Objects seen as scenes: neural circuitry for attending whole or parts
Authors: Valdés-Sosa Mitchell , Ontivero-Ortega Marlis , Iglesias-Fuster Jorge , Lage-Castellanos Agustin , Gong Jinnan , Luo Cheng , Castro-Laguardia Ana Maria , Bobes Maria Antonieta , Marinazzo Daniele , Yao Dezhong 
Published: September 2019

Depending on our goals, we pay attention to the global shape of an object or to the local shape of its parts, since it’s difficult to do both at once. This typically effortless process can be impaired in disease. However, it is not clear which cortical regions carry the information needed to constrain shape processing to a chosen global/local level. Here, novel stimuli were used to dissociate functional MRI responses to global and local shapes. This allowed identification of cortical regions containing information about level (independent from shape). Crucially, these regions overlapped part of the cortical network implicated in scene processing. As expected, shape information (independent of level) was mainly located in category-selective areas specialized for object- and face-processing. Regions with the same informational profile were strongly linked (as measured by functional connectivity), but were weak when the profiles diverged. Specifically, in the ventral-temporal-cortex (VTC) regions favoring level and shape were consistently separated by the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS). These regions also had limited crosstalk despite their spatial proximity, thus defining two functional pathways within VTC. We hypothesize that object hierarchical level is processed by neural circuitry that also analyses spatial layout in scenes, contributing to the control of the spatial-scale used for shape recognition. Use of level information tolerant to shape changes could guide whole/part attentional selection but facilitate illusory shape/level conjunctions under impoverished vision.

Significance statement

One daily engages hierarchically organized objects (e.g. face-eyes-eyelashes). Their perception is commonly studied with global shapes composed by of local shapes. Seeing shape at one level is easy, but difficult for both at once. How can the brain guide attention to one level? Here using novel stimuli that dissociate different levels over time and examining local patterns of brain-activity, we found that the level and shape of visual objects were represented into segregated sets of cortical regions, each connected into their own pathway. Level information was found in part of the cortical network known to process scenes. Coding of object-level independently from shape could participate in guiding sustained attention within objects, eliminating interference from irrelevant levels. It could also help produce “illusory conjunctions” (perceptual migration of a shape to the wrong level) when attention is limited.

Highlights

Modified Navon figures allow dissociation in time of fMRI responses for the global/local levels.

Shape-invariant hierarchical level information was found in scenes selective areas, whereas level-invariant shape information was found in object- and faces- selective areas.

Level and shape regions were divided by the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS) in VTC cortex, and each type of region connected into its own pathway.

Having separate level/shape pathways could facilitate selective-attention, but foster illusory conjunctions.