bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lifescapes & governance: The Régulo system in Central Mozambique
Authors: Convery Ian
Published: October 2006

In many subsistence economies, local people rely on forest resources to provide varying levels of goods (Byron, 1997) and continued access to these resources allows basic needs to be fulfilled (Sen, 1981). The link between local communities and forest resources is emphasised by Howorth (1999:17), who argues that it is local people who create landscapes, they produce nature and it is the people/people relationship in a local place that is the critical variable. People and places are thus intimately interconnected. In Central Mozambique, régulos (chiefs) play a pivotal role in the relationship between people and place. The régulomediates the relationship between the material world and the spirit world, the present and the past, and works alongside the curandeiros (traditional healers) to provide healing and protection from witchcraft. Respect for the primacy of the régulo is based on people's belief in the ancestors, and in the legitimacy of the régulo as both’ intermediary between the community and ancestral spirits, and at the same time as judge’ (Serra, 2001:13).
Chad/Darfur: How two crises merge
Authors: Marchal Roland
Published: October 2006

Two recent events seem to indicate that, after three years of turbulence, the situation in this part of the continent would return to normal.1 The first event was on 3 May 2006 when Idriss Déby Itno was re-elected as president of Chad, with over 77 per cent of the votes. The second, two days later, was the signature of a peace agreement on Darfur in Abuja, the Nigerian capital. However, our analysis stresses that the crises in Chad and Darfur are closely related and that the situation will probably continue to deteriorate. It concludes that such deterioration will occur unless account is taken of the transnational aspects of these crises, which are also to be seen in the destabilisation of the Central African Republic.
A political ecology of wildlife conservation in Africa
Authors: Jones Samantha
Published: October 2006

This short review summarises research and key debates in the conservation and management of wildlife, biodiversity and valued environments in Africa. It is broadly grounded in a political ecology approach, and indicates the importance of considering ways in which power and meanings conferred on the landscape play out in the realm of conservation. The review highlights the paradigm shift that has occurred in thinking about African environments and shows how this has shaped approaches to conservation. It considers factors that influenced the origin of conservation initiatives in Africa, including the preservation of game for hunting and the establishment of national parks in the United States. The shift from an early fortress conservation model to later community conservation approaches is traced and a summary of the critique of community conservation with a analysis of the CAMPFIRE programme in Zimbabwe, is presented. More recently the conservation agenda seems to have turned towards transfrontier conservation. The conclusion cautions that despite the weight of critical analyses of community conservation, its abandonment would be somewhat premature and potentially detrimental to desirable conservation and development outcomes.
The world bank & urban programmes in Zimbabwe: A critical appraisal
Authors: Ramsamy Edward
Published: October 2006

The World Bank did not address urban issues for the first twenty-five years of its existence. However, a variety of political factors propelled the reluctant institution to address urban poverty in the early 1970s (Ayres, 1983; Ramsamy, 2006). The majority of the Bank's urban interventions during the 1970s concentrated on squatter upgrading and sites-and-services projects. While these programmes did have their problems, they represent the Bank's first attempt to address directly the needs of the urban poor, and offer them a framework to legitimise their rights to shelter and secure land tenure. By the mid-1980s, however, the Bank moved away from this approach and embraced a perspective that examined cities in their national macro-economic contexts. The Bank argued that the role of governments ought to be transformed from that of ‘providers’ of urban services, to that of ‘supporters’ or ‘enablers’ that serve as a liaison between the private sector and self-help groups (World Bank, 1991, 1993).
Angola: Can the politics of disorder become the politics of democratisation & development?
Authors: Kibble Steve
Published: October 2006

Postwar Angola seems at first look to be in a triple transition from war to peace, devastation to reconstruction and from a state/elite patronage system to democratisation and transparency. In fact it is argued here that the ‘politics of disorder’ stemming from war suit the purposes of the Angolan elite whilst it simultaneously proclaims transition for outside cosmetic purposes. The Angolan elite comprising in David Sogge's words ‘a constellation of politician-rentiers, petroleum sector technocrats and military officials’2 can run the state in their own interest, largely ignoring any demands from the citizenry given that the accumulation basis and the orientation of the elite is to the outside. Chinese loans, high oil prices, further oilfield expansion and the warm alliance with the USA ensure that Angolan civil society – despite its efforts – is unable to adequately counter the elite's ability to control events. Promised elections – without a date having been announced – are unlikely to change this structural framework.
A positive feedback loop between the p53 and Lats2 tumor suppressors prevents tetraploidization
Authors: Aylon Yael , Michael Dan , Shmueli Ayelet , Yabuta Norikazu , Nojima Hiroshi , Oren Moshe
Published: October 2006

Damage to the mitotic spindle and centrosome dysfunction can lead to cancer. To prevent this, cells trigger a succession of checkpoint responses, where an initial mitotic delay is followed by slippage without cytokinesis, spawning tetraploid G1 cells that undergo a p53-dependent G1/S arrest. We describe the importance of Lats2 (Large Tumor Suppressor 2) in this checkpoint response. Lats2 binds Mdm2, inhibits its E3 ligase activity, and activates p53. Nocodazole, a microtubule poison that provokes centrosome/mitotic apparatus dysfunction, induces Lats2 translocation from centrosomes to the nucleus and p53 accumulation. In turn, p53 rapidly and selectively up-regulates Lats2 expression in G2/M cells, thereby defining a positive feedback loop. Abrogation of Lats2 promotes accumulation of polyploid cells upon exposure to nocodazole, which can be prevented by direct activation of p53. The Lats2–Mdm2–p53 axis thus constitutes a novel checkpoint pathway critical for the maintenance of proper chromosome number.
Neuronal polarity in CNS development
Authors: Solecki David J. , Govek Eve-Ellen , Tomoda Toshifumi , Hatten Mary E.
Published: October 2006

The diversity of neuronal morphologies and the complexity of synaptic connections in the mammalian brain provide striking examples of cell polarity. Over the past decade, the identification of the PAR (for partitioning-defective) proteins, their function in polarity in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, and the conservation of polarity proteins related to the PAR polarity complex in Drosophila and vertebrates, kindled intense interest in polarity pathways. Although the existence of a conserved polarity protein complex does not prove that these proteins function the same way in different systems, the emergence of an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that regulates cell polarity provides an exciting opportunity to define the role of polarity proteins in the generation of the diverse array of cell types and patterns of connections in the developing mammalian brain. This review addresses emerging genetic, molecular genetic, biochemical, and cell biological approaches and mechanisms that control neuronal polarity, focusing on recent studies using the neonatal cerebellum and hippocampus as model systems.
Lost forever or temporarily misplaced? The long debate about the nature of memory impairment
Authors: Squire Larry R.
Published: October 2006

Studies of memory impairment in humans and experimental animals have been fundamental to learning about the organization of memory and its cellular and molecular substrates. When memory impairment occurs, especially after perturbations of the nervous system, the question inevitably arises whether the impairment reflects impaired information storage or impaired accessibility. This topic has been the subject of considerable commentary and experimental work over the years. In this reappraisal, I first consider four broad areas of behavioral study from the 1970s and 1980s that led to a dominant and compelling view of memory impairment as a deficit of information storage. Second, I identify some ambiguities that arise about how the terms “storage” and “retrieval” are applied, especially when the evidence is somewhat indirect and based on a behavioral-psychological level of analysis. I then review neurobiological findings that have been largely overlooked in these discussions. The relevant studies are ones where it has been possible to monitor neurons and synapses in direct relation to behavioral memory, for example, in animals with simple nervous systems and in single cell recordings from behaving monkeys. This work provides a straightforward and illuminating perspective on the question and confirms the view that first emerged from less direct evidence.
Effects of emotional arousal on multiple memory systems: Evidence from declarative and procedural learning
Authors: Steidl Stephan , Mohi-uddin Salwa , Anderson Adam K.
Published: October 2006

Extensive evidence documents emotional modulation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory in humans. However, little is known about the emotional modulation of striatum-dependent procedural memory. To address how emotional arousal influences declarative and procedural memory, the current study utilized (1) a picture recognition and (2) a weather prediction (WP) task (a probabilistic classification learning task), which have been shown to rely on hippocampal- and striatum-based memory systems, respectively. Observers viewed arousing or neutral pictures after (Experiment 1) or during (Experiment 2) WP training trials. A 1-wk delayed picture recognition memory test revealed enhanced declarative memory for arousing compared with neutral pictures. Arousal during encoding impaired initial WP acquisition but did not influence retention when tested after a 1-wk delay. Data from a subsequent 3-mo delayed test, however, suggested that arousal during acquisition may enhance remote WP retention. These results suggest a potential dissociation between how readily emotional arousal influences hippocampus-dependent and striatum-dependent memory systems in humans.
Desalting of Peptides and Protein Mixtures by RP-HPLC Techniques
Authors: Boysen Reinhard I. , Hearn Milton T.W.
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

The RP-HPLC technique can be used to “desalt” peptide or protein samples derived from extraction procedures, from chemical reactions such as reductive alkylation in the presence of urea or guanidine hydrochloride, citraconylation, iodination, or cyanogen bromide cleavage, or recovered from other chromatographic separation. The peptide or protein solution is injected onto a small RP-HPLC column. An aqueous buffer is used to elute the salts while the peptides or proteins are concentrated at the top of the column. After elution of the salts, monitored by UV detection, the peptides or proteins are eluted with H2O-acetonitrile or H2O-isopropanol mobile phases.
Analysis of Complex Protein Mixtures Using Nano-LC Coupled to MS/MS
Authors: Schieltz David M. , Washburn Michael P. , Hays Lara G.
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Nanoliter-LC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) permits the rapid and sensitive determination of protein-protein interactions. By using a specific purification technique such as coimmunoprecipitation or affinity purification in conjunction with nano-LC-MS/MS, not only are proteins identified, but specific protein-protein interactions are elucidated as well.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis Using the ThermoFinnigan LCQ System: Figure 1.
Authors: Schieltz David M. , Washburn Michael P. , Hays Lara G.
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

This protocol provides guidance for setting the parameters for a typical data-dependent MS/MS acquisition analysis using the ThermoFinnigan LCQ system. The method consists of a continual cycle beginning with one scan of MS (scan one), which records all of the m/z values of the ions present at that moment in the gradient, followed by two rounds of MS/MS. The initial MS/MS scan is of the first most-intense ion recorded from the MS scan. The second MS/MS scan is of the second most-intense ion recorded from scan one. Dynamic exclusion is activated to improve the protein identification capacity during the analysis.
Analysis of Complex Protein Mixtures Using Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MuDPIT)
Authors: Schieltz David M. , Washburn Michael P.
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes the analysis of a proteome using multidimensional protein identification technology (MuDPIT), which couples 2D-LC to MS/MS, to resolve and identify peptides from complex mixtures. In this method, a pulled capillary microcolumn is packed with two independent chromatography phases: a strong cation exchanger and reversed-phase matrix material. Once a complex peptide mixture is loaded onto the system, no additional sample handling is required, because, as the peptides elute from the column, they are directed into the ESI ion-trap mass spectrometer, where they are ionized, mass-selected, and fragmented. Finally, advanced search algorithms match the fragmented peptides to their respective proteins in a database.
Preparative 2D Gel Electrophoresis with Immobilized pH Gradients: SDS-PAGE of Proteins
Authors: Stochaj Wayne R. , Berkelman Tom , Laird Nancy
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Following first-dimension IEF and equilibration of the IPG gel strips, the proteins are separated on the basis of their molecular weight in the second dimension on an SDS-PAGE gel. Systems for this separation are available from a variety of suppliers and are commonly found in many protein chemistry laboratories. This protocol describes a method for placement of the IPG strip and gives some recommended electrophoresis conditions for these second-dimension gels.
Phosphoprotein Staining with the GelCode Phosphoprotein Staining Kit
Authors: Stochaj Wayne R. , Berkelman Tom , Laird Nancy
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

The phosphorylation state of a protein has an important role in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes. As a result, there has been a great deal of interest in detecting phosphorylated proteins. The method presented here uses the GelCode phosphoprotein staining kit (Pierce Chemical Company). This method depends on the hydrolysis of the phosphoprotein phosphoester linkage using sodium hydroxide in the presence of calcium ions. The gel containing the newly formed insoluble calcium phosphate is then treated with ammonium molybdate in dilute nitric acid. The resultant insoluble nitrophospho-molybdate complex is stained with Methyl Green. After destaining, the phosphoproteins are colored green to green-blue. The detection limit is in the nanogram range, but depends on the degree of phosphorylation of the protein. This method will detect the phosphoproteins phosvitin and β-casein in the 40-80 ng/band and 80-160 ng/band range, respectively. The method presented here is for staining minigels. Volumes will need to be increased for larger gels.
Preparation of Vertical SDS Slab Gels: Casting a Single Homogeneous Gel
Authors: Stochaj Wayne R. , Berkelman Tom , Laird Nancy
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Following the separation of proteins by IEF, the second dimension is carried out by SDS-PAGE. This protocol details the method for casting single homogeneous SDS-PAGE gels. Homogeneous gels (with the same %T and %C throughout) offer the best resolution for a particular molecular-weight range and are commonly used because they are the easiest to pour reproducibly. The second-dimension gels can be conveniently prepared in three different formats (i.e., sizes): minigels, for use with 7-cm IEF first-dimension gels; standard gels, for use with 11-, 13-, and 18-cm IEF first-dimension gels; and large-format gels, for use with 18- and 24-cm IEF first-dimension gels. All of the gels use a common set of reagents, listed below, but differ slightly in the equipment required.
Gateway-Compatible Yeast One-Hybrid Screens
Authors: Deplancke Bart , Vermeirssen Vanessa , Arda H. Efsun , Martinez Natalia J. , Walhout Albertha J.M.
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Protein-DNA interactions (PDIs) between transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes form the backbone of transcription regulatory networks. Such PDIs can be identified with either a TF or a gene as a starting point. The Gateway-compatible yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) system provides a high-throughput, gene-centered method for the identification of interactions between a “DNA bait” (e.g., cis-regulatory DNA elements or gene promoters) and “protein preys” (e.g., TFs). The Y1H system is a genetic system to detect PDIs based on selection of reporter gene expression in yeast. DNA baits are fused by Gateway cloning to two reporter genes, HIS3 and lacZ, and the resulting DNA bait::reporter constructs are subsequently integrated into the genome of the host yeast strain. After integration, baits are examined for self-activation (i.e., their ability to drive reporter gene expression in the absence of an exogenous prey protein). Subsequently, each DNA bait is screened for interacting proteins by transforming a library of preys into the corresponding Y1H DNA bait yeast strain. Preys are hybrid proteins composed of a protein from the organism of interest and a heterologous transcription activation domain. When a prey protein binds to the DNA bait, the heterologous activation domain activates reporter gene expression. Thus, physical interactions between both repressors and activators and their DNA targets can be identified.
Evaluation of the effects of probiotic supplementation from the neonatal period on innate immune development in infancy
Authors: Taylor A. , Hale J. , Wiltschut J. , Lehmann H. , Dunstan J. A. , Prescott S. L.
Published: October 2006

Background
Activation of the innate immune system by microbial stimulation is believed to be critical for normal immune maturation, and there has been speculation that these pathways are important for inhibiting allergic‐immune responses.

Objective
To assess innate immune function following a 6‐month supplementation with probiotic bacteria.

Methods
Two hundred and thirty‐one allergic, pregnant women were recruited into a randomized, controlled trial. The infants received either a probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus LAVRI‐A1; Probiomics) or placebo (maltodextrin alone) daily for the first 6 months of life. Mononuclear cell samples were available from 118 infants. Functional responses to toll‐like receptor (TLR) were assessed using ligands for TLR2 (Pansorbin) and TLR4/CD14 [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and measuring cytokine responses in the supernatants. Antigen‐presenting cell function, as well as capacity for cytokine production (IL‐12p70 and IL‐10) was assessed.

Results
Infants in the probiotic group did not demonstrate differences in innate immune function compared with those in the control group. No differences were seen when cytokine responses were examined following stimulation with Pansorbin (TLR2) or LPS (TLR4). Similarly, no differences were seen in the antigen‐presenting capacity of these infants. The mean fluorescence intensities of human leucocyte antigen‐DR (HLA‐DR) on monocytes, B cells and dendritic cells (DC) subsets were not affected, nor were the percentage of circulating DC subsets affected by a 6‐month supplementation with L. acidophilus LAVRI‐A1.

Conclusions
Probiotic supplementation with L. acidophilus for the first 6 months of life did not alter early innate immune responses in this population at high risk of developing allergic disease.
p‐Phenylenediamine allergy: the role of Bandrowski's base
Authors: White J. M. L. , Kullavanijaya P. , Duangdeeden I. , Zazzeroni R. , Gilmour N. J. , Basketter D. A. , McFadden J. P.
Published: October 2006

p‐Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a commonly used hair‐dye and a potent skin allergen. The mechanism of sensitization is unknown, as PPD is protein unreactive. We studied Bandrowski's base (BB), a PPD trimer, as well as 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ), a PPD hapten. PPD patch‐test positive patients were patch‐tested to BB and BQ. All tests were negative to 0.01% BQ and 0.01% BB. Five of 14 (35.7%) tested had true positive reactions to 0.1% BQ. One percent BQ was found to be irritant. Seven of 43 tested (16%) were positive to either 0.1% or 1% BB. The positive reactions to BB were weak, even when PPD reactions were strong. Mice lymph node assay gave EC3 values of 0.14% for PPD compared with 0.03% for BB. Therefore, BB is approximately 10 times more potent than PPD, taking into account the molarity. We suggest that while PPD may act as a prohapten, there is probably a spectrum of antigenic determinants in vivo. BB may be bound or metabolized by keratinocytes before it reacts with Langerhans cells.
Early exposure to latex products mediates latex sensitization in spina bifida but not in other diseases with comparable latex exposure rates
Authors: Eiwegger T. , Dehlink E. , Schwindt J. , Pomberger G. , Reider N. , Frigo E. , Rokitansky A. M. , Urbanek R. , Szépfalusi Z.
Published: October 2006

Background
The high prevalence of latex sensitization in patients with spina bifida (SB) has been attributed to repeated and early exposure to latex products. Other diseases such as gastroschisis/omphalocoele and post‐haemorrhagic/congenital hydrocephalus are also associated with repeated and early latex exposure.

Objective
The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the high prevalence of latex sensitization in patients with SB is rather related to the underlying disease itself than to disease‐associated known risk factors.

Methods
We compared children with SB (n=35), children with gastroschisis/omphalocoele (G/O, n=20) and children with post‐haemorrhagic/congenital hydrocephalus (PH, n=45). All children with SB and PH had a ventriculo‐peritoneal shunt since a very young age. Patients who underwent three or less surgical procedures matched in terms of age, number of operations, atopy and gender distribution, and were analysed for IgE sensitization rates to latex.

Results
In the SB group, 16 of 35 patients (46%) showed elevated latex‐specific IgE antibodies in contrast to one of 20 patients (5%) in the G/O group and four of 45 patients (8.9%) in the PH group (P<0.0005 and P<0.005, Fisher's exact test). Comparing matched control groups (3 operations), the effects remained significant (P<0.05 and P<0.01).

Conclusion
This study suggests that the SB population bears a disease‐associated propensity for latex sensitization. This effect cannot be explained exclusively by a higher number of operations and differences related to atopy, age or gender.
Spatial expression of two anti‐inflammatory mediators, annexin 1 and galectin‐1, in nasal polyposis
Authors: Sena A. A. S. , Provazzi P. J. S. , Fernandes A. M. , Cury P. M. , Rahal P. , Oliani S. M.
Published: October 2006

Background
There is renewed interest in the role played by specific counter‐regulatory mechanisms to control the inflammatory host response, poorly investigated in human pathology. Here, we monitored the expression of two anti‐inflammatory mediators, annexin 1 and galectin‐1, and assessed their potential link to glucocorticoids' (GCs) effective control of nasal polyposis (NP).

Methods
Total patterns of mRNA and protein expression were analysed by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting analyses, whereas ultrastructural immunocytochemistry was used for spatial localization and quantification of each mediator, focusing on mast cells, eosinophils and epithelial cells.

Results
Up‐regulation of the annexin 1 gene, and down‐regulation of galectin‐1 gene, was detected in polypoid tissue compared with nasal mucosa. Patient treatment with betamethasone augmented galectin‐1 protein expression in polyps. At the cellular level, control mast cells and eosinophils displayed higher annexin 1 expression, whereas marked galectin‐1 immunolabelling was detected in the granule matrix of mast cells. Cells of glandular duct epithelium also displayed expression of both annexin 1 and galectin‐1, augmented after treatment.

Conclusion
Mast cells and epithelial cells appeared to be pivotal cell types involved in the expression of both annexin 1 and galectin‐1. It is possible that annexin 1 and galectin‐1 could be functionally associated with a specific mechanism in NP and that GC exert at least part of their beneficial effects on the airway mucosa by up‐regulating, in a specific cell target fashion, these anti‐inflammatory agonists.
Major salivary gland agenesis in a young child: consequences for oral health
Authors: HEATH N. , MACLEOD I. , PEARCE R.
Published: October 2006

Summary.  Background.  Salivary gland agenesis is a rare condition. It can be associated with some equally rare syndromes so that diagnosis can be delayed.

Case Report.  The authors describe a case report. A 3‐year‐old girl, presented with dry mouth, carious teeth, recurrent herpes labialis and tonsillitis to Newcastle Dental Hospital. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by ‘salivary gland agenesis’.

Conclusion.  Primary and secondary paedicitric healthcare professionals should be aware of the possibility of salivary gland agenesis in the setting of the ‘non drooling baby’. Early detection of ‘salivary gland agenesis’ would do much to prevent the deleterious oral affects which follow the absence of salivary protection in the oral cavity.
Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Cold (SART) Stress on Sympathoadrenal System Activity in Rats
Authors: Fukuhara Koki , Kvetnansky Richard , Weise Virginia K. , Ohara Hiroyuki , Yoneda Ryozo , Goldstein David S. , Kopin Irwin J.
Published: October 2006

We compared sympathoadrenal responses to intermittent cold (SART) stress (in which cold exposure is interrupted by 4‐hourly intervals daily at room temperature) with those to continuous cold (−3°C) stress. Plasma levels of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), catecholamines and their metabolites as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activities in sympathetically innervated tissues were examined in rats exposed to each stressor for 1 day or for 5 days. Neither SART nor continuous exposure to cold for 1 day or 5 days altered plasma epinephrine (EPI) levels. However, norepinephrine (NE) and dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) levels increased markedly during exposure to these stressors. On the first day of SART or continuous cold stress, NE levels were increased similarly, but the increments in DHPG levels were greater during SART stress. Since DHPG is formed in neurons, neural reuptake of NE may be more enhanced on the first day of SART stress than on the first day of continuous cold stress. After 5 days of SART stress plasma NE levels were significantly higher than those found after 5 days of continuous cold exposure. Plasma levels of DHPG were elevated to the same extent in both 5 days SART‐ and continuously cold‐stressed rats, whereas plasma levels of methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) increased only by 5 days SART stress. Even at 1 h after the removal from 5 days SART stress, increased plasma levels of NE, DHPG and MHPG were still evident. These results suggest that 5 days SART stress elevates extraneuronal O‐methylation of DHPG, and that NE turnover is more greatly increased by SART stress than by continuous cold stress. Plasma levels of DOPA, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid also increased after either SART or continuous cold stress for 1 day and 5 days. Adrenal TH activities were significantly increased in rats exposed to SART or continuous cold stress for 1 day and 5 days, but in brown fat TH activity was elevated only in rats exposed to 5 days of continuous cold. Both SART and continuous cold stress are selective and potent stimuli for activation of the sympathoneural system, apparently without significant adrenomedullary EPI release. The increase of TH activity in the brown fat pad as well as of plasma NE and its metabolites is probably a result of adaptation to cold. It appears that even short intervals of return to a normal environmental temperature, as in SART, are sufficient to diminish sympathetic adaptation to cold.
Relationship of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunoreactivity to GnRH Neurons in the Ovariectomized and Intact Female Rat
Authors: Herbison Allan E. , Simonian Sharon X. , Norris Paula J. , Emson Piers C.
Published: October 2006

The present study has used a rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibody to examine the relationship of nNOS immunoreactivity to GnRH neurons in the ovariectomized and intact diestrous and proestrous rat. A striking band of nNOS‐immunoreactive cells was identified in the rostral preoptic area which began in the median preoptic nucleus and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and formed an inverted Y‐type distribution above the rostral third ventricle at the level of the anteroventral periventricular nucleus. Another band of nNOS‐immunoreactivity was found extending through the internal zone of the median eminence into the arcuate nucleus. Although nNOS immunoreactivity was not detected within GnRH neuronal cell bodies in any of the experimental groups, GnRH perikarya located in the rostral preoptic area, but not elsewhere, were found to be surrounded by nNOS‐containing cells. In the median eminence, nNOS and GnRH immunoreactivities were distributed separately in the internal and external zones, respectively.

These results provide evidence that, regardless of their pattern of activity, GnRH neurons in the female rat do not express nNOS. Instead, a close anatomical relationship between nNOS‐immunoreactive cells and GnRH perikarya and fibers has been identified within specific sub‐regions of the rostral preoptic area and in the median eminence. Such findings are compatible with a role for NO at both sites in regulating the release of GnRH throughout the estrous cycle.
The Kappa‐Opioid Receptor Agonist MR‐2034 Stimulates the Rat Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis: Studies in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Calogero A. E. , Scaccianoce S. , Burrello N. , Nicolai R. , Muscolo L. A. A. , Kling M. A. , Angelucci L. , D'Agata R.
Published: October 2006

There is increasing evidence that opiates not only have analgesic properties, but also regulate mechanisms activated during the stress response, such as the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. Indeed, opioid‐containing neurons innervate the paraventricular nucleus and the median eminence, thus modulating inputs to ACTH‐controlling neurons. In addition, dynorphin (the endogenous ligand of the kappa‐opioid receptor)‐like peptides have been found co‐localized with corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and are believed to be co‐secreted with it in the hypophyseal portal circulation to modulate ACTH release. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the selective κ‐opioid receptor agonist MR‐2034 [(‐)‐N‐(2‐tetrahydrofurfuryl)‐normetazocine] on the HPA axis in vivo and in vitro. MR‐2034 was given intravenously to catheterized, freely moving, male Sprague‐Dawley rats and serial blood samples were collected for ACTH and corticosterone (B) measurements. We evaluated also the site of MR‐2034 action on the HPA axis in vivo, after the administration of α‐helical CRH9–41, a CRH receptor antagonist, on hypothalamic CRH, pituitary ACTH, and B release in vitro. MR‐2034 increased plasma ACTH and B levels in a dose‐related fashion and this effect was antagonized by the selective κ‐opioid receptor antagonist MR‐1452. In the presence of α‐helical CRH9–41, the responses of plasma ACTH and B to MR‐2034 were blunted significantly, suggesting that this compound activates the HPA axis through a CRH‐dependent mechanism. Accordingly, MR‐2034 stimulated hypothalamic CRH release in vitro in a concentration‐dependent fashion and this effect was antagonized dose‐dependently by MR‐1452. However, the stimulatory effect of MR‐2034 on plasma ACTH and B in vivo was not completely abolished by α‐helical CRH9–41, suggesting that an additional, CRH‐independent, mechanism was involved. Indeed, MR‐2034 was able to stimulate basal ACTH output in a dose‐dependent manner and this effect was antagonized by MR‐1452 in vitro. On the other hand, MR‐2034 did not have any effect on B release from adrenocortical cells or adrenal quarters in vitro.
Efferent Projections from the Ovarian Steroid Receptor‐Containing Area of the Ventrolateral Hypothalamus in Female Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ricciardi K. H. N. , Turcotte J. C. , De Vries G. J. , Blaustein J. D.
Published: October 2006

The ventrolateral hypothalamus (VLH) in female guinea pigs includes a subset of neurons which contain estrogen and progestin receptors, and which are implicated in the regulation of female sexual behavior by steroid hormones. However, little is known about where these neurons project, and consequently which other brain areas are involved in sexual behavior in female guinea pigs. The anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐Leucoagglutinin was used to label efferents from the ovarian steroid receptor‐containing part of the VLH. To identify the correct placement of the tracer specifically within the group of neurons containing estrogen receptors, medial hypothalamic sections were also immunostained for estrogen receptors. Forebrain areas receiving dense projections from the ventrolateral hypothalamus included the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, anterior ventromedial hypothalamus, and caudal ventrolateral hypothalamus. The midbrain central gray was also heavily labeled. Moderate innervation was observed in the forebrain in the basolateral amygdala, medial preoptic nucleus, lateroanterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal hypothalamic areas, posterior hypothalamus, zona incerta, and in the midbrain interspersed among the central and lateral tegmental tracts. The major efferent pathways from the VLH appeared to travel rostrally through the mediobasal hypothalamus and preoptic area, and caudally via the medial thalamic nuclei and periventricular fiber system. These findings are similar to those of previous studies tracing the efferents from the ventromedial nucleus in rats and from the lateral hypothalamus in guinea pigs. Many of these areas that receive input from the steroid receptor rich area within the VLH are likely to be involved in the regulation of female sexual behavior.
Short Stressor Induced Long‐Lasting Increases of Vasopressin Stores in Hypothalamic Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone (CRH) Neurons in Adult Rats
Authors: Schmidt E. D. , Binnekade R. , Janszen A. W. J. W. , Tilders F. J. H.
Published: October 2006

Recently, we demonstrated that single administration of interleukin‐1β(IL‐1) to adult rats induces a long‐lasting (weeks) increase of vasopressin (AVP) stores in terminals of CRH neurons in the external zone of the median eminence (ZEME). This is accompanied by hypersecretion of AVP into the pituitary portal circulation and long‐lasting hyperresponsiveness of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis to stressors. Here, we determine whether this form of plasticity of hypothalamic CRH neurons is specific for IL‐1 or represents a general response to a stressor. Single exposure of rats to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IL‐1, brain surgery or electric footshocks increases the AVP stores in the ZEME 7 and 11 days later. Exposure to insulin or ether does not affect the AVP stores. The stressors have little or no effect on the CRH stores in the ZEME. The amplitude of the increase in AVP as measured 7–11 days after stimulation correlates with the overall ACTH response to the stressor (area under curve, r=0.89, P<0.0001), with the peak ACTH levels (r=0.52, P<0.05), but not with the duration of the ACTH response nor with any parameter of the corticosterone response. Administration of ACTH or corticosterone at doses that mimic stress‐induced plasma levels does not increase AVP stores 7 days later. We conclude that long‐lasting increases of AVP stores in CRH terminals in the ZEME can be induced by various stressors and postulate that the amplitude of such increases depends on the degree of activation of the CRH neurons by the stressor. (NWO grant: 900–543–101.)
Role of Nitric Oxide/Cyclic GMP Pathway in the Inhibitory Effect of GABA and Dopamine on Prolactin Release
Authors: Duvilanski Beatriz H. , Zambruno Carolina , Lasaga Mercedes , Pisera Daniel , Seilicovich Adriana
Published: October 2006

The anterior pituitary gland is a site of nitric oxide (NO) production and action, suggesting a local regulatory function. We recently reported that NO inhibits in vitro prolactin release. The aim of the present study was to establish the mechanism of action of NO on prolactin release and to determine whether NO is involved in the inhibitory effect of GABA on prolactin release. Since NO exerts its action through cGMP by activating guanylate cyclase in different tissues, we examined the effect of sodium nitroprusside (NP), a NO releaser, on intrapituitary cGMP levels. Incubation of anterior pituitary glands with 0.5 mM NP 4‐fold increased intrapituitary cGMP content, but decreased intrapituitary cAMP levels. In addition, we studied the effect of NP on prolactin release in the presence of LY 83583, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase activity and 3‐lsobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity. 10μM LY 83583 and 0.5 mM IBMX blocked the inhibitory effect of NP on prolactin release. (10‐3 M) 8Br‐cGMP, an analogue of cGMP, mimicked the effect of NP on prolactin release. On the other hand, NO seems to be involved in the inhibitory effect of GABA on prolactin release since hemoglobin, a scavenger of NO, and Nw‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), blocked the pituitary response to GABA. Moreover, GABA (10 6 M) stimulated NOS activity by almost 50%. GABA increased intrapituitary cGMP levels and decreased cAMP. Dopamine stimulated NOS activity weakly.

These observations suggest that NO, acting through the guanylate cyclase‐cGMP pathway, inhibits prolactin secretion. In addition, NO may be involved in the inhibitory effect of GABA and dopamine on prolactin release.
In Vitro Immunoneutralization of a Cleaved Prolactin Variant: Evidence for a Local Paracrine Action of Cleaved Prolactin in the Development of Gonadotrophs and Thyrotrophs in Rat Pituitary
Authors: Andries Maria , Jacobs Greta F. M. , Tilemans Diane , Denef Carl
Published: October 2006

We have previously isolated a cleaved prolactin variant, secreted by rat pituitary cells in culture, that stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs when added to pituitary aggregate cell cultures of 14‐day‐old female rats. Using synthetic peptides homologous to the new C‐ and N‐termini of the cleavage site, we made antisera recognizing this cleaved variant without significant cross reaction with native prolactin. Addition of these antisera to pituitary aggregate cell cultures decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs but not in the other pituitary cell types. These data are further evidence that this prolactin variant, cleaved between Tyr‐145 and Leu‐146, may have an important role as growth regulator of the gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs in the rat pituitary.
The vitamin D slant on allergy
Authors: Wjst Matthias
Published: October 2006

Oral vitamin D supplementation has been introduced into modern medicine to prevent rickets without the knowledge that this may have profound immunological consequences. The main vitamin D metabolite calcitriol suppresses dendritic cell maturation and consecutive Th1 cell development, which has independently described as a key mechanism of allergy development. Animal studies and epidemiological surveys now provide a first link of early vitamin D supplementation and later allergy where several vitamin D regulated genes seem to be involved. A randomized clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation could be a further step to follow up the vitamin hypothesis.
Temporal changes of soft‐bottom zoobenthic communities in and around Alsancak Harbor (Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea), with special attention to the autecology of exotic species
Authors: Çinar Melih Ertan , Katagan Tuncer , Öztürk Bilal , Egemen Özdemir , Ergen Zeki , Kocatas Ahmet , Önen Mesut , Kirkim Fevzi , Bakir Kerem , Kurt Güley , Dagli Ertan , Kaymakçi Asli , Açik Sermin , Dogan Alper , Özcan Tahir
Published: October 2006

Temporal and spatial variation in soft‐bottom benthic communities following recovery from a pollution episode were studied between January and September 2004 in and around Alsancak Harbor, located in the polluted part of Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean). Samples were collected at seven stations by van Veen grab. Three additional stations were sampled by means of a beam trawl to take into account large mobile animals and for a better estimate of the local biodiversity. A total of 231 species belonging to 10 zoobenthic groups were found. Polychaetes contributed 90% of the total faunal populations and mollusks 87% of the total biomass in the area. Community parameters varied significantly among stations and sampling periods; number of species ranged from 2 to 79 per 0.1 m2 grab sample; density from 20 to 81,720 ind·m−2; biomass from 0.1 to 4190 g·m−2; Shannon–Wiener diversity index (log2 base) from 0.4 to 4.4; and Pielou's evenness index from 0.11 to 1.0. Collections indicate that a number of species, including those sensitive to pollution, have colonized the area where azoic conditions had been previously reported. A total of six exotic species, Streblospio gynobranchiata, Polydora cornuta, Hydroides dianthus, Hydroides elegans, Anadara demiri and Fulvia fragilis, probably transferred to the area via ballast water or hull fouling, dominated soft or hard substrata in and near Alsancak Harbor. The first two species accounted for more than 70% of the total population in the area, while A. demiri contributed the most to the biomass (93%, at station 7).
Do Localized Clusters Influence Creativity of Inventors?
Authors: Ibrahim Sherwat E. , Fallah M. Hosein , Reilly Richard R.
Published: October 2006

Do localized clusters affect the creativity of inventors? What contributes to the creative environment of localized clusters that increases innovation output? This paper presents the results of a study investigating the environment of localized clusters and how it affects the creativity of individual inventors working in those clusters. The subjects for the study are inventors in the telecommunication industry who filed for patents individually or collectively. Localized clusters for telecoms are identified, and inventors are asked to rate the different influences existing in their local environment and how they affected the way the inventors came up with the ideas behind their inventions. Local influences are categorized under direct sources of ideas, stimuli in the local environment, and situations that take place locally. The ratings given to the importance of each category are evaluated and compared to each other, focusing on what to look for in clusters in order to further enhance the creativity of the innovators in those areas.
International Outsourcing, Technological Change, and Wage Inequality
Authors: Hijzen Alexander
Published: October 2006

This paper analyzes the impact of international outsourcing on UK wage inequality during the 1990s by applying the mandated wage approach proposed byFeenstra and Hanson (1999). The methodology is extended in order to obtain additional insight into the relative importance of the factor and sector bias of international outsourcing and technological change. The results indicate that technological change is the predominant force behind the increase in wage inequality, but international outsourcing also contributed significantly. In explaining the increase in wage inequality the factor bias of technological change was slightly larger than its sector bias, while for international outsourcing the sector bias was much more important. The relative importance of the two effects hinges crucially on the estimated rate of productivity passthrough.
Downhill from devaluation: The battle for sterling, 1968–721
Authors: OLIVER MICHAEL J. , HAMILTON ARRAN
Published: October 2006

The devaluation of 1967 and the float of 1972 have become two of the key cornerstones in the analysis of sterling under the Bretton Woods system. Sterling’s fortunes between 1968 and 1972 have not been so well documented. This article uncovers new evidence about the pound for this period, including the British government’s contingency plans for blocking the sterling balances as a means to negate the weakness of sterling following the 1967 devaluation, the discussions with the United States on the reform of the international monetary system, and the preparations made for floating the pound.
The effect of tobacco exposure on the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
Authors: McDonald SD , Walker M , Perkins SL , Beyene J , Murphy K , Gibb W , Ohlsson A
Published: October 2006

Objective  Our objective was to determine if maternal smoking is associated with programming of the fetal hypothalamic–pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. Cigarette smoking, which induces a state of hypoxia in the fetus, may promote in utero‘programming’ of the HPA axis. In utero, adaptations to the HPA axis, which become maladaptive later in life, have been hypothesised to contribute to the development of adult cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders.

Design  This was a prospective cohort study of term infants.

Population and setting  The study involved 104 infants born by elective caesarean section, 21 of whom were exposed to in utero tobacco and 83 were nonexposed.

Methods  Healthy women with healthy pregnancies were recruited if they were undergoing elective caesarean section. Maternal blood was drawn for cortisol and cotinine in the morning, and the umbilical blood was drawn immediately after delivery of the baby.

Main outcome measures  Umbilical arterial cortisol and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) levels.

Results  ACTH levels were significantly elevated in smoke‐exposed infants [17 (4–22) pmol/l versus 4 (2–11) pmol/l, respectively, P= 0.005], while cortisol levels were similar [182 (130–240) nmol/l versus 192 (127–265) nmol/l, respectively, P= 0.541].

Conclusions  For the first time, it was shown that infants exposed to in utero tobacco smoke have significantly elevated ACTH levels compared with nonexposed infants. The results of this study warrant further exploration of the effect of smoking on the neonatal HPA axis as a potential set up for ‘programming’.