bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel approach for forensic identification of automotive paints using optical coherence tomography and multivariate statistical methods
Authors: Wu Di , Wu Qiong , Lu Yifan , Wang Chengming , Yv Siyi , Wang Lei , Zeng Haoran , Sun Yijian , Li Zhigang , Gao Shuhui , Zhang Ning
Published: August 2022

Automotive paint is one of the most important evidence in solving vehicle‐related criminal cases. It contains the critical information about the suspected vehicle, providing essential clues for the investigation. In this study, a novel approach based on optical coherence tomography combined with multivariate statistical methods was proposed to facilitate rapid, accurate and nondestructive identification of different brands of automotive paints. 164 automotive paint samples from 8 different manufacturers were analyzed by a spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography system (SD‐OCT). Two‐dimensional cross‐sectional OCT images and three‐dimensional OCT reconstruction of vehicle paints of different paints were obtained to show the internal structural differences. Visual discrimination of A‐scan data after registration and averaging processing was first used to distinguish different samples. An scanning electron microscope was utilized to obtain the cross‐sectional image of the sample to evaluate the effectiveness of OCT technique. Then the original A‐scan data, first derivative data and second derivative data of 136 paints with four layers from 7 different manufacturers were collected. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA), multi‐layer perceptron (MLP), k‐nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm and Bayes discriminant analysis (BDA), were used to analyze different datasets. The results show the hybrid PCA and BDA model based on the first derivative OCT data achieved the best result of 100% accuracy on the testing dataset for identifying automotive paints. It is demonstrated that the OCT technique combined with multivariate statistics could be a promising method for identifying the automotive paints rapidly and accurately.
Empirical analysis of the relationship between labour cost stickiness and labour reforms in Spain
Authors: Argilés‐Bosch Josep Mª. , Garcia‐Blandón Josep , Ravenda Diego
Published: August 2022

This study performs an empirical analysis on the relationship between labour cost stickiness and the decrease in employment protection in the Spanish labour reforms in 2010 and 2012. Following these reforms, the sticky behaviour of labour costs substantially decreased with respect to the pre‐reform period. All constituents of total labour costs followed a similar pattern: wages, social security contributions and number of employees. Results are robust to different models, estimation methods, periods of time, and industries, as well as with respect to endogeneity concerns.
Impact of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease on reproductive and hormonal testicular function
Authors: Manfredi Celeste , Arcaniolo Davide , Amicuzi Ugo , Spirito Lorenzo , Napolitano Luigi , Crocerossa Fabio , Paoletta Marco , Gisone Stefano , Cirillo Paolo , Crocetto Felice , Bellastella Giuseppe , De Sio Marco , Imbimbo Ciro
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is an established treatment for erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease. Concerns regarding the safety of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for andrological purposes on testicular function were raised by animal studies.

Aim

To evaluate the impact of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction or Peyronie's disease on reproductive and hormonal testicular function.

Methods

We designed a prospective controlled study in which consecutive patients were enrolled. Males aged between 18 and 40 years with mild vasculogenic erectile dysfunction or acute inflammatory Peyronie's disease and normozoospermia were included. All enrolled patients were offered extracorporeal shock wave therapy, and subjects who refused extracorporeal shock wave therapy for any reason were considered as the Control group. All patients in the Intervention group were treated with DUOLITH SD1 T‐TOP by a single expert urologist. Semen analysis and serum total testosterone dosage were performed before the start (T0) and 3 months after the end of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (T1) in Intervention group. The same parameters were evaluated after the extracorporeal shock wave therapy refusal (T0) and at the end of the following 3 months (T1) in Control group. Normozoospermia was chosen as the primary outcome, serum total testosterone concentration was selected as the secondary outcome.

Results

A total of 94 patients were enrolled in the study (48 Group A, 46 Group B). At T0, all patients were normozoospermic in both groups (p = 0.563), and no significant difference in mean ± SD total testosterone levels was recorded between the groups (582.5 ± 107.2 vs. 634.6 ± 108.4 ng/dl; p = 0.221). At T1, no significant deterioration (p > 0.05) in semen parameters was recorded in both groups. Only a statistically significant reduction in seminal pH was found after extracorporeal shock wave therapy compared to baseline (7.9 ± 0.3 vs. 7.5 ± 0.2; p < 0.001) and untreated patients (7.8 ± 0.2 vs. 7.5 ± 0.2; p < 0.001). No significant difference in total testosterone levels was recorded in Intervention group after extracorporeal shock wave therapy compared to baseline (p = 0.584).

Conclusion

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease patients does not seem to affect reproductive and hormonal testicular function.
Combined oral contraceptives containing estradiol valerate vs ethinylestradiol on coagulation: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Haverinen Annina H. , Luiro Kaisu M. , Szanto Timea , Kangasniemi Marika H. , Hiltunen Leena , Sainio Susanna , Piltonen Terhi T. , Lassila Riitta , Tapanainen Juha S. , Heikinheimo Oskari
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol (EE) induce changes in the coagulation system and are associated with a risk of venous thromboembolism. However, studies comparing the effects of combined oral contraceptives containing EE and low‐potency estrogens (ie, estradiol [E2] and estradiol valerate [EV]) on coagulation biomarkers are limited. This study represents secondary outcomes of a randomized trial comparing combined oral contraceptives containing EV + dienogest (DNG), EE + DNG, and DNG alone on selected coagulation biomarkers. We could compare the specific effects of the different estrogen components owing to the inclusion of preparations containing the same progestin.

Material and methods

We enrolled 59 healthy, 18‐ to 35‐year‐old, non‐smoking women, of whom three discontinued. The participants were randomly allocated to 9 weeks of continuous treatment with EV 2 mg + DNG 2–3 mg (n = 20), EE 0.03 mg + DNG 2 mg (n = 20), or DNG 2 mg (n = 19). Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 9 weeks. We assessed coagulation in vitro by thrombin generation using the Calibrated Automated Thrombogram. Thrombin generation was evaluated by lag time, time to thrombin peak, thrombin peak, and endogenous thrombin potential in response to tissue factor (1 pm). In vivo coagulation assessment was based on levels of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) (thrombin generation) and D‐dimer (fibrin turnover). Clinical trial registration: NCT02352090.

Results

Lag time and time to thrombin peak remained unaltered after exposure to EV + DNG, whereas EE + DNG shortened both lag time (mean percentage change −24%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −32% to −15%; p < 0.01) and time to thrombin peak (−26%, 95% CI −37% to −16%; p < 0.01). EV + DNG induced lower thrombin peak and endogenous thrombin potential than EE + DNG (peak; +45%, 95% CI 22%–67% vs +147%,95% CI 96%–198%; p < 0.01, and endogenous thrombin potential; +26%, 95% CI 15%–38% vs +64%, 95% CI 51%–76%; p < 0.01). Median F1 + 2 levels remained unchanged with EV + DNG (p = 0.22) but increased within normal ranges with EE + DNG (from 152 pmol/L, 95% CI 127–206] pmol/L to 194 pmol/L, 95% CI 149–250 pmol/L, p = 0.04). The within‐group change in D‐dimer levels was not significant in any of the groups. DNG alone did not affect these biomarkers.

Conclusions

Both in vitro and in vivo thrombin generation was lower after exposure to EV + DNG compared with EE + DNG. The lower thrombin generation measures after treatment with EV + DNG indicate less enhancement of coagulation potential and suggest that EV may be favorable to EE as a component of combined oral contraceptives.
Parthanatos participates in glutamate‐mediated HT22 cell injury and hippocampal neuronal death in kainic acid‐induced status epilepticus rats
Authors: Wang Xue , Zhang Wuqiong , Ge Pengfei , Yu Miaomiao , Meng Hongmei
Published: August 2022

Aims

Epileptic seizures or status epilepticus (SE) can cause hippocampal neuronal death, which has detrimental effects. Parthanatos, a new form of programmed cell death, is characterized by hyperactivation of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1), excessive synthesis of poly ADP‐ribose polymer, mitochondrial depolarization, and nuclear translocation of apoptosis‐inducing factor, observed in various neurodegenerative disorders but rarely reported in epilepsy. We aimed to investigate whether parthanatos participates in the mechanism of seizure‐induced hippocampal neuronal death.

Methods

Glutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity cell model was used to study the mechanism of seizure‐induced cell injury. Injection of kainic acid into the amygdala was used to establish the epileptic rat model. Corresponding biochemical tests were carried out on hippocampal tissues and HT22 cells following indicated treatments.

Results

In vitro, glutamate time‐dependently induced HT22 cell death, accompanied by parthanatos‐related biochemical events. Pretreatment with PJ34 (PARP‐1 inhibitor) or small interfering RNA‐mediated PARP‐1 knockdown effectively protected HT22 cells against glutamate‐induced toxic effects and attenuated parthanatos‐related biochemical events. Application of the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) rescued HT22 cell death and reversed parthanatos‐related biochemical events. In vivo, PJ34 and NAC afforded protection against SE‐induced hippocampal neuronal damage and inhibited parthanatos‐related biochemical events.

Conclusion

Parthanatos participates in glutamate‐induced HT22 cell injury and hippocampal neuronal damage in rats following epileptic seizures. ROS might be the initiating factor during parthanatos.
Carbon dioxide limitation of benthic primary production in a boreal lake
Authors: Hamdan Mohammed , Karlsson Jan , Byström Pär , Al‐Haidarey Mohammed J. , Ask Jenny
Published: August 2022

Gross primary production (GPP) by benthic microalgae growing on soft sediments is an important contributor to lake productivity in many lakes world‐wide. As benthic microalgae have access to nutrients in the sediment they have been regarded as primarily controlled by light, while the role of CO2 as a limiting factor for benthic GPP in lake ecosystems is largely unknown.

In this study, we experimentally tested for CO2 limitation of benthic GPP by collecting littoral surface sediments, with associated benthic microalgae, from a typical boreal lake. Intact sediment cores were incubated at different depths (light conditions) after addition of dissolved inorganic (bicarbonate) or organic (DOC; glucose) carbon as direct and indirect sources of CO2, respectively.

Benthic microalgal GPP was stimulated by both dissolved inorganic carbon and DOC additions at high, but not at low, light levels.

This study shows that benthic microalgal GPP can be CO2‐limited when light is not limiting and suggests that both direct (e.g., via groundwater inflow) and indirect (via mineralisation of DOC) CO2 supply can stimulate benthic GPP.
Design details for overdose education and take‐home naloxone kits: Codesign with family medicine, emergency department, addictions medicine and community
Authors: Sellen Kate , Goso Nick , Halleran Laura , Mulvale‐Fletcher Alison , Sarmiento Felipe , Ligabue Filipe , Handford Curtis , Klaiman Michelle , Milos Geoffrey , Wright Amy , Charles Mercy , Sniderman Ruby , Hunt Richard , Parsons Janet A. , Leece Pamela , Hopkins Shaun , Shahin Rita , Jüni Peter , Morrison Laurie , Campbell Douglas M. , Strike Carol , Orkin Aaron ,   SOONER Investigators
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) programmes equip and train people who are likely to witness an opioid overdose to respond with effective first aid interventions. Despite OEND expansion across North America, overdose rates are increasing, raising questions about how to improve OEND programmes. We conducted an iterative series of codesign stakeholder workshops to develop a prototype for take‐home naloxone (THN)‐kit (i.e., two doses of intranasal naloxone and training on how to administer it).

Methods

We recruited people who use opioids, frontline healthcare providers and public health representatives to participate in codesign workshops covering questions related to THN‐kit prototypes, training on how to use it, and implementation, including refinement of design artefacts using personas and journey maps. Completed over 9 months, the workshops were audio‐recorded and transcribed with visible results of the workshops (i.e., sticky notes, sketches) archived. We used thematic analyses of these materials to identify design requirements for THN‐kits and training.

Results

We facilitated 13 codesign workshops to identify and address gaps in existing opioid overdose education training and THN‐kits and emphasize timely response and stigma in future THN‐kit design. Using an iterative process, we created 15 prototypes, 3 candidate prototypes and a final prototype THN‐kit from the synthesis of the codesign workshops.

Conclusion

The final prototype is available for a variety of implementation and evaluation processes. The THN‐kit offers an integrated solution combining ultra‐brief training animation and physical packaging of nasal naloxone to be distributed in family practice clinics, emergency departments, addiction medicine clinics and community settings.

Patient or Public Contribution

The codesign process was deliberately structured to involve community members (the public), with multiple opportunities for public contribution. In addition, patient/public participation was a principle for the management and structuring of the research team.
Experiences of patients with heart failure with medicines at transition intervention: Findings from the process evaluation of the Improving the Safety and Continuity of Medicines management at Transitions of care (ISCOMAT) programme
Authors: Powell Catherine , Ismail Hanif , Davis Maureen , Taylor Andrew , Breen Liz , Fylan Beth , Alderson Sarah L. , Gale Chris P. , Kellar Ian , Silcock Jonathan , Alldred David P.
Published: August 2022

Background

Medicines are often suboptimally managed for heart failure patients across the transition from hospital to home, potentially leading to poor patient outcomes. The Improving the Safety and Continuity Of Medicines management at Transitions of care programme included: understanding the problems faced by patients and healthcare professionals; developing and co‐designing the Medicines at Transitions of care Intervention (MaTI); a cluster randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a complex behavioural MaTI aimed at improving medicines management at the interface between hospitals discharge and community care for patients with heart failure; and a process evaluation. The MaTI included a patient‐held My Medicines Toolkit; enhanced communication between the hospital and the patient's community pharmacist and increased engagement of the community pharmacist postdischarge. This paper reports on the patients' experiences of the MaTI and its implementation from the process evaluation.

Design

Twenty one‐to‐one semi‐structured patient interviews from six intervention sites were conducted between November 2018 and January 2020. Data were analysed using the Framework method, involving patients as co‐analysts. Interview data were triangulated with routine trial data, the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and a logic model.

Results

Within the hospital setting patients engaged with the toolkit according to whether staff raised awareness of the My Medicines Toolkit's importance and the time and place of its introduction. Patients' engagement with community pharmacy depended on their awareness of the community pharmacist's role, support sources and perceptions of involvement in medicines management. The toolkit's impact on patients' medicines management at home included reassurance during gaps in care, increased knowledge of medicines, enhanced ability to monitor health and seek support and supporting sharing medicines management between formal and informal care networks.

Conclusion

Many patients perceived that the MaTI offered them support in their medicines management when transitioning from hospital into the community. Importantly, it can be incorporated into and built upon patients' lived experiences of heart failure. Key to its successful implementation is the quality of engagement of healthcare professionals in introducing the intervention.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patients were involved in the study design, as qualitative data co‐analysts and as co‐authors.
Stem cell factor/mast cell/CCL2/monocyte/macrophage axis promotes Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis and cardiac fibrosis by increasing Ly6Chigh monocyte influx and fibrogenic mediators production
Authors: Luo Yuan , Zhang Hongkai , Yu Jie , Wei Lin , Li Min , Xu Wei
Published: August 2022

Mast cells (MCs), central players in allergy and parasitic infections, play key roles in inflammation and fibrosis. Here, the impact of MCs on the progression of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)‐induced viral myocarditis (VMC) and fibrosis was investigated using MC‐deficient KitW‐sh mice. Viral titres, cellular infiltrates and heart pathologies were evaluated and compared with wild‐type (WT) mice during acute CVB3 infection of C57BL/6 mice. CVB3 infection induced an increased accumulation and degranulation of MCs in the hearts of mice during acute infection. MC‐deficient KitW‐sh mice had slightly higher viral titres, decreased VMC and cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac dysfunction compared to WT mice via decreasing cardiac influx of Ly6Chigh monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφ). While bone marrow‐derived MC reconstitution decreased viral titre and worsened improved survival and VMC severity in Wsh mice. MC‐fibroblasts co‐culture revealed a cardiac MC‐fibroblasts crosstalk during early infection: fibroblasts trigger MC degranulation and secretion of CCL2 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) via producing early stem cell factor (SCF); while MCs‐fibrogenic mediators (TNF‐α) stimulate fibroblasts to increase CCL2, α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA), collagen and transforming growth factor beta（TGFβ) expression, thus aggravating cardiac fibrosis. MCs and fibroblast‐derived CCL2s are both essential for cardiac Ly6Chigh Mo/Mφ influx. Administration of recombinant mouse SCF to CVB3‐infected mice aggravates VMC via accelerating MCs accumulation and cardiac influx of Ly6Chi Mo/Mφ. Collectively, our data highlight an early MC‐fibroblast crosstalk and SCF/MC/CCL2/Mo/Mφ axis as important mechanisms required for triggering VMC and myocardial fibrosis. This finding indicates critical roles of MCs in initiating and modulating cardiac innate response to CVB3 and has an implication in developing new and more effective treatments for VMC.
Genomic diversity, virulence and source of Campylobacter jejuni contamination in Irish poultry slaughterhouses by whole genome sequencing
Authors: Prendergast Deirdre M. , Lynch Helen , Whyte Paul , Golden Olwen , Murphy Declan , Gutierrez Montserrat , Cummins Juliana , Johnston Dayle , Bolton Declan , Coffey Aidan , Lucey Brigid , O'Connor Lisa , Byrne William
Published: August 2022

Aims

The aim was to exploit whole genome sequencing (WGS) to assess genomic diversity, identify virulence genes and deduce the proportion of Campylobacter colonized broilers that directly contaminate their carcasses.

Methods and Results

Campylobacter jejuni isolates (107) from caeca and carcass neck skin samples (50 pairs from the same batch plus 7 individual caeca) sampled at three poultry slaughterhouses over a one-year period were selected for sequencing (MiSeq; Illumina). FastQ files were submitted to BioNumerics for analysis using the wgMLST scheme for allele calling. Campylobacter cgMLST and hierarchical clustering was performed by applying the single linkage algorithm. Sequence types (STs) were determined in silico from the WGS data and isolates were assigned into clonal complexes (CCs) using the Campylobacter PubMLST.org database. Virulence genes were determined by downloading core sequences from the virulence factor database (VFDB) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A high degree of diversity was observed with 23 different STs identified. ST257 and CC-21 were the most common STs and CCs, respectively. cgMLST analysis suggested that 56% of carcass contamination was a direct result of contamination from caeca from the same batch. Virulence genes known to play a role in human C. jejuni infection were identified such as the wlaN gene and the genes associated with lipooligosaccharide synthesis, which were identified in 30% of isolates.

Conclusions

Caecal colonization was the more plausible occurring source of C. jejuni contamination of broiler carcasses, compared with cross-contamination from another batch or the environment. The high rate of genetic diversity observed amongst caecal isolates is consistent with a wide variety of Campylobacter strains circulating in poultry flocks in Ireland.

Significance and Impact of Study

The results will further inform broiler processors and regulators about the influence and importance of on-farm colonization versus slaughterhouse cross-contamination and the relationship between C. jejuni in caeca and carcasses during processing.
Perceptions and experiences of sexual violence among Chinese men who have sex with men in Hong Kong
Authors: Choi Edmond Pui Hang , Kwok Jojo Yan Yan , Choi Kitty Wai Ying , Lee Jung Jae , Lok Kris Yuet Wan , Wong Janet Yuen Ha , Fong Daniel Yee Tak , Wan Eric Yuk Fai , Wong William Chi Wai , Chow Eric Pui Fung
Published: August 2022

Aim

This study aimed to understand the perceptions and experiences of sexual violence among Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) in Hong Kong.

Design

The study adopted a qualitative descriptive design with thematic analysis.

Methods

Thirty‐one Chinese MSM were recruited in Hong Kong from May to June 2019 using purposive sampling. Individual semi‐structured interviews were conducted with the participants. The interview data were transcribed verbatim from the recordings and analysed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach.

Results

Four themes were identified: (1) different forms of sexual violence, from physical to virtual; (2) inner struggles with fears and worry; (3) low awareness and perceived risk of sexual violence – ‘it has nothing to do with me’ and (4) dilemma towards sexual violence prevention.

Conclusion

The study provided qualitative evidence regarding the experiences and perceptions of sexual violence among Chinese MSM in Hong Kong. Physical and image‐based forms of sexual violence were identified, which led the participants to experience psychological distress, fear of contracting human immunodeficiency virus/other sexually transmitted infections, notoriety within the gay community, and discrimination and stigmatization within their family and workplace. To reduce the risk of sexual violence, some participants were cautious about the venue in which they engaged in sex and the habit of sharing sexually explicit photos with others. However, some participants had low awareness and perceived risk of sexual violence.

Impacts

This study was the first to fill the research gap on sexual violence issues among Chinese MSM using dating apps in Hong Kong. The qualitative findings enhanced the scholarly understanding of Chinese MSM's perceptions and experiences of sexual violence. The study findings can help nursing staff and other healthcare professionals to develop tailored primary, secondary and tertiary sexual violence prevention programmes for MSM or beyond.
A commentary on the challenges for nurses in identifying and responding to intimate partner violence amongst gay and bisexual men
Authors: Callan Aisling , Corbally Melissa , McElvaney Rosaleen
Published: August 2022

Aim

This commentary elucidates the challenges for nurses in effectively identifying and supporting gay and bisexual men who experience intimate partner violence and offers guidance for education, training and practice to nurses when responding to patients who may be experiencing intimate partner violence.

Design

The commentary highlights issues raised by Callan et al.’s (2020) scoping review, translating the experiences of male sexual minorities undergoing abuse to a nursing context, in particular, issues such as homophobic remarks and heteronormative practices in health care and nursing‐led environments militate against the identification of individuals who may be experiencing coerced sexual risk‐taking, homophobia and sexual orientation outing.

Results

Intimate partner violence is a widespread issue that permeates across heterosexual and LGBTQ+ communities, while impressing on the everyday realities of nurses. The potential for discrimination against sexual minority patients may be offset by improving training, education and offering recommendations for nurses in how to identify IPV and how to assess risk.

Conclusions

Nurses possess essential training and transferable skills such as empathy, adaptability, active listening and diplomacy and are ideally placed to facilitate disclosure of intimate partner violence. Gaps in knowledge, training and organizational support for nurses may be effectively addressed through drawing on extant research and international best practice guidelines.

Impact

Suggestions for research, education and practice to identify gay and bisexual male survivors, intervene appropriately and avoid missed disclosure opportunities are made. We conclude with a table of recommendations with a view to enhancing the essential response of nurses in addressing intimate partner violence in marginalized communities.
A stigmatizing dilemma in the labour room: Irrationality or selfishness?
Authors: Ballesteros Virginia
Published: August 2022

Nowadays, a considerable number of women have a negative or outright traumatic birth experience. Literature shows that being involved in decision‐making and exercising autonomy are important factors in having a positive birth experience. In this article, I explore the hypothesis that some views characteristic of the biomedical model of childbirth may hinder women's involvement in decision‐making, leading them to what I have dubbed as a ‘stigmatizing dilemma’; that is, to be perceived and treated as either irrational or selfish when trying to exercise their autonomy in the labour room. I suggest that such a stigmatizing dilemma arises when the following views are uncritically and unqualifiedly endorsed: (1) childbirth is a process fraught with risk, particularly to babies; (2) labouring women's reports are unreliable and their subjective perspective does not constitute a valuable source of information; (3) medical knowledge and procedures are the safest means to give birth. In a scenario where (1)–(3) are strongly endorsed, if birthing women act according to instrumental rationality and want the best for their babies, they will be expected to just leave decisions to medical experts. Thus, not following expert directions might lead women to fall under the stigma of either irrationality or selfishness: they could be perceived and treated as either irrational, since they may not seem to seek the best means to accomplish their goal; or selfish, since they may seem to pursue goals other than the baby's health. I examine these stigmas in relation to two ideals: that of disembodied rationality and that of selfless motherhood. I also explore different ways in which the views and prejudices underlying this stigmatizing dilemma could be challenged.
What would it take to establish a take‐back scheme for fishing gear? Insights from a comparative analysis of fishing gear and beverage containers
Authors: Nogueira Leticia Antunes , Kringelum Louise Brøns , Olsen Julia , Jørgensen Finn Arne , Vangelsten Bjørn Vidar
Published: August 2022

The problem of marine litter represents a significant global challenge and illustrates the harmful consequences of an economic model that is based on disposability. The seafood sector is not only among the culprits, but is also among the most affected by this threat to the marine environment. Earlier research has pointed to fishing gear take‐back schemes as a measure to mitigate the problem, and policymakers have embraced the idea. The Norwegian scheme for beverage containers has been hailed as a benchmark for the application of Extended Producer Responsibility. Through the lens of business ecosystems, we draw parallels between the existing take‐back scheme for beverage containers and the latent system for fishing gear to answer the question: “What would it take to establish a take‐back scheme for fishing gear?”We elaborate upon four factors that are well established for beverage container take‐back schemes, but lacking or unclear in the case of fishing gear: (i) politico‐institutional support, (ii) the system's value proposition, (iii) the system integrator, and (iv) operational factors (i.e., a network of collection points and procedures, and material variety and complexity). Our findings highlight that when innovations are not based on the usual market mechanisms, unconventional conceptualizations of value itself and how value is mapped and distributed are required. Meaningful engagement of the private sector depends upon either explicit articulation of value capture or policy instruments to enforce responsibility; both are currently either unclear or lacking in the context of fishing gear.
Cross‐talk between neurosteroid and endocannabinoid systems in cannabis addiction
Authors: Raux Pierre‐Louis , Vallée Monique
Published: August 2022

Steroids and endocannabinoids are part of two modulatory systems and some evidence has shown their interconnections in several functions. Homeostasis is a common steady‐state described in the body, which is settled by regulatory systems to counterbalance deregulated or allostatic set points towards an equilibrium. This regulation is of primary significance in the central nervous system for maintaining neuronal plasticity and preventing brain‐related disorders. In this context, the recent discovery of the shutdown of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) overload by the neurosteroid pregnenolone has highlighted new endogenous mechanisms of ECS regulation related to cannabis‐induced intoxication. These mechanisms involve a regulatory loop mediated by overactivation of the central type‐1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R), which triggers the production of its own regulator, pregnenolone. Therefore, this highlights a new process of regulation of steroidogenesis in the brain. Pregnenolone, long considered an inactive precursor of neurosteroids, can then act as an endogenous negative allosteric modulator of CB1R. The present review aims to shed light on a new framework for the role of ECS in the addictive characteristics of cannabis with the novel endogenous mechanism of ECS involving the neurosteroid pregnenolone. In addition, this new endogenous regulatory loop could provide a relevant therapeutic model in the current context of increasing recreational and medical use of cannabis.
Mechanistic insights into the primary and secondary alterations of renal ion and water transport in the distal nephron
Authors: Tabibzadeh Nahid , Crambert Gilles
Published: August 2022

The kidneys, by equilibrating the outputs to the inputs, are essential for maintaining the constant volume, pH, and electrolyte composition of the internal milieu. Inability to do so, either because of internal kidney dysfunction (primary alteration) or because of some external factors (secondary alteration), leads to pathologies of varying severity, leading to modification of these parameters and affecting the functions of other organs. Alterations of the functions of the collecting duct (CD), the most distal part of the nephron, have been extensively studied and have led to a better diagnosis, better management of the related diseases, and the development of therapeutic tools. Thus, dysfunctions of principal cell–specific transporters such as ENaC or AQP2 or its receptors (mineralocorticoid or vasopressin receptors) caused by mutations or by compounds present in the environment (lithium, antibiotics, etc.) have been demonstrated in a variety of syndromes (Liddle, pseudohypoaldosteronism type‐1, diabetes insipidus, etc.) affecting salt, potassium, and water balance. In parallel, studies on specific transporters (H+‐ATPase, anion exchanger 1) in intercalated cells have revealed the mechanisms of related tubulopathies like distal renal distal tubular acidosis or Sjögren syndrome. In this review, we will recapitulate the mechanisms of most of the primary and secondary alteration of the ion transport system of the CD to provide a better understanding of these diseases and highlight how a targeted perturbation may affect many different pathways due to the strong crosstalk and entanglements between the different actors (transporters, cell types).
Effect of different cleansing methods on the artificially aged bond strength of resin to contaminated zirconia: A systematic review
Authors: Feiz Atiyeh , Rastghalam Niki , Swift Edward J.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The aim of this review was to evaluate studies investigating the effect of cleansing methods on the artificially aged bond strength of resin to contaminated zirconia restorations and determine which cleansing method of contaminated zirconia for resin bonding improvement is more efficient.

Methods

An electronic search of published studies in English language was carried out until July 2021 on Scopus, Web of Science, and Medline databases. Data from in vitro studies involving the evaluation of the artificially aged bond strength of resin to contaminated zirconia following different cleansing methods were included. In vitro studies in which samples were not subjected to at least 5000 thermocycles, were excluded.

Results

Of 162 articles retrieved initially, 19 were eligible to be included in the systematic review, of which 5 articles were excluded. Therefore, the final sample was 14 in vitro studies. All of the included studies for air abrasion suggested this method as an effective cleansing method, but 6 of 8 included studies reported cleaning paste (Ivoclean) as an effective cleansing method. All of the included studies for NaOCl and a cleaning gel (AD Gel) reported their efficacy. Finally, the results of included studies showed the ineffectiveness of phosphoric acid, water, isopropanol, enzymatic detergents, hydrogen peroxide, and acetone.

Conclusions

Air abrasion has been reported as an effective cleansing method to improve the bond strength of resin to contaminated zirconia. To improve the effectiveness of cleaning paste in resin bonding, another efficient cleansing method should be followed after this method. However, the superior cleaning potential of air abrasion rather than cleaning paste has been reported. Sodium hypochlorite and cleaning gel seem to be as effective as air abrasion, but extensive water‐rinsing is necessary after the application of these cleaning agents.
Species traits interact with stress level to determine intraspecific facilitation and competition
Authors: Sarneel Judith M. , Hefting Mariet M. , Visser Eric J. W. , Díaz‐Sierra Rubén , Voesenek Laurentius A. C. J. , Kowalchuk George A.
Published: August 2022

Questions

Flooding and drought stress are expected to increase significantly across the world and plant responses to these abiotic changes may be mediated by plant–plant interactions. Stress tolerance and recovery often require a biomass investment that may have consequences for these plant–plant interactions. Therefore, we questioned whether phenotypic plasticity in response to flooding and drought affected the balance between competition and facilitation for species with specific adaptations to drought or flooding.

Location

Utrecht University.

Methods

Stem elongation, root porosity, root:shoot ratio and biomass production were measured for six species during drought, well‐drained and submerged conditions when grown alone or together with conspecifics. We quantified competition and facilitation as the ‘neighbour intensity effect’ directly after the 10‐day treatment and again after a seven‐day recovery period in well‐drained conditions.

Results

Water stress, planting density and species identity interactively affected standardized stem elongation in a way that could lead to facilitation during submergence for species that preferably grow in wet soils. Root porosity was affected by the interaction between neighbour presence and time‐step. Plant traits were only slightly affected during drought. The calculated neighbour interaction effect indicated facilitation for wetland species during submerged conditions and, after a period to recover from flooding, for species that prefer dry habitats.

Conclusions

Our results imply that changing plant–plant interactions in response to submergence and to a lesser extent to drought should be considered when predicting vegetation dynamics due to changing hydroclimatic regimes. Moreover, facilitation during a recovery period may enable species maladapted to flooding to persist.
Environment shapes tree community traits in China's forests
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Tu , Yan Yujing , Guo Qiang , Guo Yanpei , Sheremetiev Serge N. , Tang Zhiyao
Published: August 2022

Question

Environmental filtering plays an important role in plant community assembly. To what extent does the broad‐scale environment influence the functional composition of woody plants in China's forests? Is there stronger trait convergence under harsher environmental conditions?

Location

China.

Methods

We characterized community traits and their relationships to climate and soil, using a data set with 1312 plots of tree communities composed of 1591 tree species and 10 functional traits across China. Using quadratic models, we explored how community traits change with different environmental factors.

Results

Trait spectra at the species level and the community level were significantly correlated, and the first two principal components captured 74.5% of the variation in community‐weighted mean traits. The trait spectra showed a clear elevational pattern and varied along climate and soil gradients. Compared with random expectations, the multi‐trait functional diversity showed a divergence pattern on poor soils at the plot scale.

Conclusions

Two well‐known dimensions, the leaf economics spectrum and size‐related spectrum, could be extended from the species level to the community level. Environment, especially climate conditions, drives the trait spectra and their elevational patterns at the broad scale, indicating environmental filtering might shape the trait composition of tree communities in China. However, stronger environmental filtering does not occur under harsher environmental conditions.
Variable hybridization between two Lake Tanganyikan cichlid species in recent secondary contact
Authors: Lewanski Alexander L. , Golcher‐Benavides Jimena , Rick Jessica A. , Wagner Catherine E.
Published: August 2022

Closely related taxa frequently exist in sympatry before the evolution of robust reproductive barriers, which can lead to substantial gene flow. Post‐divergence gene flow can promote several disparate trajectories of divergence ranging from the erosion of distinctiveness and eventual collapse of the taxa to the strengthening of reproductive isolation. Among many relevant factors, understanding the demographic history of divergence (e.g. divergence time and extent of historical gene flow) can be particularly informative when examining contemporary gene flow between closely related taxa because this history can influence gene flow's prevalence and consequences. Here, we used genotyping‐by‐sequencing data to investigate speciation and contemporary hybridization in two closely related and sympatrically distributed Lake Tanganyikan cichlid species in the genus Petrochromis. Demographic modelling supported a speciation scenario involving divergence in isolation followed by secondary contact with bidirectional gene flow. Further investigation of this recent gene flow found evidence of ongoing hybridization between the species that varied in extent between different co‐occurring populations. Relationships between abundance and the degree of admixture across populations suggest that the availability of conspecific mates may influence patterns of hybridization. These results, together with the observation that sets of recently diverged cichlid taxa are generally geographically separated in the lake, suggest that ongoing speciation in Lake Tanganyikan cichlids relies on initial spatial isolation. Additionally, the spatial heterogeneity of admixture between the Petrochromis species illustrates the complexities of hybridization when species are in recent secondary contact.
Together or not together: Paving the way to boundary crossing
Authors: van Duin Titia S. , de Carvalho Filho Marco Antonio
Published: August 2022

The authors discuss how interprofessional education could ease the transition into collaborative practice by laying the foundation for interprofessional boundary crossing, suggesting that virtual IPE be used to nurture interprofessional feedback‐seeking behaviours.
Effects of awake‐prone positioning on oxygenation and physiological outcomes in non‐intubated patients with COVID‐19: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Othman Sahar Younes , El‐Menshawy Ahmed M. , Mohamed Alaa M.
Published: August 2022

Background

Prone positioning is a well‐known supportive approach for increasing oxygenation and reducing mortality in non‐COVID‐19 patients with moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, studies highlighting the effects of proning in patients with COVID‐19 are limited.

Aim

To investigate the effects of awake‐prone positioning (APP) on oxygenation and physiological outcomes in non‐intubated patients with COVID‐19.

Study Design

A randomized controlled trial was carried out with two parallel groups at 1:1 ratio.

Adult awake non‐intubated patients with confirmed COVID‐19, non‐rebreathing face mask or continuous positive airway pressure, PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤150 mmHg were randomly assigned to the APP group or control group. The control group was subjected to conventional positioning interventions. Outcome measures were PaO2/FiO2 ratio, ROX index, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and shock index. These parameters were recorded immediately before positioning, 10 min after patient positioning, and 1 h after patient positioning.

Results

Of 115 patients assessed for eligibility, 82 were randomized to the APP group or control group (41 patients in each group). The use of APP for non‐intubated patients with COVID‐19 resulted in statistically significant improvements in oxygenation parameters, that is, SpO2, PaO2/FiO2, ROX index, PaO2, and SaO2, at the three study time points (p = .000, .007, .000, .011, and .000 respectively). The SpO2 was increased to 92.15 ± 2.735 mmHg for the APP group versus 88.17 ± 4.847 for the control group after 1 h of patients' positioning. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio increased in the APP group before proning compared with 1 h after proning (79.95 ± 22.508 vs. 98.91 ± 34.44) respectively. APP improved the SpO2, PaO2/FiO2, ROX index, PaO2, and SaO2 values for the APP group, representing an increase of 5.85%, 23.71%, 30.79%, 22.59%, and 5.26%, respectively.

Conclusion

Awake proning in non‐intubated patients with COVID‐19 showed marked improvement in oxygenation and physiological parameters.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

This study provides evidence for critical care nurses to implement APP in non‐intubated patients with COVID‐19 to improve oxygenation and physiological parameters, as it was tolerated by most of the patients without serious adverse events.
Bring me my alcohol!—On the continuum of pleasure and pain
Authors: Christiansen Regina , Nielsen Anette S.
Published: August 2022

Alcohol use has been recognized as a challenge in eldercare and social care, and some anticipate that problems related to alcohol use will increase in the future as the current adult generation has high alcohol consumption rates. Accordingly, it is suggested that care workers are at risk of becoming passive bystanders to the destructive lifestyles of vulnerable older adults and even facilitating these lifestyles. In the present paper, we suggest that alcohol exacerbates and underscores inherent difficulties in eldercare, such as finding an appropriate balance between the personal freedom of the older adult and the responsibility of the care worker to provide care. The specific focus in the paper regard the communication and interaction involving values between people in eldercare in cases of problematic alcohol‐related situations to uncover the difficulties. We found it noteworthy that the objectives and perspectives of older adults, care workers, managers and relatives have implications regarding their interactions and communications because their varying experiences involve values that are not necessarily aligned. Sometimes, care workers have no choice but to act against what, in the public sphere and to the other care workers, is ruled out by virtue of their professional ethics. It is suggested that care workers describe and judge situations where alcohol is present paradoxically by virtue of their professional ethics, yet regulate their care to preserve the dignity of older adults, even when they find the situation to be an apparent dilemma.
Posterior Surgery in the Treatment of Craniovertebral Junction Deformity with Torticollis
Authors: Du Jinpeng , Gao Xiangcheng , Huang Yunfei , Yang Xiaobin , Zheng Bolong , Liu Zhongkai , Hui Hua , Gao Lin , Wu Jiayuan , Zhao Zhigang , He Baorong , Yan Liang , Hao Dingjun
Published: August 2022

Objective

To investigate the clinical effect of posterior surgery in the treatment of craniovertebral junction (CVJ) deformities with torticollis and methods for preventing and treating complications in order to obtain a reasonable treatment strategy.

Methods

From January 2007 to December 2017, 78 patients who suffered from CVJ deformities with torticollis treated by posterior surgery were analyzed. The surgical techniques were all posterior correction and fusion to restore the anatomical alignment of the craniovertebral junction. The visual analog score (VAS) and Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) health survey questionnaire were utilized to evaluate preoperative and postoperative neck pain, and changes in the torticollis angle and atlas‐dens interval (ADI) were evaluated through anteroposterior X‐ray and computed tomography. Intra‐ and postoperative complications were all recorded. One‐way ANOVA, LSD‐t test, and χ2 test were performed to evaluate the difference between the preoperative and postoperative data.

Results

The mean follow‐up time was 37.4 ± 15.7 months, the average operation time was 115.6 ± 12.8 min, and the average blood loss was 170.8 ± 26.3 mL. According to the deformity site, the range of posterior correction and fusion was as follows: 38 cases of C1–C2, 33 cases of C0–C2, and seven cases of C0–C3. The preoperative SF‐36, VAS, torticollis angle, and ADI were 42.6 ± 8.8, 4.8 ± 1.1, 37.2 ± 11.2°, and 4.9 ± 2.3 mm, respectively. The difference was significant at 3 months post operation (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference at the final follow‐up compared with 3 months post operation (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

It can objectively achieve favorable correction and satisfactory clinical effects under posterior correction and fixation for CVJ deformities with torticollis. Intra‐ and postoperative complications can be settled by proper management.