bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ КВАЛІФІКОВАНИХ РОБІТНИКІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ ПРОЄКТНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ
Authors: Гриценок Інна
Published: July 2021

Актуальність: Нова якість професійної освіти орієнтована не стільки на засвоєння учнівською молоддю певної суми знань, умінь, скільки на розвиток особистості. Заклади професійної (професійно-технічної) освіти мають формувати ключові компетенції, професійні компетентності, особливо гостро постає питання розвитку підприємницької компетентності учнівської молоді. Це можливо завдяки використанню сучасних освітніх технологій.
Мета: охарактеризувати педагогічну технологію розвитку підприємницької компетентності майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників у процесі проєктної діяльності, висвітлити критерії ефективності її реалізації.
Методи: аналіз наукової літератури, законодавчо-нормативних документів – для з’ясування сучасних тенденцій формування педагогічної технології розвитку підприємницької компетентності майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників у процесі проєктної діяльності; методи аналізу і синтезу – для формулювання критеріїв та показників ефективності реалізації педагогічної технології розвитку підприємницької компетентності майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників у процесі проєктної діяльності, систематизація даних, узагальнення професійного досвіду для розроблення теоретичних і методичних підходів до визначення умов перевірки її результативності; порівняльний аналіз, синтез та методи експертного оцінювання – для формування вимог щодо експериментальної перевірки результативності педагогічної технології розвитку підприємницької компетентності майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників у процесі проєктної діяльності.
Результати: сформульовані критерії та показники ефективності реалізації педагогічної технології розвитку підприємницької компетентності майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників у процесі проєктної діяльності на сучасному етапі розвитку суспільства.
Висновки: експериментально перевірено результативність педагогічної технології розвитку підприємницької компетентності майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників у процесі проєктної діяльності, сформульовано критерії та показники ефективності її реалізації – це, в свою чергу, дозволить переключити організацію освітнього процесу з «театру одного актора» на співпрацю і продуктивну проєктну діяльність.
Status of phosphorus in the rain forest ecosystem of Mt. Pangasugan, Leyte, Philippines
Authors: Susaya Janice , Asio Victor
Published: July 2021

Phosphorus (P) is generally considered to be the most limiting mineral nutrient in tropical soils. This study was conducted to determine the amounts of Pin various components of the rainforest ecosystem. Composite samples of rocks, soil, stream sediments, stream water, rainwater, leaves of dominant vegetation, forest litter, wood and moss were randomly collected from a portion of the rain forest in Mt. Pangasugan, Leyte, Philippines. Samples were analyzed for their total P contents.
Findings revealed that P concentration varied substantially in the various ecosystem components evaluated. Higher P concentrations were found in the biosystem components particularly in the leaves of the vegetation than in the geosystem components. The P concentrations decreased in the following order: fresh leaves > moss > litter > soil > sediment >rock > wood > stream water > rainwater. Trace amount of P is brought into the ecosystem by rain. On the other hand, considerable amounts of P are found in the stream water and stream sediments which represent P losses from the rainforest ecosystem. This substantial loss of P is attributed to human disturbance in the forest ecosystem.
Особенности стоматологического и общесоматического статуса у лиц молодого возраста
Authors: Бобкова И.Л. , Зиновенко О.Г.
Published: July 2021

В отечественной литературе мы не встретили информации о распространенности, интенсивности, особенностях течения некариозных поражений у лиц молодого возраста.
Целью исследования явилось изучение распространенности, интенсивности и особенностей течения эрозивных и абразивных поражений твердых тканей зуба у лиц молодого возраста.
Объекты и методы исследования. Проведено обследование 315 пациентов в возрасте 20–34 лет. Фиксировали наличие и количество зубов с эрозиями, клиновидными дефектами, а также клинические проявления изучаемой патологии, оценивали стоматологический и соматический статус пациентов.
Результаты исследования и их обсуждение. Установили, что на фоне высокой распространенности и интенсивности кариеса у пациентов молодого возраста на амбулаторном приеме регистрируется высокая частота встречаемости и степень интенсивности эрозий и клиновидных дефектов, а также заболеваний пародонта различной степени тяжести.
Заключение. У пациентов молодого возраста эрозивным поражениям твердых тканей зубов клиновидными дефектами соматические заболевания (заболевания ЖКТ, обмена веществ; нарушения гормонального статуса) встречались практически в 100% случаев. Поскольку в патогенезе некариозных поражений этим заболеваниям принадлежит важная роль, необходимо мотивировать пациентов именно молодого возраста на профилактические осмотры у общих специалистов, раннюю диагностику и своевременное лечение соматических заболеваний.
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF SURFACE WIND METHOD FOR ELECTRIFICATION IN KEBBI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Yahaya Muhammad Naziru , Adamu Ibrahim , Yahaya Usman
Published: July 2021

Africa and Nigeria in particular is blessed with abundant and constant supplies of fine, clean and sustainable mean for rural and urban electricity generation (renewable energy). Renewable energy such as solar, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass and surface wind etc., has been found very useful in power generation to many sub-Saharan African countries with attendant significant sustainability and reliability. This study was aimed at evaluating and assessing the potentiality of surface wind in Kebbi state for possible power generation thereby mitigating the challenge of energy crisis and demands for rapidly growing population. The suitable model used for the data analysis was ARIMA (1,1,2), and statistics were checked and stationarity of the data were observed and test using Kwiatkowski Phillips, Schmidt and Shin (KPSS) test. The study area from the analysis of surface wind at 0.01%, 0.05% & 0.1% level of significances depicts well for reliability and sustainability for electricity generation in the state. The study found that surface wind due to its abundance in significant amount throughout the year all over the state with highest recorded values obtained in 2009, 2010 and 2011, if well-harnesses and utilizes it could serve as a good prospect for power generation in Kebbi state and its environs.
TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM EXTRACT EXHIBITS ANTI-FATIGUE ACTIVITY IN RATS VIA REDUCED PROTEIN CATABOLISM, INCREASED ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND DELAYED LACTATE ELEVATION
Authors: Igbokwe Ugochukwu Vincent , EJIKE DANIEL EZE , Adams Moses Dele , Rabiu Karima Mohammed , Iliya Ezekiel , Ajeka Prisca Ojochogu , Afodun Adam Moyosore
Published: July 2021

Thirty rats of both sexes were assigned into 5 categories of six animals apiece. Animals in the unadministered (control) group were placed on distilled water. Group 1M and Group 1F animals were administered 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w) of T. conophorum aqueous nut extract whereas animals in Group 2M and Group 2F were administered 750 mg/kg dosage of the extricate (0.5 ml) orally once daily for 32 days. Phytoconstituents present in the extract include: saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols and alkaloids. The extract at 750mg/kg b.w notably (p<0.05) raised extracellular glucose in masculine rats when matched with males that received 500 mg/kg b.w. The 500 mg/kg dose of the extract appreciably (p<0.05) elevated BUN in both sexes, but with reduction in both groups at 750 mg/kg b.w when juxtaposed with their respective untreated animals. The extract at 500 mg/kg b.w increased LDH activity in male group when compared with male rats that received 750 mg/kg dose. The 750-extract dosage did not statistically (p>0.05) alter LDH activity in both sexes. The extract at 500 and 750mg/kg b.w increased the 3rd‒6th swim in male rats. Substantive (p<0.05) rise in swimming endurance time was first noticed at the 2nd swim when matched up with the control and group treated 500 mg/kg b.w, in female rats. Sequel to these research findings, it is hypothesized that the anti-weakness effect of T. conophorum might be adduced to delayed increase in lactate and reduction in protein catabolism
WHY DO NOT KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OPERATE?
Authors: Bencsik Andrea
Published: July 2021

The topic of knowledge management is one of the most popular research areas not on a theoretical, but on a practical level as well. Researchers report on newer and newer research results, still readers might have a feeling that something was missing from the complete picture. The aim of this paper is to give a panorama about the practical application of knowledge management systems (KMS) in Hungarian companies to show the solutions, tools which cause the most problems during the realization of the steps of a KMS building. The results of the qualitative surveys (which are presented on the basis of the well-known Probst model) show that in spite of any initiations, there are no well - operated knowledge management systems of the companies which operate according to theoretical models. As the research has realized, the biggest problem is that the leaders try to carry out and to put into practice KM initiations by imperfect theoretical and unprepared managerial knowledge. That is why these initiations will be failed or will not bring in suitable outcomes. The results of this survey are a great help to build a KMS, to repair an existing system or to apply new methods and tools.
Key words: best practice, knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge management system, Probst-style model.
Covid-19 & Prophylaxis of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Ali Md Amir , Islam Aminul , Chowdhury RU , Hasan Md Shafiqul , Rahman Abu Hasnat Md Habibur , Mukherjee Sudipta Kumer , Ashrafee Pariza
Published: July 2021

Background: Corona viral disease-19 (COVID-19) is the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The whole world is panic about this culprit small virus. It accelerates procoagulation that produce ischemic stroke. Our endeavor is to prevent ischemic stroke. Anti-coagulant and or thrombin inhibitor may be helpful to be prophylactic therapy of ischemic stroke in COVID-19 patients specially with D-dimer positive, severe complications & co-morbidities.
Methods: Total of 76 patients were diagnosed as SARS-CoV-2 and they had been first time reported & were admitted in Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Mymensingh, within 1st March 2020 to 15th August 2020. Total of 76 cases in either sex & age variables were randomly selected and divided into two groups one with severe form of disease, procoagulation co-morbidities, coagulopathy-mainly D-dimer positive and another simple COVID-19. Out of 76 patients simple COVID-19 were 41(53.95%) and complex 35(46.05%). Diagnosis was based upon history, clinical examination, and X- ray/Computed Tomography (CT) scan of chest and confirmatory by Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Results: Total 76 patients COVID-19 were admitted in CMH Mymensingh within 1st March 2020-15th August 2020 and were evaluated by details history, clinical examination & relevant investigation. Here males were 68 (89.47%); females were 8(10.53%) & males were predominant. COVID-19 incidence among the age group; young adult and adult were higher, 10-19 years 06(7.89%), 20-29 years 26(34.21%) and 30-39 years 24(31.58%), 40-49 years 15(19.74%) and 50 years or more 5(6.58%) in number. Out of 76 patients, 35(46.05%) patients were given anticoagulant and thrombin inhibitor therapy. Of that 35 patients 14(40%) patients were D-dimer positive, 8(22.86%) patients were cardiovascular disorder (HTN with hypercholesteromia, MI), 5(14.29%) were DM, severe pulmonary oedema 3(8.57%) and multiple co-morbidities 5(14.29%) in number but not given to simple COVID-19 patients. There were 4 patients who died amongst 76 patients; one with HTN,MI, 2nd one with heart failure , 3rd one with HTN, Old haemorrhagic stroke and last one with CKD and severe pulmonary oedema and mainly they are above 50 years of age and fortunately no one died with ischemic stroke. Follow- up all patients 02 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 negative and there were no patients suffered from ischemic stroke.
Conclusion: Prevention is always better than cure. Since COVID-19 produce prothrombotic state followed by ischemic stroke, so better to use prophylaxis of ischemic stroke those who are prone; by induce anti-coagulant and or thrombin inhibitor.
Bang. J Neurosurgery 2021; 10(2): 163-168
Posterior Fossa Tumors in Pediatric Age Group, an Epidemiological Study
Authors: Md Ziauddin - , Arman DM , Md Ekramullah Sk , Mukherjee Sudipta Kumer , Rahman Moshiur , Das Subhasish , Moktadir Md Ruhul
Published: July 2021

Background: There are no data so far relating posterior fossa brain tumors in pediatric age group in Bangladesh. We are dealing with this type of tumors regularly. So an attempt has been made to document these tumors in respect to their incidence in our country, mode of presentation, age and sex distribution, treatment offered to them and their complication and outcome.
Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital. It was a retrospective study and cases were collected from 2013-2020.
Result: We dealt with 60 cases of posterior fossa brain tumors. Out of them 21 were medulloblastoma,19 pilocytic astrocytoma, 11ependymoma and rest are other tumors. Almost all patients presented with hydrocephalus and in most cases CSF diversion was done before definitive tumors surgery.
Conclusion: This is only a partial picture of total posterior fossa tumors in pediatric age group. This type of study should be done in a larger scale and newer modalities of diagnostics should be widely practiced for a better post-operative treatment and better prognosis.
Bang. J Neurosurgery 2021; 10(2): 182-184
Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL): in Retrospect
Authors: Quader AKMA
Published: July 2021

This is a reflection on the implementation of Shahjalal Fertilizer Project (SFP) what is today Shahjalal Fertilizer Co. Ltd. (SFCL). This deals with a wide range of issues covering technical, contractual, and administrative involving SFP, General Contractor, sub-contractors, Process Licensors and vendors. These arose because of mindset, interpretation of contract clauses, inexperience, expectation and frustration of both Owner and General Contractor. Lessons learned would enable BCIC to undertake such projects in future by avoiding pitfalls and missteps of SFP.

Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2020) 1-13
Occupational Risk Assessment in RMG, Textile and Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh
Authors: Ferdous Jannatul , Mim Sharmin Jahan , Jony Md Mizanur Rahman , Razia Syeda Sultana
Published: July 2021

In this study occupational risk assessment in Readymade Garments (RMG), Textile and Ship Breaking Industries of Bangladesh was carried out utilizing accident database of Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments (DIFE), Ministry of Labour and Employment. The study focused on the workplace incidents reported to DIFE from 2016-2018 in RMG, Textile and Ship Breaking industries of Bangladesh. The risk analysis was conducted based on severity and likelihood of events, the latter comprising: frequency of exposure to the hazard, duration of exposure to the hazard, probability of occurrence of a hazardous event, and technical and human possibility of avoiding or limiting the harm. To carry out the assessment, survey data including working time, accident frequency, cause of accident, nature of injury, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), health safety policy, first aid facility etc. were collected from DIFE. The risk scores and economic losses due to accidents in different years for each industry were estimated. The overall risk scores estimated for RMG and Textile industry were found to be higher than that for Ship Breaking industry. However, in Ship Breaking industry 41.3% of total incidents are of very high-risk, which is much higher than the percentage of such incidents in RMG or Textile industry. It was also found that the total compensation provided to the workers as reported to DIFE is 58.5% less of the estimated cost based on the fatality and type of injuries.

Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2020) 69-76
Surrogate Modeling & Optimization of a Nonlinear Batch Reactor by Polynomial Chaos Expansion
Authors: Tasnim Nishat , Momtaz Mysha , Sanzida Nahid
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a computationally efficient approach to develop a nonlinear data driven input/output model between the finite-time control trajectories and the quality index at the end of the batch. Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) was applied to produce the approximate representation of the full process model of a nonlinear batch reactor with the reaction scheme .A-->k1B--> k2C A surrogate model was developed to estimate the dependence of intermediate product (B) concentration at the end of the batch on the temperature trajectory applied during the reaction. The surrogate model was then validated for its performance. Later, the surrogate model was used to determine the optimal temperature profile needed to maximize the concentration of intermediate product at the end of the batch. The validation and optimization results prove that the experimental data based PCE can provide a very good approximation of the desired outputs, providing a generally applicable approach for rapid design, control and optimization of batch reactor systems.

Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2020) 121-126
Factors Affecting Students’ Participation in Learning Management Systems (LMS): A Mixed Research Method
Authors:   Department of English Language and Literature, Salt College of Human Sciences, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan., Abu-Snoubar Tamador
Published: July 2021

The objective of the current research is to shed light on the factors effecting students’ participation in using Learning Management System (LMS) at Al-Balqa Applied University (BAU). Moreover, the study also revealed the attitudes of University students towards LMS and its usefulness. The study recruited 450 students of Al-Balqa Applied University and employed mixed research methods; a survey and semi-structured interviews to collect the data. The results of the study highlighted that the students are not satisfied with the current state of LMS due to its limited functionality, poor usability, and lack of tech-support. The research showed that University students need better learning tools that would satisfy their academic needs. Universities have to finally embrace technological innovations and refine LMSs by increasing its usability and accessibility.
Výzkum učebních úloh v učebnicích geografie: přehledová studie
Authors: TRAHORSCH Petr , KNECHT Petr
Published: July 2021

Although learning tasks are among the key components of Geography textbooks, they are not adequately addressed in research in Czechia and Slovakia. The aim of this study is to describe methodological approaches to the analysis of learning tasks in Geography textbooks applied in textbooks written in English and to synthesize related research findings. A systematic review study was applied to fulfil the objectives of the study. After gradual selection of the relevant sources, 13 studies were analyzed. The results show that within the methodologies used in the studies predominante the analyses of learning tasks which are focused on the categorization of tasks in terms of their cognitive demands and in terms of their potential to develop spatial thinking. The synthesis of the results showed that most learning tasks in textbooks are characterized by low cognitive intensity or develop the lowest categories of spatial thinking. In the light of research findings, we identify the desired directions of research of learning tasks in textbooks of geography and provide recommendations for authors and publishers of textbooks.
Safe Storage of Sugar Bagasse
Authors: Myers T.G. , Mitchell S.L.
Published: July 2021

In this report we investigate the thermal evolution in a one-dimensional bagasse stockpile. The mathematical model is taken from the work of Gray et al. and involves four unknowns, the temperature, oxygen, liquid water and water vapour. We first non-dimensionalise the model to identify dominant terms and so simplify the system. We then calculate solutions for the approximate and full system. It is shown that under certain conditions spontaneous combustion will occur. Most importantly we show that spontaneous combustion can be avoided by sequential building. For example, in a situation where say a 6 m stockpile can spontaneously combust we could construct a 3 m pile then some days later add another 3 m to produce a stable 6 m pile.
An Aging-Related Gene Signature-Based Model for Risk Stratification and Prognosis Prediction in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Xu Qian , Chen Yurong
Published: July 2021

Aging is an inevitable time-dependent process associated with a gradual decline in many physiological functions. Importantly, some studies have supported that aging may be involved in the development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, no studies have described an aging-related gene (ARG)-based prognosis signature for LUAD. Accordingly, in this study, we analyzed ARG expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). After LASSO and Cox regression analyses, a six ARG-based signature (APOC3, EPOR, H2AFX, MXD1, PLCG2, and YWHAZ) was constructed using TCGA dataset that significantly stratified cases into high- and low-risk groups in terms of overall survival (OS). Cox regression analysis indicated that the ARG signature was an independent prognostic factor in LUAD. A nomogram based on the ARG signature and clinicopathological factors was developed in TCGA cohort and validated in the GEO dataset. Moreover, to visualize the prediction results, we established a web-based calculator yurong.shinyapps.io/ARGs_LUAD/. Calibration plots showed good consistency between the prediction of the nomogram and actual observations. Receiver operating characteristic curve and decision curve analyses indicated that the ARG nomogram had better OS prediction and clinical net benefit than the staging system. Taken together, these results established a genetic signature for LUAD based on ARGs, which may promote individualized treatment and provide promising novel molecular markers for immunotherapy.
The “Cairo Accord”- Towards the Eradication of RHD: An Update
Authors: Kotit Susy , Phillips David I. W. , Afifi Ahmed , Yacoub Magdi
Published: July 2021

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children and young adults. It continues to be prevalent in many low- and middle-income countries where it causes significant morbidity and mortality. Following the 2017 Cairo conference “Rheumatic Heart Disease: from Molecules to the Global Community,” experts from 21 countries formulated an approach for addressing the problem of RHD: “The Cairo Accord on Rheumatic Heart Disease.” The Accord attempts to set policy priorities for the eradication of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and RHD and builds on a recent series of policy initiatives and calls to action. We present an update on the recommendations of the Cairo Accord and discuss recent progress toward the eradication of RHD, including contributions from our own Aswan Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (ARGI).
Integrative Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Fetal Thymocyte Development
Authors: Li Yuchen , Zeng Weihong , Li Tong , Guo Yanyan , Zheng Guangyong , He Xiaoying , Bai Lilian , Ding Guolian , Jin Li , Liu Xinmei
Published: July 2021

Intrathymic differentiation of T lymphocytes begins as early as intrauterine stage, yet the T cell lineage decisions of human fetal thymocytes at different gestational ages are not currently understood. Here, we performed integrative single-cell analyses of thymocytes across gestational ages. We identified conserved candidates underlying the selection of T cell receptor (TCR) lineages in different human fetal stages. The trajectory of early thymocyte commitment during fetal growth was also characterized. Comparisons with mouse data revealed conserved and species-specific transcriptional dynamics of thymocyte proliferation, apoptosis and selection. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data associated with multiple autoimmune disorders were analyzed to characterize susceptibility genes that are highly expressed at specific stages during fetal thymocyte development. In summary, our integrative map describes previously underappreciated aspects of human thymocyte development, and provides a comprehensive reference for understanding T cell lymphopoiesis in a self-tolerant and functional adaptive immune system.
Shaping Eyeballs by Scleral Collagen Cross-Linking: A Hypothesis for Myopia Treatment
Authors: Wang Mengmeng , Corpuz Christine Carole C. , Zhang Fengju
Published: July 2021

The global prevalence of myopia has brought to the attention of the different eye and vision specialists, who make way to control its progression. Evidence have shown that a proactive reshaping of the eyeball is the core point of myopia developing process, which particularly includes the weakening, thinning, and expanding of the sclera. Thus, the sclera is considered to be a prime target for therapeutic manipulation in halting progressive myopia. In the past decades, corneal collagen cross-linking has been applied in clinical practice for treating aberrant corneal remodeling diseases. In this article, we hypothesize that scleral collagen cross-linking (SXL) has a huge potential in stabilizing myopic process by shaping the eyeball and preventing the aberrant scleral remodeling. In contrast with the current methods of optometry correction, such as physiotherapy, pharmacotherapy, spectacles, contact lenses, refractive surgeries, etc., eyeball-shaping method using SXL is a fundamental intervention which aims at the pathogenesis of progressive visual loss of myopia. Compared with the current posterior scleral reinforcement, the most advantage of SXL is that there is no allotransplant into the myopic eye, which means less expenditure, lower risk, and easier to handle in operating.
Distinct Functions and Assembly Mechanisms of Soil Abundant and Rare Bacterial Taxa Under Increasing Pyrene Stresses
Authors: Dong Yuzhu , Wu Shanghua , Deng Ye , Wang Shijie , Fan Haonan , Li Xianglong , Bai Zhihui , Zhuang Xuliang
Published: July 2021

Elucidating the relative importance of species interactions and assembly mechanisms in regulating bacterial community structure and functions, especially the abundant and rare subcommunities, is crucial for understanding the influence of environmental disturbance in shaping ecological functions. However, little is known about how polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) stress alters the stability and functions of the abundant and rare taxa. Here, we performed soil microcosms with gradient pyrene stresses as a model ecosystem to explore the roles of community assembly in determining structures and functions of the abundant and rare subcommunities. The dose–effect of pyrene significantly altered compositions of abundant and rare subcommunities. With increasing pyrene stresses, diversity increased in abundant subcommunities, while it decreased in the rare. Importantly, the abundant taxa exhibited a much broader niche width and environmental adaptivity than the rare, contributing more to pyrene biodegradation, whereas rare taxa played a key role in improving subcommunity resistance to stress, potentially promoting community persistence and stability. Furthermore, subcommunity co-occurrence network analysis revealed that abundant taxa inclined to occupy the core and central position in adaptation to the pyrene stresses. Stochastic processes played key roles in the abundant subcommunity rather than the rare subcommunity. Overall, these findings extend our understanding of the ecological mechanisms and interactions of abundant and rare taxa in response to pollution stress, laying a leading theoretical basis that abundant taxa are core targets for biostimulation in soil remediation.
Neuroinflammatory Basis of Depression: Learning From Experimental Models
Authors: Afridi Ruqayya , Suk Kyoungho
Published: July 2021

The neuroinflammatory basis of depression encompasses the detrimental role of otherwise supportive non-neuronal cells and neuroinflammation in hampering neuronal function, leading to depressive behavior. Animals subjected to different stress paradigms show glial cell activation and a surge in proinflammatory cytokines in various brain regions. The concept of sterile inflammation observed in animal models of depression has intrigued many researchers to determine the possible triggers of central immune cell activation. Notably, microglial activation and subsequent phenotypic polarization in depression have been strongly advocated by the wealth of recent preclinical studies; however, findings from human studies have shown contradictory results. Despite intensive investigation, many research gaps still exist to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammatory cascades underlying the pathophysiology of depression. In this mini-review, recent progress in understanding neuroinflammatory mechanisms in light of experimental models of depression will be thoroughly discussed. The challenges of mirroring depression in animal and in vitro models will also be highlighted. Furthermore, prospects of targeting neuroinflammation to treat depressive disorder will be covered.
Attenuated Postprandial GLP-1 Response in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Manfready Richard A. , Engen Phillip A. , Verhagen Metman Leo , Sanzo Gabriella , Goetz Christopher G. , Hall Deborah A. , Forsyth Christopher B. , Raeisi Shohreh , Voigt Robin M. , Keshavarzian Ali
Published: July 2021

The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has neuroprotective effects in animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and GLP-1 receptor agonists are associated with clinical improvements in human PD patients. GLP-1 is produced and secreted by intestinal L-cells in response to consumption of a meal. Specifically, intestinal microbiota produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA) which, in turn, promote secretion of GLP-1 into the systemic circulation, from which it can enter the brain. Our group and others have reported that PD patients have an altered intestinal microbial community that produces less SCFA compared to age-matched controls. In this report, we demonstrate that PD patients have diminished GLP-1 secretion in response to a meal compared to their household controls. Peak postprandial GLP-1 levels did not correlate with PD disease severity, motor function, or disease duration. These data provide the scientific rationale for future studies designed to elucidate the role of GLP-1 in the pathogenesis of PD and test the potential utility of GLP-1-directed therapies.
Partial mGlu5 Negative Allosteric Modulator M-5MPEP Demonstrates Antidepressant-Like Effects on Sleep Without Affecting Cognition or Quantitative EEG
Authors: Holter Kimberly M. , Lekander Alex D. , LaValley Christina M. , Bedingham Elizabeth G. , Pierce Bethany E. , Sands L. Paul , Lindsley Craig W. , Jones Carrie K. , Gould Robert W.
Published: July 2021

Selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) targeting the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) demonstrate anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects yet concern regarding adverse effect liability remains. Functional coupling of mGlu5 with ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) represents a potential mechanism through which full inhibition leads to adverse effects, as NMDAR inhibition can induce cognitive impairments and psychotomimetic-like effects. Recent development of “partial” mGlu5 NAMs, characterized by submaximal but saturable levels of blockade, may represent a novel development approach to broaden the therapeutic index of mGlu5 NAMs. This study compared the partial mGlu5 NAM, M-5MPEP, with the full mGlu5 NAM, VU0424238 on sleep, cognition, and brain function alone and in combination with a subthreshold dose of the NMDAR antagonist, MK-801, using a paired-associates learning (PAL) cognition task and electroencephalography (EEG) in rats. M-5MPEP and VU0424238 decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and increased REM sleep latency, both putative biomarkers of antidepressant-like activity. Neither compound alone affected accuracy, but 30 mg/kg VU0424238 combined with MK-801 decreased accuracy on the PAL task. Using quantitative EEG, VU0424238, but not M-5MPEP, prolonged arousal-related elevations in high gamma power, and, in combination, VU0424238 potentiated effects of MK-801 on high gamma power. Together, these studies further support a functional interaction between mGlu5 and NMDARs that may correspond with cognitive impairments. Present data support further development of partial mGlu5 NAMs given their potentially broader therapeutic index than full mGlu5 NAMs and use of EEG as a translational biomarker to titrate doses aligning with therapeutic versus adverse effects.
Physiological and Expressional Regulation on Photosynthesis, Starch and Sucrose Metabolism Response to Waterlogging Stress in Peanut
Authors: Zeng Ruier , Chen Tingting , Wang Xinyue , Cao Jing , Li Xi , Xu Xueyu , Chen Lei , Xia Qing , Dong Yonglong , Huang Luping , Wang Leidi , Zhang Jialei , Zhang Lei
Published: July 2021

Waterlogging has negative effects on crop yield. Physiological and transcriptome data of two peanut cultivars [Zhongkaihua 1 (ZKH 1) and Huayu 39 (HY 39)] were studied under normal water supply and waterlogging stress for 5 or 10 days at the flowering stage. The results showed that the main stem height, the number of lateral branches, lateral branch length, and the stem diameter increased under waterlogging stress, followed by an increase in dry matter accumulation, which was correlated with the increase in the soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and the upregulation of genes related to porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis. However, the imbalance of the source–sink relationship under waterlogging was the main cause of yield loss, and waterlogging caused an increase in the sucrose and soluble sugar contents and a decrease in the starch content; it also decreased the activities of sucrose synthetase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS), which may be due to the changes in the expression of genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism. However, the imbalance of the source–sink relationship led to the accumulation of photosynthate in the stems and leaves, which resulted in the decrease of the ratio of pod dry weight to total dry weight (PDW/TDW) and yield. Compared with ZKH 1, the PDW of HY 39 decreased more probably because more photosynthate accumulated in the stem and leaves of HY 39 and could not be effectively transported to the pod.
Spotlight on the Roles of Whitefly Effectors in Insect–Plant Interactions
Authors: Naalden Diana , van Kleeff Paula J. M. , Dangol Sarmina , Mastop Marieke , Corkill Rebecca , Hogenhout Saskia A. , Kant Merijn R. , Schuurink Robert C.
Published: July 2021

The Bemisia tabaci species complex (whitefly) causes enormous agricultural losses. These phloem-feeding insects induce feeding damage and transmit a wide range of dangerous plant viruses. Whiteflies colonize a broad range of plant species that appear to be poorly defended against these insects. Substantial research has begun to unravel how phloem feeders modulate plant processes, such as defense pathways, and the central roles of effector proteins, which are deposited into the plant along with the saliva during feeding. Here, we review the current literature on whitefly effectors in light of what is known about the effectors of phloem-feeding insects in general. Further analysis of these effectors may improve our understanding of how these insects establish compatible interactions with plants, whereas the subsequent identification of plant defense processes could lead to improved crop resistance to insects. We focus on the core concepts that define the effectors of phloem-feeding insects, such as the criteria used to identify candidate effectors in sequence-mining pipelines and screens used to analyze the potential roles of these effectors and their targets in planta. We discuss aspects of whitefly effector research that require further exploration, including where effectors localize when injected into plant tissues, whether the effectors target plant processes beyond defense pathways, and the properties of effectors in other insect excretions such as honeydew. Finally, we provide an overview of open issues and how they might be addressed.
Resisting Aridification: Adaptation of Sap Conduction Performance in Moroccan Wild Olive Subspecies Distributed Over an Aridity Gradient
Authors: Kassout Jalal , Ater Mohammed , Ivorra Sarah , Barbara Hicham , Limier Bertrand , Ros Jérôme , Girard Vincent , Paradis Laure , Terral Jean-Frédéric
Published: July 2021

In the current context of global change, the increasing frequency and the length of drought periods are testing the resistance capacities of plants of dry habitats. However, although the adaptation of plants to drought has been widely studied, the anatomical features of wood influencing the functional responses of plants to drought are still lacking at the intraspecific level, especially for species with a wide geographical distribution. As a result, we have studied the variation of wood anatomical traits related to sap conduction (i.e., vessel surface area, vessel density, and number of vessels joined by radial file) in two wild olive subspecies distributed in Morocco (i.e.,Olea europaeasubsp.europaea. var.sylvestrisandOlea europaeasubsp.maroccana), in relation to various drought conditions. This functional study, based on wood trait measurements of 351 samples from 130 trees and 13 populations, explores potential sap conduction in relation to environmental parameters and as a result, strategies to resist water stress. We found that (1) branch diameter (BD) captured 78% of total wood trait variation, (2) vessel size (SVS) expressed 32% of intraspecific variation according to cambium age, and (3) the positive relationship between SVS and BD could be explained by climate type, vegetation cover changes, and therefore available water resources. Taking into consideration the diameter of the branch as the main factor of anatomical variation, established reaction norms (linear models) at the intrapopulation scale of vessel lumen area according to aridity show for the first time how the functioning of the cambium modulates and controls sap conduction, according to aridity and thus available water resources. They pinpoint the risks incurred by the wild olive tree in the perspective of a dramatic increase in aridity, in particular, the inability of the cambium to produce large enough vessels to efficiently transport sap and irrigate the leaves. Finally, this study opens new and interesting avenues for studying at a Mediterranean scale, the resistance and the vulnerability of wild forms and cultivated varieties of olive to heterogeneous and changing environmental conditions.
Investigation Into Different Wood Formation Mechanisms Between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm Tree Species at the Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Level
Authors: Li Hui , Chen Guanghui , Pang Hongying , Wang Qiao , Dai Xinren
Published: July 2021

Enormous distinctions of the stem structure and cell types between gymnosperms and angiosperms tree species are expected to cause quite different wood physical and mechanical attributes, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the differing wood morphology are still unclear. In this study, we compared the transcriptomes obtained by RNA-Seq betweenPopulus alba×P. glandulosaclone 84K, andLarix kaempferi(Lamb.) Carr trees. Available genome resource served as reference forP. alba×P. glandulosaand the Iso-Seq results of a three-tissues mixture (xylem, phloem, and leaf) were used as the reference forL. kaempferito compare the xylem-specifically expressed genes and their alternative splicing model. Through screening, we obtained 13,907 xylem-specifically expressed genes (5,954 up-regulated, 7,953 down-regulated) in the xylem ofP. alba×P. glandulosa, and 2,596 xylem-specifically expressed genes (1,648 up-regulated, 948 down-regulated) in the xylem ofL. kaempferi. From the GO and KEGG analyses, some genes associated with two wood formation-related pathways, namely those for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism, were successfully screened. Then the distributions and gene expression models betweenP. alba×P. glandulosaandL. kaempferiin those pathways were compared, which suggested differential wood formation processes between the angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, a Weight Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) for total xylem-specifically expressed genes in two species was conducted, from which wood formation-related modules were selected to build a co-expression network for the two tree species. The genes within this co-expression network showed different co-expression relationships between the angiosperm and gymnosperm woody species. Comparing the alternative splicing events for wood formation-related genes suggests a different post-transcriptional regulation process exists between the angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Our research thus provides the foundation for the in-depth investigation of different wood formation mechanisms of angiosperm and gymnosperm species.
English Speakers Can Infer Pokémon Types Based on Sound Symbolism
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto , Godoy Mahayana C. , Kumagai Gakuji
Published: July 2021

Sound symbolism, systematic associations between sounds and meanings, is receiving increasing attention in linguistics, psychology and related disciplines. One general question that is currently explored in this research is what sorts of semantic properties can be symbolically represented. Against this background, within the general research paradigm which explores the nature of sound symbolism using Pokémon names, several recent studies have shown that Japanese speakers associate certain classes of sounds with notions that are as complex as Pokémon types. Specifically, Japanese speakers associate (1) sibilants with the flying type, (2) voiced obstruents with the dark type, and (3) labial consonants with the fairy type. These sound symbolic effects arguably have their roots in the phonetic properties of the sounds at issue, and hence are not expected to be specific to Japanese. The current study thus addressed the question whether these sound symbolic associations hold with native speakers of English. Two experiments show that these sound symbolic patterns were very robustly observed when the stimuli were presented in pairs; when the stimuli were presented in isolation, the effects were also tangible, although not as robust. We conclude that English speakers can associate certain types of sounds with particular Pokémon types, with an important caveat that we observed a clear task effect. Overall the current results lend some credibility to the hypothesis that those attributes that play a role in Pokémons' survival are actively signaled by sound symbolism.
The Role of Personal Experience and Prior Beliefs in Shaping Climate Change Perceptions: A Narrative Review
Authors: Sambrook Kate , Konstantinidis Emmanouil , Russell Sally , Okan Yasmina
Published: July 2021

Global climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, and flooding. This is the primary way many individuals experience climate change, which has led researchers to investigate the influence of personal experience on climate change concern and action. However, existing evidence is still limited and in some cases contradictory. At the same time, behavioral decision research has highlighted the importance of pre-existing values and beliefs in shaping how individuals experience changes in environmental conditions. This is in line with theories of motivated reasoning, which suggest that people interpret and process information in a biased manner to maintain their prior beliefs. Yet, the evidence for directional motivated reasoning in the context of climate change beliefs has recently been questioned. In the current paper, we critically review the literature on the interrelationships between personal experience of local weather anomalies, extreme weather events and climate change beliefs. Overall, our review shows that there is some evidence that local warming can generate climate change concern, but the capacity for personal experience to promote action may rely upon the experience first being attributed to climate change. Rare extreme weather events will likely have limited impact on judgments and decisions unless they have occurred recently. However, even recent events may have limited impact among individuals who hold strong pre-existing beliefs rejecting the reality of climate change. We identify limitations of existing research and suggest directions for future work.
Urban and Rural Sustainability: Divergent Concepts and Their Consequences for Marketing
Authors: Zulauf Katrin , Wagner Ralf
Published: July 2021

Most sustainability innovations are adapted to the needs of urban areas. These innovations are either not offered at all in rural areas (e.g., car sharing) or require massive effort and restrictions to be usable or effective (e.g., ride sharing). Delving deeper than the description scholarly research needs to clarify consumers' conceptualization of sustainability in urban and rural areas. Notably, the extent to which sustainable innovations are adopted and their associated adoption dynamics with the consequences for marketers, consumers and society differ between urban and rural. Two research questions are pressing: (i) How do conceptualizations of sustainability differ between rural and urban living consumers? (ii) Which consequences for sustainable marketing management arise from differences and similarities of upstream innovations with downstream dynamics in urban and rural areas? Despite the wide range of previous research, the question of whether consumers living in urban and rural areas have a similar understanding of “sustainability” has not been comprehensively addressed. We consider the literature on both the intention-action gap in sustainability and Value-Belief-Norm Theory. This provides researchers with guidance to reveal divergences in values, motives and enablers for sustainability among people in urban and rural areas. Studies that deepen the understanding of how innovative service and product offers need to be designed to the specificities of urban and rural environments, contribute to clarifying consumers' intention-action gap.