bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concept revision is sensitive to changes in category structure, causal history
Authors: Korman Joanna
Published: May 2011

Carey argues that the aspects of categorization that are diagnostic of deep conceptual structure and, by extension, narrow conceptual content, must be distinguished from those aspects that are incidental to categorization tasks. For natural kind concepts, discriminating between these two types of processes is complicated by the role of explanatory stance and the causal history of features in determining category structure.
What is the significance of The Origin of Concepts for philosophers' and psychologists' theories of concepts?
Authors: Machery Edouard
Published: May 2011

Carey holds that the study of conceptual development bears on the theories of concepts developed by philosophers and psychologists. In this commentary, I scrutinize her claims about the significance of the study of conceptual development.
The case for continuity
Authors: Gelman Rochel
Published: May 2011

This article defends a continuity position. Infants can abstract numerosity and young preschool children do respond appropriately to tasks that tap their ability to use a count and cardinal value and/or arithmetic principles. Active use of a nonverbal domain of arithmetic serves to enable the child to find relevant data to build knowledge about the language and use rules of numerosity and quantity.
Concept innateness, concept continuity, and bootstrapping
Authors: Carey Susan
Published: May 2011

The commentators raised issues relevant to all three important theses of The Origin of Concepts (henceforth TOOC). Some questioned the very existence of innate representational primitives, and others questioned my claims about their richness and whether they should be thought of as concepts. Some questioned the existence of conceptual discontinuity in the course of knowledge acquisition and others argued that discontinuity is much more common than was portrayed in TOOC. Some raised issues with my characterization of Quinian bootstrapping, and others questioned the dual factor theory of concepts motivated by my picture of conceptual development.
‘We want a peaceful life here and hereafter’: healthy ageing perspectives of older Malays in Malaysia
Authors: TOHIT NOORLAILI , BROWNING COLETTE JOY , RADERMACHER HARRIET
Published: May 2011

Healthy ageing concepts have been extensively studied in Western societies but few studies have explored the perceptions of older people from other cultural backgrounds. The aim of the study was to explore the conceptualisations of healthy ageing and perceived influences on ageing well amongst relatively healthy older Malays, a major ethnic group in Malaysia. Eight focus groups were conducted, with 38 participants recruited via community groups and leaders. Six themes were identified: spirituality, physical health and function, peace of mind, financial independence, family, and living environment. In this paper, we focus on the role of spirituality in healthy ageing which was a core resource in participants' lives. Participants reported that good physical health was an important resource that facilitated commitment to their spiritual activities. Furthermore, deteriorating functional ability appeared to provide an opportunity to optimise their spirituality, rather than hinder it. Participants wished for a ‘peaceful life’ and experienced this by enhancing their spirituality. Other ingredients for a peaceful life were financial independence, living in a place they love and having family members who live in harmony. In this community where religious affiliation is a tradition, spirituality can be fundamental for healthy ageing and its inclusion in aged care policy is imperative. However, further exploration on the diversity of individual expression of spirituality is important.
Effectiveness of environmental decontamination as an infection control measure
Authors: BANI-YAGHOUB M. , GAUTAM R. , DÖPFER D. , KASPAR C. W. , IVANEK R.
Published: May 2011

The effectiveness of environmental decontamination (ED) as a measure in the control of infectious diseases is controversial. This work quantifies the effectiveness of ED by analysing the transmission of pathogens from the environment to susceptible hosts in a Susceptible–Infected–Susceptible model. Analysis of the model shows that ED can render a population disease-free only when the duration of infection (D) is within a certain range. As host-to-host transmission rate is increased,Dfalls outside this range and the higher levels of ED have a diminishing return in reducing the number of infected hosts at endemic equilibrium. To avoid this, ED can be combined with other control measures, such as treating infected individuals to push the duration of infection into the specified range. We propose decision criteria and minimum ED efforts required for control policies to be effective.
Haemophilus influenzaetype b infection, vaccination, andH. influenzaecarriage in children in Minnesota, 2008–2009
Authors: LOWTHER S. A. , SHINODA N. , JUNI B. A. , THEODORE M. J. , WANG X. , JAWAHIR S. L. , JACKSON M. L. , COHN A. , DANILA R. , LYNFIELD R. ,   the Hib Survey Team
Published: May 2011

An increase in invasiveHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) cases occurred in Minnesota in 2008 after the recommended deferral of the 12–15 months Hib vaccine boosters during a US vaccine shortage. Five invasive Hib cases (one death) occurred in children; four had incomplete Hib vaccination (three refused/delayed); one was immunodeficient. Subsequently, we evaluated Hib carriage and vaccination. From 18 clinics near Hib cases, children (aged 4 weeks–60 months) were surveyed for pharyngeal Hib carriage. Records were compared for Hib, diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP), and pneumococcal (PCV-7) vaccination. Parents completed questionnaires on carriage risk factors and vaccination beliefs. In 1631 children (February–March 2009), no Hib carriage was detected; Hib vaccination was less likely to be completed than DTaP and PCV-7. Non-type bH. influenzae, detected in 245 (15%) children, was associated with: male sex, age 24–60 months, daycare attendance >15 h/week, a household smoker, and Asian/Pacific Islander race/ethnicity. In 2009, invasive Hib disease occurred in two children caused by the same strain that circulated in 2008. Hib remains a risk for vulnerable/unvaccinated children, although Hib carriage is not widespread in young children.
Space–time pattern of hepatitis A in Spain, 1997–2007
Authors: GOMEZ-BARROSO D. , VARELA C. , RAMIS R. , DEL BARRIO J. L. , SIMÓN F.
Published: May 2011

In Spain hepatitis A is a compulsory notifiable disease and individual cases are reported to the national epidemiological surveillance network. Incidence rates show variations in different regions. The aim of this study was to analyse the space–time pattern of hepatitis A risk at municipal level in Spain and at global and local levels during the period 1997–2007. At global level we used two estimates of risk: the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and the posterior probability that the smoothed relative risk is >1 (PP). At local level we used the scan statistic method to analyse the space–time clusters. The SIR and significant PP (>0·8) showed the highest risk concentrated in areas of the Mediterranean coast. The most likely cluster gave a relative risk of 53·530. These spatial statistics methodologies can be complementary tools in the epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases.
Multi-pathogen waterborne disease outbreak associated with a dinner cruise on Lake Michigan
Authors: SERDAREVIC F. , JONES R. C. , WEAVER K. N. , BLACK S. R. , RITGER K. A. , GUICHARD F. , DOMBROSKI P. , EMANUEL B. P. , MILLER L. , GERBER S. I.
Published: May 2011

We report an outbreak associated with a dinner cruise on Lake Michigan. This took place on the same day as heavy rainfall, which resulted in 42·4 billion liters of rainwater and storm runoff containing highly diluted sewage being released into the lake. Of 72 cruise participants, 41 (57%) reported gastroenteritis. Stool specimens were positive for Shigella sonnei (n=3), Giardia (n=3), and Cryptosporidium (n=2). Ice consumption was associated with illness (risk ratio 2·2, P=0·011). S. sonnei was isolated from a swab obtained from the one of the boat's ice bins. Environmental inspection revealed conditions and equipment that could have contributed to lake water contaminating the hose used to load potable water onto the boat. Knowledge of water holding and distribution systems on boats, and of potential risks associated with flooding and the release of diluted sewage into large bodies of water, is crucial for public health guidance regarding recreational cruises.
Triassic and Jurassic strata at Coombs Hills, south Victoria Land: stratigraphy, petrology and cross-cutting breccia pipes
Authors: Elliot David H. , Grimes Craig G.
Published: May 2011

The Triassic Lashly Formation occurs to the east of Mount Brooke at Coombs Hills. Previously established informal members B, C, and D of the Lashly Formation are now identified at Coombs Hills. Lashly Formation member D passes up into a poorly exposed interval of silicic shard-bearing fine-grained sandstone and tuff, which is correlated with the Jurassic Shafer Peak Formation of north Victoria Land and Hanson Formation of the Beardmore Glacier region. Lashly Formation members C and D are intruded by three phreatic explosion pipes, resulting from emplacement of Ferrar Dolerite intrusions at depth and associated explosive steam generation. These pipes, ranging up to 180 m in horizontal dimension, comprise sedimentary clasts in a sand matrix, most of which was locally derived. Pipe margins are mainly ill defined and adjacent country rock is commonly disaggregated or shattered, although retaining stratigraphic order. Locally, thin basalt intrusions have interacted with coal beds.
The Holocene environmental history of Lake Hoare, Taylor Valley, Antarctica, reconstructed from sediment cores
Authors: Wagner Bernd , Ortlepp Sabrina , Doran Peter T. , Kenig Fabien , Melles Martin , Burkemper Andy
Published: May 2011

Up to 2.3 m long sediment sequences were recovered from the deepest part of Lake Hoare in Taylor Valley, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Sedimentological, biogeochemical, and mineralogical analyses revealed a high spatial variability of these parameters in Lake Hoare. Five distinct lithological units were recognized. Radiocarbon dating of bulk organic carbon samples from the sediment sequences yielded apparently too old ages and significant age reversals, which prevented the establishment of reliable age-depth models. However, cross correlation of the sedimentary characteristics with those of sediment records from neighbouring Lake Fryxell indicates that the lowermost two units of the Lake Hoare sediment sequences were probably deposited during the final phase of proglacial Lake Washburn, which occupied Taylor Valley during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. High amounts of angular gravel and the absence of fine-grained material imply a complete desiccation with subaerial conditions in the Lake Hoare basin in the middle of the Holocene. The late Holocene (< c. 3300 calendar yr bp) is characterized by the establishment of environmental conditions similar to those existing today. A late Holocene desiccation event, such as proposed in former studies, is not indicated in the sediment sequences recovered.
Impacts of tidal land reclamation in Bohai Bay, China: ongoing losses of critical Yellow Sea waterbird staging and wintering sites
Authors: YANG HONG-YAN , CHEN BING , BARTER MARK , PIERSMA THEUNIS , ZHOU CHUN-FA , LI FENG-SHAN , ZHANG ZHENG-WANG
Published: May 2011

The coast of Bohai Bay, north-western Yellow Sea, is critical for waterbirds migrating along the East Asia-Australasian Flyway. Between 1994 and 2010, a total of 450 km2of offshore area, including 218 km2of intertidal flats (one third of the original tidal area in the bay), has been reclaimed along the bay for two industrial projects. This has caused the northward migrants to become concentrated in an ever smaller remaining area, our core study site. The spring peak numbers of two Red Knot subspecies in the East Asia-Australasian Flyway,Calidris canutus piersmaiandC. c. rogersi, in this so far little affected area increased from 13% in 2007 to 62% in 2010 of the global populations; the spring peak numbers of Curlew SandpiperC. ferrugineaincreased from 3% in 2007 to 23% in 2010 of the flyway population. The decline in the extent of intertidal mudflats also affected Relict GullsLarus relictus, listed by IUCN as ‘Vulnerable’; during normal winters 56% of the global population moved from the wintering habitats that were removed in Tianjin to the relatively intact areas around Tangshan. Densities of wintering Eurasian CurlewNumenius arquata, and spring-staging Broad-billed SandpiperLimicola falcinellusand SanderlingCalidris albahave also increased in the remaining areas. With the proposed continuation of land reclamation in Bohai Bay, we predict waterbird densities in the remaining areas to increase to a point of collapse. To evaluate the future of these fragile, shared international resources, it is vital to promote an immediate conservation action plan for the remaining coastal wetlands in this region, and continued population monitoring to determine the effects of this action.
The λ-calculus in the π-calculus
Authors: CAI XIAOJUAN , FU YUXI
Published: May 2011

A general approach is proposed for transforming objects to methods on the fly in the framework of the π-calculus. The power of the approach is demonstrated by applying it to generate an encoding of the full lambda calculus in the π-calculus. The encoding is proved to preserve and reflect beta reduction, and is shown to be fully abstract with respect to Abramsky's applicative bisimilarity.
The effects of cysteine addition during in vitro maturation on the developmental competence, ROS, GSH and apoptosis level of bovine oocytes exposed to heat stress
Authors: Nabenishi Hisashi , Ohta Hiroshi , Nishimoto Toshihumi , Morita Tetsuo , Ashizawa Koji , Tsuzuki Yasuhiro
Published: May 2011

In the present study, we investigated the effects of various concentrations of cysteine (0.0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mM) added to the maturation medium on nuclear maturation and subsequent embryonic development of bovine oocytes exposed to heat stress (HS: set at 39.5 °C for 5 h, 40.0 °C for 5 h, 40.5 °C for 6 h, and 40.0 °C for 4 h versus 38.5 °C for 20 h as the control group). This regime mimicked the circadian rhythm of the vaginal temperature of lactating dairy cows during the summer season in southwestern Japan. Moreover, we also evaluated the oocyte's reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels and the apoptosis levels of the oocytes and cumulus cells in the presence or absence of 1.2 mM cysteine. As a result, HS in the without-cysteine group significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) both the nuclear maturation rate up to the metaphase (M)II stage and the blastocyst formation rate compared with that of the control group. In addition, this group showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) ROS levels and significantly lower (p < 0.05) GSH levels than those of the control group. Moreover, the level of TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive cumulus cells in the HS without-cysteine group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control group. However, the addition of 1.2 mM cysteine to the maturation medium restored not only the nuclear maturation, blastocyst formation rates and GSH contents, but also increased the ROS and TUNEL-positive levels of the cumulus cells, but not oocytes, to that of the control group. These results indicate that the addition of 1.2 mM cysteine during in vitro maturation (IVM) may alleviate the influence of heat stress for oocyte developmental competence by increasing GSH content and inhibiting the production of oocyte ROS followed by apoptosis of cumulus cells.
Isolation and culture of embryonic stem-like cells from pig nuclear transfer blastocysts of different days
Authors: Tan Guangyun , Ren Linzhu , Huang Yongye , Tang Xiaochun , Zhou Yang , Zhou Yan , Li Dong , Song Hongxiao , Ouyang Hongsheng , Pang Daxin
Published: May 2011

This study was conducted to establish pig embryonic stem (ES)-like cell lines from nuclear transfer blastocysts. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing cell line was used as the source of donor cells injected into the enucleated oocytes. Blastocysts were collected at D5 (the fifth day), D7 (the seventh day) and D9 (the ninth day). Differential staining was used to assay the viability and development of blastocysts from the 3 days. The number of inner cell mass (ICM) cells increased from 1.83 ± 0.8 (D5) to 5.37 ± 1.2 (D7) to 7.56 ± 1.5 (D9). The expression profiles of embryonic stem (ES) cell factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC) correlated best with the undifferentiated ES state and were identified by qPCR. The expression of the four factors was increased from D5 to D7, whereas the expression decreased from D7 to D9. We tried to isolate ES-like cells from these embryos. However, ES-like cells from the D7 blastocysts grew slowly and expressed alkaline phosphatase. The cells from the D9 blastocysts grew rapidly but did not express alkaline phosphatase. ES-like cells were not isolated from the D5 blastocysts. These results show that the cells from the D7 embryos are pluripotent but grow slowly. The cells from the D9 embryos grow rapidly but start to lose pluripotency.
THEROMOLACODE: “MEN OF APPETITES” IN GEORGE ELIOT'S HISTORICAL NOVEL
Authors: Henry Nancy
Published: May 2011

The fifteenth-century Florentineworld that George Eliot studied and recreated inRomola(Cornhill Magazine, July 1862–August 1863) was characterized by the idea of love between males and the practice of sex between males. Same sex desire took various forms from the love of the older teacher for his pupil to the illegal but common practice of penetrating adolescent boys, for which many fifteenth-century Florentine men were prosecuted, particularly under the regime of the Dominican monk Girolamo Savonarola (1494–98). The monasteries themselves constituted an intense, all-male community of voluntary celibacy. These various sexual behaviors co-existed with more visible heterosexual institutions and practices, from the often politicized arranged marriages of the wealthy elite to the casual coupling of the peasant classes.
PAVEMENT, GUTTER, CARRIAGEWAY: SOCIAL ORDER AND URBAN SPACES IN THE WORK OF W. P. FRITH
Authors: Knowles Simon
Published: May 2011

In 1881 William Powell Frith(1819–1909) exhibited a painting at the Royal Academy in London titledFor Better For Worse(1881; oil on canvas; Private Collection). It depicts a well-to-do wedding Frith had witnessed in Bayswater (Figure 3). The newly married couple are represented crossing the pavement on a red carpet, just about to step into a waiting carriage pulled close to the kerb. The audience for their departure comprises a broad mix of classes and types. In his own description of this work, Frith identified the bride and groom, the bride's family and friends arranged on the steps of the house, plus a crowd standing behind the red carpet that included street boys, a Jewish second-hand clothes seller, and a policeman. In the foreground, on the left, a family of beggars approach from the street, while on the right-hand side, with his back to the viewer, stands a figure identified by Frith as an Italian boy with a monkey (2: 209–10).
“TO BE INDIFFERENT AND TO BE YOUNG”: DISRAELI, SYBIL, AND THE PRESERVATION OF AN AMERICAN “RACE,” 1879–1912
Authors: Fraser Gordon
Published: May 2011

On November 16, 1918, a little more than two weeks after an armistice officially ended World War I, an editorial in the Idaho Statesman offered advice about the future of the world economy. Lifting the title of its editorial directly from Benjamin Disraeli's Sybil, or The Two Nations, the Statesman argued only the political philosophy espoused by that novel and its author could show the world a way forward. Quoting from the novel's final paragraph, the newspaper declares: “‘To be indifferent and to be young can no longer be synonymous.’ Those words were true when Disraeli penned them just 73 years ago, but they apply with striking force to the problems of today and to the problems which will be certain to develop in the years just ahead” (“Trustees of Posterity” 4). The newspaper wasn't only advocating political involvement by the nation's youth, nor was Disraeli. Sybil proposes a particular kind of economic and political order, a union between a “just” aristocracy, led by the young and ambitious, and the laboring classes. It proposes that great statesmen take up the mantle of responsibility just as Thomas Carlyle, in Disraeli's day, advocated great captains of industry take up that mantle (Houghton 328). The newspaper's argument implies this seventy-year-old British novel will be critical to America's political future. But this vision of responsibility belongs in the nineteenth century – it is rooted in the conflict between republicanism and aristocratic oligarchy – and the timing of the Statesman article at first seems wildly inappropriate. As the First World War ended, the Statesman expected the world would face the kind of threats Americans had perceived before the war. The editorial warns that “mobocracy” still “holds nearly half of the area of Europe and much of northern Asia in its bloody and irresponsible grip.” If there is any doubt about who is behind this “mobocracy,” the newspaper clears that matter up, answering: “Bolshevists, Socialists and all of the disciples of unrest who may be roughly grouped as ‘The Reds’” (“Trustees of Posterity” 4). And when the Statesmen warns about “Reds,” it can easily expect its readers to remember that, only seventeen years earlier, President McKinley had been shot by just such a “Red”: Leon Czolgosz, an alleged anarchist and the child of Polish immigrants.
WAKING DREAMS: GEORGE ELIOT AND THE POETICS OF DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: Tressler Beth
Published: May 2011

In a letter that she wrote to her childhood governess and religious mentor Maria Lewis in 1839, George Eliot describes a pervading and distressful mental anxiety – one that would come to greatly influence both the constitution and development of her fiction. Still within the throes of her evangelical ardor, Eliot laments in this letter that the “disjointed specimens” of history, poetry, science, and philosophy have become “all arrested and petrified and smothered by the fast thickening every day accession of actual events, relative anxieties, and household cares and vexations” (Eliot, Letters 1: 29). The letter illustrates more the disjointed nature of Eliot's own mind than the disjointed nature of the things occupying it. Apparently under the weight of some religious guilt, she retracts this complaint and apologizes for it; but, then she immediately contradicts her retraction and defends her struggle by expanding her own individual failure into the larger realm of universal human failure:

How deplorably and unaccountably evanescent are our frames of mind, as various as the forms and hues of the summer clouds. A single word is sometimes enough to give an entirely new mould to our thoughts; at least I find myself so constituted, and therefore to me it is pre-eminently important to be anchored within the veil, so that outward things may only act as winds to agitating sails, and be unable to send me adrift. (Letters 1: 30)

Possibly fearing a rebuke from Lewis, Eliot finds it necessary to call upon the evanescence of “our frames of mind” to characterize her early struggle with the painful inconsistency of her own consciousness. On the one hand, Eliot feels a sense of evangelical guilt that her consciousness can be so influenced by “a single word” that her household duties and her spiritual life suffer. She equates this aspect of her mind to a deplorable, moral failing that threatens to set her adrift from her religious foundation. But on the other hand, Eliot contradicts this sense of failure with her resentment at the household anxieties and everyday vexations that are able to smother and petrify the extraordinary workings of her mind. To prevent herself from “saying anything still more discreditable to my head and heart,” she imagines herself as a child “wand'ring far alone, / That none might rouse me from my waking dream” (Letters 1: 30). But Eliot awakes from this dream to the disheartening revelation of “life's dull path and earth's deceitful hope” (Letters 1: 30). For a time, this painful deceit compels her to remain solidly within the confines of her duty and faith, but it simultaneously begins to unravel the binding that so ardently holds her.
MEREDITHIAN SLIPS: EMBODIED DISPOSITIONS AND NARRATIVE FORM INTHE EGOIST
Authors: O'Toole Sean
Published: May 2011

Despite a rich and variedcritical heritage, reception of George Meredith's 1879 novelThe Egoisthas tended to rely on the author'sEssay on Comedyas a key to unlocking the novel's many mysteries. Written just two years earlier as a lecture for the London Institution, theEssaywould seem an apt place to start. A blueprint for Meredith's attempt to offer a revitalizing corrective for the tedium of everyday life, that “monstrous monotonousness” of convention and complacency that enfolds us (The Egoist5; Prelude), theEssayhelps explain, and thus rehabilitate, the novel's apparent oddities: its fragmentary and discontinuous narration, dynamic conception of character, and infamous, ostentatious stylistic eccentricities, to name but the most obvious anomalies. The parallels between theEssayand the novel are well rehearsed by critics; indeed, this connection has served both the novel and critics well, generating a range of forceful and illuminating readings. It must be said, too, that the critical tendency to seeThe Egoistas an outgrowth of theEssayrepresents a significant improvement over the main thrust of contemporary reviews of the novel, in which the four most frequently used words were “affectation,” “obscurity,” “artificiality,” and “weakness” (I. Williams 11; Lucas 3).
“THE PROMISE OF LITERATURE IN THE COMING DAYS”: THE BEST HUNDRED IRISH BOOKS CONTROVERSY OF 1886
Authors: Hutton Clare
Published: May 2011

In January 1886 Sir John Lubbock, a Liberal MP and scientist, addressed the members of the London Working Men's College on “Books and Reading,” and recommended a list of a “hundred good books.” The Pall Mall Gazette decided to publicise the list, as “the hundred best books,” a small but significant revision which has as its ultimate reference Matthew Arnold's idea that culture can make the “best that has been known and thought in the world current everywhere” (Arnold 113). Though Arnold himself declined to comment on Lubbock's list, the ensuing column on “The Best Hundred Books by the Best Judges” proved to be enduringly popular. It ran for four weeks, and the responses to Lubbock – which ranged greatly in tone, manner and content – were reprinted in a Pall Mall Gazette “Extra” which appeared on 10 March 1886 and sold more than forty thousand copies within the next three weeks. Obviously this debate took place in a context of growing anxiety amongst the intelligentsia about the seemingly endless proliferation of mass produced cheaper books, especially in the area of fiction. In the face of such abundance, it was generally felt that it was important for the “Best Judges” to instruct the newly literate classes on what to read. Indeed, as N. N. Feltes has shown in Literary Capital and the Late Victorian Novel, the response to Lubbock's original list may be read as index of late Victorian ideologies of literary value.
Human crew-related aspects for astrobiology research
Authors: Thiel Cora S. , Pletser Vladimir , Foing Bernard
Published: May 2011

Several space agencies and exploration stakeholders have a strong interest in obtaining information on technical and human aspects to prepare for future extra-terrestrial planetary exploration. In this context, the EuroGeoMars campaign, organized with support from the International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG), the European Space Agency (ESA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center and partner institutes, was conducted by the crews 76 and 77 in February 2009 in The Mars Society's ‘Mars Desert Research Station’ (MDRS) in Utah.

The EuroGeoMars encompasses two groups of experiments: (1) a series of field science experiments that can be conducted from an extra-terrestrial planetary surface in geology, biology, astronomy/astrophysics and the necessary technology and networks to support these field investigations; (2) a series of human crew-related investigations on crew time organization in a planetary habitat, on the different functions and interfaces of this habitat, and on man–machine interfaces of science and technical equipment.

This paper recalls the objective of the EuroGeoMars project and presents the MDRS and its habitat layout. Social and operational aspects during simulations are described. Technical and operational aspects of biology investigations in the field and in the habitat laboratory are discussed in detail with the focus point set on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection of microbial DNA in soil samples.
Case studies of habitable Trojan planets in the system of HD 23079
Authors: Eberle J. , Cuntz M. , Quarles B. , Musielak Z.E.
Published: May 2011

We investigate the possibility of habitable Trojan planets in the HD 23079 star–planet system. This system consists of a solar-type star and a Jupiter-type planet, which orbits the star near the outer edge of the stellar habitable zone in an orbit of low eccentricity. We find that in agreement with previous studies Earth-mass habitable Trojan planets are possible in this system, although the success of staying within the zone of habitability is significantly affected by the orbital parameters of the giant planet and by the initial condition of the theoretical Earth-mass planet. In one of our simulations, the Earth-mass planet is captured by the giant planet and thus becomes a habitable moon.
Trust, plan knowledge and 401(k) savings behavior
Authors: AGNEW JULIE R. , SZYKMAN LISA R. , UTKUS STEPHEN P. , YOUNG JEAN A.
Published: May 2011

Plan knowledge and trust in financial institutions – two variables missing from standard neoclassical or behavioral models of decision-making – are strongly correlated to 401(k) savings behavior based on results from this paper. In voluntary enrollment settings, plan knowledge and demographic characteristics are related to participation in a 401(k) plan. In automatic enrollment settings, trust in financial institutions and knowledge of an available plan match are related to participation. Although this study cannot prove causality of the relationships, it does extend our understanding of the complex factors underlying savings choices. Policy implications are discussed.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Evolution of Institutions
Authors: BLYTH MARK , HODGSON GEOFFREY M. , LEWIS ORION , STEINMO SVEN
Published: May 2011

How can evolutionary ideas be applied to the study of social and political institutions? Charles Darwin identified the mechanisms of variation, selection and retention. He emphasized that evolutionary change depends on the uniqueness of every individual and its interactions within a population and with its environment. While introducing the contributions to this special issue, we examine some of the ontological positions underlying evolutionary theory, showing why they are appropriate for studying issues in economics, political science and sociology. We consider how these ideas might help us understand both institutional change and the formation of individual preferences.
Do politics matter? Women in Swedish local elected assemblies 1970–2010 and gender equality in outcomes
Authors: Wängnerud Lena , Sundell Anders
Published: May 2011

A substantial number of studies support the notion that having a high number of women in elected office helps strengthen the position of women in society. However, some of the most cited studies rely on questionnaires asking elected representatives about their attitudes and priorities, thus focusing on the input side of the political system. The closer one gets to outcomes in citizens’ everyday lives, the fewer empirical findings there are to report. In this study, we attempt to explain contemporary variations in gender equality at the sub-national level in Sweden. We use six indicators to capture a broad spectrum of everyday life situations. The overall finding is that having a high number of women elected does affect conditions for women citizens, making them more equal to men in terms of factors such as income levels, full-time vs. part-time employment, and distribution of parental leave between mothers and fathers, even when controlling for party ideology and modernization at the municipal level. No effect was found, however, on factors such as unemployment, poor health, and poverty among women. Thus, the politics of presence theory (Phillips, 1995), which emphasizes the importance of having a high number of women elected, does exert an effect, but the effect needs to be specified. For some dimensions of gender equality, the driving forces of change have more to do with general transformations of society than the equal distribution of women and men in elected assemblies. We thoroughly discuss measurement challenges since there is no accepted or straightforward way of testing the politics of presence theory. We challenge the conventional wisdom of using indexes to capture the network of circumstances that determines the relationship between women and men in society; aggregating several factors undermines the possibility of building fine-tuned understandings of the operative mechanisms.
Estimation of efficiency of a tree structured hierarchical wavelet representation of synthetic database applied to non-cooperative target recognition
Authors: Brousseau Christian
Published: May 2011

In this paper, problem of efficient representation of large database of target radar cross section (RCS) is investigated in order to minimize memory requirements and recognition search time, using a tree structured hierarchical wavelet representation. Synthetic RCS of large aircrafts, in the High Frequency (HF)–Very High Frequency (VHF) bands, are used as experimental data. Hierarchical trees are built using wavelet multiresolution representation and K-means clustering algorithm. Criteria used to define these hierarchical trees are described and the obtained performances are presented.
The Sound of Enemies and Friends in the Neighborhood
Authors: Pecher Diane , Boot Inge , van Dantzig Saskia , Madden Carol J. , Huber David E. , Zeelenberg René
Published: May 2011

Previous studies (e.g., Pecher, Zeelenberg, & Wagenmakers, 2005) found that semantic classification performance is better for target words with orthographic neighbors that are mostly from the same semantic class (e.g., living) compared to target words with orthographic neighbors that are mostly from the opposite semantic class (e.g., nonliving). In the present study we investigated the contribution of phonology to orthographic neighborhood effects by comparing effects of phonologically congruent orthographic neighbors (book-hook) to phonologically incongruent orthographic neighbors (sand-wand). The prior presentation of a semantically congruent word produced larger effects on subsequent animacy decisions when the previously presented word was a phonologically congruent neighbor than when it was a phonologically incongruent neighbor. In a second experiment, performance differences between target words with versus without semantically congruent orthographic neighbors were larger if the orthographic neighbors were also phonologically congruent. These results support models of visual word recognition that assume an important role for phonology in cascaded access to meaning.
Mental Representations in Fraction Comparison
Authors: Faulkenberry Thomas J. , Pierce Benton H.
Published: May 2011

In this study, we investigated the mental representations used in a fraction comparison task. Adults were asked to quickly and accurately pick the larger of two fractions presented on a computer screen and provide trial-by-trial reports of the types of strategies they used. We found that adults used a variety of strategies to compare fractions, ranging among just knowing the answer, using holistic knowledge of fractions to determine the answer, and using component-based procedures such as cross multiplication. Across all strategy types, regression analyses identified that reaction times were significantly predicted by numerical distance between fractions, indicating that the participants used a magnitude-based representation to compare the fraction magnitudes. In addition, a variant of the problem-size effect (e.g., Ashcraft, 1992) appeared, whereby reaction times were significantly predicted by the average cross product of the two fractions. This effect was primarily found for component-based strategies, indicating a role for strategy choice in the formation of mental representations of fractions.
Harmonic propagation of variability in surface energy balance within a coupled soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere system
Authors: Gentine P. , Polcher J. , Entekhabi D.
Published: May 2011

The response of a soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere continuum model to incoming radiation forcing is investigated in order to gain insights into the coupling of soil and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) states and fluxes. The response is characterized through amplitude and phase propagation of the harmonics in order to differentiate between the response of the system to forcing at different frequencies (daily to hourly to near instantaneous). Stochastic noise is added to the surface energy balance. The amplitude of the noise is maximum at midday when the incoming radiative forcing is also at its peak. The temperatures and turbulent heat fluxes are shown to act as low‐pass filters of the incoming radiation or energy budget noise variability at the surface. Conversely, soil heat flux is shown to act as a high‐pass filter because of the strong contrast in the soil and air heat capacities and thermal conductivities. As a consequence, heat diffusion formulations that numerically dampen such forcing are potentially incapable of representing rapid fluctuations in soil heat flux (≤30 min) and therefore introduce errors in the land‐surface energy partitioning. The soil‐vegetation‐ABL continuum model and an electrical analogy for it are used to explain the frequency‐dependent differences in the relative effectiveness of turbulent heat fluxes versus ground heat flux in dissipating noise in radiative forcing.
Blood Flow in Single Surface Arterioles and Venules on the Mouse Somatosensory Cortex Measured with Videomicroscopy, Fluorescent Dextrans, Nonoccluding Fluorescent Beads, and Computer-Assisted Image Analysis
Authors: Rovainen Carl M. , Woolsey Thomas A. , Blocher Nissa C. , Wang Dan-Bing , Robinson Orlando F.
Published: May 2011

Cortical surface vessels were monitored through closed cranial windows with an epifluorescence microscope and SIT or ICCD cameras. Fluorescent dextrans or 1.3 μm latex beads were injected into the contralateral jugular vein for plasma labeling and for vascular transits. For close arterial transits, these tracers or physiological saline were injected into the ipsilateral external carotid artery. AVTTs were calculated from intensity differences of tracers between a branch of the MCA and a vein draining the same cortical region over time. AVTTs for saline dilutions of RBCs were significantly shorter (0.73 times) than for dextrans. Both dextrans and beads distributed with plasma. With FITC–dextran, inner diameters of arterioles and venules averaged 6 μm larger than hemoglobin under green light. This difference was likely due to the segregation of red blood cells and plasma during flow. Velocities of individual fluorescent beads were measured in pial vessels by strobe epi-illumination. Plots of bead velocities against radial position in arterioles were blunted parabolas. Peak shear rates in the marginal layer next to the vessel walls were determined directly from bead tracks in arterioles ( D = 21–71 μm) and were 1.32 times the Poiseuille estimate. The calculated peak wall shear stress was 39 ± 14 dyn/cm2 (mean ± SD) for these arterioles but was probably severalfold greater in the smallest terminal pial arterioles. Vmax near the axes of arterioles increased with D+0.5. The calculated peak wall shear rate was highest in small arterioles and decreased with D−0.5. The calculated flow Q increased with D+2.5. These methods permit direct, simultaneous, dynamic measurements on multiple identified cerebral microvessels.
Analysis of Individual Positron Emission Tomography Activation Maps by Detection of High Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Pixel Clusters
Authors: Poline Jean-Baptiste , Mazoyer Bernard M.
Published: May 2011

We present a new method for the analysis of individual brain positron emission tomography (PET) activation maps that looks for activated areas of a certain size rather than pixels with maximum values. High signal-to-noise-ratio pixel clusters (HSC) are identified and their sizes are statistically tested with respect to a Monte-Carlo–derived distribution of cluster sizes in pure noise images. From multiple HSC size tests, a strategy is proposed for control of the overall type I error. The sensitivity and specificity of this method have been assessed using realistic Monte Carlo simulations of brain activation maps. When compared with the γ2 statistic of the local maxima distribution, the proposed method showed enhanced sensitivity, particularly for signals of low magnitude and/or large size. Its potential for the individual analysis of PET activation studies is presented in two sets of subjects who underwent two cognitive protocols. Although it can be viewed as an alternative to the classical stereotactic averaging approach, this new method is intended to be a first step toward the analysis of single-subject PET activation studies.
Information and Data Sharing Policy, Genomic Science Program, DOE
Authors: Gregurick Susan
Published: May 2011

The Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER) will require that all publishable information resulting from GTL funded research must conform to community recognized standard formats when they exist, be clearly attributable, and be deposited within a community recognized public database(s) appropriate for the research conducted. Furthermore, all experimental data obtained as a result of GTL funded research must be kept in an archive maintained by the Principal Investigator (PI) for the duration of the funded project. Any publications resulting from the use of shared experimental data must accurately acknowledge the original source or provider of the attributable data. The publication of information resulting from GTL funded research must be consistent with the Intellectual Property provisions of the contract under which the publishable information was produced.
Responses of Gut Microbiota to Diet Composition and Weight Loss in Lean and Obese Mice
Authors: Ravussin Yann , Koren Omry , Spor Ayme , LeDuc Charles , Gutman Roee , Stombaugh Jesse , Knight Rob , Ley Ruth E. , Leibel Rudolph L.
Published: May 2011

Maintenance of a reduced body weight is accompanied by a decrease in energy expenditure beyond that accounted for by reduced body mass and composition, as well as by an increased drive to eat. These effects appear to be due—in part—to reductions in circulating leptin concentrations due to loss of body fat. Gut microbiota have been implicated in the regulation of body weight. The effects of weight loss on qualitative aspects of gut microbiota have been studied in humans and mice, but these studies have been confounded by concurrent changes in diet composition, which influence microbial community composition. We studied the impact of 20% weight loss on the microbiota of diet‐induced obese (DIO: 60% calories fat) mice on a high‐fat diet (HFD). Weight‐reduced DIO (DIO‐WR) mice had the same body weight and composition as control (CON) ad‐libitum (AL) fed mice being fed a control diet (10% calories fat), allowing a direct comparison of diet and weight‐perturbation effects. Microbial community composition was assessed by pyrosequencing 16S rRNA genes derived from the ceca of sacrificed animals. There was a strong effect of diet composition on the diversity and composition of the microbiota. The relative abundance of specific members of the microbiota was correlated with circulating leptin concentrations and gene expression levels of inflammation markers in subcutaneous white adipose tissue in all mice. Together, these results suggest that both host adiposity and diet composition impact microbiota composition, possibly through leptin‐mediated regulation of mucus production and/or inflammatory processes that alter the gut habitat.
Predictors of Ectopic Fat Accumulation in Liver and Pancreas in Obese Men and Women
Authors: Rossi Andrea P. , Fantin Francesco , Zamboni Giulia A. , Mazzali Gloria , Rinaldi Caterina A. , Del Giglio Micol , Di Francesco Vincenzo , Barillari Marco , Pozzi‐Mucelli Roberto , Zamboni Mauro
Published: May 2011

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between body fat distribution, adipocytokines, inflammatory markers, fat intake and ectopic fat content of liver and pancreas in obese men and women. A total of 12 lean subjects (mean age 47.25 ± 14.88 years and mean BMI 22.85 ± 2), 38 obese subjects (18 men and 20 women) with mean age 49.1 ± 13.0 years and mean BMI 34.96 ± 4.21 kg/m2 were studied. Measurements: weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, as well as glucose, insulin, HOMA (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high sensitivity C‐reactive protein, daily energy intake, leptin, and adiponectin. Magnetic resonance was used to evaluate visceral, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) as well as liver and pancreas lipid content using in‐phase and out‐of‐phase magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence. Obese subjects had significantly higher weight, waist circumference, SCAT, deep SCAT, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), liver and pancreatic lipid content than lean subjects. Obese women had significantly lower VAT, liver and pancreas lipid content regardless of same BMI. In multiple regression analyses, the variance of liver lipid content explained by gender and VAT was 46%. When HOMA was added into a multiple regression, a small increase in the proportion of variance explained was observed. A 59.2% of the variance of pancreas lipid content was explained by gender and VAT. In conclusion, obese men show higher VAT and ectopic fat deposition in liver and pancreas than obese women despite same BMI. Independent of overall adiposity, insulin resistance, adiponectin and fat intake, VAT, measured with MRI, is the main predictor of ectopic fat deposition in both liver and pancreas.