bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rice bran proteins and their hydrolysates modulate cholesterol metabolism in mice on hypercholesterolemic diets
Authors: Zhang Huijuan , Wang Jing , Liu Yingli , Gong Lingxiao , Sun Baoguo
Published: May 2016

The hypolipidemic properties of defatted rice bran protein (DRBP), fresh rice bran protein (FRBP), DRBP hydrolysates (DRBPH), and FRBP hydrolysates (FRBPH) were determined in mice on high fat diets for four weeks.
Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide via toll-like receptor 4–mitogen-activated protein kinases–nuclear factor κB pathways
Authors: Ma Xiaolei , Meng Meng , Han Lirong , Cheng Dai , Cao Xiaohong , Wang Chunling
Published: May 2016

We isolated a neutral polysaccharide from the fruiting body of a mushroom Grifola frondosa (GFP-A).
Dynamics of molecular emission features from nanosecond, femtosecond laser and filament ablation plasmas
Authors: Harilal S. S. , Yeak J. , Brumfield B. E. , Suter J. D. , Phillips M. C.
Published: May 2016

The evolutionary paths of molecular and nanoparticle formation in laser ablation plumes are not well understood due to the complexity of numerous physical processes that occur simultaneously in a transient laser-produced plasma system.
Open PHACTS computational protocols for in silico target validation of cellular phenotypic screens: knowing the knowns
Authors: Digles D. , Zdrazil B. , Neefs J.-M. , Van Vlijmen H. , Herhaus C. , Caracoti A. , Brea J. , Roibás B. , Loza M. I. , Queralt-Rosinach N. , Furlong L. I. , Gaulton A. , Bartek L. , Senger S. , Chichester C. , Engkvist O. , Evelo C. T. , Franklin N. I. , Marren D. , Ecker G. F. , Jacoby E.
Published: May 2016

Six computational protocols to annotate phenotypic screens.
Target-selective photo-degradation of a sialyl Lewis a (sLea) conjugate and photo-cytotoxicity against sLeapositive cancer cells using an anthraquinone-antibody hybrid
Authors: Takahashi Daisuke , Nagao Takashi , Sotokawa Shota , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: May 2016

A purpose-designed anthraquinone–monoclonal antibody (anti-sialyl Lewis A (sLea) mAb) hybrid6selectively bound to and effectively degraded the target glycoprotein, HSA (human serum albumin)–sLeaconjugate4.
Diffusion as a function of guest molecule length and functionalization in flexible metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Zheng B. , Wang L. L. , Du L. , Pan Y. , Lai Z. , Huang K.-W. , Du H. L.
Published: May 2016

Understanding guest diffusion in nanoporous host–guest systems is crucial in the efficient design of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for chemical separation and drug delivery applications.
Iron-mediated oxidative C–H coupling of arenes and alkenes directed by sulfur: an expedient route to dihydrobenzofurans
Authors: Cavanagh Craig W. , Aukland Miles H. , Laurent Quentin , Hennessy Alan , Procter David J.
Published: May 2016

A route to medicinally-relevant dihydrobenzofurans utilises a sulfur-directed, iron-mediated C–H ortho-coupling of arenes and alkenes, and a palladium-catalysed heterocyclisation.
Electrical switching of photoluminescence of single site‐controlled InAs quantum dots
Authors: Schramm A. , Koski E. , Kontio J.M. , Tommila J. , Hakkarainen T.V. , Lupo D. , Guina M.
Published: May 2016

Voltage‐controlled photoluminescence (PL) switching is demonstrated for single site‐controlled InAs quantum dots (QDs) embedded in Schottky–i–n diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy on nanoimprint lithography patterned GaAs templates. The PL emission was quenched by applying a voltage over the diode structure due to the increased tunnelling rate of charge carriers out of the QDs.
Sicherheitsdienste in Kliniken: Antwort auf Verrohung und Terrorgefahr
Authors: vom Lehn Birgitta
Published: May 2016

Immer mehr Kliniken sorgen sich um ihre Angestellten und stellen Sicherheitspersonal ein. „Allgemeine Verrohung“, „Probleme mit Männern aus anderen Kulturen“ und „Terrorgefahr“ nennen Klinikmitarbeiter als Gründe für das neue Sicherheitsbedürfnis.
Zweitmeinungen: „Es muss so einfach wie Online-Banking sein“
Authors: Kremers Marcus
Published: May 2016

Die Krankenhausreform soll helfen, Zweitmeinungen zu etablieren. Die Kassen werben bereits mit der Zweitmeinung – und vor allem: Sie zahlen auch dafür. Für Kliniken eröffnet sich eine riesige Einnahmequelle. Wie Krankenhäuser von diesem Boom-Markt profitieren können, erläutert Marcus Kremers.
Wettbewerb um Talente: Eine starke Arbeitgebermarke bindet Mitarbeiter
Authors: Napp Barbara
Published: May 2016

Personalnot und Fachkräftemangel sind in aller Munde. Es wird von einem „War for Talents“ gesprochen.
Towards a value theory for personal data
Authors: Spiekermann Sarah , Korunovska Jana
Published: May 2016

Analysts, investors and entrepreneurs have recognized the value of personal data for Internet economics. Personal data is viewed as ‘the oil’ of the digital economy. Yet, ordinary people are barely aware of this. Marketers collect personal data at minimal cost in exchange for free services. But will this be possible in the long term, especially in the face of privacy concerns? Little is known about how users really value their personal data. In this paper, we build a user-centered value theory for personal data. On the basis of a survey experiment with 1269 Facebook users, we identify core constructs that drive the value of volunteered personal data. We find that privacy concerns are less influential than expected and influence data value mainly when people become aware of data markets. In fact, the consciousness of data being a tradable asset is the single most influential factor driving willingness-to-pay for data. Furthermore, we find that people build a sense of psychological ownership for their data and hence value it more. Finally, our value theory helps to unveil market design mechanisms that will influence how personal data markets thrive: First, we observe a majority of users become reactant if they are consciously deprived of control over their personal data; many drop out of the market. We therefore advice companies to consider user-centered data control tools to have them participate in personal data markets. Second, we find that in order to create scarcity in the market, centralized IT architectures (reducing multiple data copies) may be beneficial.
Influence of abiotic stress preconditioning on antioxidant enzymes in shoot tips of Lomandra sonderi (Asparagaceae) prior to cryostorage
Authors: Funnekotter B. , Sortey A. , Bunn E. , Turner S. R. , Mancera R. L.
Published: May 2016

Lomandra sonderi (F.Muell.) Ewart (Asparagaceae) is endemic to the south-west Western Australian jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest region, and is a difficult to propagate species important to post-mining restoration. Micropropagation is the only way to currently produce plants of this species for restoration. This study describes investigations into optimising cryopreservation for efficient long-term germplasm storage. In order to investigate the effect of preconditioning on post-cryogenic survival of shoot tips, in vitro grown plants were exposed to a range of light-, temperature- and osmotic-induced preconditioning treatments under culture room conditions for 3 weeks. Room temperature (24°C) preconditioning resulted in the greatest post-cryogenic survival, followed by low light (17 µmol m–2 s–1) preconditioning. Alternating temperature (25/5°C), high temperature (35°C), high sucrose (180 mM) and high light (93 µmol m–2 s–1) preconditioning treatments all led to significantly and progressively lower post-cryogenic shoot tip survival than room temperature preconditioning. Antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase in preconditioned shoot tips showed a positive correlation to post-cryogenic survival overall, whereas the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase showed little correlation. Analysis throughout the cryopreservation protocol showed that the activity of glutathione reductase decreased significantly after cryopreservation, whilst the activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase did not change.
Body size is negatively correlated with trophic position among cyprinids
Authors: Burress Edward D. , Holcomb Jordan M. , Bonato Karine Orlandi , Armbruster Jonathan W.
Published: May 2016

Body size has many ecological and evolutionary implications that extend across multiple levels of organization. Body size is often positively correlated with species traits such as metabolism, prey size and trophic position (TP) due to physiological and mechanical constraints. We used stable isotope analysis to quantify TP among minnows across multiple assemblages that differed in their species composition, diversity and food web structure. Body size significantly predicted TP across different lineages and assemblages, and indicated a significant negative relationship. The observed negative relationship between body size and TP is contrary to conventional knowledge, and is likely to have arisen owing to highly clade-specific patterns, such that clades consist of either large benthic species or small pelagic species. Cyprinids probably subvert the physiological and mechanical constraints that generally produce a positive relationship between body size and TP using anatomical modifications and by consuming small-bodied prey, respectively. The need for herbivorous cyprinids to digest cellulose-rich foods probably selected for larger bodies to accommodate longer intestinal tracts and thereby to facilitate digestion of nutrient-poor resources, such as algae. Therefore, body size and TP are likely to have coevolved in cyprinids in association with specialization along the benthic to pelagic resource axis.
Adaptation in isolated populations: when does it happen and when can we tell?
Authors: Crisci Jessica L. , Dean Matthew D. , Ralph Peter
Published: May 2016

Isolated populations with novel phenotypes present an exciting opportunity to uncover the genetic basis of ecologically significant adaptation, and genomic scans for positive selection in such populations have often, but not always, led to candidate genes directly related to an adaptive phenotype. However, in many cases these populations were established by a severe bottleneck, which can make identifying targets of selection problematic. Here we simulate severe bottlenecks and subsequent selection on standing variation, mimicking adaptation after establishment of a new small population, such as an island or an artificial selection experiment. Using simulations of single loci under positive selection and population genetics theory, we examine how population size and age of the population isolate affects the ability of outlier scans for selection to identify adaptive alleles using both single site measures and haplotype structure. We find and explain an optimal combination of selection strength, starting frequency, and age of the adaptive allele, which we refer to as a Goldilocks zone, where adaptation is likely to occur, and yet the adaptive variants are most likely to derive from a single ancestor (a “hard” selective sweep); in this zone, four commonly used statistics detect selection with high power. Real-world examples of both island colonization and experimental evolution studies are discussed. Our study provides concrete considerations to be made before embarking on whole genome sequencing of differentiated populations.
Use of multiple picosecond high-mass molecular dynamics simulations to predict crystallographic B-factors of folded globular proteins
Authors: Pang Yuan-Ping
Published: May 2016

Predicting crystallographic B-factors of a protein from a conventional molecular dynamics simulation is challenging in part because the B-factors calculated through sampling the atomic positional fluctuations in a picosecond molecular dynamics simulation are unreliable and the sampling of a longer simulation yields overly large root mean square deviations between calculated and experimental B-factors. This article reports improved B-factor prediction achieved by sampling the atomic positional fluctuations in multiple picosecond molecular dynamics simulations that use uniformly increased atomic masses by 100-fold to increase time resolution. Using the third immunoglobulin-binding domain of protein G, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, ubiquitin, and lysozyme as model systems, the B-factor root mean square deviations (mean ± standard error) of these proteins were 3.1 ± 0.2–9 ± 1 Å2for Cα and 7.3 ± 0.9–9.6 ± 0.2 Å2for Cγ, when the sampling was done, for each of these proteins, over 20 distinct, independent, and 50-picosecond high-mass molecular dynamics simulations using AMBER forcefield FF12MC or FF14SB. These results suggest that sampling the atomic positional fluctuations in multiple picosecond high-mass molecular dynamics simulations may be conducive toa prioriprediction of crystallographic B-factors of a folded globular protein.
On the evolutionary origins of equity
Authors: Debove Stéphane , Baumard Nicolas , André Jean-Baptiste
Published: May 2016

Equity, defined as reward according to contribution, is considered a central aspect of human fairness in both philosophical debates and scientific research. Despite large amounts of research on the evolutionary origins of fairness, the evolutionary rationale behind equity is still unknown. Here, we investigate how equity can be understood in the context of the cooperative environment in which humans evolved. We model a population of individuals who cooperate to produce and divide a resource, and choose their cooperative partners based on how they are willing to divide the resource. Agent-based simulations, an analytical model, and extended simulations using neural networks provide converging evidence that equity is the best evolutionary strategy in such an environment: individuals maximize their fitness by dividing benefits in proportion to their own and their partners’ relative contribution. The need to be chosen as a cooperative partner thus creates a selection pressure strong enough to explain the evolution of preferences for equity. We discuss the limitations of our model, the discrepancies between its predictions and empirical data, and how interindividual and intercultural variability fit within this framework.
Automatic classification of behavior in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Jouary Adrien , Sumbre German
Published: May 2016

Zebrafish larvae navigate the environment by discrete episode of propulsion called bouts. We introduce a novel method for automatically classifying tail bouts. A supervised soft-clustering algorithm to categorize tail bouts into 5 categories of movements: Scoot, Asymmetrical Scoot, Routine Turn, C Bend and Burst. Tail bouts were correctly classified with 82% chance while errors in the classification occurred mostly between similar categories. Although previous studies have performed categorization of behavior in free-swimming conditions, our method does not rely on the analysis of the larva’s trajectory and is thus compatible with both free-swimming and functional imaging in head-fixed condition.
A cellular and regulatory map of the GABAergic nervous system ofC. elegans
Authors: Gendrel Marie , Atlas Emily G. , Hobert Oliver
Published: May 2016

Neurotransmitter maps are important complements to anatomical maps and represent an invaluable resource to understand how signals are transmitted throughout the nervous system and how a nervous system is developmentally patterned. We report here a comprehensive map of neurons in theC. elegansnervous system that contain the neurotransmitter GABA, revealing twice as many GABA-positive neuron classes as previously reported. We define previously unknown glia-like cells that reuptake GABA, as well as “GABA reuptake neurons” which do not synthesize GABA but take it up from the extracellular environment. We used the map of GABA-positive neurons for a comprehensive analysis of transcriptional regulators that define the GABA phenotype. We synthesize our findings of specification of GABAergic neurons with previous reports on the specification of glutamatergic and cholinergic neurons into a nervous system-wide regulatory map which defines neurotransmitter specification mechanisms for more than half of all neuron classes inC. elegans.
Preclinical studies of VS‐505: a non‐absorbable highly effective phosphate binder
Authors: Wu‐Wong J Ruth , Chen Yung‐wu , Wong Jonathan T , Wessale Jerry L
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose

Phosphate imbalance is often present in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it contributes to a higher cardiovascular mortality rate. A phosphate binder is typically part of a treatment strategy for controlling phosphate imbalance. However, safety concerns and low compliance are two well‐recognized disadvantages of on‐market phosphate binders. This report describes the preclinical studies of VS‐505, a non‐absorbable, calcium‐ and aluminum‐free, plant‐derived polymer currently being evaluated in haemodialysis patients in Australia.

Experimental Approach

Normal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats or uraemic SD rats induced by 5/6 nephrectomy fed a high‐phosphate diet were treated with VS‐505 or sevelamer (0.05–10% in food) for 5 and 28 days respectively.

Key Results

Urinary and serum phosphate levels were significantly elevated in untreated rats, and were decreased by VS‐505 and sevelamer. VS‐505 increased faecal phosphate levels in a dose‐dependent manner. High‐phosphate diet also caused an increase in serum FGF‐23 and parathyroid hormone in nephrectomized (NX) rats, effects prevented by VS‐505 or sevelamer. Significant aortic calcification was observed in NX rats treated with 5% sevelamer, whereas VS‐505 at all doses tested did not show effects. VS‐505 had no effects on small intestine histomorphology and intestinal sodium‐dependent phosphate cotransporter gene expression. In vitro characterizations showed that VS‐505 has a relatively high density and low expansion volume when exposed to simulated gastric fluid.

Conclusions and Implications

VS‐505 is a safe and effective phosphate binder and may offer the advantage of having a reduced pill burden and minimal GI side effects for CKD patients.
Guidelines for the follow‐up of patients undergoing bariatric surgery
Authors: O'Kane Mary , Parretti Helen M , Hughes Carly A , Sharma Manisha , Woodcock Sean , Puplampu Tamara , Blakemore Alexandra I , Clare Kenneth , MacMillan Iris , Joyce Jacqueline , Sethi Su , Barth Julian H
Published: May 2016

Bariatric surgery can facilitate weight loss and improvement in medical comorbidities. It has a profound impact on nutrition, and patients need access to follow‐up and aftercare. NICE CG189 Obesity emphasized the importance of a minimum of 2 years follow‐up in the bariatric surgical service and recommended that following discharge from the surgical service, there should be annual monitoring as part of a shared care model of chronic disease management. NHS England Obesity Clinical Reference Group commissioned a multi‐professional subgroup, which included patient representatives, to develop bariatric surgery follow‐up guidelines. Terms of reference and scope were agreed upon. The group members took responsibility for different sections of the guidelines depending on their areas of expertise and experience. The quality of the evidence was rated and strength graded. Four different shared care models were proposed, taking into account the variation in access to bariatric surgical services and specialist teams across the country. The common features include annual review, ability for a GP to refer back to specialist centre, submission of follow‐up data to the national data base to NBSR. Clinical commissioning groups need to ensure that a shared care model is implemented as patient safety and long‐term follow‐up are important.
SEPARATING EFFICIENCY AND EQUALITY, AUTOMATION, AND PIKETTY'S THEORY OF INCREASING CAPITAL SHARE
Authors: Ng Yew‐Kwang
Published: May 2016

Despite disincentive effects, it is more efficient to tackle inequality by general equality promotion policies, including tax/transfers, than by trying to pursue equality in specific issues or policies. The latter policy also has the same degree of disincentive effects as the general policy but has additional distortive effects. While Piketty' concern with inequality is well taken and his proposal to reduce inequality has merits, his argument on the inevitability of increasing capital share under capitalism and the condition of rate of returns to capital being larger than the rate of growth in incomes (r > g) is not correct. (JEL D3, D6, H)
ADDRESSING THE FORCES DRIVING INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Diamond Peter A.
Published: May 2016

Presentation of multiple dimensions of current inequality in the United States, with some discussion of some causes and some policy issues. (JEL D3)
Solute‐Transport Predictive Uncertainty in Alternative Water Supply, Storage, and Treatment Systems
Authors: Maliva Robert G. , Barnes David , Coulibaly Kapo , Guo Weixing , Missimer Thomas M.
Published: May 2016

Alternative water supply, storage, and treatment (AWSST) systems, which utilize aquifers to supply, store, and naturally treat water, are increasingly being implemented globally to address water scarcity and safety. The failure of some AWSST systems to meet water quality expectations was caused by conceptual model error, in which local hydrogeological conditions were less favorable than recognized or considered during project feasibility assessments, economic analyses, and design. More successful implementation of AWSST projects requires that conceptual model error be explicitly and rigorously addressed. Recommended approaches to addressing conceptual model uncertainty include more detailed aquifer characterization, recognition of a wide suite of possible alternative conceptual models, and then screening the models as to whether or not they are plausible and relevant in terms of materially impacting predictive results. Subjective professional judgement remains the basis for assigning probabilities to relevant conceptual models (contingencies).
Family Structure and the Well-Being of Immigrant Children in Four European Countries
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs
Published: May 2016

Data on secondary school children in England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden show that large differences exist in family structure within the minority population: In some groups, father absence is more common than among natives; in others, it is less common. These patterns reflect the differences in family structure in the origin countries, but the migration process also plays a role. Next, it is found that father absence has negative effects on immigrant children's well-being, but these effects appear weaker in minority groups where father absence is more common. Heterogeneous effects are interpreted in terms of different degrees of institutionalization of father absence in different minority groups.
Anchoring Legal Standards
Authors: Feldman Yuval , Schurr Amos , Teichman Doron
Published: May 2016

This article presents the first empirical study on whether anchors influence the interpretation of vague legal standards. To test this question, the article presents a series of stylized experiments that measure and compare participants’ interpretation of a vague norm after they were exposed to anchors. Overall, the results suggest that the content of substantive legal rules might be altered by anchors. This effect is documented in numerous legal settings (e.g., torts, corporate, copyright) and across both expert (i.e., experienced lawyers) and nonexpert (i.e., students) populations. Furthermore, the effect is shown to exist both when participants express judgments on a numeric scale and when they make dichotomous judgments that are detached from that scale. Based on these findings, the article revisits several long‐standing legal debates and reevaluates their conclusions.
Detailed Simulation of Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer in Coffee Bean Roaster
Authors: Chiang Chao‐Ching , Wu Dai‐Yuan , Kang Dun‐Yen
Published: May 2016

This work presents finite‐element‐method‐based simulations of fluid dynamics and heat transfer in a practical coffee bean roaster. The source of heat and air speed at the exhaust window were identified as critical operating parameters affecting the temperature and air speed distribution in the roaster. Quantitative analysis was conducted to elucidate the relationships among the power of heat source, air speed at the exhaust window, temperature and air speed profiles within the roaster chamber. The resulting air speed distribution values were then used to simulate the transfer of heat between the coffee beans and the surrounding air. Highly unevenly temperature distributions were observed in the coffee beans in the first 60 s of the roasting process. Nonetheless, between 100 and 720 s, the temperature in the coffee beans became increasingly uniform as it increased monotonically to approximately 200°C.

Practical Applications

Roasting conditions (air speed, temperature profile and duration) play a critical role in the resulting aroma and flavor of roasted coffee beans. We developed a methodology for the predictions of the air speed and temperature within the roaster. This methodology developed in this work could be used in optimizing the design of a coffee bean roaster as well as the roasting conditions.
Alpha 7 nicotinic receptor coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins modulates RhoA activation, cytoskeletal motility, and structural growth
Authors: King Justin R. , Kabbani Nadine
Published: May 2016

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) modulate the growth and structure of neurons throughout the nervous system. Ligand stimulation of the α7 nAChR has been shown to regulate the large heterotrimeric GTP‐binding protein (G protein) signaling in various types of cells. Here, we demonstrate a role for α7 nAChR/G protein interaction in the activation of the small (monomeric) RhoA GTPase leading to cytoskeletal changes during neurite growth. Treatment of PC12 cells with the α7 nAChR agonist choline or PNU‐282987 was associated with an increase in RhoA activity and an inhibition in neurite growth. Specifically, choline treatment was found to attenuate the velocity of microtubule growth at the growth cone and decrease the rate of actin polymerization throughout the cell. The effects of α7 nAChR activation were abolished by expression of a dominant negative α7 nAChR (α7345–348A) deficient in G protein coupling. Proteomic analysis of immunoprecipitated α7 nAChR complexes from differentiating PC12 cells and synaptic fractions of the developing mouse hippocampus revealed the existence of Rho GTPase‐regulating guanine nucleotide exchange factors within α7 nAChR interactomes. These findings underscore the role of α7 nAChR/G protein in cytoskeletal regulation during neurite growth.

image

This image depicts the hypothesized interaction of the traditionally ionotropic α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) and its ability to interact and signal through both large and small G proteins, leading to the regulation of cytoskeletal growth. Using differentiated PC12 cells, and the specific agonist choline, it was shown that α7 nAChR/G protein interactions mediate both short‐ and long‐term neurite growth dynamics through increased RhoA activation. Activation of RhoA was shown to decrease actin polymerization, and lead to an overall decrease in neurite growth via regulation of the microtubule network.

Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13330.
Deficiency of diacylglycerol kinase η induces lithium‐sensitive mania‐like behavior
Authors: Isozaki Takeshi , Komenoi Suguru , Lu Qiang , Usuki Takako , Tomokata Shuntaro , Matsutomo Daisuke , Sakai Hiromichi , Bando Kana , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Sakane Fumio
Published: May 2016

The η isozyme of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) is highly expressed in the hippocampus and Purkinje cells in the central nervous system. Recently, several genome‐wide association studies have implicated DGKη in the etiology of bipolar disorder (BPD). However, it is still unknown whether DGKη is indeed related to BPD. In this study, we generated DGKη‐knockout (KO) mice and performed behavioral tests such as the open field test, the elevated plus maze test and tail suspension test using the KO mice to investigate the effects of DGKη deficits on psychomotor behavior. Intriguingly, DGKη‐KO mice displayed an overall behavioral profile that is similar to human mania, including hyperactivity, less anxiety and less depression‐like behavior. In addition, these phenotypes were significantly attenuated by the administration of a BPD (mania) remedy, namely, lithium. Moreover, DGKη‐KO mice showed impairment in glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β signaling, which is closely related to BPD. These findings clearly support the linkage between BPD and DGKη that is implicated by genome‐wide association studies. Moreover, this study provides DGKη‐KO mice as a previously unrecognized model that reflects several features of human BPD with manic episodes and revealed an important role for DGKη in regulating behavior and mood through, at least in part, GSK3β signaling.

image

Several genome‐wide association studies have implicated diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) η gene in the etiology of bipolar disorder (BPD). In this study, we revealed that DGKη‐knockout (KO) mice displayed an overall behavioral profile that is similar to mania of BPD and is lithium (BPD (mania) remedy)‐sensitive. DGKη may regulate behavior and mood through, at least in part, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β signaling.
Characterization of the myoepithelial cells in the major salivary glands of the fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis
Authors: Guerrero‐Hernández Julio , Moreno‐Mendoza Norma
Published: May 2016

Bats constitute one of the most numerous mammalian species. Bats have a wide range of dietary habits and include carnivorous, haematophagous, insectivorous, frugivorous and nectivorous species. The salivary glands of these species have been of particular research interest due to their structural variability among chiropterans with different types of diets. Myoepithelial cells (MECs), which support and facilitate the expulsion of saliva from the secretory portions of salivary glands, are very important for their function; however, this cell type has not been extensively studied in the salivary glands of bats. In this study, we characterized the MECs in the major salivary glands of the fruit bat Artibeus jamaicensis. Herein, we describe the morphology of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands of A. jamaicensis at the light‐ and electro‐microscopic level and the distribution of MECs in these glands, as defined by their expression of smooth‐muscle markers such as α‐smooth muscle actin (SMAα) and desmin, and of epithelial cell markers, such as KRT14. We found that the anatomical locations of the major salivary glands in this bat species are similar to those of humans, except that the bat sublingual gland appears to be unique, extending to join the contralateral homologous gland. Morphologically, the parotid gland has the characteristics of a mixed‐secretory gland, whereas the submandibular and sublingual glands were identified as mucous‐secretory glands. MECs positive for SMAα, KRT14 and desmin were found in all of the structural components of the three glands, except in their excretory ducts. Desmin is expressed at a lower level in the parotid gland than in the other glands. Our results suggest that the major salivary glands of A. jamaicensis, although anatomically and structurally similar to those of humans, play different physiological roles that can be attributed to the dietary habits of this species.
Multiple comparison procedure and modeling: a versatile tool for evaluating dose–response relationships in veterinary pharmacology – a case study with furosemide
Authors: Bieth B. , Bornkamp B. , Toutain C. , Garcia R. , Mochel J. P.
Published: May 2016

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a leading cause of mortality with an increasing prevalence in human and canine populations. While furosemide is a loop diuretic prescribed for the majority of CHF patients to reduce fluid retention, it also activates the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) which further contributes to the accelerated progression of heart failure. Our objective was to quantify the effect of furosemide on diuresis, renin activity (RA), and aldosterone (AL) in dogs, using a combined multiple comparisons and model‐based approach (MCP‐Mod). Twenty‐four healthy beagle dogs were allocated to four treatment groups (saline vs. furosemide 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg i.m., q12 h for 5 days). Data from RA and AL values at furosemide trough concentrations, as well as 24‐h Diuresis, were analyzed using the MCP‐Mod procedure. A combination of Emax models adequately described the dose–response relationships of furosemide for the various endpoints. The dose–response curves of RA and AL were found to be well in agreement, with an apparent shallower slope compared with 24‐h Diuresis. The research presented herein constitutes the first application of MCP‐Mod in Veterinary Medicine. Our data show that furosemide produces a submaximal effect on diuresis at doses lower than those identified to activate the circulating RAAS.
The petrographic description of carbonate facies: are we all speaking the same language?
Authors: Lokier Stephen W. , Al Junaibi Mariam
Published: May 2016

Both academia and industry require consistent and repeatable carbonate lithofacies classifications as a primary input to the construction of depositional, diagenetic and reservoir models, and the Dunham System has long been held to satisfy this requirement. However, ambiguities in the petrographic description of carbonates are widespread. This study investigates the classification of carbonate lithofacies across academia and industry at a wide range of experience levels in order to quantitatively assess reproducibility. Some 241 volunteers, with over 4200 years of combined experience, examined a range of synthetic rock textures and natural lithologies and assigned textures as they saw appropriate. The results of the study identify the situations where classification ambiguities and inconsistencies are most common. The Dunham classification system was proved to be the scheme of choice with 89% of the classifications using some form of the Dunham system. However, all of the 24 samples yielded a wide variability in assigned texture with between 22 and 131 different names being assigned to a single specimen. The most common causes of inconsistency are; errors in assessing the mode of support, mistakes in estimating the size and volume of grains within the lithology, and confusion as to how to classify lithologies in which more than one texture is present. The textures of the modified Dunham Classification System are redefined in order to clarify any classification criteria that have been identified as points of confusion. Detailed classification guidelines are offered in order to minimize the possibility of misidentification or confusion. It is suggested that the term bafflestone is redundant and should be removed from the classification system. The adoption of these guidelines will increase confidence, reliability and value in the petrographic classification of carbonate lithologies, thereby enhancing communication and facilitating the development of more realistically constrained depositional, diagenetic and reservoir models.
High‐frequency (13.56‐MHz) and ultrahigh‐frequency (915‐MHz) radio identification systems do not affect platelet activation and functions
Authors: Rogowska Anna , Chabowska Anna Małgorzata , Lipska Alina , Boczkowska‐Radziwon Barbara , Bujno Magdalena , Rusak Tomasz , Dziemianczuk Mateusz , Radziwon Piotr
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

In radiofrequency identification (RFID) systems used in labeling of blood components, blood cells are subjected to the direct influence of electromagnetic waves throughout the storage period. The aim of this study was to prove the safety of storage of platelet concentrates (PCs) in containers labeled with RFID tags.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Ten pooled PCs obtained from 12 buffy coats each suspended in additive solution were divided into three separate containers that were assigned to three groups: control, PCs labeled with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) range tags and exposed to 915‐MHz radio waves, and PCs labeled with high‐frequency (HF) range tags and exposed to 13.56‐MHz radio waves. PCs were stored at 20 to 24°C for 7 days. In vitro tests of platelet (PLT) function were performed on the first, fifth, and seventh days of storage.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in pH; hypotonic shock resistance; surface expression of CD62P, CD42a, or CD63; release of PLT‐derived microparticles; PLT aggregation; and number of PLTs between PCs stored at a constant exposure to radio waves of two different frequencies and the control group on the first, fifth, and seventh days of storage.

CONCLUSION

The results of the study indicate no impact of electromagnetic radiation generated in HF and UHF RFID systems and constant contact with the tags on the quality of stored PCs.
Construcción de portafolios de inversión desde las finanzas del comportamiento: una revisión crítica
Authors: Useche Arévalo Alejandro José
Published: May 2016

En este artículo se presenta una revisión crítica de las principales teorías
para la selección de portafolios desarrolladas a la luz de las Finanzas del
Comportamiento, las cuales analizan la influencia de factores emocionales
y psicológicos sobre las decisiones financieras. Luego de contrastar el
enfoque tradicional de la Teoría Moderna del Portafolio con los modelos
Primero la Seguridad, Seguridad-Potencial / Aspiración (SP/A), Portafolio
Comportamental y Portafolio Maslowiano se concluye que la asignación
óptima del método media-varianza no corresponde con los portafolios
hallados bajo supuestos comportamentales. Para futuras investigaciones
se aportan elementos conceptuales que permiten determinar los perfiles
de los inversionistas, con miras a que las instituciones financieras les
brinden una mejor asesoría.
Valoración de fuentes renovables no convencionales de generación de electricidad: un enfoque desde las opciones reales
Authors: Isaza Cuervo Felipe
Published: May 2016

En este artículo se valoran las oportunidades de inversión en tecnologías
emergentes de generación de electricidad, las cuales se consideran altamente
riesgosas por la volatilidad del precio de mercado de la electricidad.
Se utiliza el modelo propuesto por Dixit y Pindyck (1994) e información
teórica de costos de inversión y operación para las tecnologías analizadas
y se encuentra el valor de la oportunidad y precio óptimo de mercado
para invertir en estas tecnologías en el contexto colombiano. Los resultados
evidencian que para las condiciones actuales de mercado, los
inversionistas requieren un precio mayor de mercado y la conveniencia
de diferir la inversión, coincidiendo con el comportamiento observado
en el mercado colombiano.
Characterization on Surface Properties of Ti–6Al–4V After Multiple Shot Peening Treatments
Authors: Xie Lechun , Wen Yan , Wang Liqiang , Jiang Chuanhai , Ji Vincent
Published: May 2016

As an important surface treatment method, shot peening (SP) can improve the surface properties effectively. In this work, after multiple SP treatments, the uniformity of the residual stress distribution and the domain size distribution on the surface of Ti–6Al–4 V have been investigated via an X-ray diffraction method. Compared with traditional SP treatments, the multiple SP can increase the surface residual stresses and make the stress distribution more uniform. In terms of the domain size, the multiple SP treatments mainly influence its uniform distribution, and there is no obvious effect to the values, which is due to the saturation status of SP process. In addition, the effects of multiple SP on the surface roughness and hardness have been studied. The results show that the multiple SP can reduce the surface roughness and increase the hardness in a certain extent comparing with the effect of traditional SP, which are ascribed to the smaller shot balls and the more homogeneous deformation during the process of multiple SP. Therefore, an appropriate multiple SP can improve the surface properties of Ti–6Al–4 V effectively.
Technical Note: Improving proton stopping power ratio determination for a deformable silicone‐based 3D dosimeter using dual energy CT
Authors: Taasti Vicki Trier , Høye Ellen Marie , Hansen David Christoffer , Muren Ludvig Paul , Thygesen Jesper , Skyt Peter Sandegaard , Balling Peter , Bassler Niels , Grau Cai , Mierzwińska Gabriela , Rydygier Marzena , Swakoń Jan , Olko Pawel , Petersen Jørgen Breede Baltzer
Published: May 2016

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the stopping power ratio (SPR) of a deformable, silicone‐based 3D dosimeter could be determined more accurately using dual energy (DE) CT compared to using conventional methods based on single energy (SE) CT. The use of SECT combined with the stoichiometric calibration method was therefore compared to DECT‐based determination.

Methods:

The SPR of the dosimeter was estimated based on its Hounsfield units (HUs) in both a SECT image and a DECT image set. The stoichiometric calibration method was used for converting the HU in the SECT image to a SPR value for the dosimeter while two published SPR calibration methods for dual energy were applied on the DECT images. Finally, the SPR of the dosimeter was measured in a 60 MeV proton by quantifying the range difference with and without the dosimeter in the beam path.

Results:

The SPR determined from SECT and the stoichiometric method was 1.10, compared to 1.01 with both DECT calibration methods. The measured SPR for the dosimeter material was 0.97.

Conclusions:

The SPR of the dosimeter was overestimated by 13% using the stoichiometric method and by 3% when using DECT. If the stoichiometric method should be applied for the dosimeter, the HU of the dosimeter must be manually changed in the treatment planning system in order to give a correct SPR estimate. Using a wrong SPR value will cause differences between the calculated and the delivered treatment plans.
Newham’s Every Child a Sports Person (NECaSP): A Summative Process Evaluation of a School- and Community- Based Intervention in East London, United Kingdom
Authors: Curry Whitney B. , Dagkas Symeon , Wilson Marcia
Published: May 2016

Background:

The Newman’s Every Child a Sports Person (NECaSP) intervention aspires to increase sport and physical activity (PA) participation among young people in the United Kingdom. The aims of this article are to report on a summative process evaluation of the NECaSP and make recommendations for future interventions.

Methods:

Seventeen schools provided data from students aged 11 to 13 years (n = 1226), parents (n = 192), and teachers (n = 14) via direct observation and questionnaires. Means, SDs, and percentages were calculated for sociodemographic data. Qualitative data were analyzed via directed content analysis and main themes identified.

Results:

Findings indicate further administrative, educational, and financial support will help facilitate the success of the program in improving PA outcomes for young people and of other similar intervention programs globally. Data highlighted the need to engage parents to increase the likelihood of intervention success.

Conclusions:

One main strength of this study is the mixed-methods nature of the process evaluation. It is recommended that future school-based interventions that bridge sports clubs and formal curriculum provision should consider a broader approach to the delivery of programs throughout the academic year, school week, and school day. Finally, changes in the school curriculum can be successful once all parties are involved (community, school, families).
Correlates of Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Brazilian Children
Authors: Ferrari Gerson Luis de Moraes , Matsudo Victor , Barreira Tiago V. , Tudor-Locke Catrine , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Fisberg Mauro
Published: May 2016

Background:

Few studies have used ecological models to study multiple levels of association with objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in young children from middle-income countries. The purpose of this study was to examine potential correlates of objectively measured MVPA in Brazilian children.

Methods:

The sample consisted of 328 children. An Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer was used to monitor MVPA over 7 days. Body mass index and body fat percentage were measured using a bioelectrical impedance scale. Questionnaires completed by the children, their parents, and school personnel queried individual, family and home, and school-level environmental correlates.

Results:

Children averaged 59.3 min/d in MVPA (44.5% met MVPA guidelines), and 51.8% were overweight/obese. For boys and girls combined, significant correlates (P < .05) of MVPA were waist circumference (β = –.007), travel mode to school (β = .140), maternal employment status (β = –.119) and TV in bedroom (β –.107). In boys, significant correlates of MVPA were waist circumference (β = –.011), travel mode to school (β = .133), and maternal employment status (β = –.195). In girls, the only significant correlate of MVPA was travel mode to school (β = .143).

Conclusions:

Several factors were identified as correlates of MVPA in Brazilian children; however, only travel mode to school was common for both boys and girls.
The (Possibly Negative) Effects of Physical Activity on Executive Functions: Implications of the Changing Metabolic Costs of Brain Development
Authors: Howard Steven J. , Cook Caylee J. , Said-Mohamed Rihlat , Norris Shane A. , Draper Catherine E.
Published: May 2016

Background:

An area of growth in physical activity research has involved investigating effects of physical activity on children’s executive functions. Many of these efforts seek to increase the energy expenditure of young children as a healthy and low-cost way to affect physical, health, and cognitive outcomes.

Methods:

We review theory and research from neuroscience and evolutionary biology, which suggest that interventions seeking to increase the energy expenditure of young children must also consider the energetic trade-offs that occur to accommodate changing metabolic costs of brain development.

Results:

According to Life History Theory, and supported by recent evidence, the high relative energy-cost of early brain development requires that other energy-demanding functions of development (ie, physical growth, activity) be curtailed. This is important for interventions seeking to dramatically increase the energy expenditure of young children who have little excess energy available, with potentially negative cognitive consequences. Less energy-demanding physical activities, in contrast, may yield psychosocial and cognitive benefits while not overburdening an underweight child’s already scarce energy supply.

Conclusions:

While further research is required to establish the extent to which increases in energy-demanding physical activities may compromise or displace energy available for brain development, we argue that action cannot await these findings.
Safely accelerating past stop signs
Authors: Bhakta Nirav R.
Published: May 2016

A screen of clinically safe compounds identifies drug candidates for cystic fibrosis treatment.