bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Game Theoretic Analysis of Pricing and Cooperative Advertising in a Reverse Supply Chain for Unwanted Medications in Households
Authors: Hua Meina , Tang Huajun , Lai Ivan Ka Wai
Published: October 2017

Improper disposal of household unwanted medications (UMs) is an emergency problem around the world that adversely affects the sustainability of the environment and human’s health. However, the current disposal practices, mainly based on advertising and collecting status, are unsatisfactory in most countries and regions. Thus, some scholars proposed an alternative disposal practice that is to provide incentives to customers. This study aims to compare a Single Model (advertising only) with a Joint Model (advertising with take-back pricing) in a two-echelon reverse supply chain (RSC) that is composed of one disposer and one collector. In each model, four games (non-cooperative, collector as the Stackelberg leader, disposer as the Stackelberg leader, and cooperative) were established in order to identify the optimal pricing and advertising strategies for both members. The results of the study indicate that there is a Pareto dominant range for Joint Model compared to Single Model, whereas Single Model has no Pareto improvement in any games. Furthermore, in non-cooperative games of Joint Model, it is better to implement the leader-follower structure rather than simultaneous movement structure. Additionally, it is verified that the cooperative game is feasible, which leads to the cooperation between the disposer and the collector, and the extra profit from the cooperation can be shared based on the Nash bargaining game. However, in Single Model, it is better for the disposer to act as a channel leader and the collector figures the follower.
Gathered Village Location Optimization for Chinese Sustainable Urbanization Using an Integrated MODM Approach under Bi-Uncertain Environment
Authors: Gan Lu , Wang Li , Hu Lin
Published: October 2017

Urbanization has become a main challenge all over developing countries in the 21st Century. However, decision making should take into account the different national situations with their complex factors to achieve sustainable development. As standards of living have risen in urban areas, local/neighbor urbanization has become a coming trend in China. With this in mind, the paper focuses on the optimization of nearby gathered village locations in Population Migration (PM) with consideration of both qualitative and quantitative criteria. Therefore, an integrated multiple objective decision making approach (MODM) under a bi-uncertain environment is proposed to solve this problem, which is based on the comprehensive Economy-Society-Ecology-Resource-Religion (ESERR) urbanization concept. The first step is to establish a bi-uncertain multiple objective programming model orienting the problem. Secondly, the model process is composed of fuzzy random variable transformation and the expected value model based on a new fuzzy measure, which is given accordingly to obtain the equivalent model. Thirdly, in order to describe the model efficiently, the Multi-Objective Adaptive Global Local Neighbor Particle Swarm Optimization (MOAGLNPSO) with three-dimensional Pareto optimal judgment criteria is designed. Finally, a case study is tested to validate the effectiveness and to illustrate the advantages of the whole approach. This novel approach can help optimize sustainable urbanization strategies and ensure their realistic application.
Revealing the Linkage Network Dynamic Structures of Chinese Maritime Ports through Automatic Information System Data
Authors: Yu Hongchu , Fang Zhixiang , Peng Guojun , Feng Mingxiang
Published: October 2017

Marine economic cooperation has emerged as a major theme in this era of globalization; hence, maritime network connectivity and dynamics have attracted more and more attention. Port construction and maritime route improvements increase maritime trade and thus facilitate economic viability and resource sustainability. This paper reveals the regional dimension of inter-port linkage dynamic structure of Chinese maritime ports from a complex multilayer perspective that is meaningful for strategic forecasting and regional long-term economic development planning. In this research, Automatic Information System (AIS)-derived traffic flows were used to construct a maritime network and subnetworks based on the geographical locations of ports. The linkage intensity between subnetworks, the linkage tightness within subnetworks, the spatial isolation between high-intensity backbones and tight skeleton networks, and a linkage concentration index for each port were calculated. The ports, in turn, were analyzed based on these network attributes. This study analyzed the external competitiveness and internal cohesion of each subnetwork. The results revealed problems in port management and planning, such as unclear divisions in port operations. More critically, weak complementary relationships between the backbone and skeleton networks among the ports reduce connectivity and must be strengthened. This research contributes to the body of work supporting strategic decision-making for future development.
Fuzzy Logic-Based Model That Incorporates Personality Traits for Heterogeneous Pedestrians
Authors: Xue Zhuxin , Dong Qing , Fan Xiangtao , Jin Qingwen , Jian Hongdeng , Liu Jian
Published: October 2017

Most models designed to simulate pedestrian dynamical behavior are based on the assumption that human decision-making can be described using precise values. This study proposes a new pedestrian model that incorporates fuzzy logic theory into a multi-agent system to address cognitive behavior that introduces uncertainty and imprecision during decision-making. We present a concept of decision preferences to represent the intrinsic control factors of decision-making. To realize the different decision preferences of heterogeneous pedestrians, the Five-Factor (OCEAN) personality model is introduced to model the psychological characteristics of individuals. Then, a fuzzy logic-based approach is adopted for mapping the relationships between the personality traits and the decision preferences. Finally, we have developed an application using our model to simulate pedestrian dynamical behavior in several normal or non-panic scenarios, including a single-exit room, a hallway with obstacles, and a narrowing passage. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated with a user study. The results show that the proposed model can generate more reasonable and heterogeneous behavior in the simulation and indicate that individual personality has a noticeable effect on pedestrian dynamical behavior.
On Elastic Symmetry Identification for Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Trusov Peter , Ostapovich Kirill
Published: October 2017

The products made by the forming of polycrystalline metals and alloys, which are in high demand in modern industries, have pronounced inhomogeneous distribution of grain orientations. The presence of specific orientation modes in such materials, i.e., crystallographic texture, is responsible for anisotropy of their physical and mechanical properties, e.g., elasticity. A type of anisotropy is usually unknown a priori, and possible ways of its determination is of considerable interest both from theoretical and practical viewpoints. In this work, emphasis is placed on the identification of elasticity classes of polycrystalline materials. By the newly introduced concept of “elasticity class” the union of congruent tensor subspaces of a special form is understood. In particular, it makes it possible to consider the so-called symmetry classification, which is widely spread in solid mechanics. The problem of identification of linear elasticity class for anisotropic material with elastic moduli given in an arbitrary orthonormal basis is formulated. To solve this problem, a general procedure based on constructing the hierarchy of approximations of elasticity tensor in different classes is formulated. This approach is then applied to analyze changes in the elastic symmetry of a representative volume element of polycrystalline copper during numerical experiments on severe plastic deformation. The microstructure evolution is described using a two-level crystal elasto-visco-plasticity model. The well-defined structures, which are indicative of the existence of essentially inhomogeneous distribution of crystallite orientations, were obtained in each experiment. However, the texture obtained in the quasi-axial upsetting experiment demonstrates the absence of significant macroscopic elastic anisotropy. Using the identification framework, it has been shown that the elasticity tensor corresponding to the resultant microstructure proves to be almost isotropic.
Self-Adaptive Pre-Processing Methodology for Big Data Stream Mining in Internet of Things Environmental Sensor Monitoring
Authors: Lan Kun , Fong Simon , Song Wei , Vasilakos Athanasios , Millham Richard
Published: October 2017

Over the years, advanced IT technologies have facilitated the emergence of new ways of generating and gathering data rapidly, continuously, and largely and are associated with a new research and application branch, namely, data stream mining (DSM). Among those multiple scenarios of DSM, the Internet of Things (IoT) plays a significant role, with a typical meaning of a tough and challenging computational case of big data. In this paper, we describe a self-adaptive approach to the pre-processing step of data stream classification. The proposed algorithm allows different divisions with both variable numbers and lengths of sub-windows under a whole sliding window on an input stream, and clustering-based particle swarm optimization (CPSO) is adopted as the main metaheuristic search method to guarantee that its stream segmentations are effective and adaptive to itself. In order to create a more abundant search space, statistical feature extraction (SFX) is applied after variable partitions of the entire sliding window. We validate and test the effort of our algorithm with other temporal methods according to several IoT environmental sensor monitoring datasets. The experiments yield encouraging outcomes, supporting the reality that picking significant appropriate variant sub-window segmentations heuristically with an incorporated clustering technique merit would allow these to perform better than others.
Quantification of Feto-Maternal Heart Rate from Abdominal ECG Signal Using Empirical Mode Decomposition for Heart Rate Variability Analysis
Authors: Bin Queyam Abdullah , Kumar Pahuja Sharvan , Singh Dilbag
Published: October 2017

In this paper, a robust method of feto-maternal heart rate extraction from the non-invasive composite abdominal Electrocardiogram (aECG) signal is presented. The proposed method is based on the Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) method, in which a composite aECG signal is decomposed into its constituent frequency components called Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) or simply “modes”, with better spectral separation. Decomposed IMFs are then selected manually according to probable maternal and fetal heart rate information and are processed further for quantification of maternal and fetal heart rate and variability analysis. The proposed method was applied to aECG recordings collected from three different sources: (i) the PhysioNet (adfecgdb) database; (ii) the PhysioNet (nifecgdb) database; and (iii) synthetic aECG signal generated from mathematical modeling in the LabVIEW software environment. An overall sensitivity of 98.83%, positive diagnostic value of 97.97%, accuracy of 96.93% and performance index of 96.75% were obtained in the case of Maternal Heart Rate (MHR) quantification, and an overall sensitivity of 98.13%, positive diagnostic value of 97.62%, accuracy of 95.91% and performance index of 95.69% were obtained in case of Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) quantification. The obtained results confirm that CEEMDAN is a very robust and accurate method for extraction of feto-maternal heart rate components from aECG signals. We also conclude that non-invasive aECG is an effective and reliable method for long-term FHR and MHR monitoring during pregnancy and labor. The requirement of manual intervention while selecting the probable maternal and fetal components from “n” number of decomposed modes limits the real-time application of the proposed methodology. This is due to the fact that the number of modes “n” produced by the CEEMDAN decomposition is unpredictable. However, the proposed methodology is well suited for applications where a small time-delay or offset in feto-maternal monitoring can be acceptable. In future, application-specific modification of the CEEMDAN algorithm can be implemented to eliminate manual intervention completely and will be suitable for long-term feto-maternal monitoring.
Yeast Killer Toxin K28: Biology and Unique Strategy of Host Cell Intoxication and Killing
Authors: Becker Björn , Schmitt Manfred
Published: October 2017

The initial discovery of killer toxin-secreting brewery strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) in the mid-sixties of the last century marked the beginning of intensive research in the yeast virology field. So far, four different S. cerevisiae killer toxins (K28, K1, K2, and Klus), encoded by cytoplasmic inherited double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA) of the Totiviridae family, have been identified. Among these, K28 represents the unique example of a yeast viral killer toxin that enters a sensitive cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis to reach its intracellular target(s). This review summarizes and discusses the most recent advances and current knowledge on yeast killer toxin K28, with special emphasis on its endocytosis and intracellular trafficking, pointing towards future directions and open questions in this still timely and fascinating field of killer yeast research.
Structural and Functional Insight into Canarypox Virus CNP058 Mediated Regulation of Apoptosis
Authors: Anasir Mohd , Baxter Amy , Poon Ivan , Hulett Mark , Kvansakul Marc
Published: October 2017

Programmed cell death or apoptosis is an important component of host defense systems against viral infection. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins family is the main arbiter of mitochondrially mediated apoptosis, and viruses have evolved sequence and structural mimics of Bcl-2 to subvert premature host cell apoptosis in response to viral infection. The sequencing of the canarypox virus genome identified a putative pro-survival Bcl-2 protein, CNP058. However, a role in apoptosis inhibition for CNP058 has not been identified to date. Here, we report that CNP058 is able to bind several host cell pro-death Bcl-2 proteins, including Bak and Bax, as well as several BH3 only-proteins including Bim, Bid, Bmf, Noxa, Puma, and Hrk with high to moderate affinities. We then defined the structural basis for CNP058 binding to pro-death Bcl-2 proteins by determining the crystal structure of CNP058 bound to Bim BH3. CNP058 adopts the conserved Bcl-2 like fold observed in cellular pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins, and utilizes the canonical ligand binding groove to bind Bim BH3. We then demonstrate that CNP058 is a potent inhibitor of ultraviolet (UV) induced apoptosis in a cell culture model. Our findings suggest that CNP058 is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis that is able to bind to BH3 domain peptides from a broad range of pro-death Bcl-2 proteins, and may play a key role in countering premature host apoptosis.
Human Metapneumovirus Attachment Protein Contributes to Neutrophil Recruitment into the Airways of Infected Mice
Authors: Cheemarla Nagarjuna , Guerrero-Plata Antonieta
Published: October 2017

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading respiratory pathogen that causes lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. Acute HMPV infection induces an exacerbated inflammatory neutrophilic response leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. However, the mechanism by which the virus regulates neutrophil infiltration into the airways still remains unexplored. In this work, we used an experimental mouse model of HMPV infection to demonstrate that the attachment (G) protein of HMPV contributes to the recruitment of neutrophils into the airways and modulate the production of neutrophil chemoattractants and Type I IFN responses, specifically IFN-α. These findings provide the first evidence that the HMPV G protein contributes to the in vivo neutrophilic response to HMPV infection and furthers our understanding on virus induced inflammatory responses in the airways.
Atmospheric and Surface-Condition Effects on CO2 Exchange in the Liaohe Delta Wetland, China
Authors: Jia Qingyu , Yu Wenying , Zhou Li , Liang Chenghua
Published: October 2017

The eddy covariance method was used to study the CO2 budget of the Liaohe Delta reed wetland in northern China during 2012–2015. The changes in environmental factors (including meteorology, vegetation, hydrology, and soil) were analyzed simultaneously. The change in the trend of the CO2 concentration in the reed wetland was similar to global changes over the four years. The average annual CO2 accumulation was 2.037 kg·CO2·m−2, ranging from 1.472 to 2.297 kg·CO2·m−2. The seasonal characteristics of the CO2 exchange included high CO2 absorption in June and July, and high emissions in April and from September to October, with the highest emissions in July 2015. The average temperatures from 2013 to 2015 were higher than the 50-year average, largely due to increased temperatures in winter. Precipitation was below the 50-year average, mainly because of low precipitation in summer. The average wind speed was less than the 50-year average, and sunshine duration decreased each year. The CO2 exchange and environmental factors had a degree of correlation or consistency. The contribution of meteorology, vegetation, hydrology, and soil to the CO2 budget was analyzed using the partial least squares method. Water and soil temperature had a greater effect on the CO2 exchange variability. The regression equation of the CO2 budget was calculated using the significant contributing factors, including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, water-table level, salinity, and biomass. The model fit explained more than 70% of the CO2 exchange, and the simulation results were robust.
Fogs: Physical Basis, Characteristic Properties, and Impacts on the Environment and Human Health
Authors: Pérez-Díaz José , Ivanov Ognyan , Peshev Zahary , Álvarez-Valenzuela Marco , Valiente-Blanco Ignacio , Evgenieva Tsvetina , Dreischuh Tanja , Gueorguiev Orlin , Todorov Peter , Vaseashta Ashok
Published: October 2017

This work presents a selective overview of natural fogs in terms of fog types, forms and states of occurrence, physical, micro-physical, chemical and dynamic properties, basic characterizing parameters, etc. In focus are related achievements and contributions reported mainly during the last decade and a half, as a result of both laboratory studies and field observations. Processes of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation are analyzed in the aspects of condensation, nuclei diversity and specifics, as related to the activation, growth and deposition of fog droplets. The effect is highlighted of the water vapor’s partial pressure on the surface tension of the liquid water–air interface and the freezing point of the water droplets. Some problems and aspects of fog modeling, parameterization, and forecasting are outlined and discussed on the examples of newly developed relevant 1D/3D theoretical models. Important issues of fog impacts on the air quality, ecosystems, water basins, societal life, and human health are also addressed and discussed, particularly in cases of anthropogenically modified (chemical, radioactive, etc.) fogs. In view of reducing the possible negative effects of fogs, conclusions are drawn concerning the new demands and challenges to fog characterization imposed by the changing natural and social environment and the needs for new data on and approaches to more adequate observations of fog-related events.
The Spatial and Temporal Structure of Extreme Rainfall Trends in South Korea
Authors: Jung Younghun , Shin Ju-Young , Ahn Hyunjun , Heo Jun-Haeng
Published: October 2017

The spatial and temporal structures of extreme rainfall trends in South Korea are investigated in the current study. The trends in the annual maximum rainfall series are detected and their spatial distribution is analyzed. The scaling exponent is employed as an index representing the temporal structure. The temporal structure of the annual maximum series is calculated and spatially analyzed. Subsequently, the block bootstrap based Mann-Kendall test is employed detect the trend in the scaling exponent series subsampled by the annual maximum rainfalls using a moving window. Significant trends are detected in a small number of stations and there are no significant trends in many stations for the annual maximum rainfall series. There is a large variability in the temporal structures of the extreme rainfall events. Additionally, the variations of the scaling exponent estimates for each month within a rainy season are larger than the variation of the scaling exponent estimates on an annual basis. Significant trends in the temporal structures are observed at many stations unlike the trend test results of annual maximum rainfall series. Decreasing trends are observed at many stations located in the coastal area, while increasing trends are observed in the inland area.
Timing and Spectral Study of IGR J19294+1816 with the RXTE: The Discovery of Cyclotron Features
Authors: Roy Jayashree , Choudhury Manojendu , Agrawal P. C.
Published: October 2017

The Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer/Proportional Counter Array (PCA) observations of IGR J19294+1816 covering two outburst episodes are reported. The first outburst happened during MJD 54921-54925 (2009 C.E.), and the second one happened during MJD 55499–55507 (2010 C.E.). In both cases, the PCA observations were made during the decay phase of the outburst, with the source exhibiting a temporal and spectral evolution with the change in flux. At the bright flux level, an absorption feature at 35.5 keV is detected in the spectra, which may be attributed to the Cyclotron Resonance Scattering Feature corresponding to a magnetic field of

Gauss. This is also detected at a lower significance in two other observations. In addition, an Fe line emission at 6.4 keV is prominently detected during the highest flux. X-ray pulsations are detected in 9 out of 10 observations; no pulsations were found in the observation with the lowest flux level. During this observation with the lowest flux, the pulsation phenomenon becomes detectable only at the soft X-ray bands.
The Acceleration of Charged Particles at a Spherical Shock Moving through an Irregular Magnetic Field
Authors: Giacalone J.
Published: October 2017

We investigate the physics of charged-particle acceleration at spherical shocks moving into a uniform plasma containing a turbulent magnetic field with a uniform mean. This has applications to particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks, most notably, to supernovae blast waves. We numerically integrate the equations of motion of a large number of test protons moving under the influence of electric and magnetic fields determined from a kinematically defined plasma flow associated with a radially propagating blast wave. Distribution functions are determined from the positions and velocities of the protons. The unshocked plasma contains a magnetic field with a uniform mean and an irregular component having a Kolmogorov-like power spectrum. The field inside the blast wave is determined from Maxwell’s equations. The angle between the average magnetic field and unit normal to the shock varies with position along its surface. It is quasi-perpendicular to the unit normal near the sphere’s equator, and quasi-parallel to it near the poles. We find that the highest intensities of particles, accelerated by the shock, are at the poles of the blast wave. The particles “collect” at the poles as they approximately adhere to magnetic field lines that move poleward from their initial encounter with the shock at the equator, as the shock expands. The field lines at the poles have been connected to the shock the longest. We also find that the highest-energy protons are initially accelerated near the equator or near the quasi-perpendicular portion of the shock, where the acceleration is more rapid.
What Confines the Rings of Saturn?
Authors: Tajeddine Radwan , Nicholson Philip D. , Longaretti Pierre-Yves , Moutamid Maryame El , Burns Joseph A.
Published: October 2017

The viscous spreading of planetary rings is believed to be counteracted by satellite torques, through either an individual resonance or overlapping resonances. For the A ring of Saturn, it has been commonly believed that the satellite Janus alone can prevent the ring from spreading, via its 7:6 Lindblad resonance. We discuss this common misconception and show that, in reality, the A ring is confined by the contributions from the group of satellites Pan, Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Janus, Epimetheus, and Mimas, whose cumulative torques from various resonances gradually decrease the angular momentum flux transported outward through the ring via density and bending waves. We further argue that this decrease in angular momentum flux occurs through “flux reversal.” Furthermore, we use the magnitude of the satellites’ resonance torques to estimate the effective viscosity profile across the A ring, showing that it decreases with radius from ∼50 cm2 s−1 to less than ∼10 cm2 s−1. The gradual estimated decrease of the angular momentum flux and effective viscosity are roughly consistent with results obtained by balancing the shepherding torques from Pan and Daphnis with the viscous torque at the edges of the Encke and Keeler gaps, as well as the edge of the A ring. On the other hand, the Mimas 2:1 Lindblad resonance alone seems to be capable of confining the edge of the B ring, and contrary to the situation in the A ring, we show that the effective viscosity across the B ring is relatively constant at ∼24–30 cm2 s−1.
Transmissions paternelles en périnatalité. Vulnérabilités et créativité
Authors: Le Nestour Annick
Published: October 2017

L’auteur interroge les processus de paternalité : leur ébauche durant la grossesse, à l’arrivée du bébé, en postnatal. Les fonctions paternelles sont étudiées, mises en perspectives et articulées avec les fonctions maternelles. Les transmissions paternelles sont distinguées tant dans les interactions réelles que fantasmatiques. Des observations cliniques père/bébé viennent éclairer ces domaines ; y compris dans l’instauration de l’identité sexuée du bébé en devenir.
Chapitre 1. Complexité, droit et science : réflexions à propos de la révision de la Recommandation de l’UNESCO sur la condition et la responsabilité du chercheur scientifique
Authors: Byk Christian
Published: October 2017

L’analyse de la complexité et de l’interactivité dans la production des normes sociales entre sciences et techniques, d’une part, droit et éthique, d’autre part, doit être notre premier souci car sans regard lucide et approfondi sur l’enchevêtrement des réalités fragmentées, voire opposées, qui forment notre monde, non seulement nous perdons toute forme de liberté collective mais surtout nous favorisons le totalitarisme réducteur et la confrontation guerrière. C’est au regard de cette perspective qu’il convient d’examiner si la révision de la Recommandation de 1974 sur la condition et la responsabilité du chercheur scientifique est susceptible d’apporter des éléments pertinents de réponse à ces changements.
Chapitre 4. Between risk and complexity: European water protection law issues
Authors: Joachim Claire , Mazeau Laurène
Published: October 2017

Le droit contemporain se caractérise par l’émergence de nouveaux domaines de législation souvent complexes à l’image du droit de la concurrence, des biotechnologies, du droit de l’environnement ou encore des nouvelles approches en matière de propriété intellectuelle. Mais il est un domaine du droit qui stigmatise encore plus singulièrement que d’autres cette complexité croissante : le droit de la protection des eaux dans l’Union européenne. Du fait de ses origines profondément ancrées dans la culture européenne, mais aussi des enjeux éthiques, politiques, économiques et sociaux qui l’habitent, ce droit apparaît comme la représentation type des liens qu’entretiennent risque et complexité. La complexité du droit européen de la protection des eaux apparaît à deux niveaux. D’abord et dans toute l’Europe, on note depuis ces trente dernières années une prolifération normative sans précédent, tendant à suivre les sursauts de l’opinion publique. Ensuite, les instruments utilisés par l’Union européenne sont voués à être transposés à chaque État membre. Par ce biais, les règles européennes doivent être intégrées dans l’ordre juridique étatique. Dans beaucoup de cas, un seul texte de transposition ne suffit pas. Par exemple, la Directive « nitrates » n˚91/676 visant à la qualité de l’eau en Europe a nécessité seize textes de transposition en France. Cette complexité pose plusieurs difficultés sérieuses. Les exigences de sécurité juridique et d’efficacité économique rendent nécessaire l’élimination de l’ensemble des dérives qui disqualifient la loi et le législateur, et menacent la cohésion sociale. Or, la multiplication des sources du droit, mais aussi des auteurs de la norme applicable, crée des situations juridiques de plus en plus complexes, pour lesquelles le juge doit non seulement appliquer la législation nationale, mais encore la combiner avec les textes d’origine communautaire ou internationale, voire les régulations provenant des autorités administratives indépendantes compétentes. Par exemple, malgré cette prolifération des normes, il est établi que la qualité des eaux européennes ne s’est pas remarquablement améliorée en 30 ans. Il semble donc qu’en faisant obstacle à la connaissance des règles, la prolifération normative, l’instabilité des règles et la complexité des normes édictées en matière d’eaux provoquent des situations de risque dont les répercutions se ressentent tant au niveau juridique qu’environnemental. Dans le cadre de cette contribution, nous interrogerons l’approche proposée par le droit de l’Union européenne quant à une ressource naturelle essentielle dans un ordre social, et donc à la capacité du droit Européen de régir réellement et durablement cette ressource face aux risques juridiques et environnementaux.
Chapitre 7. La technicisation de la chirurgie représente-t-elle un danger ?
Authors: Klipfel Amandine
Published: October 2017

La médecine technique laisse craindre une déshumanisation du soin par l’utilisation du malade comme moyen permettant le progrès et par la focalisation de l’attention et de l’intention des médecins sur les moyens thérapeutiques à développer. Le chirurgien est ainsi déchiré entre son désir de technicien de faire progresser son domaine technique et son devoir de médecin de soigner chaque malade qui se confie à ses mains. L’avènement de la coelioscopie a transformé la façon de toucher et de voir le corps du malade. La chirurgie actuelle est en crise car l’idéal de la chirurgie humaniste ne peut plus assouvir les aspirations de la chirurgie contemporaine et cette inadéquation creuse l’ambivalence du chirurgien qui craint la perte de son métier au profit d’une technicisation extrême le transformant en technicien pur. Les dimensions éthique et esthétique du métier sont en pleine mutation et ceci appelle une redéfinition. La nouvelle dimension éthique doit aboutir à une attitude intellectuelle qui assume l’ambigüité de la technique moderne, à la fois force de progrès et risque d’anéantissement, en questionnant sans cesse la pratique pour la placer dans une perspective de finalité thérapeutique sans risquer d’assujettir le malade au rang de moyen au service du progrès technoscientifique. La nouvelle dimension esthétique doit appréhender et définir un nouveau paysage chirurgical. Le métier de chirurgien change. Le chirurgien se doit de progresser avec son époque et ses moyens, en gardant son héritage fondamental qui place le malade au centre de ses intentions.
Les jeunes en Amérique latine, un point de vue démographique
Authors: Cosío Zavala María Eugenia
Published: October 2017

Cet article s’intéresse aux conséquences des changements démographiques sur la jeunesse latino-américaine, lesquels conduisent à ce que la population de jeunes en Amérique latine n’a jamais été aussi nombreuse que de nos jours. C’est principalement une conséquence des tendances passées de la fécondité, qui sont différentes selon les pays. Nous analysons tout d’abord le poids démographique des jeunes latino-américains, selon les groupes d’âges et de pays ainsi que selon le sexe. Puis nous abordons les étapes de la jeunesse, les cycles de vie, l’entrée dans la vie adulte, en utilisant des histoires de vie et une perspective de genre, à partir de recherches qui ont été menées dans quelques pays en particulier. Nous mettons l’accent sur les changements dans les dynamiques familiales, la scolarisation, l’entrée en vie active (avec l’accroissement de l’activité féminine), les migrations ainsi que sur les relations de genre. Finalement, nous examinons deux thématiques particulières : pour les jeunes hommes, la mortalité par causes violentes (en particulier les homicides) ; pour les jeunes filles, la maternité précoce, fréquente en Amérique latine.
Frontières et migrations
Authors: Wihtol de Wenden Catherine
Published: October 2017

La frontière est le lieu d’exercice de la souveraineté par excellence, ainsi que le lieu des transgressions à des fins d’immigration, de contrebande, d’impunité, de trafics en tous genres. Il s’agit de montrer combien s’est inversé le droit de passage (d’abord marqué par une difficulté de sortie et une facilité d’entrer, puis aujourd’hui de la généralisation du droit de sortie à la très grande difficulté d’entrer pour le plus grand nombre). La frontière, dans un monde fracturé et incertain comme le nôtre, est aussi devenue un point de fixation des souverainistes qui y voient l’un des emblèmes de l’exercice du contrôle contre des peurs diverses, et d’espoir pour ceux qui rêvent du passage comme sortie des guerres civiles, du chômage, de l’absence de droits et de l’absence d’espoir. La frontière est enfin le lieu de réflexion du droit à la mobilité comme mode de vie et comme droit de l’homme pour le xxi e  siècle.
L’homme à la recherche de son identité : la rencontre de l’étrangeté
Authors: Askani Hans-Christoph
Published: October 2017

Les étrangers sont à nos portes. Leur laissons -nous une place ? Leur donnons -nous une place ? D’où vient le refus de l’étranger et de l’étrangeté ? Parmi les multiples réponses possibles, on va penser à la peur. À une peur non seulement de l’étranger, mais de l’ étrangeté . Cette étrangeté nous concerne, nous met en question : ne sommes-nous pas étrangers à nous-mêmes ? Comment penser cette étrangeté ? Et comment penser face à elle l’identité d’un être humain ? Une identité dans la diversité et face à elle.
L’évangile de Paul selon l’Épître aux Philippiens : sans frontières ou nouvelles frontières ?
Authors: Matta Yara
Published: October 2017

La lecture de quelques passages de l’épître de saint Paul aux Philippiens permet de réfléchir à la question des frontières en reconnaissant quatre combats de l’Apôtre. Le premier combat, concernant la vérité de l’Évangile, pose la question de l’identité et de l’altérité, invitant à chercher les véritables valeurs constitutives d’une société donnée. Le deuxième combat se livre à l’intérieur des communautés croyantes et dans un esprit œcuménique, en vue de la communion fraternelle. Or ces frontières ne peuvent être ouvertes qu’au prix d’un engagement missionnaire en vue du partage des biens, ce qui constitue un troisième combat. Le théologien est invité ainsi à un véritable discernement, ordonné au progrès de l’humain, avant de prendre position sur une politique des frontières, quelle qu’elle soit.
Expulsions en terre étrangère (Mt 8, 28 - 9, 1) : le récit d’un échec ?
Authors: Rohmer Céline
Published: October 2017

Matthieu 8, 28 - 9,1 emprunte à l’une de ses sources un récit d’exorcisme (Mc 5, 1-21) qu’il situe à Gadara en Décapole. Il raccourcit considérablement la version originelle, et ce travail rédactionnel semble témoigner de certaines orientations théologiques propres à l’auteur. La valorisation des figures spatiales, des déplacements et de l’efficacité du thaumaturge plaide en faveur d’un renversement de la cartographie traditionnelle du salut telle qu’héritée du judaïsme. Cet article propose de lire cet épisode en terre païenne comme un récit d’anticipation, préparant son auditeur/lecteur à une nécessaire traversée des frontières.
Penser la frontière comme expérience physique et psychique de la traversée et comme représentation de l’espérance
Authors: Duffé Bruno-Marie
Published: October 2017

La frontière n’est jamais seulement une ligne géographique ou politique, tracée et modifiée par l’histoire et les conflits entre communautés et nations. La frontière est une expérience physique et symbolique qui touche à notre condition d’humains. Nous sommes appelés à considérer les deux versants de cette ligne : l’intérieur et l’extérieur. Ce que nous enseignent les migrants est que la traversée des frontières amplifie la mémoire et l’espoir. Nous n’oublions jamais le pays d’où nous venons. Nous essayons d’espérer être un jour reconnu comme un frère et un citoyen du pays où nous arrivons. La mémoire biblique nous invite à penser notre expérience humaine comme une traversée. Le peuple hébreu, Abraham le premier et finalement Jésus lui-même font une expérience de traversée. Après eux, avec lui, la communauté va de la Passion et de la Mort vers le jour de la Résurrection. Penser la frontière, avec les migrants, ouvre un espace et un nouveau chemin pour considérer la communauté humaine, en marche vers la terre promise : une terre à construire comme une promesse.
Frontière, fraternité et guerre
Authors: Antier Guilhen
Published: October 2017

La situation d’affrontement impliquée dans la notion de frontière rencontre celle de la fraternité toujours hantée par le spectre du fratricide. Cette rencontre a lieu autour de la question de la guerre, dont le terrorisme constitue aujourd’hui une figure qui interroge nos représentations et nos vécus de la limite, de l’identité et de l’appartenance. Le parcours proposé emprunte à la littérature, à la géopolitique, à la psychanalyse et à la philosophie, autant d’approches permettant d’appréhender l’extrême difficulté que comporte l’institution du lien à l’autre à l’endroit exact de sa toujours possible destitution.
Partial Resurfacing for Humeral Head Defects Associated With Recurrent Shoulder Instability
Authors: Bessette Matthew C. , Frisch Nicholas C. , Kodali Pradeep , Jones Morgan H. , Miniaci Anthony
Published: October 2017

Recurrent traumatic shoulder instability is a complex clinical entity that commonly affects young, active patients. Humeral head defects are frequently associated with this condition, but specific treatment to stabilize the shoulder is rarely needed. Management options for defects of the humeral head that do necessitate treatment carry various risks and disadvantages, including the need for bone or soft tissue healing, complications related to hardware, and loss of motion. Partial prosthetic resurfacing has been reported as a treatment option. The current study retrospectively reviewed a cohort of patients with recurrent or locked anterior and posterior instability who underwent partial prosthetic humeral head resurfacing for significant Hill-Sachs and reverse Hill-Sachs lesions. At an average of 36.4 months after the index procedure, 16 patients were contacted by mail and telephone. Of the study group, 13 patients underwent partial resurfacing for anterior instability and 3 patients underwent partial re-surfacing for posterior instability. No patient had a repeat dislocation. In addition, 77% of patients in the anterior instability cohort and all of the patients in the posterior instability cohort returned to their full preinjury activity level. For the anterior instability cohort, significant improvements from preoperatively to final follow-up occurred for mean Musculoskeletal Review of System score (4.54,
P
<.0001) and Short Form-12 physical component score (9.52,
P
=.002). For the combined cohort, the Penn Shoulder Score improved by 36.4 points (
P
=.059). This study showed the effectiveness of partial humeral head resurfacing for preventing redislocation for patients with significant Hill-Sachs and reverse Hill-Sachs lesions. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(6):e996–e1003.]
Functional Outcomes for Nonoperatively Treated Proximal Fifth Metatarsal Fractures
Authors: Dineen Hannah A. , Murphy Timothy D. , Mangat Sabrina , Lukosius Eric Z. , Lin Feng-Chang , Pettett Brett J. , Peoples Stephen J. , Hurwitz Shepard R.
Published: October 2017

Fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal are relatively common and can be treated with a variety of treatment modalities. The goals of the current study were to answer the following questions: (1) Is there a difference in functional outcomes with different nonoperative treatment modalities for avulsion and Jones fractures? (2) What is the long-term functional impairment? This study included 53 patients who were treated for proximal fifth metatarsal fracture at 1 university health care system between 2004 and 2013. Treatment methods included shoe modification, cast, and boot. Patients completed a telephone questionnaire that included selected questions from the Musculoskeletal Outcomes Data Evaluation and Management System (MODEMS). Treatment groups were stratified as shoe modification or immobilization, and the results of the MODEMS survey were compared. At most recent follow-up, no significant difference was found between the 2 patient groups (
P
=.062) for self-reported effects of the injury on work and quality of life. No significant difference was found for frequency of use of pain medication (
P
=.157), patient satisfaction with current symptoms (
P
=.633), ambulatory status (
P
=.281), or pain level with strenuous activity (
P
=.772). Obese patients were more likely to have severe pain with strenuous activity (
P
=.015). Most (87%) patients were able to ambulate without the need for assistive devices. Of the study patients, 79% could wear dress shoes, excluding high heels, comfortably. The findings showed that patients who were treated with a variety of nonoperative methods for closed proximal fifth metatarsal fracture had acceptable functional outcomes, regardless of treatment method. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(6):e1030–e1035.]
Implant Failure Rates and Cost Analysis of Contoured Locking Versus Conventional Plate Fixation of Distal Fibula Fractures
Authors: Moss Lewis K. , Kim-Orden Michael H. , Ravinsky Robert , Hoshino Christopher M. , Zinar Daniel M. , Gold Stuart M.
Published: October 2017

The authors analyzed 330 consecutive Weber B distal fibula fractures that occurred during a 3-year period and were treated with either a contoured locking plate or a conventional one-third tubular plate to compare the cost and failure rates of the 2 constructs. The primary outcomes were failure of the distal fibular implant and loss of reduction. Secondary outcomes were surgical wound infection requiring surgical debridement and/or removal of the fibular implant, and removal of the fibular plate for persistent implant-related symptoms. No failure of the fibular plates or distal fibular fixation occurred in either group. A total of 5 patients required surgical revision of syndesmotic fixation within 4 weeks of the index surgery. Of these patients, 1 was in the contoured locking plate group and 4 were in the one-third tubular plate group (
P
=.610). The rate of deep infection requiring surgical debridement and/or implant removal was 6.2% in the contoured locking plate group and 1.4% in the one-third tubular plate group (
P
=.017). The rate of lateral implant removal for either infection or symptomatic implant was 9.3% in the contoured locking plate group and 2.3% in the one-third tubular plate group (
P
=.005). A typical contoured locking plate construct costs $800 more than a comparable one-third tubular plate construct. Based on a calculated estimate of 60,000 locking plates used annually in the United States, this difference translates to a potential avoided annual cost of $50 million nationally. This study demonstrates that it is possible to treat Weber B distal fibula fractures with one-third tubular plates at a substantially lower cost than that of contoured locking plates without increasing complications. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(6):e1024–e1029.]
A inserção dos moradores de favelas do Rio de Janeiro na cidade: o caso das práticas de consumo e lazer
Authors: Chetry Michael
Published: October 2017

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as práticas espaciais dos moradores de favelas no Rio de Janeiro realizada no âmbito de um doutorado. Ele mostra que, longe da imagem da imobilidade, ao lado, os moradores das favelas têm uma boa experiência do espaço urbano no seu conjunto e a vontade de acessar aos vários recursos disponibilizados pela cidade, apesar de ficar limitada por uma baixa mobilidade. Mas de modo geral, os moradores de favelas são cada vez mais inseridos no espaço urbano e morar na favela não significa ter um estilo de vida diferente dos outros moradores. Em vez disso, ele incorpora as normas e valores da sociedade dominante e seus lugares centrais e simbólicos.
STAT4 Regulates the CD8+ Regulatory T Cell/T Follicular Helper Cell Axis and Promotes Atherogenesis in Insulin-Resistant Ldlr−/− Mice
Authors: Taghavie-Moghadam Parésa L. , Waseem Tayab C. , Hattler Julian , Glenn Lindsey M. , Dobrian Anca D. , Kaplan Mark H. , Yang Yi , Nurieva Roza , Nadler Jerry L. , Galkina Elena V.
Published: October 2017

The metabolic syndrome and diabetic conditions support atherosclerosis, but the exact mechanisms for accelerated atherogenesis remain unclear. Although the proinflammatory role of STAT4 in atherosclerosis and diet-induced insulin resistance (IR) was recently established, the impact of STAT4 on atherogenesis in conditions of IR is not known. In this study, we generated Stat4−/−Ldlr−/− mice that were fed a diabetogenic diet with added cholesterol (DDC). DDC-fed Stat4−/−Ldlr−/− mice demonstrated improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and a 36% reduction in atherosclerosis compared with Ldlr−/− controls. Interestingly, we detected a reduction in T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and plasma B cells but a sharp elevation in CD8+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in spleens and aortas of Stat4−/−Ldlr−/− mice compared with Ldlr−/− mice. Similarly, STAT4 deficiency supported CD8+ Treg differentiation in vitro. STAT4-deficient CD8+ Tregs suppressed Tfh cell and germinal center B cell development upon immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, indicating an important role for STAT4 in CD8+ Treg functions in vivo. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of Stat4−/−Ldlr−/− CD8+ Tregs versus Ldlr−/− CD8+ Tregs resulted in a significant reduction in plaque burden and suppression of Tfh cell and germinal center B cells in DDC-fed Ldlr−/− recipients. STAT4 expression in macrophages (MΦs) also affected the Tfh/CD8+ Treg axis, because conditioned media from Stat4−/−Ldlr−/− MΦs supported CD8+ Treg differentiation, but not Tfh cell differentiation, in a TGF-β–dependent manner. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which STAT4 supports atherosclerosis in IR Ldlr−/− mice via STAT4-dependent MΦs, as well as cell-intrinsic suppression of CD8+ Treg generation and functions and maintenance of Tfh cell generation and the accompanying humoral immune response.