bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negotiating the Boundaries of Professional Subtitling. The Case of Finnish Subtitlers and Their Online Community
Authors: Tuominen Tiina
Published: December 2018

In recent years, the Finnish subtitling field has undergone significant changes, which have caused instability in subtitlers’ working conditions. Subtitlers have responded to these changes by working together towards a more unified professional community. One important means in these efforts has been an active online presence consisting of, among other things, a website and a blog. The subtitlers’ online presence could be characterised as an element of a “professional project” (Tyulenev 2014: 68–69), an attempt to institutionalise the profession and to search for social recognition. One aspect of a professional project is to draw the boundaries of the profession and to determine criteria for acceptance into the professional community. The definition of professional boundaries is a recurrent theme on the Finnish subtitlers’ website and blog. The subtitlers’ case therefore provides an enlightening example of how a heterogeneous professional field can attempt to improve its standing by determining its own boundaries. This article will explore how Finnish subtitlers define the boundaries of their profession on their website and blog, what criteria they present for inclusion in their professional community, and how exclusion from the community is expressed. The analysis will demonstrate that a number of professional practices, such as adherence to local subtitling traditions, are used as a way of determining the behaviour of a professional subtitler. As a consequence, the definition of professional boundaries emerges as a central argument in the subtitlers’ professional project, becoming a strategy for unifying the subtitlers’ community and advocating for a more stable status.
When the Translator Does More than Translate: A Case Study of Translator Roles in a Digital Publishing Initiative
Authors: Marin-Lacarta Maialen , Vargas-Urpi Mireia
Published: December 2018

Recent technological changes have affected translators’ professional boundaries and status. However, scant attention has been paid to the new opportunities that have been created for professional literary translators. Our research focuses on ¡Hjckrrh!, a de facto non-profit self-publishing initiative led by three professional translators who are involved in the publishing of literary translations in ebook format – they share the same professional expertise, but assume different roles in the initiative. An ethnography-inspired qualitative method has been adopted by the researchers. This paper is based on fourteen interviews with participants who have collaborated with ¡Hjckrrh!, comprising eleven translators (including the three founding members of ¡Hjckrrh!), two proofreaders and a graphic designer. The paper aims at studying translators’ roles, production teams and relationships, and pays special attention to the agency and visibility of translators. Our findings show that technology has had a positive impact on translator agency, status and identity among the founding members and collaborators of ¡Hjckrrh!. These translators have used the shifting professional boundaries and technological advances to develop their roles as cultural mediators. The article describes the work of the translators who collaborate in this digital initiative and discusses the ways they relate to each other, the roles they play and how they cross professional boundaries. The conclusions identify the relationships and opportunities created by this new work environment.
Is Electronic Access to Medical Records an Empowering and Patient-centered Initiative? – a Qualitative Contextual and Linguistic Analysis of Danish Electronic Records
Authors: Hansen Martha Monrad , Zethsen Karen Korning
Published: December 2018

Political correctness demands a patient empowering and patient-centered approach to health care and today patients are increasingly involved in, and responsible for, their own health. Patients are potentially subjected to large amounts of health information and, in a Danish context, patients have recently gained easy electronic access to their hospital records. Access, which used to be by application, is now only a few clicks away. This initiative is praised as patient empowering and patient-centered even though the e-records are not written for patients, but are the working tool of health professionals. Thus, an expert language text, as it stands, has to function as patient information. In this article, we examine the language of the e-records with a view to determining potential lay-friendliness and thus patient-centeredness. We also discuss whether access, by definition, is a progressive initiative and whether patient empowerment is always the same as patient-centeredness.
Unidades de traducción culturalmente marcadas: propuesta de clasificación dinámica con fines traductológicos
Authors: Mendoza García Inma
Published: December 2018

In the context of Translation Studies, this paper presents a proposal for classifying culturally marked translation units from a functional dynamic perspective that is considered to be more useful for both translation practice and translation-related research than other taxonomies so far suggested by the majority of theorists.

For this purpose, first I provide an overview of the current state of the art in research on these specific translation units with regard to their designation, concept and classification. Second, I conduct a critical analysis of the heterogeneity of designations and definitions as well as of the static taxonomies so far prevailing in scientific literature in this respect. Third, I select a designation for these sorts of units and justify the decision made. Fourth, I provide a detailed description of the concept and its nature.

Finally, I design a classificatory model that is not based on a mere classification of culture-related areas and topics but takes into account all the intratextual and extratextual factors involved in the translation process. The proposal put forward is guided by two main parameters: the degree of lingüistic and cultural (in)equivalence between the source system and the target system and the level of knowledge the reader is supposed to possess about the culturally marked textual units.
Connective Action for Global Fairness: Building Social Imaginaries
Authors: Yepez-Reyes Veronica
Published: December 2018

Social imaginaries are frameworks within which people organise their collective world; where imagination, not simply reason, plays a part in the construction of social practices. Through a grounded theory approach, this article asks whether and how social imaginaries of global fairness are present in connective action, a type of digital interaction for advocacy. From January 2014 to June 2015, the study followed the Facebook accounts of five advocacy organisations: Hivos, Oxfam IBIS, Intermon-Oxfam, SSNC and Vredeseilanden. Connective action, more than just accomplishing an expressing function of posting and sharing – which could be considered as ‘slacktivism’– denotes cooperating and acting by means of dialogic learning involving reflection and action. The research suggests that current social imaginaries may be built in connective action involving topics of nature conservation, equality, eco-farming, among others. Thus, the field of connective action remains open to theorizing how these imaginaries could constitute a strong foundation upon which communication for social change (CFSC) strategies may be grounded.
Data decomposition: from independent component analysis to sparse representations
Authors: Roussos Evangelos
Published: December 2018

This paper provides a unifying review of some recent approaches of decomposing data, images, and signals into sets of components. We start from the classical algebraic method of singular value decomposition and then introduce principal and independent component analysis. The text continues with the main subject of this paper, sparse representation and decomposition, emphasizing their biological plausibility. In this paper emphasis will be given to the geometric perspective, with the mathematics kept to a minimum.
Adaptation of gestation or egg-laying in species depends on the amount of internal heat generated in digesting the food
Authors: Marasakatla Karunakar
Published: December 2018

Anatomically and physiologically, the reproductive process of gestation or egg-laying, and dietary habits in vertebrates appear to be distinct processes. An in-depth analysis of the dietary habits of vertebrates reveals that the gestation or egg-laying characteristic in these species is tightly coupled with the digestive process. Once the food has been ingested, it is then broken down to the molecular level to be absorbed into the body. The amount of energy required to digest the food depends upon the amount and composition of the food material that was ingested. The denser (ex. bones and muscle) and bigger the size of the food bits ingested, the higher the amount of energy required to break down the material - that in turn requires higher amount of gastrointestinal acids. Where there is higher amount of energy is consumed, there will be an excess amount of heat gets generated. To protect the embryo from this heat, a layer develops around it. Therefore, it appears that the higher amount of heat generated in digesting the food results in egg-laying characteristic in species such as birds and reptiles, which ingest large chunks of raw meat. Rest of the vertebrates adapted to gestation due to chewing the food into small pieces before ingesting which generates less internal heat in digestion.
Learner Effectiveness: A Cause of Learner Strategy Use?
Authors: Halvaei Mohammadreza Yousefi , Ansarin Ali Akbar
Published: December 2018

The study of the individual learner differences including learner effectiveness has been a genuine concern for second language researchers. The present study strived to examine the impact of learner effectiveness on the language learners’ learning strategy use. According to this purpose, first, the researchers developed the two-part 40-item learning strategy questionnaire of the study according to the strategy questionnaire developed by Wong and Nunan (2011). Second, they selected 441 students (224 male & 217 female) studying at the first year of their graduate program at universities in East Azerbaijan Province (Iran) as the participants of the study. Third, they administered the questionnaire of the study to the chosen participants and asked them to complete it. Finally, the researchers employed the chi-square test to analyze the collected data of the study. Based on the results of the study, there were significant differences between the more effective and less effective EFL learners’ use of language learning strategies. On the basis of these results, it was argued that the syllabus designers should include specific parts in the teaching materials of the EFL classrooms in which the learners become familiar with various learning strategies and are trained to employ the most efficient strategies for the performance of language learning tasks. Similarly, it was pointed out that the EFL teachers should familiarize their learners with the diverse language learning strategies and their predominant role in the process of second language acquisition.
The Use of Computer Programs and Applications by Undergraduates and its Relations to their Motivation toward E-learning and Academic Performance
Authors: Al-Jaberi Nahil Mohammad
Published: December 2018

This study aims to investigate the level of use of computer software and applications, and how it affects motivation toward e-learning as well as academic performance and achievement. The researcher selected a study sample of 500 male and female undergraduates at Petra University. Furthermore, two scales were implemented for the purpose of this research; the first investigated the level of use and integration of programs and applications, and the other investigated how motivated learners were toward e-learning with the use of such applications and programs. The study identified applications most commonly used by undergraduates, with social media networks, E-mails, and smart phones in the lead. Moreover, findings indicated a positive correlation between the level of applications and computer programs use and motivation toward e-learning. However, no correlation was found between the level of implementation and motivation toward e-learning; likewise, academic achievement and faculty were not effective in differentiating motivation levels. However, the variables of academic level and sex were statistically significant in favor of male and older students in their motivation toward e-learning.
Vocabulary Coursebook for EFL Learners of Higher Education in Indonesia
Authors: Basuki Yudi , Damayanti Astried , Dewi Sri Utami
Published: December 2018

Indonesian Ministry of Education decree number 36 (2001) outlines that coursebook (buku ajar) is a handbook for a course written by experts in related fields. It is written to obtain the qualifications and features of textbooks and to finally be published and distributed. In an attempt to implement the decree, the objective of this research was to develop vocabulary coursebook for the higher education students of English education program. In fact, there is no vocabulary book that meets students’ needs and qualifications of the coursebook (buku ajar). This research was a Research and Development (R&D) study with an industry-based development model. The subjects of the research were all active students at English education program of STKIP PGRI Trenggalek in 2017/18 and 2018/19 academic year. Data were collected using questionnaires and observation. The data collected by questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively and the data collected through observation was analyzed qualitatively. Research findings proved that the product was successful to obtain the vocabulary coursebook for the higher education students of English education program since it met the government qualification of coursebook standards and features, accommodated the students’ needs and interests, provided recent theories of vocabulary learning, acquired the learning outcome of vocabulary study area as stated in syllabus, and was systematically developed in five steps development. More importantly as the result of the field-test of the product indicated supportive responses from teacher and students teaching-learning vocabulary in English education program.
Integrating Teaching Models to Enhance Efl Students’ Interpersonal Communication Skill and Creativity
Authors: Lubis Nazriani , Lubis Asnarni , Ashadi Rido Imam
Published: December 2018

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of integrating project-based learning and experiential learning models toward students’ interpersonal communication skill and creativity particularly in using English. This research was conducted by applying quantitative research method with factorial design 2X2 ANOVA The subjects were English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in English Department of Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al Washliyah Medan, Indonesia.The instrument was a questionaire with Likert scale and used to measure each formulated indicator. The data were analyzed by using multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) The finding of the research showed that project-based learning and experiential learning models had a significant effect on students’ interpersonal communication skill and creativit. Moreover, interaction was found between communication skill and creativity of students taught by implementing the models. It indicated that ELT classroom activities will be more creative integrating these teaching models. It allows EFL learners to explore knowledge and information independently and to use English as natural as they can either in speaking or writing.
Evaluating the Design Standard of UiTM Massive Open Online Courses
Authors: Aziz Anealka
Published: December 2018

Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) was one of the initiatives of the Malaysia Ministry of Education to ensure the standard of our national education system was at par with the global education trends. This initiative was documented in Malaysian Education Blueprint 2015 -2025 (Higher Education, Shift No.9: Globalised Online Learning). Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) was among the public universities in Malaysia that were seriously involved in MOOC development. Starting with one MOOC in 2014, four MOOCs in 2015, 16 MOOCs in 2016, UiTM embarked into developing 450 new MOOCs in 2017. To ensure UiTM MOOC had achieved the required standard and quality of Malaysian MOOC, an internal guideline for UiTM MOOC Development (i-Learn Centre, 2016) was constructed. The construction of the guideline was based on the standard provided by the Guidelines of Development and Delivery of Malaysian MOOC (KPT, 2017). Some additional elements required by the administrator of UiTM MOOC were also added. The study was interested to determine whether the MOOCs developed by UiTM lecturers complied with the standard of UiTM MOOC and ultimately the Malaysian MOOC. It was also interested to determine the readiness of UiTM MOOC for credit transfer. To do that, a UiTM MOOC Evaluation Checklist was introduced. The checklist consisted of 45 questions which were constructed based on the guideline on UiTM MOOC Development (i-Learn Centre, 2016) and the Guidelines for Credit Transfer for MOOC (MQA, 2016). The study evaluated two active UiTM MOOCs in terms of adherence to the standard of UiTM MOOC. The findings of the study highlighted areas to be improved and provided suggestions to increase readiness for MOOC credit transfer.
The Effectiveness of Indirect Written Corrective Feedback as Perceived By Teachers and Students of a Public University in Vietnam
Authors: Linh Đàm Mỹ
Published: December 2018

The current study investigates the effectiveness of indirect written corrective feedback (WCF) on five different aspects of writing (grammar, language use, mechanic use, content and organization) as perceived by teachers and English-major sophomores in a Vietnamese public university. Specifically, it provides an insight into the effectiveness of this feedback pattern as perceived by the teachers and their students. To fulfill the stated aims, this research utilizes two main instruments, namely questionnaire and in-depth interview. The data from the questionnaire was analysed using statistical procedures. Meanwhile, the data from the interviews was processed using qualitative analysis. With regards to the findings, teachers and students agree that given feedback suits students’ understandability, but somewhat exceeds their self-correction ability. Teachers and students’ perceptions match on the efficacy of indirect WCF for the treatment of grammatical errors and its inefficacy for the betterment of content. Both parties also remain neutral about the correction efficiency of this feedback pattern regarding lexical and mechanical errors. Finally, organization is the aspect on which the perceptions between two sides mismatch the most. Teachers and students also share several reasons in accounting for their perceptions. The findings implicate that changes should be made to feedback-giving practices of teachers and feedback-handling practices of students to enhance the effectiveness of indirect WCF.
Secondary English Language Teacher Capacity: Insights From Bangladesh
Authors: Nur Shakila
Published: December 2018

Like other developing, non-English speaking countries in Asia, Bangladesh has shown a phenomenal attention towards English education through the school curriculum. The attention is demonstrated by revisiting and revising pertinent curriculum, personnel, materials, methods, and assessment policies of English education. This paper, within an exploratory, qualitative case study paradigm offers a modest, interpretive inquiry into secondary English teacher capacity, in terms of their recruitment, training and class performance. The data were collected from semi-structured interviews with secondary English teachers, school principals and teacher trainers, and classroom observations of secondary English teachers. The findings identified a set of generic issues around secondary English teacher capacity. These included inadequate provision of teachers, stigmatised practice of teacher recruitment, limited attention to teacher training and their impacts on the overall quality of English education. Reflecting upon the findings, the paper concludes with a set of recommendations for secondary English personnel policy and practice, which could be a point of reference for Bangladesh and beyond.
Assessing Excellence Management in the Light of the European Excellence Model at Taif University
Authors: Faraj Shda Ibrahim
Published: December 2018

This study assessed the excellence management at Taif University by considering the European Model of Excellence (EFQM) in terms of the following dimensions: (1) leadership, policies and strategies, (2) human resources, (3) processes, (4) partnerships and resources, (5) products and services, (6) human resource results, (7) society results and (8) key performance results. The study followed a descriptive (survey and comparative) approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered to a random sample of faculty members (n=284) of Taif University. The results indicated statistically significant differences in the score of management of excellence for Taif University in the light of the EFQM from the point of view of the sample members in reference to the following variables: gender, academic rank, and years of experience. No statistically significant differences were observed in the total score for the practice of excellence management at Taif University considering the EFQM from the point of view of the study sample members in reference to the following variables: type of college and number of training programs. The main recommendation of the study was to urge the university to increase efforts to attain a higher level of excellence management practice considering the EFQM.
Book Review: On the Fringes of Literature and Digital Media Culture: Perspectives from Eastern and Western Europe
Authors: Ching Florence Toh Haw , Hadi Ikhlas Abdul
Published: December 2018

No abstract.
The Influence of L2 English Acquisition of the Request Speech Act on Persian Preschool Children
Authors: Sadighi Firooz , Chahardahcherik Shahrzad , Delfariyan Maryam , Feyzbar Fariba
Published: December 2018

In Iran the age of learning English as a foreign language is decreasing yearly. It is obvious that learning English at a very early age is a most appropriate time to start. The investigation in this study is focused on the speech act of request. Instructional effects of learning request strategies are assessed in preschoolers who received instruction to find out whether the exposure to the foreign language learning enhances the development of request strategy use and brings about changes in their first language strategy use features. The data were collected from 10 preschool Iranian learners of English as a foreign language. The participants of the study took a two-semester speaking course in an academic setting in Iran. The study had a pretest and posttest design in which 10 conversations were used including polite request strategies of English to analyze instructional effects on the learners’ first language after the posttest, by comparing and measuring the backward transfer against the pretest results. The oral task was in the form of role plays which were also utilized for communicative practice with the learners. The data were rated for the extent of a foreign language effect on the first language by experienced tutors and linguistic analyses were done to identify the foreign language components of request strategies features in the first language production. Results showed that frequent use of English request strategy features in the first language was an indication of L2 students’ beneficial experience in their L1.
Assertiveness and Academic Achievement Motivation of Adolescent Students in Selected Secondary Schools of Harari Peoples Regional State, Ethiopia
Authors: Sitota Galata
Published: December 2018

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between assertiveness and academic achievement motivation of adolescent students in selected secondary schools of Harari Peoples Regional State among a sample of 332 (145 males and 187 females). Data were collected through the twenty-four-item of academic achievement motivation (AAM) inventory with four-point rating scale that was adapted from previous versions and scales for assessing Assertive Behaviour a thirty-item instrument with six-point rating scale ranging from (+3, very characteristic of me to -3, very uncharacteristic of me) that was adapted from previous research. Data were analyzed employing a blend of both descriptive and inferential statistical methods that successively conducted to examine the level of assertive behavior employing one-sample mean test and combined effects of independent variables on dependent variable (academic achievement motivation) were made employing regression analysis. Findings indicated that; Harari peoples regional state adolescent student’s participated in present study were scored low on the assertiveness; male adolescents were found to be better in their levels of assertiveness than their female adolescent counterparts. With pertaining to the relationship between assertiveness and academic achievement motivation was concerned, there was a statistically significant positive relationship between them. Additionally, it was found that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between parental educational status and assertiveness. Unlike assertiveness and parental educational status, sex appeared to be a less important factor in explaining adolescents’ academic achievement motivation. Attempts were made to explain findings within the existing ecological and socio-cultural practices of the study area. Recommendations were also suggested as to how to properly address the gaps noted in this research.
Feedback on Grammatical Accuracy: Comparing Perceptions and Practices on the Teachers’ and Learners’ Parts
Authors: Nazarloo Fahimeh Ashja , Yaghoubi-Notash Massoud
Published: December 2018

An advantage of the communication-based instruction in an EFL situation is prioritizing fluency and meaning negotiation though of course at the cost of accuracy. Researchers have, therefore, found feedback on the learners’ erroneous utterances quite appealing so that form can be attended to against the wider backdrop of meaning-focused involvement in communication. This present study qualitatively and quantitatively sought to investigate the teachers’ and intermediate learners’ perceptions as well as the teachers’ practices concerning corrective feedback types, sources of feedback, and types of grammatical errors that occur and need to be attended to during the classroom conversations. The study was conducted in two private language institutes in Tabriz, Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Iran. The instructional materials were Top Notch course books. For the purpose of the study, 6 teachers and 60 EFL learners were focused on. First, the classes of 6 teachers were observed. Then, the teachers and learners completed a questionnaire on corrective feedback. The results indicated that learners showed strong agreement toward using explicit feedback. On the contrary, teachers usually neglected the learners’ grammatical errors at the classroom to maintain the flow of interaction. Another important finding about sources of feedback was that teachers and learners preferred teacher correction to peer correction or self-correction. Finally, both teachers and learners expressed strong agreement about feedback on serious grammatical errors during conversation though the former tended to agree more with the feedback on less serious and frequent grammatically erroneous utterances.
Entrepreneurship Education in Public Universities in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Adebayo Aina M.
Published: December 2018

The inclusion of entrepreneurship education to university curriculum is to make the content more functional. However, it seems that entrepreneurship education has not been achieving its objectives in Nigeria. The main purpose of this study was to compare entrepreneurship education in two public universities in Ekiti State. The survey research design was adopted. The sample of the study consisted of 101 lecturers/trade experts from these universities. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. The instruments were validated by two lecturers from Ekiti State University (EKSU) and the Federal University, Oye Ekiti (FUOYE). The reliability test yielded a coefficient of 0.73. The findings showed that lecture method was mostly used in the two institutions, among others. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that adequate instructional materials should be provided. Also, the use of field trip is recommended to enable the students to receive first-hand information about these entrepreneurship trades from the appropriate companies/sites/industries, among others.
The Relationship between Iranian EFL Teachers’ Self-efficacy, their Personality and Students’ Motivation
Authors: Sabet Masoud Khalili , Dehghannezhad Saeedeh , Tahriri Abdorreza
Published: December 2018

A growing body of evidence suggests that teachers play a significant role in the process of foreign language teaching and learning. On the other hand, motivation is one of the most important pre-requisites of foreign language learning which can be influenced by many teacher-related factors such as teachers’ personality characteristics and their self-efficacy beliefs. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between Iranian EFL teachers’ self-efficacy, their personality and students’ motivation. Participants included 25 EFL teachers teaching in different language institutes and 75 EFL students learning English in those institutes. In this study, three instruments were used for data collection: Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) developed by Tschannen-Moran and Hoy (2001), Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and Students’ Motivation Questionnaire designed by Mojavezi and Tamiz (2012). To analyze the data, Pearson correlation was conducted on the variables using the computer program of SPSS 22. Results of the analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between teachers’ self-efficacy and students’ motivation (r = .591, p = .002 < .05). The other finding of the study was that one of the NEO-FFI variables, conscientiousness, was found to be significantly in correlation with students’ motivation (r = .413, p = .040 < .05). Results of the study and their pedagogical implications were discussed and recommendations for further research were also made.
Self-Efficacy Perceptions of Social Studies Teachers about Measurement and Evaluation in Education
Authors: Ezer Feyzullah , Ulukaya Ülkü
Published: December 2018

The study aims to determine the self-efficacy perceptions of social studies teachers about measurement and evaluation in education. In the research using quantitative research models, descriptive survey model was used. Study group of the research is composed of 122 social studies teachers in Kucukcekmece district of Istanbul province in 2018-2019 academic years. Data collection tool of this study is “The Self-efficacy Perception Scale of the Teacher Candidates based on Measurement and Evaluation in Education” developed by Kılınç (2011). The difference between the self-efficacy levels of the participants about measurement and evaluation and the gender variable was examined. The findings revealed that self-efficacy perceptions of the male participants about measurement and evaluation were higher than those of the female participants. In addition to this, the difference between the self-efficacy levels of the participants about measurement and evaluation and their educational background was also examined. The research findings demonstrated that there is not any significant difference between the self-efficacy levels of the participants about measurement and evaluation and their educational background. Another finding obtained as a result of the study revealed that self-efficacy perceptions of the History and Geography graduates of the universities’ Faculty of Arts and Sciences about measurement and evaluation in education are at a lower level than the Faculty of Education Social studies teaching graduates. Finally, the finding that self-efficacy levels of the participants about measurement and evaluation showed a significant difference according to their professional seniority is obtained.
Difficulties Encountered by Arab Students in Pronouncing English Correctly
Authors: Abugohar Mohammed Abdulgalil , Yunus Kamariah
Published: December 2018

Since spoken language is the most important channel of communication, it is supposed to be the first skill to master when learning a language. However, in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context, learners encounter various problems limiting their abilities. One of the remarkable phenomena in English as a foreign language (EFL) learning is the inability of most students to utter English correctly and fluently. The present study investigates the difficulties that hamper high school students from pronouncing English vocabulary and simple sentences correctly and fluently. This research was carried out in an attempt to assess the English course outcomes that were reflected in learners disabilities of correct and fluent English pronunciation. The data were collected through surveying second-year high school students’ responses to two instruments. A questionnaire was addressed to a sample of 100 Saudi male students from 4 secondary schools, and semi-structured interviews with 5 students from the population were conducted to provide deeper diagnosis regarding problems of English pronunciation. In order to provide further details about the subject studied, analyses of the syllabi are presented. The study recommends remedial pronunciation activities, practice of confusing words, and phonics practices throughout the course.
Evaluation of Oxygen Uptake Kinetic Asymmetries in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Larson Rebecca D. , Barton Monica , Farrell III John W , Cantrell Gregory S. , Lantis David J. , Black Christopher D. , Ade Carl J.
Published: December 2018

Background of Study: Observations of limb to limb differences (bilateral asymmetry) in leg strength, power, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and bone mineral density has been reported in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Objetives: The purpose of this study was to quantify the magnitude of bilateral asymmetries in oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics response to single leg cycling (SLC) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods: Five MSpatients (2 men, 3 women; age 43±7 yrs) performed constant work rate SLC trials to determine VO2 kinetics in each leg. Asymmetry scores were used to quantify the magnitude of the bilateral asymmetries. Results: Significant asymmetries were seen in VO2 peak and parameters of VO2 kinetics. VO2peak asymmetry score was significantly different than 0% (p=0.015). Similarly,significant asymmetry for VO2 kinetic response to exercise as mean response time was observed (p=0.03). In addition the VO2 response to exercise resulted in a significant asymmetry in VO2 deficit between legs (p=0.03). No correlation between EDSS scores and any asymmetry scores existed. Conclusions: These findings provide insight into the potential differences in metabolic perturbation and limb specific symptomatic fatigue within the MS population.
Comparison of the Spinal Loads Produced by Carrying a Backpack and Carrying a Person Piggyback: Crossfit Training
Authors: Graham Sheena , Alexander Marion J.L. , Leiter Jeff , Glazebrook Cheryl , Telles-Langdon David
Published: December 2018

Background of Study: The piggyback carry has recently become a more popular exercise through the emerging sport of CrossFit. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine any biomechanical differences that exist in the lumbar spine when carrying no load, a backpack, and a person on the back. Methods: Twelve 70+ kg male strength-trained athletes were recruited from local CrossFit affiliates. One child with a mass of 27 kg was recruited to be the piggybackpassenger for all participants. All participants and the guardian of the passenger signed an informed consent form. The participants walked three times over a force plate for each of three conditions: carrying no load, a 27 kg backpack, or a 27 kg passenger. Three Canon video cameras recorded each trial, and Dartfish Software was used to measure joint angles and gait parameters. Maximal trunk inclination angle, was used in a static lumbar spine model to calculate trunkmuscle torque and force, and lumbosacral joint reaction forces. Results: Both load conditions produced compensatory trunk flexion; trunk flexion increased from no load to piggybacking to backpacking. Mean values were determined for each participant for each variable, and these values were compared amongst the three conditions of no load, piggybacking, and backpacking. An alpha value of 0.05 was used. Conclusion: Due to the more extreme position of the trunk andgreater magnitude of torques, backpacking likely places the musculoskeletal system at more risk than does piggybacking.
Characteristics of an effective secondary school design thinking curriculum
Authors: Aflatoony Leila , Wakkary Ron , Hawryshkewich Andrew
Published: December 2018

This study examines the effectiveness of course materials, design methods and teaching strategies in a design thinking-based curriculum. As part of a multiple case study, we developed, ran and studied an interaction design course for Canadian students in grade 9 and grade 10 (14–15 years old). We gathered qualitative data in the forms of interviews of students and teachers at the end of each class and at the end of the course, and we observed their activities and performance throughout the course. We also evaluated the curriculum by tracking the changes we made and justifying the intentions behind these curriculum modifications in the context of the research. From this research, three main curriculum characteristics were found to be essential for a design thinking course to be effective and engaging: experiential activities, real-world applications and characterised consequences. We recommend that design educators consider these characteristics.
Design-driven innovation in design practice
Authors: Kristiansen Helge Tor , Gausdal Anne Haugen
Published: December 2018

The aim of this paper is to investigate Verganti’s framework for design-driven innovation (DDI) in the context of design practice and to discuss, elaborate and deepen the understanding of DDI, especially on aspects related to design. To meet this aim, an in-depth longitudinal case study of a DDI project for developing a radical new vision for an offshore ship bridge concept is performed. DDI is generally recognised as an in-depth research process, but we also approach it as a highly creative, generative process of design in which design artefacts serve as knowledge production and exploration. Therefore,  Verganti’s divide between research and creativity and his critique of user centredness are challenged. The paper adds complementary understandings to Verganti’s framework, particularly regarding the role of design, and the Generative Design-Driven Innovation framework is developed.
Åtte læreres trearbeidspraksiser
Authors: Maapalo Pauliina
Published: December 2018

I denne artikkelen undersøkes forskjeller i åtte barneskolelæreres trearbeidspraksiser i faget kunst og håndverk. Et datamateriale generert i forbindelse med skolebesøk bestående av flersanselige samtaler, fotomateriale og observasjon av trearbeid analyseres gjennom en diffraktiv analyse og begrepet prosjekt for praksis fra teorien om praksisøkologier. Gjennom analysen synliggjøres et komplekst bilde som viser hvordan det ikke bare er læreren som er sentral i forhold til hvordan undervisning blir til. Det tegnes et bilde av et nettverk av relasjoner, både i makro- og mikroperspektiv i konkrete undervisningssituasjoner. Som resultat viser lærernes prosjekter for sine praksiser seg til å bli skapt av blant annet aspekter som deres veldig ulike tilgang til materialer, forskjellige egeninteresse for trearbeid og forskjeller i skolenes prioriteringer.
Frå DesignDialog til Design Literacy
Authors: Brænne Karen
Published: December 2018

Artikkelen gjev ei historisk framstilling av korleis forskingsfeltet designdidaktikk er utvikla dei siste 20 åra, med vekt på kva rolle professor Liv Merete Nielsen har spelt i arbeidet med å styrke fagfeltet sin intellektuelle identitet. Konseptet «the making disciplines» om korleis akademiske fellesskap blir utvikla gjev eit av dei teoretiske perspektiva til framstillinga. Studiet fortel korleis Nielsen bevegar seg mellom mange roller i dette. Ho er forskar, forskingsentreprenør og forskingsleiar, og bygger ny kunnskap gjennom å integrere «making», «making-knowledge», det akademiske og det fagdidaktiske. Artikkelen har Nielsen sine publikasjonar samt intervju med kollegaer og stipendiatar som kjelde­grunnlag.
Componentes curriculares de cursos de graduação em turismo: uma leitura sintático-semântica na relação dialógica entre áreas de conhecimento
Authors: Marinho Marcela Ferreira , Dos Santos Marcia Maria Cappellano , Ferreira Luciane Todeschini
Published: December 2018

Entre as designações de componentes (disciplinas) de estruturas curriculares de cursos de graduação em Turismo, encontram-se aquelas em que o Turismo e outras áreas de conhecimento constituem uma construção sintática, cujos termos vêm ligados por elementos como: “do”, “no”, “em”, “e” e “aplicado ao”.  Assim, objetiva-se, com base em análise sintático-semântica dessas designações, depreender indiciadores de configurações de diálogo interdisciplinar estabelecido entre elas, uma vez que a essas configurações tendem a corresponder práticas pedagógicas. Considerando como supostos: 1) que o documento Projeto Pedagógico de Curso (PPC) e, nele, a estrutura curricular, se constitui em materialização da dimensão intangível do currículo e que, portanto, as designações das disciplinas deveriam estar aneladas ao intricado de pressupostos norteadores subjacentes ao PPC; 2) que a linguagem, não sendo neutra, traz marcas de vozes dos sujeitos enunciador e enunciatário, de sorte que tais designações implicam sentidos para além do mero registro formal; numa pesquisa de natureza exploratória, analisaram-se, após procedimentos metodológicos de recorte, 74 estruturas curriculares e, nelas, 139 disciplinas, sendo que, percentualmente, apresentaram diferentes números de incidências das referidas construções, com predomínio de “X aplicado ao Turismo”.  Nessa formulação sintática emerge uma transitividade de mão única, conferindo ao Turismo a conotação de objeto de aplicação da área X, não conotando simetria relacional no diálogo entre elas. Os resultados trazem à reflexão a pertinência das designações, tanto no que se refere à natureza do Turismo, quanto ao que as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais dos cursos de Turismo preconizam sobre interdisciplinaridade. A própria opção pela leitura sintático-semântica como ferramenta de análise originária de competências da Linguística do Texto e de linguísticas enunciativas propiciou estender o campo de interpretações dos resultados, concorrendo para estabelecer, interdisciplinarmente, outras/novas conexões conceituais.
Revolts, Egyptian
Authors: Fischer‐Bovet Christelle
Published: December 2018

Revolts in Hellenistic Egypt consisted of rebellions and riots, which occurred sporadically from the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–221
bce
) until the year following the Roman conquest (29
bce
). The term may also include the various periods of unrest in Roman Egypt until the end of the third century; normally, however, it excludes riots of the mob in Alexandria, where the population consisted of Egyptians alongside Greeks and Jews, as well as the Jewish revolt in Egypt of 116–117
bce
. Several explanations have been put forward for these revolts: on the one hand, they have been seen as religious, ethnic, or nationalistic, on the other, socioeconomic, or some combination of both.
Dexippos of Athens
Authors: McInerney Jeremy
Published: December 2018

An overview of the career and writings of Dexippos of Athens, an important witness to the Heruclian invasions of the mid‐third century
ce
. Four new folios recently discovered have added considerably to our knowledge of his Skythika.
Berytus
Authors: Hall Linda Jones
Published: December 2018

Berytus was a Roman colony founded by Augustus for his veterans. The city, famed for the teaching of Roman law in the Late Antique era, was also economically successful due to its involvement in the trade and production of purple dye and silk fabrics. Wine production is confirmed by both archaeological finds and literary sources. A diverse economy was supported by agricultural productivity and the manufacture of glass, linen, various metal objects, and books. Occupying a key position on many ancient land and sea routes, Berytus was a center of cultural interaction until the devastating earthquake and tidal wave of 551
ce
.
Precedent, Greek
Authors: Lanni Adriaan
Published: December 2018

Classical Athens had no notion of binding legal precedent. Nevertheless, litigants in the surviving court speeches frequently refer to past court verdicts as a form of persuasive precedent. The absence of written reasons for verdicts and the reliance on amateur juries prevented the rigorous application of legal precedents.
Pedubast I–
IV
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: December 2018

Pedubast I, Pedubast II, Pedubast III, and Pedubast IV, kings of Egypt, or parts of Egypt, during the 23rd and 25th Dynasties, who reigned during the ninth and eighth centuries
bce
.
Tiy
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: December 2018

Tiye, wife of Amenhotep III, Egypt, mid‐fourteenth century
bce.
Carinus (Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond
Published: December 2018

Carinus (born ca. 250/255
ce
;
PLRE
I 181;
PIR
2
A 1475) was Roman emperor from 282 to 285. A serious problem in assessing Carinus is the prejudice of the sources, which present him as debauched, the seducer of the wives of the nobility, and even as the husband of nine successive wives (Historia Augusta, Car. 16.7); he put innocent men to death on false charges, even those who had taunted him at school. Such stories, when they are not the fiction of the sources, are likely to be the spin of emperors who succeeded him. One wife only, Magnia Urbica, with the style
Augusta
, is known from inscriptions and coins.
Claudius Quintillus (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus Augustus)
Authors: Davis Raymond
Published: December 2018

Perhaps born ca. 220
ce
, of Danubian origin, Claudius Quintillus (
PLRE
I 579;
PIR
2
A 1480) was Roman emperor for two or three months in the summer of 270. His acceptance of the throne, mainly on the basis of being the younger brother of his predecessor Claudius II, displayed the problems of hereditary succession when it did not produce the most capable candidate at a time when the empire faced critical economic and military problems.
Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix)
Authors: Santangelo Federico
Published: December 2018

A biographical entry on Sulla.
Latins, Latium
Authors: Farney Gary D.
Published: December 2018

Latium was a territory in central Italy that contained the city of Rome. It was divided into two parts, Old Latium (
Latium Vetus
), the original land of the Latini, and Farther Latium (
Latium Adiectum
). The Latini themselves formed a self‐conscious ethnic group, with a common name, customs, religion, language, and similar political systems.