bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graded (metric) tenses in embedded clauses: The case of South Baffin Inuktitut
Authors: Hayashi Midori , Oshima David Yoshikazu
Published: January 2018

This work discusses how tenses in South Baffin Inuknitut (SBI; the Eskimo-Aleut family), which are associated with remoteness specifications, are interpreted in embedded clauses. In SBI dependent clauses, the reference point forremoteness specifications may be, but is not necessarily, relativized (shifted) to a time other than external “now”. For example, while the hodiernal past (marked by suffix -qqau) designates the day of utterance as its domain of coverage, it may not do so in a subordinate clause. Whether an embedded tense may and must be relativized with regard to remoteness depends on four factors: (i) whether the embedded tense is relativized with regard to temporal direction (the past-present-future opposition), (ii) what the type of the subordinate clause is, (iii) what the tense of the superordinate clause is, and (iv) what the tense of the subordinate clause is. The findings suggest that tense systems across languages may contrast not only with respect to under what circumstances shifting of the directional temporal reference point takes place, but also with respect to under what circumstances shifting of the reference point fortemporal remoteness takes place.
Ambiguous than-clauses and the mention-some reading
Authors: Zhang Linmin , Ling Jia
Published: January 2018

This paper addresses the ambiguity of comparatives that contain a permission-related existential modal in their than-clause. For example, given the context that the interval of permitted speed is between 35 and 50 mph, the sentence Lucinda is driving less fast than allowed is ambiguous between two readings: (i) her speed is below the minimum (i.e., 35 mph); (ii) her speed is below the maximum (i.e., 50 mph). Previously, this ambiguity has been attributed to either the scopal interaction between a negation element and a modal (Heim 2006a) or the optional application of a silent operator (Crnic 2017). Here we show that these two lines of accounts under- or over-generate. Instead, we propose that the source of this ambiguity is located in the ambiguous answerhood for wh-questions corresponding to this kind of than-clauses (e.g., how fast is Lucinda allowed to drive). The current proposal consists of three parts. First, based on Zhang & Ling (2015, 2017a,b), we adopt a generalized interval-arithmetic-based recipe for computing the semantics of comparatives. Second, the semantics of than-clauses is considered equal to that of short answers to corresponding wh-questions. Third, since the use of existential priority modals in wh-questions leads to the ‘mention-some/mention-all’ ambiguity for answerhood, we propose that this ambiguity projects in further derivation and leads to the two readings for comparatives like the Lucinda sentence.
Experience matters: A psycholinguistic investigation of predicates of personal taste
Authors: Kaiser Elsi , Herron Lee Jamie
Published: January 2018

We discuss two psycholinguistic experiments on subjective adjectives, with the aim of testing the idea that predicates of personal taste (PPTs, e.g. fun, tasty) and non-PPT multidimensional adjectives (e.g. smart, healthy) differ in terms of the perspective-taking they involve. Although both are widely regarded as involving a judge/evaluator, it has recently been proposed that the judge of a PPT needs to be an experiencer, while judges of multidimensional non-PPT adjectives do not have this requirement. We report a new study investigating this claim that builds on and extends our earlier work, by using sentences with one animate and one inanimate argument. This allows us to avoid potential complications from pronoun ambiguity. We manipulated verb argument structure (Experiencer-Theme vs. Agent-Patient verbs) to test if PPTs prefer experiencer judges. The results confirm that PPTs, but not non-PPT multidimensional adjectives, are sensitive to the presence of an experiencer thematic role.
Leukocyte Esterase Strip Test: A Rapid and Reliable Method for the Diagnosis of Infections in Arthroplasty
Authors: Li Xiang , Li Rui , Ni Ming , Chai Wei , Hao Libo , Zhou Yonggang , Chen Jiying
Published: January 2018

The reliability of the leukocyte esterase (LE) strip test needs further investigation. A total of 204 joints suspected of having periprosthetic joint infection were enrolled from July 2014 to June 2016. One drop of synovial fluid extracted by joint aspiration was applied to LE strips. The results were recorded after 2 to 3 minutes according to the 5 color grades on the color chart (−neg, 25, 27, 250, and 500). A centrifuge was used before the LE strip test when the synovial fluid was mixed with blood. Based on the Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria, 88 joints were diagnosed as being infected and 116 as not infected. On positive threshold comparison (500 vs 250), there was no statistically significant difference in sensitivity (92.0% vs 97.7%,
P
=.0736), but specificity was significantly increased in the 500 group (93.1% vs 80.2%,
P
=.0003). When only 500 was considered positive, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 92.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83.8%–96.5%), 93.1% (95% CI, 86.4%–96.8%), 91.0% (95% CI, 82.6%–95.8%), and 93.9% (95% CI, 87.4%–97.3%), respectively. Compared with white blood cell count, the LE strip test had similar sensitivity (93.2% vs 92.0%,
P
=1) and specificity (92.2% vs 93.1%,
P
=1). In cases using the centrifugation method, sensitivity and specificity also remained favorable. In this study, using 500 rather than 250 as the positive threshold increased accuracy. Compared with white blood cell count and polymorphonuclear neutrophil percentage, the LE strip test has excellent sensitivity and specificity and is reliable. Synovial fluid centrifugation is an effective means of overcoming interference from erythrocytes. [
Orthopedics.
2018; 41(2):e189–e193.]
Routine Preoperative Venous Doppler Screening Is Not Effective in Preventing Thromboembolic Events After Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Meftah Morteza , White Peter B. , Siddiqi Ahmed , Perake Vinayak S. , Kirschenbaum Ira H.
Published: January 2018

Despite advances in thromboprophylaxis, the relationship between preexisting deep venous thromboses (DVTs) and postoperative thromboembolic complications is not fully established. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of selective and nonselective preoperative lower extremity venous Doppler screening protocols as tools in reducing the incidence of thromboembolic events (DVT/pulmonary embolism [PE]) after total joint arthroplasty. In the 2-year period from August 2013 to August 2015, a total of 455 consecutive elective primary total joint arthroplasties were identified from the authors' database. During the first year, a selective preoperative Doppler ultrasound screening protocol (only patients with a history of DVT/PE) was used for 182 patients, 31 of whom had preoperative ultrasound scans. The following year, a nonselective screening protocol was used for 273 consecutive patients, all of whom had preoperative Doppler ultrasound scans. All patients were followed for a minimum of 3 months postoperatively for postoperative Doppler ultrasound scans, emergency department visits, and readmissions related to DVT/PE. Preoperatively, there was no difference between the selective and nonselective cohorts regarding preoperative DVTs (3 and 1, respectively;
P
=.307); all patients were known to have prior DVT. Postoperative thromboembolic events were found in 4 (2.6%) of the patients in the selective cohort and 2 (0.7%) of the patients in the nonselective cohort (
P
=.196). Use of a nonselective preoperative Doppler ultrasound screening protocol did not improve the identification of preoperative DVTs or reduce postoperative thromboembolic complications. [
Orthopedics.
2018; 41(2):e202–e206.]
Fracture evolution in soluble rocks: From single-material fractures towards multi-material fractures
Authors: Kaufmann Georg , Romanov Douchko , Gabrovšek Franci
Published: January 2018

We employ a numerical model describing the evolution of secondary porosity in a single fracture embedded in soluble rock (limestone, gypsum, and anhydrite) to study the evolution of isolated fractures in different rock types. Our main focus is three-fold: The identification of shallow versus deep flow paths and their evolution for different rock types; the effect of precipitation of the dissolved material in the fracture; and finally the complication of fracture enlargement in fractures composed of several different soluble materials. Our results show that the evolution of fractures composed of limestone and gypsum is comparable, but the evolution time scale is drastically different. For anhydrite, owing to its difference from calcite in the kinetical rate law describing the removal of soluble rock, the evolution is even faster. Precipitation of the dissolved rock due to changes in the hydrochemical conditions can clog fractures fairly fast, thus changing the pattern of preferential pathways in the soluble aquifer, especially with depth. Finally, limestone fractures coated with gypsum, as occasionally observed in caves, will result in a substantial increase in fracture enlargement with time, thus giving these fractures a hydraulic advantage over pure limestone fractures in their competition for capturing flow. Key words: soluble rock, single fracture, dissolution and precipitation, inception horizon.Odvisnost kraškega razvoja razpoke od vrste in zaporedja vodotopnih kamnin, skozi katere potekaZ numeričnim modelom smo raziskovali razvoj sekundarne poroznosti v enodimenzionalni razpoki v apnencu, sadri in anhidridu. Cilji raziskav so bili: 1) ugotoviti razlike med razvojem plitvih in globokih razpok v različnih kamninah; 2) oceniti učinek morebitnega izločanja enega od mineralov v razpoki in 3) dinamika rasti razpoke, ki gre skozi plasti različnih kamnin. Rezultati kažejo na primerljiv razvoj razpok v apnencu in sadri, pri čemer je čas razvoja v obeh kamninah precej različen. V anhidridu je zaradi drugačne kinetike raztapljanja razvoj še hitrejši. Izločanje ob spreminjajočih se geokemičnih pogojih lahko hitro zamaši razpoke in posebej v večjih globinah spremeni poti razvoja mreže kraških prevodnikov. V primeru, ko so razpoke v apnencu prekrite s plastjo sadre, kar v naravi pogosto opažamo, je hitrost širjenja najhitrejša, kar daje vodnim potem vzdolž takih razpok izrazito primerjalno prednost pri zajemanju razpoložljivega toka.Ključne besede: vodotopne kamnine, enostavna razpoka, raztapljanje in izločanje, incepcijski horizont.
Predicting extra virgin olive oil freshness during storage by fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Aparicio-Ruiz R. , Tena N. , Romero I. , Aparicio R. , García-González D. L. , Morales M. T.
Published: January 2018

Virgin olive oil quality relates to flavor and unique health benefits. Some of these properties are at the most desirable level when the oil is just extracted, since it is not a product that improves with age. On the contrary, the concentrations of many compounds change during its shelf-life. These changes reveal the aging of the oil but do not necessarily mean decay in sensory properties, so in some cases an aged oil from healthy olives may be better qualified than a fresh one from olives affected by fermentation. The aim of this work is to analyze different methodologies proposed for assessing the quality of virgin olive oil with implications in freshness and aging of the oil, and to highlight the possibilities of rapid spectrofluorimetric techniques for assessing oil freshness by checking the evolution of pigments during storage. The observed change in the selected spectral features and mathematical modelling over time was compared with the accepted model for predicting the amount of pyropheophytin a, which is based on isokinetic studies. The best regression was obtained for 655 nm (adjusted-R2 = 0.91) wavelength, which matches the distinctive band of pigments. The two mathematical models described in this study highlight the usefulness of pigments in the prediction of the shelf-life of extra virgin olive oil.
Effects of nitrogen fertilization and nitrification inhibitor product on vegetative growth, production and oil quality in ‘Arbequina’ hedgerow and ‘Picual’ vase-trained orchards
Authors: Centeno A. , García J. M. , Gómez-del-Campo M.
Published: January 2018

Two experiments were carried out in olive orchards in the center of Spain over a three-year period. In this cold and dry area, growers traditionally apply large amounts of N with no experimental knowledge. An ‘Arbequina’ hedgerow and ‘Picual’ vase orchards were fertilized with two N-doses applied to the soil in spring with or without the nitrification inhibitor (DMPP). Vegetative growth, fruit and oil characteristics were evaluated. These variables were affected by the N-treatment during the 3rd year. The lowest N-application increased vegetative growth, while when N-leaf composition was higher than 2%, fruit dry weight, oil content and oil phenol content were reduced. ‘Picual’ did not respond to N-applications. The effect of DMPP on growth or production was not consistent and a lower phenolic content was obtained for ‘Arbequina’. Our results demonstrated that in this dry land, N-fertilization is not always necessary and oil quality can be negatively affected with high doses.
Simultaneous Recognition of Allogeneic MHC and Cognate Autoantigen by Autoreactive T Cells in Transplant Rejection
Authors: Burrack Adam L. , Landry Laurie G. , Siebert Janet , Coulombe Marilyne , Gill Ronald G. , Nakayama Maki
Published: January 2018

The autoimmune condition is a primary obstacle to inducing tolerance in type 1 diabetes patients receiving allogeneic pancreas transplants. It is unknown how autoreactive T cells that recognize self-MHC molecules contribute to MHC-disparate allograft rejection. In this report, we show the presence and accumulation of dual-reactive, that is autoreactive and alloreactive, T cells in C3H islet allografts that were transplanted into autoimmune diabetic NOD mice. Using high-throughput sequencing, we discovered that T cells prevalent in allografts share identical TCRs with autoreactive T cells present in pancreatic islets. T cells expressing TCRs that are enriched in allograft lesions recognized C3H MHC molecules, and five of six cell lines expressing these TCRs were also reactive to NOD islet cells. These results reveal the presence of autoreactive T cells that mediate cross-reactive alloreactivity, and indicate a requirement for regulating such dual-reactive T cells in tissue replacement therapies given to autoimmune individuals.
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Immune-Suppressive Cells That Impair Antitumor Immunity and Are Sculpted by Their Environment
Authors: Ostrand-Rosenberg Suzanne , Fenselau Catherine
Published: January 2018

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a diverse population of immature myeloid cells that have potent immune-suppressive activity. Studies in both mice and humans have demonstrated that MDSC accumulate in most individuals with cancer, where they promote tumor progression, inhibit antitumor immunity, and are an obstacle to many cancer immunotherapies. As a result, there has been intense interest in understanding the mechanisms and in situ conditions that regulate and sustain MDSC, and the mechanisms MDSC use to promote tumor progression. This article reviews the characterization of MDSC and how they are distinguished from neutrophils, describes the suppressive mechanisms used by MDSC to mediate their effects, and explains the role of proinflammatory mediators and the tumor microenvironment in driving MDSC accumulation, suppressive potency, and survival.
Tissue-Resident Cytolytic Innate Lymphocytes in Cancer
Authors: Nixon Briana G. , Li Ming O.
Published: January 2018

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical components of tissues in the body, providing a first line of defense against challenges to host integrity. In contrast to strictly cytokine-producing helper ILCs, resident innate lymphocyte populations with cytolytic potential have been identified in multiple tissues in both mouse and human. These cells express the transcription factor Tbet, NK cell receptors, granzymes, perforin, and death receptors, and can directly kill tumor cells. Signals in the tumor microenvironment may promote this response, including the cytokine IL-15 and stress-associated ligands for activating NK receptors. Although there is evidence that these cells are tissue and tumor resident, their lineage remains unclear. Whether they are derived from the NK or helper ILC lineages or represent a third differentiation pathway remains to be determined. A better understanding of their lineage will help clarify their regulation and function in the context of antitumor immunity.
Determining the Role of Intravenous Hydration on Hospital Readmissions for Acute Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Sharma Munish , Patel Ravi Kumar , Krishnamurthy Mahesh , Snyder Richard
Published: January 2018

The role of intravenous hydration on hospital readmissions due to acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure (CHF) has not been studied sufficiently to the best of our knowledge. We sought to determine the possible role of intravenous hydration on hospital readmissions for acute CHF and fluid overload and explain how an intravenous fluid (IVF) restriction strategy may help reduce hospital readmission rates. We retrospectively studied the electronic medical records of 98-patient cohort who had hospital readmission due to acute decompensated congestive heart failure (ADHF) during the period of January 1, 2016 to July 9, 2016. These patients were admitted with reasons other than ADHF during the index admission. The patients were divided into two groups; those with ADHF readmissions within 15 days of index admission (group A) and those after 15 days (group B). Various factors affecting CHF readmissions as outlined in the results were compared between these two groups. Cohort of 98 patients (53 females, 54.1%; 76.4±11.6 years) re-admitted during the study period of 1/1/2016 to 7/9/2016 were analyzed. 71 patients had only received IVF during index admission. These were subdivided into group A (12 females, 54.5 %; mean age 75.9±12.9 years) and group B (25 females, 51.02%; mean age 76.08±11.90 years) based on readmission ≤15 days or >15 days from the index admission. There was no statistically significant difference (P=0.97) in amount of IVF prescribed between two subgroups but the duration of prescribed IVF significantly affected readmission in group A compared to group B (P=0.03). While the drop in albumin and rise in creatinine were not significant, the mean hemoglobin (Hb) drop in group A compared to group B was significant at P=0.008. Type of IVF and nature of CHF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF/heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF) were not found to significantly affect early readmissions associated with IV hydration. In patients with history of CHF, duration of IVF prescribed during the index admission seems to play important role in early CHF readmission (defined as <15 days in our study).
Erratum: Does the New Testament support Christian Zionism?
Authors: Du Toit Philip La Grange
Published: January 2018

No abstract available.
Corrigendum: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV guidelines: Nurses’ views at four primary healthcare facilities in the Limpopo Province
Authors: Hanrahan Barbara A. , Williams Adri
Published: January 2018

No abstract available.
Finding an academic voice in postapartheid South Africa: Systematic Theology at the University of Pretoria
Authors: Veldsman Dani P. , Buitendag Johan , Fourie Willem , Van wyk Tanya
Published: January 2018

How can an academic voice concerning systematic-theological reflection find expression at a public university in a postapartheid SA? In this chapter, the different research foci of the members of the Department of Dogmatics and Christian Ethics at the UP are presented and interpreted as attempts to find such a voice as a collection of voices within a society characterised by shifting social-ecclesial and theological landscapes. The specific research foci, namely eco-hermeneutics; evolutionary perspectives on religious experience; an ethic of sociality within postcolonial, pluralist and unequal societies; and ecclesiological challenges and political theology are structured and presented in terms of the hermeneutical question that was posed by Ricoeur, namely D’où parlez-vous? [Where do you speak from?]. Against the background of the vision, objectives and values of the Department, the main objectives of their respective approaches as explication of the ‘speaking from’ and ‘speaking to’ are outlined. Some of the most important contemporary issues are identified in a conclusion that are, according to them, to be addressed within the Southern African contexts.
Transforming curricula into the next century: Doing theology collaboratively with local communities
Authors: De Beer Stephanus F. , Van Niekerk Attie S.
Published: January 2018

The FT at the UP celebrates its first century of existence in 2017. This chapter is an attempt to draw from the emerging approach in both the CCM and the CSC, asking whether it perhaps offers clues for transforming curricula as we enter our second century. The chapter seeks to offer a vision for doing theology collaboratively with communities, in liminal spaces, opening up a transdisciplinary approach to theological engagement. In its engagement with local and struggling contexts, subverting the conventional suburban classroom spaces and hierarchies of knowledge alike, it opens itself up for the ongoing transformation of both theology and the theological curriculum as well as for the transformation of local communities. It presents the possibility of doing theology at a public university in a way that could have direct and hopefully liberating and life-giving impact in a deeply unequal society, mediating multiple households of freedom.
Fathoming Religion Studies: Treading on the spider’s web
Authors: Beyers Jaco
Published: January 2018

Any attempt at understanding religion proves to be a perilous undertaking. Understanding Religion Studies as it is envisioned to function in the Faculty of Theology and Religion at the UP already implies some perils. To fathom the breadth of Religion Studies is like treading on a spider’s web: There are so many interconnected elements related to this field of study. The metaphor of a spider’s web is utilised to portray the interconnectedness of religion to other elements. Kobus Krüger’s concept of conditionality is utilised to describe this interrelatedness. There are many possible approaches to studying religion. This research highlights the anthropological, philosophical and sociological approaches. The relationship between religion and several other disciplines (i.e. education, law, science, politics and economy) is illuminated. Religion Studies at the UP should be aligned with the postcolonial demands for a particular way of doing research in Africa
HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies and Verbum et Ecclesia: South African accredited journals with footprint
Authors: Human Dirk J. , Van Aarde Andries G. , Veldsman Dani P.
Published: January 2018

The chapter forms part of the centennial celebration of the FT at the UP. The focus is on the two scholarly journals attached to the FT in Pretoria, namely HTS and VE. The first and longer section of the chapter is on HTS, the oldest and largest of the two journals. The second and much shorter section is on VE. The overarching aim of the chapter is to tell the story of their respective historical and formal footprints that have shaped their respective characters as scientific theological journals. Much attention is given to the contemporary functioning and positioning of the journals within the broader university and intellectual context but also in relationship to the African context.
Old Testament Studies at the University of Pretoria: Glimpses of the past and future
Authors: Human Dirk J. , Groenewald Alphonso , Meyer Esias E. , Geyser-Fouch Ananda , Ndoga Sampson S. , De Villiers Gerda E.
Published: January 2018

In a short historical overview of the academic and social contributions of the Department of OTS at the UP over the past century (1917–2017), this chapter provides a limited picture of how the department has contributed to academia, church and society. In this year of the Faculty of Theology’s centenary celebrations, this chapter contemplates selected highlights of the past and intends to discover the avenues of future vistas through current academic strengths, research foci of personnel and the actualisation of the OT in the African context(s).From the inception of the UP in 1908, the Faculty of Humanities has been involved in OT related studies, namely the study of the Hebrew language. OTS has become known over many years through individual scholars’ expertise regarding Bible translation and the foci on specific parts of the OT, namely the Pentateuch, Psalms, Prophets or Second Temple literature. World renowned projects started since 1990 to involve several international scholars. These include inter alia Pro Pent, Pro Psalms, Pro Prof and Qumran projects.Because the department is located at a FT in Africa, it has continuously strived to become theologically relevant for local and African contexts. The department continually envisions excellence and relevant
Rezensionen
Authors: Grote Julian
Published: January 2018

Rezension zu:
R. Haller, F. Barth:
Berühmte Aufgaben der Stochastik
. 482 Seiten, e 79.95. De Gruyter, 2016. ISBN 978-3-11-048076-4.
Propagation of Regularity and Positive Definiteness: a Constructive Approach
Authors: Buescu Jorge , Paixão António , Oliveira Claudemir
Published: January 2018

We show that, for positive definite kernels, if specific forms of regularity (continuity,

\mathcal{S}_n

-differentiability or holomorphy) hold locally on the diagonal, then they must hold globally on the whole domain of positive-definiteness. This local-to-global propagation of regularity is constructively shown to be a consequence of the algebraic structure induced by the non-negativity of the associated bilinear forms up to order 5. Consequences of these results for topological groups and for positive definite and exponentially convex functions are explored.
On the Robin Problem with Indefinite Weight in Sobolev Spaces with Variable Exponents
Authors: Kefi Khaled
Published: January 2018

The present paper is concerned with a Robin problem involving an indefinite weight in Sobolev spaces with variable exponents

\left\{\begin{alignedat}{2}-\text{ div}(|\nabla u|^{p(x)-2}\nabla u)&=\lambda V(x)|u|^{q(x)-2}u,& \quad x&\in\Omega\\ |\nabla u|^{p(x)-2} \frac{\partial u}{\partial n}+a(x)|u|^{p(x)-2}u&=0.&\quad x&\in\partial\Omega \end{alignedat}\right.

By means of the variational approach and Ekeland's principle, we establish that the above problem admits a non-trivial weak solution under appropriate conditions.
Global Well-Posedness for the Gross–Pitaevskii Equation with Pumping and Nonlinear Damping
Authors: Feng Binhua , Yuan Xiangxia , Zheng Jun
Published: January 2018

This paper deals with the Cauchy problem for the Gross{Pitaevskii equation with pumping and nonlinear damping which describes the dynamics of pumped decaying Bose–Einstein condensates. This paper establishes global existence of solutions for general initial data in the energy space.
Stability of Global Bounded Solutions to a Nonautonomous Nonlinear Second Order Integro-Differential Equation
Authors: Yassine Hassan
Published: January 2018

We study the long-time behavior as time goes to infinity of global bounded weak solutions to the following integro-differential equation

\ddot u+k*\dot u+\nabla E(u)=g,

in finite dimensions, where the nonlinear potential

E

satisfies the Łojasiewicz inequality near some equilibrium point. Based on an appropriate new Lyapunov function and Łojasiewicz inequality we prove that any global bounded weak solution converges to a steady state. We also obtain the rate of convergence according to the Łojasiewicz exponent and the time-dependent right-hand side

g

.
Entrustable Professional Activities: A Primer for Canadian Pharmacy Preceptors
Authors: Wilbur Kerry
Published: January 2018

-
Apixaban Concentration with and without Coadministration of Carbamazepine: A Case with No Apparent Interaction
Authors: Evanger Norelle , Szkotak Artur , Stang Linda , Bungard Tammy J
Published: January 2018

-
‘deep wounds… left… in hearts and minds’: South African Public History
Authors: Wells Julia C.
Published: January 2018

Public history practise in South Africa holds out much promise of further things to come. It can close the gulf between history and heritage. This chapter argues that the role of the public historian should not be conflated with the dynamics of the heritage sector, but suggests how trained academics can indeed put their skills to work in a society that is passionately interested in understanding itself and how its pasts created the present. The student movement sharply raised the image of universities in crisis, requiring a whole new, relevant curriculum and rethinking the ways that universities relate to their publics. Public historians can work towards creating invented spaces for co-production of knowledge, moving beyond the traditional oral history interview. The divide between academia and communities is huge and needs to be constantly tackled, providing access to the secluded information of the professional world. I suggest that due to their privileged place in society, many historians have been unable or unwilling to engage with the recovery agenda – the massive need for affirmation of African identity, capacity and culture. A handful of dedicated public historians do not fit this mould and have been exemplary in rolling up their sleeves and boldly engaging with the messy complications of dealing with non-academic communities to produce new forms of historical knowledge, based on inclusiveness.
Detecting changes in Arctic methane emissions:
limitations of the inter-polar difference of
atmospheric mole fractions
Authors: Dimdore-Miles Oscar B. , Palmer Paul I. , Bruhwiler Lori P.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. We consider the utility of the annual inter-polar difference (IPD) as a metric for changes in Arctic emission of methane (CH4). The IPD has been previously defined as the difference between weighted annual means of CH4 mole fraction data collected at polar stations (−53° > latitude > 53°). This subtraction approach (IPDΔ) implicitly assumes that extra-polar CH4 emissions arrive within the same calendar year at both poles. Using an analytic approach we show that a comprehensive description of the IPD includes terms corresponding to the atmospheric transport of air masses from lower latitudes to the polar regions. We show the importance of these transport flux terms in understanding the IPD using idealized numerical experiments with the TM5 global 3-D atmospheric chemistry transport model run from 1980 to 2010. A northern mid-latitude pulse in January 1990, which increases prior emission distributions, arrives at the Arctic with a higher mixing ratio and ≃ 12 months earlier than at the Antarctic. The perturbation at the poles subsequently decays with an e-folding lifetime of ≃ 4 years. A similarly timed pulse emitted from the tropics arrives with a higher value at the Antarctic ≃ 11 months earlier than at the Arctic. This perturbation decays with an e-folding lifetime of ≃ 7 years. These simulations demonstrate that the assumption of symmetric transport of extra-polar emissions to the poles is not realistic, resulting in considerable IPDΔ variations due to variations in emissions and atmospheric transport. We assess how well the annual IPD can detect a constant annual growth rate of Arctic emissions for three scenarios, 0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 %, superimposed on signals from lower latitudes, including random noise. We find that it can take up to 16 years to detect the smallest prescribed trend in Arctic emissions at the 95 % confidence level. Scenarios with higher, but likely unrealistic, growth in Arctic emissions are detected in less than a decade. We argue that a more reliable measurement-driven IPD metric would include data collected from all latitudes, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a global monitoring network to observe decadal changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases.
Characterization of aerosol hygroscopicity, mixing state, and
CCN activity at a suburban site in the central North China Plain
Authors: Wang Yuying , Li Zhanqing , Zhang Yingjie , Du Wei , Zhang Fang , Tan Haobo , Xu Hanbing , Jin Xiaoai , Fan Xinxin , Dong Zipeng , Wang Qiuyan , Sun Yele
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Aerosol hygroscopicity, mixing state and CCN activity were investigated as a part of the Atmosphere-Aerosol-Boundary Layer-Cloud (A2BC) Interaction Joint Experiment carried out at Xingtai (XT), a suburban site in the center of the North China Plain (NCP). In general, the probability density function of the hygroscopicity parameter (κ-PDF) for 40–200 nm particles had a unimodal distribution and mean κ-PDF patterns for different sizes were similar, suggesting that the particles were highly aged and internally mixed because of strong photochemical reactions. The κ calculated from the hygroscopic growth factor in the daytime and at nighttime showed that photochemical reactions largely enhanced the aerosol hygroscopicity, and the effect became weaker as the particle size increased. In addition, the aerosol hygroscopicity was much larger at XT than at sites in the northern part of the NCP, illustrating that the hygroscopicity of particles varies due to different emissions and chemical processes in the NCP. Measurement results also showed that new particle formation events occurred frequently at XT, one of the most polluted city in China. The evolution of the planetary boundary layer played a dominant role in aerosol mass concentration changes while particle formation and growth had a greater influence on the variation in aerosol number concentrations. Particle size was the most important factor influencing the ability of aerosols to activate, especially at higher levels of supersaturation (SS). The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration (NCCN) derived from chemical composition was highly correlated with the measured NCCN (R2 ≥ 0.85), but was generally overestimated due to measurement uncertainties. The effect of chemical composition on NCCN was weaker relative to the particle size. NCCN sensitivity tests showed that the impact of chemical composition on NCCN became weaker with increasing SS, suggesting that chemical composition played a less role in NCCN estimations at higher SS levels. A good proxy for the chemical comical composition (κ = 0.31) was found, which can simplify the calculation of NCCN on models.
Widespread air pollutants of the North China Plain during the Asian summer monsoon season: A case study
Authors: Wu Jiarui , Bei Naifang , Li Xia , Cao Junji , Feng Tian , Wang Yichen , Tie Xuexi , Li Guohui
Published: January 2018

Abstract. During the Asian summer monsoon season, prevailing southeasterly – southwesterly winds are subject to delivering air pollutants from the North China Plain (NCP) to the Northeast and Northwest China. In the present study, the WRF-CHEM model is used to evaluate contributions of trans-boundary transport of the NCP emissions to the air quality in the Northeast and Northwest China during a persistent air pollution episode from 22 to 28 May 2015. The WRF-CHEM model generally performs well in capturing the observed temporal variation and spatial distribution of fine particulate matters (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and NO2. The simulated temporal variation of aerosol species is also in good agreement with measurements in Beijing during the episode. Model simulations show that the NCP emissions contribute substantially to the PM2.5 level in Liaoning and Shanxi provinces, the adjacent downwind areas of the NCP, with an average of 24.2 and 13.9 μg m−3 during the episode, respectively. The PM2.5 contributions in Jilin and Shaanxi provinces are also appreciable, with an average of 9.6 and 6.5 μg m−3, respectively. The NCP emissions contribute remarkably to the O3 level in Liaoning province, with an average of 46.5 μg m−3, varying from 23.9 to 69.5 μg m−3. The O3 level in Shanxi province is also influenced considerably by the NCP emissions, with an average contribution of 35.1 μg m−3. The average O3 contributions of the NCP emissions to Jilin and Shaanxi provinces are 28.7 and 20.7 μg m−3, respectively. The effect of the NCP emissions on the air quality in Inner Mongolia is generally insignificant however. Therefore, effective mitigations of the NCP emissions not only improve the local air quality, but also are beneficial to the air quality in the Northeast and Northwest China during the Asian summer monsoon season.
Non-polar organic compounds in aerosols in a typical city of
Eastern China: Size distribution, gas-particle partitioning and
tracer for PM2.5 source apportionment
Authors: Han Deming , Fu Qingyan , Gao Song , Xu Hao , Liang Shan , Cheng Pengfei , Chen Xiaojia , Zhou Yong , Cheng Jinping
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Aerosol-associated non-polar organic compounds (NPOCs), including 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 30 n–alkanes, 2 iso–alkanes, 5 hopanes and 5 steranes, were identified and quantified in PM2.5 samples using thermal desorption–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method. The samples were collected in a typical city of Eastern China. The total concentrations of NPOCs were 31.7–388.7&thinsdp;ng m−3, and n–alkanes were the most abundant species (67.2 %). The heavy molecular weight PAHs (4- and 5-ring) contributed 67.88 % of the total PAHs, and the middle chain length n–alkanes (C25–C34) were the most abundant in n-alkanes. PAHs and n-alkanes were majorly distributed in 0.56–1.00 μm fraction. ∑(hopanes+steranes) were associated with the 0.32–1.00 μm fraction. Analysis showed that 83.0 % of NPOCs were originated from anthropogenic sources, especially pyrogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. The ratio–ratio plots indicated that NPOCs in local area were affected by photochemical degradation and emissions from mixed sources. Gas-particle partitioning model showed that the particle-phase fraction (φ) of light molecular weight NPOCs ranged from 2.4 % to 62.5 %, while that of heavy NPOCs accounted for more than 90.0 %. The data based on single particle phase and the data based on gas-particles phases incorporated with other PM2.5 compounds were used as input data for positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, respectively. Eight factors were extracted for both cases: secondary aerosol formation, vehicle exhaust, industrial emission, coal combustion, biomass burning, ship emission, dust and light NPOCs. This study provides new information on the profiles of PM2.5-associated NPOCs, size-specific distributions, photodegradation and their gas-particle partitioning. This will help us accurately identify the potential sources of aerosols and then asses the contributions from each source.
Projections of East Asian summer monsoon change at global warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C
Authors: Liu Jiawei , Xu Haiming , Deng Jiechun
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Much research is needed regarding two long-term warming targets of the 2015 Paris Agreement, i.e., 1.5 °C and 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, especially from a regional perspective. The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) intensity and associated precipitation changes under both warming targets are explored in this study. Multimodel ensemble mean projections by 19 CMIP5 models show small increases in EASM intensity and general increases in summer precipitation at 1.5° and 2 °C warming, but with large multimodel standard deviations. Thus, a novel multimodel ensemble pattern regression (EPR) method is applied to give more reliable projections based on the concept of emergent constraints, which is effective to tighten the range of multimodel diversity and harmonize the changes of different variables over the EASM region. Future changes projected by using the EPR method suggest decreased precipitation over the Meiyu belt and increased precipitation over the high latitudes of East Asia and central China, together with a considerable weakening of EASM intensity. Furthermore, suppressed precipitation would appear over 30°–40° N of East Asia in June and over the Meiyu belt in July, with enhanced precipitation at their north and south sides. These changes in early summer are attributed to a southeastward retreat of western North Pacific high (WNPSH) and a southward shift of East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ), which weaken the moisture transport via southerly wind at low level and alter vertical motions over the EASM region. In August, precipitation would increase over the high latitudes of East Asia with more moisture from the wetter area over the ocean in the east and decrease over Japan with westward extension of WNPSH. These monthly precipitation changes would finally contribute to a tripolar pattern of EASM precipitation change at 1.5° and 2 °C warming. Corrected EASM intensity exhibits a slight difference between 1.5 °C and 2 °C, but a pronounced moisture increase during extra 0.5 °C leads to enhanced EASM precipitation over large areas in East Asia at 2 °C warming.
Global and regional phosphorus budgets in agricultural systems and their implications for phosphorus-use efficiency
Authors: Lun Fei , Liu Junguo , Ciais Philippe , Nesme Thomas , Chang Jinfeng , Wang Rong , Goll Daniel , Sardans Jordi , Peñuelas Josep , Obersteiner Michael
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer to agricultural soils increased by 3.2 % annually from 2002 to 2010. We quantified in detail the P inputs and outputs of cropland and pasture and the P fluxes through human and livestock consumers of agricultural products on global, regional, and national scales from 2002 to 2010. Globally, half of the total P inputs into agricultural systems accumulated in agricultural soils during this period, with the rest lost to bodies of water through complex flows. Global P accumulation in agricultural soil increased from 2002 to 2010 despite decreases in 2008 and 2009, and the P accumulation occurred primarily in cropland. Despite the global increase in soil P, 32 % of the world's cropland and 43 % of the pasture had soil P deficits. Increasing soil P deficits were found for African cropland vs. increasing P accumulation in eastern Asia. European and North American pasture had a soil P deficit because the continuous removal of biomass P by grazing exceeded P inputs. International trade played a significant role in P redistribution among countries through the flows of P in fertilizer and food among countries. Based on country-scale budgets and trends we propose policy options to potentially mitigate regional P imbalances in agricultural soils, particularly by optimizing the use of phosphate fertilizer and the recycling of waste P. The trend of the increasing consumption of livestock products will require more P inputs to the agricultural system, implying a low P-use efficiency and aggravating P-stock scarcity in the future. The global and regional phosphorus budgets and their PUEs in agricultural systems are publicly available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.875296.
Visibilidade comunicativa na Internet: uma análise da fan page de Marcelo Freixo
Authors: Grijó Wesley Pereira , Vieira Ícaro Gracian Da Silva
Published: January 2018

A partir da interface entre Comunicação e Política, o artigo aborda como a perspectiva da visibilidade é materializada na fan page do político Marcelo Freixo, levando em consideração os temas e a periodicidade com que são trabalhadas cada postagem. Para essa finalidade, o estudo é de abordagem quanti-qualitativa e utiliza para coleta de dados as pesquisas bibliográfica e documental no ambiente da Internet. No que concerne aos resultados, o agente político e sua assessoria realizam, em média, quatro publicações diárias na página oficial, agrupadas em cinco temáticas: promoção de ideias e projetos; ataques e respostas a adversários; divulgação de eventos; mobilização, engajamento e apoio; mensagens alheias à política. Nelas, verifica-se a tentativa de engajar e mobilizar os eleitores para que abracem as causas e ideias do político, aproveitando a projeção e manutenção da visibilidade conquistadas nas eleições também fora do período eleitoral.
Virando a Página: Uma Proposta Para Renovar o Único Caderno de Literatura em Circulação na Imprensa de Imperatriz (MA)
Authors: Bueno Thaisa , Alves Marcelli , Costa Diana , Hyana Reis
Published: January 2018

A proposta desse artigo é resgatar a história do caderno Extra, o único suplemento de Literatura em circulação na mídia impressa de Imperatriz, a segunda maior cidade do Maranhão. O estudo se propõe, ainda, a partir de uma análise minuciosa da produção do que, em tese, deveria comportar um caderno literário, teorizar uma possível mudança para o suplemento e alvitrar uma modificação na publicação em acordo o arcabouço teórico do Jornalismo Literário.
Quando as notícias mais compartilhadas são falsas: a circulação de boatos durante a semana do impeachment no Facebook
Authors: Sanchotene Carlos , Machado da Silveira Ada Cristina , De Lima Lavarda Suélen
Published: January 2018

Na semana que antecedeu a votação da abertura do processo de Impeachment da Presidente Dilma Rousseff, três das cinco notícias mais compartilhadas no Facebook eram falsas. Este trabalho busca analisar a circulação das três notícias e sua propagação a partir dos comentários de leitores por meio da observação assistemática. Em um primeiro momento abordamos as características dos boatos para, em seguida, discutir as redes sociais digitais e a circulação de boatos. A partir dos comentários foram identificadas três categorias de leitores: questionadores, apoiadores e alertas. Entre os resultados, apontamos que as especificidades do ambiente digital potencializam a propagação de informações falsas, sobretudo pela velocidade de difusão dos conteúdos e pelo potencial de alcance a inúmeros indivíduos.
Correlação entre cardiopatias hipertensivas e aterosclerose na artéria aorta
Authors: Moreno Pedro Paulo De Mattos , Ferraz Mara Lúcia Fonseca , Soares Maria Helena , Antunes Teixeira Vicente De Paula , Helmo Fernanda Rodrigues , Corrêa Rosana Rosa Miranda
Published: January 2018

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é uma doença multifatorial, comportando-se como fator desencadeador das doenças cardiovasculares e da aterosclerose. O objetivo foi descrever a associação de idade, gênero, cor da pele e o grau de aterosclerose na artéria aorta na cardiopatia hipertensiva em indivíduos autopsiados. Foram avaliados 34 seguimentos de artérias aortas abdominais de indivíduos autopsiados com cardiopatia hipertensiva (20) e sem cardiopatia hipertensiva (14). A idade, gênero, cor da pele e causa de morte foram coletadas do laudo de autopsia, a quantificação da intensidade de aterosclerose e o grau de aterosclerose através de escala padronizada. Neste estudo, a causa de morte e a intensidade da aterosclerose apresentaram associação significativa com a cardiopatia hipertensiva; houve prevalência de placas de ateroma de maior extensão entre os indivíduos com esta entidade. Desse modo, a aterosclerose deve ser investigada em indivíduos com cardiopatia hipertensiva visando prevenir graves repercussões, que podem culminar com o óbito.