bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The new German standard on constructed wetland systems for treatment of domestic and municipal wastewater
Authors: Nivala Jaime , van Afferden Manfred , Hasselbach Ralf , Langergraber Guenter , Molle Pascal , Rustige Heribert , Nowak Jens
Published: December 2018

The German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste e.V. (DWA) has published a new standard for the dimensioning, construction, and operation of constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic and municipal wastewater. The changes to the standard are based on a wide range of experience gained in recent years in Germany and Europe. For the first time ever, the standard has been officially translated and published in English. This paper summarizes the new standard for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater with classical one-stage unsaturated vertical flow (VF) wetlands, VF wetlands with lava sand for treatment of wastewater from combined sewer systems, and actively aerated VF and horizontal flow (HF) flow wetlands. Two-stage unsaturated VF wetlands treating raw wastewater (French VF wetlands), are also included in the new standard. HF wetlands are no longer described in the standard for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater. This does not exclude their application. Existing HF wetland systems in Germany may continue to be operated so long as effluent parameters are met and proper operations and maintenance is ensured. This paper gives an overview of the new design standard, including key information on wastewater type and loading, as well as primary attributes of each wetland design.
Intelligent Security and Privacy of Electronic Health Records Using Biometric Images
Authors: Alghazo Jaafar M.
Published: December 2018

Background: In the presence of Cloud Environment and the migration of Electronic Health Systems and records to the Cloud, patient privacy has become an emergent problem for healthcare institutions. Government bylaws, electronic health documentation, and innovative internet health services generate numerous security issues for healthcare conformity and information security groups. To deal with these issues, healthcare institutes must protect essential IT infrastructure from unauthorized use by insiders and hackers. The Cloud Computing archetype allows for EHealth methods that improve the features and functionality of systems on the cloud. On the other hand, sending patients’ medical information and records to the Cloud entails a number of risks in the protection and privacy of the health records during the communication process.  Aim: In this paper, a solution is proposed for the security of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in cloud environment during the process of sending the data to the cloud. In addition, the proposed method uses biometric images that allow for unified patient identification across cloud-based EHRs and across medical institutions.  Method: To protect the privacy of patients’ information and streamline the migration process, a watermarking-based method is proposed for health care providers to ensure that patients’ data are only accessible to authorized personnel. Patients’ information, such as name, id, symptoms, diseases, and previous history, is secured in biometric images of patients as an encrypted watermark.

Results:

Quality and impeccability analysis and robustness were performed to test the proposed method. The PSNR values show that the proposed method produced excellent results.

Conclusion:

The robustness and impressibility of the proposed method were tested by subjecting the watermarked images to different simulated attacks. The watermarks were largely impermeable to varied and repeated attacks.
EMR Access and Confidentiality Based on Patient and Hospital Staff Perspectives
Authors: K Dhillon , E Tan , R Akseer , MS Alhosani , GF Ho , SHE Lim , ANSJ Jamaludin
Published: December 2018

Introductions:

The Electronic Medical Records (EMR) system is a longitudinal electronic record consisting of all the information relevant to a patients’ health and well-being, generated by at least one encounter in a healthcare setting. It can be accessed within an institution with multi-level accessibility based on authentication customized to the type of user. Since the EMR system potentiates an organised and holistic medical history specific to a patient, it enables medical professionals to deliver a higher quality of healthcare services.

Aims:

The aims of this study were to understand the global perspective of EMR and its implementation as well as to locate the gaps of knowledge that still existed in the understanding and definition of EMR amongst patients and hospital staff.

Methods:

All major bibliographic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar and several specialist datasets such as PsycINFO, MEDLINE and EBSCOhost from the previous 10 years (2007-2017) were employed in our search. Paper citations which utilised a reference standard were incorporated for quality assessment. An initial search found 2700 articles however after factoring in the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 78 articles were included in this review.

Results:

Our findings indicated a discrepancy between the expectation of patients and what was actually practiced. Patient concerns mainly involved easy access of healthcare professionals other than doctors to their EMR in addition to non-medical information. The assumption of confidentiality was expected to be maintained by indifference; however, a good face-to-face explanation cannot be substituted with control over content and access to EMR. In the event of a breach in patient confidentiality, lawsuits against healthcare providers will rise exponentially as patients are now well-informed and more empowered to ask questions regarding the care they are receiving and information being disclosed to other parties.

Conclusion:

Security of information can be attained with better modelling protocols, end-user training and refresher courses done on a regular basis. Finally, controls of access will need to be implemented via passwords and digital signatures.
WANITA JEPANG DALAM PERSPEKTIF HISTORIS
Authors: Hartono Mudji -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Dalam sejarah Jepang yang panjang dapat diketahui proses perubahan tentang kedudukan dan fungsi wanita dalam kehidupan sosial dan politik. Semula wanita memiliki peranan yang sangat besar. Bentuk masyarakat pada awal perkembangan bangsa Jepang adalah berdasar matriarkal, kemudian dasar itu digantikan oleh patriarkal. Status wanita merosot tajam hingga pada derajat pelayan dalam masa feodalisme. Keadaan ini berubah lagi pada pasca Perang Dunia II seiring dengan kemajuan industri yang sangat cepat, kaum wanita senantiasa telah mendapatkan persamaan  hak dengan kaum pria sehingga berani mengabaikan adat lama. Tradisi masyarakat yang dibentuk oleh ajaran Confusianisme asal Cina dan budaya feodal Jepang menyebabkan kedudukan dan fungsi wanita menjadi sangat lemah. Kebiasaan-kebiasaan lama lambat-laun mengalami erosi akibat kemajuan pendidikan pada kaum wanita. Secara umum kondisi kaum wanita Jepang pada tahun 1970-an sudah banyak mengalami perubahan. Memang, sisa-sisa kebiasaan lama masih ada hingga kini dan masih menjadi ganjalan bagi peningkatan peranan wanita. Pembatasan-pembatasan terhadap kaum wanita belum hilang sepenuhnya, dan masih dapat dijumpai dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Tirai penyekat itu diyakini akan hilang dengan sendirinya.  Sehingga pada waktunya kaum wanita juga memiliki kedudukan yang sejajar dengan kaum pria  dalam bingkai budaya Jepang modern.
STUDI KRITIS PERANAN WANITA DALAM PERPOLITIKAN DUNIA
Authors: Dewi Ita Mutiara
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Keterlibatan wanita dalam panggung politik sebenarnya bukanlah hal yang asing di dunia sejak zaman dahulu. Peranan langsung maupun tidak langsung para wanita memiliki pengaruh tersendiri. Bahkan dalam mitosnya suku Amazon di belantara Amerika terkenal dengan komponen masyarakatnya dari kepala suku, panglima dan pasukan perang sampai penduduk biasa yang semuanya terdiri dari wanita. Selama ini dalam kacamata gender dan feminisme, muncul anggapan bahwa keterlibatan wanita sebagai pemimpin negara secara langsung maupun kedudukan strategis lain secara langsung dalam pengambilan kebijakan pemerintahan berbanding lurus dengan terselesaikannya permasalahan wanita. Benarkah kenyataan berkata demikian? Bagaimana menempatkan peranan wanita dalam dunia politik sesuai dengan fitrahnya? Analisis dalam tulisan ini diharapkan akan dapat menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut
BIAS GENDER DALAM PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BUKU REFERENSI BAHASA INGGRIS SMA KELAS II “INFORMATIONAL ENGLISH”
Authors: Hidayanto Nur -
Published: December 2018

Abstract Gender issues become hot phenomena today. The demand for equality in education, economy, politics, social and culture is so strong that it tries to stop gender issues rush. It occurs when women feel that there is unfairness between women and men rights. The unfairness is in the form of subordination, marginalization, inequality in responsibility and also women stereotype. The writer tries to find out the gender issues in the English Reference Book for 2nd year students of Senior High School entitled Informational English written by Bambang Kiswanto and Tony Rogers and published by Widya Utama in 2005. He investigates the use of language and also pictures which shows gender issues. Then, he compares it with theories and also facts in the real world. The writer finds that there are some gender issues in the book. They are in the form of inequality in the percentage of women and men pictures, the use of English pronouns, professions, emotion expressed in texts, famous persons, artists and also characterizations. In conclusion, the book illustrates some gender issues which often occur in the real life.
PARADIGMA FEMINISME ISLAM: KELUARGA SEBAGAI SUATU TEAM
Authors: Rochmat Saefur -
Published: December 2018

ABSTRAK Umat Islam dituntut bersifat responsif terhadap perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi bila mereka ingin memiliki andil dalam membangun peradaban yang humanis. Mereka tidak bisa tidak mengacuhkan konsep feminisme yang lahir dari perut peradaban Barat karena mereka berkepentingan membela kepentingan umat Islam sendiri, disamping sebagai suatu cara untuk ikut mengarahkan jalannya peradaban modern itu sendiri. Feminisme Islam merupakan suatu koreksi terhadap konsep feminisme Barat yang bersifat sekuler. Feminisme Sekuler merupakan suatu bentuk protes terhadap ajaran agama Kristen yang dinilainya bersikap diskriminatif terhadap wanita. Wanita disalahkan sebagai penyebab terusirnya Adam dan Hawa dari surga. Wanita juga inferior terhadap laki-laki karena dia diciptakan dari tulang rusuk Adam. Feminisme Sekuler merupakan suatu ideologi yang eksklusif karena hanya berpretensi memperjuangkan kepentingan wanita. Kaum feminis menilai keluarga tidak sebagai suatu team, melainkan suatu kontrak antara wanita dan laki-laki baik untuk kepentingan biologis maupun ekonomis. Masing-masing bersifat individualis sehingga rumah tangga mudah sekali berantakan. Sebaliknya Feminisme Islam dibangun di atas suatu fondasi yang memandang keluarga sebagai suatu team. Dalam kasus tragedi terusirnya Adam dan Hawa, Islam menimpakan kesalahan kepada keduanya. Hawa juga tidak diciptakan dari tulang rusuk Adam, melainkan dari “bahan baku” yang sama (min nafsin wahidatin) karena Allah mencaiptakan manusia secara berpasangan. Dengan demikian, pilar rumah tangga adalah suami dan isteri dan masing-masing bertanggung jawab atas utuhnya bangunan rumah tangga.
NASIONALISME INDONESIA: NASIONALISME PANCASILA
Authors: Miftahuddin Miftahuddin -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Tentu saja semua masyarakat bangsa ini tidak mau dikatakan sebagai orang yang “munafik”, yaitu orang yang mengingkari nilai-nilai yang pernah dicita-citakan, dirumuskan, dan ditegakkan para pendahulu. Dalam hal ini, memperoleh kemerdekaan dan menegakkan harga diri bangsa adalah cita-cita yang pernah diperjuangkan oleh para pendiri bangsa ini. Namun, apa yang terjadi tampaknya cita-cita yang telah terwujud itu sekarang telah diingkari. Sebagian di antara kita telah menjadi orang yang “munafik”, sehingga harga diri kita sebagai suatu bangsa seakan-akan telah hilang dan bahkan senang menjadi bangsa yang “didhalimi dan dijajah”. Dalam rangka mengkritisi perilaku yang selama ini tampak melenceng, artikel ini akan mengajak semua komponen untuk menengok kembali sejarah, sehingga dapat dilihat ternyata betapa luhurnya perjuangan para pendiri bangsa ini karena mereka telah menegakkan nilai-nilai yang luhur yang tampak tercermin dalam Pancasila. Demikian pula, dengan melihat sejarah akan kelihatan, betulkan jiwa nasionalisme sudah tertanam dalam pribadi sebagai bangsa Indonesia, atau ternyata kita hanyalah menjadi orang yang munafik. Kenyataannya banyak dari komponen bangsa ini telah mengingkari nilai-nilai Pancasila, sehingga sulit untuk dikatakan sebagai golongan yang berjiwa nasionalisme. Betapa tidak, bukankah sebagian masyarakat telah mementingkan dirinya sendiri, misalnya, dengan melakukan praktek korupsi atau melakukan apa pun demi memperoleh keinginannya, misalnya kekuasaan. Demikian pula, ternyata pemerintah bangsa ini tidak mempunyai kekuatan, sehingga membiarkan dan bahkan memberi kesempatan bangsa lain untuk mendhalimi dan menindas. Butul bahwa penjajahan dalam bentuk fisik sudah enyah dari bangsa ini, akan tetapi bukankah neokolonialisme telah tumbuh yang sebenarnya lebih menyakitkan, karena seolah-oleh bangsa ini tersiksa dalam waktu yang lama dan tidak segera menemukan kesembuhan..
NASIONALISME ETNIS TIONGHOA DI INDONESIA, 1900-1945
Authors: Darini Ririn -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat munculnya nasionalisme etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia. Nasionalisme etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia muncul karena pengaruh nasionalisme di China yang menggulingkan pemerintahan Dinasti Manchu. Dalam perkembangannya terdapat tiga aliran atau orientasi nasionalisme etnis Tionghoa yang berkembang di Indonesia.
EKOLOGI LINGKUNGAN DAN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT KARESIDENAN BANYUMAS MASA KOLONIAL
Authors: Dwikurniarini Dina -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Musim kemarau merupakan keadaan yang lebih banyak mendatangkan kerugian daripada keuntungan. Di Karesidenan Banyumas dalam musim kemarau terjadi banyak genangan air yang menjadi sarang nyamuk, sehingga terjadi wabah penyakit malaria. Penyakit itu rupanya masih tetap ada hingga masa pemerintahan RI. Bagaimana sebenarnya masalah tersebut bermula dan bagaimana penanganan dan pencegahan dan model pencegahan seperti apa yang sudah dilakukan pemerintah. Dari data sejarah kolonial menunjukkan bahwa penyakit itu sudah lama membawa korban sehingga dikeluarkan Ordonansi Pes 1902. Pada sebagian besar wilayah Banyumas abad 19 memang sering terjadi berbagai epidemi. Dapatkah kita belajar dari masa lalu untuk mengatasi masalah saat ini ataukah masa lalu dibiarkan berlalu saja terutama untuk kasus yang sudah lebih dari satu abad lalu.
KEBIJAKAN MARITIM DI HINDIA BELANDA: Langkah komersil pemerintah kolonial
Authors: Mulya Lillyana -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Artikel ini menghadirkan pengantar umum mengenai perkembangan sarana transportasi maritim di kepulauan Indonesia. Kajian ini menggunakan dua kebijakan populer pada masa kolonial untuk menganalisis proses adaptasi penguasa Belanda di Indonesia, yaitu liberalisasi pelabuhan Batavia dan pendirian Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (KPM). Melalui terminologi long-term atau jangka panjang, dapat diketahui bahwa dua kebijakan kolonial di atas memenuhi syarat sebagai kebijakan yang berkelanjutan secara politik dan ekonomi. Analisis ini juga bertujuan untuk menelusuri sifat komersil dari kebijakan maritim yang diterbitkan pemerintah kolonial yang memiliki latar belakang agraris.
PLANTER PABRIK GULA PEKALONGAN MENGGUGAT UPAH MASA CULTUURSTELSEL
Authors: Pamudiasih Wening -
Published: December 2018

Abstract Two main things leading to the selection of Java to be the area of investment by Dutch colonial were the presence of the labors and the cheap land or in another words it was the lower production cost. The prerequisites of the condition establishment were put in the period of Cultuurstelsel i.e. when the political and economic obstacles determined their form in the coordinating institution of the natives’ power use as mediation for the deployment. For the natives, the presence of the financial capital began to be sensed when the plantation industry was established. The industrial work pattern emerged, which was a combination of agricultural employment of export plants with manufacturing employment. The concrete form was sugar factories. The issues mainly arose in how the manner of the Gubernemen conditioned various social strata, from the elite top to small farmers to get involved to support the planting projects in ondernemings and the process of turning the sugarcanes into sugar.
PELAYANAN DAN SARANA KESEHATAN DI JAWA ABAD XX
Authors: Darini Ririn -
Published: December 2018

PELAYANAN DAN SARANA KESEHATAN DI JAWA ABAD XXOleh: Dina Dwi Kurniarini, Ririn Darini, Ita Mutiara Dewi1AbstrakArtikel tentang Pelayanan dan Sarana Kesehatan di Jawa Abad Ke-20 ini berusaha untukmenguraikan faktor-faktor penyebab, perkembangan dan dampak dari keberadaan pelayanan dansarana kesehatan di abad ke-20. Kajian tentang kesehatan di Jawa abad ke-20 ini menunjukkanbahwa (1) faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan perkembangan fasilitas dan sarana kesehatan di Jawapada abad ke-20 terutama kebijakan pemerintah pada masanya (baik masa kolonial maupunkemerdekaan) dan perkembangan ilmu kedokteran atau kesehatan; (2) Perkembangan pelayanandan sarana kesehatan di Jawa dapat ditelusuri dari keberadaan tenaga kesehatan danpendidikannya serta rumah sakit sebagai fasilitas kesehatan utama; (3) Sedangkan dampak dariperkembangan pelayanan dan fasilitas kesehatan yaitu wabah penyakit yang dapat teratasi danmeningkatnya pertumbuhan penduduk sebagai akibat dari sedikit meningkatnya taraf kesehatanmasyarakat Indonesia
GERAKAN T ENTARA 1947-1948: TENTARA PELAJAR DI SIDOBUNDER DAN PASUKAN SILIWANGI DI SURAKARTA
Authors: Widiyanta Danar -
Published: December 2018

GERAKAN T ENTARA 1947-1948:TENTARA PELAJAR DI SIDOBUNDERDAN PASUKAN SILIWANGI DI SURAKARTAOleh: Danar Widiyanta dan Djumarwan1AbstrakDalam periode Revolusi Fisik Indonesia, militer dengan sendirinya memainkan peran sentraldalam mempertahankan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Pada periode ini banyak sekali intrik-intrik yangmelekat pada wajah militer Indonesia. Artikel ini hendak ‘merekam’ dinamika sejarah militeryang terjadi di Indonesia selama kurun waktu 1947 – 1948, menjelang Agresi Militer Belanda II.Dalam artikel ini akan ditampilkan dinamika militer yang terjadi pada peristiwa Tentara Pelajar(TP) di Sidobunder dan insiden Pasukan Siliwangi di Surakarta. Kedua peristiwa ini mempunyaikarakteristik masing-masing, yang berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya.
PERAN INDONESIA DALAM MEWUJUDKAN DEMOKRATISASI ASEAN 1998 – 2010
Authors: Widiyanta Danar
Published: December 2018

ABSTRAK

Perubahan yang terjadi pada tahun 1998, telah merubah pula kebijakan tentang demokratisasi di ASEAN. Indonesia mencoba memasukkan gagasan tersebut untuk mempertahankan peran yang signifikan dalam organisasi ASEAN. Ada beberapa kendala dalam pelaksanaan demokratisasi di ASEAN yang disebabkan oleh beberapa hal. Latar belakang pendirian ASEAN cenderung karena dorongan dari pikiran luar kawasan yang menginginkan stabilitas politik di Asia Tenggara. Negara-negara ASEAN secara alamiah tidak terintegrasi secara geografis, sehingga posisi geopolitik setiap negara anggotanya berbeda-beda. Perbedaan level ekonomi antarnegara menyebabkan adanya perbedaan kemampuan mengimplementasikan suatu kesepakatan antarnegara. Kendala lain adalah ketiadaan kepemimpinan ASEAN. Selama 10 tahun terakhir tidak ada pemimpin ASEAN yang berani mengambil inisiatif kepemimpinan di ASEAN.

ABSTRAK

Perubahan yang terjadi pada tahun 1998, telah merubah pula kebijakan tentang demokratisasi di ASEAN. Indonesia mencoba memasukkan gagasan tersebut untuk mempertahankan peran yang signifikan dalam organisasi ASEAN. Ada beberapa kendala dalam pelaksanaan demokratisasi di ASEAN yang disebabkan oleh beberapa hal. Latar belakang pendirian ASEAN cenderung karena dorongan dari pikiran luar kawasan yang menginginkan stabilitas politik di Asia Tenggara. Negara-negara ASEAN secara alamiah tidak terintegrasi secara geografis, sehingga posisi geopolitik setiap negara anggotanya berbeda-beda. Perbedaan level ekonomi antarnegara menyebabkan adanya perbedaan kemampuan mengimplementasikan suatu kesepakatan antarnegara. Kendala lain adalah ketiadaan kepemimpinan ASEAN. Selama 10 tahun terakhir tidak ada pemimpin ASEAN yang berani mengambil inisiatif kepemimpinan di ASEAN.
Revolusi Demokrasi: Suatu Gagasan Memperbaiki Demokrasi Indonesia
Authors: Fachrurozi Miftahul Habib
Published: December 2018

Abstrak

Paper ini mencoba menguraikan permasalahan demokrasi di Indonesia sekaligus solusi yang dapat diambil untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Paper ini sangat penting karena memahami permasalahan pelaksanaan demokrasi di Indonesia harus selalu dikaitan dengan Kapitalisme global yang terus menggerogoti sendi-sendi kehidupan bangsa Indonesia. Bangsa Indonesia harus dapat lepas dari cengkeraman Kapitalisme global agar mampu melaksanakan demokrasi yang sesuai dengan nilai-nilai ideal demokrasi Indonesia. Paper ini menjadi penting karena menawarkan gagasan revolusi demokrasi untuk memperbaiki demokrasi Indonesia.

Penerapan nilai-nilai ideal demokrasi Indonesia serta hambatan pelaksanaan demokrasi Indonesia menjadi hal yang penting dikaji dalam rangka memperbaiki demokrasi Indonesia. Pertanyaan yang muncul adalah apa nilai-nilai ideal demokrasi Indonesia? Bagaimana permasalahan pelaksanaan demokrasi Indonesia? Serta bagaimana melaksanakan revolusi demokrasi? Pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut yang akan dibahas dalam paper ini.

Sumber yang digunakan dalam paper ini diambil dari literatur-literatur primer maupun sekunder yang memiliki kaitan terhadap demokrasi Indonesia. Karya tersebut berisi tentang pemikiran dan pandangan founding father bangsa Indonesia terhadap demokrasi Indonesia. Selain itu terdapat pula karya sejumlah sejarawan serta ilmuwan politik kontemporer yang digunakan dalam paper ini.

Nilai-nilai ideal demokrasi Indonesia harus didasarkan pada kondisi sosio-historis bangsa Indonesia. Nilai-nilai ideal demokrasi Indonesia bersumber dari nilai kolektif, kesetaraan, dan kemanusiaan. Permasalahan pelaksanaan demokrasi Indonesia disebabkan oleh ketidakmerataan sumber daya politik dan ekonomi pada masyarakat Indonesia. Hal tersebut diakibatkan oleh sistem Kapitalisme global. Revolusi demokrasi harus dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Pelaksanaan revolusi demokrasi harus sejalan dengan konsep sosio-demokrasi yang digagas Soekarno. Pelaksanaan konsep sosio-demokrasi merupakan solusi atas permasalahan demokrasi Indonesia pada saat ini.

Kata kunci: demokrasi, Indonesia, revolusi demokrasi, kapitalisme, sosio-demokrasi
ISLAM DAN DEMOKRASI: SEBUAH IJTIHAD PARTAI POLITIK ISLAM (STUDI KASUS PARTAI MASYUMI DAN PARTAI KEADILAM SEJAHTERA)
Authors: Prihatin Novianto Ari
Published: December 2018

Abstrak

Konstelasi Islam dan Demokrasi di Indonesia berujung pada sebuah perdebatan panjang mengenai boleh-tidaknya umat Islam menerapkan sistem Demokrasi. Agama Islam yang didalamnya terdapat prinsip ketuhanan sebagai pusat pengatur kehidupan manusia dipandang bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsipDemokrasi yang menyerahkan urusan pada manusia dengan prinsip mayoritas. Kelompok Islam kontra-Demokrasi menilai penerapan Demokrasi pada masyarakat Islam Indonesia hanya akan memunculkan hukum-hukum spekulatif yang pada akhirnya akan mengesampingkan hukum-hukum Tuhan. Perdebatan panjang mengenai sistem politik yang harus dipilih oleh umat Islam akhirnya tertuju pada sebuah sistem Demokrasi ketuhanan sebagai sebuah hasil ijtihad politisi Muslim.Kelompok Islam pro-Demokrasi ini meyakini bahwa standar politik Islam terletak pada esensi dan prinsip, bukan pada sistem dan bentuk politiknya.

Demokrasi tetap bisa beriringan dengan Islam dengan syarat esensi dan prinsip yang diperjuangkan adalah untuk menegakkan hukum Islam. Beberapa partai yang termasuk golongan ini diantaranya adalah Partai Masyumi dan Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS). Masyumi adalah sebuah partai politik Islam yang lahir pasca proklamasi dengan membawa misi memperjuangkan Islam sebagai dasar negara, sementara PKS adalah partai produk Reformasi yang menjadikan Demokrasi sebagai sarana untuk menerapkan hukum-hukum Islam. Meski membawa misi yang berbeda, kedua partai ini tetap menggunakan jalur parlemen sebagai hasil ijtihad politik untuk menerapkan hukum Islam di Indonesia.
PENYAKIT KUSTA DI BANGKALAN PADA ABAD KE-20
Authors: Dwikurniarini Dina , Dewi Ita Mutiara
Published: December 2018

Artikel ini membahas tentang penyakit kusta yang pernah mewabah di Indonesia pada Abad ke-20, terutama di wilayah Bangkalan, Madura. Artikel ini berusaha mengungkap faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan wabah penyakit kusta di Bangkalan, Madura dan mengetahui cara pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda dalam menanggulani wabah kusta di Madura. Faktor geografis Bangkalan dengan iklim yang panas, menyebabkan kurang tersedianya akses air bersih untuk higieni dan sanitasi bagi masyarakat. Selain itu tingkat kepadatan penduduk Bangkalan cukup tinggi, sehingga wabah kusta mudah menyebar. Pemerintah Kolonial Hindia Belanda berusaha memberlakukan berbagai kebijakan seperti propaganda kesehatan dalam menanggulangi penyakit tersebut.

Kata kunci: Sejarah, Kesehatan, Hindia Belanda
PERANAN PASUKAN POLISI PELAJAR PERTEMPURAN DAN GEREJA PUGERAN DALAM REVOLUSI INDONESIA TAHUN 1948 - 1949 DI YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Widiyanta Danar , Djumarwan Djumarwan
Published: December 2018

Yogyakarta merupakan salah satu satu kota yang menjadi saksi perjuangan para rakyat dalam mempertahankan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Dalam Perang Kemerdekaan II, seluruh lapisan masyarakat terlibat tidak terkecuali Pasukan Polisi Pelajar Pertempuran (P3). Pasukan ini merupakan pasukan Mobile Briagade (Mobbrig) di bawah pimpinan IP II Djohan Soeparno. Pasukan ini bermarkas di SPN Ambarukmo Yogyakarta. Pasukan P3 juga berperan dalam Serangan Umum 1 Maret 1949. Mereka dibagi dalam beberapa lokasi diantaranya yaitu Pojok Benteng Wetan, Kotagede, Pleret, dan Karangsemut. Serangan yang dilakukan P3 cukup melelahkan bagi Belanda. Perang Kemerdekaan II juga melibatkan seluruh lapisan masyarakat. Salah satunya yaitu peran dari Gerja Pugeran yang terletak di Pugeran Bantul. Pada saat perang gereja ini berfungsi sebagai tempat pengungsian, rumah sakit, dan dapur umum. Di dalam gereja ini juga tinggal banyak tentara yang meminta perlindungan pada siang hari. Gereja juga menyediakan bahan makan untuk para pengungsi.

Kata Kunci : Polisi Pelajar Pertempuran, Gereja Pugeran, Yoguakarta.
ARSIP DAN PENJAJAHAN PIKIRAN
Authors: Harnawan Tedy
Published: December 2018

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ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGERIAL MODEL OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION PROCESS IN THE REGION (ON EXAMPLE OF KURSK REGION)
Authors: Bessonova E. A. , Mereshenko O. Yu.
Published: December 2018

During periods of geo-economic and geopolitical instability in the conditions of aggravation of relations between Russia and the West an objective assessment of socio-economic development alternatives is needed with the objective of establishing an effective competitive national economy, agreeable to standards of modern realities inclusion into the system of world economic relations, aimed at import replacement and strategic security of the state. In our view, theories and concepts are necessary for the development of import substitution as an important condition of economic safety maintenance of the country and its regions. According to Russian scientists they are a significant factor for stable and sustainable innovative development of the specific site, increase the likelihood of sustained development of country economy and its regions and make a significant contribution to the development of the regional economy. The state has many effective tools for influencing the market and the business to optimize economic growth, redress imbalances of socio-economic development of territories. The government is interested in ensuring economic, food supply and financial security of the country. In the framework of import substitution policy regional authorities have the opportunity to create and implement various incentive schemes of import substitution process. The process efficiency depends on the management system construction of import substitution in the region. It shows a clear need for the study of the role and importance of regional regulation of import substitution. Management of regional economy should be based on the understanding that import substitution is a development resource. It is the perception concept of import substitution process that should be the basis for a new regional economic policy in Russia, focused on modernization and innovative development of its non-oil sector and rational use of resources. The article provides the definition of "import substitution", measures aimed to implement the import substitution process in the Kursk region and characteristics of regional import substitution plan submitted by the organizational and managerial model of import substitution process in the Kursk region.
MANAGEMENT OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS WITH THE RISK FACTOR ACCOUNT
Authors: Vertakova Yu. V. , Plotnikov V. A. , Horkov A. V. , Liu Chunguang
Published: December 2018

Economic development of society is inevitably connected to transitions of economy from one status in another. In the course of transition economic systems unite lines of the previous and new business cases. Such conversions wear both local, and universal character. One and all changes in any economic system lead to change of its structure. Development of economic systems is followed not only by absolute quantitative changes of the indices describing them, but also their relative changes relatively each other. As a result of it in system structural shifts are created. In the modern conditions of high dynamism of conditions of managing the role э controls of structural conversions of economic systems taking into account risk factor raises. The main complexity is that today there was no reliable single system for determination and preventing of risk situations because each type of activity has unique specifics and respectively requires individual approach. In each area the study of risk is based on an object of research of this branch of science and leans both on the general, and on specific approaches and methods. The purpose of operation was detection of an entity of structural shifts in the industry and methods of purposeful impact on them. For its achievement a row of research tasks is solved: the concept of structural changes in the industry is entered; it is shown that priority structural conversion of the modern Russian industry is reindustrialization; classification of structural shifts is offered and the concept "progressive structural shift" is created; the analysis of structural changes in the Russian industry and tendencies of their development is carried out; the mechanism of influence of risks on the pursued structural industrial policy is revealed; sentences on neutralization of risks by creation of standby system are developed. In a research theoretical and empirical methods, in a particular are used: review of literature, logical and systems analysis, methods of collection of empirical data, descriptions and processings of results of a research. As a result of the conducted research recommendations about increase in efficiency of the industrial policy realized in Russia taking into account experience of the People's Republic of China are formulated.
DISTRACTION OF FAVORABLE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT AS BASIS FOR MORAL HARM COMPENSATION
Authors: Barbashova N. V.
Published: December 2018

The article shows that moral harm compensation is very important for problem solution in legal support of favorable state of environment. This harm is done to owners and users of natural resources caused by environmental distraction. It is stated that illegal actions encroaching not only on non-material benefits but also on property right of citizens. Such actions can be a source of physical and moral sufferings. Physical and moral sufferings (moral harm) are caused by property right violations. Such sufferings connect with change of citizen property status which led to residence choice restriction; freedom movement and health deterioration. Only individuals can feel physical and moral sufferings caused by violence for non-material benefits and property. The stated argument doesn't assume moral and physical sufferings for legal entity. As a result of this there is no legal basis for moral harm compensation for legal entities. As a conclusion it is stated that recommendations for collective claims of moral harm compensation in case of ecological delict contradict "moral harm" definition. Department of moral harm compensation which was developed thanks to non-material benefits violation or property rights violation do not have necessary reflection in ecological legislation. According to this it is possible to use standards of the Civil code of the Russian Federation for moral harm compensation at ecological offenses. Negative changes of parameters can be the basis for claim statement about moral harm compensation. These parameters characterize a favorable condition of surrounding environment caused by pollution or natural objects damage. Physical and/or moral sufferings of citizens can be calculated proceeding from market difference of real estate and the land to negative impact and after its pollution or damage of natural objects.
FREIGHT AND PASSENGER VEHICLES PARTS RECONDITIONING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Malihin V. V. , Gaidah N. M. , Artemenco Yu. A. , Novikov S. G. , Novikov F. V.
Published: December 2018

High accuracy and efficiency indices of machining of worn-out after continuous service parts, reconditioned using materials with high physical and mechanical properties have been studied; a reconditioning technique for worn-out surfaces of parts have been presented; to restore the dimensions of some parts, thermal spraying technique without inadmissible excessive heating of the parts has been chosen, and for another group of parts the process of manual argon-arc surfacing has been chosen; some specifications of the parts of the tram, trackless trolley bus, "KAMAZ", DT-75 tractor reconditioned by means of surfacing, coating and machining are given. Theoretical analysis of the conditions of the reduction of the elastic displacement value, appearing in a technological system during mechanical processing and determining the parameters of machining precision has been performed. Machining accuracy and efficiency improving features for grinding and cutting with cutting tools of parts with hardened (wear-resistant hardfacing materials with hardness up to HRC 63) function surfaces have been theoretically substantiated; some regularities of stock removal while grinding parts reconditioned using wear-resistant hardfacing materials have been analytically described, ways to improve the efficiency of their machining involving application of the method of deep grinding with the wheel periphery with rather low parts speed have been defined. Some ways to increase machining efficiency, to reduce energy consumption of machining and thickness of the cutting by grains of the wheel, and thus the wheel wear rate are presented. By means of calculations it was found out that realizing deep grinding of facing material, machining efficiency can increase by up to 8 times (with the same cutting thickness by a wheel grain) compared with the deep grinding of a solid (homogenous) material. Significant potential for grinding parts restored using wear-resistant surfacing materials, which opens new prospects for machining of resurfaced and face-hardened parts for freight and passenger vehicles, is shown. Potential for machining efficiency enhancement of the mentioned parts with cutting tools made of superhard synthetic materials, hard alloys with wear-resistant coatings, the use of damping cutters, and diamond-abrasive grinding is specified.
LEGAL FIXING OF CRIMINAL CONCUSSION IN CRIMINAL LEGISLATION
Authors: Sheveleva S. V.
Published: December 2018

Criminal legislation concussion has various fixing forms: as a circumstance excluding crime act, as a punishment sign, as a crime sign of separate crime components. There are two types of concussion: concussion by circumstances and concussion by actions. The last always is done by a person. And it can be called criminal concussion. Such impact on other person as violence or threat, including threat of murder or causing heavy harm to health, mockeries and tortures is in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; destruction, damage or withdrawal of someone else's property or these actions threat; blackmail; use of material or other victim dependence; threat of data discrediting distribution or other data which can do essential harm to victim rights or legitimate his/her (his/her relatives) interests; bribery; persuasion; promises; deception or abuse of confidence; compulsion. The distinctive characteristic of such pressure is that criminals choos behavior seeking to avoid adverse consequences. It is possible to say that criminal concussion in criminal legislation can be fixed in such forms as threats, blackmail and violence. Persuasion, deception, deception or abuse of confidence aren’t forms of criminal concussion because victims' free will isn't limited.
THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING PRIORITIES OF ECOLOGICAL AND LEGAL PROTECTION: NATURE AND HUMAN HEALTH AS OBJECTS OF LEGAL
Authors: Vorontsova E. V.
Published: December 2018

The paper is devoted to the problematic issues of the legal regulation of nature protection activities in the Russian Federation. The author notes that a sharp deterioration of the ecological situation indicates a crisis of the previously existing paradigm of human-environmental interaction. Therefore, the situation requires full-scale measures within the state's environmental strategy. However, the change of the environmental state policy as a whole and the improvement of the legal mechanism of environmental relations in particular encounters a number of theoretical and practical problems, which have not been solved. The author pays attention to the problem of determining the priorities of environmental and legal protection, which is very important in the process of establishing the optimal ratio in the "human-nature" relations. The result of solving the problems influences the objectives of the state environmental policy, as well as the objectives of the Environmental Safety Strategy. The author analyzes the main aspect of the considered problem, the essence of which is ambiguity of the fundamental object in ecological relations. It is noted that today there are two points of view on this issue in the Russian legal science. According to the first one, the object of legal protection is exclusively environmental interests of a man. Accordingly, the protection of nature must be carried out exclusively in the interests of his life and health. Supporters of the second point of view believe that the nature as a whole should be a priority in legal protection. The author notes that the choice of a particular conceptual position (and, accordingly, the priority of environmental and legal protection) depends on the world outlook on the role and place of a man in the world. At the same time, problems of a technical and legal nature, connected with internal logic and subordination of legal norms regulating ecological relations worsen the situation. The author concludes that there are internal contradictions in the mechanism of legal protection of the environment.
PECULIARITIES OF PENALTIES TO MINORs RELATED TO the LABOR ACTIVITY
Authors: Lepina T. G.
Published: December 2018

The article deals with the institution of compulsory work applied to minors, because at present this type of punishment attracts attention of scientists and practitioners. The advantage is that teenagers who commit crimes, which are of no great public danger, have a real opportunity to improve in case they are isolated from the society. However, there are also problems of applying punishment in the form of compulsory community service work to minors. The analysis of the norms of the criminal and labor law in the part of regulating the procedure for appointing the specified punishment in relation to minors was carried out. Some interdisciplinary mismatches in this area have been identified, and possible solutions have been proposed. The question of expediency of using deductions in the amount of 5 to 20% of wages is analyzed. The opinions of both supporters and opponents of such measures are given. Some researchers believe that this provision of the law does not correspond to the principles of humanism, the differentiation of criminal responsibility and punishment. They suggest setting a maximum retention threshold of 10%. Scientists also discuss duration of this measure of punishment. In addition, the author draws attention to the problem of applying compulsory community service work to minors who study at school or institution of higher education. The paper highlights the problem of changing the punishment in case of malicious evasion of compulsory or corrective service work. At present, they can be replaced only by imprisonment. However, part 6 of Art. 88 of the Criminal Code establishes a ban on the appointment of liberty deprivation to a minor convicted person who committed a crime of small or medium gravity for the first time at the age of sixteen, as well as to other juvenile convicts who committed crimes of minor gravity for the first time. Therefore, it is not always possible to replace the corresponding punishments for imprisonment even if a teenager refuses to perform compulsory or corrective service.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE STABILITY. SYSTEMS WITH ONE DEGREE OF FREEDOM. PART 1
Authors: Stupishin L. U.
Published: December 2018

The paper considers the loss of structure stability as one of the most important marginal states. Though this type of limit conditions has been closely studied, there is still no agreement on their causes, hence, there is no uniform approach to defining the criteria that determine the critical state. The most popular criteria known in the structural analysis and the theory of structural stability are energy criteria of stability in the form of Timoshenko or Bryan. In the first case the analysis covers total work of all forces affecting the system at the moment of collapse. In the second the analysis deals with the system internal energy, which allows us to solve the problems considering thermal and similar effects. In spite of the simplicity of the first approach and general character of the second one, it is hardly possible to assert that they can be sufficient to cover the total scope of stability problems that may arise in engineering. The criterion of critical energy critical level permits us to formulate and solve stability problems without any limitations related with the smallness of displacements or the types of impacts affecting a system, so it can be applied to formulate boundary conditions. For better understanding of the said criteria and their illustration the paper presents some simple problems in the form of systems with lumped parameters. Structure stability criteria are studied as in case of the systems with one degree of freedom. The analysis covers the statements and solutions of stability problems in the form of Timoshenko, Bryan and the criterion of energy critical levels. These approaches are reviewed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages using the example of the model of a structure with one degree of freedom.
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS IN ART AND COMPUTER GRAFICS
Authors: Volkova S. N. , Sivak E. E. , Shleenko A. V. , Morozova V. V.
Published: December 2018

The role of symbols in art and computer graphics for correct plot understanding, when viewing works of art in an electronic library is considered. Special emphasis is placed on mathematical symbols, revealing abstraction beauty side in mathematics and its penetration into artistic images and the spots created by the artists. Due to computer database artist's original intention can be decoded . Based on the semantic meanings of mathematical symbols they are considered to be fundamental pillars in the art of computer graphics: the Universe, the spiritual human development, continuity and discretion, the truth in the search of solving universe problems. Human's willness to develop space implies constructive activities for peaceful purposes when developing new technologies. Analyzing the development of spatial layers by life, we conclude that the emergence of the social and ecological system is aimed to develop new tiers in evolution development, but no to remake developed lower tiers of the existing flora and fauna, and not to achieve world domination. Nature expected the appearance of a mankind for constructive activitiesties in the space exploration. This is evidenced by the activities of Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, Gagarin. Instead of developing new living spaces and living peacefully with all representatives of flora and fauna, mankind conflics destroying everything around including Itself. The notions 'chance', 'luck' acquire visial representation thanks to computer graphics in accordance with the edu-cational standards indicating certain amount of academic hours given to mathematics, including modeling, and the-oretical-probabilistic methods of research, processing of experimental results.
ABSOLUTE CONCENTRATION CHANGES IN THE KURSK REGION AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF MICROZONES AND BRUNCHES
Authors: Barbysheva G. I.
Published: December 2018

The article gives an analysis of the term "production concentration", explains the interdependence of concentration and specialization in the field of agricultural production, justifies the application of "production profitability" indicator to assess the scale positive effect in the industry through the analyses of the changes over the thirteen-year period 2002-2015.To achieve the research objectives it has been decided not to use value levels to avoid time incompatibility. The article is devoted to the research of absolute production concentration changes in the agricultural field of the Kursk region in the context of microzones, industries brunches and sub-brunches. The author has used the grouping method, correlation-regression analysis and time series analysis. Moreover variability indicators have also been applied. . Regional agricultural enterprises were grouped according to the micro-zones: south-western, north-western, eastern and suburban. The study was conducted taking into account the largest agricultural sub-brunches which are of greatest importance for the regional economy: grain production, sugar beet production, oil production (sunflower, soybean, rape), dairy and beef cattle, pork, sheep and poultry production. The most significant results of the study are represented in graphic form. These are the graphs that enable to track the indicator changes in three angles (coor-dinates): the number of enterprises, enterprise scale (by industry), time. Thus, the graph simultaneously shows how the number of enterprises has changed with the passing time and how the average scale of the industry changes over time. Then, the comparisons of the values achieved in the microzone section and inter-branch comparisons are made. It was concluded that in most agricultural branches of the Kursk region, the increase in production scale was accompanied by the increase in production profitability and, consequently, there is a positive effect of production scale. Support at federal, regional and local levels is required to create enabling environment for further business scale growth in the leading agricultural sub-branches.