bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing CV Life Cycle Costs Through Process Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Stanco J. , Malesich M.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  An innovative methodology has been developed to achieve the objectives of carrier operation optimization programs utilizing Integrated Definition (IDEF) modeling and associated Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) tools. The primary objectives of the programs include manpower reduction, integrated automation, and support for new operational concepts. The methodology incorporates the use of process Modeling and Simulation (M&S) to establish the requirements for developing optimized carrier operations. This approach uses new techniques in performing analyses required, and replaces costly stovepipe approaches. Process M&S illustrates the impacts on operations if manpower is reduced, the impact to manpower if processes are modified, the areas where automation is most beneficial, and the capacity of existing and proposed processes in terms of meeting operational requirements.

Process M&S is also used to assist in the evaluation of carrier re‐design proposals, the analysis of potential modifications to existing doctrine, and the analysis of human factors issues. The IDEF process modeling methodology, coupled with the interfacing requirements of the process, information, and product models identify opportunities for improvement. The methodology provides a basis upon which changes and specifications to the current system acquisition process as well as carrier operations can be made in a “total ship” evaluation framework.

Rob provided insight into the need for integrating process, product, and information M&S applications and has discussed approaches for achieving this integration with the authors. Rob has also provided information regarding the application of systems engineering to M&S efforts.
Probabilistic Risk Analysis of Diesel Power Generators Onboard Ships
Authors: Ayyub Bilal M. , Karaszewski Zbigniew , Wade Michael
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a methodology and guidelines for applying risk methods in design and operation of maritime systems were developed and demonstrated using a case study of marine diesel generators. The methodology consists of several modules that include system definition based on functional and performance requirements, definition of dependencies among subsystems, data collection and reduction, reliability and risk analyses, and results reduction for use in decision analysis. The methodology was used to assess and analyze typical service diesel generators found onboard ships. The analysis included the generation of cut sets for the overall reliability of the system. The most likely failure scenarios were determined by demonstration as the failure of fuel supply components. The results are consistent with previous findings of the U. S. Coast Guard.
A Technology Overview for a Proposed Navy Surface Combatant DC Zonal Electric Distribution System
Authors: Ciezki John G. , Ashton Robert W.
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Navy is currently investigating the implementation of a DC Zonal Electric Distribution System (DC ZEDS) as a component of an Integrated Power System (IPS) for the next generation of surface combatant. In replacing the currently ac radial distribution system, significant gains can be realized in terms of survivability, weight, manning, and cost. DC ZEDS is predicated on having starboard and port dc busses feeding electrical zones delineated by watertight bulkhead compartments. The main bus dc voltage is stepped down within the zone and then converted to three‐phase ac and lower voltage dc by additional power converters. Due to the large interconnection of tightly regulated power converters in a stiffly connected system, negative input impedance effects create the possibility of unwanted resonances. In this paper, the authors describe the rationale for the dc zonal system, characterize the key components, and highlight the stability issues.
It's In the Bag: Submarine Plastic Waste Management
Authors: Vaughters Douglas S. , Olson Todd M. , Gill Sean E. , Wagner Laurie A. (Devlin)
Published: March 2009

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 prohibits the discharge of plastic waste from U.S. Navy submarines after December 31, 2008. This will require the Navy submarine community to develop an effective method for handling and storing plastic waste aboard for eventual return to port. Paramount objectives include volume reduction, sanitary packaging of the waste, and locating suitable storage spaces on each submarine class. Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center conducted a review of all potential plastic waste processing options. The submarine trash compactor unit and Navy odor barrier bags were selected for detailed investigation. A process was developed whereby plastic waste was compacted directly into high strength odor barrier bags called submarine plastic waste containment bags. Potential storage locations for compacted plastic waste have been identified aboard the Los Angeles (SSN 688), Ohio (SSBN 726), and Seawolf (SSN 21) classes. Plastic Waste Management Demonstrations will be conducted on each submarine class to evaluate the suitability and effectiveness of the proposed plastic waste management solutions.
LCAC Transport on SEABEE and LASH Ships
Authors: Mackes Joseph , Schelle Curt
Published: March 2009

Landing Craft Air Cushions (LCACs) are transported overseas in the well decks of amphibious ships. With Fleet downsizing and increasing deployments and operational tempos, there may not be enough well deck slots to carry the required LCACs to the mission area. Additional transport capability may be needed to meet a number of expanding missions for the LCAC. To address this potential need, Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center was tasked by the Naval Sea Systems Command to determine if existing government shipping assets can transport the LCAC and, if feasible, to design and test interface systems for these ships. Two heavy lift barge ships in the Ready Reserve Force, the Sea Barge (SEABEE) and the Lighter Aboard Ship (LASH), showed potential in carrying LCACs. The LCAC/SEABEE interface system was designed and successfully tested. The tests determined the system provides the SEABEE ship with transport capability for up to five LCACs. The LCAC/LASH interface system, once demonstrated through ship tests, should allow up to six LCACs to be carried on the LASH ship. The SEABEE and LASH interface systems provide joint mission planners with a new capability to transport LCACs overseas.
The Commercialization of Weapons Control Software
Authors: Walden Billie Sue
Published: March 2009

This paper addresses the benefits and limitations of commercial software insertion into a weapons control system, specifically as seen in development of the Advanced Tomahawk Weapons Control System (ATWCS) Track Control Group Replacement (TCGR). Commercial‐off‐the‐Shelf (COTS)/Government‐off‐the‐Shelf (GOTS) reuse of software in a weapons control system requires a much higher degree of reliability and a much smaller error rate than commercial applications, in order to reliably place ordnance on target. Lessons learned in the production of this, the first COTS/GOTS weapon control system, are useful to the smooth, efficient development of future weapons system software.

Lessons learned during development of TCGR:

Strong emphasis on early requirements definition combined with early operational prototyping enables an efficient and cost effective process and avoids rework.

Shifting to a parallel testing concept with a common test plan and multi‐disciplined test team shortens the overall development process and maximizes use of resources.

Accurate operational testing environment is crucial to successfully completing approval process.

Implementation of common, well‐defined metrics and reporting reduces time spent on anomaly correction and ensures accurate progress tracking.

Logistics efforts must improve to accommodate COTS/GOTS use.

Customer involvement throughout the lifecycle is required to field technologically current systems that meet their needs.
The Road to Impeccable: An Uncommon Approach to Ship Acquisition
Authors: Shen Terry , Proctor Barry , Saha Deepak
Published: March 2009

The road to the acquisition of the USNS Impeccable (T‐AGOS 23) has seen a few uncommon and challenging twists and turns, resulting in delays and disruption to the program. The saga began in 1993, when the original ship‐builder, facing financial difficulties, filed for Chapter XI bankruptcy protection. For two more years the program was stalled before the Navy was able to warrant the work that had been done up to that point. In 1995 the contract was reassigned to another shipbuilder to complete the vessel and obtain the necessary certificates to comply with all the applicable requirements of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). This unprecedented approach put the Navy in the unique situation of being responsible for two of the most controversial issues in a ship construction process, i.e., detail design and equipment warranties.

This paper gives the status of the program, discusses how various technical issues and production demands are being addressed, and describes the future hurdles that need to be overcome before delivery of the vessel.
Blackwater and Graywater on U.S. Navy Ships: Technical Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Benson John , Caplan Ivan , Jacobs Rachel
Published: March 2009

In anticipation of more stringent environmental regulations, the increasing costs of waste disposal, and the need for naval combatants to operate unimpeded in littoral waters, the U.S. Navy has identified the need to develop technologies which are appropriate for the control and treatment of blackwater and graywater. This paper will describe the status of development efforts by the Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (CDNSWC) and its supporting contractors, under sponsorship of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and the Office of Naval Research. The challenge was to develop treatment systems that meet Navy shipboard requirements for affordability, compactness, low manning/maintenance, high reliability and safety, and EM, noise, vibration and shock. Membrane ultrafiltration based systems, incorporating aerobic biological pre‐treatment and ultraviolet light post‐treatment disinfection, have been developed to meet these requirements. Both external and in‐tank membrane systems will be described in terms of performance, system operation, and space and weight advantages.
Determining the Level of Ship Protection
Authors: Hockberger William A.
Published: March 2009

The types and levels of protection provided in naval ships have always been determined by the judgement of experienced naval officers in a way that is basically external to the main analysis/design loop. A major consequence has been an inability to demonstrate a clear need for a particular level of protection, with the result that important protection features have been eliminated to reduce cost.

This paper outlines a methodology for bringing ship protection inside the main loop and determining its characteristics as an integrated element of a ship design. The level of protection is established as a natural consequence of the ship's mission requirements, and no separately stated requirements for protection are needed.

Two concepts are introduced for achieving this. The first is a life cycle, measure of ship effectiveness that takes account of the ship's entire service life, including periods when operating in a degraded condition in combat or unavailable for service while being repaired or modernized. The second is the concept of “battle cost.” Battle costs are defined as the hypothetical future costs of weapons expended and ship damage and personnel casualties sustained, plus other related costs, as a ship engages in battle in the course of its service life. These devices, within the system analysis framework, make it possible to estimate both effectiveness and cost implications of providing various levels of protection in the ship—and thus to derive better cost‐effectiveness measures for comparing ship alternatives and selecting the best.
CVN Flight Operations: Crossing the Aircraft/Ship Interface
Authors: Yankaskas Kurt , Fast Steven
Published: March 2009

Flight Operations are the lifeblood of U.S. Navy aircraft carriers, a fact that will continue on the CVX project. Such operations expose both Flight Deck and below deck personnel—the personnel at the aircraft/ship interface—to various degrees of intermittent noise. Some of these noise levels have been documented, in at‐sea measurements, on two operational carriers. These measurements provided the first detailed, systematic quantification of sound pressure levels, noise frequency content, time duration, and shipboard occurrence of events. This paper provides the current status of engineering efforts aimed at mitigating below‐deck noise levels and examines some of the currently‐available medical information relating to hearing loss, hearing conversation, and physiological response to high intermittent noise levels. The information presented herein will be used in the design of future aircraft carriers—ships that will be in service through the close of the twenty‐first century.
The UK Virtual Ship— The Way Forward?
Authors: Anderson T.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The UK is about to embark on the development of a virtual ship to support both current and future ships and submarines during their lifetimes. This paper describes the background as to why the UK is considering this option, and to highlight the potential users and benefits of a virtual ship. The paper goes on to discuss some of the technical issues that will need to be addressed in the development of a UK virtual ship; for example, whether the definition of a standard, which will support an open systems philosophy to enable the maximum reuse of software components and interoperability, is appropriate. A description of a demonstrator built using the Distributed Interactive Simulation protocol is given, based on some of the components needed in an Anti‐Submarine Warfare scenario. This work represented the first foray for the Sea Systems Sector into the world of synthetic environments and has provided pointers to how the virtual ship should be developed. The paper concludes with some thoughts on how we intend to make the UK virtual ship a ‘reality’.
Navy's CFC & Halon Elimination Program
Authors: Toms G. S. , Breslin D.A. , Brunner G.P. , Thill J.C.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The domestic production of the most powerful Ozone‐Depleting Substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of inexpensive refrigerants, fire‐fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past The Navy's original strategy of conserving ODSs, converting systems and processes where feasible, relying on strategic reserves where necessary, and developing “ozone‐friendly” equipment for new‐design surface ships and submarines is succeeding.

The purpose of this paper is to document the Navy's efforts to date relative to combating the threat to uninterrupted Fleet operations posed by the cessation of ODS production. Specifically, this paper addresses the Navy's shipboard conversion programs for air‐conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) systems, the development of next‐generation AC&R systems, the selection of halon substitutes for new‐construction fire‐fighting systems, and the Navy's alternative to CFC‐113 in the cleaning of critical oxygen systems.
C4ISR in the 21st Century—the C4I Support Plan as a Bridge
Authors: MacDougall Cdr. K. , Andrews P. , Broome N.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper discusses the C4I Support Plan (C4ISP) recently drafted for the CVNX program as a part of its Milestone I documentation requirements. The C4ISP provides insights into the requirements on the DoD command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) infrastructure needed for the operational success of the aircraft carrier battle group (CVBG) in future Joint and coalition warfare. The paper discusses the C4ISPs contents, the work that must be done in future versions, and the potential impacts on naval and Joint C4ISR organizations and their activities. The case is made that the CVNX C4ISP, and similar plans for other platforms of the battle group, should form a foundation for Navy leadership to proactively manage the process of building cross‐Navy and Joint end‐to‐end capabilities that exploit information and networking in warfare.
CVNX—Expanded Capability Baseline Aircraft Carrier Design Study
Authors: McWhite J. D.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Aircraft Carrier ship design study number 5, entitled “Expanded Capability Baseline,” of the CVN X Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) (Part 3) ship design studies, represents the Navy's most capable and cost effective design to meet all of the Operational Requirements Document (ORD) objectives for CVN X. This paper describes the overall ship design and provides insight into its key technologies and design innovations. With significant attention being placed on new manning reduction methods and in total life cycle cost (LCC) reduction efforts. It includes descriptions of key technology improvements like: “Pit Stop” aircraft servicing, improved below deck weapons movement, electric aircraft and weapon elevators, modular electronic spaces, centralized food service, and robotic inventory and stowage systems. Also covered are increased crew habitability, and optimized hull form and survivability features. Results address increased Flight Deck performance and construction and cost limitations.
CVNX: An Element of the Future Battle Force
Authors: Canning John S.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  CVNX 1 is scheduled to Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 2013. By that time, many of the concepts just now being discussed will be considered Standard Operating Procedures. Just as today, where no carrier truly operates alone, but with supporting forces (some are ashore), the same will be true in the future. What will change will be the view of what we consider to be the battle force. CVNX 1 will likely find itself steaming without escorts on many occasions, but CVNX 1 will still be an element of a future battle force that could include tightly integrated support from Joint, National, and/or Allied assets. The problem we face is peering into the future to try to see what the complex tapestry of these new concepts really means to the operation of CVNX 1. We wish to do this so that we can design the ship to operate as a proper element of that tapestry, not only without ripping it, but to take best advantage of it
Total Ship Training for Future Aircraft Carriers
Authors: Whitten T. , Rikansrud E.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The use of technology to assist in the missions of the Navy has changed. The twenty‐first century will see a Navy with fewer but more technical ships, smaller yet more innovative shipboard crews, and the need for rapid responses to changing world battle and peacetime scenarios. A recent study (Defense Science Board 1997) has noted the Navy is compelled to build ships that will operate with smaller crews at the same time operational environments require increased capabilities. The Defense Science Board study (1997) further states that, “Training is a force multiplier that allows manning reductions through better use of personnel onboard.”

The purpose of this paper is to describe a total ship training philosophy for the CVNX class of future aircraft carriers. The Navy has developed an affordable plan to evolve the baseline design of CVNX over multiple hulls for the new construction of aircraft carriers (NAVSEA 1999). Each of these platforms will employ successively more advanced training methods and systems, culminating in a final design that incorporates the most capable shipboard total ship training program ever fielded aboard an aircraft carrier.
Seeing Through the Fog—Attaining ‘Full Spectrum Dominance’ with the System‐of‐Systems Through Operational Engineering
Authors: Bryant R. E. , Flynn J. E.
Published: March 2009

Many discussions and articles address the business and military changes supporting implementation of Joint Vision 2010 and its system‐of‐systems approach. The dynamics of international military operations and commitments, coupled with accelerating information technologies, can lead to confusion and uncertainty. Customary rules recommend caution, even stopping, when confusion and uncertainty are present, yet the needed changes counsel toward accelerated efforts. Currently, systems engineering does not completely address delivering “operational war fighting capabilities,” or foster commanders' confidence to fully exploit those capabilities upon delivery.

Acquisition reform supports accelerating delivery of systems. Likewise, accelerated delivery of “war fighting capabilities” within any opponents' fielding and deployment cycle is imperative. Technical advances in modeling and simulation, utilization concepts, and innovative evaluation methods create an opportunity to facilitate redevelopment of doctrine, operations, and training prior to producing hardware systems. On‐line simulation and evaluation tools can overcome the need for physical systems.

Specifically, this paper lays out the opportunity to evolve systems engineering to another level, operational engineering, which leverages from the modeling and simulation environment, prior to hardware production. That modeling and simulation paired with coevolution of procedures and on‐line analysis will produce a trained customer base, fully prepared for deliveries of “operational war fighting capabilities”.
Infrared Imaging of Phased Array Radar Antenna Emissions
Authors: Long Bruce , Sisson Pat
Published: March 2009

The subject paper discussed the merits of applying infrared imaging technologies, in association with advanced digital processing techniques, as a system health diagnostic tool to (1) enhance readiness and (2) reduce the cost of ownership associated with phased array radar systems that are used throughout the military services. The planned project shall establish a field‐level diagnostic tool that can rapidly assess deployed phased array radar antenna performance, using infrared (IR) imaging techniques and that can isolate deficient radio frequency (RF) solid state emission devices (radiator elements). Infrared imaging of RF emissions from an aircraft‐installed phased array radar system (APG‐63 used in F‐15 aircraft) has been conceptually demonstrated; however, full scale‐up was never achieved nor other potential technology applications evaluated because of funding constraints. Today, solid state phased array technology is used pervasively in air and in ground/surface‐based radar systems. Table 1 identifies representative ground/surface‐based radar systems that incorporate phased array antennas in their system architecture.

The ability to conduct operational “end‐to‐end” testing of phased array antennas will enable deployed verification of detected performance degradations, facilitate field‐level replacement of faulty RF emission devices, and help reduce the overall logistics burden associated with dismantling and transporting bulky radar systems for return to depot In addition, the proposed capability could be used as a preliminary diagnostic tool, augmenting existing depot capabilities, to help facilitate the accelerated identification/confirmation of required depot‐maintenance actions. IR imaging has the potential to catalyze a fundamental shift, comparable to the introduction of automated testing in support of avionics, in the basic approach to phased array antenna maintenance.
Navy Omni‐Directional Vehicle (ODV) Development: Where the Rubber Meets the Deck
Authors: McGowen H.
Published: March 2009

The Office of Naval Research sponsored the omnidirectional vehicle (ODV) development program of the Coastal Systems Station (CSS). CSS has investigated the application of ODV technology to Navy shipboard materials and ordnance handling. Under the Navy program, ODV technology was developed and a series of vehicles were built and tested. ODT technology was demonstrated to be applicable to the shipboard environment and shown to be able to overcome conditions of confined spaces, reduced traction, ship motion, decks heeled at high angles, and on‐deck obstacles. This paper focuses on the Navy's demonstration of the capability of the ODV to operate under demanding environmental conditions, ODV mechanical simplicity, and adaptability of the technology for a wide range of applications. Potential commercial applications were identified in manufacturing and warehousing, and remotely controlled or autonomous platforms employed in nuclear facilities, hazardous waste cleanup, and other operations that require the movement and precise positioning of large, heavy objects. The Navy has implemented two cooperative research and development agreements (CRADA) and others are pending for further development and transfer of ODV technology to the private sector.
Marine Forensics for Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
Authors: Garzke W. H. , Dulin R. O. , Brown D. K. , Prince K.
Published: March 2009

The Marine Forensics Panel grew out of analyses of the shipwrecks of the German battleship Bismarck and the passenger ships Titanic and Lusitania. It is now co‐sponsored by five other professional societies on both sides of the Atlantic. A number of ship losses have been investigated. Lessons have been learned relevant both to marine technology and history.
Next‐Generation Architecture to Support Simulation‐Based Acquisition
Authors: Chadha B. , Wedgwood J. , Welsh J.
Published: March 2009

The ability to make good design decisions early is a significant driver for simulation‐based acquisition to effectively lower life‐cycle cost and cycle time. Building virtual prototypes, enabling one to analyze the impact of decisions, achieves effective simulation‐based acquisition processes. Virtual prototypes need to support a comprehensive set of analyses that will be performed on the product; hence, all aspects of product data and behavior need to be represented. Building virtual prototypes of complex systems being designed by a multi‐organizational team requires new architectural concepts and redesigned processes. Implementation of these new architectures is complex and leveraging commercial technologies is necessary to achieve feasible solutions. One must also carefully consider the state of the current commercial technologies and frameworks as well as the organizational and cultural aspects of organizations that use these systems. This paper describes key architectural principles that one must address for a cost‐effective implementation. The paper then discusses key architectural concepts and trade‐offs that are necessary to support virtual prototypes of complex systems.
The Frank G. Law Award
Authors: Lake Gerald E.
Published: March 2009

for oustanding contributions to the advancement of the Society through dedicated service as set forth in the following
The Gold Medal Award
Authors: Fortune Randall H.
Published: March 2009

for his significant contribution to naval engineering as set forth in the following
The Harold E. Sounders Award
Authors: Slager John J.
Published: March 2009

for his significant contribution to naval engineering as set forth in the following
Sizing the Navy's Strategic Reserve of Ozone‐Depleting Substances
Authors: Breslin David A. , Smith Dennis E. , Toms Gregory S.
Published: March 2009

The domestic production of the most powerful Ozone‐Depleting Substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of refrigerants, fire‐fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past. The Navy has adopted a successful strategy for addressing the threat posed by the unavailability of ODSs. That strategy includes relying on a strategic reserve of ODSs. Considering that the strategic reserve will play a critical role in sustained fleet operations well into the next century, it is important to record the history of the reserve and to document lessons learned in order to educate future generations that may be foxed with similar challenges.

This is the second of three papers that will cover all aspects of the Navy'S strategic reserve of ODSs. The first paper documented the history of the Navy'S effort to size, establish, and monitor a reserve designed to support fleet operations until the middle of the next century (1). This paper addresses in detail the process used to estimate the required size of the reserve, including the survey method, statistical analyses, and sizing algorithms. The third paper will discuss the development of the plan for monitoring the reserve including the control mechanisms, regression methods, and statistical‐process‐control techniques (2).
Submarine Hull Form Optimization Case Study
Authors: Warren Chris L. , Thomas Mark W.
Published: March 2009

The potential benefits of full stern submarines are investigated. First, a parametric‐based arrangement study is conducted. The results of this study yield two variants which are identical in terms of installed horsepower and mission hardware, but with deferent stern taper. Then, the powering characteristics of the two variants are optimized using a suitable lifting ‐line code and a genetic algorithm.

The arrangement study uses parametric estimates of volume, area and weight, including machinery‐dependent stack‐length requirements. The resulting layouts are used to approximate required stern fullness and the length‐to‐diameter ratio for enclosing the arrangement. The full stern and the tapered stern variants identified as having the highest parametric‐based maximum speed are used as input to the hydrodynamic analysis/optimization technique.

The hydrodynamic analysis employs a ducted lifting‐line propeller code, which is used as the evaluator module for a multi‐objective (Pareto) genetic algorithm. Two of the resulting “optimal” variants, one full and the other tapered, are then selected based on their resemblance to those of the arrangement study. Power coefficients calculated by the propeller code are then used to estimate these submarines' maximum speeds. The results indicate that potential benefits exist for submarine hulls with non‐traditional, fuller sterns.
Racial/ethnic variations in associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth loss
Authors: Jimenez Monik , Dietrich Thomas , Shih Mei‐Chiung , Li Yi , Joshipura Kaumudi J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract – Objectives: To compare the associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth loss among White, Black, and Mexican‐American people.

Methods: Analyses were conducted on 16 821 adults, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey‐III. Age‐ and multivariate‐adjusted negative binomial regressions were used to explore the relation of socioeconomic factors, region of residence, gender, and foreign birth with the number of missing teeth. Effect modification by race/ethnicity was assessed by the inclusion of interaction terms.

Results: In multivariate‐adjusted analyses, non‐Hispanic White people with 9–12 years of education exhibited 71% higher mean number of missing teeth than those with >12 years of education [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52–1.92]. Education was unrelated to the number of teeth among non‐Hispanic Black people (IRR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00–1.35) or Mexican‐Americans (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.93–1.31). The poorest White people exhibited 39% more missing teeth, on average, than the most affluent White people, but no association between poverty and number of teeth was observed among Black or Mexican‐American people.

Conclusions: The associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth loss vary across race/ethnicity. This suggests that the health benefits associated with high socioeconomic status are not equally shared across racial/ethnic groups.
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and pulmonary hypertension in a neonate. A common mechanism?
Authors: Brouwers AGA , Waals‐van de Wal CMJA
Published: March 2009

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of biological functions. Absence or shortage of NO plays a role in the pathogenesis of both hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and persistent pulmonary hypertension. We present a neonate diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension after birth caused by meconiumaspiration syndrome eventually treated with extracorporal membrane oxygenation followed by hypertrophic pyloric stenosis for which a pyloromyotomy was performed. In conclusion, the association of pulmonary hypertension and pyloric stenosis has not been described before and may be explained by a lowered plasma concentration of arginine leading to deficient NO synthesis in the affected organ systems.
Whole grain snack intake in an after‐school snack program: a pilot study
Authors: Sadeghi Leila , Marquart Len
Published: March 2009

US children consume about one‐third of the recommended level of whole grain. This study compared the difference in consumption between snacks made with either refined flour (Goldfish 0 g/serving), low (Graham crackers 5 g/serving, Goldfish 8 g/serving) or 100% whole grain flour level (Graham crackers 26 g/serving) among 117 children (kindergarten–sixth grade) participating in after‐school snack programs. The study included plate waste collection and group interviews conducted in four elementary schools in the Midwest. A multiple comparison test determined differences in consumption. The mean consumption for Graham crackers 26 g (52.0 ± 11.40) was significantly lower than the mean consumption for Goldfish 0 g, (78 ± 4.31), Graham crackers 5 g, (80.2 ± 5.19) and Goldfish 8 g (75.4 ± 5.24) (P < 0.05). Children were more sensitive to the taste and texture of Graham crackers 26 g/serving as compared with snacks with less whole grain. Snack products with considerable whole grain content may require additional research in order to increase their appeal to children.
Exploring hospital patients' satisfaction with cook‐chill foodservice systems: a preliminary study using a validated questionnaire
Authors: Porter Judi , Cant Robyn
Published: March 2009

Decline in nutritional status during hospitalisation highlights the importance of achieving high‐quality foodservice. This research aimed to explore patient satisfaction with hospital foodservices from on‐site and off‐site cook‐chill production systems. Two cross‐sectional surveys of hospital inpatients were conducted in an acute medical and a subacute rehabilitation ward before and after a change to off‐site cook‐chill production. The survey used a validated instrument (Acute Care Hospital Foodservice Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire). Sixty‐six patients in 2006 and 51 patients in 2007 recorded unchanged results across factors of food quality, staffing service quality, meal service quality and physical environment quality. Satisfaction with foodservice was rated ‘good’ or ‘very good’ by the majority of patients in both surveys. The research instrument was able to deconstruct various issues relating to patients' satisfaction and six individual items correlated with overall satisfaction with foodservice. To maximise patient satisfaction, further research into these, and additional dimensions of foodservice quality is needed to determine how improvements may be achieved.
Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease
Authors: Vanhoutte P. M. , Shimokawa H. , Tang E. H. C. , Feletou M.
Published: March 2009

The endothelium can evoke relaxations (dilatations) of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best characterized endothelium‐derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO). The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarizations, EDHF‐mediated responses). Endothelium‐dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin‐sensitive Gi(e.g. responses to serotonin and thrombin) and pertussis toxin‐insensitive Gq(e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. The release of NO by the endothelial cell can be up‐regulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and down‐regulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking and oxidized low‐density lipoproteins). It is reduced in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively loose the pertussis toxin‐sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and causing endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarizations), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction (constriction) of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium‐derived contracting factor (EDCF). Most endothelium‐dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells. EDCF‐mediated responses are exacerbated when the production of NO is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium‐dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive patients.
Awareness of Hypertension and Proteinuria in Randomly Selected Patients in 11 Italian Cities. A 2005 Report of the National Kidney Foundation of Italy
Authors: Galassi Andrea , Brancaccio Diego , Cozzolino Mario , Bellinghieri Guido , Buoncristiani Umberto , Cavatorta Fosco , D’Apice Ludovica , Di Iorio Biagio , Gesualdo Loreto , Gianni Salvatore , Ricciardi Biagio , Russo Domenico , Andreucci Vittorio
Published: March 2009

Arterial hypertension and proteinuria are risk factors for chronic kidney disease. A mobile clinic was parked in a central plaza of 11 Italian cities to check blood pressure (BP), prescribe antihypertensive drugs, assess for proteinuria, and provide awareness about hypertension. Among 3757 patients, 56% were hypertensive, 37% were not diabetic nor proteinuric with BP ≥140/90 mm Hg, 17% were diabetic or proteinuric with BP ≥130/80 mm Hg, and 11% were on treatment with BP at target. Among 1204 treated patients, 400 (33%) had controlled BP. Among all 2114 hypertensive patients, only 1344 (64%) were aware of their hypertension. Awareness was greater among treated patients at target (99%). As many as 523 (14%) patients had proteinuria ≥30 mg/dL. The authors conclude that awareness of people walking in the street about their BP and proteinuria is insufficient. Mobile screening clinics may increase public awareness and detection of hypertension and proteinuria in the general community and detect patients at risk for chronic kidney disease.
The Message for World Kidney Day 2009: Hypertension and Kidney Disease: A Marriage That Should Be Prevented
Authors: Bakris George L. , Ritz Eberhard ,   On behalf of the World Kidney Day Steering Committee
Published: March 2009

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to increase worldwide as does end stage renal disease. The most common, but not only, causes of CKD are hypertension and diabetes. CKD is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular (CV) risk as most patients with CKD die of a CV cause. Moreover, CV risk increases proportionally as estimated glomerular filtration rate falls below 60 mL/min. CV causes of death in CKD are more prevalent than those from cancer; as a result, the identification and reduction of CKD is a public health priority. High blood pressure is a key pathogenic factor that contributes to the deterioration of kidney function. The presence of kidney disease is a common and underappreciated preexisting medical cause of resistant hypertension. Therefore, treatment of hypertension has become the most important intervention in the management of all forms of CKD. For this reason, World Kidney Day on March 12, 2009 will emphasize the role of hypertension.
Probing the heterologous metabolism supporting 6‐deoxyerythronolide B biosynthesis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Zhang Haoran , Wang Yong , Boghigian Brett , Pfeifer Blaine A.
Published: March 2009

Heterologous biosynthesis offers a new way to capture the medicinal properties presented by complex natural products. In this study, production of 6‐deoxyerythronolide B (6dEB), the polyketide precursor to the antibiotic erythromycin, was used to probe the heterologous pathways needed for Escherichia coli‐derived biosynthesis. More specifically, the heterologous proteins responsible for 6dEB production were varied by adjusting their respective gene dosage levels. In this way, heterologous components required for posttranslational modification, 6dEB biosynthesis, and substrate provision were adjusted in expression levels to observe the relative effect each has on final heterologous biosynthesis. The results indicate that both the biosynthetic and substrate provision heterologous proteins impact 6dEB formation to a greater extent when compared with posttranslational modification and suggest these components for future protein and metabolic engineering.
Reducing Streamflow Forecast Uncertainty: Application and Qualitative Assessment of the Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon1
Authors: Hay Lauren E. , McCabe Gregory J. , Clark Martyn P. , Risley John C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  The accuracy of streamflow forecasts depends on the uncertainty associated with future weather and the accuracy of the hydrologic model that is used to produce the forecasts. We present a method for streamflow forecasting where hydrologic model parameters are selected based on the climate state. Parameter sets for a hydrologic model are conditioned on an atmospheric pressure index defined using mean November through February (NDJF) 700‐hectoPascal geopotential heights over northwestern North America [Pressure Index from Geopotential heights (PIG)]. The hydrologic model is applied in the Sprague River basin (SRB), a snowmelt‐dominated basin located in the Upper Klamath basin in Oregon. In the SRB, the majority of streamflow occurs during March through May (MAM). Water years (WYs) 1980‐2004 were divided into three groups based on their respective PIG values (high, medium, and low PIG). Low (high) PIG years tend to have higher (lower) than average MAM streamflow. Four parameter sets were calibrated for the SRB, each using a different set of WYs. The initial set used WYs 1995‐2004 and the remaining three used WYs defined as high‐, medium‐, and low‐PIG years. Two sets of March, April, and May streamflow volume forecasts were made using Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP). The first set of ESP simulations used the initial parameter set. Because the PIG is defined using NDJF pressure heights, forecasts starting in March can be made using the PIG parameter set that corresponds with the year being forecasted. The second set of ESP simulations used the parameter set associated with the given PIG year. Comparison of the ESP sets indicates that more accuracy and less variability in volume forecasts may be possible when the ESP is conditioned using the PIG. This is especially true during the high‐PIG years (low‐flow years).
The Japanese Skills Test as an On‐Demand Placement Test: Validity Comparisons and Reliability
Authors: Eda Sanae , Itomitsu Masayuki , Noda Mari
Published: March 2009

Abstract: This study and analysis are designed to find a common, practical measurement tool that may be used for intra‐ and interprogram evaluation of Japanese programs, especially in the higher education context. First, three previous methods of evaluation (the Oral Proficiency Interview, the Nihongo Noryoku Shiken or Japanese Language Proficiency Test, and the Simple Performance‐Oriented Test) are analyzed for strengths and weaknesses as common, practical measurement tools. The Japanese Skills Test (JSKIT) is suggested as superior to these three, especially in distinguishing first‐ and second‐year ability in the language. The JSKIT is evaluated on the basis of being both valid and reliable as a test. This is supported by data collected at a nine‐week summer intensive language program during the summers of 2000 and 2001, at entry and exit points.
Integrating Focus on Form in L2 Content‐Enriched Instruction Lessons
Authors: Grim Frédérique
Published: March 2009

Abstract: The model of content‐enriched instruction focuses on the integration of grammatical and lexical forms within content to beginning‐level learners (Ballman, 1997). This study used quantitative data to examine the efficiency and application of this model for second‐ and third‐semester college French. It specifically responds to the following question: Which type of focus‐on‐form instruction through a content‐enriched instruction lesson is more effective for learning second language (L2) grammar, vocabulary, and cultural content in intermediate French L2 classes? The three instructional treatments administered were planned focus on form, incidental focus on form, and focus on meaning. The findings point to positive significance mainly toward the planned focus on form treatment, in grammar, vocabulary, and culture. This encourages a more concrete integration of content and form at low‐intermediate !eve(s.
A Novel Format for Teaching Spanish Grammar: Lessons from the Lecture Hall
Authors: Zyzik Eve
Published: March 2009

Abstract: This article describes a third‐year Spanish grammar course that is taught in lecture/discussion format. The course, which enrolls over 150 students each semester, provides explicit instruction during a weekly lecture and opportunities for students to engage in meaningful output and interaction during small group discussion sessions. The goal is to teach grammar as a communicative tool in which form, meaning, and use are clearly integrated (Larsen‐Freeman, 2003). The content, design, and coordination of this course are based on relevant second language acquisition research on explicit instruction and focus on form. Extensive reading is used to provide continued exposure to input and encourage students to notice grammatical features as they are used in authentic discourse. This pedagogical approach is illustrated throughout the article with examples of teaching the prepositions por and para.
Blogging: Fostering Intercultural Competence Development in Foreign Language and Study Abroad Contexts
Authors: Elola Idoia , Oskoz Ana
Published: March 2009

Abstract:An essential instructional goal in foreign language education is the enhancement of students' intercultural competence. This article reports on a study that examined how intercultural competence developed between study abroad and at home students (in Spain and the United States, respectively) who used blogs as a mediating tool over the course of a semester. The data, blogs and two questionnaires, were analyzed by applying Byram's (2000) assessment guidelines. The results showed that: (1) both study abroad and foreign language learners presented instances of intercultural competence as described in Byram's guidelines, with each group reflecting the unique characteristics of its context, and (2) blog interactions had a positive effect on the development of both groups' intercultural competence.
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Selecting Textbooks for College‐Level Language Programs
Authors: Angell John , DuBravac Stayc , Gonglewski Margaret
Published: March 2009

Abstract: This article examines the process by which college‐level foreign language programs evaluate and select instructional materials for beginning level courses. A review of the relevant literature reveals an ambivalent relationship with textbooks, often the default curriculum for language courses. Despite textbooks' apparent key role in language programs, there is a surprising lack of cohesive recommendations from the field on evaluating and selecting textbooks. Results of an informal survey illustrate how the textbook selection process, individuals involved, and individuals' satisfaction with the selection process varied across programs. Respondents with established selection processes involving more stakeholders tended to be more content with process and selection. The authors conclude that there is a need for greater transparency and a broader professional discussion of this critical matter in language learning and teaching.