bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Packaging performance comparison for distribution and export of papaya fruit
Authors: Chonhenchob Vanee , Singh S. Paul
Published: March 2005

This paper presents the development and testing procedures for new packaging systems for papaya fruit. Papaya is a nutritious tropical fruit, consumed both in its fresh form and as a processed product worldwide. Thailand is a major exporter of fresh and processed papayas from Asia. Major quality indices for papayas include colour, size, firmness and freedom from defects and decay. A high percentage of post‐harvest losses of papaya fruits have been reported as exports have increased. Mechanical damage is one of the major causes of the quality loss of papaya fruits, therefore, proper packaging is demanded for better protection. In addition, other criteria are important to meet consumer acceptance. New packaging systems for papayas were compared with the existing systems currently used for local markets. The packaging systems were evaluated in terms of physical protection, heat transfer characteristics for rapid cooling and maintaining optimum temperature and relative humidity during post‐harvest, quality maintenance, and marketing issues. Two cushioning systems, foam nets and paper‐based wrap materials, were also compared. Actual shipment and vibration tests were performed and the effect on quality was determined. The new packaging systems tested showed better protective performance and improved quality parameters, as compared to existing systems. Minimized mechanical injuries resulted in a decreased susceptibility to decay and bruising. Paper‐based cushions showed similar protection to plastic foam nets materials but offered a better ripening response for papayas. The data were compared to seek an optimum packaging system for papayas based on the various criteria. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensional hydrogen atom confined in circles, angles, and circular sectors
Authors: Chaos‐Cador L. , Ley‐Koo E.
Published: March 2005

The Schrödinger equation for the 2D hydrogen atom is separable in circular coordinates (ρ = $\sqrt{x^{2} + y^{2}}$, φ = tan−1 y/x). In this article the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of such an atom in three different situations of confinement inside (a) a circle (0 ≤ ρ ≤ ρ0, 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π), (b) an angle (0 ≤ ρ ≤ ∞, 0 ≤ φ ≤ φ0), and (c) a circular sector (0 ≤ ρ ≤ ρ0, 0 ≤ φ ≤ φ0) are explicitly constructed. Characteristic properties of the atom in its ground state for each situation of confinement such as the polarizability for (a) and electric dipole moment for (b) and (c) are also evaluated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: XIX ISO 17331:2004—Surface chemical analysis—Chemical methods for the collection of elements from the surface of silicon‐wafer working reference materials and their determination by total‐reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy
Authors: Mori Yoshihiro
Published: March 2005

This international standard specifies chemical methods for the collection of iron and/or nickel from the surface of silicon‐wafer working reference materials by the vapour‐phase decomposition method or the direct acid droplet decomposition method. The determination of the elements collected may be carried out by total‐reflection x‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as by graphite‐furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. This international standard applies to iron and/or nickel atomic surface densities from 6 × 109 to 5 × 1011 atoms cm−2. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Tal Group, Lesser Himalaya, India, and early Tsanglangpuan (late early Cambrian) trilobites from the Nigali Dhar syncline
Authors: HUGHES NIGEL C. , PENG SHANCHI , BHARGAVA O. N. , AHLUWALIA A. D. , WALIA SANDEEP , MYROW PAUL M. , PARCHA S. K.
Published: March 2005

Precise biostratigraphic constraints on the age of the Tal Group are restricted to (1) a basal level correlative with the Anabarites trisulcatus–Protohertzina anabarica Assemblage Zone of southwest China, (2) a level near the boundary of the lower and upper parts of the Tal Group correlative with the early Tsanglangpuan Stage (Drepanuroides Zone), and (3) an interval low in the upper part of the Tal Group correlative with later in the Tsanglangpuan Stage (Palaeolenus Zone). These correlations are based on small shelly fossil and trilobite taxa. Other chronostratigraphic constraints include the marked negative δ13C isotopic excursion coincident with the transition from the Krol Group to the Tal Group. This excursion is used as a proxy for the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in several sections worldwide and, if applied to the Lesser Himalaya, indicates that the boundary is at or just above the base of the Tal Group. The upper parts of the Tal Group may be of middle or late Cambrian age and might form proximal equivalents of sections in the Zanskar–Spiti region of the Tethyan Himalaya. Both faunal content and lithological succession are comparable to southwest China, furthering recent arguments for close geographic proximity between the Himalaya and the Yangtze block during late Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian time. Trilobites from the uppermost parts of the Sankholi Formation from the Nigali Dhar syncline are described and referred to three taxa, one of which, Drepanopyge gopeni, is a new species. They are the oldest trilobites yet described from the Himalaya.
A microstructural and fabric study of the Galway Granite, Connemara, western Ireland
Authors: BAXTER S. , GRAHAM N. T. , FEELY M. , REAVY R. J. , DEWEY J. F.
Published: March 2005

A detailed field and microstructural investigation of mineral fabrics in the late-Caledonian Galway Granite Batholith (∼400 Ma) provides insights into the relationship between emplacement-related deformation and crystallization state. These relationships are used to infer the regional instantaneous strain pattern at the time of intrusion. A Marginal Deformation Zone occurs in the granite along part of its northern sector, where planar fabrics are contact-parallel and dip steeply to the north. Within the Marginal Deformation Zone, the granite has similar patterns of pre- and post-RCMP (Rheologically Critical Melt Percentage) fabrics on either side of the NNE-trending Shannawona Fault Zone, which separates the Western and Central blocks of the batholith. Oblate pre-RCMP fabrics, which intensify towards the contact, are overprinted in a down-temperature continuum of deformation by co-axial post-RCMP fabrics that also become more intense towards the contact. At the southern edge of the Marginal Deformation Zone, deformation ceased before the granite reached its RCMP whereas, close to the contact, deformation ceased at ∼500°C. Within the Central Block, oblate fabrics also developed parallel with internal granite facies boundaries. Throughout the batholith, the fabrics formed by co-axial deformation as a result of lateral expansion operating in successive magma batches at the emplacement level. These intrusion-related fabrics are consistent with other evidence that indicates the Galway Granite was emplaced into a transtensional setting at the end of the Caledonian Orogeny.
Protein transport and trafficking inPlasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes
Authors: PRZYBORSKI J. M. , LANZER M.
Published: March 2005

The human malarial parasitePlasmodium falciparumextensively modifies its host erythrocyte, and to this end, is faced with an interesting challenge. It must not only sort proteins to common organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and mitochondria, but also target proteins across the ‘extracellular’ cytosol of its host cell. Furthermore, as a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, the parasite has to sort proteins to novel organelles such as the apicoplast, micronemes and rhoptries. In order to overcome these difficulties, the parasite has created a novel secretory system, which has been characterized in ever-increasing detail in the past decade. Along with the ‘hardware’ for a secretory system, the parasite also needs to ‘program’ proteins to enable high fidelity sorting to their correct subcellular location. The nature of these sorting signals has remained until relatively recently, enigmatic. Experimental work has now begun to dissect the sorting signals responsible for correct subcellular targeting of parasite-encoded proteins. In this review we summarize the current understanding of such signals, and comment on their role in protein sorting in this organism, which may become a model for the study of novel protein trafficking mechanisms.
Estimation of Fermentation Parameters Using Partial Data
Authors: Gomes James , Menawat Anil S.
Published: March 2005

Frequently state variables in fermentation processes cannot be measured for the lack of sensors or interference. For example, in complex medium fermentations it is nearly impossible to obtain reliable estimates of the cell concentration. Absence of such data makes it difficult to model the fermentation process accurately. In such situations a mathematical technique called external differential representation (EDR) can be used to identify the system model by estimating the parameters in the absence of part of the data. The objective of this method is to rewrite the system equations in terms of the higher order differential equations in the input and output variables. This reduces the number of state variables needed to estimate the parameters. Additionally, relationships between the measured variables and the measured outputs and known inputs can also be developed which can be used to predict the unmeasured states. The reconstruct‐ibility of the system with the selected output is central to this analysis. This method is demonstrated on two systems—gibberellin and gramicidin S fermentations. The external differential representation in each case is used to identify the system parameters using only partial data, and the accuracy in predicting the unmeasured variables is checked with the complete data.
Seamount resolution in satellite‐derived bathymetry
Authors: Etnoyer Peter
Published: March 2005

I compare satellite‐derived global relief data on 13 seamounts in the northeast Pacific Ocean to echosounder‐derived multibeam values from the Gulf of Alaska Seamount Expeditions and the West Coast Seamounts and Ridges Multibeam Surveys for peak height, latitude, longitude, and midsection area. I find Smith and Sandwell's (1997) global sea floor topography relatively accurate for peak geoposition but generally deeper than multibeam by 192 m (±132 m). Cell size alone can explain 50–90% of peak height variation, suggesting higher‐resolution geodetic altimetry could improve the accuracy of these estimates. Nevertheless, midsection areas overlap by 80 ± 11%. The altimetric technique clearly resolves the presence and general form of numerous unnamed deep seamounts, though predicted seamount peak height estimates for small features may vary from their true depth by up to 50%. These findings support high‐end estimates of global seamount abundance since small seamount features (∼1200 m relief) revealed by satellite may, in actuality, be quite substantial features (∼2500 m relief).
The solar zenith angle dependence of desert albedo
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Barlage Michael , Zeng Xubin , Dickinson Robert E. , Schaaf Crystal B.
Published: March 2005

Most land models assume that the bare soil albedo is a function of soil color and moisture but independent of solar zenith angle (SZA). However, analyses of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and albedo data over thirty desert locations indicate that bare soil albedo does vary with SZA. This is further confirmed using the in situ data. In particular, bare soil albedo normalized by its value at 60° SZA can be adequately represented by a one‐parameter formulation (1 + C)/(1 + 2C * cos(SZA)) or a two‐parameter formulation (1 + B1 * f1(SZA) + B2 * f2(SZA)). Using the MODIS and in situ data, the empirical parameters C, B1, and B2 are taken as 0.15, 0.346 and 0.063. The SZA dependence of soil albedo is also found to significantly affect the modeling of land surface energy balance over a desert site.
The potential for sea level rise: New estimates from glacier and ice cap area and volume distributions
Authors: Raper Sarah C. B. , Braithwaite Roger J.
Published: March 2005

Projections of sea‐level rise from mountain glaciers and ice caps for the next century and beyond should be based on an assessment of the ice available for melting. Projections to date are based on all regions except Greenland and Antarctica (the latter are considered separately by the IPCC), yet no sound estimates for the appropriate volume of ice and its potential for sea level rise are evident in the literature. An ice cap data set is compiled allowing the separate treatment of glacier area coverage data. Glacier inventory data are comprehensive enough in some regions to allow the estimation of glacier size distributions. The differences in the distributions are related to a metric of the regional topographic variability, allowing glacier size distributions to be estimated on a 1° latitude longitude grid of cells containing glaciers. Appropriate volume‐area scaling for glaciers and for ice caps gives global estimates of glacier and ice cap volumes by size class. This leads to an estimate of the total ice volume of 0.087 ± 0.010 106 km3 and a sea level rise equivalent of 0.241 ± 0.026 m. The glaciers and ice caps contribute 41% and 59% to these estimates respectively. These values are based on data sets compiled during several decades, mainly in the second half of the 20th Century. We compare our results to published results that include the glaciers and icecaps at the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
The northeastward current southeast of the Ryukyu Islands in late fall of 2000 estimated by an inverse technique
Authors: Zhu Xiao‐Hua , Park Jae‐Hun , Kaneko Ikuo
Published: March 2005

The northeastward current (NC) southeast of the Ryukyu Islands is estimated using an inverse technique with hydrographic section data collected in December 2000. The inversion results show the NC flowing over the continental slope with a subsurface maximum velocity of 34 cm s−1 at 270‐dbar depth southeast of Okinawa and 67 cm s−1 at 400‐dbar depth east of Amami‐Ohshima. The NC volume transports are nearly equal at the two lines (∼15 Sv), and their vertical profiles exhibit similar subsurface maximum structure at both lines. These results strongly suggest that the NC off Amami‐Ohshima originates from the NC off Okinawa during our observation period.
Iron in the Ross Sea: 1. Impact on CO2 fluxes via variation in phytoplankton functional group and non‐Redfield stoichiometry
Authors: Tagliabue Alessandro , Arrigo Kevin R.
Published: March 2005

We present new model results examining nutrient and carbon biogeochemistry within the Ross Sea, focusing on the sensitivity of ecosystem dynamics to taxon‐specific nutrient utilization parameters and the impact of alleviating Fe limitation of phytoplankton growth. The coupled ice‐atmosphere‐ocean ecosystem (CIAO) model of the Ross Sea was modified to include air‐sea CO2 exchange and non‐Redfield C/N/P uptake ratios of the dominant phytoplankton taxa. Model results show that the Ross Sea was a substantial sink for atmospheric CO2, driven by the high primary productivity prior to the onset of Fe limitation. Taxon‐specific C/N/P uptake ratios controlled the relative rate of removal of each macronutrient, while Fe availability constrained the absolute magnitude of utilization. When Redfield C/N/P stoichiometry was applied to both phytoplankton taxa, net primary production (NPP) was overestimated in areas normally dominated by diatoms and underestimated in regions of Phaeocystis antarctica dominance, and macronutrient dynamics were misrepresented. Simulated shifts in phytoplankton taxonomic composition significantly altered uptake of atmospheric CO2 when the phytoplankton were dominated by diatoms (−70%) or P. antarctica (+35%). The ability to bloom later in the season afforded P. antarctica a relatively greater role than diatoms in controlling the air‐sea flux of CO2 in the Ross Sea. In response to alleviation of Fe limitation, both total Ross Sea NPP and CO2 uptake increased by 30%. The response of the carbon cycle to Fe fertilization was predicted to be complex, and its magnitude and nature were dictated by patterns of macronutrient utilization.
Large‐scale dynamics of sandy coastlines: Diffusivity and instability
Authors: Falqués A. , Calvete D.
Published: March 2005

The dynamics of small‐amplitude perturbations of an otherwise rectilinear coastline due to the wave‐driven alongshore sediment transport is examined at large time and length scales (years and kilometers). A linear stability analysis is performed by using an extended one‐line shoreline model with two main improvements: (1) the curvature of the coastline features is accounted for and (2) the coastline features are assumed to extend offshore as a bathymetric perturbation up to a finite distance. For high incidence angles, instability is found in accordance with Ashton et al. (2001). However, it is seen that instability is inhibited by high waves with long periods and gently sloping shorefaces so that in this case the coastline may be stable for any angle. Similarly, there is no instability if the bathymetric perturbation is confined very close to the coast. It is found that the traditional linearized one‐line model (Larson et al., 1987) tends to overpredict the coastline diffusivity. The overprediction is small for the conditions leading to a stable coastline and for moderate incidence angles but can be very dramatic for the conditions favoring instability. An interesting finding is that high‐angle waves instability has a dominant wavelength at the linear regime, which is in the order of 4–15 km, one to two orders of magnitude larger than the length scale of surf zone rhythmic features. Intriguingly, this is roughly the same range of the wavelength of some observed shoreline sand waves and, in particular, those observed along the Dutch coast. A model application to this coast is presented.
Self‐organizing nonlinear output (SONO): A neural network suitable for cloud patch–based rainfall estimation at small scales
Authors: Hong Yang , Hsu Kuo‐lin , Sorooshian Soroosh , Gao Xiaogang
Published: March 2005

Accurate measurement of rainfall distribution at various spatial and temporal scales is crucial for hydrological modeling and water resources management. In the literature of satellite rainfall estimation, many efforts have been made to calibrate a statistical relationship (including threshold, linear, or nonlinear) between cloud infrared (IR) brightness temperatures and surface rain rates (RR). In this study, an automated neural network for cloud patch–based rainfall estimation, entitled self‐organizing nonlinear output (SONO) model, is developed to account for the high variability of cloud‐rainfall processes at geostationary scales (i.e., 4 km and every 30 min). Instead of calibrating only one IR‐RR function for all clouds the SONO classifies varied cloud patches into different clusters and then searches a nonlinear IR‐RR mapping function for each cluster. This designed feature enables SONO to generate various rain rates at a given brightness temperature and variable rain/no‐rain IR thresholds for different cloud types, which overcomes the one‐to‐one mapping limitation of a single statistical IR‐RR function for the full spectrum of cloud‐rainfall conditions. In addition, the computational and modeling strengths of neural network enable SONO to cope with the nonlinearity of cloud‐rainfall relationships by fusing multisource data sets. Evaluated at various temporal and spatial scales, SONO shows improvements of estimation accuracy, both in rain intensity and in detection of rain/no‐rain pixels. Further examination of the SONO adaptability demonstrates its potentiality as an operational satellite rainfall estimation system that uses the passive microwave rainfall observations from low‐orbiting satellites to adjust the IR‐based rainfall estimates at the resolution of geostationary satellites.
A selective novel low‐molecular‐weight inhibitor of IκB kinase‐β (IKK‐β) prevents pulmonary inflammation and shows broad anti‐inflammatory activity
Authors: Ziegelbauer Karl , Gantner Florian , Lukacs Nicholas W , Berlin Aaron , Fuchikami Kinji , Niki Toshiro , Sakai Katsuya , Inbe Hisayo , Takeshita Keisuke , Ishimori Mina , Komura Hiroshi , Murata Toshiki , Lowinger Timothy , Bacon Kevin B
Published: March 2005

Pulmonary inflammatory diseases such as asthma are characterized by chronic, cell‐mediated inflammation of the bronchial mucosa.

Recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells is orchestrated by a variety of mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, or adhesion molecules, the expression of which is regulated via the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB).

NF‐κB signaling is controlled by the inhibitor of kappa B kinase complex (IKK), a critical catalytic subunit of which is IKK‐β.

We identified COMPOUND A as a small‐molecule, ATP‐competitive inhibitor selectively targeting IKK‐β kinase activity with a Ki value of 2 nM.

COMPOUND A inhibited stress‐induced NF‐κB transactivation, chemokine‐, cytokine‐, and adhesion molecule expression, and T‐ and B‐cell proliferation.

COMPOUND A is orally bioavailable and inhibited the release of LPS‐induced TNF‐α in rodents.

In mice COMPOUND A inhibited cockroach allergen‐induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity and efficiently abrogated leukocyte trafficking induced by carrageenan in mice or by ovalbumin in a rat model of airway inflammation.

COMPOUND A was well tolerated by rodents over 3 weeks without affecting weight gain.

Furthermore, in mice COMPOUND A suppressed edema formation in response to arachidonic acid, phorbol ester, or edema induced by delayed‐type hypersensitivity.

These data suggest that IKK‐β inhibitors offer an effective therapeutic approach for inhibiting chronic pulmonary inflammation.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 178–192. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706176
Design and characterization of a new cell‐permeant inhibitor of the β‐secretase BACE1
Authors: Lefranc‐Jullien Solveig , Lisowski Vincent , Hernandez Jean‐François , Martinez Jean , Checler Frédéric
Published: March 2005

The β‐secretase BACE1 is one of the enzymes that contribute to the production of the Aβ peptide, in vitro and in vivo. JMV1195 was previously shown to inhibit BACE activity in vitro but was unable to block cellular BACE activity. We have designed a new permeable inhibitor, JMV2764 that corresponds to a derivative of JMV1195 to which a penetratin sequence had been added at its N‐terminus. We have assessed the ability of JMV2764 to affect BACE1 activity in vitro, and to modify Aβ production in various cell systems.

Endogenous β‐secretase or BACE1 activities were monitored in vitro by means of two distinct fluorimetric substrates in HEK293 extracts of cells expressing either wild‐type βAPP, Swedish mutated βAPP or SPA4CT constructs. Aβ40 recovery was monitored by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis.

JMV2764 and JMV1195 inhibited endogenous β‐secretase activity of HEK293 cellular homogenates with IC50s of 0.8 and 6.6 μM, respectively. Interestingly, JMV2764 also inhibited β‐secretase activity after preincubation with intact cells while JMV1195 was inactive, indicating that unlike JMV1195, JMV2764 could penetrate into the cells.

JMV2764 but not JMV1195 also prevented Aβ production by HEK293 cells overexpressing wild‐type and Swedish‐mutated βAPP. However, JMV2764 was unable to affect Aβ production from cells expressing SPA4CT, a βAPP‐derived sequence that does not need β‐secretase to produce Aβ.

Altogether, we have designed a new cell‐permeable BACE1 inhibitor that allows to envision to prevent Aβ production in vivo. Work is in progress to assess the potential of these compounds to prevent Aβ production in transgenic mice overproducing Aβ.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 228–235. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706183
Hydrogen sulphide is a mediator of carrageenan‐induced hindpaw oedema in the rat
Authors: Bhatia Madhav , Sidhapuriwala Jenab , Moochhala Shabbir M , Moore Philip K
Published: March 2005

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gas, with potent vasodilator activity. In this report, we identify a role for H2S in carrageenan‐induced hindpaw oedema in the rat. Intraplantar injection of carrageenan (150 μl, 2% (w v−1)) resulted in an increase in hindpaw H2S synthesising enzyme activity and increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Pretreatment (i.p. 60 min before carrageenan) with DL‐propargylglycine (PAG, 25–75 mg kg−1), an inhibitor of the H2S synthesising enzyme cystathionine‐γ‐lyase (CSE), significantly reduced carrageenan‐induced hindpaw oedema in a dose‐dependent manner (e.g. increase in hindpaw weight at 3 h, saline: 0.12±0.017 g; carrageenan, 1.39±0.037 g; PAG, 50 mg kg−1, 1.11±0.06 g, n=10) and MPO activity (fold increase) in the hindpaw (saline: 1.0±0.12; carrageenan, 2.92±0.45 g; PAG, 50 mg kg−1, 1.1±0.22, n=10); PAG (50 mg kg−1) also inhibited H2S synthesising enzyme activity (nmol μg DNA−1) in the hindpaw in a dose‐dependent manner (saline, 0.46±0.05; carrageenan, 0.71±0.08 g; PAG, 50 mg kg−1, 0.17±0.05, n=10).

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 141–144. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706186
Interaction of Abrikosov vortex with grain boundaries near Hc1. I. Potential barriers in polycrystalline high-Tc superconductors
Authors: Belevtsov L. V.
Published: March 2005

The effects of the interaction of an Abrikosov vortex with grain boundaries is investigated in the framework of a model in which the vortex, grain, and grain boundaries are treated on a unified basis. An exact solution is found for the vortex–laminar model. New types of potential barriers for the entry of a vortex into a superconducting polycrystalline are predicted. Like the traditional Bean–Livingston barrier, the value of the “edge” barrier in these materials depends on the value of the external field, but it also depends on the normalized grain size, the intensity of the coupling between grains, the anisotropy, and the degree of “specularity” (smoothness) of the material in the case of ultrafine-grained superconducting materials.
Josephson effect in a weak link between borocarbides
Authors: Kolesnichenko Yu. A. , Shevchenko S. N.
Published: March 2005

A stationary Josephson effect is analyzed theoretically for a weak link between borocarbide superconductors. It is shown that different models of the order parameter result in qualitatively different current-phase relations.
Monte Carlo study of the critical properties of yttrium orthoferrite
Authors: Murtazaev A. K. , Kamilov I. K. , Ibaev Zh. G.
Published: March 2005

Models describing the critical properties of yttrium orthoferrite are proposed. The models are investigated by the Monte Carlo method. The main static critical exponents for the models are calculated using the formalism of the theory of finite-size scaling, and their universality classes are determined. The results can account for the contradiction between the experimentally observed and theoretically predicated pictures of the critical behavior of yttrium orthoferrite. It is shown that the models of YFeO3 are mainly described by the Ising universality class of critical behavior.
Dynamic magnetic susceptibility in the t–J model
Authors: Kuz’min E. V.
Published: March 2005

The t–J model with a prohibition of “doubles” (doubly occupied sites) in the lower Hubbard band and holes in the upper band is considered in the regime of strong electron correlations. The specific features of the electronic states are described. An expression is obtained for the transverse dynamic susceptibility χ as a function of wave vector q and frequency ω in the random phase approximation (RPA) in the metallic state of the system, and the static susceptibility (ω=0) is analyzed in the limits q=0 and q=Q=(π,π) in a square lattice as a function of the electron density n. The insulating limit (n→1) is described as a spin liquid (SL) state. An expression for the magnetic susceptibility is proposed which unifies the RPA and the SL concept in the presence of site percolation. It is shown that in a certain concentration region the static susceptibility is negative (i.e., a diamagnetic effect), which indicates the possibility of a superconducting state with an exchange mechanism of pairing.
Phonons and magnons in stripe-ordered nickelates. A Raman scattering study
Authors: Gnezdilov V. , Kurnosov V. , Yeremenko A. , Pashkevich Yu. , Lemmens P. , Tranquada J. , Choi K.-Y. , Güntherodt G. , Nakajima K.
Published: March 2005

Electronic correlation effects in La2−xSrxNiO4 (x=1/3 and 0.225) lead to spontaneous phase separation into microscopic spin/charge stripes with commensurate and incommensurate order, respectively. Raman scattering experiments on such single-crystalline materials show a rich phenomenology of phonon and magnon anomalies due to the new, self-organized periodicities. These effects are observable as function of temperature but can also be induced by cooling in seemingly small magnetic fields leading to a reorganization of stripe structure.
Influence of structural disorder on magnetic and transport properties of (La0.7Sr0.3)0.5(Pr0.65Ca0.35)0.5MnO3 films
Authors: Prokhorov V. G. , Flis V. S. , Kaminsky G. G. , Lee Y. P. , Park J. S. , Svetchnikov V. L.
Published: March 2005

Magnetic and transport properties of (La0.7Sr0.3)0.5(Pr0.65Ca0.35)0.5MnO3 films prepared by a “co-deposition” utilizing the laser-ablation technique are investigated in a wide temperature range. The film deposited at 300 °C has a nanocrystalline disordered structure and exhibits a paramagnetic temperature dependence of the magnetization with a narrow peak (ΔT≃10 K) at TG≃45 K, which can be interpreted as a paramagnetic→superparamagnetic transition. A short-term annealing of the as-deposited film at 750 °C leads to the formation of a high-textured polycrystalline microstructure and to the appearance of ferromagnetic (FM) and metal–insulator (MI) transitions at TC≃240 K and TP≃140 K, respectively. The observed discrepancy between TP and TC values can be ascribed to a percolating nature of the MI transition, with an exponent of 5.3 for the percolating conductivity. The film deposited at Tsub≃740 °C is composed of lattice-strain-free and the lattice-strained crystallites with different lattice parameters and TC’s, and is consistently described in the framework of the Millis model [A. J. Millis, T. Darling, and A. Migliori, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 1588 (1998)]. For a single-phase crystalline film the values TC≃270 K and TP≃260 K are obtained.
Integration of a gate electrode into carbon nanotube devices for scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Kong J. , LeRoy B. J. , Lemay S. G. , Dekker C.
Published: March 2005

We have developed a fabrication process for incorporating a gate electrode into suspended single-walled carbon nanotube structures for scanning tunneling spectroscopy studies. The nanotubes are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition directly on a metal surface. The high temperature (800°C) involved in the growth process poses challenging issues such as surface roughness and integrity of the structure which are addressed in this work. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the gate on the freestanding part of the nanotubes by performing tunneling spectroscopy that reveals Coulomb blockade diamonds. Our approach enables combined scanning tunneling microscopy and gated electron transport investigations of carbon nanotubes.
Adaptation to Spiral Motion in Crowding Condition
Authors: Aghdaee S Mehdi
Published: March 2005

When a single, moving stimulus is presented in the peripheral visual field, its direction of motion can be easily distinguished, but when the same stimulus is flanked by other similar moving stimuli, observers are unable to report its direction of motion. In this condition, known as ‘crowding’, specific features of visual stimuli do not access conscious perception. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adaptation to spiral motion is preserved in crowding conditions. Logarithmic spirals were used as adapting stimuli. A rotating spiral stimulus (target spiral) was presented, flanked by spirals of the same type, and observers were adapted to its motion. The observers' task was to report the rotational direction of a directionally ambiguous motion (test stimulus) presented afterwards. The directionally ambiguous motion consisted of a pair of spirals flickering in counterphase, which were mirror images of the target spiral. Although observers were not aware of the rotational direction of the target and identified it at chance levels, the direction of rotation reported by the observers during the test phase (motion aftereffect) was contrarotational to the direction of the adapting spiral. Since all contours of the adapting and test stimuli were 90° apart, local motion detectors tuned to the directions of the mirror-image spiral should fail to respond, and therefore not adapt to the adapting spiral. Thus, any motion aftereffect observed should be attributed to adaptation of global motion detectors (ie rotation detectors). Hence, activation of rotation-selective cells is not necessarily correlated with conscious perception.
Variations in Backward Masking with Different Masking Stimuli: I. Local Interaction versus Attentional Switch
Authors: Bachmann Talis , Luiga Iiris , Põder Endel
Published: March 2005

The types of stimuli used as targets and masks considerably change the masking functions in a way that requires us to abandon any single mechanism of masking as the sole explanation of backward masking. In the first of two reports in which the problem of the mask-dependence of masking is addressed, we explore the role of the relative spatial positioning of targets and masks in order to differentiate between local interaction and attentional models. If single letters were masked by double-letter masks then the relative spatial arrangement of the letters, which was changed in order to vary the involvement of metacontrast-like processes, had an effect at shorter SOAs, but not at longer SOAs where strong masking still persisted. This poses difficulties for proposing local contour interaction as the main mechanism of masking. Similarly, crowding effects alone cannot explain the results. Backward masking also involves attention being directed to working-memory processing of the succeeding object while abandoning the preceding object.
Variations in Backward Masking with Different Masking Stimuli: II. The Effects of Spatially Quantised Masks in the Light of Local Contour Interaction, Interchannel Inhibition, Perceptual Retouch, and Substitution Theories
Authors: Bachmann Talis , Luiga Iiris , Põder Endel
Published: March 2005

In part I we showed that with spatially non-overlapping targets and masks both local metacontrast-like interactions and attentional processes are involved in backward masking. In this second part we extend the strategy of varying the contents of masks to pattern masking where targets and masks overlap in space, in order to compare different masking theories. Images of human faces were backward-masked by three types of spatially quantised masks (the same faces as targets, faces different from targets, and Gaussian noise with power spectra typical for faces). Configural characteristics, rather than the spectral content of the mask, predicted the extent of masking at relatively long stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). This poses difficulties for the theory of transient-on-sustained inhibition as the principal mechanism of masking and also for local contour interaction being a decisive factor in pattern masking. The scale of quantisation had no effect on the masking capacity of noise masks and a strong effect on the capacity of different-face masks. Also, the decrease of configural masking with an increase in the coarseness of the quantisation of the mask highlights ambiguities inherent in the re-entrance-based substitution theory of masking. Different masking theories cannot solve the problems of masking separately. They should be combined in order to create a complex, yet comprehensible mode of interaction for the different mechanisms involved in visual backward masking.
Holistic Word Processing
Authors: Anstis Stuart
Published: March 2005

When two three-letter words are flashed up in sequence, observers cannot tell whether the top halves of the words are the same or different. It follows that words, like faces, are processed holistically, not as a set of separate features.
Heterologous T cell immunity in severe hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Urbani Simona , Amadei Barbara , Fisicaro Paola , Pilli Massimo , Missale Gabriele , Bertoletti Antonio , Ferrari Carlo
Published: March 2005

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause liver disease of variable severity. Expansion of preexisting memory CD8 T cells by cross-reactivity with a new heterologous virus infection has been shown in mice to shape the repertoire of the primary response and to influence virus-related immunopathology (Selin, L.K. 2004. Immunity. 20:5–16). To determine whether this mechanism can influence the course of HCV infection, we analyzed the features of the HCV-specific CD8 T cell response in eight patients with acute HCV infection, two of whom had a particularly severe illness. Patients with severe hepatitis, but not those with mild disease, showed an extremely vigorous CD8 T cell response narrowly focused on a single epitope (NS3 1073–1081), which cross-reacted with an influenza neuraminidase sequence. Our results suggest that CD8 T cell cross-reactivity influences the severity of the HCV-associated liver pathology and depicts a model of disease induction that may apply to different viral infections.
A role for IgG immune complexes during infection with the intracellular pathogen Leishmania
Authors: Miles Suzanne A. , Conrad Sean M. , Alves Renata G. , Jeronimo Selma M.B. , Mosser David M.
Published: March 2005

We examined the role of immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies in mediating host defense to the intracellular parasite, Leishmania. We show that IgG not only fails to provide protection against this intracellular pathogen, but it actually contributes to disease progression. The JH strain of BALB/c mice, which lack IgG because they have a targeted deletion in the Ig heavy chain (J) locus, were more resistant to infection with Leishmania major than were normal BALB/c mice. However, the passive administration of anti-Leishmania IgG caused JH mice to develop large lesions containing high numbers of parasites. Antibody administration correlated with an increase in interleukin (IL) 10 production in lesions, and blocking the murine IL-10 receptor prevented antibody-mediated disease exacerbation. In human patients with active visceral leishmaniasis, high IgG levels are predictive of disease. Patients with ongoing disease had high IgG antibody titers and no delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to Leishmania antigens. This pattern was reversed upon disease resolution after treatment, resulting in a decrease in total IgG, which was accompanied by a progressive increase in DTH responsiveness. We conclude that IgG can cause a novel form of immune enhancement due to its ability to induce IL-10 production from macrophages.
Presence of osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells in the bone and nonostotic lesions of Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: da Costa Cristiana E.T. , Annels Nicola E. , Faaij Claudia M.J.M. , Forsyth Ramses G. , Hogendoorn Pancras C.W. , Egeler R. Maarten
Published: March 2005

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease that can involve one or multiple organ systems characterized by an accumulation of CD1a+ Langerhans-like cells as well as several other myeloid cell types. The precise origin and role of one of these populations, the multinucleated giant cell (MGC), in this disease remains unknown. This work shows that in three different lesional tissues, bone, skin, and lymph node, the MGCs expressed the characteristic osteoclast markers, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and vitronectin receptor, as well as the enzymes cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Although, in bone lesions, the osteoclast-like MGCs were only CD68+, in the nonostotic sites, they coexpressed CD1a. The presence of osteoclast-like MGCs may be explained by the production of osteoclast-inducing cytokines such as receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and macrophage colony-stimulating factor by both the CD1a+ LCH cells and T cells in these lesions. As osteoclast-derived enzymes play a major role in tissue destruction, the osteoclast-like nature of MGCs in all LCH lesions makes them a potential target for the treatment of this disease.
Private aspects of heterologous immunity
Authors: Rehermann Barbara , Shin Eui-Cheol
Published: March 2005

Clinical manifestations of viral infections are highly variable, both in type and severity, among individual patients. Differences in host genetics and in dose and route of infection contribute to this variability but do not fully explain it. New studies now show that each subject's history of past infections individualizes the memory T cell pool. Private T cell receptor specificities of these preexisting memory T cell populations influence both disease severity and outcome of subsequent, unrelated virus infections.
Wavelet constructions in non-linear dynamics
Authors: Dutkay Dorin , Jorgensen Palle
Published: March 2005

We construct certain Hilbert spaces associated with a class of non-linear dynamical systems

X
X

. These are systems which arise from a generalized self-similarity and an iterated substitution. We show that when a weight function

W
W

on

X
X

is given, then we may construct associated Hilbert spaces

H
(
W
)

H(W)

of

L
2

L^2

-martingales which have wavelet bases.
Implementing a national treatment service for dependant smokers: initial challenges and solutions
Authors: Coleman Tim , Pound Elspeth , Adams Catherine , Bauld Linda , Ferguson Janet , Cheater Francine
Published: March 2005

Background  Before 1999, few treatment services for nicotine‐addicted smokers existed in England. When national treatment services were introduced, those responsible for setting them up liaised closely with primary care health services. Setting up an entirely new national service, treating a new category of patient (smokers motivated to stop) was an ambitious aim and this paper documents the problems encountered in the early stages of this process.

Objectives  To describe the principal challenges encountered and solutions employed by those setting up the services during the initial period of smoking cessation service implementation.

Methods  Qualitative, semistructured interviews with 50 smoking cessation staff in two former English health regions conducted in autumn 2001.

Findings  Two principal factors which slowed the initial development of smoking cessation services were: (i) the lack of a work‐force with experience in smoking cessation methods and (ii) the fact that services were set up outside existing primary and secondary care health services in England. As few training courses in smoking cessation were available, many services provided their own in‐house training for staff appointed as smoking cessation advisers. Consequently, senior service staff devoted a lot of effort to training new staff which meant that they had less time to spend on other important tasks which were necessary for service implementation. Smoking cessation services needed to develop relationships with primary care health services in order to generate referrals and find venues for the delivery of smoking cessation interventions. Liaising with primary care physicians was time‐consuming, however, and some primary care physicians were opposed to the ideas that service staff had for the interface between primary care and smoking cessation services. As new smoking cessation services were not set up within existing primary or secondary health care services, service staff had to spend large amounts of time on this process of negotiation and overcoming scepticism from some primary health care physicians.

Conclusions  If smoking cessation services are set up in other countries, rapid implementation would be facilitated by ensuring that adequate numbers of health professionals trained in smoking cessation methods are available to staff services. Additionally, locating new smoking cessation services within existing health providers’ services may speed up service implementation, but this option may not suit all health systems.
Targeting smokers in priority groups: the influence of government targets and policy statements
Authors: Pound Elspeth , Coleman Tim , Adams Catherine , Bauld Linda , Ferguson Janet
Published: March 2005

Background  Cessation services were instructed to make special attempts to attract smokers from three ‘priority groups’: those who were young, pregnant and economically disadvantaged. Progress with attracting priority groups was not assessed formally, but services were set monitored targets to encourage throughput of smokers. Initial research suggests that services have been successful in attracting smokers who live in disadvantaged areas. This paper investigates how smoking cessation services responded to targets and instructions to attract priority groups and discusses the relative impact these on service development.

Objectives  To describe how monitored throughput targets influenced the development of smoking cessation services, including attracting priority groups. To describe the range of priority groups that smoking cessation services targeted, methods used and reported progress with this.

Methods  Postal surveys of English smoking cessation coordinators conducted in April 2001 and April 2002. Seventy‐eight qualitative, semistructured interviews with cessation service staff in two former English health regions conducted in autumn 2001 and 1 year later.

Findings  A total of 69.3% of coordinators responded to the first survey (79% to the second survey). In the first survey 91% reported targeting priority groups (100% in the second survey). The proportions (second survey in brackets) who reported targeting the different priority groups were: pregnant women 86% (99%), economically disadvantaged 79% (100%) and young smokers 20% (75%). Interviews showed that coordinators gave the greatest priority to reaching monitored targets as they came under pressure to achieve these. Service staff were generally unclear about how to attract priority groups and developing strategies for this was hindered by the need to meet throughput targets. Locating services in poor areas was thought to attract economically disadvantaged smokers and specialist staff were being appointed to work with pregnant smokers, but otherwise there was little evidence of active strategies for attracting priority groups being applied in practice.

Conclusions  Monitored targets for smoker throughput ensured that services quickly began to treat smokers, but this rapid implementation diverted service staff from devising methods for attracting priority group smokers. Coordinators found reaching priority groups challenging and, particularly in the case of young smokers, would have appreciated clear instructions for this aspect of service implementation. Those implementing services in other countries should consider whether similar targets would be helpful to stimulate service development within their health systems.