bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representing moisture fluxes and phase changes in glacier debris cover using a reservoir approach
Authors: Collier E. , Nicholson L. I. , Brock B. W. , Maussion F. , Essery R. , Bush A. B. G.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Due to the complexity of treating moisture in supraglacial debris, surface energy balance models to date have neglected moisture infiltration and phase changes in the debris layer. The latent heat flux (QL) is also often excluded due to the uncertainty in determining the surface vapour pressure. To quantify the importance of moisture on the surface energy and climatic mass balance (CMB) of debris-covered glaciers, we developed a simple reservoir parameterization for the debris ice and water content, as well as an estimation of the latent heat flux. The parameterization was incorporated into a CMB model adapted for debris-covered glaciers. We present the results of two point simulations, using both our new "moist" and the conventional "dry" approaches, on the Miage Glacier, Italy, during summer 2008 and fall 2011. The former year coincides with available in situ glaciological and meteorological measurements, including the first eddy-covariance measurements of the turbulent fluxes over supraglacial debris, while the latter contains two refreeze events that permit evaluation of the influence of phase changes. The simulations demonstrate a clear influence of moisture on the glacier energy and mass-balance dynamics. When water and ice are considered, heat transmission to the underlying glacier ice is lower, as the effective thermal diffusivity of the saturated debris layers is reduced by increases in both the density and the specific heat capacity of the layers. In combination with surface heat extraction by QL, subdebris ice melt is reduced by 3.1% in 2008 and by 7.0% in 2011 when moisture effects are included. However, the influence of the parameterization on the total accumulated mass balance varies seasonally. In summer 2008, mass loss due to surface vapour fluxes more than compensates for the reduction in ice melt, such that the total ablation increases by 4.0%. Conversely, in fall 2011, the modulation of basal debris temperature by debris ice results in a decrease in total ablation of 2.1%. Although the parameterization is a simplified representation of the moist physics of glacier debris, it is a novel attempt at including moisture in a numerical model of debris-covered glaciers and one that opens up additional avenues for future research.
O ambiente visual noturno: eficiência energética, comodidade e acuidade visual na iluminação das cidades
Authors: Schmid Aloísio Leoni , Gentili Helena Conelian , Rossi Gabriel Gallarza , Valles Alexandre , Dombrowski Renato
Published: August 2014

Aspecto notável de diferenciação do ambiente urbano em relação aos ecossistemas naturais é a densidade das transformações energéticas, que tem na iluminação no período noturno uma forte expressão. Para permitir a identificação e avaliação de alguns dos valores envolvidos, apresenta-se um estudo de caso da iluminação externa decorativa na cidade de Curitiba, especificamente na zona exclusiva de pedestres da Rua XV de Novembro. Levantamentos mostram prejuízo visível da eficiência energética e indícios decomprometimento da comodidade visual e da funcionalidade. Diante da necessidade de se considerarem múltiplos critérios de escolha quando de uma intervenção ambiental urbana, são feitos comentários críticos ao conceito de iluminação externa decorativa em voga desde o ano de 2000 na cidade, representando uma tendência disseminada em diversos municípios brasileiros.
Le développement soutenable: un sujet controverse chez les économistes
Authors: Vivien Franck-Dominique
Published: August 2014

O objetivo atribuído a um desenvolvimento sustentável significa interpretá-lo de diversas maneiras.Propomos o desenho de um conjunto de enunciados econômicos sobre o tema. Para tanto, reunimos três conjuntos de trabalhos: o primeiro expressa o ponto de vista da teoria econômica dominante, evidenciando a idéia de um crescimento sustentado como condição necessária e suficiente para acessar a umdesenvolvimento sustentável; o segundo, mais inspirado pelo pensamento dos limites, busca apontar restrições socioambientais, em cujo interior deve-se perseguir o desenvolvimento econômico; o terceiro, marcado pelas experiências do Terceiro Mundo, acentua as desigualdades sociais e questiona o sentido da noção de desenvolvimento. RÉSUMÉL’objectif assigné d’un développement soutenable donne lieu à des multiples interprétations. Nous proposons de dresser un panorama des propositions économiques en la matière. Nous avons réuni pour ce faire trois ensembles de travaux: le premier, qui exprime le point de vue de la théorie économique dominante, met en avant l’idée d’une croissance durable comme condition nécessaire et suffisante pour accéder à un développement soutenable; le deuxième, plus inspiré par une pensée des limites, cherche à élaborer des contraintes socio-environnementales à l’intérieur desquelles le développement économique doit se poursuivre; le troisième, marqué par les expériences du Tiers Monde, met l’accent sur les inégalités sociales et s’interroge sur le sens de la notion de développement.
Algumas palavras sobre uma teoria da eco-história
Authors: Soffiati Arthur
Published: August 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é esboçar, a título de ensaio, uma teoria, com seus respectivos conceitos, sobreum novo domínio da história que examina as relações das sociedades humanas com a natureza ou como ambiente. Para ele, propomos o nome de eco-história.
Propriedade intelectual, globalização e desenvolvimento: uma reflexão sobre os caminhos para o desenvolvimento sustentável da Amazônia
Authors: Chaves Maria Do Perpétuo Socorro Rodrigues , Nogueira Marinez Gil
Published: August 2014

Este ensaio apresenta uma abordagem sobre as conseqüências econômicas e sociais do sistema internacionalde propriedade intelectual para os países em desenvolvimento, evidenciando a situação brasileira.Analisa a relação entre o sistema de propriedade intelectual e a busca de um desenvolvimento sustentávelpara a Amazônia. Apresenta um breve histórico da formação do sistema internacional de propriedadeintelectual, ressaltando os conceitos relativos à propriedade industrial com ênfase nas patentes. Buscarefletir sobre a perspectiva de desenvolvimento sustentável para a Amazônia e os obstáculos da legislaçãode propriedade intelectual, com destaque para a questão do acesso aos recursos genéticos da biodiversidade amazônica brasileira.
O contato com a natureza na história de vida e a formação de sujeitos ecológicos
Authors: Neiman Zysman
Published: August 2014

Este artigo analisa a trajetória de vida e os momentos cruciais de que influenciaram cinco profissionais a se dedicarem à área ambiental. Seus depoimentos foram colhidos através de entrevistas não direcionadas, e contribuem para revelar algumas semelhanças que parecem ser relevantes para a compreensão de suas formações como sujeitos ecológicos: o contato direto com a natureza e o exemplo de outras pessoas ou organizações.
Ambiente global como mundos-da-vida: sentidos do desenvolvimento sustentável
Authors: Otsuki Kei
Published: August 2014

Arena da política ambiental foi dominado por duas forces opostas. Por um lado, ambientalistas exigiram conservação do meio ambiente incondicional, e por outro lado, desenvolvimentistas promoviram o desenvolvimento econômico através da exploração do meio ambiente. A normalização do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável no final da década de 1980 abriu um novo espaço político nesta arena, na qual os decisores políticos e peritos começarom a enfatizar a importância de ‘gestão dos recuros naturais’. No entanto, esta ênface na ‘gestão’ não foi suficientemente tomou conta dos significados sociais e culturais associados ao meio ambiente, gerando mais contestações poóliticas ainda. A arena da política ambiental foi dominada em seus primórdios por duas forças opostas. Por um lado, ambientalistas exigiam conservação do meio ambiente incondicional, e por outro lado, desenvolvimentistas promoviam o desenvolvimento econômico através da exploração do meio ambiente. O surgimento e aceitação do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável no final da década de 1980 abriu um novo espaço político nesta arena, na qual os decisores políticos e peritos começaram a enfatizar a importância de ‘gestão dos recursos naturais’. No entanto, esta ênfase na ‘gestão’ não foi suficientemente formulada e eficaz gerando mais controvérsias ainda. Este artigo argumenta que a atual controvérsia deriva do pressuposto persistente de que o ambiente como um conjunto de recursos naturais a ser gerido é destacável das atividades humanas. Os casos examinados, neste artigo, demonstram a hipótese de que os ambientes em questão (floresta e baleias) a serem geridos invocam uma divisão conceptual clara entre natureza e sociedade. Referindo-se aos distintos sentidos sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável, o presente artigo se propõe a desfazer a divisão natureza-sociedade e considerar o ambiente como um novo cenário de elementos humanos e não-humanos, incorporados nos ‘mundos-da-vida’ dos atores.
Educação, sustentabilidade e democracia: explicitando a diversidade de projetos político-pedagógicos
Authors: Lima Gustavo Ferreira da Costa
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho objetiva discutir a relação entre a educação, a sustentabilidade e a democracia, emdiálogo com a proposta de Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (EDS) protagonizada pelaUnesco, por organismos internacionais, sistemas educacionais de países europeus e pela própria produçãoacadêmica, que lhe dá suporte. Procura avaliar as contradições e implicações dessa proposta no campo queintegra a educação e as questões ambientais, bem como explorar as perspectivas abertas à edificação deuma educação complexa e democrática, que incorpore a questão ambiental sob uma perspectiva políticae crítica. Trata-se, portanto, de debater e explicitar projetos e intenções socioeducativas e de recuperar adiversidade de visões de mundo, de sociedade e de educação que podemos desejar e construir solidariamente.Para atingir esse objetivo, o artigo dialoga com os referenciais teóricos da Ecologia Política eda Tradição Crítica, e organiza a reflexão em duas instâncias principais: na primeira, formula uma críticado que considera os aspectos problemáticos da referida proposta; e na segunda, explora as possibilidadesde avanço na relação entre a educação e a sustentabilidade, de modo que a democracia participativa, asociedade civil e suas dimensões ética e política sejam contempladas e fortalecidas.
Entre América e Abya Yala – tensões de territorialidades
Authors: Porto-Gonçalves Carlos Walter
Published: August 2014

O presente artigo pretende configurar as tensões de territorialidade ambientais, sociais e culturais que se apresentam nas designações lingüísticas Abya Yala, América, América Criolla, com significações próprias, e implicações de caráter eminentemente político. A primeira se inscreve, recentemente, no léxico político dos chamados povos originários que em luta contra processos históricos de cunho colonial e neocolonial, afirmam sua própria identidade, como sujeitos políticos; e as segundas referem-se a uma designação eurocêntrica (América) e a América Criolla, expressão com sentidos diferenciados nos países andinos, caribenhos e brasileiros. Assim, se procura caracterizar como a linguagem se territorializa num campo vasto de significações que abarca o ambiente como um todo em suas múltipas dimensões.
Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the protection of olive plants against oxidative stress induced by drought
Authors: Fouad Mohamed O. , Essahibi Abdellatif , Benhiba Laila , Qaddoury Ahmed
Published: August 2014

Olive trees are often subjected to a long dry season with low water availability which induces oxidative stress. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of native Rhizophagus manihotis (Rma) and non-native Funneliformis mosseae (Fmo) arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) in enhancing olive protection against oxidative stress induced by water deficit. Olive plantlets, cv. Picholine marocaine, were inoculated (AM-plants) or not (NM-plants) with Rma or Fmo and subjected to well-watered (75% of field capacity) or water-stressed (25% of field capacity) conditions. After two months, obtained results showed that water stress significantly decreased growth and biomass production of NM-plants, but AMF alleviated the detrimental effects of water deficit on the growth of olive plants. Inoculation with Rma increased shoot height by 120%, root length by 56%, fresh weight by 170% (shoot) and 210% (root), and dry weight by 220% (shoot) and 220% (root) compared to NM-plants. AM colonization enhanced drought tolerance in terms of protection against oxidative stress. Mycorrhizal plants showed lower levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) than NM-plants. Rma colonization decreased two times H2O2, 2.6 times MDA and two times EL levels compared to NM-plants. This protective effect seems to be due to the enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (534 U mg-1 protein), catalase (298 U mg-1 protein), guaiacol peroxidase (47 U mg-1 protein), and ascorbate peroxidase (305 U mg-1 protein) which were highest in Rma-plants. Moreover, Rma-plants showed the lowest oxidative damage to lipid and highest soluble protein content. Thus, the native AMF Rma ought to be considered as a biological tool for enhancing olive tolerance to drought.
Association between Obesity, Race and Knee Osteoarthritis: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study
Authors: He Xin , Lu Xiaoxiao , Chen Shuo , Hochberg Marc C. , Lee Mei-Ling Ting
Published: August 2014

On the basis of longitudinal Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grades of knee radiographs obtained from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST), we examine the association of obesity and race with severity of knee osteoarthritis (OA). We use the proportional odds model with mixed effects to conduct the analysis. Repeated KL grades were modeled as ordinal longitudinal measures, and a random effect term was included to adjust for the within-subject correlation among the KL grades over time. We found that African Americans and more obese participants in MOST have a greater risk of developing severe knee OA.
Comparative Risk-Benefit Analysis of Different Classes of Biologic Agents in Patients with Psoriasis: A Case Study on the Pros and Cons of Mixed Treatment Comparison in Synthesizing Complex Evidence Networks
Authors: Peruzzi Mariangela , Colombo Delia , Chimenti Isotta , Falco Elena De , Abbate Antonio , Frati Giacomo , Biondi-Zoccai Giuseppe
Published: August 2014

Background: Several classes of biologic agents are used for the management of moderate to severe psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. However, there is uncertainty on which, if any, individual class of biologics is superior in terms of efficacy and safety in comparison to the other classes or placebo. We thus exploited the corresponding evidence network with suitable statistical methods (mixed treatment comparison and network meta-analysis) to formally address this issue. Methods: Randomized trials on biologic agents in psoriasis (including psoriatic arthritis) were systematically sought in several databases. We distinguished anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) agents, anti-T lymphocytes (T-cell) agents, anti-interleukin-12/23 (IL-12/23) agents, and anti-interleukin-17 (IL-17) agents. Endpoints of interest were the rates of ≥75% reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI75), of ≥20% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology core set of outcomes (ACR20), of serious adverse events (SAE), and of adverse events (AE) at the longest available non-cross-over follow-up. Random-effect methods were used to obtain network estimates for risk ratios (RR, with 95% credible intervals). Results: A total of 58 trials with 18,508 patients were included, with 51% affected by psoriatic arthritis. After a median of 17 weeks since randomization into parallel groups, several classes of biologic agents provided higher PASI75 rates than placebo, with anti-IL-17 agents yielding the most favorable results (RR=9.53 [5.55-13.80]). Accordingly, several classes of biologic agents provided higher ACR20 rates than placebo, with anti-TNF-α agents yielding the most favorable results (RR=2.58 [2.12-3.15]). Overall, rates of SAE and AE were higher for several but not all biologic agents versus placebo, with anti-T-cell agents being associated with the most favorable results for both SAE (RR=0.97 [0.30-3.35]), and AE (RR=1.00 [0.80-1.22]). Conclusions: Biologic agents provide significant clinical benefits in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. There are differences in the efficacy and safety profile of each class, with anti-IL-17 and anti-TNF-α agents appearing most effective, and anti-T-cell agents appearing safest.
Predicting Risks of Increased Morbidity among Atrial Fibrillation Patients using Consumption Classes
Authors: Congdon Peter , Cai Qiang , Puckrein Gary , Xu Liou
Published: August 2014

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common chronic cardiac arrhythmia. Predicting the risk of complications, or associated increases in healthcare costs, among AF patients is important for effective health care management.
Methods: A bivariate regression model including a latent morbidity index is used to predict both risk of transition to higher health costs, and mortality risk over a single year. A risk scoring algorithm for predicting transition to higher cost levels is then set out which incorporates the most significant risk factors from the regression.
Results: The regression analysis shows that in addition to age and comorbidities, baseline consumption category, ethnic group, metropolitan residence and Warfarin adherence are also significant influences on progression to increased health consumption, and relevant to assessing risk. The resulting risk scoring algorithm produces a higher AUC than the widely applied CHADS2 score.
Conclusions: The utility of a bivariate regression method with a latent morbidity index for predicting transition to worsening health status among AF patients is demonstrated. A risk scoring system based on this method outperforms an established risk score.
Anais do 39º COMUABC
Authors: Congresso Médico Universitário do ABC COMUABC
Published: August 2014

Não disponível
Resting state functional connectivity in the human spinal cord
Authors: Barry Robert L , Smith Seth A , Dula Adrienne N , Gore John C
Published: August 2014

Functional magnetic resonance imaging using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast is well established as one of the most powerful methods for mapping human brain function. Numerous studies have measured how low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuations from the brain are correlated between voxels in a resting state, and have exploited these signals to infer functional connectivity within specific neural circuits. However, to date there have been no previous substantiated reports of resting state correlations in the spinal cord. In a cohort of healthy volunteers, we observed robust functional connectivity between left and right ventral (motor) horns, and between left and right dorsal (sensory) horns. Our results demonstrate that low-frequency BOLD fluctuations are inherent in the spinal cord as well as the brain, and by analogy to cortical circuits, we hypothesize that these correlations may offer insight into the execution and maintenance of sensory and motor functions both locally and within the cerebrum.
Assessing Volcanic Risk in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Lindsay Jan Marie , Rashad Moufti Mohammed
Published: August 2014

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has numerous large monogenetic volcanic fields, known locally as “harrats.” The largest of these, Harrat Rahat (Figure 1), produced a basaltic fissure eruption in 1256 C.E. with lava flows traveling within 20 kilometers of the city Al‐Madinah, which currently has a population of 1.5 million plus an additional 3 million pilgrims annually. With more than 950 visible vents and periodic seismic swarms, an understanding of the risk of future eruptions in this volcanic field is vital.
Fukushima Nuclear Accident Report Calls for More Focus on Threats From Extreme Events
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2014

Nuclear plant licensees and their regulators “must actively seek out and act on new information about hazards that have the potential to affect the safety of nuclear plants.” That is the overarching lesson from the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in Japan, according to a 24 July report issued by a committee of the U.S. National Research Council.
New model developed to track magma movement over time
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

Researchers have developed a model that will improve the study of the movement of magma deep below Earth's surface. The three researchers from the University of Geneva—a volcanologist, a modeling specialist, and a zircon expert—published their findings in a recent issue of Nature.
Statistical intercomparison of idealized rainfall measurements using a stochastic fractional dynamics model
Authors: Kundu Prasun K. , Marks David A. , Travis James E.
Published: August 2014

A statistical method is developed for comparing precipitation data from measurements performed by (hypothetical) perfect instruments using a recently developed stochastic model of rainfall. The stochastic dynamical equation that describes the underlying random process naturally leads to a consistent spectrum and incorporates the subtle interdependence of the length and time scales governing the statistical fluctuations of the rain rate field. The main attraction of such a model is that the complete set of second‐moment statistics embodied in the space‐time covariance of both the area‐averaged instantaneous rain rate (represented by radar or passive microwave data near the ground) and the time‐averaged point rain rate (represented by rain gauge data) can be expressed as suitable integrals over the spectrum. With the help of this framework, the model allows one to carry out a faithful intercomparison of precipitation estimates derived from radar or passive microwave remote sensing over an area with direct observations by rain gauges or disdrometers, assuming all the measuring instruments to be ideal. A standard linear regression analysis approach to the intercomparison of radar and gauge rain rate estimates is formulated in terms of the appropriate observed and model‐derived quantities. We also estimate the relative sampling error as well as separate absolute sampling errors for radar and gauge measurements of rainfall from the spectral model.
Water banking, conjunctive administration, and drought: The interaction of water markets and prior appropriation in southeastern Idaho
Authors: Ghosh Sanchari , Cobourn Kelly M. , Elbakidze Levan
Published: August 2014

Despite recognition of the potential economic benefits and increasing interest in developing marketing instruments, water markets have remained thin and slow to evolve due to high transactions costs, third party effects, and the persistence of historical institutions for water allocation. Water banks are a marketing instrument that can address these obstacles to trade, allowing irrigators within a region to exchange water in order to mitigate the short‐term effects of drought. Water banks coexist with the institutions governing water allocation, which implies that rule changes, such as adoption of a system of conjunctive surface water‐groundwater administration, carry implications for the economic impacts of banking. This paper assesses and compares the welfare and distributional outcomes for irrigators in the Eastern Snake River Plain of Idaho under a suite of water management and drought scenarios. We find that water banking can offset irrigators' profit losses during drought, but that its ability to do so depends on whether it facilitates trade across groundwater and surface water users. With conjunctive administration, a bank allowing trade by source realizes 22.23% of the maximum potential efficiency gains from trade during a severe drought, while a bank that allows trade across sources realizes 93.47% of the maximum potential gains. During drought, conjunctive administration redistributes welfare from groundwater to surface water producers, but banking across sources allows groundwater irrigators to recover 88.4% of the profits lost from drought at a cost of 2.2% of the profit earned by surface water irrigators.
Mesh‐Shaped Nanopatterning of Pt Counter Electrodes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with Enhanced Light Harvesting
Authors: Kim Dong Jun , Koh Jong Kwan , Lee Chang Soo , Kim Jong Hak
Published: August 2014

A facile process to produce large‐area platinum (Pt) counter electrode platforms with well‐arrayed, mesh‐shaped nanopatterns using commercially available TiO2 paste and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) nanostamps is presented. The process involves mesh‐shaped (200 nm × 200 nm) nanopatterning of a TiO2 scaffold onto a fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate, followed by Pt sputtering. The structure and morphology of the counter electrodes are characterized by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM). Solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) fabricated with these mesh‐shaped Pt counter electrodes showed an efficiency of 7.0%. This is one of the highest efficiencies observed for N719 dye and is much higher than that of devices with non‐patterned, thermally deposited electrodes (5.4%) or non‐patterned, sputtering deposited electrodes (5.7%). This improvement is attributed to enhanced light harvesting and a greater surface area and has been confirmed by incident photon‐to current efficiency (IPCE), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements.
Thermodynamic Aspects of Cathode Coatings for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Aykol Muratahan , Kirklin Scott , Wolverton C.
Published: August 2014

Metal oxide cathode coatings are capable of scavenging the hydrofluoric acid (HF) (present in LiPF6‐based electrolytes) and improving the electrochemical performance of Li‐ion batteries. Here, a first‐principles thermodynamic framework is introduced for designing cathode coatings that consists of four elements: i) HF‐scavenging enthalpies, ii) volumetric and iii) gravimetric HF‐scavenging capacities of the oxides, and iv) cyclable Li loss into coating components. 81 HF‐scavenging reactions involving binary s‐, p‐ and d‐block metal oxides and fluorides are enumerated and these materials are screened to find promising coatings based on attributes (i‐iv). The screen successfully produces known effective coating materials (e.g., Al2O3 and MgO), providing a validation of our framework. Using this design strategy, promising coating materials, such as trivalent oxides of d‐block transition metals Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn and Y, are predicted. Finally, a new protection mechanism that successful coating materials could provide by scavenging the wide bandgap and low Li ion conductivity LiF precipitates from the cathode surfaces is suggested.
Genetic risk factors for orofacial clefts in Central Africans and Southeast Asians
Authors: Figueiredo Jane C. , Ly Stephanie , Raimondi Haley , Magee Kathy , Baurley James W. , Sanchez‐Lara Pedro A. , Ihenacho Ugonna , Yao Caroline , Edlund Christopher K. , van den Berg David , Casey Graham , DeClerk Yves A. , Samet Jonathan M. , Magee William
Published: August 2014

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) for orofacial clefts have identified several susceptibility regions, but have largely focused on non‐Hispanic White populations in developed countries. We performed a targeted genome‐wide study of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exons using the Illumina HumanExome+ array with custom fine mapping of 16 cleft susceptibility regions in three underserved populations: Congolese (87 case‐mother, 210 control‐mother pairs), Vietnamese (131 case‐parent trios), and Filipinos (42 case‐mother, 99 control‐mother pairs). All cases were children with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Families were recruited from local hospitals and parental exposures were collected using interviewer‐administered questionnaires. We used logistic regression models for case‐control analyses, family‐based association tests for trios, and fixed‐effect meta‐analyses to determine individual SNP effects corrected for multiple testing. Of the 16 known susceptibility regions tested, SNPs in four regions reached statistical significance in one or more of these populations: 1q32.2 (IRF6), 10q25.3 (VAX1), and 17q22 (NOG). Due to different linkage disequilibrium patterns, significant SNPs in these regions differed between the Vietnamese and Filipino populations from the index SNP selected from previous GWAS studies. Among Africans, there were no significant associations identified for any of the susceptibility regions. rs10787738 near VAX1 (P = 4.98E−3) and rs7987165 (P = 6.1E−6) were significant in the meta‐analysis of all three populations combined. These results confirm several known susceptibility regions and identify novel risk alleles in understudied populations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distal arthrogryposis type 5D with a novel ECEL1 gene mutation
Authors: Patil Siddaramappa J. , Rai Gaurava Kumar , Bhat Venkatraman , Ramesh Vakkalagadda A. , Nagarajaram H.A. , Matalia Jyoti , Phadke Shubha R.
Published: August 2014

Distal arthrogryposis syndromes (DAs) show wide clinical variability and overlapping clinical findings with the other DAs classified by Bamshad et al. [1996]. Most of the DAs are inherited as autosomal dominant disorders. DA type 5D is a subtype of DA type 5 inherited as autosomal recessive disorder, clinically characterized by congenital distal joint contractures, knee extension contractures, congenital hip dislocation, club foot, ptosis and other eye findings, furrowed tongue, and scoliosis. Here, we report on a family with clinical features of DA type 5D with novel mutations in the ECEL1 gene. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Females with de novo aberrations in PHF6: Clinical overlap of Borjeson–Forssman–Lehmann with Coffin–Siris syndrome
Authors: Zweier Christiane , Rittinger Olaf , Bader Ingrid , Berland Siren , Cole Trevor , Degenhardt Franziska , Di Donato Nataliya , Graul‐Neumann Luitgard , Hoyer Juliane , Lynch Sally Ann , Vlasak Ingrid , Wieczorek Dagmar
Published: August 2014

Recently, de novo aberrations in PHF6 were identified in females with intellectual disability and with a distinct phenotype including a characteristic facial gestalt with bitemporal narrowing, prominent supraorbital ridges, synophrys, a short nose and dental anomalies, tapering fingers with brachytelephalangy, clinodactyly and hypoplastic nails, short toes with hypoplastic nails, and linear skin hyperpigmentation. In adolescent or older patients, this phenotype overlaps but is not identical with Borjeson–Forssman–Lehmann syndrome in males, caused by X‐linked recessive mutations in PHF6. In younger girls there seems to be a striking phenotypic overlap with Coffin–Siris syndrome, which is characterized by intellectual disability, sparse hair and hypoplastic nails. This review will summarize and characterize the female phenotype caused by de novo aberrations in PHF6 and will discuss the overlapping and distinguishing features with Coffin–Siris syndrome. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylations of Aryl Bromides using Paraformaldehyde: Synthesis of Aldehydes and Esters
Authors: Natte Kishore , Dumrath Andreas , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: August 2014

Carbonylation reactions represent useful tools for organic synthesis. However, the necessity to use gaseous carbon monoxide is a disadvantage for most organic chemists. To solve this problem, novel protocols have been developed for conducting palladium‐catalyzed reductive carbonylations of aryl bromides and alkoxycarbonylations using paraformaldehyde as an external CO source (CO gas free). Hence, aromatic aldehydes and esters were synthesized in moderate to good yields.
Selektive Beobachtung der enzymatischen Aktivität des Tumorsuppressors Fhit
Authors: Hacker Stephan M. , Mortensen Franziska , Scheffner Martin , Marx Andreas
Published: August 2014

Krebs ist eine der Haupttodesursachen weltweit. Die funktionelle Inaktivierung von Tumorsuppressoren, hauptsächlich durch Mutationen in den entsprechenden Genen, ist ein Schlüsselereignis in der Krebsentstehung. Das “fragile histidine triade protein” (Fhit) ist ein Tumorsuppressor, der in verschiedenen Krebsarten verändert ist. Fhit hat Diadenosintriphosphat‐Hydrolase‐Aktivität, aber obwohl die Reduktion dieser enzymatischen Aktivität wichtig für seine Tumorsuppressor‐Aktivität zu sein scheint, ist deren Regulation unzureichend verstanden. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir eine neuartige fluorogene Sonde vor, die geeignet ist, die enzymatische Aktivität von Fhit in Extrakten humaner Zelllinien zu untersuchen. Diese neue Methode wird es ermöglichen, tiefgreifende Einblicke in die Mechanismen, die an der Regulation von Fhit beteiligt sind, zu erhalten und somit seine Rolle in der Krebsentstehung besser zu verstehen.
Untersuchung der Prognosefähigkeit von deterministischen Brandsimulationsmodellen Anwendung: Prisme Door
Authors: Riese Olaf , Siemon Matthias
Published: August 2014

Es werden eine Auswertemethodik zur Validierung von Brandsimulationsmodellen beschrieben und Ergebnisse anhand eines Beispiels verdeutlicht, die auf Grundlage der Methodik gewonnen wurden. Die Auswertung wurde auf Basis von berechneten Medianwerten der zentralen Bewertungsgrößen PEAK und PEACOCK durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurden die Ergebnisse einer Analyse im Hinblick auf die Prognosefähigkeit auf Grundlage von bewerteten Unsicherheiten unterzogen, die in einer amerikanischen Untersuchung ermittelt wurden.

Als Beispiel wurden Versuchsdaten dreier Großversuche herangezogen, bei denen ein Brandraum mit einem Zielraum durch eine Tür in Verbindung stand. Die Räume wurden unterschiedlich ventiliert. Als Brandquelle wurde ein Flüssigkeitspool mit einer Leistung zwischen 0,6 und 1,4 MW eingesetzt. Zur Validierung wurde das international am weitesten verbreitete CFD‐Brandsimulationsmodell Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) in den Versionen 4, 5 und 6 eingesetzt. Für die Simulation wurde der Verlauf der Wärmefreisetzungsrate auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse der Versuche vorgegeben. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die Unterschiede im Hinblick auf die Versuchsrandbedingungen und auf die eingesetzten Versionen von FDS.

Es ist erkennbar, dass eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Versuchsrandbedingungen besteht. Die Unterschiede bei den Ergebnissen im Hinblick auf die eingesetzte Version von FDS fielen nicht so deutlich aus.

Investigation about the forecast ability of deterministic fire simulation models – Application: Prisme door.

This report describes an evaluation methodology for the validation of fire simulation. Furthermore, results obtained on basis of this methodology are illustrated by an example. The evaluation was accomplished on basis of computed medians of the central evaluation sizes PEAK and PEACOCK. Additionally the results of an analysis are performed in respect of the forecast ability on the basis of evaluated uncertainties, which have been determined in an American investigation.

As an example data of three full‐scale fire tests were consulted, in which a fire room was connected with a target room by a door. The varying ventilation of the rooms depends on the experiments. A pool fire with capacity of 0.6 to 1.4 MW is used as fire‐source. The validation is carried out with fire dynamics simulator (FDS, version 4, 5 and 6), the most common CFD‐model for fire simulation. For simulation the energy release rate due to the results of the tests were given as an input. Focus of the investigation are the differences of the boundary conditions and the used version of FDS.

With respect to the boundary conditions lower heat release rates and lower air changes are an essential condition for good similarity of the results. The differences between the results in respect to the version of FDS are not as large as in comparison.
Dauerhaftigkeit von Vakuum‐Isolations‐Paneelen in der klebetechnischen Anwendung
Authors: Rose Ansgar , Sack Norbert , Koppold Stefan , Albrecht Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

Seit einigen Jahren dienen Vakuum‐Isolations‐Paneele (VIP) dem verbesserten Wärmeschutz von Gebäudehüllen. Im Vergleich zu konventionellen Dämmstoffen haben VIP eine um den Faktor 6 bis 10 niedrigere Wärmeleitfähigkeit. Diese hohe Dämmwirkung kann nur durch eine langfristig gasdichte Folienumhüllung erreicht werden. In jüngster Zeit erfolgt der Einbau von VIP in die Gebäudehülle auch durch Kleben. Jedoch sind die langfristigen Wirkungen von Klebstoffen und von aus dem Mauerwerk herausgelösten mineralischen Substanzen auf die Folienumhüllung von VIP noch unbekannt und entsprechend auch nicht Gegenstand nationaler Zulassungsbestimmungen. Deshalb war es Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens, den Einfluss verschiedener Klebstoffe sowie Betoninhaltsstoffe und Estriche auf die Dauerhaftigkeit der Folienumhüllung von VIP zu untersuchen. Die VIP‐Folienumhüllungen erwiesen sich als sehr beständig gegenüber den untersuchten Substanzen. Jedoch kann bei länger andauernder Einwirkung von alkalischen Milieus eine Schädigung der Siegelnaht nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Temperaturbedingte mechanische Wechselbelastungen zeigten keinen negativen Einfluss auf die Folienumhüllungen.

Durability of vacuum insulation panels for adhesive mounting. For some years now, vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) serve to improve the thermal insulation of buildings. The panels’ heat conductivity is lower than that of conventional insulation materials by a factor between 6 and 10. To achieve the good insulating properties, long‐term gas‐tight film envelops are required. Only recently, adhesives have been introduced as a means to integrate VIPs into the building envelop. However, long‐term effects of the adhesives and of mineral substances washed out of the brickwork/concrete on the VIPs are not yet known, and accordingly, not part of national approval requirements. Therefore, the aim of this research project was to study the effects of various adhesives and concrete/screed constituents on the durability of the high‐barrier envelop of VIPs. In general, VIP film envelops turned out to be very resistant to the substances studied in this project. However, damage to welded seams due to a long‐term exposure to moist alkaline environments cannot be ruled out. Temperature‐related cyclic mechanical loads did not show any negative effects on the panels.
Passivhaustauglichkeit von Fensteranschlüssen entsprechend ift‐Richtlinie WA‐15/2‐Bauanschlussfugen Teil 2: Hygrothermische Bauteilsimulation
Authors: Leimer Hans‐Peter , Schneider Jan
Published: August 2014

Jedes Gebäude verfügt über eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Bauanschlussfugen. In Anbetracht der geforderten energetischen Qualität der Gebäudehülle müssen diese Bauanschlussfugen dauerhaft luftdicht hergestellt werden und über entsprechende wärmetechnische Eigenschaften verfügen, um die Einflussnahme auf das energetische Verhalten des Gebäudes zu reduzieren. Gerade die energetische Optimierung von Bauteilanschlüssen bzw. Wärmebrücken wurde in den letzten Jahren daher stark thematisiert. Die Bewertung und Untersuchung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Abdichtungssystemen hingegen hat noch keinen Einzug in die aktuelle Normung gehalten. Die hier vorgestellte Untersuchung beschäftigt sich daher mit der Bewertung der energetischen Qualität von Fensteranschlüssen einerseits sowie der Dauerhaftigkeit von marktgängigen Systemen andererseits.

Passive house suitability of window connections according to ift‐guideline WA‐15/2 on component connections, Part 2: Hygrothermic simulation of building components. Each building has a variety of different component connections. In view of the required energetic quality of the building envelope component connections shall be durably airtight and have appropriate thermal properties to reduce the influence on the energy behavior of the building. Especially the energy optimization of component connections or thermal bridges was discussed in recent years. The evaluation and study of the durability of caulking systems, has’t entered the current standards yet. Therefore the presented study refer to the evaluation of the energetic quality of window connections on the one hand and the durability of marketable systems on the other hand.
The effect of glycosylation on the antibody recognition of a MUC2 mucin epitope
Authors: Uray Katalin , Mizuno Mamoru , Inazu Toshiyuki , Goto Kohtaro , Hudecz Ferenc
Published: August 2014

MUC2 glycoprotein, produced by the epithelium of the colon and built up mainly of repeat units of 1PTTTPITTTTTVTPTPTPTGTQT23, can be overexpressed or underglycosylated in gastrointestinal diseases, e.g. in case of colon carcinoma. We have been studying the epitope structure of the MUC2 by focusing on the repeat unit with the mucin peptide specific MAb 996 monoclonal antibody. This antibody recognizes the 18PTGTQ22 sequence as minimal, and 16PTPTGTQ22 as optimal epitope within the underglycosylated glycoprotein. In this article, we aim to clarify the effect of glycosylation of the epitope on MAb 996 antibody binding including its correlation with the secondary structure of the modified peptides: glycosylation in the epitope core and in the flank. For this we have prepared the 16PTPTGTQ22 peptide glycosylated with N‐acetylgalactoseamine (Tn antigen) in position 17, 19, 21, or on all three threonines. The MAb 996 antibody binding properties of the peptides were characterized in competitive ELISA experiments, and their solution secondary structure was studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy in water and in the ordered structure promoting trifluoroethanol. Our results show that glycosylation in position 19 (peptide 16PTPT(GalNAcα)GTQ22) resulted in enhanced antibody recognition and significantly altered secondary structure, while glycosylation in position 21 completely demolished the binding. These findings could be useful in determining the nature of antigen–antibody interaction, and perhaps designing synthetic peptide vaccines for tumor therapy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 390–395, 2014.
Bifunctional DNA Architectonics: Three‐Way Junctions with Sticky Perylene Bisimide Caps and a Central Metal Lock
Authors: Stubinitzky Claudia , Bijeljanin Andrea , Antusch Linda , Ebeling Daniel , Hölscher Hendrik , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim
Published: August 2014

A new type of a bifunctional DNA architecture based on a three way junction is developed that combines the structural motif of sticky perylene bisimide caps with a tris‐bipyridyl metal ion lock in the center part. A clear stabilizing effect was observed in the presence of Fe3+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ by the formation of corresponding bipyridyl complexes in the branching part of the DNA three way junctions. The dimerization of the 5′‐terminally attached perylene diimides (PDI) chromophores by hydrophobic interactions can be followed by significant changes in the UV/Vis absorption and steady‐state fluorescence. The PDI‐mediated DNA assembly occurs at temperatures below the melting temperature and is not influenced by the metal‐ion bipyridyl locks in the central part. The corresponding AFM images revealed the formation of higher‐ordered structures as the result of DNA assemblies mediated by the PDI interactions.
Photoluminescent Carbon Dots from 1,4‐Addition Polymers
Authors: Jiang Zhiqiang , Nolan Andrew , Walton Jeffrey G. A. , Lilienkampf Annamaria , Zhang Rong , Bradley Mark
Published: August 2014

Photoluminescent carbon dots were synthesised directly by thermopyrolysis of 1,4‐addition polymers, allowing precise control of their properties. The effect of polymer composition on the properties of the carbon dots was investigated by TEM, IR, XPS, elemental analysis and fluorescence analysis, with carbon dots synthesised from nitrogen‐containing polymers showing the highest fluorescence. The carbon dots with high nitrogen content were observed to have strong fluorescence in the visible region, and culture with cells showed that the carbon dots were non‐cytotoxic and readily taken up by three different cell lines.
Cyclobutene Formation in PtCl2‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of Heteroatom‐Tethered 1,6‐Enynes
Authors: Ni Zhenjie , Giordano Laurent , Tenaglia Alphonse
Published: August 2014

Aza(oxa)bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenes are accessed through the PtCl2‐catalyzed cycloisomerizations of heteroatom‐tethered 1,6‐enynes featuring a terminal alkyne and amide as the solvent. It is shown that the weak coordinating properties of the solvent and alkyl substituent(s) at the propargylic carbon atom favor the formation of cyclobutenes instead of other possible cycloisomerization products such as 1,3‐diene derivatives or cyclopropane‐fused heterocycles.
Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with 13.63 % Efficiency Based on Planar Triphenylamine Hole Conductors
Authors: Choi Hyeju , Paek Sanghyun , Lim Namwoo , Lee Yong Hui , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Ko Jaejung
Published: August 2014

A new type of hole transporting material (HTMs) with an incorporated planar amine or triphenylamine as a core unit have been prepared. The two amine derivatives were demonstrated to be efficient hole transporting materials in fabricating solid‐state organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells. Perovskite‐based solar cells with a planar amine derivative gave a short circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 20.98 m Acm−2, an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.972 V, and a fill factor of 0.67, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 13.63 %. The photovoltaic performance is comparable to that of the standard spiro‐OMeTAD. Moreover, the device showed good stability under light soaking for 500 h. These HTMs hold promise to replace the expensive spiro‐OMeTAD because of their high efficiency, excellent stability, synthesis from simple and inexpensive materials.
Effect of Constant‐Rate Reduction on the Performance of a Ternary Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst in Methanol Synthesis
Authors: Ruland Holger , Busser Wilma , Otto Horst , Muhler Martin
Published: August 2014

A multi‐functional flow set‐up was developed for the rate‐ and temperature‐controlled reduction of copper catalysts, their application in high‐pressure methanol synthesis and the determination of the copper surface area by N2O frontal chromatography. The influence of constant‐rate reduction on the catalytic properties of a ternary Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was investigated. The temperature during the constant‐rate reduction was found to decrease, indicating autocatalytic kinetics, but no significant catalytic effect of the milder reduction conditions was observed compared with a slow linear heating ramp.
Halogenierte Naturstoffe
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: August 2014

Biogene halogenierte Kohlenwasserstoffe mit ihrer strukturellen und funktionellen Vielfalt sind ein expandierendes Forschungsfeld der chemischen Ökologie. Sie bieten Leitstrukturen für die Entwicklung vielfältiger Wirkstoffe, vom Antibiotikum über Cytostatika bis hin zu Antifouling‐Agentien.
Synthetisches Blau als Wegbereiterin des Impressionismus
Authors: Bützer Peter
Published: August 2014

Die vielen stabilen leicht verfügbaren, günstigen synthetischen blauen Pigmente, die seit dem Anfang des 18. und vor allem am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts hergestellt wurden, haben die notwendigen Voraussetzungen und Chancengleichheit in der Malerei geschaffen und den Impressionismus mit dem ganzen Farbspektrum und all seinen Nuancen erst ermöglicht.
Die Chemie bei Breaking Bad
Authors: Salthammer Tunga , Harnisch Falk
Published: August 2014

Der in Heft 4/2013 der ChiuZ publizierte Artikel über die Chemie in der Kultserie “Breaking Bad” hat mit seiner außergewöhnlich großen Resonanz die Erwartungen von Autoren und Redaktion weit übertroffen. Ein Resumee.