bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance against Herbicide Isoxaben and Cellulose Deficiency Caused by Distinct Mutations in Same Cellulose Synthase Isoform CESA6
Authors: Desprez Thierry , Vernhettes Samantha , Fagard Mathilde , Refrégier Guislaine , Desnos Thierry , Aletti Estelle , Py Nicolas , Pelletier Sandra , Höfte Herman
Published: November 2008

Isoxaben is a pre-emergence herbicide that inhibits cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants. Two loci identified by isoxaben-resistant mutants (ixr1-1,ixr1-2, and ixr2-1) in Arabidopsis have been reported previously. IXR1 was recently shown to encode the cellulose synthase catalytic subunit CESA3 (W.-R. Scheible, R. Eshed, T. Richmond, D. Delmer, and C. Somerville [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 10079–10084). Here, we report on the cloning of IXR2, and show that it encodes another cellulose synthase isoform, CESA6. ixr2-1 carries a mutation substituting an amino acid close to the C terminus of CESA6 that is highly conserved among CESA family members. Transformation of wild-type plants with the mutated gene and not with the wild-type gene conferred increased resistance against the herbicide. The simplest interpretation for the existence of these two isoxaben-resistant loci is that CESA3 and CESA6 have redundant functions. However, loss of functionprocuste1 alleles of CESA6 were previously shown to have a strong growth defect and reduced cellulose content in roots and dark-grown hypocotyls. This indicates that in these mutants, the presence of CESA3 does not compensate for the absence of CESA6 in roots and dark-grown hypocotyls, which argues against redundant functions for CESA3 and CESA6. Together, these observations are compatible with a model in which CESA6 and CESA3 are active as a protein complex.
Determination of directionally dependent structural and microstructural information using high-energy X-ray diffraction
Authors: Daniels J. E.
Published: November 2008

High-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction using a monochromatic beam and large area detector offers a unique method for the study of directionally dependent sample information. The very short wavelengths and subsequent low scattering angles mean that scattering vectors at all angles approximately perpendicular to the beam direction are sampled simultaneously. Here a method is proposed and demonstrated in which the magnitude and directions of structural and microstructural changes can be determined with higher resolution than was possible with previously used techniques. The method takes advantage of parametric refinements over multiple data sets using the profile fitting packageTOPAS. Examples of the technique applied to the study of strains in multiphase zirconium alloys and microstructural texture in ferroelastic/ferroelectric ceramics are given. The angular precision in lattice strain for a diffraction image with good statistics is found to be below 0.1°.
Microstrain and grain-size analysis from diffraction peak width and graphical derivation of high-pressure thermomechanics
Authors: Zhao Yusheng , Zhang Jianzhong
Published: November 2008

An analytical method is presented for deriving the thermomechanical properties of polycrystalline materials under high-pressure (P) and high-temperature (T) conditions. This method deals with non-uniform stress among heterogeneous crystal grains and surface strain in nanocrystalline materials by examining peak-width variation under differentP–Tconditions. Because the method deals directly with latticedspacing and local deformation caused by stress, it can be applied to process any diffraction profile, independent of detection mode. In addition, a correction routine is developed using diffraction elastic ratios to deal with severe surface strain and/or strain anisotropy effects related to nano-scale grain sizes, so that significant data scatter can be reduced in a physically meaningful way. Graphical illustration of the resultant microstrain analysis can identify micro/local yields at the grain-to-grain interactions resulting from high stress concentration, and macro/bulk yield of the plastic deformation over the entire sample. This simple and straightforward approach is capable of revealing the corresponding micro and/or macro yield stresses, grain crushing or growth, work hardening or softening, and thermal relaxation under high-P–Tconditions, as well as the intrinsic residual strain and/or surface strain in the polycrystalline bulk. In addition, this approach allows the instrumental contribution to be illustrated and subtracted in a straightforward manner, thus avoiding the potential complexities and errors resulting from instrument correction. Applications of the method are demonstrated by studies of α-SiC (6H, moissanite) and of micro- and nanocrystalline nickel by synchrotron X-ray and time-of-flight neutron diffraction.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of phase transformations and amorphicity in nanotitania powder and silica–titania core–shell photocatalysts
Authors: Lim S. H. , Phonthammachai N. , Liu T. , White T. J.
Published: November 2008

The local environment of titanium in nanocrystalline sol-gel synthesized titania, cobaltiferous titania and silica–titania core–shell photocatalysts was investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Anatase reconstructively transforms to rutileviaa persistent amorphous phase that is retained, in part, up to 1273 K. In nanotitania, temperature-dependent trends in Ti order correlation observed by XAS parallel the development of amorphous content extracted from powder X-ray diffraction patterns, such that amorphicity shows a transient maximum at ∼873 K with the onset of rutile crystallization. Cobaltiferous and core–shell materials behaved similarly, but with anatase retained to 973 and 1273 K, respectively. In the former, cobalt redox reactions may stabilize anatase to higher temperatures by ready charge-balancing during the loss of hydroxyl and the formation of oxygen vacancies. In the core–shell architecture, higher Ti coordination and interatomic distance variance in the first- and second-nearest-neighbour shells are maintained to 1273 K by interaction of a substantially aperiodic TiO6network with the glassy silica substrate, which inhibits crystallization of rutile from the amorphous intermediate. Comparisons are also drawn with the commercial P25 catalyst. The overall transformation mechanism can be summarized as gel → non-stoichiometric anatase → amorphous titania → rutile. Smaller anatase crystals and a higher average Ti—Ti coordination environment in the core–shell structure may enhance photocatalytic activity directly, by creating larger specific surface areas and hosting reactive defects, or indirectly, by inhibiting exciton annihilation in aperiodic titania and delaying the crystallization of less photoactive rutile.
Optimal local axes and symmetry assignment for charge-density refinement
Authors: Domagała Sławomir , Jelsch Christian
Published: November 2008

In the perspective of building an expanded electron-density library based on multipolar modelling for common chemical atom types, new consistent local axes systems are proposed. Optimal symmetry constraints can consequently be applied to atoms and a large number of multipole populations can be fixed to a zero value. The introduction of symmetry constraints in the multipolar refinement of small compounds allows a reduction in the number of multipolar parameters stored in the library and required for the description of the atomic electron density. In a refinement where the symmetry constraints are not applied, the use of optimal axes enables the deviations from the local pseudo-symmetry to be highlighted. The application of symmetry constraints or restraints on multipoles is more effective when the axes are in accordance with the local geometry of the atom and can lead to improved crystallographicRfreeresiduals. The new local axes systems, based on two or three atom neighbours, can also be usefully applied to the description of transition metal complexes.
Towards an Understanding of Factors Influencing Early Years Professionals’ Practice of Consultation with Young Children
Authors: Davies Sarah , Artaraz Kepa
Published: November 2008

Recent Government agendas in England highlight a need to involve children in policy and service design, provision and evaluation of services they use or which affect them. While consultation with older children has become more common, this is not the case for younger children. This article reports on a study exploring the current practice and experiences, perceptions and views of a sample of early years professionals with regard to consultation with young children. A theoretical model is presented which suggests that the different factors that influence whether or not practitioners consult with young children are connected and interrelated. Policy implications are also discussed.
Dasatinib sensitizes primary chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes to chlorambucil and fludarabine in vitro
Authors: Amrein Lilian , Hernandez Tiffany A. , Ferrario Cristiano , Johnston James , Gibson Spencer B. , Panasci Lawrence , Aloyz Raquel
Published: November 2008

The dual c‐abl/Src kinase inhibitor, dasatinib, utilized to treat chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) when used at clinically attainable sublethal concentrations, synergistically sensitized primary chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) lymphocytes to chlorambucil and fludarabine. In contrast, dasatinib alone demonstrated toxicity to CLL lymphocytes at concentrations that are generally not clinically attainable. Dasatinib resistance and poorer dasatinib‐mediated sensitization to chlorambucil and fludarabine was associated with higher expression of c‐abl protein levels. In contrast, chlorambucil and fludarabine resistance correlated with basal p53 protein levels. Moreover, Western blot analysis after in vitro treatment of primary CLL lymphocytes with dasatinib, chlorambucil and/or fludarabine, showed that dasatinib: (i) inhibited c‐abl function (e.g. downregulation of c‐abl protein levels and decreased the phosphorylation of a c‐abl downstream target, Dok2), (ii) decreased chlorambucil/fludarabine induced accumulation of p53 protein levels, (iii) altered the response to chlorambucil/fludarabine induced DNA‐damage as evidenced by an increase in chlorambucil/fludarabine‐induced H2AX phosphorylation, and (iv) accentuated the c‐abl downregulation induced by chlorambucil/fludarabine. Our results suggest that dasatinib in combination with chlorambucil or fludarabine may improve the therapy of CLL.
Proton interactions with soil organic matter: the importance of aggregation and the weak acids of humin
Authors: Cooke J. D. , Tipping E. , Hamilton‐Taylor J.
Published: November 2008

Samples of three organic‐rich soils (ombrotrophic peat, podzol H‐horizon, humic ranker) were extensively washed with dilute nitric acid, dialysed against deionised water, and then subjected to acid‐base titrations over the pH range 3–10, in 0.3–300 mm NaNO3, and with soil concentrations in the range 2–150 g l−1. The results for the three soils were quantitatively similar. Comparison of the titration data with previously published results for humic acids isolated from the same soils showed the soil organic matter to have a greater ionic strength dependency of proton binding and to possess relatively greater buffering capacity at high pH, attributable to weak acid groups (c. 2–5 mmol g–1) in the humin fraction of the soils. To describe the soil titration data quantitatively, we modified Humic Ion‐Binding Model VI‐FD, which utilizes a fixed Donnan volume to describe counterion accumulation, by increasing the content of weak acid groups. When artefacts in pH measurement caused by the suspension effect were taken into account, the resulting Model VI‐FD2 provided good or fair simulations of all the titration data. The results suggest that soil structure, specifically aggregation, plays a significant role in cation binding by organic soils in situ. The lack of dependence of the titration results on soil suspension concentration suggests that the findings can be applied to soils in situ.
Distribution patterns of groundwater communities across aquifer types in south‐western Germany
Authors: HAHN HANS JÜRGEN , FUCHS ANDREAS
Published: November 2008

1. Classification of groundwater habitats and communities at different spatial scales is emphasised as a basic requirement for the implementation of groundwater ecology into legislation. Such a classification would also facilitate prediction of groundwater biodiversity, abundance and community structure, but is not currently available.

2. To identify the factors influencing the distribution of stygofauna at the landscape scale, the groundwater fauna of Baden–Württemberg in South‐western Germany was sampled from November 2001 to December 2002. A total of 304 boreholes were sampled twice with a phreatic net. Boreholes were originally selected to represent the full range of geographic, geological and hydrographic variation within the sampling area. However, bores in porous aquifers were overrepresented because the monitoring networks that could be used in this study were originally designed for hydrogeological purposes.

3. In total, 105 taxa (including 60 stygobionts) were found. Most of the stygobionts were rare, with 52% of them occurring in less than 1% of the boreholes. Stygobiotic taxonomic richness in a region or so‐called geological unit was directly correlated with the number of bores sampled. Species richness accumulation curves indicated that the real taxonomic richness of Baden–Württemberg is considerably higher than the recorded number of 60 stygobiotic taxa. This finding is in accordance with studies from other regions and suggests that groundwater biodiversity generally is strongly underestimated, probably resulting mainly from huge heterogeneity of groundwater systems and reliance on broad‐scale hydrological monitoring networks.

4. To identify regional distribution patterns, the sampling area was separated into regional geological units, each comprising all aquifers of identical geology in a particular region (size: hundred to several thousand square kilometres). Distribution patterns of the aquatic subterranean fauna (including non‐stygobionts) were found to be influenced to some degree by the geographical position of the bores, and to a large extent by hydrogeological aquifer type rather than by affiliation of aquifers to a given geological unit. Four types of aquifers could be distinguished: Compact aquifers (aquitards) with reduced pore spaces, and porous, fractured and karstic aquifers.

5. Communities of porous and karstic aquifers were found to be more similar to each other than the communities of compact and fractured aquifers. Therefore, for the purpose of recording groundwater biodiversity and defining undisturbed groundwater habitats, we suggest focusing more strongly than in the past on aquifer hydraulic conductivity and, in particular, on compact and fractured aquifers.
Impact of intentionally injected carbon dioxide hydrate on deep‐sea benthic foraminiferal survival
Authors: BERNHARD JOAN M. , BARRY JAMES P. , BUCK KURT R. , STARCZAK VICTORIA R.
Published: November 2008

Sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean is being considered as a feasible mechanism to mitigate the alarming rate in its atmospheric rise. Little is known, however, about how the resulting hypercapnia and ocean acidification may affect marine fauna. In an effort to understand better the protistan reaction to such an environmental perturbation, the survivorship of benthic foraminifera, which is a prevalent group of protists, was studied in response to deep‐sea CO2 release. The survival response of calcareous, agglutinated, and thecate foraminifera was determined in two experiments at ∼3.1 and 3.3 km water depth in Monterey Bay (California, USA). Approximately 5 weeks after initial seafloor CO2 release, in situ incubations of the live–dead indicator CellTracker Green were executed within seafloor‐emplaced pushcores. Experimental treatments included direct exposure to CO2 hydrate, two levels of lesser exposure adjacent to CO2 hydrate, and controls, which were far removed from the CO2 hydrate release. Results indicate that survivorship rates of agglutinated and thecate foraminifera were not significantly impacted by direct exposure but the survivorship of calcareous foraminifera was significantly lower in direct exposure treatments compared with controls. Observations suggest that, if large scale CO2 sequestration is enacted on the deep‐sea floor, survival of two major groups of this prevalent protistan taxon will likely not be severely impacted, while calcareous foraminifera will face considerable challenges to maintain their benthic populations in areas directly exposed to CO2 hydrate.
The Fusobacterium nucleatum outer membrane protein RadD is an arginine‐inhibitable adhesin required for inter‐species adherence and the structured architecture of multispecies biofilm
Authors: Kaplan Christopher W. , Lux Renate , Haake Susan Kinder , Shi Wenyuan
Published: November 2008

A defining characteristic of the suspected periodontal pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum is its ability to adhere to a plethora of oral bacteria. This distinguishing feature is suggested to play an important role in oral biofilm formation and pathogenesis, with fusobacteria proposed to serve as central ‘bridging organisms’ in the architecture of the oral biofilm bringing together species which would not interact otherwise. Previous studies indicate that these bacterial interactions are mediated by galactose‐ or arginine‐inhibitable adhesins although genetic evidence for the role and nature of these proposed adhesins remains elusive. To characterize these adhesins at the molecular level, the genetically transformable F. nucleatum strain ATCC 23726 was screened for adherence properties, and arginine‐inhibitable adhesion was evident, while galactose‐inhibitable adhesion was not detected. Six potential arginine‐binding proteins were isolated from the membrane fraction of F. nucleatum ATCC 23726 and identified via mass spectroscopy as members of the outer membrane family of proteins in F. nucleatum. Inactivation of the genes encoding these six candidates for arginine‐inhibitable adhesion and two additional homologues revealed that only a mutant derivative carrying an insertion in Fn1526 (now designated as radD) demonstrated significantly decreased co‐aggregation with representatives of the Gram‐positive ‘early oral colonizers’. Lack of the 350 kDa outer membrane protein encoded by radD resulted in the failure to form the extensive structured biofilm observed with the parent strain when grown in the presence of Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556. These findings indicate that radD is responsible for arginine‐inhibitable adherence of F. nucleatum and provides definitive molecular evidence that F. nucleatum adhesins play a vital role in inter‐species adherence and multispecies biofilm formation.
Investigations concerning the role of Chalara fraxinea in declining Fraxinus excelsior
Authors: Bakys R. , Vasaitis R. , Barklund P. , Ihrmark K. , Stenlid J.
Published: November 2008

A study was carried out to clarify the role of the fungus Chalara fraxinea in decline of Fraxinus excelsior, which is observed on a large scale in central and northern Europe with high incidence of tree mortality. The aims of this work were: (i) to check for the presence of C. fraxinea in various tissues of declining F. excelsior by agar culture isolations and by direct analysis of plant tissues using molecular techniques (DNA extraction, ITS‐PCR, cloning, ITS sequencing and T‐RFLP); (ii) to study fungal communities inhabiting tissues with symptoms; and (iii) to test the pathogenicity of C. fraxinea to F. excelsior. Chalara fraxinea was isolated from 93% of stem cankers, 91% of necrotic leaf stalks, 27–28% of bark wounds and 30% of visually healthy leaf stalks. Molecular analyses of necrotic leaves, leaf stalks and bark revealed the presence of 25 different fungal taxa, 14 of which were detected in all three types of tissue sample. Chalara fraxinea was the second most common species (61% of samples), and only Cryptococcus foliicola occurred more often (70%). All eight of the tested C. fraxinea isolates induced necroses in bark and cambium on each of 86 inoculated trees, and all controls remained healthy. Average length of necroses caused by different C. fraxinea strains varied from 4·2 to 8·9 cm, but the differences were statistically insignificant. Instead, differences in resistance of individual trees to C. fraxinea were observed.
The impact of intercurrent EBV infection on ATP levels in CD4+ T cells of pediatric kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Ben‐Youssef Ramzi , Baron Pedro W. , Sahney Shobha , Weissman Jill , Baqai Waheed , Franco Edson , Kore Arputharaj , Trimzi Mateen , Ojogho Okechukwu
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  ImmuKnow® measures ATP (ng/mL) in PHA‐activated CD4+ T cells from patient’s whole blood. According to published reports, median ImmuKnow® is 258 ng/mL in stable pediatric kidney transplant (PKT) recipients ≥12 yr, and 165 ng/mL in those <12 yr. However, data on the effect of infection or AR on ImmuKnow® are scarce. We studied the effect of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) viremia on ImmuKnow® in PKT with GD. Twenty‐eight PKT with GD were reviewed. Group 1 has 19 PKT ≥12 yr, and group 2 has nine PKT <12 yr. Mean follow‐up was 19.4 ± 12 months. All ImmuKnow® values discussed in this study were measured during GD ± fever. None had ImmuKnow® pretransplant. EBV DNA was isolated from patient blood by real‐time PCR. Group 1 has eight boys and 11 girls (mean age = 16.6 ± 2.4 yr). Group 2 has two boys and seven girls (mean age = 6 ± 3.1 yr). Median ImmuKnow® was 292 ng/mL in group 1, and 370 ng/mL in group 2. Nine children developed EBV viremia: two in group1 (median ImmuKnow® = 273 ng/mL), and seven in group 2 (median ImmuKnow® = 475 ng/mL). Overall mean ImmuKnow® in the nine EBV viremic patients was higher than that in the 19 non‐viremic ones (422 ± 176 ng/mL, and 302 ± 113 ng/mL, respectively, unequal variance t‐test, p = 0.08). Eight children developed AR (all in G1, median ImmuKnow® = 272 ng/mL). In group 1, one patient developed concurrent EBV viremia and rejection, while another patient developed EBV viremia six months following a rejection episode. In group 2, none developed simultaneous AR, CMV, or BK virus infection with EBV viremia. None developed post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease. In summary, EBV viremia was paradoxically associated with high ImmuKnow® in PKT <12 yr. This suggests strong co‐stimulation of PHA‐activated CD4+ T cells by EBV‐transformed B cells.
Clinico‐pathologic findings in end‐stage pediatric heart transplant grafts
Authors: Perens Gregory , Li Faqian , Meier Scott , Kaur Ravneet , Alejos Juan Carlos , Fishbein Michael
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  The pathologic patterns existing in end‐stage pediatric heart transplant grafts may help explain the symptoms and changes seen by echocardiography and angiography in these children. Retrospective chart review and pathologic study of explanted heart grafts was performed on 12 patients that had undergone 14 heart re‐transplantations. Clinical status, echocardiographic and catheterization data at the time of transplantation were correlated to the pathologic findings. At re‐OHT, eight were inpatients with heart failure symptoms and/or inotropic support requirements. Echocardiograms were abnormal in all prior to re‐OHT with significant diastolic dysfunction, but LVEF >40% in all but one. There was significant epicardial fibrosis in all grafts, and all had severe CAV of epicardial arteries. However, intramyocardial coronary disease was mild in nine (64%) grafts. Moderate or severe interstitial fibrosis occurred in only three grafts, and in a perivascular distribution in eight. End‐stage pediatric heart allografts have severe epicardial CAV and epicardial fibrosis, with relative sparing of the myocardium. Epicardial disease with sparing of the myocardium may explain the restrictive hemodynamics and relatively preserved systolic function present in these grafts at the time of re‐OHT.
The Gross and Micro Anatomy of the Accessory Sex Glands of the Male Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina)
Authors: Mollineau W. M. , Adogwa A. O. , Garcia G. W.
Published: November 2008

This study was a follow up to the study on the gross anatomy of the male agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) reproductive system. The seminal vesicles of the agouti are lobulated structures. The mean diameter of the large lumen is 883.6 ± 76.83 μm. The mucosa (24.1 ± 0.92 μm), which is lined by pseudo‐stratified columnar epithelium is thrown into folds, which often branch. The lamina muscularis mucosa is thin and is made of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels. The mucosa of the leaf‐like coagulating glands of the agouti is folded. The mean diameter of the lumen is 488.3 ± 41.96 μm. The mucosa contains tubuloalveolar glands, which have a mean length of 199.5 ± 28.83 μm. The thin epithelium, 15.0 ± 1.25‐μm wide, consists mostly of pseudo‐stratified columnar cells. The epithelium also has surface modifications in the form of apical blebs and cilia. The epithelium of the agouti’s lobulated prostate gland is also folded creating a large lumen with a mean diameter of 995.5 ± 55.70 μm. The mucosa contains tubular and tubuloalveolar glands, each having a mean length of 134.4 ± 13.59 μm. The epithelium (13.9 ± 1.16 μm) consists of pseudo‐stratified columnar cells. The pea‐shaped bulbourethral gland (BG) of the agouti consists of convoluted tubular, mucous secretory units, which are irregularly shaped each with a mean length of 177.9 ± 7.10 μm and a mean width of 63.5 ± 3.97 μm. The BG of the agouti are ventro‐lateral to the rectum and dorsally positioned to the pubic symphysis, and connected to the urethra by short ducts.
A new species of Aurospio (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from the Antarctic shelf, with analysis of its ecology, reproductive biology and evolutionary history
Authors: Mincks Sarah L. , Dyal Patricia L. , Paterson Gordon L. J. , Smith Craig R. , Glover Adrian G.
Published: November 2008

Recent field expeditions to the Antarctic shelf and surrounding basins have included substantial benthic sampling, revealing a diverse benthic infauna, including many previously unknown taxa. We describe a new species of spionid polychaete from the West Antarctic Peninsula shelf, Aurospio foodbancsia sp. n., which constitutes as much as 70% of the polychaete community at some locations. This species is morphologically very similar to the wide‐spread deep‐sea species Aurospio dibranchiata, and we revise the generic description of Aurospio to include this new species. We also present new records of A. dibranchiata from the Antarctic shelf/slope and the abyssal equatorial Pacific, including the deepest observations yet recorded. Aurospio foodbancsia sp. n. does not appear to undergo seasonal cycles in abundance, gametogenesis or recruitment, in contrast to observations on A. dibranchiata by other authors which suggest seasonal production of planktotrophic larvae. Our examination of several hundred specimens of A. foodbancsia sp. n. also revealed the presence of a parasitic turbellarian embedded within the body cavity. Morphological comparisons suggest close affinities between A. foodbancsia sp. n. and the exclusively deep‐sea congener, A. dibranchiata. Phylogenetic analysis of the Spionidae based on available 16S and 18S rRNA gene data also supports this relationship, suggesting a possible historical linkage between Antarctic shelf and deep‐sea taxa.
Effect of Oestrous Cycle on the Oxidative Burst Activity of Blood Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in Cows
Authors: Chaveiro A , Moreira da Silva F
Published: November 2008

Contents

Blood polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) oxidative burst activity, plasma cortisol levels, and the total and differential white blood cells counts (WBC) of six cycled dairy cows were evaluated for a period of 24 days, three times a week; on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. The PMN oxidative burst was indirectly evaluated by flow cytometry, measuring the intracellular oxidation of 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate to 2′,7′ dichlorofluorescein (DCF) by H2O2‐production. Results are pre‐sented as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of DCF. Cow’s oestrous cycle was evaluated by following the plasma progesterone levels using a radioimmunoassay method. Levels of cortisol in the plasma were measured using a fluorimetric method. The oxidative burst activity of PMN, represented a maximum value (MFI = 117.6 ± 7.4) during the oestrous period. A fall was then observed, in which a steady state was observed during the lutheinic phase of the oestrous cycle, reaching the minimum value [MFI = 73.2 ± 11.2 (p ≤ 0.01)] on the days +8, +9 and +10. No significant variations were observed in the levels of cortisol, or in total and differential WBC, during the whole period. Nevertheless, as far as cortisol levels were concerned, a trend analogous to that of the oxidative burst activity was observed. Our results demonstrated that the oestrous cycle might influence directly, or indirectly, the immune system of cows, by altering the oxidative burst of PMN.
Safe conversion of mycophenolate mofetil to azathioprine in kidney transplant recipients with sirolimus‐based immunosuppression
Authors: EL‐AGROUDY AMGAD E , EL‐DAHSHAN KHALED F , WAFA EHAB W , SHEASHAA HUSSIEN A , GAD ZIAD A , ISMAIL AMANI M , SHOKEIR AHMED A , GHONEIM MOHAMED A
Published: November 2008

Aim:  Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a powerful immunosuppressive drug with established efficacy and safety. The long‐term use of MMF may bring increased risk of for infection and malignancy and also increased cost of transplantation. The search for minimization of immunosuppressive protocol has led to an open randomized clinical trial of conversion from MMF to azathioprine (AZA).

Methods:  A total of 50 kidney allograft recipients treated with prednisone, sirolimus and MMF were randomized into two groups: converted (AZA group) and continuing (MMF group). The average duration of MMF therapy prior to conversion was 43 months in each group. Inclusion criteria included: patients with serum creatinine levels of less than 200 µmol/L; no past history of acute vascular rejection or recent acute rejection 6 months before randomization; and normal liver function tests.

Results:  Baseline demographics were similar in the two groups. During the 12 month observation period, there were no acute rejection episodes in either group. There were no significant differences in overall patient or graft survival or function. AZA‐treated patients had a lower incidence of gastrointestinal complications (P = 0.03). Daily cost reduction in the AZA group was more than $US8.79/day per patient.

Conclusion:  In general, replacing MMF with AZA in stable renal transplant recipients is well tolerated and was cost effective with no increased risk of rejection. As the this study was on relatively small samples, larger and longer follow‐up studies will be needed to confirm these expected advantages for the long‐term outcome and to assess the long‐term safety of this minimization of immunosuppressive therapy.
How to Strengthen the Connection between Research and Teaching in Undergraduate University Education
Authors: Elsen Mariken (G.M.F.) , Visser‐Wijnveen Gerda J. , Van Der Rijst Roeland M. , Van Driel Jan H.
Published: November 2008

This paper explores how to strengthen the research‐teaching nexus in university education, in particular, how to improve the relation between policy and practice. The focus is on courses and curricula for undergraduate students. From a review of policy documents and research literature, it appeared that the research‐teaching nexus can be shaped according to two dimensions. One concerns an emphasis on either the research content and products, or the research processes and problems; the other concerns the role of students as either learning existing insights, or as ‘participants in research’ who contribute to insights which are new to the field (e.g., by conducting research themselves). It is concluded that if a university chooses to strengthen the research‐teaching nexus in undergraduate curricula, this implies involving students more often in the role of participants in research.
Are Ethnic Minorities Underrepresented in UK Postgraduate Study?
Authors: Wakeling Paul
Published: November 2008

Despite recent rapid increases in postgraduate numbers, little is known about the ethnic background of current postgraduates. This lacuna is addressed using data about the UK postgraduate population. Overall, students from minority ethnic backgrounds are under‐represented among research and teacher‐training students but not on masters degrees. The trend over time is encouraging. Substantial differences between minority ethnic groups are found and patterns of participation are shown to be structured by subject of study, institutional location and prior attainment. It is argued that differences in representation must be understood in the context of existing knowledge about prior educational patterns and subsequent labour market outcomes. Viewed in this way, underrepresentation of certain minority groups is potential evidence of disadvantage but underrepresentation can be interpreted more positively for other groups. Concerns remain over minorities' access to research degrees and the implications of this for the demographic composition of the academic profession.
Poverty and deprivation among children in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Authors: Menchini Leonardo , Redmond Gerry
Published: November 2008

Although there is now a large body of literature on poverty in the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, there remains a dearth of comparative analysis of child poverty and wellbeing. This article uses household survey microdata for the period 2001–2003 to compare absolute poverty, relative poverty, material deprivation and participation in schooling among children in five countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Russia and Tajikistan. The analysis shows that low absolute levels of household consumption are associated with other deprivation indicators and with children's participation in schooling. The article also highlights the usefulness of relative poverty measures that effectively identify children at risk of exclusion in even the poorest countries in the region. The article concludes by arguing that household consumption is a good indicator of child poverty and deprivation in the region, and that relative poverty measures should be more widely used in monitoring global targets for poverty reduction.
β‐Synuclein occurs in vivo in lipid‐associated oligomers and forms hetero‐oligomers with α‐synuclein
Authors: Israeli Eitan , Sharon Ronit
Published: November 2008

α‐synuclein (αS) and β‐synuclein (βS) are homologous proteins implicated in Parkinson’s disease and related synucleinopathies. While αS is neurotoxic and its aggregation and deposition in Lewy bodies is related to neurodegeneration, βS is considered as a potent inhibitor of αS aggregation and toxicity. No mechanism for the neuroprotective role of βS has been described before. Here, we report that similar to αS, βS normally occurs in lipid‐associated, soluble oligomers in wild‐type (WT) mouse brains. We partially purified βS and αS proteins from whole mouse brain by size exclusion followed by ion exchange chromatography and found highly similar elution profiles. Using this technique, we were able to partially separate βS from αS and further separate βS monomer from its own oligomers. Importantly, we show that although αS and βS share high degree of similarities, βS oligomerization is not affected by increasing cellular levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), while αS oligomerization is dramatically enhanced by PUFA. We show the in vivo occurrence of hetero‐oligomers of αS and βS and suggest that βS expression inhibits PUFA‐enhanced αS oligomerization by forming hetero‐oligomers up to a quatramer that do not further propagate.
Influence of energy drinks and alcohol on post‐exercise heart rate recovery and heart rate variability
Authors: Wiklund Urban , Karlsson Marcus , Öström Mats , Messner Torbjörn
Published: November 2008

Background:  Media have anecdotally reported that drinking energy drinks in combination with alcohol and exercise could cause sudden cardiac death. This study investigated changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate variability after intake of an energy drink, taken in combination with alcohol and exercise.

Methods:  Ten healthy volunteers (five men and five women aged 19–30) performed maximal bicycle ergometer exercise for 30 min after: (i) intake of 0·75 l of an energy drink mixed with alcohol; (ii) intake of energy drink; and, (iii) no intake of any drink. ECG was continuously recorded for analysis of heart rate variability and heart rate recovery.

Results:  No subject developed any clinically significant arrhythmias. Post‐exercise recovery in heart rate and heart rate variability was slower after the subjects consumed energy drink and alcohol before exercise, than after exercise alone.

Conclusion:  The healthy subjects developed blunted cardiac autonomic modulation after exercising when they had consumed energy drinks mixed with alcohol. Although they did not develop any significant arrhythmia, individuals predisposed to arrhythmia by congenital or other rhythm disorders could have an increased risk for malignant cardiac arrhythmia in similar situations.
AXENIC CULTIVATION OF THE HETEROTROPHIC DINOFLAGELLATE PFIESTERIA SHUMWAYAE AND OBSERVATIONS ON FEEDING BEHAVIOR1
Authors: Skelton Hayley M. , Burkholder JoAnn M. , Parrow Matthew W.
Published: November 2008

Pfiesteria shumwayae Glasgow et J. M. Burkh. [=Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae (Glasgow et J. M. Burkh.) Litaker, Steid., P. L. Mason, Shields et P. A. Tester] is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate commonly found in temperate, estuarine waters. P. shumwayae can feed on other protists, fish, and invertebrates, but research on the biochemical requirements of this species has been restricted by the lack of axenic cultures. An undefined, biphasic culture medium was formulated that supported the axenic growth of two of three strains of P. shumwayae. The medium contained chicken egg yolk as a major component. Successful growth depended on the method used to sterilize the medium, and maximum cell yields (104 · mL−1) were similar to those attained in previous research when P. shumwayae was cultured with living fish or microalgae. Additionally, P. shumwayae flagellate cells ingested particles present in the biphasic medium, allowing detailed observations of feeding behavior. This research is an initial step toward a chemically defined axenic culture medium and determination of P. shumwayae metabolic requirements.
Nodular ‘fasciitis’ presenting as a cutaneous polyp
Authors: Bracey Tim S. , Wharton Simon , Smith Mark E. F.
Published: November 2008

A polypoid cutaneous variant of ‘nodular fasciitis' presenting on the upper arm of an 8‐year‐old girl is described. Nodular fasciitis is a reactive myofibroblastic proliferation that can be mistaken clinically as sarcoma, given its rapid growth. As its name implies, nodular fasciitis was originally described involving the fascia. Although rare dermal cases have been described, this is the first report of a dermal polypoid variant known to us, thus extending the presentations of this condition.
Syringotropic hypersensitivity reaction associated with infliximab and leflunomide combination therapy in a child with psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Vesel Tina , Luzar Boštjan , Calonje Eduardo , Avčin Tadej
Published: November 2008

A 17‐year‐old boy with refractory psoriatic arthritis and alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency who developed a syringotropic hypersensitivity reaction after 9 months of therapy with infliximab and leflunomide is described. Clinically, our patient showed a vasculitic‐like skin rash involving both palms and soles, and histopathological examination revealed a syringotropic lymphocytic infiltrate directed toward the intra‐epidermal portion of the eccrine ducts. These features have not been previously associated with infliximab or leflunomide therapy and represent a unique cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction that does not fit any known description of an immune‐mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
Circadian Levels of Serotonin in Plasma and Brain after Oral Administration of Tryptophan in Rats
Authors: Mateos Soledad Sánchez , Sánchez Cristina L. , Paredes Sergio D. , Barriga Carmen , Rodríguez Ana B.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Serotonin, one of the most important neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, is synthesized by the amino acid, tryptophan. Given that this essential amino acid is consumed in the diet, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of orally administered L‐tryptophan (125 mg/kg) on circadian variations in the levels of serotonin in brain and plasma. We used male Wistar rats of 14 ± 2 weeks of age (n = 240), maintained under conditions of a 12‐hr light:dark cycle, and food and waterad libitum. Tryptophan administration was by gavage in a daily single dose at 7 p.m. for 7 days. The serotonin levels were measured by ELISA every hour at night (8 p.m. to 8 a.m.) and every 4 hr during daytime (8 a.m. to 8 p.m.). The results show that in both the tryptophan‐treated and untreated groups the highest values appeared during the beginning of the darkness with a peak at 9, 10 and 11 p.m. in controls, and at 9 p.m. in the tryptophan‐treated group. After tryptophan administration, the levels of serotonin were significantly higher in the plasma and all the brain regions analysed than in the control group. This increase of serotonin levels was greater in the pineal gland than in other brain regions, and the least in plasma. In conclusion, oral administration of tryptophan during 7 days enhances serotonin levels over a 24‐hr period, and produces an advance in the peak of serotonin in both plasma and different brain regions.
Ethylene Glycol Toxicity Presenting with Non‐Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Authors: Soghoian Sari , Sinert Richard , Wiener Sage W. , Hoffman Robert S.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Ethylene glycol classically produces an elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis. We report a series of patients with ethylene glycol toxicity with a component of non‐anion gap metabolic acidosis without known associated confounding factors. A retrospective review of Poison Control Center records were searched more than 8 years (2000–2007) for ethylene glycol and antifreeze. Cases were reviewed and excluded for miscoding, information calls, animal exposures, or non‐ingestion exposures. The bicarbonate gap, or delta ratio (DR), was calculated using the formula: DR = (AG − 12)/[24 – measured serum where anion gap (AG) = [Na+] − [Cl−] − , all in mEq/l. Non‐anion gap metabolic acidosis was considered present when the DR < 1. Of 254 cases, 175 were excluded. Of the remaining 79 cases, 14 had a component of non‐anion gap metabolic acidosis at presentation. Their calculated anion gap was 14–28, and measured serum ranged from 2–20 mEq/l. A normal anion gap was present in two patients who presented with non‐anion gap metabolic acidosis. The DR ranged from 0.28–0.95. Seven out of 14 patients with non‐anion gap metabolic acidosis had elevated serum [Cl−]. In the other cases, no explanation for the non‐anion gap metabolic acidosis could be determined. The absence of a significant anion gap elevation in the setting of metabolic acidosis after ethylene glycol ingestion without other confounding factors (such as ethanol, lithium carbonate or bromide) has not previously been recognized. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for non‐anion gap metabolic acidosis in patients with ethylene glycol toxicity, and should not exclude the diagnosis in patients who present with a non‐anion gap metabolic acidosis. Further study is needed to determine the mechanisms by which this occurs.
An Economic Analysis of Wildlife Habitat Preservation in Alberta
Authors: Phillips W.E. , Haney T.J. , Adamowicz W.L.
Published: November 2008

This paper provides a twofold focus on wildlife habitat enhancement and development in Alberta: (1) from the user perspective based on measures of willingness to pay for an incremental increase in wildlife habitat; and (2) from the perspective of a private landowner, who possesses certain attitudes and characteristics conducive to providing an incremental increase in habitat under specified conditions that benefit the user
Competitiveness in the Canadian Food Industry
Authors: Coffin Garth , Larue Bruno , Banik Marc , Westgren Randall
Published: November 2008

Concerns about competitiveness in the Canadian food industry have generated a number of studies, inquiries and other initiatives on the subject. This paper examines the concept and measurement of competitiveness, the findings of several studies and some of the methodological issues involved in analyzing this phenomenon. While there is general agreement that the concept has most relevance at the level of the firm where it can be described as “the ability to profitably gain and maintain market share,” it has been applied mostly at the industry and country levels where there is less agreement on measurement and interpretation. This is reflected by a remarkable lack of consensus among studies of the Canadian food industry. The methodological issues most in need of being resolved are those relating to appropriate measurement and the relationship between strategic behaviour of firms and the determinants of competitiveness as found in the environment of firms

Plusieurs études ont été réalisées sur la compétitivité de l'industrie agro‐alimentaire canadi‐ennne. Ce papier a pour but i) d'énumérer et de commenter les définitions et mesures de compétitivité couramment utilisées, ii) de synthétiser les aspects méthodologiques et résultats d'études antérieures, iii) de discuter des implications de la réglementation sur I'inocuité des aliments sur la compétitivité. Il semble y avoir concensus sur la pertinenence du concept de compétitivité au niveau de la firme. Malheureusement, la majorité des études ont analysé la compétitivité aux niveaux des industries ou des pays pour lesquels l'interprétation des résultats et les mesures sont sujet à controverse. Les résultats de ces études sont en général contradic‐toires, Il nous apparait primordial d'améliorer les mesures de compétitivité de façon à mieux capturer le comportement stratégique des firmes et les caractéristiques de l'environnement dans lequel elles opérent