bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROTOCALLIPHORA HIRUDO (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) INFESTING SAVANNAH SPARROW, PASSERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS (AVES: FRINGILLIDAE), IN EASTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Bedard Jean , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: December 2009

An ecological study of ground nesting sparrows has been underway for several years at Isle Verte (15 km east of Rivière-du-Loup) Québec, in a hayfield–salt marsh ecotone with an average density of six ground nesting passerine pairs per hectare. In both 1976 and 1977 one brood of Savannah Sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis, containing four and three nestlings, respectively, were observed to be infested with dipterous larvae which have been identified as Protocalliphora hirudo Shannon and Dobroscky. This constitutes the first record of this parasite in Québec and the first time that the Savannah Sparrow has been recorded as a host. Protocalliphora hirudo was originally considered as a species restricted to western North America (Shannon and Dobroscky 1924) but has since been collected from an unidentified sparrow in Massachusetts (Johnson 1925), on Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) nestlings in New York (George and Mitchell 1948), and the Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) in Ontario (Bennett 1957). Bennett (1957), in his study of Protocalliphora spp. in Ontario, described P. hirudo as an ubiquitous species although most frequently found attacking ground nesting birds in open habitats similar to our study area.
DIRECT, INDIRECT, AND RESIDUAL TOXICITIES OF INSECTICIDE SPRAYS TO WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Rappaport Nancy G.
Published: December 2009

The toxicities of acephate, aminocarb, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, methomyl, mexacarbate, permethrin, and trichlorfon to last instar western spruce budworm,Choristoneura occidentalisFreeman, were significantly altered by the presence of host-plant foliage. The pyrethroid permethrin was significantly more toxic when sprayed directly on fully exposed larvae than when first sprayed on foliage. However, all other toxicants were more toxic sprayed on foliage. A toxicologically-based method was used to assess the residual toxicities of the nine chemicals. Each chemical was applied to potted seedlings at its respective LD90-foliage, then weathered for up to 7 days. Significant differences in toxicity were related to both insecticide and weathering interval. The toxicities of carbaryl and permethrin were least affected by weathering.
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES OF CANADA
Authors: Lewis David J. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: December 2009

Twenty species of black flies are now recorded from the Maritime Provinces of Canada. These include five species of Prosimulium, two species of Cnephia, and 13 species of Simulium. With the exception of S. vernum Meigen, all species have been previously recorded from maritime Canada. The known biology of these black flies is summarized and includes information on overwintering stages, larval and pupal habitats, adult emergence and feeding habits, and seasonal occurrence and abundance.
MOTH SEX ATTRACTANTS FOUND BY SYSTEMATIC FIELD TESTING OF 3-COMPONENT ACETATE-ALDEHYDE CANDIDATE LURES
Authors: Steck W.F. , Chisholm M.D. , Bailey B.K. , Underhill E.W.
Published: December 2009

Selected primary (Z)-alkenals and (Z)-alkenyl acetates (odd-numbered unsaturation positions, even-numbered carbon chains C10–C16) were field tested in three groups for ability to attract male moths into traps. Within each group all possible combinations (1:1:1) of components were examined. From 441 combinations, consistent attractants for 47 species were found. In one case three components were required for attractancy, while in others two or one were minimally sufficient. Possible trapping inhibitors were revealed for most of the species taken. Of the captured species 44 were noctuids, two were tortricids, and one was a gelechiid.
POPILLIA JAPONICA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE): A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF OVIPOSITION IN HETEROGENEOUS AGROECOSYSTEMS
Authors: Régnière Jacques , Rabb Robert L. , Stinner R. E.
Published: December 2009

A mathematical model is developed which simulates the effect of the number of eggs in females, food source, and soil conditions, on ovogenesis and oviposition of Japanese beetle populations. The number of eggs in females is used as the state indicator, and simulated trends are compared to field data. Potential applications in pest management are discussed.
ABERRANT AUTUMNAL MIGRATION OF THE EASTERN POPULATION OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY,DANAUS P.PLEXIPPUS(LEPIDOPTERA: DANAIDAE) AS IT RELATES TO THE OCCURRENCE OF STRONG WESTERLY WINDS
Authors: Urquhart F. A. , Urquhart N. R.
Published: December 2009

Strong westerly winds occurring during autumnal migration of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly in North America, affect those butterflies migrating from areas east of long. 90°. The following aberrant migratory routes are presented: (1) Migrants moving down the Atlantic coast pass through the Florida peninsula to western Cuba thence to the overwintering site in Guatemala and Honduras; (2) migrants forced over the Atlantic ocean eventually reach the Bahama islands and thence to Yucatan, or Honduras via Jamaica and other islands of the Caribbean Sea, to the overwintering site in Guatemala and Honduras; (3) migrants arriving in the eastern islands of the Greater Antilles may eventually arrive in the Cordilleran mountains of Columbia and northwestern Venezuela; (4) migrants from the Lesser Antilles may return, along with members of a first generation, in the spring without establishing an overwintering site—the fate of these few occasional spring migrants is unknown.
MONITORING TRACE ELEMENTS IN DIETS AND LIFE STAGES OF THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), WITH X-RAY ENERGY SPECTROMETRY
Authors: McLean J. A. , Stump I. G. , D’Auria J. M. , Holman J.
Published: December 2009

Elemental profiles of onion maggots reared on a dried carrot based medium were monitored by X-ray energy spectrometry. Adult insects had higher levels of S, Fe, Cu, and Zn and lower levels of Cl, K, Br, and Sr than were apparently present in the medium. Addition of Rb to the larval diet resulted in a higher than normal concentration of Rb in the newly-emerged adults. This concentration of Rb decreased to ambient levels after 10 days. When Y was added to the rearing medium, it was not incorporated into the adult flies. Pupae from the Ga-supplemented diet failed to mature. The elemental profiles of male and female adults from the Rb- and Y-rearings differed significantly from the control rearings and each other. X-ray energy spectrometry shows much promise in helping define and monitor mineral requirements in insects.
POSTMATING AGE ESTIMATES FOR FEMALE EUROPEAN CORN BORER MOTHS, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), USING TIME-RELATED CHANGES IN SPERMATOPHORES
Authors: Elliott W. M. , Dirks V. A.
Published: December 2009

The spermatophores in mated female European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), were shown to lose volume (depletion), change colour, and retract their spiral stalks over a period of about 7 days in such a way that postmating age could be estimated from their appearance. Colour changes and stalk retraction occurred more slowly in females that laid fertile eggs than in those that did not, but depletion occurred at the same rate. The average postmating age was estimated as 5.2, 6.3, 3.9, and 2.6 days for small light trap catches of first generation females in 1974, 1975, 1976, and 1977 and 4.4, 3.9, and 3.2 days for larger catches of second generation females in 1974, 1975, and 1977. Catches did not show decreasing numbers in successive age groups but tended to show modal values at < 1 day and at 4–6 days with only 1% living > 7 days. Redistribution of the moths from the date of capture back to the date of mating tended to give a unimodal curve of numbers on time in the 1975 second generation but not in 1974 or 1977. The unimodal curve of redistributed moths in 1975 was significantly different from a normal distribution. The redistribution showed that 58% of the moths mated within the heat unit interval when the second generation was expected to emerge, whereas only 38% of the actual catches occurred in this interval. Redistribution also showed that mating probably occurred even on cold nights when few moths were trapped, and conversely that on some warm nights with large catches most of the moths had mated on earlier nights.
THE REARING AND BIOLOGY OF GLISCHROCHILUS QUADRISIGNATUS (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Foott W. H. , Timmins P. R.
Published: December 2009

A study on techniques for rearing Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) in the laboratory showed that provision of adequate moisture and control of fungal diseases were essential. Most field-collected adult females oviposited regardless of when the collections were made, but there were large variations in the preoviposition periods. Hibernating beetles collected in the spring had a much shorter preoviposition period than beetles collected in the autumn and early winter. The high viability of eggs laid by overwintering females kept separate from males indicated that the beetles mated in the fall. Three consecutive generations occurred when beetles were reared in crocks supplied with corn and tomatoes in a greenhouse. At 21°C, the incubation period for eggs averaged 4.1 days, the larval period 21–22 days, and the pupation period 11.8 days. Newly developed adults remained in the soil for an average of 11.2 days before emerging.
A MONITORING PROGRAM FOR THE COMMON JUNE BEETLE, PHYLLOPHAGA ANXIA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE), IN SOUTHERN QUEBEC
Authors: Lim K. P. , Toohey K. M. , Yule W. N. , Stewart R. K.
Published: December 2009

Blacklight traps were used for monitoring flight activity of Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte) in southern Quebec. Adults began flying during the last 3 weeks of May and flight terminated about the end of June, depending on the season and the locality. The adults required approximately 176 degree-days accumulated above a base of 5 °C for flying to commence. Peak flight occurred late in May or in early June. Both sexes were attracted to blacklight traps.
A MODIFIED LADELL APPARATUS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF WETLAND MACROINVERTEBRATES
Authors: Lawson Daniel L. , Merritt Richard W.
Published: December 2009

A modified Ladell apparatus is described which offers a low cost and efficient method of wetland macroinvertebrate extraction. Soil and leaf litter samples, immersed in Mg2SO4 solution, are subjected to agitation and bubbling to promote the extraction of macroinvertebrates. A further modification provides salt solution recycling. Fourteen floodplain taxa were recovered with extraction efficiencies ranging from 80 to 100% at a cost of 15–20 cents (U.S.) per sample.
REDESCRIPTION OF THE HOLOTYPES OF SOME NEOTROPICAL SARCOPHAGIDAE (DIPTERA) DESCRIBED BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND
Authors: Lopes H. de Souza
Published: December 2009

Twelve holotypes of Neotropical Sarcophagidae described by C. H. T. Townsend are redescribed. Discomyiophora aurata Townsend and Sisasarcophaga metallica Townsend are transferred to the genus Notochaeta. Notochaeta aldrichi Lopes is a new junior synonym of aurata Tnsd. Chlorosarcophaga cochliomyia Townsend is a new senior synonym of Robineauella calliphorina Enderlein.
REDESCRIPTIONS OF SOME TYPES OF NEOTROPICAL SARCOPHAGIDAE (DIPTERA) DESCRIBED BY COQUILLETT, TOWNSEND, AND DODGE
Authors: Lopes H. de Souza
Published: December 2009

Types of nine species of Sarcophagidae are redescribed, two species belonging to the tribe Microcerellini, six to Johnsoniini, and seven to Sarcophagini;Harpagopyga rufipesDodge is transferred toNotochaeta. In addition to the female holotype, the male ofHarpagopyga diversipes(Coquillett) is also described.
CORRIGENDA FOR VOLUME III OF “THE ODONATA OF CANADA AND ALASKA” (1975)
Authors: Corbet Philip S.
Published: December 2009

An annotated list of corrections is provided for the third and last volume of the monograph “The Odonata of Canada and Alaska”. Published reviews of Volume III are listed.
OCCURRENCE OF A TWO GENERATION STRAIN OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN QUEBEC
Authors: McLeod D. G. R. , Ritchot C. , Nagai T.
Published: December 2009

There are now two strains of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in Quebec. The strain normally found produces one generation while the more recently introduced strain produces two generations per year. Both strains have been characterized and compared with corn borer strains from Ontario and New York State. The two attributes of the recently introduced strain that promote the development of a second generation are (1) early emergence in the spring with less intense diapause and (2) a lower critical photoperiod for diapause induction. The latter characteristic allows pupation of first generation larvae. Field and laboratory tests on the pheromone response of adult male moths demonstrated that the origin of this recent introduction was New York State.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF EMERGENCE FOR WITHIN-TREE POPULATIONS OF DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Coulson Robert N. , Fargo W. Scott , Pulley Paul E. , Pope Don N. , Foltz John L. , Bunting Audrey M.
Published: December 2009

Spatial and temporal patterns of Dendroctonus frontalis emerging from loblolly pine, Pinus taeda, were studied. Daily emergence was measured at 1.5-m intervals along the infested bole on nine trees Emerging beetles from three of the trees were collected and their sex identified. Topological estimates of daily emergence on all trees were computed and the spatial and temporal patterns of emergence were described using three and five parameter models. Emergence followed the same general pattern at each of the 1.5-m sampling intervals. Peak density of emergence occurred at ca. 0.25 of the process time span (day 7) and declined thereafter. Emergence density was highest at the 3.5-m interval and tapered gradually towards the top of the tree and abruptly towards the bottom. The process took ca. 28 days for completion. Emergence partitioned by sex followed the same general pattern as observed for the combined sexes. The cumulative sex ratio of emerging beetles was essentially 1:1 at each height interval.

Since the curves at the various height intervals were similar, emergence was described as an average process for the entire tree. The essential features of the process were retained in the average analysis. A probability distribution function defined for emergence permits calculation of the distribution of beetles from host trees provided the cumulative density is known. A frequency histogram illustrating the range in observed emergence density over a three year period was also included.

Adult populations of D. frontalis available for colonization were interpreted as a single process “allocation.” The allocation process was defined by two components, re-emergence and emergence, and had the following characteristics: (1) it is continous for each tree in the infestation, (2) it is distinct for each tree, (3) it is bimodal in intensity, and (4) the components may operate together or independently. The allocation concept was used to interpret the manner in which D. frontalis infestations have been observed to develop.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OFPYRRHARCTIA(ISIA)ISABELLA(LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE): III. THE RELATION BETWEEN HEAD CAPSULE WIDTH AND NUMBER OF INSTARS
Authors: Goettel Mark S. , Philogène Bernard J. R.
Published: December 2009

Head capsule widths of laboratory-reared and mature field-collected larvae ofP.isabellawere measured. The number of larval instars varied from 7 to 10, yet in all larvae studied, average size and increment in the successive instars were the same for instars 1 to 3. In the latter instars, there was an inverse relationship between size of increment and prospective number of instars. Insects which completed 10 instars were only a little larger than those maturing after only 7 instars. These data fail to support Dyar’s rule.
THE INTERACTION OF COTTON AND BOLL WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) — A STUDY OF CO-ADAPTATION
Authors: Gutierrez A. P. , Wang Y. , Daxl R.
Published: December 2009

The growth parameters for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) were examined via optimization studies to determine if the observed values were optimal for the season lengths and weather patterns found in California and Nicaragua. The parameters observed for Nicaraguan cotton were further examined to determine if predation by boll weevil (Anthonomus grandisBoh.) of small cotton fruit (squares) could explain the observed discrepancies. All of the observed growth parameters except the fruit bud production rate for the Acala SJ II variety of cotton which is grown in California appeared to be reasonably optimal for California condition (i.e. boll weevil does not occur in California). By contrast, the parameters for the Nicaraguan variety were sub-optimal if boll weevil was excluded from the analysis, but near optimal if the population dynamics of pest were included.
A PROCESS MODEL FOR EASTERN BLACKHEADED BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: McNamee Peter J.
Published: December 2009

A theory for the population behavior of the eastern blackheaded budworm is presented. The qualitative properties and key processes of the system are identified and a description of the theory as a simulation model is given. Two domains of stability exist for the insect; one is caused by bird predation, the second by the effects of food limitation. The model predicts that the budworm’s cyclical population fluctuations are produced by the disappearance and reappearance of these stable domains and consequent movement of densities to new levels. Parasitism is identified as the principal mechanism causing this behavior. A qualitative comparison of model behavior with historical behavior is made and a critical field experiment to test the validity of the theory is proposed. Finally it is suggested that the population behavior of many forest defoliators may be explained using this theory.
GENETICS OF GLOSSINA MORSITANS MORSITANS (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE): III. SALMON, A SEX-LINKED, MATERNALLY INFLUENCED, SEMI-LETHAL EYE COLOR MUTANT
Authors: Gooding R. H.
Published: December 2009

A visible mutation with salmon-colored eyes was found in our colony of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. The trait, designated salmon (sal), is a recessive controlled by an X-chromosome locus which is at least 36 map units from ocra. Adults emerged from less than 20% of the puparia obtained by mating females homozygous for salmon with the hemizygous salmon males; these flies have very pale eyes and die at an early age. The mutant is genetically rescuable since females homozygous for salmon mated with wild-type males produced the normal number of phenotypically wild-type female offspring and about 32% of the expected number of male offspring; the males have very pale eyes.
A GALL MIDGE, ENDAPHIS SP. (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), AS A GREGARIOUS APHID PARASITE
Authors: Mackauer M. , Foottit R.
Published: December 2009

The cecidomyiid Endaphis sp. is a locally common endoparasite of the aphid Euceraphis gillettei on alder in coastal British Columbia. The midge represents the first known protelean parasite of aphids that may develop gregariously inside the host. Field and laboratory observations are presented on the parasite’s life history and host instar preference. Mechanisms enabling the partitioning of the available “host space” between Endaphis sp. and the aphidiid parasite Praon sp. are discussed.
THE LARVAL INSTARS OF APHIDIUS SMITHI (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Chorney R. J. , Mackauer M.
Published: December 2009

The pea aphid parasite Aphidius smithi Sharma & Subba Rao has four larval instars. The first and the fourth instars are mandibulate. The second instar possesses oral lobes but not mandibles. A bilobed feeding structure on the ventral side of the head of the third instar could function as a pharyngeal pump. The chief diagnostic features of each instar are illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. Variability in the number of larval instars among species of Aphidiidae is discussed.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF WAX DISTRIBUTION ON THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur , Ennis Terry , Jobin Luc , Granett Jeffrey
Published: December 2009

Scanning electron micrographs of balsam wooly aphid, Adelges piceae Ratz., show ribbon-like wax secretion in the dorso-median, marginal, and inter-tergal regions. Longitudinal grooves in the ribbons indicate that secretions from a row of cells fuse together to form bands of wax. Most of the ribbons appear as extensions of the tergal sclerites. Post-notal plates are conspicuous in the dormant first instar, and in the adults characteristic wax plates with crater-like pits are evident. The chemistry of wax in related species and a rationale for control using juvenile hormone analogs are discussed.
THE LARVAL INSTARS OF THE BLACK FLIES STEGOPTERNA MUTATA AND SIMULIUM VITTATUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Ross Douglas H.
Published: December 2009

The six larval instars of Stegopterna mutata (Malloch) and seven larval instars of Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt can be definitively separated by differences in postgenal length, body length, and number of primary cephalic fan rays. Counts of the number of rows of hooks and hooks/row in the anal circlet were inconclusive in separating all instars of either species.
OBSERVATIONS ON BIOLOGY AND NATURAL CONTROL OF THE ORANGEHUMPED MAPLEWORM, SYMMERISTA LEUCITYS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE), IN NEW YORK
Authors: Allen Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

The life stages, feeding habits, and some aspects of natural control of Symmerista leucitys Franclemont, a univoltine defoliator of sugar maple, are described.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF FLEAS FROM CANADA (SIPHONAPTERA)
Authors: Holland G.P.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of fleas are described, two of the family HYSTRICHOPSYLLIDAE Tiraboschi 1904 (Nearctopsylla grahami n. sp. and Rhadinopsylla (Micropsylla) rauschi n. sp.) and one of the family CERATOPHYLLIDAE Dampf 1908 (Ceratophyllus calderwoodi n. sp,). N. grahami is known only from western Ontario where it has been collected from marten, Martes a. americana. R. (M.) rauschi was collected from deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus osgoodi, in southwestern Saskatchewan. C. calderwoodi was collected from a nest of cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, in eastern New Brunswick.
EFFECT OF MALE-DEPRIVATION ON FEMALE PHONOTAXIS IN FIELD CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE; GRYLLUS)
Authors: Cade William H.
Published: December 2009

The effect of depriving female field crickets of conspecific male contact upon the frequency of phonotaxic response to conspecific mating song was tested in Gryllus integer Scudder and G. veletis Alexander and Bigelow (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). In both species, positive phonotaxis was 5 to 9 times more frequent in male-deprived females than in females kept with males. Increased phonotaxis in the former group was apparent with 3 days separation. Addition of G. veletis males to the female-only culture greatly reduced subsequent phonotaxis. As female field crickets sometimes occur in male-free areas in the field, such increased phonotaxis may well be of adaptive importance.
MELEOMA SCHWARZI: AN ADDITION TO THE CANADIAN FAUNA (NEUROPTEROIDA PLANIPENNIA: CHRYSOPIDAE)
Authors: Garland J.A.
Published: December 2009

The green lacewing, Meleoma schwarzi (Banks), is reported from the southern interior of British Columbia. Characters are provided which distinguish this species from other Canadian chrysopids, in particular Chrysopa gravida Banks.
DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF CARABID BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) IN A PEST MANAGEMENT APPLE ORCHARD
Authors: Holliday N. J. , Hagley E.A.C.
Published: December 2009

Two soil sampling techniques were used over a 2 year period to examine the distribution of carabid beetles in a pest management apple orchard in southern Ontario. Soil coring was the most suitable technique for investigating temporal and vertical distribution patterns. Horizontal distribution of individual carabid species was best examined by sampling the rhizosphere of the cover crop only. Comparison of the soil sampling results with those obtained from pitfall traps showed that in late summer carabid larvae are subterranean in habit, as are adults of Bradycellus rupestris Say and Amara spp. Carabid density was highest (289.1 m−2) in late summer and fall, and lowest in late winter. In most samples carabid density was greatest in the rhizosphere of the cover crop and decreased rapidly with increasing depth: few beetles were found at depths greater than 30 cm. In August, densities of the commonest adult carabids were greatest close to trees in the orchard and decreased with increasing distance from trees. The distribution of carabid larvae was not related to distance from the tree, but densities of larvae were higher to the south of trees, and lower to the north.
ELECTROANTENNOGRAMS FROM SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) OF DIFFERENT AGES AND FOR VARIOUS PHEROMONE CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Ross R.J. , Palaniswamy P. , Seabrook W.D.
Published: December 2009

An electroantennogram (EAG) technique, which indicates electrochemical activity in a whole antenna, was used to study sex pheromone reception in spruce budworm moth antennae. For both males and females the EAG exhibited a phasic depolarization, reaching maximum near the end of a puff stimulation, followed immediately by repolarization which was prolonged by increasing amounts as the source concentration of the pheromone was increased. The dose–response curves for both sexes were sigmoid in shape, but they indicated that female antennae have a higher threshold and a lower peak response than that of males. Antennal response changed with age, being a regular increase and decrease for females and irregular for males.
ABDOMINAL MUSCULATURE IN RELATION TO SEX PHEROMONE GLAND EVERSION IN FEMALES OF THREE SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Percy Jean , George John A.
Published: December 2009

The posterior apophyses in terminal abdominal segments of female moths form part of the sex pheromone gland in each of three species examined (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Tortricidae), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae), Orgyia leucosligma (J.E. Smith) (Lymantriidae)). Four groups of paired dorsolateral muscles are attached to the anterior or posterior apophysis and the integument. An additional group is attached to the anterior and posterior apophyses. The probable relationship of these muscles to the eversion, or protrusion, and inversion of sex pheromone glands is discussed.
SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS IN POPULATION MONITORING OF ADULTS OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Steck Warren , Underhill E. W. , Chisholm M. D. , Peters C. C. , Philip H. G. , Arthur A. P.
Published: December 2009

Traps baited with the sex pheromone of the bertha army worm moth, Mamestra configurata (Walker), were operated at 36 sites across the prairie provinces in 1976 and 1977. They captured ca. 15 times as many bertha moths as did light traps and were considered to constitute a useful method for detection of adults of this species.
THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). AN ESTIMATE OF LIGHT AND PHEROMONE TRAP EFFICIENCY BASED ON CAPTURES OF NEWLY EMERGED MOTHS
Authors: Bucher G.E. , Bracken G.K.
Published: December 2009

Efficiencies of light and pheromone traps were estimated from captures of moths emerging from pupae in the center of circular arrays of traps up to 200 m in radius. Light traps captured 1 insect for every 3.6 that passed through a linear meter at the trap, an efficiency factor of 0.28. This factor was constant for different insect densities. The pheromone traps were 3.5 times as efficient as light traps based on the captures of males only. The low efficiencies imply that the traps have a small zone of influence and several may be needed in a limited area to produce catches within reasonable confidence limits when populations are sparse and detection of increasing numbers has the greatest value.
THE USE OF OVIPOSITION ACTIVITY TO MONITOR POPULATIONS OF CULEX PIPIENS AND CULEX RESTUANS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Madder D. J. , MacDonald R. S. , Surgeoner G. A. , Helson B. V.
Published: December 2009

Culex pipiens (L.) and Culex restuans Theo. populations were monitored at Guelph, Ontario, throughout the summer of 1978, by egg raft collections from artificial pools and adult collections using CO2-baited, CDC light traps. Three to four major generations of C. pipiens were evident with first oviposition on 17 May and last on 15 October. C. restuans was abundant during the spring and early summer while C. pipiens was most abundant in mid-July and August. Neither species showed greater attraction to pools containing a reported ovipositional attractant, decanoic acid. The use of oviposition pools was found to be an efficient, inexpensive, and sensitive technique for monitoring populations of Culex spp.
DOSAGE RESPONSE OF THE STAGES OF CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), TO FUMIGATION WITH METHYL BROMIDE
Authors: Gaunce A. P. , Madsen H. F. , McMullen R. D. , Hall J. W.
Published: December 2009

Probit analysis of the dosage response of codling moth stages to methyl bromide indicated that adults were most, and pupae, least susceptible. Eggs were more resistant than cocooned larvae which were more resistant than larvae in fruit. There were no differences in susceptibility of the larval instars to methyl bromide. The rate recommended to kill larvae in fruit (32 g/m3 for 2 h) also killed eggs.
TERTIARY LAND BRIDGES AND THEIR CLIMATE: BACKDROP FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRESENT CANADIAN INSECT FAUNA
Authors: Matthews John V.
Published: December 2009

Studies of Quaternary age Coleoptera fossils from North America and Europe plus recent analyses of insect fossils from late Tertiary (Miocene and Pliocene) sites in northern Canada, Alaska, and eastern Siberia show that many of the species composing the present Canadian insect fauna probably evolved during the Tertiary. Thus the history of Tertiary land bridge links between North American and adjacent continents is pertinent for a discussion of the present Canadian insect fauna.

Movement of lithosphere plates has contributed directly to the emergence and foundering of Tertiary land bridges in three key areas: Beringia, the North Atlantic, and Middle America.

A land bridge probably connected Siberia and Alaska in the Beringian region for most of the Tertiary. During the Eocene its climate was such as to allow exchange of tropical to subtropical adapted plants and animals. Paleobotanical evidence suggests that the Beringian area never supported the type of mixed-mesophytic forests called for by the Arcto-Tertiary concept. By the mid-Miocene much of the region north of 65° was probably a rich coniferous forest. Lowland tundra undoubtedly exited on the fringes of Beringia as early as the Pliocene.

Two and possibly three land bridges connected Greenland and Northern Europe during the Tertiary. The DeGeer bridge joined northern Greenland and Norway prior to the opening of the Greenland Sea in the late Eocene – Early Oligocene. The Greenland-Faeroes bridge was never more than a causeway along the route of the submerged ridge now occupied by Iceland. However it persisted longer, possibly existing as a chain of islands as late as the Miocene. A third land bridge may have connected Labrador and Rockall Bank near England during the Paleocene and early Eocene. The climatic history of the North Atlantic region is poorly known, but apparently sites as far north as Ellesmere Island were warm enough during the Paleocene to support subtropical to warm temperate mammalian faunas.

For most of the Tertiary the middle American region remained isolated from South America. Changes in movements of several lithosphere plates created conditions appropriate for north-south island dispersal as early as the Miocene but a true land connection, the existing isthmus, did not form until the Pliocene. Paleontological evidence suggests that tropical conditions were not prevalent there until after that event.
FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES AND DISTRIBUTIONAL SHIFTS OF COLEOPTERA DURING THE LATE PLEISTOCENE IN CANADA AND THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Morgan Alan V. , Morgan Anne
Published: December 2009

A faunal list of 362 sub-fossil Coleoptera obtained from 33 published and 24 unpublished sites of Pleistocene age in Canada and the neighbouring United States is given. A table indicates the distribution of families, with the number of species encountered, through discrete intervals of Pleistocene time. Seven species representing members of the Carabidae, Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae, and Scolytidae have been used to illustrate distribution changes through the last interglacial/glacial/present interglacial cycle. The maximum distance so far recorded is a shift of over 9000 km for Anotylus gibbulus (Epp.), a staphylinid, found fossil in Toronto during the last interglacial, and today recorded only from Eurasia and Asia. A number of other species whose modern ranges are confined to northwestern North America have been found fossil in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence region, over 4000 km distant. A similar shift is noted in species which today are found only in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Aspects of ice build up, marginal conditions outside the Laurentide Ice Sheet limits, Pleistocene climates, paleoecology, and sub-fossil insect localities are used to formulate hypotheses about three refugia around the perimeter of the Late Wisconsinan ice.
INSECTS OF WESTERN CANADA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CERTAIN CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA): PRESENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND THEIR ORIGINS
Authors: Kavanaugh David H.
Published: December 2009

Munroe (1956) summarized knowledge of the distribution patterns and history of the Canadian insect fauna; and a general synthesis beyond his conclusions is not yet possible. Results of studies on Nearctic Nebria taxa illustrate present distribution patterns and provide clues to the history of the montane fauna of western Canada. Nebria species and subspecies diversity is greatest in the Coast/Cascade Mountains just south of Canada and decreases northward. Major centers of endemism are located south of Canada, in the Coast/Cascade and southern Rocky Mountain systems, with minor centers found in western Alberta and the Queen Charlotte Islands. Species and subspecies vicariance patterns link Coast/Cascade and Rocky Mountain systems across the Okanagan lowland; and subspecies vicariance patterns link (1) Coast and Cascade mountains across Puget lowland/Georgia Strait and (2) central Canadian Rocky Mountains and Rocky Mountains of western Wyoming. These and other data presented on Nebria distribution patterns and faunal similarities among different mountain ranges and systems suggest that the present montane fauna of western Canada is derived from two source areas—one in the Coast/Cascade Mountain region, one in the Rocky Mountain region, each just south of the Canadian/U.S. border—which were separate and distinct during and after Wisconsinan time. Northern (e.g. Beringian) Wisconsinan refugia apparently did not contribute significantly to the present montane fauna.
FORESTS, DISTURBANCES, AND INSECTS
Authors: McLeod J. M.
Published: December 2009

Recent developments in ecological theory pertaining to the coexistence of insect species in response to forest disturbance are reviewed, and the findings are applied to the requirements for the Biological Survey of the Insects of Canada. It is important that a data collection system have a sound theoretical base, otherwise it will probably be found inadequate for the purpose for which it was designed. Questions about changes in faunal assemblages should be related to the scale of disturbance relative to the replacement time of the forest. Recommendations for research on faunal assemblage disturbance relationships are made for the Forest Insect and Disease Survey of Canada, and for the northern boreal forest.
THE RISE AND DECLINE OF A LOCAL POPULATION OF THE APHID APHIS BARBERAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Lamb Robert J.
Published: December 2009

The rise and decline of two infestations of Aphis barberae Robinson on the thistle Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, are described. The larger infestation consisted of 122 colonies in an area 8 m in diameter and produced many alatae before declining. The second infestation consisted of 12 colonies and produced no alatae. Each infestation appeared to arise from a single central colony and spread when alate and apterous aphids travelled short distances to adjacent plants. The growth patterns indicate that each infestation represented a single clone. Both infestations declined rapidly due largely to predation and became locally extinct early in the summer.
SELECTING WIREWORM (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) CONTROL CHEMICALS BY DROSOPHILA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) BIOASSAY
Authors: McKinlay K. S. , Burrage R. H.
Published: December 2009

A laboratory bioassay technique using adult Drosophila melanogaster was developed to measure the vapour toxicity and sorption by soil of seven insecticides. The laboratory results were then compared with those from field trials measuring the effectiveness of the same insecticides in protecting potatoes from wireworm attack. There was sufficient agreement between the laboratory and field tests to indicate that the laboratory bioassay may be useful for screening insecticides preliminary to field wireworm control studies. Of the newer ’insecticides tested, fonofos, terbufos, and chlorpyrifos in descending order of efficacy, gave substantial protection from wireworm damage.
ESTABLISHMENT OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) ON ROSE HIPS IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Berlocher Stewart H.
Published: December 2009

The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), is an indigenous North American insect whose principal native host is hawthome, Crataegus (Bush 1966). During the past ca. 120 years, this insect has expanded its host range to include fruits of the following introduced plants: apple, Malus sp. (Walsh 1867); domestic plum, Prunus sp. (Herrick 1920); sour cherry, Prunus cerasus L. (Shervis et al. 1970); apricot, Prunus armeniaca L. (Lienk 1970); and pear, Pyrus sp. (Prokopy and Bush 1972). Continuous populations have been established on apple and sour cherry, but apparently only occasional infestations occur on plum, apricot, and pear. Here, we report yet another new host of the apple maggot: the introduced rose hip, Rosa rugosa Thunberg
MATING DISRUPTION WITH SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANTS CONTROLS DAMAGE BY EUCOSMA SONOMANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE, OLETHREUTINAE) IN PINUS PONDEROSA PLANTATIONS: II. AERIALLY APPLIED HOLLOW FIBER FORMULATION
Authors: Overhulser D. L. , Daterman G. E. , Sower L. L. , Sartwell C. , Koerber T. W.
Published: December 2009

Hollow fibers containing a mixture of synthetic sex attractants of western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, were applied by an airplane to 19 ha of ponderosa pine plantations in southern Oregon. Nominal dosage was 15 g active ingredient per hectare. A behavioral evaluation of treatment effects, based on moth responses to pheromone-baited traps, showed nearly 100% disruption of female to male sex pheromone communication. Tree damage in treated areas was reduced by an average of 67% for terminal shoots and by 79% for terminal and lateral shoots combined.
PINE OIL AND OLEIC ACID DELAY AND REDUCE ATTACKS ON LOGS BY AMBROSIA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Nijholt W. W.
Published: December 2009

Pine oil, derived from pulp mill by-products, and oleic acid significantly delayed and reduced the attack by ambrosia beetles Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) and Gnathotrichus spp. on Douglas-fir logs. Pine oil also appeared to interfere with the attack by bark beetles. The possibility of combining the use of repellents with a pheromone-based diversion scheme is suggested as an effective protection strategy.
DISRUPTION OF PHEROMONE COMMUNICATION OF THE RUSTY TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA ANTIQUA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), WITH (Z)-6-HENEICOSEN-11-ONE
Authors: Grant G. G. , Frech D.
Published: December 2009

Tussock moths of the family Lymantriidae are an important group of forest defoliators that characteristically have periodic outbreaks. The sex pheromone of the female Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), has been identified as (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one (Smith et al. 1975) and shown to be sexually stimulating to males of seven tussock moth species in two genera, Orgyia and Dasychira (Daterman et al. 1976; Grant 1977). Laboratory tests demonstrated that this compound could disrupt mating of both the whitemarked tussock moth,O. leucostigma (J.E. Smith), and rusty tussock moth, O. antiqua (L.), when the adults were maintained in an atmosphere containing the chemical (Grant and Frech 1976). Subsequently field tests in small plots treated with the same material released into the atmosphere at a rate equivalent to 20-50 mg/ha/day demonstrated that pheromone communication of whitemarked tussock moths and a conifer-feeding tussock moth, Dasychira plagiata (Walker), could be disrupted in their natural habitat (Grant 1978). Similar disruption was obtained with field populations of the Douglas-fir tussock moth (Sower and Daterman 1977). The present report describes the disruptive effects of (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one in the field on the pheromone communication of another species, the rusty tussock moth.
EGGS OF SIALIS (SIALIDAE: MEGALOPTERA) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Canterbury L. E. , Neff S. E.
Published: December 2009

Egg masses and eggs of Sialis hasta, S. iola, S. joppa, S. infumata, S. aequalis, S. vagans, S. glabella, S. mohri, S. velata, and S. itasca are described using SEM micrographs. Diagnostic characteristics of chorion surface and micropylar structure and a key for specific determination of eggs of these 10 species are given. Oviposition is confined to leaves and twigs near or overhanging water. Eggs are oriented either vertically or horizontally in the egg mass, and hatch in 5 to 10 days in the laboratory. Hatching larvae are aided by an egg burster which tears the chorion and aids in removing the embryonic envelope.
LAST-INSTAR LARVA OF THE GOOSEBERRY FRUITWORM, ZOPHODIA CONVOLUTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PHYCITINAE)
Authors: Allyson Suzanne
Published: December 2009

The first detailed morphological description of the last-instar larva of Zophodia convolutella (Hübner) is presented. The life history, distribution, and economic importance are discussed.
THE NYMPHS OF COENAGRION INTERROGATUM AND C. RESOLUTUM (ZYGOPTERA: COENAGRIONIDAE) FROM THE BOREAL FOREST OF ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Baker Robert L. , Clifford Hugh F.
Published: December 2009

The nymph of Coenagrion interrogatum (Hagen) is described for the first time and the nymph of C. resolutum (Hagen) is redescribed. A species key to the nymphs of Coenagrion in Alberta is presented along with characters to separate Coenagrion nymphs from Enallagma nymphs.
THE ALATE VIRGINOPARA OF GHARESIA POLUNINI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDOIDEA) WITH NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY
Authors: Foottit R. , Mackauer M.
Published: December 2009

The alate virginopara of Gharesia polunini Stroyan is described from Carex mertensii Prescott in British Columbia. Morphological variation in the apterous morph is discussed. The taxonomic status of the genus Gharesia Stroyan is considered.
MORPHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND BEHAVIOR OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE PARASITE BATHYPLECTES ANURUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Bartell D. P. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2009

Observations, measurements, dissections, and histological preparations were made daily of the eggs and larvae of Bathyplectes anurus (Thomson) while in their host, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Observation of development began 24 h after oviposition and ended when parasite larvae emerged from their hosts.

Parasite eggs doubled in length and width during their 3- to 4-day incubation period. Parasite larvae fed on hemolymph initially but later instars preferred the fat body and other tissues. B. anurus has five instars. From 18 to 21 days were required for the larvae to complete development and total development time was 21–25 days at 21 ± 1 °C.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF CORTICEUS GLABER AND CORTICEUS PARALLELUS (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Smith Michael T. , Goyer Richard A.
Published: December 2009

In southern Louisiana, Corticeus glaber (LeConte) outnumbered Corticeus parallelus (Melsheimer) 3.7:1 during 15-month study from October 1976 to December 1977. Corticeus spp. varied significantly (P < 0.01) among the 52 sample dates and three sample heights on infested tree boles. Corticeus spp. were significantly correlated with numbers of southern pine beetle eggs, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, in the bottom and middle samples but not in the top sample. Corticeus glaber peak arrival occurred from 14 days prior to 14 days following pine beetle mass attack, while C. parallelus peak arrival occurred from 7 days prior to 10 days following pine beetle mass attack.
EFFECTS OF PHEROMONE, PHEROMONE COMPONENTS, AND PHEROMONE ANALOGUES ON MATING OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Schmidt Justin O. , Seabrook W. D. , Lonergan Greg , Oda Tomio , Darvesh Sultan , Valenta Z.
Published: December 2009

Either (E)- or (Z)-11-tetradecenal, the two pheromone components, or one analogue, 9-(cyclopent-2-en-1-yl)-nonanal, effectively reduced mating of spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in the laboratory. The results suggest that different behavioural and physiological processes may be occurring in pheromonal attraction and close range mating prevention in the spruce budworm.
OCCURRENCE, DEVELOPMENT, AND DISTRIBUTION OF CEREAL APHIDS ON EARLY AND LATE CULTIVARS OF WHEAT, BARLEY, AND OATS IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Ba-Angood S.A. , Stewart R.K.
Published: December 2009

In southwestern Quebec, cereal aphids started to infest cereals in the first week of June, and reached their peak on the second and third weeks of July. There was a significant correlation between the number of alate aphids produced and total number of aphids per colony for R. padi and M. avenae but not for R. maidis. The percentage of alate aphids in colonies of all three species increased as cereals matured. The index of aggregation (b) showed M. avenae was distributed randomly in the field while R. padi and R. maidis were distinctly aggregated.
(E)-5, (Z)-7-DODECADIENAL, A SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENT OF THE WESTERN TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA CALIFORNICUM (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Underhill E. W. , Chisholm M. D. , Steck Warren
Published: December 2009

Tent caterpillars of the genus Malacosoma frequently appear in outbreak numbers causing widespread defoliation of trees and shrubs in North America. The western tent caterpillar, M. californicum (Packard), with six subspecies, occurs over most of temperate western North America and although there is a large number of host plants on which it will oviposit and feed (Stehr and Cook 1968), most have little commercial value. We report here the identification of a component of the female sex pheromone of M. californicum.