bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Select documents XLVI: ‘Unofficial emissaries’: British army boxers in the Irish Free State, 1926
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: August 2016

By October 1926 the Irish Free State seemed to have emerged at last from the prolonged nightmare of the ‘Troubles’. Within three and a half years of the abandonment of armed insurrection by the republicans, Cosgrave’s government had proved unexpectedly effective in securing both internal stability and external reconciliation with its former antagonists. In May 1926 de Valera had committed his followers to parliamentary struggle by founding Fianna Fáil, thereby marginalising intransigent republicanism until it became a lingering irritant rather than an immediate menace to domestic security. The tripartite agreements of December 1925 had perpetuated partition and resolved some of the thorny fiscal problems raised by the Anglo-Irish treaty. The process of reconciliation with Britain was crowned during October and November 1926, when Kevin O’Higgins and the Irish delegation played a creative and enthusiastic role in remodelling the British Empire at the Imperial Conference in London. The consolidation of the Irish Free State as an autonomous dominion of twenty-six counties, comfortably acknowledging its strategic and economic dependence on Britain, seemed virtually assured.
How violent was eighteenth-century Ireland?
Authors: Garnham Neal
Published: August 2016

In his recent book dealing with the history of duelling in Ireland, James Kelly comes to the conclusion that eighteenth-century Ireland was essentially ‘a violent society’, peopled at least in part ‘by wilful men who put their individual reputations above their lives, their families, their religion, and the law’. Such comments seem to continue a well-established tradition of interpretation that goes back to the nineteenth century. However, this image of a society in which violence was endemic, and conflict a feature of everyday life, has not gone unquestioned by historians. For example, Thomas Bartlett and Sean Connolly have instead noted the relatively controlled nature of popular protest, the early disappearance of banditry, and the reliance, until the very end of the century, on local enforcement of the law, as possible indications that Ireland may not have been as disorderly a society as has been suggested. These differing interpretations have, in turn, an obvious relevance to the wider debate on how eighteenth-century Ireland should be perceived: as a society irreconcilably and uniquely divided by religious and ethnic conflicts, or as a more or less typical part of the European ancient régime.
Negotiations between Edward II and John XXII concerning Ireland
Authors: Watt J.A.
Published: August 2016

There were three good reasons why Edward II hastened to secure papal help within the first year of the pontificate of John XXII (1316-17). A number of important bishoprics were vacant to which the king hoped to secure his candidate, he needed fiscal help for defence purposes, and the weight of papal condemnation to fall on his enemies. Within the year he had secured a satisfactory degree of papal support in each of these three desiderabilia, and the cooperation of pope and king touched Irish affairs at some important points.

The general reasons why the king should wish to arrange episcopal succession to his liking are well known. There was particular reason for securing politically reliable bishops in Ireland. As Edward himself was to explain to John, the ‘fraudulent machinations and malicious and false collusion’ of some Irish prelates against royal power had been a major factor in the risings connected with Edward Bruce’s invasion. At this time both Dublin and Cashel were vacant, and Edward took all measures to ensure their filling by men acceptable to him. There were two candidates in the field at Cashel, nominees of a split in the chapter. In August of 1316, Edward wrote to eight cardinals impressing on them the necessity of having an English archbishop, and urging the candidature of a Franciscan, Geoffrey of Aylsham.
Studies in Irish econometric history
Authors: Kennedy Líam
Published: August 2016

‘Compared with present work in British and American economic history’, observes Dr L. A. Clarkson, ‘current Irish writing looks a trifle old-fashioned, with the bewitching voices of the social sciences muted and statistical wizardry missing’. While historically-minded sociologists might consider that this judgement of a meagre contribution from the social sciences needs qualification, there is no doubt that studies embodying sophisticated quantitative techniques are only beginning to trickle into the mainstream of Irish historiography. Yet there have been a number of important contributions, particularly in econometric history. While these constitute a small current in the flood of historical writings in the last decade or so, their qualitative and strategic significance is such as to merit detailed analysis.
The Department of Science and Art and control of Irish science, 1853–1905
Authors: Jarrell Richard A.
Published: August 2016

This study deals with one facet of British rule in Ireland: the careful, systematic and almost wholly bureaucratic takeover of key Irish scientific institutions by the Department of Science and Art in South Kensington. The department is now largely forgotten except by educational and institutional historians; and histories of Irish scientific organisations, whilst they may allude to skirmishes with the department, have rarely attempted to come to grips with the complexity of the relationships. We can, however, organise this complexity with a few, comparatively simple ideas.
‘That beloved country, that no place else resembles’: connotations of Irishness in Irish-Australasian letters, 1841–1915
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: August 2016

Historians of Ireland continue to place exceptional reliance on the ‘cultural’ explanation of economic, social and political behaviour. In many cases, appeal to supposedly common characteristics of ‘the Irish’ has provided a glib substitute for more rigorous analysis of the interaction between mentality and performance. The nature of Irish ethnicity is postulated rather than explained or demonstrated, so that arguments incorporating such postulates stand or fall according to the plausibility rather than documentation of the writer’s vision of ‘Irishness’. A recent and beguiling example is Joseph Lee’s postulate of the ‘begrudger mentality’, whereby Ireland’s relatively poor economic performance is attributed to this supposedly ‘direct inheritance from . . . traditional Ireland’. Lee sketches an anatomy of ‘traditional Ireland’ which might have generated envy rather than healthy competitiveness, and proceeds to develop with far more elaboration consequences which might have arisen from begrudgery. What he fails to demonstrate is the actual prevalence of this ‘mentality’ in either ‘traditional’ or ‘modern’ Ireland: this we must accept, either intuitively (if Irish) or on trust (if foreign). The logical crudity of this form of explanation calls to mind the corner-cutting of nationalist myth-makers and folklorists.
Scarcity and poor relief in eighteenth-century Ireland: the subsistence crisis of 1782–4
Authors: Kelly James
Published: August 2016

The population of Ireland in the eighteenth century experienced serious dearth on twelve occasions. Four of these crises resulted in famines and eight in subsistence crises. The four famines all took place in the first half of the century; the second half experienced only subsistence crises. Because of this, it is sometimes argued that the late eighteenth century enjoyed a ‘gap in famines’. The value of this concept has been questioned because it understates the persistence and impact of dearth at a regional level, but it is also vitiated by our lack of knowledge of the nature and impact of all twelve crises.

The main difference between a famine and a subsistence crisis centres on their contrasting demographic effects. Famines invariably produced substantial increases in mortality; the major famines of 1740–11 and 1845–9, for example, cost hundreds of thousands of lives, while smaller famines, such as those of 1727–9, 1800–01 and 1816–18, which were manifestly less costly in human terms, nevertheless resulted in thousands of deaths. Subsistence crises, on the other hand, caused comparatively little loss of life. We are not currently in a position to identify the precise demographic impact of individual episodes of harvest failure in the late eighteenth century, but based on current understanding it is believed that overall associated mortality levels were low. We can, however, enhance our understanding of dearth in this period by tracing the causes, course, impact and response to individual harvest crises. The purpose of this paper is to describe the crisis of 1782–4; it reveals that harvest failure during the so-called ‘gap in famines’ weighed heavily on both urban and rural populations, but that mortality was kept within acceptable bounds by the efficacy of the poor relief deployed to combat distress. Relief was at its most sophisticated and efficient in urban areas.
Charles I and the confederation of Kilkenny, 1643-9
Authors: Lowe John
Published: August 2016

The negotiations between Charles I and the Confederation of Kilkenny endured, except for brief intervals, from the signing of a truce on 15 September 1643 until two weeks before the king's death (30 January 1649), when, too late, they culminated in a treaty. On the royalist side they were officially directed by the marquis of Ormond, but in practice a number of agents were active at various times on the king's behalf. Of essentially secondary interest to Charles, the negotiations absorbed much of the time and energy of the confederation and undoubtedly contributed to its eventual downfall.
The reign of Edward VI in Ireland: some political, social, and economic aspects
Authors: White Dean Guntner
Published: August 2016

The final Henrician policy towards Ireland, involving ‘surrender and regrant’ and overtones of conciliation and redress is a familiar part of Irish history. What actually happened to that policy in its early phase is not so familiar. In a paper setting forth the importance of Henry’s Irish policy Robert Dunlop felt obliged to say something concerning its fate and the reasons for its failure. Having rejected a religious explanation, or any ‘conflict between tribal and feudal ideas’, he placed the blame on the Irish chiefs themselves. While admitting that a weak central government was ‘unable to enforce its decrees without constantly appealing to the sword’, he stressed most that ‘the easy indifference with which the Irish accepted Henry’s plan was fatal to its success’. Had their chiefs been more willing to surrender some of their authority the policy, so well devised, would have succeeded. ‘Their inability or unwillingness to do so compelled the use of more drastic measures, and was the cause of all their subsequent misfortunes.’ Dunlop’s conclusions have an air of vagueness, and there were actually very concrete reasons, besides the general character of the Irish, why the policy did not achieve more immediate success. Those reasons are to be sought in Edward VI’s reign as it manifested itself in Ireland.
Strafford and the Byrnes’ Country
Authors: Cooper J. P.
Published: August 2016

Dr Terence Ranger in a stimulating and valuable article on Strafford in Ireland has taken the story of the Byrnes’ country as an example of ‘the combination of cunning, idealism and self-interest which characterised Strafford’s methods …’. He claims that ‘the truth is more complex and more interesting’ than others who have ‘not unravelled the full story’ supposed. Dr Ranger’s version of the truth has been completely endorsed, elegantly summarised and widely circulated by Miss Wedgwood.It will be contended that Dr Ranger has not unravelled the full story of an episode, which in some respects still defies unravelling, and that he has unwittingly misrepresented Strafford’s part in it. A fuller account, however inconclusive, may be of value, if it gives more accurate information about Strafford’s income from Irish land and about one episode in his policy of plantation.
Nationalist historiography and the English and Gaelic worlds in the late middle ages
Authors: Ellis Steven G.
Published: August 2016

Much more so than in modern times, sharp cultural and social differences distinguished the various peoples inhabiting the British Isles in the later middle ages. Not surprisingly these differences and the interaction between medieval forms of culture and society have attracted considerable attention by historians. By comparison with other fields of research, we know much about the impact of the Westminster government on the various regions of the English polity, about the interaction between highland and lowland Scotland and about the similarities and differences between English and Gaelic Ireland. Yet the historical coverage of these questions has been uneven, and what at first glance might appear obvious and promising lines of inquiry have been largely neglected — for example the relationship between Gaelic Ireland and Gaelic Scotland, or between Wales, the north of England and the lordship of Ireland as borderlands of the English polity. No doubt the nature and extent of the surviving evidence is an important factor in explaining this unevenness, but in fact studies of interaction between different cultures seem to reflect not so much their intrinsic importance for our understanding of different late medieval societies as their perceived significance for the future development of movements culminating in the present.
Nationality and local politics in late nineteenth-century Ireland: the case of County Westmeath
Authors: Murray A. C.
Published: August 2016

The work of K. Theodore Hoppen has forced historians of nineteenthcentury Ireland to question the role and significance of nationalism in politics, particularly local politics. Parochialism is for Hoppen the predominant political sentiment in Irish life. In the words of one reviewer, Charles Townshend, 'his general image is of an anarchic society pursuing its particular concerns in defiance of governments and revolutionaries alike’ Yet, as Townshend points out, this image cannot adequately explain the political mobilisation which followed from the Land War, apparently for national ends. Nor can it encompass the dual nature of this, and earlier, temporary mobilisations, 'movements that were simultaneously national and local, modern and traditional - in which nationalist rhetoric reinforced local claims, and the release of local energy could be tapped to sustain the nationalist claim.
The outcast Irish in the British Victorian city: problems and perspectives
Authors: Swift Roger
Published: August 2016

The early decades of the nineteenth century witnessed a substantial increase in the pace and scale of Irish emigration to Britain, a process which culminated in the massive Irish pauper influx of 1845-51 in the wake of the Irish famine. During this period the Irish-born population of England, Scotland and Wales rose from 415,000 in 1841 to 727,000 in 1851, reaching 805,000 in 1861, when it comprised 3.5 per cent of the population. Thereafter, the number of Irish-born declined to 653,000 in 1891, reviving only in the twentieth century. These figures do not, however, include the children of Irish immigrants born in Britain; thus the actual size of ethnic Irish communities was undoubtedly much higher than contemporary census returns suggest. Indeed, a survey of the Irish in Britain conducted in 1872 by the Nation, a Dublin weekly newspaper, argued that the number of Irish-born indicated in official statistics should be doubled in order to arrive at a more realistic enumeration of the ethnic Irish community in Britain.
The Lisburn by-elections of 1863
Authors: Royle Stephen A.
Published: August 2016

Nineteenth-century contested elections were by no means sedate affairs. Dickens’s ‘Eatanswill’, with its mob violence, voters being bribed, locked up, rendered insensible and thrown into canals, found echoes in real events. Bribery, violence, shouting, fighting and horse-play were ‘relatively minor’ features but certainly present in the election at Warwick in 1868 for example. The Victorian system introduced to Ireland could be an explosive mixture indeed. About a fifth of Dr Theodore Hoppen’s recent major work, Elections, politics and society in Ireland, 1832–1885, is devoted to violence including a section specifically on electoral violence. Corruption was also common, and petitions to parliament objecting to the conduct of individual elections and demanding a fresh ballot were not infrequent.
The house of lords and Ireland in the age of Peel, 1832–50
Authors: Large David
Published: August 2016

Before considering the manner in which the house of lords handled Irish questions in the age of Peel a brief examination of the ties between the United Kingdom upper house and Ireland is necessary A striking fact that requires emphasis is the growth between 1783 and 1832 of the ‘Irish interest’ in the lords. In the eighteenth century, when the British house of lords was a relatively small body of little over 200 members, the number of peers with a stake in Irish land was only about one eighth of the whole body. Several of these, too, owned wide lands in England and their main interests lay there. But by the time the first reformed parliament was opened on 29 January 1833 the Irish interest’ in the lords had become a formidable body In a house that had doubled in numbers since 1783 virtually one peer out of every four had a stake in Ireland through the ownership of land, and the majority of these were men whose economic interests were exclusively centred on their Irish estates. Moreover this ‘Irish interest’ maintained its strength in the lords right down to the formation of Gladstone's first ministry as the table below makes clear.
The Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, 1924–36
Authors: Chart D. A.
Published: August 2016

Under the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, which forms, with some slight amendments, the written constitution of Northern Ireland, power was given to the province to set up a separate record office for itself. When the transfer of services to Northern Ireland took place, no steps were at first taken to establish such an office, although circumstances would soon have necessitated the consideration of such a course. Local departments and minor courts contained an accumulation of documents which were aged over twenty years from the date of making, and therefore, according to a statutory provision, fit for transfer to the central repository. Partly from the disturbance of customary routine due to war conditions, partly from motives of prudence owing to the disturbed state of the country, which rendered transport unsafe, these documents had for some time not been transferred to Dublin. The destruction of the Four Courts in June 1922—which involved the loss of the Irish records and the specially equipped building in which they had been preserved—entailed the consequence that there was no longer in existence a repository suitable for the receipt of Northern Ireland records, even supposing that such would be sent out of the province in the altered situation. By an act of 1923, the northern government set up its own record office.
The Old Irish Life of St. Brigit
Authors: O’Brain M. A.
Published: August 2016

Ms. Rawlinson B 512, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, contains a life of St. Brigit in Irish with numerous Latin phrases and passages interspersed. Some sections of this were edited and translated by Stokes in Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore, and the whole has been printed without translation, in Irish Texts, fasciculus i (ed. J. Fraser, P. Grosjean and J. G. O'Keeffe, 1931), under the title ‘Vita Brigitae’. I have preferred to call it the ‘Old Irish Life of St. Brigit’, as it is clear from the language of the text that it must have been compiled in the Old Irish period. The edition in Irish Texts is unfortunately disfigured by numerous mistranscriptions, faulty divisions of words and unnecessary conjectural emendations. My translation—a literal one—is based on this edition, corrected by reference to an excellent facsimile of the MS. which I owe to the kindness of the Oxford University Press. For convenience of reference, I have followed the division into sections of the printed text, though, as I shall point out in my notes, this is sometimes misleading.
The Irish record commission 1810-30
Authors: Griffith Margaret
Published: August 2016

The Irish record commission of 1810-30 is of interest as being the first determined effort on the part of government to deal in a thorough manner with the problem of the Irish public records, giving due consideration to the requirements of historical scholars as well as of lawyers and litigants. Attention had previously been directed on several occasions to the deterioration of the records owing to the lack of proper storage, and to the difficulty of Consulting them owing to the almost entire absence of guides and indexes, and efforts had been made by various individuals to remedy this State of affairs, but the interest of government had been spasmodic, and the recommendations of the several committees of inquiry appointed during the eighteenth Century had remained unimplemented.
Strafford, the Ulster-Scots and the covenanters
Authors: Perceval-Maxwell M.
Published: August 2016

The three main opposition groups in Ireland facing Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford, in 1640 were the Old English, the New English and the Ulster-Scots. All three groups had grievances over land and religion, but it was the religious issue which was primarily responsible for bringing the lord lieutenant into conflict with the Ulster-Scots. Because Charles I had a dispute with his subjects in Scotland, because the Ulster-Scots maintained close contact with their homeland and because of Ulster's close proximity to Scotland, the quarrel between Wentworth and the Scottish settlers in the north of Ireland gained a significance which transcended Irish politics. No major rebellion broke out in Ulster during the bishops’ wars, yet much of Wentworth's policy towards the Ulster-Scots during this period can, at best, be regarded as ill-advised. This paper will attempt to show how this policy developed and why it was misguided.
Historical geography and the Irish historian
Authors: Freeman T. W.
Published: August 2016

Two themes are discussed in this article : first, the meaning and scope of ‘ historical geography ’ with reference to various examples; and second, the possibility that Irish historians may plan enquiries into this field as part of their research-programme. The dangers involved in any effort to unite two separate yet related fields of learning are considerable; historical geography must be based on the work of those understanding each of the specialisations involved or, at least, willing to allow their work to be tested by the knowledge of an expert in the cognate field.
Select documents XXXVII: The campaign against the Scots in Munster, 1317
Authors: Frame Robin
Published: August 2016

The document printed below has been preserved, somewhat unexpectedly among the series of Ministers’ Accounts in the Public Record Office, London. It is the account (or, more strictly. a record belonging to the process of auditing the account) of John Patrickschurch, clerk of wages on the expedition that Edmund Butler, the justiciar of Ireland, led in Munister between February and April 1317 against Robert and Edward Bruce and their Scottish army. The broad course of events during that critical period is well known. The Scots came south during February, approached Dublin, but, lacking the capacity to take it, continued south and west, ravaging the famine-stricken countryside. They eventually arrived at Castleconnell, by the Shannon just north of Limerick, apparently in the hope of benefiting from an alliance with the O'Briens of Thomond, one faction among whom had been in touch with them in Ulster The justiciar had moved south before the Bruces reached Dublin. He raised an army in Munster and proceeded to follow the Scots closely as they progressed through Tipperary. The royal army eventually encamped at Ludden, just south of Limerick. For some days the two forces confronted each other. Then Robert and Edward retreated. Their expectations of the O'Briens had proved vain; they were desperately short of supplies; and they may well have heard of the arrival of Roger Mortimer, the king's lieutenant, who had landed at Youghal, from where he set out on 11 April to join Butler and the army The document is of some interest for the light it can shed on military organisation and on the accounting procedures of the Irish exchequer But it is worth printing in full above all for the detailed information it contains about one of the darkest yet most decisive episodes of the Bruce invasion.
The Expansion of Irish Christianity to 1200
Authors: Briain Felim Ó
Published: August 2016

The spread of Irish Christian influence on the continent of Europe has attracted surprisingly few Irish students. John Lanigan touched on many of its aspects with critical discernment in hisEcclesiastical history of Ireland;Fr. John Ryan devoted some of his earliest attention to it; William Reeves was alive to the importance of the subject; but, if we omit laudatory and worthless summaries by untrained enthusiasts, almost every other contribution of value was made by non-Irish writers.
Transportation from Ireland to America, 1653 – 60
Authors: Blake John W.
Published: August 2016

Irish transportation to the English colonies during the interregnum has often been represented as an indictment of English policy. John Lynch, the Irish historian, who was driven into exile during the protectorate, writing shortly after the restoration, deplored that Irishmen had been torn from the arms of their wives and children by ‘civic vultures’, transported, and sold as slaves in the West Indies. Among more recent writers, though Bagwell and Gardiner point out that the transported Irish became, not slaves, but indentured servants, Prendergast criticizes the ‘English slave-dealers’ and asserts that ‘Ireland must have exhibited scenes in every part like the slave hunts in Africa’.
Aquaculture: a rapidly growing and significant source of sustainable food? Status, transitions and potential
Authors: Little D. C. , Newton R. W. , Beveridge M. C. M.
Published: August 2016

The status and potential of aquaculture is considered as part of a broader food landscape of wild aquatic and terrestrial food sources. The rationale and resource base required for the development of aquaculture are considered in the context of broader societal development, cultural preferences and human needs. Attention is drawn to the uneven development and current importance of aquaculture globally as well as its considerable heterogeneity of form and function compared with established terrestrial livestock production. The recent drivers of growth in demand and production are examined and the persistent linkages between exploitation of wild stocks, full life cycle culture and the various intermediate forms explored. An emergent trend for sourcing aquaculture feeds from alternatives to marine ingredients is described and the implications for the sector with rapidly growing feed needs discussed. The rise of non-conventional and innovative feed ingredients, often shared with terrestrial livestock, are considered, including aquaculture itself becoming a major source of marine ingredients. The implications for the continued expected growth of aquaculture are set in the context of sustainable intensification, with the challenges that conventional intensification and emergent integration within, and between, value chains explored. The review concludes with a consideration of the implications for dependent livelihoods and projections for various futures based on limited resources but growing demand.
Learning from other people's fear: amygdala-based social reference learning in social anxiety disorder
Authors: Blair K. S. , Otero M. , Teng C. , Geraci M. , Lewis E. , Hollon N. , Blair R. J. R. , Ernst Monique , Grillon C. , Pine D. S.
Published: August 2016

Background

Social anxiety disorder involves fear of social objects or situations. Social referencing may play an important role in the acquisition of this fear and could be a key determinant in future biomarkers and treatment pathways. However, the neural underpinnings mediating such learning in social anxiety are unknown. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined social reference learning in social anxiety disorder. Specifically, would patients with the disorder show increased amygdala activity during social reference learning, and further, following social reference learning, show particularly increased response to objects associated with other people's negative reactions?

Method

A total of 32 unmedicated patients with social anxiety disorder and 22 age-, intelligence quotient- and gender-matched healthy individuals responded to objects that had become associated with others’ fearful, angry, happy or neutral reactions.

Results

During the social reference learning phase, a significant group × social context interaction revealed that, relative to the comparison group, the social anxiety group showed a significantly greater response in the amygdala, as well as rostral, dorsomedial and lateral frontal and parietal cortices during the social, relative to non-social, referencing trials. In addition, during the object test phase, relative to the comparison group, the social anxiety group showed increased bilateral amygdala activation to objects associated with others’ fearful reactions, and a trend towards decreased amygdala activation to objects associated with others’ happy and neutral reactions.

Conclusions

These results suggest perturbed observational learning in social anxiety disorder. In addition, they further implicate the amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in the disorder, and underscore their importance in future biomarker developments.
Definition of Specific Impulse
Authors: Thorne F. W.
Published: August 2016

I wish to support S. W. Greenwood's plea (December 1953 Journal) for defining “specific impulse” as Thrust/Mass flow of propellants.

Apparently some engineers are now using Thrust/weight flow of propellants as the definition of specific impulse, but it would appear that this innovation is merely due to inability to distinguish between mass and weight. The system used at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, of using the capital letter to denote weight or force (e.g. Lb.) and the lower case to represent mass (e.g. lb.) is a very convenient way of distinguishing between the two.
The Flexural Centre or Centre of Shear
Authors: Koiter W. T.
Published: August 2016

In view of the recent notes in this Journal by Professors Jacobs and Duncan, it may be of interest to give some additional references to investigations of the flexural centre of beams, which otherwise might be overlooked, and to add some remarks which seem to have escaped the attention of previous writers.

Although the earliest investigation seems to have been published by Griffith and Taylor (Ref. 4 of Duncan's paper), Eggenschwyler gave an independent discussion of the problem for narrow beams. Considerable progress was made by Weber in two papers, published in 1924 and 1926. Similar results were obtained by Schwalbe, who was apparently unaware of Weber's previous investigations.
Noise Associated With Supersonic Flight
Authors: Warren C. H. E.
Published: August 2016

Before discussing the noise associated with supersonic flight, it is pertinent to restate the sources of noise at subsonic speeds.

As Lilley has pointed out, noise at subsonic speeds is due to turbulence, such as occurs in jets, wakes, boundary layers, and regions of separation, and to vortices and regions of shear flow. In all these types of flow viscosity plays a predominant part, and therefore at subsonic speeds the noise of an aircraft depends very much upon the viscosity of the fluid: in an inviscid fluid, an aircraft would make no noise, because, at subsonic speeds, the pressure changes induced by its motion would be too gradual to be audible.
Computation of Initial Buckling Stress for Sheet-Stiffener Combinations
Authors: Cox H. L.
Published: August 2016

The issue of the Royal Aeronautical Society Structures Data Sheets 02.01.28 to 37* prompts the publication of a short survey of the theory on which these sheets are based and of the manner in which they may be applied. To save the need to refer to original sources the theory is developed from first principles; but for brevity the application is illustrated only by one simple example. Other more elaborate applications are illustrated by the example data sheets themselves. A recent paper by Chilver covers the same ground from the mathematical point of view and the purpose of the present paper is to illustrate the practical application of the method to familiar problems in the computation of initial buckling stress for sheet-stiffener combinations.
Description of a Water Tunnel and Apparatus for the Investigation of Flow Problems
Authors: Fage A. , Preston J. H.
Published: August 2016

The water tunnel, closed-return type, described in the paper is especially suitable for the observation of flow near the surface of a long streamline body of revolution at Reynolds numbers up to 1.3 × 106. The observation chamber is 32 ins. long and it has a circular cross-section of diameter 7 ins. The stream in the observation chamber although slightly disturbed at the higher speeds of flow is substantially free from turbulence (except near the wall) at all speeds and throughout its entire length.

The tunnel is equipped with two instruments designed for flow observation. The first instrument, named fluid-motion microscope, allows the movements of small particles in a bright beam of light to be observed and measured. This instrument is suitable for the study of details of flow too small to be seen with the unaided eye, but which are revealed under a microscope at a medium magnification. The second instrument, the fluid-motion microscope with an interrupter, allows the speed of a particle to be determined from a measurement of the length of its track recorded for a known time of exposure on a photographic plate. This instrument can be used to measure the velocity distribution in a boundary layer to a distance of about four thousandths of an inch from the surface.
The Hafner Gyroplane
Authors: Hafner Raoul
Published: August 2016

Before reading my paper I wish to express my thanks to the President and Council of the Society, and my great appreciation of the privilege accorded to me of speaking before this expert gathering.

My ambitions with regard to the subject of this paper were originally very farreaching, but I soon realised that it would be impossible to cover the enormous field falling under the heading of “ rotating wings,” and at the same time to advance sufficiently into detail to escape the criticism that this was merely a new collection of facts, already known and very general in terms, and therefore possibly only of interest to students of the history of aviation.
Some aspects of the Aerial Warfare in the German-Polish Campaign
Authors: Dziewonski J. J. , Rogalski S.
Published: August 2016

This lecture is an attempt to give a brief survey of some facts observed during the German-Polish campaign, which are thought to be of interest to the aircraft industry. The authors wish to stress that they fully realise the scarcity of actual data on which any possible conclusions could be based. There is no doubt that a “Blitzkrieg” provides all of the experience to the winner, particularly if he enjoys an overwhelming superiority in the air and has secured a “total” victory, as was the case in this campaign. His vision was clear and far-reaching, his striking arm able to inflict blows, wherever required by tactical considerations.
Fire Protection of Petrol Tanks
Authors: Weyl A. R.
Published: August 2016

Petrol is a highly inflammable fluid which can be ignited easily and whose vapour forms with air a highly explosive mixture.

There are, however, possibilities of giving a certain amount of protection against such fire risks created by damage to petrol tanks.

The three main problems which have to be dealt with are:—

(i) To exclude an ignition which may be caused by bullets hitting a petrol tank;

(ii) To seal leaks caused by bullet holes;

(iii) To prevent fire after a crash.

These problems are by no means new. A large amount of research and experimental work has been devoted to their solution.
The Effect of Wing Loading on the Design of Modern Aircraft with Particular Regard to the Take-Off Problem
Authors: Vessey H. F.
Published: August 2016

The author wishes to express his appreciation of the honour that has been paid him in being requested to present a paper before the Royal Aeronautical Society. Permission has been given by the Air Ministry for the publication of the paper, but the author is alone responsible for the views expressed.
The Mechanical Impedance of Damped Vibrating Systems
Authors: Manley R. G.
Published: August 2016

The concept of “mechanical impedance,” a quantity equivalent to Biot's Dynamic Modulus (reference i), has been utilised since 1939 by the de Havilland Aircraft Company as a standard method of treatment of vibration problems inengine airscrew systems, the method being applied principally to torsionalvibrations. In this work the effect of damping forces was neglected, on theassumption that the resonant frequencies of a system are not affected appreciablyby such forces so long as they remain of small magnitude.

The desire to justify this assumption by theoretical reasoning, and to evolve a method of attack for problems in which the damping forces are too large to be neglected, led to the application of the concept of mechanical impedance to damped systems.
The Consideration of Internal Damping in the Two-Dimensional Problem of Wing Vibration
Authors: Kassner R.
Published: August 2016

In conjunction with H. Fingado, the author has described a graphical method for the rapid determination of the critical velocity of a two-dimensional wing without damping (see L.F.F., Vol. 13, No. 11 (20/11/36), pp. 374-387). The present paper presents a continuation of this work taking into account internal damping of the wing.
“The Electro-Mechanical Analogy in Oscillation Theory”
Authors: Manley R. G.
Published: August 2016

It has long been realised that there is a precise analogy between the properties of vibrating mechanical systems and those of alternating current electric circuits. It was from this analogy that the concept of “ mechanical impedance ” (more appropriately termed “ dynamic stiffness ”) was derived, thus enabling the theory of certain types of mechanical vibration, notably torsional motion, to be put on a more rational basis.

By means of analogous elements it is possible to represent a mechanical vibrating system, provided it includes no bending elements, by an equivalent electric circuit. The author has been unable to discover any full description of the process, and the object of the present paper is to set out the principles underlying the procedure and to illustrate them briefly by examples.
An Analysis of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Split Flaps
Authors: West A. P.
Published: August 2016

During the past few years an extensive amount of experimental data on split flaps has been made available to the aircraft industry, through the publications of aeronautical research laboratories, both in this country and abroad. In general, each publication deals with one particular aspect of the problem, and when the effect of wing flaps on the performance of an aircraft is being estimated a certain amount of difficulty may be experienced in deciding which of the many reports available gives results most readily applicable to the case being considered ; and what allowances, if any, should be made for wing taper, flap cut-out, fuselage, etc.

In this report the available data has been analysed with a view to answering these questions, and presented in such a form that it may be readily applied to determine the most probable change in the aerodynamic characteristics of a wing that may be expected from the use of this type of flap.

From the appendix an estimate of the accuracy of the method can be obtained, as a comparison with full-scale data is given for lift and drag, and for the other flap characteristics the original curves have been reproduced.
Clamped Rectangular Plates with a Central Concentrated Load
Authors: Young Dana
Published: August 2016

A general method of solution for rectangular plates with clamped edges and any kind of loading has been developed by Professor S. P. Timoshenko. The present paper gives the results of calculations using this method for the maximum deflection, moment, and edge shears for rectangular plates of various proportions with all four edges clamped and loaded by a single concentrated load at the centre. Similar data for a clamped rectangular plate with a uniformly distributed load have been given by I. A. Wojtaszak and also T. H. Evans. A report of an experimental investigation of this problem with some analytical results has been given by R. G. Sturm and R. L. Moore.
A Review of the Relative Merits of Petrol Injection and Carburettors for Aero Engines
Authors: Ellor J. E. , Owner F. M.
Published: August 2016

The subject of the carburettor as opposed t o fuel injection is one which has created much controversy in aero engine design and development. Current opinions both in this country and abroad are many and varied and it would be presumptuous to forecast which will eventually predominate. The object of this paper is to present an unbiased review in the hope of provoking a useful interchange of opinions and experiences.

It might be argued that claims for one system can be countered by claims for the other and to be impartial it is necessary, therefore, to be familiar with as many facts and as much published information as possible. Owing to the meagre amount of information available on fuel injection, the paper is not as complete a review as the authors would wish, but it is hoped that sufficient material has been presented to be helpful to those who are interested in the subject.
Photoelastic Analysis of Three-Dimensional Stress Systems using Scattered Light
Authors: Weller R. , Bussey J. K.
Published: August 2016

A method has been developed for making photoelastic analyses of threedimensional stress systems by utilising the polarisation phenomena associated with the scattering of light. By this method, the maximum shear and the directions of the three principal stresses at any point within a model can be determined, and the two principal stresses at a free-bounding surface can be separately evaluated. Polarised light is projected into the model through a slit so that it illuminates a plane section. The light is continuously analysed along its path by scattering and the state of stress in the illuminated section is obtained. By means of a series of such sections, the entire stress field may be explored. The method was used to analyse the stress system of a simple beam in bending. The results were found to be in good agreement with those expected from elementary theory.
Definition of Specific Impulse
Authors: Whitaker J. G.
Published: August 2016

We gave two main reasons in favour of the “weight” definition—(1) it considerably reduces the possibility of confusion over units, (2) it “ legalises “ the almost universal practice of expressing S.I. in seconds. We do not consider that Mr. Greenwood's remarks invalidate our conclusion that the “weight” definition is preferable.

We agree with Mr. Greenwood that provided forces are everywhere measured in earth gravitational units, (S.I.)� is independent of location: this is because the universal use of earth gravitational units is tantamount to using absolute units. But if a true gravitational system of units is employed, (S.I.)m must vary with location
Notes on the Design of Aeroplanes for Attaining High Altitude
Authors: Barnwell F. S.
Published: August 2016

The design of an aeroplane to achieve the greatest possible altitude is, from one aspect at least, a simple matter, because it is a case free largely from the compromises usually necessitated in the endeavour to meet best the operational requirements of a specification.

The starting off point must be the engine. I do not propose to touch the engine side of the problem, other than to regard the engine as an “ embodiment loan ” which has been made to the aeroplane designer and for which he has then to design an. aeroplane which shall achieve the greatest possible altitude when powered by this engine. Obviously, the main requirement from the engine is that it shall give the greatest possible b.h.p. per pound of its weight at very high altitudes. This means, of course, the highest possible supercharging and rather indicates the air-cooled radial engine because of the inherent low weight per b.h.p. of this type.
Note on Lord Rayleigh's Reciprocal Theorems in Elastic System
Authors: Morris J.
Published: August 2016

Reciprocal theorems are valuable devices in the attack on strength, stiffness and vibration problems in structures, often leading to elegant and simple solutions. Reciprocity is a fairly common property in various coefficients which arise in mathematical physics, as for example coefficients of mutual potential, capacity, induction, and so on. It is inevitably encountered both in theory and practice in almost any branch of physical science. So far as the stiffness of structures is concerned it seems that while Hooke is the mainspring of the theory of elasticity Rayleigh is the regulator of reciprocal relations in elastic systems.
New Methods of Calculation for the Determination of a Special Form of Instability of the Elastic Equilibrium of a Cantilever Wing
Authors: Viola Tullio
Published: August 2016

The superposition of the flexural instability of the plane form of a cantilever wing in its own plane, over that of the torsional elastic equilibrium, gives rise to a special phenomenon of mixed instability which has been translated analytically by Prof. C. Minelli into the problem of determining the first positive characteristic value of a certain system of two ordinary, linear and homogeneous equations, in two unknown functions, with given limiting conditions. The methods of calculation, both analytical and numerical, for the solution of this problem are described. The results confirm the intuitive inferences according to which, other conditions being equal, the backward displacement of the elastic axis worsens conditions by lowering the critical speed.
Some Experiences and Lessons Learned in Spinning Aeroplanes
Authors: Taylor James B.
Published: August 2016

The author's experience in flying dates from before the war and includes a good many years as a naval test pilot, over 5,000 hours of actual flying time in the air in some 360 different types of aeroplanes, ranging from purely experimental to large modern passenger transports and the latest single-seater fighters, and the interest created by some of his experiences has prompted him to attempt some consideration of the complex problem of spinning.

The phrase “tail spin” was probably adopted by reason of the fact that when an aeroplane is in this manoeuvre, it appears, from the ground, as though the nose were pointed straight down and the tail was describing a circle, whereas a spin is a complicated manoeuvre and the nose is actually travelling in a helical flight path, the radius of this helix being relatively small.