. Both types of segment are divisible into subcategories based on descriptive details of duration and nature of muscular activity. Features that describe the finer details of the manner in which a trans-forming change is accomplished argue for the specification of trans-forming segments as a part of the phonetic record. We conclude that an adequate phonetic representation of signs must account for both postural and transforming segments.