bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orbitadekompression bei endokriner Orbitopathie – Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse
Authors: Küchlin Sebastian , Gruber Markus , Reich Michael , Joachimsen Lutz , Metzger Marc , Beck Jürgen , Grauvogel Jürgen , Lagrèze Wolf A.
Published: July 2020

Hintergrund

Die endokrine Orbitopathie ist die häufigste extrathyreoidale Manifestation des Morbus Basedow und tritt bei schätzungsweise 25–50 % der betroffenen Patienten auf. Krankheitsbedingt kommt es zu einer entzündlichen Schwellung der Orbitaweichteile. Die Behandlung erfolgt meist konservativ. Bei schweren Fällen mit beeinträchtigendem Exophthalmus oder akuter, steroidrefraktärer Visusbedrohung kann eine chirurgische Orbitadekompression die Beschwerden der Patienten lindern oder das Sehvermögen erhalten. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt der Versorgungsqualität besteht in der Vermeidung postoperativer Doppelbilder.

Ziel der Arbeit

Erfahrungs- und Ergebnisbericht von 100 chirurgischen Orbitadekompressionen bei 62 Patienten an einem interdisziplinären Orbitazentrum. Patienten mit Kompression der Orbitaspitze wurden mittels pterionaler Dekompression behandelt. Patienten ohne Hinweise auf Orbitaspitzenbeteiligung wurden mittels tiefer lateraler Wandresektion oder pterionaler Dekompression behandelt.

Methodik

Retrospektive Datenanalyse.

Ergebnisse

Die mittlere Exophthalmusreduktion betrug 2,9 mm. Augen mit visusbedrohendem Schweregrad gewannen im Mittel 2,2 Zeilen an Sehschärfe, der Visus bei rehabilitativer Indikation blieb stabil. Die Komplikationsrate betrug 4 %. Neue Doppelbilder wurden nach 2 Eingriffen beobachtet. Bei einem Patienten kam es zu einer Visusminderung von 0,8 auf 0,1. In 9 Fällen führte die Operation zu einem vollständigen Rückgang zuvor beklagter Doppelbilder.

Diskussion

Visusgewinn, Exophthalmusreduktion und Komplikationsrate sind in diesem Kollektiv vergleichbar mit zuvor publizierten Arbeiten. Diese Studie bestätigt die Rolle der Orbitadekompression bei visusbedrohender und schwer beeinträchtigender endokriner Orbitopathie.
MRI spectroscopic and tractography studies indicate consequences of long-term ketogenic diet
Authors: Gzieło Kinga , Janeczko Krzysztof , Węglarz Władysław , Jasiński Krzysztof , Kłodowski Krzysztof , Setkowicz Zuzanna
Published: July 2020

To maintain its functional abilities, the mature brain obtains energy from glucose produced in carbohydrate metabolism. When carbohydrates are eliminated from the diet, the energy comes from the oxidation of fatty acids. In this metabolic state called ketosis, ketone bodies are formed: β-hydroxybutyric acid (bHb), acetone, and acetoacetate as alternative source of energy passing through the blood–brain barrier easily. The ketosis state can be achieved through various strategies like caloric restriction, supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides, intense physical training, or ketogenic diet (KD). Using KD, drug-resistant epilepsy has been successfully treated in children and adults. It can also exert neuroprotective influences in cases of brain damage, glioblastoma multiforme, and Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. Although many possible mechanisms of KD activity have been proposed, newer hypotheses appear with the research progress, mostly characterizing the brain under pathological but not normal conditions. Since different pathological conditions may affect the mechanism of KD action differently, additional research on the normal brain appears reasonable. For this purpose, young adult rats were treated with 4-month-lasting KD. Then, MRI structural measurements, spectroscopy, and tractography were performed. The procedures revealed significant increases in the concentration of glutamine, glutamate, glutathione and NAA, accompanied by changes in the pattern of neuronal connections of the striatum and hippocampal formation. This implies a possible involvement of these structures in the functional changes occurring in the brain after KD application. Thus, the investigations on the normal brain add important details concerning mechanisms underlying KD effects without their possible modification by a pathological status.
Annual mowing has the potential to reduce the invasion of herbaceous Lupinus polyphyllus
Authors: Ramula Satu
Published: July 2020

In order to manage invasive plant species efficiently, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of different strategies of population control, including the underlying mechanisms of action and the consequences for target populations. Here, I explored the effectiveness of biomass removal as a method of control for the invasive perennial herbLupinus polyphyllus. More specifically, using seed material from 11 populations, I assessed among-population variation (if any) in plant compensatory growth as a response to annual biomass removal under standardised growing conditions over two consecutive years, and quantified the demographic effects of a single biomass-removal event. In all study populations, annual biomass removal reduced plant size, flowering probability, and shoot and root biomass. Biomass removal also reduced plant survival and the number of flowering shoots, but these effects were pronounced at certain time points only. A population-level demographic analysis revealed that a single biomass-removal event considerably decreased the long-term population growth rate (λ); this decline in λ was due to a reduction in plant fecundity followed by survival and growth. These findings suggest that annual mowing has the potential to curb invasions ofL. polyphyllusbecause plants are not able to fully compensate for drastic biomass loss.
Experiments on centralized school choice and college admissions: a survey
Authors: Hakimov Rustamdjan , Kübler Dorothea
Published: July 2020

The paper surveys the experimental literature on centralized matching markets, covering school choice and college admissions models. In the school choice model, one side of the market (schools) is not strategic, and rules (priorities) guide the acceptance decisions. The model covers applications such as school choice programs, centralized university admissions in many countries, and the centralized assignment of teachers to schools. In the college admissions model, both sides of the market are strategic. It applies to college and university admissions in countries where universities can select students, and centralized labor markets such as the assignment of doctors to hospitals. The survey discusses, among other things, the comparison of various centralized mechanisms, the optimality of participants’ strategies, learning by applicants and their behavioral biases, as well as the role of communication, information, and advice. The main experimental findings considered in the survey concern truth-telling and strategic manipulations by the agents, as well as the stability and efficiency of the matching outcome.
Positive Correlation Between General Public Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding COVID-19 Outbreak 1 Month After First Cases Reported in Indonesia
Authors: Sari Dina Keumala , Amelia Rina , Dharmajaya Ridha , Sari Liza Meutia , Fitri Nadya Keumala
Published: July 2020

The increasing number cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infections in the general population in Indonesia raises questions concerning the public’s knowledge and attitudes regarding this pandemic. To determine the correlation between the general public’s knowledge and attitudes regarding the COVID-19 outbreak 1 month after the first cases were reported in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study was conducted between early March and the end of April 2020 in the general population of Indonesia, beginning with the North Sumatra region, where the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia began. Questionnaires were randomly distributed online in the red zone in Indonesia. Data were collected by collecting people’s responses to the questionnaire, which were distributed via WhatsApp (WA) application and were competed independently by the participants. A descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes of the general population. A total of 201 people had good knowledge (98%) and a positive attitude (96%) regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. The respondents had a negative attitude in relation to two aspects of the COVID-19 outbreak: having to always maintain a distance of 1.5 m when in crowds, and not being able to regularly exercise or eat nutritious food (78.6% and 79.1%, respectively). Most people in Indonesia have good knowledge and a positive attitude regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. However, negative attitudes were still found in this study, and as a result, transmission prevention measures cannot reach their maximum effectiveness by simply publicizing the increase in day-to-day cases to the general public.
Ethyl Lactate Production from the Catalytic Depolymerisation of Post-consumer Poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Román-Ramírez Luis A. , Powders Mark , McKeown Paul , Jones Matthew D. , Wood Joseph
Published: July 2020

Bioplastics such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which are derived from renewable sources, promoted as biodegradable and implemented for numerous functions, offer a promising alternative to the enduring synthetic plastics abundant in society. However, the degradation of PLA is slow under natural environmental conditions. A chemical recycling route is thus required to couple mitigation of plastic persistence repercussions with circular economy adherence. In the present work, the production of ethyl lactate by the catalysed transesterification of post-consumer PLA was investigated. The catalyst employed was a propylendiamine Zn(II) complex. The PLA samples investigated consisted of a phone case, an infant’s toy, a film, a cup and 3D printing material. Degradation reactions were studied at 50 °C and 90 °C and the concentrations measured at two different time intervals, 1 h and 3 h. The results revealed that greater activity of the catalyst was observed at 50 °C for two PLA samples (cup, 3D print). PLA film achieved the greatest lactate yield (71%) of all samples after 3 h at 50 °C. It is concluded that the propylenediamine Zn(II) catalyst can be used to produce green solvent ethyl lactate at mild temperatures from post-consumer PLA, even in the presence of unknown additives.
Non-universal Casimir Forces at Approach to Bose–Einstein Condensation of an Ideal Gas: Effect of Dirichlet Boundary Conditions
Authors: Napiórkowski M. , Piasecki J. , Turner J. W.
Published: July 2020

We analyze the Casimir forces for an ideal Bose gas enclosed between two infinite parallel walls separated by the distanceD. The walls are characterized by the Dirichlet boundary conditions. We show that if the thermodynamic state with Bose–Einstein condensate present is correctly approached along the path pertinent to the Dirichlet b.c. then the leading term describing the large-distance decay of thermal Casimir force between the walls is$$\sim 1/D^{2}$$∼1/D2with a non-universal amplitude. The next order correction is$$\sim \ln D/D^3$$∼lnD/D3. These observations remain in contrast with the decay law for both the periodic and Neumann boundary conditions for which the leading term is$$\sim 1/D^3$$∼1/D3with a universal amplitude. We associate this discrepancy with the D-dependent positive value of the one-particle ground state energy in the case of Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Nonlinear Stability for Thermal Convection in a Brinkman Porous Material with Viscous Dissipation
Authors: Straughan Brian
Published: July 2020

We investigate nonlinear stability in a model for thermal convection in a saturated porous material using Brinkman theory, taking into account viscous dissipation effects. There are (at least) two models for viscous dissipation available, and we include a derivation of one of these by assuming that the flow in the porous medium may be described by a theory for a mixture of an elastic solid and a linearly viscous fluid. A fully nonlinear stability result is provided when either of the viscous dissipation functions is taken into account, and it is shown that from the nonlinear energy stability viewpoint both models are, in a sense, equivalent.
Normal Families of Möbius Maps
Authors: Beardon A. F. , Minda D. , Short I.
Published: July 2020

Several necessary and sufficient conditions for a family of Möbius maps to be a normal family in the extended complex plane $$\mathbb {C}_\infty $$

C
∞

are established. Each of these conditions involves collections of two or three points which may vary with the Möbius maps in the family, provided the points satisfy a uniform separation condition. In addition, we derive a sufficient condition for the normality of a family of Möbius maps in terms of the average value of the reciprocal of the chordal derivative.
Blood pressure reduction and RAAS inhibition in diabetic kidney disease: therapeutic potentials and limitations
Authors: Leoncini Giovanna , Viazzi Francesca , De Cosmo Salvatore , Russo Giuseppina , Fioretto Paola , Pontremoli Roberto
Published: July 2020

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) affects approximately one-third of patients with diabetes and taking into consideration the high cardiovascular risk burden associated to this condition a multifactorial therapeutic approach is traditionally recommended, in which glucose and blood pressure control play a central role. The inhibition of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone RAAS system represent traditionally the cornerstone of DKD. Clinical outcome trials have demonstrated clinical significant benefit in slowing nephropathy progression mainly in the presence of albuminuria. Thus, international guidelines mandate their use in such patients. Given the central role of RAAS activity in the pathogenesis and progression of renal and cardiovascular damage, a more profound inhibition of the system by the use of multiple agents has been proposed in the past, especially in the presence of proteinuria, however clinical trials have failed to confirm the usefulness of this therapeutic approach. Furthermore, whether strict blood pressure control and pharmacologic RAAS inhibition entails a favorable renal outcome in non-albuminuric patients is at present unclear. This aspect is becoming an important issue in the management of DKD since nonalbuminuric DKD is currently the prevailing presenting phenotype. For these reasons it would be advisable that blood pressure management should be tailored in each subject on the basis of the renal phenotype as well as related comorbidities. This article reviews the current literature and discusses potentials and limitation of targeting the RAAS in order to provide the greatest renal protection in DKD.
Implementation of a Hamming distance–like genomic quantum classifier using inner products on ibmqx2 and ibmq_16_melbourne
Authors: Kathuria Kunal , Ratan Aakrosh , McConnell Michael , Bekiranov Stefan
Published: July 2020

Motivated by the problem of classifying individuals with a disease versus controls using a functional genomic attribute as input, we present relatively efficient general purpose inner product–based kernel classifiers to classify the test as a normal or disease sample. We encode each training sample as a string of 1 s (presence) and 0 s (absence) representing the attribute’s existence across ordered physical blocks of the subdivided genome. Having binary-valued features allows for highly efficient data encoding in the computational basis for classifiers relying on binary operations. Given that a natural distance between binary strings is Hamming distance, which shares properties with bit-string inner products, our two classifiers apply different inner product measures for classification. The active inner product (AIP) is a direct dot product–based classifier whereas the symmetric inner product (SIP) classifies upon scoring correspondingly matching genomic attributes. SIP is a strongly Hamming distance–based classifier generally applicable to binary attribute-matching problems whereas AIP has general applications as a simple dot product–based classifier. The classifiers implement an inner product betweenN= 2ndimension test and train vectors usingnFredkin gates while the training sets are respectively entangled with the class-label qubit, without use of an ancilla. Moreover, each training class can be composed of an arbitrary numbermof samples that can be classically summed into one input string to effectively execute all test–train inner products simultaneously. Thus, our circuits require the same number of qubits for any number of training samples and are$O(\log {N})$O(logN)in gate complexity after the states are prepared. Our classifiers were implemented on ibmqx2 (IBM-Q-team 2019b) and ibmq_16_melbourne (IBM-Q-team 2019a). The latter allowed encoding of 64 training features across the genome.
Social Media and International Relations
Authors: Kreps Sarah
Published: July 2020

The 2016 US election highlighted the potential for foreign governments to employ social media for strategic advantages, but the particular mechanisms through which social media affect international politics are underdeveloped. This Element shows that the populace often seeks to navigate complex issues of foreign policy through social media, which can amplify information and tilt the balance of support on these issues. In this context, the open media environment of a democracy is particularly susceptible to foreign influence whereas the comparatively closed media environment of a non-democracy provides efficient ways for these governments to promote regime survival.
The attractant, but not the trap design, affects the capture ofDrosophila suzukiiin berry crops
Authors: Cruz-Esteban Samuel , Garay-Serrano Edith , Rodríguez Christian , Rojas Julio C.
Published: July 2020

Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is recognized as an invasive pest in Europe and North America. In Mexico, it is one of the main insect pests of soft-skinned fruits such as blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, plums, and guava. Previous studies have shown thatD.suzukiiuses visual and chemical cues during host plant searching. This knowledge has been used to develop traps and attractants for monitoringD.suzukii. In this study, five trap designs were evaluated to monitorD.suzukiiunder field conditions. Traps were baited with SuzukiiTrap®, Z-Kinol, an attractant based on acetoin and methionol, or apple cider vinegar (ACV) enriched with 10% ethanol (EtOH) with the synergistic action of carbon dioxide (CO2). Our results suggested that the attractant was the determining factor in capturingD. suzukii, while trap design seemed to play a modest role. We found that traps baited with Z-Kinol captured the highest number ofD.suzukiicompared to that caught by traps baited with SuzukiiTrap®, or ACV + EtOH + CO2. The highest catch numbers occurred in blackberry, followed by strawberry, raspberry, and blueberry. Traps captured more females than males. The results obtained may be useful for monitoringD.suzukiipopulations in Mexico and elsewhere, particularly in states where soft fruit crops are a component of agricultural activities.
Immediate outcome following valve surgery for rheumatic heart disease: the first local experience from Ethiopia
Authors: Debel Fekede A. , Zekarias Belete , Centella Tomasa , Tekleab Atnafu M.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Rheumatic heart disease is the most common cardiac diseases in developing countries including Ethiopia. The current study aimed to describe the immediate surgical outcome following valve surgery for rheumatic heart disease in Ethiopia.

Methods:

Data were collected through chart abstraction from two centres in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: the Cardiac Center of Ethiopia and El Ouzier cardiac centre. Included were all patients who were operated for rheumatic valvular heart disease in the mentioned centres by local cardiac surgical team during the period from June 2017 to April 2020. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population at admission and within 30 days of the index cardiac surgery were collected. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 for windows was used to analyse the data.

Result:

Of the 114 patients included in the study (median age 31 years with interquartile range of 23–40), 62 (54.4%) of them were female. Surgical procedures done were triple valve surgery 9 (7.9%) patients, mitral and tricuspid valves 26 (22.8%) patients, double-valve 16 (14.0%) patients, single-valve surgery 50.9% (11 aortic and 47 mitral valves) of patients, redo mitral valve surgery 3 (2.6%) patients, and left maze with mitral valve surgery 2 (1.8%) patients. Of the total, 103 (90.4%) of them had mitral valve surgery. Post-operatively, 5 (4.4%) patients died within 30 days following the index surgery.

Conclusion:

Immediate surgical outcome following valve surgery for rheumatic heart disease had excellent outcome in our setting. This evidence can be taken as a show of success in building local capacity to manage rheumatic heart disease surgically.
Surgical treatment of left ventricular fibroma in adult: case report and literature review
Authors: Ma Hao , Sun Hansong , Yang Yan , Lv Feng , Ran Jun
Published: July 2020

Cardiac fibroma is a rare benign primary tumour of the heart. In the paediatric population, it has been reported as the second most common benign cardiac tumour following rhabdomyoma. However, the prevalence of cardiac fibroma is rarely reported in the adult population. Signs and symptoms are nonspecific, including palpitations, cardiac murmur, arrhythmias, dyspnoea, cyanosis, chest pain, and sudden mortality, whereas, a number of patients with cardiac fibroma are asymptomatic. Surgical resection should be considered as the best option in symptomatic patients. This study reported four surgical cases of adults with cardiac fibroma arising from the left ventricle and a literature review regarding the clinical and pathological features, diagnostic modalities, therapeutic aspects, and prognosis of this rare entity.
An online diabetes nutrition education programme for American Indian and Alaska Native adults with type 2 diabetes: perspectives from key stakeholders
Authors: Stotz Sarah , Brega Angela G , Lockhart Steven , Hebert Luciana E , Henderson J Neil , Roubideaux Yvette , Moore Kelly
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To explore stakeholder perspectives regarding online diabetes nutrition education for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Design:

Qualitative data were collected through focus groups and interviews. Focus group participants completed a brief demographic and internet use survey.

Setting:

Focus groups and community participant interviews were conducted in diverse AI/AN communities. Interviews with nationally recognised content experts were held via teleconference.

Participants:

Eight focus groups were conducted with AI/AN adults with T2D (n 29) and their family members (n 22). Community participant interviews were conducted with eleven clinicians and healthcare administrators working in Native communities. Interviews with nine content experts included clinicians and researchers serving AI/AN.

Results:

Qualitative content analysis used constant comparative method for coding and generating themes across transcripts. Descriptive statistics were computed from surveys. AI/AN adults access the internet primarily through smartphones, use the internet for many purposes and identify opportunities for online diabetes nutrition education.

Conclusions:

Online diabetes nutrition education may be feasible in Indian Country. These findings will inform the development of an eLearning diabetes nutrition education programme for AI/AN adults with T2D.
Inflow Dynamics in Weakly Stratified Lakes Subject to Large Isopycnal Displacements
Authors: Ramón C. L. , Priet‐Mahéo M. C. , Rueda F. J. , Andradóttir H.
Published: July 2020

The effect of large‐amplitude isopycnal displacements, frequently observed in deep medium‐size arctic lakes during the ice‐free period, on the near‐ and far‐field fate of negatively buoyant river inflows is explored in this work. A three‐dimensional transport and hydrodynamic model of sub‐arctic Lake Lagarfljót was used to simulate the fate of river inflows during the summer stratification period. The intrusion dynamics are strongly affected by the amplitude and direction (downwelling/upwelling) of the isopycnal displacements induced by the wind near the river inlet. These displacements control the distance of travel of the river plume until reaching the layers with maximum density gradients (pycnocline) and, thus, the mixing ratio between the river plume and the lake water. Specifically, strong upwelling near the inlet causes the river to flow to the bottom as an underflow. Under downwelling, river plumes tend to form metalimnetic intrusions. The influence of the isopycnal displacements on the initial river fate can be parameterized using a time‐varying density Richardson number, which needs to be smoothed to account for the effects of unsteadiness. Large amplitude internal motions, of up to 70 m in Lake Lagarfljót, move deep underflows upwards to shallower basins where they could be readily incorporated into the surface mixed layer and rapidly flushed out of the lake. Metalimnetic currents associated with the V2H1 internal circulation can also accelerate riverine transport out of the lake.
Tropical Indo‐Pacific Teleconnections to Southern Ocean Mixed Layer Variability
Authors: Li Qian , England Matthew H.
Published: July 2020

The Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in the global energy and carbon budgets via the uptake of large quantities of heat and carbon in subantarctic mode water (SAMW). Even though SAMW variability is closely tied to variations in mixed layer depth (MLD) and properties, little is known about what controls interannual to multidecadal MLD variations. Here we use atmospheric observations combined with a global 1/10° ocean‐sea ice model to examine the mechanisms controlling Southern Ocean mixed layer variability. We find that tropical teleconnections from the Indo‐Pacific to the Amundsen Sea Low via El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole control mixed layer variability along the path of a Rossby wave train across the South Pacific during early winter. This suggests recent multidecadal variations in mixed layer properties are likely to have been significantly impacted by transitions in the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation.
Electron Diffusion by Coexisting Plasmaspheric Hiss and Chorus Waves: Multisatellite Observations and Simulations
Authors: Yu J. , Wang J. , Li L. Y. , Cui J. , Cao J. B. , He Z. G.
Published: July 2020

We report a rare event of intense plasmaspheric hiss and chorus waves simultaneously observed at the same L shell but different magnetic local times by Van Allen Probes and Magnetospheric Multiscale. Based on the measured waves and electron distributions, we calculate the bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients and subsequently simulate the temporal evolution of electron distributions. The simulations show that the dynamics of tens to hundreds of keV electrons are jointly controlled by hiss and chorus. The dynamics of MeV electrons are dominantly controlled by hiss near the loss cone but by chorus at intermediate to large pitch angles. The simulated electron distributions driven by combined diffusion can reproduce the majority of the observations. Our results provide a direct observational evidence that hiss and chorus can simultaneously occur at the same electron drifting shells due to the irregular plasmasphere and highlight the importance of their combined effect on electron dynamics.
The Influence of Prescribed Fire on Fine Particulate Matter Pollution in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Afrin Sadia , Garcia‐Menendez Fernando
Published: July 2020

Prescribed fire is the largest source of fine particulate matter emissions in the Southeastern United States, yet its air quality impacts remain highly uncertain. Here, we assess the influence of prescribed fire on observed pollutant concentrations in the region using a unique fire data set compiled from multiyear digital burn permit records. There is a significant association between prescribed fire activity and concentrations recorded at Southeastern monitoring sites, with permitted burning explaining as much as 50% variability in daily PM2.5 concentrations. This relationship varies spatially and temporally across the region and as a function of burn type. At most locations, the association between PM2.5 concentration and permitted burning is stronger than that with satellite‐derived burn area or meteorological drivers of air quality. These results highlight the value of bottom‐up data in evaluating the contribution of prescribed fire to regional air pollution and reveal a need to develop more complete burn records.
Caltech Lab Experiments and the Insights They Provide Into Solar Corona Phenomena
Authors: Bellan Paul M.
Published: July 2020

A comprehensive overview of two decades of Caltech experiments relevant to solar corona physics is presented. The extent to which the experiments scale to the solar corona, the basic configurations and operation, and the importance of the magnetic force J × B common to all the experiments is discussed. Summaries are given of the various configurations used, the main observations, and interpretations of these observations, including new models developed to provide these interpretations. Topics include observations and explanations for flux rope self‐collimation, axial flows along flux ropes, eruption of arched flux ropes, strapping magnetic fields that inhibit eruption, the torus instability, and effects such as X‐ray emission of a kink‐driven secondary Rayleigh‐Taylor instability.
Reduced Brd1 expression leads to reversible depression-like behaviors and gene-expression changes in female mice
Authors: Rajkumar Anto P. , Qvist Per , Donskov Julie G. , Lazarus Ross , Pallesen Jonatan , Nava Nicoletta , Winther Gudrun , Liebenberg Nico , Cour Sanne H. la , Paternoster Veerle , Fryland Tue , Palmfeldt Johan , Fejgin Kim , Mørk Arne , Nyegaard Mette , Pakkenberg Bente , Didriksen Michael , Nyengaard Jens R. , Wegener Gregers , Mors Ole , Christensen Jane H. , Børglum Anders D.
Published: July 2020

The schizophrenia-associated gene, BRD1, encodes an epigenetic regulator in which chromatin interactome is enriched with genes implicated in mental health. Alterations in histone modifications and epigenetic regulation contribute to brain transcriptomic changes in affective disorders and preclinical data supports a role for BRD1 in psychopathology. However, the implication of BRD1 on affective pathology remains poorly understood. In this study, we assess affective behaviors and associated neurobiology in Brd1+/− mice along with their responses to Fluoxetine and Imipramine. This involves behavioral, neurostructural, and neurochemical characterizations along with regional cerebral gene expression profiling combined with integrative functional genomic analyses. We report behavioral changes in female Brd1+/− mice with translational value to depressive symptomatology that can be alleviated by the administration of antidepressant medications. Behavioral changes are accompanied by altered brain morphometry and imbalances in monoaminergic systems. In accordance, gene expression changes across brain tissues reveal altered neurotransmitter signaling and cluster in functional pathways associated with depression including ‘Adrenergic-, GPCR-, cAMP-, and CREB/CREM-signaling’. Integrative gene expression analysis specifically links changes in amygdaloid intracellular signaling activity to the behavioral treatment response in Brd1+/− mice. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of BRD1 as a modulator of affective pathology and adds to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying affective disorders and their treatment response.
Follicular lymphoma in the modern era: survival, treatment outcomes, and identification of high-risk subgroups
Authors: Batlevi Connie L. , Sha Fushen , Alperovich Anna , Ni Ai , Smith Katy , Ying Zhitao , Soumerai Jacob D. , Caron Philip C. , Falchi Lorenzo , Hamilton Audrey , Hamlin Paul A. , Horwitz Steven M. , Joffe Erel , Kumar Anita , Matasar Matthew J. , Moskowitz Alison J. , Moskowitz Craig H. , Noy Ariela , Owens Colette , Palomba Lia M. , Straus David , von Keudell Gottfried , Zelenetz Andrew D. , Seshan Venkatraman E. , Younes Anas
Published: July 2020

Patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) frequently require multiple treatments during their disease course; however, survival based on lines of treatment remains poorly described in the post-rituximab era. Also, the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score was developed to predict survival at diagnosis, yet it remains unknown whether increase in FLIPI score following an initial observation period is associated with less-favorable outcomes. To address these knowledge gaps, we retrospectively studied 1088 patients with FL grade 1–3A managed between 1998 and 2009 at our institution. Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) after first-line treatment were not reached and 4.73 years, respectively. Following successive lines of treatment, years of median OS and PFS were, respectively: after second-line, 11.7 and 1.5; third-line, 8.8 and 1.1; fourth-line, 5.3 and 0.9; fifth-line, 3.1 and 0.6; sixth-line, 1.9 and 0.5. In initially observed, subsequently treated patients, FLIPI score increase after observation was associated with inferior survival following first-line treatment. The reduced survival we observed after second-line and later therapy supports the development of new treatments for relapsed patients and benchmarks historical targets for clinical endpoints. This study also highlights the utility of changes in FLIPI score at diagnosis and after observation in identifying patients likely to have worse outcomes.
ECRG2, a novel transcriptional target of p53, modulates cancer cell sensitivity to DNA damage
Authors: Patel Harsh , Sheikh M. Saeed , Huang Ying
Published: July 2020

Esophageal Cancer-Related Gene 2 (ECRG2) is a recently identified tumor suppressor, its regulation and involvement in DNA damage response are unknown. Here, we show that DNA damage-induced ECRG2 upregulation coincided with p53 activation and occurred in a p53-dependent manner. We identified two p53-binding sites within ECRG2 promoter and found the promoter activity, mRNA, and protein expression to be regulated by p53. We show that DNA damage significantly enhanced p53 binding to ECRG2 promoter at the anticipated p53-binding sites. We identified a novel natural ECRG2 promoter variant harboring a small deletion that exists in the genomes of ~38.5% of world population and showed this variant to be defective in responding to p53 and DNA-damage. ECRG2 overexpression induced cancer cell death; ECRG2 gene disruption enhanced cell survival following anticancer drug treatments even when p53 was induced. We showed that lower expression of ECRG2 in multiple human malignancies correlated with reduced disease-free survival in patients. Collectively, our novel findings indicate that ECRG2 is an important target of p53 during DNA damage-induced response and plays a critical role in influencing cancer cell sensitivity to DNA damage-inducing cancer therapeutics.
Piezoelectric domain walls in van der Waals antiferroelectric CuInP2Se6
Authors: Dziaugys Andrius , Kelley Kyle , Brehm John A. , Tao Lei , Puretzky Alexander , Feng Tianli , O’Hara Andrew , Neumayer Sabine , Chyasnavichyus Marius , Eliseev Eugene A. , Banys Juras , Vysochanskii Yulian , Ye Feng , Chakoumakos Bryan C. , Susner Michael A. , McGuire Michael A. , Kalinin Sergei V. , Ganesh Panchapakesan , Balke Nina , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Morozovska Anna N. , Maksymovych Petro
Published: July 2020

Polar van der Waals chalcogenophosphates exhibit unique properties, such as negative electrostriction and multi-well ferrielectricity, and enable combining dielectric and 2D electronic materials. Using low temperature piezoresponse force microscopy, we revealed coexistence of piezoelectric and non-piezoelectric phases in CuInP2Se6, forming unusual domain walls with enhanced piezoelectric response. From systematic imaging experiments we have inferred the formation of a partially polarized antiferroelectric state, with inclusions of structurally distinct ferrielectric domains enclosed by the corresponding phase boundaries. The assignment is strongly supported by optical spectroscopies and density-functional-theory calculations. Enhanced piezoresponse at the ferrielectric/antiferroelectric phase boundary and the ability to manipulate this entity with electric field on the nanoscale expand the existing phenomenology of functional domain walls. At the same time, phase-coexistence in chalcogenophosphates may lead to rational strategies for incorporation of ferroic functionality into van der Waals heterostructures, with stronger resilience toward detrimental size-effects.
A solution to the learning dilemma for recurrent networks of spiking neurons
Authors: Bellec Guillaume , Scherr Franz , Subramoney Anand , Hajek Elias , Salaj Darjan , Legenstein Robert , Maass Wolfgang
Published: July 2020

Recurrently connected networks of spiking neurons underlie the astounding information processing capabilities of the brain. Yet in spite of extensive research, how they can learn through synaptic plasticity to carry out complex network computations remains unclear. We argue that two pieces of this puzzle were provided by experimental data from neuroscience. A mathematical result tells us how these pieces need to be combined to enable biologically plausible online network learning through gradient descent, in particular deep reinforcement learning. This learning method–called e-prop–approaches the performance of backpropagation through time (BPTT), the best-known method for training recurrent neural networks in machine learning. In addition, it suggests a method for powerful on-chip learning in energy-efficient spike-based hardware for artificial intelligence.
Global translation during early development depends on the essential transcription factor PRDM10
Authors: Han Brenda Y. , Seah Michelle K. Y. , Brooks Imogen R. , Quek Delia H. P. , Huxley Dominic R. , Foo Chuan-Sheng , Lee Li Ting , Wollmann Heike , Guo Huili , Messerschmidt Daniel M. , Guccione Ernesto
Published: July 2020

Members of the PR/SET domain-containing (PRDM) family of zinc finger transcriptional regulators play diverse developmental roles. PRDM10 is a yet uncharacterized family member, and its function in vivo is unknown. Here, we report an essential requirement for PRDM10 in pre-implantation embryos and embryonic stem cells (mESCs), where loss of PRDM10 results in severe cell growth inhibition. Detailed genomic and biochemical analyses reveal that PRDM10 functions as a sequence-specific transcription factor. We identify Eif3b, which encodes a core component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) complex, as a key downstream target, and demonstrate that growth inhibition in PRDM10-deficient mESCs is in part mediated through EIF3B-dependent effects on global translation. Our work elucidates the molecular function of PRDM10 in maintaining global translation, establishes its essential role in early embryonic development and mESC homeostasis, and offers insights into the functional repertoire of PRDMs as well as the transcriptional mechanisms regulating translation.
Preservation of microvascular barrier function requires CD31 receptor-induced metabolic reprogramming
Authors: Cheung Kenneth C. P. , Fanti Silvia , Mauro Claudio , Wang Guosu , Nair Anitha S. , Fu Hongmei , Angeletti Silvia , Spoto Silvia , Fogolari Marta , Romano Francesco , Aksentijevic Dunja , Liu Weiwei , Li Baiying , Cheng Lixin , Jiang Liwen , Vuononvirta Juho , Poobalasingam Thanushiyan R. , Smith David M. , Ciccozzi Massimo , Solito Egle , Marelli-Berg Federica M.
Published: July 2020

Endothelial barrier (EB) breaching is a frequent event during inflammation, and it is followed by the rapid recovery of microvascular integrity. The molecular mechanisms of EB recovery are poorly understood. Triggering of MHC molecules by migrating T-cells is a minimal signal capable of inducing endothelial contraction and transient microvascular leakage. Using this model, we show that EB recovery requires a CD31 receptor-induced, robust glycolytic response sustaining junction re-annealing. Mechanistically, this response involves src-homology phosphatase activation leading to Akt-mediated nuclear exclusion of FoxO1 and concomitant β-catenin translocation to the nucleus, collectively leading tocMyctranscription. CD31 signals also sustain mitochondrial respiration, however this pathway does not contribute to junction remodeling. We further show that pathologic microvascular leakage in CD31-deficient mice can be corrected by enhancing the glycolytic flux via pharmacological Akt or AMPK activation, thus providing a molecular platform for the therapeutic control of EB response.
Dissecting the sequence determinants for dephosphorylation by the catalytic subunits of phosphatases PP1 and PP2A
Authors: Hoermann Bernhard , Kokot Thomas , Helm Dominic , Heinzlmeir Stephanie , Chojnacki Jeremy E. , Schubert Thomas , Ludwig Christina , Berteotti Anna , Kurzawa Nils , Kuster Bernhard , Savitski Mikhail M. , Köhn Maja
Published: July 2020

The phosphatases PP1 and PP2A are responsible for the majority of dephosphorylation reactions on phosphoserine (pSer) and phosphothreonine (pThr), and are involved in virtually all cellular processes and numerous diseases. The catalytic subunits exist in cells in form of holoenzymes, which impart substrate specificity. The contribution of the catalytic subunits to the recognition of substrates is unclear. By developing a phosphopeptide library approach and a phosphoproteomic assay, we demonstrate that the specificity of PP1 and PP2A holoenzymes towards pThr and of PP1 for basic motifs adjacent to the phosphorylation site are due to intrinsic properties of the catalytic subunits. Thus, we dissect this amino acid specificity of the catalytic subunits from the contribution of regulatory proteins. Furthermore, our approach enables discovering a role for PP1 as regulator of the GRB-associated-binding protein 2 (GAB2)/14-3-3 complex. Beyond this, we expect that this approach is broadly applicable to detect enzyme-substrate recognition preferences.
Integrated molecular diode as 10 MHz half-wave rectifier based on an organic nanostructure heterojunction
Authors: Li Tianming , Bandari Vineeth Kumar , Hantusch Martin , Xin Jianhui , Kuhrt Robert , Ravishankar Rachappa , Xu Longqian , Zhang Jidong , Knupfer Martin , Zhu Feng , Yan Donghang , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: July 2020

Considerable efforts have been made to realize nanoscale diodes based on single molecules or molecular ensembles for implementing the concept of molecular electronics. However, so far, functional molecular diodes have only been demonstrated in the very low alternating current frequency regime, which is partially due to their extremely low conductance and the poor degree of device integration. Here, we report about fully integrated rectifiers with microtubular soft-contacts, which are based on a molecularly thin organic heterojunction and are able to convert alternating current with a frequency of up to 10 MHz. The unidirectional current behavior of our devices originates mainly from the intrinsically different surfaces of the bottom planar and top microtubular Au electrodes while the excellent high frequency response benefits from the charge accumulation in the phthalocyanine molecular heterojunction, which not only improves the charge injection but also increases the carrier density.
Electric-field-driven non-volatile multi-state switching of individual skyrmions in a multiferroic heterostructure
Authors: Wang Yadong , Wang Lei , Xia Jing , Lai Zhengxun , Tian Guo , Zhang Xichao , Hou Zhipeng , Gao Xingsen , Mi Wenbo , Feng Chun , Zeng Min , Zhou Guofu , Yu Guanghua , Wu Guangheng , Zhou Yan , Wang Wenhong , Zhang Xi-xiang , Liu Junming
Published: July 2020

Electrical manipulation of skyrmions attracts considerable attention for its rich physics and promising applications. To date, such a manipulation is realized mainly via spin-polarized current based on spin-transfer torque or spin–orbital torque effect. However, this scheme is energy consuming and may produce massive Joule heating. To reduce energy dissipation and risk of heightened temperatures of skyrmion-based devices, an effective solution is to use electric field instead of current as stimulus. Here, we realize an electric-field manipulation of skyrmions in a nanostructured ferromagnetic/ferroelectrical heterostructure at room temperature via an inverse magneto-mechanical effect. Intriguingly, such a manipulation is non-volatile and exhibits a multistate feature. Numerical simulations indicate that the electric-field manipulation of skyrmions originates from strain-mediated modification of effective magnetic anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. Our results open a direction for constructing low-energy-dissipation, non-volatile, and multistate skyrmion-based spintronic devices.
Unprecedented switching endurance affords for high-resolution surface temperature mapping using a spin-crossover film
Authors: Ridier Karl , Bas Alin-Ciprian , Zhang Yuteng , Routaboul Lucie , Salmon Lionel , Molnár Gábor , Bergaud Christian , Bousseksou Azzedine
Published: July 2020

Temperature measurement at the nanoscale is of paramount importance in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, and calls for the development of versatile, high-resolution thermometry techniques. Here, the working principle and quantitative performance of a cost-effective nanothermometer are experimentally demonstrated, using a molecular spin-crossover thin film as a surface temperature sensor, probed optically. We evidence highly reliable thermometric performance (diffraction-limited sub-µm spatial, µs temporal and 1 °C thermal resolution), which stems to a large extent from the unprecedented quality of the vacuum-deposited thin films of the molecular complex [Fe(HB(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)3)2] used in this work, in terms of fabrication and switching endurance (>107 thermal cycles in ambient air). As such, our results not only afford for a fully-fledged nanothermometry method, but set also a forthcoming stage in spin-crossover research, which has awaited, since the visionary ideas of Olivier Kahn in the 90’s, a real-world, technological application.
Electrically-controlled digital metasurface device for light projection displays
Authors: Li Jianxiong , Yu Ping , Zhang Shuang , Liu Na
Published: July 2020

Light projection displays play an increasingly important role in our modern life. Core projection systems including liquid crystal displays and digital micromirror devices can impose spatial light modulation and actively shape light waves. Recently, the advent of metasurfaces has revolutionized design concepts in nanophotonics, enabling a new family of optical elements with exceptional degrees of freedom. Here, we demonstrate a light projection display technology based on optical metasurfaces, called digital metasurface device (DMSD). Each metasurface pixel in a DMSD is electrically reconfigurable with well-controlled programmability and addressability. The DMSD can not only continuously modulate the intensity of light with high contrast, but also shape the wavefront of light generated by each metasurface pixel and dynamically switch between arbitrary holographic patterns. Our approach will pave an avenue towards the development of customized light projection devices. It will also drive the field of dynamic optical metasurfaces with fresh momentum and inspiring concepts.