bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple domains of Stardust differentially mediate localisation of the Crumbs-Stardust complex during photoreceptor development inDrosophila
Authors: Bulgakova Natalia A. , Kempkens Özlem , Knust Elisabeth
Published: May 2008

Drosophila Stardust (Sdt), a member of the MAGUK family of scaffolding proteins, is a constituent of the evolutionarily conserved Crumbs-Stardust (Crb-Sdt) complex that controls epithelial cell polarity in the embryo and morphogenesis of photoreceptor cells. Although apical localisation is a hallmark of the complex in all cell types and in all organisms analysed, only little is known about how individual components are targeted to the apical membrane. We have performed a structure-function analysis of Sdt by constructing transgenic flies that express altered forms of Sdt to determine the roles of individual domains for localisation and function in photoreceptor cells. The results corroborate the observation that the organisation of the Crb-Sdt complex is differentially regulated in pupal and adult photoreceptors. In pupal photoreceptors, only the PDZ domain of Sdt – the binding site of Crb – is required for apical targeting. In adult photoreceptors, by contrast, targeting of Sdt to the stalk membrane, a distinct compartment of the apical membrane between the rhabdomere and the zonula adherens, depends on several domains, and seems to be a two-step process. The N-terminus, including the two ECR domains and a divergent N-terminal L27 domain that binds the multi-PDZ domain protein PATJ in vitro, is necessary for targeting the protein to the apical pole of the cell. The PDZ-, the SH3- and the GUK-domains are required to restrict the protein to the stalk membrane. Drosophila PATJ or Drosophila Lin-7 are stabilised whenever a Sdt variant that contains the respective binding site is present, independently of where the variant is localised. By contrast, only full-length Sdt, confined to the stalk membrane, stabilises and localises Crb, although only in reduced amounts. The amount of Crumbs recruited to the stalk membrane correlates with its length. Our results highlight the importance of the different Sdt domains and point to a more intricate regulation of the Crb-Sdt complex in adult photoreceptor cells.
Findings—Using Stock Prices to Predict Market Events: Evidence on Sales Takeoff and Long-Term Firm Survival
Authors: Markovitch Dmitri G. , Golder Peter N.
Published: May 2008

We evaluate whether stock prices can predict the sales takeoff and the long-term survival of firms at takeoff. We find that abnormal returns are strongly positive in the year prior to takeoff, thus suggesting an important signal of the takeoff. Moreover, we find that negative abnormal returns in the year of takeoff and one year after takeoff increase the hazard of market exit by 9.5 times relative to firms without these negative abnormal returns. We discuss the implications of these findings for managers and researchers.
Research Note—Competitive Brand Salience
Authors: van der Lans Ralf , Pieters Rik , Wedel Michel
Published: May 2008

Brand salience—the extent to which a brand visually stands out from its competitors—is vital in competing on the shelf, yet is not easy to achieve in practice. This study proposes a methodology to determine the competitive salience of brands, based on a model of visual search and eye-movement recordings collected during a brand search experiment. We estimate brand salience at the point of purchase, based on perceptual features (color, luminance, edges) and how these are influenced by consumers' search goals. We show that the salience of brands has a pervasive effect on search performance, and is determined by two key components: The bottom-up component is due to in-store activity and package design. The top-down component is due to out-of-store marketing activities such as advertising. We show that about one-third of salience on the shelf is due to out-of-store and two-thirds due to in-store marketing. The proposed methodology for competitive salience analysis exposes the optimal visual differentiation level of a brand versus its competitors, and of each SKU versus the other SKUs of the same brand. The model of the visual search process and methodology for competitive salience analysis enable diagnostic analyses of the current levels of visual differentiation of brands and SKUs at the point of purchase, and provide directions for increasing these.
From fancy to reason: Scaling deaf and hearing children's understanding of theory of mind and pretence
Authors: Peterson Candida C. , Wellman Henry M.
Published: May 2008

We examined deaf and hearing children's progression of steps in theory of mind (ToM) development including their understanding of social pretending. Ninety‐three children (33 deaf; 60 hearing) aged 3–13 years were tested on a set of six closely matched ToM tasks. Results showed that deaf children were delayed substantially behind hearing children in understanding pretending, false belief (FB) and other ToM concepts, in line with their delayed uptake of social pretend (SP) play. By using a scaling methodology, we confirmed previous evidence of a consistent five‐step developmental progression for both groups. Moreover, by including social pretence understanding, both deaf and hearing children's ToM sequences were shown to extend reliably to six sequential developmental steps. Finally and focally, even though both groups' sequences were six steps long, the placement of pretence relative to other ToM milestones varied with hearing status. Deaf children understood social pretending at an earlier step in the ToM sequence than hearing children, albeit at a later chronological age. Theoretically, the findings are relevant to questions about how universal developmental progressions come together along with culturally distinctive inputs and biological factors (such as hearing loss) to set the pace for ToM development.
Socioeconomic Status and Social Support Following Illicit Drug Use: Causal Pathways or Common Liability?
Authors: Bergen Sarah E. , Gardner Charles O. , Aggen Steven H. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: May 2008

The negative social attributes associated with drug use and abuse/dependence may arise as a result of shared genetic or environmental factors rather than through causal pathways. To evaluate this possibility, structured interviews were conducted for 3969 male and female twins from the Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry and evaluations of their socioeconomic status (SES), social interactions, and use of drugs were obtained. Drug involvement was categorized as never used, tried, or met criteria for abuse or dependence. A co-twin control design was implemented using hierarchical linear modeling to assess whether twins who used drugs experienced lower SES and social support than non-using co-twins. Poorer social functioning in the drug-exposed twin is consistent with a causal relationship, while similar functioning in the drug exposed versus naive twins imply shared genetic or common environmental factors. Use of drugs was not significantly related to any SES measures. However, education and job status appear to share genetic influences with drug abuse/dependence. Lower income was not related to abuse/dependence of drugs. Negative interactions with friends and relatives share genetic factors with use of drugs, but the escalation from trying drugs to abusing them appears to generate discord between the abuser and friends and relatives in a causal fashion. These results indicate that presumptive causal influences of drug abuse/dependence on low SES may actually be mediated by shared genes. Drug use and social discord also appear to have shared genetic factors, but increased levels of drug involvement seem to causally influence social interactions.
Genetic Covariation Among Facets of Openness to Experience and General Cognitive Ability
Authors: Wainwright Mark A. , Wright Margaret J. , Luciano Michelle , Geffen Gina M. , Martin Nicholas G.
Published: May 2008

Genetic and environmental sources of covariation among cognitive measures of verbal IQ, performance IQ (PIQ), academic achievement, 2-choice reaction time (CRT), inspection time (IT) and the 6 Openness facets of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) were examined. The number of twin and twin–sibling pairs ranged from 432 (182 MZ, 350 DZ/sibling) to 1023 (273 MZ, 750 DZ/sibling) for cognitive measures, and between 432 (90 MZ, 342 DZ/sibling) — 437 (91 MZ, 346 DZ/sibling) for Openness facets. Structural equation modeling best supported a model with a 3-factor additive genetic structure. A genetic general factor subsumed the 5 cognitive measures and 5 of the 6 Openness facets (Actions did not load significantly). A second additive genetic factor incorporated the 6 Openness facets, and a third additive genetic factor incorporated the 5 cognitive measures. Specific additive and dominance genetic effects were also evident, as were shared common and shared unique environmental influences, and specific unique environmental effects. The Openness facets of Ideas and Values evidenced the strongest phenotypic correlations with cognitive indices, particularly verbal measures. The genetic correlations among Openness facets and cognitive measures ranged from −.06 to .79. Results were interpreted as suggesting that Openness is related to general cognitive ability (g) through a genetic mechanism and thatgengenders a minor but discernable disposition towards Openness for the majority of facets.
Long-Term Stability and Heritability of Telephone Interview Measures of Alcohol Consumption and Dependence
Authors: Hansell Narelle K. , Agrawal Arpana , Whitfield John B. , Morley Katherine I. , Zhu Gu , Lind Penelope A. , Pergadia Michele L. , Madden Pamela A. F. , Todd Richard D. , Heath Andrew C. , Martin Nicholas G.
Published: May 2008

Alcohol dependence symptoms and consumption measures were examined for stability and heritability. Data were collected from 12,045 individuals (5376 twin pairs, 1293 single twins) aged 19 to 90 years in telephone interviews conducted in three collection phases. Phases 1 and 2 were independent samples, but Phase 3 targeted families of smokers and drinkers from the Phase 1 and 2 samples. The stability of dependence symptoms and consumption was examined for 1158 individuals interviewed in both Phases 1 and 3 (mean interval = 11.0 years). For 1818 individuals interviewed in Phases 2 and 3 (mean interval = 5.5 years) the stability of consumption was examined. Heritability was examined for each collection phase and retest samples from the selected Phase 3 collection. The measures examined were a dependence score, based on DSM-IIIR and DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence, and a quantity × frequency measure. Measures were moderately stable, with test–retest correlations ranging from .58 to .61 for dependence and from .55 to .64 for consumption. However, the pattern of changes over time for dependence suggested that the measure may more strongly reflect recent than lifetime experience. Similar to previous findings, heritabilities ranged from .42 to .51 for dependence and from .31 to .51 for consumption. Consumption was significantly less heritable in the younger Phase 2 cohort (23–39 years) compared to the older Phase 1 cohort (28–90 years).
Genetics of Maximal Walking Speed and Skeletal Muscle Characteristics in Older Women
Authors: Tiainen Kristina M. , Perola Markus , Kovanen Vuokko M. , Sipilä Sarianna , Tuononen Katja A. , Rikalainen Kaisa , Kauppinen Markku A. , Widen Elisabeth I.M. , Kaprio Jaakko , Rantanen Taina , Kujala Urho M.
Published: May 2008

The aim of this study was to examine whether maximal walking speed, maximal isometric muscle strength, leg extensor power and lower leg muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) shared a genetic effect in common. In addition, we wanted to identify the chromosomal areas linked to maximal walking speed and these muscle characteristics and also investigate whether maximal walking speed and these three skeletal muscle characteristics are regulated by the same chromosomal areas. We studied 217 monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) female twin pairs aged 66 to 75 years in the Finnish Twin Study on Aging study. The DZ pairs (94) were genotyped for 397 microsatellite markers in 22 autosomes and X-chromosome. Genetic modeling showed that, muscle CSA, strength, power and walking speed shared a genetic effect in common which accounted for 7% of the variation in CSA, 51% in strength, 37% in power and 35% in walking speed. The results of an explorative multipoint linkage analysis suggested that the highest LOD score found for each phenotype was 2.41 for walking speed on chromosome 13q22.1, 2.14 for strength on chromosome 15q14, 2.84 for power on chromosome 8q24.23, and 2.93 for muscle CSA on chromosome 20q13.31. Also a suggestive LOD score, 2.68, for muscle CSA was found on chromosome 9q34.3. The chromosomal areas of a suggestive linkage for strength and power partly overlapped LOD scores higher than 1.0 being seen for these phenotypes on chromosome 15. The present study was the first genome-wide linkage analysis to be conducted for these multifactorial and clinically important phenotypes underlying functional independence in older women.
Design and Implementation of a Twin-Family Database for Behavior Genetics and Genomics Studies
Authors: Boomsma Dorret I. , Willemsen Gonneke , Vink Jacqueline M. , Bartels Meike , Groot Paul , Hottenga Jouke Jan , van Beijsterveldt C. E. M. Toos , Stroet Therese , van Dijk Rob , Wertheim Rien , Visser Marco , van der Kleij Frank
Published: May 2008

In this article we describe the design and implementation of a database for extended twin families. The database does not focus on probands or on index twins, as this approach becomes problematic when larger multigenerational families are included, when more than one set of multiples is present within a family, or when families turn out to be part of a larger pedigree. Instead, we present an alternative approach that uses a highly flexible notion of persons and relations. The relations among the subjects in the database have a one-to-many structure, are user-definable and extendible and support arbitrarily complicated pedigrees. Some additional characteristics of the database are highlighted, such as the storage of historical data, predefined expressions for advanced queries, output facilities for individuals and relations among individuals and an easy-to-use multi-step wizard for contacting participants. This solution presents a flexible approach to accommodate pedigrees of arbitrary size, multiple biological and nonbiological relationships among participants and dynamic changes in these relations that occur over time, which can be implemented for any type of multigenerational family study.
Mode of Conception of Twin Pregnancies: Willingness to Reply to Survey Items and Comparison of Survey Data to Hospital Records
Authors: van Beijsterveldt C. E. M. Toos , Hoekstra Chantal , Schats Roel , Montgomery Grant W. , Willemsen Gonneke , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: May 2008

Based on results from a survey study in a sample of Australian parents of twins, Raj and Morley (2007) reported that questions concerning the mode of conception of twins may be offensive to parents. We looked at the willingness to reply to questions about mode of conception of twin pregnancies in a large survey study that was completed by 20,150 mothers of twins from the Netherlands Twin Registry. Data collection took place in 2005/2006. The amount of missing data was examined and by using data from earlier survey studies, responders and nonresponders were compared with respect to their answers to questions on assisted reproduction techniques. In addition, we assessed the reliability of the question on mode of conception by comparing the survey data with hospital records in a subsample of 80 mothers of twins. We found no indication that mothers of twins were not prepared to reply to questions on mode of conception. Only a small number of mothers did not fill in the question on mode of conception (0.8%). Also, the use of artificial fertility techniques did not differ between mothers who returned and mothers who did not return the 2005/2006 survey. The comparison of the survey data with the hospital records showed that mothers can accurately report on the mode of conception of their twins.
Mechanical Evaluation of Mixed As-Cast and Friction Stir Processed Zones in Nickel Aluminum Bronze
Authors: Nolting Allison , Cheng Leon M. , Huang James
Published: May 2008

The performance of nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) propellers can be limited by the resistance of the alloy to fatigue. Friction stir processing (FSP) is a potential method for improving the fatigue life and fracture toughness of this material through grain structure refinement. As friction stir processing is a surface treatment, as-cast, thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and FSP zone microstructures can all occur in components with thick cross sections and when FSP is performed on only selected areas of the component surface. The boundary between modified and unmodified microstructures produced by traditional processing techniques (i.e., heat affected zones produced by welding) are often the source of in-service failures as they can contain defects, residual stresses, deleterious microstructures or any combination thereof. In this paper, the mechanical behavior of FSP nickel aluminum bronze specimens containing as-cast, TMAZ, and FSP microstructures are evaluated using monotonic tensile tests and rotating bending fatigue tests. Analysis of the fatigue specimen fracture surfaces indicate that fatigue cracks initiated and propagated through the as-cast microstructure before penetrating the TMAZ and the FSP microstructures. The tensile specimens failed in the as-cast structure away from the FSP zone and the TMAZ. These results indicate that the as-cast material is weaker than both the FSP and the TMAZ, implying that localized friction stir processing is not detrimental to the mechanical behavior of a NAB component, even in the boundary region.
Increased aortic root diameters in patients with acromegaly
Authors: van der Klaauw Agatha A , Bax Jeroen J , Smit Johannes W A , Holman Eduard R , Delgado Victoria , Bleeker Gabe B , Biermasz Nienke R , Roelfsema Ferdinand , Romijn Johannes A , Pereira Alberto M
Published: May 2008

Objective

The clinical manifestations of acromegalic cardiomyopathy include arrhythmias, valvular regurgitation, concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction. At present, it is unknown whether acromegaly also affects the aortic root.

Design

Aortic root diameters were prospectively assessed in 37 acromegalic patients (18 patients with active disease and 19 with controlled disease) by conventional two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography before, and after, an observation period of 1.9 years (range 1.5–3.0 years). Baseline parameters were compared with healthy controls.

Results

The diameters of the aortic root at the sino-tubular junction and the ascending aorta were increased in patients with acromegaly: 30±4 vs 26±3 mm (P=0.0001) and 33±5 vs 30±4 mm (P=0.006) respectively. The diameter of the aortic root at the aortic annulus and aortic sinus were not different from controls. During follow-up, the aortic root diameters increased at the levels of the annulus and the sinotubular junction (P=0.025 and P=0.024 respectively), whereas there was no change in the diameters at the levels of the sinus and the ascending aorta during follow-up. Baseline aortic root diameters were not influenced by disease duration, current disease activity, or blood pressure. When patients with active and inactive disease were analyzed separately, only the diameter of the sinotubular junction increased in patients with inactive acromegaly during follow-up (P=0.031).

Conclusion

Aortic root diameters are increased in patients with acromegaly compared with healthy controls.
IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor activation induces metalloproteinase-9 matrix activity and increases plasminogen activator expression in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells
Authors: Chang Mu-Hsin , Kuo Wei-Wen , Chen Ray-Jade , Lu Ming-Chin , Tsai Fuu-Jen , Kuo Wu-Hsien , Chen Ling-Yun , Wu Wen-Jun , Huang Chih-Yang , Chu Chun-Hsien
Published: May 2008

The IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor (IGF2R) function in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is known to occur as a result of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation and plasmin in the proteolytic cleavage level caused by the interaction between latent TGF-β and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) respectively. In one of our previous studies, we found IGF-II and IGF2R dose-dependently correlated with the progression of pathological hypertrophy remodeling following complete abdominal aorta ligation. However, how this IGF2R signaling pathway responds specifically to IGF-II and regulates the myocardial ECM remodeling process is unclear. We found that IGF2R was aberrantly expressed in myocardial infarction scars. The matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) zymographic activity was elevated in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells treated with IGF-II, but not IGF-I. Treatment with Leu27IGF-II, an IGF2R specifically binding IGF-II analog, resulted in significant time-dependent increases in the MMP-9, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA); and a reduction in the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) protein expression. Furthermore, IGF2R expression inhibition by siRNA blocked the IGF-II-induced MMP-9 activity. We hypothesize that after IGF-II is bound with IGF2R, the resulting signal disrupts the balance in the MMP-9/TIMP-2 expression level and increases plasminogen activator (PAs) expression involved in the development of myocardial remodeling. If so, IGF2R signaling inhibition may have potential use in the development of therapies preventing heart fibrosis progression.
Significance of Design and Operational Variables in Chemical Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Szabó A. , Takács I. , Murthy S. , Daigger G. T. , Licskó I. , Smith S.
Published: May 2008

Batch and continuous experiments using model and real wastewaters were conducted to investigate the effect of metal salt (ferric and alum) addition in wastewater treatment and the corresponding phosphate removal from a design and operational perspective. Key factors expected to influence the phosphorus removal efficiency, such as pH, alkalinity, metal dose, metal type, initial and residual phosphate concentration, mixing, reaction time, age of flocs, and organic content of wastewater, were investigated. The lowest achievable concentration of orthophosphate under optimal conditions (0.01 to 0.05 mg/L) was similar for both aluminum and iron salts, with a broad optimum pH range of 5.0 to 7.0. Thus, in the typical operating range of wastewater treatment plants, pH is not a sensitive indicator of phosphorus removal efficiency. The most significant effect for engineering practice, apart from the metal dose, is that of mixing intensity and slow kinetic removal of phosphorus in contact with the chemical sludge formed. Experiments show that significant savings in chemical cost could be achieved by vigorously mixing the added chemical at the point of dosage and, if conditions allow, providing a longer contact time between the metal hydroxide flocs and the phosphate content of the wastewater. These conditions promoted the achievement of less than 0.1 mg/L residual orthophosphate content, even at lower metal‐to‐phosphorus molar ratios. These observations are consistent with the surface complexation model presented in a companion paper (Smith et al., 2008).
A Critique and Comparison of Two Scales from Fifteen Years of Studying Compulsive Buying
Authors: Manolis Chris , Roberts James A. , Kashyap Visual
Published: May 2008

Compulsive buying is an important construct in marketing that has far-reaching personal and social implications. The profile of the adult compulsive buyer in the literature is based largely on the 1992 Faber and O'Guinn Compulsive Buying Scale. A second compulsive buying scale by Edwards has also been used but sparingly. Empirical research conducted over that past 15 years with these two scales shows that, although both scales were designed to measure compulsive buying, the two appear to be different operationalizations of the construct. The present review raises several psychometric issues about both scales. Their robustness is crucial to a clear understanding of the antecedents and consequences of compulsive buying. Directions for research are added.
Change in Religious Beliefs, Parental Pressure, and Attitudes of College Students toward Higher Education as Related to Religious Fundamentalism
Authors: Sebby Rickard A. , Schaefer Lisa
Published: May 2008

Men ( n = 55) and women ( n = 99) college students ( M age = 22.3 yr., SD = 6.1, range 18 to 58 years), from a moderate-sized midwestern university reported attitudes toward the goals and purposes of higher education, perceptions of parental pressure and support, and change in religious beliefs. The Religious Fundamentalist Scale, the Quest Scale, Faith-keeping, and Obedience to Parents Scales were also administered. Students classified as religious fundamentalists had more negative attitudes toward the goals and purposes of higher education goals and toward faculty. An interaction of Sex X Fundamentalist Classification indicated that nonfundamentalist college men reported greater change in their religious beliefs, relative to other groups. Perceptions of parental pressure or support were unrelated to scores on fundamentalism. The implications of students' religious backgrounds in relation to academic success were discussed.
Working Memory Selection and Competition between Target and Distractor Representations
Authors: Zhang Yanzhen , Du Yingchun , Zhang John X.
Published: May 2008

A working memory selection task combining directed-forgetting and memory-scanning paradigms was used to test the hypothesis that difficulty in selecting target from distractor items in working memory depends on the competition between target and distractor representations, as is commonly assumed in perceptual selection research. Participants memorized two trigrams and were then cued to select one as the new memory set and forget the other. They later saw a test letter and made judgment as to whether the letter was in the selected trigram, i.e., the new memory set. Selection difficulty was examined by manipulating the type of selection cues and the time the cue could be utilized. While re-presenting the targets in the cue display facilitated selection, re-presenting distractors did not impede selection. The results suggest that working memory selection may depend more on the activation from representations of the target than of the distractor.
An Exploration of Possible Pre- and Postnatal Correlates of Autism: A Pilot Survey
Authors: Brown Gary E. , Jones Sherry D. , Mackewn Angie S. , Plank Esther J.
Published: May 2008

Biological mothers of children, diagnosed with autism or pervasive developmental disorder, and biological mothers of children without developmental delays and matched on age and sex, were surveyed about a number of possible pre- and postnatal correlates of autism or pervasive developmental disorder. A regression analysis for boys showed the mother not vomiting in the first trimester, not having smell aversions, not craving sweets, the mother reporting fewer food aversions during the pregnancy, and having an infection while pregnant significantly predicted a later diagnosis of autism or pervasive developmental disorder. Not vomiting in the first trimester was the only significant predictor of a diagnosis of autism or a pervasive developmental disorder in girls.
Relationship between Cue Word Activation and Prospective Memory Performance
Authors: Sugimori Eriko , Kusumi Takashi
Published: May 2008

The interaction of cue-word specificity in instructions and cue-word familiarity on prospective performance was examined. Exp. 1 was based on a typical prospective memory paradigm using familiar and unfamiliar cue words. Prospective memory performances under general and specific instruction conditions were compared. In Exp. 2, the relationship found in Exp. 1 was further investigated based on the activation of cue words and prospective memory performance. The experimental results indicated that, when a spontaneous retrieval process was used, unfamiliar cues were more likely to be detected, whereas when only strategic monitoring played a role, familiar cues were more likely to be detected, suggesting that retrieval varied systematically across experimental situations, as predicted by the multiprocess model.
Statistical Significance and Reliability of Single-Subtest and Cluster Deviation Scores
Authors: Feldt Leonard S. , Charter Richard A.
Published: May 2008

Suppose one has a battery of K subtests and a composite for the battery is defined as the mean of the K standardized subtest scores. An individual's single-subtest deviation score is the difference between the individual's score on any single subtest and his composite score. A cluster deviation score is the difference between an examinee's average for a small set (cluster) of subtests and his composite. Formulas are given for the test of statistical significance of the individual's subtest or cluster deviation score and the internal consistency reliability of such deviation scores.
Types of Errors by Referees and Perception of Injustice by Soccer players: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Canovas Sophie , Reynes Eric , Ferrand Claude , Pantaléon Nathalie , Long Thierry
Published: May 2008

This study investigated the effect of referees' errors on players' perceived injustice in soccer. The conditions investigated were Referee Decision, with three types: Correctly Called a foul vs Wrongly Called a foul vs Did not Call a foul and Repetition of the Situation, with two types: Isolated vs Repeated. Male soccer players at regional and departmental levels of practice ( N = 95, Mage = 23.2, SD = 5.1) were asked to rank six hypothetical situations according to the perceived injustice. Analysis indicated significant effects of Referee Decisions and Repetition of the Situation on the perception of injustice, but showed no differences between the types of error. However, age and years of soccer experience were associated with perception of injustice when the referee correctly called a foul.
Black Economic thought and the Southern Economy
Authors: Persky Joseph
Published: May 2008

From early in the nineteenth century Southern whites often analyzed the ills of the South as originating in the region's colonial relation to the North. A survey of black economic thought, academic, journalistic and political, suggests that this notion was never strongly endorsed by black intellectuals. The outstanding exceptions were works by black sociologists collaborating with white colleagues in the 1930s. For the most part, however, black writers subscribed to a view that emphasized the dependent nature, not of the South, but of the economy of the black community in its relations with the South.
A Data Base with Income and Assets of new Retirees by Race and Hispanic Origin
Authors: Snyder Donald C.
Published: May 2008

This study of persons who retired in 1980–81 across groups partitioned by marital status, sex, race, and Hispanic origin reveals substantial differences in income and asset holdings. Data from the New Beneficiary Survey show that (1) median income ranged from $11,000 for black couples to $18,000 for white couples, (2) social security payments were the major source of income, (3) pension income was more frequently received by white retirees, but when received, was of comparable value to all races, (4) home ownership was high among all retirees, especially couples, and (5) median assets of black retirees were very low—near zero.
Labor Force Participation of Black and White Married Women: Evidence from Urban Labor Markets
Authors: Fosu Augustin Kwasi
Published: May 2008

The study theoretically argues that differential economic conditions constitute an important rationale for structural differences in labor force participation (LFP) between black and white married women. Empirical evidence based on 1980 census data for metropolitan statistical areas provides support for the concomitant hypotheses. Not only is the LFP propensity for black wives larger, but also it is relatively insensitive to the arguments of the LFP function. Thus policies designed to influence the LFP of these two racial groups must internalize the differential economic conditions between them.
High School Athletics and the Wages of Black Males
Authors: Ewing Bradley T.
Published: May 2008

This article examines the effects of high school athletic participation on the future wages of black males. Our evidence suggests that former black male athletes receive significantly greater wages than their otherwise comparable counterparts. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was used for the analysis and allows for comparisons of the athlete premium to be made at different points in time. Both the human capital and signaling models are discussed. There appears to be a once and for all enhancement to human capital that accrues to black males who participated in high school athletics. The article adds to the literature on determinants of black male wages and on the earnings effects of athletic participation.
Fortification of some Egyptian foods with soybean
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Abdel‐Hamid Y. , Youssef Soad A. M.
Published: May 2008

Flours from full fat and defatted soybeans were made in the laboratory and used as supplements to Egyptian bread and two popular legume foods (lentil soup and falafil). The effect of fortification level on water absorption, dough rheology, loaf quality, and major chemical constituents of fino (pulp) and Arabic (flat) breads were investigated. Water absorption was slightly affected, dough mixing time, stability, and valorimetric values increased, but the mixing tolerance index decreased by adding defatted soy flour to wheat flour. Loaves were slightly smaller in volume than the control at high levels of defatted soy flour. Morover, bread score and panel evaluation showed deterioration of fino bread characteristics above 6% and Arabic bread above 8% defatted soy flour, but above 3% full fat soy. Organoleptic properties of the enriched lentil soup and falafil were similar to those of control at a level of 25% and 50% full fat soy and of 40% and 60% defatted soy flour, respectively. The most favorable change of the chemical composition of lentil soup and falafil is the increased protein content. Also, increasing the level of defatted soy flour increased ash content and decreased the level of fat absorption by fried falafil. On the other hand, increasing the level of full fat soy may replace the addition of shortening to lentil soup to make it more palatable.
Neo acids: Synthetic highly branched organic acids
Authors: Fefer M.
Published: May 2008

Neo acids are highly branched synthetic trialkyl acetic acids manufactured by reacting an olefin with high purity carbon monoxide under high pressure in the presence of an acidic‐type catalyst. The starting olefins for neopentanoic (C5, single isomer) and neodecanoic (C10, mixed isomers) acids are isobutylene and nonene, respectively. Commercial quantities of both products have been available since 1964. Neopentanoic acid is used in the preparation of t‐butyl peroxy neopentanote (pivilate), a peroxyester initiator used in polyethylene manufacture. The C5 neo acid also finds use in a variety of other industrial end uses, e.g., pharmaceutical, agricultural chemicals, and reaction of form hindered, very stable esters. Metal salts of neodecanoic acid are used in paint driers, PVC stabilizers, and peroxyester initiators. Other reactions such as esterification, amide formation, and reaction with ethylene oxide will be discussed.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep‐fat frying of foods: VIII. Characterization of nonvolatile decomposition products of triolein
Authors: Paulose M. M. , Chang Stephen S.
Published: May 2008

Triolein was heated under simulated deep‐fat frying conditions at 185 C for 74 hr. The thermally oxidized triolein was converted into methyl esters and then fractionated by urea exclusion. The urea adduct‐forming ester (89.2%) was found to be methyl oleate unchanged by the frying treatment. The nonurea adduct‐forming esters (10.8%) were further fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography into nine fractions with molecular weights ranging from 304 to 742. Physical and chemical analyses of the fractions indicated that some of them contained oxygen atoms which could not be accounted for by ordinary functional group analyses. The polymers isolated were formed by both carbon‐to‐carbon and carbon‐to‐oxygen linkages. The nonpolar dimers were further purified by thin layer and gas chromatography. Structure elucidation revealed that they consisted of a noncyclic dimer and a noncyclic dimer containing a carbonyl group, each of which amounted to 1.36% of the triolein originally used. The polar polymers were studied by depolymerization and the analysis of the depolymerized products. It was estimated that the triolein used for simulated deep fat frying contained 1.1% trimers formed through carbon‐to‐carbon linkages, 1.9% dimers and trimers joined through carbon‐to‐carbon linkages, and 3.1% dimers and trimers joined through carbon‐to‐oxygen or carbon‐to‐carbon linkages in the same molecule and also dimers and trimers in which all the monomeric units were joined through carbon‐to‐oxygen linkages. The precise form of the oxygen linkages are not known. However, the fact that it is not cleavaged by HC1 and HI suggests ether linkages.
Laboratory‐scale continuous hydrogenation
Authors: Snyder Janet M. , Dutton H. J. , Scholfield C. R.
Published: May 2008

Data required for modeling and simulation of continuous hydrogenation kinetics have been obtained in an isothernal, cocurrent flow‐type reactor. A preheated suspension of catalyst in oil, mixed with hydrogen, is passed cocurrently through 10 m length of 0.12 cm ID Teflon tubing at flow rates varying from 1.5 to 4.5 ml/min, gas flow rates from 100 to 700 ml/min, and temperatures from 150 to 190 C. The hydrogenations are run using nickel catalyst at outlet pressures of one atmosphere. Samples are removed at equal intervals along the length of the reactor and analyzed by gas chromatography. The kinetics of the continuous reactor are satisfactorily modeled by the simple scheme Ln→Lo→01→S using first order kinetics. Reaction rates, calculated by a digital computer, are shown to be related to temperature by the Arrhenius equation.trans Content and degree of hydrogenation are increased with temperature are decreased as oil flow increases. Hydrogen flow rate has little or no effect over the range studied.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: IX. Effect of pressure in copper catalysis
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Koritala S. , Friedrich J. P. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2008

Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil with copper catalyst at 50 psig or less is characterized as a relatively slow reaction requiring higher catalyst concentrations than the less selective but rapid nickel‐catalyzed reactions used in most commercial practice. Hydrogenations of soybean oil have been performed which included a high‐pressure scan (500, 1000, and 3000 psig), at selected temperatures (110, 130, 150, and 170 C), and at specific catalyst concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% copper). Selectivities, relative reaction rates, and geometric and positional isomerization have been determined as an evaluation of the effects of high pressure on the kinetics of the reaction. The experimental results indicate that an appropriate selection of pressure, temperature, and catalyst concentration can permit: (a) a significant increase in the rate of reaction while retaining the high linolenic acid selectivity of copper catalysts, (b) use of lower concentrations of copper catalyst while maintaining the higher reaction rate, and (c) elimination of conjugated diene as a measureable product in the hydrogenated oil.
Cephalaria syriaca seed oil
Authors: Yazicioğlu T. , Karaali A. , Gökçen J.
Published: May 2008

Cephalaria syriaca shrad., in Turkish pelemir, grows predominantly in the southeastern district of Turkey as a weed in cereal fields. Pelemir seeds are sometimes used for extraction of their oil, as an improver of baking value of wheat, and as an antistaling agent for bread. The seeds contain 7.8% moisture; their chemical composition on a dry basis is: crude fat, 25.3%, crude protein, 15.9%; N‐free extract, 40.4%; crude fiber, 11.9%; crude ash, 6.5%. Characteristics of the seed oil are: specific gravity at 25 C, 0.9229; refractive index at 25 C, 1.4706; saponification value, 192; iodine value, 88.4; thiocyanogen value, 58.8; Reichert‐Meissl value, 0.36; Polenske value, 0.25; unsaponifiable matter, 1.24%; hydroxyl value, 20.9. The fatty acid components are: lauric acid, 1.5%; myristic acid, 19.5%; palmitic acid, 9.4%; stearic acid, 2%; oleic acid, 23.0%; linoleic acid, 36.9%. The chemical composition of extracted cakes on a dry basis is: crude protein, 20.4%; crude fat, 0.8%; N‐free extract, 50.5%; crude ash, 6.4%; crude fiber; 14.4%%; saponin, 7.5%. The oil contains 7.8% epoxy acid, calculated as epoxy oleic acid, which makes its use as an edible oil rather difficult but renders it usable in industries using epoxidized oils. Due to its high content of myristic acid, the oil is very suitable for soapmaking as well.
Intermediates from the microbial oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Markovetz A. J.
Published: May 2008

Oxidation of aliphatic saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi leads to the production of a variety of intermediates, e.g., mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids, primary alcohols, isomeric alcohols and their corresponding ketones, diols, epoxides, and hydroxy acids. Further degradation of isomeric ketones in two species ofPseudomonas occurs by a flavoprotein monooxygenase leading to the formation of ester intermediates. In the case of 2‐tridecanone→undecyl acetate, the esterase active on the acetate ester also has been characterized. Oxidation of pristane gives rise to several branched chain intermediates of varying carbon length. Products from other branched chain hydrocarbons are also presented. Oxidation of hydrocarbons that are not growth substrates but are nonetheless oxidized by microorganisms is reviewed. The examples presented reiterate the fact that microorganisms are a metabolically diverse group capable of altering an incredibly wide array of organic compounds of which aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons as a class represent but one example.
Oils and fats, the historical cosmetics
Authors: DeNavarre Maison G.
Published: May 2008

Many of the uses of oils and fats in cosmetics are the same as those of antiquity. However, technical progress has taken these natural materials apart and put them together differently. So now cosmetic chemists have the advantages of both natural and man‐made fats and oils. Furthermore, today there are available a variety of antioxidants which extend the shelf life of cosmetics made with them.
The use of fatty acid derivatives in cosmetics and toiletries
Authors: Johnson Dale H.
Published: May 2008

A large variety of fatty acid derivatives are utilized by the cosmetics and toiletries industry to fulfill many functions in their products. These ingredients, based on renewable resources are reviewed with respect to source and method of manufacture, physical and functional properties, and the place they find in all types of cosmetic products.
Oily components in cosmetics from a European view
Authors: Kroke H. P.
Published: May 2008

At about the turn of the century, the natural fatty acid triglycerides used as oily components in cosmetics were replaced by low‐priced hydrocarbon oils of high purity. More recently the trend was reversed in Europe, and the hydrocarbon oils are being replaced by resynthesized triglycerides and liquid waxy esters derived from natural products. Apart from dermatological and toxicological safety aspects, the resynthesized triglycerides used are derived from natural fatty acids and may even be used as food additive constituents. These modern oily components are well suited for use in specialty applications and for solving problems in the formulation of cosmetics.
Lanolin and its derivatives
Authors: Schlossman Mitchell L. , McCarthy Justin P.
Published: May 2008

Lanolin, which is extensively used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, is generally considered to consist of a mixture of naturally formed esters derived from higher alcohols and higher fatty acids. This paper encompasses the chemical description of lanolin; the composition of its esters, acids, and alcohols; the chemical and physical modifications of lanolin; the refining of lanolin; and some of its applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. Some new developments in lanolin chemistry will also be high‐lighted.
Échange, contrat et civilisation
Authors: Binoche Bertrand
Published: May 2008

On amalgame souvent, sous le terme d' « échange », le sauvage du contrat social avec celui du marché. Il s'agit ici a contrario de les distinguer en montrant comment ces deux personnages répondent en réalité à deux modes d'argumentation tout à fait différents que les Lumières ont contraints à coexister selon des modalités très diverses. Or le syntagme moderne de« société civile» n'ajamais résorbé cette ambiguïté et nous trouvons là matière à bien des enseignements car cela permet de réfléchir à la fois sur ce qu'est un« concept», une« historicité » et un « citoyen ». Méthodologie, anthropologie et politique apparaissent ainsi comme les trois horizons d'une analyse qui ne veut nullement réduire l'équivoque, mais bien plutôt en mesurer les richesses.
Civilisation et naissance de L'histoire mondiale dans l'histoire des deux indes de raynal
Authors: Ûhji Kenta
Published: May 2008

Dans l'Histoire des deux Indes, le concept de civilisation s'applique d'abord à la formation de l'Europe moderne depuis la chute de l'Empire romain, dans lequel le commerce promeut l'« affranchissement» civile et politique du tiers état dans les États souverains. Pour Raynal, cette expérience historique des Européens sert de paradigme, à partir duquel il opère la dépreciation de la civilisation des anciens empires des deux Indes et élabore une variété de propositions politiques en vue des transformations, voire du dépassement de l'empire colonial européen. Ainsi, en universalisant la structure politique de l'Europe moderne, et en poursuivant la réalisation de la liberté civile et politique selon divers modes, il annonce l'avènement de l'espace historique et politique du monde moderne, composé des États-nations sur le fond des réseaux globaux du commerce.
Civilisation versus civitas? la cité grecque à l'épreuve de la civilisation
Authors: Avlami Chryssanthi
Published: May 2008

Comment la cité grecque s'installe-t-elle dans le rôle du berceau de la civilisation européenne? Cela devient possible dès lors que la civilisation se définit comme un processus historique homogène et irréversible, autrement dit, dès lors qu'elle est appelée à illustrer historiquement le progrès de l'Europe. Telle est la tâche du XIXe siècle. Or, à l'époque prérévolutionnaire, l'idée de civilisation renvoie plutôt à une multitude de processus historiques, pour autant qu'elle permet d'observer le cheminement vers l'état policé des divers peuples de l'Antiquité et de l'époque moderne. La civilisation opère ici comme un concept de différenciation: elle permet de distinguer les Anciens d'avec les Anciens, les Modernes d'avec les Modernes et, dans leur ensemble, l'Antiquité de la modernité. Il s'agit d'analyser les enjeux de cette intégration en deux temps de la Grèce dans l'histoire de la civilisation européenne.