bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymer/QDs Nanocomposites for Waveguiding Applications
Authors: Gordillo H. , Suárez I. , Abargues R. , Rodríguez-Cantó P. , Albert S. , Martínez-Pastor J. P.
Published: June 2012

In this paper we review our recent progress in a still young type of active waveguides based on hybrid organic (polymer)—inorganic (semiconductor quantum dots) materials. They can be useful for the implementation of new photonic devices, because combining the properties of the semiconductor nanostructures (quantum size carrier confinement and temperature independent emission) with the technological capabilities of polymers. These optical waveguides can be easily fabricated by spin‐coating and UV photolithography on many substrates (SiO2/Si, in the present work). We demonstrate that it is possible to control the active wavelength in a broad range (400–1100 nm), just by changing the base quantum dot material (CdS, CdSe, CdTe and PbS, but other are possible), without the necessity of changing fabrication conditions. Particularly, we have determined the optimum conditions to produce multi‐color photoluminescence waveguiding by embedding CdS, CdSe and CdTe quantum dots into Poly(methyl methacrylate). Finally, we show new results regarding the incorporation of CdSe nanocrystals into a SU‐8 resist, in order to extrapolate the study to a photolithographic and technologically more important polymer. In this case ridge waveguides are able to confine in 2D the light emitted by the quantum dots.
Pickled Food and Risk of Gastric Cancer—a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of English and Chinese Literature
Authors: Ren Jian-Song , Kamangar Farin , Forman David , Islami Farhad
Published: June 2012

Background: Ecological and experimental studies have suggested an increased risk of gastric cancer in relation to consumption of pickled vegetables in East Asia.

Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis of epidemiologic observational studies to evaluate the existing evidence. Searching PubMed, Vip Chinese Periodical, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, we found a total of 60 studies, 50 case–control, and 10 prospective. We compared gastric cancer risk in pickled vegetable/food users versus nonusers (11 studies) or versus those in the lowest reported category of use (49 studies). Pooled results were computed with random-effects models.

Results: Among case–control studies, 30 showed significant increased risk and one showed significant decreased risk. Among prospective studies, two showed a significant increased risk but none showed a significant decreased risk. The OR (95% CI) was 1.52 (1.37–1.68) for the overall association, 1.56 (1.39–1.75) for case–control, and 1.32 (1.10–1.59) for cohort studies. The OR (95% CI) was 1.89 (1.29–2.77) in Korean, 1.86 (1.61–2.15) in Chinese, and 1.16 (1.04–1.29) in Japanese studies, and 1.14 (0.96–1.35) in studies from other countries. There was high heterogeneity in overall and subgroup analyses. There was little evidence for publication bias.

Conclusion: Our results suggest a potential 50% higher risk of gastric cancer associated with intake of pickled vegetables/foods and perhaps stronger associations in Korea and China.

Impact: The results of this study may offer ways to reduce the risk of gastric cancer in highly populated areas with high incidence of gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(6); 905–15. ©2012 AACR.
Oral Bisphosphonates and Risk of Esophageal Cancer: A Dose-Intensity Analysis in a Nationwide Population
Authors: Ho Yunn-Fang , Lin Jaw-Town , Wu Chun-Ying
Published: June 2012

Background: Esophageal cancer has been associated with oral bisphosphonate use, but current data are conflicting and devoid of Asian studies where esophageal squamous carcinoma prevails.

Methods: We assessed the association between dose intensity, stratified by use duration (observation period) and exposure frequency, of oral bisphosphonates and the risk of esophageal cancer using 16,204 esophageal cancer cases and 64,816 malignancy-free controls identified from the population-based National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan from 1997 to 2008.

Results: Neither duration nor frequency of bisphosphonate exposures was positively correlated to esophageal cancer risk. The ORs for rare users of 1-, 3-, 5-year observation periods were 3.86, 2.58, and 2.27, respectively (P < 0.001). Similar trend of descending ORs was also observed for rare-, frequent-, and regular users of 1-year observation period (ORs = 3.86, 1.93, and 0.95, respectively).

Conclusion: Our data suggest that bisphosphonates are not likely risk factors for esophageal cancer in Taiwan.

Impact: The study shows no evidence of an association between bisphosphonate use and esophageal cancer risk from Asian perspective. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(6); 993–5. ©2012 AACR.
Protective Effects of 20(S)-Protopanaxtriol on Viral Myocarditis Infected by Coxsackievirus B3
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Wang Yafeng , Ren Zhe , Qian Chuiwen , Li Yicheng , Wang Qingduan , Zhang Yan , Zheng Liyun , Jiang Jinhua , Yang Chongren , Wang Dong , Zhang Yingjun , Fan Jianglin , Wang Yifei
Published: June 2012

Objective: Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a dominant causative agent for viral myocarditis. So far, effective therapies for the treatment of the disease are not available. 20(S)-Protopanaxtriol is a major component of Panax pseudoginseng and has been clinically used for the treatment of heart diseases. However, it is not known whether 20(S)-protopanaxtriol exerts any anti-viral effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of 20(S)-protopanaxtriol against CVB3 in vivo and in vitro. Methods: The antiviral effects of 20(S)-protopanaxtriol in vitro were evaluated in HeLa cells infected by CVB3. Then, we examined the protective effects of 20(S)-protopanaxtriol on CVB3-induced myocarditis in BALB/c mice. These mice were treated with 20(S)-protopanaxtriol at doses of 100–400 mg·kg–1·day–1 for 7 days and compared with the controls. Results: We found that 20(S)-protopanaxtriol possessed potent antiviral effects on CVB3 in vitro. Compared with control mice, virus titers and pathological changes in the hearts were significantly decreased in the 20(S)-protopanaxtriol-treated group. Furthermore, biochemical markers of myocardial injury such as plasma lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase were decreased to normal levels. Conclusions: These data provide the possibility that 20(S)-protopanaxtriol can be used as a potential therapeutic means for treatment of viral myocarditis.
Ballistocardiographic Findings in Patients with Symptoms of Angina Pectoris
Authors: BROWN HERBERT R. , HOFFMAN MARVIN J. , DE LALLA VINCENT
Published: June 2012

The physiologic evaluation of the heart by recording mechanical heart actions which in turn are imparted to the body is an approach easily available through the use of the ballistocardiograph. This instrument thus affords a physiologic approach to the problem of angina pectoris and may be used as a diagnostic agent. Ballistocardiographic tracings have been correlated with the histories, physical findings, and electrocardiograms of 50 patients with symptoms of angina pectoris. These were grouped into typical and atypical cases with further subdivision based upon the presence or absence of objective cardiac abnormality. Most significant in the series was the establishment of a definite correlation between abnormality of the ballistocardiographic pattern and the typical cases of angina pectoris. Such a relationship validates use of this instrument as a diagnostic agent in the atypical cases of angina pectoris where it is anticipated that diagnosis can be specifically aided by supplying empiric evidence of cardiac abnormality.
The "Two-Step" Exercise Electrocardiogram in Functional Heart Disturbances and in Organic Heart Disease: The Use of Ergotamine Tartrate
Authors: MASTER ARTHUR M. , PORDY LEON , KOLKER JOSEPH , BLUMENTHAL MORTIMER J.
Published: June 2012

Patients with functional cardiac disturbances, including chest pain, may present electrocardiographic abnormalities (pronounced RS-T depressions and T-wave inversions) after the "2-step" exercise test which are indistinguishable from those found in organic heart disease. Ergotamine tartrate was employed intravenously in conjunction with "2-step" tests in 10 cases for the objective differentiation of functional from organic heart involvement. However, ergotamine was found to be contraindicated as a routine for this purpose because of its anginal-provoking properties. We have substituted dihydroergecornine (DHO-180), a newer, safer ergot alkaloid, in our further investigation of this problem.
Studies of Tissue Response to Injections of Enzymes
Authors: SCHLAMOWITZ SAMUEL THEODORE , DEGRAFF ARTHUR C.
Published: June 2012

Until recently, localized tissue trauma was considered the prime factor in the production of subcutaneous nodules in rheumatic subjects. The possibility that these lesions were "manifestations of the uninhibited action of proteinases on mesenchymal tissue" has its basis on the presence in human and animal sera of a proteolytic enzyme system similar to trypsin. The occurrence of subcutaneous "nodules" following a single subcutaneous injection of trypsin would seem to lend support to this thesis.
The Effect of Epinephrine on the Myocardium of the Embryonic Chick
Authors: BARRY ALEXANDER
Published: June 2012

The myocardium of the embryonic chick heart, before it has been innervated, responds to concentrations of epinephrine as dilute as 1 part in 20,000,000 by an abrupt acceleration in its inherent rate of pulsation. The more slowly the heart beats initially, the more marked is the accelerating effect of epinephrine. Usually the initial acceleration is followed by a period during which the heart slows to a rate intermediate between the initial and the maximal. This deceleration is not due to a decrease in the stimulating effect of the drug applied.
Isolated Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis
Authors: BLOUNT S. GILBERT , MCCORD MALCOLM C. , MUELLER HELMUT , SWAN HENRY
Published: June 2012

The preoperative and postoperative clinical and physiologic data are presented in 10 patients with isolated valvular pulmonic stenosis. The valvulotomy was performed in five patients by the generally accepted blind ventricular approach, while in the remaining five patients the valvular surgery was accomplished by a direct pulmonary arterial approach. The physiologic data revealed uniform obliteration of the systolic pressure gradient from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery in the patients operated by the direct technic in striking contrast to the inadequate and variable relief of stenosis by the transventricular approach.
Antibiotic Therapy of Bacterial Endocarditis
Authors: GERACI JOSEPH E. , MARTIN WILLIAM J.
Published: June 2012

Thirty-three cases of enterococcal endocarditis encountered during the decade from January 1944 through December 1953 are reviewed. In vitro studies indicate that penicillin and streptomycin are the best antibiotic pair for bactericidal effect. Twelve of the last 14 patients were cured (86 per cent), 10 with combined therapy. The cure rate in enterococcal endocarditis now approximates that of endocarditis caused by penicillin-sensitive streptococci. A maximal number of cures is achieved by individualization of therapy. The daily dosage of penicillin and the duration of combined penicillin-streptomycin therapy should be guided by in vitro bactericidal tests employing the patient's strain of enterococcus.
Lowering of Serum Cholesterol by the Administration of a Plant Sterol
Authors: BEST MAURICE M. , DUNCAN CHARLES H. , VAN LOON EDWARD J. , WATHEN JOAN D.
Published: June 2012

The plant sterol, beta-sitosterol, has been administered to nine subjects on unrestricted diet. A sustained reduction of serum total cholesterol and a lowering of the ratio of cholesterol to lipid phosphorus occurred. Interference by sitosterol with the absorption of cholesterol, both dietary and that excreted into the gastrointestinal tract, is presumably responsible for this hypocholesterolemic effect. No toxic or undesirable side effects were observed. A means of studying the effects of a sustained lowering of serum cholesterol on atherosclerotic states would now seem to be available.
Analysis of the Electrocardiograms Obtained from 1000 Young Healthy Aviators
Authors: PACKARD JOHN M. , GRAETTINGER JOHN S. , GRAYBIEL ASHTON
Published: June 2012

Ninety-six per cent of the original subjects were traced after a period of 10 to 12 years; 202 were dead, and data obtained on re-examination were complete for 639. Except in one case of myocardial infarction, subjects with "borderline" or frank electrocardiographic abnormalities showed no symptoms of the development of heart disease. It is argued that the borderline abnormalities, considered as a group, must have little pathologic significance; otherwise, out of the relatively large number of subjects in this group, some would have exhibited symptoms. Although heart disease did not develop in any of the subjects with frank electrocardiographic abnormalities, such as bundle-branch block, the same argument does not hold with equal force because of the small number of cases in that group.
Myxoma of the Left Atrium Simulating Mitral Stenosis
Authors: HARRISON JOHN W. , MCCORMACK LAWRENCE J. , ERNSTENE A. CARLTON
Published: June 2012

A case of myxoma of the left atrium originally diagnosed as mitral stenosis has been presented. Analysis of the clinical and roentgenologic features and the data obtained from cardiac catheterization indicate that a correct diagnosis probably could have been made. Certain of the findings suggest that although prolapse of the tumor into the orifice of the mitral valve was responsible for striking changes in the patient's condition, the site of the chronic obstruction responsible for the pulmonary hypertension and the changes in the pulmonary arterioles may have been at the atrial orifices of the pulmonary veins.
Traumatic Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: GOYETTE EDWIN M. , BLAKE HU A. , FORSEE JAMES H. , SWAN HENRY
Published: June 2012

Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta may follow severe, nonpenetrating injuries of the thorax unaccompanied by rib fractures. The aneurysms characteristically appear in the first portion of the descending aorta or less commonly in the proximal ascending portion. A large aneurysm, progressive enlargement, or symptoms may necessitate excision or repair. Such repair is now feasible. Traumatic aortic aneurysm should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obscure lesions in the thorax when there is a history of severe antecedent trauma.
Postoperative Changes in the Electrocardiogram in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: LANDTMAN BERNHARD
Published: June 2012

Electrocardiograms of forty-six cases of pure pulmonary stenosis were analyzed before and after valvulotomy. The electrocardiograms taken at the last postoperative examinations (three months or longer after the operation) revealed significant changes as compared with the preoperative tracings. It is suggested that these changes may be due to the diminished load on the right ventricle and right auricle after the operation. Evidence is presented that electrocardiography offers a simple and valuable means for the evaluation of the result of valvulotomy in pure pulmonary stenosis.
A Study of the Ultraviolet Microscopy of Renal Vascular Diseases
Authors: SOMMERS SHELDON C. , CROZIER RUTH , WARREN SHIELDS
Published: June 2012

Newer methods of microscopy promise to provide a better insight into the physicochemical aspects of tissue structure than has been attained by conventional technics. An exploratory investigation is reported of the ultraviolet absorptive behavior of renal arterioles and arteries, employing the Polaroid color-translating ultraviolet microscope. In the arteriolar necrosis accompanying malignant hypertension and renal periarteritis nodosa changes of particular interest were observed.
An Analysis of Activation in Human Atria
Authors: ABILDSKOV J. A. , CRONVICH J. A. , BURCH G. E.
Published: June 2012

The P wave and PsÊ-loop were derived from coplanar outlines of the contour of seven human atria, including left atrial enlargement, in which it was assumed that the process of depolarization spread in a radial fashion from the sinoatrial node. The "derived" planar projections of the P waves of the standard leads and PsÊ-loops were similar in relative amplitude and general contour to those recorded electrocardiographically and vectorcardiographically prior to death.
Cardiovascular Actions of Sodium Nitroprusside in Animals and Hypertensive Patients
Authors: PAGE IRVINE H. , CORCORAN A. C. , DUSTAN H. P. , KOPPANYI THEODORE
Published: June 2012

Certain chemical and pharmacological properties of sodium nitroprusside, a cheap, readily available chemical, have been described. It is a powerful hypotensive agent when given intravenously tohypertensive patients. It is no more effective than the sodium thiocyanate into which it is converted when given by mouth. Prolonged infusion has proved highly effective in the treatment of hypertensive encephalopathy.
Some Observations on the Relation of the High-Frequency Bed Ballistocardiogram to that Obtained from an Aperiodic Bed
Authors: DEUCHAR DENNIS C. , TALBOT SAMUEL A. , SCARBOROUGH W. R.
Published: June 2012

A previous analysis of the mechanical behavior of current ballistocardiographic systems allowed the prediction of certain relationships between records from the Starr high-frequency bed and those representing undistorted forces applied to the body by the cardiovascular "generator." The latter were obtained by recording the acceleration of an "aperiodic mercury bed" platform. A relationship between the form of these two types of records from 80 subjects was sought. In varying types of normal and abnormal records the predicted relationship between the two different kinds of ballistocardiograms was consistently observed. It is concluded that records from the high-frequency bed grossly reflect the slower forces applied to the body, but are distorted with respect to phase, amplitude and frequency content, this being due in part to the elastic properties of the dorsal surface of the body and in part to the weight and stiffness of the platform support.
The Effect of Ventricular Systole on Auricular Rhythm in Auriculoventricular Block
Authors: ROSENBAUM MAURICIO B. , LEPESCHKIN EUGENE
Published: June 2012

In some cases of complete A-V block the curve of the duration of P-P intervals showed a sudden dip with a gradual return, during or after the T wave. This positive chronotropic (accelerating) effect of ventricular systole is probably caused by the traction exerted on the right auricle by the contracting ventricle. Other cases showed a sudden rise in the curve of P-P intervals late in diastole,followed by a gradual return. This negative chronotropic (slowing) effect is probably caused by a vagal reflex precipitated by stimulation of the arterial pressoreceptors by the pulse wave. The interplay of these two effects determines whether the P-P intervals containing QRS will be shorter than those not containing it, or whether the relation is reversed (paradox effect).
The Use of Hexamethonium in Treatment of Arteriosclerosis Obliterans
Authors: WINDESHEIM JOHN H. , ROTH GRACE M. , GIFFORD RAY W.
Published: June 2012

The effect of hexamethonium on hypertension has been widely studied but its effect on the peripheral blood vessels of patients with severe occlusive vascular disease has been studied on only a few patients although the drug has been used empirically in the treatment of such disease.

Observations were made on the effect of hexamethonium ion administered subcutaneously in increasing doses of 10 to 50 mg. on the skin temperature of the fingers and toes, the blood pressure and the pulse rates of a group of patients with severe arteriosclerosis obliterans. On this group of patients hexamethonium had little or no effect.
Effects of Hemorrhagic Shock on the Heart and Circulation of Intact Dogs
Authors: HACKEL DONALD B. , GOODALE WALTER T.
Published: June 2012

The metabolic, hemodynamic and pathologic effects of hemorrhagic shock on the hearts of intact dogs have been studied, using the technique of venous catheterization of the coronary sinus. Metabolic studies demonstrated an alteration in the pattern of myocardial carbohydrate metabolism during shock and evidence for a relative myocardial oxygen deficiency. Subendocardial hemorrhage or necrosis was found in the left ventricles of some of the dogs.
The Clinical Results in the First Five Hundred Patients with Mitral Stenosis Undergoing Valvuloplasty
Authors: ELLIS LAURENCE B. , HARKEN DWIGHT E.
Published: June 2012

A report is made of the clinical results in the first 500 patients operated on by mitral valvuloplasty in whom a preoperative diagnosis of predominant mitral stenosis had been made. The operation appears to offer some protection against late peripheral embolization.

Four hundred forty of 442 surviving patients have been followed for periods of from six months to five years. Seventy seven per cent of the entire group are significantly improved. Thirty one per cent have had one or more attacks of a postoperative syndrome, but in only 7 per cent has there been clear-cut evidence of active rheumatic fever. Improvement in objective clinical findings, in particular in cardiac murmurs, heart size and the electrocardiogram, have been less striking than the subjective improvement.
The Significance of the Serum Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase Activity Following Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: LADUE JOHN S. , WRÓBLEWSKI FELIX
Published: June 2012

The serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase rose two to 20 times normal in 74 of 75 patients who had acute transmural myocardial infarction. The height of the enzymatic activity was roughly proportional to the size of the infarct. Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase is unaffected by angina pectoris, coronary insufficiency, heart failure, or digitalis in the absence of active heart cell injury. Experimental myocardial infarction is followed consistently by a two to twenty-fold increase in serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity. Increase in the serum activity of this enzyme appears to be a useful index of the presence of active heart muscle injury.
Normal Standards for Amplitude of Ballistocardiograms Calibrated by Force
Authors: STARR ISAAC
Published: June 2012

Normal standards for ballistocardiogram amplitude have been estimated by statistical methods from a series of 194 healthy men and women. The application of new knowledge of the genesis of ballistocardiograms has resulted in normnal standards with a smaller scatter than those previously formulated, and so the ability to detect cardiac abnormality has been correspondingly increased.
The Syndrome of Carcinoid and Acquired Valve Lesions of the Right Side of the Heart
Authors: BEAN WILLIAM B. , OLCH DAVID , WEINBERG HARRY B.
Published: June 2012

Recent papers by Biörck and Rosenbaum have revived interest in the rare disease characterized pathologically by carcinoid of the small intestine, metastases to the liver, acquired nonrheumatic disease of the tricuspid and pulmonic valve, and angiomas in the skin. Clinically the condition is characterized by dramatic episodes of flushing, mottling of the skin, diarrhea, dyspnea and ultimately by congestive failure. Probably 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) liberated from the carcinoid tumors induces the vascular changes. The suggestion is set forth that an antagonist to this compound might reduce the symptoms and perhaps favorably affect the course of the disease. Two cases are reported.
Acute Complete Heart Block in Dogs
Authors: STARZL T. E. , GAERTNER R. A. , BAKER R. ROBINSON
Published: June 2012

A study has been conducted immediately and up to 18 days after the surgical production of complete heart block in dogs. Immediately after surgery cardiac output, coronary flow, and mean arterial pressure were reduced in rough proportion to the degree of bradycardia. In time, these measures began to return toward preoperative levels. Paralleling the diminished left ventricular work was a diminished left ventricular oxygen consumption with little consequent change in myocardial efficiency. Small rises were detected in central venous pressure. At autopsy, the only unequivocal abnormality was myocardial hypertrophy which became measurable between 2 and 18 days after operation.
Long-Acting Coronary Vasodilator Drugs:Metamine, Paveril, Nitroglyn and Peritrate
Authors: RUSSEK HENRY I. , ZOHMAN BURTON L. , DRUMM ALICE E. , WEINGARTEN WILLIAM , DORSET VIRGIL J.
Published: June 2012

Recognition of the value of glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerine) in the treatment and prevention of anginal attacks has confirmed the belief that coronary blood flow may be influenced favorably by drug therapy and has led to a search for vasodilators capable of more prolonged action. The most popular of the newer agents which are alleged to have this desirable effect are Metamine, Paveril, Nitroglyn and Peritrate. In order to evaluate these drugs, the modifying action of each agent on the electrocardiographic response to standard exercise (Master two-step test) was recorded and compared in 21 carefully selected patients with coronary disease. Analysis of the results obtained with varying dosage administered from one to six hours prior to exercise disclosed that Peritrate was vastly superior to the other three drugs and that it alone was worthy of the designation "long-acting coronary vasodilator."
Chronic Heart Block in Dogs. A Method for Producing Experimental Heart Failure
Authors: STARZL T. E. , GAERTNER R. A. , Kelley Elizabeth
Published: June 2012

A method is described for the production of chronic atrioventricular block in dogs, by incision of the region of the bundle of His through the open right atrium during temporary caval occlusion. Exercise tolerances, chest x-ray films, electrocardiograms, phonocardiograms, cardiac outputs, intracardiac pressures, femoral pressures, and left ventricular coronary flows were obtained preoperatively and from 1 to 10 months postoperatively. The majority of the animals developed clinical, laboratory, and pathological evidence of congestive heart failure. All animals had generalized myocardial hypertrophy.
Dynamic Comparison of Current Ballistocardiographic Methods
Authors: TALBOT S. A. , HARRISON W. K.
Published: June 2012

In part I was discussed the nature and magnitude of force artefacts in the ballistocardiogram (BCG) arising from coupling the body to ground. The effect of this grounding on the reading of cardiovascular motion, momentum and force was explained, using the simple one-mass dynamics. Part II dealt with the effects on the ballistocardiogram of a second mass, a platform supporting the body. The body itself is a cutoff filter (of the resonant type) by its springy supporting tissues which couple the body and platform masses. In the displacement ballistocardiogram this attenuates the upper frequencies recorded from stiffly sprung platforms, or from the direct-body whatever its coupling to earth. In the acceleration record, the body mass and spring cut off the lower ballistocardiographic frequencies, while platform mass and body-spring cut off the higher frequencies. The size of these errors and their bearing on multilateral recording were discussed.)
The Hemodynamic and Metabolic Interrelationships in the Activity of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and the Thyroid Hormones
Authors: BREWSTER WILLIAM R. , ISAACS JAMES P. , OSGOOD PATRICIA F. , KING THELMA L.
Published: June 2012

The hemodynamic and metabolic effects of a total sympathetic block and of the infusion of
l
-epinephrine or
l
-norepinephrine were studied in 27 euthyroid dogs and in 31 thyroid-fed dogs. The physiologic changes produced by increased concentrations of the thyroid hormones were abolished by preventing the reflex release of epinephrine and norepinephrine with a total sympathetic block. The inotropic, chronotropic and calorigenic effects of
l
-epinephrine and of
l
-norepinephrine were found to be increased by thyroid feeding. It is concluded that there is a dynamic interrelationship between the thyroid hormones and those of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve endings. The hemodynamic and metabolic changes of thyrotoxicosis are not the result of the isolated activity of the thyroid hormones, but rather are due to the physiologic effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine, as augmented by the thyroid hormones. Studies indicate that
l
-norepinephrine is the predominant mediator of the changes produced by thyroid feeding.
The Normal P-R Interval in Infants and Children
Authors: ALIMURUNG MARIANO M. , MASSELL BENEDICT F.
Published: June 2012

The value of the P-R interval in the study and evaluation of treatment of rheumatic carditis, a disease predominantly of the younger ages, has prompted a re-examination of the normal P-R standards for infants and children. This study reports these data as obtained from 506 normal infants and children. The data reveal that both age and heart rate exert a significant influence on the P-R interval. The minimum, average, and maximum values are given as related to different ages and different heart rates.
A Comparative Study of Spatial Vectorcardiograms Obtained with the Equilateral Tetrahedron and a "Corrected" System of Electrode Placement
Authors: ABILDSKOV J. A. , PENCE ELDON D.
Published: June 2012

Spatial vectorcardiograms of a group of normal young adults, recorded with two systems of electrode placement, have been studied. Those recorded with the equilateral tetrahedron as the reference system were similar to records previously described and had QRS-loops of two configurations. Those recorded with a method of lead placement designed to reduce the errors inherent in the commonly used reference frames had greater uniformity of form and orientation of both the QRS and T-loops.
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Return
Authors: GOTT VINCENT L. , LESTER RICHARD G. , LILLEHEI C. WALTON , VARCO RICHARD L.
Published: June 2012

Thirty cases of total anomalous pulmonary return have been collected and analyzed. The pathways of drainage and their embryologic development are discussed. The cardiac catheterization, electrocardiographic and radiologic findings are also presented. These laboratory data accompanied by the clinical findings seem to identify a recognizable diagnostic picture for this malformation. Finally, our attempts at surgical correction of this defect are briefly enumerated.
Vectorcardiographic Notation
Authors: HELM ROBERT A.
Published: June 2012

The method of viewing the frontal, sagittal and transverse vectorcardiographic planes is considered from the standpoint of devising a uniform system of measuring angles on these planes. It is pointed out that care must be taken in the selection of oscilloscopic presentations to prevent inconsistency of the signs of the trigonometric functions of such angles. Two groups of oscilloscopic presentations are suggested, either of which permits angles to be measured in a clockwise direction from a reference axis of uniform position on each plane.
Hemolytic Syndrome Following the Insertion of a Lucite Ball Valve Prosthesis into the Cardiovascular System
Authors: STOHLMAN FREDERICK , SARNOFF STANLEY J. , CASE ROBERT B. , NESS ARTHUR T.
Published: June 2012

Permanent bypass of the aortic valve was accomplished in the dog by placing a lucite conduit containing a Hufnagel valve between the left ventricular apex and thoracic aorta. Red cell destruction was produced by the valve in this position and was accompanied by hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, anemia, reticulocytosis and renal hemosiderosis. Red cell survival, as determined with Cr
51
, was markedly shortened.
Antidiuresis and Other Renal Responses to Piperoxan in Pheochromocytoma
Authors: CORCORAN A. C. , DUSTAN HARRIET P. , PAGE IRVINE H.
Published: June 2012

The clinical recognition of pheochromocytoma as a cause of hypertension is still a difficult problem for which the many tests that have been devised are at times inadequate. In this article an antidiuretic response to piperoxan in patients with pheochromocytoma is described. In view of the diuretic response of patients without pheochromocytoma, measurement of urinary flow after injection of piperoxan is suggested as a possible simple, confirmatory guide in diagnosis.
Heart Failure and Lung Disease
Authors: HECHT HANS H.
Published: June 2012

The confusing and complex interplay of factors leading to "cor pulmonale" may be somewhat clarified if the effects of excessive pulmonary hypertension causing right heart overloading ("pulmonary hypertensive heart disease") are separated from the ventilatory defects that result in arterial desaturation, erythrocytosis, and moderate pulmonary hypertension ("emphysema heart"). In the former group, heart failure dominates the clinical picture; in the latter, it is assumed that heart failure occurs on the basis of a "myocardial factor"—presumably arteriosclerotic heart disease—whose manifestations are colored and modified by the coexisting and contributing respiratory dysfunction. Overlapping of these two distinct forms occurs frequently, and pulmonary hypertension may be severe enough to be the chief precipitating cause of failure in emphysema, particularly in young subjects and in patients with kyphoscoliosis. Respiratory disturbances, fibrosis, and loss of pulmonary elasticity may accompany heart failure secondary to right ventricular overloading which may ultimately lead to significant arterial desaturation at rest and the development of polycythemia, even in this group. It is typical, however, that the disturbances leading to cor pulmonale rarely, if ever, involve the actual pulmonary function of alveolar-capillary gas exchange; they are confined to the abnormalities of the precapillary pulmonary vasculature and to the mechanical apparatus of the chest cage and of the pulmonary parenchyma concerned with breathing mechanisms.

Pulmonary hypertensive heart disease, whatever its cause, has a monotonous symptomatology that is dominated by the signs of heart failure. In cor pulmonale due to emphysema and its allied types, the clinical picture is varied, and oxygen deficiency with arterial desaturation is of central significance. It raises pulmonary artery pressure by a mechanism not fully understood, and it stimulates erythropoiesis. When erythrocytosis has occurred, heart failure from cor pulmonale will soon make its appearance. Unless the arterial oxygen content falls sharply on exercise, resting oxygen saturation values in excess of 80 per cent do not cause this type of polycythemia; nor does polycythemia as such, as in erythremia ("vera"), result in significant arterial desaturation, pulmonary hypertension, or heart failure. However, little is known concerning the hemodynamic load imposed by an increase in blood viscosity.

The management of cor pulmonale must recognize the multiplicity of factors that are concerned and should weigh their relative significance in any given subject. The kaleidoscopic appearance of cor pulmonale requires flexibility of therapy based on a grasp of the individual pathophysiologic interrelations, which may differ from patient to patient.
Effects of Sitosterol on the Cholesterol Concentration in Serum and Liver in Hypothyroidism
Authors: BEST MAURICE M. , DUNCAN CHARLES H. , Wathen Joan D. , Jegher Ursula
Published: June 2012

The effects of the administration of the plant sterol, β-sitosterol, on the elevated serum lipids of hypothyroidism and on the cholesterol content of the liver have been investigated. In patients with hypothyroidism sitosterol administration, without dietary restriction, resulted in a reduction of serum cholesterol and other lipids. In the hypothyroid rat the addition of sitosterol to the diet prevented the increase in serum lipids and in the cholesterol content of the liver which otherwise occurs on a high-cholesterol diet.
Anatomic and Pathologic Studies in Ventricular Septal Defect
Authors: BECU LUIS M. , FONTANA ROBERT S. , DUSHANE JAMES W. , KIRKLIN JOHN W. , BURCHELL HOWARD B. , EDWARDS JESSE E.
Published: June 2012

In a necropsy study of 50 cases of ventricular septal defects, the anatomic position and relations of ventricular septal defects, the causes of and ages at death, and association of ventricular septal defects with other cardiovascular malformations were determined. The present availability of surgical closure of ventricular septal defects makes this information of practical significance.
Effects of Estrogen Therapy on Hormonal Functions and Serum Lipids in Men with Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: ROBINSON ROGER W. , HIGANO NORIO , COHEN WILLIAM D. , SNIFFEN RONALD C. , SHERER JOSEPH W.
Published: June 2012

Middle-aged men with coronary atherosclerosis were studied before and at intervals after initiation of estrogen therapy over a 12-month period. Serum lipid studies during treatment revealed consistent increases in phospholipid and α-lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased β-/α-lipoprotein cholesterol ratios. Concomitant endocrine studies demonstrated the expected testicular depression without apparent detriment to thyroid or adrenal function.
The Acute Hemodynamic and Metabolic Response of Hypertensive Patients to Pentolinium Tartrate
Authors: CROSLEY ARCHER P. , BROWN JOHN F. , TUCHMAN HERMAN , CRUMPTON CHARLES W. , HUSTON JOHN H. , ROWE GEORGE G.
Published: June 2012

Although pentolinium tartrate is widely used in the treatment of hypertension, there are no reports available regarding some of its cardiovascular effects and its influence on water and electrolyte excretion. The results of the present study indicate that this drug is of value in reducing the mean arterial blood pressure in hypertensive patients. However, the data also indicate the necessity for caution in the use of this agent and the need for a continuing search for newer agents in the treatment of this disease.
Bronchial and Arterial Anomalies with Drainage of the Right Lung into the Inferior Vena Cava
Authors: HALASZ NICHOLAS A. , HALLORAN KATHERINE H. , LIEBOW AVERILL A.
Published: June 2012

Three cases of anomalous pulmonary venous return to the inferior vena cava are presented and 18 previously reported cases are also analyzed. The clinical, radiographic, circulatory and pulmonary function, and anatomic features are carefully detailed. In particular, associated vascular and bronchial anomalies in the lungs were found by preparation of vinylite casts of the pulmonary vessels and bronchial casts; they are of great significance in planning and executing surgical therapy.
Chagas' Disease
Authors: LARANJA F. S. , DIAS E. , NOBREGA G. , MIRANDA A.
Published: June 2012

A study of the most important clinical and pathologic aspects of Chagas' disease has been presented, on the basis of the analysis of 180 cases of acute infection (11 with autopsy), 657 cases of chronic asymptomatic infection, and 683 cases of chronic Chagas' heart disease (21 autopsied cases with
Schizotrypanum cruzi
in myocardium).
Acute and Chronic Cardiovascular Effects of Pentolinium in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: SMITH JOSEF R. , HOOBLER S. W.
Published: June 2012

Using a tracer injection technic, modified to provide accurate and repeated determinations of cardiac output in the ambulatory patient, the authors have shown that chronic pentolinium therapy for hypertension lowers blood pressure by reducing cardiac output in the seated position. From these observations and the work of others, they believe that the effect of ganglionic blockade on venoconstrictor tone deserves greater emphasis.
Exchangeable Potassium Content of the Body in Congestive Failure
Authors: AIKAWA JERRY K. , FITZ REGINALD H. , Blumberg Aaron J.
Published: June 2012

The increase in body weight in congestive heart failure is generally attributed to the retention of sodium and water in the extracellular compartment. Important changes also occur in the intracellular space, particularly in the metabolism of potassium. The isotope-dilution technic permits more precise determination of the exchangeable potassium content of the body in congestive failure before and during diuresis. The results of 27 such determinations in 11 patients with congestive heart failure are correlated with the clinical status of the patient and the serum concentration.
Arterial Homografts for Peripheral Arteriosclerotic Occlusive Disease
Authors: DE BAKEY MICHAEL E. , CRAWFORD E. STANLEY , CREECH OSCAR , COOLEY DENTON A.
Published: June 2012

Sympathectomy and thrombo-endarterectomy have been largely unsatisfactory in the treatment of patients with arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities. In this paper the results are analyzed of a large experience with the use of lyophilized arterial homografts to bridge occlusive lesions below the aortic bifurcation. The criteria for selection of patients for operation, the simplified procedure of end-to-side by-pass of the obstruction, and the excellent results in 145 operations are presented.
XII. Polarity and Amplitude of the U Wave of the Electrocardiogram in Relation to that of the T Wave
Authors: SURAWICZ BORYS , KEMP ROBERT L. , BELLET SAMUEL
Published: June 2012

The ratio of the amplitude of the QRS complex to the amplitude of the U wave varies in different leads of the same electrocardiogram. In the majority of electrocardiograms, the U wave has the same polarity as the T wave and the ratio of the U wave and T wave amplitude is relatively constant in all leads. The tallest positive U wave is usually observed in the area of leads V
2
to V
4
. The deepest negative U wave is usually observed in the area of leads V
5
to V
6
. Secondary changes of the T wave are very frequently accompanied by similar changes of the U wave. T-wave changes caused by myocardial infarction and digitalis are usually not accompanied by changes of the polarity of the U wave.

The electrocardiograms of 297 cases of hypertension were divided into 6 groups on the basis of the relationship between the polarity of the T wave and the U wave. Both waves were positive in all precordial leads in 48.1 per cent of the cases. Negative U waves were found in 21.8 per cent of the cases and these were predominantly in the leads with negative T waves. A negative T wave in the left precordial leads was accompanied most frequently by a negative, less frequently by an isoelectric, and least frequently by a positive, U wave. An inverted U wave in the presence of an upright T wave was found in only 2.8 per cent of the cases. A change from a negative to a positive or isoelectric U wave was observed after slowing of the heart rate, a drop in blood pressure, and nitroglycerin administration.
Comparison of Mercurial Diuretics and Bed Rest in Normal and Toxemic Pregnancies
Authors: ASSALI N. S. , VOSKIAN J. , ROLLER J. , Ross M.
Published: June 2012

Recent reports have indicated that oral organomercurial compounds are effective in promoting diuresis in edematous states. In the majority of these studies, however, salt restriction, bed rest, and other medications were used. Therefore, the diuretic effects of the oral mercurials alone have not been properly assessed. In the present report, the effects of oral mercurials on water and electrolyte excretion were studied in normal and toxemic pregnancies and were compared to effects induced by bed rest and by injectable organomercurial agents.
Stenosis of a Branch of the Pulmonary Artery
Authors: ELDRIDGE FREDERIC , SELZER ARTHUR , HULTGREN HERBERT
Published: June 2012

Three patients have been demonstrated by cardiac catheterization to have stenosis of a main branch of the pulmonary artery. Two exhibited continuous ductus-like murmurs at the chest wall over the site of stenosis. Demonstration of a pressure gradient throughout the cardiac cycle at the site of stenosis in these 2 patients and the experimental production in the dog of a continuous murmur at the site of partial constriction of a pulmonary artery prove that the murmur is due to the stenosis. This anomaly should be added to the differential diagnosis of continuous murmurs over the chest.
Vasodepressor Syncope
Authors: WEISSLER A. M. , WARREN J. V. , ESTES E. H. , MCINTOSH H. D. , LEONARD J. J.
Published: June 2012

Vasodepressor syncope is characterized hemodynamically by a sudden fall in total peripheral resistance with little associated change in cardiac output. The failure of the cardiac output to compensate for the fall in peripheral resistance is a striking feature of the fainting reaction. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are the presence of neurogenic myocardial inhibition or markedly limited volume of blood available to the heart. The effects of atropine injections, inflation of antigravity suit, negative pressure breathing, and albumin infusions on the syncopal reaction were studied. Results favor the causative role of limited venous inflow in the cardiac output response.
Disease of the Sinoatrial Node Associated with Bradycardia, Asystole, Syncope, and Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: BIRCHFIELD R. I. , MENEFEE E. E. , BRYANT G. D. N.
Published: June 2012

Disease of the sinoatrial node due to coronary arteriosclerosis is rare. An unusual combination of arrhythmias attributed to disease of the sinus node and the effects of various pharmacologic agents, especially atropine, are described and discussed.
Association of Aortic Valvular Disease and Cystic Medial Necrosis of the Ascending Aorta
Authors: MCKUSICK VICTOR A. , LOGUE R. BRUCE , BAHNSON HENRY T.
Published: June 2012

In 4 patients with aortic stenosis and regurgitation, progressive dilatation of the ascending aorta and dissecting aneurysm developed. Cystic medial necrosis was discovered histologically. It is suggested that the change in the aorta is secondary to hemodynamic stresses imposed by the disease at the aortic valve.
Postvalvular Stenosis of the Pulmonary Artery
Authors: WILLIAMS C. BASIL , LANGE RAMON L. , HECHT HANS H.
Published: June 2012

Constrictive lesions of the pulmonary artery or its branches occur distal to the pulmonic valve. Four patients whose surgical or cardiac catheterization findings demonstrated such postvalvular stenosis are reported. The significance of such findings is discussed and diagnostic misinterpretations are mentioned.
Electrocardiogram and Vectorcardiogram in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Right Bundle-Branch Block
Authors: MILNOR W. R. , Bertrand Charles A. , Mugler Frederick R.
Published: June 2012

Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic studies on normal subjects and patients with heart disease suggest that criteria for the diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy can be improved and simplified. This report proposes new criteria for the electrocardiographic diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy. These criteria decrease the incidence of "false negative" and "false positive" interpretations, and also make possible the recognition of right ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of the R' - V
1
pattern, provided the QRS duration is less than 0.12 second. The findings and limitations of vectorcardiography in right ventricular hypertrophy and "right bundle-branch block" are discussed.
Sympathectomy for Raynaud's Phenomenon
Authors: GIFFORD RAY W. , HINES EDGAR A. , CRAIG WINCHELL MCK.
Published: June 2012

Follow-up information has been obtained from 70 women with Raynaud's disease and 54 women with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon who were subjected to surgical sympathetic denervation of one extremity or more. The results of sympathectomy in the upper and lower extremities are described. The effect of operation on the subsequent course, the complications and sequelae are presented and compared with the reports of others.
Pulmonary Artery Stenosis
Authors: VERMILLION MARGARET B. , LEIGHT LEONARD , DAVIS LAWRENCE A.
Published: June 2012

Although the number of cases of stenosis of a branch or branches of the pulmonary artery reported in the literature is small, this congenital lesion is being recognized with increasing frequency. This report is a description of 2 cases seen within 1 year. Both cases were studied by means of cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. In both there were complicating congenital heart lesions.