bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helping Groups Determine Their Most Accurate Member: The Role of Outcome Feedback1
Authors: Henry Rebecca A. , Strickland Oriel J. , Yorges Stefani L. , Ladd Deborah
Published: August 2006

One of the difficulties groups have when making quantitative judgments is determining the relative quality of members’ inputs. Outcome feedback was investigated as a method for improving the ability of groups to identify their most accurate member. Results indicate that groups given outcome feedback were better at identifying their best member than were groups that practiced without feedback. This occurred even though the same individual was seldom the most accurate across items. However, groups given feedback were not as accurate as their best member any more often. This suggests that groups given feedback are learning how to discriminate valid from invalid cues, but are not using this information consistently when making their group estimates.
Impact of Ethnicity, Gender, and Previous Experience on Juror Judgments in Sexual Harassment Cases1
Authors: Gowan Mary A. , Zimmermann Raymond A.
Published: August 2006

To examine the influence of gender, having been the target of sexual harassment, and ethnicity on jury decisions, 215 respondents reviewed 17 sexual harassment cases ranging on a continuum from relatively innocent to severe. Respondents indicated their perception of the offensiveness of the cases as well as whether they would vote for the plaintiff or for the defendant. Jurors voting for the plaintiff also indicated whether monetary damages should be awarded. Results of the study indicate that gender and prior experience with sexual harassment affect the outcomes in sexual harassment cases when behaviors can be classified as ambiguous. Results were mixed for the influence of gender and having been sexually harassed for relatively innocent and severe cases. No ethnicity effects were found. A discussion of the legal implications of these findings is included.
Gender Differences in the Usefulness of Goal‐Directed Coping for Middle‐Aged and Older Workers
Authors: Abraham Joseph D. , Hansson Robert O.
Published: August 2006

This study, involving 224 employed adults (aged 40 to 69), investigated the potential moderating effect of gender on the effectiveness of developmental coping dispositions at work. Moderated regression results indicated that, even after controlling for occupational differences, tenacious, goal‐directed coping tendencies were more highly related to occupational satisfaction and well‐being for middle‐aged and older men than for similar women (p < .05). These differences may reflect the operation of gender‐role stereotypes that impede the progress of women at work.
Extending Models of Prosocial Behavior to Explain University Alumni Contributions1
Authors: Diamond William D. , Kashyap Rajiv K.
Published: August 2006

Survey data merged with contribution records from a development office database provided a basis for understanding alumni support for a university. The survey randomly sampled alumni of a state university school of management who had graduated between 1980 and 1988. Subjects filled out mail questionnaires measuring social psychological constructs from the literature on prosocial behavior. The determinants of obligation to donate included perceived efficacy, perceived need, reciprocity, and individual attachment to the university. Obligation and other constructs explained the number of donations recorded in the development office database over 6 years. The model also predicted intentions to support the university by working for an alumni association or attending reunions. This model of alumni donation leads to recommendations for designing university fund‐raising communications.
Behavioral Correlates of Self‐Appraised Problem‐Solving Ability: Problem‐Solving Skills and Health‐Compromising Behaviors
Authors: Godshall Frankling J. , Elliott Timothy R.
Published: August 2006

According to the revised social problem‐solving model, problem solving skills should be associated with cognitive and behavioral attempts to solve or prevent personal problems. We reasoned that the Approach‐Avoidance scale on the Problem‐Solving Inventory (PSI; Heppner, 1988) measures problem‐solving skills as defined in the model, and predicted that scores on this factor would be predictive of health‐compromising behaviors among 96 undergraduate students. An aspect of the problem‐orientation component would be predictive of global health perceptions. Ineffective problem‐solving skills were associated with greater alcohol intake over a 2‐week period, and with more sedentary leisure behavior on retrospective and prospective measures. Perceived control over emotions was predictive of health perceptions, as hypothesized. However, elements of problem solving were unrelated to tobacco use, illicit drug use, and exercise behaviors.
Judging a Book by its Cover: The Effects of Candidate Party Label and issue Stands on Voting Behavior
Authors: Skitka Linda J. , Robideau Renee
Published: August 2006

Americans vote party lines; nothing predicts election outcomes as well. People may vote party lines because party candidates have views that accurately reflect the positions of their members, because party identification acts as a convenient cue that eliminates the need for greater information search or cognitive processing, or because party classification biases interpretation of other information people have about the candidates. To investigate these competing hypotheses for party effects on voter decision making, participants were presented with a choice between 2 candidates whose policy positions were more inconsistent than consistent with their party identification (Study l), or completely inconsistent with their party identification (Study 2). People voted as a function of party label in Study I, but issue stand emerged as a stronger predictor in Study 2 (although Democrats were more likely to cross party lines than Republicans). These results suggest that party identification influences how other information about the candidate is perceived and processed. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Cognitive Biases and Political Party Affiliation in Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Rouhana Nadim N. , O'Dwyer Anne , Morrison Vaso Sharon K.
Published: August 2006

Employing the motivational basis of the false consensus bias, this study hypothesized that the degree of assumed similarity to in‐group attitudes would differ among supporters of various political groups in intergroup conflict. We defined a conflict‐maintaining bias, the adversary's extremity bias, and examined how the degree of the bias would also differ among supporters of various political groups. Data were gathered from Arab and Jewish high school and university students in Israel. Our hypotheses, that in intergroup conflict assumed similarity to in‐group attitudes and the adversary's extremity bias would be greater among supporters of less conciliatory political parties than among supporters of more conciliatory political parties, were supported for one group in the conflict but not the other. Explanations of our findings are based on the differential power status of the 2 groups in the particular conflict.
An Attributional Analysis of Emotional Reactions to Schizophrenia in Mexican and Anglo American Cultures1
Authors: Weisman Amy G. , López Steven R.
Published: August 2006

The present study uses attribution theory to identify factors that may lead to unfavorable emotional reactions toward patients with schizophrenia and to highlight factors that may contribute to the observed inverse relationship between industrial status of a country and schizophrenia outcome. University students from Mexico and the U.S., 2 countries differing in industrial status, served as participants. Eighty‐eight Mexicans from Guadalajara and 88 Anglo Americans from Los Angeles, California read vignettes of a patient described to meet DSM‐IV criteria for schizophrenia. In one vignette, the patient's disorder was characterized by predominantly positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusions), whereas in the other vignette negative symptoms (e.g., social withdrawal, apathy) predominated. In support of an attributional approach, negative symptoms were associated with greater perceived control than were positive symptoms. Correspondingly, negative symptoms were found to provoke more intense negative affect and less intense positive affect than were positive symptoms. Some national and gender differences were also found.
Attitudes Toward “Gays in the Military”: A Functional Perspective1
Authors: Wynan Melissa , Mark Snyder
Published: August 2006

The functions associated with attitudes toward gays in the military were investigated. In Study I, secondary analyses of data compiled by the Gallup Organization indicated that ego‐defensive and value‐expressive functions are associated with attitudes toward lifting the ban on homosexuals in the military. In Study 2, results from a questionnaire specifically designed to assess reasons to lift or keep the ban replicated the findings of Study 1. In addition, Study 2 indicated that the functions both uniquely contribute to the prediction of attitudinal stance. Results from both studies indicated that approval of lifting the ban was associated with the endorsement of value‐expressive reasons to lift the ban and the rejection of ego‐defensive and value‐expressive reasons to keep the ban; by contrast, disapproval of lifting the ban was associated with the endorsement of ego‐defensive and value‐expressive reasons to keep the ban and the rejection of value‐expressive reasons to lift the ban. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for the functional approach to attitudes and persuasion.
Positive Psychological States in the Daily Life of a Sample of Working Women
Authors: Haworth John T. , Jarman Maria , Lee Stephen
Published: August 2006

This study of a sample of working women investigated where positive experiences were derived from in everyday life, focusing on the domains of work and nonwork (leisure). It examined how aspects of the situation, in terms of principal environmental influences in work and leisure, and the person, in terms of locus of control, were associated with positive subjective states and psychological well‐being. The study employed questionnaires and also the experience sampling method. The results showed that both work and leisure were important for positive psychological states and that internal locus of control was associated with greater enjoyment, interest, feelings of immediate control, intrinsic motivation, life satisfaction, and affective well‐being and a number of principal environmental influences.
Preferences for Dispute Resolution Procedures as a Function of Intentionality, Consequences, Expected Future Interaction, and Power1
Authors: Arnold Josh A. , Carnevale Peter J.
Published: August 2006

Two studies investigated preferences for dispute resolution procedures as a function of several situational factors. Study 1 varied intentionality of the conflict, consequences, and expected future interaction between the disputants. The data indicated that 3rd‐party procedures were most preferred when the wrongdoing was intentional and when there were high consequences. Study 2 varied intentionality, consequences and the power relationship between the 2 disputants. The relevant effects of Study 1 were replicated, and it was found that arbitration and advisory arbitration were most preferred when the conflict involved parties of equal power. The study supports the general view that research in several domains can be integrated into a coherent pattern of effects relevant for dispute resolution.
Causal Attributions for Poorly Performing Projects: Their Effect on Project Continuation Decisions
Authors: Onifade Emmanuel , Harrison Paul D. , Cafferty Thomas P.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the escalation problem within an attribution theory framework. Students read a case scenario containing causal attribution information that described a poorly performing project under their supervision. They made estimates of its future success, as well as a decision whether to continue it. Perceived stability of causality had the primary effect on expectancy of success. A project whose performance downturn was attributed to a stable cause had a lower expectancy. Locus of causality had a smaller but still significant effect. Project downturns attributed to internal causes had a lower expectancy. Expectancy of success was significantly correlated with project continuation decisions. Discrepancies between these results and those reported by Staw and Ross (1978) are accounted for in terms of Weiner's (1985, 1986) attributional analysis.
Judging Cumulative Risk1
Authors: Doyle James K.
Published: August 2006

The accuracy of young adults' perceptions of how cumulative risks to life, health, and property change over time was tested by asking subjects to judge the long‐term probabilities associated with different periods of exposure to risks that are very small in the short term. Process analyses revealed evidence that strategy choice and associated accuracy depended on context and framing variables. Subjects asked to judge conjunctive probabilities adopted a variety of strategies, all of which failed to yield consistently accurate long‐term probability judgments. However, subjects asked to judge disjunctive probabilities often reframed the probability questions into questions about the expected number of times the hazard would strike, which they could answer more accurately. Implications of the research for promoting public understanding of the long‐term implications of cumulative risks are discussed.
Why It Can't Happen to Me: The Base Rate Matters, But Overestimating Skill Leads to Underestimating Risk1
Authors: Greening Leilani , Chandler Carla C.
Published: August 2006

Undergraduates (N = 330) estimated their risk for aversive events (e.g., motor vehicle accident), in which we varied personal control (e.g., driver = self or other) and bogus base rates (high vs. low). Base rate data influenced risk estimates, but people underestimated their risk if they were the agent (e.g., the driver) rather than if another person was the agent. Justifications for estimates suggested that the base rate was perceived to be the risk for the average person. Most people then adjusted their estimates for a negative outcome downward because they believed that they were better than average on a skill (e.g., driving skill) that was perceived to be causally related to the event.
Role of Perceived Social Support on Depression in Chinese Adolescents: A Prospective Study Examining the Buffering Model
Authors: Cheng Cecilia
Published: August 2006

In response to the dearth of attempts to examine functions of perceived social support on depression in Chinese adolescents, a prospective study was conducted to examine the relationship among stressful life events, perceived social support, and depression. The present results provided support for the buffering model, indicating that the function of perceived social support in mitigating subsequent depression was prominent only under high stress levels. These results were discussed in terms of the socialized role of Chinese adolescents, as well as the function of esteem enhancement of perceived social support in alleviating depression. Reciprocal relationships between initial depression levels and subsequent levels of social support were also discussed. Possible counseling and prevention programs for Chinese adolescents are proposed.
Polygraph Testimony and Juror Judgments: A Comparison of the Guilty Knowledge Test and the Control Question Test1
Authors: Myers Bryan , Arbuthnot Jack
Published: August 2006

The present experiment investigated the impact of the Control Question Test (CQT) and the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) on the verdicts of mock jurors. Although studies have indicated that polygraph evidence has little influence on jurors' verdicts (Cavoukian & Heselgrave, 1980; Spanos, Myers, Dubreuil, & Pawlak, 1992–1993), no research has previously distinguished between the different types of polygraph tests and their impact on juror verdicts. In the present study, jurors were shown a videotape of a simulated rape‐murder trial that contained either CQT polygraph evidence, GKT polygraph evidence, or no polygraph evidence. No differences were found among the 3 conditions for either jury verdicts or individual juror verdicts, and jurors tended to rate both forms of polygraph testimony below other forms of equally suspect evidence, such as eyewitness testimony, in its influence on their decision‐making process.
Accurately Imagining Suicide: Imagine‐Self, Imagine‐Person, Observer Instructions1
Authors: Knott Ena C. , Range Lillian M.
Published: August 2006

To see if actor versus observer instructions influenced students' perceptions of social support during a suicidal crisis, 80 students completed social support, interpersonal reactivity, and suicidal behaviors questionnaires. In a yoked design, students who had been suicidal were matched with those who were instructed to imagine themselves being suicidal, to imagine that another person was suicidal, or to observe a person who was suicidal. Those who had been suicidal in the past (n= 20) were more suicidal than the other 3 groups (ns= 20). The suicidal group perceived high social support (belonging and appraisal), compared to the others, who perceived moderate support. Overall, nonsuicidal college students consistently underestimated their suicidal peer's social support, regardless of the instructions they were given.
Correlates of Youths' Fears of Victimization1
Authors: Fishkin Stephanie A. , Rohrbach Louise A. , Johnson C. Anderson
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the role that depression, deviant behaviors, and exposure to violence may play in youths' fears of victimization. In‐school youth (ages 11 to 20 years) completed an anonymous, self‐administered health behavior questionnaire that measured a variety of psychosocial variables. Included in the questionnaire were items concerning fears of personal victimization, demographics, depression, deviant behaviors, and previous exposure to violence. Logistic regressions revealed that gender, grade, ethnicity, depression, and previous exposure to violence were significantly associated with high fears of victimization. The implications of this study for future research into children's fears and for prevention programs are discussed.
Political Attitudes and the Vietnam War: A Study of College‐Educated Men of the Vietnam Generation1
Authors: Grote Nancy K. , Frieze Irene H. , Schmidt Laura C.
Published: August 2006

Groups of Vietnam veterans (n= 52), Vietnam era veterans (n= 77), and nonveterans (n= 249), all of whom had graduated from an Ivy League university in 1966, were compared in terms of their retrospectively reported general political orientation in 1966 and their current orientation and specific political attitudes in 1990–1991. The Vietnam veterans rated themselves as being more conservative than the nonveterans on political orientation and on specific political issues in 1990–1991. The Vietnam‐era veterans tended to take an intermediate position politically between the other two groups. Controlling for retrospective political orientation in 1966, intensity of military experience predicted more ideological conservatism and more support for the war against Iraq, as well as a more conservative position on a number of specific political issues of current interest. Results are consistent with the idea that critical experiences in young adulthood, namely military service in Vietnam, may affect political attitudes over many years.
The Cultural Factor in Lay Perception of Jealousy as a Motive for Wife Battery1
Authors: Delgado Ana R. , Prieto Gerardo , Bond Roderick A.
Published: August 2006

Cultural psychology is concerned with the comparative study of the way culture and psyche shape each other: This process is particularly well illustrated in the social construction of some feelings. Although sexual jealousy seems to be universal, people differ in the intensity of their reactions and in the type of stimuli perceived as threatening. Replicating previous research in Britain by Delgado and Bond (1993), a questionnaire research survey was conducted in Spain to determine if lay perception considers jealousy a justification for wife battery. The comparison of results shows striking differences: The harmdoer was seen as more guilty in Britain and the victim was seen as more guilty in Spain. Results demonstrate cultural differences in the perception of jealousy; when jealousy is a motive for assault, there are also cultural differences in judgments of responsibility. Emotions function differently in different cultures regarding perceived causes and justification for conduct.
False Consensus, Stereotypic Cues, and the Perception of Integrative Potential in Negotiation1
Authors: Bottom William P. , Paese Paul W.
Published: August 2006

We argue that negotiators' fixed‐sum perceptions are caused by the same judgment process that creates false consensus. Bargainers' reliance on their own preferences as a cue to others' preferences leads them to anticipate a fixed‐sum conflict. When presented with stereotypic cues, subjects in a negotiating experiment anticipated the variable‐sum nature of the task and subsequently realized highly efficient settlements extremely quickly. Surprisingly, even when the party's preferences were unrepresentative of the stereotype, agreements were no less efficient than in the absence of the cue. The implications of these findings for bargaining research and practice are discussed.
Adolescents' Cognitive Appraisals of Cigarette Smoking: An Application of the Protection Motivation Theory1
Authors: Greening Leilani
Published: August 2006

High‐school students (N = 690) provided their cognitive appraisals of protection motivation theory (PMT; Prentice‐Dunn & Rogers, 1986) factors in the context of cigarette smoking. A logistic regression analysis revealed that PMT predicted adolescents' current smoking behavior. Cognitions, including greater personal vulnerability to smoking‐related diseases, minimizing the severity of the consequences of smoking, perceiving adolescent male smokers to be popular and mature, and perceiving limited health benefits for not smoking were found to be significant predictors of current smoking behavior. Intending to quit smoking in the near future was related to smoking occasionally, as opposed to regularly, and to perceiving the long‐term risks of smoking to be severe. Possible applications for intervention programs are discussed.
Complexity Theory: Predictions Based on the Confluence of Science‐Wide and Behavioral Theories
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Satish Usha
Published: August 2006

Views of behavioral and science wide complexity theories are briefly summarized. Theory‐based predictions for human cognition and behavior based on both theories are advanced.

Streufert (in this special issue) has discussed the confluence of science‐wide and behavioral complexity theory. Even though the former attempts to find common processes in all the sciences and the latter theory has, to date, limited itself to human behavior, there are many similarities in approach and in explanations of observed phenomena. Differences between the two theories are minor in comparison to their commonalities. Considering the many similarities, it may be useful to confirm (and possibly extend) behavioral complexity theory. A number of theorems, many familiar, some slightly modified, some new, will be provided at the end of this paper.
The Measurement of Behavioral Complexity
Authors: Satish Usha , Streufert Siegfried
Published: August 2006

A number of measurement techniques designed to assess cognitive and behavioral complexity are considered. While early measures limit their focus to interpersonal differentiation, later measures consider differentiation, integration, and, in one case, various other aspects of information processing structure. Objective paper‐and‐pencil measures, subjective response assessment, and simulation technology are briefly described.
An Unobtrusive Measure of Racial Behavior in a University Cafeteria
Authors: Page Stewart
Published: August 2006

Observational data were gathered from a large university cafeteria for a period of 22 days, in 1‐hr periods per day, over one semester. Observations were made of the frequency with which Black and White cashiers were selected. Chi‐square analyses showed a significant association between a cashier's being Black and increased likelihood that she would not be selected. Some comments and comparisons are made with other research using similar measures.
Effects of Exposure to Cigarette Advertisements on Adolescents' Attitudes Toward Smoking1
Authors: Turco Robin Maria
Published: August 2006

One hundred seventy‐eight adolescents viewed a magazine that either contained or did not contain 4 cigarette advertisements. Adolescents who have tried smoking reported more positive attitudes toward smoking. Of the adolescents who have tried smoking, those in the cigarette‐advertisement‐present condition expressed more positive attitudes toward smoking than did those in the cigarette‐advertisement‐absent condition. Consistent with the prediction that adolescents who have tried (vs. never tried) smoking would attend more to cigarette advertisements, adolescents in the cigarette‐advertisement‐present condition who have tried (vs. never tried) smoking correctly recognized more cigarette advertisements. Taken together, these results suggest that adolescents who have tried smoking are attending to cigarette advertisements and are impacted by cigarette advertisements; specifically, cigarette advertisements bolster these adolescents' attitudes toward smoking.
Compliments and Perceptions of Product Quality: An Individual Difference Perspective
Authors: DeBono Kenneth G. , Krim Sharon
Published: August 2006

High and low self‐monitoring women sampled and evaluated either a relatively pleasant‐smelling perfume or a relatively less pleasant‐smelling one. Some women were complimented as they sampled the perfume. Others were not given any feedback. The evaluations of high self‐monitoring women were influenced only by the presence or absence of the compliment. Regardless of its actual smell, high self‐monitoring women evaluated the aroma and quality of the perfume higher when they had been complimented than when they had not. The evaluations of low self‐monitors were similarly influenced by the presence or absence of the compliment. In addition, however, their evaluations were significantly influenced by the actual smell of the perfume.
The Influence of Applicant and Interviewer Characteristics on the Use of Impression Management1
Authors: Delery John E. , Kacmar K. Michele
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the relationship between characteristics of applicants and interviewers, and type and amount of impression management (IM) used by applicants in the employment interview. Specifically, applicant self‐monitoring, self‐esteem, locus of control, age, and training, and interviewer communication apprehension, interpersonal communication skill, age, and experience all were expected to influence the type and amount of IM behavior exhibited by applicants in the employment interview. Data from 64 field interviews confirmed that characteristics of the interviewer and, to a lesser extent, characteristics of the applicants were related to the use of IM tactics by applicants.
Burnout and Leisure
Authors: Stanton‐Rich Howard M. , Iso‐Ahola Seppo E.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study is to determine whether leisure behavior, leisure satisfaction, leisure attitude, and self‐determination are associated with decreased burnout. A systematic stratified random sample of 438 clergy (55% return rate) was used to collect the data. In path analysis, results indicate that leisure behavior and leisure satisfaction had an inverse effect on all 3 components of burnout, while leisure attitude had no effect. Self‐determination predisposition contributed inversely to 2 components of burnout. Similarly, age and years in ministry had a direct, inverse relationship with the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions of burnout. Number of years employed with the present church was also negatively related to emotional exhaustion. All 3 variables (age, years in ministry, and years with the present church) were positively associated with leisure behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Are There Differences in Fatalism Between Rural Southerners and Midwesterners?1
Authors: Cohen Dov , Nisbett Richard E.
Published: August 2006

We conducted a phone survey of the rural South and Midwest examining fatalism and riskiness of health practices. Contrary to the contentions of some historians, ethnographers, writers, and social scientists, we found no evidence that Southerners were more fatalistic than Midwesterners. Southerners were not more likely to express the view that God or fate controlled their lives, and they were not more likely to take chances with their health and safety. The present findings contradict a commonly held view of the South, as well as a famous report in Science (Sims & Baumann, 1972) maintaining that higher death rates for tornadoes in this region might be due to Southern fatalism.
First‐Name Desirability and Adjustment: Self‐Satisfaction, Others' Ratings, and Family Background
Authors: Twenge Jean M. , Manis Melvin
Published: August 2006

The association between undesirable first names and poor psychological adjustment has been studied by several investigators. However, it is not clear if self‐ratings, commonness, or others' ratings of name desirability are most important in this relationship. In addition, family background might influence both psychological adjustment and first names. In a sample of undergraduates and their same‐sex siblings (n= 294), self‐satisfaction with first names predicted adjustment more consistently than did name commonness and others' ratings of name desirability. Using a paired‐siblings design to control for family background, the sibling with higher scores on adjustment was also more satisfied with his or her name and received higher name desirability ratings from others. Results are discussed in terms of identity and the looking‐glass self.
AIDS Knowledge, Self‐Esteem, Perceived AIDS Risk, and Condom Use Among Female Commercial Sex Workers1
Authors: Fritz Richard B.
Published: August 2006

This paper explores the effects of type of sexual partner (customer vs. primary partner) and several social psychological enabling resources (self‐esteem, perceived personal risk of HIV infection, and knowledge about AIDS/HIV) on condom use among 141 female commercial sex workers. The data examine condom use during the respondents' most recent sexual activity with a male partner. Logistic regression analysis supports earlier findings that commercial sex workers are significantly more likely to use condom during commercial sex with a customer, rather than relational sex with a spouse or significant other. Subsequent multiple logistic regression analysis indicates that, controlling for type of sexual partner (client vs. primary partner), the odds of condom use are significantly increased by the respondents' knowledge about AIDS, level of self‐esteem, and personal sense of risk of AIDS infection.
Psychological Variables as Predictors of Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Among Minority and Immigrant Adolescents1
Authors: Phinney Jean S. , Madden Tanya , Santos Lorena J.
Published: August 2006

The occurrence of discrimination in the real world is difficult to determine objectively, as it is defined in part by intentions. The perception of discrimination may therefore be influenced by one's interpretation of the intentions of others. In order to examine psychological characteristics that influence the perception of ethnic discrimination, 164 Armenian, Mexican American, and Vietnamese adolescents completed measures of perceived discrimination (PD), self‐esteem, mastery, depression/anxiety, intergroup competence, and ethnic identity, as well as demographic variables. A path analysis showed that higher depression/anxiety scores and lower intergroup competence predicted more PD; depression/anxiety and intergroup competence were in turn predicted by self‐esteem and mastery, respectively. Birthplace and socioeconomic status had an indirect effect on PD, via intergroup competence. The results suggest the importance of psychological variables in the perception of discrimination.
Hong Kong Versus U.S. Negotiations: Effects of Culture, Alternatives, Outcome Scales, and Mediation1
Authors: Arunachalam Vairam , Wall James A. , Chan Chris
Published: August 2006

This study investigates the effects of culture, BATNA (best alternative to a negotiated agreement), outcome scales, and mediation on negotiation outcomes. Six hundred three subjects from 2 countries (288 from Hong Kong and 315 from the United States) participated in 2‐party negotiations that were either mediated or observed by a third party. In these negotiations, the Hong Kong negotiators obtained higher joint outcomes than did their U.S. counterparts. Also, in both Hong Kong and the United States, negotiators with a high BATNA obtained larger individual outcomes than did those with a low BATNA. Finally, mediation resulted in higher joint outcomes than did no mediation and had a stronger effect in US. (vs. Hong Kong) negotiations.
Predicting and Explaining Intentions and Behavior: How Well Are We Doing?
Authors: Sutton Stephen
Published: August 2006

Meta‐analyses of research using the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) show that these models explain on average between 40% and 50% of the variance in intention, and between 19% and 38% of the variance in behavior. This paper evaluates the performance of these models in predicting and explaining intentions and behavior. It discusses the distinction between prediction and explanation, the different standards of comparison against which predictive performance can be judged, the use of percentage of variance explained as a measure of effect size, and presents 9 reasons why the models do not always predict as well as we would like them to do.
Ethnicity, Idiocentrism–Allocentrism, and Intergroup Attitudes1
Authors: Lee Lynn , Ward Colleen
Published: August 2006

The study examined the relationships among ethnicity, idiocentrism–allocentrism and intergroup attitudes in Singapore. Thirty Malay and 30 Chinese students completed questionnaires which measured in‐group and out‐group attitudes and attitudes toward ethnic‐based community development groups. Intergroup attitudes were analyzed by a 2 × 2 × 2 (Subject Ethnicity × Target Group Ethnicity × Idiocentrism–Allocentrism) analysis of variance. A 2 × 2 interaction revealed that both Malay and Chinese subjects expressed ethnocentric biases; however, planned comparisons indicated that this was due to the responses of allocentrics. A separate 2 × 2 (Subject Ethnicity × Idiocentrism‐Allocentrism) ANOVA further revealed that allocentrics had more favorable attitudes toward ethnic‐based community development groups than did idiocentrics.
Victim Impact Evidence in Capital Cases: Does the Victim's Character Matter?1
Authors: Greene Edith , Koehring Heather , Quiat Melinda
Published: August 2006

Victim impact evidence is introduced by the prosecution during the penalty phase of a capital case to describe the character of the victim and the emotional, financial, and physical impact of the victim's murder on survivors. In 1987, the Supreme Court voiced concern that this evidence would permit the capital sentencing decision to turn on jurors' perceptions of the victim's respectability. This study assesses that concern. Mock jurors watched a reenactment of the penalty phase in the case of Booth v. Maryland. We manipulated the respectability of the victim described in the victim impact evidence and found that jurors' judgments of the victims, victims' survivors, and severity of the crime were all affected by this description. We speculate on the way that these moderating variables could, in turn, influence the capital sentencing decision.
Associations Between Peer Drink Driving, Peer Attitudes Toward Drink Driving, and Personal Drink Driving1,2
Authors: Brown Stephen L.
Published: August 2006

A cross‐sectional survey of a population‐representative sample of 785 Australian drinkers was used to identify associations between aspects of individuals' peer environments and the likelihood of them reporting drink driving. Multivariate analyses showed that drink drivers perceived that a larger proportion of their drinking friends are drink drivers and were less likely to perceive that their friends disapprove of drink driving. A covariance analysis suggested that the belief that friends would disapprove may play a mediating role in the relationship between personal drink driving and that of peers. These findings suggest that peer group normative processes are associated with drink driving.
Values and Valences: Variables Relating to the Attractiveness and Choice of Food in Different Contexts1
Authors: Feather Norman T. , Norman Margaret A. , Worsley Anthony
Published: August 2006

This study investigated relations between values and the attractiveness and choice of food in different contexts for a sample of 464 participants who completed a mail survey distributed in 12 supermarkets in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Participants responded to 5 hypothetical scenarios describing situations, each of which presented 2 alternatives relating to the presentation or consumption of different foods. Participants also completed the Schwartz Value Survey (Schwartz, 1992). Results showed that measures of the attractiveness (or valence) of each alternative and choice of alternative were related to specified value types for some scenarios, depending on context and structural relations among the value types engaged by each alternative. Results also implied that choice of alternative was mediated by the valences.
The Development and Longitudinal Test of a Model of Organizational Identification
Authors: Wan‐Huggins Veronica N. , Riordan Christine M. , Griffeth Rodger W.
Published: August 2006

This study proposed and tested a theoretical model of the organizational identification process using a sample (N= 198) of electric utility employees. Based upon a longitudinal design, results indicated that the antecedents of perceived role‐related characteristics and construed external image were related to employees' identification with their organization, while perceived motivating job characteristics were not. Additionally, organizational identification was positively related to the employees' intention to remain within the organization. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
A Longitudinal Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action to Women's Career Behavior1
Authors: Vincent Paula C. , Peplau Letitia Anne , Hill Charles T.
Published: August 2006

Based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), we hypothesized that young women's career intentions would be predicted by their gender‐role attitudes and perceptions of their boyfriends' and parents' career‐related preferences for them. Career intention was expected to predict future career behavior. The model was tested using longitudinal data from 105 women studied in 1973 and followed up 14 years later in 1987. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results supported the TRA: women's gender‐role attitudes and their perceptions of important others' preferences predicted their career intentions, which predicted career behavior 14 years later. Implications for the study of women's careers and the longitudinal application of the TRA are discussed.
Get' em While They Last! Effects of Scarcity Information in Job Advertisements
Authors: Highhouse Scott , Beadle David , Gallo Andrew , Miller Lynn
Published: August 2006

Participants in Study 1 (N= 172) were presented with a restaurant server advertisement differing by vacancy availability (scarce vs. plentiful) and scarcity type (number of vacancies vs. time to apply). Companies advertising only a few vacancies available were perceived as paying a significantly higher hourly wage than companies advertising many vacancies available. Also, both vacancy scarcity and time scarcity had positive effects on various company‐image perceptions. Study 2 (N= 181) replicated most of the findings in Study 1 using a different entry‐level job advertisement. However, although presentation mode (i.e., advertisement vs. factual) had a main effect on intention to apply, it did not interact with vacancy scarcity.
The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale: Analysis of Reliability and Validity1
Authors: Mora Arlene de la , Russell Daniel W. , Dungy Claibourne I. , Losch Mary , Dusdieker Lois
Published: August 2006

Development of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) is described. In Study 1, a set of 17 items was selected on the basis of responses by 125 postpartum women. Analyses of the reliability and validity were then conducted. In Study 2, these analyses were replicated using data from an independent sample of 130 postpartum women. Study 3 involved an analysis of the ability of scores on the IIFAS to predict duration of breast‐feeding among a sample of 725 women who had initiated that method of feeding their babies while in the hospital. Limitations of this research and possible future uses of the IIFAS in studies addressing the determinants and consequences of infant‐feeding attitudes are discussed.
When Good Intentions Are Not Enough: Modeling Postdecisional Cognitive Correlates of Condom Use1
Authors: Abraham Charles , Sheeran Paschal , Norman Paul , Conner Mark , Vries Nanne de , Otten Wilma
Published: August 2006

Measures of intention usually leave substantial proportions of the variance in behavior unexplained. It has been suggested that improved behavioral prediction could be achieved by identifying postdecisional cognitive processes capable of distinguishing between intenders who do act and those do not act. Condom‐related self‐report measures of postdecisional cognitive processes were developed and tested in a cross‐sectional questionnaire study involving 447 heterosexual students. A discriminant function composed of postdecisional measures was found to significantly distinguish between intenders who reported use and non‐use and to correctly classify 80% of intenders. The results indicate that measures of the relative importance of competing intentions, prior planning of specific preparatory actions, and action‐specific self‐efficacy may enhance the prediction of condom use among intenders.
The Milgram Paradigm After 35 Years: Some Things We Now Know About Obedience to Authority1
Authors: Blass Thomas
Published: August 2006

Guided by the belief that we cannot make broad extrapolations from the obedience studies without first firmly establishing what has and has not been found using the paradigm itself, this article draws on 35 years of accumulated research and writings on the obedience paradigm to present a status report on the following salient questions and issues surrounding obedience to authority: (a) How should we construe the nature of authority in the obedience experiment? (b) Do predictions of those unfamiliar with the obedience experiment underestimate the actual obedience rates? (c) Are there gender differences in obedience? and (d) Have obedience rates changed over time?
The Television Situation Comedy and Children's Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Rosenkoetter Lawrence I.
Published: August 2006

The moral lessons of television situation comedies were explored as possible contributors to children's prosocial development. In order to determine if children comprehend the moral lessons of adult sitcoms, children in small groups watched sitcoms and then were individually interviewed to determine if they comprehended the moral lesson. An over‐whelming majority of 1st, 3rd, and 5th graders understood moral lessons contained in an episode of The Cosby Show. Similarly, one third of the 1st graders and half of the 3rd graders were able to identify an overarching moral lesson in an episode of Full House. Finally, a correlational analysis was undertaken between the frequency with which the children viewed prosocial sitcoms and the frequency of their prosocial behavior. As anticipated, viewing emerged as a predictor variable, particularly for those subjects who evidenced understanding of the moral lessons of sitcoms.
Effects of Directed Thinking on Intentions to Engage in Beneficial Activities: Actions Versus Reasons1
Authors: Ratcliff Christopher D. , Czuchry Michael , Scarberry Nikki C. , Thomas Jennifer C. , Dansereau Donald F. , Lord Charles G.
Published: August 2006

An important application of psychological principles involves increasing intentions to engage in activities that, although admittedly beneficial, are often not initially appealing (e.g., studying, quitting smoking, dieting). The present study tests the utility of directed thinking as a tool for eliciting intentions to engage in such activities. Undergraduate students were directed to think either about the reasons why people should find studying enjoyable or about the actions that people might take to make studying enjoyable. Regardless of whether they thought as individuals or in cooperating dyads, students who thought about actions later reported greater intentions to spend time studying than did students who thought about reasons. The results have both theoretical and practical significance.
Are People Polite to Computers? Responses to Computer‐Based Interviewing Systems1
Authors: Nass Clifford , Moon Youngme , Carney Paul
Published: August 2006

The present studies were designed to test whether people are “polite” to computers. Among people, an interviewer who directly asks about him‐ or herself will receive more positive and less varied responses than if the same question is posed by a third party. Two studies were designed to determine if the same phenomenon occurs in human–computer interaction. In the first study (N= 30), participants performed a task with a text‐based computer and were then interviewed about the performance of that computer on 1 of 3 loci: (a) the same computer, (b) a paper‐and‐pencil questionnaire, or (c) a different (but identical) text‐based computer. Consistent with the politeness prediction, same‐computer participants evaluated the computer more positively and more homogeneously than did either paper‐and‐pencil or different‐computer participants. Study 2 (N= 30) replicated the results with voice‐based computers. Implications for computer‐based interviewing are discussed.
Direct and Nondirect Communication of Maternal Beliefs to Adolescents: Adolescent Motivations for Premarital Sexual Activity1
Authors: Dittus Patricia J. , Jaccard James , Gordon Vivian V.
Published: August 2006

Communication between mothers and adolescents about premarital sexual intercourse was studied in the context of a model of maternal influence on the formation of adolescent beliefs about sexual behavior. Two different forms of maternal influence were explored: (a) direct communication, and (b) indirect transmission of maternal orientations. Respondents were 751 inner‐city, African American adolescents (ages 14 to 17) and their mothers. Results indicated that adolescent motivations were related to their sexual behavior, and that maternal beliefs about sex were predictive of those motivations, independent of reports of the amount of communication that had taken place. These data are consistent with a model that underscores multiple mechanisms by which parents influence adolescent sexual behavior over and above direct communication.